cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Challenge of Balancing Scientific Discovery and Translation

November 2002 marked the 75th Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association (AHA), a milestone that permits us to contemplate the remarkably rich heritage of the Association’s scientific meetings. The first Scientific Sessions were organized by a small group of visionary physicians at Haddon Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey, on the afternoon of May 26, 1925 (Figure 1). The fledgling AHA was less than a year old. Presiding over the sessions were the Association’s four officers: Lewis A. Conner, Robert Halsey, James B. Herrick, and Paul Dudley White. Each played major roles in the founding of the AHA, and each served a term as its President. Little did they anticipate that their meeting of a few hundred people would grow to become — as it has over the past several decades — the world’s preeminent meeting for cardiovascular science. Figure 1. Cover of the program of the American Heart Association’s first Scientific Sessions, May 26, 1925. The scientific and public health challenges facing the Association in its first decade were formidable, as reflected in the first edition of Dr White’s 1931 textbook, Heart Disease .1 As noted by Dr W. Bruce Fye in his history of American cardiology,2 Dr White wrote that “treating hypertension is a difficult and almost hopeless task;” that “there is no specific treatment for coronary artery disease;” and that “there is no treatment for aortic valve disease” and “no specific treatment for mitral valve disease.” Clearly, there was much work to be done. The extraordinary advances in basic science, epidemiology, diagnostic techniques, surgical procedures, and pharmaceutical development that have occurred in the past seven decades and their impact on human lives are unparalleled in human history. These remarkable advances were chronicled each year in the Scientific Sessions and in the scientific journals of …
Integrin α3β1 (CD 49c/29) Is a Cellular Receptor for Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) Entry into the Target Cells

Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) is implicated in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma. HHV-8 envelope glycoprotein B possesses the RGD motif known to interact with integrin molecules, and HHV-8 infectivity was inhibited by RGD peptides, antibodies against RGD-dependent alpha3 and beta1 integrins, and by soluble alpha3beta1 integrin. Expression of human alpha3 integrin increased the infectivity of virus for Chinese hamster ovary cells. Anti-gB antibodies immunoprecipitated the virus-alpha3 and -beta1 complexes, and virus binding studies suggest a role for alpha3beta1 in HHV-8 entry. Further, HHV-8 infection induced the integrin-mediated activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). These findings implicate a role for alpha3beta1 integrin and the associated signaling pathways in HHV-8 entry into the target cells.
High-performance phosphorescent white-stacked organic light-emitting devices for solid-state lighting

In this work we report exceptional efficacy, lifetime and color stability for all-phosphorescent white stacked organic light-emitting devices (SOLED®s). We report data for all-phosphorescent white SOLED pixels with two emissive units connected in series by a charge generation layer (CGL). At 3,000 cd/m 2 , efficacy = 54 to 56 lm/W and lifetime to 70% of initial luminance LT70 ≈ 20,000 h, with color rendering index (CRI) = 82 to 83 and chromaticity meeting Energy Star criteria. We further report data for a 15 cm×15 cm white SOLED panel that operates at 3,000 cd/m 2 with 48 lm/W efficacy, CRI = 86 and chromaticity meeting Energy Star criteria. The panel has extremely low operating temperature that is only 6.4°C above ambient, and exceptional lifetime of LT70 ≈ 13,000 h when operated at 3,000 cd/m 2 .
Peat and water chemistry at Big Run Bog, a peatland in the Appalachian mountains of West Virginia, USA

At Big Run Bog, aSphagnum-dominated peatland in the unglaciated Appalachian Plateau of West Virginia, significant spatial variation in the physical and chemical properties of the peat and in surface and subsurface (30 cm deep) water chemistry was characterized. The top 40 cm of organic peat at Big Run Bog had average values for bulk density of 0.09 g · cm−3, organic matter concentration of 77%, and volumetric water content of 88%. Changes in physical and chemical properties within the peat column as a function of depth contributed to different patterns of seasonal variation in the chemistry of surface and subsurface waters. Seasonal variation in water chemistry was related to temporal changes in plant uptake, organic matter decomposition and element mineralization, and to varying redox conditions associated with fluctuating water table levels. On the average, total Ca, Mg, and N concentrations in Big Run Bog peat were 33, 15, and 1050 μmol · g−1, respectively; exchangeable Ca and Mg concentrations were 45 and 14 μeq · g−1 , respectively. Surface water pH averaged 4.0 and Ca++ concentrations were less than 50 μeq · L−1 . These chemical variables have all been used to distinguish bogs from fens. Physiographically, Big Run Bog is a minerotrophic fen because it receives inputs of water from the surrounding forested upland areas of its watershed. However, chemically, Big Run Bog is more similar to true ombrotrophic bogs than to minerotrophic fens.
Bubble Size Analysis and Boundary Conditions for Automatic Control of Industrial Flotation Cells

