cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A NOVEL TECHNIQUE FOR INTERFACE WAVE GENERATION

Guided acoustic waves along interfaces are especially sensitive to specific properties associated with interface conditions and bond quality since their energy is effectively confined to the region of interest. On the other hand, this inherent advantage turns out to be a significant drawback for generation and detection of such guided waves. These are two basic types of propagating interface modes, which are shown schematically in Figure 1. First, there are leaky modes with higher phase velocity than at least one of the bulk velocities in the surrounding media. These modes “leak” their energy into one or more phase-matching bulk modes as they propagate along the interface and they can be readily generated by these mode-coupled bulk modes at the same incidence angle. In other words, the energy of leaky interface modes is not strictly confined to the boundary region therefore they are relatively easy to generate and detect. Because of their relatively short propagation length, leaky interface modes provide localized information on boundary properties and possible imperfections, which can be taken advantage in ultrasonic NDE of bonded structures [1].
Relations Among Various Diffusion Coefficients — Diffusion and Density Autocorrelation Functions

In this chapter we discuss the principal diffusion coefficients measured in surface mobility experiments, describe but do not derive in detail some relations among them, and finally discuss density autocorrelation functions.
Quantitative comparative evaluation of 2D vector field visualization methods

Presents results from a user study that compared six visualization methods for 2D vector data. Two methods used different distributions of short arrows, two used different distributions of integral curves, one used wedges located to suggest flow lines, and the final one was line-integral convolution (LIC). We defined three simple but representative tasks for users to perform using visualizations from each method: (1) locating all critical points in an image, (2) identifying critical point types, and (3) advecting a particle. The results show different strengths and weaknesses for each method. We found that users performed better with methods that: (1) showed the sign of vectors within the vector field, (2) visually represented integral curves, and (3) visually represented the locations of critical points. These results provide quantitative support for some of the anecdotal evidence concerning visualization methods. The tasks and testing framework also provide a basis for comparing other visualization methods, for creating more effective methods and for defining additional tasks to further understand tradeoffs among methods. They may also be useful for evaluating 2D vectors on 2D surfaces embedded in 3D and for defining analogous tasks for 3D visualization methods.
Replication-Coupled Recruitment of Viral and Cellular Factors to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Replication Forks for the Maintenance and Expression of Viral Genomes.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infects over half the human population. Much of the infectious cycle occurs in the nucleus of cells where the virus has evolved mechanisms to manipulate host processes for the production of virus. The genome of HSV-1 is coordinately expressed, maintained, and replicated such that progeny virions are produced within 4–6 hours post infection. In this study, we selectively purify HSV-1 replication forks and associated proteins from virus-infected cells and identify select viral and cellular replication, repair, and transcription factors that associate with viral replication forks. Pulse chase analyses and imaging studies reveal temporal and spatial dynamics between viral replication forks and associated proteins and demonstrate that several DNA repair complexes and key transcription factors are recruited to or near replication forks. Consistent with these observations we show that the initiation of viral DNA replication is sufficient to license late gene transcription. These data provide insight into mechanisms that couple HSV-1 DNA replication with transcription and repair for the coordinated expression and maintenance of the viral genome.
Validation of a new multiscale finite element analysis approach at the distal radius.

High-resolution peripheral computed tomography is commonly used to evaluate mechanical behavior of the distal radius microstructure using micro-finite element (FE) modeling. However, only a 9mm section is considered and boundary conditions (BCs) are usually simplified (platen-compression), and may not represent physiologic loading. Regardless, these methods are increasingly being used for clinical evaluations. Our goal was to develop and validate a novel multiscale solution that allows for physiologically relevant loading simulations (such as bracing during a fall), and show that mechanical behavior in the distal radius is different under platen BCs. Our approach incorporated bone microstructure together with organ-level radius geometry, by replacing matching continuum regions with micro-FE sections in user-defined regions of interest. Multiscale model predicted strains showed a strong correlation and a significant relationship with measured strains (r=0.836, p<0.001; slope=0.881, intercept=-12.17 µe, p<0.001). Interestingly, platen BC simulated strains were almost 50% lower than measured strains (r=0.835, p<0.001), and strain distributions were clearly different. Our multiscale method demonstrated excellent potential as a computationally efficient alternative for observing true mechanical environment within distal radius microstructure under physiologically accurate loading.
Role of surgical approach on lymph node dissection yield and survival in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives With increasing utilization of robot-assisted surgery in urologic oncology, robotic nephroureterectomy (RNU) is becoming the surgical modality of choice for patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). The role of surgical approach on lymph node dissection (LND) and lymph node (LN) yield is unclear, and potential therapeutic effects are unknown. Here we analyze the effects of surgical approach on LN yield, performance of LND, and overall survival (OS). Methods and materials Patients with UTUC who underwent nephroureterectomy from 2010 to 2013 were identified in the National Cancer Database. Outcomes of interest included rate of LND, LN yield, and OS. Logistic regression analyses were used to predict performance of LND. Negative binomial regression was used to derive incidence rate ratios for LN yield. Cox proportional hazards models were used to quantify survival outcomes. Results A total of 3,116 patients met inclusion criteria. LND was performed in 41% (314/762) of RNU, 27% (380/1385) of LNU cases, and 35% (340/969) of ONU (P Conclusions Compared with an ONU, RNU does not compromise performance of a LND and may be associated with improved LN yield. LNU is associated with the lowest rates of LND and LN yield. Increasing LN yield is associated with improved OS in patients with pN0 disease. Despite differential rates of LND and LN yield, surgical approach did not independently affect OS.
Multivisceral transplant is a viable treatment option for patients with non-resectable intra-abdominal fibromatosis

