cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Poster: hearing your breathing: fine-grained sleep monitoring using smartphones

Sleep monitoring has drawn increasingly attention as the quality and quantity of the sleep are important for maintaining a person's health and well-being. For example, inadequate and irregular sleep are usually associated with serious health problems such as fatigue, depression and cardiovascular disease. Traditional sleep monitoring systems, such as PSG, involve wearable sensors with professional installations, and thus are limited to clinical usage. Recent work in using smartphone sensors for sleep monitoring can detect several events related to sleep, such as body movement, cough and snore. Such coarse-grained sleep monitoring however is unable to detect the breathing rate which is a vital sign and health indicator. This work presents a fine-grained sleep monitoring system which is capable of detecting the breathing rate by leveraging smartphones. Our system exploits the readily available smartphone earphone that placed close to the user to capture the breath sound reliably. Given the captured acoustic signal, our system performs noise reduction to remove environmental noise and then identifies the breathing rate based on the signal envelope detection. Our experimental evaluation of six subjects over six months time period demonstrates that the breathing rate monitoring is highly accurate and robust under various environments. This strongly indicates the feasibility of using the smartphone and its earphone to perform continuous and noninvasive fine-grained sleep monitoring.
Sexual Harassment and the Role of Psychiatry

(1996). Sexual Harassment and the Role of Psychiatry. Harvard Review of Psychiatry: Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 296-298.
Fission May Kill You (But Not for the Reasons You Thought)

If a person, A, branches into B and C, then it is widely held that B and C are not identical to one another. Many think that this is because B and C have contradictory properties at the same time. In this paper, I show why this explanation cannot be right. I argue that contradictory properties at times are not necessary for non-identity between descendants, and that contradictory properties at times are not sufficient for non-identity. I also argue that the standard explanation cannot be salvaged by a shift to personal time. Appeals to a lack of continuity, or to the absence of unity of consciousness likewise fail. Rather, B and C are non-identical simply because A branched into B and C. Why branching should be problematic for personal identity remains a deep puzzle though I offer some tentative suggestions.
A Rhodobacter sphaeroides Protein Mechanistically Similar to Escherichia coli DksA Regulates Photosynthetic Growth

DksA is a global regulatory protein that, together with the alarmone ppGpp, is required for the "stringent response" to nutrient starvation in the gammaproteobacterium Escherichia coli and for more moderate shifts between growth conditions. DksA modulates the expression of hundreds of genes, directly or indirectly. Mutants lacking a DksA homolog exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes in other gammaproteobacteria as well. Here we analyzed the DksA homolog RSP2654 in the more distantly related Rhodobacter sphaeroides, an alphaproteobacterium. RSP2654 is 42% identical and similar in length to E. coli DksA but lacks the Zn finger motif of the E. coli DksA globular domain. Deletion of the RSP2654 gene results in defects in photosynthetic growth, impaired utilization of amino acids, and an increase in fatty acid content. RSP2654 complements the growth and regulatory de- fects of an E. coli strain lacking the dksA gene and modulates transcription in vitro with E. coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) simi- larly to E. coli DksA. RSP2654 reduces RNAP-promoter complex stability in vitro with RNAPs from E. coli or R. sphaeroides, alone and synergistically with ppGpp, suggesting that even though it has limited sequence identity to E. coli DksA (DksAEc), it functions in a mechanistically similar manner. We therefore designate the RSP2654 protein DksA Rsp . Our work suggests that DksARsp has distinct and important physiological roles in alphaproteobacteria and will be useful for understanding structure- function relationships in DksA and the mechanism of synergy between DksA and ppGpp. IMPORTANCE The role of DksA has been analyzed primarily in the gammaproteobacteria, in which it is best understood for its role in control of the synthesis of the translation apparatus and amino acid biosynthesis. Our work suggests that DksA plays dis- tinct and important physiological roles in alphaproteobacteria, including the control of photosynthesis in Rhodobacter spha- eroides. The study of DksA Rsp, should be useful for understanding structure-function relationships in the protein, including those that play a role in the little-understood synergy between DksA and ppGpp.
On Faraday waves

