cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High performance polymer chemical hydrogel-based electrode binder materials for direct borohydride fuel cells

Abstract Novel, cost-effective, high-performance, and environment-friendly electrode binders, comprising polyvinyl alcohol chemical hydrogel (PCH) and chitosan chemical hydrogel (CCH), are reported for direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFCs). PCH and CCH binders-based electrodes have been fabricated using a novel, simple, cost-effective, time-effective, and environmentally benign technique. Morphologies and electrochemical performance in DBFCs of the chemical hydrogel binder-based electrodes have been compared with those of Nafion® binder-based electrodes. Relationships between the performance of binders in DBFCs with structural features of the polymers and the polymer-based chemical hydrogels are discussed. The CCH binder exhibited better performance than a Nafion® binder whereas the PCH binder exhibited comparable performance to Nafion® in DBFCs operating at elevated cell temperatures. The better performance of CCH binder at higher operating cell temperatures has been ascribed to the hydrophilic nature and water retention characteristics of chitosan. DBFCs employing CCH binder-based electrodes and a Nafion®-117 membrane as an electrolyte exhibited a maximum peak power density of about 589 mW cm−2 at 70 °C.
Mechanism of gas cell stabilization in breadmaking. II. The secondary liquid lamellae.

Abstract The study for the first time demonstrates that flour lipids at their natural levels do not affect dough rheology as measured by bubble inflation, thus indicating the presence of liquid lamellae as an independent secondary gas cell stabilizing mechanism in bread dough. The liquid lamellae, stabilized by adsorbed surface active compounds, plays its role during the later proving and early baking stage, when discontinuities occur in the gluten–starch matrix surrounding gas bubbles. To study this secondary stabilizing mechanism, different lipid fractions were added incrementally to the defatted flours. No effects were observed on the rheological properties of the dough. However, large effects on the loaf volume were measured. The additives used were the total flour lipid and its polar and non-polar fractions and the fatty acids palmitic, linoleic and myristic. Polar lipids and palmitic acid had positive or little effect on loaf volume, respectively. Non-polar lipid, linoleic and myristic acids had negative effects on loaf volume. The different effects of the lipid fractions are thought to be related to the type of monolayer that is formed. Polar lipid and palmitic acid form condensed monolayers at the air/water interface whereas non-polar lipid, linoleic and myristic acids form expanded monolayers.
Improving capacity to monitor and support sustainability of mental health peer-run organizations

Peer-run mental health organizations are managed and staffed by people with lived experience of the mental health system. These understudied organizations are increasingly recognized as an important component of the behavioral health care and social support systems. This Open Forum describes the National Survey of Peer-Run Organizations, which was conducted in 2012 to gather information about peer-run organizations and programs, organizational operations, policy perspectives, and service systems. A total of 895 entities were identified and contacted as potential peer-run organizations. Information was obtained for 715 (80%) entities, and 380 of the 715 responding entities met the criteria for a peer-run organization. Implementation of the Affordable Care Act may entail benefits and unintended consequences for peer-run organizations. It is essential that we understand this population of organizations and continue to monitor changes associated with policies intended to provide better access to care that promotes wellness and recovery.
Role of relaxation on strain crystallization of uniaxially stretched poly(ethylene naphthalate) films : A mechanooptical study

The large deformation mechanooptical behavior of amorphous films of PEN in the rubbery temperature exhibits three-regime behavior. Regime I corresponds to classical stress−optical behavior of amorp...
Dynamic modeling of linear beam-like structures using the Equivalent Beam Stiffness method Part I: Development and benchmarking

Abstract Analysts of beam-like structures are perennially challenged by complex geometries which are not readily translated into beam element models. The Equivalent Beam Stiffness method, or simply EBS, is presented as an extension to and improvement upon the technique of Thomas and Littlewood in which the effective stiffness diameter profile of a freely suspended rotor was estimated by applying the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation to the measured first lateral bending mode shape. The result was a set of new diameters which replaced those determined from drawings. Based upon the more generally applicable Timoshenko form, the EBS method accounts for transverse inertia and shear deformation effects, the latter requiring an a priori estimate of the equivalent stiffness diameter. Additional improvement is provided by using a continuous description of the mass and inertia properties, rather than the lumped-mass representation used previously, and an analytical approach to the extraction procedure. This allows the bending stiffness to be determined throughout the structure, while other methods to the inverse beam dynamics problem, mostly optimisation-based, determine discrete values. The effects of measurement errors are examined and it is shown the EBS method provides reasonable extractions in the presence of noise levels akin to careful modal test data. The successful application of the technique to two full-scale turbine shafts will be discussed in Part II.
Mic Check! Media Cultures and the Occupy Movement

