cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinically Inconsequential Alerts: The Characteristics of Opioid Drug Alerts and Their Utility in Preventing Adverse Drug Events in the Emergency Department

Study objective We examine the characteristics of clinical decision support alerts triggered when opioids are prescribed, including alert type, override rates, adverse drug events associated with opioids, and preventable adverse drug events. Methods This was a retrospective chart review study assessing adverse drug event occurrences for emergency department (ED) visits in a large urban academic medical center using a commercial electronic health record system with clinical decision support. Participants include those aged 18 to 89 years who arrived to the ED every fifth day between September 2012 and January 2013. The main outcome was characteristics of opioid drug alerts, including alert type, override rates, opioid-related adverse drug events, and adverse drug event preventability by clinical decision support. Results Opioid drug alerts were more likely to be overridden than nonopioid alerts (relative risk 1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21 to 1.50). Opioid drug-allergy alerts were twice as likely to be overridden (relative risk 2.24; 95% CI 1.74 to 2.89). Opioid duplicate therapy alerts were 1.57 times as likely to be overridden (95% CI 1.30 to 1.89). Fourteen of 4,581 patients experienced an adverse drug event (0.31%; 95% CI 0.15% to 0.47%), and 8 were due to opioids (57.1%). None of the adverse drug events were preventable by clinical decision support. However, 46 alerts were accepted for 38 patients that averted a potential adverse drug event. Overall, 98.9% of opioid alerts did not result in an actual or averted adverse drug event, and 96.3% of opioid alerts were overridden. Conclusion Overridden opioid alerts did not result in adverse drug events. Clinical decision support successfully prevented adverse drug events at the expense of generating a large volume of inconsequential alerts. To prevent 1 adverse drug event, providers dealt with more than 123 unnecessary alerts. It is essential to refine clinical decision support alerting systems to eliminate inconsequential alerts to prevent alert fatigue and maintain patient safety.
Lethal Shock Induced by Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin A in Mice Transgenic for Human Leukocyte Antigen–DQ8 and Human CD4 Receptors: Implications for Development of Vaccines and Therapeutics

Streptococcal and staphylococcal infections result in significant human morbidity and mortality. This study used a transgenic murine model expressing human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and human CD4 in which, without additional toxic sensitization, human-like responses to the bacterial superantigen (SAg) streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA) could be simulated, as determined by studying multiple biologic effects of the SAgs in vivo. Expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ8 rendered the mice susceptible to SpeA-induced lethal shock that was accompanied by massive cytokine production and marked elevation of serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels. Of importance, this model enabled examination of the efficacy of an engineered non-SAg vaccine candidate against SpeA in the context of HLA. This report is thought to be the first of a lethal shock triggered in mice by bacterial SAgs without prior sensitization and examination of a vaccine against streptococcal SAg in the context of human MHC receptors.
Photogrammetric error sources and impacts on modeling and surveying in construction engineering applications

This paper reviews photogrammetric error sources and their impacts on modeling and surveying for construction quantity takeoff, quality control, and site safety monitoring applications. These error sources include camera internal parameters (i.e., type, principal point, principal distance, and camera lens distortion coefficients), imaging settings (i.e., shooting distances, baselines, percentage of photo overlaps, number of overlapping photos, camera intersection angles, and angles of incidence), and processing software programs. To augment the body of knowledge on photogrammetric modeling errors, this paper further conducts experiment, which concerns characterization of the behavior of different strategies in selecting reference lines for fixing absolute scale of photogrammetric models. In construction photogrammetric surveying, it is imperative to convert the relative scale of a 3D model into absolute measurements so geometric measurements can be taken. Previous work suggests this can be done through the determination of a reference line in absolute units; however, the position and quantity of reference lines has not been investigated. This experiment attempts to tackle this issue. The result shows that one horizontal reference line in the middle of the object performed with consistent accuracy, but if a specific area on the object needs more accurate measurements, it is best to select a reference line in that area. The review and the experimental findings may help construction professionals better understand the performance of the photogrammetric surveying and apply it in their real-world projects.
Encoding Direction when Interpreting Proximal Terms.

The location of an object is often described by spatially relating it to a known landmark. The spatial terms used in such descriptions can provide various types of information. For example, projective terms such as above indicate direction but not distance, whereas proximal terms such as near indicate distance but not direction. Previous research has demonstrated that information not explicitly specified by projective prepositions (i.e., distance) is also encoded during the interpretation of these terms. Using a sentence-picture verification task, we examined whether direction is similarly encoded during the apprehension of proximal terms, examining both spatial prepositions (e.g., near) and motion verbs (e.g., approach). Results suggest that interpreting proximal terms involves encoding direction when such information facilitates locating the target.
A new critique of theological interpretations of physical cosmology

This paper is a sequel to my “Theological Misinterpretations of Current Physical Cosmology” (Foundations of Physics, vol. 26, 1996; revised in Philo, vol.1, No.1, 1998). It draws on portions of my earlier (Grunbaum, 2000) but goes beyond it and modifies the overlapping portions.*
Nichtwissen: ein anthropologisches Grundphänomen

