cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adhesion between Modified Binders and Aggregate Minerals at Ambient Conditions Measured with Particle-Probe Scanning Force Microscopes

AbstractAccurate determination of adhesion between asphalt binders and aggregates is essential to pavement performance. In this study, particle-probe scanning force microscopes were used to measure...
Cytologic parameters predicting neoplasia in Papanicolaou smears with atypical glandular cells and histologic follow-up: a single-institution experience.

Introduction Studies investigating histologic follow-up of The 2001 Bethesda System diagnosis of atypical glandular cells (AGC) have focused on various screening methods, patient populations, and Papanicolaou preparations. Our aim was to report the histologic follow-up of AGC diagnoses from ThinPrep slides and evaluate specific cytologic features predicting benign or malignant follow-up results. Materials and methods A retrospective search identified liquid-based cervical cytology results interpreted as AGC. AGC diagnoses were stratified into four groups: atypical endometrial cells (AGC-EM); atypical endocervical cells (AGC-EC); AGC, favor neoplastic (AGC-FN); and AGC not otherwise specified (AGC-NOS). Evidence of disease was based on histologic follow-up (biopsy or resection specimen) with a diagnosis of cancer, complex endometrial hyperplasia, or high-grade squamous dysplasia. Available slides were blindly reviewed for specific cytologic features. Statistical analysis compared cytologic factors that would predict benign or malignant follow-up. Results We interpreted 264 samples as AGC from 2005 through 2009. Of the 246 (93.2%) with follow-up histologic material, 60 (24.4%) were AGC-EM; 36 (14.6%) were AGC-EC; 28 (11.4%) were AGC-FN; and 122 (49.6%) were AGC-NOS. Neoplasia was diagnosed in 80 (32.5%). Neoplastic cases showed significantly increased numbers of single cells, cells in 3-dimensional clusters, engulfed neutrophils, nuclear enlargement, increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, irregular nuclear borders, reniform nuclei, loss of polarity, and macronucleoli. Conclusions Cytologic parameters can be used to predict benign from neoplastic glandular lesions. Biopsy follow-up is necessary to correlate cytologic findings when AGC is diagnosed on a Papanicolaou smear.
Conversation detection and speaker segmentation in privacy-sensitive situated speech data.

We present privacy-sensitive methods for (1) automatically finding multi-person conversations in spontaneous, situated speech data and (2) segmenting those conversations into speaker turns. The methods protect privacy through a feature set that is rich enough to capture conversational styles and dynamics, but not sufficient for reconstructing intelligible speech. Experimental results show that the conversation finding method outperforms earlier approaches and that the speaker segmentation method is a significant improvement to the only other known privacy-sensitive method for speaker segmentation.
The Anthropometric Committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1875–1883

The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the work of the Anthropometric Committee of the British Science Association—known at the time as the British Association for the Advancement of Science. The annual reports are described, and the core members of the Committee and their independent studies are identified. Members of the Committee were familiar with the work of men with similar interests on the Continent and in the United States (Boyd, 1980).
Targeted inhibition of histone deacetylase leads to suppression of Ewing sarcoma tumor growth through an unappreciated EWS-FLI1/HDAC3/HSP90 signaling axis.

Ewing sarcoma (ES) are aggressive pediatric bone and soft tissue tumors driven by EWS-ETS fusion oncogenes, most commonly EWS-FLI1. Treatment of ES patients consists of up to 9 months of alternating courses of 2 chemotherapeutic regimens. Furthermore, EWS-ETS-targeted therapies have yet to demonstrate clinical benefit, thereby emphasizing a clinical responsibility to search for new therapeutic approaches. Our previous in silico drug screening identified entinostat as a drug hit that was predicted to reverse the ES disease signatures and EWS-FLI1-mediated gene signatures. Here, we establish preclinical proof of principle by investigating the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of entinostat in preclinical ES models, as well as characterizing the mechanisms of action and in vivo pharmacokinetics of entinostat. ES cells are preferentially sensitive to entinostat in an EWS-FLI1 or EWS-ERG-dependent manner. Entinostat induces apoptosis of ES cells through G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) elevation, DNA damage, homologous recombination (HR) repair impairment, and caspase activation. Mechanistically, we demonstrate for the first time that HDAC3 is a transcriptional target of EWS-FLI1 and that entinostat inhibits growth of ES cells through suppressing a previously unexplored EWS-FLI1/HDAC3/HSP90 signaling axis. Importantly, entinostat significantly reduces tumor burden by 97.4% (89.5 vs. 3397.3 mm3 of vehicle, p < 0.001) and prolongs the median survival of mice (15.5 vs. 8.5 days of vehicle, p < 0.001), in two independent ES xenograft mouse models, respectively. Overall, our studies demonstrate promising activity of entinostat against ES, and support the clinical development of the entinostat-based therapies for children and young adults with metastatic/relapsed ES. • Entinostat potently inhibits ES both in vitro and in vivo. • EWS-FLI1 and EWS-ERG confer sensitivity to entinostat treatment. • Entinostat suppresses the EWS-FLI1/HDAC3/HSP90 signaling. • HDAC3 is a transcriptional target of EWS-FLI1. • HDAC3 is essential for ES cell viability and genomic stability maintenance.
Anxiety symptoms and smoking among Latinx adult smokers: the importance of sensitivity to internal cues in terms of dependence, barriers for quitting, and quit problems.

