cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of internal energy on the dissociative chemisorption of oxygen on Ir(110)

Abstract We have investigated the effect of internal energy on the initial probability (in the limit of zero surface coverage) of dissociative chemisorption of O 2 on Ir(110) using supersonic molecular beam methods. Measurements have been carried out at six beam energies ranging from 3.3 to 9.2 kcal mol and at surface temperatures of 400 and 1000 K. Under these conditions the initial probabilities of chemisorption lie between approximately 0.70 and 0.85. Chemisorption is dominated by a trapping-mediated mechanism via a physically adsorbed state at 3.3 kcal mol and below. With increasing translational energy, contributions to adsorption via direct access to a molecularly chemisorbed state become dominant. At each of the six translational energies investigated, beams were prepared with gas temperatures of 290 K (internally “cold”) and 850 K (internally “hot”). We have observed an increase in the probability of chemisorption due to internal energy for this highly reactive system. For a surface temperature of 400 K, there is an increase of about 0.06 in the initial probability of chemisorption of O 2 for the internally hot beam at the lowest translational energies. For a surface temperature of 1000 K, increased initial probabilities of chemisorption for the internally hot beam are also observed, although the enhancement (0.03) is not so large as at the lower surface temperature for the same translational energies. For each surface temperature the enhancement in the initial probability of chemisorption is greatest at the lowest beam energies. We conclude that the enhanced chemisorption is due primarily to increased reactivity, due to internal energy, of the physically adsorbed precursor in the trapping-mediated chemisorption of oxygen.
Soluble production of a biologically active single-chain antibody against murine PD-L1 in Escherichia coli

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), is an important regulator of T-cell activation and has emerged as an important target for cancer immunotherapy. Single chain variable fragments (scFvs) have several desirable characteristics and are an attractive alternative to monoclonal antibodies for experimental or therapeutic purposes. Three chickens were immunized against murine PD-L1, and mRNA isolated from their spleens was used to generate an immunized immunoglobulin variable region library. Using splice-overlap extension PCR, variable region cDNAs were combined to generate full-length scFvs. M13 phage display of the resulting scFv library identified a functional scFv against PD-L1 (αPD-L1 scFv). The scFv was expressed as soluble protein in the periplasm and culture supernatant of recombinant Escherichia coli and purified with a 6×-His tag using immobile metal affinity chromatography. The dissociation constant of αPD-L1 scFv was determined to be 7.11×10(-10)M, and the scFv demonstrated inhibitory biological activity comparable to an antagonistic monoclonal antibody, providing an alternative agent for blocking PD-1/PD-L1 signaling.
Selected fruits reduce azoxymethane (AOM)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in Fisher 344 male rats

Phytochemicals contribute to the vibrant colors of fruits and it is suggested that the darker the fruit the higher the antioxidative or anticarcinogenic properties. In this study we investigated the possible effects of blueberries (BLU), blackberries (BLK), plums (PLM), mangoes (MAN), pomegranate juice (POJ), watermelon juice (WMJ) and cranberry juice (CBJ) on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in Fisher 344 male rats. Forty-eight male Fisher 344 rats were randomly assigned to eight groups (n=6). The groups were fed AIN-93G as a control (C) diet, the rats fed fruits received AIN-93G+5% fruits and the groups that were given fruits juices received 20% fruit juice instead of water. The rats received subcutaneous injections of AOM at 16 mg/kg body weight at seventh and eighth weeks of age. At 17th week of age, the rats were killed by CO(2) asphyxiation. Total ACF numbers (mean+/-SEM) in the rats fed CON, BLU, BLK, PLM, MNG, POJ, WMJ and CBJ were 171.67+/-5.6, 11.33+/-2.85, 24.0+/-0.58, 33.67+/-0.89, 28.67+/-1.33, 15.67+/-1.86, 24.33+/-3.92 and 39.0+/-15.31. Total glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity (mICROmol/mg) in the liver of the rats fed fruits (except BLK) and fruit juices were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the rats fed fruits and fruit juices compared with the control. Our findings suggest that among the fruits and fruit juices, BLU and POJ contributed to significant (P<0.05) reductions in the formation of AOM-induced ACF.
Silicon Carbide Platelet/Alumina Composites: I, Effect of Forming Technique on Platelet Orientation

SiC-platelet-reinforced Al2O3-matrix composites were made by three different forming techniques, i.e., slip casting, tape casting, and dry compaction of a granulated powder. All samples were densified with hot pressing at 1650°C and 25 MPa for 0.5 h. The orientation of SiC platelets in the composites was studied before and after hot pressing using optical microscopy and a pole figure X-ray device. X-ray diffraction of the (0006) plane of silicon carbide (6H) was used to analyze the degree of preferred orientation. It was found that both tape casting and die pressing could give rise to preferred orientation in green bodies with the faces of SiC platelets parallel to the tape faces or perpendicular to the pressing direction, respectively. The preferred orientation in die-pressed samples also showed an increase with the increase of the compaction stress; however, this reached a saturation level at about 70 MPa in a similar way to the green density. Samples formed by slip casting gave a platelet orientation close to a random one in the green body. After hot pressing, preferred orientation was observed in both slip-cast and tape-cast samples with the faces of SiC platelets perpendicular to the direction of hot pressing. The effect of platelet size on the orientation was also investigated. The preferred orientation in platelet composites was found to yield higher toughness than the random state.
Effects of Progesterone and Testosterone on Cocaine Self-Administration and Cocaine Discrimination by Female Rhesus Monkeys

