cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes Inhibit Aspergillus fumigatus Conidial Growth by Lactoferrin-Mediated Iron Depletion

Aspergillus fumigatus, a common mold, rarely infects humans, except during prolonged neutropenia or in cases of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the NADPH oxidase that normally produces fungicidal reactive oxygen species. Filamentous hyphae of Aspergillus are killed by normal, but not CGD polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN); however, the few studies on PMN-mediated host defenses against infectious conidia (spores) of this organism have yielded conflicting results, some showing that PMN do not inhibit conidial growth, with others showing that they do, most likely using reactive oxygen species. Given that CGD patients are exposed daily to hundreds of viable A. fumigatus conidia, yet considerable numbers of them survive years without infection, we reasoned that PMN use ROS-independent mechanisms to combat Aspergillus. We show that human PMN from both normal controls and CGD patients are equipotent at arresting the growth of Aspergillus conidia in vitro, indicating the presence of a reactive oxygen species-independent factor(s). Cell-free supernatants of degranulated normal and CGD neutrophils both suppressed fungal growth and were found to be rich in lactoferrin, an abundant PMN secondary granule protein. Purified iron-poor lactoferrin at concentrations occurring in PMN supernatants (and reported in human mucosal secretions in vivo) decreased fungal growth, whereas saturation of lactoferrin or PMN supernatants with iron, or testing in the presence of excess iron in the form of ferritin, completely abolished activity against conidia. These results demonstrate that PMN lactoferrin sequestration of iron is important for host defense against Aspergillus.
The Opacity Project―results for opacities

Methods and results of the Opacity Project are discussed. An emerging opacity library for arbitrary compositions is presented
Fundamentals Of Electrosurgery

Electrosurgery uses electricity to remove tissue, coagulate bleeding, or destroy tumors. Modern units, first developed for application in neurosurgery, are now available in office models that are most commonly used by the family physician for cutaneous surgery. Electrosurgery can accomplish cutting, coagulation, desiccation, and fulguration. Electrosurgical equipment for the office is relatively inexpensive and portable. The main advantage of this surgical modality is rapid completion of the procedure with minimal surgical time, because hemostasis occurs at the time of the incision. After some basic instruction and initial practice on animal tissue, which are provided through the guidance of several excellent texts or continuing education courses, the family physician can readily apply electrosurgery in an office-based practice safely, efficiently, and with satisfying results.
Childhood adversity and pubertal timing: understanding the origins of adulthood cardiovascular risk.

Objective To determine whether greater childhood adversity relates to younger menarcheal age; whether younger menarcheal age relates to increased CVD risk; and whether greater childhood adversity relates to increased CVD risk, directly or indirectly (mediated by menarcheal age).
1990 Update of the U. S. environmental protection agency's SITE emerging technology program

This paper discusses the Emerging Technology Program (ETP) that supports the development of technologies that have been successfully tested at bench-scale level. Before a technology can be accepted into the Emerging Technology Program, sufficient data must be available to validate its basic concepts. The ETP enters into a co-funding effort with developers for a one- or two-year effort. Developers are responsible for contributing financial support and conducting the developmental research. After development and data collection, the technology's performance is documented and a report is prepared, which may include recommendations for further developing the technology. If test results are encouraging, a technology may proceed with approval to a field demonstration. The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with (1) an introduction to the Emerging Technology Program (2) an understanding of how the program operates (3) a summary of those technologies currently being tested and evaluated under the program and (4) information on how to apply to the program.
Alterations of the bacteriophage T7 and T3 DNA packaging pathway in Escherichia coli mutant TSN B.

Abstract Data previously obtained indicate that, during assembly of the related bacteriophages T7 and T3, a DNA-free procapsid (capsid I) is produced and that subsequently capsid I: (1) binds to a longer than mature (concatemeric) DNA and then becomes structurally altered to a particle isolated as a capsid (capsid II) physically resembling the mature bacteriophage capsid more than the procapsid (initiation phase of packaging), (2) draws DNA to its interior (entry phase of packaging), (3) participates in cutting the concatemeric DNA to mature size. It was found that, after infection of Escherichia coli mutant tsnB (selected for a deficiency in plating T7; M. Chamberlin [1974], J. Virol. 14 , 509–516), T7 and T3 capsid I is assembled at a rate not significantly different from its rate of assembly in the wild-type host. However, the conversion of capsid I to capsid II was slowed in E. coli tsnB, suggesting that the tsnB mutation interferes with the initiation of DNA packaging. Although some T3 and T7 DNA enters capsids and is cut to mature size in the tsnB mutant, the data further suggest that the entry rate of DNA into capsid II is lower in the tsnB mutant than it is in an unaltered host. T7 capsid II-concatemeric DNA complexes accumulate during infection of the tsnB mutant. These observations suggest that use of the tsnB mutant as a host will simplify studies of bacteriophage T7 and T3 DNA packaging.
Lack of predictors of normalization of oesophageal acid exposure in Barrett's oesophagus.

