cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic Resonances of a Straight Wire on an Earth-Air Interface

Using a variational method, we recently determined an electromagnetic “signature” for characterizing a straight wire in free space. The signature consists of the first five resonant frequencies and their widths, more compactly expressed as the first five complex-valued resonant frequencies. Here we apply the variational method to the much more complicated case of determining the same signature for a straight wire or wire pair on a flat interface between a homogeneous earth and air. To calculate the resonances we obtain an integral equation for the current on a wire on the interface between two dielectric media. Complex-valued resonant frequencies are defined as those for which the homogeneous integral equation for the current in an equivalent thin strip on the interface has non-zero solutions. The variational method extracts good approximations to these complex-valued resonant frequencies, without having to solve the integral equation. A table of resonances is given for the case of a relative dielectric constant of the earth equal to 4 and for three values of the ratio of wire radius to wire half-length.
Fiduciary Duties and Limited Partnership Agreements

This article shows that the ULPA 2001's restrictions on contracting regarding fiduciary duties are seriously misguided because they are based on a fundamental misunderstanding of the special nature and functions of the limited partnership form. Even if restrictions on fiduciary duty waivers are appropriate in some contexts, they clearly are inappropriate in limited partnerships, which are designed for relatively sophisticated firms that frequently would want to limit general partners' fiduciary duties. Even if there are valid concerns about protecting limited partners from general partner misconduct, restrictions on waiver should be designed to balance the costs and benefits of waiver. This article shows that courts have managed to do this under UPA and under the more nuanced approach of Delaware law. By contrast, the heavy-handed approach of RUPA and ULPA 2001 precludes such balancing.
MAEviz: Exploring Earthquake Risk Reduction Strategies

MAEviz is an open-source project that helps reduce the time from discovery gap that exists between researchers, practitioners, and decision makers by integrating the latest research findings, most accurate data, and new methodologies into a single software product. MAEviz was developed as a platform to perform seismic risk assessment based on the Mid-America Earthquake (MAE) Center research in the consequence-based risk management (CRM) framework. The CRM paradigm provides a philosophical and practical framework for the assessment of the dynamic inter-disciplinary relationship between causes, effects, and effect mitigation for major events and disaster management. MAEviz provides the medium where "what if models and risk reduction strategies can be evaluated by both researchers and decision makers in an effort to avoid a catastrophic impact on society in the event of an earthquake.
The Social Science Study of American Race Relations in the Twentieth Century

Racial oppression and conflict have remained a major concern of the USA throughout its history. Not surprisingly, then, ‘race relations’– as it is euphemistically termed – has been a focus of American social science since its origins in the late nineteenth century. This focus, however, has been uneven over the past century – often dim and reflecting the racist norms of the times but on occasion intense and pointing the way for reform. This chapter will briefly outline this uneven history of reflection and reform throughout the twentieth century with special attention to how the emerging discipline of American social psychology fits into this larger social scientific scene.
DC Breakdown in Polyetherimide Composites and Implication for Structural Engineering

Recent advances in nanomaterials permit the improvement of dielectric characteristics of ceramic / polymers nanocomposites. In addition, it is recognized that incorporation of nanofillers improves the mechanical, chemical, optical, acoustic, and thermal properties of polymers. Voltage endurance and electrical breakdown strength of dielectrics were even enhanced with some nanometric particles. Nevertheless, the preferred filler type and consistent improvement in the breakdown strength in the resulting nanocomposites are not well understood. In this paper, the effect of various fillers (metal, semiconductor and insulator) was studied showing the weak relationship of breakdown strength with the band gap of the nanoceramic fillers. Published data on dielectric constant and breakdown strength of various dielectrics was analyzed from the viewpoint of energy band gap. The results show that interfacial interaction of the ceramic particle-polymer appears to be very important to the electrical breakdown of the nanocomposites. An engineered nanodielectric structure is proposed for higher permittivity and dielectric breakdown strength. Lacking of control of this interface and structural order at mesoscopic level is subjected to fundamental limitations of the nanodielectric engineering.
60GHz ultra compact transmitter/receiver with a low phase noise PLL-oscillator

In this paper, we present a transmitter and a receiver for a millimeter-wave video transmission system. The size of each is 110 mm/spl times/55 mm/spl times/23 mm, as a result of using an antenna-integrated millimeter-wave module and a filter-integrated SHP (sub-harmonically pumped) mixer MMIC. Both transmitter and receiver have a local signal of 29.5 GHz, for up/down-conversion, which is generated by multiplying a signal from a 1.8 GHz PLL-oscillator. A low phase noise of -103 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset was achieved.
A web-based research tool for functional genomics of the microcirculation: the leukocyte adhesion cascade.

