cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduced reproductive capacity of freshly harvested endothelial cells in smokers: a possible shortcoming in the success of seeding?

Abstract In an attempt to explain the failure of first clinical trials of autologous endothelial seeding in smokers, the initial reproductive capacity of saphenous vein endothelial cells from smokers and nonsmokers was studied by a replicate microwell technique. Endothelial cells were enzymatically harvested from saphenous vein segments of patients with coronary bypasses (21 smokers and 18 nonsmokers). After 15 minutes (group A) and 7 minutes (group B) of collagenase exposure, the endothelial cell harvest from donors who smoked was 41% ( p p p p
Evaluation of a Steel Girder Bridge Collapse during Deck Removal

AbstractThe evaluation of a welded, steel girder bridge that once crossed the Rio Puerco River near Albuquerque, New Mexico, is presented in this study. Following 44 years of service, the bridge was scheduled for total replacement due to the poor condition of the structure. On May 18, 2011, the bridge girders collapsed due to lateral torsional buckling during removal of the concrete deck, resulting in a few injuries but luckily no loss of life. The buckling resistance of the compression flange of the steel girders was evaluated. Dead load and live load effects were determined from three-dimensional analyses. The results presented herein show that the deck removal procedure was not structurally sound and the compression-flange flexural capacity was exceeded in the exterior girder due to inadequate bracing, which initiated the bridge collapse. Following buckling of the exterior girder, load redistribution to the remaining girders resulted in demand versus capacity ratios exceeding 1, and ultimately progress...
The effect of clomiphene citrate on human preovulatory oocyte maturation in vivo.

Sixty-four infertile women underwent diagnostic laparoscopy in the periovulatory period at time-bracketed intervals following their endogenous luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. Forty-eight of these women were studied during natural cycles and 16 had mild oligoovulation and were administered clomiphene citrate (CC) to regulate their cycles. No patient received human chorionic gonadotropin. No patient was undergoing either in vitro fertilization (IVF) or gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT). Follicle puncture was performed and the oocytes were observed immediately for stage of maturation. Oocytes obtained from follicles exposed to CC were found to require an increased interval of time to reach metaphase I compared to oocytes obtained from natural cycles (27.75±2.2 vs 22.5 hr; mean±SE). Furthermore, the interval of time required for metaphase I oocytes to achieve metaphase II was statistically significantly shortened for CC cycles (2.4 hr for CC vs 10 hr for natural cycles. Nevertheless, there was no difference between natural and CC cycles in the time interval between LH surge onset and ovulation. These in vivo findings suggest a direct effect of CC on human oocyte maturation and may help explain the wellestablished discrepancy between the relatively high ovulation rate and the relatively low conception rate in clomiphene-induced cycles.
A LISP-based object-oriented approach to structural analysis

An approach to structural analysis is presented in which object-oriented data structures make it possible to arrange computational tasks in a unique fashion. A general matrix-free solution algorithm for use with arbitrary assemblages of linearly connected objects is presented, followed by an overview of a prototype structural analysis program built entirely on such an object-oriented data structure. The principal result is due to the flexibility inherent in this type of data structure, which makes it possible to analyze structural models incrementally as they are developed. Although certainly useful in traditional contexts, the parallel nature of the scheme could be particularly powerful in a multiprocessor environment.
Pulmonary Complications of Obesity

Obesity can profoundly alter pulmonary function and diminish exercise capacity by its adverse effects on respiratory mechanics, resistance within the respiratory system, respiratory muscle function, lung volumes, work and energy cost of breathing, control of breathing, and gas exchange. Weight loss can reverse many of the alterations of pulmonary function produced by obesity. Obesity places the patient at risk of aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary thromboembolism, and respiratory failure. It is the most common precipitating factor for obstructive sleep apnea and is a requirement for the obesity hypoventilation syndrome, both of which are associated with substantial morbidity and increased mortality. There are numerous medical and surgical therapies for obstructive sleep apnea and obesity hypoventilation. Weight reduction in the obese is among the most effective of these measures.
Merocyanine dyes with improved photostability

Merocyanine dyes have proven valuable for live cell fluorescence imaging applications, but many structures have been limited by rapid photobleaching. We show that photostability is substantially enhanced for merocyanines having a cyano group at a specific position in the central polymethine chain. Evidence is presented that this is due to reduction in reactivity of the dyes with singlet oxygen. These results point toward cyano-substitution as a general strategy for improving dye performance in imaging applications.
Hereditary tumors of the carotid bodies and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Eleven tumors of the carotid body and I chemodectoma of the ganglion nodosum of the right vagus nerve were encountered in six members of two consecutive generations of a family. All affected members had bilateral tumors of the carotid bodies with a single exception; one member had in addition a similar neoplasm occurring in the ganglion nodosum of a vagus nerve. Four of these patients had associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exhibited persistently high arterial pCO2 and low pO2 levels. The hypothesis is advanced that chemodectomas of the carotid bodies and other chemoreceptive structures begin as hyperplasias initiated by variations of these physiological stimuli in individuals unable to maintain their normal values or control their oscillations, perhaps because of genetically mediated incompetence. Evidence from the literature supporting this interpretation is discussed. Cancer 33:1635–1641, 1974.
Spin-dependent deep inelastic positron scattering from 3He with HERMES

