cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acts, Omissions, and Common Sense Morality

Common Sense Morality condemns us for being indifferent to the suffering of others. Even so, it sharply distinguishes between this and our knowingly and needlessly contributing to the suffering of others. (That we are talking about voluntary behavior throughout is to be understood.) And it holds that the latter constitutes the greater moral wrong. It would seem that common sense morality is not without a point. From the premise that a person knowingly and needlessly takes steps to cause others to suffer, it would certainly be correct for us to conclude that he desires to see others suffer and is sufficiently motivated by this desire that he brings about the suffering of others.
Variations in Adolescent Purpose in Life and Their Association With Lifetime Substance Use.

Purpose in life (PIL) promotes positive development and is associated with decreased substance use. However, to our knowledge, researchers have not investigated how different categories of PIL are ...
Security and Cloud Outsourcing Framework for Economic Dispatch

The computational complexity and problem sizes of power grid applications have increased significantly with the advent of renewable resources and smart grid technologies. The current paradigm of solving these issues consist of in-house high performance computing infrastructures, which have drawbacks of high capital expenditures, maintenance, and limited scalability. Cloud computing is an ideal alternative due to its powerful computational capacity, rapid scalability, and high cost-effectiveness. A major challenge, however, remains in that the highly confidential grid data is susceptible for potential cyberattacks when outsourced to the cloud. In this paper, a security and cloud outsourcing framework is developed for the economic dispatch (ED) linear programming application. The security framework transforms the ED linear program into a confidentiality-preserving linear program, that masks both the data and problem structure, thus enabling secure outsourcing to the cloud. Results show that for large grid test cases the performance gain and costs outperforms the in-house infrastructure.
The construction of preschool teacher identity in the public school context

ABSTRACTThis article explores how three early childhood teachers working in grant-funded preschools within a public school context construct and negotiate their professional identities. Teachers share narratives that contribute to an understanding of how their beliefs, knowledge, and practice are marginalized by the context in which they work. The evaluation of these narratives from each early childhood teacher found their individual experiences of working in public schools, demonstrated isolation, and exclusion from colleagues. Validation and recognition from their colleagues and administrators influenced their focus on kindergarten readiness in their preschool classrooms, often conflicting with their own values about quality early childhood education. These perceptions have all impacted the construction of these three early childhood teachers’ professional identities and practices.
Will Africa feed China

The world’s fascination with and fear about China’s presence in Africa have consistently outpaced the painstaking production of scholarly knowledge. Journalists, non-governmental organizations (NGO...
Hand Held Technology; Its Place In a Environmental Compliance Monitoring System

This abstract will examine the elements of a field deployable inspection application designed to support the U S Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) field mission assignment, through the use ...
History and Promise and Blending Survey Data with Government Records on Turnout

Recent presidential campaigns’ successes have elevated public perceptions of the importance of voter registration data. In the 2008 election, observers credited the Barack Obama campaign’s integration of voter file data with large-sample surveys to enable fine-tune messaging through their micro-targeting efforts. Donald Trump’s data analytics firm, Cambridge Analytica, claims to have innovated further on the Democrat’s micro-targeting efforts through individual level psychological profiling. These retrospective successes popularized something which academics and practitioners have long known: that voter registration data is a valuable resource to understand political behavior. The purpose of this chapter is to review the increasing use of voter registration data in surveys, and for other research purposes, and to describe in detail some of the unresolved issues concerning the reliability of these data.
Swelling of compressed cellulose fiber webs in organic liquids

Maximum liquid-holding capacities of various compressed fibers in water and in a series of various organic liquids have been investigated. The maximum liquid-holding capacity versus bulk density relationships gave polynomial curves, generally with a peak. Good relative correlations for cellulose, compressed fiber pellets and wood were found for the series of liquids tested. In general, liquids that swelled wood to a low to medium range (up to 6%) did not swell appreciablyα-cellulose and sulfite pulp, while good to excellent wood-swelling agents swelled all the fibers very significantly. It was also found that the hydrogen-bonding parameter of the swelling liquid was the most important factor. The swelling rate of various compressed fiber systems in organic liquids was dramatically increased by raising the temperature. Activation energies and molar volume of the swelling liquid were linearly correlated.
Nutritional Studies of a Carboxypeptidase Inhibitor from Potato Tubers

Carboxypeptidase inhibitor from potato tubers was fed to newly hatched chicks at a level equal to that present in diet containing 50% raw potato, which caused severe growth depression and 20% mortality. At this level the effects of the inhibitor on growth was small but the following effects were noted: (a) increased fecal protein (the increase mainly consisting of low molecular weight proteins); (b) poorer feed efficiency; and (c) a significant decrease in pancreatic digestive proenzyme levels, although no hypertrophy was noted. In addition, the inhibitor was not digested readily in the intestinal tract and it increased in concentration in intestinal contents as it progressed down the tract. Potato Inhibitor II, a potent trypsin inhibitor, when fed to chicks, also at the level found in a 50% raw potato diet, was severely growth depressing. It significantly increased fecal protein and caused pancreatic hypertrophy. The trypsin inhibitor may be a major growth depressing agent in raw potatoes whereas the carboxypeptidase inhibitor probably contributes little to the growth depression.
Recent Functional Genomics Studies in Marine Synechococcus

