cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing an Easily Applicable Quality Improvement Process to Optimize and Improve Discrete Workflows; Methods for Iterative Change and Successful Scale

Introduction We sought to develop a quality improvement method for workflow and resource optimization that is easy to implement, engages multidisciplinary staff, and can be taught and applied across improvement initiatives. Very busy staff, often lacking baseline knowledge of quality improvement methods, needed an easily applicable method to evaluate and implement change with the goal of streamlining workflows. We applied this method to a discrete problem in our inpatient hospital. Methods To test this process, we chose a project that sought to reduce delays in inpatient hospital discharge due to delayed discharge teaching for patients receiving autologous stem cell transplant. This intervention assessed the impact on discharge time when teaching was moved from discharge day to a scheduled appointment 2-3 days prior to discharge. A project team including multi-disciplinary leaders and stakeholders defined problematic elements of the workflow. A process mapping exercise identified problem areas in the current state. Success metrics were defined that reflected the goals of the project. Staff, patients, and caregivers were informed of changes using printed educational materials, project team attendance at nursing meetings, and phone calls. Process mapping was completed for the new workflow (Fig 1). Stakeholders provided feedback on a continuous basis. Pilot approach The project team evaluated the streamlined workflows and educational materials using a pilot approach where the new operating system was implemented in one small part of the organization to start (a single inpatient unit). The pilot received focused attention and resources from the project team to test, refine, and perfect operations. After the new process was running smoothly on the pilot unit, it was then scaled to three additional inpatient units. Using this approach allowed the project team to gain buy-in from frontline staff and generate momentum that resulted in successful change on a small scale before rolling the process out to other units of the inpatient hospital. Control measures are underway to monitor the process and collect and measure outcomes against established metrics. Findings Using this method led to iterative process improvement by implementing discrete changes to a workflow that impacts clinicians, staff, patients, and caregivers. By involving various stakeholders in the process and creating a framework by which changes to a workflow could be evaluated and disseminated, we measured a significant reduction in discharge delays for patients. This method of implementing iterative quality improvement for discrete segments of processes could be more generally utilized in the setting of a large academic medical center. We plan to apply this process to other opportunity areas in our program.
Low-temperature MnBi alloys: Electronic and magnetic properties, constitution, morphology and fabrication (Review article)

The article reviews the rich phenomena of physical properties of MnBi. The diverse phenomena include strong spin-orbit interaction, anomalous temperature dependence of the coercivity and the magneto-crystalline anisotropy field, unique magneto-optical properties. Issues addressed include the nature of the electronic ground states of MnBi, the electronic and magnetic structures, Fermi surface, magneto-crystalline anisotropy, x-ray magnetic dichroism. The discussion includes key experiments, such as optical and magneto-optical spectroscopic measurements, de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) measurements, x-ray photoemission and x-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements as well as x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. The effect of the spin-orbit (SO) interaction and Coulomb repulsion U were found to be crucial for the Fermi surface, cyclotron masses, magneto-optical properties, and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. The microscopic origin of unique magneto-crystalline anisotropy and giant Kerr effect in MnBi is analyzed in detail. The huge Kerr effect in MnBi is caused by the combination of a sizable magnetic moment on manganese, the large spin-orbit coupling of bismuth, and a strong hybridization between the manganese 3d and the bismuth 6p states. The magneto-optically active states are mainly the 6p states of Bi. We show that the observed temperature dependence of the magneto-crystalline anisotropy can be explained taking into account the spin-orbit interaction together with strong Coulomb electron-electron interaction. The SO coupling of Bi is equally responsible for the large magneto-crystalline anisotropy energy as is the exchange splitting of Mn. The fabrication, morphology, and constitution of low-temperature MnBi alloys in bulk, thin films, and nanoparticles are discussed. The nanocomposite permanent magnetic materials based on MnBi, (Co, Fe) and Nd2Fe14B are also discussed.
S1P Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), together with other phosphosphingolipids, has been found to regulate complex cellular function in the tumor microenvironment (TME) where it acts as a signaling molecule that participates in cell-cell communication. S1P, through intracellular and extracellular signaling, was found to promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, chemoresistance, and metastasis; it also regulates anticancer immune response, modulates inflammation, and promotes angiogenesis. Interestingly, cancer cells are capable of releasing S1P and thus modifying the behavior of the TME components in a way that contributes to tumor growth and progression. Therefore, S1P is considered an important therapeutic target, and several anticancer therapies targeting S1P signaling are being developed and tested in clinics.
Synthesis, crystal structures, and DFT calculations of tungsten (IV) and tungsten (VI) phosphino polyhydrides

