cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feeding Jejunostomy for Post Operative Nutritional Support M. CARMON, D. SEROR, R. UDASSIN, ET AL. Clinical Nutrition 10:298-301, 1991

The authors describe their experience using jejunostomy tubes placed during a primary surgical procedure in 19 adult patients during a 2-year period. All but one patient underwent a laparotomy (the one exception had a thoracotomy) for gastrointestinal cancer, peptic ulcer disease, or trauma. Large-bore (16 or 18 French) red rubber catheters were used for feeding jejunostomies. Patients were fed according to a standard protocol that included (1) use of commercially available formulas, (2) infusion pumps, (3) liberal use of antidiarrheal agents, and (4) initiation of feeding on the second postoperative day. Patients were fed by tube for a mean of 22 days and received a mean of 1850 calories with 62 g of protein per day. Feeding tubes remained in place (insertion to removal) for an average of 59 days. Seven of the 19 patients had the tubes removed during hospitalization; for the remaining patients, tubes were removed after discharge. After removal of the tube, the tract closed spontaneously and uneventfully ...
Diabetic periodontitis: possible lipid‐induced defect in tissue repair through alteration of macrophage phenotype and function

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem in the United States affecting approximately 13 million people. The five ‘classic’ complications which have historically been associated with the condition are microangiopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, microvascu-lar disease, and delayed wound healing. Recently, per-iodontal disease (PD) has been declared the ‘sixth’ major complication of diabetes as diabetics demonstrate an increased incidence and severity of PD. The cellular and molecular basis for diabetic PD is unknown. HYPOTHESIS: Recent evidence suggests that PD and delayed dermal wound healing may be manifestations of the same general systemic deficit in diabetes involving impairment of the cellular and molecular signal of wounding via alterations in macrophage phenotype. Diabetes-induced hyperlipidemia may interfere with the normal cellular and molecular signal of wounding by alteration of macrophage function and subsequent dysregulation of cytokines at the wound site. RESULTS: Preliminary data in both animal models and humans suggests that hyperglycemia, in combination with elevations of serum low density lipoproteins and tri-glycerides, leads to formation of advanced glycation end products (AGES) which may alter macrophage phenotype. This may be responsible for dysregulation of macrophage cytokine production and increased inflammatory tissue destruction and alveolar bone loss. IMPLICATIONS: Future investigations will consider diabetic PD in the context of a generalized systemic wound healing deficit that manifests as PD in the face of constant pathologic wounding of the gingiva (bacterial plaque) or delayed dermal wound healing in instances of periodic traumatic wounding to other parts of the body. These types of studies will provide information concerning defective tissue repair in diabetics that will have clinical relevance for the understanding of PD and delayed dermal healing as well as applications of appropriate and specific therapies.
Interannual variations in nitrification in a hypereutrophic urban lake: Occurrences and implications

Abstract The irregular occurrence of high rates of nitrification (nitrification events) in the upper waters of a nitrogen polluted urban lake, Onondaga Lake, NY, during the fall mixing period is documented. The analysis is supported by eight years (1988–1995) of measurements of total ammonia ( T -NH 3 ) and oxidized forms of N (NO x ) in the lake and its inflows, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature profiles. A tested system-specific mass balance model for N is used to estimate nitrification rates for these years, and a system-specific DO model is applied to demonstrate the impact of a nitrification event on the lake’s oxygen resources for a single year. Rates of nitrification for different years ranged from near zero throughout the fall mixing interval (1994) to an average of about 0.18 d −1 for one month (1995). The nitrification events cause major interannual variations observed in the pools of T -NH 3 and NO x in the lake’s upper waters in fall, and are probably responsible for the particularly severe lake-wide depletion of DO observed in certain years during this interval. Nitrification was the dominant loss process for T -NH 3 and source for NO x in years that the events occurred. The exacerbating effect of the events on the oxygen resources of the lake needs to be accommodated in related remediation efforts.
Dispersion of a fluorescein dye‐ampicillin mixture after intratracheal administration in calves

The pulmonary and systemic dispersion of a dye mixture after intratracheal (i.t.) administration was characterized in young dairy calves. Five calves were given i.t. injections of a fluorescein and ampicillin mixture, and were then killed at 2, 5 or 15 min after treatment. The respiratory system, nasal pharynx area, nose, liver, kidney, stomach and esophagus were removed and examined. Sections were taken from lung areas for histopathological examinations and all tissues were photographed, using floodlight and ultraviolet light. There was uniform low-grade fluorescence throughout the lung, but the greatest fluorescence followed an anterior ventral dispersion. The dye was readily absorbed from the lung into the bloodstream, causing fluorescence in the liver, bile, kidney and urine. Coughing of the calves during the injection caused some of the mixture to be expectorated and swallowed, resulting in fluorescence in the esophagus, stomach contents, and nasal pharanges, turbinates and nostrils.
Refining the aetiology of myopia through negative results

