cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Financial Intermediation and Income Distribution

What is the social impact of the financial intermediation sector? I analyze the aggregate and the redistribution impact of financial intermediaries in an economy with a set of potential entrepreneurs. The intermediation sector endogenously develops to relax credit constraints by monitoring a borrowing entrepreneur. Competitive intermediaries i) eradicate non-fundamental-based income inequality by spreading economic opportunity to financially constrained individuals—the redistribution impact, and ii) boost entrepreneurship and restore the socially optimal occupational pattern—the job-creation impact. Although the job-creation impact is socially beneficial, the redistribution impact is not—social surplus declines overall due to a pecuniary externality associated with the redistribution function of the financial intermediation sector. Monopoly intermediation limits the redistribution impact and may raise the utilitarian welfare.
‘Sex Is Not Just about Ovaries.’ Youth Participatory Research on Sexuality Education in The Netherlands

Young people are not satisfied with the sexuality education they receive in Dutch high schools. They rate their sexuality education as mediocre (5.8 on a scale of one to ten). In cooperation with 17 young peer researchers, we explored what good sexuality education looks like from the point of view of young people. The peer researchers collected data in their own high school, using mixed methods, starting with individual interviews, followed by focus group discussions and Photovoice sessions to get more in-depth views on topics, class atmosphere, and teacher skills. In total, 300 pupils aged 12–18 participated in the research. Our findings demonstrate that young people want more sexuality education, during their whole school career. They want sexuality education to move beyond biological functions, sexually transmitted diseases, and reproduction into issues like dating, online behavior, sexual pleasure, relationships, and sexual coercion. Moreover, pupils want sexual diversity integrated and normalized in all content. One of the main issues is that sexuality education should be given in a safe class atmosphere, which demands sensitivity from the teacher. In addition to the findings of the study, this article reflects on the steps to be taken to realize the changes desired by young people.
Long-Term Modeling and Monitoring of Neuromusculoskeletal System Performance Using Tattoo-Like EMG Sensors

This paper introduces stretchable, long-term wearable, tattoo-like dry surface electrodes for highly repeatable electromyography (EMG). The tattoo-like sensors are hair thin, skin compliant and can be laminated on human skin just like a temporary transfer tattoo, which enables multidaynoninvasive but intimate contact with the skin even under severe skin deformation. The new electrodes were used to facilitate a system-based approach to tracking of long-term fatiguing and recovery processes in a human neuromusculoskeletal (NMS) system, which was based on establishing an autoregressive moving average model with exogenous inputs (ARMAX model) relating signatures extracted from the surface electromyogram (sEMG) signals collected using the tattoo-like sensors, and the corresponding hand grip force (HGF) serving as the model output. Performance degradation of the relevant NMS system was evaluated by tracking the evolution of the errors of the ARMAX model established using the data corresponding to the rested (fresh) state of any given subject. Results from several exercise sessions clearly showed repeated patterns of fatiguing and resting, with a notable point that these patterns could now be quantified via dynamic models relating the relevant muscle signatures and NMS outputs.
Copayments and the Demand for Prescription Drugs

1. Introduction 2. Literature on the Demand for Prescription Drugs 3. Coronary Heart Disease and Statins 4. Economic Differentiation of Statins 5. The Structure of Demand for Prescription Drugs 6. The Economics of Drug Demand 7. Econometric Specification of Prescription Drug Choice 8. Data 9. Descriptive Statistics 10. Multivariate Regression Results 11. Multivariate Sensitivity Analyses 12. Extensions 13. Policy Implications and Conclusions
The Effect of Decision Maker Characteristics on Group Decision Making

Interactive group decision making models assume that rational and predictable decision makers will provide inputs to the decision process. Unfortunately, we know that all decision makers will not act in accordance with such assumptions. It is intuitively obvious that groups with one or more inflexible decision makers will have more difficulty achieving consensus than groups consisting of flexible decision makers. Likewise, indecisive or inconsistent decision makers may have difficulty attaining consensus. How decision maker characteristics effect interactive group decision making systems is unclear. Whether individual differences in decision type will interfere with the convergence of the interactive approach is unknown, however, one would expect some differences in performance among the various interactive group approaches.
Offshoring Work: Business Hype or the Onset of Fundamental Transformation?

