cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CMOS based, temporally-oversampled X-ray photon counting sensor for low dose fluoroscopy

We present the design of an x-ray quanta image sensor (XQIS) utilizing temporal oversampling and CMOS image sensor technology.
Using a wind turbine's state to suppress its signature in radar observations

The operating state of a wind turbine determines the characteristics of its time-varying radar signature. We demonstrate this using high-rate state telemetry from the NREL CART3 wind turbine to suppress its radar signature. We also consider the update frequency and accuracy requirements that are necessary to directly use state telemetry for the estimation or suppression of the radar signature of a wind turbine.
Chicago's Procrustean Bed: Applying Antitrust Law in Health Care

Antitrust enforcement in health care has undergone considerable buffeting in recent years with government agencies losing a string of important cases in federal court and support for vigorous enforcement waning among some policymakers. Critics of doctrinal development in antitrust law have begun to question whether the underlying economic relationships are accurately reflected in the law of antitrust as applied in health care. This article advances the positive claim that antitrust doctrine often suppresses pertinent features of the health care marketplace and urges courts and enforcers to pause before applying precedent and evidentiary rules of thumb that do not fit the economic realities of contemporary health markets. It faults many, but certainly not all, analyses of trade restraints and consolidations for slavishly following the Chicago School template when a more economically-sound analysis requires appreciation of market imperfections in health care. While these errors do not always tilt in favor of leniency for antitrust defendants, they often tend to favor the status quo in markets that most economists agree are suboptimal. Like Procrustes, the mythical figure who lopped off guests' feet or stretched their legs so they would fit his bed, Chicago analysis may at times inappropriately adjust real world circumstances to accommodate its theory.
4-[Tris(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)meth-yl]phenol.

The title compound, C16H14N6O, was prepared by the condensation of 4-(trifluoro­meth­yl)phenol and sodium pyrazol-1-ide in a yield of 58%. The dihedral angles formed by the planes of the pyrazole rings are 50.7 (2), 71.2 (3) and 95.8 (2)°. The mol­ecules are associated into dimers by pairs of inter­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds involving the hy­droxy groups and pyrazole N atoms. In addition, π–π stacking between the phenol rings of these inversion-related dimers is observed, with a ring centroid-to-centroid distance of 3.9247 (10) A.
Disclosure of Child Sexual Abuse: A Review of the Contemporary Empirical Literature

Although it is widely acknowledged that the sexual assault of children is a major societal concern, it is not known how many children in the United States are victims of sexual abuse (Ceci & Friedman, 2000). There are two major reasons for this lack of data. First, current estimates of the incidence of child sexual abuse (CSA) do not reflect the number of unreported cases or the number of cases reported to agencies other than Child Protective Services (e.g., sheriff ’s offices or professionals such as mental health diversion programs). Second, the diagnosis of CSA is often difficult because definitive medical or physical evidence is lacking or inconclusive in the vast majority of cases (Bays & Chadwick, 1993; Berenson, Heger, & Andrews, 1991), and because there are no unique psychological symptoms specific to sexual abuse (KendallTacket, Williams, & Finkelhor, 1993; see Poole & Lindsay, 1998; J. Wood & Wright, 1995). Given these limitations of medical and psychological evidence, children’s statements typically comprise the central evidence for judging theoccurrence of CSA. In making these judgments, professionals often must address the thorny issue concerning how children disclose abuse.
Anomalous vibration suppression in a weak-value-emulated heterodyne roll interferometer

We experimentally validate the vibration suppression capabilities of a weak-value-like protocol. The phase-sensitive heterodyne technique exhibits advantageous characteristics of a weak measurement including anomalous amplification in sensitivity and technical noise suppression. It does not, however, leverage the entanglement between the system and meter to amplify the signal of interest, as is typical in a weak measurement. In this formalism, we demonstrate an amplification in sensitivity to the roll angle of over 700 times. High precision roll experiments anchor numerical simulations to show that the interferometer outperforms standard interferometry by a factor of 500 in terms of peak-to-peak noise amplitude. During the measurement of a rolling stage, technical noise - primarily in the form of vibrations - is substantially attenuated. This is the first demonstration of vibration suppression capabilities that are inherent to the light from a metrology instrument instead of achieved via mechanical damping. The emulation presented in this work also identifies an avenue to achieve anomalous amplification outside of the standard weak measurement protocol.
Surface and Grain-boundary Effects in Copper interconnects Thin Films Modeling with an Atomistic Basis

