cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oblique plane single-molecule localization microscopy for thick samples

We introduce single-molecule oblique plane microscopy (obSTORM) to directly image oblique sections of thick samples into depth without lengthy axial stack acquisition. Using oblique light-sheet illumination and oblique fluorescence detection, obSTORM offers uniform super-resolution throughout imaging depth in diverse biological specimens from cells to tissues. In particular, we demonstrate an isotropic resolution of ~51 nm over a depth of 32 μm for a tissue sample, and comparable resolution over a depth of 100 μm using fluorescent beads.
Host–pathogen dynamics among the invasive American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) and chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis)

The combination of introduced host species and emerging pathogens can result in unanticipated disease dynamics and novel host–pathogen interactions. The American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) is a successful invasive amphibian in the western U.S. that can act as a host to the emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) implicated in the decline of amphibian populations worldwide. We examined if wild-caught invasive bullfrogs were differentially susceptible to two regionally distinct isolates of Bd. Newly metamorphosed bullfrog individuals were exposed to either a Bd strain originally isolated from bullfrogs in their endemic range or a strain from the invaded range in the western U.S. We quantified initial infection load and compared mortality rates and changes in infection load after 30 days to determine strain-specific susceptibility. Wild-caught bullfrogs from the western U.S. were particularly susceptible to an eastern Bd strain. Although infection loads were not different between strains, individuals exposed to the western strain survived, suggesting the ability to reduce their infection. Our findings highlight differences between strains and response variation of an invasive species host.
Estimating Spatial Preferences from Votes and Text

We introduce a model that extends the standard vote choice model to encompass text. In our model, votes and speech are generated from a common set of underlying preference parameters. We estimate the parameters with a sparse Gaussian copula factor model that estimates the number of latent dimensions, is robust to outliers, and accounts for zero inflation in the data. To illustrate its workings, we apply our estimator to roll call votes and floor speech from recent sessions of the US Senate. We uncover two stable dimensions: one ideological and the other reflecting to Senators’ leadership roles. We then show how the method can leverage common speech in order to impute missing data, recovering reliable preference estimates for rank-and-file Senators given only leadership votes.
Ant Lion Optimizer with Adaptive Boundary and Optimal Guidance

Aiming at the shortcoming that the ant-lion algorithm has unbalanced exploration and development capability, an improved algorithm with adaptive boundary and optimal guidance is proposed. First, the ant lion adjust the scope of the border in order to balance the exploration and development capabilities. Second, through the adaptive best-guided equation, to improve the convergence speed and global search ability. The simulation results of six standard test functions show that the improved algorithm improves the accuracy and convergence speed of the optimal solution compared with other algorithms.
Serving Underserved Populations: Implications from a Model of Successful Services for Deaf Children in Public Libraries

There is a current movement in public libraries towards increasingly inclusive programming. This research presents the findings from a study of library programs for deaf and hard of hearing (D/HoH) children. Using the grounded theory approach, it highlights the successful practices of U.S. public libraries working with D/HoH children. Nearly five hundred mediumand large-sized libraries were contacted; fifteen librarians volunteered to be interviewed and eleven were ultimately interviewed. Interviews were analyzed using open and axial coding. Based on the empirical data, the Model of Successful Library Services for D/HoH Children was developed. The model explains the services, early literacy instruction, and programs offered by public librarians to D/HoH children and identifies four stages of service delivery which highlight: (1) staff attitudes; (2) impetus for providing services for D/HoH patrons; (3) accommodations through inclusive programming, American Sign Language (ASL) programming, or visual phonics; and (4) outcomes of this work in terms of educating both hearing and D/HoH individuals and of building a sense of community. This paper focuses on the Model of Successful Library Services for D/HoH Children to determine whether its four stages of service may also be applied to other marginalized populations in order to facilitate successful library programming.
Cystoscopically Guided Repair of a Posterior Perforation of Augmented Bladder

Abstract Background: Augmentation cystoplasty for the management of neurogenic bladder is one of the mainstays of pediatric urology. This procedure has multiple well-known complications. The most d...
Heterogeneous Sensor Fusion via Confidence-Rich 3D Grid Mapping: Application to Physical Robots

Autonomous navigation of intelligent physical systems largely depend on the ability of the system to generate an accurate map of its environment. Confidence-rich grid mapping algorithm provides a novel representation of the map based on range data by storing richer information at each voxel, including an estimate of the variance of occupancy. Capabilities and limitations are attributes of any given sensor, and therefore a single sensor may not be effective in providing detailed assessment of dynamic terrains. By incorporating multiple sensory modalities in a robot and extracting fused sensor information from them leads to higher certainty, noise reduction, and improved failure tolerance when mapping in real-world scenarios. In this work we investigate and evaluate sensor fusion techniques using confidence-rich grid mapping through a series of experiments on physical robotic systems with measurements from heterogeneous ranging sensors.
Silicon nanowire arrays for the preconcentration and separation of trace explosives vapors.