The standing waves of frequency ω and wavenumber κ that are induced on the surface of a liquid of depth d that is subjected to the vertical displacement ao cos 2wt are determined on the assumptions that: the effects of lateral boundaries are negligible; e = ka0 tanh kd [Lt ] 1 and 0 < e−δ = O(δ3), where δ is the linear damping ratio of a free wave of frequency ω; the waves form a square pattern (which follows from observation). This problem, which goes back to Faraday (1831), has recently been treated by Ezerskii et al. (1986) and Milner (1991) in the limit of deep-water capillary waves (kd, kl* [Gt ] 1, where l* is the capillary length). Ezerskii et al. show that the square pattern is unstable for sufficiently large e—δ, and Milner shows that nonlinear damping is necessary for equilibration of the square pattern. The present formulation extends those of Ezerskii et al. and Milner to capillary–gravity waves and finite depth and incorporates third-order parametric forcing, which is neglected in these earlier formulations but is comparable with third-order damping. There are quantitative differences in the resulting evolution equations (for kd, kl* [Gt ] 1), which appear to reflect errors in the earlier work.These formulations determine a locus of admissible waves, but they do not select a particular wave. The hypothesis that the selection process maximizes the energy-transfer rate to the Faraday wave selects the maximum of the resonance curve in a frequency-amplitude plane.
Medication Adherence following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Assessment of Beliefs and Attitudes

Background:The medication management of patients following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery may include antiplatelet agents, β-blockers. angio-tensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and statins. However, poor adherence is common, and patient attitudes and beliefs ptay a role in adherence.Objective:To evaluate the association between self-reported adherence and the beliefs patients have about cardiovascular medicines used after CABG.Methods:Adults were surveyed 6–24 months following CABG. The validated Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ) assessed attitudes concerning the Specific Necessity, Specific Concerns, General Harm, and General Overuse of medicines. The validated medication adherence scale assessed self-reported adherence. Analysis included univariate comparison (BMQ scales) and multivariate logistic regression (identification of adherence predictor variables).Results:Of 387 patients surveyed, 132 (34%) completed the questionnaire. Nonparticipants were more likely to be female and h...
Efficient encoding for address buses with temporal redundancy for simultaneous area and energy reduction

Interconnect area and energy dissipation are critical factors in any system designed today. In this work, we present techniques to help reduce area/cost and energy dissipation of address buses with significant temporal redundancy. We describe two encoding techniques for such buses, called pattern adjuster (PA) encoding and dynamic charge/discharge encoding (DCDE), that use simple hardware and no extra bus lines for control signals. Results show that, using PA encoding, self energy reduces by 18-38%, coupling toggle energy by 19-96%, and coupling charge/discharge energy by 14-40%. In addition, with DCDE applied on top of PA, coupling charge/discharge energy reduces by up to 48%. Overall, up to 25% address bus energy savings can be obtained using our techniques compared to the energy dissipation of the original bus, with 26-79% reduction in the number of bus lines. Our techniques use very simple hardware and will have negligible encoding/decoding latencies that are much lower than those of low-power bus encoding schemes.
Another Look at the Role of Borrower Characteristics in Predicting Mortgage Prepayments

Mortgage prepayments are made for many different reasons, and research has been hampered by the inability to distinguish among those reasons for prepayment. In this article, I report results of a l...
Hierarchical Approaches to Estimate Energy Expenditure Using Phone-Based Accelerometers

Physical inactivity is linked with increase in risk of cancer, heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Walking is an easily available activity to reduce sedentary time. Objective methods to accurately assess energy expenditure from walking that is normalized to an individual would allow tailored interventions. Current techniques rely on normalization by weight scaling or fitting a polynomial function of weight and speed. Using the example of steady-state treadmill walking, we present a set of algorithms that extend previous work to include an arbitrary number of anthropometric descriptors. We specifically focus on predicting energy expenditure using movement measured by mobile phone-based accelerometers. The models tested include nearest neighbor models, weight-scaled models, a set of hierarchical linear models, multivariate models, and speed-based approaches. These are compared for prediction accuracy as measured by normalized average root mean-squared error across all participants. Nearest neighbor models showed highest errors. Feature combinations corresponding to sedentary energy expenditure, sedentary heart rate, and sex alone resulted in errors that were higher than speed-based models and nearest-neighbor models. Size-based features such as BMI, weight, and height produced lower errors. Hierarchical models performed better than multivariate models when size-based features were used. We used the hierarchical linear model to determine the best individual feature to describe a person. Weight was the best individual descriptor followed by height. We also test models for their ability to predict energy expenditure with limited training data. Hierarchical models outperformed personal models when a low amount of training data were available. Speed-based models showed poor interpolation capability, whereas hierarchical models showed uniform interpolation capabilities across speeds.
Limitations of Using Small Molecules to Identify Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation Reactions

Catalyst-transfer polycondensation (CTP) is a relatively new method for synthesizing conjugated polymers in a chain-growth fashion using transition metal catalysis. Recent research has focused on screening catalysts to broaden the monomer scope. In this effort, small molecule reactions have played an important role. Specifically, when selective difunctionalization occurs, even with limiting quantities of reaction partner, it suggests an associative intermediate similar to CTP. Several new chain-growth polymerizations have been discovered using this approach. We report herein an attempt to use this method to develop chain-growth conditions for synthesizing poly(2,5-bis(hexyloxy)phenylene ethynylene) via Sonogashira cross-coupling. Hundreds of small molecule experiments were performed and selective difunctionalization was observed with a Buchwald-type precatalyst. Unexpectedly, these same reaction conditions led to a step-growth polymerization. Further investigation revealed that the product ratios in the s...
Predictors of Illicit Drug Use Among Prisoners