Negative data help researchers to further refine the directions to identify the pathogenesis of myopia Uncorrected or undercorrected refractive error is the leading cause of preventable vision impairment in the world today, with an estimated 75 million cases of low vision due to refractive problems.1 Because refractive error is a major cause of avoidable blindness, the World Health Organization has named refraction as one of the five priorities for Vision 2020—the Right to Sight.2 Not all blindness associated with refractive error is avoidable as high myopia can lead to choroidal atrophy and subsequent myopic retinal degneration.3 People with myopia are more likely than people with hypermetropia to have undercorrected refractive errors.4 Although debate continues about the relative contribution of genetics and environment in the development of myopia, …
Effect of the 80-hour work week on resident operative experience in general surgery.

Abstract Background The goal of this study was to determine the effect of the 80-hour work week on resident operative experience. Methods General surgery resident operative experience was evaluated during a 4-year period and divided into 2 groups: before (group A [July 1, 2001, to June 30, 2003]) and after (group B July 1, 2003, to June 30, 2005]) implementation of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education duty hour guidelines. Results There was a significant decrease in mean total and primary surgeon cases in group B for postgraduate year (PGY) levels 1, 2, and 4 ( P ≤ .001). There was a significant decrease in PGY 5 teaching assistant and PGY 1 first assistant experience in group B ( P ≤ .001). There was no difference in PGY 3 resident operative volume. Conclusions The mandated work-hour guidelines have negatively impacted the operative experience of general surgery residents, especially at the junior level. Despite implementing modifications designed to optimize resident operative experience, surgical training programs may require further adaptations.
Ferroelectricity in chemical nanostructures: proximal probe characterization and the surface chemical environment

Renewed interest in the evolution of the ferroelectric phase transition temperature TC and the character of ordering of ferroelectric polarizations with finite size and shape is driven in part by several recent developments. An expanding array of pathways for producing nano-structured ferroelectric oxides with control of size, shape, and composition has emerged. Experimental characterization methods originally developed for thin films have been extended to ensemble-free investigations of functional properties of individual nanostructures. Progress in understanding the origin and nature of ferroelectric stability in ultra-thin films and nanostructures is reviewed. Specifically, we discuss evidence for a new surface adsorbate-driven mechanism for stabilizing ferroelectricity in nanostructures owing to a combination of recent proximal probe analysis and model calculation results, along with a new experimental paradigm for investigating and exploiting these effects and effects of finite curvature.
Sources and Source Strengths of Volatile Organic Compounds in a New Office Building

This study was conducted at a newly constructed federal office building in Portland, Oregon. The primary objectives were to identify the major sources of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the building and to measure both long-term (one year) and short-term (several day) variations in concentrations and source strengths. Samples for VOC were collected on four occasions over a period of 14 months starting with the first month of occupancy. During the final sampling period, samples were collected over four days (Friday - Monday). The samples were analyzed for individual compounds and for total VOC (TVOC). The results were expressed as specific source strengths, as well as concentrations, to facilitate comparisons of measurements made under different ventilation conditions. The primary source of VOC in the building was identified as liquid-process photocopiers and plotters which emitted a characteristic mixture of C10-Cn isoparaffinic hydrocarbons. The specific source strength of TVOC, which was dominated b...
Possible impact melt and debris flows at Tooting Crater, Mars

Abstract Candidate examples of impact melt flows and debris flows have been identified at Tooting crater, an extremely young ( 6 km × 5 km on the southern rim. The debris flows are found on both the inner wall and rim of the crater, are ∼1–2 km in length, and vary from a few tens of meters to >300 m in width. These flows exhibit varying morphologies, from a channelized, leveed flow with arcuate ridges in the channel, to a rubbly flow with a central channel but no obvious levees. The flows indicate that water existed within the target rocks at the time of crater formation, and that both melt and fluidized sediment was generated during this event.
Redistricting and Party Polarization in the U.S. House of Representatives

The elevated levels of party polarization observed in the contemporary Congress have been attributed to a variety of factors. One of the more commonly recurring themes among observers of congressional politics is that changes in district boundaries resulting from the redistricting process are a root cause. Using a new data set linking congressional districts from 1962 to 2002, we offer a direct test of this claim. Our results show that although there is an overall trend of increasing polarization, districts that have undergone significant changes as a result of redistricting have become even more polarized. Although the effect is relatively modest, it suggests that redistricting is one among other factors that produce party polarization in the House and may help to explain the elevated levels of polarization in the House relative to the Senate.
Corporal punishment experiences and attitudes in a sample of college students

This article describes an analysis of an exploratory survey administered to a sample of 123 college students. The purpose was twofold. First, the respondents' experiences with spanking in childhood are described. Second, factors that led respondents to perceive their childhood spankings as beneficial or not beneficial are examined.
The formation of cation-ligand complexes of tributylammonium cation with diethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, 4-butyrolactone, ethyl acetate, and cyclopentanone ino-dichlorobenzene at 25°C