The neuroactive steroid hormone progesterone attenuates cocaine's abuse-related effects in women and in rodents under some conditions, but the effects of testosterone are unknown. We compared the acute effects of progesterone (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/kg, intramuscularly (i.m.)), testosterone (0.001, 0.003, and 0.01 mg/kg, i.m.), and placebo on cocaine self-administration and cocaine discrimination dose–effect curves in female rhesus monkeys. Cocaine self-administration (0.03 mg/kg per inj.) was maintained on a fixed ratio 30 schedule of reinforcement, and monkeys had unlimited access to cocaine for 2 h each day. Cocaine doses were administered in an irregular order during each dose–effect curve determination, and the same dose order was used in each subject in all treatment conditions. Blood samples for hormone analysis were collected at the end of each test session. Banana-flavored food pellets (1 g) were also available in three 1-h daily sessions. In drug discrimination studies, the effects of pretreatment with progesterone (0.032–0.32 mg/kg, i.m.) and testosterone (0.001–0.01 mg/kg, i.m.) on the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine (0.18 mg/kg, i.m.) were examined. Progesterone and testosterone did not alter cocaine discrimination, and did not substitute for cocaine. In contrast, progesterone and testosterone each significantly decreased cocaine self-administration, and produced a downward and rightward shift in the cocaine self-administration dose–effect curve. These findings are concordant with clinical reports that progesterone administration may decrease ratings of positive subjective effects of cocaine in women, and suggest the possible value of neuroactive steroid hormones for the treatment of cocaine abuse and reduction of risk for relapse.
Anisotropic schmid factors in constrained systems

Elastic incompatibility at grain boundaries in strained, anisotropic materials can cause the operation of secondary dislocation sources. In computer simulations of elastically strained, symmetrical, tilt boundaries, this elastic incompatibility can be modeled by constraining the lattices to prevent shear. When a system is constrained against shear, the conventional Schmid factor applies only to the isotropic case. The purpose of this paper is to derive an anisotropic Schmid factor for the case of constrained shear. Constraints against shear also may cause the operation of unexpected slip systems in anisotropic crystals. In BCC crystals, this could contribute to observations of anomalous slip and asymmetric slip in tension and compression.
Random unitaries give quantum expanders

We show that randomly choosing the matrices in a completely positive map from the unitary group gives a quantum expander. We consider Hermitian and non-Hermitian cases, and we provide asymptotically tight bounds in the Hermitian case on the typical value of the second largest eigenvalue. The key idea is the use of Schwinger-Dyson equations from lattice gauge theory to efficiently compute averages over the unitary group.
Changes in plasma protein-bound carbohydrates and glycoprotein patterns during infection, inflammation and starvation.

SummaryLocalized inflammation and acute systemic infection in the rat produced similar alterations in plasma protein-bound carbohydrates and glycoproteins, characterized by: (a) increased total plasma protein-bound carbohydrates, including protein-bound hexose, hexosamine and sialic acid; (b) increased α1, α2 and β glycoglobulin fractions. Moreover, these changes occur despite severe starvation; therefore, they appear to be independent of nutritional intake. Similar changes were produced when an extract from stimulated leukocytes was administered to normal rats. This suggests that changes in protein-bound carbohydrates and glycoproteins during inflammation and infection may have been mediated by an endogenous humoral factor(s).
Observations of sheep foraging in familiar and unfamiliar environments: familiarity with the environment influences diet selection

Abstract We determined if familiarity with a pasture decreased the importance of social interactions in food selection and choice of foraging location by lambs with different dietary preferences. Lambs in three treatments (18 lambs per treatment) were reared separately for 2 months and exposed daily to a 1-ha experimental pasture (Treatment 1), to a 0.5-ha pasture with similar forage species to those in the 1-ha experimental pasture (Treatment 2), or reared in confinement and not allowed to graze (Treatment 3). Half of the lambs in each treatment were fed milo ( Sorghum bicolor ) and half were fed wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) daily for 2 months to condition preferences for milo and wheat, respectively. During testing, subgroups of three lambs that were conditioned to prefer milo and three that were conditioned to prefer wheat (three subgroups per treatment) were exposed simultaneously to the 1-ha experimental pasture to determine if social influences affected food selection when milo and wheat were placed at opposite ends of the pasture (100 m apart). We found: (1) subgroups of lambs familiar with the pasture typically consumed different foods, depending on whether they preferred milo or wheat; (2) subgroups of lambs naive to the pasture typically foraged together on the same food; (3) preferences for either milo or wheat persisted for animals familiar with the experimental pasture, whereas lambs naive to the pasture acquired preferences for both foods. Thus, these results suggest social factors can override food preferences in a novel environment, but food preferences may be more influential in food selection in a familiar environment.
Studies in Ageing

