cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of a Chiral Methyl Group by a Facially Controlled Sigmatropic [1,5]-Hydrogen Shift

Chiral methyl groups in the form of chiral acetic acid (R)and (S)-1 have been invaluable for the elucidation of numerous biochemical mechanisms.1 So far, two basically different approaches to (R)and (S)-1 have been reported: The first one (Arigoni strategy)2 uses a cascade of ene-retroene reactions to introduce the three isotopes of hydrogen at one and the same carbon atom via a mechanistically defined stereochemical pathway. Optical activity is achieved by chemical optical resolution of a suitable alcohol intermediate. The second one (Cornforth,3 Floss,4 Altman5 strategy) hinges on SN2 reactions of anionic hydrogen donors with configurationally defined epoxides or primary tosylates. In this case, asymmetry is introduced by optical resolution (Cornforth), by means of a chiral reagent (Floss) or by starting from the chiral carbon pool (Altman). Recently, we reported a synthesis of (R)and (S)-1 via a base-induced [1,3]hydrogen shift,6 but with a disappointingly low ee-value of ca. 40%.
Impacts of a Multi-University REU Program

For nine years, an REU program placed over 200 undergraduate researchers at Northeastern University, the University of Massachusetts Lowell, and the University of New Hampshire through the NSF-funded Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-rate Nanomanufacturing. The cross-university professional development program included university-based research skills, communication skills with the Boston Museum of Science, and a unique method for researcher evaluation of the societal impact of their decisions. This work presents the impacts of this research program as measured at program end, along with the career progress of the REU participants, recent interviews with REU participants, and reflections by REU program leaders.
Dynamic Planning of System of Systems Architecture Evolution

Abstract The dynamic planning and development of a large collection of systems or a ‘System of Systems’ (SoS) pose significant programmatic challenges due to the complex interactions that exist between its constituent systems. Decisions to add, remove, or reconstitute connections between systems can result in repercussive failures across operational and developmental dimensions of an SoS. The work conducted in this research is part of a larger body of work funded by the DoD Systems Engineering Research Center (SERC) towards the development of an Analytic Workbench. This paper in particular develops a tool that adopts an operations research-based perspective to SoS level planning based on metrics of cost, performance, schedule and risk. Specifically, our work employs an Approximate Dynamic Programming approach that is well suited to address issues of computational tractability of the resulting dynamic planning optimization problem. This approach allows for identification of near-optimal multi-stage decisions in evolving SoS architectures. A Naval Warfare Scenario SoS example problem illustrates application of the method.
Resistance of the Human β1-Adrenergic Receptor to Agonist-mediated Down-regulation ROLE OF THE C TERMINUS IN DETERMINING β-SUBTYPE DEGRADATION

Prolonged agonist stimulation results in down-regulation of most G protein-coupled receptors. When we exposed baby hamster kidney cells stably expressing the human beta1-adrenergic receptor (beta 1AR) to agonist over a 24-h period, we instead observed an increase of approximately 30% in both beta 1AR binding activity and immune-detected receptors. In contrast, beta 2AR expressed in these cells exhibited a decrease of > or =50%. We determined that the basal turnover rates of the two subtypes were similar (t(1/2) approximately 7 h) and that agonist stimulation increased beta 2AR but not beta 1AR turnover. Blocking receptor trafficking to lysosomes with bafilomycin A1 had no effect on basal turnover of either subtype but blocked agonist-stimulated beta 2AR turnover. As beta 1AR mRNA levels increased in agonist-stimulated cells, beta 1AR up-regulation appeared to result from increased synthesis with no change in degradation. To explore the basis for the subtype differences, we expressed chimeras in which the C termini had been exchanged. Each chimera responded to persistent agonist stimulation based on the source of its C-tail; beta 1AR with a beta 2AR C-tail underwent down-regulation, and beta 2AR with a beta 1AR C-tail underwent up-regulation. The C-tails had a corresponding effect on agonist-stimulated receptor phosphorylation and internalization with the order being beta 2AR > beta 1AR with beta 2AR C-tail > beta 2AR with a beta 1AR C-tail > beta 1AR. As internalization may be a prerequisite for down-regulation, we addressed this possibility by co-expressing each subtype with arrestin-2. Although beta 1AR internalization was increased to that of beta 2AR, down-regulation still did not occur. Instead, beta 1AR accumulated inside the cells. We conclude that in unstimulated cells, both subtypes appear to be turned over by the same mechanism. Upon agonist stimulation, both subtypes are internalized, and beta 2AR but not beta 1AR undergoes lysosomal degradation, the fate of each subtype being regulated by determinants in its C-tail.
The distal superficial femoral arterial branch to the sartorius muscle as a recipient vessel for soft tissue defects around the knee: anatomic study and clinical applications.

