cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Market failure as ignored determinant of the choice between public and business administration

In the epistemology of administrative science, one of many important dimensions has been the different subfields of the study of administration. Perhaps the biggest, longest running ‘turf’ battle between these different areas of administrative knowledge is that between public and business administration. This is a controversy that goes back at least to Adam Smith, with his specific limitation of the role of ‘the sovereign’ (government, or public administration) to justice, defense, and public works. In limiting government to these areas, note that Smith was also implicitly asserting that these were market, or ‘invisible hand’ failures: areas where the pursuit of self-interest would not yield the good of society, the specific moral justification Smith identified for market exchange. Contemporary discussions of the relative role of market and state are generally framed in terms of the role of the State, with market provision the default option. We will argue that even discussions of the role of the State can best be assessed through the concept of market failure. The nine broad types of market failure discussed include institutions, public goods, monopoly, asymmetric information, externalities, substantive issues, principal/agent problems, irrationality, and the implications of ‘creative destruction’.
Recoverability-driven coarticulation: Acoustic evidence from Japanese high vowel devoicing.

High vowel devoicing in Japanese, where /i, u/ in a C1VC2 sequence devoice when both C1 and C2 are voiceless, has been studied extensively, but factors that contribute to the devoiced vowels' likelihood of complete deletion is still debated. This study examines the effects of phonotactic predictability on the deletion of devoiced vowels. Native Tokyo Japanese speakers (N = 22) were recorded in a sound-attenuated booth reading sentences containing lexical stimuli. C1 of the stimuli were /k, ʃ/, after which either high vowel can occur, and /ʧ, ϕ, s, c/, after which only one of the two occurs. C2 was always a stop. C1 duration and center of gravity (COG), the amplitude weighted mean of frequencies present in a signal, were measured. Duration results show that devoicing lengthens only non-fricatives, while it has either no effect or a shortening effect on fricatives. COG results show that coarticulatory effects of devoiced vowels are evident in /k, ʃ/ but not in /ʧ, ϕ, s, c/. Devoiced high vowels, therefore, seem to be more likely to delete when the vowel is phonotactically predictable than when it is unpredictable.
Pillars in the colon: Crohn's colitis with unusual endoscopic and morphologic appearances: report of a case

A case of Crohn's colitis with unusual endoscopic and morphologic appearances is reported. The colitis was asymptomatic and discovered incidentally. Histologic confirmation was obtained following segmental colectomy.
How I do it: a technique for oral wound irrigation following maxillectomy and mandibulectomy.

Background Numerous devices have been recommended for ensuring appropriate hygiene and care of wounds resulting from maxillectomy and mandibulectomy. This article describes an irrigation device for use in the oral cavity after these procedures. Methods The system consists of: a prepackaged, disposable, 50-cc piston syringe; a nonconductive connecting tube; and, a saliva ejector that can be assembled for oral irrigation. Results The modified piston syringe allows physicians, nurses, and patients to efficiently irrigate mucosal wounds, maxillary or mandibular defects, and oropharyngeal or oral and pharyngeal wounds. Conclusion This system is efficacious, more adaptable, and less expensive than other self-irrigating gravimetic instruments and is thus recommended for use in patients who have undergone maxillectomy or other ablative procedures in the oral cavity.
Serum Bicarbonate Declines with Sample Size in Vacutainer Tubes

Serum bicarbonate testing has been reported to be inaccurate in several clinical studies. This prompted a search for systemic errors in bicarbonate testing devices, which has been inconclusive. The effect on serum bicarbonate level measurement of partially filling plain red-top (clot) vacutainer tubes was studied in healthy volunteers. First, 10-mL vacutainers were filled with 9.5 mL, 6 mL, 3 mL, and 1 mL of identical blood. Second, pediatric (3 mL) vacutainers were filled with 3 mL, 1 mL, and 0.5 mL of identical blood. The serum bicarbonate level was measured on an automated stat analyzer. Linear regression with dummy variables for subjects showed a significant reduction in bicarbonate reading as volume in the vacutainer decreased. Consistent decrease was noted regardless of whether samples were analyzed immediately after clotting (10 minutes) or at 20, 30, and 40 minutes after withdrawal of blood. This decrease was evident regardless of whether blood was aspirated directly into a vacutainer or first aspirated into a syringe and injected into a vacutainer. Underfilling of vacutainers may account for low bicarbonate readings and thus vacutainers should be filled completely to obtain accurate measurements of serum bicarbonate levels.
Molecular Basis of Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Failure in Pulmonary Vascular Disease

Right ventricular hypertrophy and right heart failure occur in patients with pulmonary hypertension. The mechanisms of left ventricular hypertrophy are well understood, however, information on right ventricular hypertrophy is limited. Studies of embryonic and adult hearts provided evidence that the molecular signaling mechanisms are different for right and left ventricles. Thus, the development of therapeutic strategies specific for the right heart is needed. This chapter summarizes current understanding of cell growth signaling mechanisms in the right ventricle.
Cummins and Conditionals

