cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slip-ring and conventional dynamic hepatic CT: contrast material and timing considerations.

The major conclusions and recommendations of this review of contrast material use are summarized as follows: 1. Our recommendations for routine administration of contrast material are summarized in the Table. 2. Patient factors, such as weight, and liver and cardiovascular disorders may be taken into account when the above recommendations are modified. 3. Unenhanced scanning should be performed selectively. It is unnecessary for routine examinations performed with modern scanners and good contrast material injection techniques. 4. Although conclusive evidence is lacking regarding efficacy, reduced doses of contrast material may be given to patients with an elevated serum creatinine level. A full dose of low-osmolar contrast material may be given to functionally anephric patients if otherwise medically appropriate. 5. Differences in enhancement patterns produced by low-osmolar contrast agents and by high-osmolar contrast agents are small. Choice of contrast material should be based on other factors. 6. The...
The level of manganese superoxide dismutase content is an independent prognostic factor for glioblastoma. Biological mechanisms and clinical implications.

We address the issue of the role of manganese superoxide dismutase in tumorigenesis by studying a relatively homogeneous group of tumours for the correlation between amount of this anti-oxidant enzyme and prognosis. The clinical outcome of 30 patients affected by glioblastomas whose manganese superoxide dismutase content had been established at the time of first diagnosis is compared. When the survival of patients is stratified according to manganese superoxide dismutase level in the tumour, a link of these levels and prognosis can be observed. Patients with high levels of manganese superoxide dismutase show a median survival time of 6.11 months, while patients whose tumours display a low amount of MnSOD have a median survival time of 12.17 months. To assess the upstream mechanisms that sustain the increase in manganese superoxide dismutase content in brain neuroepithelial tumours, we also studied the expression of p53 in a series of 17 astrocytomas of various grading. In all tested astrocytomas, high manganese superoxide dismutase content is associated with cytoplasmic accumulation of p53. Thus glioblastomas can be divided into two distinct groups on the basis of their content of manganese superoxide dismutase, having 'better' or 'worse' prognosis, respectively. The use of this protein as a marker may help to define therapeutic strategies in the clinical management of glioblastoma.
Effect of Zinc Deficiency on Bone Mineralization and Plasma Proteins of Turkey Poults

Abstract A DEFICIENCY of zinc depresses the growth of chicks (O’Dell et al., 1958), poults (Supplee et al, 1958; Kratzer et al., 1958) and Japanese quail (Fox and Harrison, 1964). Reports of the effect of zinc deficiency on the tibia ash content are highly contradictory. A decrease in tibia ash has been observed for chicks (Young et al., 1958), poults (Sullivan, 1961) and Japanese quail (Fox and Harrison, 1964), but not confirmed for chicks (O’Dell et al., 1958; Morrison and Sarett, 1958; Rahman et al, 1961) and turkey poults (Kratzer et al, 1958). Also, a small increase in packed cell volume due to a deficiency of zinc has been reported for chicks but the latter could be explained in terms of hemoconcentration (O’Dell et al, 1958; Rahman et al., 1961). No changes in hemoglobin or hematocrit were observed for quail (Fox and Harrison, 1964) with a zinc deficiency but a marked . . .
Rabbit hepatocytes in primary culture: Preparation, viability and use in studies of propranolol metabolism

Isolated hepatocyte cultures have become a frequently used model system for investigating drug metabolism. Although rat and hamster hepatocytes are frequently used for this purpose, metabolism in these species differs in many respects from human metabolism. A species with a metabolism more closely resembling that of humans might be more useful. Our in vivo experiments demonstrated that the metabolism of propranolol in the rabbit is more similar to that in humans than in rats or hamsters. We therefore examined the usefulness of rabbit parenchymal liver cells for studies of propranolol metabolism. A detailed method is presented for their preparation and culture, along with data on their viability, structure and protein synthesizing capability. One- or two-day-old hepatocyte cultures were exposed to 10 μmol/L 3H-propranolol from 30 min to hr; metabolites were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Propranolol metabolism was linear over 1 hr, with 15% of the substrate metabolized during this time. The cytochrome P-450 pathways, which result in ring oxidation and sidechain oxidation, were expressed in a reproducible fashion similar to that found in vivo in humans. The arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase inhibitor α-naphthoflavone (100 μmol/L) inhibited side-chain oxidation of propranolol by 90% without affecting ring oxidation. In contrast, cholorpromazine (100 μmol/L) was shown to inhibit ring oxidation of propranolol by 85% without affecting sidechain oxidation. Cimetidine (250 μmol/L) inhibited both pathways by about 50%. These observations suggest that rabbit hepatocyte metabolic pathways more closely resemble human cell metabolism and thus may be a more useful adjunct that rat or hamster hepatocytes in the study of drug-drug interactions when combined with in vivo studies in humans. (HEPATOLOGY 1990;11:394–400.)
Nonparametric adaptive control using Gaussian Processes with online hyperparameter estimation

