cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solar System Planetary Science Decadal Survey and missions in the next decade, 2013–2022

In 2010, the National Research Council Space Studies Board [1] established a decadal survey committee to develop a comprehensive science, mission, and technology strategy for planetary science that updates and extends the Board's 2003 Solar System Exploration Decadal Survey, “New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy [2].” The scope of the survey encompasses the inner planets (Mercury, Venus, and Mars), the Earth's Moon, the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), the moons of the giant planets, dwarf planets and small bodies, primitive bodies including comets and Kuiper Belt objects, and astrobiology.
Editorial: microvascular and neuronal responses in a model of diffuse brain injury: therapeutic implications.

(2007). Microvascular and neuronal responses in a model of diffuse brain injury: therapeutic implications. Neurological Research: Vol. 29, Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury: Therapeutic Implications, pp. 337-338.
Effects of alterations of the vibrissae-related organization of thalamocortical axons upon the organization and outgrowth of intracortical connections in the barrelfield of the rat

Previous studies have shown that intracortical projections in layer IV of the vibrissae representation of primary somatosensory cortex (S-I) are arrayed in a pattern complementary to that of thalamocortical axons (TCAs). Elevation of cortical serotonin (5-HT) in rats during the first postnatal week results in a transient disruption of the vibrissae-related pattern of TCAs and layer IV neurons in S-I. The present study examines the influence of elevated cortical 5-HT levels and the attendant loss of vibrissae-related TCA clusters on the organization of S-I intracortical connections. Cortical 5-HT was elevated in neonatal rats via chronic injections of clorgyline from birth until P-6. Animals were euthanized on P-6 or allowed to survive an additional 4 days without further clorgyline treatment. Distributions of TCAs and intracortical axons were assessed via application of 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Di-I) and 4-(4-(dihexadecylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide (D...
Analysis of nondominant idiotypes expressed during alloimmune responses

The antibody response of Lewis rats (RT1.A) to class I MHC antigens of the Brown Norway rat (RT1.An) was studied. Diversity of the serum alloimmune response was analyzed using syngeneic anti-idiotype raised against monoclonal antibodies of the same specificity. Cross-reactive idiotypes were detected on approximately one in one thousand Lewis anti-RT1.An serum antibodies, at concentrations ranging from 20 to 600 ng/ml. The kinetics of idiotype expression coincided with that of total anti-BN antibody production, suggesting that both were regulated by the same mechanism. To determine whether humoral anti-idiotype was involved in such regulation, sera from these animals were screened for anti-idiotype content. Using an RIA sensitive to 20 ng/ml, no humoral anti-idiotype could be detected during any phase of the alloimmune response.
Competitive Profits in the Long Run

Profit rates differ across industries. Explanations have often relied on static models of imperfect competition. This paper develops a dynamic model of perfect competition to demon- strate that long-run average profit rates differ even across competitive industries when the effects of sunk costs on entry and exit are considered. The hypothesis that firms maximize their present expected values has few empirical implications for long-run average profit rates, but it does have implications for the behaviour of variables over time; for example, industries with high variability in the number of firms should exhibit low variability in firm values. Recent work in industrial organization theory has resulted in several useful dynamic competitive models of industry evolution. These models are of three types. The first, due to Jovanovic (1982), is a model of passive learning where producers, uncertain about their productivity, acquire noisy information about how efficient they are.6 The second, due to Ericson and Pakes (1989), is a model of active learning where producers invest to increase the probability that they will become more efficient. The third, exposited in Lambson (1991), differs from the learning models of industry evolution by assuming that producers know how productive they are and that they all have access to the same technologies, but that they are uncertain about future market conditions. (The description of a market condition includes all relevant exogenous factors; for example, a market condition may consist of a vector of input prices and an output demand curve.) These three approaches are not mutually exclusive; rather they attempt to capture different aspects of reality. This paper applies the third approach to the question of why profit rates differ across industries, even in the long run. In so doing, it explicitly takes into account the effects of sunk costs, entry, exit, and random market conditions on the determination of long-run average profit rates. The existence of sunk costs generates "hysteresis", that is, effects
Fast and efficient parallel solution of sparse linear systems

This paper presents a parallel algorithm for the solution of a linear system $A{\bf x} = {\bf b}$ with a sparse $n \times n$ symmetric positive definite matrix A, associated with the graph $G(A)$ that has n vertices and has an edge for each nonzero entry of A. If $G(A)$ has an $s(n)$-separator family and a known $s(n)$-separator tree, then the algorithm requires only $O(\log ^3 n)$ time and $(|E| + {{M(s(n)))} / {\log n}}$ processors for the evaluation of the solution vector ${\bf x} = A^{ - 1} {\bf b}$, where $|E|$ is the number of edges in $G(A)$ and $M(n)$ is the number of processors sufficient for multiplying two $n \times n$ rational matrices in time $O(\log n)$. Furthermore, for this computational cost the algorithm computes a recursive factorization of A such that the solution of any other linear system $A{\bf x} = {\bf b}'$ with the same matrix A requires only $O(\log ^2 n)$ time and $({{|E|} / {\log n}}) + s(n)^2 $ processors.
Evaluation of Cloud Feedback at Local Scale: Warming or Cooling?

