cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Persistent Effects of Initial Labor Market Conditions for Young Adults and Their Sources

Unlucky young workers entering the labor market in recessions suffer a range of medium- to long-term consequences. This paper summarizes the findings of the growing empirical literature on this subject and uses it to assess economic models of career development. The literature finds large initial effects on earnings, labor supply, and wages that tend to fade after ten to fifteen years in the labor market, and that are accompanied by changes in occupation, job mobility, and employer characteristics. Adverse initial labor market entry also has persistent effects on a range of social outcomes, including timing and completed fertility, marriage and divorce, criminal activities, attitudes, and risky alcohol consumption. There is also evidence that early exposure to depressed labor market lowers health and raises mortality in middle age, patterns accompanied by a reopening of earnings gaps.
The 1970s: The Effect of Title IX and Related Legislation

The 1970s saw the greatest increase to date in the number of women admitted to medical schools, obtaining medical degrees and entering training programs. One of the most important factors contributing to this profound shift was the passage of Title IX of the 1972 Higher Education Act that prohibited sex-based discrimination in educational institutions receiving federal financial support. Qualified women who had never risked or were actively discouraged from applying to medical school were admitted, as were many who had initially pursued other professions such as nursing, pharmacy, or social work. They contributed to an increase in the diversity and scope of women physicians’ influence. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of the Supreme Court’s Roe v Wade decision and the role of women physicians prior to and after its implementation.
Face detection technique based on intensity and skin color distribution

A rotation invariant human face detection system in color images based on human skin color distribution and intensity is proposed in this paper. Skin color distribution typical to a human face is used as a feature along with the intensity variations to classify the candidate regions into faces and nonfaces. The detection process is carried out in YCbCr color space. Sparse Network of Winnows architecture is used to train three networks one for intensity and two for the color distributions for classification of candidate regions. Rotation invariance in detection of faces is achieved by training multiple classifiers, each to detect faces at a particular orientation. The detection process also implements a non linear luminance based lighting compensation method which is very efficient in enhancing and restoring the natural colors into the images which are taken in darker and varying lighting conditions. Experimental results show that the new face detection technique is highly efficient in terms of speed and accuracy in detecting frontal view faces at different orientations in complex environments.
Network Responses to Network Threats: The Evolution Into Private Cyber-Security Associations

The enforcement of certain norms on network participants - such as norms supporting information exchange and governing access to the network - is critical in ensuring the security of the network. While a public norm enforcer may be feasible in many situations, private norm enforcement may, and frequently does, complement or substitute public enforcement. Private enforcement of cyber-security is often subsidized, primarily in non-pecuniary manners (e.g., by exemption from antitrust laws). These subsidies may be necessary to capture the positive externalities of providing security to the network, but they also bias private parties' incentives and may result in the formation of inefficient security associations that are beneficial to their members only due to the subsidy. To mitigate this concern, subsidies should be awarded only to associations that are likely to be effective in enforcing norms on the network participants. This Article offers a framework that assesses the likelihood that an association would become an effective norm enforcer. Norms that are expensive to enforce are rarely enforced by newly-formed private legal systems (PLSs), because the effectiveness of mechanisms used to secure compliance (e.g., the threat of exclusion) depends on the PLSs' ability to confer benefits on their members, and newly-formed PLSs do not yet confer such benefits. Pre-existing functionality inexpensively enhances a PLS' ability to enforce norms, and therefore most PLSs rely on preexisting institutions that already benefit members, typically by regulating norms that are not very costly to enforce. The threat of losing these benefits disciplines members to abide by the PLS' rules, thus permitting the PLS to regulate behavior. Network security norms are usually expensive to enforce, and thus a private association enforcing them would be more successful and thus more deserving of public subsidies if it relied on a suitable pre-existing functionality. The Article suggests criteria for assessing the effectiveness of pre-existing functionalities.
The influence of leaf windows on the utilization and absorption of radiant energy in seven desert succulents

Four fluorescence parameters [Fv/Fm = the intrinsic efficiency of energy conversion via photosystem 2 (PS2); Fv′/Fm′= the efficiency of energy conversion via PS2 in the light; P = fraction of absorbed radiant energy utilized for photosynthesis; and D = fraction of absorbed radiant energy dissipated as heat] were measured on leaves of seven species of succulents having epidermal windows. While the function of leaf windows has reportedly been to increase absorption of radiant energy and, hence, the rate of photosynthesis in these species, recent evidence indicates that this translucent portion of epidermal tissue, lacking chlorophyll, may also result in photoinhibition in these species, especially for those with growth habits aboveground. Species with aboveground and belowground growth habits were compared with their leaf windows covered with reflective tape and with windows unobstructed. Results showed no increase in photoinhibition for these species resulting from the radiant energy penetrating the window tissue. Although the efficiency of the photosynthetic mechanism was not significantly influenced by the additional radiant energy provided by the window for individual species, there were significant differences in the efficiencies of radiant energy capture (Fv′/Fm′) and utilization (P) between the two growth habits. Species with an aboveground growth habit were less efficient in radiant energy utilization compared with the species having a belowground growth habit.
Observed reductions of surface solar radiation at sites in the United States and worldwide from 1961 to 1990

