cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infections, Vaccines and Autoimmunity: A Multiple Sclerosis Perspective

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease that is associated with multiple environmental factors. Among suspected susceptibility events, studies have questioned the potential role of overt viral and bacterial infections, including the Epstein Bar virus (EBV) and human endogenous retroviruses (HERV). Furthermore, the fast development of immunomodulatory therapies further questions the efficacy of the standard immunization policies in MS patients. Topics reviewed: This narrative review will discuss the potential interplay between viral and bacterial infections and their treatment on MS susceptibility and disease progression. In addition, the review specifically discusses the interactions between MS pathophysiology and vaccination for hepatitis B, influenza, human papillomavirus, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DTP), and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Data regarding potential interaction between MS disease modifying treatment (DMT) and vaccine effectiveness is also reviewed. Moreover, HERV-targeted therapies such as GNbAC1 (temelimab), EBV-based vaccines for treatment of MS, and the current state regarding the development of T-cell and DNA vaccination are discussed. Lastly, a reviewing commentary on the recent 2019 American Academy of Neurology (AAN) practice recommendations regarding immunization and vaccine-preventable infections in the settings of MS is provided. Conclusion: There is currently no sufficient evidence to support associations between standard vaccination policies and increased risk of MS. MS patients treated with immunomodulatory therapies may have a lower benefit from viral and bacterial vaccination. Despite their historical underperformance, new efforts in creating MS-based vaccines are currently ongoing. MS vaccination programs follow the set back and slow recovery which is widely seen in other fields of medicine.
Can We Move the Needle on School Mental Health Quality Through Systematic Quality Improvement Collaboratives

Learning collaboratives (LCs) have often been used to improve somatic health care quality in hospitals and other medical settings, and to some extent to improve social services and behavioral health care. This initiative is the first demonstration of a national, systematic LC to advance comprehensive school mental health system quality among school district teams. Twenty-four districts representing urban, rural, and suburban communities in 14 states participated in one of two 15-month LCs. Call attendance (M = 73%) and monthly data submission (M = 98% for PDSA cycles and M = 65% for progress measures) indicated active engagement in and feasibility of this approach. Participants reported that LC methods, particularly data submission, helped them identify, monitor and improve school mental health quality in their district. Qualitative feedback expands quantitative findings by detailing specific benefits and challenges reported by participants and informs recommendations for future research on school mental health LCs. Rapid-cycle tests of improvement allowed teams to pursue challenging and meaningful school mental health quality efforts, including mental health screening in schools, tracking the number of students receiving early intervention (Tier 2) and treatment (Tier 3) services, and monitoring psychosocial and academic improvement for students served.
‘And school won’t teach me that!’ Urban youth activism programs as transformative sites for critical adolescent learning

To challenge deficit discourses and victim narratives of youth marginalized due to their race, gender, class, age, and/or sexuality, child and youth service providers can build on young people’s ag...
Finite sample breakdown point of multivariate regression depth median

Depth induced multivariate medians (multi-dimensional maximum depth estimators) in regression serve as robust alternatives to the traditional least squares and least absolute deviations estimators. The induced median ($\bs{\beta}^*_{RD}$) from regression depth (RD) of Rousseeuw and Hubert (1999) (RH99) is one of the most prevailing estimators in regression. The maximum regression depth median possesses outstanding robustness similar to the univariate location counterpart. Indeed, the %maximum depth estimator induced from $\mbox{RD}$, $\bs{\beta}^*_{RD}$ can, asymptotically, resist up to $33\%$ contamination without breakdown, in contrast to the $0\%$ for the traditional estimators %(i.e. they could break down by a single bad point) (see Van Aelst and Rousseeuw, 2000) (VAR00). The results from VAR00 are pioneering and innovative, yet they are limited to regression symmetric populations and the $\epsilon$-contamination and maximum bias model. With finite fixed sample size practice, the most prevailing measure of robustness for estimators is the finite sample breakdown point (FSBP) (Donoho (1982), Donoho and Huber (1983)). A lower bound (LB) of the FSBP for the $\bs{\beta}^*_{RD}$, which is not sharp, was given in RH99 (in a corollary of a conjecture). An exact FSBP (or even a sharper LB) for the $\bs{\beta}^*_{RD}$ remained open in the last two decades. This article establishes a sharper lower and upper bounds of (and an exact) FSBP for the $\bs{\beta}^*_{RD}$, revealing an intrinsic connection between the regression depth of $\bs{\beta}^*_{RD}$ and its FSBP. This justifies the employment of the $\bs{\beta}^*_{RD}$ as a robust alternative to the traditional estimators and demonstrating the necessity and the merit of using the FSBP in finite sample real practice instead of an asymptotic breakdown value.
Improving Ultrasound Lateral Strain Estimation Accuracy using Log Compression of Regularized Correlation Function

