cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing and Implementing an Image Geo -Registration Tool for MTI

The Multi -spectral Thermal Imager (MTI) satellite ground station, developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory and operated and maintained at Sandia National Laboratories , produces Level1R images that are interband registered but not geo - registered. Creating a geo -reg istered MTI data product poses many challenges for an MTI image analyst . This paper discusses the SPOT Imagery Georegistration for MTI Analysts (SIGMA) tool th at we created to address these challenges. SIGMA uses georeferenced images from the SPOT satellite as the reference maps for registering MTI images and is executed by th e MTI analyst after producing an interband co -registered Level1R image. This paper also discusses the iterative and incremental design process we used to develop the current implementation of SIGMA. We present a high -level software architectural view with the detailed control and data flows. We focus on two major aspects of the SIGMA implementation: generating correct SPOT image maps for georegistration and using COTS products —namely, IDL and ENVI —for rapid software development. Lastly, we cover lessons le arned associated with SIGMA software development from a software engineer's point of view. The idea of using computer vision approaches, such as automatically extracting invariant feature points, to register images without user intervention is also explore d in the future work section.
An improved method for the detection of Mutants at the waxy locus in Hordeum vulgare.

Immature barley spikes from greenhouse and field-grown plants were harvested 2-4 days prior to anthesis and prepared for analysis. The improved procedure described permits routine and accurate scoring of large numbers of pollen grains and detection of low frequency forward or reverse mutations at the waxy locus. Reversion frequencies are presented in table form for azide- and gamma-induced mutants. (JMT)
Landau Interaction Function for Electrons in the Surface Inversion Layer of a Semiconductor: A Test of Many-Body Theory

The effective mass of a quasiparticle at the Fermi surface is given by ${m}^{*}=m(1+{A}_{1})$, where ${A}_{1}$ is a Fourier coefficient of the Landau Fermi-liquid interaction function. Three different methods of evaluating the Landau interaction function are investigated and compared with experiment.
Impact of Chlorine Functionalization on High-Mobility Chemical Vapor Deposition Grown Graphene

We systematically investigated plasma-based chlorination of graphene and compared its properties before and after such treatment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that a high Cl coverage of 45.3% (close to C2Cl), together with a high mobility of 1535 cm2/(V s), was achieved. The C:Cl ratio n (CnCl) can be effectively tuned by controlling the dc bias and treatment time in the plasma chamber. Chlorinated graphene field-effect transistors were fabricated, and subsequent Hall-effect measurements showed that the hole carrier concentration in the chlorinated graphene can be increased roughly by a factor of 3. Raman spectra indicated that the bonding type between Cl and graphene depends sensitively on the dc bias applied in the plasma chamber during chlorination and can therefore be engineered into different reaction regimes, such as ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and defect creation. Micro-Raman mapping showed that the plasma-based chlorination process is a uniform process on the micrometer scale.
Cancer Immunotherapy and Breaking Immune Tolerance: New Approaches to an Old Challenge

Cancer immunotherapy has proven to be challenging as it depends on overcoming multiple mechanisms that mediate immune tolerance to self-antigens. A growing understanding of immune tolerance has been the foundation for new approaches to cancer immunotherapy. Adoptive transfer of immune effectors such as antitumor mAb and chimeric antigen receptor T cells bypasses many of the mechanisms involved in immune tolerance by allowing for expansion of tumor-specific effectors ex vivo. Vaccination with whole tumor cells, protein, peptide, or dendritic cells has proven challenging, yet may be more useful when combined with other cancer immunotherapeutic strategies. Immunomodulatory approaches to cancer immunotherapy include treatment with agents that enhance and maintain T-cell activation. Recent advances in the use of checkpoint blockade to block negative signals and to maintain the antitumor response are particularly exciting. With our growing knowledge of immune tolerance and ways to overcome it, combination treatments are being developed, tested, and have particular promise. One example is in situ immunization that is designed to break tolerance within the tumor microenvironment. Progress in all these areas is continuing based on clear evidence that cancer immunotherapy designed to overcome immune tolerance can be useful for a growing number of patients with cancer.
Defect-tolerant logic implementation onto nanocrossbars by exploiting mapping and morphing simultaneously

Crossbar-based architectures are promising for the future nanoelectronic systems. However, due to the inherent unreliability, defect tolerance schemes are necessary to guarantee the successful implementations of any logic functions. Most of the existing approaches have been based on logic mapping, which exploits the freedom of choosing which variables/products (in a logic function) to map to which of the vertical/horizontal wires (in a crossbar). In this paper, we propose a new defect tolerance approach, namely logic morphing, by exploiting the various equivalent forms of a logic function. This approach explores a new dimension of freedom in achieving defect tolerance, and is compatible with the existing mapping-based approaches. We propose an integrated algorithmic framework, which employs both mapping and morphing simultaneously, and efficiently searches for a successful logic implementation in the combined solution space. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme boosts defect tolerance capability significantly with many-fold yield improvement, while having no extra runtime over the existing approach of performing mapping alone.
An approximation for the loss probability in a multiserver queue fed by a shifting level process

