cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure–activity relationships for the action of 11 pyrethroid insecticides on rat Nav1.8 sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Pyrethroid insecticides bind to voltage-sensitive sodium channels and modify their gating kinetics, thereby disrupting nerve function. This paper describes the action of 11 structurally diverse commercial pyrethroid insecticides on the rat Na v 1.8 sodium channel isoform, the principal carrier of the tetrodotoxin-resistant, pyrethroid-sensitive sodium current of sensory neurons, expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. All 11 compounds produced characteristic sodium tail currents following a depolarizing pulse that ranged from rapidly-decaying monoexponential currents (allethrin, cismethrin and permethrin) to persistent biexponential currents (cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin). Tail currents for the remaining compounds (bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate and tefluthrin) were monoexponential and decayed with kinetics intermediate between these extremes. Reconstruction of currents carried solely by the pyrethroid-modified subpopulation of channels revealed two types of pyrethroid-modified currents. The first type, found with cismethrin, allethrin, permethrin and tefluthrin, activated relatively rapidly and inactivated partially during a 40-ms depolarization. The second type, found with cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin and fenvalerate, activated more slowly and did not detectably inactivate during a 40-ms depolarization. Only bifenthrin did not produce modified currents that fit clearly into either of these categories. In all cases, the rate of activation of modified channels was strongly correlated with the rate of tail current decay following repolarization. Modification of Na v 1.8 sodium channels by cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin was enhanced 2.3- to 3.4-fold by repetitive stimulation; this effect appeared to result from the accumulation of persistently open channels rather than preferential binding to open channel states. Fenpropathrin was the most effective compound against Na v 1.8 sodium channels from the perspective of either resting or use-dependent modification. When use dependence is taken into account, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and tefluthrin approached the effectiveness of fenpropathrin. The selective expression of Na v 1.8 sodium channels in nociceptive neurons suggests that these channels may be important targets for pyrethroids in the production of paresthesia following dermal exposure.
Design and implementation of S-MARKS: A secure middleware for pervasive computing applications

As portable devices have become a part of our everyday life, more people are unknowingly participating in a pervasive computing environment. People engage with not a single device for a specific purpose but many devices interacting with each other in the course of ordinary activity. With such prevalence of pervasive technology, the interaction between portable devices needs to be continuous and imperceptible to device users. Pervasive computing requires a small, scalable and robust network which relies heavily on the middleware to resolve communication and security issues. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of S-MARKS which incorporates device validation, resource discovery and a privacy module.
Hormone ontogeny in the ovine fetus. XV. Studies of adenohypophysial hormones after fetal pituitary stalk section: evidence for an extrahypothalamic dopaminergic influence on fetal prolactin secretion.

The administration of a dopamine antagonist, haloperidol, to the ovine fetus in late gestation elevates plasma concentrations of PRL, suggesting tonic dopaminergic inhibition of fetal PRL secretion. The source of this dopaminergic inhibition was investigated in chronically catheterized ovine fetuses (104–135 days of gestation) after hypophysial stalk section (SS; n = 4) and in sham-operated controls (CON; n = 7). Basal PRL levels were similar in the two groups of fetuses. After the administration of TRF (250 μg, iv), PRL levels rose comparably in both the SS and CON fetuses. The only difference was a higher mean incremental response (P < 0.02) in the SS fetuses. The dopamine agonist apomorphine (100 μg/kg, iv) induced a similar suppression of fetal PRL concentrations in CON (n = 4) and SS (n = 2) fetuses. After the administration of haloperidol (1 mg, iv) to the CON fetuses (n = 7), the concentration of fetal PRL rose (P < 0.01). In the SS fetus (n ? haloperidol induced a rise in PRL concentrations (P < 0...
Development of fifty-one novel EST-SSR loci for use in rockfish (genus Sebastes )

We mined expressed sequence tag libraries from three species of rockfish (Sebastes caurinus, S. goodei, and S. rastrelliger) for microsatellites. A total of 111 novel sequences with repetitive elements were isolated and we were able to successfully amplify 51 of these in five different rockfish species. Population level surveys for two species (S. flavidus and S. melanops) were conducted with these 51 loci. Twelve loci showed deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, indicating the presence of null alleles or duplicated loci. Eleven of the 51 loci annotated to the SWISSPROT database. This suite of loci will prove useful in current and ongoing conservation and genomic studies of rockfish.
Shaping Gene Expression in Artificial Cellular Systems by Cell-Inspired Molecular Crowding

