cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence calcium pump binds magnesium before inorganic phosphate.

Abstract Calcium pump-catalyzed 18O exchange between inorganic phosphate and water was studied to test the hypothesis that all P-type pumps bind Mg2+ before Pi and validate utilization of the rate equation for ordered binding to interpret differences between site-directed mutants and wild-type enzyme. The results were remarkably similar to those obtained earlier with sodium pump (Kasho, V. N., Stengelin, M., Smirnova, I. N., and Faller, L. D. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 8045– 8052). The equation for ordered binding of Mg2+ before Pi fit the data best with only a slight chance (0.6%) of Pi binding to apoenzyme. Therefore, Pi is the substrate, and Mg2+ is an obligatory cofactor. The intrinsic Mg2+ dissociation constant from metalloenzyme (KM = 3.5 ± 0.3 mm) was experimentally indistinguishable from the sodium pump value. However, the half-maximal concentration for Pi binding to metalloenzyme () was significantly higher (∼6-fold), and the probability of calcium pump forming phosphoenzyme from bound Pi (Pc = 0.04 ± 0.03) was significantly lower (∼6-fold) than for the sodium pump. From estimates of the rate constants for phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, the calcium pump appears to catalyze phosphoryl group transfer less efficiently than the sodium pump. Ordered binding of Mg2+ before Pi implies that both calcium pump and sodium pump form a ternary enzyme·metal·phosphate complex, consistent with molecular structures of other haloacid dehalogenase superfamily members that were crystallized with Mg2+ and phosphate, or a phosphate analogue, bound.
The effect of regulation on nonuniform electricity price schedules in the united states

Abstract An empirical examination of factors that influence a public utility's choice regarding the degree of nonuniformity in its price schedules is reported in this paper. In particular, the results support the Sherman-Visscher theory that tighter rate-of-return regulation encourages a monopolist to adopt more rapidly declining rate structures. Some types of regulatory authority have flatter rate structures than others, suggesting that the rate-of-return induced distortion may be countered by direct regulatory oversight. Somewhat surprisingly, scale economics influence rate structures only weakly, casting doubt on the traditional claim that average price declines because of decreasing average cost.
A multi-level collaborative driving framework for autonomous vehicles

This paper proposes a multi-level collaborative driving framework (MCDF) for human-autonomous vehicle interaction. There are three components in MCDF; the mission-behavior-motion block diagram, the functionality-module relationship and the human participation level table. Through integration of the three components, a human driver can cooperate with the vehicle's intelligence to achieve better driving performance, robustness and safety. The MCDF is successfully implemented in TROCS, a real-time autonomous vehicle control system developed by the Tartan Racing Team for the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge. The performance of MCDF is analyzed and a preliminary test in TROCS simulation mode shows that MCDF is effective in improving the driving performance.
Intracellular Hydrogen Transport Systems in Acute Leukaemia

Summary. A cytochemical study of intra- and extra-mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes in human leukaemic lymphoblasts has shown an increase in activity, relative to the small lymphocyte, of those enzymes which are extramitochondrial in location. In contrast, there was no significant increase in the activity of intramitochondrial respiratory dehydrogenases or of an α-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase which is thought to regulate hydrogen transport across the mitochondrial membrane. The findings are in keeping with a hypothesis that leukaemic blast cells show diminished hydrogen transport to the intramitochondrial respiratory pathway. A compensatory increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity in these cells may signify a degree of metabolic dependence on this enzyme, and its selective inhibition by oxamate analogues may therefore result in a cytotoxic effect.
Evaluation of methods for discrimination of energized underground power cables

The maintenance and repair of underground cable power networks often requires the discrimination of energized cables among a group of unenergized ones. Presently, an invasive detection method is performed which requires utility personnel to puncture the protective cable shielding, creating a potentially hazardous situation. This paper presents a noninvasive approach for energized cable detection based on the electrically induced acoustic waves inside of the cable. The influence of background electric fields on the performance of this approach is studied. In addition, the use of a fiber optic acoustic sensor would significantly increase the safety of the detection procedure, borrowing on the intrinsic electrically insulating properties of optical fibers (i.e. dielectric, immunity to electromagnetic interference, etc.). Feasibility studies and preliminary experiments were performed using a fiber Fabry-Perot interferometric acoustic sensor. The performance of the fiber optic sensor is compared with that of a piezoelectric accelerometer. A detailed analysis of the test results is included. Recommendations are given for correct interpretation of test results based on the specifics of a power system and sensor type.
Living trees provide stable large wood in streams

