cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
US Army tactical EHF communications overview

Since the mid-1970s, the US Army Communications-Electronics Command (CECOM) has conducted research and development efforts in the area of extremely high frequency (EHF) communications for tactical military applications. These efforts have been driven primarily by the need for reliable short to moderate range low probability of intercept (LPI) and jam resistant communications in a variety of applications ranging from line-of-sight multichannel transmission for down-the-hill radio remoting to short range, omnidirectional, covert push-to-talk voice communications for combat net radio users. Development has been concentrated in two frequency bands available for military communications: 36.0 to 38.6 GHz and 54.25 to 58.20 GHz. A number of EHF communications systems in both bands have been successfully developed and extensively tested in both the laboratory and tactical military environments. The paper describes and discusses the applications and demonstrated advantages of the EHF spectrum, and CECOM's efforts to exploit this band for tactical terrestrial military communications. >
Genome‐wide selection for increased copy number in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1: locus and context‐dependent variation in gene amplification

Renewed interest in gene amplification stems from its importance in evolution and a variety of medical problems ranging from drug resistance to cancer. However, amplified DNA segments (amplicons) are not fully characterized in any organism. Here we report a novel Acinetobacter baylyi system for genome-wide studies. Amplification mutants that consume aromatic compounds were selected under conditions requiring high-level expression from three promoters in a linked set of chromosomal genes. Tools were developed to relocate these catabolic genes to any non-essential chromosomal position, and 49 amplification mutants from five genomic contexts were characterized. Amplicon size (18-271 kb) and copy number (2-105) indicated that 30% of mutants carried more than 1 Mb of amplified DNA. Amplification features depended on genomic position. For example, amplicons from one locus were similarly sized but displayed variable copy number, whereas those from another locus were differently sized but had comparable copy number. Additionally, the importance of sequence context was highlighted in one region where amplicons differed depending on the presence of a promoter mutation in the strain from which they were selected. DNA sequences at amplicon boundaries in 19 mutants reflected illegitimate recombination. Furthermore, steady-state duplication frequencies measured under non-selective conditions (10(-4) to 10(-5) ) confirmed that spontaneous gene duplication is a major source of genetic variation.
Multidimensional causal, stable, perfect reconstruction filter banks

Following our recent work on the design and parametrization of one-dimensional, causal, stable, perfect reconstruction subband coding schemes, we show that very similar results hold in multi-dimensions as well. Such considerations are far more non-trivial, however, due to difficulties characteristic of the algebra of multi-variable polynomials and rational functions. As in 1-D, both frequency as well as state space domain descriptions of complete parametrization and design methods turn out to be feasible in the multidimensional case. While the need for causal, stable schemes in nonseparable subband coding is substantiated, at the same time we raise and discuss the issue of genericity of the PR property in multidimensional problems. Examples are included to partially illustrate the central theme of the work reported. >
RELIGION AFTER THE STATE: SECULAR SOTERIOLOGIES AT THE BIRTH OF SOUTH SUDAN

This article examines South Sudan's experiment in creating a secular state out of the ashes of the professedly Islamic republic from which it seceded in 2011. South Sudanese political actors presented secularism as a means of redeeming the nation from decades of religious excess in which the government conflated political imperative with theological ambition, claiming to save the nation from its woes through the unifying force of Islam. However, secularism as an alternative soteriology—one that contended that it is only through political nonalignment in regards to religion that the public could be saved from the problems that plagued its predecessor—quickly became an object of contention itself, read by many South Sudanese to be anything but neutral. This article interrogates the secular promise of mediating religious diversity through exploring the tensions that have arisen in its fulfillment at the birth of the world's newest republic.
Planning Language Change: A Strategy for Promoting Human and Ecological Security

Implicit in the notion of language planning is the issue of preserving linguistic rights, one dimension to be taken into account in considering the relationship between the role of language in social life and security. This paper, however, intends to introduce another dimension, not typically included in the literature on language planning, i.e. the role of discourse in escalating or de-escalating conflict among social groups. It will define and illustrate the components of a critical linguistic framework which, it is proposed, language professionals can use (1) to assess how discourse contributes to promoting conflict and threatening security in a society and (2) as a guide in devising interventions that would serve to facilitate reconciliation through language change in those areas where it (discourse) is a source of conflict and insecurity.
ONCE MORE: WHO GETS WHAT, WHEN, HOW?