Synthetic biology has made tremendous recent strides in constructing artificial cellular systems using minimal cell components ex vivo, creating an experimental platform for characterizing the behavior of isolated cellular modules and a form of biotechnology for the controlled operation of artificial cells. The robustness and efficiency of these systems are nonetheless challenging to control, in part because artificial cells establish an environment that is still very different from that of actual living cells. Here, we present a novel approach towards bridging the gap between artificial and true cell environments by developing artificial cells incorporating controlled macromolecular crowding, mimicking a key feature of natural cells known to dramatically influence biochemical kinetics. We demonstrate the value of our approach by showing that molecular crowding enhances gene expression and confers robustness against perturbations of gene environments. We further elucidate the underlying mechanisms of these phenomena at the single molecule level by demonstrating how large crowding molecules decrease diffusion of T7 RNA polymerase, but increase its binding to a T7 RNAP promoter. Based on single-molecule results, we further show that the impact of molecular crowding on gene circuits is enhanced by weak genetic components and maximized by a negative feedback loop. By bridging a key gap between artificial cell technology and the environment of living cells, we demonstrate the importance of intracellular crowding to efficient and robust function of biological circuits and suggest new engineering principles for controlled modulation of synthetic genetic systems.
Mechanism of glutaredoxin-ISU [2Fe-2S] cluster exchange.

Exchange of [2Fe–2S] centers between Grx2 and the cluster scaffold protein ISU, and characterization of two mutually exclusive Grx2 binding sites on ISU by isothermal titration calorimetry supports a direct link for Grx and glutathione involvement in ISU promoted Fe–S cluster biosynthesis.
Real-space renormalization on a 3-d ising model

We apply the Niemeyer and van Leeuwen 1 ) renormalization scheme to a spin-one Ising model on a simple cubic lattice, finding J / kT c = 0.429 with critical exponents β = 0.360 and γ = 1.45 in second order. These are compared with low-temperature series results of Fox and Guttmann 3 ).
Small intestinal submucosa: a substrate for in vitro cell growth

Abstraet-The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the small intestinal submucosa (SIS) was harvested by removing the superficial layers of the mucosa and the external muscular layers. The remaining 80 μm thick sheet was disinfected and sterilized by methods which removed all cellular components. The SIS-ECM, retaining its native 3-dimensional microarchitecture and composition, was evaluated for its ability to support in vitro cell growth. Six separate cell types were seeded either alone or in coculture with other cells upon this matrix, grown in selected media, and examined daily for time periods ranging from 48 h to 2 weeks. The six cell types tested were NIH Swiss mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, NIH 3T3/J2 fibroblasts, primary human fibroblasts, primary human keratinocytes, human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs), and an established rat osteosarcoma (ROS) cell line. All cell types showed the ability to attach and proliferate. All fibroblast cell lines and the keratinocytes proliferated and/or migrated into the 3-...
Carbon dioxide separation from hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport in swollen chitosan membranes

Abstract The separation of carbon dioxide from hydrogen and nitrogen at high temperatures would be valuable to fuel cell, flue gas purification, and ammonia processes. A feed gas mixture of carbon dioxide, hydrogen and nitrogen (10% CO2, 10% H2, and 80% N2) was used to evaluate water-swollen chitosan as a facilitated transport membrane for these applications. The amino group of the chitosan repeating unit could be the fixed carrier that facilitates carbon dioxide transport in the presence of water. Carbon dioxide transport properties of a water-swollen chitosan membrane were measured over temperature and pressure ranges of 20–150 °C and 1.5–5 atm, respectively. The average levels of water (total, free and bound) in the membranes were measured and correlated with carbon dioxide transport properties. At a feedstream pressure of 1.5 atm, all free water was lost from the membrane at temperatures above 110 °C and only bound water could contribute to facilitated transport. This mechanism change resulted in maxima in the CO2 permeability (482 barrers), the CO2/H2 selectivity (43.4), and the CO2/N2 selectivity (250) at T = 110 °C. Each type of water appeared to have a different efficiency in contributing to the facilitated transport of carbon dioxide through chitosan membranes.
Adhesive substrate-modulation of adaptive immune responses.

While it is well-known that adsorbed proteins on implanted biomaterials modulate inflammatory responses, modulation of dendritic cells (DCs) via adhesion-dependent signaling has only been begun to be characterized. In this work, we demonstrate that adhesive substrates elicit differential DC maturation and adaptive immune responses. We find that adhesive substrates support similar levels of DC adhesion and expression of stimulatory and co-stimulatory molecules. Conversely, DC morphology and differential production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-12p40 and IL-10, respectively) is adhesive substrate-dependent. For example, DCs cultured on collagen and vitronectin substrates generate higher levels of IL-12p40, whereas DCs cultured on albumin and serum-coated tissue culture-treated substrates produce the higher levels of IL-10 compared to other substrates. Additionally, our results suggest substrate-dependent trends in DC-mediated allogeneic CD4 þ T-cell proliferation and T-helper cell type responses. Specifically, we show that substrate-dependent modulation of DC IL-12p40 cytokine production correlates with CD4 þ T-cell proliferation and Th1 type response in terms of IFN-g producing T-helper cells. Furthermore, our results suggest substrate-dependent trends in DC-mediated stimulation of IL-4 producing T-cells, but this Th2 type response is not dependent on DC production of IL-10 cytokine. This work has impact in the rational design of biomaterials for diverse applications such as tissueengineered constructs, synthetic particle-based vaccines and the ex vivo culture of DCs for immunotherapies.
Fusion estrogen receptor proteins: toward the development of receptor-based agonists and antagonists.