As interconnects become smaller, their conductivity increases along with the parasitic effects in MOSFET technologies [1] Therefore, investigating how to model the scattering effects on the nanoscale is important to determine how to engineer interconnects toreduce those parasitic effects. In this work, a fully atomistic method is studied to model the electronic transport properties of copper thin films. For this purpose, a tight binding basis previously benchmarked against first principles calculations [2] is used todescribe surface roughness and grain boundary effects on comparablepper thin films with a thickness comparable to the values suggested by ITRS roadmap [3]. In contrast with traditional models, the results show that the tight binding method can quantify those scattering effects at low temperature without fitting any experimental parameters [4], [5].
Statistical Mechanical Model of the Self-Organized Intermediate Phase in Glass-Forming Systems With Adaptable Network Topologies

Nonequilibrium systems continuously evolve toward states with a lower free energy. For glass-forming systems, the most stable structures satisfy the condition of isostaticity, where the number of rigid constraints is exactly equal to the number of atomic degrees of freedom. The rigidity of a system is based on the topology of the glass network, which is affected by atomistic structural rearrangements. In some systems with adaptable network topologies, a perfect isostatic condition can be achieved over a range of compositions, i.e., over a range of different structures, giving rise to the intermediate phase of optimized glass formation. Here we develop a statistical mechanical model to quantify the width of the intermediate phase, accounting for the rearrangement of atomic structure to relax localized stresses and achieve an ideal, isostatic state.
Distributed steady-state neuro-evolutionary path planning in non-stationary environments using adaptive replacement

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in applying evolutionary computation to path planning. To date, these evolutionary path planners have been single agent planners. In real-world environments where the knowledge of obstacles is naturally distributed, it is possible for single agent path planners to become overwhelmed by the volume of information needed to be processed in order to develop accurate paths quickly in non-stationary environments. This paper presents an adaptive replacement strategy that increases the effectiveness of steady-state evolutionary path planning in slow, constantly changing environments.
Synergism between fornix microstructure and beta amyloid accelerates memory decline in clinically normal older adults.

Abstract The fornix is the primary efferent white matter tract of the hippocampus and is implicated in episodic memory. In this study, we investigated whether baseline measures of altered fornix microstructure and elevated beta amyloid (Aβ) burden influence prospective cognitive decline. A secondary goal examined whether Aβ burden is negatively associated with fornix microstructure. 253 clinically normal older adults underwent diffusion-weighted imaging and Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography at baseline. We applied a novel streamline tractography protocol to reconstruct a fornix bundle in native space. Cognition was measured annually in domains of episodic memory, executive function, and processing speed (median follow-up = 4.0 ± 1.4 years). After controlling for covariates, linear mixed-effects models demonstrated an interaction of fornix microstructure with Aβ burden on episodic memory, such that combined lower fornix microstructure and higher Aβ burden was associated with accelerated decline. By contrast, associations with executive function and processing speed were not significant. There was no cross-sectional association between Aβ burden and fornix microstructure. In conclusion, altered fornix microstructure may accelerate memory decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.
Non-invasive assessment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy using neuromuscular ultrasound in breast cancer patients.

e23152Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a dose-limiting toxicity for breast cancer patients that leads to early treatment discontinuation and worse outcomes. Neuromus...
Order parameter of dual-frequency nematic liquid crystals measured over a wide range of thicknesses

Basic physical properties of liquid crystals strongly depend on the orientational order parameter. Given a fundamental importance of this parameter, it was measured for a variety of liquid crystals...
Assessing the accuracy of the death certificate injury at work box for identifying fatal occupational injuries in Michigan

BACKGROUND Death certificates contain a box labeled "Injury at Work" which is to be marked "Yes" for all fatal occupational injuries. The accuracy of this box in Michigan is not fully characterized. METHODS The accuracy of the Injury at Work box on the Michigan death certificate was compared to deaths identified from 2001 through 2016 by the Michigan Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation multi-source surveillance system. The sensitivity was calculated across this time period, while specificity and positive and negative predictive values were derived for 2011-2016. Univariate and multivariate regression were used to examine differences in the sensitivity over time and across demographic variables, industry, and the type of death. RESULTS We found a sensitivity for the Injury at Work box of 73.1% among 2156 deaths. The sensitivity showed a significant declining trend over the 17 years, from 79.8% to 63.1%. Sensitivity varied significantly across incident type (aircraft, animal-related, drug overdose, motor vehicle, and suicides having particularly lower sensitivities, and electrocutions, falls, and machine-related incidents having higher sensitivities), and industry sector (construction, manufacturing, public safety, transportation, and trade sectors having higher sensitivities, and agriculture and services sectors showing lower sensitivities). Across nearly all categories the sensitivity was significantly below 1. CONCLUSIONS The Injury at Work box on the Michigan death certificate was often incorrectly completed and has become less accurate with time, though the degree of this inaccuracy varies by the industry of the victim and the type of incident.
Urban Regeneration and Rural Neglect: The Pall of Dark Tourism in Cambodia

