cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The face fly (Diptera: Muscidae): effect on holstein milk secretion.

Three switchback-design field trials were conducted in which we compared milk quantity and quality between herds of Holstein cows, one protected from face flies, Musca autumnalis De Geer, and the other exposed to face flies. Cows were between the peak and the middle of lactation, fed and milked similarly, and grazed on adjacent pastures while alternately protected from or exposed to face flies during three 10-day penods. Data concerning face fly numbers, and milkweights and silage consumption were taken for each cow daily; milk samples for chemical analysis were taken each second or third day. With one exception, the results for each trial showed that average milkweight values did not differ between exposed and protected cows, despite marked differences in face fly numbers. Further, no consistent differences were observed in percentage of milkfat, percentage of protein, percentage of nonfat solids, or somatic cell counts. Silage consumption and silage conversion efficiency were also similar for protected and exposed herds. We therefore conclude that exposure to greater numbers of face flies resulted in little, if any, effect on milk secretion.
Accidental Fatalities of the Utah Cougar

Fatal accidents to our larger carnivores under natural conditions are seldom recorded; this is particularly true of the cougar ( Felis concolor ). Because the cougar generally frequents remote, inaccessible places, has an extensive home range, and is relatively scarce, chances of finding accidental fatalities are poor. Evidence of even a heavy mortality would be widely scattered and we feel very fortunate in having discovered remains of two cougars whose deaths can be attributed to accidents. (In Utah, Felis concolor is commonly called cougar, mountain lion, or lion. Puma, the name favored by Young and Goldman [the puma, mysterious American cat: 2–4, 1946], is very seldom, if ever, used.) Adult cougars in primitive surroundings, such as still exist in parts of Utah, apparently have little to fear from other wildlife species. Most accidents seem to result from the animals' method of getting food. Cougars hunt by creeping up as close as possible to their prey and then charging and springing on it. They must attain considerable speed on their charge and their momentum plus the struggles of their victim sometimes results in harm to themselves. Some cases of non-fatal accidents to cougars have been recorded in the literature. Hornaday (the minds and manners of wild animals: 278–279, 1922) reports the evidence of injury to a cougar in trying to capture a buck mule deer. The struggling animals toppled over a cut-bank and landed with the cougar underneath. The cougar was injured so badly in the fall it could not continue the attack and the buck escaped. Nelson and Goldman (Jour. Mamm., 14:221–222, 1933), writing of jaguars, state, “The great power and ferocity of their attacks are indicated by the fact that in 6 out of 92 skulls examined one or more of the canine teeth had been broken” By way of comparison, …
Symbiogeny and the Evolution of Tissues: The Hypothesis

The symbiogeny hypothesis (1) attributes the origin of stem-metazoans to the formation of symbiogens of eukaryotic epithelial-like spheres fused with ameba-like cells and (2) credits the intra-organismic evolution of metazoan tissues and differentiated cells to competition, interactions, and selection among hereditable variations originating in symbiogens. Data consistent with the symbiogeny hypothesis are drawn from the fossil record of Doushantuo phosphites, molecular phylogenetics, tissue segregation and flexibility, and from the epithelial to mesenchymal and mesenchymal to epithelial transformations during development and malignancy.
RESIDUAL ANALYSIS FOR DETECTING MIS-MODELING IN fMRI

The voxel-wise general linear model (GLM) approach has arguably be- come the dominant way to analyze functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. The approach relies on specifying predicted patterns of signal change a priori. In this work we develop methods for detecting mis-modeling in the GLM frame- work, and derive mathematical expressions for quantifying the effects this has on bias and power. We show that even a relatively small amount of mis-modeling can result in severe power loss, and can inflate the false positive rate beyond the nominal value. Due to the massive amount of data, examining the appropriateness of the model is challenging in fMRI. We propose a simple procedure involving the residuals that can be used to identify possible voxels or regions of the brain where model misfit may be present. The key idea is that if there is model misfit such as a misspecification of onset, duration, or response shape residuals will be sys- tematically larger in mis-modeled segments of the time series. By looking at the weighted sum of consecutive residuals using a moving window, our method can pick out regions of a residual time series in which the residuals are consistently larger than expected by chance, while ignoring spurious large residuals that are expected based on the noise distribution. It may also be used more generally for identify- ing artifacts in fMRI time courses. We investigate the effectiveness of this method using a simulation study, and by applying it to an fMRI dataset. We develop a method and accompanying software for creating whole-brain maps showing power loss and bias due to mis-modeling. Such maps could be a valuable tool in assessing violations of statistical assumptions and informing about differences in the shape and timing of the hemodynamic response function (HRF) across the brain.
Housestaff coverage in a nonteaching community hospital.

