cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ten Faces of Innovation

The Ten Faces of Innovation By Tom Kelley with Jonathan Littman ISBN 0-385-51207-4 For decades we have recognized that small businesses owners need to create a "learning" organization in order to both innovate and accelerate the innovation process. The challenge is how to attain this goal. The Ten Faces of Innovation describes a clear and doable framework for designing and managing such an organization. Tom Kelley offers the framework by providing an inside glimpse at IDEO's success and by putting a human face on the innovation process. Small business owners who judge a book by its cover may overlook this book, because the cover shows the image of ten different people each having a distinctive attribute. Many owners have fewer than ten employees or may have little extra staff time to devote to only innovation. On the other hand, the small business owner who looks beyond the cover will find how to overcome the frequently played "devil advocate's" role that can "drown out a new initiative in negativity." More importantly, the owner will find a practical approach to transforming their company into a company with "360 degrees of innovation" through the help of Kelley's ten people-centric approach. Tom Kelley's people-centric approach to innovation is refreshing and the key to its practicality. In addition, Kelley's peoplecentric approach bumps up against the typical product innovation model that seeks organizational structures and processes so that any employee can help the organization innovate. Kelley believes the roles that people play are central to any company innovation and the heart of the process should facilitate their roles. Kelley's approach is also refreshing, because it does not depend on the sole entrepreneur as the only source of inspiration, vision, and innovation. Instead Kelley describes innovation as the synergy often distinct roles that can be played by ten or fewer people. Kelley's people-centric approach fully incorporates all the positive aspects of diversity. Research has clearly shown that diversity of employees is a key part of every leading company. Kelley's approach focuses that diversity on innovation by identifying ten different roles: The anthropologist who observes how people interact physically and emotionally with the company's products and services; the experimenter who prototypes new ideas continuously and learning by a enlightened trial and error process; the cross-pollinator who explores other industries and cultures for revelations that uniquely fit the company; the hurdler who knows the path to innovation is strewn with obstacles and develops a knack for overcoming the roadblocks; the collaborator who brings eclectic groups together; the director who gathers together talented people and sparks their creative talents; the experience architect who designs compelling experiences that go beyond mere functionality; the set designers who creates the stage for the innovation team; the caregiver who anticipates customer needs and ready to look after them; the storyteller who builds both internal morale and external awareness through compelling narratives. …
Capitalizing on an ecological process to aid coral reef ecosystem restoration: Can gastropod trophodynamics enhance coral survival?

Coral reefs in the Florida Keys have degraded in recent decades, prompting efforts to re-establish populations of staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis, to restore structure and ecological function. However, predation on these corals by the corallivorous gastropod, Coralliophila galea, has been a substantial and chronic impediment to restoration efforts. Therefore, we conducted a series of manipulative laboratory experiments and a 2-week, in situ proof-of-concept trial to determine whether Thais deltoidea, a carnivorous gastropod that co-occurs with C. galea, can control C. galea corallivory and thus improve A. cervicornis survival. Our laboratory results showed that T. deltoidea preys upon C. galea, although it is not a preferred prey choice. Nevertheless, treatments with T. deltoidea had significantly higher percentages of live coral tissue than when T. deltoidea was absent. This occurred not only because T. deltoidea consumed C. galea, but also because the presence of T. deltoidea elicited an escape response in C. galea, significantly reducing the amount of time C. galea spent feeding on A. cervicornis colonies. This trophic relationship was also seen in our in situ proof-of-concept trial. We observed significantly fewer C. galea on A. cervicornis when T. deltoidea was present which led to a higher, if not statistically significant, percentage of live tissue on our A. cervicornis outplants. Ecological processes need to be incorporated into coral reef ecosystem restoration to achieve positive outcomes. Integrating T. deltoidea into coral restoration efforts may improve success by mitigating C. galea corallivory through the non-consumptive, risk-adverse, escape response that T. deltoidea provokes, initiating a trophic cascade that improves the long-term survival of outplanted corals. Further research is needed to determine the long-term efficacy of this approach, but the addition of gastropod trophodynamics to coral reef ecosystem restoration may prove useful.
Simulation of early Eocene water isotopes using an Earth system model and its implication for past climate reconstruction

