cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity: Bacon BR, Farakvash MJ, Janney CG, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1103–1109

Background/Aims: In the past, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis has been described mostly in obese women with diabetes. The aim of this study was to describe a series of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with a different clinical profile. Methods: The clinical, biochemical, and histological features of 33 patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis seen from July 1990 to June 1993 were analyzed. Results: The mean age was 47 years. All patients were antibody to hepatitis C virus-negative. Nineteen of 33 (58%) were men, 20 of 33 (61%) were non-obese, 26 of 33 (79%) had normal glucose levels, and 26 of 33 (79%) had normal lipid levels. Fourteen of 33 (42%) had normal glucose and lipid levels and were not obese. Thirteen of 33 (39%) had pathological increases in fibrosis, 5 of whom had micronodular cirrhosis. Of these 13 with severe, progressive disease, 8 (62%) were women, 8 (62%) were obese, 4 (31%) were diabetic or had an elevated glucose level, and 3 (23%) had hyperlipidemia. Although serum iron studies (transferrin saturation and ferritin) were abnormal in 18 of 31 (58%), no patient had hemochromatosis. Conclusions: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis can be a severe, progressive liver disease leading to the development of cirrhosis. It should no longer be considered a disease predominantly seen in obese women with diabetes.
Covalent binding of foreign chemicals to tissue macromolecules

In vivo and in vitro covalent binding of foreign chemicals to tissue macromolecules via metabolic activation is described, using the analgesic acetaminophen as an example. Acetaminophen is metabolized through a variety of pathways. The arylating metabolite is formed by a cytochrome P-450 dependent N-hydroxylation process. The resulting hydroxamic acid is then conjugated with glutathione, and the resulting conjugate is subsequently excreted as the mercapturic acid in the urine. It is not until the glutathione concentration is reduced to about 20% of the initial concentration that covalent binding of acetaminophen to amino acids of proteins occurs and subsequent liver necrosis is seen. The extent of in vitro binding correlates with treatments that alter hepatic necrosis and in vivo binding, indicating that in vitro binding is a valid index of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. A simple bacterial test system for detecting chemical carcinogens as mutagens is described.
The roles of the immune system in Women's reproduction: Evolutionary constraints and life history trade‐offs

Life history theory posits that, as long as survival is assured, finite resources are available for reproduction, maintenance, and growth/storage. To maximize lifetime reproductive success, resources are subject to trade-offs both within individuals and between current and future investment. For women, reproducing is costly and time-consuming; the bulk of available resources must be allocated to reproduction at the expense of more flexible systems like immune function. When reproducing women contract infectious diseases, the resources required for immune activation can fundamentally shift the patterns of resource allocation. Adding to the complexity of the reproductive-immune trade-offs in women are the pleiotropic effects of many immune factors, which were modified to serve key roles in mammalian reproduction. In this review, we explore the complex intersections between immune function and female reproduction to situate proximate immunological processes within a life history framework. After a brief overview of the immune system, we discuss some important physiological roles of immune factors in women's reproduction and the conflicts that may arise when these factors must play dual roles. We then discuss the influence of reproductive-immune trade-offs on the patterning of lifetime reproductive success: (1) the effect of immune activation/infectious disease on the timing of life history events; (2) the role of the immune system, immune activation, and infectious disease on resource allocation within individual reproductive events, particularly pregnancy; and (3) the role of the immune system in shaping the offspring's patterns of future life history trade-offs. We close with a discussion of future directions in reproductive immunology for anthropologists.
Domain-specific design of 3d interaction techniques: An approach for designing useful virtual environment applications

Few production virtual environment (VE) applications involve complex three-dimensional (3D) interaction. Our long-term collaboration with architects and engineers in designing 3D user interfaces (3D UIs) has revealed some of the causes: existing interaction tasks and/or techniques are either too generic when isolated from the application context, or too specific to be reusable. We propose a new design approach called domain-specific design (DSD) that sits between the generic and specific design approaches, with an emphasis on using domain knowledge in 3D interaction techniques. We also describe an interaction design framework encompassing generic, domain-specific, and application-specific interaction tasks and techniques. This framework can be used by designers to think of ways to produce domain-specific interaction techniques. We present a particular DSD method, and demonstrate its use for the design of cloning techniques in a structural engineering application. Results from empirical studies demonstrate that interaction techniques produced with domain knowledge in mind outperformed other techniques by improving task efficiency, work flow, and usefulness of the 3D UI.
Teaching organizational ethnography

