cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do school teacher parents make a difference

Abstract Two national probability samples are used to uncover whether children benefit from having school teacher parents. The inquiry is motivated by frequent commentaries by teachers that substandard student performance is associated with unhelpful parenting practices. If teachers believe that parents are crucial for determining child outcomes, then we may better learn of the potential for parenting to affect children's development by examining the environments teachers create for their own children. I find significant school teacher effects on children's cognitive and behavioral outcomes, after accounting for family SES, mothers’ cognitive ability, occupational aspirations, college field of study, and her early preferences for family life. Once I control for self-selection into teaching and home environment quality, which parents create for children, I find that school teacher parents significantly make a difference in lowering the incidence of behavioral problems in male children.
Intensive glucose-lowering therapy reduces cardiovascular disease events in veterans affairs diabetes trial participants with lower calcified coronary atherosclerosis.

OBJECTIVE This study investigated the hypothesis that baseline calcified coronary atherosclerosis may determine cardiovascular disease events in response to intensive glycemic control within the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS At baseline, 301 type 2 diabetic participants in the VADT, a randomized trial comparing the effects of intensive versus standard glucose lowering on cardiovascular events, had baseline coronary atherosclerosis assessed by coronary artery calcium (CAC) measured by computed tomography. Participants were followed over the 7.5-year study for development of cardiovascular end points. RESULTS During a median follow-up duration of 5.2 years, 89 cardiovascular events occurred. Although intensive glucose-lowering therapy did not significantly reduce cardiovascular events in the substudy cohort as a whole, there was evidence that the response was modified by baseline CAC, as indicated by significant P values for treatment by log(CAC + 1) interaction terms in unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted models (0.01 and 0.03, respectively). Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for the effect of treatment indicated a progressive diminution of benefit with increasing CAC. Subgroup analyses were also conducted for clinically relevant CAC categories: those above and below an Agatston score of 100. Among those randomized to intensive treatment, for the subgroup with CAC >100, 11 of 62 individuals had events, while only 1 of 52 individuals with CAC ≤100 had an event. The multivariable HR for intensive treatment for those with CAC >100 was 0.74 (95% CI 0.46–1.20; P = 0.21), while for the subgroup with CAC ≤100, the corresponding HR was 0.08 (0.008–0.77; P = 0.03), with event rates of 39 and 4 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that intensive glucose lowering reduces cardiovascular events in those with less extensive calcified coronary atherosclerosis.
Treatment of residual insomnia after CBT for PTSD: Case studies

Insomnia is one of the most common symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Evidence suggests that insomnia may persist for many PTSD patients after other symptoms have responded to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). The present article reports the effects of administering a five-session cognitive-behavioral insomnia treatment to 5 patients who responded to CBT for PTSD yet continued to report insomnia. Insomnia treatment was associated with improvements on subjective sleep measures (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Severity Index, and Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale) and self-monitored sleep efficiency and related measures in 4 of 5 cases. Results highlight issues specific to treating insomnia in trauma populations and future directions for examining treatment of insomnia associated with PTSD.
New Directions in Community Supervision: Should We Target High Risk Offenders, High Risk Times, and High Risk Locations?

This paper addresses a simple question: what have researchers in the United States and other countries learned about probation performance generally and the effectiveness of specific probation practices in particular? While the „science‟ derived from the evaluation studies is still weak, it has been argued that probation could be organized along three risk dimensions, targeting high-risk times, high-risk offenders and high-risk locations. Research examining these risk dimensions is presented here, and the implications for an emerging desistance-based probation paradigm are considered
Service differentiation in real-time main memory databases

The demand for real-time database services has been increasing. Examples include sensor data fusion, stock trading, decision support, Web information services, and data-intensive smart spaces. In these systems, it is essential to execute transactions in time using fresh (temporally consistent) data. Due to the high service demand, many transactions may miss their deadlines regardless of their importance. To address the problem, we present a service differentiation architecture for real-time databases. Transactions are classified into several service classes based on their importance. Under conditions of overload, different degrees of deadline miss ratio guarantees are provided among the service classes according to their importance. A certain data freshness guarantee is also provided for the data accessed by timely transactions which finish within their deadlines. Feedback control is applied to support the miss ratio and freshness guarantees. In a simulation study, our service differentiation approach shows a significant performance improvement compared to the baseline approaches. The specified miss ratio and freshness are supported even in the presence of unpredictable workloads and data access patterns.
Criterion-related validity of the Anorectic Cognitions Questionnaire.

