cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation of acoustical parameters in rectangular churches

Computer simulations to predict acoustical parameters have been attracting renewed interest in recent years. This paper reports the results of computer simulations of the acoustics of box-shaped churches. Twenty-five buildings have been considered by varying the dimensional ratios between length, width and height. The study focuses on the values assumed by three acoustical parameters, the clarity, the early lateral energy fraction and the centre time, in each of the simulated buildings. The parameters of analysis allowed to evaluate the dependence between the shape of the building and its acoustics. Moreover, in each church, simulations were realized by moving the sound source in five different positions in order to investigate how the acoustics changes. Considering the trade-off among dimensional ratios of the room, volume and source position, formulae which predict acoustical parameters in box-shaped churches are presented. A first validation of these formulae has been made using measured acoustical par...
Student Poverty, School Accountability, and Postsecondary Enrollment: A Challenge for Educational Reform in Kentucky

The Kentucky Educational Reform Act of 1990 promised improved academic performance by public schools and greater equity in educational outcomes. The present study relates postsecondary enrollment to school accountability-testing and student poverty. It concludes that nearly a decade after reform began, high schools with large numbers of poor students send a smaller proportion of their graduates to college than do high schools with fewer poor students. Further, impoverished high schools that manage to perform well on the accountability tests lag well behind like-performing affluent schools in postsecondary enrollment. The harmful effects of poverty on education are felt throughout the state and undercut the goals that are embraced by Kentucky educational reform.
Dynamical scaling in the domain growth of a chemisorbed overlayer: W(112)(2 x 1)-O.

We observed a self-similar growth (scaling of oxygen antiphase domains) of the (2 x 1) structure chemisorbed on the W(112) surface using time-resolved, high-resolution, low-energy electron diffraction technique. The initial stage of domain growth after the system was quenched from a lattice-gas state was shown to obey a curvature-driven mechanism. The scaling function was extracted from the angular distribution of the intensity of the (1/2 0) beam and was compared with recent analytical theories and Monte Carlo simulations. Breakdown of scaling was observed after the termination of the curvature-driven regime.
What Difference Does a Major Make? The Influence of College Major Field on Persistence by African American and White Students.

The results from this study indicate similarities and differences in the factors related to the persistence of White and African American students in their freshman and sophomore years in college. Using random samples of data from students enrolled in public institutions of higher education in a Midwestern state, OLS regression analyses indicated that African American sophomores in the high-demand major fields (e.g., Business, Health, and Engineering/Computer Science) were more likely to persist than were those in other major fields, but there were no statistically significant differences in persistence for African American freshmen in other fields. While major fields were not statistically significant for White sophomores, White freshmen in social sciences or undecided about their majors were less likely to persist. The effects of financial aid packages on persistence varied across race.
Determination of adriamycin in plasma and tissue biopsies.

A simple, rapid and sensitive method for the extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of adriamycin in tissue and plasma is described. Tissue (5–100 mg) and plasma (1 ml) samples underwent a C18 Sep-Pak extraction into methanol. Chromatography was performed on a μBondapakphenyl column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile—0.1 M ammonium formate (pH 4.0) with a flow-rate of 2 ml/min. Fluorometric detection was used with an excitation of 480 nm and an emission of 550 nm. The procedure produced a linear curve for the concentration range 25–1000 ng/ml. The development of the assay produced rapid, repeatable and accurate results for both small tissue samples and plasma.
Modeling utilization distributions in space and time

W. Van Winkle defined the utilization distribution (UD) as a probability density that gives an animal's relative frequency of occurrence in a two-dimensional (x, y) plane. We extend Van Winkle's work by redefining the UD as the relative frequency distribution of an animal's occurrence in all four dimensions of space and time. We then describe a product kernel model estimation method, devising a novel kernel from the wrapped Cauchy distribution to handle circularly distributed temporal covariates, such as day of year. Using Monte Carlo simulations of animal movements in space and time, we assess estimator performance. Although not unbiased, the product kernel method yields models highly correlated (Pearson's r = 0.975) with true probabilities of occurrence and successfully captures temporal variations in density of occurrence. In an empirical example, we estimate the expected UD in three dimensions (x, y, and t) for animals belonging to each of two distinct bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) social groups in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Results show the method can yield ecologically informative models that successfully depict temporal variations in density of occurrence for a seasonally migratory species. Some implications of this new approach to UD modeling are discussed.
Play and maternal self concept