Large wood exerts strong influences on stream channel morphology and aquatic ecosystems. Previously, in-stream large wood has generally been equated with dead wood. However, in streams in Northern California we found that living wood – trees that entered the channel but remained rooted and living – represented a major portion of the functional in-stream large wood. We hypothesized that living wood will tend to be more stable, due to an attached root wad, and more persistent, due to lack of decay, than similarly sized dead wood. Living wood may provide important in-stream structure in streams with riparian corridors that lack large conifers. We surveyed 20 stream reaches in Northern California with riparian corridors dominated by broadleaved trees and found that a high proportion of wood jams had key pieces that were still living. Living wood was capable of serving as a key piece for a wood jam at a smaller size than dead wood and had a greater influence on channel morphology. We found that only 74% of the jams without living wood persisted over 1–2 years while 98% of those with living key pieces remained in place. Due to living wood, the range of tree species and sizes that provide stable and functional in-stream large wood may be broader than previously described. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a unified approach to coupling

We describe a unified approach to coupling that incorporates four disparate elements, namely, taxonomies for classical coupling; taxonomies for object-oriented coupling; metrics for classical coupling; and metrics for object-oriented coupling. A single instance of coupling between two modules (or classes) can incorporate several points of dependency between the two modules (or classes). It is the combination of the effects of these dependencies that gives the true measure of that instance of coupling. We identify a metric based on three types of dependencies that commonly exist between modules, namely, referential dependency, a measure of the extent to which the program relies on its declarations remaining unchanged; structural dependency, a measure of the extent to which the program relies upon its internal organization remaining unchanged; and data integrity dependency, a measure of the vulnerability of data elements in one module to change by other modules. We show how this approach can be used to describe different forms of coupling. We also compare our metric with another coupling metrics.
The History of Gold Therapy for Tuberculosis

This is a historical study of the popularization of a medical therapy contrary to pertinent experimental findings. Presumably this circumstance reflects the desperation about tuberculosis: highly prevalent, highly fatal, and lacking any etiologically directed therapy. Gold compounds were introduced, based initially on the reputation of Robert Koch, who had found gold cyanide effective against M. tuberculosis in cultures, but not in experimentally infected animals. Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis with these compounds was popularized, particularly by Danish physicians, in the mid-1920s, despite consistently negative experimental results, based on Paul Ehrlich's theories of antimicrobial drug effects. Difficulties in the design of interpretable clinical studies were soon recognized but also generally ignored, thus permitting data to be interpreted as favorable to antituberculous gold therapy. Eventually toxicity was considered to outweigh the alleged therapeutic benefit of all gold compounds. This resulted in their discard shortly before the introduction of streptomycin therapy.
The many faces of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the third most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Interestingly, this tumor type is known to have differences in morphologic appearance within the same tumor. However, the importance and the molecular drivers of these differences were not well understood. A recent study by Friemel et al. dissected different layers of heterogeneity in 23 hepatocellular carcinomas by matching cell and tissue morphology with immunohistochemical staining of common markers such as CK7, CD44, AFP, EpCAM, and glutamine synthetase, and mapped driver mutations in TP53 and CTNNB1 through targeted and Sanger sequencing in different areas of each tumor. The study revealed substantial intratumor heterogeneity in at least one of these features in 20 out of 23 of the sampled hepatocellular carcinomas. Heterogeneity based only on morphology was found in 6 of 23 cases (26%), whereas when both the microscopic appearance and the immunohistochemical markers were combined, the number of cases showing heterogeneity rose up to 9 of 23 cases. In 22% of tumors, the mutational status of TP53 and CTNNB1 was heterogeneous, suggesting that CTNNB1 , which is generally considered a “driver” mutation, may be absent in some tumor areas. These findings suggest that genomic instability may underlie the heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma. This study demonstrates the challenges of accurate molecular and clinicopathologic classification of hepatocellular carcinoma. The substantial heterogeneity demonstrated in this tumor also has implications for selection of targeted therapies, which are only effective when their molecular targets are enriched in the tumor. J. Friemel et al. , Intratumor heterogeneity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-0122 (2014). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2014/09/23/1078-0432.CCR-14-0122.abstract
Nuclear Hyperfine Populations for D Atoms Generated by the 266 nm Photolysis of DI

Results are presented on the photolysis of DI at 266 nm. An experimental approach is used that combines narrow-band, velocity-aligned Doppler spectroscopy (VADS) and a constrained detection geometry. Atomic deuterium is detected, and transitions out of the individual nuclear hyperfine states of the ground electronic state (the F states; 0.010 92 cm-1 splitting) are resolved via the Lyman-α transition (∼82 280 cm-1). Consistent with previous work on the hydrogen halides, the D-atom product state distributions are statistical. However, the methodological improvements required to resolve the states bode well for studying other chemical systems with this approach.
The isolation, purification, and characterization of cis-ζ-carotene and the demonstration of its conversion to acyclic, monocyclic, and dicyclic carotenes by a soluble enzyme system obtained from the plastids of tangerine tomato fruits