Several authors have suggested core cognitive dysfunction as central to anorexia and bulimia nervosa. However, psychometrically sound assessment devices for these cognitions are notably lacking. Previous research with the Anorectic Cognitions Questionnaire (MAC) has suggested that it has good concurrent and criterion-related validity, and high internal consistency. As well, the factor structure has been supported. The purpose of this investigation was to further assess the criterion-related validity of the MAC. Male and female college students completed the MAC and a questionnaire about eating and weight-related behavior and attitudes in four areas: general emphasis on weight regulation, relative importance of specific benefits of losing or maintaining weight (i.e., psychological, appearance, and health benefits), use of calorie restriction strategies, and use of calorie burning strategies. In general, persons scoring above the mean on the MAC showed more evidence of pathological eating attitudes and behavior in all four areas.
The Antibiotic Resistance Arrow of Time: Efflux Pump Induction Is a General First Step in the Evolution of Mycobacterial Drug Resistance

ABSTRACT We hypothesize that low-level efflux pump expression is the first step in the development of high-level drug resistance in mycobacteria. We performed 28-day azithromycin dose-effect and dose-scheduling studies in our hollow-fiber model of disseminated Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare complex. Both microbial kill and resistance emergence were most closely linked to the within-macrophage area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)/MIC ratio. Quantitative PCR revealed that subtherapeutic azithromycin exposures over 3 days led to a 56-fold increase in expression of MAV_3306, which encodes a putative ABC transporter, and MAV_1406, which encodes a putative major facilitator superfamily pump, in M. avium. By day 7, a subpopulation of M. avium with low-level resistance was encountered and exhibited the classic inverted U curve versus AUC/MIC ratios. The resistance was abolished by an efflux pump inhibitor. While the maximal microbial kill started to decrease after day 7, a population with high-level azithromycin resistance appeared at day 28. This resistance could not be reversed by efflux pump inhibitors. Orthologs of pumps encoded by MAV_3306 and MAV_1406 were identified in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium abscessus, and Mycobacterium ulcerans. All had highly conserved protein secondary structures. We propose that induction of several efflux pumps is the first step in a general pathway to drug resistance that eventually leads to high-level chromosomal-mutation-related resistance in mycobacteria as ordered events in an “antibiotic resistance arrow of time.”
Synthesis of Vaccinia Viral Proteins in Cytoplasmic Extracts II. Identification of Early and Late Viral Proteins

The synthesis of vaccinia viral proteins has been studied in a cell-free system prepared from vaccinia virus-infected HeLa cells. The radioactively labeled proteins were identified as viral proteins by immunodiffusion, disc gel electrophoresis, and disc gel-immunoelectrophoresis. The cytoplasmic extracts, obtained from infected cells at different times during viral replication, synthesized the corresponding "early" or "late" viral proteins.
Defining race/ethnicity and explaining difference in research studies on lung function

The 2005 guidelines of the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society recommend the use of race- and/or ethnic-specific reference standards for spirometry. Yet definitions of the key variables of race and ethnicity vary worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine whether researchers defined race and/or ethnicity in studies of lung function and how they explained any observed differences. Using the methodology of the systematic review, we searched PubMed in July 2008 and screened 10 471 titles and abstracts to identify potentially eligible articles that compared "white" to "other racial and ethnic groups". Of the 226 eligible articles published between 1922 and 2008, race and/or ethnicity was defined in 17.3%, with the proportion increasing to 70% in the 2000s for those using parallel controls. Most articles (83.6%) reported that "other racial and ethnic groups" have a lower lung capacity compared to "white"; 94% of articles failed to examine socioeconomic status. In the 189 studies that reported lower lung function in "other racial and ethnic groups", 21.8% and 29.4% of explanations cited inherent factors and anthropometric differences, respectively, whereas 23.1% of explanations cited environmental and social factors. Even though researchers sought to determine differences in lung function by race/ethnicity, they typically failed to define their terms and frequently assumed inherent (or genetic) differences.
A content analysis of hiv/aids information in psychology textbooks: implications for education, training, and practice.

Abstract Early in the pandemic, psychologists who engaged in HIV/AIDS research and practice or care relied more on their “general” psychological knowledge and training than on HIV/AIDS-specific information or training for combating the disease. In the past two decades much has been gained from the contributions of psychologists working in the areas of HIV/AIDS prevention and intervention. However, little is known regarding how the discipline prepares its students for a career in HIV/AIDS research and practice/care. One important venue for educating future psychologists is college-level textbooks because they are often the students' gateway to the scientific literature in psychology. Therefore, presentation of adequate and accurate information in these texts is critical. The present study involved a review and content analysis of introductory, clinical/counseling, health, human sexuality, and social/community psychology textbooks. It revealed that some level of information regarding HIV/AIDS was found in t...
Aldosterone sensitizes connecting tubule glomerular feedback via the aldosterone receptor GPR30.

