cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Elementary School Counselor's Voice in Counseling Transracially Adopted Students

Findings from this phenomenological study of 11 school counselors' perceptions of and work with students adopted transracially (SATr) were amplified through eight themes reflecting their shared storyline as a “continuum of comfort and confidence.” These school counselors relied on their understanding of human development, using counseling skills, applying multicultural competence, and being sensitive to adoption-related practices to understand and meet the needs of SATr and their families. The authors provide recommendations to promote equity and inclusion of SATr in the school setting and for counselor education training.
Emotions as Narrative Emplotments

Over the past few years, I have asked more than 30 adults, most of them psychologists, to define the term “emotion.” After each respondent formulated a definition, I asked him or her to give me an instance, an illustration, of emotion drawn from observation of self or others. Little uniformity characterized the off-the-cuff definitions save for one feature. Almost all the respondents included in their definitions a locus for emotion: inside the body. The psychologists in my sample phrased their definitions with the language of psychophysiology, sometimes elegantly. The agreement on bodily locus is not surprising—all of us have been exposed to the writings of several generations of textbook authors who composed chapters on emotion with the vocabulary of psychophysiology. These authors were indebted to the work of earlier exponents of this paradigm. William James and Walter B. Cannon, each in his own way, focused research and theory on emotion as internal happenings. An examination of current textbooks shows no break with this tradition.
Characteristics of prospectively identified negative alcohol-related events among college students.

Abstract Background Throughout the first two years of college, the majority of drinkers experience one or more alcohol-related consequences. Research that examines the characteristics surrounding negative consequences typically utilizes global retrospective survey methods. The objective of the current study was to apply an event-based methodology to describe the circumstances of a recent drinking episode that resulted in one or more alcohol-related consequences among first- and second-year college students. Methods We used a prospective web-based survey method to identify participants (N = 296) who had one or more alcohol-related consequences in the past week. Shortly after reporting the consequence(s), participants attended an in-person interview during which they described the circumstances that preceded and followed the consequence(s), including the use of alcohol and other substances, proximal contextual factors including peer drinking, the characteristics of the negative alcohol-related consequence(s), and the reaction of others to the event. Results The majority of participants reported experiencing the event at either their own (32.4%) or a friend's (32.8%) residence, and 87.1% of participants were with peers when the event happened. Most (85.0%) of the sample indicated that their closest friend knew about their event. Conclusion The high peer involvement at all stages of the event suggest the potential for training college students to help each other avoid or prevent consequences.
Safety and efficacy of the House/3M cochlear implant in profoundly deaf adults.

The safety and efficacy of the House/3M cochlear implant for profoundly deaf adults has been successfully demonstrated in long-term clinical trials. The majority of patients use their device on a regular basis and receive real-life benefits.
The relationship of perceived age and sales of tobacco and alcohol to underage customers.

The ability of store clerks to estimate the age of their customers is critical in preventing illegal sales of tobacco and alcohol to underage individuals. To avoid illegal sales of tobacco products to minors, the Food and Drug Administration created a policy in 1997 requiring store clerks to request identification of anyone perceived to be under age 27. A similar age standard has not been implemented for alcohol. The purpose of this article is to assess whether age 27 is adequate for minimizing tobacco sales to those under age 18 and whether this age is also a useful standard for minimizing illegal alcohol sales to those under age 21. The analysis is based on age estimates from 49 gas station and convenience store clerks. Each clerk estimated ages of 45 people filmed on video whose actual ages ranged from 15 to 29. T-tests, analysis of variance, contingency tables and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Store clerks found it more difficult to estimate ages of female customers than male customers. In addition, the store clerks significantly underestimated age of male customers under 18 and of female customers under 21. In contrast, the clerks significantly overestimated age of customers 21 years and older. Among underage customers, the store clerks' age, gender, work experience, education, and training in requesting identification had no influence on ability to judge age, nor did it have a strong influence on whether an underage customer was considered 18 or older or 21 or older. The results suggest that age 27 is adequate for minimizing illegal tobacco sales. Adoption of a similar or slightly older age may be appropriate for minimizing illegal alcohol sales.
Optimal feed flow sequence for multi-effect distillation system integrated with supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle for seawater desalination