Abstract Cis -ζ-carotene was isolated, purified in several chromatographic systems, and then identified as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of poly- cis -carotenes. The structure of cis -ζ-carotene was tentatively established from its visible light-absorption spectrum, and by a comparison of the infrared spectrum with that of trans -ζ-carotene. Confirmation of the identity of this compound was obtained by high resolution mass spectroscopy. The presence of the cis -configuration was indicated by a bathochromic shift of 6–10 nm in the visible spectrum when the compound was subjected to iodinecatalyzed photoisomerization. The infrared spectrum also showed characteristic peaks for the cis -configuration. Proof of the conversion of cis -ζ-[ 14 C]carotene to trans -ζ-carotene, proneurosporene, prolycopene, neurosporene, lycopene, β- and γ carotenes was obtained on incubation with soluble enzyme systems obtained from plastids of fruits of two different tangerine varieties of tomato. Proof for the formation of each of the carotenes was provided by column and thin-layer chromatography A close correspondence of radioactivity and optical density was observed for each carotene. Additional proof was obtained by gas-liquid chromatography of each hydrogenated carotene. A coincidence of mass and radioactivity was observed for each carotene.
Proposed extended tuning range for the Los Alamos mid-infrared adjustable, coherent light experiment (miracle) facility

The Los Alamos Free-Electron Laser (FEL) Facility has been in operation as an oscillator in the 10..mu..m wavelength regime since 1983. Operations from 10 to 45..mu..m have been recently demonstrated which would provide a new applications capability: A Mid-Infrared Adjustable Coherent Light Experiment (MIRACLE) Facility. We propose to extend this tunability from 3 to 160..mu..m by upgrading the injector, accelerator, and resonator cavity. Potential applications in material science (high-temperature superconductors) and biophysics (DNA spectroscopy) for this wavelength regime are briefly addressed. 7 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.
Haploinsufficiency of the cdc2l gene contributes to skin cancer development in mice

The Cdc2L gene encodes for the cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) protein. Loss of one allele of Cdc2L and reduced CDK11 expression has been observed in several cancers, implicating its association with carcinogenesis. To directly investigate the role of CDK11 in carcinogenesis, we first generated cdc2l haploinsufficient mice by gene trap technology and then studied the susceptibility of these gene-trapped (cdc2l(GT)) mice to chemical-mediated skin carcinogenesis in the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced two-stage skin carcinogenesis model. Wild-type and cdc2l(GT) mice were subjected to a single topical application of initiation by DMBA and promotion twice a week for 19 weeks with TPA. At 19 weeks, 70% of the cdc2l(GT) mice and 60% of the cdc2l+/+ mice developed benign papillomas. However, there was an overall 3-fold increase in the average number of tumors per mouse observed in cdc2l(GT) mice as compared with cdc2l+/+ mice. There was also an increased frequency of larger papillomas in cdc2l(GT) mice. By using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay, we found A to T transversion mutations at the 61st codon of H-ras gene in the papilloma tissue of both cdc2l(GT) mice and cdc2l+/+ mice. Ki-67 staining revealed increased proliferation in the papillomas of cdc2l(GT) (77.75%) as compared with cdc2l+/+ (30.84%) tumors. These studies are the first to show that loss of one allele of cdc2l gene, encoding CDK11, facilitates DMBA/TPA-induced skin carcinogenesis in vivo.
Thymopoietin pentapeptide (TP-5) improves clinical parameters and lymphocyte subpopulations in atopic dermatitis

In a double-blind prospective study, eighteen patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) were treated with thrice-weekly injections of 50 mg thymopoietin pentapeptide (TP-5) or placebo for 6 weeks. Clinical parameters, lymphocyte subsets defined by monoclonal antibodies, and serum IgE were modified. Younger patients (age ¼ 34) responded to TP-5 with much greater improvement in severity scores than TP-5-treated patients of age >34 or than placebo-treated patients of either age group (p ¼ 0.05). Both absolute lymphocytes and OKT8+ cytotoxic/suppressor cells were significantly increased (p ¼ 0.05) in the TP-5 group, whereas they were not significantly increased in the placebo group (p>0.05). Conversely, Ia+ cells were significantly increased in the placebo group (p 0.05). Serum IgE levels were not significantly altered in either group. Thus, TP-5 had a beneficial clinical effect in AD, especially in younger patients, and increased the reduced OKT8+ cytotoxic/suppressor T cells and prevented an increase of Ia+ cells during pollen season.
Imaging guided percutaneous irreversible electroporation: ultrasound and immunohistological correlation.

