cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rigid-Rod Polymer Synthesis: Development of Mesophase Polymerization in Strong Acid Solutions

The development of a method for polycondensation of rigid-rod poly(benzazoles) in poly(phosphoric acid) (PPA) in the lyotropic mesophase has led to an understanding of the synthesis variables that determine the important liquid crystalline product characteristics. These product variables, in turn, control processibility and final fiber or film properties. This paper provides a review of the effects of polymer concentration, solvent composition, polymerization temperature, and monomer purity on two liquid crystalline product characteristics: molecular weight achieved during polymerization, and concentrated solution properties, such as rheological and phase behavior. Central to the understanding of these effects are the factors affecting the polymerization rate. The methods for controlling these synthesis variables are also reviewed. Investigation of alternatives to PPA as the polymerization solvent resulted in a method to obtain high molecular weight poly(2,5-benzoxazole) by adding 40-45 wt % of P2O5 to methanesulfonic acid.
Physical Fitness of Physical Therapy Students

Physical fitness norms do not exist for physical therapists or physical therapy students. This lack, in part, reflects the complexity of physical fitness and the scarcity of data reported on physical fitness norms of other populations. This report describes the methods used and the results obtained for 16 physical fitness factors of 98 female and 13 male physical therapy upperclassmen and discusses the implications of physical fitness in the practice of physical therapy. Means, standard deviations, ranges, and percentile rankings are given by sex for each of the 16 fitness factors. The purpose of this study was to begin to establish physical fitness norms. As physical fitness norms are established, it will be possible to determine how norms of physical therapists and physical therapy students compare with established values.
General purpose probability models in histocompatibility testing

Summary General probability models for finding the proportions of compatible and incompatible pairs donor-recipient, in populations in equilibrium in respect of several histocompatibility loci, are derived. The cases when (i) all loci are only ‘strong’ or ‘weak’, (ii) some loci are ‘strong’, some ‘weak’, (iii) there are loci with ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ alleles at the same locus, (iv) combinations of (i), (ii) and (iii), are considered. Some of these cases are compared among themselves and with a single locus with multiple alleles, when only one gene dose, double gene dose or two different gene doses of antigen incompatibilities occur. A few models for populations of unrelated pairs, siblings and parent-child combinations have been worked out numerically.
THE IMPACT OF ALTERNATE DECISION TECHNIQUES ON USER BEHAVIOR

The quantitative disciplines have focused their efforts primarily upon more complete and efficient methods for analyzing decision problems. Almost totally neglected in these efforts is the interplay between a decision technique and its ultimate user. This interface is of crucial importance to the continued success of the decision sciences in organizations. Data are presented to support the contention that decision techniques and their resultant impact on job content interact with psychological variables to cause variation in user satisfaction and performance. These results are similar to the effects hypothesized to occur at blue collar levels in organizations.
Social Equity and the Physically Disabled.

IN THE late 1960s and early 1970s, a new minority group began to demand attention. People with physi cal disabilities started speaking up, marching forth, sitting in, and filing suit to demand their rights. Through activism they won landmark victories in the areas of public access (P.L. 90 480), education (P.L. 94-142), and discrimination (P.L. 93-112). Despite these advances, the battle for the rights of the disabled is not over. Although in many cases the courts have ruled in favor of the dis abled and laws have been enacted for
Growth, Productivity, and Policy Instruments During the Lost Decade: A Replication of Beason and Weinstein (1996) for the Period 1992-1998

We replicate the analysis of the connection between Japanese sectoral productivity growth and industrial policy performed by Beason and Weinstein (1996) of national accounts data for the period 1992 to 1999. We show that despite some positive raw correlations between growth and industrial policy tools, there is no robust association between growth and industrial policy in the 1990s. This is consistent with the conclusions of Beason and Weinstein for the high-growth period (1960-1973). We also confirm the development of some trends evident in the previous data, such as the skewed distribution of policy instrument application to politically influential industries and the inconsistent application of different instruments to industries. Overall, the data is much more consistent with a theory of Japanese industrial policy as a product of political economy than industrial policy as a response to growth and productivity.
Tannic Acid Potently Inhibits Tumor Cell Proteasome Activity, Increases p27 and Bax Expression, and Induces G1 Arrest and Apoptosis

Animal studies have demonstrated that a dietary polyphenol known as tannic acid (TA) exhibits anticarcinogenic activity in chemically induced cancers, although the involved molecular target remains unknown. In addition, proteasome inhibitors have been shown to suppress human tumor growth in nude mice. Most recently, we have reported that ester-bond-containing tea polyphenols are potent proteasome inhibitors in vitro and in vivo . We have hypothesized that TA, which contains multiple similar gallate moieties linked by ester bonds, should inhibit the proteasome activity. Here, we report that indeed TA potently and specifically inhibits the chymotrypsin-like activity of purified 20S proteasome (IC50 = 0.06 μg/ml), 26S proteasome of Jurkat T-cell extracts, and 26S proteasome of living Jurkat cells. Inhibition of the proteasome by TA in Jurkat cells results in accumulation of two natural proteasome substrates, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 and the proapoptotic protein Bax, followed by growth arrest in G1 and induction of apoptotic cell death. Our present study suggests that TA targets and inhibits the proteasome in tumor cells, which may contribute to the previously observed anticarcinogenic activity of TA.
The Burke-Cappon Debate: Some Further Criticisms and Considerations for Archival Theory