The effects of adding millimolar quantities of a series of compounds containing the carbonyl function on the conductances of solutions (0.2 mM) of tri-n-butylammonium picrate ino-dichlorobenzene solvent at 25°C have been measured. Values of the complex formation constants K 1 + for 1:1 cation-ligand complexes are derived from these data. The corresponding values of −ΔG 1 0 at 25°C are (in kcal-mole −1 ): 4-butyrolactone, 4.29; propylene carbonate, 3.87; ethylene carbonate, 3.59; cyclopentanone, 3.42; ethyl acetate, 2.84; and diethyl carbonate, 2.78. These results together with earlier results from this laboratory are discussed in terms of the effects of structure on cation-ligand affinity.
Using guiding-idea theories of the person to develop educational campaigns against drug abuse and other health-threatening behavior

Educational campaigns against health-threatening behaviors such as drug abuse may lose effectiveness because they tend to be narrow, atheoretical and to stress negative effects. As a corrective, it is proposed that health campaigns take into account the broad range of human needs and consider how the health-threatening behavior may be gratifying to each need. This allows taking into consideration not just the bad effects (which tend to be obvious) of such behaviors as drug abuse, but also the gratifications they provide to a variety of human needs, by their associated lifestyles as well as by their pharmaceutical effects. In this way anti-drug campaigns can be made to cope more relevantly with the attractions of such health-threatening behaviors. We sketch 16 theorized human needs, widely contrasting in their assumption of what instigates human action and what terminates it, each of which theories has proven provocative in guiding basic research. From each of the 16 theories some implications are drawn regarding the attractions of drug abuse and regarding the design of educational campaigns against such health-threatening behaviors.
Sensitivity analysis of a soil leachability model for petroleum fate and transport in the vadose zone

Abstract Risk-based assessment methods are commonly used at petroleum-contaminated sites. In South Carolina, the Soil Leachability Model (SLM) is used to calculate site-specific target levels (SSTLs) for soils that may leach contaminants to groundwater. The SLM is a series of analytical equations that is based upon the Green and Ampt equation to predict infiltration rates and accounts for equilibrium partitioning and first-order biodegradation of the contaminant as it travels to groundwater. To reduce costs, many soil property inputs to the model are estimated using regression equations that relate textural classification to these physical properties. It was not known what effect errors in these inputs might have on the SSTLs computed with the SLM. Thus, a sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the influence of parameter variability on benzene and naphthalene SSTLs computed for three soil types and two groundwater depths. The results of this study indicate that SSTLs computed with the SLM are very sensitive to organic carbon content and biodegradation half-lives for sand, loam, and clay, saturated hydraulic conductivity for loam and clay and most soil input parameters for clay. Overestimation of organic carbon content or underestimation of biodegradation half-lives in sand, loam or clay, or underestimation of the saturated hydraulic conductivity in loam or clay can result in SSTLs that are orders of magnitude too large, and therefore, potentially unconservative.
Codes over local rings of order 16 and their gray maps

Weight preserving Gray maps are defined from any non-chain local ring of order 16 to the binary Hamming space. This is used to define the Lee weight for codes in this setting. MacWilliams relations for the weight enumerator with respect to the Lee weight are given. Self-dual codes are studied over these rings and they are used to study binary codes whose weight enumerators are held invariant by the action of the MacWilliams relations.
Modeling Self-Assembly of Nanoparticle Structures: Simulation of Nanoparticle Chemical Potentials in Polymer-Nanoparticle Mixtures

Abstract : The expanded ensemble Monte Carlo (EEMC) simulation method has been applied to calculation of the chemical potential of nanocolloidal particles in the presence of polymeric surface modifiers. Two general classes of surface modifiers have been studied - nonadsorbing and freely-adsorbing. For both systems the infinite dilution colloid chemical potential was calculated as a function of the colloid diameter and the modifier chain length. The colloid chemical potential was found to decrease with increasing modifier chain length for both types of modifiers, albeit for different reasons. Empirical power-law scaling relationships were found to represent the simulation results well. A physical interpretation was proposed for the power law exponents obtained in the case of adsorbing modifiers.
The costs of going public

Abstract This paper presents evidence regarding the two quantifiable components of the costs of going public: direct expenses and underpricing. Together, these costs average 21.22% of the realized market value of the securities issued for firm commitment offers and 31.87% for best efforts offers. For a given size offer, the direct expenses are of the same order of magnitude for both contract types, but the underpricing is greater for best efforts offers. An explanation of why some firms choose to use best efforts offers in spite of their apparent higher total costs is given.
What Do Bosses Really Do

