cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linear Surface Reconstruction from Discrete Fundamental Forms on Triangle Meshes

We present a linear algorithm to reconstruct the vertex coordinates for a surface mesh given its edge lengths and dihedral angles, unique up to rotation and translation. A local integrability condition for the existence of an immersion of the mesh in 3D Euclidean space is provided, mirroring the fundamental theorem of surfaces in the continuous setting (i.e. Gauss's equation and the Mainardi–Codazzi equations) if we regard edge lengths as the discrete first fundamental form and dihedral angles as the discrete second fundamental form. The resulting sparse linear system to solve for the immersion is derived from the convex optimization of a quadratic energy based on a lift from the immersion in the 3D Euclidean space to the 6D rigid motion space. This discrete representation and linear reconstruction can benefit a wide range of geometry processing tasks such as surface deformation and shape analysis. A rotation-invariant surface deformation through point and orientation constraints is demonstrated as well. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Digital Bispectral Analysis and Its Applications to Nonlinear Wave Interactions

The bispectrum, which is an ensemble average of a product of three spectral components, is shown to be a very useful diagnostic tool in experimental studies of nonlinear wave interactions in random media. In particular, it is shown that the bicoherence spectrum may be used to discriminate between nonlinearly coupled waves and spontaneously excited waves and to measure the fraction of wave power due to the quadratic wave coupling in a self-excited fluctuation spectrum. Practical aspects of digital bispectral analysis techniques, such as estimation and statistical variability of the estimator, are also discussed. Finally, applications of bispectral analysis techniques in the analysis and interpretation of plasma fluctuation data are described.
Age and family structures among the Jews of Mitau, Kurland, 1833–1834

The article analyzes an 1834 listing of the Jewish inhabitants in the city of Mitau in the province of Kurland, one of the Baltic provinces (the other two were Estland and Livland) of the Russian Empire. From Catherine the Great's reign onward, the Jewish population of the Baltic provinces rose steadily throughout the 19th century, but microstudies of Jewish communities in the region are virtually nonexistent, especially for the first half of the century. The Mitau list shows that the Jewish population there was very young, with about 45% being in the age group 0–14. Age at first marriage for males was about 24 years, and for females 21. From about age 35, 93% of males and 97% of females were married. The mean size of the family group was 5.8 persons, and about a third of all families were either extended (containing unmarried relatives beyond the nuclear family) or multiple (more than one kin-linked conjugal family unit). Judging by kinship terms in the source, the kin system tilted toward patrilineality...
Expression, Purification and Preliminary Solid State NMR Experiments of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis FtsX Membrane Protein

FtsX is an integral membrane protein involved in the cell division of many species of bacteria, including M. tuberculosis, the bacterial agent that causes tuberculosis. In Escherichia coli, it is known that FtsX together with FtsE participate in the spatial and temporal control of cytokinesis, a process where the bacterial cell wall is hydrolyzed to finally separate both daughter cells. FtsX from M. tuberculosis is a 32 kDa membrane protein with 4 transmembrane α-helices. Due to its importance in cell division of M. tuberculosis, this makes it an interesting target for structural characterization and drug development.In this work, the initial steps of FtsX structural characterization are presented. Expression of recombinant His-tagged protein is done in E. coli BL21 pLysS strain using a standard procedure. FtsX is extracted from cell membranes using a combination of detergents such as DPC and DDM and then it is purified taking advantage of nickel affinity chromatography as main procedure. FtsX can be reconstituted into POPC/POPG liposomes using dialysis or methyl-β-cyclodextrine to remove detergent. Reconstituted FtsX shows a 54% of α-helical content according to circular dichroism experiments, which indicates a well folded protein after reconstitution. 15N uniformly labeled FtsX was used to prepare mechanically align samples using glass slides for solid state NMR experiments. PISEMA spectra of uniformly labeled spectra for this protein suggest that the tilt of the helices relative to the bilayer normal is relatively small. Additional experiments with amino acid specific labeled samples are being carried out in order to determine the tilt angle and rotation angle for each α-helix.
Jeremy Cohen. Living Letters of the Law: Ideas of the Jew in Medieval Christianity . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. x, 451 pp.

