cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional hyperelastic properties of human hip cartilage

Cartilage material properties are necessary to make accurate predictions of cartilage stress during joint loading and to understand the effects of aging and disease on cartilage mechanics. Human hip cartilage material properties for loading situations that are relevant to activities of daily living are unavailable. Investigators have needed to use material properties from the joints of other animals as a substitute (e.g., [1]).Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The impact of a specialty retail center on downtown shopping behavior

This article describes a three year longitudinal study of the impact of the opening of a specialty retail center on shopping, dining-out, and entertainment behavior of a random sample of residents of a major metropolitan area. The results show a dramatic increase in the percentage of residents who visited the specialty center for dining-out and entertainment with a residual effect of increased visits to surrounding cultural and entertainment facilities.
Biomechanical evaluation of graft fixation techniques for acromioclavicular joint reconstructions using coracoclavicular tendon grafts.

Background This study compared the initial strength of acromioclavicular joint reconstructions using coracoclavicular tendon grafts using interference screws, a tendon square knot, or side-to-side suturing for graft fixation. Materials and methods An acromioclavicular joint reconstruction was performed using a hamstring allograft looped under the coracoid and then fixed using interference screws, a square knot in the graft, and side-to-side graft suturing in each of 8 cadaveric shoulders. Each reconstruction was cycled in a superior direction, and displacements were recorded. Stiffness and ultimate load to failure of the reconstructions were determined. Results The knot construct had a greater elongation after cycling compared with the screw ( P = .003) or side-to-side suture ( P = .001) repairs and had a higher ultimate load to failure than the screw construct (614.9 ± 124.6 vs 469.79 ± 175.1 N; P = .02). No significant differences were found between the screw and side-to-side suture constructs in elongation ( P = .11) or ultimate loads to failure ( P = .58). Finally, the side-to-side construct was significantly stiffer than the screw ( P = .01) or knot ( P = .01) reconstructions. Conclusions Clavicular fixation of a coracoclavicular graft during an acromioclavicular joint reconstruction using a square knot has superior ultimate strength compared with interference screw fixation. Side-to-side suture and screw constructs have superior cyclic displacement properties compared with knot fixation, with no differences in cyclic properties found between the side-to-side suture and screw constructs. Side-to-side suturing provides equivalent initial biomechanical strength compared with interference screw fixation.
Optimal linear estimators: an empirical Bayes version with application to the binomial distribution

SUMMARY An empirical Bayes estimator is one which estimates the posterior mean by making use of past data. For certain conditional distributions though, no empirical Bayes estimator can be found which converges to the posterior mean as past data are accumulated. However, an optimal linear estimator for a parameter, say 0, can often be found. This optimal linear estimator depends upon the first two prior moments, both of which can often be estimated. The resulting estimator has been simulated under the assumption that the conditional distribution is binomial and these simulations have shown its risk substantially smaller than the risk of the maximum likelihood estimator.
Assessment of Development in the Deaf Child

Abstract This research and intervention pilot project concerns deaf infants under 3 years of age and their families. Aspects of developing object relationships, psychosexual organization, and certain ego functions in deaf infants of both deaf and hearing parents were compared with parallel landmarks of development found in hearing infants. The deaf infants, with rare exception, showed delay in all three sectors of development. The relevance of these findings for understanding psychosexual and ego development in the deaf is discussed, along with their implications for effective therapeutic intervention in regard to deaf infants and their families.
Institutions, Policy Innovation, and E-Government in the American States

Examining the rankings of American states in one fast-growing policy area, e-government, states with the most sophisticated and comprehensive policies varied over a five-year period. What factors account for change in digital government policy innovation over time? Using time-series analysis and 50-state data, the authors find that state institutional capacity is important for continued innovation. They also find an association between reinvention in state governments and the institutionalization of information technology, suggesting a more general orientation toward government reform and modernization. Although state wealth and education were not significant in previous studies, they emerge as predictors of later innovation. The theoretical contribution of this study is to better understand the dynamic character of innovation over time and the role of institutions. The link between reinvention and e-government raises the possibility that the modernization of state institutions generally facilitates innovation.
NDN.JS: A javascript client library for named data networking

NDN.JS is the first JavaScript implementation of a client library for Named Data Networking (NDN). It facilitates NDN experimentation and usage by enabling end nodes to interact with an NDN network without installing the CCNx code package. It is also a first step towards exploring an NDNbased Web architecture. NDN.JS is wire format compatible with CCNx and supports the basic NDN functions of content fetching and publishing using Interest/Data exchange. NDN.JS works with modern Web browsers, including some browsers on mobile devices, that support JavaScript and HTML5 WebSocket. The client communicates with existing CCN routers via a simple Websocket proxy. As a use case study, we create a Firefox Add- On over NDN.JS to enable content fetching using an ‘ndn:/’ URI scheme and identify several research issues in bringing NDN into existing browsers.
Comparison Between Flow Cytometric and Cytogenetic Tumor Cell DNA Content Using a Simple Flow Sample Preparation Method: Ploidy Comparison of 86 Fresh Pediatric Tumors

