cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical and immunological characterization of proteoglycans of embryonic chick calvaria.

Abstract Proteoglycans of embryonic chick calvarium, a noncartilagenous tissue, were characterized chemically and immunologically. Of the 35SO2−4-labeled glycosaminoglycans isolated from 13-day and 17-day-old chick embryos, chondroitin sulfate was the major component (67–88%). Heparan sulfate (5–18%) and keratan sulfate (1–2.6%) were found in smaller amounts. Proteoglycans were labeled with 35SO2−4 and isolated by 4.0 M guanidine HCl extraction from calvaria of 13-day-old embryos. The major proteoglycans showed a considerable polydispersity on Sepharose 4B and 6B, and were found to be much smaller (70,000 ± 7,000 daltons) than cartilage proteoglycan subunits and contained only one or two chondroitin sulfate chains with a molecular weight of 41,000 ± 4,000. The results of double immunodiffusion studies and radioimmune inhibition assays using antisera against chick and rat cartilage proteoglycan subunits indicate that chick calvarium contains proteoglycan(s) with at least one species-specific antigenic determinant which cross-reacts with antiserum against chick cartilage proteoglycan subunits. The calvarial proteoglycans showed a significant reactivity toward one of the monoclonal antibodies against chick cartilage proteoglycan subunits, but only a very weak reactivity toward the others as judged by radioimmune inhibition assays.
Visual search characteristics in mammogram reading: SFM vs. FFDM

Previous studies comparing radiologists' behavior when reading mammograms that were 'digitized' from screen-film mammography (SFM) films and 'digital' mammograms obtained through the use of Full-Field Digital Mammography (FFDM) systems either showed a significant advantage to FFDM (mostly when a double-reading strategy was used) or no difference in performance between the two modalities (primarily when a single-reader strategy was used). The visual search characteristics used by radiologists in the reading of 'digitized' mammograms have been previously studied, but few perceptual studies have been carried out to characterize radiologists' behavior when reading 'digital' mammograms. In this paper we will compare the perceptual features related to the radiologists' reading of 'digital' mammograms with those related to the reading of 'digitized' mammograms. In addition, we will use spatial frequency analysis to characterize such a behavior and compare it to the one employed in the reading of 'digitized' mammograms.
The Lewis S. Feuer Papers at Brandeis University

The Lewis S. Feuer papers at Brandeis University include correspondence, manuscripts, Feuer’s collection of radical literature, and other personal and professional materials. The process by which these materials came to Brandeis and were organized into an archival collection reveals connections and lacunae inherent in the material record and illuminates the principles involved in “archiving a life.”
Heat capacity of high-purity lanthanum

A study of the specific heat of high-purity single-phase dhcp La shows that this material is an intrinsic type-II superconductor with a $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ of about 2.4. The temperature dependence of the free energy is characteristic of an intermediate coupling superconductor with $\frac{2\ensuremath{\Delta}}{{k}_{B}{T}_{c}}\ensuremath{\approx}3.7$.
CasJobs and MyDB: A Batch Query Workbench

Catalog archive server jobs (CasJobs) is an asynchronous query workbench service that lets users run unrestricted SQL queries against scientific catalog archives. After running queries in batch mode, users can save their results to a personal database called MyDB before downloading them, letting users manage their query workloads, results, and histories without causing network overloads.
Notes on the norm map between the Hecke algebras of the Gelfand–Graev representations of GL(2,q2) and U(2,q)

Abstract Let G ˜ be a connected reductive algebraic group defined over the field F q and let F and F ∗ be two Frobenius maps such that F m = ( F ∗ ) m for some integer m. Let G ˜ F , G ˜ F ∗ , and G ˜ F m = G ˜ ( F ∗ ) m be the finite groups of fixed points. In this article we consider the case where G ˜ = GL ( 2 , F ¯ q ) , F is the usual Frobenius map so that G ˜ F = GL ( 2 , q ) and F ∗ is the twisted Frobenius map such that G ˜ F ∗ = U ( n , q ) . In this case, F 2 = ( F ∗ ) 2 and G ˜ F 2 = G ˜ ( F ∗ ) 2 = GL ( 2 , q 2 ) . This article provides connections between the complex representation theory of these groups using the norm maps (see [C. Curtis, T. Shoji, A norm map for endomorphism algebras of Gelfand–Graev representations, in: Progr. Math., vol. 141, 1997, pp. 185–194]) from the Gelfand–Graev Hecke algebra of GL ( 2 , q 2 ) to the Gelfand–Graev Hecke algebras of both GL ( 2 , q ) and U ( 2 , q ) .
Validity of Finite Element Formulation and Solution of Three Dimensional Magnetostatic Problems in Electrical Devices with Applications of Transformers and Reactors

This paper shows that the three dimensional magnetostatic field formulation based on the magnetic vector potential curl curl equationi yields unique field solutions in the practical inhomogeneous, anisotropic case with a positive definite reluctivity tensor (laminated cores, etc.). It is also shown that this can be accomplished without the imposition of other constraints on the divergence of the vector potential, and still one obtains unique magnetic vector potential solutions. It will also be shown that in the finite element formulation, the stationary point of the energy functional is the minimum energy point.
Differences in outcomes following total ankle replacement in patients with neutral alignment compared with tibiotalar joint malalignment.

