cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Uncontrolled Diabetes on Plasma Ghrelin Concentrations and Ghrelin-Induced Feeding

Plasma levels of the orexigenic hormone, ghrelin, decrease rapidly on nutrient ingestion and yet are paradoxically elevated in rats with hyperphagia induced by streptozotocin-induced diabetes (STZ-DM). In the current work, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the relationships among uncontrolled diabetes, food intake, and plasma ghrelin concentrations in an effort to clarify whether increased ghrelin signaling contributes to diabetic hyperphagia. Whereas food intake did not increase until d 3 after STZ administration, plasma ghrelin levels were increased by more than 2-fold (P < 0.05) on d 1. As hyperphagia developed, however, plasma ghrelin levels declined steadily. Because this reduction of plasma ghrelin levels was reversed by matching food intake of STZ-DM rats to that of nondiabetic controls, our results demonstrated that the effect of uncontrolled diabetes to increase plasma ghrelin levels is partially offset by hyperphagic feeding. In addition, we found that although intragastric nutrient infusion rapidly and comparably decreased plasma ghrelin levels in both groups (by 46-49%; P < 0.05), this effect was short lived in STZ-DM rats relative to nondiabetic controls (60 min vs. 120 min; P < 0.05). We further demonstrated that in rats with STZ-DM, food intake increased by 357% (P < 0.05) in response to intracerebroventricular administration of ghrelin at a dose that was subthreshold for feeding effects in nondiabetic controls. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that uncontrolled diabetes increases both circulating ghrelin levels and behavioral sensitivity to ghrelin. Although plasma ghrelin levels fall in response to hyperphagic feeding, these findings support the hypothesis that increased ghrelin signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic hyperphagia.
Cytologic structures unique to Deiters cells of the cochlea.

Deiters cells in the gerbil cochlea disclosed unusual ultrastructural features. A sharp transition zone separated the cell body underlying outer hair cells into an upper compartment with numerous organelles and a lower part devoid of structures other than the microtubule stalk. Deiters cells exhibited a unique structure, the rosette complex, which consisted of a core of densely fibrillar trabeculae, enclosed in a filamentous meshwork and surrounded by tubulocisternal endoplasmic reticulum. The dense trabeculae radiated in columns downward from an apical translucent area toward a lucent zone around the nucleus. They also spread to the medial plasmalemma enveloping nerves and upward into the base of the phalanx. Frequent, small Golgi complexes bordered the tubular reticulum. The distinctive mitochondria of Deiters cells frequently paralleled the plasmalemma, revealed an elongated, often arched profile, and contained sparse, longitudinally aligned cristae. The stalk, composed of characteristic microtubule bundles resembling those in pillar cells, ascended from basal to apical plasmalemma of the cell body and into the phalanx and reticular lamina as previously described. The stalk appeared also to ramify into smaller microtubule bundles in apical cytosol penetrating the rosette complex. Nuclei in Deiters cells differed from those in hair cells in their location high in the cell and in showing chromatin dispersion indicative of more active protein synthesis. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
THE POLLS: American Attitudes Toward the Soviet Union and Communism

DURING the first half of the 1970s detente warmed Soviet-American relations. A series of major treaties from the SALT I accords in 1972 to the Helsinki Agreements in July 1975 raised the promise of peaceful coexistence and normalized relations. Since then Soviet-American relations have chilled in the face of the huge Soviet arms buildup, Russian-Cuban adventurism in Africa, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and Communist repression in Poland, and commentators are talking of a second cold war.' The change in Soviet-American relations can be charted in American public opinion as clearly as in official diplomatic announcements and news stories. From intense dislike of the Russians during the peak of the Cold War of the 1950s, American favorableness toward the Soviets increased until in 1973 a majority of Americans had rather neutral feelings and nearly a fifth liked the Soviets. Since 1973 favorable opinion of the Soviet Union has fallen sharply, reaching a low point in the immediate aftermath of the invasion of Afghanistan. Likewise, negative ratings of Communism as a form of government and concern about Russia and Communism have increased monotonically since the early 1970s. The public has also judged that relations between the United States and the Soviet Union have deteriorated since the early 1970s. The public evaluated President Carter's approach as tending to be too soft, and at least initially has voiced much more satisfaction with President Reagan's harder line toward the Soviets.2
SCiP at 35: an idiosyncratic history of the society for computers in psychology.