(1976). ONCE MORE: WHO GETS WHAT, WHEN, HOW? The Review of Education: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 134-142.
A Time-Resolved CRYO-EM Study of Ribosome Subunit Association by Mixing-Spraying

The emergence of a high-throughput data processing pipeline and efficient classification algorithms has revived the idea of time-resolved cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), i.e., capturing time-dependent structures in a biological specimen using cryo-EM. The blotting method now routinely used to prepare cryo-EM specimen is sufficient only to study a reaction in the second to minute range. Capturing faster reactions, in the sub-second range, has been a practical challenge, due to the required step of depositing the specimen on the grid. To address this challenge, Lu et al. (2009) have developed a novel method to prepare time-resolved cryo-EM specimens, by using a nano-fabricated mixing-spraying chip. The mixing-spraying chip allows a two-component reaction to proceed inside the chip for tens to hundreds of milliseconds (ms), which is then stopped by fast freezing. Here we used the improved mixing-spraying method to study ribosome subunit association, and particularly to capture the conformational changes of the ribosome in this reaction. Ribosome subunit association is a pivotal step in translation initiation. Previous ensemble kinetic studies suggested that the ribosome subunit association is a multi-step process, with the ribosomal inter-subunit bridges sequentially formed. Using time-resolved cryo-EM, we were able to capture the association reaction in a pre-equilibrium state by mixing the two ribosomal subunits and reacting for 140ms. However, the fraction population of the associated ribosomes in each conformation was stable from 140ms to 75min, indicating that the ribosome undergoes conformational changes faster than the 140ms time frame upon association of the subunits. Thus, we have demonstrated that the mixing-spraying method of time-resolved cryo-EM is able to visualize the states of macromolecules in a reaction within a sub-second time frame.
np elastic spin-transfer measurements at 485 and 635 MeV

We have measured the spin-transfer parameters ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{L}\mathit{L}}$, ${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{SL}}$, ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}}$, and ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{S}\mathit{S}}$ at 635 MeV from 50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 178\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} c.m. and at 485 MeV from 74\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 176\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} c.m. These new data have a significant impact on the phase-shift analyses. There are now sufficient data near these energies to overdetermine the elastic nucleon-nucleon amplitudes.
Recent Neutron Detector Studies at Argonne National Laboratory

A neutron sensitive photomultiplier tube has been built and tested in line with a program to investigate unconventional mechanisms of neutron detection. A fission counter following established principles has been designed with emphasis on minimum demands on skill and labor during construction and assembly, and minimum over-all cost.
Theory of generalized Wannier functions for nearly periodic potentials.

There is a great interest in the properties of electrons in nanostructures with superposed potentials varying slowly in space, or with slowly graded composition, or both. The quantum mechanics of these electrons, moving in nearly periodic potentials, is conveniently described in a basis of localized generalized Wannier functions, similar to the conventional Wannier functions for strictly periodic potentials. This has led us to consider generalized Wannier functions for (i) weakly perturbed and (ii) compositionally graded crystals. We first construct generalized Wannier functions for uniform crystals with an everywhere weak perturbation. The corrections to an unperturbed Wannier function of a given band may be chosen to involve only the unperturbed Wannier functions from other bands. We then consider crystals with slowly varying composition, and construct generalized Wannier functions from the Wannier functions of uniform crystals.
Effect of the vapor phase on the salinity of halite-bearing aqueous fluid inclusions estimated from the halite dissolution temperature

Abstract Salinities of aqueous fluid inclusions are commonly determined by measuring the temperatures of dissolution of solid phases (daughter minerals) during heating. The vapor bubble is, in most cases, considered to have no mass and to have no effect on the bulk salinity, owing to the low density of the vapor. In the present study we test the assumption that the vapor bubble can be ignored when estimating salinity based on the halite dissolution temperature. The errors in bulk salinity that result from neglecting the vapor bubble are generally less than ∼1.5 wt.% NaCl, and errors of this magnitude occur only when there is a large difference between the halite dissolution temperature and the vapor disappearance temperature (e.g., halite dissolution at ∼450 °C and vapor bubble disappearance at 800 °C) or, stated differently, when the vapor bubble occupies a significant volume fraction of the inclusion at the temperature of halite disappearance. In most cases errors are less than 0.5 wt.% NaCl. Salinity estimated based on T m,H can be adjusted to account for the contribution of H 2 O from the vapor phase, using an empirical relationship describing the proportion of liquid in the inclusion at T m,H as a function of the difference between T h,LV and T m,H .
Variation in Vocal Performance in the Songs of a Wood‐Warbler: Evidence for the Function of Distinct Singing Modes

Male North American wood-warblers (family Parulidae) subdivide their song repertoires into two different categories, or modes, of singing (first and second category songs). These two modes are thought to be specialized for interacting with females and males, although the data are inconclusive. I conducted an acoustic analysis of the song types used by yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) for type I (first category) and type II (second category) singing to ask whether there are consistent structural differences between them which could provide insight into how they might function as separate signals. I found that type I songs are performed closer to the upper boundary of a song performance limit, measured in terms of the difficulty of production, compared with type II songs. By contrast, the performance of specific song types did not depend on whether they were used for type I singing vs. type II singing by different males. In addition, type I songs had a greater amplitude increase across the first two syllables compared with type II songs. There was no relationship between the performance of type I or type II songs and male condition. These results suggest that wood-warblers might subdivide their song repertoire into distinct categories to highlight the relative vocal performance of their songs.
Reconceiving Environmental Justice: Global Movements And Political Theories

