cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thin Film Composite Membranes for Forward Osmosis Supported by Commercial Nanofiber Nonwovens

Nanofiber-supported thin film composites (TFC) for forward osmosis (FO) have shown great promise as viable FO membranes in comparison to commercially available forward osmosis membranes. In numerous studies on the subject, nanofiber supports for TFC membranes are commonly made by electrospinning. In this study, we have chosen a different nanofiber medium to use as a support for a FO TFC membrane. This nonwoven, which is a commercially available nanofiber mat, is from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (DuPont). This unique nanofiber-based nonwoven is produced as long rolls and is unsupported, unlike other nanofiber products that are produced on top of a typical spunbond or wetlaid nonwoven due to the lack of mechanical integrity. The DuPont PES material demonstrated better strength than typical electrospun materials and was used to support a polyamide selective layer formed by in situ interfacial polymerization. The DuPont PES TFC membrane was tested in FO and found to generate twice the water flux and o...
Valproate serum concentrations in patients with hypoalbuminemia and medical complications

Abstract Introduction: Valproic acid (VPA) and its derivatives are highly protein bound with free fraction increasing with dose and serum concentration. Consensus guidelines regarding dose adjustment for hypoalbuminemia are not available. Methods: A literature search was performed using PubMed to identify articles with the following key terms: “valproate,” “valproic acid,” “protein binding,” “albumin,” and “hypoalbuminemia.” We report our findings as well as 5 cases involving pharmacokinetic impact of hypoalbuminemia on valproate. Results: A previously published model for normalizing VPA serum concentration for hypoalbuminemia in patients with epilepsy was compared to results for 5 cases (4 female, 1 male) in which VPA was used for psychiatric illness. Only 1 of the cases had free serum concentrations in the range that would be expected with the model. Free concentrations ranged from 22% to 83% with no clear relationship to other factors (weight, age, serum creatinine, or dose). Female patients with simil...
Antiferromagnetism in the van der Waals layered spin-lozenge semiconductor CrTe 3

The crystallographic, magnetic, and transport properties of the van der Waals bonded, layered compound ${\mathrm{CrTe}}_{3}$ have been investigated on single-crystal and polycrystalline materials. The crystal structure contains layers made up of lozenge-shaped ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{4}$ tetramers. Electrical resistivity measurements show the crystals to be semiconducting, with a temperature dependence consistent with a band gap of 0.3 eV. The magnetic susceptibility exhibits a broad maximum near 300 K characteristic of low dimensional magnetic systems. Weak anomalies are observed in the susceptibility and heat capacity near 55 K, and single-crystal neutron diffraction reveals the onset of long-range antiferromagnetic order at this temperature. Strongly dispersive spin waves are observed in the ordered state. Significant magnetoelastic coupling is indicated by the anomalous temperature dependence of the lattice parameters and is evident in structural optimization in van der Waals density functional theory calculations for different magnetic configurations. The cleavability of the compound is apparent from its handling and is confirmed by first-principles calculations, which predict a cleavage energy $0.5\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$, similar to graphite. Based on these results, ${\mathrm{CrTe}}_{3}$ is identified as a promising compound for studies of low dimensional magnetism in bulk crystals as well as magnetic order in monolayer materials and van der Waals heterostructures.
L-Cysteine Supplementation Upregulates DsbA-L, GLUT-4, Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Metabolism and Attenuates ROS Production Mediated by the Upregulation of GCLC and GSH, in 3T3L1 Adipocytes and in HFD-Fed Mice Models

Diabetic patients have lower blood levels of L-cysteine (LC) as well as glutathione (GSH). GSH is formed from LC by the enzymatic action of glutamate–cysteine ligase (GCLC). DsbA-L catalyzes the synthesis of adiponectin, a well-known sensitizer of insulin action. GLUT-4 is a key player in the glucose metabolism. This study examined the hypothesis that whether LC supplementation positively affects GCLC status and thereby improved glucose metabolism in cell culture and animal models. 3T3L1 adipocytes were treated with LC (0-500 μM, 2 h) or/and insulin (15 nM, 2 h) and high glucose (HG, 25 mM, 20 h). Results showed that HG caused significant increase (85%, n=3) in ROS and pre-treatment with LC attenuates ROS levels in HG-treated adipocytes. In addition, HG caused a reduction in protein levels of DsbA-L (43%), GCLC (28%) and GLUT-4 (22%) in adipocytes. Treatment with LC or insulin alone significantly (p Supported by NCCIH RO1 AT007442.
Bandyworks (a): Founding a New Business (Guided by the Past)