SCiP history may be divided into three eras: the Paleozoic (1971–1982), the Mesozoic (1982–1994), and the Cenozoic (1994-present). Following a list of Secretary-Treasurers, a list of all SCiP Presidents is provided in Table 1. Next I present personal highlights, including the first symposium on psychology and the World-Wide Web; David Rumelhart’s mathematical explanation of connectionism; and Stevan Harnad’s discussion of “freeing” the journal literature. I observe that a small conference is becoming more intimate and that much of our mission involves figuring out how to conduct high-quality scientific research with consumer-grade electronics. I argue that we are an increasingly international organization, that graduate students are welcome, and that we should become more inclusive in the areas of gender and ethnicity and should make membership more meaningful. I conclude by looking ahead and attempting to predict the future.
The Effect of PGE2 on Murine Helper-T-Cell Lymphokines

Abstract Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) has selective effects on the production of murine helper-T-cell lymphokines. PGE 2 inhibits production of the Th1-associated lymphokines IL-2 and IFN-γ, but does not inhibit production of the Th2-associated lymphokines IL-4 and IL-5. This could have been due to differences in the Th1 and Th2 cells themselves or to differences in the cytokines. To discriminate between these models we first examined the effect of PGE 2 on IL-3 production, a lymphokine produced by both Th1 and Th2 cells. IL-3 production was inhibited by PGE 2 in some cells and enhanced in others, indicating that some property of the cell was critical. However, the effect on IL-3 production did not cleanly discriminate between Th1 and Th2 cells. Second, we examined the effect of PGE 2 on lymphokine production from Th0 cells. In some cells, production of IL-2, IL-3, and IL-4 was inhibited by PGE 2 . In other cells, IL-2 and IL-3 were inhibited while IL-4 production was enhanced. These data again indicated that it was a property of the T cell, not necessarily the lymphokine itself, that determined the response to PGE 2 . In Th1 and Th2 clones, both the mode of primary stimulation (antigen and antigen-presenting cells or calcium ionophore) and the presence of costimulation also were found to affect the response of IL-3 production to PGE 2 . Therefore, the effect of PGE 2 on lymphokine production appears to depend upon the intracellular signaling pathways that are activated within a particular T cell.
A vector-sum process produces curved aiming paths under rotated visual-motor mappings

Under a 90° rotation of motor space relative to visual space, human two-dimensional aiming movements frequently take the form of smooth arcs such as spirals and semi-circles. A time-independent differential equation explains this tendency in terms of a rotation-induced vector field made up, at each point in the two-dimensional space, of two input vectors. One vector represents a visual error signal and the other represents a motor error signal. A trajectory's instantaneous direction of movement at each point can be described as the resultant of the two vectors. This mathematical formulation incorporates plausible visual-motor mechanisms and, when expressed in polar coordinates, leads to a new method for analyzing the spatial properties of movements (i.e., movement paths). Plots of the angle between the resultant and the target vector (?) against distance from the target (r, in the polar representation) summarize the arc-shaped movement paths as a simple relation that can be analyzed statistically with respect to properties such as monotonicity. The polar representation is a plausible representation of visually-guided movements, with the visual error vector functioning as an objective function relative to which behavior is optimized. We extend the model and ther,? movement path analysis to non-90° rotations, and we find that the model predicts an observed qualitative shift in behavior for rotations greater than 90°. It also predicts qualitatively different path shapes observed under visual-motor reflections.
Insights into the Molecular Mechanism of the Combinatorial Readout of Histone PTMs by BPTF

The genomic material of the eukaryotic cell exists in the nucleus in a complex termed chromatin. Chromatin has evolved as an elegant mechanism for the dynamic regulation of the genome, undergoing dramatic fluctuations in structure throughout the cell cycle. Chromatin structure is spatially and temporally modulated by several means including post-translational modification (PTM) of the histone proteins. Histone PTMs modulate chromatin structure through two principal mechanisms: 1) direct alteration of chromatin structural contacts or 2) recruitment of co-factors through recognition by cognate effector subdomains. Histone PTM recognition has been widely studied and families of effector domains have been identified which have specificity for particular histone marks. However, these studies have largely utilized only a peptide fragment corresponding to the modified histone tail of interest and isolated effector domains, whereas these domains most often exist in multiples. As a result, there is a large gap in our knowledge of how these domains recognize modifications in the context of the nucleosome. Moreover the overarching question of how these effector domains interpret combinations of modifications remains a complete mystery.Here we move beyond the histone tail and address questions of molecular mechanisms underlying effector domain association with the full nucleosome. Utilizing NMR spectroscopy, we investigate the association of the BPTF bromodomain-PHD finger tandem construct with the nucleosome. The association of the individual effector domains with histone PTMs has previously been reported using histone peptides, revealing the PHD finger specificity for H3K4me3 and non-specific interaction of the bromodomain with acetylated lysines. Interestingly it was also demonstrated that the bromodomain-PHD finger cassette associates specifically with a nucleosome containing the H3K4me3 and H4K16ac histone modifications. Here we investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms that dictate its association with this specific set of modifications.
On the origins of regioselectivity in the orthoester Claisen rearrangement of bisallylic alcohols