This paper reports the findings from the Offshoring Research Network (ORN), which studies the offshoring of administrative and technical work to low-cost countries. Initial data suggest that offshoring is still at an early stage but growing rapidly. However, as the practice of offshoring becomes more widely adopted it is likely to fundamentally change the way companies in the industrialised high-cost economies organise to compete globally. The picture that emerges is that adoption of offshoring practices largely follows an opportunistic bottom-up, sequential process. During the early phase companies report cost savings and achieved service levels far exceeding initial expectations. This paper presents the case that offshoring may actually foreshadow a much more fundamental transformation involving several co-evolving forces including the commoditisation of organisational processes, the emergence of hybrid organisational forms, the competition of developing countries for offshoring jobs, and the globalisation of sourcing and management of human capital.
Due Process in Police Disciplinary Hearings: The Need for a National Law Enforcement Officers Bill of Rights

In 1967, the Supreme Court recognized, in Garrity v. New Jersey, that, although law enforcement officers do not have more constitutional rights than average citizens, they do not have fewer constitutional rights. In 1974, Maryland became the first state in the nation to enact a “law enforcement officers’ bill of rights.” Today, many states have such statutes, but their administrative protections vary widely. Some agencies provide such rights through collective bargaining. From 1993 to 1997, Professor Byron L. Warnken, working with the National Association of Police Organizations and the National Law Enforcement Officers’ Rights Center, introduce a national law enforcement officers’ bill of rights. That effort failed. This 30-page 1997 article is titled “Due Process in Police Disciplinary Hearings: The Need for a National Law Enforcement Officers’ Bill of Rights.” The article makes the case for a national law enforcement officers’ bill of rights statute.
Identification and Properties of the Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (Phosphate)+-dependent Malic Enzyme in Mouse Ascites Tumor Mitochondria

ELD, ELT/B1, Krebs II, and Sarcoma 180 ascites tumor cells were examined for the mitochondrial malic enzymes. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) [NAD(P)+]-dependent malic enzyme was present in all mitochondrial fractions at activities that ranged from 21 to 27 nmol reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide formed per min per mg mitochondrial protein. As judged by kinetic properties, the enzyme was essentially identical in the different ascites tumors. Activity with both NAD+ and NADP+ was stimulated by fumarate and inhibited by adenosine 5′-triphosphate. In the presence of 5 mm fumarate, the apparent Km values for malate were about 2 mm with either NAD+ or NADP+ as coenzyme. The apparent Km values for NAD+ and NADP+ were approximately 60 µm, and NAD+ and NADP+ were shown to compete for reduction. The strictly NADP+-linked mitochondrial isoenzyme was not detected in these ascites tumors. The strictly NADP+-dependent isoenzyme of the cytosol was present, but its kinetic properties were considerably different from those during NADP+ reduction via the mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme. Pyruvate was formed by ascites tumor mitochondria during malate-supported respiration. Phosphate, which stimulates malate entry via the inorganic orthophosphatemalate transporter, increased the rate of pyruvate accumulation. Pyruvate accumulation was inhibited by the addition of adenosine 5′-diphosphate, suggesting that pyruvate generated by the NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme was completely utilized by pyruvate dehydrogenase during State 3.
Se-methylselenocysteine inhibits phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity of mouse mammary epithelial tumor cells in vitro

Se-methylselenocysteine (MSC), a naturally occurring selenium compound, is a promising chemopreventive agent against in vivo and in vitro models of carcinogen-induced mouse and rat mammary tumorigenesis. We have demonstrated previously that MSC induces apoptosis after a cell growth arrest in S phase in a mouse mammary epithelial tumor cell model (TM6 cells) in vitro. The present study was designed to examine the involvement of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) pathway in TM6 tumor model in vitro after treatment with MSC. Synchronized TM6 cells treated with MSC and collected at different time points were examined for PI3-K activity and Akt phosphorylation along with phosphorylations of Raf, MAP kinase/ERK kinase (MEK), extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The growth inhibition was determined with a [3H]thymidine incorporation assay. Immunoblotting and a kinase assay were used to examine the molecules of the survival pathway. PI3-K activity was inhibited by MSC followed by dephosphorylation of Akt. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was also downregulated after these cells were treated with MSC. In parallel experiments MSC inhibited the Raf–MEK–ERK signaling pathway. These studies suggest that MSC blocks multiple signaling pathways in mouse mammary tumor cells. MSC inhibits cell growth by inhibiting the activity of PI3-K and its downstream effector molecules in mouse mammary tumor cells in vitro.
Phased antenna array by dynamic analysis

The transverse transmission line (TTL) method is used for the analysis of the microstrip phased antenna array. The TTL method is efficient and accurate for the analysis and design of rectangular microstrip antenna arrays. It is a very versatile method that can be used with a lossless, a lossy or a semiconductor substrate in various planar structures. The antenna phased array is shown to be very efficient and may be used in several applications. Radiation diagrams are presented in 3D for microstrip antenna arrays. It is observed that the variation of phase excitation has a great influence on the array, including modifications of the radiation pattern.
Marked reduction in compliance with central line insertion practices (CLIP) when accounting for missing CLIP data and incomplete line capture