Anxiety symptoms are one of the most common forms of psychological distress among Latinx individuals and related to poorer cessation outcomes among non-Latinx Whites. Yet, little is known about the relationship between anxiety symptoms and smoking among Latinx smokers. The current study evaluated sensitivity to internal anxiety-related sensations (anxiety sensitivity) as an explanatory variable in the relation between anxiety symptoms and cigarette dependence, perceived barriers for quitting, and severity of problems experienced during prior quit attempts. Participants included 363 Spanish-speaking Latinx daily smokers (58.7% female, Mage = 33.3 years, SD = 9.8). Results revealed that anxiety symptoms were indirectly associated with cigarette dependence, perceived barriers for cessation, and problems experienced during past quit attempts through anxiety sensitivity. The findings suggest that anxiety sensitivity is a potential mechanism in anxiety symptom-smoking relations among Latinx adult smokers.
A Small D-dot for Use on Flux Compression Generators

A D-dot voltage probe was designed and tested on a megajoule class flux compression generator (FCG) to measure the voltage on the generator load. Design calculations will be shown, along with experimental data taken from laboratory prototype testing as well as the explosive FCG experiment. The D-dot was terminated in a high impedance amplifier, so that the D-dot is mostly self-integrating (i.e. a capacitive divider). The amplifier limits the bandwidth of the probe to 40 MHz, which was sufficient for the transients expected in the experiment. The high sensitivity of this termination allows the use of a small, non-disturbing probe. The FCG D-dot data, combined with a measurement of the current using B-dot probes, can be used to calculate the dynamic impedance of the load. The load for the FCG was designed to be a static inductor, however, small load impedance changes on the order of 10's of μOhm are present as the conductors heat up and move apart at high current. This change in impedance of the load was modeled with ALE3D (multi-physics Lawrence Livermore code) [1] and compared to the measured voltage.
Oxidized Arenol Intermediates in Intermolecular Carbon−Carbon Bond Formation. Naphthoid Cyclohexa-2,4-dienones via Oxidative Nucleophilic Substitution

Dearomatization of arenes is a powerful strategy for the preparation of functionalized cyclic olefins. Phenol oxidation can be exploited as a dearomatization tactic to produce cyclohexa-2,4-dienones. Iodine(III)-mediated oxidation of 2-alkyl- and 2-alkoxynaphthols was accomplished in the presence of an allylsilane or a silyl enol ether carbon-based nucleophile to furnish cyclohexa-2,4-dienone derivatives in moderate to good yields. This intermolecular carbon−carbon bond-forming reaction is particularly promising for the preparation of synthetically valuable naphthoid orthoquinols.
Studies with transplantable AK4 mouse leukemia. III. Effect of spleen and marrow shielding on AK4 leukemic implants in homologous strains of irradiated mice.

Alterations in the susceptibility of homologous strains of x-irradiated mice to AK4 leukemic implants by spleen and femur shielding at the time of whole- body irradiation was determined in the A/St and C57BL strains of mice. The protective effect of spleen or femur shielding in irradiated animals that did not receive leukemia was also evaluated in these strains. The results of the experiments with irradiated animals that did not receive leukemia indicated that. although a protective effect was produced by either spleen or femur shielding in both strains, there were no significant quantitative differences afforded by the tissue shielded in either strain. Resistance to transplantable leukemia was partially protected by femur shielding ln the irradlated A/St and C57BL mice and by spleen shielding in the irradiated A/St mice. However, in the irradiated C57BL animals that received leukemia. there was no significant difference between the spleen-shielded and nonshielded groups. The differences in the spleen- shielding results between the A/St and C57BL mice tend to indicate that greater protection was associated with myelopoietic tissue than with lymphoid tissue. (auth)
Viruses RIG up intestinal immunity.

