cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
No correlation between rod-and-frame and visual normalization scores.

It has been suggested that the Rod-and-frame Test is correlated with personality measures and cognitive-perceptual measures like the embedded figures test (4). The present study inquired whether scores on the rod-and-frame are correlated with scores on a measure of visual normalization (1 ). It was posited that differences in responses on the rod-and-frame might depend on the amount of visual normalization occurring during judgment of vertical on the test. Some normalization effect has been shown to occur within a short period of time, 1.5' after as little as 45 sec. inspection (1). Ss making their own rod adjustments may take as long as 45 sec. to reach a satisfactory adjustment. This period would be sufficient for the development of some visual normalization. Ss who tended to show a large visual normalization effect might be expected to show an unusually large score. when scores are calculated with reference to direction of tilt (2). In the absence of visual normalization, S's rod-and-frame judgment depends on some compromise between the frame effect and his ordinary perception of visual vertical as determined by the pull of gravity and other factors. Visual normalization alrers the judgment of visual vertical and thus changes the perceptual data which enter into the compromise. Let us assume that visual normalization is most influenced by the direction of tilt of the largest object in the field, in this case the frame. Now consider S observing a tilted rod in a left-tilted frame. The frame effect pulls S's adjustment of the rod to the left of vertical. Visual normalization simultaneously alters subjective vertical leftward. Thus, both the frame effect and the normalization effect are pulling subjective visual vertical in the direction of frame tilt. and Swill choose as vertical a more left-tilted rod than he would choose in the absence of any normalization effect. Individual differences in visual normalization might thus contribute to individual differences in rod-and-frame scores, with a positive correlation berween rod-and-frame scores and visual normalization scores. The present study tested 37 male Ss. ranging in age from 18 to 30 yr., on the rod-andframe test, using a procedure which has been described elsewhere (3). Normalization was measured with the rod-and-frame, the frame portion covered with a cylinder of white paper. S scanned a line tilted 10" from vertical for 5 min., then adjusted lines to apparent vertical 4 times. The lines' starting positions were 10" off vertical, alternating right and left starting positions. The pretest control readings from the rod-and-frame measure were also used as control read~ngs here. The measures were not significantly correlated (p = 0.05, df = 36, p > .05). The suggested influence of visual normalization on rod-and-frame scores was not supported. REFERENCES
Abstract LB-129: CAFET algorithm reveals WNT/PCP specific signature in squamous cell carcinoma of lung cancer

We analyzed the global gene expression patterns of 138 lung cancer samples containing Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and Adenocarcinoma (AC). Gene set enrichment analysis revealed developmental and cell cycle functional groups were specifically overexpressed in SCC samples. To refine and focus our analysis on specific signaling pathways, we developed a complementary algorithm called Coverage Analysis with Fisher Exact Test (CAFET). In our analysis, the WNT signaling pathway had the most significant enrichment of overexpressed genes in a cluster of predominantly SCC. Most interestingly, the differential expression pattern in this cluster had a strong tendency to inhibit the WNT canonical pathway while enhancing the WNT/PCP pathway. The non-canonical WNT/PCP pathway is obligatory for cell migration during embryogenesis, and it has also been proposed to be involved in cancer metastasis. While the WNT canonical pathway has been reported to be important in metastasis of AC in lung cancer, our results suggest SCC of lung makes use of a different branch of the WNT pathway for survival and development. This WNT/PCP signature for lung SCC was also confirmed in several independent sample sets. It is also present in some cell lines derived from lung SCC. To find potential clinical biomarkers, we identified 174 genes present in blood and highly expressed in samples carrying this WNT/PCP signature. These results demonstrate that the new algorithm CAFET is a promising approach for mining large gene expression data sets to identify pathways with differential activity, and could be particularly useful in exploring cancer expression datasets. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-129.
The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars

This fascinating study in the sociology of knowledge documents the refutation of scientific foundations for racism in Britain and the United States between the two World Wars, when racial differences were no longer attributed to cultural factors. Professor Barkan considers the social significance of this transformation, particularly its effect on race relations in the modern world. Discussing the work of the leading biologists and anthropologists who wrote between the wars, he argues that the impetus for the shift in ideologies came from the inclusion of outsiders (women, Jews, and leftists) who infused greater egalitarianism into scientific discourse. But even though the emerging view of race was constrained by a scientific language, he shows that modern theorists were as much influenced by social and political events as were their predecessors.
Analysis of drug resistance on Laribacter hongkongensis isolated from human and freshwater fish

