cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Capital-Output Ratio in the United States: Its Variation and Stability

If only a decade ago the demand for capital coefficients greatly exceeded the supply, recent empirical findings have rectified, if not reversed, the imbalance. Produced by Leontief and his associates in the Harvard Economic Research Project’s dynamic input-output model on the one side, and by Kuznets and his associates in the National Bureau of Economic Research study of capital formation on the other, American capital coefficients are now reaching the market in such variety and numbers as to make the exercise of their consumers’ choice a fascinating, if not an easy, occupation. It seems that the days of the good old general capital coefficient which could be so conveniently divided into the propensity to save to yield the warranted, required, equilibrium, or some other rate of growth are about over. A present-day American fisherman who is happy to have a box of modern flies each for a particular type of water, fish, season and even hour, may yet be nostalgic for the old-fashioned earthworm good for almost any kind of fish at any time. Similarly, the user of these coefficients must be grateful for the vast and useful amount of research done, and at the same time not quite certain how to pick the right coefficient for the right problem. Fortunately, in some instances the trends are so pronounced that the choice does not matter; but in others it does.
A World Health Mandate

Primary health care is neither easily accessible for the majority of the world’s people, nor are there services on which to depend. Despite the fact that the World Health Organization proposed a goal of “Health for All by the Year 2000,” which virtually every provider of health care in the world espoused, the closer we come to the target date, global statistics and trends do not give much cause for hope. Malnutrition is increasing, rather than decreasing throughout the world, safe water is not available to seventy-two percent of the lowest income countries, and the mortality rates are staggering in many African, Asian, and Latin American nations.
Abstract # 1827 Cilia, an organelle central to psychoneuroimmunology – A characterization through its interactome

Cilia are organelles present on the surface of many eukaryotic cell types. Motile and non-motile (primary) cilia drive the movement of body-fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid and mucus and also serve several important functions, and are increasingly viewed as a hub for neuronal signaling and brain development. Many ciliopathies have neuronal defects. Cilia also influence interleukins and inflammatory cytokines; ciliary proteins have roles in immune synapse formation. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which ciliary proteins relate to various psychoneuroimmunological functions, we constructed and analysed the ciliary protein interactome. Novel interactions were predicted for by applying a computational model that we developed, called HiPPIP, and known interactions were assembled from public databases. Cilia interactome, consisting of 165 cilia proteins, 765 novel interactions and 1,011 known interactions, has a highly-significant overlap with neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuronal pathways such as dopamine-DARPP32 feedback in cAMP signaling, dopamine receptor signaling, axonal guidance signaling, synaptic long-term potentiation and the immunity related pathways such as IL-1 and IL-3 signaling, CD28 signaling in T helper cells, and NFkB signalling, are associated with it. There are 184 proteins that are targeted by 548 drugs of which 103 are nervous system drugs. Cilia interactome provides the intellectual framework for rational design of new treatments for ciliopathies as well as neuropsychiatric disorders and future systems biology studies focused on these fascinating organelles.
Is Corporate Social Performance a Balancing Act? The Impact of CSR and CSiR on Firm Reputation

Corporate social performance long been examined in strategy research by isolating either responsible (CSR) or irresponsible (CSiR) firm actions and investigating their impacts on firm outcomes. Thi...
Whole-School Approaches to Incorporating Mindfulness-Based Interventions: Supporting the Capacity for Optimal Functioning in School Settings

With any intervention program, involving all stakeholders in a joint effort toward implementation is most likely to lead to success. Whole-school approaches that involve school personnel, students, families, and local communities have been associated with positive, sustained outcomes. For mindfulness training programs to generate the most benefits, it is important to let the process unfold naturally over time, while building responsive and lasting partnerships with schools, taking into account each school's unique culture and needs.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of eribulin (E) versus treatment of physician’s choice (TPC) in patients (pts) with pretreated metastatic breast cancer (MBC).

e16525 Background: Eribulin was FDA approved in 2010 for pts previously receiving >2 prior chemotherapeutic regimens for MBC. This approval was based on the phase 3 trial (EMBRACE) which demonstrated that E significantly improved median overall survival (OS) relative to different TPC by 2.5 months [HR 0.81; p=0.041]. Methods: The aim of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of E versus the 3 most commonly selected TPC in EMBRACE. We also evaluated the cost effectiveness of E compared to other approved drugs for MBC. We created a decision-analytical model using clinical data from the EMBRACE trial. Health utilities were derived from the published literature. Costs for drug acquisition, physician visits, and laboratory tests were obtained from Medicare Services Drug Payment Table and Physician Fee Schedule and are represented in 2011 USD. Life-years saved (LY), Quality-adjusted life years (QALY), and Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) were calculated using the EMBRACE median OS data. TPC ...
The Precision of Hepatic Arterial Infusion Scintigraphy as a Quantitative Biomarker of Tumor Microvasculature.