Abstract Multi-effect distillation is often integrated with a Rankine power cycle for cogeneration (simultaneous production of power and desalinated water). Such integration increases the condenser operating pressure for the Rankine cycle (and increases the heat-rejection temperature) to produce desalinated water, resulting in decreased power-plant efficiency. The supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle has a higher efficiency compared to the Rankine cycle. The waste heat rejected from supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle is at sufficiently hot temperature to have feasible energy integration with multi-effect distillation system. The paper introduces the novel concept of cogeneration without being a parasitic load to the power cycle. For the illustrative example considered, integrating 4-effect distillation system with a 115 MWe power plant can produce 3041 m3 of distillate per day at 1.06 $/m3, at a constant power plant efficiency of 49.2%. The pattern in which feed enters the desalination system often dictates its energy consumption. The two most commonly used feed configurations for multi-effect distillation system are parallel/cross feed and forward feed. With steam as a heat source (i.e., a latent heat source), parallel/cross feed is the most energy-efficient feed configuration. The other objective of this paper is to identify the optimal feed flow configuration for multi-effect distillation system integrated with a supercritical carbon dioxide power cycle (i.e., a sensible heat source). For the simplified network, forward feed is the best feed configuration, which yields a 7.5% increase in distillate production at 2.6% reduced distillate cost. Additionally, different methods for reducing the brine discharge are studied, which can help to achieve zero liquid discharge. Result show increasing the maximum brine concentration gives superior results compared to brine recycling. The system modelling is done using the principle of process integration, and an analytical methodology for cogeneration is derived.
Stimuli-responsive poly (ε-caprolactone)s for drug delivery applications

Abstract Poly(caprolactone)s have found extensive use in drug delivery applications due to their attractive properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability. Significant efforts have been made in recent years to develop stimuli-responsive systems using these polymers. Through the functionalization of e-caprolactone monomers, different stimuli-responsive properties can be instilled to the resulting polymers. Poly(caprolactone)s are usually formed through the ring-opening polymerization of e-caprolactone monomers, which can be accomplished through different mechanisms such as anionic, cationic, or coordination-insertion. The resulting poly(caprolactone)s can be used for various nanocarrier systems including micelles, nanoparticles, dendrimers, or polymersomes. Often, poly(caprolactone)s are used in combination with other polymers to form block copolymers that have hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments which can then form the nanocarriers through self-assembly. Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers created from poly(caprolactone)s can release the drug through either internal or external stimuli. Nanocarriers that are responsive to differences of the internal environment like reduction or pH have attracted a lot of interest in recent years. However, there has also been an interest in nanocarriers that are responsive where the application of an external stimulus, such as temperature or light, triggers the release of the drug. Recently, new effort has been focused to design nanocarriers that are sensitive to multiple stimuli. In this chapter, the extensive use of poly(caprolactone)s in stimuli-responsive nanocarriers will be discussed in detail.
Predicting Cognitive Capacity from Natural History

Birds have been studied for centuries because they are numerous, conspicuous, and aesthetically pleasing to humans Despite their overall regard for birds, historically, many ornithologists have considered birds as instinct-driven organisms of little intellectual capacity. For example, the ornithological textbook of choice from the 1960s states the following view of avian intelligence: Flight has proven to be an enormously successful evolutionary venture, but one that has cost birds dearly in mental development. In effect, flight has become a substitute for cleverness; birds solve many potential problems merely by flying away from them…. As a consequence, much [avian] behavior is, by mam-malian standards, fragmentary, stereotyped, and at times amazingly stupid. (Welty, 1962, p.159).
Growth and Characterization of NbTiN Films Synthesized by Reactive Bias Target Ion Beam Deposition (RBTIBD)

High energy gap Nb-based superconducting alloys with low normal state resistivity are fundamentally important for realization of low-loss high frequency circuits operating above the typical ∼670 GHz gap frequency of elemental Nb. NbTiN has been shown to have a superconducting energy gap nearly twice that of elemental Nb, and is emerging as an important material for various detector and superconducting computing technologies. In this paper, we report on the growth of high-quality face-centered cubic (FCC) NbTiN films through the use of an alternative materials deposition technology—reactive bias target ion beam deposition. This novel technique offers more degrees of freedom compared to conventional sputtering, notably through decoupling the plasma generation and target bias, through use of a hollow-cathode ion source and independently pulse biased sputtering targets. The reported films are of high quality, with increased transition temperatures, reduced normal state resistivity, and surface roughness, compared to our previously reported reactive magnetron sputtered NbTiN films. In particular, at UVA, we are investigating these NbTiN films for wide-bandgap all-NbTiN superconducting-insulating-superconducting mixers, kinetic inductance detectors, and traveling-wave kinetic inductance parametric amplifier devices.
Predictors of Renal Graft Failure in Heart/Kidney Transplant Recipients