While calls for ‘environmental justice’ have grown recently, very little attention has been paid to exactly what the ‘justice’ of environmental justice refers to, particularly in the realm of social movement demands. Most understandings of environmental justice refer to the issue of equity, or the distribution of environmental ills and benefits. But defining environmental justice as equity is incomplete, as activists, communities, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) call for much more than just distribution. This essay examines how definitions beyond the distributive in these movements can help us develop conceptions of global environmental justice. The argument is that the justice demanded by global environmental justice is really threefold: equity in the distribution of environmental risk, recognition of the diversity of the participants and experiences in affected communities, and participation in the political processes which create and manage environmental policy. The existence of three differe...
Abyssal eddy in the southwest Atlantic

Abstract A subsurface anticyclonic eddy has been observed in the southwestern Atlantic (46°S, 53°30′W) between 2800 and 4800 m. Within this feature is a nearly homogeneous core, composed of water identical to the bottom water of the Falkland Plateau, about 700 km to the southeast. It is suggested the abyssal eddy is a product of interaction between circulation and local topography, with subsequent isopycnal spreading into the Argentine Basin.
Measuring instrument relevance in the single endogenous regressor–multiple instrument case: a simplifying procedure

Abstract In the common situation of a single endogenous regressor with multiple instruments, the eigenvalues needed for the likelihood ratio test of instrument relevance and the partial R 2 are both demonstrated to be easily obtained from a single auxiliary regression.
Symbiosis between bacteria and oceanic clonal sea star larvae in the western North Atlantic Ocean

Bacteria were present in the majority of clonal sea star bipinnariae (Luidia sp.) collected between June 1987 and August 1990 from oceanic populations in the subtropical western North Atlantic Ocean. Light and electron microscopy revealed dense aggregations of bacteria within lobes of the epidermal cuticle in the gastric region of larvae. Gram-negative rods and less-common elongate spiral bacteria were observed, always in close association with branching epidermal microvilli. Intact and partially digested bacteria occurred in vesicles and phagosomes within epidermal cells, a probable indication of phagocytotic activity by the host. The association of larvae of Luidia sp. and bacteria ranged widely on both geographical and temporal scales. During July and August 1988, larvae were abundant (1.6 to 11.1 m3) in the mixed surface layer (<10 to 100 m) of stations in the Gulf Stream, the Sargasso Sea and the North Equatorial Drift, and ∼96% (mean of 5 stations, n=8 to 10 larvae in each station) of the individuals surveyed harbored bacteria beneath their cuticle. In a single station on the Florida Current sampled during winter, spring, and summer months between 1989 and 1991, 79 to 90% of the larvae harbored bacteria. The incidence of symbiosis was higher in actively cloning larvae than in non-cloning larvae. This is the first documentation of a symbiosis in field populations of echinoderm larvae.
Discovery of novel Agonists and antagonists of the free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) using virtual screening

The G-protein-coupled receptor free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1), previously named GPR40, is a possible novel target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In an attempt to identify new ligands for this receptor, we performed virtual screening (VS) based on two-dimensional (2D) similarity, three-dimensional (3D) pharmacophore searches, and docking studies by using the structure of known agonists and our model of the ligand binding site, which was validated by mutagenesis. VS of a database of 2.6 million compounds followed by extraction of structural neighbors of functionally confirmed hits resulted in identification of 15 compounds active at FFAR1 either as full agonists, partial agonists, or pure antagonists. Site-directed mutagenesis and docking studies revealed different patterns of ligand-receptor interactions and provided important information on the role of specific amino acids in binding and activation of FFAR1.
Histone phosphorylation and DNA synthesis are linked in synchronous cultures of HTC cells

Summary We have examined histone phosphorylation in synchronized cultures of rapidly dividing HTC cells to determine which histone groups are phosphorylated and at what time in the cell cycle phosphorylation occurs relative to DNA synthesis. Whole histone was resolved into the five major groups by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. Phosphorylation of both F1 and F2a2 (not F2b) occurred coincidentally with DNA synthesis, whereas F3, F2b and F2a1 were not phosphorylated to any significant level at any time in the cell cycle.
The Federalist Society's Influence on the Federal Judiciary:

Only twenty-five years after its founding, the Federalist Society today boasts a nationwide membership including renowned attorneys, politicians, policy makers, and jurists. Although the Society maintains that it is not a political organization, liberal political activists claim the Society has long pursued an ambitious—and extremely conservative—political agenda. In this article we ask: do members of the Federalist Society decide cases in a more conservative manner than other nonmember jurists? Using data on decision making in the U.S. Courts of Appeals, we find Federalist Society members are significantly more conservative than nonmembers and examine the long-term implications of our study.
Volume Bragg gratings for spectral beam combining

