cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A structural optimization approach in process synthesis. II: Heat recovery networks

Abstract Several formulations of the transshipment model from Operations Research are proposed for the optimal synthesis of heat exchanger networks. The linear programming versions are used for predicting the minimum utility cost, and can handle restricted matches and multiple utilities. The mixed-integer programming version yields minimum utility cost networks in which the number of units is minimized, while allowing stream splitting and selection of most preferred matches. It is shown that the transshipment models can also be incorporated easily within a mixed-integer programming approach for synthesizing chemical processing systems. Several numerical examples are presented which show that the proposed models are computationally very efficient.
Estimation of aperture response functions from measurements using a non-ideal detector

To verify design predictions or to assess construction uniformity, it is often desirable to measure the intrinsic response function of a collimator. Generally, measurements are performed with the collimator in place over the non-ideal detector (e.g., an Anger camera) and therefore represent combined collimator and detector responses. A maximum likelihood method using generalized Gaussian penalties has been developed for removing the blurring effect of the intrinsic detector resolution from combined reponse measurements. Resulting restorations of the intrinsic collimator responses for SPRINT II slice collimators show marked improvements over simpler linear deconvolution approaches.
A MICROMETHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF GLYCOCYAMINE IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS AND TISSUE EXTRACTS

In the two following communications (1, 2) evidence is presented that glycocyamine is a normal precursor of creatine in the animal body. These studies required a satisfactory micromethod for the determination of glycocyamine. The most reliable method described in the literature consists in adsorption on Lloyd’s reagent in acid solution, elution with baryta, removal of arginine from the eluate by repeated adsorption on permutit, and calorimetric determination of the remaining glycocyamine by means of the Sakaguchi reaction. There are only two substances which are common in biological fluids and which give an intense color in the Sakaguchi reaction. These are arginine and glycocyamine. This method was first introduced by Weber (3) and was modified by Bodansky (4) and by Davenport and Fisher (5). In our hands even the latest version of the method, that described by Davenport and Fisher, had the following shortcomings: it was laborious and time-consuming, the adsorption of the glycocyamine on the Lloyd’s reagent was incomplete, further losses of glycocyamine occurred in the repeated treatment with permutit (Davenport and Fisher report losing only 10 per cent in three adsorptions; with the permutit available to us we lost 80 per cent), and the color developed was unstable. Furthermore, the amount of glycocyamine lost on the permutit varied according to the amount of arginine present, the less arginine the greater the loss of glycocyamine. All these disadvantages have been removed in the method described below. It is the first method in which glycocyamine added to blood or urine can be determined quantitatively, even in concentration8 as low a8 0.1 mg. per cent. 2 to 5 ml. are sufficient for an analysis. An indication of the speed and convenience of the method is that twenty to forty analyses can be carried through simultaneously in about 2 hours.
Exploiting Extensible DBMS in Integrated Geographic Information Systems

A major focus of recent database research has been extensible database management systems (EDBMS). These systems' goal is to accommodate the increasing amount of digitized data that is different in structure, in size and in processing needs from traditional transaction data. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), for example, have developed effective and specialized data representation and analysis techniques for spatial data that must be supported by any underlying DBMS. In this paper we show how EDBMS technology can support GIS applications through powerful data modeling and data management functions that are analogous to, and integrated with, those employed for managing traditional data.
Anticipating Uncertainty: Straddles Around Earnings Announcements

On average, straddles on individual stocks earn significantly negative returns: daily holding period return is -0.19% and weekly holding period return is -2.09%. In sharp contrast, straddle returns are significantly positive around earnings announcements: average at-the-money straddle returns from one day before earnings announcement to the earnings announcement date yields a highly significant 2.3% return. The positive straddle returns around earnings announcements are robust to different stock and option characteristics. This finding suggests that investors underestimate the magnitude of uncertainty during the earnings announcement period, consistent with the cognitive bias “conservatism.” Furthermore, we find the underestimation of uncertainty is more pronounced for smaller firms, firms with less analyst coverage, higher past jump frequency, higher kurtosis and more volatile past earnings surprises. This supports the notion that when there is more noise in the data, it is more likely for investors to display “conservatism.”
Three-dimensional imaging of the myocardium with isotopes

Three methods of imaging the three-dimensional distribution of isotopes in the myocardium are discussed. Three-dimensional imaging was examined using multiple Anger-camera views. Longitudinal tomographic images with compensation for blurring were studied. Transverse-section reconstruction using coincidence detection of annihilation gammas from positron emitting isotopes was investigated.
Using marketing models in strategic planning

Abstract Although analytical marketing research can be of substantial value to corporate planners, it often is ineffective because of communications difficulties and related misunderstandings. This article identifies several ways in which the effectiveness of relationships between planners and marketing researchers can be improved.
Synergistic adsorption of mixtures of cationic gemini and nonionic sugar-based surfactant on silica.