In the HERMES experiment at HERA a polarised 3He target was used as an effective neutron target during the successful commissioning year 1995. The use of novel beam and target technologies and a large acceptance spectrometer allowed a measurement of spin-dependent quantities that is complementary to other experiments. An overview of the detector and target is given, followed by the preliminary analysis for the inclusive data. The preliminary result for Γn1 is −0.032 ± 0.013 (stat) ± 0.017(syst) at Q2 = 3 GeV2.
A Neuropsychological Model Relating Self-Awareness to Hostility

Neuropsychological advances may help researchers better understand the relationship between psychological constructs. This paper proposes a neuropsychological model explaining the negative relationship between hostility and “self-awareness,” which has been suggested by previous research [H. A. Demaree and D. W Harrison (1995a) “Behavioral, Physiological, and Neuropsychological Correlates of Hostility,” manuscript submitted for publication; L. H. Epstein and P A. Cluss (1982) “A Behavioral Medicine Perspective on Adherence to Long-Term Medical Regimes,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 50, pp. 950-971; M. F. Scheier et al. (1974) “Self-Awareness and Physical Aggression,” Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology, Vol. 10, pp. 254–273]. The authors review the role of the right cerebrum in both hostility and “self-awareness”—including arousal, perceptual, expressive, and integrative processes. Using identifiable tracts in the brain, the model suggests how deficits in “self-awareness”—poor awareness of physiological arousal, natural and emotional environment, etc.—may enhance the probability of hostility expression. This model is supported by previous empirical research and provides direction for future neuropsychological investigation.
Effect of Hurricane Donna on the Aquatic Fauna of North Florida Bay

Abstract A hurricane caused heavy mortality among aquatic animals in north Florida Bay in September 1960. Fish and invertebrates were stranded by retreating salt water which had been driven inland, or were killed by mud suffocation or turbulence. Oxygen depletion due to decomposition of organic material caused subsequent mortality. Salinities returned to normal within 6 weeks, but dissolved oxygen concentrations remained abnormally low for a longer period. Fish and invertebrates were scarce for several months in the areas of greatest oxygen depletion. When environmental conditions again became suitable, the stricken areas were recolonized from surrounding regions. Sport-fish catches in the area declined immediately after the storm, but recovered within one to several months, depending on the locality. Catch statistics indicate that after the storm juvenile pink shrimp moved from their estuarine nursery grounds into deeper water about 60 miles offshore, where they were caught by the fishery. There is no ev...
Singular Hopf bifurcation to unstable periodic solutions in a NMR laser.

We apply recent developments in the study of singular Hopf bifurcations to describe the complete bifurcation diagram of a simple NMR laser with an injected signal. The branch of periodic solutions appears at a Hopf bifurcation point and may or may not disappear at a homoclinic point. The bifurcation is always subcritical, which suggests that the periodic solutions are all unstable. Our asymptotic analysis is based on the relative values of the fixed parameters in the problem. Our results complement earlier investigations by Holzner et al. [Phys. Rev. A 36, 1280 (1987)] and by Baugher, Hammack, and Lin [Phys. Rev. A 39, 1549 (1989)] on the subcritical Hopf bifurcation in a NMR laser.
A Combined Fluorochrome Method for Quantitation of Metabolically Active and Inactive Airborne Bacteria

To better understand the ecology of microorganisms in the environment and to quantify the concentrations of airborne microorganisms, methods are needed to count all microbial cells that are present and differentiate between those that are metabolically competent and those that are nonviable as they exist in situ. We developed and tested a direct epifluorescent method to estimate the quantity and activity of airborne bacteria aerosolized into full-scale rooms. Midget impingers, filled with the fluorescing redox dye 5-cyano-2, 3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC), were used to capture and stain metabolically active bacteria from room air. Both active and inactive bacteria were counterstained with a fluorescein derivative and counted with an epifluorescent microscope. The choice of fluorochrome stains allowed concurrent identification of active and inactive bacteria in the same microscopic field. Airborne bacterial numbers determined by epifluorescence microscopy were compared to standard, nonselective colon...
Ontological constraints and understanding quantum phenomena

The question of whether an «understanding» of quantum phenomena is possible, as raised by Cushing (1991), is considered in terms of a possible revision of basic ontological assumptions which would make rational the pursuit of such an understanding. It is argued that the quantum theory imposes new constraints on ontology which force us to revise classical presuppositions about attributing properties to physical systems, about locality and individuality, and about interaction and space-like separability. Through such ontological revision, it is argued, one may still rationally hope to satisfy the typically realist thirst for an understanding of quantum phenomena.
Analysis of multiple hologram optical elements with low dispersion and low aberrations.