A shifting level (SL) process is useful to traffic modeling because it is very easy to match the stationary distribution and autocorrelation function of the SL process with those of measured real traffics. Especially, SL processes have been used to traffic modeling for VBR video traffics reflecting the long range dependence and the scene structure. We give an approximation for the loss probability in a multiserver queue fed by a SL process. Numerical examples show that our approximation is very accurate.
Breaking the Deadlock: The 2000 Election, the Constitution and the Courts

The virtual tie in the popular vote in Florida led to one of the most controversial elections and subsequent legal proceedings in the history of the United States. In the process, the highest court of the land reversed the highest court of a state. While the public accepted the Supreme Court’s decision, the events focused the nation’s attention on the need for substantial reforms in the election process, especially greater uniformity in voting technology and improved procedures for resolving disputed results. Judge Richard A. Posner, an outstanding legal scholar, has examined the legal decisions and the underlying factors that led to the larger than expected fraction of under and over-votes in Florida. The book is not an ‘easy’ read as the Florida election law is complex and the courts had a very tight time frame in which to decide the issues. The author uses fairly sophisticated econometric techniques to examine the relative roles of the voting machinery, the counting process as well as economic and demographic factors in examining the causes for ballots to be spoiled. Although legal readers may find the statistical arguments difficult and quantitative scientists may find some details of the law arcane, the book almost surely will be on any ‘thinking’ individual’s list of publications to read on the subject. Even though the ultimate assessment of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision to stop the recount of under-votes in several Florida counties may well depend on the response to the tragic events of September 11, 2001, the election exposed serious flaws in our democratic process. Judge Posner’s suggestions for reform should provide a good starting point for the nation to review and improve the system. Other countries, especially newer democracies also have an opportunity to learn from the problems that arose in the United States. The book consists of five chapters. First, some important historical background is provided. Then the election deadlock and its causes are reviewed and examined. The court decisions and legal strategies of the participants are discussed in the third chapter. The performance of the participants, including the legal commentators, is then critiqued. Here, Judge Posner is far more critical of the academics that spoke or wrote for the media than he is of the lawyers and most judges. The last chapter discusses the potential reforms that should be made in order to avoid another fiasco as well as improve the electoral process. As the book was published in the summer of 2001, this review will first discuss the book and the issues it treats based on the information available to the author. Subsequent studies and developments will be mentioned at the end.
Clinical and Immunopathologic Alterations in Rhesus Macaques Affected with Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy

Globoid cell leukodystrophy, or Krabbe's disease, is a severe disorder of the central and peripheral nervous system caused by the absence of galactocerebrosidase (GALC) activity. Herein, we describe the clinical, neuropathological, histochemical, and immunohistological features observed in rhesus macaques affected with Krabbe's disease. Clinical signs included pronounced muscle tremors of head and limbs, difficulty ambulating, ataxia, hypermetria, proprioceptive deficits, and respiratory abnormalities. Histopathologically, all animals presented with evidence of demyelination in the peripheral and central nervous systems and accumulation of mononuclear and multinuclear globoid cells in the cerebral and cerebellar white matter associated with severe gliosis. Using immunohistochemistry and multi-label confocal microscopy, it was determined that globoid cells were CD68 + , HAM56 + , LN5 + , CD163 + , IBA-1 + , and Glut-5 + , suggesting that both peripheral blood-derived monocytes/macrophages and resident parenchymal microglia gave rise to globoid cells. Interestingly, many of the globoid cells and parenchymal microglia with a more ameboid morphology expressed HLA-DR, indicating immune activation. Increased expression of iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β were observed in the affected white matter, colocalizing with globoid cells, activated microglia, and astrocytes. Cytokine mRNA levels revealed markedly increased gene expression of CCL2 in the brain of affected macaques. CCL2-expressing cells were detected throughout the affected white matter, colocalizing with GFAP + cells and astrocytes. Collectively, these data suggest that dysregulation of monocyte/macrophage/microglia and up-regulation of certain cytokines may contribute to the pathogenesis of Krabbe's disease.
Older adult caregivers to people with HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of literature and policy implications for change

The emergence and spread of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) impacted a large proportion of adults in their prime age resulting in deaths that have led to over 5 million grandparents taking up primary parenting duties for over 12 million AIDS orphans in addition to caring for people living with HIV/AIDS. SSA has experienced the largest demographic impact of the pandemic worldwide. This study reviewed literature on the elderly as caregivers to people living with HIV/AIDS in SSA as a result of the pandemic. The review process was achieved through Internet searches for relevant peer-reviewed journal articles on databases such as CINAHL, ERIC, Medline, Pyschinfo, and Socindex. Grey literature that was relevant was included. A total of 98 studies were generated from the databases of which 68 were used in the study. Analysis of the selected materials revealed broad thematic categories which were caregiving options, affected by HIV/AIDS, infected with HIV/AIDS, problems of AIDS orphans, and policy implicatio...
Dosage values obtained following pre-plant fumigation for perennials II. Using special methods of applying methyl bromide and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicides

The movement of 1,3-dichloropropene and methyl bromide was monitored in various field situations involving fumigant application coupled with contemporary soil profile modification techniques. The soil moisture, temperature, texture and profile differences are reported in each case. A combination of soil modification and soil fumigation may provide for better plant response than either treatment alone. Spot and strip treatments may provide an efficient method of applying certain pre-plant fumigants to protect young perennials.
Early antithymocyte globulin therapy improves survival in patients with steroid-resistant acute graft-versus-host disease.

Abstract Second-line therapies for steroid-resistant acute GVHD have been used with limited success. We have reviewed the responses of 79 hematopoetic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients uniformly treated from 1990-1998 with equine antithymocyte globulin (ATG) for steroid-resistant acute GVHD, defined as progression of acute GVHD after 4 days of treatment with prednisone or no improvement of acute GVHD after 7 days of treatment with prednisone. Patients received HSCT from 34 related (32 matched sibling/2 partially matched) and 45 unrelated (14 HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 matched/31 partially matched) donors. Prior to ATG therapy, severe (grade III-IV) GVHD was observed in 34 patients (43%). Organs involved included skin in 81% of patients, lower GI tract in 52%, upper GI tract in 28%, and liver in 11%. Treatment consisted of 1-5 courses (median, 2 courses) of ATG (15 mg/kg per dose bid x 5 days) given for a median of 16 days (range, 5 to 44 days) after the onset of GVHD. All patients continued to receive prednisone, 60 mg/m2 per day (or methylprednisolone IV equivalent), plus CSA (75%) or tacrolimus (4%). At day 28 of treatment, overall improvement was observed in 54% of patients; durable (> or=28 days) complete response was observed in 20% of patients, and partial response was observed in 34% of patients. In multivariate analysis, patients with CML or a malignant disease other than acute leukemia had a greater likelihood of overall response than did those with nonmalignant diseases. Patients with acute skin GVHD (with or without other organ involvement) responded most frequently. Chronic GVHD developed in 51% of patients by 1 year after HSCT. One patient developed EBV lymphoproliferative disease. For the entire cohort, the probability of survival at 1 year was 32% (95% CI, 22%-42%). In multivariate analysis, factors associated with better survival included earlier onset of acute GVHD, shorter time from initial treatment for GVHD to treatment with ATG, and the use of non-T-cell-depleted stem cell grafts. These data suggest that treatment with ATG can be an active therapy, especially in patients with skin GVHD and early signs of steroid resistance. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2002;8(3):40-6.
Deformability of thin metal films on elastomer substrates

Recent applications in flexible electronics require that thin metal films grown on elastomer substrates be deformable. However, how such laminates deform is poorly understood. While a freestanding metal film subject to tension will rupture at a small strain by undergoing a necking instability, we anticipate that a substrate will retard this instability to an extent that depends on the relative stiffness and thickness of the film and the substrate. Using a combination of a bifurcation analysis and finite element simulations, we identify three modes of tensile deformation. On a compliant elastomer, a metal film forms a neck and ruptures at a small strain close to that of a freestanding film. On a stiff elastomer, the metal film deforms uniformly to large strains. On an elastomer of intermediate compliance, the metal film forms multiple necks, deforms much beyond the initial bifurcation, and ruptures at a large strain. Our theoretical predictions call for new experiments.
Tensile and Compressive Behavior of Carbon Nanotubes: Effect of Functionalization and Topological Defects

Carbon nanotubes are expected to find widespread applications in structural, electronic, biomedical energy and multi-functional applications. In order to enhance their effectiveness in these applications surface chemical modification (functionalization) is often needed. Further, topological defects are unavoidable during synthesis, and are geometrically necessary in certain electronic applications. In this paper we use molecular dynamics and statics simulations to explore the mechanical behavior of neat (defect free) nanotubes and compare with that of nanotubes with topological defects and functionalization. It is observed that the elastic and inelastic properties of nanotubes are significantly affected by the presence of chemical attachments and topological defects.
Extended field intensity modulated radiation therapy for gynecologic cancers: Is the risk of duodenal toxicity high?

