cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent advancements in the discovery of protein–protein interaction inhibitors of replication protein A

Due to the relatively high rate of DNA damage that can occur during cell cycle progression, the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway is critical for the survival of eukaryotic cells. Replication protein A (RPA) is an essential cell cycle checkpoint protein that mediates the initiation of the DDR by binding to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and recruiting response partners via protein–protein interactions (PPIs). This important role of RPA in initiating the DDR and cell survival has led to interest within the scientific community to investigate RPA as a potential cancer drug discovery target. To this end, RPA inhibitors have been explored via a variety of methods. This review summarizes the structure and function of RPA and highlights recent efforts to discover inhibitors of RPA–protein interactions.
Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs much less commonly in children than adults. Children can also experience spinal cord dysfunction from birth injuries, skeletal dysplasias, neoplasms, infections, and autoimmune causes. There are special considerations for determining the level and completeness of injury in children under 6 years of age. Children with SCI experience some unique secondary complications such as scoliosis, and other complications such as autonomic dysreflexia require modifications in management due to pediatric physiology. The rehabilitation of children with SCI typically includes compensatory strategies and exercise, and new methods of exercise including functional electrical stimulation and activity-based locomotor training are being researched for efficacy in restoration of function. Studies of psychosocial health of children with SCI highlight the importance of peer interactions and participation in activities outside the home. Practitioners also need to be mindful of the stress an injury places on siblings, parents, and other caregivers.
Animal Ethics and India: Understanding the Connection through the Capabilities Approach

This paper, unveiling the visionary short-sightedness of animal protection, argues for a just vision towards animals in India. Critically analysing the wide range of animal protections in India, the paper finds that in spite of such protections, animals continue to suffer out of unfair and unjust treatments in the country. Considering visionary short-sightedness as the reason behind these unfair and unjust treatments, the paper argues that ensuring the rights of non-human animals to basic capabilities is a fundamental and just vision towards delivering ethical and just actions towards animals. For this, the paper grounds itself on the theoretical foundation of the capabilities approach and makes some policy-level recommendations to protect animals in India.
Do limited English students jeopardize the education of other students? Lessons from the North Carolina public school system

ABSTRACTThe significant increase in immigration has altered the ethnic composition of public schools in many states. Given the perceived negative impact of immigrant students by some, we are interested in investigating whether higher concentrations of students with limited English (LE) skills in a school affect the academic performance of native students. To address this question, we analyze education data from North Carolina using LE ability as a proxy for immigrant students who are not native English speakers. Our analysis provides limited evidence of negative peer effects of LE students, though the effects are heterogeneous and the magnitudes are small.
The Kindling Process and Vulnerability to Status Epilepticus

Several years ago, we developed an experimental model of status epilepticus (SE) that exploited the interaction of pilocarpine and seizure discharge upon a background of epileptogenesis resulting from amygdala kindling (1). We were initially interested in using the model to study the mechanisms by which the sustained seizures were initiated and maintained. However, we were struck by the extensive bilateral neuropathology resulting from a relatively short duration of SE in our model compared to other models of SE using pilocarpine (2, 11). We naturally wondered if the kindling process established an increased vulnerability to seizure-induced damage. If so, we reasoned that elucidation of the mechanisms responsible for the enhanced vulnerability might reveal information about the mechanisms underlying the acquisition of kindled seizures. Described here is some of the work that evolved from this idea, the results of which indicate that kindling does indeed alter vulnerability to SE, but also that the picture is more complex than we had originally envisioned.
Formation of N2O greenhouse gas during SCR of NO with NH3 by supported vanadium oxide catalysts

Abstract Selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 over supported vanadium oxide catalysts has been studied for decades, but the studies mostly concentrated on the dominant N2 product with much less attention paid to the formation of the undesired N2O product. In the present study, fundamental aspects of the N2O formation reaction were elucidated by a series of temperature-programmed surface reaction studies with isotopic labelled reactants. The surface vanadium oxide species on the TiO2 support are active sites for the N2O formation reaction, while tungsten species mainly function as promoters. Oxygen from NO, gaseous O2 and catalyst oxygen all function as oxygen sources for formation of N2O (∼50%, ∼30% and ∼20%, respectively). The rate-determining-step for N2O formation involves breaking of the ammonia N H bond. These new molecular level insights have the potential to guide the rational design of improved SCR catalysts for diesel engines with reduced N2O produced.
Yelling into the Silence and its Echos. Czech Shoah Poetry Written till 1960s and its Reception

