cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromosome 9p Allelic Loss and p16/CDKN2 in Breast Cancer and Evidence of p16 Inactivation in Immortal Breast Epithelial Cells

To define the extent of involvement of chromosome 9p in breast carcinogenesis, we performed microsatellite length polymorphism analysis of markers spanning this region. Of 24 primary breast carcinomas analyzed, we observed a high frequency (58%) of loss of heterozygosity or allelic imbalance affecting subregion 9p21-22. Mutational analysis of CDKN2 (p16) was performed to determine whether this gene was the target of such alterations. Of 21 tumors analyzed, only 1 showed a mutation of probable consequence, suggesting that CDKN2 appears not to be the target of loss of heterozygosity and indicating the possible existence of another tumor suppressor gene within this region. Additionally, since it has been suggested that some CDKN2 deletions and mutations could be due to an in vitro phenomenon, four immortal breast cell lines derived from normal epithelium, MCF10F, MCF12F, 184A1, and 184B5, were examined for loss or mutation of CDKN2. Two lines (MCF10F and MCF12F) showed homozygous deletions of CDKN2, and one (184A1) revealed a hemizygous deletion and a nonsense mutation in the remaining allele. This could imply an important role of CDKN2 in the control of immortalization or in vitro adaptation and is the first evidence of such in nontumor-derived cell lines. Additionally, this is the first report of frequent loss of heterozygosity in the 9p21-22 chromosome subregion of uncultured primary breast tumors.
Baculovirus expressed 2C of foot-and-mouth disease virus has the potential for differentiating convalescent from vaccinated animals

Determining whether animals have been infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus or vaccinated is important because infected animals frequently become carriers of the virus, shed it intermittently and thus may be the source of new outbreaks of the disease. We had shown previously that the sera of convalescent animals contain antibodies to 2C, a highly conserved non-structural protein, whereas the sera of vaccinated animals do not. This is explained by observation that 2C is retained on the membranes of cells used for growing the virus for vaccine production. In contrast, the non-structural protein 3D, which is released into the medium, is not removed by centrifugation or filtration during vaccine production and therefore stimulates an immune response in both vaccinated and convalescent cattle. In this study we produced 2C and 3D in insect cells infected with recombinant baculoviruses. As demonstrated by serology and electron microscopy, 2C is also retained on the membranes of the insect cells. Both expressed proteins react with sera of convalescent animals, indicating that they are conformationally similar, but the 2C does not react with sera from vaccinated animals. The baculovirus expressed 2C appears to be a suitable antigen for the development of a reliable diagnostic test.
Characterizing the intensity and phase of ultraweak femtosecond light pulses using Optical Parametric Amplification Cross-correlation Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating

We use simultaneous temporal gating and parametric gain during Optical Parametric Amplification (OPA) to characterize the intensity and phase of few attojoule femtosecond pulses. We apply this new technique, OPA Cross-correlation Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating (OPA-XFROG) to investigate the measurement of poorly coherent light pulses such as fluorescence.
The United Nations’ and the European Union’s Conceptualizations of Peace: Risk Management, Post-Cold War Security and the Normalization of Croatia

This article explores the United Nations (UN) and European Union (EU) conceptualizations of international security and, through the case of Croatia, their policies for peacekeeping and peace building. It argues that in the post-Cold War period, international organizations reconceived security as risk management. International and supra-national organizations adopted a variety of strategies aimed at transforming potentially disorderly states into disciplined and predictable actors. This political rationality echoes the disciplinary and governmental modalities of rule that Foucault described as emerging in Europe in classical age. The case of Croatia suggests that in the face of increasing complexity, security is enacted through clusters of institutions that deploy a combination of mechanisms of persuasion and coercion. These instruments include legal advice, institutional design, scrutiny, conditionality, and admission into or exclusion from international associations. International security has now been reconfigured as an endeavor that seeks to mobilize the cooperation of clusters of diverse institutions and the active engagement of its targets.
Generation of Water Waves by the Wind

THE spectral energy density Φ of small deep-water waves increases with wind speed and fetch, for a given frequency-band, only up to a certain value. For larger wind speed or fetch the energy density appears to become saturated, as was noticed by Burling1 and by Phillips2. Having recently completed a detailed analysis of two sets1,3 of data on Φ I can now give quantitative evidence for this apparent saturation. (I am indebted to Dr. Burling and to the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, for permission to use the original data published in his thesis.)
A boundary element method for axisymmetric soil consolidation

Abstract The development of a time domain boundary element method for axisymmetric quasistatic poroelasticity is discussed. This new formulation, for the complete Biot consolidation theory, has the distinct advantage of being written exclusively in terms of boundary variables. Thus, no volume discretization is required, and the approach is ideally suited for geotechnicul problems involving media of infinite extent. In the presentation, the required axisymmetric integral equations and kernel functions are first developed from the corresponding three-dimensional theory. In particular, emphasis is placed on the analytical and numerical treatment of the kernels. This is followed by an overview of the numerical implementation, and a demonstration of its merits via the consideration of several examples.
Preparation of β-Sialon/ZrN bonded corundum composites from zircon by nitridation reaction sintering process

