cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2H–13C HETCOR MAS NMR for indirect detection of 2H quadrupole patterns and spin–lattice relaxation rates

Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) 2 H– 13 C heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) experiments were utilized to indirectly detect site-specific deuterium MAS powder patterns. The 2 H– 13 C cross-polarization efficiency is orientation-dependent and non-uniform for all crystallites. This leads to difficulty in extracting the correct 2 H MAS quadrupole powder patterns. In order to obtain accurate deuterium line shapes, 13 C spin lock rf field, spin lock rf ramp and CP contact time were carefully calibrated with the assistance of theoretical simulations. The extracted quadrupole patterns for U-[ 2 H/ 13 C/ 15 N]-alanine indicate that the methyl deuterium undergoes classic, three-site jumping in the fast motion regime (10 −8 –10 −12 s) and the methine deuterium has a rigid deuterium powder pattern. For U-[ 2 H/ 13 C/ 15 N]-phenylalanine, indirectly detected deuterium line shapes illustrate that the aromatic ring undergoes 180° flips in the fast motion regime while 2 Hβ and 2 Hα are completely rigid. The experimental deuterium line shapes for U-[ 2 H/ 13 C/ 15 N]-proline reflect that 2 Hβ, 2 Hγ and 2 Hδ are subjected to fast, two-site reorientations at an angle of (15 ± 5)°, (30 ± 5)° and (25 ± 10)° respectively. In addition, an approach that combines a composite inversion pulse with 2 H– 13 C CP-MAS is applied to measure 2 H spin–lattice relaxation times in a site-specific, 13 C-detected fashion.
Functional role of spines in the retinal horizontal cell network.

Compartmental models derived from serial electron-microscopic reconstructions of horizontal cell processes entering cone pedicles and rod spherules are used to show that these processes have the morphological and electrical characteristics of dendritic spines. Properties of these spines are incorporated into a distributed model of the horizontal cell network. Expressions relating the magnitude of conductance changes applied at the spine heads to hyperpolarization of cells within the network are derived. Model analyses show that spine properties play a critical role in determining network responses. Specifically, increasing spine stem resistance increases the network input resistance and space constant, hyperpolarizes the resting potential, decreases response to full-field light stimuli, and increases response to small light spots. Increasing spine-stem resistance also decouples potential at the spine head from potential at the cell body. This result suggests that the location of feedback neurotransmitter release sites (e.g., at the spine heads versus the cell body) may have a profound influence on properties of horizontal cell inhibition of cone response. Because of these important functional consequences, structurally realistic models of the horizontal cell network must incorporate spine properties.
Sindbis virus messenger RNA: the 5′-termini and methylated residues of 26 and 42 S RNA

Abstract We have examined the methylation status in general and the 5'-termini in particular of the main mRNA species, “26 S” and “42 S” RNA, that accumulate in Sindbis virus-infected vertebrate cells and have compared these intracellular species with virion 42 S RNA. The 5′-termini examined were all “capped” and of the structure mG(5′)pppAp. The methylated guanosine (mG) caps consisted of me 3 2,7 G and m 3 2,2,7 G as well as m 7 G in the case of the intracellular RNAs, in contrast to virion RNA, which contained only m'G. In addition, one fourth to one half of the methyl label incorporated into the intracellular RNA species occurred as “internal” m 5 C residues; such residues were absent from virion RNA. In addition to differing from virion RNA, the Sindbis mRNAs differ from host cell mRNA and from the mRNA specified by most other viruses of vertebrate cells both in the structure of their 5′-termini and in the nature of their internal methylated residues. Possible implications of these differences are discussed.
Home sleep testing for obstructive sleep apnea: One night is enough!

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder with a prevalence in the range of 5% to 15% in the general population.1 Untreated OSA is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for several health-related consequences, including hypertension,2,3 cardiovascular disease,4 stroke,5,6 and all-cause mortality.7 Undiagnosed OSA is also associated with higher rates of health-care use8,9 and potentially imposes an estimated burden of $3.4 billion in added medical costs annually in the United States.10 Despite increasing awareness and identification by health-care professionals, OSA frequently remains unrecognized and underdiagnosed, even in patients with moderate to severe disease.11,12 The rather low level of case identification of OSA in the general community can be attributed, in part, to the inconvenience and cost associated with in-laboratory polysomnograms. Furthermore, some rural areas may not have the necessary testing facilities or the trained personnel, which adds to the incongruence between the current demand and availability of diagnostic services.13 With advances in technology and the development of portable monitors, home testing for sleep-related breathing disorders is now feasible and circumvents many of the limitations of an attended in-laboratory polysomnogram. In fact, in 2007, the US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services approved the use of portable monitoring for OSA, thereby increasing the means for diagnosing the disorder and potentially shortening the lead time for starting positive pressure therapy for many patients. In this issue of CHEST (see page 539), Nelson14 describes various types of out-of-center tests for OSA, along with their respective coding and billing procedures.
Uses and limitations of FDG positron emission tomography in patients with head and neck cancer

