cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Passive Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Using Radio-Astronomical Sources

Recent work has demonstrated a passive radio sounding approach that uses the Sun as a source for echo detection and ranging. As the Sun is a moving source with a position that is known a priori , we evaluate this technique’s capabilities to measure the echo’s phase history, map topography, and perform synthetic aperture radar (SAR) focusing. Here, we present our approach to implementing passive SAR using a compact, temporally incoherent radio-astronomical source as a signal of opportunity. We first evaluate the passive system’s capabilities to obtain an echo from a rough surface by determining the critical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for reliably observing the Sun’s echo reflection with our passive instrument. We then demonstrate that our technique can detect the necessary changes in range, phase, and reflectivity of an echo from the Sun. We next present the experimental results of our passive radar testing using the Sun at Dante’s View, Death Valley, to highlight this technique’s ability to perform 2-D imaging. Finally, with synthetic data, we demonstrate that we can use time-domain backprojection to focus a planar white noise signal, perform passive SAR imaging, and improve the measurement’s SNR and azimuth resolution. The results of passive SAR focusing on white noise highlight the potential for the Sun and Jupiter’s radio emissions to perform surface and subsurface imaging for planetary and terrestrial observations.
Cybersecurity in the Internet of Medical Things

Abstract Background The Internet of Things has spawned a new fleet of medical devices replete with improved sensing and actuating capabilities. Preemptive mitigation of the cyber risks that arise in this hyperconnected space is needed to ensure continued patient safety. Objective The aim of this paper is to analyse the robustness of existing policy measures in securing the Internet of Medical Things technologies. The regulatory ecosystem in the US is primarily discussed herein and includes regulatory frameworks for industry, public-private partnerships, and transparency initiatives. Methods A qualitative review of the medical cybersecurity literature was performed with collation of federal and international legal documents, policy reports, industry frameworks, cyberbreach analyses, and scientific journal articles. Results Regulatory guidance documents introduced to date that address cybersecurity in the Internet of Medical Things place a key emphasis on device identification, legacy device management, enhanced physical security, and breach detection. Recent oversight trends aim to bolster federal authority around the enforcement of baseline security safeguards. Conclusions Additional regulatory guidance is needed to mitigate risks in the Internet of Medical Things devices conferred by retrofitted IT infrastructures, edge-to-cloud interfaces, and off-the-shelf device components. Recent advancements in the cyber realm also raise the possibility of novel attack vectors, autonomous cyber-physical systems, and quantum computing threats. Interventions to promote awareness and security hygiene around the Internet of Medical Things devices can empower end users and facilitate smooth incident response. Lay summary The rise “Smart” technologies such as voice assistants and adaptable at-home appliances moves us closer to a more personalized world that can enhance our daily lives. The field of medicine will be changed by these next generation “Internet of Things” technologies that possess the ability to interact with their users and their surrounding environment. These technologies are important because the precision with which medical devices interact with patients, healthcare workers, and other technology can have huge impact on patient care. For all of their promise, the increased interconnectivity that these devices possess also confers additional cybersecurity risks. Policy regulation and public health preparedness are critical for ensuring the benefits of these emerging technologies do not come at the expense of patient safety and privacy. In this Review, we discuss cybersecurity regulation in the Internet of Medical Things and highlight novel threats still in need of address at the policy and public-health levels.
Initial characterization of new coherent soft X-ray branchline at the advanced light source

This study presents preliminary operation of a new coherent soft X-ray branchline at the advanced light source. This branch delivers spectrally and spatially coherent soft X-rays ranging from 200 eV to 1 keV photon energies (6.2 nm to 1.2 nm wavelength) using the third harmonic from an 8 cm period undulator. The increased energy range will allow interferometric techniques to be used in the extreme ultraviolet region to the soft X-ray region.
Computer-administered instruction versus traditionally administered instruction: Economics

Abstract : An attempt is made to assay the economics of computer-administered instruction (CAI) versus traditionally administered instruction (TAI) in controlling the structure of the learner's stimulus environment in teaching and training situations. There is a discussion of the need for a sound, objective economic appraisal of the value to society as a whole of increments in the breadth and depth of education in the population, and of the influence of varying rates with which these increments are brought about. The necessity for reliable, objective information concerning cost data is emphasized. Projected cost/effectiveness comparisons based on the assumption of equal effectiveness for CAI and TAI are discussed for both civilian and military instruction. (Author)
A counterfactual analysis of changing economic context and its impact on dietary intakes in Chinese children (LB384)