ABSTRACTBackground: The United States of America currently has the highest incarceration rate in the world, and approximately 80% of incarcerated individuals have a history of illicit drug use. Despite institutional prohibitions, drug use continues in prison, and is associated with a range of negative outcomes. Objectives: To assess the relationship between prison drug use, duration of incarceration, and a range of covariates. Results: Most participants self-reported a history of illicit drug use (77.5%). Seven percent reportedly used drugs during the previous six months of incarceration (n = 100). Participants who had been incarcerated for more than a year were less likely than those incarcerated for longer than a year to report using drugs (OR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.26–0.98). Participants aged 37–89 were less likely than younger prisoners to use drugs (OR = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.19–0.80). Heroin users were twice as likely as nonheroin users to use drugs (OR = 2.28; 95% CI = 1.04–5.03); crack cocaine users were a...
Risk-intellegent Governance in the Age of Cyberthreats

Cybersecurity is an issue of foremost interest for policymakers in the world’s governments, corporations, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), academic institutions, and other associations. However, remedy for the myriad cyberthreats and vulnerabilities continues to elude technologists and policymakers alike. In this paper, we consider the concept of cyberrisk intelligence, a general concept of understanding the varied phenomena that impact an organization’s capacity to secure its digital communications and resources from eavesdropping, theft, or attack. We also consider the deeper economics of information held and transmitted in digital form and how those economics may alter thinking on risk modeling. Finally, we offer guidance on how organizations and entire sectors of business activity may want to alter their thinking on cybersecurity issues beyond a technological framing to include an informational perspective aligned with business activities.
Predicting daily gait behaviors after anterior cruciate ligament surgery: A case study

After surgical interventions such as anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr), people exhibit altered gait mechanics due to joint impairments. Persistence of altered mechanics after resolution of impairments may be related to daily reinforcement of maladaptive behavior. Quantifying the contribution of such maladaptive motor strategies requires continuous monitoring of locomotor behaviors in the home setting. In this paper, we investigate an inertial sensor based approach to monitoring ambient activities. We evaluate the relative performance of our predictive algorithm on one control and one individual post-ACL reconstruction.
Looking for the origin of life in cosmochemistry: Asteroids and their carbon-rich meteorites

Carbonaceous chondrite meteorites are carbon-containing fragments of primitive asteroids that have offered the only samples available to date giving insights into chemical evolution in laboratory analyses. Their study has revealed that abundant organic chemistry came to be in the Solar System ahead of terrestrial life and, by the input of these meteorites and comets, might have aided in the origin of our planet’s biochemistry.
Transcatheter mitral valve therapy: The event horizon.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement has entered the clinical armamentarium mainstream of surgeons and interventional cardiologists in the management of high- and extreme-risk patients with aortic stenosis. Transcatheter mitral valve therapies are closely following suit. A flurry of global innovation, research, and clinical activity over the last 10 years have led to dynamic changes to the technologic landscape. With 1 device commercially approved, and several more in early feasibility studies in the United States with significant equity investments by major device manufacturers, the point of no return for this field of therapy finding its way into daily clinical practice is upon us. The current progress and future development of transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVr) and transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) are outlined.
Exploring New Dimensions of an Old Role for Chaplaincy: Community Liaison

Chaplaincy has the opportunity to help local religious communities develop their healing ministries. This article describes one such program. The Prepared Family Caregiver Program provides resources and study guides for chaplains to use in training clergy and other community leaders in how to help family members be better caregivers to persons with cancer. It also provides the resources for the local clergy to use with family members in the training. The material, however, is easily adapted for other chronic diseases. The program provides a way for chaplaincy departments to reach out to their communities and for local religious communities to train volunteers. Materials and training are now available over the Internet.
Solubilization of fibrin s by phospholipids.

