cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron-impact excitation of Ar+: an improved determination of Ar impurity influx in tokamaks

Electron-impact scattering data for argon and its ions continue to be of interest in studies of magnetically confined plasmas. In an earlier paper, Griffin et al (1997 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 30 3543) employed the results of 28-term and 40-term R-matrix calculations of electron-impact excitation in Ar+ to carry out a collisional-radiative modelling study of the impurity influx of argon in tokamaks. We have now completed a 452-term R-matrix with pseudo-states (RMPS) calculation of electron-impact excitation for Ar+ in order to provide more accurate excitation data; using these improved data, we have repeated the modelling studies presented in the earlier paper. We compare our excitation data, as well as the results of the collisional radiative calculations, with those arising from the 40-term R-matrix calculation and find significant differences.
Variation of polarization tilt in GaInP/AlGaInP visible laser diodes

The dependence of polarization angle to the quantum well structural parameters and measurement conditions is investigated for GaInP/AlGaInP index-guided laser diodes. The laser diodes that have been studied are 635, 650 and 670 nm band laser diodes with strained quantum well active regions. It has been found that the polarization of radiation along (0 1 -1) direction varies by several degrees from ordinary TE/TM mode determined by the growth direction. The polarization tilt varies with respect to the strain and misorientation of the substrates. The polarization tilt seems to result from the birefringence in the asymmetric crystal structure induced by the strain of GaInP quantum well and the substrate misorientation toward [0 1 1].
Differences in communication skills in toddlers diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder according to the DSM-IV-TR and the DSM-5

Abstract The DSM-5 changes related to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are controversial, and much research is needed to determine possible implications of the diagnostic changes on early diagnosis and treatment for those with symptoms of the disorder. In the present study, the area of communication was examined, specifically related to the effect the DSM-5 changes have on scores of Expressive and Receptive communication in a sample of 3138 at-risk toddlers using the Battelle Developmental Inventory, Second Edition . Significant differences were not found in overall communication or Expressive Communication between toddlers who longer meet ASD criteria ( n = 354) and those who continue to meet the new criteria ( n = 486); a difference of only small effect size was found in Receptive communication. The toddlers who no longer met the new criteria represented a population of toddlers who were significantly more impaired than atypically developing peers who did not meet ASD criteria under either version of the DSM ( n = 2298), with moderate effect sizes found in receptive, expressive, and overall communication. Importantly, results of the current study demonstrate that toddlers who no longer meet criteria do not differ from toddlers who continue to meet ASD criteria in their Expressive Communication, a common area of first concern noted by parents, and an area that is focused on during early intervention.
Design, Calibration and Validation of a Novel 3D Printed Instrumented Spatial Linkage that Measures Changes in the Rotational Axes of the Tibiofemoral Joint

An accurate axis-finding technique is required to measure any changes from normal caused by total knee arthroplasty in the flexion-extension (F-E) and longitudinal rotation (LR) axes of the tibiofemoral joint. In a previous paper, we computationally determined how best to design and use an instrumented spatial linkage (ISL) to locate the F-E and LR axes such that rotational and translational errors were minimized. However, the ISL was not built and consequently was not calibrated; thus the errors in locating these axes were not quantified on an actual ISL. Moreover, previous methods to calibrate an ISL used calibration devices with accuracies that were either undocumented or insufficient for the device to serve as a gold-standard. Accordingly, the objectives were to (1) construct an ISL using the previously established guidelines,(2) calibrate the ISL using an improved method, and (3) quantify the error in measuring changes in the F-E and LR axes. A 3D printed ISL was constructed and calibrated using a coordinate measuring machine, which served as a gold standard. Validation was performed using a fixture that represented the tibiofemoral joint with an adjustable F-E axis and the errors in measuring changes to the positions and orientations of the F-E and LR axes were quantified. The resulting root mean squared errors (RMSEs) of the calibration residuals using the new calibration method were 0.24, 0.33, and 0.15 mm for the anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and proximal-distal positions, respectively, and 0.11, 0.10, and 0.09 deg for varus-valgus, flexion-extension, and internal-external orientations, respectively. All RMSEs were below 0.29% of the respective full-scale range. When measuring changes to the F-E or LR axes, each orientation error was below 0.5 deg; when measuring changes in the F-E axis, each position error was below 1.0 mm. The largest position RMSE was when measuring a medial-lateral change in the LR axis (1.2 mm). Despite the large size of the ISL, these calibration residuals were better than those for previously published ISLs, particularly when measuring orientations, indicating that using a more accurate gold standard was beneficial in limiting the calibration residuals. The validation method demonstrated that this ISL is capable of accurately measuring clinically important changes (i.e. 1 mm and 1 deg) in the F-E and LR axes.
Anti-proliferative effects of 8-chloro-cAMP and other cAMP analogs are unrelated to their effects on protein kinase A regulatory subunit expression.