Mother evaluation and child self-regard are closely related. For example, parents of underachievers have stronger negative attitudes toward their children than do parents of achievers. Boys and girls whose parents describe them as capable usually have a positive self-image. Parents who feel opposed, rejected, and incapable tend to produce children who undervalue themselves (Shaw, 1965; Schwartz, 1967). Most school projects have sought to resolve the phenomena of undervalued self and low achievement by removing children from their homes at an ever earlier age and for longer periods of time. Programs of this type seldom make provisions for meaningful parental involvement and imply that low income mothers are incapable of developing positive selfregard in their children. The fact that a youngster seeks to be like his mother through identification and introjection of her personality has been seen as a stubborn obstacle rather than as an educational possibility (Strom 1969, 1974). The aproach we will describe advocates elevating the child's self-impression by enhancing his mother's confidence as a teacher rather than by removing him from the home. Given the longstanding belief that maternal self-concept is fixed and the traditional attitude toward the parental role in education, one might suppose the educational task to be insurmountable. However, data support the view that self-concept is continually changing. Granted, qualities of the self are shaped to a large extent in infancy and early childhood, but most individuals retain sufficient flexibility so that the self continues to be shaped throughout life (Hamachek, 1971). If there is a critical relationship among selfconcept, achievement, and mental health, and if children assess their worth largely in terms of the relationship with mother, it would seem imperative that in some families steps be initiated to alter maternal self-impression. This process might begin by studying the dynamics of intrafamily assessment (Greathouse, 1972; Sawicki, 1972; Strom, 1974).
Yeast telomerase appears to frequently copy the entire template in vivo

Telomeres derived from the same formation event in wild type strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae possess the same, precise TG1–3 sequence for the most internal ∼100 bp of the 250–350 bp TG1–3 repeats. The conservation of this internal domain is thought to reflect the fact that telomere lengthening and shortening, and thus alteration of the precise TG1–3 sequence, is confined to the terminal region of the telomere. The internal domains of telomeres from yku70Δ and tel1Δ mutants, whose entire telomeres are only ∼100 bp, were examined by analyzing 5.1 kb of cloned TG1–3 sequences from telomeres formed during transformation of wild type, yku70Δ and tel1Δ cells. The internal domains were 97–137 bp in wild type cells, 27–36 bp in yku70Δ cells and 7–9 bp in tel1Δ cells. These data suggest that the majority of the tel1Δ cell TG1–3 repeats may be resynthesized during shortening and lengthening reactions while a portion of the yku70Δ cell telomeres are protected. TG1–3 sequences are synthesized by telomerase repeatedly copying an internal RNA template, which introduces a sequence bias into TG1–3 repeats. Analysis of in vivo-derived telomeres revealed that of the many possible high affinity binding sites for the telomere protein Rap1p in TG1–3 repeats, only those consistent with telomere hybridization to the ACACAC in the 3′-region of the telomerase RNA template followed by copying of most of the template were present. Copies of the telomerase RNA template made up 40–60% of the TG1–3 sequences from each strain and could be found in long, tandem repeats. The data suggest that in vivo yeast telomerase frequently allows telomeres to hybridize to the 3′-region of RNA template and copy most of it prior to dissociation, or that in vivo telomere processing events result in the production of TG1–3 sequences that mimic this process.
Assessing Math and English General Education Courses with Results Applicable to Advising

Useful assessment of general education courses is one impotant tool of a successful approach to advising. This article describes two methods for evaluating the effect general education math and English courses are having on students. One procedure involves examining the grade distribution for students enrolled in math and English general education courses who have successfully passed prior general education courses. The second method describes how a logistic regression procedure is used to determine what factors influence the successful completion of math and English general education courses. Both of these methods produce results of interest to advisors.
Posterior fossa meningiomas presenting with Ménière's-like symptoms: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE In rare cases, posterior fossa meningiomas can involve the endolymphatic sac. Such involvement can result in endolymphatic hydrops and a constellation of symptoms suggestive of Meniere's disease. The diagnosis and management of patients with these tumors is discussed. CLINICAL PRESENTATION Three patients, each of whom presented with symptoms consistent with Meniere's disease, were found to have posterior fossa meningiomas limited to the dura overlying the endolymphatic sac. INTERVENTION All 3 patients were diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging and underwent complete surgical resection. In all cases, the symptoms resolved after tumor removal. CONCLUSION Clinicians should have a degree of suspicion of posterior fossa meningioma when patients present with symptoms suggestive of Meniere's disease. Failure to do so may result in delayed diagnosis or worse outcomes for an otherwise treatable tumor.
Evaluating Diagnostic Criteria for Lactose Maldigestion in Children Using Breath Hydrogen Testing † 577

Evaluating Diagnostic Criteria for Lactose Maldigestion in Children Using Breath Hydrogen Testing † 577
In vivo knockdown of intersectin-1s alters endothelial cell phenotype and causes microvascular remodeling in the mouse lungs