In August 1992, a project team of senior medical and administrative personnel was formed (Housestaff Coverage Project Team) at the Park Ridge Health System, Rochester, N.Y.. The team was given a mandate to address housestaff coverage, primarily from an economic standpoint. Through total quality management (TQM), the project team sought to develop a house coverage plan that was sustainable, efficient, and effective. A plan was developed that includes three layers of service. A minimum "standard hospital coverage" would be available to all physicians and their patients and cover the basic needs of admission, crisis intervention, and issues of length of stay. A complete level of service would be available under the title of "case management" and would consist of total patient management, under the direction of the attending physician, from admission through discharge. The third level of service available to both "standard" and "case managed" patients would be a "consultative service." The latter would function as a traditional in-house medical service and would bill for its services. Park Ridge Hospital believes it has developed a system of housestaff coverage that is sustainable, efficient, and effective. An evaluation mechanism, primarily addressed at length of stay, will tell if we are correct in this assumption.
Galaxies Beyond the Detection Limits of Deep X-ray Surveys

The great sensitivities of the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton are allowing us to explore the X-ray emission from galaxies at moderate to high redshift. By using the stacking method, we show that we can detect the ensemble emission from normal elliptical, spiral and irregular galaxies out to redshifts approaching one. The average X-ray luminosity can then be compared with the results of models of the evolution in the numbers of X-ray binaries and can possibly be used to constrain models of star formation.
Physiological changes in circulating glucagon alter hepatic glucose disposition during portal glucose delivery.

This study examined whether physiological changes in glucagon alter net hepatic glucose uptake (NHGU) or glycogen synthesis under conditions of hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and portal vein gluc...
Is there a role for paediatric Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners in the management of child sexual assault in Australia

In Australia, paediatricians and Child Protection Specialists provide the medical and forensic examinations of child victims of sexual assault. There are workforce challenges in the recruitment and retention of doctors to undertake child sexual assault (CSA) work particularly in remote and rural areas. Pediatric Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (PSANE) programs have existed in the USA and the UK for many years. Using Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) methodology, a systematic search of the literature was performed to ascertain what is known about SANE programs, to evaluate the evidence for their effectiveness across a number of domains (accessibility, health and legal outcomes and cost effectiveness) and to inform policy on models of care and elements of best practice which may be appropriate for local implementation in Australia. This review showed that despite the limited evidence available and significant gaps in the evidence, SANEs provide a high standard of medical care and are not detrimental to the legal process. By providing recommendations regarding the potential value, effectiveness and feasibility of establishing a PSANE program in Australia, this article may be of interest to other high income countries facing similar workforce challenges in meeting the needs of children with alleged sexual assault.
Corporate Social Responsibility Communication in North America: The Past, Present and Future

Since the establishment of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between Canada, Mexico, and the United States, corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts across borders have been encouraged. Although NAFTA itself has been heavily studied, the comparative development of CSR programs and their related communications across borders remain relatively unexamined. This chapter examines the historical development of CSR in the post-industrial United States and Canada and compares it to its development in Mexico. This historical perspective provides a foundation for understanding the current state of CSR communication and sets the stage for the future CSR communication across North America.
Design and evaluation of a pharmacogenomics information resource for pharmacists.

Objective To develop and evaluate a pharmacogenomics information resource for pharmacists. Materials and methods We built a pharmacogenomics information resource presenting Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug product labelling information, refined it based on feedback from pharmacists, and conducted a comparative usability evaluation, measuring task completion time, task correctness and perceived usability. Tasks involved hypothetical clinical situations requiring interpretation of pharmacogenomics information to determine optimal prescribing for specific patients. Results Pharmacists were better able to perform certain tasks using the redesigned resource relative to the Pharmacogenomic Knowledgebase (PharmGKB) and the FDA Table of Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers in Drug Labeling. On average, participants completed tasks in 107.5 s using our resource, compared to 188.9 s using PharmGKB and 240.2 s using the FDA table. Using the System Usability Scale, participants rated our resource 79.62 on average, compared to 53.27 for PharmGKB and 50.77 for the FDA table. Participants found the correct answers for 100% of tasks using our resource, compared to 76.9% using PharmGKB and 69.2% using the FDA table. Discussion We present structured, clinically relevant pharmacogenomic FDA drug product label information with visualizations to help explain the relationships between gene variants, drugs, and phenotypes. The results from our evaluation suggest that user-centered interfaces for pharmacogenomics information can increase ease of access and comprehension. Conclusion A clinician-focused pharmacogenomics information resource can answer pharmacogenomics-related medication questions faster, more correctly, and more easily than widely used alternatives, as perceived by pharmacists.
Cavernous Transformation of the Portal Vein Requiring Temporary Mesocaval Shunt and Internal Jugular Vein Interposition Graft

The current treatment of pancreatic cancer involves a multidisciplinary team providing multimodal therapies, which include chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. With improvements in tumor response to contemporary systemic agents, surgical resection is now being considered for tumors that were previously believed to be technically unresectable. This chapter illustrates a complex situation where the pancreatic tumor caused segmental occlusion of the superior mesenteric portal vein confluence, resulting in cavernous transformation of the portal vein in the setting of proximal arterial abutment. We describe diversion of mesenteric flow through mesocaval shunting prior to portal dissection, which then allowed for a safe pancreatectomy enhanced by improved visualization of the superior mesenteric artery.
Use of Pressure Transducers