Abstract We present here the synthesis, crystal structures, and DFT calculations of tungsten (IV) and tungsten (VI) phosphino polyhydrides. These polyhydrides have the potential of demonstrating intriguing non-classical η2-H2 interactions. The subject compounds have been synthesized previously, however, the crystal structures (with the location of all hydrogen atoms) have yet to be reported. We have used high quality X-ray diffraction at low temperature to assist in locating, for the first time, the hydrides in these complexes. The polyhydrides each contain four phosphine ligands with the general formula PRPh2 (where R = Me or Et) making very intriguing eight and nine-coordinate complexes. The eight-coordinate complexes [tungsten (IV)] resemble a slightly distorted dodecahedron while the nine-coordinate complex [tungsten (VI)] resembles a tricapped trigonal prism. Optimized DFT geometries showing the position of the hydrides for all three compounds that were crystallographically characterized have also been calculated. The combination of our results indicate that these compounds are best described as classical metal hydrides. The structures are also compared to similar structures reported in the literature.
Chapter 3 – COLLECTIVE RATIONALITY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the different aspects of collective rationality. Rational and systematic way of thinking about social welfare is to try to define an ordering for the society over all possible alternative states. This fundamental idea, among others, was expressed in a seminal paper by Bergson, though he put it somewhat differently. Social welfare can be thought to be a real valued welfare function, W, the value of which is understood to depend on all the variables that might be considered as affecting welfare. Such a social welfare function W may subsume the Pareto relation, if Pareto catches fancy, though there is no real compulsion to assume even this. It can be defined in many alternative ways using many alternative criteria. The concept of a Bergson welfare function is simple, perhaps deceptively so, and some observations in clarification may be called for. The form of the welfare function is not yet specified, and only a framework of rational thought is suggested.
CHAPTER 3 – MARKET ALLOCATION

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of market allocation. According to economists, the allocation of resources means the distribution of property among economic participants. Property is a right, which implies that property is fundamentally a relationship between humans, not a relationship between human and thing. To understand the economic relations of individuals and groups, one must know the conditions that define property in the society. Property exists even when the state and its legal system are not available to define and enforce the rights. When individuals recognize certain privileges of one human to control a particular object then property is defined. Property rights are exclusive, meaning that no two individuals simultaneously have the right to control the same article. Exchange is the transfer of property from one individual to another. A great deal of economic activity involves the turnover or transfer of physical possession from one individual to another.
PAM staining intensity of primary neuroendocrine neoplasms is a potential prognostic biomarker.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare epithelial tumors with heterogeneous and frequently unpredictable clinical behavior. Available biomarkers are insufficient to guide individual patient prognosis or therapy selection. Peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) is an enzyme expressed by neuroendocrine cells that participates in hormone maturation. The objective of this study was to assess the distribution, clinical associations and survival implications of PAM immunoreactivity in primary NENs. Of 109 primary NENs, 7% were PAM-negative, 25% were PAM-low and 68% were PAM-high. Staining intensity was high in small bowel (p = 0.04) and low in stomach (p = 0.004) NENs. PAM staining was lower in higher grade tumors (p < 0.001) and patients who died (p < 0.001) but did not vary by tumor size or stage at surgery. In patients who died, time to death was shorter in patients with reduced PAM immunoreactivity: median times to death were 11.3 (PAM-negative), 29.4 (PAM-low) and 61.7 (PAM-high) months. Lower PAM staining was associated with increased risk of death after adjusting for disease stage [PAM negative, HR = 13.8 (CI: 4.2–45.5)]. PAM immunoreactivity in primary NENs is readily assessable and a potentially useful stage-independent predictor of survival.
Computer Simulation of Airflow and Particle Transport in Cleanrooms

Numerical procedures are well developed for simulating simple fluid flows and associated heat and mass transfer processes. Steady isothermal airflow in either a vertical laminar flow cleanroom or a tunnel cleanroom can be predicted accurately by using currently available simulation codes. The effects of items such as shields, process equipment, robot components, and bench design on the cleanroom airflow can be investigated by performing simulation experiments on a computer rather than physical experiments on a mockup. Design and operating parameters can be readily varied in the simulation to demonstrate their influence on the cleanroom performance. A review of existing airflow and particle transport simulation methods is presented and some recent applications to cleanroom airflow prediction are described. Advantages of computer simulation over experimental measurements and limitations are discussed, and future directions of cleanroom modeling are presented.
Sex differences in fat taste responsiveness are modulated by estradiol

