cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the “Sometimes Pool”, “Sometimes Switch” and “Never Pool” Procedures in the Two-Way ANOVA Random Effects Model

In the replicated two-way random-effects model, the “Sometimes Pool” (SP) procedure is employed for the specification of the appropriate model and the subsequent test of the main effects. The “Sometimes Switch” (SW) procedure is introduced and shown to be a limiting form of SP as the cell size increases. This article concerns itself with the question of whether to pool interaction and error mean squares in order to get better tests for the main effects. The significance levels and the powers of the “sometimes” procedures are compared with those of the “Never Pool” (NP). The SP and SW procedures rarely have control over the main test significance level. We recommend modifying the experimental design, when possible, to maximize the interaction degrees of freedom and employing the “Never Pool” procedure.
Kristallchemische Untersuchungen an Monogalliden von Seltenen Erdmetallen

HoGa kristallisiert im CrB-Strukturtyp. EuGa und YbGa bilden sich nicht. Die Existenz des CrB-Strukturtyps mit NdGa, SmGa, ErGa, TmGa und LuGa wird bestatigt. Das Auftreten von CrB- und FeB-Strukturen wird untersucht.
Effects of selected physicochemical factors on growth and zoosporogenesis of Cladophora glomerata (Chlorophyta).

The effects of vitamin B1 and B12, temperature, light intensity and photoperiod on dry weight production and zoosporogenesis of Cladophora glomerata (L.)Kutz. were investigated by factorial experiments. Statistical analysis showed all of the above factors to be significantly (P < 0.01) influenced by these two parameters. Zoosporogenesis appeared to be more sensitive to vitamin limitation than dry weight production. Dry weight production and zoosporogenesis exhibited significantly different maxima. Dry weight production was most strongly influenced by temperature whereas photoperiod exerted the strongest influence on zoosporogenesis. It was possible to experimentally separate the light intensity and photoperiod factors; analysis showed photoperiod to be the primary factor influencing zoosporogenesis. Among the conditions tested, an 8:16 h LD short day photoperiod elicited the greatest number of zoosporangia.
Underage Drinkers' Responses to Negative-Restrictive Versus Proactive-Nonrestrictive Slogans in Humorous Anti–Alcohol Abuse Messages: Are Humorous Responsible Drinking Campaign Messages Effective?

This study examined underage drinkers' responses to negative-restrictive versus proactive-nonrestrictive slogans in humorous anti–alcohol abuse advertisements. The authors conducted a posttest-only control group experiment with 91 teenagers and college-aged participants. For underage moderate drinkers, the negative-restrictive slogans (e.g., “Don't drink”) increased participants' perceived risk of excessive drinking and increased a level of intention to change their drinking behavior. However, for underage binge drinkers, the negative-restrictive slogans lowered participants' risk perception of excessive drinking and intention to change their drinking behavior.
Determinism and the Recovery of Human Agency: The Embodying of Persons

Intending the recovery of human agency with the aid of theories of human socio-cultural life, Turner and Harre do so however in terms of conflicting conceptions of the embodying of persons. Consequently, their theories share the problem of determinism and embodied human agency. This is the problem of the proper location of agency with regard to the person, the body, and society. These theories then are in fundamental conflict on exactly this issue of the proper location of agency. Turner's thesis of location: in the beginning is the body, and therefore the person. Thus Turner's recovery of agency: the effectiveness of persons resides in the discourse-independent agency of the bodies of persons. Harre's thesis of location: in the beginning is the person, and therefore the body. Thus Harre's recovery of agency: the effectiveness of persons resides in the discursive agency of persons embodied. For both Turner and Harre the intent to recover agency through embodiment is also a scientific intent. Thus, the problem of the proper location of agency requires that agency must be formulated in terms of ubiquitous determinism and not regularity determinism: only the former provides a conception of causal powers. To answer the question of location Turner is led to Merleau-Pontian phenomenology and its conception of the lived body. Instead, Harre enlists a realist philosophy of science with its special conception of causual powers. A systematic conception of agentive causation is shown to constitute the recovery of human agency and to enable us to make principled determinations in the assignment of agency. It is argued that, since phenomenology presumes the ontology of regularity determinism, it cannot provide us with what it in fact denies, a conception of causal powers. It is argued that Merleau-Ponty moved from his idea of the actual body as lived to the actual body as flesh, and in that reformulation it is best understood as causal powers. It is argued that without a conception of causal powers Turner's use of the lived body to establish the agency of effective persons must fail, revealing instead that the effectiveness of persons is the discursive agency of persons embodied. Persons discursively embodied enact the practices of speech acts and action signs systems.
Development of supersaturatable self-emulsifying drug delivery system formulations for improving the oral absorption of poorly soluble drugs

The supersaturatable self-emulsifying drug delivery system (S-SEDDS) represents a new thermodynamically stable formulation approach wherein it is designed to contain a reduced amount of a surfactant and a water-soluble cellulosic polymer (or other polymers) to prevent precipitation of the drug by generating and maintaining a supersaturated state in vivo. The S-SEDDS formulations can result in enhanced oral absorption as compared with the related self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) formulation and the reduced surfactant levels may minimise gastrointestinal surfactant side effects.
Yip3 catalyses the dissociation of endosomal Rab-GDI complexes.