Scholars and activists have hotly debated the relationship between social media and social movement activity during the current global cycle of protest. This article investigates media practices in the Occupy movement and develops the concept of social movement media cultures: the set of tools, skills, social practices and norms that movement participants deploy to create, circulate, curate and amplify movement media across all available platforms. The article posits three key areas of inquiry into social movement media cultures, and explores them through the lens of the Occupy movement: (1) What media platforms, tools and skills are used most widely by movement participants? (Practices); (2) What role do experienced practitioners play in movement media practices? (Expertise); and (3) In what ways does the movement media culture lean toward open or participatory, and in what ways toward closed or top–down? (Open/Closed). Insight into the media culture of the Occupy movement is based on mixed qualitative a...
Recrystallization of CL-20 and HNFX from Solution for Rigorous Control of the Polymorph Type: Part I, Mathematical Modeling using Molecular Dynamics Method

The recrystallization of CL-20 and HNFX to form different polymorphs was investigated by employing combinations of computations (polymorph predictions with and without the presence of the solvent molecules in the molecular dynamics based calculations) and experimental analyses, including micro-crystallization under a myriad of conditions, novel means of crystallization, analysis of polymorphs using X-ray powder diffraction, and Rietveld analysis, and the use of conventional methods including DSC, TGA, polarized microscopy and SEM (with the experimental results reported in Part II of this paper). In the investigation all three groups of solvents: polar protic, non-polar aprotic, and dipolar aprotic solvents were employed. Our computations have revealed (in agreement with earlier studies) that polymorphs with various densities for both CL-20 and HNFX are possible. However, as part II of this paper will show although the experiments revealed different polymorph types, α, β, γ, e for CL-20 under different rec...
Association of regional gray matter volumes in the brain with disruptive behavior disorders in male and female children

Because the disruptive behavior disorders are highly impairing conditions, it is important to determine if structural variations in brain are associated early in life with these problems among children. Structural MRI data were acquired from 111 9–11 year olds (58 girls and 53 boys), 43 who met diagnostic criteria for oppositional defiant disorder and/or conduct disorder and 68 healthy controls. Voxel-based morphometry was used to examine associations of behavioral measures with gray matter volumes in whole-brain analyses. Unlike previous studies, variation in gray matter volume was not found to be associated with a disruptive behavior disorder diagnosis in any brain region at p < .05 with FWE correction. Nonetheless, an inverse nonlinear association of the number of conduct disorder (CD) symptoms with gray matter volume along the left superior temporal sulcus was significant in the full sample (p < .05 with FWE correction), with a trend in the right hemisphere (p < 0.001 uncorrected). There also was a trend toward a stronger association of the number of CD symptoms with gray matter volume along the left superior temporal sulcus in girls than boys. The present findings did not replicate previous findings of reduced gray matter volumes in the anterior insula, amygdala, and frontal cortex in youth with CD, but are consistent with previous findings of reduced gray matter volumes in temporal regions, particularly in girls.
Extending the repertoire of Epo action

![Figure][1] Erythropoietin (Epo) is a cytokine most appreciated for its ability to stimulate erythrocyte production, a property that has benefited thousands of patients with anemia. However, Epo receptors occur on various tissues, and studies indicate that the physiologic effects of Epo
Coxsackievirus B3-Positive Mononuclear Leukocytes in Peripheral Blood of Swiss and Athymic Mice during Infection

AbstractCoxsackievirus B3 viremia in infected 14-day-old Swiss and young adult Nude mice is predominantly a plasma viremia. Despite high titers of virus in plasma, separated suspensions of red blood cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes contain no virus. Virus-positive mononuclear leukocytes in blood, on the other hand, may be present from the second to the fourth days of infection. Virus-positive mononuclear leukocytes may persist after virus is no longer in the plasma. Our studies do not definitively identify the mononuclear population in blood which is virus-positive.
Novel immunoglobulin superfamily gene cluster, mapping to a region of human chromosome 17q25, linked to psoriasis susceptibility

Chromosome 17q25 harbors a susceptibility locus for psoriasis (PSORS2). This locus may overlap with loci for atopic dermatitis and rheumatoid arthritis. To further refine the location of PSORS2, we genotyped 242 primarily nuclear families for 15 polymorphic microsatellites mapping to chromosome 17q23-q25. Non-parametric linkage analysis revealed a linkage peak lying close to a novel cluster of genes from the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. This cluster spans >250 kb and harbors five CMRF35-like genes and a sixth inhibitory receptor (CMRF35H) with three ITIM motifs that is transcribed in the opposite direction from the rest. The Ig domains encoded by these genes are most similar to those of the TREM (triggering receptor expressed selectively in myeloid cells) molecules, NKp44 and the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. CMRF35-like genes are only expressed in sub-populations of cells of the myeloid lineage. In order to investigate the association of this region with psoriasis, we genotyped the families for 13 novel microsatellites and 19 SNPs from the region of linkage. A maximum NPL of 1.6 (P=0.05) was obtained within the interval. Two SNP-based haplotypes revealed some evidence for association with psoriasis. One spanned CMRF35H and includes a non-synonymous polymorphism within CMRF35H (R111Q) (TDT P=0.03). The second was a three-locus haplotype lying within the first intron of CMRF35A2 (TREM5) (TDT P=0.04). The novel markers described here will facilitate additional linkage and association studies between the CMRF35 family and disease.
Incidence and clinical characteristics of culture-negative infective endocarditis in a pediatric population

