cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When the Gomory–Chvátal closure coincides with the integer hull

Abstract Gomory–Chvatal cuts are prominent in integer programming. The Gomory–Chvatal closure of a polyhedron is the intersection of the half spaces defined by all its Gomory–Chvatal cuts. We prove that it is NP -hard to decide whether the Gomory–Chvatal closure of a rational polyhedron P is identical to the integer hull of P . An earlier version of this paper appeared in the proceedings of IPCO 2016.
Reflections 10 Years Post–Hurricane Katrina: Implications for Addiction Counseling

Ten years post–Hurricane Katrina, the authors reflected on the aftermath through the eyes of addiction treatment professionals to become better prepared for future tragedies. The lessons learned, the authors' personal reflections, and implications for clinical practice and counselor education are provided.
The Impact of Antithrombin III Use in Achieving Anticoagulant Goals in Pediatric Patients.

OBJECTIVES To determine the percentage of patients with >10% reduction in heparin infusion rate within 48 hours of antithrombin III (ATIII) administration. Secondary objectives include the achievement of therapeutic anticoagulation and determining the days of subtherapeutic infusion prior to supplementation. METHODS Retrospective chart review of 12 patients younger than 18 years of age who received ATIII concentrate supplementation while on continuous heparin infusion. Specific indications for heparin infusion therapy included extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), treatment of thrombus, and post implantation of ventricular assist device(s). RESULTS From time of heparin initiation to ATIII supplementation, patients spent a mean 4.9 ± 2.6 days of subtherapeutic infusion and required uptitration from a mean of 15.3 ± 4.4 units/kg/hr to a mean rate of 40.7 ± 9.5 units/kg/hr. 58.3% of the patients (n = 7) had a ≥10% reduction from the baseline heparin infusion rate within 48 hours of ATIII administration...
Tamar Liebes: First generation feminist scholar

I met Tamar on my first visit to Israel to attend the International Association for Political Psychology Meetings in 1989. It’s a little hard to remember that in 1989 there were so few senior women...
Kidney cancer in 2017: Challenging and refining treatment paradigms.

Treatment paradigms for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) continue to be challenged and refined. Recent studies in metastatic RCC have demonstrated the efficacy of first-line cabozantinib and the safety and efficacy of dual checkpoint blockade; in the adjuvant setting, pazopanib failed to improve progression-free survival in high-risk localized RCC compared with placebo.
A Meta-analysis of Arsenic Exposure and Lung Function: Is There Evidence of Restrictive or Obstructive Lung Disease?

Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are exposed to arsenic via contaminated water. The goal of this study was to identify whether arsenic-associated lung function deficits resemble obstructive- or restrictive-like lung disease, in order to help illuminate a mechanistic pathway and identify at-risk populations. We recently published a qualitative systematic review outlining the body of research on arsenic and non-malignant respiratory outcomes. Evidence from several populations, at different life stages, and at different levels of exposure showed consistent associations of arsenic exposure with chronic lung disease mortality, respiratory symptoms, and lower lung function levels. The published review, however, only conducted a broad qualitative description of the published studies without considering specific spirometry patterns, without conducting a meta-analysis, and without evaluating the dose-response relationship. We searched PubMed and Embase for studies on environmental arsenic exposure and lung function. We performed a meta-analysis using inverse-variance-weighted random effects models to summarize adjusted effect estimates for arsenic and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC ratio. Across nine studies, median water arsenic levels ranged from 23 to 860 μg/L. The pooled estimated mean difference (MD) comparing the highest category of arsenic exposure (ranging from > 11 to > 800 μg/L) versus the lowest (ranging from < 10 to < 100 μg/L) for each study for FEV1 was – 42 mL (95% confidence interval (CI) − 70, − 16) and for FVC was – 50 mL (95% CI − 63, − 37). Three studies reported effect estimates for FEV1/FVC, for which there was no evidence of an association; the pooled estimated MD was 0.01 (95% CI − 0.005, 0.024). This review supports that arsenic is associated with restrictive impairments based on inverse associations between arsenic and FEV1 and FVC, but not with FEV1/FVC. Future studies should confirm whether low-level arsenic exposure is a restrictive lung disease risk factor in order to identify at-risk populations in the USA.
The Mental Status Examination in Psychiatry: Origin, Use, and Content

There is a common assumption that psychiatrists mean the same thing when they speak of the mental status examination and use it for similar purposes. However, the clinical utility of the mental status examination and its teaching purposes are questioned after an overview of the literature and a survey of psychiatric training centers indicated lack of agreement regarding its purpose, content, and focus of measurement. It is suggested such lack of uniformity contributes to the lack of diagnostic consistency in psychiatry and that consensus on goals of the mental status examination is needed before a more standardized instrument can be implemented.
The Nature and Predictors of Elementary Teachers' Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching

This article explores elementary school teachers' mathematical knowledge for teaching and the relationship between such knowledge and teacher characteristics. The Learning Mathematics for Teaching project administered a multiple-choice assessment covering topics in number and operation to a nationally representative sample of teachers (n = 625) and at the same time collected information on teacher and student characteristics. Performance did not vary according to mathematical topic (e.g., whole numbers or rational numbers), and items categorized as requiring specialized knowledge of mathematics proved more difficult for this sample of teachers. There were few substantively significant relationships between mathematical knowledge for teaching and teacher characteristics, including leadership activities and self-reported college-level mathematics preparation. Implications for current policies aimed at improving teacher quality are addressed.
New Antiarrhythmic Drugs for Ventricular Arrhythmias: Do They Work

In the early 1960s, at the time Coronary Care Units (CCUs) were conceived and being set up as a way to reduce arrhythmia mortality by detecting, treating, and preventing ventricular arrhythmias, there were very few antiarrhythmic drugs available to the clinician — quinidine, procainamide, and lidocaine (1). Disopyramide was being developed and had not attained established usage. Digoxin was regarded as being an antiarrhythmic compound but its use in controlling ventricular tachyarrhythmias was never established. Thus, the field of antiarrhythmic drugs was dominated by drugs that acted fundamentally by delaying conduction via inhibition of sodium-channel activity. This was considered as having several major consequences. First, the delay in conduction and often complete block in certain tissues was thought to convert unidirectional to bidirectional block, thereby terminating and preventing reentrant tachycardia. Second, the block in conduction might be expected to markedly suppress premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) by preventing their propagation. It was consistent with the observation that the greater the propensity of a compound (e.g., class I agent) to block conduction, the higher its suppressant effect on PVCs. Third, it was realized that the refractory period of the ventricular myocardium may be prolonged by the blocking of sodium-channel activity by delaying its reactivation. Thus, the change in refractory period was time dependent when affected by drugs that selectively blocked sodium channels. It so happened that in the case of quinidine, the archetype of antiarrhythmic drugs, as well as in the case of procainamide and disopyramide, there was the additional property of lengthening repolarization, which in itself could prolong the refractory period and they constitute a discrete antifibrillatory mechanism. On the other hand, there has always been the theoretical possibility that excessive delay in conduction induced by sodium-channel blockers may create the substrate for reentrant ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) as a proarrhythmic reaction (2, 3).
Armenian crafts in the Ottoman Empire: Armenian identity and cultural exchange

This article analyzes how the dominant narrative of Armenian national identity shapes perceptions of Armenian culture and offers examples of Ottoman Armenian craft art to bring to light an under ac...
Advocate-mentoring: a communicative response to diversity in higher education

Graduate programs throughout the United States have been plagued with the problem of fair and equal representation among both the student and faculty populations at predominantly white institutions...
The Place of the Holy Man in the Later Roman Empire

The early centuries in the history of Christian asceticism, and of monasticism to which it gave rise, invite a short and accessible overview. The present article aims to supply this. It relies on a very large sampling of texts, mostly hagiographic. As ascetics are there to be seen described by contemporaries and near-contemporaries, they share many traits which can be grouped under principal headings and frequency of mention. A statistical profile emerges, presented under numerous headings and totals which in turn indicates the ascetics’ most salient aims and acts, and helps to explain the course of development of their institutions. The findings challenge a still-famous and almost universally accepted overview offered by Peter Brown (1971). This the present article seeks to replace at the outset, through calling in question Brown’s methodological assumptions, and second, in its closing pages, through challenging Brown’s picture of the holy man in other, more factual points.
The One Who Answers: Acts 12:12–19

This chapter explores the female slave, Rhoda, whose story is told in Acts 12. Rhoda is a slave in Mary’s house who also functions as a doorkeeper in this domestic space in Jerusalem. The reading Cobb undertakes in this chapter is an in-depth exegetical analysis of this narrative segment read intertextually with contemporaneous texts, specifically the female slave Euclia from the Acts of Andrew, who Cobb argues is also a truth-teller amid extreme persecution. This Bakhtinian feminist reading of these narratives shows the humorous aspects, motifs of masquerade, and hierarchal reversals that occur, which suggests that these passages have carnivalesque tendencies within them. Ultimately, then, in Acts 12, Rhoda emerges as a truth-teller in her moment of hierarchal reversal.
Single institution experience of brentuximab vedotin (SGN-35) impact on allogeneic transplant in patients with relapsed/refractory CD 30 positive lymphoma.

e19511 Background: Case series to date (Chen and Gopal) have reported safety and efficacy of b. vedotin prior to allo-SCT. We report our experience using b. vedotin prior to allo-SCT. Methods: Pati...
Reorganization of the Organic Chemistry Curriculum to Improve Student Outcomes

The material of a standard second-year undergraduate organic chemistry class has been reorganized and reframed to emphasize the mechanistic connections between reactions and to clarify the language...
Examining the Plurality of Literacies through the Habermasian Lens

This paper is concerned with a critical examination of the plurality of literacies through the Habermasian lens. It begins with a literature review of how the definition of literacy is broadened to include multiple literacies along with their social practices. Yet the proposition for the plurality of literacies also comes with the challenge of how to evaluate them. Jurgen Habermas’s (1981/1984, 1981/1987) theory of communicative action is put forth as a viable framework to provide criteria for evaluating the validity claims made in literacies. This paper concludes with a presentation of the implications for literacy education relocated within Habermas’s framework.
Cost Analysis for In-house versus Industry-printed Skull Models for Acute Midfacial Fractures.