To evaluate cloudiness and its feedback at local scale, a radiation station was set up, which used two CM21 Kipp & Zonen pyranometers (one inverted), and two CGI Kipp & Zonen pyrgeometers (one inverted) in Logan, Utah, USA The pyranometers and pyrgeometers were ventilated using four CV2 Kipp & Zonen ventilation systems. Ventilation of pyranometers and pyrgeometers prevented dew, frost and snow accumulation, which otherwise would disturb the measurement. All radiation sensors were installed at about 3‐m above the ground. Radiation budget components such as (downward and upward solar radiation, Rsi, Rso, respectively) and downward atmospheric and upward terrestrial (Rli and Rlo, respectively) along with the 2‐m air temperature, humidity, and pressure have been continuously measured since 1996. These parameters have been measured every 2 seconds and averaged into 20 minutes. An algorithm has been developed for evaluation of cloudless‐sky incoming (atmospheric) longwave radiation. Also other equations were ap...
Psychophysical evaluation of banding visibility in the presence of print content

Observing and evaluating print defects represents a major challenge in the area of print quality research. Visual identification and quantification of these print defects becomes a key issue for improving print quality. However, the page content may confound the visual evaluation of print defects in actual printouts. Our research is focused on banding in the presence of print content in the context of commercial printing. In this paper, a psychophysical experiment is described to evaluate the perception of bands in the presence of print content. A number of banding defects are added by way of simulation to a selected set of commercial print contents to form our set of stimuli. The participants in the experiment mark these stimuli based on their observations via a graphical user interface (GUI). Based on the collection of the marked stimuli, we were able to see general consistency among different participants. Moreover, the results showed that the likelihood of an observer perceiving the banding defect in a smooth area is much higher than in a high frequency area. Furthermore, our results also indicate that the luminance of the image may locally affect the visibility of the print defects to some degree.
Cdk1: the dominant sibling of Cdk2.

Cdk2 is thought to regulate entry into S phase, whereas Cdk1 controls the initiation of mitosis. New evidence shows that Cdk1 is equally capable of promoting the G1/S transition in Cdk2−/− cells, raising the question as to whether Cdk1 constitutes the predominant cyclin-dependent kinase in mammalian cells, or only compensates for Cdk2 function when it is compromised.
The self and the nonself: Immunorecognition and immunologic functions

For almost a century self-nonself discrimination has been considered the driving force of the immune system and the dogma of self-tolerance (horror autotoxicus) the essential issue for understanding protective immunity and pathologic autoreactivity. This classical picture has been recently challenged by the discovery that the immune system is influenced by internal activation (amor autocognitus) and autoreactive clones are both present and activated in healthy individuals. Central to the concepts of reactivity and tolerance, in other terms, to physiology and pathology, is the analysis of structures involved in immunorecognition and as they contribute to the outcome of the immune response. The capacity of the immune system to recognize nonself structures and eventually react to them developed during evolution probably before the generation of clonally distributed antigen receptors. The high level of autoreactivity that characterizes the immune system seems to suggest that immunocompetent cells never learned to ignore the self, but rather that, sometime during evolution, they specialized in the function of self-identification, one of the most basic activities of all living cells. Autoimmune diseases would result from a pathologic deviation of a physiologic function, just as many other diseases do.
SUICIDE AND HOMICIDE RATES IN AMERICAN STATES CLASSIFIED AS INTROVERTED AND NEUROTIC

Social indicators for 43 American states in 1990 were used to form two factors which have been labeled introversion and neuroticism. In states classified as more introverted suicide rates were higher, while those classified as more neurotic had higher suicide and homicide rates.
Epidemiology and outcome of Klebsiella species bloodstream infection: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE To determine incidence rate, seasonal variation, and short- and long-term outcomes of Klebsiella species bloodstream infection (BSI) in a population-based setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified 127 unique patients in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from January 1, 1998, to December 31, 2007, who had Klebsiella spp BSI. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to examine temporal change and seasonal variation in incidence rate, and Cox proportional hazards regression was used to determine predictors of mortality. RESULTS The age-adjusted incidence rate of Klebsiella spp BSI per 100,000 person-years was 15.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.6-19.2) in men and 9.4 (95% CI, 7.0-11.8) in women. There was no linear increase in incidence rate of Klebsiella spp BSI during the study period ( P =.55). The incidence rate of Klebsiella spp BSI increased at quadratic rate with age ( P =.005). No significant difference was noted in incidence rate of Klebsiella spp BSI during the warmest 4 months compared to the rest of the year (incidence rate ratio, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.66-1.38; P =.95). The overall 28-day and 1-year all-cause mortality rates of Klebsiella spp BSI were 14% (95% CI, 9%-22%) and 35% (95% CI, 27%-44%), respectively. Respiratory source of BSI was associated with a higher 28-day mortality (hazard ratio, 4.90; 95% CI, 1.73-13.84; P =.003). CONCLUSION The incidence rate of Klebsiella spp BSI increased with age. There was no temporal change or seasonal variation in incidence rate of Klebsiella spp BSI during the past decade. The 28-day all-cause mortality rate of Klebsiella spp BSI was relatively low; however, a respiratory source of BSI was associated with a poorer outcome.
A Comment On Birnbaum's Three-Parameter Logistic Model In The Latent Trait Theory.

