cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What is known about autism: genes, brain, and behavior.

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder of genetic origins, with a heritability of about 90%. Autistic disorder is classed within the broad domain of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) that also includes Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, Asperger syndrome, and PDD not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Prevalence estimates suggest a rate of 0.1–0.2% for autism and 0.6% for the range of PDD disorders. There is considerable phenotypic heterogeneity within this class of disorders as well as continued debate regarding their clinical boundaries. Autism is the prototypical PDD, and is characterized by impairments in three core domains: social interaction, language development, and patterns of behavior (restricted and stereotyped). Clinical pattern and severity of impairment vary along these dimensions, and the level of cognitive functioning of individuals with autism spans the entire range, from profound mental retardation to superior intellect. There is no single biological or clinical marker for autism, nor is it expected that a single gene is responsible for its expression; as many as 15+ genes may be involved. However, environmental influences are also important, as concordance in monozygotic twins is less than 100% and the phenotypic expression of the disorder varies widely, even within monozygotic twins. Multiple susceptibility factors are being explored using varied methodologies, including genome-wide linkage studies, and family- and case-control candidate gene association studies. This paper reviews what is currently known about the genetic and environmental risk factors, neuropathology, and psychopharmacology of autism. Discussion of genetic factors focuses on the findings from linkage and association studies, the results of which have implicated the involvement of nearly every chromosome in the human genome. However, the most consistently replicated linkage findings have been on chromosome 7q, 2q, and 15q. The positive associations from candidate gene studies are largely unreplicated, with the possible exceptions of the GABRB3 and serotonin transporter genes. No single region of the brain or pathophysiological mechanism has yet been identified as being associated with autism. Postmortem findings, animal models, and neuroimaging studies have focused on the cerebellum, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and especially the amygdala. The cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit may also be influential in autism. There is evidence that overall brain size is increased in some individuals with autism. Presently there are no drugs that produce major improvements in the core social or pragmatic language deficits in autism, although several have limited effects on associated behavioral features. The application of new techniques in autism research is being proposed, including the investigation of abnormal regulation of gene expression, proteomics, and the use of MRI and postmortem analysis of the brain.
The Cover-Stimulus Effect: Role of Similarity in Durations of the CS and Cover Cues

Pigeons were exposed to a random relation between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) under the signaled random procedure. All US presentations that were unpaired with the CS were preceded by a second cue, a cover stimulus. Consistent with prior studies, the signaled random procedure supported responding during the CS; however, magnitude of this cover-stimulus effect varied with the duration of the CS relative to the cover-stimulus duration. Higher levels of responding were maintained when the CS and cover stimulus were equal versus unequal in duration. Experiment 1 provides a systematic replication of a study by Williams (1994), who used rat subjects. Higher levels of CS-directed responding were maintained when the cover stimulus was equal in duration to the CS versus when it was shorter. Experiment 2 provides the first demonstration of the effects of cover-stimulus durations that are both longer and shorter than the CS duration, compared to a procedure in which the durations are equivalent. In support of a stimulus-duration-equality effect, level of responding was higher for all equal stimulus-duration groups in comparison to unequal stimulus-duration comparison groups. These effects were accommodated by a common-elements generalization approach to the Rescorla-Wagner model.
A Portrait of Nanomedicine and Its Bioethical Implications

This review addresses the current and future potential of nanomedicine, and its ethical considerations within the comprehensive framework of the four dimensions of medical ethics: Beneficence, Non-Maleficence, Respect, and Justice. From this perspective, the ethical considerations for nanomedicine are not novel, but have been addressed by precedents throughout the history of medicine. While these ethical challenges are not unique to nanomedicine, some require additional consideration, given the envisioned pervasive impact of nanomedicine on society.
The Pain of Paying and Tightwaddism: New Insights and Open Questions

How do people control their spending? From the standard economic perspective, people avoid making a purchase if the opportunity cost of the good under consideration exceeds the benefits of buying the good. However, people appear to rely on emotional distress (a “pain of paying”) as a proxy for opportunity cost. Rick, Cryder, and Loewenstein (2008) found that some people (“tightwads”) chronically experience a high pain of paying and often spend less than they would ideally like to spend. Other people (“spendthrifts”) chronically experience an insufficient amount of pain and often spend more than they would ideally like to spend. This chapter reviews recent research into the pain of paying and tightwaddism, and poses several open questions.
Switching methods for linear turbo equalization

In this paper, several switching methods are presented for a class of switching turbo equalization, where the performance improvement is achieved via adapting the choice of equalizers during the iterative procedure. Four techniques for equalizer selection are presented and compared in computer simulations. The switching scheme based on the average soft information provided by SISO decoders showed the best bit error rate (1.5 dB processing gain at 10/sup -4/) with low complexity.
Hippocampal adult neurogenesis is enhanced by chronic eszopiclone treatment in rats

The adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) exhibits cell proliferation and neurogenesis throughout life. We examined the effects of daily administration of eszopiclone (Esz), a commonly used hypnotic drug and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist, compared with vehicle, on DG cell proliferation and neurogenesis, and on sleep-wake patterns. Esz was administered during the usual sleep period of rats, to mimic typical use in humans. Esz treatment for 7 days did not affect the rate of cell proliferation, as measured by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunostaining. However, twice-daily Esz administration for 2 weeks increased survival of newborn cells by 46%. Most surviving cells exhibited a neuronal phenotype, identified as BrdU-neuronal nuclei (NeuN) double-labeling. NeuN is a marker of neurons. Non-rapid eye movement sleep was increased on day 1, but not on days 7 or 14 of Esz administration. Delta electroencephalogram activity was increased on days 1 and 7 of treatment, but not on day 14. There is evidence that enhancement of DG neurogenesis is a critical component of the effects of antidepressant treatments of major depressive disorder (MDD). Adult-born DG cells are responsive to GABAergic stimulation, which promotes cell maturation. The present study suggests that Esz, presumably acting as a GABA agonist, has pro-neurogenic effects in the adult DG. This result is consistent with evidence that Esz enhances the antidepressant treatment response of patients with MDD with insomnia.
Failure of Krull-Schmidt for invertible lattices over a discrete valuation ring

Let p be a prime greater than 3, and let N be the semi-direct product of a group H of order p by a cyclic C group of order p - 1, which acts faithfully on H. Let R be the localization of Z at p. We show that the Krull-Schmidt Theorem fails for the category of invertible RN-lattices.
Nephropathic cystinosis associated with cardiomyopathy: A 27-year clinical follow-up

Nephropathic cystinosis is an autosomal recessive disease resulting from intracellular accumulation of cystine leading to multiple organ failure. We describe the clinical course of a patient managed from the age of six until his death at the age of 33 years. He underwent multiple surgery, including two renal transplants, developed transplant renal artery stenosis that was managed medically, and progressive heart failure at the age of 33 years. His death from a ruptured pseudoaneurysm associated with a restrictive cardiomyopathy is noteworthy. A limited cardiac autopsy revealed the presence of cystine crystals in interstitial cardiac histiocytes and one myocardial cell, along with 1000-fold higher tissue cystine content of the left ventricular myocardium compared to patients without cystinosis, suggesting the possibility of direct cystine mediated metabolic injury.
Electrophilic behavior of tetracyanoethylene toward transition metal—carbon σ bonds. Reactions with 2-alkenyl and 2-alkynyl complexes

Abstract Transition metal-2-alkenyl complexes h5-C5H5Fe (CO)2CH2C(R″) = CRR′ and h5-C5H5Mo(CO)3CH2C (R″) = CRR′ (R = R′= H, R″ = CH3, R = R′ = CH3; R″ = H) react rapidly with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) to yield the products derived by (3 + 2) cycloaddition with 1,2 metal migration, [M] C(R″)C(R)(R′)C(CN) 2 C (CN) 2 C H2. Similarly, h5-C5H5Fe(CO)2CH2CCR (R = CH3, CH2Fe(CO)2(h5-C5H5)), h5-C5H5Mo(CO)3CH2 CCR (R = C6H5), and h5-C5H5Mo(CO)2[P(OC6H5)3] CH2CCR (R = CH3) afford complexes of the type [M] CC(R)C(CN) 2 C(CN) 2 C H2 on treatment with TCNE. In contrast, reaction between h5-C5H5Mo(CO)2[P (OC6H5)3]CH2CHC(CH3)2 and TCNE proceeds very slowly to produce the keteniminato derivative h5-C5H5 Mo(CO)2[P(OC6H5)3]NCC(CN)C(CN)2CH2CHC (CH3)2 as well as h5-C5H5Mo(CO)2[P(OC6H5)3]CN. The infrared and proton nmr spectra of the new compounds are discussed in the context of assignment of structures. Evidence is presented in support of the intermediacy of dipolar metal-olefin and metal-allene complexes in these reactions.
Sensory receptors on the hindgut of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae Fabricius (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae)

Abstract In the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae , the hindgut is innervated by the proctodeal nerves, branches of nerves XI of the terminal abdominal ganglion. Phasic afferent activity was recorded from the 11th-proctodeal nerve in response to distention of the hindgut by saline injection. With methylene blue staining, eight multipolar sensory receptors of type II ( Dethier , 1963, The Physiology of Insect Senses . Methuen, London) were identified on the ventral and lateral surfaces of the rectum, four on each side. The afferent activity in the 11th-proctodeal nerve most likely originated in these receptors.
The Bubble Chamber Technique for Photographing Interactions of High-Energy Particles