Preliminary results of percutaneous irreversible electroporation (PIE) on swine liver as a novel non-thermal ablation are presented. The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using irreversible electroporation in more clinically applicable manner, a percutaneous method, and to investigate a possible role of apoptosis in PIE-induced cell death. We performed PIE on four swine livers under real-time ultrasound guidance. The lesions created by PIE were imaged with ultrasound and were correlated with histology data, including pro-apoptotic marker. A total of 11 lesions were created with a mean size of 16.8 cm3 in 8.4 ± 1.8 minutes. Real-time monitoring was performed and a correlation of (+) 2 ± 3.2 mm in measurement comparison between ultrasound and gross pathologic measurements was demonstrated. Complete hepatic cell death without structural destruction, unaffected by heat-sink effect, and with a sharp demarcation between the ablated zone and the non-ablated zone were observed. Immunohistologi...
Genomic Cloning and Characterization of the Human Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2β Promoter

The translation initiation factor eIF2 consists of three subunits that are present in equal molar amounts. The genomic DNA containing the gene for eIF2β and its promoter were cloned and sequenced to characterize further the mechanism of their regulated synthesis. Whereas Southern blot analysis indicated that a number of copies of the gene may exist, only one full-length intron-containing copy was identified. Similar to the eIF2α promoter, the eIF2β promoter is TATA-less, CAAT-less, and GC-rich and contains an α-Pal binding motif. Mutation of the α-Pal binding sequence resulted in an 8-fold decrease in activity when assayed by the luciferase reporter gene constructs. The data suggest a common mechanism of transcriptional control for the two cloned subunits of eIF2.
Cross-Links Do Not Improve Clinical or Radiographic Outcomes of Posterior Spinal Fusion With Pedicle Screws in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

Abstract Study Design Retrospective, comparative analysis. Objectives Comparative analysis was performed to determine the differences, if any, between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients who underwent posterior spinal fusion (PSF) with and without cross-links. Summary of Background Data Cross-links are frequently used during PSF for AIS. It is unclear whether they provide any advantage for patients with all–pedicle screw constructs. Methods A prospectively collected multicenter database of patients with AIS undergoing spinal fusion was retrospectively queried. Study inclusion criteria were primary PSF with all–pedicle screw fixation (greater than 90% fixation points) and minimum 2 years' follow-up. Collected data included demographics, radiographic measures, complications, Scoliosis Research Society–22r and Spinal Appearance Questionnaire (SAQ) scores. Results A total of 500 patients were included (377 cross-link and 123 non–cross-link). Age, body mass index, gender, and preoperative major Cobb angle were not different between groups. Except for a slightly decreased lumbar Cobb angle (2.7°) in the cross-link group, no other radiographic measures were different at follow-up. Complications were not significantly different between groups: 21 of 377 (6%) crosslink and 9 of 123 (7%) non–cross-link. Infection occurred in 1 patient in the cross-link group and none in the non–cross link group. Reoperation occurred in 4 patients, all with cross-links (3 for implant removal and 1 for distal adding-on). Scoliosis Research Society–22r scores, total and individual domains, improved by a similar amount in both groups. At follow-up, parent and patient SAQ appearance scores were not significantly different. The SAQ expectations domain scores were similar for all visits and improved for both patients and parents. Conclusions There do not appear to be significant clinical or radiographic outcome differences in patients with AIS undergoing PSF based on the use of cross-links at 2-year follow-up. Surgeons should consider eliminating cross-links in patients with AIS who have PSF with all–pedicle screw constructs. This may have substantial cost savings without affecting patient outcome.
Instance-Driven Attachment of Semantic Annotations over Conceptual Hierarchies

Whether automatically extracted or human generated, open-domain factual knowledge is often available in the form of semantic annotations (e.g., composed-by) that take one or more specific instances (e.g., rhapsody in blue, george gershwin) as their arguments. This paper introduces a method for converting flat sets of instance-level annotations into hierarchically organized, concept-level annotations, which capture not only the broad semantics of the desired arguments (e.g., 'People' rather than 'Locations'), but also the correct level of generality (e.g., 'Composers' rather than 'People', or 'Jazz Composers'). The method refrains from encoding features specific to a particular domain or annotation, to ensure immediate applicability to new, previously unseen annotations. Over a gold standard of semantic annotations and concepts that best capture their arguments, the method substantially outperforms three baselines, on average, computing concepts that are less than one step in the hierarchy away from the corresponding gold standard concepts.
Formation of Epitaxial Ge Nanorings on Si by Self-assembled SiO2 Particles and Touchdown of Ge Through a Thin Layer of SiO2