Birnbaum's three-parameter logistic model for the multiple-choice item in the latent trait theory is considered with respect to the item response information function and the unique maximum condition. It is clarified that with models of knowledge or random guessing nature, which include the three-parameter logistic model, the unique maximum condition is not satisfied for the correct answer, and the item response information function is negative for the interval (− ∞,θ g ). It is suggested that we should useθ g as a criterion in selecting optimal items for a specified group of examinees, so that we can practically avoid the possibility of non-unique maxima of the likelihood function on the response pattern given by an examinee in the group.
Specificity profiling of protein phosphatases toward phosphoseryl and phosphothreonyl peptides.

A combinatorial library method was developed to systematically profile the substrate specificity of protein phosphatases toward phosphoseryl (pS) and phosphothreonyl (pT) peptides. Application of t...
Contact mechanics of hertzian cone cracking

Abstract Quasi-static indentation of brittle materials with a spherical indenter produces Hertzian cone cracks. The variation of cone crack length with load is measured by indenting soda-lime glass blocks with a 3.17 mm diameter hardened steel ball and photographing the cracks through a side face of the blocks. Assuming that the contact pressure distribution is Hertzian, axisymmetric boundary elements are used to accurately calculate stress intensity factors along the front of the cone crack by adapting the modified crack closure integral. The boundary element results are verified through comparisons with finite element calculations and prior results in the literature. The Mode I stress intensity factor is found to be a positive monotonically decreasing function of cone crack length, provided that the contact radius is not greater than the cone crack radius at the surface. Calculations using the Hertzian pressure distribution predict that the cone crack will arrest when the contact radius is greater than the cone crack length at the surface. However, experimental observations suggest that as the contact radius approaches the cone crack radius at the surface, interaction effects lead to a non-Hertzian pressure distribution. Detailed finite element contact mechanics of the actual cracked body are used to show that the contact pressure is singular at the edge of contact once the contact radius becomes equal to the cone crack radius. Furthermore, cone crack growth continues even when contact between the indenter and the cracked body occur outside of the cracked region, which is consistent with experimental observations. This latter aspect of cone crack growth cannot be predicted on the basis of a Hertzian pressure distribution.
Drugs of Abuse Effects on Immunity and Microbial Pathogenesis

Substance abuse remains a serious medical, public health, and social problem. The impact on destructive public health and health costs compounded with the negative consequences of drugs abuse poses a significant toll on the economy. Despite significant advancement of research in the field treatment of and care of patients with substance abuse has lagged behind because of limited education and training of clinicians on substance abuse problems. The goal of the special issue is to provide the current status on the mechanisms underlying the increased prevalence of opportunistic infections in the drug abuse population, to identify important areas where further research would be beneficial and to open new avenues of investigation for therapeutic development. We aimed these articles for the benefit of both basic and clinical researchers.
Sir3 and Epigenetic Inheritance of Silent Chromatin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Epigenetic mechanisms maintain the specific characteristics of differentiated cells by ensuring the inheritance of gene expression patterns through DNA replication and mitosis. We examined the mechanism of epigenetic inheritance of Sir protein-dependent transcriptional silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by examining gene expression and molecular markers of silencing at the silent mating type loci under conditions of limiting Sir3 protein. We observed that silencing at HMR, as previously reported for HML, is epigenetically inherited. This inheritance is accompanied by an increased ability of previously silenced cells to retain or recruit limiting Sir3 protein to cis-acting silencer sequences. We also observed that the low H4-K16 histone acetylation and H3-K79 methylation associated with a silenced HMR locus persist in recently derepressed cells for several generations at levels of Sir3 insufficient to maintain these marks in long-term-derepressed cells. The unique ability of previously silenced cells to retain Sir3 protein, maintain silencing-specific histone modifications, and repress HMR transcription at levels of Sir3 insufficient to mediate these effects in long-term-derepressed cells suggests that a cis-acting, chromatin-based mechanism drives epigenetic inheritance at this locus.
Motivations in Open Source Software Communities: The Mediating Role of Effort Intensity and Goal Commitment