Marine Synechoccocus are major contributors to global primary productivity. Genomics and metagenomics have revealed high levels of gene content diversity in these cyanobacteria, partly due to horizontal gene transfer. These differences would be extremely important for ecological niche adaptation. Functional genomics studies using microarrays are now revealing how gene expression in marine cyanobacteria is responding to common environmental stresses such as nutrient deprivation, metal stress, and even the presence of other microbes. Many genes highly expressed under environmental stresses seem to be clade – or even strain-specific, which may change our view of how microbes adapt to new environmental conditions.
Abstract 680: FLLL12 is a small molecule JAK2 inhibitor that inhibits JAK-STAT3 pathway in head and neck cancer

Purpose: We have recently reported that FLLL12, a synthetic curcumin analog, induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells through a death receptor (DR) 5-dependent pathway and in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN) by modifying multiple Bcl-2 proteins. However, the direct molecular target (receptor) of FLLL12 is unknown. The purpose of the current study is to identify the receptor of FLLL12. Methods: Computer-aided molecular docking was used to predict molecular interaction. Isothermal titration calorimetry and thermal shift assays were used to confirm molecular interactions in a cell free system. SCCHN cell lines were used to study the effect of this interaction on JAK-STAT3 pathway. Protein expression levels were measured by Western blotting. Results: Computer-aided molecular docking modeling of FLLL12 and JAK2 (PDB code: 5CF5) predicted that FLLL12 fit well into the JAK2 catalytic pocket. Although curcumin also fit into the JAK2 catalytic pocket, the binding sites were different for FLLL12 and curcumin. Docking score for FLLL12, natural ligand and curcumin were -7.2, -12.1 and -6.9, respectively. FLLL12 also docked into the STAT3 catalytic pocket (PDB code: 5AX3). However, the docking score was worse than those for natural ligand and curcumin (-5.1, -7.3 and -7.4 respectively). We confirmed that FLLL12 interacted with JAK2 in a cell free system using recombinant JAK2. Isothermal titration calorimetry assay revealed one binding site for both FLLL12 and the FDA-approved JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib. The Ka values were 3.84E6±1.03E5 and 2.31E7±6.78E6 M-1, respectively. FLLL12 and JAK2 interactions were further confirmed by thermal shift assay. Kd values were 1.12±0.14 μM and 2.24 ±0.18 μM for ruxolitinib and FLLL12, respectively. Two hour pretreatment with FLLL12 also inhibited IL-6 induced phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3. Finally, FLLL12 strongly inhibited constitutively active STAT3 phosphorylation in SCCHN cell lines, a downstream effector of JAK. Conclusions: Our results strongly suggest that FLLL12 is a novel small molecule inhibitor for JAK2 and FLLL12-JAK2 interaction inhibits IL-6-induced as well as constitutively active STAT3 phosphorylation, thus has great promise for cancer prevention and therapy. Grant Support: Start-up fund from Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University and from Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Marshall University. Citation Format: ARM Ruhul Amin, ASM Anisuzzaman, Abu B. Siddique, James R. Fuchs. FLLL12 is a small molecule JAK2 inhibitor that inhibits JAK-STAT3 pathway in head and neck cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 680.
The Paraprofessional and the School Psychologist: Can This Be an Effective Team?

Paraprofessionals have been working in educational settings and human service agencies since the 1930's. Yet, systematic evaluation of the effectiveness of paraprofessional services did not begin u...
Scintillator light yield measurements with waveform digitizers

Abstract The proton light yield of organic scintillators has been measured extensively in recent years using fast waveform digitizers and large discrepancies exist in the values reported by different authors. In this letter, we address principles of digital signal processing that must be considered when conducting scintillator light yield measurements. Digitized waveform pulse height values are only proportional to the amount of scintillation light if the temporal shape of the scintillation pulse is independent of the amount of energy deposited. This is not the case for scintillation pulses resulting from fast neutron interactions in organic scintillators. Authors measuring proton light yield should therefore report pulse integral values and ensure that the integration length is long enough to capture most of the scintillation light.
Review: From Stone to Paper: Architecture as History in the Late Mughal Empire, by Chanchal B. Dadlani