In two recent American Archivist articles, Frank G. Burke and Lester J. Cappon explored the notion of archival theory and produced a fundamental disagree- ment over the nature and role of theory in the archival field. This article further ex- amines the possibilities of archival theory within the context of that debate. Three theoretical positions emerge from this discussion. The first is archival theory as universal laws or models, based on the study of archives in the context of other social institutions, as propounded by Burke. The second theoretical position discussed is ar- chival theory analyzed in its historical development, with emphasis on the intellectual traditions which directed the formation of theory. The final theoretical position discussed is that of Cappon, who rejected both of the above approaches to archival theory.
Studies in Shinto thought

The volume collects eight essays from Tsunetsugu Muraoka's innovative work, Studies on the History of Japanese Thought. Although not well known outside Japan, Muraoka's analysis of the special characteristics of Shinto belief and morality, especially his comparative study of the ideas and beliefs of
THE EXISTENCE, SIGNIFICANCE, AND PERSISTENCE OF PROFIT RATE DIFFERENTIALS*

Industrial and regional profit rates are reported for the Canadian manufacturing sector between 1961 and 1984. Analysis of variance results indicate that both industrial and regional variations in ...
Abstract B37: Ethnic differences in smoking rate, nicotine dependence, and cessation-related variables among adult smokers in Hawaii

Introduction : This study tests hypotheses concerning ethnic disparities in daily cigarette smoking rate, nicotine dependence, cessation motivation, and knowledge and past use of cessation methods (e.g., counseling) and products (e.g., nicotine patch) in a multi-ethnic sample of smokers in Hawaii. Previous research has revealed significant differences in smoking prevalence among Native Hawaiians, Filipinos, Japanese, and Caucasians in Hawaii. However, no study has examined differences in dependence and cessation-related knowledge and practices among smokers representing these ethnic groups. Methods : Participants were recruited through newspaper advertisement as part of a larger smoking cessation intervention study. Participants (N=919; M age=45.6, SD=12.7; 48% female) eligible to participate provided self-report data through mail and telephone. Subjects included 271 self-identified Native Hawaiians, 63 Filipinos, 316 Caucasians, 145 “Asians” (e.g., Japanese, Chinese), and 124 “Other” (e.g., Hispanic, African-American). Results : Pair-wise comparisons of means, controlling for age, gender, income, education, and marital status, indicated that Native Hawaiian smokers reported statistically significantly higher daily smoking rates and higher levels of nicotine dependence compared to Asians. Native Hawaiian smokers reported significantly lower motivation to quit smoking as compared to Caucasians. Further, Filipino, and Native Hawaiian smokers reported lesser knowledge of cessation methods and products, and less frequent use of these methods and products compared to Caucasians. Conclusions : The results suggest that Native Hawaiian and Filipino smokers could be under-served with regard to receiving cessation-related advice, and may lack adequate access to smoking cessation products and services. In addition, cessation interventions tailored for Native Hawaiian smokers could benefit from a motivational enhancement component. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B37.
Epidemiological Analysis of Epidemic Mumps in 2004～2008 in Hefxi City

Objective To analyze incidence data of Epidemic mumps and sum up effective control and prevention experience.Methods Distribution features of the cases and related factors were analyzed.Reason of high incidence of the disease was also analyzed.Results From 2004 to 2007,the incidence rate showed an upward trend year after year,decreased in 2008.Most cases were students and occurred sporadically.Reasons of increasing incidence mainly included improved case report awareness of medical institutions,especially the report of the village health posts,epidemiological characteristics of the disease.Through public education,isolation of patients,the immune prevention and control of ventilation,and other disinfection measures,the incidence significantly decreased.Conclusion According to the characteristics of the mumps epidemiology,health education,isolation of patients,immune prevention,disinfection and ventilation measures were the effective way to control occurrence and development of the disease.
Context: The Point of Departure

In the engineered world (and in a good deal of the natural world), stable equilibrium, or some kind of stationary or steady-state behavior, is the order of the day. Systems are designed to operate in a predictable fashion to fulfill their intended functions despite disturbances and changing conditions. Control systems have been spectacularly successful in maintaining a desirable (stable) response given inevitable uncertainty in modeling system physics. However, there are plenty of examples of systems becoming unstable - and often the consequences of instability are severe. This book looks at the interplay between vibrations and stability in elastic structures. A brief view of an ecological system provides an effective analogy. The competition between certain species can be viewed as a coupled dynamic system in a slowly changing environment. External influences are provided by various factors including the climate, disease, and human influence. The delicate interaction is played out as conditions evolve and populations respond accordingly - usually in a correspondingly slow way also. However, an instability may occur leading to extinction on a relatively short time scale, perhaps when a disease (or massive meteorite) wipes out an entire population. This situation is not that dissimilar to the fluctuations of the stock markets (in which prediction of changes is of concern to individuals and governments).
Deep Inspiration Breath Hold

