cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans: Long-term Outcomes of 53 Patients Treated With Conservative Surgery and Radiation Therapy

Purpose To evaluate outcomes of conservative surgery and radiation therapy (RT) treatment in patients with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Methods and Materials We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 53 consecutive dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans patients treated with surgery and preoperative or postoperative radiation therapy between 1972 and 2010. Median tumor size was 4 cm (range, 1-25 cm). Seven patients (13%) were treated with preoperative RT (50-50.4 Gy) and 46 patients (87%) with postoperative RT (60-66 Gy). Of the 46 patients receiving postoperative radiation, 3 (7%) had gross disease, 14 (30%) positive margins, 26 (57%) negative margins, and 3 (7%) uncertain margin status. Radiation dose ranged from 50 to 66 Gy (median dose, 60 Gy). Results At a median follow-up time of 6.5 years (range, 0.5 months-23.5 years), 2 patients (4%) had disease recurrence, and 3 patients (6%) had died. Actuarial overall survival was 98% at both 5 and 10 years. Local control was 98% and 93% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Disease-free survival was 98% and 93% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. The presence of fibrosarcomatous change was not associated with increased risk of local or distant relapse (P=.43). One of the patients with a local recurrence had gross residual disease at the time of RT and despite RT to 65 Gy developed both an in-field recurrence and a nodal and distant recurrence 3 months after RT. The other patient with local recurrence was found to have in-field recurrence 10 years after initial treatment. Thirteen percent of patients had an RT complication at 5 and 10 years, and 9% had a moderate or severe complication at 5 and 10 years. Conclusions Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a radioresponsive disease with excellent local control after conservative surgery and radiation therapy. Adjuvant RT should be considered for patients with large or recurrent tumors or when attempts at wide surgical margins would result in significant morbidity.
Trauma mortality and trauma center designation: an international comparison.

In order to compare trauma mortality of a designated Level I Trauma Center in the United States with a major metropolitan hospital in New Zealand, patients presenting to these institutions were reviewed. Over a 1 year period 824 patients (62 deaths) presented to the Southern New Jersey Regional Trauma Center (SNJRTC) and 602 (60 deaths) to the Resuscitation room at Auckland Hospital (AH). There were no differences between age or severity of injury in those patients dying at the two institutions but brain injury was significantly more common a cause of death at Auckland Hospital (P less than 0.001). At SNJRTC exsanguination was significantly more common (P less than 0.05) and patients were more likely to die in the admitting area (P less than 0.01). The results confirm the similarity of the trauma mortality between a major metropolitan hospital in New Zealand and a United States Level I Trauma Center dealing primarily with blunt trauma. Effectiveness of trauma care in the two locations as judged by the average Injury Severity Score of CNS and non-CNS related deaths, is comparable. This suggests that despite not being completely equipped as a Level I Trauma Center the commitment to caring for patients at the New Zealand hospital is an important factor affecting the outcome. Language: en
"Socializing Democracy": The Community Literacy Pedagogy of Jane Addams

0 0 1 76 435 University of Arizona 3 1 510 14.0 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} Abstract: This article reclaims Jane Addams as a community literacy pedagogue, explicating her pedagogical theory through an analysis of her social thought. Addams’ goal of “socializing democracy” through education led her to both encourage immigrant students to associate across difference and to assimilate into dominant literacies—tensions present in today’s community literacy contexts. The article includes suggestions for rhetorically redeploying Addams’ pedagogy in contemporary writing instruction.
Management of idiopathic subgingival amalgam hypertrophy--the common amalgam overhang.

SUMMARY An amalgam overhang is defined as an extension of amalgam restorative material beyond the confines of a cavity preparation. The pseudo pathology term “idiopathic subgingival amalgam hypertrophy” is used in the title for shock effect and as a scare tactic to catch the attention of our readers. From various studies, it is apparent that such overhangs are alarmingly common. The overhang is largely iatrogenic, caused by poor operator skill exacerbated by unusual dental morphology. Creep may also play a role in the gingival overhang of large amalgam restorations. Maybe we, as clinicians, are becoming complacent and lax in our techniques and matrixing while restoring such a routine restoration. This article revisits the pros and cons of different methods of amalgam overhang management with clinical cases for illustration.
2,6-Dichloro-9-thiabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane: A Privileged, Bivalent Scaffold for the Display of Nucleophilic Components

The title compound, the condensation product of sulfur dichloride and 1,5-cyclooctadiene, is a reliable acceptor of a wide variety of heteroatom nucleophiles, sometimes in reversible fashion. Optical resolution of the core structure has been achieved and preserved in succeeding transformations. The high reactivity and reliable stereochemical control afforded by this system illustrates the power of neighboring-group participation by the sulfur center.
Phospholipase A2 activity during cold acclimation of wheat.