When holograms are used as optical elements two of their properties are of interest: dispersion and aberrations. This paper uses a general hologram analysis computer program based on ray tracing to analyze these properties. Numerical examples are given for both single and multiple element systems where the goal is to reduce the lateral dispersion. A significant reduction in this dispersion is accomplished with the introduction of a plane grating adjacent to the hologram. The problem of reducing the longitudinal dispersion is more complex, and it is studied in the paper by minimizing the variation in focus distance as a function of the reconstruction wavelength for two- and three-element on-axis hologram systems. To optimize the reduction in dispersion and design a system with low aberrations, the hologram ray tracing programs were modified to be driven by an optimization program. These techniques realized a three-element on-axis f/3.84 system with aberrations and dispersions less than 0.32λc and 87 μ, respectively, when operated over a band from 4385 A to 7060 A.
Radiofrequency ablation for treatment of primary atrial tachycardias.

Abstract Objectives . The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation as definitive therapy for primary atrial tachycardias. Background . Primary atrial tachycardias are often difficult to control with antiarrhythmic medications and frequently require nonpharmacologic interventions for definitive therapy. Despite isolated reports of successful treatment of primary atrial tachycardias with radiofrequency ablation, the safety and efficacy of this technique have not been established in a larger series with long-term follow-up. Methods . The immediate procedural success rate, associated complications and follow-up data of radiofrequency ablation were evaluated in 15 consecutive patients (11 adults and 4 children) with primary atrial arrhythmias that were refractory to medical management. Results . The clinical arrhythmia was ectopic atrial tachycardia in 11 patients and sinus node reentry in 4. The site of origin of the tachycardia was in the right atrium in 14 patients and in the left atrium in 1 patient (with two distinct foci) where the local atrial electrogram preceded the onset of the P wave by 10 to 30 ms. Radiofrequency energy successfully terminated the primary atrial tachycardia in each of the patients, and all were discharged from the electrophysiology laboratory in sinus rhythm without inducible atrial tachycardia. A mean of 10.8 ± 9.9 radiofrequency applications were delivered using 30 W of power for 30 s. The local intracardiac activation time (relative to the P wave in the surface electrocardiogram) was a mean of −21 ± 5 ms at the successful ablation site and −15 ± 6 ms at unsuccessful sites (p Conclusions . Thus, radiofrequency catheter ablation appears to be a safe and effective technique for the treatment of primary atrial arrhythmias that are refractory to antiarrhythmic medications.
Enantioselectivity in capillary electrophoresis using the macrocyclic antibiotics

The macrocyclic antibiotics recently have been shown to exhibit powerful enantioselectivity towards numerous compounds. There are a number of ways that one can alter enantioselectivity in the macrocyclic antibiotic-based separation schemes. The macrocyclic antibiotics are enantioselective for positively-charged solutes using the ansamycins and enantioselective for anionic compounds using the glycopeptides. Within a given class of antibiotics such as the glycopeptides, enantioselectivity may also be altered by use of micelles, uncoated vs. coated capillaries, or manipulation of operating parameters such as pH or organic modifiers. In this work, we will examine the various ways to alter enantioselectivity in the macrocyclic-based separations.
Critical sociologies and ressentiment: The examples of C. Wright Mills and Howard Becker

It is widely acknowledged that American sociology underwent a metamorphosis during the 1960s. This transformation was both paradigmatic and political. Advocates of critical theory, broadly understood, driven by a markedly leftist political sensitivity, took center stage in that turbulent decade and marginalized proponents of formerly authoritative frameworks such as Functionalism, in general, or Parsonsian action theory while casting suspicion upon sociological work presuming to be objective and value-free, i.e., “scientific.” Among the formidable figures who engineered this paradigm shift were C. Wright Mills and Howard Becker, both of whom have been elevated to iconic status. They are presumed to have helped lead professional sociology out of the dark ages and to have invigorated the discipline with a constructive humanism that attended to real social problems and which called for a better world, one committed to a genuine egalitarianism. In the final analysis, however, there is reason to doubt whether the works of Mills and Becker—and the metamorphosis they helped bring about—were at all constructive and humanistic. Rather, the evidence seems to suggest that the motive force behind Mills’ and Becker’s research was ressentiment. Following Max Scheler’s classic work on the subject of negative feelings in modern society, I argue that Mills and Becker were ultimately driven by an egalitarianism that was neither affirming nor loving. Rather, this egalitarianism was essentially leveling, content to forever dismantle social realities and lower entities presumed elite without ever reconstituting the world. Thus, Mills and Becker (and by extension large coteries of contemporary sociologists) were against many things, but for very little; the objects of their criticism were clear enough, but their meliorative agendas were either absent altogether, or, when pressed, incoherent from self-contradiction. And, as Scheler contended, critical sociological work bereft of an affirming voice contributes to the negation of value.
The independence of cycle length variability and exercise testing on predicting mortality of patients surviving acute myocardial infarction