Disposable pressure transducers are used to obtain a precise and continuous measurement of physiological pressures. This video reviews the use of a pressure transducer to monitor hemodynamic pressures in adults.
Oblique angle deposition-induced anisotropy in Co 2 FeAl films

Abstract A series of Co2FeAl Heusler alloy films, fabricated on Si/SiO2 substrates by magnetron sputtering-oblique angle deposition technique, have been investigated by magnetization and transport measurements. The morphology and magnetic anisotropy of the films strongly depended on the deposition angle. While the film deposited at zero degree (i.e. normal incidence) did not show any anisotropy, the films deposited at higher angles showed unusually strong in-plane anisotropy that increased with deposition angle. The enhanced anisotropy was well-reflected in the direction-dependent magnetization and the coercivity of the films that increased dramatically from 30 Oe to 490 Oe. In a similar vein, the electrical resistivity of the films also increased drastically, especially for deposition angles larger than 60°. These anisotropic effects and their relation to the morphology of the films are discussed.
Agilent's Key Technologies in Remote System Management

Agilent Technologies Boeblingen Verification Solutions is offering a variety of remote system management products. This paper will summarize the key technologies on which Agilents remote system management solutions are based. This includes the underlying standards, knowledge in remote management and diagnostics, as well as IP-based design of highly integrated systems on chip.
Immigrant kinship networks: Vietnamese Salvadoreans and Mexicans in comparative perspective.

This is a comparative analysis of differences in the effectiveness of kinship networks among various immigrant groups in San Francisco California. "Based on 80 intensive interviews and ethnographic observations this article seeks to explain instances of network breakdown among Salvadoreans through a comparison with the experiences of Vietnamese and Mexicans among whom kinship networks do not break down in the same manner as they do among Salvadoreans. The analysis in this study suggests that macro-structural forces in the receiving context shape network dynamics among immigrants in significant ways. The forces in the receiving context include immigration policies the oscillations of the local economy and the characteristics of the immigrant community such as its resources and its migratory history." (EXCERPT) (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)
Three-Phase Flow Measurements Using a Hot-Film Anemometer

Hot-film probes have been extensively used for local velocity measurements in single-phase liquid flows. In addition, they have been widely used for the measurement of the local volume fraction and phasic velocities in gas/liquid two-phase flows. In contrast, very few researchers have tried to use hot film probes for two-phase liquid/liquid and three-phase gas/liquid/liquid measurements; in particular, for the oil/water/gas flows which are of interest in the petroleum recovery industry.
Connecting Tractor and Implement

The working unit for both field work and transportation consists of a tractor and the implement, which are connected together by components which are called the hitches. The tractor and the implement influence each other with regard to function, and consequently the method of connecting them has important influences on the effectiveness of the entire working unit.
EFFECTS OF 4-ETHYLSULFONYLNAPHTHALENE-1-SULFONAMIDE, ACETAZOLAMIDE, AND OXAMIDE ON THE MOUSE URINARY TRACT

The effects of 4-ethylsulfonylnaphthalene-1-sulfonamide, acetazolamide and oxamide on the mouse urothelium were examined. All three compounds induced similar lesions in the urothelium including hyperplasia, inflammation, and diverticula. The results suggest that the lesions produced are related to the crystalluria associated with the three compounds.
Evaluating the acute abdomen

The acute abdomen is defined as the combination of severe abdominal and the physical findings of peritonitis. It is a common presentation to either the primary care office or the emergency department, and it routinely requires surgical consultation that leads to operative management. It is vital that all surgeons be systematic, carry a broad differential for acute onset abdominal pain, and understand the many elements that go into narrowing the differential diagnosis. When evaluating a patient with acute abdominal pain, the most important and informational pieces are the history and physical exam. These two elements will point the surgeon in the right direction as to what further studies are necessary to confirm their suspicions. The location of the pain, associated symptoms, and the patient’s prior medical and surgical history contribute greatly to making the diagnosis. Laboratory and imaging tests will help confirm the diagnosis and assist with surgical planning. Management of the patient will vary depending on the final diagnosis. Some patients will require observation, while others will need urgent surgical intervention. The postoperative care for patients after emergency general surgery is equally as important as making the diagnosis or the surgical technique utilized in the operating room. Understanding the types of complications that patients are at risk for and recognizing them early is the key to postoperative care. Certain populations of patients such as the elderly, pregnant, or the immunocompromised patient will bring special challenges and considerations that the surgeon must take into account both in the preoperative evaluation and the postoperative care of these patients.
Transcription factor enrichment analysis (TFEA): Quantifying the activity of hundreds of transcription factors from a single experiment