Abstract The gas dispersion has a high impact on flotation processes performance. To evaluate this effect, the bubble surface area flux (Sb) must be evaluated from superficial gas rate (Jg) and Sauter mean bubble diameter (D32) local measurements at industrial scale. Gas rate sensors and visual bubble caption techniques (video, photograph) have been developed successfully, but the commercial software for automated image analysis still has troubles when irregular big size bubbles and bubble clusters appears in industrial measurements, which prevents an accurate and more reliable bubble size estimation. Also, a criteria for bubble size distribution (BSD) diagnostic and control at industrial scale, has not been developed yet. In this work, measurements of BSD were carried out in large flotation cells, of different size, operating in several flotation circuits in Chile. Also, new semi-automatic software for image analysis was developed to overcome the troubles before mentioned and permitting more reliable bubble size estimations. Experimental results showed that under normal operating conditions BSD matched well with a lognormal distribution. From this reference two types of operating problems has been identified and the corresponding diagnosis criteria were established, which is a powerful tool for automatic control purposes.
Immunologic reactions carried out at a liquid-solid interface

Abstract Active slides coated with an antigen layer of bovine serum albumin can specifically adsorb a layer of antibodies nearly twice as thick (70 to 80 A) as that adsorbed on inactive slides (40 A). Active slides are prepared by evaporating in vacuo a nickel layer ≅ 4000 A thick, in the presence of a magnetic field oriented perpendicularly to the slide, the surface being metallized facing the south pole of the field. The activity of a slide varies with an exact period of 24 hours. Fully active at night, a slide gradually loses its activity from sunrise on but has regained it at sunset. When the assays are carried out 2 flights below ground, no inactivation takes place. Two floors of thick concrete prevented the inactivating radiation from reaching the slides. Heavy shielding by lead or a thin sheet of μ metal also prevent inactivation from occurring.
Effects of Hydrolysis of Milk Glycerides on the Antimutagenicity of a Hexane Extract of Milk

Reconstituted nonfat dry milk was treated with different amounts of lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens. Hexane extracts of treated milks were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide and assayed for antimutagenicity using the Ames test (Salmonella typhimurium TA 100) against N-methyl, N'-nitro, N-nitrosoguanidine. Anti-N-methyl, N'-nitro, N-nitrosoguanidine activity increased significantly as the amount of added lipase increased. At the highest lipase concentration tested, activity increased 5-fold, suggesting that liberated fatty acids contributed to the increased antimutagenicity. The activities of mixtures of pure fatty acids on antimutagenesis were examined using the Ames test. At the lowest concentrations tested, mixtures of palmitic and stearic acids and mixtures of palmitic and isopalmitic acids exhibited greater activity than did the individual acids. At all doses tested, mixtures of the monoacylglycerides of palmitic and stearic acids exhibited the same activity as the individual components. Quantification of fatty acids in milk and yogurt by gas chromatography indicated a 2 to 20-fold greater content of free fatty acids in yogurt. The increase in free fatty acids may contribute to the increase in antimutagenicity of yogurt relative to that of milk.
Branched-chain halo- and animo-cyclitols: synthesis and an x-ray crystallographic study

Abstract The base-catalyzed cyclizations of tri- O -acetyl-1,7-dibromo-1,7-dideoxy- xylo -2,6-heptodiulose ( 2 ), tri- O -acetyl-1,7-dichloro-1,7-dideoxy- xylo -2,6-heptodiulose ( 3 ), and tri- O -acetyl-1,7-di- C -azido-1,7-dideoxy- xylo -2,6-heptodiulose ( 4 ), to dL -4,5,6-tri- O -acetyl-2- C -bromo-3-C-(bromomethyl)- 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 / 5 -tetrahydroxycyclohexanone ( 5 ), dL -4,5,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-chloro-3- C -(chloromethyl)- 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 / 5 -tetrahydroxycyclohexanone ( 6 ), and dL -4,5,6-tri- O -acetyl-2- C -azido-3- C -(azidomethyl)- 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 / 5 -tetrahydroxycyclohexanone ( 7 ), respectively, are described. Reduction of the acetylated cycloses 5–7 by sodium borohydride proceeded with considerable stereoselectivity in producing branched epi -inositols, isolated as the tetraacetates 12 , 13 , and 18 . These latter compounds were used to prepare the corresponding unprotected cyclitols 24 , 25 , and 31 , and the branched amino- epi -inositols 27 , 29 , 30 , and 32 . The stereochemistry of the branched-chain cyclitols described appears to be the same as that of dL -1,4,5,6-tetra- O -acetyl-3-chloro-2- C -(chloromethyl)- epi -inositol ( 13 ), whose structure was confirmed by an X-ray crystallographic study.
Elder abuse policy: Considerations in research and legislation

Elder abuse has become the most recently "discovered" form of intrafamilial violence. Most states have enacted elder abuse statutes or have amended their adult protection acts to specify the elderly. A majority of jurisdictions have included mandatory reporting requirements within their statutes. Commentary has been fiercely opposed to mandatory reporting for a variety of reasons. Compelled reporting does not appear to increase the number of reports filed, while enforcement of the schemes depletes much of the funds devoted to elder abuse. Definitions of elder abuse are contradictory and vague. Mandatory reporting requirements suggest that legislators believe elders are unable to determine whether reporting is in their own best interests and thus is an ageist response to the problem of elder abuse. Finally, few services are available to families in which elder abuse has been verified and even fewer program evaluations have been performed to assess these services. Mandatory reporting to identify elder abuse is not appropriate in the absence of programs found to be helpful. Language: en
Longevity Risk and the Stability of RetirementSystems: The Chilean Longevity Bond Case