The virome, increasingly recognized as a critical component of the mammalian microbiota, modulates host physiology. An antiviral treatment approach reveals that, via RIG-I signaling, the commensal virome is essential for the homeostasis of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes.
Overview of the First SHPB Experiments on Oriented Single Crystal Explosives

Under plate impact experiments (uniaxial strain) single crystal explosives exhibit elastic-plastic mechanical behavior, however at quasi-static rates (uniaxial stress) they are brittle. We have conducted Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) experiments to bridge the strain rate gap between the two extremes in an effort to tease out the effects of strain rate and pressure on the plasticity, and to probe the mechanisms of failure in single crystal RDX, PETN and PBX9501. Samples were compressed in different crystallographic orientations to promote different proposed deformation and fracture mechanisms, while utilizing in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction, phase contrast imaging, or high speed visible light imaging. Researchers have postulated that in sub-shock impacts, the mechanisms of stress dissipation an explosive possesses are very important to “hot spot” formation—which initiates the first chemical reactions within an energetic. What is “unpredictable” or “stochastic” for an observer at the macroscale, might in fact, be deterministic when a complete understanding of the microscale physics is understood. This paper will focus on the development of the mini- and micro-Kolsky bars utilized in order to maximize the strain rate within the samples, the initial results on the mechanical behavior and fracture mechanisms of these high explosives, and the challenges we have encountered and overcome.
A Cutting Plane Algorithm for the Design of survivable Networks

With the high capacity of optical fiber technology it has become possible to design very sparse network topologies, so that some attention has to be given to the design of minimum-cost networks that are survivable against the loss of a single link or node.
Erosion evaluation of elbows in series with different configurations

Abstract Erosion of elbows in series has received more attention recently as many facilities have elbows in series with various orientations and installations. It has been observed from experiments that, for liquid-dominated flows when two elbows are placed in series and with a small distance between them, the maximum erosion takes place in the second elbow. However, it is also necessary to study the effect of the orientation of the elbows because in the oil and gas industry, for example, there are all types of combinations of elbows in series in the field. In this work, experiments were conducted in a 50.8 mm diameter experimental facility considering liquid-solid and liquid-gas-solid flows and one configuration of elbows in series: where the first elbow for both configurations is upward vertical-horizontal and the second elbow orientation is horizontal-vertical downward. Also, the distance between elbows was kept constant (being three diameters). Additionally, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) studies were performed and compared with experiments. After validation and sensitivity studies concerning numerical solutions, a comprehensive numerical study was conducted, taking into account different scenarios regarding the orientation of elbows using three configurations of two elbows in series. The results show that the normal and the 180° configuration of two elbows in series are less sensitive to the gravity orientation for liquid-solid flows than the other two configurations investigated. On the other hand, for liquid-gas-solid flows, erosion changes with gravity orientation. The worst-case scenario for liquid-solid flow is suggested to be the 180° configuration, while for the liquid-gas-solid flow, the 90° configuration. Thus, it is important to understand the erosion behavior with the orientation of the elbows, because erosion can be reduced by changing the orientation or the configuration of elbows in series.
Stealing Culture: Law Students Engage an Interdisciplinary Analysis Through the Museum

Museums can be foundational locations for training law students to become lawyers. However, unlike other professions where the museum is intertwined with the profession, for example, a medical museum or anthropological museum, here, there is no ‘legal museum.’ Instead, law students are using the whole museum to develop the litany of desirable skills required to become a successful lawyer. Because the museum does not exist ‘for lawyers,’ the students are engaging with the museum, its functions and its contents, as a learning lab and a primary source. Thus, the museum is not built to accommodate the students. Instead, the students are learning by entering into the museum and all that is involved in its operation. This chapter is our journey through theoretical conceptualization of this undeveloped learning environment to implementation, over a variety of class sizes and structures. Between domestic and international, we have been fortunate to teach a cohort of students, on average, once an academic year. Through praxis (our implementation and engagement, assessment, evaluation, theorization, and re-engagement), we have honed techniques that allow law students to interact with the museum in ways that benefit their personal and professional growth.
AMELY deletion is not detected in systematically sampled reference populations: A Reply to Štamfelj

Abstract Biomolecular sex estimation promises to fill a major gap in the bioarchaeological record by providing estimates of biological sex for skeletal remains with degraded or ambiguous osteological sex-specific markers. Genomic and proteomic sex estimation, like all analytical methods, have limitations and require frameworks to address the problems of low signal samples and the inevitable conflicting results when other methods are used. Proteomic sex estimation is based on the detection of sex-chromosome specific amelogenin protein fragments in enamel using mass spectrometry. Enamel from male individuals contains amelogenin fragments from both the X-and Y-chromosome versions of amelogenin, and enamel from female individuals contains fragments from only the X-chromosome protein. The method is sensitive, robust, quantifiable and reproducible. Researchers have developed, and continue to develop, frameworks to address theoretical problems associated with low levels of detection and conflicting sex estimates that will inevitably occur when multiple methods are used on a sufficiently large dataset. Stamfelj reminds readers that structural variants of the Y-chromosome that delete the amelogenin gene have been detected in forensics and clinical casework. Since this phenomenon would also account for the absence of the AMELY protein in enamel it should therefore be mentioned as an alternative hypothesis by investigators, along with female sex and low peptide signals in mass spectrometry. In his meta-analysis Stamfelj concludes that this is an intrinsic limitation of biomolecular sex estimation, particularly when examining South Asian populations, and should be incorporated in standard analytical sex estimation frameworks. In this comment, we test this assertion by examining the occurrence of AMELY deletion in the systematically sampled, high coverage, large scale, and well-curated populations of the 1000 Genomes Project and Exome Sequencing Project. When using SNP loci in the open reading frame of AMELY, structural deletion was not detected in either project. Confident probabilities of occurrence with associated intervals cannot be determined from null values. We conclude from this that, for now, AMELY deletion should have no bearing on routine biomolecular sex estimation.
The Center for Surgical Health: A Compassion-Driven Urban Surgical Mission