Now in his mid-40s, Tom Bandy was not a novice entrepreneur. He was a veteran of the IT revolution two decades earlier. He had started a company after college that successfully exploited a market niche in database management. But by his late 30s, he had lost the business. Now he was ready to launch a new one. And guided by experience, he had some thoughts about how to finance it. Excerpt UVA-ENT-0173 Rev. Apr. 22, 2019 BandyWorks (A): Financing a New Business (Guided by the Past) Introduction In the cold drizzle of a gray February day, Tom Bandy stood shivering under an umbrella on a sidewalk in downtown Petersburg, Virginia, staring at the front of a 160-year-old house. Up and down the street, there was little evidence of life. Two or three commercial buildings stood in various states of disrepair, including a century-old business that had seen the best and worst times in the city's history. An empty gravel parking lot reflected the reality of Petersburg's urban economy. Located on the Appomattox River a half-hour's drive south of Richmond, Petersburg had once been a crossroads for commercial transportation and a business hub in the state. By the early 21st century, however, it was a town rich in history and architectural charm, but poor in economic activity. For years, Petersburg, like many small cities with an “old economy” built on an eroding industrial foundation, had experienced a mass population migration to the suburbs and retail flight to the outlying malls. Along with the business exodus had been the exit of jobs. The downtown district had been particularly hard-hit. What remained was a wealth of historic buildings awaiting a renaissance. . . .
Sensitivity of airborne radio occultation to tropospheric properties over ocean and land

Abstract. Airborne radio occultation (ARO) measurements collected during a ferry flight at the end of the PRE-Depression Investigation of Cloud-systems in the Tropics (PREDICT) field campaign from the Virgin Islands to Colorado are analyzed. The large contrast in atmospheric conditions along the flight path from the warm and moist Caribbean Sea to the much drier and cooler continental conditions provides a unique opportunity to address the sensitivity of ARO measurements to the tropospheric temperature and moisture changes. This long flight at nearly constant altitude ( ∼ 13 km) provided an optimal configuration for simultaneous high-quality ARO measurements from two high-gain side-looking antennas, as well as one relatively lower gain zenith (top) antenna. The omnidirectional top antenna has the advantage of tracking robustly more occulting satellites in all direction as compared to the limited-azimuth tracking of the side-looking antennas. Two well-adapted radio-holographic bending angle retrieval methods, full-spectrum inversion (FSI) and phase matching (PM), were compared with the standard geometric-optics (GO) retrieval method. Comparison of the ARO retrievals from the top antenna with the near-coincident ECMWF reanalysis-interim (ERA-I) profiles shows only a small root-mean-square (RMS) refractivity difference of ∼ 0.3 % in the drier upper troposphere from ∼ 5 to ∼ 11.5 km over both land and ocean. Both the FSI and PM methods improve the ARO retrievals in the moist lower troposphere and reduce the negative bias found in the GO retrieval due to atmospheric multipath. In the lowest layer of the troposphere, the ARO refractivity derived using FSI shows a negative bias of about − 2 %. The increase of the refractivity bias occurs below 5 km over the ocean and below 3.5 km over land, corresponding to the approximate altitude of large vertical moisture gradients above the ocean and land surface, respectively. In comparisons to radiosondes, the FSI ARO soundings capture well the height of layers with sharp refractivity gradients but display a negative refractivity bias inside the boundary layer. The unique opportunity to make simultaneous independent recordings of occultation events from multiple antennas establishes that high-precision ARO measurements can be achieved corresponding to an RMS difference better than 0.2 % in refractivity (or ∼ 0.4 K). The surprisingly good quality of recordings from a very simple zenith antenna increases the feasibility of developing an operational tropospheric sounding system onboard commercial aircraft in the future, which could provide a large number of data for direct assimilation in numerical weather prediction models.
Ultra-antireflective synthetic brochosomes

Since the early discovery of the antireflection properties of insect compound eyes, new examples of natural antireflective coatings have been rare. Here, we report the fabrication and optical characterization of a biologically inspired antireflective surface that emulates the intricate surface architectures of leafhopper-produced brochosomes—soccer ball-like microscale granules with nanoscale indentations. Our method utilizes double-layer colloidal crystal templates in conjunction with site-specific electrochemical growth to create these structures, and is compatible with various materials including metals, metal oxides, and conductive polymers. These brochosome coatings (BCs) can be designed to exhibit strong omnidirectional antireflective performance of wavelengths from 250 to 2000 nm, comparable to the state-of-the-art antireflective coatings. Our results provide evidence for the use of brochosomes as a camouflage coating against predators of leafhoppers or their eggs. The discovery of the antireflective function of BCs may find applications in solar energy harvesting, imaging, and sensing devices. New examples of natural antireflective coatings are rare. Here, Yang et al. report the fabrication and optical characterization of a biologically inspired antireflective surface that emulates the surface architecture of the leafhopper-produced brochosomes with antireflective performance from 250 to 2000 nm.
Risks of Pregnancy in Renal Transplant Recipients

Renal transplant recipients have received the gift of life; with that gift comes the expectation that a normal life can be resumed. An aspect of normal life for many patients is the opportunity to reproduce. While reproduction is considered safe for women without chronic medical conditions, there are many concerns regarding the safety of pregnancy in women with kidney transplants. The safety concerns involve both the mother and her developing fetus. This chapter will review what we know about the risks of pregnancy after transplantation for both the mother and her offspring and provide information from registry data, center studies, and case reports.
NON-METAL CHEMISTRY AT A CROSSROADS? A CASE HISTORY