Normalized cross-correlation (NCC) function used in ultrasound strain imaging can get corrupted due to signal decorrelation inducing large displacement errors. Bayesian regularization has been applied in an iterative manner to regularize the NCC function and to reduce estimation variance and peak-hopping errors. However, incorrect choice of the number of iterations can lead to over-regularization errors. In this paper, we propose the use of log compression of regularized NCC function to improve subsample estimation. Performance of parabolic interpolation before and after log compression of the regularized NCC function were compared in numerical simulations of uniform and inclusion phantoms. Significant improvement was achieved with the proposed scheme for lateral estimation results. For example, lateral signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was 10 dB higher after log compression at 3% strain in a uniform phantom. Lateral contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was 1.81 dB higher with proposed method at 3% strain in inclusion phantom. No significant difference was observed in axial estimation due to presence of phase information and high sampling frequency. Our results suggest that this simple approach makes Bayesian regularization robust to over-regularization artifacts.
Trajectory control of planar closed chain fully compliant mechanism

This study presents the design, analysis, dynamical modeling and control of a planar, flexure based closed chain compliant mechanism. Mechanism is designed as a single piece and comprised of rigid-flexure links connected in series. Base links of the mechanism can be actuated through two servo motors and translated along the horizontal direction using two step motors. Two servo motors are mounted on a rail-cart system and carts are equipped with belt drive to enable horizontal displacement. Dynamical model of the mechanism is derived by adapting pseudo rigid body modeling method, vector closure loop equations, Euler’s laws of motion and geometric constraints. Mechanism is 3D printed using thermoplastic polyurethane filament (TPU), motion of the mechanism is video recorded and position of the tip along with the motion of center of each links are captured using image processing. Mathematical model is simulated in Matlab Simulink and validated with the experimental data. A reference trajectory drawn within the workspace of the mechanism on iPad is successfully traced in real time using the simplified model, mirror imaging program and inverse kinematics. The proposed mechanism can be utilized as a haptic device and a compliant manipulator in industrial applications where high precision and larger workspace is desired.
The Lexicon in Acquisition: Transparency and simplicity

The word forms that children map meanings onto may be simple or complex. So far in this book, nearly all the word forms studied have been simple nouns like dog or ball , terms with various relational meanings like uncle, top , and in , and adjectives and quantifiers like big, long , and more . These are typically simple in form, without internal structure. How do children map meanings onto complex word-forms? They must map meanings onto both roots and affixes, as well as onto combinations of roots. The premise of this chapter is that some complex words are easier for children to map onto because their word forms are transparent in meaning or simple in form. A complex word is transparent when children know the meanings of its elements (roots and affixes), and a word is simple when the elements to be combined require either no changes or minimal changes in form. After a brief look at the mapping of meaning onto form in complex words, I take up the roles of transparency and simplicity in lexical acquisition. Complex words The first complex word-forms children encounter are probably not recognized as such. Established compounds like birthday and breakfast are not amenable to analysis even by adult speakers of English (Berko 1958, Derwing 1976a, 1976b). Yet by age two children show that they do attend to the separate roots in complex word-forms. For example, they offer spontaneous analyses of established compounds like lady-bug, high-chair, corn-flakes , and run-way (see Chapter 2, Table 2–1).
5 The Development of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels and Its Relation to Activity-Dependent Developmental Events

Spontaneous activity is an essential feature in the development of the nervous system. The patterns of activity and the waveform and ionic dependence of the action potentials that occur during such activity are fine-tuned to carry out certain developmental functions, and are therefore generally not compatible with the mature physiological function of the cell. For this reason, the patterns of ion channel development that create spontaneous activity early in the development of a given cell type are complex and not easily predicted from the mature properties of that same cell. Ion channels are often found that are specific to early stages of development, and that either are not retained in the mature cell or whose properties are greatly changed during later differentiation. The exact significance of such patterns of channel development is just now becoming clear, as we understand more about the mechanisms linking spontaneous activity to later developmental events.
SP 800-29. A Comparison of the Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules in FIPS 140-1 and FIPS 140-2

Federal agencies, industry, and the public now rely on cryptography to protect information and communications used in critical infrastructures, electronic commerce, and other application areas. Cryptographic modules are implemented in these products and systems to provide cryptographic services such as confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation and identification and authentication. A documented methodology for conformance testing through a defined set of security requirements in FIPS 140-1 and FIPS 140-2 and other cryptographic standards is specified in the Derived Test Requirements.FIPS 140-1 is one of NIST's most successful standards and forms the very foundation of the Cryptographic Module Validation Program. FIPS 140-2 addresses lessons learned from questions and comments and reflects changes in technology. The standard was strengthened, but not changed in focus or emphasis. Also, the standard was minimally restructured to: standardize the language and terminology to add clarity and consistency; remove redundant and extraneous information to make the standard more concise; and revise or remove vague requirements. Finally, a new section was added detailing new types of attacks on cryptographic modules that currently do not have specific testing available. This differences paper summarizes the changes from FIPS 140-1 to FIPS 140-2 and documents the detailed requirements.
Replacement Concepts for Turbulent Diffusion of Magnetic Fields in Stars and Galaxies