Objective: Numerous authors have reported the potential usefulness of positron emission tomography (PET). These studies have had conflicting results, at least partly owing to limited sample sizes. The objective of this study is to define not only the uses, but also the limitations of PET in patients with head and neck cancer. Study Design: Nonrandomized, retrospective analysis of PET at an academic institution. Methods: The authors performed 146 PET scans on 133 patients with head and neck cancer. Eighteen patients (19 PET scans) with thyroid disorders were excluded. A minimum 1 year of follow-up was available in 84 patients, who were separated into groups based on whether the PET was used to detect unknown primary cancers (n = 20), stage neck nodal and distant metastases (n = 8), monitor response to nonsurgical therapy (n = 22), or detect recurrent or residual cancers (n = 34). The results of PET were compared with results from computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed in the same patients. Results: Of the unknown primary cancers, PET correctly identified 7 of 20 primary sites, giving a sensitivity of 35%. When combined with CT or MRI, the sensitivity increased to 40%. When used for detection of metastatic disease, PET demonstrated five of five nodal metastases (100%) and two of four distant metastases (50%). In evaluating the response to nonsurgical therapy, PET had a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 83% for detecting tumor at the primary site and a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 73% for detecting nodal disease. When used for evaluation of recurrent/residual disease, PET identified seven of seven cases of local recurrences/residual disease and had a specificity of 85%. PET also detected seven of seven cases of nodal disease and had a specificity of 89%. Conclusions: For staging purposes, PET is limited by its lack of anatomic detail. However, PET compares favorably with CT and MRI in detecting recurrent/residual cancers. PET imaging complements the more traditional imaging modalities (CT or MRI), especially for an unknown primary cancer. Key Words: Head and neck cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, positron emission tomography, unknown primary cancer, cervical lymph node metastasis.
Surgical Advances and Results of Keratoconus

We analyzed 82 eyes of 53 patients who underwent penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus. Despite meticulous attention to microsurgical technique, and the use of the corneal punch. 10-0 monofilament nylon double continuous suture, and the surgical keratometer, and sizing the donor graft to recipient bed, we found a postoperative astigmatism of about 4.0 diopters. The percentage of clear grafts is now high and the complication rate low. However, we still have not developed a technique that ensures an anastigmatic cornea after keratoplasty for keratoconus.
Transparent conducting electrode materials grown by pulsed laser deposition for organic light-emitting devices

Two transparent conducting oxides (TCO) thin films including tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) were grown on glass substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The structural, electrical and optical properties of these films were investigated as a function of target composition and film growth temperature. Films were deposited using a KrF excimer laser (248 nm, 30 ns FWHM) at a fluence of 2 J/cm2 at growth temperatures ranging from 25 degrees Celsius to 400 degrees Celsius in oxygen pressures ranging from 1 to 100 mTorr. For a 300 nm thick ITO film deposited at 300 degrees Celsius in oxygen pressure of 10 mTorr, the resistivity was 2 X 10-4 (Omega) -cm and the average transmission in visible range (400 - 700 nm) was 85%. The Hall mobility and carrier density for a 150 nm thick ITO film deposited at 300 degrees Celsius were 27 cm2/V-s and 1.4 X 1021 cm-3, respectively. For a 100 nm thick AZO film deposited at 200 degrees Celsius in an oxygen pressure of 5 mTorr, the resistivity was 3.8 X 10-4 (Omega) -cm and the average transmission in visible range (400 - 700 nm) was 90%. The Hall mobility and carrier density for the same AZO film were 18 cm2/V-s and 9.1 X 1020 cm-3, respectively. AFM measurements indicated that the RMS surface roughness of the ITO films (approximately 5 angstrom) was slightly lower than that of the AZO films (approximately 7 angstrom). XPS measurements showed that the work function of ITO films grown at 250 degrees Celsius was 4.51 plus or minus 0.05 eV, which is higher than that (4.05 plus or minus 0.05 eV) of the AZO films grown at 200 degrees Celsius. The PLD ITO films were used to fabricate organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The electroluminescent (EL) performance was measured and the luminous power efficiency was calculated to be 0.6 lm/W, which is comparable to that measured with commercially available sputter-deposited ITO anodes.
Outcomes of acute Achilles tendon rupture repair with bone marrow aspirate concentrate augmentation

Optimal treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures remains controversial. Positive results using stem-cell-bearing concentrates have been reported with other soft-tissue repairs, but no studies exist on outcomes of bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) augmentation in primary Achilles tendon repair. We reviewed patients with sport-related Achilles tendon ruptures treated via open repair augmented with BMAC injection from 2009 to 2011. Data on operative complications, strength, range of motion, rerupture, calf circumference and functional improvement through progressive return to sport and the Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS) were analysed. A total of 27 patients (28 tendons) treated with open repair and BMAC injection were identified (mean age 38.3 ± 9.6 years). At mean follow-up of 29.7 ± 6.1 months, there were no reruptures. Walking without a boot was at 1.8 ± 0.7 months, participation in light activity was at 3.4 ± 1.8 months and 92 % (25 of 27) of patients returned to their sport at 5.9 ± 1.8 months. Mean ATRS at final follow-up was 91 (range 72–100) points. One case of superficial wound dehiscence healed with local wound care. No soft-tissue masses, bone formation or tumors were observed in the operative extremity. Excellent results, including no re-ruptures and early mobilisation, were observed in this small cohort with open Achilles tendon repair augmented by BMAC. No adverse outcomes of biologic treatment were observed with this protocol. The efficacy of BMAC in the operative repair of acute Achilles tendon ruptures warrants further study. Level of Evidence: IV - Therapeutic
Genetic behavior of information coding for the small subunit polypeptides of Lycopersicon fraction 1 protein

