cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative assessment of myocardial perfusion using real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic imaging

The new real-time three-dimensional (RT3D) echocardiographic technology offers an opportunity for myocardial perfusion imaging in the entire heart without the need for reconstruction from multiple slices and repeated contrast maneuvers. Our aims were to develop and validate a technique for quantitative volumetric assessment of myocardial perfusion. Studies were conducted in 5 isolated rabbit hearts and in 5 patients with ischemic heart disease. In rabbits, RT3D datasets were acquired over 30 sec, during which infusion of contrast agent definity was initiated and reached steady-state myocardial enhancement. Data were obtained at 3 different levels of coronary flow. At each level, myocardial videointensity (MVI) was measured over time in 3 LV short-axis slices of fixed thickness and peak contrast inflow rate (PCIR) was calculated. Administration of contrast resulted in clearly visible and measurable dynamic changes in MVI. PCIR followed the changes in coronary flow (p<0.0I). Feasibility in humans was tested by imaging the interventricular septum during initiation of infusion of definity at rest and during adenosine infusion. Dynamic changes in MVI were visible and suitable for quantitative analysis. In 2 patients, adenosine resulted in dark regions, reflecting lack of myocardial filling in stenosis-related territories. RT3D imaging and quantification of myocardial perfusion using our algorithm are feasible. This approach can potentially allow more accurate assessment of the extent of perfusion defects than 2D myocardial contrast echocardiography.
Safety Constraints in an Artificial Pancreatic β Cell: An Implementation of Model Predictive Control with Insulin on Board

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β cells, resulting in the inability to produce sufficient insulin to maintain normoglycemia. As a result, people with T1DM depend on exogenous insulin that is given either by multiple daily injections or by an insulin pump to control their blood glucose. A challenging task is to design the next step in T1DM therapy: a fully automated insulin delivery system consisting of an artificial pancreatic β cell that shall provide both safe and effective therapy. The core of such a system is a control algorithm that calculates the insulin dose based on automated glucose measurements. Methods: A model predictive control (MPC) algorithm was designed to control glycemia by controlling exogenous insulin delivery. The MPC algorithm contained a dynamic safety constraint, insulin on board (IOB), which incorporated the clinical values of correction factor and insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio along with estimated insulin action decay curves as part of the optimal control solution. Results: The results emphasized the ability of the IOB constraint to significantly improve the glucose/insulin control trajectories in the presence of aggressive control actions. The simulation results indicated that 50% of the simulations conducted without the IOB constraint resulted in hypoglycemic events, compared to 10% of the simulations that included the IOB constraint. Conclusions: Achieving both efficacy and safety in an artificial pancreatic β cell calls for an IOB safety constraint that is able to override aggressive control moves (large insulin doses), thereby minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia.
Impact of T1r3 and Trpm5 on Carbohydrate Preference and Acceptance in C57BL/6 Mice

Knockout (KO) mice missing the sweet taste receptor subunit T1r3 or the signaling protein Trpm5 have greatly attenuated sweetener preferences but learn to prefer sucrose in 24-h tests. Here, we examined 24-h preferences of T1r3 KO, Trpm5 KO, and C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice for glucose, fructose, galactose, and corn starch. Unlike glucose, fructose has little postoral reward effect in WT mice, whereas conflicting data have been obtained with galactose. Naive KO mice were initially indifferent to dilute glucose solutions (0.5–4%) but exhibited strong preferences for 8–32% concentrations. In a second test, they strongly preferred (~90%) all glucose concentrations although they drank less sugar than WT mice. Naive KO mice were indifferent to 0.5–8% fructose and avoided 16–32% fructose. However, the glucose-experienced KO mice displayed significant preferences for all fructose solutions. Naive KO mice preferred only 8% galactose, whereas WT mice preferred 4–16% galactose, and all mice avoided 32% galactose. Galactose experience enhanced the preference for this sugar in KO and WT mice. Naive T1r3 KO and WT mice displayed similar preferences for 0.5–32% corn starch, which were enhanced by starch experience. Naive Trpm5 KO mice did not prefer starch but did so after 1-bottle starch experience. The results confirm the sweet taste deficits of T1r3 KO and Trpm5 KO mice but demonstrate their ability to develop strong glucose and milder galactose preferences attributed to the postoral actions of these sugars. The acquired preference for the non-sweet flavor properties of glucose generalized to those of fructose. The findings further demonstrate that although Trpm5 (but not T1r3) signaling is essential for starch preference, Trpm5 KO mice can learn to prefer starch based on its postoral effects.
Aphid population dynamics: does resistance to parasitism influence population size?