Living Letters of the Law: Ideas of the Jew in Medieval Christianity traces the development of Jeremy Cohen's scholarship over almost two decades. Without abandoning the thesis he espoused in The Friars and the Jews (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982), that is, that a paradigm shift occurred among thirteenth- century Christian mendicant theologians with respect to the role of the Jew in the divine economy, here Cohen attempts to respond to his critics with a more nuanced treatment. Living Letters of the Law examines adaptations to the “hermeneutical Jew”—the putative, ahistorical Jew created by Augustinian theology—as the cultural horizons of the medieval Latin world broadened. Cohen traces the contours of the “hermeneutical Jew” from Augustine through Gregory the Great, Isidore of Seville, and Agobard of Lyons before he turns to the twelfth century. Because he now finds more persuasive Amos Funkenstein's contention that twelfth-century anti-Jewish polemics signal an important shift in medieval perceptions of Judaism, here Cohen pays much more attention to twelfth-century authors (e.g. Anselm of Canterbury, Gilbert Crispin, Odo of Cambrai, Guibert of Nogent, Peter Alfonsi, Peter the Venerable, and Bernard of Clairvaux) than he had done in The Friars and the Jews , and considerably less to thirteenth-century mendicants. Indeed, Cohen explains that “reactions to my thesis on the significance of the friars [in The Friars and the Jews ] . . . quickly convinced me that a fair assessment of later medieval Christian ideas of the Jew demanded a more conscientious investigation of their antecedents. The present study constitutes my attempt to move backward . . . ” (p. 314).
In vitro culture of pods from annual and perennial Medicago species

Because most interspecific Medicago embryos abort before they can be excised and cultured, our objective was to grow young pods in vitro. Various media were used to grow three-day-old pods of annuals [diploids, M. blancheana Boiss., M. disciformis DC., tetraploid M. scutellata (L.) Mill.] and perennials (diploid M. falcata L., tetraploid M. sativa L.).
Estimation of244Cm intake by bioassay measurements following a contamination incident

An employee was contaminated with radioactive material consisting primarily of244Cm and246Cm as a consequence of handling a curium nitrate solution at a reprocessing facility.In vivo gamma analysis andin vitro (urine and fecal) analysis were initiated soon after the incident. Furtherin vivo measurements were performed regularly through hour 528, andin vitro bioassay measurements were obtained through day 74. A sample of the curium solution from the workplace was obtained to confirm that the nitrate was the chemical form in question and to identify the isotopes of curium present. The mass ratio of244Cm/246Cm was determined to be 91 to 7. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA) was administered on hours 33 and 71. Observed excretion rates were consistent with available information on curium. In this paper, the results of thein vivo andin vitro measurements are presented and intake estimates for the incident are developed using various excretion rate functions.
Theory of an unusual metal–insulator transition in layered high-Tc cuprates

Abstract A theory is proposed describing the metal–insulator transition in layered cuprates, based on the experimental observation that the Fermi surface in the metallic phase remains large down to the transition. It is established that the transition is of the second order at small dopings and of the first order at larger ones. The role of impurity scattering is analyzed. The model provides explanations of the recently observed phenomenon in the metallic phase: formation of antiferromagnetic “bubbles” around nonmagnetic impurities.
Introduction to the special issue on android science

Android science is a new interdisciplinary framework for studying human cognition and interaction based on the premise that a very humanlike robot can elicit the sort of responses people typically ...
A naturalistic minority influence experiment: Effects on divergent thinking, conflict and originality in work‐groups

This study examines the Nemeth (1986) model of minority influence in a field study of natural work-groups. Confederares (who were also permanenr members of the ongoing, interacting groups) served as designated minority influence agents during the 10-week study. Results demonstrated that experimental groups engaged in more divergent thinking and developed more original products than control groups. Minoriry influence groups did not experience more social conflict than control groups. Contrary to expectations, minority influence agents received higher peer ratings than other group members. Exploratory analysis of qualitative data, however, indicates that the role of a minoriry influence agenr is stressful. Results are discussed in terms of managing the minority influence process in organizations in order to facilitate divergent thinking and originaliry while protecting agents from excessive personal strain.
Olfactory intensity-difference thresholds in rats and humans

Abstract Olfactory intensity difference limens were determined for 3 rats and 4 humans using a modified ascending method-of-limits procedure. A 0.01% solution of amyl acetate served as the standard stimulus. The mean Weber fraction ( ΔI I ) for human subjects (0.315) was significantly greater than that obtained for rats (0.041). The data provide the first direct comparisons of olfactory sensitivity in a macrosmatic and a microsmatic species.
An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Hafting and Stone Tool Diversity among the Gamo of Ethiopia

The significance of flaked stone tool variation has been a source of great archaeological debate for over 100 years. Even though evidence for stone tool hafting exists as far back as the Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age, there is a dearth of information concerning how hafting affects stone tool technology. This ethnoarchaeological study of hafted stone scrapers among the Gamo of southern Ethiopia examines why a single cultural group utilizes two different hafts, which generate different lithic morphologies, technologies, and spatial distributions. The relationships between history, environment, and social group membership are explored to demonstrate how these associations create variation in technological practices.
Electrodeposition and Anodic Stripping of Silver on Single Carbon Fibers.