Objective To study the drug resistance of Laribacter hongkongensis(LH) isolated from community-acquired gastroenteritis patients and two kinds of freshwater fish,providing evidence for clinical treatment of this disease.Methods 14 LH strains isolated from 2005 to 2006,4 human strains of those were isolated from community-acquired gastroenteritis patients in our hospital,and 10 fish strains were isolated from 2 kinds of freshwater fish.The drug resistance test was carried out according on the standard Kirby-Bauer method of CLSI.Results The results showed that 14 strains had different levels resistance to 15 kinds of 24 antibacterial drugs,the rate of drug resistance was 62.5%;especially,all of 14 strains had resistance to penicillin,cefazolin and cefoperazone,the rate were 100%.The LH strains had resistant to 12 of 24 drugs,and had intermediate to one drug of them.LH strains had high levels to 3rd cephalosporins,the rate of resistance to three kinds of cephalosporins were 71.43%~100.0%;but all of 14 LH strains had susceptible to cefepim and cefoperazone-sulbactam.14 strains had low resistant to aztreonam(14.29%),gentamycin(7.14%),SMZco(7.14%).All of 14 LH strains had susceptible to qunolones,choromycetin,amikacin,meropenem,imipenem.Conclusions 14 LH strains is generally resistant to β-lactams,including broad-spectrum penicillins and cephalosporins.Qunolones are first choice medicament for community-acquired gastroenteritis with LH germ.
Gender Transformative Approaches to Engaging Men in Gender-Based Violence Prevention: A Review and Conceptual Model:

Engaging men and boys as participants and stakeholders in gender-based violence (GBV) prevention initiatives is an increasingly institutionalized component of global efforts to end GBV. Accordingly, evidence of the impact of men's engagement endeavors is beginning to emerge, particularly regarding interventions aimed at fostering gender equitable and nonviolent attitudes and behaviors among men. This developing evidence base suggests that prevention programs with a "gender transformative" approach, or an explicit focus on questioning gender norms and expectations, show particular promise in achieving GBV prevention outcomes. Interventions targeting attitude and behavior change, however, represent just one kind of approach within a heterogeneous collection of prevention efforts around the globe, which can also include community mobilization, policy change, and social activism. The degree to which gender transformative principles inform this broader spectrum of men's engagement work is unclear. The goals of this article are twofold. First, we offer a conceptual model that captures and organizes a broader array of men's antiviolence activities in three distinct but interrelated domains: (1) initial outreach and recruitment of previously unengaged males, (2) interventions intended to promote gender-equitable attitudes and behavior among men, and (3) gender equity-related social action aimed at eradicating GBV, inclusive of all genders' contributions. Second, we review empirical literature in each of these domains. Across these two goals, we critically assess the degree to which gender transformative principles inform efforts within each domain, and we offer implications for the continuing conceptualization and assessment of efforts to increase men's participation in ending GBV.
Territories, corridors, and networks: A biological model for the premodern state: Research Articles

When depicted on maps as homogenous territorial wholes, ancient states are visually summarized as static entities in a way that conceals the highly fluid dynamics of polity formation, maintenance, and growth. Models derived from studies of animal behavior show that “territory” does not consist of an undifferentiated use of the landscape. Instead, the concept of territory can be parsed into a series of resource-rich nodes linked by corridors of access, surrounded by unutilized regions and boundaries marked at points of competition. Ancient human groups also can be analyzed as having perceived and occupied landscapes through strategies of flexible networks in which nodes and corridors were surrounded by unutilized spaces around which boundaries were selectively identified and defended. This strategy is identifiable in human social groups at different levels of complexity ranging from hunter-gatherers through ancient chiefdoms and states. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 12: 28–35, 2007
Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay compared with radioimmunoassay of luteinizing hormone *

Objective To determine if fluoroimmunoassay (FIA) of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) is more useful clinically than a conventional radioimmunoassay (RIA) because it has been suggested that FIA closely reflects biological activity. Design Comparison of serum LH measurements by RIA and FIA during various perturbations in normal ovulatory women and in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Setting Normal ovulatory subjects were healthy volunteers and women with PCOS were untreated and newly diagnosed outpatients in our Reproductive Endocrinology/Infertility Clinic, Women’s Hospital, at the Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center. Participants Fifty-three normal ovulatory women, ages 20 to 35, and 27 women with PCOS, ages 21 to 35. All were in good health and received no other medications during the study period. Results Fluoroimmunoassay of serum LH reflected status of known altered bioactivity better than with a conventional RIA. This was most evident during conditions of gonadotropin suppression and in patients with PCOS. An excellent correlation was found between values of FIA and RIA. Conclusions The measurement of LH by FIA is clinically useful, specifically when a change in biological activity of LH is sought.
Steroid OpenFlow service: A scalable, cloud-based data transfer solution

With the recent rise in cloud computing, applications are routinely accessing and interacting with data on remote resources. As data sizes become increasingly large, often combined with their locations being far from the applications, the well known impact of lower TCP throughput over large delay-bandwidth product paths becomes more significant to these applications. While myriads of solutions exist to alleviate the problem, they require specialized software at both the application host and the remote data server, making it hard to scale up to a large range of applications and execution environments. A software defined networking based solution called Steroid OpenFlow Service (SOS) has been proposed as a network service that transparently increases the throughput of data transfers across large networks. In this paper, the SOS architecture is refined to support data transfer at scale. In an OpenFlow-based cloud environment such as GENI, SOS can leverage the use of multiple agents to provide increased network throughput for many applications simultaneously. A cloud-based approach is particularly beneficial to applications in environments without access to high performance networks. This paper introduces the scalable SOS architecture and demonstrates its viability and scalability in GENI's distributed testbed.
Off to a Good Start: The Early Development of the Neural Substrates Underlying Visual Working Memory.