Industry-printed (IP) 3-dimensional (3D) models are commonly used for secondary midfacial reconstructive cases but not for acute cases due to their high cost and long turnaround time. We have begun using in-house (IH) printed models for complex unilateral midface trauma. We hypothesized that IH models would decrease cost and turnaround time, compared with IP models. Methods We retrospectively examined cost and turnaround time data from midface trauma cases performed in 2017-2019 using 3D models (total, n = 15; IH, n = 10; IP, n = 5). Data for IH models were obtained through itemized cost reports from our Biomedical Engineering Department, where the models were printed. Data associated with IP models were obtained through itemized cost reports from our industry vendor. Perioperative data were collected from electronic medical records. Results The average cost for IH models ($236.38 ± 26.17) was significantly less (P < 0.001) than that for IP models ($1677.82 ± 488.43). Minimal possible time from planning to model delivery was determined. IH models could be produced in as little as 4.65 hours, whereas the IP models required a minimum of 5 days (120 hours) from order placement. There were no significant differences in average operating room time (P = 0.34), surgical complications, or subjective outcomes, but there was a significant difference in estimated blood loss (P = 0.04). Conclusion Utilization of IH 3D skull models is a creative and practical adjunct to complex unilateral midfacial trauma that also reduces cost and turnaround time compared with IP 3D models.
Evaluation of The Organic Sheep Breeding Potential of Central Anatolia Region

Organik hayvancilik; ciftlik hayvanlarina dogal davranislarinin tum hallerini gostermelerine izin veren, organik yemlerle beslenen, kontrol ve sertifika kuruluslari tarafindan denetlenen, tuketicilere daha saglikli urunler sunan, cevre dostu bir uretim seklidir. Organik uretim, tarimda daha cok bitkisel uretim dallarinda ortaya cikmis, giderek yayginlasmaya baslamistir. Ancak, gelismis ulkelerde tuketicilerin bitkisel urunlerde oldugu gibi besin guvenilirligi yuksek hayvansal urunleri tercih etmeye yonelmeleri, cevre bilinci ve hayvan haklarina duyarliligin artmasi nedeniyle organik tarimda organik hayvancilik sureci baslamistir. Turkiye cografik ve uretim ozellikleri bakimindan organik tarim uygulamalarina uyum gostermektedir. Ic Anadolu Bolgesi yogun tarim ve sanayi nedeniyle kirlenmemis bolgeler arasinda yer almasi, sahip oldugu hayvan sayisi ve cayir-mera alanlari bakimindan organik hayvancilik acisindan da onem tasimaktadir. Bu arastirmanin amaci; Ic Anadolu Bolgesi’nin bitkisel ve hayvansal uretiminin genel durumu, yillara gore degisimi incelenerek bolgenin organik koyunculuk yonunden potansiyelini saptamak ve genel bir bakis acisi sunmaktir.
Alvimopan as part of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocol following radical cystectomy is associated with decreased hospital stay

Objective To study the effect of alvimopan and the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocol on length of hospital stay in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Methods Our retrospective study involved 296 consecutive patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer at our institution from 2010 through 2018. Patients were grouped according to three stages of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocol implementation: (i) pre-Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (group A; n = 146); (ii) pre-alvimopan Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (group B; n = 102); and (iii) Enhanced Recovery After Surgery plus alvimopan (group C; n = 48). The primary outcome was the length of hospital stay. Secondary outcomes were time to first bowel movement, time to tolerate a regular diet, the incidence of postoperative ileus, postoperative complications and 30-day readmission rate. Results Group C showed a significantly shorter median length of hospital stay (7 days, P = 0.003), shorter gastrointestinal recovery time (4 days, P = 0.018) and a lower rate of postoperative ileus (14.6%, P = 0.005). The reduction in length of hospital stay, gastrointestinal recovery time and a lower rate of postoperative ileus was significant after controlling for other confounders on multivariable regression analysis. With the open approach, group C showed a significantly shorter length of hospital stay and gastrointestinal recovery time (P = 0.005, P = 0.001, respectively); however, in robotic cohorts, no significant differences were observed. There was no difference among groups in the 30-day readmission rate or postoperative complications. Conclusions Patients undergoing radical cystectomy and managed by an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocol experience a significantly shorter length of hospital stay when receiving alvimopan as part of the protocol. Patients seem to derive the optimum benefits of alvimopan when it is used with an open approach; however, these benefits become less obvious with the robotic approach.
The novel fetal MRI O/E CLV versus O/E LHR in predicting prognosis in congenital diaphragmatic hernias: can we teach an old dog new tricks?

In congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), ultrasound (U/S) measurements of the contralateral lung commonly provide the observed-to-expected lung-to-head ratio (O/E LHR) and are used to determine the severity of pulmonary hypoplasia. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurement of the observed-to-expected total lung volume (O/E TLV) has been used as an adjunct to O/E LHR in predicting outcomes. Since O/E LHR only measures the contralateral lung, we sought to investigate if MRI measurements of the contralateral lung volume (O/E CLV) can accurately predict outcomes in CDH. We hypothesize that O/E CLV is a better predictor of CDH outcomes than O/E LHR. We identified all infants with a prenatal diagnosis of CDH at our fetal center who had both MRI and U/S measurements. Using lung volume ratios of right–left 55:45, we calculated O/E CLV from O/E TLV. We used receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves to calculate the area under the curve (AUC) to compare the predictive accuracy of O/E CLV to O/E LHR for ECMO support, as well as survival to both discharge and 1 year. Seventy-four patients had complete prenatal imaging with 39% requiring ECMO support. The median O/E CLV was 48.0% and the median O/E LHR was 42.3%. O/E CLV was a better predictor of the need for ECMO support (AUC 0.81 vs. 0.74). O/E CLV was a better predictor of survival to discharge (AUC 0.84 vs. 0.64) and 1-year survival (AUC 0.83 vs. 0.63) than O/E LHR. O/E LHR is a well-validated standard for predicting outcomes and guiding prenatal counseling in CDH. We provide evidence that fetal MRI measurements of the contralateral lung volume corrected for gestational age were more accurate in predicting the need for ECMO and survival. Future prospective studies validating O/E CLV regarding outcomes and ECMO utilization are warranted. Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Wearable Radio Frequency Loop Sensors for Monitoring Joint Kinematics

We report an emerging wearable sensor technology that relies on radio frequency (RF) loops to enable seamless monitoring of human body kinematics in uncontrived settings. Two variants of this technology are discussed that consist of loops placed transversally and longitudinally upon the limbs to monitor flexion-only and combined flexion and rotation, respectively. The reported approach overcomes shortcomings in state-of-the-art motion capture, offering unprecedented opportunities for the future of healthcare, sports, gaming, and more.
Sulfanilamide (diethylene glycol) disaster—United States, 1937

Abstract A German chemist and pathologist, Dr. Gerhard Domagk, discovered the antibacterial properties of sulfanilamide in 1932 and won the Nobel Prize for this achievement. However, without any regulatory constraints or oversight by governmental agencies, short-cuts were taken to bring the new antibiotic to market. The manufacture of a batch of sulfanilamide by S.E. Massengill Company, using diethylene glycol (DEG, a cheap solvent) and raspberry extract, was quickly made to meet the demand for the “miracle elixir” in the United States. The liver, neurological, and renal toxicity of DEG was unknown and more than 240 gal of the tainted drug were distributed across the country. Victims who had ingested the DEG-containing sulfanilamide quickly developed headaches, dizziness, malaise, back and abdominal pain, vomiting, and anorexia. Many later developed anuric renal failure, experienced seizures, lapsed into coma, and died. The sulfanilamide disaster in the United States led to the passage of the 1938 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. This legislation mandated a complete overhaul of the regulation and oversight of the premarket testing, development, and licensing of pharmaceuticals in the United States and served as a model for adoption by other countries.
No Business like Show Business: Tracking Commodification over a Century of Variety

Since 1905, Variety has thrived as a business magazine serving the producers of popular entertainment. As such, it is a rich chronicle of the economics of pop culture. This content analysis uses the concept of commodification to explain shifts in the mix of coverage from 1906 to 2001. It finds significant evidence of commodification and a marked increase in business orientation by 1937, forty years before the rise of business reporting in American newspapers.
Osteoporosis: Breaking Bones Is Not Inevitable

When I finished my orthopedic surgery training at USC in 1987, I was faced with the choices of private practice, academics, or the Kaiser system. I chose Kaiser because of its integrated model of care and its commitment to using information technology to manage patients. Within Kaiser, I have never had to worry about variable reimbursement and conflicting financial priorities getting in the way of my providing necessary care and working with my colleagues to develop our osteoporosis fracture prevention program. Fracture prevention makes sense in Kaiser because it is considerably less expensive to prevent a hip fracture than to manage it, simple as that.
Salinity Selection by Juvenile Brown Shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) and White Shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus) in a Gradient Tank