OBJECTIVE: Currently, microvascular data are almost exclusively deposited in scholarly journals. With the increasing availability of molecular data and the construction of genomic databases, a need arises to organize physiological data in a more accessible format. The microcirculation is a functional system that spans all organ systems and shares certain characteristics of organization with metabolic pathways, which have successfully been organized around genomic information for several prokaryotes. Here, we present a web-based research and teaching tool (http:@hsc.Virginia.EDU/medicine/basic-sci/biomed/l ey/) that covers a small aspect of microcirculatory physiology, the leukocyte adhesion cascade. METHODS: Currently, the site is organized in a flat-text mode with hypertext links to GenBank, Medline, and online journals where available. RESULTS: The web-based research and education tool is useful for graduate student education, and as a research resource for genetic researchers interested in gene function and for physiologists and biomedical engineers interested in the molecular basis of the leukocyte adhesion cascade. Our effort is intended to be a beginning toward a distributed database for the microcirculation (microcirculation physiome. see http://www.bme.jhu.edu/news/microphys). CONCLUSIONS: We invite all microvascular researchers to provide annotations and comments to make the research and teaching tool more useful to the scientific community.
Dicarboxylic aciduria in an infant with spinal muscular atrophy

A 1-year-old infant with classic Werdnig-Hoffmann disease was found to excrete abnormally large amounts of dicarboxylic acids in both fed and fasting states, with especially notable increases in the longer-chain (C10 and C12) 3-hydroxydicarboxylic acids. Dicarboxylic aciduria has not previously been associated with Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and suggests a primary or secondary defect of fatty acid metabolism in the disorder.
Reflections on Metaarchaeology

The peripatetic itinerary of Lester Embree’s long career has taken him to some of the less frequented corners of the academy and to some even more isolated locales beyond the ramparts. He is widely known for his contributions to several branches of phenomenology, but some of his colleagues in philosophy may be but vaguely aware that he has investigated and written extensively on philosophy in archaeology. In this chapter, I take the reader to this less-frequented quarter of Lester’s philosophizing.
A quantitative three-dimensional dose attenuation analysis around Fletcher-Suit-Delclos due to stainless steel tube for high-dose-rate brachytherapy by Monte Carlo calculations

Abstract Purpose The commercially available brachytherapy treatment-planning systems today, usually neglects the attenuation effect from stainless steel (SS) tube when Fletcher-Suit-Delclos (FSD) is used in treatment of cervical and endometrial cancers. This could lead to potential inaccuracies in computing dwell times and dose distribution. A more accurate analysis quantifying the level of attenuation for high-dose-rate (HDR) iridium 192 radionuclide ( 192 Ir) source is presented through Monte Carlo simulation verified by measurement. Methods and Materials In this investigation a general Monte Carlo N-Particles (MCNP) transport code was used to construct a typical geometry of FSD through simulation and compare the doses delivered to point A in Manchester System with and without the SS tubing. A quantitative assessment of inaccuracies in delivered dose vs. the computed dose is presented. In addition, this investigation expanded to examine the attenuation-corrected radial and anisotropy dose functions in a form parallel to the updated AAPM Task Group No. 43 Report (AAPM TG-43) formalism. This will delineate quantitatively the inaccuracies in dose distributions in three-dimensional space. The changes in dose deposition and distribution caused by increased attenuation coefficient resulted from presence of SS are quantified using MCNP Monte Carlo simulations in coupled photon/electron transport. The source geometry was that of the Vari Source wire model VS2000. The FSD was that of the Varian medical system. In this model, the bending angles of tandem and colpostats are 15° and 120°, respectively. We assigned 10 dwell positions to the tandem and 4 dwell positions to right and left colpostats or ovoids to represent a typical treatment case. Typical dose delivered to point A was determined according to Manchester dosimetry system. Results and Conclusions Based on our computations, the reduction of dose to point A was shown to be at least 3%. So this effect presented by SS–FSD systems on patient dose is of concern.
Optimal Drug Prediction From Personal Genomics Profiles

Cancer patients often show heterogeneous drug responses such that only a small subset of patients is sensitive to a given anticancer drug. With the availability of large-scale genomic profiling via next-generation sequencing, it is now economically feasible to profile the whole transcriptome and genome of individual patients in order to identify their unique genetic mutations and differentially expressed genes, which are believed to be responsible for heterogeneous drug responses. Although subtyping analysis has identified patient subgroups sharing common biomarkers, there is no effective method to predict the drug response of individual patients precisely and reliably. Herein, we propose a novel computational algorithm to predict the drug response of individual patients based on personal genomic profiles, as well as pharmacogenomic and drug sensitivity data. Specifically, more than 600 cancer cell lines (viewed as individual patients) across over 50 types of cancers and their responses to 75 drugs were obtained from the genomics of drug sensitivity in cancer database. The drug-specific sensitivity signatures were determined from the changes in genomic profiles of individual cell lines in response to a specific drug. The optimal drugs for individual cell lines were predicted by integrating the votes from other cell lines. The experimental results show that the proposed drug prediction algorithm can be used to improve greatly the reliability of finding optimal drugs for individual patients and will, thus, form a key component in the precision medicine infrastructure for oncology care.
Can maternal DHA supplementation offer long-term protection against neonatal hyperoxic lung injury?

