cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) immunoreactivity at the site of focal brain wounds.

Abstract Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a polypeptide found within the CNS with potent effects on the survival and proliferation of CNS glia and endothelial cells, and on the survival and outgrowth of CNS neurons. Immunohistochemical methods were used to examine relative changes in the levels and distribution of bFGF following focal brain injury. Two monospecific antisera to bFGF were used to immunostain intact mature rat brain, and brain in which a focal mechanical lesion had been made in the dorsolateral cerebral cortex one week previously. In the intact brain, staining was localized primarily in neuronal cell bodies, especially in limbic structures. In injured brain, a marked increase of bFGF immunoreactivity was found at the borders of lesions, localized to the dense accumulation of cells, many of which resembled ‘reactive’ astroglia. Such increases in local bFGF concentrations may contribute to the cascade of cellular changes — including glial and capillary proliferation, and neural sprouting — that follows focal brain injury.
Corticosteroids and Prevention of Pulmonary Damage Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Puppies

A technique of inducing hypothermia using surface cooling and rewarming with a pump oxygenator has been applied clinically in infants with satisfactory results. Respiratory problems postoperatively, however, are reported to be among the complications contributing most to mortality and morbidity. Prednisolone sodium succinate (Solumedrol) has helped to obviate pulmonary damage in hemorrhagic and endotoxic shock and therefore may be effective in preventing pulmonary damage following hypothermia. This hypothesis was investigated in 12 mongrel puppies, 6 that had hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest but were not given Solumedrol, and 6 that were treated preoperatively with Solumedrol. In lung biopsies taken immediately after bypass the pathological changes in both the group treated with steroids and the control group were similar. At six hours, however, lung biopsies from the control group showed further signs of progressive damage, while in the steroid-treated group there was a striking improvement with some lung biopsies showing a normal appearance. Thus, Solumedrol did not prevent initial lung damage, but the progressive and probably permanent changes were reduced.
The influence of labile dietary methyl donors on the arginine requirement of young broiler chicks

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with Ross × Ross boiler chicks in battery brooders from 1 to 14 d of age to determine the influence of dietary methyl donors on the Arg requirement of young broiler chicks. Experiment 1 had a 6 × 2 factorial design, with six levels of Arg supplementation (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5%) and two levels of DL-Met supplementation (0 and 0.2% of the diet). The design of Experiment 2 was identical to Experiment 1, except that a second source of labile methyl groups was added, 0.2% betaine (6 × 3 factorial arrangement). Both experiments had four replicate pens of 10 chicks each per treatment. The basal diet was based on corn (34.52%), whey (26.96%), corn gluten meal (16.53%), soybean meal (11.74%), and poultry fat (23% CP and 3.20 kcal/g of ME). At 14 d, three chicks per replicate were randomly killed, and breast muscle was collected and pooled for creatine analysis. The broken-line linear model was used to estimate the Arg requirements of the chicks. There were no differences in Arg requirements due to methyl source so the data were pooled. In Experiment 1, the Arg requirements were 1.17 +/− 0.04% for gain, 1.23 +/− 0.03% for feed conversion ratio (FCR), and 1.18 +/− 0.03% for muscle creatine, when the diet contained 0.45 or 0.65% Met. In Experiment 2, the Arg requirements were 1.20 +/− 0.05% for gain, 1.23 +/− 0.03% for FCR, and 1.26 +/− 0.02% for muscle creatine. There was no apparent difference in the Arg requirement of young broilers due to methyl donor supplementation.
Algorithm For Automatic Road Recognition On Digitized Map Images

This paper presents an algorithm to detect road lines on digitized map images. This algorithm detects road lines based on object shape (line thickness) and gray level values. The road detection process is accomplished in two steps: road line extraction and road tracking. The road line extraction consists of level slicing, morphological filtering, and connected component analysis. The road tracking routine is capable of connecting broken road lines caused by the overlapping of text labels. The algorithm has been implemented on an IBM PC/AT-based image processing system and applied to various map images.
Exchange rate volatility and stock market development in emerging economies

The effect of exchange rate risk on individual countries' macroeconomic variables can follow an ambiguous pattern, thus making it better to text each case empirically. The effect of exchange rate volatility on stock market development is still an enigma. This article investigates the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on stock market development as one of the most important indicators of financial market development. To do this, we develop long- and short-run models (a bounds testing approach to cointegration) for twelve emerging economies over the period 1980-2010. Estimates from all models show that exchange rate volatility has a significant effect on stock market development in both the short run and long run in a majority of countries. Despite many similarities among emerging economies, the results obtained in this article suggest that the effect of exchange rate volatility on stock market development works via each country's specific structure and characteristics.
S-Nitrosylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase alters erectile function