Purpose Combined heart and kidney transplantation have a protective effect on the cardiac graft. Little is known about the factors that impact renal graft function post-transplant. We set out to assess the impact of donor, recipient and transplant characteristics on post-transplant renal graft function. Methods We evaluated combined heart-kidney transplant recipients at a single center from March 2012 to December 2017. Recipients with primary cardiac graft dysfunction were excluded. The primary outcome was delayed renal graft function (DRGF) as defined by need for dialysis within the first week of transplantation. The secondary outcome was any dialysis requirement within the first year. A univariate logistic regression model was used to assess the association between the donor, recipient and transplant factors with the primary and secondary outcomes. Results We identified 66 combined heart-kidney transplant recipients for analysis. Elevated recipient creatinine prior to transplant was associated with DRGF (OR 1.80, 95% 1.25-2.59, p = 0.002). Other evaluated donor and recipient factors were otherwise not associated with acute renal dysfunction (Table 1). Elevated pre-transplant creatinine (OR 1.73, 95% 1.21-2.50, p = 0.003) and redo transplantation (OR 5.70, 95% 1.05-30.87, p = 0.043) were associated with needing dialysis within the first year after transplant (Table 2). Conclusion In our single center experience of combined heart and kidney transplantation, recipient creatinine prior to transplant was the biggest predictor of primary renal graft failure. In addition, redo heart transplantation increases risk of dialysis within the first year.
Unpacking Conjoint Behavioral Consultation: A Latent Profile Analysis of Parent-Teacher Interactions

Conjoint behavioral consultation (CBC) is a model of consultation wherein parents and teachers partner to address children’s social-behavioral concerns. The teacher-parent relationship has proven c...
Stable quantitative trait locus (QTL) for sheath blight resistance from rice cultivar CR 1014

Sheath blight disease of rice causes substantial crop losses and resistance sources are rare. A moderately resistant genotype CR 1014 was identified and hybridized with highly susceptible genotype Swarna-Sub1. In the F2 and F2:3 generations, three QTLs (qShB-1.1, qShB-1.2 and qShB-1.3) were mapped in chromosome-1. In F5 generation of the same cross and F4 generation of an alternative mapping population (Tapaswini/CR 1014), only the major QTL qShB-1.1 was recorded consistently with high LOD score (> 5.0). This stable QTL was co-localized with qShB1 reported earlier from Oryza nivara. A typical leucine rich repeat (LRR) motif containing gene (LOC_Os01g65650) and a chitin-inducible gibberellin-responsive protein coding non-LRR gene (LOC_Os01g65900) located within qShB-1.1 with high expression levels in leaf and shoot were predicted as putative candidate genes among others. Nearly 27.8% reduction in relative lesion height was recorded among several near isogenic lines of Swarna-Sub1 carrying the QTL region from CR 1014.
Thirty Years On: The Past Influence and Continued Significance of Matsushita

This Introductory Note serves as the preface to a five article symposium that explores the many facets of the United States Supreme Court's 1986 decision in Matsushita. Although Matsushita's influence on U.S. antitrust law is most often associated with conspiracy, predatory pricing, and the standards for evaluating motions for summary judgment, these are just the "surface" of Matsushita. The Note discusses its "beneath the surface" characteristics, which included the Supreme Court's embrace of decision theory and the notion of "economic plausibility." The Symposium, which includes articles by Professors Stephen Calkins, Rebecca Haw Allensworth, Edward D. Cavanagh, William H. Page, and Louis Kaplow, reflects on the decision's influence across all of these issues.
Stir it up: The role of actin in mitochondrial mixing during mitosis.

During symmetric cell division, it is important that daughter cells receive not only equal genetic information, but also equal allocations of organelles. Recently, in Nature, Moore et al. (2021) identify three complementary F-actin networks that help ensure proper mixing and distribution of functionally equivalent mitochondria to daughter cells.
Supply, Demand, and Quality: A Three-Pronged Approach to Blood Product Management in Developing Countries

While transfusion of blood and blood products is instinctively linked to the provision of emergent care, blood and blood products are also routinely used for the treatment of subacute and chronic conditions. Despite the efforts of the World Health Organization and others, developing countries are faced with a three-part problem when it comes to access to and delivery of transfusions: insufficient supply, excessive demand, and inadequate quality of available supply. Developing countries rely heavily on replacement and remunerated donors rather than voluntary nonremunerated donors due to concerns regarding donation- and transfusion-transmitted infection as well as local and cultural beliefs. While increased awareness of HIV and improved testing techniques have jointly reduced infection-related apprehensions and improved the quality of available blood and blood products, continued efforts are warranted to bolster testing for other bloodborne pathogens. Similarly, although prevalence rates of anemia are high in some areas of the world, success in adequate widespread management of these conditions has been limited. One of the keys to expanding access to high-quality blood and blood products is thus to improve medical management of conditions that would otherwise require transfusion. Through a three-pronged approach to address quantity, quality, and demand, developing countries can enable themselves to build toward self-sufficient blood management services and increased independence from the support of international organizations.
Activation Propagation in Cardiac Ventricles Using the Model of the Normal and Disrupted Conduction System

