cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Death Without Due Consideration?: Overcoming Barriers to Mitigation Evidence by 'Warming' Capital Jurors to the Accused

A significant concern in capital trials is the formidable obstacles impeding the jurors’ ability to consider defense mitigation evidence at sentencing. Race, economic status and guilt phase fact contamination impose are weighty barriers to due consideration. Co-author Brewer’s groundbreaking empirical study analyzing the perceptions capital jurors form about the defendant offers new and revealing insight about how jurors’ perceptions of capital defendants are shaped and how they bear on the jurors’ life or death decision. This article sets forth the study and its conclusions and explores efforts that can be taken by defense counsel to implement the findings in overcoming the barriers to juror consideration of mitigation evidence.
Defective Interference in the Killer System of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The K(1) killer virus (or plasmid) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a noninfectious double-stranded RNA genome found intracellularly packaged in an icosahedral capsid. This genome codes for a protein toxin and for resistance to that toxin. Defective interfering virus mutants are deletion derivatives of the killer virus double-stranded RNA genome; such mutants are called suppressive. Unlike strains carrying the wild-type genome, strains with these deletion derivatives are neither toxin producers nor toxin resistant. If both the suppressive and the wildtype virus are introduced into the same cell, most progeny become toxin-sensitive nonkillers (J. M. Somers, Genetics 74:571-579, 1973). Diploids formed by the mating of a killer with a suppressive strain were grown in liquid culture, and RNA was extracted from samples taken up to 41 generations after the mating. The ratio of killer RNA to suppressive RNA decreased with increasing generations; by 41 generations the killer RNA was barely detectable. The copy numbers of the suppressive genome and its parental killer were virtually the same in isogenic strains, as were the growth rates of diploid strains containing either virus alone. Therefore, suppressiveness, not being due to segregation or overgrowth by faster growing segregants, is likely due to preferential replication or maintenance of the suppressive genome. Three suppressive viruses, all derivatives of the same killer virus (T. K. Sweeney et al., Genetics 84:27-42, 1976), did not coexist stably. The evidence strongly indicates that the largest genome of the three slowly suppressed both of the smaller genomes, showing that larger genomes can suppress smaller ones and that suppression can occur between two suppressives. Of 48 isolates of strains carrying the suppressive viruses, 5 had newly detectable RNA species, all larger than the original suppressive genomes. At least seven genes necessary for maintenance of the wild-type killer virus (MAK genes) were needed by a suppressive mutant. No effect of ski mutations (affecting regulation of killer virus double-stranded RNA replication) on suppressiveness was observed.
University of Idaho's Clean Snowmobile Design Using a Direct-Injection Two-Stroke Engine

The University of Idaho's entry into the 2007 SAE Clean Snowmobile Challenge was a third-generation gasoline direct-injection (GDI) two-stroke powered snowmobile. The modulated and battery-less direct-injection system used to decrease exhaust emissions and improve fuel economy did not reduce the power output of the engine. The emissions output was reduced by using a reduction catalyst located in the exhaust silencer. Noise from the engine compartment was reduced by using sound absorbing materials and a sealed hood. During pre-competition testing, the snowmobile weighed 550 lbs (250 kg) wet, achieving 20 mpg (8.5 km/L) on lightly groomed trails with a pre-catalyst EPA five-mode emissions score of 158, and J192 sound magnitude score of 80 dBA. The team achieved First Place in the 2007 competition as well as Best Fuel Economy, Best Handling, Best Design, Best Value, Best Ride, Best Design Paper and Best Oral Presentation. The 2007 UI snowmobile averaged 19.6 miles per gallon in fuel economy, maintained stock power, was the lightest snowmobile, exceeded 2012 snowmobile emissions standards with an EPA five-mode emissions score of 177 and achieved National Park Service sound reduction requirements for park admission with a J192 sound magnitude of 73 dBA.
Molybdenum(V) Chloride–Zinc

(MoCl5) [10241-05-1] Cl5Mo (MW 273.19) InChI = 1S/5ClH.Mo/h5*1H;/q;;;;;+5/p-5 InChIKey = GICWIDZXWJGTCI-UHFFFAOYSA-I (Zn) [7440-66-6] Zn (MW 65.39) InChI = 1S/Zn InChIKey = HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (nitro group, N-oxide reduction;5 amine preparation4) Physical Data: see Molybdenum(V) Chloride and Zinc. Solubility: MoCl5: sol organic solvents. Zn: insol. Form Supplied in: MoCl5: green–black solid; widely available. Zn: metallic solid; widely available as powder, wire, or granular solid. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: MoCl5 is air- and moisture-sensitive and somewhat corrosive. Use in a fume hood.
Gas-Filled Detectors

The operation of a gas-filled detector is based on the ionization of gas molecules by radiation, followed by collection of the ion pairs as charge or current with the application of a voltage between two electrodes. The measured charge or current is proportional to the applied voltage and the amount and energy of radiation, and depends on the type and pressure of the gas.
Working With Students With Psychiatric Disabilities or Other Emotional Problems

