cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Antigen Presenting Cell Gene Array Profiling of the Effect of Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Protein on Dendritic Cells

HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is characterized by a highly stimulated immune response including the oligoclonal expansion of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for viral oncoprotein Tax. Studies have demonstrated that Tax may be available for immune recognition by dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, a pathway-specific human dendritic and antigen presenting cell gene array has been used to study the global transcriptional changes mediated by extracellular Tax on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). Of the 192 genes examined, approximately 100 genes were differentially expressed after extracellular exposure to Tax. These genes were functionally categorized as the genes involved in antigen uptake and presentation (MHC class II molecule: HLA-DMB, DC-SIGN), intracellular adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and -2), T cell costimulatory molecule (ICOS), cell surface receptor (CD47, toll-like receptors: TLR-1, -3, -6, -9), and several cytokines, chemokines; and their receptors (IFN-g, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, IL-17, CCL5, CCL20, TNFSF4). Additionally, the expression of cellular signal transduction genes: ATF4, NFKB1, RELA, RELB (members of the NFkB family), G1P2 and G1P3 (interferon inducible) was also significantly altered. The expression of DC activation markers was confirmed by real-time PCR and was in direct correlation with the microarray observations. from 2005 International Meeting of The Institute of Human Virology Baltimore, USA, 29 August – 2 September 2005
Mixed Acid-Base Disorders

Virtually all recent discussions of the diagnosis and management of mixed acid-base disturbances have focused exclusively on the acid-base disorders per se and have relegated the patient and the clinical setting to a subordinate position. In the 1980s several excellent reviews utilizing primarily a laboratory approach have appeared (1–3). In this laboratory-dominated approach, the acid-base data first are examined to determine whether they are consistent with any of the simple acid-base disorders; if the acid-base data do not fit, and assuming that they reflect a steady state, one can confidently conclude that a mixed acid-base disturbance is present (4). For instance, in a patient with a plasma bicarbonate concentration of 8mEq/l, the finding of a PaCO2 level substantially greater than the value anticipated for simple metabolic acidosis establishes the presence of a concomitant element of respiratory acidosis and thus the presence of a mixed acid-base disorder.
The Contingent Fourth Amendment

In the past forty years, the U.S. Supreme Court has increasingly advanced the notion that the Fourth Amendment encompasses the common-law restrictions on searches and seizures that existed in 1791 when the Amendment was adopted. Yet, in case after case, the Court has encountered indeterminacy in the common law circa 1791. At times, the Court confronts this indeterminacy by concluding that, in the absence of a clear common-law rule, the Fourth Amendment does not govern the issue. At other times, in the face of indeterminacy, the Court falls back upon general Fourth Amendment principles. And on occasion the Court pretends that the indeterminacy does not exist. The reason for the absence of clear common-law search-and-seizure rules in 1791 is that the common law differed in important respects among the thirteen new American States. More importantly, the Anti-Federalists, those who demanded that the Bill of Rights be added to the Constitution as the price of ratification, recognized that the common law was different in every State. This differentiated common law included the common-law rights of Englishmen secured by state bills of rights. The Anti-Federalists saw the common-law, not as a fixed set of rules they were freezing in time, but as fluid, contingent, and evolving around them. Thus, if the Court is going to continue to interpret the Fourth Amendment as incorporating common-law search-and-seizure rules, it must come to terms with the fact that the common law of 1791 was viewed by a significant part of the population as contingent rather than fixed. And given that we owe the Bill of Rights to the Anti-Federalists, it makes some sense to interpret its commands in light of their view of the common law. This Article introduces a view of the Fourth Amendment – the contingent Fourth Amendment – that courts and commentators have overlooked. It asserts that we ought to conceive of our rights against unreasonable searches and seizures by federal officials as being largely contingent on state law. The only common-law rules that the Fourth Amendment freezes into the Constitution are those explicitly set forth in the Warrant Clause: rules against warrants that are general, issued on less than probable cause, or unsupported by oath or affirmation. The residuum of constitutional search-and-seizure rules are to be dictated by state law, even when it is a federal officer doing the searching or seizing. On this approach, as a matter of federal constitutional law, a federal officer is generally constrained by the search-and-seizure law of the State where a federal search or seizure occurs.
AC IO loopback design for high speed /spl mu/processor IO test

