cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

See related articles, p 2115 . Although the most concerning diagnosis in patients presenting with thunderclap headache (abrupt onset of a severe unusual headache) is nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), only 8% to 12% of neurologically intact patients with thunderclap headache will have SAH; most have benign causes.1 Of those with aneurysmal SAH, 40% to 50% of patients will present neurologically intact. Therefore, diagnostic testing beyond history and physical examination is necessary. The initial test of choice is a noncontrast CT scan of the brain. Although CT is an excellent test for SAH, its sensitivity is both a function of timing from the onset of the headache as well as severity of the hemorrhage.1 CT sensitivity is extremely high early but rapidly diminishes with time. Clinicians frequently encounter neurologically normal patients with a thunderclap headache and a negative CT scan. Even using third-generation scanners, CT by itself is insufficient to exclude SAH.2 Therefore, guidelines recommend that a lumbar puncture (LP) be performed in these patients whose CT scans are negative or nondiagnostic.3,4 Although LP is a relatively benign test, it adds time, patient discomfort, and, sometimes, diagnostic ambiguity from a traumatic tap. Prior studies of CT sensitivity do not adequately account for the issue of timing in the earliest hours after the hemorrhage. In this issue of Stroke , Backes et al5 present data suggesting that CT scan is 100% sensitive for SAH if performed within 6 hours of the headache onset and apart from 2 caveats, the authors recommend …
An efficient and diastereoselective synthesis of PSI-6130: a clinically efficacious inhibitor of HCV NS5B polymerase.

R7128 is the prodrug of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-2′-C-methylcytidine (PSI-6130), a potent and selective inhibitor of HCV NS5B polymerase. Currently, R7128 is in clinical trials for the treatment of HCV infection. To support clinical development efforts, we needed an efficient and scalable synthesis of PSI-6130. We describe an improved, diastereoselective synthetic route starting with protected d-glyceraldehyde. No chiral reagents or catalysts were used to produce the three new contiguous stereocenters. Introduction of fluorine at the C-2 tertiary carbon was accomplished in a highly regio- and stereoselective manner through nucleophilic substitution on a cyclic sulfate. Scale-limiting chromatographic purifications were eliminated through the use of crystalline intermediates.
Meteor trail diffusion and fields: 1. Simulations

[1] A meteoroid penetrating the Earth's atmosphere leaves behind a trail of dense plasma embedded in the lower E/upper D region ionosphere. While radar measurements of meteor trail evolution have been collected and used to infer meteor and atmospheric properties since the 1950s, no accurate quantitative model of trail fields and diffusion exists. This paper describes finite element simulations of trail plasma physics applicable to the majority of small meteors. Unlike earlier research, our simulations resolve both the trail and a vast current closure area in the background ionosphere. This paper also summarizes a newly developed analytical theory of meteor electrodynamics and shows that our simulations and theory predict nearly identical fields and diffusion rates. This study should enable meteor and atmospheric researchers to more accurately interpret radar observations of specular and nonspecular meteor echoes.
A Framework for Establishing Energy Efficiency and Environmental Footprint Metrics for Sustainable Manufacturing of Products

Product sustainability assessment and evaluation metrics are mostly concerned with product usage and disposal only towards the end of the product lifecycle. Common examples include the energy efficiency and environmentally friendliness definitions used for consumer products. However, a product has already left a ‘footprint’ during its design, manufacturing, production and distribution stages. The energy efficiency and ecological footprint of products in manufacturing processes, operations and facility usages has been overlooked for many decades. In this study, we aim to establish a preliminary framework for defining metrics that may help capture energy efficiency and ecological footprint of discrete parts and products during manufacturing activities to control and improve the sustainability.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Optimization and code generation in a compiler for several machines

This paper describes Optimization techniques that have been implemented in a compiler which was designed to produce code comparable to that produced by hand. Additional optimization methods were incorporated into successive versions of the compiler. It was found that no single method was effective with all compiled programs but that each of the techniques described was effective for some programs.
Ground‐penetrating radar sounding in mafic lava flows: Assessing attenuation and scattering losses in Mars‐analog volcanic terrains

We conducted low-frequency (16 to 100 MHz) ground-penetrating radar surveys on the eroded lava flows at Craters of the Moon (Idaho, USA) volcanic field to evaluate the potential of future radar-sounding investigations on Mars to map shallow subsurface features. Radar-sounding profiles were obtained from three locations: above a lava tube, across a volcanic rift, and over a scoria cone. Results were combined with laboratory permittivity and magnetic permeability measurements of field-collected samples to deconvolve the electromagnetic attenuation and scattering losses from the total losses and therefore separately quantify both effects on the radar penetration depth. Our results demonstrate a constrained performance for low-frequency sounding radars to characterize mafic, arid volcanic terrains that contain a significant amount of ferro-oxides (∼14%), mainly in the form of olivine and magnetite. Penetration depths of 35 m were achieved at a frequency of 100 MHz, and depths of 80 m were achieved at 16 MHz, with an effective dynamic range of 60 dB. Results indicate that for frequencies below 100 MHz, the electromagnetic attenuation dominated the signal losses while above this frequency threshold the volume scattering dominated the losses. Over our frequency range, the observed electromagnetic attenuation and penetration depths were strongly dependent on the magnetic losses, ground porosities, and degree of heterogeneity rather than the sounding frequency. In light of these results, we suggest average attenuation and scattering losses measured in terms of dB/m and discuss the expected penetration depth for the Mars orbital radar-sounding instruments SHARAD and MARSIS in mafic volcanic terrains.
On the Efficiency and Complexity of Distributed Spectrum Allocation