Some comments are made concerning the needs of non-metal chemistry for development in the last quarter of the century.
Mechanistic Investigations of Condensed Phase Energetic Material Decomposition Processes Using the Kinetic Deuterium Isotope Effect

The condensed phase kinetic deuterium isotope effect (KDIE) approach directly reveals the rate-controlling mechanistic step that ultimately determines the rate at which energy is released by an energetic materia’s thermochemical decomposition process. This paper reviews the KDIE concept and discusses previous condensed phase KDIE mechanistic investigations conducted during the thermochemical decomposition process of various nitroaromatic (TNT, HNBB, TATB) and nitramine (HMX, RDX) compounds using isothermal DSC and TGA analyses. Isothermal DSC evaluation methods used for obtaining an energetic compound’s KDIE and in determining its rate-controlling step are outlined, and the possible dependence of the rate-limiting step on an energetic compound’s physical state during the thermochemical decomposition process is considered.
Efficient hardware multicast group management for multiple MPI communicators over infiniband

MPI provides a set of primitives that allow processes to dynamically create communicators on the fly. This set of primitives can be exploited by the applications where only a certain group of processes need to participate at any given time. Also, these primitives play an important role in the context of dynamic process management of MPI-2. Special attention has to be paid in creating MPI communicators with InfiniBand’s hardware multicast support as it involves the high overhead of interaction between the application and an external multicast management entity. In this paper, we propose different design alternatives of efficiently creating the communicators dynamically. The basic idea behind the schemes proposed is to remove most of the overhead of the hardware multicast group construction from the critical path of the application. Our results indicate that by using Multicast Pool and Lazy approaches of group construction proposed in the paper, we can significantly reduce the overhead by a factor of as much as 4.8 and 3.9, repectively, compared to the Basic approach.
Self-enhancement and Self-protection: Toward a Theory of Work Motivation

Among the most signicant characteristics of the work setting of the 1990s has been the explosive growth of anxiety at all levels of the occupational spectrum. While this emotion has not been unknown in work organizations prior to this time and has in fact been the subject of considerable interest among some behavioral scientists (Kets de Vries & Miller, 1986), events of the last decade have made anxiety and its related emotions of increasing relevance. Spurred by the loss of millions of jobs due to corporate downsizing and the strong indications that such practices will continue despite their questionable nancial outcomes, decreases in employer support of health and pension benets, the difculties of recounciling work and family demands among both men and women, the growth of temporary/part-time jobs, and the consequent decline of job security in general, the world of work has become characterized by levels of anxiety barely envisioned a decade ago.
Isolation by elevation: mitochondrial divergence among sky island populations of Sacramento Mountain salamander ( Aneides hardii )

The Sacramento Mountain salamander (Aneides hardii) is a fully terrestrial plethodontid endemic to mountains in south-central New Mexico. This species is of conservation concern but there is scant knowledge regarding the degree of genetic divergence among populations. This information is vital for developing an appropriate species management strategy. To address this issue, we generated sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and four nuclear loci to explore population demographic history. Cytochrome b data revealed three deeply divergent (2.3–2.8%) mitochondrial lineages corresponding to distinct mountains (Capitan, White, and Sacramento). Divergence dates suggest separation since the early Pleistocene, and signatures of population expansion in the mid to late Pleistocene. Of 25 haplotypes identified, none were shared among mountains, but genetic diversity differed among mitochondrial lineages and suggested different demographic histories within lineages. A single microsatellite locus identified private alleles in each of the three lineages. Other nuclear loci screened were invariant within and among populations, which corresponds to a lower mutation rate compared with mtDNA. Together these results indicate that each mountain population of A. hardii represents a demographically and genetically distinct management unit.
Janus kinase inhibition induces disease remission in cutaneous sarcoidosis and granuloma annulare.

Background Sarcoidosis and granuloma annulare (GA) are cutaneous granulomatous disorders that can be difficult to treat. There is evidence of underlying Janus kinase (JAK)–signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway activation in sarcoidosis, suggesting that JAK inhibition might be effective. Objective To evaluate treatment with tofacitinib, a JAK inhibitor, in patients with recalcitrant sarcoidosis and GA. Methods A prospective evaluation of tofacitinib in 4 consecutive patients with recalcitrant cutaneous sarcoidosis (n = 3) and generalized GA (n = 1) was conducted. Immunohistochemical analysis of skin biopsy specimens from other patients with sarcoidosis (n = 21) and GA (n = 17) was performed to characterize patterns of JAK-STAT pathway activation. Results Tofacitinib resulted in a mean improvement in the baseline Cutaneous Sarcoidosis Activity and Morphology Instrument and Granuloma Annulare Scoring Index scores of 96% (standard deviation, 2%). Histologic resolution of disease was documented in all patients (3 out of 3) who had skin biopsies while receiving therapy. Constitutive STAT1 and STAT3 activation was observed in both sarcoidosis and GA, albeit in different patterns. Signal regulatory protein α may explain the differences in JAK-STAT signaling between sarcoidosis and GA. Limitations The study is limited by the small number of participants. Conclusions Tofacitinib resulted in dramatic improvement in 4 patients with cutaneous sarcoidosis and GA. Larger studies are underway to better understand this effect.
Emergency Department Visits for Acute Gastrointestinal Illness After a Major Water Pipe Break in 2010.