Between 1975 and 1979 upwards of two million men, women, and children died in the Cambodia genocide. Decades after the cessation of direct violence, the question of reconciliation in Cambodia remains fraught, in part because of competing claims over the meaning of reconciliation; and also because of the ‘authorship’ of Cambodia’s past. Coincident with the contestation over the meaning and memory, there has been an effort to promote the genocide as an investment strategy, that is, to cultivate the growing number of ‘dark tourists’ wanting to visit sites associated with the genocide. Simply put, to not forget, in this context, is to profit. In this chapter, I consider both the positive and negative aspects of the marketing and memorialization of the Cambodian genocide from the standpoint of urban regeneration. The genocide was largely rural in practice, as urban areas were depopulated, with men, women, and children forced onto agricultural cooperatives. Sites of remembrance, however, are largely urban-based. The promotion of dark tourism in Cambodia, ironically, potentially facilitates urban regeneration to the neglect of rural areas. This has profound implications, both for the authorship and interpretation of the genocide and for the survivors.
Chapter 4 – Creating and Using ISA 2006 Firewall Access Policy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses creation and use of ISA 2006 Firewall access policy. One of the major improvements in the new ISA firewall over ISA Server 2000 is the ability to create all Policy Elements on the fly. It is found that in addition to the built-in protocols, you can create your own protocols by using the ISA firewall's New Protocol Wizard. The predefined user set represents all authenticated users, regardless of the method used to authenticate. This prebuilt User Set represents the Local System service, and the Network service on the ISA firewall machine itself. This User Set is used in some System Policy Rules. Access Rules always apply to outbound connections. It is observed that when an Access Rule is created that allows outbound Remote Procedure Call (RPC), there is an option to configure RPC protocol policy. The Access Rules that allow All Internet Protocol (IP) Traffic also include RPC protocols. It is found that the ISA firewall's stateful application inspection mechanism allows you to control access not just to ports, but to the actual protocols moving through those ports.
Ethical Work Environment and Career Decisions: Is This Relationship Moderated by a Position of Power?

Turnover is an important career decision that influences both individual employees and their organizations. While human resource management scholars have long sought to understand critical componen...
On the use of non traditional stacking to maximize critical buckling loads in flat composite panels

Abstract Traditional lay-ups in laminated composite structural parts have largely focused on using quasi-isotropic laminates made of permutations of 0 ° , 90 ° and ± 45 ° laminae. These laminates are referred to as legacy quad laminates (LQL). In this study, three different lay-ups of symmetric laminates to compute critical buckling loads under uniaxial in-plane compressive loads is first investigated. An optimization problem is solved to determine the lay-ups that maximize the buckling performance. The resulting laminates are compared against a new class of laminates, referred to as double-double (DD), which have distinctive advantages for thickness tapering and therefore manufacturability. Both, symmetric and unsymmetric DD laminates are studied, while in the latter case, a thermal cure cycle followed by the application of in-plane loads is used to determine the structural performance in compression. To further verify the versatility of DD laminates, biaxial buckling loads are computed for quad, DD and optimized lay-ups. It is concluded that DD laminates, because of their manufacturability advantages, are promising candidates for several aerostructural applications.
Letting Go of the Words: Writing Web Content That Works: Redish, Janice (Ginny). Amsterdam: Morgan Kaufmann, 2007, 384 pp., £49.95, ISBN 9780123694867

This article reviews the book "Letting Go of the Words: Writing Web Content that Works," by Janice (Ginny) Redish.
Supernova remnants and the interstellar medium - Constraints from cosmic-ray acceleration

The reacceleration rate of cosmic rays by supernova (SN) remnants is calculated and expressed in terms of the parameters determining the cosmic ray model and the SN expansion. It is shown that the constraint on reacceleration derived from the B/C data leads to constraint on the expansion of SN remnants in the ISM and on the effective density of ISM. The effect of cloud evaporation is estimated and the expansion rate of supernova remnants, cosmic ray reacceleration, and the state of the ISM are solved for simultaneously. In the resulting self-consistent solution, SN remnants produce a reacceleration rate and an effective acceleration shock strength which is consistent with the values indicated by the cosmic ray data.
Evidence for a genetical contribution to non-smoking-related lung cancer

Background The majority of lung cancers are smoking-related, with environmental and genetical factors contributing. The interplay between environmental and genetical contributions in non-smoking-related lung cancers is less clear. Methods We analysed a population-based computerised genealogy resource linked to a state-wide cancer registry of lung cancer cases (n=5544) for evidence of a genetical contribution to lung cancer predisposition in smoking (n=1747) and non-smoking cases (n=784). Statistical methods were used to test for significant excess relatedness of cases and estimate relative risk (RR) in close and distant relatives of lung cancer cases. Results Significant excess relatedness was observed for all lung cancer cases (p Conclusions Non-smoking-related lung cancer cases show significant excess relatedness for close and distant relationships, providing strong evidence for a genetical contribution as well as an environmental contribution. Significant excess relatedness for only close family relationships in all lung cancer cases and in only smoking-related lung cancer cases implies environmental contribution. Additionally, the highest RR for lung cancer was observed in the relatives of smoking-related lung cancer, suggesting predisposition gene carriers who smoke are at highest risk for lung cancer. Screening and gene identification should focus on high-risk pedigrees.
Identification of vib-1, a Locus Involved in Vegetative Incompatibility Mediated by het-c in Neurospora crassa