As a community-based innovation, the open source software (OSS) development phenomenon has received great attention from researchers and practitioners. Understanding the factors that affect the involvement and contributions of participants in OSS projects is of significance to facilitate project success. This paper investigates the effects of motivation on participant performance in OSS projects, drawing upon self-determination theory to examine how task effort (i. e., effort intensity and goal commitment) mediates the relationships between a spectrum of motivations and individual performance. The research model is supported by survey data from 204 participants in OSS projects. The theoretical contributions and managerial implications are discussed.
Optical transmission losses in polycrystalline silicon strip waveguides: effects of waveguide dimensions, thermal treatment, hydrogen passivation, and wavelength

Signal propagation delays dominate over gate delays in the ever-shrinking ultra large scale integrated (ULSI) circuits. Consequently, silicon-based monolithic optoelectronic circuits (SMOE) with their light speed signal propagation can provide unique advantages for future generations of microprocessors. For such SMOE circuits, we need optical interconnects compatible with silicon technology. Strip waveguides consisting of polycrystalline silicon (polySi) clad with SiO2 offer excellent optical confinement and ease of fabrication that are ideal for such interconnect applications. One major challenge with using this material system, however, is its insertion loss. In this paper we provide techniques for minimizing optical transmission losses in polySi strip waveguides. Our previous work using polySi strip waveguides, showed an optical transmission loss of 15 dB/cm at λ=1.55 µm, which is a communication wavelength of choice in optical fibers because it represents an absorption minimum. Similar measurements in crystalline silicon strip waveguides1 yielded transmission losses of less than 1 dB/cm. Hitherto, in decreasing loss from 77 dB/cm to 15 dB/cm, we had minimized loss from surface scattering by improving the film surface morphology, and decreased bulk absorption with hydrogen passivation. In this paper we report a further reduction in the residual bulk loss from 15 dB/cm to 9 dB/cm. By experimenting with different waveguide core dimensions, we find that the contribution of bulk loss towards net transmission loss decreases with waveguide core thickness. Additionally, high temperature treatment provides strain relief in the polySi, decreasing transmission loss. Annealing in an oxygen ambient is not recommended because it always increases transmission loss. Hydrogen passivation improves transmission, attributable to passivation of light-absorbing dangling bond defect sites present at polySi grain boundaries. Together, these methods have resulted in the lowest measured loss value of 9 dB/cm at λ=1.55 µm. Since integrated SiGe and Ge photodetectors are more efficient at shorter wavelengths like λ=1.32 µm, transmission loss is also measured at λ=1.32 µm. Losses at the two wavelengths (1.32 µm and 1.55 µm) are similar when defects and stress in the waveguides are minimized.
Yours, Mine, or Everyone’s Property? China’s Property Law in 2007

China’s passage of the Real Property Rights Law in 2007 undoubtedly marked a milestone of its economic transition to market economy. It delineates the boundary of property belongings and the authority of disposition by including or excluding specific individual and groups of individuals. The purpose of this paper is to trace the debate, deliberation, and decision of the law-making process to show the process of bargaining and compromise of various political interests in China’s complex and difficult economic transition.
Differential distribution of N-acetylaspartylglutamate and N-acetylaspartate immunoreactivities in rat forebrain.

Contradictory immunohistochemical data have been reported on the localization of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in the rat forebrain, using different carbodiimide fixation protocols and antibody purification methods. In one case, N-acetylaspartylglutamate immunoreactivity was observed in apparent interneurons throughout all allocortical and isocortical regions, suggesting possible colocalization with GABA. In another case, strong immunoreactivity was observed in numerous pyramidal cells in neocortex and hippocampus, suggesting colocalization with glutamate or aspartate. Reconciling these disparate findings is crucial to understanding the role of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in nervous system function. Antibodies to N-acetylaspartylglutamate and a structurally related molecule, N-acetylaspartate, were purified in stages, and their cross-reactivities with protein conjugates of N-acetylaspartylglutamate and N-acetylaspartate were monitored at each stage by solidphase immunoassay. Reduction of the cross-reactivity of the anti-N-acetylaspartylglutamate antibodies to N-acetylaspartateprotein conjugates to about 1% eliminated significant staining of most pyramidal neurons in the rat forebrain. Utilizing highly purified antibodies, the distributions of N-acetylaspartylglutamate and N-acetylaspartate were examined in several major telencephalic and diencephalic regions of the rat, and were found to be distinct. N-acetylaspartylglutamate-immunoreactivity was observed in specific neuronal populations, including many groups thought to use GABA as a neurotransmitter. Among these were the globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, entopeducular nucleus, thalamic reticular nucleus, and scattered non-pyramidal neurons in all layers of isocortex and allocortex. N-acetylaspartate-immunoreactivity was more broadly distributed than N-acetylaspartylglutamate-immunoreactivity in the rat forebrain, appearing strongest in many pyramidal neurons. Although N-acetylaspartate-immunoreactivity was found in most neurons, it exhibited a great range of intensities between different neuronal types.
Distortion in control attributions for real life events

