cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical studies in host-virus interactions. VI. Immunochemical studies on the purity of concentrates of various bacterial viruses prepared by differential centrifugation procedures. With an appendix summarizing data on the desoxyribonucleic acid content of these viruses.

Three mutant pairs of bacterial viruses T2r(+) and T2r, T4r(+) and T4r, T6r(+) and T6r, have been concentrated by differential centrifugation and analyzed. Under conditions of prolonged lysis of organisms grown on broth-agar, the virus concentrates frequently contained phosphorus (P) other than that contained in desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA). These concentrates reacted with antisera to the host organism, E. coli, specifically precipitating the non-DNA-P but not virus activity or DNA. The amounts of nitrogen precipitated in the virus concentrates by antisera were related to their content of non-DNA-P. These viruses could be purified by differential centrifugation after such treatment to yield preparations apparently free of P other than DNA-P. It has been concluded that there is no satisfactory evidence for the presence of ribose nucleic acid as a constituent part of these viruses.
Microcosm Approach to Study Transport of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Sediment

The transport of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment is difficult to study in the laboratory due to their low solubility and strong tendency to sorb to sediment and experimental equipment. A small-scale laboratory microcosm was designed to study PCB transport in anaerobic surface sediment at microscale and to quantify transport rates. Results of verification testing showed that the experimental system enabled quantitative characterization of the diffusive transport of PCBs in sediment in a reasonable time frame (months). The fine-spatial-resolution results obtained were as expected with the less chlorinated, more mobile congeners transporting the fastest and the more heavily chlorinated compounds transporting more slowly. This laboratory microcosm system could be used to study the transport of many types of pollutants in sediment, but is particularly useful for hydrophobic organic compounds.
Air-pressure tunable depletion width, rectification behavior, and charge conduction in oxide nanotubes.

Metal-oxide nanotubes provide large surface areas and functionalizable surfaces for a variety of optical and electronic applications. Here we report air-tunable rectifying behavior, depletion width modulation, and two-dimensional (2D) charge conduction in hollow titanium-dioxide nanotubes. The metal contact forms a Schottky-diode in the nanotubes, and the rectification factor (on/off ratio) can be varied by more than 3 orders of magnitude (1–2 × 103) as the air pressure is increased from 2 mTorr to atmospheric pressure. This behavior is explained using a change in depletion width of these thin nanotubes by adsorption of water vapor on both surfaces of a hollow nanotube, and the resulting formation of a metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) junction, which controls the 2D charge conduction properties in thin oxide nanotubes.
Effect of Chlorpropamide on the Permeability of the Urinary Bladder of the Toad and the Response to Vasopressin, Adenosine-3″,5″-monophosphate and TheophyUine

Chlorpropamide, which is reported to decrease urine volume and promote the formation of hypertonic urine in patients with pituitary diabetes insipidus, has no effect on the osmotic permeability of the urinary bladder of the toad, Bufo marinus. The sulfonylurea compound markedly potentiates the effect of vasopressin and theophylline, both of which increase the osmotic permeability of the toad bladder by increasing the intracellular concentration of cyclic 3′,5′-AMP. Unexpectedly, the response of the toad bladder to exogenous cyclic 3′,5′-AMP is inhibited by chlorpropamide. Therefore, the mechanism of action of chlorpropamide remains obscure. Nevertheless, it is clear that under certain conditions the drug does alter the permeability of vasopressin-sensitive tissues both in man and in the toad bladder. (Endocrinology 84: 411,1969)
MANAGING THE EXPLORATION/EXPLOITATION PARADOX IN NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: HOW TOP EXECUTIVES DEFINE THEIR FIRM'S INNOVATION TRAJECTORY

Building on structuration theory, we present a conceptual model that illustrates how top executives can guide their firm's new product development (NPD) strategy along a desired innovation trajectory combining different degrees of exploration and exploitation. The model addresses the interplay between executives' actions and the organization's controlling structures in the form of roles, rules, and resources. We describe how transformational leadership behaviors by top executives can be effective in the paradox management needed to shift the exploration or exploitation emphasis of a NPD strategy, whereas transactional leadership can be effective in maintaining a consistent strategic course. In doing this, we propose visual representations of innovation trajectories as wave functions as helpful tools to describe NPD strategies. Illustrative examples of structural changes that support strategic change toward greater exploration or greater exploitation are also offered.
Analysis of distributed antenna system over high-speed railway communication

Provision of high data rate services on train has attracted a great attention recently. In this paper, the issues of time division duplex (TDD) DAS, including coverage of remote antenna units (RAUs), echo channel effect and system deployment cost were analyzed. The timing drift problem while solving echo channel effect with moving cell concept in DAS was also depicted in detail. Furthermore, the frequency response, propagation model, and time dispersion parameters of the RoF-DAS channel will be analyzed with simulation. This paper provided analyzed RoF-DAS channel profile over high-speed railway communication system for future researches.
Working and "drugging" in the city: economics and substance use in a sample of working addicts.