A comparison of tumor ploidy by flow cytometry (FL) and cytogenetics (CYG) was made in 86 fresh pediatric solid (n = 47) and hematopoietic (n = 39) tumors using simple sampling and semiautomated proprietary FL preparation methods and defined histogram interpretive criteria. Tumor karyotypes with 14–48 chromosomes were regarded as CYG diploid and other chromosomal complements CYG aneuploid for comparison purposes. Five histograms were uninterpretable and nine cases failed to produce 15 or more metaphases for karyotyping. Mean G0/G1 peak coefficients of variation of all 86 cases were 2.7 and 3.0 for the diploid and aneuploid populations, respectively. Of the 72 eligible cases, 41 were concordant diploid and 16 concordant aneuploid with an overall concordance of 79%. The DNA index and karyotypic index correlation coefficient was 0.92 for the 16 concordant aneuploid cases. Analysis of the 15 discordant cases highlights the limitations of both methods and of the histogram interpretive criteria and indicates th...
Use of a BOD oxygen probe for estimating primary productivity

The accuracy of a BOD oxygen probe for field measurements of primary production by the light and dark bottle oxygen technique is analyzed. A figure is presented with which to estimate the number of replicate bottles needed to obtain a given accuracy in estimating photosynthetic rates.
Recent research on children's social cognition: A brief review

This review of the literature on social cognition indicates considerable recent progress. However, important issues remain unresolved in the conceptualization of skills and knowledge required for social understanding.
How Bioethics Principles Can Aid Design of Electronic Health Records to Accommodate Patient Granular Control

Ethics should guide the design of electronic health records (EHR), and recognized principles of bioethics can play an important role. This approach was recently adopted by a team of informaticists who are designing and testing a system where patients exert granular control over who views their personal health information. While this method of building ethics in from the start of the design process has significant benefits, questions remain about how useful the application of bioethics principles can be in this process, especially when principles conflict. For instance, while the ethical principle of respect for autonomy supports a robust system of granular control, the principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence counsel restraint due to the danger of patients being harmed by restrictions on provider access to data. Conflict between principles has long been recognized by ethicists and has even motivated attacks on approaches that state and apply principles. In this paper, we show how using ethical principles can help in the design of EHRs by first explaining how ethical principles can and should be used generally, and then by discussing how attention to details in specific cases can show that the tension between principles is not as bad as it initially appeared. We conclude by suggesting ways in which the application of these (and other) principles can add value to the ongoing discussion of patient involvement in their health care. This is a new approach to linking principles to informatics design that we expect will stimulate further interest.
Color and luminance asymmetries in the clear sky

A long-standing assumption about the clear sky is that its colors and luminances are distributed symmetrically about the principal plane. As useful as this approximation is, our digital-image analyses show that clear-sky color and luminance routinely depart perceptibly from exact symmetry. These analyses reconfirm our earlier measurements with narrow field-of-view spectroradiometers [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 18, 1325 (2001)], and they do so with much higher temporal and angular resolution across the entire sky dome.
Crystallization and stability of pseudo-binary amorphous transition metal-simple metal alloys

Abstract Values of the crystallization temperatures T x and mass densities ϱ m for series of pseudo-binary (ZrCu)Al and (TiCu)Al with different early transition metal-late transition metal (ETM-LTM) composition ratios are reported. Result are compared with an extension to ternary alloys of the Buschow kinetic model predicting T x for binary alloys.
Incessant atrial tachycardia in childhood: association with rate-dependent conduction in an accessory atrioventricular pathway.

Abstract A detailed electrophysiologic study in a 7 year old boy with incessant atrial tachycardia revealed the presence of an atrioventricular pathway conducting only in the ventriculoatrial direction. The results indicate a reentrant mechanism with the retrograde limb of the circuit entering the atrium in the region of the proximal to mid coronary sinus. The accessory pathway exhibited relatively long conduction times and conduction properties suggesting decremental conduction. Thus, an electrophysiologically atypical anomalous conduction pathway may be responsible for the occurrence of incessant atrial tachycardia in some children.
A NOVEL DYNAMIC SYSTEM IN THE SPACE OF SPD MATRICES WITH APPLICATIONS TO APPEARANCE TRACKING.