Abstract Our understanding of past climate conditions largely comes from paleoclimate proxies, such as oxygen isotope ratios ( δ 18 Oc) in marine fossils. The marine δ 18 Oc signal primarily reflects a mixture of seawater temperature and oxygen isotopic composition of seawater ( δ 18 Ow) at the time of calcification. Knowledge of δ 18 Ow is critical for the interpretation of marine δ 18 Oc records but remains poor for past hothouse climates. Here, we conduct water isotope-enabled simulations of the early Eocene using CO2 levels of 1×, 3×, 6×, and 9× the preindustrial value. We calculate model δ 18 Oc using simulated δ 18 Ow and ocean temperature, and make direct comparison with proxy records. Model δ 18 Oc matches the proxy values well for the early Eocene and Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum with root-mean-squared errors approaching the standard error in individual records. Eocene δ 18 Ow in the model exhibits strong variation depending on states of the hydrological cycle and ocean circulation. Differences in the mean δ 18 Ow between regions of net evaporation and precipitation increase monotonically with the magnitude of the net atmospheric moisture transport that connects them; however, this relationship breaks at the regional scale due to ocean circulation changes. In particular, an increase in ocean ventilation brings more 18O-enriched deep water into the mixed layer, increasing sea-surface δ 18 Ow near the ventilation site and in certain remote regions through fast upper ocean currents. δ 18 Ow variations and the linkage to both hydrological cycle and ocean circulation bring challenges for an accurate interpretation of marine δ 18 Oc records. Our study illustrates the value of using water isotope-enabled simulations and model-data comparison for learning past climate changes.
Multicenter analysis of clinical and MRI characteristics associated with detecting clinically significant prostate cancer in PI-RADS (v2.0) category 3 lesions.

Abstract Objectives We sought to identify clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics in men with the Prostate Imaging - Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) category 3 index lesions that predict clinically significant prostate cancer (CaP) on MRI targeted biopsy. Materials and Methods Multicenter study of prospectively collected data for biopsy-naive men (n = 247) who underwent MRI-targeted and systematic biopsies for PI-RADS 3 index lesions. The primary endpoint was diagnosis of clinically significant CaP (Grade Group ≥2). Multivariable logistic regression models assessed for factors associated with clinically significant CaP. The probability distributions of clinically significant CaP based on different levels of predictors of multivariable models were plotted in a heatmap. Results Men with clinically significant CaP had smaller prostate volume (39.20 vs. 55.10 ml, P 0.15 ng/ml2 (OR: 3.51, 95% CI 1.61–7.68) were independently associated with significant CaP. Conclusion Higher PSA density, lower prostate volume and ADC values are associated with clinically significant CaP in biopsy-naive men with PI-RADS 3 lesions. We present regression-derived probabilities of detecting clinically significant CaP based on various clinical and imaging values that can be used in decision-making. Our findings demonstrate an opportunity for MRI refinement or biomarker discovery to improve risk stratification for PI-RADS 3 lesions.
Technical Description and Microsurgical Outcomes in Phalloplasty Using the Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery and Locoregional Veins.

Background Phalloplasty often requires free tissue transfer. There is ample literature describing flap-related outcomes, but the microsurgical technique used, including choice of recipient vessels, has been an overlooked yet important topic. In this study, the authors review the outcomes of their experience with the deep inferior epigastric artery and locoregional veins and outline technical modifications that occurred during the study period. Methods A retrospective chart analysis of patients who underwent microsurgical phalloplasty between September of 2016 and July of 2019 was performed. Variables included flap design, donor site, and recipient vessels. The outcome measures were return to the operating room for flap compromise and partial or complete flap loss. Results Forty-two phalloplasties using the deep inferior epigastric artery were identified. There were six take-backs for flap compromise, and four patients required venous revision, one of whom lost his urethral flap on postoperative day 9. There was a decrease in take-back rate from 30 percent in the first 20 patients to 0 percent in the second 22 patients in the study period. A total of 11.9 percent of patients had partial flap loss. This decreased from 15 percent to 9 percent in the two groups. Conclusion After an initial learning curve, the combination of deep inferior epigastric artery, deep inferior epigastric vein, and great saphenous vein combined with specific technical modifications such as targeted coagulation of the vasa nervorum of the clitoral nerve has proven to be a reliable technique. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, IV.
Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation Therapy in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the treatment efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).Data SourcesPrimary studies were identified though P...
Ring current decay

Abstract The ring current decay occurs during the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm when the particles’ injection is no longer strong enough to overcome the loss processes. The major ring current loss processes and their aeronomical effects are described in this chapter. The most important among the collisional loss processes is charge exchange, where ring current ions are neutralized on collision with thermal exospheric hydrogen atoms and produce energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) which are either lost in space or precipitate down to the atmosphere. Coulomb collisions between energetic ring current ions and coexisting low-energy plasmaspheric populations result in energy transfer from the fast moving to the thermal particles and in angular deflection of the particles. The magnetospheric energy is transported down the magnetic field lines and creates ionospheric electron and ion temperature enhancements and optical emissions known as stable auroral red (SAR) arcs. Scattering of ring current ions into the loss cone due to resonant interactions with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves occurs on short timescales and leads to ion precipitation and the generation of detached proton arcs. Likewise, ring current electrons are scattered in pitch angle by whistler-mode waves and their precipitation at low altitudes affects significantly the ionospheric conductivity. In addition, particles are lost as they flow out to the dayside magnetopause or as they are moved to the loss cone by magnetospheric convection or field line curvature scattering. The ring current decay leads to the restoration of the surface magnetic field of the Earth to its prestorm values.
Late magnetic resonance imaging findings in trauma-induced central diabetes insipidus: Case report and review of literature