The professional literature on gatekeeping in social work education has grown; however, there remains a dearth in the literature regarding how educators truly work to engage students who are experiencing a psychiatric disability or other emotional problem. This qualitative study explored the experiences of 26 social work educators from 22 colleges and universities in the United States. Practice wisdoms emerged as interwoven strategies which encourage proactive interventions that accentuate students’ strengths through socially just opportunities. Identified strategies include having an awareness of psychosocial and environmental stressors that students may be experiencing, recognizing warning signs, approaching students, and building appropriate faculty–student relationships.
Lossy encoding of motion vectors using entropy-constrained vector quantization

Many well-known video coding algorithms employ block motion estimation and compensation. But not much attention has been given to the problem of rate allocation for encoding the motion vectors and motion compensated difference frame. We propose entropy-constrained vector quantization of a dense motion vector field as a means of controlling the rate allocated to encoding of motion vectors. An algorithm is proposed for accomplishing this task and extension to motion vector encoding using prediction is discussed.
Coming full circle: from teacher reflection to classroom action and places in‐between

The article shows the experience of professional development over the course of a decade of one teacher’s career nested against the backdrop of one reforming middle‐school context in the USA. Through the use of four fine‐grained narrative exemplars, the campus professional development trajectory is examined from the vantage point of Daryl Wilson, an eighth‐grade literacy teacher who participated in the research study for 10 years. By using narrative inquiry as both a method and a form to feature Daryl’s and some of his colleagues’ experiences of teacher learning within the context of school reform, the strengths and challenges of the various iterations of professional development are discussed. In the final analysis, the narrative exemplars show Daryl Wilson’s meaning‐making as he moves from an isolated form of teacher reflection to full‐blown classroom action where his students’ learning and his colleagues’ professional development are also implicated. However, before coming full circle, Daryl experience...
The hydrophobic electrode

Abstract : Condensed adsorbate monolayers (compact films) formed by either salts or neutral adsorbates can provide a hydrophobic microenvironment around the electrode, even when this electrode is immersed in an aqueous solution. In such a microenvironment, reaction mechanisms can be altered. Specifically, the absence of interfacial water may prevent protonation of anion radicals formed by electron transfer, so that mechanisms involving dimerization may be favored. Condensed adsorbate films then allow the use of aqueous solvents for electrochemical syntheses where, otherwise, more expensive and environmentally more troublesome aprotic solvents might be needed. The precise reaction mechanism depends on the adsorbate used, thus providing the experimentalist with a further tool to steer the reaction pathway. (AN)
Polymeric mercaptosilane-modified platinum electrodes for elimination of interferants in glucose biosensors

An oxidase-based glucose sensor has been developed that uses a mercaptosilane-modified platinum electrode to achieve selectivity of electrochemical interferants. A platinum−iridium (9:1) wire (0.178 mm o.d., sensing area of 1.12 mm2) is modified with (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane. The modified sensors show excellent operational stability for more than 5 days. Glucose oxidase is immobilized on the modified surface (i) by using 3-maleimidopropionic acid as a linker or (ii) by cross-linking with bovine serum albumin using glutaraldehyde. Sensitivities in the range of 9.97 nA/mM glucose are observed when the enzyme is immobilized by method ii. Lower sensitivities (1.13 × 10-1 nA/mM glucose) are observed when immobilization method i is employed. In terms of linear response range, the sensor enzyme-immobilized by method i is superior to that immobilized by method ii. The linearity is improved upon coating the enzyme layer with polyurethane. The sensor immobilized by method ii and coated with polyurethane e...
Control point forms for interactive grid manipulation

Abstract The mathematical structure of the control point forms for algebraic grid generation is presented. A fundamental prerequisite for the effective application of interactive grid manipulation is the simultaneous utilization of the control points with the constraints from the specified boundaries. The structure established is a commutative algebra generated from a collection of basic operators that is isomorphic to a collection of boundary elements that are ordered in terms of set theoretic intersections and unions.
Discrete element modeling of non-linear submerged particle collisions