Conflicting reports have attributed 8-chloro-cAMP (Cl-cAMP)-mediated inhibition of tumor cell growth to either a toxic 8-chloro-adenosine (Cl-AdR) breakdown product or a Cl-cAMP-mediated decrease in ratio of Type I to Type II regulatory (R) subunits of protein kinase A (PKA). Using the MCF-7 human breast cancer and S49 mouse lymphoma cell lines as models, we show that the effects of Cl-cAMP and other cAMP analogs on growth and R subunit expression are unrelated. MCF-7 cell growth was insensitive to most analogs and inducers of cAMP, but was potently inhibited by Cl-cAMP acting through uptake and phosphorylation of its Cl-AdR breakdown product. Possible roles of adenosine receptors or P2 purinoceptors in these Cl-cAMP-mediated growth effects were ruled out by studies with agonists and antagonists. Cholera toxin markedly decreased the ratio of Type I to Type II R subunits in MCF-7 cells without affecting growth, while growth inhibitory concentrations of Cl-cAMP or Cl-AdR had insignificant effects on this ratio. In S49 cells, where PKA activation is known to inhibit cell growth, PKA-deficient mutants retained sensitivity to both Cl-cAMP and the related 8-bromo-cAMP. Adenosine kinase (AK)-deficient S49 cells were inhibited only by higher concentrations of these 8-halogenated cAMP analogs. Of the commonly used cAMP analogs, only 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP acted purely as a cyclic nucleotide—having no effect on PKA-deficient cells, but strongly inhibiting both wild-type and AK-deficient cells. Where growth inhibitory concentrations of most cAMP analogs reduced RI expression in the AK-deficient mutant, a functionally equivalent concentration of (N6, O2′)dibutyryl-cAMP maintained or increased this expression. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The interaction of bacteria and metal surfaces

Abstract This review discusses different examples for the interaction of bacteria and metal surfaces based on work reported previously by various authors and work performed by the author with colleagues at other institutions and with his graduate students at CEEL. Traditionally it has been assumed that the interaction of bacteria with metal surfaces always causes increased corrosion rates (“microbiologically influenced corrosion” (MIC)). However, more recently it has been observed that many bacteria can reduce corrosion rates of different metals and alloys in many corrosive environments. For example, it has been found that certain strains of Shewanella can prevent pitting of Al 2024 in artificial seawater, tarnishing of brass and rusting of mild steel. It has been observed that corrosion started again when the biofilm was killed by adding antibiotics. The mechanism of corrosion protection seems to be different for different bacteria since it has been found that the corrosion potential E corr became more negative in the presence of Shewanella ana and algae , but more positive in the presence of Bacillus subtilis . These findings have been used in an initial study of the bacterial battery in which Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 was added to a cell containing Al 2024 and Cu in a growth medium. It was found that the power output of this cell continuously increased with time. In the microbial fuel cell (MFC) bacteria oxidize the fuel and transfer electrons directly to the anode. In initial studies EIS has been used to characterize the anode, cathode and membrane properties for different operating conditions of a MFC that contained Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Cell voltage ( V )—current density ( i ) curves were obtained using potentiodynamic sweeps. The current output of a MFC has been monitored for different experimental conditions.
The Lee-Wick abnormal phase transition in a relativistic nuclear field model

Abstract A Lee-Wick abnormal phase transition exists in a relativistic nuclear field theory that is simultaneously compatible with nuclear matter properties. The phase transition is first order. The phase diagram is calculated and the abnormal phase lies below the expected deconfinement region. According to the Rank-Hugoniot shock relation, the abnormal phase is accessible at total center-of-mass energy per nucleon of 2–4 GeV.
Self-consistent Pomeranchuk singularities in Reggeon field theories

Abstract A self-consistency or bootstrap principle is suggested to determine the structure of the Pomeranchuk singularity in the neighborhood of J = 1 and t = 0. The ingredients in this are a Reggeon field theory which we require to be renormalizable and infrared free in the sense of the renormalization group. This guarantees that the input singularity reproduces itself near J=1, t=0 with small computable corrections. Several examples of physical significance are discussed.
The language of the psychopath.

Personality abnormalities vary considerably in severity of symptoms and degree of maladjustment to society. But as Bromberg (1948) pointed out, “The group that supplies the most comprehensive and unmistakable illustrations of maladjustment to social life comprises those persons referred to as psychopathic personalities” (p. 54). Of all the recognized psychiatric syndromes, that of the antisocial personality, or psychopath, presents perhaps the greatest number of unsolved questions. Although it has long been recognized that each of us possesses an innate capacity for momentary dissociation vis-a-vis the accepted value systems of society and to such a degree is potentially psychopathic, true psychopaths, with their consistently antisocial behavior, present the average observer with a phenomenon so spectacularly alien that it seems almost incredible that such people can exist. And, granted that psychopaths do indeed exist, it is perplexing how they can manage to appear superficially sane, how they are able to wear, as one observer put it, the “mask of sanity.” The true psychopath compels the psychiatric observer to ask the perplexing and largely unanswered question: “Why doesn’t that person have the common decency to go crazy?”1
Structure of thermal polymers of amino acids.

