cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leadership Effectiveness in IT-Centered Organizations: Gender and Levels of Management

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to investigate leadership effectiveness in IT-centered organizations giving attention to gender and levels of management. A seven-point scale instrument that measures leadership effectiveness (leading organization, leading people, leading self) was used to collect data. The participants (N = 197) were top, middle, and lower-level managers that used IT for organizations’ strategic, tactical, and operational activities. Collected data were analyzed using MANOVA. Results indicated no overall significant group differences for the levels of management with respect to the three leadership effectiveness groups. However, there were overall significant group differences for gender and the interaction of gender and levels of management. In all three leadership effectiveness groups (leading organization, leading people, leading self), women leaders scored significantly higher than men leaders did. Women also significantly scored higher on all levels of management than men did wit...
Egg and Fry Production

Two important considerations when selecting a fish species for culture are whether it will reproduce in captivity and whether the reproductive phase can be controlled or manipulated. These are desirable characteristics in a cultured fish because natural supplies of seed stock cannot be depended on since their availability and quality are inconsistent. Also, unwanted reproduction in food-fish production ponds is undesirable because the competition for space and nutrients of new recruits will reduce yield of marketable fish. Thus a reliable source of high-quality seed stock at an economical cost is essential to large-scale commercial fish culture.
Determination of velocity correction factors for real-time air velocity monitoring in underground mines

When there are installations of air velocity sensors in the mining industry for real-time airflow monitoring, a problem exists with how the monitored air velocity at a fixed location corresponds to the average air velocity, which is used to determine the volume flow rate of air in an entry with the cross-sectional area. Correction factors have been practically employed to convert a measured centerline air velocity to the average air velocity. However, studies on the recommended correction factors of the sensor-measured air velocity to the average air velocity at cross sections are still lacking. A comprehensive airflow measurement was made at the Safety Research Coal Mine, Bruceton, PA, using three measuring methods including single-point reading, moving traverse, and fixed-point traverse. The air velocity distribution at each measuring station was analyzed using an air velocity contour map generated with Surfer®. The correction factors at each measuring station for both the centerline and the sensor location were calculated and are discussed.
Testosterone rapidly boosts male goldfish's eyesight

![Graphic][1] ‘Sex steroids’ are not just made in the gonads, impacting behaviour by gradually changing gene transcription across hours to days. Instead, they can lead a double life. Steroids such as testosterone and oestradiol are also manufactured in the brain, where they operate at
The Fundamentals of Person-Centered Care for Individuals With Dementia.

Background and objectives Person-centered care is a philosophy of care built around the needs of the individual and contingent upon knowing the unique individual through an interpersonal relationship. This review article outlines the history, components, and impact of person-centered care practices. Research design and methods Through literature review, published articles on person-centered measures and outcomes were examined. Results The history of person-centered care was described, core principles of care for individuals with dementia outlined, current tools to measure person-centered care approaches reviewed, and outcomes of interventions discussed. Discussion and implications Evidence-based practice recommendations for person-centered care for individuals with dementia are outlined. More research is needed to further assess the outcomes of person-centered care approaches and models.
Insulin promotes preantral follicle growth and antrum formation through temporal expression of genes regulating steroidogenesis and water transport in the cat

The aims of the present study were to determine the effects of insulin, invitro, on: (1) the viability and growth of domestic cat ovarian follicles; (2) mRNA expression of genes regulating steroidogenesis (cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily, A polypeptide 1 (Cyp17a1), cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily, A polypeptide 1 (Cyp19a1) and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (Star)) and water transport (aquaporins (AQPs) Aqp1, Aqp3, Aqp7, Aqp9); and (3) steroid production (17β-oestradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), androstenedione (A4)). Cat secondary follicles were isolated from ovarian cortices and cultured in 0 (Control), 1 or 10µgmL-1 insulin for 14 days (Day 0=culture onset). Follicle and oocyte viability (based on neutral red staining), diameter and antrum formation were assessed every 72h and at the end of incubation (Day 14). Expression of steroidogenic and water transport genes was evaluated on Days 0, 6 and 12, and E2, P4 and A4 concentrations in the culture medium were determined on Day 12. By Day 14, 1 and 10µgmL-1 insulin had significantly promoted (P 0.05) on oocyte diameter. Cyp17a1 expression on Days 6 and 12 was higher (P<0.05) in follicles cultured in the low (1µgmL-1) compared with high (10µgmL-1) insulin treatment, with no significant difference between low or high insulin vs Control groups. Star expression was higher (P<0.01) in the low insulin compared with Control group on Day 6, but Star was undetectable in the high insulin group by Day 12. Compared with high insulin, low insulin increased (P<0.05) Aqp1 expression on Day 6, but there were no significant differences between these two groups on Day 12. In contrast, high insulin decreased (P<0.05) Aqp9 transcript levels compared with Control. Only P4 production was affected by insulin, with P4 concentrations in the medium being higher (P<0.05) in the low compared with high insulin and Control groups. In summary, the findings indicate that insulin promotes cat ovarian follicle growth and survival invitro, including enhanced antrum formation, with the likely mechanism involving temporal expression of Cyp17a1, Star and Aqp9 genes.
Strategies for Addressing the Challenges of Patient-Centered Medical Home Implementation: Lessons from Oregon

