cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Work Domain and Task Analysis for Identifying Information Requirements: A Case Study of Rural Intersection Decision Support Systems:

Minnesota drivers are over-represented in accidents at rural intersections and many crashes are attributable to drivers accepting unsafe gaps. In this context, intersection decision support (IDS) systems are promising technologies for supporting driver decision-making. A significant activity during IDS development is to determine the information requirements to display to drivers. To be effective, an IDS system must present information that helps drivers successfully negotiate intersections. This paper compares two methods for identifying information requirements: work domain analysis (WDA) and hierarchical task analysis (HTA). Results showed that 58% of the requirements were identified by WDA, 7% by HTA, and 35% by both methods. An analysis of driver errors at intersections during the HTA activity identified that drivers can perceive gaps at intersections in different ways. This important nuance was not captured in the WDA. Therefore, both WDA and HTA are effective methods for identifying information req...
Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in mature osteoblasts is required for periosteal bone formation induced by reloading.

Abstract Skeletal loading and unloading has a pronounced impact on bone remodeling, a process also regulated by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling. Skeletal unloading leads to resistance to the anabolic effect of IGF-1, while reloading after unloading restores responsiveness to IGF-1. However, a direct study of the importance of IGF-1 signaling in the skeletal response to mechanical loading remains to be tested. In this study, we assessed the skeletal response of osteoblast-specific Igf-1 receptor deficient (Igf-1r−/−) mice to unloading and reloading. The mice were hindlimb unloaded for 14 days and then reloaded for 16 days. Igf-1r−/− mice displayed smaller cortical bone and diminished periosteal and endosteal bone formation at baseline. Periosteal and endosteal bone formation decreased with unloading in Igf-1r+/+ mice. However, the recovery of periosteal bone formation with reloading was completely inhibited in Igf-1r−/− mice, although reloading-induced endosteal bone formation was not hampered. These changes in bone formation resulted in the abolishment of the expected increase in total cross-sectional area with reloading in Igf-1r−/− mice compared to the control mice. These results suggest that the Igf-1r in mature osteoblasts has a critical role in periosteal bone formation in the skeletal response to mechanical loading.
The Role of pp60c- src in the Regulation of Calcium Entry via Store-operated Calcium Channels

In many cell types, G protein-coupled receptors stimulate a transient Ca2+ release from internal stores followed by a sustained, capacitative Ca2+ entry, which is mediated by store-operated channels (SOCs). Although it is clear that SOCs are activated by depletion of internal Ca2+ stores, the mechanism for this process is not well understood. Previously, we have reported that inhibitors of tyrosine kinase activity block the bradykinin- and thapsigargin-stimulated Ca2+ entry in fibroblasts, suggesting that a tyrosine kinase activity may be involved in relaying the message from the empty internal Ca2+ stores to the plasma membrane Ca2+ channel (Lee, K.-M., Toscas, K., and Villereal, M. L. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 9945-9948). We also have demonstrated that bradykinin activates the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-src (Lee, K.-M., and Villereal, M. L. (1996) Am. J. Physiol. 270, C1430-C1437). We investigated whether c-src plays a role in the regulation of SOCs by monitoring capacitative Ca2+ entry in 3T3-like embryonic fibroblast lines derived from either wild type or src-/src- (Src-) transgenic mice. We report that Ca2+ entry, following store depletion by either bradykinin or thapsigargin, is dramatically lower in Src- fibroblasts than in wild type fibroblasts. The level of capacitative Ca2+ entry in Src- cells is restored to nearly normal levels by transfecting Src- cells with chicken c-src. These data suggest that c-src may play a major role in the regulation of SOCs.
Scanning tunneling microscopy applied to optical surfaces.

The technique of scanning tunneling microscopy has been applied to topographic mapping of two optical surfaces: a ruled grating replica and a diamond-turned gold mirror. We have demonstrated the ability of the scanning tunneling microscope to measure surface topography of a ruled-grating replica over an area of 2 μm × 2 μm. Furthermore, surface structure on a diamond-turned gold mirror was observed that could not be detected by any other type of surface-sensitive microscope. These measurements yield information necessary for gaining a complete understanding of the diamond-turning process.
AUXIN IN RELATION TO LEAF BLADE ABSCISSION.