Sixty episodes of infective endocarditis were analyzed in 56 pediatric patients over a 10-year period from 1974 to 1984. Culture-negative infective endocarditis was noted on five occasions or 8.3% of all episodes. In addition to the physical findings, a combination of laboratory parameters including anemia, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, elevated rheumatoid factor, C1q activation and microhematuria supported the diagnosis. The clinical characteristics of these patients are described in detail. Pretreatment with an antimicrobial agent was only one factor associated with the failure to isolate an organism. Empiric treatment with penicillin and gentamicin and in one case nafcillin/ampicillin and gentamicin was satisfactory.
Do insulin-like growth factors mediate the effect of alcohol on breast cancer risk?

Despite a large number of epidemiologic studies demonstrating an increased risk of breast cancer in association with alcohol consumption, a causal relationship between alcohol intake and breast cancer risk remains to be determined. Several biological mechanisms have been proposed, but none of them explains well the features of the association, i.e. a modest increase in risk, a limited range of dose-response relationship and no further increase in risk among heavy drinkers. A new mechanism underlying a possible biological role of alcohol in breast cancer is proposed in this paper. Moderate consumption of alcohol increases the production of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) by the liver and elevated IGFs via circulation stimulate or promote the development and/or growth of breast cancer. The effect of alcohol on IGF production declines among heavy drinkers as alcohol-caused liver-function damage results in no further increase in IGF production. Therefore, compared to moderate drinkers, heavy alcohol users do not have a higher risk of breast cancer.
A nonlocal approach to modeling crack nucleation in AA 7075-T651.

A critical stage in microstructurally small fatigue crack growth in AA 7075-T651 is the nucleation of cracks originating in constituent particles into the matrix material. Previous work has focused on a geometric approach to modeling microstructurally small fatigue crack growth in which damage metrics derived from an elastic-viscoplastic constitutive model are used to predict the nucleation event [1, 2]. While a geometric approach based on classical finite elements was successful in explicitly modeling the polycrystalline grain structure, singularities at the crack tip necessitated the use of a nonlocal sampling approach to remove mesh size dependence. This study is an initial investigation of the peridynamic formulation of continuum mechanics as an alternative approach to modeling microstructurally small fatigue crack growth. Peridynamics, a nonlocal extension of continuum mechanics, is based on an integral formulation that remains valid in the presence of material discontinuities. To capture accurately the material response at the grain scale, a crystal elastic-viscoplastic constitutive model is adapted for use in non-ordinary state-based peridynamics through the use of a regularized deformation gradient. The peridynamic approach is demonstrated on a baseline model consisting of a hard elastic inclusion in a single crystal. Coupling the elastic-viscoplastic material model with peridynamics successfully facilitates the modeling of plastic deformation and damage accumulation in the vicinity of the particle inclusion. Lattice orientation is shown to have a strong influence on material response.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Effects of predictors of hemispheric specialization on individual differences in hemispheric activation.

Abstract In two studies predictors of variation in hemispheric specialization—handedness, sex, familial history of sinistrality, writing posture and sighting dominance—were found not to be independent of individual differences in characteristic activation asymmetry. Predominant direction of conjugate lateral eye movements was used to assess activation asymmetry. The lack of independence between these two dimensions of individual difference, predictors of variation in hemispheric specialization and in activation asymmetry, suggests caution in interpreting the results of studies in which one dimension is examined and the other is uncontrolled.
Evaluating the potential of a blended passive microwave-interactive multi-sensor product for improved mapping of snow cover and estimations of snow water equivalent