Allgemein steht die Pradiktive Gendiagnostik im Dienste der praventiven Medizin. Die Identifizierung spezifischer genetischer Veranlagungen eroffnet im Ideal Wege einer fruhzeitigen Therapie, die noch vor Sichtbarwerdung erster Erkrankungssymptome einsetzt und so den Betreffenden vor gesundheitsbezogenen Beeintrachtigungen bewahrt. Jenseits therapeutischer Optionen kann das vorausschauende Wissen uber krankheitsrelevante Gefahrdungen mitunter im Zuge einer risikoadaquaten Gesundheitsvorsorge genutzt werden, deren wesentliche Zielbestimmung in der Vorbeugung des drohenden Krankheitsereignisses liegt. In Bezug auf die personliche Lebensgestaltung, auf die Zielvorstellungen eines glucklichen und erfullten Lebens, lassen sich unter Umstanden bedeutsame Orientierungen fur etwa die Wahl des beruflichen Werdegangs sowie fur Fragen der Familiengrundung gewinnen.
Question Negotiation in the Archival Setting: The Use of Interpersonal Communication Techniques in the Reference Interview

Reference archivists currently lag behind reference librarians in their awareness of the subtleties and significance of reference interactions. This article focuses on the dynamics of question negotiation, a process by which the patron's initial query is clarified through the archivist's use of communication techniques in order to identify the patron's true information need, which often is not expressed in the initial query. Among the aspects of interpersonal communication considered are the use of paralinguistic elements of communication (pitch, stress, and volume of voice), the effect of verbal and nonverbal communication skills on the archivist-patron relationship, and the overall impact of this interaction on the archivist's effectiveness in serving the patron.
Measuring program- and individual-level fidelity in a home visiting program for adolescent parents.

• We used a novel approach to examine home visiting model fidelity. • We created two composite variables: program- and individual-level fidelity. • Program fidelity was consistently high, but individual fidelity was more variable. • Results suggest the importance of examining fidelity from multiple perspectives. Language: en
Inference of parsimonious species phylogenies from multi-locus data

The main focus of this dissertation is the inference of species phylogenies, i.e. evolutionary histories of species. Species phylogenies allow us to gain insights into the mechanisms of evolution and to hypothesize past evolutionary events. They also find applications in medicine, for example, the understanding of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The reconstruction of species phylogenies is, therefore, of both biological and practical importance. In the traditional method for inferring species trees from genetic data, we sequence a single locus in species genomes, reconstruct a gene tree, and report it as the species tree. Biologists have long acknowledged that a gene tree can be different from a species tree, thus implying that this traditional method might infer the wrong species tree. Moreover, reticulate events such as horizontal gene transfer and hybridization make the evolution of species no longer tree-like. The availability of multi-locus data provides us with excellent opportunities to resolve those long standing problems. In this dissertation, we present parsimony-based algorithms for reconciling species/gene tree incongruence that is assumed to be due solely to lineage sorting. We also describe a unified framework for detecting hybridization despite lineage sorting. To address the first problem of species/gene tree incongruence caused by lineage sorting, we present three algorithms. In Chapter 3, we present an algorithm based on an integer-linear programming (ILP) formula to infer the species tree's topology and divergence times from multiple gene trees. In Chapter 4, we describe two methods that infer the species tree by minimizing deep coalescences (MDC), a criterion introduced by Maddison in 1997. The first method is also based on an ILP formula, but it eliminates the enumeration phase of candidate species trees of the algorithm in Chapter 3. The second algorithm further eliminates the dependence on external ILP solvers by employing dynamic programming. We ran those methods on both biological and simulated data, and experimental results demonstrate their high accuracy and speed in species tree inference, which makes them suitable for analyzing multi-locus data. The second problem this dissertation deals with is reticulation (e.g., horizontal gene transfer, hybridization) detection despite lineage sorting. The phylogeny-based approach compares the evolutionary histories of different genomic regions and test them for incongruence that would indicate hybridization. However, since species tree and gene tree incongruence can also be due to lineage sorting, phylogeny-based hybridization methods might overestimate the amount of hybridization. We present in this dissertation a framework that can handle both hybridization and lineage sorting simultaneously. In this framework, we extend the MDC criterion to phylogenetic networks, and use it to propose a heuristic to detect hybridization despite lineage sorting. Empirical results on a simulated and a yeast data set show its promising performance, as well as several directions for future research.
Towards a More Comprehensive Understanding of Qiang Dialectology