This work presents the next generation AC IO loopback design for two Intel processor architectures. Both designs detect I/O defects with 20 ps resolution and 50 ps jitter for up to 800 MHz bus speed. Even though the implementations differ in some aspects to accommodate two different bus architectures, the same prudent considerations for high speed operation, minimum test inaccuracy, and low implementation costs apply to both.
Effect of St. John's Wort extract on intestinal expression of cytochrome P4501A2: studies in LS180 cells.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: St. John's Wort (SJW) is known to induce expression and activity of cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4). However, its effects on other cytochrome P450 (CYP) are not well understood. Our objective was to characterise the effect of SJW on the expression of CYP1A2 in the LS180 intestinal cell model. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: LS180 cells were cultured in the presence and absence of SJW extract for 48 hours. CYP1A2 protein content was measured by Western blot analysis using monoclonal antibody. Time-dependent expression of CYP1A2 was assessed during exposure to SJW extract for 24 hours and following its removal for another 24 hours. RESULTS: SJW increased the expression of CYP1A2 in the LS180 cells in a concentration dependent manner. The induction was time-dependent, as enzyme levels returned to baseline within 4-8 hours after removal of SJW. CONCLUSIONS: SJW reversibly induces expression of CYP1A2 in LS180 cells. This induction may be responsible for reduced plasma theophylline concentrations upon co-administration of SJW, as reported earlier.
An improved lattice Boltzmann model for multicomponent reactive transport in porous media at the pore scale

[1] In this paper, we improve the lattice Boltzmann pore-scale model for multicomponent reactive transport in porous media developed in a previous study. Instead of applying a thermal boundary condition to solute transport, we rigorously derive the distribution function boundary condition for the total solute concentration. This is achieved first by correcting an expression of the particle distribution function in terms of the corresponding concentration and its gradient and then by deriving and using the relation that the nonequilibrium portion of the distribution function in opposite directions takes on opposite signs. We implement the new boundary condition in both the two-dimensional nine-speed (D2Q9) and four-speed (D2Q4) lattices. Simulations of reactive transport in various chemical and geometrical systems using different models are carried out, and results are compared to analytic expressions or two-dimensional FLOTRAN simulations. It is found that with this new boundary condition, the solute mass is strictly conserved by heterogeneous reactions, as was not the case using the thermal boundary condition. It is also found that compared with the D2Q9 model, the D2Q4 model has comparable accuracy and better computational efficiency.
Evolutionary analysis of the influenza A virus M gene with comparison of the M1 and M2 proteins.

Phylogenetic analysis of 42 membrane protein (M) genes of influenza A viruses from a variety of hosts and geographic locations showed that these genes have evolved into at least four major host-related lineages: (i) A/Equine/prague/56, which has the most divergent M gene; (ii) a lineage containing only H13 gull viruses; (iii) a lineage containing both human and classical swine viruses; and (iv) an avian lineage subdivided into North American avian viruses (including recent equine viruses) and Old World avian viruses (including avianlike swine strains). The M gene evolutionary tree differs from those published for other influenza virus genes (e.g., PB1, PB2, PA, and NP) but shows the most similarity to the NP gene phylogeny. Separate analyses of the M1 and M2 genes and their products revealed very different patterns of evolution. Compared with other influenza virus genes (e.g., PB2 and NP), the M1 and M2 genes are evolving relatively slowly, especially the M1 gene. The M1 and M2 gene products, which are encoded in different but partially overlapping reading frames, revealed that the M1 protein is evolving very slowly in all lineages, whereas the M2 protein shows significant evolution in human and swine lineages but virtually none in avian lineages. The evolutionary rates of the M1 proteins were much lower than those of M2 proteins and other internal proteins of influenza viruses (e.g., PB2 and NP), while M2 proteins showed less rapid evolution compared with other surface proteins (e.g., H3HA). Our results also indicate that for influenza A viruses, the evolution of one protein of a bicistronic gene can affect the evolution of the other protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Recent Advances in Management Approach for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Outcomes from cardiac arrest are overwhelmingly poor regardless of location or type of arrest. However, we know that all cardiac arrest is not the same: Cardiac arrest with an initial shockable rhythm has better survival than that with an initial non-shockable rhythm; in-hospital cardiac arrest has better survival than out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; traumatic cardiac arrest has poorest survival overall. While the overall survival statistics are concerning, it should be noted that incremental improvements have been realized through the application of research-driven interventions. For the clinician, this means the availability of research-based algorithms and treatment guidelines that can easily be applied at the bedside. These interventions can be simple or complex and include such recommendations as early high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), early activation of the emergency medical services (EMS) system, therapeutic hypothermia, early cardiac catheterization, seizure control, and coordinated regional efforts to improve care. In fact, the coordinated development and implementation of resuscitation guidelines have been associated with marked improvements in survival to hospital discharge following cardiac arrest [1].
Cerebellar toxicity of phencyclidine