Complex wounds surrounding the knee and proximal tibia pose a significant challenge for the reconstructive surgeon. Most of these defects can be managed using local or regional flaps alone. However, large defects with a wide zone of injury frequently require microvascular tissue transfers to aid in soft tissue coverage and closure of large cavities. We describe a unique recipient vessel for microvascular anastomosis for free flap reconstruction involving the knee and proximal tibia through anatomic and clinical studies. V C 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 29:425–429, 2009. Soft tissue defects around the knee and upper third tibia present a significant challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. Traditionally, defects around the knee are managed with local muscle flaps, such as the gastrocnemius, soleus, sartorius, and vastus medialis muscle. 1–4 Fasciocutaneous and bipedicle flaps may also be used to treat smaller defects in this region. 5–11 Ultimately, the type of reconstruction is determined by the size, location of the defect, and the extent of dead space needing to be filled. High-energy injuries with a wide zone of injury or the presence of osteomyelitis usually require a vascularized free tissue transfer. 12,13 When free tissue transfer is indicated for soft tissue defects around the knee, the choice of recipient vessel is crucial in determining successful outcomes. 14 The two most important factors in the selection of a recipient vessel are the site of injury and the vascular status of the lower extremity. Recipient vessel options for free tissue transfers surrounding the knee and the proximal tibia are well documented in the literature. 15–18 Often times these vessels, the popliteal or posterior tibial artery, are not suitable choices because of the location of the wound or extensive zone of injury. We describe a consistent recipient vessel alternative for microsurgical anastomosis for peri-knee and upper third tibial soft tissue defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation and crystal structure of trans-S,S-[N,N′-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine(oxalato)platinum(II)]: a spontaneous resolution of individual crystals of pure optical isomers upon recrystallization

The crystal structure of the antitumor compound trans-S,S-[N,N′]-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)- ethylenediamine(oxalato)platinum(II)] has been determined by X-ray diffraction. This pure optical compound is tetragonal and has the following parameters: space group P41212, a=6.816(5), c=26.139(15) A, Z=4. The structure was refined on 1042 non-zero Mo Kα reflections to R=0.035. The slightly distorted square planar environment of the platinum atom includes two nitrogens of the diamine in cis positions and two oxygens from the bidentate oxalate. The PtN and PtO distances average 2.025 and 2.037 A, respectively. The binding of the diamine ligand gives a NPtN angle of 84.7°, whereas the smaller OPtO angle of 82.5° probably results from a slight torsional twist of the oxalate. The molecular chirality facilitates the formation of two OH···O and two NH···O hydrogen bonds per molecule. This favorable pattern of hydrogen bonding is a possible driving force for resolution of the trans-S,tS- pure optical isomer in a mixture upon crystallization into individual crystals.
Twin refinement below room temperature in the 1-2-3 highT c superconductors

Thea−b microtwinning in the 90 K superconductors of the Y(1)Ba(2)Cu(3)O(7−δ) family of perovscites is studied by transmission electron microscopy betwen 300 and 85 K. Thermally stable twin spacings of order 300 A are observed in dense polycrystalline material. In grains with free surfaces of sufficiently regular shape, the twin pattern is observed to refine at low temperature, either spontaneously or by low temperature thermal cycling, from a spacing of about 1000 A to about 300 A. In grains with free surfaces of less regular shape, the twins can be brought to disappear at low temperature after a sufficient electron dosis, and to reappear reversibly. A correlation between transition temperature and twin spacing is discussed.
Comments on Fluctuations of Animal Populations and Measures of Community Stability

Three questions are asked in this paper.(1) Is the numerical stability of an insect species through time a function of the number of species of food eaten by that species?(2) Is the information content of a genus related to the stability of species in the genus?(3) Is the information content of an insect genus related to the number of species of food eaten by the species in that genus?Data in the Canadian Forest Insect Survey bulletins on Forest Macrolepidoptera are used to answer all three questions; data on parasitic Hymenoptera stored in museums are used to answer the third question. There is some indication that stability decreases with number of host species, and that information content of a genus is less, the less the stability of the species it contains. The evidence from both bodies of data suggests that information content of a genus is less, the greater the average number of species of food eaten by the species in the genus.
A load balanced directory for distributed shared memory objects

We present MultiBend, a novel distributed directory protocol for shared objects, suitable for large-scale distributed shared memory systems that use d -dimensional mesh-based topologies, where d ? 2 . Each shared object has an owner node that can modify its value. The ownership may change by moving the object from one node to another in response to move requests. The value of an object can be read by other nodes with lookup requests. MultiBend balances the load of the network edges and nodes by forwarding each move or lookup request and response along a path consisting of multiple bends in the mesh. Using an oblivious routing protocol, the multi-bend paths have a small number of overlaps which helps to reduce the maximum edge and node utilization to achieve load balancing. At the same time, MultiBend achieves small stretch for the total path length of any sequence of move requests, compared to the total optimal path length. MultiBend guarantees O ( d 2 log n ) approximation for the load, and O ( d log n ) approximation for the stretch due to move requests, where n is the number of nodes in the mesh network. It also guarantees O ( d 2 ) approximation for the stretch of lookup requests. We evaluate MultiBend with simulations using various sequences of move and lookup operations in a 16 i? 16 nodes 2-dimensional mesh network. We compare the simulation results to other protocols which are not tailored for load balancing and we find that our protocol is better by as much as the factor of 6.85 in terms of congestion in the worst-case. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first distributed shared memory directory protocol that considers the network load balancing aspect and achieves good approximation ratio for both the load and the stretch. A novel load balanced directory for distributed shared memory objects is proposed.It is suitable for d -dimensional mesh-based topologies with n nodes and d ? 2 .It attains O ( d 2 log n ) load approximation and O ( d log n ) stretch approximation.Experimental results confirm the load balancing and low stretch benefits.Previous protocols only considered stretch and cannot control network load.
Athetoid and Choreiform Hyperkinesias Produced by Caudate Lesions in the Cat