Abstract Silver is deposited electrolytically on carbon fibers from acetate buffer at pH 4.6 in the potential range from −0.3 to −0.8 V vs. SCE. Chronoamperometric and cyclic voltammetric measurements confirm that the mecanism of deposition is nucleation; the rate is higher than that at large circular glassy carbon electrodes. The silver deposits are more stable, especially with respect to oxidation by air, than are similar deposits of mercury. Preliminary results on codeposition of silver and mercury are reported.
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY ANALYSES OF A "NONVERBAL" MEASURE OF SELF-ESTEEM: THE SLIDING PERSON TEST

Summary.-This study investigated construct validity for a "nonverbal" measure of self-esteem, the Sliding Person Test (SPERT). Seven personality measures and an intelligence test were administered to 202 college students. A test-retest reliability coefficient of .82 was obtained (N = 45). Correlations between scores on SPERT and social desirability, anxiety, and IQ indicated sufficiently low overlap with these variables. Minimal evidence of convergent and discriminant validity was established. Linear and curvilinear relationships between scores for SPERT and social and emotional adjustment, respectively, were contrary to expectations but similar to those of previous studies. Expected differences between students high and low in self-acceptance with large SPERT discrepancies support other literature which suggests that large self-ideal discrepancies are associated with better adjustment and lower anxiety for highly self-accepting people. Self-esteem was first defined by William James (1890) as a ratio of one's "actualities" to one's "pretentions" ( p. 191 ) . Butler and Haigh ( 1954) operationalized this theoretical definition by a Q sort which was widely used by C. Rogers ( 1954) and others as a measure of progress in psychotherapy. Since then, a vast amount of self-esteem research has been done with a variety of instruments, many of which are based on a self-ideal discrepancy definition of self-esteem. Most of these instruments contain a set of verbal items from which a "global" self-esteem index is derived by simple summation of item scores. However, Shlien (1962) suggested that measurement of self-esteem by a nonverbal Gestalt-like response to a single abstract item is closer to an individual's unique perception of the self-ideal relationship than is measurement by a collection of concrete conventional items. Shlien used an "abstract apparatus," two Plexiglas semi-circles, representing "self" and "ideal self." They could be rotated so they had no overlap at all (representing the greatest possible discrepancy) or completely overlapping (representing the least possible discrepancy). From an analysis of correlations of the abstract apparatus with various Q sorts and an Idio-Q, Shlien concluded that self-esteem is not without content, and it is more related to the unique and personal items which an individual uses to describe himself than to conventional concrete items which are usually administered to groups of people. The second author pursued Shlien's idea by building a wooden manipulative which consisted of a fixed profile of a person, representing the "ideal
Fostering Supportive Teacher–Child Relationships: Intervention Implementation in a State-Funded Preschool Program

Research Findings: Banking Time is a set of techniques designed to promote positive, supportive relationships through 1-on-1 interactions between teachers and children. Web-based training resources were made available to 252 preschool teachers who received different levels of support as a component of a professional development intervention, and the purpose of this study was to examine teachers' implementation of Banking Time. Teachers with greater levels of professional development support were more likely to implement Banking Time with children in their classes. Teachers were more likely to choose to implement Banking Time with children who had lower social-emotional skills (e.g., more problem behaviors). Teachers developed greater relational closeness with children who participated in Banking Time than with children who did not participate. Practice or Policy: The implications of these preliminary findings for fostering supportive teacher–child relationships are discussed.
High Gradient Magnetic Field inhibits Embryonic Development of Frogs

DATA on biological effects of static magnetic fields1 have not provided explanations of predictive value and the most recent biophysics literature simply adds contradictory evidence2,3. I have obtained new evidence for the existence of magnetic interactions with living organisms: the early embryonic growth of the common leopard frog (Rana pipiens) is strongly inhibited by a high magnetic field with a high gradient.
Fourier analysis of X-ray micro-diffraction profiles to characterize laser shock peened metals

Abstract X-ray micro-diffraction profiles using a synchrotron light source were analyzed via Fourier transformation for single crystal Aluminum and Copper samples subjected to micro-scale laser shock peening. Specifically, the asymmetric and broadened diffraction profiles registered across the shock peen region were observed and analyzed by classic Warren and Averbach (W–A) method [Warren, B.E., Averbach, B.L., 1950. The effect of cold-work distortion on X-ray patterns. Journal of Applied Physics 21, 595–599] and modified W–A method [Ungar, T., Borbely, A., 1996. The effect of dislocation contrast on X-ray line broadening: A new approach to line profile analysis. Applied Physics Letters 69, 3173–3175]. Average strain deviation, mosaic size and dislocation density were estimated for the first time with a spatial resolution of 5 μm. The results compare well with the simulation results obtained from FEM analysis and from electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements. Differences in response caused by different materials and crystalline orientations (1 1 0 and 0 0 1) were also studied.
Toward the mark of empowering policies in elementary school science programs and teacher professional development

In this commentary, I discuss how policy initiatives play out in two different contexts for elementary school teachers yet produce very similar outcomes regarding teachers’ professional development and school science learning for elementary students. Ironically, the outcomes that we want see in elementary school science learning and professional development are not realized when policies are introduced that distract from practices that were working prior to new reforms.
Intracellular organelle motility and membrane fusion processes in human neutrophils upon cell activation.