The retrieval of Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) from remote sensing satellites continues to be a very challenging problem. In this paper, we evaluate the accuracy of a new SWE product derived from the blending of a passive microwave SWE product based on the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) with a multi-sensor snow cover extent product based on the Interactive Multi-sensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS). The microwave measurements have the ability to penetrate the snow pack, and thus, the retrieval of SWE is best accomplished using the AMSU. On the other hand, the IMS maps snow cover more reliably due to the use of multiple satellite and ground observations. The evolution of global snow cover from the blended, the AMSU and the IMS products was examined during the 2006 snow season. Despite the overall good inter-product agreement, it was shown that the retrievals of snow cover extent in the blended product are improved when using IMS, with implications for improved microwave retrievals of SWE. In a separate investigation, the skill of the microwave SWE product was also examined for its ability to correctly estimate SWE globally and regionally. Qualitative evaluation of global SWE retrievals suggested dependence on land surface temperature: the lower the temperature, the higher the SWE retrieved. This temperature bias was attributed in part to temperature effects on those snow properties that impact microwave response. Therefore, algorithm modifications are needed with more dynamical adjustments to account for changing snow cover. Quantitative evaluation over Slovakia in central Europe, for a limited period in 2006, showed reasonably good performance for SWE less than 100 mm. Sensitivity to deeper snow decreased significantly. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a simple modification of the glauber collision amplitude

Abstract The connection between the Glauber many-particle amplitude function and the generalized Born series is demonstrated. The correspondence suggests the introduction of a mean excitation energy to improve the inclusion of virtual excitations of the target.
Writing Interventions for High School Students With Disabilities: A Review of Single-Case Design Studies

Proficiency in writing increases opportunities in higher education, employment, and social relationships. Many students in the United States, however, are struggling writers. In particular, the writing performance of students with disabilities in secondary grades continues to lag behind grade level peers. The purpose of this article was to review writing interventions for high school students with disabilities to identify those practices that have been shown to be effective in supporting writing development. All studies were peer-reviewed, employed a single-case experimental design, and evaluated writing interventions used with students with disabilities in Grades 9 through 12. We used the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) single-case design standards (Kratochwill et al., 2010) to evaluate the effects of writing interventions in the 14 identified studies. Specific interventions included Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD), Expressive Writing™ (Direct Instruction), Cognitive Strategy Instruction in Writing, and pentop computers. Results indicated that only two SRSD programs and the pentop computer program demonstrated strong or moderate effects on written expression in studies that met WWC evidence standards with reservations.
Selective α7 nicotinic receptor stimulation normalizes chronic cocaine-induced loss of hippocampal sensory inhibition in C3H mice

Background A physiological alteration associated with schizophrenic and manic psychoses is diminished inhibition of the electrophysiological response to repeated auditory stimuli. This deficit also occurs in cocaine addicts. Studies in animals show that such inhibition is decreased by noradrenergic receptor stimulation and that the inhibition is enhanced by nicotinic cholinergic receptor stimulation. Methods C3H mice were treated for 7 days with cocaine. They were then prepared for electrophysiological recording. After the effects of cocaine treatment were observed, they were treated with nicotine agonists. Results Chronic cocaine administration markedly diminished inhibition of the hippocampal-evoked response to repeated auditory stimuli. The loss of inhibition was reversed by acute treatment with either nicotine or the selective alpha 7 nicotinic agonist 3-(2,4)-dimethoxybenzylidine anabaseine (DMXB; GTS21). The effects of nicotine showed tachyphylaxis, whereas those of DMXB did not. Conclusions This reversal of cocaine's effect by nicotinic agonists is consistent with previous pharmacological studies of the inhibition of auditory response. Additionally, the ability of nicotinic agonists to reverse a physiological defect associated with psychosis may have therapeutic implications for the neuropsychiatric sequelae of cocaine addiction in humans.
Transcriptional control of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of vesicular stomatitis virus

The nonsegmented negative strand (NNS) RNA viruses include some of the mosr problematic human, animal and plant pathogens extant: for example, rabies virus, Ebola virus, respiratory syncytial virus, the parainfluenza viruses, measles and infectious hemapoietic necrosis virus. The key feature of transcriptional control in the NNS RNA viruses is polymerase entry at a single 3' proximal site followed by obligatory sequential transcription of the linear array of genes. The levels of gene expression are primarily regulated by their position on the genome. The promoter proximal gene is transcribed in greatest abundance and each successive downstream gene is synthesized in progressively lower amounts due to attenuation of transcription at each successive gene junction. In addition, NNS RNA virus gene expression is regulated by cis-acting sequences that reside at the beginning and end of each gene and the intergenic junctions. Using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), the prototypic NNS, many of these control elements have been identified.The signals for transcription initiation and 5' end modification and for 3' end polyadenylation and termination have been elucidated. The sequences that determine the ability of the polymerase to slip on the template to generate polyadenylate have been identified and polyadenylation has been shown to be template dependent and integral to the termination process. Transcriptional termination is a key element in control of gene expression of the negative strand RNA viruses and a means by which expression of individual genes may be silenced or regulated within the framework of a single transcriptional promoter. In addition, the fundamental question of the site of entry of the polymerase during transcription has been reexamined and our understanding of the process altered and updated. The ability to engineer changes into infectious viruses has confirmed the action of these elements and as a consequence, it has been shown that transcriptional control is key to controlling the outcome of a viral infection. Finally, the principles of transcriptional regulation have been utilized to develop a new paradigm for systematic attenuation of virulence to develop live attenuated viral vaccines.
Real-Time Characterization of the Composition of Individual Particles Emitted From Ultrafine Particle Concentrators