Abstract Purpose There have been conflicting reports regarding the incidence of duodenal toxicity in patients receiving intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with an extended field covering the para-aortic (PA) lymph nodes for gynecologic cancers. We reviewed our experiences and rates of duodenal toxicity in patients treated with extended field IMRT. Methods and materials Patients with either cervical or endometrial cancer who were treated with IMRT to the PA nodes for involved lymph nodes or for prophylactic intent between 2005 and 2013 were included. For prophylactic intent, the radiation dose to the PA nodes was 45 Gy in 25 fractions. For involved lymph nodes, a boost was delivered to the gross disease with a 0.7-cm expansion, with editing for critical structures. The entire duodenum was retrospectively contoured on all patients from the gastric outlet to the jejunal transition. Results We identified 76 eligible patients with endometrial and cervical cancer. The PA region was treated prophylactically in 46.1% (n = 35) and for involved PA lymph nodes in 53.9% (n = 41). The duodenum was contoured on all patients with a median volume of 83.2 cm 3 (range, 21.2-174.9 cm 3 ). The mean volume of duodenum receiving 55 Gy (V 55 ) for those treated prophylactically and for involved PA nodes was 0 cm 3 and 0.8 cm 3 (range, 0-10.6 cm 3 ), respectively ( P = .014). Specifically, no patient had a V 55 >15 cm 3 . The mean V 40 was 28.3 cm 3 (range, 0-77.3 cm 3 ) and 41.4 (range, 0-90.0 cm 3 ), respectively ( P = .016). The mean dose delivered to 2 cm 3 of the duodenum was 34.9 Gy (range, 0-52.3 Gy) and 50.1 Gy (range, 31.3 - 58.3 Gy), respectively. Grade 3 acute gastrointestinal toxicity was recorded in 3.9% (n = 3) of patients. Conclusions In our experience, the treatment of PA lymph nodes using an IMRT technique is associated with a low duodenal toxicity profile and there has been no high-grade late duodenal toxicity.
Parents describe finding income and resources for their Medicaid-eligible children with disabilities

In the U.S. social system, the roles of work and parenthood are often in conflict, and this conflict is especially problematic for parents of children with special needs. This study was designed to...
FDTD for Hydrodynamic Electron Fluid Maxwell Equations

In this work, we develop a numerical method for solving the three dimensional hydrodynamic electron fluid Maxwell equations that describe the electron gas dynamics driven by an external electromagnetic wave excitation. Our numerical approach is based on the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method for solving the Maxwell’s equations and an explicit central finite difference method for solving the hydrodynamic electron fluid equations containing both electron density and current equations. Numerical results show good agreement with the experiment of studying the second-harmonic generation (SHG) from metallic split-ring resonator (SRR).
Cellular Sources of Extracellular Matrix in Hepatic Fibrosis

The deposition of increased and abnormal extracellular matrix is the hallmark of liver fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells are well known as the major source of the fibrillar collagens and other components of the liver scar, but are now appreciated to be only one of many potentially fibrogenic cell populations in the diseased liver. Portal fibroblasts and circulating mesenchymal cells derived from the bone marrow are also important sources of matrix proteins in fibrosis. Recent data suggest that hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition, similarly assuming a fibrogenic phenotype. Sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes produce specific matrix proteins important in liver health and disease. The future challenge will be to define more explicitly the roles of these different fibrogenic cell populations in fibrosis in a disease-specific way.
Developments in the Measurement of Subjective Well-Being

For good reasons, economists have had a long-standing preference for studying peoples' revealed preferences; that is, looking at individuals' actual choices and decisions rather than their stated intentions or subjective reports of likes and dislikes. Yet people often make choices that bear a mixed relationship to their own happiness. A large literature from behavioral economics and psychology finds that people often make inconsistent choices, fail to learn from experience, exhibit reluctance to trade, base their own satisfaction on how their situation compares with the satisfaction of others and depart from the standard model of the rational economic agent in other ways. If people display bounded rationality when it comes to maximizing utility, then their choices do not necessarily reflect their "true" preferences, and an exclusive reliance on choices to infer what people desire loses some of its appeal. Direct reports of subjective well-being may have a useful role in the measure
Electroluminescent devices from ionic transition metal complexes

Ionic transition metal complexes (iTMCs) are receiving increased attention as materials capable of yielding efficient electroluminescent devices with air-stable electrodes. The operational characteristics of these devices are dominated by the presence of mobile ions that redistribute under an applied bias and assist in electronic charge injection. This article reviews recent efforts in the field of iTMC devices: i) to understand their physics, ii) to improve their efficiency, colour, turn-on time and lifetime, and iii) to expose their potential applications.
Differential weighting in multiattribute utility measurement: When it should not and when it does make a difference

