cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Euclidean Ramsey theorem

Abstract In this note we shall prove a geometric Ramsey theorem. Let T be a triangle with angles 30, 60 and 90 degrees, and with hypotenus of unit length. Then the theorem says that if one three- colors the 3-space, then there is always a copy of T with monochromatic vertices. We shall also show that there is a 12-coloration of the space in which there is no copy of T with monochromatic vertices.
DEPENDENCE OF GEOSTROPHIC DRAG ON INTENSITY OF CONVECTION, BAROCLINICITY, AND ACCELERATION

This paper examines the practical importance of stability, baroclinicity, and acceleration in the bulk ABL similarity formulations, in light of the random errors inherent in field measurements. This is done by propagating the measurement uncertainties through a theoretical model for the bulk ABL similarity functionsA0 andB0, under a range of assumed (but always unstable) conditions. It is shown that random measurement errors and acceleration effects may overwhelm most effects of baroclinicity and stability, once conditions are at least slightly unstable. Because of this, it is hard to discern a clear functional dependence ofA0 andB0 on degree of instability. Thus, for a given value ofhi/z0, wherehi is the inversion height andz0 is the surface roughness, the geostrophic drag coefficient, which depends onA0 andB0, and weakly onhi/z0, may also be taken to be nearly independent of degree of instability.
The effect of CS-induced fear on a partially extinguished CER

The experiment was designed to determine whether (a) fear or (b) some nonmotivational variable produces shock-induced facilitation of the CER. After partial extinction of a CER to a light CS, rats received seven tone presentations before another extinction session. For 12 Ss the tone had predicted shock but for 12 others had not. Although control groups showed that all Ss feared the tone presentations, the tones did not facilitate the CER to the light.
Design of a 6 Tesla Wiggler for the National Synchrotron Light Source

A 6-pole, 6 Tesla wiggler with Nb-Ti superconducting windings has been designed, to be installed in a straight section of the 2.5 GeV X-ray storage ring of the NSLS. The technical problems of this magnet are discussed, in particular the optimization of the two-layer magnetic windings and the mechanical structure designed to counteract the strong magnetic forces. The effects of the insertion of the wiggler in the storage ring lattice are also studied.
The ihf mRNA levels decline as Neisseria gonorrhoeae enters the stationary growth phase

Integration host factor (IHF) is a small heterodimeric DNA binding protein found in all Gram-negative bacteria and is implicated as a transcription cofactor of pilE in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Hill, S.A., Samuels, D.S., Carlson, J.H., Wilson, J., Hogan, D., Lubke, L., Belland, R.J., 1997. Integration host factor is a transcriptional cofactor of pilE in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Mol. Microbiol. 23, 649-656). The ihf genes (ihfA and ihfB) were cloned from N. gonorrhoeae through functional complementation of defined Escherichia coli ihf mutants for plating of phage lambda. The predicted aa sequences of each gonococcal IHF polypeptide showed extensive homology to other reported IHF polypeptide sequences. Northern blotting and primer extension analysis defined the tsp for each gene and indicated a disparity in ihfA and ihfB message levels over time, with ihfB mRNA being more abundant throughout the entire growth cycle. Furthermore, both the ihfA and ihfB message levels declined as cells entered the stationary growth phase. Overall, this study reveals several unique features of ihf transcription in the gonococcus which questions whether certain aspects if ihf transcriptional regulation are universally shared by all Gram-negative bacteria.
Novel rank-based approaches for discovery and replication in genome-wide association studies.

In recent years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have uncovered a large number of susceptibility variants. Nevertheless, GWAS findings provide only tentative evidence of association, and replication studies are required to establish their validity. Due to this uncertainty, researchers often focus on top-ranking SNPs, instead of considering strict significance thresholds to guide replication efforts. The number of SNPs for replication is often determined ad hoc. We show how the rank-based approach can be used for sample size allocation in GWAS as well as for deciding on a number of SNPs for replication. The basis of this approach is the “ranking probability”: chances that at least j true associations will rank among top u SNPs, when SNPs are sorted by P-value. By employing simple but accurate approximations for ranking probabilities, we accommodate linkage disequilibrium (LD) and evaluate consequences of ignoring LD. Further, we relate ranking probabilities to the proportion of false discoveries among top u SNPs. A study-specific proportion can be estimated from P-values, and its expected value can be predicted for study design applications.
The majority of human replication protein A remains complexed throughout the cell cycle