The effect of adverse perinatal environment (like maternal infection) has long-standing effects on many organ systems, including the respiratory system. Use of maternal nutritional supplements is a...
Niggers and Japs: the formula behind Japanese hip-hop's racism

ABSTRACTContextualizing Japanese artists’ writings, performances, and media, the present work illuminates the logics among a conservative right-wing faction within Japanese hip-hop, which, ironically, takes United States Black sociopolitical freedom movement as a model. Unlike other studies of ‘respectful politics of cultural affiliation’ between Black and Japanese artists, the present study locates a complicated dynamic in mainstream Japan, wherein Blacks are admired, yet held at a distance. Japanese hip-hop artists and fans close this distance by likening themselves to Blacks as encapsulated in their analogy of ‘Jap’ to ‘nigger.’ They appropriate Black cultural symbols to signify their victimization, while using these to rationalize the xenophobic, nationalistic and racist ‘Othering’ of minority groups.
Quasielastic charge exchange in n/sup 2/H. -->. pnn at 794 MeV

The proton spectrum resulting from 794-MeV neutron bombardment of deuterium was measured at several angles. The angular distribution of the integral of the quasielastic charge exchange peak is fitted very well by the two exponential form dt/dt = ..cap alpha../sub 1/e/sup ..beta..//sup t/ + ..cap alpha../sub 2/e/sup beta2t/ as has previously been found for the np elastic case. The ratio of the two cross sections at t = 0 is 0.56 +- 0.04. A modified impulse approximation calculation accounts for most features of the observed angular distribution.
The NSA Terrorist Surveillance Program

Since the attacks of September 11, 2001, the War on Terror has been the impetus and justification for asserting expansive presidential powers. Under the auspices of the Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) and Article II of the U.S. Constitution, the Bush administration has detained American citizens as enemy combatants at Guantanamo Bay, instituted military tribunals, and used extraordinary rendition to transfer detainees to countries that employ harsher interrogation techniques than the United States. In addition to those new programs, the administration also instituted a widespread, secret eavesdropping program (which the administration calls the "terrorist surveillance program"), under which the National Security Agency (NSA) intercepts communications between individuals on American soil and individuals abroad, without judicial approval. This recent revelation poses important questions about the desirability and legality of a perhaps unprecedented expansion in presidential power. This article examines the NSA surveillance program. Part I discusses the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) of 1978, which sets forth the legal framework for electronic surveillance in the United States pertaining to foreign intelligence. Part II presents the publicly known aspects of the terrorist surveillance program and the administration's arguments for the program's legality. Part III presents arguments from academics and government officials that the administration's program violates FISA and the U.S. Constitution. Finally, Part IV makes suggestions for reform and concludes that any changes should be made by Congress, not by presidential directive.
Rudder Augmented Trajectory Correction for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and the Effects on Fixed Camera Imagery

In this paper, we develop a rudder augmented trajectory correction method for small unmanned aerial vehicles. The goal of this type of controller is to minimize the lateral image errors of body xed non-gimbaled cameras when aiding remote-sensing missions. A comparison to current aileron only trajectory correction autopilots and the analytical derivation of the rudder augmented trajectory correction controller is presented. E ects of rudder control input on roll/bank angle is also investigated. Simulation results are presented that show signi cant reduction in the roll angle present during trajectory correction. This in turn has a large e ect on total ight line image deviations. Error reductions of over 1000% are achievable.
Test of a New Insect Growth Regulator for Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by Dipping and Feeding

Boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, dipped into solutions containing 0.25-2.0% of CIBA-GEIGY’s CGA-184699 killed >40% after 1 wk. Feeding 0.25-1.5% of this material in the adult diet for 3 d produced mortality similar to that found in tests. Female boll weevils treated with this insect growth regulator by dipping or feeding and mated with untreated males resulted in 95-99% less egg laying compared with the control. Male boll weevils administered CGA-184699 by dipping or feeding and mated with untreated females produced 58.8-73.0% fewer eggs compared with the control. Egg hatch and adult emergence of the few eggs collected was reduced to virtually zero in dipping and feeding tests.
Analysis of Organometallic Gasoline Additives with the Composition-Explicit Distillation Curve Method

Problems associated with pre-ignition of fuel in a spark-ignition engine have been documented for many years and include poor performance and structural damage in engines. These problems were addressed in the past by adding organometallic additives, such as tetraethyl lead (TEL), to the fuel. While this additive is banned, others are permitted in some jurisdictions. Two such additives are ferrocene (FC) and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT). In this paper, we apply the advanced distillation curve approach to the analysis of these two additives (at concentrations of 20 and 40 mg/L) in a typical gasoline. We observe that neither additive affects the volatility of gasoline until the 55% distillate volume fraction. Subsequent to this fraction, we note temperature departures from the base gasoline that progress from 1 to 7 °C for FC and from approximately 1 to 4 °C for MMT. We further note, with the composition-explicit data channel of the advanced distillation curve (ADC), that the additives ...
Quantitative Habitat Associations of Small Mammals in a Temperate Rainforest in Southern Chile: Empirical Patterns and the Importance of Ecological Scale