A non-self-recognition system called vegetative incompatibility is ubiquitous in filamentous fungi and is genetically regulated by het loci. Different fungal individuals are unable to form viable heterokaryons if they differ in allelic specificity at a het locus. To identify components of vegetative incompatibility mediated by allelic differences at the het-c locus of Neurospora crassa, we isolated mutants that suppressed phenotypic aspects of het-c vegetative incompatibility. Three deletion mutants were identified; the deletions overlapped each other in an ORF named vib-1 (vegetative incompatibility blocked). Mutations in vib-1 fully relieved growth inhibition and repression of conidiation conferred by het-c vegetative incompatibility and significantly reduced hyphal compartmentation and death rates. The vib-1 mutants displayed a profuse conidiation pattern, suggesting that VIB-1 is a regulator of conidiation. VIB-1 shares a region of similarity to PHOG, a possible phosphate nonrepressible acid phosphatase in Aspergillus nidulans. Native gel analysis of wild-type strains and vib-1 mutants indicated that vib-1 is not the structural gene for nonrepressible acid phosphatase, but rather may regulate nonrepressible acid phosphatase activity.
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT BY SONIC MEANS

Abstract Following a brief review of the assumptions involved in the usual (Laplacian) expression for the speed of sound waves, an instrument, the sonic thermometer, is described which utilizes this relationship to measure the air temperature. The advantages of the sonic thermometer are then discussed, the main advantages being the absence of radiational errors and extremely low lag—a result of the fact that the measured variable, the speed of sound, is independent of the properties of the measuring elements.
First Report of Powdery Mildew of Poison-Hemlock Caused by Erysiphe heraclei in North America

Poison-hemlock is a widely distributed biennial especially known for its toxic piperidine alkaloids that can poison livestock that eat this plant. In 2008, a powdery mildew was observed on poison-h...
Enzyme-functionalized mesoporous silica for bioanalytical applications

The unique properties of mesoporous silica materials (MPs) have attracted substantial interest for use as enzyme-immobilization matrices. These features include high surface area, chemical, thermal, and mechanical stability, highly uniform pore distribution and tunable pore size, high adsorption capacity, and an ordered porous network for free diffusion of substrates and reaction products. Research demonstrated that enzymes encapsulated or entrapped in MPs retain their biocatalytic activity and are more stable than enzymes in solution. This review discusses recent advances in the study and use of mesoporous silica for enzyme immobilization and application in biosensor technology. Different types of MPs, their morphological and structural characteristics, and strategies used for their functionalization with enzymes are discussed. Finally, prospective and potential benefits of these materials for bioanalytical applications and biosensor technology are also presented.
Infrared thermography: a graphic interpretation of exitance as a function of surface temperature, emittance, and background

Calorimetrio and radiation balance equations for an object in thermal equilibrium with its environment are combined to yield a graphic interpretation of exitance as a function of surface temperature, emittance, and background factors. In a monochromatic image of a scene, errors in interpreting the same shade-of-gray as being isothermal are immediately apparent from the graph. Relative effects on exitance of fractional changes in the experimental variables, internal power dissipation through the surface and emittance of the surface are derived and illustrated graphically. Modifications of the simple model move toward real world imagery.
Endoleaks after endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms

Objective Endoleaks are one of the unique complications seen after endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TEVAR). This investigation was performed to evaluate the incidence and determinants of endoleaks, as well as the outcomes of secondary interventions in patients with endoleaks, after TEVAR. Methods Over a 6-year period, 105 patients underwent TEVAR in the context of pivotal Food and Drug Administration trials with the Medtronic Talent (n = 64) and Gore TAG (n = 41) devices. The medical and radiology records of these patients were reviewed for this retrospective study. Of these, 69 patients (30 women and 39 men) had follow-up longer than 1 month and were used for this analysis. The patients were evaluated for the presence of an endoleak, endoleak type, aneurysm expansion, and endoleak intervention. Results The mean follow-up in this patient cohort was 17.3 ± 14.7 months (range, 3-71 months). Endoleaks were detected in 29% (20/69) of patients, of which 40% (8/20) were type I, 35% (7/20) were type II, 20% (4/20) were type III, and 5% (1/20) had more than one type of endoleak. Patients without endoleaks experienced greater aneurysm sac regression than those with endoleaks (−2.89 ± 9.1 mm vs −0.13 ± 7.2 mm), although this difference was not statistically significant ( P = .232). All but 2 endoleaks (90%; 18/20) were detected on the initial postoperative computed tomographic scan at 30 days. Two endoleaks (10%; 2/20) developed late. The endoleak group had more extensive aneurysms with significantly larger aneurysms at the time of intervention (69.4 ± 10.5 mm vs 60.6 ± 11.0 mm; P = .003). Factors predictive of endoleak included male sex ( P = .016), larger aneurysm size ( P = .003), the length of aorta treated by stent grafts ( P = .0004), and an increasing number of stents used ( P Conclusions Endoleaks are not uncommon after TEVAR. Many type I endoleaks may be treated successfully by endovascular means. Short-term follow-up suggests that observational management of type II endoleaks is associated with continued sac expansion, and these patients should be monitored closely.
Characterization of efficient wavelength conversion by four-wave mixing in sub-micron silicon waveguides

We characterize silicon waveguide based wavelength converters using a commercial semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) based wavelength converter as a benchmark. Conversion efficiency as high as -5.5 dB can be achieved using a 2.5 cm long sub-micron silicon-on-insulator rib waveguide. Comparison with the SOA reveals that silicon offers broader conversion bandwidth, higher OSNR, and negligible channel crosstalk. The impact of two-photon absorption and free carrier absorption on the conversion efficiency and the dependence of the efficiency on the rib waveguide dimensions are investigated theoretically. Using a nonlinear index coefficient of 4x10(-14) cm(2)/W for silicon, we obtain good agreement between simulations and measurements.
Some Problems in the Exploration and Exploitation Low Permeability of Oil and Gas Resources in China

In China, at least 50% of the total oil and gas resources exist in the low permeability reservoirs. Whether the low permeability oil and gas resources can be produced and utilized commercially is one of the important problems for China's energy supplying in the 21st century. The most important problem in the exploration and exploitation of low permeability oil gas resources is the serious formation damage in pay zones. This formation damage exists from the beginning to the end in drilling, well completion stimulation, oil and gas production. Another important problem is the economical benefit. The production and utilization of low permeability oil and gas resources was limited by the high input and the low output. Based on systematical analysis of reservoir characters, damage mechanism and flowing patterns of low permeability reservoirs, a suit of techniques was worked out to deal with low permeability reservoirs in this paper, including exploration, reservoir description, drilling, well pattern, stimulation and production.
Exploratory investigation of Y, La, and Hf coatings for nitridation protection of chromium alloys.

Chromium alloys were coated with Y, La, and Hf, either singly or in combination, by pack cementation. Based on ductile-brittle transition temperature, a complex Cr + Y + La coating offered the most potential for protecting chromium alloys from nitrogen embrittlement. For example, the transition temperature for a chromium + 0.17 wt pct Y substrate coated with this complex Cr + Y + La coating was 450 K (350°F) after isothermal exposure in air at 1420 K (2100°F) for 200 hr, compared to a transition temperature of 840 K (1050°F) for the similarly exposed uncoated substrate. Simple yttrium coatings are more attractive as coatings for chromium alloys than simple lanthanum and hafnium coatings.
On v1×v2(n, s, t) configurations

An existence theorem is given for a class of finite incidence geometries and several restrictions on the parameters are noted.
Simultaneous Hypoglycemia and Acute Congestive Heart Failure

Acute congestive cardiac failure and hypoglycemia were observed simultaneously in 27 patients with underlying heart disease. Seventeen of this group had the hypoplastic left heart syndrome, two had transposition of the great vessels, and four had hypoglycemia postoperatively. Liver biopsy in four patients revealed a marked reduction of hepatic glycogen both biochemically and electron microscopically but normal phosphorylase and glucose-6-phosphatase activity. Reduction of their dietary intake and gastrointestinal malabsorption caused by congestive cardiac failure are suggested as possible mechanisms for the observed hepatic glycogen depletion. Constant intravenous infusion of glucose is the method of choice for the treatment of patients with acute congestive cardiac failure and hypoglycemia rather than epinephrine or glucagon. Five patients recovered sufficiently following treatment of hypoglycemia and acute cardiac failure to be discharged from the hospital.
The egalitarian optimist and the confrontation of prejudice