Radiotherapy is a valuable adjuvant treatment in breast cancer that improves loco-regional control and overall survival. However, the breast cancer-specific survival advantage for patients receiving radiation therapy may be partially negated by higher non-breast cancer mortality, which may be due to cardiac mortality. Older data shows patients with left-sided breast cancer receiving radiation had increased cardiac mortality, and the rates of major coronary events and cardiac deaths increased with extrapolated mean heart radiation dose. Breast cancer radiation treatments in more modern eras have lower excess cardiac mortality. Advances in radiotherapy such as three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy, prone breast radiation and proton therapy have been demonstrated to decrease cardiac radiation doses in some patients. Deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) is another tool radiation oncologists use to reduce dose to the heart. This technique exploits the increase in the separation of the heart and the chest wall when the lung expands with inspiration in order to decrease the radiation doses received by the heart. DIBH unambiguously reduces cardiac dose in dosimetric analyses, and early clinical data suggest that this reduction in cardiac dose translates into avoidance of the expected changes in cardiac perfusion. Although additional clinical data are required, DIBH offers the tantalizing potential of maintaining the benefits of radiotherapy while minimizing cardiac risks. Further research aimed to refine techniques and to optimize patient selection is ongoing. This chapter reviews DIBH techniques, DIBH dosimetric advantages, and practical considerations of DIBH.
Turkish students’ perceived relevance of Facebook as a marketing tool

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore Turkish students’ perceived relevance of Facebook, the value of Facebook advertisements and the ethics of Facebook targeting users with advertisements. Design/methodology/approach Latent class cluster analysis is estimated to determine whether segments exist and whether covariates differ among segments. Findings Segments differ on Facebook relevance and advertisement targeting ethics and usefulness and the covariates gender, hours spent on Facebook during the week and personality. The segment that finds Facebook most relevant and uses it the most disapproves of Facebook’s targeted advertisements. Facebook is an organization that relies heavily on advertising dollars for survival. This fact should be emphasized; otherwise, Facebook may not be able to sustain itself. Originality/value The paper provides an understanding of Facebook from a marketing perspective for a country at the crossroads of Europe and Asia.
Modeling and Assessment Analysis of Various Compensation Topologies in Bidirectional IWPT System for EV Applications

Electric vehicle (EV) can act as an energy consuming device or a distributed energy resource in the concepts known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V). The bidirectional wireless power interface is a successful choice for this application, since it provides automatic, reliable, and safe operation. Therefore, this paper presents modeling and assessment analysis for the steady-state performance of bidirectional inductive wireless power transfer system (BIWPTS) in EV implementations. The analysis is presented for the three main compensation configurations: LC-series, LC-parallel, and LCL-topology. Moreover, the steady-state equivalent circuit-based mathematical models for all topologies are developed. These models were used to precisely determine the system response during V2G and G2V operations based on Fourier series. The study presents evident criteria to pick among the different BIWPTS structures in the diverse applications. The proposed analyses were verified both in simulation and experiment. The results demonstrate the ability of the proposed models to provide accurate estimation for BIWPTS performance under various operating and control conditions. Also, the evaluation analysis shows that LCL-topology is more appropriate for the bidirectional operation due to the simple design and control requirements, and being less sensitive to the misalignment.
Human Behavioral Persistence

Human behavior may persist despite the fact that it produces unnecessary (preventable) loss of positive reinforcement. Data are presented which demonstrate that such persistence may be due to (1) a history of conditioning which fails to provide individuals with needed behavioral repertoires and (2) a current environment which reinforces such persistence, that is, fails to make all net gains of reinforcement contingent upon change. Procedures which prevent or modify behavioral persistence in the face of preventable loss of positive reinforcement are illustrated.
Limbic encephalitis with LGI1 antibodies in a 14-year-old boy.

Abstract Limbic encephalitis (LE) with antibodies against leucine-rich glioma inactivated protein 1 (LGI1) is an auto-antibody mediated disorder with characteristic symptoms as dysfunction of memory, faciobrachial dystonic seizures and neuropsychiatric symptoms as emotional lability. Limbic encephalitis with LGI1 antibodies has been known so far as a disease of adults. We describe the case of a 14-year-old boy presenting with typical dysfunction of memory and LGI1 antibodies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the youngest patient with LGI1 antibody mediated limbic encephalitis described so far. Improved knowledge of this autoimmune syndrome in children and adolescents permit rapid immunomodulatory treatment, which could help to prevent irreversible lesions, such as hippocampal atrophy.
α6 subunit-containing nicotinic receptors mediate low-dose ethanol effects on ventral tegmental area neurons and ethanol reward.