Detecting differential activation of transcription factors (TFs) in response to perturbation provides insight into cellular processes. Transcription Factor Enrichment Analysis (TFEA) is a robust and reliable computational method that detects differential activity of hundreds of TFs given any set of perturbation data. TFEA draws inspiration from GSEA and detects positional motif enrichment within a list of ranked regions of interest (ROIs). As ROIs are typically inferred from the data, we also introduce muMerge, a statistically principled method of generating a consensus list of ROIs from multiple replicates and conditions. TFEA is broadly applicable to data that informs on transcriptional regulation including nascent (eg. PRO-Seq), CAGE, ChIP-Seq, and accessibility (e.g. ATAC-Seq). TFEA not only identifies the key regulators responding to a perturbation, but also temporally unravels regulatory networks with time series data. Consequently, TFEA serves as a hypothesis-generating tool that provides an easy, rigorous, and cost-effective means to broadly assess TF activity yielding new biological insights.
Tunable Onset of Hydrogen Evolution in Graphene with Hot Electrons

Here, we show that the turn-on voltage for the hydrogen evolution reaction on a graphene surface can be tuned in a semiconductor–insulator–graphene (SIG) device immersed in a solution. Specifically...
High-resolution mapping of DNA alkylation damage and base excision repair at yeast transcription factor binding sites

Abstract DNA base damage arises frequently in living cells and needs to be removed by base excision repair (BER) to prevent mutagenesis and genome instability. Both the formation and repair of base damage occur in chromatin and are conceivably affected by DNA-binding proteins such as transcription factors (TFs). However, to what extent TF binding affects base damage distribution and BER in cells is unclear. Here, we used a genome-wide damage mapping method, N-methylpurine-sequencing (NMP-seq), to characterize alkylation damage distribution and BER at TF binding sites in yeast cells treated with the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). Our data shows that alkylation damage formation was mainly suppressed at the binding sites of yeast TFs Abf1 and Reb1, but individual hotspots with elevated damage levels were also found. Additionally, Abf1 and Reb1 binding strongly inhibits BER in vivo and in vitro, causing slow repair both within the core motif and its adjacent DNA. The observed effects are caused by the TF-DNA interaction, because damage formation and BER can be restored by depletion of Abf1 or Reb1 protein from the nucleus. Thus, our data reveal that TF binding significantly modulates alkylation base damage formation and inhibits repair by the BER pathway. The interplay between base damage formation and BER may play an important role in affecting mutation frequency in gene regulatory regions.
Bank Notes and Shinplasters: The Rage for Paper Money in the Early Republic: by Joshua R. Greenberg, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020, pp. 224, $34.95 (hbk), ISBN 9780812252248

In Bank Notes and Shinplasters: The Rage for Paper Money in the Early Republic, Joshua Greenberg investigates early Americans’ day-to-day experience with bank notes and makes the persuasive case th...
Catholic Schools, Health Habits, and Substance Abuse

The effect of Catholic schooling on the demand for the commodities in question could be either direct on indirect. It could directly affect the demand for alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana if Catholic schooling affected the behavior of students relative to other types of schooling. Catholic schooling might indirectly affect the demand for the commodities in question if it affected educational attainment or test scores. In related studies, it has been shown that educational attainment and test scores reduce smoking and alcohol abuse.
Psoriasis Therapy in the Geriatric Population

The geriatric population of the USA is rapidly growing, and estimates indicate that it will comprise one-fourth of the total population by year 2025. These patients make up a significant percentage of those treated for psoriasis; however there is little literature focused on specific cutaneous concerns within the population. Physiologic changes associated with aging, concurrent comorbidities, and polypharmacy can all complicate a clinician’s treatment approach and lead to inadequate management or undertreatment. This chapter hopes to serve as a clinical aid in safely addressing a geriatric patient’s cutaneous needs.
Clock Distribution In Synchronous Systems

The sections in this article are 1 Synchronous Systems 2 Theoretical Background of Clock Skew 3 Timing Constraints Caused By Clock Skew 4 Clock Distribution Design of Structured Custom Vlsi Circuits 5 Automated Synthesis and Layout Of Clock Distribution Networks 6 Analysis and Modeling of The Timing Characteristics of Clock Distribution Networks 7 Specification of The Optimal Timing Characteristics of Clock Distribution Networks 8 Example Implementations of Clock Distribution Networks 9 Directions For Future Research In The Design Of Clock Distribution Networks 10 Summary and Conclusions
In stroke, complement will get you nowhere.

The complement cascade has been proposed as another participant in the inflammatory events leading to neural tissue damage after stroke. But only time, and many more experiments, will tell whether molecules designed to inhibit specific pathways of the inflammatory response will pay off.
Bridging the Black Hole of Trauma: The Evolutionary Significance of the Arts Part 2: The Arts and Evolution - What is Art For?