Background: Excessive tibiotalar malalignment in the coronal plane has been considered by some to be a contraindication to total ankle replacement. The purpose of the present study was to compare clinical outcomes and physical performance measures according to preoperative tibiotalar alignment. Methods: One hundred and three patients undergoing total ankle replacement were grouped according to coronal plane tibiotalar alignment. Seventeen patients had an excessive deformity (>15° of varus or valgus), twenty-one had moderate valgus alignment (5° to 15° of valgus), twenty-seven had moderate varus alignment (5° to 15° of varus), and thirty-eight had neutral alignment (<5° of varus or valgus). Outcome measures, including the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot score, the Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI), the Short Form-36 (SF-36), the timed up and go test (TUG), the four square step test (4SST), and walking speed, were assessed preoperatively and at one and two years after total ankle replacement. Results: Coronal plane alignment improved following the procedure, with 36.9% of patients having neutral alignment preoperatively as compared with 95% postoperatively. To achieve this alignment, adjunctive procedures, including deltoid ligament release, lateral ligament reconstruction, and posterior soft-tissue releases, were necessary. Significant improvements were seen for the Page: 3 AOFAS pain, function, alignment, and hindfoot scores (p < 0.001) and the SF-36 subscales of body pain, physical function, and role physical (p < 0.001) following total ankle replacement. Walking speed and the FADI, TUG, and 4SST scores also improved significantly (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis demonstrated no significant differences in clinical outcomes and physical performance measures based on preoperative coronal plane alignment. Conclusions: Total ankle replacement improves clinical and functional outcomes independent of preoperative tibiotalar alignment when postoperative alignment is restored to neutral at the time of arthroplasty. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Bayesian Models for Early Warning of Bank Failures

The focus of this research is to demonstrate how probabilistic models may be used to provide early warnings for bank failures. While prior research in the auditing literature has recognized the applicability of a Bayesian belief revision framework for many audit tasks, empirical evidence has suggested that auditors' cognitive decision processes often violate probability axioms. We believe that some of the well-documented cognitive limitations of a human auditor can be compensated by an automated system. In particular, we demonstrate that a formal belief revision scheme can be incorporated into an automated system to provide reliable probability estimates for early warning of bank failures. The automated system examines financial ratios as predictors of a bank's performance and assesses the posterior probability of a banks financial health (alternatively, financial distress). We examine two different probabilistic models, one that is simpler and makes more assumptions, while the other that is somewhat more complex but makes fewer assumptions. We find that both models are able to make accurate predictions with the help of historical data to estimate the required probabilities. In particular, the more complex model is found to be very well calibrated in its probability estimates. We posit that such a model can serve as a useful decision aid to an auditor's judgment process.
Threshold Crack Speed Controls Dynamical Fracture of Silicon Single Crystals

Fracture experiments of single silicon crystals reveal that after the critical fracture load is reached, the crack speed jumps from zero to [approximate]2 km/sec, indicating that crack motion at lower speeds is forbidden. This contradicts classical continuum fracture theories predicting a continuously increasing crack speed with increasing load. Here we show that this threshold crack speed may be due to a localized phase transformation of the silicon lattice from 6-membered rings to a 5–7 double ring at the crack tip.
IN-HOSPITAL MORTALITY OF GENERALIZED CONVULSIVE STATUS EPILEPTICUS: A LARGE US SAMPLE

We read the article by Koubeissi and Alshekhlee with interest.1 The overall case-fatality of 3.43% appears low compared to previous studies focusing on the same condition because postanoxic patients (who have a poor outcome) were included. Estimation of disease-specific mortality has a major impact on treatment strategy and health policy. Considering hospital-based cohorts, which should come closer to the population studied by Koubeissi and Alshekhlee, a Turkish series found a mortality of 21%,2 and a US study 13% (restricting analysis on generalized convulsive status epilepticus [GCSE]).3 In a prospective, in-hospital series currently being undertaken in Lausanne, mortality of GCSE is 30%. Although the absolute numbers are much lower than Koubeissi and Alshekhlee’s cohort and the CIs wide, this difference appears important since these studies excluded postanoxic patients. A possible modifying factor in the study of Koubeissi and Alshekhlee may be represented by the exclusion of “subtle status,” which often follows GCSE4 and has a significant mortality. Furthermore, in a California population-based study including anoxic subjects, the overall case-fatality was 10.7%, declining to 3.5% if analysis was restricted to patients with GCSE as the principal discharge diagnosis.5 This suggests that …
Diet Drink Consumption and the Risk of Cardiovascular Events: A Report from the Women’s Health Initiative