Dialectology in the Qiang languages is still an underdeveloped field of study. Previous accounts of Qiang varieties have over simplistically described all varieties as belonging to one of two groups, Northern Qiang and Southern Qiang, based on broad typological features. This article demonstrates that previous subgroupings are inadequate and cannot account for the diversity of Qiang varieties, such as the previously undescribed Yonghe variety. The implication of this finding is that an entirely new approach to subgrouping of Qiang varieties is required. This paper not only deconstructs the previous subgroupings, but also puts forward a new scheme for subgrouping based on shared innovations and individual-identifying evidence in order to show which groupings have been established and to show where further work is needed.
Which Bond Matters More? Assessing the Differential Strengths of Parental Bonding Measures on Adolescent Delinquency Over Time:

Although Hirschi’s social bonds theory, especially the attachment component, has received a large amount of empirical support in the literature, research has not clarified whether it matters if the juvenile is attached to his or her mother or his or her father. This study addresses this issue by analyzing the impact of three attachment measures—the juveniles’ perceived attachment to their mother, their father, and both parents combined—on self-reported delinquency using a nationally representative data source. Cross-sectional and longitudinal results reveal mixed results. A discussion of the results and directions for future research are presented.
Resuspension of E. coli from Stream Bottom Substrates

Microorganisms in streams are potentially transported as freely suspended organisms or attached to particulates. Many water quality models currently neglect resuspension, an important process to predict in-stream bacteria concentrations. The objective of this work is to measure resuspension of E. coli from different substrates under a range of flows. An assessment of the attached fraction and resuspension rate was completed by measuring E. coli concentrations in a recirculating flume at two locations. The test was completed for three different substrates: sand, sand-silt, and sand-silt covered with biofilm. The experiments were conducted at flows below, and above the calculated critical shear stress, as well as two different water depths. Attachment ratios were assessed using a combination of shaking and filtering techniques. The results showed that attachment ratios increased as particle sizes decreases and cohesion increased. Attachment decreased after the critical shear stress was surpassed; sand attachment decreased from 14.29% to 11.44%, sand-silt decreased from 42.01% to 20.59% and biofilm decreased from 82.52% to 11.77% (values averaged for two collection points). The resuspension calculations show resuspension of attached particles at the first test point (8.54E-7 to 1.74E-5 CFU/m 2 /s) and deposition at the second test point (-2.99E-5 to 1.69E-5 CFU/m 2 /s). At the first sample location there was a steady increase of resuspension as shear stress increased whereas at the second sample location the resuspension rate remained nearly constant.
Moving to Location Affordability? Housing Choice Vouchers and Residential Relocation in the Portland, Oregon, Region

AbstractLocation affordability measures a household’s combined cost of housing and transportation. Low-income households have the most to gain from housing with lower transportation costs. This research analyzes whether Housing Choice Voucher Program households—participants in a program designed to provide low-income households with a greater degree of housing choice—are able to choose housing that lowers their transportation costs in a metropolitan region with a compact, vital urban core. A mixed-methods approach is used to investigate the differences in location affordability and efficiency among 2,026 voucher recipients who moved within the Portland, Oregon, region during 2012–2013. Location mattered to movers, but in some unexpected ways. Urban movers relocated to less location efficient areas, whereas suburban movers’ location efficiency remained stable. In tight housing markets, voucher holders may be edged out of location-efficient neighborhoods and thus incur increased transportation costs.
Humility as a Predictor of Intercultural Competence Mediator Effects for Differentiation-of-Self

The present study tested two models of the association between humility, differentiation-of-self (DoS), and intercultural competence among graduate trainees in the helping professions. The sample c...
Integration of biomarkers to advance precision nursing interventions for family research across the life span.

Abstract Background Integrating biomarker measurement into research protocols provides an opportunity for nursing scientists to identify underlying biological mechanisms that contribute to adverse health outcomes and to tailor and test precision nursing interventions. Purpose To describe how a better understanding of underlying mechanisms and a better ability to tailor and test interventions are particularly important for improving the health of family caregivers as this population frequently experiences prolonged stress that carries negative health consequences for both caregiver and care recipient. Methods This article provides an overview of family caregiving and the potential benefit of incorporating biomarkers into stress-related research studies, using a an exemplar the consequences of chronic stress experienced by humanity's first family caregivers; pregnant and postpartum women. Discussion Through this exemplar, details of how the integration of biomarkers supports precision nursing interventions to improve health across the life span are described.
Experimental Research on Strengthening Method of Transmission Tower Leg

Some typical towers often occur collapse in transmission line, which is designed early. The lower maximum design wind speed and without considering the height variation factor of wind pressure are the main reasons of tower collapse accident. It is a pressing question to resisting the strong wind by reinforcing and strengthening the tower. The reinforcement and strengthening method of back to back on leg members are researched through the experiments. The optimization solution is proposed by considering the influence of bearing capacity on the type of connecting plate and bolt quantity. The optimization solution can provide reference for reinforcement and strengthening of transmission towers.
Searching without a Keyboard in a Multimedia Environment

Designers of multimedia environments are challenged to develop search tools that are both appropriate and usable. The task is particularly difficult when text-oriented, keyboard-based searching tools are not feasible. For example, keyboardless searching tools may be necessary for information kiosks. While prior studies have looked at keyboardless searching for small databases, the current study examines children’s use of different search techniques and tools in a multimedia system. The results showed that, given well-designed tools, users can be highly effective and efficient in finding various sorts of information without using a keyboard.
Media Use and Exposure to Graphic Content in the Week Following the Boston Marathon Bombings.