Employment status is often treated as a “risk factor” in epidemiologic studies of drug use. The process that underlies the supposed relationship has remained, however, essentially unexamined. This article uses life history data to look at the relationship between work and drug use in a sample of addicts from Baltimore City, Maryland. The narratives constructed by these individuals demonstrate that the processes involved in creating and maintaining drug- and nondrug-related identities are neither linear nor straightforward. Rather, managing complex, emergent identities is a product of the economic situation, the organization of the drug scene, and the larger milieu in which these addicts operate.
Expression of PAX2 in papillary serous carcinoma of the ovary: immunohistochemical evidence of fallopian tube or secondary Müllerian system origin?

PAX2 is a urogenital developmental transcription factor expressed in the Wolffian ducts, developing kidneys, and Mullerian ducts during embryonic stage. Its function in renal development is well documented and its clinical application in the diagnosis of lesions of renal origin has been reported recently. However, information on its role in the Mullerian-derived genital tract is sparse. In this study, we investigated the expression of PAX2 in human female genital tract using immunohistochemistry. We demonstrated that PAX2 was expressed specifically in the epithelial cells of fallopian tube, endometrial and endocervical glands, but not in the stromal tissues in these areas. PAX2 was detected in secondary Mullerian structures in the ovary, such as endometriotic and endosalpingiotic glands and rete ovarii, but not in ovarian surface epithelium, surface epithelium-derived inclusion cysts, stroma, or sex-cord-derived structures such as follicles, oocytes, and corpus luteum. In addition, PAX2 was detected in 67% of ovarian papillary serous carcinomas (N=36) but rarely in peritoneal malignant mesotheliomas, with two exceptions (N=54). Interestingly, the two PAX2-positive 'peritoneal malignant mesotheliomas' were from female patients and were positive for estrogen receptor. The significance of expression of PAX2 and estrogen receptor in these cases is under investigation. Taken together, we suggest that PAX2 is a novel Mullerian-specific epithelial marker when used in proper clinical settings. Identification of PAX2 in the majority of papillary serous carcinomas of the ovary but not in the ovarian surface epithelium or epithelium-derived inclusion cysts suggests that this malignant epithelial tumor may be directly derived from the primary or secondary Mullerian epithelium in or surrounding the ovary, rather than from the surface epithelium or its derivatives.
Asymptotic interpretations for equilibria of nonatomic games

Abstract We show that a mixed equilibrium of a semi-anonymous nonatomic game can be used to generate pure-strategy profiles for finite games randomly generated from the type distribution of the nonatomic game. As the numbers of players involved in the finite games increase, the generated profiles will be asymptotically equilibrium. The converse of this result is also true, i.e., a mixed-strategy profile that is not an equilibrium for the nonatomic game will not be able to achieve the above asymptotic rationality for large finite games. The combined finding can be specialized to situations where the nonatomic game is anonymous and where the given equilibrium is pure. Besides their practical values, these results offer yet one more justification for the study of nonatomic games. They also suggest that efforts may be better spent on searching for mixed rather than pure equilibria of nonatomic games.
Inappropriate Defenses Against the Monitoring of Organization Development Practice

Many organization development practitioners resist public inquiry into the reasoning behind and validity of their assumptions, methods, and outcomes. Based on personal experience, the author presen...
Activated carbon supplementation of dairy cow diets: Effects on apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility and taste preference1

ABSTRACT The objectives of these studies were to determine whether the adverse effects of feeding poor-quality forages could be alleviated by adding activated carbon as a feed additive through observing the effect of activated carbon on apparent nutrient digestibility and taste preferences. In Exp. 1, 6 multiparous, late-lactation Holstein cows were assigned to a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square. All cows were fed a basal diet containing approximately 60% poor-quality corn silage containing the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. The 3 treatments were 0, 20, or 40 g of activated carbon top-dressed once daily at the p.m. feeding. Cows fed activated carbon had increased DMI and apparent total-tract nutrient digestibilities of NDF, hemicellulose, and CP. Cows fed activated carbon also had increased milk fat content and showed increased BCS. In Exp. 2, 3 cannulated, primiparous, early-lactation Holstein cows were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The cows were fed 0, 20, or 40 g of activated carbon per day using good-quality forage, which resulted in no differences in apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility or milk composition and yield. In Exp. 3, 6 early-lactation, primiparous Holstein cows were assigned to a sequential elimination trial with access to 0, 10, 20, 40, or 80 g/d of activated carbon in a cafeteria-style feeder to determine taste preference. Cows were fed a diet similar to that in Exp. 2. As activated carbon increased, preference for that particular feed decreased. Results indicated that activated carbon improves apparent total-tract nutrient digestibilities when cows are fed poor-quality (mycotoxin-laden) silage, but activated carbon should not be used when good-quality forage is fed.
An environment for prototyping real-time distributed databases