Abstract When used as a strategy for selective carbon–carbon bond formation, the Johnson–Claisen rearrangement has proven extremely useful in the synthesis of complex natural products. Our attempts to prepare terminal diene esters as part of a modular strategy for the synthesis of Actinofuranone B has led us to investigate this reaction process further, especially in relation to the desymmetrization of bisallylic alcohols. In the present work, we revisit mechanistic studies that suggest that this type of rearrangement is best described as a [3,3] sigmatropic shift and subsequently present the results of our computational study of the Johnson–Claisen [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement. Herein, evidence is presented to support our hypothesis that electronic considerations in the transition states of this reaction type oft dominate the product selectivities observed for this class of [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangements.
What makes a categorization task difficult

To understand why some categorization tasks are more difficult than others, we consider five factors that may affect human performance—namely, covariance complexity, optimal accuracy level with and without internal noise, orientation of the optimal categorization rule, and class separability. We argue that covariance complexity, an information-theoretic measure of complexity, is an excellent predictor of task difficulty. We present an experiment that consists of five conditions using a simulated medical decision-making task. In the task human observers view hundreds of hypothetical patient profiles and classify each profile into Disease Category A or B. Each profile is a continuous-valued, three-dimensional stimulus consisting of three vertical bars, where each bar height represents the result of a medical test. Across the five conditions, covariance complexity was systematically manipulated. Results indicate that variation in performance is largely a function of covariance complexity and partly a function of internal noise. The remaining three factors do not explain performance results. We present a challenge to categorization theorists to design models that account for human performance as predicted by covariance complexity.
The role of Patrick Henry in the stamp act debate

Considerable uncertainty surrounds the role of Patrick Henry in the Stamp Act debate because the reports of the debate are incomplete and dubious. From re‐examination of the records a more complete portrait of Henry as legislative advocate emerges. The study affirms the radical arguments of the Caesar‐Brutus speech, and it reconstructs its oft‐quoted conclusion. This oratorical achievement, though, when placed in the perspective of the controversy, is seen to be a limited aspect of Henry's participation in this vigorously contended, narrowly determined debate. Little noted evidences reveal Henry's leadership role as fomenter{ and strategist of the debate, and a careful reading of the reports of the debate in conjunction with the House's rules of procedure reveals that the Caesar‐Brutus speech probably climaxed other Henry speeches in behalf of the Virginia Resolves.
New tools to identify var sequence tags and clone full-length genes using type-specific primers to Duffy binding-like domains.

Cytoadherence of infected erythrocytes is a hallmark of Plasmodium falciparum infection and a key determinant in the particular virulence of this species. Infected erythrocytes bind a variety of host receptors but certain adhesion traits are associated with more severe disease. A large, diverse protein family named P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) is responsible for sequestration of mature stage infected erythrocytes and orchestrates parasite binding tropism. To better understand the molecular basis for malaria disease, more study is needed to identify the subset of PfEMP1 variants that contribute to basic disease phenotypes. PfEMP1 proteins have multiple receptor-like domains that group into different homology types based upon sequence similarity. Universal primers have been developed that recognize some, but not all PfEMP1 adhesion domain types. In this study, we designed and validated a new series of type-discriminatory primers to the DBL-β, -γ, and -δ adhesion types for epidemiological profiling. In addition, we used new primers to the var upstream region and exon 2 to demonstrate how the strategic placement of primers throughout the gene structure can be exploited to efficiently clone the var gene coding region. These new approaches provide valuable tools to gain novel insights into cytoadherence and malaria pathogenesis.
Aging of Electronics with Application to Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation

A survey to identify areas of needed research to understand aging mechanisms for electronics in nuclear power plant instrumentation has been completed. The emphasis was on electronic components such as semiconductors, capacitors, and resistors used in safety-related instrumentation in the reactor containment area. The environmental and operational stress factors which may produce degradation during long-term operation were identified. Some attention was also given to humidity effects as related to seals and encapsulants, and failures in printed circuit boards and bonds and solder joints. Results suggest that neutron as well as gamma irradiations should be considered in simulating the aging environment for electronic components. Radiation dose-rate effects in semiconductor devices and organic capacitors need to be further investigated, as well as radiation-voltage bias synergistic effects in semiconductor devices and leakage and permeation of moisture through seals in electronics packages.
Oxygen binding to haemoglobin in subjects with hypoproliferative anaemia, with and without chronic renal disease: role of pH.

Summary. The relationships of haenioglobin concentration and blood pH to red cell 2,3-dipliosphoglycerate and oxygen binding by haenioglobin have been studicd in healthy subjects and subjects with hypoproliferative anaemia with or without severe chronic renal disease. Red cell 2,3-DPG was inversely correlated with haemoglobin deficit and directly and equally strongly associated with blood pH in anaemic subjects without chronic renal disease. In subjects with chronic renal disease receiving regular haemodialysis, predialysis pH was not increased despite severe anaemia, and red cell 2,3-DPG was not significantly elevated, except in subjects who had a sustained alkalosis due to the use of sodium bicarbonate. In hypoproliferative anaemia, the incrcmcnt in pH was associated with the decrease in haenioglobin concentration such that 80% of the increase in p50 measured at standard conditions which occurred with anaemia was explicable by the relationship of (a) pH with haemoglobin concentration, (b) red cell 2,3-DPG with pH, and (c) pso std with red cell 2,3-DPG. However, p50 at the pH and base excess present in vivo was similar in all anaemic subjects whether an increase in red cell 2,3-DPG occurred or not. Blood alkalosis and the accumulation of 2,3-DPG cancelled each other's effect on oxygen binding by haemoglobin. Hence, increased red cell 2,3-DPG and p50 compensated for the alkalosis of hypoproliferative anaemia, not for the deficit in haemoglobin concentration.
Emergent complexity and person-machine systems