It is a.common observation that a leaf stalk usually abscises shortly after the removal of its blade. La Rue (2) delayed this abscission of debladed leaf stalks by the application of indoleacetic acid to the stalk. Compounds related to indoleacetic acid also have delayed the premature abscission of leaves and fruits (1, 3). These observations suggest that the auxin normally present in an organ is an important factor in delaying its abscission, and that a decrease in this auxin precedes or accompanies abscission. To test these ideas, determinations were made of the auxin content of bean leaves of various ages. This paper presents the results of the auxin determinations and a discussion of their significance. The first trifoliate leaves of Black Valentine beans, grown in the greenhouse, were used in this investigation. In beans an abscission zone lies between the blade of each leaflet and the leaf stalk. Thus blades differ from stalks in relation to the leaflet abscission zone; tissues of the blade are distal to the zone and tissues of the stalk are proximal to the zone. Samples of blades and stalks were taken from the plants at each age studied, 15, 30, 40, 60, and 70 days after planting. At 15 days the leaves were immature, the blades only partially expanded. At 30 days the leaves were fully expanded. At 70 days the blades were turning yellow and showing other signs of approaching abscission. Each sample was treated in the following manner: Immediately after cutting it was weighed, put into a container, and frozen at -15? C. As soon as convenient it was dried in a lyophilizer. The dried material was ground through a 40-mesh screen in a Wiley Mill, and weighed. Each sample was put into a separate 250-ml. Erlenmeyer flask containing 100-ml. of freshly distilled cold ethyl ether, and the flask kept for two hours in a refrigerator at 0? C. The material was then filtered through No. 1 qualitative paper and the residue washed with three 2to 3-ml. portions of fresh ether. The ether extract thus obtained was evaporated to a few milliliters and with a pipette transferred to a small test tube where it was evaporated to dryness. A measured amount of 1?% agar was added to this dried extract, the mixture shaken vigorously for a few minutes, poured into a 10.8 ? 8 ? 1 mm. brass mold, and cut into 12 blocks. These blocks were placed on Avena
Cholesteryl esters of pigeon (Columba livia) aortas as a function of age.

Abstract 1. 1. The amounts of free and esterified cholesterol and the cholesteryl ester fatty acid composition of upper thoracic aortas and muscular foci at the celiac bifurcation in 1-day-old, 6-week-old and 6-month-old pigeons ( Columba livia ) were determined. 2. 2. There were no significant age differences in the amounts of free and esterified cholesterol or in the cholesteryl ester fatty acid composition of upper thoracic aortas. 3. 3. In celiac foci the amount of cholesteryl esters increased with age. Accumulation of saturated cholesteryl esters accounted for 70% of the increase. 4. 4. The pattern of cholesteryl ester accumulation in celiac foci of young pigeons resembles that seen in the aortas of other young animals including humans.
Multiplicities without KNO: Parton branching versus negative binomial

Abstract It is shown that parton branhing equations for the probability P mn of m quarks and n gluons have exact solutions which violate KNO scaling. Only the approximate solution is exactly a KNO function. Corrections to this approximate solution approach KNO scaling from below in the high- z tail, in agreement with recent collider data and in contrast to the negative binomial distribution.
Study of Multicomponent Magnetic Nanostructures with Digital Image Processing Technique.

Previously, we used Digital Image Processing (DIP) to explore the relationships between the growth morphologies of sputtered two-phase nanostructures and their soft magnetic properties [1]. In this work we extended the application of DIP to analyse the effects of deposition parameters and annealing conditions on their soft magnetic properties including disaccommodation. Magnetically soft, amorphous Co61B39 thin films, exhibiting a two-phase structure, were deposited by sequentially co-sputtering cobalt and boron. We digitized TEM micrographs of these thin films, prepared under different deposition conditions, and subjected to various post deposition processing. Digital Fourier transforms of the TEM micrographs were studied for evidence that the film anisotropy could be correlated with morphological order arising from long and short range interactions between particles over distances of ≈ 0.2 − 1.0 nm. Our qualitative studies showed that important changes in soft magnetic properties were associated with changes in the two phase morphologies. We determined, for example, that specific morphological changes were associated with the reduction in the magnetic anisotropy produced by annealing. In general, decreases in anisotropy were associated with increased isotropy in Fourier space. The largest reductions and circular symmetric 2D Fourier transforms were produced by rotating field annealing.
The Influence of Chronic Ozone Exposure on Global Carbon and Water Cycles

AbstractOzone (O3) is a phytotoxic greenhouse gas that has increased more than threefold at Earth’s surface from preindustrial values. In addition to directly increasing radiative forcing as a greenhouse gas, O3 indirectly impacts climate through altering the plant processes of photosynthesis and transpiration. While global estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP) have incorporated the effects of O3, few studies have explicitly determined the independent effects of O3 on transpiration. In this study, the authors include effects of O3 on photosynthesis and stomatal conductance from a recent literature review to determine the impact on GPP and transpiration and highlight uncertainty in modeling plant responses to O3. Using the Community Land Model, the authors estimate that present-day O3 exposure reduces GPP and transpiration globally by 8%–12% and 2%–2.4%, respectively. The largest reductions were in midlatitudes, with GPP decreasing up to 20% in the eastern United States, Europe, and Southeast Asia ...
Individual Differences among Grapheme-Color Synesthetes: Brain-Behavior Correlations