OBJECTIVE. Optimal clinical development of new cancer therapies targeting tumor vasculature requires new target-specific response assays. This clinical study examined the test-retest repeatability of SPECT as an in vivo assay of angiogenic hepatic tumor microvasculature using an intraarterial infusion of 99mTc–macroaggregated albumin (MAA) delivered via a hepatic artery infusion (HAI) pump. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Patients with primary or secondary cancerous liver tumors with HAI pump-catheter implants placed for HAI chemotherapy underwent hepatic SPECT after separate arterial infusions of 37 and 185 MBq of 99mTc-MAA via an HAI pump. Quantitative measures of hepatic tumor MAA uptake were obtained from paired test-retest SPECT datasets. Repeatability was defined by quotients of paired measurands with 95% CIs and coefficients of repeatability (CRs). RESULTS. Test-retest HAI pump SPECT yielded highly repeatable measurements in quantitative indexes of tumor microvasculature. Variability in repeat test-retest m...
Investigating rater accuracy in the context of secondary-level solo instrumental music performance:

In any performance-based musical assessment context, construct-irrelevant variability attributed to raters is a cause of concern when constructing a validity argument. Therefore, evidence of rater ...
Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall, Which Is the Most Effective Biologic of All?

We all consider the “comparative effectiveness” of available treatment options in daily clinical practice, knowingly or unknowingly. In fact, that and “comparative safety” are 2 of our most important and constant considerations when planning the best possible therapy for any disorder in rheumatology. In daily practice, clinicians mostly depend on their personal experience and knowledge, because head-to-head randomized controlled trials (RCT) are not available for most of the medications we use, and for most of the rheumatologic conditions we treat. Introduction of biologic therapy to treat immune-mediated inflammatory conditions has made this task even more challenging, because these agents have proven to be generally very effective but potentially toxic, and they are uniformly expensive. Which biologic should we choose to treat a patient with active rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, or ankylosing spondylitis (AS)? Several times, the economic realities of health insurance coverage tie our hands and choose the biologic therapy for us, and in the absence of scientific data on comparative effectiveness or safety, it is difficult to argue one way or the other. Treatment guidelines developed by national or international societies play a big role in helping us choose the right treatment, and comparative effectiveness is considered formally with statistical analysis or informally with expert opinion when developing such guidelines. Several statistical methods are available for assessing comparative effectiveness. Treatment guidelines by the American College of Rheumatology use network metaanalysis (NMA), whereas the UK National Institute for Health and Care … Address correspondence to Dr. A. Deodhar, Professor of Medicine, Division of Arthritis & Rheumatic Diseases (OP09), Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. E-mail: deodhara{at}ohsu.edu
Potential roles of tumor-derived exosomes in angiogenesis.

Introduction: Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) and their role in tumor progression by accelerating angiogenesis are of great current interest. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying TEX-bl...
Shock Value: Bill Smoothing and Energy Price Pass-Through

Energy price pass-through receives a lot of academic attention, for several reasons: energy prices can be highly volatile, they impact every consumer and every industry in the economy, and they are frequently impacted by regulations including gas taxes and carbon regulations. Like the pass-through literature in general, the energy pass-through literature focuses on pass-through to marginal prices. However, multi-part pricing is common in energy retail pricing. In this paper, I examine pass-through to retail natural gas prices. I show that marginal prices exhibit one-to-one pass-through, but fixed fees exhibit negative pass-through. This is consistent with the stated desire by utilities and price regulators to prevent "bill shock." The results have implications for how pass-through is estimated, as well as for understanding the implications of proposed alternative pricing structures for regulated utilities.
Self-Deception, Self-Confrontation, and Consciousness

These comments were made by Colin Cherry in a discussion of the mind-body question. However, the significance of Cherry’s remarks may be more general. A peculiar characteristic of the study of mind and, therefore, the discipline of psychology is that the study is necessarily self-reflective. Whether one examines observable behavior or develops theoritical models of contents of the “black box,” consciousness is employed to investigate the produscts of consciousness. In this sense, like the puppy, the psychologist is self-confronted; the mind observes and attempts to understand the mind.
Neural crest contribution to the cardiovascular system

Normal cardiovascular development requires complex remodeling of the outflow tract and pharyngeal arch arteries to create the separate pulmonic and systemic circulations. During remodeling, the outflow tract is septated to form the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The initially symmetrical pharyngeal arch arteries are remodeled to form the aortic arch, subclavian and carotid arteries. Remodeling is mediated by a population of neural crest cells arising between the mid-otic placode and somite four called the cardiac neural crest. Cardiac neural crest cells form smooth muscle and pericytes in the great arteries, and the neurons of cardiac innervation. In addition to the physical contribution of smooth muscle to the cardiovascular system, cardiac neural crest cells also provide signals required for the maintenance and differentiation of the other cell layers in the pharyngeal apparatus. Reciprocal signaling between the cardiac neural crest cells and cardiogenic mesoderm of the secondary heart field is required for elaboration of the conotruncus and disruption in this signaling results in primary myocardial dysfunction. Cardiovascular defects attributed to the cardiac neural crest cells may reflect either cell autonomous defects in the neural crest or defects in signaling between the neural crest and adjacent cell layers.
Circadian Rhythms, Exercise, and Cardiovascular Health.