Cycle length variability (CLV), defined as the standard deviation of normal cycle length intervals, has been found to be a powerful predictor of subsequent mortality in a population of 808 survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Decreased CLV is associated with a significant increase in mortality. CLV remained an independent predictor of outcome even after adjusting for left ventricular ejection fraction, clinical risk factors, heart rate and ventricular arrhythmias. In the same population of survivors of acute myocardial infarction, the results of exercise testing also strongly predicted outcome, with those failing to take the test having the worst survival, and those completing the low-level stress test taken before discharge having the best prognosis. The hypothesis that the status of stress test (completed; did not complete; failed to take) and CLV were measuring the same factor related to mortality was tested. Although the distribution of CLV was shifted to higher CLV in patients who completed the test and to lower CLV in those who failed to take the test, both predictors of mortality remained independent predictors of long-term mortality (average of 31 months of follow-up) after controlling for each other. Moreover, subgroups with an approximate 15-fold difference in mortality were defined using both variables (CLV less than 50 ms, did not take test had a 54% mortality; CLV greater than 100 ms, completed the test had a mortality of 3.5%). CLV is a measure of autonomic tone; it is not strongly related to exercise ability and using the results of both stress testing and CLV results in the identification of subgroups of postinfarction patients with markedly disparate risks of mortality.
Use of Goubau line to couple microwave signals generated by resonant laser-assisted field emission

Abstract Simulations suggest that ultrawide band signals from DC to over 100 THz could be generated by photomixing in resonant laser-assisted field emission. However, measurements have been limited by the coupling to the apex of the emitting tip where these signals are generated. Goubau line, which is a broad-band surface-wave transmission line, could be formed by coating the emitting tip with a dielectric. We have modeled the use of Goubau line including (1) determining the coupling efficiency of the transition at the apex of the tip, (2) tapering the transmission line from the shank to the apex, and (3) horn transitions to low-impedance coaxial line at the vacuum feedthrough for the tip electrode. Our simulations suggest that a single device could provide efficient coupling over a bandwidth of two decades in frequency, and that this method is suitable for operating frequencies from 100 MHz to 10 THz.
NONLINEAR PERTURBATIONS OF LINEAR ACCRETIVE OPERATORS IN BANACH SPACES

It is shown that a strongly continuous semi-group of nonlinear nonexpansive operators can be constructed as lim n→∞ ((I+t/nB)−1 (I+t/nB)−1) n whereA is a linearm-accretive operator,B is a nonlinearm-accretive operator, andB satisfies a boundedness condition relative toA.
Rheology of the cornea: experimental techniques and results.

A study of the stress-strain-time properties of the cornea as evidenced by uniaxial tensile tests is presented. Stresses were applied using dead weight loads, and the resulting strains were recorded by means of photomicrography. For the physiological range of stress the mechanical properties are nearly linear, whereas non-linearity predominates over an extended range. Anisotropy considerations indicate that the mechanical properties are not a function of angular orientation, which supports theories of random orientation of the stromal fibers. The response of the cornea to an applied stress includes instantaneous and retarded (time dependent) elastic components.
Clinical Writing of a Therapy in Progress: Ethical Questions and Therapeutic Challenges

Clinical implications and ethical dilemmas of the use of confidential case material in clinical writing are examined, including a review of the discourse among professionals who publish clinical work. This literature is applied to a clinical illustration of psychotherapy with a client who gave consent for publication and read the clinical write-up of her case material. It is suggested that clinical writing may increase client “self-reflection” if there is a “secure base” of attachment between therapist/author and the client. The impact on the client’s treatment process is examined, in addition to a discussion of ethical questions and professional recommendations.
The virtual reference librarian: Using desktop videoconferencing for distance reference

Desktop videoconferencing, bringing together computing, multimedia and telecommunications, is one of many new technologies competing for our attention. Videoconferencing is being used in corporations as a substitute for business travel and in academic institutions as the basis for distance learning. The Center for Business Information and the Goizueta Business School at Emory University beta tested desktop videoconferencing as a means to deliver a distance reference service, including consultation, documentation, and training and sharing of CDROM databases. This paper provides a brief overview of the technology, describes the Emory beta tests, and discusses evaluative factors necessary for the success of desk videoconferencing in a library or information centre.
1H/13C chemical shift correlations in the complex proton pattern of trans-trimedlure isomers

Abstract Proton/carbon-13 chemical correlations were determined for four trans -trimedlure isomers whose eight cyclohexyl protons, detected as a complex pattern in the region of 1.50–2.60 ppm, had not been previously assigned or correlated. The effects of axial and equatorial chloro substitution in the 4 or 5 position upon the chemical shifts of the eight cyclohexyl protons and their respective carbons are discussed.
Orientation and color processing for partially occluded objects.