Human cells contain more than 60 small G proteins of the Rab family, which are localized to the surfaces of distinct membrane compartments and regulate transport vesicle formation, motility, docking and fusion1,2,3. Prenylated Rabs also occur in the cytosol bound to GDI4,5 (guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor), which binds to Rabs in their inactive state. Prenyl Rab–GDI complexes contain all of the information necessary to direct Rab delivery onto distinct membrane compartments6,7,8. The late endosomal, prenyl Rab9 binds GDI with very high affinity9, which led us to propose that there might be a ‘GDI-displacement factor’ to catalyse dissociation of Rab–GDI complexes and to enable transfer of Rabs from GDI onto membranes6,10. Indeed, we have previously shown that endosomal membranes contain a proteinaceous factor that can act in this manner10. Here we show that the integral membrane protein, Yip3, acts catalytically to dissociate complexes of endosomal Rabs bound to GDI, and to deliver them onto membranes. We propose that the conserved Yip proteins serve as GDI-displacement factors for the targeting of Rab GTPases in eukaryotic cells.
Adrenal myelolipoma: Fine‐needle aspiration of an asymptomatic retroperitoneal mass

We report a case of myelolipoma of the adrenal gland diagnosed by ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma who was noted to have a 5-cm adrenal mass on computerized tomography during evaluation for metastatic disease. The cytologic features are characteristic and consist of mature adipocytes and bone marrow elements that are most clearly demonstrated on Wright-stained cytospin material. This case illustrates the importance of fine-needle aspiration in the evaluation of radiologically detected adrenal masses in patients with known malignancies. A cytologic diagnosis of benign or metastatic disease can eliminate the need for formal surgical exploration in selected cases. Diagn Cytopathol 1987;3:82–84.
Tutorial program for educational research

Tutorial program which informs students of references pertaining to missed questions instead of correcting students as the tutorial is in progress.
Extant health behaviors and uptake of standardized vs tailored health messages among cancer survivors enrolled in the FRESH START trial: a comparison of fighting-spirits vs fatalists

Objective—Cancer coping styles have been associated with several cancer-related outcomes. We examined whether baseline lifestyle behaviors differed between cancer survivors with fatalistic vs fighting-spirit coping styles, and whether there was differential response to two diet-exercise mailed-print interventions, one standardized and another individually tailored. Methods—Baseline differences by coping style are presented for 628 breast and prostate cancer survivors who participated in the FRESH START trial, along with multivariable analyses on rates of uptake by coping style and arm assignment for those completing the 2-year trial. Results—At baseline, several differences were observed between fighting-spirits and fatalists, with the former significantly more likely to be white, younger, leaner, more-educated and at risk for depression, and less likely to consume 5+ fruits and vegetables (FV but by Year-2, these differences diminished as fatalists gained ground. Moreover, fatalists who received standardized intervention material also charted steady improvements in FV by Year-2, 58.1% of fatalists achieved the 5-a-day goal vs 44.6% of fighting-spirits (p-value<0.05). Conclusions—Lifestyle behaviors and health message uptake differs by cancer coping style. Although tailored interventions appear most effective and minimize differential uptake,
Acid dissolution of mineral matrix in Green River oil shale.: 2. Effect of ultrasonic field

Abstract An ultrasonic field was found to enhance the rate of mineral dissolution from Green River oil shale matrix when treated with dilute HCl. This effect was most pronounced forcoarse particles and minimal for finely pulverized shale. Data comparing the behaviour in an ultrasonic field with control specimens are presented in terms of gas evolution profiles, ion concentrations and gravimetric analyses.
Visualizing the dipolar field in solution NMR and MR imaging: three-dimensional structure simulations

Abstract We propose and demonstrate an efficient numerical approach which switches back and forth between real and Fourier spaces to handle dipolar field effects for heterogeneous three-dimensional structures. Applications to magnetic resonance imaging and improving field homogeneity are discussed.
Separation tagging with cyclodextrin-binding groups: Mitsunobu reactions with bis-(2-(1-adamantyl)ethyl) azodicarboxylate (BadEAD) and bis-(1-adamantylmethyl) azodicarboxylate (BadMAD)

A new method for separation tagging with cyclodextrin-binding groups is introduced and is exemplified in the context of the Mitsunobu reaction with adamantyl tags. HPLC experiments showed that molecules containing adamantyl groups were especially well retained on Sumichiral OA7500 β-methylated cyclodextrin bonded silica columns relative to many other types of molecules. Two new Mitsunobu reagents, bis-(1-adamantylmethyl) azodicarboxylate (BadMAD) and bis-(2-(1-adamantyl)ethyl) azodicarboxylate (BadEAD), were prepared, used in typical Mitsunobu reactions and separated with both β-methylated cyclodextrin bonded silica and standard silica.
Development of a Scale to Measure Children's Metered-Dose Inhaler and Spacer Technique