En este articulo el trabajo de Cummins y colaboradores sobre los condicionales se analiza y critica desde dos perspectivas: la primera senala la insuficiente atencion que se presta al empleo del condicional material en un contexto causal, y la segunda indica el grado en que la investigacion lleva a cabo afirmaciones e implicaciones para establecer modelos de cognicion no basados en reglas, tales como el de Johnson-Laird. Se cita a Bereiter y se hace referencia al trabajo de Braine y O’Brien. Como conclusion se postula que gran parte de las investigaciones sobre razonamiento de condicionales aun no toma en cuenta lo suficiente las extravagancias del lenguaje natural. [Traduccion de Gabriela Montes de Oca V.]
Non-Profit Status and Relational Sanctions: Commitment to Quality through Repeat Interactions and Organizational Choice

An entrepreneur can organize either a for-profit or a non-profit firm to sell product or service to consumers in the long run. Because quality is non-verifiable and unobservable investment can still produce low quality, in equilibrium, consumers impose relational sanctions when low quality is delivered. With sufficient relational sanctions, both types of firms produce the same expected quality. However, because the non-distribution constraint reduces the temptation to shirk from investment, non-profit firm is subject to shorter relational sanctions, which can make the non-profit status attractive even for the entrepreneur who cares only about the return she gets from the firm. Non-profit status is preferred, for instance, as the investment-quality relationship gets weaker or as stronger market competition reduces the profit margin. The paper also shows how both types of firms can co-exist in a market when the legal enforcement against non-profit weakens as the number of non-profit firms increases.
Protecting spacecraft against meteoroid/orbital debris impact damage: an overview

Meteoroids and orbital debris pose a serious damage threat to all spacecraft. The effects of a meteoroid/orbital debris (M/OD) impact depend on a variety of factors, including where the M/OD impact occurs, the size, composition, and speed of the impacting object, and the function of the impacted spacecraft system. These effects can be minimal, can degrade a functional spacecraft component, or can compromise spacecraft functionality, even to the point of mission loss or loss of life. To minimize the damage threat from the meteoroid/orbital debris environment, it is often necessary to install protective shielding around critical spacecraft systems. If a system cannot be shielded, operational constraints may need to be imposed to reduce the damage threat. This paper presents an overview of the research and development activities performed since the late 1950s with an aim of increasing the level of protection afforded satellites and spacecraft operating in the M/OD environment and ultimately mitigating the mechanical and structural effects of an M/OD impact.
The neurobiological presentation of anxiety in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review

Anxiety is common among people with autism and is associated with unique and additive challenges. Anxiety is thought to have neurobiological components, and measures of arousal in typical development have long been studied. Recently, neurobiological measures of anxiety in autism have begun to receive empirical evaluation, but results have not yet been examined together. This systematic review, therefore, summarizes the state of the research of the neurobiology of anxiety in autism. Studies published between 1999 and June 2017 were reviewed. Results across measures of arousal point to inconsistencies in results and a lack of synthesis in the literature. Considerations regarding these inconsistencies are discussed, recommendations for future studies are offered, and clinical implications for this work are presented. Autism Res 2019, 12: 346-369 © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Anxiety is common among people with autism. Because anxiety has been linked with a variety of differences in physiological (bodily) and neurophysiological (brain) functioning in people without autism, research has begun to examine these processes in autism as well. This literature, however, has not yet been examined as a whole. Therefore, this paper begins to address that gap to provide the field with a better understanding of how anxiety affects people with autism and discusses implications for future research and clinical practice.
One decade of PPV and FRA’s functioning: Crop and institution wise performance and implications

At the time of this study 2270 varieties were registered (about 18%) by the PPV and FRA out of 12691 the applications filed by research organisations, private companies, farmer groups, NGOs and individuals. Large proportion of registered varieties were Extant-varieties (40%), Farmers-varieties (37%) and Extant varieties-of-common-knowledge (10%) while the proportion of New-varieties and Essentially-derived-varieties was considerably low. About 62% applications were under examination or DUS testing. Public-sector (933), including ICAR (718), led varietal registration followed by farmers (832) and private-sector (505). The ratio of varietal registrations to the filed applications was quite high in case of cereals, pulses, oilseeds and cotton while this ratio was dismally low in case of spices and vegetables. Capacity expansion of PPV and FRA, including the DUS testing centres, was very strongly realized for making functioning of the authority more robust and better.
The Demise of US Dynamism Is Vastly Exaggerated – But Not All Is Well

Estimates of total factor productivity are based on assumptions that preclude the decentralized, broad-based innovation that undergirds the dynamism of capitalist economies. Thus the decline in standard measures of productivity – which fly in the face of most everyday experience – is not a cause for alarm. We should however be concerned by the declining numbers of improvised but promising new businesses.
Demoralization in essential tremor: prevalence, clinical correlates, and dissociation from tremor severity.