Abstract Adsorption behavior of cationic C 12 - C 4 - C 12 gemini surfactant on silica has been investigated, along with that of nonionic surfactant n-dodecyl-β- d -maltoside (DM). While DM alone shows meager adsorption on silica, because of the lack of any electrostatic adsorption, cationic gemini adsorbs significantly on the oppositely charged silica surface. Due to the electrostatic nature of cationic gemini adsorption on silica, solution pH affects adsorption of C 12 - C 4 - C 12 gemini dramatically. Meanwhile, C 12 - C 4 - C 12 gemini hemimicelle size at silica/water interface does not seem to change with solution pH. For the mixtures of DM and cationic C 12 - C 4 - C 12 gemini, there is a sharp increase of DM adsorption at silica/water interface, up to 100 times more than DM alone. After mixing with DM, saturation adsorption of cationic C 12 - C 4 - C 12 gemini decreases, due to competition for adsorption sites from DM. At the same time, in its mixture with DM, there is an increased adsorption of C 12 - C 4 - C 12 gemini in the rising part of the adsorption isotherm. Hydrophobic chain–chain interactions, especially with two hydrophobic chains in one C 12 - C 4 - C 12 gemini molecule, and adsorbed C 12 - C 4 - C 12 gemini molecule acting as an anchor or nucleation sites for forming mixed aggregates with DM on silica surface, are attributed to the marked adsorption synergy between DM and cationic C 12 - C 4 - C 12 gemini. The adsorption of surfactants and their mixtures has a marked effect on silica surface charge and silica's wettability.
Transport of taurine, L-methionine and 3-o-methyl-D-glucose across frog retinal pigment epithelium.

Abstract The unidirectional fluxes of two amino acids, [ 35 S]taurine and [ 3 H] l -methionine, and one sugar, 3- o -methyl- d -[ 3 H]glucose, were measured in vitro across the bullfrog pigment epithelium-choroid. There was a significant net taurine flux in the retina to choroid direction that was present at all taurine concentrations from 1·7 × 10 −4 m to 3 × 10 −2 m . The net flux had an apparent V max of 225 n m /cm 2 hr, an apparent K m of 35 × 10 −4 m /l, and was inhibited by ouabain, 10 −4 m , at the apical membrane of the epithelium. The data indicated, therefore, an active transport of taurine into the epithelium across the apical membrane. There was a much smaller net flux of l -methionine in the retina to choroid direction. The apparent permeabilities of the tissue to taurine and l -methionine in the retina to choroid direction were respectively 9·2 × 10 −6 cm/sec and 2·9 × 10 −5 cm/sec, while the choroid to retina taurine permeability was approximately a factor of 30 less than that of l -methionine. These experiments raise the question of why the mechanism for clearing taurine from the retina, across the pigment epithelium, functions at a much greater rate than the mechanism for bringing it into the retina. There was no net 3- o -methyl- d -glucose flux in unidirectional experiments. This was confirmed by performing unidirectional flux measurements in both directions, consecutively on single tissue ( reversal experiments), and in double-label experiments on single tissues with the [ 3 H] and [ 14 C] isotopes of this sugar.
The variability of rainfall acidity

Two years of rainfall acidity data for the eastern United States were analyzed. The data consist of rainfall-event pH measurements from a nine station monitoring network. A spatio-temporal stochastic model, including deterministic components for seasonal variation and rainfall washout, and stochastic components for spatial, temporal, and measurement variation, was fitted to the data. The fitted autocorrelation structure from this model was used, in the process known as Kriging, to obtain BLUE contour maps of seasonal and rainfall adjusted yearly average pH over the monitoring region. Des donnees concernant l'acidite des pluies dans l'est des Etats-Unis ont ete recueillies et analysees sur une periode de deux ans. Les donnees, provenant d'un reseau de neuf stations d'etude, consistent en des mesures du pH de la pluie. On a adapte aux donnees un modele stochastique spatio-temporel, incluant les composantes majeures de la variation saisonniere des pluies et des inondations; on a aussi considere les composantes stochastiques de la variation causee par les erreurs de mesure et les facteurs espace et temps. La structure d'autocorrelation adaptee au modele a permis d'obtenir, grǎce a un procede appele Kriging, des cartes-contour (BLUE) decrivant le pH annuel moyen en fonction des pluies et des variations saisonnieres, et ce pour toute la region etudiee au cours de l'experience.
Does the Private Sector Help or Hurt the Environment? Evidence from Carbon Dioxide Pollution in Developing Countries

Abstract How does the nature of enterprise ownership affect the environment in an economy? Conventional wisdom and theoretical conjectures are split on this important question. In this paper we estimate a reduced-form, random-effects model using data from 44 developing countries over nine years (1987–95) to study for any systematic empirical relationship between the relative level of private sector involvement in an economy and the environmental performance of the economy in terms of its emission of industrial carbon dioxide. We control for both observed and unobserved crosscountry heterogeneity along various institutional and structural dimensions such as the scope of financial market, industrial sector composition and level of foreign direct investment. The regression results indicate that the higher the degree of private sector involvement in a developing economy, the lower is its environmental degradation. In addition, its environmental degradation is likely to be further reduced in presence of a well-functioning domestic capital market and through increased participation by developed economies in its private sector development.
Kinetics and thermodynamics of ZrMn2-based hydrides