Background A measure of metered dose inhaler (MDI) and spacer technique would help health care providers to estimate the degree to which technique may confound clinical efficacy of inhaled medications. Objective Our purpose was to extend earlier efforts to develop a rating scale to asses the accuracy of children's technique in using an MDI with three of the newer spacer devices. Methods Subjects were children, 7 to 17 years old, with moderate to severe asthma attending a follow-up appointment in an outpatient specialty clinic for asthma. Nurse practitioners and /or physicians completed a rating scale (MDI Checklist) for 50 children using an Optihaler spacer, 29 using Azmacort, and 21 using InspirEase. Results Depending on the spacer used, 14% to 26% of the children failed to demonstrate the critical skills for delivering medicine to the conducting airways, with InspirEase group showing the best results. Items vary in difficulty (percent correct). The scale has excellent internal consistency reliability for Optihaler. Conclusions The scale can be used (1) by health care providers to instruct patients or colleagues, (2) by parents to monitor and correct their children's MDI/spacer technique, and (3) by researchers to estimate drug delivery in studies of clinical outcome or adherence.
A comparison of the corrosion characteristics of synthetic monazite and borosilicate glass containing simulated nuclear defense waste

Abstract The corrosion behavior of synthetic monazite and borosilicate glass in distilled water has been investigated by means of leachate conductivity measurements, ion-implanted marker techniques, solution analyses, and Rutherford backscattering depth profile analyses. Both nuclear waste form types were loaded with identical compositions and amounts of simulated Savannah River defense wastes. At 90 °C, the 28-day release rate of Cs, Sr, and U from synthetic monazite was more than 20 times lower for each element than the corresponding release rate from glass. Under the same test conditions the dissolution rate of the monazite matrix (La PO4) was at least 1000 times lower than that of the borosilicate glass network. The effects of heavy particle radiation damage on the corrosion resistance of synthetic monazite and the temperature dependence of the corrosion rate are discussed. The present results indicate that at elevated temperatures (70–120 °C) the long-term corrosion resistance of synthetic monazite containing Savannah River defense wastes will be superior to that of borosilicate nuclear waste glass by several orders of magnitude.
A Stable Voltage-Controlled Logarithmic Attenuator

A voltage-controlled logarithmic attenuator is presented that may be stabilized by the use of dc degeneration and a suitable increase in loop gain. The stabilized attenuator may be designed as either a high- or low-impedance device. A design procedure is outlined for each case. A discussion of experimental results concludes the paper.
Doing Gender on and off the Pitch: The World of Female Football Players:

The following paper looks at the experiences of female football (soccer) players at a College of Higher Education in the South of England. Association Football occupies a special place in English s...
Sequence diversity of polytene chromosome DNA from Drosophila hydei

Abstract Polytene chromosomes in salivary glands of Drosophila hydei contain as much as 660 times the amount of DNA present in non-polytene chromosomes (Mulder, van Duijn & Gloor, 1968). Information on the structure of these giant chromosomes is required for an understanding of the relationship between cytological and genetic units. We have used renaturation kinetics of DNA fragments (500 nucleotides long) to compare nucleotide sequence diversities in DNA's from polytene and non-polytene cells of D. hydei . These experiments show that DNA's from D. hydei pupae and from embryonic nuclei renature as if 80% of the nucleotide sequences are present only once per haploid cell. These sequences are therefore termed single-copy (also unique, or non-repeated) under the criteria imposed by our reaction conditions. To relate sequence diversity of DNA from polytene chromosomes to that inferred for haploid cells, DNA was isolated from salivary gland nuclei. DNA fragments from this source renature with kinetics similar to those observed for single-copy DNA from pupae and embryos. We conclude that most of the single-copy sequences present in non-polytene chromosomes of D. hydei undergo essentially equal replication in the formation of salivary gland polytene chromosomes. This extent of sequence diversity does not support models of gene organization that depend on a general and high degree of intrachromatid redundancy. Polytene chromosome DNA does differ from non-polytene chromosome DNA, however, in that it contains about 5% fast-renaturing sequences, instead of the 20% present in embryo and pupal DNA's. Cytogenetic observations and cytochemical measurements imply that DNA in centromeric heterochromatin is under-replicated during formation of Drosophila polytene chromosomes (Painter, 1934; Heitz, 1934; Mulder et al. , 1968; Rudkin, 1969; Gall, Cohen & Polan, 1971). Since the fast-renaturing components are also under-represented in polytene DNA, we suggest that most of the repeated sequences in D. hydei are localized near the centromeres. Conversely, the retention of sequence diversity of slowly renaturing fragments implies that these single-copy sequences are predominantly localized in euchromatin. These data place limits on models of DNA organization in chromosomes of Drosophila .
Bringing an Online Credit Research Class from Concept to Reality