Grapheme-color synesthetes experience specific colors associated with specific number or letter characters. To determine the neural locus of this condition, we compared behavioral and fMRI responses in six grapheme-color synesthetes to control subjects. In our behavioral experiments, we found that a subject's synesthetic experience can aid in texture segregation (experiment 1) and reduce the effects of crowding (experiment 2). For synesthetes, graphemes produced larger fMRI responses in color-selective area human V4 than for control subjects (experiment 3). Importantly, we found a correlation within subjects between the behavioral and fMRI results; subjects with better performance on the behavioral experiments showed larger fMRI responses in early retinotopic visual areas (V1, V2, V3, and hV4). These results suggest that grapheme-color synesthesia is the result of cross-activation between grapheme-selective and color-selective brain areas. The correlation between the behavioral and fMRI results suggests that grapheme-color synesthetes may constitute a heterogeneous group.
Estimating potential parallelism for platform retargeting

Scientific, symbolic, and multimedia applications present diverse computing workloads with different types of inherent parallelism. Tomorrow's processors will employ varying combinations of parallel execution mechanisms to efficiently harness this parallelism. The explosion of consumer products that incorporate high performance embedded computing will increase the stratification of the processor design space. However, existing code assets are limited to sequential expression of what should be highly parallel algorithms. Retargeting to parallel mechanisms is difficult, but can provide significant increases in efficiency. It is desirable to estimate potential parallelism before undertaking the expensive process of reverse engineering and retargeting. This paper presents a lightweight dynamic analysis technique for characterizing the types of parallelism that are inherent in a given program to estimate the potential benefit of retargeting. The technique is validated on Spec95 and MediaBench benchmarks widely used to evaluate processor performance. Results correlate well with previous experience in parallelizing these well-understood applications.
Histological and cytological changes in the ovary of Cymatogaster aggregatus during gestation

Viviparity in the teleost fishes is most highly developed in the family Embiotocidae. In Cymatogaster aggregatus, a member of this family, the males are sexually mature at birth. Females born in June and July are inseminated soon after birth and carry the spermatozoa in the ovarian cavity until December when eggs are fertilized. Embryos are retained in the ovarian cavity till the following spring when they are born. The cells of the epithelium lining the ovarian cavity develop internal fluid reservoirs which reach their maximal stage in early gestation when there is an extensive sloughing of epithelial cells. The epithelium returns to its original condition in late gestation and later the cells undergo multiplication. The stroma becomes swollen and contains a large amount of fluid during early gestation and shrinks as the embryos become larger. Many of the eggs, failing to reach maturity at the time of fertilization, degenerate. Degeneration also takes place in numerous smaller ovocytes during gestation but some of them survive to grow during the next season. The cyclical changes in the ovarian tissue of Cymatogaster aggregatus are parallel to those which occur in the ovaries of the Goodeidae and the Jenynsiidae, two other families in which viviparity has been highly developed.
Hepatic Venous Malformation After Modified Fontan Procedure With Partial Hepatic Vein Exclusion

Partial hepatic vein exclusion, as an alternative to baffle fenestration, has been performed as a modification of the Fontan procedure. We report a case of severe cyanosis resulting from massive right-to-left shunting via a hepatic vascular malformation that developed in a patient after a modified Fontan procedure with partial hepatic vein exclusion.
A Collapsible Trap for Capturing Ruffe

Abstract A modified version of the Windermere trap was designed, constructed, and tested for its effectiveness in capturing ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus. The inexpensive, lightweight, collapsible trap was easily deployed and retrieved from a small boat. Field tests conducted at the St. Louis River estuary in western Lake Superior in spring 1995 and 1996 indicated that the trap was effective in capturing ruffe. Proportions of ruffe in trap and bottom trawl catches were similar in 1995 and 1996. This trap could be a useful tool in surveillance, monitoring, or control programs for ruffe or similar species, either to augment existing sampling programs or especially in situations where gillnetting or bottom trawling are not feasible.
Two problems of induction

Summary In this paper, two different theoretical problems of induction are delineated. The first problem is addressed; the second problem is deferred to the sequel to this paper. The first problem of induction is taken to be the seemingly unformalizable nature of traditional inductive arguments. It is shown that the problem does not arise out of some particularly dubious argument form (all inductive argument forms being interderivable), but rather from the presupposition that inductive “logic” is, like deductive logic, assertoric. Rather (it is urged), inductive logic is dialectical in nature. Resume Dans cet article, deux problemes theoriques de l'induction sont formules. Le premier est traite, le second le sera dans une suite a cet article. Le premier probleme de l'induction est ici la nature apparemment non formalisable des arguments inductifs traditionnels. L'auteur montre que le probleme ne provient pas d'une forme d'argumentation particulierement douteuse (puisque toutes les formes d'argumentation inductive sont interderivables), mais au contraire de la presupposition que la «logique» inductive est, comme la logique deductive, assertorique. Il soutient au contraire qu'elle est par nature dialectique. Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zwei theoretische Probleme der Induktion formuliert, wovon das zweite in einem anderen Artikel behandelt werden soll. Das erste Problem betrifft die scheinbar nicht formalisierbare Natur der ublichen induktiven Argumente. Der Verfasser zeigt dass das Problem nicht von einer besonders zweifelhaften Argumentationsform herruhrt (da ja alle induktiven Argumentationsformen unter sich herleitbar sind), sondern von der Voraussetzung, dass die induktive «Logik» — wie die deduktive Logik — assertorisch sei. Es wird dagegen gezeigt, dass die induktive Logik dialektischer Natur ist.
Induced) Forgetting to form a collective memory