Particle concentrators are commonly used for controlling exposure levels to ambient ultrafine, fine, and coarse aerosols over a broad range of concentrations. For ultrafine aerosols, these concentrators require water condensation technology to grow and enrich these smaller sized particles (D a < 100 nm). Because the chemistry of the particles is directly related to their toxicity, any changes induced by ultrafine concentrators on ambient particles need to be better characterized in order to fully understand the results obtained in health exposure studies. Using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS), the size-resolved chemistry was measured of concentrated ultrafine and accumulation mode (50–300 nm) particles from several particle concentrators with different designs. This is the first report detailing the size-resolved distributions of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) particles sampled from concentrators. Experimental measurements of the single particle mixing state of particles i...
Capturing the light

The Perfect Machine: Building the Palomar Telescope. By Ronald Florence. Harper-Collins: 1994. Pp. 434. $27.50.Stairway to the Stars: The Story of the World's Largest Observatory. By Barry Parker. Plenum: 1994. Pp. 332. $27.95.
An evolutionary game theoretic framework for coexistence in Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) employ coexistence protocols for spectrum sharing when collocated in a given region. Existing coexistence protocols do not take into consideration the fact that available spectrum bands vary significantly in their characteristics and quality they provide which makes some channels of the spectrum more attractive than others. In this paper, we analyze this situation from an evolutionary game theoretic perspective and show how CRNs would evolve their strategies of contending for disparate spectrum resources. We derive the equilibrium state for CRNs' spectrum sharing game and show that the population mix in equilibrium cannot be invaded by a mutant strategy which is greedier than the incumbent strategy and is therefore an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). We also derive the replicator dynamics of the proposed evolutionary game which represent how players learn from payoff outcomes of their strategic interactions and modify their strategies at every stage of the game. Since all players approach the ESS based solely on the common knowledge payoff observations, the evolutionary game can be implemented in a distributed manner. Simulation results show that the replicator dynamics enable strategic choices of CRNs to converge to ESS and also make them robust against changing network conditions.
Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Disrupts Endothelial Monolayer Integrity and Survival Signaling Events through Caspase Cleavage of Adherens Junction Proteins

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide or endotoxin induces actin reorganization, increased paracellular permeability, and endothelial cell detachment from the underlying extracellular matrixin vitro. We studied the effect of endotoxin on transendothelial albumin flux and detachment of endothelial cells cultured on gelatin-impregnated filters. The endotoxin-induced changes in endothelial barrier function and detachment occurred at doses and times that were compatible with endotoxin-induced apoptosis. Since the actin cytoskeleton and cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion all participate in the regulation of the paracellular pathway and cell-matrix interactions, we studied whether protein components of the actin-linked adherens junctions were modified in response to endotoxin. Components of cell-cell (β- and γ-catenin) and cell-matrix (focal adhesion kinase and p130Cas) adherens junctions were cleaved by caspases activated during apoptosis with dose and time requirements that paralleled those seen for barrier dysfunction and detachment. Cleavage of focal adhesion kinase led to its dissociation from the focal adhesion-associated signaling protein, paxillin, resulting in reduced paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation. Inhibition of caspase-mediated cleavage of these proteins protected against detachment but not opening of the paracellular pathway. Therefore, endotoxin-induced disruption of endothelial monolayer integrity and survival signaling events is mediated, in part, through caspase cleavage of adherens junction proteins.
Modality and suffix effects in the absence of auditory stimulation

Three experiments showed that silent mouthing or lipreading of immediate-memory lists leads to modality and suffix effects of the sort formerly believed to occur only following auditory presentation. Although lip-read and mouthed suffixes interfered somewhat with recency recall of auditory items, and vice versa, the suffix effect was greatest when the modality of the suffix matched exactly that of the test items. These findings are inconsistent with previous assumptions about sensory memory (precategorical acoustic storage). Specifically, it now seems likely that gestural information relevant to the synthesis of auditory features can also be held in a precategorical store specialized for auditory feature detection.
The joint decision to signal through IPO underpricing and lockup

Before Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), the decisions on the offering price and lockup are made simultaneously. This study examines the endogenous relation between underpricing and lockup duration....
Opposition site selection and clutch size in insects

Oviposition site selection and clutch size in parasitic insects can be viewed as problems in foraging theory. In this paper, a number of models for site selection and clutch size are developed, based on a dynamic state variable approach to optimal oviposition strategies. The models lead to predictions that are consistent with existing experimental data and suggest future experiments. Using these models shows the importance of constraints and state variables in the analysis of behavioral problems.
The university context and the research library