Current neuroscientific models describe the functional neural architecture of visual working memory (VWM) as an interaction of the frontal-parietal control network and more posterior areas in the ventral visual stream (D’Esposito & Postle, 2015; Eriksson et al., 2015; Jonides et al., 2008). These models are primarily based on adult neuroimaging studies. However, VWM undergoes significant development in infancy and early childhood, and the goal of this mini-review is to examine how recent findings from neuroscientific studies of early VWM development can be reconciled with this model. We surveyed 29 recent empirical reports that present neuroimaging findings in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers (using EEG, fNIRS, rs-fMRI) and neonatal lesion studies in non-human primates. We conclude that (1) both the frontal-parietal control network and the posterior cortical storage areas are active from early infancy; (2) this system undergoes focalization and some reorganization during early development; (3) and the MTL plays a significant role in this process as well. Motivated by both theoretical and methodological considerations, we offer some recommendations for future directions for the field.
Origins of Common Neural Inputs to Different Compartments of the Extensor Digitorum Communis Muscle.

The extensor digitorum communis (EDC) is a multi-compartment muscle that allows dexterous extension of the four digits. However, the level of common input shared across different compartments of this muscle is not well understood. We seek to systematically characterize the common and independent neural input, originated from different levels of the central nervous system, to the different compartments. A motor unit (MU) coherence analysis was used to capture the different sources of common and independent input, by quantifying the coherence of MU discharge between different compartments. The MU activities were obtained from decomposition of surface electromyogram recordings. Our results showed that the MU coherence across different muscle compartments accounted for only a small proportion ( 60%) in the delta (1–4 Hz) band. Additionally, cross-compartment coherence between the middle and ring-little fingers tended to be higher as compared with other finger combinations. Overall, the common input shared across different fingers are found to be at low to moderate levels, in comparison with the total input, which allows dexterous control of individual digits with some degree of coordinated control of multiple digits.
Spatial-spectral multiplexing for hyperspectral multiphoton fluorescence imaging

A spatial-spectral multiplexing two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) hyperspectral imaging system was demonstrated at 17 frames per second (fps) with over 2,000 effective spectral channels. The system exploited the hardware used in beam-scanning microscopy to perform multiplexing of spatial and spectral information, leading to two orders of magnitude reduction in data throughput. An iterative demultiplexing algorithm enabled robust classification and full spectral recovery without requiring prior knowledge of the emission spectra of the fluorophores. Proof-of-concept demonstrations were performed using spatially heterogeneous multicomponent laser dyes and live genetically encoded fluorescent C. elegans. This instrument requires minimal hardware modifications for most existing multiphoton microscope and provides the ability to acquire hyperspectral TPEF images at video rate. It has the potential for dynamic studies in deep tissue with multiple spectrally overlapping fluorescence tags.
Emergency general surgery in geriatric patients: A statewide analysis of surgeon and hospital volume with outcomes.

BACKGROUND Geriatric patients undergoing emergency general surgery (EGS) face significant morbidity and mortality. We assessed how surgeon and hospital volumes affected these outcomes. METHODS We identified patients at least 65 years old in Maryland's Health Services Cost Review Commission database from 2012 to 2014 who underwent one of 12 EGS procedures, as defined by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, and then calculated four outcomes: mortality rate, the incidence of at least one of eight common in-hospital EGS complications, failure-to-rescue (death after experiencing a postoperative complication), and the 30-day readmission rate. Median annual volumes of geriatric-EGS procedures divided both surgeons and hospitals into two groups (low volume and high volume). Multivariable logistic regressions calculated associations between the volume groups and outcomes after adjusting for patient, surgeon, and hospital factors, and hospital clusters. RESULTS We identified 3,832 patients who had an EGS procedure by 302 surgeons (median: 8 geriatric-EGS/year, IQR: 3-18) at 44 hospitals (median: 82 geriatric-EGS/year, IQR: 35-132). While operating on 16.5% of all geriatric-EGS patients, low-volume surgeons had higher risk-adjusted adverse outcomes: mortality (7.0% vs. 4.0%, p = 0.005), in-hospital complications (22.1% vs. 19.7%, p = 0.13), failure-to-rescue (17.3% vs. 12.1%, p = 0.021), and 30-day readmissions (11.2% vs. 10.0%, p = 0.55). After adjustment, low-volume surgeons were associated with higher mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.86, 95% CI [1.21-2.86]) and failure-to-rescue rates (aOR 1.74 [1.09-2.80]) but not in-hospital complications (aOR 1.20 [0.95-1.51]) or 30-day readmissions (aOR 1.07 [0.85-1.34]). In contrast, low-volume hospitals relative to high-volume hospitals, and hospitals serving lower proportions of geriatric-EGS patients, were not associated with adverse outcomes. CONCLUSION Relative to their higher-volume counterparts, surgeons performing eight or fewer geriatric-EGS procedures annually were associated with an 86% higher odds of death and 74% higher odds of failure-to-rescue in this elderly EGS patient population. These findings underscore the need for focused care of elderly surgical patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic and epidemiological, level IV.
Interactive Poster Survey Study of ACS Members' Knowledge and Needs on Research Ethics