Coupling of the Discrete Element Method with Computational Fluid Dynamics (DEM–CFD) is a widely used approach for modeling particle–fluid interactions.Although DEM–CFD focuses on particle–fluid interaction, the particle–particle contact behavior is usually modeled using a simple Kelvin–Voigt contact model which may not represent realistic interactions of particles in high viscosity fluids. This paper presents an implementation of a new user-defined contact model that accounts for the effects of lubrication of fluid between two approaching particles while maintaining all other DEM–CFD particle–fluid interaction phenomena. Theoretical model that yields a non-linear restitution coefficient for submerged particle collisions, which was developed by Davis et al. (J Fluid Mech 163:479–497, 1986), is implemented in a DEM–CFD code. In this model, the behavior of particles at a contact depends on fluid properties, particle velocities and distance between particle surfaces. When two particles approach each other in a fluid, their kinetic energy decreases gradually because of a lubrication effect associated with the thin fluid layer between the particles. Particle post-collision behavior is governed by a simplified elastic contact law. With lubrication, it is possible that particles are not able to rebound if the approaching velocity is completely damped by lubrication, and in this case the particles agglomerate in the fluid. Tangential surface friction-slip forces are activated as in the case of dry particle contact. The lubrication model represents an advanced submerged particle collision approach that permits improved accuracy when modeling problems with high particle concentrations in a fluid. An application of the new model is shown in a simple sediment transport problem.
Stabilizing uncertain systems with bounded control

We consider the problem of stabilizing an uncertain system when the norm of the control input is bounded by a prespecified constant. We treat continuous-time dynamical systems whose nominal part is linear and whose uncertain part is norm-bounded by a known constant.
Will adding acetaminophen (paracetamol) to ibuprofen be more effective in relieving postoperative pain on symptomatic necrotic teeth

Will adding acetaminophen (paracetamol) to ibuprofen be more effective in relieving postoperative pain on symptomatic necrotic teeth?
Use of Standard or Modified Plant-Derived Lipids as Alternatives to Fish Oil in Feeds for Juvenile Nile Tilapia

In support of developing sustainable aquafeeds, production performance and fillet fatty acid profile were assessed in juvenile Nile tilapia (0.61 ± 0.0 g/fish mean ± SE) raised for 16 weeks on diets containing fish oil or 50:50 blends of fish and plant-derived lipids. Standard, low 18:3n-3, or saturated fatty acid (SFA)-enriched soybean oils, palm oil, or low 18:3n-3 canola oil may be used to partially spare fish oil in feeds for Nile tilapia without impairing production performance, though use of hydrogenated soybean oil appears to impair growth and conversion efficiency. Of the plant lipids evaluated, palm and SFA-enriched soybean oil appear to be the best alternatives in terms of maintaining fillet long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content and the nutritional value of tilapia fillets.
The response of fishes to submerged aquatic vegetation complexity in two ecoregions of the mid-Atlantic bight: Buzzards Bay and Chesapeake Bay

Estuarine seagrass ecosystems provide important habitat for fish and invertebrates and changes in these systems may alter their ability to support fish. The response of fish assemblages to alteration of eelgrass (Zostera marina) ecosystems in two ecoregions of the Mid-Atlantic Bight (Buzzards Bay and Chesapeake Bay) was evaluated by sampling historical eelgrass sites that currently span a broad range of stress and habitat quality. In two widely separated ecoregions with very different fish faunas, degradation and loss of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) habitat has lead to declines in fish standing stock and species richness. The abundance, biomass, and species richness of the fish assemblage were significantly higher at sites that have high levels of eelgrass habitat complexity (biomass >100 wet g m−2; density <100 shotts m−2) compared to sites that have reduced eelgrass (biomass <100 wet g m−2; density <100 shoots m−2) or that have completely lost eelgrass. Abundance, biomass, and species richness at reduced eelgrass complexity sites also were more variable than at high eelgrass complexity habitats. Low SAV complexity sites had higher proportions of pelagic species that are not dependent on benthic habitat structure for feeding or refuge. Most species had greater abundance and were found more frequently at sites that have eelgrass. The replacement of SAV habitats by benthic macroalgae, which occurred in Buzzards Bay but not Chesapeake Bay, did not provide an equivalent habitat to seagrass. Nutrient enrichment-related degradation of eelgrass habitat has diminished the overall capacity of estuaries to support fish populations.
Organizational Affiliation and Powerlessness: A Case Study of the Welfare Poor

It has long been maintained that community action organizations can overcome feelings of powerlessness among the poor. Implicit in this belief are two untested propositions: (1) within the poverty culture there is a negative relationship between organizational affiliation and feelings of powerlessness; and (2) participation in community organizations produces feelings of destiny control. A study of AFDC mothers revealed that members of a welfare client organization were more likely to have feelings of mastery and control than non-members. The fact that members were no different from non-members on key variables related to powerlessness would suggest that more powerful welfare recipients were not selectively recruited into the organization. Although inferences are limited due to the use of cross-sectional data, it would appear that organizational affiliation plays an important role in reducing feelings of powerlessness among the welfare poor.
Binary Recursive Partitioning Method for Modeling Hot-Stabilized Emissions From Motor Vehicles

An alternative statistical modeling approach, hierarchical tree-based regression (HTBR), is presented for developing modal correction factors for hydrocarbon (HC) emissions from motor vehicles. The term modal refers to operating modes of vehicle activity such as cruise, idle, deceleration, and acceleration. Explanation of the statistical theory is provided, followed by a presentation of specific modeling results for HCs. The modeling results are based on 4,800 vehicle emissions tests representing 29 laboratory testing cycles. HTBR methods are indicated to overcome statistical difficulties that are problematic for classical ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression, a commonly applied statistical technique for analyzing emissions data. HTBR methods are more adept at treating interactions and monotonic transformations on independent variables, better at handling categorical independent variables with more than two levels, not adversely affected by multicollinearity, and good at capturing nonadditive behavior ...
Predicting risk among non-respondents in prospective studies.