Abstract Estrogen-induced signaling mediated by estrogen receptors (ERs) is also affected by aberrant ERs that act as constitutively active or dominant negative modulators. Variant ERs can contribute to carcinogenesis and to the loss of estrogen responsiveness, rendering antiestrogen therapy ineffective. Determining target gene response during co-synthesis of different ER species is difficult, because dimers formed in the presence of more than one ER species are a heterogenous population of homo- or heterodimers. We engineered a homofusion ERα as a prototype single-chain receptor by genetically conjugating two ER monomers into a covalently fused single-chain protein to obtain a homogeneous population. This permits analysis of symmetrical or asymmetrical mutations that simulate variant homo- and heterodimers. Although a monomer, the homofusion receptor exhibited similar biochemical and functional properties to the dimeric ERα. We used activation function-2 (AF2) defective mutants as a model in either one or both receptor domains for a dominant-negative phenotype by suppressing the reporter activity induced by the WT receptor. When co-expressed with ERα, the fusion variant deficient in both AF2 functions suppressed the reporter activity effectively induced by ERα. These results show the utility of fusion receptors as models for generation of receptor-based agonists and antagonists.
Topological tori as abstract art

Topologists have known for almost three decades that there are exactly four regular homotopy classes for marked tori immersed in 3D Euclidean space. Instances in different classes cannot be smoothly transformed into one another without introducing tears, creases, or regions of infinite curvature into the torus surface. In this article, a quartet of simple, easy-to-remember representatives for these four classes is depicted to expose this classification to a broader audience. It is shown explicitly how the four models differ from one another, and examples are given of how a more complex immersion of a torus can be transformed into its corresponding representative. These mathematical visualization models are juxtaposed with artistic sculptures employing more classical torus shapes.
Fluxes of Ions, Glucose, and Water in Isolated Jejunal Segments in Normal and Bluecomb Diseased Turkeys

Abstract BLUECOMB diseased turkeys have decreased gastrointestinal (GI) motility (Duke et al., 1969), decreased food conversion (Dziuk et al., 1969a), and several physical signs which are characteristic of anorexia (Dziuk et al., 1969b). Alteration of GI function seems to be a major factor in the pathogenesis of bluecomb disease. Therapeutic measures for bluecomb disease usually include the addition of electrolytes, milk replacer, and antibiotics to the drinking water. Use of the additives is generally believed to be partially effective in reducing mortality and morbidity. Conclusive evidence to support this contention is difficult to obtain. The reasons are that: 1. severity of the disease may vary greatly among individuals in a field flock or even in experimental trials in which each turkey received the same dose of infective material, 2. the pathogenesis of bluecomb disease is poorly understood, and 3. the etiologic agent has not been positively identified. The primary objective of…
Rayleigh waves in prestressed crystals

Rayleigh waves in anisotropic, prestressed crystals have been investigated by a combination of lattice dynamics and elastic-wave theory. We derive an exact expression for the Rayleigh velocity as the root of a cubic equation involving the elastic constants of the prestressed material and the applied stress in the direction of propagation. Numerical calculations show that surface modes are softened by uniaxial tension or compression parallel to the direction of propagation. For the two-dimensional triangular lattice which is elastically isotropic in the unstressed state, we have calculated the dispersion of the surface waves by analytic lattice dynamics. We find the remarkable result that the frequency of the surface waves, at all wavelengths, is proportional to $sin(\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}{d}_{x}}{\ensuremath{\lambda}})$, where $2{d}_{x}$ is the nearest-neighbor separation along the prestressed, close-packed $x$ direction. We have made an estimate of the surface entropy which is in reasonable agreement with other calculations.
Alias-free sampling: An alternative conceptualization and its applications

A new concept of alias-free sampling of continuous-time processes X = \{ X(t), -\infty is introduced. The new concept is shown to be distinct from the traditional concept [1]-[3]. various criteria for a given sampling scheme \{t_{n}\} to be alias-free in the new sense are developed. The relationship of the new definition to the question of estimating the spectral density function \Phi(\lambda) of the continuous-time process X from its samples \{X(t_{t})\} is discussed.
The use of a velocity filter in α-decay studies of microsecond radioactivities

Abstract A new method of studying microsecond radioactivities of evaporation residues produced by heavy-ion reactions is described. Forward recoiling products were separated from the beam particles by using a velocity filter and implanted into a Si(Au) detector. Their subsequent α decays were then studied with the same detector.
Nuclear resonance scattering measurement of human iron stores