Abstract A pool of life events was prerated as either positive or negative and likely or unlikely to recur. Undergraduate subjects then rated their control over their own life events and the average student's control over his/her life events. As predicted, subjects self-attributed more control over positive than negative events and self-attributed more control than they attributed control to others for positive events. However, self-attributions and attributions to others of control for negative events did not differ. Results thus provided support for self-enhancement but not for self-protection. It was also predicted that control motivation would lead subjects to (a) self-attribute more control for recurrent than nonrecurrent events, (b) self-attribute more control than they attribute to others over all events, and (c) self-attribute more control than they attribute to others for recurrent but not nonrecurrent events. The first and second of these predictions were confirmed, providing support for the operation of control motivation on real life events.
Viral and host cofactors facilitate HIV-1 replication in macrophages

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of CD4 T lymphocytes leads to their progressive loss, whereas HIV-1-infected macrophages appear to resist HIV-1-mediated apo- ptotic death. The differential response of these two host-cell populations may be critical in the devel- opment of immunodeficiency and long-term persis- tence of the virus. Multiple contributing factors may favor the macrophage as a resilient host, not only supporting infection by HIV-1 but also pro- moting replication and persistence of this member of the lentivirus subfamily of primate retroviruses. An encounter between macrophages and R5 virus engages a signal cascade eventuating in transcrip- tional regulation of multiple genes including those associated with host defense, cell cycle, nuclear factor-B regulation, and apoptosis. It is important that enhanced gene expression is transient, declin- ing to near control levels, and during this quiescent state, the virus continues its life cycle unimpeded. However, when viral replication becomes promi- nent, an increase in host genes again occurs under the orchestration of viral gene products. This bi- phasic host response must fulfill the needs of the parasitic virus as viral replication activity occurs and leads to intracellular and cell surface-associ- ated viral budding. Inroads into understanding how HIV-1 co-opts host factors to generate a permissive environment for viral replication and transmission to new viral hosts may provide opportunities for targeted interruption of this lethal process. J. Leu- koc. Biol. 74: 000-000; 2003.
Frequency-Domain Modeling of Multipulse Converters by Double-Fourier Series Method

Operation of multipulse converters can be conveniently described in the frequency domain by using their voltage and current mapping functions. Applications of such mapping functions include input impedance modeling of multipulse rectifiers, analysis of harmonic transfer and impedance coupling through high-voltage dc transmission lines, and input harmonic current distortion of multipulse rectifiers under unbalanced and/or distorted source conditions. The existing approach to spectral modeling of the mapping functions requires small-signal assumption and commensurability between the ac source fundamental frequency and the harmonic frequency. A new spectral modeling method based on double-Fourier series analysis is presented. The proposed method overcomes the limitations of conventional Fourier analysis and provides a more rigorous basis for frequency-domain analysis of multipulse converters.
The influence of parents and peers on choices made by adolescents

Hypothetical situations in which an adolescent was faced with a choice of two possible alternatives, one favored by parents and the other favored by peers, were read by ninth- and twelfth-graders. Subjects were asked to pick the alternative most likely to be chosen by the adolescent in each situation. Responses were analyzed for tendency to choose parent- or peer-approved alternatives. Boys in the ninth grade chose the parent-approved alternative more often than either ninth-grade girls or twelfth-grade boys. Girls' responses tended to remain stable over the same period.
Extended Length of Stay After Surgery: Complications, Inefficient Practice, or Sick Patients?

Importance With the health policy focus on shifting risk to hospitals and physicians, hospital leaders are increasing efforts to reduce excessive resource use, such as patients with extended length of stay (LOS) after surgery. However, the degree to which extended LOS represents complications, patient illness, or inefficient practice style is unclear. Objective To examine the influence of complications on the variance in hospitals’ extended LOS rates after colorectal resections. Design, Setting, and Participants In this retrospective cohort study performed from January 1 through December 31, 2009, we analyzed data from the 2009 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Study participants were 22 664 adults undergoing colorectal resections in 199 hospitals. Exposures Inpatient complications recorded in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program registry. Inpatient complications were identified by the association of the complication's postoperative date with the patient’s surgical discharge date. Main Outcome and Measure Hospitals’ risk-adjusted extended LOS rates, defined as the proportion of patients with a hospital stay greater than the 75th percentile for the entire cohort. Results A total of 2177 patients (42.8%) with extended LOSs did not have a documented inpatient complication. Although there was wide variation in risk-adjusted extended LOS (14.5%-35.3%) and risk-adjusted inpatient complication (12.1%-28.5%) rates, there was only a weak correlation (Spearman ρ = 0.56, P Conclusions and Relevance Much of the variation in hospitals’ risk-adjusted extended LOS rates is not attributable to patient illness or complications and therefore most likely represents differences in practice style. Efforts to reduce excess resource use should focus on efficiency of care, such as increased adoption of enhanced recovery pathways.
Chaperoning ribosome assembly