Summary Background : Barrett's oesophagus patients may continue to have abnormal oesophageal acid exposure on proton pump inhibitor therapy. The effect of factors such as Barrett's oesophagus length, hiatal hernia size and Helicobacter pylori infection on intra-oesophageal pH in Barrett's oesophagus patients has not been adequately studied. Aim : To evaluate oesophageal acid exposure in a large Barrett's oesophagus population on b.d. proton pump inhibitor therapy and determine clinical factors predicting normalization of intra-oesophageal pH on therapy. Methods : Barrett's oesophagus patients were studied using 24 h pH monitoring to evaluate intra-oesophageal acid suppression on b.d. dosing of rabeprazole. Results : Forty-six Barrett's oesophagus patients completed the study. Median total percentage time pH < 4 was 1.05% (range: 0–29.9%) in the entire group and respective values for upright and supine percentage time pH < 4 were 1.15% and 0%. However, 34 of the Barrett's oesophagus patients (73.9%) had a normal pH study (median total percentage time pH < 4: 0.2%) and 12 patients (26.1%) had an abnormal result (median total percentage time pH < 4: 9.3%). There were no significant differences between patients with a normal and abnormal 24 h pH result with respect to age, Barrett's oesophagus length, hiatal hernia size and presence of H. pylori infection. Conclusions : Approximately 25% of Barrett's oesophagus patients continue to have abnormal total intra-oesophageal pH profiles despite b.d. proton pump inhibitor therapy. Factors such as age, Barrett's oesophagus length and hiatal hernia size cannot be used to predict persistent abnormal intra-oesophageal pH on proton pump inhibitor.
Relationship Quality, Trait Similarity, and Self-Other Agreement on Personality Ratings in College Roommates

Previous research has shown that the level of self-other agreement for personality trait ratings increases with the length of acquaintanceship between the target and the informant. These findings emerge exclusively from studies of well-acquainted pairs in natural relationships and relative strangers interacting in laboratory and classroom settings. The present study examines self-other correlations for trait ratings using the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI; Costa & McCrae, 1992) with 103 pairs of previously unacquainted female college roommates. Assessments were obtained at approximately 2 weeks and again at approximately 15 weeks subsequent to the roommates' initial introduction. Self-other correlations increased for all five NEO-FFI scores and agreement correlations for Conscientiousness were significantly higher than for Extraversion at both occasions. Differences in relationship quality did not moderate self-other agreement for any of the traits. However, better relationship quality was associated with higher other-ratings of Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness and lower other-ratings of Neuroticism after controlling for self-ratings on the same trait. Higher similarity in self-ratings of Neuroticism and Openness was associated with higher self-other agreement for these ratings, and similarity in Conscientiousness was associated with higher relationship quality. These results are considered in light of existing theories of differential trait observability and the effects of unique contexts on trait perception.
Condensation of a vapor flowing inside a horizontal rectangular duct

Condensation of a vapor flow inside a horizontal rectangular duct, using the bottom plate as the only condensing surface, was experimentally investigated. The experimental measurements included condensate film thickness and heat transfer coefficients with R-113 and FC-72. The condensate film thickness, measured with an ultrasonic transducer, was used to obtain the local heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing inlet vapor velocity. The rate of increase was enhanced noticeably after the appearance of interfacial waves. Within the limited range of the experimental variables, a correlation between St and Re gL was developed by a linear regression analysis. However, because of the effect of the interfacial waves, instead of a single correlation for the entire range of Re gL , two separate equations (one for the wave-free regime and another for the regime with waves) were found. Analytical predictions of heat transfer rates in the annular condensation regime require the proper modeling of the interfacial shear stress. A properly validated interfacial shear stress model with condensation is not yet available. The measurement of condensate film thickness at several axial locations opens the door for determining the local interfacial stress and, hence, a model for the interfacial shear stress.
Nucleolar RNA synthesis of meiotic prophase spermatocytes in the human testis.

Human meiotic prophase spermatocyte nuclei were studied by electron microscope autoradiography after a 3 hours 3H-uridine labeling pulse, followed by postincubation in non-radioactive medium. In autosomes, 3H-uridine nucleolar labeling reaches a peak during early-middle zygotene prior to the peak labeling of chromosomal RNA species at middle pachytene. Transcription activities of sex chromosomes are inconspicuous when compared with that of autosomes. An increasing condensation of nucleolar-associated chromatin in acrocentric bivalents contributes to the formation of basal knobs in human pachytene spermatocytes. Upon completion of knob formation, nucleolar components segregate and the uptake of 3H-uridine decreases. These findings suggest that the template capability of ribosomal DNA cistrons, located next to the basal knob region, is largely associated with a dispersed state of chromatin whereas increased chromatin condensation is correlated with a restriction of ribosomal RNA transcription.
Economics of Conservation Tillage in a Wheat–Fallow Rotation