Abstract Release subcellular fractionation experiments indicate that fusion of a novel tertiary granule with the plasma membrane is concomitant with human neutrophil activation. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induced a respiratory burst in human neutrophils as well as a high release of gelatinase, a marker of the tertiary granule. Preincubation of neutrophils with cytochalasin E induced a partially activated or ‘primed’ state, in which cells were unable to generate superoxide anion, but showed a reduced latency period for this activity. Fusion of tertiary granules with the cell surface also occurred during priming, although to a lesser extent than in PMA stimulation. The rapid tertiary granule degranulation, preceding that of specifics azurophilics, seems to play an important role in the functionality and secretory properties of human neutrophils.
Electronic spectroscopy of the cis and trans isomers of 1-methyl-2-phenylcyclopropane

Abstract Vibrationally resolved electronic spectra of jet-cooled cis and trans isomers of 1-methyl-2-phenylcyclopropane (cis-MPCP and trans-MPCP) were recorded using resonant two-photon ionization. Each isomer was found in a single conformation. Spectroscopic evidence reveals that in the trans isomer the plane of the phenyl ring bisects the 60° internal bond angle of the cyclopropyl ring in both the ground and excited electronic states. Extensive Franck–Condon activity in the low-frequency phenyl torsion mode is observed in the spectrum of cis-MPCP, suggesting that a substantial change in torsional geometry is induced by electronic excitation. Excited state CIS calculations predict that the phenyl ring rotates over 20° toward a bisected conformation in the excited state.
Evidence for orientation-conserved transfer in the TCA cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: 13C NMR studies

When [4-13C]glutamate is incubated with yeast cells, the [13C]aspartate formed shows a [2-13C]/[3-13C] ratio that is greater than 1. If the conversion occurs through the Krebs TCA cycle with the symmetrical intermediates succinate and fumarate, the ratio is expected to be 1. The addition of fluoroacetate to the incubation increases the ratio further. When the mutants Aco1- or CS1- are used, little or no aspartate is formed. When [2-13C]acetate is incubated with yeast, the C2-/C3-aspartate ratio is 1.5 at 2 min and decrease to 1.0 after 10 min of incubation. These results indicate that orientation-conserved transfer occurs at the succinate thiokinase and succinate dehydrogenase steps of the Krebs TCA cycle.
Programmable fiber optic splitters using distributed optical MEMS

This paper proposes novel intelligent Value Added Modules (VAMs) which employ an intelligent spatial processing technique to realize variable optical power split ratios. To demonstrate the concept of the smart VAM, the Texas Instrument (TI) Digital Micro-mirror Device (DMD TM ) has been used. Different optical power split ratios have been experimentally verified.
From JNC I to JNC 7--what have we learned?

There are few stories in the history of medicine that are filled with more errors or misconceptions than the story of hypertension and its treatment. The Joint National Committee Reports on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNCs) were first published in 1977 and every 4 to 5 years after that to clarify many of these misconceptions and to provide updates of clinical research results for physicians and other individuals involved in the management of hypertension. For many years until the late 1930s, elevated blood pressure (BP) was considered an essential adaptive phenomenon; prominent US cardiologists and British physicians warned that lowering BP might be harmful. Hay, in an editorial, stated that: bThe greatest danger to a man with high BP lies in its discovery, because then some fool is certain to try and reduce itQ. In the 1940s and 1950s, a dramatic change in the approach to hypertension occurred, and although there were still some physicians who continued to have doubts regarding the significance of hypertension, most had accepted that increased BP increased the risk for cardiovascular disease. The literature, however, even as late as 1946, still reflected a common misconception, bMay not the elevation of systemic BP be a natural response to guarantee a more normal circulation to the heart, brain and kidneysQ (bessentialQ hypertension) and that bOverzealous attempts to lower the pressure may do no good and often do harm.Q Prominent experts in the 1950s still reported that essential hypertension was a benign disease. However, there were pioneers such as Page and Freis who believed otherwise and began to treat elevated BP. Only patients with severe
The Acetocarmine Smear Technic

The acetocannine smear technic is described primarily for beginners. An effort was made to bring together into one paper the work-a-day details to be followed in collecting specimens and making preparations of plant chromosomes at prophase, of condensed chromosomes at meiosis and mitosis (including mitosis in microspores), and of coiled chromonemata. A schedule for converting temporary slides into permanent mounts is given, and a technic for making smears of the chromosomes in the salivary glands of Drosophila is described.
Red–green–blue light emitting diodes and distributed Bragg reflectors based on ZnCdMgSe lattice-matched to InP