Chaperones help proteins fold in all cellular compartments, and many associate directly with ribosomes, capturing nascent chains to assist their folding and prevent aggregation. In this issue, new data from Koplin et al. (2010. J. Cell Biol. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200910074) and Albanese et al. (2010. J. Cell Biol. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201001054) suggest that in addition to promoting protein folding, the chaperones ribosome-associated complex (RAC), nascent chain–associated complex (NAC), and Jjj1 also help in the assembly of ribosomes.
Solvent-Induced Transition from Micelles in Solution to Cylindrical Microdomains in Diblock Copolymer Thin Films

It is well-known that block copolymer thin films can be easily prepared on different substrates by spin coating. Here, we show that the cylindrical microdomains of polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) copolymers can be oriented normal to the surface over a large area by spin coating in toluene/THF solvent mixture. The structure and size of the PS-b-P4VP in solution were compared with those in thin films. It was found that the cylindrical microdomains, obtained by spin coating, oriented normal to the film surface depended strongly on the amount of THF in the casting solution. The study was extended to PS-b-P4VP copolymers with different molecular weights and compositions, which allowed the control of the size of the cylindrical domains and the areal density of the arrays.
Monolithic, Low-index Guided-mode Resonance Filters: Fabrication and Simulation

This study presents a technique to fabricate monolithic, low-index guided-mode resonance filters by means of conventional photolithography. Linear and hexagonal grating geometries achieved narrowband resonance while demonstrating control over polarization dependence.
Distributed optimal control for multi-agent trajectory optimization

This paper presents a novel optimal control problem, referred to as distributed optimal control, that is applicable to multiscale dynamical systems comprised of numerous interacting agents. The system performance is represented by an integral cost function of the macroscopic state that is optimized subject to a hyperbolic partial differential equation known as the advection equation. The microscopic control laws are derived from the optimal macroscopic description using a potential function approach. The optimality conditions of the distributed optimal control problem are first derived analytically and, then, demonstrated numerically through a multi-agent trajectory optimization problem.
Macrophage activation for tumor cytotoxicity: Tumoricidal activity by macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice requires at least two activation stimuli

Macrophages from C3H/HeN mice treated in vivo with Mycobacterium bovis, strain BCG or in vitro with supernatants from antigen-stimulated leukocyte cultures (lymphokines) were cytotoxic to tumor cells in vitro. Macrophage tumoricidal activity, however, did not develop after identical in vivo or in vitro treatment of cells from endotoxin (LPS)-unresponsive C3H/HeJ mice. Increasing time of macrophage incubation in lymphokines, concentration of lymphokines or number of lymphokine-treated macrophages added to tumor cells did not evoke tumoricidal activity. Similarly, varying time of macrophage collection after BCG infection, numbers of BCG organisms in the infectious inoculum or numbers of macrophages from BCG-infected mice added to tumor cells also did not evoke cytotoxic activity. The tumorical defect of macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice appeared highly selective: inflammatory responses to BCG infection in C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice were indistinguishable; moreover, no difference was detected between these strains in production of macrophage activation factors. Thus, despite normal inflammatory reactions, normal production of lymphokines and extensive experimental manipulation of single activation stimuli, macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice did not express tumoricidal activity in vitro. Nevertheless, macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice could develop tumoricidal activity under appropriate conditions. Macrophages from in vivo immune reactions (BCG infection, Con A injection), but not from irritant-induced peritoneal exudates, developed full cytotoxic activity after exposure to certain in vitro stimuli. These stimuli include microgram/ml concentrations of LPS and certain factors in lymphokine supernatants or supernatants from a T-cell lymphoma line. The effect of LPS but not that of lymphokines or lymphoma culture supernatants was abrogated by polymyxin B. These data suggest that the ultimate expression of macrophage cytotoxicity may depend upon certain signals from the milieu of immune reactions. These expression signals, derived from bacterial organisms or from soluble mediators of immune responses, provide the necessary and final stimulus for macrophage activation. The tumoricidal defect of macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice reflects a genetic inability of these cells to respond to environmental expression signals.
Temporal Appearance of Chlorophyll-Protein Complexes and the N,N -Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-Binding Coupling Factor0?Subunit III in Forming Thylakoid Membranes of Euglena gracilis