Background: Little is known about how food prices affected children’s nutrient intakes after China’s entry to the World Trade Organization, which has substantial policy implications. Objective: To assess the differential effects of food price change on the distributions of macronutrient intakes in children (6-18yrs) in Urban China and to simulate potential policy effect. Methods: The China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data (2000-2006) with about 1000 children. Quantile regression (QR) and counterfactual analysis were used. Results: Every one Chinese Yuan increase of oil price was associated with about 3 kcal/day (p<0.01) reduction in energy intake from fat for those whose fat intake was below 70 percentile of the fat intake distribution in 2000. In 2006, oil price effect became insignificant. One Chinese Yuan increase in rice price was associated with about 85 kcal/day (p<0.1) energy intake decrease from carbohydrates among those above 90 percentile of the carbohydrate distribution in 2000 with insi...
Learning Boolean functions with genetic algorithms: a PAC analysis

Genetic algorithms are probabilistic search techniques with information processing capabilities similar to the mechanisms of inheritance and adaptation found in biological systems (e.g., populations, biased selection, recombination, mutation). In this dissertation, a class of genetic algorithms for learning Boolean conjuncts and disjuncts is presented and analyzed in the context of the distribution-free learnability model. In this model, the task of the genetic learner is to identify a concept that with high probability is not too different from the correct (target) concept: The concept must be 'probably approximately correct' (hence 'PAC'). The learner has access to an error-free teacher (oracle) which provides pre-classified training examples upon request. These examples are chosen at random according to a probability distribution on which we do not place any assumptions (hence 'distribution-free'), except that it does not change over time. The analysis of this genetic learner is complete: Given any reasonable recombination operator and any confidence and accuracy level, the main result provides the number of generations and the size of the population sufficient for the GA to accomplish the learning task. This is the first convergence result of genetic algorithms within the distribution-free learnability model. Other results in this dissertation include (1) a fundamental tradeoff between the selection operator and the size of the population, (2) an average-case analysis of a special type of genetic PAC learners where the training examples are processed in parallel, and (3) the effects of mutation on the genetic learning process.
The Scope of the SEC's Authority Over Shareholder Voting Rights

At a May 2007 Roundtable on The Federal Proxy Rules and State Corporation Law, the Securities and Exchange Commission posed the following question for discussion: What should be the relationship of federal and state law with respect to shareholders' voting rights and ability to govern the corporation? To answer that question, this essay reviews the legislative history of Section 14(a) and of the Securities Exchange Act generally, as well as the leading judicial precedents. It concludes that, as a general rule of thumb, federal law appropriately is concerned mainly with disclosure obligations, as well as procedural and antifraud rules designed to make disclosure more effective. In contrast, regulating the substance of corporate governance standards is a matter for state corporation law. The author was an invited panelist at the May 7th Roundtable and submitted this essay as his written comments.
Price reversals : Bid-ask errors or market overreaction?

Abstract We show that bid-ask errors in transaction prices are the predominant source of apparent price reversals in the short run for NASDAQ firms. Once we extract measurement errors in prices caused by the bid-ask spread, we find little evidence of market overreaction. On the contrary, we find that security returns are positively, and not negatively, autocorrelated. We also show that bid-ask errors lead to substantial spurious volatility in transaction returns; about half of measured daily return variances can be induced by the bid-ask effect.
Markers of Glycemic Control and Neonatal Morbidity in High-Risk Insulin-Resistant Pregnancies

Objective This study aims to determine whether fructosamine, glycated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), or mean fasting glucose levels associate with birth outcomes in diabetic women. Study Design A prospective cohort study of women with singleton, nonanomalous pregnancies and diagnosis of diabetes (gestational or pregestational). Daily average self-measured fasting serum glucose levels were collected, as well as HbA1c and fructosamine levels at delivery. The primary outcome was neonatal composite morbidity, defined as having one or more of the following: respiratory distress syndrome, hyperbilirubinemia, perinatal death, shoulder dystocia, and hypoglycemia requiring treatment. Secondary outcomes included macrosomia (≥ 4,000 g). Results Among neonates delivered by 301 study-eligible women (97 with gestational and 204 with pregestational diabetes), incidences of composite morbidity (n = 147, 48.8%) and macrosomia (n = 49, 16.3%) were high. Macrosomia occurred more frequently in infants of pregestational than gestational diabetic mothers (22.7 vs. 13.2%, p = 0.04), composite morbidities were not significantly different (52.2 vs. 42.3%, p = 0.14). HbA1c > 8.0 significantly increased risk of morbidity and macrosomia (relative risk, 4.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.62–11.3). Conclusions Late third-trimester HbA1c, but not fructosamine or mean blood glucose levels, was associated with increased morbidity in infants of diabetic mothers. Third-trimester HbA1c could be clinically useful for counseling regarding neonatal risks in women with diabetes.
Spacer FinFET: nano-scale CMOS technology for the terabit era

A spacer lithography process technology using a sacrificial layer and a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) spacer layer has been developed, and is demonstrated to achieve sub-40 nm structures with conventional dry etching. The minimum-sized features are defined not by photolithography but by the CVD film thickness. Therefore the spacer lithography technology yields CD (Critical Dimension) variations of minimum-sized features which are much smaller than achieved by optical or e-beam lithography. It also provides a doubling of device density for a given lithography pitch. This spacer lithography technology is used to pattern Si-fin structures for double-gate MOSFETs (FinFETs), and CMOS FinFET results are reported.
The design and implementation of a reliable distributed operating system-ROSE