β-Sialon/ZrN bonded corundum composites were synthesized using fused white corundum, alumina micro powder, zircon and carbon black by nitridation reaction sintering process. Phase composition and microstructure of the synthesized composites were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electronic microscope, and the formation process of the composites was discussed. The results show that the composites with different compositions can be obtained by controlling the heating temperature and contents of zircon and carbon black. The proper temperature to synthesize the composites is 1 773 K.
Crack nucleation from a single notch caused by stress-dependent surface reactions

Abstract The surface of a solid under stress is unstable if there is mass exchange and transportation along the surface. A notch on the surface can be a preferred site for crack nucleation. This paper studies the evolution of a surface notch under stress dependant reaction. The surface is represented by a family of curves with many degrees of freedom, and the elastic field is solved using complex conformal mapping method. In the numerical simulations, the notch either deepens immediately and forms singular tip; or becomes perfectly flat after long time; or becomes blunter first, evolving slowly for a long time, then nucleates new surface instability and finally forms sharp tip; or becomes near flat first, then forms a bump on the surface. When the activation strain is small or the reaction is near equilibrium, the notch stability is mainly determined by the competition of strain energy and surface energy, and the sign of stress has little effect. When the surface reaction is away from equilibrium and activation strain is not small, stresses with different signs give totally different surface stability behaviors, depending on whether the solid is losing mass to or gaining mass from the environment.
Fibrous encapsulation of single polymer microfibers depends on their vertical dimension in subcutaneous tissue

The purpose of this research was to investigate possible explanations for why small-diameter microfiber implants do not experience encapsulation in subcutaneous tissue as do large-diameter fiber implants. Single polypropylene microfibers of approximately rectangular cross-section with rounded edges were twisted about their longitudinal axes and affixed at their ends to polycarbonate frames. The frames were implanted in rat subcutaneous dorsum for a 5-week period, then removed and processed for light microscopy analysis. Fibrous capsule presence/absence and thickness around the implants were assessed, and their relationships to geometric features of the fibers investigated. A logistic regression analysis between presence/absence of a fibrous capsule and geometric features of interest demonstrated strong predictive ability (92.4% correct predictions) for implant height and a well-defined threshold separating the presence and absence of a fibrous capsule at 5.9 μm (p < 0.001). Implant height was defined as the vertical distance between the most superficial and deepest level of the implant. This 5.9-μm threshold value of implant height is comparable to the 6.0-μm diameter threshold for capsule presence/absence in fibers of circular cross-section [Sanders et al. J Biomed Mater Res 2000; 52(1):231–237]. Fiber major axis length, minor axis length, aspect ratio, surface area per unit length, implant width, and implant angle did not show similar predictive ability or a well-defined threshold separating the presence and absence of a fibrous capsule. It is reasoned that for fibers greater than the threshold height of 5.9 μm, separation of collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix creates dead space regions adjacent to the fibers that attract inflammatory cells and stimulate fibrous capsule formation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 67A: 1181–1187, 2003
The utilization of bathocuproinedisulfonic acid as a reagent for determining D-glucose and D-galactose levels in glycoconjugates.

Abstract A sensitive, rapid, and reliable method for measuring d -glucose and d -galactose levels in glycoconjugates has been developed. In this method, the NAD(P)H produced from the enzymatic oxidation of the monosaccharides is reacted with a CuSO 4 -bathocuproinedisulfonic acid reagent (Cu-BCS) to produce a color complex absorbing maximally at 486 nm. With galactose dehydrogenase and glucose dehydrogenase serving as the model enzymes, graphs of absorbance versus varying d -glucose or d -galactose concentrations yielded a linear plot from 2.5 to 250 nmol of sugar. Using this procedure, sugar released by acid hydrolysis from lactose, porcine submaxillary mucin and raffinose was quantified. When p -nitrophenyl-α- d -glucopyranoside and p -nitrophenyl-β- d -galactopyranoside were acid hydrolyzed and assayed with the Cu-BCS reagent, the amount of sugar released from each of the p -nitrophenyl compounds was found to be equal to the levels of p -nitrophenol in solution. This method is easy to use and with minor modifications can be employed for the quantification of d -glucose and d -galactose in other glycoconjugates.
Twenty forms of electron holography