We presented the late magnetic resonance imaging characteristics in a 47-year-old male who diagnosed with a permanent trauma-induced diabetes insipidus. The patient developed polyuria following a deceleration injury which has been diagnosed as central diabetes insipidus based on the water deprivation test. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance evaluation of the pituitary gland is usually normal in such cases. Therefore, negative imaging studies do not exclude the diagnosis. However, MRI is more sensitive and can depict subtle injuries of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis in acute and late phases. The late MR imaging findings are not well established. To the best of our knowledge, this will be the first report to describe the late MR imaging features in a permanent case of trauma-induced diabetes insipidus.
Localizing the e2 page of the adams spectral sequence

There is only one nontrivial localization of π∗S(p) (the chromatic localization at v0=p), but there are infinitely many nontrivial localizations of the Adams E2 page for the sphere. The first nonnilpotent element in the E2 page after v0 is b10∈ ExtA2,2p(p−1)(𝔽p,𝔽p). We work at p=3 and study b10−1 ExtP∗,∗(𝔽3,𝔽3) (where P is the algebra of dual reduced powers), which agrees with the infinite summand ExtP∗,∗(𝔽3,𝔽3) of ExtA∗,∗(𝔽3,𝔽3) above a line of slope 123. We compute up to the E9 page of an Adams spectral sequence in the category Stable(P) converging to b10−1 ExtP∗,∗(𝔽3,𝔽3), and conjecture that the spectral sequence collapses at E9. We also give a complete calculation of b10−1 ExtP∗,∗(𝔽3,𝔽3[ξ13]).
Leveraging Fungal Calcineurin-Inhibitor Structures, Biophysics and Dynamics to Design Selective and Non-Immunosuppressive FK506 Analogs

Abstract Calcineurin is a critical enzyme in fungal pathogenesis and antifungal drug tolerance and, therefore, an attractive antifungal target. Current clinically-accessible calcineurin inhibitors, such as FK506, are immunosuppressive to humans, so exploiting calcineurin inhibition as an antifungal strategy necessitates fungal-specificity in order to avoid inhibiting the human pathway. Harnessing fungal calcineurin-inhibitor crystal structures, we recently developed a less immunosuppressive FK506 analog, APX879, with broad-spectrum antifungal activity and demonstrable efficacy in a murine model of invasive fungal infection. Our overarching goal is to better understand, at a molecular level, the interaction determinants of the human and fungal FK506-binding proteins (FKBP12) required for calcineurin inhibition in order to guide the design of fungal-selective, non-immunosuppressive FK506 analogs. To this end, we characterized high-resolution structures of the M. circinelloides FKBP12 bound to FK506, and of the A. fumigatus, M. circinelloides and human FKBP12 proteins bound to the FK506 analog, APX879, which exhibits enhanced selectivity for fungal pathogens. Combining structural, genetic and biophysical methodologies with molecular dynamics simulations, we identify critical variations in these structurally similar FKBP12-ligand complexes that will guide the rational design of inhibitors with enhanced fungal-selectivity. Significance statement Invasive fungal infections are a leading cause of death in the immunocompromised patient population. The rise in drug resistance to current antifungals highlights the urgent need to develop more efficacious and highly selective agents. Numerous investigations of major fungal pathogens have confirmed the critical role of the calcineurin pathway for fungal virulence, making it an attractive target for antifungal development. Although FK506 inhibits calcineurin, it is immunosuppressive in humans and cannot be used as an antifungal. By combining structural, genetic, biophysical, and in silico methodologies, we pinpoint regions of FK506 and a less immunosuppressive analog, APX879, that could be altered to enhance fungal selectivity. This work represents a significant advancement toward realizing calcineurin as a viable target for antifungal drug discovery.
Utility and Feasibility of Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation for Patients With Incomplete SCI in Therapeutic Settings: A Review of Topic

Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation (TSCS) has been shown to enhance the excitability of spinal neural circuits. This excitation is associated with enhanced voluntary performance in patients with incomplete SCI (iSCI). Though there is much we do not know, combining this altered state of exciability with therapy has the potential to enhance the outcomes associated with activity-based interventions. It is a promising tool to augment the work being done in therapeutic settings with the potential to expedite recovery. There is, however, a lag in assimilating the science for clinical practice. This article will examine current literature related to the application of TSCS in combination with therapeutic interventions for motor recovery and aims to elucidate trends in waveform selection, duration and frequency, and combinatorial therapies that may inform clinical practice. With specific consideration for therapeutic settings, potential benefits, applications, and pitfalls for clinical use are considered. Finally, the next steps in research to move toward wider clinical utility are discussed.
Multi-Channel Biopotential Acquisition System using Frequency-Division Multiplexing with Cable Motion Artifact Suppression.