The literary reflection of the Shoah in Czech war and post-war poetry is very limited. Only a few non-Jewish poets have ever returned to thistheme (e.g. Frantisek Halas,Jiři Kolař,Jaroslav Seifert, Jan Skacel, Karel Křepelka, Radek Malý). Additionally, literary “testaments” of Jewish authors (Karel Fleischmann, Pavel Friedmann etc.) resulted in only two collections of poems entirely dedicated to the suffering of the Jews during the Nazi oppression (Ota Reich and Michal Flach). On the other hand, there are several books of poetry about Lidice and suffering of the Czech people during the World War II by Viktor Fischl, Karel Siktanc, Libuse Hajkova, Milos Vacik and others. After the war there were only Jaroslav Seifert and Jiři Kolař among well-known poets who refered to the Shoah in a more significant way. Seifert created a figure of a Jewish girl, Hendele, in his collection of poems Koncert na ostrově (Concert on the Island), which develops the literary narration of the Shoah. Jiři Kolař referred to the Shoah repeatedly, however, he only had a limited chance to publish his work. As a result of this fact, the reception of Czech post-war poetry about the Shoah is almost absent. In my article, I concentrated on some reviewers’ remarks that have already been published since the war-time and other reflections of this kind such as editions of books by Jiři Orten, Hanus Bonn, Jiři Daniel. A hypothetical reaction on the Shoah verses by Pick’s cabaret audience or Halas’s anonymous poetic obituary paying tribute to Jiři Orten are rather specific sorts of reception. The critical reflection of Kolař’s work in the context of the mass murder commited during the WW II is exceptional. However, the specific motifs of the Shoah were significantly focused on only in recent years by three foreign reviewers (Leszek Engelking, Hanna Marciniak and Anja Golebiowski). Czech Shoah poems printed or reprinted in Jewish periodicals (e.g. annual “Židovska rocenka”, published since 1954) represent a commemorative function, even though sometimes with informative commentaries. They miss any analytical aspect.
Examining the Use of Planned Happenstance With Students of Korean Cultural Backgrounds in the United States

Students of Korean cultural backgrounds seek to enter the U.S. workforce, yet they face various career development challenges. One challenge is building relationships and engaging in career network...
Cocaine Inhibition of Synaptic Transmission in the Ventral Pallidum Is Pathway-Specific and Mediated by Serotonin

Summary The ventral pallidum (VP) is part of the basal ganglia circuitry and a target of both direct and indirect pathway projections from the nucleus accumbens. VP is important in cocaine reinforcement, and the firing of VP neurons is modulated in vivo during cocaine self-administration. This modulation of firing is thought to be indirect via cocaine actions on dopamine in the accumbens. Here, we show that cocaine directly inhibits synaptic transmission evoked by selective stimulation of indirect pathway projections to VP neurons. The inhibition is independent of dopamine receptor activation, absent in 5-HT1B knockout mice, and mimicked by a serotonin transporter (SERT) blocker. SERT-expressing neurons in dorsal raphe project to the VP. Optogenetic stimulation of these projections evokes serotonin transients and effectively inhibits GABAergic transmission to VP neurons. This study shows that cocaine increases endogenous serotonin in the VP to suppress synaptic transmission selectively from indirect pathway projections to VP neurons.
Clinical experience with the use of ferric citrate as a phosphate binder in pediatric dialysis patients

Ferric citrate, an iron-based phosphate binder, has been shown to improve both hyperphosphatemia and iron deficiency in adult chronic kidney disease patients, but its use in the pediatric dialysis population has not been described. This is a retrospective analysis of 11 unselected pediatric dialysis patients who received ferric citrate as a phosphate binder between 2015 and 2017. Time-averaged laboratory values were compared pre- and post-ferric citrate initiation using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The median age of this cohort was 13 years old (range 4–17 years old). Five patients were on hemodialysis, and six patients were on peritoneal dialysis. The median duration of ferric citrate therapy was 214 days (range 39–654 days), with a median time-averaged ferric citrate dose of 3.5 tablets per day (range 1.5–8.4 tablets per day). Compared to the pre-ferric citrate period, ferric citrate treatment was associated with decreased serum phosphate (6.5 to 5.2 mg/dl, p = 0.014), decreased phosphate age-related standard deviation score (SDS) (2.3 to 0.9, p = 0.019), increased transferrin saturation (26 to 34%, p = 0.049), increased ferritin (107 to 230 ng/ml, p = 0.074), and maintenance of hematocrit. In pediatric dialysis patients, ferric citrate may be able to concurrently lower phosphate levels and treat iron deficiency. However, larger studies are needed to further evaluate safety and efficacy in the pediatric chronic kidney disease population.
A dose-response study of intravenous m-chlorophenylpiperazine in normal subjects.