The question of the effectiveness for design of human factors research has recently received renewed interest. Human factors and ergonomics may represent, after all, fundamentally different approaches, and ergonomics may be better fitted to provide an emergent new paradigm in keeping with the increased complexity of personmachine systems. Evolutionary ergonomics is therefore introduced as an integrated design/operations concept better fitted to the realities of complex person-machine systems. Several recent failures of complex systems are then briefly reviewed in terms of person-generated contributions to failure that transcend customary design considerations. The study of person-computer interaction is synopsized. Advanced computer technologies, applied to manage complexity, can constrain and channel human cognition. Artificial intelligence and expert systems are reviewed in this context. Recent developments in systems theory suggest further the inadequacy of existing approaches and the fundamental need for paradigm shift.
Adolescents' attitudes toward family and gender roles: An international comparison

Adolescents' attitudes toward gender and familial roles were examined using the Attitudes Toward Women Scale for Adolescents [N. L. Galambos, A. C. Petersen, M. Richards, & I. B. Gitelson (1985) “The Attitudes Toward Women Scale for Adolescents (AWSA): A Study of Reliability and Validity,” Sex Roles, Vol. 5/6, pp. 343–356] and the Historic-Sociocultural Premises scale [R. Diaz-Guerrero (1975) Psychology of the Mexican: Culture and Personality, Austin: University of Texas Press]. Participants were 265 international students (11 to 17 years of age) from 46 different countries attending schools in the Netherlands. The countries of origin were grouped into two categories of cultural values based on G. Hofstede [(1983) “Dimensions of National Cultures in Fifty Countries and Three Regions,” in J. B. Deregowski, S. Dziursawiec, & R. C. Annis (Eds.), Expiscations in Cross-Cultural Psychology, Lisse Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger]: Wealthier, more individualistic countries comprised Group 1 and less wealthy, more collectivist countries Group 2. Girls responded less traditionally than did boys on both scales. Students from Group 2 countries had more traditional attitudes than did students from Group 1 countries.
On Models for Diagnosable Systems and Probabilistic Fault Diagnosis

This paper is concerned with automatic fault diagnosis for digital systems with multiple faults. Three problems are treated: 1) Probabilistic fault diagnosis is presented using the graph-theoretic model of Preparata et al. The necessary and sufficient conditions to correctly diagnose any fault set whose probability of occurrence is greater than t have been developed. Some simple sufficient conditions are also discussed. 2) A general model that contains as special cases both the graph-theoretic and the Russell-Kime models is developed. Conditions for T-fault diagnosability are given, thus settling some open problems introduced by Russell and Kime. 3) Finally, sequential T-fault diagnosability is considered. Existence of a class of systems requiring as little as n + T - 1 tests is shown. This improves significantly upon the previously best known class of systems that required n + 2T - 2 tests for sequential T-fault diagnosability.
Previous pregnancy outcomes and subsequent risk of preterm rupture of amniotic sac membranes

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that previous unfavourable pregnancy outcomes increase the risk for premature birth, with (PP) or without (PTB) premature rupture of the amniotic sac (PROM) at the index pregnancy and that multiple undesirable outcomes increase risk. DESIGN Case control study. SETTING Two university hospitals. SUBJECTS Four hundred sixty-three women aged 15 to 45 years who were delivered preterm PROM, full term PROM and preterm without PROM matched with 463 women who delivered full term. All women included in the study had at least one previous pregnancy. OUTCOME MEASURES Odds ratio of previous adverse pregnancy outcome among index cases. RESULTS Compared with controls, PP cases had odds ratios of 95 for previous preterm birth, 186 for abortion and prematurity and 158 for fetal loss, abortion/prematurity after controlling for confounding variables. Compared with controls, PTB cases had an odds ratio of 96.5 for previous preterm delivery, 84 for abortion and prematurity, and 320 for fetal loss/abortion and prematurity after controlling for confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS Previous preterm delivery, abortion and prematurity and fetal loss/abortion and prematurity all increase risk for subsequent preterm birth with or without PROM.
Endogenous Skin Fluorescence Includes Bands that may Serve as Quantitative Markers of Aging and Photoaging