The temperature lethal to 50% of the plants (LT 50 ) and phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) activity levels were investigated in three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines that had been cold acclimated 0 to 5 wks at 3°C. In the cold-tolerant winter wheat 'Eltan', the level of PLA 2 activity increased significantly during the first week of cold acclimation, but activity did not increase until the second week of acclimation in cold-sensitive winter wheat Oregon Feed Wheat #5 and spring wheat 'Louise'. The PLA 2 activity declined in all lines by the end of 4 wks of acclimation. The LT 50 decreased (greater freezing tolerance) during the time that PLA 2 levels were elevated and then increased concomitant with decreased PLA 2 activity. A chilling treatment of -5°C for 45 min resulted in elevated PLA 2 activity in nonacclimated Eltan, as well as in all three wheat lines that had been acclimated for 1 wk, but not in plants that had been acclimated for more than 1 wk. These results suggest that PLA 2 activity is involved in response to cold temperature in wheat, but the intrinsic level of freezing tolerance and the level of acclimation reached by the plants mediates its activity.
Relative inefficiencies in production between solo and group practice physicians

Health economists have hypothesized for some time that physicians produce medical care in an inefficient manner. Further, whether solo or group practice physicians are relatively more inefficient has been a question of particular interest. Theoretical considerations suggest that solo and group practice physicians face different behavioural and production constraints, implying that they may produce care at different levels of efficiency; which is more efficient is an empirical question. We employed stochastic production frontier estimation to address this issue.
Evaluations and measurements of indoor wireless systems with optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing lines

An indoor wireless millimeter wave system with an optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal link was developed. Channel modeling for the multipath system was proposed, and the channels in a 60 GHz band were measured. Based on the model, system parameters were evaluated for various subcarrier modulations in OFDM systems. Link performance in a typical office environment under the line-of-sight channel condition and with a 30 km optical OFDM link was measured. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:491–495, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25810
Postwar structural and technological changes in the American economy

Abstract This paper utilizes input—output techniques to analyze postwar technological and structural change in the American economy, focusing on the subperiods 1947–1958, 1958–1963 and 1963–1966. The relationship between technological change, changes in input—output relationships and structural change is discussed. Postwar changes in total output requirements as measured by inverse coefficients and in intermediate output requirements as measured by inverse and by direct coefficients are summarized, and the variability in individual input—output coefficients is analyzed. It is found that postwar changes in the structure of the American economy have been highly uneven, unpatterned and erratic and that the accurate forecasting of these changes is extremely difficult given the data which are presently available. The indications of these findings for interindustry research are briefly discussed.
716-1 Long-term Prognostic Significance of Exercise-Induced Silent Myocardial ischemia in Apparently Healthy Volunteers

Silent myocardial ischemia (SI) defined by concordant ST segment depressian on ECG and a planar thallium (TL) perfusion defect during maximal treadmill testing was a potent independent predictor of future coronary events (CE) over a mean follow-up of 4.7 years in 407 asymptomatic volunteers aged 40–96 years (mean = 60) from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (Circulation 1990;81:428). To determine the longer term prognostic significance of SI in this population. we examined the incidence and predictors of CE over a mean follow-up of 9.2 years. A total of 61 CE developed (32 cases of new angina pectoris, 17 non-fatal myocardial infarctions, 12 cardiac deaths). Events occurred in 15% of subjects with both negative ECG and TL responses, 30% of those with either a positive ECG or TL result. and 48% of those in whom both tests were positive (p l 0.001). By proportional hazards analysis. older age (relative risk [RR] = 2.3 per 15 year incrementl. male gender (RR = 2.2), hypertension (RR = 2.5), shorter exercise duration (RR = 0.91 per minute). and a concordant positive ECG and TL response (RR = 2.5) were significant independent predictors of CE, Hard CE, i.e. myocardial infarction orcardiac death, were predicted by older age (RR = 3,1), male gender (RR = 2.8), current smoking (RR = 3,0), plasma cholesterol (RR = 1.01 per mg/dl), fasting plasma glucose (RR = 1,01 per mg/dl) and a concordant positive ECG and TL (RR = 3.4). Thus, at a mean follow-up of over 9 years, exercise-induced SI remains a potent predictor of future CE in apparently healthy volunteers. independent of conventional risk factors.
Sites of action of D2O in intact and skinned crayfish muscle fibers

The effect on tension development of replacing 90% of the H2O of the bathing saline with D2O was studied on intact single fibers, and on skinned fibers before and after the latter were treated so as to eliminate Ca-accumulation by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) of intact fibers is not abolished, but is depressed by D2O so that higher depolarizations are required to elicit a given tension. The reduction in tension at a given level of depolarization is not due to inhibition of the contractile system. The latter showed an enhanced Ca sensitivity; that is, skinned fibers respond to Ca concentrations that are 1–2 orders of magnitude smaller in D2O than in H2O saline. When bathed in D2O saline, intact fibers or skinned fibers with functional SR can still accumulate and release Ca in sufficient quantities to allow repeated induction of maximum tensions. Relaxation is slowed in all three types of preparation, perhaps because of an increased affinity of troponin to Ca in D2O salines.
An Approach to the Child with Acute Glomerulonephritis

Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) is a common condition in childhood. Many children with AGN can be managed in the primary care setting. The diagnosis is usually made on the basis of urinary findings, especially the presence of red blood cell casts. One of the most important initial investigations is determining the complement C3 level; hypocomplementemia is most characteristic of post streptococcal AGN, while normocomplementemia is most often seen with IgA nephropathy. Children whose AGN is accompanied by significant hypertension or renal insufficiency should be assessed by a specialist immediately. The presence of serious extrarenal signs or symptoms also merits urgent referral. Otherwise, serial followup in the primary care office is appropriate.
Employers holding line on salaries

A by-product of the economic recovery this spring is an upswing in college recruiting activity. According to many placement directors, the number of employers interviewing on campus has increased; in some cases, interview schedules are full. Likewise, employers report that competition for students is heightening as the recruiting year progresses. One significant difference in this upturn, compared with previous increases in college recruiting activity, is that starting salary offers are remaining fairly stable. The College Placement Council's March 1984 Salary Survey report shows only slight upward movement.
Risk versus benefit of epidural steroids

D r. Rowlingson has provided us a well-researched and balanced perspective of the risks and benefits of epidural steroid injections (ESIs). Unfortunately, some of the medical literature and news media coverage of the topic has not been as objective. Without question, overenthusiastic acceptance of the technique has led to its abuse by some practitioners, in the form of utilization for nonindicated condit ions and frequency of injections. Conversely, blind condemnation of the technique, on the basis of unfounded allegations, has led to the abandonment of ESIs in some localities. I am convinced that the rational use of epidural steroids, maintaining rigid criteria, meticulous technique, and limitation of the dose and frequency of steroid injections, is in the best interest of our patients with lumbar and cervical radiculopathy.
EQUILIBRIA IN PRECIPITIN REACTIONS : THE COEXISTENCE OF A SINGLE FREE ANTIGEN AND ITS ANTIBODY IN THE SAME SERUM.

1. In these studies several phases of the predpitm reactions were investigated by the use of purified proteins as antigens. These preparations were edestin from hemp-seed and crystalline ovalbumin from fresh eggs. The ovalbumin, isolated by the method of Hopkins and Pinkus,.was apparently as pure as is obtainable by chemical means. This albumin, however, produced moderately severe anaphylactic reactions in animals sensitized with ovoglobulin. Anaphylactic tests of the individuality of a protein cannot be any longer regarded as the criterion of the purity of the substance as an antigen. Wells and Osborne have shown that proteins of considerable chemical difference may have a common antigenic group which causes mutual anaphylactic reactions in animals sensitized to these proteins. In particular, as egg globulin is a mixture of proteins, one of which is undoubtedly egg albumin, anaphylaxis produced by injections of albumin into animals sensitized to the so called globulin offers no evidence for or against the purity of the albumin. The character of the curves shown in Text-fig. 1 confirms the assumption, based upon chemical data, that crystalline egg albumin is a single protein. 2. With edestin and crystalline egg albumin as antigens phases in the precipitin reaction were found in which these substances and their specific precipitins could be demonstrated to be coexistent but ununited in the same serum. 3. When edestin or crystalline egg albumin is injected into a rabbit immunized thereto, the antigen may be found in the circulating blood during 48 hours after its injection, while at the same time the animal maintains a high titer of free precipitin in its blood. 4. When the pure protein antigen is mixed in proper proportions with the serum of a specifically immunized rabbit and the resulting precipitate removed by centrifugation, the supernatant fluid contains both antigen and antibody. 5. The serum drawn from a rabbit during the period in which free antigen and antibody are coexistent in the circulation undergoes slow spontaneous precipitation when kept in sterile tubes in the ice box. The curve of this reaction is reproduced as Text-fig. 1. The relationships of the parabola indicate that the interaction of antigen and antibody takes place according to a definite law. When sufficient quantitative data are obtained to allow an analysis of this curve, the formulas for this reaction will undoubtedly throw light upon the chemical or physical nature of the process. 6. The protective action of the solution of egg albumin as a third colloid preventing precipitation in a reaction between human serum and its antibody was readily demonstrated. This observation and the constancy of the long prozone in precipitin test with egg albumin are in accord with the protective action of ovalbumin upon colloidal gold.
Basal Oxygen Uptake: A New Technique for an Old Test