Abstract Some of the conditions under which differential weighting in multiattribute utility measurement may be used are explored. For the case of non-negatively correlated attributes, and under conditions when no well-defined criterion variable is available, differential weighting is not important. Unit or equal weighting will do just as well. For the case of some or all of the attributes being negatively correlated and when the negative signs can not be removed by appropriate scaling, then differential weighting can make a difference. Thus the final choice can be quite different depending upon what weighting scheme is used. An example of choosing a “best” automobile from a set of automobiles is given. The practical implications of these results are discussed. Decision makers may wish to retain differential weighting even for the case in which it doesn't make a difference, but for psychological, not numerical reasons.
Elective lymphadenectomy during salvage for locally recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma after radiation.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the rate of occult metastases in patients with head and neck mucosal squamous cell carcinoma who have undergone therapeutic neck radiation, and then develop primary site recurrence, without clinical evidence of recurrent neck disease.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary care center.Subjects and MethodsHead and neck mucosal squamous cell carcinoma patients with N+ necks treated with primary radiation who developed primary site recurrence with radiologically resolved neck lymphadenopathy, treated with salvage primary-site surgery with or without elective cervical lymphadenectomy (ECL). Main outcome measures were rate of occult nodal metastases, complication rates, and disease-free survival.ResultsSixteen patients met inclusion criteria. Of 18 neck sides that underwent either ECL or observation for a mean follow-up of 26 months, 4 (22.2%) were found to have positive occult cervical metastases, all on the ipsilateral side of preradiation neck disease. P...
Cue Reactivity in Addictive Behaviors: Theoretical and Treatment Implications

Several learning theory based models propose that substance users may have conditioned reactions to stimuli (cues) associated with substance use and that these reactions may increase the probability of relapse. The conditioned withdrawal, conditioned compensatory response, and appetitive motivational models were evaluated in light of empirical evidence from cue reactivity studies with alcoholics, smokers, opiate users, and cocaine users. The nature of the stimuli that elicit reactivity and the nature of the responses elicited are most consistent with an appetitive motivational model and do not appear to support the other two models. A few studies have been conducted or are underway that investigate the use of cue exposure with response prevention as a treatment to decrease cue reactivity. Preliminary work with alcoholics, opiate users and cocaine users is promising but insufficient evidence exists to evaluate this approach. The implications for theory and treatment are discussed. [Translations are provide...
Reevaluated martian atmospheric mixing ratios from the mass spectrometer on the Curiosity rover

Abstract The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover is a miniature geochemical laboratory designed to analyze martian atmospheric gases as well as volatiles released by pyrolysis of solid surface materials ( Mahaffy et al., 2012 ). SAM began sampling the martian atmosphere to measure its chemical and isotopic composition shortly after Curiosity landed in Mars׳ Gale Crater in August 2012 ( Mahaffy et al., 2013 ). Analytical methods and constants required for atmospheric measurements with SAM׳s quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) were provided in a previous contribution ( Franz et al., 2014 ). Review of results obtained through application of these constants to repeated analyses over a full martian year and supporting studies with laboratory instruments offer new insights into QMS performance that allow refinement of the calibration constants and critical reassessment of their estimated uncertainties. This report describes the findings of these studies, provides updated calibration constants for atmospheric analyses with the SAM QMS, and compares volume mixing ratios for the martian atmosphere retrieved with the revised constants to those initially reported ( Mahaffy et al., 2013 ). Sufficient confidence is enabled by the extended data set to support calculation of precise abundances for CO rather than an upper limit. Reanalysis of data acquired on mission sols 45 and 77 (at solar longitudes of 175° and 193°, respectively) with the revised constants leads to the following average volume mixing ratios: CO 2 0.957(±0.016), N 2 0.0203(±0.0003), Ar 0.0207(±0.0002), O 2 1.73(±0.06)×10 −3 , CO 7.49(±0.026)×10 −4 .
Bridging Psychometrics and Survey Methodology: Can Mixed Rasch Models Identify Socially Desirable Reporting Behavior?

ZEINA N. MNEIMNEH is with the Survey Research Operations, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. STEVEN G. HEERINGA is with the Survey Methodology Program, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. ROGER TOURANGEAU is with Westat. MICHAEL R. ELLIOTT is with the Survey Methodology Program, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. The Lebanese National Mental Health Survey (LEBANON) is carried out in conjunction with the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative, which is supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH; R01 MH070884), the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Pfizer Foundation, the U.S. Public Health Service (R13-MH066849, R01-MH069864, and R01 DA016558), the Fogarty International Center (FIRCA R03-TW006481), the Pan American Health Organization, Eli Lilly and Company, Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, GlaxoSmithKline, and Bristol-Myers Squibb. We thank the staff of the WMH Data Collection and Data Analysis Coordination Centres for assistance with instrumentation, fieldwork, and consultation on data analysis. None of the funders had any role in the design, analysis, interpretation of results, or preparation of this article. A complete list of all within-country and cross-national WMH publications can be found at http://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/wmh/. The LEBANON is supported by the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health, the WHO (Lebanon), National Institute of Health/Fogarty International Center (R03 TW006481-01), Sheikh Hamdan Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Award for Medical Sciences, anonymous private donations to IDRAAC, Lebanon, and unrestricted grants from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Hikma Pharm, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Servier, and Novartis. We thank Mick Couper for his review and discussion of this manuscript; Elie Karam (the principal investigator) for giving us access to the data and for insightful discussions on the topic; Elie Karam, Aimee Nasser Karam, and John Fayyad for their great contribution to the design of the survey and fieldwork support; Hagop Akiskal for insights into the structure of the temperament construct and the development of the scale; Caroline Cordahi Tabet and Lilian Ghandour for their work in interviewer training and adaptation of the CIDI 3.0; Yasmine Chatila for her work in supervising the fieldwork and data cleaning; and Mariana Salamoun for management of the temperament data. Joseph Sedransk served as the editor on this article. *Address correspondence to Michael R. Elliott, Survey Methodology Program, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI 498109; E-mail: mrelliot@umich.edu.
TIME-DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF RESPIRATORY ELECTROMYOGRAM