In this paper, we address the problem of video tracking using covariance descriptors constructed from simple features extracted from the given image sequence. Theoretically, this can be posed as a tracking problem in the space of ($n \times n$) symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrices denoted by $P_n$. A novel probabilistic dynamic model in $P_n$ based on Riemannian geometry and probability theory is presented in conjunction with a geometric (intrinsic) recursive filter for tracking a time sequence of SPD matrix measurements in a Bayesian framework. This newly developed filtering method can be used for the covariance descriptor updating problem in covariance tracking, leading to new and efficient video tracking algorithms. To show the accuracy and efficiency of our tracker in comparison to the state-of-the-art, we present synthetic experiments on $P_n$ and several real data experiments for tracking in video sequences.
Scaling of the first ethmoturbinal in nocturnal strepsirrhines: Olfactory and respiratory surfaces

Turbinals (scroll bones, turbinates) are projections from the lateral wall of the nasal fossa. These bones vary from simple folds to branching scrolls. Conventionally, maxilloturbinals comprise the respiratory turbinals, whereas nasoturbinals and ethmoturbinals comprise olfactory turbinals, denoting the primary type of mucosa that lines these conchae. However, the first ethmoturbinal (ETI) appears exceptional in the variability of it mucosal covering. Recently, it was suggested that the distribution of respiratory versus olfactory mucosae varies based on body size or age in strepsirrhine primates (lemurs and lorises). The present study was undertaken to determine how the rostrocaudal distribution of olfactory epithelium (OE) versus non-OE scales relative to palatal length in strepsirrhines. Serially sectioned heads of 20 strepsirrhines (10 neonates, 10 adults) were examined for presence of OE on ETI, rostral to its attachment to the nasal fossa wall (lateral root). Based on known distances between sections of ETI, the rostrocaudal length of OE was measured and compared to the length lined solely by non-OE (primarily respiratory epithelium). In 13 specimens, the total surface area of OE versus non-OE was calculated. Results show that the length of non-OE scales nearly isometrically with cranial length, while OE is more negatively allometric. In surface area, a lesser percentage of non-OE exists in smaller species than larger species and between neonates and adults. Such results are consistent with recent suggestions that the olfactory structures do not scale closely with body size, whereas respiratory structures (e.g., maxilloturbinals) may scale close to isometry. In primates and perhaps other mammals, variation in ETI morphology may reflect dual adaptations for olfaction and endothermy.
Notch signaling in mammalian hematopoietic stem cells.

Notch is a crucial cell signaling pathway in metazoan development. By means of cell–cell interactions, Notch signaling regulates cellular identity, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Within the last decade, numerous studies have shown an important role for this pathway in the development and homeostasis of mammalian stem cell populations. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) constitute a well-defined population that shows self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation potential, with the clinically relevant capacity to repopulate the hematopoietic system of an adult organism. Here, we review the emergence, development and maintenance of HSCs during mammalian embryogenesis and adulthood, with respect to the role of Notch signaling in hematopoietic biology.
Altered specificity of single-chain antibody fragments bound to pandemic H1N1-2009 influenza virus after conversion of the phage-bound to the soluble form.

In 2009, a novel influenza A/H1N1 virus (H1N1pdm) quickly spread worldwide and co-circulated with then-existing seasonal H1N1 virus (sH1N1). Distinguishing between these 2 viruses was necessary to better characterize the epidemiological properties of the emergent virus, including transmission patterns, pathogenesis, and anti-influenza drug resistance. This situation prompted us to develop a point-of-care virus differentiation system before entering the 2009–2010 influenza season. Aiming to establish H1N1pdm-specific detection tools rapidly, we employed phage display libraries to select H1N1pdm-specific single-chain variable fragments (scFvs). Human single-fold scFv libraries (Tomlinson I + J) underwent selection for the ability to bind H1N1pdm virus particles. Three rounds of panning brought 1152 phage-bound scFvs, of which 58 clones reacted with H1N1pdm specifically or preferentially over sH1N1 in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After conversion of the scFvs to soluble form, 7 clones demonstrating high/stable expression were finally obtained. However, all the soluble scFvs except No. 29 were found to have lost their specificity/preference for H1N1pdm in ELISA. The specificity/preference of No. 29 was also confirmed by immunofluorescence assay and immunoprecipitation, and the viral nucleoprotein was identified by ELISA as its target protein. The change in specificity associated with scFv conversion from phage-bound to soluble form could be due to loss of phage scaffold pIII protein, which likely provides structural support for the scFv antigen-binding site. It is also possible that the similar antigenic properties of H1N1pdm and sH1N1 led to the observed alterations in scFv specificity. Using a phage display library, we obtained 7 soluble scFv clones reactive against H1N1pdm; however, only 1 showed specificity/preference toward H1N1pdm. Our results confirmed that using phage display libraries was highly advantageous for the rapid development of molecules to detect target antigens. However, our results also indicated that this strategy might not have been effective for selecting H1N1pdm-specific antibodies during the 2009 pandemic, where the co-circulating sH1N1 virus shared similar antigenic properties. This suggests that it might be advisable to use a synthetic scFv phage display library by strategically considering the characteristics of target antigens and the potential situations.
Evolution of the Ventral Midline in Insect Embryos