Standing up against prejudice often requires one to surmount powerful inter- and intra-individual forces. Egalitarian standards alone are often insufficient to surmount these forces. As individuals high in dispositional optimism vigorously pursue valued goals, even when threatened with obstacles, we propose that the combination of high optimism and salient egalitarian goals predicts the confrontation of prejudice. In the present study, individuals high and low in both optimism and prejudice were randomly assigned to hear a racist joke followed by an argument, or to hear the same joke but without the argument. We found that low-prejudice optimists who had their chronic egalitarian values made salient by hearing the argument were highly likely to confront a later act of prejudice. Self-report data closely mirrored this behavioral finding. These findings support a self-regulatory approach to confrontation and suggest new avenues for combating prejudice.
Recruitment and selection in north carolina: a profile of municipal personnel practices (1)

This study surveys recruitment and selection practices, focusing upon North Carolina municipal governments. Sources and methods of recruitment, qualifications tested for, and criteria and screening methods used are examined. In addition, the effect of city and organizational size as well as that of governmental structure on these personnel practices are studied. In general, the use of personnel practices is linked to both increased municipal population and the number of public employees. Certain basic techniques (e.g. local advertisement of vacancies, the use of training and education as selection criteria, reference checks, background investigations, and pre-employment interviews) are widespread. However, other personnel techniques associated with objective recruitment and selection (e.g., special recruitment requests to minority, women's, and professional organizations and formal tests) have but limited use. The comparison of job duties with candidate skills along with the use of standard questions as g...
Controlled Growth of Aligned Polymer Nanowires

We have developed a one-step method to fabricate large-scale polymer nanowire (PNW) arrays of any organic materials, with a good control over the density and length. The PNWs are formed by ion etching a polymer film that is covered with a thin layer of metal nanoparticles, which serves as the “mask” for creating the surface roughness required for creating the PNWs. Our study demonstrates an effective approach for creating functional organic NW arrays for applications in sensors, electronics, biomaterials, and energy materials.
Automated analysis of investigational near-infrared fluorescence lymphatic imaging in humans

ALFIA (Automated Lymphatic Function Imaging Analysis), an algorithm providing quantitative analysis of investigational near-infrared fluorescence lymphatic images, is described. Images from nine human subjects were analyzed for apparent lymphatic propagation velocities and propulsion periods using manual analysis and ALFIA. While lymphatic propulsion was more easily detected using ALFIA than with manual analysis, statistical analyses indicate no significant difference in the apparent lymphatic velocities although ALFIA tended to calculate longer propulsion periods. With the base ALFIA algorithms validated, further automation can now proceed to provide a clinically relevant analytic tool for quantitatively assessing lymphatic function in humans.
Performance evaluation of laserdisplacement interferometry on a precision coordinate measuring machine

Abstract The trend toward tighter part tolerances from precision machine tools is placingincreased demands on position transducers on these machines. Improved accuracy, repeatability and resolution from the position transducers is required to match this trend. This paper describes a new performance modeling technique for laser interferometer systems.Each error affecting the measurement accuracy and repeatability is described in detail, along with the method to determine these performance measures. An example is given of this modeling technique for a precision coordinate measuring machine (CMM). Two new developments at Hewlett-Packard, Wavelength Tracking Compensation and the High Resolution Interferometer are also described that will help meet the future measurement requirements for precision machine tools.
A Splice Code for trans-Synaptic Cell Adhesion Mediated by Binding of Neuroligin 1 to α- and β-Neurexins

Previous studies suggested that postsynaptic neuroligins form a trans-synaptic complex with presynaptic β-neurexins, but not with presynaptic α-neurexins. Unexpectedly, we now find that neuroligins also bind α-neurexins and that α- and β-neurexin binding by neuroligin 1 is regulated by alternative splicing of neuroligin 1 (at splice site B) and of neurexins (at splice site 4). In neuroligin 1, splice site B is a master switch that determines α-neurexin binding but leaves β-neurexin binding largely unaffected, whereas alternative splicing of neurexins modulates neuroligin binding. Moreover, neuroligin 1 splice variants with distinct neurexin binding properties differentially regulate synaptogenesis: neuroligin 1 that binds only β-neurexins potently stimulates synapse formation, whereas neuroligin 1 that binds to both α- and β-neurexins more effectively promotes synapse expansion. These findings suggest that neuroligin binding to α- and β-neurexins mediates trans-synaptic cell adhesion but has distinct effects on synapse formation, indicating that expression of different neuroligin and neurexin isoforms specifies a trans-synaptic signaling code.
Use of continuous positive airway pressure in the improved postoperative management of neonatal respiratory emergencies.