Longevity risk is systemic in nature, threatening the stability of national retirement systems. Distinct from the general and prolonged rise in the duration of life over the last half century, longevity risk lies in the unexpected part of the increase in life expectancy. Over the past years, rapid progress in longevity has regularly trumped official forecasts. This is a potential source of insolvency for all economic entities managing defined-benefit retirements, public and private sector alike. Governments are currently dealing with this risk through regulation, by imposing larger, and more risk-based, capital requirements. At a country level, this is akin to a self-insurance strategy relying on the constitution of savings. The alternative would be to insure. One insurance strategy is to source insurance from global capital markets. The potential value of this proposition resides in the very deep risk-taking capacity of markets and in optimal risk sharing with institutional investors. This article studies the case of a country, Chile, confronted with the possibility of buying insurance from markets in the form of a longevity bond.
Induction of protective antibodies in Saimiri monkeys by immunization with a multiple antigen construct (MAC) containing the Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein repeat region and a universal T helper epitope of tetanus toxin.

Previous attempts in inducing protective immunity against Plasmodium vivax in human volunteers and nonhuman primates with recombinant circumsporozoite (CS) proteins have been unsuccessful, largely due to the failure of generating antibodies against the protective B epitope AGDR in the CS protein repeat region. We report here an immunization study in Saimiri monkeys with a multiple antigen construct (MAC) containing the P. vivax CS protein repeat region and a T helper epitope of tetanus toxin formulated in different adjuvants. Monkeys immunized three times with MAC in copolymer P1005, copolymer P1005 plus RaLPS, or MF-75 had titers of antibodies against CS repeat, sporozoites and the protective B epitope AGDR significantly higher than those immunized with MAC in alum or PBS (P 0.05; 21527 vs 196 for the rechallenge, P 0.05; r=0.60 for the rechallenge, P<0.05) and negatively correlated with the peak parasitemia (r=−0.39 for the first challenge, P<0.05; r=−0.50 for the rechallenge, P<0.05). The results suggested that when combined with the use of potent adjuvants and T helper epitopes, MAC subunit vaccines may potentially offer protection against malaria infection.
Characterization of k-Casein Obtained by Fractionation with Trichloroacetic Acid in a Concentrated Urea Solution,

Summary κ -casein-rich preparations were isolated from both isoelectric whole casein and crude α -casein by fractionation with trichloroacetic acid (12%) in urea solution (6.6 M ). Preparations fractionated from isoelectric whole casein at 4C and at room temperatures (20–24C) contained ≅77% and 55% of κ -casein, respectively. The latter preparations were nonstabilizing to α s -casein. The preparation fractionated from crude α -casein contained ≅92% κ -casein. The residual proteins consisted principally of β -casein and a small amount of λ-casein. Sedimentation coefficients for κ -casein in the 92% preparation were S 20 = 12.9 (polymer) in phosphate buffer at pH 7.0, Γ/2 = 0.1 and S 20 c=o = 1.4 (monomer) in phosphate :KOH buffer at pH 12.2, Γ/2 = 0.19. A weight average molecular weight of ≅24,000 was calculated for the monomeric species by Archibald's approach-to-equilibrium method. An isoelectric point at pH 4.1 was determined by free-boundary electrophoresis. This preparation stabilized 90% of α s -casein in a 1:10, κ -/ α s -casein mixture in the presence of 0.02 m CaCl 2 . Following a treatment with rennin, 25.7% of the protein nitrogen was recovered as a soluble protein fraction.
Avian birth control potentialities with synthetic grit.

MAN, in meeting his basic needs and cultural demands, often finds himself in conflict with other organisms. Throughout the world there are species of birds which create diverse problems ranging from crop damage to aircraft damage, with a consequent hazard to human life. Reports in the literature suggest several possible bird control procedures making use of digestible baits1–4. Wentworth et al.5, working with laboratory quail, suggest that spraying of eggs with mestranol may be an effective way to chemosterilize some birds.
Water Plasticization of Extruded Material Made from Meat and Bone Meal and Sodium Caseinate

Meat and bone meal (MBM) is a high protein agricultural commodity that currently has few applications other than as an animal feed. Unmodified MBM has poor functional properties, due to its low solubility. Our results from pilot plant trials demonstrate that MBM can be extrusion-processed along with sodium caseinate to produce a useful plastic material. We developed this material for use as a dog chew toy. For this application, elastic modulus (stiffness) is a key characteristic. Our results detail the relationship between ambient relative humidity and equilibrium moisture content (MC) in the material. The influence of MC on the glass transition temperature and elastic modulus reflects the plasticization of this material by water. On the basis of a comparison to a commercially available dog chew, the range of stiffness achievable with our material, 0.25-2.50 GPa, encompasses the values appropriate for a dog chew. Our results show that a particular desired stiffness can be maintained by applying an edible moisture barrier to the surface of the material.
The rhetoric of history: The constitutional convention

