cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dry-point glosses to Aldhelm's De laudibus virginitatis in Beinecke 401

Yale University, Beinecke Library, 401 contains twenty-six leaves of a ninth-century English manuscript of Aldhelm's De laudibus virginitatis. The manuscript has 189 Old English glosses in ink which were published by A. S. Napier in 1900. Napier also noted the presence of dry-point glosses in the manuscript, and in 1961 H.D. Meritt published twenty-six of these. I have found a total of 160 dry-point glosses and gloss fragments to 153 lemmata in the manuscript, which, other than Meritt's twenty-six, have not been printed before. Dry-point glosses are often neglected in studies of glossing, no doubt due to the difficulty of reading marks scratched into the parchment without ink; I have therefore prefaced my list of glosses and their lemmata with a discussion of dry-point glossing and what it can reveal concerning education in Anglo-Saxon England.
Adenomyosis: A reappraisal of symptomatology

Abstract Adenomyosis is infrequently diagnosed and its symptomatology is not clearly understood by many physicians. This is a curious state of affairs because this disorder is certainly not new. Rokitansky 1 first described the condition in 1860. Von Recklinghausen's 2 well-publicized article on the clinicopathological features was published in 1896. Cullen's 3 unusually complete and now famous 1908 monograph, as well as other more recent studies, 4, 5, 6 has also described the disease exceedingly well. Confusion has developed because of the unfortunate and illogical inclusion of adenomyosis with pelvic endometriosis, which it only occasionally accompanies. 7 The clinical findings are often altered by the frequent association of other pelvic abnormalities which are also capable of causing symptoms similar to those of adenomyosis. 8 For half a century, the manifestations of adenomyosis have been stated to be: progressively severe menstrual bleeding, increasingly painful dysmenorrhea, and a gradually enlarging uterus. 3 This concept may be true, but we know of no adequate study which relates adenomyosis to the patient's complaints— after eliminating other associated disorders. Bayly and Yates 9 indicated that patients with adenomyosis often bleed from accompanying abnormalities, but only this phase of the problem was considered. It appears that the symptomatology has been largely based upon clinical assumptions and generalizations. Be this as it may, adenomyosis deserves far more consideration than it has received, not only because of its frequency, but also because of the degree of disability which it causes. The purpose of this investigation is: (1) to ascertain the rate of occurrence, extent, and accuracy of diagnosis of adenomyosis in a private general hospital; (2) to demonstrate how adenomyosis and concomitant significant abnormalities effect the patient; and (3) to show adenomyosis as a clinical problem exclusive of coexisting disorders capable of producing similar symptoms. Such a reappraisal should aid in earlier and more accurate diagnosis, as well as better treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding and pelvic pain.
Our Strength Is In Our Diversity: Fact Or Fancy?

The following article, under the above title, addresses the concept and ideology surrounding diversity, its inexorable relation to affirmative action, and other related ideological and political belief systems. The efficacy of diversity, as currently defined, is examined, as well as its application in the world of education and business. The uniqueness, or lack thereof, of diversity in modern day America is explored as is the overwhelming importance to which it has been elevated. The intent, herein, is to raise and discuss the issues(s) as to whether or not the popular and much used phrase, “Our strength is our diversity,” is a statement of factual substance or is, rather, a mantra to create a fanciful and destructive illusion in order to advance a political agenda.
Magnetohydrodynamics of Mira's cometary tail

Aims. The asymptotic giant-branch, long-period variable star Mira exhibits a 4 parsec long cometary tail in the far-ultraviolet. We address the issue of the origin of this structure and its emission process by simulating the transition of this star from the interstellar medium to the Local Bubble, which is a tenuous, high-pressure medium. Methods. We use the hydrodynamic and the magnetohydrodynamic modules of the PLUTO astrophysical code to carry out our simulations. We study the system without a cooling function, with a simplified exponential cooling function, and with a simplified nonequilibrium cooling function. Results. We find evidence that magnetohydrodynamics constrain the shape of the cometary tail and explain features of its farultraviolet emission. We suggest an emission process that involves C 0 excitation through inelastic electron collisions and a two-photon continuum to explain the luminosity of Mira’s tail.
Energy literacy among middle and high school youth