Human circadian rhythmicity is driven by a circadian clock comprised of two distinct components: the central clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) within the hypothalamus, and the peripheral clocks, located in almost all tissues and organ systems in the body. Entrainment, or alignment, of circadian rhythmicity is dependent upon time of day and can occur through environmental influences such as light cues and physical activity exerted on skeletal muscle. Entrainment of the circadian clock through exercise has been reported to improve health by reducing risk of conditions such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), but further research is still needed. The purpose of this review is to discuss the effects exercise has on the regulation of circadian rhythmicity, specifically with respect to CVD risk factors – including hormonal levels, sleep/wake cycles, blood pressure, and heart rate. Additionally, the impact of exercise-induced circadian entrainment is discussed relative to hormone regulation, nocturnal blood pressure dipping, post-exercise hypotension, and overall cardiovascular health.
Modifications in Regulation of Intermediary Metabolism by Caloric Restriction in Rodents

It is well established that caloric restriction extends life span (McCay et al. 1935; Sacher 1977; Masoro 1985; Holehan and Merry 1986) and significantly retards the rate of occurrence of most age-associated degenerative disease (Walford et al. 1974; Harrison and Archer 1983; Kritchevsky et al. 1984; Loyd 1984; Pollard et al. 1984; Pollard and Luckert 1985; Johnson et al. 1986; Ruggeri et al. 1987). The search for a mechanism(s) through which these significant benefits occur has begun, but remains elusive. However, some progress has been made and it appears that numerous processes may be involved (Walford 1983; Weindruch and Walford 1988). Changes in endocrine function (Frolkis et al. 1970; Andres and Tobin 1977; Finch 1977; Everitt 1980; Masoro 1988) and resultant regulation of certain metabolic processes have been implicated (Heuson and Legros 1972; Kmiec and Mysliwski 1983; Feuers et al. 1989).
Thermal tolerance limits as indicators of current and future intertidal zonation patterns in a diverse mussel guild

Climate change has driven shifts in species distributions along latitudinal and elevational gradients, and such shifts are likely to continue as warming accelerates. However, little is known about the response of strongly interacting species, including whether multiple, interacting species are likely to shift concordantly or whether climate change will promote community disassembly. In rocky shore ecosystems, mussels are dominant foundation species that provide habitat and increase diversity of associated species. The New Zealand mussel guild is uniquely diverse as four species can be found within 1 m2 of shoreline. We integrated comparative ecophysiology and population ecology to evaluate whether air temperature sets elevational range limits and to quantify mussels’ warming tolerances. Air temperature appears to set upper intertidal limits across mid-intertidal species, based on findings that (1) lethal thermal limits coincided with temperatures experienced at upper tide-height limits, (2) species with higher thermal tolerances occurred higher on shore, and (3) lethal tolerances were highest at our warmest site. Based on predicted body temperatures in year 2100, mid-elevation habitat-forming mussels are likely to experience an increase in the frequency of thermal events causing 50% mortality at their upper elevation limit. Such events are predicted to occur 3.0–4.4 times more frequently in 2100 than present at a warmer site and to increase from 0 to 0.4/0.1 days per year for Perna/Aulacomya, but not Mytilus, at a cooler site. These results indicate that the mussel species’ ranges are all likely to contract at warmer sites in the future, decreasing habitat for associated organisms.
Resilience for all: Striving for equity through community-driven design

On occasion, certain concepts cross the boundary of individual disciplines and become fashionable within the jargon of greater academia. Resilience is one such concept that has crossed disciplinary...
Too Close for Comfort: United States v. Stringer and United States v. Scrushy Impose a Stricter Standard on SEC/DOJ Parallel Proceedings

The Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC or the Commission) and the Department of Justice (DOJ) have increasingly come to rely on parallel civil and criminal proceedings, which involve concurrent investigations of the same conduct by different government agencies, as an efficient means of law enforcement.1 The Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which explicitly permit the Commission to share any information it obtains through investigation and civil discovery with DOJ, make it possible for DOJ and the SEC to coordinate their efforts when they investigate the same conduct.2 Because the SEC may avail itself of civil discovery tools,3 parallel proceedings enable federal prosecutors to acquire evidence they might not be able to obtain through criminal investigation and discovery under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.4 The SEC's civil enforcement also benefits from
Multimodal Sonographic Assessment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Response to Antivascular Therapy