BACKGROUND Intra-abdominal fibromatosis often involves the mesentery root which is non-resectable by conventional surgery. Multivisceral transplant (MVT), as a potential cure to non-resectable fibromatosis, has rarely been reported and the prognosis is unknown. METHODS Six patients who underwent MVT for intra-abdominal fibromatosis were reviewed. Clinicopathological features, immunohistochemistry for β-catenin, p53, and Ki67, and outcomes were evaluated. Appropriate data for comparative analysis were obtained from a cohort of 24 patients who underwent conventional resection for intra-abdominal fibromatosis. RESULTS Among six MVT patients, four had familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Two patients had an initial intestinal transplantation, three had multiple prior surgeries, and two had adjuvant therapy. One patient died of hemorrhagic stroke shortly after MVT, and five patients (83%) survived with a median follow-up of 64 months. The 1-year and 5-year survival rates were 67% for all five patients. Two patients had recurrences after MVT and one of them had FAP. In comparison, six of 24 patients who underwent conventional surgery had FAP; six (25%) had recurrences and three had FAP. For FAP patients; the mean recurrence time was 13 months for MVT versus 6 months for conventional surgery. Ki67 proliferative index, β-catenin, and p53 expression did not significantly correlate to recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Multivisceral transplant (MVT) is a viable option for patients who have non-resectable intra-abdominal fibromatosis with promising surviving rates, although recurrence still occurs. Surgical margin, Ki67 proliferative index, β-catenin, and p53 expression are not predicative for recurrence of fibromatosis.
Plants as indicators of wetland water source

At the local scale, plant species distribution is determined primarily by the environmental characteristics of a site. In a wetland, water chemistry and hydroperiod are two of the most important of these environmental characteristics. Both are functions of water source. In central Pennsylvania, groundwater input tends to be continuous, while surface water may be permanent or seasonal. The chemistry of groundwater and surface water differs since groundwater is influenced by the substrate through which it flows. Because of these differences, and because of their effects on plant species distribution, it is possible to use vegetation as an indicator of the dominant water source of a site. Plots within 28 wetlands in central Pennsylvania were sampled, and the plots were classified by water source. The three hydrologic categories were groundwater, seasonal surface water, and permanent surface water. The core of the study was the analysis of half of the plots to identify species that were associated with a particular water source. Several groups of indicator species were identified. Some species, including Nyssa sylvatica, were strongly associated with the presence of groundwater. Others, such as Symplocarpus foetidus, were strongly associated with the presence of seasonal surface water. Several aquatic species were associated with permanent surface water. The remainder of the plots were used to test the predictive ability of the indicator species identified. The vegetation of a wetland plot predicted its hydrologic category with 72% accuracy. The identification of more indicator species could lead to the development of a useful tool for wetland research and management, since monitoring hydrology is often both expensive and time-consuming.
Prevention and Defense

The discussion of rogue software in the preceding chapters illustrates how dangerous this menace is. A worm can appear out of nowhere and infect all the computers of an organization within minutes. Once deeply embedded, it starts sending tentacles outside, looking for more computers to infect, and may also look inside for sensitive information to send back to its creator. Thus, discovering this type of software early, preventing its appearance in the first place, and defending against it are important goals of any computer user, whether an individual or part of an organization. Methods and ideas for preventing malware and defending against it are the topic of this chapter.
Pitch Symmetry and Invariants in Webern’s Sehr Schnell from Variations Op.27

We use the Argus algorithm as outlined in (Chew 2005, 2006) to measure (single or clustered) pitch changes in Webern’s Sehr schnell, the second piece in his Variations Op.27. In previous analyses employing the Argus algorithm, the computational results have been used to determine points of statistically significant change, which correspond to key or section changes. Instead of focussing only on the peaks (points of significant change), this paper considers symmetries and invariants revealed by the numerical results, paying particular attention to the stationary points as reflected by the zero values on the graph. These zero points signify places with identical or symmetric mappings of the pitch(es) in consecutive time windows. We analyze the results for small window sizes of one, two, and three eighth notes. The findings give rise to a pitch geometry map inside the Spiral Array, centered on the radius through pitch A, that explains Webern’s pitch choices in Sehr schnell.
The Legacy of Aristotle