Abstract Silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays are demonstrated as a suitable platform for the preconcentration of trace nitroaromatic compounds and subsequent desorption via Joule heating of the array. Arrays are fabricated from Si wafers containing an epitaxially grown layer of low conductivity intrinsic Si sandwiched between layers of high conductivity p-type Si. Passage of current through the nanowires results in nanowire temperatures in excess of 200 °C during heating of the arrays as verified by using the temperature-dependent shift of the Si Raman band at ˜520 cm−1. Analyte vapor preconcentration and partial separation is achieved on the array at analyte concentrations nearly two orders-of-magnitude below saturated vapor concentrations at room temperature. The effects of desorption carrier gas flow rate and temperature on the ability to preconcentrate and resolve the analytes of interest are determined. 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) were detected at nominal vapor concentrations of 800 pptv with a 1 min sample time (1.1 ng nominal mass load) and trinitrotoluene (TNT) was detected at a nominal vapor concentration of 65 pptv with a 10 min sample time (1.1 ng nominal mass load).
The Governance of Globalization: National and International Dimensions

This chapter proposes key institutional reforms at the national level in the United States and at the international level that would foster further gains from globalization and a more equal distribution of its benefits. At the national level, a renewed social compact is proposed to promote full employment, based in part on European models of business-labor cooperation, and to deal with issues of income distribution and worker adjustment to structural change in the economy. At the international level, the chapter considers certain changes in the activities and operations of the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization and the International Organization for Migration that would allow these organizations to exercise more effective surveillance of the financial, trade and immigration policies of their membership.
Emotional Tears: An Honest Signal of Trustworthiness Increasing Prosocial Behavior?:

How do our emotional tears affect the way we are treated? We tested whether tears, paired with either a neutral or a sad facial expression, elicited prosocial behavior among perceivers. Participants viewed a video clip depicting a confederate partner with or without tears displaying either a neutral or sad facial expression before making a behavioral decision in one of two economic games. In a Trust game (Experiment 1), participants who played the role of the investor were more likely to share an endowment after viewing a confederate trustee with tears (paired with either a neutral or a sad facial expression) in comparison to a confederate trustee without tears. However, in a Dictator game (Experiment 2), participants who played the role of allocator were no more likely to share an endowment after viewing a confederate recipient with tears (paired with either a neutral or sad facial expression) in comparison to a confederate recipient without tears. Taken together, these findings suggest that tears increase prosocial behavior by increasing trustworthiness as opposed to generally increasing other-regarding altruistic tendencies.
ANX dread: a virtual reality experience to explore anxiety during task completion

The use of virtual reality as an assistance technology is of wide interest [2, 9, 10]. In particular, recent work in the use of virtual reality to help users manage psychological challenges has been fruitful [5, 7, 11]. In this poster, we present a student capstone project, focused on studying users experience focused on anxiety driven by task completion. This VR experience, named 'ANX Dread', immerses users into a mildly stressful environment of a malfunctioning spaceship with simple puzzle like tasks to complete. The experience, built with Unity, includes an integrated heart-rate monitor. The project was built as a part of the capstone experience for the 'Computing for the Interactive Arts' minor for the 2018-19 academic year by a team of five students from various academic backgrounds. This poster presents the system and a study reflecting the user's sense of anxiety within the experience.
The Effect of Role Playing upon Imagery

In the past 15 years there has been a vigorous growth of interest in imagery. Much of this work has been done by clinicians utilizing imagery to modify all sorts of conditions and behaviors, e. g., cancer, phobias, lack of assertiveness, and skin rashes. All of that seems appropriate. It appears more and more that imagery is an important process, and the way in which it functions has marked implications for the way the human functions. At the same time it does appear that the current thrust is consistent with a behavioral orientation, i. e., the primary outcome that the majority of investigators is concerned with is some kind of overt, visible behavior, or readily observable physical condition; imagery remains an independent variable to be manipulated to get a desirable outcome in the behavior, the dependent variable.
Longitudinal growth changes from birth to 8-9 years in preterm and full term births.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to assess the effect of age at adiposity rebound (AR) and changes in growth between birth and 6 months on growth status at 8-9 years in children born term and preterm. Age at AR is inversely correlated with risk for later obesity in children born full term, but has not been analyzed in children born preterm. METHODS Birth anthropometrics, and weight and length/height data from age 6 months through 8-9 years were recorded for 175 children born in 2008 in the military health system. Calculated variables include body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), Z-scores, and age at AR. RESULTS Age at AR could be calculated for 150 children (32% preterm); average age was 5.4 years and 5.3 years for children born term and preterm, respectively (NS). For children born term and preterm, there was a significant correlation between younger age at AR and higher BMI Z-score at 8-9 years (r = - 0.685), and a direct relationship between weight Z-score change from birth to 6 months and weight Z-scores at 8-9 years (p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS Younger age at AR correlates with higher BMI Z-score at 8-9 years in children born both term and preterm. Weight gain from birth to 6 months correlates with weight Z-score at 8-9 years. These results emphasize the importance of younger age at AR in addition to greater early weight gain as an indicator of later obesity.
Affirmative Action Defended: Exploding The Myths of a Slandered Policy