Abstract The McCollough orientation-contingent color aftereffect could be equally well elicited by either a full test pattern of black and white stripes or a similar test pattern that was largely occluded by white surfaces, provided the latter stripes were made to appear as through continuing under the white surfaces-by means of stereo depth cues. The color aftereffect appeared concentrated around the edges of the stripes that protruded out from under the white surfaces; surfaces that themselves continued to appear a uniform white as shown by color matches. These results suggest that occluded, perceptually-continued edges can elicit the McCollough effect, which is generally thought to occur quite early in the visual pathway.
Men and domestic violence.

Keywords: men; domestic violence; battering; spousal abuse; intimate partner violence
Does brand name imprinting in memory increase brand information retention

This article introduces and explores the concept of brand name imprinting. Brand name imprinting is the process of creating and strengthening the brand name node in the brand memory network through brand name exposure. Brand name imprinting at a time prior to the presentation of specific brand information is posited to improve the retention of that information by strengthening the association between the brand name and brand information. The effect is proposed to be automatic and independent of other known means to strengthen memory associations (e.g., level of attention, cognitive elaboration, stimuli vividness, and stimuli distinctiveness). This research also proposes that brand names with neutral meaning better facilitate the imprinting effect, because they do not carry perceptual baggage that can interfere with the creation of new brand name–information associations. An experiment involving brand name imprinting and the learning of brand information supports these assertions. Implications for communication strategy and brand name selection are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elimination of photoresist linewidth slimming by fluorination

ABSTRACT Typically resist performance has lagged behind exposure tools as new, shorter wavelengths are introduced in the never-ending industry quest to print smaller features. Over time, however, the performance improves until it matches or exceeds that of the resists used in the previous wavelength node; 193 nm resists have not been the exception 1 . Their resolution and stability has improved but one issue that remains is linewidth slimming. This phenomenon 2-3 consists in a reduction of resist features when the they are exposed to an electron beam in an scan ning electron microscope during linewidth metrology. Although this phenomenon has been well described and reasonably well understood 2-3 , no solution exists to eliminate this problem. In this paper we show linewidth slimming can be significantly reduced by fluorinating the resist after the relief image has been developed, keeping the lithographic dimensions unchanged. Keywords: Optical lithography, 193nm resists, linewidth slimming, fluorination.
Note: The relationship between numerical and physical models of atmospheric flow

Abstract : There are two fundamental methods of simulating atmospheric flows-- physical models and mathematical models. With the first technique, scale model replicas of observed ground surface characteristics (e.g., topographic relief, buildings) are constructed and inserted into a chamber such as a wind tunnel or a water tank. The flow of air or other gases or liquids in this chamber is adjusted so as to best represent the larger scale, observed atmospheric conditions. Mathematical modeling, by contrast, utilizes such basic analysis techniques as algebra and calculus to solve directly the conservation laws of motion, heat, moisture, and other atmospheric constituents.
Testicular leukemic relapse: Rate of regression and persistent disease after radiation therapy

7. Klatskin G: A father and son with cholestasis and peripheral pulmonic stenosis: a distinct form of intrahepatic cholestasis, J PEDIATR 92:406, 1978. Landing BH: Considerations of the pathogenesis of neonatal hepatitis, biliary atresia, and choledochal cyst the concept of infantile obstructive cholangiopathy, Prog Ped Surg 6:113, 1974. 8. Javitt NB: Cholestasis in infancy: Status report and conceptual approach, Gastroenterology 70:1172, i976. 9. Chandra RS: Biiiary atresia and other structural anomalies in the congenital polysplenia syndrome, J PEDIATR 85:649, 1974.
Achievements and challenges for I/O in computational science

The data access needs of computational science applications continue to grow, both in terms of the rates of I/O necessary to match compute capabilities, and in terms of the features required of I/O systems. Particularly, wide-area access to data, and moving data between systems, has become a priority. Key achievements in I/O for computational science have enabled many applications to effectively use I/O resources. However, growing application requirements challenge I/O system developers to create solutions that will make I/O systems easier to use, improve performance, and increase the manageability. In this work we outline the recent achievements and current status of I/O systems for computational science. We then enumerate key challenges for I/O systems in the near future and discuss ongoing efforts that address these challenges.
Modelling of the Vertebrate Visual system 3. Topological Analysis of the cone mosaic.