The alternating gradient synchroton (AGS) supplies high-energy particles that are beamed on a target. The particles of interest are focused and steered by magnets through the visible volume of the bubble chamber. Chambers are usually filled with liquid hydrogen, which serves as a target for the incoming particles. To make a chamber sensitive to radiation, a piston is quickly raised, reducing the chamber pressure below the vapor pressure of the liquid, and thus superheating the liquid hydrogen. If, during this time, particles from the accelerator are passed through the chamber, the resulting interactions will nucleate boiling and leave bubble tracks along their paths. After a time delay which enables the bubbles to grow to the proper size, a xenon strobe tube is flashed, and the tracks are photographed. Tracks appear in the chamber as dark spots on a bright background. To increase picture production, chambers are operated in a multipulse mode. A Wilkins-type camera and fast data box enable advancing and tagging a single frame of film, on demand, in less than 100 ms. The fast advance is effected when a blast of air pushes the film into a cup-shaped transfer pocket. Typically, 6 in of 70mm film is advanced in 30 ms.
A PDZ Protein Regulates the Distribution of the Transmembrane Semaphorin, M-SemF

Abstract M-SemF is a membrane-associated, neurally enriched member of the semaphorin family of axon guidance signals. We considered whether the cytoplasmic domain of M-SemF might possess a signaling function and/or might control the distribution of M-SemF on the cell surface. We identify a PDZ-containing neural protein as an M-SemF cytoplasmic domain-associated protein (SEMCAP-1). SEMCAP-2 is a closely related nonneuronal protein. SEMCAP-1 has recently also been identified as GIPC, by virtue of its interaction with the RGS protein GAIP in vitro (De Vries, L., Lou, X., Zhao, G., Zheng, B., and Farquhar, M. G. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 12340–12345). Expression studies support the notion that SEMCAP-1(GIPC) interacts with M-SemF, but not GAIP, in brain. Lung SEMCAP-2 and SEMCAP-1(GIPC) are potential partners for both GAIP and M-SemF. The protein interaction requires the single PDZ domain of SEMCAP-1(GIPC) and the carboxyl-terminal four residues of M-SemF, ESSV. While SEMCAP-1(GIPC) also interacts with SemC, it does not interact with other proteins containing a class I PDZ binding motif, nor does M-SemF interact with other class I PDZ proteins. Co-expression of SEMCAP-1(GIPC) induces the redistribution of dispersed M-SemF into detergent-resistant aggregates in HEK293 cells. Thus, SEMCAP-1(GIPC) appears to regulate the subcellular distribution of M-SemF in brain, and SEMCAPs could link M-SemF to G protein signal transduction pathways.
Mass customization origins: mass or custom manufacturing?

Mass customization presents a paradox to traditional manufacturing practices. Historically, companies chose to produce either customized, crafted products or mass‐produced, standardized products. Thus, mass customization presents a paradox by combining customization and mass production, offering unique products in a mass‐produced, low cost, high volume production environment. If mass customization is truly a combination of mass production and craft manufacturer, how does a manufacturer become a mass customizer? Are the key principles of mass customization rooted in customized product knowledge or mass production techniques? Does the path to mass customization impact financial performances? This paper begins to answer these questions by exploring the total product mix of mass customizing plants using data gathered from 126 mass customizers. This study shows plants that choose mass customization approaches that match the non‐mass customized product line characteristics have higher financial performance than those firms without a matched product line.
Training the future physician manager: Assessing the results

Abstract Occupational medicine residents at the University of Arizona have received formal academic and practicum training in administration since 1983. Training introduces computer skills, fiscal control, budgeting, personnel management, political or regulatory process, program development, and planning and organization. We asked physician graduates who completed program requirements from 1983–1991 to evaluate administrative training and applicability of training to current employment, and to report on their current job duties. Former residents graded program activities as preparation for management responsibilities: community-based rotations, a one-month administration rotation, committee work, administering a program, and residency training overall. Survey results underscore the importance of management training during residency years, since current job duties show such skills are required. However, since the survey indicates our attempts to foster acquisition of specific management skills have been only partially successful, continued and improved efforts in these training areas are necessary.
0060 Investigating Latent Errors In The Operating Theatre Using High Fidelity Simulation