The strong azimuthal magnetic fields of the Sun and of the Galaxy preclude the conventional turbulent diffusion of magnetic field that is an essential part of the conventional theoretical αω-dynamo models for the production of the fields. It is suggested that the cosmic ray gas generated by Supernovae, etc. provides the necessary dissipation of field by creating a galactic halo of Ω-loops in the azimuthal field. The solar dynamo, on the other hand, appears to function because the azimuthal field is largely confined to the strong shear in the overshoot layer beneath the convective zone, while the α-effect arises in the convective zone where the mean azimuthal field is weak. The requirement that the azimuthal field contains flux bundles of 105 gauss implies an additional barometric effect from the formation of Ω-loops, which evacuates the azimuthal flux bundles. This suggests the Babcock-Leighton scenario in which the Ω-loops represent the α-effect at the visible surface of the Sun.
COLONIAL GROWTH OF ANAEROBIC SPIROCHETES ON SOLID MEDIA

Abstract Hardy, Paul H., Jr. (The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.), Young C. Lee, and E. Ellen Nell. Colonial growth of anaerobic spirochetes on solid media. J. Bacteriol. 86:616–626. 1963.—A total of 14 strains of treponemes and one of Borrelia vincentii were cultivated as colonies on agar plates inoculated under ordinary atmospheric conditions, but incubated anaerobically. Every spirochete strain produced diffuse colonies with growth located primarily in the agar; in addition, eight treponeme strains also produced discrete colonies with surface growth. These represented stable colonial variants in several strains, and in one the spirochetes in the surface colonies showed permanently altered cellular morphology. Sufficient variation in colonial morphology was noted between strains to suggest that this may have some value in further classification of this group of microorganisms. Several conditions contributed to the successful growth of all strains as colonies, the most important of which was the use of a firm jelling agar preparation, Ionagar No. 2, that permitted preparation of plates with a final agar concentration of 0.7%. Agar concentrations of 0.9%, or above, in media inhibited treponeme growth.
Robust selection algorithm (RSA) for multi-omic biomarker discovery; integration with functional network analysis to identify miRNA regulated pathways in multiple cancers

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by regulating the expression of their target genes. As such, the dysregulation of miRNA expression has been frequently linked to cancer. With rapidly accumulating molecular data linked to patient outcome, the need for identification of robust multi-omic molecular markers is critical in order to provide clinical impact. While previous bioinformatic tools have been developed to identify potential biomarkers in cancer, these methods do not allow for rapid classification of oncogenes versus tumor suppressors taking into account robust differential expression, cutoffs, p-values and non-normality of the data. Here, we propose a methodology, Robust Selection Algorithm (RSA) that addresses these important problems in big data omics analysis. The robustness of the survival analysis is ensured by identification of optimal cutoff values of omics expression, strengthened by p-value computed through intensive random resampling taking into account any non-normality in the data and integration into multi-omic functional networks. Here we have analyzed pan-cancer miRNA patient data to identify functional pathways involved in cancer progression that are associated with selected miRNA identified by RSA. Our approach demonstrates the way in which existing survival analysis techniques can be integrated with a functional network analysis framework to efficiently identify promising biomarkers and novel therapeutic candidates across diseases.
Pañoletas y polainas. Dinámicas de la moda en la Cuba soviética

Resumen: El texto explora el rol de las dinamicas de la moda en la consolidacion del socialismo de estado de tipo sovietico en Cuba. Se afirma que la moda participo de dinamicas de dominacion, legitimacion y control en los anos 1960s y 1970s. Se sostiene que el regimen cubano promovio significados denotativos de la cultura material que conectaron de manera directa valores politicos y estilos de la moda, y se ofrecen ejemplos que acercan el estudio de este pais a los estudios contemporaneos de la cultura material en Europa del Este y la URSS. Palabras claves: cultura material, moda, significados denotativos, socialismo, Cuba Abstract: The text explores the role that fashion dynamics played in the consolidation of a Soviet-type state socialist regime in Cuba, where they participated of mechanisms of domination, legitimation, and control. It is argued that denotative understandings of material culture were promoted by the Cuban regime, which straightforwardly connected political values with fashion styles. Examples are provided, bringing the study of this country closer to the studies of material culture in Eastern Europe, region with which comparisons are made. Keywords: material culture, fashion, denotative understandings, socialism, Cuba
Anti‐γ‐Globulins in Women Treated with Anti‐Rh γ‐Globulin