We are the Center for Surgical Health (CSH), an academic community partnership that supports, educates, and advocates for vulnerable Philadelphians with surgical diseases, founded in 2016 by Dr. Jo...
Impact of socio-economic factors on local energetic retrofitting needs - A data analytics approach

Abstract Despite great efforts to increase energetic retrofitting rates in the residential building stock, greenhouse gas emissions are still too high to counteract climate change. One barrier is that policy measures are mostly national and do not address local differences. Even though there is plenty of research on instruments to overcome general barriers of energetic retrofitting, literature does not consider differences in local peculiarities. Thus, this paper aims to provide guidance for policy-makers by deriving evidence from over 19 million Energy Performance Certificates and socio-economic data from England, Scotland, and Wales. We find that building archetypes with their respective energetic retrofitting needs differ locally and that socio-economic factors show a strong correlation to the buildings’ energy efficiency, with the correlation varying depending on different degrees of this condition. For example, factors associated to employment mainly affect buildings with lower energy efficiency whereas the impact on more efficient buildings is limited. The findings of this paper allow for tailoring local policy instruments to fit the local peculiarities. We obtain a list of the most important socio-economic factors influencing the regional energy efficiency. Further, for two exemplary factors, we illustrate how local policy instruments should consider local retrofitting needs and socio-economic factors.
GENERIC PRONOMINAL ANAPHORA : THE CASE OF THE ENGLISH SINGULAR THEY.

L'A. s'interesse aux anaphores pronominales du type I think I'll order a frozen margarita. I just love them, dans lesquelles le pronom pluriel a un antecedent singulier. Ces anaphores sont techniquement interdites parce qu'elles violent la contrainte lexicale stipulant qu'antecedents et pronoms doivent concorder en genre, en nombre et en cas. Toutefois, ces pronoms pluriels illegaux sont acceptables parce qu'ils ont une reference conceptuelle. L'A. presente ici les resultats d'une etude experimentale basee sur des jugements d'acceptabilite et destinee a determiner si les pronoms pluriel avec des antecedents se referant a des entites multiples, generiques ou collectives sont plus naturels que ceux avec des antecedents se referant a des entites uniques, specifiques ou individuelles
Narrative Psychotherapy as Effective Story-Making: An Introduction

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a conceptual framework of the notion “psychotherapy as a story-making process,” and describes various clinical practices that apply within that proposed framework. The chapter locates the notion within the context of neglect and within the context of the modern world, where an atmosphere of fragmentation and disrespect for history, even story itself, seems to prevail. The chapter mainly emphasizes on story making as an active, experiential, phenomenological process within the context of individual, one-on-one psychotherapy. The process is active in that it requires participation by both clients and therapists, and it is experiential because full participation requires seeking from within, as well as from without, again, for both clients and therapists. It is phenomenological in that this seeking aims to view the world differently. The emphasis in the chapter is on the story itself, as opposed to any given theory.
Evaluating and Rewarding Teachers

Policymakers and researchers alike debate the optimal structure of teacher evaluation and compensation systems. This article reviews research in both fields, with a concentration on one increasingly policy-relevant topic in each domain. Within the evaluation domain, particular attention is given to value-added measures, which are increasingly being used to incorporate information about student test performance into teacher evaluations. While these measures allow evaluators to make quantitative estimates of teachers' contributions to student learning, critics argue that the measures suffer from a number of problems, including lack of stability, bias, and misattribution of teacher contributions. Within the realm of compensation, I devote particular attention to recent efforts to implement merit pay schemes, which aim to reward teachers, or teams of teachers, that are especially successful at boosting student achievement. Given that states and districts are increasingly requiring the use of value-added measures in evaluations and experimenting with merit pay plans, both areas are ripe for future research into the benefits and costs of these policies. Suggestions for future directions for research in both fields are offered. Keywords: teacher compensation; teacher evaluation; value-added measures; merit pay; education policy; economics of education
THE UNITED STATES TODAY : How Americans Viewed Their Lives in 2004