Dopamine (DA) neuron excitability is regulated by inhibitory GABAergic synaptic transmission and modulated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of α6 subunit-containing nAChRs (α6*-nAChRs) in acute ethanol effects on ventral tegmental area (VTA) GABA and DA neurons. α6*-nAChRs were visualized on GABA terminals on VTA GABA neurons, and α6*-nAChR transcripts were expressed in most DA neurons, but only a minority of VTA GABA neurons from GAD67 GFP mice. Low concentrations of ethanol (1–10 mM) enhanced GABAA receptor (GABAAR)-mediated spontaneous and evoked inhibition with blockade by selective α6*-nAChR antagonist α-conotoxins (α-Ctxs) and lowered sensitivity in α6 knock-out (KO) mice. Ethanol suppression of VTA GABA neuron firing rate in wild-type mice in vivo was significantly reduced in α6 KO mice. Ethanol (5–100 mM) had no effect on optically evoked GABAAR-mediated inhibition of DA neurons, and ethanol enhancement of VTA DA neuron firing rate at high concentrations was not affected by α-Ctxs. Ethanol conditioned place preference was reduced in α6 KO mice compared with wild-type controls. Taken together, these studies indicate that relatively low concentrations of ethanol act through α6*-nAChRs on GABA terminals to enhance GABA release onto VTA GABA neurons, in turn to reduce GABA neuron firing, which may lead to VTA DA neuron disinhibition, suggesting a possible mechanism of action of alcohol and nicotine co-abuse.
Arabidopsis as a Tool for the Identification of Genes Involved in Plant Development

The sessile lifestyle of plants requires that they be able to alter their growth in order to adapt to environmental changes. Much research has been devoted to determining how plants perceive and respond to environmental cues such as light intensity and quality, photoperiod, gravity, water stress, and temperature. In the case of light-regulated phenomena, various photoreceptors have been identified whose absorption maxima coincide with regions of the action spectra of the observed phenomena. However, the transduction pathways from perception to cellular response have not been elucidated. Similarly, much correlative evidence suggests that phytohormones are involved in transducing environmental signals into biochemical or morphological effects. In this case neither the elements linking the environmental effects with changes in hormone levels or sensitivity nor those mediating the hormonally induced responses have been identified. Furthermore it is not known whether the correlations between environmental or hormonal signals and the observed responses reflect a causal, direct relationship or if they represent parallel or overlapping paths toward the same result.
Fast, energy-efficient, robust, and reproducible mixed-signal neuromorphic classifier based on embedded NOR flash memory technology

We have designed, fabricated, and tested a prototype mixed-signal, 28×28-binary-input, 10-ouput, 3-layer neuromorphic network based on embedded nonvolatile floating-gate cell arrays redesigned from a commercial 180-nm NOR flash memory. Each array performs a very fast and energy-efficient analog vector-by-matrix multiplication, which is the bottleneck for signal propagation in neuromorphic networks. All functional components of the prototype circuit, including 2 synaptic arrays with 101,780 floating-gate synaptic cells, 74 analog neurons, and the peripheral circuitry for weight adjustment and I/O operations, have a total area below 1 mm2. Its testing on the MNIST benchmark set has shown a classification fidelity of 94.65%, close to the 96.2% obtained in simulation. The classification of one pattern takes 103× better than those of the 28-nm IBM TrueNorth digital chip for the same task at a similar fidelity. Estimates show that this performance may be further improved using a better neuron design and a more advanced memory technology, leading to a >102x advantage in speed and a >104x advantage in energy efficiency over the state-of-the-art purely digital circuits for classification of large, complex patterns. Experimental results for the chip-to-chip statistics, long-term drift, and temperature sensitivity show no evident showstoppers on the way toward practical deep neuromorphic networks with unprecedented performance.
Compton scatter imaging: A promising modality for image guidance in lung stereotactic body radiation therapy.

PURPOSE Lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) requires delivering large radiation doses with millimeter accuracy, making image guidance essential. An approach to forming images of patient anatomy from Compton-scattered photons during lung SBRT is presented. METHODS To investigate the potential of scatter imaging, a pinhole collimator and flat-panel detector are used for spatial localization and detection of photons scattered during external beam therapy using lung SBRT treatment conditions (6 MV FFF beam). MCNP Monte Carlo software is used to develop a model to simulate scatter images. This model is validated by comparing experimental and simulated phantom images. Patient scatter images are then simulated from 4DCT data. RESULTS Experimental lung tumor phantom images have sufficient contrast-to-noise to visualize the tumor with as few as 10 MU (0.5 s temporal resolution). The relative signal intensity from objects of different composition as well as lung tumor contrast for simulated phantom images agree quantitatively with experimental images, thus validating the Monte Carlo model. Scatter images are shown to display high contrast between different materials (lung, water, bone). Simulated patient images show superior (~double) tumor contrast compared to MV transmission images. CONCLUSIONS Compton scatter imaging is a promising modality for directly imaging patient anatomy during treatment without additional radiation, and it has the potential to complement existing technologies and aid tumor tracking and lung SBRT image guidance.
Appropriately testing patients with intermediate risk for coronary artery disease: how well are we doing?