Background: Patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs) are at the forefront of the transformation of primary care as part of health systems reform. Despite robust literature describing implementation challenges, few studies describe strategies being used to overcome these challenges. This article addresses this gap through observations of exemplary PCMHs in Oregon, where the Oregon Health Authority supports and recognizes Patient-Centered Primary Care Homes (PCPCH). Methods: Twenty exemplary PCPCHs were selected using program scores, with considerations for diversity in clinic characteristics. Between 2015 and 2016, semistructured interviews and focus groups were completed with 85 key informants. Results: Clinics reported similar challenges implementing the PCPCH model, including shifting patterns of care use, fidelity to the PCPCH model, and refining care processes. The following ten implementation strategies emerged: expanding access through care teams, preventing unnecessary emergency department visits through patient outreach, improved communication and referral tracking with outside providers, prioritization of selected program metrics, implementing patient-centered practices, developing continuous improvement capacity through committees and “champions,” incorporating preventive services and chronic disease management, standardization of workflows, customizing electronic health records, and integration of mental health. Conclusion: Clinic leaders benefited from understanding the local context in which they were operating. Despite differences in size, ownership, geography, and population, all clinic leaders were observed to be proponents of strategies commonly associated with a “learning organization”: systems thinking, personal mastery, mental models, shared vision, and team. Clinics can draw on their own characteristics, use state resources, and look to established PCMHs to build the evidence base for implementation in primary care.
Systemic Thrombolytic Therapy for Massive and Submassive Pulmonary Embolism

Objective:To critically evaluate the published literature assessing the safety and efficacy of thrombolytic therapy for massive and submassive pulmonary embolism (PE).Methods:A search of human tria...
Acute and Chronic Normal Tissue Effects and Potential Modification in Pediatric Radiation Therapy

During the past three decades, changes in the overall approach to management of children with malignancy have had a dramatic impact on survival rates and, potentially, on the incidence and severity of major complications of treatment. In the early to mid 1960s, megavoltage radiotherapy equipment first became widely available. The more homogeneous dose distributions, sharper beam edges, and decreased bone absorption achieved with these machines promised a substantial improvement in the sideeffects of radiotherapy. During the same period, the critical role of chemotherapy in the curative management of childhood malignancies was first appreciated. Over the years, chemotherapy regimens of increasing intensity have been used in an effort to control refractory malignancies. Today, almost all children with extracranial malignancy are treated with some form of chemotherapy. New drugs are being developed and employed every year. As the role of chemotherapy has evolved, the role of radiotherapy has changed as well. Radiotherapy has been eliminated from the treatment program of some children, and changes have occurred in the doses and volume of radiotherapy given to others. Because these dramatic changes in the quality of pediatric radiotherapy practice and in the use of chemotherapy have occurred simultaneously, it has been extremely difficult, sometimes impossible, to separate the effects of radiation and chemotherapy and to identify possible drug-radiation interactions.
Human Tonic Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a relatively common disorder, which affects 0.5% of people in the USA, and 50 million or more worldwide. The impact of these figures in terms of medical needs and costs in terms of human suffering from the ravages of epilepsy is inestimatable. The etiology of many epilepsies remains unclear, and in spite of monumental research efforts, the treatments are sometimes lacking in efficacy, with some 30% of patients refractory to AEDs. As many as one half of this group are poor candidates for surgery. Of the various classifications of seizures, tonic seizures are an important subgroup of generalized seizures.
Building Infrastructure Through Training and Interdisciplinary Collaboration

Establishing and maintaining a mental health infrastructure that accounts for the complexities and diversity within the Latino population provides a unique opportunity to envision culturally appropriate services and training. This chapter introduces the main structural issues present in mental health training, especially with regard to establishing a Latino educational pipeline to the mental health profession, and discusses the specific challenges related to training a bilingual and bicultural workforce. Examples of bilingual and bicultural training programs are highlighted, as well as the importance of promoting interdisciplinary collaborations that can lead to greater resources for education and training. Six recommendations for building infrastructure focused on training bicultural and bilingual mental health providers are offered.
Indicators in Regional Ecological Monitoring and Risk Assessment