Chanchal B. Dadlani From Stone to Paper: Architecture as History in the Late Mughal Empire New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2018, 232 pp., 97 color and 22 b/w illus. $65 (cloth), ISBN 9780300233179 Chanchal B. Dadlani has produced the first full-length book on late Mughal architecture, a topic often dismissed in older scholarship and in popular literature as essentially unworthy of study. Her richly illustrated volume From Stone to Paper , full of reproductions in superb color, provides deep insights into this period, making us rethink our understandings of the later Mughals and of how Mughal architecture came to be defined. As Dadlani says in her conclusion, “This book has centered on the fundamental question of how the concept of Mughal architecture emerged over the course of the long eighteenth century” (175). An evaluation of its contents provides a response to that question. In the book's introduction, “The Mughal Eighteenth Century,” Dadlani argues that it was during this fraught period that the architectural style now called Mughal emerged. It was the result of architects and patrons looking to the past—that is, to the seventeenth century—for a new architectural style appropriate for their present. She suggests that this process was ongoing throughout the long eighteenth century, although her book's final three chapters make clear that it continued into the mid-nineteenth century, when the Mughal Empire dissolved. In the rest of the introduction Dadlani discusses trends in scholarship on late Mughal architecture as well as the wide variety of sources she used in her study. Chapter 1, “Between Experimentation and Regulation: The Foundations of an Eighteenth-Century Style,” focuses on architecture built during the late seventeenth century under Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (r. 1658–1707). Here Dadlani introduces the concept of istiqbāl , …
The Extracellular Matrix and Cell–Biomaterial Interactions

Abstract The extracellular matrix (ECM) serves as a microenvironmental niche providing both biophysical and biochemical signals in which cells reside and function within the body. Therefore, understanding the composition, structure, and functions of the native ECM is essential to engineering biomaterials for maintaining and/or directing cellular function for biomedical applications. This chapter summarizes compositions, properties, and functions of the native ECM, and how these inform the understanding and engineering of cell–biomaterial interactions. The following concepts are covered:1. Definition, properties, and functions of the ECM2. Cell–biomaterial interactions.
Mucosal Grafting Reduces Recurrence After Endonasal Surgery of Petrous Apex Cholesterol Granulomas.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) is increasingly utilized for management of petrous apex cholesterol granuloma (PACG). Surgical goals include drainage and marsupialization of the cyst. Various techniques have been described to try to reduce the rates of recurrence. We studied the effect of mucosal grafting on recurrence. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective Cohort study. METHODS Patients who underwent EEA for PACG at two tertiary care centers between 1999 and 2018 were identified and divided into two cohorts: Mucosal versus no mucosal reconstruction. Surgical approach, reconstructive method, and recurrence were recorded. Primary endpoint was symptomatic or radiographic recurrence. RESULTS Thirty-four patients were identified undergoing 37 surgeries. Four patients developed recurrences of which three elected to undergo revision. Some form of mucosa was used to line the drainage tract in 20 cases. A free mucosal graft was used in 8, and a small customized nasal septal flap (miniflap) in 12. All four recurrences occurred in cases where no mucosa was used, demonstrating decreased recurrences with mucosal reconstruction (P < .05). There was no difference found between free mucosal grafts and miniflaps. CONCLUSIONS Utilization of mucosa to partially line a circumferentially de-epithelialized drainage pathway after EEA for PACG reduce recurrence rates. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:E2513-E2517, 2021.
Spin Hall torques generated by rare-earth thin films

The spin Hall effect is of great technological interest because it can produce efficient spin-transfer torques with the potential to advance magnetic memory technologies. Here, the authors demonstrate that the spin Hall effect can be enhanced by the presence of $f$-orbital states near the Fermi level. The authors compare measurements of spin Hall torques generated by the rare-earth metals Gd, Dy, Ho, and Lu with the results of first-principles calculations of intrinsic spin Hall conductivity with and without $f$-orbital participation. They find that contributions from the $f$-orbital states are required to explain the experimental trend in spin Hall conductivity as a function of $f$-orbital filling. The observed trend is consistent in both sign and magnitude with a simple Hund's rules picture of $f$-orbital filling, similar to the trend observed in the 4$d$ and 5$d$ transition metals as a function of $d$-orbital filling. These results suggest that rare earths are a promising research direction for creating and tailoring materials with large spin-orbit torques.
TAXONOMIC REVISION OF MENTZELIA SECTION BICUSPIDARIA (LOASACEAE) IN MEXICO

Results from molecular phylogenetic analyses have indicated that the two southernmost species in Mentzelia section Bicuspidaria, M. hirsutissima sensu lato and M. involucrata, form a clade in which M. hirsutissima is paraphyletic with respect to M. involucrata. Here we elevate M. hirsutissima S.Watson var. nesiotes I.M.Johnst. to specific rank, recognizing it as M. nesiotes (I.M.Johnst.) Brokaw & J.J.Schenk, thus rendering all three taxa monophyletic. Mentzelia nesiotes is allopatric relative to M. involucrata and M. hirsutissima sensu stricto, with all known populations of M. nesiotes occurring in northern Baja California Sur and nearby Pacific islands. Multivariate analyses of morphological differences determined that M. nesiotes and M. hirsutissima are best distinguished by capsule length, calyx length, and leaf intersinus width. Estimation of climate niches with MaxEnt inferred that M. nesiotes and M. hirsutissima showed minimal overlap in climate tolerances, with M. nesiotes inhabiting the Vizcaino fog desert west of the Peninsular Ranges and M. hirsutissima inhabiting areas further north with higher precipitation and temperature fluctuations primarily east of the Peninsular Ranges. We provide updated circumscriptions of all three species, reduce M. hirsutissima var. stenophylla and M. involucrata var. megalantha to synonymy with their respective species, and designate the lectotype of M. hirsutissima.
Foster thy young: Enhanced prediction of orphan genes in assembled genomes