In 2004 Fujitsu asked PARC to carry out an ethnographic investigation of their software business, focusing on their development processes, and while doing so to build an ethnographic capability in their own organization. One of our biggest challenges was to convince Fujitsu's system engineers — and the development organization more generally — of the value of ethnography for their business. They are used to translating what they hear from customers about the workflow into a standard framework of system requirements and specifications; it was difficult for them to see the relevance of putting any significant focus on understanding what is going on in the workplace at the level of everyday work practices. Moreover, in their work with customers, system engineers commonly proceed in a carefully planned and highly structured manner, where every activity is expected to yield predictable outcomes. For them, the open-ended nature of ethnographic fieldwork seemed dangerously chaotic and unpredictable. The lessons learned from our experience with both our initial teaching of the engineers and the organizational fieldwork we later did together helped us design a new ethnography-training course that incorporates the task of conveying the full value of organizational and business ethnography.
Piezoelectric-Based Vibration Reduction of Turbomachinery Bladed Disks via Resonance Frequency Detuning

Piezoelectric-based resonance frequency detuning can alleviate unwanted vibration of turbomachinery blades, thus reducing the dangers of high-cycle fatigue while also decreasing the blade weight. This semiactive approach applies to structures that are subjected to frequency-sweep excitation and involves altering the structural stiffness (here, by switching the piezoelectric electrical boundary conditions) to avoid a resonant condition, thus limiting the blade response. Detuning requires two switches per resonance/excitation frequency crossing, including a switch back to the original the original state,many fewer than other semiactive approaches that require four switches per cycle of vibration.Resonance frequencydetuningapplies to anymode of vibrationwith apositive electromechanical coupling coefficient, and it provides the greatest normalized vibration reduction for slow sweeps, low damping, and high coupling coefficient. Yet even for amoderate sweep rate 10 4 andmodal damping 0:1%, optimally detuning a structure with an electromechanical coupling coefficient k 10% provides the same vibration reduction as increasing either the sweep rate ormodal damping by an order of magnitude.With a lower sweep rate 10 5 and modal damping 0:01%, detuning with a coupling coefficient of only k 3% provides equivalent vibration reduction as an order of magnitude increase in sweep rate or modal damping.
Comments on "Adaptive manipulator control: a case study" by J. Slotine and W. Li

The commenter establishes the stability in the sense of Lyapunov of the adaptive motion controller for robot manipulators reported by J. Slotine and W. Li (ibid., vol.33, p.995-1003, Nov. 1988). >
A student project on political redistricting by computer

On November 17, 1970, the editorial section of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch featured an editorial which urged that the current spate of political redistricting problems (required by law after each census) be accomplished by computer, rather than by the usual partisan haggling and maneuvering. The author of this paper seized upon this editorial and suggested to the Washington University Student Chapter of the Association for Computing Machinery that the problem of political redistricting by computer would make an excellent project for presentation in the Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science's annual Engineers Weekend activities. The Chapter then decided to undertake such a project, and the chapter president and this author prepared a response to the Post-Dispatch's editorial, in which it was pointed out that the use of computers in treating political redistricting problems involved far more than merely “feeding” the computer with the relevant population data;
On the atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle

Recently, HIRS2/MSU data have been used at the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres (GLA) to generate global precipitation estimates. A synergistic mix of the GLA precipitation, together with the global wind and moisture fields produced by the Global Data Assimilation System of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, was employed to delineate the atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle during the 1978/79 Northern Hemisphere winter and the 1979 Northern Hemisphere summer. The transport of water vapor from source to sink regions was illustrated geographically by a combination of the divergent component of water vapor transport and precipitation.
The trajectory scaling function for period doubling bifurcations in flows

We extend the trajectory scaling function as defined for maps to flows whose dynamics is governed by ordinary differential equations. The results are obtained for the Duffing oscillator and are expected to be the same for other dissipative flows as well.
What do we know about mathematics curricula

The subject of this essay is the mathematics curriculum: What should we be teaching in mathematics, and in what ways? This issue has been a focus of my problem solving work for nearly two decades, and I have written about it at length from that perspective. However, I am going to take a different point of view in this essay. Here I shall take a distanced perspective, in order to reflect on some difficult issues. Mathematics education is at a turning point. Some radically new programs are being proposed, and the abolition of some familiar programs is being proposed as well. This is a good time to ask, What do we really know? How much of what we think we know is based on a firm knowledge base, how much on informed guesswork, how much is really just opinion? How much of what we plan to do reflects cultural biases, rather than established fact? These are thorny questions. I shall explore the following four major issues related to curriculum: questions of content, tracking, problem-based curricula, and the role of proof. My goal is to be as honest about what I know, and what I don’t know, as I can be.
Acute hypernatremia promotes anxiolysis and attenuates stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in male mice.