How communities forge collective memories has been a topic of long-standing interest among social scientists and, more recently, psychologists. However, researchers have typically focused on how what is overtly remembered becomes collectively remembered. Recently, though, Stone and colleagues have delineated different types of silence and their influence on how individuals and groups remember the past, what they termed, mnemonic silence. Here we focus on the importance of relatedness in understanding the mnemonic consequences of public silence. We begin by describing two common means of investigating collective memories: the social construction approach and the psychological approach. We subsequently discuss in detail a psychological paradigm, retrieval-induced forgetting, and demonstrate how this initially individual memory paradigm can and has been extended to social contexts in the form of public silence and may provide insights into larger sociological phenomenon, in our case, collective memories. We ...
Monoclonal antibodies to inner ear antigens: I. Antigens expressed by supporting cells of the guinea pig cochlea

Murine monoclonal antibodies against guinea pig cochlear epithelium were generated with the goal of identifying cochlea-specific antigens and elucidating their function. To compensate for the limited amount of cochlear tissue, intrasplenic immunization was used. Hybridoma supernatants were screened by ELISA for antibody production and for binding to homogenates from cochlea, liver, lung, kidney and brain. Hybrids producing antibody to cochlea were subcloned and tested immunocytochemically against frozen sections and surface preparations of paraformaldehyde-fixed cochlear tissue. KHRI-1, a low titer IgM antibody stained only Hensen cells. KHRI-2, also an IgM antibody, stained tectorial membrane, cells of the spiral limbus, cells bordering the space of Nuel, Hensen cells and the root cells of the spiral prominence. KHRI-3, an IgG1 antibody, stained the phalangeal processes of outer pillar cells and the apical portion of phalangeal processes of Deiters' cells in a distinctive wine goblet pattern on surface preparations. KHRI-3 antibody also reacted with peripheral nerves and pia mater of brain in unfixed frozen sections but the antigenic site was not stable to fixation in contrast to the epitope detected in the cochlea. In Western blots of detergent extracts from cochlea KHRI-3 stained a broad tissue-specific band of Mr 70-75 kDa; a narrower band of Mr 68-70 kDa was identified by KHRI-3 in extracts of tongue and brain. KHRI-1 and KHRI-2 did not detect any proteins in Western blots. The monoclonal antibodies KHRI-1, -2, and -3 which define epitopes expressed by discrete populations of supporting cells in the inner ear should be useful in characterizing the nature and function of cellular structures in the cochlea.
Marine‐derived Nutrients from Green Turtle Nests Subsidize Terrestrial Beach Ecosystems

Spatially separated ecosystems are often linked by nutrient fluxes. Nutrient inputs may be transferred by physical vectors (i.e., wind and water) or by biotic vectors. In this study, we examine the role of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) as biotic transporters of nutrients from marine to terrestrial ecosystems, where they deposit eggs. We compare low and high nest density sites at Tortuguero, Costa Rica, the largest green turtle rookery in the western hemisphere. Four plant species (Costus woodsonii, Hibiscus pernanbucensis, Hymenocallis littoralis, Ipomoea pes-caprae) were analyzed at both nest density sites for 15 N, total carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and vegetation cover. Sand was analyzed for 15 N and total nitrogen. Vegetation at high nest density sites had higher total nitrogen, which was correlated with higher d 15 N values, suggesting nutrient input from a marine source. The dominant plant species changed between low and high nest density sites, indicating that turtle-derived nutrients may alter the plant community composition. The trend in d 15 N values of sand was similar, although less pronounced than that of the vegetation. Sand may be a poor integrator of nutrient input due to low nutrient adsorption and high rate of leaching. Sea turtles have previously been shown to deposit considerable amounts of nutrients and energy on nesting beaches. In this study, we estimate annual nitrogen and phosphorus contributions at Tortuguero are 507 and 45 kg/km, respectively, and we demonstrate that beach vegetation likely assimilates a portion of these marine-derived nutrients.
Low-cost, planar and wideband phased array with integrated balun and matching network for wide-angle scanning