Potential non-response bias was investigated in a follow-up study of 2,011 chronically disabled patients. 82.5% and 73.3% of the study subjects responded to self-administered mail questionnaires respectively at 6-month and 1-year follow-up. Information on employment status, the outcome of interest, of approximately 90% of the non-respondents was obtained from indirect sources. Employment rate was lower among the non-respondents than the respondents. Non-response was associated with age, social class, previous employment record, and the type of disability; but none of these characteristics were associated with the outcome. Out of the five known independent risk factors for unemployment, only one (incompletion of rehabilitation course) was associated with non-response. The employment rate among the respondents was also assessed according to the delay in response, that is the number of reminders sent to achieve response. The outcome among- the late respondents was similar to that among the nonrespondents. These data suggest that (a) risk estimates may be biased even when the response rate is greater than 80%, (b) the prevalence of risk factors among non-respondents may not indicate the presence or the degree of non-response bias, but (c) reliable estimates can be obtained from extrapolations of the rates among the respondents according to the delay in response.
Response of two layers overlaying a half-space to a suddenly applied point force

Abstract Expressions for the elastodynamic displacements, generated by a normal point force acting on the top layer of two isotropic layers overlaying an isotropic half-space, are derived. Generalized ray theory is used to develop the displacement expressions. In particular, a combinatorial technique for counting the number of wave rays simultaneously arriving at a specific point on the free surface of the top layer is developed. Reflection and transmission coefficients are derived, the different travel paths are analyzed, the products of the reflection and transmission coefficients are generated, and the arrival times of signals traveling along various rays, including head waves, are obtained. A computer program has been developed for efficient numerical implementation of the formulation. Numerical results are shown.
Behavior of vanadate and vanadyl ion in canine blood

Radiolabeled vanadium as either vanadyl ion or vanadate ion was injected intravenously into adult beagle dogs, and blood samples were collected at various times up to 48 hr post injection. For each sample, the distribution of vanadium between the cells and the plasma was determined, and the plasma was analyzed by electrophoresis to identify specific vanadium-binding proteins. Initially, vanadyl ion left the bloodstream more rapidly than vanadate, but the rates equalized after about 5 hr. A significant fraction of the vanadium in blood was associated with the cellular component following injection of both forms of vanadium. About 77% of the plasma vanadium was eventually bound by the serum iron transport protein transferrin, regardless of the vanadium species initially injected. For both vanadyl and vanadate, about 30 hr were required to reach the maximum degree of transferrin binding.
The clinical profile of amblyopia in children younger than 3 years of age.

Purpose Amblyopia in children ≥3 years has been well described, but less is known about amblyopia in children Methods A total of 250 consecutive children with amblyopia Results The mean age at the initial diagnosis of amblyopia was 1.2 ± 0.7 years. The cause of amblyopia was strabismus in 82%, anisometropia in 5%, and combined mechanism in 13%. Compared with the 3- to 6-year-old cohort, the proportion of amblyopia attributable to strabismus was significantly greater (p Conclusions Strabismic amblyopia was diagnosed much more commonly than anisometropic and combined-mechanism amblyopia in children
A sufficient condition for additive D-stability and application to reaction–diffusion models

Abstract The matrix A is said to be additively D -stable if A − D remains Hurwitz for all non-negative diagonal matrices D . In reaction–diffusion models, additive D -stability of the matrix describing the reaction dynamics guarantees the stability of the homogeneous steady-state, thus ruling out the possibility of diffusion-driven instabilities. We present a new criterion for additive D -stability using the concept of compound matrices. We first give conditions under which the second additive compound matrix has non-negative off-diagonal entries. We then use this Metzler property of the compound matrix to prove additive D -stability with the help of an additional determinant condition. This result is then applied to investigate the stability of cyclic reaction networks in the presence of diffusion. Finally, a reaction network structure that fails to achieve additive D -stability is exhibited.
26 Adverse Events in Pediatric Ketamine Sedations with and Without Morphine Pretreatment