Summary 1. Insect population size is regulated by both intrinsic traits of organisms and extrinsic factors. The impacts of natural enemies are typically considered to be extrinsic factors, however insects have traits that affect their vulnerability to attack by natural enemies, and thus intrinsic and extrinsic factors can interact in their effects on population size. 2. Pea aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in New York and Maryland that are specialised on alfalfa are approximately two times more physiologically resistant to parasitism by Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) than pea aphids specialised on clover. To assess the potential influence of this genetically based difference in resistance to parasitism on pea aphid population dynamics, pea aphids, A. ervi, and other natural enemies of aphids in clover and alfalfa fields were sampled. 3. Rates of successful parasitism by A. ervi were higher and pea aphid population sizes were lower in clover, where the aphids are less resistant to parasitism. In contrast, mortality due to a fungal pathogen of pea aphids was higher in alfalfa. Generalist aphid predators did not differ significantly in density between the crops. 4. To explore whether intrinsic resistance to parasitism influences field dynamics, the relationship between resistance and successful field parasitism in 12 populations was analysed. The average level of resistance of a population strongly predicts rates of successful parasitism in the field. The ability of the parasitoid to regulate the aphid may vary among pea aphid populations of different levels of resistance.
Fatness and body mass index from birth to young adulthood in a rural Guatemalan population

Body mass index (BMI; wt in kg/ht2 in m) has been proposed as a simple and valid measure for monitoring fatness. Using data from a 25-y longitudinal study of rural Guatemalans we found that as children this population was stunted (mean height-for-age z = -2.6) and had low triceps skinfold thicknesses (˜10% of reference medians) yet had mean BMIs above US reference medians. As young adults mean BMIs were at the 50th and 20th percentiles for women and men respectively. BMIs between ages 1 and 5 y were moderately correlated (r = 0.2--0.3) with those in young adulthood. BMI was correlated with subscapular (r = 0.5--0.8) and triceps (r = 0.2--0.7) skinfold thicknesses at all ages and with predicted percentage body fat in adolescence (r = 0.65) and adulthood (r = 0.8). Fatness was highly centralized with ratios of subscapular to triceps skinfold thicknesses at the 50th--90th percentiles of reference medians at all ages. BMI was a poor indicator of central fat; the correlation between BMI and waist-to-hip ratio in 14--17-y-old males was -0.21). In stunted populations in developing countries BMI alone should be interpreted with caution. In stunted children BMIs may be high despite small extremity skinfold thicknesses; BMI alone may overestimate the prevalence of fatness in these children. In adults measures in addition to BMI may be required to identify centralized adiposity in these populations. (authors)
Immigration Consequences of Massachusetts Sex Offenses

This treatise chapter analyzes the immigration consequences of about twenty-five Massachusetts sex offenses. The chapter presents theories as to why the offenses do or do not amount to “crimes involving moral turpitude” or “aggravated felonies.”
Importance of Quench Conditions on the Subsequent Physical Aging Rate of Glassy Polymer Films

For over a decade, research from the gas permeation community has observed faster physical aging rates with decreasing thickness of free-standing films, termed “accelerated aging”. These deviations in the aging rate from bulk behavior occur at film thicknesses of several micrometers, the largest “confinement” length scale ever reported. Here we systematically address various possible causes of this phenomenon from differences in molecular structure, quench depth below Tg, experimental technique, sample preparation, and stresses on the film. We demonstrate that the physical aging of the material is strongly dependent on conditions during the formation of the glassy state. Although supported films do not display any film thickness dependence to their aging rate at this large length scale, films quenched in a free-standing state exhibit a strong thickness dependence. We suggest differing quench conditions may impose unintended stresses trapping the glassy films into different states (potential energy minima)...
Costs of Distribution in Soviet Domestic Trade

OSTS of distribution in Soviet trade usage are broadly defined as that part of the final retail price which goes to cover the expenses and profits of wholesale and retail distribution.' Each of the various State and cooperative trade organizations in the USSR has its annual plan for costs of distribution, expressed in absolute terms and as a percentage of total planned sales.2 These yearly estimates are approved by the hierarchy of planning organizations on the basis of the current five year plan.3 The degree of centralized control varies between nationally important goods of a strategic or particularly deficit nature and other commodities considered to be of local significance. The trade organizations themselves, within their given annual plans, draw up their quarterly plans for anticipated costs of distribution, which estimates are subject to the approval of the respective higher planning organs. Then the local offices and departments of the individual trade organizations break down their quarterly plans and determine the basic pattern of distribution costs within which the particular wholesaler or re-
Foreign Accent Syndrome

January 4, 2010, started out as just another day for Kay Russell of Gloucestershire, England. The 49-year-old grandmother suffered from severe migraines and later that evening, she went to bed with a debilitating attack. She awoke the next day to discover that she had a French accent (Guardian, 2010).
Quantitative determination of C14-tyrosine absorption in melanated and non-melanated mouse tissues.