The second part of this two-part paper, originally written in the mid 1990s, continues to make the case that art has developed as a response to and a transformation of trauma. It discusses the mimetic and ritual sources of art, and the concept of catharsis, and relates artistic expression to neuroscientific work on the cerebral hemispheres. It concludes by discussing struggles and contradictions around the role of art in modern culture. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing equalities of multiplicative representations in polynomial time

For multiplicative representations /spl Pi//sub i=1//sup k//spl alpha//sub i//sup n(i)/ and /spl Pi//sub j=1//sup l//spl beta//sub j//sup m(j)/ where /spl alpha//sub i/, /spl beta//sub j/ are non-zero elements of some algebraic number field K and n/sub i/, m/sub j/ are rational integers, we present a deterministic polynomial time algorithm that decides whether /spl Pi//sub i=1//sup k//spl alpha//sub i//sup n(i)/ equals /spl Pi//sub j=1//sup l//spl beta//sub j//sup m(j)/. The running time of the algorithm is polynomial in the number of bits required to represent the number field K, the elements /spl alpha//sub i/, /spl beta//sub j/ and the integers n/sub i/, m/sub j/. >
A novel in vitro and in vivo breast cancer model for testing inhibitors of estrogen biosynthesis and its action using mammary tumor cells with an activated int-5/aromatase gene

We recently showed that the cellular gene int-5/aromatase in BALB/c mammary alveolar hyperplastic nodule (D2 HAN/D2 tumor cells) is activated as a result of mouse mammary tumor virus integration within the 3' untranslated region of the aromatase gene. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of various aromatase inhibitors on androstenedione-mediated tumor cell growth. Also, we compared the effect of the non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor (CGS 16949A) on the inhibition of tumor growth. Our results show that D2 tumor cells respond well to various aromatase inhibitors and antiestrogens. We examined the usefulness of this model by using D2 tumor cells to simulate postmenopausal breast cancer employing both in vitro cell culture and in vivo ovariectomized (OVX) nude mouse. Unlike DMBA-induced tumors or other models, D2 tumor cells form very rapid tumors within a few days in intact mice or OVX nude mice with androstenedione supplementation and respond well to an aromatase inhibitor. This model with its known mechanism of aromatase activation should be useful for studying the role of intra-tumoral estrogen in mammary cancer, for evaluating the effects of aromatase inhibitors and antiestrogens, and for comparing breast cancer treatments.
Prion Protein (PrP) Knock-Out Mice Show Altered Iron Metabolism: A Functional Role for PrP in Iron Uptake and Transport

Despite overwhelming evidence implicating the prion protein (PrP) in prion disease pathogenesis, the normal function of this cell surface glycoprotein remains unclear. In previous reports we demonstrated that PrP mediates cellular iron uptake and transport, and aggregation of PrP to the disease causing PrP-scrapie (PrPSc) form results in imbalance of iron homeostasis in prion disease affected human and animal brains. Here, we show that selective deletion of PrP in transgenic mice (PrPKO) alters systemic iron homeostasis as reflected in hematological parameters and levels of total iron and iron regulatory proteins in the plasma, liver, spleen, and brain of PrPKO mice relative to matched wild type controls. Introduction of radiolabeled iron (59FeCl3) to Wt and PrPKO mice by gastric gavage reveals inefficient transport of 59Fe from the duodenum to the blood stream, an early abortive spike of erythropoiesis in the long bones and spleen, and eventual decreased 59Fe content in red blood cells and all major organs of PrPKO mice relative to Wt controls. The iron deficient phenotype of PrPKO mice is reversed by expressing Wt PrP in the PrPKO background, demonstrating a functional role for PrP in iron uptake and transport. Since iron is required for essential metabolic processes and is also potentially toxic if mismanaged, these results suggest that loss of normal function of PrP due to aggregation to the PrPSc form induces imbalance of brain iron homeostasis, resulting in disease associated neurotoxicity.
Murine but not human basophil undergoes cell-specific proteolysis of a major endoplasmic reticulum chaperone.

Introduction: Basophil has been implicated in anti-parasite defense, allergy and in polarizing TH2 response. Mouse model has been commonly used to study basophil function although the difference between human and mouse basophils is underappreciated. As an essential chaperone for multiple Toll-like receptors and integrins in the endoplasmic reticulum, gp96 also participates in general protein homeostasis and in the ER unfolded protein response to ensure cell survival during stress. The roles of gp96 in basophil development are unknown. Methods: We genetically delete gp96 in mice and examined the expression of gp96 in basophils by Western blot and flow cytometry. We compared the expression pattern of gp96 between human and mouse basophils. Results: We found that gp96 was dispensable for murine basophil development. Moreover, gp96 was cleaved by serine protease(s) in murine but not human basophils leading to accumulation of a nun-functional N-terminal ,50 kDa fragment and striking induction of the unfolded protein response. The alteration of gp96 was unique to basophils and was not observed in any other cell types including mast cells. We also demonstrated that the ectopic expression of a mouse-specific tryptase mMCP11 does not lead to gp96 cleavage in human basophils. Conclusions: Our study revealed a remarkable biochemical event of gp96 silencing in murine but not human basophils, highlighting the need for caution in using mouse models to infer the function of basophils in human immune response. Our study also reveals a novel mechanism of shutting down gp96 post-translationally in regulating its function.
The pressure-volume-temperature equation of hydrogen