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a sentinel symptom in men with cardiovascular disease. Endothelial dysfunction and decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) is a common link between ED and related co-morbidities. Neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthases (nNOS and eNOS) play major roles in generating NO bioactivity necessary for erectile function. S-nitrosylation can inhibit eNOS activity. Thus, the presence of S-nitrosylated NOS in the penis and the potential impact of NOS S-nitrosylation/denitrosylation on erectile function were examined. S-nitrosylated forms of NOS were identified by biotin switch/Western blot. The erectile response in C57BL6 and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase null (GSNOR−/−) mice were assessed by continuous cavernous nerve electrical stimulation (CCNES). Injection of glutathione ethyl ester was used to pharmacologically manipulate S-nitrosylated NOS levels. Immunohistological and immunofluorescence analyses identified the location of eNOS and GSNOR in corporal tissue. eNOS and nNOS were S-nitrosylated in unstimulated penises of wild type mice. CCNES resulted in a time-dependent increase in eNOS S-nitrosylation with peak eNOS S-nitrosylation observed during detumescence. S-nitrosylated nNOS levels were unchanged. eNOS and GSNO-R co-localize to the endothelium of the corpus cavernosum. S-Nitrosylated eNOS levels were elevated in the penis of GSNOR−/− mice compared to C57BL6 animals. Intracorporal pressure measurements obtained during CCNES demonstrate GSNOR+/− and GSNOR−/− animals cannot maintain tumescence. Results suggest that eNOS S-nitrosylation/denitrosylation is an important mechanism regulating eNOS activity during erectile function and GSNO-R is a key enzyme involved in the denitrosylation of eNOS. The increase in eNOS S-Nitrosylation (inactivation) observed with tumescence may begin a cycle leading to detumescence.
Effectiveness of Neutral Detergent Fiber in Whole Cottonseed and Dried Distillers Grains Compared with Alfalfa Haylage

Sixteen Holstein cows in midlactation were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effect of replacing alfalfa NDF with NDF from whole, linted cottonseed or dried distillers grains. Low and high fiber control diets (13 and 19% of dietary DM from alfalfa haylage NDF, respectively) were compared with diets designed to contain 13% of DM from alfalfa haylage NDF plus 6% of DM from either cottonseed NDF or distillers grains NDF. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk protein yield were lower from the high fiber control diet. Milk fat percentage was lower for the low fiber control diet. The cottonseed diet was equal to the high fiber control diet in stimulating rumination. Rumen acetate to propionate ratio was higher for the high fiber control and cottonseed diets. Replacing alfalfa with either of these high fiber by-product feeds increased feed intake and yields of milk fat and protein. The effectiveness of the NDF in distillers grains and cottonseed was not significantly different from that of alfalfa NDF for maintaining milk fat yield. Whole cottonseed and dried distillers grains appear to be good sources of effective fiber for maintaining milk fat test when they are substituted for alfalfa haylage fiber in lactating cow rations.
New developments in the antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida

Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida spp has been standardized and refined and now may play an important role in managing Candida infections. Important new developments include standardizing methods for testing echinocandins, fluconazole, and voriconazole and establishing interpretive breakpoints for these agents. Refinements in broth microdilution technology include the ability to read results after 24-hour incubation for several agents, addition of new azoles and echinocandins to commercially available microdilution trays, and automation of the entire testing process. Cross-resistance studies have identified important relationships among the triazole antifungals, and international collaboration offers the promise of harmonization and the development of an international standard for the testing of yeasts.
Approximate calculation of transport coefficients of Earth and Mars atmospheric dissociating gases

High-temperature transport properties (viscosity, thermal conductivity, binary and multicomponent mass diffusion, and thermal diffusion) of dissociating gases of the Earth and Martian atmospheres have been calculated within the framework of the Chapman -Enskog method. The exponential repulsion potentials of interactions between atoms (N, O, and C) and molecules (N2, O2, NO, C2, CN, CO, and CO2) were studied. The collision cross sections were calculated from numerous experimental molecular-beam scattering data. The bifurcation approximation to the binary diffusion coefficients and the Wilke-Saxena approximate techniques were effectively used to simplify numerical algorithms of heat transfer calculations.
The equations of strata for binary forms

Let g be a fixed integer. We consider the space A’, of binary forms of degree g. We write X, = Spec R, where R, = S.(S, V), V being a twodimensional vector space. Let X,,. c X, be the subset of binary forms having a root of multiplicity 2 p. We consider the ideal J, of polynomial functions vanishing on X,,,. For p 3 [g/2] + 1, XP, g is a stratum in the sense of Hesselink [H]. For p = [g/2] + 1, XP, g is a null-cone, so J, becomes the radical of the ideal generated by SL( V)-invariants of positive degree in R,. We describe explicitly the generators of J, for p > [g/2] + 1. The surprising result is that those generators occur in degrees d 4. We also describe explicitly the Hilbert functions of RR/JP and the decomposition of Rg/JP into representations of SL( V). We denote by SC,,,, V the space Sa-b vo (A2V)b. Let R, = S.(S, V), V-vector space over C, dim V = 2, and let 01, fl be the basis of V. Let Jp be the ideal of elements of R, vanishing on X,, ,(p > [g/2] + 1). By the result of Hesselink [H] the space PP. g = Proj(R,/J,) has the following desingularization Y,, g
Corning 7059, Silicon Oxynitride, and Silicon Dioxide Thin-Film Integrated Optical Waveguides: In Search of Low Loss, Nonfluorescent, Reusable Glass Waveguides