The incidence of anti-γ-globulin activity in women given at delivery, anti-Rh γ-globulin for prophylaxis of immunization to Rho has been studied. Each patient in two groups of approximately 50 women each was given one injection. At examination six months postpartum, the incidence of anti-γ-globulins was found to be no greater than in untreated controls. In addition, a third group of 15 women who had prophylactic immunization for two successive pregnancies had no increased incidence of anti-γ-globulins.
Risks and benefits of continued aggressive statin therapy

The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, or statins, are a well-tolerated, effective class of medications for the reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol levels. Extensive data from clinical trials demonstrate that these agents reduce fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular risk in primary and secondary prevention patients, including women and the elderly. A threshold value for LDL-C reduction below which there is no further clinical benefit has not yet been identified. In the Heart Protection Study (HPS), significant relative risk reduction occurred even among patients with LDL-C levels < 2.6 mmol/l (100 mg/dl). Statin therapy also produced reductions in cardiovascular disease in a wide range of high-risk patients regardless of baseline cholesterol levels. Rhabdomyolysis, typically defined as muscle pain or weakness associated with creatine kinase levels higher than 10 times the upper limit of normal and the presence of myoglobulinuria, is a rare but potentially serious complication of statins. Although dose-dependent transaminase elevations occur in 0.5 to 2% of cases, it has not been determined whether these elevations qualify as true drug-related hepatotoxicity. Management of myopathy and elevated transaminases is addressed in a joint publication from the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Because statins have significant potential benefits and a low risk for serious adverse effects, aggressive therapy should be considered in patients at high risk for coronary heart disease.
Halo feedback control of trapped particle instabilities

A collisionless, curvature-driven trapped-particle instability has been stabilized by a novel remote-stabilization scheme in the Columbia Linear Machine (CLM). The control signal is applied via a segmented endplate to the halo-plasma region, which is cooler and lower in density than the core plasma. The method can be considered as a generic control scheme for the suppression of some instabilities in a variety of plasma devices, including reactor-type machines. >
The spectrum of kidney disease in patients with AIDS in the era of antiretroviral therapy

With prolonged survival and aging of the HIV-infected population in the era of antiretroviral therapy, biopsy series have found a broad spectrum of HIV-related and co-morbid kidney disease in these patients. Our study describes the variety of renal pathology found in a prospective cohort of antiretroviral-experienced patients (the Manhattan HIV Brain Bank) who had consented to postmortem organ donation. Nearly one-third of 89 kidney tissue donors had chronic kidney disease, and evidence of some renal pathology was found in 75. The most common diagnoses were arterionephrosclerosis, HIV-associated nephropathy and glomerulonephritis. Other diagnoses included pyelonephritis, interstitial nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, fungal infection and amyloidosis. Excluding 2 instances of acute tubular necrosis, slightly over one-third of the cases would have been predicted using current diagnostic criteria for chronic kidney disease. Based on semi-quantitative analysis of stored specimens, pre-mortem microalbuminuria testing could have identified an additional 12 cases. Future studies are needed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of more sensitive methods for defining chronic kidney disease, in order to identify HIV-infected patients with early kidney disease who may benefit from antiretroviral therapy and other interventions known to delay disease progression and prevent complications.
Nonlinear analysis of high-power Cherenkov masers.

A nonlinear simulation of the Cherenkov maser amplifier is presented for a configuration in which an electron beam propagates through a dielectric-lined cylindrical waveguide. The parameters used correspond to an experiment at General Dynamics which measured a total efficiency of 11.5% at 8.6 GHz. The simulation is in agreement with this but indicates that the system was too short to reach saturation and that an efficiency of 30% would have been possible for a longer system, and the performance is not significantly degraded by thermal spreads up to 20%.
An appreciation of Laurence Rosenberg

It takes many different kinds of contributions to create a viable research community, and many dedicated people have made major contributions in the past decade to make things like the NSF Digital Libraries initiative happen. I'd like to take a few moments to honor one such individual who left our community when he died this past spring following a brave fight with cancer. Laurence Rosenberg affected many of our lives and careers through his activities and his vision as a program manager and a deputy director in the Division of Information, Robotics, and Intelligent Systems at the National Science Foundation.
The Driving Behavior Survey as a Measure of Behavioral Stress Responses to MVA-Related PTSD

Numerous treatments are available that address the core symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there are a number of related behavioral stress responses that are not assessed with PTSD measures, yet these behavioral stress responses affect quality of life. The goal of the current study was to investigate whether a recently developed measure of behavioral stress response, the Driving Behavior Survey (DBS), was sensitive to change associated with treatment among a group of participants diagnosed with PTSD. The DBS indexes anxious driving behavior, which is frequently observed among individuals with motor vehicle accident-related PTSD. Participants (n = 40) were racially diverse adults (M age = 40.78, 63% women) who met diagnostic criteria for motor vehicle accident-related PTSD. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses indicated that participants who were assigned to a brief, exposure-based intervention displayed significant reductions on the DBS subscales relative to participants assigned to the wait-list control condition (r = .41–.43). Moreover, mediational analyses indicated that the observed reductions on the DBS subscales were not better accounted for by reductions in PTSD. Taken together, these findings suggest that the DBS subscales are sensitive to changes associated with PTSD treatment and can be used to augment outcome assessment in PTSD treatment trials.
Lateral capsular ligament complex: anatomical and surgical considerations:

Acute avulsion of the bony attachment of the lateral capsular ligament was observed on x-ray films in September 1975. Seven instances were confirmed at surgery during the following 29- month period. The avulsion was reproduced in six amputation specimens which were dissected to identify the components of the lateral capsular complex. Dynamic studies were performed on a set of amputation specimens to determine the role of the various structures contributing to lateral rotary instability. The dissection revealed that the lateral capsular ligament complex has vertical and horizontal components. The dynamic studies showed that lateral pivot shift was produced by a lateral capsular release, a complete section of the anterior cruciate ligament, and a partial tibial collateral ligament release. Based on these observations, 30 patients have subsequently had re constructive surgery to eliminate their lateral rotational insta bility. In the reconstructive procedure, both the bony attach ment of the lateral capsular...
An experimental method to study high speed sliding characteristics during forward and reverse slip

Abstract This paper introduces an experimental technique to investigate dynamic friction characteristics of sliding interfaces at normal pressures up to 125 MPa, slip speeds up to 15 m/s and slip distances of approximately 10 mm. This new apparatus involves a novel modification of the conventional torsional Kolsky bar apparatus employed extensively in the past to investigate high-strain-rate behavior of engineering materials. The experimental configuration allows critical frictional parameters such as the friction-stress, slip speed and slip displacement to be resolved on a micro-second time scale without the use of transducers at the frictional interface. Moreover, the experiment provides information on the evolution of dynamic friction stress during forward as well as reverse slip. Using this experimental configuration dynamic friction experiments were conducted on 6061-Al (T6)/1018 steel and 7075-Al (T6)/tool-steel (D3) tribo-pairs. The results of experiments on 6061-Al (T6)/1018 steel indicate that steady-state kinetic friction is obtained within the rise time of the torsional loading pulse. The coefficient of kinetic friction is observed to increase with the roughness of the tribo-pair surfaces. For a soft/hard tribo-pair interface (7075 Al/tool-steel (D3)) the surface roughness of the harder material (tool-steel (D3)) constituting the tribo-pair is observed to control the frictional force. The measured coefficient of kinetic friction is approximately independent of the interfacial slip velocity for sliding velocities in the range of 2–10 m/s and normal pressures of approximately 100 MPa. Moreover, it is observed that the dynamic friction stress during reverse slip is almost twice as large when compared to friction stress in the forward direction. This increase in friction stress is understood to be due to frictional contact between fresh metallic surfaces formed by the breakdown of oxide and other surface films and anisotropy in frictional surfaces developed during the forward slip.
Effects of flower size and number on pollinator visitation to wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum

Plant traits that increase pollinator visitation should be under strong selection. However, few studies have demonstrated a causal link between natural variation in attractive traits and natural variation in visitation to whole plants. Here we examine the effects of flower number and size on visitation to wild radish by two taxa of pollinators over 3 years, using a combination of multiple regression and experimental reductions in both traits. We found strong, consistent evidence that increases in both flower number and size cause increased visitation by syrphid flies. The results for small bees were harder to interpret, because the multiple regression and experimental manipulation results did not agree. It is likely that increased flower size causes a weak increase in small-bee visitation, but strong relationships between flower number and small-bee visitation seen in 2 years of observational studies were not corroborated by experimental manipulation of this trait. Small bees may actually have responded to an unmeasured trait correlated with flower number, or lower small-bee abundances when the flower number manipulation was conducted may have reduced our ability to detect a causal relationship. We conclude that studies using only 1 year, one method, or measuring only one trait may not provide an adequate understanding of the effects of plant traits on pollinator attraction.
Aggressive multimodality treatment for locally advanced irresectable rectal cancer

Background Local failure rates are high for locally irresectable primary or recurrent colorectal cancer, even when chemoradiation therapy is employed. Aim This review evaluates evidence supporting aggressive preoperative chemoradiation followed by maximal surgical resection and intraoperative radiation therapy to achieve disease control and cure for patients with locally advanced irresectable primary or recurrent rectal cancer. Results A 5-year survival rate of 42 per cent with a central failure rate of 2 per cent may be achieved in patients with locally irresectable primary rectal cancer. In patients with locally recurrent disease, these values at 5 years are 18 and 28 per cent respectively. The 5-year incidence of distant metastasis remains high, affecting 64 per cent of patients with primary cancer and 75 per cent of those with recurrent cancer. Conclusion A disease-free surgical resection margin remains paramount to achieve cure. Encouraging trends exist, however, for further evaluation of multimodality therapy as a means of reducing local recurrence of disease.
Women, work, and leisure: the days of our lives.