Sex as a biological variable has been the focus of increasing interest. Relatively few studies have focused, however, on differences in peripheral taste function between males and females. Nonetheless, there are reports of sex-dependent differences in chemosensitivity in the gustatory system. The involvement of endogenous changes in ovarian hormones has been suggested to account for taste discrepancies. Additionally, whether sex differences exist in taste receptor expression, activation, and subsequent signaling pathways that may contribute to different taste responsiveness is not well understood. In this study, we show the presence of both the nuclear and plasma membrane forms of estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA and protein in mouse taste cells. Furthermore, we provide evidence that estrogen increases taste cell activation during the application of fatty acids, the chemical cue for fat taste, in taste receptor cells. We found that genes important for the transduction pathway of fatty acids vary between males and females and that these differences also exist across the various taste papillae. In vivo support for the effect of estrogens in taste cells was provided by comparing the fatty acid responsiveness in male, intact female, and ovariectomized (OVX) female mice with and without hormone replacement. In general, females detected fatty acids at lower concentrations, and the presence of circulating estrogens increased this apparent fat taste sensitivity. Taken together, these data indicate that increased circulating estrogens in the taste system may play a significant role in physiology and chemosensory cellular activation and, in turn, may alter taste-driven behavior.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using molecular, cellular, and behavioral analyses, this study shows that sex differences occur in fat taste in a mouse model. Female mice are more responsive to fatty acids, leading to an overall decrease in intake and fatty acid preference. These differences are linked to sex hormones, as estradiol enhances taste cell responsiveness to fatty acids during periods of low circulating estrogen following ovariectomy and in males. Estradiol is ineffective in altering fatty acid signaling during a high-estrogen period and in ovariectomized mice on hormone replacement. Thus, taste receptor cells are a direct target for actions of estrogen, and there are multiple receptors with differing patterns of expression in taste cells.
Dispariflora robertae gen. et sp. nov., a mid-Cretaceous flower of possible Lauralean affinity from Myanmar amber

Three flowers of a fossil angiosperm preserved in amber from Myanmar (Burma) are described as the new genus and species Dispariflora robertae. Although joined in a single cymose inflorescence, the flowers are variable in size and, in addition, they possess an unusual perianth in which 1 sepal is much enlarged and leaf-like, while the remaining 4 are smaller and unequal. The flowers each have 1 superior pistil with a peculiarly plumose and bristly ovary. The number of stamens is uncertain because most were lost before floral preservation, but scars on the receptacle suggest that at least 15 were present. The bithecal anthers open by longitudinal slits and basal glands may have been present on the filaments. Taken as a whole, the floral features that characterize Dispariflora suggest an affinity with members of Laurales, especially several Southern Hemisphere families allied with the Monimiaceae.
Information Overload and Interaction Overload as Two Separate Attributes of Information Overload Syndrome

Information overload syndrome has been recognized as a widespread problem in enterprises. Despite the profound research on information overload syndrome, there has rarely been research that empiric...
Postoperative pelvic incidence (PI) change may impact sagittal spinopelvic alignment (SSA) after instrumented surgical correction of adult spine deformity (ASD)

To study factors causing postoperative change of PI after surgical correction of ASD and to assess the effect of this variability on postoperative PI-LL mismatch. PI is used as an individual constant to define lumbar lordosis (LL) correction goal (PI-LL 10°) associated with a |∆PI|> 6°, P = 0.05. Sacroiliac fixation diminished PI variability only during the first postoperative year. Preoperative variability and postoperative instability of PI diminish the applicability of the PI–LL < 10° goal to plan correction of LL. An alternative method is offered. IV.
A Theory of Justice Fifty Years Later

John Rawls's A Theory of Justice has reshaped liberal political theory, but what fruitful arguments does it generate today, fifty years after its publication? To show Theory's productive contempora...
Boiling Heat Transfer in Binary Liquid Mixtures

A critical review of the state-of-the-art of nucleate pool boiling in binary liquid mixtures is presented. Fundamental phenomenological topics addressed are vapor bubble growth rates, bubble departure dynamics, bubble waiting time, bubble nucleation/incipience, and boiling site densities. The heat transfer mechanisms active in boiling are evaluated for their influence on the boiling of mixtures. The above topics are presented in the context of explaining the cause for the much lower boiling heat transfer coefficients of the mixtures compared to their single-component values. In this light the methods used for predicting boiling heat transfer coefficients in the mixtures are introduced. The focus of the review is to share the author’s recent and ongoing experimental and theoretical experience in this area to put in perspective the major accomplishments in the state-of-the-art and to direct attention to the areas requiring further study.
Real Asset Liquidity and Asset Impairments

I examine how the presence of a more active (liquid) resale market for real assets influences the likelihood, timeliness, and magnitude of long-lived asset impairments. I find that firms with more liquid real assets are more likely to record an impairment both unconditionally and conditional on a signal of poor performance, consistent with an available resale market providing information useful in estimating fair value for long-lived operating assets. Impairments are more likely in tests using both industry-level measures of real asset liquidity and firm-specific measures of aircraft fleet liquidity for firms in the airline industry. Consistent with asset liquidity constraining managerial opportunism in delaying write-offs, I also find that impairments are timelier (more conditionally conservative) for firms with more liquid real assets and that impairment magnitudes vary more strongly with firm value. Finally, impairments for firms with more liquid real assets are associated with greater decreases in uncertainty around earnings announcements as measured by changes in option implied volatility.
Surgical Anatomy of the Rotator Cuff and the Natural History of Degenerative Periarthritis

A discussion of the surgical anatomy of the rotator cuff of necessity embodies the following topics: (1) anatomy of the components of the rotator cuff, (2) anatomy of the coraco-acromial arch and the structures in the subacromial region, (3) anatomy of the biceps tendon and its gliding mechanism, and (4) anatomy of the axillary region of the glenohumeral joint.
Protein dynamics by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Peptide backbone of the coat protein in fd bacteriophage.