Background In situ simulation based training in healthcare is becoming increasingly popular 1 . The advantages of utilising this mode of education include the opportunity to identify latent errors within the system, environment and team. This is of particular use in high risk and infrequent situations and allows improvement in patient safety and also team knowledge and skill. A previous exercise at Aintree Hospital identified particular logistical and environmental latent errors in an unexpected massive haemorrhage 2 . The National Audit Project 4 run by the Royal College of Anaesthetists highlighted the need for regular multidisciplinary drills for the unanticipated difficult airway 3 . Following this, in situ scenario based training utilising high fidelity simulation has been organised to incorporate the surgical, anaesthetic and critical care directorates at Aintree Hospital. Focus will be placed upon practising existing standard operating procedures, national guidelines and recent changes within our local practices. We would like to present the findings of this event. Methodology Using a mix of actors and high fidelity mannequins the following scenarios will be undertaken: - Malignant hyperpyrexia. - Unanticipated difficult airway. - WHO checklist training incorporating recent local changes Each scenario will be video recorded. Feedback will focus on human factors and identifying latent errors. Results By performing these high risk and uncommon scenarios within the clinical environment, and by utilising the required facilities and teams, we hope to identify any latent errors which may be present. Potential Impact Detection of latent errors within healthcare is vital to improve patient safety and training for the clinical team. In situ simulation based training is well placed to support this. 4 Our aim is to highlight any latent errors within our system and environment whilst improving the knowledge of existing hospital standard operating procedures and confidence in dealing with these anaesthetic emergencies. References Mercer SJ, Wimlett S. In-Situ Simulation. Bulletin of the Royal College of Anaesthetists 2012;76:28–30 Beament T, Mercer SJ, Lacasia C. In-situ simulation for teamwork teaching and testing of a standard operating procedure for unexpected major haemorrhage in a large University Teaching Hospital. Belfast;2014:1–50. Cook TM, Woodall N, Frerk C. Fourth National Audit Project. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 1: Anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia . 2011;106(5):617–31 Henriksen K, et al . In SituIn Situ Simulation: Challenges and Results. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US);2008
Finding text reuse on the web

With the overwhelming number of reports on similar events originating from different sources on the web, it is often hard, using existing web search paradigms, to find the original source of "facts", statements, rumors, and opinions, and to track their development. Several techniques have been previously proposed for detecting such text reuse between different sources, however these techniques have been tested against relatively small and homogeneous TREC collections. In this work, we test the feasibility of text reuse detection techniques in the setting of web search. In addition to text reuse detection, we develop a novel technique that addresses the unique challenges of finding original sources on the web, such as defining a timeline. We also explore the use of link analysis for identifying reliable and relevant reports. Our experimental results show that the proposed techniques can operate on the scale of the web, are significantly more accurate than standard web search for finding text reuse, and provide a richer representation for tracking the information flow.
A negative ion time projection chamber x-ray polarimeter for transient sources

A gamma-ray burst polarimeter (GRBP) is being developed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for measuring the Xray polarization of energetic transients in the 2 - 10 keV energy range. The primary goal is to measure the polarization of the prompt X-ray emission from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in order to distinguish between the possible emission mechanisms. The instrument could also be capable of measuring polarization from other X-ray transients, such as soft gamma repeaters (SGRs) or black hole transients. An instrument with a wide field of view is required to detect transient events and a large collecting area is required to have sufficient sensitivity. The GRBP is a time projection chamber (TPC) that uses negative ions as a charge carrier enabling a large volume, high spatial resolution detector. We describe a GRBP prototype that is suitable for a sounding rocket measurement of the Crab Nebula or for measurements of bright transient sources from a small satellite.
The impact of land use on soil carbon in Miombo Woodlands of Malawi

Abstract In the Miombo Woodlands Region of south-central Africa, it is estimated 50–80% of the total system's carbon stock is found in the top 1.5 m belowground. Deforestation and rapid population growth rates have led to reduced fallow periods and widespread land degradation in the south-central Africa area of the Miombo Woodlands. The impact of this land use conversion on belowground carbon and nitrogen stocks within the Miombo Woodlands has not been examined extensively in the past. We addressed how the soil carbon profile reacts to conversion to agriculture, the continuation of agriculture, and the ability of the soil carbon budget to recover following abandonment within the Chimaliro Forest Reserve and surrounding villages in Kasungu, Malawi. Protected natural Miombo Woodlands sites, agricultural fields of increasing ages, and fallow fields of increasing ages were sampled. Surface carbon levels in Miombo soils varied from 1.2 to 3.7%. Agricultural soil carbon was significantly depressed with surface layers ranging from 0.35 to 1.2% carbon. Unexpectedly, fallow carbon and nitrogen levels continued to be significantly repressed (surface soils 0.65–2.3% C), pointing out the possible unsustainability of the current agricultural management cycle dominant in the area. On average, agricultural soils contain 40% less soil carbon than the natural Miombo Woodlands. Soil carbon declined logarithmically with depth within all land use types. Clay content was significantly positively correlated with soil carbon in the top 40 cm and therefore areas of higher clay content contained elevated carbon levels. Although a common attribute to many agricultural systems, bulk densities were not significantly altered by land use changes.
Learning and Capacity Expansion under Demand Uncertainty