(1968). The rhetoric of history: The constitutional convention. Today's Speech: Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 23-26.
Probability methods and nonlinear analysis

Abstract The concepts of accretive and differentiable operator in a Banach space B are used to show that certain approximations to a solution of a nonlinear evolution equation converge. When B is a space of continuous functions it is shown that the approximations and the solution be represented as integrals with respect to a signed measure on a function space. As an example, a new proof is given for the existence and uniqueness of solutions to a nonlinear parabolic differential equations with coefficients dependent upon solutions. Integral representations of these solutions follow.
The Factorial Validity of the Bias in Attitude Survey Scale

The Bias in Attitudes Survey (BIAS) is a recently devised scale which assesses attitudes and beliefs about sex roles. This study was concerned with the factorial validity of the BIAS. The results suggested that the BIAS in relation to other sex-role scales is measuring more complete and complex attitudes toward sex roles. Two factors, which explained 68% of the variance, represented both the traditional view of male/female roles and a more liberal, non-sexist view. The analysis of the male/female subgroups demonstrated a lack of parallelism in the factor structure of the scale for the two sexes.
Interprocedural data flow analysis in the presence of pointers, procedure variables, and label variables

Interprocedural data flow analysis is complicated by the use of procedure and label variables in programs and by the presence of aliasing among variables. In this paper we present an algorithm for computing possible values for procedure and label variables, thus providing a call graph and a control flow graph. The algorithm also computes the possible aliasing relationships in the program being analyzed.We assume that control flow information is not available to the algorithm; hence, this type of analysis may be termed "flow-free analysis." Given this assumption, we demonstrate the correctness of the algorithm, in the sense that the information it produces is conservative, and show that it is as precise as possible in certain cases. We also show that the problem of determining possible values for procedure variables is P-space hard. This fact indicates that any algorithm which is precise in all cases must also run very slowly for some programs.
Energy consumption study in ultrasonic vibration-assisted pelleting of wheat straw for cellulosic biofuel manufacturing

Cellulosic biofuels are an alternative to petroleum-based transportation fuels. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted (UV-A) pelleting can increase density of cellulosic feedstocks, reduce transportation and storage costs, and increase sugar yield. However, energy consumption in UV-A pelleting has not been fully investigated. This paper presents an experimental study on energy consumption in UV-A pelleting of wheat straw. Effects of pelleting input variables (sieve size used in size reduction, pelleting pressure, ultrasonic power, and pellet weight) and size reduction machine type (knife milling versus hammer milling) are investigated. Results show that energy consumption in UV-A pelleting increased as sieve size, ultrasonic power, and pellet weight increased, and as pelleting pressure decreased. Energy consumption in UV-A pelleting of wheat straw particles processed by knife milling was higher than that in UV-A pelleting of those processed by hammer milling.
Tanning beds, skin cancer, and vitamin D: an examination of the scientific evidence and public health implications

Indoor tanning has become increasingly popular over the past decades, despite evidence of an increased risk of melanoma and, possibly, nonmelanoma skin cancer. Tanning bed proponents cite the health benefits of vitamin D to support indoor tanning, including concerns that reduced vitamin D levels or certain vitamin D receptor polymorphisms may be associated with increased incidence of various cancers, including cutaneous melanoma. However, most tanning devices primarily emit ultraviolet A, which is relatively ineffective in stimulating vitamin D synthesis. Health benefits can be fully dissociated from the ultraviolet exposure risks with vitamin D supplementation, although optimal levels remain to be established. Indoor tanning represents an avoidable risk factor for skin cancer, and education of the general public as well as the enactment and stricter enforcement of indoor tanning legislation are a public health imperative.
Corticostriatal dysfunction underlies diminished striatal ascorbate release in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease

A behavior-related deficit in the release of ascorbate (AA), an antioxidant vitamin, occurs in the striatum of R6/2 mice expressing the human mutation for Huntington's disease (HD), a dominantly inherited condition characterized by striatal dysfunction. To determine the role of corticostriatal fibers in AA release, we combined slow-scan voltammetry with electrical stimulation of cortical afferents to measure evoked fluctuations in extracellular AA in wild-type (WT) and R6/2 striatum. Although cortical stimulation evoked a rapid increase in AA release in both groups, the R6/2 response had a significantly shorter duration and smaller magnitude than WT. To determine if corticostriatal dysfunction also underlies the behavior-related AA deficit in R6/2s, we measured striatal AA release in separate groups of mice treated with d-amphetamine (5 mg/kg), a psychomotor stimulant known to release AA from corticostriatal terminals independently of dopamine. Relative to WT, both AA release and behavioral activation were diminished in R6/2 mice. Collectively, our results show that the corticostriatal pathway is directly involved in AA release and that this system is dysfunctional in HD. Moreover, because AA release requires glutamate uptake, a failure of striatal AA release in HD is consistent with an overactive glutamate system and diminished glutamate transport, both of which are thought to be central to HD pathogenesis.
Induction of c-Fos and ΔFosB immunoreactivity in rat brain by vagal nerve stimulation