A multi-channel, CMOS-based biopotential acquisition system is presented that uses amplitude modulated, frequency division multiplexing (AM-FDM) to decrease wire count and provide resilience against motion artifacts and cable noise. Differential active electrode (AE) pairs capture surface biopotential signals, each modulated by a different carrier frequency and combined via current-domain summing. The presented approach requires only a single wire for signal transmission between AEs and back-end readout, along with clock and ground wires, to support multiple active electrodes using a 3-wire cable. Frequency modulation prior to transmission mitigates the effect of low-frequency cable motion artifacts and 50/60 Hz mains interference in the cable. A prototype FDM-based biopotential acquisition system was implemented in a 180 nm CMOS process, including a four-channel front-end active electrode IC for signal conditioning and modulation, and a back-end IC for demodulation and digitization. Each channel occupies 0.75 mm2and consumes 43.8W, inclusive of ADC power. Using both AE and BE ICs, a four-channel biopotential recording system is demonstrated using a 3-wire interface, where the system achieves attenuation of low-frequency cable motion artifacts by 15X and 60 Hz mains noise coupled into the cable by 62X.
Determination of the length of the V colicinogenic factor and a derivative fertility factor.

Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from Escherichia coli harboring either the V colicinogenic factor (Col V) or the derivative fertility factor (Fv), (a non-colicin-producing fertility factor derived from Col V) were separated by cesium chloride-ethidium bromide centrifugation and examined by electron microscopy. Results indicate a deletion of 11 μm of deoxyribonucleic acid in the transition from Col V to Fv.
Studies of cadmium, copper and zinc interactions by marine fulvic and humic materials in seawater using anodic stripping voltammetry.

Humic and fulvic acids isolated from seawater were found to interact with Cd, Cu and Zn in different ways at natural levels of these elements and natural pH in seawater. Fulvic acids exhibit strong interaction with Zn while Cd and Cu have little or no interaction on the time scale of the diurnal cycles of plankton or bacteria. The Zn-fulvic acid interactions in surface waters probably occur as part of a steady-state cycle of less than 40 hrs duration controlled by photooxidation and bacterial processes.The interaction of Cd, Cu and Zn with humic acids is much more complex.
Individual differences and conceptual modeling task performance: Examining the effects of cognitive style, self-efficacy, and application domain knowledge

In information systems development, conceptual modeling, which includes both data modeling and process modeling, is the most effective technique for depicting and sharing an understanding of the functional capabilities and limitations of the product/ system/ service design. The quality of conceptual models depends on a number of factors. This research focused on attributes of the modeler and specifically examined how an individual’s cognitive style, task self-efficacy, and knowledge of application domain impact the quality of two types of conceptual models: data models and process models. Results of the research revealed that an individual’s cognitive style may relate to conceptual model quality. In addition, the research showed that self-efficacy may be a determinant of model quality. Application domain knowledge did not appear to play a role in quality of models produced by the participants in this study.
Access to Meaningful Remedy: Doctrinal Obstacles in Tort Litigation Against Domestic Violence Offenders

Domestic violence victims may currently file tort actions against their abusers, couched as assault and battery, stalking, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and fraud,among others. Despite the fact that such remedies are desirable under legal and compensation frameworks, battered women have not generally used these options. Domestic violence victims have dramatically underutilized tort law, with at least three doctrinal obstacles thwarting its use: the courts’ reluctance to interfere in marriages, the assumption that existing laws adequately regulate divorce, and the primacy of statutes of limitation. Legal doctrine must be reformed to diminish the dangerous and unfair results experienced by too many abuse survivors who turn to the courts for help. After reviewing cultural norms and discussing the doctrinal obstacles, I argue for recognition of a new tort of domestic violence to afford abuse victims increased access to the panoply of remedies to which they are entitled. As an administratively feasible option, the tort of domestic violence reflects the same call for specialization as for medical malpractice, toxic torts, products liability, and mass torts. Recognizing a tort of domestic violence also provides a normative basis for reforming the doctrinal obstacles that needlessly interfere with the right of battered women to seek redress for their harms.
Autolysis-defective mutant of Staphylococcus aureus: pathological considerations, genetic mapping, and electron microscopic studies.