Many current model reference adaptive control methods employ parametric adaptive elements in which the number of parameters are fixed a-priori and the hyperparameters, such as the bandwidth, are pre-defined, often through expert judgment. Typical examples include the commonly used Radial Basis Function (RBF) Neural Networks (NNs) with pre-allocated centers. As an alternative to these methods, a nonparametric model using Gaussian Processes (GPs) was recently proposed. Using GPs, it was shown that it is possible to maintain constant coverage over the operating domain by adaptively selecting new kernel locations without any previous domain knowledge. However, even if kernel locations provide good coverage of the input domain, incorrect bandwidth selection can result in poor characterization of the model uncertainty, leading to poor performance. In this paper, we propose methods for learning hyperparameters online in GP-MRAC by optimizing a modified likelihood function. We prove the stability and convergence of our algorithm in closed loop. Finally, we evaluate our methods in simulation on an example of wing rock dynamics. Results show learning hyperparameters online robustly reduces the steady state modeling error and improves control smoothness over other MRAC schemes.
ROLE OF 18-HYDROXYLATION IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF ALDOSTERONE.

The role of 18-hydroxylation in the biosynthesis of aldosterone from corticosterone was investigated by incubating radioactive 18-hydroxycorticosterone with aldosterone- producing adrenal tissue. Small, but significant, conversions were obtained which indicated that the 18-hydroxy derivative was a possible precursor. When corticosterone was incubated under identical conditions, however, the yields of aldosterone were 17 to 81 times greater. The variables in these experiments included the use of bullfrog, beef or human adrenals and the use of tissue slices as well as homogenates. A comparison of progesterone with its 18-hydroxy derivative and deoxycorticosterone with its 18-hydroxy derivative gave similar results. The 18-deoxy steroid was a more effective precursor of aldosterone than the corresponding 18-hydroxy derivative. The 18-hydroxy steroids in the incubation medium probably exist largely as 18,20-cyclic hemiketals. Their slower rate of conversion to aldosterone in vitro may be explained by the rela...
The effect of father's age in fertile, subfertile, and assisted reproductive technology pregnancies: a population based cohort study.

Purpose To compare ages of mothers and of fathers at delivery in couples who are fertile, subfertile, and subfertile treated with assisted reproductive technology (ART) and to characterize birth outcomes in the ART population according to paternal age.
Low-Velocity Layers in the Earth, Ocean, and Atmosphere

These layers increase the difficulty of locating buried explosions and may cause sonar booms.
Acinic Cell Carcinoma of the Lung With Metastasis to Lymph Nodes

A 64-year-old man presented with an asymptomatic left lower lobe mass. At bronchoscopy there was a tumor in the superior segment. Biopsy revealed an acinic cell carcinoma. There was no evidence of salivary gland or other site of origin. Lobectomy and lymph node staging showed involvement of interlobar (N1) nodes, while higher stations were benign. The patient remains well 20 months postoperatively. This is the only instance of primary pulmonary acinic cell carcinoma with lymph node metastasis among 15 cases in the literature. We review the clinical features, histology, and treatment of the reported cases.
On the relationship between the characteristics of bilirubin oxidases and O2 cathodes based on their wiring

The characteristics of a novel cathode on which O2 is electroreduced to water under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 0.15 M NaCl, 37.5 °C) are reported. The cathode was made by electrically connecting (“wiring”) redox centers of bilirubin oxidase (BOD) from Trachyderma tsunodae (Tt) to carbon electrodes through a redox polymer. The cathode was more stable than that made by wiring BOD from Myrothecium verrucaria (Mv) (N. Mano et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6480−6486) (5% loss of current per day of operation vs 10%), and its operating potential at 3 mA cm-2 current density was −140 mV vs the potential of the reversible O2/H2O electrode, 50 mV higher than that of the Mv-BOD cathode. The improved stability is attributed to stronger electrostatic bonding in the adduct of Tt-BOD with the “wiring” redox polymer, and the higher operating potential to the replacement of methionine by phenylalanine in the axial position of the type 1 Cu+/2+ center, which upshifts the center's potential.
The reported influence of research participation on premarital relationships

We examined the reported influence of participation in research on individuals in premarital relationships. Data were from a larger longitudinal study of 60 dating couples. We designed a questionnaire to evaluate the effects of participation. Responses to open-ended questions revealed 3 major sources of influence: attention to relationship evaluation, effects on relationship activities, and indirect or no influence. Closed-ended items yielded 2 dimensions: relationship-defining influence and relationship-evaluating influence. Relationship-evaluating influence was greater the more respondents participated in the study. The higher were respondents' scores on relationship-evaluating influence, the more their relationship satisfaction increased over the year long study. We conclude that the effects of participating in the research are primarily educational and enriching in nature, rather than therapeutic as suggested in previous research (Rubin & Mitchell, 1976).
Knockdown of SHP-1 enhances endothelial cell retention for vascular regeneration

Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. A common treatment option is arterial bypass surgery, which requires the use of a vascular graft. Autologous vein is the current gold standard for use as a vascular graft; however, donor site morbidity and inconsistent availability have provided an impetus to explore alternative graft sources.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Exact vs approximate methods for simulation of 3D NOE-NOE spectra

Abstract An exact full matrix analysis of 2D NOESY spectroscopy has been extended to 3D homonuclear NOE-NOE spectroscopy and applied to the simulation of NOE-NOE spectra of the Dickerson dodecamer d(CGCGAATTCGCG) 2 and a tandem GA mismatched decamer deoxynucleotide duplex d(CCAAGATTGG) 2 . The exact method has been compared with the approximation method based on Taylor expansions, It has been found that the approximations using one or two terms in the Taylor expansion series are generally inadequate for simulations of 3D NOE-NOE volumes and fail at very short mixing times, depending on the motional properties of the biomolecule in question. Specifically, the first-order approximation fails at τ c τ m ≥ 1.8 x 10 −10 s 2 for both the dodecamer and the decamer if an RMS error in the volumes of
Private Landowners Cooperate to Sustain Wildlife Habitat: The Case of the Sabi Sand Game Reserve

Now over 60 years old, the Sabi Sand Game Reserve is a cooperative “for-profit” arrangement among a group of private landowners in South Africa that has succeeded in protecting wildlife and wildlife habitat while substantially increasing the economic value of the landowners' property. On a per acre basis, the Sabi Sand's wildlife populations are at least as large and healthy as those of the adjoining Kruger National Park. The lands that make up the reserve were once several fenced-off properties that were managed unsuccessfully as cattle ranches in the early 20th century. The founding members concluded they would be better off using their land as a game reserve. To do that, they had to pool their landholdings to accommodate populations of large animals such as elephant, rhino, and buffalo that required more room than any one property could provide. The authors describe how the rules governing Sabi Sand evolved in ways similar to those in other successful cases of common resource management that have been studied by, among others, the late Nobel laureate Elinor Ostrom. The asset is managed by a local community where those with a right to its use are clearly identified and others are clearly excluded. The reserve's private property owners use a mix of collective and individual decision-making procedures, have procedures for resolving conflict, and have ways to punish those who would abuse the land or wildlife.
PPIs meet the liver.

Abstract This prospective trial evaluated whether CYP2C19 genotype status was related to eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori using triple therapy with a proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin with an attempt to establish a strategy for treating patients whose H. pylori was not eradicated. Study patients consisted of men and women with endoscopically proven gastric ulcers or duodenal ulcers or long-standing gastritis who were positive for H. pylori using a rapid urease test, culture, and histology. The drug regimen for eradication of H. pylori included 20 mg of omeprazole or 30 mg of lansoprazole b.i.d. (randomly selected for proton pump inhibitor use), 200 mg of clarithromycin t.i.d., and 500 mg of amoxicillin t.i.d. for 1 wk. Patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer were treated with a daily dose of 20 mg of omeprazole or 30 mg of lansoprazole for 5–7 wk after triple therapy. Patients whose H. pylori was not eradicated with the initial regimen were retreated with 30 mg of lansoprazole q.i.d. and amoxicillin q.i.d. for 2 wk. Patients received endoscopic evaluation and confirmation of H. pylori status before treatment and 1 month after the end of all treatments. Endoscopic biopsy samples were obtained for rapid urease testing, bacteriological culture for antimicrobial sensitivity, and polymerase chain reaction analysis for genotyping of CYP2C19 status of patients. Patients were categorized into three groups based upon CYP2C19 genotype: homozygous extensive metabolizers, heterozygous extensive metabolizers, and poor metabolizers. There were no significant differences between the groups in demographic or disease state measures. Overall, 226 of 261 patients (86.6%) achieved cure of H. pylori infection. Thirty-three of 261 patients were infected with clarithromycin-resistant strains, whereas culture results revealed no amoxicillin-resistant strains. Differences in the status of CYP2C19 genotype and clarithromycin-resistant H. pylori were significantly associated with success or failure of H. pylori eradication. Eradication rates were 72.7% for homozygous extensive metabolizers, 92.1% for heterozygous metabolizers, and 97.8% for poor metabolizers. Thirty-four of 35 patients who did not achieve H. pylori eradication were classified as extensive metabolizers. Thirty-two of these patients were retreated, achieving H. pylori eradication.
Measuring parental support for children's physical activity in white and African American parents: the Activity Support Scale for Multiple Groups (ACTS-MG).

Objectives The Activity Support Scale (ACTS) was expanded for use with African American families. Its factorial invariance and internal reliability were examined for non-Hispanic white and African American parents.
STUDIES ON THE RESPIRATORY MECHANISM IN LOBAR PNEUMONIA : A STUDY OF LUNG VOLUME IN RELATION TO THE CLINICAL COURSE OF THE DISEASE.