That the temporal-frequency conception of the modalities plays a key role in the thought of Aristotle has been argued by Jaakko Hintikka, who employs the phrase “statistical interpretation” for what I have called Aristotle’s “temporal-frequency conception” of the modalities.1 One of the principal tasks of this chapter is to build upon the insights of Hintikka and to apply the results to two philosophical problems that face Aristotle, both central to the determinism issue. The first problem is the problem of how there can be contingency in a cosmos which has a necessary “first cause.” The second problem pertains to the application of modal notions to individuals, i.e., to individual things and individual events and states of affairs. It is arguable that, at least in the writings that we possess, Aristotle addresses neither of these problems in a direct and obvious way. However, it is also arguable, I think, that there is material in the corpus relevant to these problems. I shall suggest that this material provides the framework for the subsequent philosophical development of the determinism issue in ancient philosophy.
Binding of bacitracin to cells and protoplasts of Micrococcus lysodeikticus.

Abstract Bacitracin was tritiated by the Wilzbach technique and purified by carboxymethylcellulose chromatography. Binding studies between [3H]bacitracin and Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells and protoplasts indicated that the cells or protoplasts were saturated at 2 x 105 molecules per cell. This value correlates well with the number of C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate molecules found in the membrane and adds further support to the hypothesis that the antibiotic activity of this peptide is due to complex formation with this functional lipid. The Km for binding of bacitracin to cells or protoplasts was 3.7 x 10-6 molar which is consistent with the in vitro binding constant of 1 x 106 m-1 observed for the interaction of bacitracin A with the purified C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate. In vitro binding studies between bacitracin A and purified bacterial phospholipids indicated that the antibiotic does not interact strongly with these lipids. It is concluded from these studies that binding of bacitracin to the bacterial cells can be accounted for quantitatively by virtue of a specific interaction with the membrane C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate. Furthermore, the protoplast permeability changes induced by bacitracin, under certain conditions, may arise from interaction between bacitracin and the C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate molecules in the membrane.
A biologically-inspired distributed fault tolerant flocking control for multi-agent system in presence of uncertain dynamics and unknown disturbance

Abstract In this paper, the problem of flocking for Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) in presence of system uncertainties and unknown disturbances is investigated. A biologically-inspired novel distributed resilient controller based on a computational model of emotional learning in the mammalian brain is proposed. The methodology, known as Brain Emotional Learning Based Intelligent Controller (BELBIC), integrates a resilience mechanism with multi-objective properties into the distributed flocking control strategy. The developed strategy adopts the learning capabilities of BELBIC with the flocking that makes it a very promising approach, especially while dealing with system uncertainties and/or unknown disturbances. Furthermore, the low computational complexity of the designed method makes it very suitable for practical implementation in real-time applications. Eventually, the effectiveness of the developed intelligent resilient distributed flocking control approach is demonstrated through the several simulation scenarios.
Optimization of High-Density and High-Efficiency Switched-Tank Converter for Data Center Applications

In this paper, the design methodology of switched-tank converter (STC) is presented. The power loss breakdown analysis is conducted to point out the directions and paths for components optimization. It is revealed that the switching device conduction loss, printed circuit board (PCB) loss, and inductor loss become significant when output power is >150 W. Power loss of four switches is calculated and compared for switching device selection. The resonant capacitor is carefully designed to meet both current stress and ripple requirements. On the other hand, optimal design of the resonant inductors and PCB layout are fully investigated. The core loss model is provided, and different core materials are compared to minimize the core loss. Besides, a fine-tuned inductor winding structure is designed to achieve the lowest winding loss. Furthermore, PCB layout is optimized to get short loop length for each operation state. In addition to the hardware level optimization, an improved control method is proposed, in which the conduction time of switching devices is tuned to mitigate the circulating power. To verify the optimization work, a prototype of STC is built and tested. The experimental results indicate that a state-of-the-art performance of 98.71% efficiency and a 1000 W/in3 high power density is achieved.
Algebraic Type Theory and Universe Hierarchies

It is commonly believed that algebraic notions of type theory support only universes a la Tarski, and that universes a la Russell must be removed by elaboration. We clarify the state of affairs, recalling the details of Cartmell's discipline of _generalized algebraic theory_, showing how to formulate an algebraic version of Coquand's cumulative cwfs with universes a la Russell. To demonstrate the power of algebraic techniques, we sketch a purely algebraic proof of canonicity for Martin-Lof Type Theory with universes, dependent function types, and a base type with two constants.
Projected Urban Growth (2000 - 2050) and Its Estimated Impact on the US Forest Resource