Abstract The small subunit of Lycopersicon parvilorum Fraction 1 protein is composed of two kinds of polypeptides whereas that of L. esculentum is composed of three. The small subunit of the F 1 hybrid, L. esculentum × L. parviflorum , is composed of three kinds of polypeptides. In 60 F 2 progeny, Fraction 1 protein small subunits of the L. parviflorum , F 1 hybrid, and L. esculentum types were recovered in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1, yielding the conclusion that nuclear genetic information for the three kinds of L. esculentum and two kinds of L. parviflorum small subunit polypeptides acted as a unit without segregation into different combinations of polypeptides. The coding information being contained on heterologous chromosomes, it is probable that multiple small subunit polypeptides in Lycopersicon originated by allopolyploidy.
In vivo regulation of the serotonin-2 receptor in rat brain

Abstract Serotonin-2 (5-HT-2) receptors in brain were measured using [ 3 H]ketanserin. We examined the effects of amitriptyline, an anti-depressant drug, of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and of drug-induced alterations in presynaptic 5-HT function on [ 3 H]ketanserin binding to 5-HT-2 receptors in rat brain. The importance of intact 5-HT axons to the up-regulation of 5-HT-2 receptors by ECS was also investigated, and an attempt was made to relate the ECS-induced increase in this receptor to changes in 5-HT presynaptic mechanisms. Twelve days of ECS increased the number of 5-HT-2 receptors in frontal cortex. Neither the IC 50 nor the Hill coefficient of 5-HT in competing for [ 3 H]ketanserin binding sites was altered by ECS. Repeated injections of amitriptyline reduced the number of 5-HT-2 receptors in frontal cortex. Reserpine, administered daily for 12 days, caused a significant increase in 5-HT-2 receptors, but neither daily injections of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) nor lesions of 5-HT axons with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) affected 5-HT-2 receptors. However, regulation of 5-HT-2 receptors by ECS was dependent on intact 5-HT axons since ECS could not increase the number of 5-HT-2 receptors in rats previously lesioned with 5,7-DHT. Repeated ECS, however, does not appear to affect either the high-affinity uptake of [ 3 H]5-HT or [ 3 H]imipramine binding, two presynaptic markers of 5-HT neuronal function. 5-HT-2 receptors appear to be under complex control. ECS or drug treatments such as reserpine or amitriptyline, which affect several monoamine neurotransmission systems including 5-HT, can alter 5-HT-2 receptors. While depleting 5-HT alone (5,7-DHT or PCPA) does not alter [ 3 H]ketanserin binding to 5-HT-2 receptors, intact 5-HT axons are necessary for the adaptive up-regulation of the receptor following ECS.
Striking similarities between the pseudogap phenomena in cuprates and in layered organic and dichalcogenide superconductors

Abstract Underdoped high temperature superconductors (HTS) exhibit a ‘normal’ state for energies E > E g and/or temperatures T > T 0 , and a pseudogap in their electronic spectrum for E E g and/or T 0 > T > T c . Strikingly similar behavior occurs in the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) 2 H -MX 2 , where M = Ta, Nb, and X = S, Se, both in the ‘normal’ ( T > T 0 ) and in the incommensurate charge-density wave ( T ICDW > T > T c ) states. Such strikingly similar behavior has also been seen in the organic layered superconductors (OLS) κ-(ET) 2 X, where ET is bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene, and X = Cu[N(CN) 2 ]Cl, Cu[N(CN) 2 ]Br, and Cu(SCN) 2 , both in the ‘normal’ region T > T SDW > T c and in the spin-density wave region T SDW > T > T c . In all three materials classes, the anomalous transport and thermodynamic properties associated with the pseudogap or density-wave regime are completely independent of the applied magnetic field strength, whereas the same properties below T c are all strongly field-dependent. Hence, we propose that the pseudogap in the HTS arises from charge- and/or spin-density waves, and not from either superconducting fluctuations or “preformed” charged quasiparticle pairs.
Microbiology: Bacteria get vaccinated

Infection by defective bacterial viruses that cannot replicate has now been found to be the key feature enabling bacteria to rapidly develop adaptive immunity against functional viruses.
Reproductive inhibition activity of the insect growth regulator TH 6040 against the stable fly and the house fly: effects on hatchability.