Adherence to central line insertion practices can significantly reduce infections and is used as a hospital benchmark for quality. However, current national standards for central line insertion practices (CLIP) compliance calculation do not include missing CLIP forms. We found adherence rates significantly decreased when accounting for all lines at an academic medical center.
Dexterous rotations of polyhedra

Studies a strategy for dexterous manipulation, called finger tracking. It is shown that the paradigm of finger tracking may be used to control the fingers of a robot hand to generate rotational motions of the grasped object. The notion of manipulation refers to the reorientation of an object by a mechanical hand by some degrees, about some axis. The reorientation is accomplished by fine finger motions, and the hand never drops the object in the process. The hand can maintain planar rotational motions. This provides for a simple primitive for high-level, task-directed algorithms, toward relieving users from the complexity of low-level manipulation control. >
Viktor Suvorov and Operation Barbarossa: Tukhachevskii Revisited

On the sixth of July 1941 at 0330 hrs Moscow Time, tens of thousands of Soviet guns tore the silence into shreds, informing the world that the Red Army’s great liberating march had begun. The Red Army’s artillery, in numbers and quality, is superior to the rest of the whole world’s titanic reserves of ammunition were concentrated at the Soviet frontier. The firing tempo of the Soviet artillery swiftly grows, transformed into a hellish roar on the thousand-kilometer front [stretching] from the Black Sea to the Baltics. The first artillery salvo was timed to coincide to the minute when thousands of Soviet aircraft crossed the state frontier. The German airfields, positioned right up to the border, were extremely unlucky, as the German pilots had no time to get their planes into the air. A huge collection of aircraft had been gathered at the German airfields. They are parked wingtip to wingtip, and the fire spreads from one airplane to the next, like the fire in a box of matches. 1 Viktor Suvorov, Ledokol: K...
Hippocampal N-methyl-d-aspartate and kainate binding in response to entorhinal cortex aspiration or 192 IgG-saporin lesions of the basal forebrain

Lesion models in the rat were used to examine the effects of removing innervation of the hippocampal formation on glutamate receptor binding in that system. Bilateral aspiration of the entorhinal cortex was used to remove the cortical innervation of the hippocampal formation and the dentate gyrus. The subcortical input to the hippocampus from cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain was lesioned by microinjection of the immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin into the medial septum and vertical limb of diagonal band. After a 30-day postlesion survival, the effects of these lesions on N-methyl-D-aspartate-displaceable [3H]glutamate and [3H]kainate binding in the hippocampus were quantified using in vitro autoradiography. The bilateral entorhinal lesion induced a sprouting response in the dentate gyrus, measured by an increase in the width of [3H]kainate binding. It also induced an increase in the density of [3H]kainate binding in CA3 stratum lucidum and an increase in N-methyl-D-aspartate binding throughout the hippocampus proper and the dentate gyrus. The selective lesion of cholinergic septal input did not have any effect on hippocampal [3H]kainate binding and induced only a moderate decrease in N-methyl-D-aspartate binding that was not statistically reliable. The entorhinal and cholinergic lesions were used as in vivo models of the degeneration of hippocampal input that occurs in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. The results from the present lesion study suggest that some, but not all, of the effects on hippocampal [3H]kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate binding induced by the lesions are consistent with the status of binding to these receptors in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Consistent with the effects of aging and Alzheimer's disease is an altered topography of [3H]kainate binding after entorhinal cortex lesion and a modest decline in N-methyl-D-aspartate binding after lesions of the cholinergic septal input to the hippocampus.
Responses of Kentucky bluegrass cultivars to excess aluminum in nutrient solutions

Abstract Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., is generally regarded as an acid‐soil‐sensitive species. However, previous studies in our laboratory showed that cultivars within the species differed widely in tolerance to acid Tatum subsoil (pH 4.6) which is used routinely to screen plants for aluminum (Al) tolerance. In the early studies, specific differential Al tolerance was not demonstrated. The objective of the current study was to test the hypothesis of differential Al tolerance more precisely in nutrient solutions. In one experiment, acid‐soil‐tolerant Victa and Fylking and acid‐soil‐sensitive Windsor and Kenblue cultivars were grown for 35 days in nutrient solutions containing 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 mg Al L‐1, at initial pH 4.5, with no subsequent adjustment. In a second experiment, Victa and Windsor were grown for 30 days in solutions containing 0, 4, and 6 mg Al L‐1, at initial pH 4.5, with no further adjustment. For Victa and Windsor, tolerance to Al in nutrient solution corresponded with tolera...
Evolutionary psychology and Bayesian modeling