A competitive, dynamic model of entry into a new industry is set up and both its positive and normative aspects are studied. The main assumptions are that entry is sequential, that it occurs under imperfect information on the size of the market and that better information becomes available as time goes on. The gradual improvement in information is due to the fact that later waves of entrants are able to observe the profitability of earlier entrants. The major results reported here (under suitable restrictions) are that the equilibrium rate of entry is monotonically decreasing over time, and that-at any given point in time-it is smaller than the socially optimal one. When a new market opens (as a result of a product being newly invented, for instance) or when an existing market starts to expand, uncertainty with respect to its size is likely to prevail. As a result of this uncertainty, entry of firms into such markets typically will occur in waves: some firms will enter initially, while others will wait to see the consequences of that initial entry. If the experience of early entrants is favourable, entry will continue; otherwise entry will cease. Hence, with the introduction of a new product, two phases are associated: the "growth phase", typified by positive operating profits for existing firms and expansion of productive capacity due to entry of new firms, and the "mature phase", typified by erosion of profits and fixed total productive capacity. Empiricists estimating the time-pattern of investments during the growth phase have found an "S-shaped" diffusion curve (see Mansfield (1986), and Gort and Klepper (1982)). The purpose of the present paper is to theoretically characterize these time-patterns and to investigate their welfare properties. Any attempt to model the type of entry described above, must account for differences in both entry dates and resultant earnings. In other words, the theory must explain why the realized earnings of different cohorts of firms are not equal. Often such ex post differences are reconciled by assuming heterogeneity with respect to some latent underlying characteristic ("managerial ability", for instance) and attributing differences in earnings to differences in that characteristic. In this paper, instead, earning differentials are attributable to luck only: ex ante all firms are technologically identical and equally capable of forecasting market prospects and rationally acting upon those forecasts. Ex post, some firms turn out to have entered at the "right time" and are-for that reason-more profitable. The model developed in this paper analyzes a parametric example of a sequential entry problem in which the uncertainty over market size is gradually resolved over time in a Bayesian setting. In an environment of perfect competition and constant returns-toscale, a free-entry equilibrium concept is introduced and the aggregate implications of the time-path of investments are derived. I then compare this (actual) time-path to the optimum. This comparison is interesting because the equilibrium is analysed under the
Persistence of Cells Capable of T-Cell Growth Factor Production in Long-Term Human T-Lymphoblast Cultures

Human T-lymphoblasts maintained in culture for 1-2 months in T-cell growth factor conditioned medium continue growth when placed in fresh culture medium in the presence of phytohemagglutinin and irradiated adherent cells. In the absence of lectin, no growth occurs. Neither long-term cells nor irradiated adherent cells plus lectin produce soluble factors that stimulate long-term cell growth, but small amounts of this biologic activity can be detected in the culture medium when the two cell sets are mixed together. The data indicate that human long-term cell populations retain the ability to make enough TCGF to stimulate proliferation, but require physical contact with monocytes in the presence of phytohemagglutinin for this response to occur.
Memantine in the Treatment of Executive Function Deficits in Adults With ADHD: A Pilot-Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of memantine hydrochloride as an adjunct to stimulant pharmacotherapy for treating executive function deficits (EFDs) in adults with ADHD. Method: This was a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of memantine added to open-label treatment with stimulant medication. Because of the small sample size, we considered a standardized mean difference (equivalent to effect size) of ≥0.5 and odds ratios ≥2 as indicators of trend improvements. Results: Twelve participants received memantine and 14 received a placebo. Trend improvements favoring memantine were observed on Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions–Adult Inhibition and Self-Monitor subscales when compared with Placebo. No significant changes were noted on the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Conclusion: Among adults with ADHD and EFDs, adjunct treatment with memantine to osmotic release oral system-methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) was associated with impr...
Factors Related to Poor Performance on Memory Tasks in Reading Disabled Children

This research tested the hypothesis that many reading disabled children's failure to apply effective strategies to rote-memory tasks is related to their general lack of reflective knowledge about memory and memory processes, as well as their generally disorganized approach to cognitive tasks. Children identified as good readers, and poor readers with memory difficulties, were asked a variety of questions about memory and memory strategies. Significant differences were found between groups in knowledge of such strategies as rehearsal, ability to generate a variety of different solutions to memory problems, and in the planfulness with which children in the two groups approached real-world memory tasks. The results support the view that many children may fail to learn to read well because they do not manage their intact capabilities efficiently.
Pathways: lessons learned and future directions for school-based interventions among American Indians

Background Pathways, a multicenter study to test the effect of a school-based program to prevent obesity in American Indian children, yielded many benefits and encountered many challenges. This paper explores what we have learned from this study and examines possible future directions.
Multiscale Heterogeneous Modeling with Surfacelets

Computational design of structures and materials requires multiscale models to represent geometry and physical properties. In this paper, we propose a multiscale heterogeneous model, dual-Rep, to represent geometry and property distribution implicitly. A new basis function, called surfacelet, is proposed to capture boundary information more efficiently than traditional wavelets. Zoom operations are defined to support multiscale design. A method of materials model reconstruction from images is also developed.
Termination of incubation in doves: Influence of egg fertility and absence of mate