SummarySolubilization of bovine fibrin s preparations by phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl serine has been observed whereas phosphatidyl ethanolamine and lecithin did not have this ability. The solubilizing effect did not occur with preparations of bovine fibrin i. The extent of solubilization progressively diminished with increasing ionic concentration of the system, but was not significantly influenced by the type of buffer. The importance of using only fibrin i preparations in the fibrin plate assay for fibrinolytic or activator activities and the need for careful control of the ionic strength of the assay system are stressed.
Advances in Migraine Mechanisms and Treatment

Migraine mechanisms are discussed in relation to familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) genotypes by investigators from the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, and Universities in Ankara, Turkey.
An assessment of hot metal fragments from heavy mechanical equipment as a potential ignition source for forest litter

The presence of metal particles, produced by rock strikes with heavy mechanical equipment, has come to be considered as evidence of fire causation in the investigation of forest fires. I report her...
Method for the Calculation of Quality Coefficients in Resonance Circuit

Starting with the original definition of quality coefficient,the article calculates out the quality coefficients of simple RLC series and parallel circuit,and draws two conclusions.The article also puts forward two methods for the calculation of quality coefficients,which is verified through the calculation of quality coefficient of an actual LC parallel resonance circuit.
The Study in Vitro of Breast Cancer Cells Treated with Immunosuppressant FK506

The study finds that FK506(Tacrolimus)prevents the proliferation of breast tumor cells MCF7 in vitro;MTT assy results show 24h and 48h are basically the same on half-inhibitory concentration,indicating it can play an effective role in a relatively short period of time.Through the observation of cell morphology and cell staining,the authors detect FK506 do not induce apoptosis,but possibly inhibition of cell division.By the two-dimensional electrophoresis(2-DE),protein expression spectra and MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry analysis,there are 17 proteins having the apparent differences in cells treated with FK506 before and after in expression levels,and further from which the authors identifiy 12 proteins.The function of these proteins can be divided into two aspects: on the one hand,regulating cell skeleton assembly and transport thus affecting the neurological development and cell division;on the other hand,there is close interaction with the gene,involved in its replication,repair,transcription regulation and post-translational protein folding,thereby affecting the cell division cycle and apoptosis.These proteins provide the basis for elucidating the mechanism which FK506 can inhibit cell proliferation,and the truth which FK506 could arrest the proliferation of breast cancer cells applies for its possibility to use as clinical cancer drugs.
Perceptive Media: Machine Perception and Human Computer Interaction

Computer hardware has always changed rapidly, but input/output devices, interaction techniques, and software for human computer interaction have not experienced similar growth and improvement. The GUI based style of interaction has made computers simpler and easier to use, especially for office productivity applications where computers are used as tools to accomplish specific tasks. However, as the way we use computers changes and computing becomes more pervasive and ubiquitous, largely due to advances in bandwidth and mobility, GUIs will not easily support the range of interactions necessary to meet users' needs. In order to accommodate a wider range of scenarios, tasks, users, and preferences, we need to move toward interfaces that are natural, intuitive, adaptive, and unobtrusive. “Perceptive media” is an interdisciplinary initiative to combine multimedia display and machine perception to create useful, adaptive, responsive interfaces between people and technology. This article describes and investigates aspects of perceptive media and gives examples of work in one particular sub area, Vision Based Interfaces.
Analyses of amylase contents in different types of new rice varieties(lines) carrying Wx-mq gene

The aim was to offer some recommendations for breeding new japonica rice varieties with good eating quality carrying low amylose content.Marker-assisted selection,chemical extraction,microplate reader and statistical methods were used to detect Wx-mq gene in 99 new rice varieties(lines) and analyze the amylose contents of materials with different genetic backgrounds and ecological types.Wx-mq gene was carried in 99 new rice varieties(lines).The amylose contents were between 8% and 11%.The amylose contents of rice varieties(lines) derived from the combination of Wuxiangjing 14/Kanto 194 were relatively high,and the amplitude was relatively small.The amylose content differed among tested varieties(lines) with the order of medium-maturing medium japonica rice greater than medium-maturing late japonica rice,late japonica rice taking the least.The amplitude of variation of amylose content in medium japonica rice was bigger than that in late japonica rice.
Borges's Postmodern Landscape

In his article "Borges's Postmodern Landscape" Mario Vrbancic examines specific constructs of space -- among them heterotopia (Michel Foucault) and hyperreality (Jean Baudrillard) -- and applies them to narration and narrative strategies in Jorge Luis Borges's texts. Vrbancic posits that postmodern mapping undermines our known familiar geography and that authors like Borges who experimented with different spaces and connections in their texts, represent postmodernism avant la lettre.
Melodic Fission in Trance Music: The Perception of Interleaved Vocal and Non-Vocal Melodies

While many studies have examined melodic fission of familiar and unfamiliar interleaved Western melodies, melodic fission in trance music, an electronic dance music genre, has not yet been studied. Melodic material is relatively constant throughout a trance song, while timbre, texture, and dynamics vary over time. In this study, participants listened to several clips of trance music with two or more competing melodic lines and evaluated which were melodic and harmonic. Answers were based primarily on how conjunct each line was, although some disjunct lines were segregated into two streams. Lyrical content, rhythmic simplicity, past musical training, familiarity with the genre, and connections drawn to other genres further affected the perception of melody in trance music.
Great and Terrible Cities