ROSE, a modular distributed operating system that provides support for building reliable applications, is designed and implemented. Failure detection capabilities are provided by a failure detection server. Configuration objects can be used to capture the relationship among multiple processes that cooperate to replicate certain resources. Replicated address space (RAS) objects, whose content is accessible with a high probability despite hardware failures, can be used to increase data availability. Finally, a resistant process (RP) abstraction allows user processes to survive hardware failures with minimal interruption. Two different implementations of RP are provided: one checkpoints the information about its state in an RAS object periodically; the other uses replicated execution by executing the same code in different nodes at the same time. >
Social Justice and Economic Development Revisited

This paper extends a space-time development model that parallels basic physical systems, providing additional insights into social processes. Forces for spatial diffusion of capital are examined and utility stemming from the consumption of “c-power” and other non-economic goods is incorporated. The social justice implications of these extensions are derived.
Steps toward understanding performance in Java

Java's design goals of portability, safety, and ubiquity make it a potentially ideal language for large-scale heterogeneous computing. One of the remaining challenges is to create performance models and associated specifications and programming constructs that can be used to reason about performance properties of systems implemented in Java.
Status epilepticus during old age is not associated with enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis.

Increased production of new neurons in the adult dentate gyrus (DG) by neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) following acute seizures or status epilepticus (SE) is a well known phenomenon. However, it is unknown whether NSCs in the aged DG have similar ability to upregulate neurogenesis in response to SE. We examined DG neurogenesis after the induction of continuous stages III-V seizures (SE) for over 4 h in both young adult (5-months old) and aged (24-months old) F344 rats. The seizures were induced through 2–4 graded intraperitoneal injections of the excitotoxin kainic acid (KA). Newly born cells in the DG were labeled via daily intraperitoneal injections of the 5′-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for 12 days, which commenced shortly after the induction of SE in KA-treated rats. New cells and neurons in the subgranular zone (SGZ) and the granule cell layer (GCL) were analyzed at 24 h after the last BrdU injection using BrdU and doublecortin (DCX) immunostaining, BrdU-DCX and BrdU-NeuN dual immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, and stereological cell counting. Status epilepticus enhanced the numbers of newly born cells (BrdU+ cells) and neurons (DCX+ neurons) in young adult rats. In contrast, similar seizures in aged rats, though greatly increased the number of newly born cells in the SGZ/GCL, failed to increase neurogenesis due to a greatly declined neuronal fate-choice decision of newly born cells. Only 9% of newly born cells in the SGZ/GCL differentiated into neurons in aged rats that underwent SE, in comparison to the 76% neuronal differentiation observed in age-matched control rats. Moreover, the number of newly born cells that migrate abnormally into the dentate hilus (i.e., ectopic granule cells) after SE in the aged hippocampus is 92% less than that observed in the young adult hippocampus after similar SE. Thus, SE fails to increase the addition of new granule cells to the GCL in the aged DG, despite a considerable upregulation in the production of new cells, and SE during old age leads to much fewer ectopic granule cells. These results have clinical relevance because earlier studies have implied that both increased and abnormal neurogenesis occurring after SE in young animals contributes to chronic epilepsy development. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Spectral-absorptance measurements for laser calorimetry*

Methods used at the National Bureau of Standards for determining the power or energy in laser beams depend on calorimetric comparison of laser power or energy and the calibrating electrical power or energy. For this comparison, it is essential to know the fraction of the incident radiant energy that is converted to heat and measured by the calorimeter. This fraction, the effective spectral absorptance, is measured by adding an auxiliary calorimeter, which covers practically all of the opening in the main calorimeter. A laser beam enters the main calorimeter through a small hole in the auxiliary calorimeter. The reflected laser energy and the excess thermal radiation are measured by the auxiliary calorimeter. The data analysis is based on the theory of calorimetry derived from a linear heat-flow problem. Time-dependent functions relating the transient temperature responses of the calorimeters to various constant power inputs are determined experimentally from known electrical inputs. The effective absorptance is found by comparing transient responses for electrical and laser inputs.
Smart Presence for Retirement Community Employees

The goal of this study was to understand what employees of continuing care retirement communities (CCRC) think about the smart presence technology. To better understand their perceptions of the benefits, concerns, and adoption criteria for smart presence systems we have conducted a needs assessment with CCRC employees who were given first-hand experience operating the BEAM as a pilot and local user. Participants indicated there is potential for smart presence technology in retirement communities and shared an equal number of benefits and concerns. The benefits that were mentioned included convenience and effort/time saving, visualization and socialization whereas the concerns that were mentioned included limitations of the system, emotional harm to others/residents and physical harm to others. It is important to understand such attitudes toward technology, because they are predictive of adoption.
Seismic strength of adobe masonry