Intersectin-1s (ITSN-1s) is a general endocytic protein involved in regulating lung vascular permeability and endothelial cells (ECs) survival, via MEK/Erk1/2MAPK signaling. To investigate the in vivo effects of ITSN-1s deficiency and the resulting ECs apoptosis on pulmonary vasculature and lung homeostasis, we used an ITSN-1s knocked-down (KDITSN) mouse generated by repeated delivery of a specific siRNA targeting ITSN-1 gene (siRNAITSN). Biochemical and histological analyses as well as electron microscopy (EM) revealed that acute KDITSN [3-days (3d) post-siRNAITSN treatment] inhibited Erk1/2MAPK pro-survival signaling, causing significant ECs apoptosis and lung injury; at 10d of KDITSN, caspase-3 activation was at peak, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive ECs showed 3.4-fold increase, the mean linear intercept (MLI) showed 48 % augment and pulmonary microvessel density as revealed by aquaporin-1 staining (AQP-1) decreased by 30 %, all compared to controls; pulmonary function was altered. Concomitantly, expression of several growth factors known to activate Erk1/2MAPK and suppress Bad pro-apoptotic activity increased. KDITSN altered Smads activity, downstream of the transforming growth factor beta-receptor-1 (TβR1), as shown by subcellular fractionation and immunoblot analyses. Moreover, 24d post-siRNAITSN, surviving ECs became hyper-proliferative and apoptotic-resistant against ITSN-1s deficiency, as demonstrated by EM imaging, 5-bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and Bad-Ser112/155 phosphorylation, respectively, leading to increased microvessel density and repair of the injured lungs, as well as matrix deposition. In sum, ECs endocytic dysfunction and apoptotic death caused by KDITSN contribute to the initial lung injury and microvascular loss, followed by endothelial phenotypic changes and microvascular remodeling in the remaining murine pulmonary microvascular bed.
Transparency compensation for bilateral teleoperators with time-varying communication delays

Passivity-based bilateral teleoperation control systems can offer robust stability against arbitrarily large communication delays at the expense of poor transparency. In fact, most passive control frameworks are designed for a particular task and do not adjust transparency when transitioning between different environments. This paper presents a bilateral control strategy that passively compensates transparency when transitioning between free motion and hard contact motion scenarios. The proposed control framework exploits the effect that the wave impedance (a design parameter of the passivitybased scattering transformation) has on transparency without compromising closed-loop stability regardless of time-varying communication delays. To adjust transparency, the control scheme smoothly switches the wave impedance between a low value, ideal for free motion, and a sufficiently large value, suited for hard contact scenarios. We show, by rigorous mathematical treatment and simulations, that the proposed control strategy can effectively adjust the transparency of the system without compromising stability.
Sterilization of Bacterial Spores by Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Peroxide

It was hypothesized that supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) treatment could serve as an alternative sterilization method at various temperatures (40-105 degrees C), CO(2) pressures (200-680 atm), and treatment times (25 min to 6 h), and with or without the use of a passive additive (distilled water, dH(2)O) or an active additive (hydrogen peroxide, H(2)O(2)). While previous researchers have shown that SC-CO(2) possesses antimicrobial properties, sterilization effectiveness has not been shown at sufficiently low treatment temperatures and cycle times, using resistant bacterial spores. Experiments were conducted using Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus atrophaeus spores. Spore strips were exposed to SC-CO(2) in commercially available supercritical fluid extraction and reaction systems, at varying temperatures, pressures, treatment times, and with or without the use of a passive additive, such as dH(2)O, or an active additive, such as H(2)O(2). Treatment parameters were varied from 40 to 105 degrees C, 200-680 atm, and from 25 min to 6 h. At 105 degrees C without H(2)O(2), both spore types were completely deactivated at 300 atm in 25 min, a shorter treatment cycle than is obtained with methods in use today. On the other hand, with added H(2)O(2) (<100 ppm), 6 log populations of both spore types were completely deactivated using SC-CO(2) in 1 h at 40 degrees C. It was concluded from the data that large populations of resistant bacterial spores can be deactivated with SC-CO(2) with added H(2)O(2)at lower temperatures and potentially shorter treatment cycles than in most sterilization methods in use today.
Automatic baseline correction by wavelet transform for quantitative open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

A technique for automatically correcting the baseline of open-path Fourier transform infrared spectra is described in which the spectra are decomposed into high-frequency (details) and low-frequenc...
Bile acids enhance the activity of the insulin receptor and glycogen synthase in primary rodent hepatocytes

Previously, we demonstrated that deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced ERK1/2 and AKT signaling in primary hepatocytes is a protective response. In the present study, we examined the regulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3) kinase/AKT/glycogen synthase (kinase) 3 (GSK3)/glycogen synthase (GS) pathway by bile acids. In primary hepatocytes, DCA activated ERBB1 (the epidermal growth factor receptor), ERBB2, and the insulin receptor, but not the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor. DCA-induced activation of the insulin receptor correlated with enhanced phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1, effects that were both blocked by the insulin receptor inhibitor AG1024 and by expression of the dominant negative IGF-1 receptor (K1003R), which inhibited in trans. Expression of the dominant negative IGF-1 receptor (K1003R) also abolished DCA-induced AKT activation. Bile acid-induced activation of AKT and phosphorylation of GSK3 were blunted by the ERBB1 inhibitor AG1478 and abolished by AG1024. Bile acids caused activation of GS to a similar level induced by insulin (50 nM); both were blocked by inhibition of insulin receptor function and the PI3 kinase/AKT/GSK3 pathway. In conclusion, these findings suggest that bile acids and insulin may cooperate to regulate glucose storage in hepatocytes.
The contribution of mercury and chlorinated organics from urban runoff