The target article provides important theoretical contributions to psychology and Bayesian modeling. Despite the article's excellent points, we suggest that it succumbs to a few misconceptions about evolutionary psychology (EP). These include a mischaracterization of evolutionary psychology's approach to optimality; failure to appreciate the centrality of mechanism in EP; and an incorrect depiction of hypothesis testing. An accurate characterization of EP offers more promise for successful integration with Bayesian modeling.
The ligand binding signatures of the rat AT1A, AT1B and the human AT1 receptors are essentially identical.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine whether the three isoforms of recombinant Ang II receptors (rAT 1A , rAT 1B and hAT 1 ), stably and individually expressed in CHO cells, could be pharmacologically distinguished by their ligand binding signatures. Competition studies were performed to characterize the inhibition of [ 125 I]Ang II binding to each of the cell membrane preparations by an extensive series of peptide and nonpeptide Ang II analogs. Scatchard plot analyses revealed the following binding characteristics: rAT 1A - K d = 1.27 ± 0.14 nM; rAT 1B - Site 1: K d = 0.56±0.11 nM, Site 2: K d = 126 ± 23 nM;and hAT 1 - Site 1: K d = 1.06 ± 0.16 nM, Site 2: K d = 257 ± 55 nM. The binding of [ 125 I]Ang II in the three preparations was similarly sensitive to inhibition by GTPγS. The ligand binding signatures of the three receptor isoforms are essentially the same and are illustrated by the affinity and order of potency of the following ligands: L-158,809 ≥ Sar 1 ,Ile 8 Ang II > saralasin ≥ Ang II ≥ Ang III > EXP581 > EXP3174 > losartan ≥ EXP811 > GR117,289c > EXP6803 > DuP 532 > Ang I ⪢ PD123177. In conclusion, the two rat AT 1 receptor isoforms are pharmacologically indistinguishable from each other and from that of the human.
Calculation of travel time variability from loop detector data

Travel time variability has recently become an important measure in transportation system management and has begun to be treated as a major factor influencing travel decisions. The main purpose of this study is to develop a database to help understand traffic variability of point measures and route-level measures by incorporating existing traffic surveillance systems. This study develops an integrated geographic information system database for traffic analysis in Orange County, California, and reports temporal and spatial traffic variability as measures of travel reliability. The database is to provide the analysis framework to study travel time variability at both the section level and the route level. In many cases, traffic data are used for traffic operations without the data being stored. The archived traffic data can play an important role as a way of measuring freeway performance. Such historic data make it possible to analyze such travel time variability from a long-term perspective. The database developed in this study is expected to help researchers and practitioners understand travel time variability as a measure of transportation system reliability by providing the analysis framework.
SU-EE-A4-02: Quantitative Assessment of Tumor Heterogeneity Using Spatial Statistical Methods

Purpose: To quantitatively define and compare tumor heterogeneity via spatialstatistical analyses of PETimages for assessment of tumor response to treatment. Method and Materials: Canine tumorimages, acquired through 65 minute dynamic 18F‐thymidine PET scans pre and three, six days post treatment, displayed varying heterogeneous uptake and tracer concentration in specific regions. CT/PET scans co‐registered over multiple scan days provided single day slices averaged after uptake (16–65 min) and cropped to the tumor area for each imaging stage. Images were tested for correlation and clustering using global Moran I and local G spatial statistics.Results: For each image, global I(d) statistics gave values greater than 0.5 (indicating positive spatial correlation) within a distance of 10 mm before going to zero (no correlation) at longer distances. The rate at which I(d) went to zero for each image differed. Six days post treatment decreased to zero most rapidly, three days post decreased most slowly, and the pre scan between these two rates. Local G statistics revealed the position and redistribution of high Z(G) value cluster regions in the pre and post six day scans over various distances. The post three day image revealed uniform Z(G) values over the majority of the tumor region. Conclusion: Results showed that global Moran I(d) and local G statistics are useful tools in assessment of tumor heterogeneity. Mean correlation lengths and cluster re‐distribution can be obtained through I and G statistics. Greater I(d) values and a slower I(d) rate to zero for three days post treatment implied that a longer correlation length was present after radiotherapy as FLT uptake and proliferation increased in uniformity. Shorter correlation lengths six days post treatment indicated uptake and proliferation heterogeneities returning larger than prior to treatment. Local G statistics visually displayed how regions of proliferation clusters were re‐distributed throughout treatment.
Zeolites as reinforcing fillers in an elastomer

Two zeolites that were both silicates of sodium and aluminum but of different pore size were blended into samples of hydroxyl-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane), which were then end linked into elastomeric networks. Stress-strain isotherms measured in elongation showed that both types of zeolites increased the ultimate properties of the elastomer and were thus effective reinforcing fillers. The one having the larger pore size gave larger increases in the ultimate strength of the elastomers.
Clinical myths of the cultural "other": implications for Latino patient care.