The care and cleanliness with which optical fibers are drawn and cured produces nearly defect-free waveguides with propagation losses measured in decibels per kilometer (dB/km). The efficiency of light propagation, combined with the mechanical flexibility and ease of optical coupling, makes multimode optical fibers attractive for many remote spectroscopic and sensing applications. Ultraviolet (UV) grade quartz (a very pure form of silica) is used to produce UV transmitting fibers with minimal background fluorescence, making them an excellent choice for low-level detection. For example, Ciba Corning has reported a quartz fiber-optic immunosensor with a picomolar detection limit that is the lowest reported to date for an affinity-based optical sensor.
Learning from physics text: A synthesis of recent research

Learning from physics text is described as a complex interaction of learner, text, and context variables. As a multidimensional procedure, text processing in the domain of physics relies on readers' knowledge and interest, and on readers' ability to monitor or regulate their processing. Certain textual features intended to assist readers in understanding and remembering physics content may actually work to the detriment of those very processes. Inclusion of seductive details and the incorporation of analogies may misdirect readers' attention or may increase processing demands, particularly in those cases when readers' physics knowledge is low. The questioning behaviors of teachers also impact on the task of comprehending physics texts. Finally, within the context of the classroom, the information that teachers dispense or the materials they employ can significantly influence the process of learning from physics text.
Rapid toxicity assessment using esterase biomarkers in Brachionus calyciflorus (rotifera)

We have developed biomarkers of sublethal toxicity in the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus based on the reduction of enzyme activity. Esterase and phospholipase A2 activity was quantified in single rotifers using image analysis and a fluorescence detection system. Esterase activity was localized in the gut and phospholipase A2 activity in the corona of females. Quantitation of enzyme activity demonstrated that toxicant stress reduced activity in a dose-dependent manner. Concentration-response relationships are described for 10 compounds representing a variety of toxicant classes and NOECs are reported. Esterase and phospholipase A2 activities were generally less sensitive end points than reproduction NOECs, but usually were more sensitive than LC50s. Since in vivo enzyme activity can be assessed in 1 h, these biomarkers will be useful where rapid results are important. The cost of performing in vivo enzyme inhibition tests is substantially less than traditional whole animal tests because these require three times more person-hours to execute. Obtaining test animals by hatching cysts, their sensitivity to toxicants, and the rapid results make the rotifer esterase and phospholipase A2 tests good candidates for inclusion in a test battery for rapid toxicity assessment. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Spontaneous intraperitoneal hemorrhage as the initial presentation of a gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a case report

Spontaneous hemoperitoneum is rare. The most common etiologies are gynecologic, splenic, and hepatic. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are commonly associated with intraluminal bleeding, but rarely with spontaneous hemoperitoneum. We report a case of spontaneous hemoperitoneum caused by a gastric GIST. A 54-year-old male presented with the acute onset of abdominal pain and a drop in hemoglobin. Subsequent evaluation, including a CT, MRI, and EUS, revealed a 1.2-cm mass along the greater curvature of the stomach and associated hemoperitoneum. The patient was taken electively to the operating room for laparoscopic removal of the mass. Pathology confirmed that it was a GIST. GIST is a rare clinical entity that infrequently presents with spontaneous hemoperitoneum. Emergent treatment should be guided towards treating the spontaneous hemoperitoneum.
A CMOS compatible external heater-modulator

We present simulation and experimental results of a novel external heater-modulator structure. A heater efficiency of 21.3 μW/GHz is measured with no power penalty between heater off and heater on states observed at 10 Gbps.
2014 JOSEPH A. CUSHMAN AWARD TO STEPHEN J. CULVER

Stephen J. Culver is the 2014 recipient of the prestigious Joseph A. Cushman Award for Outstanding Achievement in Foraminiferal Research. Stephen is the quintessential foraminiferalogist. His contributions range temporally from Early Cambrian to Recent, environmentally from the intertidal to the abyss and geographically from the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the United States to Malaysia. His contributions (over 150 publications) range from detailed studies on very specific topics to broad insightful reviews to the geology of entire countries (Sierra Le-one). Steve has accumulated knowledge first hand from extensive field work ranging from the Outer Banks of North Carolina to Africa, as well as in the deep-diving submersible, Alvin . The prerequisites for becoming a successful geologist/paleontologist appeared early on when he was a boy. He loved collecting and learning about fossils and was fascinated by maps. After earning his Ph.D. in 1976 at the age of 24 from the University of Wales at Swansea, U.K., he taught for two years at the University of Sierra Leone. As a post-doctoral fellow at the Smithsonian Institution from 1978–81, Stephen undertook and completed one of the most ambitious foraminiferal projects ever attempted. Using all the data (691 papers from 1839–1979) ever published, catalogs on the distribution of Recent foraminifera on the continental margins of North America were compiled on a primitive mainframe computer. The data were transmitted from the Cushman Collection, Todd Library, and card catalogs over a phone line using a teletype machine. At one point, after months of data entry, the entire file went missing. After a few hours of utter anguish, Culver was relieved to find out that the file had …
Natural forces as agents: Reconceptualizing the animate–inanimate distinction

