cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bringing Rhetorical Theory into the Advanced Composition Class.

"Advanced composition" is now taught in colleges throughout the country to students in a variety of majors. But, unlike freshman English where one finds similar curricula and texts, this course has not had a traditional structure. In some schools, it may even indicate technical writing or advanced grammar study. In a 1979 survey, Michael Hogan discovered that at most colleges the course extended fundamentals learned in freshman English, with work on style and organization for argument, exposition, and other essay forms. Because few specialized texts were then available, teachers relied on books intended for freshmen, such as Hall's Writing Well and The Norton Reader, and thus repeated familiar advice on the modes of exposition, paragraphing and usage, with little attention given to research on composition.1
Separation of sugars by ion-exclusion chromatography on a cation-exchange resin

A method for the separation of N-acetylmannosamine and N-acetylglucosamine is described, which consists of chromatography of the two sugars on a column (30 x 1 cm) of the cation-exchange resin, Dowex 50W-X2, in borate buffer at pH 7.8. N-Acetylmannosamine is eluted near the void volume, while N-acetylglucosamine emerges in a more retarded position. It is postulated that the separation occurs as a result of the combined effects of ion exclusion and gel permeation. Thus, in borate solution, N-acetylmannosamine presumably exists largely as a negatively charged complex and is therefore excluded from the sulfonated polystyrene matrix, while N-acetylglucosamine occurs mainly as the free sugar in the equilibrium mixture and, being a neutral compound, has free access to the porous resin. The proposed mechanism for the separation was supported by the finding that glucose and glucose 6-phosphate could also be separated on a column of the same resin, with water as the eluent.
Reproducing and Resisting the Master Narrative of Decline: Midlife Professional Women's Experiences of Aging.

This exploratory study provides an analysis of midlife professional women’s experiences of growing older at work. The master narrative of aging as decline encourages midlife women to experience and articulate growing older in terms of loss, isolation, and diminished material resources. Yet women do not simply reproduce the decline narrative, they also offer resistant stories. Analysis of women’s narratives suggests that increasingly, midlife is represented as a feature of one’s identity to be managed effectively. Specifically, entrepreneurialism has colonized the aging process such that the individual is now positioned as the locus of her own problems and solutions in relation to the seemingly inevitable decline that begins at midlife. In contrast, this analysis attempts to make explicit the economic, organizational, and discursive bases of aging. Finally, the article brings the politics of midlife professional women’s aging to the fore, highlights implications for theory and practice, and suggests direct...
Effects of Distribution Channel Level on Tour Purchasing Attributes and Information Sources

Attributes important to escorted tour participants were used to explore the differences between clients of tour operators and clients of travel agents. Customers purchasing directly form operator's valued experience with the tour company and personal recommendations. Agency clients valued the ease of booking through agents along with information form guidebooks and tourist bureaus. Domestic travelers were more often operator clients, and foreign travelers were more often agency clients. Differences are discussed in terms of different segments of customers within the channel of distribution.
Footprints of super-GZK cosmic rays in the Pilliga State Forest

Abstract High energy cosmic ray data collected by the SUGAR Collaboration in the Pilliga State Forest have been reanalyzed using up-to-date shower simulations. Complete, inclined angle, Monte Carlo simulations reveal 2 events with energies in excess of 7×10 19 eV at 95% CL, independent of the choice of hadronic interaction model and of chemical composition of the primary. An additional 3 events, with mean energy ≳7×10 19 eV, were also reanalyzed in the same manner. A lower bound on the flux at the high end of the spectrum, as observed in the Southern sky, is presented on the basis of our analysis.
Tumor Necrosis Factor α Inhibits Glutamate Uptake by Primary Human Astrocytes IMPLICATIONS FOR PATHOGENESIS OF HIV-1 DEMENTIA

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is commonly associated with neurological disease that occurs in the apparent absence of extensive infection of brain cells by HIV, suggesting that indirect mechanisms account for neuropathogenesis in the CNS, perhaps including changes in the normal neuroprotective functions of astrocytes. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), produced by HIV-1-infected macrophages and microglia, on glutamate transport by primary human fetal astrocytes (PHFAs). A dose-dependent inhibition of high affinity glutamate uptake sites was observed 12-24 h after addition of exogenous recombinant human TNFalpha to PHFAs. This effect was specific since it was blocked by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against TNFalpha. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect was reproduced by a monoclonal antibody that is an agonist at the 55-kDa TNF receptor. These results suggest that the neurotoxic effects of TNFalpha may be due in part to its ability to inhibit glutamate uptake by astrocytes, which in turn may result in excitotoxic concentrations of glutamate in synapses.
EML1 (CNG-Modulin) Controls Light Sensitivity in Darkness and under Continuous Illumination in Zebrafish Retinal Cone Photoreceptors