A prototyping environment for investigating distributed real-time database systems is described. The prototyping environment is based on a concurrent programming kernel which supports the creation, blocking, and termination of processes, as well as scheduling and inter-process communication. Although the complexity of a distributed database system makes prototyping difficult, the implementation has proven satisfactory for experimentation on design choices, different database control techniques, and even an integrated evaluation of database systems. It supports a very flexible used interface, allowing a wide range of system configurations and workload characteristics. Since the prototyping environment is designed to provide a spectrum of database functions and operating system modules, it facilitates the construction of multiple system instances with different characteristics without much overhead. The expressive power and performance evaluation capability of the prototyping environment has been demonstrated by implementing real-time database systems and investigating the performance characteristics of priority-ceiling protocol and multiversion databases. >
Development of the dry-band arc on all-dielectric self-supporting cables during laboratory tests

Utilities frequently install all-dielectric self-supporting (ADSS) fiber-optic cables on transmission lines. The cable jackets suffer damage due to dry-band arcing caused by high electric fields and pollution on the cable. A test method to determine cable resistance to dry-band arcing is being considered for standardization by IEEE. A new nozzle arrangement for the test is proposed in this paper. Using this nozzle the repeatability of the test is significantly improved over previous arrangements. Each test cycle consists of three stages: wetting, drying, and arcing. The three stages are examined in detail. Development of the dry-band arc on the cable jacket during the arcing period is presented. It is shown that the length of the arc increases exponentially with time and reaches a stable length. The stable length is shown to be a function of the applied voltage.
Impact of line voltage sag on switch mode power supply operation

Switch-mode power supplies (SMPS) provide low-voltage dc power to almost every type of computer, control and instrumentation equipment. As such, the performance of this equipment operating in unprotected ac supply systems reflects the behavior of the SMPS to the voltage surges and sags that are endemic to power systems not protected by UPS. One purpose for this paper is to analyze the operation of SMPS during line voltage sags over and above merely observing the discharge of the dc link capacitor. A further purpose is to show that the tolerance of an SMPS to line-voltage sags can be improved by: (1) using a larger dc capacitor; (2) operating at less than the power rating; and (3) using power factor correction. Inrush current control circuits must be designed to operate effectively for line voltage sags of all predictable depths and time durations. Moreover, voltage disturbance plots of events do not indicate SMPS failures for each event outside the ITI limits. A percentage of SMPS will be operating at part load and not fail.
Apocalyptic Revisited: Reflections on the Thought of Albert Schweitzer

Schweitzer's understanding of the nature of eschotology = apocalyptic, summed up in a passage found in Geschichte des Leben-Jesu-Forschung (2nd edition, 1913), "there is no assumption of activism on the part of the chosen people. The feeling is one of waiting. Only after the Messiah has made his appearance ... does the hour of action dawn. Anything undertaken before that time is meaningless," is correct but he misunderstood its implications. The movement from human stasis to human action following divine intervention however it is described implies not the end but the renewal of history. Contemporary writers, too, using quite other language, point toward the same situation, the waiting for the renewal of history. The intent of the paper is to demonstrate that apocalyptic hope rather than being aor antihistorical is, at its heart, the hope for a return to history, suspended by the temporary absence of one of the actors, not God but the community of man. *This paper was read in a slightly different form at Candler School of Theology, Emory University, during the celebration of the centennary of Albert Schweitzer's birth held at the beginning of April, 1975. Lou H. SILBERMAN is Professor of Jewish Literature and Thought at Vanderbilt University and Chairman of the Department of Religious Studies as well as a member of the faculty of the Divinity School. He is author of the entry "Judaism" in the most recent edition of Encyclopaedia
Production of Renal Insufficiency by Surgical Procedure

This communication describes a method which has been developed to produce renal insufficiency by surgical procedure. Rabbits were used. The method is carried out by putting a loop of thread about one renal artery, when the animal is about 10 days old. This is done by placing a wire of 0.4 mm. diameter alongside the artery and tying a silk thread down upon the 2 together, and then withdrawing the wire. This leaves a loop about the artery of a diameter little larger than the artery. The artery soon grows up to this size and then any increase in the blood flow and size of that kidney is prevented. The other kidney overdevelops and so takes care of the increased renal demands of the animal. When the animal is 3 to 4 months of age, this large kidney is removed, leaving the animal with a small kidney, which cannot hypertrophy because of the tie about the artery. Too much time must not elapse before the second operation, lest atrophy of the small kidney supervene.In this way any degree of kidney insufficiency ca...
Epidemiological surveillance: a management tool for occupational health.

