cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Book Review: Routledge Handbook of Media Law, edited by Monroe Price, Stefaan Verhulst, and Libby Morgan

Routledge Handbook of Media Law. Monroe Price, Stefaan Verhulst, and Libby Morgan, eds. London: Routledge, 2013. 600 pp. $225 hbk.The editors of the Routledge Handbook of Media Law have sold themselves short by marketing their work as a mere "handbook." More compendium than synopsis, the work offers thirty treatises and research papers on global media law and policy from a comparative and socio-legal perspective. Although it lacks chapters devoted to intermediary online liability and copyright law, it is, nevertheless, a superb wide-ranging scholarly survey. One is hard pressed to find a work covering transnational media law and policy research and controversies with comparable depth and breadth, which should not come as a surprise considering its editors' credentials.In 1996, Monroe E. Price and Stefaan Verhulst co-founded the Programme in Comparative Media Law & Policy at the Centre for Socio-Legal Studies at the University of Oxford. Price, the Joseph and Sadie Danciger Professor of Law and Director of the Howard M. Squadron Program in Law, Media and Society at the Cardozo School of Law, also serves as director of the University of Pennsylvania Annenberg School for Communication's Center for Global Communication Studies (CGCS).Verhulst, now co-founder and Chief Research and Development Officer of the Governance Laboratory at New York University, previously served as consultant to various international and national organizations, including the Council of Europe, European Commission, UNESCO, and World Bank. He was also a founder and an editor of the International Journal of Communications Law and Policy, and the Communications Law in Transition Newsletter.Libby Morgan, associate director of the CGCS from 2009 to 2012, co-edited Measures of Press Freedom and Media Contributions to Development: Evaluating the Evaluators (2011) with Price and Susan Abbott.In their 2008 journal article, "Comparative Media Law Research and its Impact on Policy," Price and Verhulst argued that "Only with a comparative and interdisciplinary grasp of the massive changes taking place can there be a more sophisticated and nuanced understanding of the impact of media changes on democratic values and economic development" throughout the world. The handbook, divided into five sections, reflects that supposition, as the editor's note in the book's introduction. Most chapters include a survey of leading case and regulatory law from the last twelve years or so ending in 2012.The aim of section I, "Media Policy and Institutional Design," the editors explain, is "to provide a better understanding of the institutional forces, actors, or networks that generate media rules, norms, and standards, and that perpetuate them or foster change." To that end, Lesley Hitchens, a law professor at the University of Technology in Sydney, Australia, discusses the differences in the U. …
Dibromomannitol in the treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia: a prospective randomized comparison with busulfan

Dibromomannitol (DBM) is a new agent for the treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia. A propsective evaluation of the drug was undertaken in a randomized comparison with busulfan. Forty previously untreated, Philadelphia chromosome-positive cases were treated, with 20 patients in each treatment group. The protocol provided for continuous maintenance therapy after remission induction, with a crossover to the opposite drug in patients who became refractory to the primary agent but are without evidence of blastic tranformation. There were 14 remissions in the DBM group and 15 in those treated with busulfan. The rate of decrease of the elevated leukocyte count was more rapid with DBM, but prolonged disease control off treatment occurred in only three of 14 cases as opposed to nine of fifteen busulfan-treated patients who required a median delay of 12 mo before maintenance could be initiated. Hypoplasia occurred in one DBM patient and two busulfan cases. Following recovery, crossover to the opposite drug in two cases again resulted in hypopllasia. Increased skin pigmentation, amenorrhea, pulmonary fibrosis, and cytologic dysplasia, commonly associated with busulfan adminstration, were also noted with DBM. The median duration of disease control with busulfan was 34 mo and 26 mo with DBM. There was no signigicant difference in the incidence of blastic transformation, and median survival for both groups was 44 mo. DBM appears to be as effective as busulfan in the treatment of the chronic phase of CGL but with a more predictable myelosuppressive action. The principal advantage of busulfan over DBM is the fact that more than half the busulfan-treated patients experienced prolonged disease control off treatment.
The Irrepressible Myths of BarChris