Abstract 13 C and 15 N chemical shift anisotropy and 15 N 1 H dipolar powder patterns from backbone sites of the coat protein in fd bacteriophage are not averaged by motion. This means that the polypeptide backbone of the protein has no large amplitude motions rapid compared to 10 4 Hz. Relaxation studies on the 13 C α and 15 N amide resonances indicate the presence of motions on the 10 9 Hz timescale. These results are reconciled with a model where an otherwise rigid backbone undergoes small amplitude, rapid motions.
On the use of dual polarized interferometry to measure scattering from vegetated areas

Several polarimetric scattering models for vegetated surfaces have been developed over the past few years. Most of these models predict scattering from cross-polarized returns to come mostly from the randomly oriented branches, twigs and leaves, while the co-polarized return comes mainly from lower down in the canopy. Few experiments have actually measured the position in the canopy from which the scattering originates. During the 1993 night campaign, the AIRSAR instrument was reconfigured to measure interferograms at both VV and HV polarizations at C-band. This was achieved by transmitting out of the AIRSAR C-band polarimetric antenna, and transmitting alternately horizontal and vertical polarizations. The scattered signals were then measured simultaneously using two vertically polarized antennas, separated by about 2.4 meters on the fuselage of the DC-8 aircraft. Since the phase in the interferograms is related to the elevation of each pixel, one can measure the difference in penetration into the vegetation by comparing the difference in elevation derived from the co-polarized and cross-polarized interferograms. This is a simple and effective way to actually measure the relative positions of the scattering centers for the co- and cross-polarized returns. Data were acquired over a uniform tropical rain forest in French Guyana. The scene analyzed contained mostly rain forest, but a large river also runs through the image, allowing one to calibrate the relative elevations in the VV and HV elevation maps.
Differential contribution of herpes simplex virus type 1 gene products and cellular factors to the activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 provirus.

Abstract We have previously reported that infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) activates expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) provirus in T cells. Activation of the HIV-1 provirus correlated with the activation of binding of 55- and 85-kDa proteins to the kappa B enhancer and binding of the 50-kDa HLP-1 protein to the LBP-1 sequences of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat. Further examination of this system has shown that the inhibition of HSV-1 replication by the antiviral drug acyclovir does not inhibit HSV-1-mediated induction of HIV-1 provirus. Surprisingly, the NF-kappa B and HLP-1 binding activities were substantially inhibited in acyclovir-treated cells. In the transient-transfection assay, ICP0, but not ICP4, activated the HIV-1 long terminal repeat promoter region and the effect of ICP0 was greatly enhanced in the presence of the NF-kappa B binding proteins, suggesting that induction of the HIV-1 provirus involves cooperation between the HSV-1-activated cellular factor, NF-kappa B, and the virus-encoded transactivator, ICP0.
Global health from a cancer care perspective

Cancer is now recognized as one of the four leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and incidence is expected to rise significantly in the next two decades. Unfortunately, low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) suffer disproportionately from the world's cancer cases. The growing burden of cancer and maldistribution of cancer care resources in LMIC warrant a massive re-evaluation of the structural inequalities that produce global oncological disparities and a worldwide commitment to improve both prevention and treatment strategies. Efforts to improve cancer care capacity should focus on horizontal strengthening of healthcare systems that provide safe, affordable, effective and sustainable care. In response to current deficiencies, many international organizations have started to partner with LMIC to create solutions. Telemedicine and international collaboration are also promising ways to effect change and improve global oncological care.
Open Channel Design

An open channel flow is a flow having a free surface subject to atmospheric pressure. Open channel design is to design a channel to carry a certain amount of flow from one location to another under any provided channel geometry and topographic conditions. Parameters to define channel geometry include channel shape, cross-sectional area, wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, top width, and hydraulic depth. Manning's equation computes channel discharge. For open channel design, channels should be classified as nonerodible and erodible channels. For lined (nonerodible) channel design, one typically designs the channel with the best hydraulic section, where the channel section has the least wetted perimeter for a given cross-sectional area and the channel is most hydraulic efficient. If a channel is placed in erodible material, the permissible velocity method can assure channel stability. A freeboard is recommended to prevent overtopping by surface waves and surges. Keywords: open channel; hydraulic design; channel flow; Manning's equation; channel geometry; erodible channel; nonerodible channel; Manning's n coefficients; best hydraulic section
Molecular landscape of non-squamous, non-small cell carcinoma of the lung