In a general way it is obvious that the developmental cycles of libraries reflect those of their parent institutions, the universities. Thus, libraries, like universities, have experienced a period of intense growth and diversification in the past four or five decades. This has been followed by a period of increasingly severe resource constraint relative to need while high expectations have continued almost unabated. It is now widely acknowledged that basic changes in the way information services are provided are inevitable, even though there is not yet complete consensus about what the nature of those changes can or should be. Clearly there is a powerful connection between the new Fiscal realities of universities and our capacity to resolve the information management requirements of this new era.
Cytofluorometric study of onion epidermal nuclei in response to wounding and Botrytis allii infection

Abstract Quantitative cytofluorometric measurements of total nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, total protein, histones, non-histone protein, protein-bound lysine and protein-bound arginine were made on nuclei in outer epidermal cells of the equatorial region ou white onion bulb leaf bases in two locations (0 to 5 mm and 16 to 20 mm) adjacent to wounded and Botrytis allii infected tissue. Wounding caused all nuclear indices measured to increase continuously over the 48 h study period. Exposure of the tissue to the ambient atmosphere caused slight increases over the same time. Inoculation caused all nuclear indices, except arginine, to increase during the first 24 h after inoculation. These increases were greater than those in non-wounded tissue exposed to the ambient atmosphere but less than those in tissue adjacent to wounds. At 48 h after inoculation, drastic degenerative changes were evident in all nuclear indices, especially in RNA and non-histone protein. We conclude that wounding caused host cells to change from a quiescent to an active state. Infection did not alter these changes until toxic fungal secretions, produced during establishment and spread into the host, caused cellular symptoms resembling senescence and death, and tissue symptoms in natural infections. This is the first report describing macromolecular changes occurring in nuclei of host cells affected by a facultative fungal pathogen.
Openness to Experience and regulatory focus: Evidence of motivation from fit

Abstract Regulatory fit occurs when one’s strategies of goal pursuit sustain one’s interests in an activity, which can enhance motivation [e.g., Higgins, E. T. (2005). Value from regulatory fit. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 209–213]. Because the strategic inclinations of people high (low) in Openness are similar to those of people in a promotion (prevention) focus, regulatory fit should be possible. We found that people higher in Openness were more motivated to pursue promotion-related goals (hopes/aspirations in Study 1 and a gain-framed goal in Study 2) and less motivated to pursue prevention-related goals (duties/obligations in Study 1 and a loss-framed goal in Study 2). We discuss how other traits might relate to motivation to pursue promotion- and prevention-related goals as well as other future research directions for regulatory focus and Openness.
Deformation of the equine pelvis in response to in vitro 3D sacroiliac joint loading

Summary Reasons for performing study: Sacroiliac joint injuries can cause poor performance; however, the interaction between pelvic mechanics and the sacroiliac joint is poorly understood. Objective: To measure pelvic displacement during 3D sacroiliac joint loading. Methods: Nine reflective triads were attached rigidly to bony prominences in sacropelvic specimens harvested from 14 horses for stereophotogrammetric analysis of triad displacements and joint kinematics. The sacrum was coupled to a load cell and mounted vertically within a material testing system (MTS). A pneumatic actuator was used to apply 90 Nm moments to the ischial arch to simulate nutation-counternutation and left and right lateral bending of the sacroiliac joints. Axial rotation of the sacrum was induced by torsion of the upper MTS fixture. Vectors of marker displacement within orthogonal planes of motion were measured during loading of the sacropelvic specimens. Comparisons in the magnitude and direction of triad displacements were made between paired left-right markers and paired loading conditions. Results: Nutation-counternutation of the sacroiliac joint caused vertical displacement of the ischial tuberosities and cranial-caudal displacement of the wings of the ilium. Lateral bending induced rotational displacement within the horizontal plane of all pelvic landmarks, relative to the sacrum. Axial rotation of the sacrum caused elevation of the wing of the ilium ipsilateral to the direction of sacral rotation and depression of the contralateral ilial wing. Significant paired left-right differences occurred during most sacroiliac joint loading conditions. Comparable magnitudes of pelvic displacement were measured during nutation-counternutation, left and right lateral bending, and left and right axial rotation. Conclusions: The equine pelvis is not a rigid structure and asymmetric pelvic deformation occurs during most sacroiliac joint movements. Clinical relevance: Bony pelvic deformation should be considered a normal response to any sacroiliac joint movement.
Seasonal and vertical demography of dead portions of shoots of smooth cordgrass in a south-temperate saltmarsh