The evolutionary rapid emergence of new genes gives rise to "orphan genes" that share no sequence homology to genes in closely related genomes. These genes provide organisms with a reservoir of genetic elements to quickly respond to changing selection pressures. Gene annotation pipelines that combine ab initio machine-learning with sequence homology-based searches are efficient in identifying basal genes with a long evolutionary history. However, their ability to identify orphan genes and other young genes has not been systematically evaluated. Here, we classify the phylostrata of curated Arabidopsis thaliana genes and use these to assess the ability of two of the most prevalent annotation pipelines, MAKER and BRAKER, to predict orphans and other young genes. MAKER predictions are highly dependent on the RNA-Seq evidence, predicting between 11% and 60% of the orphan-genes and 95% to 98% of basal-genes in the annotated genome of Arabidopsis. In contrast, BRAKER consistently predicts 33% of orphan-genes and 98% of basal-genes. A less used method to identify genes is by directly aligning RNA-Seq data to the genome sequence. We present a Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR) approach, called BIND, that mitigates the under-prediction of orphan genes. BIND combines BRAKER predictions with direct evidence-based inference of transcripts based on RNA-Seq alignments to the genome. BIND increases the number and accuracy of orphan gene predictions, identifying 68% of Araport11-annotated orphan genes and 99% of the conserved genes.
The AFIT multiplexed multi-electrode array and implantation package for neural recording and stimulation

A 2-dimensional 16/spl times/16 electrode array has been developed using standard semiconductor fabrication techniques. The electrode array is capable of both stimulation and recording from each of the 256 electrodes individually. Previous work at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) has shown that 2-dimensional array can be used to collect both visual evoked response (VER) and electroencephalography (EEG) data. Building on this work, the new 256-electrode array has been designed and fabricated. The new array is being used in various experiments to study the primary and associative visual cortex of a rhesus monkey. >
Mining Inter-transaction Data Dependencies for Database Intrusion Detection*

Existing database security mechanisms are not sufficient for detecting malicious activities targeted at corrupting data. With the increase of attacks toward database-centered applications, an effective intrusion detection system is essential for application security. Although someresearches havebeen done on the database intrusion detection, methods for detecting anomalous activitiesin databases haveonly recently been explored in detail. In this paper, we present an approach employing inter-transaction data dependency mining fordetecting well-crafted attacks thatconsists a group of seemingly harmless database transactions. Our experiments illustrated the advantage of this new approach and validated the effectiveness of the model proposed.
Sinha, Jai B. P

In a career spanning more than half a century, Jai B. P. Sinha has been a leading voice for indigenous psychology and in particular for Indian psychology. Born June 1, 1936, Sinha completed the B.A. (1956) and M.A. (1958) at Bihar University. After teaching for a few years at Ranchi University, he pursued doctoral studies at the Ohio State University, where he received the Ph.D. in 1965. He then joined the A. N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies in Patna, India, where he developed a dynamic program of research with emphasis on social and organizational issues. Sinha is currently professor of psychology and management at the ASSERT Institute of Management in Patna. Keywords: cultural psychology; organizational change; indigenous psychology
Issues of Demand Specification and Industry Structure in Turkeys and Broiler Chickens

Factors unique to the turkey industry suggest that conclusions concerning market structure and demand specification drawn from aggregate poultry data cannot necessarily be extrapolated to the turkey industry. The Wu-Hausman endogeneity test is used to examine demand specifications and industry structure specifically for turkey meat. In contrast to general poultry, quantity—not price—is found to be predetermined in demand models that use annual turkey data. Quarterly demand analysis suggests this result stems from biological cycles that limit a producer’s ability to react to price change and the use of a weighted average for determining price and quantity.
Teaching and Learning with Dynamic Geometry Programs in Student-Centered Learning Environments