[1] Surface solar radiation revealed an estimated 7 W/m 2 or 4% decline at sites worldwide from 1961 to 1990. Here I find that the strongest declines occurred in the United States sites with 19 W/m 2 or 10%. The clear sky optical thickness effect accounts for � 8W /m 2 and the cloud optical thickness effect for � 18 W/m 2 in three decades. If the observed increases in cloud cover frequencies are added to the clear sky and cloud optical thickness effect, the higher all sky reduction in solar radiation in the United States can be explained. It is shown that solar radiation declined below cloudfree sky because of the reduction of the cloud-free fraction of the sky itself and because of the reduction of clear sky optical thickness. Solar radiation exhibits no significant changes below cloud-covered sky because reduced cloud optical thickness is compensated by increased frequencies of hours with overcast skies. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0320 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Cloud physics and chemistry; 1655 Global Change: Water cycles (1836); 3359 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Radiative processes
A Well-Stocked Pool

The activity of many ion channels is calcium dependent, the ion flow through these channels being regulated by the concentration of intracellular free calcium. In turn, the calcium regulation of many ion channels is mediated by the calcium sensor protein, calmodulin. In his Perspective, [Levitan][1] discusses new work ([ Mori et al .][2]) in L-type calcium channels showing that there is a marked enrichment of calmodulin molecules close to the mouth of the channel. The local calmodulin molecules are poised to respond to calcium ions as they flow through the open channel. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/304/5669/394 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/304/5669/432
Mid-Frequency Bottom Scattering Model Development and Validation

Abstract : The propagation of mid-frequency (1-10 kHz) acoustic waves in shallow water regions (depths of 100-200 m) is strongly influenced by the characteristics of the ocean bottom. While there has been much progress in developing and validating bottom scattering models, much of the focus has been in the high frequency regime with comparatively less focus in the mid-frequency. This is an important topic, since in the mid-frequency regime the acoustic field can penetrate the rough interface into the sediment and undergo multiple scattering from sediment stratification and volume inhomogeneities. In this work, the long-term goal is to develop an understanding of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the acoustic field through a rigorous modeling and measurement effort. In addition, the feasibility of using tools such as a chirp sonar for bottom characterization will be considered and assessed. The objective of this research is to examine the acoustic scattering physics in the mid-frequency regime to isolate and characterize the scattering contributions due to bottom roughness, sediment stratification, and embedded volume scatterers. A further objective is to evaluate the use of a chirp sonar system for characterization of the ocean bottom. This will provide a means for accurately quantifying parameters such as reflection losses and bottom penetration over a broad frequency range in support of Navy sonar applications.
The Relationship between the Ownership Structure and the Role of the Board

This paper develops a theoretical model to better understand how the priorities of the board of directors are influenced by the ownership structure and how that affects firm performance. Most corporate governance research focuses on a universal link between corporate governance practices (e.g., board structure, shareholder activism) and performance outcomes, but neglects how the specific context of each company and diverse environments lead to variations in the effectiveness of different governance practices. This study suggests that the ownership structure has an important influence on the priorities set by the board, and that these priorities will determine the optimal composition of the board of directors. In contrast to a board prioritizing monitoring, where directors with financial experience and a duality are important, a board prioritizing the provision of resources could benefit from directors with different characteristics, the presence of the CEO on the board of directors and a larger board size. Understanding the influence of the board of directors on firm performance requires greater sensitivity to how corporate governance affects different aspects of effectiveness for different stakeholders and in different contexts. The insights on the interaction between the ownership structure and board composition can shed new light onto the contradictory empirical results of past research that has tried to link board composition or structure to firm performance directly. In an effort to increase the relevance of future research on boards and firm performance, we provide a framework on the interaction between ownership, corporate boards and firm performance. In light of scandals and perceived advantages in reforming governance systems, debates have emerged over the appropriateness of implementing corporate governance recommendations mainly based on an Anglo-Saxon context characterized by dispersed ownership where markets for corporate control, legal regulation, and contractual incentives are key governance mechanisms. This paper adds to the literature that argues in favor of the need to adapt corporate governance policies to the local contexts of firms.
Noise properties in multi-heterodyne spectrometers based on quantum- and interband-cascade lasers