Abstract Since the original proposal by Gabor for the use of holography as a means for the improvement of the resolution of electron microscopes, a number of schemes for electron holography have been proposed and several of these have been demonstrated experimentally. These include the in-line holography in transmission electron microscopy (TEM), i.e. the reconstruction from through-focus series of micrographs, and the off-axis holography in TEM using an electrostatic biprism. Gabor's scheme has been realized by use of a scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) instrument, on-line. By taking into account that for each TEM mode there is a STEM equivalent, and vice versa, and for each in-line mode there is an off-axis mode and dark-field as well as bright-field modes may be possible, a total of twenty possible modes of electron holography, distinctly different in either their theoretical basis or their experimental requirements, may be distinguished. Of these, seven have been demonstrated experimentally and two or three others have been analysed theoretically. Of the remainder, several offer prospects for future useful development. A simplified, one-dimensional, theoretical description of the holograms and possible methods for reconstruction is given to allow ready comparison of the various modes.
DAIRY-PRODUCT INTAKE AND HIP FRACTURE AMONG OLDER WOMEN: ISSUES FOR HEALTH BEHAVIOR '

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between dairy-product intake and hip fracture among a national sample of women aged 50 years and older. Univariate analyses using SAS procedures showed dairy-product intake was significantly associated with hip fracture. Women who had suffered hip fracture reported higher dairy use than women who had not experienced these fractures, a finding that is dramatically inconsistent with the literature. This finding may reflect positive behavioral changes resulting from the hip fracture event. Further research must focus on changes in health behavior after fracture, which may assist in understanding the roles of specific theories of health behavior. Application of principles of health behavior could improve the effectiveness of preventive treatment programs for osteoporosis.
Sources, sinks, and seasonal cycles of atmospheric methane

It is shown that a lifetime of approximately 8 years is most consistent with the observed latitudinal variation of atmospheric methane, requiring the current global emissions of methane to be around 550 teragrams per year. The repeating pattern of a rapid rise of CH4 concentrations in the fall in the Northern Hemisphere indicates a large fall source at latitudes above 30 deg N. The remaining observed seasonal variations are seen as consistent with the seasonal cycle of OH, which removes methane from the atmosphere. An extensive set of self-consistent measurements of methane is reported and analyzed, revealing that methane has increased during the past 3-4 years at rates of 1-1.9 percent per year all over the world at sites ranging from inside the Arctic Circle to the South Pole. The observational results are used in estimating the sources, sinks, and seasonal cycles of CH4 and the effects of human activities on its atmospheric abundance.
Narcissism in the novels of Herman Melville.

The nineteenth-century novels of Herman Melville, in their exploration of the theme of the conflict of man's godlike aspirations with his all-too-human limitations, anticipate the twentieth-century psychoanalytic understanding of narcissism, as developed by Sigmund Freud and Hans Kohut, specifically its psychodynamic model of the ego ideal in conflict with reality and the finiteness of human life. Captain Ahab inMoby-Dick is a vivid portrait of a narcissistic character, while Captain Vere inBilly Budd stands as a model of the “transformations of narcissism” in a mature individual. Melville's imaginative fiction is still capable of giving us valuable insights into the human condition.
Psychiatric symptoms in white and black inpatients. II: Follow-up study

Abstract This study is a follow-up of 109 initially undiagnosed psychiatric inpatients; 37 patients were black and 72 patients were white and the mean follow-up period was 39 months. The rate of follow-up was 95% of the designed group for the study. This study confirmed the finding of a previous chart review study that black patients have a significantly higher rate of delusions and hallucinations and this difference cannot be accounted for by a difference in diagnosis. The diagnoses in both studies were established by using a structured interview from which symptoms were extracted to meet rigorous criteria for psychiatric diagnoses. These findings of the follow-up study in addition to those of the chart review study further support the suggestion that the difference in symptomatology is characteristic more of the group rather than the psychiatric disorder. The concordance between the established diagnoses at the time of the follow-up as compared to the diagnoses of the chart review is high in the two groups. However, when an attempt was made to arrive at a diagnosis by a non-systematic clinical impression there was a significantly higher rate of error for black patients as compared to white patients. This finding suggests that a structured interview is of particular importance as a diagnostic tool for black patients.
Stereoselective synthesis of chirally deuterated (S)-d-(6-2H1)glucose

Chirally deuterated (S)-D-(6-(2)H(1))glucose has been prepared in good overall yield from d-(6,6'-(2)H(2))glucose by a short, five-step synthesis from D-(6,6-(2)H(2))glucose utilizing (R)-(+)-Alpine-Borane [(R)-9-[(6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)methyl]-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane]. Suitably protected methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-D-(6,6-(2)H(2))glucopyranoside was prepared and the deuterated O-6 primary alcohol was oxidized to an aldehyde by Swern oxidation. Stereoselective reduction with nondeuterated (R)-(+)-Alpine-Borane gave methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-(6S)-D-(6-(2)H(1))glucopyranoside, which was deprotected under standard conditions to afford the title compound. The key stereoselective reduction step was achieved in 90% yield. The preparation uses economical, commercially available starting materials and will be useful for elucidating biosynthetic mechanisms.
Active incipient fault detection with two simultaneous faults