With space at a premium, there is strong interest to develop a single ultra wideband (UWB) phased array capable of concurrently supporting communications, electronic warfare and radar functions. Recent focus on conformal designs present new challenges on wideband apertures which typically transform into narrowband or multiband configurations when placed on a ground plane. Therefore, the design of low-cost phased array apertures that are concurrently broadband and low-profile ( high /2) has been a continuing challenge.
An intermittently paced rhythm: Deciphering the etiology of depolarization

We present a case of an intermittently paced rhythm in a patient with prior placement of a St. Jude Medical (SJM) dual chamber pacemaker (PPM). The patient had a history of difficult-to-control hypertension, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, gastroparesis and end-stage renal disease receiving hemodialysis presenting for admission due to hypertensive urgency. Initial electrocardiogram upon arrival showed sinus tachycardia, however, a follow up electrocardiogram was notable for ventricular pacing only every other beat with a shortened atrioventricular delay beyond the programmed settings of the PPM.
Characteristics of hairs and related mechanoreceptors in the mouse and rabbit.

Certain distinctive forms of hair act as levers for specific tactile receptors. Thus, information about hair structure can be used to locate and compare receptors among species and among different body areas. For example, the tylotrichs and bristles in both mice and rabbits activate special groups of receptors in the dermis, and the tylotrichs also displace innervated Merkel cells in the epidermis. Each of these hairs has definite structural features, which include a long graduated tip and wide shaft. This basic form characterizes all of the tylotrichs or bristles that grow in succession within a single follicle and related nerve cylinder during the life-span of an animal. Most of the other hairs in mice have short tips and have narrow shafts with one or more constrictions. A short-tipped hair with one constriction as well as a hair with three constrictions can grow through the same follicle and nerve cylinder in different hair growth cycles. Variations in hair constrictions probably have no bearing on receptor identification but must be investigated and thus eliminated as sources of confusion. There are more constrictions in first-generation hairs than in the hairs formed in subsequent growth cycles. First-generation hairs activate densely distributed receptors in a thin juvenile integument, whereas the less constricted hairs in adult animals activate receptors that are widely separated in a thick, fully expanded integument.
An efficient measure of compactness for two-dimensional shapes and its application in regionalization problems

A measure of shape compactness is a numerical quantity representing the degree to which a shape is compact. Ways to provide an accurate measure have been given great attention due to its application in a broad range of GIS problems, such as detecting clustering patterns from remote-sensing images, understanding urban sprawl, and redrawing electoral districts to avoid gerrymandering. In this article, we propose an effective and efficient approach to computing shape compactness based on the moment of inertia MI, a well-known concept in physics. The mathematical framework and the computer implementation for both raster and vector models are discussed in detail. In addition to computing compactness for a single shape, we propose a computational method that is capable of calculating the variations in compactness as a shape grows or shrinks, which is a typical application found in regionalization problems. We conducted a number of experiments that demonstrate the superiority of the MI over the popular isoperimetric quotient approach in terms of 1 computational efficiency; 2 tolerance of positional uncertainty and irregular boundaries; 3 ability to handle shapes with holes and multiple parts; and 4 applicability and efficacy in districting/zonation/regionalization problems.
Analogical reasoning via intelligent animation: a problem solving methodology

Describes the philosophy, design and current implementation of the ARIA project. ARIA (analogical reasoning via intelligent animation) is designed to enable the native analogical reasoning of problem solvers. Enabling takes place with animated graphics and interactive control of the analogic environment. >
Structural Transition in Cu/Fe Multilayered Thin Films

Microstructural development of Fe and Cu in Cu/Fe multilayers of layer thickness 1.5-10 nm prepared on Si, Ge, and MgO substrates by ion beam sputtering were studied using XRD and cross-sectional TEM. High-angle x-ray results show an fcc Cu structure and a distorted bcc structure in the Fe layers at 5 nm-layer-thickness and smaller, and bcc Fe(110) and fcc Cu(111) peaks in the 10 nm-layer-thickness samples. Low-angle XRD indicates that the layers in the samples grown on MgO substrates have a more uniform and smooth layered structure than the multilayers grown on Si and Ge substrates, which results from larger grains in the MgO substrate samples for the same layer thickness. Relations among growth, microstructure, and interfaces with layer thickness are discussed.
Myocardial stiffness in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction contributions of collagen and titin

Background—The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have an increase in passive myocardial stiffness and the extent to which discovered changes depend on changes in extracellular matrix fibrillar collagen and cardiomyocyte titin. Methods and Results—Seventy patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting underwent an echocardiogram, plasma biomarker determination, and intraoperative left ventricular epicardial anterior wall biopsy. Patients were divided into 3 groups: referent control (n=17, no hypertension or diabetes mellitus), hypertension (HTN) without (–) HFpEF (n=31), and HTN with (+) HFpEF (n=22). One or more of the following studies were performed on the biopsies: passive stiffness measurements to determine total, collagen-dependent and titin-dependent stiffness (differential extraction assay), collagen assays (biochemistry or histology), or titin isoform and phosphorylation assays. In comparison with controls, pat...
Electrowetting on Dielectric (EWOD) Assisted Droplet Desiccation