A placebo-controlled dose-response study of the direct serotonin receptor agonistm-chlorophenylpiperazine (MCPP), intravenously infused over 90 s in 0.06 and 0.08 mg/kg doses, was conducted in nine normal male subjects. Cortisol, prolactin, MCPP serum levels and behavioral responses were measured over a 210-min period. Both doses caused significant cortisol and prolactin release and were associated with significantly greater behavioral effects as compared to placebo. Though the two doses were associated with different MCPP serum levels, they did not significantly differ in their hormonal and behavioral effects.
Three-step Harmonic Solvmanifolds

The Lichnerowicz conjecture asserted that every harmonic Riemannian manifold is locally isometric to a two-point homogeneous space. In 1992, E. Damek and F. Ricci produced a family of counter-examples to this conjecture, which arise as abelian extensions of two-step nilpotent groups of type-H. In this paper we consider a broader class of Riemannian manifolds: solvmanifolds of Iwasawa type with algebraic rank one and two-step nilradical. Our main result shows that the Damek–Ricci spaces are the only harmonic manifolds of this type.
Efficient sequential quadratic programming implementations for equality-constrained discrete-time optimal control

Efficient sequential quadratic programming (SQP) implementations are presented for equality-constrained, discrete-time, optimal control problems. The algorithm developed calculates the search direction for the equality-based variant of SQP and is applicable to problems with either fixed or free final time. Problem solutions are obtained by solving iteratively a series of constrained quadratic programs. The number of mathematical operations required for each iteration is proportional to the number of discrete times N. This is contrasted by conventional methods in which this number is proportional to N3. The algorithm results in quadratic convergence of the iterates under the same conditions as those for SQP and simplifies to an existing dynamic programming approach when there are no constraints and the final time is fixed. A simple test problem and two application problems are presented. The application examples include a satellite dynamics problem and a set of brachistochrone problems involving viscous friction.
Classifying Sexual Offenders

Classification is a fundamental cognitive operation. From the first perceptual contact with stimuli (Pomerantz, 1986; Treisman, 1986) through the ultimate integration and storage of information in long-term memory (Rosch & Lloyd, 1978), the identification, organization, and integration of elements that share common characteristics has been shown to be an essential component of perception and cognition. The critical function of classification in scientific investigation mirrors its central role in general cognition. Phenomenalists, realists, and con-ceptualists, despite their diverse metaphysical perspectives, all recognize the vital role of classification in science (Ghiselin, 1981). It stands as a necessary precursor and pervasive sustainer of all scientific progress (Hempel, 1965).
Achieving high-rate hydrogen recovery from wastewater using customizable alginate polymer gel matrices encapsulating biomass

In addition to methane gas, higher-value resources such as hydrogen gas are produced during anaerobic wastewater treatment. They are, however, immediately consumed by other organisms. To recover these high-value resources, not only do the desired phenotypes need to be retained in the anaerobic reactor, but the undesired ones need to be washed out. In this study, a well-established alginate-based polymer gel, with and without a coating layer, was used to selectively encapsulate hydrogen-producing biomass in beads to achieve high-rate recovery of hydrogen during anaerobic wastewater treatment. The effect of cross-linking agents, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+, as well as a composite coating on the beads, consisting of alternating layers of polyethylenimine and silica hydrogel, were investigated with respect to their performance, specifically, their mass transfer characteristics and their differential ability to retain the encapsulated biomass. Although the coating reduced the escape rate of encapsulated biomass from the beads, all alginate polymer matrices without coating effectively retained biomass. Fast diffusion of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) through the polymer gel was observed in both Ca-alginate and Sr-alginate without coating. The coating, however, decreased either the diffusivity or the permeability of the DOC depending on whether the DOC was from synthetic wastewater (more lipids and proteins) or real brewery wastewater (more sugars). Consequently, the encapsulation system with coating became diffusion limited when brewery wastewater with high chemical oxygen demand was fed, resulting in a lower hydrogen production rate than the uncoated encapsulation systems. In all cases the encapsulated biomass was able to produce hydrogen, even at a hydraulic residence time of 45 min. Although there are limitations to this system, the used of encapsulated biomass for resource recovery from wastewater shows promise, particularly for high-rate systems in which the retention of specific phenotypes is desired.
CLEARED (Chemicals and Litmus testing with Effective Alkaline Range for Eye Damage): A Prospective, Interventional Study.