The goal of the article was to design a model of cardiac ventricles with analytical geometry that enables simulation of normal and disrupted conduction system functions. The conduction system model comprised the His bundle, left and right bundle branches and an endocardial layer with higher conductivity representing the Purkinje fibers. While QRS duration relating to the total activation time of the whole ventricles lies in the physiological range of about 80 to 120 ms for the normal activation, it is more than 120 ms in the case of left or right bundle branch block (LBBB, RBBB). The propagated electrical activation in the model was described by the monodomain reaction-diffusion (RD) equation with the ionic transmembrane current density defined by the modified FitzHugh-Nagumo equations. This RD model of cardiac ventricles was numerically solved in the Comsol Multiphysics environment. Realistic activation time of the whole ventricles of about 98 ms was obtained for the model with a normal conduction system, while 151 ms and 129 ms were obtained for the model with LBBB and RBBB, respectively.
Tissue Engineering Auricular Cartilage: A Review of Auricular Cartilage Characteristics and Current Techniques for Auricular Reconstruction

Microtia and anotia are congenital auricular anomalies that negatively impact the psychosocial development of those affected. Because the auricular cartilage is a type of elastic cartilage that lacks regenerative capacity, any notable defect in its structure requires a surgical approach to reconstruct the auricle. While there are several reconstructive options available between alloplastic and prosthetic implants, autologous rib cartilage grafts remain the most commonly used treatment modality. Still, this widely used technique is accompanied by significant patient discomfort in a young child, and it carries additional risks secondary to the traumatic process of rib cartilage extraction, such as pneumothorax, chest wall deformities, and the final aesthetic results may not be ideal. To circumvent these limitations, tissue-engineering approaches have been employed to create a realistic-looking ear that mirrors the complex anatomy of the normal ear. This article provides an overall description of the ear’s anatomy and reviews the traditional management options for auricular reconstruction. The biochemical and biomechanical properties of human auricular cartilage are detailed as they relate to design criteria. In addition, a variety of cell sources, biocompatible scaffolds, scaffold-free techniques, mechanical and biological stimuli have been discussed. This review aims to identify knowledge gaps in the literature related to auricular cartilage characteristics and make recommendations to drive the field of auricular tissue engineering.
Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene and cancer risk for workers at the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant

Objective The Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PGDP) became operational in 1952; it is located in the western part of Kentucky. We conducted a mortality study for adverse health effects that workers may have suffered while working at the plant, including exposures to chemicals.
'Living the Brand': Nationality, Globality, and the Identity Strategies of Nation Branding Consultants

“Nation branding” as a concept and practice has captured the political, cultural and economic resources of countries with established capitalist economies and emerging market economies alike. Drawing on in-depth interviews with nation branding consultants in London (UK), this essay examines the strategies employed in the creation and communication of a national brand identity. In its ability to assemble diverse motifs of heritage and modernization, domestic and foreign concerns, and economic and moral ideologies in the projection of national identity, nation branding appears to some as a “benign” way to communicate national interests, one that lacks the chauvinistic and antagonistic elements of more reactionary nationalisms. Yet the implications of the practice are far from benign. The essay advances a twofold proposition. First, by enlisting the symbolic resources and resonance of nationalist discourse which perpetuate the nation-state as a necessary frame of identity, allegiance, and affiliation, nation branding maintains and extends the nation as a legitimate entity in the context of globalized modernity. Yet the practice alters the cultural context in which national identity is articulated and understood. By transposing authority from elected government officials to advertising and branding professionals, by replacing accountability with facilitation, and by fitting discussions of the nation into categories that privilege a particular kind of collective representation over diverse expression, nation branding affects the moral basis of national citizenship.
Sorting and selection on parallel disk models

Data explosion is an increasingly prevalent problem in every field of science. Traditional out-of-core models that assume a single disk have been found inadequate to handle voluminous data. As a result, models that employ multiple disks have been proposed in the literature. For example, the Parallel Disk Systems (PDS) model assumes D disks and a single computer. It is also assumed that a block of data from each of the D disks can be fetched into the main memory in one parallel I/O operation.In this article, we survey sorting and selection algorithms that have been devised for out-of-core models assuming multiple disks. We also consider practical implementations of parallel disk models.
Isolation and characterization of the promoter and flanking regions of the gene encoding the human protein-synthesis-initiation factor 2α

Abstract The promoter region of the gene (eIF-2α) for eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF-2α) was isolated from a human genomic library and its structure was determined by restriction mapping and nucleotide (nt) sequence analysis. The promoter region and twelve in vivo transcriptional start points (tsp) have been identified by endonuclease S1 mapping and their location confirmed by primer-extension analysis, using RNA isolated from human cells. The untranslated leader is 102 to 140 nt long depending upon the tsp, and the 5' region of the mRNA has the potential for forming stable stem-loop structures. The nt sequence of the regions upstream and downstream from the tsp contains neither a ‘TATA box’ nor a ‘CAAT box’, but does contain several direct and inverted repeats, as well as palindromic sequences near the tsp. In addition, multiple consensus binding sites for a wide variety of regulatory proteins are present throughout upstream and downstream tsp-flanking regions.
Evaluating at-sea sampling designs for Marbled Murrelets using a spatially explicit model