Hepatic iron stores were measured noninvasively in 31 patients (thalassemia, hemodialysis, hemosiderosis, refractory anemia) with suspected iron overload, employing a nuclear resonance scattering (NRS) technique. The thalassemia patients were undergoing desferrioxamine chelation therapy during the NRS measurements. The hemodialysis patients were measured before chelation therapy. Iron levels measured by NRS were in general agreement with those determined in liver biopsies by atomic absorption spectroscopy. In addition, NRS measurements from the thorax of some of these patients suggest that this method may also prove useful for clinical assessment of cardiac iron.
Student consultants' perceptions and valuations of research skills

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present perceptions and valuations of research skills that members of one student consulting group reported based on their coursework and participation in experiential consulting projects.Design/methodology/approach – In interviews conducted in Fall 2009, students were asked to describe the research skills they acquired through their participation in experiential consulting projects and, for comparison, the research skills they acquired through their course assignments. The students' responses were placed into categories based on the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) information literacy competency standards for higher education, where applicable. Other categories were created to address responses that did not correspond to the ACRL standards. Categories with the highest overall number of occurrences, representing recurring themes in the responses, were analyzed.Findings – The students identified research skills that they believed would be impor...
Behind the atomic curtain

Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939-1956. By David Holloway. Yale University Press: 1994. Pp. 464. $30, £19.95.
Identification of the timing of S phase and the patterns of cell proliferation during hair cell regeneration in the chick cochlea

Birds respond to hair cell loss by stimulating cell division in the otherwise mitotically quiescent sensory epithelium and by generating new hair cells. We examined cell proliferation during hair cell regeneration in chick basilar papilla by using 5-bromo-2′ -deoxyuridine (BrdU). Chicks were noise exposed for 4 or 24 hours and injected with BrdU, and cochleae were immunohistochemically labeled to detect BrdU. Immunoreactivity after short-term postinjection survival identified when cells entered S phase. For both 4 and 24 hour exposures, cells in S phase were first detected in the sensory epithelium after an injection at 18 hours after the onset of exposure and were also present after injections at 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours. The most cells in S (or G2) phase were detected at 42 and 72 hours for 24 hour exposures and at 48 hours for 4 hour exposures. Chicks that survived for long periods after injection had BrdU-labeled hair cells indicating that precursor cells that divided in the presence of BrdU generated new hair cells. Moreover, labeled hair cells and supporting cells were grouped into discrete clusters, suggesting that cells within each cluster are clonally related. Support for this hypothesis was provided by experiments showing that the number of labeled cells increased when chicks survived for longer periods after a single BrdU injection. These findings suggest that progenitors within the sensory epithelium may undergo several rounds of division to generate the appropriate number of new hair cells and supporting cells.
Vibration Considerations in Foil-Bearing Design

The semianalytic foil.-bearing solution algorithm of Eshel and Elrod (1965) is extended to the solution of the linearized, free vibration problem for one-dimensional self-pressurized foil bearings. The results demonstrate that unwanted variations in the spacing between the moving foil and the stationary bearing surface can be eliminated through proper design. The penetration depth through which vibration of the free span penetrates into the foil bearing is determined by two exponential exponents, one describing inlet penetration, the other describing outlet penetration. When the inlet exponent is large and negative and the outlet exponent is large and positive, there is negligible coupling between the vibration of the free spans and the vibration of the spacing between the foil and the stationary bearing surface. This decoupling is desirable in magnetic recording and web handling applications and can be achieved by properly selecting two dimensionless parameters, one describing the ratio of the viscous forces to the tape tension, the other describing the ratio of the tape transport speed to the wave speed in the tape. The values of these two parameters in current designs of both magnetic tape recording and web-handling devices are consistent with the design goal of minimizing foil vibration over the bearing. The inlet and outlet exponents are the roots of fourth-order polynomial, and, in most cases, good estimates for these roots can be found without explicitly solving the foil-bearing problem. The effects of the air compressibility, tape bending stiffness, and slip flow are also investigated. Tape bending stiffness is found to play a significant role in vibration coupling. These results provide new insight into the influence of vibration on foil-bearing design.
Electrical responses to water‐soluble components of fish mucus recorded from the cnidocytes of a fish predator, Physalia physalis