Years ago, when traveling in Holland and Provence, I recall admiring the verisimilitude of Vincent van Gogh’s paintings of these regions. Still later, I began to wonder whether he had truly captured that reality or had simply imposed his vision on me, had in effect induced—or seduced—me into seeing things his way. Powerful views, of necessity, exclude a lot of reality. This makes them partial; and this partiality, especially if coupled with persuasiveness, is understandably irritating, indeed obnoxious, to those who prize the excluded parts. Only in retrospect do we escape the blinders imposed by our insights; but when we manage to do so, we glimpse the price we pay for our Procrustean views.
Fluorinated Compounds in Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions

Through combined X-ray crystallography and DFT calculations, it is now established that fluorinase enzyme catalyzes the S N 2 fluorination reaction of S-adenosylmethionine by fluoride anion to give 5′-fluoro-5′-deoxyadenosine, which is an intermediate for the biosynthesis of fluoroacetate and fluorothreonine. Therapeutics based on reversible and mechanism-based inactivation of enzymes are used in the treatment of a variety of diseases, such as depression and anxiety disorders, cancer, and African sleeping sickness. Trifluoromethyl and difluoromethyl ketones serve as transition state analog inhibitors of serine proteases. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine exert their enzyme inhibition through reversible binding at the enzyme active sites, whereas 5-Fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-monophosphate (FdUMP) is a mechanism-based irreversible inhibitor of thymidylate synthase. This chapter outlines the mechanisms of enzyme inhibition by organofluorine compounds. The X-ray structural characterization of the enzyme–substrate complexes is also discussed.
Visual Vibrometry: Estimating Material Properties from Small Motions in Video

The estimation of material properties is important for scene understanding, with many applications in vision, robotics, and structural engineering. This paper connects fundamentals of vibration mechanics with computer vision techniques in order to infer material properties from small, often imperceptible motions in video. Objects tend to vibrate in a set of preferred modes. The frequencies of these modes depend on the structure and material properties of an object. We show that by extracting these frequencies from video of a vibrating object, we can often make inferences about that object's material properties. We demonstrate our approach by estimating material properties for a variety of objects by observing their motion in high-speed and regular frame rate video.
Research Residents' perceptions of skill decay: Effects of repeated skills assessments and scenario difficulty

Abstract Introduction Skills decay is a known risk for surgical residents who have dedicated research time. We hypothesize that simulation-based assessments will reveal significant differences in perceived skill decay when assessing a variety of clinical scenarios in a longitudinal fashion. Methods Residents (N = 46; Returning: n = 16, New: n = 30) completed four simulated procedures: urinary catheterization, central line, bowel anastomosis, and laparoscopic ventral hernia repair. Perception surveys were administered pre- and post-simulation. Results Perceptions of skill decay and task difficulty were similar for both groups across three procedures pre- and post-simulation. Due to a simulation modification, new residents were more confident in urinary catheterization than returning residents (F(1,4) = 11.44, p = 0.002). In addition, when assessing expectations for skill reduction, returning residents perceived greater skill reduction upon reassessment when compared to first time residents (t(35) = 2.37, p = 0.023). Conclusion Research residents may benefit from longitudinal skills assessments and a wider variety of simulation scenarios during their research years. Table of contents summary As part of a longitudinal study, we assessed research residents' confidence, perceptions of task difficulty and surgical skill reduction. Residents completed surveys pre- and post-experience with four simulated procedures: urinary catheterization, subclavian central line insertion, bowel anastomosis, and laparoscopic ventral hernia repair. Returning residents perceived greater skill reduction upon reassessment when compared to residents participating for the first time. In addition, modification of the clinical scenarios affected perceptions of skills decay.
Dopamine Release by Sucrose

Preferred foods are often used as prototypes of natural rewards. Preferred tastes reduce the sensory complexity of foods to a single sensory modality to simplify the model further. The central neural areas most often associated with both natural and drug-induced rewards are included in the mesoaccumbens dopamine system. What follows summarizes research on the relationship between ingesting sucrose solutions and activity in this system. After introducing the concepts and difficulties encountered in studying the neural basis of reward, we discuss our own research documenting the short- and long-term effects that licking sucrose has on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. During sucrose intake, dopamine is released in the nucleus accumbens as a function of concentration. The effect occurs in both naive and experienced animals, but does not require stimulation or absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Conversely, increasing the availability of dopamine in the accumbens also stimulates sucrose ingestion. The thalamocortical taste system has little influence on sucrose elicited dopamine release, but severing the direct pontine gustatory connections with the limbic system reduces the effect substantially. Scheduled, daily access to a sucrose solution also produces longer-term effects by altering accumbens dopamine reuptake and receptor mechanisms. Despite the correlation between oral sucrose stimulation and accumbens dopamine, this model of biological reward is influenced by a variety of other neurotransmitters and hormones. Some of these affects may operate via the dopamine system as well, that is, they could mediate the effects of sucrose in the accumbens, but many influence gustatory neural processing directly, even at the level of the taste bud. Thus, the mesoaccumbens dopamine system provides a useful model for studying central reward mechanisms but, at least for gustatory stimuli, other levels including the periphery must be evaluated as well.
Effect of the environment on horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and archaea