SummaryFive microcuries of dl-tyrosine-2-C14 were administered to S91 melanoma-bearing mice (dba/1 strain) 7 days prior to time of sacrifice. Melanated and non-melanated tissues were quantitatively assayed for selective absorption of labelled tyrosine and/ or its derivatives. The order of uptake (/mg tissue carbon as measured manometrically) was highest in melanoma tissue and progressively lower in kidney, adrenal, liver, brain, thyroid, and skin and hair tissues. The combined technic of tissue combustion and precipitation of CO2 as barium carbonate provides an extremely sensitive and reproducible activity measurement of labelled tyrosine uptake.
Delayed Reinforcement and Self-Control: Increasing Tolerance for Delay with Children and Adults with Autism

Impulsivity, behavior analytically defined as a tendency to allocate responding to sooner, smaller reinforcers rather than waiting for larger, delayed reinforcers, is a frequent problem in the autism population. Negative effects of delays, such as teaching difficulties, problem behavior, and diminished receipt of reinforcement may result if a client has not learned to tolerate delays through a specific history of reinforcement. Self-control, or choosing the more advantageous delayed reinforcer, is affected by features of the choice context such as the quality and magnitude of the reinforcer, the length and consistency of the delay, and discriminability of the contingencies. Effective self-control training techniques often seek to control these factors to increase tolerance for delay and may include components such as progressive schedules to fade in delays to larger reinforcement, activities during the delay, choice and the illusion of control, or group contingencies to decrease the amount with which a time delay affects choice making. Recommendations and future directions are discussed.
A new paragenesis and new localities for witherite

Witherite BaCO3 occurs in the mineralized septarian frac'tures of concretions in the Chittenango Member of the Marcellus Formation of the Middle Devonian Hamiltou Croup at three occurrences in Onondaga County, New York. The minerals occurring in the septarian fractures, in order of formation, are, pyrite I and calcite I [(Ca6.e6Mg6.o2Ffo .dcOll, calcite II [(Cae.e6Mg6.e2Fe6.6) CO3J and barite, pyrite II, ferroan dolomite [Ca(Mg0.57Fq.a3XCOl)zl and calcite III, quartz, calcite IV [(Ca6.e3Mgs.s1Fee.or)CO:1, strontianite, witherite, calcite V. Both the calcite matrix [(Can.eMgb.e2Fq.sl)CO3] of the concretions and the mineralization in the septarian fractures contain abundant hydrocarbon. Like other witherite, this witherite formed from the alteration of barite. The geological setting, however, precludes the normal alteration of barite by hydrothermal solutions rich in carbonate. The composition of the stable isotopes of carbon, in witherite from the septarian concretions, is significantly enriched in the heavy isotope l3C (+2.11700<613C .< +14.77y@PDB) compared to wilherite from 26 other worldwide localities (-29.41o/oo s 6l3C s +l.l6o/ffi PDB). These data suggest that this witherite formed as the result of sulfate reduction and methane fermentation by bacteria in anoxic groundwaters. This represents both a new mode of occurrence for witherite and a new mechanism for its formation from barite.
Graves’ Disease: What Is the Role and Timing of Surgery?

The surgical treatment of Graves’ disease classically was limited to a small subset of patients with contraindications to medical therapy or radioactive iodine or who presented with severe ophthalmopathy, complications of severe acute thyrotoxicosis, or concurrent thyroid nodules. With the introduction of endocrine surgery fellowship training and improving surgical outcomes, total thyroidectomy is now becoming more widely used as first-line therapy for Graves’ disease. This chapter will describe the evolving role of surgery for Graves’ disease, highlight circumstances where thyroidectomy is definitively the treatment of choice, and discuss controversies in the perioperative management of these patients.
Towards implementing product line architecture

A primary challenge involved in implementing product line architecture is realization of the included variation points (e.g. alternative components, optional interfaces) in source code. Existing architecture implementation techniques are focused on single system development. Software variability implementation techniques such as inheritance and overloading mainly support fine-grained variations at the programming language level. In this paper, we present a novel approach to implementing product line architecture. It combines a code generation and separation pattern with an architecture-based code annotation technique. It can support product line variability in platforms, functions, and implementation mechanisms that are at different degrees of granularity. The goal is to maintain architecture-implementation conformance and increase code reusability.
Mnemonic Diffusion: An Agent-Based Modeling Investigation of Collective Memory

Past research has uncovered evidence of social influences on a wide variety of behaviors. Everything from our choice of clothing to smoking appears to be shaped by the people we know. However, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie these influences. Here, we report a series of agentbased simulations demonstrating that information diffuses across social networks in much the same way that behavior diffuses. These findings lead us to conclude that many previously observed social influences on behavior likely rely on a substrate of information transmission and representation.
Microsaccades and Visual-Spatial Working Memory