We demonstrate that hexagonally packed single-crystalline Ge rings can be grown around the contact region between self-assembled SiO2 spheres and 1.2-nm-thick chemical SiO2 on Si. When the oxide-covered Si substrate is pulled from a colloidal suspension of SiO2 spheres, the SiO2 spheres self-assemble into a hexagonally packed monolayer on the substrate. These SiO2 spheres provide a surface diffusion path to guide the Ge adspecies to reach the substrate. We have previously determined that the Ge adspecies readily desorb from the bulk SiO2 surface with a desorption activation energy of 42±3 kJ/mol. This low desorption activation energy gives rise to a low surface diffusion barrier, which in turn leads to a high diffusion length on the order of several micrometers, exceeding the dimension of the SiO2 spheres. With a flux of Ge impinging at 45° from the surface normal, the Ge beam cannot directly impinge on the underlying substrate through the openings between SiO2 spheres. The Ge adspecies diffuse around the SiO2 spheres and “touchdown”[1] through the chemical SiO2, forming epitaxial ring structures. The touchdown process anchors nanoscale Ge seed pads to the underlying Si substrate. The ring formation uniquely takes advantage of the SiO2 sphere self-assembly; the weak interaction between Ge adspecies and SiO2; and the touchdown where Ge densely nucleates on Si surface through the 1.2-nm-thick chemical oxide.
Whole-Body Movements During Rising to Standing from Sitting

Rising to a standing position from a sitting position is one of the most important activities of daily life. We present a total-body analysis of rising from a chair as performed by nine healthy individuals under controlled conditions. We describe four phases of this activity. Phase I is a flexion-momentum phase used to generate the initial momentum for rising. Phase II begins as the individual leaves the chair seat and ends at maximal ankle dorsiflexion. Forward momentum of the upper body is transferred to forward and upward momentum of the total body. Phase III is an extension phase during which the body rises to its full upright position. Phase IV is a stabilization phase. Kinetics and kinematics of the phases are analyzed. The phases are differentiated in terms of momentum and stability characteristics. Clinical implications of the mechanics of rising are discussed.
On-line estimation of synchronous Generator parameters using a damper current observer and a graphic user interface

This paper presents a method to identify synchronous generator parameters from on-line data measured at the terminals of the machine. An observer for estimation of synchronous generator damper currents is designed and implemented. The observer-estimator is used in a Graphic User Interface (GUI) application. Possible internal machine fault conditions can be detected and remedial action can be applied. Noise filtering and bad data detection and rejection are implemented to increase the reliability of the estimates. Saturation of the synchronous generator inductances is also considered. Secondary objectives include calculation of the error characteristics of the estimation, development of an index of confidence, study of the observability of generator parameters, and evaluation of alternative GUI features.
A phase II chemoprevention trial design to identify surrogate endpoint biomarkers in breast cancer.

Surrogate biomarkers for risk assessment and efficacy of potential chemopreventive agents are needed to improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of conducting chemoprevention trials. In addition to criteria of sensitivity, specificity, quantifiability, and reproducibility applicable to most potential biomarkers, there are additional specific constraints in developing biomarkers for specific organ sites. In the case of breast tissue, these difficulties include lack of a consensus on the nature of premalignant lesions and the histologic criteria used to define them; even when such a consensus can be evolved, there are limitations in visualizing such lesions without invasive biopsies. Also, knowledge of specific genetic and biochemical changes in premalignant lesions is limited. In addition, the physiology of breast tissue is cyclic, no proven, relevant markers can be studied in a randomly obtained needle aspirate. The earliest determinate lesion that can be recognized in breast tissue is ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). At the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, we have initiated a study to develop biomarkers for tamoxifen and 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide by administering one or both of these drugs to women with DCIS or small invasive lesions in the interval between the initial diagnostic core biopsy and definitive surgery. The treatment is to be administered for 2-4 weeks. Proposed biomarkers to be studied include: (a) markers associated with neoplastic phenotypes, e.g., excessive proliferation, alternations of nuclear morphology and angiogenesis; (b) proteins likely to be required for response to the putative chemopreventive agents, e.g., estrogen receptor, nuclear retinoid receptors; (c) markers indicative of intact downstream response pathways, e.g., progesterone receptors; (d) oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes regulated by the proposed chemopreventive agents, e.g., neu, TGF-beta; and (e) potential novel markers of genetic instability that could be studied in randomly obtained needle aspirates, i.e., random chromosomal gains and losses in high risk mammary epithelium. The experience gained in designing and conducting this trial is expected to facilitate development of future chemoprevention trials of breast, as well as other organ site cancers.
TwoKind authentication: usable authenticators for untrustworthy environments

The ease with which a malicious third party can obtain a user's password when he or she logs into Internet sites (such as bank or email accounts) from an insecure computer creates a substantial security risk to private information and transactions. For example, a malicious administrator at a cybercafe, or a malicious user with sufficient access to install key loggers at a kiosk, can obtain users' passwords easily. Even when users do not trust the machines they are using, many of them are faced with the prospect of accessing their accounts with a single level of privilege. To address this problem, we propose a system based on two modes of authentication--default and restricted. Users can signal to the server whether they are in an untrusted environment so that the server can log them in under restricted privileges that allow them to perform basic actions that cause no serious damage if the session or their password is compromised.
Navigational path integration by cortical neurons: origins in higher-order direction selectivity