The most important soil characteristies from the viewpoint of the strength of adobe masonry are first studied. Subsequently, based on the acquired knowledge, the effect of some natural additives to the soil is investigated. Simple field tests, devised to identify the most adequate materials for adobe construction and to be easily transmitted to the potential adobe builder are finally proposed.
Takayasu arteritis in China: A report of 530 cases

A total of 530 patients with Takayasu arteritis were studied. Among 346 patients who were diagnosed by aortography, the female to male ratio was 2.9 to 1, and the age of onset ranged from 5 to 45 years. Three hundred and eighteen (60%) patients with secondary hypertension, including renovascular hypertension in 281, and 197 (37.2%) with pulseless extremities were found in the series. All the patients were treated with medical or surgical procedures. Surgical treatment is preferred if clinical status of the patient permits. The patients were followed for 1-29 years (average 7.8 years). There were 55 deaths (10.4%) in this series. Cerebral hemorrhage was found as a common cause of death. Five-year and ten-year survival rates were 93.1% and 91.1%, respectively.
Synthesis and Reactivity of a Tetragallium Macrocycle

The reaction of GaCl3 with 1,8-bis(trimethylstannyl)biphenylene produces the tetragallium macrocycle (C12H6)4Ga4Cl4 (1) in high yield. Compound 1 contains a cyclic array of four Ga(biphenylene) units that form a 20-membered ring. The Ga atoms are bridged by μ2-Cl atoms so that the Ga atoms are four-coordinate. The structure adopts a saddle-shaped conformation with approximate D2d symmetry. 1 reacts with Lewis bases (CH3CN and THF) and halide ions (Cl− and Br−) to form (C12H6)2Ga2Cl2L and (C12H6)2Ga2Cl2X− species.
Design and Implementation of a State-Estimation System Utilizing a Low-Cost Distributed Sensor Array

NOMENCLATURE In recent years, an extensive effort supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been undertaken to rejuvenate the declining general aviation (GA) industry in the United States. One area of emphasis is in the development of advanced flight systems capable of simplifying the operation of GA aircraft in all weather conditions, opening new markets to the GA industry by making viable the use of private aircraft as transportation. Presented herein is a description of the design and plan for proof of concept of a state estimation system utilizing a low-cost distributed sensor array. This system will be used as the primary source of information for a decoupled flight control system on a V4 scale remotely piloted model aircraft named Aladdin, an entry in a student design competition sponsored by NASA, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA), and the Air Force. The state estimation system includes the incorporation of emerging technologies in the area of sensors and data processing, with redundancy achieved through dissimilar distributed sensor arrays. f Associate Professor * Professor and Head 5 Graduate Student Symbol Description Units a Acceleration vector body axes m/s a' Acceleration measurement m/s ~' vector from i" accelerometer package body axes g Gravitational acceleration vector m/s body axes d) or a Aircraft angular acceleration rad/s vector body axes to Aircraft angular velocity vector rad/s body axes Li Position vector locating i" m accelerometer package w/r aircraft CG body axes P, Q> R Components of the aircraft rad/s angular velocity vector, ea 0,0, y Euler angles defining the aircraft rad attitude £ Vector containing the four quaternion parameters used to define the aircraft attitude Copyright© 1998, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
Tense Over Time: The Longitudinal Course of Tense Acquisition in Children With Specific Language Impairment

Tense marking in English is relatively late appearing and is especially late for children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Little is known about the full course of acquisition for this set ...
Employment Efforts of Family Members—Who Works and How Much1

A new measure of intensity of employment of human resources, which takes into account not only market work effort but certain constraints imposed by nonmarket obligations and disability of family members as well, was developed and utilized to assess the productive efforts of family units and their individual members. Families in small towns in the Missouri valley and in low-income areas of three metropolitan locations were included in this rural-urban comparative study. The intensity of employment of families in the small towns was found to exceed that in the urban areas due to overtime work effort on the part of husbands and a higher incidence of employment of wives and other family members. Those wives who did work in the urban areas, however, achieved higher employment intensities than the working wives in the small towns.
Polysomnographic characteristics of bipolar depression

Few studies have examined the polysomnographic characteristics of bipolar depression, and the relationship between the sleep disturbance in this disorder and that found in other types of mood disorders is unclear. To investigate further the characteristics of sleep in bipolar depression, all-night polysomnograpby was performed for two to four consecutive nights in 10 bipolar depressed patients compared with age-matched groups of unipolar depressed patients, manic patients, and healthy individuals. All patient groups displayed similar abnormalities of sleep continuity and REM measures. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the sleep disturbance in the various forms of major mood disorders is caused by the same mechanism. Depression 1:227–230 (1993). © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sensitivity of avian intrapulmonary chemoreceptors to venous CO2 load