We study the efficiency and complexity of a distributed spectrum allocation algorithm using explicit user coordination. Users self-organize into coordination groups and adjust spectrum assignments in each local group to approximate an optimal assignment. Compared to the conventional topology-based optimizations, local coordination can significantly reduce the computation and communication overhead required to adapt to topology variations. We focus on analyzing the end-user performance in terms of spectrum efficiency and communication overhead. We derive a theoretical lower bound on the amount of spectrum each user can get from coordination, and a theoretical upper bound on the algorithm convergence time. We also perform experiments to verify our analytical results.
Designs and devices for optical bidirectional associative memories.

The bidirectional associative memory (BAM) is a powerful neural network paradigm that is well suited to optical implementation. The BAM is heteroassociative (of which autoassociative operation is a special case) and is guaranteed to converge to a stable final state regardless of the connection weight matrix used. The BAM is placed in a conceptual framework that facilitates comparison with other neural network models. Variations on the BAM such as the bidirectional optimal memory (BOM), the competitive BAM (CBAM), and the adaptive BAM (ABAM) indicate some of the interesting directions this simple structure may evolve, leading in a natural progression toward the power of a model such as the Carpenter-Grossberg ART. The simplicity of the BAM invites uncomplicated optical implementations. BAM designs based on optical matrix—vector multipliers (MVMs) and on volume holographic connections are presented. Spatial light modulator (SLM) device designs currently under development to support the MVM BAMs are given.
Effects of hyperoxia on survival of benthic marine invertebrates

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of oxygen levels considerably in excess of air saturation on the survival of fourteen species of marine invertebrates were tested. 2. 2. The anemones Diadumene leucolena and Haliplanella luciae and the clam Mya arenaria suffered high mortality. 3. 3. Members of other species, including three hemoprotein-containing annelids, were not killed by prolonged exposure to hyperoxia. These results do not support the hypothesis that high oxygen affinity hemoglobins serve to buffer the tissues from otherwise toxic hyperoxia.
Improvement of survival with response to neoadjuvant radiation therapy for rectal cancer.

Objectives To determine whether patients with a complete or near-complete response to neoadjuvant radiation therapy (XRT) have improved survival compared with those with less of a response and to compare survival between patients with disease downstaged after neoadjuvant XRT and patients with stage I disease undergoing resection alone. Design, Setting, and Patients Retrospective cohort of 10 971 patients (3760 patients with neoadjuvant XRT; 7211 with stage I disease with resection alone) from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry using data from January 1, 1994, through December 31, 2003. Main Outcome Measures Overall survival and disease-specific survival (DSS) of patients undergoing resection for nonmetastatic rectal adenocarcinoma receiving neoadjuvant XRT and patients with stage I disease undergoing surgical resection alone. Results The 5-year DSS and overall survival were 94% and 82%, respectively, for responders to neoadjuvant XRT, 78% and 60%, respectively, for nonresponders, and 97% and 79%, respectively, for patients with stage I disease undergoing resection alone. Responders had improved DSS (P Conclusions Patients with rectal adenocarcinoma downstaged after neoadjuvant XRT have improved survival compared with nonresponders. While DSS is excellent for responders to neoadjuvant XRT, it did not equal the DSS of patients with stage I disease undergoing resection alone.
Cationic Polyacrylamide Conformation on Mica Studied by Single Molecule “Pulling” with Scanning Probe Microscopy

In recent years, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has been used to gain information about the conformation of an adsorbed polymer. However, the experimental techniques used make interpretation of th...
Rate and diffusional study of the reaction of calcium oxide with sulfur dioxide

Abstract The kinetics of the reaction between SO 2 and calcium oxide, produced from calcining reagent grade calcium hydroxide, was studied using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). A thin layer of Ca(OH) 2 was deposited on quartz plates, calcined to form CaO, and then sulfated to obtain kinetic information. Using the TGA, a quantitative measurement of the solid product distribution was obtained. In the presence of oxygen and above 740°C, the product is all CaSO 4 and the reaction is first order in SO 2 concentration. Below 560°C, the major product is CaSO 3 and the reaction is zero order. The grains of CaO obtained by calcining Ca(OH) 2 were found to contain micropores, with a large number of them around 22 A in radius. The effect of sintering and sulfation on the micropores was studied using mercury porosimetry. Pore closure of the micropores, diffusion through the product layer, and product sintering were shown to influence the reaction at high conversion levels. Estimates of the solid state diffusivity and its activation energy were made using rate data from the reaction of highly sintered CaO.
Light scattering at oblique incidence on two coaxial cylinders.