An energy literacy survey for middle and high school students has been developed according to established psychometric principles and methodologies. The survey measures energy-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors and is correlated to established benchmarks that define energy literacy as determined by a panel of energy- and energy-education specialists. Results from a pilot of the survey among 955 New York State students indicate low levels of energy-related knowledge, with fewer than 1% of the students scoring above 80%. Attitude and behavior scores are slightly better, suggesting that while students may recognize the existence of an energy problem, they generally lack the knowledge and capabilities to effectively contribute toward a solution. Results support the need for development and implementation of energy education programs as part of the regular school curriculum.
Epstein-Barr Virus Recombinants from BC-1 and BC-2 Can Immortalize Human Primary B Lymphocytes with Different Levels of Efficiency and in the Absence of Coinfection by Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are human gammaherpesviruses associated with numerous malignancies. Primary effusion lymphoma or body cavity-based lymphoma is a distinct clinicopathological entity that, in the majority of cases, manifests coinfection with KSHV and EBV. In previous analyses, we have characterized the EBV in the BC-1 and BC-2 cell lines as potential intertypic recombinants of the EBV types 1 and 2. In order to examine the infectious and transforming capacities of KSHV and the intertypic EBV recombinants from the BC-1 and BC-2 cell lines, viral replication was induced in these cell lines and fresh human primary B lymphocytes were infected with progeny virus. The transformed clones were analyzed by PCR and Western blotting. All analyzed clones were infected with the intertypic progeny EBV but had no detectable signal for progeny KSHV. Additionally, primary B lymphocytes incubated with viral supernatant containing KSHV alone showed an unsustained initial proliferation, but prolonged growth or immortalization of these cells in vitro was not observed. We also show that the EBV recombinants from BC-1 were less efficient than the EBV recombinants from BC-2 in the ability to maintain the transformed phenotype of the infected human B lymphocytes. From these findings, we conclude that the BC-1 and BC-2 intertypic EBV recombinants can immortalize human primary B lymphocytes, albeit at different levels of efficiency. However, the KSHV induced from BC-1 and BC-2 alone cannot transform primary B cells, nor can it coinfect EBV-positive B lymphocytes under our experimental conditions with B lymphocytes from EBV-seropositive individuals. These results are distinct from those in one previous report and suggest a possible requirement for other factors to establish coinfection with both viral agents.
Structure and Mass Spectrum of Elementary particles. I. General Considerations

As discussed in previous papers,1 the nonlocal field was introduced in order to describe relativistically a system which was elementary in the sense that it could no longer be decomposed into more elementary constituents, but was so substantial, nevertheless, as to be able to contain implicitly a great variety of particles with different masses, spins, and other intrinsic properties. However, the conclusions reached so far were very unsatisfactory in many respects.2 Among other things, the masses of the particles associated with the irreducible nonlocal fields remained completely arbitrary and simple and plausible assumptions concerning the interaction between fields did not result in the expected convergence of self-energies. It seems to the author that these disappointing consequences are not inherent in nonlocal field theory, in general, but are rather related to the particular type of field to which the author restricted himself. Instead, if we start anew from less restricted nonlocal fields, a more promising aspect of possible nonlocal theories is revealed, as shown in the following.
The Impact of Technology on Sport in the Nineteenth Century.

(1969). The Impact of Technology on Sport in the Nineteenth Century. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 40, No. 9, pp. 87-90.
Does screening for prostate cancer identify clinically important disease

Abstract In this study the combination of digital rectal examination (DRE) and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is shown to be effective for detecting early prostate cancer in a urological out-patient setting. PSA provides the means to detect cancer in men with normal DRE that may otherwise present as so-called incidental cancer at transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for apparently benign disease or later in the course of its natural history as locally advanced or metastatic disease. PSA progression in men with incidental cancer has been previously demonstrated to be predicted more reliably by residual cancer on needle biopsy after TURP than by tumour in the resected specimen and, therefore re-staging such patients is worthwhile when further treatment would be considered. Among men selected for radical prostatectomy, non-palpable tumours detected with PSA more predictable in pathological extent than incidental cancer and their particular pathological characteristics suggest they include clinically significant tumours that would progress if untreated to palpable and eventually metastatic disease. In view of this progressive behaviour, cancer detected by PSA should be considered clinically significant particularly in men with a life expectancy of at least 10 years. Therefore screening should be offered for such individuals, to detect and treat tumours at a curable stage and thereby eliminate the high mortality and often protracted morbidity commonly associated with metastatic disease.
Perspectives on Uncertainty for Technical Communication Scholars

ABSTRACTTechnical communication scholars have tended to treat uncertainty as a lack of certainty rather than as a diverse range of strategies for talking about risk. This review employs Goodnight’s argument spheres to comprehend treatments of uncertainty in technical communication and closely related fields. The advantages of such an approach are demonstrated via a reanalysis of a recent risk communication study. The review finishes by identifying hybrid forums as productive sites for future research.
High-Frequency Field Effects on Ionic Defect Concentrations and Solid-State Diffusion Processes

We describe computer simulations of a microwave-induced driving force for ionic transport. The simulations are based on a model which predicts rectification of ionic fluxes at interfaces and a resulting depletion or accumulation of defects near the interface. Some details of the model are discussed, results of the simulations are presented, and the impact of these effects on sintering and diffusion is discussed.
What derived variables should be monitored during mechanical ventilation