Replication Protein A (RPA), the replicative single-strand DNA binding protein from eukaryotic cells, is a stable heterotrimeric complex consisting of three polypeptides. Cytological studies have investigated the subcellular distribution and association characteristics of the three RPA subunits during different stages of the cell cycle with varying results. In this study, various HeLa cell fractions were subjected to separation by either immunoprecipitation or velocity sedimentation. These separations were evaluated by immunoblotting for specific RPA subunits to determine whether the RPA in these fractions retains its heterotrimeric association. Immunoprecipitation of either the large (RPA70) or middle-sized (RPA32) subunit of RPA followed by immunoblotting for the other subunits demonstrate that RPA remains complexed throughout the G(1), S and G(2) phases of the cell cycle. Immunoprecipitation and sedimentation separations of both the nucleosolic and chromatin-bound RPA populations from both cycling and nocodazole-blocked cells showed that the majority of RPA remains complexed under all conditions examined. Consistent with previous reports, hypotonic extracts from 293 cells were shown to contain some RPA32 not complexed with RPA70. These results indicate that in some cell types, extracts may contain small amounts of RPA32 free of RPA70; however, in HeLa cells the majority of RPA clearly remains complexed as a heterotrimer throughout the cell cycle.
Transfer Problems and the Reciprocity Principle

It is shown that the radiative transfer theorems are the consequences of a simple identity. A uniqueness theorem essential to later arguments is derived. Various results which have been called ''Reciprocity Principles'' are obtained as special cases. In plane problems, Chandrasekhar's equations for the reflection function for a haif-space are derived. These equations are used to obtain the Green's function for one velocity neutron diffusion in the same geometry. A specific reciprocity result is used to obtain the Green's function for two adjacent half-spaces. Chamdrasekhar's equations for a slab are obtained as another specialization of the general reciprocity identity together with certain invariance considerations. (M.H. R.)
Efferent neural control of cochlear mechanics? Olivocochlear bundle stimulation affects cochlear biomechanical nonlinearity.

Abstract We confirm the report of Mountain (Mountain D.C. (1980): Science 210, 71–72) that stimulating the crossed olivocochlear bundle (COCB) can change the magnitude of the distortion product (ƒ2−ƒ1) in the ear-canal sound pressure. Our results are extended to include (2ƒ1− ƒ2) as well as (ƒ2−ƒ1) from anesthetized chinchillas with both middle-ear muscles sectioned. In contrast to Mountain's report, the polarity of the change can be either positive, negative or absent, depending on the choice of two-tone stimulus frequencies. The influence of two-tone stimulus level is also complex, but we have not yet seen the polarity of the COCB effect change with stimulus level. The magnitude and polarity of the change in (2ƒ1− ƒ2) are not simply related to those for (ƒ2−ƒ1). The effect of COCB stimulation is abolished when scala tympani is perfused with artificial perilymph containing 10−5 M d-tubocurarine. These results demonstrate that the COCB effect is postsynaptic, probably mediated by outer hair cells. We suggest that the normal cochlea contains an active biomechanical mechanism which reduces the damping of the cochlear-partition motion and is modulated by activating the efferents. It is thus possible that the central nervous system may be able to control the dynamics of the motion of the cochlear partition.
Invited reaction: Cultivating problem‐solving skills through problem‐based approaches to professional development

In her article in this issue, Margaret Lohman distinguishes among four problem-based approaches to professional development: case study, goal-based scenario, problem-based learning, and action learning. Based on a review of more than a hundred articles, Lohman compares the four approaches in terms of the degree to which the problems used in the training are ill- versus well-defined and are either routine or nonroutine, the degree to which the training provides low versus high guidance, the degree to which the learning outcomes support near versus far transfer, and the relative costs of the approaches in terms of development and implementation. Future work is needed to (1) more sharply distinguish among the kinds of problem-based approaches to professional development, (2) relate problem-based training methods to cognitive theories of learning and problem solving, and (3) build a solid empirical research base for evaluating the cognitive outcomes of participation in various kinds of problem-based training. In particular, research is needed to determine which features of problem-based training promote which kinds of learning outcomes for which kinds of learners.
Comparison of transit time of digesta and digestive efficiency of the rock hyrax, the barbados sheep and the domestic rabbit

Abstract 1. 1. Digestion trials were conducted with four Barbados sheep, two rock hyraxes and two rabbits fed alfalfa pellets. 2. 2. Transit times through the digestive tract were also studied with feed coated with chromic oxide. 3. 3. The digestion coefficients for dry matter, cell wall, hemicellulose and cellulose obtained with the hyraxes were intermediate between those obtained with sheep and rabbits. 4. 4. The rock hyraxes had transit times (95% recovery of marker) about twice as long as for rabbit and about 70% of that for the sheep.
Sender access and data distribution control for inter-domain multicast groups