Abstract The problem of detecting small parameter variations in linear uncertain systems due to incipient faults, by injecting an input signal to enhance detection is considered. Unlike previous work where it is usually assumed that there is only one fault, in this paper we allow for two faults which is a natural assumption in the incipient case. A constructive method for the construction of an optimal input signal for achieving guaranteed detection with specified precision is presented in the discrete model case. The method is an extension of the multi-model approach used for the construction of auxiliary signals for failure detection, however, new technical issues must be addressed.
MANAGING SCARCE RESOURCES IN THE COMMUNITY COLLEGE: STRATEGIES FOR THE DEPARTMENT CHAIR

In recent years, the community college and higher education in general has witnessed a decrease in funding at the federal, state, and local levels. Community colleges, in turn, have called on the departmental level administrator to deal with the problem of real or impending budget reductions. Therefore, fiscal management has become one of the primary tasks of these mid‐level administrators. The present study examined how specific strategies might be utilized by department chairs to better manage scarce resources while maintaining or enhancing program quality. A sample of 50 department chairs was selected to take part in a 3‐round Delphi survey to determine effective resource management. Strategies advocated by the respondents as effective for resource management include addressing issues of human resource management jointly with fiscal issues and relying more heavily on academic program planning at the departmental level. Short‐term answers to scarce resource management, such as reduced program offerings ...
Catalytic turnover of pyrene by CYP3A4: evidence that cytochrome b5 directly induces positive cooperativity.

Abstract The metabolism of pyrene to hydroxypyrene by CYP3A4 was investigated to determine the effect of cytochrome b5 (b5) on turnover kinetics. In the absence of b5, formation of hydroxypyrene in in vitro incubations showed a biphasic substrate–velocity curve where Km1 and Vmax1 were 1.3 μM and 0.5 pmol/min/pmol P450, respectively. The addition of testosterone to the incubation mixture completely abolished the second phase to yield a typical, hyperbolic curve, presumably through the disruption in the formation of a π–π stacked pyrene complex within the CYP3A4 active site. Finally, the addition of b5 yielded an increase hydroxypyrene formation that resulted in a sigmoidal substrate velocity curve. The Vmax was 15.7 pmol/min/pmol P450, the Km was 7.5 μM, and the Hill coefficient was greater than two. This demonstrated that b5 could directly induce positive cooperativity on CYP3A4 and that this biological factor needs to be carefully considered when included in in vitro P450 reactions.
How Long Do Economic Sanctions Last? Examining the Sanctioning Process through Duration:

In this research we consider the determinants of economic sanction duration. Why do some sanction episodes last longer than others do? Why do some target states concede faster than others do? To explain the duration of sanction episodes we consider the target's institutional struture and its political stability We develop a theoretical framework based on the target's political features and apply this model to 108 sanction cases using hazard analysis. Our empirical findings indicate that the target state's features, especially its institutional structure and the politcal vulnerability of its regime, significantly impact the duration of sanction episodes.
On the robustness of the adaptive lasso to model misspecification

Penalization methods have been shown to yield both consistent variable selection and oracle parameter estimation under correct model specification. In this article, we study such methods under model misspecification, where the assumed form of the regression function is incorrect, including generalized linear models for uncensored outcomes and the proportional hazards model for censored responses. Estimation with the adaptive least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, lasso, penalty is proven to achieve sparse estimation of regression coefficients under misspecification. The resulting estimators are selection consistent, asymptotically normal and oracle, where the selection is based on the limiting values of the parameter estimators obtained using the misspecified model without penalization. We further derive conditions under which the penalized estimators from the misspecified model may yield selection consistency under the true model. The robustness is explored numerically via simulation and an application to the Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy.
Neutron and photon measurements through concrete from a 15 GeV electron beam on a target — Comparison with models and calculations☆

Measurements of neutron and phonon dose equivalents from a 15 GeV electron beam striking an iron target inside a scale model of a PEP IR hall are described, and compared with analytic-empirical calculations and with the Monte Carlo code, MORSE. The MORSE code is able to predict both absolute neutron and photon dose equivalents for geometries where the shield is relatively thin, but fails as the shield thickness is increased. An intermediate energy source term is postulated for analytic-empirical neutron shielding calculations to go along with the giant resonance and high energy terms, and a new source term due to neutron capture is postulated for analytic-empirical photon shielding calculations. The source strengths for each energy source term, and each type, are given from analysis of the measurements.
Contrasting part correlations in regression models.