If employers make so much money, why don't workers hire machines and expertise and make the money instead? This question has generated a large body of writing, including Stephen Marglin's much-cited article “What Do Bosses Do?” Marglin draws on history to argue that the employer, who added nothing to technical efficiency, used specialization of tasks to divide labor and impose himself as boss, thereby creating an artificial, unproductive role. These arrangements were embodied in domestic industry and were reinforced when employers turned to the factory system as a more effective disciplinary mode. This article argues that such a thesis misreads history and is essentially ideological.
Regions in the transit peptide of SSU essential for transport into chloroplasts

Deletion mutations, 3-19 amino acids in size, were introduced into the transit peptide (57 amino acids) of a small subunit (SSU) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from pea. Transport of the authentic small subunit precursor (pSSU) and of the mutant pSSUs by isolated chloroplasts of pea was examined. We show that the transit peptide contains two different, separated functional regions. A deletion mutation in the central region of the transit peptide, a region purported to be important for function, barely affected transport. Changes in the amino-terminal region of the transit peptide appeared normal. A deletion mutation at the carboxy-terminus of the transit peptide interfered with both transport and processing. From the aberrant processing we suggest that pSSU is matured in more than one step, and that the maturation signal is located within the carboxy-terminal 16 amino acids. The methionine residue at the evolutionarily conserved cleavage site (cysteine-methionine) between the transit peptide and the mature protein is not essential processing.
Characterization and fate of polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in soils and sediments at the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, Ohio

Abstract The U.S. Department of Energy Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant is in the early stages of decommissioning and decontamination. During operations, the site drew a large amount of electric power and had multiple large switchyards on site. These are a source of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) contamination to both on-site and off-site streams. Some soil remediation has been completed in the main switchyard. During 2011 and 2012, fifteen sites were sampled at the surface (
Impact of selenium and other trace elements on the endangered adult razorback sucker.

A study was conducted with endangered the razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) to determine if environmental exposure to selenium in flooded bottomland sites affected survival, growth, and egg-hatching success. Adults were stocked at three sites adjacent to the Colorado River near Grand Junction, Colorado, in July 1996: hatchery ponds at Horsethief Canyon State Wildlife Area (referred to here as Horsethief; the reference site), a diked tertiary channel at Adobe Creek, and North Pond at Walter Walker State Wildlife Area (WWSWA). Fish were collected in April 1997 and spawned. After two spawnings adults from the three sites were held at Horsethief for an 86-day selenium depuration period. Selenium concentrations at Horsethief were 1.4–3.0 μg/L in water, 0.8–0.9 μg/g in sediment, 4.5 μg/g in muscle plug, and 6.0 μg/g in eggs; at Adobe Creek, <0.7–4.5 μg/L in water, 1.2–2.5 μg/g in sediment, 16–20 μg/g in zooplankton, 9.6 μg/g in muscle plug, and 40 μg/g in eggs; and at North Pond, 3.2–17 μg/L in water, 16–94 μg/g in sediment, 32–48 μg/g in zooplankton, 14 μg/g in muscle plug, and 55 μg/g in eggs. During the depuration period, when adults from Adobe Creek and North Pond were held at Horsethief, the fish lost 7%–13% of their selenium burden in 59 days and 14%–21% in 86 days. Larvae from North Pond adults had the most deformities, followed by Adobe Creek adults, with the fewest deformities found in the Horsethief adults. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 297–323, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10064
Extent and severity of myocardial hypoperfusion as predictors of prognosis in patients with suspected coronary artery disease

The ability of exercise-induced myocardial hypoperfusion on thallium scintigraphy to predict coronary events was assessed in 1,689 patients with symptoms suggestive of coronary artery disease but without prior myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass surgery. A total of 74 patients had a coronary event in the year after testing (12 cardiac deaths, 20 nonfatal infarctions and 42 referrals for bypass surgery more than 60 days after testing). Stepwise logistic regression identified only three independent predictors: the number of myocardial regions with reversible hypoperfusion (an index of the extent of hypoperfusion), the maximal magnitude of hypoperfusion (an index of the severity of hypoperfusion) and the achieved heart rate (an index of exercise performance). Both extent and severity were exponentially correlated with event rate (r greater than 0.97 and p less than 0.01 for each), whereas achieved heart rate was linearly correlated with event rate (r = 0.79 and p less than 0.05). On the basis of these data, a prognostic model was defined that employs extent and severity as stress-dependent orthogonal variables. Using this model, the predicted coronary event rate ranged over two orders of magnitude--from a low of 0.4% in patients able to exercise adequately without developing severe and extensive hypoperfusion at a low heart rate (less than 85% of their maximal predicted heart rate). Extent and severity of myocardial hypoperfusion, therefore, are important independent variables of prognosis in patients with suspected coronary artery disease.
Ultrastructure of a cloned astrocytoma in tissue culture.