Holliday and Tarrant1 appear to have ignored studies on ageing in ciliated protozoa, as has editorial comment on this work2. Senescence is one of the most widely investigated and longstanding problems of protozoan genetics3. The contribution of nuclear and cytoplasmic changes has been recognized and cogent arguments have been presented for progressive nuclear changes4 and for random cellular accidents5 as the basis for ageing. The ciliated protozoa possess a compound macronucleus, and therefore have a high degree of gene duplication, but age, as do other organisms, and with quite variable lengths of life cycle times.
Interleukin-6 Increases Rat Metalloproteinase-13 Gene Expression through Stimulation of Activator Protein 1 Transcription Factor in Cultured Fibroblasts

The role of IL-6 in collagen production and tissue remodeling is controversial. In Rat-1 fibroblasts, we measured the effect of IL-6 on matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), c-jun, junB, and c-fos gene expression, binding of activator protein 1 (AP1) to DNA, amount of AP1 proteins, immunoreactive MMP-13 and TIMP-1 proteins, and Jun N-terminal kinase activity. We show that IL-6 increased MMP-13-mRNA and MMP-13 protein. These effects were exerted by acting on the AP1-binding site of the MMP-13 promoter, as shown by transfecting cells with reporter plasmids containing mutations in this element. Mobility shift assays demonstrated that IL-6 induced the DNA binding activity of AP1. This effect was accompanied by a marked increase in c-Jun, JunB, and c-Fos mRNA, as well as in c-Jun protein and its phosphorylated form. The latter is not due to increased Jun N-terminal kinase activity but to a decreased serine/threonine phosphatase activity. We conclude that IL-6 increases interstitial MMP-13 gene expression at the promoter level. This effect seems to be mediated by the induction of c-jun, junB, and c-fos gene expression, by the binding of AP1 to DNA, by increasing phosphorylated c-Jun, and by the inhibition of serine/threonine phosphatase activity. These effects of IL-6 might contribute to remodeling connective tissue.
Insulin Secretion Induced by Na† Deprivation1

The effect of Na† deprivation on insulin secretion has been investigated using the isolated perfused dog pancreas. Replacement of extracellular Na† with sucrose or choline consistently resulted in a large monophasic release of insulin. This response was found to be Ca†† dependent. In Ca††-depleted medium, insulin secretion induced by Na† deprivation was significantly inhibited (75%, p < 0.05), while complete inhibition could be obtained in Ca††-depleted EGTA media. In view of the present concepts regarding sodium and calcium transport in other tissues, it is suggested that the insulinotropic action of Na† withdrawal may be due to an increased Ca†† influx and⁄or a blockade of Ca†† efflux. (Endocrinology 95: 1469, 1974)
Surface control of blastospore attachment and ligand-mediated hyphae adhesion of Candida albicans.

Adhesion on a surface via nonspecific attachment or multiple ligand–receptor interactions is a critical event for fungal infection by Candida albicans. Here, we find that the tri(ethylene glycol)- and D-mannitol-terminated monolayers do not resist the blastospore attachment, but prevent the hyphae adhesion of C. albicans. The hyphae adhesion can be facilitated by tripeptide sequences of arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) covalently decorated on a background of tri(ethylene glycol)-terminated monolayers. This adhesion mediated by selected ligands is sensitive to the scrambling of peptide sequences, and is inhibited by the presence of cyclic RGD peptides in the solution.
An analysis of a servomechanism with backlash by the Ritz-Galerkin method

The Ritz-Galerkin method is used to develop the equations for finding frequency response curves for a servomechanism with backlash. Response curves are presented for free oscillations of the system for three values of gain. The Ritz-Galerkin method is used to find the hunting frequency and hunting amplitude of such a system. Favorable agreement was found between an experimental check with an electronic analog computer and the calculated results.
Two-Component Phase-Averaged Turbulence Statistics Downstream of a Rotating Spoked-Wheel Wake Generator

Flow-field measurements of unsteady turbulent flow downstream of a rotating spoked-wheel wake generator were performed in a short-duration light-piston tunnel, and the instantaneous-velocity data were phase averaged based on a signal synchronized with the bar-passing frequency. Mean axial velocities were found to agree well with those obtained from measurements behind a stationary cylinder and to be independent of both Reynolds and bar-passing Strouhal numbers. Reynolds stresses were found to be consistent with related cylinder-wake measurements, but were significantly higher than corresponding measurements obtained in large-scale research turbomachines. Phase-averaged triple velocity correlations were calculated from the digital velocity records, revealing the sign and the magnitude of skewness in the velocity probability density distributions for the two components.
Development of Novel 3-D Cube Antennas for Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes

3-D antennas for narrow band, wireless sensor node applications are described herein. The antennas were designed on the surface of a cube which makes available the cube interior for sensor electronics placement. The layout of each antenna consists of a dipole fabricated on two sides of the cube and connected to a balanced-to-unbalanced line transition on the third side. The base of the cube serves as a ground plane for the microstrip feed line. The first cube antenna was designed for an operating frequency of 2.4 GHz and its 10 dB return loss bandwidth is 2%. Ka of the proposed design is 0.55 and its measured gain is 1.69 dBi with 78% measured radiation efficiency. The second cube antenna is similar to the first one but it was loaded with high dielectric constant superstrates. Ka of the second proposed antenna is 0.45, its measured gain is 1.25 dBi with 73% measured radiation efficiency and the bandwidth is 1.5%. The designs compare well with high efficiency, electrically small antennas that have been described in the open literature. A Wheeler Cap was used to measure the efficiency and the 3-antenna method was used for measuring the gain.
Composition and growth of anodic oxide films on iron

This paper will emphasize the use of surface-analytical techniques to study the nature of passive oxide films on Fe. 18O/SIMS has been used to determine the air stability, cathodic removal, growth and breakdown of anodic films formed in borate buffer solution. SIMS has also shown that these passive films contain no incorporated hydroxyl ions, and electron back-scattering Mossbauer spectroscopy (complemented by XPS) has confirmed that the films resemble small particle size crystalline γ-Fe2O3. Results will also be presented on the anodic passivation of Fe in sulfate and perchlorate solutions and on the influence of halide ions on passivation in borate buffer.
Radiofrequency ablation of solitary eosinophilic granuloma of bone.

OBJECTIVE. This article about our initial clinical experience describes the novel application of radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of two cases of solitary eosinophilic granuloma of the bone.CONCLUSION. Technical success was achieved in both cases with a prompt clinical response and no treatment-related complications. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the application of radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of solitary eosinophilic granuloma of the bone.
Reply by Author to C. D. Bailey

Dr. Simkin's example 2, the linear oscillator, was demonstrated in Ref. 2 without the necessity of Lagrange multipliers and equations of constraint. The direct analytical solution to a nonlinear oscillator is presented in Ref. 15. Example 3, of course, may be formulated and the direct analytical solution obtained through Hamilton's law without use of Dirac functions and without use of Lagrange multipliers. It is significant that all three of Dr. Simkins' examples treat conservative systems. Direct analytical solutions to both conservative and nonconservative systems, both discrete'and for continuua''' have now been demonstrated through application of Hamilton's law. With this law, it makes little difference whether the system is conservative or nonconservative (both conservativeness and stationarity were assumed by Lagrange in order to produce his rigorous proof of the principle of least action). I must again express my appreciation to Dr. Simkins for his reference to my papers. However, in my opinion, his generation of "unconstrained variational statements" fails on at least two counts, simplicity and generality. Bailey, C. D., "Application of the General Energy Equation: A Unified Approach to Mechanics," Final Report, NASA Grant NCR 36-008-197, Aug. 1975. Hamilton, W. R., "Second Essay on a General Method in Dynamics," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol. 125, 1835, pp. 95-144. Bailey, C. D. and Haines, J. L., "The Hamilton-Ritz Formulation Applied to the Vibration and Stability of Non-Conservative Follower Force Systems," submitted to Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Sept. 1978.
The Atlantic crisis of confidence

As the ultimate enforcer of such international rules and order as can be said to exist, the United States will often find itself in tension with those rules, and at times may be to stand outside them altogether. Yet for this sort of dispensation to have any international acceptance whatsoever depends on a high level of international confidence that American power will be exercised prudently, wisely and benevolently. Such confidence is precisely what the Bush administration has squandered, a loss that is far more damaging and vital than abstract arguments about force and legitimacy, or contending visions of international order. Confidence will not be restored by continued ideological argument. Rather, the transatlantic alliance needs to concentrate pragmatically on the key issues of international security: fighting terrorism, controlling WMD proliferation, and strategically selective state-building. If this focused cooperation can survive further probable setbacks in Iraq, then there is hope for reversing a deepening transatlantic alienation.
Formation of Malonaldehyde in the Presence of Probucol, an Anti-atherosclerosis Drug

Abstract Formation and inhibition of malonaldehyde (MA) from blood plasma lipids oxidized by Fenton's reagent in the absence or presence of probucol [4,4′-(isopropylidenedithio)bis(2,6-di- tert -butylphenol)] and l -ascorbic acid were investigated. The amount of MA formed was quantitatively analysed by gas chromatography. l -Ascorbic acid inhibited MA formation by about 30% at the level of 4.0 μ mol, but the amount of MA formed was increased by the presence of probucol. When 3.0 μ mol oxidized probucol was hydrolysed at pH 1, 3 and 5, 2616.5 nmol, 287.5 nmol and 103.9 nmol MA were recovered, respectively. This is the first report of quantitative analysis of MA formed from probucol on oxidation.
Lack of physiological responses to hydrocarbon accumulation by Mytilus trossulus after 3-4 years chronic exposure to spilled Exxon Valdez crude oil in Prince William Sound.