The treatment of advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has undergone a major change over the past decade, from a single option of platinum-based systemic chemotherapy to an increasingly personalized approach to treatment based on specific molecular alterations within tumors. The scope of this paper is to review the literature on the treatment of non-squamous NSCLC and give a broad understanding of the current molecular targets for which therapies currently exist, as well as other targets for which therapies may soon be developed. Additionally, issues of resistance with targeted therapies will be discussed. This manuscript only summarizes the work done to date, and in no way is meant to be comprehensive.
Chromosomes during Cell Division

In mitosis, duplicated deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) goes through a condensation/decondensation cycle. This is followed by nuclear envelope dissolution, mitotic spindle assembly, migration of the sister chromatid pairs to the metaphase plate, division and segregation of identical sets of chromosomes into daughter nuclei and nuclear envelope reformation. This process results in the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells. Dynamic structural changes and the mitotic spindle-mediated movement are two major features that occur to chromosomes during cell division. Both features are well coordinated with temporal progression of mitosis consisting of five distinct stages (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase), which are regulated by checkpoint mechanisms to maintain genomic integrity. Defects in chromosome segregation are linked to cancer and several genetic diseases. Some enzymes involved in chromosome regulation during cell division have become attractive drug targets. Key Concepts: Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells. Mitosis consists of five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Chromosomes are classified according to centromere location as metacentric, submetacentric or acrocentric. Chromosome movement in mitosis is a dynamic process controlled by microtubule dynamics and microtubule-associated motor or nonmotor proteins. Sister chromatid cohesion is established in S phase and is dissolved in two steps in vertebrate mitoses. A kinetochore complex forms at the centromere in mitosis to allow microtubule capture. Mitosis is a coordinated process regulated by checkpoint mechanisms to maintain genomic integrity. Chromosomal missegregation results in cell death or aneuploidy. Keywords: mitosis; chromosomes; spindle assembly checkpoint; kinetochore; centromere; centrosome; condensation; cohesion; kinesin
The Expression of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type I by Lymphocytes Provides a Novel Means for Intracrine Regulation of Glucocorticoid Activities

The 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) enzymes control the interconversion of active glucocorticoids (GCS) and their inactive 11-keto metabolites, a process commonly referred to as the cortisone/cortisol shuttle. Although the prereceptor metabolism of GCS by 11beta-HSD is well documented in a variety of cells and tissues, it has not yet been carefully investigated in the major cell types of the immune system. In this study, we demonstrate that 11beta-HSD1 transcripts, protein, and enzyme activities are actively expressed in murine CD4(+), CD8(+), and B220(+) lymphocytes, as well as CD11c(+) dendritic cells. Only reductase activity was observed in living cells, evidenced by the restricted conversion of cortisone to cortisol. Activation of CD4(+) T cells increased their 11beta-HSD1 activity, as did their polarization into Th1 or Th2 cells. CD4(+) T cells isolated from aged donors (>16 mo) had increased 11beta-HSD1 protein and an elevated capacity to convert cortisone to cortisol. The GCS generated in murine CD4(+) T cells from their inactive 11-keto metabolites could activate the GCS receptor, demonstrated by an up-regulation of IL-7Ralpha and GCS-induced leucine zipper gene expression. The presence of a functional 11beta-HSD1 provides lymphocytes with a novel intracrine regulatory mechanism that could influence such processes as lymphocyte development, effector function, and susceptibility to apoptosis. Thus, the presence of 11beta-HSD1 provides an additional means to facilitate GCS influences over lymphocyte activities, uncoupled from the plasma concentration of GCS.
Blind construction of optimal nonlinear recursive predictors for discrete sequences

We present a new method for nonlinear prediction of discrete random sequences under minimal structural assumptions. We give a mathematical construction for optimal predictors of such processes, in the form of hidden Markov models. We then describe an algorithm, CSSR (Causal-State Splitting Reconstruction), which approximates the ideal predictor from data. We discuss the reliability of CSSR, its data requirements, and its performance in simulations. Finally, we compare our approach to existing methods using variable-length Markov models and cross-validated hidden Markov models, and show theoretically and experimentally that our method delivers results superior to the former and at least comparable to the latter.
A re-evaluation of alternate methodologies in legislative voting analysis