To assess the metabolic effects of T4 and T3, we measured serum total T4 (TT4), free T4 (FT4), total T3 (TT3), TSH, and basal oxygen uptake (VO2) in eight normal subjects in the basal state and after treatment with L-T3 (T3) and sodium ipodate for 2 weeks. T3 treatment resulted in a rise of serum TT3 from a baseline of 137 ± 16 (±SE) to a peak of 239 ± 15 ng/dl. Serum TT4 declined from 8.14 ± 0.56 to 6.08 ± 0.43 μg/dl, FT4 from 1.59 ± 0.13 to 1.03 ± 0.05 ng/dl, and TSH from 1.74 ± 0.24 to 0.56 ± 0.16 /µμU/ml. Basal VO2 increased from 2.66 ± 0.11 to 3.15 ± 0.09 ml/kg·min. Ipodate, on the other hand, led to a lower serum TT3 concentration (102 ± 21 ng/dl), higher serum TT4 and FT4 (9.59 ± 0.5 μg/dl and 1.91 ± 0.13 ng/dl, respectively), and elevated TSH (3.64 ± 0.14 μU/ml). Basal VO2 was reduced to 2.44 ± 0.06 ml/kg · min. Linear regression analysis revealed an excellent positive correlation between serum TT3 and basal VO2 (n = 25; r = 0.747; P < 0.001) and a significant negative correlation between serum TT...
Purification and characterization of two types of atrial natriuretic factor receptors from bovine adrenal cortex: Guanylate cyclase-linked and cyclase-free receptors

Summary Atrial natriuretic factor(ANF) receptors with and without guanylate cyclase activity were simultaneously purified to apparent homogeneity from bovine adrenal zona glomerulosa cell membrane fractions. The particulate guanylate cyclase which co-purified with the ANF receptor showed one of the highest specific activity reported. The receptors with or without the guanylate cyclase activity showed high affinities to ANF(99–126). The receptor without the cyclase showed a high affinity to truncated ANF analogs, ANF(103–123) and ANF(105–121), whereas the cyclase-linked receptor had a much lower affinity to these analogs. Both of the receptors migrated as a single band with a molecular weight of 135,000 daltons on SDS-gel electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions. The 135,000 daltons band of the receptor without the cyclase was shifted to a 62,000 daltons band under reducing conditions, but the band for the cyclase-linked receptor was not shifted. These results demonstrated the presence of two subtypes of ANF receptor in bovine adrenal cortex and indicate two different modes of intracellular action of ANF.
The Design of Stacked Linkages for Motion Generation

This paper introduces the concept of “stacked linkages” and develops an algorithm for the design of such linkages. A stacked linkage is defined as a linkage whose geometry is repeatedly stacked upon itself to produce a multiloop linkage where each loop in the linkage has a motion that is identical to every other loop within the linkage. The special geometry required by a stacked linkage produces a relatively simple design algorithm that can be applied to synthesize linkages of varying complexity. The synthesis process is based upon the ability to reduce the motion of a complex linkage to an equivalent motion for a four-bar linkage. The four-bar linkage can then be synthesized and stacked upon itself to give a complex linkage with the desired total motion. This method allows the designer to do a preliminary analysis of the linkage motion characteristics (such as transmission angles, circuits, and branching) by examining the motion characteristics of a simple four-bar chain. The algorithm presented in this paper is limited to the case of rigid body guidance for two design positions. Other cases may be possible with further development.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Partial versus total redundancy

Contrary to common belief, one can achieve better reliability by triplicating only part of a computing machine rather than by triplicating the whole machine. The reliability figures for varying degrees of partial redundancy have been obtained. From such figures are derived conditions best suited to the totally redundant, partially redundant or nonredundant system.
Enhanced Radiosensitization of Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells by Pemetrexed When Combined With Methoxyamine to Inhibit Base Excision Repair

Purpose/Objective(s): Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Recent evidence suggests that cancer stem cells (CSCs) may be responsible for tumor recurrence and metastasis after radiation or chemotherapy. Our previous study indicated that butyrate, a small molecule anticancer agent and histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), sensitizes the NSCLC stem cell population to ionizing radiation. Butyrate treatment of NSCLC stem cells prior to radiation decreased the number of CSCs and suppressed expression of CSC marker ABCG2, compared to non-butyrate-treated cells. However, the mechanism underlying the effects of butyrate on NSCLC stem cells is unclear. A recent study reported that CITED2 (Cbp/p300-interacting transactivator with ED-rich tail 2), a transcriptional regulator that plays a critical role in stem cell fate determination and renewal, is inducible by HDACi in colon cancer cells. We therefore examined the role of CITED2 in regulating expression of CSC markers ABCG2 and CD24, and in modulating the biological effect of butyrate on the NSCLC stem cell population. Materials/Methods: Human NSCLC cells (line A549) were treated with butyrate (0.5-5 mM) for 24 hrs, or were transfected with plasmids carrying CITED2 human cDNA (overexpression), CITED2 siRNA (knockdown) or empty vector control. Following these treatments, cells received 0-8 Gy ionizing radiation. Cell survival fraction was analyzed by a clonogenic assay. The cancer stem cell population (Hoechst 33342 side population) was identified by FACS. mRNA expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR. Results: Butyrate induced expression of CITED2 in A549 cells in a dosedependent manner. Overexpression of CITED2 in A549 cells significantly reduced the CSC population and decreased expression of stem cell markers ABCG2 and CD24. CITED2 overexpression also sensitized A549 cells to ionizing radiation, mimicking the effects of butyrate on NSCLC. Moreover, CITED2 knockdown prevented butyrate-induced suppression of ABCG2 and CD24, suggesting a synergistic effect of CITED2 and butyrate on reducing the NSCLC stem cell population. Conclusions: Our study provides first evidence that CITED2, a transcriptional regulator inducible by butyrate, plays a critical role in regulating expression of CSC markers and in modulating the biological effect of butyrate on NSCLC stem cell populations. We demonstrated: 1) CITED2 represses CSC markers ABCG2 and CD24 in NSCLC stem cells; 2) CITED2 synergistically enhances the capacity of butyrate, a sensitizer of NSCLC stem cells to ionizing radiation, to reduce both the ABCG2(+) and CD24(+) NSCLC stem cell populations. Author Disclosure: Z. He: None. D.J. Leong: None. J. Tang: None. R.J. Majeska: None. S. Kalnicki: None. H.B. Sun: None.
On the cosmological constant problem