Abstract When glutamic acid is a predominant amino acid in a thermally polymerized mixture of amino acids, pyro Glu is exclusively found at the N-terminal end of the poly-amino acid polymer. It probably initiates the polymerization process. Lysine-containing polymers will probably contain ϵN -(glutamyl)L-lysine cross links which may account for the higher molecular weights observed in these polymers (100–200 000). Incorporation of some amino acids facilitates the incorporation of others. When utilizing mixtures of three to eight amino acids with glutamic acid as one of the amino acids, some fractions are obtained which include all the amino acids in the polymerization mixture. The biosynthesis of glutathione, gramicidin, tyrocidine and cell-wall polypeptides has demonstrated that non-random amino acid sequence peptides can be biologically synthesized without the direct participation of nucleic acids. That is, the enzymes appear to provide adequate chemical specificity to form non-random amino acid sequence peptides. The properties and replication of the scrapie agent may provide us with more profound insight as to the evolution of purely physical-chemical systems into biological systems.
Inhibition of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in mice by anti-I-A antibodies

Abstract Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis is induced in mice by immunization with thyroglobulin emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. The disease is characterized both by thyroid infiltration with mononuclear cells and by circulating thyroglobulin antibodies. The magnitude of the thyroid infiltration and the titer of thyroglobulin antibodies are controlled by genes in the I-A subregion of the major histocompatibility complex (H-2). We investigated the in vivo effect of monoclonal anti-Ia antibodies on experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in susceptible mice. Antibodies were given around the time of immunization, later after immunization, and to mice with established disease. Monoclonal antibody produced by the hybridoma line 10-3.6 (anti-I-Ak,s,u,v,z,f) completely prevented both production of thyroglobulin antibodies and thyroid infiltrates, when given shortly before or at the time of antigen administration. This effect was dose-dependent and this monoclonal antibody decreased the severity of the disease when given after the antigen challenge but did not fully suppress established thyroiditis. The same antibody markedly decreased the number of B lymphocytes in the spleen and decreased the thyroglobulin-induced spleen cell proliferation when either given in vivo or added in vitro to cell cultures. Antibodies produced by the hybridoma line 11.2.12 (anti-I-Ak) did not show an inhibitory effect on the disease. These experiments suggest that in this model of murine thyroiditis anti-Ia antibodies act on antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, only one monoclonal antibody, anti-Ia, suppressed the immune response to thyroglobulin, suggesting a possible role for the isotype and specificity of anti-Ia antibody.
A numerical and experimental investigation of the stability of spiral Poiseuille flow

The linear stability of the spiral motion induced between concentric cylinders by an axial pressure gradient and independent cylinder rotation is studied numerically and experimentally for a wide-gap geometry. A three-dimensional disturbance is considered. Linear stability limits in the form of Taylor numbers TaL are computed for the rotation ratios μ, = 0, 0·2, and -0·5 and for values of the axial Reynolds number Re up to 100. Depending on the values of μ and Re, the disturbance which corresponds to TaL can have a toroidal vortex structure or a spiral form. Aluminium-flake flow visualization is used to determine conditions for the onset of a secondary motion and its structure at finite amplitude. The experimental results agree with the predicted values of TaL for μ [ges ] 0, and low Reynolds number. For other cases in which agreement is only fair, apparatus length is shown to be a contributing influence. The comparison between experimental and predicted wave forms shows good agreement in overall trends.
Changes in the Relative Weights of the Various Parts, Systems and Organs of Young Albino Rats Underfed for Various Periods

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. April 1918. Major: Anatomy. 1 computer file (PDF); 52 pages. [302-353]. Reprinted in The Journal of Experimental Zoology.
Texture and microstructure of thin copper films

Microstructure is an important factor influencing the reliability of thin film interconnects. The microstructure of copper films is of particular interest because of its use in numerous electronic applications. Pole figure x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microcopy were conducted on copper films deposited by several techniques: sputtering, partially ionized beam deposition, chemical vapor deposition, evaporation, and electroplating. Quantitative texture data are determined from fiber texture plots. A typical copper film consists of three texture components: (111), (200), and random. (220) and (511) texture components are possible under some deposition conditions. Compared to aluminum films, the fraction of the random texture component and the distribution of the (hkl) components in copper films are relatively large. Bimodal grain size distributions are observed in some films.
Influence of interface surface conditions on indentation failure of simulated bonded ceramic onlays