The insect growth regulator, Thompson-Hayward TH 6040 ( N -(4-chlorophenyl)- N ′-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl) urea), reduced the hatch of eggs of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and the house fly, Musca domestica L., with no effect on fecundity. The chemical was active primarily on the females, but treated males also transferred the effect to untreated females. The effect could be defined as ovicidal or laricidal as fully developed larvae failed to emerge from eggs. At the doses used, the effect was inrreversible. The stable fly was more susceptible than the house fly.
L1 Shapes L2 Auditory Representation Elicited Imitation of Arabic-Speaking Learners of English

L1 interference plays a major role in second language acquisition, as evidenced by empirical studies (Kellerman & Sharwood Smith, 1986). The interference could result from a learner's conscious or unconscious judgment that some linguistic features in L1 and L2 are similar (Odlin, 1989), particularly in phonology (MacKain, Best, & Strange, 1981). This paper reports on two experiments using Elicited Imitation and Reading Tasks to investigate whether L1, Cairene Arabic prosodic strategy of epenthesis to break up consonant clusters is transferred to the participants' English output. Results of Experiment A showed that epenthesis took place more in reading than in repetition, as tested by the Elicited Imitation and Reading Tasks. Mimicking was suspected to be behind the results. To control for mimicking, a second experiment (Experiment B) was conducted following the same design, but with the addition of a familiarity task to ensure that the participants knew and understood the words of an utterance and did not just mimic them. Results of Experiment B showed that epenthesis instances were the same in repetition as in reading. Epenthesis of a vowel to break consonant clusters suggests that participants of the study reconstructed the utterances based not only on how English words are stored in their mental representation, but also on Cairene Arabic syllable structure rules. This study, through the usage of Elicited Imitation Task, is able to tap into L2 Arabic speaking learners’ auditory mental representation of L2 input and demonstrate the influence of L1 transfer.
Beta-adrenoceptor control of immune function in congestive heart failure

Abstract 1 We have determined the number of β-adrenoceptors and the isoprenaline-stimulated cAMP generation in lymphocyte subsets. The in vitro β-adrenergic sensitivity was greatest in Tsuppressor/cytotoxic- and natural killer cells and smallest in Thelper- and B-cells. B lymphocytes appear to have a poor receptor coupling to adenylate cyclase as they have many β-adrenoceptors but generate only little cAMP in response to isoprenaline. 2 A 7 day treatment of healthy volunteers with terbutaline decreased the number of circulating cells in those lymphocyte subsets with a high in vitro sensitivity to β-adrenoceptor stimulation (i.e. Tsuppressor/cytotoxic- and natural killer cells) but not in those with a poor in vitro sensitivity (i.e. Thelper- and B-lymphocytes). 3 Similar alterations of circulating lymphocyte subsets were found in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). These alterations were not related to the aetiology of CHF but to its severity and could be correlated with plasma catecholamine levels. 4 We conclude that prolonged exposure to β-adrenoceptor agonists or enhanced sympathetic activity can decrease the number of circulating lymphocytes with an increase in the Thelper-/Tsuppressor/cytotoxic-cell ratio.
Differences in Electrophoretic Behaviour of Eight Ribosomal Proteins from Rat and Rabbit Tissues and Evidence for Proteolytic Action on Liver Proteins

Divergence exists between eight ribosomal proteins of rat and rabbit. This is the first time such a divergence has been precisely demonstrated among mammals. In addition, a proteolytic activity, giving the appearance of modified proteins, is observed in the liver of both species but not in rabbit reticulocytes. These results were made possible by a recently developed method. Ribosomal proteins were compared by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in four different but related systems. The precise position of each individual protein was established in each of the four systems. Certain ribosomal proteins from different tissues, seemingly identical in one system were found to be different in other systems. Significant differences occurred between proteins of each ribosomal subunit from the two different species. Variation between reticulocyte and liver ribosomal proteins of the rabbit were minor. Several liver proteins of both species change position or disappear and apparently new proteins appear, if appropriate steps are not taken to prevent proteolysis. Differences in behavior of three small subunit and five large subunit proteins are attributable to an evolutionary divergence between the two species.
Efficient simulations of small shared memories on bounded degree networks

The problem of simulating a parallel random-access machine (PRAM) with n processors and memory size m>or=n on an n-node bounded degree network (BDN) is considered. Since many of the more efficient PRAM algorithms use an amount of shared memory not much larger than the number of processors, the case in which m=o(n/sup 1+ epsilon /) is considered, and a deterministic solution to the simulation problem is presented. For m=n(log n)/sup /O/sup (1)/ the running time of O(log n log log n) is within a factor of O(log log n) of the lower bound imposed by the diameter of the network. >
Synthesis and Characterization of the Mn(II) Complex of [15]aneN5

The complex Mn[15]aneN5CIPF6 has been prepared by the reaction of MnCI2 [15]aneN5.3HPF6, and NaOH in water ([15]aneN5 is 1,4,7,10,13-pentaazacyclopentadecane). The complex is obtained as a white solid formulated as [Mn(C10H25N5)Cl](PF6).3/2H2O. It is a 2: 1 electrolyte in H2O and a 1:1 electrolyte in CH3CN, The complex contains high spin Mn(II), μeff = 5.83 B.M., and the EPR spectrum of the polycrystalline solid is indicative of rhombic symmetry at the metal site. The proton NMR relaxation enhancement of aqueous solvent by the complex is 2.3 mM−1S −1 at 24 MHz and 25°C and is indicative of one rapidly exchanging water molecule in the coordination sphere of the solvated complex. The stability constant for the formation of the complex in aqueous solution as measured by potentiometric titration (IogK = 10.7) is four orders of magnitude greater than the comparable linear polyamine. In all, the characterization data are consistent with Mn(lI) strongly bound to a distorted or folded ligand and able to accommoda...
Ventral hernias in morbidly obese patients: a suggested algorithm for operative repair.