Phencyclidine (PCP), dizocilpine maleate (MK801), and other NMDA antagonists are toxic to neurons in the posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortex. To determine if additional neurons are damaged, the distribution of microglial activation and 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) induction was studied following the administration of PCP and MK801 to rats. PCP (10-50 mg/kg) induced microglial activation and neuronal HSP70 mRNA and protein expression in the posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortex. In addition, coronal sections of the cerebellar vermis of PCP (50 mg/kg) treated rats contained vertical stripes of activated microglial in the molecular layer. In the sagittal plane, the microglial activation occurred in irregularly shaped patches, suggesting damage to Purkinje cells. In accord with this finding, PCP induced HSP70 protein and mRNA expression in Purkinje cells. Although there were relatively few foci of microglial activation and cells with HSP70 protein induction, HSP70 mRNA was detected in many Purkinje cells located throughout the cerebellar hemispheres as well as the vermis. MK801, at doses of 5-10 mg/kg, induced microglial activation and neuronal HSP70 mRNA and protein expression in the cingulate and retrosplenial cortex but not in the cerebellum. At the dose of 1 mg/kg MK801 induced HSP70 but did not consistently activate microglia. These data suggest that microglia are activated by MK801 doses that kill or severely damage neurons, whereas HSP70 is induced in "stressed" neurons at MK801 doses well below those that produce severe neurotoxicity. These observations suggest that PCP, but not MK801, is toxic to Purkinje cells and raise the question of whether NMDA antagonists or sigma ligands other than PCP are toxic to the cerebellum. Moreover, this study illustrates the usefulness of microglial activation and HSP70 induction as markers of neurotoxicity.
Synthesis of the saccharomicin fucose-aglycon conjugate and determination of absolute configuration.

Schmidt glycosylation of the appropriately protected 3,4-dihydroxycinnamate methyl ester with 2,3,4-triacetoxyfucopyranosyltrichloroacetimidate gives aryl glycoside in high yield and diastereoselectivity. 2-Sulfation of fucose, installation of taurine, and global deprotection of the remaining protecting groups affords the fucose−aglycon conjugate of saccharomicin. This synthesis which arises from l-fucose also establishes the absolute configuration of the reducing terminus of the saccharomicin oligosaccharide.
Effects of the novel D1 dopamine receptor agonist ABT-431 on cocaine self-administration and reinstatement.

: Selective D1 dopamine agonists represent a potential pharmacotherapy for the treatment of cocaine addiction. Here we report that systemic injections of the novel D1 agonist ABT-431 lack the ability to induce cocaine-seeking behavior, and completely attenuate the ability of cocaine to induce this behavior in rats tested in a reinstatement paradigm. Similar doses suppress the initiation of cocaine self-administration, and produce an extinction-like response pattern in animals that subsequently initiate self-administration, without altering responding maintained by food pellets. There was no tolerance to this effect over 4 days of testing. The results suggest that ABT-431 attenuates the motivation to seek cocaine, and masks the reinforcing effects of cocaine during self-administration. The profile of ABT-431 is similar to the behavioral effects of other structurally distinct D1 agonists, and is consistent with the desired profile of a “methadone-like” compound for cocaine addiction.
High-Resolution Simulations of Coal Injection in A Gasifier

This study demonstrates an approach to effectively combine high- and low-resolution simulations for design studies of industrial coal gasifier. The flow-field data from a 10 million cell full-scale simulation of a commercial-scale gasifier were used to construct a reduced configuration to economically study the coal injection in detail. High-resolution numerical simulations of the coal injection were performed using the open-source code MFIX running on a high performance computing system. Effects of grid resolution and numerical discretization scheme on the predicted behavior of coal injection and gasification kinetics were analyzed. Pronounced differences were predicted in the devolatilization and steam gasification rates because of different discretization schemes, implying that a high-order numerical scheme is required to predict well the unsteady gasification process on an adequately resolved grid. Computational costs for simulations of varying resolutions are presented to illustrate the trade-off between the accuracy of solution and the time-to-solution, an important consideration when engineering simulations are used for the design of commercial-scale units.
Effects of vacuum and vacuum-ultraviolet radiation on sulfuric acid anodized aluminum oxide coatings

Porous aluminum oxide coatings processed by sulfuric acid anodizing (SAA) of aluminum have been of interest in recent years for use as thermal control surfaces in space applications and see use in other applications as protective layers against Al corrosion. For space applications, porous Al oxide coatings must be able to withstand the effects of atomic oxygen, the interaction with contaminants, electron bombardment, and vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) irradiation. This study focuses on the effects of vacuum and VUV exposure on SAA aluminum. Porous anodic coatings exposed to VUV exhibit optical property degradation, i.e. an increase in solar absorptance ({alpha}) without commensurate increase in infrared emittance ({epsilon}). In this study, samples were vacuum/VUV-exposed and optically measured; their composition, structure and morphology were investigated using electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical microscopy. The optical property degradation, associated with water loss and cracking, was observed on the sealed coatings exposed to either vacuum or VUV radiation.
Parametrized Models of Aqueous Free Energies of Solvation Based on Pairwise Descreening of Solute Atomic Charges from a Dielectric Medium