1. The functional residual air (defined as the lung volume at the end of normal expiration) has been determined in a series of normal individuals and in ten patients with lobar pneumonia at different stages of the disease. 2. The rate, depth, and minute volume of respirations were measured in the same individuals by a graphic method. 3. When appreciable cyanosis was present the oxygen content and capacity of the arterial blood were determined. 4. A constant relationship has been found to exist between the persistence and disappearance of symptoms (fever, accelerated heart rate, rapid and shallow breathing, cyanosis) and fluctuations of the functional residual air. When these symptoms persisted the functional residual air decreased; during their disappearance the volume of the functional residual air rose towards normal. The rise was detected soon after the crisis. 5. A close parallelism has been observed also between alterations in radiographic shadow, physical signs, and the volume of the functional residual air. The lung volume, measured at normal expiration, is diminished during the persistence of pathological signs in the lungs, and returns to normal as the pathological signs disappear. The average time required, in cases which recovered, for the functional residual air to become constant was 11 to 12 days, counting from the onset of the disease.
HIV-infected Women's Perspectives on the Use of the Internet for Social Support: A Potential Role for Online Group-based Interventions

While the development and implementation of HIV-related online interventions has expanded, few have been tailored for women or have leveraged Web 2.0's capabilities to provide social support. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 27 women with HIV at an urban community health center to understand their perspectives on the potential role of the Internet and the use of an online group format to provide social support. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method. We identified six themes: a need for groups and increased sense of connectedness, convenience and accessibility, trust as a precondition for participating, online groups as a potential facilitator or barrier to expression, limited digital access and literacy, and privacy concerns. Overall, women were highly supportive of online group-based interventions but acknowledged the need for increased digital access and Internet navigation training. Hybrid (in-person and online) interventions may be most useful for women with HIV.
Development of High Performance Thin Heat Pipe for Cooling Small Form Factor Devices

The fast development in computing technology and the trend towards miniature architecture has created a more challenging task for cooling high-powered electronic components in further confined spaces. Thermal solution providers are required to develop higher performance and thinner heat pipes for their cooling devices. This paper shows the detail development of 1 mm thick heat pipe. In order to improve and characterize the heat pipe performance, various parameters were investigated such as wick structures; heat pipe length and thickness; operating temperatures; water-surface wettability and operation against gravity. In general, for a low-profile device, the heat pipe length is usually less than 150 mm and the operating temperature less than 80 °C. Based on this condition, if using a diameter 4 mm heat pipe flattened to 1 mm thick, the maximum heat transfer is about 11 watts.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Missed nursing care, staffing, and patient falls

Patient falls in hospitals continue to be a major and costly problem. This study tested the mediating effect of missed nursing care on the relationship of staffing levels (hours per patient day [HPPD]) and patient falls. The sample was 124 patient units in 11 hospitals. The HPPD was negatively associated with patient falls (r = -0.36, P < .01), and missed nursing care was found to mediate the relationship between HPPD and patient falls.
Hæmoglobins, Myoglobins and Erythrocruorins: a Proposal for modifying the Present Terminology

THE present terminology for those protohaem respiratory pigments which combine reversibly with oxygen, in which the terms haemoglobin, myoglobin and erythrocruorin are used in varying senses by different authors, is far from satisfactory. Keilin and Hartree1 showed that a convention introduced earlier by Svedberg2, whereby all invertebrate pigments of this type were to be designated as erythrocruorins, was no longer justified on the basis of current knowledge. They suggested instead that ‘haemoglobin’ should be used as a general term for both vertebrate and invertebrate pigments, and that the term erythrocruorin should be abandoned. According to their suggestion any given pigment should be identified by its origin, as in Planorbis haemoglobin, muscle haemoglobin, etc. It is with regard to the latter designation that this terminology immediately ran into difficulties.
Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of major phosphoproteins of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata

Phosphoproteins of hatched blastulae, gastrulae, and pluteus larvae of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, were labeled in vivo with [32P]O4 and analysed by 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. At least 60 phosphoproteins were resolved. Some of these showed different relative intensities of labeling at the embryonic periods monitored. Some embryonic phosphoproteins were characterized by cell fractionation and by comparing autoradiograms with Coomassie-blue staining patterns and [35S]methionine labeling patterns. Neither actin nor tubulin phosphorylation was detected. No differences in phosphorylation were detected in dissociated and partially reassociated blastula cells relative to each other and to intact embryonic controls.
Factors influencing the hunger and thirst motivated behavior of hypothalamic hyperphagic rats

Abstract Female rats with lesions in the area of the ventromedial hypothalamus were hyperphagic but performed significantly worse than controls on high fixed ratio schedules for both food and water reinforcements. Preoperative training of the experimental task eliminated these performance deficits but identical deprivation in terms of preoperative body weight did not. Identical deprivation had no effect on either the pretrained or nonpretrained lesioned groups using water reinforcement, and only a moderate effect with nonpretrained animals for food reinforcement. Preoperative training, on the other hand, greatly facilitated the hunger and thirst motivated behavior of obese as well as deprived lesioned rats. Pretraining was most effective when postoperative testing at the highest ratio of reinforcement was not preceded by a period of ad lib feeding or the reintroduction of lower ratios. Rather than hypothesizing a reduction in motivation, the performance deficits of nonpretrained lesioned animals are attributed primarily to a lesion induced hyperreactivity to long periods of nonreinforcement.
Imaging sports injuries: the future.