Abstract We prove that Weyl invariant theories of gravity possess a remarkable property which, under very general assumptions, explains the stability of flat space-time. We show explicitly how conformal invariance is broken spontaneously by the vacuum expectation value of an unphysical scalar field; this process induces general relativity as an effective long distance limit.
Virtual effects of light gauginos and Higgsinos: A precision electroweak analysis of split supersymmetry

We compute corrections to precision electroweak observables in supersymmetry in the limit that scalar superpartners are very massive and decoupled. This leaves charginos and neutralinos and a standard model-like Higgs boson as the only states with unknown mass substantially affecting the analysis. We give complete formulas for the chargino and neutralino contributions, derive simple analytic results for the pure gaugino and Higgsino cases, and study the general case. We find that in all circumstances, the precision electroweak fit improves when the charginos and neutralinos are near the current direct limits. Larger Higgsino and gaugino masses worsen the fit as the theory predictions asymptotically approach those of the standard model. Since the standard model is considered by most to be an adequate fit to the precision electroweak data, an important corollary to our analysis is that all regions of parameter space allowed by direct collider constraints are also allowed by precision electroweak constraints in split supersymmetry.
Adult learning theory for the twenty‐first century

Drawing from previous chapters in this volume, this final chapter proposes that adult learning theory is attending more to the various contexts where learning takes place and to its multidimensional nature.
Regional Brain Activation during Verbal Declarative Memory in Metastatic Breast Cancer

Purpose: To determine the neurofunctional basis of verbal memory dysfunction in women with metastatic breast cancer. This objective was based on previous research suggesting memory and other cognitive deficits in this population. We attempted to determine if verbal memory impairments were related to the most commonly studied disease parameters including adjuvant chemotherapy and chronic stress-related disruption of limbic system structures. Experimental Design: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to test our hypothesis that women with breast cancer would show significantly lower brain activation during verbal declarative memory tasks compared with age and education-matched healthy female controls. We also assessed several stress-related variables including diurnal cortisol levels to test our hypothesis that women with breast cancer would show higher stress and this would contribute to brain activation deficits during memory tasks. Results: Women with breast cancer had significantly lower prefrontal cortex activation during the memory encoding condition compared with controls. However, the breast cancer group showed significantly greater activation than controls during the recall condition in multiple, diffuse brain regions. There were no significant differences between the groups in stress-related variables. Women who were treated with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy showed lower prefrontal cortex activation during memory encoding. Conclusions: These results suggest that women with metastatic breast cancer may be at risk for verbal memory impairments as a result of altered functional brain activation profiles. These findings may be associated with chemotherapy type and/or other aspects of the breast cancer disease process. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(21):6665–73)
Exponentially weighted least squares identification of time-varying systems with white disturbances

The paper is devoted to the stochastic analysis of recursive least squares (RLS) identification algorithms with an exponential forgetting factor. A persistent excitation assumption of a conditional type is made that does not prevent the regressors from being a dependent sequence. Moreover, the system parameter is modeled as the output of a random-walk type equation without extra constraints on its variance. It is shown that the estimation error can be split into two terms, depending on the parameter drift and the disturbance noise, respectively. The first term turns out to be proportional to the memory length of the algorithm, whereas the second is proportional to the inverse of the same quantity. Even though these dependence laws are well known in very special mathematical frameworks (deterministic excitation and/or independent observations), this is believed to be the first contribution where they are proven in a general dependent context. Some idealized examples are introduced in the paper to clarify the link between generality of assumptions and applicability of results in the developed analysis. >
DIAGNOSABILITY OF SUBSPECIES: LESSONS FROM SAGE SPARROWS (AMPHISPIZA BELLI) FOR ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN BIRDS