The pairwise descreening approximation provides a rapid computational algorithm for the evaluation of solute shape effects on electrostatic contributions to solvation energies. In this article we show that solvation models based on this algorithm are useful for predicting free energies of solvation across a wide range of solute functionalities, and we present six new general parametrizations of aqueous free energies of solvation based on this approach. The first new model is based on SM2-type atomic surface tensions, the AM1 model for the solute, and Mulliken charges. The next two new models are based on SM5-type surface tensions, either the AM1 or the PM3 model for the solute, and Mulliken charges. The final three models are based on SM5-type atomic surface tensions and are parametrized using the AM1 or the PM3 model for the solute and CM1 charges. The parametrizations are based on experimental data for a set of 219 neutral solute molecules containing a wide range of organic functional groups and the ato...
Ontogeny of cardiovascular control in zebrafish (Danio rerio): Effects of developmental environment

Abstract The goal of this symposium paper was to identify and quantify developmental plasticity in the onset of cardiovascular responses in the zebrafish. Developmental plasticity was induced by altering the developmental environment in one of three ways: (1) by developing zebrafish in a constant current of 5 body lengths per second, (2) by developing zebrafish at a colder temperature (20 °C), and (3) by developing zebrafish in severe hypoxia (DO = 0.8 mg/L). Early morphological development was significantly affected by each of the treatment environments with hypoxia slowing development the most and producing the highest variation in measurements. Development in constant water current did not significantly affect the timing onset of cardiovascular responses to the pharmacological agents applied. Development at 20 °C significantly delayed the onset of all cardiovascular responses measured by 2–3 days. Development in hypoxia, however, not only delayed onset of all cardiovascular responses, but also shifted the onset relative to the developmental program. Hypoxia clearly has a profound affect on the onset of cardiovascular regulation and it will take many more studies to elucidate the mechanisms by which hypoxia is having its effect. Furthermore, long term studies are also needed to assess whether the plasticity measured in this study is adaptive in the evolutionary sense.
Thinking outside the continent

Encouraging the opportunities for digital innovation and invention to flourish in a variety of social environments.
Ethanol, saccharin, and quinine: early ontogeny of taste responsiveness and intake.

Background: Rat pups demonstrate high levels of immediate acceptance of ethanol during the first 2 weeks of postnatal life. Given that the taste of ethanol is most likely perceived by infant rats as a combination of sweet and bitter, high intake of ethanol early in ontogeny may be associated with age-related enhanced responsiveness to the sweet component of ethanol taste, as well as with ontogenetic decreases in sensitivity to its bitter component. Therefore, the present study compared responsiveness to ethanol and solutions with bitter (quinine) and sweet (saccharin) taste in terms of intake and palatability across the first 2 weeks of postnatal life. Methods: Characteristic patterns of responsiveness to 10% (v/v) ethanol, 0.1% saccharin, 0.2% quinine, and water in terms of taste reactivity and fluid intake were assessed in rat pups tested on postnatal day (P) 4, 9, or 12 using a new technique of on-line monitoring of fluid flow through a two-channel intraoral cannula. Taste reactivity included analysis of ingestive and aversive responses following six intraoral infusions of the test fluids. This taste reactivity probe was followed by the intake test, in which animals were allowed to voluntarily ingest fluids from an intraoral cannula. Results: Pups of all ages showed more appetitive responses to saccharin and ethanol than to water or quinine. No age-related differences were apparent in taste responsiveness to saccharin and ethanol. However, the age-related pattern of ethanol intake drastically differed from that of saccharin. Intake of saccharin increased from P4 to P9 and decreased substantially by P12, whereas intake of ethanol gradually increased from P4 to P12. Intake of ethanol was significantly lower than intake of saccharin on P9, whereas P12 pups took in more ethanol than saccharin. Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicate ontogenetic dissociations between taste reactivity to ethanol and saccharin and intake of these solutions, and suggest that high acceptance of ethanol early in ontogeny may not be associated with its orosensory properties but rather with the pharmacological effects of ethanol.
Raise your hand if you think I am attractive: Second and fourth digit ratio as a predictor of self- and other-ratings of attractiveness

The 2D:4D digit ratio is sexually dimorphic where males have a lower 2D:4D than females. That is, the 4th digit (ring) is longer than the 2nd digit (index) in males. Researchers suggest that prenatal influences account for sex and ethnic differences found in 2D:4D (Manning, 2002; Manning et al., 2000). The current study examines the prenatal effects and their relationship to judgments of facial attractiveness over two levels each of gender (male, female) and ethnicity (Hispanic, Anglo). Findings indicate that 2D:4D is not a good predictor of self- or perceived-attractiveness regardless of gender and ethnicity. These results suggest that developmental timing and/or experimental methods may account for the non-significant findings.
The effect of clomiphene citrate and estradiol on body weight, vaginal cornification, and uterine weight after chronic treatment of ovariectomized rats

Clomiphene reduced the body weight gain of ovariectomized rats to a much greater degree than extradiol did. Estradiol had a more pronounced effect on vaginal cornification and uterine weight than clomiphene did.
The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West – By Gilles Kepel

Eurocentric is not usually a compliment in the world of Middle Eastern Studies, and yet it is the moderate Eurocentric approach of the author that makes this book so useful for those seeking to und...
Asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other respiratory diseases caused by metalworking fluids.