Spatial environmental gradients can greatly affect the distribution of organisms, but studies investigating how the spatial arrangement of samples along these gradients influences power of monitoring programs to detect trends are lacking. Spatial gradients in environmental processes may remain relatively constant, or change over different time intervals and spatial dimensions. We investigated the influence of transect layout and replication on the power to detect population declines in the Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), a threatened seabird found in a highly dynamic nearshore environment. In Marbled Murrelet populations in our study area, no a priori gradient along the shoreline was apparent, whereas a predictable decline in abundance offshore occurred. We characterized the spatial and temporal variation in the offshore gradient by: (1) fitting flexible curves to historical abundance data from 13 site–year combinations in California and Oregon and (2) applying clustering routines to the fitted offshore probability distributions to reveal three distribution patterns that varied among sites and annually within sites. Power of sampling schemes was derived by a simulation where nine transect designs of equal effort detected population declines over 10 years within an 80 km × 2.5 km sampling unit either with or without stratification, based on data-generating distributions that were an approximation to the observed data. Our simulations suggested several designs had high power to detect trends at an annual decline rate of 2, 4, and 6%, produced relatively unbiased population estimates and slopes of the trend, and were logistically feasible: (1) stratified and unstratified zigzags and (2) ten 8 km transects placed at random distances parallel to shore in two strata. For murrelets, layouts that adequately sample along-shore and offshore in both high-density and low-density areas were most robust to heterogeneity and shifting environmental gradients in both along-shore and offshore dimensions. Our approach shows how pilot survey data and an understanding of spatial gradients or heterogeneity can help design a powerful sampling layout.
Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometric Isotopic Determination of Nuclear Wastes Sources Associated with Hanford Tank Leaks

The subsurface distribution of a nuclear waste tank leak on the U.S. Department of Energy’s Hanford Site was sampled by slant drilling techniques in order to characterize the chemical and radiological characteristics of the leaked material and assess geochemical transport properties of hazardous constituents. Sediment core samples recovered from the borehole were subjected to distilled water and acid leaching procedures with the resulting leachates analyzed for isotopic and chemical signatures. High-sensitivity inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) techniques were used for determination of isotopic ratios for Cs, I, Mo. Analysis of the isotopic patterns of I and Mo combined with associated chemical data showed evidence for at least two separate intrusions of nuclear waste into the subsurface. Isotopic data for Cs was inconclusive with respect to a source attribution signature.
NOVEL CARDIAC ELECTRICAL BIOMARKER FOR DETECTION OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIC INJURY

The measured 12-lead electrocardiogram (mECG) describes a dipolar electric field such that only 3 leads are needed to construct a derived 12-lead ECG (dECG). A new cardiac electrical biomarker (CEB) that is a measure of dipolar energy has been identified from the dECG, directly from a cardiac
PCA-based population structure inference with generic clustering algorithms

Handling genotype data typed at hundreds of thousands of loci is very time-consuming and it is no exception for population structure inference. Therefore, we propose to apply PCA to the genotype data of a population, select the significant principal components using the Tracy-Widom distribution, and assign the individuals to one or more subpopulations using generic clustering algorithms. We investigated K-means, soft K-means and spectral clustering and made comparison to STRUCTURE, a model-based algorithm specifically designed for population structure inference. Moreover, we investigated methods for predicting the number of subpopulations in a population. The results on four simulated datasets and two real datasets indicate that our approach performs comparably well to STRUCTURE. For the simulated datasets, STRUCTURE and soft K-means with BIC produced identical predictions on the number of subpopulations. We also showed that, for real dataset, BIC is a better index than likelihood in predicting the number of subpopulations. Our approach has the advantage of being fast and scalable, while STRUCTURE is very time-consuming because of the nature of MCMC in parameter estimation. Therefore, we suggest choosing the proper algorithm based on the application of population structure inference.
The private equity funds’ aggressive acquisitions mania and the Willy Loman trauma

Abstract and Prologue This writing was undertaken in mid-2006 when the private equity funds were riding along their upward trajectories, attaining their apogee some time in mid-2007 when the Blackstone Group succeeded in getting off its IPO – even attracting some billions of dollars of Sovereign Chinese Wealth Funds – with KKR waiting in the wings to do an encore. This was a period of time that fully justified the strident reference to the phrase “mania” in the title. But then comes late 2007 with its manifestations of metastases regarding investments in subprimes, SIVs, CDOs, derivatives, and other forms of financial instruments that have been allowed to spread throughout our corporate and financial systems without control and certainly without transparency. As a consequence, the private equity acquisitions binge and related mania are now in early 2008, in remission.
Self peptides bound by HLA class I molecules are derived from highly conserved regions of a set of evolutionarily conserved proteins.