The classical IP multicast model makes it impossible to restrict the forwarded data to that originated by an authorized sender. Without effective sender access control, an adversary may exploit the existing IP multicast model, where a sender can send multicast data without prior authentication and authorization. Even a group key management protocol that efficiently distributes the encryption and the authentication keys to the receivers will not be able to prevent an adversary from spoofing the sender address or replaying any previously sent data and hence, flooding the Data Distribution Tree. This can create an efficient Denial of Service attack. In this paper, we propose an architecture for sender access control and data distribution control in inter-domain multicast groups. For sender access control, the Protocol for Carrying Authentication for Network Access, encapsulating Extensible Authentication Protocol packets, is used to authenticate a sender and to establish an IPsec Security Association between the sender and the Access Router to cryptographically authenticate each packet. This access control architecture is then extended to support inter-domain multicast groups by making use of Diameter agents. An inter-domain Data Distribution Tree (DDT) is distributed over different domains. Hence, sender access control will be meaningless without protecting the whole DDT. We have protected the DDT from several attacks generated by a compromised network entity by carrying the multicast data in one or a series of Multicast Security Associations (MSA). Two alternate solutions have been developed that detect and stop forwarding of any forged packet by utilizing multiple checkpoints in the DDT. The first method uses a centralized MSA for the whole DDT while the second method uses a number of small-sized MSAs. Next, the two methods have been compared with respect to different features, such as establishment and maintenance costs, delivery time, etc. The MSA method has been compared with Keyed HIP (KHIP), and we have established that MSA-based methods reasonably outperform KHIP. Finally, the security properties of MSA construction using the GDOI protocol have been validated using the AVISPA tool. Two attacks have been detected by AVISPA, which we have fixed by modifying the GDOI protocol. The security properties of the data transmission method through MSAs using the Authentication Header (AH) protocol have also been analyzed.
Inventory of Spirituality in Alcohol/Other Drug Research: Psychometric Dimensions

This article describes the Christian Inventory of Spirituality (CIS), developed to measure changes in feeling, thinking, and behaviors toward self, others, and God accompanying spiritual transformation of persons completing Christian spiritually based alcohol/other drugs (AOD) recovery programs. The initial item pool was generated in focus groups with program participants. Exploratory factor analysis identified 48 items in five spiritual dimensions. The instrument's reliability was evaluated with data from 954 respondents from 31 programs in Texas and California. Stability, construct validity, and preliminary normative data testing were examined. Analysis revealed a useful, reliable, valid, and stable measure of spiritual change.
Economic Value of Great Lakes Sportfishing: The Case of Private-Boat Fishing in Ohio's Lake Erie

Abstract Recreation demand functions were estimated and economic values were derived for three geographic and fish species components of the private-boat fishery in Ohio's portion of Lake Erie. For two components, i.e., western basin walleye Stizostedion vitreum and yellow perch Perca flavescens samples, gross economic value (willingness to pay) exceeded US$73.00/d when human time was valued at 25% of the wage rate, and consumer surplus (the excess of value over cost) exceeded $3.00/d. In contrast, central basin results showed a gross economic value of $44.00/d and a consumer surplus of $0.40/d. Public investments of $3.00/angler-day for the western basin and $0.40/angler-day for the central basin can be justified for maintenance and preservation of the respective fisheries for these uses. If an investment strategy to upgrade the central basin fishery to western basin quality could be developed, public investment of $3.00/angler-day would be justified to implement such a strategy.
How does the Internet affect trading? Evidence from investor behavior in 401(k) plans $

We analyze the impact of a Web-based trading channel on trader behavior and performance in two large corporate 401(k) plans. After 18 months of Web access, trading frequency at sample firms doubles relative to a control group of firms without a Web channel. Web trades tend to be smaller than trades made through other channels and Web traders tend to have smaller portfolios than other traders, so the Web's impact on portfolio turnover is substantially smaller than its effect on trading frequency. There is no evidence than any of this new trading on the Web is successful.
Simulation of bone aging and virtual reality visualization of cancellous bone structure

This paper describes a bone modeling effort and virtual reality visualization aimed towards characterizing and predicting human vertebral compression fractures with emphasis on quantifying osteoporosis and aging. A 3D model of the trabecular bone structure is constructed from a stack of muCT images of a human vertebra. Parameters for quantifying the bone are calculated for this structure from the 3D model and validated by comparing the results with values calculated from standard stereological methods. The resulting structure is then aged using biologically based computational algorithms. These structures are then visualized in a virtual reality environment enabling detailed examination of the regional microstructures to assess the potential for compression fracture formation.
Yahoo! in China (A)

In 2007 Jerry Yang, CEO of Yahoo!, was lambasted by U.S. Representative Tom Lantos, chairman of the U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs, for Yahoo's role in the arrest and imprisonment of Chinese journalist and democracy advocate Shi Tao. The case describes the actions that Yahoo! had taken to grow its business in China, its handling of a government request for the identity of a Yahoo! user, and subsequent actions by the firm to respond to negative publicity and Congressional inquiry. The case raises broad questions about the challenge of complying with domestic law when operating in states that do not consistently respect human rights, and satisfy stakeholders across national boundaries. It allows students to consider the practical steps that a firm can take to protect itself and its stakeholders in states where the law is not always a reliable safeguard.
Activity of blinded rats in tactually simple and complex environments

The optimal level of arousal hypothesis was investigated by measuring the general locomotor activity of blinded albino rats in tactually simple and complex environments. Activity, as measured by the number of photobeam disruptions, was significantly less in the tactually complex environment than in the tactually simple environment. The results were interpreted as supporting the optimal level of arousal hypothesis.
Melanosome transfer: it is best to give and receive.