BACKGROUND Horizontal gene transfer, the transfer and incorporation of genetic material between different species of organisms, has an important but poorly quantified role in the adaptation of microbes to their environment. Previous work has shown that genome size and the number of horizontally transferred genes are strongly correlated. Here we consider how genome size confuses the quantification of horizontal gene transfer because the number of genes an organism accumulates over time depends on its evolutionary history and ecological context (e.g., the nutrient regime for which it is adapted). RESULTS We investigated horizontal gene transfer between archaea and bacteria by first counting reciprocal BLAST hits among 448 bacterial and 57 archaeal genomes to find shared genes. Then we used the DarkHorse algorithm, a probability-based, lineage-weighted method (Podell & Gaasterland, 2007), to identify potential horizontally transferred genes among these shared genes. By removing the effect of genome size in the bacteria, we have identified bacteria with unusually large numbers of shared genes with archaea for their genome size. Interestingly, archaea and bacteria that live in anaerobic and/or high temperature conditions are more likely to share unusually large numbers of genes. However, high salt was not found to significantly affect the numbers of shared genes. Numbers of shared (genome size-corrected, reciprocal BLAST hits) and transferred genes (identified by DarkHorse) were strongly correlated. Thus archaea and bacteria that live in anaerobic and/or high temperature conditions are more likely to share horizontally transferred genes. These horizontally transferred genes are over-represented by genes involved in energy conversion as well as the transport and metabolism of inorganic ions and amino acids. CONCLUSIONS Anaerobic and thermophilic bacteria share unusually large numbers of genes with archaea. This is mainly due to horizontal gene transfer of genes from the archaea to the bacteria. In general, these transfers are from archaea that live in similar oxygen and temperature conditions as the bacteria that receive the genes. Potential hotspots of horizontal gene transfer between archaea and bacteria include hot springs, marine sediments, and oil wells. Cold spots for horizontal transfer included dilute, aerobic, mesophilic environments such as marine and freshwater surface waters.
Inhibition of IRE1 Results in Decreased Scar Formation

Wound healing is characterized by the production of large amounts of protein necessary to replace lost cellular mass and extracellular matrix. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an important adaptive cellular response to increased protein synthesis. One of the main components of the UPR is IRE1, an endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein with endonuclease activity that produces the activated form of the transcription factor XBP1. Using luciferase reporter mice for Xbp1 splicing, we showed that IRE1 was up-regulated during excisional wound healing at the time in wound healing consistent with that of the proliferative phase, when the majority of protein synthesis for cellular proliferation and matrix deposition occurs. Furthermore, using a small molecule inhibitor of IRE1 we demonstrated that inhibition of IRE1 led to decreased scar formation in treated mice. Results were recapitulated in a hypertrophic scar mouse model. These data help provide a cellular pathway to target in the treatment of hypertrophic scarring and keloid disorders.
Anger, Motivation, and Asymmetrical Frontal Cortical Activations

This chapter reviews research on the motivational functions of anger and their association with asymmetric frontal cortical activations. In particular, anger is often associated with approach motivational inclinations, though certain individuals in certain situations may manifest anger that is associated with withdrawal motivational inclinations. Because anger is often associated with approach motivation, it is different from other negative emotions and thus is an emotion that permitted testing whether asymmetric (left vs. right) frontal cortical activity was due to positive vs. negative affect or approach vs. withdrawal motivation. Results of several studies revealed that anger is associated with greater relative left frontal activation. Moreover, manipulated increases in the approach motivation of anger cause even greater relative left frontal activation. These results support the idea that greater relative left frontal activity is associated with approach motivation and not positive affective valence. The chapter ends by discussing how this research challenges the idea that the frontal cortex is only involved in down-regulating negative emotions and by suggesting directions for future research examining connectivity among brain regions involved in anger and motivational processes.
Malignant teratoma of the ovary: prognostic factors and treatment.

