cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pattern formation in the wing veins of the fused mutant (Drosophila melanogaster)

Abstract In order to analyze the effects of the mutation fused (fu) on vein pattern formation, wings mosaic for fused and non-fused tissue were obtained. Analysis of these wings (1) confirmed that fused does not involve the production of a freely diffusible substance; (2) showed that a genotypically fu fourth longitudinal vein (LV 4) develops a normal phenotype nonautonomously if the third longitudinal vein (LV 3) and most of the first posterior cell are non-fused; (3) showed that in the reciprocal situation, a non-fused fourth longitudinal vein often exhibited autonomous differentiation; (4) demonstrated that small groups of cells (either fu or non-fu) could be incorporated into structures characteristic of the opposite genotype; and (5) offered evidence that the dorsal wing surface may play an important role in the control of vein formation. Additionally, the fused phenotype itself was examined in some detail, and the anterior-posterior compartment border was defined. This examination suggests that in the more extreme cases LV 4 does not fuse with LV 3, but simply fails to form.
Why does the murmur of papillary muscle dysfunction come and go? A new explanation for an old phenomenon

In 1963 Burch et al. [1] introduced the concept and syndrome of papillary muscle dysfunction. They described two patients who developed an apical systolic murmur of delayed onset suggestive of mitral insufficiency following an acute myocardial infarction and at necropsy found infarction without rupture of papillary muscles in both. Subsequently the same investigators [2] collected 11 additional cases and described the clinical and electrocardiographic characteristics of the syndrome of papillary muscle dysfunction. The characterization of mitral insufficiency due to papillary muscle dysfunction without rupture was further amplified by this author in 1969 [3] and 1972 [4]. Around about the same time, Roberts and Perloff [5] and Perloff and Roberts [6] published their elegant reports on the mitral valve apparatus, further enhancing our understanding of the function and dysfunction of the papillary muscles. Papillary muscle function is dependent upon the adequacy of the blood supply to these structures. It is the transient inadequacy of blood supply to the papillary muscles during acute coronary insufficiency that accounts for the transient nature of the murmur of papillary muscle dysfunction [1–4]. But the observation that the murmur of papillary muscle dysfunction may appear or disappear during the course of the patient’s hospitalization has always been attributed to a temporary decrease or increase, respectively, of blood supply to the papillary muscles which in turn results in a transient deterioration or improvement of the contractility of the papillary muscles. In other words, if a murmur of papillary muscle dysfunction disappears, it augurs an improved coronary circulation and thus better prognosis.
Penetration resistance of lunar soils

Abstract Penetration resistance, in terms of the slope G of the stress penetration curve, has been correlated with density for a basaltic lunar soil simulant. The values were measured with the standard WES 30° cone penetrometer. This lunar soil simulant has been found to possess the same penetration resistance characteristics as the Apollo lunar soil. Bearing capacity equations have been used to determine G-values for the lunar soil simulant and the predicted values were found to agree very well with measured G-values. Using the same bearing capacity equations the computations were repeated for the lunar gravity field by reducing the material unit weight by a factor of six. These G-values represent a predicted correlation between G and density for lunar soil. This correlation has been entered with density estimates obtained from Apolli core tube studies as well as independent density estimates obtained from astronaut foot-print depth analysis. The probable range in G-values obtained for lunar surface material is expected to be useful in the evaluation of the performance of lunar roving vehicles.
Ultrasonic detection of electric discharges

AT PRESENT the methods used to detect failures during factory tests of electrical apparatus are of sufficient sensitivity to detect all real faults that occur. However, these methods sometimes do not supply sufficient information for laboratory research and developmental tests of coil stacks and other types of insulation structures. In addition, the present methods have certain other disadvantages such as insensitivity to small corona discharges, sensitivity to high-capacitance charging currents and external circuit sparking, and no positive indication of the discharge location.
Stages at presentation, prognostic factors, and outcome of breast cancer in males.

Abstract Background: In order to support or refute conventional notions of breast cancer in males as a late-presenting disease associated with a worse prognosis than the same disease in females, we reviewed a recent, multi-institutional experience. Methods: A case series from three area hospital system cancer data bases was reviewed. Demographics, pathology, stages at presentation, and treatment were determined from the data set and correlated with outcomes (recurrence/survival). Results: Fifty-four patients (mean age 64.5, SD = 12.8) were identified; half of the tumors were stage T0 or T1, 62% were node negative (N0), and 57% had an American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage grouping of IIA or less. Eighty-five percent of tumors examined expressed hormone receptors. There were no local-only recurrences in the 50 cases resected for cure, including 5 cases of minimal breast cancer treated by lumpectomy only. Five- and 10-year overall disease-free survival was AJCC stage related: 100% and 71%, respectively, for early stage (0–IIA) disease, and 71% and 20%, respectively, for advanced (IIB–IV) stage ( P = 0.0051 by log-rank). Only AJCC stage and its components (tumor size, nodal status, presence of metastases) correlated with survival by multivariate analysis; other factors such as age, family history, and presenting symptoms/signs did not. Conclusions: The majority of breast cancers in males present at early stages and are hormone receptor positive. In contrast to older notions of this disease as uniformly aggressive, we conclude that prognostic factors and stage-for-stage outcomes for breast cancer in males are similar to those published for the disease in females.
Alcohol expectancies and drinking in different age groups.