Basics and last results in spectral beam combining by volume Bragg gratings recorded in photo-thermo-refractive glass based on their high efficiency, narrow spectral selectivity and high tolerance to high power laser radiation are presented.
Comparative Survey of the Phytophagous Insect Faunas of Italian Thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus, in Southern California and Southern Europe Relative to Biological Weed Control

A diverse assemblage of phytophagous insects representing 7 orders, 23 families, and more than 40 species fed or reproduced on Italian thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus L. (Compositae) in southern California. Most of the insects attacking this introduced annual weed were euryphagous, ectophagous, sap- and foliage-feeding species. Half of the identified insect associates were economic species. In southern Europe, Italian thistle hosts a far greater diversity of phytophagous insects; those detected to date represent 8 orders, 31 families, and more than 80 species. All major plant parts are damaged by one or more species of insects, unlike the situation in southern California, where this thistle was relatively free of deleterious insect injury. About a third of the European insect associates of Italian thistle were endophagous as immatures. A third of the associates identified to species were stenophagous, restricted to host-plants belonging to the tribe Cynareae. Only 3 species (ca. 4%) of the insect enemies of Italian thistle in Europe immediately appeared promising for use as biological control agents in southern California: Psylliodes chalcomera Illiger (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Ceutorhynchus trimaculatus F. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and Rhinocyllus conicus Froelich (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The last-named, seed-destroying species was initially colonized on Italian thistle in southern California in 1973.
Dynamic Aeroelastic Response of Aircraft Wings Modeled as Anisotropic Thin-Walled Beams

The dynamic aeroelastic response of aircraft wings modeled as anisotropic composite thin-walled beams in an incompressible flow and exposed to gust and blast loads is examined. The structural model incorporates a number of nonclassical effects, such as transverse shear, material anisotropy, warping inhibition, and rotatory inertia. The circumferentially asymmetric stiffness layup is used to generate preferred elastic couplings, and in this context, the implication of elastic coupling, warping inhibition on the response is investigated. The unsteady incompressible aerodynamics for arbitrary small motion in the time domain is based on the concept of indicial functions. The implication of directionality property of composite material is revealed, the influence of the gust/blast profiles on the response is discussed, and a number of conclusions are outlined.
Are We Coming of Age? A Critique of Collins's Proposed Model of Biracial–Bisexual Identity Development

In 2000, Collins published an article from her study of 15 Japanese American adults, which included a proposed model of biracial–bisexual identity development. At the time of her publication, she shared that future research should apply this model to individuals who are biracial and bisexual. In 2008, the author conducted a study of 6 female college students who identify as multiracial/biracial–bisexual/pansexual to gain a better understanding of how students with multiple-marginal identities developed their identity. The author used the model that Collins proposed as a platform. In the present article, the author evaluates Collins's proposed model in light of her findings and provides a four-phase alternative for framing the identity development experience of multiracial/biracial–bisexual/pansexual individuals. Finally, the author discusses the implications of the study and offers recommendations for future research.
Myocardial function in septic shock

EPTIC SHOCK is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU) today. The incidence of sepsis caused by gram-negative rods has been estimated to be between 72,000 and 300,000 cases per year, and the incidence of septic shock between 30,000 and 120,000 cases per year in the United States.“’ The incidence of all septic shock, including gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, fungi, and viruses, is substantially higher than this number, although data on the exact incidence of these organisms are lacking. Sepsis appears to be increasing in incidence due to increasingly aggressive chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapy, increasing survival of patients predisposed to infections, and increasing use of invasive medical devices.3 Despite improvements in antibiotic therapy and Intensive Care Unit management of critically ill patients, the mortality rate from septic shock has not changed much over the past 15 years, remaining between 40% and 90% (most recent large series estimate 50G).4-16
Selected cardiovascular effects of adenosine diphosphate