Background Cardiovascular risk assessment and stratification of stable coronary artery disease represents a pivotal component of coronary artery disease management. The introduction of risk stratification tools has advanced the detection of patients with intermediate to high risk for coronary artery events. These patients will ultimately undergo non-invasive and invasive cardiovascular testing. Objective To synthesise evidence illustrating risk stratification tools and non-invasive testing for patients with intermediate risk for coronary artery disease and suggest a simple method for clinicians to follow prior to ordering non-invasive cardiovascular testing. Study selection Literature review of PubMed and MEDLINE Central on studies and evidence highlighting the appropriate use criteria for radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging. Findings and conclusions Overtestingusing myocardial perfusion imaging is well documented in several studies in the literature. Few studies highlighted the importance of the appropriate use criteria for radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging, which can reduce unnecessary testing in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Herein, we propose ‘Simple Steps to Follow’ to be considered by clinicians prior to ordering radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging. The target audience of this article is internal and family medicine primary care physicians and other non-cardiologist physicians.
New Horizons for a Theory of Epistemic Modals

Recent debate over the semantics and pragmatics of epistemic modals has focused on intuitions about cross-contextual truth-value assessments. In this paper, we advocate a different approach to eval...
Docetaxel for previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer.

Two phase III trials were conducted using docetaxel (Taxotere), administered every 3 weeks, as second-line treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. In the TAX 317 trial, 204 patients were randomized to receive either docetaxel (49 received 100 mg/m2 and 55 received 75 mg/m2) or best supportive care (100 patients). Median survival was 7.5 months with docetaxel at 75 mg/m2 (D75) vs 4.6 months for best supportive care (P = .010); and 1-year survival was 37% for D75 vs 11% for best supportive care (P = .010). Quality-of-life analysis also showed statistically significant improvement in disease-related symptoms with docetaxel vs best supportive care. In the TAX 320 study, 373 patients were randomized to receive docetaxel at 100 mg/m2 (D100), docetaxel at 75 mg/m2 (D75), or a control arm of either vinorelbine (Navelbine) or ifosfamide (Ifex) (V/I). Partial response rates were 11.9% with D100 and 7.5% with D75 vs 1% with V/I (P values: .001 [D100] and .036 [D75]). Median response duration was over 7 months. One-year survival was 32% with D75 vs 19% in V/I (P = .025). Prior paclitaxel exposure had no bearing on the response rate and survival advantage of second-line treatment with docetaxel. Response rates to docetaxel were equivalent in the cohort of patients who had received prior paclitaxel (10.5%) and the group ofpatients who had not received prior paclitaxel (8.5%). The 1-year survival rates for patients with no prior paclitaxel therapy were 33% (D75) vs 20% (V/I); and the 1-year survival rates for patients who had received prior paclitaxel were 30% (D75) vs 17% (V/I). In conclusion, two large randomized phase III trials of second-line chemotherapy for NSCLC have shown significant differences favoring docetaxelfor response rate, time to progression, survival, and quality of life. Prior paclitaxel did not decrease the likelihood of response to docetaxel, nor did it lessen the survival advantage seen with docetaxeL Docetaxel offers a clinically meaningful benefit in this setting, with manageable toxicity. Based upon the observed response rates, survival, impact on quality of life, and toxicity profile, the optimal dose of docetaxel in this pretreated population is 75 mg/m2 every 3 weeks.
Intrinsic Mechanisms of Frequency Selectivity in the Proximal Dendrites of CA1 Pyramidal Neurons