Nearly forty-five years after it was decided, Escott v. BarChris Construction Corp. remains the landmark case on the due diligence defense under the Securities Act of 1933. BarChris is universally understood to require that underwriters independently verify all material facts in the issuer's registration statement if independent verification is practicable. No judge or scholar has ever challenged this holding. BarChris also opined that an underwriter who markets the issuer's securities to the public must nonetheless take an adverse role to the issuer during due diligence. Courts have deemed underwriters well suited for this role, despite the obvious conflict; recent commentators have, with one notable exception, ignored this conflict. This Article analyzes both BarChris's mandate that underwriters perform independent verification whenever practicable and BarChris's dictate that underwriters be impartial in due diligence. As it turns out, both are "irrepressible" myths – fundamentally flawed, but deeply entrenched in the jurisprudence. BarChris's unyielding independent verification requirement was never correct, because sometimes it is reasonable to trust rather than verify. BarChris's demand that underwriters play "devil's advocate" to the issuer may have made sense years ago, but no longer – and particularly not for the global banks that underwrite securities for massive corporations. Underwriters today are mostly dependent "gatekeepers." As a result, the law of due diligence ought to change. So long as an underwriter concludes, after a reasonable investigation, that the issuer is objectively trustworthy or sufficiently solvent to cover a judgment under the Securities Act, the underwriter should not be required to check every material fact in the registration statement. What's more, courts ought to consider an underwriter's independence when assessing the reasonableness of its due diligence investigation. In some cases, regulators (or courts) should require that an independent underwriter be hired to perform due diligence. Yet, in many cases, unconflicted due diligence may not be worth the price.
Placental transfer of penicillin G during constant-rate infusion in the goat

Abstract Maternal to fetal and fetal to maternal transfer of penicillin G was studied in unanesthetized pregnant goats with the use of simultaneous direct sampling of central venous blood in mother and fetus during constant-rate infusion of the drug. Penicillin G was found to cross the placenta very slowly and to pass from mother to fetus more readily than from fetus to mother. The ratio of fetal to maternal serum concentration at equilibrium during maternal infusion was 0.111. Infusion of the fetus with a dose of penicillin G based on estimated fetal weight (3 kilograms) and based on maternal weight resulted in maternal/fetal serum concentration gradient of 3 × 10 −3 and 6 × 10 −4 , respectively. The observed placental transfer characteristics are consistent with the low lipid solubility and low ionization constant of penicillin G. If the placental transfer of penicillin G in the human subject is comparable to that in the goat, this has important therapeutic implications in penicillin G-susceptible infections involving the fetus. Therapeutic levels of penicillin G may not be achieved in the fetus during administration of adequate doses of the antibiotic to the mother.
Are You In or Out? Employment Discrimination in Online and Offline Networks

In the current focal article, Lindsey, King, Dunleavy, McCausland, & Jones (2013) discuss how organizational scholars and practitioners can help eradicate employment discrimination across the employment cycle, focusing primarily on factors directly linked to organizational outcomes. In addition to facing discrimination that is linked to organizational outcomes, marginalized individuals often face subtle forms of discrimination, which may not directly affect organizational decisions and outcomes but instead may impact one's workplace experiences (e.g., social networking situations). Such negative experiences may indirectly influence organizational decisions and outcomes. Thus, in this commentary we argue that we should not only encourage evidence-based research on eradicating discrimination at the organizational level but ensure that such efforts also examine the social, individual level as well. We discuss manifestations of subtle discrimination that occur within the social aspects of each of the four cycles discussed in the focal article, paying particular attention to social networking situations, and examine steps organizational researchers can take to help reduce discrimination at a more social level as well.
The Influence of Moral Considerations on the Perceived Consequences of an Action

It is proposed that the need to believe in a just world influences the subjective probabilities a person assigns to various outcomes. That is, moral actions will be thought likely to receive rewards, and immoral actions will be thought likely to be punished. This was tested with both survey data and an experiment. The survey data showed that respondents who saw civil rights tactics as violent (immoral) saw them as self-defeating, while those who saw them as peaceful (moral) saw them as useful. In the experiment, subjects were exposed to one of two two-person matrix games and were asked to specify the economically optimal strategy. The two games had the same strategic structure, but different equitable choices. In one set of conditions subjects thought both players were people (here equity should be regarded as morally required), while in the other set, subjects thought one player was a computer (here equity should be morally irrelevant). As predicted, (1) in the person conditions, the equitable strategy was regarded as more economically rational; (2) in the computer conditions, equity had no influence on the subjects' assessment of the economically rational strategy.
Entry Deterrence of Capacitated Competition Using Price and Non‐Price Strategies

We analyze the role of pricing and branding in an incumbent firm's decision when facing competition from an entrant firm with limited capacity. We do so by studying two price competition models (Stackelberg and Nash), where we consider the incumbent's entry-deterrence pricing strategy based on a potential entrant's capacity size. In an extension, we also study a branding model, where the incumbent firm, in addition to pricing, can also invest in influencing market preference for its product. With these models, we study conditions under which the incumbent firm may block the entrant (i.e., prevent entry without any market actions), deter the entrant (i.e., stop entry with suitable market actions) or accommodate the entrant (i.e., allow entry and compete), and how the entrant will allocate its limited capacity across its own and the new market, if entry occurs. We also study the timing difference between the two different dynamics of the price competition models and find that the incumbent's first-mover advantage benefits both the incumbent and the entrant. Interestingly, the entrant firm's profits are not monotonically increasing in its capacity even when it is costless to build capacity. In the branding model, we show that in some cases, the incumbent may even increase its price and successfully deter entry by investing in consumer's preference for its product. Finally, we incorporate demand uncertainty into our model and show that the incumbent benefits from demand uncertainty while the entrant may be worse off depending on the magnitude of demand uncertainty and its capacity.
Six Feet Tall: A One-Person Performance