(1986). Affirmative Action Defended: Exploding The Myths of a Slandered Policy. The Black Scholar: Vol. 17, Blacks and The Law, pp. 19-24.
Did I See A Panther

Florida panthers can sometimes be confused with bobcats, dogs, and coyotes. This 4-page fact sheet written by Diane J. Episcopio, Elizabeth F. Pienaar, and Martin B. Main and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation describes how to identify panthers by their physical characteristics and their tracks and explains what to do if you have seen a panther. edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw144
Curricular and clinical approaches to addressing the opioid epidemic: Results from the 2019 ADEA opioid dental school survey.

Purpose/objectives Dental educators have played a critical role in addressing the opioid public health crisis. Methods The American Dental Education Association (ADEA) conducted a semi-structured survey with all 66 accredited U.S. dental schools in 2019. The survey was organized into four modules to facilitate response and descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic analyses were performed. Results Seventy percent of the dental schools consented to participate. Each module varied in response rate: curricular (Module 1, 48%), clinical (Module 2, 47%), implemented curricular/clinical changes (Module 3, 56%), and willingness to participate in future studies (Module 4, 47%). The survey revealed that 87% of respondent dental schools have implemented curricular changes or curricular changes were in process in response to the opioid epidemic. Ninety-three percent of responding schools reported making clinical changes or that clinical changes were in process. Schools reported two factors that most frequently influence changes made: the adoption of state-specific regulations/mandates and the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA) Standard 2-24e, which requires competency in prescription practices on substance use disorders. An analysis of the open-ended questions found four overarching themes to curricular changes, in order of frequency: didactic curriculum; integration of opioid epidemic subject matter experts in curricula; Screening, Brief, Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) training; and prescription guidelines. Similarly, four overarching themes were identified for clinical changes: protocol and policy development, Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMP), faculty and provider education, and prescription guidelines. Conclusions This research shows that dental educators are working to ensure that new dental professionals gain the necessary competencies in substance abuse, specifically related to opioids, to prevent and minimize prescription drug misuse.
Plastics in Total Knee Replacement: Processing to Performance

Polyethylene (PE) is the key component of total knee replacement (TKR). The wear of polyethylene, a common cause of revision surgeries, depends on multiple factors. The mechanical properties, wear characteristics, and oxidative resistance of PE can be manipulated by the techniques of processing, sterilization, and packaging methods. This article describes the making of conventional and cross-linked poly, packaging, sterilization, processing techniques, and a summary of commercially available plastics and their rationale in TKR including the latest advances.
Monetary tightening cycles and the predictability of economic activity

Ten of thirteen monetary tightening cycles since 1955 were followed by increases in unemployment, three were not. The term spread at the end of these cycles discriminates between subsequent outcomes, but levels of nominal or real interest rates do not.
Using User Experience Scales to Predict Video Game Play and Purchasing Intent

The current study investigated three user experience scales, the GUESS-24, the ENJOY, and the UEQ-S scale, as well as their relationship to gameplay continuance and purchasing intention for six pop...
The trajectory of soil development and its relationship to soil carbon dynamics

Abstract It has been postulated that the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) associated with soil minerals exhibits a threshold relationship in response to effective soil moisture (estimated as precipitation less evapotranspiration). To better characterize the role of moisture in influencing mechanisms of SOC storage during pedogenesis, we compare soils from two different chronosequence sites: the Santa Cruz and Mattole River marine terraces that together form a soil age-by-climate gradient (i.e., climo-chronosequence). Our results demonstrate how variation in the effective soil moisture may drive soil development along divergent pedogenic trajectories, resulting in variations in the form and depth distribution of secondary weathering products. In particular, the residual metals Fe and Al are directly related to the type of secondary minerals that accumulate during weathering, and these variations are coupled to differences in the storage and long-term preservation of SOC both within and between soils. Over time, these differences in soil development may lead to ‘pedogenic thresholds’ that further differentiate soil characteristics and influence SOC dynamics. In this case, the pedogenic threshold takes the form of clay-rich argillic horizons that once formed, inhibit aqueous transport, decouple shallow and deep soil environments, and potentially limit SOC inputs and increase microbial recycling in deep soils. Our data suggest argillic horizon development is favorable in the drier Santa Cruz soils, where kaolinite is the dominant secondary weathering product. In contrast, greater available moisture in soils of the Mattole chronosequence drive a different weathering trajectory characterized by the accumulation of more amorphous secondary minerals. As a result, the Mattole soils and do not exhibit argillic horizon development but are instead characterized by greater accumulation of SOC across all depths sampled. Overall, our results illustrate how the interaction of climate (i.e., moisture) and time may shape the trajectory of soil development and the dynamics of SOC storage and preservation.
Practical Use of Single-Case Research Design to Target Improved Behavioral Outcomes for Students With SLD:

Intensive academic interventions help address the learning difficulties of students with specific learning disabilities (SLDs). Challenging behaviors exhibited during instruction can have a negativ...
A Quantitative Psychological Theory of Civilizations

A mathematical theory of civilizations is described based on a Newtonian mechanics formalism. A detailed comparison is made with historical events for all known civilizations. It quantitatively describes the macro dynamics of civilizations, the effects of external events on civilizations, and the interaction of civilizations with other civilizations and barbarians.
Precision Studies in 3-Level Systems

We have performed precision high resolution studies of the interaction of two monochromatic laser fields with a cascade 3-level system in an atomic beam and with a folded 3-level system in a vapor. Such experimental studies provide important and fundamental information about the nature of atom-field interaction and can be compared directly with theoretical predictions [1–3].
Point Mutations in PRPS1, the Gene Encoding the PRPP Synthetase (PRS) 1 Isoform, Underlie X-Linked PRS Superactivity Associated with Purine Nucleotide Inhibitor-Resistance

The aim of these studies was to establish the genetic basis of PRPP synthetase (PRS) superactivity, an X chromosome-linked disorder of purine metabolism characterized by gout, uric acid overproduction1, and, in some families, neurologic and/or developmental impairment2. PRPP, an allosteric activator and substrate in the pathway of purine nucleotide synthesis de novo, is synthesized from ATP and Rib-5-P in a reaction dependent on Pi and Mg2+ both as cofactors and activators. The reaction is inhibited by purine, pyrimidine, and pyridine nucleotide products of the pathways of PRPP utilization as well as AMP and PRPP, the products of the PRS reaction, and certain additional phosphorylated compounds3.
Evolution of a novel lysine decarboxylase in siderophore biosynthesis

Summary Structural backbones of iron-scavenging siderophore molecules include polyamines 1,3-diaminopropane and 1,5-diaminopentane (cadaverine). For the cadaverine-based desferroxiamine E siderophore in Streptomyces coelicolor, the corresponding biosynthetic gene cluster contains an ORF encoded by desA that was suspected of producing the cadaverine (decarboxylated lysine) backbone. However, desA encodes an l-2,4-diaminobutyrate decarboxylase (DABA DC) homologue and not any known form of lysine decarboxylase (LDC). The only known function of DABA DC is, together with l-2,4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase (DABA AT), to synthesize 1,3-diaminopropane. We show here that S. coelicolor desA encodes a novel LDC and we hypothesized that DABA DC homologues present in siderophore biosynthetic clusters in the absence of DABA AT ORFs would be novel LDCs. We confirmed this by correctly predicting the LDC activity of a DABA DC homologue from a Yersinia pestis siderophore biosynthetic pathway. The corollary was confirmed for a DABA DC homologue, adjacent to a DABA AT ORF in a siderophore pathway in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis, which was shown to be a bona fide DABA DC. These findings enable prediction of whether a siderophore pathway will utilize 1,3-diaminopropane or cadaverine, and suggest that the majority of bacteria use DABA AT and DABA DC for siderophore, rather than norspermidine/polyamine biosynthesis.
Leachate Production at Sanitary Landfill Sites

It is becoming increasingly important to minimize the quantity of leachate produced at a sanitary landfill site to reduce contamination of ground water and surface water. The water balance approach is used here to estimate the amount of leachate produced at a sanitary landfill site. The method is applied to predict leachate at an actual landfill site. Runoff coefficients used to calculate monthly runoff from the monthly precipitation in the water balance method are evaluated based upon past precipitation data. The runoff coefficients customarily used in the design of storm sewers are for 5 yr to 10 yr frequency storms. Use of such runoff coefficients in the water balance method presented here would produce much higher values for runoff and thereby would underestimate the quantity of leachate.
Effects of Game Tournaments on Learning and Classroom Climate

In this paper, we motivate and describe a term long game tournament. The tournament has different milestones, including breadth-first search, heuristic search, knowledge representation and reasoning and the tournament proper. For this last milestone, students are encouraged to use machine learning techniques. We describe in detail each of the milestones as well as the game and its specifications. We discuss concerns related to competitiveness and classroom climate as well as ways in which we addressed them. We present and evaluate data gathered about the competitive nature of our students as well as their learning experience with the tournament.
Implementing an Augmented Scene Delivery System