Observers performed working memory tasks at varying retinal eccentricities, fixating centrally while microsaccade rates and directions were monitored. We show that microsaccades generate no interference in a working memory task, indicating that spatial working memory is at least partially insulated from oculomotor activity. Intervening tasks during the memory interval affected memory as well as microsaccade patterns. Average microsaccade rate peaks after appearance of a fixation cross at the start of a trial, and dips at cue onset and offset. Direction of stimuli in choice tasks did not influence micro-saccade direction, however. Poorer memory accuracy for locations at greater retinal eccentricity calls for revising ideas of short-term spatial representations to include retinotopic or allocentric codes
An Examination of the Specific Associations Between Facets of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Clusters

Prior research has shown that difficulties in emotion regulation is associated with overall levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). However, it is currently unclear which facets of difficulties in emotion regulation (e.g., lack of emotion regulation strategies, impulse control problems, non-acceptance of emotional responses) are associated with specific PTSS clusters. This information may be valuable in refining treatment approaches in PTSS. The aim of the current study was to use structural equation modeling to test the relationships between Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) subfactors and PTSS in a trauma-exposed community sample (N = 746). Results indicated that impulse control difficulties were most consistently associated across PTSS clusters (i.e., re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal), while lack of emotion regulation strategies and emotional clarity were uniquely associated with numbing symptoms, after covarying for neuroticism. However, other facets of difficulties in emotion regulation (i.e., non-acceptance of emotional responses and difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior while upset) were not associated with PTSS. These findings provide further support for the role of difficulties in emotion regulation in specific PTSS clusters. Additionally, they suggest that impulse control problems may be important in the development of most PTSS and thus most beneficial to target clinically, while lack of emotional clarity and effective emotion regulation strategies may be specific to numbing symptoms.
Hypothesis Generation from Heterogeneous Datasets

The last decade has seen a rise in the rapid accumulation of large-scale data from both genomic technologies and from increased use of electronic health records. These advances have been accompanied by opportunities for automatic hypothesis generation in translational research; however, integrating and mining these highly heterogeneous datasets remains challenging. This chapter addresses the major principles and methods that are associated with providing effective solutions to a broad range of these problems. Indeed, these principles include issues of representation, biological scales of measurements, feature selection, and statistical approaches to address the curse of dimensionality, and approaches of integration that we divide into corroborative versus fusion approaches.
Ceramic Technology and the Seriation of El Paso Plain Brown Pottery

ABSTRACTEl Paso Plain Brown pottery is found over a wide area and throughout many centuries in the U.S. Southwest and in parts of northern Chihuahua, Mexico. Archaeologists have made many unsuccessful attempts at fine-scale seriation by morphological attributes. This paper suggests that technology may be a better basis for seriation than style. A rapid method for ceramic temper analysis is introduced, and well-dated early and late El Paso Plain Brown collections are shown to have distinctive ratios of different-sized particles. A Temper Index is calculated from these, and its discriminating power is partially tested on other collections. The results suggest that the Temper Index may be the most useful seriation tool yet derived for El Paso Plain Brown pottery.
Adolescent Pregnancy Programs: A Perspective for the Future

AbstractAdolescent pregnancy is discussed, presenting the limitations of the medical model. A shift in the conceptualization of health and illness is proposed. Accordingly, adolescent pregnancy is not to be considered a disease, but instead attention needs to be focused on the behavior producing premature pregnancy. The “cure” of adolescent pregnancy, through abortion or delivery, needs to give way to the care for the pregnant adolescent by helping her acquire coping skills. Adolescent pregnancy is not solely a concern of the medical profession but of society as a whole.
Hyperbaric Oxygen in Resuscitation

For resuscitative effort in advanced cardiopulmonary life support (ACLS) or advanced trauma life support (ATLS) to be successful, one of the contributory therapeutic efforts must be to keep the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS), of especially the cells of the heart and brain, supplied with an oxygen tension of approximately one mmHg. This must be so before hypoxia itself degrades the inner mitochondrial membrane respiratory complexes I–V (or electron transport system, otherwise ETS). The ETS supplies the intramitochondrial membrane space with a reservoir of hydrogen ions to power adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase to couple adenosine diphosphate (ADP) with inorganic phosphate (Pi) to produce ATP. All of this is enabled by the flow of electron energy to oxygen docked at cytochrome aa3 (respiratory complex IV). ATP is essential to power most of all cellular function and certainly the success of resuscitation in ACLS or ATLS.
Chemical pharmacotherapy options for managing adult acne.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The incidence of adult acne is increasing worldwide. Despite clinical overlap with conventional acne, it has distinct features.Areas covered: A literature search of English-language review articles, randomized control studies and retrospective studies conducted over the past 30 years was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar. Search terms included acne, adult, topical medication, oral medication and skin of color. We highlight important clinical features and treatment modalities pertinent to the evaluation and management of adult acne. Given the relative dearth of literature detailing treatment options specific to adult acne, we offer expert opinion regarding management of the condition especially in special populations such as skin of color and pregnancy.Expert Opinion: It is unclear whether adult acne represents a distinct entity or a continuum of adolescent disease. Providers may opt to use topical medication as first-line, but should have a low threshold for switching to syst...
Imaging of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Using [18F]DCFPyL