This paper discusses the LaGuardia Community College Library's launch of a fully-online one-credit research class. The authors discuss the process for creating the class, from the technical specifications to the pedagogical approach to the course content and delivery. The authors also discuss the challenges of providing a fully online class to students in a community college population, specifically one without an established culture of distance learning. The authors also make some recommendations to help other institutions prepare to move their credit-bearing classes into the fully online or hybrid realm.
Binding of the Replication Terminator Protein Fob1p to the Ter Sites of Yeast Causes Polar Fork Arrest

Fob1p protein has been implicated in the termination of replication forks at the two tandem termini present in the non-transcribed spacer region located between the sequences encoding the 35 S and the 5 S RNAs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the biochemistry and mode of action of this protein were previously unknown. We have purified the Fob1p protein to near-homogeneity, and we developed a novel technique to show that it binds specifically to the Ter1 and Ter2 sequences. Interestingly, the two sequences share no detectable homology. We present two lines of evidence showing that the interaction of the Fob1p with the Ter sites causes replication termination. First, a mutant of FOB1, L104S that significantly reduced the binding of the mutant form of the protein to the tandem Ter sites, also failed to promote replication termination in vivo. The mutant did not diminish nucleolar transport, and interaction of the mutant form of Fob1p with itself and with another protein encoded in the locus YDR026C suggested that the mutation did not cause global misfolding of the protein. Second, DNA site mutations in the Ter sequences that separately and specifically abolished replication fork arrest at Ter1 or Ter2 also eliminated sequence-specific binding of the Fob1p to the two sites. The work presented here definitively established Ter DNA-Fob1p interaction as an important step in fork arrest.
Deep-level trapping in ion-implanted InP JFETs

Abstract The trapping mechanisms which cause low-frequency transconductance and output resistance dispersion in ion-implanted InP JFETs are examined. The trapping activity at room temperature occurs primarily between 100 Hz and 1 MHz and is caused by electron traps located at the access region surface and in the substrate below the channel. By monitoring the characteristic frequencies of the dispersion as a function of temperature, the activation energies of the traps were determined. The trapping mechanism responsible for the low-field transconductance dispersion appears to be a surface state with an activation energy of 0.28 eV. The output resistance dispersion indicates several traps with major ones at 0.44 and 0.55 eV at operating bias. Low-frequency noise peaks caused by the traps were found to be consistent with the dispersion measurements. After subtracting the trap Lorentzian contributions, the Hooge parameter was found to be 4 × 10 −4 .
Rationale and efficacy of a tactile—kinaesthetic treatment for alexia

Abstract Patients with pure alexia typically read words by first naming each letter of the word, either aloud or silently. These patients do not show signs of phonological alexia (poor pseudoword and functor reading). Patient T.L., a pure alexic patient with poor letter-naming abilities, had marked difficulty reading functors and pseudowords, but not spelling them or identifying them when they were spelled to him, a pattern which has been called ‘modality-specific phonological alexia’. We used a multiple-baseline design to evaluate a tactile-kinaesthetic treatment programme designed to improve T.L.'s letter-naming, thus enabling him to read in letter-by-letter fashion. Results showed that the treatment was efficacious, with a 51% improvement achieved in trained word reading and a 40% increase in untrained word reading. Furthermore, the part-of-speech effect was no longer significant following treatment, a result that our hypothesis of T.L.'s underlying impairment predicted.
Noise can speed convergence in Markov chains

A new theorem shows that noise can speed convergence to equilibrium in discrete finite-state Markov chains. The noise applies to the state density and helps the Markov chain explore improbable regions of the state space. The theorem ensures that a stochastic-resonance noise benefit exists for states that obey a vector-norm inequality. Such noise leads to faster convergence because the noise reduces the norm components. A corollary shows that a noise benefit still occurs if the system states obey an alternate norm inequality. This leads to a noise-benefit algorithm that requires knowledge of the steady state. An alternative blind algorithm uses only past state information to achieve a weaker noise benefit. Simulations illustrate the predicted noise benefits in three well-known Markov models. The first model is a two-parameter Ehrenfest diffusion model that shows how noise benefits can occur in the class of birth-death processes. The second model is a Wright-Fisher model of genotype drift in population genetics. The third model is a chemical reaction network of zeolite crystallization. A fourth simulation shows a convergence rate increase of 64% for states that satisfy the theorem and an increase of 53% for states that satisfy the corollary. A final simulation shows that even suboptimal noise can speed convergence if the noise applies over successive time cycles. Noise benefits tend to be sharpest in Markov models that do not converge quickly and that do not have strong absorbing states.
Algorithm for the numerical evaluation of the n-particle relativistic phase space integral in invariant variables

A previously derived analytical formulation of the n-particle relativistic momentum phase space integral in invariant variables is simplified. The final equations are eminently suited to machine evaluation and have been incorporated into a Monte Carlo computer program (described elsewhere). The main new feature of this work is the derivation of a set of recurrence relations that allows for the rapid evaluation of dependent invariants in terms of independent ones even in the exceptional regions of the physical region.
Development of food preferences: social learning by Belding's ground squirrels Spermophilus beldingi