Wind erosion and blowing dust on conventionally tilled winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer fallow cropland in eastern Washington, USA, reduces soil productivity and can contribute to poor air quality. Conservation tillage during fallow has long been known to curtail erosion and dust, but conventional tillage (CT) is still practiced on more than 80% of the cropland in the region. This paper reports the economic results of a 5-yr (1995-1999 harvest years) tillage system study at Lind, WA. The site averages 244 mm of annual precipitation, and the soil is a Shano silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Xeric Haplocambids). Tillage systems were (i) CT, (ii) minimum tillage (MT; herbicides and tillage), and (iii) delayed MT (DMT; herbicides and delayed tillage). Wheat grain yield across years ranged from 1.79 to 5.20 Mg ha -1 , but there were no differences in grain yield among tillage systems in any year or when analyzed across years. Tillage systems were economically equivalent based on market returns over total production costs, but DMT was slightly less profitable than CT based on market returns over variable costs. Economic analysis indicates that no subsidies should be required to entice producers to switch from CT to MT fallow because the systems are equally profitable. Because there is no short- or long-term economic sacrifice for converting to the soil-saving MT system, it represents a win-win solution for farmers and the environment.
The effect of advanced technology on the second-generation SST

Technological developments that promise to substantially increase the efficiency of next-generation subsonic commercial aircraft, together with additional developments in supersonic aircraft aerodynamics, structures and propulsion systems, are presently evaluated in order to project the extent of performance and economic improvement obtainable for a future SST by comparison to the Concorde SST. It is demonstrated that the second-generation SST projected will double passenger-carrying capacity from 100 for the Concorde to 200, despite reducing takeoff gross weight from 400,000 to 321,000 lbs and extending range by some 2000 nm.
Accuracy of Color Doppler Transesophageal Echocardiography for Diagnosis of Patent Foramen Ovale

This study assessed the sensitivity of color Doppler as compared with contrast study during transesophageal echocardiography for detection of a patent foramen ovale. We also evaluated the incidence of patent foramen ovale in younger (less than age 50, group 1) as compared with older (greater than age 50, group 2) patients. A total of 114 patients were studied. A patent foramen ovale was found in 17 patients: 7 of 39 (17.9%) in group 1 and 10 of 75 (13.3%) in group 2 (NS). The sensitivity of color Doppler as compared with contrast study was 33%. Our data suggest that color Doppler is a poor method of assessment for the presence of a patent foramen ovale and that patent foramen ovale remains prevalent in older as well as younger patients.
Postoperative Serum Amylase Predicts Pancreatic Fistula Formation Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Introduction Early identification of patients at risk for developing pancreatic fistula (PF) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) may facilitate prevention or treatment strategies aimed at reducing its associated morbidity.
Demonstration of grating demultiplexer in GaAs/AlGaAs suitable for integration

Based on Rowland circle construction, a grating spectrometer integrated with 90 o curved output waveguides was designed and fabricated in a GaAs/AlGaAs waveguide structure. By incorporating curved waveguides, a larger separation between output facets was obtained
Some aspects of the network analysis of sequence transducers

Abstract An algebraic formulation is presented for use in the analysis of networks of the synchronous type of sequence transducer discussed by Mealy (1).2 With the network analysis problem in mind, the operation of a sequence transducer is characterized by two matrices and the formulation is given for elementary cases of cascade, parallel, and feedback connections. This formulation involves matrix-type operations and derives the characterizing matrices for the over-all network from those of the component sequence transducers. The formulations are intended to serve as a framework for the general network analysis problem. The analysis problem for feedback connections is also discussed.
Abstinence-only policies and programs: An overview

Over the past decade, abstinence education has emerged as the primary U.S. government strategy for dealing with adolescent sexuality. Abstinence-only programs have been found not to help youth delay initiation of sexual intercourse; long-term demographic trends such as later ages at first marriage suggest that policies and programs promoting abstinence until marriage are unlikely to work. Emphasis on abstinence-only programs has coincided with restrictions on what teachers can cover in health education classes and with fewer students reporting that they received information about such topics as contraception and sexually transmitted disease prevention. In addition, concerns have been raised about the scientific accuracy of abstinence-only curricula and the federal government’s failure to develop standards for these programs. Furthermore, offering information only on abstinence and withholding potentially lifesaving knowledge on risk reduction raise ethical and human rights concerns. Policymakers at local, state, and national levels should reconsider their support for abstinenceonly programs.
Membrane diffusion with feedback regulation of cell volume; estimation of membrane tortuosity and diffusion coefficients.