In an earlier report, we had described the isolation and characterization of autolysis-defective mutants of Staphylococcus aureus (N. Mani, P. Tobin, and R.K. Jayaswal, J. Bacteriol. 175:1493-1499, 1993). In the study reported here, an autolysis-defective mutant showed attenuated virulence in a rat model of experimental endocarditis, supporting the role of autolysins in pathogenicity. Transmission electron micrographs of the mutant cells revealed a rough outermost surface as compared with the parent strain, ISP2018. Treatment of mutant cells with lysozyme, proteases, and lipase failed to alter this rough appearance. Physical and genetic data locate the site of mutation between the omega 1100 and ilv loci on the S. aureus chromosome.
Between the bay and a hard place: Altered diamondback terrapin nesting movements demonstrate the effects of coastal barriers upon estuarine wildlife

Human development can impede wildlife moving between complementary habitats, particularly in highly disturbed coastal ecosystems. Coastal barriers may affect the behavior of diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin), a salt-tolerant estuarine turtle that requires access to complementary upland habitat for annual nesting. We used telemetry to quantify terrestrial and aquatic movements of 78 nesting female terrapins in response to coastal barriers at 2 sites in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, a heavily developed estuary. Nesting female terrapins traveled significantly greater distances with more tortuous paths or spent significantly more time in the water when their movements were obstructed than females nesting at beaches with no obstructions. We hypothesize that the additional effort and displacement associated with reproduction where obstructions exist will reduce terrapin fitness and potentially contribute to population declines. Our study demonstrates a unique approach to quantifying effects of barriers on organisms requiring complementary habitats, and improves our understanding of the impacts of shoreline hardening on estuarine wildlife threatened by encroaching coastal development. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Resource Rights and Markets in a General Equilibrium Model of Production

Rights to a free resource lead to distributional deadweight losses in partial equilibrium. The present paper examines related distortions in a general equilibrium model of production with output prices constant for the small open economy. The free resource can result in lower output than a market with weak substitution in the other sector. The free resource also leads to a convex production frontier implying a price increase lowers output in the sector. Regarding policy, an import tariff, export subsidy, or price support would lower sector output. These general equilibrium distortions increase the incentives to favor resource markets over rights.
Space‐charge‐limited current transport in nitride HFETs

High-voltage microwave AlGaN/GaN HFETs operating under high-power conditions suffer from degraded RF performance and linearity due to a nonlinear resistance effect in the gate-source region. During RF operation, the nonlinear resistance is due to the onset a of space-charge-limited current (SCLC) transport mechanism within the device channel. Under high current injection conditions, SCLC transport can set in and, consequently, the source resistance becomes a function of the injected charge causing a rapid increase and limiting device performance. The threshold for SCL current is dependent on the donor-like states on the AlGaN surface which are responsible for supplying electrons to the channel. To alleviate the effect of nonlinear source resistance we show on an un-gated HFET channel model that the critical current density of space-charge effects and thus the onset of nonlinear source resistance can be shifted above the normal operating current density of the device by modification of the charge on the AlGaN surface. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Biochemical and immunological evidence for a calcium pump in chromaffin granules

Summary ATP stimulated the accumulation of 45 Ca 2+ by chromaffin granule ghosts which contained 5 mM oxalate to trap transported calcium within the lumen. Inasmuch as the ATP-dependent 45 Ca 2+ transport was resistant to 25 mM ammonium acetate as well as the proton ionophore, carbonylcyanide- m -chlorophenylhydrazone, the chromaffin granule proton translocating ATPase does not provide the energy for this process. Instead, we suggest that chromaffin granules contain a calcium translocating ATPase which catalyzes the 45 Ca 2+ uptake directly. The observation that chromaffin granules bind to a monoclonal antibody raised against a calcium pump from bovine brain supports this hypothesis.
Parathyroid Hormone-related Peptide Is Produced by Cultured Cerebellar Granule Cells in Response to L-type Voltage-sensitive Ca2+ Channel Flux via a Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent Kinase Pathway

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related peptide (PTHrP) is expressed in the adult mammalian brain, but its function is unknown. Here we show that PTHrP and the PTH/PTHrP receptor are products of cerebellar granule cells in primary culture. Granule cells maintained under depolarizing conditions (25 mM K+) make and release PTHrP. Further, PTHrP-(1-36) stimulates cAMP accumulation in granule neurons in a dose-dependent manner with half-maximal activation at approximately 16 nM. Granule cell PTHrP mRNA is activity-dependent, and the pathway of regulation depends absolutely on the flux of Ca2+ ions through the L-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel and the Ca2+/calmodulin kinase cascade. PTHrP is therefore a neuropeptide whose regulation depends upon L-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel activity, and the gene is expressed under conditions that promote granule cell survival.
Time and frequency domain nonlinear system characterization for mechanical fault identification

Mechanical systems are often nonlinear with nonlinear components and nonlinear connections, and mechanical damage frequently causes changes in the nonlinear characteristics of mechanical systems, e.g. loosening of bolts increases Coulomb friction nonlinearity. Consequently, methods which characterize the nonlinear behavior of mechanical systems are well-suited to detect such damage. This paper presents passive time and frequency domain methods that exploit the changes in the nonlinear behavior of a mechanical system to identify damage. In the time domain, fundamental mechanics models are used to generate restoring forces, which characterize the nonlinear nature of internal forces in system components under loading. The onset of nonlinear damage results in changes to the restoring forces, which can be used as indicators of damage. Analogously, in the frequency domain, transmissibility (output-only) versions of auto-regressive exogenous input (ARX) models are used to locate and characterize the degree to which faults change the nonlinear correlations present in the response data. First, it is shown that damage causes changes in the restoring force characteristics, which can be used to detect damage. Second, it is shown that damage also alters the nonlinear correlations in the data that can be used to locate and track the progress of damage. Both restoring forces and auto-regressive transmissibility methods utilize operational response data for damage identification. Mechanical faults in ground vehicle suspension systems, e.g. loosening of bolts, are identified using experimental data.
NMR investigation of hydroxyethyl starch-induced aggregation of human erythrocytes.