Objective.Essential tremor (ET) is associated with psychological difficulties, including anxiety and depression. Demoralization (feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, inability to cope), another manifestation of psychological distress, has yet to be investigated in ET. Our objectives are to (1) estimate the prevalence of demoralization in ET, (2) assess its clinical correlates, and (3) determine whether demoralization correlates with tremor severity.Methods.We administered the Kissane Demoralization Scale (KDS-II) and several psychosocial evaluations (ie, scales assessing subjective incompetence, resilience, and depression [eg, Geriatric Depression Scale]) to 60 ET subjects. Tremor was assessed with a disability score and total tremor score. KDS-II >8 indicated demoralization.Results.Among 60 ET subjects (mean age = 70.2 ± 6.8 years), the prevalence of demoralization was 13.3%, 95% confidence interval = 6.9–24.2%. Although there was overlap between demoralization and depression (10% of the sample meeting criteria for both), 54% of depressed subjects were not demoralized, and 25% of demoralized subjects were not depressed. Demoralization correlated with psychological factors, but demoralized subjects did not have significantly higher total tremor scores, tremor disability scores, or years with tremor.Conclusions.Demoralization has a prevalence of 13.3% in ET, similar to that in other chronic or terminal illnesses (eg, cancer 13–18%, Parkinson’s disease 18.1%, coronary heart disease 20%). Demoralization was not a function of increased tremor severity, suggesting that it is a separable construct, which could dictate how a patient copes with his/her disease. These data further our understanding of the psychological and psychosocial correlates of ET.
Age-Related Changes in the Auditory Brainstem Response and Suprathreshold Processing of Temporal and Spectral Modulation:

The purpose of this study was to determine whether cochlear synaptopathy can be shown to be a viable basis for age-related hearing difficulties in humans and whether it manifests as deficient suprathreshold processing of temporal and spectral modulation. Three experiments were undertaken evaluating the effects of age on (a) the auditory brainstem response as a function of level, (b) temporal modulation detection as a function of level and background noise, and (c) spectral modulation as a function of level. Across the three experiments, a total of 21 older listeners with near-normal audiograms and 29 young listeners with audiometrically normal hearing participated. The auditory brainstem response experiment demonstrated reduced Wave I amplitudes and concomitant reductions in the amplitude ratios of Wave I to Wave V in the older listener group. These findings were interpreted as consistent with an electrophysiological profile of cochlear synaptopathy. The temporal and spectral modulation detection experiments, however, provided no support for the hypothesis of compromised suprathreshold processing in these domains. This pattern of results suggests that even if cochlear synaptopathy can be shown to be a viable basis for age-related hearing difficulties, then temporal and spectral modulation detection paradigms are not sensitive to its presence.
The Consequences of Automating and Deskilling the Police

Almost no one thinks of automation and the consequences it will bring to policing. This is a mistake. Automation — the combination of artificial intelligence and robotics — is spreading everywhere. Whatever its benefits, we will also face problems as automation replaces human labor. One consequence may be mass unemployment in affected industries. Another consequence of automation is deskilling. The term deskilling refers to the skills and knowledge needed to perform a job that are lost when automation takes over. What happens when the police become deskilled? The deskilling of policing is inevitable because automation is increasingly a part of policing. Many American police departments already use artificial intelligence: it drives automatic license plate recognition, social media threat analysis, predictive policing software, security robots, facial recognition technology, and autonomous drones. Observers of the military have already begun to discuss the legal and policy effects that similar automation will have on soldiers, and on the nature of waging war itself. The deskilling associated with automation will apply to the police, too. The increasing role that artificial intelligence and robotics will play in policing will mean not only that automation will help traditional policing, but that it will also replace some policing altogether. Replacement will mean that human police officers will face a deskilling issue. They will lose some of the core skills we associate with policing. These changes may lie in the future, yet we can already identify some of the law and policy questions they will raise. First, automation and deskilling would undermine the Fourth Amendment’s premise that the police possess a specialized skill requiring judicial deference. Second, automation and deskilling may lead to dramatically different ways of organizing the police. Third, automation and deskilling force us to consider whether diminishing the social aspects of policing is worth the benefit of increased automation.
The Klein four slices of $$\Sigma ^n H\underline{{\mathbb {F}}}_2$$ΣnHF̲2

We describe the slices of positive integral suspensions of the equivariant Eilenberg–MacLane spectrum $$H\underline{{\mathbb {F}}_2}$$ for the constant Mackey functor over the Klein four-group $$C_2\times C_2$$ .
Citizen Scientist: Frank Von Hippel’s Adventures in Nuclear Arms Control

In this part, von Hippel starts by briefly describing his family background, his education and his pursuit of a career in theoretical physics. He then describes the beginning of his engagement with...
Asymmetric functions of a binuclear metal center within the transport pathway of a human zinc transporter ZIP4.