Abstract A diffusion time-lag analysis is applied to non-electrolyte transport through membranes under conditions of constant cell volume. The Fick equation is solved subject to feedback and stirred layer boundary conditions, and an expression is derived for the time integral Q of the solute flux across the inner membrane surface. As time increases, Q approaches a linear asymptote whose slope and intercept on the time axis are, respectively, (DAγΔ/hθ)/(1 + θαγ/2) and (h 2 θ 2 /6D)(1 +θαγ/4)/(1 +θαγ/2), where Δ is the solute concentration difference across the membrane, D the solute diffusion coefficient in the membrane, h the membrane thickness, A the surface area, θ the tortuosity factor, α the ratio of membrane volume to total cell volume, and γ the fraction of surface area available for solute penetration. Estimates of θ and D are obtained using measurements on glycerol permeation of beef erythrocytes under isosmolar conditions.
Electron microscopy of zoosporogenesis in the marine phycomycete, Lagenidium callinectes Couch

1. Zoosporogenesis and zoospore structure of Lagenidium callinectes, parasitic on ova of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, are studied by electron microscopy. 2. The cytoplasmic thread connecting discharging cytoplasmic units appears as a simple constricted area of cytoplasm, containing much membranous material, and bound by only the plasma membrane. 3. Cleavage of discharged cytoplasm may be grouped into four stages and occurs by the coalescence of cleavage vacuoles. 4. During cleavage, microtubules contained within packets formed from the endoplasmic reticulum attach extracellularly to the anterior flagellum. 5. The zoospores are rather “unspecialized” with the two flagella arising from a raised area of the diagonal groove. 6. Rootlets interconnect the basal bodies and project anteriorly and posteriorly along the plasma membrane of the spore. 7. Microtubules project away from the basal bodies and appear to ensheath the beaked nucleus.
Long period superlattice and its large tetragonal distortion

Abstract A large tetragonal distortion, c/a from 1 to 0.88, found in Pd3Mn upon the addition of Mn or Al is found to be quantitatively related to the size of the Fermi surface through the stabilization condition of the long period superlattice. The number of valence electrons of Mn and Pd can be deduced to be 3.0 and 0.61, respectively.
Ultrasonic disruption of the blood–brain barrier enables in vivo functional mapping of the mouse barrel field cortex with manganese-enhanced MRI

Abstract Though mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains technically challenging. One approach, Activation-Induced Manganese-enhanced MRI (AIM MRI), has been used successfully to map neuronal activity in rodents. In AIM MRI, manganese 2+ acts a calcium analog and accumulates in depolarized neurons. Because manganese 2+ shortens T1, regions of elevated neuronal activity enhance in MRI. However, because manganese does not cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), the need to osmotically disrupt the BBB has limited the use of AIM MRI, particularly in mice. In this work, the BBB was opened in mice using unfocused, transcranial ultrasound in combination with gas-filled microbubbles. Using this noninvasive technique to open the BBB bilaterally, manganese could be quickly administered to the whole mouse brain. With this approach, AIM MRI was used to map the neuronal response to unilateral mechanical stimulation of the vibrissae in lightly sedated mice. The resultant 3D activation map agreed well with published representations of the vibrissae regions of the barrel field cortex. The anterior portions of the barrel field cortex corresponding to the more rostral vibrissae showed greater activation, consistent with previous literature. Because the ultrasonic opening of the BBB is simple, fast, and noninvasive, this approach is suitable for high-throughput and longitudinal studies in awake mice. This approach enables a new way to map neuronal activity in mice with manganese.
Chronic pelvic pain in females and obscure hernias

Chronic pelvic pain is a very common condition in the female population of the United States. Some authors suggest that this entity prompts up to one-third of all outpatient gynecological visits [Kloch 1995]. Heretofore, chronic pelvic pain has been associated with female genital tract disease; however, recent observations have shown that this syndrome can be due to a multitude of problems, not the least of which are abdominal and pelvic wall hernias. This report is intended to emphasize the role of non-gynecologic diseases, particularly rare abdominal and pelvic wall hernias, in the genesis of chronic pelvic pain and the need for general surgeons to be involved with the investigation and management of this frequently frustrating gynecological problem.
Eating disorders: 2. Bulimia nervosa.

(2001). Eating Disorders: 2. Bulimia Nervosa. Hospital Practice: Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 71-72.
THE URINARY EXCRETION OF CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN BY HUMAN FEMALES FOLLOWING PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION OF AQUEOUS OR BEESWAX SOLUTIONS

THE primary function of chorionic gonadotropin in the human female would seem to be that of a luteotropic hormone. Parenteral administration of chorionic gonadotropin to normal women results in the increased function of the corpus luteum (1, 2). During the so-called “ovarian phase” of pregnancy, very high levels of this material have been found (3, 4). It is probable that this high level of chorionic gonadotropin stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete amounts of steroid hormones adequate to maintain the pregnancy. It has been shown that many pregnant women who subsequently abort have low excretion rates of this material (3, 5) and of pregnanediol (6). It would seem that a rational method of treatment of threatened abortion would be to administer adequate amounts of chorionic gonadotropin in order to supplement the deficient placental secretion. This augmentation should stimulate further activity of the corpus luteum. Since it has been reported that from 10,000 to 20,000 international units of chorionic g...
Buoyancy-induced differences in soot morphology