Aggregation of human erythrocytes at physiological hematocrit by hydroxyethyl starch (HES) was investigated with a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance method which measures the erythrocyte mean water exchange time, τa. A relationship that takes into account the effect of the aggregate as the water-exchanging unit was used to transform τ. values into the number of cells per aggregate, n. The procedure permits the determination of the time course of aggregation as well as its initial and equilibrium status. The values of n at equilibrium range from about 2 to 4 cells over the concentration of 1 to 5% HES in isotonic saline. The aggregation of erythrocytes in the presence of HES was found to follow first-order kinetics. The feasibility of this technique for application in the study of diseased states is indicated. © 1987 Academic Press, Inc.
DNA chain unwinding and annealing reactions of lipocortin (annexin) I heterotetramer: Regulation by Ca2+ and Mg2+

Lipocortin I-S100 (calcyclin) heterotetramer exhibited ATPase activity in the presence of dsDNA but not ssDNA. To demonstrate its helicase activity, an 80-mer polynucleotide complementary to the replication origin of M13mp18 was synthesized, and the oligonucleotide, (dC)(20), was ligated to either its 5'- or 3'- end for binding to lipocortin. Lipocortin I heterotetramer displaced chains of the partially Y-shaped duplexes with a dC-tail at either the 5'- or 3'- end. The chain displacement required ATP and Mg(2+). Nonhydrolyzable ATP analogues were not effective. Lipocortin I heterotetramer also catalyzed annealing of the polynucleotides to M13mp18. Ca(2+) and phospholipids but not ATP and Mg(2+) were essential for this reaction. Since the chain displacing and annealing reactions were inhibited by monospecific anti-lipocortin I or anti-S100 antibodies, the present observations suggest that the lipocortin I heterotetramer regulates unwinding and annealing of DNA by Mg(2+) (plus ATP) and Ca(2+) (and phospholipids), respectively.
Oxytocin reinstates maternal olfactory cues for nipple orientation and attachment in rat pups

Abstract Thoroughly washing the female rat's ventrum with solvents results in a marked deficiency in nipple orientation and attachment by her 8-to-9-day old pups. However, if the thoroughly washed mother is injected with oxytocin, nipple attachment is reinstated even if the nipples are ligated. Thus some substance(s) other than milk excreted in the nipple area acts as an olfactory cue for pups.
Crowdfunding: Religiosity and Pro-social Behavior

This paper unveils the relationship between religiosity and pro-social behavior in the context of crowdfunding —namely, how crowdfunders degree of religious involvement may influence their giving b...
Comprehension and production of comparatives and superlatives.

Ten objects were used to assess comprehension, production, and imitation of comparative and superlative suffixes in 100 children ranging in age from 2; 6 to 4; 6. The results indicated that comprehension of both suffix forms was similar at each of five age levels studied; although incrementally better comprehension scores occurred with succeeding ages. Virtually all subjects were successful in imitating forms missed during the comprehension task. Analysis revealed that the -er suffix was produced more often than the -est suffix, at the youngest age (2; 6): at succeeding age levels this difference was reversed. Big was the primary lexical unit selected by the subjects for positive and negative polar forms connoting size; little was the second most frequently used adjective form.
Pollination Timing Effects on Kernel Set and Silk Receptivity in Four Maize Hybrids

Silk receptivity and kernel set vary with time of pollination and environment. Our objectives were to evaluate differences in kernel set, silk elongation patterns, and duration of silk receptivity for four hybrids. These experiments used pollen-saturating hand pollinations of four field-grown maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids at varying days after first silk (DAFS) appearance in 1992, 1993, and 1994. Kernel set on primary ears was determined for B73 x MO17 (low silk turgor), WF9 x A632 (high silk turgor), Pioneer 3343, and Pioneer 3379 (Pioneer Hi-Bred Int., Inc., Johnston, IA). WF9 x A632 had the fastest initial silk growth rate, resulting in earlier successful pollination of midbase floret positions. However, these floret positions declined in kernel set at later DAFS due to loss in silk receptivity and poor silk health. Thus, it had a lower final kernel number and a faster decline in kernel set when pollinated 10 DAFS in 1992 and 8 DAFS in 1993 and 1994. Hybrid WF9 x A632 had the lowest receptive trichome surface area, trichome density, and trichome number on its exposed silk surface 3 DAFS compared with the other three hybrids. Hybrid silk trichome length varied and was longer near the silk tip. Although silk elongation patterns were different, silk growth rates for all four hybrids gradually declined to near zero by 8 to 10 DAFS in 1992. We conclude that kernel set and yield stability are impacted by variation among hybrids for silk elongation and senescence.
Regulation of Circadian Blood Pressure—From Mice to Astronauts