Objectives While immediate diagnosis and irrigation is standard chemical eye burn practice, it is unknown to what extent specific pH measurements influence management, given the frequent clinical availability of narrow-spectrum nitrazine pH strips. We hypothesize that exclusive broad-spectrum pH strip implementation leads to more accurate measurement and expedited ophthalmologic consultation. Methods At a Level I trauma center over 25 months, all emergent adult ophthalmology consultations for chemical burns were included in a pre-intervention (n = 22) and post-intervention (n = 20) study design. During this time, narrow-spectrum nitrazine pH strips available to non-obstetric emergency department (ED) staff were exclusively replaced by broad-spectrum strips. Causative chemical, time from triage to ophthalmology consultation, examination findings, ocular pH by ED and ophthalmology staff, and irrigation quantity were analyzed. Results Most burns were alkaline. Time from triage (p = 0.043) and irrigation quantity following consultation (p = 0.047) each decreased following exclusive ED implementation of broad-spectrum pH strips. There was greater pH congruence between consulting and primary physicians after intervention (p = 0.03). Conclusions Exclusive non-obstetric implementation of broad-spectrum pH strips may allow greater accuracy and faster management of ocular chemical burns. Availability of narrow-spectrum pH strips may be dangerous clinically by falsely reassuring the examiner with inherent inaccuracy.
The Role of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders

Abstract Neurodegenerative disorders encompass a range of conditions in which neuronal structure and function are altered affecting the brain and spinal cord [central nervous system (CNS)] and worsening over time. Concomitant with the increase in longevity that has occurred over the past five decades, there has been a rise in the incidence of neurodegenerative disorders. For a number of these neurodegenerative disorders, the initiating pathoetiology involves an inflammatory process in a response to a diverse array of CNS insults, whose purpose is to protect and repair the tissues involved and restore homeostasis. A sustained inflammatory response or a change from acute to chronic neuroinflammation constitutes a fundamental process in the progression of several of these neurodegenerative disorders. The CNS inflammatory response is orchestrated by an interaction of microglial cells, infiltrating myeloid cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and signaling molecules (cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors) that produces a reaction that is both central and peripheral. This review examines the role of neuroinflammation in the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington’s disease (HD).
On Close-to-Functional Test Sequences

Close-to-functional broadside tests create close-to-functional operation conditions during the clock cycles where delay faults are detected in order to avoid overtesting. The requirement for functional operation conditions is relaxed in order to achieve the fault coverage of arbitrary (non-functional) broadside tests, and thus avoid test escapes. Existing procedures for computing close-to-functional broadside tests are based on limited information about the deviations that the tests create from functional operation conditions. Noting that functional broadside tests can be extracted from functional test sequences, this paper defines a new concept of a close-to-functional test sequence from which close-to-functional broadside tests can be extracted. For the resulting tests, the deviations from functional operation conditions are known, and can be bounded, over multiple clock cycles. The paper also describes a procedure for computing close-to-functional test sequences that are effective for the detection of transition faults. Experimental results demonstrate the deviations that need to be allowed in order to achieve the transition fault coverage of an arbitrary (non-functional) broadside test set.
Using natural antimicrobials to enhance the safety and quality of poultry

Naturally occurring antimicrobials can be obtained from a variety of sources and may range from acids such as acetic and lactic to essential oils derived from spices. Biological methods such as bacteriocins and bacteriophages can also be used in this manner because of their natural derivation. Such products have the potential to be applied at various stages throughout the poultry production continuum (pre- and post-slaughter).
Simulated annealing model of acupuncture

The growth control singularity model suggests that acupuncture points (acupoints) originate from organizers in embryogenesis. Organizers are singular points in growth control. Acupuncture can cause perturbation of a system with effects similar to simulated annealing. In clinical trial, the goal of a treatment is to relieve certain disorder which corresponds to reaching certain local optimum in simulated annealing. The self-organizing effect of the system is limited and related to the person’s general health and age. Perturbation at acupoints can lead a stronger local excitation (analogous to higher annealing temperature) compared to perturbation at non-singular points (placebo control points). Such difference diminishes as the number of perturbed points increases due to the wider distribution of the limited self-organizing activity. This model explains the following facts from systematic reviews of acupuncture trials: 1. Properly chosen single acupoint treatment for certain disorder can lead to highly repeatable efficacy above placebo 2. When multiple acupoints are used, the result can be highly repeatable if the patients are relatively healthy and young but are usually mixed if the patients are old, frail and have multiple disorders at the same time as the number of local optima or comorbidities increases. 3. As number of acupoints used increases, the efficacy difference between sham and real acupuncture often diminishes. It predicted that the efficacy of acupuncture is negatively correlated to the disease chronicity, severity and patient’s age. This is the first biological – physical model of acupuncture which can predict and guide clinical acupuncture research.
Medical data visual synchronization and information interaction using Internet-based graphics rendering and message-oriented streaming

Abstract The rapid technology advances in medical devices make possible the generation of vast amounts of data, which contain massive quantities of diagnostic information. Interactively accessing and sharing the acquired data on the Internet is critically important in telemedicine. However, due to the lack of efficient algorithms and high computational cost, collaborative medical data exploration on the Internet is still a challenging task in clinical settings. Therefore, we develop a web-based medical image rendering and visual synchronization software platform, in which novel algorithms are created for parallel data computing and image feature enhancement, where Node.js and Socket.IO libraries are utilized to establish bidirectional connections between server and clients in real time. In addition, we design a new methodology to stream medical information among all connected users, whose identities and input messages can be automatically stored in database and extracted in web browsers. The presented software framework will provide multiple medical practitioners with immediate visual feedback and interactive information in applications such as collaborative therapy planning, distributed treatment, and remote clinical health care.
SMART Paths for Latency Reduction in ReRAM Processing-In-Memory Architecture for CNN Inference.