Purpose of reviewTo highlight advances in understanding the respiratory disease associated with metal machining, a common work process involving approximately 1.2 million workers in the USA.Recent findingsRecent studies emphasize that work-related asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis continue to
Differentiation of constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy by computed tomographic imaging

Differentiation of restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis is notoriously difficult. Evaluation of such patients by noninvasive means including physical examination, electrocardiography, chest x-ray examination, and echocardiography has been shown to be unreliable.‘e7 Even cardiac catheterization may not be decisive in determining whether impaired diastolic filling is due to a cardiomyopathic process as opposed to thickening of the pericardium,“” and thoracotomy may be required to establish the diagnosis.*“* l3 Recent experience with computed tomographic imaging of the heart suggests that this diagnostic modality provides accurate definition of pericardial thickness.**-lfi We therefore undertook the present study to determine whether computed tomographic imaging of the chest could accurately differentiate patients in whom impaired ventricular diastolic filling was due to constrictive pericarditis from those with a restrictive cardiomyopathy.
Export to Win: A Useful International Marketing Simulation:

Currently, a dearth of simulations for use in international marketing courses exists. Those few simulations that are available have been designed exclusively for international business courses concentrating on the nonmarketing managerial and financial aspects of a multinational corporation. These simulations have limited use in the international marketing domain. This article provides an overview of a computer-generated export simulation found to be very useful for students of international marketing.
Clinically applicable upper tract urodynamics: State of art

The evaluation and appropriate management of the dilated upper urinary tract represents a significant clinically relevant problem. The problem centers around defining what is “obstruction”. That is determining what systems have impaired urinary flow and what degree of flow impairment is required to cause renal function and anatomic changes. Diuretic renography provides a non-invasive and valuable modality for assessing the function of most wide upper urinary tracts. When equivocal results are obtained with diuretic renography, more invasive perfusion studies may be required.
An MPEC approach to second-best toll pricing

This paper addresses two second-best toll pricing problems, one with fixed and the other with elastic travel demands, as mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints. Several equivalent nonlinear programming formulations for the two problems are discussed. One formulation leads to properties that are of interest to transportation economists. Another produces an algorithm that is capable of solving large problems and easy to implement with existing software for linear and nonlinear programming problems. Numerical results using transportation networks from the literature are also presented.
ELECTROMAGNETISM, GEOMETRY, AND THE EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE

Abstract The geometrical properties of space-time are usually measured with the help of macroscopic bodies, the behavior of which is essentially governed by electromagnetic forces. It is therefore suggested to consider the electromagnetic field as fundamental, and the metric field only as a subsidiary quantity. It turns out, however, that the metric field is not uniquely determined by the Maxwell equations, so that additional requirements can be imposed. If we require that the geometry be as “simple” as possible, we are naturally led to a variational principle of the Einstein-Maxwell type, showing that the electromagnetic energy-momentum tensor acts as a source for the metric field. This is just another statement of the equivalence principle: the latter should therefore be considered as a consequence of the fact that the geometrical properties of space-time are measured with instruments possessing energy and momentum.
Ambient Vibration Data Analysis for Structural Identification and Global Condition Assessment

System identification is an area which deals with developing mathematical models to characterize the input-output behavior of an unknown system by means of experimental data. Structural health monitoring (SHM) provides the tools and technologies to collect and analyze input and output data to track the structural behavior. One of the most commonly used SHM technologies is dynamic testing. Ambient vibration testing is a practical dynamic testing method especially for large civil structures where input excitation cannot be directly measured. This paper presents a conceptual and reliable methodology for system identification and structural condition assessment using ambient vibration data where input data are not available. The system identification methodology presented in this study is based on the use of complex mode indicator functions (CMIFs) coupled with the random decrement (RD) method to identify the modal parameters from the output only data sets. CMIF is employed for parameter identification from t...
Laser-guided loading system

This paper describes how a large pulp and paper company reduced roll damage in loading newsprint rolls in ocean going vessels. These newsprint rolls are manufactured in Longview Washington. After the rolls are made, they are stored in a warehouse in an upright position. All rolls are handled by lifting from the top with a vacuum platen. To accurately position cargo in the hold, a method was devised, using lasers to give the operators an indication of a predefined distance away from the bottom or to the bulkhead.
Partial external biliary diversion for intractable pruritus and xanthomas in Alagille syndrome