ABSTRACT The electromyogram (EMG) is associated with the neuromuscular activation of a contracting muscle. This EMG, as a filtered response of several superposed neural pulse trains, with varying pulse rate, recruitment, and recording procedure, appears as an interference pattern. Various quantification techniques emphasize the frequency-domain analysis and the measurement of statistical parameters and their correlation with the pulse-frequency and the muscle force. Respiratory EMG, as recorded in the diaphragm, appears as an almost periodic signal and usually appears during the inspiratory phase only. Furthermore, it appears to represent the superposition of pulse-frequency modulated action potential trains with possible recruitment. This paper presents the filtering technique, providing a running average of the rectified EMG, as a necessary time-domain analysis of this signal. Such a filtered signal preserves the information concerning the pulse-frequency of the neural signal. It can, therefore, be useful in studying the dynamic relation between the muscle's mechanical response and its neural input.
An Artificial Dry Reference Surface for Predicting Canopy Temperature Dynamics from a Moving Irrigation System

Elevated crop canopy temperatures are a useful indicator of water stress. Single-time-of-day canopy temperatures of large field areas can be detected by infrared thermometers (IRTs) mounted on center pivots or lateral move irrigation systems. Determining canopy temperatures at other times of day from these measurements requires a method of estimating diurnal canopy temperature dynamics due to changing environmental conditions from a one time-of-day measurement. This has been shown to be possible by using canopy temperature dynamics measured with an IRT in a stationary reference location in another part of the field to scale the one time-of-day measurement. It has also been shown that the water stress condition of the reference location has little effect on the errors of the predicted canopy temperatures. It would simplify instrumentation and programming if the reference temperature dynamics could be collected from a location other than the field, such as on the moving irrigation system itself. An artificial dry reference surface was tested to determine whether it could be used as the reference surface to capture the canopy temperature dynamics. The surface consisted of a large artificial plant leaf, cut to fit and mounted in a cross-stitch hoop. This was located in a stationary position next to the field being studied. The temperatures of the artificial reference surface were measured with IRTs mounted both above and below it. Canopy temperature dynamics predicted from one time-of-day measurements using the artificial dry reference surface were compared to those predicted using living and transpiring canopy temperature measurements in a stationary location in the field. The absolute mean errors of the predicted diurnal curve from the actual measured curves were compared. The errors when using the artificial dry reference surface were significantly worse than those of the living crop. These errors were possibly due to the fact that the artificial dry reference surface was not located amongst the living canopy. Future experiments need to be done with the artificial dry reference surface located on the moving irrigation system but near or amongst the living canopy.
Further evidence for the multifunctional enzyme characteristic of the fatty acid synthetases of animal tissues.

Physicochemical studies of chicken liver fatty acid synthetase have shown that the enzyme has been isolated in a high state of purity. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the enzyme preparations in SDS-phosphate, SDS-Tris-glycine, and Tris-glycine buffers indicate that 90% of the protein consists of one component. We have demonstrated that proteolysis of the synthetase may occur during the isolation of the enzyme. In addition, the purified enzyme undergoes proteolysis in the presence of denaturing agents, as is evident from the appearance of numerous bands on SDS gels. The proteolysis may be avoided by rapid purification of the enzyme and by heat treatment of the synthetase in the presence of denaturing agents. In addition, the nutritional state of the animal at the time of sacrifice may affect the banding pattern of the enzyme on SDS gels. Preparations obtained from starved-refed chickens generally gave over 90% of the stain in one band, while preparations obtained from starved animals exhibited several bands. The molecular weight of the native enzyme is 460,000–500,000, while in the presence of Tris-glycine buffer the enzyme rapidly dissociated into subunits of 230,000–250,000 molecular weight. The molecular weight has been estimated by sedimentation equilibrium in the presence of 6 m guanidinium chloride (214,000) and by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (220,000). It is proposed that the fatty acid synthetase consists of two subunits of the same or nearly equal size and, since the subunits contain the catalytic sites and the 4′-phosphopantetheine, the synthesis is a multifunctional enzyme. The amino acid analysis and the 4′-phosphopantetheine content have been determined. As reported earlier (Arslanian, Stoops, Oh, and Wakil, 1976, J. Biol. Chem.251, 3194–3196), the synthetase contains 1.6 mol of 4′-phosphopantetheine/mol of enzyme. In this study, the prosthetic group content was shown to be independent of the procedure used to isolate the 4′-phosphopantetheine for analysis.
Tenses and Meaning Change