Lab-on-a-chip (LOAC) devices are emerging technologies that aim to perform all of the laboratory functions of traditional diagnostic tests on single microchips. Microarrays are one promising type of LOAC device that consist of an array of droplets for testing tens to thousands of samples simultaneously. Microarrays are commonly used in gene sequencing, pathogen detection, determining microbial resistances, and conducting enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). As droplets in these arrays dry, the majority of material within the droplet is deposited around the periphery. This phenomenon is referred to as the coffee stain effect. The non-uniform depositions left by this effect can result in variation of fluorescence intensity measurements in automated vision systems. A means of producing more uniform particle depositions for the microscopy analysis would allow for more accurate test results.One promising method for suppression of the coffee stain effect involves the use of electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD). EWOD devices apply an electrokinetic force at the three-phase contact line to manipulate the shape of a droplet interface. The Mugele group has already begun investigating EWOD’s effects on the coffee stain effect and found that an AC voltage applied to droplets on EWOD devices can suppress the coffee stain effect and produce smaller, more uniform droplet deposition patterns.This work presents (i) a method to characterize the deposition pattern left by a desiccated droplet as a function of radial position and (ii) a discussion of the microfabrication technique used to create devices to perform EWOD assisted desiccation for both AC and DC voltages.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Assessing Newspaper Coverage of Corporate Violence: The Dance Hall Fire in Qoteborg, Sweden

The media disproportionately focus on conventional crime while neglecting the impact of corporate misbehavior. The present research examines U.S. newspaper coverage of a deadly fire at a dance hall in Goteborg, Sweden. This particular incident facilitates an examination of how newspapers treat issues involving culpability of conventional offenders (arsonists) and white collar offenders (the owners of the nightclub and the promoters of the dance). It was found that newspapers disproportionately focused on the direct harm associated with the fire, and generally neglected the role played by the organizers/promoters. Suggestions are offered regarding the need for more complete media coverage of crime, particularly white collar crime.
The Challenge of Getting it Just Right: Optimizing Long-Term Antithrombotic Therapy After Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality [(1,2)][1]. Initial treatment in the hospital consists of intensive antithrombotic therapy combining parenteral anticoagulation with antiplatelet therapy, whereas secondary prevention relies primarily on dual
Probabilistic Rate Compartment Cancer Model: Alternate versus Traditional Chemotherapy Scheduling

A four-compartment model for the evolution of cancer based on the characteristics of the cells is presented. The model is expanded to account for intrinsic and acquired drug resistance. This model can be explored to see the evolution of drug resistance starting from a single cell. Numerical studies are performed illustrating the palliative nature of chemotherapeutic treatments. Computational results are given for traditional treatment schedules. An alternate schedule for treatments is developed increasing the life expectancy and quality of life for the patient. A framework for the alternate scheduling is presented that addresses life expectancy, quality of life, and risk of metastasis. A key feature of the alternate schedule is that information for a particular patient can be used resulting in a personalized schedule of treatments. Alternate scheduling is compared to traditional treatment scheduling.
Low-income parents’ adult interactions at childcare centres

ABSTRACTLittle is known about the extent and nature of low-income parents’ interactions with other parents and staff at childcare centres, despite the potential for these interactions to provide emotional, informational, and instrumental support. This study interviewed 51 parents at three childcare centres in low-income neighbourhoods in New York City. Twenty-six per cent of parents reported talking with other parents at drop-off and pick-up, and another 35% reported meeting with parents outside the centre in addition to talking with them at the centre. Parents’ extent of interaction was related to how long they spent at drop-off and pick-up, their participation in centre activities, and their sociability in general. All parents reported interacting with teachers and administrators, and described them more often than other parents as good sources of information and advice. We discuss the implications for parents and centre-based childcare providers.
Analysis of electricity consumption: a study in the wood products industry