Small, unilateral lesions, which damage exclusively the anteroventral region of the caudate nucleus of the cat, produce a stable and permanent behavioral change resembling human athetoid and choreiform hyperkinesias. These symptoms are not seen after generalized destrulction of the caudate nuicleuts.
A role for somatostatin in the control of hamster growth

Abstract Concentrations of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SRIF-LI) were measured in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, septum-POA, median eminence, gastric antrum, fundus and pancreas in adult female hamsters to determine whether changes in somatostatin could be related to increased growth hormone (GH) secretion and somatic growth that follow bilateral transactions of hippocampus ( n = 18; 17 controls). In addition, choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity was measured in the four brain regions in hippocampectomized ( n = 10) and control hamsters ( n = 10) to gain insight into the relationship between these two neurotransmitters. Hippocampal transections induced: significant acceleration of somatic growth; increased serum GH concentrations; increased concentrations of SRIF-LI in septum-POA and gastric antrum; reduced concentrations of SRIF-LI in hippocampus and pancreas; and reduced CAT activity in the hippocampus. These results suggest that somatostatinergic and cholinergic projections to hippocampus via fornix suppress GH and somatic growth in adult hamsters and that reduced release of SRIF-LI in the gastric antrum may contribute to the acceleration of somatic growth through facilitated nutrient digestion and entry.
Evaluation of MutS as a tool for direct measurement of point mutations in genomic DNA.

Abstract The MutEx assay is a technique that was developed to detect and map mutations. This assay takes advantage of the Escherichia coli mismatch binding protein MutS, which binds and protects mismatched, heteroduplex DNA from subsequent exonuclease digestion. The plausibility of using the MutEx assay as part of a genotypic selection scheme was investigated. Heteroduplexes were formed between mouse H- ras gene PCR products or restriction fragments that contained wild-type sequence and sequence with a single base change at codon 61 (wild-type, CAA and mutant, AAA). The heteroduplexes were incubated with MutS and then treated with the exonuclease activity of T7 DNA polymerase. MutS-protected DNA sequences were amplified by PCR. When this method was linked to single nucleotide primer extension (SNuPE) for mutant base identification, original mutant fractions of 1 in 50 000 and above were detected. Using comparable DNA template mixtures, the sensitivity of SNuPE alone was 1 in 5 or 1 in 50, depending on the direction of SNuPE priming and the particular base being incorporated. We conclude that the MutEx assay was able to enrich the mutant sequence approximately 1000-fold and, therefore, has considerable potential as a tool for mutation detection.
Squint compensation for a broadband RF array spectral imager using spatial spectral holography

We present a proof-of-concept optical experiment that demonstrates the ability to record squinted broadband RF images formed by a Fourier beamforming phased-array antenna and subsequent squint correction using spatial spectral holography. A cryogenically cooled inhomogeneously broadened absorber (Tm3+:YAG) acts as a spectrally selective holographic medium which records the squinted RF image, covering a wide RF bandwidth (approaching 20 GHz) with resolution of approximately 1 MHz. Subsequently, a frequency-swept laser can read out the squinted image while a magnification-compensating motorized zoom lens synchronously corrects the magnification due to beam squint. Time-integration the image on a CCD detector array produces a squint-compensated broadband RF image, while detection with a MHz bandwidth detector can produce spectral estimates for all sources recorded with this imaging system.
OVARIAN CANCERS IN CHILDHOOD

In dealing with ovarian tumors in children, the gynecologist must use the same principle of assessing operability as those used for adults. This approach offers the maximum opportunity for successful treatment. The ancient medical philosophy of not inflicting harm if one cannot achieve good is especially applicable to children with ovarian cancer. It is better for a child to die at home in the loving care of her parents than alone in a cold, forbidding hospital room. There are certain characteristics that distinguish ovarian tumors in childhood from that in adults: (1) Limited space for tumor expansion. (2) A high degree of virulence in cancer. (3) A less effective immunologic response. (4) The possibility that therapy may affect future physical and emotional development.
Fracturing characteristics of two granites

Fracturing Characteristics of Two Granites Thin sections of two granites with different grain sizes and similar compositions were bonded to plexiglas slides and observed by optical microscopy as the samples were loaded in compression or tension. It was concluded that Griffith Cracks could be one of many weakness planes and were dependent on grain size, recrystallization, and other properties of the granite. Most fractures were intergranular in tension and intragranular in compression.
Synthesis and characterization of photosensitive polyimides for optical applications