Abstract The concentration of mercury and chlorinated organics in the combined sewer overflows of Rochester, New York (U.S.A.) have been measured. The resulting annual loadings of 0.034 kg ha −1 (0.034 pounds acre −1 ) and 0.011 kg ha −1 (0.01 pounds acre −1 ) of mercury and chlorinated organics measured in urban runoff are significant. A high degree of correlation exists between the measured concentration of the toxicants when compared with rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, antecedent number of dry days and the total suspended solids concentration characteristic of the combined wastwater.
Deletions That Preserve Randomness

This paper discusses dynamic properties of data structures under insertions and deletions It is shown that, in certain circumstances, the result of n random insertions and m random deletions will be equivalent to n-m random insertions, under various interpretations of the world "random" and under various constraints on the order of insertions and deletions.
Development, Reliability, and Construct Validity of the Emotional and Behavioral Screener

This article describes the Emotional and Behavioral Screener, a brief universal screening procedure designed to help identify students whose emotional and behavioral functioning puts them at risk for future serious problems, including identification in the emotional disturbance category. Development of the screener drew on items and normative samples associated with an existing instrument for measuring emotional disturbance. Among present findings are that the screener possesses high internal consistency reliability, overall and for age, gender, and race/ethnic subgroups. Construct validity was adequate, as indicated by significant discriminations between groups of students known to differ as to emotional and behavioral problems. Discussion includes study limitations, research needs about other psychometric characteristics, and some uses of the Emotional and Behavioral Screener.
Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel leptospiral lipoprotein with OmpA domain

A novel antigenic protein of pathogenic Leptospira, Loa22, was identified by using the PhoA fusion method followed by immunoblotting with convalescent mouse sera. Loa22 was shown to be a lipoprotein having a C-terminal OmpA consensus domain. Loa22 was detected among pathogenic leptospires but not among non-pathogenic leptospires, suggesting the possible involvement of this protein in virulence. The results of three different experiments suggested that Loa22 is located in the outer membrane and a small portion is exposed on the cell surface. Thus, Loa22 may be a candidate for a novel vaccine against infection with pathogenic leptospires.
Immune Amplification of Murine CD8+ Suppressor T Cells Induced via An Immune-Privileged Site: Quantifying Suppressor T Cells Functionally

Background CD8(+) suppressor T cells exert antigen-specific suppression of the expression of hypersensitivity by activated T cells. Therefore, CD8(+) suppressor T cells serve a major regulatory role for the control of active immunity. Accordingly, the number and/or activity of CD8(+) suppressor T cells should be influenced by an immune response to the antigen. To test this hypothesis we used an adoptive transfer assay that measures the suppression of the expression of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) by CD8(+) suppressor T cells to quantify the antigen-specific suppression of DTH by these suppressor T cells. Methods Suppressor T cells were induced in the spleens of mice by the injection of antigen into the anterior chamber of an eye. Following this injection, the mice were immunized by the same antigen injected into the anterior chamber. Spleen cells recovered from these mice (AC-SPL cells) were titrated in an adoptive transfer assay to determine the number of AC-SPL cells required to effect a 50% reduction of antigen-induced swelling (Sw50) in the footpad of immunized mice challenged by antigen. Results Suppression of the expression of DTH is proportional to the number of AC-SPL cells injected into the site challenged by antigen. The number of AC-SPL cells required for a 50% reduction in DTH-induced swelling is reduced by injecting a cell population enriched for CD8(+) AC-SPL cells. Immunizing the mice receiving intracameral antigen to the same antigen decreases the RSw50 of AC-SPL cells required to inhibit the expression of DTH. Conclusions The results provide the first quantitative demonstration that the numbers of antigen-specific splenic CD8(+) suppressor T cells are specifically amplified by antigen during an immune response.
Model of PPM Receiver used in Deep Space Communication Systems

A receiver for optical Deep Space Communication System (DSCS) is designed and modeled. A detailed architecture of the Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) and demodulation is addressed and simulated. The optical link part and the free space channel are also designed and simulated. Physical characteristics of the free space communication channels are modeled, including path attenuation, noise, distortions, time delay, etc. Preliminary results show that external modulation is adequate for characterizing complex and costly DSCS links.
Constructive Peer Relationships, Social Development, and Cooperative Learning Experiences: Implications for the Prevention of Drug Abuse

One approach to the prevention of drug abuse is to provide socializing experiences aimed at helping children and adolescents acquire the basic social competencies needed to cope with life situation...
Direct numerical simulation of heat and mass transfer of spheres in a fluidized bed