Epidemiological surveillance represents a practical and intuitive approach to preventing occupational disease and injury, yet it is underutilized in health care management. Through the systematic analysis of employee occupational health data, the epidemiological surveillance approach allows prompt identification of potential workplace hazards, identifies high-risk groups for targeting preventive efforts and provides a mechanism for evaluating interventions. Often, epidemiological surveillance can utilize existing data resources, making it a cost-effective tool. Epidemiological surveillance should be valuable in supporting management decisions relating to health promotion and disease prevention programs, as well as basic clinical needs of employees. Language: en
Growth rate, photosynthesis and respiration in relation to leaf area index

This work examined three possible explanations of growth rate responses to leaf area index (LAI) in which growth rate per unit of ground area (crop growth rate, CGR) increased to a plateau rather than decreasing above an optimum LAI at which all light was intercepted. Single leaf photosynthetic measurements, and whole plant 24 h photosynthesis and respiration measurements were made for isolated plants and plants in stands using Amaranlhus hybridus, Chenopodium album, and two cultivars of Glycine max grown at 500 and 1000 μimol m−2 S−1 photosynthetic photon flux density at 25 °C. CGR, relative growth rate (RGR), and LAI were determined from 24 h carbon dioxide exchange and leaf area and biomass measurements. Respiration increased relative to photosynthesis with crowding in A. hybridus and there was an optimum LAI for CGR. In contrast, the ratio of respiration to photosynthesis was constant across plant arrangement in the other species and they had a plateau response of CGR to LAI. Neither increased leaf photosynthetic capacity at high LAI nor a large change in biomass compared to the change in LAI could account for the plateau responses. It was calculated that maintenance respiration per unit of biomass decreased with decreasing RGR in C. album and G. max, but not A. hybridus, and accounted for the plateau response of CGR to LAI. Since similar decreases in maintenance respiration per biomass at low RGR have been reported for several other species, a constant ratio of respiration to photosynthesis may occur in more species than constant maintenance respiration per unit of biomass.
Analysis of Notifiable Communicable Diseases of Linzi District Zibo City in 2008

Objective To understand the prevalence of the statutory law of infectious diseases of the Linzi district in 2008,evaluation control the development of rational control measures.Methods Epidemiological studies describe methods for analysis.Statistics of the incidence of various infectious diseases,from the disease classification,region,time,analysis of population distribution patterns and trends in its prevalence.Results 2008 non-region A report of infectious diseases,according to the report of the statutory date of onset for a total of B,C Class 1306 cases of infectious diseases,reporting an incidence rate of 209.11/10 million.Among them,10 kinds of infectious diseases Group B,the total number of cases were reported for 715 cases,2 cases of death,reports an incidence rate of 114.48/10 million,mortality rate was 0.32/10 million,mortality was 0.28 percent,the incidence rate in 2007 a decrease of 5.80 percent and the mortality rate increased by 100 percent;C three kinds of 591 cases of infectious diseases,reporting an incidence rate of 94.63/10 million,the incidence rate in 2007 increased by 519.64 percent,(because May 2,2008,the hand-foot-mouth disease from other infectious diseases into the statutory list of Class C).Conclusion Viral hepatitis,tuberculosis,dysentery,hand-foot-mouth disease remains a major infectious diseases in the region should be increased in rural areas,schools and care institutions have an infectious disease prevention and control efforts to ensure people's health.
Venous Thromboembolism in Trauma Patients

Venous thromboembolism remains a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in trauma patients. Because of their injuries, trauma patients present unique problems to the clinician with regard to the diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Advances in ultrasonography and Doppler technology have improved the screeriing and diagnostic procedures for venous thrombosis, but effective prophylaxis remains elusive.
44. The EEG of encephalopathy

Variously known also as encephalopathy and delirium, confusion in patients presents diagnostic and management challenges to physicians in the emergency room, the hospital wards and the intensive care units. There have been few tools to diagnose and follow the treatment of encephalopathic patients, and clinicians increasingly are aware of the supplemental information that EEG can offer beyond clinical examination and cerebral imaging. The EEG reveals a variety of patterns typical of encephalopathy that represent the severity of cerebral compromise, the presence of ictal complications, and a rough guide to the relative contributions of several concurrent causes of impaired consciousness. These EEG patterns may correspond to different levels of consciousness, stages of evolution, etiologies and potential reversibility. Studies have revealed the significance of triphasic waves, slow delta activity, mixed theta/delta, and frontal intermittent delta and their clinical associations with structural, infectious, toxic or metabolic problems, and outcome. Correlations can be made among EEG and imaging studies to help the intensivist and clinician produce a more comprehensive picture of the delirious patient. Along with the clinical examination and complementary studies, the management team can then be guided towards optimal management strategies of these critically ill patients.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes Among Individuals With Spinal Implant Infections: A Descriptive Study