This paper addresses the core issues confronting the design and use of an augmented scene delivery system (ASDS). An augmented scene is a real-time, interactive, symbolized, perspective view of an environment that serves as a graphical index to an underlying spatial database. It allows a person in the field to interpret and navigate through the environment without reference to an external map. Augmented scenes will enable users with underdeveloped map use skills to effectively interpret and analyze their environment in professional, educational, and recreational contexts. This paper discusses an ASDS implementation that acquires imagery from a user-controlled webcam. It focuses on issues of data sampling and representation.
A CIRCADIAN RHYTHM IN CELL DIVISION IN A PROKARYOTE, THE CYANOBACTERIUM SYNECHOCOCCUS WH7803

Circadian rhythms are common in eukaryotes, but the several claimed cases in prokaryotes are all open to alternative interpretation. We report here a clearcut circadian rhythm in cell division in a marine Synechococcus sp. strain WH7803, under conditions where the generation time is longer than one day, that is entrained by a light–dark cycle, and that persists for at least four cycles in continuous light (2 μE·m−2·s−1) and constant temperature (22, 20 or 16°C) with a maximum in dividing cells at about 24 h intervals. Thus, the prokaryote, Synechococcus, satisfies the criteria for the possession of a true temperature-compensated circadian clock. Were the existence of such a rhythm confirmed, current hypotheses that intracellular compartments are required for circadian timing may require modification.
A Communal Vision of Care for Incompetent Patients

In a pluralistic society, the "best interests" standard is an inadequate criterion for determining what level of medical care to provide incompetent patients.Instead, the standard of care should be derived from the deliberations of particular communities. A "community-federated" plan would enhance individual choice and diminish family and physician uncertainty.
Validation of a novel laparoscopic adjustable gastric band simulator

Morbid obesity accounts for more than 90,000 deaths per year in the United States. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is the second most common weight loss procedure performed in the US and the most common in Europe and Australia. Simulation in surgical training is a rapidly advancing field that has been adopted by many to prepare surgeons for surgical techniques and procedures. The aim of our study was to determine face, construct, and content validity for a novel virtual reality laparoscopic adjustable gastric band simulator. Twenty-eight subjects were categorized into two groups (expert and novice), determined by their skill level in laparoscopic surgery. Experts consisted of subjects who had at least 4 years of laparoscopic training and operative experience. Novices consisted of subjects with medical training but with less than 4 years of laparoscopic training. The subjects used the virtual reality laparoscopic adjustable band surgery simulator. They were automatically scored according to various tasks. The subjects then completed a questionnaire to evaluate face and content validity. On a 5-point Likert scale (1 = lowest score, 5 = highest score), the mean score for visual realism was 4.00 ± 0.67 and the mean score for realism of the interface and tool movements was 4.07 ± 0.77 (face validity). There were significant differences in the performances of the two subject groups (expert and novice) based on total scores (p < 0.001) (construct validity). Mean score for utility of the simulator, as addressed by the expert group, was 4.50 ± 0.71 (content validity). We created a virtual reality laparoscopic adjustable gastric band simulator. Our initial results demonstrate excellent face, construct, and content validity findings. To our knowledge, this is the first virtual reality simulator with haptic feedback for training residents and surgeons in the laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding procedure.
Shape selectivity and remapping in dorsal stream visual area LIP

We explore the visual world by making rapid eye movements (saccades) to focus on objects and locations of interest. Despite abrupt retinal image shifts, we see the world as stable. Remapping contributes to visual stability by updating the internal image with every saccade. Neurons in macaque lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP) and other brain areas update information about salient locations around the time of a saccade. The depth of information transfer remains to be thoroughly investigated. Area LIP, as part of the dorsal visual stream, is regarded as a spatially selective area, yet there is evidence that LIP neurons also encode object features. We sought to determine whether LIP remaps shape information. This knowledge is important for understanding what information is retained from each glance. We identified 82 remapping neurons. First, we presented shapes within the receptive field and tested for shape selectivity in a fixation task. Among the remapping neurons, 28 neurons (34%) were selective for shape. Second, we presented the same shapes in the future location of the receptive field around the time of the saccade and tested for shape selectivity during remapping. Thirty-one (38%) neurons were selective for shape. Of 11 neurons that were shape selective in both tasks, 5 showed significant correlation between shape selectivity in the two tasks. Across the population, there was a weak but significant correlation between responses to shape in the two tasks. Our results provide neurophysiological evidence that remapped responses in area LIP can encode shape information as well as spatial information.
Induction, social constructionism, and the form of the science paper