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been explored as a target for molecular imaging of prostate cancer and other malignancies that express PSMA in their tumor-associated neovasculature. Although several PSMA-targeted radiotracers labeled with a variety of radionuclides have been reported, positron-emitting radiotracers labeled with 18F are of particular interest. One such compound, the small molecule PSMA inhibitor [18F]DCFPyL, has demonstrated initial success. This article reviews the literature on this radiotracer, including radiosynthetic approaches to the molecule, data that are available from preclinical experiments, and evidence to date of the clinical utility of this agent in prostate cancer and clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
A microRNA-mRNA expression network during oral siphon regeneration in Ciona

Here we present a parallel study of mRNA and microRNA expression during oral siphon (OS) regeneration in Ciona robusta, and the derived network of their interactions. In the process of identifying 248 mRNAs and 15 microRNAs as differentially expressed, we also identified 57 novel microRNAs, several of which are among the most highly differentially expressed. Analysis of functional categories identified enriched transcripts related to stress responses and apoptosis at the wound healing stage, signaling pathways including Wnt and TGFβ during early regrowth, and negative regulation of extracellular proteases in late stage regeneration. Consistent with the expression results, we found that inhibition of TGFβ signaling blocked OS regeneration. A correlation network was subsequently inferred for all predicted microRNA-mRNA target pairs expressed during regeneration. Network-based clustering associated transcripts into 22 non-overlapping groups, the functional analysis of which showed enrichment of stress response, signaling pathway and extracellular protease categories that could be related to specific microRNAs. Predicted targets of the miR-9 cluster suggest a role in regulating differentiation and the proliferative state of neural progenitors through regulation of the cytoskeleton and cell cycle.
The dynamics of a two link Chaplygin sleigh driven by an internal momentum wheel

A class of aquatic robots have been shown to have a correspondence to terrestrial nonholonomic systems. In particular bodies shaped as a Joukowski foil have been shown to have dynamics similar to a well known nonholonomic system, the Chaplygin sleigh. This inspires several related rigid body nonholonomic systems whose behavior is similar to other aquatic robots with other morphologies. In this paper we investigate the dynamics of one such nonholonomic system, a two-link Chaplygin sleigh that is controlled by an internal momentum wheel. This system is analogous to a similar aquatic robot with a passive tail. We also discuss results related to the accessibility and controllability of the two-link Chaplygin sleigh.
Temporal expression divergence of network modules

Here we propose new module-based approaches to identify differentially regulated network sub-modules combining temporal trajectories of expression profiles with static network skeletons. Starting from modules identified by network clustering of static networks, our analysis refines pre-defined genesets by partitioning them into smaller homogeneous sets by non-paramettric Bayesian methods. Especially for case-control time series data we developed multi-time point discriminative models and identified each network module as a mixture or admixture of dynamic discriminative functions. Our results shows that our proposed approach outperformed existing geneset enrichment methods in simulation studies. Moreover we applied the methods to neural stem cell differentiation data, and discovered novel modules differentially perturbed in different developmental stages.
Keynote address I: Tensegrity engineering: Integrating the design of structure, control, and signal processing

It is well-known that the various disciplines that design the individual components of the final system are not coordinated, except in an ad hoc way. This paper takes some steps toward the formal integration of Structure, Control, and Signal Processing designs. To integrate structure and control we employ the tensegrity structural paradigm. To integrate signal processing and control we employ the new work called Information Architecture, where the precisions and locations of all sensors and actuators are coordinated with the control design, which are all dictated by the closed loop performance requirements, including a cost constraint on the hardware. We assume that sensor or actuator costs are proportional to the precision of the instrument. The design constraints are: i) the cost of all sensors and actuators must be less than a specified budget, $, ii) the control energy must satisfy a specified upper-bound, U, iii) the closed loop performance must satisfy a specified covariance upper-bound, Y, of the output error, iv) adjustable parameters of the structure are coordinated with the joint structure/control design to achieve the required performance bounds, Y. Given a hardware budget $, and performance budgets U and Y, the paper shows what performance (Y) is achievable for a fixed cost $ and a fixed energy budget U. Alternatively, for a fixed performance and energy budget (Y, U) the paper shows the minimum hardware costs $ required to achieve this performance.
Hospital Community Benefit Activity and Population Health Outcomes

Background: The structure of the U.S. health care industry has long emphasized individual outcomes over population health. However, in recent years, there has been a growing recognition that hospit...
A randomized study of dietary composition during weight-loss maintenance: Rationale, study design, intervention, and assessment.