Abstract Mussels, Mytilus trossulus, were sampled in 1992 and 1993 from beaches in Prince William Sound that had been oiled by the Exxon Valdez spill of March, 1989. At some of the oiled beaches, mussels were collected from beds overlying oiled sediments, and from bedrock adjacent to these beds. Mussels were also collected from beaches within the Sound that had not been impacted by the spill. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in mussel tissue, physiological responses (byssal thread production, condition index, clearance rate, and glycogen content), were determined for each group of mussels. Total PAH concentrations in mussel tissue ranged from 0 to 6 μg g−1, and were significantly greater in mussels from oiled beds than those from reference beds. No significant differences were noted in byssal thread production, condition index, clearance rate, or glycogen content between oiled sample sites and reference sites. The lack of physiological response was surprising because mussels in this study were chronically exposed to PAH for 3–4 years, and none of the physiological responses measured appeared to be affected by that exposure. The lack of a physiological response suggests that chronically exposed mussels may develop a physiological tolerance to PAH, but we recognize that these measures may not have been sensitive enough to discriminate response from background noise.
Universal screening does not reduce the prevalence of visual impairment in older people

Abstract Question Does targeted or universal screening for visual acuity improve visual outcomes in older people? Study design Cluster randomised controlled trial. Main results There was no significant difference in the proportion of people with poor visual acuity with universal screening compared with targeted screening at follow-up (median follow-up 3.9 years; absolute risk for acuity P =0.58). There was no significant difference in visual function between groups at follow up (mean composite NEI score: 86.0 with universal screening vs. 85.6 with targeted screening; mean difference: 0.4, 95% CI –1.7 to 2.5; P =0.69). Authors’ conclusions Universal screening for visual impairment in older people as part of multidimensional screening programme did not significantly decrease the overall prevalence of visual impairment.
The Set-Set LCS Problem

An efficient algorithm is presented that solves a generalization of the Longest Common Subsequence problem, in which both of the input strings consists of sets of symbols which may be permuted. 1. Introduction. The Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) problem can be described as follows: given two sequences a = {ai}l_<i<_m and fl = {bj}l_<j_<n, find a longest sequence which is a subsequence of both a and ft. The reader is referred to (M) and (S) for a thorough background of the LCS problem. In this paper we discuss a generalization of the LCS problem which we call the Set-Set LCS problem. Given a sequence of sets A = {Ai}l_<~_<p, we say that a sequence a = {ak}~<_k<_,n is a flattening of A if a is the concatenation of strings, the ith of which is some permutation of Ai. An instance of the Set-Set LCS problem of size m x n consists of two sequences of subsets of some alphabet ~, A = {A~}~<_~<p and B = {Bj}~<j<q, where the sum of the cardinalities of the A~ is m, and the sum of the cardinalities of the Bj is n. We define the Set-Set LCS problem to be the problem of finding a longest common subsequence of a and fl, where a ranges over all possible flatten- ings of A, and fl ranges over all possible flattenings of B. As an example, if A = ({comp}, {uter}, {science}, {degree}) and B = ({greedy}, {algorithm}, {cou}, {rse}) then a Set-Set LCS of A and B is (morticser). The case where all the sets of both A and B are singletons is that of the LCS problem. The LCS problem has been solved in time O(mn) and linear space (H), and there is known a subquadratic-time algorithm (MP). The case where all the sets of just B are singletons was solved in O(mn) time in a previous paper (HL). That case arose from the problem of computer-driven music accompaniment, matching polyphonic performances against a solo score (BD). In this paper we present an O(mn)-time algorithm which solves the general Set-Set LCS problem. This problem corresponds to the generalization of the problem of computer-driven music accompaniment, where now the score, as well as the live performance, may have embedded chords. Note that, in accordance with the meaning of chords, the sets are simple sets. However, as detailed at the end of Section 3, the algorithm can handle multisets.
A micromechanical derivation of the differential equation of interfacial statics

Abstract A novel method is employed to derive the standard equation of interfacial statics from basic thermodynamic principles by employing the general ideas of matched asymptotic expansions. This entails describing the continuum thermodynamic properties of the system (such as pressure, species concentrations and chemical potentials) on two different length scales: (i) a “microscopic” length scale l , from which viewpoint the system is viewed as being continuous over its entire infinite extent. No interface, as such, exists at this level of description. Instead, however, there exists a distribution of short-range external forces (of intermolecular origin) acting on each of the chemical species i in a special direction over an effective length of O ( l ); (ii) a “macroscopic” or “bulk” length scale L ( L ⪢ l ). A “sharp” interface [of thickness O ( l )] exists at this coarser level of description, separating the thermodynamic system into two continua. However, no external forces are observed at this level. Using singular perturbation theory, thermodynamic properties at the l and L scales are asymptotically matched so as to furnish the same macroscopic stress (i.e., pressure) distribution. The property of interfacial tension then arises naturally to reconcile the apparent difference between the exact l -scale microscopic stress distribution and the coarser L -scale macroscopic stress. In effect, the interfacial tension embodies the macroscopic manifestation of the l -scale intermolecular forces, which forces do not appear explicitly in the L -scale description of the phenomena because of their short-range [i.e., O ( l )] nature. These forces do, however, appear implicitly in the L -scale description under the guise of an interfacial tension. The theory, which is rigorous, is shown to be formally equivalent to prior, ad hoc, hybrid, “microscopic” continuum theories which model interfacial phenomena by assuming a priori the existence of a transversely isotropic stress tensor in proximity to the interface. In contrast, the stress tensor is isotropic in our theory.
Outbreak of tuberculosis in a homeless men's shelter