This solo performance text visits an experience of a Vietnamese American woman reclaiming voice. The text situates itself in the racial and ethnic dis course on identity, particularly assumptions on sexual and feminine iden tity. The text brings the Vietnamese American female body to a site for criti cal examination of these discourses.
Solar-Augment Potential of U.S. Fossil-Fired Power Plants

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems utilize solar thermal energy for the generation of electric power. This attribute makes it relatively easy to integrate CSP systems with fossil-fired power plants. The 'solar-augment' of fossil power plants offers a lower cost and lower risk alternative to stand-alone solar plant construction. This study ranked the potential to add solar thermal energy to coal-fired and natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) plants found throughout 16 states in the southeast and southwest United States. Each generating unit was ranked in six categories to create an overall score ranging from Excellent to Not Considered. Separate analysis was performed for parabolic trough and power tower technologies due to the difference in the steam temperatures that each can generate. The study found a potential for over 11 GWe of parabolic trough and over 21 GWe of power tower capacity. Power towers offer more capacity and higher quality integration due to the greater steam temperatures that can be achieved. The best sites were in the sunny southwest, but all states had at least one site that ranked Good for augmentation.
A male-specific 3'-UTR regulates the steady-state level of the exuperantia mRNA during spermatogenesis in Drosophila.

TheDrosophila exuperantia gene (exu) functions in both oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Alternative RNA processing and promoter usage generates sex-specific transcripts which differ in their 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, but encode the same predicted protein. We have sequenced the breakpoints of anexu allele which is defective in spermatogenesis but functions normally in oogenesis. This allele deletes most of the sequence specific to the male 3′-UTR, together with some flanking DNA, and causes a reduction in steady-state level ofexu mRNA in the testis. In addition, we find that a smaller deletion which removes only sequence within the male 3′-UTR reduces the steady-state level of the mRNA and prevents anexu transgene from rescuing male sterility. Males carrying multiple copies of this transgene are fertile, suggesting that the male-specific 3′-UTR functions to maintain a proper level ofexu product in the germline.
A New Infra-red Absorption Band of Liquid Water at 2.52μ

The absorption of liquid water in the spectral region from 2.00 to 2.65\ensuremath{\mu} was measured by means of a thermopile and glass prism spectrometer with a slit width of 100 angstroms in a search for a weak absorption band predicted by Ellis as a combination band occurring in liquid water but not in water vapor. A band was found with a peak at 2.52\ensuremath{\mu} and with a maximum absorption coefficient of about 34. This is the fifth absorption band to be found in the spectrum of liquid water that has no counterpart in the spectrum of water vapor.
The effects of a pediatric unilateral inguinal hernia clinical pathway on quality and cost

Abstract Background/Purpose: The purpose of this study is to discover whether a pediatric inguinal hernia surgical clinical pathway (CP) reduces the frequency of wound infections, return visits, times associated with surgical repair, or costs. Methods: A multidisciplinary team developed the inguinal hernia surgical clinical pathway. Healthy children greater than 50 weeks gestational age who required unilateral hernia repair were considered for the study. Two groups were formed: (1) an intervention group selected randomly (n = 46, CI=95%, power=.80) from patients enrolled from November 1996 through April 1997, and (2) a retrospective cohort control group (n = 46) matched to each intervention patient by age, gender, and medical history. Analysis of variance and χ 2 testing were used to test for significant differences between the 2 groups in postoperative wound infections, readmission and emergency department return visits within 72 hours, times associated with surgical repair, and costs. Results: There were no significant differences in postoperative wound infections, times associated with surgical repair, or readmission rates within 72 hours. Total cost significantly decreased, by 10% ( P ≤.05), for pathway patients ($982 v $880). Conclusion: These results show that the use of a pediatric inguinal hernia surgical clinical pathway is associated with reduced cost while maintaining quality of care. J Pediatr Surg 35:1045-1048. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Spline-based approach for averaging three-dimensional curves and surfaces

Our topic is the construction of a detailed parametric average of three-dimensional surface form from a sample of specimens labelled in accordance with the features of that average. The labelling, which takes the conceptual and topological form of a smooth wire mesh, is a hybrid of biological information and linearized geometric schemes applying to a variety of geometric elements: points, curves, and surface patches. We do not 'smooth' the individual specimens of a sample; instead, we carefully restrict the scope of differentiations of empirical geometric elements so as to apply only after specimens have been averaged. Likewise, while we carry out all averaging in a single Cartesian coordinate system, we carefully 'unwarp' the largest- scale aspects of biological variability within this system before proceeding with the averaging of features at smaller scales. The resulting algorithms underlie useful visualizations of 'typical' or 'normative' anatomy and its variability for consideration in formal computations of statistical atypicality and optimization of interventions and should be crucial to future approaches to image analysis via the automatic deformation of geometrically extended templates.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interface and cache power exploration for core-based embedded system design