When the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was created following Earth Day in 1970, it was apparent to the public that pollutant sources such as smokestacks, wastewater treatment plants, and industrial waste dumps were having a devastating effect on their surrounding environment. Biological deserts punctuated forests around smelters, petroleum wastes in rivers caught fire, Lake Erie was pronounced dead when dissolved oxygen was consumed by organic wastes and eutrophication, and whole neighborhoods abandoned their homes when toxic wastes were discovered in soils and groundwater. It did not require a graduate degree in ecology to determine that the environment was unacceptably degraded or to determine the cause of most of the problems. Nor was it difficult to notice the return of fish, animals, and vegetation to areas downstream or downwind of pollutant sources following regulation of the worst pollutants.
Absentee ownership, land taxation and surcharge

This paper studies the efficiency of land taxation in a system of jurisdictions with absentee ownership of land. The government of a jurisdiction exploits absentee owners and overtaxes land. Hence, even if land taxation does not distort the use of land, it distorts the allocation of resources between the private and public goods, creating an efficiency loss. If individuals choose their land ownership by trading it in the asset market, they do not necessarily choose an efficient ownership. The government of a jurisdiction also imposes an absentee owner surcharge, reducing the return to absentee ownership and eliminating absentee ownership. Surcharges thus improve the efficiency of land taxation in the long run.
Physician Empathy Is Not Associated with Laboratory Outcomes in Diabetes: a Cross-sectional Study.

One widely cited study suggested a link between physician empathy and laboratory outcomes in patients with diabetes, but its findings have not been replicated. While empathy has a positive impact on patient experience, its impact on other outcomes remains unclear. To assess associations between physician empathy and glycosylated hemoglobin (HgbA1c) as well as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in patients with diabetes. Retrospective cross-sectional study. Patients with diabetes who received care at a large integrated health system in the USA between January 1, 2011, and May 31, 2014, and their primary care physicians. The main independent measure was physician empathy, as measured by the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE). The JSE is scored on a scale of 20–140, with higher scores indicating greater empathy. Dependent measures included patient HgbA1c and LDL. Mixed-effects linear regression models adjusting for patient sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidity index, and physician characteristics were used to assess the association between physician JSE scores and their patients’ HgbA1c and LDL. The sample included 4176 primary care patients who received care with one of 51 primary care physicians. Mean physician JSE score was 118.4 (standard deviation (SD) = 12). Median patient HgbA1c was 6.7% (interquartile range (IQR) = 6.2–7.5) and median LDL concentration was 83 (IQR = 66–104). In adjusted analyses, there was no association between JSE scores and HgbA1c (β = − 0.01, 95%CI = − 0.04, 0.02, p = 0.47) or LDL (β = 0.41, 95%CI = − 0.47, 1.29, p = 0.35). Physician empathy was not associated with HgbA1c or LDL. While interventions to increase physician empathy may result in more patient-centered care, they may not improve clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes.
A lightweight model for right-sizing master-worker applications

When running a parallel application at scale, a resource provisioning policy should minimize over-commitment (idle resources) and under-commitment (resource contention). However, users seldom know the quantity of resources to appropriately execute their application. Even with such knowledge, over- and under-commitment of resources may still occur because the application does not run in isolation. It shares resources such as network and filesystems. We formally define the capacity of a parallel application as the quantity of resources that may effectively be provisioned for the best execution time in an environment. We present a model to compute an estimate of the capacity of master-worker applications as they run based on execution and data-transfer times. We demonstrate this model with two bioinformatics workflows, a machine learning application, and one synthetic application. Our results show the model correctly tracks the known value of capacity in scaling, dynamic task behavior, and with improvements in task throughput.
Wide Variability in Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures After Fusion for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Systematic Review:

Study Design:Systematic review.Objectives:The purpose of this study is to review outcomes reporting methodology in studies evaluating fusion for lumbar spinal stenosis.Methods:A systematic review o...
Detect or not to detect very early stage hepatocellular carcinoma? The western perspective

Very early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is defined as a single tumor with the largest diameter of the lesion measuring 2 cm or less according to Barcelona Liver Cancer staging system. Detection of very early stage HCC is clinically important as it confers an excellent prognosis with the 5-year survival rates over 60 to 80% after patients receive curative treatments. While diagnosing HCC at a very early stage is crucial, it is technically challenging and may come with the physical or psychosocial harms related to diagnostic tests. It is further complicated by the fact that patients with very early stage HCC are not prioritized for liver transplant (LT) in the United States organ allocation system. When LT-eligible patients present with an indeterminate lesion measuring between 1 and 2 cm on the multiphasic computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, clinicians often observe patients carefully until the lesion grows up to 2 cm so that patients can be eligible to receive a Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) exception score for HCC in the United States. The European guideline recommends a routine biopsy of such lesion. In conclusion, attempting to detect very early stage HCC is difficult to achieve and controversial. Clinicians should take into account of the risk and the benefit of diagnostic tests, LT candidacy of patients and the local organ allocation system.
Fever in hospitalized medical patients: characteristics and significance.