Without a careful definition, it is very difficult to propose a list of essential derived variables that should be monitored during mechanical ventilation. The list of essentials will vary not only with disease type and severity but also with the expertise of the operator in interpreting the data, and willingness to incorporate it into his/her surveillance and treatment plan. It can be cogently argued that the only variables of crucial significance to the vast majority of patients are the primary ones--airway pressure, flow, tidal volume, and minute ventilation. My own view is that end-inspiratory (PD, Ps, and Pz), end-expiratory (total PEEP), and mean airway pressures must be checked at frequent intervals, especially in ARDS. Partitioning of the total pressure into its flow-driving and elastance-counterbalancing components is always wise, whether or not resistance and compliance or elastance are formally calculated. Incremental changes in the pressure-volume relationship should be monitored whenever adjustments in PEEP or VT are made. Ventilatory demand, strength, and power-reserve assessment are often instrumental in the care of the ventilator-dependent patient who presents as a weaning problem. The most valuable indicators of these include the VE, the maximum voluntary inspiratory pressure, and the frequency-to-tidal-volume ratio. Measurements of the work of breathing, P0.1, and Pes should be reserved for unusually difficult clinical questions. Finally, the variability of the Paw tracing yields valuable data regarding the synchrony of patient-ventilator interactions.
The Political Economy of Wages, Inflation and Unemployment

As we have seen, many mainstream or, more accurately, ‘economistic’ explanations for the collapse of Keynesianism are to be found focusing on the simultaneous occurrence of high inflation and persistent unemployment levels in advanced OECD countries — something that so-called Keynesianism had said to be impossible. Yet it has been suggested that an understanding of Keynesianism which contends that unemployment and inflation could not occur together, is grossly deficient. This deficiency is not only in its attributing stagflation to the practice of Keynesian policy, but in ascribing Phillips Curve Keynesianism to a series of phenomena that left-Keynesians, post-Keynesians, and Kaleckians already had warned against well before Phillips had published his influencial article in 1958.1 By way of contrast, the view adopted here is that arguments grounded in an economics which claims that it can explain — independently of politics — the workings of a capitalist economy are to be rejected as deficient. Specifically, this deficiency lies in the way such explanations ignore political explanations for how and why inflation occurs, how and why unemployment occurs, and how and why these two entities might occur together. To provide such explanations, and, in so doing, to reject the claims made by neoclassical and monetarist economists, is the purpose of this chapter.
Strategies to Improve Outcomes and Reduce Complications in Abdominal Based Perforator Flap Breast Reconstruction

The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap continues to be the workhorse flap for autologous breast reconstruction. However, not every patient has suitable perforator anatomy for flap perfusion. CT angiogram is very accurate in identifying the dominant perforators preoperatively, but clinical correlation varies among institutions. Recognition of inadequate perforators is important in order to avoid flap loss, partial flap loss, and fat necrosis. The muscle-sparing (MS-II) free TRAM is a good alternative for patients with unfavorable perforators. In this chapter, we provide an algorithmic approach for perforator selection in autologous breast reconstruction to optimize patient outcomes.
Polymorphic malware detection using topological feature extraction with data mining

In just a few short years, the number of polymorphic and metamorphic malware samples seen in the wild has grown exponentially, and the automated malware detection apparatus which is largely signature-based finds itself virtually and practically useless for these new types of attacks. New detection methods are needed in order to better defend networks, protect data and preserve overall internet operations. This paper offers a novel approach to extract, analyze and combine multiple high level factors to determine “malicious or benign” files. These factors include file characteristics, internal file properties and dynamic run-time relationships. This paper presents a unique approach leveraging topological examination using static and dynamic analysis. Belief Propagation (BP) is achieved through data mining techniques in order to uncover and spotlight the properties of malicious files. The proposed approach directly captures the file-properties and can therefore identify malicious files with impressive detection rates (.9999) and low false positives (.0001). This novel approach should prove to be faster than a large reputation database and performs well for small sample sizes.
Gap Analysis: Comparison of Job-Related Attributes Between Importance and Satisfaction

Employees have their own perceptions or attitudes about many aspects of work itself, and their own satisfaction with job or non-work-related attributes. Job satisfaction has been widely studied by many researchers and practitioners. This study surveys selected work-related attributes to help hoteliers improve work environments. This study initially identifies the level of importance on work-related attributes and the level of satisfaction with those attributes among hotel workers. Whether differences exist between the levels of importance of work-related attributes and satisfaction with those attributes is also explored. The purpose of this study is to identify how hotel workers perceive their work environments and identify areas that need more attention from hotel managers. Based on the purpose of this study, work-related attributes are measured according to the level of importance and the level of satisfaction. The study indicates that hotel workers consider their work environments, in terms of who they work with; to be well provided; however, work-related expectation, in terms of what they receive for their work, has not met their expectations. This study finds supervisor's friendlessness, job security, and pay are top three most important.
Organizational Infrastructure in the Collegiate Athletic Training Setting, Part I: Quality-of-Life Comparisons and Commonalities Among the Models.