Navigation relies on the neural processing of sensory cues about observer self-movement and spatial location. Neurons in macaque dorsal medial superior temporal cortex (MSTd) respond to visual and vestibular self-movement cues, potentially contributing to navigation and orientation. We moved monkeys on circular paths around a room while recording the activity of MSTd neurons. MSTd neurons show a variety of sensitivities to the monkey's heading direction, circular path through the room, and place in the room. Changing visual cues alters the relative prevalence of those response properties. Disrupting the continuity of self-movement paths through the environment disrupts path selectivity in a manner linked to the time course of single neuron responses. We hypothesize that sensory cues interact with the spatial and temporal integrative properties of MSTd neurons to derive path selectivity for navigational path integration supporting spatial orientation.
“Less is More”: Decreasing Antibiotic Days in the NICU

Diminuir os dias de antimicrobianos, a mortalidade geral e aquela relacionada com sepse sao objetivos criticos para nossos pacientes da UTIN. Com um desenho prospectivo, este pequeno estudo, realizado em uma unica UTIN, ava-liou a implementacao de criterios de diagnostico para SNP (sepse neonatal precoce) e SNT (sepse neonatal tardia), realcando a suspensao precoce dos antimicrobianos se os exames hematologicos e a PCR estiverem dentro da faixa da normalidade nos neonatos.O estudo de Pinto et al.
A practical approach for the accurate lifetime estimation of device degradation in deep sub-micron CMOS technologies

Practical studies of the influence of various reliability mechanisms on the lifetime estimation and the impact of widely accepted assumptions to the accuracy of the reliability degradation predictions are discussed in detail. The inaccuracies of the "industry standard" approach to reliability stressing as well as the methodology utilized for the prediction of lifetimes in advanced CMOS technologies are addressed. A review of measurement practices and stress conditions is also given. Methodologies for improving the accuracy of reliability predictions have been developed and validated with experimental results for devices with an L/sub EFF/ range spanning well into the deep sub-micron regime, and with stress conditions covering a wide V/sub GS/ and V/sub DS/ range. The impact of NFET and PFET reliability degradation on circuit performance has been characterized using ring oscillator stressing. The traditional view that only NFET hot carrier degradation contributes to circuit performance degradation has been shown not to be applicable for advanced sub-micron CMOS technologies. The need of a more comprehensive reliability evaluation for realistic lifetime projections is described.
A two-dimensional topological compactor with octagonal geometry

W e present a two-dimensional layout compactor with octagonal geometry. W e discuss layout optimization algorithms used within a topological framework. W e present the results of comparing the compactor against a standard set of benchmarks. This version of the compactor uses an iterative greedy layout optimization algorithm with wire minimization and produces leafcells more compact than others published.
Second order sliding mode control of a buck converter with output capacitor ESR and ESL

A second order sliding mode (SOSM) buck controller with near-optimal transient response characteristics has previously been described. This paper shows that the performance of this controller can degrade very significantly in the presence of output capacitor equivalent series resistance and inductance (ESR and ESL, respectively). The reasons for this degradation are developed here, and include the introduction of trajectory discontinuities by the ESR/ESL. This paper then presents a modified SOSM buck controller specifically designed to work well in the presence of ESR/ESL. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the new design in a practical point-of-load buck converter.
Leadership and Management Training for Residents and Fellows: A Curriculum for Future Medical Directors

Abstract Context.—Management of laboratories and pathology practices is increasingly complex. Residents and fellows in laboratory medicine and pathology need more structured curricula in leadership and management (L&M) training to function as medical and laboratory directors. Objective.—To define a curriculum that provides basic competency in L&M for residents and fellows in pathology. Design.—A year-long formal L&M course included didactic lectures, interactive sessions, case scenarios, team-building exercises, formal team presentations (capstone project), and precourse and postcourse assessment of L&M knowledge. The curriculum meets requirements of American College of Graduate Medical Education and supports goals for leadership training of the College of American Pathologists. Participants evaluated (5-point scale) the content and speakers of all sessions. Trainees were evaluated after considering postcourse examination results, quality of the capstone presentation, and a global assessment. Results.—The...
Can Species Distribution Models Aid Bioassessment when Reference Sites are Lacking? Tests Based on Freshwater Fishes