The occurrence of fever and the clinical profile of febrile patients on the medical service of a teaching hospital were studied prospectively. Thirty-six per cent of 972 patients developed fever (temperature exceeding 38°C). Their 13% mortality rate and 13.2-day average hospital stay exceeded the 3% mortality and seven-day hospitalization for afebrile patients (p 75 years) had a lower febrile response to bacterial infections than younger patients. Fever in hospitalized medical patients is a common and important concomitant of increased mortality and length of hospitalization.
Patient experience surveys: reflections on rating a sacred trust

A few months ago, I received feedback via email from our patient experience office. Among other concerns, the parent of a patient I had cared for felt as if her child left the emergency department (ED) no better than how she had arrived, that she needed more help than I provided, and that I seemed ‘overwhelmed’ by her child’s issues. As I read the complaint, I could feel my heart rate start to quicken, my jaw set, the butterflies in my stomach wake up; this was my body sensing a threat, readying to fight. In his book Emotional Intelligence , Dan Goleman calls this an ‘amygdala hijack.’1 The purpose of the amygdala is to sound the alarm and prepare us to fight or flee. Research using functional MRI demonstrates that the strong negative emotions produced by criticism activate the amygdala, shutting down the neural pathway to our prefrontal cortex and invoking ‘cognitive, emotional, and perceptual impairment.’2 Complex decision-making disappears, along with our ability to consider others’ perspectives. In my amygdala fog, I thought this mother didn’t understand the complexity of caring for her daughter’s problem; that the resources I offered were the only ones we had available; that I called multiple people to help her; that she was just ungrateful . This was immediately followed by the arrival of my critical inner voice (whom I’ve named Reese Witherspoon): ‘Another physician would have handled this better’; ‘You should have spent more time with her’; ‘You don’t have the kind of empathy you need for this job.’ Even when my heart finally slowed, and I got blood back to the rational parts of my brain, this voice stayed with me for days, keeping me up at night, spinning and respinning the comments around in my head. Most physicians I speak …
Teaching as Service: Losing and Finding My Identity in Global Classrooms

I became a teacher on a volunteer program in apartheid South Africa, and the lessons I learned with the help of those students continue to define what I think it means to be a teacher. I discovered that learning is most likely to happen in environments structured by humility, empathy, and collaborative empowerment. Today, my job is to help students build the agency that will make them successful in a liberal capitalist democracy, which means convincing them, through words and actions, that they each have a unique, creative mind that is capable of apprehending, appreciating, and affecting the trajectory of the complexity that undergirds the world around them. The chapter shares some strategies for building environments conducive to engaged learning.
Quantum System Compression: A Hamiltonian Guided Walk Through Hilbert Space

We present a systematic study of quantum system compression for the evolution of generic many-body problems. The necessary numerical simulations of such systems are seriously hindered by the exponential growth of the Hilbert-space dimension with the number of particles. For a constant Hamiltonian system of Hilbert-space dimension $n$ with frequencies ranging from ${f}_{min}$ to ${f}_{max}$, we show via a proper orthogonal decomposition that for a run time $T$ the dominant dynamics are compressed in the neighborhood of a subspace whose dimension is the smallest integer larger than the time-bandwidth product $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}=({f}_{max}\ensuremath{-}{f}_{min})T$. We also show how the distribution of initial states can further compress the system dimension. Under the stated conditions, the time-bandwidth estimate reveals the existence of an effective compressed model whose dimension is derived solely from system properties and not dependent on the particular implementation of a variational simulator, such as a machine learning system, or quantum device, or possibly even specially adapting traditional methods of solving the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation. However, finding an efficient solution procedure $\mathit{is}$ dependent on the simulator implementation, which is not discussed in this paper. In addition, we show that the compression rendered by the proper orthogonal decomposition encoding method can be further strengthened via a multilayer autoencoder. Finally, we present numerical illustrations to affirm the compression behavior in time-varying Hamiltonian dynamics in the presence of external fields. The essential time-bandwidth product is also simply estimated for a wide class of physical systems, where typically localized high-frequency motion occurs at or around each of the many particles, and with low-frequency dynamics associated with globally distributed characteristic degrees of freedom. This estimate for the bandwidth has a generic character indicating the wide significance of expected quantum system dynamics compression. We also discuss the potential implications of the findings for machine learning tools to efficiently solve the many-body or other high-dimensional Schr\"odinger equations.
Effectiveness of Using Personal Health Records to Improve Recommended Breast Cancer Screening and Reduce Racial and Geographic Disparities Among Women.