Abstract Previous investigation by our laboratory found that acute hypernatremia potentiates an oxytocinergic tone that inhibits parvocellular neurosecretory neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), attenuates restraint-induced surges in corticosterone (CORT), and reduces anxiety-like behavior in male rats. To investigate the neural mechanisms mediating these effects and extend our findings to a more versatile species, we repeated our studies using laboratory mice. In response to 2.0 M NaCl injections, mice had increased plasma sodium concentrations which were associated with a blunted rise in CORT subsequent to restraint challenge relative to 0.15 M NaCl injected controls. Immunofluorescent identification of the immediate early gene product Fos found that 2.0 M NaCl treatment increased the number of activated neurons producing oxytocin in the PVN. To evaluate the effect of acute hypernatremia on PVN neurons producing corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), we used the Cre-lox system to generate mice that produced the red fluorescent protein, tdTomato, in cells that had Cre-recombinase activity driven by CRH gene expression. Analysis of brain tissue from these CRH-reporter mice revealed that 2.0 M NaCl treatment caused a dramatic reduction in Fos-positive nuclei specifically in CRH-producing PVN neurons. This altered pattern of activity was predictive of alleviated anxiety-like behavior as mice administered 2.0 M NaCl spent more time exploring the open arms of an elevated-plus maze than 0.15 M NaCl treated controls. Taken together, these results further implicate an oxytocin-dependent inhibition of CRH neurons in the PVN and demonstrate the impact that slight elevations in plasma sodium have on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis output and anxiety-like behavior.
An approach to aircraft subsystems design and integration

Aircraft Vehicle Management System (VMS) and subsystem design requirements emphasizing significant improvements in performance, maintainability, reliability and life cycle cost over existing subsystems, demand the implementation of design and analysis tools which aid the aircraft VMS and subsystem designer in the process to optimize individual subsystem designs within the constraints of the overall aircraft configuration optimization. Modern design processes incorporating a combination of new and existing software programs are being implemented at Rockwell International and other airframe manufacturers to provide designers with capabilities leading to significant productivity improvements. This paper describes the design philosophy and methodology and the preliminary mechanization of the "top down" design process for aircraft subsystems. The software incorporates expert system technology and provides extensive design databases in the form of rules based on expert designer experience, existing design libraries derived from actual designs an "lessons learned" files. The software tool uses commercially available expert system "shells" for rule-based and case-based methods to minimize the development and maintenance cost. Interfaces to existing analysis and synthesis software programs are provided to take advantage of previous developments. The program also provides a direct interface to available Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) tools, thereby minimizing the cost and complexity associated with concurrent engineering and the transition from conceptual to preliminary design phases. >
Supraglottoplasty Outcomes in Neurologically Affected and Syndromic Children

Importance Supraglottoplasty (SGP) failure is frequently attributed to coexistent medical comorbidities, but studies specifically evaluating outcomes in these populations are lacking. Objective To assess SGP outcomes in patients with neurologic and syndromic comorbidities and severe laryngomalacia (LM). Design, Setting, and Participants Case series with retrospective review of medical records of 54 patients with neurologic and/or syndromic comorbidity and severe LM who underwent SGP between 2004 and 2012 at a tertiary care pediatric institution. Interventions Patients presented with severe LM that required SGP. Supraglottoplasty failure necessitated revision SGP, tracheostomy, or gastrostomy tube insertion, or LM and obstructive sleep apnea that required assisted ventilation (continuous positive airway pressure and bilevel positive airway pressure). Main Outcomes and Measures Medical records were reviewed with a focus on patient factors, surgical timing, complications, and surgical and dysphagia outcomes. Patients were grouped based on their age at the time of SGP as infants (aged ≤12 months) and children (aged >12 months). Statistical comparisons were performed with SGP outcomes of infants with LM and no comorbidities. Results Fifty-four patients met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-one (13 infants, 18 children) had a neurologic condition and 23 (15 infants, 8 children) had syndromes. The overall success rate of SGP was 67% (36 of 54) in these populations. Neurologic ( P = .003) and syndromic ( P P = .049). In infants, acute airway obstruction was the most common indication for SGP in the neurologically comorbidity and syndrome populations (success rates, 69% and 67%, respectively). In children, obstructive sleep apnea was the most common indication for SGP in the neurologic comorbidity and syndrome populations (success rates, 78% and 50%, respectively). Conclusions and Relevance Supraglottoplasty remains useful and outcomes were better in patients with neurologic comorbidity than in patients with syndromic comorbidity.
Nitrogen limits an invasive perennial shrub in forest understory