Summary The present study examined the attitudes and beliefs held by four middle school teachers and their 226 students about teaching and learning geometry using Geometer's Sketchpad in a student-centered environment. Findings indicate that teachers liked and valued Sketchpad as a tool but had conflicting opinions about the value of using it to support student-centered activities. Students were quite positive about controlling their own learning and their ability to interact dynamically with onscreen geometric shapes. Findings indicate that the task of changing teacher attitudes about the school learning environment may be more difficult than researchers and educational reformers have presumed.
Depression and Personality Traits Associated With Emotion Dysregulation: Correlates of Suicide Attempts in Women with Bulimia Nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify personality traits and psychiatric comorbidities associated with a lifetime history of a suicide attempt in women with bulimia nervosa (BN). METHOD: Data from two samples of women with BN (n = 204 and n = 133) were examined. Participants in both samples completed the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire and reported whether they had ever had a lifetime suicide attempt. Comorbid psychopathology was based on self-reported questionnaire and interview data. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were run, predicting a lifetime suicide attempt. RESULTS: Based on the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire, identity problems were associated with a lifetime suicide attempt in both samples; cognitive dysregulation, anxiousness and insecure attachment were associated with a lifetime suicide attempt in one but not both samples. Lifetime anxiety disorder was associated with a lifetime suicide attempt in one sample, and depression was associated with a lifetime suicide attempt in both samples. Multivariate analyses revealed that only depression was uniquely associated with a lifetime suicide attempt in both samples. DISCUSSION: Although personality traits associated with aspects of emotion dysregulation were associated with a lifetime suicide attempt, depression was found to have the strongest association with a lifetime suicide attempt in two samples of women with BN. These findings suggest that depression severity may be the most important target of treatment and suicide prevention efforts in women with BN. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. Language: en
Genesis of a pest : Nysius raphanus and Sisymbrium irio in vineyards.

The pest status in vineyards of the southern false chinch bug, Nysius raphanus Howard, a native insect, develops as a result of (1) viticultural cultivation practices which favor development of London-rocket, Sisymbrium irio L., a cruciferous weed introduced from Europe, (2) the strong attraction of the weed to overwintering adults, and (3) the exhaustion or destruction of the weed stands which results in migration to the vines. Adjustment in timing of cultivation practices in spring provides control.
Mitochondrial KATPChannel Opening is Important During Index Ischemia and Following Myocardial Reperfusion in Ischemic Preconditioned Rat Hearts

We have previously demonstrated that KATPchannel openers administered just prior to and throughout reperfusion induce cardioprotection in the blood-perfused canine heart. However, a recent report suggests that the mitochondrial KATPchannel is only a trigger of ischemic preconditioning (IPC). These recent data are, however, in contrast to most previous investigations that suggested that activation of the mitochondrial KATPchannel is an important downstream mediator of cardioprotection. Therefore, we examined the role of the mitochondrial KATPchannel as a downstream mediator of IPC in a rat model by administering the selective mitochondrial KATPchannel antagonist, 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD), at several points during IPC. Infarct size (IS) was determined by tetrazolium chloride staining and expressed as a percent of the area at risk (AAR). Control animals had an IS/AAR of 58.4±0.6 and IS/AAR was reduced to 6.2±1.7 following IPC. 5-HD (10 mg/kg), attenuated cardioprotection when administered either 5 min prior to the IPC stimulus (40.4±1.4), during the reperfusion phase of the IPC stimulus (39.7±5.9), or 5 min prior to reperfusion during prolonged ischemia (34.3±6.9). Additionally, when 5-HD was administered at 5 mg/kg during the reperfusion phase of index ischemia plus 5 min prior to IPC or plus during the reperfusion phase of IPC, cardioprotection was also attenuated (36.3±5.5 and 43.8±6.9, respectively). These data suggest that activation of the mitochondrial KATPchannel is an important downstream regulator of myocardial protection with effects lasting into the reperfusion period following prolonged ischemia.
Further investigations regarding the role of trimethyllysine for cytochrome c uptake into mitochondria.

Abstract 1. 1. A mutant of the iso-1-cytochrome c gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been constructed which contains an Arg codon, replacing the normal trimethylated Lys at position 77. 2. 2. This mutated gene was cloned into a pGem 1 vector and used for the in vitro translation of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c . 3. 3. Utilizing an in vitro mitochondria binding assay, it was found that the mutant cytochrome c could transverse the yeast mitochondrial membrane, however the amount of protein incorporated was 3-fold less that of the trimethylated wild type. 4. 4. Omission of the protein methyltransferase from assays containing the wild type cytochrome c caused only a slight reduction (15%) in the amount of protein incorporated. 5. 5. These results suggest while the lysine residue 77 of apocytochrome c is important for mitochondria uptake, the methylation of this residue seems to play a relatively minor role.
Penetrating Cardiac Injury

It is understood that penetrating cardiac trauma is a highly lethal injury and those surviving to hospital have an overall mortality approaching 80%. Reported mortality figures vary widely and are extremely dependent on mechanism of wounding, cardiac chambers involved and possibly the presence of cardiac tamponade. Despite significant advances in prehospital care, operative techniques, and intensive care management, the mortality has not changed over several decades. This article will review the anatomic regions of concern for a cardiac injury, clinical presentation, and physical findings. The need for an expeditious evaluation and modalities available including, plain radiographs, sub-xiphoid window, and echocardiography will be considered. Options for surgical exposure, technical details of repairing cardiac injuries, and special circumstances such as injury adjacent to a coronary artery and intra-cardiac shunts are discussed in detail. Outcome data and future directions in managing this challenging injury are also examined.
Detection of human T cell leukemia virus type I and human immunodeficiency virus in cultured lymphocytes of a Zairian man with AIDS.