Urban land in the United States is projected to increase from 3.1% in 2000 to 8.1% in 2050, an area of 392,400 km2, which is larger than the state of Montana. By 2050, four states (Rhode Island, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Connecticut) are projected to be more than one-half urban land. The total projected amount of US forestland estimated to be subsumed by urbanization between 2000 and 2050 is about 118,300 km2, an area approximately the size of Pennsylvania. Because of this urban growth, more regional planning and management may be needed to sustain forest products and ecosystem services required by a growing urban population.
Membrane Voltage Is a Direct Feedback Signal That Influences Correlated Ion Channel Expression in Neurons

The number and type of ion channels present in the membrane determines the electrophysiological function of every neuron. In many species, stereotyped output of neurons often persists for years [1], and ion channel dysregulation can change these properties to cause severe neurological disorders [2-4]. Thus, a fundamental question is how do neurons coordinate channel expression to uphold their firing patterns over long timescales [1, 5]? One major hypothesis purports that neurons homeostatically regulate their ongoing activity through mechanisms that link membrane voltage to expression relationships among ion channels [6-10]. However, experimentally establishing this feedback loop for the control of expression relationships has been a challenge: manipulations that aim to test for voltage feedback invariably disrupt trophic signaling from synaptic transmission and neuromodulation in addition to activity [9, 11, 12]. Further, neuronal activity often relies critically on these chemical mediators, obscuring the contribution of voltage activity of the membrane per se in forming the channel relationships that determine neuronal output [6, 13]. To resolve this, we isolated an identifiable neuron in crustaceans and then either kept this neuron silent or used a long-term voltage clamp protocol to artificially maintain activity. We found that physiological voltage activity-independent of all known forms of synaptic and neuromodulatory feedback-maintains most channel mRNA relationships, while metabotropic influences may play a relatively smaller role. Thus, ion channel relationships likely needed to maintain neuronal identity are actively and continually regulated at least in part at the level of channel mRNAs through feedback by membrane voltage.
Wage returns to education in Ethiopia

In this paper, we aim to provide robust estimates of wage returns to education in Ethiopia. Previous estimates vary widely based on the scope and size of the study sample, variables employed, and e...
Massive suburbanization: (Re)building the global periphery, edited by K. Murat Güney, Roger Keil, and Murat Űçoğlu: Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2019

The Global Suburbanisms series, published by the University of Toronto Press, has yet another precious feather in its cap. Massive Suburbanization: (Re)Building the Global Periphery, edited by K. M...
Pain resilience moderates the influence of negative pain beliefs on movement-evoked pain in older adults

Negative pain beliefs are associated with adverse pain outcomes; however, less is known regarding how positive, adaptive factors influence pain and functioning. These relationships are especially important to examine in older adults with pain, given increased disability and functional limitations in this population. We investigated whether pain resilience moderated the relationships between negative pain beliefs (fear-avoidance, pain catastrophizing) and pain outcomes (functional performance, movement-evoked pain) in sixty older adults with low back pain. Higher pain resilience was associated with lower fear-avoidance (p < .05) and pain catastrophizing (p = .05). After controlling for demographic variables, higher fear-avoidance (p = .03) and catastrophizing (p = .03) were associated with greater movement-evoked pain in individuals with low pain resilience, but not among those high in resilience. No significant moderation effects were observed for functional performance. Resilience may attenuate the relationship between negative psychological processes and pain-related disability, highlighting the need for interventions that enhance pain resilience in older adults.
Vasospasm Following Hemispherectomy: A Case Report of a Novel Complication.

Background Hemispherectomy has been shown to be successful in treating medically intractable epilepsy, with favorable seizure-free outcomes. However, the procedure is technically challenging with high rates of in-hospital complications. We present a unique case of functional hemispherectomy complicated by diffuse cerebral vasospasm and subsequent death in a patient with COL4A1 gene mutation. Case Description A 17-year-old boy presented with right hemispheric epilepsy and a previously diagnosed autosomal dominant heterozygous COL4A1 gene mutation (c.4380T>G;p.Cys1460Trp). Functional hemispherectomy was performed without complications. On postoperative day 8, he developed an acute decline in neurologic status requiring urgent intubation for airway protection. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed areas of restricted diffusion throughout bilateral hemispheres that was explained by severe vasospasm and minimal cerebral blood flow seen on cerebral angiography. Intra-arterial calcium channel blocker infusion and balloon angioplasty were attempted without improvement in perfusion. With a worsening clinical picture, he was transitioned to comfort care and died. Conclusions This is the first report in the literature describing global vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia following hemispherectomy in a patient carrying COL4A1 gene mutation. We postulate that his COL4A1 gene mutation might have resulted in this exaggerated vasospasm despite minimal residual postoperative subarachnoid hemorrhage burden. This hypothesis needs to be studied in animal models of this genetic disorder.
MICROSTRAIN MEASUREMENTS IN MONOCLINIC⇄TETRAGONAL PHASE TRANSITION OF ZIRCONIA