Recent literature reviews of bioassessment methods raise questions about use of least-impacted reference sites to characterize natural conditions that no longer exist within contemporary landscapes. We explore an alternate approach for bioassessment that uses species site occupancy data from museum archives as input for species distribution models (SDMs) stacked to predict species assemblages of freshwater fishes in Texas. When data for estimating reference conditions are lacking, deviation between richness of contemporary versus modeled species assemblages could provide a means to infer relative biological integrity at appropriate spatial scales. We constructed SDMs for 100 freshwater fish species to compare predicted species assemblages to data on contemporary assemblages acquired by four independent surveys that sampled 269 sites. We then compared site-specific observed/predicted ratios of the number of species at sites to scores from a multimetric index of biotic integrity (IBI). Predicted numbers of species were moderately to strongly correlated with the numbers observed by the four surveys. We found significant, though weak, relationships between observed/predicted ratios and IBI scores. SDM-based assessments identified patterns of local assemblage change that were congruent with IBI inferences; however, modeling artifacts that likely contributed to over-prediction of species presence may restrict the stand-alone use of SDM-derived patterns for bioassessment and therefore warrant examination. Our results suggest that when extensive standardized survey data that include reference sites are lacking, as is commonly the case, SDMs derived from generally much more readily available species site occupancy data could be used to provide a complementary tool for bioassessment.
Dress: Private and Secret Self-Expression:

This study investigated dress used to communicate private and secret aspects of the self according to Eicher's framework (1981, 1982). Eicher stated that individuals dress for fun while expressing the private self and for fantasy while expressing the secret self. A "Dressing for Fun and Fantasy" questionnaire was developed to determine if individuals who regularly dress in costume use dress to communicate the private and/or secret self and if this use varies by sex, age or income. Two hundred and eighteen individuals who dress in costume were surveyed; 190 surveys were used for data analysis. Data were analyzed using principal components factor analysis, MANOVA and stepdown univariate analysis of variance. Of the eleven dependent variables tested, two were significant: sexual fantasies and childhood memories of dress. Findings indicate women have more sexual fantasies about dress and more childhood memories of dress than men. Recommendations are made to expand Eicher's framework by adding public and priva...
Effects of age and stimulus conditions on the emotional response of rhesus monkeys: Diferential responses to frustration and to fear stimuli

Laboratory-raised rhesus monkeys ranging in age from 3 to 25 months were tested for reactions to toys representing animals (“fear stimuli”) and to food frustration. The results indicate that these test conditions are associated with different response profiles and that the contrast between responses to fear and to frustration increases with age. Frustration in older animals is associated with regression to a less mature level of functioning.
Estimation and choice of neighbors in spatial-interaction models of images

Some aspects of statistical inference for a class of spatial-interaction models for finite images are presented: primarily the simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) models and conditional Markov (CM) models. Each of these models is characterized by a set of neighbors, a set of coefficients, and a noise sequence of specified characteristics. We are concerned with two problems: the estimation of the unknown parameters in both SAR and CM models and the choice of an appropriate model from a class of such competing models. Assuming Gaussian-distributed variables, we discuss maximum likelihood (ML) estimation methods. In general, the ML scheme leads to nonlinear optimization problems. To avoid excessive computation, an iterative scheme is given for SAR models, which gives approximate ML estimates in the Gaussian case and reasonably good estimates in some non-Gaussian situations as well. Likewise, for CM models, an easily computable consistent estimate is given. The asymptotic mean-squared error (mse) of this estimate for a four-neighbor CM model is shown tn be substantially less than the mse of the popular coding estimate. Asymptotically consistent decision rules are given for choosing an appropriate SAR or CM model. The usefulness of the estimation scheme and the decision rule for the choice of neighbors is illustrated by using synthetic patterns. Synthetic patterns obeying known SAR and CM models are generated, and the models corresponding to true and several competing neighbor sets are fitted. The estimation scheme yields estimates close to the parameters of the true models, and the decision rule for the choice of neighbors picks up the true model from the class of competing models.
Field Rutting Performance of Various Base and Subbase Materials Under Two Types of Loading

Seven full-scale field testing sections were built to evaluate the in situ performance of raw blended calcium sulfate (BCS), stabilized BCS, stabilized reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), and stabilized soil as base and subbase materials. Two types of load tests were used to evaluate test sections: cyclic plate load test and rolling wheel load test. The differences in pavement response to cyclic plate and rolling wheel loads were identified. The results indicated that the conventional equivalent modulus of elasticity, where only the thickness of individual layers is considered, is not a good performance indicator. However, its modified formulation proposed here provides the means to account for the relative position of individual layers and turn the conventional equivalent modulus of elasticity into a good performance indicator. The rut depths for the rolling wheel load were much higher than those for the cyclic plate load in all test sections. The difference can be as much as three to seven times between t...
Leadership for Cultural Transformation: Addressing Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya

The cultural practice of female genital mutilation persists, with grave implications for girls’ and women’s health. The cultural reasons behind the practice are complex. It is therefore essential that critique of the practice come from members of the affected communities. This paper presents a thoughtful review of current community views and proposes an alternative cultural narrative using cultural transformation theory to shift community norms.
TRAUMA EXPOSURE AND RISK OF SUICIDAL IDEATION AMONG ETHNICALLY DIVERSE ADULTS