Abstract Spatial organization of the cone mosaic of the generalized vertebrate retina consists of rows of red and green cones alternating with rows of blue and blank cones. Cone inputs to retinal elements are defined spatially by red and green unit hexagons. Topological analysis entails determining for each cone in the mosaic the number of each cone type present in the unit hexagon which the activated cone can influence via electrical coupling between cones and/or stray light. Only weighted inputs in one-half of a sextant of the unit hexagon need be designated, since all other weighted inputs can be determined by rules giving systematic transformations of all cone types from one sextant to another: these rules arise from symmetries of the cone mosaic. Four retinal types are possible depending on replacement of blank cones by specific cone types; three cone-dominant retinas, where all blank cones are replaced by a specific cone type, and two forms of a trichromatic retina, where blank cones are replaced by equal numbers of red and green cones. The weighted input is the sum of individual cone type contributions and depends on the number of each cone type in the unit hexagon which can influence the cone in question. Weighted inputs for cone-dominant retinas are readily found by replacing blank cones with the proper cone type, while weighted inputs for trichromatic retinas require use of a specified cone mosaic to determine extra red and green cones. Receptive field size of post-cone elements as well as overlap of the center and surround fields of annular organized receptive fields of retinal elements increased with increasing values for attenuation factors.
The case of the United States: Energy as a political good

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of energy as a “political” good in the U. S. market economy. Political status is said to be acquired if a good is systematically and persistently allocated by criteria other than efficiency. The mechanics of allocating energy are examined in terms of interaction between market and command institutions. Then the energy-policy process is analyzed to determine why and how energy became a political good. An observed reversal of equity roles in the 1970s is traced to an economic source—the sharp change in world oil prices—rather than to changes in political power.
A Review of Tissue Characterization from Ultrasonic Scattering

Ultrasonic scattering is related to tissue architecture by a model which expresses the scattered wave pressure as the product of a frequency-dependent factor and the three-dimensional Fourier transform of a spatially windowed scattering function. The scattering function is the sum of the variations in compressibility and the variations in density, the latter being weighted by the cosine of the scattering angle. An analogous Fourier transform relation describes the average scattered intensity in terms of the correlation of the scattering function between points in a scattering volume. These Fourier transforms permit different scattering measurements to be related via trajectories in wavespace. Backscatter measurements made on blood, eye, liver, spleen, brain, and heart show the feasibility of differentiating tissues and determining spacing. Ultrasonic measurements of random medium model properties have demonstrated that average differential scattering cross sections per unit volume can be found accurately and precisely, and that scattering cross sections per unit volume can be used to make quantitative statements about changes in scattering properties. Measurements of calf liver ultrasonic differential and total scattering cross sections show that calf liver is a weak scatterer with nearly one-half of the total scattered power occurring between scattering angles of 25-45°. Measurements of scattering by fixed pig and human liver show qualitative agreement with predictions of scattering from architecture observed optically. Results presently accumulated indicate the promise of scattering measurements for tissue characterization, but extensive additional in vitro and in vivo development is required before their clinical utility for diagnosis is known.
Endovascular Therapy for Limb Salvage

In recent years percutaneous therapy has gradually been adopted as an alternative to primary amputation in persons deemed unsuitable as surgical candidates, and has established itself as a primary mode of treatment. There has been an explosion in endovascular technology and a revolution in revascularization patterns for limb salvage. Open surgery is now frequently reserved for failure of endovascular attempts or pathology unsuitable for endovascular revascularization. This article aims to educate the practicing general surgeon about the usefulness and appropriate application of different therapeutic endovascular options as applied to limb salvage.
Neonatal cyanosis and arterial oxygen saturation.

This study was carried out to determine the relationship of clinical assessment of skin and mucous membrane color of neonates to arterial oxygen saturation. Simultaneous clinical assessment and determination of arterial oxygen saturation was carried out 182 times on 93 infants less than 2 weeks of age. A single clinical assessment was found to be a crude guide to arterial oxygen saturation. Of the sites studied, the trunk and ears were least sensitive with many false negatives (no cyanosis with saturation below 80 per cent), the hands, naibeds, and circumoral area most sensitive with many false positives (cyanosis with saturations above 90 per cent), and the lips were over-all the most reliable. An understanding of the limitations and usefulness of clinical assessment is helpful in the regulation of oxygen therapy.
Depression and suicide in college students and adolescents

In a study of college students, 3.7% were found to be seriously depressed on a standardized self-report inventory and 22.6% to have some current suicidal preoccupation. In contrast, 18.4% of a sample of high school students were found to be seriously depressed and 34.4% to have some current suicidal preoccupation.
A New Multiscale Discontinuous Galerkin Method for the One-Dimensional Stationary Schrödinger Equation