Aging and photoaging cause distinct changes in skin cells and extracellular matrix. Changes in hairless mouse skin as a function of age and chronic UVB exposure were investigated by fluorescence excitation spectroscopy. Fluorescence excitation spectra were measured in vivo, on heat-separated epidermis and dermis, and on extracts of mouse skin to characterize the absorption spectra of the emitting chromophores. Fluorescence excitation spectra obtained in vivo on 6 wk old mouse skin had maxima at 295, 340, and 360 nm; the 295 nm band was the dominant band. Using heat separated tissue, the 295 nm band predominantly originated in the epidermis and the bands at 340 and 360 nm originated in the dermis. The 295 nm band was assigned to tryptophan fluorescence, the 340 nm band to pepsin digestable collagen cross-links fluorescence and the 360 nm band to collagenase digestable collagen cross-links fluorescence. Fluorescence excitation maxima remained unchanged in chronologically aged mice (34–38 wk old), whereas the 295 nm band decreased in intensity with age and the 340 nm band increased in intensity with age. In contrast, fluorescence excitation spectra of chronically UVB exposed mice showed a large increase in the 295 nm band compared with age-matched controls and the bands at 340 and 350 nm were no longer distinct. Two new bands appeared in the chronically exposed mice at 270 nm and at 305 nm. These reproducible changes in skin autofluorescence suggest that aging causes predictable alterations in both epidermal and dermal fluorescence, whereas chronic UV exposure induces the appearance of new fluorphores.
Prostate cell cultures as in vitro models for the study of normal stem cells and cancer stem cells

Current existing therapies for prostate cancer eradicate the majority of cells within a tumor. However, most patients with advanced cancer still progress to androgen-independent metastatic disease that remains essentially incurable by current treatment strategies. Recent evidence has shown that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subset of the tumor cells that are responsible for initiating and maintaining the disease. Understanding normal stem cells and CSCs may provide insight into the origin of and new therapeutics for prostate cancer. Normal stem cells and CSCs have been identified in prostate tissue by the use of several markers or techniques. Although research on stem cells has been limited by the lack of suitable in vitro systems, recent studies show that not only primary cells but also several established cell lines may exhibit stem cell properties. This review discusses various in vitro culture systems to propagate normal prostate stem cells and prostate CSCs together with molecular markers. These in vitro cell culture models should be useful for elucidating the differentiation of prostatic epithelium and the biological features of prostate cancer.
Impact of Emerging Markets on Marketing: Rethinking Existing Perspectives and Practices

Abstract The core idea of this article is that five key characteristics—market heterogeneity, sociopolitical governance, chronic shortage of resources, unbranded competition, and inadequate infrastructure—of emerging markets are radically different from the traditional industrialized capitalist society, and they will require us to rethink the core assumptions of marketing, such as market orientation, market segmentation, and differential advantage. To accommodate these characteristics, we must rethink the marketing perspective (e.g., from differential advantage to market aggregation and standardization) and the core guiding strategy concepts (e.g., from market orientation to market development). Similarly, we must rethink issues of public policy (e.g., from compliance and crisis driven to purpose driven) and the marketing practice (e.g., from glocalization to fusion marketing).
Dual Peierls brackets for strings

A new type of Peierls bracket which provides an additional representation of the Virasoro algebra, and which may be of relevance for a manifestly dual string field theory is constructed for the closed and open bosonic strings.
Synthetic Peptides from Mouse Fc Receptor (MoFcγRII) That Alter the Binding of IgG to MoFcγRII

Fc receptors are transmembrane proteins, found on the surfaces of immune cells, that aid in the removal of foreign pathogens by binding to antibody-coated targets via the Fc regions of the antibodies. Using peptides synthesized on pins, overlapping dodecapeptides (170) were synthesized to cover the extracellular region of the mouse Fc receptor for IgG, moFcγRII. The peptides were screened for antibody binding activity by using multivalent immune complexes composed of anti-dinitrophenyl monoclonal mouse IgG1 (ANO6) and dinitrophenyl conjugated to human serum albumin (DNP-HSA). Assays were also carried out with an anti-moFcγRII monoclonal rat IgG (2.4G2). The peptides that interacted with these antibodies prompted the synthesis of two soluble peptides: peptide A [FcγRII-(108−119), RCHSWRNKLLNRamide] and peptide B [FcγRII-(153−165), CKGSLGRTLHQSKamide]. Monomeric S-alkylated (A, B), homodimeric (AA, BB), heterodimeric (AB), and scrambled homodimeric (CC, DD) forms of these peptides were synthesized and exam...
A structural analysis of the complexes of (S, S)-dimethylpyridino-18-crown-6 with (R) and (S)-[α-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]ammonium perchlorate by NMR techniques and molecular modeling

Significant π-π interaction is found in the complexes of (S, S)-dimethylpyridino-18-crown-6 with (R)- and (S)-[α-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]ammonium perchlorate. This finding is supported by the1H NOESY NMR spectral technique, greater chemical shift changes of aromatic protons in both host and guest molecules upon complexation, and by molecular mechanics calculations. Because of the flexibility of the ligand, the tripod hydrogen bonding causes13C relaxation times of all periphery carbons to decrease without significant selectivity. Rotational energy barrier calculations of the methyl groups of the complexed ligand also show that the (S, S)-host-(R)-guest is the more stable complex.
Observation of the neutron pairing vibration in 206Hg