ABSTRACT The Warren-Averbach method was used to evaluate the microstrain involved in the monoclinic⇄tetragonal transformation of ZrO2. The microstrain was measured perpendicular to the (011) and (100) plane of the monoclinic phase on cooling and heating. The initial room temperature, microstrain was almost completely relieved in the pretransformation region (∼1100°C). As the transformation procedes the amount of microstrain increases and reaches a maximum of 1.9 × 10−3 when 50% of the monoclinic phase has been transformed. Similar behavior was found on cooling. A large hysteresis in microstrain was observed in this transition. The extent of the coherent interface between two phases could explain the behavior of microstrain in the transition The approximate value of microstrain energy at its maximum in the [011] direction of the monoclinic phase was calculated to be 35.19 J/mol (8.4 cal/mol).
Dominant Uncertainty in Traceable Millimeter-Wave Modulated Signal Source for OTA Calibration

At 5G millimeter-wave frequencies, over-the-air testing is integral to verifying communications systems. Calibration of these vector systems will benefit from a traceable modulated signal in the free field for verification. We present the steps to providing this calibration signal by summarizing our work to create a traceable vector source, extending the traceability path through antenna characterization, and tracking correlations in uncertainties. We will present our study of the dominant uncertainties in the source with the goal of streamlining the calibration process.
An option-based approach to measuring disclosure asymmetry

In this paper, I develop a measure of the difference in the amount of information that investors expect a forthcoming disclosure to contain should it reveal good news versus bad news (the disclosure's "asymmetry"). I derive this measure from a model of option prices leading up to an asymmetric disclosure. The model shows that the disclosure's asymmetry can be captured using a weighted change in option-implied return skewness leading up to its release. This measure's ability to capture investors' prior beliefs regarding asymmetry is advantageous when studying ex-ante decisions including contracting and information acquisition choices. I implement the measure on a sample of large firms' quarterly earnings announcements, finding evidence that investors anticipate cross-sectional, but not time-series variation in earnings' asymmetry.
Striving toward Improved Outcomes for Surgically Resectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: the Promise and Challenges of Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of non-surgical stage III and stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we review emerging data on the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in the setting of earlier stage surgically resectable lung cancer. Several small studies support the safety and feasibility of neoadjuvant immunotherapy, noting similar perioperative rates of morbidity and mortality compared with historical controls. Data from several phase II trials have shown high rates of major pathologic response (MPR), though it is unclear if this will correlate with a survival benefit. Phase III trials of neoadjuvant immunotherapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy are ongoing. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy offers a promising treatment modality in earlier stage NSCLC patients. Results of ongoing phase II and phase III trials will be essential in determining how to best integrate this treatment modality in the future.
Measurements of AlMn TES bolometers well described by simple electrothermal model

Cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization experiments utilize arrays of low temperature detectors, such as superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers. Voltage-biased TES bolometers must be embedded in a readout circuit that allows for stable operation. To ensure stability and to test our physical and electrothermal model of these devices, measurements aimed at characterizing the dynamics of the sensor over the range of detector bias and loading conditions relevant to our application are carried out for multiple bolometer designs. In this work, we present bolometer electrothermal properties derived from current-voltage curves, effective electrothermal time constant measurements, and complex impedance measurements of AlMn TES bolometers intended for the Ali CMB Polarization Telescope (AliCPT). All bolometers consist of 385nm thick 1400 ppma AlMn film with measured superconducting critical temperature Tc = 480 mK. The bolometers are well-described by a simple, one-pole electrothermal model with a natural time constant τ0 that we adjust by varying the leg geometry and the amount of PdAu thermal ballast on the bolometer island. From these measurements, we determine that the volumetric heat capacity of sputtered PdAu (atomic percentages 67.6%/32.4%) at 480mK is 0.22 fJ/(K·μm3). Finally, we present the TES parameters as a function of operational resistance and over a range of loading conditions.
Weight Misperception among African American Adolescents: The Jackson Heart KIDS Pilot Study.