The ultrastructure of a cloned astrocytoma line which produces a protein unique to the nervous system (S-100 protein) is described. The cells have features that are consistent with an origin from neoplastic astrocytes. They are characterized by a sparsity of organelles and the presence of many fine filaments in their cytoplasm. Two classes of filaments are present. One type is 90 to 100 A in diameter filaments that frequently appear hollow, are gently curved, can be followed for long distances in thin sections, and are arranged in loose fascicles. These filaments are similar to the cytoplasmic filaments in normal and neoplastic astrocytes in vivo but are more loosely arrayed in TC-158 cells than in normal astrocytes. The other type is 70 to 75 A filaments that are uniformly electron dense, straight, can only be followed for short distances in sections, and are arranged in compact bundles. These filaments are without counterpart in normal or neoplastic astrocytes in vivo although they are frequently seen in cultured cells from diverse origins (so-called “stress fibers”). In TC-158 cells examined with the light microscope, PTAH-stainable fibrils are present that mimic the distribution of the fine bundles of 70 to 75 A filaments seen in the electron microscope. We suggest that the PTAH-stainable fibrils and bundles of 70 to 75 A filaments share a common identity in TC-158 astrocytes. Although PTAH-staining fibrils in cultured astrocytes have been called “gliofibrils” in the literature, our results indicate that they are analogous to the “stress fibers” which are a nonspecific finding when present in cultured cells.
Adsorption/desorption of hydrocarbons on clay minerals

Abstract Adsorption/desorption of a mixture of 5 hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, p-xylene, m-xylene, and o-xylene) on montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite was studied using the batch equilibrium method. The adsorption coefficient (K) values ranged from 0.01 to 0.85 and were relatively lower than the reported K values with soils high in organic matter. The adsorption of these hydrocarbons on montmorillonite and illite was higher than on kaolinite. The adsorption reactions were reversible for toluene and illite. A smaller amount of toluene was adsorbed from the hydrocarbons mixture (K = 0.83) compared to the adsorption from a single hydrocarbon solution (K = 2.42). The adsorption coefficients were poorly related to water solubility and octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) of hydrocarbons.
The human solute carrier family 11 member 1 protein (SLC11A1): linking infections, autoimmunity and cancer?

SLC11A1 is known to link infections, autoimmunity and cancers. A review is presented of the mechanisms by which a balance is maintained between infections caused by pathogens (viral, bacterial and protozoan; intracellular and extracellular) and disorders resulting from (acute or chronic) inflammation, and of the interactions that determine how the initial innate immune system directs subsequent acquired immune responses in human populations
Antiinflammatory Drugs and Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Comparison of Aspirin and Ibuprofen

Gastrointestinal blood loss provoked by short-term and long-term therapy with aspirin and ibuprofen was compared in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Blood loss was assessed by isotope counting of four-day stool collections after infusion of 51Cr-labeled autologous erythrocytes. After two weeks on drug or after one year on drug, aspirin consistently caused more bleeding than ibuprofen.
Miriam Kingsberg, Moral Nation: Modern Japan and Narcotics in Global History

In Moral Nation: Modern Japan and Narcotics in Global History, author Miriam Kingsberg delivers a broad and detailed analysis of the imperial, legal, judicial, political, racial, scientific, and me...
Expanding a System of Systems Model with the Schelling Segregation Model

The Schelling segregation model is a well-established representation of social issues in a neighbourhood. On the basis of the systems approach, a model of system of systems (SoS) that is validated through comparison with the Schelling model and applies to more neighbourhoods is proposed. The systems model of an SoS empirically demonstrates the potential for conflict to arise as the autonomy of systems within a geographically distributed SoS increases. The results may contribute to future international policy as well as ecological management. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a Mixed-Methods Evaluation of a Social-Agent Scenario Visualization

Scenarios are a well-explored technique for working with and understanding a system's requirements. However, comprehending a large group of scenarios for a system can be difficult, especially for non-experts. Our previous work proposed that visualizing scenarios using social animated characters could assist this process. However, assessing the efficacy of visualization techniques can be challenging. This paper proposes that a mixed-method study combining qualitative and quantitative analysis can be effective for evaluating a social visualization of a group of scenarios. Specifically, we found that the quantitative data addressed focused hypotheses, while the qualitative data gave us insight into the nature of scenarios in requirements, the goals of scenario visualization, and how the technology can support these goals more effectively. Both forms of analysis can be valuable and mutually reinforcing in developing and evaluating effective social visualizations of scenarios, and by extension for other work in RE as well.
Effective Harmonic-Fluid Approach to Low-Energy Properties of One-Dimensional Quantum Fluids

A universal description of the low-energy properties of one-dimensional quantum fluids, based on a harmonic theory of long-wavelength density fluctuations with use of renormalized parameters, is outlined. The structure of long-distance correlations of a spinless fluid is obtained, showing the essential similarity of one-dimensional Bose and Fermi fluids. The results are illustrated by application to the one-dimensional Bose fluid with $\ensuremath{\delta}$-function interaction.
130. Implementation of Violence Risk Screening and Treatment in a High School Setting