Low-intensity ultrasound (US) with microbubbles (uB) has been shown to disrupt the tumor neovasculature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment effects of antivascular ultrasound (AVUS) in a realistic autochthonous rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using multimodal contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging. HCC was induced in rats via by ingestion of diethylnitrosamine and treated with low intensity ultrasound in the presence of microbubbles. Tumor perfusion was assessed by linear-contrast, nonlinear-contrast and power Doppler ultrasound imaging before and after AVUS treatment. The tumor area perfused and hemodynamic characteristics were measured from time-dilution curves of the contrast agent. Histology of the treated samples was assessed for hemorrhage and necrosis induced by vascular disruption.All modes of contrast-enhanced imaging showed reduction in tumor vascularity following AVUS treatment. Perfusion area peak-enhancement and perfusion index were attenuated by 17% to 54% and the reduction in each measure was significant (p<0.05). Sham treatment involving no ultrasound and contrast agent did not show change in perfusion following AVUS treatment. Histology showed extensive necrosis and hemorrhage following AVUS treatment. In conclusion, different modes of contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging along with histology confirmed disruption of tumor perfusion induced by AVUS therapy. This validation in a translational model sets the stage for future evaluation of AVUS to treat HCC in human subject
The Positive Political Economy of Analytical Anarchism

Analytical anarchism is a subset of political economy that takes neither rules as given nor assumes that monopoly enforcement of such rules exists. This approach is the positive study of endogenous rule formation by individuals within a particular society. Such rules emerge out of the self-interest of such individuals, though not necessarily from any deliberate design. We outline and explain two theoretical approaches that have been used to illustrate various historical cases of anarchism across time and place. We distinguish between an exclusionary approach to analytical anarchism and an inclusionary approach to analytical anarchism. Though these two approaches are not mutually exclusive, they are distinct from each other, in that they illustrate alternative mechanisms under which the conditions of anarchy can be relatively peaceful and productive.
An assessment of PET dose reduction with penalized likelihood image reconstruction using a computationally efficient model observer

Developing PET reconstruction algorithms with improved low-count capabilities may provide a timely and cost- effective means of reducing radiation dose in promising clinical applications such as immuno-PET that require long-lived radiotracers. For many PET clinics, the reconstruction protocol consists of postsmoothed ordered-sets expectation-maximization (OSEM) reconstruction, but penalized likelihood methods based on total-variation (TV) regularization could substantially reduce dose. We performed a task-based comparison of postsmoothed OSEM and higher-order TV (HOTV) reconstructions using simulated images of a contrast-detail phantom. An anthropomorphic visual-search model observer read the images in a location-known receiver operating characteristic (ROC) format. Acquisition counts, target uptake, and target size were study variables, and the OSEM postfiltering was task-optimized based on count level. A psychometric analysis of observer performance for the selected task found that the HOTV algorithm allowed a two-fold reduction in dose compared to the optimized OSEM algorithm.
Other Common Uses for Urine Screening in Clinical Practice: Substance Use Disorders, Antipsychotic Adherence, Sexually Transmitted Infections

Urine testing is routinely used for screening purposes in clinical practice. Indications for urine screening previously covered in this book are to assist in the diagnosis of various nephrologic and/or urologic diseases. Three other common uses include urine screens for substance use disorders, to confirm antipsychotic medication adherence and to identify sexually transmitted infections in at risk populations.
A Multi-Objective Approach for Distributed Combined Heat and Power in Energy Markets

With increased share of renewable energy sources in the generation mix, there is a need for reliable base generation that can meet the grid requirements without adversely affecting the environment. Combined heat and power (CHP) plants are $a$ promising high-efficiency distributed energy resource (DER) that can be used to improve renewable integration while simultaneously providing a host of benefits to the grid. Owing to their geographic distribution and long hours of operation, these units provide an improvement in grid resiliency during emergencies, deferred transmission system upgrades and reduced emissions. This work explores some barriers that impede grid participation of CHPs and proposes a multi-objective optimization approach for better involvement of distributed industrial CHP units at the wholesale energy market level. The CHPs considered are not third party generating units that produce power to meet their own requirements. The effect of including CHP DERs in the market, thermal storage addition and the CHP participation levels are studied in detail.
Folk psychology and proximal intentions

There is a longstanding debate in philosophy concerning the relationship between intention and intentional action. According to the Single Phenomenon View, while one need not intend to A in order t...
A bootstrapping approach to social media quantification

This work considers the use of classifiers in a downstream aggregation task estimating class proportions, such as estimating the percentage of reviews for a movie with positive sentiment. We derive the bias and variance of the class proportion estimator when taking classification error into account to determine how to best trade off different error types when tuning a classifier for these tasks. Additionally, we propose a method for constructing confidence intervals that correctly adjusts for classification error when estimating these statistics. We conduct experiments on four document classification tasks comparing our methods to prior approaches across classifier thresholds, sample sizes, and label distributions. Prior approaches have focused on providing the most accurate point estimate while this work focuses on the creation of correct confidence intervals that appropriately account for classifier error. Compared to the prior approaches, our methods provide lower error and more accurate confidence intervals.
Zen for Strategy