A solution for the problem of a plane wave at oblique incidence on two coaxial cylinders is presented. The solution of the wave equation is determined for various geometric regions, and boundary conditions are applied at the material interfaces. The resulting solution consists of a system of eight equations in eight unknown coefficients. Expressions for two of the Mueller-scattering matrix elements (S11 and S12) and the extinction, scattering, and backscattering cross sections are derived. A numerical algorithm for the solution is developed and implemented. The algorithm is tested for several limiting cases: homogeneous, hollow, and metal-core cylinders at various angles of incidence for TM and TE waves. Comparisons of the results of the algorithm with the results of studies reported in the literature are made. The comparisons are favorable, achieving good agreement with published work. For two coaxial cylinders, the numerical calculations show that if one is to use light scattering as a diagnostic tool, both of the Mueller-scattering matrix elements S11 and S12 must be measured simultaneously. In addition, the backscattering cross section is very sensitive for monitoring change in the radii of the cylinders.
Local control over phase transitions in microgel assemblies.

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels were coassembled with Au nanoparticles into disordered glassy phases and irradiated with a tightly focused laser (λ = 532 nm) to study crystallization dynamics following a localized photothermal annealing process. The degree of crystallization produced by the annealing process is dependent upon heat flux into the sample at the site of irradiation, the length of irradiation time, and the temperature of the surrounding bulk assembly that functions as a quenching bath. Control over these sample conditions provides a method by which to probe the dynamics of crystallization over a set of microgel concentrations. The mobility, and thus the crystallization, of particles is shown to be frustrated as the microgel concentration is increased. This is in contrast with equilibrium experiments that have shown an increase in particle mobility with microgel concentration that is manifest as an increase in the freezing transition of the bulk assembly with increasing packing density.
Intravascular ultrasound aids in the performance of endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this retrospective review was to assess the accuracy of aortic measurements with intravascular ultrasound scan (IVUS) compared with computed tomographic (CT) scan and to assess the role of IVUS in the performance of endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Methods: Seventy-eight patients undergoing repair of AAA with the AneuRx stent graft (Medtronic AVE, Inc, Santa Rosa, Calif) underwent measurement with CT scan and IVUS. The initial selection of stent graft size was made on the basis of the CT scan measurements, but the final decision for size was made on the basis of the IVUS measurements. Standard measurements of a phantom tube obtained with IVUS, CT scan, and digital caliper were also compared. Results: IVUS measurements of the phantom standard agreed closely with CT scan measurements. However, stent graft size initially selected with CT measurement was altered in 28% of cases on the basis of intraoperative IVUS measurements. No type I endoleaks were encountered in our series, and no aortic cuffs were necessary for endoleak repair. Conclusion: IVUS accurately measures the aorta for selection of stent grafts for endovascular repair of AAA and may prevent type I endoleaks and remedial procedures for their repair. (J Vasc Surg 2003;37:615-8)
BELIEFS IN PARAPSYCHOLOGICAL EVENTS OR EXPERIENCES AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS IN A COURSE IN EXPERIMENTAL PARAPSYCHOLOGY

16 undergraduate students completed Crawford and Christensen's 1995 12-item Extrasensory Perception Survey about attitudes toward extrasensory perception events or experiences before and after taking a 'special topics' course in experimental parapsychology. There were no significant differences in scale values (1-5) (within subjects) between beliefs before versus after the course. Combined (pre- and posttest) mean scale values showed that belief in life after death, belief in the existence of extrasensory perception, and belief in precognitive experiences in dreams ranked highest in endorsement while beliefs in out-of-the-body experiences, auras, or psychokinesis, ranked lowest.
Photoexcitation of spin states in conducting polymers studied by the spin-dependent photomodulation technique

Abstract The nature of various photoinduced absorption (PA) bands in conducting polymers is still not completely resolved. We have introduced a novel technique, spin-dependent photomodulation (SDPM), in which we measure changes in c.w. PA due to resonant absorption of microwaves in magnetic fields, to elucidate the spin states associated with the photoexcitations related with the PA bands. We have used the SDPM technique to study spin states in soluble trans-(CH)x and oriented poly(paraphenylene vinylene) (PPV) films. We have verified that the long-lived charged excitations are associated with spinless features in PA whose recombination (or generation) is spin dependent. These are charged solitons in (CH)x and charged bipolarons in PPV. The stable neutral excitations, on the other hand, are self-trapped triplet excitons in the non-degenerate ground state PPV and neutral solitons in the degenerate ground state (CH)x.
Body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and self‐esteem in African American college females