The mechanisms by which food selection behavior develops may constrain the evolution of optimal foraging, yet these mechanisms have received relatively little attention in recent optimal foraging studies. We used cafeteria-style feeding trials to examine the role of social learning in the development of food preferences by a generalist mammalian herbivore, Spermophilus beldingi. Naive young spent relatively little time feeding and showed no preferences among five plant species offered in their feeding trials. This random pattern persisted for one set of young during two subsequent trials in the absence of their mother. A second group of young squirrels was tested initially alone, once with their mothers, and then once more alone. These squirrels fed more than those in the control group during their final trials, and showed significant preferences among plant species. These paralleled the preferences of their mothers. These results suggest that social learning may be important in the development of feeding behavior in ground squirrels, and provide a possible mechanism for cultural differences in food preferences among populations.
Temperature activation of rate limiting steps of mitochondrial respiration

Studies of the temperature dependence of the energy of activation of rat liver mitochondrial respiration have revealed a linearity in the energy of activation between 25 to 41° with changes in slope observed at 20–25° and higher than 41°. Analysis of the phase transition and energy of activation of coupled and uncoupled respiration affords an approach to clarification of mechanisms.
Are there qualitative differences in reading behavior between dyslexics and normal readers

This study asked whether the reading behavior of dyslexics differs qualitatively from that of normal children. Thirty-seven children who had been identified is dyslexic (mean age 11 years, 9 months) were matched with 37 normal readers (mean age 8,6) on ability to read regular words. The dyslexics' and normals' levels of performance on nonsense words and exception words were strikingly close. Also, patterns of individual differences were similar for the two groups. The results suggest that these dyslexics are delayed in the development of both spelling-sound rules and word specific associations. They do not support the view that dyslexics have a specific deficit in the use of spelling-sound rules, or that dyslexics show more extreme individual differences than do normal readers.
THE RESORPTION OF CILIA.

Ciliary resorption, a phenomenon consistently occurring in certain protozoa, illustrates fundamental cellular processes. Membranes are observed to break and fuse in an end-to-end manner and to laminate by surface fusion within the environment of the resorption vesicle. The sequence and manner of filament degradation demonstrate the relative lability of central filaments as compared to peripheral ones and the tenacity of the arrangement of peripheral filaments.
Hybrid nanostructured drug carrier with tunable and controlled drug release

We describe here a transformative approach to synthesize a hybrid nanostructured drug carrier that exhibits the characteristics of controlled drug release. The synthesis of the nanohybrid architecture involved two steps. The first step involved direct crystallization of biocompatible copolymer along the long axis of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs), followed by the second step of attachment of drug molecule to the polymer via hydrogen bonding. The extraordinary inorganic-organic hybrid architecture exhibited high drug loading ability and is physically stable even under extreme conditions of acidic media and ultrasonic irradiation. The temperature and pH sensitive characteristics of the hybrid drug carrier and high drug loading ability merit its consideration as a promising carrier and utilization of the fundamental aspects used for synthesis of other promising drug carriers. The higher drug release response during the application of ultrasonic frequency is ascribed to a cavitation-type process in which the acoustic bubbles nucleate and collapse releasing the drug. Furthermore, the study underscores the potential of uniquely combining CNTs and biopolymers for drug delivery.
Identity Crisis: Are We Really Doctors?

Who is a real doctor, and how has the title been used over the centuries? Do other professions have a "better" claim to the title than marketing? This article attempts to shed light on the history of the title and how confusion over its use has developed, particularly in the United States.
A novel tubular array associated with protein bodies in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of opaque-2 maize

The seed storage proteins of maize (Zea mays L.) are synthesized during endosperm development on membrane-bound polyribosomes. Protein body formation in normal genotypes occurs via a sequential deposition of the various types of zeins, and leads to the formation of spherical structures with a diameter of about l μm. In the endosperm mutantopaque-2 the level of one zein class is reduced; these kernels exhibit an opaque phenotype instead of the vitreous phenotype displayed in normal genotypes, presumably due to the decrease in total zein protein at the time of desiccation. Previous microscopic examination ofopaque-2 protein bodies at 22 DAP (days after pollination) showed that the protein bodies were morphologically similar to those of normal genotypes. However, the endosperm ofopaque-2 maize at 14 DAP contains tubular arrays within the rough endoplasmic reticulum. These tubular arrays are tightly associated with the developing protein bodies. Long strands of tubules, sometimes 10 μm in length, are observed in the endosperm, and partially formed protein bodies often seem to be forming directly from these tubular arrays. No immunostaining is associated with this tubular material when any of the anti-zein antibodies are used.
BPELPower-A BPEL execution engine for geospatial web services

The Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) has become a popular choice for orchestrating and executing workflows in the Web environment. As one special kind of scientific workflow, geospatial Web processing workflows are data-intensive, deal with complex structures in data and geographic features, and execute automatically with limited human intervention. To enable the proper execution and coordination of geospatial workflows, a specially enhanced BPEL execution engine is required. BPELPower was designed, developed, and implemented as a generic BPEL execution engine with enhancements for executing geospatial workflows. The enhancements are especially in its capabilities in handling Geography Markup Language (GML) and standard geospatial Web services, such as the Web Processing Service (WPS) and the Web Feature Service (WFS). BPELPower has been used in several demonstrations over the decade. Two scenarios were discussed in detail to demonstrate the capabilities of BPELPower. That study showed a standard-compliant, Web-based approach for properly supporting geospatial processing, with the only enhancement at the implementation level. Pattern-based evaluation and performance improvement of the engine are discussed: BPELPower directly supports 22 workflow control patterns and 17 workflow data patterns. In the future, the engine will be enhanced with high performance parallel processing and broad Web paradigms.
Recent developments in auxin biology and new opportunities for auxinic herbicide research

Auxinic herbicides mimic the effects of natural auxin. However, in spite of decades of research, the site(s) of action of auxinic herbicides has remained unknown and many physiological aspects of their function are unclear. Recent advances in auxin biology provide new opportunities for research into the mode of action of auxinic herbicides. Of considerable interest is the discovery of auxin receptors (TIR1 and possibly ABP1) that may lead to the discovery of auxinic herbicide site(s) of action. Knowledge of auxin-conjugating enzymes and auxin signal transduction components may shed new light on herbicide activity, selectivity in dicots, and mechanisms leading to phytotoxicity in sensitive plants. Analysis of genes induced in response to auxin may provide a novel approach for detection of off-target herbicide injury in crops. For example, the auxin-responsive gene GH3 is highly and specifically induced in response to auxinic herbicides in soybean, and may offer a novel method for diagnosing auxinic herbicide injury. Advances in our understanding of auxin biology will provide many new avenues and opportunities for auxinic herbicide research in the future.
The immunological role of the thymus in the pathogenesis of virus-induced lymphomas. Suppression of cytolytic T-cell function.

Abstract Thymectomy of young adult mice has been found to prevent virus-induced lymphomas which develop as the animals age. Thymectomy protects mice by removing a source of suppressor T cells which inhibit the generation of cytolytic T cells against autochthonous tumors. Furthermore, suppression is specific since T cells are regulated in their capacity to respond to syngeneic but not allogeneic tumor cells. To determine if suppression could be adoptively transferred, lethally irradiated, bone-marrow-reconstituted mice were inoculated with T cells from either normal or thymectomized mice. Only T cells from thymectomized animals transferred enhanced T-cell reactivity to syngeneic tumor cells. More importantly, T cells from thymectomized mice injected with virus protected recipients challenged with lethal doses of syngeneic tumor cells. We conclude that thymectomy protects mice from developing virus-induced T-cell lymphomas by removing a source of suppressor T cells which regulates the activity of specific cytolytic T cells directed against autochthonous tumor cells.
Outcomes of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome in Low-Birth-Weight Patients

The objective of this study was to assess outcomes of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) patients weighing ≤2.5 kg throughout staged palliation. We performed a single-center retrospective review. Abstracted data included gestational age, birth weight, presence of noncardiac anomalies, and survival through Fontan. Fifty-two patients met inclusion criteria, with a median birth weight of 2.14 kg and gestational age of 36 weeks. Five patients received comfort care only. Of 47 patients who underwent initial surgical palliation, 51% survived to initial hospital discharge. Birth weight and gestational age (GA) were similar between survivors and nonsurvivors. Compared with survivors, risk factors for death prior to initial hospital discharge were as follows: small for GA (P = 0.005), noncardiac anomalies (P = 0.04), need for post-perative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (P = 0.0004), and conversion from initial palliation to Sano shunt (n = 5, no survivors). Operative survival following Stage 2 palliation was 91% (21/23) and 94% after Fontan (17/18). Overall survival for palliated patients from birth through Fontan was 36%. Low-birth-weight neonates with HLHS have poor overall survival through the Fontan operation, with highest mortality following Stage 1 palliation. Being small for GA and the presence of noncardiac anomalies are important preoperative risk factors for early mortality.
The effect of vagotomy and pyloroplasty on colorectal tumor induction in the rat

Epidemiologic studies have suggested that vagotomy increases subsequent colorectal cancer risk. This hypothesis was investigated in the rat 1,2 dimethylhydrazine (DMH) colorectal carcinogenesis model. Eighty-five rats were divided into four groups having either truncal vagotomy and Heineke-Mickulicz pyloroplasty, pyloroplasty alone, laparotomy alone, and anesthesia alone. After recovery from the procedures, colon tumors were induced with five injections of DMH. Results of carcinogenesis show a trend towards increased incidence and yield of colorectal and duodenal tumors after vagotomy, though this was not statistically significant, perhaps because the high postoperative mortality from vagotomy diminished the power of the Study. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Unified Route Choice Framework: Specification and Application to Urban Traffic Control