Context: Some anecdotal evidence has suggested that organizational infrastructure may affect the quality of life of athletic trainers (ATs). Objective: To compare ATs' perspectives on work-life bal...
Primary sarcomatoid carcinoma of the small intestine: very rare and aggressive tumour.

Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the small intestine is a very rare and aggressive variant of small intestinal cancers with poor prognosis. The tumour primarily affects middle-aged and older patients with a mean age of 57 years at the time of presentation. We report a woman aged 58 years without any relevant medical history who presented with small intestinal obstruction. She underwent radiologic and endoscopy investigation with persistent features of small bowel obstruction. The patient was found to have a small bowel tumour causing the obstruction and underwent surgical excision of the tumour. Pathology revealed malignant neoplasm with sarcomatoid and epithelioid features involving the terminal ileum. The use of immunohistochemical markers helps in wide range of differential diagnoses. Surgical resection is still considered the best and first-line therapy with poor response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Global Health Education in Doctor of Pharmacy Programs in the United States

Objective. To determine the extent and manner in which global health education is taught at US PharmD programs.Methods. A pre-tested 40-question electronic survey instrument was developed and sent ...
The Biology and Dynamics of Plant Small RNAs

The discovery of short, non-protein-coding RNA molecules have revolutionized our understanding of the function of RNA molecules. Plant small RNAs such as microRNA and small-interfering RNA are usually 18–25 nucleotides long and play important regulatory roles in biological processes including the maintenance of genome integrity, developmental transitions and patterning, and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Although highly diversified in their biogenesis pathways, target sequences and targeting mechanisma, and in their degree of conservation among species, small RNA provides versatile and flexible epigenetic regulation with great specificity. In this chapter, we introduce the types of plant small RNAs, their biogenesis pathways, and their regulatory roles in biological processes. We also discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of small RNA-directed gene silencing. Lastly, we discuss the origins and evolution of small RNAs, including a current model for small RNA biogenesis and evolution.
Breakthrough Cancer Treatments Raise Difficult Questions

The approval of a first-of-its kind cancer therapy creates new challenges related to safety, access, and costs.
Wordsworthian Encounters: Sympathy, Admonishment, and the Aesthetics of Human Difference

By surveying various encounters with disability in Lyrical Ballads and The Prelude, in this chapter it is proposed that Wordsworthian aesthetics are fundamentally disability aesthetics. The disabled bodies and minds that Wordsworth depicts leave formal traces on his poetry, as do the bodily reactions Wordsworth’s narrators register when they encounter human difference. In order to demonstrate the importance of disability to Wordsworth’s growth as a poet, the chapter focuses on the Discharged Soldier passage of The Prelude, and then moves on to the Blind Beggar passage. By offering readings of ‘Simon Lee’, ‘The Thorn’, and ‘The Idiot Boy’, I also consider the ways that disability is central to the admonitory power of Wordsworth’s verse. For poet and reader alike, encountering disability may trigger an aesthetic and ethical crisis and elicit reflection that can lead directly to moral growth.
Identifying Barriers and Facilitators at Affect Community Pharmacists' Ability to Engage Children in Medication Counseling: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to describe the barriers and facilitators that influence community pharmacists' ability to provide medication counseling to pediatric patients. METHODS Semistructured interviews (n = 16) were conducted with pharmacy staff at 3 community pharmacies in 2 Eastern states. The interview guide elicited pharmacy staff experiences interacting with children and their perceived barriers and facilitators to providing medication counseling. Transcripts were reviewed for accuracy and a codebook was developed for data analysis. NVivo 10 was used for content analysis and identifying relevant themes. RESULTS Ten pharmacists and 6 pharmacy technicians were interviewed. Most participants were female (69%), aged 30 to 49 years (56%), with ≥5 years of pharmacy practice experience. Eight themes emerged as barriers to pharmacists' engaging children in medication counseling, the most prevalent being the child's absence during medication pickup, the child appearing to be distracted or uninterested, an...
The role of conductivity discontinuities in design of cardiac defibrillation