Maintenir que des repliques non simultanees de phrases temporelles different dans leur sens tandis que des repliques non simultanees de phrases non temporelles ne differeraient pas est inexact. C'est un fait brut du langage.
In Situ Synthesis and Characterization of Nano TiO_2/ PLA Composites by Microwave Irradiation

Nano TiO2/ PLA composites were synthesized via microwave irradiation using ZnO2 as catalyst. The structure analysis and property were tested by FT-IR,SEM,TGA and electronic universal testing machine. The results indicated that there were interaction between TiO2 and PLA. TiO2 were uniformly distributed in the PLA matrix. Thermal properties were experimentally studied by TGA,which indicated that nano TiO2/ PLA composites had great thermal properties and the thermal decomposition temperature of TiO2/ PLA composites was higher than that of pure PLA. The breaking strength of TiO2/ PLA composites can also be improved.
Design of submicron PMOSFETs for DRAM array applications

A comparison is made between surface-channel P/sup +/ polysilicon gate and buried-channel N/sup +/ polysilicon gate PMOSFETs used as switching devices in DRAM arrays in a 3.3 V CMOS technology. The criterion for this comparison is the 'end-of-life' magnitude of subthreshold off-current at zero gate-to-source voltage, projected from accelerated hot-carrier stress. Shifts in off-current depend on changes in threshold voltage and subthreshold slope. The minimum channel length which satisfies the lifetime criterion of 100% shift in off-current for surface channels is 0.3 mu m. The minimum channel length of buried channels must be increased by approximately=0.25 mu m over that of surface channels to meet the same lifetime criterion. This results in a reduction in drain current of approximately=30%. >
Language Brokering, Prosocial Capacities, and Intercultural Communication Apprehension Among Latina Mothers and Their Adolescent Children:

Past research on language brokering has primarily focused on the positive and negative outcomes that children of immigrant families experience from brokering. Little is known, however, regarding th...
Techno-economic assessment of biogas to liquid fuels conversion technology via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Biogas derived from anaerobic digestion of organic wastes, and lignocellulosic biomass can be used to produce drop-in diesel fuel via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. In this study, we developed a process-based simulation model for the biogas to liquid fuel (BgTL) plant to conduct mass and energy balances and to evaluate techno-economic assessment of producing drop-in FT fuels. The BgTL plant operations consisted of biogas cleaning, biomethane reforming, FT synthesis of syngas and hydrocracking and final distillation to produce drop-in liquid fuels. The unconverted syngas and syncrude were utilized to generate steam and electricity to meet internal plant demand, while the excess power was sold to the grid. The base case BgTL plant (2 000 Nm3/h) produced about 4.6 million gallons per annum of total FT fuels which consisted of 62% diesel, 32% gasoline, 6% LPG with an overall biogas conversion of 54%. A discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFOROR) approach for the Nth plant was used to estimate the capital and operating costs with the minimum selling price for the FT drop-in fuels of about $5.67/gal ($5.29/GGE). The increase in plant feed capacity to 20 000 Nm3/h decreased the minimum selling price to $2.06/gal ($1.92/GGE). The sensitivity analysis conducted on the base case plant demonstrated that the internal rate of return (IRR), FT conversion rate, plant operating hours, and biogas cost were the most sensitivity parameters to the minimum selling price. Overall, the BgTL technology is deemed to be economically feasible to meet US biofuels demand. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Abstract P250: How Much Decrement in Renal Function During Heart Failure Hospitalization is Due to Loop Diuretic Exposure?

Background: Worsening renal function (WRF) during heart failure (HF) hospitalization is an accepted correlate of poor prognosis. Loop diuretics are increasingly being considered as a potential caus...
A Tale of Two Doctors - Structural Inequalities and the Culture of Medicine.

Back-to-back visits with an internist and an orthopedist reveal biases underpinning U.S. health care’s often inefficient, always expensive, and sometimes nonsensical care — biases that harm patients and undermine medicine’s ability to achieve its primary mission.
Interactive System for Medical Image Processing

A joint program in high-speed, interactive medical image processing has been pursued during the past 4 years between the Department of Electrical Engineering of Carnegie-Mellon University and the Department of Radiation Health, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh. An image processing facility called BIPU (Biomedical Image Processing Unit) has been constructed around the Perkin-Elmer 7/32 computer at Presbyterian Hospital within the University of Pittsburgh Health Center. This system is interfaced to various peripheral equipment through two additional Perkin-Elmer 6/16 computers and is also interfaced via both selector channels and the multiplexor bus to a large high-speed disc, several CRT terminals (both on-site and remote), line-printer, image printerplotter, etc. Projects using this facility at the present time involved studies in computed tomography, ultrasound imaging and signal analysis, dental-facial image processing, and the analysis of images generated by the television microscope of tissue from various organ systems.
Abstract 5606: Fibrinogen-like protein 2 drives malignant tumor progression in glioma