The noise properties of two multi-heterodyne spectrometers based on multi-mode semiconductor lasers (QCLs and ICLs) are investigated to determine their detection performance limitations. Both laser technologies provide well-defined multi-heterodyne beat-note structures suitable for spectroscopic measurements.
Job readiness, self-efficacy and work personality: A comparison of trainee and instructor perceptions

has been identified as an area of critical importance due to the problems individuals with disabilities often have in meeting the daily demands of the job and adjusting to the world of work [14]. Research has suggested that in order for individuals to maintain employment they need to function well interpersonally and emotionally, follow supervision and work directions, display achievement motivation, demonstrate accountability, become conditioned to the time schedule of work, be able to identify the difference between work and play, and de
Tidal evolution of the Uranian satellites: III. Evolution through the Miranda-Umbriel 3:1, Miranda-Ariel 5:3, and Ariel-Umbriel 2:1 mean-motion commensurabilities

Numerical experiments have been conducted which indicate that the orbital eccentricity of Miranda may have reached a value sufficiently large to have affected its thermal evolution. There is a large chaotic zone associated with the Miranda-Ariel 5:3 mean-motion commensurability, even in the planar approximation; the orbital eccentricities of both satellites may vary chaotically for a considerable period. Since the anomalously high orbital inclination of Miranda is a consequence of passage through the 3:1 commensurability with Umbriel, the requirement that the satellites encountered this resonance places a lower limit on the Uranian specific dissipation function of 39,000.
Correlated discharges in the primate prefrontal cortex before and after working memory training.

The correlation of discharges between single neurons can provide information about the computations and network properties of neuronal populations during the performance of cognitive tasks. In recent years, dynamic modulation of neuronal correlations by attention has been revealed during the execution of behavioral tasks. Much less is known about the influence of learning and performing a task itself. We therefore sought to quantify the correlated firing of simultaneously recorded pairs of neurons in the prefrontal cortex of naive monkeys that were only required to fixate, and to examine how this correlation was altered after they had learned to perform a working memory task. We found that the trial-to-trial correlation of discharge rates between pairs of neurons (noise correlation) differed across neurons depending on their responsiveness and selectivity for stimuli, even before training in a working memory task. After monkeys had learned to perform the task, correlated firing decreased overall, although the effects varied according to the functional properties of the neurons. The greatest decreases were observed on comparison of populations of neurons that exhibited elevated firing rates during the trial events and those that had more similar spatial and temporal tuning. Greater decreases in noise correlation were also observed for pairs comprising one fast spiking neuron (putative interneuron) and one regular spiking neuron (putative pyramidal neuron) than pairs comprising regular spiking neurons only. Our results demonstrate that learning and performance of a cognitive task alters the correlation structure of neuronal firing in the prefrontal cortex.
An Abbreviated Protocol for High-Risk Screening Breast MRI Saves Time and Resources

Abstract Purpose To review the ability of an abbreviated, high-risk, screening, breast MRI protocol to detect cancer and save resources. Methods High-risk screening breast MR images were reviewed, from both an abbreviated protocol and a full diagnostic protocol. Differences in cancer detection, scanner utilization, interpretation times, and need for additional imaging were recorded in an integrated data form, and reviewed and compared. Results A total of 568 MRI cases were reviewed, with the abbreviated and full protocols. No difference was found in the number of cancers detected. Scan times were decreased by 18.8 minutes per case, for a total of 10,678 minutes (178 hours). Interpretation time, on average, was 1.55 minutes for the abbreviated protocol, compared with 6.43 minutes for the full protocol. Review of the full protocol led to a significant change in the final BI-RADS ® assessment in 12 of 568 (2.1%) cases. Conclusions Abbreviated MRI is as effective as full-protocol MRI for demonstration of cancers in the high-risk screening setting, with only 12 (2.1 %) cases recommended for additional MRI evaluation. The efficiency and resource savings of an abbreviated protocol would be significant, and would allow for opportunities to provide MRI for additional patients, as well as improved radiologist time management and workflow, with the potential to add real-time MRI interpretation or double reading.
Cubed Versus Baled Alfalfa for Dairy Cows

Abstract Cubed and baled alfalfa hays were compared in two studies with dairy cows. In study I first and second cutting cubed and baled hays were compared in preliminary 70-day feeding followed by an 84-day experiment. In study II baled and cubed hay with and without corn silage were compared. Preliminary feeding 24 to 38 days was followed by a 112-day experiment. Corn silage was fed at 2.5% of body weight. Hay was fed ad libitum, and concentrate was fed at 10.9 kg per cow daily during experimental periods in both studies. In study I, cube feeding increased protein production .08 kg and hay intake 2.4 kg per cow daily. Milk fat content was lower for cows fed cubes than for cows fed bales. There were no significant differences between first- and second- cutting hays. Differences in intake and production for the two forms of hay were larger during preliminary than experimental periods. In study II, cows fed cubes produced more milk, milk fat, fat corrected milk, protein, and solids-not-fat. The increased production was a result of an increase in hay intake. Milk fat content was not decreased by cube feeding. Adding silage to the ration did not significantly affect milk production or dry matter intake.
Carbon-11 HOMADAM: a novel PET radiotracer for imaging serotonin transporters.