Multivariate analyses of distributions of small mammals identified important habitat associations in a precordilleran temperate rainforest in southern Chile. Significant differences in vegetation were found between summer (January–March) and winter (July–August) periods, indicating that multiple-season studies may be necessary to fully assess habitat preferences of small mammals. Three species of sigmodontines ( Akodon olivaceus, Abrothrix longipilis, Abrothrix sanborni ), and a putative A. longipilis × A. sanborni hybrid, showed moderate habitat preferences with considerable interspecific overlap. Habitat associations of Oligoryzomys longicaudatus , a sporadic resident, were significantly different from those of the akodonts, perhaps reflecting transient status in the community; other species generally had insufficient captures for quantitative comparisons. These patterns of habitat association differ from those of previous studies and suggest the consequences of methodological, spatiotemporal, and demographic factors in the interpretation and detection of multivariate ecological relationships.
Increased DNA double-strand break was associated with downregulation of repair and upregulation of apoptotic factors in rat hippocampus after alcohol exposure.

Abstract Binge drinking is known to cause damage in critical areas of the brain, including the hippocampus, which is important for relational memory and is reported to be sensitive to alcohol toxicity. However, the roles of DNA double-strand break (DSB) and its repair pathways, homologous recombination (HR), and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) in alcohol-induced hippocampal injury remain to be elucidated. The purpose of this first study was to assess alcohol-induced DNA DSB and the mechanism by which alcohol affects DSB repair pathways in rat hippocampus. Male Sprague–Dawley rats (8–10 weeks old) were put on a 4-day binge ethanol treatment regimen. Control animals were maintained under similar conditions but were given the vehicle without ethanol. All animals were humanely euthanized 24 h after the last dose of ethanol administration and the hippocampi were dissected for immunoblot and immunohistochemistry analysis. Ethanol exposure caused increased 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) staining as well as elevated γH2AX and 53BP1 foci in hippocampal cells. Immunoblot analysis showed decreased Mre11, Rad51, Rad50, and Ku86 as well as increased Bax and p21 in samples from ethanol-treated rats. Additionally, we also observed increased activated caspase3 staining in hippocampal cells 24 h after ethanol withdrawal. Taken together, our data demonstrated that ethanol concurrently induced DNA DSB, downregulated DSB repair pathway proteins, and increased apoptotic factors in hippocampal cells. We believe these findings will provide the impetus for further research on DNA DSB and its repair pathways in relation to alcohol toxicity in brain.
Disability and Labor Market Earnings Hearing Earnings Gaps in the United States

Over one million Americans aged 15 years and older are deaf or hard of hearing. These individuals may face barriers to and within the labor market, leading to lower employment rates and reduced earnings compared with their counterparts without a hearing disability. Our study contributes to the sparse literature on the relationship between hearing disability and labor market outcomes by examining “hearing earnings gaps,” namely, earnings gaps between individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing and their counterparts without a hearing disability. Using a sample of 25- to 40-year-old full-time year-round workers from the 2011 American Community Survey, we estimate separate earnings equations by hearing ability and gender using generalized estimating equations. For both men and women, Blinder–Oaxaca decompositions indicate that roughly 40% of the overall hearing earnings gap is attributable to differences in educational attainment, potential experience, race/ethnicity, and marital status. The remaining 60% ma...
Psychobiological Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of the Neuroses

This presentation of the psychobiological system has attempted to describe in physiological terms the normal homeostatic mechanisms that insure the physical and psycho-logical survival of the individual. In keeping with the general principles of homeostasis, most physiological and psychological mechanisms are controlled by feedforward-feedback mechanisms that maintain the operation of any particular function at its optimal level. “Optimal” almost always means “moderate” since the human physical and mental organism is usually damaged when the operation of any function goes to one extreme or the other. This basic principle of biological homeostasis was described earlier in this volume in Chapter 3 where the inverted U-shaped curve was cited as prototypical for emotional reactivities (see Fig. 3-1). Since then it has been presented in several situations as governing optimal performance for most biological systems.
Altered reward expectancy in individuals with recent methamphetamine dependence

Background:Chronic methamphetamine use may lead to changes in reward-related function of the ventral striatum and caudate nucleus. Whether methamphetamine-dependent individuals show heightened reac...
Organizing for Innovation in Complex Innovation Systems

AbstractScience and technology innovation has always depended on organizational innovation. But the complexity of many innovation systems now transforms the nature of this interdependence. The essay proposes a framework of organizing for twenty-first-century complex innovation systems that capture their emergent, situated, and integral nature. The framework disentangles the complex system into four distinct yet interdependent problems that must be set and solved (project, knowledge systems, strategy, and ecological connections). New research thrusts within and among the four problems are proposed.
Afterword: Gender and Globalization in Uncertain Times

We face a systemic crisis of reproduction – in intimate relations and households, in capitalism overall, in our planet’s very environment. Thinking gender and globalization in tandem has a significant role to play in helping us to understand, to grapple with, perhaps to intervene in, this ongoing disaster.
Accumulation of cholesterol and increased demand for zinc in serum-deprived RPE cells.