Plant invasions can harm communities by domination of one or more vegetation layers. We studied whether Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii DC.) is limited by soil acidity or nitrogen availability in its domination of relatively undisturbed forest understories. In two sites, one more acid than the other, we applied lime, urea, or a sawdust–sugar mix to replicate plots in established barberry populations. We predicted that the acid site would be pH or cation limited, while the less acid site was N limited, unless N availability was inherently higher before treatment. Barberry above-ground net primary production (NPP) was estimated by a combination of harvest and allometric analysis. Foliar N increased in the urea treatment and was proportional to incubation estimates of net N mineralization and nitrification. Foliar Ca and P were unaffected by the treatments. Foliar K was proportional to foliar N. The more acid site had higher foliar Mn, but otherwise the sites differed little. Barberry NPP was proportional to pre-treatment biomass. The ratio of net production to pre-treatment woody biomass (relative production rate) increased with foliar N and soil N availability and decreased when soil N was immobilized by sawdust and sugar. There was no effect of soil pH or cation status on barberry growth, although a correlation with foliar K was reflected by the maintenance of a constant K : N ratio. Although more severely acid sites may be less invasible than those studied here, N availability is the primary limitation to invasive dominance in this landscape.
Thermal Testing of the Compositional InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (CIRIS)

The CIRIS device is a Fourier Transform (FT) spectrometer that utilizes a rotating refractor to induce the time-varying path length difference in split light beams. This design allows the spectrometer to be extremely compact, and eliminates linear accelerations associated with traditional Michelson FT spectrometers. Compared to grating spectrometers, CIRIS is inherently radiation-tolerant and has high signal-to-noise in the mid- to thermal IR, making it ideal for outer planetary and primitive body missions. We have developed a small-scale thermal/vacuum testing facility for rapid testing of the CIRIS prototype and similar instruments in cryogenic conditions relevant to an outer planetary orbital environment. Here we present results from testing the CIRIS prototype and several infrared detectors, including thermal and electrical performance of the system.
Superhigh-sensitivity photothermal monitoring of individual cell response to antitumor drug

We describe and explore the capability of a photothermal (PT) assay with modified schematics for highly sensitive detection of individual cell response to antitumor drug impact in vitro. Specifically, we used the nonlinear differential PT test to measure distinctive changes of specific PT parameters after exposure of KB3 carcinoma cells to the antitumor drug vinblastine in the broad concentration range of 10?10 to 300 nM. Verification of the PT assay was performed by comparison with multidrug-resistant cells and comparison with conventional assays evaluating cell viability, cytochrome c release, apoptosis induction, and cell size. We demonstrate that this system is capable of detecting drug-induced signals at a concentration threshold sensitivity at least seven orders of magnitude better than existing assays. We anticipate that this technique may serve as a convenient and rapid analytical tool to evaluate the presence of intracellular drug, with applications in high throughput screening assays and for studying drug uptake and distribution in more complex biological or clinical samples.
Neutrino phenomenology of very low-energy seesaw scenarios

The standard model augmented by the presence of gauge-singlet right-handed neutrinos proves to be an ideal scenario for accommodating nonzero neutrino masses. Among the new parameters of this 'new standard model' are right-handed neutrino Majorana masses M. Theoretical prejudice points to M much larger than the electroweak symmetry breaking scale, but it has recently been emphasized that all M values are technically natural and should be explored. Indeed, M around 1-10 eV can accommodate an elegant oscillation solution to the liquid scintillator neutrino detector (LSND) anomaly, while other M values lead to several observable consequences. We consider the phenomenology of low-energy (M < or approx. 1 keV) seesaw scenarios. By exploring such a framework with three right-handed neutrinos, we can consistently fit all oscillation data--including those from LSND--while partially addressing several astrophysical puzzles, including anomalous pulsar kicks, heavy element nucleosynthesis in supernovae, and the existence of warm dark matter. In order to accomplish all of this, we find that a nonstandard cosmological scenario is required. Finally, low-energy seesaws - regardless of their relation to the LSND anomaly - can also be tested by future tritium beta-decay experiments, neutrinoless double-beta decay searches, and other observables. We estimate the sensitivity of suchmore » probes to M.« less
Global Economic Integration and Land Use Change

The goal of this work is to investigate the role of global integration in determining long-run patterns of land-use change. We utilize a dynamic general equilibrium model that has been modified to incorporate the most important economic features driving global land demand and supply, and simulate a baseline period from 1997-2025 over which land rents world-wide rise sharply and the global allocation of land between agriculture and forestry changes rather significantly in some regions. Through a series of restricted simulations of the model, we are able to isolate the impact on land markets of the following elements of growth and globalization: (i) population growth, (ii) real income growth, (iii) access of new forest lands, and (iv) international trade. We found that international trade plays a very substantial role in mediating between the land-abundant, slower growing economies of the Americas and Australia/New Zealand, and the land-scarce, rapidly growing economies of Asia. In summary, when combined, the forces of globalization are expected to play a large role in determining the pattern of land use change.
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the neck masquerading as a congenital lymphangioma in a pediatric patient