Aims Because expectancies about the effects of alcohol change as drinking experience is accumulated, it is likely that the relationship of expectancy to drinking will differ with age. In this study, we examine the prediction of drinking behavior from positive and negative outcome expectancy at different ages. Design Data were collected as part of the National Alcohol Survey, using a multi-stage area probability sample of the household population of the 48 contiguous United States. Participants US residents aged 12 and older (n = 2875). Measurements Survey questions included drinking habits (frequency, quantity, frequency of drunkenness, maximum quantity) and beliefs about the effects of alcohol (alcohol expectancies). Findings Structural equation models tested the relationship of positive and negative expectancy to drinking behavior in six age groups. Outcome expectancy accounted for a larger portion of the variance in drinking among younger respondents than among older respondents. However, suppression effects were common. When suppression effects were considered, positive expectancy predicted drinking better than negative expectancy only among respondents under 35, while negative expectancy was a better predictor of drinking status in most respondents over 35 years. Among drinkers, positive expectancy predominated over negative expectancy when suppression effects were considered. Conclusions These results suggest that negative expectancy predicts abstention, while positive expectancy predicts level of drinking among drinkers. In expectancy research, differences between drinkers and abstainers, age of participants and the presence of suppression effects should be taken into account.
Eigenproperties of large-scale structures by finite element partitioning and homotopy continuation

Finite element partitioning (or substructuring) is employed to estimate the eigenproperties of large-scale structural systems. A homotopy equation is constructed and its solutions are characterized by a number of curves which connect the eigensolutions of the partitions with those of the complete system. A step-by-step tracing procedure is developed to follow these curves. At each step, prediction and correction are performed. The Rayleigh–Ritz procedure and the conjugate gradient method are used as predictor and corrector, respectively. Compared with the sole use of either the Rayleigh–Ritz or gradient methods, the proposed method is more reliable and more efficient for large-scale problems. Numerical implementation is well suited for supercomputers.
Mean Climate and Variability of the Atmosphere and Ocean on an Aquaplanet

Numerical experiments are described that pertain to the climate of a coupled atmosphere–ocean–ice system in the absence of land, driven by modern-day orbital and CO2 forcing. Millennial time-scale simulations yield a mean state in which ice caps reach down to 55° of latitude and both the atmosphere and ocean comprise eastward- and westward-flowing zonal jets, whose structure is set by their respective baroclinic instabilities. Despite the zonality of the ocean, it is remarkably efficient at transporting heat meridionally through the agency of Ekman transport and eddy-driven subduction. Indeed the partition of heat transport between the atmosphere and ocean is much the same as the present climate, with the ocean dominating in the Tropics and the atmosphere in the mid–high latitudes. Variability of the system is dominated by the coupling of annular modes in the atmosphere and ocean. Stochastic variability inherent to the atmospheric jets drives variability in the ocean. Zonal flows in the ocean exhibit decadal variability, which, remarkably, feeds back to the atmosphere, coloring the spectrum of annular variability. A simple stochastic model can capture the essence of the process. Finally, it is briefly reviewed how the aquaplanet can provide information about the processes that set the partition of heat transport and the climate of Earth.
EXTRAVESICAL URETERAL REIMPLANTATIONS FOR THE CORRECTION OF PRIMARY REFLUX CAN BE DONE AS OUTPATIENT PROCEDURES

Purpose: Extravesical ureteral reimplantations are thought to be less morbid compared with traditional intravesical techniques. We believe a shorter length of stay can be achieved in children undergoing extravesical reimplantation for the correction of primary reflux without experiencing a reduction in quality of care.Materials and Methods: During a 16-month period 2 boys and 42 girls underwent extravesical ureteral reimplantation and received similar postoperative care by a single pediatric urologist (D. P. S.). These children were 1 to 14 years old (mean age 4.7) and underwent reimplantation for correction of primary vesicoureteral reflux due to breakthrough urinary tract infections, moderate/high grade reflux and parental desire. Unilateral and bilateral reimplantations were done in 21 and 23 children, respectively, and 9 underwent reimplantation of duplex systems. Each child received 0.25 to 0.5% marcaine locally instead of caudal at termination of the surgical procedure. Criteria for patient discharg...
Effects of metergoline on symptoms in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder

OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated the role of acute serotonergic modulation in the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. METHOD: Patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (whose symptoms had remitted during treatment with fluoxetine) and a group of unmedicated healthy comparison women received the serotonin receptor antagonist metergoline as part of a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. RESULTS: The patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder experienced a return of symptoms 24 hours after treatment with metergoline but not diphenhydramine (active placebo). The comparison women experienced no changes in mood. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the role of altered serotonergic transmission in the efficacy of SSRI treatment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
Transcriptional regulation is only half the story