The purpose of this article is to help people interested in economic policy gain a deeper insight into how Americans see their own lives, including economic aspects, and to provide some perspective on how Americans are responding to major events. The authors look at Americans’ views during 2004 in six main areas: the nation’s economy; their own personal finances and economic worries about the future; their own community; their personal religious faith; business and other private institutions; and government, including their priorities for government action. These observations are drawn from more than fifty public opinion polls representing Americans’ current and historical views on these matters.
MO-AB-201-03: The Alphabet Soup of Regulatory Compliance: Being Prepared for Inspections

The role of the Radiation Safety Officer at a medical facility can be complicated. The complexity of the position is based on the breadth of services provided at the institution and the nature of the radioactive materials license. Medical practices are constantly changing and the use of ionizing radiation continues to rise in this area. Some of the newer medical applications involving radiation have unique regulatory and safety issues that must be addressed. Oversight of the uses of radiation start at the local level (radiation safety officer, radiation safety committee) and are heavily impacted by outside agencies (i.e. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, State Radiologic Health, The Joint Commission (TJC), etc). This session will provide both an overview of regulatory oversight and essential compliance practices as well as practical ways to assess and introduce some of the new applications utilizing radioactive materials into your medical facility. Learning Objectives: Regulatory Compliance and Safety with New Radiotherapies: Spheres and Ra-223 (Lance Phillips) 1. Understand the radioactive materials license amendment process to add new radiotherapies (i.e., SIR-Spheres, Therasphere, Xofigo). 2. Understand the AU approval process for microspheres and Xofigo. 3. Examine the training and handling requirements for new procedures. 4. Understand the process involved with protocol development, SOP in order to define roles and responsibilities. The RSO and The RSC: Challenges and Opportunities (Colin Dimock) 1. Understand how to form an effective Committee. 2. Examine what the Committee does for the Program and the RSO. 3. Understand the importance of Committee engagement. 4. Discuss the balance of the complimentary roles of the RSO and the Committee. The Alphabet Soup of Regulatory Compliance: Being Prepared for Inspections (Linda Kroger) 1. Recognize the various regulatory bodies and organizations with oversight or impact in Nuclear Medicine, Radiology and Radiation Oncology. 2. Examine 10CFR35 requirements as they relate to the everyday practice of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Oncology. 3. Understand the nature of available guidance documents (e.g., NUREG 1556). 4. Examine the commonalities between TJC and CMS preparedness.
Hormonal Mechanisms in Regulation of Gene Expression

Research on the question of how genes are regulated in mammalian cells has accelerated rapidly in the last decade, with much attention being paid to systems in which gene expression is regulated by hormones. Virtually all the hormones have been implicated in this facet of regulation, including those acting via cyclic AMP as intracellular mediator; indeed, there is now firm evidence that cyclic AMP acts to regulate synthesis of specific enzymes in mammalian cells (1,2) as well as in bacteria (3,4). Our recent work, however, has involved hormones which appear to act independently of cyclic AMP, at least in the experimental system we employ. We shall review here some of our recent observations on the mechanisms involved in the stimulation of synthesis of a specific enzyme by the steroid hormone, hydrocortisone, as well as by the polypeptide hormone, insulin. As might be anticipated by the difference in structure of these hormones, we conclude that their mechanisms of enzyme induction are quite different, the steroid acting via a transcriptional mechanism and insulin clearly acting at some post-transcriptional stage of enzyme synthesis. Details of experimental approaches not fully described here can be found in our earlier publications on this work (4–7).
Introductory Note to R (Al-Jedda) v Secretary of State for Defence

In this case, a dual British and Iraqi citizen challenged his detention in Iraq by United Kingdom forces on the ground that his indefinite detention without charge or trial and without access to a court violated his rights under article 5 (liberty and security) of the European Convention on Human Rights. In considering the case, the House of Lords addressed two main international law issues: whether the detention by UK forces in Iraq was attributable to the United Nations rather than the UK, and whether the rights in the European Convention, by virtue of UN Charter article 103, are "displaced or qualified" by the legal regime established pursuant to UN Security Council resolutions. This Note provides an overview of the case and critiques the opinions of the Law Lords, including the curiously selective quoting of Judge Lauterpacht in the Application of the Genocide Convention case.
Remote transfer of scientific-reasoning and problem-solving strategies in children.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews a number of studies that attempt a multi-faceted exploration of remote transfer, using a traditional experimental approach and a naturalistic, cross-cultural approach. These studies represent an effort to bridge the gap among the central role of remote transfer in human cognition, children's thinking, and the limited knowledge of children's competencies and processes in remote transfer. These studies focus on the impact of time and context on children's transfer of scientific-reasoning and problem-solving strategies from initial learning situations to target tasks that share few superficial and contextual features.
Discounting the future in systems theory