Abstract In newborns with hyaline membrane disease, spontaneous breathing with continuous positive airway pressure (Gregory technique) has dramatically decreased the mortality. We have applied this technique in the postoperative management of cardiac and noncardiac thoracic emergencies in more than 13 low-weight infants (2 to 6 kg.) from 12 hours to 6 months old. This type of ventilatory support raises the intraalveolar pressure throughout the respiratory cycle and appears to prevent lobular and segmental atelectasis. The physiological effect is to increase Pa o 2 by decreasing intrapulmonary shunting and improving the ventilation-perfusion abnormalities, possibly by changing the relationship of interstitial fluid to the respiratory membrane. This technique allowed us to eliminate the hazardous use of mechanical ventilators in these tiny infants.
Perceptions of Corporate Entrepreneurship in Air Force Organizations: Antecedents and Outcomes

Air Force senior leaders have called for its members to take an entrepreneurial approach in an effort to transform and improve. This study investigated the extent to which key organizational factor...
Internal Effects Model for Spacecraft Modules Perforated by Orbital Debris

A model is developed to predict the effect of a perforating orbital debris particle impact on the pressure and temperature within a pressurized habitable spacecraft module. The model is developed such that it sequentially characterizes the phenomena comprising the impact event, beginning with the initial impact on the outer module wall. The model then considers the creation and motion of a debris cloud within the module wall system and the impact of the debris cloud on the inner module wall. The e nal phase of the model is concerned with the creation and motion of the debris cloud that enters the module interior and its effect within the module on module pressure and temperature levels. This characterization is accomplished through the application of elementary shock physics theory and fundamental thermodynamic principles. The predictions of the analytical model are compared with experimental pressure and temperature data from a series of instrumented high-speed impact tests. Several modie cations are made to thebasicmodel to bring its predictions closerin line with theexperimental results. Following the adjustment of several empirical constants, the predictions of the modie ed internal effects model are shown to be in close agreement with the experimental results.
Resolution and reconstitution of mitochondrial nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase.

Abstract Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase from bovine heart mitochondria was solubilized with cholate and partially purified by ammoniumsulphate fractionation and density gradient centrifugation. Compared to submitochondrial particles this preparation contained less than 10% of oligomycin-sensitive ATPase and cytochromes. When reconstituted with purified mitochondrial phosphatidylcholine, the enzyme catalyzed a reduction of NAD + by NADPH that was stimulated by uncouplers and which showed a concomitent uncoupler-sensitive uptake of the lipophilic anion tetraphenylboron, indicating the generation of a membrane potential. It is concluded that transhydrogenase can energize the vesicles directly without the intervention of ATPase or cytochromes.
Segmentation of ultrasound fetal images

Segmentation of ultrasound images is challenging because of the noisy nature and subtle boundaries of objects in ultrasound images. This paper discusses object segmentation and identification for ultrasound fetal images. The feature space for segmentation consists of information extracted from three sources: gray level, texture, and wavelet-based decomposition. Several texture features, including Laws' texture-energy measures and features based on local gray level run-length, were found useful for segmentation. An unsupervised clustering procedure was used to classify each pixel into its most probable class. Morphological operations were used to remove noisy structures from the original gray level images and to improve the boundaries of the segmented objects. An algorithm was developed to locate objects of interest based on a multiscale implementation of an image transform. Fetal heads were identified and their corresponding measurements are made automatically. The method was tested with a set of clinical images. The resulting images showed clearly the segmented objects. The measurements agreed closely with a sonographer's measurements. The purposed method holds promise for processing and analyzing ultrasound fetal images.
THE FEASIBILITY OF DEVELOPING TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY FUNCTIONS

SUMMARY Rather than to approach technology within the framework of production function as a type of residual factor input, this paper attempts to develop transfer of technology functions. Using data based on post-war experience of Japan, the issue is raised: how to facilitate the transfer of technology (absorption function). At the same time, an effort is made to identify and measure the relationship between the growth of output produced by the application of new borrowed technology and a group of significant explanatory variables (impact function). The absorption regression indicates that explanatory variables which facilitate a society's ability to absorb technology are mainly some combination of quantifiable measures of: 1. educational and technological niveau, 2. society's planned and predetermined effort to raise this niveau, 3. coordinated policies of government guidance in the induction of productive types of technology, as well as 4. availability of channels for intake of information about foreign technology and markets for new goods abroad (i. e. antennae). Findings of the two impact functions indicate a strong correlation between the growth in foreign and domestic sales of goods produced with new borrowed technology and two major explanatory inputs. On the one side, a nation's own effort to elevate the technological level of production processes stands out prominently; on the other hand, the visible indicators of induced technology (e. g. import of technically advanced machinery and raw materials reflecting new productive processes) figure prominently as major contributory factors. The question of which input contributes more or less to technological transfer and its impact is not being raised, because it is in some sense irrelevant. What is held, in effect, is that the transfer of technology is governed by a complex of factors which create a setting or an institutional milieu conducive to the transfer mechanism and its impact.
Excavating the Functional Landscape of Bacterial Cells