OBJECTIVE To review the application of new imaging technologies to the practice of sports medicine. DATA SYNTHESIS Musculoskeletal imaging has dramatically evolved over the past decade. Plain film acquisition, archiving, storage, and interpretation have undergone revolutionary changes, moving into the electronic era. Viewing hard-copy film is becoming obsolete as digital image acquisition and display will eventually render radiology departments filmless. Although it seems unlikely that a new modality will enter the imaging arena in the near future, we will continue to see the development of software and hardware technology that allows rapid acquisition of superior quality cross-sectional image data. CONCLUSION As these technologies continue to flourish, diagnosis and treatment planning of the injured athlete will become both more expedient and more accurate.
Norepinephrine depletion reduces the effects of social and olfactory experience

Control juvenile rats adapted normally to a new home-cage bedding odor if they were caged with rats neonatally treated with 6-hydroxydopa, but not DSP-4. Neither social nor olfactory experience influenced preferences of NE-depleted rats. In some forebrain regions of controls caged with DSP-4 rats, monoamine concentrations were depressed and a metabolite elevated, suggesting the situation was stressful. DSP-4 treatment decreased the effect of footshock on hippocampal cholinergic activity, implying that NE depletion reduced sensitivity to stress. Thus, norepinephrine may modulate the biobehavioral effects of the postweaning olfactory and social environment.
Abstract LB-199: SN38-dextran prodrug synthesis and cell delivery in a murine metastatic pancreatic cancer model

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Enzyme activated prodrugs have been investigated and sought after as highly-specific, low side effect treatments, especially for cancer therapy. We synthesized an SN38-dextran prodrug and utilized it in a cell delivery system that can carry both the prodrug and an activating enzyme to the cancer site. For delivery of our prodrug, we engineered Raw264.7 cells (mouse monocyte/macrophage like cells, Mo/Ma) to express intracellular rabbit carboxylesterase (InCE), which cleaves the prodrug to activate SN38. InCE expression was regulated by the TetOn® system, which silences the gene unless a tetracycline, such as doxycycline is present. To test the system, a murine pancreatic cancer model was generated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of Pan02 cells. Engineered Mo/Ma cells were loaded with the SN38-dextran prodrug and were injected i.p. into the mice. Two days following injection, doxycycline was given i.p. to activate the InCE, which in turn activates the prodrug into active SN38. A survival study demonstrated that this system significantly increased survival in a murine pancreatic cancer model, with an average post-diagnosis life expectancy increase of 20%. Thus, for the first time, a prodrug/activating enzyme system self-contained within tumor-homing cells has been demonstrated that can significantly prolong the life of i.p. pancreatic tumor bearing mice. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-199. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-199
Cellular growth inhibition by TGF-β1 involves IRS proteins ☆

Abstract In Mv1Lu cells, insulin partially reverses transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) growth inhibition in the presence of α5β1 integrin antagonists. TGF-β1 appears to induce phosphorylation of IRS-2 in these cells; this is inhibited by a TGF-β antagonist known to reverse TGF-β growth inhibition. Stable transfection of 32D myeloid cells (which lack endogenous IRS proteins and are insensitive to growth inhibition by TGF-β1) with IRS-1 or IRS-2 cDNA confers sensitivity to growth inhibition by TGF-β1; this IRS-mediated growth inhibition can be partially reversed by insulin in 32D cells stably expressing IRS-2 and the insulin receptor (IR). These results suggest that growth inhibition by TGF-β1 involves IRS proteins.
Interim management of international strategic alliances

Leadership decisions are among the most vexing issues that face an alliance partnership. Permanent leaders imply expectations about their treatment as employees, even after they are no longer an ideal fit. Staffing from among the partners’ human resources assumes that talent is not in short supply and implies a potential favoritism in the operation of the alliance. Interim management offers a unique and superior, albeit not perfect, alternative. Interim leaders may be particularly effective at facilitating an alliance start‐up and when the alliance is to transition from one stage of the organization’s life cycle to the next.
Tropical×temperate germplasm resistant to corn earworm (Lepidoptera: noctuidae)