With the rise in prevalence of obesity, most general surgeons will have to face the problem of the obese patient with an abdominal wall defect. Treatment of these bariatric patients raises unique challenges, and at this time there is still no consensus on the best treatment option. This study was performed in a high-volume bariatric and minimally invasive surgery center at a tertiary care facility in the USA. Twenty-eight morbidly obese patients treated at our facility between 2003 and 2008 were separated into four groups according to anatomic features and symptoms. Patients with the following characteristics were classified as having a favorable anatomy: body mass index not exceeding 50 kg/m2, gynecoid body habitus, reducible hernias found in a central location, abdominal wall thickness less than 4 cm, and the defect's largest diameter not exceeding 8 cm. All other patients were classified as having an unfavorable anatomy. In this study, we report a systematic treatment approach for the morbidly obese patient presenting with a ventral hernia based on whether the hernia is symptomatic or asymptomatic, as well as the distinct characteristics of the hernia and body habitus features. We followed up on these patients postoperatively for at least 2 years, with a mean follow-up period of 30 months. Only a total of three hernia recurrences were observed. Successful treatment of ventral hernias in morbidly obese patients should be individualized based on the patient's symptoms and defined hernia characteristics.
Hereditary Localizations of Polynomial Rings

and v= (fe R[x], c(f) = R)- = R[x] - U (mR[x]. 172 maximal ideal of R j. CT and f~’ are multiplicatively closed subsets of R[.x]. Set R(xj =R[s], and R(x) = R[x] v. Then R[x]c R(x) c R(s), R(s) is a localization of R( x >, and both R(x) and R(x) are faithfully flat R modules. Ever since R(x) played a prominent role in Quillen’s solution to Serre’s conjecture [25]? and its succeeding generalizations to non-Noetherian rings [6,20], there has been a considerable amount of interest in the properties of R<s). This interest expanded to include similarly constructed localizations of R[x]. Notable among these constructions is the ring R(x), which, through a variety of useful properties, provides a tool for proving results on R via passage to R(s). The interest in the properties of R(x) and R(x) branched in many directions [l-S, 7, 8: 12. 14-16, 21, 23, 26). Several of these directions consider homological properties of these two rings. Ferrand [IS] and McDonald and Waterhouse [23] investigate finitely generated projective modules over R(x). The behavior of the weak dimensions of R(x) and R(x) is investigated through the exploration of ascent and descent of Von Neumann regularity, semihereditarity and related conditions, and coherent regularity of the extensions R --f R(x) and R + R(x). In [II], Le Riche determines conditions for the semihereditarity of R(x). D. D. Anderson, D. F. Anderson, and Markanda 141, and Huckaba and Papick [15; $63 consider conditions related to semihereditarity such as being a Priifer or Priifcr-like ring, for both ring constructions. In Glaz 1121, we consider the
A New Model for Transition Flow of Thin Films in Long Journal Bearings

This paper investigates the flow of a viscous fluid in the narrow gap (C/R = 0.002 to 0.01) between two cylinders with low eccentricity ratios (ϵ ≤ 0.2), where the shaft radius is 25.4 mm (1.0 in.). The computational engine is provided by CFD-ACE+, a commercial multi-task software. Calculations show that during the Taylor vortex regime velocity profiles in the radial direction are sinusoidal, and that pressure does vary in the axial direction even for the case of the “long journal bearing” (L/D > 2). Both velocity and pressure profiles are axisymmetric and time-independent during the Taylor vortex regime for the concentric case (ϵ = 0). During the wavy vortex regime the velocities maintain their sinusoidal profiles, while pressure varies in both axial and circumferential directions. Both velocity and pressure profiles are non-axisymmetric and time-dependent. An order of magnitude analysis for the Navier-Stokes equation shows that the inertia, viscous terms, pressure, and the Reynolds stress terms are equa...
Amorphography and the modelling of amorphous solid structures by geometric transformations

Abstract Amorphography is defined as the branch of physical science which treats the structures of amorphous solids and their systematic classification. Although there is a general tendency in the literature to treat the various types of amorphous solid (semiconductors, oxides, chalcogenides, metallic alloys, etc.) as structurally distinct, there are in fact close structural relationships between members of the different classes. A systematic classification of amorphous solids is introduced in terms of the underlying topological network. The role of decoration and topological transformations is discussed and examples given of their use in generating new models of a wide range of amorphous solids.
Recovery and distribution of biosolids-derived trace metals in a clay loam soil.