This case-tuberculosis in a homeless men's shelter-is one of a series of teaching cases in the Case-Based Series in Population-Oriented Prevention (C-POP). It has been developed for use in medical school and residency prevention curricula. The complete set of cases is presented in this supplement to the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Tuberculosis presents a significant public health challenge. In this teaching case, medical students are given information about four cases of active tuberculosis that occurred over a short period of time in residents of a homeless men's shelter. The students then walk through the steps that a local health department takes to identify and screen those individuals at risk for transmission of tuberculosis during an outbreak. During this process, they learn skills in epidemiology (such as defining "epidemic" and distinguishing uses for incidence and prevalence) as well as in population-based prevention of tuberculosis. Finally students discuss health policy as it relates to the control and prevention of tuberculosis.
Highly stereoselective and modular syntheses of 10-hydroxytrilobacin and three diastereomers via stereodivergent [3 + 2]-annulation reactions.

A convergent synthesis of the annonaceous acetogenin, 10-hydroxytrilobacin (4a), was accomplished by using the [3 + 2]-annulation reaction of tetrahydrofuranyl carboxaldehyde 2a and allylsilane 3. The stereodivergency of the [3 + 2]-annulation reaction made it possible to achieve modular, highly stereoselective syntheses of three 10-hydroxytrilobacin diastereomers from the same precursors by using simple modifications of reaction conditions.
Collecting, managing, and analyzing avionics equipage information

A data set is being assembled to describe the nature and extent of avionics equipage on aircraft that operate in the National Airspace System. This data helps inform decision making processes for how best to achieve the goals of NextGen. The MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation Systems Development (CAASD) has spent several years developing this resource and refining the information management practices that sustain it. The resulting CAASD Avionics Information Repository for NextGen (CAIRN) is described and representative output products are presented.
A distributed file system for intermittent power

Designing server clusters for intermittent power introduces new possibilities to make them cheaper, greener, and more reliable, including leveraging variable electricity prices to buy more power when it is cheap, increasing the use of clean renewable energy, and capping power at low levels to extend UPS lifetime during blackouts. However, regulating power usage to take advantage of these possibilities is challenging, since applications often access persistent distributed state, where power fluctuations impact I/O performance and data availability. To address the problem, we design and implement BlinkFS, which combines a blinking abstraction with a power-balanced data layout and popularity-based replication/reclamation to optimize I/O throughput and latency as power varies. Our experiments show that BlinkFS outperforms existing approaches, particularly at low steady power levels and high levels of intermittency. As one example of our results, we show that BlinkFS reduces completion time for MapReduce-style jobs by 42% at 50% full power compared to an existing energy-proportional DFS.
Disaggregated spatial modelling for areal unit categorical data

We consider joint spatial modelling of areal multivariate categorical data assuming a multiway contingency table for the variables, modelled by using a log-linear model, and connected across units by using spatial random effects. With no distinction regarding whether variables are response or explanatory, we do not limit inference to conditional probabilities, as in customary spatial logistic regression. With joint probabilities we can calculate arbitrary marginal and conditional probabilities without having to refit models to investigate different hypotheses. Flexible aggregation allows us to investigate subgroups of interest; flexible conditioning enables not only the study of outcomes given risk factors but also retrospective study of risk factors given outcomes. A benefit of joint spatial modelling is the opportunity to reveal disparities in health in a richer fashion, e.g. across space for any particular group of cells, across groups of cells at a particular location, and, hence, potential space–group interaction. We illustrate with an analysis of birth records for the state of North Carolina and compare with spatial logistic regression.
Preliminary Note on a Search for Correlates of Attitudes Toward Coeducation From Female College Students.

Many single-sex colleges have considered becoming coeducational in recent years, yet little research has been conducted on correlates of srudent preference. This note reports two studies briefly. Female Ss ( n = 172) at Wheaton College (Mass.) responded anonymously to a questionnaire. Their desire for the college to become coeducational was not related to the kind of college attended by S's siblings or parents, parental pressure over S's choice, S's attitudes toward sororities, college class, interest in graduate school, whether S went to a coed secondary school, influence of school teachers/counselors on S's choice, whether S had ever attended coeducational college courses, whether S was engaged or dating steadily, whether S's parents were permissive, whether S had applied to coeducational colleges, whether such a college was S's first choice, or in their evaluation of the effect of high-school experiences on their attitudes toward males.' Ss who transferred were more opposed to Wheaton becoming coeducational. Both those in favor of coeducation and those opposed felt that single-sex colleges were more prestigious. However, a majority (80% ) of those opposed to coeducation wanted some arrangement with male colleges such as class exchanges or coordination. At Wellesley College, 108 female Ss completed a different questionnaire, anonymously. Those in favor of coeducation did not differ from those opposed in sibling position, sex of siblings, mother's college experience, S's secondary school type, current dating behavior, preferences for lectures versus seminars and structured versus unstructured assignments, plans to live at home during vacations, or in Neuroticism and Extraversion on the Maudsley Personality Inventory, short-form (Jensen, 1958) . Ss in favor of coeducation desired more to live off campus and obtained higher dominance feeling scores (Maslow, 1940) : median scores +25 and -13%; x 2 = 7.28, df = 1, 9 < 0.05. It appears that few girls in these studies wished to be at an isolated girls' college. Rather some form of coeducation, exchange, or merger was the desire of the majority. The desire for coeducation appeared to be unrelated to personal history variables. The lower dominance feeling scores of girls opposed to coeducation suggests counseling might improve their self-images and possibly might be desirable should the colleges become coeducational.
Pure-silica zeolite thin films by vapor phase transport of fluoride for low-k applications