Abstract To investigate the response of individula intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (IPC) to venous CO2 loads approximating moderate muscular exercise, we recorded vagal discharege from 33 IPC arising frmo the left lungs of 9 anesthetized, unidirectionally ventilated Pekin ducks. Each IPC was studied during control conditions ( P e CO 2 = 29.0 ± 0.8 Torr , P v CO 2 = 30.2 ± 0.6 Torr ) and during venous CO2 load ( Pe CO 2 = 29.5 ± 0.7 Torr , P v CO 2 = 51.5 ± 1.4 Torr ). Venous loading was produced by increasing the percentate of CO2 in the gas ventilating the right lung form 0 to 9–25% CO2. The flow of 1% CO2 through the left lung was adjusted to keep the left lung PE CO2 constant. During venous loading, discharge frequenceis indicated that the PCO2 at the receptive sites fell, on teh averaga, 1.6 ± 0.8 Torr.
Granulocyte dysfunction in patients with iron overload.

To add to the elegant studies of Hoepelman et al and others in delineating the effects of abnormal iron levels on granulocytes, we wish to report on neutrophil chemokinesis and chemotaxis in nine patients with iron overload. Patients in this study included seven with sickle cell anaemia, one with beta thalassaemia and one with beta thalassaemia/hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin
Etiopathologies Associated with Intercostal Muscle Hypermetabolism and Prominent Right Ventricle Visualization on 2-Deoxy-2[F-18]fluoro- d -glucose-Positron Emission Tomography: Significance of an Incidental Finding and in the Setting of a Known Pulmonary Disease

The present study was undertaken to investigate the significance of 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) uptake in the intercostal muscles (ICM) and prominent visualization of right ventricle (RV) in FDG-positron emission tomography (PET) scans and its implications. Patients identified to have FDG uptake in the ICM with or without prominent visualization of the RV either incidentally or in the background of an existing explanatory cause at the time of FDG-PET studies were included in this retrospective study. These patients had undergone FDG-PET either for ruling out malignancy or for disease monitoring purposes in setting a proven malignancy. We reviewed the clinical and investigational records (including computed tomography [CT] thorax, chest X-ray, 2-D echo and pulmonary function tests, and arterial blood gas analysis) of the group with incidental FDG uptake for revelation of a pathology explaining such uptake. A total of 14 cases with 16 FDG-PET studies were identified from the retrospective examination of case records. One patient had three FDG-PET at different time points of his disease course. The patient population included 13 males and one female with age range 46–88 years. The patients were classified into two groups: (1) cases with isolated ICM uptake (n = 10); (2) cases with both ICM and RV uptake (n = 4). Among 10 patients with isolated ICM uptake, in six patients it was a serendipitous observation, whereas four patients had existing explanatory cause at the time of FDG-PET. The causes found to be associated included COPD, asthma, recent heart failure, interstitial lung disease (post external radiotherapy) and pulmonary embolism, atelectasis with pleural effusion. In all four cases with associated RV uptake, there was evidence of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Among these, in one patient this was a serendipitous observation. He had evidence of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in CT thorax, and 2-D echo showed moderate PH. The remaining three patients had cor pulmonale secondary to COPD, pneumoconiosis, and Swyer James Syndrome with associated severe PH. The SUVmax ratio of the RV-to-LV free wall ranged from 0.53 to 1.04 in the cases with prominent RV uptake. One patient had multiple FDG-PET studies and have shown reduction of RV uptake in the last scan consistent with the clinical impression of improvement of cor pulmonale. Both intercostal muscle and prominent RV uptake in FDG-PET can be associated with a spectrum of causes (including both obstructive and restrictive airway diseases) that lead to breathing exertion. These are important markers, which could signify underlying pulmonary disease and pulmonary hypertension, respectively. Associated prominent RV uptake strongly indicates presence of pulmonary hypertension and the uptake in the right heart can subserve a valuable surrogate marker in the treatment- monitoring scenario of a known PH.
Gender, relationships, and crack cocaine: A content analysis

Past research has indicated gender differences among narcotic users that have implications for the prevention and treatment of substance abuse; however, little is known about these differences among crack cocaine users. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to compare the relational context of male and female crack cocaine use. Data from open-ended, structured interviews with 46 predominantly African-American women (n = 23) and men (n = 23) were compared using manifest content analysis. Women were more likely to begin, use and/or maintain their use of crack in the context of more intimate opposite sex relationships, while men were more likely to begin their use with male friends and associates and to maintain drug use with income from jobs and selling drugs. Overall, relationships (both sexual and familial) were a more prominent aspect of crack use for women while enterpreneurship was more salient for men. These findings suggest the need for gender-sensitive prevention and treatment strategies.
Osmotic and cell volume regulation in the goby, Gillichthys mirabilis

The gobiid teleost Gillichthys mirabilis acclimated successfully to external environments ranging from 100% seawater to freshwater. Plasma composition and cell volume are regulated in both hypo- and hyperosmotic environments. Significant declines in plasma electrolyte concentrations and increase in intracellular hydration were observed only in freshwater-acclimated fish. Cell volume regulation in hypoosmotic media appears to result from the loss of intracellular solutes. Hypophysectomy seriously impaired regulation of plasma composition and cell volume in dilute external environments, a finding consistent with the known role of prolactin in promoting freshwater survival of teleosts.
Effect of mercuric chloride on the kinetics of cationic and substrate activation of the rat brain microsomal ATPase system.