Increasing Na delivery to epithelial Na channels (ENaC) in the connecting tubule (CNT) dilates the afferent arteriole (Af-Art), a process we call connecting tubule glomerular feedback (CTGF). We hy...
Genetic causes of proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome: Impact on podocyte pathobiology

In the past 20 years, multiple genetic mutations have been identified in patients with congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) and both familial and sporadic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Characterization of the genetic basis of CNS and FSGS has led to the recognition of the importance of podocyte injury to the development of glomerulosclerosis. Genetic mutations induce injury due to effects on the podocyte’s structure, actin cytoskeleton, calcium signaling, and lysosomal and mitochondrial function. Transgenic animal studies have contributed to our understanding of podocyte pathobiology. Podocyte endoplasmic reticulum stress response, cell polarity, and autophagy play a role in maintenance of podocyte health. Further investigations related to the effects of genetic mutations on podocytes may identify new pathways for targeting therapeutics for nephrotic syndrome.
A view of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning research today

The field of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) explores the design and use of collaboration technologies to support learning systems, such as school classrooms or small groups of people building knowledge together [4]. I hope that CSCL environments can be designed that make possible and encourage groups to think and learn collaboratively [1]. In my research, my colleagues and I look at logs of student groups chatting and drawing about mathematics in order to see how they build on each other's ideas to achieve more than they would individually [2].
A thermal analysis study of myristic acid

Abstract The evaporation of myristic acid [CH 3 (CH 2 ) 12 COOH] was investigated using a simultaneous TG–DTA unit over a temperature range of ambient to 300°C, in a flowing atmosphere of nitrogen at heating rates of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15 and 20°C/min. The flow rates were varied from 50 to 350 ml/min. Kinetic plots for zero-order processes were constructed based on the Arrhenius equation and the Freeman and Carroll method. The activation energy for the evaporation process calculated from two methods was reported. The relationship between the rate of mass loss and the vapor pressure for myristic acid was estimated using the Langmuir and Antoine equations.
Measurement of fluid-flow-velocity profile in turbid media by the use of optical Doppler tomography

Optical Doppler tomography is demonstrated to be a simple, accurate, and noncontact method for measuring the fluid velocity of laminar flow in small-diameter (~0.5-mm) ducts. Studies are described that utilize circular (square) plastic (glass) ducts infused with a moving suspension of polymer microspheres in air and buried in an optically turbid medium. The measurement of Doppler-shifted frequencies of backscattered light from moving microspheres is used to construct a high-resolution spatial profile of fluid-flow velocity in the ducts.
Zone state revocation for DNSSEC

DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) are designed to add cryptographic protection to the Internet's name resolution service. However the current design lacks a key revocation mechanism. In this paper we present Zone State Revocation (ZSR), a lightweight and backward compatible enhancement to DNSSEC. ZSR enables zones to explicitly revoke keys using self-certifying certificates, and enables DNS name-servers to opportunistically inform distributed caching resolvers of key revocations via lightweight control messages. Further, ZSR allows resolvers to distinguish between legitimate key changes and potential attacks when authentication chains are broken. ZSR is designed to work well with global-scale DNS operations, where millions of caches may need to be informed of a revocation, and where time is critical.
Creatine feeding increases GLUT4 expression in rat skeletal muscle

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role of creatine in GLUT4 gene expression in rat skeletal muscle. Female Wistar rats were fed normal rat chow (controls) or chow containin...
Process models as multi-reader collaborative hyperdocuments

The Trellis model of human/computer interaction, in the context of hypermedia documents, is a good basis for specifying and applying software process models. The emphasis on user-direction of control gained from the hypermedia paradigm makes Trellis models inherently less program-like and more human-oriented. Trellis differs from other hypermedia models by using parallel automata (colored timed Petri nets) as hyperdocument structure (other models treat hyperdocuments as static graphs). Trellis hyperdocuments are therefore naturally interpreted and analyzed as process specifications. Our work has concentrated on using the colored-tokens in the nets for control of collaborative activity.
Ethical challenges to cell-based interventions for the central nervous system: some recommendations for clinical trials and practice.

Duggan and colleagues (2009) make the case that cell-based interventions (CBIs) involving the central nervous system will plausibly alter cognition, mood, or behavior; therefore, we should incorpor...
Performance comparison of driver configurations and full-swing techniques for BiCMOS logic circuits

Driver configurations and full-swing techniques for several types of BiCMOS logic circuits are compared to examine their performance in scaled technologies. Of the three driver configurations (common emitter, gated diode, and emitter follower) analyzed, the emitter-follower type is most advantageous for scale power-supply voltage circuits. Full-swing techniques boost the circuit performance, and base-emitter shunting is more favorable than collector-emitter shunting. >
Mechanics of membrane-membrane adhesion

Curvature elasticity is used to derive the equilibrium conditions that govern the mechanics of membrane–membrane adhesion. These include the Euler–Lagrange equations and the interface conditions which are derived here for the most general class of strain energies permissible for fluid surfaces. The theory is specialized for homogeneous membranes with quadratic ‘Helfrich’-type energies with non-uniform spontaneous curvatures. The results are employed to solve four-point boundary value problems that simulate the equilibrium shapes of lipid vesicles that adhere to each other. Numerical studies are conducted to investigate the effect of relative sizes, osmotic pressures, and adhesion-induced spontaneous curvature on the morphology of adhered vesicles.
Using Neutron Radiography to Quantify Water Transport and the Degree of Saturation in Entrained Air Cement Based Mortar