Purpose Having observed that confluent ARPE-19 cells (derived from human RPE) survive well in high-glucose serum-free medium (SFM) without further feeding for several days, we investigated the expression profile of RPE cells under the same conditions. Methods Expression profiles were examined with microarray and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses, followed by western blot analysis of key regulated proteins. The effects of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and zinc supplementation were examined with qPCR. Immunofluorescence was used to localize the LDL receptor and to examine LDL uptake. Cellular cholesterol levels were measured with filipin binding. Expression patterns in primary fetal RPE cells were compared using qPCR. Results Microarray analyses of gene expression in ARPE-19, confirmed with qPCR, showed upregulation of lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways in SFM. At the protein level, the cholesterol synthesis control factor SRBEF2 was activated, and other key lipid synthesis proteins increased. Supplementation of SFM with LDL reversed the upregulation of lipid and cholesterol synthesis genes, but not of cholesterol transport genes. The LDL receptor relocated to the plasma membrane, and LDL uptake was activated by day 5-7 in SFM, suggesting increased demand for cholesterol. Confluent ARPE-19 cells in SFM accumulated intracellular cholesterol, compared with cells supplemented with serum, over 7 days. Over the same time course in SFM, the expression of metallothioneins decreased while the major zinc transporter was upregulated, consistent with a parallel increase in demand for zinc. Supplementation with zinc reversed expression changes for metallothionein genes, but not for other zinc-related genes. Similar patterns of regulation were also seen in primary fetal human RPE cells in SFM. Conclusions ARPE-19 cells respond to serum deprivation and starvation with upregulation of the lipid and cholesterol pathways, accumulation of intracellular cholesterol, and increased demand for zinc. Similar trends are seen in primary fetal RPE cells. Cholesterol accumulation basal to RPE is a prominent feature of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), while dietary zinc is protective. It is conceivable that accumulating defects in Bruch's membrane and dysfunction of the choriocapillaris could impede transport between RPE and vasculature in AMD. Thus, this pattern of response to serum deprivation in RPE-derived cells may have relevance for some aspects of the progression of AMD.
Thin-film heterojunction field-effect transistors with multiple subthreshold swings for large-area/flexible electronics and displays

This Letter presents a technique for implementing circuits with multiple subthreshold swings. Such circuits are of particular interest to large-area and flexible electronics, including active matrix displays and sensors. In these circuits, devices with large swings may be used for high-precision analogue driving, whereas steep subthreshold devices may be used for fast and low-power switching. This Letter demonstrates that large swings may be obtained by the series connection of diode structures to the source terminals of steep subthreshold devices. In principle, this technique is applicable to a wide range of thin-film transistors, but it is particularly well suited for heterojunction field-effect transistors where the gate heterojunctions may be readily utilised as diodes without altering the fabrication process or increasing the number of mask steps. Implementation of multiple subthreshold swings is demonstrated experimentally and described by a first-order model.
Some Suggestions for Research on Entrepreneurial Traits and Characteristics

This article suggests that researchers submitting manuscripts on entrepreneurial traits and characteristics should: ground their studies in the context of previous research, articulate a specific t...
Integrating cell and molecular biology concepts: Comparing learning gains and self-efficacy in corresponding live and virtual undergraduate laboratory experiences

Multiple pedagogical approaches, such as experimental experiences or computer-based activities, have been shown to increase student learning and engagement. We have developed a laboratory module that includes both a traditional "live" experimental component and a student-designed "virtual" computer simulation component. This laboratory employs the mating pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) to demonstrate four fundamental cell and molecular biology concepts: cell signaling, cytoskeleton, cell cycle, and cell cycle checkpoints. In the live laboratory, students add mating pheromone to cultures, then measure changes in cell division and morphology characteristics of the S. cerevisiae mating response. We also developed a "virtual" complement to this laboratory. Using the principles of Design Thinking and Agile methodology, we collaborated with an undergraduate Computer Science course to generate two computer simulations which can support the live laboratory or provide a virtual laboratory experience. We assessed how both the live and virtual laboratories contributed to learning gains in analytical skills and course content. Students who performed the simulation alone or the simulation plus live lab demonstrated learning gains, with greater gains for the live lab, but students who performed neither lab did not. Attitudinal assessment demonstrated increased student engagement and self-efficacy after performing the live and virtual labs. © 2018 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46:361-372, 2018.
Large Energy Intersubband Transitions in High Indium Content InGaAs / AlGaAs Quantum Wells