Purpose: To assess outcomes between two groups of patients receiving ketamine for procedural sedations in our pediatric emergency department. Our hypothesis is that there is no difference in the number of adverse events in ketamine sedations with and without morphine pretreatment. Method: This was a retrospective cohort study of all ketamine sedation records over 15 months. The number and types of adverse events between patients with and without morphine pretreatment were compared, using a z-score and p-values were obtained. The possible influence of midazolam co-administration was examined, using Fisher's exact and Pearson chi-square tests. Results: 858 sedations were reviewed. Age, weight, and medication dosages were similar in each group. 21 adverse events were recorded in the group of patients with no morphine pretreatment; and, 13 adverse events in the group with morphine pretreatment. No significant differences were found for the number or types of events. There was no difference for the frequency of midazolam co-administration, Pearson chi-square, p = 0.994; nor for the number of adverse events in each group, Fisher's exact test, p= 0.465. The mean time from morphine administration to procedural sedation was 114.7 minutes. One adverse event occurred in the 15 min or less time interval. Conclusions: We found no increased adverse events with morphine pretreatment in ketamine sedations for children. Prospective studies to validate these findings, including an effect of timing of analgesia administration are warranted.
Finite frequency tomography in southeastern Tibet: Evidence for the causal relationship between mantle lithosphere delamination and the north–south trending rifts

[1] While several mechanisms have been suggested to explain the evolution of the Tibetan Plateau, observational constraints on the deep lithospheric processes have been sparse, and previous seismic studies were mostly along profiles perpendicular to the collision front of the Indian and Eurasian plates. In this study, we show tomographic evidence for the delamination of the mantle lithosphere beneath southeastern Tibet, a process in which the entire mantle lithosphere peels away from the crust along the Moho and thus is a mechanism for rapid thinning of the lithosphere. Our P and S wave velocity models show the presence of a low-velocity anomaly in the crust and upper mantle down to ∼300 km depth beneath a north–south trending rift zone in southeastern Tibet. This low-velocity anomaly is situated above a tabular, high-dipping-angle, high-velocity anomaly that extends into the upper mantle transition zone. The VP/VS ratio of this high-velocity anomaly suggests that temperature variations are not the only cause of the anomaly and a highly melt-depleted mantle is required. These observations suggest a causal relationship between the delamination of mantle lithosphere and the formation of the north–south trending rift in southeastern Tibet.
Estimation of electric charge in sprites from optical and radio observations

[1] Measurements of very low frequency radio emissions indicate that substantial electric current flows inside some sprites. This charge motion, with presently unknown location and distribution, is related to the detailed internal microphysics of sprite development that is in turn connected to the impact sprites have on the mesosphere. Assuming that sprite streamers propagate along the direction of local electric fields, we combine lightning-driven background electric fields computed from electromagnetic measurements and simulations with streamer timing and propagation direction measured from high-speed images to estimate the total ambient electric field at the locations of upward streamers. From this total field, we are able to establish a lower bound on the electric charge in six observed sprites driven by positive lightning. We find that individual bright sprite cores contain significant negative space charge between −0.01 C and −0.03 C. Accounting for the uncertainty caused by using different vertical charge distribution profiles, these values could be as much as 50% higher. This charge, when spread over the observed sizes of several hundred meters in diameter and approximately 10 km in length, results in a local electric field close to the breakdown field and that the relatively long duration (several milliseconds) optical emissions from this region are driven predominantly by instantaneous local electric fields, in agreement with published simulation results. Given the significant negative charge, we interpret the sprite core region as the partial and perhaps dominant sink of the negative charge created by the downward positive polarity streamers. This further suggests that when downward streamers supply more charge than can be absorbed by the sprite core, slightly delayed upward negative streamers initiate from the sprite core to disperse this charge. This is consistent with observations that show that the subsequent upward streamers are not always present, especially in smaller sprites. Assuming that the sprite core balances all of the positive charge in the downward streamers, we find that the average streamer contains a typical charge of at least 2–4 × 10−3 dC. Observed sprite current in one bright sprite suggests a positive charge in each distinct downward streamer of only 2.5 times larger than this lower bound, indicating that our estimate of the positive charge in downward sprite streamers and the negative charge in the sprite core is physically reasonable.
Pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy. The hemodynamic view

Multiple factors, including altered levels of vasoactive substances, altered vasomotor responsiveness, chronic plasma volume expansion, and tissue hypoxia, contribute to a state of generalized microvascular vasodilatation in early insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. This vasodilatation, with the consequent elevation in capillary pressures and flows, may be the initiating mechanism leading to both renal and extrarenal diabetic microangiopathy. Sustained hemodynamic actions on the microvasculature, besides directly injuring the capillary wall, promote increased permeability to macromolecules and increased capillary wall proliferation, with consequent thickening of basement membranes and luminal narrowing. These changes eventuate in complete microvascular obstruction and further vasodilatation of less damaged capillaries, thereby ensuring their eventual destruction. The ensuing complications depend on the nature of the surrounding tissue, ranging from reduction of functional reserve, as seen in skeletal muscle, to the devastating functional consequences observed in organs with endarterial circulation such as the kidney and retina.
Some further studies on the application of methylene blue in aqueous solution as a dosimeter for intense beams of high-energy radiation