Abstract Carbon-11-labeled N , N -dimethyl-2-(2′-amino-4′-hydroxymethylphenylthio)benzylamine (HOMADAM) was synthesized as a new serotonin transporter (SERT) imaging agent. Methods Carbon-11 was introduced into HOMADAM by preparation of N -methyl-2-(2′-amino-4′-hydroxymethylphenylthio)benzylamine followed by alkylation with carbon-11 iodomethane. Binding affinities of HOMADAM and the radiolabeling substrate, N -methyl-2-(2′-amino-4′-hydroxymethylphenylthio)benzylamine, were determined in cDNA transfected cells expressing human SERT, dopamine transporters (DAT) and norepinephrine transporters NET using [ 3 H]citalopram, [ 125 I]RTI-55 and [ 3 H]nisoxetine, respectively. MicroPET brain imaging was performed in monkeys. Arterial plasma metabolites of HOMADAM were analyzed in a rhesus monkey by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results HOMADAM displayed high affinity for the SERT ( K i =0.6 nM). N -methyl-2-(2′-amino-4′-hydroxymethylphenylthio)benzylamine displayed moderate affinity for the SERT ( K i =15.11 nM). The affinities of HOMADAM for the DAT and NET were 2000- and 253-fold lower, respectively, than for the SERT. [ 11 C]HOMADAM was prepared from [ 11 C]iodomethane in approximately 25% radiochemical yield (decay-corrected to end of bombardment). MicroPET brain imaging studies in monkeys demonstrated that [ 11 C]HOMADAM uptake was selectively localized in the midbrain, thalamus, pons, caudate, putamen and medulla. The midbrain-to-cerebellum, pons-to-cerebellum, thalamus-to-cerebellum and putamen-to-cerebellum ratios at 85 min were 4.2, 2.8, 2.3 and 2.0, respectively. HOMADAM binding achieved quasi-equilibrium at 45 min. Radioactivity in the SERT-rich regions of monkey brain was displaceable with R , S -citalopram. Radioactivity in the DAT-rich regions of monkey brain was not displaceable with the DAT ligand RTI-113. Radioactivity in the SERT-rich regions of monkey brain was displaceable with the R , S -reboxetine, a NET ligand with a high nanomolar affinity for SERT. Arterial plasma metabolites of HOMADAM were analyzed in a rhesus monkey by HPLC and displayed a single peak that corresponded to unmetabolized HOMADAM. Conclusion HOMADAM is an excellent candidate for PET primate imaging of brain SERTs.
Performance analysis of a miniature free piston expander for waste heat energy harvesting

Abstract Initial experimental analysis of a small-scale Free Piston Expander (FPE) is presented. In final form, the FPE will be a MEMS-based device capable of operation from low temperature waste heat sources. Currently, a millimeter scale device is constructed and tested to yield insight into critical operational parameters for use in later design and testing. Operating conditions are examined to increase operational performance. Piston stroke length and repeatability are considered. Optimized variables include piston length and mass, FPE shape and size, input pressure, and lubrication. Construction of this testbed device is via concentric copper tubing, allowing an effective baseline study of these determining parameters. Results show that, while thick lubricants seal well in static configurations, piston motion is decreased in dynamic testing, indicating leakage. By contrast, reduced viscosity lubricants prove ineffective as sealing agents during static conditions, however, yield increased piston motion in dynamic testing with little leakage around critical piston sealing surfaces. The trends established by the study of varying viscosity lubricants hold true for pistons of increasing mass and length as well. A mixture of isopropanol and water performed well in these tests, and represented a low viscosity sealing fluid, which was used in later repeatability tests. Repeatability tests were performed in a closed dynamic environment on FPE designs with multiple cross sectional shapes and areas. Results from these tests show that circular FPE’s are more precise than square FPE’s. The final closed system tests yield a pressure–volume curve indicative of an engine cycle as a first look at thermodynamic cycle operation from the FPE.
Process design for the environment: A multi-objective framework under uncertainty

Designing chemical processes for the environment requires consideration of several indexes of environmental impact including ozone depletion, global warming potentials, human and aquatic toxicity, photochemical oxidation, and acid rain potentials. Current methodologies, such as the generalized waste reduction algorithm (WAR), provide a first step towards evaluating these impacts. However, to address the issues of accuracy and the relative weights of these impact indexes, one must consider the problem of uncertainties. Environmental impacts must also be weighted and balanced against other concerns, such as their cost and long-term sustainability. These multiple, often conflicting, goals pose a challenging and complex optimization problem, requiring multi-objective optimization under uncertainty. This paper will address the problem of quantifying and analyzing the various objectives involved in process design for the environment. Towards this goal, we proposed a novel multi-objective optimization framework under uncertainty. This framework is based on new and efficient algorithms for multi-objective optimization and for uncertainty analysis. This approach finds a set of potentially optimal designs where trade-offs can be explicitly identified, unlike cost-benefit analysis, which deals with multiple objectives by identifying a single fundamental objective and then converting all the other objectives into this single currency. A benchmark process for hydrodealkylation (HDA) of toluene to produce benzene modeled in the ASPEN simulator is used to illustrate the usefulness of the approach in finding environmentally friendly and cost-effective designs under uncertainty.
Processing effects on high Tc properties of YBa2Cu3O7− x films from carboxylate solution precursors