Research spanning multiple domains of psychology has demonstrated preferential processing of animate as compared to inanimate entities—a pattern that is commonly explained as due to evolutionarily adaptive behavior. Forces of nature represent a class of entities that are semantically inanimate but which behave as if they are animate in that they possess the ability to initiate movement and cause actions. We report an eye-tracking experiment demonstrating that natural forces are processed like animate entities during online sentence processing: they are easier to integrate with action verbs than instruments, and this effect is mediated by sentence structure. The results suggest that many cognitive and linguistic phenomena that have previously been attributed to animacy may be more appropriately attributed to perceived agency. To the extent that this is so, the cognitive potency of animate entities may not be due to vigilant monitoring of the environment for unpredictable events as argued by evolutionary psychologists but instead may be more adequately explained as reflecting a cognitive and linguistic focus on causal explanations that is adaptive because it increases the predictability of events.
Numerical Analysis of the Asymptotic Solution for Earth-to-Moon Trajectories

The theoretical results of a high-order asymptotic solution for the motion of a particle from earth to moon are summarized for the idealized case of the restricted three-body problem. Various definite integrals arising in the theory are evaluated, then used to calculate the elements during close passage to the moon for a set of 108 orbits in the actual earthmoon system. The initial conditions defining these 108 orbits then are used to integrate numerically the equations of motion for the trajectories from earth to moon. Prediction of the orbit during close passage to the moon is chosen as a basis for assessing the accuracy of the theoretical results, and it is shown that the largest errors are less than 4%. HE theoretical aspects of uniformly valid, first-order asymptotic approximations for the motion of a particle in a trajectory originating near a body of relatively large mass (the earth) and passing close to a body of relatively small mass (the moon) has been discussed by Lagerstrom and Kevorkian.1"3 In Ref. 4, they investigated the numerical aspects of the theory that indicated that the accuracy of the first-order results was quite adequate for mass ratios corresponding to, say, Jupiter and the sun, but rather marginal for the actual Earth-moon system (where JJL, the mass of the moon divided by the mass of the earth-moon system, has the relatively large value of 0.01215). In Ref. 5, Shi and Eckstein have extended the theory of Refs. 1-4 to order ju3/2 and have also included the effects of deviations from the restricted three-body model that become important to this order. The present paper summarizes the theory of Ref. 5 for the limiting case of the planar circular restricted three-body problem. In carrying out this simplification, certain minor errors in the results of Ref. 5 were discovered by the present authors in collaboration with Shi and Eckstein. All necessary corrections are incorporated in the present summary and a corrigendum to Ref. 5 is given in Ref. 6. Also included in this paper is a comparison of 108 theoretically predicted orbits relative to the moon, with corresponding results obtained by numerical integration of the equations of motion, all carried out for the mass ratio M =• 0.01215. It is shown that the theory predicts the eccentricity and longitude of perilune with errors less than 4%, while the semimajor axis and time of flight are predicted with errors less than 1%. It is expected that comparable accuracies will be found in using the general results of Ref. 5, which include the dominant solar effects, a noncircular lunar orbit, and nonplanar particle trajectories.
“Side-wall curl” in high-strength steels

A study has been made of “side-wall curl” in a series of low-carbon, HSLA 50 and 80 and DP-80 steels. “Curl” occurs when the sheet metal is drawn into a die cavity, as in the forming of hat-shaped sections. It is found that the curl increases with increasing tensile strength and decreasing thickness of the steels, and that there is no consistent variation of curl with die radius. However, the curl, which is a consequence of residual stresses generated by the forming process, is thought to be influenced by the strain-hardening rate of the material, since this will affect the strain distribution through the sheet thickness. It is shown that, by the imposition of plastic deformation, the curl can be eliminated, as the result of the removal of the nonuniform distribution of residual stresses.
Sequential axon-derived signals couple target survival and layer specificity in the Drosophila visual system.

Summary Neural circuit formation relies on interactions between axons and cells within the target field. While it is well established that target-derived signals act on axons to regulate circuit assembly, the extent to which axon-derived signals control circuit formation is not known. In the Drosophila visual system, anterograde signals numerically match R1–R6 photoreceptors with their targets by controlling target proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Here we demonstrate that additional axon-derived signals selectively couple target survival with layer specificity. We show that Jelly belly (Jeb) produced by R1–R6 axons interacts with its receptor, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (Alk), on budding dendrites to control survival of L3 neurons, one of three postsynaptic targets. L3 axons then produce Netrin, which regulates the layer-specific targeting of another neuron within the same circuit. We propose that a cascade of axon-derived signals, regulating diverse cellular processes, provides a strategy for coordinating circuit assembly across different regions of the nervous system.
Teaching Literature to Adolescents

Book reviewed in this article: On the Brink: Negotiating Literature and Life With Adolescents. By Susan Hynds. 1997. Reading Across Cultures: Teaching Literature in a Diverse Society. Edited by Theresa Rogers and Anna O. Soter. 1997. Authorizing Readers: Resistance and Respect in the Teaching of Literature. By Peter J. Rabinowitz and Michael W. Smith. 1998. Knowledge in the Making: Challenging the Text in the Classroom. Edited by Bill Corcoran, Mike Hayhoe, and Gordon M. Pradl. 1994.
Conversion of C14-arterenol to epinephrine in vivo.