Background:When a water pipe breaks, contaminants can enter the drinking water system and cause waterborne illnesses such as acute gastrointestinal illness. In May 2010, a major water pipe broke near Boston, MA, and a boil water order was issued to nearly two million residents.Methods:Using a case-c
TEA-sensitive K+ channels and human eccrine sweat gland output.

The contribution of various potassium channels to the process of cholinergic-mediated human eccrine sweat production is unclear. Using a novel model for cholinergic-mediated sweating in humans, we ...
Ancillary Studies in the Cytologic Diagnosis of Pancreatico-biliary Lesions

Pancreatico-biliary pathology includes a broad spectrum of neoplastic diseases, such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDACA) and its precursor lesions, cholangiocarcinoma (ChACA), neuroendocrine and acinar tumors, and solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN). Differentiating these entities from one another may be challenging by morphologic analysis alone, especially when examining the small quantities of material inherent to cytologic specimens. Fortunately, the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and other novel methods of genetic, epigenetic, and proteomic characterization has facilitated the development of a broad range of molecular and other ancillary techniques for diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive evaluation of pancreatico-biliary lesions. Ancillary studies are particularly important in the subset of cases for which cytomorphologic analysis provides a result that is equivocal or insufficient to guide clinical management. In some cases, clinical management requires that pathologists differentiate among several diagnostic entities. In others, pathologists must simply identify the presence of dysplasia or malignancy. Different ancillary tests provide pathologists with different information, and selection of the correct ancillary test may be critical for patient care. Ancillary tests typically have been validated separately for evaluation of specimens collected from solid lesions, cystic lesions, and pancreatic and bile duct strictures. This chapter discusses ancillary methods for the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma in both fine needle aspiration biopsy and pancreatico-biliary duct fluid, washing, and brushing specimens. Ancillary studies for the diagnosis of other neoplasms are also discussed, as well as precursor lesions of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Validation of a Self-Fitting Method for Over-the-Counter Hearing Aids.

In common practice, hearing aids are fitted by a clinician who measures an audiogram and uses it to generate prescriptive gain and output targets. This report describes an alternative method where ...
Biodiversity Conservation in Human-Prone Landscapes: Social and Ethical Issues

Preserving the World’s biodiversity is part of that ecological disquietedness, and worries to preserve the world’s biodiversity are one the most stringent narratives of the modern global society. However, the general narrative to preserve biodiversity is often hotly debated; it opposes preservationists against conservationists in a publicly obscured debate caused by its technicality, metaphors, and the scientific biodiversity conservation jargon. Ethical questions are spoken about in many instances but remaining so often left behind during planning exercises aimed at implementing biodiversity conservation activities. The chapter notes that debates on the ethics of biodiversity conservation often lead to strangled considerations with fierce opposition between conservationists and other stakeholder groups such as extractive industries, wildlife poachers, and biodiversity-dependent communities. The chapter argues that the landscape approach, through its stakeholder’s inclusive planning process brings not only a new perspective on ethical questions posed by conservation activities but also clarified, owned (shared), and responsibly agreed upon ways to account for human ethical considerations into the global ethics of biodiversity conservation, which will ultimately reduce tensions.
A New Kid on the Block: Application of Julia to Hartree-Fock Calculations.

In the field of electronic structure theory, many optimizations, ranging from accelerator offloading to exploitation of modern programming constructs, have been used to improve the performance of q...
Amino acid transporter B0AT1 influence on ADAM17 interactions with SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 putatively expressed in intestine, kidney, and cardiomyocytes