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is used as therapy for treatment-resistant depression or epilepsy. This study used immunohistochemistry for biomarkers of short-term (c-Fos) and long-term (ΔFosB) neuronal activation to map regions in brain that are activated by acute (2 h) or chronic (3 weeks) VNS in conscious Sprague–Dawley rats. Electrodes (Cyberonics Inc.) were implanted on the left vagus nerve and 1 week after surgery, stimulation began using parameters employed clinically (one burst of 20 Hz, 250 μs pulse width, 0.25 mA stimulation for 30 s every 5 min). Radio telemetry transmitters were used for monitoring blood pressure, heart rate, activity, and respiratory rate during VNS; neither acute nor chronic VNS significantly affected these parameters. Acute VNS significantly increased c-Fos staining in the nucleus of the solitary tract, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, parabrachial nucleus, ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and locus coeruleus but not in the cingulate cortex or dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Acute VNS did not affect ΔFosB staining in any region. Chronic VNS significantly increased ΔFosB and c-Fos staining bilaterally in each region affected by acute VNS as well as in the cingulate cortex and DRN. Using these stimulation parameters, VNS was tested for antidepressant-like activity using the forced swim test (FST). Both VNS and desipramine significantly decreased immobility in the FST; whereas desipramine decreased immobility by increasing climbing behavior, VNS did so by increasing swimming behavior. This study, then, identified potential sites in brain where VNS may produce its clinical effects.
Optimal Insurance Coverage

The literature of expected utility theory has treated extensively the problem of optimal portfolio investment, but there is limited treatment of the parallel problem of the optimal protection of assets against casualty or liability loss (Arrow, 1963, 1965). The problem of optimal insurance coverage is formally similar to the problem of optimal inventory stockage under uncertainty. To inventory a product is to "insure" against sales loss-the larger the inventory, given the distribution of demand, the greater the "insurance coverage." If casualty or liability loss (demand) is less than the insurance coverage (inventory level), excessive insurance cost (inventory holding cost) is incurred. If casualty or liability loss (demand) is greater than the insurance coverage (inventory level), one must absorb the cost of the unrecoverable loss (sales loss). These two components of loss must be balanced in determining optimal insurance (inventory) levels. In the analysis to follow, we will use V to denote the given value of an individual's property or assets which are insurable against loss. In deciding how much insurance to buy, an individual must choose A ? 0, the fraction (or multiple) of V which is to be protected against loss. That is, he chooses an amount of insurance or coverage level, A V. We assume, throughout, that the individual can buy as much insurance as he pleases at a fixed price, m > 0 in dollars per dollar of protection, for a given time interval of exposure to risk of loss. His premium for that time interval is then P = mAV if he buys AV dollars of insurance. The analysis will be divided into two sections, the first dealing with insurance against casualty losses of physical property due to fire, wind, storm, vandalism, and so on, in which it is assumed that the loss cannot exceed the value of the property, V. The second section will deal with insurance against liability claims on an individual's tangible and intangible assets, in which it is assumed that the liability claim can exceed the value of assets, but cannot exceed the value of assets plus insurance coverage (1 + A) V.
Air- and N(2)-Broadening Parameters of Water Vapor: 604 to 2271 cm(-1).

High-resolution measurements of air- and N2-broadened widths and pressure-induced frequency shifts of water vapor were obtained covering the spectral region between 604 and 2271 cm−1. Over 1300 vibration–rotation transitions were measured including the (000)–(000), (010)–(010), (010)–(000), (020)–(010), and (100)–(010) vibrational bands of H216O. Also included were measurements of H218O and H217O from normal water vapor samples and H218O + N2 observations with oxygen-18-enriched gas samples. Collision-narrowing effects were observed in a few lines involving high J and low Ka transitions with the lowest measured linewidth coefficient equal to 0.0057(4) cm−1/atm (air-broadening) for the completely overlapping transitions, 17 0 17 ← 18 1 18 and 17 1 17 ← 18 0 18, at 1235.204 cm−1. The majority of the linewidth values were derived from the measurements using a Voigt line profile. A few lines with air- or N2-broadened half-width values of about 0.012 cm−1 or less were found to exhibit collision-narrowing effects and were also analyzed with a profile proposed by Galatry. The results are compared to values given in previous studies.
Proton conductivity in a new class of H2S modified thioborate-based glasses and ceramics

Abstract Proton conducting multi-component glasses and alkali-halide (CsI)-doped ceramics based on thioboric acid have been prepared and characterized. These materials are anhydrous proton conductors and as such are based on a new type of proton bonding and motion. The structures of the precursor material (HBS 2 ), the mixed glass forming ternary system (H 2 S+B 2 S 3 +SiS 2 ) and the alkali-halide-doped system (H 2 S+B 2 S 3 +CsI) and their proton conductivities are reported. Good improvement in the thermal stability and proton conductivity is obtained in the ternary multi-component system. The results illustrate the potential for the development of novel fast proton conductors in anhydrous form in the intermediate temperature range of 100–300 °C.
Retrograde amnesia in a patient with retrosplenial tumour