In this paper, we develop and analyze a new multiscale discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for one-dimensional stationary Schrodinger equations with open boundary conditions which have highly oscillating solutions. Our method uses a smaller finite element space than the WKB local DG method proposed in Wang and Shu (J Comput Phys 218:295---323, 2006) while achieving the same order of accuracy with no resonance errors. We prove that the DG approximation converges optimally with respect to the mesh size $$h$$h in $$L^2$$L2 norm without the typical constraint that $$h$$h has to be smaller than the wave length. Numerical experiments were carried out to verify the second order optimal convergence rate of the method and to demonstrate its ability to capture oscillating solutions on coarse meshes in the applications to Schrodinger equations.
Embedded electrostatic sensors for Mars exploration missions

Instrumentation on NASA's Mars landers have shown that winds airlift dust-size grains of iron-rich clays which are the weathering products of the abundant iron- and magnesium-rich volcanic rocks commonly found on the Martian surface. Experiments conducted at Arizona State University and at NASA Ames Research Center, as well as similar experiments in our laboratory, suggest that when these dust particles are transported by the wind, they collide and develop electrostatic charges. It has been suggested that sand-size particles on the surface could be aggregates of dust particles bound to each other by electrostatic forces. This paper describes the design of electrostatic sensors embedded in different materials commonly used in planetary spacecraft and their possible use in future exploration missions to the planet.
International Assignments for Career Building: A Model of Agency Relationships and Psychological Contracts

We present a theoretical model of international assignments in which we examine the alignment or nonalignment of the organization's and the individual's expectations of an assignment and its effect on assignment success. We consider four basic configurations in our model—mutual loyalty, mutual transaction, agent opportunism, and principal opportunism—and present a matrix of organization-individual alignment to help predict varying degrees of success in expatriate assignment and in repatriation. Finally, we apply this matrix as a framework for understanding changes in the employment contract over time.
Circadian Phase in Sleep-Disturbed Adolescents With a History of Substance Abuse: A Pilot Study

The relationship between actigraphy- or diary-based sleep parameters and salivary melatonin-based dim light melatonin onsets (DLMOs) was examined in 21 adolescents with a history of substance abuse and current complaints of sleep difficulties. The adolescents displayed relationships between diary-based sleep times and DLMO that were of comparable strength with those reported for adult insomniacs and healthy adolescents during the school year, but weaker than those observed in healthy adults and healthy adolescents on summer vacation. When the sample was divided into adolescents with late and early DLMOs, the 2 groups had significantly different phase angles between DLMO and sleep variables but no other significant differences in sleep parameters. However, circadian phase and its relationship to sleep may have sleep and behavioral consequences.
Staphylococcus aureus infections in the newborn infant

Summary An epidemic of infections with protean manifestations caused by a virulent, highly pigmented, coagulase-positive Staph. aureus is presented. The organism was highly resistant to all therapeutic agents tested except aureomycin and streptomycin. The value of sensitivity tests is stressed. Aureomycin was invaluable in controlling this epidemic.
Aquaculture in Egypt and issues for sustainable development

Abstract Although aquaculture in Egypt has the potential for satisfying the increased demand for protein and has been experiencing unprecedented growth during the last decade, questions remain regarding the sustainable development of the industry. It is thus the objective of this article to review the current status and practices of the aquaculture industry in Egypt, highlighting the major issues confronting the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry. Several issues are identified as limitations to future sustainable development, namely, production technology, fry supply, a feed industry sufficient to meet the demands of a growing aquaculture industry, and marketing and distribution systems necessary to accommodate the strong seasonal supply pattern. The article then concludes with a discussion of recommendations for alleviating these limitations.
Maxwellian distribution in non-classical regime

Abstract A molecular dynamics investigation shows that the assumption of molecular chaos remains valid in the non-classical regime. Consequently, the velocity distribution function of an extremely dense system of spinless particles relaxes into Maxwellian, even in the presence of arbitrary interactions between the particles of the system. Systems with densities exceeding 30 times solid densities are investigated using a soft Lennard-Jones interparticle potential energy function.
A numerical investigation of gas flow effects on high-pressure gas atomization due to melt tip geometry variation

A parametric numerical study is presented on how melt feed tube geometry influences the gas flow field of a high-pressure gas atomizer (HPGA). The axisymmetric, turbulent, compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved for the gas-only flow in the vicinity of the melt tip for a confined-feed, annular-slit atomizer. The numerical results indicate that a fully retracted melt tip can develop a high overambient base pressure over a wide range of operating pressures, while an extended melt tip can develop a subambient pressure, called an aspirating effect, which encourages melt to flow. Adding a taper angle to an extended melt tip decreases the aspirating effect. However, a melt tip can develop a radial pressure gradient along its base that forces the melt to move radially outward into a high-shear region of the flow, thus encouraging droplet formation. A fully retracted melt tip develops the highest such radial force, but this tends to decrease in magnitude with tip extension. Hence, a compromise must be established whereby the good aspiration character of a longer tip is balanced against the good pressure-driving force along the base of a shorter tip. The results provide details of the flow field and the effects due to variation of melt tip taper and extension.
Intracranial and extracranial blood flow during acute anxiety