The pigmentation of skin and hair in mammals is driven by the creation within melanocytes of melanosomes, a specialized pigment-producing organelle, and the subsequent intercellular transfer of this organelle to keratinocytes. This latter process is absolutely required for visible pigmentation and effective photo-protection because it serves to disperse the pigment in skin and hair. Therefore, the transfer of melanosomes from the melanocyte to the keratinocyte is as important for the biological endpoint of mammalian pigmentation as the biogenesis of this fascinating organelle. Here we review new findings that shed light on, and raise additional questions about, the mechanism of this enigmatic process.
Workshop report: “Towards a Cure: HIV Reservoirs and Strategies to Control Them”

On 16 and 17 July 2010, immediately prior to the XVIII International AIDS Conference in Vienna, Austria, the International AIDS Society held a workshop on the important topic of moving beyond antiretroviral therapy and addressing HIV persistence. “Towards a Cure: HIV Reservoirs and Strategies to Control Them” was chaired by Nobel laureate Francoise Barre-Sinoussi and co-sponsored by the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis, Bundesministerium fur Wissenschaft und Forschung, the National Institutes of Health, Sidaction and the Treatment Action Group. This article gives an overview of the findings presented at the workshop; complete abstracts are included in this supplement to the Journal of the International AIDS Society.
FDA cigarette warning labels lower craving and elicit frontoinsular activation in adolescent smokers

Cigarette smoking is an economically and epidemiologically expensive public health concern. Most adult smokers become addicted during adolescence, rendering it a crucial period for prevention and intervention. Although litigation claims have delayed implementation, graphic warning labels proposed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) may be a promising way to achieve this goal. We aimed to determine the efficacy of the labels in reducing in-scanner craving and to characterize the neurobiological responses in adolescent and adult smokers and non-smokers. While undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging, thirty-nine 13- to 18-year-old adolescent and forty-one 25- to 30-year-old adult smokers and non-smokers rated their desire to smoke when presented with emotionally graphic warning labels and comparison non-graphic labels. Compared with adult smokers, adolescent smokers exhibited greater craving reduction in response to the warning labels. Although smokers evinced overall blunted recruitment of insula and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) relative to non-smokers, an effect that was stronger in adolescent smokers, parametrically increasing activation of these regions was associated with greater craving reduction. Functional connectivity analyses suggest that greater DLPFC regulation of limbic regions predicted cigarette craving. These data underscore a prominent role of frontoinsular circuitry in predicting the efficacy of FDA graphic warning labels in craving reduction in adult and adolescent smokers.
CONSUMER AND RETAILER SATISFACTION WITH THE QUALITY AND SIZE OF CALIFORNIA PEACHES AND NECTARINES

Over 200 consumers and produce buyers representing 15 major supermarkets were interviewed in 1992 to determine factors considered in peach and nectarine selection and interest in fruit below marketing order minimum sizes. Fruit firmness, color and aroma are the most important characteristics consumers use to judge quality. More consumers are satisfied with the size of peaches and nectarines available in the market than are satisfied with the quality. Very few prefer smaller sized fruit and those who have purchased small prebagged fruit, believe it is inferior and a poor value. Retailers, including those marketing in lower income areas, do not find current size standards restrictive nor are they interested in purchasing smaller fruit. Retailers believe growers should focus on quality and better tasting varieties. Both consumers and retailers consider mealy peaches a problem. Results indicate that marketing orders should emphasize quality and maturity indicators.
Acquiring semantics induced topology in urban environments

Methods for acquisition and maintenance of an environment model are central to a broad class of mobility and navigation problems. Towards this end, various metric, topological or hybrid models have been proposed. Due to recent advances in sensing and recognition, acquisition of semantic models of the environments have gained increased interest in the community. In this work, we will demonstrate a capability of using weak semantic models of the environment to induce different topological models, capturing the spatial semantics of the environment at different levels. In the first stage of the model acquisition, we propose to compute semantic layout of the street scenes imagery by recognizing and segmenting buildings, roads, sky, cars and trees. Given such semantic layout, we propose an informative feature characterizing the layout and train a classifier to recognize street intersections in challenging urban inner city scenes. We also show how the evidence of different semantic concepts can induce useful topological representation of the environment, which can aid navigation and localization tasks. To demonstrate the approach, we carry out experiments on a challenging dataset of omnidirectional inner city street views and report the performance of both semantic segmentation and intersection classification.
The effect of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet on post laparoscopic gastric bypass weight loss: a prospective randomized trial.