Abstract Since hydrogen has a substantially different interatomic potential from that of the other gases in the C-H-O system, a corresponding states equation is not appropriate for representing its pressure-volume-temperature behavior. An independent polynomial in pressure and temperature for hydrogen is proposed, which is useful over a wide pressure and temperature range.
Effects of density, activity, and personality on environmental preferences☆

The effects of room density, type of ongoing activity (party vs studying), and a personality variable (“personal space” or the distance which subjects place between themselves and others) on room liking were investigated. Results supported the prediction that type of activity is an important determinant of whether a high or low density setting is preferred. Evidence was also presented that a mediator between activity type and density preference is whether the presence of other people facilitates or inhibits the individual's goals in the setting. Personality factors also influence density preferences: Close standing Ss preferred a high to a low density setting; far standing Ss showed an opposite preference pattern, but only in the party condition. Correlations between Ss' personal space scores and several background and personality variables are also presented.
The solid state 13C-NMR spectra of some intercalation compounds

Abstract The 13 C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of graphite bromine (C 8 Br) and two graphite potassium compounds (C 8 K and C 24 K) have been obtained in the solid state. A similar spectrum is observed for all three compounds. The major feature in all three compounds is a very broad upfield resonance. These spectra are interpreted as indicative of an interaction of the intercalate with the graphite π system leading to more aliphatic-like carbon atoms.
Plasmodium falciparum: induction, selection, and characterization of pyrimethamine-resistant mutants.

Abstract We have selected eight pyrimethamine resistant mutants of a cloned, drug sensitive, Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite, strain FCR3. The mutants exhibited resistance to between 10 and 200 times higher concentrations of drug than the wild type parasite. The mutants were selected from cultured parasites that were either unmutagenized or N-methyl N′-mtro-N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenized. One mutant was shown to contain a mutant dihydrofolate reductase enzyme in parasite extracts that exhibited (1) a five- to ninefold reduction in its binding of methotrexate, (2) an undetectable enzyme activity based on the spectrophotometric conversion of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate, and (3) essentially normal amounts of the parasite's bifunctional thymidylate synthetase-dihydrofolate reductase enzyme. Other mutants exhibited both normal dihydrofolate reductase specific activity and normal enzyme sensitivity to the inhibitory activity of the drug.
Safety of Nizatidine in Clinical Trials Conducted in the USA and Europe

The safety of nizatidine as treatment for active duodenal or gastric ulcer disease or as maintenance therapy following ulcer healing was assessed in 3800 nizatidine-treated individuals in clinical trials conducted in the USA and Europe. Safety parameters included physical examinations, electrocardiograms, eye examinations, serum chemistries and testosterone, hematology, and urinalyses. Adverse events were recorded without judgment of causality. Early discontinuations and adverse events, including complications of active duodenal ulcer disease, occurred more frequently in placebo-treated patients than in those given nizatidine. No differences were observed between the nizatidine and ranitidine treatment groups in regard to adverse event incidence or severity. Minimal changes in uric acid values were observed during ranitidine and nizatidine therapy. Abnormal liver function tests occurred infrequently and to an equal extent in nizatidine and placebo treatment groups. No clinically relevant differences in laboratory test results were observed between treatment groups in studies conducted in Europe.
Prayer Utterances as Aligning Actions

Social actors use prayer utterances (e.g., statements such as “prayed over,”“prayed about,” or “spent time in prayer”) as aligning actions that justify problematic or questionable courses of action and prevent possible negative characterizations. The prayer utterance functions as an aligning action in American society because of Americans’ beliefs and actions concerning the efficacy of prayer in solving problems and because prayer is viewed as a sign of personal morality and trustworthiness. Three examples of individuals who use the prayer utterance as an aligning action serve as illustrations of this argument (Oprah Winfrey, Alabama State Supreme Court Justice Sue Bell Cobb, and President Barack Obama). Scholars should investigate the uses and functions of prayer utterances in social life and should also investigate the possible uses of other religious talk as aligning actions.
INVERTEBRATE TISSUE CULTURE AS A TOOL TO STUDY INSECT TRANSMISSION OF PLANT VIRUSES