Abstract Air entrainment is commonly added to concrete to help in reducing the potential for freeze thaw damage. It is hypothesized that the entrained air voids remain unsaturated or partially saturated long after the smaller pores fill with water. Small gel and capillary pores in the cement matrix fill quickly on exposure to water, but larger pores (entrapped and entrained air voids) require longer times or other methods to achieve saturation. As such, it is important to quantitatively determine the water content and degree of saturation in air entrained cementitious materials. In order to further investigate properties of cement-based mortar, a model based on Beer's Law has been developed to interpret neutron radiographs. This model is a powerful tool for analyzing images acquired from neutron radiography. A mortar with a known volume of aggregate, water to cement ratio and degree of hydration can be imaged and the degree of saturation can be estimated.
Public History and Liberal Learning: Making the Case for the Undergraduate Practicum Experience

Abstract This article explores a collaborative public history project between a small liberal arts undergraduate institution and a community social service agency. Drawing on evidence from student reflections and other course materials, it argues that undergraduate students gained important skills through the public history practicum including teamwork and problemsolving skills, intercultural awareness, and reflective practices, as well as discipline-specific learning outcomes. In documenting the student outcomes, it also demonstrates the potential of public history to contribute to undergraduate students9 civic capabilities.
Progress in Conventional Plant Breeding

Grain yields of wheat, maize, sorghum and soybeans have increased continually since 1930. Variety improvement has been responsible for 50% or more of the yield increase for each crop. Genetic improvements in yield potential have increased linearly for the past 25 years and show no sign of leveling off, for any crop. Improved varieties of the cereal grains: wheat, maize and sorghum, have in part been superior because they were able to efficiently utilize increased amounts of commercial nitrogen fertilizer. Increased yield potential of new varieties of all four crops generally is due to improvements in defensive traits such as standability, heat and drought tolerance, and pest resistance. Inheritance of the improved traits is usually genetically complex and is not well understood either in genetic or physiological terms. A list of most needed genetic improvements in new varieties will include such things as improvements in yield potential, stress tolerance, and pest resistance. Until the genetics and physiology of these traits are better understood it will be difficult for biotechnology to make major direct contributions to plant breeding. However biotechnology can make many useful small contributions to plant breeding at the present time and eventually it also will provide major assistance in explaining the genetics and physiology of important traits.
Comparison of the Beilinson-Chern Classes With the Chern-Cheeger-Simons Classes

The Chern-Cheeger-Simons (CCS) classes of a vector bundle with connection belong to the group ofdifferential characters of[Chee-S], and depend on the choice of a connection. For a projective complex manifold, we introduce a smaller group, the group ofrestricted differential characters, which contains the CCS classes of holomorphic vector bundles equipped with a connection compatible with the complex structure.We construct a map from this group to a Deligne cohomology group, and show that unintroduce logarithmic resticted differential character as a receptacle of the CCS classes for algebraic vector bundles equipped with a connection with logarithmic singularities, and related the CCS classes to the Beilinson-Chern classes in the logarithmic context. From this we deduce that for a flat vector bundleEover a quasi-projective algebraic manifoldX, the Beilinson-Chern classes given are the images of the Chern-Cheeger-Simons classes under some canonical map(thereby extending results of Bloch [BI] and Soule[S]).
Vanishing tumors of thyroid: histological variations after fine needle aspiration.

Background: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) can lead to changes that extensively replace cytological confirmed thyroid lesions. These lesions, so called “vanishing tumors” can be diagnostically challenging to pathologists and therapeutically challenging for endocrinologists and surgeons. We performed a retrospective analysis to identify these tumors. Methods: Data of 656 patients referred for thyroid surgery was reviewed. Patients with suspicious lesions on neck ultrasound (US) underwent FNA. We compared FNA cytological and surgical pathological findings to identify vanishing tumors. FNA-induced changes such as cystic degeneration, hemorrhage, calcification, cholesterol crystals, fibrosis and granulation tissue were identified. Results: Seventeen patients (2.5%) were identified with vanishing tumors. FNA cytology was indeterminate in seven (41.1%) and benign in ten (58.8%) patients. Surgical pathology in all nodules showed regressive changes partially or entirely replacing the tumor. The mean size of vanishing tumors was 2.4±1.5 cm in greatest dimension. Seven nodules (41.1%) were entirely replaced while remaining ten nodules showed partial replacement of tumors. Three (17.6%) nodules had focal areas of optically clear nuclei suspicious of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC); one showed an additional focus of follicular neoplasm (FN) of uncertain malignant potential. Conclusions: FNA-induced changes can lead to obliteration of nodules rendering pathological diagnosis with no evidence of confirmed lesions. Pathologists and surgeons should be aware of this challenging scenario.
High Seebeck Coefficient BiSbTe Nanowires