Mol Syst Biol. 6: 406 The central dogma of molecular biology, articulated by Francis Crick, posits a flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein. Although the Human Genome Project has helped elucidate the first step in this cascade, the relationship between mRNA abundance and protein abundance has resisted systematic quantification, especially in higher eukaryotes. In their recent publication in Molecular Systems Biology , Vogel et al (2010) use a combination of microarrays and shotgun proteomics to quantify absolute mRNA and protein levels for over 1000 genes in a human cell line. Their analysis identifies sequence features related to translation and protein degradation that are as important as transcription in determining steady‐state protein levels. This work provides an unprecedented, system‐wide accounting of how information stored in our DNA determines the eventual state of our cells. Molecular biologists have traditionally focused on transcriptional regulation as the main determinant of protein levels and, thus, cellular function. This focus is due, in part, to the historical sequence of discoveries following the work of Jacques Monod, and, more recently, to the development of microarray‐ (Schena et al , 1995) and sequencing‐based technologies for large‐scale mRNA quantification. The detailed view of transcription that has emerged from high‐throughput mRNA measurements, including the inference of global regulatory networks (e.g. Lee et al , 2002), has …
Organ culture of rat myocardial slices: An alternative in vitro tool in organ-specific toxicology

SummaryPrecision-cut adult rat myocardial slices of highly consistent dimensions were produced and maintained for at least 24 h in an organ culture system. These relatively thin (350–400 pm) slices were generated from tissue cores (7 mm diameter) obtained from coring the sagittally slabbed myocardium. The tissue cores were then used to produce slices with a mechanical tissue slicer under specific temperature (25°C) and buffer (zero Ca2+, high K+) conditions. Myocardial slices are viable for at least 24 h in culture, as assessed by a biochemical battery including K+ and Ca2+ content, labeled leucine incorporation, ATP content, and the loss of the cytoplasmic enzyme LDH. In addition to these parameters, histological evaluation was also employed. These data indicate that the precision-cut myocardial slice system is a possible alternative in vitro tool and merits further study in the field of cardiotoxicity.
Interaction of nitrate and sulfate reduction in tobacco

Abstract A series of experiments was conducted to study the effects of apical meristem removal on sulfate and nitrate reduction in ‘Ky14’ tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Apical meristem removal is expected to modify N metabolism since it causes an increase in the synthesis of nicotine in the roots and its accumulation in shoots. There may not be any such complementary effect on S metabolism. Further, the experiments were designed to study the effects of apical meristem removal on the interaction of nitrate (NO3) and sulfate (SO4) reduction. Activities of ATP sulfurylase and NO3 reductase, the first steps of SO4 and NO3 reduction, respectively, have been considered indicators of the state of regulation of the assimilatory pathways of SO4 and NO3. The effect of apical meristem removal on the activities of the above enzymes in the leaf tissue and the interrelationship between them was examined. Removal of the apical meristem resulted in a large increase in nicotine concentration, a large increase in t...
Varying Virulence in Rabbits Infected with Different Filamentous Types of Histoplasma capsulatum

Abstract Histoplasma capsulatum filamentous primary isolates and their subcultures are separable into two distinct colonial types (A and B) having different microscopic characteristics. Yeast forms of the A and B types and the parent (P) strains from which they are derived are microscopically indistinguishable. Critically standardized inocula of living P, A, and B yeasts from one strain of H. capsulatum (G-184) were injected intravenously into 12 rabbits. Each type produced progressively debilitating disease, but in varying degrees. Of the 12 animals, 6 died within 2 to 14 weeks. A persisting copious nasal exudate, beginning at or before 1 week, was cultured weekly at 26 C on Mycosel (BBL) agar. Pure cultures of A and B filamentous type colonies were recovered from exudates of animals receiving A and B yeasts, respectively, whereas both filamentous types were isolated from rabbits injected with P yeasts, with B predominating. Only A and B yeasts thus maintained their filamentous integrity during animal passage. It was noted that dissemination of H. capsulatum through the nares of infected rabbits represents a possible hazard to laboratory personnel heretofore unrecognized. It is also a possible means of cross-infecting or sensitizing or cross-infecting and sensitizing animals housed in the same room, if A and B yeasts prove not to be antigenically identical.
Studies on blood preservation. The relative capacities of hexoses, hexitols, and ethanol to maintain red cell ATP levels during storage.