Common applications of the part correlation coefficient are in causal regression models and estimation of suppressor variable effects. However, there is no statistical test of the significance of the difference between a zero-order correlation and a part correlation, nor between a pair of part correlations. This note uses Hotelling's (1940) t for contrasting dependent rs for contrasting a zero-order and first order part correlation, and for contrasting first- order part correlations based on different predictors and different covariates, the same predictor but different covariates, and different predictors and the same covariate.
Mechanical processing of iron powders in reactive and nonreactive gas atmospheres

Mechanical alloying, usually the blending together of elemental metal powders, has been used successfully to produce nonequilibrium microstructures. In this Bureau of Mines study, the effect of mechanical processing on powders in reactive (nitrogen) and nonreactive (argon) gas atmospheres was investigated and compared to results for similar powders that had nitrogen diffused into them. Infusion of nitrogen into powder by mechanical processing resulted in a nitrogen concentration exceeding 1 wt pct, 20 times the as-cast solubility in pure iron. Even at these high concentration levels, no nitrides formed. The nitrogen remained in solution even after consolidation by hot isostatic pressing (“hipping”). The presence of nitrogen retarded grain growth during consolidation.
Three-dimensional image analysis of fibrous materials

A thorough understanding and analysis of geometry and topology of three-dimensional fiber networks from high resolution images is an important and challenging task due to the enormous complexity and randomness of the structure. In this paper we propose a technique that is aimed at structural analysis of fiber mats, both for quality evaluation and improvement of fiber products. A sequence of image processing techniques is applied to the images, to obtain the medial axis of the fiber network. A description of the network is then determined from the medial axis. We demonstrate computational algorithms that can efficiently identify individual fibers from a network of randomly oriented and curled fibers that are bonded irregularly with each other. We can accurately measure the orientation, location, curl, length, bonds, and crossing angles of the identified fibers as well as the density of the fibers contained in a given volume. The performance of the proposed technique is presented for simulated fiber data and for a synthetic (polymer) fiber mat.
Planetary science: Into thin martian air

A dense early atmosphere has been invoked to explain the strong greenhouse effect inferred for early Mars. Yet an analysis of the smallest impact craters suggests that the atmospheric pressure on Mars 3.6 billion years ago was surprisingly low.
What a Little Hate Literature Will Do: “Cultural Issues” and the Emotional Aspect of School Change

Describing a class entitled “Cultural Issues,” this article is drawn from an ethnographic study of an affluent, predominantly white high school responding to recent neo-Nazi incidents. I argue that in focusing on cultural issues around the world rather than those close at hand, the course depoliticized ethnic difference and left unchallenged white privileging at the levels of classroom, school, and community. This neutralizing urge is traced to collective emotions of shame and guilt, which prompted well-intentioned efforts to bolster the school's reputation but prohibited critical exploration of inequity and conflict.
Political social media engagement: Comparing campaign goals with voter behavior

Abstract This study combines campaign interviews with secondary analysis of Pew data from the 2010 U.S. election to examine both social media expectations from the campaign side and fulfillment of those expectations from the public side. The results indicate that engagement with a campaign on social media dramatically increases the likelihood of voters’ engagement in key political participation outcomes.
In-Line Desalting of Proteins from Buffer and Synthetic Urine Solution Prior to ESI-MS Analysis via a Capillary-Channeled Polymer Fiber Microcolumn

Presented here is a novel in-line solid phase extraction (SPE) method utilizing a capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber microcolumn prior to introduction to an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. The high permeability of the microcolumn allows for operation under syringe pump or HPLC driven flow, ultimately providing greater mass spectral clarity and accurate molecular weight determinations for different protein/buffer combinations. Studies presented here focus on the desalting of several target proteins from a standard phosphate buffered saline (PBS) matrix and a synthetic urine solution prior to ESI-MS determinations. In every case, responses for μM-level proteins in PBS improve from the situation of not permitting molecular weight determinations to values that are precise to better than ±10 Da, without internal standards, with relative improvements in the signal-to-background ratios (S/B) on the order of 3,000×. De-salting of a myoglobin-spiked (12 μM) synthetic urine results in equally-improved spectral quality.
THE USE OF A CONCOMITANT VARIABLE IN SELECTING AN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Suppose that we have t treatments for comparison using N experimental units, for example, animals, and that on each unit we have a preliminary observation, for example, the body weight, available before the treatments are allotted to the units. Suppose that it is expected that the final observation of interest, y, will, in the absence of treatment effects, be well correlated with the preliminary observation, x. Then a number of standard methods are available for exploiting this correlation in order to increase the precision of the estimated treatment effects. The object of this paper is to compare the methods in some simple situations with a small number of experimental units. Attention is restricted to experiments in which each of the alternative treatments appears the same number, k, of items, so that N = tk.
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of tetrahydrodipicolinate‐N‐succinyltransferase

Crystals of tetrahydrodipicolinate-N-succinyltransferase have been obtained from solutions containing 2-propanol and polyethylene glycol 4,000. These crystals belong to the monoclinic space group P2(1), diffract X-rays to a resolution of 2.2 A, and contain one trimer per asymmetric unit.
Isotopic imaging of surface water/groundwater interactions, Sacramento Valley, California