BACKGROUND Data are limited regarding the influence of diet drink consumption on cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes.
In singulo Biochemistry: When Less Is More

It has been over one-and-a-half decades since methods of single-molecule detection and manipulation were first introduced in biochemical research. Since then, the application of these methods to an expanding variety of problems has grown at a vertiginous pace. While initially many of these experiments led more to confirmatory results than to new discoveries, today single-molecule methods are often the methods of choice to establish new mechanism-based results in biochemical research. Throughout this process, improvements in the sensitivity, versatility, and both spatial and temporal resolution of these techniques has occurred hand in hand with their applications. We discuss here some of the advantages of single-molecule methods over their bulk counterparts and argue that these advantages should help establish them as essential tools in the technical arsenal of the modern biochemist.
Newly learned word forms are abstract and integrated immediately after acquisition

A hotly debated question in word learning concerns the conditions under which newly learned words compete or interfere with familiar words during spoken word recognition. This has recently been described as a key marker of the integration of a new word into the lexicon and was thought to require consolidation Dumay & Gaskell, (Psychological Science, 18, 35–39, 2007; Gaskell & Dumay, Cognition, 89, 105–132, 2003). Recently, however, Kapnoula, Packard, Gupta, and McMurray, (Cognition, 134, 85–99, 2015) showed that interference can be observed immediately after a word is first learned, implying very rapid integration of new words into the lexicon. It is an open question whether these kinds of effects derive from episodic traces of novel words or from more abstract and lexicalized representations. Here we addressed this question by testing inhibition for newly learned words using training and test stimuli presented in different talker voices. During training, participants were exposed to a set of nonwords spoken by a female speaker. Immediately after training, we assessed the ability of the novel word forms to inhibit familiar words, using a variant of the visual world paradigm. Crucially, the test items were produced by a male speaker. An analysis of fixations showed that even with a change in voice, newly learned words interfered with the recognition of similar known words. These findings show that lexical competition effects from newly learned words spread across different talker voices, which suggests that newly learned words can be sufficiently lexicalized, and abstract with respect to talker voice, without consolidation.
Differential screening identifies transcripts with depot-dependent expression in white adipose tissues.

The co-morbidities of obesity are tied to location of excess fat in the intra-abdominal as compared to subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) depot. Genes distinctly expressed in WAT depots may impart depot-dependent physiological functions. To identify such genes, we prepared subtractive cDNA libraries from murine subcutaneous (SC) or intra-abdominal epididymal (EP) white adipocytes. Differential screening and qPCR validation identified 7 transcripts with 2.5-fold or greater enrichment in EP vs. SC adipocytes. Boc, a component of the hedgehog signaling pathway demonstrated highest enrichment (~12-fold) in EP adipocytes. We also identified a dramatic enrichment in SC adipocytes vs. EP adipocytes and in SC WAT vs. EP WAT for transcript(s) for the major urinary proteins (Mups), small secreted proteins with pheromone functions that are members of the lipocalin family. Expression of Boc and Mup transcript was further assessed in murine tissues, adipogenesis models, and obesity. qPCR analysis reveals that EP WAT is a major site of expression of Boc transcript. Furthermore, Boc transcript expression decreased in obese EP WAT with a concomitant upregulation of Boc transcript in the obese SC WAT depot. Assessment of the Boc binding partner Cdon in adipose tissue and cell fractions thereof, revealed transcript expression similar to Boc; suggestive of a role for the Boc-Cdon axis in WAT depot function. Mup transcripts were predominantly expressed in liver and in the SC and RP WAT depots and increased several thousand-fold during differentiation of primary murine preadipocytes to adipocytes. Mup transcripts were also markedly reduced in SC WAT and liver of ob/ob genetically obese mice compared to wild type. Further assessment of WAT depot-enriched transcripts may uncover distinctions in WAT depot gene expression that illuminate the physiological impact of regional adiposity.
Significant and Worthwhile Change in Teaching Practice

This paper addresses two questions: What is involved in bringing about significant and worthwhile change in teaching practices? How can or should research aid in this process? In order to do so, two related literatures will be explored—teacher change and learning to teach. These literatures will be used to develop a third perspective, which will be grounded in examples from a teacher change research project which is funded by the Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI), U.S. Department of Education. This perspective suggests that empirical premises derived from research (Fenstermacher, 1986) be considered as warranted practice, which, in combination with teachers's practical knowledge, become the content of reflective teacher change. It also suggests that practice should be viewed as activity embedded in theory. The paper concludes with suggestions for ways of approaching the introduction of research into teachers' ways of thinking.
Polynomial approach to the synthesis of stable fuzzy systems

We discuss the problem of synthesis of stable Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) fuzzy systems (1985). This approach is based on a polytopic input-output representation of the fuzzy system model and the fuzzy controller. A procedure for designing fuzzy controllers is also developed.
Digital magnetic temperature transducer