Changes in freshwater inflow and salinity patterns may affect the nursery value of estuarine systems for penaeid shrimp, but the relationship between salinity and shrimp abundance is complex and likely confounded by other environmental variables. Laboratory experiments can provide insights into salinity selection, and we designed an experimental gradient tank to examine salinity preferences of juvenile brown shrimp and white shrimp. Our design uses gently flowing water to eliminate various physical constraints often associated with selection experiments. We conducted experiments with juvenile brown shrimp (12 trials) and white shrimp (seven trials), to examine selection for salinities along a gradient from 1 to 42. Data were analyzed using contingency tables and log-linear modeling to examine relationships with salinity and possible interactions with temperature. Both brown shrimp and white shrimp were present in all salinities examined within the experimental range. In general, brown shrimp showed a preference for salinities from 17 to 35 and demonstrated avoidance for the extreme low salinities along the gradient. Results for white shrimp were not statistically significant, and this species did not appear to avoid low salinities. There was no effect of water temperature on the observed selection patterns for brown or white shrimp. Our results suggest that although salinity preferences likely exist for these species, strong distribution trends associated with salinity gradients in estuaries are likely caused by other environmental factors.
Business as a Human Enterprise: Implications for Education

There is a malaise in the business academy, with much noise but not much change. This essay suggests an underlying cause of the current difficulties. We argue the challenges facing management scholarship and education grow out of a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of business itself. Much of current research and teaching treats business as a deterministic phenomenon and management as a science. Business is a thoroughly human institution. However, business schools and business scholars rarely recognize this. However, this perspective creates a great opportunity. First, and most importantly, it lets us correct many of the problems identified in the modern critiques of management scholarship and education. More importantly, by embracing business as a human institution and leadership as a creative act, we can begin the long overdue task of building bridges between our business schools and the rest of the academy. We can find multiple, useful lenses through which business leaders and academics can view business activities. And, a portion of our colleagues can continue to pursue their scientistic agenda should they choose. In this paper, we engage in a brief stylized history of the business academy, primarily in the United States where it finds its most dominant form and, historically, its largest audience. We juxtapose this history with the tremendous changes that have occurred in business over the last 40-50 years, and suggest that the time is ripe for change. Next we examine several recent critiques and demonstrate that they rest on a faulty and outmoded view of business. We use the thinking underlying stakeholder theory to frame the arguments showing we need a new approach, most easily characterized as 'business as a human activity'. We suggest two central questions and four problems that business education must place front and center. We then begin to discuss how we might draw on all of the disciplines of the academy for a more robust and useful view of business and more powerful portfolio of research and educational tools.
Risk factors for astigmatism in preschool children: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease and Baltimore pediatric eye disease studies.

Objective To evaluate risk factors for astigmatism in a population-based sample of preschool children. Design Population-based cross-sectional study. Participants Population-based samples of 9970 children ages 6 to 72 months from Los Angeles County, California, and Baltimore, Maryland. Methods A cross-sectional study of children participating in the Multiethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and the Baltimore Eye Disease Study was completed. Data were obtained by clinical examination or by in-person interview. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to evaluate potential associations between clinical, behavioral, or demographic factors and astigmatism. Main Outcome Measures Odds ratios (ORs) for various risk factors associated with astigmatism. Results Participants with myopia (≤−1.0 diopters) were 4.6 times as likely to have astigmatism (95% CI, 3.56–5.96) than those without refractive error, whereas participants with hyperopia (≥+2.00 diopters) were 1.6 times as likely (95% CI, 1.39–1.94). Children 6 to Conclusions In addition to infancy, Hispanic and African-American race/ethnicity and correctable/modifiable risk factors such as myopia, hyperopia, and maternal smoking during pregnancy are associated with a higher risk of having astigmatism. Although the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy is typically low, this association may suggest etiologic pathways for future investigation. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.
Step coverage prediction in plasma-enhanced deposition of silicon dioxide from TEOS

Summary form only given. The authors have developed a transient mathematical model incorporating simultaneous Knudsen diffusion and the competing heterogeneous reactions in rectangular trenches to predict quantitatively step coverage in tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) PECVD. The model reveals that deposition uniformity, and hence the step coverage, is controlled by two dimensionless groups. The first group represents a ratio of a characteristic deposition rate to a characteristic atomic oxygen diffusion rate. The second group represents the ratio of a characteristic wall recombination, or quench rate to diffusion rate. These groups can be used as a guideline to determine how process conditions should be adjusted to increase deposition rate without degrading step coverage. The model correctly predicts that high step coverages are obtained with low RF power, low pressure, and low wafer temperature. >
Biogeochemical Processes in Microbial Ecosystems

The hierarchical organization of microbial ecosystems determines process rates that shape Earth's environment, create the biomarker sedimentary and atmospheric signatures of life, and define the stage upon which major evolutionary events occurred. In order to understand how microorganisms have shaped the global environment of Earth and, potentially, other worlds, we must develop an experimental paradigm that links biogeochemical processes with ever-changing temporal and spatial distributions of microbial populations and their metabolic properties. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.
An experimental analysis of the development of the spinal column. VI. Aspects of cartilage induction.