AbstractPurposeCultural competency is now a requirement in the curriculum of many health professions. However, clinicians’ understandings of cultural difference, the accuracy of those understandings, and their impact on patient care have not yet been carefully explored. The authors conducted an ethn
Multivariate Analyses of Predictors of Heavy Episodic Drinking and Drinking-Related Problems among College Students

The present study examines predictors of heavy drinking frequency and drinking-related problems among more than 600 college students. Controlling for high school drinking frequency, results of multiple regression analyses showed that more frequent heavy drinking was predicted by being male and risk factors of more frequent marijuana and tobacco use. Participating more in prosocial activities served as a protective factor. Drinking-related problems, controlling for drinking frequency, were predicted positively by risk factors of anxiety symptoms and marijuana use and negatively by social justice commitment. Findings suggest the need to address the risk factor of multiple drug use in alcohol abuse prevention and intervention programs.
Systematic review documents emerging empirical support for certain applications of iPods® and iPads® in intervention programs for individuals with developmental disabilities, but these are not a “one-size-fits-all” solution

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Kagohara, D. M., van der Meer, L., Ramdoss, S., O’Reilly, M. F., Lancioni, G. E., Davis, T. N., . . . Sigafoos, J. (2013). Using iPods® and iPads® in teaching programs for individuals with developmental disabilities: A systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 147–156.Source of funding and disclosure of interest: This study was supported by the New Zealand Government, Marsden Fund Council administered by the Royal Society of New Zealand; Victoria University of Wellington; The University of Canterbury; The New Zealand Institute of Language, Brain & Behaviour; the original authors of this research do not report any conflicts of interest.
Stimulation of RNA synthesis in isolated mouse brain nuclei by a brain cytosol factor.

Abstract Cytosol, obtained from both young and adult mouse brain tissue, was found to contain a factor(s) which stimulated RNA synthesis in nuclei which were isolated from neural tissue. Nuclei isolated from newborn mice underwent a three-fold greater stimulation in transcriptive activity in response to cytosol than did adult brain nuclei. The stimulation was demonstrated to be dependent on DNA template activity and not the result of homopolymer formation. The nuclear product synthesized under the influence of cytosol was shown to be resistant to hydrolysis by deoxyribonuclease and sensitive to the action of ribonucleases. The factor(s) of the cytosol fraction that was responsible for the stimulation of nuclear RNA synthesis was shown to be non-dialyzable, heat labile and stable under prolonged storage at −70°.
Adherens Junction Formation Inhibits Lentivirus Entry and Gene Transfer

Although cellular signaling pathways that affect lentivirus infection have been investigated, the role of cell-cell interactions in lentiviral gene delivery remains elusive. In the course of our studies we observed that lentiviral gene transfer was a strong function of the position of epithelial cells within colonies. While peripheral cells were transduced efficiently, cells in the center of colonies were resistant to gene transfer. In addition, gene delivery was enhanced significantly under culture conditions that disrupted adherens junctions (AJ) but decreased upon AJ formation. In agreement, gene knockdown and gain-of-function approaches showed that α-catenin, a key component of the AJ complex prevented lentivirus gene transfer. Using a doxycycline regulatable system we showed that expression of dominant negative E-cadherin enhanced gene transfer in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, dissolution of AJ by doxycycline increased entry of lentiviral particles into the cell cytoplasm in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together our results demonstrate that AJ formation renders cells non-permissive to lentiviral gene transfer and may facilitate development of simple means to enhance gene delivery or combat virus infection.
Input-output systems whose transmission operators furnish nearly best approximations to a given map

Let {S(A):A ∈A}, whereA is a subset of an infinite-dimensional normed linear spaceL, be a class of general nonlinear input-output systems that are governed by operator equations relating the input, state, and output, all of which are in extended spaces. IfQ is a given operator from a specified set ¯D i, of inputs into the space of outputs ¯H 0, the problem we consider is to find, for a given ɛ>0, a “parameter”A e∈A such that the transmission operatorR(A e) ofS(A e) furnishes a nearly best (or ɛ-best) approximation toQ from allR(A),A ∈A. Here the “distance” betweenQ andR(A) is defined as the supremum of distances betweenQz andR(A)z taken over allz ∈ ¯D i. In Theorems 2 through 5 we show that ifS(A) is “normal” (Definition 2),A satisfies some mild requirement andL contains a fundamental sequence, then establishingA e∈A reduces to minimizing a certain continuous functional on a compact subset ofR n, and thus can be carried out by conventional methods. The applications of results are illustrated by the example of a model-matching problem for a nonlinear system, and of optimal tracking.
A Tsallis entropy-based redundancy measure for water distribution networks