Bismuth antimony telluride (BiSbTe) nanowires were electrodeposited at constant potentials into polycarbonate templates from a tartaric-nitric acid electrolyte. Optimum deposition potentials were obtained from polarization and compositional analysis. X-ray diffraction analysis showed a preferential (015) orientation for the nanowires. The Bi 2 Sb 0.6 Te 3 nanowire sample deposited at —150 mV showed a high Seebeck coefficient (S) of -630 μV/K.
Spatial Econometric Analysis: Potential Contribution to the Economic Analysis of Smallholder Development

The stars appear to be aligned for a sustained effort to improve information to rural development policy makers about the impact space has on the opportunities for development of the ubiquitous smallholder households in rural areas of Southeast Asian countries. The influences of spatially heterogeneous resource constraints on farming activities, distance to markets and institutions, and spatial interaction among smallholders can now be better accounted for in modelling work as a result of improvements in analytical methodologies, the growing availability of so-called ‘big data’ and access to spatially defined information in panel data sets. The scope for taking advantage of these advances is demonstrated with two examples from a Southeast Asian country, the Philippines: spillovers and neighbourhood effects in impact studies and the development of sophisticated spatial stochastic frontier models to measure and decompose productivity growth on smallholdings.
Distribution of C14-labeled alloxan in the tissues of the rat and its mode of elimination.

Summary1. Two alloxan preparations, labeled in the 2- and in the 5-position with C14, were administered subcutaneously to rats. Both labeled compounds were rapidly excreted in the urine, to the extent of 90-95% in 22 hours. Negligible proportions of the C14 were found in urea. 2. With either tracer or diabetogenic doses, the radioactivity was highest in the kidneys and plasma, and reached a peak at approximately 15 minutes. The other tissues studied, including pancreas, had much lower C14 concentrations. 3. With either alloxan-2 or 5-C14, very little radioactivity appeared as C14O2 in expired air. 4. It is concluded that the alloxan molecule does not undergo extensive catabolism in the rat.
uBeacon: Configuration based Beacon tracking

Beacons are small Bluetooth low energy (BLE) signal emitting devices that can transmit data about their location, temperature, motion etc. Various startups have commercialized Beacon based applications, such as for tracking valuable items, micro-location targeting of people, micro payments etc. However, these applications are not customizable beyond the use cases they were designed to serve. We feel that there is a need to build software that would allow users to configure the use of beacon data subject to the requirements of an application context, and to reuse the same set of beacons for some other purpose by just modifying the configuration. In this paper we describe uBeacon, a cloud based service with a web interface that allows users to define configurations that include constraints between beacon signal readers and beacons linked to objects or people. These constraints take the form of rules, such as "Object A should always be within 1m of object/reader B." uBeacon stores these configurations in a database, continuously monitors beacon data from readers, and notifies users via mobile push notifications whenever a rule of a configuration has been violated. We report the results of a pilot study with a set of participants and discuss the several possible applications of uBeacon to highlight its usefulness.
Inflammation in Heart Failure: The Holy Grail?

See related article, pp 114–122 Immuno-inflammatory mechanisms have been implicated in the initiation and progression of heart failure (HF) during the past 2 decades. Despite several investigators having postulated a pathogenic role of inflammation in HF, clinical trials of anti-inflammatory and anti-immune therapies in HF have not resulted in salutary effects.1 Absence of a beneficial effect of these therapies has led to more questions than answers. Is the presence of inflammation really bad? Is inflammation good at 1 time point and detrimental at another? Are there subsets of inflammatory cells that have a protective role and others that are detrimental? Extensive research to answer these questions has led to the identification of unique subsets of the immune cascade that might have a selective protective role in HF. One such group of cells is the CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). These cells are a part of the adaptive immune response of the body and are further divided into natural and adaptive Treg cells (Figure). Natural Tregs develop in the thymus against self-antigens, whereas adaptive Tregs develop in response to an antigenic stimulation. Adaptive Tregs express a specific transcription factor called FoxP3 and are often termed as CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T cells. Tregs have been shown to have atheroprotective properties.2 Dinh et al3 showed that selective expansion of Tregs by cytokine-based interleukin-2 (IL-2)/anti–IL-2 monoclonal antibody complex therapy can attenuate atherosclerosis in mice. Figure. Schematic description of the role of immune-inflammatory activation in the progression of heart failure. Regulatory T cells (Treg) with anti-inflammatory properties have been depicted. …
Ectopic pregnancy: A clinical study of 136 consecutive cases