1treatments. Trace metals are still has been challenged when mass balance calculations at concentrated in the top 0.2 m with slight enrichment down to 0.3 m. a number of land application studies were unable to More than 85% of applied Cu, Ni, and Zn are still found in the topsoil account for up to half of biosolids-applied trace metals where biosolids was incorporated and 95% or more of the applied (Dowdy et al., 1991; Brown et al., 1997; McBride et al., metals were accounted for with mass balance calculations. Mehlich-I 1997). Researchers reporting such discrepancies have resultsshowed aslightincreasein metalconcentrationdownto 0.35m. attempted to explain the apparent metal loss as due to Biosolids application increased the concentrations of trace metals in leaching(McBride,1995),dispersionoftracemetalsdue all the extracted fractions. The major portions of Cu, Zn, and Ni are to tillage (McGrath and Lane, 1989), and incomplete associated with the metal-oxides fraction. Dispersible clay content chemical extraction from soil or overestimation of trace and water-soluble metal contents were low and except for watermetals loadings (Dowdy et al., 1991). soluble Zn they were not affected by biosolids application. Results from this study showed that 17 yr after biosolids application there Most studies of metal leaching in soil columns (Emwas negligible movement of trace metals through the soil profile and merich et al., 1982; Miller and McFee, 1983) or field consequently there is little risk of contamination of ground water at investigations (Williamset al., 1984; McGrathand Lane, this site.
The arithmetic genus of hilbert modular varieties over non-galois cubic fields*

The problem of determining the arithmetic genus of Hilbert modular varieties over non-Galois cubic fields is addressed. The main theorem provides a simple expression in terms of relative class numbers for the nuumber of equivalence classes of elliptic fixed points in the product of three copies of the complex upper half plance under the action of the Hilbert modular group of an arbitrary cubic field. Using this theorem, a technique is developed for calculating the arithmetic genus and is then carried out on the Hilbert modular varieties over the 28 non-Galois cubic fields of smallest discriminant. It is found that, contrary to expectations, almost all of these varieties have arithmetic gneus equal to one.
Toxic Politics, Organizational Change, and the “Greening” of the U.S. Military: Toward a Polity-Centered Perspective

Despite the practical, normative, and theoretical import of large-scale organizational change in public organizations, scant research exists on this topic by political science, public administration, or public management scholars. Moreover, scholars have classified the broader literature on this topic as rife with complexities, competing theoretical pressures, and inconclusiveness. This article returns to basics by using a grounded theory approach to develop and illustrate an empirically informed and theoretically integrated “politycentered” framework for studying large-scale organizational change in public organizations. Informing the framework are the patterns of politics driving, and driven by, efforts in the post—Cold War era to “green” the U.S. military by incorporating environmental and natural resource protection values into the services' core missions.
Early ultrastructural changes of developing oocytes in the dog

Many aspects of the developmental stages of the oocytes of the dog resemble those of other mammalian species. The oocytes of the dog, however, contains large amounts of lipid yolk material. A study of the ultrastructural morphology of early growth and maturation of dog oocytes was undertaken to clarify the nature and appearance of this yolk material. The lipid yolk first appears in early primary oocytes as aggregated dense bodies that gradually fill the ooplasm as the oocyte matures. The site of the yolk's initial appearance is consistently related to a single centriole and often to the lamellae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum that surrounds groups of forming lipid yolk bodies. Dense cortical granule-like vesicles are found to lie deep within the maturing oocyte and often are enclosed within the lamellar yolk space. Granules within this space undergo changes in size, matrix configuration, and vacuolization. These changes suggest a mechanism whereby material is added to the lipid yolk bodies. Light microscope histochemistry for lipid and polysaccharide material is described.
Nuclear pore complex proteins mark the implantation window in human endometrium

Nucleolar channel systems (NCSs) are membranous organelles appearing transiently in the epithelial cell nuclei of postovulatory human endometrium. Their characterization and use as markers for a healthy receptive endometrium have been limited because they are only identifiable by electron microscopy. Here we describe the light microscopic detection of NCSs using immunofluorescence. Specifically, the monoclonal nuclear pore complex antibody 414 shows that NCSs are present in about half of all human endometrial epithelial cells but not in any other cell type, tissue or species. Most nuclei contain only a single NCS of uniform 1 μm diameter indicating a tightly controlled organelle. The composition of NCSs is as unique as their structure; they contain only a subset each of the proteins of nuclear pore complexes, inner nuclear membrane, nuclear lamina and endoplasmic reticulum. Validation of our robust NCS detection method on 95 endometrial biopsies defines a 6-day window, days 19-24 (±1) of an idealized 28 day cycle, wherein NCSs occur. Therefore, NCSs precede and overlap with the implantation window and serve as potential markers of uterine receptivity. The immunodetection assay, combined with the hitherto underappreciated prevalence of NCSs, now enables simple screening and further molecular and functional dissection.
Spatial accessibility of drug treatment facilities and the effects on locus of control, drug use, and service use among heroin-injecting Mexican American men