Iconoclasts with strongly held beliefs and a willingness to buck orthodoxy, Apple's Steve Jobs and the Chicago Bulls' Phil Jackson shared similarities in character, leadership style, and life experience that extended beyond the extraordinary successes they achieved in their chosen fields. Both came of age in the United States of the mid-20th century, a time and place characterized by Americans' growing interest in philosophical traditions outside of the Western mainstream. In their teens and twenties, both men became interested in Eastern religious practices. As young men, Jobs (who would as a teenager travel to India to study Buddhism) and Jackson (whose interest in Eastern practices earned him the nickname "The Zen Master") developed a particular affinity for the Zen tradition of Buddhism, which had a lasting influence on each man's worldview. Although Jackson and Jobs were very different leaders operating in remarkably different industries, both men's rise to the top of intensively competitive fields were influenced by their commitment to three Zen principles: nondualism, practical wisdom, and inherent enlightenment.This note gives a brief overview of the history of Zen and the philosophical framework that underpins it, then describes the potential that these three tenets hold for unlocking strategic insights. Excerpt UVA-S-0318 Rev. Jan. 10, 2020 Zen for Strategy San Francisco, California, January 2007 Dressed in his usual blue jeans and black turtleneck, Steve Jobs strode across the stage at San Francisco's Moscone Center to deliver the Macworld 2007 keynote address. Apple's annual extravaganza attracted tens of thousands of technology enthusiasts eager to learn about the company's latest innovations. For the many software developers, journalists, and fans in attendance, Jobs's remarks and dramatic presentation were Macworld's most anticipated event. Ten years earlier, Jobs had been reinstated as CEO to the company he cofounded, having been fired by John Sculley a dozen years earlier. At the time of Jobs's return, Apple was losing market share, laying off employees, and near insolvency. But over the next decade, Apple would return from the brink of bankruptcy to become a highly profitable Wall Street darling and a dominant brand on the cutting edge of consumer technology. Many of the products that fueled Apple's reemergence—the iMac computer, the OS X operating system, the iTunes online media marketplace, and the iPod music player—had been introduced in one of Jobs's Macworld keynote addresses. . . .
Acryloyl-modified cellulose nanocrystals: effects of substitution on crystallinity and copolymerization with acrylic monomers

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are crystalline nano-rods that have high specific strength with hydroxyl surface chemistry. A wide range of chemical modifications have been performed on the surface of CNCs to increase their potential to be used in applications where compatibilization with other materials is required. Understanding the surface chemistry of CNCs and critically examining the functionalization technique are crucial to enable control over the extent of modification and the properties of CNCs. This work aims to optimize the surface modification of wood-derived CNCs with isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM), a bifunctional molecule carrying both isocyanate and vinyl functional groups. We studied the effect of modification reaction time and temperature on the degree of substitution, crystallinity, and morphology of the CNCs. We found that the degree of modification is a strong and increasing function of reaction temperature over the range studied. However, the highest temperature (65 °C) and the longest time of reaction (6 h) resulted in shorter, thinner, and less crystalline CNCs. We obtained surface hydroxyl conversion of 60.1 ± 6% and percent crystallinity of 84% by keeping the reaction shorter (30 min) at 65 oC. Also, the copolymerization ability of modified CNCs was verified by polymerizing attached IEM groups with acrylic monomers via solution polymerization. The polymer-grafted CNCs (6% w/w) dispersed better in an acrylic polymer matrix compared to unmodified CNCs (umCNCs), resulting in approximately 100% improvement in the tensile strength and about 53% enhancement in the hardness of the acrylic, whereas addition of 6% w/w umCNCs did not influence the strength and hardness.
Towards Efficient Ansatz Architecture for Variational Quantum Algorithms

Variational quantum algorithms are expected to demonstrate the advantage of quantum computing on near-term noisy quantum computers. However, training such variational quantum algorithms suffers from gradient vanishing as the size of the algorithm increases. Previous work cannot handle the gradient vanishing induced by the inevitable noise effects on realistic quantum hardware. In this paper, we propose a novel training scheme to mitigate such noise-induced gradient vanishing. We first introduce a new cost function of which the gradients are significantly augmented by employing traceless observables in truncated subspace. We then prove that the same minimum can be reached by optimizing the original cost function with the gradients from the new cost function. Experiments show that our new training scheme is highly effective for major variational quantum algorithms of various tasks.
Reformation Unbound: Protestant Visions of Reform in England, 1525–1590