Large energy intersubband transitions are necessary for extending intersubband applications to the near-infrared (≤ 2μm wavelength) where compact diode laser based sources are available. By growing high indium content InGaAs / AlGaAs quantum wells (QWs) on GaAs substrates with linearly graded InGaAs buffers, we have demonstrated peak intersubband absorption energies as high as 580meV (2.1μm wavelength). We have also demonstrated intersubband absorption at 580meV in asymmetric coupled InGaAs / AlAs QWs. These are the largest bound-to-bound intersubband transition energies to date. Experimental studies of buffer and QW growth parameters for optimized intersubband absorption have been performed. The well width dependence of intersubband transition energies in both In0.5Ga0.5As / Al0.45Ga0.55As QWs and In0.5Ga0.5As / AlAs QWs have been measured and theoretically modelled.
Brain delivery of biotin bound to a conjugate of neutral avidin and cationized human albumin.

The delivery of pharmaceuticals through the brain capillary endothelial wall, which makes up the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo, may be facilitated by conjugation of therapeutics to brain drug delivery vectors. Since cationized albumin has been shown to undergo absorptive-mediated transcytosis through the BBB in vivo, cationized human serum albumin (cHSA) is a potential brain drug delivery vector in humans. Conjugation of biotinylated therapeutics to brain drug delivery vectors is facilitated by the preparation of vector/ avidin conjugates. Therefore, the present studies describe the preparation of a cHSA-avidin conjugate and the delivery of 3H-biotin bound to this conjugate through the BBB in vivo in anesthetized rats. Since the cationic nature of avidin (AV) accelerates the removal of avidin-based conjugates from blood in vivo, the present studies also describe the preparation and the pharmacokinetics of 3H-biotin bound to a conjugate of cHSA and neutral avidin (NLA). The bifunctional nature of the conjugate was retained: the cHSA/ NLA conjugate contained 2.8 to 6.8 biotin binding sites per conjugate, and the BBB permeability-surface area (PS) product for 3H-biotin bound to cHSA/NLA was at least 7-fold greater than the BBB PS product for 3H-biotin bound to a conjugate of NLA and native HSA (nHSA). The systemic clearance of the cHSA conjugate was reduced 10-fold by the use of NLA as opposed to AV. The increased area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) of the cHSA-NLA conjugate correlated with an increase in brain delivery of 3H-biotin as compared to the brain delivery achieved with the cHSA/AV conjugate. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that cHSA serves as a brain drug delivery vector and that the use of neutral forms of avidin increases the plasma AUC of the conjugate and enhances the brain delivery of biotin.
Bismuth Superconducting Wire and Application

The continued R&D results of the silver-sheathed bismuth(2223 phase) superconducting wire have suggested that three different fields of application, large current conductors, low field magnets and super-high field magnets will be feasible in the near future.
Obesity and sleep disturbances

Abstract The global obesity epidemic is rising due to unmodifiable and modifiable causes, one of them being inadequate sleep. Although shortened sleep duration and poor sleep have been shown to lead to a greater incidence of obesity, nonobese chronic insomniacs do not follow this trend. This reveals that not all types of inadequate sleep lead to weight gain and onset of subsequent obesity. In addition, OSA patients are shown to gain weight, even after using continuous positive airway pressure. Obesity is the main risk factor for OSA, which aids in its progression due to the increase in the accumulation of higher plasma proinflammatory load. This increase in proinflammatory cytokines plays a role in the development of adverse cardiometabolic outcomes. In turn, this metabolic dysregulation may lead to the development of daytime sleepiness.
Combover interacts with the axonemal component Rsp3 and is required for Drosophila sperm individualization

ABSTRACT Gamete formation is key to survival of higher organisms. In male animals, spermatogenesis gives rise to interconnected spermatids that differentiate and individualize into mature sperm, each tightly enclosed by a plasma membrane. In Drosophila melanogaster, individualization of sister spermatids requires the formation of specialized actin cones that synchronously move along the sperm tails, removing inter-spermatid bridges and most of the cytoplasm. Here, we show that Combover (Cmb), originally identified as an effector of planar cell polarity (PCP) under control of Rho kinase, is essential for sperm individualization. cmb mutants are male sterile, with actin cones that fail to move in a synchronized manner along the flagella, despite being correctly formed and polarized initially. These defects are germline autonomous, independent of PCP genes, and can be rescued by wild-type Cmb, but not by a version of Cmb in which known Rho kinase phosphorylation sites are mutated. Furthermore, Cmb binds to the axonemal component Radial spoke protein 3, knockdown of which causes similar individualization defects, suggesting that Cmb coordinates the individualization machinery with the microtubular axonemes.
Inhibitory midbrain neurons mediate decision making