This research work proposes a design of an analog ReRAM-based PIM (processing-in-memory) architecture for fast and efficient CNN (convolutional neural network) inference. For the overall architecture, we use the basic hardware hierarchy such as node, tile, core, and subarray. On the top of that, we design intra-layer pipelining, inter-layer pipelining, and batch pipelining to exploit parallelism in the architecture and increase overall throughput for the inference of an input image stream. We also optimize the performance of the NoC (network-on-chip) routers by decreasing hop counts using SMART (single-cycle multi-hop asynchronous repeated traversal) flow control. Finally, we experiment with weight replications for different CNN layers in VGG (A-E) for large-scale data set ImageNet. In our simulation, we achieve 40.4027 TOPS (tera-operations per second) for the best-case performance, which corresponds to over 1029 FPS (frames per second). We also achieve 3.5914 TOPS/W (tera-operaions per second per watt) for the best-case energy efficiency. In addition, the architecture with aggressive pipelining and weight replications can achieve 14X speedup compared to the baseline architecture with basic pipelining, and SMART flow control achieves 1.08X speedup in this architecture compared to the baseline. Last but not least, we also evaluate the performance of SMART flow control using synthetic traffic.
Machine Learning Approaches in COVID-19 Survival Analysis and Discharge Time Likelihood Prediction using Clinical Data

Summary As a highly contagious respiratory disease, COVID-19 has yielded high mortality rates since its emergence in December 2019. As the number of COVID-19 cases soars in epicenters, health officials are warning about the possibility of the designated treatment centers being overwhelmed by coronavirus patients. In this study, several computational techniques are implemented to analyze the survival characteristics of 1,182 patients. The computational results agree with the outcome reported in early clinical reports released for a group of patients from China that confirmed a higher mortality rate in men compared with women and in older age groups. The discharge-time prediction of COVID-19 patients was also evaluated using different machine-learning and statistical analysis methods. The results indicate that the Gradient Boosting survival model outperforms other models for patient survival prediction in this study. This research study is aimed to help health officials make more educated decisions during the outbreak.
Lactulose may reduce Clostridium difficile-related diarrhea among patients receiving antibiotics.

Background and aim Prebiotics are nondigestible oligosaccharides that are metabolized by colonic bacteria, resulting in a change in the pH of the colonic milieu as well as modifying the microbiome of the colon. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine whether concomitant lactulose administration affected the Clostridium difficile infection rate among hospitalized adult patients receiving antibiotics. Methods We retrospectively reviewed inpatient medical records of patients in a large teaching hospital admitted during a one-year period. Individuals treated with antibiotic therapy during the course of their hospitalization were considered for inclusion in the study. Patients were evaluated for development of C. difficile infection, as well as concomitant lactulose therapy for hepatic encephalopathy. The incidence of C. difficile infection among patients who received lactulose and antibiotic therapy was compared with that among those who received antibiotic therapy alone. Results Patients who received lactulose and antibiotic therapy were slightly older (n = 87, mean age 67) than patients who received antibiotic therapy alone (n = 103, mean age 60). Similar numbers of patients were males in both groups (male/female: 50/53 and male/female: 46/41). Two (2.3%) patients who received lactulose and antibiotic therapy developed C. difficile infection during the course of hospitalization, compared with 10 (9.7%) patients who received antibiotic therapy alone (P = 0.04, Fisher exact test). Conclusion Administration of lactulose may reduce the incidence of C. difficile-related diarrhea among hospitalized adult patients receiving antibiotics.
Infantile and Congenital Hemangiomas: Natural History, Complications, and When and How to Treat

Infantile and congenital hemangiomas are benign vascular tumors of infancy. Typical infantile hemangiomas are common, and though usually innocent, they are extremely heterogeneous and may yield a range of complications depending on their morphology, size, or location. Interventions for infantile hemangiomas include topical, intralesional, and systemic therapies, including oral propranolol, which has revolutionized our management of IH over the past recent years.
Extraterritorial Damages in Patent Law