Abstract 1. 1. A study of 136 consecutive tubal pregnancies which occurred in a 30 month period is presented. The racial incidence was 84.5 per cent Negro and 15.5 per cent Caucasian. The ratio of ectopic pregnancy to term pregnancy in our clinic was 1:56 in Negroes, and 1:88 in Caucasians. 2. 2. There were four fatalities, a gross rate of 2.9 per cent, which is correctable to a fatality rate of 0.8 per cent. 3. 3. The factors contributing to mortality in tubal pregnancy are: (1) failure of diagnosis; (2) delay in surgery; (3) inadequate blood replacement; (4) elective surgery beyond the immediate need; (5) the patient's delay in seeking care. 4. 4. Sterility was a common factor; 54 per cent of the patients in the study had been sterile for over four years. 5. 5. Pelvic inflammatory disease was proved by pathologic study in only 28 per cent of the cases. We believe that salpingitis, although an important proved cause of tubal pregnancy, today appears to play a less prominent role in the etiology, and this point needs to be somewhat clarified in our teachings. 6. 6. The history, gentle yet thorough pelvic examination, and an “ectopic pregnancy conscious” attitude, when combined with centesis of the cul-de-sac, will usually permit the ready diagnosis of extrauterine pregnancy. The most important diagnostic finding at time of pelvic examination, in our hands, is tenderness on manipulation of the cervix. The most valuable aid in diagnosis for us has been aspiration of the cul-de-sac with a 17 gauge needle. This was positive in 95 per cent of the cases of this study. 7. 7. Only essential surgery should be performed in patients with tubal pregnancy, and salpingectomy should be done so as to spare the adjacent ovary with its blood supply intact in every possible instance. Appendectomy at the time of laparotomy for ectopic pregnancy is an inadvisable surgical procedure. 8. 8. The postulation that defibrination of circulating blood might occur in ruptured tubal pregnancy is suggested. In the few cases in which we made tests, the circulating blood fibrinogen levels were within normal range, but no fibrinogen nor accelerator globulin was found in the fluid blood obtained from the abdomen at the time of laparotomy in the five cases so studied.
Maternal endotoxemia, fetal anomalies, and central nervous system damage: a rat model of a human problem.

Endotoxemia is a common consequence of the gram-negative urinary tract infections that complicate human pregnancies. Only rarely, however, have the effects of maternal endotoxemia been evaluated by animal experiments or by human investigations. Data of the Collaborative Perinatal Study suggest an association between maternal endotoxemia and fetal central nervous system damage. For these reasons we performed controlled studies of the fetal effects of treatment of pregnant rats, at appropriate gestational ages, with E. coli endotoxin. We found a maximum 7 per cent incidence of fetal anomalies in the treated animals but no anomalies in controls. Placental light microscopy examinations indicated the mechanism to include Shwartzman-like phenomena. It has been shown by others that neonatal endotoxemia produces periventricular leukomalacia. We obtained an incidence of neuronal necrosis in treated fetuses that was 10 times greater than in control fetuses. It is therefore of importance that additional studies of the pathologic effects of endotoxin be performed .
Gene Expression Networks

With the advent of microarrays and next-generation biotechnologies, the use of gene expression data has become ubiquitous in biological research. One potential drawback of these data is that they are very rich in features or genes though cost considerations allow for the use of only relatively small sample sizes. A useful way of getting at biologically meaningful interpretations of the environmental or toxicological condition of interest would be to make inferences at the level of a priori defined biochemical pathways or networks of interacting genes or proteins that are known to perform certain biological functions. This chapter describes approaches taken in the literature to make such inferences at the biochemical pathway level. In addition this chapter describes approaches to create hypotheses on genes playing important roles in response to a treatment, using organism level gene coexpression or protein-protein interaction networks. Also, approaches to reverse engineer gene networks or methods that seek to identify novel interactions between genes are described. Given the relatively small sample numbers typically available, these reverse engineering approaches are generally useful in inferring interactions only among a relatively small or an order 10 number of genes. Finally, given the vast amounts of publicly available gene expression data from different sources, this chapter summarizes the important sources of these data and characteristics of these sources or databases. In line with the overall aims of this book of providing practical knowledge to a researcher interested in analyzing gene expression data from a network perspective, the chapter provides convenient publicly accessible tools for performing analyses described, and in addition describe three motivating examples taken from the published literature that illustrate some of the relevant analyses.
Hypofibrinogenemia; report of a case managed by cesarean hysterectomy.

Abstract 1. 1. A case of hypofibrinogenemia associated with a retained dead fetus is reported. 2. 2. The value of a simple diagnostic (and prognostic) procedure in the management of the incoagulable blood syndrome is discussed. 3. 3. Cesarean hysterectomy is recommended as the treatment of choice in certain cases of hypofibrinogenemia associated with pregnancy.
Detection of HIV-1 gene sequences in hippocampal neurons isolated from postmortem AIDS brains by laser capture microdissection.