A new method to synthesize pure-silica zeolite films is presented. Specifically, this method uses fluoridemediated syntheses that involve the vapor phase transport of the mineralizing agent, fluoride, to crystallize a precursor film deposited by dip-coating techniques to obtain thin films of pure-silica zeolites with LTA, CHA, and ITW topologies. The films are characterized by a combination of X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray energy dispersive analyses. The films are polycrystalline, intergrown, continuous and well-adhered to their substrates. The usefulness of these thin films as low-k materials, that are needed to reduce cross-talk noise and energy dissipation between transistors in an integrated circuit, is demonstrated via evaluation of the pure-silica LTA film. The LTA topology has the lowest framework density (FD = 14.2) of the 19 known pure-silica zeolites, and theoretically could have the lowest dielectric constant. The average dielectric constants of the LTA films are calculated from capacitance measurements at a frequency of 1 MHz with metal–insulator–metal structures on lowresistivity silicon substrates, and yield an average k = 1.69, well within the ultra low-k material requirements (k between 2.3 and 2.6).
Microelectrode studies of fundic gastric mucosa: cellular coupling and shunt conductance.

Necturus fundic gastric mucosa was studied to define the magnitude of cellular and shunt conductance. Electrotonic coupling of surface epithelial cells by a low resistance pathway was shown by analysis of current spread within the epithelial sheet. From this analysis cellular conductance was found to be 4.18 ± 1.57 × 10−4 Ω−1 cm−2, and transepithelial shunt conductance was 1.1 × 10−4 Ω−1 cm−2. The ratio of cell-to-shunt conductance was 3.80. These results are confirmed by a second technique in which the Δp. d. across the serosal membrane of surface cells was compared to the transepithelial Δp. d. resulting from a Δ[K+] in the serosal solution. The data were analyzed using an electrical circuit equivalent to a mucosa composed of two highly coupled cell types. By this technique cell conductance was 3.07 × 10−4 Ω−1 cm−2, and transepithelial shunt conductance was 0.830 × 10−4 Ω−1 cm−2. The cell/shunt conductance ratio was 3.70. Thus, by two independent techniques the transepithelial shunt contributes only 1/5 of the conductance ofNecturus fundic gastric mucosa.
Polarization dynamics of vector solitons in an elliptically low‐birefringent Kerr medium

The polarization dynamics of vector solitons are studied in an elliptically low birefringent optical fiber for the first time within the framework of a model described by a system of coupled nonlinear Schro¨dinger equations with all the oscillating terms in the coupling between two copropagating modes. A condition for their stability has been obtained. Our analysis is based upon Hamiltonian perturbation theory.
Strong dependence between functional domains in a dual-function snoRNA infers coupling of rRNA processing and modification events

Most small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) guide rRNA nucleotide modifications, some participate in pre-rRNA cleavages, and a few have both functions. These activities involve direct base-pairing of the snoRNA with pre-rRNA using different domains. It is not known if the modification and processing functions occur independently or in a coordinated manner. We address this question by mutational analysis of a yeast box H/ACA snoRNA that mediates both processing and modification. This snoRNA (snR10) contains canonical 5'- and 3'-hairpin structures with a guide domain for pseudouridylation in the 3' hairpin. Our functional mapping results show that: (i) processing requires the 5' hairpin exclusively, in particular a 7-nt element; (ii) loss of the 3' hairpin or pseudouridine does not affect rRNA processing; (iii) a single nucleotide insertion in the guide domain shifts modification to an adjacent uridine in rRNA, and severely impairs both processing and cell growth; and (iv) the deleterious effects of the insertion mutation depend on the presence of the processing element in the 5' hairpin, but not modification of the novel site. Together, the results suggest that the snoRNA hairpins function in a coordinated manner and that their interactions with pre-rRNA could be coupled.
Impact of the rhizosphere on soil microarthropods in agroecosystems on the Georgia piedmont