Heat-treatment temperature/time and ambient effects on the properties of YBa2Cu3O7−x superconducting films derived from carboxylate precursors were investigated. The thin films were processed under O2, N2, or N2/O2 mixed atmosphere. The use of N2 or N2-rich atmosphere facilitated the 123 phase formation, grain growth, and orientation due to liquid phase assist sintering. Thin films with Tc(zero) = 87.8 and Jc > 105 A/cm2 at 77 K were prepared under such atmosphere at T ≤ 920 °C. Higher temperatures were required for thin films processed under O2 atmosphere and inferior transport properties were obtained. Processing above the melting temperature resulted in highly oriented films with dense microstructures and large grains, but significant post annealing was needed to obtain good film properties.
Design, Behavior, and Recycling of Silica-Supported CuBr−Bipyridine ATRP Catalysts

A new strategy for immobilizing CuBr/bipyridine (bpy) complexes on silica surfaces is described. An immobilizable, organosilane-containing bpy ligand (SdMBpyTMS) is synthesized and complexed with CuBr followed by addition to four different silica supports, mesoporous SBA-15 with 50 and 100 A pores, controlled pore glass (CPG) with 240 A pores, and nonporous Cab-O-Sil EH5. The resulting solids are characterized by a battery of techniques including thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC), FT-Raman spectroscopy, 13C and 29Si magic angle spinning (MAS) and cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) spectroscopy, low-temperature nitrogen physisorption, and elemental analysis. Characterization of these solids revealed that a mixture of covalently immobilized mono- and bis-copper coordinated complexes, uncoordinated ligand, and in some cases physisorbed copper exists on the silica surface. The resulting solids are utilized for ATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA). Whereas cataly...
Comparative Protein Binding of Diazepam and Desmethyldiazepam

: The extent of plasma protein binding of diazepam (DZ) and its major metabolite, desmethyldiazepam (DMDZ), was determined by equilibrium dialysis in plasma samples drawn from 62 nonfasting unheparinized volunteers aged 20 to 85 years. The free fraction for diazepam averaged 1.48 per cent (range 0.85 to 2.30 per cent) and increased with age (r = 0.33). Desmethyldiazepam also was extensively bound. The mean free fraction was 2.97 per cent (range 1.78 to 5.28 per cent) and increased with age (r = 0.27). Free fractions for both diazepam and desmethyldiazepam were negatively correlated with plasma albumin concentration (r = −0.17 and − 0.39). However, age, sex, and albumin explained only a small proportion of variability in free fraction for either compound. Free fraction for desmethyldiazepam always exceeded that for diazepam, and the two were correlated (r = 0.32). Thus, at any given total plasma concentration, the unbound concentration of desmethyldiazepam will exceed that of diazepam.
The incorporation of [32P] orthophosphate into a specific lipid fraction and into adenine nucleotides of mitochondria during oxidative phosphorylation.

Abstract A method for the extraction of mitochondrial lipid using acetone to precipite the mitochondrial lipoprotein is reported. This procedure gave rapid destruction of enzymic activity and high phosphatide recoveries under mild conditions and was used to simultaneously follow the incorporation of [ 32 P]orthophosphate into the adenine nucleotides and the lipid components of mitochondria during oxidative phosphorylation. At 10° the incorporation of [ 32 P]orthophosphate into ATP proceeded rapidly and linearly during the initial minutes of reaction, but leveled off after 10 to 15 min. ADP behaved similarly but the specific activity remained about half that of the ATP. The incorporation into the lipids at 10° occurred almost completely into a very minor fraction; however, this incorporation was not detectable for the first 10 min of reaction, after which it increased rapidly. The conclusion was made that unless this lipid fraction contains a minor but highly active component, it cannot be the precursor of the phosphate moiety of ATP and therefore cannot act as an intermediate in the phosphate esterification reactions during oxidative phosphorylation.
Effects of circulating levels of vasoconstrictors on systemic pressor responsiveness to angiotensin II and norepinephrine.