Abstract Six intact dogs were studied before, during, and after an 8 minute infusion of ADP, 0.4 mg./min./Kg. There was a significant decrease in aortic pressure, systemic vascular resistance and platelets, and an increase in cardiac output, central blood volume, stroke volume, heart rate, and pulmonary artery pressure. Pulmonary vascular resistance did not change. Platelets remained depressed, but other parameters returned to normal 5 minutes after completion of the infusion. The increase in pulmonary artery pressure appears related to increased flow. The decrease in platelets does not seem relevant to the increase in pulmonary artery pressure. Six dogs were studied with right-heart bypass and constant pulmonary blood flow during 4 minutes of ADP, 0.3 mg./min./Kg. Aortic pressure decreased significantly but pulmonary artery and left atrium pressure did not change. There was systemic arteriolar vasodilation and pulmonary artery pressure did not change when flow was unchanged. The majority of left ventricular function curves showed some improvement during ADP infusion.
Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome in older patients.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report two patients in their seventh decade who exhibited findings consistent with multiple evanescent white dot syndrome. METHODS: Case reports of two patients referred for evaluation of decreased vision, visual field loss, and retinal white spots. RESULTS: A 60-year-old man and a 67-year-old woman had photopsia, visual field loss, and decreased central visual acuity. Examination disclosed numerous white retinal spots, ranging from 50 to 400 μm, with eventual foveal granularity. Visual field testing showed an enlarged blind spot and peripheral field defects. Fluorescein angiography, electroretinography, and electrooculography results were consistent with multiple evanescent white dot syndrome. Eventually, the retinal lesions resolved in both patients and baseline visual acuity was recovered. CONCLUSION: A diagnosis of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome should be considered in patients with retinal findings typical of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome, regardless of age.
Resistance and Oppression as a Self-Contained Opposite: An Organizational Communication Analysis of One Man's Story of Sexual Harassment.

This analysis of discourse displays the interplay between resistance and domination using one man's description of sexual harassment and his attempts at redress. The interpretation of this tense situation illustrates the complexity of discursive practices which result in unexpected outcomes. These outcomes, at times, appear to be in direct opposition to the intention of the discursive practice. They are described as self‐contained opposites. The analysis begins by addressing an article detailing one man's story of sexual harassment which was published in a local newspaper. The analysis is then extended through interviews with the harassed man. The interpretive analysis reveals how the articulation of resistance becomes oppressive and the articulation of oppression offers resistance. The self‐contained opposite of resistance/oppression reflects a hegemonic moment. The impact of the micro‐level discursive practices are discussed in terms of their relation to the macro‐level gender structuring of organizations.
Adaptation of the meconium drug test for mass screening

For purposes of mass drug screening, the procedure for analysis of meconium for drugs was modified into a one-step extraction and analysis by enzyme immunoassay. The accuracy of this modified method was tested by comparing the results of simultaneous analysis of 61 meconium samples for cocaine opiate and cannabinoid metabolites by both the original and the modified methods. In 61 samples analyzed, opiate was detected in 8 (13%) samples by the original method and in 9 (15%) by the modified method; cocaine was detected in 39 (64%) samples by the original method and in 39 (64%) by the modified method. The concordance between the negative and positive results of the modified versus the original methods was 98% and 100%, respectively, for opiate and 95% and 98%, respectively, for cocaine. Only one sample was positive for cannabinoid. Thus a comparison of positive results for cannabinoid was not done; however, all the negative results obtained by the modified method were confirmed by the original method. The clinical experience of mass meconium drug testing using the modified method in 1991 is also reported. In four centers tested (total tests = 4409), the prevalence of presence of drug was consistent with the high- or low-risk status of the population. This simplified, rapid procedure can be performed in most clinical laboratories. This adaptation has made the meconium drug test feasible for large-scale clinical and research use.
A film technique for assessing children's self-estimation of body size under static and dynamic conditions.

A film technique was developed to obtain children's self-estimates of selected aspects of their own body dimensions under static and dynamic conditions. Subjects were 40 children, ranging in age from 6.10 to 10.10 yr. They estimated their own heights and shoulder widths while viewing projected images of themselves in two conditions, static and dynamic. The condition films displayed the projected image of the subject from 6 in. below to 6 in. above his or her actual height. The subject responded by stopping a remote-controlled projector when the projected image was perceived by the subject to be his or her own body dimension. A nested factorial design was utilized to determine significant main effects of age, sex, condition, and mode (direction of trials). A paired difference test indicated whether the subjects' estimates were in fact significantly different from the actual body dimensions. Analysis showed no significant differences in main effects of age or sex. Self-estimates of selected body dimensions ...
Diesel and Alkane Fuels From Biomass by Organocatalysis and Metal–Acid Tandem Catalysis

Combo deal: Biomass furaldehydes are upgraded into oxygenated diesel and high-quality C10-12 linear alkane fuels. The first of two steps involves solvent-free self-condensation (Umpolung) through organocatalysis using an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), yielding C10 -C12 furoin intermediates. In the metal-acid tandem catalysis step, in water, the furoin intermediates are converted into oxygenated biodiesel by hydrogenation, etherification or esterification; or into premium alkane jet fuels by hydrodeoxygenation.
Measuring global impact forces on the CCGS Terry Fox with an inertial measurement system called MOTAN