Minimizing power consumption is of paramount importance during the design of embedded (mobile computing) systems that come as systems-on-a-chip, since interdependencies between design characteristics like power, performance and area for various system parts (cores) are becoming increasingly influential. In this scenario, interfaces play a key role, since they allow one to control/exploit these interdependencies with the aim of meeting design constraints like power. In this paper, we present a comprehensive approach to explore this impact. We consider a whole system comprising a CPU, caches, a main memory and interfaces between those cores, and we demonstrate the high impact that an adequate adaptation between core parameters and interface parameters has in terms of power consumption. We find in particular that cache parameters and the configurations of cache buses have a significant impact in this respect. In addition, we make the important observation that optimizing for performance no longer implies that power is optimized as well in deep submicron technologies. Instead, we find that, especially for newer technologies, the relative interface power contribution increases, leading to scenarios where we obtain a real power/performance tradeoff. In summary, our explorations have revealed as yet uninvestigated interdependencies that represent the first step towards future efforts to optimize/adapt interfaces and caches in core-based systems for low-power designs.
New 2-methylenepropylene-bridged cryptands with high sodium ion selectivity: A thermodynamic study of complexation

Thermodynamic quantities for the interactions of mono- and tri(2-methylenepropylene)-bridged cryptands, cryptand [3.3.1], cryptand [2.2.2], and 18-crown-6-with Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+ have been determined by calorimetric titration in an 80:20 (v/v) methanol: water solution at 25°C. Incorporation of the 2-methylenepropylene (−CH2C(=CH2)CH2−) bridge(s) into cryptand [2.2.2] results in a large change in the ligand-cation binding properties. Tri(2-methylenepropylene)-bridged cryptand [2.2.2] (2) shows high selectivity factors for Na+ over K+ and other alkali cations, while 2-methylenepropylene-bridged cryptand [2.2.2.] (1) selects K+ over Na+, as does cryptand [2.2.2]. The K+/Na+ selectivity is reversed with increasing number of 2-methylenepropylene bridges. This observation indicates that increasing the number of 2-methylenepropylene bridges on cryptand [2.2.2] favors complexation of a small cation over a large one. The logK values for the formation of 1 and 2 complexes (except 1-Cs+ and 2-Na+) decrease as compared with those for the corresponding [2.2.2] complexes. Formation of six-membered chelate ring(s) by the propyleneoxy unit(s) of 1 and 2 with a cation stabilizes the cryptate complexes of the small Na+ and destabilizes the complexes of large alkali metal cations. Thermodynamic data indicate that the stabilities of the cryptate complexes studied are dominated mostly by the enthalpy change. In most cases, both stabilization of Na+ complexes and destabilization of the complexes of large alkali metal cations by six-membered chelate ring(s) also result from an enthalpic effect. Cryptand [3.3.1] shows a selectivity for K+ over Cs+, despite its two long CH2(CH2OCH2)3CH2 bridges. The [3.1] macroring portion of [3.3.1]may be too small to effectively bind the Cs+, resulting in the low stability of the Cs+ complex.
Ultrastructure of the sublingual gland in the African multimammate rodent

The sublingual gland of Praomys natalensis, an African rodent that is phenotypically and cytogenetically intermediate to mice and rats, is a mixed gland, consisting of mucous acini that are capped by serous demilunes, of intercalated ducts, and of some short striated ducts that quickly become excretory ducts. The mucous cells are typical in appearance, with lucent granules that contain an assortment of scattered vermiform or particulate densities. The serous cells display an array of secretory granules with a highly unusual substructure. Rather than a pattern based on the manner in which light and dark regions are disposed in their matrix, these granules contain packets—some furled, some flat—of membranes that exhibit a pronounced axial periodicity of ∼5 nm. Intercalated ducts are simple in structure, with no obvious morphological specializations. Striated ducts resemble those in the salivary glands of less exotic rodents, but they and the excretory ducts often have clusters of cytoplasmic crystalloids consisting of linear densities that intersect at right angles and that have a periodicity in both directions of ∼ 12 nm.
Further calculations based upon a theory of flame spread across solid fuels

A theory of flame spread above solid fuel beds of finite or infinite thickness is considered. Heat transfer ahead of the flame is allowed through both the solid and gas phases. The simplifying assumption of a surface reaction is made. Temperature profiles in both phases, concentration profiles in the gas phase, heat transfer at the surface, and flame spreading rates are determined. It is found that chemical kinetic parameters together with transport properties strongly influence the spreading rate. Heat transfer through the gas phase is the dominant mechanism for energy transfer ahead of the spreading flame over a wide range of Peclet numbers for the gas and solid phases.
Evaluating Source Area Contributions from Aircraft Flux Measurements Over Heterogeneous Land Using Large-Eddy Simulation