Abstract Pregnancy is associated with vascular refractoriness to systemic pressor responses produced by angiotensin II. The present study was designed to determine if pregnancy-induced increases in circulating levels of angiotensin II are responsible for this refractoriness. Ten ovariectomized ewes received intravenous infusions of graded doses of angiotensin II (3, 10, 30, and 100 ng/kg/min) and norepinephrine (0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 μg/kg/min) prior to (control response) and during (test response) the continuous infusion of either angiotensin II (8 ng/kg/min) or norepinephrine (0.2 μg/kg/min). Systemic pressor responses (increases in blood pressure, millimeters of mercury) to graded doses of angiotensin II were significantly depressed during the continuous angiotensin II infusion while responses to norepinephrine were not modified. In contrast, elevation of baseline levels of a second vasoconstrictor, norepinephrine, did not alter pressor responsiveness to either angiotensin II or norepinephrine. These data suggest that vascular responses to exogenously administered angiotensin II can be selectively depressed by elevated baseline levels of angiotensin II in nonpregnant sheep.
The Stabilization of Irreversibly Deformed Keratin Fibers Part II: Mechanism of Stabilization

The significance and relative contribution of the various factors that contribute to the stabilization of the extended state of the keratin fibers have been investigated. In this context, the stres...
CAUGHT IN THE SQUEEZE: AN ESSAY ON HIGHER EDUCATION IN ACCOUNTING

Abstract In 1979, I attended the American Accounting Association's doctoral consortium in Honolulu, Hawaii and, at one of the roundtable meetings with a distinguished accounting faculty member, I had the temerity to ask a question about teaching. After the laughter subsided, the distinguished faculty member explained that what mattered for tenure and promotion was publications; he had nothing further to say abut teaching. I don't remember the subject coming up again at the consortium. Since then, the subject of accounting education just won't go away. There have been committees and commissions, new accreditation standards, a new journal from the AAA—Issues in Accounting Education—and from JAI Press—Accounting Education—and special issues on accounting education fromAccounting, Auditing and Accountability, The Canadian Accounting Review,and now, with this double-issue, fromCritical Perspectives on Accounting.All of this talk about accounting education is taking place within a wider and contentious debate about schooling in America from primary through higher education. What is behind this proliferation of discussion about education, and specifically about accounting education? In light of all that has been written about the role of education in reproducing the social order, how does what is being said about education today reveal its current-state—ideologically and materially? And finally, we need to look for the silences, what is not being talked about, but really ought to be. These are among the questions addressed by the papers in this special issue ofCPA. Accounting education today is located at the nexus of two transformations: one taking place in higher education and the other within the accounting profession. The changes occurring in these two seemingly disparate worlds are, in fact, closely related. Until recently, both the accounting profession and academia have been somewhat protected from the forces of capital accumulation (at least in its most virulent forms), the former under the umbrella of professionalism, the latter under the umbrella of the state. That protection is raidly disappearing as both the accounting profession and higher education are being absorbed into the global web of capital. What is more, in the course of this process, both the profession and the academy are acting asagentsandobjectsof expanding accumulation.
Deceiving high-grade cervical dysplasias identified as human papillomavirus non-16 and non-18 types by Invader human papillomavirus assays

High-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions (HGCINs) are easily diagnosed by established histologic criteria. However, we encountered problematic cases that are difficult to diagnose because features intermediate between dysplasia and metaplasia are present. p16 and Ki-67 immunostains proved HGCIN in these difficult and unusual cases. Because these are unusual cases of cervical dysplasia, we decided to type the human papillomavirus (HPV) using the Invader HPV test with analyte-specific reagents developed by Third Wave Technologies (Madison, WI, USA) (a new HPV screening assay applicable to tissue and amenable to rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of 14 high- to intermediate-risk HPV types) and a panel of immunostains. Results of these difficult cases are compared with classic HGCIN cases. We searched our pathology files over a period of 16 months for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III, and p16. To identify cases of difficult HGCIN with features intermediate between dysplasia and metaplasia, we reviewed all surgical cases of HGCIN that required p16 and Ki-67 diagnosis confirmation. Cases of interest were also stained with ProExC. Human papillomavirus screening and HPV 16/18 typing were performed by the Invader assays as described previously. Ten cases of classic HGCIN were easily diagnosed by hypercellularity, significant atypia, mitotic figures, and diffuse staining by p16, Ki67 and ProExC. The Invader assay identified HPV 16 (A9 positive/HPV16 positive) in 7 of 10 cases; the 3 others were A7 positive/not HPV18 (1) and A9 positive/not HPV16 (2). Eight cases of difficult HGCIN were identified. These showed only mild-to-moderate cellularity, a lack of significant atypia, absent-to-rare mitotic figures, and diffuse staining by p16, Ki-67, and ProExC. Human papillomavirus DNA was detected in 5 of 8 cases: only 1 was A9 positive/HPV16 positive, 1 was A5/A6 positive, 1 was A7 positive/not HPV18, and 2 were A9 positive/not HPV16. Three remaining cases demonstrated sufficient DNA to be analyzed by the Invader assay, but results were negative. This is a poorly recognized unusual group of cervical HGCIN with features intermediate between dysplasia and metaplasia that is easily confused by histologic examination. Immunostains prove the high-grade nature of these lesions, and Invader assay demonstrates association with HPV types other than 16/18 (ie, other HPV types detected by Invader assay). In this study, we present an unusual group of cases of high-grade dysplasia, not recognized by hematoxylin and eosin but identified by Ki67 and P16. It is very important to emphasize that this unusual group of high-grade dysplasias is associated with high-risk HPV but with types other than 16/18.
SORPTION AND MOBILITY OF DITHIOPYR IN GOLF COURSE GREENS ROOTING MEDIUM