In 2018, the Supreme Court in WesternGeco LLC v. ION Geophysical Corp. held that the owner of a U.S. patent could recover its lost profit on sales it would have made outside the United States, but for the defendant’s violation of 35 U.S.C. § 271(f)(2)—a rarely-used provision of the Patent Act that prohibits, subject to certain conditions, the export of patented components for combination abroad. The Court left open the question of whether owners also can recover extraterritorial damages resulting from the (much more common) setting in which the defendant is accused of an initial act of making, using, or selling the invention within the United States, in violation of § 271(a). Consideration of this question exposes an ostensible tension between two long-established principles of U.S. patent law: first, that owners are, in general, entitled to full compensation for their losses; and second, that patent rights are territorial, that is, unenforceable against conduct occurring outside a nation’s borders. In this Article, I argue that allowing patent owners to recover damages for extraterritorial losses stemming from violations of § 271(a) does not, in fact, undermine the territoriality principle, as long as courts are consistent in their application of three limiting principles. The first is that the domestic infringement must be the cause-in-fact (or “but-for” cause) of the defendant’s subsequent foreign sales. While this requirement might seem obvious, in the present context it means that, if the defendant could have avoided infringing the U.S. patent by outsourcing production, then as a matter of economic logic the domestic infringement is not a cause-in-fact of the extraterritorial sales, and at most the patent owner is entitled to a royalty reflecting the lower cost, if any, of domestic manufacture. Second, even if the domestic infringement is the cause-in-fact of foreign sales, the patent owner cannot recover damages unless those sales also are proximately caused by the domestic infringement. Contrary to the views of some commentators, however, there is nothing inherently unforeseeable, indirect, remote, or speculative about foreign sales tied to domestic infringement, and no sound public policy reason for categorically excluding them from consideration. The third principle is that courts should not compensate patent owners twice for the same loss. Fortunately, courts in the U.S. and elsewhere have considerable experience applying, under a range of circumstances, the “single recovery” rule (otherwise known as the rule against double recovery). Taken together, application of these principles should enable courts to avoid the parade of horribles that some commentators fear will result from any slackening of the territoriality principle.
Can teacher education programs help prepare new kindergarten and first grade teachers to address student absenteeism

Abstract Children in kindergarten and first grade are missing more school than at any other point during the elementary years. While some research has examined what schoolwide programs might help to reduce absences, limited work has focused on the role of teachers. We are the first known study to examine kindergarten and first grade teachers, and none have done so vis-a-vis teacher preparation. We collected statewide data on elementary school teachers graduating from teacher preparation programs in the 2017–18 year in California. For teachers entering kindergarten or first grade classrooms, we find that kindergarten and first grade teachers had a greater perceived understanding of chronic absenteeism when they perceived their licensure requirement and placements as being helpful in preparing to teach. We also find that teachers felt better prepared to address absenteeism when they felt stronger support from their university supervisors. In contrast, there are null findings for new teachers entering second through fifth grade classrooms. This is meaningful given that teachers who feel the most prepared are entering classrooms where students are the most likely to be absent. Implications are discussed.
Parental Misattribution of Environmental Stress Reaction Symptoms to Autism.

OBJECTIVE This research aims to characterize parental misattribution to autism of challenging child behaviors related to environmental stress. METHODS To identify differences between parental concern about behavioral challenges and child diagnoses, researchers reviewed records of children assessed at a child development clinic (N = 50, mean age = 4.38), genetics clinic (N = 26, mean age = 4.59), and therapeutic preschool (N = 30, mean age = 3.75), comparing referral information with child diagnoses postassessment. Surveys of parental and teacher concerns regarding children at therapeutic preschool who were not referred for consultation (N = 49) were reviewed and compared with the referral population to assess for referral bias. RESULTS A high rate of parental concern about autism/neurodevelopmental disabilities was found in therapeutic preschool referrals (63%) and the child development clinic (74%), with fewer concerns in the genetics clinic (19%), in contrast with substantially lower numbers ultimately diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (13%, 32%, and 8%, respectively). Across clinics, parents demonstrated greater concern about autism than environmental stress. In all clinics, more children had symptoms related to environmental stress than referrals suggested. Seventy-seven percent of children in the therapeutic preschool, 30% in the child development clinic, and 47% in the genetics clinic were diagnosed with trauma and stressor-related disorders. The results from children not referred for consultation suggest that referral bias plays a role in this phenomenon because parents of these children express similar levels of concern about their child's development (32%) and challenges related to environmental stressors (29%). CONCLUSION The results suggest a tendency for parents seeking consultation to attribute to autism behavioral symptoms related to environmental stress.
Successful Aging and Human-Animal Interaction