Physalia physalis, the Portuguese man of war, consumes mostly fish and fish larvae. Intracellular recordings from nematocyst‐containing cells (cnidocytes) in small pieces of Physalia tentacle were used to quantify the electrical responses to diluted and filtered fish skin mucus, 1–100 x 10‐6 M amino acids, monosaccharides, and nucleosides, and seawater, which were delivered upstream of the tissue. Seawater caused responses (one pulse only) in about 10% of the applications. Fish mucus extract elicited responses in all applications, producing 1–18 depolarizing pulses (20 mV maximum amplitude). The pulses were characteristic of post‐synaptic potentials (EPSPs). Lucifer yellow and biocytin dye injections showed that the cnidocytes were not electrically coupled. Simultaneous records from two cnidocytes following mucus applications were identical.We propose, therefore, that the chemoreceptors are not on the cnidocytes, but are probably on sensory neurons that innervate clusters of cnidocytes. A < 3,000 MW fract...
Evaluation of mask quality control methods addressing progressive haze issues

ABSTRACT A traditional method of mask quality control in a fab has been wafer image qualification i.e., wafer inspection on printed monitor wafer or wafer inspection on production wafer. But recently many fabs that are using DUV lithography for low k1 process are experiencing the progressive defect growth challenge (such as crystal growth, haze, fungus, precipitate etc.) on their photomasks. The quality of some reticles will worsen over time due to this progressive defect problem on the mask. Hence it is important to detect such problems before they start impacting the device yield. An evaluation was constructed in a Japanese advanced logic fab to compare the performance between traditional image qualification methods and direct reticle inspection using TeraStar STAR light . The goal was to determine if the TeraStar STAR light inspection could provide the sensitivity required to give early warning of progressive defects before image qualification can detect these defects. Evaluation results show that TeraStar STARlight is the most effective method in a fab to provide early warning to a progressive defect growth on reticle that is likely to print later during mask life. Keyword: Crystal growth, haze, fab inspection, mask
Coil Embolization of an Aortic Pseudoaneurysm after Open Repair of Type A Aortic Dissection

Anastomotic pseudoaneurysms represent an uncommon and challenging complication of open aortic repair with prosthetic graft. First characterized by Clayton et al. in 1956, they affect approximately 1.4-4% of arterial anastomoses. These pseudoaneurysms are the result of many factors, foremost of which are infection, integrity of the host tissue, surgical technique, and location of the anastomosis. Pseudoaneurysms were traditionally treated with open resection of the pseudoaneurysm and revision of the anastomosis. This case presents a novel approach to the treatment of pseudoaneurysms in a difficult location. The patient was a 77-year-old man status after repair of a type A aortic dissection with a Dacron tube graft. Follow-up imaging 18 months postoperatively showed a 1.6 cm×1.7 cm pseudoaneurysm off of the posteromedial proximal suture line. Through a right brachial artery approach, a diagnostic angiogram was performed demonstrating a bilobed pseudoaneurysm. A Judkins left 3.5 catheter and 0.035″-angled Glidewire was used to engage the orifice of the pseudoaneurysm. Two 4 mm×6 cm Boston Scientific Interlock coils were then deployed into the pseudoaneurysm sac. Completion angiogram demonstrated complete exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm. The patient did well and was discharged the following day. Follow-up computed tomography scan at 3 months showed regression and complete thrombosis of the pseudoaneurysm. Traditional operative repair of anastomotic pseudoaneurysms can lead to long operations, high blood loss, and increased morbidity and mortality as a result of their reoperative nature. Coil embolization is a safe and effective approach for the treatment of anastomotic pseudoaneurysms in difficult locations.
Photophosphorylation and Carbon Dioxide Fixation by Chloroplasts Isolated from Populus deltoides.

A system has been developed for the isolation of photosynthetically active chloroplasts from leaves of Populus deltoides. A high proportion of the chloroplasts appeared intact. The maximum rates of different photosynthetic processes were as follows: CO2 fixation 3.5 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour, noncyclic ATP synthesis 10 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour, and cyclic ATP synthesis 300 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour.
Recommendations for Determining the Hardness of Armor Ceramics

It is empirically known that an armor ceramic should be as hard or harder than the projectile it intends to defeat. Quasi-static indentation testing is one of the most widely utilized techniques for determining the hardness of armor ceramics. Hardness measurements can also be used to generate other property values that may be relevant to ballistic performance (fracture toughness, elastic properties, and even the yield strength). While the indentation methodologies are simple and straight forward, the resultant hardness values for ceramic materials can be influenced by the indenter geometry, indentation load, loading rate, specimen surface finish, and microstructure. This presentation will summarize the results of a study to determine the hardness of a variety of armor-grade ceramics with different indenter geometries (Vickers and Knoop) over a range of indentation loads (0.98-98 N) and discuss the implications for armor ceramics. The resulting data strongly indicate that the best means of determining the hardness of armor ceramics is the use of 19.6-N Knoop indentations.
The giant cardiac membrane patch method : stimulation of outward Na+-Ca2+ exchange current by MgATP