Sorption and mobility of dithiopyr in golf course greens rooting medium (RM) were studied. The sorption increased from 20 to 27 degrees C at 24 h after treatment (HAT) and reached equilibrium in 48 HAT at 20 degrees C. The sorption isotherms had Freundlich values (KF) of 1122, 27.44 to 35.16, and 0.053 to 0.168 for peat moss, the RM, and quartz sand, respectively, and solid to aqueous phase partition coefficients (Kd) of 470 to 1706 L/kg, 14.61 to 84.4 L/kg, and 0.07 to 0.29 L/kg for peat moss, RM, and quartz sand, respectively. Generally, higher dithiopyr concentration in the aqueous solution and the reduced pH of the solution corresponded to the higher Kd values. The average values for dispersion (D, cm2/min), retardation coefficient (R), beta, and omega parameters for solute transport in the RM lysimeter; obtained from CXTFIT curve fitting of Br- breakthrough curves; were 0.95, 1.01, 1, and 93.89, respectively. After elutriation by 18 L of aqueous KNO3 (10 mM), greater than 90% of the added dithiopyr remained in the top 10 cm of the RM lysimeter and no detectable dithiopyr was present at depths beyond 35 cm. The lysimeter effluent contained dithiopyr at concentrations less than 3.5 microg/L. The R value obtained from CXFIT curve fitting is 38.5. Results from both sorption and mobility experiments indicated that dithiopyr is quite immobile in golf course greens RM and has minimal potential for movement into surface water drainage or ground water.
High-Frequency Polyphase Transmission Line

The problems of the polyphase transmission line and the single-phase multiwire line have been formulated, based upon the vector-potential method. The transmission-line equations that determine the current and voltage relationships on these lines have been derived and solved. Formulas for the characteristic impedance of the lines have been thus obtained. They are useful in designing lines to feed polyphase radiating systems, and in computing the input impedance of triple-folded dipoles and other antennas.
INCIDENCE OF DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH FEMORAL VENOUS CATHETERIZATION

Objective: To determine in adult medical patients the incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) resulting from femora] venous catheterization (FVC). Methods: A prospective, observational study was performed at a 420-bed community teaching hospital. Hep-arin-coated 7-Fr 20-cm femoral venous catheters were inserted unilaterally into a femoral vein. Each contra-lateral leg served as a control site. Age, gender, number of FVC days. DVT risk factors, administration of DVT prophylaxis, and DVT formation and site were tabulated for each patient. Venous duplex sonography was performed bilaterally on each patient within 7 days of femoral venous catheter removal. Results: Catheters were placed in 29 men and 13 women. Femoral DVT was identified by venous duplex sonography in 11 (26.2%) of the FVC legs and none (0%) in the control legs. Posterior tibial and popliteal DVT was identified in both the FVC and control legs of 1 patient. DVT formation at the site of FVC insertion was highly significant (p = 0.005). There were no statistically significant associations with age (p = 0.42), gender (p = 0.73), number of DVT risk factors (p = 0.17), number of FVC days (p = 0.89), or DVT prophylaxis (p — 099). Conclusion: Placement of femoral catheters for central venous access is associated with a significant incidence of femoral DVT as detected by venous duplex sonography criteria at the site of femoral venous catheter placement. Physicians must be aware of this risk when choosing this vascular access route for adult medical patients. Further studies to assess the relative risk for DVT and its clinical sequelae when using the femoral vs other central venous catheter routes are indicated.
Chemical contaminants in harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from the North Atlantic coast: Tissue concentrations and intra- and inter-organ distribution

Abstract Concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were measured in subsamples taken from different anatomical locations of blubber and liver of three apparently healthy harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) incidentally caught in a gill-net fishery along the northwest Atlantic coast; selected elements (e.g., mercury) were measured in subsamples of liver. The vertical distribution (skin to muscle) of contaminants within blubber was also determined. Additionally, the concentrations of CHs and elements were determined in individual samples of brain, lung, kidney, and testis to assess how the disposition of toxic chemicals may be dependent on the physiological characteristics of a specific organ. Statistical analyses of the results showed that the anatomical location of the blubber or liver sample had no significant effect on concentrations of either CHs in blubber and liver, or of selected elements in liver. However, there were statistical differences between strata of blubber (skin to muscle) for the concentrations of CHs. As expected, the results showed that the CH concentrations, based on wet weight, were considerably higher in the blubber than in the other tissues; however, the concentrations of CHs in the different tissues were more comparable when values were based on total lipid weight with the exception of the brain where lipid normalized concentrations were than in all other tissues. This low relative accumulation of lipophilic contaminants in the brain tissue may be due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier, or due to a lower proportion of neutral lipids, such as triglycerides, as analysis for percent lipid and for the proportion of specific lipid classes showed.
Carboplatin-associated thrombotic microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