A new digital magnetic temperature transducer is reported. The device utilizes the discontinuous behavior of the initial permeability with temperature at the Curie temperature of some magnetic materials. Since the Curie temperature is determined by the chemical and crystallographic composition of the particular material only, the transducer requires no calibration and has extremely high stability and reproducibility with time. The output of the transducer is inherently digital and, therefore, is directly compatible with the digital information processing and control without A/D conversion. The temperature-sensing portion of the transducer consists only of magnetic cores and wire and, therefore, has extremely high reliability, is shock and radiation insensitive, small, and virtually indestructible.
Effect of high-temperature aging on the thermal conductivity of nanocrystalline tetragonal yttria-stabilized zirconia

The thermal conductivity of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thermal barrier coatings increases with high-temperature aging. This common observation has been attributed to the densification of the coatings as porosity sinters out and pores and cracks spheroidize to minimize their surface energy. We show that the thermal conductivity of fully-dense 3 mol.% Y2O3 stabilized zirconia (3YSZ) also increases with high-temperature aging, indicating that densification and pore shape changes alone are not responsible for all the observed increase in thermal conductivity of coatings. Instead, there are also increases due to a combination of phase separation and grain growth. The increase in thermal conductivity can be described by a Larson–Miller parameter. It is also found that the increase in thermal conductivity with aging is greatest when measured at room temperature and decreases with increasing measurement temperature. Measured at 1000 C, the thermal conductivity of zirconia is almost temperature independent and the changes in thermal conductivity with aging are less than 15%, even after aging for 50 h at 1400 C.
A mechanism for differential frost heave and its implications for patterned-ground formation

The genesis of some types of patterned ground, including hummocks, frost boils and sorted stone circles, has been attributed to differential frost heave (DFH). However, atheoretical modelthat adequatelydescribes DFHhasyettobe developedand validated. In this paper, we present a mathematical model for the initiation of DFH, and discuss how variations inphysical (i.e. soil/vegetationproperties) andenvironmental (i.e. ground/air temperatures) properties affect its occurrence and length scale. Using the Fowler and Krantz multidimensional frost-heave equations, a linear stability analysis anda quasi-steady-statereal-timeanalysisareperformed.Resultsindicatethatthefollow- ing conditions positively affect the spontaneous initiationof DFH: silty soil, smallYoung's modulus, small non-uniform surface heat transfer or cold uniform surface temperatures, and small freezing depths.The initiating mechanism for DFH is multidimensional heat transfer within the freezing soil. Numerical integration of the linear growth rates indi- catesthatexpressionof surfacepatternscanbecomeevidentonthe10^100yeartime-scale.
The Evolution of Capital Theory: A Critique of a Theory of Social Capital and Implications for HRD:

The concept of capital has evolved over time. This article describes the change from capital as classically defined to neocapital, a term that more accurately describes the intangible components of capital. One component of neocapital, social capital, is increasingly being viewed as integral to organizational success. However, theories (and their resulting concepts and operational definitions) of social capital remain underdeveloped and fragmented in specific disciplines (e.g., sociology, psychology, social psychology, political economy). Building on the historical foundation of economic, political science, and management literature, this article reviews and critiques a new theory of social capital and explores possible implications for the field of human resource development. Lin’s theory, although appropriately categorized as a middle range theory, offers human resource development scholars and practitioners a new way of organizing and conceptualizing the connections between social relationships and ind...
Pilot study of dietary phosphorus restriction and phosphorus binders to target fibroblast growth factor 23 in patients with chronic kidney disease

Background. High levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are associated with mortality and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Reducing dietary phosphorus intake lowers FGF23 secretion in healthly individuals, but there is little data on its effects in patients with pre-dialysis CKD. Methods. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, we randomly assigned 16 normophosphataemic CKD stage 3–4 patients to receive a 2-week treatment with either lanthanum carbonate 1000 mg three times daily or placebo, and to ingest a tightly controlled diet containing 750 or 1500 mg of dietary phosphorus daily. We analysed serial measurements of FGF23, parathyroid hormone, serum phosphate and calcium, and 24-h urinary phosphate and calcium excretion using repeated-measures analyses. Results. Compared with the 1500-mg phosphorus diet, patients assigned to the 750-mg diet had greater reduction in 24-h urinary phosphate excretion (66% vs. 29%; P < 0.0001). Lanthanum-treated patients experienced a significant reduction in 24-h urinary phosphate excretion compared with baseline (64%; P < 0.0001), but the difference compared with placebo did not reach significance (64% vs. 31%). Despite the significant reductions in 24-h urinary phosphate excretion, no group demonstrated a significant reduction in FGF23 levels; FGF23 levels actually increased significantly in the 1500-mg diet plus placebo group, suggesting dietary phosphorus loading. Conclusions. Although dietary phosphorus restriction and lanthanum lowered urinary phosphate excretion consistent with a rapid decrease in phosphorus absorption, inducing a reduction in FGF23 levels in CKD patients may require interventions with a longer duration than in healthy volunteers.
Efficient decoupling schemes with bounded controls based on Eulerian orthogonal arrays