INTRODUCTIONReduction or elimination of buoyancy in flamesaffects the dominant mechanisms driving heattransfer, burning rates and flame shape. Theabsence of buoyancy produces longer resi-dence times for soot formation, clustering andoxidation [1]. In addition, soot pathlines arestrongly affected in microgravity [2]. We re-cently conducted the first experiments compar-ing soot morphology in normal and reduced-gravity laminar gas jet diffusion flames.Thermophoretic sampling [3-5] is a rela-tively new but well-established technique forstudying the morpho[o_ of soot primaries andaggregates. Although there have been somequestions about biasing that may be induceddue to sampling [6], recent analysis by Rosnereta[. [7] showed that the sample is not biasedwhen the system under study is operating inthe continuum limit. Furthermore, even if thesampling is preferentially biased to larger ag-gregates, the size-invariant premise of fractalanalysis should produce a correct fractal di-mension [7].EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESThe fuels were either propane or ethylene withflow rates of 1.0 and 1.5 cm3/s injected intoquiescent, atmospheric air from a nozzle with
Effects of polymerizable organoclays on oxygen inhibition of acrylate and thiol-acrylate photopolymerization

Abstract Oxygen inhibition is of great concern in radical photopolymerization. This research investigates the effects of polymerizable organoclays on oxygen inhibition of acrylate and thiol-acrylate systems. Without use of thiol monomers, oxygen inhibition is difficult to overcome, although adding acrylated polymerizable organoclays slightly enhances polymerization in air. By incorporating thiols, on the other hand, polymerization rates and conversion continue to increase until thiol concentration reaches 30 mol% reaching rates and conversions approximately 80% of those observed in nitrogen. Further improvements have been observed by adding suitable polymerizable organoclays. Addition of only 5 wt% thiolated organoclays into the thiol-acrylate systems including 20 mol% thiol enhances the conversion in air to almost identical levels of that achieved under nitrogen. Interestingly, addition of either non-reactive or acrylated organoclays usually decreases the polymerization. In addition, higher thiol conversions are achieved by adding thiolated organoclays due to increased thiol-ene reaction induced by the functional groups on the clay surfaces.
Insulin counteracts the satiating effect of a fat meal in rats

The effects of insulin administration of the reduction on food intake which follows a meal of corn oil was examined in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. In the first experiment, a single injection of long-acting, protamine zinc insulin (3 IU) curtailed the decrease in 24-hr food intake that occurred in normal and diabetic rats after ingestion of 2.0 ml of oil. In a second experiment, injection of short-acting, regular insulin (0.5 IU) prevented the depression of food intake which occurred 6-24 hr after ingestion of 1.5 ml of corn oil, but not at earlier time intervals. In a third experiment, the short-term suppression of food intake in diabetic rats that occurred within 6 hr after a 1.5 ml meal of oil was reduced by chronic administration of insulin (3 IU/day) via a subcutaneously implanted osmotic pump. The results indicate that a relatively long-lasting effect of insulin counteracts the satiation from ingested fat and suggest that insulin's role in the control of food intake may depend on the composition of the diet.
The Importance of Paternal Warmth

Cross-cultural and intra-cultural comparative research into the relationship between paternal behaviors and offspring development has tended to overlook the influence of paternal warmth by assessing only the physical availability of the father or by focusing on parental versus paternal and maternal warmth. Consequently, this article uses comparative methodology to explore the relationship between warm and affectionate paternal behavior and offspring behavior in diverse sociocultural contexts. Results show that paternal physical availability is a much less significant construct for predicting paternal influences on offspring functioning than is paternal warmth and that codes for paternal physical availability are not profitable or beneficial proxies for paternal warmth and affection. Finally, the findings indicate that paternal warmth is often a more significant predictor of youths' functioning than is maternal warmth. These cross-cultural comparative findings are consistent with multivariate studies done ...
Predictions instead of panics: the framework and utility of systematic forecasting of novel psychoactive drug trends

AbstractBackground: Countless novel psychoactive substances have been sensationally described in the last 15 years by the media and academia. Though some become significant issues, most fail to become a substantial threat. The diversity and breadth of these potential problem substances has led policymakers, law enforcement officers, and healthcare providers alike to feel overwhelmed and underprepared for dealing with novel drugs. Objective: Inadequacies in training and preparation may be remedied by a response that is more selective and more proactive. The current manuscript seeks to clarify how to most efficiently forecast the “success” of each newly introduced novel psychoactive substance in order to allow for more efficient decision making and proactive resource allocation. Methods: A review of literature, published case reports, and legal studies was used to determine which factors were most closely linked to use of a novel drug spreading. Following the development of a forecasting framework, examples...
Low-temperature thermally-activated deformation and irradiation softening in neutron-irradiated molybdenum