Discounting the future means that the value, today, of a unit payoffis 1 if the payoff occurs today, a if it occurs tomorrow, a2 if it occurs the day after tomorrow, and so on, for some real-valued discount factor 0 ≤ a ≤ 1. Discounting (or inflation) is a key paradigm in economics and has been studied in Markov decision processes as well as game theory. We submit that discounting also has a natural place in systems engineering: for nonterminating systems, a potential bug in the faraway future is less troubling than a potential bug today. We therefore develop a systems theory with discounting. Our theory includes several basic elements: discounted versions of system properties that correspond to the ω-regular properties, fixpoint-based algorithms for checking discounted properties, and a quantitative notion of bisimilarity for capturing the difference between two states with respect to discounted properties. We present the theory in a general form that applies to probabilistic systems as well as multicomponent systems (games), but it readily specializes to classical transition systems. We show that discounting, besides its natural practical appeal, has also several mathematical benefits. First, the resulting theory is robust, in that small perturbations of a system can cause only small changes in the properties of the system. Second, the theory is computational, in that the values of discounted properties, as well as the discounted bisimilarity distance between states, can be computed to any desired degree of precision.
Creating Communities of Professionalism: Addressing Cultural and Structural Barriers.

This chapter is an integrative review of evidence with two purposes. One purpose is to better understand the barriers and constraints that hinder or prevent the growth of professional community, while the second is to create an empirical understanding of how educators can be successful in meeting these challenges. The conceptual architecture for the review is a mixture of research on change and implementation, school improvement, and community. Evidence from this review indicates that there are dynamic cultural and well-entrenched structural barriers that make the realization of professional community problematic. Some of these elements are visible. Many others are deeply buried in the meta-narrative of school improvement. The review also suggests that absent direct attention to these conditions by school leaders, efforts to nurture professional community in schools will be seriously handicapped.
Low-power microsensors for explosives and nerve warfare agents using silicon nanodots and nanowires

Nanocrystalline porous silicon films (nanodots) and polymeric silicon wires (nanowires) have been used to detect chemicals in gas and liquid phase. Transduction mechanisms using quantum confinement derived photoluminescence and optical reflectivity have been used. Photoluminescence intensity is modulated by energy or electron transfer induced quenching, and a shift of the Fabry-Perot reflectivity fringes from thin nanocrystalline films occurs upon molecular absorption. Examples of irreversible detection and reversible sensing modes for explosives, nerve warfare agents, and various odors of commercial interest will be provided. A catalyst can be incorporated into the nanomaterials to provide specificity for the analyte of interest.
Diffraction effects along the normal to a grain boundary

Abstract 1. 1. The intensity calculated by Vaudin et al. is the excess intensity caused by the distortions in the interface region. This was first stated in VBS. The lack of an explicit identification in the earlier papers by Vaudin et al. was one of the major causes of the ensuing disagreements. 2. 2. The intesities for grain boundaries calculated by Vaudin et al., both with and without segregation, are the same as the excess intensities calculated by Vitek and Ruhle for the same grain boundary models. 3. 3. VBS have shown mathematically that for bicrystals of realistic size, the square of the averaged amplitude is the excess intensity caused by the distortions at the interface. The criticisms by VR of the amplitude-averaging technique should be ignored. 4. 4. The excess intensity is easier to measure experimentally, and to interpret because the shape of the diffracting bicrystal affects both the shape and intensity of the calculated total intensity streak profile. 5. 5. The quantification of the electron diffraction patterns by Vaudin et al. was premature. The problems associated with quantification are discussed at length in VLSS and VR. 6. 6. VLSS suggested that the long streaks observed in diffraction patterns from NiO bicrystals were due to large expansions at the interface. VR pointed out that the total rigid body translations associated with these expansions were unrealistically large. However, the alternate explanation by VR in terms of faceting is not consistent either with the fine details of the diffraction patterns or the diffraction effects that are expected from a faceted grain boundary.
Double valence bands in p-type lead-tin-telluride epitaxial films

Abstract Results of the Hall coefficient measurements are presented for p-type Pb 1− x Sn x Te epitaxial films between 77° and 300 °K. In this temperature range, Hall coefficient increases of 38 to 55% over the values at 77 °K were observed. This temperature variation of the Hall coefficient is analyzed in terms of a double valence band model. Band parameters are obtained for three alloy compositions. The separation of the valence bands is found to decrease with temperature on both the PbTe-rich and the SnTe-rich sides of the composition range, but an increase in the double band separation is found for films having composition in the band inversion region. The second valence band is characterized by a heavier mass and lower carrier mobilities than the primary valence band. The results also suggest that the. second valence band extremum in the Pb 0.295 Sn 0.705 Te films may lie in the Σ direction.
Variable Responses of Zoysiagrass Genotypes to the Sting Nematode