The ligand sensitivity of cGMP-gated (CNG) ion channels in cone photoreceptors is modulated by CNG-modulin, a Ca2+-binding protein. We investigated the functional role of CNG-modulin in phototransduction in vivo in morpholino-mediated gene knockdown zebrafish. Through comparative genomic analysis, we identified the orthologue gene of CNG-modulin in zebrafish, eml1, an ancient gene present in the genome of all vertebrates sequenced to date. We compare the photoresponses of wild-type cones with those of cones that do not express the EML1 protein. In the absence of EML1, dark-adapted cones are ∼5.3-fold more light sensitive than wild-type cones. Previous qualitative studies in several nonmammalian species have shown that immediately after the onset of continuous illumination, cones are less light sensitive than in darkness, but sensitivity then recovers over the following 15–20 s. We characterize light sensitivity recovery in continuously illuminated wild-type zebrafish cones and demonstrate that sensitivity recovery does not occur in the absence of EML1.
Grain boundary engineering for structure materials of nuclear reactors

Abstract Grain boundary engineering (GBE), primarily implemented by thermomechanical processing, is an effective and economical method of enhancing the properties of polycrystalline materials. Among the factors affecting grain boundary character distribution, literature data showed definitive effect of grain size and texture. GBE is more effective for austenitic stainless steels and Ni-base alloys compared to other structural materials of nuclear reactors, such as refractory metals, ferritic and ferritic–martensitic steels, and Zr alloys. GBE has shown beneficial effects on improving the strength, creep strength, and resistance to stress corrosion cracking and oxidation of austenitic stainless steels and Ni-base alloys.
MULTI: a shared memory approach to cooperative molecular modeling

A general purpose molecular modeling system, MULTI, based on the UNIX shared memory and semaphore facilities for interprocess communication is described. In addition to the normal querying or monitoring of geometric data, MULTI also provides processes for manipulating conformations, and for displaying peptide or nucleic acid ribbons, Connolly surfaces, close nonbonded contacts, crystal-symmetry related images, least-squares superpositions, and so forth. This paper outlines the basic techniques used in MULTI to ensure cooperation among these specialized processes, and then describes how they can work together to provide a flexible modeling environment.
Management of unilateral and encapsulated ovarian cancer in young women

Abstract Unilateral encapsulated ovarian cancer of the epithelial variety may be safely managed by conservative operation in young women who are desirous of childbirth, provided the opposite ovary is normal and the tumor is not ruptured. The lesion must be a low-grade ovarian neoplasm (Grade 1 or 2). Whether the tumor is serous or mucinous probably is of little consequence, as suggested by our previous studies. 6 Bisection of the opposite ovary with wedge biopsy is recommended, and there must be frequent follow-up. The late recurrences (27 and 32 years after operation) noted in the opposite ovary of two patients in our series suggest that reoperation and definitive surgery should be considered after the patient's childbearing is complete.
Adaptive data refinement in the spectral stochastic finite element method

One version of the stochastic finite element method involves representing the solution with respect to a basis in the space of random variables and evaluating the co-ordinates of the solution with respect to this basis by relying on Hilbert space projections. The approach results in an explicit dependence of the solution on certain statistics of the data. The error in evaluating these statistics, which is directly related to the amount of available data, can be propagated into errors in computing probabilistic measures of the solution. This provides the possibility of controlling the approximation error, due to limitations in the data, in probabilistic statements regarding the performance of the system under consideration. In addition to this error associated with data resolution, is added the more traditional error, associated with mesh resolution. This latter also contributes to polluting the estimated probabilities associated with the problem. The present paper will develop the above concepts and indicate how they can be coupled in order to yield a more meaningful and useful measure of approximation error in a given problem. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two Overlapping Subdominant Epitopes Identified by DNA Immunization Induce Protective CD8+ T-Cell Populations with Differing Cytolytic Activities

Subdominant CD8+ T-cell responses contribute to control of several viral infections and to vaccine-induced immunity. Here, using the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus model, we demonstrate that subdominant epitopes can be more reliably identified by DNA immunization than by other methods, permitting the identification, in the virus nucleoprotein, of two overlapping subdominant epitopes: one presented by Ld and the other presented by Kd. This subdominant sequence confers immunity as effective as that induced by the dominant epitope, against which >90% of the antiviral CD8+ T cells are normally directed. We compare the kinetics of the dominant and subdominant responses after vaccination with those following subsequent viral infection. The dominant CD8+ response expands more rapidly than the subdominant responses, but after virus infection is cleared, mice which had been immunized with the “dominant” vaccine have a pool of memory T cells focused almost entirely upon the dominant epitope. In contrast, after virus infection, mice which had been immunized with the “subdominant” vaccine retain both dominant and subdominant memory cells. During the acute phase of the immune response, the acquisition of cytokine responsiveness by subdominant CD8+ T cells precedes their development of lytic activity. Furthermore, in both dominant and subdominant populations, lytic activity declines more rapidly than cytokine responsiveness. Thus, the lysislow-cytokinecompetent phenotype associated with most memory CD8+ T cells appears to develop soon after antigen clearance. Finally, lytic activity differs among CD8+ T-cell populations with different epitope specificities, suggesting that vaccines can be designed to selectively induce CD8+ T cells with distinct functional attributes.
Fractionated manganese-enhanced MRI†