Abstract We describe a patient who developed a pure amnesic syndrome due to anaplastic astrocytoma in the retrosplenial region. A dense retrograde amnesia for personal events characterized the syndrome. Learning of new verbal information was spared, while learning of visual material remained persistently poor. The data confirm previous clinical and activation studies suggesting a specific role of the retrosplenial areas in retrieval processes. The hypothesis is that retrieval of autobiographical events may take advantage of visual imagery and that the retrosplenial cortex may play a specific role in human memory by acting as an interface between memory retrieval and visuospatial processes.
Activation of extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase (ERK/MAP kinase) following CD28 cross‐linking: activation in cells lacking p56lck

T lymphocytes require two signals for activation. Recognition of antigen/MHC complexes by the T cell receptor delivers the first signal, while a second signal, delivered by the cell surface receptors CD80 and/or CD86 binding to the T cell surface molecule CD28, has been shown to be effective for the initiation of effective T cell responses. While some of the cytoplasmic effector molecules involved in T cell receptor signaling is known, little is known regarding those involved in the co-stimulation of T cells by CD28. Using the T cell leukemic cell line Jurkat as a model for T cell activation, we demonstrate that cross-linking CD28 using monoclonal antibodies causes tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of MAP kinase/ERK. This activation was rapid, peaking at approximately 5 minutes post CD28 cross-linking, and transient. Activation of MAP kinase/ERK occurred 3 fold less efficiently in a Jurkat line lacking functional p56lck (JCAM.1), and was almost undetectable in a line lacking CD45 (J45.01). These results suggest that CD28 cross-linking can activate intracellular signaling pathways via several different tyrosine kinases. Thus CD28 signaling can activate src family kinases lck and fyn, as well as the Tec family kinase emt/itk. Activation of any one or a combination of these tyrosine kinases may be sufficient for the activation of MAPK following CD28 cross-linking. Activation of MAPK has been shown to cause activation of AP-1 and other transcription factors via serine and/or threonine phosphorylation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
DETAILS ON THE “LIMIT” MODEL OF CuO2 PLANES

We discuss a limiting procedure for solving for the electronic states in the standard tight-binding model of electrons in a CuO2 plane, in which all contributions O(t2/U) are retained while all higher order terms are rejected. This limiting process yields the exact results in strong coupling, and uncovers a variety of quasiparticles: fermions with and without dispersion, localized spin-1 triplets, their interactions, but no superconductivity. In this paper we fill in some minor details and give a lower bound to the ground state energy valid at all ratios of t/U. We discuss the dynamic process by which two triplets can annihilate, and show that their lifetime is inversely proportional to their energy.
Formal Voluntary Organizations: Participation, Correlates, and Interrelationships

The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the literature on formal voluntay organizations in the urban community. The theoretical approaches that guided much of the research in this area are identifid as social structural, social psychological, and organizational. Basic findings suggest that formal participation, including church membership, is a characteristic of urban life. Population characteristics, attitudes, informal interaction, and community involvement are all related to formal membership. Moreover, formal organizations attempt to integrate individuals with the larger community, and such groups, in urbanizing areas, facilitate modernization.
Splice Variants of SmgGDS Control Small GTPase Prenylation and Membrane Localization

Ras and Rho small GTPases possessing a C-terminal polybasic region (PBR) are vital signaling proteins whose misregulation can lead to cancer. Signaling by these proteins depends on their ability to bind guanine nucleotides and their prenylation with a geranylgeranyl or farnesyl isoprenoid moiety and subsequent trafficking to cellular membranes. There is little previous evidence that cellular signals can restrain nonprenylated GTPases from entering the prenylation pathway, leading to the general belief that PBR-possessing GTPases are prenylated as soon as they are synthesized. Here, we present evidence that challenges this belief. We demonstrate that insertion of the dominant negative mutation to inhibit GDP/GTP exchange diminishes prenylation of Rap1A and RhoA, enhances prenylation of Rac1, and does not detectably alter prenylation of K-Ras. Our results indicate that the entrance and passage of these small GTPases through the prenylation pathway is regulated by two splice variants of SmgGDS, a protein that has been reported to promote GDP/GTP exchange by PBR-possessing GTPases and to be up-regulated in several forms of cancer. We show that the previously characterized 558-residue SmgGDS splice variant (SmgGDS-558) selectively associates with prenylated small GTPases and facilitates trafficking of Rap1A to the plasma membrane, whereas the less well characterized 607-residue SmgGDS splice variant (SmgGDS-607) associates with nonprenylated GTPases and regulates the entry of Rap1A, RhoA, and Rac1 into the prenylation pathway. These results indicate that guanine nucleotide exchange and interactions with SmgGDS splice variants can regulate the entrance and passage of PBR-possessing small GTPases through the prenylation pathway.
An Evaluation of the Effects of Graphic Aids in Improving Decision Accuracy in a Continuous Treatment Design