The effectiveness of fructose, mannose, galactose, mannitol and sorbitol as substrates for ATP preservation in red cells stored in citrate media at 4 C. has been investigated. Studies were made with simple acid-citrate preservatives analogous to acid-citrate-dextrose solution, with adenine-containing solutions and with adenine and phosphate-containing solutions. Fructose and mannose were at least as effective, and in some instances superior to glucose as substrates for ATP preservation. Galactose, sorbitol, and mannitol were found to be markedly inferior to glucose as preservative solutions. Ethanol, in relatively high concentrations, was found to improve slightly the effectiveness of glucose as preservative of ATP and to produce a marked decrease in in vitro hemolysis. Further trials of fructose and mannose as substrates in red cell preservation would seem to be warranted.
Electrical/Mechanical Modeling, Reliability Assessment, and Fabrication of FlexConnects: A MEMS-Based Compliant Chip-to-Substrate Interconnect

Compliant free-standing structures can be used as chip-to-substrate interconnects. Such ldquocompliant interconnectsrdquo are a potential solution to the requirements that will be imposed on chip-to-substrate interconnects over the next decade. However, cost of implementation and electrical performance limit compliant interconnects. In our previous work, we have proposed a new compliant interconnect technology called FlexConnect to address these concerns with compliant interconnects. An innovative cost-effective MEMS-based fabrication process is used to fabricate these compliant interconnects. Sequential lithography and electroplating processes with up to two masking steps are utilized. Utilizing the proposed fabrication process, in this paper, FlexConnects are realized at a 100-mum pitch. High-frequency modeling of the electrical parasitics of the interconnect is performed. Through finite-element-based models, the advantage of using multiple electrical paths as part of the interconnect design is shown from a thermomechanical reliability perspective. Finally, taking advantage of the MEMS-based photolithographic fabrication process, a heterogeneous combination of FlexConnects and column interconnects is proposed. This approach is shown to be an additional avenue to attain improved electrical performance without compromising mechanical performance.
Normal Myocardial Function and Energetics in Volume-Overload Hypertrophy in the Cat

Depressed contractility with a paradoxically increased myocardial oxygen consumption has been associated with pressure-overload hypertrophy. The present experiments investigated myocardial hypertrophy induced by volume overload. Right ventricular volume overload was produced in 19 cats by surgically creating atrial septal defects (ASD); these cats were compared with 10 sham-operated control cats. The ASD cats showed an increase in the ratio of pulmonary blood flow to systemic blood flow from 1.04 ± 0.01 (SE) (control) to 3.30 ± 0.28 (ASD) (P 0.9). The myocard...
High aspect-ratio dry-release poly-silicon MEMS technology for inertial-grade microgyroscopes

This paper presents an all-silicon, single wafer high aspect-ratio dry-release MEMS technology capable of producing 10-100's of microns thick, electrically isolated 3-D silicon microstructures. This process utilizes polysilicon as the structural material and is capable of producing very thick polysilicon and silicon electrodes using deep reactive ion etching of silicon. Various size capacitive air-gaps ranging from sub-micron to tens of microns can be realized in this technology. Using a bent-beam strain gauge, residual stress in 80 /spl mu/m thick, 4 /spl mu/m wide trench-refilled vertical polysilicon beams fabricated through this technology have been measured to be zero. 300 /spl mu/m long clamped-clamped beam resonators have shown quality factors as high as 85,000 in 1m Torr vacuum. This technology provides features required for high performance vibratory gyroscopes. The all-silicon feature of the technology improves long-term stability and temperature sensitivity; fabrication of large area, vertical electrodes with sub-micron gap will increase the sensitivity by orders of magnitude. Larger air-gaps can accommodate large drive amplitudes for increased Coriolis acceleration.
Maximizing Ion Transmission from Atmospheric Pressure into the Vacuum of Mass Spectrometers with a Novel Electrospray Interface

We have discovered that an electrode containing a conical channel with a small angular divergence can transmit into the vacuum almost 100% of an electrospray ion current produced at atmospheric pressure. Our first implementation of such a conical duct, which we term “ConDuct,” uses a conductive plastic pipette tip containing an approximately 1.6° divergent channel at its entrance. We observed that the beam formed by the ConDuct electrode has a very low divergence (less than 1°) and persists for long distances in vacuum. Intrigued by these properties, we incorporated this electrode into a novel atmosphere-to-vacuum ion transmission interface, and devised a technique for evaluating its performance relative to the commercial reference interfaces that contain heated metal capillaries. We determined that our new interface transmits at least 400 times more ions than the commercial Thermo LCQ DECA XP atmosphere-to-vacuum interface and 2 to 3 times more than the commercial interface in the Thermo Velos Orbitrap and the Q Exactive mass spectrometers. We conclude that it might be possible to optimize the properties of the transmitted ions further by manufacturing ConDuct inlet electrodes from metal rather than conductive plastic and by determining the optimum angle of channel divergence and channel length.
Angiotensin-(1-7)-Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Attenuates Reactive Oxygen Species Formation to Angiotensin II Within the Cell Nucleus