The ventral midline is a source of signals that pattern the nerve cord of insect embryos. In dipterans such as the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster (D. mel.) and the mosquito Anopheles gambiae (A. gam.), the midline is narrow and spans just 1-2 cells. However, in the honeybee, Apis mellifera (A. mel.), the ventral midline is broad and encompasses 5-6 cells. slit and other midline-patterning genes display a corresponding expansion in expression. Evidence is presented that this difference is due to divergent cis regulation of the single-minded (sim) gene, which encodes a bHLH-PAS transcription factor essential for midline differentiation. sim is regulated by a combination of Notch signaling and a Twist (Twi) activator gradient in D. mel., but it is activated solely by Twi in A. mel. We suggest that the Twi-only mode of regulation--and the broad ventral midline--represents the ancestral form of CNS patterning in Holometabolous insects.
The Second Generation HAPPEx Experiments

The HAPPEx-II experiment at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility measures the parity-violating helicity-correlated scattering asymmetry A PV in elastic electron scattering from 1 H and 4 He. These measurements explore the strange quark contributions to the electric and magnetic vector form factors G E s and G M s of the nucleon. An introduction to the experimental technique and preliminary results from an initial run of these experiments in summer 2004 are presented.
Using UvrABC Nuclease To Detect 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene anti-Diol Epoxide−DNA Binding Specificity in the Mouse H-ras Gene

DNA fragments modified with chemically synthesized 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene anti-diol epoxide (anti-DMBADE) are sensitive to UvrABC nuclease incision. The incisions occur mainly 7 bases 5' and 4 bases 3' of an anti-DMBADE-modified adenine or guanine residue, and the kinetics of incision at different sequences in a DNA fragment are the same. These results indicate that UvrABC incision on anti-DMBADE-DNA adducts is independent of DNA sequences and is quantitative, the same as on syn-DMBADE-DNA adducts. This method was used to analyze the anti-DMBADE-DNA binding spectrum in the exon 2 region of the mouse H-ras gene, and it was found that anti-DMBADE binds to the two adenine residues at codon 61 of the H-ras gene with an average affinity. Previously, we have demonstrated that syn-DMBADE binds strongly to the adenines at codon 61 of H-ras; these results together suggest that the oncogenic mutation in H-ras may be induced by anti- and syn-DMBADE-DNA adducts.
Phosphorylation of the GABAA receptor γ2L subunit in rat sensory neurons may not be necessary for ethanol sensitivity

The effect of ethanol on the current activated by 2.5 to 40 μM γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was studied in freshly isolated rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons under voltage clamp in the whole-cell and perforated-patch recording configurations. Our results confirmed that GABAA-activated current in these neurons was insensitive to ethanol at concentrations from 2.5 to 100 mM [G. White, D.M. Lovinger, F.F. Weight, Ethanol inhibits NMDA-activated current but does not alter GABA-activated current in an isolated adult mammalian neuron, Brain Res. 507 (1990) 332–336.]. In addition, the ethanol sensitivity of GABA receptors was studied under conditions that promote phosphorylation of the PKC site on the γ2L subunit. The presence of the γ2L and other subunit mRNAs was detected by reverse transcription (RT) of total RNA purified from adult DRG followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using subunit specific primer sets. We found that the GABA response remained insensitive to 2.5–100 mM ethanol despite: (i) the extracellular preapplication of 5, 20 or 500 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA); (ii) raising free intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) from 7 to 100 or 600 nM by altering the intracellular Ca2+/EGTA ratio; (iii) intracellular application of PKC (0.247 U ml−1 ); and (iv) combining the intracellular application of 1 μM okadaic acid and 30 μM peptide 3 with the extracellular application of 20 nM PMA. These results suggest that phosphorylation of the γ2L subunit is not the only requirement for ethanol sensitivity of GABAA receptors.
Characterizations of Distributions of Ratios of Certain Independent Random Variables

Various characterizations of the distributions of the ratio of two independent gamma and exponential random variables as well as that of two independent Weibull random variables are presented. These characterizations are based, on a simple relationship between two truncated moments ; on hazard function ; and on functions of order statistics. Mathematics Subject Classification 2000: 46F10
Response of Adult Woodchucks (Marmota monax) to Oral-Gland Scents

in disturbed bottomland hardwoods and associated pinewoods in west-central Louisiana. M.S. thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 59 pp. SMITH, M. W. 1982. Effects of selected silvicultural practices on swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus) habitat. M.S. thesis, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, 176 pp. TERREL, T. L. 1972. The swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus) in Indiana. The American Midland Naturalist, 87:283-295.
A Quick Heuristic for Some Cyclic Staffing Problems with Breaks

In this paper a linear time heuristic for a class of cyclic staffing problems with breaks is described. A novel feature of the heuristic is that the quality of the heuristic solution increases as the requirements for each period become more uniform. As a by-product of this work, a new class of polynomially solvable set-covering problems is identified.
Unrestricted Secure Computing