We have developed a direct numerical simulation approach combined with the immersed boundary (DNS–IB) method for studying heat transfer in particulate flows. In this method, fluid velocity and temperature fields are obtained by solving the modified momentum and heat transfer equations, which are due to the presence of heated particles in the fluid; particles are tracked individually and their velocities and positions are solved based on the equations of linear and angular motions; particle temperature is assumed to be constant. The momentum and heat exchanges between a particle and the surrounding fluid at its surface are resolved using the immersed boundary method with the direct forcing scheme. The DNS–IB method has been used to study the heat transfer of 225 heated spheres in a fluidized bed. By exploring the rich data generated from the DNS–IB simulations, we are able to obtain statistically averaged fluid and particle velocities as well as the overall heat transfer rate in the fluidized bed. Good agreement between the current study and the one by Pan et al. (2002) is found for the hydrodynamic properties of the bed such as pressure gradients within the bed and the relationship between fluidization velocity and bed solid fraction. The particle-averaged Nusselt number is found to increase as the fluidization velocity increases and the bed height rises; particles at the entrance of the bed tend to have the maximum heat transfer rate because of the higher particle–fluid temperature gradients in this region; as the fluid moves upward in the bed, it gets warmer, which reduces particle–fluid temperature gradients and decreases the transfer rate of particles.
Fermion zero modes in the presence of non-abelian vortices

Abstract The Dirac equation in the presence of non-abelian vortices is investigated . For isospinor fermions coupled to the vortex in the SU(2) Nielsen-Olesen model, there are normalisable well-behaved zero-energy solutions. When the fermions are in the adjoint representation there are no normalisable zero modes. The Z2 vortex appearing in a SO(10) theory is explicitly constructed and it is shown that the heavy neutrino can be bound to it in a zero-energy state.
Blood-flow mapping of oral tissues by laser Doppler flowmetry

The purpose of this study was to develop a rapid protocol for noninvasive quantification of blood flow at intraoral sites by laser Doppler flowmetry. For each flow measurement, the lowest flow observed over a 30-s period was recorded. Three flow readings at each site were averaged and recorded. Forehead and dorsal right-hand blood flows measured agreed with previous laser Doppler flow measurements. Flows measured with a hand-held probe were not different from flows measured with a stent-stabilized probe on the attached gingiva and an adhesive-stabilized probe on the dorsal hand. High flows were found in the tongue, buccal mucosa, and buccal vestibule. Medium flows were found in the attached gingivae. The lowest flows were found in the teeth. These results indicate that flow in intraoral tissues varies by site and can be noninvasively quantified with the laser Doppler flowmeter when a rigorous measurement protocol is used.
Activation of β1 Integrin Signaling Stimulates Tyrosine Phosphorylation of p190 RhoGAP and Membrane-protrusive Activities at Invadopodia

The ligation of available α6β1 integrin in adherent LOX melanoma cells by laminin G peptides and integrin stimulatory antibodies induced cell invasiveness, independent of adhesion activity of integrins that were pre-bound to extracellular matrix (Nakahara, H., Nomizu, M., Akiyama, S. K., Yamada, Y., Yeh, Y., and Chen, W.-T. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 27221–27224). Here, we show that this induced invasion involves an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of a 190-kDa GTPase-activating protein for Rho family members (p190 RhoGAP; p190) and membrane-protrusive activities at invadopodia. This tyrosine phosphorylation does not occur when the adherent cells are treated with non-activating antibody against β1 integrin, control laminin peptides, or tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein and herbimycin A. Although p190 and F-actin co-distribute in all cell cortex extensions, tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins including p190 appear to associate with F-actin specifically in invadopodia. In addition, the localized matrix degradation and membrane-protrusive activities were blocked by treatment of LOX cells with tyrosine kinase inhibitors as well as microinjection of antibodies directed against p190 but not by non-perturbing antibodies or control buffers. We suggest that activation of the α6β1 integrin signaling regulates the tyrosine phosphorylation state of p190 which in turn connects downstream signaling pathways through Rho family GTPases to actin cytoskeleton in invadopodia, thus promoting membrane-protrusive and degradative activities necessary for cell invasion.
Photoperiod duration and energy balance in the pigeon

Abstract Energy balance, and daily rhythms in feeding activity, body temperature ( T b ), metabolic rate (O 2 consumption), and RQ ( CO 2 O 2 ) that affect that balance, were studied in pigeons when the duration of the photophase gradually lengthened (LP group) or shortened (SP group) from an initial starting point at LD 12:12. The end point of change for the LP group was LD 21:3, and for the SP group was LD 3:21. Standard laboratory conditions were in effect (moderate ambient temperature; ad lib food and water). On LD 12:12, energy balance was positive (the ratio of gross energy intake to energy expenditure approximated 1.25). In the light phase, a bimodal pattern of feeding was accompanied by elevated levels in T b , O 2 consumption, and RQ; in the dark phase, T b and O 2 consumption fell at lights-off, and prior to lights-on there were anticipatory rises in both measures and a drop in RQ. Energy balance was remarkably constant over a wide range of photoperiods, but at the shortest photoperiods energy balance became more positive (approximately 1.45) because energy intake increased without much change in energy expenditure. Changes in the daily rhythms of the various measures provided some bases for understanding the changes in energy balance. Analysis of the T b rhythms indicated that the circadian system of the pigeon appears to be capable of adjusting to a wide range of photoperiods. It is suggested that the increase in energy balance at short photoperiods may occur because of inadequate feedback from nutritional and metabolic signals, or may reflect anticipatory winter seasonal adjustments triggered by photoperiod duration.
Speculation concerning average tissue-air ratio determinations for rotational 60Co radiation therapy treatment planning.