Abstract Decision making is critical for survival but its neural basis is unclear. Here we examine how functional neural circuitry in the output layers of the midbrain superior colliculus (SC) mediates spatial choice, an SC-dependent tractable form of decision making. We focus on the role of inhibitory SC neurons, using optogenetics to record and manipulate their activity in behaving mice. Based on data from SC slice experiments and on a canonical role of inhibitory neurons in cortical microcircuits, we hypothesized that inhibitory SC neurons locally inhibit premotor output neurons that represent contralateral targets. However, our experimental results refuted this hypothesis. An attractor model revealed that our results were instead consistent with inhibitory neurons providing long-range inhibition between the two SCs, and terminal activation experiments supported this architecture. Our study provides mechanistic evidence for competitive inhibition between populations representing discrete choices, a common motif in theoretical models of decision making.
PROPERTIES OF A PARTIALLY PURIFIED FRACTION CONTAINING CYTOSOLIC PROTEIN(S) NECESSARY FOR YEAST MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

ABSTRACT Protein synthesis in isolated yeast mitochondria can be stimulated 6-8 fold by addition of dialyzed postpolysomal supernatant at the start of the incubation. The protein factor(s) which stimulate protein synthesis have been partially purified by incubating the postpolysomal supernatants with 0.5M potassium phosphate prior to chromatography on Sephacryl G-200. Stimulatory activity was eluted equally in two peaks, one in the 40 to 80,000 molecular weight range and one with a molecular weight 10,000 or less. Stimulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis by the low molecular weight activator fraction was inhibited by chloramphenicol and proportional to the protein concentration of activator added. The rates obtained with 40 pg of activator were 20-fold greater than that achieved by mitochondria alone and represented a 45-fold purification of the activity present in the postpolysomal supernatant. The activator also stimulated the incorporation rate when GTP or GDP was present in the medium suggesting that low molecular weight protein(s) present in the cytosol are necessary for optimal rates of mitochondrial protein synthesis. KEY WORDS Mitochondria;, Protein Synthesis;, Regulation;, Biogenesis;, Purification.
Blessings and Cursings: The Liberating Gift of Profanity in Clinical Pastoral Education

Profanity, derived from the Latin for “not sacred,” has long been seen as antithetical to spirituality. Social norms around organized religion, respectability, race, gender, etc. compound this perc...
Upgrading the Physiological Relevance of Human Brain Organoids

The recent advent of human pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived 3D brain organoids has opened a window into aspects of human brain development that were not accessible before, allowing tractable monitoring and assessment of early developmental processes. However, their broad and effective use for modeling later stages of human brain development and disease is hampered by the lack of a stereotypic anatomical organization, which limits maturation processes dependent upon formation of unique cellular interactions and short- and long-range network connectivity. Emerging methods and technologies aimed at tighter regulatory control through bioengineering approaches, along with newer unbiased organoid analysis readouts, should resolve several of the current limitations. Here, we review recent advances in brain organoid generation and characterization with a focus on highlighting future directions utilizing interdisciplinary strategies that will be important for improving the physiological relevance of this model system.
237. Inpatient and Discharge Antibiotic Use for Hospitalized Patients Growing Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria in Urine Cultures

Background Multidrug resistant organism (MDRO) infections are a threat to public health. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common MDRO infection and are responsible for a significant proportion of antibiotic use. Studies demonstrate both duration and type of antibiotics prescribed to patients with MDRO UTI are inappropriate, and that asymptomatic MDRO bacteriuria is inappropriately treated. In addition, antibiotics prescribed at hospital discharge are inappropriate in ~70% of patients. We sought to characterize inpatient and outpatient antibiotic durations to describe burden of antibiotic use for patients with an MDRO isolated from a urine specimen during a hospitalization.
The Reaction of Term Structure of Interest Rates to Monetary Policy Actions

This article analyzes the response of the Term Structure of discount rates to the changes in the Federal Funds Target Rate. It also suggests a method of hedging fixed income portfolio9s risk to the unexpected changes in monetary policy. We use two alternative widely used models of term structure of interest rates—the Extended Nelson-Siegel and the Extended Vasicek models. We show that only the slope of the term structure of zero-rates (also known as the spread between medium and short term rates) reacts significantly to the monetary policy. We also demonstrate that in our case, the Extended Vasicek model outperforms the Extended Nelson-Siegel model in capturing the impact of the monetary policy on the shape of the term structure. The results here can be used in practice to hedge the risk of the changes in the shape of the term structure of rates, due to monetary policy actions.
Transactional Profit Split Method

In light of BEPS discussions and digitalization of the economy in recent years, taxpayers and tax authorities are increasingly interested in using the value creation of a group’s entities to estimate the respective profit allocation. In this context, the Transactional Profit Split Method (“TPSM”), one of the transfer pricing methods available in the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines, plays an increasingly important role in discussions about arm’s length profit allocations. However, the application of the method is often challenging in practice. This chapter first summarizes the most recent guidance published by the OECD and the EU Joint Transfer Pricing Forum. Reflecting this guidance, we have compiled a practitioner’s checklist for the application of TPSM. Finally, based on the outcome of two Advance Pricing Agreements between the relevant tax authorities of different jurisdictions, this chapter illustrates examples of reasonable considerations with respect to the parameters of a profit split that have been mutually accepted amongst various tax jurisdictions.
Kidney resident macrophages in the rat have minimal turnover and replacement by blood monocytes.