Purpose of reviewCircadian variation is commonly seen in healthy people; aberration in these biological rhythms is an early sign of disease. Impaired circadian variation of blood pressure (BP) has been shown to be associated with greater target organ damage and with an elevated risk of cardiovascula
Surgical Therapy for Small-Bowel Carcinoid Tumors

Eighty-two symptomatic patients with carcinoid tumors of the small intestine were examined and treated over a 20-year period. Common clinical features included weight loss, diarrhea, and symptoms of intermittent bowel obstruction; 25 patients (30%) exhibited the carcinoid syndrome. Multiple carcinoid tumors occurred in 23 patients (28%), and hepatic metastases were present in 30 (37%). All patients underwent operation. The overall mortality was 7%, and the cumulative five-year survival rate was 59%. Two factors influenced prognosis after operation: hepatic metastases and incomplete resection. Other variables, including the sex and age of the patient and the size of the primary tumor, were of no additional prognostic value. Wide resection of the tumor, including regional lymph nodes, is indicated, regardless of the size of the primary tumor.
On the rate of approach to homoclinic tangency

Abstract It is well-known fact, observed by Poincare, that the crossing of stable and unstable manifolds of a saddle-type periodic point leads to quite complicated dynamics. Newhouse has shown that when the stable and unstable manifolds are tangent there will also be wild behavior. In this note we report on the rate of approach to homoclinic tangency.
Meal size and thermic response to food in male subjects as a function of maximum aerobic capacity

The relationship between size of a mixed, liquid meal and the thermic effect of food (TEF) was studied in two groups of nonobese male subjects differing in maximum aerobic capacity (VO2 max). A design using repeated measures was chosen in which each subject received each meal (water, 500 kcal, 1000 kcal, 1500 kcal) on a different morning. TEF was measured by indirect calorimetry for three hours following each meal and was found to increase systematically, in a nonlinear fashion, as meal size was increased. Subjects with a high VO2 max responded to the two higher calorie meals with a greater TEF than did subjects with a low VO2 max. They also showed a greater increase in TEF for any given increase in meal size. This study establishes a precise relationship between meal size and the thermic effect of food. It also identifies an important variable, VO2 max, in determination of the individual thermic response to food. These findings suggest that individuals with a high VO2 max (such as aerobically trained athletes) show a greater caloric expenditure after eating, particularly after a large meal, than do individuals with a low VO2 max. A high thermic response to food could be beneficial in body weight homeostasis.
Identification of effective indicators of erect plant architecture in dry bean

Applying the concept of ideotypes in a bree00ding strategy presupposes that the breeder already knows what traits to select. This study was conducted to determine the substantive indicators of erect plant architecture in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In the first of two field studies, data on 17 architectural traits were collected at two locations on parental plants and progenies originating from five distinct cycles of a phenotypic recurrent selection program. In the second study, similar data were collected at one location on 480F 3 lines from six crosses. A stepwise multiple regression procedure was used to determine traits that are effective indicators of erect plant architecture
A Multilevel Approach to Planning for Capacity Expansion in Water Resource Systems

Supply and demand models are developed as aids in planning future water resource expenditures. The supply model yields least-cost schedules of projects to meet assumed levels of demand. The demand model, conversely, allocates available water supplies within a regional input-output economy to most efficiently utilize the available resource. As more and more water is made available at various future points in time, the extra amount will be used for less important and productive uses. However, as additional water supply is planned, the costs of supplying the resources become excessively high, since less efficient supply projects must be built. For these reasons, the supply and demand models are placed in a hierarchical framework whereby the supply/demand projections are adjusted so that the additional costs of supply match the additional economic value of the supply. This requires a formal extension of classical benefit-cost analysis, which is referred to as dynamic benefit-cost analysis.
Stresses in a thick plate with axially symmetric loading.

Normal stress distribution on thick elastic plate with axially symmetric circular pressure loading
Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Multiple Sclerosis

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is used by one-half to three-fourths of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Although it is used widely, CAM may not be discussed during a conventional medical visit. In MS, CAM therapies exhibit a broad range of risk-benefit profiles; some of these therapies are low risk and possibly beneficial, whereas others are ineffective, dangerous, or unstudied. Health professionals who provide objective and practical information about the risks and benefits of CAM therapies may improve the quality of care for those with MS.
Investigation of the Thermal Mechanical and Fracture Properties of Alumina / Epoxy Composites.