We pulse-labeled corn (Zea mays) and weed plants with photosynthetically fixed Carbon-14 to investigate the importance of the rhizosphere as a food source for soil microarthropod food webs. In field samples, we followed the movement of 14 C from plant shoots to roots to microarthropods. In conventionally tilled (CT) agroecosystems, the soil microarthropods accumulated radioactive tracer and reached concentrations as high as those in roots. In no-tillage (NT) agroecosystems, radioisotope concentrations in microarthropods were not as high. The CT systems lack surface organic litter, an alternate food base for microarthropods. Results suggest that feeding in the rhizosphere is more important in CT systems. Weeds transferred higher concentrations of tracer into the rhizosphere than did crop plants, suggesting that weeds in CT systems may be important in fueling food webs. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Selective synthesis of dimethylamine over small-pore zeolites: II. Effects of impurities on catalytic properties of H-RHO

Abstract Typical RHO preparations can contain impurities such as unreacted gel, chabazite, P c , and pollucite. These impurities were synthesized in pure form to investigate their effects on the behavior of RHO as a dimethylamine (DMA)-selective catalyst in the methanol-ammonia reaction. Gel and p c , after exchange and calcination, were amorphous and inactive at typical reaction temperatures of 300–325 °C. Chabazite, always present in RHO preparations at 5–10% levels, is active and DMA selective after deep-bed calcination. After shallow-bed calcination, it loses much of its crystallinity and becomes inactive. Pollucite, appearing in the later stages of RHO crystallization, loses activity at 325 °C after shallow-bed calcination. However, after deep-bed calcination, it is an active and nonselective methylamine catalyst. Thus, the presence of pollucite can be a primary cause of lower DMA selectivity of deep-bed calcined RHO catalysts. Steaming, one of the most effective methods of reducing the activities of impurities, destroys pollucite crystallinity and/or nonselective Surface sites.
The effect, on the energy increment for the first CH2 group, of changing the substituents on the central carbon atom of the first member of a normal alkyl series

Abstract Some years ago, Prosen, Johnson, and Rossini showed, from experimental enthalpies of combustion, the effect, on the energy increment for the first CH 2 group, of changing the carbon and hydrogen substituents on the central carbon atom of the first member of a hydrocarbon normal alkyl series. The present authors have reviewed the experimental data on the enthalpies of combustion of the first several members of different normal alkyl series in which the central carbon atom of the end group may have attached to it atoms of nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, chlorine, or bromine, as well as carbon and hydrogen. From these experimental data, the authors have evaluated the effect for the normal alkyl series in which the first member is the following, respectively: methane; ethane; methyl mercaptan, 2-thiapropane, and 2,3-thiabutane; methyl amine and dimethyldiazene; methyl bromide; propane, cyclopentane, and cyclohexane; methyl chloride; isobutane; ethene; methyl ether and methanol; propene and benzene; ethyne; acetaldehyde; formaldehyde. In the order given, the effect ranges from −(2.6 ± 0.4) to (8.9 ± 1.2) kcal th mol −1 . (For propane, isobutane, and propene, in this series, the normal alkyl group is attached to the middle carbon atom.)
Rapid and Convenient Sampling Accessory for Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy

Griffiths and co-workers demonstrated that diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) can be used to study solids as mixtures with KCl and as samples deposited from solutions, and we have devised a sampling accessory for obtaining DRIFT spectra of multiple samples which is more convenient than making KBr pellets, cast films, or even thin films. Very often the analyst is required to obtain spectra of a large number of samples, and generally these samples must be prepared and analyzed one at a time. The multiple sample accessory shown in Fig. 1 enables us to complete the sample preparation prior to recording any spectra. In this way, valuable instrument time is more efficiently utilized, and the necessity of disruputing the instrument's purge between each sampling is minimized. The accessory is small enough to fit through a f
Summer Reading Loss

Summer reading loss is a documented reality for many students. It is often of greatest concern for those who are already at risk, who typically have limited access to reading materials at home and whose parents or caregivers may be reluctant or unsure of how to help. By raising parents' awareness of the importance of supporting their children's reading development during vacation periods and by providing concrete guidelines on how to do so, teachers and students may be better able to pick up instead of starting from scratch when the next school year begins.
A radiative transfer framework for rendering materials with anisotropic structure

The radiative transfer framework that underlies all current rendering of volumes is limited to scattering media whose properties are invariant to rotation. Many systems allow for "anisotropic scattering," in the sense that scattered intensity depends on the scattering angle, but the standard equation assumes that the structure of the medium is isotropic. This limitation impedes physics-based rendering of volume models of cloth, hair, skin, and other important volumetric or translucent materials that do have anisotropic structure. This paper presents an end-to-end formulation of physics-based volume rendering of anisotropic scattering structures, allowing these materials to become full participants in global illumination simulations.We begin with a generalized radiative transfer equation, derived from scattering by oriented non-spherical particles. Within this framework, we propose a new volume scattering model analogous to the well-known family of microfacet surface reflection models; we derive an anisotropic diffusion approximation, including the weak form required for finite element solution and a way to compute the diffusion matrix from the parameters of the scattering model; and we also derive a new anisotropic dipole BSSRDF for anisotropic translucent materials. We demonstrate results from Monte Carlo, finite element, and dipole simulations. All these contributions are readily implemented in existing rendering systems for volumes and translucent materials, and they all reduce to the standard practice in the isotropic case.