The angiotensin (Ang) type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) is highly expressed on renal nuclei and stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is not known whether other functional components of the Ang system regulate the nuclear Ang II-AT(1)R ROS pathway. Therefore, we examined the expression of Ang receptors in nuclei isolated from the kidneys of young adult (1.5 years) and older adult (3.0 to 5.0 years) sheep. Binding studies in renal nuclei revealed the AT(2)R as the predominant receptor subtype ( approximately 80%) in young sheep, with the Ang-(1-7) (AT(7)R; Mas protein) and AT(1)R antagonists competing for the remaining sites. Conversely, in older sheep, the AT(1)R accounted for approximately 85% of nuclear sites, whereas the Ang type 2 receptor and AT(7)R subtypes comprise approximately 20% of remaining sites. Ang II increased nuclear ROS to a greater extent in older (97+/-22%; n=6) versus young animals (7+/-2%; P=0.01; n=4), and this was abolished by an AT(1)R antagonist. The AT(7)R antagonist D-Ala(7)-Ang-(1-7) increased ROS formation to Ang II by approximately 2-fold (174+/-5% versus 97+/-22%; P<0.05) in older adults. Immunoblots of renal nuclei revealed protein bands for the AT(7)R and Ang-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which metabolizes Ang II to Ang-(1-7). The ACE2 inhibitor MLN4760 also exacerbated the Ang II-dependent formation of ROS (156+/-15%) and abolished the generation of Ang-(1-7) from Ang II. We conclude that an ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-AT(7)R pathway modulates Ang II-dependent ROS formation within the nucleus, providing a unique protective mechanism against oxidative stress and cell damage.
Operant Conditioning Simulations of Foraging and the Delay-Reduction Hypothesis

In this chapter, I address aspects of foraging within the framework of the delay-reduction hypothesis (DRH) developed in our laboratory over the past fifteen years (e.g. Fantino, 1969). According to this hypothesis the strength of a stimulus as a reinforcer is determined by the correlation between the stimulus and food. Specifically, a stimulus correlated with a greater reduction in time to food will be a stronger reinforcer (as measured in a choice test) than one correlated with a lesser reduction in time to food. Stimuli uncorrelated with reductions in time to food should not serve as reinforcers at all. As developed more fully at the end of this paper optimal foraging theory and the DRH appear to be complementary (not competing) approaches (see Hanson, this volume). A model of natural selection for foraging efficiency makes several predictions consistent with an hypothesis of a more proximate phenomenon (reduction in time to primary reinforcement).
Implantation and Establishment of Pregnancy in Human and Nonhuman Primates

Implantation and the establishment of pregnancy are critical for the propagation of the species, but yet remain the limiting steps in human and primate reproduction. Successful implantation requires a competent blastocyst and a receptive endometrium during a specific window of time during the menstrual cycle to initiate the bilateral communication required for the establishment of a successful pregnancy. This chapter provides an overview of these processes and discusses the molecular mechanisms associated with implantation of the blastocyst and decidualization of the uterus in primates.
Analysis of visual and auditory rhythmic perception abilities of piano majors.

7 male and 15 female college level piano majors representing three categories of majors served as subjects. Piano instructors were asked to rate subjects' sight-reading ability on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 indicated minimum sight-reading ability and 10 professional sighting. Subjects were exposed to 30 pairs of rhythmic stimuli from the rhythm subtest, Seashore Measures of Musical Talents, to determine whether the second pattern was the same or different from the first. The visual test was reproduced by a 7.5-v bayonet lamp and socket. These flashes were near exact replications of the original source with little or no detectable latency. Aural and visual presentations were significantly different and favorable for aural medium. A significant correlation of .60 was found between ratings of sight-reading and grade point average.
Measurements of premixed turbulent combustion regimes of high reynolds number flames

The goal of this research is to empirically identify the boundaries between different regimes of premixed turbulent combustion that appear on the diagrams of Borghi and Williams. To date, four conditions have been extensively studied. The most intense of the four conditions possesses a turbulence level (u’/SL) of 185, an integral length scale (λ/δF,L) of 46, and a turbulent Reynolds number of 69,000. At present, the data set is too limited to plot boundaries on the regime diagrams. However, the four conditions have been categorized into their appropriate regimes. The structure and the thicknesses of the reaction zones were determined from simultaneous PLIF images of formaldehyde (CH2O) and OH. Locally distributed reactions and shredded (i.e. broken) flamelets were observed in these images. The burning fraction varied between 0.75 and 1.0, indicating that up to 25% of the reaction layer was locally extinguished where “holes” were formed. The reaction or preheat zones associated with a particular condition were classified as being “globally distributed” if the mean thickness for that condition exceeded four times the laminar value. If a particular reaction zone is both four times thicker than the laminar value and its length to thickness ratio is less than four it is identified as being “locally distributed.” In contrast, if this ratio exceeds four or the zone is not locally four times thicker than the laminar value it is considered to be thickened. While none of the cases were identified as being “globally distributed;” some of the cases were “partially distributed;” this is defined to occur when more than 25% of the reaction surface consists of “locally distributed” reaction zones. The preheat zone thickness was deduced from the CH2O PLIF images. Three of the four conditions, in which the turbulent Reynolds number exceeded 20,000, were found to have “globally distributed” preheat zones. Thickening of the preheat zone is believed to be enhanced when “holes” allow hot products to rapidly mix with the reactants. Previous studies conducted at much lower turbulent Reynolds numbers rarely observed local extinction within the reaction layer.
Inventing a Concept of Documentation