Abstract Wide bandgap II–VI materials and structures based on ZnCdMgSe alloys lattice matched to InP substrates have been investigated. Quantum well (QW) structures designed to emit throughout the entire visible spectral range were constructed by varying the QW layer thickness and/or composition. Light emitting diode (LED) structures were grown, fabricated and tested. Electroluminescence emission in the blue, green, yellow and red regions of the visible spectral range were obtained from lattice-matched or pseudomorphic structures that varied only in the composition or thickness of the QW layer. Lattice-matched distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) structures with reflectivity maxima in the red, green and blue were also grown and characterized. Since the LED and DBR structures are made from the same materials it should be possible to combine these into a single structure for the design of high performance LEDs and vertical cavity surface emitting lasers that operate in the entire visible range.
Developing Quality Indicators for the Appropriateness of Resuscitation in Prehospital Atraumatic Cardiac Arrest

Objective. The vast majority of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims do not survive or suffer severe neurological impairment. We sought to develop a set of straightforward clinical indicators that paramedics could use to better match resuscitation attempts to those most likely to benefit. Methods. In partnership with the Los Angeles County Emergency Medical Services, we used the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method of quantifying expert opinion regarding the risks andbenefits of medical procedures. We presented available scientific evidence related to potential indicators of the quality of resuscitative care to stakeholder-nominated experts. Forty-one candidate indicators incorporated key variables, including initial rhythm, patient preferences, presence of witnesses, andplace of arrest. Nine panelists, including palliative care andemergency medical specialists, rated the appropriateness of paramedic use of each indicator by using a 1–9 scale. An indicator was considered appropriate if the potential benefit...
MER-DIMES: a planetary landing application of computer vision

During the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) landings, the descent image motion estimation system (DIMES) was used for horizontal velocity estimation. The DIMES algorithm combined measurements from a descent camera, a radar altimeter, and an inertial measurement unit. To deal with large changes in scale and orientation between descent images, the algorithm used altitude and attitude measurements to rectify images to a level ground plane. Feature selection and tracking were employed in the rectified images to compute the horizontal motion between images. Differences of consecutive motion estimates were then compared to inertial measurements to verify correct feature tracking. DIMES combined sensor data from multiple sources in a novel way to create a low-cost, robust, and computationally efficient velocity estimation solution, and DIMES was the first use of computer vision to control a spacecraft during planetary landing. This paper presents the detailed implementation of the DIMES algorithm and the results from the two landings on Mars.
Autoignition of a Hydrogen-Air Mixture with Temperature and Composition Inhomogeneities

Autoigntion and front propagation behavior in Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) engine environments is investigated in this paper. First, non-reacting 3D engine simulations are conducted to investigate different mixture formation scenarios that might exist in LTC engines prior to autoignition. It is found that depending on the timing of fuel spray injection and the level of wall heat loss, two different scenarios might exist close to top-dead center (TDC): (1) early start of injection for which the intake stroke results in largely uncorrelated temperature (T)-equivalence ratio (�) fields mostly due to wall heat loss; (2) late start of injection for which the compression stroke results in negatively correlated T-� fields mostly due to evaporative cooling. Small-scale effects of these different mixture formation scenarios on the autoignition and subsequent front propagation are then studied using high-fidelity direct numerical simulation (DNS). For this purpose, high pressure hydrogenair mixture in constant volume with isotropic turbulence is investigated with detailed chemistry. Three cases with different initial T-� fields are studied: case (A) baseline case with just temperature inhomogeneities and a uniform equivalence ratio field, case (B) uncorrelated T-� fields and case (C) negatively-correlated T-� fields. Numerical diagnostics
Exercise Improves Behavioral, Neurocognitive, and Scholastic Performance in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective To examine the effect of a single bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on preadolescent children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using objective measures of attention, brain neurophysiology, and academic performance. Study design Using a within-participants design, task performance and event-related brain potentials were assessed while participants performed an attentional-control task following a bout of exercise or seated reading during 2 separate, counterbalanced sessions. Results Following a single 20-minute bout of exercise, both children with ADHD and healthy match control children exhibited greater response accuracy and stimulus-related processing, with the children with ADHD also exhibiting selective enhancements in regulatory processes, compared with after a similar duration of seated reading. In addition, greater performance in the areas of reading and arithmetic were observed following exercise in both groups. Conclusion These findings indicate that single bouts of moderately intense aerobic exercise may have positive implications for aspects of neurocognitive function and inhibitory control in children with ADHD.
Which Dieters Are at Risk for the Onset of Binge Eating? A Prospective Study of Adolescents and Young Adults