Background: Weight misperception is a common problem among adolescents; how­ever, few studies have examined contribut­ing factors among an exclusively African American population. The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with weight misperception among 12- to 19-year-old participants in the Jackson Heart KIDS Pilot Study (JHS-KIDS). Methods: Data were drawn from JHS-KIDS, a prospective, observational examination of cardiovascular-related risk factors among African American adolescents who were children or grandchildren of participants in the Jackson Heart Study. Adolescent weight misperception – discordance between mea­sured weight status and perceived weight status – was the primary outcome of inter­est. Self-reported weight control behaviors, parent concerns about adolescents’ weight, parent-perceived responsibility for adoles­cent’s weight and daily hassles were the primary independent variables of interest. Results: The analytic sample was equally divided by females (n=107) and males (n=105) and one third of study partici­pants (33.5%) had discordance between their actual and perceived weight. Results from fully adjusted sex-stratified modified Poisson regression models indicated that weight behavior control was significant among females (PR = .66, 95%CI:1.20- 2.30). Parental concerns about child weight were significant for males. Each additional point increase in the parent’s concern about their weight score was associated with a 9% increase in the adjusted prevalence of weight misperception among males (95%CI: 1.03-1.16). Conclusions: The sex-specific patterns in this study highlight heterogeneity among African American adolescents and an urgent need to consider sex and gender when developing targeted interventions for youth who are at high risk for weight misper­ceptions and unhealthy weight control practices. Ethn Dis. 2021;31(3):461-468; doi:10.18865/ed.31.3.461
Genetic stress-reactivity, sex, and conditioning intensity affect stress-enhanced fear learning.

Abstract The Stress-Enhanced Fear Learning (SEFL) model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) reveals increased fear memory in animals exposed to stress prior to contextual fear conditioning (CFC), similar to the increased likelihood of developing PTSD in humans after prior stress. The present study utilized the SEFL model by exposing animals to restraint stress as the first stressor, followed by CFC using foot-shocks with 0.6 mA or 0.8 mA intensity. Adult males and females from the two nearly isogenic rat strains, the genetically more stress-reactive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) More Immobile (WMI), and the less stress-reactive WKY Less Immobile (WLI) were employed. Percent time spent freezing at acquisition and at recall differed between these strains in both prior stress and no stress conditions. The significant correlations between percent freezing at acquisition and at recall suggest that fear memory differences represent a true phenotype related to the stress-reactivity differences between the strains. This assumption is further substantiated by the lack of effect of either conditioning intensity on percent freezing in WLI males, while WMI males were affected by both intensities albeit with opposite directional changes after prior stress. Differences between the sexes in sensitivity to the two conditioning intensities became apparent by the opposite directional and inverse relationship between fear memory and the intensity of conditioning in WMI males and females. The present data also illustrate that although corticosterone (CORT) responses to prior stress are known to be necessary for SEFL, plasma CORT and percent freezing were positively correlated only in the stress less-reactive WLI strain. These differences in baseline fear acquisition, fear memory, and the percent freezing responses to the SEFL paradigm in the two genetically close inbred WMI and WLI strains provide a unique opportunity to study the genetic contribution to the variation in these phenotypes.
V.B.5. Management of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a term coined by the Retina Society Terminology Committee in 1983 to describe retinal detachment caused by contractile cellular membranes on the retina and vitreous following rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) [1]. Contraction of these membranes can lead to new retinal detachments (RD) or failure of surgically corrected detachments. PVR still remains the leading cause of failure in retinal detachment surgery, occurring in 5–10 % of all RRDs, and remains a major barrier to successful repair of RDs [2].
Managing Acidosis in Feedlot Cattle

The cattle feeding business in the United States has evolved to an intensively managed system using grains as the primary source of energy. Grain feeding is common throughout the cattle feeding regions of the United States because the cost per unit of energy is often cheaper with grain compared with other feedstuffs available for beef cattle. In addition, grains are easier to store, handle, process, mix and deliver in rations compared with bulky, lower energy forage type feedstuffs. Consumers also prefer the taste and flavor of grain-fed beef compared with other alternatives. Acidosis is one of the most important nutritional disorders in feedlot cattle today and is caused by a rapid production and absorption of organic acids and endotoxins from the rumen when cattle over consume grain (starch) or sugar in a short period of time. Acidosis is an array of stresses and is not confined to a single symptom such as ruminal pH. The previous definition is a collective term for several associated facets and includes the effects of organic acid production, ruminal pH, salivary flow, rate of passage, starch fermentation, feed intake and others. Ruminal acidosis often leads to metabolic acidosis in feedlot cattle. Acidosis is difficult to measure and diagnose in feedlot cattle. Even in metabolism studies designed to measure the effects of acidosis, it is difficult to research because as ruminal pH declines, cattle adjust by decreasing feed intake and altering their consumption patterns to help diminish the deleterious effects of acidosis. Acidosis is not one disorder, but a continuum of degrees. Effects of acidosis can be slight as a .25 lb/ day decrease in feed intake, or as severe as the death of an animal. Brent2 attributed founder, polioencephalomalcia (PEM) and ruminitis to acidosis in feedlot cattle. Sudden death syndrome, reduced feed intake, reduced absorption, liver abscesses, grain bloat and clostridial infections have been added to the list of acidosis related problems. Acidosis is not the only nutritional disorder that can occur in beef cattle fed high-grain diets, but may be a contributing factor to many of the diagnosed nutritional disorders that are currently observed in feedlot cattle. Many of the management recommendations that feedlot nutritionists make on a daily basis are to reduce the incidence and severity of acidosis. Because acidosis is not simply one disorder we generally separate acidosis into acute or subacute situations. The actual ruminal pH where subacute acidosis becomes acute is difficult to define and probably not very important. Additionally, the actual ruminal pH where an individual animal experiences subacute acidosis may be equally less important because of animal-to-animal variation.
Robert Lowell: Payment Gat He Nane