We investigated the use of manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) with fractionated doses as a way to retain the unique properties of manganese as a neuronal contrast agent while lessening its toxic effects in animals. First, we followed the signal enhancement on T1-weighted images of the brains of rats receiving 30 mg/kg fractions of MnCl2 · 4H2O every 48 h and found that the signal increased in regions with consecutive fractionated doses and ultimately saturated. Second, we used T1 mapping to test whether the amount of MRI-visible manganese that accumulated depended on the concentration of manganese in the fractions. For a fixed cumulative dose of 180 mg/kg MnCl2 · 4H2O, increasing fraction doses of 6 × 30 mg/kg, 3 × 60 mg/kg, 2 × 90 mg/kg and 1 × 180 mg/kg produced progressively shorter T1 values. The adverse systemic health effects, including complications at the injection site and poor animal well-being, also rose with the fraction dose. Thus, fractionated MEMRI can be used to balance the properties of manganese as a contrast agent in animals against its toxic effects. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a predicate-based software testing strategy

In this paper, we report the results of four empirical studies for evaluating a predicate-based software testing strategy, called BOR (Boolean operator) testing. The BOR testing strategy focuses on the detection of Boolean operator faults in a predicate, including incorrect AND/OR operators and missing or extra NOT operators. Our empirical studies involved comparisons of BOR testing with several other predicate-based testing strategies, using Boolean expressions, a real-time control system, and a set of N-version programs. For program-based test generation, BOR testing was applied to predicates in a program. For specification-based test generation, BOR testing was applied to cause-effect graphs representing software specification. The results of our studies indicate that BOR testing is practical and effective for both specification- and program-based test generation.
Standardized Entrance Assessment in Kindergarten: A Qualitative Analysis of the Experiences of Teachers, Administrators, and Parents

Abstract To assist early childhood educators in responding to mandated standardized assessment, the purpose of this qualitative inquiry was to acquire an in-depth understanding of the experiences of teachers, parents, and administrators in relation to two stated purposes of the assessment: assistance for planning curriculum, and providing information for parents to support literacy learning at home. This study resulted in grounded theory about the strengths and weaknesses of standardized testing in kindergarten. In sum, the strengths that emerged from these data include: a) some immediate information at a glance; b) consistency of information with the core curriculum and across districts; c) time and opportunity for one-on-one interaction among teachers, parents, and children; d) time and opportunity to begin parent and teacher dialogue; and e) ease of the first day of school. The weaknesses that emerged from these data include: a) the narrow scope of information gleaned; b) lack of validity of the result...
Equivalent irreducible Goppa codes (Corresp.)

Irreducible Goppa codes extended with an overall parity check are shown to be cyclic or shortened cyclic codes. The location points of a codeword of the extended irreducible codes can be designated as the points of a finite projective geometry. Bounds on the number of equivalence classes of both irreducible and extended irreducible Goppa codes are derived.
Schools anxiously await NRC program rankings.

Faculty members at U.S. institutions usually have mixed feelings about U.S. News and World Report 's graduate school rankings. On one hand, we often criticize its “one size fits all” approach and the importance assigned to different categories. On the other hand, we are keenly aware that the
Foreign Policy Ideology and Conflict Preferences: A Look at Afghanistan and Libya

Existing research has shown that individuals have a fairly defined and consistent ideology when it comes to foreign policy. However, exploring how a foreign policy ideology influences more specific policy preferences is largely understudied. I apply this concept of a foreign policy ideology in understanding conflict preferences in the recent conflicts in Afghanistan and Libya. Results demonstrate that a foreign policy ideology has a strong influence on preferences in both conflicts, but that this influence is determined by the context of the interventions. This effect of a foreign policy ideology is even greater, at times, than that of the more traditional explanations.
Spectroscopic studies of peroxo/hydroperoxo derivatives of heme proteins and model compounds

The spectroscopic characterization of peroxo- and hydroperoxo- intermediates of heme proteins and enzymes has long interested scientists studying the structure and function of these important biochemical systems. Until very recently, little progress had been made in studying these fleeting intermediates by vibrational spectroscopic methods. In this brief review, recent studies reporting the Resonance Raman and Infrared spectra of such intermediates and pertinent model compounds are reviewed and compared to corresponding studies utilizing electronic absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometric methods.
Selection Pressure Required for Long-Term Persistence of blaCMY-2-Positive IncA/C Plasmids