The authors report the detection of human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the cultured lymphocytes of a 45-year old Zairian man with AIDS. HIV was successfully isolated and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and competition radioimmunoassay. However by the culture techniques used HTLV-I could not be separated from the HIV. Western blot analysis of the patients serum showed the presence of both HTLV-I and HIV-specific antibodies. The finding of this dual infection may explain reports that >or=30% of patients with AIDS are positive for antibodies to HTLV-I. (authors)
Systems biology approach to Wilson’s disease

Wilson's disease (WD) is a severe disorder of copper misbalance, which manifests with a wide spectrum of liver pathology and/or neurologic and psychiatric symptoms. WD is caused by mutations in a gene encoding a copper-transporting ATPase ATP7B and is accompanied by accumulation of copper in tissues, especially in the liver. Copper-chelation therapy is available for treatment of WD symptoms and is often successful, however, significant challenges remain with respect to timely diagnostics and treatment of the disease. The lack of genotype-phenotype correlation remains unexplained, the causes of fulminant liver failure are not known, and the treatment of neurologic symptoms is only partially successful, underscoring the need for better understanding of WD mechanisms and factors that influence disease manifestations. Recent gene and protein profiling studies in animal models of WD began to uncover cellular processes that are primarily affected by copper accumulation in the liver. The results of such studies, summarized in this review, revealed new molecular players and pathways (cell cycle and cholesterol metabolism, mRNA splicing and nuclear receptor signaling) linked to copper misbalance. A systems biology approach promises to generate a comprehensive view of WD onset and progression, thus helping with a more fine-tune treatment and monitoring of the disorder.
Ion heating in the range of high ion cyclotron harmonics on EBT

Wave heating of ions is obtained in Elmo Bumpy Torus (EBT) experiments under conditions where 18 ω/Ωi 3. Absorption of wave energy in the plasma centre is demonstrated. The fast magnetosonic wave is observed on electrostatically shielded loop probes placed at the edge of the plasma, but it is shown that the fast wave cannot directly heat the ions in EBT. The experiments suggest, however, that the waves that do produce the ion heating are coupled to the fast wave. The possibility that the heating is due to excitation of electrostatic waves is investigated theoretically.
On the conditions for the existence of a plane of symmetry for anisotropic elastic material

Abstract We consider the problem of determining necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of symmetry planes of an anisotropic elastic material. These conditions are given in several equivalent forms, and are used to determine special coordinate systems where the number of non-zero components in the elasticity tensor is minimized. By the method presented here it is also shown that an elastic solid has at least six coordinate systems with respect to which there are only 18 non-zero elastic constants and cannot possess more then ten traditional and distinct symmetrics by planes of symmetry.
The anemia of senescence

A study of 196 healthy geriatric females and 26 males confirmed the high prevalence of anemia in this population. Forty-two females (21.4%) had a hematocrit of less than 36% and nine (34%) of the males had a value of less than 40%. A careful evaluation, including a therapeutic trial of oral iron in some subjects, made a diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in only three and the anemia of chronic disease could be diagnosed in two. No subject had folate or B12 deficiency and hemolytic anemia was not present. Thus, in most of these subjects, the lower hematocrit was not due to commonly recognized causes. Further evaluation revealed a high prevalence of leukopenia in this population; 30% having counts less than 5 X 10(3)/microliter and 10% having values less than 4 X 10(-3)/microliter. Of most importance, leukocyte counts were significantly lower in anemic subjects in whom a high incidence of neutropenia was also demonstrated. This suggests that the mechanisms of the unexplained anemia and neutropenia is an overall reduction in hematopoietic cell numbers. This conclusion is consistent with the observation that many aged subjects have a decreased ability to mount an adequate leukocyte response to infection. These findings suggest that the presence of anemia marks an overall reduction in hematopoietic reserve and provides a clue to those aged subjects of greatest risk of an inadequate response to stress.
Tissue States Provide Novel Insights into Attributes that Drive Metastasis

Recently, in Nature Medicine, Schedin and colleagues define attributes within the involuting postpartum breast microenvironment that promote breast cancer metastasis. Cell invasiveness is controlled by a positive feedback loop involving COX-2 and fibrillar collagen. NSAIDs suppress tumor progression during postpartum involution, potentially providing effective agents for intervention in pregnant women.
Genetic variation and linkage disequilibrium in Bacillus anthracis