An interactive poster exhibited at two poster sessions at the Fall 2016 American Chemical Society (ACS) National Meeting was used as a vehicle to learn about ACS members’ concerns and needs related to research ethics and to identify opportunities for engagement of the Society by the Committee on Ethics (ETHX) and others in terms of ethics awareness, education, and meeting programming. The poster which leveraged color-coded sticky notes engaged 92 poster session attendees representing a wide array of shareholders from academe and industry. 15% of the participants returned to the poster to learn what other conferees had posted. The study identified a number of critical gaps in knowledge that represent opportunities for ACS, educators, and others to engage members in the vital area of research ethics education and training. These include a lack of awareness of existing resources on research ethics, an interest among members for materials for student training, and concerns about ethical issues in the areas of...
The Design of a Robot Mind: A Theoretical Approach to Issues in Intelligence

As I write sounds drift into my room. I have finished my morning coffee. Will my writing be successful?
Mass flow sensing with heat waves

Catalytic converters cannot reduce the pollutants in exhaust to the required concentration if the engine’s air-to-fuel ratio is too rich or too lean. It is therefore necessary to control automobile engines to run at the stoichiometric point; that is, the air-to-fuel ratio at which all the fuel can be burnt, leaving no oxygen at the end of the process. The control of the air-to-fuel ratio depends on two sensors: (i) an exhaust oxygen sensor which samples the exhaust gas, and (ii) a mass flow sensor which measures the mass flow of air that enters the engine. Sensor (i) was described and analyzed by Baker and Verbrugge [1]; see also [2; Chap. 21]. Here we concentrate on mass flow sensors.
Faculty Development to Promote Effective Instructional Technology Integration: A Qualitative Examination of Reflections in an Online Community.

The State University of New York Tools of Engagement Project (TOEP) is an online professional development model that encourages faculty and instructional support staff to explore and reflect on innovative and creative uses of emerging technologies through hands-on Discovery Learning Activities. TOEP is focused on creating peer-learning communities by providing a venue to experiment with the evolving landscape of social media and the latest web-based technology tools. The concept of lifelong learning and how it relates to technology change serves as a guiding principle of this project. This research examines the reflective summary posts shared by participants in the project's online community to understand their perspectives about their experiences with TOEP . Our findings show that participants felt that they gained knowledge from the experiences of peers in the community. Many faculty stated that they integrated technology into their courses while they were participating in the project, or they expressed explicit plans to do so in the future. Many participants also expressed a desire to continue to learn about emerging technologies after their formal participation concluded.
Late-Life Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms Following Rehabilitation Services in Medicare Beneficiaries.

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether patients who received rehabilitation services had an increased risk of having late-life depressive or anxiety symptoms within the year following termination of services. Methods The National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) is a population-based, longitudinal cohort survey of a nationally representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65years and older. This study involved 5,979 participants from the 2016 NHATS survey. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item assessed for clinically significant depressive and anxiety symptoms. Results The prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms was higher in older adults who had received rehabilitation services in the year prior and varied by site: no rehabilitation (depressive and anxiety symptoms): 10.4% and 8.8%; nursing home or inpatient rehabilitation: 38.8% and 23.8%; outpatient rehabilitation: 8.6% and 5.5%; in-home rehabilitation: 35.3% and 20.5%; multiple rehabilitation sites: 20.3% and 14.4%; and any rehabilitation site: 18.4% and 11.8%. In multiple logistic regression analyses, nursing home and inpatient and in-home rehabilitation services, respectively, were associated with an increased risk of having subsequent depressive symptoms (odds ratio: 3.51; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.85–6.63; OR: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.08–4.30) but not anxiety symptoms. Conclusion Older adults who receive rehabilitation services are at risk of having depressive and anxiety symptoms after these services have terminated. As mental illness is associated with considerable morbidity and may affect rehabilitation outcomes, additional efforts to identify and treat depression and anxiety in these older adults may be warranted.
Energy Deficiency Suppresses Bone Turnover in Exercising Women with Menstrual Disturbances