Multidrug resistance blaCMY-2 plasmids that confer resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins have been found in multiple bacterial species collected from different hosts worldwide. The widespread distribution of bla CMY-2 plasmids may be driven by antibiotic use that selects for the dissemination and persistence of these plasmids. Alternatively, these plasmids may persist and spread in bacterial populations in the absence of selection pressure if a balance exists among conjugative transfer, segregation loss during cell division, and fitness cost to the host. We conducted a series of experiments (both in vivo and in vitro) to study these mechanisms for three bla CMY-2 plasmids, peH4H, pAR060302, and pAM04528. Results of filter mating experiments showed that the conjugation efficiency of bla CMY-2 plasmids is variable, from <10 7 for pAM04528 and peH4H to 10 3 for pAR060302. Neither peH4H nor pAM04528 was transferred from Escherichia coli strain DH10B, but peH4H was apparently mobilized by the coresident trimethoprim resistance-encoding plasmid pTmpR. Competition studies showed that carriage of bla CMY-2 plasmids imposed a measurable fitness cost on the host bacteria both in vitro (0.095 to 0.25) and in vivo (dairy calf model). Long-term passage experiments in the absence of antibiotics demonstrated that plasmids with limited antibiotic resistance phenotypes arose, but eventually drug-sensitive, plasmid-free clones dominated the populations. Given that plasmid decay or loss is inevitable, we infer that some level of selection is required for the long-term persistence of bla CMY-2 plasmids in bacterial populations.
Spatiotemporal visualization of cell membrane dynamics and protein colocalization reveals correlation between membrane dynamics and metastatic invasion

Invasive migration is an important cellular behavior that drives cancer metastasis, which increases the difficulty in treatment and results in poor clinical outcomes. Metastasis is comprised of a series of dynamic processes including cancer cell migration, spreading through circulation system and invasion into distant organs. However, visualization of these underlying steps of metastasis is lack. Although spatiotemporal measurements of cell motion dynamics have been well studied to identify different dynamic patterns, little work has been done to visualize how these dynamic patterns occur on migrating cells. Therefore, we develop spatiotemporal visualization tools to broaden the application of the existing dynamical cell analysis. For instance, we propose visualization techniques to classify the cell edge velocities into three states: protrusion, quiescence and retraction and then visualize when and where these three states of membrane dynamics happen on videos of migrating cells. We also create a semi-automatic tool to allow the users to select the ROIs from the correlation map and then plot the ROIs back onto the original cell migration video. These visualization tools help the biologists to better understand the abstract velocity heat maps in a user friendly way. Biologists can also take the advantage of selecting any ROI through these tools, which enables them to easily observe important migration regions. Furthermore, we investigate the correlation between cell membrane dynamics and subcellular proteins colocalization in a cancer model system and discovered a tight coupling between active membrane dynamics and periodic protein colocalizaiton. This active membrane and periodic colocalization pattern correlates with slower and less persistent migration in 3D collagen matrix.
Patient site model supported change detection

This paper reports the development of a non-rigid registration technique to bring into alignment a sequence of a patient's single-view mammograms acquired at different times. This technique is applied in a patient site model supported change detection algorithm with a clinical goal of lesion detection and tracking. The algorithm flow contains four steps: preprocessing, image alignment, change detection, and site model updating. The preprocessing step includes segmentation, using standard finite normal mixture and Markov random field models, morphological processing, monotony operators, and Gaussian filtering. The site model in this research is composed of object boundaries, previous change, potential control points, and raw/segmented images. In the alignment step, the current mammogram is aligned to the site model using a two step process consisting of principle axis of the skin line followed by thin-plate spline using matched points from the potential control point pool. With the assumption of minimal global change, subtraction and thresholding will be used to create the change map that highlights significant changes. Finally, the change information will be used to update the site model. This two-step registration process facilitates change detection by aligning corresponding regions of mammograms so local change analysis can be performed in a coherent manner. The result of the change detection algorithm will be a local change and a patient specific site model showing past and present conditions.
Mental Health Policy Inquiry, Its Importance, and Its Rewards

This article suggests some characteristics of the field of mental health that might explain why political scientists and public policy analysts have evidenced little interest in the study of mental health policy. Following a brief overview of United States mental health policy, the author makes the case for the importance of menial health policy inquiry on grounds of both pragmatic and theoretical significance.
Some cytological and physical reactions to alcoholic intoxication in mus norvegicus albinus

1. White rats were intoxicated with fifty percent ethyl alcohol. Some received but single, others a series of intoxications. Tissues were prepared according toRegaud's method, as modified byKater. The water content of the livers was calculated. 2. The normal hepatic cells contained free, spherical mitochondria, and very little fat. After a single intoxication, within one hour, the chondriosomes tended to fuse and form beaded filaments; within two and a half hours, rod-shaped and filamentous chondriosomes predominated in number; after twelve hours, free spherical and beaded filamentous mitochondria appeared. 3. After a single intoxication, fat accumulated in the hepatic cells in two and a half hours, and increased after twelve hours. 4. The reactions of the hepatic cells to daily intoxication consisted in a change from free spherical mitochondria of the normal to free spheres of diminished size, or to filamentous chondriosomes. After daily intoxication, fat accumulation in the hepatic cells was abundant. 5. The water content of the liver was greatest in the normal and least in the liver of the daily intoxicated rats. Even rats that received but a single intoxication had a percentage of water in the liver less than in the normal. 6. It is concluded that the mitochondria of the liver cells may be utilized as indicators in response to alcoholic intoxication.
Reaction of Ketones with Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide: Competitive Enolizations and 1,2-Additions