Information technology (IT) departments have historically enforced security on end-user computers through a combination of software agents that restrict what the computer can do, mandate particular actions on the part of the user, report various pieces of information back to IT, and regularly check for and apply updates, as well as policy restrictions that tell the computer user the various ways in which they are not allowed to use their own machine. From a user perspective, this can be summarized as: IT takes a perfectly good computer and refuses to let you use it until they load it up with bloatware and tell you what you aren't allowed to do. Because of this, IT is often seen as making computers less useful rather than more useful, i.e., IT is the "Department of No."In this paper we attempt to provide a framework by which IT can overcome these historical tendencies while still maintaining the security that we must necessarily have in order to protect the proprietary and sensitive data in use by our campuses, colleges, and departments. We recognize the primacy of importance of data protection (as opposed to device protection). We discuss the various agents that are installed on end-user computers and suggest means by which those agents might be removed (i.e., bloatware reduction). We discuss frameworks currently in place for data protection (e.g., SharePoint, Citrix) that might be utilized to begin removing usage restrictions from our end-user computers (i.e., restriction reduction). Finally, we propose a model in which both the software agents and the usage restrictions take place at the network level rather than at the level of the end-user computer, thereby freeing the end-user computer from the clutches of IT and releasing it into the wild to be used to its fullest by the end user.
Inactivation of parathyroid hormone mRNA by treatment with periodate and aniline.

TRANSLATION of parathyroid hormone (PTH) mRNA in extracts of wheat germ1 or Krebs II ascites cells2 produces a polypeptide which contains the structure of PTH but which is larger than either PTH or its biosynthetic precursor proparathyroid hormone3,4 (proPTH). In the wheat germ system, this cell-free protein, designated pre-proparathyroid hormone (pre-proPTH) contains a methiomne at the amino terminus5 derived from initiator methionyl-tRNA6. Although this observation suggests that initiation of the synthesis of pre-proPTH is normal in the cell-free system, it is possible that in vitro initiation occurs at a codon that codes for an internal methionine in vivo. Such an artefact could be due to a degraded mRNA in which the in vivo initiator codon is lost or inactivated.
Sensitivity of Orographic Moist Convection to Landscape Variability: A Study of the Buffalo Creek, Colorado, Flash Flood Case of 1996

Abstract A number of numerical experiments with a high-resolution mesoscale model were conducted to study the convective rainfall event that caused the 1996 Buffalo Creek, Colorado, flash flood. Different surface conditions and treatments of land surface physics were utilized to assess the sensitivity of this orographic moist convection to local and regional landscape forcing. Given accurate large-scale synoptic conditions at the lateral boundaries, the mesoscale model with a convection-resolving grid shows reasonably good skill in simulating this convective event with a lead time of up to 12 h. Sensitivity experiments show that a primary reason for this success is the use of an advanced land surface model that provides time-varying soil-moisture fields. This land surface model plays an important role in capturing the complex interactions among the land surface, the PBL, cloud-modulated radiation, and precipitation. For the case simulated, such interactions contribute to the temporal and spatial distribut...
Counseling Needs of Culturally Diverse Gifted Students.

The present emphasis on gifted education has not significantly concentrated on the needs of culturally diverse gifted. Most of the attention regarding culturally diverse gifted has focused on systems of identification. The purpose of this article is to argue that these youngsters have unique counseling and teaching needs because of their ethnicity and their abilities. The main challenge for counselors is to help this population of students integrate their ethnic identity with their identity as gifted learners.
Effects of grade control structures on the macroinvertebrate assemblage of an agriculturally impacted stream

Nearly 400 rock rip-rap grade control structures (hereafter GCS) were recently placed in streams of western Iowa, USA to reduce streambank erosion and protect bridge infrastructure and farmland. In this region, streams are characterized by channelized reaches, highly incised banks and silt and sand substrates that normally support low macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity. Therefore, GCS composed of rip-rap provide the majority of coarse substrate habitat for benthic macroinvertebrates in these streams. We sampled 20 sites on Walnut Creek, Montgomery County, Iowa to quantify macroinvertebrate assemblage characteristics (1) on GCS rip-rap and at sites located (2) 5–50 m upstream of GCS, (3) 5–50 m downstream of GCS and (4) at least 1 km from any GCS (five sites each). Macroinvertebrate biomass, numerical densities and diversity were greatest at sites with coarse substrates, including GCS sites and one natural riffle site and relatively low at remaining sites with soft substrates. Densities of macroinvertebrates in the orders Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera and Acariformes were abundant on GCS rip-rap. Increases in macroinvertebrate biomass, density and diversity at GCS may improve local efficiency of breakdown of organic matter and nutrient and energy flow, and provide enhanced food resources for aquatic vertebrates. However, lack of positive macroinvertebrate responses immediately upstream and downstream of GCS suggest that positive effects might be restricted to the small areas of streambed covered by GCS. Improved understanding of GCS effects at both local and ecosystem scales is essential for stream management when these structures are present. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Judicial Authority and Popular Justice: Crimes of Passion in Fin-de-Siecle Paris