Abstract Utilizing a qualitative research methodology, this study attempts to identify and understand the experience of enjoyment (or lack thereof) within the work and nonwork (i.e., family, leisure) spheres of working women. Specifically, the study attempts to identify the contexts in which professional and blue‐collar women experience flow (Csikszentmihalyi 1975) or its antithesis (i.e., anti‐flow) which can be characterized by boredom, frustration, and anxiety. In addition, the study examines the nature and the meanings of these experiences within the work/nonwork lives of these women. Findings of this study suggest that professional women tended to experience flow in both work and nonworking settings, while the blue‐collar women tended to experience flow only in their nonwork (i.e., home, leisure) spheres. Both groups experienced some degree of anti‐flow when they performed tasks which were repetitious, tedious, and simplistic, regardless of the setting. While such tasks constituted a very small part ...
Energy Scaling Laws for Conically Constrained Thin Elastic Sheets

We investigate low-energy deformations of a thin elastic sheet subject to a displacement boundary condition consistent with a conical deformation. Under the assumption that the displacement near the sheet’s center is of order h|logh|, where h≪1 is the thickness of the sheet, we establish matching upper and lower bounds of order h2|logh| for the minimum elastic energy per unit thickness, with a prefactor determined by the geometry of the associated conical deformation. These results are established first for a 2D model problem and then extended to 3D elasticity.
A catalytic asymmetric entry to enantioenriched tertiary naphthoquinols via a facile tandem oxidation/ring-opening sequence

Abstract The tertiary naphthoquinol is a key structural component of the antitumor natural products spiroxins A–E. Herein we report the first catalytic asymmetric approach to the tertiary naphthoquinol C4′ stereogenic center present in the spiroxin framework, via tandem oxidation/ring-opening of a cyclic 3,4-epoxyalcohol. This new route allows a facile entry into relatively inaccessible tertiary naphthoquinols with high enantioselectivity and without the need of chiral auxiliaries.
Hepatic ethanol metabolism: Respective roles of alcohol dehydrogenase, the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system, and catalase

Abstract The respective role of alcohol dehydrogenase, of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system, and of catalase in ethanol metabolism was assessed quantitatively in liver slices using various inhibitors and ethanol at a final concentration of 50 m m . Pyrazole (2 m m ) virtually abolished cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase activity but inhibited ethanol metabolism in liver slices by only 50–60%. The residual pyrazole-insensitive ethanol oxidation in liver slices remained unaffected by in vitro addition of the catalase inhibitor sodium azide (1 m m ). At this concentration, sodium azide completely abolished catalatic activity of catalase in liver homogenate as well as peroxidatic activity of catalase in liver slices in the presence of dl -alanine. Similarly, in vivo administration of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, a compound which inhibits the activity of catalase but not that of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system, failed to decrease both the overall rates of ethanol oxidation and the activity of the pyrazole-insensitive pathway. Finally, butanol, a substrate and inhibitor of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system but not of catalase-H 2 O 2 , significantly decreased the pyrazole-insensitive ethanol metabolism in liver slices. These results indicate that alcohol dehydrogenase is responsible for half or more of ethanol metabolism by liver slices and that the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system rather than catalase-H 2 O 2 accounts for most if not all of the alcohol dehydrogenase-independent pathway.
Digital tomosynthesis with an on-board kilovoltage imaging device

Purpose: To generate on-board digital tomosynthesis (DTS) and reference DTS images for three-dimensional image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) as an alternative to conventional portal imaging or on-board cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods and Materials: Three clinical cases (prostate, head-and-neck, and liver) were selected to illustrate the capabilities of on-board DTS for IGRT. Corresponding reference DTS images were reconstructed from digitally reconstructed radiographs computed from planning CT image sets. The effect of scan angle on DTS slice thickness was examined by computing the mutual information between coincident CBCT and DTS images, as the DTS scan angle was varied from 0° to 165°. A breath-hold DTS acquisition strategy was implemented to remove respiratory motion artifacts. Results: Digital tomosynthesis slices appeared similar to coincident CBCT planes and yielded substantially more anatomic information than either kilovoltage or megavoltage radiographs. Breath-hold DTS acquisition improved soft-tissue visibility by suppressing respiratory motion. Conclusions: Improved bony and soft-tissue visibility in DTS images is likely to improve target localization compared with radiographic verification techniques and might allow for daily localization of a soft-tissue target. Breath-hold DTS is a potential alternative to on-board CBCT for sites prone to respiratory motion.
Spontaneous resolution of multilobar atelectasis secondary to fibrinous mediastinitis