Abstract Both the embryonic spinal cord and notochord induce the formation of cartilage in a population of chick somite cells. This inducing capacity is relatively specific—most other living and fixed tissues, including living and fixed cartilage, are ineffective. The cartilage promoting activity of the spinal cord appears to be mediated by a factor transmissible through mesenchymal or muscle tissue and through a millipore filter. The cartilage promoting activity of the notochord acts more locally and appears to be associated with the notochordal sheath. The time for the passage of the spinal cord cartilage promoting factor through the millipore filter is approximately eight hours.
Automatic Scoring of an Analytical Response-To-Text Assessment

In analytical writing in response to text, students read a complex text and adopt an analytic stance in their writing about it. To evaluate this type of writing at scale, an automated approach for Response to Text Assessment RTA is needed. With the long-term goal of producing informative feedback for students and teachers, we design a new set of interpretable features that operationalize the Evidence rubric of RTA. When evaluated on a corpus of essays written by students in grades 4-6, our results show that our features outperform baselines based on well-performing features from other types of essay assessments.
Female Voice Classification and the Choral Director

Voice classification presents a paradox to the choral director. In choral singing, conductors need to be able to create a well-balanced ensemble into equal sounding sections. However, students (and teachers) tend to be in a hurry to classify the voice. It should be remembered that the young voice is constantly changing and growing. According to the vocal pedagogue Clifton Ware, most singers do not reach full vocal maturity until their mid-twenties, larger voices until their mid-thirties. Therefore, singers and choral conductors should not be rushed when making a decision about permanent vocal classification. The focus of this paper deals with the young female voice. This paper serves several purposes: to define vocal misclassification and its dangers; to lead the singer and choral director to healthy voice use through the choral ensemble; to present solutions and outcomes to eliminate the problem of vocal misclassification. Topics to be discussed include common occurrences of inappropriate voice use in choral ensembles (that is, females asked to sing outside of their voice category to fill out the other choral sections and female voices that are incorrectly classified); the changing female voice (ages 9 to 15) (that is, how choral conductors safely traverse these students through their voice change); the college singer in regards to the young voice; and possible solutions and outcomes to eliminate the problem of vocal misclassification (that is, frequent voice testing, making vocal decisions on tessitura not range, and listening to student’s concerns about their own voices). Through presentation of this paper, choral conductors will be educated about vocal misclassification and preventing damage to young female voices.
Noncancellation of quantum geometry fluctuations

Quantum vacuum fluctuations tend to be strongly anticorrelated, which reduces their observable effects. However, time dependence can upset the cancellation of these anticorrelated fluctuations and greatly enhance their effects. This form of noncancellation is investigated for spacetime geometry fluctuations driven by the vacuum stress tensor fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. The time dependence can take the form of sinusoidal conformal metric perturbations or of time variation of the gravitational constant, both of which can arise from modifications of the gravitational action. We examine two observable quantities, luminosity fluctuations and redshift fluctuations, both of which can arise from stress tensor fluctuations. We find that both quantities can grow with increasing distance between a source and an observer. This secular growth raises the possibility of observing spacetime geometry fluctuation effects at length scales far longer than the Planck scale.
Interrupts and Alternatives

Real-time synchronization uses the least hardware and is practical if an inexpensive microcomputer has nothing to do but time out an I/O operation; however, it can be difficult to program. Gadfly programs are easier to write, but they require that the hardware provide an indication of DONE. Real-time interrupt synchronization provides for long delays, giving up the processor to other threads or processes. Real-time and real-time interrupt synchronization are synchronous as the external timing is determined by processor timing. Gadfly is asynchronous in that the I/O device's timing is not synchronized to the processor's timing, but the processor locks onto its timing when data are to be transferred. The interrupt-polling technique and the vectored interrupt technique require more hardware to request service from the processor. The 6812 provides for autovectored and for external vectored interrupts. They are useful when the device needs service in a shorter time. Although interrupt polling only requires an interrupt bus line from device to processor, if the gadfly approach is exclusively used, this line invites the mayhem of an unrecognizable interrupt should a software error rewrite the control port in the device. Also, the interrupt technique can be used together with the gadfly technique. When utilized together, gadfly is used for careful, individual stepping of an I/O system; interrupt is used for automatic, rapid feeding of data.
Zeolite synthesis using 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (DABCO) derivatives as structure-directing agents