The main responsibility of archivists is to form a documentary heritage that will adequately represent our society and culture to future generations. Over the past twenty years, as archivists have struggled with massive bodies of new records, some in new forms, and with changing ideas of what an adequate documentary heritage is, this responsibility has become the central problem of all archival activity. Because historians depend on historical records for much of their research, they have an abiding interest in how archivists carry out their responsibility. Historians can also help archivists think about their most vexing problem, documenting "a diversity and complexity of historical phenomena that threatens to transcend human comprehension.", Earlier generations of archivists had different problems. The first collectors worked to find and save individual manuscripts and small bodies of records, then to establish institutions to preserve them. The Reverend Thomas Prince brought the records of Plymouth Colony to his parish, Old South Church in Boston, and spent the forty years from 1718 to his death in 1758 gathering up fragments of the colonial heritage. Jeremy Belknap, another determined collector, and his friends founded the first historical society in the United States, the Massachusetts Historical Society, in 1791. "There is nothing like having a good repository," Belknap said, "and keeping a good look-out, not waiting at home for things to fall into the lap, but prowling about like a wolf for the prey." Prompted by concern for its own records, the Continental Congress assigned responsibility for them to Charles Thompson, a secretary, who is reported to have managed them admirably during the revolutionary and Confederation periods.2
Mating disruption for reduction of damage by lesser peachtree borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in Virginia and Pennsylvania peach orchards

Polyethylene dispensers containing the sex pheromone, (E,Z)-3,13-octadeca-dien-I-ol acetate «E,Z)-ODDA), of lesser peachtree borer, Synanthedon pictipes (Grote & Robinson), were placed in peach orchards in Virginia and Pennsylvania. Dispenser containing 40 mg (E,Z)-ODDA were placed in the Virginia orchard (SOO/ha)at the outset of each lesser peachtree borer generation; those used in Pennsylvania contained 70 mg (E,Z)-ODDA and were placed only once at the beginning of each season. Three generations of lesser peachtree borer were subjected to mating disruption at each site. Male attraction to traps was totally disrupted in blocks treated with pheromone. Relative to blocks treated with insecticide, counts of pupal exuviae on peach trees were reduced by 19-97% in treated blocks. Thus, the level of control achieved with the pheromone was superior to that obtained with insecticides that are currently recommended for lesser peachtree borer control.
Observation on Immunogenicity of Hepatitis B Vaccine on Neonate in Liuzhou City

[Objective]To observe the immune effect of hepatitis B vaccine on neonate,to analyze the possible reasons for low(no) immune response after inoculation of hepatitis b vaccine,and explore the feasible plan for improving immune response of hepatitis B vaccine.[Methods]Simple random sampling method was adopted to select 812 infants within 1 year old inoculated hepatitis B vaccine with all 3 doses according immunization program as study objects.Their serum samples were collected and they were surveyed with questionnaires.Anti-HBs was quantitatively analyzed with CMIA and HBsAg was measured with ELISA(Domestic reagents) while neonates' anti-HBs100 U/L.[Results]Of 812 observed objects,2(0.25%) was immunization failure,70(8.62%) had low(no) immune response,and 740(91.13%) had normal immune response.Normal immune response rate only related with birth process,not related with gender,birth weight,nationality.[Conclusion]Nearly 10% neonates appear low(no) immune response after vaccinating hepatitis B vaccine on neonate according immunization program,carrying out anti-HBs examination and immuning again for low(no) immune respondents is very necessary to reduce carrying rate of HBV in China.
A Spatial Analysis of African American and White Population Concentration in the Metro Atlanta Area

This paper studies the growth in concentration of African American population in the Atlanta, Georgia area since the decades of seventies. Certain areas in the ten-county metro regions have experienced greater concentration of black population than the others. Using GIS, a shift in the concentration between the white and black population in the metro Atlanta area was identified. Are there any factors that uniquely influence the African-American population in choosing a location? Identifying some socio-economic variables that could have influenced the concentration reveals interesting trends in this spatial shift. Findings could be relevant for city planning and local development policies.
Signaling in Parasitic Nematodes: Physicochemical Communication Between Host and Parasite and Endogenous Molecular Transduction Pathways Governing Worm Development and Survival.