Eighteen percent of African descent, 27.6% of mixed race and 40.2 % of European descent (p .001) would advise calling a crisis hotline. Twenty eight percent of teens said they would advise telling a teacher or school official. Conclusions: Half of adolescents report awareness of rape crisis services in the community and only 11% know someone who has received rape crisis counseling. Students of African descent and mixed race are less aware of crisis counseling services but are more likely to report knowing someone who has received crisis-counseling services than Caucasians. Teachers appear to be the major source of educating adolescents about sexual violence resources. The majority of teens would advise a friend to disclose sexual assault to their families. Teens of African descent and mixed race are less likely to advise friends to call a crisis line than those of European descent. Boys are less likely to advise disclosure than girls. The disparities across race and gender in both awareness of rape crisis resources and attitudes towards disclosure suggest both inadequate outreach and possibly cultural and societal roadblocks to seeking help. Further outreach efforts should target all teens but especially those of African descent, mixed race teens and boys. Sources of Support: None.
THE LIVE GOAT RITUAL IN LEVITICUS 16

The live goat ritual in Leviticus 16 has, for many decades, attracted debate in biblical scholarship. However, the main focus has often been on the identity of Azazel. This article examines some aspects of the live goat ritual in Leviticus 16: (1) the use of two hands rather than the usual one hand laid over the head of the goat; (2) the content of the confession over the goat; (3) the purpose of the rite; (4) whether the ritual is a sacrifice or something else; and (5) the significance of the ritual. I contend that the two hands used are representational, that the ritual is a unique sacrifice, and that the ritual symbolized a complete eradication of sin from the community.
Fat-free and fat mass percentiles in 5225 healthy subjects aged 15 to 98 years.

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) are important in the evaluation of nutritional status. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a simple, reproducible method used to determine FFM and FM. Because normal values for FFM and FM have not yet been established in adults aged 15 to 98 y, its use is limited in the evaluation of nutritional status. The aims of this study were to determine reference values for FFM, FM, and percentage of FM by BIA in a white population of healthy adults, observe their differences with age, and develop percentile distributions for these parameters between ages 15 and 98 y. METHODS: Whole-body resistance and reactance of 2735 healthy white men and 2490 healthy white women, aged 15 to 98 y, was determined by 50-kHz BIA, with four skin electrodes on the right hand and foot. FFM and FM were calculated by a previously validated, single BIA formula and analyzed for age decades. RESULTS: Mean FFM peaked in 35- to 44-y-old men and 45- to 54-y-old women and declined thereafter. Mean FFM was 8.9 kg or 14.8% lower in men older than 85 y than in men 35 to 44 y old and 6.2 kg or 14.3% lower in women older than 85 y than in women 45 to 54 y old. Mean FM and percentage of FM increased progressively in men and women between ages 15 and 98 y. The results suggested that the greater weight noted in older subjects is due to larger FM. CONCLUSIONS: The percentile data presented serve as reference to evaluate deviations from normal values of FFM and FM in healthy adult men and women at a given age.
Repeated Interviews and Children's Memory It's More Than Just How Many

A crucial issue in the study of eyewitness memory concerns effects of repeated interviews on children's memory accuracy. There is growing belief that exposure to repeated interviews causes increased errors. In some situations, it may. Yet, several studies reveal increased accuracy with repeated interviewing, even when the interviews include misleading questions. We review repeated-interview research in relation to event veracity, interviewer bias, and delay. We conclude that when and how children are interviewed is at least as important for their accuracy as is how many times they are interviewed.
Role of Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein in the Function of the Hepatitis B Virus Posttranscriptional Regulatory Element

The hepatitis B virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (PRE) is an RNA element that increases the expression of unspliced mRNAs, apparently by facilitating their export from the nucleus. We have identified a cellular protein that binds to the PRE as the polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB), which shuttles rapidly between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Mutants of the PRE with mutations in PTB binding sites show markedly decreased activity, while cells that stably overexpress PTB show increased PRE-dependent gene expression. Export of PTB from the nucleus, like PRE function, is blocked by a mutant form of Ran binding protein 1 but not by leptomycin B. Therefore, PTB is important for PRE activity and appears to function as an export factor for PRE-containing mRNAs.
Measuring Preparedness for Mammography in Women with Intellectual Disabilities: A Validation Study of the Mammography Preparedness Measure

Background Women with intellectual disabilities (ID) have similar breast cancer rates as the general population, but lower rates of regular mammography and higher breast cancer mortality rates. Though prior qualitative work demonstrates that women with ID face unique, disability specific barriers to mammography, we lack standardized, validated instruments for measuring knowledge of breast cancer screening in this population. In addition, much research related to adults with ID focuses on family or carer perspectives, rather than involving women with ID, themselves.
Biological Effects of c-Mer Receptor Tyrosine Kinase in Hematopoietic Cells Depend on the Grb2 Binding Site in the Receptor and Activation of NF-κB