CONTEXT In exercising women, energy deficiency can disrupt the balance of bone formation and resorption, resulting in bone loss and an altered rate of bone turnover, which may influence future bone mineral density and fracture risk. OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of energy status and estrogen status on bone turnover. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING The Women's Health and Exercise Laboratory at Pennsylvania State University. PARTICIPANTS Exercising women (n = 109) operationally defined as energy deficient or replete based on total triiodothyronine concentration and as estrogen deficient or replete based on menstrual cycle history and reproductive hormone metabolites. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Bone formation index [procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) concentration corrected for average P1NP concentration in healthy reference group, i.e., [P1NP]i/median [P1NP]ref], bone resorption index [serum C-terminal telopeptide (sCTx) concentration corrected for average sCTx concentration in healthy reference group, i.e., [sCTx]i/median [sCTx]ref], bone balance (ratio of bone formation index to bone resorption index to indicate which process predominates), and bone turnover rate (collective magnitude of bone formation index and bone resorption index to indicate overall amount of bone turnover). RESULTS The combination of energy and estrogen deficiency resulted in less bone formation and a lower rate of bone turnover compared with women who were estrogen deficient but energy replete. Regardless of estrogen status, energy deficiency was associated with decreased bone resorption as well. No main effects of estrogen status were observed. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the critical role that adequate energy plays in the regulation of bone turnover, especially bone formation, in exercising women with menstrual disturbances.
One-Year Anniversary

This week marks the one-year anniversary of my stroke. I have continued on this Earth for one more year and now Feb. 1 feels like another birthday to me. I know very well that it could have gone either way on Feb. 1, 2016. Or for that matter at any point thereafter. Following my stroke, I was told that there was a 26% chance of a second bleed within the first year—which “would probably be fatal”, according to my radiology physician. So I am just happy to be here now, one year later. I feel very lucky.
Edited by Sheila Jasonoff and Marybeth Long Martello; Earthly politics: local and global in environmental governance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 356 pages

The above book is written within the subfield of global environmental politics which continues to become more interesting, mostly because of work like Earthly Politics. Global environmental politic...
The Random $$$$-Cycle to Transpositions Walk on the Symmetric Group

We study the rate of convergence of the Markov chain on $$S_n$$ which starts with a random $$(n-k)$$ -cycle for a fixed $$k \ge 1$$ , followed by random transpositions. The convergence to the stationary distribution turns out to be of order n. We show that after $$cn + \frac{\ln k}{2}n$$ steps for $$c>0$$ , the law of the Markov chain is close to the uniform distribution. The character of the defining representation is used as test function to obtain a lower bound for the total variation distance. We identify the asymptotic distribution of the test function given the law of the Markov chain for the $$(n-1)$$ -cycle case. The upper bound relies on estimates for the difference of normalized characters.
Average Individual Fairness: Algorithms, Generalization and Experiments

We propose a new family of fairness definitions for classification problems that combine some of the best properties of both statistical and individual notions of fairness. We posit not only a distribution over individuals, but also a distribution over (or collection of) classification tasks. We then ask that standard statistics (such as error or false positive/negative rates) be (approximately) equalized across individuals, where the rate is defined as an expectation over the classification tasks. Because we are no longer averaging over coarse groups (such as race or gender), this is a semantically meaningful individual-level constraint. Given a sample of individuals and problems, we design an oracle-efficient algorithm (i.e. one that is given access to any standard, fairness-free learning heuristic) for the fair empirical risk minimization task. We also show that given sufficiently many samples, the ERM solution generalizes in two directions: both to new individuals, and to new classification tasks, drawn from their corresponding distributions. Finally we implement our algorithm and empirically verify its effectiveness.
Laser-assisted drug delivery in the treatment of keloids: A case of extensive refractory keloids successfully treated with fractional carbon dioxide laser followed by topical application and intralesional injection of steroid suspension

Keloids are benign fibroproliferative growths that occur from an abnormal response to skin injury and can be disfiguring, functionally impairing, and have dramatic impacts on quality of life. Furthermore, treatment is notoriously challenging, and the rate of recurrence is high. Various treatment modalities have been proposed for keloids including occlusive dressings, compression therapy, silicone sheeting, intralesional corticosteroid injections, cryotherapy, surgical removal, pulsed dye laser, radiation, imiquimod cream, intralesional verapamil, 5-fluorouracil, bleomycin, and interferon-α2b injections.1, 2 Laser-assisted drug delivery is an evolving new treatment modality with many possible applications, including keloids and hypertrophic scars. Here we present a case of refractory keloids treated with laser-assisted drug delivery using fractional ablative laser followed by a combined treatment of topical application and intralesional injection of steroid suspension.
Shoot meristem maintenance and immune response signaling converge at the G protein β subunit.