This paper examines the effectiveness of using personal health records (PHRs), which contains detailed health information to improve the use of recommended screening mammography among women at potential risk for breast cancer. It also explores the potential of PHR in reducing disparities in recommended mammography use experienced by minority and underserved women. The primary data used for this study were obtained from the 2015 Health Information National Trends Survey, and they were supplemented by the 2016 Area Health Resource Files. The study sample included women aged 40–75 years with no prior diagnosis of cancer. Because the use of PHRs as a key predictor of breast cancer screening may be endogenously determined, we used the instrumental variable (IV) approach to correct for estimation bias. We found a significant and positive association between the use of PHRs and recommended mammography use among women, with the likelihood of mammography screening increasing with more frequent use of PHRs. Furthermore, the effects of PHR use on mammography screening were found to be greater among Hispanic and Black women and those living in non-metropolitan areas compared with White women and those living in metropolitan areas, respectively. The use of PHRs for health information seeking can empower women at potential risk for breast cancer to participate in recommended screening mammography, particularly among those underserved and racial/ethnic minorities. Policymakers should consider developing policies and programs that can promote PHR use by women, especially medically underserved and minority women.
Compression-induced solidification of shock-melted cerium

Compression-induced solidification has been observed in cerium on nanosecond timescales. A series of experiments was conducted in Sandia National Laboratories' Z Facility in which cerium was shock melted and subsequently shocklessly, or ramp, loaded across the melt line inducing solidification. The signature of solidification manifested in the recovery of material strength and the propagation of waves at the local elastic sound velocity. Density functional theory simulations of cerium along the experimental phase-space path exhibit spontaneous freezing to a tetragonal phase at the same pressure and closely predict the observed physical properties of solid and liquid cerium near melt.
Evidence-Based Treatment of Pediatric Overweight and Obesity

Data indicate that approximately 17% of children and adolescents in the United States between the ages of 2 and 19 are obese. The chapter authors outline the assessment processes including measurement of Body Mass Index, assessment of dietary intake, and assessment of physical activity. They review effective interventions for pediatric overweight and obesity which are typically behaviorally based and focus on increasing physical activity and/or decreasing caloric intake to achieve a negative energy balance. The most favorable outcomes for treatment of pediatric obesity can be expected from comprehensive behavioral lifestyle interventions that involve caregivers and other social supports as active participants in the lifestyle changes. Meta-analyses indicate that effective interventions for pediatric overweight and obesity typically feature behavioral components and focus on increasing physical activity and/or decreasing caloric intake to achieve a negative energy balance, and to establish new dietary and physical activity habits. Several well-established interventions have demonstrated efficacy for children and adolescents from diverse communities.
Perinatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke

Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS) is a common cause of seizures, encephalopathy, altered mental status, and focal neurologic deficits in the neonatal period. It is the leading known cause of cerebral palsy. Other long-term risks include the development of epilepsy and impairment in cognition, language, and behavior. This article will review the known risk factors for PAIS, as well as the evaluation, management, and prognosis. Long-term neurodevelopmental surveillance is recommended, along with intensive therapies to reduce morbidity.
Regulatory Reforms and Entrepreneurs’ Choices of Firm Structure: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

How do regulatory reforms lowering the upfront and ongoing barriers to registration and legal incorporation affect entrepreneurs' choices of firm structure? This study examines the effects of insti...
Old Bags and Bald Sparrows: Contemporary Russian Female Stand‐Up Comedy

Russian female stand-up comedy is considerably different from its counterpart in the United States. According to Emil Draitser, "stand-up comediennes, as we know them in America, are yet to appear in Russian nightclubs or on TV."' Indeed, in a country of over 145 million people there are only two nationally known Russian female comics. Only one of them-Klara Novikova-has her own solo stand-up act, which she has performed for less than a decade. Elena Stepanenko, the second Russian comedienne, reads her satirical monologues in shows with other stand-up comics.2 In addition to this uneven representation of Russian male and female satirical performers, women comedians generally do not use their own material. In fact, Russian men write almost all of the comediennes' monologues, while women usually take on the role of performers of male-written works. Hence, Russian "female" stand-up comedy presents a peculiar two-fold phenomenon: with a few exceptions, male writers shape the ideas, while women voice them from the comedic stage.3
Mediation of Construction Disputes in the United States

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), including partnering, dispute review boards, mediation and arbitration, have become the primary ways of settling construction disputes in the United States. This article describes why mediation is used to resolve disputes and describes what the mediation process looks like. Mediation procedures and techniques may be quite different depending upon the style of the mediator (facilitative or evaluative) and the type of dispute (community or construction) being mediated. An evaluative style of mediation is used for construction disputes in the United States. The article discusses what mediation users want from mediators, the phases of development of ADR in the United States, as well as the costs of mediation. An appendix describes a model of mediation used for community disputes which can become the basis for understanding the evaluative approach to mediation used in construction disputes.
Inducing jet‐lag in older people: Directional asymmetry