Abstract The thermodynamics and kinetics of hydride formation and decomposition are presented for ZrMn 2+ x (or Zr 1− y Mn y Mn 2 ) and Zr 1− x Ti x Mn 2 . Making ZrMn 2 non-stoichiometric or replacing the zirconium by titanium raises the hydrogen escape tendency dramatically. ΔH is small (about 16 kJ (mol H 2 ) −1 ) and the configurational entropy is large for the Zr 1− y Mn y Mn 2 hydrides. The oxide coatings as determined by Auger spectroscopy are thin. The kinetics are very rapid probably because the oxide coating is thin.
Effects of Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa) Cover Crop and Banded Herbicides on Weeds, Grain Yield, and Economic Returns in Corn (Zea mays)

ABSTRACT A two-year field study was conducted during 2002-2003 on a Dundee silt loam soil, Stoneville, MS, to examine the effects of hairy vetch cover crop (HV-D, hairy vetch desiccated at corn planting; HV-B, hairy vetch desiccated in a 38-cm band over crop row at corn planting; and no hairy vetch) and preemergence (PRE) plus postemergence (POST) herbicides applied broadcast and banded on weed control, yield, and economic return in corn. Atrazine plus metolachlor were applied PRE and POST. Bentazon in 2002 and carfentrazone in 2003 were applied in mixture with atrazine plus metolachlor POST. More hairy vetch dry biomass was present in the HV-B system (2,941 kg/ha) than in the HV-D (1,397 kg/ha) and no hairy vetch (0 kg/ha) systems at 7 wk after planting corn (WAP). Live and desiccated hairy vetch in HV-B and HV-D systems suppressed pitted morning glory compared with no hairy vetch at 7 WAP. Densities of barnyardgrass, carpetweed, smooth pigweed, or yellow nutsedge were not reduced in HV-D and HV-B system...
Modeling the Role of Working Memory and Episodic Memory in Behavioral Tasks

The mechanisms of goal-directed behavior have been studied using reinforcement learning theory, but these theoretical techniques have not often been used to address the role of memory systems in performing behavioral tasks. The present work addresses this shortcoming by providing a way in which working memory and episodic memory may be included in the reinforcement learning framework, then simulating the successful acquisition and performance of six behavioral tasks, drawn from or inspired by the rat experimental literature, that require working memory or episodic memory for correct performance. With no delay imposed during the tasks, simulations with working memory can solve all of the tasks at above the chance level. When a delay is imposed, simulations with both episodic memory and working memory can solve all of the tasks except a disambiguation of odor sequences task.
Complexes of tri- and tetra-protonated forms of 1,4,8,12-tetraazacyclopentadecane with chloride, nitrate, iodate, and sulfate ions in aqueous media. II : Analysis of the underlying experimental and theoretical assumptions

In a previous paper [1] the complexation behavior of 1,4,8,12-tetraazacyclopentadecane with various anions was studied. This analysis depended on various assumptions involving the accuracy and the interpretation of the experimental data. In this paper these assumptions are examined using pH potentiometry,13C NMR, and conductometric techniques. The validity of each of the assumptions was confirmed.
Ultrasonic neuromodulation by brain stimulation with transcranial ultrasound

Brain stimulation methods are indispensable to the study of brain function. They have also proven effective for treating some neurological disorders. Historically used for medical imaging, ultrasound (US) has recently been shown to be capable of noninvasively stimulating brain activity. Here we provide a general protocol for the stimulation of intact mouse brain circuits using transcranial US, and, using a traditional mouse model of epilepsy, we describe how to use transcranial US to disrupt electrographic seizure activity. The advantages of US for brain stimulation are that it does not necessitate surgery or genetic alteration, but it confers spatial resolutions superior to other noninvasive methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation. With a basic working knowledge of electrophysiology, and after an initial setup, ultrasonic neuromodulation (UNMOD) can be implemented in less than 1 h. Using the general protocol that we describe, UNMOD can be readily adapted to support a broad range of studies on brain circuit function and dysfunction.
Early referral as an independent predictor of clinical outcome in end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Objectives. To evaluate the influence of early nephrology referral on clinical outcome in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). Patients and Methods. This study retrospectively analyzed patients entering our HD and PD program from February 2000 to June 2003. Patients who presented to a nephrologist more than 6 months before starting dialysis were defined as early referral (ER). Meanwhile, patients transferred to the nephrology department less than 6 months before initial dialysis were considered late referral (LR). Results. HD Groups. Of 78 HD patients, 37 (47.1%) qualified for the ER group and 41 (52.6%) were designated to the LR group. The demographic data were analyzed for both the HD and PD groups. No significant differences in average age at dialysis, duration of hemodialysis, and gender were noted between these two groups. The same applied for the biochemical parameters in both groups. HD patients with early referral had significantly better survival (p < .05) as pl...
Fat distribution in the skin of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus and Tursiops gilli).