1. A giant patch method was used to study the stimulatory effect of cytoplasmic MgATP on outward Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange current in inside-out cardiac membrane patches (1-10 G omega seals with 14-24 microns pipette tip diameters) excised from guinea-pig, rabbit and mouse myocytes. 2. To establish the validity of the method with respect to structure, bleb formation was examined with electron microscopy and with confocal fluorescence light microscopy. The blebs, which form as the sarcolemma detaches, excluded intracellular organelles and transverse tubules. The blebbed cells contained normal sarcomeres, sarcoplasmic reticulum, triads and diads. 3. To further establish the validity of the method for ion transport studies, measurements of Na(+)-K+ pump currents and charge movements are described briefly which demonstrate (i) free access to the cytoplasmic membrane side, (ii) MgATP dependence comparable to reconstituted pump (Kd, 94 microns), (iii) fast, rigorous concentration control and (iv) Na(+)-K+ pump densities in the range of whole-cell densities. 4. Stimulation of outward Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange current by MgATP attenuated exchange current decay during step increments of cytoplasmic sodium, shifted the secondary activation of outward exchange current by cytoplasmic calcium to lower free calcium concentrations and, particularly in mouse cardiac sarcolemma, induced cytoplasmic calcium-independent current. 5. Upon removal of MgATP the stimulatory effect usually decayed with a t50 (half-time) of about 3 min. However, the reversal took place much more rapidly (t50, 5-20 s) in patches from individual guinea-pig and rabbit myocyte batches. When decay was rapid, secondary activation by cytoplasmic calcium was shifted to higher free cytoplasmic calcium concentrations (Kd, 10-65 microns-free calcium). 6. With repeated applications of MgATP the rate and magnitude of the stimulatory effect progressively decreased. 7. The Kd for MgATP of the initial rate of stimulation of outward exchange current was 3 mM or greater. When decay was rapid, the steady-state dependence of exchange current on MgATP also had a Kd of 3 mM or greater. 8. Stimulation of Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange current by MgATP occurred in the absence of cytoplasmic calcium with 9 mM-EGTA. 9. The stimulatory effect of 2 mM-MgATP was not inhibited by up to 200 microM of the protein kinase inhibitor 1-(5-isoquinoline sulphonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H7), or by peptide inhibitors of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C and calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A review of CMOS latchup and electrostatic discharge (ESD) in bipolar complimentary MOSFET (BiCMOS) Silicon Germanium technologies: Part II-Latchup

CMOS latchup and electrostatic discharge (ESD) continue to be a semiconductor quality and reliability area of interest as semiconductor components continue to be reduced to smaller dimensions. The combination of scaling, design integration, circuit performance objectives, new applications, and the evolving system environments, CMOS latchup and ESD robustness will continue to be a technology concern. With both the revolutionary and evolutionary changes in CMOS and Silicon Germanium semiconductor technologies, and changing product environments, new CMOS latchup and ESD requirements also continue in semiconductor design, device and chip-level simulation, design verification, chip-to-system evaluation, and the need for new latchup and ESD test specifications. Additionally, the issues of low cost, low power and radio frequency (RF) GHz performance objectives has lead to both revolutionary as well as derivative technologies; these have opened new doors for discovery, development and research in the area of latchup and ESD. Although latchup and ESD are not a new reliability arena, there are also new issues rising each year, making the latchup and ESD an area of continuous discovery, innovation and invention. In this paper, an introduction to latchup in CMOS and BiCMOS Silicon Germanium will be discussed.
Wet/Dry Mapping: Using Citizen Scientists to Monitor the Extent of Perennial Surface Flow in Dryland Regions

Wet/dry mapping provides a low-cost, comprehensive snapshot for monitoring flow conditions in rivers with interrupted perennial (spatially intermittent) surface flow. When used in conjunction with more traditional point-specific stream flow or groundwater measurements, it provides a better understanding of hydrologic systems at the broad landscape or watershed scale. Through use of trained volunteers, we mapped reaches with surface water during the driest time of year to track annual variation in length and location of perennial flow. Data from 12 years of wet/dry mapping on the San Pedro River in Arizona, USA, showed 62 reaches with surface flow in every year, totaling 32% of the river length through the San Pedro Riparian National Conservation Area. They also show areas with high year-to-year variation in flow length, which indicate changes in local groundwater conditions and may provide early warning of ecological changes. Data and maps from this project have been useful for a wide variety of conservation, management, and research efforts.
Prevalence of recurrent complaints of pain among Greek schoolchildren and associated factors: a population-based study.