Metal clusters are exploited by numerous metalloenzymes for catalysis, but it is not common to utilize a metal cluster for substrate transport across membrane. The recent crystal structure of a prototypic Zrt-/Irt-like protein (ZIP) metal transporter from Bordetella bronchiseptica (BbZIP) revealed an unprecedented binuclear metal center (BMC) within the transport pathway. Here, through a combination of bioinformatics, biochemical and structural approaches, we concluded that the two physically associated metal-binding sites in the BMC of human ZIP4 (hZIP4) zinc transporter exert different functions: one conserved transition metal-binding site acts as the transport site essential for activity, whereas the variable metal-binding site is required for hZIP4's optimal activity presumably by serving as a secondary transport site and modulating the properties of the primary transport site. Sequential soaking experiments on BbZIP crystals clarified the process of metal release from the BMC to the bulky solvent. This work provides important insights into the transport mechanism of the ZIPs broadly involved in transition metal homeostasis and signaling, and also a paradigm on a novel function of metal cluster in metalloproteins.
Longitudinal trends in e-cigarette devices used by Californian youth, 2014-2018.

Abstract The rate of adolescent and young adult (AYA) e-cigarette usage has increased in recent years, possibly due to the introduction of sleek new e-cigarette devices such as JUUL. This study analyzed data from 400 California AYA to examine trends in e-cigarette usage by device type (disposables, large-size rechargeables, vape/hookah pens, JUUL/pod-based). Participants were asked about their ever, past 30-day, and past 7-day use of e-cigarettes; their usual e-cigarette device used; and co-use of devices in seven surveys administered approximately biannually from 2014 to 2018. During this time period, total e-cigarette ever-usage in our cohort increased linearly from 14.1% to 46.2% (ptrend
Reply to ‘One prescription for the opioid crisis: require buprenorphine waivers for pain medicine fellows’

To the Editor I read the above-mentioned article[1][1] in the most recent issue of Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine with great interest. However, I disagree with the authors that buprenorphine waiver training for the pain fellows is a means to address the ongoing opioid epidemic. The authors
La importancia de la participación educativa en los procesos de mejora

To participate in an educational institution is to be actively integrated into the school community in order to contribute to a goal shared by all: the improvement of the quality of education. The present study aims to make known the importance of participation in the processes of educational improvement based on the re- view of specialized literature. The role of education policy in promoting school participation will be analysed, highlighting the National Policy for School Coexistence and the Citizen Training Plan.
Why is cancer so common a disease in people yet so rare at a cellular level

Cancers are common diseases in people and yet, on a cellular level, are quite rare. The vast majority of both sporadic, spontaneous cancers and inherited germline cancers arise in single foci from singly transformed cells despite the fact that, in the former, carcinogenic factors bathe fields of millions of potential target cells and, in the latter, the predisposing germline mutations are present in every cell of a given organ and, in fact, every cell of the body. Although the multi-hit theory of carcinogenesis has been invoked to explain such things as cancer latency, which is the period between cancer initiation and emergence and the cancer-aging relationship where an accumulation of "hits" over a period of time are necessary for cancer emergence, the multi-hit theory falls short in explaining the rareness of transformation at a cellular level. This is so because many cancers are not due to multiple hits, and even for those that are, it would be expected that many cells would be exposed to those factors inducing the hits. Although the tumor stem/progenitor cell compartmental theory of tumorigenesis characterizes a tumor compartment that is capable of self-renewal and multipotency, accounting for cancer relapses and recurrences, this compartmental theory alone cannot account for the rareness of initial transformation at a cellular level as the cancer stem/progenitor cell compartment is already transformed and considerable in size. This study advances a different and novel hypothesis that oncogenesis is regulated and ultimately determined by a cell of origin's critical state of differentiation. Before and after this critical state of differentiation has been reached, target cells cannot transform and give rise to cancer even when they receive the necessary carcinogenic insults or have the requisite transforming tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes. As support for this hypothesis, the study cites preliminary evidence using oncogene-containing transgenic mice that develop mammary carcinomas, to derive tail vein fibroblasts converted to iPSCs which, when left undifferentiated, and injected into the cleared fat pads of non-transgenic background mice give rise to mammary gland ontogeny and mammary gland carcinogenesis. However, when first differentiated in vitro into multiply different non-mammary lineages prior to injection, they fail to do so. The hypothesis has widespread implications for chemopreventive strategies.
The Fe-type nitrile hydratase from Rhodococcus equi TG328-2 forms an alpha-activator protein complex