Introduction: remembering the Tuesday Sabbath 1. Radical reformation and the Henrician church 2. Not peace but a sword 3. Anti-Nicodemism as a way of life 4. Reformation without tarrying 5. Revisiting the troubles at Frankfurt 6. Catholics and the Elizabethan vestments controversy 7. The battle for English Protestantism Conclusion Bibliography Index.
Role of Multidrug Efflux Pumps in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Drug efflux pumps possessed by gram-positive organisms are encoded either by plasmid- or chromosomally-based genes. Generally, drug-specific efflux pumps tend to be located on plasmids and thus are readily transmissible, whereas multidrug (MDR) efflux pumps are usually encoded on the chromosome and are not easily donated to another organism. This chapter focuses the discussion entirely on MDR-type pumps. The available genome sequence data for gram-positive organisms suggests the existence of numerous potential drug pumps in all of them. The greatest amount of information regarding the mechanism(s) of pump function and multidrug recognition as well as the regulation of pump gene expression in gram-positive organisms is available for major facilitator superfamily (MFS) MDR efflux pumps. The study of the mechanism of multidrug recognition and transport is hampered by our general inability to produce high-resolution crystals of MDR pump proteins. Further research on bacterial MDR efflux pumps is warranted in an effort to improve our understanding of how these systems work, because such an understanding may allow the development of means to overcome this resistance mechanism and to recover useful activity of their antibiotic substrates.
The Amelco Case: California Bars Abandonment Claims in Public Contracts

III. Amelco v. City of Thousand Oaks 294 A. Relevant Facts 294 B. Abandonment Claim 294 C. Breach Claim 297 D. Importance of Case 297 E. Three Critical Cases 298 1. Huber, Hunt & Nichols, Inc. v. Moore 298 2. C. Norman Peterson Co. v. Container Corp. of America 298 3. State Department of Transportation v. Guy F. Atkinson Co. 299 4. Summary 299 F. DCA Opinion 300 G. Supreme Court Decision 302 1. Abandonment Claim 302 2. Breach Claim 307 3. Dissent 309 IV. Critique 310 A. Basic Contract Law Rules 310
Real-time complexity metric tools for visualAge smalltalk and C++

"Anything that one cannot measure cannot be controlled." Software metrics provide insight into the quality of software, informing the developers about the status of a project. Both what to measure and when to inform the developer of changes in code quality are important factors in a software metrics tool.Our work describes metrics that measure some aspects of software complexity. Complexities of a system arise from size, from the relationships between parts and between a part and the whole, and from changes or evolution. The metrics described in this paper concentrate on measuring complexities due to size and relationships. The work on Smalltalk contains seven metrics; on C++, eight. Differences are due to idiosyncrasies of the languages.We believe the best time to inform the developer of changes in code quality is at the time source code is edited. Our tools provide real-time metric feedback on the complexity of methods (Smalltalk or C++) whenever methods are edited. Changes in code quality are immediately presented to the developer, encouraging him or her to take notice of increased code complexity and to rework the method to reduce that complexity. The tools present code quality information unobtrusively, and recommend how to proceed.This paper describes a body of method complexity metrics and tools that communicate to software developers.
Review of Religion and Mental Health: Prevention and the Enhancement of Psychosocial Functioning

Summary After reviewing a representative sample of the better studies exploring how religion relates to mental disorders, we have discovered several domains of positive association between the two. These include family variables, well-being and self-esteem, personal adjustment, social conduct, alcohol and drug abuse, sexual permissiveness, and suicide. On the other hand, we found little evidence supporting religious influence in the prevention of serious clinical diagnoses like bipolar disorders, major depression, schizophrenia, obsessions, and panic disorders. The role of religion in these, however, has not been sufficiently studied. Contrary to some opinions, religious affiliation is not damaging to mental health, nor is it entirely predictive of better mental health. The more useful question to ask is how a person is religious rather than whether a person is religious. Specific measures of religiosity such as intrinsic and extrinsic orientation, level of commitment, and activity level provide more info...
Prospects for CW fiber OPAs and OPOs

We review the characteristics of CW fiber OPAs, and their application to CW fiber OPOs. These can exhibit low threshold, high conversion efficiency, multi-Watt output power, tunability, and single-frequency operation, from visible to mid-IR.
Fast Packet Classification Using Condition Factorization

Rule-based packet classification plays a central role in network intrusion detection systems such as Snort. To enhance performance, these rules are typically compiled into a matching automaton that can quickly identify the subset of rules that are applicable to a given network packet. The principal metrics in the design of such an automaton are its size and the time taken to match packets at runtime. Previous techniques for this problem either suffered from high space overheads (i.e., automata could be exponential in the number of rules), or matching time that increased quickly with the number of rules. In contrast, we present a new technique that constructs polynomial size automata. Moreover, we show that the matching time of our automata is insensitive to the number of rules. Our experimental results demonstrate substantial improvements in space requirements, as well the runtime of Snort.
Reference and Crop Evapotranspiration in South Central Nebraska. I: Comparison and Analysis of Grass and Alfalfa-Reference Evapotranspiration

In Nebraska, historically, there have been differences among the water regulatory agencies in terms of the methods used to compute reference evapotranspiration ( ETref ) to determine actual crop water requirements and hydrologic balances of watersheds. Because simplified and/or empirical temperature or radiation-based methods lack some of the major weather parameters that can significantly affect grass and alfalfa-reference ET ( ETo and ETr ) the performance of these methods needs to be investigated to help decision makers to determine the potential differences associated with using various ETref equations relative to the standardized ASCE Penman–Monteith (ASCE-PM) equations. The performance of 12 ETo and five ETr equations were analyzed on a daily basis for south central Nebraska from 1983 to 2004. The standardized ASCE-PM ETo and ETr values were used as the basis for comparisons. The maximum ASCE-PM ETo value was estimated as 12.6 mm d−1 , and the highest ETr value was estimated as 19 mm d−1 on June 21,...
THE SKILL IMPACT OF AUTOMATION