Groundwater isotope data across the Sacramento Valley, California establish two types of groundwater mining: (1) overdraft of ancient groundwater with limited recharge by surface waters, producing cones of depression; (2) ancient groundwater withdrawal followed by rapid recharge of irrigation water, reducing groundwater quality. The first type occurs in the Sacramento metropolitan area, where meteoric runoff is unnaturally high and 40 years of pumping have depressed water levels to 25 m below sea-level, inducing recharge from losing reaches of the Sacramento and American rivers. Lateral migration rates are quantified by the binary mixing between river water (δ18O = −10.8) and natural groundwater (δ18O = −7.0). The second type of mining occurs in agricultural regions to the west, where 14C ages indicate that irrigation waters constitute more than 80% of modern recharge. This recharge has several characteristics of evaporated irrigation water, including: (1) high δ18O values (to > −6.0) that define closed contour patterns; (2) elevated NO3 concentrations (to 100 ppm); (3) low 14C ages of less than 500 years. Stable isotope contours, augmented by 14C data, provide dynamic recharge patterns in this profoundly disturbed, giant alluvial aquifer. On a large scale (> 100 km2), the lateral permeabilities of alluvial aquifers are essentially isotropic, whereas on a smaller scale (< 25 km2), anisotropy is evident and isotope values can be geographically complex and seasonally transient. Groundwater flow patterns implied by the isotope data can differ substantially from steady-state models based on head measurements.
A stable derivative of pBR322 conferring increased tetracycline resistance and increased sensitivity to fusaric acid

Abstract A hybrid trp-tet promoter was formed on pBR322 by insertion of a segment containing part of the trp promoter at the ClaI site. The product plasmid, pDR42, conferred resistance to higher concentrations of tetracycline than pBR322. Cells bearing pDR42 were sensitive to lower concentrations of fusaric acid than were those bearing pBR322. Since the difference in growth on fusaric acid between the E. coli RR1 alone and the strain with pDR42 is greater than is the case with pBR322, an improved selection of tetracycline-sensitive (Tcs) colonies out of a background of pDR42 specified tetracycline-resistant (Tcr) colonies was observed.
Effects of propagation in air on photon statistics

Calculations of photon counting distributions and fade probabilities are compared with measured data obtained using very weak laser pulses propagated over 10-km horizontal paths. Good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment using various simplifying assumptions and values of the refractive-index structure constant C{sup 2}{sub n} lying within an expected range.
The reduction of ferrate(VI) to ferrate(V) by ascorbate

Abstract The reduction of ferrate(VI) by ascorbate has been studied under anaerobic conditions in the pH range between 6.8 and 11.5 at 24 °C. A mechanism is proposed that is consistent with the observed rate constants k11(HFeO4− + AH−) = (5.6±0.6) × 106 M−1s−1, k12(Feo42− + AH−) = (1.3±0.1) × 106 M−1s−1and the pK(HFeO4− ⇌ H+ + FeO42−) = 7.9. Stoichiometric metric studeis show that at high ratios of [AH−]/[FeO42−], one ferrate(VI) oxidizes three moleculaes of ascorbat to the corresponding ascorbyl (A−) radicals.
Wound Modulation After Filtration Surgery

Filtration surgery is the standard invasive procedure for the management of intraocular pressure in advanced glaucoma. The key to a successful outcome is to modulate the normal wound healing cascade that leads to closure of the newly created aqueous outflow pathway. Antifibrotic agents such as mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil have been increasingly used to modulate the wound healing process and increase surgical success. Although these agents have proven efficacy, they also increase the risk of complications. Efforts have centered on the identification of novel agents and techniques that can influence wound modulation without these complications. We detail new agents and methods under investigation to control wound healing after filtration surgery.
East Asia in the "New Era" in World Politics

In the ongoing war on terrorism that highlights the "new era" in world politics, East Asia constitutes a crucial swing vote. Its importance derives from its growing economic heft in the world, as well as its central role in three key trends that have characterized international politics since the end of the cold war: globalization, regionalism, and a reequilibration of the national balance of power. This article examines the impact of September 11 on the region, focusing on these three trends as indicators. It finds that while the impact of the war has been in significant respects different in Southeast Asia and in Northeast Asia, in both subregions the dominant preference has been to pursue this new campaign more as a police effort than as a "war" against selected alleged terrorist-harboring nation-states. In this respect, antiterrorist efforts have been modest but thus far fairly effective. Yet the antiterrorist effort has not eclipsed other realms of international diplomacy (such as economic cooperation and regional development) to the extent that it has in American foreign policy. Thus there is some risk that the divergent priorities of Washington and the East Asian nations may unwittingly contribute to a form of regional consolidation in which the U.S. plays a diminished role.
Influence of family planning counseling in an adolescent clinic on sexual activity and contraceptive use.