Frozen sections stained with Oil-red-O and semithin (0.5 μm) plastic sections stained with toluidine blue revealed an abundance of fat globules of various sizes in all strata of the epidermis of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus and T. gilli). The fat was rather evenly distributed but sometimes appeared as circumscribed areas of heavier concentration involving hundreds of cells (as seen in a single plane). Occasionally, there were smaller groups of epidermal cells heavily loaded with lipid. The dermis presented a unique phenomenon in the presence of abundant extracellular fat distributed among the collagen bundles as droplets of various sizes or as larger, irregularly shaped lipid particles that seemed to conform to the spaces between collagen bundles. These lipid particles were sometimes seen to be closely applied to the dermal surface of the stratum basale. Equally unusual was the presence of lipid particles of various sizes and shapes in the lumen of some of the vessels of the dermal papillae. Granular cells resembling mast cells were commonly seen in the papillary dermis and some were closely associated with lipid particles. Blood vessels of the reticular dermis tended to have collections of lipid droplets in the loose connective tissue often found adjacent to the tunica adventitia. It is postulated that the extracellular dermal lipids (probably mainly triglycerides) are broken down to free fatty acids that diffuse into the basal layer of the epidermis and are there resynthesized into triglycerides. Possible uses for the epidermal lipids are discussed.
Hydroxyethyl Starch versus Albumin for Colloid Infusion Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Patients Undergoing Myocardial Revascularization

Hydroxyethyl starch or hetastarch (HES), a synthetic colloid for intravascular volume expansion, was compared with albumin after coronary artery operations in 30 patients (15 in each study group). Cardiac index, atrial pressures, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure were similar in both groups. There were no differences in cumulative urine output at 24 hours or in weight change during the first 7 postoperative days. Values for colloid osmotic pressure, as well as for this variable minus left atrial pressure, were lowest soon after bypass but returned to baseline within 4 hours, with no difference between groups in the first 24 hours or 7 days after operation. Coagulation variables were similar, but prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times were higher 12 hours postoperatively and fibrinogen level was lower 7 days postoperatively in the patients receiving HES. There was no clinical evidence of excessive bleeding, although cumulative chest drainage at 12 and 24 hours was slightly higher in the HES group (p = 0.09 and 0.08, respectively). We conclude that hetastarch is a safe and effective colloid to use following coronary operations.
Direct determination of bismuth and antimony in sea water by anodic stripping voltammetry

A method based on anodic stripping voltammetry at the mercury-coated graphite electrode has been developed for the direct determination of bismuth and antimony at their natural levels in sea water. Bismuth plated at -0.4 V from sea water made 1 M in hydrochloric acid gives a stripping peak proportional to concentration at -0.2 V without interference from antimony or other metals normally present. Antimony may be plated from sea water made 4 M in hydrochloric acid and gives a stripping peak at -0.2 V proportional to the sum of bismuth and antimony. By use of the standard addition technique, satisfactory results were obtained for sea water samples with concentration ranges of 0.02–0.09 μg kg−1 for bismuth and 0.2–0.5 μg kg−1 for antimony.
Two modes of interaction of NaOH and SO2 in gasesfrom fuel-lean H2-air flames

In flame gases containing around 1 ppm of total sodium, the concentration of Na atoms is decreased by the addition of a great excess of SO 2 . The decrease is attributed to the formation of a sodium-sulfur-oxygen species, possibly the NaSO 2 radical equilibrated according to the gas-phase reactions NaOH+H=Na+H 2 O NaOH+SO 2 =NaSO 2 +OH On this interpretation, the equilibrium constant for the reaction forming NaSO 2 is K ≅5 exp (-17 kcal/ RT ) at 1500° to 1875°K. A lower temperature and different interaction is observed when flame gases containingaround 100 ppm each of sodium and sulfur are drawn through a quartz probe and the cooled samples are analyzed. The sodium causes a larger decrease of SO 2 than can be explained by the preceding equilibrium. The decrease is independent of the gas temperature before sampling, 1010° to 2100°K, and is therefore considered to occur in the probe and sampling system. It is attributed to a condensation of gaseous NaOH in the cooling gas, and a heterogeneous capture of SO 2 by condensed NaOH. Neither mode of interaction requires the existence of gas-phase Na 2 SO 4 molecules.
The Motion of Internal Layers in Singularly Perturbed Advection‐Diffusion‐Reaction Equations*

This paper asymptotically solves singularly perturbed partial differential equations of the form u t = ∈ 2 u xx + ∈g(u)u x + h(u) as ∈ → 0 + , on a finite spatial domain, in the case where the solution exhibits a single extremely slowly moving internal layer. Conditions under which such solutions occur are discussed. Equations of motion for the layer are derived, and careful consideration is given to both exponential asymptotics and the previously little-studied case of algebraic asymptotics.
Prevalence of Alzheimer's Pathologic Endophenotypes in Asymptomatic and Mildly Impaired First-Degree Relatives