Abstract Corn earworm (CEW), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is a major economic pest of corn both in the US and worldwide. The primary means of controlling CEW on corn is to use host plant resistance because chemical control is costly and inconsistent. The objective of this study was to identify new sources of CEW resistance genes from the Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) germplasm with either 25% or 50% tropical background. Seventy-three GEM breeding crosses plus three check hybrids (Pioneer hybrids 3223 and 34K77 and B73×Mo17) were evaluated in Lubbock, Texas in 1999 and 2000. Significant differences in ear penetration by larvae, ear length, ratio of ear penetration to ear length, and grain mold were found among the genotypes. Over the 2 years BVIR103:S04, DKXL380:S08a, DKB830:S19, GUAT209:N19, and CUBA117:S15 had the lowest CEW damage and may be new sources of CEW resistance. Grain mold was positively related to CEW damage. The breeding crosses with 50% tropical background had significantly lower CEW damage, less grain mold, and longer ears than those with 25% tropical background or the check hybrids.
USING MENTAL IMAGERY TO ENHANCE GIFTED ELEMENTARY STUDENTS’ CREATIVE WRITING

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present research was to examine the effects of mental imagery instruction on gifted elementary students’ creative writing and development of imagery vividness. Thirty‐seven fourth‐and fifth‐grade students were assigned to either a treatment or a control group and then participated in four group lessons over a two‐week period. Treatment subjects received instruction and practice in imagery usage through researcher‐developed passages that embedded highly imaginal sensory descriptions. Control subjects listened and responded to children's stories. Following each lesson, both groups completed creative writing assignments. To assess the effects of the treatment, two pretest‐posttest tasks were given, a creative writing sample and a survey of imagery vividness. On the creative writing task, treatment subjects significantly outperformed control subjects on originality and use of sensory descriptions but not on writing length. In addition, both groups significantly improved on the vivi...
Local Anesthetic Block of Mutant Rat Skeletal Muscle Na+ Channels Lacking Fast Inactivation: Evidence for Activation Gate Trapping

Local anesthetics (LAs) inhibit voltage-gated Na+ channels in a complex time-, voltage-, and state-dependent fashion that may involve a “guarded intrapore receptor” where closed channel gates (m - activation, and h - inactivation) preclude LA escape via the inner channel mouth leading to trapping and long-lived, drug blocked states. Recent evidence discounts the involvement of the h gate in this mechanism, but m gate trapping may contribute importantly to use-dependent block. Critical steps in m gate trapping are the initial binding of a local anesthetic molecule to the intrapore receptor followed by m gate closure upon deactivation. Consequently, the mechanism predicts that the fraction of long-lived blocked channels is directly related to the probability of intrapore receptor occupancy immediately preceding m gate closure.To test this prediction we explored the relationship between open channel block and the long-lived drug blocked states in a mutant Na+ channel lacking fact inactivation. Disabling fast inactivation in this manner provided for the study of open channel blockade and use-dependent block in the absence of a functional h gate. We studied macro- and microscopic currents of a mutant rat skeletal muscle Na+ channel (μ1, Nav 1.4) lacking fast inactivation through the triple point mutation (IFM/QQQ) in the III-IV interdomain (QQQ) expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Lidocaine (LIDO) caused use-dependent block of QQQ involving a long-lived drug blocked state (recovery τ=0.12s, -100mV). LIDO produced time dependent reduction of non-inactivating macroscopic currents and discrete and rapid block of single channel currents both of which report occupancy of the intrapore receptor. The fraction of long-lived states was tightly linked with the degree of receptor occupancy. The findings provide strong support for the m gate trapping of LIDO.
Verbal and Object Availability in the Acquisition of Language: Implications for Audio-visual Communication

An experiment is reported in which a variety of audio-visual presentations were made to a group of first grade pupils. It was found that there was no significant difference between three learning conditions: verbal availability, object availability, and a combination of the two. It is therefore suggested that either a verbal presentation or a visual presentation is more likely to be initially effective than is an audio-visual presentation.
A consideration of the mechanism of congestive heart failure.

Abstract The numerous aspects of the mechanism of congestive heart failure herein presented attest to the extremely complex nature of the clinical syndrome. Many phenomena are concerned with production of the various manifestations of the syndrome. It appears certain that although an increase in venous pressure contributes to the formation of edema, it is not the only factor responsible, nor does the venous hypertension result solely from a “dam in the stream.” Chronic congestive heart failure cannot be explained simply on the basis of the mechanisms previously defined by the backward or forward concepts. There are many important, interesting, and incompletely understood hemodynamic phenomena associated with heart failure. The role of the kidneys, of the endocrine system, and of cellular or enzymatic phenomena are presently being investigated. These factors are probably important contributors to the syndrome of congestive heart failure; their precise role is unknown. The foregoing discussion does not constitute a review of the literature but rather a brief, and surely incomplete, presentation of the problem. Certain hemodynamic principles have been emphasized which seem to escape the consideration of most clinicians and, at times, even of those especially interested in the syndrome.
The basolateral amygdala differentially regulates conditioned neural responses within the nucleus accumbens core and shell