Reaction of 2-methylcyclohexanone with lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS, TMS(2)NLi) displays highly solvent-dependent chemoselectivity. LiHMDS in THF/toluene effect enolization. Rate studies using in situ IR spectroscopy are consistent with a THF concentration-dependent monomer-based pathway. LiHMDS in pyrrolidine/toluene affords exclusively 1,2-addition of the pyrrolidine fragment to form an alpha-amino alkoxide-LiHMDS mixed dimer shown to be a pair of conformers by using (6)Li, (15)N, and (13)C NMR spectroscopies. Rate studies are consistent with a monomer-based transition structure [(TMS(2)NLi)(ketone)(pyrrolidine)(3)](). The partitioning between enolization and 1,2-addition is kinetically controlled.
Parents' and Children's Reports of Parenting Practices and Parent and Child Alcohol Use

SUMMARY Parents' and children's reports of child and parent alcohol use and parental attitudes/practices were compared. Although the correlations between child/parent and mother/father reports of child alcohol use were significant, they were not high. Parents and children were similar with respect to their reports of overall mean levels of child alcohol use. There were higher correlations between parents' and children's reports of the parents' alcohol use. Comparison of the means of reported parental alcohol use by children and parents showed that children tended to underestimate the alcohol use of both parents.
Drag and wake modification of axisymmetric bluff bodies using Coanda blowing

This work investigates the ability of Coanda jet blowing to modify the base pressure of a cylindrical body aligned axially in a flow, and thereby, produce overall drag reduction. It is found that blowing through one or two slot jets concentric to the outer body circumference can significantly influence the entire base flow region. The recirculating wake is eliminated and is replaced by freestream fluid entrained by the Coanda blowing. Base pressure rises significantly and leads to drag reduction of up to 30% beyond the thrusting action of the Coanda jet. A comparison between the power savings through drag reduction and the power requirement of the Coanda jet demonstrates that net benefits are attainable at certain body geometries and flow conditions. By judiciously selecting the jet blowing velocity, it is possible to produce a nearly flat wake velocity profile requiring little net power. RAG reduction of immersed bodies is a subject with a long history, leading to the early concept of streamlining. The net drag force on a body may be considered the sum of viscous drag and pressure drag forces. For streamlined aero- dynamic and hydrodynamic bodies, the pressure drag is small, and current research is directed towards the application of laminar flow control (e.g., suction), turbulent viscous drag reduction (e.g., riblets and large eddy breakup devices (LEBUs)), and the use of nonlinear aerodynamics for induced drag reduction (e.g., winglets or crescent wing planforms). For bluff bodies, on the other hand, streamlining is usually not an option for reducing drag because the bluff shape is often dictated by other constraints. This situation is particu- larly true for trucks, buses, and most automobiles. For bluff bodies then, where pressure drag dominates, drag reduction is primarily through base flow modification, including flow separation control using airfoils, the use of plates, cavities, base bleed, and suction/blowing. Bluff bodies may be considered of two general classifica- tions—high and low aspect ratio. The former may be modeled as bodies of large span relative to a characteristic height, and are generally two-dimensional in nature. Examples would be the classic cylinder in crossflow, or a symmetric airfoil with a thick, blunt trailing edge. Drag reduction for such bodies has been performed1"3 with drag reductions of up to 64% reported in the literature. Low aspect ratio bodies have also been studied. Such bodies are characterized by three-dimensionality or axisymmetry, with a sphere being the classic example. Other examples would be cylinders of rectangular or circular cross section aligned axially in the flow direction. Work on drag reduction of such bodies has been reported in Refs. 4-12. A variation of these studies would include inclined base regions such as fast-back auto- mobiles and cargo transport aircraft. During the energy crisis of the seventies, renewed interest in vehicle drag led to many important new findings which are summarized in the books
Free and Forced Wave Vibration Analysis of Axially Loaded Materially Coupled Composite Timoshenko Beam Structures

In this paper, wave vibration analysis of axially loaded bending-torsion coupled composite beam structures is presented. It includes the effects of axial force, shear deformation, and rotary inertia; namely, it is for an axially loaded composite Timoshenko beam. The study also includes the material coupling between the bending and torsional modes of deformations that is usually present in laminated composite beam due to ply orientation. From a wave standpoint, vibrations propagate, reflect, and transmit in a structure. The transmission and reflection matrices for various discontinuities on an axially loaded materially coupled composite Timoshenko beam are derived. Such discontinuities include general point supports, boundaries, and changes in section. The matrix relations between the injected waves and externally applied forces and moments are also derived. These matrices can be combined to provide a concise and systematic approach to vibration analysis of axially loaded materially coupled composite Timoshenko beams or complex structures consisting of such beans components. The systematic approach is illustrated through numerical examples for which comparative results are available in the literature.
Triazole, benzotriazole and substituted benzotriazoles as corrosion inhibitors of iron in aerated acidic media