THIS SAMPLING OF COLLECTED TESTIMONY WAS INTENDED TO ILLUSTRATE SOME OF THE DIMENSIONS OF MANPOWER PROBLEMS FACED EVENIN EXPANDING LABOR MARKETS. A REVIEW OF SELECTED "STRUCTURAL" ASPECTS OF EMPLOYMENT ANALYSIS GAVE PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO THE IMPACT OF AUTOMATION ON EMPLOYMENT WHEN CONSIDERATION WAS GIVEN, NOT TO THE AMOUNT OF LABOR DEMANDED, BUT TO THE QUALITY OF LABOR THAT MUST BE SUPPLIED. SO LONG AS PARITY IS PRESERVED BETWEEN THE TOTAL OF JOB OPPORTUNITIES AND THE NUMBER IN THE LABOR FORCE, UNEMPLOYMENT REFLECTS THE PROBLEM OF MATCHING THE SPECIFIC QUALITIES OF LABOR DEMAND WITH THE SPECIFIC ATTRIBUTES OF LABOR SUPPLY. THIS MATCHING PROCESS IS IMPEDED BY AN ACCELERATION IN THE PACE OF TECHNOLOGY. AND A "GESTATION" BARRIER, REPRESENTED BY THE LENGTH OF TIME REQUIRED TO DEVELOP SKILLS DEMANDED. A SECOND MAJOR POINT OF THE STUDY WAS THAT AUTOMATION INVOLVES NOT ONLY SKILL-UPGRADING BUT SKILL-DOWNGRADING AS WELL, SINCE MANY JOB FUNCTIONS ARE "DILUTED" TO ADJUST TO CHANGING TECHNOLOGY. THE SKILL IMPACT OF AUTOMATION IS TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF A SMALL NUMBER OF SKILLED WORKERS WHILE DECREASING THE, PRODUCTIVITY OF A LARGER NUMBER OF LESS-SKILLED WORKERS. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THESE SUGGESTED FINDINGS WERE RELATED TO EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMING, WAGE POLICIES, RECRUITMENT, TURNOVER, AND OTHER ASPECTS OF MANPOWER POLICY. THIS IS A REPRINT FROM "EXPLORING THE DIMENSIONS OF THE MANPOWER REVOLUTION, VOLUME 1 OF SELECTED READINGS IN EMPLOYMENT AND MANPOWER," COMPILED FOR THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON EMPLOYMENT AND MANPOWER OF THE COMMITTEE ON .LABOR AND PUBLIC WELFARE, U.S. SENATE, 1964. SINGLE COPIES OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE AVAILABLE WITHOUT CHARGE FROM INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES,
Roots of Polynomials Expressed in Terms of Orthogonal Polynomials

A technique is presented for determining the roots of a polynomial $p(x)$ that is expressed in terms of an expansion in orthogonal polynomials. The roots are expressed as the eigenvalues of a nonstandard companion matrix $B_n$ whose coefficients depend on the recurrence formula for the orthogonal polynomials, and on the coefficients of the orthogonal expansion. Some questions on the numerical stability of the eigenvalue problem to which they give rise are discussed. The problem of finding the roots of a transcendental function $f(x)$ can be reduced to the problem considered by approximating $f(x)$ by a Chebyshev polynomial. We illustrate the effectiveness of this convert-to-Chebyshev strategy by solving several transcendental equations using this plus our new algorithm. We analyze the numerical stability through both linear algebra theory and numerical experiments and find that this method is very well conditioned.
Crowdsourcing and personality measurement equivalence: A warning about countries whose primary language is not English

Abstract In the search to find cheaper, faster approaches for data collection, crowdsourcing methods (i.e., online labor portals that allow independent workers to complete surveys for compensation) have risen in popularity as a tool for personality researchers, despite a lack of evidence regarding the equivalence of crowdsourcing with traditional data collection methods. The purpose of this study was to evaluate crowdsourcing as a data collection tool by examining the measurement equivalence of crowdsourced data (i.e., from Amazon.com’s MTurk) with more traditional samples (i.e., an undergraduate sample and a sample of organizational employees). Our results (using a popular measure of Big Five personality) provided evidence of measurement equivalence across all three samples, with one important exception: crowdsourced data (from MTurk) only exhibited measurement invariance with traditional data collection methods when responses were restricted to participants from native-English speaking countries. Although MTurk appears to be an easy, cost-effective data collection tool, our results suggest that MTurk data are similar to traditionally-collected data only when the MTurk sample is restricted to IP addresses from English-speaking countries.
Heterogeneous integration of epitaxial nanostructures: strategies and application drivers