Purpose: Dieting is a well-established risk factor for binge eating, yet the majority of dieters do not develop binge eating problems. The purpose of the current study was to examine psychosocial factors involved in the relation between dieting and binge eating over a 10-year follow-up period. Methods: A population-based sample (n 1,827) completed surveys assessing eating habits, psychological functioning, and weight status at 5-year intervals spanning early/middle adolescence (time 1), late adolescence/early young adulthood (time 2), and early/middle young adulthood (time 3). Dieting, along with depression symptoms, self-esteem, and teasing experiences at time 1 and time 2, was used to predict new onset binge eating at time 2 and time 3, respectively. Interactions between dieting status and varying degrees of these psychosocial factors in relation to binge eating onset were also tested. Results: Dieters were two to three times more likely than nondieters to develop binge eating problems over 5-year follow-ups. At most time points, depression symptoms and self-esteem predicted binge eating onset beyond the effects of dieting alone. Detrimental levels of these factors among dieters (relative to nondieters) increased the likelihood of binge eating onset only during the later follow-up period. Conclusions: Depression and self-esteem appear to be particularly salient factors involved in the relation between dieting and binge eating onset among adolescents and young adults. Early identification of these factors should be a priority to prevent the development of binge eating problems among already at-risk individuals. 2012 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. All rights reserved.
Loudness growth in cochlear implants: effect of stimulation rate and electrode configuration

In cochlear implant speech processor design, acoustic amplitudes are mapped to electric currents with the intention of preserving loudness relationships across electrodes. Many parameters may affect the growth of loudness with electrical stimulation. The present study measured the effects of stimulation rate and electrode configuration on loudness growth in six Nucleus-22 cochlear implant users. Loudness balance functions were measured for stimuli that differed in terms of stimulation rate, electrode configuration and electrode location; a 2-alternative, forced-choice adaptive procedure (double-staircase) was used. First, subjects adaptively adjusted the amplitude of a 100-pulse-per-second (pps) pulse train to match the loudness of a 1000-pps standard pulse train. For a range of reference stimulation levels, the loudness of the 100-pps stimulus was matched to that of the 1000-pps standard stimulus; loudness balancing was performed for three electrode pairs [(20,22), (1,3), (1,22)]. The results showed that the loudness balance functions between the 100- and 1000-pps stimulation rates were highly subject-dependent. Some subjects' loudness balance functions were logarithmic, while others' were nearly linear. Loudness balance functions were also measured across electrode locations [(20,22) vs. (1,3)] for two stimulation rates (100, 1000 pps). Results showed that the loudness balance functions between the apical and basal electrode pairs highly depended on the stimulation rate. For all subjects, at the 1000-pps rate, the loudness balance functions between the two electrode locations were nearly linear; however, at the 100-pps rate, the loudness balance function was highly nonlinear in two out of six subjects. These results suggest that, for some cochlear implant patients, low-frequency stimulation may be processed differently at different electrode locations; for these patients, acoustic-to-electric amplitude mapping may need to be sensitive to this place-dependent processing when relatively low stimulation rates are used.
A Portfolio Model for Music Educators.

In recent years, portfolios in paper or digital form have become a requirement for teachers. Many university teacher education programs throughout the United States, including music education, require a portfolio as a graduation requirement. For practicing teachers interested in National Board Certification, a portfolio is part of the assessment process required by the National Board for Professional Standards. Portfolios can be extremely valuable for all teachers, particularly in the field of music, to chronicle professional accomplishments. Much has been published about portfolios, describing every element from the purposes portfolios serve to the content, design, and methods in which they should be distributed. The choices can be daunting. The goal of this article is to examine what a portfolio is and how one can be developed, as well as to provide a portfolio template specifically suited to the music educator.
Hexafluoro‐tert‐butanol

[1515-14-6] C4H4F6O (MW 182.06) InChI = 1S/C4H4F6O/c1-2(11,3(5,6)7)4(8,9)10/h11H,1H3 InChIKey = FQDXJYBXPOMIBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N (owing to its strong tendency to form hydrogen bonds, reagent is widely used as a solvent in organic chemistry and used as a weakly π-donating ligand in inorganic chemistry) Alternate Names: 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-methylpropanol; 1,1-bis(trifluoromethyl)ethanol; 2-methylhexafluoro-2-propanol; hexafluoro-tert-butyl alcohol. Physical Data: bp 60 °C; d 1.484 g cm−3; fp 110.3 °C; pKa 9.8. Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents. Preparative Methods: prepared by reaction of hexafluoroacetone with methylmagnesium bromide.1
Cellular Worlds: A Framework for Modeling Micro—Macro Dynamics

Cellular spaces have recently received a lot of attention in computer science and elsewhere as models capable of bridging the gap between disaggregate and aggregate description. Despite their obvious spatial interpretation, standard cell-space models are too constrained by their background conventions to be useful in realistic geographic applications. In this paper, a generalization of the cell-space principle is presented, based on discrete model theory, and then applied to a hypothetical but fairly complex problem of individual decision and large-scale urban change. The paper ends with a discussion of the wider import of this methodology, which has close links with, among other things, bifurcation theory, cognitive science modeling of individual decision and behavior, and other issues of actual or potential interest to geographers.
Phylogenetic relationships and natural hybridization among the North American woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Arundinaria).