Abstract Aqueous solutions of methylene blue sealed in glass ampoules have been exposed to γ-radiation, stored at different temperatures and checked periodically for dye retention for a period of 2 months. The results obtained show that the dye destruction proceeds after irradiation and at a rate dependent on the storage temperature. Parallel tests conducted with non-irradiated samples show small losses of dye, of the order of the experimental error. Another set of experiments using electron beams revealed no practical differences in the extent of dye destruction when the temperature during the irradiation process was varied from 45 to 150°F. Some practical recommendations are given in order to attain a good degree of reproductibility when using the methylene blue as a radiation dosimeter. In summary also, it may be stated that this dosimeter is of value for routine evaluation of electron and γ-ray beams for: 1. (1) It has a first order dose response which is linear to at least 6 × 10 6 rep (using a 1000 mcg/ml solution from 1 × 10 6 to 6 × 10 6 rep). 2. (2) It is easily measured using common laboratory colorimeters. 3. (3) It is temperature independent above the freezing point of water. 4. (4) It is stable for 1 week at refrigerator temperatures.
Re-examining Citizenship: How the Control of Measurement Artifacts Affects Observed Relationships of Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Organizational Variables

We examined the impact that measurement artifacts (antithetical items that overlap counterproductive work behavior (CWB), agreement response, halo in supervisor ratings) in organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) measures has on observed relationships between OCB and 15 predictors. Respondents were 146 employees and their supervisors who completed surveys that included OCB measures with and without artifacts. Predictors (conscientiousness, emotional stability, empathy, distributive justice, procedural justice, role ambiguity, role conflict, leader–member exchange, affective organizational commitment, job satisfaction, negative and positive emotion, turnover intention, CWB, and task performance) were chosen that related to OCB in prior meta-analyses. Results with the OCB scale with artifacts were consistent with meta-analyses, whereas results with the artifact-controlled OCB scale were not, suggesting that accepted conclusions about OCB’s relationships with many other variables should be reexamined.
TEMPERATURE SHIFT EFFECTS ON INJURY AND DEATH IN LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES SCOTT A

Exposure of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A grown at 37°C to a 1 h heat treatment at 52°C resulted in little death of the cells ( 4 logs at 10°C growth temperature). Heat induced injury, however, decreased as the growth temperature decreased. Shifting L. monocytogenes grown at 10, 19, or 28°C to 37°C for periods up to 5 h led to cells with increased heat tolerance. However, there was little effect on injury by the shift-up procedure. Presence of chloramphenicol during the shift-up period inhibited the gain in heat tolerance. L. monocytogenes grown at low temperatures (< 28°C), were more susceptible to killing by heat, but this susceptibility could be lost if cells grown at low temperatures are given a short incubation at 37°C. The data obtained here suggest that if foods containing L. monocytogenes are temperature-abused for even short periods, the organisms will acquire an increased heat tolerance and will require higher inactivation temperatures or longer processing times.
The influence of chlorophyll pigment upon upwelling spectral radiances from the North Atlantic Ocean: an active-passive correlation spectroscopy study

Abstract Active-passive correlation spectroscopy (APCS) methods have been applied to airborne upwelled radiances and 532 nm pulsed laser-induced phytoplankton chlorophyll pigment fluorescence obtained during the North Atlantic Spring Bloom Experiment (NABE) of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). The active-passive spectral data obtained during a transect between Ireland and Iceland over 300 km cloud-free portion of the JGOFS 20°W longitude line have been subjected to two-band radiance-ratio analyses. The chlorophyll pigment was found to significantly influence the upwelled radiances over considerable portions of the observed 380–740 nm color spectrum. Satisfactory recovery of chlorophyll pigment concentrated in North Atlantic case 1 waters was obtained over a broad region of the blue-green spectrum (∼430–530 nm) when ratioed with bands of the green-yellow spectrum (∼540–585 nm). The data confirm that the 420/550 nm band combination out-performs 443/550 nm for chlorophyll concentrations ≧ 1.5 mg m −3 ; however, the results indicate that further improvement could be realized using the 490 nm band in combination with either the 555 or 565 nm bands. Chlorophyll pigment was found to be recoverable using the 652/685 nm chlorophyll absorption/fluorescence radiance ratio. Other findings include satisfactory chlorophyll recovery using the 415 nm band ratioed with bands in the 562–584 nm spectral region, suggesting that these waters were bloom dominated with a relatively low concentration of dissolved organic matter (DOM). This latter finding agrees with low DOM fluorescence values found using an auxiliary 355 nm laser excitation source. To illustrate these experimental findings, radiance-ratio spectral correlation matrices are presented together with corresponding along-track active/passive cross-sectional profiles.
Extreme Ultraviolet Polarimetry with High-Order Harmonics

High-order harmonic generation is utilized as a source of extreme ultraviolet light for polarization sensitive reflectometry.
Concatenation cDNA sequencing for transcriptome analysis.