SARS-CoV-2 exhibits significant experimental and clinical gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiac muscle tropisms responsible for local tissue-specific and systemic pathophysiology capriciously occurring in about half of COVID-19 patients. The underlying COVID-19 mechanisms engaged by these extra-pulmonary organ systems are largely unknown. We approached this knowledge gap by recognizing that neutral amino acid transporter B0AT1 (alternately called NBB, B, B0 in the literature) is a common denominator expressed nearly exclusively by three particular cell types: intestinal epithelia, renal proximal tubule epithelium, and cardiomyocytes. B0AT1 provides uptake of glutamine and tryptophan. The gut is the main depot expressing over 90% of the bodys entire pool of SARS-CoV-2 receptor angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and B0AT1. Recent cryo-EM studies established that ACE2 forms a thermodynamically favored dimer-of-heterodimers complex with B0AT1 assembled in the form of a dimer of two ACE2:B0AT1 heterodimers anchored in plasma membranes. Prior epithelial cell studies demonstrated ACE2 chaperone trafficking of B0AT1. This contrasts with monomeric expression of ACE2 in lung pneumocytes, in which B0AT1 is undetectable. The cell types in question also express a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-17 (ADAM17) known to cleave and shed the ectodomain of monomeric ACE2 from the cell surface, thereby relinquishing protection against unchecked renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) events of COVID-19. The present study employed molecular docking modeling to examine the interplaying assemblage of ACE2, ADAM17 and B0AT1. We report that in the monomer form of ACE2, neck region residues R652-N718 provide unimpeded access to ADAM17 active site pocket, but notably R708 and S709 remained >10-15 [A] distant. In contrast, interference of ADAM17 docking to ACE2 in a dimer-of-heterodimers arrangement was directly correlated with the presence of a neighboring B0AT1 subunit complexed to the partnering ACE2 subunit of the 2ACE2:2B0AT1] dimer of heterodimers, representing the expression pattern putatively exclusive to intestinal, renal and cardiomyocyte cell types. The monomer and dimer-of-heterodimers docking models were not influenced by the presence of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) complexed to ACE2. The results collectively provide the underpinnings for understanding the role of B0AT1 involvement in COVID-19 and the role of ADAM17 steering ACE2 events in intestinal and renal epithelial cells and cardiomyocytes, with implications useful for consideration in pandemic public hygiene policy and drug development.
Creating opportunities in cancer research

Cancer research has undergone transformational changes over the past several decades. On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the establishment of the NCI Center for Cancer Research, we highlight some elements that enable successful institutional approaches to solving the most pressing problems in cancer research.
Educating Minoritized Students in the United States During COVID-19: How Technology Can be Both the Problem and the Solution

The COVID-19 pandemic has had major implications on socially vulnerable populations, especially minoritized populations. This article examines how technology-mediated learning can both operate as a tool to rectify inequities and a weapon that antagonizes existing divides for socially disadvantaged minoritized Black students. In analyzing this subsection of the population, we discuss technology-mediated learning during the pandemic and access problems that arise due to socially disadvantaged students' systematic inequalities. This article finds that technology is an essential tool that can be a solution to help rectify inequalities during crisis, coupled with models of success and future research.
Use of the Children's Communication Checklist-2 in School-Aged Students with Autism: A Psychometric Analysis.

Measurement of social-pragmatic communication skills is essential for clinicians and researchers working with school-aged children on the autism spectrum. Many measures of these skills require time-intensive training and coding that is impractical for clinical assessment settings. Using a sample of 299 elementary school children (M = 8.6 years, sd = 1.7) with autism whose teachers completed the Children’s Communication Checklist-2, we evaluated the psychometric properties of the CCC-2, a commonly used measure of social-pragmatic skills in order to assist researchers and clinicians in identifying the utility of this measure related to their assessment needs. Our results indicate strong psychometric properties for the CCC-2 with this population and a 3-factor model fit: Structural Language, Pragmatic Communication, and Pragmatic Social. Evidence of racial/ethnic bias was found for the structural language factor. Clinical recommendations are provided for using the CCC-2 with students with autism as reported by teachers.
Comparison of School vs Home Breakfast Consumption with Cardiometabolic and Dietary Parameters in Low-Income, Multiracial/Ethnic Elementary School-Aged Children.

Abstract Background Breakfast consumption is often associated with improving cardiometabolic parameters and diet quality. However, literature evaluating breakfast consumption with these outcomes between the school and home environments is limited. Objective This study examined relationships between breakfast consumption locations (home versus school) and cardiometabolic parameters, breakfast dietary intake, and daily dietary intake. Design This cross-sectional study used baseline data from TX Sprouts, a one-year school-based gardening, nutrition, and cooking cluster-randomized trial, implemented in 16 elementary schools in Austin, TX, in 2016-2019. Participants/setting Analysis included 383 low-income, multi-racial/ethnic elementary school-aged children (mean age 9.2 years; 60.6% Hispanic; 70.5% free/reduced lunch; 58.5% home breakfast consumers). Main outcome measures Cardiometabolic parameters were obtained via fasting blood draws, and dietary intake was assessed using one 24-hour dietary recall conducted on a random, unannounced weekday. Cardiometabolic and dietary parameters (i.e., energy intake, macronutrients, and food group servings) for breakfast and for the day were evaluated. Statistical analyses performed Multivariate analysis of covariance was performed to examine cardiometabolic parameters and dietary intake between school and home breakfasts. Results School breakfast consumers (SBC) had lower fasting triglyceride levels than home breakfast consumers (HBC) (89.0 mg/dL vs. 95.7 mg/dL; P = 0.03). SBC had lower total fat for the day (P = 0.02) and lower total and saturated fat, sodium, and refined grains at breakfast (P ≤ 0.01) than HBC. However, SBC had lower protein at breakfast (P = 0.01) and higher carbohydrates, total sugar, and added sugar for the day and at breakfast (P ≤ 0.03) than HBC. Conclusion SBC compared to HBC had lower fat intake, which may have contributed to the lower triglyceride level observed in SBC, but also had lower protein intake at breakfast and higher added sugar intake for the day and at breakfast. These results suggest dietary intake differed between the home and school environments, but more research is needed to evaluate if such differences are due to the School Breakfast Program guidelines.
Hospital Geographic Location and Unexpected Complications in term Newborns in Florida.