Summary Objective This study aims to evaluate the influence of surface roughness and acid etching on interfacial failure load and fracture initiation site for simulated resin bonded ceramic restorations. Methods Layered disks were fabricated using soda lime glass to simulate porcelain and fiberglass to represent dentin. These materials were selected due to their approximate elastic modulus to porcelain or dentin. In addition, soda lime glass allowed for visualization of crack initiation. Glass microscope slides (1.2 mm thick) were sectioned into 1-mm 2 specimens. The frosted portions of the slides were used as the rough or sandblasted group and the clear areas were used as the smooth or polished group. All surfaces were either cleaned or etched. Prepared surfaces were divided into eight groups and bonded to the substrates using Optibond Solo Plus (SDS Kerr, Orange, CA) and Nexus resin cement (SDS Kerr). Support substrates were made from 5-mm slices of fiberglass rods (1/2 in. diameter). Vertical loads were applied to the layered disks with a 20-mm spherical indenter at a cross-head speed of 0.05 mm/min. Observations were made using 10× magnification with a video monitor. Load magnitudes were recorded at the time of crack initiation. Weibull parametric survival analysis and the effect likelihood ratio test were performed on the failure initiation load data to determine significant differences at the 0.05 level. Results Mean failure initiation loads ranged from 273.6 to 341.9 N for the rough specimens and from 1056.5 to 2980.2 N for the smooth samples. According to the Weibull parametric survival analysis and the effect likelihood ratio test, surface roughness and surface etch significantly influenced failure initiation loads. Smoother surfaces tolerated much greater contact loads before failure initiation. Significance The clinical performance of all-ceramic restorations may be improved with smoother internal surfaces. Etching significantly increases survival for restorations with smooth internal surfaces.
A METHOD TO DETERMINE LASER WAVELENGTH ABSORPTION CAPABILITIES OF EXPERIMENTAL MALIGNANT TUMORS.

Abstract The destruction of malignant tumors by pulsed laser irradiation has been shown to be in part dependent on the light absorption characteristics of the tumor system (1). Since the laser energy absorbed in various tumors is dependent on the pigmentation of the tumor, a determination of the optical density of various tumors at the wavelengths of high energy laser equipment appears valuable in predicting which laser source would be most effective for tumor destruction. This paper illustrates how the absorption spectrum of various tumors may be determined and compared.
Direct infection and replication of naturally occurring hepatitis C virus genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 in normal human hepatocyte cultures.

Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection afflicts about 170 million individuals worldwide. However, the HCV life cycle is only partially understood because it has not been possible to infect normal human hepatocytes in culture. The current Huh-7 systems use cloned, synthetic HCV RNA expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma cells to produce virions, but these cells cannot be infected with naturally occurring HCV obtained from infected patients. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we describe a human hepatocyte culture permissible to the direct infection with naturally occurring HCV genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the blood of HCV-infected patients. The culture system mimics the biology and kinetics of HCV infection in humans, and produces infectious virions that can infect naive human hepatocytes. Conclusions/Significance This culture system should complement the existing systems, and may facilitate the understanding of the HCV life cycle, its effects in the natural host cell, the hepatocyte, as well as the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines.
Successful renal transplantation in American Indians

Background The incidence of end-stage renal disease is rapidly growing among American Indians, but there have been no detailed reports of outcomes after renal transplantation in this population. Methods. We compared the effects of race on risks and outcomes for renal transplants performed at a single center. There were 68 transplants in American Indians, 55 in African-Americans, 32 in Asians, 33 in other races, and 1253 in Caucasians (total=1441 transplants). Results. American Indian transplant recipients had a high prevalence of risk factors. American Indians were more likely to be diabetic (45.6%) compared with African-Americans (21.8%), Asians (9.4%), other races (15.2%), and Caucasians (25.9%); overall P 30 kg/m 2 ) compared with African-Americans (12.7%), Asians (3.1%), other races (6.1%), and Caucasians (9.7%); overall P 50% was higher for American Indian recipients (32.4%) compared with African-Americans (16.4%), Asians (21.9%), other races (27.3%) and Caucasians (15.6%); P<0.01. Despite these differences in risk, there were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of acute rejection, patient survival, or graft survival between American Indians and other racial groups in univariate survival analysis. In a Cox proportional hazards model that adjusted for multiple risk factors, graft survival was not different for American Indians (P=0.71), African-Americans (P=0.60), or other races (P=0.34) compared with Caucasians, whereas Asians were only 44% as likely to have graft failure (P=0.07). Patient survival was not different among races. Conclusion. Outcomes for renal transplantation are excellent for American Indians, despite a high prevalence of risk factors.
Immunology of viral respiratory tract infection in infancy

Respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses (PIV) and the influenza viruses cause severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and children throughout the world. We discuss the recent discovery of the epidemiologic importance of the human metapneumoviruses, first reported in 2001. Experimental live-attenuated vaccines for each of these viruses are being developed for intranasal administration in the first weeks or months of life. The immunology of these infections in humans is poorly defined but many studies are ongoing. A significant obstacle to successful immunisation of infants against respiratory-virus-associated disease early in life may be the relatively poor immune response of very young infants to primary virus infection. This paper reviews the immune correlates of protection against disease caused by these viruses, immune responses of infants to naturally acquired infection or experimental infection with candidate vaccine viruses and the genetics of susceptibility to severe disease.
The promises and constraints of consumer-directed healthcare