Abstract A measure of redundancy inherent in the layouts of water distribution networks is developed using the Tsallis entropy. Both the local redundancy at a node and the global redundancy due to the redundancies at adjacent nodes are derived. The redundancy measure is applied to layouts reported in the literature and is compared with the Shannon entropy-based measure. Using the values reported in the literature, it is shown that there is almost a one-to-one relation between the Shannon entropy and the Tsallis entropy-based redundancy and reliability and this relation allows to specify the reliability of a network whose redundancy is known. Hence, the redundancy measure can also be employed in the water distribution network design.
A cryogenic implant for producing reversible functional brain lesions

This paper describes a permanently implanted device for applying cold to localized parts of the brain surface in order to produce reversible functional lesions in behaving animals. It consists of an array of several independently controlled stainless steel tubing loops, each shaped to fit a separate brain area. Cooled alcohol is pumped through the tubing and temperatures are monitored with attached thermocouples. Implanted loops can be cooled to 0°C within 15 sec, and temperatures can be maintained at ±1°C of accuracy. Tissue tolerance is excellent: Implants have been demonstrated to last up to 1 year or more. Methods and materials for construction are discussed.
Case Report: An Atypical Presentation of a Lisfranc Fracture

Lisfranc fractures comprise only 0.2% of all fractures and are missed as much as 20% during initial presentations. When misdiagnosed and left untreated, Lisfranc fractures could lead to significant chronic pain and permanent disability. This case presentation illustrates how a Lisfranc injury was properly diagnosed in a 59-year-old male. A basic review of diagnosis and primary care management of Lisfranc injuries will also be presented.
Reinventing Childhood after World War II. Paula S.Fass, and MichaelGrossberg, Eds. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.

Reinventing Childhood after World War II. Paula S. Fass, and Michael Grossberg, Eds. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. Reinventing Childhood after World War II, a collection of seven essays edited by Paula S. Fass and Michael Grossberg, is a welcome addition to the growing body of study exploring attitudes toward childhood and influences on children's lives. In their preface, Fass and Grossberg acknowledge the "centrality of children and childhood to fundamental matters of law, social policy, politics and political symbolism, institutional life, and cultural production" (x), noting how children's lives changed dramatically after World War II. "Studying children" they contend, "is crucial to understanding the complex developments of the [postwar] period," a period that has been a "distinct and extraordinarily rich episode" for the United States specifically and the West more generally (xi). One of the key themes in this volume is childrearing. In the volume's first essay, Fass reflects on the changing demographics of the American family, characterized by "new gender roles, sexual behaviors and mores, marriage patterns, divorce trends, and birth rates" (11). She argues that in earlier eras, "child-centered" referred to parents' encouragement to their children to be independent and chart their own lives. By the 1950s that began to change as Americans took greater control over their children's affairs, "circumscribing their range of choices, patrolling their behavior, and supervising their activities" (11). The ramifications were stunning. Greater parental involvement led to more organized activities and less free time, more pressure for success and perfection, greater use of drugs to control behavior, more monitoring due to safety concerns - and ultimately more adolescent rebellion. The volume's second essay - in which coeditor Grossberg argues that America is embroiled in a clash regarding children's rights - logically flows from Fass's themes. According to Grossberg, "liberationists" support granting youths more autonomy in matters related to education, health, welfare, and decisionmaking, while "caretakers" support legislation designed to protect children and teens, subsequently limiting their autonomy. The next two essays in the book address differences in children's lives during and after the Cold War caused by changes in average family size, gender roles, consumer practices, media use, and technological advancements. Whereas many speak glowingly of American childhood in the 1 950s, Steven Mintz argues that the era, with its bullying, racial prejudices, and gender stereotypes, need not be sugar-coated. While Mintz addresses ideology, Stephen Lassonde focuses on child development and marketers' practice of blurring age boundaries to increase profitability. …
MRI Evaluation of diabetic muscle infarction

Diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is a painful and potentially serious complication in patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. The incidence of DMI is likely much greater than reports in the literature suggest, perhaps secondary to the difficulty in making the diagnosis and excluding other more serious etiologies. This paper describes the role of MRI in the evaluation of a diabetic patient with a painful, swollen limb. Early application of MRI can more accurately classify the disease process and focus the differential diagnosis, thus avoiding the hazards of medical therapy associated with other etiologies such as deep venous thrombosis, cellulitis, or osteomyelitis. This paper describes the evaluation and diagnostic pitfalls encountered in two patients. MRI techniques and applications are presented with a discussion of clinical and radiological differential diagnoses.
Indeterminacy in the Grammar of Adult Language Learners

This paper investigates the formal nature of the grammar formed by adult learners of English. Two groups of subjects were tested: native English speakers, and native Chinese speakers who arrived in the United States and learned English as adults. The adult learners resided in the United States for many years prior to testing and were therefore at an asymptotic level of performance in English. The question asked is whether adult learners are as consistent in their judgments as native speakers across two testing sessions. Both groups were given the grammaticality judgment task of Johnson and Newport (1989) twice, with three weeks between tests. While native speakers' performance was highly consistent across the two testings, adult learners' performance showed a marked degree of inconsistency. It is concluded that the grammars of the adult learners are not fully determinate, and that adult learners rely on other strategies for a substantial portion of their performance in their late learned language. Late language learning is thus different from native learning not only in the ultimatelevelof performance attained, but also in thenatureof that knowledge.
Treatment of neuroblastoma with 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine.