SummaryC14-epinephrine has been found in the adrenal glands of rats administered α-C14-arterenol intraperitoneally. Its presence has been demonstrated by paper chroma-tography and by isotope dilution using a new method, involving reaction with pyridoxal-5-phosphate, for separating these catechol-amines.
Photocatalytic Reduction of Nitro Organics over Illuminated Titanium Dioxide: Role of the TiO2 Surface

The present study investigates the mechanism of photocatalytic reduction of nitro organics (aromatic and aliphatic) at the surface of titanium dioxide slurries (Degussa P25) in the absence of oxygen and in the presence of the sacrificial electron donor methanol (MeOH) or isopropanol (i-PrOH). Photocatalytic reduction was verified by identifying reduction products as the reaction progressed. Byproducts were observed to occur in the sequence RNO2 − RNO − RNH2; with the hydroxylamine intermediate present by inference but not detected directly. Mass balances ranged between 90+% and 70+%. Comparison of the reduction kinetics in aqueous i-PrOH vs aqueous MeOH revealed that secondary radicals generated from alcohol oxidation played no role in the observed reduction kinetics. For the nitroaromatic compounds studied, the values of the experimental reduction rate constants using i-PrOH as the electron donor divided by the rates using MeOH as the donor averaged 1.03 (±0.19), indicating that the photocatalyst surface...
CCC1 is a transporter that mediates vacuolar iron storage in yeast.

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can grow for generations in the absence of exogenous iron, indicating a capacity to store intracellular iron. As cells can accumulate iron by endocytosis we studied iron metabolism in yeast that were defective in endocytosis. We demonstrated that endocytosis-defective yeast (Δend4) can store iron in the vacuole, indicating a transfer of iron from the cytosol to the vacuole. Using several different criteria we demonstrated that CCC1encodes a transporter that effects the accumulation of iron and Mn2+ in vacuoles. Overexpression of CCC1, which is localized to the vacuole, lowers cytosolic iron and increases vacuolar iron content. Conversely, deletion ofCCC1 results in decreased vacuolar iron content and decreased iron stores, which affect cytosolic iron levels and cell growth. Furthermore Δccc1 cells show increased sensitivity to external iron. The sensitivity to iron is exacerbated by ectopic expression of the iron transporter FET4. These results indicate that yeast can store iron in the vacuole and thatCCC1 is involved in the transfer of iron from the cytosol to the vacuole.
A new platform for oligonucleotide delivery utilizing the PEG prodrug approach.

The oligonucleotide (oligo, ODN), Genasense (GS), an ODN currently waiting for FDA approval, was chosen as a model and modified with a 5‘ or 3‘ aminohexyl functionality (1 and 4, respectively) usin...
Feasibility Study of 45nm Metal Patterning with 0.93 NA

As semiconductor process technology moves to 65nm and beyond, RET (resolution enhancement technology) becomes more and more important, especially in low k1 processes, where it is used frequently. Currently, in the 65nm generation, the k1 is ~0.4 on a 0.85 NA exposure tool. However, the NA improvement of the exposure tool cannot meet the schedule of generation movement very well. Low k1 technology must be applied on next generation processes. For the 45nm generation, a 0.93 NA exposure tool is available currently and is used to achieve the production criteria. Because the k1 value is quite low (~0.31), using traditional methods cannot satisfy process requirements. For metal layers of the 45nm generation, 55nm photo-resist CD (critical dimension) patterning of 130nm pitch is a difficult goal on a 0.93 NA exposure tool. Traditional OAI (off-axis-llumination) (annular mode) cannot provide enough image contrast for pattern printing. Customization of illumination mode is an approach on low k1 processes. Another one is utilizing light source polarization to achieve resolution improvement. In this paper, we introduce different approaches on 45nm metal patterning. The RET approach (C-quad. illumination mode with polarization) can provide enough image contrast in pattern printing to solve process issues.
The Dynamics of Vertical and Horizontal Diversity in Organization and Society

Diversity focuses on human characteristics that make people either different from or the same as each other. This article introduces the concepts of vertical and horizontal diversity. Vertical dive...
Generation, Characteristics and Shielding of X-Radiation Produced in High Voltage Rectifier and Shunt Regulator Tubes in Television Sets

This paper summarizes present knowledge of the mechanisms affecting the generation, absorption, and scattering of X-radiation from high voltage, vacuum tube regulators and rectifiers used in television receivers. In particular, calculations and experimental data showing the effects of absorption and scattering on the energy distribution of the X-rays will be discussed.
Self-Determination in Teacher Education A Model to Facilitate Transition Planning for Students with Disabilities