Abstract The effect of neutron irradiation on low-temperature deformation of Mo in two heat treatments, i.e. annealed and stress-relieved, was investigated. Specimens were irradiated at reactor coolant temperature (∼80 °C) to doses ranging from 7.2 × 10−5 to 0.28 dpa in the High Flux Isotope Reactor. Tensile tests were carried out between −50 and 100 °C at strain rates of 1 × 10−5–1 × 10−2 s−1. Thermal activation analysis based on tensile data was performed to understand the low-temperature deformation mechanism. Irradiation softening and reduced dependence on test temperature and strain rate of the yield stress was observed in the annealed Mo after low-dose neutron irradiation (
Nano-Scale Spinning Detonation in a Condensed Phase Energetic Material

A single-headed spinning detonation wave is observed in molecular dynamics simulations of a condensed phase detonation of an energetic material confined to a round tube. The EM is modeled using a modified AB reactive empirical bond order (REBO) potential. The simulated spinning detonation is similar to those observed in the gas phase. However, in addition to the incident, oblique, and transverse shock waves well known from gas-phase spinning detonations, a contact shock wave generated by a contact discontinuity is uncovered in our MD simulations.
A Refinement of Jensen's Inequality for a Class of Increasing and Concave Functions

Suppose that is strictly increasing, strictly concave, and twice continuously differentiable on a nonempty interval , and is strictly convex on . Suppose that , where , and for , and suppose that . Let , and . We show , , for suitably chosen and . These results can be viewed as a refinement of the Jensen's inequality for the class of functions specified above. Or they can be viewed as a generalization of a refined arithmetic mean-geometric mean inequality introduced by Cartwright and Field in 1978. The strength of the above result is in bringing the variations of the 's into consideration, through .
The newer purine analogs. Significant therapeutic advance in the management of lymphoid malignancies

There are three new purine analogs, fludarabine, 2'-deoxycoformycin, and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine, all of which have major activity in the treatment of indolent lymphoid malignancies. These three agents, with cytotoxicity against dividing and resting lymphocytes, have revolutionized the treatment of these diseases and, accordingly, represent a significant therapeutic advance. The development of these drugs emanated from an enhanced understanding of purine metabolism in lymphocytes and the mechanism of lymphocytotoxicity in severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Preclinical studies and phase I clinical trials are reviewed, as are phase II studies of these three purine analogs in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and the myeloid leukemias
Pathological Gambling: Etiology, Comorbidity, and Treatment

Pathological Gambling: Etiology, Comorbidity, and Treatment examines the prevalence and consequences of problem gambling as well as approaches to treatment. In this comprehensive book, Petry clarifies the current understanding of gambling as a disorder, including its levels of intensity; possible origins in biological, neurological, developmental, and environmental spheres; and special issues surrounding populations that seem to be more susceptible to problem gambling, including youth, ethnic minorities, and those with comorbid affective disorders such as depression. The author reviews treatments commonly used for pathological gambling as well as nonprofessionally guided interventions such as Gamblers Anonymous. Petry then presents her own brief cognitive-behavioral approach, whose success is empirically proven in the largest known study of psychosocial treatments of problem gamblers. Pathological Gambling presents a review of everything currently known about problem gambling as well as promising treatment approaches, making it an invaluable, comprehensive resource for both therapists and researchers in the field.
Facilitating Integrated Teaching and Learning in the Preschool Setting: A Process Approach.

An integration of the theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and Erikson with the research on oral language acquisition, emergent literacy, and developmental play, forms the basis for a process approach to teaching and learning in preschool settings. The process approach uses child-initiated developmental play in a prepared environment with social interaction and mediation as the media to encourage the formation of symbolic mental representations. Once symbolic representations are acquired, the processes of decentration, decontextualization, and integration can be stressed, and the physical, intellectual, emotional, and social growth of the preoperational child facilitated. Guidelines for implementation of the process approach are offered.
WRAMPing up calcium in migrating cells by localized ER transport.

Morphological plasticity and front-rear polarity are essential for directed cell migration. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Witze et al. (2013) demonstrate that Wnt5a-mediated signaling induces localization of the cortical endoplasmic reticulum to the trailing edge of melanoma cells and mediates calcium flux, rear detachment, and motility.
Children, parents, and hypnosis: a discussion.

Abstract Ease of hypnotic induction in children depends on the setting, expectancies and nature of the relationship between the child, parent, and hypnotist. The capacity to center attention seems to be reflected in an increased alpha base rate. The capacity to suspend reality testing and to become subject to the authority of the hypnotist has its counterpart in the child's relationship with idealized authoritarian parents. Hypnotic induction utilizes the child's readiness for regressive object relations in which union of self and idealized parent imago is reactivated leading to high degrees of both suggestibility and feelings of omnipotence in the child. It is hypothesized that the child shares reality testing with the hypnotist as the infant did earlier with the all-powerful parent. The fact that children can easily be hypnotized by the experienced hypnotist tells us nothing about indication for, dangers of, or potential success of treatment. Brief symptomatic improvement of single symptoms means little...
ÆTIOLOGY OF REGIONAL ENTERITIS