Educators, school psychologists, and other professionals must evaluate student progress and decide to continue, modify, or terminate instructional programs to ensure student success. For this purpose, progress-monitoring data are often collected, plotted graphically, and visually analyzed. The current study evaluated the impact of three common formats for visual analysis (scatter plots, scatter plots with trend lines, and scatter plots with trend and aim lines) on the decision accuracy of 52 novice analysts. All participants viewed 18 time-series graphs that depicted student growth on a continuous metric (e.g., oral reading fluency). Participants rated each graph as depicting substantial progress, minimal progress, or no progress. The magnitude of the true slope for each graph was fixed to 3.00 (substantial progress), 0.75 (minimal progress), or 0 (no progress). Inferential analyses were used to determine the probability of a participant correctly identifying different magnitudes of trend in the presence of different visual aids (no visual aid, trend line, and trend line with aim line). The odds of correctly identifying trend were influenced by visual aid (p < .01) and trend magnitude (p < .01). The addition of a trend line resulted in a sharp increase in the probability of making a correct decision. Graphs depicting minimal progress reduced the probability of a correct decision.
Influence of panel-reactive antibodies on posttransplant outcomes in lung transplant recipients

Abstract Background . Panel-reactive antibody (PRA) is used to estimate the degree of humoral sensitization in the recipient before transplantation. Although pretransplant sensitization is associated with increased complications in other solid organ transplant recipients, less is known about the outcome of sensitized lung transplant recipients. Therefore, we sought to determine the impact of elevated pretransplant PRA on clinical outcomes after lung transplantation. Methods . The records of the first 200 lung transplant operations performed at Duke University Medical Center were reviewed. The outcomes of sensitized patients, PRA greater than 10% before transplantation (n = 18), were compared with the outcomes of nonsensitized patients. Results . Sensitized patients experienced a significantly greater number of median ventilator days posttransplant (9 ± 8) as compared with nonsensitized recipients (1 ± 11; p = 0.0008). There were no significant differences between the number of episodes of acute rejection; however, there was a significantly increased incidence of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome occurring in untreated sensitized recipients (56%) versus nonsensitized (23%; p = 0.044). In addition, there was a trend towards decreased survival in the sensitized recipients, with a 2-year survival of 58% in sensitized recipients as compared with 73% in the nonsensitized patients ( p = 0.31). Conclusions . Sensitized lung transplant recipients experience more acute and chronic complications after transplantation. These patients probably warrant alternative management strategies.
Approaches to description of damageable lattices dynamics

Abstract This paper discusses approaches to a theory of micro- and mesoscale behavior of damageable structures based on a concept of structure with reserved capacities. We suggest methods of analysis of nonmonotonic structural response using geometric characteristics of lattices. The proper lattice geometry provides reserved capacities and guarantees the nonmonotonic response that lead to damage spread, controllable waves of damage, and increase of lattice resistivity. Damage is viewed as cascades of phase transitions that include stiffness decrease at a given equilibrium, elimination of a part of a structure, and transition between equilibria. Criteria for the transitions are established. In lattices, damage propagation is described by a random walk model. Simulations confirm that without a proper randomization, the numerical predicted evolution of damage is symmetric and unrealistic. The paper discusses a continuum limit of lattice dynamics by introducing a lattice damage tensor (LDT) and a damage evolution: A system of thermodynamic equations for decaying material that couples elastic variables, temperature, and damage tensor.
The reaction of oleic acid with copper surfaces

Abstract The reaction of oleic acid with copper plates was studied in air, using infrared emission and reflection spectroscopy. The reaction occurs slowly even at room temperature. The spectra indicate the formation of an ester-like species, tentatively identified as a copper bi-ester, which is the precursor of the binuclear copper oleate complex. The latter is the main product of the reaction. There is some decomposition of oleic acid and oleate above 100°C. The complex is more mobile over the oxide surface than free acid or ester species.
Effect of Concentrations of Nicotine on Growth and Development II. Growth and Development of Chicks as Influenced by the Addition of Ground Tobacco to the Ration

Abstract HUNTER and Haley (1930) called attention to the fact that a relatively high degree of tolerance was manifested by young chicks when their ration was supplemented with varying quantities of ground tobacco, Nicotiana rustica, a strain which possessed a nicotine content equal to 5 percent of its dry weight. The results showed that there was no apparent depression of the growth weight where chicks were fed these rations for a considerable period of time. It was decided to continue these investigations in order to compare the relative effects of both high and low nicotine strains of tobacco, and to observe the relation of tobacco feeding to the control of worm infestation of the intestinal tract of the experimental birds, especially as it applied to the control of large roundworms (Ascandia lineata). In all cases the same basal ration was used, namely: Yellow corn meal 40 lbs. Wheat bran 15 lbs.
Infectious and sexually transmitted diseases: implications for dental public health.