Abstract Background This study explores the spatial accessibility of outpatient drug treatment facilities and the potential relationship with drug use-related outcomes among Mexican American heroin users. Methods Secondary data on 219 current and former heroin-injecting Mexican American men aged 45 and older were drawn from a research study in Houston, Texas. We used geographic information systems (GIS) to derive two spatial accessibility measures: distance from one's place of residence to the closest drug treatment facility (in minutes); and the number of facilities within a 10-minute driving distance from one's place of residence. Exploratory logistic regression analyses examined the association between the spatial accessibility of drug treatment facilities and several drug use-related outcomes: internal locus of control (LOC); perceived chances and worries of injecting in the next six months; treatment utilization; and location of last heroin purchase. Results Participants with greater spatial access to treatment programs were more likely to report a higher chance of injecting in the near future. However, while current heroin users were more worried about injecting in the next six months, greater spatial access to treatment programs seemed to have a buffering effect. Finally, those who lived closer to a treatment programs were more likely to have last purchased heroin inside the neighborhood versus outside the neighborhood. Spatial accessibility was not associated with internal LOC or treatment utilization. Conclusion The findings showed that the presence of outpatient treatment facilities—particularly services in Spanish—may influence perceived risk of future heroin use and purchasing behaviors among Mexican American men. Implications for future spatially-informed drug use research and the planning of culturally and linguistically responsive drug treatment programs are discussed.
Human fetal hippocampal development: II. The neuronal cytoskeleton.

In this study of the developing human hippocampus, we monitor the timing of onset and the sequential patterns of expression of 11 developmentally regulated proteins that are important components of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Immunohistochemistry using well-characterized antibodies was conducted with fixed paraffin-embedded sections from hippocampi at various stages of fetal and postnatal development. At 9 weeks gestational age, immunoreactivity was evident for the microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), MAP2 and MAP5, low molecular weight (Mr) neurofilament (NF) protein (NF-L), poorly phosphorylated mid-Mr NF protein (NF-M/P−), vimentin, and α-and β-tubulins within the somatodendritic domain of neurons of the hippocampal plate. Weak immunoreactivity for moderately phosphorylated, high Mr NF protein (NF-H/P+), tau, and nestin was observed. Highly phosphorylated mid-Mr NF protein (NF-M/P+++) and α-internexin were first detected at 15 weeks and highly phosphorylated, high Mr NF protein (NF-H/P+++) at 20 weeks. At 15 weeks, MAP2, MAP5, and tubulins were expressed in an “inside-out” gradient and in a gradient between hippocampal subfields with subiculum > ammonic subfields > dentate gyrus. These gradients paralleled the maturational gradients seen in cytoarchitectural and neuronal morphologic studies. The adult pattern of neuronal cytoskeletal protein expression in the hippocampus was attained by the second postnatal year for all proteins. Our findings demonstrate an elaborate orchestration of cytoskeletal protein expression within the hippocampus that is qualitatively similar to what is seen in other brain regions and in nonhuman species but which also has some important differences in timing and pattern. The differences in the developmentally regulated expression of neuronal cytoskeletal proteins in separate regions of the central nervous system (CNS) suggest that there are region-specific differences in composition and function of the neuronal cytoskeleton. These observations have implications for understanding the role of the neuronal cytoskeleton in the developing, mature, and diseased CNS. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ration level and temperature preference of American plaice

This study examined the effect of ration level on the temperature preference of American plaice, Hippoglossoides platessoides. One group of fish was maintained on high rations while another group was tested following 6 weeks on reduced rations. Fish on reduced rations selected significantly lower temperatures than those on high rations, however the difference was not great (a mode of 1.2°C for fish on reduced rations versus a mode of 1.8°C for fish on high rations). Further depriving the fish by starving them for 4 weeks following 10 weeks on reduced rations did not result in any further reduction in selected temperature. Although fish in this study were on low rations or starved for an extended period of time this did not result in a large change in the temperature selected compared to high ration fish.
THE Mf SCALE AS AN INDEX OF DISTURBED MARITAL INTERACTION: A REPLICATION

Osborne (1971) found that couples in group psychotherapy in whom the husband scored 20 or more T score points higher than his wife on scale 5 (Mf) of the MMPI scored significantly higher only on scale D (p 10 and < 20 were excluded from the study in order to have more well-defined groups. Pre-therapy mean MMPI scores' for couples with high and low Mf indices differed only on the Si scale (introversion-extraversion) on which couples with a high Mf index were significantly higher (p L .05) than those with a low index. This significant difference quite likely could appear by chance since 12 comparisons were made. A similar chance factor also could have occurred in Osborne's study. Furthermore, since the Si scale in no way reflects distress, but measures social interaction tendencies, there does not appear to be any evidence to support Osborne's assumption that couples with a high Mf index were experiencing more distress on initiating psychotherapy for marital difficulties than couples obtaining a low Mf index.
Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors in the hippocampus increases cyclic AMP accumulation.