Abstract This paper consists of a comparison of Guttman scale analysis and factor analysis as applied to legislative roll-call votes. After defining each technique, their respective shortcomings are discussed. Guttman scaling has intuitive appeal, but lacks the precision of measurement and ability to produce interval level legislator scales that factor analysis provides. Factor analysis is frequently criticized, however, because it cannot generate factors that resemble Guttman scales in composition. By reconsidering the basis for each technique, two points apparently overlooked by researchers are established. Firstly, although the techniques produce different results, both kinds are meaningful in their own right. Secondly, the techniques are not just different; they are interrelated in a definable manner. This interrelationship is developed by means of a principal components analysis of artificial roll-calls forming a perfect Guttman scale. The results are then used to establish probable interpretations of the principal components of a scalable set of roll-calls. The implication is that the precision of factor analysis need not be sacrificed even if the scaling criterion is preferred by the analyst.
Über die Bedeutung der Zellmembranen für die O2-Diffusion im Gewebe

1. The O2-conductivity (Krogh's diffusion-coefficient) was determined for sceletal muscle (rats diaphragm) with methods already described in previous papers. It was calculated to be 1,3·10−5 cm3 O2/cm·min·atm at 20°C or at about 1,5 to 1,6 · 10−5 at 37°C. 2. The calculated O2-conductivity diminished when lower O2-partial pressures instead of an atmosphere were used in these or former experiments. 3. The O2-conductivity in an undiluted liver-homogenate is 2,8·10−5 compared with 1,1·105 cm3/cm·min·atm in the undestroyed livertissue. The difference is thought to be caused by the absence of the cell-membranes barrier in the homogenate. 4. The O2-conductivity in the homogenate does not decrease with decreasing O2-partial pressure in contrary to the above mentioned statements with undestroyed tissues. This difference too is thought to be caused by the absence of cell-membrane barriers with low conductivity in the homogenate. 5. The conductivity of the liver-cell membranes may be estimated in a first approximation to about 1/100 to 1/1000 of the cells interior.
An Exploratory Study of Public Service Motivation and the Institutional–Occupational Model of the Military

This article empirically connects Moskos’ Institutional–Occupational model to the large body of cross-nationally validated research on public service motivation (PSM). We find that in our sample, t...
Ocean management in Hawaii

Abstract Since 1969 several important attempts have been made by the state of Hawaii to develop an ocean management agenda and to design the mechanisms to implement that agenda. In this article we trace some of these efforts. We discuss how Hawaii's ocean management agenda has evolved over the past two decades. We identify some of the major mechanisms that are in place or were suggested for effecting greater interagency and intergovernmental coordination of ocean management activities. Finally, we discuss some of the factors that account for Hawaii's ocean management agenda
Partially depleted silicon-on-ferroelectric insulator field effect transistor (PD-SOFFET)

This paper presents the concept of a new field effect transistor (FET) based on ferroelectric insulator. The proposed design is a Partially Depleted Silicon-on-Ferroelectric Insulator Field Effect Transistor (PD-SOFFET). The design combines the concepts of negative capacitance in ferroelectric material with the design of a partially depleted silicon-on-insulator (PDSOI) device. In this structure we propose to develop a negative capacitance (NC) in the body of the device by utilizing the inherent hysteresis behavior of ferroelectric material, which would be inserted as a buried insulator layer in between silicon substrate and a thin buffer layer in a PDSOI device structure. In addition to introduce the concept of a new ferroelectric insulator based SOI device structure, this paper presents closed form models to calculate the subthreshold swing of the proposed device. It is demonstrated that by carefully optimizing the thickness of the ferroelectric film, dielectric property of the insulator, and the channel thickness, the device can be operated at a subthreshold swing below 60mV/decade that represent the theoretical thermodynamic limit of conventional MOSFET performance.
Intestinal Malrotation Discovered at the Time of Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Four morbidly obese women who met the NIH criteria for bariatric surgery had laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. At operation, each was found to have intestinal malrotation. Two cases were completed laparoscopically, and two were converted to open operation because of difficulty defining the anatomy. All four operations were successful with no immediate complications and patients tolerated the procedures well. We present the four cases and offer recommendations should this unusual congenital defect be discovered at the time of laparoscopic gastric bypass.
Review of Recent Developments in Metal and Syntactic Foam for Composite Material Applications

The field of composite materials is a rapidly developing and expanding area, with new innovations and discoveries occurring almost daily, producing new available materials, processing techniques, fabrication methods, and applications. This article reviews recent innovations and developments in this field with a specific focus on syntactic and metal foams. Recent work is identified and placed in context with regard to other work in the area. A summary discussion of the implications of this work and potential applications is also provided.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Assistive teleoperation for manipulation tasks

How should a human user and a robot collaborate during teleoperation? The user understands the full semantics of the task: they know, for example, what the robot should search for in a cupboard, or that it should be more careful when moving near a glass of water than near a box of tissues. Since the robot might not have this knowledge, allowing it to operate fully autonomously may be risky; its model is incomplete and its policy might be wrong. On the other hand, teleoperating the robot through every motion is slow and tiresome, especially on difficult tasks. Between these two extremes lies a spectrum, from almost no assistance at all (very timid) to full autonomy (very aggressive). So what is the appropriate level of assistance? And how do factors like task difficulty and policy correctness affect this decision?
The origin and early taxonomic diversification of pelecypods