This paper describes the forces that were measured on the CCGS Terry Fox during just over 50 collisions with glacial ice. Global impact forces on the ship were estimated by an inertial measurement system called MOTAN, using two different approaches. The global force can be calculated at the point of impact (POI) from the POI Approach or, if the impact location is not known, at the ship's origin (SO) using the SO Approach. Forces from MOTAN are corroborated with local forces from two instrumented areas of the hull, when possible. Resultant global impact forces ranged from 0.5 to 6.7 MN using the POI Approach and from 0.9 to 10.6 MN using the SO Approach. The stem-on symmetrical impacts produced higher global forces than the glancing-type impacts. The glancing-type impacts usually generated a series of impacts, as the ice moved aft along the ship's hull. MOTAN captured the first impact, which usually produced the highest force, and subsequent impacts if they occurred at least 2 s after the previous impact. Measurements from the bergy bit collisions are compared to the forces that were measured during previous ship ramming trials in multi-year ice, since no other data on ship impact forces in glacial ice are available. Forces measured on the strain gauged area of the hull during the Bergy Bit Trials and global forces from past field programs in multi-year ice confirm that MOTAN is a viable approach for measuring global impact forces.
Progression of glomerular diseases.

. The nature and slope of progression of glomerular diseases is the subject of considerable discussion. The use of renal biopsies has been accompanied by considerable improvement in the classification of glomerular disease. However, the clinical and histological tools available to assess prognosis in individual patients lack accuracy, especially in slowly progressive glomerular diseases such as diabetes mellitus. The development of molecular biology tools provides a new approach to the analysis of glomerulosclerosis. The accumulation of extracellular matrix in the glomerulus results from an exaggerated synthesis of collagens and other molecules forming the basement membranes, and is accompanied by an increase in the corresponding mRNAs. The measure of local glomerular gene activation can therefore provide a dynamic view of glomerular scarring. Utilizing a method combining microdissection of the glomeruli, reverse transcription in situ and a competitive polymerase-chain-reaction assay we were able to measure minute amounts of mRNAs in single mouse and human glomeruli. Both in mouse models and in human glomerulosclerosis we found upregulation of basement membrane collagen genes in the glomeruli. The increase appeared to be parallel to the slope of progression of glomerulosclerosis in experimental animals. This new approach may therefore provide a quantitative and sensitive method to define the propensity to sclerosis in human disease.
Reduction of chemotherapy side effects and targeted inhibition of lymph node metastasis with a calcium phosphate nanoparticle delivery vehicle.

CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2008 Abstracts Abstract #2135 Background : The toxic side effects associated with chemotherapy drugs are harmful to patients and reduce the maximum tolerable dose that can be given. Nanoparticulate dyes are used to identify draining lymph nodes in cancer patients and are carried to the lymph node via lymphatic transport. Our hypothesis for this study was that conjugation of cisplatin to nanoparticles of calcium phosphate (CDDP/CaP) would (a) increase lymph node accumulation of cisplatin via lymphatic transport after intralesional injection and (b) inhibit mouse mammary cancer lymph node metastasis without the side effects associated with systemic drug administration. Material and Methods : Primary tumors were created in the right rear footpad of BALB/c mice through injection of 66cl4 mouse mammary carcinoma cells and allowed to grow for 7 days before treatment. Study groups consisted of intralesional injection of CDDP/CaP nanoconjugates, control intraperitoneal systemic injections of free drug, or sham injections. The nanoconjugates were synthesized via precipitation of the calcium phosphate nanoparticles followed by an absorption step of charged aquated cisplatin. Draining nodes were collected two weeks after treatment and metastasis burden quantitated using a clonogenic assay (66cl4 is 6-thioguanine resistant). Mice were weighed daily to assess weight loss which serves as a broad indicator of drug toxicity. The experiment was repeated three times. Lymph nodes and plasma were collected for pharmacokinetic studies at multiple time points from separate groups of tumor free animals after nanoconjugate injections or control intraperitoneal injections of free drug. Drug concentrations were determined by Pt analysis. Results : The use of calcium phosphate nanoparticles led to elevated, sustained CDDP levels in draining lymph nodes for at least seven days after nanoconjugate injections compared to thirty minutes for the maximum systemic CDDP dosing. The mean metastatic burden of the mice was reduced more than 50% by the nanoconjugate and the free drug treatments, however, the mice given nanoconjugates did not lose weight, and even gained weight, while the mice given free drug all lost weight. Discussion : In this murine study, CDDP/CaP nanoconjugates were shown to reduce lymph node metastases as well as free drug yet without the toxic side effects of systemic free drug administration. In addition to cisplatin, other chemotherapy drugs such as taxol can be bound to the calcium phosphate nanoparticles without loss of drug activity. Due to the reduction of systemic toxicity and the localized activity of the chemotherapy through nanoparticle conjugation, this approach may have potentially broad use in neoadjuvant or combination therapy approaches. Financial support provided by a Basic, Clinical and Translational Breast Cancer Research Grant from Susan G. Komen for the Cure. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 2135.
Crayfish Swimming: Alternating Motor Output and Giant Fiber Activity