Abstract Mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ), a neurotoxic compound, inhibited the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) system in a concentration-dependent manner. Hydrolysis of ATP was linear with time with or without HgCl 2 in the reaction mixtures. Higher inhibition of (Na + −K + )ATPase activity by HgCl 2 was observed in alkaline (8.0 to 9.0) pH and at lower temperatures (17 to 32°). Activation energy values were increased slightly in the presence of HgCl 2 . Activation of (Na + −K + )ATPase by ATP in the presence of HgCl 2 showed a decrease in V max from 15.29 to 5.0 μmol of inorganic phosphate (P i )/mg protein/hr with no change in K m . Similarly, activation of K + -stimulated p -nitrophenyl phosphatase (K + -PNPPase) in the presence of HgCl 2 showed a decrease in V max from 3.26 to 1.35 μmol of p -nitrophenol (PNP)/mg protein/hr with no change in K m . K + -activation kinetic studies indicated that HgCl 2 decreased V max from 14.01 to 4.30 μmol P i /mg protein/hr in the case of (Na + -K + )ATPase and from 3.45 to 2.40 μmol PNP/mg protein/hr in the case of K + -PNPPase with no changes in K m . Na + -activation of (Na + -K + )ATPase in the presence of HgCl 2 showed a decrease in V max from 11.06 to 3.23 μmol P i /mg protein/hr and an increase in K m from 1.06 to 2.08 mM. Preincubation of microsomes with sulfhydryl (SH) agents dithiothreitol, cysteine and glutathione protected HgCl 2 -inhibition of (Na + −K + )ATPase. The data suggest that HgCl 2 inhibited (Na + -K + )ATPase by interfering with the dephosphorylation of the enzymephosphoryl complex.
An 8-bit 450-MS/s single-bit/cycle SAR ADC in 65-nm CMOS

A low-energy 8-bit 450-MS/s single-bit/cycle SAR ADC is presented. The design combines top-plate sampling, small unit capacitances (0.75 fF), symmetric DAC switching, and judicious delay optimization around a single high-speed comparator to achieve an ENOB of 7.6 at Nyquist, translating into an FOM of 76 fJ/conversion-step. The converter occupies an active area of 0.035 mm2 in 65-nm CMOS.
Migration dynamics, entrepreneurship, and African development: Lessons from Malawi

Using data from Malawi, this study situates the discourse on migration, entrepreneurship, and development within the context of Africa's social realities. It examines self-employment differences am...
Incremental global reoptimization of programs

Although optimizing compilers have been quite successful in producing excellent code, two factors that limit their usefulness are the accompanying long compilation times and the lack of good symbolic debuggers for optimized code. One approach to attaining faster recompilations is to reduce the redundant analysis that is performed for optimization in response to edits, and in particulars, small maintenance changes, without affecting the quality of the generated code. Although modular programming with separate compilation aids in eliminating unnecessary recompilation and reoptimization, recent studies have discovered that more efficient code can be generated by collapsing a modular program through procedure inlining. To avoid having to reoptimize the resultant large procedures, this paper presents techniques for incrementally incorporating changes into globally optimized code. An algorithm is given for determining which optimizations are no longer safe after a program change, and for discovering which new optimizations can be performed in order to maintain a high level of optimization. An intermediate representation is incrementally updated to reflect the current optimizations in the program. Analysis is performed in response to changes rather than in preparation for possible changes, so analysis is not wasted if an edit has no far-reaching effects. The techniques developed in this paper have also been exploited to improve on the current techniques for symbolic debugging of optimized code.
Changes in wall motion and blood flow in the outflow tract of chick embryonic hearts observed with optical coherence tomography after outflow tract banding and vitelline-vein ligation