Aim: To determine the prevalence of recurrent complaints of pain (RCP) in Greek children, and to examine associations with socio-demographic characteristics and psychosocial factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study comprising a nationally representative population of 8130 7-y-old Greek schoolchildren. Data were collected by mailed questionnaires (response rate 89%). RCP was defined as present if at least one of the complaints of headache, abdominal pain or limb pain occurred at least once a week. Results: The RCP prevalence rate was 7.2%, with significant gender differences (8.8% of girls, 5.7% of boys; p<0.001). RCP was significantly positively associated with a chronic health problem among the children, frequent change of residence, poor school performance, often watching TV and rarely playing with other children. There were no statistically significant associations of RCP with family structure and socio-economic status. Conclusion: The results are indicative of the prevalence of RCP in Greek schoolchildren. This study enlightens the psychosocial component of RCP and emphasizes the importance of gathering information on children's social background in medical settings.
Nuclear Magnetic Moment and Spin of Europium-152m

The helicity of the neutrino was determined by studying the decay of the 9.3-hour isomeric state of Eu/sup 152/ The conclusions rest, in part, upon a knowledge of the spin and pariiy of this state. The result of the investigation indicates that the spin of Eu/sup 152/ is zero. (A.C.)
Magnetic properties of some rare earth silicides: GdSi, Gd5Si3, Dy5−xNdxSi3

Abstract The magnetic susceptibilities and magnetization behavior as functions of temperature and field strength were investigated for the compounds GdSi, Gd5Si3 and Dy5−xNdxSi3, 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 5. The 1 χ vs . T curves apparently indicate antiferromagnetic behavior but the Weiss temperature is always positive. The compounds have hexagonal structures and a series of interactions are postulated to exist among the magnetic atoms in the crystallographic sites. When these exchange integrals are substituted in the Heisenberg exchange Hamiltonian it is shown that the lowest energy spin configuration is a helical arrangement. It is concluded that, in general, an antiferromagnetic susceptibility behavior with a positive Weiss constant may be indicative of a helical spin arrangement.
The Effects of Single versus Mixed Gender Treatment for Adolescent Girls with ADHD.

This study evaluated the social behavior of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in single and mixed gender treatment settings. We collected ratings of social behavior (i.e., prosocial peer interactions, assertiveness, self-management, compliance, physical aggression, relational aggression) during single and mixed gender games within the Summer Treatment Program-Adolescent for 10 girls (M age = 13.17, 80% Hispanic) and 11 boys (M age = 12.89, 54.55% Hispanic). Counselors completed ratings immediately following 10 recreational periods for each adolescent they supervised (5 single gender games, 5 mixed gender games). Gender (female vs. male) × Setting (single vs. mixed gender) ANOVAs were conducted. If a significant interaction emerged, post hoc tests were also conducted. Several Gender × Setting interactions emerged, suggesting that girls benefit more from single gender formats than mixed gender formats. Girls showed more assertiveness, self-management, and compliance in single compared to mixed gender settings. A somewhat different pattern of results emerged for boys, which showed more appropriate social behavior (i.e., self-management, compliance) and less inappropriate social behavior (i.e., physical and relational aggression) in mixed gender settings compared to single gender settings. In contrast to previous ADHD treatment studies, these findings suggest that gender may impact treatment response for adolescents. Therefore, it is important that future studies evaluate whether current treatments for ADHD are appropriate for girls with ADHD and whether gender-specific treatments are necessary to address the unique difficulties of adolescent girls with ADHD.
Vasovagal reactions in volunteer blood donors: Analyzing the predictive power of the medical fears survey

The ability of three subscales of the Medical Fears Survey (fear of injections and blood draws, fear of blood, fear of mutilated bodies) to predict vasovagal reactions was examined in 364 volunteer blood donors. Participants completed the subscales of the Medical Fears Survey immediately prior to blood donation, and then rated their subjective physiological reactions while seated in a postdonation refreshment area. Correlation analyses indicated that high scores on the fear of injections and blood draws subscale was the best predictor of vasovagal reactions in first-time and experienced female donors (r = .65 and .34, respectively, p < .01). Although the fear of blood subscale was significantly correlated with vasovagal reactions in experienced male donors (r= .45, p < .01), none of the subscales of the Medical Fears Survey was significantly related to subjective physiological reactions in novice male blood donors. Finally, for female donors higher levels of vasovagal reactions to the donation process were associated with decreased intentions to donate blood in the future.
Economics of biodiversity and sustainable fisheries management

Abstract Marine ecosystems are complex, and many marine species are ecologically interdependent. As a result, losing a species could produce a cascading effect on other species. Fishery scientists advocate an ecosystem-based approach to fishery management to meet long-term sustainable goals. This paper models the complex interrelationships among species and the relationship between biomass growth and phenotypic diversity. We found that the equilibrium stock and catch/yield levels are overestimated when the diversity is not accounted for. Consequently, if species are diverse, fishery policy based on a single fishery management could overestimate catch potentials and potentially results in biological overfishing and stock collapse.
Estimating the Contribution of Sea Ice Response to Climate Sensitivity in a Climate Model