Background Laparoscopic gastric bypass has become the standard surgical treatment for severe obesity in the United States. Less clear is what diet should be followed by these patients after surgery to maximize their weight loss. Methods Patients undergoing laparoscopic gastric bypass procedures for morbid obesity were randomly assigned to either a low-fat control diet based on American Heart Association recommendations or a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet based on the South Beach Diet. One-on-one diet counseling with a bariatric nutritionist was provided preoperatively, postoperatively while in the hospital, and at postoperative clinic visits during the 12-month follow-up period. Investigators were blinded to diet assignment. Body composition including Body Mass Index (BMI) was recorded preoperatively and during postoperative visits at 3, 6, and 12 months. Results Thirty-two patients were included in the analysis with 13 control and 19 low-carbohydrate, high-protein subjects. No demographic or clinical preoperative variables, including preoperative BMI, showed statistical differences between the two groups. Both groups demonstrated significant yet similar weight loss both by reduction in BMI (at 12 months, low fat diet, −14.0 ± 5.5% versus low carbohydrate, −17.0 ± 4.5%; P = 0.15) and excess body weight lost (at 12 months, low-fat diet, −60.3 ± 15.3% versus low carbohydrate, −59.6 ± 13.0%; P = 0.96). Conclusions Based on this limited prospective study, no weight loss advantage is observed in substituting a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet in place of a standard low-fat diet in patients who have undergone laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery.
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER

In the new millennium, practitioners who provide primary care for women of all ages must be well educated in the diagnosis and treatment modalities for breast carcinoma. This disease strikes one of eight women. That statistic alone should encourage diligent and persistent efforts to detect this disease early enough to prevent the large number of deaths annually Early detection will reduce the morbidity associated with breast cancer. Strong efforts are ongoing in the fields of genetics and breast cancer research to achieve earlier detection of breast cancer and a reduction in morbidity regardless of the stage of the breast carcinoma. As results of ongoing studies materialize and new studies are funded, it is hoped that more answers will emerge to combat the devastating effects of breast cancer.
Two types of EEG spikes in the kindled rabbit hippocampus.

: The characteristics of interictal EEG spikes were studied in the rabbit hippocampus. After kindling for 2–4 weeks, rabbits were anesthetized and curarized for acute experiments. There were two types of EEG spikes in the kindled hippocampus; one (B) had its source in the stimulated side, and the other (A) in the contralateral side. In addition, compound EEG spikes (C) were observed that consisted basically of B and A spikes. Intracellular counterparts of A and B spikes were generally a depolarization-hyperpolari-zation sequence in the CA1 pyramidal cells. On the other hand, counterparts of the C spikes were initial depolarization with a superposed spike burst followed by relatively shorter lasting hyperpolarization which seemed to indicate an enhancement of excitation during the kindling process.
p53 Interacts with the DNA Mismatch Repair System to Modulate the Cytotoxicity and Mutagenicity of Hydrogen Peroxide

This study focused on the question of how the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system and p53 interact to maintain genomic integrity in the presence of the mutagenic stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). The cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of H(2)O(2) were compared in four colon carcinoma sublines: HCT116, HCT116/E6, HCT116+ch3, and HCT116+ch3/E6, representing MMR(-)/p53(+), MMR(-)/p53(-), MMR(+)/p53(+), and MMR(+)/p53(-) phenotypes, respectively. Loss of p53 in MMR-proficient cells did not significantly alter cellular sensitivity to H(2)O(2), but disruption of p53 in MMR-deficient cells resulted in substantial resistance to H(2)O(2) (IC(50) values of 203.8 and 66.2 microM for MMR(-)/p53(-) and MMR(-)/p53(+) cells, respectively). The effect of loss of p53 and MMR function on sensitivity to the mutagenic effect of H(2)O(2) paralleled the effects on cytotoxic sensitivity. In MMR-deficient cells, loss of p53 resulted in a 3.5- and 2.2-fold increase in the generation of 6-thiogunaine and ouabain-resistant clones, respectively. Loss of MMR in combination with loss of p53 synergistically increased the frequency of frameshift mutations in the CA repeat tracts of the out-of-frame shuttle vector pZCA29 and further promoted instability of microsatellite sequences under H(2)O(2) stress. Flow cytometric analysis showed that H(2)O(2) treatment produced a G(l) and G(2)/M phase arrest in MMR(+)/p53(+) cells. Loss of MMR did not alter the ability of H(2)O(2) to activate either checkpoint; loss of p53 in either the MMR-proficient or deficient cells resulted in impairment of the G(l) arrest and a more pronounced G(2)/M arrest. H(2)O(2) caused a greater and more longed increase in p53 protein levels in MMR-proficient than in the MMR-deficient cells. The results demonstrate that the effect of disabling p53 function is modulated by the proficiency of the MMR system (and vice versa) and that there is an overlap between the functions of p53 and the MMR system with respect to the activation of apoptosis and mutagenesis after an oxidative stress.
Sensitivity analysis of low Reynolds number channel flow using the finite volume method

An unsteady finite volume-based fractional step algorithm solved on a staggered grid has been developed for computing design sensitivity parameters in two-dimensional flows. Verification of the numerical code is performed for the case of low Reynolds number, pressure-driven flow through a straight channel, which has an exact steady-state solution to the Navier–Stokes equations. Sensitivity of the flow to the channel height, fluid viscosity, and imposed pressure gradient is considered. Three different numerical techniques for computing the design sensitivity parameters: finite difference, complex-step differentiation, and sensitivity equation method (SEM), are compared in terms of numerical error (relative to the exact solution), computational expense, and ease of implementation. Results indicate that, of all the three methods, complex step is the most accurate and requires the least computational time. In addition, treatment of the boundary conditions in SEM is addressed, within the framework of the present finite volume approach, with special attention given to parameter dependence in the boundary conditions. Error estimation based on the Grid Convergence Index provides a good indication of the exact error in the SEM solutions. An example of application of the use of sensitivity parameters to estimate the propagation of input uncertainty through the numerical simulation is also provided. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Projecting software defects from analyzing Ada designs