Objective: A positive family history (FH) is a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Our aim was to examine the effects of FH on pathological and neuronal loss biomarkers across the cognitive spectrum. Design: Cross-sectional analyses of data from a national biomarker study. Setting: The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative national study. Patients: 257 subjects (ages 55–89), divided into cognitively normal (CN), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD groups, with CSF and FH data. Outcome Measures: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Ab42, tau, and tau/Ab42 ratio, MRI-measured hippocampal volumes. Statistics: Univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: In MCI, CSF Ab42 was lower (p=.005), t-tau was higher (p=0.02) and t-tau/Ab42 ratio was higher (p=0.002) in FH+ than FH2 subjects. A significant residual effect of FH on pathologic markers in MCI remained after adjusting for ApoE4 (p,0.05). Among CN, 47% of FH+ exhibited ‘‘pathologic signature of AD’’ (CSF t-tau/Ab42 ratio .0.39) versus 21% of FH2 controls (p=0.03). The FH effect was not significant in AD subjects. Hippocampal and intracranial volumes did not differ between FH+ and FH2 subjects in any group. Conclusions: A positive family history of late-onset AD is associated with a higher prevalence of an abnormal cerebral betaamyloid and tau protein phenotype in MCI. The unexplained genetic heritability in family history is about the half the size of the ApoE4 effect. Longitudinal studies are warranted to more definitively examine this issue.
Electronic and structural properties of the metalloporphyrin structural isomers: semiempirical AM1 and PM3 calculations

Abstract Semiempirical calculations using AM1 and PM3 have been performed on the zinc(II) and magnesium(II) complexes of nine structural isomers of tetrapyrrole macrocycles such as porphyrin, porphycene, corrphycene and hemiporphycene, N-confused porphyrin and other isomers that have not been synthesized. The optimized geometry and the bond parameters obtained compare favorably with results obtained from X-ray and spectral studies. Heats of formation, ionization potentials, HOMO-LUMO energy differences, dipole moments, and the splitting of HOMOs and LUMOs of the metal complexes of each of these isomers are also reported and compared with experimental results. The “four-orbital model” of Gouterman remains valid for the investigated structural isomers. The present study represents an unusually appropriate opportunity to study, via molecular orbital methods, the interaction between various metal ions, and the electronic and geometrical environment of the central cavity of the closely related isomeric macrocycles. The major outcome of this study is the verification of the expected differential behavior of metal ions employed in the present study as a sophisticated probe of cavity properties which also suggests that this procedure can be extended to other metal complexes. This study also serves as an interesting prototype for more elaborate ab initio calculations. However, such calculations on the presently investigated macrocyclic systems may have to be performed at a higher level than MP2 or DFT to account for the unusual delocalization, as suggested by a recent study by Schaefer and co-workers on delocalized [10]annulene (H.M. Sulzbach, H.F. Schaefer, W. Klopper and H.P. Luthi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118 (1996) 3519).
Chiral perturbation theory: brief introduction

In four lectures I presented a brief overview of Chiral Perturbation Theory, from its basics and some key applications in the Goldstone boson sector to its extension to the baryon sector.
Anomalous viscoelastic properties of polymers: Experiments and explanations

Abstract On this occasion recognizing Kia L. Ngai’s contributions to the understanding of the relaxations of many-body interacting molecular systems I present a brief critical review of current research, which is related to our collaborative efforts on polymer viscoelastic properties, which have extended over a quarter of a century. These research efforts include the observations and explanations of violations to some seemingly established principles held in the realm of the kinetic behavior of glass-forming systems both polymeric and small molecules. Successful time-temperature reduction, which has come to be known as thermorheological simplicity (TS), requires that a single monomeric friction coefficient controls the entire spectrum of the primary or α viscoelastic response. Secondary β, γ, and δ mechanisms are recognized to follow different temperature dependences, which reflect different friction coefficients. Summarized herein are the violations of TS that I and my collaborators have encountered, which in the collaborative efforts with Ngai have been extensively rationalized with Ngai’s Coupling Model. Our results have been confirmed many times by others during the past decade. A recent study published by other workers has suggested an additional universal property. In view of this recent research activity on this important subject, previously unpublished data are presented to test the proposed ‘universal’ behavior.
Cross Training Opportunity for Dietitians/Nutritionists in the New York State WIC Program

Abstract New York State WIC Program policy requires each of the 100 local agencies sponsoring the WIC Program to have on a staff a qualified Breastfeeding Coordinator. Minimum qualifications are as follows: BS or BA in Nutrition, Dietetics, Nursing, Food and Nutrition or health-related field. Also required is at least one year of experience including work with postpartum/lactating mothers, knowledge of breastfeeding techniques, and problem solving with mothers, with a minimum 20 hours continuing education in breastfeeding. The Breastfeeding Coordinator has a unique position and is responsible for the promotion and support of breastfeeding to prenatal and postpartum low income women certified in the WIC Program. This involves one-to-one counseling, group classes, support groups, hospital rounds, assisting physicians with educational materials and training, networking with area lactation consultants, physicians, and breastfeeding consortiums and frequent media opportunities. Over 50 percent of the Breastfeeding Coordinators in the NYS WIC Program are dietitians/nutritionists. Hours spent working with breastfeeding mothers and infants satisfy one of the eligibility requirements for International Board-Certified Lactation Consultant Exam. 22 Breastfeeding Coordinators have successfully completed the IBCLC exam, and therby enhanced professional nutrition related services.
Polarization-dependent intensity transmittance of optical systems