Abstract The present experiments examine the role of the eggs, the mate, and hormonal state in the termination of incubation by ring doves. Doves given either infertile eggs or newly laid fertile eggs at midincubation did not prolong incubation significantly beyond that observed in doves with hatching eggs. However, there was substantial lack of synchrony between mates in the experimental groups. Half the experimental females laid new eggs, often without interrupting incubation. To clarify the role of the mate in maintaining sitting, pairs were separated on Days 1, 5, or 10 of incubation. Initially birds in each group incubated alone throughout the day. The decline in sitting was more rapid in pairs which had been separated early in incubation. To explore the hormonal correlates of the termination of incubation, mates were separated on the 10th day of incubation and observed until they quit sitting. At this time, males showed substantial crop development. Females had little crop development and large preovulatory folliclels, indicating readiness to lay new eggs despite the absence of the male. We conclude that the termination of incubation by parent doves is delayed by the presence of the mate and this, in turn, prevents follicular development and recycling by the female. Cues from the offspring are important in synchronizing the behavior of the parents and also in preventing a new breeding cycle.
Inhibition of endothelin-1 receptors improves impaired nitric oxide synthase-dependent dilation of cerebral arterioles in type-1 diabetic rats.

Please cite this paper as: Arrick and Mayhan (2010). Inhibition of Endothelin-1 Receptors Improves Impaired Nitric Oxide Synthase-Dependent Dilation of Cerebral Arterioles in Type-1 Diabetic Rats. Microcirculation17(6), 439–446. Abstract Objective: Endothelin-1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular-related diseases, including diabetes. The goal of this study was to examine the influence of endothelin-1 receptors (ETA) in impaired responses of cerebral (pial) arterioles in type-1 diabetic rats. Methods: We measured responses of cerebral arterioles in non-diabetic rats to endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-dependent (ADP), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-dependent (N-methyl-d-aspartic acid [NMDA]) and NOS-independent (nitroglycerin) agonists before and during application of BQ-123, an ETA receptor antagonist. In addition, we harvested brain tissue from non-diabetic and diabetic rats to measure the production of superoxide anion under basal conditions and during inhibition of ETA receptors. Results: We found that diabetes specifically impaired eNOS- and nNOS-dependent reactivity of cerebral arterioles, but did not alter NOS-independent vasodilation. In addition, while BQ-123 did not alter responses in non-diabetic rats, BQ-123 restored impaired eNOS- and nNOS-dependent vasodilation in diabetic rats. Further, superoxide production was higher in brain tissue from diabetic rats compared with non-diabetic rats under basal conditions and BQ-123 decreased basal production of superoxide in diabetic rats. Conclusion: We suggest that activation of ETA receptors during type-1 diabetes mellitus plays an important role in impaired eNOS- and nNOS-dependent dilation of cerebral arterioles.
Distributions having bases which generate finite dimensional Lie algebras

Abstract Let X 1 ,…, X k be real analytic vector fields on an n -dimensional manifold M , k n , which are linearly independent at a point p ϵ M and which, together with their Lie products at p , span the tangent space TM p . Then X 1 ,…, X k form a local basis for a real analytic k -dimensional distribution x→D k (x)= span {X 1 (x),…,X k (x)} . We study the question of when D k admits a basis which generates a nilpotent, or solvable (or finite dimensional) Lie algebra. If this is the case the study of affine control systems, or partial differential operators, described via X 1 ,…, X k can often be greatly simplified.
Binding and factor XIIIa-mediated cross-linking of a 27-kilodalton fragment of fibronectin to Staphylococcus aureus

A 27-kilodalton tryptic fragment, derived from the amino terminus of the 200-kilodalton fibronectin subunit, inhibited binding of intact fibronectin to Staphylococcus aureus and could be cross-linked to Staphylococcus aureus by blood coagulation Factor XIIIa. Interactions of fibronectin with Staphylococcus aureus via this fragment may be important for bacterial opsonization and attachment.
Intermediate Automation Concepts for Incremental Deployment of Automated Highway Systems

Automated highway systems (AHS) are a promising concept whose implementation needs to take place in a modular and incremental manner. Immediate implementation of a fully automated highway system may not be feasible or desirable. It does not allow for the necessary testing and evolution of technology, markets, and social change. Recognizing the importance and challenge of progressive, evolutionary AHS deployment, six deployment assumptions are presented, three deployment issues are discussed, and several intermediate automation concepts for evolution toward AHS are proposed. Concepts are presented in the form of "market packages." Some of these concepts are simple driver aiding systems; others are capable of supporting hands-off and feet-off driving. In the evolutionary path to AHS, a number of comfort and safety enhancements could be realized initially without large infrastructure modifications and without dedicated lanes. Intermediate deployment steps are necessary to help early deployment of partial aut...
Reducing task difficulty during practice improves motor learning in older adults.