The objective of this research was to prepare colorless photosensitive polyimides for optical applications. In the first approach to these materials two new photosensitive end-capping agents, i.e.,...
Hematopoietic progenitor cell collection after autologous transplant for multiple myeloma: low platelet count predicts for poor collection and sole use of resulting graft enhances risk of myelodysplasia

Collection of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) after previous autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplant (aHCT) was studied in 221 patients with multiple myeloma (MM). With a total of 333 collections, the median number of CD34+ cells collected was 4.7 × 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg, and 74% of the patients collected ≥ 2.5 × 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg. Among 26 variables examined, the strongest predictor for poor collection was a platelet count <100 × 10(6)/l before mobilization (P<0.001). A subsequent aHCT was performed in 154 of the 221 patients. Sole use of HPC procured after aHCT in 86 patients was associated with delayed platelet recovery (P<0.001) and linked to development of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)-associated cytogenetic abnormalities (MDS-CA; P=0.027, odds ratio (OR) 10.34) and a tendency towards clinical MDS/acute myeloid leukemia (AML; P=0.091, OR 3.57). However, treatment-related mortality (P=0.766) and time to absolute neutrophil count recovery ≥0.5 × 10(9)/l (P=0.879) were similar to when a pre-aHCT graft was used. Indeed, adding HPC collected before any aHCT neutralized the risk of MDS-CA or MDS/AML. Therefore, we advise generous initial HPC collection to broaden the salvage armamentarium for patients with MM.
LQT2 Linked Mutations E444d And P451l In The S1-S2 Linker Lead To Biophysical Abnormalities Of Herg Channels

Human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) encodes the pore-forming α-subunits that underlie the rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ current (IKr). Mutations in hERG reduce IKr to cause type 2 long QT syndrome (LQT2). The α-subunits contain six transmembrane domains (S1-S6), with the S1-S4 domains acting as a voltage sensor and the S5-S6 domains forming the pore and selectivity filter. The N- and C-terminal segments are suggested to regulate channel gating and assembly. However, the functional role of linker regions remains largely unknown. We hypothesize that LQT2 mutations E444D and P451L in the S1-S2 linker modulate biophysical properties of hERG channels. We heterologously expressed wild type (WT), E444D or P451L in HEK293 cells. IhERG was measured by the whole-cell patch clamp and protein processing by Western Blot analysis. Western Blots showed normal protein trafficking with the presence of 135 and 155 kDa bands for WT, E444D and P451L. Tail current densities at -50 mV were 147.4±30.0, 148.2±24.8 and 108.8±31.8 pA/pF, respectively (n=4, p>0.05). Fit with the Boltzmann equation, the voltage dependence of activation for WT and E444D showed V1/2 values of -11.1±2.2 and -8.6±2.4 (k= 6.9±0.2 and 7.6±0.4), whereas P451L was shifted positively to 1.1±2.2 mV (k=7.6±0.7). The inactivation rates for E444D between -40 and 60 mV were accelerated up to two-fold compare to WT, whereas P451L inactivation rates were not different from WT at most voltages. For both mutations, the rates of recovery from inactivation and deactivation were similar. Thus, E444D and P451L alter the biophysical properties of hERG channels differently. These findings suggest that linker regions have a functional role in channel gating, and support the hypothesis that LQT2 mutations in the S1-S2 linker regions predominately result channel biophysical abnormalities.
Rapid induction of the expression of proto-oncogene fos during human monocytic differentiation

Abstract The differentiation into macrophages of the monocytic cell line U-937 or the monomyelocytic cell line HL-60 induced by phorbol esters is accompanied by a rapid induction of the expression of the proto-oncogene c- fos . Maximal levels of c- fos gene transcripts accumulate within 20–30 min following induction. By 2 hr, the c- fos -specific mRNA level drops 5 to 10 fold below that detected at 30 min after induction. The concentration of c- fos mRNA remains unchanged for the next 5 days, at which time over 99% of the viable precursor cells are converted to adherent macrophages. c- fos protein can be detected within 20 min of induction, reaching maximal levels by 40–60 min. Little or no c- fos protein is detected by 120–150 min after induction, even though c- fos mRNA remains detectable. Presence of cycloheximide leads to superinduction of c- fos mRNA transcripts. No c- fos gene transcripts are detected when the HL-60 cell line is induced with Me2SO to differentiate to granulocytes. A role for the c- fos protein is envisaged in the monocyte differentiation pathway.
Cretaceous crustal section through the proposed Insular-Intermontane suture, North Cascades, Washington

The North Cascades of Washington consist of rocks that were deformed and recrystallized during a middle Cretaceous orogeny that was driven by the collision of the Insular and Intermontane superterranes. We reconstruct a composite vertical crustal section through the orogen on the basis of geobarometric data from the Skagit Gneiss and on stratigraphic and structural data from supracrustal rocks exposed east of the Skagit Gneiss. We propose that, at the end of the orogeny, the upper 30 km of crust consisted of Skagit Gneiss overlain by two structural couplets, each composed of Methow basin strata underlain by Hozameen terrane rocks. We suggest that the Insular-Intermontane suture lies between the Skagit Gneiss and the overlying Hozameen terrane rocks.
Iron–sulfur cluster stability. Kinetics and mechanism of ligand-promoted cluster degradation