We performed whole-genome amplification followed by hybridization of custom-designed resequencing arrays to resequence 303 kb of genomic sequence from a worldwide panel of 39 Bacillus anthracis strains. We used an efficient algorithm contained within a custom software program, UniqueMER, to identify and mask repetitive sequences on the resequencing array to reduce false-positive identification of genetic variation, which can arise from cross-hybridization. We discovered a total of 240 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and showed that B. anthracis strains have an average of 2.25 differences per 10,000 bases in the region we resequenced. Common SNVs in this region are found to be in complete linkage disequilibrium. These patterns of variation suggest there has been little if any historical recombination among B. anthracis strains since the origin of the pathogen. This pattern of common genetic variation suggests a framework for recognizing new or genetically engineered strains.
Most edges in Markov random fields for white matter hyperintensity segmentation are worthless

The time and space complexities of Markov random field (MRF) algorithms for image segmentation increase with the number of edges that represent statistical dependencies between adjacent pixels. This has made MRFs too computationally complex for cutting-edge applications such as joint segmentation of longitudinal sequences of many high-resolution magnetic resonance images (MRIs). Here, we show that simply removing edges from full MRFs can reduce the computational complexity of MRF parameter estimation and inference with no notable decrease in segmentation performance. In particular, we show that for segmentation of white matter hyperintensities in 88 brain MRI scans of elderly individuals, as many as 66% of MRF edges can be removed without substantially degrading segmentation accuracy. We then show that removing edges from MRFs makes MRF parameter estimation and inference computationally tractable enough to enable modeling statistical dependencies within and across a larger number of brain MRI scans in a longitudinal series; this improves segmentation performance compared to separate segmentations of each individual scan in the series.
Maternal aggression in mice: Effects of treatments with PCPA, 5-HTP and 5-HT receptor antagonists

Drug treatments which influence brain serotonergic systems were administered to lactating female mice during the early postpartum period, and their effects on aggressive behavior, locomotor activity and brain monoamines were examined. P-chlorophenylalanine (200 and 400 mg/kg) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (100 mg/kg) inhibited fighting behavior of postpartum mice toward unfamiliar male intruder mice. These drug-treated postpartum females showed increased latencies to attack male intruders and also reduced frequencies of attack. In addition, postpartum mice treated with the serotonin receptor antagonists, mianserin (2 and 4 mg/kg), methysergide (4 mg/kg) and methiothepin (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg), displayed significantly less aggressive behavior than control mice, as measured by reduced number of attacks. Whole brain monoamine and monoamine metabolite levels were measured after drug treatments. The behavioral results are discussed in terms of drug-induced changes in brain chemistry and indicate a possible role for serotonin in the mediation of maternal aggressive behavior of mice.
Water resources programs under the ax.

In his article “USGS braces for severe budget cuts,” Erik Stokstad does a good job of explaining the impacts of cuts to the Water Resources Division's Toxic Substances Hydrology Program and National Water Quality Assessment (News of the Week, 11 May, p. [1040][1]). However, his report does not reveal the true depth of cuts to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) water resources programs. Also under the budget ax are the streamgaging program and the State Water Resources Research Institute Program. Stage and flow data from USGS streamgaging stations support dozens of critical water quality, water supply, power generation, navigational, and recreational activities, as well as water-related research. When states struggle to comply with the total maximum daily load (TMDL) requirements of the Clean Water Act, stream flow data are indispensable, and we need many more—not fewer—streamgaging stations. Federal agencies (such as the Corps of Engineers) that have been cooperating with USGS on the streamgage network have drastically cut back funding in recent years, and for the Bush Administration to suggest that these agencies would make up for cuts in the USGS budget is simply disingenuous. The State Water Resources Research Institute Program—which the Bush Administration proposes to completely eliminate—is a vital part of our nation's water science agency, leveraging a modest amount of federal funds with state, local, and private funds to sponsor hundreds of studies each year that are critical in solving water quality problems at the local and state level. Without federal funds to offer state and local agencies as incentives for investment in water science research and in the education of our future water scientists, many of our 54 state/territory water resources research institutes might disappear. The cuts aimed at the USGS Water Resources Division are deep and serious. They are suggestive of a bias against physical science research and lead me to question the Administration's pledge to use “sound science” in setting environmental policy. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.292.5519.1040a
Dilemmas in a general theory of planning

The search for scientific bases for confronting problems of social policy is bound to fail, becuase of the nature of these problems. They are “wicked” problems, whereas science has developed to deal with “tame” problems. Policy problems cannot be definitively described. Moreover, in a pluralistic society there is nothing like the undisputable public good; there is no objective definition of equity; policies that respond to social problems cannot be meaningfully correct or false; and it makes no sense to talk about “optimal solutions” to social problems unless severe qualifications are imposed first. Even worse, there are no “solutions” in the sense of definitive and objective answers.
Ultra-Violet Motion Picture Studies of Effects of Ribonuclease and Deoxyribonuclease on Living HeLa Cells.∗:

Summary1) Living HeLa cells were incubated in various concentrations of ribonu-clease and deoxyribonuclease and their ultraviolet absorption characteristics were followed for 6 hours by means of time lapse motion pictures obtained with the ultra-violet flying spot television microscope. 2) No change in ultra-violet absorption images of cells was detectable as long as 2 hours after the time that replicate cultures demonstrated a loss of affinity of cytoplasm for basic dyes and the nuclei were negative with Fuelgen stain. 3) Living HeLa cells react to incubation in ribonuclease by first shrinking slightly and then expanding their cytoplasm markedly. 4) Prolonged incubation of HeLa cells in either enzyme eventually produces collapse and pyknosis of all of the cells in the culture.
Prescient beamforming in multi-user interweave cognitive radio networks

This work investigates a fundamentally novel interweave cognitive radio network where the primary transmitter takes a proactive approach towards improving the accuracy of the spectrum sensing outcomes at the secondary users (SUs). For the single-primary-receiver scenario considered here, the multi-antenna primary user constructs its transmit beamforming vector so as to increase the detection probability at the SUs while meeting a desired Quality-of-Service (QoS) target on its own link, by exploiting partial channel state information of the SUs. The objective of such a proactive approach, which we refer to as prescient precoding, is to minimize the probability of interference from SUs at the primary receiver due to imperfect spectrum sensing in fading channels. Numerical results are presented to verify the advantages of the proposed prescient transmission techniques for non-cooperative spectrum sensing scenarios.
The case for a black hole in BM Orionis

Earlier photometric and spectroscopic observations of the binary BM Ori are interpreted in terms of a thin disk model for the object which causes the eclipses. It is shown that the secondary mass, about which the disk particles orbit, has small dimensions and a mass of 3 to 4m⊙, which suggests that it can only be a collapsed star. The model requires a history of mass exchange or mass loss for the binary. If the Trapezium stars have been formed with the past 2×104 yr, as some studies have indicated, a less conventional alternative, perhaps involving fragmentation of a pre-stellar mass, is needed. Further observations may make it possible to decide for certain between this and a recent model by Hall.
Low-Energy Collision-Induced Dissociation Mass Spectra of Protonated p-Toluenesulfonamides Derived from Aliphatic Amines

Collision-induced fragmentation of protonated N-alkyl-p-toluenesulfonamides primarily undergo either an elimination of the amine to form CH3-(C6H4)-SO2 + cation (m/z 155) or an alkene to form a cation for the protonated p-toluenesulfonamide (m/z 172). To comprehend the fragmentation pathways, several deuterated analogs of N-decyl-p-toluenesulfonamides were prepared and evaluated. Hypothetically, two mechanisms, both of which involve ion-neutral complexes, can be envisaged. In one mechanism, the S–N bond fragments to produce an intermediate [sulfonyl cation/amine] complex, which dissociates to afford the m/z 155 cation (Pathway A). In the other mechanism, the C–N bond dissociates to produce a different intermediate complex. The fragmentation of this [p-toluenesulfonamide/carbocation] complex eliminates p-toluenesulfonamide and releases the carbocation (Pathway B). Computations carried out by the Hartree-Fock method suggested that the Pathway B is more favorable. However, a peak for the carbocation is observed only when the carbocation formed is relatively stable. For example, the spectrum of N-phenylethyl-p-toluenesulfonamide is dominated by the peak at m/z 105 for the incipient phenylethyl cation, which rapidly isomerizes to the remarkably stable methylbenzyl cation. The peaks for the carbocations are weak or absent in the spectra of most of N-alkyl-p-toluenesulfonamides because alkyl carbocations, such as the decyl cation, rearrange to more stable secondary cations by 1,2-hydride and alkyl shifts. The energy freed is not dissipated, but gets internalized, causing the carbocation to dissociate either by transferring a proton to the sulfonamide or by releasing smaller alkenes to form smaller carbocations. The loss of the positional integrity in this way was proven by deuterium labeling experiments.
A Note on the Treatment of Uncertainty in Economics and Finance.

Abstract The treatment of uncertainty in the business classroom has been dominated by the application of risk theory to the utility-maximization framework. Nonetheless, the relevance of the standard risk model as a positive description of economic decision making often has been called into question in theoretical work. In this article, the authors offer an instructional approach that recognizes the reality of decision making by agents who know that they do not know enough to form complete probability distributions describing all possible outcomes of their actions. Students must recognize the fundamental difference between risk and the broader concept of uncertainty. This realistic presentation of the uncertainty problem will allow undergraduate students to better understand the assumptions involved in modeling and their relevance to economic and financial problems.
Determinants of Consumers’ Decisions to Seek Third Party Redress: An Empirical Study of Dissatisfied Patients

A dissatisfied consumer's decision to seek redress from third parties has significant implications for society in general and the focal industry in particular, yet little is known about why consumers choose such actions. To address this gap, a generalizable, comprehensive, and testable model of the processes that result in consumers’ decisions (not) to engage in one or more third party actions is developed. In addition, results from an empirical investigation of a portion of the proposed model are presented. The empirical model explains 65 percent of the variance in the dependent construct. Several implications and avenues for future research are discussed.