The place to begin is with the Aeneid. Not because Lowell started reading the classics after his second year at Harvard, or because his poems are full of classi cal allusions and "imitations" of Vergil, although these facts are part of the pic ture. The reason for my starting there is that Vergil, in creating Aeneas, is so remarkably close to Lowell's own position both as man in history and as artist. Much of the Vergilian melancholy is due to his feeling of the movement of Roman history: the loss of the heroic past and the stature of the early Romans, the growing complexity and importance of the state and the law, limiting the scope of individual action and importance. The Aeneid itself is almost an example, a commissioned panegyric which manages, because of Vergil's greatness, not to be only that. One could elaborate more, but the point should be clear to a reader of Lowell who has experienced his nostalgia for the old order?the period of this country's greatness, and his own family's. Vergil was in the same kind of transi tional state that Lowell is in, with the melancholy feeling that history is over, that we are marking time waiting for some new development which may or may not be desirable?the end of everything, or a totally new beginning. This spirit was common in England in the nineteenth century, while America was still po tentially a new world. It has hit America even harder in the twentieth century, because we are so close to our own "heroic" past, so aware of the nature of the change without being able to understand it. In the twenties Hart Crane set out to become the "Vergil of the new world," only to learn that the world was no longer new and to become, ironically, even more Vergilian in the process of dis covery. In many ways, Lowell begins Life Studies (1959) at a point Crane reached only in "The Tunnel" section of The Bridge: the explicit recognition that an older mode of vision produced only illusion or madness. But even before Life Studies, with its major change in direction, he had struck the note of experi ence as a diminished thing?first, as a spiritual phenomenon, where the failure or
Catholic Periodical Literature: Reaching Lay Catholics in Modern Times

There is a wide variety of Catholic periodical literature, and most of it is directed to lay members of the faith. The author offers a cross section of the Catholic press and makes notes of how each publisher has adapted to the present-day lay reader by developing Web sites and providing material in other languages.
Repeated Measures ANOVA

In marketing research, one of the sources of variability in the observed measures is the respondents themselves. The respondents come from different backgrounds and have unique individual characteristics, and thus can perceive a study differently. Since this sample level variability reduces the effectiveness of the study, it is very important to separate it from the treatment effects and the experimental errors. Unfortunately, these differences among subjects are uncontrolled and are treated as errors in a between-subject design. Therefore, we use a within-subject design where the respondents are exposed to more than one treatment condition and hence repeated measures are obtained. Such repeated measures are also necessary in longitudinal studies where respondents are measured at different time periods and in cases where it is difficult to recruit respondents. Traditional analysis of variance (ANOVA) is not adequate to analyze this type of data as it is unable to control the correlation among the repeated measures. Therefore, a different analysis called repeated measures ANOVA is used. Repeated measures ANOVA is also considered as an extension of a paired-sample t-test to a case of more than two related samples. Keywords: sample level variability; repeated measures; within-subject design; analysis of variance; paired-sample t-test
Innate Immune Sensing of a Bacterial Protein in the ER of the Intestine by IRE1b

The plasma membrane and all membrane-bound organelles except for the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are equipped with pattern-recognition molecules to sense microbes or their products and ind...
Breaking the Robustness Barrier: Recent Progress on the Design of Robust Multimodal Systems

Abstract Cumulative evidence now clarifies that a well-designed multimodal system that fuses two or more information sources can be an effective means of reducing recognition uncertainty. Performance advantages have been demonstrated for different modality combinations (speech and pen, speech and lip movements), for varied tasks (map-based simulation, speaker identification), and in different environments (noisy, quiet). Perhaps most importantly, the error suppression achievable with a multimodal system, compared with a unimodal spoken language one, can be in excess of 40%. Recent studies also have revealed that a multimodal system can perform in a more stable way than a unimodal one across varied real-world users (accented versus native speakers) and usage contexts (mobile versus stationary use). This chapter reviews these recent demonstrations of multimodal system robustness, distills general design strategies for optimizing robustness, and discusses future directions in the design of advanced multimodal systems. Finally, implications are discussed for the successful commercialization of promising but error-prone recognition-based technologies during the next decade.
A phenomenological path loss model of the in vivo wireless channel