An Fe-type nitrile hydratase α(ɛ) protein complex from Rhodococcus equi TG328-2 (ReNHase) was discovered and shown by MALDI-TOF to form a 1:1 complex. As isolated, the α(ɛ) protein complex exhibited no detectable NHase activity even in the presence of iron. The addition of the ReNHase β-subunit and Fe(II) to the ReNHase apo-α(e) complex, provided an enzyme with a kcat value of 0.7 ± 0.1 s−1 using acrylonitrile as the substrate, indicating that the β-subunit is important for the reconstitution of NHase activity. The addition of the reducing agent TCEP enhanced the activity by more than 50% (kcat of 1.7 ± 0.2 s−1). As the (ɛ) protein was previously shown to bind and hydrolyze GTP, the addition of GTP to the as-purified α(e) complex provided a kcat value of 1.1 ± 0.2 s−1, in the presence of Fe(II) and β-subunit. The addition of TCEP to this combination further enhanced the activity (kcat of 2.1 ± 0.3 s−1). Apo α-subunit was expressed in purified and added to the (ɛ) protein and β-subunits plus Fe(II) and TCEP resulting in a kcat value of 0.7 ± 0.2 s−1 suggesting an α(ɛ) complex can form in vitro. The addition of GTP to this sample increased the observed rate of nitrile hydration by ~ 30%, while TCEP free samples exhibited no activity. Taken together, these data provide insight into the role of the (ɛ) protein and the newly discovered α(ɛ) complex in NHase metallocenter assembly.
Queer and working class while reading The Second Shepherds’ Play

As a queer, working-class, medievalist, I cannot separate who I am from how I read. Medieval drama invites queer people to read for such moments – it allows us to see our identity in an often-unfamiliar space. It also illustrates the subtleties of class in England in the later Middle Ages in important ways for those of us living in an era of similar or even greater wealth inequality. In particular, The Second Shepherds’ Play elucidates the range of emotions and actions inspired by poverty, and even as it ends with the promise of eternal salvation through Christ, it indeed parodies the nativity, through Mak and Gill, to emphasize the realities of poverty. Intersecting these elements of class, the play, too, stages a cast of queer characters. In this essay, I explore how my identity affects my scholarly practice – that my queerness and my working-class background insist that I open texts to the possibilities of real queer and working class presents in texts from the past. I argue that in The Second Shepherds’ Play we see queer, classed bodies struggling in the patriarchal, aristocratic system of feudalism. Furthermore, the solution offered to this problem of earthly suffering, the Christ child, is a queer, democratizing agent, undermining both heteronormativity and feudal power structures. As queer, working-class readers in the present, we must identify our presents in the past of this text while acknowledging its call to re-present its message of hope for queer, working-class persons today.
Gender differences in outcomes of bullying prevention programs: A meta-analysis

Abstract This paper presents the results from a meta-analytical review of the effectiveness of bullying prevention programs for boys and girls. A systematic search of three online databases was conducted of evaluations published between 1990 and 2018. The abstract review returned 352 articles, after full-text review the search yielded a final sample of 22 articles. The overall whole sample results suggest that bullying prevention programs are effective at reducing bullying among boys, but not girls; however, further analysis revealed that the programs are effective for both boys and girls outside of the United States, and ineffective for both boys and girls within the United States. Overall (both within and outside the United States), boys who participated in a bullying prevention program had 15% (95% CI: 1.01–1.31, p
Rubber Recycling: Mending the Interface between Ground Rubber Particles and Virgin Rubber

The interface between ground rubber particles (GRPs) and virgin rubber is the focus of this investigation that aims to mitigate the detriments caused by recycled GRPs blended in virgin rubber. By studying laminates of cured and uncured rubber strips as models for the interface, modulus contrast across the interface has been identified as another cause for the poor mechanical properties of vulcanizates containing GRPs, in additional to poor interfacial bonding. A surface-devulcanization method was established to improve molecular contact between the GRPs and virgin rubber and consequently raised the adhesion energy to the level of cohesion energy. The interfacial modulus contrast that causes stress concentration at the interface was likely a result of diffusion of curatives from the virgin rubber to the GRPs. The modulus contrast was erased by diffusion of piperidine from the GRPs into the virgin rubber. Piperidine acted as a vulcanization accelerator, making sulfur cross-linking within the virgin rubber outcompete sulfur diffusion into the GRPs. Mending the interface improved the tensile strength of vulcanizates containing GRPs to a level close to that of the virgin rubber vulcanizate but did not improve the extensibility.
Tunable Optical Features of Graphene Quantum Dots from Edge Functionalization

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are promising semiconducting materials for practical applications. Chemical functionalization of GQD edges is a strategy to increase their solubility and processability...
Assessing Suicidal Ideation Using a Brief Self-Report Measure