The question of the number of radii which are necessary to accurately determine the average tissue–air ratio (TAR) to be used in 60Co rotational radiation therapytreatment planning was studied using an analytical expression for the TAR as a functon of depth and field size, and an elliptic, homogeneous patient cross section. It was found that for such a contour 12 radii determine the average TAR to within 0.01% of the value obtained using 360 radii.
ON PRIMITIVE RECURSIVE PERMUTATIONS AND THEIR INVERSES

Abstract : It is known that there is a primitive recursive permutation of the nonnegative integers whose inverse is recursive but not primitive recursive. Robinson showed that every singulary recursive function f is representable as f = A(B superscript -1)C, where A, B, C are primitive recursive and B is a permutation. This report presents a sharper version of Robinson's result, that is, every singulary recursive f is of the form f = A(B superscript -1)C for fixed A,C where A,B,C are elementary functions and B is a permutation. The proof employs meta-mathematical methods. (Author)
Effects of Increased Vitamin D3 on Calcium Retention and Egg Shell Calcification

Abstract THE minimum requirement for vitamin D3 by the laying hen has been established but the effect of increased amounts have been only partially investigated. The minimum requirement is stated as 500 International Chick Units (I.C.U.) per kg. of feed (NAS-NRC 1966). Murphy et al. (1936) fed up to 1,550 I.C.U. per kg. of feed using fish oil as a source of vitamin D3 and concluded that the requirement level for maximum egg production and satisfactory shell quality was 780 I.C.U. per kg. However, values for percent shell increased with increasing vitamin D3 up to the highest amount fed. Couch et al. (1947) fed up to 760 I.C.U. per kg. of feed and concluded that whereas the vitamin D3 requirement for maximum egg production for layers in their first year of production was between 380 and 760 I.C.U. per kg., the requirement for hens in their second year of production was…
Once-daily regimens were associated with a higher rate of self-chosen discontinuations

Methods A short questionnaire on adherence (0 to 100 scale on the question "How much are you adherent to drug prescriptions?"), self-reported discontinuations, satisfaction and trust in therapy, physical (PhysH) and Mental(MentH) Health, and self-reported symptoms was administered at any visit to any outpatient taking HAART. An automatic report resuming the adherence, self-reported discontinuations and health status measures was generated and sent to physician for discussion with patient at the following visit. A SRDisc event was defined when patient reported having stopped all the drugs for at least 24 hours in the 2 months before. A composite measure for viro-immunological failure was used (CD4 50 c/ml). A symptom score was built summing self-reported scores (from 0-at all to 4-very much) for each of 19 listed symptoms.
VEGETATIVE MULTIPLICATION OF COLICINOGENIC FACTORS AFTER INDUCTION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Measurement of [ 14 C]thymidine uptake indicates that u.v.-induced cells of Escherichia coli possessing colicinogenic factors I, E 1 and E 2 synthesize more DNA per unit cell mass than control noncolicinogenic cells. The increased DNA synthesis is correlated with production of colicin. The excess DNA synthesis is attributed to multiplication of the specific DNA that directs the synthesis of colicins (colicinogenic factors). An approximate calculation of the number of copies of the factors synthesized per induced cell is presented. The regulated multiplication of colicinogenic factors is compared with that of various episomes.
OVULE ABORTION IN 'NONPAREIL' ALMOND (PRUNUS DULCIS (MILL.) D. A. WEBB)'

The earliest indication of ovule abortion in almond (Prunus dulcis [Mill.] D. A. Webb 'Nonpareil') is the deposition of callose (as indicated by aniline blue fluorescence) 2 days after pollination which is 2 days before clear histological symptoms of ovule degeneration are evident and 6 days before fertilization of the viable ovule. Callose deposition begins in the chalazal region of the nucellus where the funicular trace enters the ovule and ramifies into the integuments . As ovule abortion progresses, callose deposition in the inner integument extends as a ring around the nucellus. Movement of the fluorescent dye disodium fluorescein (uranin) indicated that translocation from the vascular trace into abortive ovules becomes blocked at the chalazal position. The dye freely penetrates and diffuses into viable ovules but fails to penetrate abortive ovules. Lack of, or delayed and irregular, megagametophyte development was another characteristic of abortive ovules. Biochemical and histochemical analyses of abortive and viable ovules indicated that carbohydrate depletion parallels ovule abortion. These observations lead to the conclusion that ovule abortion is accompanied by blockage in metabolite supply although whether this blockage is the primary cause or a consequence of ovule abortion is uncertain.
Nutritional and Social Benefits of Foraging in Ancient California