Although Baconian induction—the belief that we can infer accurately from the known to the unknown—has been supplanted by social constructionism, the two perspectives are quite similar in their description of how science is done; the principal difference is that Baconian theory is overtly prescriptive, whereas social constructionism is essentially descriptive. The argument that the inductive organization of the science paper misrepresents how science is actually carried out is based on a faulty premise, for the purpose of a science paper is not to provide a narrative account of the laboratory work, but rather to enable the reader to assess the quality of the scientist's logical reconstruction of the laboratory work. The critical factor in determining the fidelity of the paper to the science is not the organization of the paper but the ethical intent of the writer.
Polar modes of lattice vibration and polaron coupling constants in rutile (TiO2)

Published experimental infrared reflection data are analysed to obtain information about the long wavelength polar modes of lattice vibration in rutile (TiO2). The continuum polarization model of electron-phonon interactions is extended to apply to crystals with several types of longitudinal polar phonons, and the results are used to discuss polaron theory in rutile.
Using SWAT to determine reference nutrient conditions for small and large streams

Developing reference criteria for nutrient conditions on streams can be difficult especially in heavily farmed or urbanized regions where most of the landscape has been impacted by human development. SWAT (soil water assessment tool) simulations permit the removal of the anthropogenic impacted land use, allowing the simulation of natural conditions and a prediction of reference conditions. A Genesee River watershed simulation was developed to determine the nutrient and sediment contributions of subbasins of the Genesee River under the current human-impacted conditions and contrasted against natural conditions. Nutrient boundary values estimated for Genesee basin small wadeable streams (34.3 μg P/L) were nearly identical to those calculated by others for small, wadeable streams (30.7 μg P/L). For large streams, the simulation-based boundary total phosphorus (TP) value (75.8 μg P/L) of the Genesee River was high compared to other observations in New York State (30 μg P/L). Causes in the variability in large stream reference values include inappropriate use of regional reference conditions, stream bank erosion, basin geology, soil type, and catchment area. When river bank stabilization was added to the simulation, a 34.3% reduction in phosphorus loading was observed, resulting in a boundary value of ~ 54 μg P/L. This reduction in the simulated sediment load suggested that the Genesee River has a higher natural sediment and TP load than most streams in NYS. SWAT is an effective tool for simulations of small streams and may be an effective method in determining reference conditions for large rivers.
Atrial pacing induced left ventricular dysfunction: reversibility after aortocoronary bypass surgery.

Three patients with angina pectoris were studied before and after aortocoronary bypass surgery. Angiographic studies were performed with and without atrial pacing. Preoperative atrial pacing in all three patients resulted in angina and/or ST segment changes accompanied by regional left ventricular contractile abnormalities, decreased ejection fraction, as well as decreased left ventricular end-diastolic and stroke volumes. After surgery with all grafts patent, atrial pacing at similar heart rates did not produce an ischemic response. Left ventricular contractile pattern remained normal, and there was no change in ejection fraction, though end-diastolic and stroke volumes decreased. These studies demonstrate that aortocoronary bypass surgery can abolish both the ischemic response and left ventricular dysfunction that accompany atrial pacing.
Systems engineering in perspective

The systems engineering approach provides an increasingly widespread and pervasive integrative framework for modern systems analysis and management practice. Systems engineering methodology stems primarily from extensive experience in the development and management of highly complex large scale military systems by the Department of Defense. An attempt is made in this paper to present a background on the evolution of the systems engineering process and to synthesize a more complete resolution than is generally available in the literature. Hopefully this understanding will contribute to current and potential applications of systems engineering procedures for technological, social, industrial, and governmental purposes.
Diffusion of Polystyrene Chains and Fluorescent Dye Molecules in Semidilute and Concentrated Polymer Solutions

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) experiments have been performed to measure the center-of-mass diffusion coefficient of fluorescently labeled polystyrene (MW = 8100 g/mol) dissolved in polymer/toluene solutions above the overlap concentration. The diffusion coefficient was found to decrease by 2 orders of magnitude for a concentration change of 0.17−0.6 g/cm3 at 34 °C. Less dramatic changes were observed at higher temperatures. The results are compared with the diffusion of free dyes in similar concentrated solutions. Vrentas−Duda free volume theory can explain the data reasonably well, from which the unit size of transport for the labeled macromolecule and the dye relative to the solvent is determined. The activation energy of diffusion was found to increase significantly as a function of concentration.
Integrating 3D Visualization and GIS in Planning Education.