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-contact, non-invasive and high-resolution imaging technique, suited to study early cardiovascular development. Alterations in hemodynamic conditions during early development are known to lead to cardiac defects, presumably as a result of changes in cardiac biomechanics produced by the alterations. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of a spectral domain OCT in visualizing and quantifying changes in cardiac wall motion and blood-flow velocities under normal and altered hemodynamic conditions in chicken embryos at an early stage of development (Hamburger-Hamilton stage HH18, approximately 3 days of incubation), focusing on the heart outflow tract (OFT). The OCT system employed acquired simultaneously microstructural and blood-flow images at a rate of 92 frames s(-1)with a spatial resolution of approximately 10 microm. OCT imaging allowed in vivo visualization of the OFT microstructures, e.g. the lumen, cardiac cushions and myocardium. We found that alterations in hemodynamic conditions, through OFT banding and vitelline-vein ligation, changed blood-flow velocities through the OFT, as expected. Further, OCT allowed quantification of changes in the dynamics of OFT wall motion. Our results therefore establish the utility of spectral domain OCT to study the influence of hemodynamic conditions on heart development in intact, in vivo chicken embryo models.
SHARP: A System for Haptic Assembly and Realistic Prototyping

Virtual Reality (VR) technology holds promise as a virtual prototyping tool for mechanical assembly; however, several developmental challenges still need to be addressed before virtual prototyping applications can successfully be integrated into the product realization process. This paper describes the development of SHARP (System for Haptic Assembly & Realistic Prototyping), a portable VR interface for virtual assembly. SHARP uses physically-based modeling for simulating realistic part-to-part and hand-to-part interactions in virtual environments. A dual handed haptic interface for realistic part interaction using the PHANToM® haptic devices is presented. The capability of creating subassemblies enhances the application’s ability to handle a wide variety of assembly scenarios. Swept volumes are implemented for addressing maintainability issues and a network module is added for communicating with different VR systems at dispersed geographic locations. Support for various types of VR systems allows an easy integration of SHARP into the product realization process resulting in faster product development, faster identification of assembly and design issues and a more efficient and less costly product design process.
The Prevalence and Causes of Chronic Diarrhea in Patients With Celiac Sprue Treated With a Gluten-Free Diet

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: The majority of patients with celiac sprue experience diarrhea before diagnosis. There have been no studies of the prevalence or causes of chronic diarrhea in these patients after treatment with a gluten-free diet. METHODS: Seventy-eight patients with celiac sprue (59 women and 19 men) treated with a gluten-free diet for at least 12 months were surveyed about their bowel habits. Those with chronic diarrhea, defined as passage of loose stools three or more times per week for 6 months, underwent an extensive diagnostic evaluation to determine its cause. RESULTS: Sixty-two of the 78 patients (79%) experienced diarrhea before treatment, and 13 (17%) had chronic diarrhea (of lesser severity) after treatment. The causes of diarrhea in 11 patients consenting to this study were microscopic colitis, steatorrhea secondary to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, dietary lactose or fructose malabsorption, anal sphincter dysfunction causing fecal incontinence, and the irritable bowel syndrome. Only 1 patient had antigliadin antibodies detected in serum or small intestinal villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: After treatment of celiac sprue with a gluten-free diet, chronic diarrhea persists in a substantial percentage of patients. Although ongoing gluten ingestion is one possible cause, other causes may be more frequent. Therefore, diagnostic investigation of diarrhea in celiac sprue after treatment seems warranted. (Gastroenterology 1997 Jun;112(6):1830-8)
On load transfer between imperfectly bonded constituents

Abstract The effect of imperfect bonding on the efficiency of load transfer is studied theoretically. We consider an idealized two-dimensional fiber pullout test, consisting of a single fiber embedded in a half-plane. Central to this investigation is that the fiber and the matrix are connected by an interface with vanishingly small thickness but finite shear compliance. When the fiber and the matrix have identical elastic properties, this problem can be reduced to an integro-differential equation, which depends on a single dimensionless interface compliance. Numerical solutions for cases in which the fiber and matrix moduli differ were obtained by a finite element method. With the introduction of a modified effective length concept, the influence of various material parameters on the diffusion of load from the fiber to the matrix is assessed.
An analysis of the relationship between job satisfaction and job stress in correctional nurses.

Stamps and Piedmonte's Index of Work Satisfaction and Harris's Nurse Stress Index were completed by 287 registered nurses employed in state prison health care facilities in order to assess job satisfaction and job stress among correctional nurses. Correctional nurses' expectations about job satisfaction were influenced by pay and autonomy. This finding was consistent with studies of hospital nurses. Important sources of job satisfaction were professional status and interaction with employees. Analysis of differences between expectations and sources of job satisfaction may provide understanding of career benefits and sources of dissatisfaction. Time pressures and organizational support and involvement were sources of stress. Multivariate analyses showed an inverse relationship between stress and job satisfaction. Information about job satisfaction and work stress and their correlates may be used to develop strategies to improve the recruitment and retention of correctional nurses.
Misinterpreting the Coase Theorem