Abstract Consumer-directed healthcare promises to reduce costs and increase quality by expanding provider choice for prospective patients. High-deductible insurance, employer- or government-subsidized health savings accounts, transparent pricing, and accurate information on clinical performance help generate millions of patients shopping for healthcare. As in any other well-behaved market, when patients shop, there is a link between financial reward and value for the individual patient. Absence of price competition, agency problems, and high barriers to entry in local markets are market failures that currently break this link in U.S. healthcare. Consumer-directed health plans are already popular among many employers and have established a momentum that indirectly shapes discussion of reform by the Obama administration. Complexity of reporting clinical results, dependence of treatment success on at-home patient behavior, and scientific ignorance among consumers threaten delivery of results promised by theory. Successful implementation requires regulator attention to sophisticated data reporting that adjusts for clinical risk, avoidance of patient-focused marketing that leads to over-consumption, and adequate subsidy of health savings accounts. In the end, implementation shifts the locus of healthcare system control from cost-shifting negotiations between employers, providers, and payers to new-found purchasing power of prospective patients.
On the child's acquisition of antonyms in two semantic fields

It was hypothesized that children set up semantic fields automatically as they learn something of the meaning of related words. Thirty children between 4;0 and 5;5 played a word game in which they had to respond to the experimenter's word with its opposite. The pairs used were dimensional and spatio-temporal terms. The results showed (a) a distinct order of acquisition among the pairs based on their relative complexity of meaning, and (b) substitutions, as opposites, of semantically simpler, better-known words for lesser-known words. Both results were compatible with the hypothesis, and they also ruled out some other possible explanations.
Conflicting Approaches to Curriculum: Recognizing How Fundamental Beliefs Can Sustain or Sabotage School Reform

As the history of education testifies, reforming America's schools is and has been a staggeringly complex endeavor. One reason is that there are numerous different aspects of schooling-curriculum, professional development, assessment, and so forth-all of which are interrelated and all of which demand attention. Another challenge lies in the fact that many of the practices of schooling that reformers seek to change, as well as reformers' own prescriptions for change, are a matter of deeply held personal convictions. These convictions involve our most basic beliefs about educa-
Fretting wear of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb

An investigation was conducted to examine the wear behavior of gamma titanium aluminide (Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb in atomic percent) in contact with a typical nickel-base superalloy under repeated microscopic vibratory motion in air at temperatures from 296-823 K. The surface damage observed on the interacting surfaces of both Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb and superalloy consisted of fracture pits, oxides, metallic debris, scratches, craters, plastic deformation, and cracks. The Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb transferred to the superalloy at all fretting conditions and caused scuffing or galling. The increasing rate of oxidation at elevated temperatures led to a drop in Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb wear at 473 K. Mild oxidative wear was observed at 473 K. However, fretting wear increased as the temperature was increased from 473-823 K. At 723 and 823 K, oxide disruption generated cracks, loose wear debris, and pits on the Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb wear surface. Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb wear generally decreased with increasing fretting frequency. Both increasing slip amplitude and increasing load tended to produce more metallic wear debris, causing severe abrasive wear in the contacting metals. Keywords
Mesoscopic simulation of Ostwald ripening

The self-organization of particles in a two phase system in the coexistence region through a diffusive mechanism is known as Ostwald ripening. This phenomenon is an example of a multiscale problem in that the microscopic level interaction of the particles can greatly impact the macroscale or observable morphology of the system. Ostwald ripening is studied here through the use of a mesoscopic model which is a stochastic partial integrodifferential equation that is derived from a spin exchange Ising model. This model is studied through the use of recently developed and benchmarked spectral schemes for the simulation of solutions to stochastic partial differential equations. The typical cluster size is observed to grow like t1/3 over range of times with faster growth at later times. The results included here also demonstrate the effect of adjusting the interparticle interaction on the morphological evolution of the system at the macroscopic level.
Welfare asymptotics of the pivotal mechanism for excludable public goods

Abstract In the class of Clarke–Groves mechanisms, the pivotal mechanism holds a distinguished place: it is the only mechanism that solves the free rider problem and guarantees the best minimal utility level. When the pivotal mechanism is applied to the case of a pure binary public good, the asymptotic behaviour of its expected welfare loss has been thoroughly analyzed in the literature. To analyze the welfare loss from the mechanism when it is applied to an excludable public good, we first provide a closed form solution of the mechanism that is shown to be equivalent to the standard axiomatic description of the mechanism in the literature. We argue that there is no a priori logical reason to expect the asymptotic behaviour of this mechanism to be related to and derivable from the asymptotics in the case of a pure public good. We use a different computational technique to show that the welfare loss from the pivotal mechanism in the case of an excludable public good converges to zero in a very strong sense.
Stimulus effects in unilateral neglect