This paper evaluates the effect of industry segment, year, and US region on electricity consumption per employee, per dollar sales, and per square foot of plant area for wood products industries. Data was extracted from the Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) database and imported into MS Excel. The extracted dataset was examined for outliers and abnormalities with outliers outside the quantile range 0.5–99.5 dropped from the analysis. A logarithmic transformation was applied to eliminate the skewness of the original data distributions. Correlation measurements indicated a moderate association between the response variables; therefore, a multivariate analysis of variance test was performed to measure the impact of the three factors: industry type, year, and region, simultaneously on all response variables. The results indicated some effect associated with all three factors on the three measures of electricity consumption. Subsequently, univariate ANOVA tests were conducted to determine the levels of the factors that were different. Most levels of industry type were associated with significantly different energy consumption, an expected result since some of the industries are more energy intensive than others. The industries in Standard Industry Code (SIC) 2493 (reconstituted wood products) are the groups with the highest electricity consumption with means of 38,096.28 kWh/employee, 0.86 kWh/sales, and 154.14 kWh/plant area while industries grouped in SIC 2451 (mobile homes) have the smallest consumption with means of 6811.01 kWh/employee, 0.05 kWh/sales, and 9.45 kWh/plant area. Interestingly, differences in regional consumption were found to be linked to the proportion of industry types by region. Data analysis also indicated differences in electricity consumption per employee for the factor year, but for the other response variables, no differences were found. These main results indicate that industries in the wood products sector have different electricity consumption rates depending on the type of manufacturing processes they use. Therefore, industries in this sector can use these comparisons and metrics to benchmark their electricity consumption as well to understand better how electricity costs might vary depending on the region they are located.
On the Mechanism of Intrinsic Gettering by Butterfly-Type Defects in Silicon

We have recently found that a very effective intrinsic gettering of metal contaminants in silicon can be realized via interaction of native defects. This process makes it possible to extend intrinsic gettering of crystals with low or virtually zero oxygen concentration. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy were used to identify the microscopic structure of the gettering centers in oxygen-free silicon. These centers exhibited butterfly-type shape and they consisted of the interstitial type extended dislocation loops of 0.1 to 0.7 µm diameter. Small precipitates (3–15 nm diameter) of metal (Cu, Ni, Fe) silicides were found inside the dislocation loops and/or on the dislocation lines. The origin of butterfly-type gettering centers will be discussed in terms of the intrinsic gettering model involving lattice supersaturation with silicon self-interstitials as a driving force for their complexing and subsequent formation of dislocation loops and precipitates which immobilize metal contaminants.
Organizational Ownership Patterns and Efficiency: A Case Study of Private and Cooperative Sugar Factories in South India

This study investigated the relative organizational efficiency of two types of organizational systems currently competing for resources and political patronage in India. The samples consisted of 26...
The Theorems of Bony and Brezis on Flow-Invariant Sets

(1972). The Theorems of Bony and Brezis on Flow-Invariant Sets. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 79, No. 7, pp. 740-747.
Taste coding of complex naturalistic taste stimuli and traditional taste stimuli in the parabrachial pons of the awake, freely licking rat

Several studies have shown that taste-responsive cells in the brainstem taste nuclei of rodents respond to sensory qualities other than gustation. Such data suggest that cells in the classical gustatory brainstem may be better tuned to respond to stimuli that engage multiple sensory modalities than to stimuli that are purely gustatory. Here, we test this idea by recording the electrophysiological responses to complex, naturalistic stimuli in single neurons in the parabrachial pons (PbN, the second neural relay in the central gustatory pathway) in awake, freely licking rats. Following electrode implantation and recovery, we presented both prototypical and naturalistic taste stimuli and recorded the responses in the PbN. Prototypical taste stimuli (NaCl, sucrose, citric acid, and caffeine) and naturalistic stimuli (clam juice, grape juice, lemon juice, and coffee) were matched for taste quality and intensity (concentration). Umami (monosodium glutamate + inosine monophosphate) and fat (diluted heavy cream) were also tested. PbN neurons responded to naturalistic stimuli as much or more than to prototypical taste stimuli. Furthermore, they convey more information about naturalistic stimuli than about prototypical ones. Moreover, multidimensional scaling analyses showed that across unit responses to naturalistic stimuli were more widely separated than responses to prototypical taste stimuli. Interestingly, cream evoked a robust and widespread response in PbN cells. Collectively, these data suggest that natural foods are more potent stimulators of PbN cells than purely gustatory stimuli. Probing PbN cells with pure taste stimuli may underestimate the response repertoire of these cells.
Study on the relationship between secretory immunoglobulin A and recurrent parotitis in children

Objective To investigate the secretory immunoglobulin A(SIgA) level in saliva of pediatric patients with recurrent parotitis and explore its clinical significance. Methods Saliva SIgA level was detected by ELISA in 45 children with recurrent parotitis and 36 children without recurrent parotitis. Results The average saliva SIgA level in the children with recurrent patotitis was 375.19±209.69 μg/ml,which was significantly higher than that in children with non-recurrent parotitis(217.07±186.52 μg/ml)(P0.01). Conclusion Changes of saliva SIgA level might be of prognostic importance in pediatric patients with recurrent parotitis.
Demonstration: Using GIFT to Support Students' Understanding of the UrbanSim Counter Insurgency Simulation.