Abstract A number of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (DABCO) derivatives are used as structure-directing agents in high-silica, zeolite syntheses in the presence and absence of Al3+, B3+ and Zn2+. Several high-silica products including phases with unknown structure are synthesized. The results suggest that the product selectivity can be influenced by methyl-substitution of the DABCO moiety. However, when using DABCO-polymers, the number of methylene carbon atoms between the DABCO units rather than methyl-substitution of DABCO has the largest effect on the final products formed. 13C-CP MAS NMR results show that the signal attributed to the carbon atoms in the DABCO unit in both a DABCO polymer and 1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2,2,2]octane,1,4-dimethyl are split into two signals when these organics are guests in zeolites. The data suggest that the ionic interactions between two cation sites of the DABCO unit and the zeolite framework are different.
The Influence of Organizational Context on Quitting Intention An Examination of Treatment Staff in Long-Term Mental Health Care Settings

This study uses multilevel methods to investigate the effects of organizational context on job satisfaction and quitting intention among staff working in long-term mental health care settings. Two types of organizational features are examined: group job sat- isfaction and structural features of the work unit (unit size, workload, and level of cli- ent functioning on the unit). A review of the organizational literature reveals that most empirical research has investigated job satisfaction at the individual level of analysis rather than the group level. The authors argue that the affective context of a group has real and measurable consequences for individual attitudes and behavior, independent of individual attitudes toward the job. Using multilevel modeling, study findings sup- port the premise that group job satisfaction exercises effects on intention to quit inde- pendent of individuals' dispositions toward their jobs. These effects are both direct and interactive. The findings underscore the importance of affective context in shap- ing individual attitudes and behavioral intentions.
On stress concentration of a semi-elliptic edge notch

Abstract This paper presents a solution for a semi-infinite plate containing a deep semi-elleptic edge notch when the plate is under a uniaxial tension parallel to the edge. The solution is a direct solution composed of three parts, which is developed from Howland's method of successive approximations through two significant modifications. It is found that the present solution is more adaptable to numerical computation with regard to the depth ratio of the notch than other solutions known to exist. Numerical values of the stress concentration are given for a depth ratio up to 10.
Synthesis of 3, 4, 4a, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8a α-Octahydro-4a β, 8α-Dimethyl-2(1H)-Naphthalenones from the Wieland-Miescher Ketone

Abstract Conversion of the Wieland-Miescher ketone to a bicyclic dienophile capable of providing the AB rings of the picrasane skeleton of the guassinoids required the introduction of a C-8α methyl group in a 2-decalone. Among the routes explored, the conversion of the Wieland-Miescher ketone to a 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-4aβ-methyl-8-methylene-2(3H)-napthalenone and subsequent reduction to a 3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8aα-octahydro-4aβ,8α-dimethyl-2(1H)-napthalenone proved most useful.
Race/ethnicity-, gender- and age-specific differences in micronutrient intakes of US adults with and without diabetes

Race/ethnicity-, gender- and age-specific differences in dietary micronutrient intakes of US adults ≥ 21 years were assessed from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2008. The participants included Black non-Hispanics, Mexican-American and White non-Hispanics who signed an informed consent form for the interview and who completed the in-person 24-h recall. Micronutrient intakes were based on the Institute of Medicines' classifications of recommended dietary allowances specific for age and gender. Likelihood of many micronutrient insufficiencies was associated with being female, over 65 years, having diabetes and minority status. Younger and female adults had a greater likelihood of iron insufficiency than male and older adults. These findings demonstrate the importance of considering the intersection of age, gender and race in setting policies for micronutrient deficiency screening, particularly in young female adults and minorities.
Reflections on my career in analytical chemistry and biochemistry

My career has been focused in two major areas, analytical chemistry and biochemistry of complex lipids and glycoconjugates. Included here are the pioneering work on the gas chromatography of long-chain sphingolipid bases, carbohydrates, steroids and urinary organic acids. Mass spectrometry was utilized extensively in structural studies of sphingolipids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, steroids, urinary organic acids, polyisoprenoid alcohols, and juvenile hormone. Computer systems were developed for the acquisition and analysis of mass spectra, and were used for development of automated metabolic profiling of complex mixtures of metabolites. Fabry’s disease was discovered to be a glycosphingolipidosis. Enzymes of lysosomal metabolism of glycosphingolipids were purified, characterized, and used in one of the first demonstrations of the feasibility of enzyme replacement therapy in a lysosomal storage disorder (Fabry’s disease). Extracellular sialidases were studied to evaluate the hypothesis that they might be involved in the regulation of membrane growth factor receptors. The enzyme for hematoside synthesis was purified and characterized.
Width, structure and stability of sheaths in metal plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition: measurements and analytical considerations