Accurate assessment of suicidal thoughts is a challenge for researchers and clinicians. There is evidence that self-report and clinical interview assessment methods can result in different endorsement numbers when used to assess suicidal ideation. This study investigates endorsement rates and psychometric properties of a two-item self-report measure of suicidal ideation that distinguishes active from passive suicidal ideation, when compared with a clinical interview. Individuals presenting at an outpatient psychiatry clinic completed a measure of depression severity containing two items assessing passive and active suicidal ideation before undergoing a structured clinical interview. Self-report and clinical interview items demonstrated a low level of agreement. Self-report items were more strongly correlated with same-domain clinical interviewer ratings than different-domain ratings. These items demonstrated high negative predictive value and moderate-to-low positive predictive value for interviewer ratings. A two-item measure of suicidal ideation did not highly align with corresponding interviewer ratings, though such a measure may be useful in determining the absence of suicidal ideation, as well as distinguishing between passive and active suicidal ideation.
Incidence, Management, and Outcomes of Patients With COVID-19 and Pneumothorax.

Abstract Background Our objective was to report the incidence, management, and outcomes of patients who developed a secondary pneumothorax while admitted for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods A single-institution, retrospective review of patients admitted for COVID-19 with a diagnosis of pneumothorax between March 1, 2020, and April 30, 2020, was performed. The primary assessment was the incidence of pneumothorax. Secondarily, we analyzed clinical outcomes of patients requiring tube thoracostomy, including those requiring operative intervention. Results From March 1, 2020, to April 30, 2020, 118 of 1595 patients (7.4%) admitted for COVID-19 developed a pneumothorax. Of these, 92 (5.8%) required tube thoracostomy drainage for a median of 12 days (interquartile range 5-25 days). The majority of patients (95 of 118, 80.5%) were on mechanical ventilation at the time of pneumothorax, 17 (14.4%) were iatrogenic, and 25 patients (21.2%) demonstrated tension physiology. Placement of a large-bore chest tube (20 F or greater) was associated with fewer tube-related complications than a small-bore tube (14 F or less) (14 vs 26 events, P = .011). Six patients with pneumothorax (5.1%) required operative management for a persistent alveolar-pleural fistula. In patients with pneumothorax, median hospital stay was 36 days (interquartile range 20-63 days) and in-hospital mortality was significantly higher than for those without pneumothorax (58% vs 13%, P Conclusions The incidence of secondary pneumothorax in patients admitted for COVID-19 is 7.4%, most commonly occurring in patients requiring mechanical ventilation, and is associated with an in-hospital mortality rate of 58%. Placement of large-bore chest tubes is associated with fewer complications than small-bore tubes.
Reevaluation of the homology of bones of the cranial vault in tetrapod vertebrates

Homology assessments of bones are made using one or more criteria (e.g., topology, development, phylogeny). In tetrapods, the bones of the cranial vault appear highly conserved topologically. Howev...
The frequency, pathophysiology, and prognosis of exercise-induced silent ischemia

Silent myocardial ischemia in now recognized to be a frequent occurrence in patients with coronary artery disease. Many of the recent observations regarding the occurrence of silent myocardial ischemia have been made using ambulatory electrocardiography, but silent ischemia can also be detected using exercise tests. These two forms of testing offer potentially complementary information. Exercise testing may be used to assess the extent and severity of “potentially inducible” silent myocardial ischemia, whereas ambulatory electrocardiography may be used to assess the frequency and duration of “spontaneously occurring” silent ischemia. In this article, we specifically focus on the frequency and prognostic implications of exercise-induced silent ischemia.
From Mountain Top to Ocean Bottom

In recent decades sophisticated survey techniques have been applied by archaeologists to document human activity on land (Cherry et al., 1991; Malone et al., 1994). Similar advances have occurred with survey and exploration techniques recording shallow water archaeological resources (Bass 1987, 1989) and deep water remains (Ballard 1993; McCann and Freed, 1994).
Human Genetics: A Context for Health Education.

(1978). Human Genetics: A Context for Health Education. Health Education: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 33-35.
Design and analysis of a watermarking system for care labels

A watermarking system for embedding textile care labels directly onto fabric designs is proposed, and its stochastic properties are analyzed. Under the assumption that pixel values are independently and identically distributed with finite mean and variance, we derive i) the expected mean squared error between the original and watermarked images (transparency); and ii) an upper bound on the average absolute change to DCT coefficients of the watermarked image after one application of simulated fading (robustness). Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme preserves image fidelity well and is very robust under simulated fading.
Human galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. Absence of half-reaction activity of galactosemic proteins.