In spite of the ecological and economic importance of temperate bamboos, relatively little is known about their population biology or evolutionary history. Recently, hybridization has emerged as a potential source of diversity in this group, as well as an underlying cause of taxonomic problems. As part of a broader phylogenetic study of the temperate bamboos, we report the results of an analysis of the North American Arundinaria gigantea species complex, including estimates of genetic variation and molecular evidence of natural hybridization among A. gigantea , A. tecta , and A. appalachiana . The study involved a comparative analysis of amplifi ed fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and chloroplast DNA sequences representing diversity within and among all three species plus individuals with intermediate or unusual morphological characteristics (putative hybrids). Molecular results support the recognition of three species previously defi ned on the basis of morphology, anatomy, and ecology, with most of the molecular variance accounted for by among-species variation. Molecular evidence also demonstrates that A. tecta and A. appalachiana are sister species, forming a clade that is signifi cantly divergent from A. gigantea . The role of hybridization in the phylogenetic history of Arundinaria is discussed along with implications for the evolution and taxonomy of the temperate woody bamboos.
Optical sensors based on active microcavities

We propose an active optical sensor based on a microcavity with gain. Greatly improved sensitivity can be achieved in active microcavities as compared with passive high-Q microcavities. We show that an active sensor using a gain-doped microsphere can provide 10/sup 4/-fold narrower resonance linewidth than does a passive microcavity in the transmission spectrum. Such highly sensitive microcavity optical sensors can be used to detect low concentrations of chemicals or biomolecules in their surroundings. Our analysis shows that this type of compact active microcavity is sensitive to an effective refractive index change of the order of 10/sup -9/.
Propagation of pistachio rootstock by rooted stem cuttings

Clonal propagation of pistachio rootstocks (e.g. UCB-1) from cuttings will permit nursery production of cloned rootstocks and encourage selection of superior rootstock genotypes rather than the genetically variable seedling rootstocks currently produced. UCB-1 was propagated from leafy cuttings using five pruned mature seedling-derived trees for 2 years. Three shoot lengths, three cutting positions and three indole butyric acid (IBA) concentrations were tested. Significant rooting ability differences were found among genotypes (trees), cutting positions, and collection year, but not for shoot lengths and IBA concentrations. All these factors except genotype may be controlled during nursery production. Care must be taken to select genotypes with good propagation potential for evaluation and production. Rooting percentages greater than 40% may be obtained from selected UCB-1 trees. Therefore, clonal production of rootstocks is practical and provides the opportunity for the development of superior genotypes.
Mechanisms of Electron Transfer in Catalysis by Copper Zinc Superoxide Dismutase

Activated oxygen intermediates during copper zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalysis were investigated using an isotope fractionation technique and natural abundance reagents. Competitive oxygen kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) are reported for the enzyme-catalyzed disproportionation of superoxide as well as the stoichiometric reaction of reduced SOD with molecular oxygen. Analysis within the context of quantum mechanical electron transfer theory provides evidence against an outer-sphere mechanism for O2*- oxidation. A CuII-O2-I intermediate is, therefore, proposed. The SOD-catalyzed oxidation of O2*- is characterized by an inverse (<1) KIE which is similar to those determined for the analogous reactions of synthetic copper compounds. An inverse kinetic isotope effect upon the enzymatic reduction of O2*- is also observed and proposed to arise from rate-determining proton transfer which leads to the formation of HO2* in the SOD active site.
Arctic tree rings as recorders of variations in light availability

Tree rings are widely used to reconstruct historical records of surface temperature. Here, Stine and Huybers analyse tree-ring records north of 50°N and show that changes in the light environment associated with both volcanic eruptions and global dimming significantly influence tree-ring growth.
A climate-driven switch in plant nitrogen acquisition within tropical forest communities

The response of tropical forests to climate change will depend on individual plant species' nutritional strategies, which have not been defined in the case of the nitrogen nutrition that is critical to sustaining plant growth and photosynthesis. We used isotope natural abundances to show that a group of tropical plant species with diverse growth strategies (trees and ferns, canopy, and subcanopy) relied on a common pool of inorganic nitrogen, rather than specializing on different nitrogen pools. Moreover, the tropical species we examined changed their dominant nitrogen source abruptly, and in unison, in response to precipitation change. This threshold response indicates a coherent strategy among species to exploit the most available form of nitrogen in soils. The apparent community-wide flexibility in nitrogen uptake suggests that diverse species within tropical forests can physiologically track changes in nitrogen cycling caused by climate change.
Advances in assessment of bone porosity, permeability and interstitial fluid flow☆