In fin-de-siecle France, jurists became alarmed by the high rate of acquittals in cases of "crimes of passion" tried by jury in the assize courts. The acquittal of so many defendants who readily admitted their crimes seemed to prove that the citizen jurors of the Third Republic were not competent to render justice. Through an investigation of French judicial procedures, together with evidence from 251 cases of intimate violence tried in the assize court of the Seine, this article contends that the high rate of acquittal was due to the transfer of a popular system of retributive justice into the verdict of the court. Surprisingly, judicial procedures worked to privilege the stories, knowledge, and standards of witnesses and defendants—not a strict application of the law. This analysis sheds light on popular attitudes about the use of violence in domestic disputes, as well as the complex interactions among multiple systems of judgment at stake in jury trials.
Nonlinear predictive control of uncertain processes: Application to a CSTR

Nonlinear predictive control (NLPC) is an effective strategy for controlling nonlinear chemical processes with constraints and time delays. In this article, a number of important issues in NLPC are addressed, emphasizing continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR's) with parametric and model structure uncertainty. In particular, the effects of various choices for the initial conditions are discussed. The selection of initial conditions is particularly important in the presence of plant/model mismatch. A nonlinear programming-based approach is used for process identification. The effect of model structure uncertainty is included in our analysis by using a cascade control structure on the coolant temperature. Our CSTR results indicate that a simple PI (with anti-reset windup) cascade loop on coolant temperature is adequate for operation over a wide range of operating conditions. A particularly interesting result of this work is that a predictive controller based on an open-loop observer can be used to stabilize an open-loop unstable process, although this is not recommended in practice.
Low-dose ethanol in the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning

A pharmacokinetic study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of lower doses of ethanol in the treatment of ethylene glycol (EG) poisoning. Four dogs were maintained at serum ethanol concentrations of 0, 35 and 140 mg/dl prior to EG (i.v., 2 ml/kg) administration. The serum EG concentration-time data showed that the 35 mg/dl ethanol level provided as effective an inhibition of EG metabolism as did the 140 mg/dl level. The average urinary excretion rate of oxalic acid post EG administration was reduced to control levels by ethanol. The 35 mg/dl serum ethanol level reduced the total body clearance of EG from 93.9 to 50.0 ml/h/kg and increased the effective half-life from 5.78 to 11.4 h. Clinical testing was accomplished by giving the dogs 12 ml EG/kg body weight orally. One hour later, the dogs were either not treated or treated with a sodium bicarbonate-ethanol solution to obtain a serum ethanol concentration of 50 mg/dl. The clinical test performed in the ethanol-treated dogs showed little change from normal limits. Urine calcium oxalate crystals were seldom found. The dogs given EG (12 ml/kg) but not treated with ethanol were in a coma at 13 h and showed severe metabolic acidosis, dehydration, mild hepatocellular disease and acute renal damage. Urine calcium oxalate crystals were found in high numbers. The rapid death associated with EG poisoning appeared to be due to metabolic acidosis in combination with dehydration.
A scanning electron microscope study of early sea urchin reaggregation

Summary Sea urchin embryos were observed with SEM during the first 2 h of reaggregation, following dissociation of the 16-cell stage. A dense meshwork, composed of elongated microvilli embedded in the hyaline layer, surrounds the egg during early development. The dissociation procedure strips off some of the meshwork layer leaving fewer and smaller microvilli on the cell surface. Shortly after reaggregation has begun, several types of cell extensions are formed, including filopodia, which anchor the cells to the substrate, and ruffles and pseudopods, which enable the cells to move. Possible factors involved in the behavior of dissociated cells are discussed with regard to (1) the source of additional membrane in the formation of new cell extensions; (2) the ability of the cells to move.
A new efficient method for density functional theory calculations of inhomogeneous fluids

The accurate computation of the effects of solvation on chemical systems can be done using density functional theories (DFT) for inhomogeneous multicomponent fluids. The DFT models of interest are non-local theories which accurately treat hard-sphere fluid mixtures; attractive inter-particle potentials (Lennard-Jones) are added as perturbations. In this paper, we develop and demonstrate a new efficient method for an accurate non-local DFT. The method described here differs from previous work in the use ot fast fourier transform (FFT) methods to carry out the convolutions. As with our previous real space work (J. Comput. Phys. 159(2) (2000) 407, 425), we demonstrate that the Fourier space approach can be solved with a Newton-GMRES approach; however, we now employ a very efficient matrix-free algorithm. A simple but effective preconditioner is presented. The method is demonstrated with calculations performed for one-, two-, and three-dimensional systems, including problems with single and multicomponent fluids. Timing comparisons with previous implementations are given.
The performance enhancement of descriptor-based virtual memory systems through the use of associative registers