Twenty healthy elderly subjects (12 female, 8 male; mean age 81 years, range 67-87 years) each experienced a 15-day time isolation protocol in which they lived individually in a special laboratory apartment in which sleep and circadian rhythm measures could be taken. There were two experiments: one (6 females, 4 males) involved a 6-h phase advance of the sleep/wake cycle, and the other (6 females, 4 males) a 6-h phase delay. Each started with 5 baseline days, immediately followed by the phase shift. The subject was then held to the phase shifted routine for the remainder of the study. Rectal temperatures were recorded minute-by-minute throughout the entire experiment and each night of sleep was recorded using polysomnography. A directional asymmetry in phase-shift effects was apparent, with significantly more sleep disruption and circadian rhythm amplitude disruption after the phase advance than after the phase delay. Sleep disruption was reflected in reduced time spent asleep, and in changed REM latency, which increased in the phase advance direction but decreased in the phase delay direction. Although the phase advance led to a significant increase in wakefulness in the first half of the night, the phase delay did not lead to an equivalent increase in wakefulness during the second half of the night. Examination of both raw and 'demasked' circadian rectal temperature rhythms confirmed that phase adjustment was slow in both directions, but was less slow (and more monotonic) after the phase delay than after the phase advance. Subjective alertness suffered more disruption after the phase advance than after the phase delay.
Non-Coding RNA Covariance Model Combination Using Mixed Primary-Secondary Structure Alignment

Covariance models are very effective for finding new members of non-coding RNA sequence families in genomic data. However, the computation burden of applying CM-based search algorithms can be prohibitive. When annotating the genome of a newly sequenced organism it is usually desired to search the sequence data using a large number of ncRNA families. Computational burden can be reduced if the families are clustered into statistically similar models and a single cluster-average representative model produced. The database is then searched with the representative model for each cluster at a relatively low detection threshold. The output of this pre-filtered database is then processed with the individual family members of the cluster. A base-pair conflict metric has previously been proposed for use in model clustering. In this work an alternative metric using standard alignment algorithms and a special mixed primary-secondary structure scoring matrix is proposed.
Service Innovation in Developing Economies: Policy Rationale and Framework

AbstractServices are becoming dominant activities in the world, and service innovation is a way to increase growth and welfare. Service-innovation policies are justified by a wide range of reasons, including the existence of market and systemic failures. In developing economies, these failures are often more serious than in developed economies. Innovation in services presents specific characteristics that are different from innovation in goods. A policy framework and a policy menu with different options are proposed. They include horizontal and vertical policies, as well as a systemic approach in which services can constitute a key component of any innovation policy.
Improving reliability in VLSI systems through redundant modules

The proposed method of improving reliability through redundant modules may easily be applied to many different types of systems. For purposes of illustration, the proposed method is demonstrated on array processors. An overview of array processors, with particular emphasis on the multiply accumulate module, and their applications provides the motivation for the study of increased reliability. Array processors inherently have a large amount of parallelism, which makes reliable design that much more important. A comparison of the proposed system's performance to that of the non-redundant system is made. Computer simulation results at the transistor and logic gate level are used in evaluating the overall performance of the two systems. >
Structural interventions to reduce HIV transmission among injecting drug users.

To review current knowledge of structural interventions to reduce HIV transmission among injecting drug users. Structural interventions are defined as programs or policies that change the environments in which risk behavior occurs without attempting to change knowledge attitudes or social interactions patterns of the persons at risk. Structural interventions may either facilitate enactment of existing motives to avoid HIV transmission or make enacting risk behavior more difficult. Nonquantitative literature review. Preventing HIV infection among injecting drug users must be considered within the context of the continuing global spread of psychoactive drug use and injecting drug use in particular. Some policies that are designed to reduce use may tend to increase HIV transmission among persons who do inject drugs. Evaluation of structural interventions can be difficult as populations of drug users are usually the relevant unit of analysis. Typically pre versus post comparisons must be used hopefully with multiple pre and post data points. Structural interventions are often associated with large effects increasing confidence that the intervention is the cause of the reduction in HIV-risk behavior. Increasing the availability of sterile injection equipment through pharmacy sales or syringe exchange or both is the most common and best-studied structural intervention for injecting drug users. The studies to date indicate that this usually but not always leads to large reductions in HIV-risk behavior. Involving drugs user in the design and implementation of HIV-prevention programs can be considered a meta-structural intervention that should lead to programs with increased effectiveness. (authors)
Stimulation of breathing by activation of pulmonary peripheral afferents in rabbits.