THE VALIDITY AND utility of subspecies is an enduring subject of controversy in systematic ornithology. In a set of commentaries in The Auk more than two decades ago, numerous authors contributed personal views on avian subspecies and reaffirmed the validity of the concept despite its frequent misapplication (Barrowclough 1982, Gill 1982, Johnson 1982, Lanyon 1982, Mayr 1982, Monroe 1982, O'Neill 1982, Parkes 1982, Phillips 1982, Storer 1982, Zusi 1982). More recently, the subspecies rank was reviewed in light of molecular data (Zink 2004), with the conclusion that named subspecies commonly mislead taxonomy, evolutionary studies, and conservation policy. Because morphology and molecules may show discordant patterns of geographic variation (e.g. Zink 1996, Fry and Zink 1998), and because subspecies are traditionally defined on the basis of morphological criteria, rigorous analysis of morphology is crucial for proper classification at the subspecies level. Patten and Unitt (2002) reviewed the debate and contended that taxonomists too often have diagnosed avian morphological subspecies on the basis of calculated mean differences among populations rather than an objectively defined level of diagnosability. Although admitting that "the lower boundary for defining a valid diagnosable subspecies is arbitrary" (Patten and
Food availability of glucose and fat, but not fructose, increased in the US between 1970 and 2009: analysis of the USDA food availability data system

Background: Obesity rates in the United States have risen consistently over the last four decades, increasing from about 13% of the population in 1970 to more than 34% in 2009. Dietary fructose has been blamed as a possible contributor to the obesity increase, although the consumption pattern of fructose and other key nutrients during this 40 year period remains a topic of debate. Therefore, we analyzed the USDA Loss-Adjusted Food Availability Database in combination with the USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (Release 24) to determine whether fructose consumption in the US has increased sufficiently to be a casual factor in the rise in obesity prevalence. Methods: Per capita loss-adjusted food availability data for 132 individual food items were compiled and analyzed. Nutrient profiles for each of these foods were used to determine the availability of energy as well as macronutrients and monosaccharides during the years 1970-2009. The percent change in energy from food groups and individual nutrients was determined by using the year 1970 as the baseline and area-under-the-curve analysis of food trends. Results: Our findings indicate that during this 40 year period the percent change in total energy availability increased 10.7%, but that the net change in total fructose availability was 0%. Energy available from total glucose (from all digestible food sources) increased 13.0%. Furthermore, glucose availability was more than 3-times greater than fructose. Energy available from protein, carbohydrate and fat increased 4.7%, 9.8% and 14.6%, respectively. Conclusions: These data suggest that total fructose availability in the US did not increase between 1970 and 2009 and, thus, was unlikely to have been a unique causal factor in the increased obesity prevalence. We conclude that increased total energy intake, due to increased availability of foods providing glucose (primarily as starch in grains) and fat, to be a significant contributor to increased obesity in the US.
Automatic nuclei segmentation and spatial FISH analysis for cancer detection

Spatial analysis of gene localization using fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) labeling is potentially a new method for early cancer detection. Current methodology relies heavily upon accurate segmentation of cell nuclei and FISH signals in tissue sections. While automatic FISH signal detection is a relatively simpler task, accurate nuclei segmentation is still a manual process which is fairly time consuming and subjective. Hence to use the methodology as a clinical application, it is necessary to automate all the steps involved in the process of spatial FISH signal analysis using fast, robust and accurate image processing techniques. In this work, we describe an intelligent framework for analyzing the FISH signals by coupling hybrid nuclei segmentation algorithm with pattern recognition algorithms to automatically identify well segmented nuclei. Automatic spatial statistical analysis of the FISH spots was carried out on the output from the image processing and pattern recognition unit. Results are encouraging and show that the method could evolve into a full fledged clinical application for cancer detection.
Tactical Body-Worn Direction Finding

This paper discusses the body worn antenna vest (BWAV) development efforts at Southwest Research Institute that will enable the reception and DF of both narrowband and wideband signals while allowing for hands-free operations. A BWAV was developed consisting of two nested antenna arrays covering the frequency range of 30-3000 MHz. Sensitivity and DF performance data was collected with the BWAV on both a mannequin and human subject. The overall RMS error on a mannequin was 6.6deg. The overall RMS Error on a live subject was 15.8 degrees. However, taken between 100-2000 MHz the overall RMS on a live subject was 8.8deg. This met the overall program goals of -22.5deg RMS error from approximately 100 MHz to 2000 MHz.
Decentralized Adaptive Control of Robot Manipulators with Robust Stabilization Design

Due to geometric nonlinearities and complex dynamics, a decentralized technique for adaptive control for multilink robot arms is attractive. Lyapunov-function theory for stability analysis provides an approach to robust stabilization. Each joint of the arm is treated as a component subsystem. The adaptive controller is made locally stable with servo signals including proportional and integral gains. This results in the bound on the dynamical interactions with other subsystems. A nonlinear controller which stabilizes the system with uniform boundedness is used to improve the robustness properties of the overall system. As a result, the robot tracks the reference trajectories with convergence. This strategy makes computation simple and therefore facilitates real-time implementation.
Peripheral squamous cell carcinoma of lung: patterns of growth with particular focus on airspace filling