The ability to process information regarding reward-predictive cues involves a diverse network of neural substrates. Given the importance of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in associative reward processes, recent research has examined the functional importance of BLA-NAc interactions. Here, multi-neuron extracellular recordings of NAc neurons coupled to microinfusion of GABAA and GABAB agonists into the BLA were employed to determine the functional contribution of the BLA to phasic neural activity across the NAc core and shell during a cued-instrumental task. NAc neural response profiles prior to BLA inactivation exhibited largely indistinguishable activity across the core and shell. However, for NAc neurons that displayed cue-related increases in firing rates during the task, BLA inactivation significantly reduced this activity selectively in the core (not shell). Additionally, phasic increases in firing rate in the core (not shell) immediately following the lever press response were also significantly reduced following BLA manipulation. Concurrent with these neural changes, BLA inactivation caused a significant increase in latency to respond for rewards and a decrease in the percentage of trials in which animals made a conditioned approach to the cue. Together, these results suggest that an excitatory projection from the BLA provides a selective contribution to conditioned neural excitations of NAc core neurons during a cued-instrumental task, providing insight into the underlying neural circuitry that mediates responding to reward-predictive cues.
Management of Pelvic Injuries in Pregnancy

Pelvic fractures in pregnant women are usually high-energy injuries associated with risk of mortality to both mother and fetus. The mother's life always takes priority in the acute setting as it offers the best chance of survival to both the mother and the fetus. Indications for operative intervention of acute pubic symphysis rupture depend on presence of an open disruption, amount of displacement, and degree of disability. Chronic symphyseal instability related to pregnancy is a challenging problem and the first line of treatment is nonoperative care. A previous pelvic fracture is not a contraindication by itself to vaginal delivery.
The resource-based view within the conversation of strategic management

The resource-based approach is an emerging framework that has stimulated discussion between scholars from three research perspectives. First, the resource-based theory incorporates traditional strategy insights concerning a firm's distinctive competencies and heterogeneous capabilities. The resource-based approach also provides value-added theoretical propositions that are testable within the diversification strategy literature. Second, the resource-based view fits comfortably within the organizational economics paradigm. Third, the resource-based view is complementary to industrial organization research. The resource-based view provides a framework for increasing dialogue between scholars from these important research areas within the conversation of strategic management. Resource-based studies that give simultaneous attention to each of these research programs are suggested.
Russell's Notion of Scope

Despite the renown of 'On Denoting', much criticism has ignored or misconstrued Russell's treatment of scope, particularly in intensional, but also in extensional contexts. This has been rectified by more recent commentators, yet it remains largely unnoticed that the examples Russell gives of scope distinctions are questionable or inconsistent with his own philosophy. Nevertheless, Russell is right: scope does matter in intensional contexts. In Principia Mathematica, Russell proves a metatheorem to the effect that the scope of a single occurrence of a description in an extensional context does not matter, provided existence and uniqueness conditions are satisfied. But attempts to eliminate descriptions in more complicated cases may produce an analysis with more occurrences of descriptions than featured in the analysand. Taking alternation and negation to be primitive (as in the first edition of Principia), this can be resolved, although the proof is non-trivial. Taking the Sheffer stroke to be primitive (as proposed by Russell in the second edition), with bad choices of scope the analysis fails to terminate.
Circadian rhythms and levels of β-endorphin, acth, and cortisol during chronic methadone maintenance treatment in humans

Abstract Previous studies have shown alterations of neuroendocrine function in humans receiving any narcotic on short-term basis or short-acting narcotics on a chronic basis. In this study of 16 well-stabilized patients, it was demonstrated that normalization of hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis function, as reflected by normal levels and normal circadian rhthm of levels of β-endorphin, ACTH and cortisol, is achieved during long-term steady state methadone maintenance treatment of former heroin addicts.
Energy Audit: Monitoring power consumption in diverse network environments

Understanding the details of power consumption in networks is a precursor to being able to make effective power management decisions. However, measuring the power consumption is often fraught with difficulty due in part to large and dispersed deployment of heterogeneous equipment. In this paper we present a tool suite called EnergyAudit that is designed for network operators to audit the power consumption in their infrastructure. The tool suite has three components, (i) an API that links to existing management infrastructures and enables devices to be queried, (ii) a database of benchmark measurements of networking equipment that maps device configurations and operating status to power consumption, (iii) an auditing tool that queries the community database. The API simplifies deployment of EnergyAudit. The database enables community and manufacturer contribution of power consumption estimates. The auditing tool can infer missing data and reports both the estimated power consumption for devices in the network and the fidelity of the measurements from which the device-to-power mapping was reported. We describe the details of the tool suite and demonstrate its use in three different network environments with diverse systems.
Inactivation of indicator microorganisms in estuarine waters