Abstract Excited states of 206 Hg have been observed for the first time by the 204 Hg(t,p) 206 Hg reaction. In particular a level at 3625 keV is strongly excited by an L = 0 transition. Calculations which include particle-hole interactions suggest that this state is the neutron pairing vibration corresponding to the closed neutron shell at N = 126. The observed cross section for this state also agrees with this assumption.
Programming of brainstem serotonin transporter development by prenatal glucocorticoids.

Abstract Prenatal stress or exposure to excess glucocorticoids are known to alter central nervous system function and to result in lasting changes in reactions to stress. The potential involvement of specific elements of brainstem serotonergic neurons was examined in the current study. Pregnant rats were given 0.05, 0.2 or 0.8 mg/kg of dexamethasone on gestational days 17, 18 and 19, and the effects on development of the serotonin presynaptic transporter were assessed from birth to young adulthood by measurement of [ 3 H]paroxetine binding to membrane preparations. Dexamethasone produced a dose-dependent retardation of body and brainstem growth but evoked a significant elevation of [ 3 H]paroxetine binding that persisted into adulthood. Effects on [ 3 H]paroxetine binding were robust even at the lowest dose, which did not suppress growth, indicating that the programming of this transporter is more sensitive to glucocorticoids than is general development. At the highest dose, promotional effects on serotonin transporter expression were offset by impaired growth, so that the peak effect was seen at the intermediate dose of dexamethasone. There were no comparable effects on serotonin transmitter levels, indicating selectivity toward promotion of transporter expression as distinct from simply increasing the number of serotonergic persistent than those on other monoamine transporters, and is not shared by postnatal treatment or by treatment in adulthood, it likely represents specific programming by glucocorticoids during the prenatal period. Aberrant serotonergic transporter expression may contribute to alterations of synaptic function that ultimately produce the physiological abnormalities seen after prenatal stress or glucocorticoid treatment.
Acausality from a dark sector

Abstract Solutions to the hierarchy problem that require partners for each standard model particle often require that these states live at or above the electroweak scale, to satisfy phenomenological bounds. Partners to possible dark sector particles may be significantly lighter, due to the assumed weakness of the couplings between the dark and visible sectors. Here we consider the possibility that a dark sector might include light Lee–Wick particles. We present the formulation of a theory in which a dark photon and its Lee–Wick partner have kinetic mixing with hypercharge. We point out that the Lee–Wick partner of the dark photon will lead to an apparent violation of causality at small distance scales that might be discerned in low-energy experiments.
A Study on the Asymmetric Rapid Intensification of Hurricane Earl (2010) Using the HWRF System

AbstractIn this study, the results of a forecast from the operational Hurricane Weather Research and Forecast (HWRF) system for Hurricane Earl (2010) are verified against observations and analyzed to understand the asymmetric rapid intensification of a storm in a sheared environment. The forecast verification shows that HWRF captured well Earl’s observed evolution of intensity, convection asymmetry, wind field asymmetry, and vortex tilt in terms of magnitude and direction in the pre rapid and rapid intensification (RI) stages. Examination of the high-resolution forecast data reveals that the tilt was large at the RI onset and decreased quickly once RI commenced, suggesting that vertical alignment is the result instead of the trigger for RI. The RI onset is associated with the development of upper-level warming in the eye, which results from upper-level storm-relative flow advecting the warm air caused by subsidence warming in the upshear-left region toward the low-level storm center. This scenario does no...
ROBUST TRUCK CABIN LAYOUT OPTIMIZATION USING ADVANCED DRIVER VARIANCE MODELS

One important source of variance in the performance and success of products designed for use by people is the people themselves. In many cases, the acceptability of the design is affected more by the variance in the human users than by the variance attributable to the hardware from which the product is constructed. Consequently, optimization of products used by people may benefit from consideration of human variance through robust design methodologies. We propose that design under uncertainty methodologies can be utilized to generate designs that are robust to variance amongusers, includingdifferencesinage, physicalsize, strength, and cognitive capability. Including human variance as an inherent part of the product optimization process will improve the overall performance of the product (be it comfort, maintainability, cognitive performance, or other metrics of interest) and could lead to products that are more accessible to broader populations, less expensive, and safer. A case study involving the layout of the interior of a heavy truck cab is presented, focusing on simultaneous placement of the seat and steering wheel adjustment ranges. Tradeoffs between adjustability/cost, driver accommodation, and safety are explored under this paradigm.
The efficacy of ranitidine in children