Little is known about the clinical presentation and outcomes associated with spinal implant infections. Here, we describe a single center's experience in a retrospective cohort of 109 individuals with spinal implant infections, including clinical, microbiological, therapeutic, and outcome data.
Fallopian Tube Torsion as a Cause of Acute Pelvic Pain in Adolescent Females

Purpose. Torsion of the fallopian tube, involving hydatids of Morgagni, though a rare cause of acute pelvic pain in young girls, can pose significant risks to future fertility. Tubal torsion may present as a diagnostic dilemma since the ovary itself usually appears normal on ultrasound. Thus, surgical intervention may be delayed which can lead to worsening necrosis and result in the need for resection of the affected tube. Methods. We reviewed two cases of fallopian tube torsion associated with hydatids of Morgagni in adolescent females. Results. The patients were premenarchal in both cases, aged 10 and 13 years. Both presented with acute clinical signs of ovarian torsion but ultrasound showed the ovary itself to be normal with an adjacent cystic structure. In both cases, the fallopian tube was detorsioned laparoscopically and preserved. The associated cyst was excised in one case and marsupialized in the other. Conclusions. We propose that prompt recognition and operative management of this relatively uncommon source of pelvic pain may prevent unnecessary tubal resection and improve long-term fertility in this population.
EEG signal classification with different signal representations

If several mental states can be reliably distinguished by recognizing patterns in EEG, then a paralyzed person could communicate to a device like a wheelchair by composing sequences of these mental states. In this article, the authors report on a study comparing four representations of EEG signals and their classification by a two-layer neural network with sigmoid activation functions. The neural network is implemented on a CNAPS server (128 processor, SIMD architecture) by Adaptive Solutions Inc., gaining a 100-fold decrease in training time over a Sun Sparc10 for a large number of hidden units.
Mini-Cog Performance Novel Marker of Post Discharge Risk Among Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure

Background— Heart failure (HF) guidelines recommend screening for cognitive impairment (CI) but do not identify how. The Mini-Cog is an ultrashort cognitive “vital signs” measure that has not been studied in patients hospitalized for HF. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether CI as assessed by the Mini-Cog is associated with increased readmission or mortality risk after hospitalization for HF. Methods and Results— We analyzed 720 consecutive patients who completed the Mini-Cog as a part of routine clinical care during hospitalization for HF. Our primary outcome was time between hospital discharge and first occurrence of readmission or mortality. There was a high prevalence of CI as quantified by Mini-Cog performance (23% of cohort). During a mean follow-up time of 6 months, 342 (48%) patients were readmitted, and 24 (3%) died. Poor Mini-Cog performance was an independent predictor of composite outcome (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.90; 95% confidence interval, 1.47–2.44; P <0.0001) and was identified as the most important predictor among 55 variables by random survival forest analysis. Inclusion of Mini-Cog performance in risk models improved accuracy (bootstrapped c -index, 0.602 versus 0.624) and risk reclassification (category-free net reclassification improvement, 27%; 95% confidence interval, 14%–40%; P <0.001). Secondary analysis of initial 30 days post discharge showed effect modification by venue of discharge, whereby patients with CI discharged to a facility had longer time to outcome as compared with those discharged home. Conclusions— Mini-Cog performance is a novel marker of posthospitalization risk. Discharge to facility rather than home may be protective for those patients with HF and CI. It is unknown whether structured in-home support would yield similar outcomes.
The Last Refuge: Yemen, Al-Qaeda, and America's War in Arabia. By Gregory D. Johnsen. (New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2014. Pp. v, 356. $27.95.)

This new book is for anyone seriously interested in contemporary US foreign affairs and its “War on Terror.” It covers the original rise and demise of al‐Qaeda in Yemen from the 1990s to the early ...
Insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease

The links between systemic insulin resistance (IR), brain-specific IR, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been an extremely productive area of current research. This review will cover the fundamentals and pathways leading to IR, its connection to AD via cellular mechanisms, the most prominent methods and models used to examine it, an introduction to the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a source of biomarkers for IR and AD, and an overview of modern clinical studies on the subject. To provide additional context, we also present a novel analysis of the spatial correlation of gene expression in the brain with the aid of Allen Human Brain Atlas data. Ultimately, examining the relation between IR and AD can be seen as a means of advancing the understanding of both disease states, with IR being a promising target for therapeutic strategies in AD treatment. In conclusion, we highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting brain IR in AD and the main strategies to pursue this goal.
Role of the Pituitary Iodothyronine 5’Deiodinase Activity in the Negative Feedback by Thyroid Hormone upon TSH Release