The effect of a 1H-1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,3-benzotriazole and a number of substituted benzotriazoles, namely 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, 1H-benzotriazole-1-methanol and N-(1H-benzotriazol-1-ylmethyl)-formamide, have been investigated with respect to the corrosion of iron in 1 mol/l HCl and 1 mol/l HClO4. The Tafel extrapolation method, linear polarization resistance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy illustrate the inhibiting effect of all of these compounds in both acids. They are better inhibitors in 1 mol/l HCl than in 1 mol/l HClO4. The changes of charge transfer resistance are also indicative for adsorption and inhibition of all of these compounds. This effect increases with time up to 16 h. An equivalent circuit is suggested as a model for the impedance. The adsorption of triazole-type of compounds in both acids follows a Langmuir isotherm. Molecular modeling was used to gain some insight, about structural and electronic effects in relation to the inhibiting efficiencies.
Nef-M1, a CXCR4 Peptide Antagonist, Enhances Apoptosis and Inhibits Primary Tumor Growth and Metastasis in Breast Cancer

Results from studies with animal models suggest that, in many cancers, CXCR4 is an important therapeutic target and that CXCR4 antagonists may be promising treatments for primary cancers and for metastases. The Nef protein effectively competes with CXCR4’s natural ligand, SDF-1α, and induces apoptosis. As described in this report, the Nef-M1 peptide (Nef protein amino acids 50 - 60) inhibits primary tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer (BC). Four BC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MCF 7, and DU4475) and primary human mammary epithelium (HME) cells were evaluated for their response to the Nef protein and to the Nef-M1 peptide. The presence of CXCR4 receptors in these cells was determined by RT-PCR, Western blot (WB), and immunohistochemical analyses. The apoptotic effect of Nef-M1 was assessed by terminal transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). WBs was used to assess caspase 3 activation. BC xenografts grown in SCID mice were evaluated for the presence of CXCR4 and for their metastatic potential. CXCR4 was presented in MDA-MB-231, MCF 7, and DU 4475 BC cells but not in MDA-MB-468 BC or HME cells. Cells expressing CXCR4 and treated with Nef-M1 peptide or the Nef protein had higher rates of apoptosis than untreated cells. Caspase-3 activation increased in MDA-MB 231 cells treated with the Nef protein, the Nef 41 - 60 peptide, or Nef-M1. Nef-M1, administered to mice starting at the time of xenograft implantation, inhibited growth of primary tumors and metastatic spread. Untreated mice developed diffuse intraperitoneal metastases. We conclude that, in BCs, Nef-M1, through interaction with CXCR4, inhibits primary tumor growth and metastasis by causing apoptosis.
College quality and early adult outcomes

Abstract This paper estimates the effects of various college qualities on several early adult outcomes, using panel data from the National Education Longitudinal Study. I compare the results using ordinary least squares with three alternative methods of estimation, including instrumental variables, and the methods used by Dale and Krueger [(2002). Estimating the payoff to attending a more selective college: An application of selection on observables and unobservables. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(4), 1491–1528.] and Black and Smith [(2004). How robust is the evidence on the effects of college quality? Evidence from matching. Journal of Econometrics, 121, 99–124.]. I find that college quality does have positive significant effects on most outcomes studied using OLS. While there is some evidence of positive selection bias in the OLS results, the alternative methods rarely produce findings that are significantly different from the OLS estimates. Furthermore, alternative methods have their own limitations, which are discussed. Across methods of estimation, there is solid evidence of positive effects of college quality on college graduation and household income, and weaker evidence of effects on hourly wages.
On the optimality of bit detection of certain digital modulations

In this paper, we study the optimality of bit detection for coherent M-ary phase-shift keying (PSK) and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), and noncoherent M-ary frequency-shift keying (FSK) signal sets. For M-PSK and M-QAM signal constellations, we employ Gray mapping, consider 8-PSK and 16-QAM signal sets as representative of the general results, and derive the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) for each bit forming the symbol. Using the LLRs, we derive the average bit-error probability (BEP) for the individual bits, and show that the decision regions and the corresponding average BEP for the case of M-PSK coincide with those obtained with the optimal symbol-based detector, whereas, in general, this is not the case for both M-QAM and M-FSK.
Attitudes Toward Technologies for Conception: A 15‐Year Follow‐Up