Although best practices recommend that transition plans from school to adult life for students with disabilities be developed based on student preferences and interests, evidence from student transition planning meetings has demonstrated that students are not involved in or even present for many of these meetings. One hypothesis for this occurrence was that teacher preparation programs had not included instruction in this area for the majority of special educators. Results of a survey of faculty members at institutions of higher education supported this hypothesis. The authors developed a course on transition planning that uses best-practice recommendations from teacher preparation literature to ensure that special educators obtain the skills, knowledge, and dispositions necessary to support the development of self-determination skills in the students they teach.
Quantity and quality of groundwater discharge in a hypersaline lake environment

Summary Geophysical and geochemical surveys were conducted to understand groundwater discharge to Great Salt Lake (GSL) and assess the potential significance of groundwater discharge as a source of selenium (Se). Continuous resistivity profiling (CRP) focusing below the sediment/water interface and fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (FO-DTS) surveys were conducted along the south shore of GSL. FO-DTS surveys identified persistent cold-water temperature anomalies at 10 separate locations. Seepage measurements were conducted at 17 sites (mean seepage rate = 0.8 cm/day). High resistivity anomalies identified by the CRP survey were likely a mirabilite (Na 2 SO 4 ·10H 2 O) salt layer acting as a semi-confining layer for the shallow groundwater below the south shore of the lake. Positive seepage rates measured along the near-shore areas of GSL indicate that a ∼1-m thick oolitic sand overlying the mirabilite layer is likely acting as a shallow, unconfined aquifer. Using the average seepage rate of 0.8 cm/day over an area of 1.6 km 2 , an annual Se mass loading to GSL of 23.5 kg was estimated. Determination of R/Ra values (calculated 3 He/ 4 He ratio over the present-day atmospheric 3 He/ 4 He ratio) 34 S and δ 18 O isotopic values in samples of dissolved sulfate from the shallow groundwater below the mirabilite are almost identical to the isotopic signature of the mirabilite core material. The saturation index calculated for groundwater samples using PHREEQC indicates the water is at equilibrium with mirabilite. Water samples collected from GSL immediately off shore contained Se concentrations that were 3–4 times higher than other sampling sites >25 km offshore from the study site and may be originating from less saline groundwater seeps mixing with the more saline water from GSL. Additional evidence for mixing with near shore seeps is found in the δD and δ 18 O isotopic values and Br:Cl ratios. Geochemical modeling for a water sample collected in the vicinity of the study area indicates that under chemically reducing conditions, arsenic- (As) bearing minerals could dissolve while Se-bearing minerals will likely precipitate out of solution, possibly explaining why the shallow groundwater below and within the mirabilite salt layer contains low concentrations of Se (0.9–2.3 μg/L).
Accumulation of epidermal growth factor within cells does not depend on receptor recycling

Abstract Quiescent cells seemingly have a constant number of surface epidermal growth factor receptors. However, exposure of cells to agents which interfere with normal protein turnover suggests that these receptors are internalized and degraded with an apparent half-life of ∼6 hours. We show that the time course of maximal accumulation of ligand-receptor complexes is not altered under conditions where degradation of the ligand is inhibited, indicating that no degradation occurs during its first hour of exposure to cells. We also conclusively demonstrate that epidermal growth factor receptors are not recycled during the initial uptake of the ligand, and that a component of pinocytosis of this growth factor is dependent on de novo protein synthesis.
Fire damage effects on red oak timber product value

Land managers use prescribed fire for a variety of resource objectives on sites containing merchantable trees. We analyzed how fire-caused injuries (i.e., fire scars) affect lumber volume and value in 88 red oak (Quercus velutina, Quercus rubra, and Quercus coccinea) butt logs from trees harvested from three sites in southern Missouri. Trees with varying amounts of external fire damage, time since fire, and diameter were harvested and milled into dimensional lumber. We tracked lumber grade changes and volume losses due to fire-related injuries on individual boards (n = 1298, 18.3 cubic meters (7754 board feet)). Most analyses considered value loss to the individual butt log. We identified threshold values for fire-scar height and percent basal circumference injured, beyond which value loss is expected. Our analysis produced two models to describe how butt log value loss relates to fire-scar dimensions and residence time (timespan between damage occurrence and tree harvest). Overall, value and volume losses due to fire damage were low. If fire damage is less than 50 cm in height and 20% of basal circumference, our study suggests little value loss is to be expected within 14 years of injury. If these thresholds are exceeded, value loss is likely, and increases over time. Value loss is very low if trees are harvested within approximately five years after fire damage, regardless of scar size. These findings are applicable for red oak trees which are at least 20 cm diameter at breast height at time of fire damage and with fire-scar residence times not greater than fourteen years.
Essential metabolic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumorigenic functions of miR-122 in liver