Abstract Key trends in California prehistory diverge from those characteristic of other world regions; sophisticated advances in the application of human behavioral ecology to archaeological interpretation help us to understand why. Significant interpretive advances have been stimulated by the on-going "provisioning" versus "costly signaling" debate. We argue that provisioning currently has the upper hand because the diet breadth model is older, better understood, and more easily assessed in light of archaeological data than is costly signaling. Archaeological research outside of California will need to confront issues of provisioning and prestige in their own empirical context and in light of behavioral ecology methods developed here. Las tendencias clave en la prehistoria de California se separan de esas caracteristicas en otras regiones del mundo; avances sofisticados en la aplicacion de la ecologia de la conducta humana a la interpretacion arqueologica nos ayudan a comprender por que. El debat...
Shaper Design in CMOS for High Dynamic Range

We start with an analysis of the configurations commonly adopted to implement linear shapers. We show that, once the ENC from the charge amplifier is defined, the dynamic range of the system is set by the voltage swing and the value of the capacitance realizing the poles. The configuration used to realize the poles has also an impact, and those configurations based on passive components in feedback are expected to offer a higher dynamic range than the ones that use both active and passive components, like scaling mirrors. Finally, we introduce the concept of delayed dissipative feedback (DDF), which consists of delaying the resistive feedbacks from the furthest available nodes along the shaping chain. We will show that, in order to implement semi-Gaussian shapers, a small capacitor in positive feedback is required. The DDF technique can overcome some of the limitations of the more classical configurations. For example, in a third order shaper a factor of two higher dynamic range can be obtained or, at equal dynamic range, about 25% of the capacitance is needed (i.e. about 30% of the area in practical cases).
White Residents, Black Incumbents and a Declining Racial Divide

Despite the hopes of the civil rights movement, researchers have found that the election of African Americans to office has not greatly improved the well-being of the black community. This study focuses on the white community, however, and finds that black leadership can have a profound effect. Under black mayors there is positive change in the white vote and in the racial sentiments expressed by members of the white electorate. Although white Republicans seem largely immune to the effects of black incumbency, for Democrats and independents an experience with a black mayoralty tends to decrease racial tension, increase racial sympathy, and increase support of black leadership.
Development of a human physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for inorganic arsenic and its mono- and di-methylated metabolites

A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to estimate levels of arsenic and its metabolites in human tissues and urine after oral exposure to arsenate (AsV), arsenite (AsIII) or organoarsenical pesticides. The model consists of interconnected individual PBPK models for inorganic arsenic (AsV and AsIII), monomethylarsenic acid (MMAV), and, dimethylarsenic acid (DMAV). Reduction of MMAV and DMAV to their respective trivalent forms also occurs in the lung, liver, and kidney including excretion in urine. Each submodel was constructed using flow limited compartments describing the mass balance of the chemicals in GI tract (lumen and tissue), lung, liver, kidney, muscle, skin, heart, and brain. The choice of tissues was based on physiochemical properties of the arsenicals (solubility), exposure routes, target tissues, and sites for metabolism. Metabolism of inorganic arsenic in liver was described as a series of reduction and oxidative methylation steps incorporating the inhibitory influence of metabolites on methylation. The inhibitory effects of AsIII on the methylation of MMAIII to DMA, and MMAIII on the methylation of AsIII to MMA were modeled as noncompetitive. To avoid the uncertainty inherent in estimation of many parameters from limited human data, a priori independent parameter estimates were derived using data from diverse experimental systems with priority given to data derived using human cells and tissues. This allowed the limited data for human excretion of arsenicals in urine to be used to estimate only parameters that were most sensitive to this type of data. Recently published urinary excretion data, not previously used in model development, are also used to evaluate model predictions.
Using Technology to Reach Students, On Campus and Beyond

At Thunderbird, our library patrons include many different types of key constituents. We constantly strive to reevaluate how, when, and where this diverse group of patrons acquire knowledge so that we can provide them with the instruction and skills that they need to be lifelong learners and users of technology. Students must learn both the value and the skills of locating information in an electronic environment. In the International Business Information Centre (aka, the Library) at Thunderbird, we use various methods to provide students and alumni with the knowledge and the skills they need to locate international business information from print resources, electronic databases, and the Internet. In my presentation, I will discuss and demonstrate the methods that we use to ensure that students have access to the most current, comprehensive, and valuable business information, both from on campus and beyond.
Delta-6-desaturase links polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism with phospholipid remodeling and disease progression in heart failure.