Traditional and new media inform and expose the public to potentially distressing graphic content following disasters, but predictors of media use have received limited attention. We examine media-use patterns after the Boston Marathon bombings (BMB) in a representative national U.S. sample (n = 2888), with representative oversamples from metropolitan Boston (n = 845) and New York City (n = 941). Respondents completed an Internet-based survey 2-4 weeks post-BMB. Use of traditional media was correlated with older age, prior indirect media-based exposure to collective traumas, and direct BMB exposure. New media use was correlated with younger age and prior direct exposure to collective traumas. Increased television and online news viewing were associated with exposure to more graphic content. The relationship between traditional and new media was stronger for young adults than all other age groups. We offer insights about the relationship between prior collective trauma exposures and media use following subsequent disasters and identify media sources likely to expose people to graphic content.
“ Dharm is technology”: the theologizing of technology in the experimental Hinduism of renouncers in contemporary North India

This article advances a conceptual shift in the ways that scholars think and teach about the established categories of religion, renunciation, and the modern in religious studies, anthropology, and Asian studies through the use of the concept of “experimental Hinduism.” Drawing on an analytical model of “experimental religion” developed by the anthropologist John Nelson, a contributor to this volume, and based on fifteen years of ethnographic fieldwork with Hindu renouncers (sādhus) in North India, the article examines the sādhus’ views, experiences, and practices of the modern technological as an empirical –and underrepresented– context for reconfiguring Hinduism in the 21st century. It shows that they revision the dominant definitional boundaries of Hinduism by theologizing what is called "the forms of the modern," like communication technologies, in the context of their public teaching events (dharm-kathās). Thus, this article calls attention to the creative—and experimental—thinking taking place in vernacular asceticism (sannyās) among sādhus from different renunciant traditions, and who want to make sense of the vast technological changes shaping their lives and those of the communities whom they serve. The theologizing of technology is seen in their drawing on a synthesis of Hindu ideological frameworks through which the sādhus emphasize by means of storytelling three narrative motifs that articulate the divinity of technology. These are: Sannyās represents the “original technology" and the "original science”; technology manifests the properties of creativity and change that characterize what the sādhus associate with “the nature of Brahman” and “the rule of dharm”; and, finally, the apocalyptic Kalki avatār concept offers a redemptive metaphor for the evolving human-technology interface in the current global milieu.
Plays Well with Others: The Discourse and Enactment of Partnerships in Public Pre-K

Partnerships between school districts and community early childhood education (ECE) providers have been promoted as part of the recent expansion of publicly funded pre-kindergarten (pre-K) in the USA. Although they are positioned as beneficial to a range of stakeholders, pre-K partnerships can also be sites of conflict because they bring together two distinct systems: ECE and K-12. In this discursive analysis of data from a yearlong study of pre-K policy implementation, I use Bakhtin’s (1981) notion of dialogism to demonstrate how a local pre-K partnership deviated from a state-level vision of partnership. Findings from this study complicate the notion of partnership, challenging its position as a straightforward policy solution.
Atomistic Computer Simulation Studies of Surfactant Systems

Computer simulation has emerged as a powerful probe of the behavior of surfactant systems. The past few years have seen several novel applications, which have given important insights into the nature of the water-surfactant interface as well as the behavior of surfactants at different liquid-vapor, liquid-liquid and liquid-solid interfaces. These lectures focus on surfactants and lipids in aqueous environments.
Serving many masters: an agent and his principals

While there is vast literature on principal-agent service contracts in which a principal pools the service capacities of multiple agents for economy of scale, here we focus on the case that exists in practice of an agent pooling multiple principals. Since it is reasonable to presume that an agent of good standing attracts multiple contract offers, his main strategic decision is to select his principals. It is generally known that a principal can extract all economic surplus from a risk-neutral agent while the agent breaks even. However, this is not the case for an agent contracting multiple principals while accounting for their interdependent failure characteristics. In this paper we describe a methodology that enables an agent to calculate the value of each potential principal and therefore to contract a Pareto optimal subset of principals in a market where neither principals’ nor agents’ collusion is allowed. Unfortunately, computational intractability of first order analysis forces us to rely on a Monte Carlo simulation to understand the agent’s choice of the principals. The computation of each principal’s contribution to the agent’s welfare is enabled by a specific cooperative game of independent interest. We show that under certain conditions the agent can do better than break-even and can realize profits convexly increasing in the cardinality of the contracted principals. Our findings not only equip agents with a mathematical instrument for assessment of service contract’s financial viability but also offer agents a holistic perspective for screening principals before accepting contract offers.
A strategy to improve the performance of cerium(iii) photocatalysts.