The c-Mer receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is most closely related to chicken c-Eyk and belongs to the Axl RTK subfamily. Although not detected in normal lymphocytes, c-Mer is expressed in B- and T-cell leukemia cell lines, suggesting an association with lymphoid malignancies. To gain an understanding of the role of this receptor in lymphoid cells, we expressed in murine interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent Ba/F3 pro-B-lymphocyte cells a constitutively active receptor, CDMer, formed from the CD8 extracellular domain and the c-Mer intracellular domain. Cells transfected with a plasmid encoding the CDMer receptor became IL-3 independent. When tyrosine (Y)-to-phenylalanine (F) mutations were introduced into c-Mer, only the Y867 change significantly reduced the IL-3-independent cell proliferation. The Y867 residue in the CDMer receptor mediated the binding of Grb2, which recruited the p85 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase). Despite the difference in promotion of proliferation, both the CDMer and mutant F867 receptors activated Erk in transfected cells. On the other hand, we found that both transcriptional activation of NF-κB and activation of PI 3-kinase were significantly suppressed with the F867 mutant receptor, suggesting that the activation of antiapoptotic pathways is the major mechanism for the observed phenotypic difference. Consistent with this notion, apoptosis induced by IL-3 withdrawal was strongly prevented by CDMer but not by the F867 mutant receptor.
Therapeutic approaches to mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease

A large body of evidence from postmortem brain tissue and genetic analysis in humans, as well as biochemical and pathological studies in animal models of neurodegeneration suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is a key pathological mechanism in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to oxidative stress, damage to mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial DNA deletions, altered mitochondrial morphology, alterations in mitochondrial fission and fusion and ultimately neuronal demise. Therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage, therefore, hold great promise in PD. A number of agents, which target energy metabolism, are presently in therapeutic trials in PD. Both creatine and Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) are being tested in phase III clinical trials. In addition, preclinical studies in animal models have shown efficacy of mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants and the SS peptides. A promising approach for increasing antioxidant defenses is to transcriptionally increase the activity of the Nrf2/ARE pathway, which activates transcription of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant genes. A number of agents including sulforaphane, curcumin and triterpenoids have been shown to activate this pathway and to produce neuroprotective effects. Lastly, newly identified therapeutic targets include peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor gamma-coactivator (PGC-1alpha) and sirtuins. These pathways provide promise for future therapeutic developments in the treatment of PD.
Predictors of Long-Term Outcomes in Older Breast Cancer Survivors: Perceptions Versus Patterns of Care

Purpose: There are few data on sequelae of breast cancer treatments in older women. We evaluated posttreatment quality of life and satisfaction in a national population. Patients and Methods: Telephone surveys were conducted with a random cross-sectional sample of 1,812 Medicare beneficiaries 67 years of age and older who were 3, 4, and 5 years posttreatment for stage I and II breast cancer. Regression models were used to estimate the adjusted risk of decrements in physical and mental health functioning by treatment. In a subset of women (n = 732), additional data were used to examine arm problems, impact of cancer, and satisfaction, controlling for baseline health, perceptions of ageism and racism, demographic and clinical factors, region, and surgery year. Results: Use of axillary dissection was the only surgical treatment that affected outcomes, increasing the risk of arm problems four-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.56 to 10.51), controlling for other factors. Having arm problems, in turn, exerted a ...
Covolume Discretization of Differential Forms

We have presented a discrete calculus of differential forms and applied it to several partial differential equations of current interest. It is of interest that our techniques apply on smooth manifolds in any finite number of dimensions. Interesting possibilities remain for future work, including applications to manifolds with indefinite inner products — related to time discretization — and deriving new error estimates in the differential forms setting.
Optimal hub deployment for 28 GHz LMDS systems

The network planner is faced with a number of issues in trying to determine the optimal deployment scenario for an LMDS (local multipoint distribution service) network. In the pre-auction stage one may be interested in which service area or BTA would be more conducive to a broadband wireless access system. Such issues as rainfall rate, terrain, foliage, density of households or businesses must be taken into account. In the post auction stage one is interested in planning a hub deployment that provides adequate coverage for a reasonable infrastructure cost. The ideal scenario would be the one that provides the minimum infrastructure cost per potential customer. In other words the deployment scenario that provides maximum return on investment.
Shallow temperature differences along the Deep Creek Range front, Idaho