The task of decoupling, i.e., removing unwanted internal couplings of a quantum system and its couplings to an environment, plays an important role in quantum control theory. There are many efficient decoupling schemes based on combinatorial concepts such as orthogonal arrays, difference schemes, and Hadamard matrices. So far these combinatorial decoupling schemes have relied on the ability to effect sequences of instantaneous, arbitrarily strong control Hamiltonians (bang-bang controls). To overcome the shortcomings of bang-bang control, Viola and Knill proposed a method called "Eulerian decoupling" that allows the use of bounded-strength controls for decoupling. However, their method was not directly designed to take advantage of the local structure of internal couplings and couplings to an environment that typically occur in multipartite quantum systems. In this paper we define a combinatorial structure called Eulerian orthogonal array. It merges the desirable properties of orthogonal arrays and Eulerian cycles in Cayley graphs (that are the basis of Eulerian decoupling). We show that this structure gives rise to decoupling schemes with bounded-strength control Hamiltonians that can be used to remove both internal couplings and couplings to an environment of a multipartite quantum system. Furthermore, we show how to construct Eulerian orthogonal arrays having good parameters in order to obtain efficient decoupling schemes.
Neutral density response to solar flares at Mars

First direct observations of heating of the Mars neutral atmosphere by solar flares are presented in this study. Solar flares were detected using the Extreme Ultraviolet Monitor on board the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft, and upper atmospheric temperature enhancements were determined by changes in the density scale height of Argon (Ar) made by the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer also on board MAVEN. We analyzed 14 M-class or greater flares that occurred during the early part of the MAVEN mission in addition to a 30 day period of high flare activity during May 2015. We report that the Mars dayside upper atmosphere shows significant heating near the flare soft X-ray peak; and it responds and recovers rapidly to heating from M-class or larger flares. In addition, we present atmospheric density versus altitude profiles that were taken near the soft X-ray peak of two flares.
Engaging Diaspora via Charm Offensive and Indigenised Communication: An Analysis of China's Diaspora Engagement Policies in the Xi Era

As China's national image is haunted by its poor human rights records and increasingly assertive foreign policies, the Chinese diaspora has become an important platform for the country's public dip...
Na(+)-H+ exchange in resident alveolar macrophages: activation by osmotic cell shrinkage.

Intracellular pH (pHi) homeostasis in resi- dent alveolar macrophages (mci>) under nominally C02- free conditions is mediated primarily by the activity of plasmalemmal H4-ATPase. The mci> also possess an Na�-H' exchanger (NHE) but this mechanism has no de- tectable role in pHregulation in the physiologic range. To further explore the physiological significance of the NHE in this cell type, resident alveolar mci> from rabbits were subjected to a hyperosmotic challenge (-620 mOsm/kg) in the nominal absence of C02-HC03. os- motic cell shrinkage was accompanied by an amiloride- sensitive increase in baseline pHt. The NHE-mediated rate of pH, recovery from intracellular acid loads also in- creased under hyperosmotic conditions. Cell shrinkage caused an alkaline shift in the pH, set point of the NHE without altering the exchanger's affinity for extracellular Na'. The results indicate that Na'-Hexchange in resi- dent alveolar mci> is activated by osmotic cell shrinkage and imply that the NHE may be involved in volume regulatory responses of the cell. J. Leukoc. Biol. 57: 609-616; 1995.
Intraventricular thrombosis in polycythemia vera: A cause of intractable cardiac failure

Abstract The occurrence of thrombotic events is central to the course of polycythemia vera. 1–5 Myocardial, cerebral, peripheral, and pulmonary infarctions are frequent and are consequences of thromboses in small and medium caliber arteries. Thrombosis in large caliber arteries is a rare event. Thrombosis within the chambers of the heart has not been hitherto reported. This report documents the occurrence of massive left ventricular thrombosis in a patient with polycythemia vera. The thrombus reduced the left ventricular capacity by about 75% and caused intractable congestive heart failure.
Femtosecond laser interactions with methyl iodide clusters.

Abstract As a continuing effort to elucidate the effects of the interaction of femtosecond laser radiation with clusters, we have extended our studies of Coulomb explosion to a determination of the role of laser wavelength on the process. In the present study, the interactions of methyl iodide clusters, formed in a supersonic expansion using argon and helium as carrier gases, were investigated at 397 nm using a Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser. These studies are a continuation of the work initiated on methyl iodide clusters using 795 nm ionization. The resulting atomic and cluster ions were analyzed in a reflectron time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. Based on a comparison of the current results and those presented for 795 nm ionization, several suggested mechanisms to account for the formation of highly charged species and their concomitant Coulomb explosion are examined. The resulting analysis indicates that the Coulomb explosion of methyl iodide clusters has characteristics of several of the proposed models to account for the phenomenon, but cannot be fully explained by any one of them.
Fictional and Non-Fictional Uses of Administrative, Civil, and Criminal Law by Kafka and His Friends