Sting nematodes (Belonolaimus longicaudatus) can injure roots of many warm-season turfgrasses in sandy, well-drained soils and on artificial, sand-based putting greens. Resistant or tolerant grasses could reduce the need for chemical control. This research was initiated to assess the host status and relative tolerance of six warm-season genotypes—four zoysia-grasses (Zoysia Willd.), one St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze], and one bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x C. transvaalensis Burtt—Davy]—to the sting nematode by two screening methodologies in sequential glasshouse trials in 2007. All entries were hosts with final sting populations 1.7 to 11.0 times greater than initial inoculation levels. Results indicate that evaluating root lengths of unestablished sprigs under sting nematode pressure may improve the identification of genotypes with greater genetic tolerance than in methods using established plants. Total root lengths were not reduced by sting nematodes in UFZ-10, indicating greater tolerance than found in other entries. Treatments of 'Empire', 'Cavalier', 'Emerald', 'TifEagle', and 'Floratam' inoculated 45 d after planting exhibited total root length reductions of 24, 29, 29, 32, and 37%, respectively, when compared with uninoculated controls. The observed variability suggests that gains from selecting for sting nematode resistance or tolerance are possible in zoysiagrass.
The Effect of Interfacial Waves on the Transition to Slug Flow

It has been proposed by the authors that the transition to slug flow depends on the growth of waves in the two-phase flow and thus may be predicted if the laws of wave growth in closed channel are known. In this work, this proposition is tested by examining the highest waves and the transition to slug flow for air and water, air and water with surface tension reduced by addition of surface-active agents, air and water with increased viscosity by addition of corn syrup and air and ethanol. In each case it is found that the predicted transition to slug flow agrees well with experimental data. Neither a lower surface tension nor a higher viscosity has any effect on the transition to slug flow, but the use of surface active agents reduces the wave growth rate and causes the transition to slug flow to shift to higher gas velocities.
Avian reproductive anatomy, physiology and endocrinology

Although many environmental cues influence reproductive activity, the seasonal breeder responds most strongly to long day length. THE MALE BIRD: Testicular interstitial cells secrete testosterone, which influences reproductive behavior such as territorial aggression and song. Other changes observed in seasonal breeders include testicular hypertrophy and enlargement of the ductus deferens and seminal glomus. THE FEMALE BIRD: Early changes associated with rising estrogen levels in the hen include osteomyelosclerosis and hypercalcemia. Ovulation is then induced by LH, which is followed by eggshell calcification, which is under the control of progesterone. Sources of calcium for shell production include intestinal absorption from the diet, renal control of calcium levels, and mobilization of bone calcium stores. During oviposition, PGF2 alpha and vasotocin stimulate powerful uterine contractions [32] in the presence of calcium. Incubation is associated with falling LH levels and rising prolactin levels. If the hen actually enters reproductive quiescence at this time, then molt will follow. Molt is associated with the total regression of the reproductive tract.
A correlated random effects model for non-homogeneous Markov processes with nonignorable missingness

Life history data arising in clusters with pre-specified assessment time points for patients often feature incomplete data since patients may choose to visit the clinic based on their needs. Markov process models provide a useful tool describing disease progression for life history data. The literature mainly focuses on time homogeneous process. In this paper we develop methods to deal with non-homogeneous Markov process with incomplete clustered life history data. A correlated random effects model is developed to deal with the nonignorable missingness, and a time transformation is employed to address the non-homogeneity in the transition model. Maximum likelihood estimate based on the Monte-Carlo EM algorithm is advocated for parameter estimation. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed method works well in many situations. We also apply this method to an Alzheimer's disease study.
Extended failure time in the creep of frozen soils

Abstract A new concept of defining the failure time in creep as that at which the slope of a straight line from the origin becomes a tangent to the creep curve in the tertiary creep region is proposed. Using this concept, the data from several creep tests carried out in frozen soils are analyzed. It is shown that the estimated useful life of a foundation for a structure built in perenially frozen ground is larger by a factor of at least 1.5 compared to that based on the conventional failure time taken as the time to reach the minimum creep rate or the end of the steady state creep. The exponent of the power law creep in the tertiary region is also calculated.
Effects of Predation Risk and Foraging Return on the Diel Use of Vegetated Habitat by Two Size-Classes of Bluegills

Abstract Little is known about nocturnal habitat selection by fishes under the risk of predation. Using a photoperiod of 15 h light : 9 h dark, we quantified the diel use of artificial macrophytes and open water by two size-classes of bluegill Lepomis macrochirus when the open water was empty (control), contained food, or contained both a caged predator and food. Small bluegills (6.2–7.7 cm total length) spent significantly more time in macrophytes in the predator and food treatment than in the control, followed by the food-only treatment. In addition, small bluegills spent significantly more time in macrophytes during the day than at night in all treatments. The frequency with which small bluegills were found in the same location in subsequent observations was significantly higher in the predator and food treatment during the day than in any other treatment and light combination. Large bluegills (10.2–13.0 cm total length) showed no difference in habitat use among treatments but spent significantly less ...
A Drosophila RNA polymerase II cell-free DNA-dependent transcription system.