The estimation of spatial patterns in surface fluxes from aircraft observations poses several challenges in the presence of heterogeneous land cover. In particular, the effects of turbulence on scalar transport and the different behaviour of passive (e.g. water vapour) versus active (e.g. temperature) scalars may lead to large uncertainties in the source area/flux-footprint estimation for sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat-flux fields. This study uses large-eddy simulation (LES) of the land–atmosphere interactions to investigate the atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) processes that are likely to create differences in airborne-estimated H and LE footprints. We focus on 32~m altitude aircraft flux observations collected over a study site in central Oklahoma during the Southern Great Plains experiment in 1997 (SGP97). Comparison between the aircraft data and traditional model estimates provide evidence of a difference in source area for turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes. The LES produces reasonable representations of the observed fluxes, and hence provides credible evidence and explanation of the observed differences in the H and LE footprints. Those differences can be quantified by analyzing the change in the sign of the spatial correlation of the H and LE fields provided by the LES model as a function of height. Dry patterns in relatively moist surroundings are able to generate strong, but localized, sensible heating. However, whereas H at the aircraft altitude is still in phase with the surface, LE presents a more complicated connection to the surface as the dry updrafts force a convergence of the surrounding moist air. Both the observational and LES model evidence support the concept that under strongly advective conditions, H and LE measured at the top of the surface layer (≈50 m) can be associated with very different upwind source areas, effectively contradicting surface-layer self-similarity theory for scalars. The results indicate that, under certain environmental conditions, footprint models will need to predict differing source area/footprint contributions between active (H) and passive (LE) scalar fluxes by considering land-surface heterogeneity and ABL dynamics.
2,9-Bis(5-sulfanylidene-4,5-di­hydro-1,3,4-oxa­diazol-2-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline dimethyl sulfoxide disolvate

In the title compound, C16H8N6O2S2·2C2H6OS, the phenanthroline mol­ecule resides on a twofold axis, and the asymmetric unit also contains a slightly disordered [occupancy ratio for S atom of 0.95 (3):0.047 (3)] mol­ecule of dimethyl sulfoxide. The O atoms of the solvent mol­ecule accept hydrogen bonds from the N—H groups of the five-membered 2,3-di­hydro-1,3,4-oxa­diazole-2-thione ring. This ring is nearly coplanar with the phenanthroline ring, with a dihedral angle between their least-squares planes of 8.86 (6)°. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are linked by C—H⋯O inter­actions.
Dynamic Observation of Dopamine Autoreceptor Effects in Rat Striatal Slices

Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry has been used to measure dopamine (DA) synaptic overflow in slices of rat caudate nucleus induced by electrical stimulation with one-, two-, and 50-pulse, 10-Hz trains. Synaptic overflow in this preparation is shown to be the result of the competing effects of release and cellular uptake. Release caused by all pulses was attenuated by the D2 agonist quinpirole (1 microM). The rapid time response of the measurements (100 ms) allows the autoinhibition induced by endogenous, released DA to be resolved in real time. The concentration of DA released during the second pulse of a train was 58% of that released by the first pulse, an effect that is partially blocked by the addition of 2 microM sulpiride, a D2 antagonist, to the perfusion buffer. DA release during the first stimulus pulse is unaffected by 2 microM sulpiride, suggesting that autoreceptors are not normally occupied in this preparation. Release caused by the third pulse was 14% of the first pulse and also could be partially enhanced by 2 microM sulpiride. The duration of the inhibition of release induced by endogenous DA was estimated by varying the interval between one-pulse stimulations until the overflow of DA induced by the second pulse was equal to that on the first; a half-time of approximately 17 s was found. The addition of picrotoxin (100 microM) and glutamate (10 microM) to the perfusion buffer did not affect stimulated release of DA, although the addition of atropine (100 microM) attenuated overflow for all the trains tested.
Dosimetry of gamma rays from nitrogen-16 decay

CaF2 thermoluminescence dosimeters (TDL) were used to measure the apparent absorbed dose due to 16N-decay radiation, such as is found in nuclear reactor coolant or in air due to the 16O(n,p)16N activation by fast neutrons. By comparison with an ionization chamber calibrated with a 60Co source, it was found that the TLD underestimated the dose for about 7-MeV gamma-rays by a factor 1.8, while the ionization chamber reading was low by a factor 2.6 when compared with the calculated dose.
Sacral morel-lavallée lesion: a not-so-rare diagnosis

Morel-Lavallee lesions are closed soft tissue degloving injuries with a propensity to become infected, arising in the lumbosacral region or even the scalp, common anatomical locations in neuroradiological studies. The radiologist must recognize this entity, its traumatic etiology, and treatment options. Our patient's Morel-Lavallee lesion was evaluated with ultrasound and MRI, demonstrating a predominantly hemorrhagic lesion successfully managed by aspiration.
Intracellular deoxyribonucleic acid-modifying activity of phototherapy lights.