A series of 25 patients with malignant teratoma of the ovary is presented. In 56 per cent, diagnosis was made before the age of 20; none had bilateral tumors, and 52 per cent were in Stage I at the time of the original diagnosis. Treatment with operation followed by irradiation or single-agent chemotherapy was ineffective; there were no survivors in eight patients treated with either of these regimens. However, combination chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide used postoperatively appears to be more effective since 10 of 12 patients who were treated with this method are surviving. Histologic grade appears to have questionable prognostic significance.
MALNUTRITION AND THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLES

Malnutrition reduces respiratory muscle mass and contractile force through atrophy of Type II fibers and impaired energy metabolism. Nutritional repletion restores respiratory muscle function, but may add to ventilatory work. Nutritional repletion also enhances weaning from mechanical ventilation.
Implementation of the Yale Swallow Protocol by Other Health-Care Professionals

The accuracy of the Yale Swallow Protocol comprised of a brief cognitive screen, an oral mechanism evaluation, and drinking 3 ounces of water when administered and interpreted by registered nurses was compared with blinded ratings from speech-language pathology. Intra- and inter-rater protocol agreements for the two speech-language pathologists were 100 %. Inter-rater protocol agreement between registered nurses and speech-language pathologists was 98.01 % with a Cohen’s Kappa of 0.95. Results confirmed the reliability and accuracy of a registered nurse administered and interpreted swallow screening protocol.
Optimal Control of the Weapon Operating Characteristic with Control Inequality Constraints

Optimal employment of autonomous wide area search munitions or unmanned aerial vehicles is considered. The air vehicle searches a battle space for stationary targets in the presence of false targets and/or clutter. A control problem is formulated to achieve optimal scheduling of the control variables P TR , the probability of target report, which is a reflection of the sensor’s threshold setting, and Q, the area coverage rate. These optimal control problem formulations yield solutions that maximize the probability of target attack while at the same time also satisfying hard bounds on the probability of false target attacks. Analysis has shown that the optimal solutions are sensitive to the particular relationship between the sensor’s receiver operating characteristic parameter, c, and area coverage rate, Q. In this chapter, several different heuristics for this particular relationship are studied and the optimal dynamic schedules of the sensor threshold and area coverage rate are obtained.
Optical Properties of the Europium Chalcogenide Magnetic Semiconductors

The magnetic semiconductors of the europium chalcogenide family, EuO, EuS, EuSe and EuTe, form a system of NaCl structures with closely related lattice, electronic and magnetic properties. These materials all show a strong coupling between the electronic and the magnetic properties so that the electrical properties are greatly modified by a change of magnetic state. The chemical unit cells are all identical whereas the magnetic unit cells can vary greatly from one compound to another, depending on the magnetic state, even though the magnetic ion is the same (Eu2+) for each compound. These compounds have been studied by many investigators using a variety of techniques over a number of years. These lectures will cover the optical properties of these materials, including both the linear (absorption constants) and the non-linear (Raman scattering) response. A correlation between the electronic and lattice mode structure will be made based on these optical experiments.
A dibenzofuran derivative: 2-(pentyloxy)dibenzo[b,d]furan.

The title compound, C17H18O2, crystallizes in two-dimensional sheets, in which the 2-(pent­yloxy)dibenzo[b,d]furan mol­ecules are arranged in a head-to-head and tail-to-tail fashion that enables hydro­phobic inter­actions between fully extended 2-pent­oxy chains and π–π stacking between dibenzo­furan rings in adjacent rings. Nearest inter­molecular π-π stacking contacts are 3.3731 (12) A. The mol­ecule is nearly planar with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.0803 A from the mean plane defined by the nineteen non-hydrogen atoms.
Self-Paced Mathematics Instruction: How Effective Has it Been in Secondary and Postsecondary Schools?.

of research testing the effectiveness of such programs has been reported. This paper is a review of studies comparing self-paced, individualized programs with other teach ing approaches at the secondary and post secondary levels. A recent review of similar studies conducted with elementary school students showed that the results were over whelmingly against individualized instruc tion as measured by mathematics achieve ment, with some ambiguity on attitude and other affective measures (Schoen 1975). Do these negative findings continue into sec ondary school and beyond? Mathematics teachers at these levels will find the results summarized here very informative, espe cially if they are considering adopting an individualized program.
Dual-Tuned Removable Common-Mode Current Trap for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy *

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) are preferred methods of gathering structural and metabolic information from the body due to their non-invasive approach to obtaining a diagnosis. Dual-tuned radiofrequency (RF) coils can detect signals produced by both hydrogen and a second atomic nuclei of interest. However, undesired electromagnetic coupling often confounds both the design and utilization of RF coils. Coaxial shield currents, also known as common-mode currents, can be induced during MR scans and cause image distortion and reduction in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); furthermore, the energy dissipated from the cabling can create heat that poses a risk of patient burns if the routed too closely. Thus, common-mode currents must be suppressed in RF coils by employing non-magnetic current traps. In this paper, we present a novel dual-tuned current trap that is fully removable and does not require soldering directly to the cable. The design was manufactured with 3D printing to support rapid fabrication and distribution. Bench measurements at the 3T Larmor frequencies for hydrogen and phosphorous-31 demonstrate common-mode attenuation of –18 dB and –8.4 dB respectively.
Biogeographic classification of streams using fish community– and trait–environment relationships