A series of Cambrian morphologically intermediate forms show that the bivalved shell of pelecypods is probably derived from the pseudobivalved shell of rostroconchs, which in turn is probably derived from the univalved shell of helcionellacean monoplacophorans. In Ordovician time, pelecypods underwent their first major radiation, which produced seven major groups herein called subclasses. The subclasses Orthonotia and Lucinata are newly named herein; the subclass Actinodontia is elevated to this rank from the rank of order. The group Heterodonta may be polyphyletic, as the taxa included within it seem to be derived from various Ordovician groups, herein regarded as subclasses. It seems likely that the solemyids are descendants of Ordovician palaeotaxodonts. The duplivincular ligament may have had a polyphyletic origin, having evolved independently in the Arcacea, Myalinidae, and Pteriacea.
Viscoelastic waves generated by an unsteady shear crack

A dynamic crack problem with finite crack length subject to antiplane shear is solved. The medium is viscoelastic in shear and the two tips are allowed to extend as arbitrary functions of time; hence it represents a more realistic physical condition. On the other hand, the solution is interesting in itself because of the lack of the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle. The solution is obtained from a system of recursive Abel's integral equations which are derived from an integral representation, slightly different from Poisson's formula for the wave equation.
Splanchnic metabolism of alanine in intact man. Effects of somatostatin and somatostatin plus insulin.

We examined splanchnic metabolism of alanine in 15 normal males under three sets of conditions: infusion of saline (control studies); infusion of somatostatin (SRIF) (bihormonal deficiency of insulin and glucagon); and infusion of somatostatin plus insulin (selective glucagon deficiency). Net splanchnic alanine uptake (NSAU) remained stable over 2 h during infusion of saline. Infusion of SRIF was associated with a fall in estimated hepatic plasma flow (EHPF) whether or not insulin was infused concomitantly. With SRIF only, arterio-hepatic venous alanine differences increased such that NSAU remained stable over 2 h, despite the fall in EHPF. In contrast, with selective glucagon deficiency, NSAU fell significantly after 2 h, an effect consequent on a fall in EHPF and a delayed fall in arterio-hepatic venous (A-HV) alanine differences. Our studies are compatible with a role for basal glucagon in maintenance of splanchnic extraction of alanine in normal man. However, the SRIF-initiated fall in EHPF may exert an infjuence on A-HV alanine differences independent of changes in pancreatic hormone secretion.
A periodic tryptophan protein 2 gene homologue (PWP2H) in the candidate region of progressive myoclonus epilepsy on 21q22.3.

The Unverricht-Lundborg type of progressive myoclonus epilepsy (EPM1) has been mapped to human chromosome 21q22.3, and the candidate region has been narrowed to a region of less than 300 kb. We now re
Crosstalk rejection in full-field optical coherence tomography using spatially incoherent illumination with a partially coherent source

The recent advent of ultra high frame rate cameras gives rise to the possibility of constructing swept source full-field OCT systems with achievable volume rates approaching 10Hz and net A-scan rates approaching 10MHz. Unfortunately, when illuminated with partially coherent light, full-field OCT in turbid media suffers resolution and SNR degradation from coherent multiple scattering, a phenomenon commonly referred to as crosstalk. As a result, most FFOCT systems employ thermal sources, which provide spatially incoherent illumination to achieve crosstalk rejection. However, these thermal sources preclude the use of swept source lasers. In this work, we demonstrate the use of a carefully configured FFOCT system employing multimode fiber in the illumination arm to reduce the spatial coherence of a partially coherent source. By reducing the coherence area below the system resolution, the illumination becomes effectively spatially incoherent and crosstalk is largely rejected. We compare FFOCT images of a USAF test chart positioned beneath both transparent and turbid phantoms using both illumination schemes.
Imaging of the Fluorescence Created by Ablation of Y2O3, BaO2, CuO, and YBa2Cu3O7–x by 308-nm Laser Light:

A gated intensified CCD camera is used to acquire time-resolved images of the plume generated from the excimer laser ablation of CuO, BaO2, Y2O3, and YBa2Cu3O7-x pellets in vacuum, He, or O2. Narrow (12-nm FWHM) bandpass filters are used to select emission from individual species within the plume. The spatial and the temporal evolution of the emission is unique for each of the ejected ions, atoms, and diatomics. A luminous shock front, i.e., a blast wave, is observed at pressures greater than 1 Torr in He and 0.1 Torr in O2. The propagation of this shock front is suitably described by scaling factors that were previously developed to describe the shock waves from a point explosion. Images of emission from atomic Cu and O were acquired after the ablation of CuO. These images imply that ion/electron bombardment is significant within the plasma plume. The time dependence of the images shows the evolution of the shock wave and suggests the origin of the luminous plume.
Characteristics of fungal cellulases