Ninety-five African American undergraduate females who were attending three predominately Caucasian universities were evaluated for body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness as well as on four dimensions of self-concept (physical, social, academic, and personal competence). The participants were largely middle class, with 78% reporting parental education levels between high school to college graduation. Results indicated body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness at levels commensurate with Caucasian samples. A hierarchial multiple regression found a combination of physical self-concept, drive for thinness, and personal competence to be highly predictive of body dissatisfaction in this sample. Using this model, an effective psychosocial prevention program that focused on reduction of risk factors (e.g., drive for thinness) and enhancement of protective factors (e.g., satisfaction with physical appearance and abilities, personal efficacy) would be advantageous. It is suggested that prevention programming with African American women occur within a cultural context that may provide further support. That is, it may be beneficial to facilitate a critical evaluation of current social mores, encourage personal value clarification, and enhance individual resilience within a context of cultural pride. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
External fixation of injured nail bed with the INRO surgical nail splint

The use of the nail as a splint is desirable in the management of acute nail bed injuries. However, when the nail plate is destroyed and during secondary reconstruction of the nail bed, the nail is not available for use as a splint. Several substitutes, notably silicone sheet have been used, but without much success. The INRO surgical nail, with qualities similar to the nail splint was developed for use as a substitute. During the period of study from 1983 to 1985, 89% of patients had good results.
Development of the STAR Evaluation System for Football Helmets: Integrating Player Head Impact Exposure and Risk of Concussion

In contrast to the publicly available data on the safety of automobiles, consumers have no analytical mechanism to evaluate the protective performance of football helmets. The objective of this article is to fill this void by introducing a new equation that can be used to evaluate helmet performance by integrating player head impact exposure and risk of concussion. The Summation of Tests for the Analysis of Risk (STAR) equation relates on-field impact exposure to a series of 24 drop tests performed at four impact locations and six impact energy levels. Using 62,974 head acceleration data points collected from football players, the number of impacts experienced for one full season was translated to 24 drop test configurations. A new injury risk function was developed from 32 measured concussions and associated exposure data to assess risk of concussion for each impact. Finally, the data from all 24 drop tests is combined into one number using the STAR formula that incorporates the predicted exposure and injury risk for one player for one full season of practices and games. The new STAR evaluation equation will provide consumers with a meaningful metric to assess the relative performance of football helmets.
An Innovative Approach to Estimate Bioavailable Phosphorus in Agricultural Runoff Using Iron Oxide-Impregnated Paper

The transport of bioavailable phosphorus (BAP) in agricultural runoff can accelerate the eutrophication of receiving water bodies. Bioavailable P is comprised of dissolved P (DP) and bioavailable particulate phosphorus (BPP). Although several algal assays and chemical extractions have been proposed to estimate BAP, procedural and theoretical limitations have restricted their widespread use. This study evaluates the use of Fe oxide-impregnated paper strips (Fe-oxide strips) to estimate the potential BAP content of runoff from 20 agricultural watersheds in the Southern Plains during 1988 to 1990. In the proposed method, BAP and DP are determined by shaking 50 mL of unfiltered or filtered runoff, respectively, with one Fe-oxide strip for 16 h
Piezo1 Transduces Extracellular Matrix Mechanical Cues to Direct Human Neural Stem Cell Fate

Mechanical cues are powerful determinants of cell behavior. For instance, mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix direct neural stem cell fate, determining whether they differentiate along a neuronal or glial lineage. The molecular mechanisms linking matrix mechanics to intracellular signaling pathways that influence lineage choice remain unclear. Here we use a multi-disciplinary approach to uncover a new player in mechanosensitive lineage commitment.We find that the stretch-activated ion channel, Piezo1, generates a mechanically-induced ionic current in human neural stem/progenitor cells. In the absence of externally applied mechanical force, Piezo1 activity is elicited by cellular traction forces and manifests as spontaneous calcium transients that vary with substrate stiffness. Piezo1 knockdown evoked nuclear exclusion of the mechanoreactive transcriptional co-activator Yap, suggesting a downstream effector of channel activity. Suppression of Piezo1 activity by the pharmacological inhibitor GsMTx-4 or by siRNA-mediated knockdown reduced neurogenesis and enhanced astrogenesis, demonstrating a role for Piezo1 in neural stem cell fate.We propose that the mechanically-gated ion channel Piezo1 is an important determinant of mechanosensitive lineage choice in neural stem cells and that it may play similar roles in other multipotent stem cells.
Use of spasmography to assess the effects of botulinum toxin type A in patients with lower‐limb spasticity

Lower-limb spasticity is one of the main features of advanced multiple sclerosis (MS), and botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) is known to be effective in the treatment of lower-limb spasticity. Two hundred randomly selected MS outpatients were analysed for spasticity using clinical scores. Of the 200 randomly selected MS outpatients, 23% had marked or severe spasticity. Hence, the aims of this study were to investigate the effect of BTX-A injections in MS patients with lower-limb spasticity refractory to conventional treatment, and to evaluate the new method of spasmography for analysing muscle tone. Fifteen MS patients (mean MS duration, 11.2 years) with spasticity of the lower limbs were injected with BTX-A (BOTOX®) into the affected muscles. A control group of 15 healthy volunteers was analysed by spasmography. In the 15 MS patients, the Modified Ashworth Scale scores for the left and right legs were significantly lower than baseline values (P < 0.05) at 3 and 6 weeks post-treatment. At 6 weeks post-treatment, the spasmography measures (n= 12) of mean muscle tone and mean maximum muscle tone of both legs in passive mode were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) compared with baseline. The time to walk 10 m (n = 9) was significantly reduced compared with baseline (P < 0.05) at 3 and 6 weeks post-treatment. No adverse events were reported for any patients treated with BTX-A. These data indicate that BTX-A is effective and safe in the treatment of lower-limb spasticity, and that spasmography is a useful method for assessing therapeutic intervention in Spasticity.
Nutrient content of processed fish products common to the jewish diet