AbstractThe response of sea ice to climate change affects Earth’s radiative properties in ways that contribute to yet more climate change. Here, a configuration of the Community Earth System Model, version 1.0.4 (CESM 1.0.4), with a slab ocean model and a thermodynamic–dynamic sea ice model is used to investigate the overall contribution to climate sensitivity of feedbacks associated with the sea ice loss. In simulations in which sea ice is not present and ocean temperatures are allowed to fall below freezing, the climate feedback parameter averages ~1.31 W m−2 K−1; the value obtained for control simulations with active sea ice is ~1.05 W m−2 K−1, indicating that, in this configuration of CESM1.0.4, sea ice response accounts for ~20% of climate sensitivity to an imposed change in radiative forcing. In this model, the effect of sea ice response on the longwave climate feedback parameter is nearly half as important as its effect on the shortwave climate feedback parameter. Further, it is shown that the stre...
Proteasome degradation: enter the substrate

Abstract Cells depend upon the regulated destruction of their various proteins to maintain homeostasis and change their metabolic state. A key component of this process is the proteasome – a large multisubunit protease whose catalytic sites are sequestered within a central chamber. Entry of substrates into proteasomes is regulated by activators and is generally thought to proceed sequentially, starting from one end of the substrate polypeptide. This conventional view is expanded by a recent paper, which indicates that some unfolded substrates can open the entrance to the proteolytic chamber in the absence of an activator and can enter the proteasome in a hairpin conformation to allow limited proteolysis of internal segments.
The majority of myelinated and unmyelinated sensory nerve fibers that innervate bone express the tropomyosin receptor kinase A

Although skeletal pain is a leading cause of chronic pain and disability, relatively little is known about the specific populations of nerve fibers that innervate the skeleton. Recent studies have reported that therapies blocking nerve growth factor (NGF) or its cognate receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) are efficacious in attenuating skeletal pain. A potential factor to consider when assessing the analgesic efficacy of targeting NGF-TrkA signaling in a pain state is the fraction of NGF-responsive TrkA+ nociceptors that innervate the tissue from which the pain is arising, as this innervation and the analgesic efficacy of targeting NGF-TrkA signaling may vary considerably from tissue to tissue. To explore this in the skeleton, tissue slices and whole mount preparations of the normal, adult mouse femur were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. Analysis of these preparations revealed that 80% of the unmyelinated/thinly myelinated sensory nerve fibers that express calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and innervate the periosteum, mineralized bone and bone marrow also express TrkA. Similarly, the majority of myelinated sensory nerve fibers that express neurofilament 200 kDa (NF200) which innervate the periosteum, mineralized bone and bone marrow also co-express TrkA. In the normal femur, the relative density of CGRP+, NF200+ and TrkA+ sensory nerve fibers per unit volume is: periosteum>bone marrow>mineralized bone>cartilage with the respective relative densities being 100:2:0.1:0. The observation that the majority of sensory nerve fibers innervating the skeleton express TrkA+, may in part explain why therapies that block NGF/TrkA pathway are highly efficacious in attenuating skeletal pain.
Fabrication of high performance 512Kb SRAMs in 0.25 μm CMOS technology using x-ray lithography

Abstract Fully functional 512Kb static-random access memory (SRAM) devices containing more than 3.6 million transistors have been successfully fabricated in a 0.25 μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology using compact storage ring X-ray lithography thus demonstrating the functionality of the X-ray lithography infrastructure. A lithographic performance comparison was made between x-ray lithography and optical (excimer laser) lithography by fabricating SRAM devices using both lithographic techniques. The excellent process latitude and dimension control available for x-ray lithography is reflected in this comparison. A comprehensive discussion of the advantages of x-ray lithography is discussed in this paper.
Emergy analysis of ethanol production from low-input, high-diversity (LIHD) grasslands on degraded farmland

This research aims to analyze ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass produced from low-input, high-diversity (LIHD) grasslands (often referred to as prairies) on degraded farmland by applying the principles of emergy analysis. This type of cellulosic biomass is an attractive alternative to traditional monocultural biomass sources such as corn because it requires less purchased inputs in the agricultural phase and can be grown on marginal lands such as degraded farmland, but has lower yields of biomass per hectare and is more difficult to process during ethanol production. To analyze this tradeoff, an emergy analysis was performed to quantify the amount of direct and indirect energy needed to make ethanol from the growth of the biomass through the production of ethanol from the biomass. Emergy metrics calculated are environmental yield ratio, environmental loading ratio, sustainability index, and fraction renewable, all of which indicate that LIHD ethanol is more attractive emergetically than corn and switchgrass ethanol. However, ethanol produced in this manner represents a small fraction of the current gasoline consumption in the US, suggesting that conservation measures are important in addition to the production of biofuels to ensure energy security. Other benefits of a LIHD grassland such as increased resilience to pests and disease as well as the use of marginal land are not captured explicitly by emergy analysis and would likely further increase the attractiveness of ethanol produced from LIHD systems.