Respiratory response to selective activation of vagal afferents in the peripheral airways was investigated in anesthetized, open-chest, and artificially ventilated rabbits. Phrenic activity was use...
Seismic Modulus Maturity Function for Lime and Lime–Cement Stabilized Clay

AbstractStabilization via lime and/or cement is commonly used to improve poor subgrade soil. The key design parameters for lime stabilized soils and lime–cement stabilized soils (LSS/L-CSS) are strength and stiffness, the growth of which are dependent on both time and temperature. It is generally understood that increased curing temperature will result in increased LSS/L-CSS strength/stiffness; however, there is no quantitative framework for predicting this behavior. This paper proposes a modulus maturity function for LSS/L-CSS that estimates low-strain modulus as a function of the curing duration and the average curing temperature over that duration. To develop the maturity function, nondestructive seismic modulus tests were performed on cylinders cured at varying temperature regimes from three LSS/L-CSS construction sites. Variations in curing behavior were compared within and across sites and least-squares regression analysis was performed to assess the functional behavior of the data. Results indicate...
STABILITY OF ALKALI HALIDE CRYSTALS IN TERMS OF MANY-BODY INTERACTIONS

First- and second-order perturbation calculations of the energy of interaction were carried out for triplets of atoms or ions in rare-gas solids, since alkali halide ions are isoelectronic, for three-body exchange interactions with two atoms or ions as nearest neighbors of the third, to determine the three- body-interaction stabilizing effect on alkali halide crystals. A Gaussian effective-electron charge configuration is used for the ions of the alkaii halide crystals. Results are given for cesium chloride, sodium chloride, cesium iodide, and rubidium chloride. (R.E.U.)
Principal Components Analysis In Medical Imaging

Principal components analysis, PCA, is basically a data reduction technique. PCA has been used in several problems in diagnostic radiology: processing radioisotope brain scans (Ref.1), automatic alignment of radionuclide images (Ref. 2), processing MRI images (Ref. 3,4), analyzing first-pass cardiac studies (Ref. 5) correcting for attenuation in bone mineral measurements (Ref. 6) and in dual energy x-ray imaging (Ref. 6,7). This paper will progress as follows; a brief introduction to the mathematics of PCA will be followed by two brief examples of how PCA has been used in the literature. Finally my own experience with PCA in dual-energy x-ray imaging will be given.
Ankyrin-B Coordinates the Na/K ATPase, Na/Ca Exchanger, and InsP3 Receptor in a Cardiac T-Tubule/SR Microdomain

We report identification of an ankyrin-B-based macromolecular complex of Na/K ATPase (alpha 1 and alpha 2 isoforms), Na/Ca exchanger 1, and InsP3 receptor that is localized in cardiomyocyte T-tubules in discrete microdomains distinct from classic dihydropyridine receptor/ryanodine receptor “dyads.” E1425G mutation of ankyrin-B, which causes human cardiac arrhythmia, also blocks binding of ankyrin-B to all three components of the complex. The ankyrin-B complex is markedly reduced in adult ankyrin-B+/− cardiomyocytes, which may explain elevated [Ca2+]i transients in these cells. Thus, loss of the ankyrin-B complex provides a molecular basis for cardiac arrhythmia in humans and mice. T-tubule-associated ankyrin-B, Na/Ca exchanger, and Na/K ATPase are not present in skeletal muscle, where ankyrin-B is expressed at 10-fold lower levels than in heart. Ankyrin-B also is not abundantly expressed in smooth muscle. We propose that the ankyrin-B-based complex is a specialized adaptation of cardiomyocytes with a role for cytosolic Ca2+ modulation.
Atomic Absorption Studies with a Bandpass Filter

Atomic absorption studies were performed with a simple bandpass filter. Results of these studies for lithium indicated that the sensitivity and detectability obtained were comparable to existing atomic absorption techniques that employ a monochromator to isolate a waveband. The main advantages of using a bandpass filter in place of a monochromator are the relatively low cost of the filter and the ease of operation.
Approximation Algorithms for Metric Facility Location Problems

In this paper we present a 1.52-approximation algorithm for the metric uncapacitated facility location problem, and a 2-approximation algorithm for the metric capacitated facility location problem with soft capacities. Both these algorithms improve the best previously known approximation factor for the corresponding problem, and our soft-capacitated facility location algorithm achieves the integrality gap of the standard linear programming relaxation of the problem. Furthermore, we will show, using a result of Thorup, that our algorithms can be implemented in quasi-linear time.
Thiram‐induced toxic liver injury in male sprague‐dawley rats