Models for projecting software defects from analyses of Ada designs are described. The research is motivated by the need for technology to analyze designs for their likely effect on software quality. The models predict defect density based on product and process characteristics. Product characteristics are extracted from a static analysis of Ada subsystems, focusing on context coupling, visibility, and the import-export of declarations. Process characteristics provide for effects of reuse level and extent of changes. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted with empirical data from industry/government-developed projects: 16 Ada subsystems totaling 149000 source lines of code. The resulting models explain 63-74% of the variation in defect density of the subsystems. Context coupling emerged as a consistently significant variable in the models. >
CAN SELECTIVE BREEDING REDUCE THE HEAVY METALS CONTENT OF PACIFIC OYSTERS (CRASSOSTREA GIGAS), AND ARE THERE TRADE-OFFS WITH GROWTH OR SURVIVAL?

Abstract Oyster producers in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States export large quantities of oysters to international markets. Proposed changes to international limits for heavy metals content in shellfish could drastically curtail exports and impact the viability of this environmentally-friendly industry. “Supply-side” solutions such as moving oyster farms to uncontaminated sites or short-term depuration would incur substantial costs in terms of labor and infrastructure and displace workers in already economically challenged coastal communities, whereas selective breeding could benefit both producers and consumers within the current infrastructure. We studied the feasibility of selective breeding to reduce heavy metal content through a quantitative genetic analysis of heavy metals accumulation in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas by opportunistically sampling a factorial mating experiment initiated in 2000 to study the effects of parent size on offspring growth and survival. The experime...
Health benefits of CLA – lessons from pig models in biomedical research

The objective of this review is to highlight the use of pig models for investigating safety, efficacy and the mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Although CLA elicits positive effects in animal models and in vitro systems, a consistent concern in terms of translational research is that the health benefits observed by using these model systems cannot be extrapolated directly into humans. Conversely, the similarities between pigs and humans make the pig an ideal model for examining the health benefits of dietary supplements, functional foods and nutraceuticals. We have developed pig models of viral and bacterial infection to examine the preventive role of dietary CLA supplementation on virally induced immunosuppression and gut health, respectively. Results from these studies indicate that CLA significantly enhances the immune function while limiting the catabolic effects of uncontrolled immune and inflammatory responses. The scientific findings in pig models and human clinical trials demonstrate that CLA modulates immune responses in pigs and humans. Pig models of immunomodulation represent significant improvements over other animal models and in vitro systems because they mimic more closely the compartmentalization of the human immune system and the clinical presentation of human infectious, immune and inflammatory diseases.
Earlier-Maturing Hybrids Improve Corn Grain Profitability in the Northern Corn Belt

With continuous genetic improvement of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids and increasing volatility in energy cost, selecting hybrids with appropriate relative maturity (RM) ratings has significant impacts on profitability for growers. Annual grain yield and moisture at harvest of corn hybrids from 2000-2009 were obtained in three zones across Michigan. Hybrids were classified into either early- or latematuring groups based on their RM ratings, and the top 5 yielding hybrids of the two groups for each year in each zone were included in the analysis. The relative economic returns of the early- and late-maturing hybrids were evaluated using scenarios of various corn grain price and drying cost combinations. Overall, the late-maturing hybrids had higher grain yield than the early hybrids in the three zones, but only in two of the ten years was the yield difference statistically significant. Meanwhile, grain moisture was consistently and significantly higher for the late hybrids across the region. Consequently, the late hybrids had significantly larger net returns only when they had a large yield advantage combined with a corn grain price higher than $3.5/bu and drying cost less than $0.05/bu/point. For most of price and cost scenarios studied, the early-maturing hybrids had greater net returns than the late-maturing hybrids.
Approaches to implementation of multiple DRB stations in tightly-coupled computer networks

New design issues that arise in applying the DRB (distributed recovery block) scheme to multiple adjacent computing stations are discussed together with some promising approaches. The issues discussed include the interfaces between multiple DRB stations (computing stations incorporating the DRB scheme), the structure of a DRB station that uses substantially different procedures for processing different types of data items, the structure of a DRB station required to deliver its processing results at several different stages, and the structure of a DRB station using N(>2) try blocks. >
Reaktionen von Kohlenhydraten mit stickstoffhaltigen Substanzen, IV. Amadori‐Umlagerung in Pyridin