Abstract Background While many people with overweight or obesity can lose weight temporarily, most have difficulty maintaining weight loss over the long term. Studies of dietary composition typically focus on weight loss, rather than weight-loss maintenance, and rely on nutrition education and dietary counseling, rather than controlled feeding protocols. Variation in initial weight loss and insufficient differentiation among treatments confound interpretation of results and compromise conclusions regarding the weight-independent effects of dietary composition. The aim of the present study was to evaluate three test diets differing in carbohydrate-to-fat ratio during weight-loss maintenance. Design and dietary interventions Following weight loss corresponding to 12 ± 2% of baseline body weight on a standard run-in diet, 164 participants aged 18 to 65 years were randomly assigned to one of three test diets for weight-loss maintenance through 20 weeks (test phase). We fed them high-carbohydrate (60% of energy from carbohydrate, 20% fat), moderate-carbohydrate (40% carbohydrate, 40% fat), and low-carbohydrate (20% carbohydrate, 60% fat) diets, controlled for protein content (20% of energy). During a 2-week ad libitum feeding phase following the test phase, we assessed the effect of the test diets on body weight. Outcomes The primary outcome was total energy expenditure, assessed by doubly-labeled water methodology. Secondary outcomes included resting energy expenditure and physical activity, chronic disease risk factors, and variables to inform an understanding of physiological mechanisms by which dietary carbohydrate-to-fat ratio might influence metabolism. Weight change during the ad libitum feeding phase was conceptualized as a proxy measure of hunger.
United States’ Options for Receiving Cross-Border Climate Migrants

Although the current political climate in the United States is not especially receptive to welcoming displaced persons, the country has a history of oscillating between greater and lesser openness to immigration. This article seeks to establish that there are meaningful options for the United States to provide a refuge for climate migrants under existing US immigration law, contrary to suggestions in the literature that legislative change would be necessary for the country to provide a safe haven for such migrants. The article highlights three legal options that the United States could use to assist climate migrants from other countries under existing domestic law. In addition, it identifies recent precedents in the use of these options that could be helpful in adapting them to assist climate migrants.
Optical spectroscopy of cobalt-doped cadmium telluride

Spectroscopic investigation of Co2+:CdTe was performed to evaluate it’s potential as a lasing medium. The sample had a targeted doping concentration of 2% and measurements were performed from 10 - 120K. Cross-sections for Co:CdTe were calculated using Fuchtbauer-Ladenburg and reciprocity methods. Calculations suggest the potential for efficient lasing at ~3.7μm when pumped by a 3μm laser source on the 4A2 ↔ 4T2 transition. The fluorescence lifetime was measured to quantify the temperature dependence of the non-radiative relaxation rate. This work aims to characterize Co:CdTe as a novel gain medium for compact, tunable mid-infrared lasers operating within the atmospheric transmission window.
Comparison of pathogen-derived ‘total risk’ with indicator-based correlations for recreational (swimming) exposure

Typical recreational water risk to swimmers is assessed using epidemiologically derived correlations by means of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). It has been documented that concentrations of FIB do not necessarily correlate well with protozoa and viral pathogens, which pose an actual threat of illness and thus sometimes may not adequately assess the overall microbial risks from water resources. Many of the known pathogens have dose-response relationships; however, measuring water quality for all possible pathogens is impossible. In consideration of a typical freshwater receiving secondarily treated effluent, we investigated the level of consistency between the indicator-derived correlations and the sum of risks from six reference pathogens using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach. Enterococci and E. coli were selected as the benchmark FIBs, and norovirus, human adenovirus (HAdV), Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica, Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp. were selected as the reference pathogens. Microbial decay rates in freshwater and uncertainties in exposure relationships were considered in developing our analysis. Based on our exploratory assessment, the total risk was found within the range of risk estimated by the indicator organisms, with viral pathogens as dominant risk agents, followed by protozoan and bacterial pathogens. The risk evaluated in this study captured the likelihood of gastrointestinal illnesses only, and did not address the overall health risk potential of recreational waters with respect to other disease endpoints. Since other highly infectious pathogens like hepatitis A and Legionella spp. were not included in our analysis, these estimates should be interpreted with caution.
Social Psychology at the Crossroads

More than 35 years ago Muzafer Sherif held a conference entitled “Social Psychology at the Crossroads” (Rohrer & Sherif, 1951). The crossroad to which he referred was the intersection between sociological social psychology (SSP) and psychological social psychology (PSP). The metaphor of an overpass might have been more appropriate, since the two disciplines seldom actually met. Recognizing that the two social psychologies had not achieved a successful synthesis, Sherif (1951) wrote: Social psychology… is still groping its way at the crossroads. Groping at the crossroads may be taken as a sign of vitality. A few decades ago, conditions were not even ripe for serious groping (p. 1).
Connectionist Models of Language Processing