Fibrillation is an erratic electrical state of the heart, of rapid twitching rather than organized contractions. Ventricular fibrillation is fatal if not treated promptly. The standard treatment, defibrillation, is a strong electrical shock to reinitialize the electrical dynamics and allow a normal heart beat. Both the normal and the fibrillatory electrical dynamics of the heart are organized into moving wave fronts of changing electrical signals, especially in the transmembrane voltage, which is the potential difference between the cardiac cellular interior and the intracellular region of the heart. In a normal heart beat, the wave front motion is from bottom to top and is accompanied by the release of Ca ions to induce contractions and pump the blood. In a fibrillatory state, these wave fronts are organized into rotating scroll waves, with a centerline known as a filament. Treatment requires altering the electrical state of the heart through an externally applied electrical shock, in a manner that precludes the existence of the filaments and scroll waves. Detailed mechanisms for the success of this treatment are partially understood, and involve local shock-induced changes in the transmembrane potential, known as virtual electrode alterations. These transmembrane alterations are located at boundaries of the cardiac tissue, including blood vessels and the heart chamber wall, where discontinuities in electrical conductivity occur. The primary focus of this paper is the defibrillation shock and the subsequent electrical phenomena it induces. Six partially overlapping causal factors for defibrillation success are identified from the literature. We present evidence in favor of five of these and against one of them. A major conclusion is that a dynamically growing wave front starting at the heart surface appears to play a primary role during defibrillation by critically reducing the volume available to sustain the dynamic motion of scroll waves; in contrast, virtual electrodes occurring at the boundaries of small, isolated blood vessels only cause minor effects. As a consequence, we suggest that the size of the heart (specifically, the surface to volume ratio) is an important defibrillation variable.
Raman Probe of the Brillouin Zone for Nonequilibrium Phonons in GaAs

Very large wavevector phonons — their properties and methods of generation and detection-- constitute a subject of long standing interest [1]. Of special interest have been the slow TA phonons which may exhibit a bottleneck in their decay at sufficiently low temperatures [2,3]. Of the several techniques developed recently for observing such phonons [2–5], second-order Raman scattering [5] is the most comprehensive probe, uniquely capable of providing simultaneous and correlated information on phonons throughout the Brillouin zone and also on the electrons. We have previously reported on nonequilibrium, slow TA phonons at the zone boundary in GaAs, based on a study of a limited portion of the second-order Raman spectrum [5]. Here, we review and expand on the properties of these phonons, and also present an extended study of the full Raman spectrum which identifies all other non-equilibrium phonons.
A Macro-Level Order Metric for Self-Organizing Adaptive Systems

Analyzing how agent interactions affect macro-level self-organized behaviors can yield a deeper understanding of how complex adaptive systems work. The dynamic nature of complex systems makes it difficult to determine if, or when, a system has reached a state of equilibrium or is about to undergo a major transition reflecting the appearance of self-organized states. Using the notion of local neighborhood entropy, this paper presents a metric for evaluating the macro-level order of a system. The metric is tested in two dissimilar complex adaptive systems with self-organizing properties: an autonomous swarm searching for multiple dynamic targets and Conway's Game of Life. In both domains, the proposed metric is able to graphically capture periods of increasing and decreasing self-organization (i.e. changes in macro-level order), equilibrium and points of criticality; displaying its general applicability in identifying these behaviors in complex adaptive systems.
Biotin supplement interference with immunoassays for parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in a patient with metabolic bone disease on maintenance hemodialysis.

Biotin (vitamin B7) is a dietary supplement that can lead to falsely abnormal endocrine function tests. The impact of biotin on both 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) have not been previously described in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). A woman with ESRD on hemodialysis taking biotin 10 mg daily had a 25(OH)D spike from 25 to >100 ng/mL and an iPTH decrease from 966 to 63 pg/mL. After discontinuation of biotin, her 25(OH)D and iPTH returned to baseline. Biotin can cause erroneous 25(OH)D and iPTH results in ESRD that could adversely affect patient care.
Open Vs. Closed Reduction in Type 2 Lateral Condyle Fractures.

Background Lateral condyle fractures are associated with high morbidity due to their risk of nonunion and avascular necrosis (AVN). This study aims to assess the outcomes between closed reduction and the more traditional open techniques for operative fractures. Methods All lateral condyle fractures that required operative fixation (pins or screws) over a ten-year period were included. We compared open versus closed reduction for OR time, infection rate, AVN, nonunion, premature physeal closure, ulnohumeral angle, and interepicondylar width (IEW). Results 28 patients were identified in the closed reduction group while 41 were identified in the open reduction group. Average displacement at surgery for these two groups was significantly different at 3.95mm for the closed group and 9.47mm for the open group (p<0.0001). Operating room time was significantly greater for the open reduction group by an average of 45 minutes (p <0.0001). Additionally, the closed reduction group was significantly less likely to require postoperative admission compared to the open reduction group (p=0.0004). There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to abnormal ulnohumeral angles, infection rates, avascular necrosis, nonunion, lateral spur formation, premature physeal closure, or reoperation rate. Conclusions The significant differences in OR time and post-operative admission make closed reduction the preferred approach from a hospital system quality improvement standpoint.Level of Evidence: IV.
Interleukin 27 Protects From Gastric Atrophy and Metaplasia During Chronic Autoimmune Gastritis.