Unilaterally brain-damaged subjects and normal controls were administered parallel verbal and nonverbal forms of a visual cancellation task. The attentional theory of unilateral neglect, which predicts less manifest neglect on tasks that preferentially engage the damaged hemisphere, was not supported. Subjects who exhibited neglect did so to a comparable degree on both verbal and nonverbal tasks. The data are consistent with a model of right hemisphere dominance for attention across the visual field.
Hypercrosslinked polyanilines with nanoporous structure and high surface area: potential adsorbents for hydrogen storage

A method for the preparation of an entirely new type of nanoporous material, hypercrosslinked polyaniline, with permanent porous structure and specific surface areas exceeding 630 m2 g−1 has been developed. The hypercrosslinking reaction was carried out with commercial polyaniline and diiodoalkanes or paraformaldehyde using both conventional and microwave assisted processes. Polyaniline swollen in an organic solvent was hypercrosslinked to form a rigid, mesh-like structure with permanent porosity and a high surface area. The resulting materials were characterized using infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Porous properties were determined by means of scanning electron microscopy as well as nitrogen and hydrogen adsorption. Short crosslinks such as those formed using paraformaldehyde and diiodomethane led to materials with the highest surface areas. Surface area also increased with the concentration of polyaniline in solution used during preparation. The hydrogen storage capacities of these materials were also tested and a capacity of 2.2 wt% at 77 K and 3.0 MPa was found for the best adsorbent. Hypercrosslinked polyanilines exhibit a remarkably high affinity for hydrogen, which results in enthalpies of adsorption as high as 9.3 kJ mol−1 (exothermic), in sharp contrast with hypercrosslinked polystyrenes and metal–organic frameworks for which significantly lower enthalpies of adsorption, typically in the range of 4–7 kJ mol−1, are measured.
Abusive head trauma in young children: characteristics and medical charges in a hospitalized population

Abstract Objective: To describe the presenting characteristics, hospital course, and hospital charges associated with hospital admissions for head trauma in young children at a regional pediatric trauma center, and to examine whether these factors differ among abused and non-abused subjects. Method: Comparative case series study involving a retrospective medical record review of children less than 3 years of age admitted to Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 1999. Subjects ( n = 377) were identified on the basis of ICD-9-CM codes for head injury. Subjects were classified as abused or non-abused based on standard criteria using information about the type of injuries, the history provided by the caretaker, and physical and radiographic findings. Results: Eighty nine (23.6%) subjects were classified as abused and 288 (76.4%) were classified as non-abused. Abused subjects were more likely then non-abused subjects to be 1 year of age) (OR: 9.8; 95% CI: 5.0, 19.2), covered by Medicaid (vs. commercial insurance) (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.7, 4.8), and admitted to the ICU (OR: 3.5; 95% CI: 2.1, 5.8; p p p SD : $40,082 ± $58,004) versus non-abused (mean ± SD : $15,671 ± $41,777) subjects. Conclusions: These results highlight the differences in the demographics, presenting characteristics and economic impact of abusive head injuries compared to non-abusive head injuries.
Methods of determining transverse mechanical properties of full-culm bamboo

Abstract The potential for adopting the relatively simple-to-conduct edge bearing test as a surrogate for direct determination of the critical transverse material properties is investigated. The research explores the effect of through-culm-wall fiber gradation on the edge bearing, or ‘diametric compression’, strength of full-culm bamboo. The test method also utilizes a full culm section cut into two or three concentric annular sections. Tests results for each ‘ring’ provide a measure of through thickness transverse properties. The objective of this work is the development of practical test methods for field assessment of bamboo material properties.
Antibodies to ovine adipocyte plasma membranes recognize tissue and species specific plasma membrane components.

Abstract 1. 1. Ovine adipocyte plasma mebrane (PM) contains three unique proteins that have relative molecular mass of 70, 106, and 110 kD which are lacking in PM from liver, kidney, heart, and red blood cells. 2. 2. Two major proteins on ovine adipocyte PM having molecular mass of 44 and 46 kD which were also present on porcine adipocyte PM. 3. 3. These ovine proteins could not be detected on either rat or chicken adipocyte PM.
Child witnesses: Effect of event knowledge on memory and suggestibility

This research was designed to learn if children's eyewitness memory might be enhanced if the crime episode occurred within the context of a familiar event. Five-year-old children participated in either a familiar (birthday party) or a parallel unfamiliar event (play session). Both events included the same minor crime episode in which a male intruder entered the room and stole a box. Half of the children were interviewed both immediately and again after two weeks, whereas the remaining children were interviewed only after a two week delay. The results indicated that after two weeks the birthday party children showed enhanced event recall; however, memory for the intruder and crime was low for both groups. In addition, children who were interviewed immediately after the event showed better recall after two weeks than those who were interviewed only after a delay.
Extended chain crystal growth of low molecular mass poly(ethylene oxide) and α,ω-methoxy poly (ethylene oxide) fractions near their melting temperatures