Abstract The size, dynamics, and stability of electric sheaths around substrates immersed in vacuum arc plasmas were investigated using positively biased probes. The conditions are applicable to metal plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (MePIIID). It was found that due to the high plasma density and velocity, the sheath is very thin at the upstream side of the substrate. Its thickness scales approximately with 1 mm kV −1 for the conditions investigated but the data can also be fitted with the theoretical (bias voltage) 3/4 law. The sheath reaches very fast (
Age-related changes in the meibomian gland

The purpose of this study was to characterize the age-related changes of the mouse meibomian gland. Eyelids from adult C57Bl/6 mice at 2, 6, 12 and 24 months of age were stained with specific antibodies against peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) to identify differentiating meibocytes, Oil Red O (ORO) to identify lipid, Ki67 nuclear antigen to identify cycling cells, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp1) to identify potential stem cells and CD45 to identify immune cells. Meibomian glands from younger mice (2 and 6 months) showed cytoplasmic and perinuclear staining with anti-PPARgamma antibodies with abundant ORO staining of small, intracellular lipid droplets. Meibomian glands from older mice (12 and 24 months) showed only nuclear PPARgamma localization with less ORO staining and significantly reduced acinar tissue (p < 0.04). Acini of older mice also showed significantly reduced (p < 0.004) numbers of Ki67 stained nuclei. While Blimp1 appeared to diffusely stain the superficial ductal epithelium, isolated cells were occasionally stained within the meibomian gland duct and acini of older mice that also stained with CD45 antibodies, suggesting the presence of infiltrating plasmacytoid cells. These findings suggest that there is altered PPARgamma receptor signaling in older mice that may underlie changes in cell cycle entry/proliferation, lipid synthesis and gland atrophy during aging. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that mouse meibomian glands undergo age-related changes similar to those identified in humans and may be used as a model for age-related meibomian gland dysfunction.
Separation of a Hyaluronate-free Lubricating Fraction from Synovial Fluid

THE lubricating qualities of synovial fluid from animal joints have been ascribed to the presence of large hyaluronate or hyaluronate–protein complexes1, although it has been questioned whether the protein was in fact an integral component of these macromolecules2. It is also uncertain whether the high relative viscosity of synovial fluid is important in building up a boundary layer of lubricant on the cartilage surface3. Some investigators suggest that the boundary layer is chemically bound, and that the viscosity of the lubricant is of little importance in the lubrication at the cartilage to cartilage interface4,5.
High Resolution Digitization Of Color Images

This paper is a brief introduction to design and performance factors in high resolution color image digitization systems. High resolution is defined as 1024x1024x24 or 2048x2048x24 bits per image where eight bits per pixel is used to represent each of the three (red, green and blue) color components. To investigate design considerations in such a system, a locally integrated experimental prototype, based on relatively inexpensive and individually acquired components, was developed. The core of this system is a high resolution camera that utilizes a solid state charge coupled device (CCD) sensor array. One objective in building the prototype is to determine the feasibility of using high resolution digital imaging techniques to present educational material to medical students. Essential system elements and critical parameters are discussed; potential problem areas are mentioned.
Relative Importance of Bacteria and Fungi in a Tropical Headwater Stream: Leaf Decomposition and Invertebrate Feeding Preference

Bacteria and fungi provide critical links between leaf detritus and higher trophic levels in forested headwater food webs, but these links in tropical streams are not well understood. We compared the roles of bacteria and fungi in the leaf decomposition process and determining feeding preference for two species of freshwater shrimp found in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, using experimental microcosms. We first tested the effects of four treatments on decomposition rates for leaves from two common riparian species, Cecropia scheberiana (Moraceae) and Dacryodes excelsa (Burseraceae), in laboratory microcosms. Treatments were designed to alter the microbial community by minimizing the presence of bacteria or fungi. The fastest decay rate was the control treatment for D. excelsa where both bacteria and fungi were present (k = −0.0073 day−1) compared to the next fastest rate of k = −0.0063 day−1 for the bacterial-conditioned D. excelsa leaves. The fastest decay rate for C. scheberiana was also the control treatment (k = −0.0035 day−1), while the next fastest rate was for fungal-conditioned leaves (k = −0.0029 day−1). The nonadditive effect for leaf decomposition rates observed in the control treatments where both fungi and bacteria were present indicate that bacteria and fungi perform different functions in processing leaf litter. Additionally, leaf types differed in microbial colonization patterns. We next tested feeding preference for leaf type and microbe treatment in microcosms using two species of freshwater shrimp: Xiphocaris elongata, a shredder, and Atya lanipes, a scraper/filterer. To estimate feeding preferences of individual shrimp, we measured change in leaf surface area and the amount of particles generated during 5-day trials in 16 different two-choice combinations. X. elongata preferred D. excelsa over C. scheberiana, and leaves with microbial conditioning over leaves without conditioning. There was no clear preference for fungal-conditioned leaves over bacterial-conditioned leaves. This lack of preference for which microbes were responsible for the conditioning demonstrates the importance of both bacterial and fungal resources in these tropical stream food web studies.