Signaling or communication between host and parasite may occur over relatively long ranges to enable host finding and acquisition by infective parasitic nematode larvae. Innate behaviors in infective larvae transmitted from the soil that enhance the likelihood of host contact, such as negative geotaxis and hypermotility, are likely mediated by mechanoreception and neuromuscular signaling. Host cues such as vibration of the substratum, elevated temperature, exhaled CO2, and other volatile odorants are perceived by mechanosensory and chemosensory neurons of the amphidial complex. Beyond this, the molecular systems that transduce these external cues within the worm are unknown at this time. Overall, the signal transduction mechanisms that regulate switching between dauer and continuous reproductive development in Caenorhabditis elegans, and doubtless other free-living nematodes, have provided a useful framework for testing the hypotheses about how the morphogenesis and development of infective parasitic nematode larvae and the lifespan of adult parasites are regulated. In C. elegans, four major signal transduction pathways, G-protein-coupled receptor signaling, insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling, TGFβ-like signaling, and steroid-nuclear hormone receptor signaling, govern the switch between dauer and continuous development and regulate adult lifespan. Parasitic nematodes appear to have conserved the functions of G-protein-coupled signaling, insulin-like signaling, and steroid-nuclear hormone receptor signaling to regulate larval development before and during the infective process. By contrast, TGFβ-like signaling appears to have been adapted for some other function, perhaps modulation of the host immune response. Of the three signal transduction pathways that appear to regulate development in parasitic nematodes, steroid-nuclear hormone signaling is the most straightforward to manipulate with administered small molecules and may form the basis of new chemotherapeutic strategies. Signaling between parasites and their hosts’ immune systems also occurs and serves to modulate these responses to allow chronic infection and downregulate acute inflammatory responses. Knowledge of the precise nature of this signaling may form the basis of immunological interventions to protect against parasitism or related lesions and to alleviate inflammatory diseases of various etiologies.
Us, them, and the war on terror: reassessing George W. Bush’s rhetorical legacy

ABSTRACTIn this essay, I try to answer a few basic questions about George W. Bush’s war rhetoric: (1) How did the president talk about the Iraqi people specifically and Arabs and Muslims generally? (2) How did that vision of Iraqis, Arabs, and Muslims shape the war and its aftermath? Bush did not talk about tyrants and terrorists the same way he did everyday Arabs and Muslims. Tracking the simplified, singular vision of a democratic, freedom-loving Arab and Muslim Other that the Bush administration anticipated, based policy around, and, in the end, failed to find is vital to account for the failures of the war on terror and to differentiate Bush’s imperialism from fin de siecle imperialists, Orientalists, and garden-variety racists before and after his presidency. The Bush administration went to both war and postwar on the basis of a deeply flawed constitutive framework, but where Arabs and Muslims were concerned, that framework failed because of presumed sameness, not difference. Put differently, calamit...
A practical synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of tribenzo[a,d,j]corannulene

Tribenzo[a,d,j]corannulene (5) has been synthesized in four linear steps from commercially available starting materials on a half-gram scale in 18% overall yield. An X-ray crystal structure of this...
Dynamic Flexibility Index Sheds Light on Pin1 Allostery

Allostery, which is regulation from distant sites, plays a major role in biology. Pin1 is a modular protein containing a WW domain and a larger peptidyl prolyl isomarase domain (PPIase) that isomerizes phospho-serine/threonine-proline (pS/T-P) motifs, which are critical for signaling within intrinsically disordered loops of cell cycle proteins. Pin1 utilizes allosteric regulations for its function, and binds (pS/T-P) motifs in both domains. The WW domain serves as a docking module, whereas catalysis solely takes place within the PPIase domain. However, enzymatic activity gets enhanced when WW is in the bound form, highlighting PIN1's allosteric regulation. Previous work using NMR and molecular dynamics analysis has shown that binding induced quenching of fast local motions and strengthening of the interaction between two domains, indicated in particular by decrease in flexibility of catalytic loops. Here we present a novel method, the dynamic flexibility index (DFI) analysis, for characterizing the underlying allosteric communications between two domains. DFI measures the resilience of a given position to the perturbations that occur at different parts of the protein, using linear response theory. This index captures multi-dimensional effects when the protein is displaced out of equilibrium. Moreover, we can also identify the allosteric response in dynamic flexibility based on the perturbation response fluctuation profile of the PPIase domain upon WW binding and distinguish the positions that contribute the most. Finally we also explore the mechanistic link between conformational dynamics and co-evolution to identify mutational positions to alter enzymatic function.
Overview of ten-year operation of the superconducting linear accelerator at the Spallation Neutron Source

Abstract The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) has acquired extensive operational experience of a pulsed proton superconducting linear accelerator (SCL) as a user facility. Numerous lessons have been learned in its first 10 years operation to achieve a stable and reliable operation of the SCL. In this paper, an overview of the SNS SCL design, qualification of superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities and ancillary subsystems, an overview of the SNS cryogenic system, the SCL operation including SCL output energy history and downtime statistics, performance stability of the SRF cavities, efforts for SRF cavity performance recovery and improvement at the SNS, and maintenance activities for cryomodules are introduced.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Clusters and Acquired Capability for Suicide: A Reexamination Using DSM-5 Criteria

This study used the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide to explore the relationships among DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters derived from the six-factor anhedonia model and facets of acquired capability for suicide (ACS). In a sample of 373 trauma-exposed undergraduates, most PTSD symptom clusters were negatively associated with facets of ACS in bivariate correlations, but the anhedonia cluster was positively associated with ACS in regression models. Structure coefficients and commonality analysis indicated that anhedonia served as a suppressor variable for the other symptom clusters. Our findings further elucidate the complex relationship between specific PTSD symptom clusters and ACS.
The Sequential College Application Process