An evolutionary analysis of self peptides reported to be bound by HLA class I molecules showed that these peptides are largely derived from proteins that have been highly conserved in the history of mammals. These proteins also often have universal tissue expression and have a higher than average frequency of highly hydrophilic residues. The peptides themselves are generally still more highly conserved than the source proteins and have a higher frequency of highly hydrophobic residues, evidently often derived from conserved hydrophobic cores of the source proteins. These results suggest that the mechanism by which peptides are derived for MHC presentation may preferentially select peptides from conserved protein regions. In the case of parasite-derived peptides, such a mechanism would be adaptive in that it would reduce the likelihood of escape mutants.
Protective equipment: continuous and contingent application in the treatment of self-injurious behavior

This study evaluated the use of protective equipment in treating self-injurious behavior (SIB) exhibited by three retarded persons. In Experiment 1, the equipment was first applied continuously during 20-min sessions in individual multiple baseline designs across settings. Results showed substantial reductions in head hitting, eye gouging, and hand biting. Brief periods of time-out with the protective equipment were later made contingent on SIB and combined with a differential reinforcement procedure. Reduced levels of SIB was maintained with all subjects. Additionally, the amount of time during which the equipment was applied decreased as the SIB diminished. Experiment 2 evaluated the use of contingent protective equipment (the final condition in Experiment 1) when applied directly in the subjects' living units during the day. During Experiment 2, SIB remained at or below the levels found at the termination of Experiment 1. Finally, in an effort to assess the long-term effectiveness of the procedure, responsibility for implementation was given to the staff who were typically assigned to provide therapy to the subjects. Follow-up probe observations conducted up to 104 days after termination of the final experimental condition showed continued low levels of both SIB and equipment usage. Results of these experiments suggest that contingent protective equipment and differential reinforcement may be effective in reducing chronic self-injury.
Long-term laboratory evaluation ofRogas lymantriae: A braconid endoparasite of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar

Rogas lymantriae Watanabe was reared onLymantria dispar (L.) for 125 generations in the laboratory following importation from Japan. No deleterious effects of colonization were observed and one measured parameter, successful parasite emergence, significantly improved over time. Decreased density of the host or conspecific female parasites resulted in higher levels of parasitism and numbers of females in the next generation. During 3 different years, colony production was significantly increased with little difficulty to provide parasites for inoculative releases in the field.
Wide bandwidth optical modulators for long haul transmission

Design and performance of traveling-wave electroabsorption waveguide modulator for high speed and long haul applications are presented. Combining inner step-barrier quantum wells as medium for electroabsorption modulation and peripheral coupled waveguide for optical waveguiding in the same device, we have obtained enhancement in both optical power handling and efficiency.
Current Status of Staged Reconstruction for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Once considered a uniformly fatal condition, the outlook for newborns with hypoplastic left heart syndrome has been dramatically altered with staged reconstructive procedures. Refinements in operative technique and perioperative management have been largely responsible for this improved outlook. At the University of Michigan, 253 patients underwent the Norwood operation for classic hypoplastic left heart syndrome between January 1990 and November 1997. Hospital survival was 76%. Among patients considered at standard risk, survival was significantly higher (86%) than that for those patients with important risk factors (42%, p = 0.0001). Adverse survival was most strongly associated with significant associated noncardiac congenital conditions (p = 0.008) and severe preoperative obstruction to pulmonary venous return (p = 0.03). Survival following second-stage reconstruction with a hemi-Fontan or bidirectional Glenn procedure was 97%. The Fontan procedure has been completed in 94 of these patients with a hospital survival rate of 88%. Survival after the Fontan procedure improved significantly when the second stage of the reconstruction was completed with a hemi-Fontan procedure compared to a bidirectional Glenn (98% vs 81%, p = 0.05). Among the patients considered at standard risk, actuarial survival was 70% at 5 years. The largest decrease in survival occurred in the first month of life and late deaths affected primarily those patients in the high-risk group. Neurodevelopmental outcome studies demonstrated normal verbal and performance scores in the majority of patients. Staged reconstruction has significantly improved the intermediate-term outlook for patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Factors addressing improvements in early first-stage survival would be expected to add significantly to an overall improved late outcome.
Manufacturing prototypes for paper-based diagnostic devices