Adults over the age of 65 now represent a substantially larger proportion of the US population than ever before and the percentage of older adults is on the rise. Advancing age is commonly associated with a number of mental and physical health risks including reduced social networks, and increased risk of mortality and morbidity. As the population of older adults increases so will the demand on the health care system which makes it increasingly important to find ways to support healthy or successful aging. This chapter discusses the potential of companion animals to address, at least in part, this growing concern. This chapter will summarize some of the key research findings suggesting that companion animals may play a role in promoting healthy active aging and will briefly discuss the physical and mental health benefits associated with pet ownership or with the simple act of interacting with a companion animal.
Exploring relationships among stream health, human well-being, and demographics in Virginia, USA

Abstract Quantification of empirical relationships between ecosystem health and human well-being is uncommon at broad spatial scales. We used public data for Virginia (USA) counties to examine pairwise correlations among two indicators of stream health, thirteen indicators of human well-being, and four demographic metrics. Our indicators of stream health included the Virginia Stream Condition Index (VSCI) and the percentage of stream kilometers with a fish consumption advisory (%FCA); these measures are inversely related. VSCI and %FCA were correlated with some indicators of human health, safety and security, and living standards, as well as with some demographic metrics. VSCI was most strongly correlated (positively) with the percentage of a county’s population self-identifying as White; %FCA was most strongly correlated (positively) with overall mortality rate (number of deaths per 100,000 people). This exploratory study highlights the need for future multidisciplinary, multiscale studies to characterize toxicological, epidemiological, socioeconomic, and political linkages – including causal mechanisms – between ecosystem health and human well-being.
Intra-articular Injection of Bevacizumab Enhances Bone Marrow Stimulation-Mediated Cartilage Repair in a Rabbit Osteochondral Defect Model.

Background:Bone marrow stimulation (BMS) via microfracture historically has been a first-line treatment for articular cartilage lesions. However, BMS has become less favorable because of resulting ...
Demonstrating a new ink material for aerosol printing conductive traces and custom strain gauges on flexible surfaces

Aerosol Jet Printing is an emerging technology that holds much promise for the future of printable electronics and smart additive manufactured structures. Aerosol Jet Printers are capable of printing conformally on nearly any substrate due to their non-contact printing process and compatibility with a wide range of materials. These qualities allow these machines to be extremely versatile and capable of printing antennas, sensors, or even just conductive traces on PCBs and a wide variety of substrates. In this paper, a strain gauge sensor is designed and characterized using a new silver ink material from NovaCentrix and compared to a commercial off-the-shelf strain gauge. This work is the first to characterize the JS-A426 silver ink from NovaCentrix and demonstrate an application using an ultrasonic atomizer aerosol jet delivery system. After experimentally determining the conductivity of the silver ink, the length and area of the strain gauge were chosen to design a sensor with a theoretical resistance of 110 Ω. After aerosol printing and testing the printed strain gauge, it was found to have an average resistance of 116 Ω and a gauge factor of 1.85. These values are similar to commercial strain gauges and demonstrate that the aerosol printed strain gauge is a viable sensor that holds many advantages over traditional strain gauges: quick prototyping, conformally printed on any surface, elimination of any adhesive layer, and can be printed in less than a minute once the printer is setup.
Learning from Asian Teachers: Internal Diversity and Perceptions of Minority Students and Their Families

Despite the low numbers of Asian teachers, Asian students outperform all other racial-ethnic minority groups in majority-minority elementary schools. Teachers of Asian origin are the least represented in this occupation, rarely standing at the front of K-12 classrooms in the United States. Drawing on interviews with 11 Asian heritage teachers of various ethnicities in two “majority-minority schools” in Southern California, this chapter explores how they narrate or explain entering the profession and also captures their perceptions of students and families they serve. While Asian teachers explain that they share commonalities with mostly working-class Latina/o families in terms of immigration histories, they experience different wheels of oppression that inform their perceptions of minority students and families in U.S. educational institutions. The vast range in inequality in their socioeconomic status causes Asian teachers to reinforce and reify hegemonic stereotypes to the detriment of other racial/ethnic minority groups but also their own in majority-minority schools.
Use of in vivo models to study the role of cholesterol in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease.