Reactivity studies of iron–sulfur cluster proteins with chelating ligands model the reactivity of cluster scaffold proteins such as ISU, and suggest a rate law [kobs = k2[ligand]n/{[ligand]n + KD}] consistent with formation of a pre-reaction complex between the Fe–S protein and one chelate ligand.
ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE REACTION AND OF DESICCATION UPON OPSONINS

Opsonins reveal their maximum action in a medium of neutral reaction. No opsonization takes place in a serum which contains an amount of alkali corresponding to more than 1.6 c.c. of a 1/20 N. solution, or acid more than 0.5 c.c. of this concentration per 1 c.c. of serum. Of several normal blood serums titrated (lacmoid used as indicator) the average alkalinity was found to be equivalent to about 0.8 c.c. of 1/20 N. solution. The opsonic index obtained in the native serums is not the expression of the action of the whole content of opsonins, but only so much as the degree of optimum of the reaction permits to come into action. Estimation of the opsonic power should, therefore, be made in a medium of neutral reaction and in diluted serum. All serums have their opsonic power increased by diminishing the native alkalinity. Opsonins whose activity is suspended by an unfavorable reaction become immediately active as soon as the reaction is brought back to the neutral point, unless the acid or alkali employed approaches the strength of 1 N., at which point the alteration becomes permanent. Treatment of a serum with alcohol robs it of its opsonic power. The opsonic power of serum remains unaltered upon desiccation at 23° C. In the dry state opsonins are preserved for two years. The temperatures of 100°, 120°, 135° and 150° C. do not destroy opsonins of the dried serum. Complements of serum are also siccostabile and are preservable in that state for several months. Dry heat of 135° C. reduces but does not destroy the complementary power of the dried serum. The opsonins and complements of the dried serum regain their original thermolability when they are dissolved in a proper amount of water. Lastly, it may be emphasized that opsonins exhibit in their sensitiveness to reaction and resistance in the dry state to high temperatures certain properties characteristic of the ferments.
Absolute flux calibration of stars: calibration of the reference telescope

Absolute stellar photometry is based on 1970s terrestrial measurements of the star Vega with instruments calibrated using the Planckian radiance from a Cu fixed-point blackbody. Significant advances in absolute radiometry have been made in the last 30 years that offer the potential to improve both terrestrial and space-based absolute stellar photometry. These advances include the development of detector-based radiometry utilizing spectrally tunable laser sources and improved atmospheric transmittance modelling and characterization. We describe the applications of these new technologies for ground-based spectral irradiance measurements of standard stars at wavelengths ranging from 0.35 µm to 1.7 µm.
The relationship of scores on the educators survey, a modified version of the Maslach burnout inventory, to three teaching-related variables for a sample of 132 beginning teachers

For a sample of 133 beginning teachers, the relationship of three teaching-related variables identified as (a) the extent to which the teacher perceived teacher-training courses prepared him or her for the first years of teaching, (b) the level of workload experienced during the first three years of teaching, and (c) if an individual were to begin his or her career again, would he or she select teaching as the first career choice to three measures of burnout (Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment). Correlation data were obtained and a series of multiple regression analyses were conducted in which the three teaching-related variables served as predictors. Findings indicated that, for a subsample of female beginning teachers, two of the three variables (perceived adequacy of training and choosing teaching as a career) served as moderately valid predictors of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization measures.
An evaluation of simple cell models using PVT data: What can it tell you about the structure of fluids?

Abstract We have studied the performance of various equations-of-state, based on cell models, in fitting the PVT data of fluids. The cell models either use a 6–12 potential or assume the energy depends on 1/ V , and allow the volume to increase either by an expanding lattice and/or by allowing holes in the lattice. The fluids ranged from those close to critical conditions to dense fluids at low temperature and polymer melts. It was found that those models which include a 6–12 potential best describe fluids at low temperatures whereas those which assume the energy depends on 1/ V best describe fluids close to critical conditions. The equations which allow both an expanding lattice and the inclusion of holes can allow the effective po tential to vary between these two forms. These, especially that due to Henderson, are able to describe well fluids over the entire range of conditions. It is suggested that these results infer that at low temperatures, expansion by changing intermolecular separation is most important in determining PVT properties. At high temperatures, the change in the number of nearest neighbors may dominate the properties.
Art in an Expanded Field: Taste and Class in Chinese Visual Culture