Seven patients with neuroblastoma (six children and one adult) were treated with therapeutic doses of high specific activity /sup 131/I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (/sup 131/I-MIBG). Six patients were in stage IV and unresponsive to conventional treatment. One patient, in stage III, was treated at diagnosis, an approach never previously reported. Single doses of /sup 131/I-MIBG varying from 70 to 184 mCi split into two parts were administered by slow i.v. infusion (4 to 8 hours) at 2- to 4-day intervals. The following results were obtained in the six evaluable patients: two patients showed transient stabilization of the disease; three had an objective response, with shrinking of the primary tumor and/or regression of the metastatic lesions. Of these three patients, two suffered relapses at 2 and 7 months, respectively, from the first course of MIBG. The third patient, in whom the residual disease almost completely disappeared following MIBG therapy, is still alive in complete remission after autologous bone marrow transplantation with a follow-up of 14 months. The single patient treated at diagnosis showed a dramatic response to a relatively low dosage of MIBG, with histologically proved disappearance of the tumor mass. Our data indicate that MIBG may be useful in the treatment of neuroblastomamore » unresponsive to conventional chemotherapy. The complete response observed in the patient treated at diagnosis suggests that the full potentiality of MIBG therapy should be explored in untreated patients.« less
Coordinating DRAM and Last-Level-Cache Policies with the Virtual Write Queue

To alleviate bottlenecks in this era of many-core architectures, the authors propose a virtual write queue to expand the memory controller's scheduling window through visibility of cache behavior. Awareness of the physical main memory layout and a focus on writes can shorten both read and write average latency, reduce memory power consumption, and improve overall system performance.
Range distributions of 200 keV helium in selected metals and ceramics

Abstract 3He ions with an energy of 200 keV have been implanted into the metals magnesium, aluminum, titanium, vanadium, iron, nickel, zirconium and niobium and the ceramics magnesium oxide and aluminum oxide. Following these room temperature implantations, the range profile of helium in each target was measured by a technique of nuclear reaction analysis. The specific reaction used was 3He(d, α)1H with a deuterium beam energy of 450 or 500 keV. Appropriate deconvolution of the alpha particle energy spectrum yields explicit helium range profiles. A statistical analysis was applied to these range profiles to extract the mean range, range straggling, skewness and kurtosis of the distribution. These experimental range moments were compared to theoretical models that are in current use. Measured ranges were similar to theoretical predictions; range straggling was slightly large than predicted. More significant differences between theory and measured values of higher moments were found.
Computational Logic on Fock Space

Fock space may provide an important mathematical model for quantum computation. For this reason, it may be useful to generalize previous work on computational logic to the Fock space framework. The basic construction of this computational logic is the set D(H) of density operators on a Fock space H. We first define n-sector pn(ρ) and total probabilities p(ρ) of elements ρ ∈ D(H). We next discuss NOT, AND, and OR operations on D(H). Natural equivalence classes and Scotian elements are described. We also discuss minimal and maximal elements and quantum numbers for the equivalence classes. We finally treat the operation \(\sqrt {NOT} \) and the stronger equivalence classes associated with this operation.
Correlation of Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase Activity to the Sensitivity of Rat Retinas to Photic Injury

We hypothesize that the differential susceptibility to photic injury among different strains of rat retinas may depend on the levels of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPX) activity, one of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes in the retina. The retinas of four inbred strains of albino rat (Fischer, Wistar, Buffalo and Lewis) were analyzed for glutathione peroxidase activity using H2O2, cumene hydroperoxide, and phospholipid hydroperoxide as assay substrates. In all four strains of rat, PHGPX was observed only in the high salt extract of the retina, while peroxidases determined by H2O2 or cumene hydroperoxide were observed mainly in the low salt extract. PHGPX was highest (66.7 mU/mg) in the most light-resistant Fischer strain and lowest in the most light-sensitive Lewis strain (31.9 mU/mg), while the activity levels in the moderately light-sensitive Buffalo and Wistar strains were 46.6 and 38.5 mU/mg, respectively. In contrast, there was no significant difference in peroxidases determined by H2O2 or cumene hydroperoxide among the four strains. These observations suggested that, in rat retina, the membrane-associated PHGPX may have an important role in the defense against light-induced free radical damage.
Negative thermal ion mass spectrometry of osmium, rhenium, and iridium