Theoretically, greater motor output variability can inhibit motor learning by inhibiting task acquisition during practice. Although the age-associated differences in motor output variability exacerbate with more difficult tasks, it remains unknown whether task difficulty during task acquisition influences motor learning in older adults. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the difficulty of the practice task affects motor learning in older adults. Twenty four older (72.7±7.4years; 11 women) and 7 young (23.1±4years; 1 man) adults participated in this study. Participants were divided into four groups: 8 older adults who practiced an easy task (O-Easy), 8 older adults who practiced a harder task (O-Hard), 8 older adults who did not practice (O-None), and 7 young adults who did not practice (Y-None). The level of difficulty depended on the relative timing (i.e. phase) of abduction force generation between the index and little fingers to track a moving target on the monitor. The O-Easy group practiced the task with 0°, whereas the O-Hard group practiced the task with 90° relative phase. Practice occurred within a single session for 80 trials. Motor learning was quantified as the ability to transfer the practiced tasks to 45°, 135° and 180° relative phases 24 and 168h after acquisition. Only the O-Easy group was able to significantly transfer the practiced task, as it was indicated by significantly lower force variability and error during all transfer tasks compared with the O-None group (P 0.2). In addition, during the transfer tasks the O-Easy group exhibited performance similar to that of the young adults who did not practice. These findings suggest that practice with easier tasks may be advantageous to practice with more difficult tasks to improve motor learning in older adults.
Flat Polymer Heat Spreader With High Aspect Ratio Micro Hybrid Wick Operating Under Adverse Gravity

We report the successful fabrication and application of a micro-scale hybrid liquid wicking structure in flat polymer-based heat spreaders to improve the heat transfer performance under gravitational acceleration. The hybrid wick consists of 100 μm high, 200 μm wide square electroformed high aspect ratio copper micro-pillars with 31 μm spacing for liquid flow. A woven copper mesh with 51 μm diameter and 76 μm spacing was bonded to the top surface of the pillars to enhance evaporation and condensation heat transfer. The exterior device geometry is 40 mm × 40 mm × 1.0 mm. The 100 μm thick liquid crystal polymer (LCP) casing contains a two-dimensional array of copper filled vias to reduce the overall thermal resistance. The device was tested with heat flux input of up to 63 W/cm2 at horizontal and vertical orientations. The difference in temperature between the evaporator and condenser was measured and compared to a copper reference block of identical exterior dimensions. The experimentally determined thermal resistance of the copper block remained nearly constant at 1.2 K/W. The thermal resistance of the flat polymer heat spreader at horizontal orientation was 0.55 K/W. The same device at −90° adverse orientation resulted in a thermal resistance of 0.60 K/W. These measurements indicate that this hybrid wicking structure is capable of providing a capillary pumping pressure that is effective at transferring at least 63 W/cm2 heat flux regardless of orientation. This work illustrates an important step to developing more effective thermal management strategies for the next generation of heat generating components and the possibility of developing flexible, polymer-based heat spreaders fabricated with standardized printed circuit board technologies.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The press and policymaking: clues for creating a health-promoting climate.

The press speaks by what it does not say, as well as by what it says. In so doing it influences what is placed on the public agenda and how the issues are framed. This agenda-setting process includes health policy issues, how they are defined and how they might be dealt with. This perspective is demonstrated in a content analysis of the Australian press as it covered the initiation and development of community health policy from 1973–1985. The coverage is viewed within the context of political and social changes and the organization and operation of the mass media as revealed in documents and through semi-structured interviews. A broader understanding of the media and its impact is important to health educators who want to communicate with the public but who tend to use the media mainly for advertising and promotion.
Complete reversal of antero-posterior polarity in a centrifuged insect embryo.

Spatial pattern formation during embryogenesis is ascribed to differential gene expression, which in turn is thought to result in part from interactions of nuclei with cytoplasmic determinants1. In the chironomid midge Smittia, and probably in other dipterans as well, blastoderm cells seem to make an early decision as to whether they contribute to cephalic and thoracic or to abdominal (and possibly thoracic) structures2. Inactivation or translocation of cytoplasmic components involved in this antero–posterior decision could conceivably lead to duplications of head and thorax, or abdomen, or to complete but inverted embryos forming the head posteriorly and the abdomen anteriorly in the egg. Whereas the former two malformations have been described3,4, completely inverted embryos are reported for the first time, to our knowledge, in this letter. Reversal of partial germ bands has previously been observed following combined ligation and cytoplasmic translocation in eggs of the leaf hopper, Euscelis plebejus5.
Transient depletion of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells results in multiple autoimmune diseases in wild‐type and B‐cell‐deficient NOD mice