To demonstrate the sequential nature of the college application process, in this paper I analyze the evolution of applications among high-achieving low-income students through data on the exact tim...
The Foundations of J M Keynes's IS-LM Model in Chapter 15 of the General Theory: Keynes's D-Z Model of Chapters 20 and 21

F. Modigliani presented a special case of Keynes’s General Theory result in 1944 in his “Liquidity Preference and the Theory of Interest and Money”. Modigliani sought to provide the IS-LM model of Hicks’s 1937 Econometrica interpretation of Keynes’s chapter 15 IS-LM model with microeconomic foundations in the theory of the firm that included a production function and labor market. Modigliani overlooked the fact that Keynes had already done exactly that in his chapters 20 and 21 of the General Theory. Section 4 of Keynes’s chapter 15 was the bridge connecting chapter 15 to chapters 20 and 21. Modigliani erred, however, in four ways. First, he used the theory of perfect competition, with its assumptions of perfect information and perfect prediction, and not Keynes’s theory of pure competition. Second, Keynes defined p to be an expected price in the General Theory, whereas Modigliani defined his capital P to be an actual price. This led to his third mistake, which was to define the necessary and sufficient first and second order conditions for optimality, leading to a profit maximum, in the labor market, given decreasing returns, as being where the ACTUAL real wage of labor equaled the marginal productivity of labor. Keynes’ condition is that it is the EXPECTED real wage of labor that equals the marginal productivity of labor. This leads directly to Keynes’s Aggregate Supply Curve of multiple equilibria, which is a locus of the entire set of all possible D-Z intersections, which will lead to one Y value, whereas Modigliani is stuck with only one equilibrium. Modigliani thus has the equivalent of Keynes’s Y-multiplier income expenditure model result from chapter 10 of the General Theory, but no D-Z model of expected prices and expected profits from chapters 20 and 21 of the General Theory. Modigliani’s fourth mistake was that he replaced Keynes’s uncertainty, a function of the weight of the evidence, with risk. This follows from Modigliani’s acceptance of the de Finetti subjective theory of probability, where there is only risk and no uncertainty because all probabilities must be additive, precise probabilities, whereas for Keynes most probabilities must be non-additive, imprecise or indeterminate interval valued probabilities. Modigliani’s paper thus becomes a special case of Keynes’s General Theory analysis in chapters 20 and 21.
Lmo2 (LIM-Domain-Only 2) Modulates Sphk1 (Sphingosine Kinase) and Promotes Endothelial Cell Migration.

Objective—Lmo (LIM-domain-only)2 transcription factor is involved in hematopoiesis and vascular remodeling. Sphk (sphingosine kinase)1 phosphorylates sphingosine to S1P (sphingosine-1-phosphate). W...
The Relation Between Contraction Dynamics and the Intracellular Calcium Transient in Mammalian Cardiac Muscle

The contraction of cardiac muscle is the end result of several steps that constitute excitation-contraction coupling: action potential, entry of Ca2+ ions through the surface membrane, release of Ca2+ ions from intracellular stores (sarcoplasmic reticulum), binding of Ca2+ to the C subunit of the regulatory protein troponin on the thin filament, conformational changes in the thin filament to uncover the myosin binding sites on actin molecules, the binding of myosin heads of actin through the formation of myosin cross-bridges, and finally, motion of cross-bridges that result in force development and/or shortening. The detailed study of each of the above mentioned steps has become almost a field of investigation of its own. There is increasing evidence for the existence of several feedback loops between steps in excitation-contraction coupling, of which only a few will be mentioned in this chapter. Mechanical events such as changes in length alter the characteristics of both the action potential1–4 and of the intracellular Ca2+ transient4–7 detected with the Ca2+-regulated photoprotein aequorin8. The purpose of this brief review is to highlight the observations that changes in load or of force development influence the time course of the intracellular calcium transient in isolated cardiac muscle. It will become apparent that it is often not possible to distinguish between changes of length and of force as the primum movens for the observed changes in the intracellular calcium transient.
Bringing Content into the Picture: Proposing a Tri-Partite Model for Digital Preservation

ABSTRACTDigital preservation is a complex field that is rapidly maturing and increasingly focusing on content as well as the human element of digital preservation. This conceptual article examines a number of digital preservation models meeting a variety of needs created by different communities. Given the guidance these models have afforded digital preservation, considering the present, and looking to the future, this article proposes a tri-partite model for thinking about digital preservation in an era of robust community involvement: the Digital Preservation Triad. The Triad focuses on 1) Management, including elements relating to documentation and human resources; 2) Technology; and 3) Content.
The Unintended Consequences of Diversity Management in Humanitarian Organizations

Managing diversity is a necessary and important task whose difficulties are intensified under demands of providing humanitarian aid. In response to this issue, I explain why some well-intentioned d...
Expert Teams in the Academic Library: Going Beyond Subject Expertise to Create Scaffolded Instruction

This article explores the way librarians define, leverage, and amplify expertise in a twenty-first century academic library. An expert team comprised of a nursing librarian, online learning librari...