Invertebrate tissue culture is an underutilized resource in the study of insect-transmitted plant viruses. Since the establishment of leafhopper vector monolayers over 20 yr ago, these continuous cultures were used primarily to assay the infectivity of plant viruses that replicate in their insect vectors and to elucidate the viral determinants for transmission of wound tumor phytoreovirus and potato yellow dwarf rhabdovirus. Primary aphid cultures were used to study the uptake of viruses and viral accumulation. The biggest potential for use of insect cell culture in the future is in studying the molecular biology of propagative viruses. Although leafhopper cell lines do not support the same virus-vector specificity that is found in vivo, the cell lines have some advantage over the use of whole insects in the ease with which viral transcripts and mutant viruses can be uniformly introduced into cells. Existing leafhopper monolayer systems could facilitate studies on the influence of the vector’s genetic background on viral replication. Cultures derived from salivary glands might be useful to study the insect receptors that recognize the viral capsid. Cell lines from planthoppers, thrips, and eriophid mite vectors would allow research on the biological and molecular characterization of poorly characterized plant viruses.
High-pressure behavior of MgO: Structural and electronic properties

The high-pressure behavior of the structural and electronic properties of MgO is examined with use of the pseudopotential method within local-density theory. At zero pressure the rocksalt phase is found to be lower in energy than a hypothetical CsCl structure. However, we predict a phase transformation into an insulating CsCl structure at a very high hydrostatic pressure of about 10 Mbar. This result predicts that the CsCl phase for MgO is unlikely to exist even in the lower mantle of the Earth. The calculated ground-state properties such as lattice constant, bulk modulus, and cohesive energy for the rocksalt phase are in good agreement with experiment. The electronic band structures at normal and high pressures are also given.
Predicting performance in first-semester college basic writers: Revisiting the role of self-beliefs

Abstract This study of 118 students who placed into basic skills sections of College English suggests that students’ self-beliefs may be a particularly important predictor of success in weak writers in first-semester courses. Two types of writing self-efficacy scales—a writing tasks/skills scale and an approach-to-writing scale—were developed to follow current composition practice more closely. Locus of control was the single most powerful predictor of success. This finding is congruent with theory about the importance of locus of control in new and ambiguous situations. High school performance, writing proficiency, and negative academic behaviors were also significant factors in regression analyses for both course grade and writing proficiency test. Various ways that writing instructors can help improve students’ self-beliefs are discussed.
Drinking Habits Among Older Persons: Findings from the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (1982-84)

OBJECTIVES: To describe alcohol use and its sociodemographic correlates among persons aged 65 years and older in a US probability sample. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of a national probability sample-based cohort study. SETTING: Multiple sites throughout the United States. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3448 persons aged 65 and older who participated in the first wave of the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (1982–84). MEASUREMENTS: We describe the alcohol use behaviors and demographic characteristics of 3448 persons aged 65 and older. Least squares regression models were used to assess associations between older persons' sociodemographic characteristics and alcohol use.: RESULTS: Sixty percent of the sample reported having 12 or more drinks of alcohol in at least 1 year of their lives. Seventy-nine percent of these older drinkers were currently drinking. Twenty-five percent of all drinkers drank daily (31% men, 19% women). Using gender-specific definitions (men >2 drinks/day; women >1 drink/day), 16% of men drinking alcohol and 15% of women drinking alcohol were heavy drinkers. Younger age, male gender, and higher income were associated with greater alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: Most older persons who ever drank alcohol in their lifetimes were currently drinking. In addition, a substantial number of older persons were drinking currently at levels that may place them at risk of adverse health consequences.
β-Amyloid Impairs AMPA Receptor Trafficking and Function by Reducing Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II Synaptic Distribution

A fundamental feature of Alzheimer disease (AD) is the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ), a peptide generated from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Emerging evidence suggests that soluble Aβ oligomers adversely affect synaptic function, which leads to cognitive failure associated with AD. The Aβ-induced synaptic dysfunction has been attributed to the synaptic removal of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs); however, it is unclear how Aβ induces the loss of AMPARs at the synapses. In this study we have examined the potential involvement of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), a signaling molecule critical for AMPAR trafficking and function. We found that the synaptic pool of CaMKII was significantly decreased in cortical neurons from APP transgenic mice, and the density of CaMKII clusters at synapses was significantly reduced by Aβ oligomer treatment. In parallel, the surface expression of GluR1 subunit as well as AMPAR-mediated synaptic response and ionic current was selectively decreased in APP transgenic mice and Aβ-treated cultures. Moreover, the reducing effect of Aβ on AMPAR current density was mimicked and occluded by knockdown of CaMKII and blocked by overexpression of CaMKII. These results suggest that the Aβ-induced change in CaMKII subcellular distribution may underlie the removal of AMPARs from synaptic membrane by Aβ.
Marketing constraints in traditional economies

Concerns itself with the growth prospects for the West African fishing industry, decides that attempts to reform marketing in isolation from the system of financing will be unsuccessful. Wonders what can be done to identify constraints to trade, and this involves more than a mere understanding of economic processes. Attempts to show the response of marketing institutions to technical innovations and economic growth in the hope that it will provide some empirical data to modify Western economic concepts that are generally applied to developing economies. Concludes that generalisation for all developing economies are not possible.
Characterization and Functional Analysis of 12 Naturally Occurring Reactive Site Variants of Serpin-1 from Manduca sexta