The intensity transmittance α of a linear nondepolarizing optical system is investigated as a function of the state of polarization of the incident light. For totally polarized incident light the state of polarization is completely described by a single complex variable χ. In the χ-plane, the loci of incident polarizations that experience equal attenuation or amplification [α(χ)=constant] upon passing through the system constitute a family of nonintersecting coaxal circles. The zero-radius point circles of the coaxal family represent two orthogonal polarizationsχ max andχ min that pass through the system with maximum and minimum transmittances, respectively. Simple elegant expressions are derived for α in terms of the propertiesχ max,χ min;α max andα min of the system. When χ is expressed in terms of the azimuth and the ellipticity of the polarization ellipse a generalized version of Malus' law is obtained which is applicable to any optical system. Special cases of optical systems are discussed. The condition that a Jones matrix represents an active system is derived. Such a system may amplify polarization states inside a circular domain in the complex χ-plane and attenuate all other states. The results for totally polarized incident light are used to derive the polarization-dependent intensity transmittance of the system for unpolarized and partially polarized incident light. A new set of three parameters is introduced to describe the state of polarization of partially polarized light. The polarization-dependent intensity transmittance is completely determined by four real quantities which can be measured photo-ellipsometrically.
ALEXANDER GROUPS AND VIRTUAL LINKS

The extended Alexander group of an oriented virtual link l of d components is defined. From its abelianization a sequence of polynomial invariants Δi (u1,…,ud, v), i=0, 1,…, is obtained. When l is a classical link, Δi reduces to the well-known ith Alexander polynomial of the link in the d variables u1v,…,udv; in particular, Δ0 vanishes.
Time-dependent compressive failure around an opening

Abstract Compressive failure of rock at a free face is a time-dependent process that proceeds outward from the free face. The model for general compressive failure is the sliding crack model of Kemeny, Cook 1987, including crack interaction and subcritical propagation of wing cracks. For a rock mass with an array of propagating cracks near a free surface, moduli are different in all three orthogonal directions. Elastic constants are derived for the resulting orthorhombic symmetry. This model of identical, equally spaced interacting cracks maximizes the reduction in stiffness with crack propagation. The resulting stress reduction around an opening prevents failure even for high levels of stress. It fails to predict the commonly observed slabbing or exfoliation failures. For σ 3 /σ 1 small, failure is typically more localized than assumed in the above model. This situation is modeled as propagation of a single long crack with periodic out-of-plane jogs with frictional sliding. Such a crack can propagate in the σ 1 direction at nearly constant stress. Proximity of a free face increases K I , however, for long cracks the effect of the free face is small. A small compressive σ 3 greatly reduces K I , and with the σ 3 gradient found near an opening, subcritical propagation velocity will drop precipitously away from the opening. This is consistent with failure by progressive exfoliation of thin sheets.
Limiting assumptions in structure-based design: binding entropy

In order to deal with the complexity of biological systems at the atomic level, limiting assumptions are often made which do not reflect the reality of the system under study. One example is the assumption that the entropy of binding of the macromolecule is not influenced significantly by the different ligands. Recent experimental data on ligands binding to HIV-1 protease challenge this assumption.
New Dimensions in Chest Radiography

The advantages of a 14 x 14 inch film of the chest compared with a standard size 14 x 17 inch one are as follows: 1) Saving of approximately 18 per cent in cost by purchase of the smaller size film. This figure is about $0.13 less per film and would represent a tremendous savings since millions of chest x-ray film examinations are being made in the United States today. A proportionately smaller total dollar saving but a higher percentage saving (20 per cent) would be effected by using a 4x4 inch film instead of the 4 x 5 inch one in photoroentgenography. 2) Lower volume doses to critical areas of the body as well as smaller skin and gonad doses are obtained when the beam collimator is used with a 14 x 14 inch film or the smaller 4 x 4 inch PR film. 3) Vital reduction of x-ray exposure to the mother and to the gonads of the fetus in prenatal x-ray examinations, either by using the 14 x 14 inch film or the 4x4 inch PR films.
Digital photography for mapping Mohs micrographic surgery sections.