This paper presents our recent work with the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT) for authoring tutors and training systems in concert with already developed external applications that provide a wide variety of educational experiences. In this paper, we describe our efforts to extend the GIFT system to develop metacognitive tutoring support for UrbanSim, a turn- based simulation environment for learning about counterinsurgency operations. We discuss specific extensions to GIFT as well as the links we have developed between GIFT and UrbanSim to track player activities. Additionally, we discuss a conversational approach that we are designing to interpret players' strategies and provide feedback when they adopt suboptimal approaches for their counter- insurgency operations.
Midterm Results of the Salto Talaris Total Ankle Arthroplasty

Background:The Salto Talaris total ankle replacement is a modern fixed-bearing implant used to treat symptomatic ankle arthritis with the goals of providing pain relief, restoring mechanical alignm...
Population Dynamics of Early Visual Cortex during Working Memory

Although the content of working memory (WM) can be decoded from the spatial patterns of brain activity in early visual cortex, how populations encode WM representations remains unclear. Here, we ad...
Permission Not Required: The Power of Parents to Disrupt Educational Hypocrisy:

This review is focused on literature documenting the experiences of nondominant and minoritized parents who challenge injustice and inequity in the public schools attended by their children. It int...
Iodine-Containing Mass-Defect-Tuned Dendrimers for Use as Internal Mass Spectrometry Calibrants

Calibrants based on synthetic dendrimers have been recently proposed as a versatile alternative to peptides and proteins for both MALDI and ESI mass spectrometry calibration. Because of their modular synthetic platform, dendrimer calibrants are particularly amenable to tailoring for specific applications. Utilizing this versatility, a set of dendrimers has been designed as an internal calibrant with a tailored mass defect to differentiate them from the majority of natural peptide analytes. This was achieved by incorporating a tris-iodinated aromatic core as an initiator for the dendrimer synthesis, thereby affording multiple calibration points (m/z range 600–2300) with an optimized mass-defect offset relative to all peptides composed of the 20 most common proteinogenic amino acids.
Empathy present and future

The empathy concept has central significance for social and personality psychology and in many other domains, including neuroscience, clinical/abnormal psychology, and the health professions. However, the current diversity in conceptual and operational definitions, and the promiscuous use of the term "empathy," threaten the ability of researchers to advance the field. The present article provides a quantitative review and conceptual analysis of empathy definitions and usages by examining 393 studies published between 2001 and 2013, and 96 studies published in 2017. We document the prevalence and diversity of definitions, as well as inconsistencies between conceptual definitions and measurements employed. We discuss ways to refine the conceptualization and operationalization of the empathy construct, including for many purposes, bypassing the term empathy in favor of lower-level construct labels that more precisely describe what is actually being measured. In many cases we see no added theoretical or empirical value in applying the term empathy.
Regulation of innate and adaptive antitumor immunity by IAP antagonists

Inhibition of the T-cell co-inhibitory checkpoint receptors or their ligands CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 using monoclonal antibodies has proven to be highly effective against many cancers. Yet many cancers remain resistant to checkpoint blockade, and durable remissions occur in only a minority of patients. Novel approaches to enhancing antitumor responses are thus necessary in order to expand the reach of these treatments. The inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family comprises a diverse group of proteins, many of which have immunoregulatory roles. Small molecule IAP antagonists have been developed and are undergoing early phase clinical testing. These drugs were initially developed to promote tumor cell apoptosis; however, a considerable body of work now indicates that IAP antagonists induce antitumor activity through modulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Primarily through inhibition of cellular (c)-IAP1 and c-IAP2, IAP antagonists can activate alternative NF-κB signaling, promoting B-cell survival, activation of dendritic cells and delivering a broad co-stimulatory signal to T cells. At the same time, IAP antagonists can promote tumor cell intrinsic sensitization to innate immune signals, and enhance tumor cell killing by inflammatory cytokines and phagocytic macrophages. These drugs thus represent an attractive investigational approach to immunotherapy, providing a positive signaling counterpart to the relief of signal inhibition conferred by checkpoint blockade.
Real-Time Lip Sync for Live 2D Animation

The emergence of commercial tools for real-time performance-based 2D animation has enabled 2D characters to appear on live broadcasts and streaming platforms. A key requirement for live animation is fast and accurate lip sync that allows characters to respond naturally to other actors or the audience through the voice of a human performer. In this work, we present a deep learning based interactive system that automatically generates live lip sync for layered 2D characters using a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) model. Our system takes streaming audio as input and produces viseme sequences with less than 200ms of latency (including processing time). Our contributions include specific design decisions for our feature definition and LSTM configuration that provide a small but useful amount of lookahead to produce accurate lip sync. We also describe a data augmentation procedure that allows us to achieve good results with a very small amount of hand-animated training data (13-20 minutes). Extensive human judgement experiments show that our results are preferred over several competing methods, including those that only support offline (non-live) processing. Video summary and supplementary results at GitHub link: this https URL