Abstract We evaluated whether family planning counseling (FPC) in an adolescent clinic promoted the onset of sexual activity among the non-sexually active teens and/or increased contraceptive use among the sexually active teens. The FPC focused on the teens' establishing sexual values, the right to say "no," abstinence and alternate forms of intimacy, consequences of intercourse, and the various contraceptive methods. Data for one year were collected on the adolescents' first and subsequent visits to a medically oriented, municipal outpatient adolescent clinic. There were 383 teenagers who qualified for the study. Of these, 35% (134) reported premarital sexual activity. During the study period, 3% (8) of the 249 non-sexually active teens reported becoming sexually active. Among the 134 sexually active teens at clinic entry, 27% reported using a contraceptive method at their most recent sexual encounter. Among the 142 sexually active adolescents at the conclusion of the study, 76% reported contraceptive use at their most recent sexual encounter ( p
Observation of periodicity multiplication in a synchronously pumped dye laser

By tuning the cavity length of a synchronously pumped dye laser, many stable operating points were observed, where the periodicity of the dye laser was an exact rational multiple of that of the pumping argon-ion laser. The multiplication ratio was also found to be dependent on the pumping laser power. Output with 14 times the pumping periodicity has been observed in the time domain. Twenty-six times the pumping periodicity has been observed in the frequency domain. This system can be used to study the phenomena of optical chaos at high repetition frequencies in the visible.
Elective neck management for high-grade salivary gland carcinoma

Abstract Purpose To determine whether patients with clinically node negative (cNo) high grade salivary gland carcinomas benefit from an elective neck dissection prior to postoperative radiotherapy (RT). Material/Methods Between October 1964 and October 2009, 59 previously untreated patients with cNo high-grade salivary gland carcinomas (squamous cell carcinomas were excluded) were treated with curative intent using elective neck dissection (END; n = 41), or elective neck irradiation (ENI; n = 18) at the University of Florida College of Medicine (Gainesville, FL). All patients underwent resection of the primary cancer followed by postoperative RT. The median follow-up period was 5.2 years (range, 0.3–34 years). Results Occult metastases were found in 18 (44%) of the 41 patients in the END group. There were 4 recurrences (10%) in the END group and 0 recurrence in the ENI group. Neck control rates at 5 years were: END, 90%; ENI, 100%; and overall, 93% (p = 0.1879). Cause-specific survival was 94% in the ENI group, 84% in the END group, and 86% for all patients (p = 0.6998). There were 3 reported grade 3 or 4 toxicities. Two patients had a postoperative fistula and one patient had a grade 4 osteoradionecrosis that required a partial mandibulectomy. Conclusions Patients with cNo high grade salivary gland carcinomas who are planned to undergo surgery and postoperative RT likely do not benefit from a planned neck dissection.
The use of abstraction and motion in the design of social interfaces

In this paper, we explore how dynamic visual cues can be used to create accessible and meaningful social interfaces without raising expectations beyond what is achievable with current technology. Our approach is inspired by research in perceptual causality, which suggests that simple displays in motion can evoke high-level social and emotional content. For our exploration, we iteratively designed and implemented a public social interface using abstraction and motion as design elements. Our interface communicated simple social and emotional content such as displaying happiness when there is high social interaction in the environment. Our qualitative evaluations showed that people frequently and repeatedly interacted with the interface while they tried to make sense of the underlying social content. They also shared their models with others, which led to more social interaction in the environment.
The separability of inter- and intragranular resistivities in sodium beta-alumina type ceramics

The intergranular and intragranular resistivity components in β-alumina ceramics cannot be separated quantitatively by impedance analysis, it was concluded a few years ago in a previous article in this journal. This conclusion was based on use of the so-called parallel multi-element equivalent circuit to model the electrical properties of polycrystalline electrolytes. However, this model is shown to be inconsistent with the observation that the activation energy for the intergranular resistivity is independent of the size of that component for many compositions — both β- as well as β″-alumina. From this finding and others, the author infers that the separation of intra- and intergranular resistivities in sodium beta-alumina type ceramics is clean. Consideration of the separability question is greatly facilitated by an unconventional method of resistivity analysis. This alternative method involves essentially d.c. measurements on a set of specimens of the same composition but with different microstructures and resistivities. The method is described and its use illustrated.
Amplification of Signaling Events in Bacteria

Bacteria respond to extremely shallow chemical gradients by modifying their motility in a process called chemotaxis. This chemotactic response is characterized by high sensitivity to small concentration differences, which extends over a large range of concentrations. This combination of high signal gain and large dynamic range results from both a memory of past events and the ability to amplify small differences in signal between the memory and the current environment. Dahlquist describes the signaling mechanism used by bacteria to regulate the flagellar motor and the places in this pathway where signal amplification may occur.
A source of hyperthermal neutrals for materials processing