The discipline of art history has traditionally been divided into two separate and largely independent subfields, one focusing on the East and the other on the West. Multiculturalism has complicated this pic ture by drawing attention to other regions and to previously marginalized cultures within the West, but diversification in this re gard has done little to increase dialogue between Asianists and schol ars of Western art. Change, however, may be at hand, for all three authors under consideration here attempt to revise our understand ing of the history of Chinese art by self-consciously crossing the cus tomary boundaries around their subject and engaging with innovative scholarship from across the field. More specifically, their work makes an important contribution to a growing body of work focusing on the relationship between aesthetic taste and social class. This is perhaps most obvious in James Cahill's The Painter's Prac tice: How Artists Lived and Worked in Traditional China (New York: Co lumbia University Press, 1994; xiv+187 pp.), originally prepared for the Bampton Lectures at Columbia University in 1991. Cahill has al ways distinguished himself as an important exception to the general separation between scholars of Eastern and Western art, and as a rule his books call into question one or another orthodoxy of the history of Chinese art. The Painter's Practice continues in this honorable mode by "bring[ing] together information from diverse sources about the 'un mentionables' of Chinese painting, questions of how Chinese painters made their livings and practiced their art" (p. 3). As the aesthetic ide als of scholar-amateurs came to dominate artistic discourse in China, particularly from the sixteenth century onward, writing about paint ing "aimed at dematerializing the art, removing from it all taint of vulgarity, commercialism, functionalism, [and] philistine response" (p. 9). Studies of Chinese painting have tended to focus on determining the authenticity and authorship of works of art, interpreting paintings as the personal expression of the artist, and appreciating painters' in dividual styles and references to older styles. According to Cahill:
Cost-optimized real-time operation of CHP systems

The Cooling, Heating, and Power (CHP) systems have been widely recognized as a key alternative for thermal and electric energy generation because of the outstanding energy efficiency, reduced environmental emissions, and relative independence from centralized power grids. Nevertheless, the total energy cost of CHP systems can be highly dependent on the operation of individual components. This paper presents an energy dispatch algorithm that minimizes the cost of energy (e.g., cost of electricity from the grid and cost of natural gas into the engine and boiler) based on energy efficiency constrains for each component. A deterministic network flow model of a typical CHP system is developed as part of the algorithm. The advantage of using a network flow model is that the electric and thermal energy flows through the CHP equipment can be readily visualized allowing for easier interpretation of the results. This algorithm has been used in simulations of a case study on the operation of an existing micro-CHP system. The results from the simulation are presented in the paper to demonstrate the economical advantages resulting from optimal operation.
Clinical consequences of an increasing trend of preferential use of cultured villi for molecular diagnosis by CVS.

Objective To compare the use of uncultured versus cultured villus cells for DNA-based prenatal diagnosis. Methods A retrospective review of molecular testing of chorionic villus sampling (CVS) cases from 1988–2007. Method of analysis, gestational age (GA) at CVS and at diagnosis, time from procedure to results, results of maternal contamination studies, and the laboratory employed were abstracted from patient charts. Trends in laboratory practices over time were analyzed. Results Time from CVS to diagnosis was longer when cultured cells were used. Average GA at diagnosis was 14-6/7 weeks with cultured cells vs 13-0/7 weeks with uncultured villi (p < 0.001). Recently, laboratories are more frequently requiring cultured cells, resulting in significantly greater delays in time to diagnosis and GA at results. Conclusions ‘Direct’ DNA extraction saves 2 weeks from CVS to results. More women are afforded the option of an earlier, safer pregnancy termination if uncultured villi are used for molecular diagnosis. Implementation of standardized DNA extraction protocols and sample-size requirements can optimize the use of uncultured villi for molecular prenatal diagnosis. Increased awareness of the importance of rapid results and the advantages of ‘direct’ DNA extraction from uncultured villi can lead to improvements that are of clinical significance for patients undergoing early prenatal diagnosis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resonance Raman spectroscopic studies of trans-dioxorhenium(V) tetrapyridyl species

Abstract : Resonance Raman spectra for several trans-dioxorhenium(V)tetrapyridyl species have been obtained. Excitation in the visible region (ligand-field (L-F) absorption) leads to modest enhancement of Raman scattering, chiefly for metal- oxo modes. The observations are qualitatively, consistent with an earlier luminescence study (Winkler, Gray, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 24, 346) which clearly demonstrated that L-F excitation induces displacements in O=Re=O coordinates. Excitation in the near LTV leads to much stronger scattering, but only for pyridyl and metal-pyridyl vibrations; metal-oxo scattering is essentially absent. These experiments clearly establish the metal-to-pyridine charge-transfer nature of the intense near-LTV absorption. They also reinforce the assignment of dxy (orthogonal to the O=Re=O core) as the sole occupied d orbital in the ground-state species. In this respect, the trans complexes contrast with related cis species for which p(oxo) orbitals must interact with all three (Re) orbitals, and for which substantial v (O=Re=O) enhancement upon charge-transfer excitation is therefore observed. Finally, this report corrects an earlier observation elsewhere in which normal Raman scattering from solvent (CH3CN) was mistakenly ascribed to scattering from trans-dioxorhenium(V) tetrapyridine.
Cluster-associated relaxations in rare-earth-doped calcium fluoride

The complex dielectric constant has been measured at five audio frequencies over the temperature range 5.5-400 K for calcium fluoride doped with 13 different rare earths. Five relaxations are observed which are characteristic of rare earths in calcium fluoride. Two of the relaxations do not exist for large rare-earth ions. Both are attributed to clusters. Next, a relaxation is found with an activation energy which varies from 0.4 to 0.9 eV approximately linearly with the radius of the rare-earth ion. Since this relaxation is found to exist only for higher-concentration samples, it too is attributed to clusters in contradiction to a previous identification. Finally, a new relaxation characteristic of rare earths in calcium fluoride has been observed.
Synopsis of organismic theory.