The shoot apical meristem (SAM) harbors a set of pluripotent stem cells that divide continuously to provide cells for the development of all aboveground plant parts (1). A concoction of hormonal and peptide signals and transcription factors, along with mechanical cues, play a role in stem cell maintenance, which requires a delicate balance between cell proliferation rates and rates of differentiation of stem cell daughters (1). The current challenge is to decipher how these signals come together to regulate stem cell maintenance, which requires the functional characterization of regulators in signaling pathways. The same regulators are often utilized for signaling in different contexts, such as development and disease, further complicating the analysis. The study by Wu et al. (2) reveals a role for the G protein β subunit (Gβ) in negatively regulating maize SAM size through the isolation of new alleles that uncouple its function in meristem development and disease resistance. The critical SAM regulators were first characterized in Arabidopsis . A homeodomain transcription factor-WUSCHEL (WUS) is required for stem cell maintenance (3). WUS is expressed in the rib meristem (RM) located beneath the stem cells in the central zone (CZ) (4). WUS protein migrates into the overlying CZ where it regulates the expression of CLAVATA3 ( CLV3 ) through a unique concentration-dependent transcriptional switch (5). CLV3, a secreted … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: venug{at}ucr.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Subcortical Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation (iTBS) Increases Theta-Power in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)

Introduction Cognitive symptoms from Parkinson's disease cause severe disability and significantly limit quality of life. Little is known about mechanisms of cognitive impairment in PD, although aberrant oscillatory activity in basal ganglia-thalamo-prefrontal cortical circuits likely plays an important role. While continuous high-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) improves motor symptoms, it is generally ineffective for cognitive symptoms. Although we lack robust treatment options for these symptoms, recent studies with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), applying intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), suggest beneficial effects for certain aspects of cognition, such as memory or inhibitory control. While TMS is non-invasive, its results are transient and require repeated application. Subcortical DBS targets have strong reciprocal connections with prefrontal cortex, such that iTBS through the permanently implanted lead might represent a more durable solution. Here we demonstrate safety and feasibility for delivering iTBS from the DBS electrode and explore changes in DLPFC electrophysiology. Methods We enrolled seven participants with medically refractory Parkinson's disease who underwent DBS surgery targeting either the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or globus pallidus interna (GPi). We temporarily placed an electrocorticography strip over DLPFC through the DBS burr hole. After placement of the DBS electrode into either GPi (n = 3) or STN (n = 4), awake subjects rested quietly during iTBS (three 50-Hz pulses delivered at 5 Hz for 2 s, followed by 8 s of rest). We contrasted power spectra in DLPFC local field potentials during iTBS versus at rest, as well as between iTBS and conventional high-frequency stimulation (HFS). Results Dominant frequencies in DLPFC at rest varied among subjects and along the subdural strip electrode, though they were generally localized in theta (3-8 Hz) and/or beta (10-30 Hz) ranges. Both iTBS and HFS were well-tolerated and imperceptible. iTBS increased theta-frequency activity more than HFS. Further, GPi stimulation resulted in significantly greater theta-power versus STN stimulation in our sample. Conclusion Acute subcortical iTBS from the DBS electrode was safe and well-tolerated. This novel stimulation pattern delivered from the GPi may increase theta-frequency power in ipsilateral DLPFC. Future studies will confirm these changes in DLPFC activity during iTBS and evaluate whether they are associated with improvements in cognitive or behavioral symptoms from PD.
Online Capacity Estimation for Lithium-Ion Battery Cells via an Electrochemical Model-Based Adaptive Interconnected Observer

Battery aging is a natural process that contributes to capacity and power fade, resulting in a gradual performance degradation over time and usage. State-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) monitoring of an aging battery poses a challenging task to the battery management system (BMS) due to the lack of direct measurements. Estimation algorithms based on an electrochemical model that considers the impact of aging on physical battery parameters can provide accurate information on lithium concentration and cell capacity over a battery’s usable lifespan. A temperature-dependent electrochemical model, the enhanced single particle model (ESPM), forms the basis for the synthesis of an adaptive interconnected observer that exploits the relationship between capacity and power fade, due to the growth of solid electrolyte interphase layer (SEI), to enable combined estimation of states (lithium concentration in both electrodes and cell capacity) and aging-sensitive transport parameters (anode diffusion coefficient and SEI layer ionic conductivity). The practical stability conditions for the adaptive observer are derived using Lyapunov’s theory. Validation results against experimental data show a bounded capacity estimation error within 2% of its true value. Furthermore, the effectiveness of capacity estimation is tested for two cells at different stages of aging. Robustness of capacity estimates under measurement noise and sensor bias is studied.
Primary cardiac lymphoma.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to understand the population-level treatment modalities and to evaluate the survival benefits of surgical resection in primary cardiac lymphoma. Methods We queried the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database, which covers 35% of the US population. Patients with a histologic diagnosis of primary cardiac lymphoma from 1973 to 2015 were included. Multivariable accelerated failure time regression was performed to evaluate the associations between clinical factors and overall survival. Results A total of 184 patients were identified. The median age was 68 years, 80% were White, and 46% were women. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (80%) was the most common histology, and the majority (65%) was low-stage lymphoma (Ann Arbor stage I or II). Median survival was 2.2 years. Seventy-three percent of patients received chemotherapy. Only 10% of patients received local resection or debulking. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that local resection or debulking was not independently associated with overall survival (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.30-1.48; P = .32). Instead, chemotherapy (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.23-0.69; P Conclusions Surgical resection was not independently associated with survival in patients with primary cardiac lymphoma. Chemotherapy was the predominant treatment option and associated with improved survival, whereas increasing age and advanced stage were independently associated with worse outcomes.
Handgrip Weakness and Asymmetry Independently Predict the Development of New Activity Limitations: Results from Analyses of Longitudinal Data from the US Health and Retirement Study