The Coase theorem is often interpreted as demonstrating why private negotiations between polluters and victims can yield efficient levels of pollution without government interference. It is considered by many to provide the theoretical underpinnings for "free-market" solutions to environmental problems. This article explains why misinterpreting Coasian negotiations as a market driven process leads to erroneous conclusions. More importantly, this article demonstrates why negotiations between polluters and victims would fail to yield efficient outcomes even if property rights were well-defined, even if there were only a single victim, even if negotiations entailed no transaction costs, and even if negotiators behaved rationally and reached a successful agreement. Unlike other critiques of the Coase theorem that focus on irrational behavior and transaction costs, our critique identifies perverse incentives that arise even under conditions most favorable to the theorem. By accepting, rather than challenging, ...
Multiple myeloma: Houses and spouses

Two families in which successive spouses who lived in the same house developed multiple myeloma are reported. In the first instance, a man whose first wife died of multiple myeloma remarried, and his second wife also developed myeloma. In the second family, a woman's first husband died of multiple myeloma and her second husband did too. Radiation studies of the houses and yards showed no increased radioactivity. No evidence was found for excessive exposure to chemicals or other environmental agents, for contact with other patients having similar malignancies, or for exposure to viruses or other transmissible factors. The significance of the occurrence of multiple myeloma in subsequent spouses is unknown. It is hoped that this report will stimulate research for other instances and lead to careful epidemiologic, radiologic, and virologic studies.
Stereoscopic Images with Gamma Ray Cameras

Tomography is the common technique used in nuclear medicine for obtaining information about the three spatial dimensions of a radioactive source. In this paper the advantages of using stereoscopy instead are demonstrated. Three systems are described for obtaining undistorted stereoscopic images of gamma ray sources. One of the systems described has been constructed and tested using four radioactive wires as sources.
A Social Approach to the Teaching of Modern Foreign Languages1

Author's summary.— In these days every student is interested in approaching the learning of a foreign language in a way which interests him in the country and its people. The social approach provides that introduction.
Leader emotional expressivity, visionary leadership, and organizational change

Purpose – This study set out to empirically investigate the direct effects of leader emotional expressivity on visionary leadership, as well as the moderating effect of leader emotional expressivity on the relationship between visionary leadership and organizational change magnitude.Design/methodology/approach – Cross‐sectional data from 108 senior organizational leaders and 325 of their direct followers were collected from 64 organizations across numerous industries. Leaders completed measures of emotional expressivity and organizational change magnitude, while followers provided ratings of visionary leadership, leadership effectiveness, and organizational change magnitude.Findings – Consistent with expectations, leader emotional expressivity was strongly related to visionary leadership, while leader emotional expressivity moderated the relationship between visionary leadership and organizational change magnitude. Visionary leaders with high emotional expressivity skills facilitated the greatest organiza...
Prey selection by the copepod Diacyclops thomasi

1. Adult females of the predaceous copepod, Diacyclops thomasi, consistently selected for the soft-bodied rotifers Synchaeta pectinata, Polyarthra major and P. remata when presented various combinations of 8 rotifer species and 2 crustacean species as prey. Diacyclops did not select for other small, soft-bodied rotifers such as P. vulgaris and Ascomorpha ecaudis and, for loricate species such as Keratella cochlearis, K. crassa and for large soft-bodied adult Asplanchna priodonta. The small cladocerans, Bosmina longirostris and Chydorus sphaericus also were resistant to predation by this copepod. 2. Increased hunger in Diacyclops increased the clearance rates on both vulnerable and Diacyclops-resistant prey but did not greatly increase mortality of resistant prey relative to vulnerable prey. Sated Diacyclops preferred small, vulnerable prey like P. major over larger-bodied Synchaeta. This effect may be attributed to limited gut space when food is abundant. 3. When Diacyclops was presented different relative proportions of Keratella and Synchaeta at a constant total prey density (500 prey/L), it selected Synchaeta over Keratella in all trial proportions. However, Diacyclops selected more strongly for Keratella (but at a much lower clearance rate than for Synchaeta) when the relative abundance of this predator-resistant species was greatest. These results support optimal foraging in this predator. 4. Predator-prey interactions of the kind reported in this study can help identify important food web pathways and can be used to interpret predator-mediated changes in zooplankton communities in mature.
On the pursuit of sound science for the betterment of the American Indian community: Reply to Beals et al. (2009).

We argue that ongoing criticism of existing theories, the development of alternative theories, and empirical theory tests offer the best chance for advancing American Indian research. We, therefore note our appreciation for Beals et al.'s comments. We nevertheless did disagree with many of Beals et al.'s specific claims, noting that (a) our characterization of the existing literature on reservation-dwelling American Indian drinking was accurate; (b) no argument made by Beals et al. undermines their theoretical contention that there is a relative lack of contingency between access to basic life reinforcers and sobriety on many reservations; (c) our theory was developed in a responsible manner: a reservation-tied American Indian developed the theory, which was reviewed by a reservation leadership team, a cultural consultant, and reviewers for this journal, at least one of whom consulted leaders of other reservations; and (d) our theory was based on previous interdisciplinary theory development. We encourage the development and testing of new, alternative theories.