Alagille syndrome (AGS) causes intractable pruritus and disfiguring xanthomas because of retained bile acids and cholesterol. This study was performed to determine whether partial external biliary diversion (PEBD) is effective for relief of pruritus and xanthomas in AGS patients who fail conventional medical therapy. Between the years 1985 and 2001, 9 AGS patients underwent PEBD. Complete follow-up data were available for all patients. The average age at PEBD was 4.8 (range 1.4-10) years. The average duration of follow-up was 7.5 (range 0.5-16.0) years. All 9 patients had severe, mutilating pruritus (grade 4) prior to diversion. At 1 year post-PEBD, the average pruritus score was 1.1; 8 patients had only mild scratching when undistracted. Three patients with extensive xanthomas prior to PEBD had complete resolution within 1 year. Mean serum bile salt levels (n = 5) decreased from 136.5 to 37.1 micromol/L and mean cholesterol (n = 7) from 724 to 367 mg/dL 1 year after PEBD. A single 21-year-old patient with PEBD for 14 years experienced an increase in pruritus from grade 1 to grade 4 within 2 months of elective reversal of PEBD. In conclusion, PEBD is effective for treating severe pruritus and hypercholesterolemia in AGS patients without cirrhosis who did not respond to medical therapy. PEBD should be considered as a therapeutic option for these patients before referral for liver transplantation because of morbid complications.
The functions of status in the mantled howler monkey,Alouatta palliata Gray: Intraspecific competition for group membership in a folivorous neotropical primate

In the dominance hierarchies of adult male and female mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata Gray), high-ranking individuals are young adults; intermediate-ranking individuals, middle-aged adults; and low-ranking individuals, old adults. This relationship reverses the trend observed in most group-living animals and is previously unreported for this species. A limiting supply of palatable leaves may create intense intraspecific competition for group membership which, it is hypothesized, has resulted in this rare pattern of hierarchical relations. It is shown that individual-level selection is sufficient to explain the evolution of this apparently “altruistic” status system, though other mechanisms are assessed. The energetic constraints imposed by a folivorous diet appear to restrict the expression of aggression to “ritualized” forms. Two groups of monkeys in two different habitats were studied and the rates of appeasement and aggressive behavior were found to be higher in the more “stressful” forest. The latter group, however, displays significantly more behavioral patterns entailing low or intermediate energy expenditure.
Ruins amidst Ruins: Black Classicism and the Empire of Slavery

While scholars have taken an increasing interest in the ways writers of the African diaspora have appropriated, revised, and otherwise intervened in the Western classical tradition, this scholarship has yet to fully articulate a cohesive theory of the political implications of black classicism as a literary and historiographical practice. This essay works toward such a theory by delineating a continuous tradition of black classicism as political engagement and historical critique across two centuries, from the early antebellum period through our contemporary moment, and situating key literary figures-most prominently Charles Chesnutt-within this tradition. Chesnutt and others (Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, and Toni Morrison among them) adapt and revise multiple mythic traditions-ancient and modern, "African" and "American," "black" and "white"-to counter an exceptionalist view of American history. These writers oppose exceptionalism by linking the United States to a broader and deeper history defined by slavery, empire, and ruin, while at the same time offering a prophetic vision of a future beyond the "empire of slavery."
The species recognition hypothesis explains exaggerated structures in non-avialan dinosaurs better than sexual selection does

Abstract Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain “bizarre structures” in dinosaurs and other extinct animals (e.g., mechanical function and several kinds of intra- and interspecific display). Recent evidence and tests for species recognition as a possible driver of these structures have been proposed, in particular as an alternative to traditional hypotheses of function and sexual selection, which have fallen short. Advocates of sexual selection and mechanical function have advanced untested hypotheses claiming that species recognition cannot be an important process in evolution. We address these claims and show that they are based on misreading of the evidence and of previous literature. We also acknowledge that there have been historically differing definitions of sexual selection, which have greatly impeded understanding of the whole phenomenon of mate attraction and choice. Particularly in fossil animals, it is impossible to accept any hypothesis as the “default” that does not require evidence or testing to establish it.
Class II-targeted antigen is superior to CD40-targeted antigen at stimulating humoral responses in vivo.

Abstract We examined the efficacy of using monoclonal antibodies to target antigen (avidin) to different surface molecules expressed on antigen presenting cells (APC). In particular, we targeted CD40 to test whether the “adjuvant” properties of CD40 signaling combined with targeted antigen would result in enhanced serologic responses. We targeted avidin to class II as a positive control and to CD11c as a negative control. These surface proteins represent an ensemble of surface molecules that signal upon ligation and that are expressed on professional APC, in particular dendritic cells (DC). We observed that targeting class II molecules on APC was superior to targeting CD40, or CD11c. However, CD40 and CD11c could function as targets for antigen bound monoclonal antibodies under certain conditions. Interestingly, inclusion of anti-CD40 mAb with the targeting anti-class II-targeted antigens negatively affects humoral response, suggesting that CD40 signaling under certain conditions may suppress processing and/or presentation of targeted antigen.
Clinical response of patients with galactorrhea to pergolide, a potent, long-acting dopaminergic ergot derivative.