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the association between trauma exposure and suicidal ideation across racial/ethnic groups. Our study aim was to determine the association between trauma exposure and suicidal ideation in a nationally representative ethnically diverse sample of adults. METHODS: This study included 14,866 White, Hispanic, Black, and Asian participants 18 years and older involved in the Collaborate Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (2001-2003), comprised of three nationally representative studies (NCS-R, NSAL, and NLAAS). Lifetime history of suicidal ideation as assessed in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI). RESULTS: Of the 81% respondents who reported being exposed to trauma as assessed in the WMH-CIDI, 12.1% endorsed lifetime suicidal ideation. Additionally, of the 19% who did not report trauma, 1.1% endorsed lifetime suicidal ideation. Fully adjusted, multivariable logistic regression models revealed two traumas consistently associated with significantly higher odds for suicidal ideation across all four racial groups examined: Assaultive/interpersonal violence and child maltreatment. Asians, in particular, had the highest likelihood for suicidal ideation in both trauma categories, with a near threefold increased odds for assaultive/interpersonal violence exposure (OR: 2.56; 95% CI: 1.71-3.83) and nearly ninefold increased odds for child maltreatment exposure (OR: 8.43; 95% CI: 4.91-14.49). DISCUSSION: Suicidal ideation in racially/ethnically diverse American adults is strongly associated with assaultive/interpersonal violence and child maltreatment, independent of PTSD, MDD, and substance use. These findings highlight the need for monitoring of suicidal behavior following assaultive/interpersonal trauma and child maltreatment, regardless of the presence of a psychiatric disorder.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Distinct health behavior and psychosocial profiles of young adult survivors of childhood cancers: a mixed methods study

Background We used a mixed-methods approach to examine health behavior profiles of young adult cancer survivors and characterize related sociodemographic and psychosocial factors.
The effect of locoregional therapies in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib

Background & aims It is unknown whether the addition of locoregional therapies (LRTx) to sorafenib improves prognosis over sorafenib alone in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of LRTx in this population.
Helping victims of prostitution and trafficking: It takes a community

Child sex trafficking and adult women involved in street-based prostitution are two problems affecting the city of Toledo, Ohio. While various agencies worked independently to address these problems, there was no collaborative effort. We decided to organize a year-long roundtable that included people from Toledo-based social service, criminal justice, and health care systems, as well as concerned citizens, church groups, and survivors of prostitution. Our intent was to develop responses that were specific and sensitive not only to the needs of prostituted women and trafficked teens, but also to service providers and members of the community. In this article, we report on our project, its accomplishments, and lessons learned. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). (journal abstract)
EFFECT OF BIRTH ORDER, SEX, AND FAMILY SIZE ON AFFILIATION WITH ENCOUNTER GROUPS

In order to test Adler's hypothesis (1) of influence of birth order on interpersonal behavior empirically, a survey was undertaken to investigate whether there might be some effect of birth order, sex, and family size on affiliation behavior, operationally defined here as willingness or unwillingness to join encounter-type groups. Of interest was Gibbs' (2) statement that persons who self-select for group training are likely to be special in some way. The purpose of this research was to find out if this specialness had anything to do with the independent variables of birth order, sex, and family size. Schachter (5) has identified firstborns as showing greater need affiliation under fear conditions than do later-borns. Contrarg to Schachter's results are those of Nisbett (4) in which firstborn males avoided participation in dangerous sports to a significantly greater degree than did later-borns. This suggested decrease in need affiliation when under anticipated fear conditions. A study by Mealica and Farley (3) also found that firstborn females expressed a significantly greater proportion of extreme fears, especially of an interpersonal nanue, than did later-borns. It was, therefore, hypothesized that as a result of the interpersonally threatening nature of encounter-type groups, significantly more firstborns than later-borns would not join such groups. It was also hypothesized that later-born males from larger families would like to join such groups. Collection of data was accomplished with a yes-no poll type questionnaire presented randomly to 88 studenn with an age range of 21 to 35 yr., at a small, predominantly white. middle-class senior college in central Illinois. The questionnaire elicited information on birth order, sex, family size, and willingness or unwillingness to join an encounter-type group. "Encounter group" was indicated to mean any of the popular human growth or sensitivity-training groups. Only-borns were not included in the analysis since prior studies (6) have shown only-borns are not appropriately categorized as firstborns. There were 31 firstborn and 52 later-born studenrs in the total sample of 83, 43 female and 40 male respondents. The range of family size was 2 to 13 siblings with M = 3.8 and SD = 2.3. There were 49 small families (3 siblings or less) and 34 large families (4 siblings or more) represented in the sample. Among the 63 persons indicating willingness to join an encounter group, 68% were later-born and 51% were male. The average family size of these 63 willing persons was 4.11. Of those 20 persons indicating lack of willingness to join an encounter group, 55% were firstborn, 60% were female, and their average family size was 3.00. Of all larerborns 82% (N = 43) responded affirmatively, while only 66% (N = 20) of all first