Background. Instant photographic print images have been used to diagram tissue sections excised for Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). This approach is limited by the size of the print image, the potential difficulty of writing on a glossy photo print, and the cost of film. Objective. We describe the use of digital photographic images as templates for making maps of tissue excised for MMS. Methods. Digital photographic images of patients undergoing MMS are downloaded to a computer and printed onto plain paper. A map of the tissue excised for MMS is drawn directly onto the digital print. Results. Several methods of creating MMS maps using digital photographic print images are described. Conclusion. Advantages of using digital photographs in MMS include speed of producing images, low cost of materials, greater accuracy of depicting the MMS excision defect, and ease of correlating the MMS map to the patient for subsequent stages of excision.
SU‐FF‐J‐171: Quantification of Ventilation Imaging From Clinical 4DCT Datasets for Selective Avoidance IMRT in Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose: To determine a clinically appropriate ventilation level for selective avoidance IMRT using clinical 4D CTdata sets and a small‐deformation inverse‐consistent linear‐elastic (SICLE) registration algorithm Materials/Methods: Using SICLE, the maximum inhalation and expiration phases of 4D CT datasets from 6 NSCLC patients were registered. After registration, smoothing was applied to the input images to account for registration error. A correction was applied to the voxels in the inhalation image to account for lungtissue mass discrepancy due to lung inflation. The ventilation was calculated voxel by voxel as a local volume change, DV/Vex = 1000 (HUin − HUex)/(HUex(1000 + HUin)), where HUex and HUin are the Hounsfield units associated with the expiration and inhalation images, respectively. After this, an additional smoothing filter and a cumulative distribution function were applied to aid segmentation and normalize the data between 0% and 100%. Ventilation volumes were quantified as a function of normalized ventilation level, which can be used as a threshold for delineation of ventilation subregions. Results: Using the inhalation image registered to the expiration image, consistent ventilation images were calculated. The ventilation levels of 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, and 50% were studied as it was determined that ventilation levels below 50% would not be beneficial as this region would include almost the entirety of the lungs. An exponential relationship between ventilation level and ventilationcompetent volume at a given percentage ventilation was observed. Quantified ventilation data and charts demonstrating these relationships were generated. Conclusions: In selective avoidance IMRT for NSCLC, it is critical to determine the optimal ventilation level to segment within a normal lung region, which would then be used as an avoidance structure in functional image guided IMRT. Our study shows that a 70% ventilation level is promising to be implemented into selective avoidance IMRT techniques for NSCLC.
Application of a WAIS-R Short Form with Neurological Patients: Validity and Correlational Findings

Investigated was the validity of the combination of the Information, Arithmetic, Picture Completion, and Block Design Subtests as an estimate of WAIS-R Full Scale IQ for 70 brain-damaged patients. The correlation between short-form and Full Scale IQwas highly significant, p < .001. A pairwise t test between the mean IQs for the two forms was significant, p < .005, and indicated that the short form yielded higher IQs than the standard form. However, the average difference between the two IQs was small (1.74 points) and lacked clinical significance since the measures agreed in terms of Wechsler's (1981) classification system 83% of the time. The short-form and Full Scale IQs were intercorrelated with scores from selected neuropsychological tests. A lack of meaningful differences emerged between the resulting correlations for the two IQs. The two ability measures behave in essentially the same manner when used as part of a neuropsychological battery. Expectations about a patient's appropriate level of functi...
Legionella in aquatic habitats in the Mount Saint Helens blast zone

Illnesses of undiagnosed etiology among researchers exposed to lakes and streams in the Mt. St. Helens blast zone after the 18 May 1980 eruption prompted us to determine the occurrence and potential virulence ofLegionella (Legionnaries' disease bacteria) in aquatic habitats near Mt. St. Helens during the summers of 1981 and 1982. Concentrations ofL. pneumophila, L. micdadei, L. gormanii, L. dumoffii, andL. bozemanii, determined by microscopic counts using direct immunofluorescent staining, ranged from <104 to 105 cells/l in lakes and rivers outside the Mt. St. Helens blast zone while the numbers ofLegionella in aquatic habitats inside the blast zone were from 105 to 107 cells/l.Legionella numbers were consistently highest in North Coldwater and Spirit lakes, which received water from hydrothermal seeps.Legionella pneumophila serogroups 4 and 6 were isolated from North Coldwater Lake in 1981 and from South Coldwater Creek in 1982, indicating that potentially virulent strains ofLegionella persist in aquatic habitats in the blast zone of Mt. St. Helens.
How to get “kissably close”: Examining how advertisers appeal to consumers’ sexual needs and desires

This paper explores the nature of sexual appelas—sex-related promises or benefits—in mainstream advertising by describing types of sex appeals and findings from a sex-benefit content analysis. Overall, our findings reveal that sex is used to appeal to women and men, although a higher proportion of sexual ads appear in men’s (12%) compared to women’s magazines (6%). In addition, a variety of sex appeals are directed toward women (attractiveness, behavior, esteem), whereas most appeals directed toward men emphasize more and better sex. Last, male-only images are relatively absent in sexual ads compared to female-only (45%) and couples (47%) images. These findings, observations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Altered states: effects of diagenesis on fossil tooth chemistry