Abstract Galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase was partially purified from red blood cells of six different galactosemic patients. Cross-reacting material in these preparations, demonstrated by double immunodiffusion with an antiserum to normal human enzyme, not only lacks catalytic activity for the interconversion of the natural substrates, UDP-glucose + galactose-1-P ⇌ UDP-galactose + glucose-1-P, but also fails to catalyze the exchange of radioisotope in either of the two half-reactions of the double displacement sequence by which activity is expressed.
Development of a laboratory protocol for fire performance of landscape plants

Over 2.5 million people and 1 million structures risk destruction from wildland fires in California. One way to mitigate this risk is the manipulation and/or selection of landscape vegetation. In this study, six species were studied for their intrinsic characteristics and tested with a newly-developed laboratory fire protocol at 150 kW to determine heat release rate (HRR). The plants were 2–3 years old and obtained from a local nursery. Whole plants were subjected to desiccation in a dry kiln at 50°C, which was found to be much more effective than simulating fire weather in a greenhouse. This is apparently the first study that has measured plant variables, burned them in a natural vertical position, and related HRR to the plant characteristics. Multiple regression showed the overwhelming importance of foliage and moisture content to peak HRR. Chemical variables were not significant and high moisture contents were found to obscure other plant characteristics.
Validation of the G-PASS code : status report.

Validation is the process of determining whether the models in a computer code can describe the important phenomena in applications of interest. This report describes past work and proposed future work for validating the Gas Plant Analyzer and System Simulator (G-PASS) code. The G-PASS code was developed for simulating gas reactor and chemical plant system behavior during operational transients and upset events. Results are presented comparing code properties, individual component models, and integrated system behavior against results from four other computer codes. Also identified are two experiment facilities nearing completion that will provide additional data for individual component and integrated system model validation. The main goal of the validation exercise is to ready a version of G-PASS for use as a tool in evaluating vendor designs and providing guidance to vendors on design directions in nuclear-hydrogen applications.
Causes and consequences of inadequate management of acute pain.

Context. Intense acute pain afflicts millions of patients each year. Despite the recently increased focus on the importance of pain control, management of acute pain has remained suboptimal. Objective. The objective of this study was to identify through a review of recent literature the barriers to effective treatment of acute pain and the potential consequences of inadequate pain management. Design. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify articles relevant to the management of acute pain. Information regarding the underlying causes of inadequate pain management, as well as the sequelae associated with undermanaged pain was extracted and summarized. Results. Studies indicate that treatment of acute pain remains suboptimal due to attitudes and educational barriers on the part of both physicians and patients, as well as the intrinsic limitations of available therapies. Inadequate management of acute pain negatively impacts numerous aspects of patient health, and may increase the risk of developing chronic pain. Although opioids are the preferred treatment for most moderate to severe acute pain, their side effects can impede their use, and thus, their clinical effectiveness. Analgesic regimens with an improved efficacy/tolerability balance have the potential to improve acute pain management, and thus reduce the incidence of chronic pain. Studies examining the use of multiple analgesics with different mechanisms of action suggest that multimodal therapies may offer an improved efficacy/tolerability balance over single agent regimens. Conclusions. There exists a significant need for effective, well-tolerated analgesic therapies to limit the negative consequences of undermanaged acute pain. The use of multimodal therapy has demonstrated increasing promise and is supported by current practice guidelines.
Sulfhydrolase activity in sediments of wintergreen lake, kalamazoo county, michigan.

The hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl sulfate, p-nitrocatechol sulfate, and [35S]sodium dodecyl sulfate was examined in anoxic sediments of Wintergreen Lake, Michigan. Significant levels of sulfhydrolase activity were observed in littoral, transition, and profundal sediment samples. Rates of sulfate formation suggest that the sulfhydrolase system would represent a major source of sulfate within these sediments. Sulfate formed by ester sulfate hydrolysis can support dissimilatory sulfate reduction as shown by the incorporation of 35S from labeled sodium dodecyl sulfate into H235S. Sulfhydrolase activity varied with sediment depth, was greatest in the littoral zone, and was sensitive to the presence of oxygen. Estimations of ester sulfate concentrations in sediments revealed large quantities of ester sulfate (∼30% of total sulfur). Both total sulfur and ester sulfate concentrations varied with the sediment type and were two to three orders of magnitude greater than the inorganic sulfur concentration.
Molecular Methods of Studying Microbial Diversity in Soil Environments

Microorganisms live in all parts of the biosphere and are critical to nutrient recycling in ecosystems. In recent years, the development of methodologies for the analysis of microorganisms and microbial ecology, at the molecular level, has progressed phenomenally. This review introduces and compares the various molecular methods for studying microbial diversity in soil environments, and the advantages and disadvantages of current methods are proposed as well.
Effective Foreign Aid Following Civil War: The Nonstrategic‐Desperation Hypothesis