Abstract For low molecular mass poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and α,ω-methoxy poly(ethylene oxide) (MPEO) fractions, extended chain crystals can grow when isothermal crystallization temperatures are near their melting temperatures (supercooling ΔT = T m − T e is in the range of a few degrees). Experimentally, observed lamellar thicknesses of the extended chain crystals are constants in this supercooling region. Linear relationships between crystal growth rate ( G ) and supercooling ( ΔT ) can be observed. Absolute values of the slopes of these relationships decrease with increasing molecular length. Additionally, MPEO fractions generally have higher slope values when compared with their PEO counterparts. Nevertheless, this difference between PEO and MPEO fractions gradually vanishes with increasing molecular length. Extended chain single lamellar crystals are highly faceted in these temperature regions, and their aspect ratios vary with supercooling as well as molecular length. Nucleation theory for the growth of extended chain crystals is applied. The transient chain-end surface free energy, σ, for the PEO and MPEO fractions possess entropic origins. The rough surface growth model is also discussed.
The effect of response scaling on the detection of linear dependencies among multiresponse data

Box and Draper (1965) introduced a criterion for the estimation of parameters from a multiresponse model. This criterion can lead to misleading results in the presence of linear relationships among the responses. Box et al. (1973) proposed a procedure for detecting the existence of such relationships when the multiresponse data are subject to round-off errors. The procedure is applicable only when the round-off errors are identically distributed as uniform random variates. In many situations, however, the round-off errors can vary considerably. For example, the responses may have distinct physical meanings, and hence distinct scales of measurement with possibly widely different orders of magnitude. This article extends Box et al.’s procedure to cover these situations. Two examples are given to illustrate the implementation of the proposed methodology.
Impact of body mass index on biochemical recurrence rates after radical prostatectomy: an analysis utilizing propensity score matching.

OBJECTIVES To investigate the significance of body mass index (BMI) as an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence in men treated with surgery for clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate. METHODS A total of 1877 obese patients who underwent radical prostatectomy were matched to overweight and normal-weight patients in a 1:1 ratio on the basis of propensity scores. This resulted in an overall study population of 5631 men. Clinicopathologic characteristics and biochemical recurrence outcomes after surgery were compared between the three BMI cohorts. RESULTS Normal-weight patients exhibited lower-grade disease compared with overweight and obese patients (P = 0.021). Lower BMI was also significantly associated with lower rates of positive surgical margins (P <0.001) and extraprostatic extension (P <0.001). Body mass index was not associated with lymph node involvement (P = 0.226) or seminal vesicle invasion (P = 0.142). Body mass index, age, biopsy Gleason score, preoperative prostate-specific antigen level, and clinical tumor stage were independent predictors of biochemical recurrence (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Propensity score-based matched analyses indicate that higher BMI is associated with adverse pathologic findings and is a strong independent predictor of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. These results support the hypothesis that inherent differences may exist in the biological properties of prostate cancer in obese men compared with normal-weight men. Therefore, BMI is an important criterion to consider during subsequent decision making and counseling of patients with prostate cancer.
The distribution of polyphenols, chlorogenic acid oxidase and peroxidase in different plant parts of tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L

Abstract Amounts of polyphenols, chlorogenic acid oxidase and peroxidase activities and isozymes in the plant parts of greenhouse-grown burley and flue-cured tobaccos, Nicotiana tabacum , have been compared. On a dry weight basis, flower parts, especially the pistil, are about 150-fold higher in phenolic content than the seed and three to five times greater than the leaf. Leaf laminae, either young or senescent, contain more polyphenols than stem, leaf midrib, pith, and root. Three geometric isomers of chlorogenic acid exist in all green tissues as well as in flower parts but only two are detected in the root. The latter contains a high proportion of scopolin and scopoletin, both of which are in low concentrations in photosynthetic tissues and completely absent in pistil. By means of ammonium sulfate fractionation, chlorogenic acid oxidase and peroxidase have been separated from the same tissue extracts. Seeds have no detectable oxidase activity. The activity of chlorogenic acid oxidase is highest in root, lower in pistil, corolla, and stem, and lowest in anther, leaf, and pith. Young leaves exhibit seven times more activity than senescent ones. On the contrary, the leaf peroxidases increase in concentration from upper to bottom stalk positions. Peroxidase content is highest in root but lowest in flower parts. Polyacrylamide gel block electrophoresis has revealed two cathodic and ten anodic isoperoxidases in the leaves varying in physiological age. Two anodic and two cathodic isoperoxidases in slow mobility are lacking in pith and reproductive organs but appear as intensive bands in root. Zymograms of chlorogenic acid oxidase are identical to that of isoperoxidase for all plant parts except pistil and corolla, which have a cathodic band migrating father away from the origin. Results suggest that the distribution patterns of polyphenols and two oxidases in the plant parts of two tobacco strains coincide with each other, and within a plant the correlation between phenolic quantity and oxidase activity varies depending upon the organs and tissues.
Punctuated equilibrium and technology change

Timelines provides perspectives on HCI history, glancing back at a road that sometimes took unexpected branches and turns. History is not a dry list of events; it is about points of view and differing interpretations. Jonathan Grudin, Editor
Ion transport across the isolated intestinal mucosa of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. I. Functional and structural properties of cellular and paracellular pathways for Na and Cl.