While large numbers of studies are available on anxiety and cerebral blood flow (CBF), little is known about their relationship to extracranial (forehead) flow. The participants were 24 generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) patients and 26 normal volunteers. A randomized, between groups, repeated measures design was used to evaluate changes in cerebral blood flow. Measurements of CBF, forehead skin perfusion and ratings of anxiety and physiologic indices were made under resting conditions and during anxiety induction with epinephrine or saline infusions, given under double-blind conditions while subjects inhaled room air or 5% CO2. These subjects were divided into three groups; those with decreased anxiety, those with mild anxiety, and those with more severe anxiety increase. Subjects with severe anxiety showed least hypercarbic CBF increase (indicating cerebral vasoconstriction) and maximal increase in forehead skin perfusion. Those with minimal anxiety had most hypercarbic cerebral vasodilation and least increase in forehead skin perfusion. Forehead skin perfusion correlated positively with anxiety levels, and negatively with hypercarbic cerebral vasodilation. In animals, sympathetic activation limits hypercapnic cerebral vasodilation. Thus, the restricted hypercapnic cerebral vasodilation during severe anxiety may be mediated through cervical sympathetic fibers which innervate cerebral vessels.
Early actions of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on isolated epithelial cells from rat intestine: II. Analyses of additivity, contribution of calcium, and modulatory influence of indomethacin.

Epithelial cells isolated from rat intestine were analyzed for responsiveness to treatment in vitro with parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25- (OH)2D3], alone and in combination, by the criteria of augmented extracellular release of lysosmal enzyme activities and enhanced uptake of 45Ca. A 20-min exposure of cells to 1 pM PTH, 65 pM 1,25-(OH)2D3, or both hormones together, enhanced 45Ca uptake relative to controls. The combined influence of both hormones appeared to be additive by this criterion, suggesting that the two act through different receptors. In contrast, hormone-augmented liberation of three lysosomal hydrolases and alkaline phosphatase reached a maximal level relative to controls in response to either PTH or 1,25-(OH)2D3 that was not exceeded in cells treated with the combined hormones. The latter results may indicate a common target cell-type for both hormones. In additional experiments, intestinal cell preparations were treated with the ionophore A23187 to analyz...
THE DISCOVERY OF HALICYSTIS OVALIS (LYNGBYE ARESCHOUG IN NEW ENGLAND1,2

SUMMARY Halicystis ovalis is recorded for the first time on the northeast coast of North America, from 12–24 m on the exposed open coast of New Hampshire.
Probabilistic multidimensional scaling: Complete and incomplete data

Simple procedures are described for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates of the location and uncertainty parameters of the Hefner model. This model is a probabilistic, multidimensional scaling model, which assigns a multivariate normal distribution to each stimulus point. It is shown that for such a model, standard nonmetric and metric algorithms are not appropriate. A procedure is also described for constructing incomplete data sets, by taking into consideration the degree of familiarity the subject has for each stimulus. Maximum likelihood estimates are developed both for complete and incomplete data sets.
Eleven Additional Light Scattering Functions for Spherical Particles of Refractive Index of 2

Light scattering functions, An and Pn, have been calculated for eleven values of α=2πr/λ from α=3.3 to α=12.5 for spherical particles of refractive index, m=2. Intensity functions have been calculated for angle of observation, γ=130°, for 23 values of α from α=1.3 to α=12.5.
The painful hip: evaluation of criteria for clinical decision-making

Children with a painful hip present a diagnostic challenge since clinical differentiation between septic arthritis, transient synovitis and Perthes disease may be difficult. Septic arthritis, a potentially life-threatening and debilitating medical emergency, requires early recognition for successful treatment, while transient synovitis and Perthes disease may be managed conservatively. An “ideal” single test for discrimination between these conditions is currently not available. We assessed the value of clinical examination and simple laboratory tests together with radiography and hip ultrasound in differentiating septic arthritis from transient synovitis and Perthes disease by analyzing the records of 89 children treated at our institution for hip pain. Ultrasound, radiographs, laboratory, clinical, and follow-up data were available for all the children. Diagnoses were made according to established criteria. Transient synovitis was present in 64 patients, septic arthritis in 8 (of whom 2 had additional osteomyelitis), and Perthes disease in 4. All children with septic arthritis had hip effusion shown by ultrasound and at least two of the following criteria: fever, elevation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and of C-reactive protein (CRP). None of the children without effusion on ultrasound or who lacked two or all criteria had septic arthritis. Radiographs had no significant impact on the decision-making in primary evaluation of acute hip pain.