Investigation of modern and fossil teeth from northern and central Kenya, using the ion micro- probe, electron microprobe, and transmission electron microscope, confirms that fossil tooth chemistry is controlled not only by the diagenetic precipitation of secondary minerals but also by the chemical alteration of the biogenic apatite. Increases in the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Si, Al, Ba, and possibly Cu in fossil vs. modern teeth reflect mixtures of apatite and secondary minerals. These secondary minerals occur in concen- trations ranging from ;0.3% in enamel to ;5% in dentine and include sub-mm, interstitial Fe-bearing manganite ((Fe 31 ,M n 31 )O(OH)), and smectite. The pervasive distribution and fine grain size of the secondary minerals indicate that mixed analyses of primary and secondary material are unavoidable in in situ methods, even in ion microprobe spots only 10 mm in diameter, and that bulk chemical analyses are severely biased. Increases in other elements, including the rare earth elements, U, F, and possibly Sr apparently reflect additional alteration of apatite in both dentine and enamel. Extreme care will be required to separate secondary minerals from original biogenic apatite for paleobiological or paleoclimate studies, and nonetheless bulk analyses of purified apatite may be suspect. Although the PO 4 component of teeth seems resistant to chemical alteration, the OH component is extensively altered. This OH alteration implies that bulk analyses of fossil tooth enamel for oxygen isotope composition may be systematically biased by 61‰, and seasonal records of oxygen isotope composition may be spuriously shifted, enhanced, or diminished. Copyright © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd
The tritium toxicity program in the Medical Department at Brookhaven National Laboratory.

A summary of all the findings to date is given. It appears from this information that it is possible to detect somatic, cytogenetic, and genetic effects resulting from exposures at 33 to 100 times the mpc's for HTO. Similar effects also result from exposure to external gamma rays at an equivalent dose. The reduction in bone marrow cells in animals maintaining normal total cellularity is of interest since it demonstrates both the presence of an effect at the primitive cell level and the animal's ability to compensate for this effect by recruiting stem cells from the G0 resting state. This evidence of damage together with the observed cytogenetic changes leads one to contemplate the possible importance of radiation exposures at these levels for the induction of leukemia or other blood dyscrasias. Studies to investigate this question are now under way. As predicted on the basis of established principles of radiobiology, exposure to tritium beta rays from HTO ingestion results in measurable effects on several animal systems. The importance of position of incorporation of H into molecules of biological importance has not been well defined, nor have the low-dose portions of the dose-response curve for several effects of interest. Experiments designedmore » to address these questions and measure H turnover as a means for analysis of cell kinetics in several systems are now under way.« less
OP10.02: The CHOP cardiovascular score: a method for quantification of cardiovascular abnormality in the twin–twin transfusion syndrome

Objectives: Umbilical vein volume flow (UVVF), calculated as velocity (cm/s) times transversal section area at the straight portion of the intra-abdominal umbilical vein (cm2), is an interesting parameter to study in twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). Recipients were found to have 2 to 3 times higher UVVF than donors, but this parameter was not studied in normal monochorionic pregnancies. Methods: Comparison of recipient to donor (rec/don) UVVF ratio and bigger-to-smaller UVVF ratio in non-TTTS monochorionic twin pregnancies (control group). The method of dividing the same parameter from each pair of twins aimed to emulate other factors such as gestational age and maternal condition, which change between pregnancies. The control group consisted of monochorionic twin pregnancies with normal umbilical artery Doppler and normal amniotic fluid (2 to 8 cm of MVP), between 18 and 26 weeks. Results: Eight-four TTTS and 24 normal monochorionic twin pregnancies were compared. The median weight discordance was 1.3 (rec/don) and 1.2 respectively (big/small, Wilcoxon P < 0.7). The UVVF ratio between recipients and donors (UVVF R/D) was greater than that of the bigger to smaller UVVF ratio from normal monochorionic twins (medians 2.2 and 1.3, Wilcoxon P < 0.001). Conclusions: This study shows that UVVF R/D imbalance occurs in cases with the polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios sequence found in TTTS, and that normal monchorionic pregnancies lack this imbalance. The difference is not due to fetal weight discordance as it was shown that normal monochorionic twins had similar discordance. The parameter has still not proven to be useful in screening for early diagnosis by this methodology, but it describes that UVVF imbalance between twins does not exist in normal monochorionic pregnancies. OP10.02 The CHOP cardiovascular score: a method for quantification of cardiovascular abnormality in the twin–twin transfusion syndrome
Controlled surface-induced flows from the motion of self-assembled colloidal walkers

Biological flows at the microscopic scale are important for the transport of nutrients, locomotion, and differentiation. Here, we present a unique approach for creating controlled, surface-induced flows inspired by a ubiquitous biological system, cilia. Our design is based on a collection of self-assembled colloidal rotors that "walk" along surfaces in the presence of a rotating magnetic field. These rotors are held together solely by magnetic forces that allow for reversible assembly and disassembly of the chains. Furthermore, rotation of the magnetic field allows for straightforward manipulation of the shape and motion of these chains. This system offers a simple and versatile approach for designing microfluidic devices as well as for studying fundamental questions in cooperative-driven motion and transport at the microscopic level.
Comparative studies of human adenosine deaminases

Abstract 1. 1. A survey has been made in seventeen different human tissues on the activity of adenosine deaminase and the distribution of the two molecular forms (A and C) of the enzyme. 2. 2. The two enzyme forms isolated from several human tissues were used in comparative studies of some catalytic properties. The results show that the two forms yield similar kinetic data in terms of the Michaelis constant, apparent energy of activation, relative substrate specificity and pH effect. 3. 3. Substrates other than adenosine were used in similar studies. No distinct difference has been observed between the two enzyme forms, although differences were observed with the different substrates.