Gamma oscillations are thought to play a role in learning and memory. Two distinct bands, slow (25–50 Hz) and fast (65–100 Hz) gamma, have been identified in area CA1 of the rodent hippocampus. Slow gamma is phase locked to activity in area CA3 and presumably driven by the Schaffer collaterals (SCs). We used a combination of computational modeling and in vitro electrophysiology in hippocampal slices of male rats to test whether CA1 neurons responded to SC stimulation selectively at slow gamma frequencies and to identify the mechanisms involved. Both approaches demonstrated that, in response to temporally precise input at SCs, CA1 pyramidal neurons fire preferentially in the slow gamma range regardless of whether the input is at fast or slow gamma frequencies, suggesting frequency selectivity in CA1 output with respect to CA3 input. In addition, phase locking, assessed by the vector strength, was more precise for slow gamma than fast gamma input. This frequency selectivity was greatly attenuated when the slow Ca 2+ -dependent K + (SK) current was removed from the model or blocked in vitro with apamin. Perfusion of slices with BaCl 2 to block A-type K + channels tightened this frequency selectivity. Both the broad-spectrum cholinergic agonist carbachol and the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine-M greatly attenuated the selectivity. The more precise firing at slower frequencies persisted throughout all of the pharmacological manipulations conducted. We propose that these intrinsic mechanisms provide a means by which CA1 phase locks to CA3 at different gamma frequencies preferentially in vivo as physiological conditions change with behavioral demands. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Gamma frequency activity, one of multiple bands of synchronous activity, has been suggested to underlie various aspects of hippocampal function. Multisite recordings within the rat hippocampal formation indicate that different behavioral tasks are associated with synchronized activity between areas CA3 and CA1 at two different gamma bands: slow and fast gamma. In this study, we examine the intrinsic mechanisms that may allow CA1 to selectively “listen” to CA3 at slow compared with fast gamma and suggest mechanisms that gate this selectivity. Identifying the intrinsic mechanisms underlying differential gamma preference may help to explain the distinct types of CA3–CA1 synchronization observed in vivo under different behavioral conditions.
Addressing Financial Disincentives to Improve CKD Care

The annual cost to Medicare for a patient receiving dialysis is close to $88,000, about three-fold higher than the cost of a patient with CKD stages 4–5.[1][1] Over the past decade, until very recently, the percentage of patients in the United States initiating dialysis with eGFR levels >10–15
Justicia social y el principio de igualdad

This paper presents the standard conception of the principle of equality to show its limits. These barriers are connected to the proper consideration of differences and recognition policies, feminist critiques, the intersectional perspective and the structural persistence of particularism. The objective of this analysis is to face the challenges imposed by the egalitarian perspective of social justice
MiR-191 regulates primary human fibroblast proliferation and directly targets multiple oncogenes

miRNAs play a central role in numerous pathologies including multiple cancer types. miR-191 has predominantly been studied as an oncogene, but the role of miR-191 in the proliferation of primary cells is not well characterized, and the miR-191 targetome has not been experimentally profiled. Here we utilized RNA induced silencing complex immunoprecipitations as well as gene expression profiling to construct a genome wide miR-191 target profile. We show that miR-191 represses proliferation in primary human fibroblasts, identify multiple proto-oncogenes as novel miR-191 targets, including CDK9, NOTCH2, and RPS6KA3, and present evidence that miR-191 extensively mediates target expression through coding sequence (CDS) pairing. Our results provide a comprehensive genome wide miR-191 target profile, and demonstrate miR-191’s regulation of primary human fibroblast proliferation.
Time- and Space-efficient Error Calculation for Multiresolution Direct Volume Rendering

Multiresolution data representations are crucial for viewing large volumetric datasets interactively. When data is too large to fit into texture memory, or into main memory, a “cut” must be made through themultiresolution data hierarchy to attain a subset of the data that satisfies the memory requirements. Ideally, a subset is chosen such that the error made when visualizing the subset (compared to a visualization of the full data set) is smaller than that of any other subset of the same size. For real-time applications it is computationally too expensive to calculate the exact error during runtime. Further, computing error in a preprocessing step is usually not practical due to a large number of possible different configurations each requir- ing its own error computation. For example, when coupling a multiresolution representation with a direct volume rendering technique, screen-space error depends on the transfer function and viewing direction, making impossible its precomputation. We present an algorithm that stores an intermediate form of the error, which allows us to approximate screen-space error efficiently. The input for our algorithm is any spatially subdivided multiresolution representa- tion of grid-aligned scalar or multivariate volume data.We focus on octree- and wavelet-based multiresolution techniques. For each level in the multiresolution hierarchy, the algorithm esti- mates screen-space error “on the fly,” with respect to the current transfer function and viewing direction. The error is approximated by means of a two-dimensional histogram of error pairs. We have extended previous methods by presenting an approach that balances computational and memory costs with approximation quality of the error estimate.
Seismic Functionality and Resilience Analysis of Water Distribution Systems

AbstractBuried water pipelines are subjected to corrosion deterioration and are vulnerable to extreme events (e.g., earthquakes). Corroded metallic buried pipelines have experienced severe damage d...
Assessment and Treatment of Gambling Behavior

Although gambling is a common recreational activity, it results in harm for as many as 6% of individuals in the United States. The harm may be in the form of financial, social, or psychological. A variety of assessments are used to diagnose gambling-related harm and facilitate treatment. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) incorporating motivational enhancement techniques and goal setting are used to treat gambling harms. The components of CBT generally include identifying triggers and high-risk situations, coping with internal and external triggers, increasing other pleasurable activities, cognitive restructuring, and relapse prevention.
Linear-time algorithms for phylogenetic tree completion under Robinson-Foulds distance