Abstract The diagnosis of lymphangioma is typically based on history, exam, and imaging. Biopsy is rarely sought due to the accuracy of clinical diagnosis. We report a 4-year-old male with Gorlin syndrome, who presented with a neck mass that was clinically diagnosed as a lymphangioma. Sclerotherapy was performed at the family's request. After the procedure, necrosis developed over the surface of the mass. Surgical excision was then performed, and pathology interpreted as embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. The presentation allowed this rhabdomyosarcoma to masquerade as a lymphangioma. This unusual presentation brings into question the use of fine needle aspiration in suspected lymphangiomas.
The Roles of Social Bonds, Personality, and Perceived Costs An Empirical Investigation Into Hirschi’s “New” Control Theory

Hirschi’s reconceptualized control theory suggests that social bonds serve as the primary inhibitors to delinquency and that personality-based self-control (PBSC) is not relevant. He also indicates that the number of inhibitors, multiplied by their salience, influences the perceived costs of delinquency. These claims have not been widely tested. Using a large, school-based sample of adolescents, the authors test Hirschi’s reconceptualization and find that certain inhibitors (e.g., parental monitoring) are more important than others (e.g., maternal attachment). There are also unique types of costs (e.g., parental costs, peer costs) with differential impacts. Salience exerts a main effect, but there was little evidence to suggest it interacts with costs. Finally, PBSC has the strongest effect. These findings not only offer support for some of Hirschi’s claims but also provide directions to better formulate a more comprehensive and empirically supported control theory.
An Enigmatic New Genus of Biarmohymenid from the Early Permian Wellington Formation of Noble County, Oklahoma (Palaeodictyopterida: Diaphanopterodea)

A new genus and species of the extinct Paleozoic insect order Diaphanopterodea (Palaeodictyopterida) is described and figured from the Early Permian (Artinskian) Wellington Formation of Noble County, Oklahoma. Anomalohymen dochmus, new genus and species, is most similar to Biarmohymen bardense Zalessky from the Early Permian (Kungurian) of Tshekarda in Russia. The two genera share the proximal coalescence of M and CuA along with a generally reduced venation. Rather than erect another monogeneric family, we here include Anomalohymen in the Biarmohymenidae, emending the diagnosis of the family, providing a key to the constituent genera, and extending the biogeographic and temporal range of the lineage.
“California Earthquakes: Science, Risk and the Politics of Hazard Mitigation” by Carl Henry Geschwind

All seismologists will enjoy reading this seismological history. It begins with a short introduction on early studies of earthquakes, with detailed coverage spanning the decades from the 1906 San Francisco to the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Geschwind has synthesized available archives in a most interesting way and closely documented the interaction of science and government. My career as Professor of Seismology at the University of California at Berkeley, from 1963 to 1992, Director of the University's Seismographic Stations for twenty-seven years, and a member of the Seismic Safety Commission for fifteen years coincided with the latter period presented here, particularly Chapters 6–9. As a consequence, much of the book is subject to personal confirmatory recollections. This treatment does not deal with the advance of seismological theory in the twentieth century but does document the crucial growth of the observational side in California: field studies of faults, seismographic networks, and observatories. More central to Geschwind's interest is that “the regulatory-state apparatus in California is an outgrowth of the ideology of Progressivism” (p. 5). He demonstrates that the evolution of earthquake hazard mitigation in California is “not simply a story of response to natural disasters: also important is the degree to which mitigation advocates have organized and had the resources necessary to mobilize public opinion for the political process in pursuit of their goals” (p. 229). Reactions to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire set the stage for so much of the subsequent history. In the early chapters, the historical research is comprehensive, with critical coverage of the principal issues and controversies. Incompleteness occurs only because accessibility of, and even existence of, primary sources is uneven. The problem is defined in the “Essay on Sources”, pp. 317–322. Chapter …
A Phase I, multicenter, open-label trial to evaluate the safety of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) injected into liver tumors

Meeting abstracts T-VEC, an intralesionally-delivered oncolytic immunotherapy, is a herpes simplex virus-1 engineered to selectively replicate in tumors and stimulate an anti-tumor immune response through expression of GM-CSF. T-VEC has the ability to lyse various cancer cell types in vitro[[1][1
On the distribution of gaps between squarefree numbers

Let s 1 , s 2 , … denote the squarefree numbers in ascending order. In [1], Erdős showed that, if 0 ≤ γ ≤ 2, then where B (γ) is a function only of γ. In 1973 Hooley [4] improved the range of validity of this result to 0 ≤ γ ≤ 3, and then later gained a further slight improvement by a method he outlined at the International Number Theory Symposium at Stillwater, Oklahoma in 1984. We have, however, independently obtained the better improvement that (1) holds for in contrast to the range derived by Hooley. The main purpose of this paper is to substantiate our new result. Professor Hooley has informed me that there are similarities between our methods as well as significant differences.
Tolerogenic dendritic cells for Type 1 diabetes.