Abstract An infectious aetiology for regional enteritis and ulcerative bowel disease has long been suspected, but negative bacteriological studies have discouraged further investigation on these lines. However, a review of some other intestinal diseases and of certain skin diseases and the action of sulphonamides, sulphones, and aminosalicylic acid suggested that further work on an infective aetiology for regional enteritis is warranted.
Survey of the K-shell emission from heliumlike ions with an X-ray microcalorimeter

The Electron Beam Ion Trap Microcalorimeter Spectrometer (ECS) routinely surveys the K-shell x-ray spectra that fall into the energy range between 200 eV and 14,000 eV. The spectra serve as in situ energy references and include the K-shell emission from ions between boron at the low-energy end and krypton at the high end. Example spectra are presented of the n = 2 → n = 1 emission from heliumlike noble gas ions neon, argon, and krypton, from the heliumlike transition metals iron and nickel, as well as the heliumlike ions of boron, silicon, sulfur, and germanium.
E2/M1 admixture of the 2′ → 2 transition in 108Pd

Abstract An angular correlation measurement between two cascade γ-rays from the Coulomb-excited state in 108Pd at 931 keV was used to establish a value of − (3.1 ± 0.4) for the E2/M1 radiative admixture δ of the 2′ → 2, 497 keV γ-ray. From this and earlier information, we determined B(E2; 2′ → 2) = (24.8 ± 5.5) × 10−50 e2 · cm4 and B( M1 ; 2′ → 2) = (4.4 ± 1.4) × 10 −3 ( e h 2Mc ) 2 .
A 280NA, 87PPM/°C, high PSRR full CMOS voltage reference and its application

An ultra low quiescent current voltage reference generator with a supply voltage ranging from 1.5V to 3.3V has been implemented in 0.35um process. It is a full CMOS voltage reference which doesn't need bipolar devices and resistors. The quiescent current is only 280nA in normal operation and the temperature coefficient is 87ppm/°C from −25°C to 85°C. Its power supply rejection ratio without any filtering capacitor can achieve −49dB at 1kHz and the circuit takes 0.027mm2 die area.
Effects of nicotine on brain area 5-hydroxytryptamine function in male and female rats separated for differences of activity

Abstract Male and female rats separated according to differences in activity were administered five nicotine (400 μg/kg, s.c.) doses, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) function estimated in diencephalon (Dien.) and brainstem (BS) areas of each experimental group. Chemical parameters were studied by comparing 5-HT accumulation in pargyline treated (75 mg/kg, i.p.) rats and it was observed that this factor was significantly lower in nicotine treated high activity (H.A.) rats of both sexes. These effects were most evident in the Dien. of the female, while BS areas were similarly affected in the male rat. 5-HT function appeared to be unaffected by nicotine in L.A. rats, but there was some evidence that this system was stimulated, especially in the Dien. of the female rat (+ 31%). Correlations between the stimulatory effects of nicotine on activity and 5-HT accumulation in the H.A. rat supported previous research which indicated that nicotine can inhibit this chemical system. Pooled data (H.A. + L.A.) reduced the significance of these findings providing further support for using such preselection techniques when attempting to study the pharmacology of a subtle psychoactive drug such as nicotine. Female rats appeared to be, chemically and behaviorally, more sensitive to nicotine which appeared to be somewhat related to the fact that female 5-HT accumulation was faster than that in similarly treated male rats.
A new method of intestinal salvage for severe small bowel ischemia

The morbidity and mortality in short bowel syndrome are directly related to the length of the remaining small bowel and to the duration of total parenteral nutrition. We describe the successful salvage of an infant with extensive small bowel infarction for whom a new technique was used to preserve all viable mucosal surfaces. The infant, with gastroschisis, was found to have a tight volvulus of the extruded bowel and extensive small bowel ischemia at the time of delivery. Forty-eight hours after reduction of the volvulus and abdominal decompression, a second-look laparotomy was performed. Although only the terminal 13 cm of ileum was completely viable, 25% of the circumference of a further 23 cm of proximal jejunum/ileum was considered salvageable. After debridement of the dead tissue, the remaining gutter of jejunum was divided at its midpoint, and the two halves were anastomosed longitudinally to provide a "neojejunum" of 12 cm in length, which was anastomosed between the duodenum and terminal ileum. Full enteral feeding was tolerated from day 47. Although the neojejunum was excised on day 149, after becoming dilated and atonic, by that time the remaining small bowel had elongated to 30 cm. Because of the early institution of full enteral feeding, there were no long-term complications related to total parenteral nutrition.
Dideoxyfingerprinting (ddF) Analysis of the Type X Collagen Gene (COL10A1) and Identification of a Novel Mutation (S671P) in a Kindred with Schmid Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia

Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (SMCD; MIM 156500) is an autosomal dominant disorder of the skeleton that is manifested in early childhood by short stature,coxa vara,and a waddling gait. Patients with SMCD have mutations in the gene that codes for the α-1 chain of collagen X (COL10A1); however, mutation analysis of this gene is hampered by its size. We studied a family with SMCD: the mother, a 36-year-old woman with a height of 149 cm, had mild bilateralcoxa vara.Her two sons presented with short stature, bowed legs, andcoxa varain early childhood. DNA was extracted from peripheral lymphocytes from the three patients and subjected to PCR amplification by COL10A1 gene-specific primers. In addition to single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of the COL10A1 gene, we used a novel method, dideoxy fingerprinting (ddF). The genetic defect in this family was found to be a previously unreported missense mutation (T-to-C transition) at nucleotide 2011. This change resulted in a Ser-to-Pro substitution at position 671 of the carboxy-terminus of the COL10A1 protein. In addition, the two boys, but not the mother, were found to carry a trinucleotide (CCC) deletion at position 2048 of the 3′ untranslated region, a polymorphism of the COL10A1 gene. We conclude that ddF can be used in the analysis of the COL10A1 gene along with SSCP. The S671P substitution is novel, but located in the same region with the other reported COL10A1 mutations, confirming type X collagen as the locus for this disease.
Optical properties of Nb3Sn: A probe of the electronic density of states☆

Abstract An expression for the conductivity of an impure metal is derived in a simple manner in terms of a frequency dependent relaxation time τ. This method involves perturbation theory and an (ωτ) −1 expansion but is shown to agree with a rigorous treatment. The infrared absorptivity of the A-15 material Nb 3 Sn is calculated and it is found that optical properties will give direct information about the electronic density of states.
Fault offsets and lateral crustal movement on Europa - Evidence for a mobile ice shell

An examination is conducted of Europa's cross-cutting structural relationships between various lineament types, in order to constrain the type of structure involved in each such case and, where possible, to also constrain the degree of extension across the lineaments. Evidence is adduced for significant lateral crustal movement, allowing alternative models and mechanisms for lineament formation to be discussed, as well as plausible lithospheric and crustal models. The question as to whether any of the water-ice layer has been, or currently is, liquid, is also treated in light of the evidence obtained.
Background of the patient with coronary heart disease

In reality, CHD strikes across all lines of physical type, personality, occupation, and socioeconomic status. At best, patients with CHD can be distinguished from their healthy counterparts only in terms of statistical probabilities-nowhere is there a clear demarcation: there may be differences in averages, but the distributions of the patients and their "controls" overlap. Recognition of such statistical tendencies does not aid diagnosis but it helps to identify persons who have a high risk of developing the disease. More important, consideration of the variables concerned with risk provides dues to eausation and suggests possible preventive measures. Elementary in the epidemiology of GHD is the difference between the sexes and the relationship of susceptibility to age. Conceivably, different degrees of masculinity and femininity eould be influential but there is little evidence that they are, and tampering with sex is highly unphysiologie. Age, too, is beyond our eontrol. Although we attempt to distinguish between physiological and chronological age, the applieation of this distinction sheds little light on the coronary problem. Hence we eonelude that, si~ee neither sex nor age is practically controllable, emphasis is properly placed on other variables. We shall begin by considering the sources of information.
A broader role for AU-rich element-mediated mRNA turnover revealed by a new transcriptional pulse strategy

The widespread occurrence of AU-rich elements (AREs) in mRNAs encoding proteins with diversified functions and synthesized under a vast variety of physiological conditions suggests that AREs are involved in finely tuned and stringent control of gene expression. Thus it is important to investigate the regulation of ARE-mediated mRNA decay in a variety of mammalian cells in different physiological states. The tetracycline (Tet)-regulatory promoter system appears appropriate for these investigations. However, we found that efficient degradation of mRNAs bearing different AREs cannot be observed simply by blocking constitutive transcription from the Tet-regulated promoter with Tet, possibly due to saturation of the cellular decay machinery. In addition, deadenylation kinetics and their relationship to mRNA decay cannot be adequately measured under these conditions. To overcome these obstacles we have developed a new strategy that employs the Tet-regulated promoter system to achieve a transient burst of transcription that results in synthesis of a population of cytoplasmic mRNAs fairly homogeneous in size. Using this new system we show that ARE-destabilizing function, necessary for down-regulating mRNAs for cytokines, growth factors and transcription factors, is maintained in quiescent or growth-arrested cells as well as in saturation density-arrested NIH 3T3 cells. We also demonstrate that the ARE-mediated decay pathway is conserved between NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and K562 erythroblasts. These in vivo observations support a broader role for AREs in the control of cell growth and differentiation. In addition, we observed that there is a significant difference in deadenylation and decay rates for beta-globin mRNA expressed in these two cell lines. Deadenylation and decay of beta-globin mRNA in K562 cells is extraordinarily slow compared with NIH 3T3 cells, suggesting that the increased stability gained by beta-globin mRNA in K562 cells is mainly controlled at the deadenylation step. Our strategy for studying mammalian mRNA turnover now permits a more general application to different cell lines harboring the Tet-regulated system under various physiological conditions.