Abstract Fungi colonize diverse ecologic niches, yet their cellulases are based on a central theme — exo- and endo-splitting glucanases acting co-operatively and in some instances, synergistically. The characterization of cellulases has proved to be complex. This is due in part to the ill-defined nature of the natural substrates, plus the multiple nature of cellulase components. The rationales for this multiplicity continues to be explored. Cloning studies have shown far less diversity at the genomic level. Additionally, the endo- and exo-splitting glucanases have been shown to be comprised af a tripartite structure with both enzyme forms containing a cellulose binding site, hinge region and catalytic domain. Oxidative enzymes (cellobios quinone oxido-reductase, cellobiose oxidase and lactonase) though minor in quantitative terms, may have important roles in the regulation/initiation of cellulase synthesis per se.
Pregnant Students in the Gross Anatomy Laboratory: Policies and Practices at Chiropractic Colleges.

Chiropractic and medical colleges have experienced a significant increase in the number of female applicants in recent years, a percentage of whom are pregnant or become pregnant following admission. It is therefore important to ask the question: How do institutions that educate future health care providers address the issue of pregnancy and the gross anatomy laboratory? A survey instrument was developed and pretested. IRB approval was obtained. The administrators charged with overseeing the policies and practices for the gross anatomy laboratory at each of the 16 chiropractic colleges in the USA were identified and contacted. An email containing a link to the Web based survey was sent to each, using SurveyMonkey. The survey response rate was 100%. A majority of colleges (69%) have a written policy regarding pregnancy and the gross laboratory. Of these, 36% allow pregnant students to take the laboratory if a waiver is signed, 18% do not allow them to take the laboratory, 18% allow them to take it without a waiver, and 27% have other policies. In cases where students do not take the gross laboratory while pregnant, 64% of colleges require them to take the laboratory after completion of their pregnancy, 27% require them to complete an alternative (dry) laboratory, and 9% have other policies. Considerable diversity exists in the way colleges address this issue. It is at present unknown whether pregnant students or their fetuses are at any risk from laboratory chemicals. Risk assessment research is needed before consistent policies can be developed. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Game Shows and Economic Behavior: Risk-Taking on “Card Sharks”

This paper studies individual risk-taking behavior with a unique data set: risky decisions of contestants during the threeyear history of the television game show, "Card Sharks." In the bonus round of the game, individuals choose how much to wager on positive expected-value gambles with known and varying probabilities, and large possible payouts. Since no special skills or knowledge are involved, empirical analysis is not complicated by a contestant's superior information about her own abilities. Stakes can reach $16,000 and average $3,200; few experimental budgets permit even one observation of this magnitude. First, I simply estimate how risk-averse contestants behave. Under the assumption of expected-utility maximization, I estimate a lower bound for the coefficient of absolute risk aversion of 0.00031, which when multiplied by per capita U. S. personal income gives an estimate of relative risk aversion of 4.8. This estimate is higher than most econometric estimates of risk aversion. Contestants, however, do not act in a manner consistent with expected-utility maximization, so this number should not be given a structural interpretation. Rather, it is simply a useful way to summarize average willingness to bear risk of individuals on the show. Second, I explore how individual behavior is inconsistent with expected-utility theory. The amount a contestant wishes to wager depends critically on the amount of wealth she has accumulated in the bonus round and therefore, on the size of the stakes. This is at odds with expected-utility theory since the size of the stakes, although far from insignificant, is small relative to a person's wealth. Contestants should then have close to constant absolute risk aversion with respect to accumulated winnings in the game. A more striking result deals with contestants who had previ-
Constitutive relations in photomechanics

Abstract The attempt is made to construct a framework whereby the birefringent effect of many seemingly diverse materials can be viewed together and underlying principles brought out. This is done, first, by using Maxwell's equations to establish certain results independent of the material properties, and second, by proposing a model of polymer behavior that essentially dissociates the optical properties from the mechanical properties. Experimental data from many different materials is considered within the framework and one of the conclusions drawn is that the optical response does not necessarily parallel the mechanical behavior.
Modular development and verification of domain requirements via model checking

A holistic domain model of a software product line is costly to build and difficult to verify and evolve. We propose a framework to incrementally develop domain requirements and to iteratively verify behavioral properties through model checking. We leverage state vectors to derive both local and global properties, and co-develop statechart models with temporal specifications in a modular way. We illustrate our framework using a worked example. The study shows that our framework can effectively detect inconsistencies and tighten the development feedback loop by automatically verifying domain properties.