Knowledge of the crop-size and vertical profile with respect to sea level of dead leaf blades and other shoot parts of saltmarsh grasses is a prerequisite for projections of seawater impact upon saltmarsh grass-shoot decomposers. We measured seasonal changes in quantities of leaf blade and leaf sheath+stem of smooth cordgrass in southern temperate saltmarshes of three types: low- (LD), mid- (MD), and high-drainage (HD) marshes (i.e., with low to high densities of drainage creeks). In each type of marsh, we took samples in the three characteristic subsites, short-shoot, intermediate-height, and tall-shoot. Wholly dead (brown) and living (some green) shoots were counted and their canopy heights measured, and the mass of all shoots was measured in 10-cm height increments (above sediment), with separation of living and dead parts. Detached material was also quantified, separated into that trapped in the canopy, and that prostrate on the sediment. Extent of marsh drainage did not affect the density of wholly dead shoots, which ranged from an average of 51 m−2 in autumn to 103 m−2 in spring, and 57 m−2 in tall subsites to 89–96 m−2 in short and intermediate subsites. The top of the dead-shoot canopy was about 20 cm taller than the living-shoot canopy in winter/spring, but was below it (x≈50 cm) in summer/autumn. The mass of standing-dead leaf blades was 4- to 5-fold greater in winter than in summer, and it was about 2.5-fold greater at tall than at short sites. Detached litter trapped among shoots above the sediment averaged 26% of total dead-shoot mass, but litter lying on the sediment averaged only 6% of total dead-shoot mass. Since export of macrodetritus from marshgrass stands is inconsequential, the small prostrate-litter mass implies that breakdown of shoots to small particles takes place within the vegetated marsh, and that standing decay predisposes fallen material to rapid disintegration. Comparison of heights of usual tidal contact on shoots at the short- and tall-shoot subsites showed that projected impacts of seawater upon leaf-blade decay would be greater at short-shoot subsites (high marsh) than at tall-shoot subsites (low marsh). This was because the vertical profile of dead-blade mass resulted in more of the short-shoot dead-blade mass residing within the vertical span most regularly contacted by flooding tides.
BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND MATERIALS: A REVIEW OF THE FIELD OF BIOMECHANICS AND THE ROLE OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS

The field of biological materials and systems is extensive, representing an interdisciplinary topic encompassing mechanics, materials science, and the breadth of engineering disciplines in conjunction with biology and medicine. The biological world has evolved a diverse array of structures and materials that offer unique and desirable properties of significant interest to the engineering world. The local variations in material composition and the intricate hierarchical structures of organic materials result in complicated constitutive responses. Characterizing and understanding these responses impact the field of medicine and provide inspiration for new materials and new areas of study. The unique requirements associated with implants provide opportunities to develop new materials and structures, and employ existing materials to new problems. The membership of the SEM, through the Biological Materials and Systems TD, has embraced the opportunity to take on a central role in developing this new field as evidenced by the many publications referenced here, bringing a strong background of classical mechanics to the investigation of organic materials, the study of implant materials, and the development of new materials and structures based on inspiration from the natural world.
The regulation of amyloid β protein precursor secretion and its modulatory role in cell adhesion

Abstract The regulation and function of two forms of the amyloid β protein precursor (ABPP) that are released into the growth-conditioned medium of the PC12 nerve cell line were examined. Nerve growth factor increases the release of the form of ABPP without the proteaseinhibitor domain relative to the protein containing the protease inhibitor and increases the overall rate of ABPP secretion 2-fold. In contrast, fibroblast growth factor increases the rate of ABPP secretion approximately 7-fold. Both forms of the secreted ABPP molecule are, in turn, able to stimulate adhesion of PC12 cells to substrata to which they are adsorbed about 10-fold more efficiently on a molar basis than laminin.
Dioxygen Cleavage and Methane Activation on Diiron Enzyme Models: A Theoretical Study

Two possible mechanisms for dioxygen cleavage on non-heme diiron enzyme models are studied with an approximate molecular orbital method, the extended Huckel method. Diiron peroxo model complexes wi...
Biological study of R24 mouse monoclonal antibody in patients undergoing thoracotomy for pulmonary metastases from soft tissue sarcoma.

The disialoganglioside GD3 is expressed on the surface of soft tissue sarcoma, malignant melanoma, and other malignant cells and is, therefore, a potential target for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Intravenously administered R24, a murine IgG3 monoclonal antibody to GD3, induces inflammation and tumor regression at sites of metastatic malignant melanoma. R24 5 mg/m2 was given intravenously every other day for six doses to 10 patients with pulmonary metastases from a primary soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity for whom thoracotomy was planned. Resected tissue was available from 7 patients. All metastases expressed GD3; however, expression was heterogeneous within tumors, and in no tumor were more than 80% of the cells GD3 positive. A mild to moderate infiltrate consisting of mononuclear cells with T-cell markers was identified around or within pulmonary metastases in 6 patients. Tolerable acute allergic reactions occurred in all patients, but 3 patients had severe chest tightness and bronchospasm that...
Role of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in the sulfhydryl requirement for protein synthesis