The isolated intestinal mucosa of the flounder,Pseudopleuronectes americanus, when bathed in a 20mm HCO3-Ringer's solution bubbled with 1% CO2 in O2, generated a serosa-negative PD and, when short-circuited, absorbed Cl at almost 3 times the rate of Na. Reducing HCO3 to 5mm decreased the net Cl flux by more than 60%. The following results suggest that, despite the PD, Na and Cl transport processes are nonelectrically coupled: replacing all Na with choline abolished both the PD and net Cl flux; replacing all Cl with SO4 and mannitol abolished the PD and the net Na flux; and adding ouabain (to 0.5mm) abolished the PD and the net Cl flux. Nearly all of the unidirectional serosa-to-mucosa Cl flux (J Cl ) seemed to be paracellular since it varied with PD and Cl concentration in a manner consistent with simple diffusion.J Cl was only about one-fourth ofJ Na , suggesting that the paracellular pathway is highly cationselective. The data can be explained by the following model: (i) Na and Cl uptake across the brush border are coupled 1∶1; Na is pumped into the lateral space and Cl follows passively, elevating the salt concentration there; (ii) the tight junction is permeable to Na but relatively impermeable to Cl; and (iii) resistance to Na diffusion is greater in the lateral space (considered in its entirety) than in the tight junction. If these assumptions are correct, the serosa-negative transmural PD is due mainly to a salt diffusion potential across the tight junction and, under short-circuit condition, most of the Na pumped into the lateral space diffuses back into the luminal solution, whereas most of the Cl enters the serosal solution. Morphological features of the epithelium support this interpretation: the cells are unusually long (60 μm) and narrow (3.5 μm); there is little distension of the apical 12 μm of the lateral space during active fluid absorption; and distension distal to this region is intermittently constricted by desmosomes.
Characteristic Patterns of Variability of Sea Level Pressure in the Northern Hemisphere

Abstract Seasonal and annual mean sea level pressures for the Northern Hemisphere have been analyzed to determine the dominant modes of interannual and longer period variability using monthly sea level pressure analyses as revised by Trenberth and Paolino (1980). Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is used to reveal the modes which explain most of the variance for the period 1925–77. In winter, Kutzbach's (1970) EOF 1 for January remains the dominant mode and a closely related pattern dominates all seasons and the annual means. Although there are differences in detail in each season, the dominant mode is basically a high-latitude zonal-index-type pattern with departures in pressure at high latitudes corresponding to anomalies of opposite sign in low latitudes. EOF 1 is linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation, but the north–south fluctuations in mass also occur in the Pacific and, to a lesser extent, elsewhere. Time series associated with this pattern have highly significant spectral peaks at the...
Selection of a rating scale in receiver operating characteristic studies: some remaining issues.

Rationale and Objectives The aim of this study is to compare the ratings of a group of readers that used two different rating scales in a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) study and to clarify some remaining issues when selecting a rating scale for such studies. Materials and Methods We reanalyzed a previously conducted ROC study in which readers used both a 5-point and a 101-point scale to identify abdominal masses in 95 cases. Summary statistics include the distribution of scores by reader for each of the rating scales, the proportion of tied scores when using the 5-point scale that correctly resolved when using the 101-point scale and the proportion of paired normal-abnormal cases where the two rating scales resulted in a different selection of an abnormal case. Results As a group, the readers used 84 of the rating categories when using the 101-point scale but the categories used differed for individual readers. All readers tended to resolve the majority of ties on the 5-point scale in favor of correct decisions and to maintain correct decisions when a more refined scale was used. Conclusions The reanalysis presented here provides additional evidence that readers in a ROC study can adjust to a 101-point scale and the use of such a refined scale can increase discriminative ability. However, the decision of selecting an appropriate scale should also consider the underlying abnormality in question and relevant clinical considerations.
Explaining Diversityin the Development of Same-Sex Sexuality Among Young Women

This article summarizes findings from two ongoing studies charting the development of 167 adolescent and young adult sexual-minority women. Resultsdocument considerable variation in the quality, relative distribution, and context of women's same-sex and other-sex attractions. Furthermore, contrary to conventional wisdom, the timing of a woman's first same-sex attractions is not systematically related to subsequent features of sexual identity development. Rather, the quality and context of a woman'searly attractions and behavior is more important. We argue that variability in sexual-minority and heterosexual women's development is best explained by interactions between personal characteristics and environmental contexts, and we urge future studies of the sexual-minority life course to include women with same-sex attractions that do not identify as lesbian or bisexual.