Extract: Little information is available on the intracellular consequences of the high intensity illumination with visible light that is commonly used in the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. The present study was undertaken to determine whether DNA isolated from human cells growing in culture had undergone structural alterations as a result of exposure to high intensity visible light in the absence of added photosensitizers. Analysis of such DNA on alkaline sucrose gradients revealed a diminution in size after illumination. This structural lesion was repairable when the treated cells were subsequently incubated in the dark. These changes were observed at wave lengths (450 nm) of light identical with those utilized in phototherapy and with total light doses (70.4 kJ/m2) representing only 5% of that received by a newborn infant undergoing phototherapy in our nursery for a 24-hr period (1.3 × 103 kJ/m2). Speculation: In view of the known relationship between DNA-modifying activity and mutagenic and/or carcinogenic potential, the present results suggest that phototherapy is a complex process with an inherent potential for serious long term sequelae.
Exploring the throughput boundaries of randomized schedulers in wireless networks

Randomization is a powerful and pervasive strategy for developing efficient and practical transmission scheduling algorithms in interference-limited wireless networks. Yet, despite the presence of a variety of earlier works on the design and analysis of particular randomized schedulers, there does not exist an extensive study of the limitations of randomization on the efficient scheduling in wireless networks. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap by proposing a common modeling framework and three functional forms of randomized schedulers that utilize queue-length information to probabilistically schedule nonconflicting transmissions. This framework not only models many existing schedulers operating under a timescale separation assumption as special cases, but it also contains a much wider class of potential schedulers that have not been analyzed. We identify some sufficient and some necessary conditions on the network topology and on the functional forms used in the randomization for throughput optimality. Our analysis reveals an exponential and a subexponential class of functions that exhibit differences in the throughput optimality. Also, we observe the significance of the network's scheduling diversity for throughput optimality as measured by the number of maximal schedules each link belongs to. We further validate our theoretical results through numerical studies.
Strategic Voting for Damage Control On the Supreme Court

Prominent scholars argue that the Supreme Court justices vote insincerely and in favor of the majority at the conference vote in order to obtain either damage control over the content of the majority opinion or to conform to the majority. Those justices who cast their vote late in the order of voting at the conference are in a better position to behave this way because they are more likely to know which side will win. Using Spaeth’s Burger Court dataset we examine whether there is a statistical association between the order of voting of the justices and the extent to which they joined the winning coalition at the conference vote. We find little evidence of such an association using either bivariate or multivariate techniques and conclude that such behavior is exceedingly rare.
Protein folding and chaperonins

The folding of polypeptide chains in cells, following either translation or translocation through membranes, must take place under conditions of extremely high protein concentrations. In addition, folding into a correct structure must occur in the presence of other rapidly folding species, and at temperatures known to destabilize aggregation-prone folding intermediates. To facilitate folding in vivo, molecular chaperones have evolved that stabilize protein folding intermediates, thus partitioning them towards a pathway leading to the native state rather than forming inactive aggregated structures.
Novel technique for evaluating grain boundary fracture strength in metallic materials

A technique to evaluate grain boundary fracture strength of metallic materials was developed. Coincident site lattice (CSL) boundaries were prepared by diffusion-bonding of oriented two single-crystal Ni–20Cr pieces. Microtensile specimens were fabricated across the CSL boundaries by femtosecond laser machining. Due to the highly ductile character of Ni–20Cr, notches were machined along the grain boundaries to initiate grain boundary fracture. The microtensile tests at room temperature demonstrated that Σ3(1 1 1) boundary was the strongest of all the CSL boundaries examined.
Single-cell protein production from potato starch by the yeast Schwanniomyces alluvius

Abstract Fully aerated cultures of Schwanniomyces alluvius grew on 4% soluble potato starch in a defined minimal medium at a doubling time of 1.5 h at 30°C. A recovery of 51% (0.51 g of dried biomass from 1 g of starch) was obtained. Yields and growth rates of cultures on starch were similar to those on glucose.
Pathology and natural history of urethral tumors in males Review of 142 cases

Cancer of the female urethra, although uncommon, is important because unless recognized early and treated adequately, death will ensue, preceded by much morbidity. The authors present a series of 62 patients with 70 primary tumors, and 3 patients with secondary tumors. A comprehensive classification of neoplasms of the female urethra is also included.
The role of nonhistone chromosomal proteins in the interaction of prostate chromatin with androgen · receptor complex