Abstract 1. 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane from rat liver was stripped of its ribosomes and was then reacted with liver polyribosomes. Polysomes derived from whole-cell preparations and polysomes free in the cytoplasm were equally effective in providing reconstituted rough endoplasmic reticulum. 2. 2. Reconstituted rough endoplasmic reticulum was tested in vitro for capacity to incorporate amino acids from aminoacyl-tRNA into peptide. The presence of the membrane resulted in a requirement for sulfhydryl compounds not needed by the same polysomes incubated in the absence of membrane. This modification imposed by the presence of the membrane occurred whether the polysomes used for reconstitution were representative of the whole cell population or were polysomes originally free in the cytoplasm. However, polysomes made by adding polyuridylic acid to ribosome subunits did not show this sulfhydryl dependence when used for reconstitution of rough endoplasmic reticulum. This may have been related to the fact that most of these polyuridylic acid complexes were monomers. 3. 3. It is concluded that peptide bond formation by the reconstituted system resembles that of the original rough endoplasmic reticulum freshly prepared from the liver cell in having a sulfhydryl requirement due to the presence of the membrane.
The Influence of Legally Irrelevant Factors on Felony Sentencing

Discussions of the link between sentence and legally irrelevant background factors have typically been carried on either without referring to research findings or with reference to only one or two of the legally irrelevant factors, such as race or occupation. The present research incorporates additional factors and places the findings in the context of competing explanatory models.
Approaching global industrial marketing from a managerial cognition perspective: a theoretical framework

Purpose – This paper aims to attempt to develop an integrative theoretical framework that approaches global industrial marketing from a managerial cognition perspective.Design/methodology/approach – Drawing from the managerial cognition research, business strategy research, and international business research, this paper develops a theoretical framework that is relevant to global industrial marketing.Findings – Global industrial marketing research has much to gain from the managerial cognition literature. The framework developed in this article presents relevant managerial cognition variables, their individual and firm level antecedents, and desirable outcomes.Research limitations/implications – The framework presented in this paper provides strong theoretical foundation for further theory development in global industrial marketing research and managerial cognition research. However, given the conceptual nature of our research, empirical scrutiny and further conceptual and empirical research are required....
Medical genomics: Gather and use genetic data in health care.

Research into how genetic variants can guide successful treatments must become part of routine medical practice and records, says Geoffrey Ginsburg.
An interpersonal‐jungian interface: Links of divergent personality measures

To explore an interface of personality instruments divergent in focus and in method, all correlations between 18 measures from LaForge and Suczek's (1955) Interpersonal Check List (ICL) and 14 scores from Singer and Lommis' (1984) Inventory of Personality (SLIP), an ipsative Jungian-oriented questionnaire, were determined for 117 undergraduates. Representing interpersonal behavior's primary affiliation dimension, ICL's LOV factor never linked significantly to SLIP scores. Representing dominance, the second principal interpersonal dimension, ICL's DOM factor correlated significantly with each of SLIP's four composite cognitive functions (Thinking, Feeling, Sensation, and Intuition) and also with seven of SLIP's eight blended cognitive modes (Extraverted Thinking, Introverted Thinking, Extraverted Feeling, etc.), although, surprisingly, not with total Extraversion or total Introversion. Consistently appreciable, but inverse linkages of the adjacent Rebellious and Distrustful ICL sectors to SLIP Thinking were another highlight. The many significant (66/252) ICL-SLIP bonds suggest that SLIP's interpersonal implications merit further attention.
Electrocorticographic amplitude predicts finger positions during slow grasping motions of the hand

Four human subjects undergoing subdural electrocorticography for epilepsy surgery engaged in a range of finger and hand movements. We observed that the amplitudes of the low-pass filtered electrocorticogram (ECoG), also known as the local motor potential (LMP), over specific peri-Rolandic electrodes were correlated (p < 0.001) with the position of individual fingers as the subjects engaged in slow and deliberate grasping motions. A generalized linear model (GLM) of the LMP amplitudes from those electrodes yielded predictions for positions of the fingers that had a strong congruence with the actual finger positions (correlation coefficient, r; median = 0.51, maximum = 0.91), during displacements of up to 10 cm at the fingertips. For all the subjects, decoding filters trained on data from any given session were remarkably robust in their prediction performance across multiple sessions and days, and were invariant with respect to changes in wrist angle, elbow flexion and hand placement across these sessions (median r = 0.52, maximum r = 0.86). Furthermore, a reasonable prediction accuracy for grasp aperture was achievable with as few as three electrodes in all subjects (median r = 0.49; maximum r = 0.90). These results provide further evidence for the feasibility of robust and practical ECoG-based control of finger movements in upper extremity prosthetics.