Summary Dark-grown Euglena gracilis strain Z were exposed to white light which induces chloroplast development including a massive formation of thylakoid membranes. Thylakoid membranes were isolated from greening cells at various times from 12 to 72 h following light-exposure. The temporal appearance in the membranes of the three main chlorophyll-protein complexes (CP1, CPa, LHCP) and the N,N 1 ?dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD)-binding CF 0 -IH subunit of the coupling-factor ATPase was assessed. When the cells were greened on a medium containing the readily-metabolized carbon source, ethanol, LHCP was detected as early as 12 h, and both CP1 and CPa were detected in low quantity up to 36 h and then increased. CP1, CPa and LHCP were detected as green complexes on polyacrylamide gels earalier during greening when cells were greened on resting medium compared to cells greened in the presence of ethanol. Photosystem I activity was detected at 12 h, photosystem II activity at 18 to 24 h, and water-splitting and whole electron transport chain activities after 24 h. Correlations are made between the temporal appearances of these activities and of the chlorophyll-protein complexes. The DCCD- binding CF 0 -IH was detected in the membrane at 12 h and increased in amount thereafter.
Strain-compensated GaInAs/AlInAs/InP quantum cascade laser materials

Abstract Strain-compensated (SC) GaInAs/AlInAs/InP multiple-quantum-well structures and quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) with strain levels of 1% and as high as 1.5% were grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE). The structures were characterized by high-resolution X-ray (HRXRD) diffraction and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and narrow-ridge QCL devices were fabricated. HRXRD and AFM results indicate very high quality materials with narrow satellite peaks, well-defined interference fringes, and a step-flow growth mode for 1% SC materials. A marginal broadening of satellite peaks is measured for 1.5% SC structures, but step-flow growth is maintained. QCLs based on a conventional four-quantum-well double-phonon resonant active region design with nominal 1% SC were grown with doping concentration varied from 1 to 4×1017 cm−3 in the active region. The performance of ridge lasers under pulsed conditions is comparable to state-of-the-art results for 4.8 μm devices. QCLs with a novel injectorless four-quantum well QCL design and 1.5% SC operated in pulsed mode at room temperature at 5.5 μm.
Disentangling the Effects of Health Reform in Massachusetts: How Important Are the Special Provisions for Young Adults?

Massachusetts enacted a comprehensive health care reform bill in 2006 that has moved the state to near universal health insurance coverage. In 2008, uninsurance in Massachusetts was at 4.1 percent, well below the national average of 15.1 percent and below the rate of 6.7 percent in the next lowest state—Hawaii (Joanna Turner, Michel Boudreaux, and Victoria Lynch 2009). The Massachusetts law included expanded eligibility for public coverage, subsidized insurance coverage, an insurance purchase exchange, market reforms, expanded coverage options for young adults, requirements for employers, and, most controversial, an individual mandate that requires all adults who have access to affordable coverage to obtain health insurance (John E. McDonough et al. 2008). Although estimates to date have focused on the overall effect of the Massachusetts health reform package (e.g., Sharon K. Long, Karen Stockley, and Alshadye Yemane 2009), there is substantial policy interest in determining the effects of the different components of the reform effort. In this paper, we focus on disentangling the effects of the special provisions implemented in Massachusetts to expand coverage to young adults. Compared to older adults, young adults are much less likely to be insured, reflecting their access to fewer coverage options and, when coverage options are available, lower probability Disentangling the Effects of Health Reform in Massachusetts: How Important Are the Special Provisions for Young Adults?
Translation and mRNA Decay

Degradation of messenger RNA from the lactose operon (lac mRNA) was measured during the inhibition of protein synthesis by chloramphenicol (CM) or of translation-initiation by kasugamycin (KAS). With increasing CM concentration mRNA decay becomes slower, but there is no direct proportionality between rates of chemical decay and polypeptide synthesis. During exponential growth lac mRNA is cleaved endonucleolytically (Blundell and Kennell, 1974). At a CM concentration which completely inhibits all polypeptide synthesis this cleavage is blocked. In contrast, if only the initiation of translation is blocked by addition of KAS, the cleavage rate as well as the rate of chemical decay are increased significantly without delay. These faster rates do not result from immediate degradation of the lengthening stretch of ribosome-free proximal message, since the full-length size is present and the same discrete message sizes are generated during inhibition.
Playing with empathy: digital role-playing games in public meetings

Digital role-playing games can be an effective tool for augmenting deliberation in a community planning process. We study the implementation of a game called Participatory Chinatown---a 3D, multiplayer game designed to be played in the shared physical space of a master planning meeting in Boston's Chinatown neighborhood. This research examines how role-play can affect the way people understand local issues and engage with their community. It also points to the challenges of extending player empathy from the magic circle of gameplay to the larger context of a community meeting. It suggests that emotional engagement with character and or space does not easily translate into a rational decision-making process. The authors make suggestions for future research that might address this challenge.
Phenomenology of metal influx in macrotor