Traditional approaches to language processing have been based on explicit, discrete representations which are difficult to learn from a reasonable linguistic environment—hence, it has come to be accepted that much of our linguistic representations and knowledge is innate. With its focus on learning based upon graded, malleable, distributed representations, connectionist modeling has reopened the question of what could be learned from the environment in the absence of detailed innate knowledge. This paper provides an overview of connectionist models of language processing, at both the lexical and sentence levels. Although connectionist models have been applied to the full range of perceptual, cognitive, and motor domains (see McClelland, Rumelhart, & PDP Research Group, 1986; Quinlan, 1991; McLeod, Plunkett, & Rolls, 1998), it is in their application to language that they have evoked the most interest and controversy (e.g., Pinker & Mehler, 1988). This is perhaps not surprising in light of the special role that language plays in human cognition and culture. It also stems in part from the considerable difference in goals and methods between linguistic and psychological approaches to the study of language. This rift goes deeper than a simple dichotomy of emphasizing competence versus performance (Chomsky, 1957)—it cuts to the heart of the question of what it means to know and use a language (Seidenberg, 1997). Traditional approaches to language processing have been based on explicit, discrete representations which are difficult or impossible to learn from a reasonable linguistic environment (Gold, 1967). Therefore, it has come to be accepted that much of our linguistic representations and knowledge is innate. With its focus on learning based upon graded, malleable, distributed representations, connectionist modeling has reopened the question of what could be learned from the environment in the absence of detailed innate knowledge. Although the need to learn internal representations potentially gives connectionist networks great power and flexibility, it also introduces limitations. These limitations are important and, ideally, will reflect limitations observed in human language processing.
Traumatic Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Children and Adolescents

Children are exposed to traumatic events at alarming rates, and evidence suggests that this exposure may have profound effects on development and well-being. The events that evoke stress responses, the responses that are evoked, and the conditions that are protective or that may enhance vulnerability have received research attention, but long-term consequences and outcomes of trauma are less clear. Most research on the sequelae of traumatic stress has been on adults, but evidence suggests that children are exposed and react similarly to threatening events and experience mild and severe symptoms of stress as well. In this chapter, we discuss the consequences of stress and trauma among children. Precipitating events and mediating variables are considered as well as common symptoms of distress along a developmental continuum. Parallels with adults’ responses to stress and with posttraumatic stress syndromes are also considered.
Methodological Considerations in Qualitative Research

There has been a growing interest in the potential contributions qualitative research could make to “scientific”/scholarly inquiry in special education (Edgerton, 1984; Stainback & Stainback, 1984; Taylor & Bogdan, 1984). The purpose of this paper is to provide an impetus for more widespread familiarity with and use of qualitative research methodology among educators concerned with the education of persons with severe handicaps by drawing together and attempting to clarify the present state of the art in qualitative research methodology.
Research Methods in Psychopathology

Psychology began as a taxonomy of experience: as a classification system for mental events such as sensations, images, and feelings. When mental taxonomy failed, it was replaced by alternative schema for organizing the new science (i.e., the classical psychological “schools” of functionalism, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, and psychoanalysis). When none of the classical schools was able to win the day, psychology became fragmented into clusters of specialized methods and narrow research problems (e.g., general and special theories about learning, perception, and emotion). As a consequence, general psychology incorporates an astonishingly diverse array of research methods and problems (Staats, 1991).
The Interactions of α-Thalassemia with Hemoglobinopathies

α-Thalassemias may be the most common genetic disorder of humans. Their interactions with hemoglobinopathies are commen and produce a numberof discrete phenotypes, α-Thalassemia causes well-defined hematologic alterations when it is present with sickle cell trait. It produces clinically relevant effects on the hematologic and clinical manifestation of sickle cell anemia. Hemolysis is reduced and the PCV is increased, but selected vaso-occlusive complications may be more frequent.
Quality of Justice and of Judicial Reasoning in Italy

The chapter discusses the question of judicial quality in Italy considering the principles and values that should underpin the functioning of judicial institutions. From this perspective, three fundamental principles are considered: the rule of law, the rule of economics, and the legitimacy of justice institutions. The analysis focuses on the effectiveness of the governance at central and court level, on the role of superior courts in promoting consistency in decision making, and on managerial methods, with the goal to assess the extent to which they support the three fundamental principles. In addition to the well-known problem of the slow pace of proceedings, the main weaknesses pertain to the lack of consistency of judicial decisions, leading to appeals and recourses to the Court of Cassation that further increase the litigation rate and the judicial workload. Another problem identified is nested in the governance structure. The functions split between the Ministry and the Judicial Council, organs with different constituencies and agendas, make problematic the definition and the implementation of a coherent policy program. The chapter also identifies some innovative practices to evaluate and improve the quality of justice as joint programmes in which judges, lawyers, and clerks work together to redesign common judicial practices at court level.
18F-FDG PET/CT evaluation of tumor response to the implantation of RENCA macrobeads (RMB) in phase I and II clinical trials [INDBB 10091] in advanced, treatment-resistant metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).