Diagnostic assays created using simple and inexpensive materials have the potential to transform healthcare management systems in resource-limited settings. This change can be caused by making assays more accessible (e.g., by improving portability) or by inspiring the development of tests that do not exist currently but would solve a considerable need. Microfluidic devices produced from patterned paper have emerged as a promising candidate for a general platform capable of supporting the development of these diagnostic assays. The ability to manufacture paper-based diagnostic assays reproducibly and in large volumes—potentially hundreds of millions of devices per year per assay—is a critical component of the successful translation of these tools out of the laboratory and into the hands of users. This subject, however, has been largely overlooked in lieu of efforts to develop new tools and techniques. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in two processes that are required to fabricate paper-based diagnostic assays: patterning microfluidic channels into paper and assembling devices. In addition, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each process in the context of scalability and potential use as a method to manufacture point-of-care devices.
A comparison of three NMDA receptor antagonists in the treatment of prolonged status epilepticus

Three different classes of NMDA receptor antagonists were compared for their effectiveness in terminating prolonged status epilepticus (SE), induced by continuous hippocampal stimulation. Animals were treated after 150 min of SE by intraperitoneal administration of increasing doses of 3-((R,S)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP), MK-801 (dizocilpine), ifenprodil, or saline. EEG recordings were used to determine seizure termination. The first experiment (n = 57 animals) determined the most effective anticonvulsant dose of each agent by determining its ability to terminate SE within the next 300 min. Five control rats treated with normal saline after 150 min of SE continued to exhibit continuous seizures for the next 300 min. All drugs were administered after 150 min of SE. CPP terminated seizures with an ED(50) of 6.4 mg/kg; the maximal effective dose was 15 mg/kg. MK-801 has an ED(50) of 1.4 mg/kg; the maximal effective dose was 2 mg/kg. Ifenprodil was maximally effective at 30 mg/kg. However, an ED(50) could not be calculated. In a subsequent experiment, the NMDA antagonists were compared for their ability to terminate prolonged SE within 60 min of their administration at the most effective dose. MK-801 (2.0 mg/kg) terminated SE in 6 of 10 animals within 60 min, CPP (15 mg/kg) terminated it in 1 of 9 animals; ifenprodil (30 mg/kg) did not terminate it in any of 9 animals treated. In the 300 min following administration, CPP (6/9) and MK-801 (6/10) were equally efficacious in terminating SE but ifenprodil (2/7) was less effective (P = 0.065, chi-square test). The results indicate that the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 was superior to the competitive antagonist CPP and the pH-sensitive site antagonist ifenprodil, in terminating prolonged experimental SE.
Comparison of three weighting schemes in weighted regression analysis for use in a chemistry laboratory.

Abstract Background To minimize the effect of heteroscedasticity in chemical and other data, weighted regression analysis is the preferred regression technique. In this work a regression weight that maximizes accuracy and precision was sought. Method Using real and simulated data from a serum cotinine assay, performance of 3 weighting schemes, namely, 1/ X , 1/ X 2 , and 1/ s 2 ( Y ) to calibrate chemical data was evaluated. Two performance measures were used to evaluate the accuracy and precision of each scheme to estimate concentrations in unknown specimens. Results The weight, 1/ X —particularly for low concentrations—was not acceptable. The performance of both, 1/ X 2 and 1/ s 2 ( Y ) was close, 1/ X 2 being slightly better in many cases. Overall, however, when the variance of instrument signal increased beyond certain limits, none of the weighting schemes performed acceptably. Conclusion Because of its simplicity and ease of use, 1/ X 2 is recommended for general application. If, however, instrument signal variance is too high to be managed by statistical techniques, the only solution is to control such variance through laboratory-based solutions.
GERONTOLOGICAL TRAINING IN APA ACCREDITED CLINICAL AND COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS

Clinical and counseling psychology doctoral programs accredited by the American Psychological Association were surveyed to assess their coverage of gerontological issues. Responses from 103 programs (50.2% return rate) revealed that all departments offered some curricular coverage of these issues and that 64% of the departments offered specific coursework in aging or adult development. Other opportunities for students included work at gerontology centers, certificate programs, and departmental faculty with specializations in gerontology. On the other hand, aging specializations, postdoctoral and re‐specialization opportunities were extremely limited, and a relatively low number of students had obtained clinical or research experience with this population. The responding programs reported a perceived low level of need to incorporate additional training in gerontological issues and also reported a low level of current incorporation of such training. Although progress has been made in attending to gerontolog...
Changes in First Name Popularity Across Grades.