Abstract The extent of the solvolysis reaction of a tertiary butyl chloride solution placed in vials buried about 1.2 m below the ground surface is dependent on average temperature at that depth over the period of burial. This method is herein used to indicate differences in shallow temperature from the western flank of the Basin and Range Deep Creek Range front, about 5 km westward into Rockland Valley in southeastern Idaho. Ninety-three samples, distributed to allow determination of lateral and vertical sample-site variation in total reaction amount, were analyzed after being in place for 3 months. Results from two sample lines, 3.5 km apart, show that subsurface total reaction amount declines slightly for the first 1.6 km away from the mountain front, rises abruptly to several times initial reaction, slowly declines for the next several km, then tends to slowly rise again. Plots of extent of reaction vs distance for the two traverses are nearly parallel; in both the abrupt increase in total reaction coincides with a line of springs, suggesting that hydrologic activity is at least related to the effects noted.
Thermocapillary and thermoelectric effects in liquid lithium plasma facing components

Recent experiments have renewed interest in the use of liquid lithium as a plasma facing component (PFC). The liquid metal surface will experience a number of effects which are considered in the present work with simple analytical and more complete computational models. These include the thermal response under fusion relevant heat loads causing thermocapillary and thermoelectric effects. Analytical solutions for simplified flow are given showing the surface velocity of these liquid metals due to thermocapillary effects in conjunction with magnetohydrodynamic drag. A parameter describing dominant conduction or convection is developed which shows that thin-films relevant to NSTX will be conduction dominated. Thermoelectric effects could propel liquid lithium with velocities of 10 s of cm/s providing a significant boost to energy transport.
Observations of short-circuiting flow paths within a free-surface wetland in Augusta, Georgia, U.S.A.

Velocity heterogeneity is characteristic of wetland systems and results in some influent water remaining in the wetland for less than the expected residence time on the basis of volume and flow rate. This phenomenon, known as short-circuiting, alters the distribution of the chemical and biological transformations that occur within the wetland. Field observations in a 1.5-km2 constructed treatment wetland in Augusta, Georgia were used to quantify the size, distribution, velocity, and transport potential of fast flow paths, which cause short-circuiting within wetlands. The flow paths were identified by a tracer study and velocity measurements. In each of the three cells examined, between three and six fast flow paths were found, most less than 4 m wide. These flow paths had an area-averaged velocity on the order of 1 cm s21, at least 10 times the velocity observed where water passed through vegetation. Within different cells in this wetland, 20–70% of the flow had a residence time less than oneeighth of the nominal residence time. With this degree of short-circuiting, uniform flow is a poor approximation for the flow through the wetland. In addition, tracer studies were used to make direct measurements of mixing within open-water deep zones. Lateral mixing was sensitive to the direction of the wind. The average daily maximum temperature in the densely vegetated slow-flow zones was 2.0uC cooler than that at the surface of the open water zones and 0.9uC cooler than that of the fast-flow zones. The importance of short-circuiting flow paths in this relatively simple wetland suggests that this phenomenon is likely of even greater significance in natural wetlands because they are typically much more complex.
Scalable video transmission over multirate GMC-CDMA wireless channels

We consider the problem of video transmission over wireless generalized multicarrier code division multiple access (GMC-CDMA) systems. Such systems offer deterministic elimination of multiple access interference (MAI). A scalable video source codec is used and a multirate setup is assumed, i.e., each video user is allowed to occupy more than one GMC-CDMA channel. Furthermore, each of these channels can utilize a different number of subcarriers. We solve an optimization problem to determine the source coding and channel coding rates for the user of interest, as well as the number of subcarriers for each GMC-CDMA channel. Experimental results are presented and conclusions are drawn.
Trans genomic capture and sequencing of primate exomes reveals new targets of positive selection

Comparison of protein-coding DNA sequences from diverse primates can provide insight into these species' evolutionary history and uncover the molecular basis for their phenotypic differences. Currently, the number of available primate reference genomes limits these genome-wide comparisons. Here we use targeted capture methods designed for human to sequence the protein-coding regions, or exomes, of four non-human primate species (three Old World monkeys and one New World monkey). Despite average sequence divergence of up to 4% from the human sequence probes, we are able to capture ~96% of coding sequences. Using a combination of mapping and assembly techniques, we generated high-quality full-length coding sequences for each species. Both the number of nucleotide differences and the distribution of insertion and deletion (indel) lengths indicate that the quality of the assembled sequences is very high and exceeds that of most reference genomes. Using this expanded set of primate coding sequences, we performed a genome-wide scan for genes experiencing positive selection and identified a novel class of adaptively evolving genes involved in the conversion of epithelial cells in skin, hair, and nails to keratin. Interestingly, the genes we identify under positive selection also exhibit significantly increased allele frequency differences among human populations, suggesting that they play a role in both recent and long-term adaptation. We also identify several genes that have been lost on specific primate lineages, which illustrate the broad utility of this data set for other evolutionary analyses. These results demonstrate the power of second-generation sequencing in comparative genomics and greatly expand the repertoire of available primate coding sequences.