Channel modeling is of fundamental importance for in vivo wireless communication, since it is essential in order to optimize transmitter and receiver signal processing. In this paper, we build a phenomenological model for the distance and frequency dependent path loss of the in vivo wireless channel. Measured data is produced through HFSS simulations in the range of 0.4–6 GHz for frequency and λ/50–3λ for distance. Based on the measurements, we produce mathematical models for in body, on body and out of body regions. The results show that our proposed models fit well with the measured data.
The Dangers of Lewisite and Arsenic

This chapter shows how the search for historical information must involve writings, books, and even speeches by important figures such as commanding officers at a site long after they have left. Lewisites are reasons for extreme concern because of their extreme toxicity, even when compared to the other gases used during World War II. It is thought to be seven times more lethal than mustard gas. It has been called the “Dew of Death,” as a single drop on the skin could be fatal. Winfred Lee Lewis is credited with the discovery and refinement of Lewisite, one of the most toxic gases developed during this period and one that remained in America's arsenal until the treaty banning chemical weapons. His report mentioned the reaction of arsenic chloride and acetylene and a tarry very poisonous substance that was produced. This study illustrates the value of knowing what munitions constituents to consider while cleaning up arsenic contamination and also discusses the problems with arsenic. The more troublesome problem is the biotransformation of arsenic into arsine gas. Four common soil fungi, two anaerobic bacteria, and algae in surface water can generate a methylated version of arsine.
The Crisis in the Ideology of Crime

the prevalence of negligence incorporates references to what a reasonable person should perceive and do without any inquiry into the specific mens rea of the defendant. What then explains society’s decision to condemn some wrongs criminally, while allowing only civil or private institutional sanctions for other wrongs? It is the contention of this article that criminal law is the primary institution for transmitting social ideology. The procedures of criminal law, unlike civil 7
Characterization and enhancement of dynamic mapping heuristics for heterogeneous systems

Clusters of heterogeneous PCs/workstations have become attractive systems for executing a set of computationally intensive independent tasks. This paper focuses on scheduling schemes in a dynamic context - i.e. where scheduling decisions are made periodically as jobs arrive, in contrast to static scheduling where scheduling is performed after all jobs have been submitted. The paper characterizes different scheduling schemes with respect to varying arrival rates and burstiness in the job arrival rate. Using the insights gained by the characterization, a set of approaches are proposed to improve the previously developed strategies with respect to turnaround time. Simulation results indicate improvements of up to 40% in turnaround time by using the proposed enhancements.
Perhaps it's time to completely rethink cerebellar function

The primary assumption made in this series of target articles is that the cerebellum is directly involved in motor control. However, in my opinion, there is ample and growing experimental evidence to question this classical view, whether or not learning is involved. I propose, instead, that the cerebellum is involved in the control of data acquisition for many different sensory systems, [CREPEL et al., HOUK et al., SMITH, THACH]
Human 4-1bb (Cd137) signals are mediated by Traf2 and activate nuclear factor-kappa-B.

Abstract Human 4-1BB (CD137), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, costimulates T cell activation. No apparent intrinsic kinase activity is seen with 4-1BB, which suggests that 4-1BB-associated molecules may be involved in 4-1BB-mediated signal transduction. We found that tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 1, TRAF2, and TRAF3, all interacted with the cytoplasmic domain of 4-1BB. Mutation analysis showed that TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF3 were associated with one of two runs of acidic residues found in the cytoplasmic domain of 4-1BB. In addition, 4-1BB cross-linking with TCR signal in Jurkat cells and overexpression of 4-1BB in 293 cells were able to induce activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). 4-1BB-mediated NF-κB activation was inhibited by a dominant negative-TRAF2 or -NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK). These data suggest that 4-1BB functions may be mediated by NF-κB activation, which requires a TRAF2/NIK pathway.
The effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone in acute thyroiditis.

ACUTE thyroiditis, also referred to as acute diffuse thyroiditis, acute nonsuppurative thyroiditis, and subacute thyroiditis, is an inflammatory disease characterized by fever, malaise, and a firm and very tender enlargement of the thyroid gland. The etiology is unknown. Recent studies (1, 2, 3) have disclosed that acute thyroiditis is accompanied by a striking decrease in the ability of the thyroid to concentrate radioiodine after a tracer dose, and by a high normal or slightly elevated serum proteinbound iodine (PBI). Although the diagnosis of this disease is usually clearcut on clinical grounds alone, the uptake of radioiodine by the thyroid and the serum PBI may be of value in differentiating acute thyroiditis from hemorrhage into an adenoma of the thyroid or from a neoplasm of the thyroid. Other situations in which a greatly depressed uptake of radioiodine and a normal or elevated serum PBI may coexist are those following the administration of iodine or iodine-containing substances, such as desiccate...