Kafka studied these three branches of law with several then-prominent academic teachers. But it was his extra-mural association with the legal philosopher Oskar Kraus that gave him a firm grasp of how modern liberal law emerged from the Aristotelian, Roman, and Judeo-Christian concepts of natural and rational law.
FRAIL-NH predicts outcomes in long term care

Background/Objectives To investigate the predictive validity of the short, simple FRAIL-NH frailty screening tool in the long term care population and to then compare the predictive validity with the frailty index (FI) for 6-month adverse health outcomes.
Performing Gender in the Classroom and on the Stage

Some years ago, my students performed a play by Argentine Nora Glickman, Una tal Raquel, in a number of different locales: our home university in Ithaca, as well as in New York City, Belgium, and Mexico. We were very pleased by the enthusiastic reception in all these sites, and intrigued by the differences in the audiences’ responses.
Design, Construction and Use of an ASTM Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus as an Independent Research Project

Thermal conductivity and/or R-value of materials may be measured using methods specified by American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) or International Standards Organization (ISO). In general three methods are commonly used: the Hot Box, the Heat Flow Meter, and the Guarded Hot Plate. The project was assigned to a Mechanical Engineering Technology student as a research project to satisfy requirements for, senior level, “ETME-499-Independent Research in Mechanical Engineering Technology” course. Student was asked to do his own literature search for the available standard methods and select the most suitable standard method to design and construct an apparatus to measure thermal conductivity and/or R-value of insulating plane specimens. Student has decided to use the Guarded Hot Plate method since it did not require calibration and is simpler to construct. Before the standard was received, student has created some designs similar to the one described by the standard. Limited test runs indicate that polystyrene R-values were underestimated by 12–16%, and duct board R-vales were underestimated up to 22% at higher than 75 °F average specimen temperatures. Student has enjoyed designing, constructing and using the apparatus, which has real world applications. This project has forced him to use his machine design, strength of materials, thermodynamics, instrumentation, heat transfer and manufacturing processes knowledge. Paper will convey our design, construction and use experiences as well as the experience the primary author had in guiding the student towards a common goal in an “Independent Research” course.© 2008 ASME
Dynamic Response of a Munition to a Low Pressure Airbag

A mathematical model of a collidants impacting a low pressure airbag is derived. This model r epresents a simplification of the physics for a bomb bay ejector airbag. This model uses a single , yet mathematically complicated element rather than thousands of mathematically simple elements the way the finite element method does. Our design -oriented model is solved with less microprocessor time than the finite element method to which it will be compared . Nomenclature �Q = Heat transfer by cond uction across airbag surface �W = Work done on the system by external forces cp = Constant pressure heat capacity of gas per change in temperature cv = Constant volume heat capacity of gas per change in temperature T = Temperature of the gas in the airbag t = Time dE = System change in Energy m = Mass of gas in the airbag m = Mass flow rate of gas into (+) or out of ( -) the airbag dU = Change of Internal Energy of gas in Airbag � = T
An ecological study of Jamestown Canyon virus on the Delmarva Peninsula, with emphasis on its possible vector.

An ecological study was conducted during 1983 and 1984 to evaluate the role of selected hematophagous arthropods as possible vectors and/or reservoirs of Jamestown Canyon (JC) virus on the Delaware-Maryland-Virginia Peninsula, USA. Arthropods were collected and assayed for virus in Vero cells by standard plaque technique. Sera from sentinel goats, free-ranging goats, and wild vertebrates were assayed for JC-virus-neutralizing (N) antibody by plaque-reduction neutralization tests. This virus was not isolated from 158,253 adult bloodsucking insects, including 139,392 Aedes mosquitoes and 3,572 other biting flies, nor from 44,785 Aedes mosquitoes reared from larvae and 3,328 ticks collected as nymphs or adults. However, 2 isolates of Cache Valley virus were obtained from Aedes mosquitoes. Serological evidence indicated that JC virus was transmitted to domestic goats during May 1983 and June 1984. Also, antibody was demonstrated in sera obtained from the Eastern Cottontail (4/13), Virginia Opossum (4/25), Raccoon (11/141), and White-tailed Deer (34/47). The absence of JC virus in Aedes mosquitoes in the presence of virus transmission to mammals strongly implies that this virus was maintained and transmitted in this area by arthropods other than Aedes mosquitoes.
The Direct Source of Wyatt's Epigram: In Dowtfull Brest…

Every reader of Wyatt's poems will, I am sure, have no difficulty in recalling the epigram, In dowtfull brest…, which he himself furnished with the caption: ‘Of the mother that eat her childe at the siege of Jerusalem’. I quote from the Egerton manuscript version as given by Kenneth Muir, the latest editor of his verse, in Collected Poems of Sir Thomas Wyatt (Cambridge, Mass., 1949), p. 61. In dowtfull brest, whilst moderly pitie With furyous famyn stondith at debate, Sayth thebrew moder: O child vnhappye, Retorne thi blowd where thow hadst milk of late. Yeld me those lymns that I made unto thi, And entre there where thou wert generate, For of on body agaynst all nature to a nothr must I mak sepulture.
Smart darting diffusion Monte Carlo: Applications to lithium ion-Stockmayer clusters