Because the clinical behavior of low-stage adenocarcinomas of the lung is best predicted when adjusted for the presence of a lepidic growth pattern, we studied the marginal growth patterns of 62 peripheral squamous cell carcinomas of lung focusing on the patterns of marginal/peripheral growth and presence of an alveolar filling component. Approximately one fourth of squamous carcinomas had 20% of their gross diameters composed of carcinoma cells filling airspaces with preserved alveolar architecture, and 26% of these cases had their gross size downgraded from a T2 to a T1 lesion. Despite this size recalculation, insufficient numbers of cases made it impossible to determine if this change had independent prognostic significance for T1/T2N0 lesions. Nonetheless, such a growth pattern was common and should be studied further in larger series to determine if an airspace filling growth pattern in squamous carcinoma is clinically important.
VHDL-based system simulation and performance measurement

This paper describes the techniques employed in the development of a VHDL-based system simulation of the Honeywell RH32 Prototype Development Unit (PDU). The architecture of the PDU is briefly described, and a design process is presented. The system simulation approach is discussed, including simulation model types, their development and validation, and testbench structure. Additionally, techniques for performance measurement and analysis of the simulation results are discussed, which can be used to improve the system design at the chip and board levels. Finally, conclusions drawn from this effort are presented, along with indications of future work to be performed. >
A Contemporary Bibliography of Scholarly Viticulture Resources

Abstract Four book bibliographies, two journals, and two databases served as the sources for 209 prominent, contemporary resources pertaining to American viticulture described in this selective bibliography. Organized into seven subject categories, the listing comprises monographs and compiled books, U.S. Department of Agriculture publications, conference and symposia proceedings, journal titles, and full-text online works, the majority of which are less than 30 years old.
Ecology of two species of echimyid rodents ( Hoplomys gymnurus and Proechimys semispinosus ) in central Panamá

The family Echimyidae is one of the most widely distributed rodent families in the Neotropics. Virtually every tropical lowland forest contains at least one echimyid species, and many areas contain half a dozen or more species. The commonest terrestrial representatives of the family are within the genus Proechimys, and several species such as Proechimys semispinosus (Central American spiny rat) have been the subject of intensive ecological studies (e.g. Adler 1994, 1996; Adler & Beatty 1997, Alberico & Gonzalez 1993, Fleming 1971, Gliwicz 1984, Gonzalez-M. & Alberico 1993). P. semispinosus is often the most abundant rodent throughout its geographic range in Central America and northwestern South America, and its ecology is now fairly well-known.
Continence and Quality-of-Life Outcomes 6 Months Following an Intensive Pelvic-Floor Muscle Exercise Program for Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Randomized Trial Comparing Low- and High-Frequency Maintenance Exercise

Background and Objectives: Few studies have examined the effectiveness of pelvic-floor muscle (PFM) exercises to reduce female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) over the long term. This study: (1) evaluated continence and quality-of-life outcomes of women 6 months following formalized therapy and (2) determined whether low- and high-frequency maintenance exercise programs were equivalent in sustaining outcomes. Subjects and Methods: Thirty-six women with SUI who completed an intensive PFM exercise intervention trial were randomly assigned to perform a maintenance exercise program either 1 or 4 times per week. Urine leaks per week, volume of urine loss, quality of life (Incontinence Impact Questionnaire [IIQ] score), PFM strength (Brink score), and prevalence of urodynamic stress incontinence (USI) were measured at a 6-month follow-up for comparison with postintervention status. Parametric and nonparametric statistics were used to determine differences in outcome status over time and between exercise frequency groups. Results: Twenty-eight women provided follow-up data. Postintervention status was sustained at 6 months for all outcomes (mean [SD] urine leaks per week=1.2±2.1 versus 1.4±3.1; mean [SD] urine loss=0.2±0.5 g versus 0.2±0.8 g; mean [SD] IIQ score=17±20 versus 22±30; mean [SD] Brink score=11±1 versus 11±1; and prevalence of USI=48% versus 35%). Women assigned to perform exercises once or 4 times per week similarly sustained their postintervention status. Discussion and Conclusions: Benefits of an initial intensive intervention program for SUI were sustained over 6 months. However, only 15 of the 28 women provided documentation of their exercise adherence, limiting conclusions regarding the need for continued PFM exercise during follow-up intervals of ≤6 months.
THE EFFECT OF ACUTE HYPERGLYCEMIA ON GASTRIC EMPTYING IN MAN

Older work in man with meals of carbohydrates in water has indicated that such meals slow gastric emptying in proportion to their osmolarities. Nevertheless, different carbohydrates have been found to have differing efficacies per milliosmole. One possibility which would explain such discrepancies among carbohydrates is that hyperglycemia induced by carbohydrate absorption itself contributes to the slowing of gastric emptying. To test this possibility, normal subjects were made acutely hyperglycemic with intravenous loads of glucose during the ingestion of various liquid test meals, and rates of gastric emptying of these meals were compared in the same subjects during periods of induced hyperglycemia with rates of gastric emptying under euglycemia conditions. Induced hyperglycemia significantly slowed the rate of emptying of meals containing fat + protein, or protein, but did not significantly alter emptying of meals containing only NaCl. It is concluded that hyperglycemia does exert some effect on gastric emptying, but that these effects of hyperglycemia are variably expressed, depending on the presence of other factors which themselves slow gastric emptying.
Comparative epistemology of suspicion: psychoanalysis, literature, and the human sciences.