Abstract The theory developed over a number of years by this author is here surveyed in a concise form, there being a sequence of definitions, assumptions and propositions, with connecting and explanatory text. Organismic theory is not identical with biological theory; it is a formal scheme prerequisite to any such theory. It inquires into the possible modes of behavior of inhomogeneous systems insofar as they may differ from the behavior of the macroscopic homogeneous systems usually considered in physics and chemistry. While assuming the unqualified validity of the laws of quantum physics in the organism, it deals with the novel methods of analysis required to take into account the tremendous complexity and inhomogeneity which is found in organisms but in no comparable degree in the inorganic world. In the course of the preparation of this summary we believe, moreover, to have achieved a substantial clarification and simplification of some of the concepts developed earlier.
ADSORPTION STUDIES IN A SYNTHETIC RUBBER LATEX-OVALBUMIN SYSTEM

1. Adsorption of ovalbumin on the latex surface was in excess of the quantity required to produce coverage of the surface over most of the protein concentrations range which was investigated. 2. "S" shaped isothermals which probably indicated multilayer adsorption were obtained. 3. The quantity of ovalbumin required to produce a constant surface charge density on the latex particle surface was a function of the pH, and a theory of active centers on the latex particles has been suggested. 4. A shift in the isoelectric point from that of native ovalbumin has been observed for the protein when adsorbed on a synthetic latex.
On the corrective control of sequential machines

The paper deals with the design of controllers that correct faulty behaviour of sequential machines caused by corrupted inputs. Alternatively, the results can be interpreted as the design of controllers that steer a sequential machine from an unknown initial condition to a prescribed steady-state course. In these terms, the paper characterizes the uncertainties about the initial condition under which the prescribed steady-state course can be achieved. The paper is written within the input/output framework of nonlinear control, and is motivated in part by potential applications to molecular biology.
Glutamate toxicity in a neuronal cell line involves inhibition of cystine transport leading to oxidative stress

Abstract Glutamate binds to both excitatory neurotransmitter binding sites and a Cl − -dependent, quisqualate- and cystine-inhibited transport site on brain neurons. The neuroblastoma-primary retina hybrid cells (N18-RE105) are susceptible to glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. The Cl − -dependent transport site to which glutamate and quisqualate (but not kainate or NMDA) bind has a higher affinity for cystine than for glutamate. Lowering cystine concentrations in the cell culture medium results in cytotoxicity similar to that induced by glutamate addition in its morphology, kinetics, and Ca 2+ dependence. Glutamate-induced cytotoxicity is directly proportional to its ability to inhibit cystine uptake. Exposure to glutamate (or lowered cystine) causes a decrease in glutathione levels and an accumulation of intracellular peroxides. Like N18-RE-105 cells, primary rat hippocampal neurons (but not glia) in culture degenerate in medium with lowered cystine concentration. Thus, glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in N18-RE-105 cells is due to inhibition of cystine uptake, resulting in lowered glutathione levels leading to oxidative stress and cell death.
Step and kink energetics on GaAs(001)

Scanning tunneling microscopy images of the equilibrium structure of A- and B-type steps on vicinal GaAs(001) with the (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)/c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8) reconstruction have been analyzed to determine edge and kink energies. The values of the edge energies are low (implying that the equilibrium steps will be quite rough at room temperature), and anisotropic by a ratio of \ensuremath{\sim}6:1. The data provide evidence for a kink-kink interaction, found only in the A steps, which is short range and repulsive.
Compactness and semi-continuity

The purpose of this note is to point out that a recent result of Ceder yields easily converses to well known theorems of Wallace and Birkhoff and thus provides two new characterazations of compactness as well as specifying the class of spaces for which the theorems are true. A very slight extension of Ceder’s theorem is also obtained, as well as new and simple proofs.
Hydration-dependent far-infrared absorption in lysozyme detected using synchrotron radiation.