Abstract A single i.p. dose (120 mg/kg) of thiram given to male Sprague‐Dawley rats caused a significant increase in the activity of SGOT and SGPT 24 hr post‐treatment indicating liver damage. A considerable diminution in the serum cholinesterase activity was also noted in the treated rats as against the control animals. Additional evidence for thiram‐induced liver toxicity is provided by the observation that there was approximately 50% inhibition of the activity of hepatic microsomal benzphetamine N‐demethylase with a concomitant decrease in the concentration of cytochrome P‐450, an important component of the mixed‐function oxidase system. Although not significant, hepatic glutathione levels were also depleted by thiram, probably making the liver susceptible to toxic injury.
Non-recoverable elastic energy and crack propagation in brittle materials

Abstract A discussion of the Griffith criteria for brittle fracture is presented. It is suggested that catastrophic crack propagation can only be achieved with the expenditure of unrecoverable elastic strain energy in addition to the surface free energy of the new surfaces. The discrepency then between the Griffith surface energy and measured fracture energies is concluded to be partly attributed to non-recoverable elastic energy dissipated during fracture.
Reversible pulmonary hypertension in a child with respiratory obstruction and cor pulmonale

Laryngotracheomalacia usually is a self-limited disease causing only noisy respiration. This report describes an infant born with a severe form of this anomaly who manifested cor pulmonale and congestive heart failure by 29 months of age. Suprasystemic pulmonary artery pressures were noted at the time of the initial cardiac catheterization. The child improved clinically after tracheostomy, and a repeat cardiac catheterization at 4 years of age showed a marked decrease in pulmonary artery pressure. Though a frequent cause of stridor in infancy, to our knowledge laryngotracheomalacia has not been reported as associated with cor pulmonale.
The phrenic nucleus of the albino rat: A correlative HRP and Golgi study

The phrenic nucleus of the adult albino rat was studied by utilizing the O-dianisidine method for the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in conjunction with the zinc chromate modification of the Golgi technique. Application of HRP to the transected phrenic nerve in the neck labeled a column of phrenic motor neurons from C3 to C5 in the ipsilateral spinal cord. However, when HRP was applied to the phrenic nerve intrathoracically, labeled neurons were found from C3 to C6. The long axis of the column of phrenic neurons was oriented tangentially from rostral to caudal poles. There was a gradual shift of the column from posterior to anterior and from lateral to medial positions in the ventral horn. The peroxidase material was also used to localize impregnated phrenic motor neurons in the Golgi sections and to provide quantitative data on phrenic motor neurons. In Golgi-impregnated material two types of phrenic neurons were distinguished on the basis of dendritic morphology and orientation. These neurons were designated (1) large neurons with smooth, radially oriented dendrites, and (2) smaller neurons with varicose, tangentially oriented dendrites. Both types of neurons had a small number of spines and bulbous appendages issuing from the dendritic trunks and branches. The dendritic fields of adjacent phrenic neurons overlapped extensively with one another and with dendrites of more distally placed ventral horn motor neurons. In peroxidase-labeled sagittal sections the dendrites of phrenic neurons were primarily oriented in the rostrocaudal plane. The mean total number of peroxidase-labeled neurons in the phrenic nucleus was 415.75 +/- 18.36 cells. In sagittal sections the mean long axis diameter of phrenic cell bodies was 34.5 micrometers. In frontal sections the mean long axis diameter of phrenic cell bodies was 22.5 micrometers. Thus, from direct measurement, the phrenic neurons were 34% longer in the sagittal plane than in the frontal plane. In the present study each phrenic nucleus contributed fibers only to the ipsilateral phrenic nerve, and no evidence for peripheral crossing of fibers was found.
The Muenke syndrome mutation (FgfR3P244R) causes cranial base shortening associated with growth plate dysfunction and premature perichondrial ossification in murine basicranial synchondroses.

Muenke syndrome caused by the FGFR3P250R mutation is an autosomal dominant disorder mostly identified with coronal suture synostosis, but it also presents with other craniofacial phenotypes that include mild to moderate midface hypoplasia. The Muenke syndrome mutation is thought to dysregulate intramembranous ossification at the cranial suture without disturbing endochondral bone formation in the skull. We show in this study that knock-in mice harboring the mutation responsible for the Muenke syndrome (FgfR3P244R) display postnatal shortening of the cranial base along with synchondrosis growth plate dysfunction characterized by loss of resting, proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocyte zones and decreased Ihh expression. Furthermore, premature conversion of resting chondrocytes along the perichondrium into prehypertrophic chondrocytes leads to perichondrial bony bridge formation, effectively terminating the postnatal growth of the cranial base. Thus, we conclude that the Muenke syndrome mutation disturbs endochondral and perichondrial ossification in the cranial base, explaining the midface hypoplasia in patients. Developmental Dynamics 240:2584–2596, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.