Abstract A simple procedure is described for the preparation from nuclei of Drosophila cells of a soluble system which directs accurate transcription initiation from Drosophila RNA polymerase II promoters.
Follow-up Program for Emergency Department Patients with Gonorrhea or Chlamydia

. Objectives: To study the performance of a centralized regional follow-up program organized by a municipal department of health (DH) for female patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and/or Chlamydia trachomatis, who are not diagnosed or treated at the time of presentation. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study of female patients seen in the ED with positive cervical specimens, and their subsequent treatment and follow-up by the DH. Medical records were reviewed to determine the female patients seen in the ED who had positive specimens for N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis. The DH followed up those not treated in the ED. Analysis of how long it took for these patients to be treated and the proportion lost to follow-up was performed. Results: Of 2,121 specimens, 342 were positive for N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis. Of the 342, 154 (45%) were recognized and appropriately treated in the ED. One hundred fifty-nine of the 342 (46.5%) patients were discharged from the ED without treatment but were contacted by the DH and appropriate treatment was provided. The DH could not locate 23 (6.7%) patients, and four (1.2%) refused treatment. One died before treatment. Only 21 of the 159 were treated within nine days. Median time to treatment was 36 days. Conclusions: Centralized laboratory analysis and follow-up by the DH for N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis identified many female patients undiagnosed and untreated in the ED. The DH follow-up program provided appropriate treatment to most female patients.
Deep venous thrombosis as a result of hypotonia secondary to intrathecal baclofen therapy: a case report.

Abstract Murphy NA. Deep venous thrombosis as a result of hypotonia secondary to intrathecal baclofen therapy: a case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:1311-2. After repair of the catheter of an implanted intrathecal baclofen (ITB) delivery system, a 17-year-old man with cerebral palsy developed acute lower-extremity hypotonia. Subsequently, he complained of right lower-extremity pain followed by swelling in the popliteal fossa. Doppler studies showed a thrombus extending from the femoral vein to the popliteal vein with probable extension into the distal portion of the leg. Deep vein thrombosis, an uncommon event in children, has not been reported previously as a complication of acute hypotonicity and immobilization associated with ITB, regardless of age. Clinicians caring for children being treated with ITB should be alert to this potential complication so that early diagnostic and treatment measures can be provided. In certain circumstances, it may be appropriate to consider prophylaxis against thrombosis. © 2002 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Analysis of a BICS-only concurrent error detection method

We propose a BICS-only method for concurrent error detection (CED) where a built-in current sensor (BICS) is solely responsible for detecting faults and errors. Due to the wide applicability of the BICS, this approach can be applied directly to combinational circuits, sequential circuits, and even some analog circuits. A dependability model was developed to study the effectiveness of the proposed BICS-only method. The unsafe probability of the BICS-only design is sensitive to both fault coverage and testability of the BICS. When used in a duplicated CED system for fault masking, the system reliability is sensitive to the fault coverage, but not to the testability of the BICS. Next, we show that a dramatic increase in unsafe probability is possible if the BICS cannot perform detection at every system clock cycle. A higher testability for BICS will, contrary to our intuition, make the unsafe probability higher. For duplicated CED applications, the reliability will be even lower than that of a nonredundant system. Therefore, the design criteria for BICS in the BICS-only method, in the order of importance, are: operating speed, fault coverage, and testability.
RECIPE FOR THE NATION: READING ITALIAN HISTORY THROUGH LA SCIENZA IN CUCINA AND LA CUCINA FUTURISTA

Today, the relationship between Italian food and Italian identity seems an unremarkable fact. This article explores the history of this relationship by examining and comparing two cookbooks, Pellegrino Artusi's La scienza in cucina e l'arte di mangiar bene (1891) and Filippo Marinetti's La cucina futurista (1932). Both cookbooks use food preparation and consumption to talk about larger questions of national identity, political crisis, and how Italians should be “made.” Artusi advocated a national homogenization of existing food habits, spearheaded by the fledgling middle classes, while Marinetti proposed a complete revolution in Italian food habits, to overcome the past and start over. Although they sharply contrast with each other in their approach to questions of national identity and food consumption, they share a common concern with what was possible for future generations of Italians and a realization that food served a material, aesthetic, and political purpose in Italian history. The similarities b...
The effects of primary structure on the degradation of poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/poly(l-lactide) block copolymers

Abstract Poly( l -lactide- block -ɛ-caprolactone- block - l -lactide)s have been formulated to study the effects of structure upon resistance to hydrolysis and biodegradation. The rate of hydrolysis of the copolyesters at pH 7.4 and 37 °C depends upon a sensitive combination of morphology and composition with the initial chain cleavage (0–7 days) suppressed most by the those systems with the highest ɛ-caprolactone (CL) crystallinity. In addition, microorganisms that secrete PCL depolymerase (cutinase), such as Fusarium solani and Fusarium moniliforme , show the ability to degrade those systems that possess longer CL sequence lengths.