Birth trauma rates in term of neonates is a quality measure used by the Joint Commission. In the United States birth trauma rates occurs at a rate of 37 per 1000 live births and are on the decline. However, this decline has been significantly lower among term neonates born in rural facilities. There is a critical lack of evidence toward the influence geographical risk factors has on birth trauma rates for neonatal patients. We sought to measure rural community and hospital characteristics associated with birth trauma. A retrospective longitudinal study design was used to examine inpatient medical discharge data across 103 hospitals of neonates at birth from 2013 to 2018. Discharge data was linked to the American Hospital Association annual survey. We used a multi-level mixed effect model to investigate the relationship between individual and hospital-level attributes associated with increased risk of birth trauma among neonatal patients. We found that rural hospitals were 3.99 times (p < 0.001) more likely to experience higher birth trauma than urban hospitals. Medium sized hospitals were 2.11 times (p < 0.001) more likely to experience higher birth trauma. Hospitals who indicate having a safety culture were more likely (p < 0.05) to have high rates of birth trauma. Neonates born at rural hospitals, were more likely to experience a birth-related injury. Policy strategies focusing on improving health care quality in rural areas are critical to mitigating this increased risk of birth trauma. Further research is required to assess how physician characteristics may impact birth trauma rates.
Trophic Alterations of Joints

Osteochondritis dissecans is the term given by Koenig [907] to a joint ailment in which a fragment of cartilage and subchondral bone becomes separated from an articular surface. Its cause was viewed [907] as trauma to an area of the joint which was either mechanically very stressed or perhaps previously weakened by inflammation of the bone and cartilage, thus the designation of osteochondritis. Axhausen [57] emphasized that the weakening of the articular cartilage and its subchondral bone was predetermined by local necrosis of these tissues. The cause of these changes was considered [57] to be occlusion of the regional blood vessels in the subchondral bone either by bland mycotic emboli or secondary to injuries of the vascular wall. On disruption of the local blood supply, infarction and necrosis follow. This view has been supported by Platzgummer [1265] and others.
Endoscopic Approaches for Diagnosis of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are rare pancreatic neoplasms comprising only 1 % to 2 % of all pancreatic tumors. In recent years, the number of incidentally discovered PNETs has greatly increased given the widespread use of axial imaging. However, a significant proportion of PNETs may not be visualized on conventional imaging such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has become an integral part of the diagnosis of PNETs because of its high sensitivity for detecting, localizing, and diagnosing PNETs. EUS-guided tissue acquisition provides histologic and immunologic confirmation, and may also allow prognostication about tumor behavior. In addition to preoperative assessment of these tumors, EUS has also been shown to have an important role in nonoperative management of small nonfunctional PNETs. Finally, recent developments suggest that interventional EUS may be used to aid intraoperative localization of PNETs and to deliver therapeutic agents for the treatment of PNETs.
Phototherapy of Neonatal Jaundice: Effect on Blood Biorhythms

The biologic effects of visible light upon the mamalian organism have proven to be as marked as those from any other agency in our environment. Because light pervades more than half our days and is a benign, not to say beneficial, force, and is even less tangible than the air, we have seldom had reason to consider its less benevolent activities.
Correlates and Consequences of Dominance in a Social Rodent