1- Desoxy-1-p-toluidino-D-fructose (DTF) kann mit 2.6-Dichlorphenol-indo-phenol in alkalischer Losung unter optimalen Bedingungen mit einer Genauigkeit von etwa ± 5% titriert werden. Die unter verschiedenen Reaktions-bedingungen durch Amadori-Umlagerung aus p-Toluidin-D-glucosid (PTG) erhaltenen Ausbeuten an DTF wurden mit dieser Methode bestimmt. – Die Amadori-Umalgerung ist von der Basizitat der Aminkomponente abhangig und gelingt mit schwach basischen Aminen unter den ublichen Bedingungen nur schlecht. Fur PTG erwies sich eine homogene Losung in Pyridin-Eisessig am gunstigsten. Die Umlagerung unterliegt vermutlich einer allgemeinen Saure-Basen-Katalyse; Sekundarreaktionen, die zur Zersetzung des DTF fuhren, werden durch Pyridiniumchlorid– oder hoher aggregierte Salze–, nicht aber durch undissoziierte Essigsaure katalysiert. In salzsaurer Pyridinlosung wird daher die maximal zu erzielende Ausbeute durch das Verhaltnis von Bildungs-und Zersetzungsgeschwindigkeit des DTF bestimmt.
Adaptational response in transcription factors during development of myocardial hypertrophy

Cardiac hypertrophy is characterized, among others, by the molecular events which selectively activate the expression of genes for contractile proteins within individual myocardial cells. As such, myosin light chain 2 (MLC-2), which is upregulated in the hypertrophic state in both rat and human, serves as a marker for hypertrophy. In an attempt to investigate the gene regulatory mechanisms of this phenomenon, we tested the hypothesis that certain transcription factors are directly involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy by demonstrating the presence of cardiac tissue-specific regulatory elements in the 5'-flanking region of the MLC-2 promoter and testing them in the gel mobility shift assay for their binding activity to nuclear proteins from hypertrophied and normal cardiac tissue. In nuclear extracts from the ventricular tissues of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), distinctive changes in two families of activator proteins, the A/T-rich DNA-binding transcription factors, myocyte enhancer factor (MEF-2) and CArG-binding factor, manifested in a developmentally dictated manner paralleling the evolution of cardiac hypertrophy in these animals. Extracts isolated from brains and skeletal muscle tissues from the same animals did not exhibit the changes in binding activity. Also, the changes were not apparent when a distal negative regulatory element (CSS), which confers cardiac-specific expression, was tested in gel mobility shift assays. The ubiquitous TATA-binding proteins remained unchanged in comparing SHR with the control strain WKY in the same assay. These data support the notion that the expression of specific transcription factors is modulated in response to hypertrophy related signals which execute changes at the gene level effecting the enrichment of certain contractile proteins in an effort discrete and estranged from the basal transcription machinery.
CASE STUDY: Characterization of lying behavior in dairy cows transitioning from a freestall barn with pasture access to a compost bedded pack barn without pasture access

ABSTRACT Lying times of 10 lactating Holstein cows were monitored using an activity monitor to assess lying times. Changes were recorded while transitioning from a freestall barn with pasture access to a newly constructed compost bedded pack barn in a private dairy herd. An IceTag (IceRobotics Ltd., Roslin, Scotland, UK) animal activity–monitoring sensor measuring posture (lying vs. standing) and steps was attached to a hind leg of each cow above the fetlock. The MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) was used to fit a model describing the differences in lying time between the 2 housing systems. More cow days were recorded (n = 495) for the freestall barn than the compost bedded pack barn (n = 132). Overall, lying times were longer for sound cows (locomotion category ≤ 2, 11.6 ± 0.5 h/d) than lame cows (locomotion category ≥ 3, 10.5 ± 0.5 h/d) (P
Microstructural Characterization of Platinum Films Grown by MOCVD

Platinum thin films were deposited on SiO2/Si(100) by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using Pt(acetylacetonate) and Pt(hexaflouroacetylacetonate) as precursors. The films were characterized in terms of orientation, surface roughness and morphology. As expected, Pt(111) was the preferred orientation. Higher substrate temperatures led to higher growth rates and increased surface roughness. The presence of oxygen during deposition decreased the minimum substrate temperature required for platinum deposition, indicating that oxygen played a role in the decomposition of these metalorganic compounds. Annealing platinum films at 550°C in an oxygen ambient resulted in hillock formation. Resistivity measurements showed that films deposited without oxygen were more resistive. Conformal coverage of platinum on patterned SiO2/Si substrates was investigated, and a side wall film thickness to top film thickness ratio of 0.6 for growth at 400°C was obtained. These Pt films produced by MOCVD displayed greater surface roughnesses than films grown by evaporation or sputtering.
Interleukin 2 transcription factors as molecular targets of cAMP inhibition: delayed inhibition kinetics and combinatorial transcription roles.