We report on a technique for obtaining intense ion beams of negatively charged oxides of Os, Re and Ir by thermal ionization, in a conventional surface ionization mass spectrometer. It was found that the principal ion species of Os, Re and Ir produced are OsO_3^−, ReO_4^− and IrO_2^−. The sharp distinction in the masses of the dominant molecular species produced by this technique permits the measurement of isotopic compositions of each element from mixtures of platinum-group elements without significant isobaric interferences. For ^(187)Re-^(187)Os isotope studies, this technique offers the advantage of isotopic analyses without prior chemical separation of Re from Os, as no isobaric interference between the oxides of ^(187)Os and ^(187)Re exists under these conditions. For 4 ng Os, stable ion currents of 3 × 10^(−12) A can be maintained for over one hour, which allows determination of isotopic ratios with a Faraday collector to a precision of better than ±2‰ (2 σ_m. For 70 pg Os, isotopic ratios can be measured with a precision of better than ±5‰ using a secondary electron multiplier. The detection limit for Os is estimated to be below 10^(−14) g. Osmium isotopic ratios have also been determined by direct loading of natural iridosmine with a precision of ±0.5‰ or better. We have obtained ionization efficiencies of 2–6% for Os and >20% for Re; these are superior to those reported for other techniques available to date and demonstrate that negative thermal ion mass spectrometry will have widespread application to ^(187)Re-^(187)Os chronometry and to studies of the geochemistry and environmental chemistry of the platinum-group elements.
Tunneling models and the experimental thermal expansivities of fused silica and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) below 4 K

Linear-thermal-expansivity data are given to 1.5 K for the two different amorphous solids, fused silica (amorphous Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$) and PMMA [poly(methylmethacrylate)]. Both solids exhibit a negative expansivity contribution at low temperatures which is linear in the absolute temperature and which corresponds to a common Gr\"uneisen parameter, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}=\ensuremath{-}16$. A calculation is given for the corresponding expansivity which would be expected for a continuous distribution in energy of two-level states using both symmetric and asymmetric tunneling models. Inconsistencies between the postulates which must be made to explain the present results and those required to explain other low-temperature properties of amorphous solids lend support to the conclusion from other experiments that the tunneling model does not explain satisfactorily the low-temperature properties of amorphous solids.
Evidence-based medicine: ready for prime time?

N b a e M s T T a s v M v c t F nce again, storm clouds are gathring over American medicine. Ination in health care costs, tamed y managed care in the mid-1990s, as reared its head again. The specer of uneven quality and medical istakes, estimated to cost as many s 98,000 lives annually, hangs over he country. And always there is the nrelenting national shame of 43 illion Americans without health nsurance. Some of these same issues suraced in the early 1990s and powred the debate over health care uring the Clinton administration. ven after the demise of the Clinon health plan, economists, busiess leaders, and health policy anaysts thought that they had the nswer: managed care. Managed are would bring market forces to ear in medicine, rationalize medial decision making, and empower onsumers. Of course, for the most art, managed care failed to deliver n these promises, thus bringing us o today’s quandary. So now where do we go? There’s ot much appetite in Washington or a massive federal program such s an expansion of Medicare or edicaid. Market forces may have place at the edges of health care, articularly in controlling costs, ut there is little optimism regardng their role in quality improveent or access. Large employers ave banded together to demand ower costs and better quality. But owadays, providers push back retty hard when pressured on osts, and there remains a stubborn ack of consensus on how to meaure quality, much less improve it. i
Locating sensors in paths and cycles: The case of 2-identifying codes

For a graph G and a set [email protected]?V(G), define N"r[x]={x"[email protected]?V(G):d(x,x"i)@?r} (where d(x,y) is graph theoretic distance) and D"r(x)=N"r[x]@?D. D is known as an r-identifying code if for every vertex x,D"r(x) [email protected]?, and for every pair of vertices x and y, x [email protected]?D"r(x) D"r(y). The various applications of these codes include attack sensor placement in networks and fault detection/localization in multiprocessor or distributed systems. Bertrand et al. [N. Bertrand, I. Charon, O. Hudry, A. Lobstein, Identifying and locating-dominating codes on chains and cycles, European Journal of Combinatorics 25 (2004) 969-987] and Gravier et al. [S. Gravier, J. Moncel, A. Semri, Identifying codes of cycles, European Journal of Combinatorics 27 (2006) 767-776] provide partial results about the minimum size of D for r-identifying codes for paths and cycles and present complete closed form solutions for the case r=1, based in part on Daniel [M. Daniel, Codes identifiants, Rapport pour le DEA ROCO, Grenoble, June 2003]. We provide complete solutions for the case r=2.