In harem-polygynous societies, body condition is often correlated with dominance rank. However, the consequences of dominance are less clear. High-ranking males do not inevitably have the highest reproductive success, especially in systems where females mate with multiple males. In such societies, we expect male reproductive success to be more highly skewed than female reproductive success, but reproductive skew in females can still arise from rankings established within matrilineal societies. Dominance can also impact life-history decisions by influencing dispersal patterns in yearlings. To better understand the function of dominance in harem-polygynous societies, we studied the causes and consequences of dominance in yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris), a social rodent with skewed male reproductive success and female reproductive suppression. Specifically, we examined body condition as a predictor and the probability of breeding, number of offspring, and dispersal as outcomes of dominance. Additionally, we looked at variation in dominance between males and females and adults and yearlings, because marmots can engage in distinct interactions depending on the type of individuals involved. We found that marmots in better body condition have higher dominance rank than those in poorer condition. In addition, adults are dominant over yearlings. Within yearlings, dominance does not influence dispersal, but those in better body condition are less likely to disperse. Within all adults, individuals in better condition produce more offspring per year. Within adult males, more dominant males have greater reproductive success. Despite previous evidence of reproductive suppression in females, we found no effects of dominance rank on female reproductive success in the current study. The function of dominance in female marmots remains enigmatic.
Gender representation of cancer patients in medical treatment and psychosocial survivorship research: changes over three decades.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies raise concern about gender bias in cancer research, including insufficient inclusion of women or men, or studying women and men differently. The 1993 National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act aimed to eliminate gender bias in medicine. To examine changes in medical and psychological literature, this study reviews gender representation in biomedical treatment studies and psychosocial survivorship studies published in a single year. METHODS: Research published in Cancer in 2007, and all empirical psychological studies about cancer published that year, provided a 15-year update to findings reported by Meyerowitz and Hart. The gender distribution and context of included articles were coded and compared with findings from 1983 and 1992. RESULTS: Across biomedical studies, 34.3% of subjects were women (vs 47% of new cancers and 48% of cancer deaths). Among men, 41.3% had sex-specific cancers (vs 12.5% [1983] and 12.3% [1992]). Among women, 46.1% had sex-specific cancers (vs 69.1% [1983] and 64.6% [1992]). Fewer women (36.8%) were represented in sex-nonspecific cancer studies (vs 41.4% [1983] and 42.5% [1992]); however, fewer studies had a significant (>20%) gender disparity. Across psychosocial studies, representation of men increased to 47.9% (vs 30.4% [1983] and 29.9% [1992]). The proportion of men in studies of feelings/relationships increased to 47% (vs 22.9% [1992]); the proportion of women in studies assessing physical/functional ability increased to 58.3% (vs 45.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Women remain under-represented in sex-nonspecific biomedical research, whereas men's representation in sex-specific research increased substantially. Psychosocial research trends suggest movement from research questions supporting traditional stereotypes that women feel and men act. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society
Development of a Laser Interferometric Dilatometer

The ongoing development of a high precision dilatometer using laser interferometry is described. Design criteria require operation over a temperature range from ambient to 900 K with a length change sensitivity of ten microinches (0.25 µm) or less. In addition, the dilatometer is designed to achieve rapid sample turnaround for quality control measurements in a production environment. To achieve this, design features are incorporated which minimize sample preparation time by relaxing critical size and shape restrictions on test samples. The length change measurement is based on a modified Michelson interferometer using a two-frequency HeNe laser and ac detection of fringes. The final critical alignment of the interferometer during sample installation is achieved by automatic computer control. This alignment control feature can be used to maximize interferometer alignment continuously through the course of a run. The furnace system incorporates a low thermal mass heating chamber to achieve rapid thermal response with minimal thermal disturbance to the interferometer system. Flexibility and reproducibility in heating schedules are achieved through digital control. Dilatometer control and data acquisition functions are accomplished by a minicomputer using a standard interface bus. Areas for further development are also discussed.
Neural Plasticity: The Effects of Environment on the Development of the Cerebral Cortex

Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Neuroanatomical Substrates: Early Developmental Events 2. Synaptogenesis 3. Methods for the Study of Functional Plasticity 4. Plasticity in Sensory Systems 5. Plasticity in the Motor Cortex 6. Plasticity in the Development of Language 7. Plasticity in Elective Brain Functions 8. Adult Plasticity 9. Summing Up 10. The Practical Relevance of the Findings from Developmental Neurobiology References Index
Practical quantum cryptography in free space

We demonstrated quantum cryptography, or quantum key distribution (QKD), in free space over an outdoor optical path of /spl sim/950 m under nighttime conditions. The success of free space QKD against a high background depends on the transmission and detection of single photons through an optically thick and turbulent medium. It has been shown that a combination of sub-nanosecond timing, narrow filters, spatial filtering, and adaptive optics can render the difficult detection problem tractable. Further, the nonbirefringent nature of the atmosphere at optical wavelengths allows the transmission of the single photon polarization states used in the free-space QKD protocol.
On the prediction of threshold friction velocity of wind erosion using soil reflectance spectroscopy

Abstract Current approaches to estimate threshold friction velocity (TFV) of soil particle movement, including both experimental and empirical methods, suffer from various disadvantages, and they are particularly not effective to estimate TFVs at regional to global scales. Reflectance spectroscopy has been widely used to obtain TFV-related soil properties (e.g., moisture, texture, crust, etc.), however, no studies have attempted to directly relate soil TFV to their spectral reflectance. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between soil TFV and soil reflectance in the visible and near infrared (VIS–NIR, 350–2500 nm) spectral region, and to identify the best range of wavelengths or combinations of wavelengths to predict TFV. Threshold friction velocity of 31 soils, along with their reflectance spectra and texture were measured in the Mojave Desert, California and Moab, Utah. A correlation analysis between TFV and soil reflectance identified a number of isolated, narrow spectral domains that largely fell into two spectral regions, the VIS area (400–700 nm) and the short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) area (1100–2500 nm). A partial least squares regression analysis (PLSR) confirmed the significant bands that were identified by correlation analysis. The PLSR further identified the strong relationship between the first-difference transformation and TFV at several narrow regions around 1400, 1900, and 2200 nm. The use of PLSR allowed us to identify a total of 17 key wavelengths in the investigated spectrum range, which may be used as the optimal spectral settings for estimating TFV in the laboratory and field, or mapping of TFV using airborne/satellite sensors.
Altruism and environmental risks to health of parents and their children