Most GIS-related planning practices and education are currently limited to two-dimensional mapping and analysis although 3D GIS is a powerful tool to study the complex urban environment in its full spatial extent. This paper reviews current GIS and 3D visualization uses and development in planning practice and education. Current literature provides little information in 3D GIS education. This paper offers suggestions for 3D GIS course setting and educational methods aiming to set up a framework to supplement current two-dimensional GIS education in planning using 3D modelling programs.
Magnesium reversal of lithium inhibition of β-adrenergic and muscarinic receptor coupling to G proteins

Abstract Recently, lithium was found to inhibit the coupling of both muscarinic cholinergic and β-adrenergic receptors to pertussis toxin-sensitive and cholera toxin-sensitive G proteins respectively. These findings suggest that G proteins are the common site for both the antimanic and antidepressant therapeutic effects of lithium. Magnesium ions are crucial to the function of G proteins and interact with them at multiple sites. In the present study using rat cerebral cortex, we determined that magnesium can reverse the ability of lithium to inhibit isoprenaline- and carbamylcholine-induced increases in guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding to G proteins. Lithium concentrations effective in attenuating G protein function were found to be hyperbolically dependent on free Mg 2+ concentrations, suggesting multiple sites of competition between lithium and magnesium on G proteins. Free intracellular Mg 2+ concentrations in rat cerebral cortex in vivo are known to be less than 1 mM. At such Mg 2+ concentrations, therapeutically efficacious lithium concentrations (1 to 1.5 mM) were still able to alter G protein function, which supports the physiological and clinical relevance of lithium action on G proteins.
Political Compromises: The Privatization of Small- and Medium-Sized Public Enterprises in China

One important feature of China’s privatization process is that insider privatization prevailed, and that outsiders could hardly gain access to buying state enterprises. Why was a majority of small- and medium-sized public enterprises sold to the firms’ former managers (and workers)? How did the tightened regulatory environment affect local privatization in China? Building on insights into institutional change, I argue that the choice of a specific privatization strategy results from political compromises among local officials, workers, and managers of public enterprises under specific regulatory constraints. Local officials’ incentives for privatization and their reactions to the changing regulatory environment had a great impact on the dynamics of local privatization.
Bran fibers and satiety in women who do not exhibit restrained eating.

Background: Foods that are high in dietary fiber can promote satiety, but previous studies report conflicting results. Objective: The objective was to determine differences in satiety response to three conditions (10 g oat bran, 10 g barley bran and a low fiber condition) consumed at dinner and breakfast. In addition, we compared energy intake at an ad libitum lunch after consumption of the breakfast bars. Design: Randomized, double-blind crossover study. Participants/setting: 42 normal weight women. Intervention: Women consumed a dinner food bar from one of the three conditions the evening before testing. On test mornings, fasted women consumed the corresponding breakfast food bar with their choice of coffee, tea or water. An ad libitum pizza lunch was served 4 hours after breakfast. Primary outcomes: Visual analogue scales (VAS) were used to assess satiety at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes. Energy intake was assessed by an ad libitum pizza lunch (4 hours after breakfast) and 24-hour energy intake was measured by a food diary. Statistical analyses: Treatments were compared using the mixed-effects linear models. Outcomes are reported as mean ± SEM. Results: There were no significant differences among conditions on any of the satiety scales and no significant differences among conditions in energy consumed at lunch or over 24 hours. The fiber bars were well tolerated and no significant differences were found for gastrointestinal tolerance. Conclusions: Our results do not support an effect of bran fibers on satiety above a low fiber control. We acknowledge results of this study may be intricately tied to the choice of a single pizza lunch, as other ad libitum meal options could have resulted in different outcomes.
Successful Physician Training Program for Large Scale EMR Implementation

End-user training is an essential element of electronic medical record (EMR) implementation and frequently suffers from minimal institutional investment. In addition, discussion of successful EMR training programs for physicians is limited in the literature. The authors describe a successful physician-training program at Stanford Children’s Health as part of a large scale EMR implementation. Evaluations of classroom training, obtained at the conclusion of each class, revealed high physician satisfaction with the program. Free-text comments from learners focused on duration and timing of training, the learning environment, quality of the instructors, and specificity of training to their role or department. Based upon participant feedback and institutional experience, best practice recommendations, including physician engagement, curricular design, and assessment of proficiency and recognition, are suggested for future provider EMR training programs. The authors strongly recommend the creation of coursework to group providers by common workflow.
Much to know

Recent advances in AIDS research are briefly reviewed. AIDS is now known to be a devastating disease, which is transmitted heterosexually as well as homo-sexually. It is also transfusion-transmitted disease. The causative retrovirus has been identified and now named HIV. Two major approaches to prevent trans-mission of HIV are recommended, ma'_e contraception and elimination of HIV from blood products.
Adverse reactions associated with the administration of a tricarbocyanine dye (Cardio-Green) to uremic patients

Abstract The administration of a tricarbocyanine dye (Cardio-Green) for evaluation of cardiac output in three clinically uremic patients produced untoward symptoms (diaphoresis, pruritus, and headache) in two and a severe anaphylactoid reaction in a third. A fourth patient, on concomitant steroid treatment, had no reaction to the dye. Skin tests in all patients were negative, and gel diffusion studies failed to show precipitating antibodies in the serum of the patient with the anaphylactoid reaction. It is proposed that these reactions were more likely due to a nonimmunologic histamine releasing effect than to an antigen-antibody reaction.
Geology of the Apollo landing sites