Abstract Four processed fish products common in the Jewish diet—smoked salmon, gefilte fish, pickled herring, and smoked white fish—were analyzed for proximate composition, fatty acid, cholesterol, and mineral and vitamin contents. Gefilte fish had the lowest protein level (9.1%), the highest Fe(2.5 mg/100 g) and Zn (0.82 mg/100 g) contents, and had, overall, the lowest content of B vitamins. Pickled herring had the highest vitamin A, B12, riboflavin, and Ca levels with 861 IU, 4.3 μg, 0.14 mg, and 77. mg per 100 g, respectively. Pickled herring also had the highest percentage unsaturated fatty acids (84.4%) and lowest cholesterol (12.9%) levels. Smoked white fish had the highest protein (23.4%) and lowest fat content (0.93%). The Na levels ranged from a high of 1.02 g/100 g for smoked white fish to 0.52 g/100 g for gefilte fish.
On the design and function of rational arguments

It is unclear how an argumentative environment would select for better reasoning given three general findings. First, argument rationality typically fails to persuade poor reasoners. Second, reasoned argumentation competes with more persuasive and less rational arguments for limited cognitive resources. Third, those poor at reasoning fail to distinguish between valid and invalid arguments. Reasoning, therefore, is poorly designed for argument.
Edwin James' and John Hinton's revisions of Maclure's geologic map of the United States

Abstract. William Maclure's pioneering geologic map of the eastern United States, published first in 1809 with Observations on the Geology of the United States, provided a foundation for many later maps – a template from which geologists could extend their mapping westward from the Appalachians. Edwin James, botanist, geologist and surgeon for the 1819/1820 United States Army western exploring expedition under Major Stephen H. Long, published a full account of this expedition with map and geologic sections in 1822–1823. In this he extended Maclure's geology across the Mississippi Valley to the Colorado Rockies. John Howard Hinton (1791–1873) published his widely read text: The History and Topography of the United States in 1832, which included a compilations of Maclure's and James' work in a colored geologic map and vertical sections. All three men were to some degree confounded in their attempts to employ Wernerian rock classification in their mapping and interpretations of geologic history, a common problem in the early 19th Century prior to the demise of Neptunist theory and advent of biostratigraphic techniques of correlation. However, they provided a foundation for the later, more refined mapping and geologic interpretation of the eastern United States.
Effect of surfactant on unilamellar polymeric vesicles: Altered membrane properties and stability in the limit of weak surfactant partitioning

Surfactant incorporation into bilayer vesicle membranes made of diblock copolymers was examined for the case of weak affinity between the membrane [poly(ethyl ethylene)-co-poly(ethylene oxide)] and the surfactant [Pluronic L31]. For copolymer vesicles formed in the absence of surfactant and subsequently exposed to surfactant solutions, a micropipet aspiration technique was employed to monitor surfactant incorporation kinetics and to characterize surfactant-induced changes in the membranes. Though the surfactant incorporation was weak and reversible, it reduced the area expansion modulus by almost a factor of 2, while dramatically increasing the vesicles' susceptibility to lysis. Additionally, water permeability was increased by a factor of 2. The surfactant incorporation rates were proportional to the free surfactant concentration, and other features of the membrane response to surfactant exposure were consistent with transport-limited surfactant attack of the membranes. The most plausible mechanism for surfactant interaction with the membrane is that the surfactant resides at the interface between the hydrophobic membrane core and the poly(ethylene oxide) corona, reducing the interfacial tension of the lamella and allowing the membrane to thin slightly, also increasing its area per unit mass. Observations suggest slow surfactant penetration of the hydrophobic core such that this particular surfactant acts on both inner and outer leaflets.
Effects of TNF-α on glucose metabolism and lipolysis in adipose tissue and isolated fat-cell preparations ☆ ☆☆