Evaluation of: Pujol-Autonell I, Ampudia RM, Monge P et al. Immunotherapy with tolerogenic dendritic cells alone or in combination with rapamycin does not reverse diabetes in NOD mice. ISRN Endocrinol. doi:10.1155/2013/346987 (2013) (Epub ahead of print). Many reports confirm that dendritic cells (DCs) can prevent autoimmune diseases in mice and rats including Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Reversal of new-onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus using DCs has not yet been reported in the literature. The findings of Pujol-Autonell and colleagues suggest that reversal using DCs may not be possible, at least in the NOD/LtJ mouse strain. At first sight, these data suggest that DC-based therapies may not be effective in treating new-onset disease in humans. This evaluation provides a potential explanation for why the approach of Pujol-Autonell was not successful and offer alternatives that may result in a successful outcome. Based on this analysis, the importance of quality control testing DCs to ensure that their tolerogen...
Biologic Markers to Predict Recurrence in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Statement of the Problem: Background: Despite advances in multimodality therapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), there continues to be poor overall patient survival. Although, early stage tumors have been traditionally associated with the most favorable outcome, there continues to be a subset of patients with small tumors that are easily extirpated that continue to have local or regional failure with high mortality rates. Several tumor sites such as breast and colon malignancies have been shown to have molecular markers that can be identified at the time of tumor extirpation that lead to the modification of postoperative treatment with targeted therapies with improved patient outcomes. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify patients diagnosed with T1 OSCC and treated at the Mayo Clinic from 1986 to the present. Tissue specimens for all patients were subjected to assessment with immunohistochemical stains in an attempt to identify markers which may be predictive of patients progressing to early recurrences and mortality from these early stage tumors. Materials and Methods: The records of patients treated for T1 intraoral squamous cell carcinoma treated at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) were identified from the tumor registry from 1986 to the present. All patients with T1 OSCC were included. Patient demographic and tumor characteristics will be collected. Tissue specimens will be analyzed with immunohistochemistry techniques by a single pathologist to identify tumors with p53 tumor suppressor gene, CD34 and microsatellite instability in an attempt to correlate tumor characteristics to recurrence rates and patient survival. Method of Data Analysis: Data will be statistically analyzed in an attempt to identify predictors of loco-regional control and disease-free survival. Descriptive statistics will be calculated for each variable and survival calculated using the Kaplan-Meier and logistical regression methods. Results: One hundred and seventy-five patients met inclusion criteria, this included 129 males (53%) and 117 females (47%) with an average age of 61.6 years (Range 21.2-91.8 with a SD / 13.6). Average tumor size was 1.4 cm (SD) in length. Site distribution is 46% tongue, 15% gingival, 56 17% floor of the mouth, 8% palate, and 11% buccal mucosa. Histologic grade distribution is 15% grade 1, 46% grade 2, 36% grade 3, 3% grade 4, and 3% did not have histologic grade recorded. Treatment included 97% of patients undergoing surgical resection alone, 4 (1%) radiotherapy and 2% had alternative or no treatment. All patients presented were treated without neck dissection. Mean follow-up was 58.5 months (range 0.0-197.0 months) (SD /49.36). Local and regional recurrences were observed in 8.5% and 16% of patients respectively. Conclusion: The presence of P53 tumor suppressor gene deletions led to increased rates of early recurrence and death, while the presence of microsatellite instability from the tumor specimens did not correlate with poor patient survival.
Integrating social media into weight loss interventions

Abstract Integrating social media platforms into weight loss interventions is an emerging area of behavioral research. Delivering weight loss interventions via social media may help minimize barriers such as cost, time to deliver materials, and access to hard-to-reach populations. Additionally, users may benefit from receiving health information, social support, and motivation through social media. This review found several studies using social media in conjunction with or as an adjunct to other intervention delivery methods, indicating a need for understanding the effectiveness of social media as an independent delivery method. Future studies should investigate the positive and negative impacts of social media on weight loss behaviors and the effectiveness of social media on weight loss and maintenance behaviors.
Presidential Elections and the Market Pricing of Future Earnings

We examine whether presidential elections influence the market pricing of future earnings. We predict that uncertainty surrounding presidential election outcomes, and the associated policy changes that impact future firm operations, reduces the extent to which current prices reflect information about future earnings. We estimate future earnings response coefficients (FERCs) for the years 1981-2009, a period that covers seven presidential elections, and find that FERCs are significantly lower (by approximately 7.2 percent) during presidential election years compared to other years. Additional analyses using pseudo election years, ex-ante polls and ex-post margins of victory, and cross-sectional firm characteristics confirm that the lower FERCs during election years are related to political election uncertainty. We also investigate potential explanations for the lower FERCs during election years and find that it is related to increased forecasting uncertainty, and not to changes in discount rates or noise trading. Overall, we contribute to the literature by providing the first empirical evidence on whether and how political election uncertainty influences the pricing of future earnings.
Intra-Abdominal Candidiasis: The Importance of Early Source Control and Antifungal Treatment.