Abstract Pergolide is an ergot derivative with dopaminergic activity and, like bromocriptine, can suppress prolactin release from the pituitary gland. In a single blind study pergolide was administered for 90 days to three females with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia manifested by galactorrhea and amenorrhea. Response to therapy was followed clinically and by determination of plasma prolactin concentrations. Pergolide lowered plasma prolactin concentrations and suppressed galactorrhea in all patients. Menstruation recurred in both patients with intact GU systems. Side effects were minor and tolerance developed to all but nasal stuffiness. Pergolide appears to be efficacious therapy for patients with amenorrhea/galactorrhea secondary to hyperprolactinemia.
The tidal rhythm of activity of a sand-beach amphipod

Synchelidium sp., ein an der Sandkuste Sudkaliforniens haufig vorkommender Flohkrebs, zeigt beim Schwimmen und Sich-Eingraben einen Aktivitatsrhythmus, der unter konstanten Laboratoriumsbedingungen uber mehrere Tage mit abnehmender Prazision andauert. Der Rhythmus frisch am Strand gesammelter Tiere ist anfangs sowohl hinsichtlich zeitlicher Lage wie Grose der aufeinanderfolgenden Aktivitatsgipfel den vorhergehenden, abwechselnd hohen und niedrigen Fluten streng zugeordnet; es bestehen keine Anzeichen fur eine uberlagerte Tagesperiodik.
FIELD IMMOBILIZATION OF FREE-RANGING IMPALA IN NORTHERN KENYA

SUMMARY Two drug combinations were tested during 18 field captures of 14 individual impala in northern Kenya in 1966–67. Nine additional impala, eight females and one male, were darted but not captured. Dosages of 0.45 mg M.99+10.0 mg acepromazine+4.5 mg hyoscine were adequate for males, but did not completely immobilize them. Females proved more difficult to capture, and all attempts using the acepromazine mixture were unsuccessful. The substitution of phencyclidine for acepromazine, and the deletion of hyoscine, proved a more suitable mixture. A dosage of 0.32 mg M.99+90 mg phencyclidine per animal completely immobilized both sexes. The phencyclidine-M.99 mixture was judged an improvement over other common field immobilizing drugs, but the long recovery time limits the usefulness of this drug combination for large-scale capturing operations.
A Self-Study of the Teaching of Action Research in a University Context.

Despite the potential benefits of action research, teaching action research in a university setting can present challenges. Analyzing my own experiences of teaching a university-based course on action research, this self-study investigates what my students (all classroom teachers) did and did not understand about action research and what hindered them from understanding action research. Data were collected over four semesters by analyzing my course materials, my teaching notes, students' work, and students' email messages. Analysis of the data produced three themes: (1) the uniqueness of teacher culture; (2) teachers' assumptions about teaching and learning; and (3) the epistemological ambiguity of action research. The article offers suggestions for how teacher educators can help teachers better understand the concept of action research and help them to design and carry out meaningful action research projects.
An administrative model for close monitoring and managing high risk individuals.

The public expects central government to have immediate knowledge of the condition and circumstances of certain vulnerable or dangerous individuals such as insanity acquittees, and to take action in individual cases to protect the individual and the public. Therefore, such persons conditionally released to community settings require an unusual degree of close monitoring and management. Being immediately aware of the condition and circumstances of its assignees, together with other duties of a board or commission responsible for that monitoring and management, is largely an information management function. The Psychiatric Security Review Board in Oregon is used to illustrate this unique mission, operations, and information management. In this paper, the Psychiatric Security Review Board is described in terms of its core and secondary businesses, together with a model information system that is based on information and information management processes actually employed by the Board. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Rise of Spanish and Latin American Criminal Theory

As the contributions to this two-part special issue demonstrate, Spanish and Latin American criminal theory has attained a remarkable degree of sophistication. Regrettably, Anglo-American scholars have had limited access to this rich body of literature. With this volume, the New Criminal Law Review has taken a very important first step toward rectifying this situation. Although the articles written for this special issue cover a vast range of subjects, they can be divided into four main categories: (1) the legitimacy of the criminal sanction, (2) the punishability of omissions, (3) the challenges that international criminal law and the fight against terrorism pose to criminal theory, and (4) the theory of justification and excuse. The articles pertaining to the first two categories will appear in the first half of this special issue (Volume 11, Number 3) and the pieces belonging to the third and fourth categories will be published in the upcoming second half (Volume 11, Number 4). In accordance with this general structure, in the pages that follow I will provide a brief summary and critique of the pieces contained in both parts.
Semiconductor nanowire array

A novel vapor-liquid-solid epitaxy (VLSE) process has been developed to synthesize high-density semiconductor nanowire arrays. The nanowires generally are single crystalline and have diameters of 10-200 nm and aspect ratios of 10-100. The areal density of the array can be readily approach 1010 cm-2. Results based on Si and ZnO nanowire systems are reported here.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evaluation of high-resolution simulations of daily-scale temperature and precipitation over the United States