miR-122, an abundant liver-specific microRNA (miRNA), regulates cholesterol metabolism and promotes hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. Reduced miR-122 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) correlates with metastasis and poor prognosis. Nevertheless, the consequences of sustained loss of function of miR-122 in vivo have not been determined. Here, we demonstrate that deletion of mouse Mir122 resulted in hepatosteatosis, hepatitis, and the development of tumors resembling HCC. These pathologic manifestations were associated with hyperactivity of oncogenic pathways and hepatic infiltration of inflammatory cells that produce pro-tumorigenic cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF. Moreover, delivery of miR-122 to a MYC-driven mouse model of HCC strongly inhibited tumorigenesis, further supporting the tumor suppressor activity of this miRNA. These findings reveal critical functions for miR-122 in the maintenance of liver homeostasis and have important therapeutic implications, including the potential utility of miR-122 delivery for selected patients with HCC and the need for careful monitoring of patients receiving miR-122 inhibition therapy for HCV.
Sample-oriented task-driven visualizations: allowing users to make better, more confident decisions

We often use datasets that reflect samples, but many visualization tools treat data as full populations. Uncertain visualizations are good at representing data distributions emerging from samples, but are more limited in allowing users to carry out decision tasks. This is because tasks that are simple on a traditional chart (e.g. "compare two bars") become a complex probabilistic task on a chart with uncertainty. We present guidelines for creating visual annotations for solving tasks with uncertainty, and an implementation that addresses five core tasks on a bar chart. A preliminary user study shows promising results: that users have a justified confidence in their answers with our system.
The Effect of Bond-Rating Changes on Bond Price Performance

The price reaction of publicly traded industrial bonds to Moody's Investors Service and Standard & Poor's bond-rating changes is investigated using a database of month-end trader quotes from Lehman Brothers for March 1985 through March 1995. All Standard & Poor's and Moody's rating changes are studied in a period from up to 12 months before the rating change to 12 months after. A unique feature of this study is the use of a data set containing recent firm-specific information that also provides a long event window. Downgraded firms reveal a significant announcement effect in both the announcement month and preannouncement period. The magnitude of downgrading effects increases dramatically as the sample moves from investment-grade to non-investment-grade firms. Samples that are restricted to rating changes that are not preceded by any rerating within six months reveal that the market reacts reliably as much as six months before an event. Upgrade effects are much weaker in magnitude and significance.
New technology may reveal mechanisms of radiation resistance in Deinococcus radiodurans

Advances in DNA sequencing technology in the past decade have resulted in rapid production of DNA data including more than 70 complete prokaryotic genomes and several eukaryotic genomes currently available. This accumulation of sequence data has provided opportunities for development of proteomics. Proteomic analyses focus on composition of the protein mixture extracted from a cell culture and its changes in response to environmental disturbances or during the cell cycle. A standard scenario is as follows: First, extract the complex protein mixture from cell cultures growing under controlled conditions. Then run a two-dimensional PAGE to separate different proteins into a large number of often partly overlapping spots. Finally, identify the spots and assign them to known proteins or genes (e.g., ref. 1). This last step is facilitated by use of MS (e.g., ref. 2). Routine use of MS technology in proteomics was made possible by complete genome sequencing. A complete genomic sequence can be used to identify all putative proteins encoded in the genome. This limits the number of possible peptide fragments expected to be found in the proteins extracted from the cells (3) and, given sufficient accuracy of the MS measurements, the mass of a fragment can often be unambiguously associated with a specific protein. In this issue of PNAS, Lipton et al. (4) use an improved MS technology based on peptide accurate mass tags for proteomic analyses of the radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans . The method uses Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) experimentation instead of standard tandem MS, which provides greater sensitivity and accuracy, yielding a more comprehensive coverage of the proteome. Thus, the accurate FTICR measurements applied to D. radiodurans identified accurate mass tags for 61% of all putative D. radiodurans proteins—the most complete proteome coverage to date. D. radiodurans ' radioresistance makes it one of the …
Frequencies and Related Factors for Microvascular Complications in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes

Purpose: We observed the frequencies of microvascular complications and their related factors in patients with type 1 diabetes. Methods: Two hundred seventy one patients (111 males and 160 females, mean age 21.9 ± 5.8 years) with type 1 diabetes were included. Subjects were all at least 10 years old and had diabetes for at least two years. Three types of microvascular complications (diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy) were evaluated, and their frequen cies and risk factors were analyzed. Results: The overall prevalence of microvascular disease was 83/271 (30.6%). Microalbu­ minuria had developed in 39 patients (14.4%), persistent microalbuminuria in 31 patients (11.4%), and proteinuria in 12 (4.4%). Diabetic retinopathy had developed in 35 patients (12.9%) and neuropathy in 39 patients (13.7%). The mean HbA1c for 10 years was significantly higher in the patients with microvascular complications (10.5 ± 2.8% vs. 8.4 ± 1.4%). The rate of intensive management in the non­complication group was higher than in the microvascular complication group. The incidence of microalbuminuria was greater in males than females, but there were no gender differences in either diabetic retinopathy or neuropathy. Puberty and the duration of diabetes may be associated with microvascular complications. Conclusion: The incidence of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes is declining. Sex, puberty, and the duration of diabetes as well as prolonged hypergly­ cemia are all related to microvascular complications. Therefore, intensive insulin mana­ gement and regular screening for microvascular complications should be performed in patients who have either entered into puberty or have had diabetes for more than 5 years.
Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of AFEX™‐pretreated corn stover for ethanol production using Clostridium phytofermentans at a high solids loading

Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) using Clostridium phytofermentans (ATCC 700394) on ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX™)-treated corn stover (AFEX™-CS) at a low solids loading showed promising results [Jin et al. (2011) Biotechnol Bioeng 108(6): 1290–1297]. However, industrial relevant process requires high solids loading. Therefore, we studied high solids loading CBP performance on AFEX™-CS. The factors potentially affecting the performance including solids loading, CBP products acetate and ethanol, and degradation products resulting from pretreatment were investigated. At 4% (w/w) glucan loading, C. phytofermentans performed well on AFEX™-CS with no nutrients supplementation and reached similar sugar conversions as a fermentation with nutrients supplementation. A glucan conversion of 48.9% and a xylan conversion of 77.9% were achieved after 264 h with 7.0 g/L ethanol and 8.8 g/L acetate produced. Relatively high concentrations of acetate produced at high solids loading was found to be the major factor limiting the CBP performance. Degradation products in AFEX™-CS helped enhance ethanol production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1929–1936. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Haploinsufficiency for ribosomal protein genes causes selective activation of p53 in human erythroid progenitor cells

Haploinsufficiency for ribosomal protein genes has been implicated in the pathophysiology of Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) and the 5q− syndrome, a subtype of myelodysplastic syndrome. The p53 pathway is activated by ribosome dysfunction, but the molecular basis for selective impairment of the erythroid lineage in disorders of ribosome function has not been determined. We found that p53 accumulates selectively in the erythroid lineage in primary human hematopoietic progenitor cells after expression of shRNAs targeting RPS14, the ribosomal protein gene deleted in the 5q− syndrome, or RPS19, the most commonly mutated gene in DBA. Induction of p53 led to lineage-specific accumulation of p21 and consequent cell cycle arrest in erythroid progenitor cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of p53 rescued the erythroid defect, whereas nutlin-3, a compound that activates p53 through inhibition of HDM2, selectively impaired erythropoiesis. In bone marrow biopsies from patients with DBA or del(5q) myelodysplastic syndrome, we found an accumulation of nuclear p53 staining in erythroid progenitor cells that was not present in control samples. Our findings indicate that the erythroid lineage has a low threshold for the induction of p53, providing a basis for the failure of erythropoiesis in the 5q− syndrome, DBA, and perhaps other bone marrow failure syndromes.
Right ventricular dysfunction persists following brief right ventricular pressure overload

Objective: Acute pulmonary hypertension may cause right ventricular (RV) contractile failure. While it has been assumed that restoration of normal loading conditions after acute pulmonary hypertension is sufficient for complete recovery of RV function, this has not been rigorously examined. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that acute RV pressure overload produces RV contractile dysfunction that persists following restoration of control loading conditions. Methods: We subjected 18 autonomically-blocked, chloralose-anesthetized, open-chest pigs to 1 h of pulmonary artery constriction to increase RV systolic pressure from 35±1 to 55±1 mmHg, followed by 2 h of measurements after pulmonary artery constriction release. We determined regional RV free wall function from pressure–segment length loops and preload recruitable stroke work relations, and global RV function from stroke work vs. end-diastolic pressure relations. Results: As expected, RV free wall systolic shortening diminished during pulmonary artery constriction, but the endo/epi blood flow ratio, lactate uptake, and coronary venous pH were not significantly changed. Following release of pulmonary artery constriction, RV systolic and diastolic pressures returned to control values. Nonetheless, contractile dysfunction persisted, with depressed RV free wall systolic shortening (70±22% of control), RV regional external work (59±11% of control at control end-diastolic length), and global RV stroke work (56±14% of control at control end-diastolic pressure). Depressed regional work was due to a parallel, rightward shift of the preload recruitable stroke work relation. Five pigs identically instrumented but not subjected to pulmonary artery constriction showed no significant changes over 3 h. Conclusions: Acute pulmonary hypertension causes RV contractile dysfunction that persists at least 2 h after restoration of control loading conditions. Contractile dysfunction is not attributable to RV ischemia during pressure overload.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction Between Zinc Oxide and Barium Carbonate

The kinetics of reaction between BaCO3 and ZnO were studied using thermogravimetric analysis to monitor the percent reaction versus time. Solid state reaction models based on (a) product growth controlled by diffusion through a continuous product layer, (b) product growth controlled by phase boundary reactions, and (c) the concept of an order of reaction, were invalid for the reaction studied. The kinetics of the reaction were described by the kt=–ln (1 –x)⅔ nuclei growth equation. The defect nature of the zinc oxide studied was altered by doping with Li2O and Cr2O3. The activation energy for the reaction of BaCO3 and pure ZnO was 54.6 kcal/mole. The changes in activation energy with the type and amount of ZnO doping cannot be accounted for by the quasi-chemical theory of solids.