Background & Aims The association between chronic inflammation and gastric carcinogenesis is well established, but it is not clear how immune cells and cytokines regulate this process. We investigated the role of interleukin 27 (IL27) in the development of gastric atrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia (preneoplastic lesions associated with inflammation-induced gastric cancer) in mice with autoimmune gastritis. Methods We performed studies with TxA23 mice (control mice), which express a T-cell receptor against the H+/K+ adenosine triphosphatase α chain and develop autoimmune gastritis, and TxA23xEbi3-/- mice, which develop gastritis but do not express IL27. In some experiments, mice were given high-dose tamoxifen to induce parietal cell atrophy and spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM). Recombinant IL27 was administered to mice with mini osmotic pumps. Stomachs were collected and analyzed by histopathology and immunofluorescence; we used flow cytometry to measure IL27 and identify immune cells that secrete IL27 in the gastric mucosa. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on immune cells that infiltrated stomach tissues. Results We identified IL27-secreting macrophages and dendritic cell in the corpus of mice with chronic gastritis (TxA23 mice). Mice deficient in IL27 developed more severe gastritis, atrophy, and SPEM than control mice. Administration of recombinant IL27 significantly reduced the severity of inflammation, atrophy, and SPEM in mice with gastritis. Single-cell RNA sequencing showed that IL27 acted almost exclusively on stomach-infiltrating CD4+ T cells to suppress expression of inflammatory genes. Conclusions In studies of mice with autoimmune gastritis, we found that IL27 is an inhibitor of gastritis and SPEM, suppressing CD4+ T-cell–mediated inflammation in the gastric mucosa.
Susceptibility of Arkansas Palmer amaranth accessions to common herbicide sites of action

Palmer amaranth is one of the most difficult-to-control weeds in row crop systems and has evolved resistance to several herbicide sites of action (SOAs). A late-season weed-escape survey had been conducted earlier to determine the distribution of protoporphyrinogen oxidase–inhibitor resistant Palmer Amaranth in Arkansas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of Arkansas Palmer amaranth accessions to commonly used herbicide SOAs. The SOAs evaluated were group 2 + 9, 3, 4, 5, 10, 14, 15, and 27, and the representative herbicide from each group was imazethapyr + glyphosate (79 + 860 g ha−1), trifluralin (1,120 g ha−1), dicamba (280 and 560 g ha−1), atrazine (560 g ha−1), glufosinate (594 g ha−1), fomesafen (395 g ha−1), S-metolachlor (1,064 g ha−1), and tembotrione (92 g ha−1), respectively. Palmer amaranth mortality varied among accessions across SOAs. Averaged across accessions, the mortality rates, by treatment in order from lowest to highest, were as follows: glyphosate + imazethapyr (16%), tembotrione (51%), dicamba at 280 g ha−1 (51%), fomesafen (76%), dicamba at 560 g ha−1 (82%), atrazine (85%), trifluralin (87%), S-metolachlor (96%), and glufosinate (99.5%). This study provides evidence that Palmer amaranth accessions with low susceptibility to glyphosate + imazethapyr, fomesafen, and tembotrione are widespread throughout Arkansas. Of the remaining SOAs, most Palmer amaranth accessions were sensitive; however, within each herbicide SOA, except glufosinate, control of some accessions was less than expected and resistance is suspected.
The Next Pandemic: Prepare for "Disease X".

Author(s): Iserson, Kenneth V. | Abstract: The organism that will cause the next pandemic, which WHO labels “Disease X,” probably already exists. The COVID-19 pandemic will, slowly, and with some hiccups and many tragedies, pass into memory. This coronavirus may disappear and later recur, continue endemically under vaccine control, or simply attenuate and vanish. The economy and healthcare systems will return to a new normal, some parts more quickly than others. Like the multiple plagues humanity has endured since our ancestors gathered into cities, it will generate recriminations for slow and misguided responses, profiteering, and over- or under reacting to economic, social, and healthcare events that will, retrospectively, be obvious. The individuals and organizations most culpable for exacerbating the disaster will escape responsibility while they scapegoat others and try to re-write history. Heroes, whether individuals who helped provide clear risk communication and leadership or groups that persevered in the face of fear and life-threatening danger will emerge. Without fanfare, most will return to their normal jobs, scarred but proud of their efforts. As they have before, pundits and scholars will write endlessly about the pandemic’s cause, effects, and ways to ameliorate the next pandemic’s brutal destruction of lives and ways of life. The problem is, we have done all this before and seemed not to have learned the lessons our predecessors taught.
Abstract 149: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) detection by DNA methylation profiling and computational deconvolution