A structural modification strategy to improve the photocatalytic performance of a series of cerium(iii) bis(guanidinate) mono(amide) molecular luminophores was demonstrated. Reducing the steric bulkiness of the amide ligand gave rise to two categories of complexes with distinct photophysical and photochemical properties. A structural parameter, the amide cone angle (θ), was applied to differentiate the two categories. Complexes with smaller cone angles (θ 173°, category A). And only complexes in the category B could achieve the photocatalytic phenylation of an aryl bromide. These results demonstrated that reducing the steric bulkiness of the amide ligand improved the performance of cerium(iii) bis(guanidinate) mono(amide) photocatalysts in a systematic manner.
First responders and social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Social distancing is the practice of physically distancing (e.g., 6 feet away) from other people. Social distancing has been implemented as the primary intervention against the COVID-19 pandemic to...
Tensors Fitting Perfectly.

Multidimensional arrays (NDArrays) are a central abstraction in modern scientific computing environments. Unfortunately, they can make reasoning about programs harder as the number of different array shapes used in an execution of a program is usually very large, and they rarely appear explicitly in program text. To make things worse, many operators make implicit assumptions about the shapes of their inputs: array addition is commonly enriched with broadcasting semantics, while matrix multiplication assumes that the lengths of contracted dimensions are equal. Because precise reasoning about shapes is crucial to write correct programs using NDArrays, and because shapes are often hard to infer from a quick glance at the program, we developed Tensors Fitting Perfectly, a static analysis tool that reasons about NDArray shapes in Swift for TensorFlow programs by synthesizing a set of shape constraints from an abstract interpretation of the program. It can both (1) check for possible inconsistencies, and (2) provide direct insights about the shapes of intermediate values appearing in the program, including via a mechanism called shape holes. The static analysis works in concert with optional runtime assertions to improve the productivity of program authors.
Linguistic Similarity between Product Reviews and Attitude Certainty of their Writers and Readers

Marketers actively solicit reviews from customers who used their products, and consumers interested in learning more about the products often rely on these reviews to form their attitudes. This paper discovers and examines an asymmetry in the relation between similarity of the language of product reviews and attitude certainty, investigating both review writers and readers. We show that review writers who are more certain in their attitudes towards the product are more likely to generate reviews that are linguistically different from other reviews. Conversely, we find that readers of linguistically different product reviews become less certain about the product, compared with readers of similar reviews. We test the mediating role of need for validation in this process, discuss managerial and theoretical consequences of this asymmetry, test the effect of grouping reviews by linguistic similarity, and demonstrate how such grouping may benefit both firms and consumers.
Lost & found memories: letters to Dr. P. from his Senegalese students

I came across Professor Palmer’s works as a student, and, as a professor, I have also used them in my courses. Imagining how students from a Francophone university used his theory of the African no...
Changing Logistics of Evacuation Transportation in Hazardous Settings during COVID-19

AbstractThe logistics of public-sponsored evacuation include transportation assets, personnel, and infrastructure. Effective orchestration leading up to a severe weather event is a complex undertak...
Design and Synthesis of Concentration Gradient Prussian Blue Analogues

A synthetic route to mixed composition particles based on different Prussian blue analogues containing a gradient in either the divalent metal or the hexacyanometalate components is explored. Synth...
Modeling of Insulator Surface Flashover in Vacuum

Flashover of insulators subj ect to large voltages at short pulse durations has been a problem of great significance in a large number of pulsed power devices and is an increasing concern in power electronic circuits with the commercialization of ultrawidebandgap semiconductor devices. In a coupled experimental-computational investigation, a deconstructed approach is taken to separate the various aspects of surface flashover including electron emission from the cathode triple point junction, the influence of the surface, outgassing and the immersion medium in the context of the secondary saturated electron emission avalanche model. This initial effort examines the role of the surface in a vacuum environment.
SU-E-T-686: SBRT 4-Dimensional Treatment Planning for Vero Dynamic Tumor Tracking Lung Patients