Thrombotic microangiopathic hemolytic anemia has been associated with several chemotherapeutic agents. The authors describe a patient who developed this syndrome while receiving carboplatin, an analog of cisplatin. The clinical course was marked by encephalopathy and multifocal neurologic deficits. Progressive brainstem dysfunction culminated in coma and respiratory arrest. Pathologic examination revealed widespread microvascular thrombosis, particularly severe in the heart, kidney, and brain. Although the pathogenesis of chemotherapy-related thrombotic microangiopathy remains unclear, an elevated von Willebrand factor antigen and pathologic evidence of endothelial hyperplasia in this patient suggest that an abnormality of the endothelium is related to the development of the clinical syndrome.
The Effects of Storytelling and Story Reading on the Oral Language Complexity and Story Comprehension of Young Children.

The purpose of this study was to determine how storytelling and story reading influence the language development and story comprehension of young children from 3 to 5 years of age. During the study, two groups of children heard the same 24 stories. Group A heard the stories told and Group B heard the stories read from a book. The language pre- and post-samples were elicited from the participants by retelling a story they had heard and creating a story using a wordless picture book. The language samples were transcribed and analyzed using measures of language complexity and story comprehension. Both storytelling and story reading were found to produce positive gains in oral language. Differences between the two groups indicated that young children who heard the stories told demonstrated improved story comprehension in their retelling, while children in the story reading group improved their language complexity.
Nobler Womanhood: An Exploration of Sororities and Scripted Femininity

How did an organization founded to empower women in institutions of higher learning end up as a place where the most narrowly conservative female gender roles are encourage and performed? By looking at Kappa Alpha Theta, the first Greek letter fraternity known among women, a tale of secrecy gone awry comes into view. Theta's traditions and rituals, kept secret from the public, tell an entirely different story about the purpose of this institution than a Google search of the sorority's moniker does. I posit that this is due to the fact that these rituals and traditions are relics of another time, frozen in the past, while the secrecy behind this heritage has enabled an alternate tradition to arise where aesthetics, popularity, and heterosexuality replace official goals of scholarship, sisterhood, and loyalty. Using only the "secret" material that others have chosen to reveal along with my own embodied experience as a Theta sister, I look at the complex ways in which college sorority sisters negotiate the difference between the scripted tenants of sorority life behind closed doors and the expected stereotpye of a "sorority girl" - like Elle Woods in Legally Blonde . Using theories from sources as diverse as Judith Butler, Sigmund Freud, and various authors writing about sorority life, I try to work through the theoretical implications that are produced in the space between an embodied sorority experience and the mythical sorority girl stereotype that arises out of the ignorance bred by secrecy.
Lathyritic cornea. An optico-mechanical study

Abstract The cornea of normal and lathyritic rats was studied by optico-mechanical techniques. The stress-strain curves at different rates of elongation showed that the lathyritic cornea provides a greater strain per unit stress than the normal cornea over the whole range of elongation. The birefringence distribution was similar in both lathyritic and normal cornea but the normal cornea had higher birefringence values. The light-scattering-patterns shows somewhat less intense scattering but at a wider angle in the lathyritic cornea than in normal. The results are interpreted in terms of collagen fiber superstructures which are smaller and more disorganized in the lathyritic cornea.
Decoding poisson spike trains by gaussian filtering

The temporal waveform of neural activity is commonly estimated by low-pass filtering spike train data through convolution with a gaussian kernel. However, the criteria for selecting the gaussian width σ are not well understood. Given an ensemble of Poisson spike trains generated by an instantaneous firing rate function λ(t), the problem was to recover an optimal estimate of λ(t) by gaussian filtering. We provide equations describing the optimal value of σ using an error minimization criterion and examine how the optimal σ varies within a parameter space defining the statistics of inhomogeneous Poisson spike trains. The process was studied both analytically and through simulations. The rate functions λ(t) were randomly generated, with the three parameters defining spike statistics being the mean of λ(t), the variance of λ(t), and the exponent α of the Fourier amplitude spectrum 1/fα of λ(t). The value of σopt followed a power law as a function of the pooled mean interspike interval I, σopt = aIb, where a was inversely related to the coefficient of variation CV of λ(t), and b was inversely related to the Fourier spectrum exponent α. Besides applications for data analysis, optimal recovery of an analog signal waveform λ(t) from spike trains may also be useful in understanding neural signal processing in vivo.