The effect of preoperative oral ranitidine on intragastric pH and volume of aspirate was evaluated in anaesthetized children. Five groups of eight randomly assigned children were evaluated. The first group acted as control and the other groups received 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 mg kg-1 ranitidine, respectively. The drug was administered 1-4 h preoperatively. The intragastric pH was measured by a pH electrode through an orogastric tube, and the volume of aspirate was recorded every hour. At the time of first measurement oral ranitidine was significantly effective (P less than 0.001) in increasing the pH of intragastric contents to above the safe level of 2.5 in 94% of the children. At the second measurement an hour later, it was effective in all the children. Ranitidine has no significant effect on the volume of gastric aspirate and also there was no significant difference in the effect on the pH of the various doses of ranitidine studied. Oral ranitidine at doses of 2-3.5 mg kg-1 is effective in decreasing gastric acidity in children.
Four New Illicit Cocaine Impurities from the Oxidation of Crude Cocaine Base: Formation and Characterization of the Diastereomeric 2,3‐Dihydroxy‐3‐Phenylpropionylecgonine Methyl Esters from cis‐ and trans‐Cinnamoylcocaine

Abstract: Four new impurities have recently been detected in the gas chromatographic signature profiles of many illicit cocaine hydrochloride exhibits. These impurities are only seen in exhibits that have been oxidized and are most prominent in samples that have been highly oxidized. Exhibits containing these compounds were subjected to gas and liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric analyses to determine the identity of the impurities. These impurities were subsequently synthesized to verify their structures. Four diastereomeric diols formed from the oxidation of cis- and trans-cinnamoylcocaine were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, mass spectrometry, and synthesis. Oxidation of cis-cinnamoylcocaine in neutral conditions yielded (2R,3R)-dihydroxy-3-phenylpropionylecgonine methyl ester and (2S,3S)-dihydroxy-3-phenylpropionylecgonine methyl ester, while trans-cinnamoylcocaine produced (2R,3S)-dihydroxy-3-phenylpropionylecgonine methyl ester and (2S,3R)-dihydroxy-3-phenylpropionylecgonine methyl ester. The recent appearance of these new impurities suggests that some illicit cocaine processors have modified their oxidation procedures of crude cocaine base for transformation into illicit refined cocaine hydrochloride.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α is restricted to hepatic parenchymal cells, not Kupffer cells: implications for the mechanism of action of peroxisome proliferators in hepatocarcinogenesis

Peroxisome proliferators increase hepatocyte proliferation and cause liver tumors in rodents, yet the mechanism of action is not understood. Based on studies with null mice it is known that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) is involved. There is also evidence that Kupffer cells play a central role in peroxisome proliferator-induced carcinogenesis, most likely via mechanisms involving increases in superoxide, activation of nuclear factor kappaB and production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). However, it is not known whether PPARalpha is constitutively expressed in Kupffer cells. Therefore, the expression of PPAR isoforms in rat Kupffer and parenchymal cells was examined. Kupffer cells and hepatocytes of >99% purity were isolated from rats fed either a control diet or one containing 0.1% WY-14,643 for 1 week. Protein and RNA were obtained and PPAR expression was analyzed using northern and western blots. PPARalpha, PPARbeta and PPARgamma mRNA was detected in purified hepatocytes. In Kupffer cells, mRNA encoding PPARgamma was present while transcripts for PPARalpha and PPARbeta were not detected. Immunoblots were consistent with the results found by northern analysis. Moreover, when Kupffer cells from wild-type or PPARalpha-null mice were treated with WY-14,643 in vitro, superoxide production was similar. Combined, these results show that PPARalpha is expressed in rat parenchymal cells but not in Kupffer cells. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that parenchymal cells respond to Kupffer cell-derived TNFalpha via mechanisms dependent on PPARalpha within the parenchymal cells.
Bacteroides meningitis successfully treated with metronidazole

Bacteriodes meningitis without associated cerebral abscess occurred in an elderly man who had a long history of chronic otitis media. Anaerobic cultures of the cerebrospinal fluid revealed bacteroides organisms. Sensitivity testing showed them to be resistant to penicillin and chloramphenicol but sensitive to metronidazole. Appropriate therapy with this agent eradicated the causative organisms and produced rapid clinical improvement.
Extracolonic findings identified in asymptomatic adults at screening CT colonography.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the wide variety of extracolonic findings that may be encountered at screening CT colonography (CTC) in asymptomatic adults as well as to discuss the pertinent issues regarding the detection of potential abnormalities in a healthy population.CONCLUSION. Regardless of whether extracolonic evaluation resulting from CTC screening is viewed as a net benefit or liability, it is an unavoidable responsibility that must be handled with care by the interpreting radiologist. Although many potential abnormalities may be questioned, the pretest probability of clinically relevant disease is quite low in average-risk asymptomatic adults, which may influence subsequent management decisions.
Social media and organizational visibility: A sample of Fortune 500 corporations