In a recent investigation [K. Roberts et al., J. Chem. Phys. 136, 074104 (2012)], we have shown that, for a sufficiently complex potential, the Diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) random walk can become quasiergodic, and we have introduced smart darting-like moves to improve the sampling. In this article, we systematically characterize the bias that smart darting moves introduce in the estimate of the ground state energy of a bosonic system. We then test a simple approach to eliminate completely such bias from the results. The approach is applied for the determination of the ground state of lithium ion-n–dipoles clusters in the n = 8–20 range. For these, the smart darting diffusion Monte Carlo simulations find the same ground state energy and mixed-distribution as the traditional approach for n < 14. In larger systems we find that while the ground state energies agree quantitatively with or without smart darting moves, the mixed-distributions can be significantly different. Some evidence is offered to conclude th...
Clinical Application of Heart Rate Variability(HRV) Short-Term Analysis on Children's Myocarditis

[Objective]Short-term analysis was made on the heart rate variability of children's myocarditis.[Methods]ECG-LA 2.0 Cold Electrocardioanalyzing System was applied to record the 87 cases of children's myocarditis for five minutes through body-limb connections;time domain and power spectrum analyzing method and computer were used to calculate the standard deviation of NN or RR intervals(SDNN),very low-frequency(VLF),low-frequency(LF) and high-frequency(HF).87 cases were divided into two groups taking SDNN27ms as the positive diagnosing standard.27 cases(SDNN27 ms) in the first group had serious status with 15 cases of abnormal electrocardiogram(55.6%);other 60 cases(SDNN27ms) in the second group had better status with 13 cases of abnormal electrocardiogram(21.7%).[Results]The short-term HRV of the first group decreased and the abnormal electrocardiogram of which was higher than that of the other group.[Conclusion]Heart rate variability of children's myocarditis decreases;HRV is quite applicable in the prognosis of myocarditis diagnosis.
Crafting the International Criminal Court: Trials and Tribulations in Article 98(2)

The dilemma of building agreement among state parties without diluting core principles often colors the process of international treaty-making. This challenge can be conceptualized as a trade-off between achieving consistency and building consensus. The tension between consistency and consensus in international treaty-making is arguably becoming more pronounced, particularly in international human rights law and in the growing field of international criminal law. This may be in part because those who violate humanitarian and human rights standards are becoming increasingly vulnerable to prosecution at the national and international levels. This paper explores the trade-off between consistency and consensus through an examination of negotiations during the fifth meeting of the Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court. It focuses on the negotiations over a proposed U.S. rule to article 98(2) of the Rome Statute, and suggests the implications of a preoccupation with consensus (as opposed to some form of supermajority principle) for the effectiveness of the ICC. In addition, the paper anticipates potential arguments for avoiding accountability before the ICC based on the rule to article 98(2), and it indicates the appropriate legal responses to such attempts.
Staffing Formulae for the Aid Office

,After twenty years of operating financial aid programs, the profession stj.ll has not 'agreed upon several important issues. The problem of certification is not only still alive; but is just as controversial as ever. The aid delivery system has been st1:ldied and re-studied; there is little agreement on the propriety of verifying income, data; and th~ problem of providing adequate staff for the financial ai~ office, perhaps depends as Inuch upon the persuasiveness of the Director as it does upon an objective measurement of the workload. ' But if many of these issues defy solution, there is on~ th,e staffing problem~at appears to be more susceptible to,res.Olution thaIl the others. ' This matter was first addressed by WilliaIn VanDusen and John O'Hearne, who ptoduced' an admirable little pamphlet that ,stood as the,lan~ark in the field for many years.1 Unfortunately;" rapid c4anges in the financial aid world quickly 'made, this fine work obsolete;~ and. to date, nothing has replac~d 'it. ~ a resul~, financial aid offices across the country have had to work out'dieir own staffjng' formulae within the context of institutional philosophy and ~1,1dgetary l~." ~tiom~ . '.' Thi~ procedure may be fully satisfactory. to the,:,'offices involved, as it d~,s-or should take into consideration the individual differences found i~ ~ach aid oper-" ation. And differences do exist. One office; for example, may be fully computer .. jzed, wbile others 'haye no cOplputer slipport at'all. NPSL loan collections ar~ ~ndled by sorne offices, while other.5 do not'have that,responslbility~ SQll1e, aid, offices manage massive scholarship funds; others may havenosu~h fluids ,at all. C~nsequently, there is andean be no panacea to cure all staffing ills, but this does not mean that logical staffing formulae cannot be developed41nd perhaps used by aiu'offices which find that their legitimate personnel needs are not beitlg met. Th~re appear to be several criteria which must-be 'considered in the de~elop~ . ment of such a formula., First and foremost, the formula must identify and in,dude: all forces whiehcontribute to the fin,ancial aid workload. Second, the fonnula must provide hard data, i~formatioll which can' be counted~ verified: and atidited, if necessary. Third, the formula must be flexible, not only ;to allowfQr differences between' offices, but to meet the changing c~nditions that occur ill all Offices. Fourth, the data that goes into the formula,must 1;>e ~adiiyava,llable to the institution, so that valuable time will not be spent in accumul~ting information.
Blood flow, oxygen consumption and tissue oxygenation of human tumors.