Using the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven far-infrared absorption in the frequency range 15–45 cm-1 was detected in samples of lysozyme at different hydrations and in water. The absorption is due to the presence of low-frequency (picosecond timescale) motion in the samples, such as are calculated in molecular dynamics simulations. The form of the transmission profile is temperature independent but varies significantly with the degree of hydration of the protein. At higher hydrations the profile resembles closely that of pure water in the region 20–45 cm-1. At a low hydration marked differences are seen with, in particular, the appearance of a transmission minimum at 19 cm-1. The possible origins of the hydration dependence are discussed. The results demonstrate the usefulness of long-wavelength synchrotron radiation for the characterisation of biologically-important low-frequency motions in protein samples.
Problems In Routine Ultrasound Quality Control

In our institution performance evaluation checks of diagnostic ultrasound imaging equipment have in large part been carried out by medical physics staff and students. Routine tests primarily include checks for changes in machine sensitivity, depth calibration, horizontal and vertical display agreement and B-scan registration accuracy. More recently a triggered pulse burst generator has been used for evaluating gray-scale characteristics. The routine tests are now being handed over to the chief ultrasound technologist who will work under supervision of medical physics personnel.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Facing Erectile Dysfunction Due to Prostate Cancer Treatment: Perspectives of Men and Their Partners

A well-known side effect of prostate cancer treatment is erectile dysfunction. However, little is known about how men and their sexual partners think about the threat of erectile dysfunction prior to prostate cancer treatment. Twenty-one patients who had been diagnosed with early prostate cancer, but not yet treated, and 13 female partners of these men were recruited from two urologists' offices. In separate, semistructured individual interviews with men and their partners, thoughts about the threat of erectile dysfunction were solicited. Men's reactions to the possibility of losing their sexual capacity due to prostate cancer-related treatment were linked to their current level of sexual function. Women reacted to erectile dysfunction by stressing the existence of other relationship dimensions, whereas they were aware about the gravity of their male partners' feelings about potency. Finally, both men and women alike had concerns about the implications of erectile dysfunction on their relationship. Physicians advising men about treatment options should consider exploring men's current sexual function, thoughts about identity, and especially men's relationship situation. Physicians addressing these issues with men and their partners should provide resources for counseling.
The Radial Distribution of Cold Atomic Hydrogen in the Galaxy

H I absorption spectra measured against bright extragalactic radio continuum sources offer a simple way to measure the optical depth of cold atomic gas as a function of Galactocentric radius. We have observed the 21 cm H I line in absorption toward 54 bright, compact extragalactic radio continuum sources in the first Galactic quadrant with the VLA in C array. We have determined the average radial profile of 21 cm H I optical depth in the first quadrant using the Clemens rotation curve. There is a region of high average optical depth between Galactic radii of 4 and 8 kpc where the average optical depth, , exceeds 0.8. This region also contains most of the molecular gas in the Galaxy. Furthermore, the highest peak in occurs in the region of the 5 kpc molecular ring, the Galaxy's single most prominent molecular feature. Inward of 4 kpc, drops below 0.5, and beyond 8.5 kpc, remains below 0.4. The H I optical depth measurements were used to construct the 21 cm H I velocity-averaged absorption coefficient, , as a function of Galactocentric radius. The average value of exceeds 4.5 km s-1 kpc-1 between 4 and 8 kpc and drops sharply at smaller and larger radii. The highest peak in rises above 15 km s-1 kpc-1 and again corresponds to the 5 kpc molecular ring. Two other large peaks correspond to the Sagittarius and Perseus spiral arms. We suggest that the high H I opacity in the inner Galaxy, particularly between 4 and 8 kpc, is due to the presence of cold atomic gas associated with molecular clouds.
Effect of 17α-ethynylestradiol on the induction of cytochrome P-450 by 3-methylcholanthrene in cultured chick embryo hepatocytes

Abstract This study investigated the effects of estrogens on the induction of cytochrome P-450 by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in primary cultures of chick embryo hepatocytes. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as 3-methylcholanthrene led to 2- to 3-fold increases of cytochrome P-450. The amount of cytochrome P-450 induced by 3-methylcholanthrene was increased 40–50% when the synthetic estrogen, 17α-ethynylestradiol, was also present. The rate of decay of cytochrome P-450 in the presence of cycloheximide as measured spectrophotometrically was similar in cells previously treated with either 3-methylcholanthrene or 3-methylcholanthrene plus 17α-ethynylestradiol, suggesting that 17α-ethynylestradiol did not affect the stability of the 3-methylcholanthrene-induced cytochrome P-450. In contrast, 17α-ethynylestradiol did not potentiate the induction of cytochrome P-450 by phenobarbital-like inducers, such as 2-propyl-2-isopropylacetamide, as indicated by a lack of increase in both the content of cytochrome P-450 and benzphetamine demethylase activity. The naturally occurring estrogens, 17β-estradiol and estrone, and the synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol, did not affect cytochrome P-450 induction by 3-methylcholanthrene, suggesting that the effect of 17α-ethynylestradiol was not mediated via the estrogen receptor. We investigated whether the amount of cytochrome P-450 increased in the presence of 17α-ethynylestradiol was the same or different from that induced by 3-methylcholanthrene. Treatment with 17α-ethynylestradiol alone resulted in a small increase in ethoxyresorufin deethylase activity. The enzymatic activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, when expressed per cytochrome P-450 content, were identical in microsomes from cells treated with either 3-methylcholanthrene or the combination of 3-methylcholanthrene and 17α-ethynylestradiol. The data suggest that the additional cytochrome P-450 induced by the combination of 17α-ethynylestradiol and 3-methylcholanthrene was the same isozyme as that induced by 3-methylcholanthrene alone.