The attitudes of students toward technologies related to conception were assessed in 1984 and again in 1999. It was expected that increased routinization of such technologies over time would result in higher approval ratings in the second survey. This hypothesis was not supported by the results; there were no changes in approval for most methods that were included in both surveys, and in some cases, approval decreased. It was also hypothesized that methods included in the 1984 survey would receive higher approval than would newer technologies added in 1999, and this was supported by the data. Differences in approval of specific items were found by the gender and religion of respondents. Results suggest that methods involving donors continue to be unacceptable to most students, that the “older” methods are not becoming more acceptable, and that newer methods (gestational surrogacy, egg donation, and cloning) are even more problematic.
Nutrition in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Nutrition interventions play a central role in the treatment and management of inflammatory bowel disease in children. Malnutrition is a common presenting symptom in both pediatric ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease and is associated with increased morbidity. Providing macronutrients can improve growth; likewise, identifying and correcting micronutrient deficiencies can improve comorbid conditions like osteopenia and anemia. Although many patients manipulate their diets to help treat their inflammatory bowel disease, only parenteral nutrition with bowel rest and exclusive enteral nutrition therapy have been shown effective for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
The Near-Death Experience as an Event in Consciousness

A consciousness model of the near-death experience (NDE) is developed that incorporates the work of Tart (1975), Wilber (1980), Grof (1984), and Grosso (1984). This model views the NDE as an altere...
On an information theoretic approach to model anonymous MANET communications

Measuring communication anonymity (e.g., unlinkability) of anonymous communication systems is a critical, however, unsolved problem. To address this issue, we present an information theoretic model for unlinkability measure for MANETs. Our approach is based on evidence theory, where the basic measuring component is a “set”. We present a traffic slicing method to model mobility followed by theoretical models to evaluate sender and receiver unlinkability, path unlinkability, and system unlinkability.
Cultural Racism–Related Stress in Black Caribbean Immigrants: Examining the Predictive Roles of Length of Residence and Racial Identity

Scholars maintain that with greater length of residence, the U.S. context adversely affects Black immigrants (e.g., via racism-related stress). Yet, the psychological mechanisms that account for in...
Clearance Effects on the Impact Behavior of Large Aspect Ratio Silicon Journal Microbearings

This paper investigates the effect of bearing clearance on the impact behavior of microfabricated silicon journal bearings. The design of a novel test apparatus to assess microbearing wear behavior is presented. Microbearing designs, microfabrication processes, and metrology characterization techniques are discussed. A dynamic impact model of the bearing system based on classical impulse-momentum relations is formulated in order to assess the effect of clearance on rotor speed. Coefficient of restitution values obtained over the range of kinematically allowable radial clearance specifications are found to agree well with previously published results for polysilicon microstructures.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Characterization and Hydrodesulfurization Properties of Catalysts Derived from Amorphous Metal-boron Materials

Unsupported and silica-supported amorphous metal-boron materials (Ni-B, Mo-O-B, and Ni-Mo-O-B) were prepared by NaBH4 reduction of aqueous or impregnated metal salts. The resulting materials were characterized by a range of techniques, including conventional and time-resolved X-ray diffraction. The latter technique was used to determine the onset of crystallization of the amorphous materials during annealing in He flow and to identify the phases formed. Annealing of unsupported Ni-B resulted in the crystallization of predominantly Ni3B, followed by Ni metal, whereas Ni-B/SiO2 formed Ni and then NiO. There was no evidence for crystallization of B-containing phases for Mo-O-B or Mo-O-B/SiO2 on annealing; instead, the predominant phase formed was MoO2. In general, the phases formed for Ni-Mo-O-B and Ni-Mo-O-B/SiO2 were consistent with those formed in the monometallic materials, but at higher annealing temperatures. Catalysts prepared by sulfiding Ni-B/SiO2 and Ni-Mo-O-B/SiO2 materials had significantly higher thiophene HDS activities than conventionally prepared sulfided Ni/SiO2 and Ni-Mo/SiO2 catalysts, whereas a sulfided Mo-O-B/SiO2 catalyst had a dramatically lower HDS activity than a sulfided Mo/SiO2 catalyst.
Norovirus classification and proposed strain nomenclature

Without a virus culture system, genetic analysis becomes the principal method to classify norovirus (NoV) strains. Currently, classification of NoV strains beneath the species level has been based on sequences from different regions of the viral genome. As a result, the phylogenetic insights of some virus were not appropriately interpreted, and no consensus has been reached to establish a uniform classification scheme. To provide a consistent and reliable scientific basis for classifying NoVs, we analyzed the amino acid sequences for the major capsid protein of 164 NoV strains by first using an alignment based on the predicted 3D structures. A Bayesian tree was generated, and the maximum likelihood pairwise distances of the aligned sequences were used to evaluate the results from the uncorrected pairwise distance method. Analyses of the pairwise distances demonstrated three clearly resolved peaks, suggesting that NoV strains beneath the species level can be classified at three levels: strain (S), cluster (C), and genogroup (G). The uncorrected pairwise distance ranges for S, C, and G were 0–14.1%, 14.3–43.8%, and 44.9–61.4%, respectively. A scheme with 29 genetic clusters [8 in genogroup 1 (G1), 17 in G2, 2 in G3, and 1 each in G4 and G5] was defined on the basis of the tree topology with the standards provided and was supported by the distance analysis. Of these, five clusters in G2 and one in G1 are newly described. This analysis can serve as the basis for a standardized nomenclature to genetically describe NoV strains.
1‐(4‐Methoxy­benz­yl)‐1H‐indole‐3‐carbaldehyde