Many workers have suggested that the crayfish giant fibers trigger swimming movements or tail flips during escape responses. Recordings from intact animals show that this is often not the case; both swimming and single tail flips can occur in the absence of giant fiber activity. Swimming movements and tail flips are coordinated by neural mechanisms not involving the giant fibers. When giant fibers are active, they may trigger the first flexion in a swimming sequence, initiate a single tail flip, or synchronize the muscular activity in the several segments of the abdomen, but they are not a necessary part of the neural oscillator which drives swimming.
Correspondence between Lagrangian and Eulerian Velocity Statistics at the ASUKA Line

The 20–30% differences between drifter- and altimetry-derived mean velocities reported at the ASUKA line (Affiliated Surveys of the Kuroshio off Cape Ashizuri) are explained in terms of the non-Eulerian character of statistics of drifter trajectories' crossovers with the TOPEX/Poseidon track. Larger mean drifter velocities are shown to result from the fact that more water crosses the line when velocity is large, so that the “line” average velocity corresponds to the Eulerian quantity / , where Vn is a velocity component perpendicular to the line. Practical methods are suggested to correct the bias. General properties of the “line” statistic and improvement of dynamical balance by correct accounting for the acceleration term are discussed.
Overview essay: Views from the past and the future

Abstract “Vocations” are distinguished by specialized clusters of skills and to examine vocational education and training in a development context is to examine formation of progressively more refined mixes of skills. Of critical importance are diverse agencies and institutions in the formation of competencies that are not readily acquired in schools even where complementary with school learning. Predominantly this means attachment in learning to a producing individual or enterprise. “Attachment learning” ranges from the most familistic through various forms of apprenticeships to “firm-specific” and related human capital formation in large modern organizations. Common to all variants are arrangements (formal or informal) for the sharing of costs and returns to human investments. A major problem for LDCs lies in the limitations of social capital and skill base for the provision of such learning opportunities. This issue calls for intensive consideration in labor market and industrial policies.
Review of species and species groups of the genus Cypridinodes (Crustacea: Ostracoda: Myodocopa: Cypridinidae: Cypridininae)

Abstract The ostracode genus Cypridinodes Brady, 1902 is reviewed, including reported ontogenetic changes, intraspecific variation and a generic diagnosis. Taxonomic notes on 20 described species are provided along with a discussion of systematic problems, particularly the inadequate description of some species, including the type of the genus. To facilitate identification of the 18 species, they are divided into four clusters.
Direct T2 quantification of myocardial edema in acute ischemic injury.

Objectives To evaluate the utility of rapid, quantitative T2 mapping compared with conventional T2-weighted imaging in patients presenting with various forms of acute myocardial infarction. Background T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) identifies myocardial edema before the onset of irreversible ischemic injury and has shown value in risk-stratifying patients with chest pain. Clinical acceptance of T2-weighted CMR has, however, been limited by well-known technical problems associated with existing techniques. T2 quantification has recently been shown to overcome these problems; we hypothesized that T2 measurement in infarcted myocardium versus remote regions versus zones of microvascular obstruction in acute myocardial infarction patients could help reduce uncertainty in interpretation of T2-weighted images. Methods T2 values using a novel mapping technique were prospectively recorded in 16 myocardial segments in 27 patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction. Regional T2 values were averaged in the infarct zone and remote myocardium, both defined by a reviewer blinded to the results of T2 mapping. Myocardial T2 was also measured in a group of 21 healthy volunteers. Results T2 of the infarct zone was 69 ± 6 ms compared with 56 ± 3.4 ms for remote myocardium (p Conclusions Quantitative T2 mapping reliably identifies myocardial edema without the limitations encountered by T2-weighted short tau inversion recovery imaging, and may therefore be clinically more robust in showing acute ischemic injury.
Electrical transients generated by the peel of a pressure sensitive adhesive tape from a copper substrate

Contact electrification during the formation of adhesive bonds can lead to transient electrical signals and even electrical discharges when these bonds are subsequently broken. We present detailed measurements of the electrical current generated by peeling a pressure sensitive adhesive from an electropolished Cu substrate in air and in vacuum. The magnitude of this current depends strongly upon the peel speed. At constant peel speed, transient fluctuations in the rate of interfacial failure along the peel front produce corresponding current fluctuations. Electrical breakdown events during peel produce sharp spikes in the current signal as well as long wavelength electromagnetic radiation and visible/UV emissions with characteristic spectral features. We use these signals to characterize the breakdown events in various atmospheres. Current measurements are a potentially new time-resolved probe of micromechanical and electrical processes accompanying peeling.
Acute N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide nephrotoxicity in female Fischer 344 rats☆