e15046Background: RMB, a cytostatic, biological system form of anti cancer therapy have been used in Ph I & II clinical trials in mCRC w/ evidence of improved survival benefit & QOL. Evaluation of ...
Decoupled Reference Governors for Multi-Input Multi-Output Systems

This paper presents a computationally efficient solution for constraint management of square multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) systems. The solution, referred to as the Decoupled Reference Governor (DRG), maintains the highly-attractive computational features of Scalar Reference Governors (SRG) while having performance comparable to Vector Reference Governors (VRG). DRG is based on decoupling the input-output dynamics of the system, followed by the deployment of a bank of SRGs for each decoupled channel. We present a detailed set-theoretic analysis of DRG, which highlights its main characteristics. A quantitative comparison between DRG and the VRG is also presented in order to illustrate the computational advantages of DRG.
Landscape in the Hebrew Bible (The Book of Ruth and the Love of the Land)

In the Introduction to his and Frank Kermode's collection Literary Guide to the Bible, the critic Robert Alter describes the Hebrew Bible as a work of "extreme heterogeneity," and speculates that the selection of the canon "was at least sometimes impelled by a desire to preserve the best of ancient Hebrew literature rather than to gather the consistent normative statements of a monotheistic party line ... In fact, the texts that have been passed down to us exhibit not only extraordinary diversity but also a substantial amount of debate with one another."
Photoconductivity in the Chalcohalide Semiconductor, SbSel: A New Candidate for Hard Radiation Detection.

SbSeI is synthesized from stoichiometric amounts of SbI3, Sb, and Se (500 °C, 2 d) and dark-red SbSeI needles are grown in a vertical Bridgman furnace.
Joseph D. Witt, 'Religion and Resistance in Appalachia: Faith and the Fight against Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining'

Joseph D. Witt, Religion and Resistance in Appalachia: Faith and the Fight against Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2016), xi + 284 pp., $60 (hbk), ISBN: 978-0813168-12-8.
Simulation of Chemotherapy Effects in Older Breast Cancer Patients With High Recurrence Scores

Background Tumor genomic expression profile data are used to guide chemotherapy choice, but there are gaps in evidence for women aged 65 years and older. We estimate chemotherapy effects by age and comorbidity level among women with early-stage, hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancers and Oncotype DX scores of 26 or higher. Methods A discrete-time stochastic state transition simulation model synthesized data from population studies and clinical trials to estimate outcomes over a 25-year horizon for subgroups based on age (65-69, 70-74, 75-79, and 80-89 years) and comorbidity levels (no or low, moderate, severe). Outcomes were discounted at 3%, and included quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), life-years, and breast cancer and other-cause mortality with chemoendocrine vs endocrine therapy. Sensitivity analysis tested the effect of varying uncertain parameters. Results Women aged 65-69 years with no or low comorbidity gained 0.16 QALYs with chemo-endocrine and reduced breast cancer mortality from 34.8% to 29.7%, for an absolute difference of 5.1%; this benefit was associated with a 12.8% rate of grade 3-4 toxicity. Women aged 65-69 years with no or low or moderate comorbidity levels, and women aged 70-74 years with no or low comorbidity had small chemotherapy benefits. All women aged 75 years and older experienced net losses in QALYs with chemo-endocrine therapy. The results were robust in sensitivity analyses. Chemotherapy had greater benefits as treatment effectiveness increased, but toxicity reduced the QALYs gained. Conclusion Among women aged 65-89 years whose tumors indicate a high recurrence risk, only those aged 65-74 years with no or low or moderate comorbidity have small benefits from adding chemotherapy to endocrine therapy. Genomic expression profile testing (and chemotherapy use) should be reserved for women aged younger than 75 years without severe comorbidity.
The knowledge of pressure ulcer among nursing students and related factors.

Pressure ulcer has been recognized as one of the major causes of morbidity, mortality and a burden to healthcare. Our aim is to compare the level of knowledge regarding pressure ulcer prevention among final year nursing students in one of the Health Campus in Kelantan. This is a cross-sectional study aimed to determine and compare the knowledge of pressure ulcer prevention among the nursing students. The total sample for this study is 108 students. The sampling methods used are purposive sampling methods, i.e. the sample was chosen based on the potentially knowledge about the phenomena studied. Self-administered questionnaire is used to measure the characteristic and knowledge level of sample towards pressure ulcer prevention. Data including descriptive statistic and statistical tests was analyzed using the SPSS version 22.0. Finding of this study was significant with p<0.001 (significant at p<0.05). This indicates the significant differences of pressure ulcer knowledge between both programmes. The degree students have higher knowledge than the diploma students. Therefore, it is evident from this study that higher the level of education, the higher is the knowledge regarding pressure ulcer.