In this letter, we describe a unique method of producing hyperthermal neutrals for material processing. The hyperthermal neutrals are produced by accelerating ions across a sheath from a plasma onto a surface. On impact, the ions are neutralized and reflected with ∼50% of their incident energy. These neutrals then bounce off of additional surfaces prior to impacting the target. This unique multiple bounce system was developed for the following reasons: to reduce contamination from sputtered surface material, improve beam uniformity, and reduce UV radiation in the beam path. As a test of this method, we built a prototype beam source and used it to ash photoresist at rates up to 0.022 μm/min. These rates are consistent with a predicted neutral beam flux, 2×1014 cm−2 s−1. In addition, a simple model is used to indicate that this method is capable of producing economically acceptable ash rates. Comparisons with other neutral-beam production methods are made.
The localization of the cAMP‐dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site in the platelet rat protein, rap 1B

Abstract Rap1B is a low molecular weight G protein which is phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. In order to identify the site of phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase, purified rap1B from human platelets was phosphorylated and subjected to limited proteolysis with trypsin. Single digestion fragment containing the phosphorylation site was obtained and purified by reversed-phase HPLC. Sequence analysis of the phosphorylated digestion fragment demonstrated that the sequence of the phosphorylation site was -Lys-Lys-Ser-Ser-. This sequence is near the carboxyl terminus and is adjacent to the site of membrane attachment of the protein.
Numerically efficient solution techniques for computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer problems

We present a numerical software interface that can be integrated easily in a CFD or Heat transfer code and allows the systematic investigation of the efficiency of a broad class of solvers to optimize the code. We consider three classes of solvers that are respectively direct solver with LU decomposition, Krylov method with incomplete LU preconditionner and algebraic multigrid that have been implemented in Lapack, Sparskit, and Hypre. We systematically investigate the performance of these solvers with four test cases in ground flow, multiphase flow, bioheat transfer, and pressure solve in an Incompressible Navier Stokes code for flow in pipe with overset composite meshes. We show for each test case that the choice of the best solver may depend critically on the grid size, the aspect ratio of the grid, and further the physical parameters of the problem and the architecture of the processor. We have constructed an interface that allows to easily include in an existing CFD or heat transfer code any of the elliptic solvers available in Lapack, Sparskit and Hypre. This interface has the simplicity of Matlab command but keeps the efficiency of the original Fortran or C library. This interface can help us to investigate what would be the best solver as a preprocessing procedure. This work is a first step to construct intelligent software that will optimize an existing code automatically using the best algorithm for the application.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Some Simple Projective Brauer Quotients of Simple Modules for the Symmetric Groups in Characteristic Two

Abstract By Alperin's weight conjecture (J. L. Alperin and P. Fong, 1990, J. Algebra 131, 2–22) the number of simple kS n -modules equals the number of weights for S n , where S n is the symmetric group on n symbols and k is a field of characteristic p > 0. In this paper we answer the question, “When is the Brauer quotient of a simple F 2 S n -module V with respect to a subgroup H of S n both simple and projective as an N S n ( H )/ H -module?,” in some special cases. Remarkably, in each case there is only one such subgroup H (up to conjugacy).
Traumatic prenatal sigmoid perforation due to amniocentesis.

A variety of fetal injuries, including those inflicted to the gastrointestinal tract by amniocentesis, have been reported before. This brief report describes the first documented case of sigmoid perforation owing to the common procedure of amniocentesis that manifested as abdominal distention at birth. A potential link between this complication and a recent increased incidence of “intrauterine spontaneous perforation” of the gastrointestinal tract has been mentioned. Practicing radiologists are encouraged to inquire directly about the history of amniocentesis in unexplained cases of intrauterine intestinal perforation.
Do trauma centers improve functional outcomes: a national trauma databank analysis?

BACKGROUND: The development of a tiered trauma care system has lead to improved survival for the critically injured. The question as to whether the increased survival associated with the establishment of tiered levels of trauma care is paralleled by an improved functional outcome has not, however, been addressed. METHODS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank from 1994 to 2001 was performed with functional independence measure (FIM) as the primary outcome. Trauma centers were dichotomized as Level II or above versus Level III or below. Blunt and penetrating trauma patients were analyzed separately. Other covariates included age, gender, shock, comorbidities, alcohol, drugs, as well as head, chest, abdominal, spine, and lower extremity injury. Confidence intervals were set at an alpha of 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 474,024 patients were analyzed. Among minimally injured penetrating trauma patients, those receiving care at a higher tiered center had a higher likelihood of total independence (odds ratio [OR] = 1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0, 2.0). Among minimal, moderate and severely injured blunt trauma patients those receiving care at a higher tiered center had a higher likelihood of total independence (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.0, 1.4, OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1, 1.6, OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.3, 1.5, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that the complex care delivered by advanced level trauma centers is associated with improved functional outcomes. Further investigations to identify the reasons for differences in these outcomes are necessary to improve care at lower tiered hospitals particularly for minimally injured patients. Language: en