AIM: Present a hybrid biogeographic and environmentally constrained clustering approach to classify ~853,000 stream reaches in the eastern United States. Examine the frequency of stream typologies in the landscape relative to anthropogenic stressors to identify potential stream conservation needs. LOCATION: Eastern United States. METHODS: Fish communities at 956 least‐disturbed sampling reaches were characterized using taxonomic and functional composition of native species. Environmental variables summarized within stream reaches included stream discharge, channel gradient, hydrologic regime, summer water temperature and boundaries of freshwater ecoregions. Multivariate regression trees were used to relate environmental variables to fish communities while simultaneously developing taxa‐ and trait‐specific biogeographic classifications. We then overlaid stream classifications with indices of anthropogenic disturbances to evaluate rarity and risk of complete loss of natural representation of stream types. RESULTS: Taxonomically based classes represented a combination of ecoregional boundaries and environmental gradients, whereas temperature gradients were most important in differentiating functional composition. An optimal taxonomy‐based classification contained 13 classes and explained 26.4% of community variation, and the optimal trait‐based classification contained 6 classes, explaining 25.2% of community variation. Overlaying class maps with an anthropogenic disturbance index revealed substantial variation in the severity of degradation among classes relative to their abundance in the landscape, especially rare classes (i.e., large rivers and cold headwater systems). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate the value of integrating local, regional and historical biogeographic factors with taxonomic and functional characteristics of freshwater biota to classify ecosystems based on mechanistic biota–environment relationships. This approach is important to addressing the challenge of developing stream classifications that reconcile the environmental drivers of community trait composition with the constraints of biogeographic regionality at large spatial scales. Furthermore, the spatially explicit and high‐resolution maps disseminated here can uniquely inform management decisions regarding anthropogenic threats to the biodiverse freshwaters of the eastern United States.
Teachers as Change Agents: Promoting Meaningful Professional Development Using Action Research to Support International Educational Reform

Abstract The professional development of teachers is an ongoing issue that is essential to supporting teachers as change agents and international educational reform. Arizona State University Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College acknowledges its role in supporting visiting teachers from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to utilize action research as an opportunity for professional development. This paper intends to explore using action research as an innovative practice to support teacher leaders as change agents in education. The transformation of Saudi Arabia moving from a country that heavily relies on oil for economic growth to investing in human capital is the basis for the transformation of the education system. As a result, a framework for conducting action research was developed to assist teachers to create a plan of implementation once they returned to Saudi Arabia. The implication of the literature, research and Saudi teacher experiences supports using action research as professional development holds promise for teachers as change agents to impact international educational reform.
A Publicly Available, High Resolution, Unbiased CT Brain Template.

Clinical imaging relies heavily on X-ray computed tomography (CT) scans for diagnosis and prognosis. Many research applications aim to perform population-level analyses, which require images to be put in the same space, usually defined by a population average, also known as a template. We present an open-source, publicly available, high-resolution CT template. With this template, we provide voxel-wise standard deviation and median images, a basic segmentation of the cerebrospinal fluid spaces, including the ventricles, and a coarse whole brain labeling. This template can be used for spatial normalization of CT scans and research applications, including deep learning. The template was created using an anatomically-unbiased template creation procedure, but is still limited by the population it was derived from, an open CT data set without demographic information. The template and derived images are available at https://github.com/muschellij2/high_res_ct_template.
Shock and splash: gas and dark matter halo boundaries around ΛCDM galaxy clusters

Recent advances in simulations and observations of galaxy clusters suggest that there exists a physical outer boundary of massive cluster-size dark matter haloes. In this work, we investigate the locations of the outer boundaries of dark matter and gas around cluster-size dark matter haloes, by analyzing a sample of 65 massive dark matter halos extracted from the Omega500 zoom-in hydrodynamical cosmological simulations. We show that the location of accretion shock is offset from that of the dark matter splashback radius, contrary to the prediction of the self-similar models. The accretion shock radius is larger than all definitions of the splashback radius in the literature by 20-100%. The accretion shock radius defined using the steepest drop in the entropy pressure profiles is approximately 2 times larger than the splashback radius defined by the steepest slope in the dark matter density profile, and it is ~1.2 times larger than the edge of the dark matter phase-space structure. We discuss implications of our results for multi-wavelength studies of galaxy clusters.
Superficial Adherence to EBP: An Example of Low Fidelity to the RNR model using a Halfway House

Research on the risk-need-responsivity model has consistently demonstrated that programs that adhere to this model demonstrate greater reductions in recidivism. However, research often focuses on s...