Elevation of cAMP can cause gene-specific inhibition of interleukin 2 (IL-2) expression. To investigate the mechanism of this effect, we have combined electrophoretic mobility shift assays and in vivo genomic footprinting to assess both the availability of putative IL-2 transcription factors in forskolin-treated cells and the functional capacity of these factors to engage their sites in vivo. All observed effects of forskolin depended upon protein kinase A, for they were blocked by introduction of a dominant negative mutant subunit of protein kinase A. In the EL4.E1 cell line, we report specific inhibitory effects of cAMP elevation both on NF-kappa B/Rel family factors binding at -200 bp, and on a novel, biochemically distinct "TGGGC" factor binding at -225 bp with respect to the IL-2 transcriptional start site. Neither NF-AT nor AP-1 binding activities are detectably inhibited in gel mobility shift assays. Elevation of cAMP inhibits NF-kappa B activity with delayed kinetics in association with a delayed inhibition of IL-2 RNA accumulation. Activation of cells in the presence of forskolin prevents the maintenance of stable protein-DNA interactions in vivo, not only at the NF-kappa B and TGGGC sites of the IL-2 enhancer, but also at the NF-AT, AP-1, and other sites. This result, and similar results in cyclosporin A-treated cells, imply that individual IL-2 transcription factors cannot stably bind their target sequences in vivo without coengagement of all other distinct factors at neighboring sites. It is proposed that nonhierarchical, cooperative enhancement of binding is a structural basis of combinatorial transcription factor action at the IL-2 locus.
Effect of sample size, plot size, and counting time on estimates of avian diversity and abundance in a Chilean rainforest.

The bird assemblage of a southern temperate rainforest on Chiloe Island, southern Chile, was studied during the breeding season of 1993–1994. The modified variable-circular plot method was used to examine the effects on the estimated overall density and species richness of birds when the size of the plot, duration at the plot, and number of plots were varied, one variable at a time. A total of 459 individuals of 24 species was recorded on 18 plots sampled for a maximum of 10 min with unlimited distance. When increasing either the plot size, sampling length, or number of plots, the number of species detected increased at a decreasing rate, but without reaching an asymptote. The estimated density decreased with increasing plot size, increased with sampling length, and did not change with increasing plot number. However, the precision substantially improved. Plots of 40-m radius counted for 10 min detected 78% of the species found in larger plots and rendered an overall bird density of 34 individuals/ha, almost twice as many as the only comparable study found. On average, more than 75% of all species detected were within 40 m of the observers, using a 4-min sampling period at five plots. The migrant omnivorous flycatcher Elaenia albiceps was the most abundant species (22% of total counts), followed by the hummingbird Sephanoides galeritus, the tapaculo Scelorchilus rubecola, the treecreeper Aphrastura spinicauda, and the parakeet Enicognathus ferrugineus. These species, which were the most common in other studies conducted in similar temperate South American forests, showed species-specific responses to changes in the sampling variables.
Calculating inspector probability of detection using performance demonstration program pass rates

The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) staff has been working since the 1970’s to ensure that nondestructive testing performed on nuclear power plants in the United States will provide reasonable assurance of structural integrity of the nuclear power plant components. One tool used by the NRC has been the development and implementation of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section XI Appendix VIII[1] (Appendix VIII) blind testing requirements for ultrasonic procedures, equipment, and personnel. Some concerns have been raised, over the years, by the relatively low pass rates for the Appendix VIII qualification testing. The NRC staff has applied statistical tools and simulations to determine the expected probability of detection (POD) for ultrasonic examinations under ideal conditions based on the pass rates for the Appendix VIII qualification tests for the ultrasonic testing personnel. This work was primarily performed to answer three question...
Evaluation of suicide.

All physicians should be alert to indications of suicidal intent on the part of depressed or mentally ill patients. Hospital personnel generally should also know the importance of immediately reporting unusual behavior on the part of patients. Patients who seem likely to attempt suicide should be hospitalized and carefully supervised. Treatment should not be undertaken at home. Some of the newer antidepressant drugs are effective in treating potentially suicidal patients.
Trade, CO2, and the Environment

This paper puts trade's benefi ts and environmental costs on the same theoretical and empirical footing in order to provide a more complete measure of trade's welfare effects. The paper describes a model of trade and the environment, compiles new data on the CO2 emissions from shipping, and estimates key parameters using panel data regressions. Results show that international trade's bene fits exceed international trade's environmental costs by two orders of magnitude. While proposed regional or global carbon taxes on the CO2 emissions from transporting goods would increase global welfare and increase the implementing region's GDP, they would also harm poor countries.
Experience With Image-Guided Ultrathin Bronchoscopy

available MDCT scans. The chest scans, generated by either a Siemens Sensation or Emotion scanner, were reconstructed at a resolution of 0.5 mm spacing with 0.75-mmthick two-dimensional axial-plane sections; axial-plane resolution was between 0.52 mm and 0.92 mm. We used the VNS for off-line procedure-planning and live imagebased guidance for ultrathin bronchoscopy, as described below.3 Experience with Image-Guided Ultrathin Bronchoscopy W.E. Higgins,1 R. Bascom,2 M.W. Graham,1,4 J.D. Gibbs,1,3 and D.C. Cornish1 Penn State University, 1College of Engineering, 2College of Medicine, 3Broncus Technologies, Inc., 4Google, Inc. ATS 2010, New Orleans, LA