ArgumentIn calling psychoanalysis a “school of suspicion” (Ricoeur 1970, 32), Ricoeur marks at once its use in a disposition characteristic of modernity: the disposition of suspicion. Modernity gives rise to various forms of suspicion, to modern forms of ressentiment and practices of disciplining oneself (the suspicion of oneself) as well as to an epistemology of suspicion. In this essay, I shall analyze the epistemological function of suspicion – which as the “paradigm of clues” (Ginzburg 1988) becomes the leading paradigm of the human sciences in the last third of the nineteenth century – and its close interrelationship with the techniques of power. As I shall demonstrate through a comparative reading of psychoanalytical, literary, and criminological texts, the modern production of knowledge in the human sciences cannot be separated from the modern “micro-physics of power,” which for Foucault was established in the eighteenth century, and the technologies of the self. I shall situate the paradigm of clues within the framework of the modern disposition of suspicion in order to combine the epistemological reflections with an analysis of cultural history. Thus I will first examine the paradigm of clues from the perspectives of cultural theory (Foucault and Nietzsche) and semiotics (Peirce), in order to illuminate the structural unreliability of the episteme as well as the way it is closely linked to the techniques of power. In what follows, I will apply this view to Bertillon's photographic identification system, the psychoanalytical concept of the trace, and Kafka's short story The Burrow.
The Impact of Group Decision Support Systems on Group Consensus Processes and Outcomes

An experiment was conducted to examine how the use of a group decision support system (GDSS) influences the formation of group consensus. In a task requiring group members to jointly prioritize a list of items, 12 groups of eight members each were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions involving different levels of technological meeting support: (1) a group decision support system, (2) a manual counterpart to the structure imposed by the GDSS, and (3) no structured support. Measures of group consensus and perceived consensus, decision quality and perceived decision quality, and perceived opportunity to express views were made. The results revealed that the measures of consensus, decision quality and perceived decision quality, and perceived opportunity to express views were all similar across the three levels of technology investigated. Only perceived consensus was found to vary across conditions. The practical implications of these results are discussed.
Sustainable Control of Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea stoebe)

Spotted knapweed is native to Eastern Europe, with a locally scarce but widespread distribution from the Mediterranean to the eastern region of Russia. The plant is one of over a dozen Centaurea species that were accidentally introduced into North America and now is found in over 1 million ha of rangeland in the USA and Canada. Land managers spend millions of dollars annually in an attempt to control spotted knapweed and recover lost forage production, and meanwhile the plant perseveres as a detriment to native biodiversity and soil stability. These ecological concerns have motivated intense scientific inquiry in an attempt to understand the important factors explaining the unusual dominance of this species. Substantial uncertainty remains about cause-effect relationships of plant dominance, and sustainable methods to control the plant remain largely unidentified or controversial. Here, we attempt to resolve some of the controversies surrounding spotted knapweed's ability to dominate invaded communities, and focus on what we believe is a sustainable approach to the management of this species in grasslands, rangelands, and forests. Application of both cultural and biological control tools, particularly the concurrent use of foliage, seed, and root feeding insects, is believed sufficient to decrease densities of spotted knapweed in most areas to levels where the species is no longer a significant ecological or economic concern.
Chemical reactions at interfaces: Hydrogen–deuterium exchange using a solid ND4Cl matrix in molecular secondary ion mass spectrometry

Organic compounds containing active hydrogens (e.g. imino, amino, carboxylic acid and hydroxy functional groups) undergo hydrogen–deuterium (H–D) exchange reactions in the course of argon ion bombardment in molecular secondary in mass spectrometry (SIMS) when examined as solids in solid ND4Cl matrix. The positive-ion SIMS spectra of non-ionic compounds (M) display ions resulting from exchange of active hydrogens in both the deuterated ((M + D)+) and cationized ((Ag + M)+ and (C+ + M)+) forms, while ionic compounds display exchange products in the intact cation (C+, where C = cation). Analogous H–D exchange is observed in the negative SIMS spectra of compounds bearing active hydrogen atoms. The fact that the exchange reactions are dependent on the primary ion dose demonstrates that they occur in the energized sample and not prior to ion bombardment. Information on the mechanisms of interfacial reactions, insights into the SIMS mechanism and confirmation of the number of acidic hydrogens in non-volatile organic ompounds are revealed by this experiment.
Design challenges in emerging broadband wireless systems

Broadband wireless systems, such as ultra wideband, are recent additions to the commercial application space. This paper considers front-end RF and analog design challenges and trade-offs in such systems, with an emphasis on ultra wideband.