Abstract Objectives Examining strength asymmetries in assessments of muscle function may improve screenings for limitations in independent living tasks such as instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). We sought to determine the associations between handgrip strength (HGS) asymmetry and future IADL limitations in aging Americans. Design Longitudinal panel. Setting and Participants Secondary analyses of data from participants aged at least 50 years from the 2006-2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. The analytic sample included 18,235 Americans who identified hand dominance and had measures of HGS for both hands in a single wave. Methods Hand dominance was self-reported, and a handgrip dynamometer measured HGS on each hand. The highest HGS values on each hand were used to calculate the HGS asymmetry ratio: (nondominant HGS/dominant HGS). Individuals with HGS asymmetry ratio 1.20 had HGS asymmetry. Persons with HGS asymmetry ratio 1.20 had nondominant HGS asymmetry. Persons with HGS asymmetry ratio Results Participants with HGS asymmetry had 1.12 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.20] greater odds for future IADL limitations. Each HGS asymmetry dominance group also had greater odds for future IADL limitations: 1.09 (CI: 1.01-1.18) for individuals with dominant HGS asymmetry and 1.29 (CI: 1.09-1.52) for persons with nondominant HGS asymmetry. Every 0.10 increase in inverted HGS asymmetry ratio was associated with 1.30 (CI: 1.07-1.57) greater odds for future IADL limitations. Conclusions and Implications Assessing HGS asymmetry, as another potential biomarker of impaired muscle function, may provide novel insights for predicting IADL limitations. Future research should continue examining how strength asymmetries, and other aspects of muscle function beyond maximal strength, factor into the disabling cascade.
Ulinastatin Inhibits the Proliferation, Invasion and Phenotypic Switching of PDGF-BB-Induced VSMCs via Akt/eNOS/NO/cGMP Signaling Pathway

Background Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease responsible for thrombosis, blood supply disorders, myocardial infarction and strokes, eventually leading to increased deaths and reduced quality of life. As inflammation plays a vital role in the development of this disease, the present study aims to investigate whether urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) with anti-inflammatory property can inhibit the proliferation, invasion and phenotypic switching of PDGF-BB-induced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and probe its potential mechanism. Methods Western blot was used to detect the expressions of the proteins related to the Akt/eNOS/NO/cGMP signaling pathway, phenotypic switching and proliferation. CCK-8 assay and EdU staining were used to detect cell proliferation of VSMCs. Transwell and wound healing assays were respectively conducted to measure the invasion and migration of VSMCs. The concentration of NO was evaluated by NO detection kit. ELISA assay analyzed the expression of cyclic GMP (cGMP). Results The expressions of p-Akt and p-eNOS were elevated by UTI treatment. Furthermore, UTI inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of VSMCs. UTI also increased the expressions of proteins related to phenotypic switching. The amount of NO and expression of cGMP were both elevated under UTI treatment. Conclusion UTI inhibits the proliferation, invasion and phenotypic switching of PDGF-BB-induced VSMCs via Akt/eNOS/NO/cGMP signaling pathway, which might provide a theoretical basis for the UTI treatment of atherosclerosis.
Internal determinants of share price movements among listed companies in Nigeria: does gender diversity in boardroom matter?