Contemporary paged virtual memory systems often use associative registers to reduce access time to frequently-referenced pages. Here we examine the analogous use of associative registers in descriptorbased, symbolically-segmented virtual memory systems, where each segment contains an entire data structure as defined in a high-level language. Symbolic trace data from production Algol 60 programs were used to determine performance improvement as a function of the number of associative registers in the system. Our results indicate that, even for reasonably large programs, a hit ratio of 0.9 is achieved with only 4 associative registers. Increasing the number of associative registers to 8 gives a hit ratio of 0.98, which with current technology gives a performance improvement of at least 80% in addressing speed over a similar system without associative registers.
467 EVALUATION OF METHODS TO MONITOR INTRALIPID

Nephelometric measurement of light scattering index (LSI) and visual estimates of turbidity have been advocated to monitor serum Intralipid (IL) levels. Ten percent IL was diluted with either saline or serum to various concentrations (0-250 mg/dl). The LSI showed an excellent correlation with known IL standard solutions in saline or serum (R=.99) and triglyceride (TG) concentration (R=.98). One hundred fifteen blood samples were obtained from 35 patients (28 neonates) receiving continuous IL. The LSI was plotted against free fatty acids (FFA) (R=.60), cholesterol (Chol) (R=.22) and TG (R=.18). The ability of clinical personnel to grade visually the degree of turbidity was evaluated by having them assign a turbidity score of 0−4+ to 39 hematocrit tubes which contained clear, hemolyzed, or icteric serum, each of which had IL concentrations varying from 0-291 mg/dl. The 15 tubes of identical IL concentration of 99 mg/dl were graded between 0−4+ by 2 of the observers, between 1−4+ by 3 of the observers and between 0-3+, 1-3+ and 2-3+ by 1 each of the observers. This study shows that: 1) in vitro nephelometric LSI correlates well with IL concentrations. However, 2) correlations of nephelometric LSI with FFA, Chol and TG are poor; and 3) personnel are unable to grade turbidity by visual examination of hematocrit tubes. Therefore, infants on IL should be monitored by TG and FFA levels.
Exocyclic Charge Flight from Cyclopropenide Systems as a Criterion of Antiaromaticity

The unusually extensive exocyclic charge flight (from cyclopropenyl to organo moiety) proposed for the cyanocyclopropenide ion is affirmed by MINDO/3 calculation. Nevertheless, the MINDO/3 wave function for this ion is shown not to be absolutely antiaromatic. The basis for exocyclic charge flight is shown, using the “de-perturbation” approach, to be the small (cyclopropenide) HOMO/ (cyano) LUMO gap.
Paradoxical spread of renal cell carcinoma to the head and neck.

Objectives: To present cases of renal cell carcinoma presenting with only head and neck metastases, to review theories of physiology and anatomy describing this phenomenon, and to discuss the role of the otolaryngologist in the treatment of these lesions. Study Design: Retrospective review of the records of three patients who presented with renal cell carcinoma with head and neck metastases over the 3-year period from 1992 to 1995. Methods: Retrospective review of the records of three patients who presented with renal cell carcinoma with head and neck metastases. In addition, English-language literature was reviewed with special focus on the anatomic and physiologic pathways possible to allow for such a phenomenon. Conclusions: Renal cell carcinoma has an occasional presentation as a head and neck mass without evidence of disease elsewhere. Various routes of spread have been postulated. Batson's venous plexus, as postulated by Nahum and Bailey, 2 is an anatomic route through which emboli could navigate to the head and neck and avoid pulmonary vascular filtration. Interactions on the cellular level may also be responsible for the seemingly paradoxical spread. We recommend local excision of head and neck metastases of renal cell carcinoma without sacrifice of vital structures as a sound treatment regimen.
Evolutionary change in cricket acoustical communication

The principal questions asked so far with regard to the acoustical communication of crickets have been analytical: what are the causes and effects of the different kinds and amounts of variation in cricket stridulations; and how is the hierarchy of the nervous system related to the hierarchy of parameters in the song pattern? My problem, in contrast, is chiefly one of synthesis: how has cricket acoustical behavior evolved? Obviously there are no fossil cricket songs, and so all evidence must come from comparative study of modern species, supplemented by what we know about cricket relationships from fossil orthopteroids. Cricket acoustical communication is a good subject for evolutionary analysis. It seems to represent the most complicated invertebrate acoustical system, with some species repertoires including four to six different signals; and we probably know more about it than we do about any other invertebrate acoustical system-from all of the several points of view which include signal structure and function, differences and similarities among species, differences and similarity among signals within species repertoires, and neurophysiological basis. Most of the information cited in the reconstruction attempted here comes from evidence accumulated by the participants in this symposium, and from a comparative examination of the various stridulatory patterns of about 100 cricket species, representing eight subfamilies, 20 genera, and 30 species groups (tape recordings in the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology). This accumulation of evidence is more impressive than one might at first suspect. For example, we understand fairly well the acoustical behavior of all but two
Technical Advances in Skin Sparing Mastectomy