Background—Remodeling of myocardial phospholipids has been reported in various forms of heart failure for decades, but the mechanism and pathophysiological relevance of this phenomenon have remained unclear. We examined the hypothesis that δ-6 desaturase (D6D), the rate-limiting enzyme in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, mediates the signature pattern of fatty acid redistribution observed in myocardial phospholipids after chronic pressure overload and explored plausible links between this process and disease pathogenesis. Methods and Results—Compositional analysis of phospholipids from hearts explanted from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy revealed elevated polyunsaturated fatty acid product/precursor ratios reflective of D6D hyperactivity, manifesting primarily as lower levels of linoleic acid with reciprocally higher levels of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids. This pattern of remodeling was attenuated in failing hearts chronically unloaded with a left ventricular assist devic...
Estrogen Regulates Vaginal Sensory and Autonomic Nerve Density in the Rat

Vaginal function is strongly influenced by reproductive hormone status. Vaginal dysfunction during menopause is generally assumed to occur because of diminished estrogen-mediated trophic support of vaginal target cells. However, peripheral neurons possess estrogen receptors and are potentially responsive to gonadal steroid hormones. In the present study, we investigated whether sensory and autonomic innervation of the vagina varies among rats during the estrus phase of the estrous cycle, following chronic ovariectomy, and after sustained estrogen replacement. Relative to rats in estrus, ovariectomized rats showed a 59% elevation in nerve density, as determined using the panneuronal marker PGP 9.5. This increase persisted even after correcting for differences in vaginal tissue size, indicating true axonal proliferation after ovariectomy rather than changes secondary to altered volume. Increased total innervation after ovariectomy was attributable to increased densities of sympathetic nerves immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase (70%), cholinergic parasympathetic nerves immunoreactive for vesicular acetylcholine transporter (93%), and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive sensory nociceptor nerves (84%). Myelinated primary sensory innervation revealed by RT-97 immunoreactivity did not appear to be affected. Sustained 17beta-estradiol administration reduced innervation density to an extent comparable to that of estrus, implying that estrogen is the hormone mediating vaginal neuroplasticity. These findings indicate that some aspects of vaginal dysfunction during menopause may be attributable to changes in innervation. Increased sympathetic innervation may augment vasoconstriction and promote vaginal dryness, while sensory nociceptor axon proliferation may contribute to symptoms of pain, burning, and itching associated with menopause and some forms of vulvodynia.
Hindlimb unloading alters ligament healing

We investigated the hypothesis that hindlimb unloading inhibits healing in fibrous connective tissue such as ligament. Male rats were assigned to 3- and 7-wk treatment groups with three subgroups each: sham control, ambulatory healing, and hindlimb-suspended healing. Ambulatory and suspended animals underwent surgical rupture of their medial collateral ligaments, whereas sham surgeries were performed on control animals. After 3 or 7 wk, mechanical and/or morphological properties were measured in ligament, muscle, and bone. During mechanical testing, most suspended ligaments failed in the scar region, indicating the greatest impairment was to ligament and not to bone-ligament insertion. Ligament testing revealed significant reductions in maximum force, ultimate stress, elastic modulus, and low-load properties in suspended animals. In addition, femoral mineral density, femoral strength, gastrocnemius mass, and tibialis anterior mass were significantly reduced. Microscopy revealed abnormal scar formation and cell distribution in suspended ligaments with extracellular matrix discontinuities and voids between misaligned, but well-formed, collagen fiber bundles. Hence, stress levels from ambulation appear unnecessary for formation of fiber bundles yet required for collagen to form structurally competent continuous fibers. Results support our hypothesis that hindlimb unloading impairs healing of fibrous connective tissue. In addition, this study provides compelling morphological evidence explaining the altered structure-function relationship in load-deprived healing connective tissue.
Rheed Observations of Silicon (100) Surface Reconstruction after Remote Hydrogen Plasma Cleaning

Low temperature silicon epitaxy is critical to novel silicon-based devices requiring hyper-abrupt transitions in doping profiles or heterointerfaces. Epitaxy by Remote Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (RPCVD) consists of an in situ remote hydrogen plasma clean of the silicon surface followed by growth of silicon from silane at 220° – 400°C. Reconstruction of the silicon (100) surface from a (1×1) to a (2×1) structure after cleaning at 310°C is observed by RHEED, indicating an atomically clean surface. The removal of carbon and oxygen has been further substantiated by Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and growth on these atomically clean substrates has produced good quality epitaxial films. Using remote hydrogen plasma cleans at lower temperature we report the first observation of third-order silicon surface reconstruction on a Si(100) surface, where two faint fractional order streaks between the sharp integral order streaks are observed. After a short (5 minute), low temperature (300–400°C) anneal the third order pattern transforms rather quickly to a strong (2×1) reconstruction pattern. The third order pattern can then be restored by following the anneal with a repeat of the lower temperature hydrogen clean. Although the origin of the third order pattern is unclear at this time, we believe it is due to a Si-H complex formation at the silicon surface.
Active silicon-based shockwave formation

An active shockwave transmission line topology is presented that demonstrates edge sharpening to under 10ps using an impedance variation technique. The circuit is demonstrate to sharpen the transition time for periodic signals and consumes under 20mW while reducing the fall time by 20ps. The circuit is fabricated in a 120nm CMOS technology and occupies an area of 1.5mm by 0.4mm.