Purpose: To investigate 4-dimensional (4D) treatment planning for Vero dynamic tumor tracking (DTT) SBRT lung patients and to compare its dosimetry to one single-phase (50%) CT based treatment plan as well as to 4D average-intensity CT based plan. Methods: 7 lung patients with total of 10 tumors were retrospectively selected. Tumor and organ-at-risks (OARs), which include lung, heart, esophagus, spinal cord and proximal airways, were contoured on each phase of the 4DCTs and 4D average-intensity CTs. GTV averages and standard deviations (SD) among phases were obtained for target deformation evaluation. For each tumor, treatment plans of 50Gy in 5 fractions with same beam arrangements were generated for the 3 planning approaches. MimVista was used to deform phase dose matrices to the 50% phase. Doses to the OARs were compared between 4D deformed plans and single-phase plans (clinical DTT plans). Single-phase CT plans were also compared to 4D average-intensity CT plans. Results: The relative SD of phase GTV volume is mostly in an inverse relationship with GTV volume. Compared to 4D average-intensity plan, single-phase DTT plan shows up to 253.9cc reduction of lung volume at 12.5Gy, and reduction of 28.1Gy, 4.8Gy, 5.3Gy of maximum dose to proximal airways, to heart and to spinal cord, respectively; Compared to single-phase DTT plan, 4D deformed plan shows up to 70.3cc reduction of lung volume at 12.5Gy, and reduction of 1.6Gy, 3.4Gy, 1.3Gy of maximum dose to proximal airways, to heart and to spinal cord, respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that small tumors are potentially prone to phase deformation. This study also demonstrated that DTT can significantly reduce doses to OARs for lung SBRT patients. Furthermore, 4D treatment planning with phase dose deformation to 50% phase is more representative of actual dose to OARs than single-phase CT based planning for lung patients treated with DTT. This study is partially supported by Brainlab Inc.
Skin Tumor Responsiveness to IL-2 Treatment Correlates to CD8 Treg Expansion in an Immunocompetent Mouse Model.

CD8 Tregs play an important role in graft tolerance and autoimmune disease status. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) induces Foxp3 expression by activated human CD8 T cells in vitro, and expands circulating CD8 Foxp3+ T cells in melanoma patients. IL-2 is FDA approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma, yet positive outcomes are limited. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotype and distribution of CD8 Foxp3 expressing T cells in skin tumor-bearing mice receiving IL-2. In normal or skin tumor-bearing mice, Foxp3 expressing CD8 T cells were a rare but naturally occurring cell subset. Primarily located in skin-draining lymph nodes CD8 Foxp3+ T cell expressed both activated CTL (CD28+, CD44+) and Treg (CTLA4+, PD1lo, NKG2Alo) markers. Following high dose IL-2 treatment, a dramatic increase in CD8 Treg prevalence was observed in a subcutaneous-tumor model that is non-responsive to IL-2 treatment (B16-F10 melanoma cell line). Furthermore, distribution analysis in this (B16-F10) model demonstrated increased CD8 Treg expression in the circulation and tumor-draining lymph nodes. Conversely, in the IL-2 responsive MCA-205 fibrosarcoma-bearing mouse model no significant changes in CD8 Treg were measured, either in the bloodstream or within the tumor-draining lymph nodes. In conclusion, this study characterized CD8 Foxp3+ T cells (CD8 Treg) as a new immunosuppressive cell subset, the expansion of which was associated with skin tumor that failed to respond to IL-2 treatment.
Differential Expression Analysis in RNA-Seq by a Naive Bayes Classifier with Local Normalization

To improve the applicability of RNA-seq technology, a large number of RNA-seq data analysis methods and correction algorithms have been developed. Although these new methods and algorithms have steadily improved transcriptome analysis, greater prediction accuracy is needed to better guide experimental designs with computational results. In this study, a new tool for the identification of differentially expressed genes with RNA-seq data, named GExposer, was developed. This tool introduces a local normalization algorithm to reduce the bias of nonrandomly positioned read depth. The naive Bayes classifier is employed to integrate fold change, transcript length, and GC content to identify differentially expressed genes. Results on several independent tests show that GExposer has better performance than other methods. The combination of the local normalization algorithm and naive Bayes classifier with three attributes can achieve better results; both false positive rates and false negative rates are reduced. However, only a small portion of genes is affected by the local normalization and GC content correction.
Large volume blood-brain barrier disruption by low frequency focused ultrasound: a method for targeted drug delivery and molecular imaging

The paper explores the feasibility of using low frequency image guided focused ultrasound as a noninvasive method to temporarily disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at targeted locations. This method could provide a means for targeted delivery of therapeutic or diagnostic agents to the brain. Brains of rabbits were targeted with 20 s burst sonications (10 ms, repetition frequency, 1 Hz.) using a focused ultrasound transducer (frequency, 260 kHz; diameter, 10 cm; radius of curvature, 8 cm) in a clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The peak rarefactional pressure amplitude during the burst was varied between 0.2 and 0.9 MPa. Each sonication was performed 10 s after an intravenous injection of an ultrasound contrast agent (Optison/sup /spl reg//). The disruption of the BBB was evaluated by injecting MRI contrast agent (Magnevist/sup /spl reg//). The animals were sacrificed at different times between 4 h and 5 weeks, after which histology or electron microscopy evaluation was performed. The results demonstrated that low frequency ultrasound bursts could induce local, reversible disruption of the BBB without undesired long-term effects. Electron microscopy showed that a large particle (horseradish peroxidase; molecular weight 40 kDa) could be delivered through the BBB disruption. This frequency is desirable since it can be focused through the intact skull without significant distortion of the ultrasound beam.
IQ in the Utility Function: Cognitive Skills, Time Preference, and Cross-­Country Differences in Savings Rates