We hypothesized that exposure to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) would significantly increase lactate production by adipose-tissue (AT) fragments and isolated adipocytes. We therefore examined the effects of TNF-alpha on the metabolism of epididymal AT explants during 24-hour tissue incubation. We also studied the effects of this 24-hour TNF-alpha tissue exposure on subsequent glucose metabolism and lipolysis by isolated adipocytes. Glycerol release into the medium was significantly increased (50%, P =.027) by exposure of the AT fragments to TNF-alpha (4 nmol/L) for 24 hours. During this time, glucose uptake from the medium and lactate release into the medium tended to increase, whereas leptin release into the medium tended to decrease, but these effects of TNF-alpha were not statistically significant. After the 24-hour AT-explant incubation, adipocytes were isolated by means of collagenase digestion from the AT fragments and subsequently tested in a short-term (60-minute) metabolic incubation. Prior exposure to TNF-alpha resulted in a significant increase in adipocyte glycerol release (P =.044), total glucose metabolism (P =.019), and lactate production (P =.037). With the exception of lactate, TNF-alpha produced no significant stimulation of the metabolites of glucose. The pattern of glucose metabolism elicited by TNF-alpha exposure differs from that usually attributed to a lipolytic hormone and suggests that the effects of TNF-alpha on glucose metabolism involve pathways separate from, or in addition to, its effects on lipolytic stimulation.
Impatience Implications of Weakly Paretian Orders: Existence and Genericity

We study order theoretic and topological implications for impatience of weakly Paretian, representable orders on infinite utility streams. As a departure from the traditional literature, we do not make any continuity assumptions in proving the existence of impatient points. Impatience is robust in the sense that there are uncountably many impatient points. A general statement about genericity of impatience cannot be made for representable, weakly Paretian orders. This is shown by means of an example. If we assume a stronger sensitivity condition, then genericity obtains.Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2036016
Unconditionally stable and robust adjacent-cell diffusive preconditioning of weighted-difference particle transport methods is impossible

We construct a particle transport problem for which there exists no preconditioner with a cell-centered diffusion coupling stencil that is unconditionally stable and robust. In particular we consider an asymptotic limit of the periodic horizontal interface (PHI) configuration wherein the cell height in both layers approaches zero like σ2 while the total cross section vanishes like σ in one layer and diverges like σ-1 as σ → 0 in the other layer. In such cases we show that the conditions for stability and robustness of the flat eigenmodes of the iteration residual imply instability of the modes flat in the y-dimension and rapidly varying in the x-dimension. Two assumptions are made in the proof. (i) Only cell-centered adjacent-cell preconditioners (AP) are considered; nevertheless numerical experiments with face-centered preconditioners of the diffusion synthetic acceleration (DSA) type on problem configurations with sharp material discontinuities suffer similar deterioration in spectral properties. (ii) The spatial weights of the arbitrarily high-order transport method of the nodal type and zeroth order (AHOT-N0) are used in the analysis; nevertheless similar results are expected for alternative spatial approximation methods as long as their spatial weights continuously approach the correct asymptotic limits: 0 and 1 for thin and thick cells, respectively. The result of the proof is verified by solving a finite approximation of PHI with three existing codes, two of which are not constrained by these assumptions. The spectral radii reported by the three codes behave as predicted by our analysis, i.e., reaching values that far exceed the maximum spectral radii determined via homogeneous model configuration analysis. This constitutes preliminary evidence that our conclusions might extend to a wider class of transport methods and acceleration schemes than is considered in the analysis.
A quarter century of HIV prevention intervention efforts among children and adolescents across the globe.

In 1988 a group of pediatricians, developmental, clinical, child and social psychologists, anthropologists and health educators began researching in Baltimore, Maryland, on an Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV) prevention intervention, Focus on Youth (FOY). Over the next 25 years, the questions being addressed by FOY reflected those of the global HIV research experience. During the first phase, the questions being addressed by the broader research community included: Can HIV risk behaviors be purposefully impacted by behavioral interventions? If so, how do successful interventions differ from those that are not effective? Are theory-based interventions more likely to be effective than information-only-based interventions? Can theories be translated into culturally and developmentally appropriate interventions including those that are appropriate for children and adolescents? Should parents be involved – and if so, how? During its next phase, the FOY team increasingly became concerned with a disturbing reali...
Computer-Assisted Measurement

This paper describes the utilization of a specialized internal high speed processor within a modern microwave network analyzer - both its hardware and software processing architecture and some of its applications particularly with respect to simultaneous frequency/time domain measurements.
The Effects of Parental Diagnosis and Changing Family Norms on Alcohol Use and Related Problems among Urban American Indian Adolescents

This study investigated the role of parental diagnosis of alcohol abuse/dependence and perceived family norms for adolescent drinking on alcohol use and alcohol-related problems among urban American Indian youth. A total of 251 urban, American Indian youth and their parents/caregivers were followed from ages 13 to 18. Perceived family norms against alcohol decreased and alcohol use increased from ages 13 to 18. Relative to no parental diagnosis, youth with one or two parents diagnosed with alcohol abuse/dependence were less likely to perceive family norms against alcohol use. Youth with two parents diagnosed were more likely to report alcohol-related problems at age 18 compared to no parental diagnosis. Faster rates of decrease in perceived family norms against alcohol use were associated with faster increases in alcohol use over time. Higher rates of perceived family norms against alcohol use protected youth from high rates of use at age 13, but higher rates of alcohol use at age 13 predicted more alcohol-related problems at age 18. These results suggest that both family history and family behaviors in the form of communication of norms for adolescent alcohol use are likely to impact both rates of use and eventual alcohol-related problems. (Am J Addict 2011;00: 1-8). Language: en
Lipases: Digestion of Neutral Lipids; Physiological and Pathological Implications