Gliomas are the most common type of brain tumor in both children and adults. Several low-grade gliomas (LGG) have the ability to progress into more aggressive tumors -high-grade gliomas (HGG) including glioblastoma (GB). Although patients harboring a LGG may survive for years, after the tumor transforms to HGG, life expectancy rapidly declines to 12 to 15 months in adults and 40 months in children. Thus, inhibiting this process of malignant transformation (MT) is an attractive therapeutic strategy because of the more indolent course associated with LGGs. Immune response plays a critical role in surveillance against malignant transformation. Our previous study shows that fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) is a key hub of tumor-mediated immune suppression. Hence, we investigated the role of FGL2 in promoting tumor progression from LGG to HGG in glioma. Analysis of TCGA expression data showed that increased FGL2 expression is associated with poorer survival in LGG and GB patients. And there is a positive correlation of expression level between FGL2 and mesenchymal glioma marker CD44, and a negative correlation between FGL2 and proneural glioma marker OLIG2. Engineered expression of FGL2 in a PDGFB-dependent mouse model of oligodendroglioma, a common glioma subtype, yielded a significantly higher rate of HGGs (72% vs 29%, p=0.034) and poorer-symptom free survival (63 vs 90 days, p=0.003) than PDGFB expression alone. And HGGs from FGL2 + PDGFB expressing mice exhibited a distinct mesenchymal phenotype validating TCGA data. Further, FGL2 induced high numbers of CD4+FoxP3+ cells from an early time point of tumor formation underscoring its role in tumor progression. And FGL2 overexpression educated M2 skew in the tumors characterized by high expression of Iba1 and Arginase1 in macrophages. Finally, treatment with anti-FGL2 antibody significantly improves survival in mice, shifts the phenotype from mesenchymal HGG to proneural LGG, and rescues M2 macrophage skewing. Our results show that FGL2 is critical for malignant progression of glioma by inducing immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment, and raise the potential of FGL2 to be a promising target to suppress/reverse glioma progression and provide survival benefit in clinical. Citation Format: Khatri Latha, Jun Yan, Yuhui Yang, Loyola V. Gressot, Lingyuan Kong, Ganiraju Manyam, Ravesanker Ezhilarasan, Qianghu Wang, Erik P. Sulman, Jingda Xu, Richard E. Davis, Suyun Huang, Gregory N. Fuller, Arvind Rao, Amy B. Heimberger, Shulin Li, Ganesh Rao. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 drives malignant tumor progression in glioma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5606. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5606
CarLab: Framework for Vehicular Data Collection and Processing

Due to the growth of intelligent and self-driving vehicles, there are a multitude of data-driven applications such as user monitoring or traffic modeling and control. Each application often uses its own data-collection platform, leading to a scattered landscape of solutions for vehicular data-driven research and app development. We propose CarLab, a flexible and open vehicular data-collection platform which unifies this landscape of vehicular data-driven research and app development. In this paper, we survey the field of vehicular data collection, describe the system architecture of CarLab and related research issues.
Emerging: An Art Field Placement’s Impact on Practice

ABSTRACTThis exploratory study examined the experiences of 9 stakeholders in an art gallery field placement during their social work education. The study sought to understand how the nontraditional field placement prepared students for practice. In addition, personality traits of students that best fit the placement was examined. Findings suggest that students had been prepared to engage in a variety of practice behaviors, work independently, and be more creative. However, they also felt that the field placement setting did not give them enough direct practice opportunities. The two most salient personality traits were being flexible and an initiator.
Central Force Problems

One of the most ubiquitous forces in physics is the central force. In any case where a particle possesses a “charge” that couples to a “field”, the field outside the charge is nearly always a radial field if the particle can be considered to be a dimensionless point. Examples include the classical Newtonian law of gravitation, the electrostatic field, and the Yukawa model of the strong nuclear force. The common feature in these examples is a spherically-symmetric potential that depends only on the radial separation from the point-particle source of the field. In this chapter, we will focus on mostly on gravitationally-bound systems.
Cranial Neural Crest Explants

The cranial neural crest (CNC) explant assay was originally designed to assess the basic requirements for CNC migration in vitro. This protocol describes the key parameters of CNC explants in Xenopus laevis, with a focus on how to extirpate CNC cells and assay their migration in vitro. The protocol can be adapted according to the needs of the experimenter, some examples of which are discussed here.
The Education of Eva Moskowitz

Social entrepreneurs are by nature confident, idealistic, risk-acceptant, energetic, ruthless, and intolerant of incremental reform and its practitioners. They can see the flaws in existing organiz...