The route choice system and the traffic control system (TCS) constitute two major approaches to mitigating congestion in urban road networks. The interaction between signal control and route choice is considered from a narrower route choice system perspective, with the focus on route choice models for operational purposes. The goal is to analyze the relative performance of alternative route choice models as different assumptions are made about the type of TCS in use. To this end, an agent-based framework for formulating different route choice models is defined, and this framework is integrated with a microscopic traffic simulation environment. Within the framework, each agent's memory is updated repeatedly (daily) to reflect available prior individual and social experience, and then a route is chosen by a probabilistic sequential decisionmaking process. Several previously developed route choice models from the literature are implemented with the framework, and their performance, along with some additional...
Is There a Canon of Law and Society

As an interdisciplinary field, law and society has an ambivalent relationship with the notion of a canon: Being a field requires having a recognized set of key texts, even as this particular field's critique of doctrinal legal analysis creates an openness toward alternative perspectives. Within the interdisciplinary field of law and society itself, there is debate about the breadth of disciplines relevant to this domain of inquiry. To explore this tension, we analyze three sources: (a) addresses delivered by presidents of the US Law and Society Association (LSA), (b) LSA meeting calls, and (c) law and society/social science syllabi. Presidential addresses and meeting calls demonstrate how the boundaries of the field are established and contested, and course syllabi suggest a degree of consensus about key works. We conclude by discussing other national and regional research traditions and note that these critique law and society/social sciences canons for being overly United States focused or Eurocentric. ...
Noninvasive detection of ischemic bowel

Abstract Purpose: Acute mesenteric arterial occlusion is an abdominal catastrophe that carries high morbidity and mortality rates. Current diagnostic methods, however, lack sensitivity and specificity and do not provide information about the viability of the affected bowel. Early diagnosis and intervention would improve patient outcomes and survival rates. The basic electrical rhythm (BER) is the omnipresent electrical slow wave of the gastrointestinal tract that characterizes the underlying electrical activity of the bowel. BER frequency is known to fall with ischemia. Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) can detect BER by measuring the magnetic fields generated by the electrical activity of the smooth muscle of the small bowel. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of a SQUID to detect mesenteric ischemia in a free-lying section of small bowel in an animal model of acute superior mesenteric artery occlusion. Methods : Seven adult male rabbits (six experimental and one control) were studied with transabdominal SQUID and electrode recordings during baseline and after the induction of mesenteric ischemia with balloon occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. Continuous recordings were taken for 120 minutes of ischemia and analyzed with autoregressive spectral analysis to determine the BER frequency during specific time points of the study. Two independent investigators blinded to the experimental preparation examined the results to determine whether there was decreased BER frequency and thus ischemia. The results are expressed as mean ± SEM, and paired t tests were used to determine statistical significance. Results : BER was detected in all seven animals and fell from 10.7 ± 0.5 cpm to 7.0 ± 1.8 cpm after 30 minutes of ischemia in the magnetic channels ( P t test). The fall in BER was detected by the SQUID in all six experimental animals. The blinded observers correctly identified healthy and ischemic magnetic data recording, with a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 100%. Conclusion : SQUIDs can noninvasively detect bowel ischemia early in a free-lying segment of small bowel in this animal model with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. (J Vasc Surg 1999;30:309-19.)
Binocular Visual Processing in the Owl's Telencephalon

Single neurons recorded from the owl's visual Wulst are surprisingly similar to those found in mammalian striate cortex. The receptive fields of Wulst neurons are elaborated, in an apparently hierarchical fashion, from those of their monocular, concentrically organized inputs to produce binocular interneurons with increasingly sophisticated requirements for stimulus orientation, movement and binocular disparity. Output neurons located in the superficial laminae of the Wulst are the most sophisticated of all, with absolute requirements for a combination of stimuli, which include binocular presentation at a particular horizontal binocular disparity, and with no response unless all of the stimulus conditions are satisfied simultaneously. Such neurons have the properties required for 'global stereopsis,' including a receptive field size many times larger than their optimal stimulus, which is more closely matched to the receptive fields of the simpler, disparity-selective interneurons. These marked similarities in functional organization between the avian and mammalian systems exist in spite of a number of structural differences which reflect their separate evolutionary origins. Discussion therefore includes the possibility that there may exist for nervous systems only a very small number of possible solutions, perhaps a unique one, to the problem of stereopsis.
Demonstrations and applications of spoken language technology: highlights and perspectives from the 1993 ARPA Spoken Language Technology and Applications Day

The ARPA Spoken Language Technology and Applications Day (SLTA'93) was a special workshop which presented a set of live, state-of-the-art demonstrations of speech recognition and spoken language understanding systems. The purpose of this paper is to provide perspective on current opportunities for applications of spoken language technology by summarizing the demonstrations and the related applications which they can enable, and reviewing the applications opportunities and needs cited by panelists and other members of the user community. >
Oxygen Concentration Cell Measurements of Ionic Transport Numbers in PZT Ferroelectrics