The selective metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (trans-ACPD) stimulates phosphoinositide hydrolysis and elicits several physiological responses in rat hippocampal slices. However, recent studies suggest that the physiological effects of trans-ACPD in the hippocampus are mediated by activation of a receptor that is distinct from the phosphoinositide hydrolysis-linked receptor. Previous experiments indicate that cyclic AMP mimics many of the physiological effects of trans-ACPD in hippocampal slices. Furthermore, recent cloning and biochemistry experiments indicate that multiple metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes exist, some of which are coupled to yet unidentified effector systems. Thus, we performed a series of experiments to test the hypothesis that ACPD increases cyclic AMP levels in hippocampal slices. We report that 1S,3R- and 1S,3S-ACPD (but not 1R,3S-ACPD) induce a concentration-dependent increase in cyclic AMP accumulation in hippocampal slices. This effect was blocked by the metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist L-2-amino-3-phosphonoproprionic acid but not by selective antagonists of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Furthermore, our results suggest that 1R,3S-ACPD-stimulated increases in cyclic AMP accumulation are not secondary to increases in cell firing or to activation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis.
Gene Expression, Protein Function and Pathways of Arabidopsis thaliana Responding to Silver Nanoparticles in Comparison to Silver Ions, Cold, Salt, Drought, and Heat

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely used in industry due to their unique physical and chemical properties. However, AgNPs have caused environmental concerns. To understand the risks of AgNPs, Arabidopsis microarray data for AgNP, Ag⁺, cold, salt, heat and drought stresses were analyzed. Up- and down-regulated genes of more than two-fold expression change were compared, while the encoded proteins of shared and unique genes between stresses were subjected to differential enrichment analyses. AgNPs affected the fewest genes (575) in the Arabidopsis genome, followed by Ag⁺ (1010), heat (1374), drought (1435), salt (4133) and cold (6536). More genes were up-regulated than down-regulated in AgNPs and Ag⁺ (438 and 780, respectively) while cold down-regulated the most genes (4022). Responses to AgNPs were more similar to those of Ag⁺ (464 shared genes), cold (202), and salt (163) than to drought (50) or heat (30); the genes in the first four stresses were enriched with 32 PFAM domains and 44 InterPro protein classes. Moreover, 111 genes were unique in AgNPs and they were enriched in three biological functions: response to fungal infection, anion transport, and cell wall/plasma membrane related. Despite shared similarity to Ag⁺, cold and salt stresses, AgNPs are a new stressor to Arabidopsis.
Dynamic Grid Power Routing Using Controllable Network Transformers (CNTs) With Decoupled Closed-Loop Controller

Increases in system loads and in levels of penetration of renewable energy, together with limited investment in transmission infrastructure, are fostering the need for a smarter and more dynamically controllable grid. Flexible ac transmission systems devices can be used to dynamically control the grid and more efficiently route power and thus mitigate these stresses, but such devices are either too complicated and expensive for implementation or incapable of independently controlling active and reactive powers. A controllable network transformer (CNT) has a fractionally rated direct ac/ac converter and was introduced as a simpler and more cost-effective solution to realize dynamic power control between two areas. The CNT utilizes the dual virtual quadrature source (DVQS) technique to change both the line voltage amplitude and phase angle, thus enabling a dynamic power control; however, the control variables defined in this technique have a cross-coupling effect between active and reactive powers. In this paper, the CNT operating ranges with and without considering line resistance are analyzed; then, a decoupled closed-loop controller is designed to achieve independent active and reactive power control based on a reference power control command. To address the possibility of power overshoot in a CNT with DVQS, a hybrid open-loop/closed-loop proportional–integral controller is also proposed. Simulations and experimental results are given to verify the controller design.
Assessing an Information Literacy Assignment and Workshop Using a Quasi-Experimental Design

To determine the impact of an assignment and workshop intended to increase students’ information literacy skills, we conducted a quasi-experiment using a pretest-posttest assessment with undergraduate students in four sections of an introduction to developmental psychology course. Two sections (N = 81) received the assignment and instructions only, acting as the control group; two sections (N = 76) received the librarian-led workshop in addition to the assignment and instructions. Results of an independent-samples t-test revealed a significant difference on posttest scores on students’ information literacy skills between those who participated in the workshop and those who did not. There was also a positive change in students’ subjective views of their ability to use the library and online library resources.
Does place of education matter? Contextualizing the education and health status association among Asian Americans.

The educational gradient in health is one of the most robust associations in social science research. Results of the current study indicate that, like the pattern observed among other racial and ethnic minority groups, the well-established educational gradient in health is attenuated among Asian Americans. We also show that the gradient association between educational attainment and self-rated health among Asian Americans depends on whether they receive the bulk of their education in the United States or abroad. Compared to the schooling received in the United States, being educated in a foreign country does not result in the same health payoffs for increasing educational attainment. Analysis of an extensive set of mediators indicates that a foreign education restricts economic opportunities, limits positive social interaction, and inhibits English language proficiency. We discuss the implications for Asian Americans, a group composed largely of immigrants who received their education outside the United S...