In order to sustain the historic progress in information processing, transmission, and storage, concurrent integration of heterogeneous functionality and materials with fine granularity is clearly imperative for the best connectivity, system performance, and density metrics. In this paper, we review recent developments in heterogeneous integration of epitaxial nanostructures for their applications toward our envisioned device-level heterogeneity using computing nanofabrics. We first identify the unmet need for heterogeneous integration in modern nanoelectronics and review state-of-the-art assembly approaches for nanoscale computing fabrics. We also discuss the novel circuit application driver, known as Nanoscale Application Specific Integrated Circuits (NASICs), which promises an overall performance-power-density advantage over CMOS and embeds built-in defect and parameter variation resilience. At the device-level, we propose an innovative cross-nanowire field-effect transistor (xnwFET) structure that simultaneously offers high performance, low parasitics, good electrostatic control, ease-of-manufacturability, and resilience to process variation. In addition, we specify technology requirements for heterogeneous integration and present two wafer-scale strategies. The first strategy is based on ex situ assembly and stamping transfer of pre-synthesized epitaxial nanostructures that allows tight control over key nanofabric parameters. The second strategy is based on lithographic definition of epitaxial nanostructures on native substrates followed by their stamping transfer using VLSI foundry processes. Finally, we demonstrate the successful concurrent heterogeneous co-integration of silicon and III-V compound semiconductor epitaxial nanowire arrays onto the same hosting substrate over large area, at multiple locations, with fine granularity, close proximity and high yield.
Indicators to evaluate pre-service teachers’ cultural competence

Abstract This study identifies and examines multiple indicators to evaluate cultural competence of pre-service teachers in teacher education institutions. National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education's concepts of culturally responsive teaching and theory discussions on cultural competence serve as the impetus for the study. The analysis applied structural equation modelling approach to study the measurement and structural factors of cultural competence for pre-service teachers, based on cultural competence literature. The results indicated that the multidimensionality of cultural competence consistent of four factors: (1) teachers’ professional beliefs; (2) self-reflections; (3) teacher expectations; and (4) actions to challenge and ameliorate prejudice and social injustice. The researcher further discussed possible adaptations of a multidimensional approach to explain and assess pre-service teachers’ cultural competence. Implications regarding implementing the indicators for curriculum design...
Drafting New York Civil-Litigation Documents: Part XXI — Summary Judgment Motions Continued

This article, another in a continuing series on drafting New York litigation documents, discusses summary judgment.
Non-serial Dynamic Programming- A Survey

Interest in non-serial dynamic programming is deeply rooted in real life applications. Since the initial efforts in the early 1960's, however, a number of scattered treatments of this interesting field of dynamic programming has emerged. This paper traces the development of non-serial dynamic programming from the basic theory underlying dynamic programming to the latest applications of non-serial dynamic programming. The works of such major contributors as Nemhauser, Wilde, Beightler, Bertele and Brioschi are critically examined and recent relevant computational advances are discussed. The paper is concluded with a few examples of various applications of non-serial dynamic programming together with some crystal ball gazing into future applications. An extensive list of references is also included.
Altered in vitro phosphorylation of specific proteins accompanies fertilization of strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs

Abstract Protein phosphorylation in eggs of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus was examined by incubation of egg homogenates with γ[ 32 P]ATP. Individual phosphorylated proteins were detected by autoradiography after electrophoresis of the disaggregated proteins on SDS-polyacrylamide slab gels. Nearly all of the radioactivity was labile to treatment with pronase, but not to ribonuclease or hydroxylamine, suggesting it to be in the form of protein phosphoesters. The pH dependence for phosphorylation was broad, with cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent phosphorylation optimal at pH 7.7. Phosphorylation of several protein species at pH 7.7 was altered in homogenates of fertilized eggs, when compared to that of unfertilized eggs. These relative increase or decreases in intensity detected by autoradiography were not accompanied by corresponding changes in protein staining of the gels, suggesting that the differences were not due to major shifts in overall protein composition. Most of the alterations in phosphorylation were evident in homogenates made within 5 min after fertilization and were stable until the first cell division. The alterations were also found with homogenates of eggs activated with the divalent ionophore A23187, and some, but not all were present following treatment with ammonia, under conditions that induce a partial metabolic activation of eggs. The results suggest that fertilization promotes alterations in the availability of phosphorylation sites in egg homogenates, or changes in the activity of the egg kinases toward specific protein substrates, that may play a role in the activation of egg metabolism.
Physical activity maintenance in elders with cardiac problems

Abstract Abstract: Clinicians who work with elderly people after acute cardiac events need strategies to facilitate the continuance of physical activity learned in cardiac rehabilitation programs. This exploratory study examined three factors related to this maintenance in 31 men and women: self-efficacy, stages of change, and social support for exercise. Self-efficacy was significantly correlated to stages of change and physical activity. Clinicians can use these factors to develop strategies to enhance the maintenance of exercise in elders with cardiac problems. (Geriatr Nurs 1999;21:200-3)