IDIOPATHIC FIBRINOUS MEDIASTINITIS is rarely encountered in pediatric practice. The natural history and course of this process have been described in relatively few children. ~-6 We have had a patient with this entity who presented with an extrinsic bronchial compression causing massive multilobar atelectasis. CASE HISTORY A 41/2-year-old black boy was referred to The Children's Center of The Johns Hopkins Hospital for evaluation of collapse of the right middle and right lower lobes of unknown duration (Fig. 1). The patient had been in his usual state of good health until three months prior to admission when he developed a dry hacking cough. During the subsequent three months, his nonproductive cough gradually increased, especially at night. Noisy respiration, decreased activity, and elevated respiratory rate were noted in the month prior to admission. There was no history of choking or any acute febrile illness in the past six months. The review of systems was negative. His past medical history and family history were unremarkable. Physical examination revealed a tachypneic, well-nourished black boy. The only abnormal physical findings were in the thorax. The right lower lung field was dull to percussion, with no audible breath sounds. High-pitched inspiratory and expiratory rhonchi were heard just above the area of consolidation. Examination of the left lung was normal. Laboratory findings included: hemoglobin 9.4 gm/dl, hematocrit 28%, white blood cell count 11,800/mm 3 with 67% segmented neutrophils, 24% lymphocytes, 2% atypical lymphocytes, 5%
Individual differences in cocaine conditioned taste aversion are developmentally stable and independent of locomotor effects of cocaine.

ABSTRACT Drugs of abuse induce complex motivational states in their users which have been shown to vary developmentally. In addition to developmental variation, interindividual variation in the rewarding and aversive effects of drugs of abuse is an important consideration. A rat model was used to assess whether the conditioned rewarding/aversive effects of cocaine were maintained as individuals matured from adolescence into adulthood. We tested rats in the cocaine conditioned taste aversion task as adolescents and again in adulthood. We observed a wide range of approach/avoidance behaviors in this task, and also observed that the relative interindividual differences in approach/avoidance are remarkably stable across the two developmental stages. Furthermore, we observed that these interindividual differences are not attributable to individual differences in cocaine-induced locomotor effects or individual differences in blood or brain cocaine levels. Taken together, these findings indicate that sensitivity to cocaine's motivational effects is stable across development and part of a unique neurological process.
30-day morbidity and mortality after elective shoulder arthroscopy: a review of 9410 cases.

Background Few studies have reported incidence of or risk factors for morbidity and mortality after elective shoulder arthroscopy. Methods We used Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) billing codes to query the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database and identified 9410 cases of elective shoulder arthroscopy. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify risk factors for complication. Results Among 9410 patients, 109 complications occurred in 93 (0.99%). Major morbidity was 0.54% (51 patients), which included 4 patients (0.04%) with a mortality, and minor morbidity was 0.44% (42 patients). The most common complication was a return to the operating room (29 cases, 0.31%). Superficial surgical site infections occurred in 15 cases (0.16%), deep infections in 1 (0.01%), deep venous thrombosis or thrombophlebitis in 8 (0.09%), peripheral nerve injury in 1 (0.01%), and pulmonary embolism in 6 (0.06%). The multivariate analysis showed smoking history (odds ratio [OR], 1.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-3.27), history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR, 3.25; 94% CI, 1.38-7.66), operative time of longer than 1.5 hours (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.32-3.36), and American Society of Anesthesia class of 3 or 4 compared with 1 or 2 (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.03-3.21) as risk factors for complication. Conclusions Morbidity and mortality are rare events after elective shoulder arthroscopy, and the procedure should generally be considered safe. Surgeons should offer smoking cessation to active users of tobacco and should be efficient with operative time whenever possible.
TRANSITION BOILING HEAT TRANSFER IN A VERTICAL ROUND TUBE

Abstract Transition boiling heat transfer coefficients have been obtained for water at pressures of 25 to 75 psia (1.72 to 5.17 bars) and mass velocities from 14,000 to 140,000 Ibs/hr ft2 (19-190 kg/m2 · sec). The water flowed inside a 0.40 in (1.02 cm) ID tube and was heated by hot mercury flowing in an annulus around the tube. Thermocouple pairs placed on the outside of the central tube and outer pipe at several axial elevations allowed the rate of heat transfer to be determined. The data agreed reasonably with the correlation previously proposed.17 However, the observed heat transfer coefficients show less of a decrease with increasing temperature than was seen in previous tests12 in which the water flowed in an annulus.
Flow network analysis application in fuel cells

This paper deals with network flow analysis and its application to the calculation of flow distribution within fuel cells. The generated node and loop equations for the network analysis are presented. In order to accommodate changes in cell design, i.e. changes in flow network topology, the analysis includes automatic loop equation generation based on topology analysis and network search algorithm. The calculated flow distributions were in excellent agreement with experimental data.
Chromosome deletion [46,XX,del(20)(q11)] in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia.