Fat digestion is a complex process that starts in the stomach through the action of gastric lipase and continues in the intestine, where colipase-dependent pancreatic lipase and cholesterol ester lipase complete the process of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester hydrolysis, respectively. Bile salts and partial products of triglyceride hydrolysis are essential for the emulsification of these nonpolar lipids in the aqueous milieu of the intestinal lumen. Keywords: gastric lipase; pancreatic lipases; colipase; milk lipase; newborns
Superfluidity of Bose–Einstein condensate in an optical lattice: Landau–Zener tunnelling and dynamical instability

Superflow of a Bose–Einstein condensate in an optical lattice is represented by a Bloch wave, a plane wave with periodic modulation of the amplitude. We review the theoretical results of the interaction effects in the energy dispersion of the Bloch waves and in the linear stability of such waves. For sufficiently strong repulsion between the atoms, the lowest Bloch band develops a loop at the edge of the Brillouin zone, with the dramatic consequence of a finite probability of Landau–Zener tunnelling even in the limit of a vanishing external force. Superfluidity can exist in the central region of the Brillouin zone in the presence of a repulsive interaction, beyond which Landau instability takes place where the system can lower its energy by making a transition into states with smaller Bloch wavenumbers. In the outer part of the region of Landau instability, the Bloch waves are also dynamically unstable in the sense that a small initial deviation grows exponentially in time. In the inner region of Landau instability, a Bloch wave is dynamically stable in the absence of persistent external perturbations. Experimental implications of our findings will be discussed.
Expression of Proteolipid Protein Gene in Spinal Cord Stem Cells and Early Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Is Dispensable for Normal Cell Migration and Myelination

Plp1 gene expression occurs very early in development, well before the onset of myelination, creating a conundrum with regard to the function of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), one of the major proteins in compact myelin. Using PLP-EGFP mice to investigate Plp1 promoter activity, we found that, at very early time points, PLP-EGFP was expressed in Sox2+ undifferentiated precursors in the spinal cord ventricular zone (VZ), as well as in the progenitors of both neuronal and glial lineages. As development progressed, most PLP-EGFP-expressing cells gave rise to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). The expression of PLP-EGFP in the spinal cord was quite dynamic during development. PLP-EGFP was highly expressed as cells delaminated from the VZ. Expression was downregulated as cells moved laterally through the cord, and then robustly upregulated as OPCs differentiated into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. The presence of PLP-EGFP expression in OPCs raises the question of its role in this migratory population. We crossed PLP-EGFP reporter mice into a Plp1-null background to investigate the role of PLP in early OPC development. In the absence of PLP, normal numbers of OPCs were generated and their distribution throughout the spinal cord was unaffected. However, the orientation and length of OPC processes during migration was abnormal in Plp1-null mice, suggesting that PLP plays a role either in the structural integrity of OPC processes or in their response to extracellular cues that orient process outgrowth.
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A NOVEL URANYL TRICARBONATE, K2Ca3((UO2)(CO3)3)2(H2O)6

Nous avons synthetise des cristaux d'un carbonate uranyle insoupconne, K 2 Ca 3 [(UO 2 )(CO 3 ) 3 ] 2 (H 2 O) 6 , a partir d'une solution aqueuse a temperature ambiante. La structure cristalline de K 2 Ca 3 [(UO 2 )(CO 3 ) 3 ] 2 (H 2 O) 6 , orthorhombique, groupe spatial Pnnm, a 17.015(2), b 18.048(2), c 18.394(2), V 5684.3(1), Z = 8, a ete resolue par methodes directes et affinee par moindres carres en utilisant les facteurs F 2 pour toutes les reflexions uniques (‖F o ‖ > 4σ F ) jusqu'a une concordance (R 1 ) de 4.17% et un indice de concordance (S) de 0.882. La structure est faite de bipyramides hexagonales a uranyle qui partagent trois aretes equatoriales avec des groupes triangulaires de carbonate, menant a des groupements tricarbonates uranyles de composition [(UO 2 )(CO 3 ) 3 ] 4 - . Comme avec toutes les phases connues contenant de tels groupements, ils ne sont pas connectes directement, mais plutot grâce a des liaisons a des cations de faible valence. Dans ce cas, les groupements tricarbonates uranyles de la structure de K 2 Ca 3 [(UO 2 )(CO 3 ) 3 ] 2 (H 2 O) 6 sont connectes via des liaisons avec les polyedres contenant K et Ca. A notre avis, le K 2 Ca 3 [(UO 2 )(CO 3 ) 3 ] 2 (H 2 O) 6 pourrait exister dans la nature, compte tenu de la facilite de le synthetiser en grande quantite au laboratoire.
Flow characterization of a wavy-walled bioreactor for cartilage tissue engineering