We employed laser capture microdissection to remove individual pyramidal neurons from the CA1, CA3, and CA4 regions of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded hippocampus from 8 AIDS brains and 2 HIV-1-seronegative normal brains. We amplified HIV-1 gag and nef gene sequences using separate, double round pCR reactions for each of the primer sets. In all 3 hippocampal regions, amplification efficiency was best with sequence length between 284 and 324 bp; HIV-1 nef gene sequences were more common than HIV-1 gag sequences; and rank order for percent positive amplification was CA3 > CA4 > CA1 samples. These results are the first to detect HIV-1 gene sequences in microdissected human tissue. They indicate that brain neurons in vivo contain HIV-1 DNA sequences consistent with latent infection by this virus, and suggest that neurons display a selective vulnerability for HIV infection. Neuronal HIV infection could contribute to neuronal injury and death or act as a potential viral reservoir if reactivated.
Gender Differences in Bipolar Disorder

The presentations and clinical courses of patients with bipolar disorder differ greatly by gender. In addition, medical therapy must be tailored differently for men and women because of emerging safety concerns unique to the female reproductive system. In November 2005, these topics were explored by a panel of experts in psychiatry, neurology, and reproductive health at a closed roundtable meeting in Dallas, Texas. This clinical information monograph summarizes the highlights of that meeting.Compared to men with bipolar disorder, women have more pervasive depressive symptoms and experience more major depressive episodes. They are also at higher risk for obesity and certain other medical and psychiatric comorbidities. Mood changes across the menstrual cycle are common, although the severity, timing, and type of changes are variable. Bipolar disorder is frequently associated with menstrual abnormalities and ovarian dysfunction, including polycystic ovarian syndrome. Although some cases of menstrual disturbance precede the treatment of bipolar disorder, it is possible that valproate and/or antipsychotic treatment may play a contributory role in young women.Pregnancy does not protect against mood episodes in untreated women. Maintenance of euthymia during pregnancy is critical because relapse during this period strongly predicts a difficult postpartum course. Suspending therapy in the first months of pregnancy may be an option for some women with mild-to-moderate illness, or those with a long history of euthymia during pre-pregnancy treatment. However, a mood stabilizer should be reintroduced either in the later stages of pregnancy or in the immediate postpartum period. Preliminary data suggest that fetal exposure to some mood stabilizers may raise the risk of major congenital malformations and neurodevelopmental delays. For women planning to become pregnant, clinicians may consider switching to other drugs before conception. The value and drawbacks of breastfeeding during treatment must be considered in partnership with the patient, with close monitoring of nursing infants thereafter. The risks and benefits of medical treatment for women with bipolar disorder should be carefully reconsidered at each stage of their reproductive lives, with a flexible approach that is responsive to the changing needs of patients and their families.
Exporting Liberalization and the Ascendancy of Trade

The term commonly used to characterize US communication policy in the 1980s –‘deregulation’ – is a misnomer. In any regulatory regime, the practices or behavior of most private sector entities are, to varying degrees, monitored by state officials. Corporate activities also can be regulated through the structural constraints present in the marketplace itself. The former more hands–on type of regulation has been called ‘behavioral regulation’ and the latter, less direct form, ‘structural regulation.’1 With this distinction in mind, deregulation essentially involves a shift away from behavioral regulation and toward the assumed constraints of intercorporate and supply–and–demand relations. Deregulation thus constitutes a shift in regulatory emphasis rather than some kind of absolute ‘freeing–up.’
School Algebra to Linear Algebra: Advancing Through the Worlds of Mathematical Thinking

Linear algebra is a core subject for mathematics students and is required for many STEM majors. Research reveals that many students struggle grasping the more theoretical aspects of linear algebra which are unavoidable features of the course. Working with vectors and understanding new concepts through definitions, theorems, and proofs all indicate that a sudden shift has occurred, and despite carrying the name “algebra,” in many respects linear algebra is significantly more complex than school algebra. In this chapter we will employ the Framework of Advanced Mathematical Thinking (FAMT) to describe the type of thinking that is required for linear algebra students to succeed at college level.
Swallowing Exercises in Patients With Neurodegenerative Disease: What Is the Current Evidence?

Neurodegenerative diseases frequently result in oropharyngeal dysphagia which often lead to pulmonary sequelae and morbidity. Dysphagia management in these populations can be compensatory or rehabi...
Ophelia’s Mother: The Phantom of Maternity in Shakespeare’s Hamlet