Abstract Time-space distributions of metal influx were studied. The influx is strongly localized at the areas of intersection of the magnetic surfaces and the wall. This results, in general, in a lack of poloidal symmetry. The experimental results show that the metal influx is caused by ions escaping from the magnetic surfaces to the wall, accelerated by the sheath potential. Laser probing of the wall shows that metal impurities are loosely bound on the surface. Laser induced desorption, combined with spectroscopy, represents a new method of measuring impurity levels on the surface.
Terahertz CMOS integrated circuits

Advances in circuit techniques, aided by continued lithographic scaling, will deliver CMOS technology capable of operation in the submillimeter-wave bands. Many building blocks operating at near-THz frequencies in silicon-based technologies (SiGe and CMOS) have appeared in the recent literature. Although many significant challenges remain, these results suggest that CMOS THz ICs are an inevitability. Applications that reside in the “terahertz gap,” mapped against the projected capabilities of CMOS, provide a context for identifying the most important remaining problems. The lack of efficient, high-power (watt-level) sources remains the most conspicuous impediment to further progress. The talk concludes with an examination of the potential of vacuum electronic devices to solve the transmit power problem.
Full‐Face Carbon Dioxide Laser Resurfacing in the Management of a Patient With the Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome

Background. Multiple surgical procedures are often a source of discomfort, pain, and disfigurement for patients with the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS). Objective. The patient with NBCCS had approximately 45 identifiable basal cell carcinomas on her face. Multiple Mohs surgeries were performed to remove the largest tumors. A tumor-free plane was not achieved in several lesions despite removal of multiple tissue layers. The treatment of the remaining tumors presented a significant challenge. Methods. Full-face CO2 laser resurfacing was performed after curettage and local laser ablation of all visible tumors. Results. The patient healed well postoperatively. She developed six basal cell carcinomas on her face during the 10-month follow-up period. These were easily treated with Mohs surgery and imiquimod cream. Conclusion. CO2 laser resurfacing is a useful surgical modality for treatment of multiple facial basal cell carcinomas in the patients with NBCCS. It allows treatment of all the facial lesions in a single session and minimizes suffering resulting from repeated surgical procedures. Additionally, the layer of skin damaged by ultraviolet radiation is removed, allowing for easier management after resurfacing.
Solar Instruments on the P78-1 Spacecraft

The solar experiment package on the P78-1 spacecraft is described. The satellite was launched on 24 February 1979 by the U.S. Air Force and contains high resolution Bragg crystal spectrometers, hard X-ray proportional counters, and a white light corona-graph. The high resolution spectrometers were built by the Aerospace Corporation and the Naval Research Laboratory. The hard X-ray spectrometers were built by the Aerospace Corporation and the white light coronagraph was supplied by the Naval Research Laboratory. Most of these instruments are still returning data.
Is there such a thing as “grammaticalization?” ☆

L'A. remet en question le statut theorique independant de la grammaticalisation. Il montre que celle-ci ne peut-etre consideree comme un processus et un mecanisme dans le changement linguistique. La grammaticalisation constituerait plutot un epiphenomene qui resulte d'autres processus dans le changement, point de vue theorique qui remet egalement en question son unidirectionnalite. L'A. cherche a definir quels mecanismes sous-tendent la grammaticalisation et quel est le role de la reanalyse, de la metaphore et de l'extension (soit de l'analogie). L'A. effectue une evaluation critique de la theorie de la grammaticalisation et se pose la question du role heuristique de ce processus en s'appuyant sur le cas specifique du systeme pronominal en grec moderne
Problems of building a hybrid data definition facility

The capability to interrogate COBOL describable files was added to an existing data base management system, RCA's UL/1. This paper discusses features of the implementation of UL/1 which tended to facilitate the COBOL additions and which features would have been desirable in order to simplify the extension. The authors believe that as the data base management field evolves, more extensions to the set of files handled by data management systems can be expected. The lessons learned in this implementation could well have broad applicability.
A nonlinear effect in mode II crack problems

A recent result of Stephenson shows that, when finite deformations are taken into account, a crack under Mode II loading conditions in plane strain will open, at least near the crack-tip and at least for certain elastic materials. In this note, the matter is investigated further, and it is shown that, in general, nonlinear effects—even at small loads—lead either to crack-opening or apparent interpenetration of the crack-faces when the loading is of Mode II-type.
The importance of clinical leadership in twenty-first century health care

The aim of this paper is to investigate the importance of leadership in health care. It also attempts to guide the aspiring clinical leaders to acquire the necessary leadership skills to help them deliver safe high value care for patients. This research paper describes the ingredients for successful leadership including individual attributes, competencies, and leadership outcomes. The findings underline that health-care organizations are increasingly interested to educate and train their clinicians to improve care and ultimately become effective leaders. The main conclusions drawn from this work are that medical schools need to introduce leadership skills at the undergraduate level; and health-care organizations ought to change their policies and encourage clinicians to enroll in professional development programs. This work recommends many opportunities for networking and education for health-care leaders to improve their leadership skills.