Skin sparing mastectomy has resulted in marked improvement in the aesthetic results of immediate breast reconstruction. Mature data has confirmed its oncological safety in the treatment of breast cancer. The procedure has gained wide acceptance and has undergone numerous technical advances since its introduction over twenty years ago. Careful patient selection and choice of skin incisions are necessary to avoid complications.
NORTH AMERICAN PIPERS OF THE SECTION OTTONIA

The woody Piperaceae, with 2-5 unfimbriate stigmas, comprise the better part of I,000 species, the extremes of which differ greatly while the segregation of those that are closely related is very difficult. The structure and numerical plan of the minute flowers run over so large a range of differences that it seems quite unreasonable to include them all in a single genus; but however the lines be drawn, the segregates remain too heterogeneous and laxly characterized to give satisfaction. Even as subgenera or sections of the single genus Piper, this is true of them. When Casimir de Candolle monographed the family, half a century ago, he admitted several such subdivisions of Piper (i), and with various emendations these are kept up in most of his publications during the two generations through which he has been accorded by common consent the title of master in this field. Shortly before his death, however, in a manuscript (2) on the Central American representatives of the genus, his expressed views on this point underwent modification to the extent of assigning to a distinct section, Ottonia, the species with pedicellate flowers which he had placed formerly partly in the section Enckea and partly in the section Steffensia. This section corresponds to Sprengel's genus Ottonia, of I820; the type of which is the South American Piper Jaborandi. Though M. de Candolle monographed the West Indian Piperaceae (3) eighteen years ago and subsequently added descriptions of occasional novelties, and made a reexamination of the Isthmian and Central American species of Piper when preparing the manuscript of which parts have been published within the past year (4), no effort has been made to consider the Mexican species collectively since Hemsley included them in his tabulation of the Central American flora nearly forty years ago. Indeed, in the whole large genus, only two Mexican species (5) have been described during the past generation. Among. a considerable number of undetermined Pipers at the New York Botanical Garden and in the United States National Herbarium, which Dr. Britton and Mr. Maxon have permitted me to study preliminary to a general revision of the North American representatives of the family, several interesting Mexican novelties in the pedicellate section Ottonia occur. The analysis of these which follows may serve to illustrate the
Spatial Patterns in the Abundance of the Coastal Horned Lizard

Coastal horned lizards (Phrynosoma coronatum) have undergone severe declines in southern Cali- fornia and are a candidate species for state and federal listing under the Endangered Species Act. Quantita- tive data on their habitat use, abundance, and distribution are lacking, however. We investigated the deter- minants of abundance for coastal horned lizards at multiple spatial scales throughout southern California. Specifically, we estimated lizard distribution and abundance by establishing 256 pitfall trap arrays clustered within 21 sites across four counties. These arrays were sampled bimonthly for 2-3 years. At each array we measured 26 "local" site descriptors and averaged these values with other "regional" measures to determine site characteristics. Our analyses were successful at identifying factors within and among sites correlated with the presence and abundance of coastal horned lizards. These factors included the absence of the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) (and presence of native ant species eaten by the lizards), the presence of chaparral community plants, and the presence of sandy substrates. At a regional scale the relative abundance of Argentine ants was correlated with the relative amount of developed edge around a site. There was no evi- dence for spatial autocorrelation, even at the scale of the arrays within sites, suggesting that the determinants of the presence or absence and abundance of horned lizard can vary over relatively small spatial scales (hun- dreds of meters). Our results suggest that a gap-type approach may miss some of the fine-scale determinants of species abundance in fragmented habitats.
Stereoselectivity in lanthanide complexes of malic acid

A variety of spectroscopic and potentiometric studies have been carried out detailing the nature of the complex formation between lanthanide ions and malic acid. Formation constants calculated below pH 7 (where the complexes are mononuclear) demonstrate that both Gd3+ and Dy3+ complexes of DL-malic are more stable than corresponding complexes of either D- or l-malic acid. Studies of intermolecular energy transfer, on the other hand, indicate that above pH 7 (where the complexes are found to self-associate) complexes of resolved ligand associate to a greater extent than complexes prepared from racemic ligand. Supporting evidence is obtained from measurements of differential absorption. It appears that the weaker D- or L-MAL complexes are more prone to hydrolysis than the DL-MAL complexes, and evidence is presented from measurements of luminescent titrations that dimeric complex units are apparently bridged by either one or two -OH bridges. No evidence was found at 1:5 metal-to-ligand ratios for the existence of 1:3 lanthanide.malic acid complexes and no experimental effects could be detected which pointed toward participation of the malic acid hydroxyl group in the complex bonding.
Enzymology: Radical break-up, blissful make-up

The radical SAM superfamily of enzymes provides, yet again, fertile ground for the discovery of amazing new biochemical transformations. Strong evidence is now presented for an unprecedented radical fragmentation-recombination of L-tryptophan to a derivative that is incorporated into the complex antibiotic nosiheptide, highlighting the versatility of radical mechanisms for complex biochemical reactions.