Intra-abdominal candidiasis (IAC) is poorly understood compared to candidemia. We described the clinical characteristics, microbiology, treatment and outcomes of IAC, and identified risk factors for mortality. We performed a retrospective study of adults diagnosed with IAC at our center in 2012–2013. Risk factors for mortality were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. We identified 163 patients with IAC, compared to 161 with candidemia. Types of IAC were intra-abdominal abscesses (55%), secondary peritonitis (33%), primary peritonitis (5%), infected pancreatic necrosis (5%), and cholecystitis/cholangitis (3%). Eighty-three percent and 66% of secondary peritonitis and abscesses, respectively, stemmed from gastrointestinal (GI) tract sources. C. albicans (56%) and C. glabrata (24%) were the most common species. Bacterial co-infections and candidemia occurred in 67% and 6% of patients, respectively. Seventy-two percent of patients underwent an early source control intervention (within 5 days) and 72% received early antifungal treatment. 100-day mortality was 28%, and highest with primary (88%) or secondary (40%) peritonitis. Younger age, abscesses and early source control were independent predictors of survival. Younger age, abscesses and early antifungal treatment were independently associated with survival for IAC stemming from GI tract sources. Infectious diseases (ID) consultations were obtained in only 48% of patients. Consulted patients were significantly more likely to receive antifungal treatment. IAC is a common disease associated with heterogeneous manifestations, which result in poor outcomes. All patients should undergo source control interventions and receive antifungal treatment promptly. It is important for the ID community to become more engaged in treating IAC.
Recovery of cardiopulmonary reflexes in monkeys undergoing heart-lung transplantation

After heart-lung transplantation in primates, cardiopulmonary reflexes were tested and shown to be present. The Hering-Breuer and cough reflexes were tested, as well as responses to an inhaled respiratory stimulant, vasodilator, and an intravenous anticholinesterase and antimuscarinic agent. Recovery of these responses, except to the anticholinesterase agent, suggests that reinervation occurs in autotransplanted organs in primates. The Hering-Breuer reflex was present at 1.9 and 2.2 months after the operation in two animals subjected to autotransplantation. These cardiopulmonary reflex responses were also demonstrated in two allograft recipients studied at 15 and 16.9 months after the operation. Return of protective reflexes such as coughing may be an important mechanism to prevent aspiration pneumonitis and other complications in humans.
Softly Breaking Barriers

ABSTRACTTuller and Feldman reflect on Carol Fowler the scientist and Fowler the person in the context of her work on coordinative structures and timing, links between production and perception, and how to survive in academia.
Engineering spectral dispersion with multi-ordered optical metasurfaces using insertion-loss method

Metasurfaces as multi-ordered optical metatronic filters can be engineered using electronic circuit design procedures. Numerical examples with different functionality (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop) illustrate the ability of this procedure to synthesize optical frequency dispersion.
An Evidence-Based Review of Early Intervention and Prevention of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

We present an evidence-based review of post-trauma interventions used to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Literature search of PubMed from 1988 to March 2016 using keywords "Early Intervention AND Prevention of PTSD" yielded 142 articles, of which 52 intervention studies and 6 meta-analyses were included in our review. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy and modified prolonged exposure delivered within weeks of a potentially traumatic event for people showing signs of distress have the most evidence in the treatment of acute stress and early PTSD symptoms, and the prevention of PTSD. Even though several pharmacological agents have been tried, only hydrocortisone prior to high-risk surgery, severe traumatic injury, or during acute sepsis has adequate evidence for effectiveness in the reduction of acute stress symptoms and prevention of PTSD. There is an urgent need to determine the best targets for interventions after trauma to accelerate recovery and prevent PTSD.
Ocular Drug Delivery

Although the eye is an accessible organ for direct drug application, ocular drug delivery remains a major challenge due to multiple barriers within the eye. Key barriers include static barriers imposed by the cornea, conjunctiva, and retinal pigment epithelium and dynamic barriers including tear turnover and blood and lymphatic clearance mechanisms. Systemic administration by oral and parenteral routes is limited by static blood–tissue barriers that include epithelial and endothelial layers, in addition to rapid vascular clearance mechanisms. Together, the static and dynamic barriers limit the rate and extent of drug delivery to the eye. Thus, there is an ongoing need to identify novel delivery systems and approaches to enhance and sustain ocular drug delivery. This chapter summarizes current and recent experimental approaches for drug delivery to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye.
OSNI: Searching for Needles in a Haystack of Social Network Data.