Summary Boys and girls in grades 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 11 (N = 2212) rated the desirability of 179 male and 246 female first names. The popularity of specific first names was found to vary systematically across the grades. The first name preferences of adolescent girls were somewhat different from those of adolescent boys and younger children of both sexes.
Human newborns are deficient in natural killer activity

The peripheral blood natural killer (NK) activity of newborns was found to be significantly less than that of adults. In mixing experiments newborn cells inhibited adult NK activity in only one of nine instances. Interferon treatmentin vitro increased newborn NK activity to an even greater degree than adult NK activity. These findings imply that diminished newborn NK activity is due not to inhibitory cells or lack of pre-NK cells but rather to deficientin vivo activation of pre-NK cells. This deficiency may be a major factor in the increased susceptibility of newborns to certain virus infections.
Pharmacologically induced hypolipidemia The ethinyl estradiol-treated rat

The aim of this study was to examine in detail the lipid and apoprotein concentrations in the serum of rats treated with pharmacplogic doses (5 mg/kg/d for 5 d) of the synthetic estrogen derivative ethinyl estradiol. The results show that in rats, estrogen-induced hypolipidemia is associated with a nearly complete absence of the lipid and protein moieties normally found in d < 1.21 fraction of serum. Quantitation of specific apolipoproteins by immunoelectrophoresis show that most apolipoproteins are decreased by more than 90% in the serum of estrogen-treated rats. In contrast to the changes in d < 1.21 lipoproteins, estrogen treatment only slightly reduced serum phospholipid concentrations (by only 10%) and caused no change in the concentration of serum albumin. The results show that the ethinyl estradiol-treated rat is an excellent model of drug-induced hypolipidemia.
Interference fit equations for lens cell design using elastomeric lens mountings

Optical designs often consist of lenses that are mounted in a common lens barrel. For lenses having diameters greater than 20 cm and subject to large temperature differentials and/or shock loading, standard metal retainer ring mountings may not be acceptable. An alternate method for mounting these lenses is to mount each individual lens in its own subcell using an adhesive and then to use an interference or press fit to mount these subcells in the lens barrel. When mounting lenses in this manner, it is necessary to evaluate the stress induced in the glass and the residual difference in the optical path. A closed-form analytical derivation was made for a simple lens mount that relates the allowable magnitude of the interference fit to the stress in the glass. This theoretcal expression was then modified using finite element models for use with complex lens designs. Moreover, since lens mountings may require the use of relatively thick layers of flexible elastomer to mount the lenses in their individual cells to prevent large thermal and/or mechanical stresses, the equation for determining the decentration of lenses mounted in circumferential flexible elastomers is also derived. The theoretical expression was used to verify finite element models that then may be used for more complex mounts.
Sensitivity of hyperthermia trial outcomes to temperature and time: implications for thermal goals of treatment

Purpose: In previous work we have found that the cumulative minutes of treatment for which 90% of measured intratumoral temperatures (T90) exceeded 39.5°C was highly associated with complete response of superficial tumors. Similarly, the cumulative time for which 50% of intratumoral temperatures (T50) exceeded 41.5°C was highly associated with the presence of > 80% necrosis in soft tissue sarcomas resected after radiotherapy and hyperthermia. In the present work we have calculated the time for isoeffective treatments with T90 = 43°C and T50 = 43°C, respectively, using published thermal isoeffective dose formulae. The purpose of these calculations was to determine the sensitivity of treatment outcome to variations in thermal isoeffective dose. Methods and Materials: The basis for the calculations were the thermal parameters and treatment outcomes in three patient populations: 44 patients with moderate or high grade soft tissue sarcoma treated preoperatively with hyperthermia and radiation; 105 patients with superficial tumors treated with hyperthermia and radiation, and 59 patients with deep tumors treated with hyperthermia and radiation. Results: The thermal dose values calculated are strongly associated with outcome in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Simple dose-response equations result from the analysis, and we use these equations to assess the sensitivity of outcome upon variations in thermal dose. This information, in turn, allows us to estimate the number of patients required in Phase II and III trials of hyperthermia and radiation therapy. Conclusions: For regimens of 5 to 10 hyperthermia treatments, improvements in median T90 (superficial tumors) and T50 (deep tumors) parameters by 1.2 – 1.5°C could result in response rates high enough (compared to radiotherapy alone) to justify Phase III trials. A similar improvement in response rates would require an increase in overall duration of treatment by a factor of 3 to 5. This would be difficult to achieve while also avoiding thermal tolerance induction. Achieving these temperature goals may be possible with improvements in hyperthermia technology. Alternatively, there may be ways to increase the sensitivity of cells to temperatures that can be achieved currently, such as pH reduction or chemosensitization.
Practical linearity evaluation of vector network analyzer at RF

This paper describes a method to evaluate the receiver linearity of a vector network analyzer (VNA). Linearity is important for transmission and reflection measurements. The method employs a voltage doubler which provides an absolute 6.0206 dB value in some test levels, and a simple 6 dB step attenuator measurement which provides a relative 6 dB value over wide test signal levels. Receiver linearity was evaluated within 0.001 dB to 0.01 dB at absolute 6 dB steps over wide test signal levels, since the 6 dB step attenuator was calibrated using the same levels which have been evaluated to within 0.001 dB by a voltage doubler method up to 18 GHz.