When does aid foster development after civil war? A testable model is needed to account for the uneven outcomes in postconflict development. This article proposes and empirically tests the novel nonstrategic-desperation hypothesis, an explanation based on the varied incentives that fragile postconflict governments face when confronted with donor development goals. Paradoxically, incentives to meet development goals only exist when donors have little strategic interest in the recipients and when recipients lack income from resource rents and are therefore desperate for income. Ten-year data on infant mortality changes following civil wars ending 1970–96 and a variety of robustness checks support the hypothesis. By focusing on how income sources constrain the choices of aid recipients, and how these constraints can provide incentives to meet donor development goals, the nonstrategic-desperation hypothesis explains how the good use of aid can take place following civil war, when institutions are weak.
Nonsuicidal Self-injury as a Risk Factor for Purging Onset: Negatively Reinforced Behaviours that Reduce Emotional Distress.

Both nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and purging behaviour are thought to involve harm to the self. The acquired capability for self-harm model holds that engaging in one self-harming behaviour increases the capability to tolerate harm to the self, thus increasing risk for engaging on other such behaviours. In addition, both behaviours are thought to serve the similar function of relief from distress. We thus tested whether engagement in one of these behaviours predicts the subsequent onset of the other. In a longitudinal design, 1158 first-year college women were assessed for purging and NSSI at two time points. Engagement in NSSI at time 1 predicted the college onset of purging behaviour 9 months later (OR = 2.20, p < .04, CI = 1.07-4.19) beyond prediction from time 1 binge behaviour, and purging behaviour at time 1 predicted the subsequent onset of NSSI (OR = 6.54, p < .01, CI = 1.71-25.04). These findings are consistent with the acquired capability for harm model and with the possibility that the two behaviours serve a similar function.
Linkage between Toxicology of Drugs and Metabolism

Although our ability to identify candidate lead compounds with high potency and specificity has largely been improved, many candidate therapeutic agents are prevented from reaching the market due to inappropriate pharmacokinetic/ADME properties and drug-induced toxicity. As a consequence, over the past decades, ADME and toxicity (ADMET) screening studies have been incorporated earlier into the drug discovery phase for removal of poorly behaved drugs in the discovery and early development phases. This article focuses on fundamental ADMET concepts, key tools, reagents, and experimental approaches for predicting human pharmacokinetics and assessing “drug-like” molecules, with an emphasis on the link between toxicology and metabolism. Keywords: metabolism; toxicology; pharmacokinetics; ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties
The use of demineralized xenogeneic bone implants to correct phalangeal defects: A case report

Demineralized bovine bone blocks and powder were used to reconstruct phalangeal defects created by excision of bulging endochondromas. Bony reconstruction was documented by roentgenography at 9 weeks and by biopsy at 7 months. Follow-up at 22 months has shown stability of the implants, further ossification, and no recurrence of the phalangeal endochondromas. The use of xenogeneic demineralized bone implants promotes induced osteogenesis and rapid healing, avoids harvesting procedures, and offers a potentially unlimited supply of banked material.
INNOVATIONS THROUGH VERTICAL DYAD LINKAGE MODEL

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to describe a process of analysis of the problem of a company for the performance of innovation. To perform an innovation, it was necessary to select a method for the analysis of current state and set the tool for the selection of employees and their inclusion into the process of innovation based on criteria that were specified in advance. The aim of the situational analysis was to find out how the process of the goods preparation goes in a company LC SA a.s., and whether an innovation is needed. To perform a possible innovation, a team of people needs to be created, who will participate. For the division of employees into groups, we will use VDL model. To set up this model, we need to gain information about scope of employment of individual employees and their qualities. Another aim was to analyse outputs and set a forecast of their development in the period of innovation implementation. Methodology/Approach: To meet the aim, it was necessary to analyse the current state in the given company, set the need for innovation. For this aim, we have selected a situational analysis, scope of which was to set the current state of the goods preparation before their expedition in connection with the need for innovation. After determination of the need for innovation, we have used VDL model, thanks to which criteria for the selection of employees who will participate in the innovation process were specified. For that it was necessary to gain information about the functional scopes of employment of individual employees. Consequently, we have analyses the amount of turnovers from the previous years and set a forecast of their development in the period of innovation implementation. Results: This paper is an output of the analysis of the need of innovation in a company LC SA a.s. with the use of VDL (Vertical Dyad Linkage) model for the selection of employees, who will participate in the performance of the innovation process. The result of the analysis was the basis for the proposal how to perform the innovation in the given company. It’s intended for managers, who are trying to gain competitive advantage by performing the innovation.
Petrofabric Study of Deformed Salt

Petrofabric examination of salt crystals in Grand Saline salt dome reveals a preferred orientation that may bear significantly on other physical properties and on the genesis of salt domes. The symmetry of the orientation patterns indicates that translation gliding in halite may occur predominantly on cubic glide planes.