Abstract The agricultural fungicide N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) is an established nephrotoxicant in male Fischer 344 rats at i.p. doses of ≥ 0.4 mmol/kg. Since gender differences often exist in the susceptibility to toxicants, the nephrotoxic potential of NDPS was examined in female Fischer 344 rats. Rats (4–5/group) were administered NDPS (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, or 1.0 mmol/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (sesame oil, 2.5 ml/kg) and renal function monitored for 48 h. At a dose of 0.1 mmol/kg, NDPS had no effect on renal function. However, administration of NDPS at a dose of 0.2 or 0.4 mmol/kg resulted in marked nephrotoxicity characterized by diuresis, increased proteinuria, glucosuria, hematuria, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration and kidney weight, decreased organic ion accumulation and proximal tubular necrosis. NDPS treatment of 1.0 mmol/kg resulted in oliguric renal failure rather than polyuric renal failure in 3 of 4 rats. Proximal tubular damage was observed primarily in the S3 segment of the proximal tubule in NDPS-treated female rats, while in male rats the S1 and S2 segments are the initial renal targets. These results demonstrate that female Fischer 344 rats are more susceptible to NDPS nephrotoxicity than male Fischer 344 rats and that the site of the renal lesion is gender dependent.
High and low temperature polymorphs of cadmium metavanadate CdV2O6

Etude par diffraction RX et analyse thermique differentielle en vue de clarifier la relation entre les deux polymorphes de CdV 2 O 6
Synthesis, characterization, and surface immobilization of metal nanoparticles encapsulated within bifunctionalized dendrimers

Bifunctionalized poly(amidoamine) dendrimers having both quaternary ammonium groups and primary amines on their periphery were prepared. Pd and Pt nanoparticles were encapsulated within these dendrimers by extraction of the metal ions into their interior, followed by chemical reduction. The high positive charge on the surface of these dendrimers reduces the likelihood of agglomeration, and the unquaternized amine groups provide a reactive handle for immobilizing the dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs) onto surfaces. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images reveal that both encapsulated Pd and Pt nanoparticles are nearly monodisperse with an average diameter of 1.7 ± 0.3 nm. Pd and Pt DENs were immobilized onto Au surfaces using an intermediary self-assembled monolayer as an adhesion layer. Only a small fraction of the resulting nanoparticle monolayer is lost when sonicated in an acidic aqueous solution or subjected to electrochemical cycling.
An annotated List of the Animal Parasites of Foxes.

Few people have any conception of the rapid growth and the importance of the new industry of raising black and silver foxes for their fur. According to Dearborn, 1917, the first profitable fox ranch was established in the Canadian Province of Prince Edward Island in 1894. This ranch, the forerunner of a remarkable industry, was stocked with two pairs of silver foxes, a rare and beautiful colour phase of the common red fox found in nearly all of the United States and Canada.
Springs and zippers: coiled coils in SNARE-mediated membrane fusion

A conserved molecular machinery based on SNARE proteins catalyzes most, if not all, cellular membrane fusion events. A flurry of recent biophysical studies have established a detailed molecular picture of the core SNARE complex. Structural and biochemical analysis of the SNARE machinery is rapidly advancing our understanding of the specificity, regulation and protein catalysis of membrane fusion.
Advanced illness index: Predictive modeling to stratify elders using self-report data.

Objectives: Develop a prediction model to identify persons who have an increased risk of dying within the next 36 months, in order to focus additional resources and assessment in areas related to advanced care planning. Design: Retrospective study with a 3-year observation period. Setting: Integrated, not-for-profit managed care organization. Participants: Beneficiaries aged 65–105 responding to an annual survey (n = 4888). Measurements: Survey instrument includes physical function, geriatric syndromes, health care utilization, special equipment use, self-care deficits, caregiving responsibilities, and general health problems. Results: An 11-variable model changed the baseline χ 2 from 315.71 (df = 1) to 742.511 (df = 11). The percent of subjects correctly classified was 74.3% and the negative predictive value was 92.2%. Conclusion: Advanced Illness Index (AII) model is stable. Characteristic variables used are not easily reversed: the 1997 cohort classified as at-risk consistently remained at risk or die...
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Niobium and Tantalum Atoms with Oxygen Molecules: Infrared Spectra of Niobium and Tantalum Oxide Molecules, Anions, and Cations

Laser-ablated niobium and tantalum atoms react with O2 to give MO, MO2, MO2-, and MO2+ products, which are identified from oxygen isotopic substitution on their matrix infrared spectra and from DFT calculations of isotopic frequencies. Annealing allows diffusion and further reaction to form (O2)MO2 complexes, which are characterized by four fundamentals. On the basis of the ν3 vibrational frequencies for the M16O2 and M18O2 isotopic molecules, the metal dioxide valence angles are estimated to be 108 ± 5° for NbO2 and 106 ± 5° for TaO2; the molecular cations have the smaller valence angles 103 ± 5° and 105 ± 5° for NbO2+ and TaO2+, respectively, and the molecular anions are more open with 120 ± 10° valence angles. Evidence is also presented for stable MO3- anion species.