We consider two fundamental computational problems that arise when comparing phylogenetic trees, rooted or unrooted, with non-identical leaf sets. The first problem arises when comparing two trees where the leaf set of one tree is a proper subset of the other. The second problem arises when the two trees to be compared have only partially overlapping leaf sets. The traditional approach to handling these problems is to first restrict the two trees to their common leaf set. An alternative approach that has shown promise is to first complete the trees by adding missing leaves, so that the resulting trees have identical leaf sets. This requires the computation of an optimal completion that minimizes the distance between the two resulting trees over all possible completions. We provide optimal linear-time algorithms for both completion problems under the widely-used Robinson–Foulds (RF) distance measure. Our algorithm for the first problem improves the time complexity of the current fastest algorithm from quadratic (in the size of the two trees) to linear. No algorithms have yet been proposed for the more general second problem where both trees have missing leaves. We advance the study of this general problem by proposing a useful restricted version of the general problem and providing optimal linear-time algorithms for the restricted version. Our experimental results on biological data sets suggest that completion-based RF distances can be very different compared to traditional RF distances.
Vaccinia: Virus, Vector, Vaccine

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the genetic characterization of vaccinia, a general protocol for the insertion of foreign genes into vaccinia virus, and analysis of the recombinant viruses. The vaccinia virus can infect a variety of animals and is able to replicate in a variety of tissue culture cells. When experimenting with this virus, two unique viral features must be taken into account: (1) the virus replicates independently within the cytoplasm of the infected cell, and (2) the naked DNA of vaccinia is not infectious, unlike the DNA of many other animal viruses, such as herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and papovaviruses. These features, combined with the large DNA size, disallow it from being used as a cloning vector via the “cut and paste” approach commonly used for other viral genomes and plasmids. Instead, the ability to introduce genetic elements into the vaccinia genome is accomplished by marker rescue techniques. The recombinants of vaccinia virus can be used as expression vectors with biological applications ranging from cloning and expression vehicles to live vaccines directed against infectious diseases of both human and veterinary concern.
Composite mesoporous SiO2-Al2O3 supported Fe, FeCo and FeRu catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch studies in a 3-D printed stainless-steel microreactor

Abstract Composite oxide support, SiO2-Al2O3, with high surface area, was prepared by one-pot procedure, and 10 wt%Fe, 10%Fe5%Co, and 10%Fe5%Ru were impregnated for Fischer-Tropsch (FT) studies. BET studies show the hysteresis loop for mesoporous (m) structure of the composite. H2-TPR studies showed the effect of Ru and Co on iron oxide reduction at lower temperature and XPS studies confirmed two oxidation states for cobalt and iron with different binding energies. The FT studies in a 3D printed stainless steel (SS) microchannel microreactor were performed at 1 atm at 300 °C. 10Fe5Ru catalyst showed better CO conversion and higher selectivity to C1–C3 hydrocarbons.
Hacking Droids and Casting Spells: Locative Augmented Reality Games and the Reimagining of the Theme Park

Locative play and augmented reality games are a growing part of consumer games, thanks to successful mobile experiments such as Niantic's Ingress and Pokemon GO. However, while experiments in using locative play to transform a space have been ongoing in the context of campuses, libraries, national parks, and other tourist destinations, such games reach a limited audience and are still viewed as novelties. The growing movement to bring this type of play into theme parks has the potential to change that, as locative augmented reality games such as Disney's Galaxy's Edge experience and Play Disney app gesture to a broader commercial future for locative interactive narrative. In this essay, we document how these commercial games experiences are transforming both guest expectations of theme parks, and broader understandings of locative play.
Probabilistic Presumptions in Fourth Amendment Decisionmaking

For decades, the Supreme Court has maintained a rhetorical commitment to an ad hoc, case-by-case, totality of the circumstances approach to evaluating probable cause and reasonable suspicion. Despite the Court’s insistence that there are so many factors involved in the assessment of Fourth Amendment probabilities that one case will seldom be useful precedent for future cases, it has with increasing frequency endorsed the use of presumptive rules in this context. Such presumptions provide an appealing balance between the often competing imperatives of providing clear guidance to lower courts and law enforcement officers, on the one hand, and retaining the flexibility to ensure results consistent with Fourth Amendment principles in idiosyncratic cases, on the other. Additionally, although courts might evaluate the suitability of some such presumptions using quantitative analysis, in other cases, the use of qualitative, intuition-based judgment is necessary.
Emergency cardiac surgery in patients on oral anticoagulants and antiplatelet medications.