Social science research has shown that intelligence is positively correlated with patience, while growth theory predicts that more patient countries will save more. In a closed economy, that means high average IQ countries will become more capital-­intensive. In an open economy, high average IQ countries will hold a greater share of the world's widely-traded assets. We provide the first empirical evidence that in today's world, presumably somewhere between the closed‐economy and open‐economy benchmarks, both predictions hold true: Countries whose residents currently have the highest average IQs have higher capital output ratios and higher ratios of U.S. Treasuries to nominal GDP.
Properties of infinite harmonic functions relative to Riemannian vector fields

We employ Riemannian jets which are adapted to the Riemannian geometry to obtain the existence-uniqueness of inﬁnite harmonic functions in Riemannian spaces. We then show such functions are equivalent to those that enjoy comparison with Riemannian cones. Using comparison with cones, we show that the Riemannian distance is a supersolution to the inﬁnite Laplace equation, but is not necessarily a solution. We ﬁnd some geometric conditions under which the Riemannian distance is inﬁnite harmonic and under which it fails to be inﬁnite harmonic.
Variability in the catalytic and allosteric properties of rabbit liver fructose 1,6-diphosphatase. The prescence of tryptophan in homogeneous enzyme.

Summary Rabbit liver fructose 1,6-diphosphatase purified to homogeneity by the procedure of Sarngadharan et al. (1) has been found to contain tryptophan. The basis for variability in tryptophan content and catalytic and regulatory properties of different preparations of the enzyme is discussed. Variable proteolysis during isolation is presumed to be the major factor.
Typed-based verification of Web sandboxes

Web pages routinely incorporate JavaScript code from third-party sources. However, all code in a page runs in the same security context, regardless of provenance. When Web pages incorporate third-party JavaScript without any checks, as many do, they open themselves to attack. A third-party can trivially inject malicious JavaScript into such a page, causing all manner of harm. Several such attacks have occurred in the wild on prominent, commercial Web sites.A Web sandbox mitigates the threat of malicious JavaScript. Several Web sandboxes employ closely related language-based techniques to maintain backward-compatibility with old browsers and to provide fine-grained control. Unfortunately, due to the size and complexity of the Web platform and several subtleties of JavaScript, language-based sandboxing is hard and the Web sandboxes currently deployed on major Web sites do not come with any formal guarantees. Instead, they are routinely affected by bugs that violate their intended sandboxing properties.This article presents a type-based approach to verifying Web sandboxes, using a JavaScript type-checker to encode and verify sandboxing properties. We demonstrate our approach by applying it to the ADsafe Web sandbox. Specifically, we verify several key properties of ADsafe, falsify one intended property, and find and fix several vulnerabilities, ultimately providing a proof of ADsafe's safety.
Circulating CXCR5+PD-1+ Response Predicts Influenza Vaccine Antibody Responses in Young Adults but not Elderly Adults

Although influenza vaccination is recommended for all adults annually, the incidence of vaccine failure, defined as weak or absent increase in neutralizing Ab titers, is increased in the elderly compared with young adults. The T follicular helper cell (Tfh) subset of CD4 T cells provides B cell help in germinal centers and is necessary for class-switched Ab responses. Previous studies suggested a role for circulating Tfh cells (cTfh) following influenza vaccination in adults, but cTfh have not been studied in elderly adults in whom weak vaccine responses are often observed. In this study, we studied cTfh expressing CXCR5 and programmed death-1 (PD-1). cTfh from elderly adults were present at reduced frequency, had decreased in vitro B cell help ability, and had greater expression of ICOS compared with young adults. At 7 d after inactivated influenza vaccination, cTfh correlated with influenza vaccine-specific IgM and IgG responses in young adults but not in elderly adults. In sum, we have identified aging-related changes in cTfh that correlated with reduced influenza vaccine responses. Future rational vaccine design efforts should incorporate Tfh measurement as an immune correlate of protection, particularly in the setting of aging.
Nonlocal invariants of the euler equations as constraints on the large-scale properties of turbulent motion

Abstract The nonlocal gauge invariants of the Euler equation turn out to be important constraints on the large-scale properties of 3D turbulent motion. Arguments are presented in favor of the development of a reversed cascade of these invariants. The subsequent law of turbulence decay is compatible with experimental data.
Endovascular stent implantation in a coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula in a patient with pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and severe cyanosis

A 31-year-old male with pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect presented with exercise intolerance and severe cyanosis. A restrictive coronary-pulmonary artery fistula was identified as the main source of pulmonary blood flow. We report transcatheter stent implantation in the fistula to augment pulmonary flow as a palliative management option in the adult patient with complex congenital heart disease.
A role for antigen-presenting cells and bacterial superantigens in reversal of human T lymphocyte anergy