Abstract The five initially selected Apollo sites are landing dispersion ellipses located on smooth plains of the equatorial region of the Moon. Regional geologic studies suggest that the plains were formed by innumerable coalescing volcanic flows and that the areas including the landing sites are among the most youthful of the lunar volcanic terrains. Recent photogeologic investigations of the fine structure of the lunar surface have disclosed that the originally cohesive rock surfaces have been modified by impacting projectiles which have produced an extensive debris blanket having properties which vary as a function of exposure age. The five sites consist of debris-mantled sequences of interstratified units of cohesive volcanic rocks and fragmental impact debris. The volcanic rocks are most likely of basaltic composition in sites 2, 3, 4 and 5 in Mare Tranquillitatis, Sinus Medii, and Oceanus Procellarum, but those of site 1 in southern Mare Tranquillitatis near the terra may be of different composition. Surface debris at each site is primarily of local, impact origin, although a few impact erratics and an extremely small amount of extra-lunar material may be present. Debris in all sites is poorly sorted, with centimetersize blocks common on the surface, but with a mean diameter in the 50 μ range. Thickness of the debris blanket is variable in each site, thickest near clusters of large craters and thinnest in regions where large craters are less frequent, but all intercrater areas appear to be mantled. Landing site 4 in southern Oceanus Procellarum has the thinnest layer of debris, the most widespread distribution of centimeter-size fragments, and probably the smallest proportion of shock-metamorphosed and extra-lunar debris. The substrate rocks there are the youngest of the Apollo sites. Properties of the debris layer are similar in sites 2, 3, and 5, but differ slightly from those in site 4. Debris is thicker than in site 4, and surface fragments are less uniform and are concentrated about large craters. The proportion of shock metamorphosed and extra-lunar material among fine-grained components of the debris is probably greater. Site 1 is unique in its setting but has a layer with thickness and large fragment distributions similar to those of sites 2, 3, and 5. The main observable difference between this and other sites is that site 1 appears to have a greater proportion of highly eroded, large craters. There is uncertainty as to whether this indicates that the substrate rocks of this area are of lower strength, and possibly different composition, or whether the normal cycle of impact erosion has been interrupted by episodes of pyroclastic mantling of the surface.
Efficient consensus synchronization via implicit acknowledgment

A technique for achieving synchronization in wireless networks using only existing traffic is developed. Prior work has either ignored propagation delay, or has required bidirectional messages consisting of explicitly acknowledged unicast transmissions. We develop an approach using “implicit acknowledgment” that achieves precise consensus synchronization by exploiting the broadcast nature of the wireless medium. This significantly reduces the number of transmissions needed for synchronization throughout the network, and is applicable to networks with unacknowledged multicast and broadcast traffic. Results suggest the technique is effective for precise, low-overhead network synchronization, and numerical results are presented for two particular network configurations.
Photoinduced magnetism in a cluster glass: Co–Fe Prussian blue

Abstract Static and dynamic magnetic properties and photoinduced magnetism of a Co–Fe Prussian blue analog, K 1−2 x Co 1+ x [Fe(CN) 6 ]· y H 2 O ( x ≈0.2, y ≈4.9), are studied in detail. The magnetic behavior of the material is indicative of a cluster glass state. Our model of ‘spin doping’ of cluster glass is consistent with the observed photoinduced magnetic effects, including the previously unaccounted for increase in coercivity.
Train design and routing optimization for evaluating criticality of freight railroad infrastructures

Freight transportation by railroads is an integral part of the U.S. economy. Identifying critical rail infrastructures can help stakeholders prioritize protection initiatives or add necessary redundancy to maximize rail network resiliency. The criticality of an infrastructure element, link or yard, is based on the increased cost (delay) incurred when that element is disrupted. An event of disruption can cause heavy congestion so that the capacity at links and yards should be considered when freight is re-routed. This paper proposes an optimization model for making-up and routing of trains in a disruptive situation to minimize the system-wide total cost, including classification time at yards and travel time along links. Train design optimization seeks to determine the optimal number of trains, their routes, and associated blocks, subject to various capacity and operational constraints at rail links and yards. An iterative heuristic algorithm is proposed to attack the computational burden for real-world networks. The solution algorithm considers the impact of volume on travel time in a congested or near-congested network. The proposed heuristics provide quality solutions with high speed, demonstrated by numerical experiments for small instances. A case study is conducted for the network of a major U.S. Class-I railroad based on publicly available data. The paper provides maps showing the criticality of infrastructure in the study area from the viewpoint of strategic planning.