Abstract Rat prostate nonhistone chromatin proteins were fractionated by sequential extraction with 0.35 M NaCl and 2.0 M NaCl into 0.35 M NaCl-soluble, 2 M NaCl-soluble and -insoluble (residual) fractions. Interaction of [ 3 H]dihydrotestosterone · receptor complex with reconstituted chromatin lacking one of these fractions and with reconstituted hybrid chromatin using spleen fractions indicate that binding of chromatin to androgen · receptor is largely determined by the residual fraction. The residual fraction of prostate also interacts directly with [ 3 H]dihydrotestosterone · receptor complex target tissue-specifically similar to prostate chromatin. The DNA in the residual fraction is mostly bound by nonhistone proteins and the template activity of the residual DNA in transcription is severely restricted. These characteristics are discussed in relation to the acceptor role of the residual fraction in androgen action.
The 1.7 Å X-ray crystal structure of the porcine factor VIII C2 domain and binding analysis to anti-human C2 domain antibodies and phospholipid surfaces.

The factor VIII C2 domain is essential for binding to activated platelet surfaces as well as the cofactor activity of factor VIII in blood coagulation. Inhibitory antibodies against the C2 domain commonly develop following factor VIII replacement therapy for hemophilia A patients, or they may spontaneously arise in cases of acquired hemophilia. Porcine factor VIII is an effective therapeutic for hemophilia patients with inhibitor due to its low cross-reactivity; however, the molecular basis for this behavior is poorly understood. In this study, the X-ray crystal structure of the porcine factor VIII C2 domain was determined, and superposition of the human and porcine C2 domains demonstrates that most surface-exposed differences cluster on the face harboring the “non-classical” antibody epitopes. Furthermore, antibody-binding results illustrate that the “classical” 3E6 antibody can bind both the human and porcine C2 domains, although the inhibitory titer to human factor VIII is 41 Bethesda Units (BU)/mg IgG versus 0.8 BU/mg IgG to porcine factor VIII, while the non-classical G99 antibody does not bind to the porcine C2 domain nor inhibit porcine factor VIII activity. Further structural analysis of differences between the electrostatic surface potentials suggest that the C2 domain binds to the negatively charged phospholipid surfaces of activated platelets primarily through the 3E6 epitope region. In contrast, the G99 face, which contains residue 2227, should be distal to the membrane surface. Phospholipid binding assays indicate that both porcine and human factor VIII C2 domains bind with comparable affinities, and the human K2227A and K2227E mutants bind to phospholipid surfaces with similar affinities as well. Lastly, the G99 IgG bound to PS-immobilized factor VIII C2 domain with an apparent dissociation constant of 15.5 nM, whereas 3E6 antibody binding to PS-bound C2 domain was not observed.
Activity of the herbal combination, PC-SPES, in the treatment of patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer.

Abstract Objectives. To retrospectively evaluate the response to treatment with PC-SPES, an herbal supplement, because patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer have limited treatment options. Methods. A retrospective analysis was performed of patients with prostate cancer progression despite androgen ablation therapy who were treated with PC-SPES (3 capsules twice daily). We explored potential predictors of response. Results. Twenty-three patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer were treated. The median age was 70 years. Eighteen patients had received prior secondary hormonal treatment and 10 prior chemotherapy. With a median follow-up of 8 months, 20 (87%; 95% confidence interval 66% to 97%) of 23 patients experienced a post-therapy decline in prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The median decline in PSA among these patients was 40% (range 1% to 88%). Of 23 patients, 12 (52%; 95% confidence interval 31% to 73%) had a greater than 50% decline in PSA. The median duration of the PSA response was 2.5 months (range 1 to 9+); the median time from the start of therapy to PSA progression was 6 months (range 2 to 12). Seven patients died of progressive prostate cancer. Toxicity was mild and included nipple tenderness, nausea, and diarrhea. One patient with a known history of coronary artery disease developed angina. In univariate analyses, older patients and those with a longer duration of initial androgen ablation therapy were more likely to respond to PC-SPES. Conclusions. PC-SPES is a well-tolerated and active treatment for androgen-independent prostate cancer. Additional testing is necessary to identify the active components of PC-SPES and its role in the treatment of patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer.
Isotope dilution mass spectrometry for the quantification of sulfane sulfurs

Sulfane sulfurs are one type of important reactive sulfur species. These molecules have unique reactivity that allows them to attach reversibly to other sulfur atoms and exhibit regulatory effects in diverse biological systems. Recent studies have suggested that sulfane sulfurs are involved in signal transduction processes regulated by hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Accurate and reliable measurements of sulfane sulfurs in biological samples are thus needed to reveal their production and mechanisms of actions. Herein we report a convenient and accurate method for the determination of sulfane sulfur concentrations. The method employs a triphenylphosphine derivative (P2) to capture sulfane sulfurs as a stable phosphine sulfide product, PS2. The concentration of PS2 was then determined by isotope dilution mass spectrometry, using a (13)C3-labeled phosphine sulfide, PS1, as the internal standard. The specificity and efficiency of the method were proven by model reactions. It was also applied to the measurement of sulfane sulfurs in mouse tissues including brain, kidney, lung, liver, heart, spleen, and blood.
Higher Order Thinking in the Dance Studio