We describe a high-throughput cDNA sequencing pipeline (http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/projects/cdna) built in response to the emerging need for rapid sequencing of large cDNA collections. Using this strategy cDNA inserts are purified and joined through concatenation into large molecules. These 'pseudo-BACs' are subjected to random shotgun sequencing whereby the majority of cDNA inserts in the pool are sequenced. Using this concatenation cDNA sequencing platform, we have contributed more than 13000 full-length cDNA sequences from human and mouse to the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).
Modification of drug biotransformation by vitamin C in man.

VITAMIN C (ascorbic acid) is taken by many individuals in very large doses and there has been some concern about possible adverse effects of such regimens. It has been found that vitamin C is metabolised in part to ascorbic acid sulphate in man1. Sulphate formation is also an important pathway for the biotransformation of phenolic drugs2. This pathway is, however, of limited capacity in man3 (and in many species of animals) and is therefore subject to saturation and competitive inhibition. Such mutual inhibition by two or more substrates is caused by the limited availability of sulphate and can be overcome by concomitant administration of sulphate or a sulphate donor3. Studies in man have demonstrated competitive inhibition of sulphate formation between acetaminophen and salicylamide, two widely used analgesics and antipyretics, and the prevention of this inhibition by concomitant administration of the sulphate donor L-cysteine4. We now report the results of a study which shows that concomitant administration of vitamin C and salicylamide causes a decrease in the conversion of the latter to salicylamide sulphate.
The pursuit of physician-assisted suicide: role of psychiatric factors.

Physician-assisted suicide (PAS) has attracted considerable professional attention in recent years in the end-of-life care debate. The role of depression and other psychiatric illnesses on the patient's pursuit of PAS is unclear. As part of a qualitative study exploring the motivations, deliberations, and complications experienced by persons with incurable diseases who were actively seeking PAS, we conducted semistructured interviews that were reviewed for psychiatric content. In total, 159 interviews were conducted with 60 participants concerning 12 prospective cases (12 patients and 20 family members) and 23 retrospective cases (28 family members), with more than 3600 pages of transcripts. Depressive symptoms, when present, were not described by the subjects and/or their family members to be an influential factor in their pursuit of PAS; no subject appeared or was described to suffer from depression-related decisional incapacity. Findings from this study, albeit from a small and self-selected sample, hi...
Structural adhesives—characteristics and application

Structural adhesives are one of the more important developments in the adhesives field because they make possible bonded assemblies in lightweight structures which take full advantage of the strengths of the materials used. Structural adhesives can be divided into two classes. One class consists of hard brittle resins typified by unmodified epoxy adhesives which have high shear and tensile strengths but low peel strength. The second class consists of a combination of resins resulting in a more ductile type of adhesive which has high peel strength along with high shear and tensile strength. One application is described here in which an epoxy adhesive is used in a design which minimizes peel forces and which causes failure of the bonded assembly in the metal. The evaluation of this design showed it to be successful.
Measurements of Range in Matter for Relativistic Heavy Ions

The range of fully stripped relativistic nitrogen, neon, and argon nuclei have been measured in polyethylene, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), aluminum, copper, and lead. The heavy ions were produced by the Princeton Particle Accelerator and had energies ranging up to 284 MeV/amu. The measured results are compared with calculations derived from similar data for protons and good agreement is found at the 1-3% level.
Quasicyclic low density parity check codes

In this work, the construction of low density parity check codes (LDPCs) from circulant permutation matrices is investigated. It is shown that such codes can not have a Tanner graph representation with girth larger than 12, and a relatively loose necessary and sufficient condition for the code to have a girth of 6, 8, 10 or 12 is derived. These results suggest that families of LDPC codes with such girth values are relatively easy to obtain and consequently, additional parameters such as the minimum distance or the number of redundant check sums should be considered.
Determination of the electric dipole moment of IC1(B 3Π0) from pendular spectra

Abstract We evaluate the electric dipole moment of an excited electronic state of ICl(B, v=0) from transitions within the B, O ← X, 2 band that take place between pendulum/pinwheel states hybridized by a strong electric field (up to 15 kV/cm). We find μB=1.41 (±0.05) D, with Cl more negative than I as in the ground electronic state.
Structural and functional consequences of binding site mutations in transferrin: crystal structures of the Asp63Glu and Arg124Ala mutants of the N-lobe of human transferrin.