It is widely accepted that triiodothyronine (T3) accounts for nearly all of the thyromimetic potency of thyroidal secretion. The nuclear thyroid hormone receptors bind T3 with > 10-fold higher affinity than thyroxine (T4), and the intracellular concentration of T4 is not enough to occupy more than 10f of these receptors—a substantial fraction of which may actually be non-specifically bound. About a decade ago, this and the relatively rapid exchange of plasma T3 with the receptor, led to the concept that the thyroid status of the tissues was closely reflected by the plasma concentration of T3 (1).
A non-monetary mechanism for optimal rate control through efficient delay allocation

This paper proposes a practical non-monetary mechanism that induces the efficient solution to the optimal rate control problem, where each client optimizes its request arrival rate to maximize its own net utility individually, and at the Nash Equilibrium the total net utility of the system is also maximized. Existing mechanisms typically rely on monetary exchange which requires additional infrastructure that is not always available. Instead, the proposed protocol is based on efficient delay allocation, where the server controls the delay experienced by each client through an intelligent scheduling policy. Specifically, we present an efficient delay allocation rule for the server to determine the target delay of each client. Then we propose a simple scheduling policy to achieve such delay allocation. Furthermore, we design a distributed rate control protocol for the system to converge to the Nash Equilibrium. The optimality of our mechanism is validated via extensive simulations on two representative systems against a baseline mechanism with FIFO scheduling and centralized rate control.
Distributed control policies for localization of large disturbances in urban traffic networks

We present a distributed control strategy to localize and attenuate traffic jams caused by large disturbances in urban transportation networks. The control policy is distributed in the sense that it uses those traffic lights in the vicinity of the jammed area. We model urban traffic using a discrete fluid-like model which is then reduced to a hybrid dynamical system with binary control inputs. For this system, we define notions of local control and localizability of disturbances. We then present a control strategy that uses only local controllers to attenuate traffic jams. This control design is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) whose solution provides traffic light schedules. We show that the feasibility of this MILP is both necessary and sufficient for localizability. Finally, we illustrate this design on a test urban transportation network.
Deformation induced martensitic transformation in 304 austenitic stainless steel: In-situ vs. ex-situ transmission electron microscopy characterization

Abstract 304 stainless steel is known to be metastable as the austenite phase can transform into martensite under deformation. In this work, both ex-situ and in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization were used to investigate the mechanisms of the deformation-induced transformation at room temperature. The ex-situ tensile tests were conducted at a strain rate of 10−3 s−1 until rupture, followed by TEM and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Samples were also interrupted at strains of 7%, 18%, and 30% with the goal of investigating the intermediate microstructure. In addition, tensile tests were conducted in-situ in a TEM at 25 °C using a special straining-stage with the goal of capturing the nucleation and growth of the martensitic phase as it develops under deformation. The formation of stacking faults and the subsequent formation of e-martensite (hcp) through their overlapping/bundling was captured in-situ, confirming the role played by Stacking Faults (SFs) as intermediate step during the transformation from γ-austenite to e-martensite. Direct transformation of γ-austenite (fcc) to α’-martensite (bcc) was also captured upon straining and characterized. Such unique in-situ observations showcase how in-situ straining in a TEM, as a small scale tensile technique, is a powerful technique to visualize and investigate the mechanisms of deformation induced phase transformations.
Saliency U-Net: A regional saliency map-driven hybrid deep learning network for anomaly segmentation

Deep learning networks are gaining popularity in many medical image analysis tasks due to their generalized ability to automatically extract relevant features from raw images. However, this can make the learning problem unnecessarily harder requiring network architectures of high complexity. In case of anomaly detection, in particular, there is often sufficient regional difference between the anomaly and the surrounding parenchyma that could be easily highlighted through bottom-up saliency operators. In this paper we propose a new hybrid deep learning network using a combination of raw image and such regional maps to more accurately learn the anomalies using simpler network architectures. Specifically, we modify a deep learning network called U-Net using both the raw and pre-segmented images as input to produce joint encoding (contraction) and expansion paths (decoding) in the U-Net. We present results of successfully delineating subdural and epidural hematomas in brain CT imaging and liver hemangioma in abdominal CT images using such network.
Progress on Raman laser for sodium resonance fluorescence lidar

We are developing a Q-switched narrow linewidth intra-cavity Raman laser for a space based sodium lidar application. A novel Raman laser injection seeding scheme is proposed and is experimentally verified. A Q-switched, diode pumped, c-cut Nd:YVO4 laser has been designed to emit a fundamental wavelength at 1066.6 nm. This fundamental wavelength is used as the pump in an intra-cavity Raman conversion in a Gd0.2Y0.8VO4 composite material. By tuning the temperature of the crystal, we tuned the Raman shifting to the desired sodium absorption line. A diode end pumped, T-shaped laser cavity has been built for experimental investigation. The fundamental pump laser cavity is a twisted mode cavity to eliminate the spatial hole burning for effective injection seeding. The Raman laser cavity is a linear standing wave cavity because Raman gain medium does not suffer spatial hole burning as traditional laser gain medium. The linewidth and temporal profile of the Raman laser is experimentally investigated with narrow and broadband fundamental pump emission. We have, for the first time, demonstrated an injection seeded, high peak power, narrow linewidth intra-cavity Raman laser for potential use in a sodium resonance fluorescence lidar.
Performance evaluation of extended depth of field microscopy in the presence of spherical aberration and noise.