Several ceramic oxides of the perovskite structure exhibit ferroelectric properties and therefore are characterized by pyroelectric and piezoelectric behavior. One such ceramic is the solid solution lead zirconate-lead titanate (PZT). To determine the range of ionic charge conduction in PZT, experiments were performed using an electrochemical oxidation cell. Results indicate that the ionic transport number of Pb(Zr1−x, Tix)O3 decreases monotonically with increasing values of x over the range 0.05<x<0.35. Electronic conduction becomes dominant above x=0.40. These results are relatively independent of temperature from 425° to 650°C.
The semantic function of chained pronouns

The pronouns in (1), if used non-demonstratively, are anaphoric on the antecedent indefinite noun phrase 'a man' that heads (1). Now it might be thought that these pronouns function semantically as do the bound variables of quantification theory. But recent work in linguistics and in the philosophy of language (see, for example, Evans 1977 and Neale 1990) suggests that this is not so. What, then, is the semantic function of these pronouns? In answer to this question, a number of theories have been proposed. In ? 2-4 of this paper, I argue that none of these theories does justice to our intuitions concerning the truth-conditions of the sentences in (1). In the last section, S5, I briefly sketch a theory that accommodates these very intuitions.
An Empirical Analysis of Service Orientation and its Impact on Employee Job Performance in Upscale Hotels

This research investigated the service orientation of employees of upscale hotel properties. Employees (N = 355) and supervisors/managers (N = 41) of three full-service hotels located in a large metropolitan market in the Midwest participated. Significant differences were found in the employee empathy and sensitivity components of the Service Orientation Index (SOI). High customer contact employees, as determined by their own self-rating, had significantly higher scores on the sensitivity component of the SOI than employees who rated themselves as having low contact with guests. Results suggested that position-defined contact could predict employee self-rated job performance, but the interaction of the position-defined contact and SOI scores did not moderate employee self-rated job performance. Findings indicated that supervisor/manager ratings of employee job performance cannot be predicted from SOI scores, and the interaction of position-defined contact did not moderate supervisor/manager ratings of emp...
Relations between Physicochemical Factors and Abundance of Fishes in Tributary Confluences of the Lower Channelized Missouri River

Abstract We sampled fish from seven tributary confluences in the lower channelized Missouri River from June 1996 through July 1998 to examine the influence of physicochemical factors in the Missouri River and tributary confluences on the abundance of fishes in tributary confluences. Twenty-six species and one hybrid were collected during the course of the study, but 10 species (river carpsucker Carpiodes carpio, goldeye Hiodon alosoides, sauger Stizostedion canadense, common carp Cyprinus carpio, shortnose gar Lepisosteus platostomus, freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, white crappie Pomoxis annularis, and smallmouth buffalo Ictiobus bubalus) composed 90% of the fish collected. Catch per effort (log10[(number of fish/100 m2) + 1]) of fishes was significantly greater in early spring (March 1997) and summer (June 1996) than in winter (December 1996 and January 1997) samples. Multivariate ordination partitioned physicochemical factors ...
Class B Scavenger Receptor Types I and II and CD36 Targeting Improves Sepsis Survival and Acute Outcomes in Mice

Class B scavenger receptors (SR-Bs), such as SR-BI/II or CD36, bind lipoproteins but also mediate bacterial recognition and phagocytosis. In evaluating whether blocking receptors can prevent intracellular bacterial proliferation, phagocyte cytotoxicity, and proinflammatory signaling in bacterial infection/sepsis, we found that SR-BI/II- or CD36-deficient phagocytes are characterized by a reduced intracellular bacterial survival and a lower cytokine response and were protected from bacterial cytotoxicity in the presence of antibiotics. Mice deficient in either SR-BI/II or CD36 are protected from antibiotic-treated cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis, with greatly increased peritoneal granulocytic phagocyte survival (8-fold), a drastic diminution in peritoneal bacteria counts, and a 50-70% reduction in systemic inflammation (serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10) and organ damage relative to CLP in wild-type mice. The survival rate of CD36-deficient mice after CLP was 58% compared with 17% in control mice. When compensated for mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid deficiency, SR-BI/II-deficient mice had nearly a 50% survival rate versus 5% in mineralo-/glucocorticoid-treated controls. Targeting SR-B receptors with L-37pA, a peptide that functions as an antagonist of SR-BI/II and CD36 receptors, also increased peritoneal granulocyte counts, as well as reduced peritoneal bacteria and bacterium-induced cytokine secretion. In the CLP mouse sepsis model, L-37pA improved survival from 6 to 27%, reduced multiple organ damage, and improved kidney function. These results demonstrate that the reduction of both SR-BI/II- and CD36-dependent bacterial invasion and inflammatory response in the presence of antibiotic treatment results in granulocyte survival and local bacterial containment, as well as reduces systemic inflammation and organ damage and improves animal survival during severe infections.