Abstract This study explores the factors that drive organizational social media visibility. Using a sample of Fortune 500 companies and influential non-profit organizations, findings reveal that mainstream media coverage significantly affects social media visibility whereas organizations’ social media use patterns have limited impact on overall organizational visibility. Implications for both the practice of public relations and further theorizing about social media studies are discussed.
A Numerical Study of Tunnel Fires

Abstract Abstract-Three theoretical models of plane flames burning on a cooled porous-plug type of flame-holder are reviewed and compared with experimentally observed relationships between stand-off distance, flame speed and temperature. It is shown that for most practical burners their conductance is large and that for near adiabatic conditions, the order of the non-dimensional stand-off distance ceases to be 0(1), but is O(ln θ) where θ is the non-dimensional activation energy.
Behavioral inhibition and risk for posttraumatic stress symptoms in Latino children exposed to violence

Latino children in urban contexts marked by poverty are at high risk of being exposed to violence and developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Nonetheless, there is great variability in individual responses to violence exposure. This study examines risk for developing re-experiencing, avoidance, and arousal symptoms of PTSD as a function of individual differences in behavioral inhibition and exposure to community violence. Participants were 148 Latino students (M age =11.43 years, SD = 0.69; 55 % girls) living in an area marked by poverty and crime. Children completed self-report measures of behavioral inhibition and posttraumatic stress symptoms during a baseline assessment. During a follow-up interview 6 months later, children completed self-report measures of exposure to community violence since the baseline assessment and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Structural equation models revealed that behavioral inhibition at baseline was positively associated with PTSD avoidance and arousal symptoms at follow-up, after controlling for symptoms at baseline. Furthermore, behavioral inhibition moderated the association between violence exposure and symptoms such that violence was more strongly associated with the development of PTSD avoidance symptoms as behavioral inhibition increased. Results suggest that individual differences in behavioral inhibition contribute to risk for specific PTSD symptoms and are important for understanding variation in responses to trauma exposure. By examining diathesis-­stress models within a disorder, we may be better able to elucidate the etiology of a disorder and translate this improved understanding into personalized intervention approaches that maximize effectiveness.
Duarte (DG) galactosemia: a pilot study of biochemical and neurodevelopmental assessment in children detected by newborn screening.

Abstract Newborn screening for galactosemia has shown a high prevalence of partial galactose uridyl transferase deficiencies such as Duarte (DG) galactosemia. Study objective: To determine whether (a) there is any clinical impact of DG galactosemia on development (b) there is a relationship between outcome and biochemical parameters in patients who receive no treatment. Study population: Twenty-eight children with DG galactosemia. Group-I—17 children had a lactose restricted diet in the first year of life. Group-II—11 children had a regular diet since birth. Methods: Developmental, physical, and ophthalmologic assessments were completed on both DG groups. RBC gal-1-p and urine galactitol were monitored during the follow-up visits in every child with DG galactosemia. Gal-1-p, urine galactitol, liver function tests, and FSH were tested at the time of study visit. Results: The groups had statistically significant differences on RBC gal-1-p and urine galactitol at the 2 week, 1 month, 6 month, and 1 year time points. There was no statistical difference of gal-1-p or urine galactitol in group-I and -II at the time of study. The groups had statistically significant differences on adaptive scores, but not on language or IQ. None of the DG subjects had abnormal liver function at the time of diagnosis or the study visit. The FSH levels were normal. There were no statistically significant relationships between the first year metabolic values and developmental outcomes. Conclusions: The data presented here indicate that clinical and developmental outcomes in DG galactosemics are good regardless of any diet changes.
Commentary: Key issues to consider for reviewing and designing simulated patient studies

Li and colleagues’ worthwhile paper is among a growing number of studies that use a simulated patient (SP) methodology. Many readers may welcome this approach, yet remain unfamiliar with certain specifics of research design that can affect the validity and reliability of such studies. This commentary provides a brief overview of the SP methodology and a few key issues for researchers to consider when reading published studies or designing their own. Retailers have long used ‘mystery shoppers’ who anonymously patronize stores in order to describe customers’ experiences and evaluate employees’ performance. Such ratings are valuable because they provide real-world feedback quickly and inexpensively. Increasingly, researchers are adapting this approach to healthcare settings to assess practices as diverse as pharmacy, psychiatry, paediatrics and sexual health services. Examples range from brief telephone encounters for trying to schedule an appointment, to more extensive interactions with clinicians as in the paper by Li and colleagues. Yet what they all have in common is that researchers surreptitiously pose as patients and systematically record specific aspects of the patientprovider encounter. Whereas some scholars have described the ethical issues related to SP studies, very few resources review methodological rigour. Part of the problem is the lack of consistent medical subject headings used for studies employing an SP methodology. Searching terms like ‘simulated patient’ or ‘standardized patient’ overwhelmingly yields results on training medical and other health professional students, rather than evaluating existing health services. Other studies use terms like ‘audit’ or ‘mystery shopper’ to describe the approach. Absent such guidance, readers should consider a few questions when reviewing SP studies.