This contribution reviews recent research performed to assess the porosity and permeability of bone tissue with the objective of understanding interstitial fluid movement. Bone tissue mechanotransduction is considered to occur due to the passage of interstitial pore fluid adjacent to dendritic cell structures in the lacunar–canalicular porosity. The movement of interstitial fluid is also necessary for the nutrition of osteocytes. This review will focus on four topics related to improved assessment of bone interstitial fluid flow. First, the advantages and limitations of imaging technologies to visualize bone porosities and architecture at several length scales are summarized. Second, recent efforts to measure the vascular porosity and lacunar–canalicular microarchitecture are discussed. Third, studies associated with the measurement and estimation of the fluid pressure and permeability in the vascular and lacunar–canalicular domains are summarized. Fourth, the development of recent models to represent the interchange of fluids between the bone porosities is described.
Water-clustering in hygroscopic ionic liquids—an implicit solvent analysis

Most ionic liquids are known to be hygroscopic to varying degrees, and that can be detrimental or useful depending upon the application in question. Water can accumulate slowly over hours or days to saturation levels corresponding to the humidity level. When designing or deploying a new ionic liquid it is important to be able to estimate its maximum moisture absorbing ability at the temperature and pressure of its operation. With this goal in mind we have carried out computational studies on three ionic liquid systems based on [BF4]−, [PF6]−, and [Tf2N]− anions and 1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium ([Cnmim]+) cations within an implicit solvent formalism. For highly hygroscopic systems like [Cnmim][BF4] we find that non-iterative calculations with single water molecules can lead to significant underestimation of the maximum moisture content, while iterative calculations can result in miscibility behavior qualitatively different from experimental observations. On the other hand, the inclusion of small hydrogen-bonded water-clusters up to an appropriately chosen size is shown to yield better quantitative agreements with experimentally observed water uptake. Additionally, such calculations appear consistent with a number of thermodynamically interesting phase behaviors, including limited-solubility to full-miscibility transitions as a function of temperature and as a function of the alkyl chain length of the imidazolium cation. For hydrophobic systems like [Cnmim][PF6] and [Cnmim][Tf2N] the computed solubility (for each n) is found to have a smooth convergence behavior as a function of the largest cluster-size considered with the results for the larger clusters being close to that obtained by iterative calculations with single water molecules.
Discounting in pigeons when the choice is between two delayed rewards: implications for species comparisons

Studies of delay discounting typically have involved choices between smaller, immediate outcomes and larger, delayed outcomes. In a study of delay discounting in humans, Green, Myerson, and Macaux (2005) added a period of time prior to both outcomes, creating a delay common to both. They found that the subjective value of the more delayed reward was well described by a hyperboloid discounting function and that the degree to which that outcome was discounted decreased as the common delay increased. In two experiments, we examined the effect of adding a common delay on the discounting of food rewards in pigeons. In Experiment 1, an adjusting-amount procedure was used to establish discounting functions when the common delay was 0, 3, 5, and 10 seconds, and different stimuli signaled time to the smaller, sooner, and larger, later rewards. In contrast to humans, the pigeons showed increases in the degree of discounting when a common delay was added. In Experiment 2, the delay common to both rewards and the delay unique to the larger, later reward were each specifically signaled. With this procedure, the degree of discounting decreased as the common delay increased, a result consistent with that obtained with humans (Green et al., 2005). These findings reveal fundamental similarities between pigeons’ and humans’ choice behavior, and provide strong interspecies support for the hypothesis that choice between delayed outcomes is based on comparison of their hyperbolically discounted present subjective values.
An Electoral Theory of Dynamic Legislative Bargaining with Endogenous Rules

We study repeated legislative bargaining in an assembly that chooses its bargaining rules endogenously, and whose members face an election after each legislative term. An agenda protocol or bargaining rule assigns to each legislator a probability of being recognized to make a policy proposal in the assembly. We predict that the agenda protocol chosen in equilibrium disproportionately favors more senior legislators, granting them greater opportunities to make policy proposals, and it generates an incumbency advantage to all legislators.
Public Policy and the Tyranny of the Bottom Line in the Termination of Older Workers

This article discusses whether termination of an older worker in order to hire a younger worker for less money should be construed as a violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). Drawing on scholarship from the fields of business, psychology, sociology, and the law, the article concludes that allowing salary-based terminations is bad public policy. In additional to harming the terminated workers, such terminations also affect the remaining employees' morale and send younger workers the message that if they work hard and achieve high salaries, they will become prime targets for termination. The article also critiques the current corporate climate of excessive reliance on the bottom line and excessively high executive salaries.
Morphological Variation by Population, Host, and Sex in Spruce Budworm

Late-instar spruce budworm larvae were collected from two host tree species, balsam fir and white spruce, and scored for head and thoracic shield pigmentation. In some populations, caterpillar pigmentation frequencies differed significantly by host species. In all collections, male larvae were significantly different from female larvae. Frequency distributions were also different from population to population.