Background Emergency surgery, blood transfusion, and reoperation for bleeding have been associated with increased operative morbidity and mortality. The recent increased use of direct oral anticoagulants and antiplatelet medications has made the above more challenging. In addition, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), with its associated hemodilution, fibrinolysis, and platelet consumption, may exacerbate the pre-existing coagulopathy and increase the risk of bleeding. Aim The aim of this study was to examine available literature with regard to treating patients who are on the above medications and require emergency cardiac surgery. Results Management decisions are typically made on a case-by-case basis. Surgery is delayed when possible, and less invasive percutaneous options should be considered if feasible. Attention is paid to exercising meticulous techniques, avoiding excessive hypothermia, and treating coexisting issues such as sepsis. Ensuring a dry operative field upon entry by correcting the coagulopathy with reversal agents is offset by the concern of potentially hindering efforts to anticoagulate the patient (heparin resistance) in preparation for CPB, in addition to possibly increasing the risk of thromboembolism. Conclusion Proper knowledge of anticoagulants, their reversal agents, and the usefulness of laboratory testing are all essential. Platelet transfusion remains the mainstay for antiplatelet medications. Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate is considered in patients on oral anticoagulants if CPB needs to be instituted quickly. Specific reversal agents such as idarucizumab and andexanet alfa can be considered if significant tissue dissection is anticipated, such as redo sternotomy, but are costly and may lead to heparin resistance and anticoagulant rebound.
Growth of human acute myeloblastic leukemic (aml) cells in vitro.

Human normal and granulocytic leukemic progenitor cells produce colonies and clusters when cultured in the plasma clot system in vitro. The number of colonies formed and their cellular composition was comparable to that reported for the system (soft agar) usually used for these studies. The plasma clot system has the advantage of permitting in situ morphologic and cytochemical characterization of the cells within the colonies. A comparison was also made of the growth of leukemic cells in suspension cultures placed within conventional and modified Marbrook flasks. These studies demonstrated no advantage for the Marbrook system in cultures incubated for up to 7 days.
The Transnational Context of Schooling

The Educational Leader Without Borders (ELWB) has a wealth of historical precedents and parallels upon which to draw for a reconstruction of state-systems of education around transnational ideals and practices, ones that privilege humanity over the state. This chapter situates the emergence of the nation-state and the schools designed to serve it in a wider cosmopolitanism, arguing that in a global society, one dating back to the oceanic revolution of the 15th and 16th centuries, the state as a social construction is an empty signifier. As such it resists reification, meaning no less or more than what some individual or group of individuals however powerful, intend it to mean. Four early, East-West exemplars of the ELWB—one European, Karl Marx, two Americans, John Dewey and Jane Addams, and one Japanese educator, Tsunesaburo Makiguchi—provide a broad philosophical framework for better understanding the challenges and opportunities faced by ELWBs today as they work necessarily within, through, and around the concatenated national state. The chapter concludes with the recent example of one leadership preparation program, the Master of Arts in Educational Leadership and Societal Change at the author’s home institution that focuses explicitly on the training and development of ELWBs, asking what that preparation might look like in reality.
Thermoelastic fracture solutions using distributions of singular influence functions—II: Numerical modelling of thermally self-driven cracks

Abstract Propagation of an array of cracks, due to cooling of a body and crack surfaces has many important applications; e.g. it could greatly increase the rate at which heat can be extracted from a Hot Dry Rock geothermal system. A procedure and numerical program are presented for determining the stresses associated with such a crack array, assuming it is propagating under steady state conditions. The technique employs superposition of the stress fields associated with constant-velocity heat sinks and dislocation distributions can be used to simulate resulting cracking, as described in Part I of the paper.
Venoocclusive disease of the liver after chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide for the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma

BACKGROUND Venoocclusive disease (VOD) of the liver is a common complication after allogenic and autologous bone marrow transplantation for malignant disease. The authors report the unusual and unexpected complication of VOD of the liver occurring in children with rhabdomyosarcoma who were receiving vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) according to the chemotherapy regimens of the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS) IV. METHODS The authors evaluated 821 patients with newly diagnosed rhabdomyosarcoma receiving treatment according to IRS IV who were considered at risk for VOD. RESULTS Ten patients developed VOD of the liver for an overall incidence of 1.2%. VOD was found only after the administration of VAC chemotherapy. The highest incidence of VOD was observed among patients who had previously received vincristine and melphalan (Regimen 48). None of the patients receiving the chemotherapy regimen of vincristine and actinomycin D (Regimen 44) developed VOD. CONCLUSIONS Patients receiving VAC-containing regimens on the IRS IV were found to be at risk for VOD. The VAC combination was used extensively in previous IRS studies (I, II, and III) and VOD was not reported during these studies, strongly suggesting that the escalation of the cyclophosphamide dose to 2.2 g/m2 (with the vincristine and actinomycin D doses and schedule remaining unchanged) triggered the development of VOD. The contributing role of previous therapy or events is unknown. At last follow-up, none of the nine surviving patients had developed recurrent VOD on continuation of chemotherapy. Cancer 1997; 79:2435-9. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
México y el CIAM. Apuntes para la historia de la arquitectura moderna en México

This paper will analyze a series of letters between the exiled German architect, Max Cetto and important personalities in architecture of the twentieth century, among them: Siegfried Giedion, Walter Gropius, Josep Lluis Sert. These documents offer a polemic look of Mexican architecture during the first half of the previous century and illustrate the failed and unexplored relation between Mexico and the ciam (Congres Internacional d’Architecture Moderne), so far.