Abstract In the United States, shellfish growing areas are classified, in part, using standards based on the densities of either the total or fecal coliform groups in surface waters. However, the standards currently employed may not reliably index the presence of certain enteric pathogens, particularly enteric viruses responsible for human illnesses, even though both the pathogens and indicators derive from the same fecal contamination. To some extent, this may be due to differences in the survival of these pathogens in the environment relative to that of the bacterial indicators. This investigation was conducted to assess the effects of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, geographic location, season, and solar radiation on the survival of selected indicator microorganisms in estuarine waters. The indicators examined included fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and male-specific bacteriophage (MSB), a potential indicator of enteric viruses. In situ experiments were performed in estuarine waters of Alabama and Rhode Island. Among the parameters examined, sunlight and/or temperature most significantly affected indicator decay rates. In general, the effects from exposure to sunlight accounted for up to 83, 84, and 99% of the density reductions of MSB, C. perfringens and fecal coliforms, respectively. Thus, the effects from sunlight were greatest on fecal coliforms and much less pronounced on MSB and C. perfringens. For fecal coliforms, the effect of sunlight was more pronounced during the winter than the summer. In the absence of sunlight, the rate of MSB decline was strongly negatively correlated with estuarine water temperatures and dissolved oxygen. Overall, fecal coliform decay rates were dissimilar to those found for MSB. From this, it would appear that fecal coliforms may not be reliable indicators of viruses in estuarine waters.
Identification of the β1-integrin binding site on α-actinin by cryoelectron microscopy

Cell-matrix adhesions in migrating cells are usually mediated by integrins, alpha-beta heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that link extracellular matrix molecules such as fibronectin to the cytoskeleton. We have synthesized the cytoplasmic domain of the beta1-integrin (residues H738-K778) with a histidine tag at its N-terminus. The binding of this peptide to a lipid monolayer containing a chelated-nickel group (dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline-suberimide-nitriloacetic acid:nickel salt) mimics the native environment at the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane. A Nanogold particle was covalently linked to cysteines introduced at the C-terminus and after residue T757 on the integrin peptide, and co-crystallized with chicken smooth muscle alpha-actinin. The 2-D arrays of the beta1-integrin-alpha-actinin complex were examined by cryoelectron microscopy, with and without the gold label. Averaged projections were calculated for each specimen along with a difference map to determine the relative position of the gold-labeled beta1-integrin peptide. The difference maps indicate that the beta1-integrin cytoplasmic domain binds alpha-actinin between the first and second, 3-helix motifs in the central rod domain.
Three myths about codes of engineering ethics

A myth is a story or belief that is truer to fear or wish than to fact. My subject is three myths which are common in engineering ethics: (a) that the earliest codes of engineering ethics put loyalty to one's client or employer ahead of the public interest; (b) that engineering codes of ethics should be mere (moral) guidelines rather than (legalistic) rules; and (c) that codes of engineering ethics are too vague to provide much guidance. Perhaps the only thing that these myths have in common is that they are all too common in discussions of engineering ethics, but I think they have more in common than that - they seem to be mutually enforcing.
RENO: A Rename-Based Instruction Optimizer

RENO is a modified MIPS R10000 register renamer that uses map-table "short-circuiting" to implement dynamic versions of several well-known static optimizations: move elimination, common subexpression elimination, register allocation, and constant folding. Because it implements these optimizations dynamically, RENO can apply optimizations in certain situations where static compilers cannot. Several of RENOýs component optimizations have been previously proposed as independent mechanisms. Unified renaming [13] implements dynamic move elimination and speculative memory bypassing [19] (the dynamic counterpart of register allocation). Register integration [21] implements common-subexpression elimination and speculative memory bypassing. RENO unifies these mechanisms and adds a dynamic version of constant folding, RENOCF. RENOCF uses an extended map table format and a limited form of dynamic operation fusion. Cycle-level simulation shows that RENO dynamically eliminates (i.e., optimizes away) 22% of the dynamic instructions in both SPECint2000 and MediaBench. RENOCF is responsible for 12% and 17% of the eliminations, respectively. Because dataflow dependences are collapsed around eliminated instructions, performance improves by 8% and 13%, respectively. Alternatively, because eliminated instructions do not consume issue queue entries, physical registers, or issue, bypass, register file, and execution bandwidth, RENO can be used to absorb the performance impact of a significantly scaled-down execution core.
Design of a coil to correct magnetic field errors on the DIII-D tokamak

Careful measurements have been made of the error fields created by the 19 field-shaping coils on DIII-D. Spectral analysis has yielded a better understanding of the source of the toroidal and poloidal field errors existing on the tokamak. With this new information, a much better error-field correction coil (C-coil) has been designed which should be able to nearly eliminate the m=2, n=1 component of the error field without introducing other toroidal modes. By dividing the C-coil into segments which can be connected in different configurations, one will be able to program the phase and amplitude of a variety of perturbation fields for experimentation. Alternatively, the coil can be configured and programmed to provide the maximum reduction of error fields for routine plasma operations, enabling a wider stable operating parameter space for the tokamak. Details for the C-coil design and its harmonic spectrum are presented. >