A great number of malignancies are relatively resistant to radiotherapy, chemotherapy and other non-surgical treatment modalities. A variety of factors are involved in the lack of responsiveness of these neoplasms including an intrinsic, genetically determined resistance and physiological, extrinsic (epigenetic, environmental) factors primarily created by inadequate and heterogeneous vascular networks1–3. Thus, properties such as tumor blood flow and tissue oxygen supply, factors which usually go hand in hand, can markedly influence the therapeutic response. Data on these parameters are mostly derived from rodent tumors. However, fast-growing rodent tumors might not adequately represent the multitude of neoplastic growths encountered in patients. Unfortunately, data on human tumors in situ are scarce and there may be significant errors associated with the techniques used for measurements. This should be kept in mind when comparing available results from the literature.
Glucocorticoids and Reproduction: Traffic Control on the Road to Reproduction

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that regulate diverse cellular functions and are essential to facilitate normal physiology. However, stress-induced levels of glucocorticoids result in several pathologies including profound reproductive dysfunction. Compelling new evidence indicates that glucocorticoids are crucial to the establishment and maintenance of reproductive function. The fertility-promoting or -inhibiting activity of glucocorticoids depends on timing, dose, and glucocorticoid responsiveness within a given tissue, which is mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The GR gene and protein are subject to cellular processing, contributing to signaling diversity and providing a mechanism by which both physiological and stress-induced levels of glucocorticoids function in a cell-specific manner. Understanding how glucocorticoids regulate fertility and infertility may lead to novel approaches to the regulation of reproductive function.
Evaluating reversible Perfusion defect Size in Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Utilizing CZT (Cadmium Zinc Telluride) compared to Catheterization Reports

2815 Objectives Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI) has been a beneficial diagnostic tool in detecting cardiac ischemia. With CZT’s improved ability to quantify the degree of ischemia, perfusion defect size seen on MPI studies were reviewed to determine if MPI images correlated to percent occlusion size found during catheterization. Methods 389 CZT MPI studies were retrospectively reviewed from 7/1/2015 to 10/20/2015. CZT MPI studies were screened for abnormal studies with reversible perfusion defects. Abnormal studies were screened for catheterizations performed. On the abnormal CZT MPI reports, defects were grouped in three categories; small, moderate, and large. All catheterization reports were reviewed to determine percent occlusion and grouped into small (less than 55%), medium (56-85%), and large (greater than 85%) categories. CZT MPI defects were compared to percent occlusion. Results were evaluated to determine if there was a correlation between CZT MPI defect size and percent occlusion on catheterization reports. Results Out of 389 studies, 105 had abnormal studies with reversible perfusion defects. 31 studies had patients that underwent catheterizations. 29 out of 31or 94% of studies had confirmed ischemic occlusion by catheterization. However, 23 out of 31 studies were mismatched giving a 74% of disagreement of perfusion defect size with percent occlusion size. Only 8 out of 31 studies matched giving only a 26% agreement. 19 out of 31 or 61% of studies had bigger size defects determined by catheterization. 4 out of 31or 13% of studies had small to no defect in catheterization. After statistical analysis, correlation was determined to have a p-value of 0.0053. Conclusions Statistical analysis showed that the difference between CZT MPI perfusion defects and percent occlusion upon catheterizations is statistically significant. There was no correlation between perfusion defect size and percent occlusion size. CZT MPI imaging could not accurately predict percent occlusion size in catheterization. However, 94% of studies with perfusion defects seen on CZT MPI did correlate with some percentage of occlusion seen on catheterization.
Big Bang Tumor Growth and Clonal Evolution

The advent and application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies to tumor genomes has reinvigorated efforts to understand clonal evolution. Although tumor progression has traditionally been viewed as a gradual stepwise process, recent studies suggest that evolutionary rates in tumors can be variable with periods of punctuated mutational bursts and relative stasis. For example, Big Bang dynamics have been reported, wherein after transformation, growth occurs in the absence of stringent selection, consistent with effectively neutral evolution. Although first noted in colorectal tumors, effective neutrality may be relatively common. Additionally, punctuated evolution resulting from mutational bursts and cataclysmic genomic alterations have been described. In this review, we contrast these findings with the conventional gradualist view of clonal evolution and describe potential clinical and therapeutic implications of different evolutionary modes and tempos.