ABSTRACT This study focused on ascertaining the value relevance of gender diversity in determining share price movements among listed firms by obtaining evidence from a notable Sub-Saharan African (SSA) country - Nigeria. Panel data were collated from companies’ annual reports for 6 years covering 2012 – 2017. In estimating the models formulated to test the postulated hypotheses, the multiple regression technique was applied along with the fixed and random effect analyses. On a general note, findings indicate that the level of gender diversity in corporate boards are value relevant in determining movements in share prices since they have strong and positive effect on variations in share prices of listed firms. We therefore recommend amongst others, the passage and enforcement of legislations by the relevant and appropriate authorities and organs of regulatory controls in Nigeria, requiring all corporate boards to have a minimum proportion of female presence in their respective boardrooms. Overall, the outcome of this study contributes to existing body of empirical knowledge on the statistical link between movements in the prices of companies’ stocks and boardroom gender diversity. Keywords: Gender diversity; board structure; equity stock; earnings; financial reports; firm performance. ABSTRAK Kajian ini difokuskan untuk memastikan relevansi nilai kepelbagaian jantina dalam menentukan pergerakan harga saham di antara syarikat tersenarai dengan mendapatkan bukti dari negara Afrika Sub-Sahara (SSA) terkenal - Nigeria. Data panel disusun dari laporan tahunan syarikat selama 6 tahun merangkumi 2012 - 2017. Dalam menganggarkan model yang dirumuskan untuk menguji hipotesis yang didalilkan, teknik regresi berganda diterapkan bersama dengan analisis kesan tetap dan rawak. Secara umum, penemuan menunjukkan bahawa tahap kepelbagaian jantina di dewan korporat adalah nilai yang relevan dalam menentukan pergerakan harga saham kerana ia mempunyai kesan yang kuat dan positif terhadap variasi harga saham syarikat tersenarai. Oleh itu, kami mengesyorkan antara lain, pelaksanaan dan penguatkuasaan undang-undang oleh pihak berkuasa yang relevan dan tepat serta organ kawalan peraturan di Nigeria, yang mewajibkan semua lembaga korporat mempunyai bahagian minimum kehadiran wanita di dewan masing-masing. Secara keseluruhan, hasil kajian ini menyumbang kepada pengetahuan empirikal yang ada mengenai hubungan statistik antara pergerakan harga saham syarikat dan kepelbagaian jantina di dewan. Kata kunci: Kepelbagaian gender; struktur lembaga; saham ekuiti; pendapatan; laporan kewangan; prestasi firma
How Religion, Social Class, and Race Intersect in the Shaping of Young Women's Understandings of Sex, Reproduction, and Contraception.

Using a complex religion framework, this study examines how and why three dimensions of religiosity—biblical literalism, personal religiosity, and religious service attendance—are related to young women’s reproductive and contraceptive knowledge differently by social class and race. We triangulate the analysis of survey data from the Relationship Dynamics and Social Life (RDSL) study and semi-structured interview data from the National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR) to identify and explain patterns. From the quantitative data, we find that all three dimensions of religiosity link to young women’s understandings of sex, reproduction, and contraception in unique ways according to parental education and racial identity. There is a lack of knowledge about female reproductive biology for young women of higher SES with conservative Christian beliefs (regardless of race), but personal religiosity and religious service attendance are related to more accurate contraceptive knowledge for young black women and less accurate knowledge for young White women. From the qualitative data, we find that class and race differences in the meaning of religion and how it informs sexual behavior help explain results from the quantitative data. Our results demonstrate the importance of taking a complex religion approach to studying religion and sex-related outcomes.
Cybersecurity Playbook - An Executive Response

The scope of this paper is to provide the essential strategies to C-Suite/Management executives in the case of Cyber events. This paper will further analyze the various threat vectors from the technology perspective, risks assessments and provide the remediation plan during a case of cyber-attacks.
Chapter 6 Development of a Vehicle-Level Simulation Model for Evaluating the Trade-off between Various Advanced On-board Hydrogen Storage Technologies for Fuel Cell Vehicles

Alternative propulsion technologies are becoming increasingly important with the rise of stricter regulations for vehicle efficiency, emission regulations, and concerns over the sustainability of crude oil supplies. The fuel cell is a critical component of alternative propulsion systems, and as such has many aspects to consider in its design. Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) powered by proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEFC) and fueled by hydrogen, offer the promise of zero emissions with excellent driving range of 300-400 miles, and fast refueling times; two major advantages over battery electric vehicles (BEVs). FCEVs face several remaining major challenges in order to achieve widespread and rapid commercialization. Many of the challenges, especially those from an FCEV system and subsystem cost and performance perspective are addressed in this book. Chapter topics include: • impact of FCEV commercialization • ways to address barriers to the market introduction of alternative vehicles • new hydrogen infrastructure cost comparisons • onboard chemical hydride storage • optimization of a fuel cell hybrid vehicle powertrain design
Stage 3: Public Policies Chosen

This chapter concludes the overview of the indicators of policy moods – for citizens, legislators, senators, and presidents – and policy orientations that we have constructed. As measures of the stages in our chain of representation, they will help us understand patterns of congruence and responsiveness in further chapters in Part III. We hope to convince the reader that our measures of the policy moods of citizens and policy-makers, and our measures of the policy orientations of governments, are useful representations of the underlying concepts for which we wish to account.