Cholesterol has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, both through intracellular effects, and through an extracellular effect due to its physical interaction with plaque associated amyloid. Epidemiology studies have implicated high cholesterol as a risk factor for AD, and have shown that the use of cholesterol reducing agents (statins) can be protective against the disease. We, and others have shown that cholesterol levels modulate the processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) both in vivo and in vitro, affecting the accumulation of Abeta (Aβ) peptides which may directly impact the risk of AD. This review describes the biology of sterols, and identifies how cholesterol may exacerbate the pathogenesis of AD. Data from in vivo and in vitro studies will then be presented to describe how treatments aimed at modulating lipid levels may be efficacious in treating AD.
A knowledge-driven method to evaluate multi-source clustering

Recent research demonstrated that biological literature can complement the information extracted from gene expression data to obtain better gene clusters. The Multi-Source Clustering (MSC) algorithm, which was recently proposed by the authors, performs semantic integration of information obtained from gene expression data and biomedical text literature. To address the challenge of evaluating clustering results, a new knowledge-driven approach is proposed based on information extracted from a database of published binding sites of known transcription factors (TF). We propose the use of a measure called C-index for an objective, quantitative evaluation. We compare the results of algorithm MSC for the integrated data sources with the results obtained (a) & (b) by clustering applied to the two sources of data separately, and (c) by clustering after using a feature-level integration. We show that the C-index measurements of the clustering results from MSC are better than that from the other three approaches.
A zooarchaeological analysis of the Skadeland site (13CK402): A Mill Creek culture occupation in northwest Iowa

The late prehistoric entity of the Mill Creek cultures underwent extensive research during the 1960s and 1970s to address the effects of climate change on Mill Creek populations in northwest Iowa. Through this research numerous sites have been excavated including the currently unanalyzed site of Skadeland, which is the focus of my research. Previous Mill Creek faunal analyses have examined faunal remains to record abundance and focused on the exploitation of bison as a food resource, which neglects the numerous small mammals, avian and aquatic resources found at these sites. Therefore, the objective of my research is to address Mill Creek people’s exploitation of all faunal resources at the Skadeland site (13CK402) using a taphonomically informed approach to zooarchaeological analysis. This method provides new details about late prehistoric faunal exploitation and creates a data set that can be used to draw comparisons with other late prehistoric faunal assemblages. To determine the economic and symbolic value of faunal resources, my research examines ethnographic and ethno-historic records of animal exploitation on the northern plains for evidence of cultural and subsistence values placed on species.
Leptospiral selection, growth, and virulence in synthetic medium.

Stalheim, O. H. V. (National Animal Disease Laboratory, Ames, Iowa). Leptospiral selection, growth, and virulence in synthetic medium. J. Bacteriol. 92:946–951. 1966.—The need for protein in leptospiral cultural medium may be circumvented by the use of strains which tolerate the lytic activity of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), a relatively nonlytic source of essential fatty acids. In an otherwise adequate medium, the primary function of a serum protein (bovine albumin fraction V) in the cultivation of Leptospira pomona was detoxification of fatty acids. Treatment to destroy or block end groups (amino, sulfhydryl, or hydroxyl) did not impair this function, but, after treatment with trypsin, albumin was inactive. Synthetic and derived peptides or polyvinylpyrrolidone did not substitute for albumin. L. pomona grew in medium with surface tension values of 44 to 58 dynes/cm2; after growth, the values were increased slightly (5 to 8). The growth responses did not correlate with the surface tension of the medium, but they were in proportion to the concentration of Tween 80. Of six strains of L. pomona, five were transferred from medium containing rabbit serum and were subcultured in Tween synthetic medium (TSM) containing low, nonlytic concentrations (0.002%) of Tween 80. The poor antigenicity of L. pomona in carbon-limited TSM was associated with a deficiency of those carbonaceous cellular components which were extractable with 50% ethyl alcohol. After as few as four subcultures in TSM, L. pomona tolerated higher concentrations of Tween 80 (0.06% was optimal; MTSM). If grown on a shaker, the rate and amount of growth and the antigenicity of L. pomona in MTSM equaled that in medium supplemented with rabbit serum. After cultivation in MTSM, all of the five strains were avirulent when administered to hamsters, guinea pigs, and swine. They were still avirulent after three subcultures in complex media or after two serial passages in hamsters.
Selection Does not Operate Primarily on Genes

This chapter offers a review of standard views about the requirements for natural selection to shape evolution and for the sorts of ‘units’ on which selection might operate. It then summarizes traditional arguments for genic selectionism, i.e., the view that selection operates primarily on genes (e.g., those of G. C. Williams, Richard Dawkins, and David Hull) and traditional counterarguments (e.g., those of William Wimsatt, Richard Lewontin, and Elliott Sober, and a diffuse group based on life history strategies). It then offers a series of responses to the arguments, based on more contemporary considerations from molecular genetics, offered by Carmen Sapienza. A key issue raised by Sapienza concerns the degree to which a small number of genes might be able to control much of the variation relevant to selection operating on such selectively critical organs as hearts. The response to these arguments suggests that selection acts on many levels at once and that sporadic selection, acting with strong effects, can act successively on different key traits (and genes) while maintaining a balance among many potentially conflicting demands faced by organisms within an evolving lineage.