Crystals of the title compound, C17H15NO2, were obtained by the reaction of indole-3-carbaldehyde with 4-methoxy­benzyl chloride and recrystallization of the product from ethanol. The dihedral angle between the indole and the 4-methoxy­phenyl ring systems is 70.18 (4)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by van der Waals forces.
Migration and Alcohol Use: A Careers Analysis

Most members of our society, if they see fit, may readily do the two things that this paper is about: They may move from place to place, and they may drink alcoholic beverages. Either of these two options, depending on how it is exercised, may have profound consequences for personal lives and for social fabrics. Therefore, whether or not migration and alcohol use tend to be connected in any way seems an important practical question. This exploratory inquiry will lead us to some hypothetical answers to that question and to some issues of method and theory that emerge along the way
Study of implosions in star-like wire arrays with “gates” on the inner cylinder

Star-like wire arrays [1] with two closely located wires (“gates”) on the inner cylinder were studied on the 1-MA Zebra generator. The hydrodynamic mode of collision is typical for regular star-like wire arrays [2] and it was observed with shadowgraphy and optical streak cameras. In this mode, star-like wire arrays generate a short 8-12 ns x-ray pulse [1]. The star-like wire arrays were modified to reach a transparent mode typical for multiwire nested arrays [3–4].
Leveraging institutional knowledge for student success: promoting academic advisors

To engage students and meet institutional goals, higher education leaders need to leverage the institutional knowledge of their staff and their professional competencies. Evidence based decision-making provides a stepping-stone to strategic staffing practices. Strategically developing and retaining staff members moves the conversation from foundational evidence to policy and practices. This meta-analysis provides a case study for the development process of a ‘career ladder’ borne in institutional evidence and strategically implemented through leadership and policy development. Five steps are identified in the achievement institutional recognition and sustainability for key personnel in Academic Advising. Step 1: empower institutional leaders; Step 2: recruit change leaders; Step 3: link strategic plan outcomes to larger institutional culture and policy; Step 4: engage strategic stakeholders; and Step 5: assess policy implementation and outcomes (different processes). Practical implementation strategies fo...
The Cost of Reproduction in Birds: Evaluating the Evidence from Manipulative and Non-Manipulative Studies

The cost of reproduction plays a pivotal role in theories of life history strategies (Cody 1966, Williams 1966, Charnov and Krebs 1974, Schaffer 1974, Stearns 1976, Ricklefs 1983). Four years ago, at the Conference of Causal and Evolutionary Aspects of the Determination of Bird Numbers, held in Wageningen, the Netherlands, I reviewed the evidence for the cost of reproduction in birds (Nur 1988a). Since then, empirical studies of the cost of reproduction have proliferated and debate concerning the significance of the cost of reproduction for the evolution of avian life history strategies has continued. For this reason, I think it worthwhile to review the current state of the empirical literature, emphasizing difficulties in evaluating the evidence for, or against, the cost of reproduction. In addition, I reanalyze data presented in Nur (1988b) concerning the cost of reproduction in the Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus).
Developing Innovative Public Relations Strategies: Using Grunig's Nested Segmentation Model and Yankelovich's Generational Influences Model to Distinguish Pleasure Traveler Publics

ABSTRACT This study investigates an innovation public relations strategy that distinguishes vacation traveler publics based on two characteristics: usefulness of communication tactics and the generational cohorts they represent. More specifically, this study examines how travelers within various generational cohorts evaluate the usefulness of media and other information sources (communication tactics) for pre-travel pleasure planning. Grunig's (1992, 1989) nested segmentation model (1989, 1992) and the generational influences model (Smith & Clurman, 1997), in tandem with media uses and gratification theory, serves as the theoretical framework. Results demonstrate that word-of-mouth serves as a useful tactic among Boomers, Generation Xers, and Matures. New media tactics and travel-specific organizations serving as vehicles for disseminating public relations tactics are useful also among Matures and Boomers. In short, travelers report that “public relations-oriented” information is most useful; “mass-orient...
Self-Correcting Process for High Quality Patterning by Atomic Layer Deposition.

Nanoscale patterning of materials is widely used in a variety of device applications. Area selective atomic layer deposition (ALD) has shown promise for deposition of patterned structures with subnanometer thickness control. However, the current process is limited in its ability to achieve good selectivity for thicker films formed at higher number of ALD cycles. In this report, we demonstrate a strategy for achieving selective film deposition via a self-correcting process on patterned Cu/SiO2 substrates. We employ the intrinsically selective adsorption of octadecylphosphonic acid self-assembled monolayers on Cu over SiO2 surfaces to selectively create a resist layer only on Cu. ALD is then performed on the patterns to deposit a dielectric film. A mild etchant is subsequently used to selectively remove any residual dielectric film deposited on the Cu surface while leaving the dielectric film on SiO2 unaffected. The selectivity achieved after this treatment, measured by compositional analysis, is found to b...