Purpose: Early detection of pulmonary malignancies is critical to achieving positive treatment outcomes. However, due to the minimal symptom burden often associated with early-stage neoplasms, in addition to the cost and limitations of advanced imaging modalities, detection of disease is often delayed until nodal or metastatic spread has occurred. Ongoing cellular turnover releases DNA into systemic circulation where it is able to achieve a steady state level. We postulated that we could identify methylation sites specific to pulmonary Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and Adenocarcinoma (AD) and then computationally determine the presence or absence of neoplastic signatures from a heterogeneous tissue sample, such as is found in cell free DNA isolated from plasma. Methods: We designed a computational framework for the detection of informative methylation sites based on an iterative Euclidean Distance algorithm. After generation of a reference matrix comprised of 25 cells of origin, SCC and AD (via 444 biopsy-derived methylomes), we sought informative methylation sites which had unique expression patterns among the tested cell types. To quantify the reliability of this approach, we generated synthetic In sillico “plasma” samples comprised of varying compositions of SCC, AD and whole blood methylation data which we then deconvolved using a NNLS algorithm. Results: We identified 200 informative sites out of 390,000 tested. Based on the 200 identified informative sites, we were able to define a Euclidean Space with robust separation of individual cell types (L2>5). Pairings of CD4+/CD8+ T-Cells and SCC/AD had the closest Euclidean distances, likely related to cellular origin and biologic similarities. However, we accurately distinguished between these cell type pairs in >95% of In silico experiments. Additionally, we demonstrated accurate detection of neoplastic signature within synthetic heterogeneous mixtures ranging from .1 to 100% of neoplastic “spike-in” (PearsonR =.92, p=1.5e-42). Going forward, we hope to further define the operating characteristics of this approach In vivo and develop its capability as we look to recapitulate our results with plasma samples from patients with and without pulmonary malignancies. Conclusion: Here, we describe a computational framework for the detection of pulmonary malignancy via methylation signatures. Using this framework we identified 200 informative methylation sites which allow for In silico deconvolution and detection of NSCLC within heterogeneously complex samples. Citation Format: Nicholas J. Hornstein, Zorawar S. Noor, Matteo Pellegrini, Edward Garon. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) detection by DNA methylation profiling and computational deconvolution [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 149.
The why, where, and how clinical reasoning model for the evaluation and treatment of patients with low back pain.

Abstract Background There is considerable overlap between pain referral patterns from the lumbar disc, lumbar facets, the sacroiliac joint (SIJ), and the hip. Additionally, sciatic like symptoms may originate from the lumbar spine or secondary to extra-spinal sources such as deep gluteal syndrome (GPS). Given that there are several overlapping potential anatomic sources of symptoms that may be synchronous in patients who have low back pain (LBP), it may not be realistic that a linear deductive approach can be used to establish a diagnosis and direct treatment in this group of patients. Objective The objective of this theoretical clinical reasoning model is to provide a framework to help clinicians integrate linear and non-linear clinical reasoning approaches to minimize clinical reasoning errors related to logically fallacious thinking and cognitive biases. Methods This masterclass proposes a hypothesis-driven and probabilistic approach that uses clinical reasoning for managing LBP that seeks to eliminate the challenges related to using any single diagnostic paradigm. Conclusions This model integrates the why (mechanism of primary symptoms), where (location of the primary driver of symptoms), and how (impact of mechanical input and how it may or may not modulate the patient's primary complaint). The integration of these components individually, in serial, or simultaneously may help to develop clinical reasoning through reflection on and in action. A better understanding of what these concepts are and how they are related through the proposed model may help to improve the clinical conversation, academic application of clinical reasoning, and clinical outcomes.
Medical design for a total animal health care system

The design of calf hutches which are exposed to environmental temperatures, and provide the animal with semi-isolation, and hence reduction of exposure to infectious diseases, is discussed with illustration of the construction details. Two weeks after weaning calves are put in groups of 8 into a hutch consisting of a 12 × 9 ft semi-portable unit built on skids, with a frame construction, covered with plywood and a shed roof. A restraint unit is also built into the design for processing procedures and safe, efficient handling of the animals. Calves of 4-5 months are transferred to a larger heifer/dry cow facility with natural ventilation and slatted floors. Exhaust air is conducted through an unobstructed open ridge in the 'stack effect'; this system reduces aerosol transmission between pens. Aspects of building design that enhance disease control methods are emphasized.
A burden-free gene overexpression system

Abstract Overexpression of synthetic genes depletes cellular resources, particularly ribosomes, which leads to lower expression of other synthetic genes and decreased growth rate. These burden effects can be detrimental to genetic circuit performance and hinders the process of modularly composing genetic circuits to create complex biomolecular systems with novel functions. No solution exists that allows the expression of any gene to a desired level without hindering the expression level of all other genes and growth rate. Here, we engineer an actuator that upregulates ribosome production. The key component of the actuator is a genetic cassette that expresses the hydrolysis domain of the SpoT enzyme (SpoTH) in a cell strain with elevated basal levels of ppGpp. We demonstrate that our actuator is capable of increasing protein production rates (proxy for free ribosomes) by over 150% and growth rate by over 80%. We use the actuator to engineer a feedforward controller, in which SpoTH is co-expressed with a target gene. Expressing the target gene without SpoTH purges the expression of a constitutive gene by more than 80% and cellular growth rate by 40%. By contrast, with SPOTH, the feedforward controller can be tuned to guarantee less than 10% change in the expression of a constitutive gene while keeping the expression of a the target gene at any desired level without any decrease in growth rate (however growth can increase by ≈40%). Alternatively, the feedforward controller can be tuned to guarantee less than 10% deviations in growth rate while also providing 30% higher expression of a constitutive gene relative to the case of expressing the target gene without SpoTH. Therefore, this solution allows desired target gene overexpression without burden, which is instrumental for predictable composition of genetic circuits.
Superficial and Deep Macula Vessel Density in Healthy, Glaucoma Suspect, and Glaucoma Eyes.