Effectiveness of extended depth of field microscopy (EDFM) implementation with wavefront encoding methods is reduced by depth-induced spherical aberration (SA) due to reliance of this approach on a defined point spread function (PSF). Evaluation of the engineered PSF’s robustness to SA, when a specific phase mask design is used, is presented in terms of the final restored image quality. Synthetic intermediate images were generated using selected generalized cubic and cubic phase mask designs. Experimental intermediate images were acquired using the same phase mask designs projected from a liquid crystal spatial light modulator. Intermediate images were restored using the penalized space-invariant expectation maximization and the regularized linear least squares algorithms. In the presence of depth-induced SA, systems characterized by radially symmetric PSFs, coupled with model-based computational methods, achieve microscope imaging performance with fewer deviations in structural fidelity (e.g., artifacts) in simulation and experiment and 50% more accurate positioning of 1-μm beads at 10-μm depth in simulation than those with radially asymmetric PSFs. Despite a drop in the signal-to-noise ratio after processing, EDFM is shown to achieve the conventional resolution limit when a model-based reconstruction algorithm with appropriate regularization is used. These trends are also found in images of fixed fluorescently labeled brine shrimp, not adjacent to the coverslip, and fluorescently labeled mitochondria in live cells.
Composite materials for electromagnetic applications

This chapter covers composite materials for electromagnetic applications, including structural and non-structural composite materials. Among the structural composite materials, both polymer-matrix and cement-matrix composites are addressed.
Expansion of the growth fraction in multiple myeloma with alkylating agents

Patients with IgG multiple myeloma underwent serial studies of tumor cell kinetics including (1) estimation of the total body myeloma cell number (TBMC), (2) measurement of the myeloma cell tritiated thymidine labeling index (LI), and (3) calculation of the total number of myeloma cells undergoing DNA synthesis. Intermittent courses of chemotherapy with cycle-non-specific agents such as melphalan resulted in a marked increase in the LI of myeloma cells in patients who had a 75% reduction in TBMC. The long “plateau” phase of partial remission of myeloma in these patients was associated with a continued high LI: this suggests that the plateau resulted from a balance between the cytoreductive effects of chemotherapy and expansion of the growth fraction (GF) of the tumor. Preliminary attempts to capitalize therapeutically on this expansion of the GF in several patients included administration of the cycle-active agents vincristine and cytosine arabinoside. Vincristine appeared to induce a further reduction in tumor in several patients, although cytosine arabinoside appeared to be ineffective despite clear evidence of its inhibition of DNA synthesis in myeloma cells in vivo. Further clinical studies of the effects of cycle-active drugs on myeloma appear to be warranted; however, successful exploitation of the dynamic change in myeloma cell kinetics with chemotherapy will require the use of cycle-active agents with marked selective toxicity for myeloma cells.
Urinary tract infections and bladder management over the first year after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation

Secondary analysis of data from a prospective clinical trial of telephone counseling. To describe changes in bladder management and development of bladder-related complications in the first year after discharge from inpatient spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation. To determine whether urinary tract infection (UTI) is associated with bladder management technique or severity of SCI during this time period. One SCI Model System center. Post hoc analysis of bladder-specific responses to a phone intervention meant to reduce secondary complications of paralysis in adults (n = 169) over the first year after discharge from initial inpatient rehabilitation (IR). Bladder management was associated with injury level during and immediately after inpatient rehabilitation, and with American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) score over the entire year. During one year of follow-up, 19% of patients changed bladder management techniques. Among participants performing intermittent catheterization (IC), 20% had urinary incontinence weekly or more frequently. The cumulative incidence of UTI was 71% by the end of the study, and between 27 and 46% of subjects reported UTIs during each 3-month period. Subjects with spontaneous voiding reported significantly fewer UTIs than those using IC or indwelling catheterization (IDC), but there was no significant difference in UTIs between IC and IDC. During the first year following discharge, approximately one in five patients changed the bladder management technique and urinary incontinence occurred in a substantial proportion of those performing IC. These findings suggest a need for more frequent monitoring of bladder changes and complications over the first year after IR.
Virtual and Augmented Reality Displays