ABSTRACT The author identifies higher order thinking as an essential component of dance training for students of all ages and abilities. Weaving together insights from interviews with experts in the field of dance education with practical pedagogical applications within an Improvisation and Composition class for talented and gifted youth, this article reveals the author's uncovering understanding of higher order thinking. Emphasis is placed on the higher order thinking skills: critical thinking, analytical reasoning, problem solving, and writing. These skills, which are “thought to be particularly important in the knowledge economy, and shared by most educators as key aims of instruction” (Benjamin 2008, 51), are related within the unique curiosities and objectives of the dance discipline. Utilizing classroom experiences, primarily the author's, complemented by illustrative anecdotal responses from students, this article strategizes ways in which dance teachers can create opportunities for higher order th...
Should the federal government subsidize industrial pollution control investment

Abstract Tax-exempt financing of industrial pollution control equipment has increased rapidly in recent months. This method of subsidizing pollution abatement is known to be highly inefficient. If tax-exempt industrial revenue bonds were replaced by a more efficient subsidy the net financial benefits to polluting industries could probably be about doubled without any extra cost to American taxpayers. Increased utilization of an inefficient subsidy device and the international energy crisis make this a propitious time for tax experts and economists to re-examine the question, should industrial pollution control investments be subsidized?
Perforated Meckel diverticulum

Perforation of a Meckel diverticulum (MD) is a rare complication that can often mimic appendicitis. This case report identifies a child who presented to our Emergency Department (ED) with right lower quadrant abdominal pain, free fluid and air in the abdomen and pelvis, and inflammatory changes visualized on Ultrasonography (US) and computer tomography (CT) scan. In our patient, ruptured appendicitis was suspected, and the diagnosis of ruptured MD was ultimately made by laparoscopy. This case demonstrates that a healthy degree of suspicion for complicated MD should be present when dealing with a questionable diagnosis of appendicitis, particularly in the pediatric population.
An examination of the flow process in superplastic yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia

Abstract Extensive high temperature creep data are available for a superplastic yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia containing 3 mol% of Y2O3 (termed 3Y-TZP). These data are analyzed and it is shown that, contrary to superplastic metals, intragranular slip cannot occur to accommodate grain boundary sliding at the temperatures and stresses examined experimentally. It is proposed instead that flow occurs by Coble diffusion creep controlled by movement of the Zr4+ ions and, because of the small grain sizes in the 3Y-TZP materials, the creep rates are reduced through interface-controlled diffusion creep. A detailed analysis demonstrates this approach predicts the experimental creep rates to within one order of magnitude over the range of grain sizes and temperatures examined experimentally and it accounts also for the reported values for the stress exponent and the exponent of the inverse grain size at high and low stress levels.
Public and Private Self-Consciousness and the Recall of Self-Relevant Information

Two experiments were conducted to assess the extent to which public and private self-consciousness affect the recall of self-relevant information. Subjects rated adjectives under one of three conditions (public self-reference, private self-reference, non-self-reference) and were given a surprise recall task. Results indicated that subjects showed the "self-reference memory enhancement effect"(Rogers, 1981) for those words processed under the self-referent condition congruent with their types of self-consciousness. High public self-conscious subjects recalled significantly more words rated under the public self-reference condition than the other two conditions, whereas high private self-conscious subjects recalled significantly more words rated under the private self-reference condition. Implications for further research are discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS I. TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS WITH NASOPHARYNGEAL WASHINGS.

An active substance has been detected, by the methods described, in five patients in early stages of epidemic influenza during 1918–19 and two patients in early stages of epidemic influenza during 1920 It was not detected in twelve cases of the same disease in which the onset of obvious symptoms occurred more than 36 hours before washing of the nasopharynx was carried out, nor was it found in the secretions of fourteen individuals free from the syndrome of influenza either during the epidemics or the interval between them. With this substance a clinical and pathological condition has been induced in rabbits, affecting the blood and pulmonary structures mainly, which could be maintained and carried through at least fifteen successive animals. For this reason, and also because of the dilution between passages, we are led to believe that we were dealing with the actual transmission of a multiplying agent rather than with a passive transference of an original active substance. In some of the experiments secondary infections by ordinary bacteria were encountered. The relation of these microorganisms to this active substance will be dealt with fully in another communication. However, the essential effects were produced by a substance wholly unrelated to these bacteria. The similarity that exists between the effects produced in rabbits on the blood and the lungs and those occurring in man in epidemic influenza provides a basis for further investigation on the inciting agent of epidemic influenza.