This paper presents the Online Social Network Investigator (OSNI), a scalable distributed system to search social net- work data, based on a spatiotemporal window and a list of keywords. Given that only 2% of tweets are geolocated, we have implemented and compared various state-of-art loca- tion estimation techniques. Further, to enrich the context of posts, associations of images to terms are estimated through various classication techniques. The accuracies of these es- timations are evaluated on large real datasets. OSNI's query interface is available on the Web.
Do We Teach the Wrong Thing? The Impact of Mathematical and Scientific Background on Economics Success

What part of [dK/dL]/{(ykl-pbh*htb s3.mny)}>(n/mtw) (jkl/ptf);nzk-t] don't you understand? For too many economics students and researchers, this question is not a funny joke. Reviewing, reading, understanding and moreover, writing and publishing theoretical or empirical models in economics, especially as required by leading economics journals, is an extremely high challenge. The language is very technical, the required methodology is on the high end of mathematical understanding in terms of propositions, lemmas, theorems and proves and the terminology is clearly non-intuitive. Do we invest enough time and efforts to simplify and train our students to these highly mathematical, modeling and scientific requirements? Do we prepare them to the top research academic career? While developing methods for teaching economics in a more accessible, intuitive and approachable way, and unlike in fields such as engineering and science, there seems to be too little emphasis on establishing background of advanced mathematics in economics. Campbell (2012) argues that even if students often complain that economics education has become too mathematical and they want to learn economics and not mathematics, we are failing them by not providing them the opportunity to develop mathematical ability while earning their degree, and we should embrace educational methods that genuinely develop strong mathematical and statistical skills in our students.
A methodology for computing spatially and temporally varying surface sensible heat flux from thermal imagery

Thermal infrared imagery provides a measure of surface temperature by quantifying the thermal emission of radiation from objects. In this work, we propose a novel approach for computing surface sensible heat fluxes from a time series of thermal imagery sampled at 20 Hz. The approach consists of using a surface energy budget, where the ground heat flux is easily computed from limited measurements using a force-restore-type methodology, the latent heat fluxes are neglected, and the energy storage is computed using a lumped capacitance model. Preliminary validation of the method is presented using experimental data acquired at a desert playa in western Utah from an intensive observation period during the Mountain Terrain Atmospheric Modeling and Observations (MATERHORN) Program. The sensible heat fluxes computed from thermal imagery show encouraging agreement (≈ 4% difference for one-hour averaged fluxes computed with the force-restore method) compared to heat fluxes obtained using the eddy-covariance technique, however, additional evaluation is required to confirm the method's validity. Further, the technique illustrates the richness of surface heat flux spatiotemporal structure even over very smooth surfaces.
Technology and the Rise of the Artifice

This chapter examines the birth of the “addiction crisis,” as it broadens its reach within the technological culture of the Internet and its global distribution of the “means” for more people to become addicted. The question then becomes whether the global situation spearheading addiction today exceeds in complexity the insights of any single scientifically based narrative. To develop this critical perspective, I will outline the nexus of variables that create a climate for addiction(s) to flourish; that is, the “perfect storm” in which our inherent frailties as human beings intersect with an extensive culture of “enabling.” While the “human-all-too-human” constants of the problem remain, our understanding of it must evolve in order to recognize how our culture of conspicuous consumption and its “commercialization” of fetishes extend the “hook” of addiction from all corners of the globe. Indeed, only by first confronting the wider scope of the addiction-crisis, and the technological influences that intensify its grip on humanity, can we address a new existential challenge: i.e., that the rise of the “artifice” masks our capacity for self-understanding, even while extending access to both “information” and “entertainment.”
Restless Legs Syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis and a practical approach to management.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a chronic neurological disorder that interferes with rest and sleep. It has a wide spectrum of symptom severity, and treatment is started when symptoms become bothersome. Dopamine agonists and calcium channel apha-2-delta antagonists (gabapentin, gabapentin enacarbil and pregabalin) are first-line treatments; calcium channel alpha-2-deltas are preferred over dopamine agonists because they give less augmentation, a condition with symptom onset earlier in the day and intensification of RLS symptoms. Dopamine agonists can still be used as first-line therapy, but the dose should be kept as low as possible. Iron supplements are started when the serum ferritin concentration is ≤75 µg/L, or if the transferrin saturation is less than 20%. For severe or resistant RLS, a combined treatment approach can be effective. Augmentation can be very challenging to treat and lacks evidenced-based guidelines.
Enzymatic reduction of D-biotin-d-sulfoxide with cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli

Abstract D-biotin-d-sulfoxide can fulfill the growth requirement for E. coli mutants deficient in biotin biosynthesis. In vitro reduction of D-biotin-d-sulfoxide to biotin requires a protein cell-free extract and NADPH. Preliminary experiments suggest that more than one protein participates in the reaction.