Approximately 80% of female wild-type non-obese diabetic (WT NOD) mice spontaneously develop diabetes, whereas B-cell-deficient (B(-/-)) NOD mice are resistant to diabetes. B(-/-) mice are also resistant to other spontaneous and experimentally induced autoimmune diseases, including arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren syndrome and thyroiditis. Under normal conditions, activation of self-reactive T cells in the periphery is limited by CD4(+) CD25(+) natural regulatory T (Treg) cells. B(-/-) NOD.H-2h4 mice, normally resistant to spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT), develop SAT when Treg cells are depleted, suggesting that Treg cells are preferentially activated when autoantigen is initially presented by non-B-cell antigen-presenting cells. To test the hypothesis that increased Treg cell activity in B(-/-) mice contributes to their resistance to other autoimmune diseases, WT and B(-/-) NOD mice were given anti-CD25 to transiently deplete CD4(+) CD25(+) Treg cells. The WT and B(-/-) NOD mice given anti-CD25 developed diabetes much earlier than WT mice given rat IgG, whereas rat IgG-treated B(-/-) mice did not develop diabetes. Treg-cell-depleted mice had increased lymphocyte infiltration of the pancreas, salivary glands and thyroid compared with controls given rat IgG. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that resistance of B-cell-deficient NOD mice to several autoimmune diseases is due to the activity of Treg cells.
Science and the public sphere: Comparative institutional development in Islam and the West

(1997). Science and the public sphere: Comparative institutional development in Islam and the West. Social Epistemology: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 25-37.
Dose-response relationships in ketone-induced potentiation of chloroform hepato- and nephrotoxicity

Chloroform (CHCl3)-induced hepato- and nephrotoxicity was evaluated in male, Fischer 344 rats pretreated with various dosages (1.0 to 15.0 mmol/kg, po) of acetone (Ac), 2-butanone (Bu), 2-pentanone (Pn), 2-hexanone (Hx), or 2-heptanone (Hp). The CHCl3 challenge dosage (0.5 ml/kg, ip) produced slight centrilobular hydropic degeneration and patchy degeneration and necrosis in the proximal tubules of corn oil-pretreated rats. Each of the ketones studied produced a dose-related potentiation of CHCl3 liver and kidney injury. CHCl3 produced extensive tubular and centrilobular necrosis when administered to ketone-pretreated rats. The relationship between ketone dosage and the magnitude of the potentiated response was nonlinear. Maximum potentiation of CHCl3 toxicity occurred in the dosage range of 5.0 to 10.0 mmol ketone/kg. Ketone dosages greater than 10.0 mmol/kg were associated with a reduction in the degree of CHCl3 injury. At the lowest ketone dosage (1.0 mmol/kg), potentiating capacity appeared to be related to ketone carbon skeleton length. No differences in potentiating capacity were discernable between the ketones at dosages of 5.0 to 10.0 mmol/kg. Thus, whether or not there is a relationship with carbon chain length and potentiation depends upon the dosage of the ketone.
Studies on the metabolism of aromatic amines in relation to altered thyroid function in man.

ABSTRACT Studies of the metabolism of several aromatic amines were conducted in 9 thyrotoxic patients, 1 hypothyroid patient and 4 normal subjects rendered thyrotoxic by the administration of L-triiodothyronine. Elevated thyroid function was accompanied by decreased tissue levels of monoamine oxidase (MAO), as measured in biopsy specimens of jejunal mucosa; this was also indicated by elevated urinary excretions of tryptamine and tyramine. Withdrawal of thyroid hormone from the hypothyroid patient was associated with increased tissue MAO activity and a slight lowering of urinary tyramine. Measurements of plasma amino acids indicated a unique elevation of plasma tyrosine levels in thyrotoxic states; the reason for this has not been determined. Elevated urinary values for histamine were also found in some thyrotoxic patients. The urinary excretions of catecholamines and their metabolites were not increased in 6 thyrotoxic subjects, and in some cases the urinary levels of norepinephrine and of vanilmandelic a...
Protein Kinase Cα Translocates to the Perinuclear Region to Activate Phospholipase D1

The inhibition of phorbol ester activation of phospholipase D1 (PLD1) by protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors has been considered proof of phosphorylation-dependent activation of PLD1 by PKCα. We studied the effect of the PKC inhibitors Ro-31-8220 and bisindolylmaleimide I on PLD1 activation and found that they inhibited the activation by interfering with PKCα binding to PLD1. Further studies showed that only unphosphorylated PKCα could bind to and activate PLD1 and that both inhibitors induced phosphorylation of PKCα. The phosphorylation status of either PLD1 or PKCα per se did not affect PLD1 activation in vitro. Immunofluorescence studies showed that PLD1 remained in the perinuclear region after phorbol ester treatment, whereas PKCα translocated from cytosol to both plasma membrane and perinuclear regions. Both Ro-31-8220 and bisindolylmaleimide I blocked the translocation of PKCα to the perinuclear region but not to the plasma membrane. Studies with okadaic acid suggested that phosphorylation regulated the relocation of PKCα from the plasma membrane to the perinuclear region. It is proposed that localization and interaction of PKCα with PLD1 in the perinuclear region is required for PLD1 activation and that PKC inhibitors inhibit this through phosphorylation of PKCα, which blocks its translocation.