Human transferrin is a serum protein whose function is to bind Fe3+ with very high affinity and transport it to cells, for delivery by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Structurally, the transferrin molecule is folded into two globular lobes, representing its N-terminal and C-terminal halves, with each lobe possessing a high-affinity iron binding site, in a cleft between two domains. Central to function is a highly conserved set of iron ligands, including an aspartate residue (Asp63 in the N-lobe) that also hydrogen bonds between the two domains and an arginine residue (Arg124 in the N-lobe) that binds an iron-bound carbonate ion. To further probe the roles of these residues, we have determined the crystal structures of the D63E and R124A mutants of the N-terminal half-molecule of human transferrin. The structure of the D63E mutant, determined at 1.9 A resolution (R = 0.245, Rfree = 0.261), showed that the carboxyl group still binds to iron despite the larger size of the Glu side chain, with some slight rear...
The reason and rhyme of qualitative research: why, when, and how to use qualitative methods in the study of adolescent health

Many of the life experiences, understandings, and beliefs that place young people’s health at risk are difficult to quantify, yet adolescent health providers must assess and evaluate them. Qualitative research offers tools to examine these powerful forces at work in young lives. It looks beyond diagnostic outcomes to explore context and motivation, the “how” and the “why” of adolescent health risk behaviors. Although qualitative methods are relatively new to medical and public health research, clinicians use qualitative techniques every day: observing, actively interviewing, receptively listening, evaluating narratives, integrating data from diverse sources while recognizing inherent biases, and analyzing the information in a flexible and critical manner. This intuitive use of qualitative techniques informs clinicians how to vary their interactions subtly to best meet the differing needs of their patients. This “art of medicine” combined with biomedical science allows clinicians to move beyond medical problem solving and become healers. The goal of all research is to enhance a knowledge base. By furthering clinicians’ understanding of human factors that influence adolescent health, including social context and the patient perspective, qualitative research (1–4) enhances the type of knowledge that allows us to more effectively prevent unhealthy behaviors and, ultimately, to heal disease.
Wavelength- and Time-Dependence of Potentiometric Non-linear Optical Signals from Styryl Dyes

Second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging microscopy is an important emerging technique for biological research, complementing existing one- and two-photon fluorescence (2PF) methods. A non-linear phenomenon employing light from mode-locked Ti:sapphire or fiber-based lasers, SHG results in intrinsic optical sectioning without the need for a confocal aperture. Furthermore, as a second-order process SHG is confined to loci lacking a center of symmetry, a constraint that is readily satisfied by lipid membranes with only one leaflet stained by a dye. Of particular interest is “resonance-enhanced” SHG from styryl dyes in cellular membranes and the possibility that SHG is sensitive to transmembrane potential. We have previously confirmed this, using simultaneous voltage-clamping and non-linear imaging of cells to find that SHG is up to four times more sensitive to potential than fluorescence. In this work, we have extended these results in two directions. First, with a range of wavelengths available from a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser and a fiber-based laser, we have more fully investigated SHG and 2PF voltage-sensitivity from ANEP and ASTAP chromophores, obtaining SHG sensitivity spectra that are consistent with resonance enhancements. Second, we have modified our system to coordinate the application of voltage-clamp steps with non-linear image acquisition to more precisely characterize the time dependence of SHG and 2PF voltage sensitivity, finding that, at least for some dyes, SHG responds more slowly than fluorescence to changes in transmembrane potential.
An Algorithm with Logarithmic Time Complexity for Interactive Simulation of Hierarchically Articulated Bodies Using a Distributed-memory Architecture

The dynamic simulation of large systems of hierarchically articulated bodies is very time-consuming and cannot be done in real time using current one-processor workstations. This paper discusses the parallelization of dynamic simulation algorithms for such systems. First, the methods used in computer animation for solving initial-value problems are compared. Using test suites based on articulated bodies, the Gear method for non-stiff problems is identified as the solver with the least right-hand-side evaluations of the differential equations for the executed tests. On the basis of this method and the articulated-body method, a `simulation engine? for distributed-memory architectures is presented. By reimplementing the Gear method and rearranging its parts, logarithmic time complexity is achieved for hierarchically articulated bodies. By using the simulation engine, interactive, physically based animation of large articulated figures is possible.
A 13-Amino Acid Amphipathic α-Helix Is Required for the Functional Interaction between the Transcriptional Repressor Mad1 and mSin3A

Abstract Members of the Mad family of bHLHZip proteins heterodimerize with Max and function to repress the transcriptional and transforming activities of the Myc proto-oncogene. Mad:Max heterodimers repress transcription by recruiting a large multi-protein complex containing the histone deacetylases, HDAC1 and HDAC2, to DNA. The interaction between Mad proteins and HDAC1/2 is mediated by the corepressor mSin3A and requires sequences at the amino terminus of the Mad proteins, termed the SID, for Sin3interaction domain, and the second of fourpaired amphipathic α-helices (PAH2) in mSin3A. To better understand the requirements for the interaction between the SID and PAH2, we have performed mutagenesis and structural studies on the SID. These studies show that amino acids 8–20 of Mad1 are sufficient for SID:PAH2 interaction. Further, this minimal 13-residue SID peptide forms an amphipathic α-helix in solution, and residues on the hydrophobic face of the SID helix are required for interaction with PAH2. Finally, the minimal SID can function as an autonomous and portable repression domain, demonstrating that it is sufficient to target a functional mSin3A/HDAC corepressor complex.