While most of our discussion of the imaging system and the role of multi-primary displays has been relatively display agnostic, the majority of this book has been written with a dominant focus on direct view displays. However, there are some peculiar attributes of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality displays which are relevant to the multi-primary display discussion. This chapter focuses on some attributes of virtual and augmented reality displays that are particularly relevant to the multi-primary display discussion. The later portion of this chapter will focus on some challenges of virtual and augmented reality displays within the larger imaging system. These challenges will in some cases go beyond concerns relevant to multi-primary displays, but there are notable interactions that should be considered if one is considering the application of multi-primary technology in VR or AR displays.
Adult type rhabdomyoma presenting as a parathyroid adenoma

BACKGROUND Adult-type rhabdomyoma (ATR) is a rare mesenchymal tumor of skeletal muscle differentiation. Extracardiac ATR occurs most commonly in the head and neck, but do so in a heterogeneous fashion, arising at numerous different locations within this region. METHODS At our institution, we encountered a patient who was diagnosed clinically with parathyroid adenoma based on signs and symptoms of hyperparathyroidism and suggestive radiologic findings. A parathyroidectomy with intraoperative consultation was performed. RESULTS The frozen section diagnosis was ambiguous and a diagnosis of ATR was only made on permanent section. CONCLUSION Awareness of this tumor can prevent incorrect diagnosis and overtreatment intraoperatively. Herein, we describe the clinical history, pathologic findings, and review histologic features of rhabdomyomas.
Spatiotemporal imaging of plasmonic fields near nanoparticles below the diffraction limit

Optically induced collective conduction-electron oscillations can generate intense plasmonic fields near metallic nanoparticles. We suggest a method for reconstructing such nanoplasmonic fields with nanometer spatial and sub-femtosecond temporal resolution from streaked photoemission spectra. Applying this imaging scheme to Au nanospheres, we demonstrate the accurate spatiotemporal reconstruction of the plasmonic near-field distribution in comparison with the directly calculated plasmonic field.
Characterization of the Fundulus heteroclitus embryo transcriptional response and development of a gene expression-based fingerprint of exposure for the alternative flame retardant, TBPH (bis (2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate).

Abstract Although alternative Flame Retardant (FR) chemicals are expected to be safer than the legacy FRs they replace, their risks to human health and the environment are often poorly characterized. This study used a small volume, fish embryo system to reveal potential mechanisms of action and diagnostic exposure patterns for TBPH (bis (2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate), a component of several widely-used commercial products. Two different concentration of TBPH were applied to sensitive early life stages of an ecologically important test species, Fundulus heteroclitus (Atlantic killifish), with a well-annotated genome. Exposed fish embryos were sampled for transcriptomics or chemical analysis of parent compound and primary metabolite or observed for development and survival through larval stage. Global transcript profiling using RNA-seq was conducted (n = 16 per treatment) to provide a non-targeted and statistically robust approach to characterize TBPH gene expression patterns. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a dose-response in the expression of genes associated with a surprisingly limited number of biological pathways, but included the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signal transduction pathway, which is known to respond to several toxicologically-important chemical classes. A transcriptional fingerprint using Random Forests was developed that was able to perfectly discriminate exposed vs. non-exposed individuals in test sets. These results suggest that TBPH has a relatively low potential for developmental toxicity (at least in fishes), despite concerns related to its structural similarities to endocrine disrupting chemicals and that the early life stage Fundulus system may provide a convenient test system for exposure characterization. More broadly, this study advances the usefulness of a biological testing and analysis system utilizing non-targeted transcriptomics profiling and early developmental endpoints that complements current screening methods to characterize chemicals of ecological and human health concern.
Further Analysis of PRNG-Based Key Derivation Functions

The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing at a rapid pace. With everyday applications and services becoming wirelessly networked, security still is a major concern. Many of these sensors and devices have limitations, such as low power consumption, reduced memory storage, and reduced fixed point processing capabilities. Therefore, it is imperative that high-performance security primitives are used to maximize the lifetime of these devices while minimally impacting memory storage and timing requirements. Previous work presented a residue number system (RNS)-based pseudorandom number generator (PRNG)-based key derivation function (KDF) (PKDF) that showed good initial energy-efficient performance for the IoT devices. This paper provides additional analysis on the PRNG-based security and draws a comparison to a current industry-standard KDF. Subsequently, embedded software implementations were performed on an MSP430 and MSP432 and compared with the transport layer security (TLS) 1.3 hash-based message authentication code (HMAC) key derivation function (HKDF); these results demonstrate substantial computational savings for the PKDF approach, while both pass the NIST randomness quality tests. Finally, hardware translation for the PKDF is evaluated through the Mathworks’ HDL Coder toolchain and mapping for throughput and die area approximation on an Intel® Arria 10 FPGA.
Talibanistan: Negotiating the Borders Between Terror, Politics, and Religion

As the United States continues to debate the size and longevity of its deployment of combat forces in Afghanistan, two books seek to provide nuanced analysis to a complex struggle that began long b...