Abstract A combination of dynamic shear rheology, thermomechanical analysis (TMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS), and fracture toughness testing was utilized to characterize the thermal, mechanical, chemical, and fracture properties of alumina (α-Al 2 O 3 )-filled epoxy resins as a function of average filler size, size distribution, particle shape, loading, and epoxy crosslink density. In general the cured properties of the filled composites were robust. Small changes in particle size, shape, and size distribution had little impact on the final properties. Resin crosslink density and filler loading were the most critical variables, causing changes in all properties. However, most applications could likely tolerate small changes in these variables also. SEM and NEXAFS characterization of the fracture surfaces revealed that the fracture occurs at the filler interface and the interfacial epoxy composition is similar to the bulk resin, indicating a weak epoxy–alumina interaction. These results are critical for implementation of particulate-filled polymer composites in practical applications because relaxed material specifications and handling procedures can be incorporated in production environments to improve efficiency.
Preoperative chemoradiation coupled with aggressive resection as needed ensures near total control in advanced head and neck cancer.

background Preoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiation protocols are generally associated with high clinical response rates, but limited pathologic responses for large primary tumors. We have initiated a prospective phase II study of weekly paclitaxel 60 mg/M2, and carboplatin (AUC of 1) plus concurrent fractionated external beam radiation (45 Gy) followed by organ-preserving (or function restorative) surgery when applicable to maximize local-regional tumor control. patients and methods Operable patients staged by triple endoscopy received a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and vigorous dental and nutritional support during therapy. Weekly paclitaxel 60 mg/M2, carboplatin (AUC of 1), and radiation 45 Gy were given with rebiopsy of the primary site at 5 weeks. Patients with positive biopsy had definitive surgery in 4 to 5 weeks. Patients with negative biopsy-results received 3 additional weeks of radiation, to a total dose of 72 Gy plus carboplatin and paclitaxel. results The 35 patients were 29 men and 6 women, aged 40 to 71 years, with stage III (12) or stage IV (23) cancer. The site of the cancer was oral cavity, 10; base of tongue, 3; oropharynx, 3; hypopharynx, 4; larynx, 12 (glottic, 6; supraglottic, 6), unknown primary, 2; other, nasal cavity, 1. Of 34 evaluable patients, 16 (47%) had a complete clinical response (CR) and 18 (53%) had a partial response (PR); total clinical response rate was 100%. A pathologic CR at the primary site occurred in 23 of 34 patients (68%; 2 had an unknown primary) who went on to completion radiation at 67 to 72 Gy. After induction chemoradiation 21 patients with N1-3 nodes had neck dissection; 6 (31%) had positive nodes. Twelve patients had residual cancer at the primary site at time of rebiopsy: mandible, 4; maxilla, 1; base of tongue, 2; larynx, 4; floor of mouth, 1; and nasal cavity, 1. All were resected with function-preserving reconstruction. At median follow-up of >12 months, progression-free and overall survivals were 71% and 83%, respectively. conclusion Preoperative treatment with paclitaxel, carboplatin, and radiation is associated with high CR at the primary site and a high level of organ preservation or functional restoration if ablation is done.
Water Yield Improvement by Vegetation Management

: Vegetation management aimed at increasing the amount of usable water yield from precipitation falling on upstream watersheds may be one alternative for supplementing water supplies. Indications are that water yields can be increased within a multiple-use framework, which can benefit or at least be compatible with other natural resource objectives. Through changes in vegetation on a watershed, it is possible to reduce evaporation losses only slightly but significantly increase streamflow runoff. In an assessment of potentials for water yield improvement in Arizona, experimental studies on various vegetation zones are reviewed. Because of either limited acreage or limited rainfall, the alpine, grassland, aspen, and desert shrub vegetation zones are not realistic management areas for Arizona. Furthermore, manipulation of pinyon-juniper woodlands does not appear promising at this time. Conversion of chaparral to grasses and forbs does appear to be a possible treatment for water yield improvement, as well as various silvicultural treatments of mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests. Streamflow increases are given for experiments in chaparral, mixed conifer, and ponderosa pine vegetation zones. However, complete information on possible constraints for these zones is not currently available. Specific assessment of water yield management options for riparian vegetation is difficult to make, due to incomplete knowledge of water yield changes and other constraints for this vegetation zone. Prior to the final adoption of management practices, results of experimental work must be coupled with economic and social considerations.
Determination of arsenic in coal and in insecticides by atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Methods are described for the determination of arsenic in coal and in insecticides. After destroying organic matter by wet combustion with perchloric acid plus periodic acid, the arsenic is determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The method is rapid and efficient. Sensitivity is enhanced over the normal aspiration technique by utilizing the sampling boat accessory. No loss occurred by volatilization during sample preparation.