There is a poster that charts the metabolic pathways of the model bacterium Escherichia coli , and our laboratory uses it as a reference to convert each new bacterial genome sequence into an atlas of encoded functions. This is a particularly satisfying endeavor and has been best applied to those host-dependent bacteria whose highly reduced genomes contain a subset of the genes in E. coli : If a particular gene or pathway is eroded or absent, it is assumed that the bacterium is deficient in that activity and no longer has a need for the trait in its current circumstances. However, this linear mapping of genes to function rarely considers how a cell actually accomplishes the processes it has retained. Genes are viewed simply as performing a specified function despite the many internal and external factors that might affect their implementation. Three papers in this issue—by Guell et al. on page [1268][1] ( 1 ), Yus et al. on page [1263][2] ( 2 ), and Kuhner et al. on page [1235][3] ( 3 )—report features of transcriptional control and protein organization that are much more subtle and intricate than were previously considered possible in bacteria, and in many ways, appear similar to mechanisms in eukaryotes. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1176951 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1177263 [3]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1176343
Neonatal sympathectomy by 6-hydroxydopamine: Cardiovascular responses in the paralyzed rat ☆

Abstract Rats who had been neonatally sympathectomized by peripheral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine or vehicle were paralyzed by succinylcholine and received either atropine or saline injection. Heart rate and blood pressure responses to foot shocks and to a conditioned stimulus (CS) for shock were continuously recorded. Sympathectomized rats showed lower basal systolic blood pressure, less second to second blood pressure variability and attenuated pressor responses to the shock and the CS. Basal heart rate and the heart rate response to shock were were unaffected by sympathectomy, but cardiac rate deceleration to the CS was ablished. Atropine increased basal heart rate, decreased heart rate variability and abolished the cardiac deceleration to the CS. These data were interpreted as suggesting that conditioned cardiac deceleration in the rat is a vagal mediated response compensatory to prior blood pressure increases. Sympathectomized rats also showed higher core temperatures under paralysis.
Investigation of a systematic offset in the measurement of organic carbon with a semicontinuous analyzer.

Abstract Organic carbon (OC) was measured semicontinuously in laboratory experiments of steady-state secondary organic aerosol formed by hydrocarbon + nitrogen oxide irradiations. Examination of the mass of carbon measured on the filter for various sample volumes reveals a systematic offset that is not observed when performing an instrumental blank. These findings suggest that simple subtraction of instrumental blanks determined as the standard analysis without sample collection (i.e., by cycling the pump and valves yet filtering zero liters of air followed by routine chemical analysis) from measured concentrations may be inadequate. This may be especially true for samples collected through the filtration of small air volumes wherein the influence of the systematic offset is greatest. All of the experiments show that filtering a larger volume of air minimizes the influence of contributions from the systematic offset. Application of these results to measurements of ambient concentrations of carbonaceous ae...
Thermodynamics of reverse electron transfer across site 1: ATP/2e− is greater than one

Summary ATP-driven, rotenone-sensitive, reverse electron transfer from succinate to acetoacetate was measured in rat liver mitochondria in the presence of cyanide. In the approach to equilibrium, the absolute ratio of the free energy change of electron transfer to that of ATP hydrolysis exceeded 1, tending towards about 1¼. The data support an H + /2e − stoichiometry of 5 for Site 1 as predicted by a thirteen-proton model of chemiosmotic coupling.
Inverted papilloma of bladder.

A case of inverted papilloma of the urinary bladder in a forty-six-year-old man is presented. The lesion is rare but may be easily misdiagnosed as transitional-cell carcinoma.
ANATOMY OF A FATAL BUSINESS STRATEGY

The reported interpretive case study is focused on the genesis and the maturation of a catastrophic division-level business strategy and affords an uncommon glimpse of the intraorganizational dynamics of failure. A descriptive account of the focal division's history and the emergence of the fatal strategy provides the backdrop for subsequent diagnoses. Comparative analysis is used to identify salient differences between the focal strategy and the strategies of three sectoral pacesetters; then, the processes that spawned the noted differences are examined within the context of organizational and behavioural decision theory.
Mutualism in Metapopulations of Legumes and Rhizobia.

abstract: Coevolution in mutualisms may result in a stable mosaic pattern of spatial differentiation, with regions occupied by different coadapted pairs of mutualists each being resistant to invasion by organisms with alternative phenotypes. The evolution of geographic mosaic patterns was analyzed for symbioses of legume plants and root‐nodule bacteria (rhizobia), where plants are commonly polymorphic for genes affecting mutualism specificity. Typically, some alleles confer broad compatibility, and others restrict the set of bacterial genotypes accepted by plants as mutualist partners. Metapopulation simulation models with genetic assumptions matching the observed form of symbiotic specificity show that selection can generate a stable geographic mosaic if certain conditions are satisfied regarding competitive abilities, fitness benefits from mutualism, and migration rates. The structure of geographic variation in natural populations of the annual legume Amphicarpaea bracteata, together with patterns of va...