The induction of anergy in T lymphocytes generates T cells incapable of proliferation in response to a conventional antigenic stimulus. To investigate the induction and maintenance of anergy in human T cells, we used T cell-T cell presentation of myelin basic protein (MBP) or MBP synthetic peptides to induce anergy in vitro. Although anergic T cells responded normally to interleukin-2 (IL-2), these T cells did not produce IL-2 or IL-4 when peripheral blood mononuclear cells presented MBP or MBP peptides. Proliferation of anergic T cells was reduced by greater than 95% compared to nonanergic, control T cells. However, when autologous B cell lines were used to present MBP, anergy was partially reversed with a proliferation response about 50% of nonanergic levels. Bacterial superantigens also partially restored proliferation in anergic T cells following presentation by either B cell lines or macrophage isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Anergic, MBP-reactive T cells fully retained antigen-specific cytolytic activity against both B cell and T cell targets presenting MBP. These results suggest that T cell proliferative anergy may be reversible with both the type of antigen-presenting cell and superantigens potentially contributing to the initiation or maintenance of an autoimmune response.
Does orderly recruitment of motoneurons depend on the existence of different types of motor units

It has recently been proposed that the recruitment of motoneurons is correlated with their type rather than their size. To test this hypothesis the axonal conduction velocities (CVs) of 92 pairs of soleus motoneurons (all of the same histochemical type) were compared with their recruitment order. By means of spike-triggered averaging it has been shown that in 89 out of 92 pairs of soleus units the motoneuron with the lower CV was recruited first. The results indicate that orderly recruitment occurs in the absence of different types of motoneurons and is correlated with cell size within a cell type.
Characteristics of chloride-dependent incorporation of glutamate into brain membranes argue against a receptor binding site

Although membrane sites from brain, labelled with [3H]glutamate (Glu) under sodium-free conditions, are thought to represent excitatory receptors, certain anomalous characteristics of the kinetics of apparent binding raised the question of whether transport might contribute to this process, prompting a closer examination of it. Hyperosmolar media and low incubation temperatures (4°C) both led to decreases in the apparent specific binding of [3H]glutamate to membranes from the brain of the rat in the presence of chloride. Furthermore, only 15% of the [3H]glutamate, bound at 37°C, was dissociable when the membranes were then cooled to 4°C. The binding of [3H]glutamate was increased in the presence of certain dipeptides such as l-phenylalanyl-l-glutamate (Phe-Glu); and the binding augmented by the presence of Phe-Glu, was also sensitive to temperature and osmolarity of the incubation buffer. Sonication of membranes in 5mM glutamate increased the apparent binding of [3H]glutamate and abolished the stimulatory effect of Phe-Glu. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that chloride-dependent association of [3H]glutamate with membranes from brain reflects, in part, a sequestration process, which may be driven by glutamate exchange.
Stimulated Raman Scattering from uv-Laser-Produced Plasmas

Time-integrated, spectrally resolved measurements between 400 and 750 nm have been made of light backscattered from plasmas produced by 450-psec pulses from a 351-nm laser at ${10}^{13}$ to ${10}^{15}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Threshold and saturation behavior for the two-plasmon decay and the absolute and convective Raman instabilities have been observed. The scattered light spectra suggest the presence of a steepened density profile at the quarter critical density.
Hyperthermia Modulates Respiratory Pacemaker Bursting Properties

Most mammals modulate respiratory frequency (RF) to dissipate heat (e.g., panting) and avoid heat stroke during hyperthermic conditions. Respiratory neural network activity recorded in an isolated ...
Northern Hemisphere extratropical cyclone activity for four mid-season months

Cyclone frequency, cyclogenesis and the primary and secondary tracks followed by extratropical cyclones within the Northern Hemisphere are examined for the four mid-season months: January, April, July and October. The data for these four months were compiled from several sources for the period 1958–1977. Cyclogenesis was defined as the point of origin of a cyclone provided it maintained a closed isobar for 24 hours. Cyclone frequency was determined from the number of occurrences of an extratropical cyclone passing through a 5° latitude-longitude grid box. Analyses of the grid values of cyclone frequency reveal relative maxima which define the cyclone tracks. The tracks are partitioned into primary and secondary tracks depending on the size of the relative maxima of cyclone frequency. Cyclogenesis is concentrated in the lee of major mountain ranges and along the east coasts of Asia and North America, with cyclogenesis in coastal North America found nearer the coastline than in the Asian area. A major cyclogenetic region also exists in the Gulf of Genoa-Northern Italy region of the Mediterranean Sea, but here cyclogenesis is confined to the cooler seasons. As expected the areas of most frequent cyclogenesis shift poleward during the warmer months. Similarly, cyclone frequency exhibits a poleward displacement during the warmer months. It is also noted that whereas winter (January) is characterized by a significantly greater cyclone frequency over the ocean than over land, summer (July) finds the frequency over the continent about as large as over the oceans. Similarly there are significant poleward displacements of cyclone tracks in summer, but the displacement is in no way uniform over the hemisphere. These results can be compared with earlier hemispheric studies of cyclone activity.