Extreme climate events have been increasing over much of the world, and dynamical models predict further increases in response to enhanced greenhouse forcing. We examine the ability of a high-resolution nested climate model, RegCM3, to capture the statistics of daily-scale temperature and precipitation events over the conterminous United States, using observational and reanalysis data for comparison. Our analyses reveal that RegCM3 captures the pattern of mean, interannual variability, and trend in the tails of the daily temperature and precipitation distributions. However, consistent biases do exist, including wet biases in the topographically-complex regions of the western United States and hot biases in the southern and central United States. The biases in heavy precipitation in the western United States are associated with excessively strong surface and low-level winds. The biases in daily-scale temperature and precipitation in the southcentral United States are at least partially driven by biases in circulation and moisture fields. Further, the areas of agreement and disagreement with the observational data are not intuitive from analyzing the simulated mean seasonal temperature and precipitation fields alone. Our evaluation should enable more informed application and improvement of high-resolution climate models for the study of future changes in socially- and economically-relevant temperature and precipitation events.
Low Temperature Photoluminescence Studies of Narrow Bandgap Gaassbn Quantum Wells on GaAs

We present low-temperature (T = 4K) photoluminescence studies of the effect of adding nitrogen to 6-nm-wide single-strained GaAsSb quantum wells on GaAs. The samples were grown by both MBE and MOCVD tech-niques. The nominal Sb concentration is about 30%. Adding about 1 to 2% N drastically reduced the bandgap energies from 1 to 0.75 eV, or 1.20 to 1.64 μm. Upon performing ex situ rapid thermal anneals, 825°C for 10s, the band gap energies as well as the photoluminescence intensities increased. The intensities increased by an order of magnitude for the annealed samples and the band gap energies increased by about 50 - 100 meV, depending on growth temperatures. The photoluminescence linewidths tended to decrease upon annealing. Preliminary results of a first-principles band structure calculation for the GaAsSbN system are also presented.
Isoflavone, wax and triterpene constituents of Wyethia mollis

Abstract The hexane extract of Wyethia mollis contains the n -alkanes C 15 -C 18 , C 20 -C 25 , C 27 and C 29 . Linoleic acid was the only detectable acidic component. A mass spectral analysis of the wax ester fraction indicated that it was a mixture of homologues, the saturated even-carbon acids n -C 16 -C 30 esterfield with the saturated even-carbon alcohols n -C 18 -C 26 . The chloroform extract yielded the known isoflavones santal and 3′- O -methylorobol along with a new lanostane-type triterpene, 22,25-epoxy-lanosta-7:9(11)-dien-3-one. The wide distribution of n -alkanes and the decreased odd-even carbon ratio are consistent with the proposed primitive nature of this plant.
Solid-state complexes of quinoxaline- and phenazine-N,N′-dioxide donors with tetracyanoethylene. Crystal engineering via donor-acceptor interactions

Abstract 2,3-Dimethylquinoxaline-N,N′-dioxide (DMQDO) and phenazine-N,N′-dioxide (PDO) bind to tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) in solution, with complexation constants of 4.8(7) and 1.2(7) M−1, respectively in CH2Cl2. Crystallization of the mixtures affords two-component solids which contain weakly bound one-dimensional donor-acceptor arrays. The DA interactions create DA ladder domains in the (DMQDO)2TCNE solid and single-stranded DA chains in the (PDO)TCNE crystal.
Regions of High Fish Diversity for Conservation Concern within the U.S. Central Plains

ABSTRACT Fish samples from 300 stream sites in Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri were used to identify potential conservation areas based on (a) number of endemic species, (b) number of threatened and endangered species, c) Index of Biotic Integrity scores, and d) species/family richness. Three areas emerged as potential high-priority conservation areas—the Ozark plateau, south-central Kansas and the Nebraska Sand Hills. The techniques used here can highlight watersheds and streams of potential management concern.
Simultaneous inversion modeling of gravity and aeromagnetic data applied to a geothermal study in Utah

Aeromagnetic and gravity surveys were conducted in the Black Rock Desert, Utah to assess the geothermal potential of the Meadow‐Hatton Known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA). The presence of basalt flows less than 1000 yr old and a 400 000 yr old rhyolite dome suggested that a hot intrusive body, which should be detectable in both types of potential field data, may provide the heat source for hot springs in the study area. A simultaneous inversion computer program was developed as part of this study to model these potential field data. The resulting models indicate hydrothermal alteration about the hot springs extending to a depth of approximately 1 km. Normal faults above a low‐angle detachment appear to reach a depth of approximately 4 km and provide a path for the circulation of groundwater in the area. No evidence for a buried igneous body was found in the study area, and it is therefore concluded that the migration of fluids along the deep faults is sufficient to account for the water temperatures est...