The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has stimulated renewed attention toward infectious diseases and dental public health. Currently, AIDS is defined as individuals with Kaposi's sarcoma and/or pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and/or other life-threatening opportunistic infections (e.g., specific forms of tuberculosis or meningitis, candidal esophagitis), and associated immu-nosuppression that cannot be accounted for by another disease process and/or medications. As of January 1986, the AIDS epidemic has afflicted over 16,000 persons in the United States and has taken over 8,000 lives. All present indications point toward a much more extensive epidemic based on the lack of a vaccine and effective forms of treatment, the large number of carriers in the population, and variable modes of transmission.
Focal application of alcohols elevates extracellular dopamine in rat brain: a microdialysis study

Abstract Dopaminergic systems are thought to play a major role in the stimulant and reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse, including ethanol. The present study describes the effects of local perfusion with ethanol (and other alcohols) on extracellular dopamine in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. Following the establishment of basal dopamine levels (2–3 h), various concentrations of ethanol in artificial CSF (0.01–10% v/v) were slowly perfused through a microdialysis probe. Each dose of ethanol was found to increase dopamine concentrations in both the striatum and nucleus accumbens. This increase was dose-related in the striatum. The exclusion of calcium and inclusion of 12.5 mM magnesium in the perfusion medium prevented, or greatly attenuated the ethanol-induced dopamine (DA) release. Thus, the release of DA by ethanol is exocytotic in nature and involves calcium-dependent processes. The other alcohols tested, namely methanol and butanol, demonstrated a structure-activity relationship together with ethanol, in their ability to increase extracellular DA. The relative potency was butanol > ethanol > methanol. The diffusion of ethanol into the brain tissue was investigated following perfusion through the probe. Relatively low concentrations of ethanol were found in striatal tissue during perfusion and they declined rapidly with time, following the removal of ethanol from the perfusate. The concentrations of ethanol achieved in brain tissue following focal application through the microdialysis probe were relevant to human intoxication.
Outcome of endovascular treatment for aneurysmal bone cysts

Purpose Surgical management of aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) is associated with perioperative morbidity, mortality and high recurrence. In addition, some ABCs are inoperable. We evaluated the presentation, morphology, technique and outcome of percutaneous image guided sclerotherapy for ABCs. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and imaging studies of patients with ABCs who underwent percutaneous sclerotherapy at our institution. Age, location, size, symptoms, image guidance, agents used and outcomes were documented. Symptomatic and radiological changes were evaluated and compared pre and post sclerotherapy. Results 27 pts (5-18 yrs; mean age, 11.5 yrs) including 20 nonspinal ABCs (5-18 yrs; mean age, 11.5 years) and 7 spinal ABCs (8-18 yrs; mean age, 13 yrs) underwent percutaneous sclerotherapy. Most common symptoms were pain, swelling and neurological. 21 pts had biopsy proven ABCs. Sonographic, fluoroscopic or C-arm flat-detector CT (dynaCT) as well as combinations of these modalities was used for guidance. The sclerosant agents were sodium tetradecyl sulfate (n=23), ethanol (n=12) and doxycycline (n=8); either singly or in combinations. In 7 pts (4 nonspinal, 3 spinal) sclerotherapy was combined with transarterial embolization.1-9 sclerotherapy sessions were performed (mean: 5). Range of follow-up was 2-69 (mean, 35.5) months. In 17 (85%) nonspinal and 4 (71%) spinal lesions, pain resolved, completely in 16 pts (14 nonspinal and 2 spinal) and partially in 10 pts (5 non-spinal and 5-spinal). Radiological regression was noted in 14 (70%) nonspinal and 3 (43%) spinal lesions. 3 other pts with spinal ABCs showed radiological progression and spinal instability. 6 pts (5 spinal, 1 nonspinal) required further operative interventions but with significantly lesser blood loss. There were no complications related to sclerotherapy. Conclusion Endovascular treatment is a safe and effective treatment for aneurysmal bone cysts. It can be used as definitive treatment or as a bridge to elective surgical operation. This approach provides symptomatic relief and regression of the size of most ABCs, with more favorable outcome in nonspinal lesions.
Changing perspective on gastrointestinal complications in patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Abstract There has been a documented shift towards increasing age and severity of illness in the patient population undergoing cardiac surgery. To determine if there was a coincident change in frequency, gastrointestinal (GI) complications were prospectively recorded in a consecutive series of 5,438 patients undergoing cardiac surgery from 1983 to 1991. There were 73 complications in 69 patients (incidence = 1.4%) defined as any GI condition that required transfer to an acute care unit, surgical intervention, blood transfusion, or treatment that prolonged the hospital course. Fourteen patients died, a mortality rate of 20% for patients with GI complications (p 2 -receptor blocking agents. Thirty-six patients had upper GI (UGI) bleeding from gastric ulceration with 4 patients requiring operative intervention to control hemorrhage and 6 fatalities in patients with UGI bleeding. Two additional patients died of septic complications following gastroduodenal perforation or penetration. Six patients experienced bowel obstruction or prolonged bowel dysfunction (three Ogilvie's sydrome) with two requiring laparotomy. There were four cases of cholecystitis, two cases of pancreatitis, and the remaining cases were equally divided among common septic complications (diverticulitis and ischemic injury among others). Three patients with massive intestinal infarction died. GI complications were significantly associated with older patients (p