Serpin gene-1 from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, encodes, through alternative exon usage, 12 reactive site variants (Jiang, H., Wang, Y. and Kanost, M. R., (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 55-58; Jiang, H., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Mulnix, A. B., Kadel, J., Cole, K., and Kanost, M. R. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 28017-28023). These 43-kDa proteins differ from each other only in their COOH-terminal 39-46 residues, which include the reactive site. To test the hypothesis that these proteins are proteinase inhibitors of diverse selectivities and to begin to elucidate their physiological functions, we expressed the 12 serpin-1 variants in Escherichia coli. Seven of the variants inhibited mammalian serine proteinases, with association rate constants comparable with those of human serpins. Serpin-1A, with a P1 Arg residue, inhibited both trypsin and plasmin. Serpin-1B (P1 Ala) and serpin-1F (P1 Val) inhibited porcine pancreatic elastase and human neutrophil elastase. Serpin-1H, -1K, and -1Z, all with a Tyr residue at the P1 position, inhibited chymotrypsin and cathepsin G. Serpin-1I (P1 Leu) inhibited both elastase and chymotrypsin. Nine of the serpin variants were active as inhibitors of microbial serine proteinases, including subtilisin Carlsberg, proteinase K, and two proteinases secreted by an entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae. In addition, one of the serpin variants, serpin-1J, strongly inhibited activation of M. sexta hemolymph phenoloxidase, a pathway involving a serine proteinase cascade. This pathway is a component of the defensive response of insects to microbial infection. These results suggest that the products of M. sexta serpin gene-1 may be important in regulating both exogenous and endogenous serine proteinases in hemolymph.
Elevated preoperative hemoglobin A1c level is associated with reduced long-term survival after coronary artery bypass surgery.

Background The predictive role of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) on long-term outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery has not been evaluated. Methods Preoperative HbA1c levels were obtained in 3,201 patients undergoing primary, elective coronary artery bypass surgery at Emory Healthcare Hospitals from January 2002 to December 2006 and entered prospectively into a computerized database. Long-term survival status was determined by cross-referencing patient records with the Social Security Death Index. Log-rank (unadjusted) and Cox proportional hazards regression models (adjusted) were employed to determine whether HbA1c and diabetes mellitus were independent risk factors for reduced long-term survival, adjusted for 29 covariates. Hazard ratios for each unit increase in continuous HbA1c were calculated. Results Patients with HbA1c of 7% or greater had lower unadjusted 5-year survival compared with patients with HbA1c less than 7% (p = 0.001). Similarly, patients with diabetes mellitus had lower unadjusted 5-year survival compared with patients without diabetes (p Conclusions Poor preoperative glycemic control, as measured by an elevated HbA1c, is associated with reduced long-term survival after coronary artery bypass surgery. Optimizing glucose control in these patients may improve long-term survival.
Identifying influential nodes in a wound healing-related network of biological processes using mean first-passage time

In this study we offer an approach to network physiology, which proceeds from transcriptomic data and uses gene ontology analysis to identify the biological processes most enriched in several critical time points of wound healing process (days 0, 3 and 7). The top-ranking differentially expressed genes for each process were used to build two networks: one with all proteins regulating the transcription of selected genes, and a second one involving the proteins from the signaling pathways that activate the transcription factors. The information from these networks is used to build a network of the most enriched processes with undirected links weighted proportionally to the count of shared genes between the pair of processes, and directed links weighted by the count of relationships connecting genes from one process to genes from the other. In analyzing the network thus built we used an approach based on random walks and accounting for the temporal aspects of the spread of a signal in the network (mean-first passage time, MFPT). The MFPT scores allowed identifying the top influential, as well as the top essential biological processes, which vary with the progress in the healing process. Thus, the most essential for day 0 was found to be the Wnt-receptor signaling pathway, well known for its crucial role in wound healing, while in day 3 this was the regulation of NF-kB cascade, essential for matrix remodeling in the wound healing process. The MFPT-based scores correctly reflected the pattern of the healing process dynamics to be highly concentrated around several processes between day 0 and day 3, and becoming more diffuse at day 7.
Root profiles of selected cold desert shrubs and grasses in disturbed and undisturbed soils

Abstract The root depths and maximum lateral spreads of two shrubs and four perennial grass species were examined in disturbed (backfilled) and undisturbed soil using 131 I as a soil injected radiotracer. Although individual species differences were found, root distributions were not universally larger in one soil type or another. Big sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis ) roots were detected deeper in the undisturbed soil (1.00 vs 0.75 m), while green rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus ) roots were detected deeper in undisturbed soil (1.00 vs 0.50 m). Streambank wheatgrass ( Elymus lanceolatus ) and crested wheatgrass ( Agropyron cristatum ) roots were detected deeper in disturbed soil (1.00 m vs 0.75 m). Basin wildrye ( Leymus cinereus ) exhibited the greatest lateral root spread (0.90 m). Soil moisture, rather than soil disturbance, seemed to dictate root depth.