Abstract This paper tests an equilibrium condition from a model that incorporates: (1) altruism of parents toward their young children, and (2) household production of latent health risks. The model demonstrates that an altruistic parent's marginal rate of substitution between an environmental health risk to herself and to her child is equal to the ratio of marginal risk reduction costs. Econometric estimates support this prediction based on data from a stated preference survey involving 488 parents of children aged 3–12 years. This outcome implies that parents reallocate family resources to at least partly offset the effectiveness of public programs that aim to reduce their children's environmental risks.
Operational Auditing in US Colleges and Universities

Based on a survey of US colleges and universities and reports the scope of operational auditing in these institutions. As a part of this study two hypotheses are formulated and tested to determine whether: (1) the scope of operational auditing differs between private and public institutions; and (2) the perceived importance of audit areas differs between auditors working for private schools and those serving public institutions. Concludes that most colleges and universities which participated in the survey utilize operational auditing to some degree. However, this utilization is rather limited in scope. Further concludes that no significant difference exists between the scope of operational auditing and the type of institution. Furthermore, the hypothesis of no significant difference in perceived importance of audit areas between the two groups of auditors cannot be rejected.
Learning Trajectories in Mathematics Education

(2004). Learning Trajectories in Mathematics Education. Mathematical Thinking and Learning: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 81-89.
Development of Human Factors Ontology for Business Knowledge Management

Employee knowledge and cognitive skills are key assets to achieving business success, yet are often mismanaged. By promoting the human-centered design approach, the discipline of human factors and ergonomics (HF/E) can significantly contribute to optimizing business processes through effective management of employee knowledge. However, a comprehensive methodology is needed to help organizations integrate the HF/E principles across various business processes. This paper introduces a novel method for integrating HF/E principles into business processes through the application of HF/E ontologies.
Fluorometric Assay of Verapamil in Biological Fluids and Tissues

Abstract Verapamil concentrations in blood,urine, or tissue homogenates may be measured fluorometricallyin the 0.1‐10‐μg/ml range after extraction into heptane and back‐extraction into acid; recovery rates are above 87%. The drug apparently is eliminated rapidly in guinea pigs, with a plasma half‐life of 45 min.
Dynamic Changes of Headspace Gases in CO2 and N2 Packaged Fresh Beef

Two independent experiments were conducted to examine the effects of initial packaging/product conditions and storage conditions on in-package headspace pressure changes for modified atmosphere packaged beef during 12 hr storage. Headspace-to-meat volume ratio 1.8 to 5.9, surface area 200-800 cm 2 , sample volume 0.22-0.75L, storage at 3-13°C, and initial gas composition 20-100% CO 2 balanced with N 2 were studied. Headspace-to-meat volume ratio was the most important packaging parameter, but surface area and meat volume also affected headspace CO 2 changes. Decreased storage temperature reduced CO 2 concentration remaining in headspace. Higher initial CO 2 concentration resulted in greater concentration changes.
Ganglioside abnormalities in multiple sclerosis

— Gangliosides were isolated from plaque tissue and normal appearing white matter of multiple sclerosis (MS) brain. All four plaques showed decreased ganglioside concn relative to normal human white matter on a wet wt basis, but significant elevation in terms of dry wt. The wet wt and dry wt concn of MS white matter gangliosides showed smaller but statistically significant decreases below normal. Thin-layer patterns of the plaques showed several departures from normal white matter, including decrease of G4 and G5, and complete loss of G7 (sialosylgalactosylceramide). Most of the plaques had significant elevation of G2A and G3A along with increases of the slower-migrating polysialogangliosides. An additional ganglioside was present between G2 and G2A which was not seen in normal white matter. The TLC pattern of MS white matter gangliosides was essentially normal. The evidence for a general decrease of acidic lipids within normal appearing white matter is discussed.
Virus isolation from and identification of HTLV-III/LAV-producing cells in brain tissue from a patient with AIDS.

Primary cultures from a brain biopsy specimen of a human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) seropositive patient with progressive dementia contained small numbers of monocytoid cells and showed reverse transcriptase activity that persisted for as long as 100 days. Electron microscopy of these cells revealed the presence of HTLV-III/LAV virions. Subcultured cells removed from primary cultures by trypsinization were nonspecific esterase negative and did not express virus or show evidence of HTLV-III/LAV proviral sequences, while those remaining in the original flasks were nonspecific esterase positive and continued to produce virus. Virus from primary cultures was transmitted to peripheral blood-derived monocytemacrophages and T cells. Virus production in T-cell cultures was transient while the monocyte-macrophages, like the primary cultures, produced virus for at least 120 days. Infection of several brain-derived cells with this and another HTLV-III/LAV isolate failed to demonstrate virus replication. These results indicate that the HTLV-III/LAV-infected cells recovered from the brain of this patient are cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series. ( JAMA 1986;256:2365-2371)