PRECIS Macular superficial capillary plexus (SCP) vessel density is more informative than deep capillary plexus (DCP) vessel density for the detection of glaucoma. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to characterize optical coherence tomography angiography macular SCP and projection-resolved DCP vessel densities and compare their diagnostic accuracies with ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness in healthy, glaucoma suspect, and glaucoma eyes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-eight eyes of 44 healthy subjects, 26 eyes of 16 preperimetric glaucoma suspects, and 161 eyes of 124 glaucoma patients from the Diagnostics Innovations in Glaucoma Study with good quality high-density 6×6 mm2 macula optical coherence tomography angiography images were included. The diagnostic accuracy of SCP vessel density, projection-resolved DCP vessel density and GCC thickness were compared among groups. RESULTS Mean whole image vessel density (wiVD; % of area occupied by vessels containing flowing blood) in the SCP layer was highest in healthy eyes (49.7%), followed by glaucoma suspect eyes (46.0%), and glaucoma eyes (40.9%) (P<0.001). Mean wiVD in the DCP layer was similar in healthy (50.6%), glaucoma suspect (47.3%), and glaucoma eyes (45.7%) (P=0.925). Diagnostic accuracy of both GCC thickness and SCP wiVD was significantly higher than DCP wiVD for classifying healthy and glaucoma eyes [adjusted area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (95% confidence interval): GCC=0.86 (0.72, 0.94), SCP=0.80 (0.66, 0.91) and DCP=0.44 (0.30, 0.57)] (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS SCP vessel densities have better diagnostic accuracy for detecting glaucoma than DCP vessel densities. Although the diagnostic accuracy of the macula SCP is relatively modest, it is more informative than the DCP.
Functional Status Across Post-Acute Settings is Associated With 30-Day and 90-Day Hospital Readmissions.

Abstract Objective To examine the association between cocalibrated functional scores across post-acute care settings and the subsequent risk of hospital readmission. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting and Participants We analyzed 781,021 fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries discharged to either inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs), skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), or home health agencies (HHA) after an acute hospital stay for stroke (N = 143,277), lower extremity joint replacements (512,577), and hip/femur fracture (125,167) between January 1, 2013, and August 31, 2014. Measures Functional items from IRF-PAI, MDS, and OASIS were categorized into self-care and mobility domains. We cocalibrated admission functional scores across post-acute settings and divided scores into 4 functional levels using quartiles (Q1-Q4, with Q4 representing the most independent function). The primary outcomes were 30-day and 90-day hospital readmissions (yes/no) after an initial post-acute stay. Results Patients who were more dependent in self-care and mobility at the initial post-acute setting were significantly more likely to experience hospital readmission [eg, hazard ratios of 30-day readmission in stroke: 1.54 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.47-1.61), 1.18 (95% CI 1.14-1.23), and 1.12 (95% CI 1.08-1.16) for Q1, Q2 and Q3, compared to Q4]. We found similar results for risk of 90-day hospital readmission across impairment conditions. Conclusions and Implications Patients who were more functionally dependent at the initial post-acute setting had a higher risk to readmit to the hospitals after discharging from the post-acute setting for 30 and 90 days, compared with patients who were more functionally independent. This finding is consistent across impairment conditions and post-acute settings. Future research should determine effective strategies of maintaining and facilitating functional performance across post-acute settings to optimize long-term patient outcomes.
CONFIDENCE SETS, SIMULTANEOUS CONFIDENCE INTERVALS, AND MULTIPLE COMPARISONS

This chapter discusses the confidence sets and simultaneous confidence intervals. For one unknown parameter, it is easy to find an appropriate 100 (1 – α)% confidence interval. The chapter discusses simultaneous confidence intervals using Bonferroni's inequality and the S method of simultaneous confidence intervals. The “S” stands for Professor Henry Scheffe, who first presented the method. Professor John Tukey came up with another method of finding simultaneous confidence intervals, which are are called “T confidence intervals.” The T approach is based on the studentized range. There are some restrictions on the T method. The method may be used only in the case of balanced designs because in unbalanced designs, the variances of different estimates usually differ. To use Scheffe and Tukey multiple comparison methods, the critical values for the F -distribution and the studentized range is needed. When conditions are such that both Tukey and Scheffe methods may be used, the rule of thumb is useful. If only simple contrasts are being studied, the T method should be used; otherwise, the S method should be used.