Cartilage tissue engineering requires the use of bioreactors in order to enhance nutrient transport and to provide sufficient mechanical stimuli to promote extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis by chondrocytes. The amount and quality of ECM components is a large determinant of the biochemical and mechanical proper- ties of engineered cartilage constructs. Mechanical forces created by the hydrodynamic environment within the bioreactors are known to influence ECM synthesis. The present study characterizes the hydrodynamic environ- ment within a novel wavy-walled bioreactor (WWB) used for the development of tissue-engineered cartilage. The geometry of this bioreactor provides a unique hydro- dynamic environment for mammalian cell and tissue culture, and investigation of hydrodynamic effects on tissuegrowthandfunction.TheflowfieldwithintheWWB was characterized using two-dimensional particle- image velocimetry (PIV). The flow in the WWB differed significantly from that in the traditional spinner flask both qualitativelyandquantitatively,andwasinfluencedbythe positioning of constructs within the bioreactor. Measure- ments of velocity fields were used to estimate the mean- shearstress,Reynoldsstress,andturbulentkineticenergy components in the vicinity of the constructs within the WWB. The mean-shear stress experienced by the tissue- engineered constructs in the WWB calculated using PIV measurements was in the range of 0-0.6 dynes/cm 2 .
Performance comparison of Adoptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) with Loading Simulation Program C++ (LSPC) model for streamflow simulation in El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-affected watershed

ANFIS tends to equally simulate to a watershed model, LSPC.Since watershed was affected by ENSO, SST/SLP was helpful to improve simulation.ANFIS will be suitable for ENSO affected-watershed with limited rain gauge stations. Suitable selection of hydrological modeling tools and techniques for specific hydrological study is an essential step. Currently, hydrological simulation studies are relied on various physically based, conceptual and data driven models. Though data driven model such as Adoptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) has been successfully applied for hydrologic modeling ranging from small watershed scale to large river basin scale, its performance against physically based model has yet to be evaluated to ensure that ANFIS are as capable as any physically based model for simulation study. This study was conducted in Chickasaw Creek watershed, which is located in Mobile County of South Alabama. Since adequate rain gauge stations were not available near the watershed proximity, and also the study area was affected with the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level pressure (SLP) were additionally incorporated in the ANFIS model. The research concluded that ANFIS model performance was equally comparable to a physically based watershed model, Loading Simulation Program C++ (LSPC), especially when rain gauge stations were not adequate. Additionally, the research concludes that ANFIS model performance was equally comparable to that of LSPC no matter whether SST and SLP in ANFIS input vector was included or not.
Healthy Steps: Resident’s Perceptions

The objective of this study is to determine pediatric residents' perception of Healthy Steps for Young Children, Healthy Steps Iowa, and Healthy Steps specialists. Twenty-nine of 37 (78%) pediatric residents participated in this survey. The Healthy Steps specialists facilitated pediatric residents' learning of anticipatory guidance (69%), and assured the patients received information efficiently (69%). Sixty-two percent reported that the Healthy Steps specialists did not interfere with their relationship as the patient's primary care provider. Seventy-six percent would consider using Healthy Steps specialists in their future practice. Program improvement areas include improving clinic efficiency with the incorporation of Healthy Steps specialists; increasing the pediatric residents' awareness of family violence, mental illness, and substance abuse; and improving their method of referral to community contacts.
The Interaction of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Regulatory Protein ICP22 with the cdc25C Phosphatase Is Enabled In Vitro by Viral Protein Kinases US3 and UL13

Earlier studies have shown that ICP22 and the U L 13 protein kinase but not the U S 3 kinase are required for optimal expression of a subset of late (γ 2 ) genes exemplified by U L 38, U L 41, and U S 11. In primate cells, ICP22 mediates the disappearance of inactive isoforms of cdc2 and degradation of cyclins A and B1. Active cdc2 acquires a new partner, the viral DNA synthesis processivity factor U L 42. The cdc2-U L 42 complex recruits and phosphorylates topoisomerase IIα for efficient expression of the γ 2 genes listed above. In uninfected cells, the cdc25C phosphatase activates cdc2 by removing two inhibitory phosphates. The accompanying report shows that in the absence of cdc25C, the rate of degradation of cyclin B1 is similar to that occurring in infected wild-type mouse embryo fibroblast cells but the levels of cdc2 increase, and the accumulation of a subset of late proteins and virus yields are reduced. This report links ICP22 with cdc25C. We show that in infected cells, ICP22 and U S 3 protein kinase mediate the phosphorylation of cdc25C at its C-terminal domain. In in vitro assays with purified components, both U L 13 and U S 3 viral kinases phosphorylate cdc25C and ICP22. cdc25C also interacts with cdc2. However, in infected cells, the ability of cdc25C to activate cdc2 by dephosphorylation of the inactive cdc2 protein is reduced. Coupled with the phosphorylation of cdc25C by the U S 3 kinase, the results raise the possibility that herpes simplex virus 1 diverts cdc25C to perform functions other than those performed in uninfected cells.