Shakespeare’s Hamlet constructs one of the most troubling images of motherhood in literature: the character of Gertrude, a too-present mother. Much critical attention has uncovered how Gertrude’s characterization exposes patriarchal undercurrents embedded in the Western ideology of motherhood. This chapter, however, seeks to unearth the mirror, or double to Hamlet’s mother, the mother of Ophelia, never mentioned, never referenced, and never invoked, yet made present through absence as her daughter’s tragedy unfolds. Ophelia’s interactions with Laertes, Polonius, Hamlet and Gertrude bring into sharp relief the specter of the mother-not-there. She is constructed as the deus ex machina that fails to appear; that could have offered protection, true guidance, wisdom, all that Ophelia needed to survive the violence and chaos around her. Like a mirror, Ophelia’s mother functions as a similar yet antithetical image to Gertrude. ‘Mother’s reason’, equated with nature’s reason, is set against woman’s appetite. The analysis is extended to larger considerations of how ‘mother’s wisdom’ is imagined through the negated mother of Ophelia, through connections to other expressions of ‘mother’s reason’ in Shakespeare’s contemporaries, who characterize nature as embodied motherhood and yet absent. Ophelia’s death implies her attempt to join an absent mother configured as nature. This interpretation is underscored by the graveyard scene, which questions whether Ophelia will return to her father in heaven, and challenges her receiving a Christian burial as a suicide. In the scene, her grave remains empty.
Glycogen-Storage Diseases: Types I, III, IV, V, VII and Unclassified Glycogenoses

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses glycogen-storage diseases and some of the rarer types in which still other enzymic deficiencies have been implicated. Hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase is a microsomal enzyme with an optimum for activity between pH 6 and 7. Children lacking glucose 6-phosphatase are subject to hypoglycemia but frequently are asymptomatic at extremely low blood-sugar levels. In Type III glycogenosis, a polysaccharide accumulates whose structure resembles that of the limit dextrin produced by the degradation of glycogen by phosphorylase. As in Type I glycogenosis, the infant with limit dextrinosis has hepatomegaly, may be hypoglycemic, and when in the fasting state, fails to show a glucemic response to epinephrine or glucagon. The four most commonly encountered types of glycogen-storage disease are Types I, II, III, and VI, where VI is characterized by polysaccharide storage in the liver (and no evidence for muscle involvement) with no known enzymic cause.
Dynamic Changes in Material Properties and Degradation of Poly(ethylene glycol)–Hydrazone Gels as a Function of pH

Covalent adaptable hydrogels (CAHs) dynamically evolve when pushed out of equilibrium by force or change in environmental conditions. Adapting these materials for advanced biological applications, including 3D cell culture and drug delivery platforms, requires in-depth knowledge of the evolution of scaffold microstructure and rheological properties. We use multiple particle tracking microrheology to measure the changes in a poly(ethylene glycol)–hydrazone CAH structure and properties when pushed out of equilibrium by a single change in pH. We determine the CAH degrades rapidly at acidic pH with multiple cycles of almost complete degradation and gelation. At pH 7.1, the scaffold degrades and re-forms cross-links over approximately 1.5 weeks with small oscillations between degradation and gelation. These degradation cycles are well described with first- and second-order reaction kinetics. MPT is sensitive enough to measure the phase transitions in these materials giving new insight into how CAHs evolve and ...
Crafting a data visualization course for the tech industry

This paper presents a new data visualization course for computer science and data science majors. We designed and developed the course with the collaboration of IT and data services professionals from the industry. We identified the need for students to acquire knowledge of data science concepts. The course emphasizes on both the technical and soft skills needs of the industry. We offered and implemented the course at Northwest Missouri State by aligning the School's learning outcomes with those of the tech industry. Also, we compared the top three visualization tools in the Gartner BI magic quadrant of 2016.
Telephone Follow-Up for Older Adults Discharged to Home from the Emergency Department: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Telephone calls after dis-charge from the emergency department (ED) are increasinglyused to reduce 30-day rates of return or readmission, buttheir effectiveness is not established. The objective was todetermine whether a scripted telephone intervention by regis-tered nurses from a hospital-based call center would decrease30-day rates of return to the ED or hospital or of death.DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial from 2013 to 2016.SETTING: Large, academic medical center in the south-east United States.PARTICIPANTS: Individuals aged 65 and older dis-charged from the ED were enrolled and randomized intointervention and control groups (N = 2,000).INTERVENTION: Intervention included a telephone callfrom a nurse using a scripted questionnaire to identifyobstacles to elements of successful care transitions: medica-tion acquisition, postdischarge instructions, and obtainingphysician follow-up. Control subjects received a satisfac-tion survey only.MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcome was return to theED, hospitalization, or death within 30 days of dischargefrom the ED.RESULTS: Rate of return to the ED or hospital or deathwithin 30 days was 15.5% (95% conﬁdence interval(CI) = 13.2–17.8%) in the intervention group and 15.2%(95% CI = 12.9–17.5%) in the control group (P = .86).Death was uncommon (intervention group, 0; control group, 5 (0.51%), 95% CI = 0.06–0.96%); 12.2% ofintervention subjects (95% CI = 10.1–14.3%) and 12.5%of control subjects (95% CI = 10.4–14.6%) returned tothe ED, and 9% of intervention subjects (95% CI = 7.2–10.8%) and 7.4% of control subjects (95% CI = 5.8–9.0%) were hospitalized within 30 days.CONCLUSION: A scripted telephone call from a trainednurse to an older adult after discharge from the ED didnot reduce ED or hospital return rates or death within 30 days. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01893931z.