In this report, we performed parabiosis surgery on inbred Lewis rats and showed that rat kidney resident macrophages (KRMs), identified using our novel cross-species markers, are minimally dependen...
Pulmonary lesions and clinical disease response to Mannheimia haemolytic a challenge 10 days following administration of tildipirosin or tulathromycin

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) causes significant economic loss to the beef cattle industry. Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) is considered the predominant bacterial pathogen associated with BRD. The purpose of this randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of metaphylactic administration of tildipirosin or tulathromycin 10 days prior to experimental inoculation with MH on the development of pulmonary lesions in beef heifers.
Sensitivity analysis of a reduced model of thrombosis under flow: Roles of Factor IX, Factor XI, and γ'-Fibrin

A highly reduced extrinsic pathway coagulation model (8 ODEs) under flow considered a thin 15-micron platelet layer where transport limitations were largely negligible (except for fibrinogen) and where cofactors (FVIIa, FV, FVIII) were not rate-limiting. By including thrombin feedback activation of FXI and the antithrombin-I activities of fibrin, the model accurately simulated measured fibrin formation and thrombin fluxes. Using this reduced model, we conducted 10,000 Monte Carlo (MC) simulations for ±50% variation of 5 plasma zymogens and 2 fibrin binding sites for thrombin. A sensitivity analysis of zymogen concentrations indicated that FIX activity most influenced thrombin generation, a result expected from hemophilia A and B. Averaging all MC simulations confirmed both the mean and standard deviation of measured fibrin generation on 1 tissue factor (TF) molecule per μm2. Across all simulations, free thrombin in the layer ranged from 20 to 300 nM (mean: 50 nM). The top 2% of simulations that produced maximal fibrin were dominated by conditions with low antithrombin-I activity (decreased weak and strong sites) and high FIX concentration. In contrast, the bottom 2% of simulations that produced minimal fibrin were dominated by low FIX and FX. The percent reduction of fibrin by an ideal FXIa inhibitor (FXI = 0) ranged from 71% fibrin reduction in the top 2% of MC simulations to only 34% fibrin reduction in the bottom 2% of MC simulations. Thus, the antithrombotic potency of FXIa inhibitors may vary depending on normal ranges of zymogen concentrations. This reduced model allowed efficient multivariable sensitivity analysis.
Low Molecular Weight Hydrocarbon Analyses of Atlantis II Waters

Preliminary data on the low molecular weight hydrocarbon content in Atlantis II waters are presented. Relative to normal sea waters the low molecular weight paraffins are enriched in the brines by a factor of about 10 to 1,000. The enrichment is most pronounced for methane and ethane.
Transfer and expression of a murine UDP-Gal:beta-D-Gal-alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase gene in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Competition reactions between the alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase and the endogenous alpha 2,3-sialyltransferase.

The cDNA encoding a murine UDP-Gal:beta-D-Gal-alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase has recently been cloned and sequenced using a transient expression method (Larsen, R.D., Rajan, V.P., Ruff, M.M., Kukowska-Latallo, J., Cummings, R.D., and Lowe, J.B. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 8227-8231). This report describes the construction and analysis of a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line in which in vitro expression alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase activity has been achieved via transfer and expression of the murine alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase gene. A primary aim of this research was to explore the role of the alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase in regulating glycoprotein and glycolipid biosynthesis. CHO cells were cotransfected with murine genomic DNA fragments from F9 cells and plasmid DNA containing a resistance gene to the antibiotic G418. Cells resistant to G418 were then selected for expression of surface glycoconjugates containing terminal alpha 1,3-galactosyl residues by isolating cells bound to immobilized Griffonia simplicifolia-I-B4, a lectin which binds to alpha 1,3-galactosyl residues. A positive, stable transfectant clone, designated Clone 3, was obtained and analyzed for expression of the murine of alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting demonstrated that Clone 3, but not parental, CHO cells bound significant amounts of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled G. simplicifolia-I-B4. Southern and Northern blot analyses using the murine alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase cDNA demonstrated that clone 3, but not parental, CHO cells contain murine alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase genomic DNA sequences, and express a homologous transcript that comigrates with the authentic 3.6 kilobase alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase murine mRNA. Enzyme assays confirmed that clone 3, but not parental CHO cells, contained the alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase activity and that the level of activity is comparable to that found in F9 cells. [3H]Galactose-labeled glycopeptides and glycolipids were obtained from metabolically radiolabeled parental and Clone 3 cells and were analyzed for the presence of terminal alpha 1,3-galactosyl residues. Complex-type, Asn-linked oligosaccharides from both parental and Clone 3 cells contain the repeating disaccharide [3Gal beta 1, 4GlcNAc beta 1]n or poly-N-acetyllactosamine sequences, but only the poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains from clone 3 cells contained the terminal sequence Gal alpha 1,3Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc beta 1-R.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)