A woman in the fourth year of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia was found to have partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 20 [46,XX, del(20)(q11)] in mitoses of presumably immature myeloid cells from unstimulated cultures of peripheral blood and bone marrow. Cytogenetic studies of peripheral blood lymphocytes showed a normal female karyotype.
Global child trafficking

Human Rights Watch has defined child trafficking as “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of a child for the purposes of sexual or labour exploitation, forced labour, or slavery”. Child trafficking, always an affront to human dignity, invariably involves violations of several core human rights. In those states that are signatory to the widely ratified United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, it is also generally a crime. Trafficked children face an array of threats to their health, development, wellbeing, and in some cases, to their lives. For the subset trafficked into sexual servitude, HIV/AIDS is a clear and present danger. For those forced into military or paramilitary settings in conflict zones, the risks to life and limb are likewise grave. To imagine a more obvious moral wrong is hard. So it should not surprise us that child trafficking has generated indignation and advocacy with fervour reminiscent of the abolitionist movements against slavery in the British Empire and the USA. The Bush administration in particular has made trafficking of children (and women) a high foreign-policy priority and now demands that all recipients of US aid have policies in place that explicitly oppose the trafficking of women and children. Yet child trafficking remains a very difficult problem to study and one for which debate has often generated more heat than light. We know trafficking in children is abominable. What we don’t know is how common the problem actually is, how important the health risks associated with it may be at population levels, and how best to address the complex set of issues trafficking raises. We do know that at the level of the individual child, trafficking is fraught with physical and mental health threats, and that access to care for these vulnerable children is sharply limited by the
Ureteral frozen section analysis during cystectomy: a reassessment.

AbstractPurpose: Frozen section analysis of the distal ureteral margins is commonly performed at cystectomy to exclude involvement of tumor in the retained ureter. We reviewed our experience with 101 consecutive cystectomies to determine the contemporary incidence and clinical significance of the urothelial abnormalities detected by frozen section analysis performed at operation.Materials and Methods: The pathology reports for 101 consecutive patients treated with nerve sparing cystectomy between 1982 and 1989 were reviewed. Frozen section and final ureteral analyses were compared.Results: Of the patients 8 percent had evidence of a urothelial abnormality ranging from mild atypia to frank carcinoma in situ involving the distal ureters on frozen section. Only 4 patients had documented carcinoma in situ at the final margin and all 4 ultimately died of disease. The frozen section false-positive and false-negative rates were 2 and 6 percent, respectively. In 6 patients with ureteral urothelial abnormalities d...
Upper and Lower Probability Inferences from Ordered Multinomial Data

Abstract Dempster's method of upper and lower probabilities represents an attempt to obtain posterior probability statements about parameters without the necessity to incorporate prior information. We apply Dempster's method to the case of multinomial data for which there is some natural ordering of the categories. Inferences are derived for the sum of an arbitrary set of categories, the ratio of two such sums, and linear combinations of the category probabilities. Numerical examples are given, and some effort is made to interprete Dempster's approach and relate it to the standard approaches to statistical inference.
Observations and analyses of dislocations and stacking faults in the massive γm phase in a quenched Ti–46.5 at.% Al alloy

The defect structures in the massively formed gamma ({gamma}{sub m}) grains in a Ti-46.5 at.% Al alloy, rapidly quenched from the high-temperature {alpha}-phase field, have been studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results reveal that the defect structures are composed of dislocations, stacking faults and antiphase boundaries intimately associated with dislocations or stacking faults. Comparison of experimental and computer simulated TEM images established that wide stacking faults, which are created by the dissociations of 1/2 unit dislocations, lie on {l_brace}111{r_brace} planes and are bound by b = 1/6 Shockley partial dislocations of all possible types. Based on the observations and subsequent analyses, a model for the formation of these defects -- involving the occurrence of an intermediate disordered f.c.c. phase during the {alpha} {yields} {gamma}{sub m} massive transformation -- is proposed.
Investigation of Melting Behaviors and Crystallinity of Linear Polyamide with High-Aliphatic Content

The melting behaviors and crystal struc- tures of a long alkyl chain polyamide and nylon 18 18, were investigated under annealing and isothermal crys- tallization conditions. Nylon 18 18 showed multiple melting peaks in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms depending on thermal history of the sam- ples. The origin of the multiple melting peaks may be a result of a melting and recrystallization mechanism dur- ing DSC scans. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction patterns showed two new diffraction peaks, which appeared at 0.44 and 0.37 nm, and are characteristic peaks of a-form (triclinic structure) of even-even nylons with increasing annealing temperature. The intensities of these peaks increased, and they split further apart, with elevated annealing temperatures. The solid-state 15 NC P/MAS NMR spectra of the nylon 18 18 samples that had been quenched and annealed also confirmed the a-crystalline form. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 92- 98, 2012
Distinct mechanisms for the oxidative addition of chloro-, bromo-, and iodoarenes to a bisphosphine palladium(0) complex with hindered ligands.

We report an example of a bisphosphine palladium(0) complex with hindered ligands that undergoes oxidative addition of chloro-, bromo-, and iodoarenes in high yield. Addition of PhX (X = I, Br, Cl)...