cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Organization of Male and Female Labor in Foraging Societies: Implications for Early Paleoindian Archaeology

I use cross-cultural ethnographic data to explore the relationship between male and female subsistence labor among hunter-gatherer populations by examining data regarding resource procurement, time allocation, and task differentiation between the sexes relative to dependence on hunted foods. The findings indicate that female foragers generally perform a variety of nonsubsistence collection activities and preferentially procure high-return resources in hunting-based economies. I develop ideas about predictable relationships concerning the amount of time female foragers expend on subsistence and technological tasks relative to the dietary contribution of meat. I then use ethnographic trends to evaluate archaeological assumptions regarding the sexual division of labor in prehistoric foraging contexts, focusing on the dichotomous views of Clovis labor organization. I argue that archaeological interpretations of prehistoric labor roles in hunting-based foraging societies are commonly polarized between stereotypical views of male and female subsistence behaviors. I develop an interpretation of Early Paleoindian labor organization, emphasizing female labor in the production of material goods and the procurement of low-risk plant and animal resources based on global economic trends among foragers.
Developing Your Inner Entrepreneur

Entrepreneurship is a hot topic, and rightfully so. Recently, D. Jeffrey Lenn provided us with his review of The New Entrepreneurial Leader: Developing Leaders Who Shape Social and Economic Opportu...
Ultrastructure of plant plasma and vacuolar membranes

Roop tip cells of diploid Solanum species of the section Tuberarium were fixed in buffered osmium, embedded in Vestopal W, and sections were stained in uranyl and lead acetate. The plasma membranes of such cells were 3-layered, symmetrical, and approximately 75 A wide. Invaginations at the cell surface were frequently seen. Such invaginations appeared to contain small projecting strands of cytoplasm running perpendicular to the plane of the section. Vacuolar membranes were also 3-layered and varied in degree of asymmetry. Symmetrical vacuolar membranes measured approximately 75 A in width while the asymmetrical ones had a cytoplasm-side opaque layer of approximately 25 A, a middle light layer of approximately 25 A, and a vacuole-side opaque layer that varied from 25 A to approximately 250 A in width.
Vitamin B12‐Binding Protein Abnormality in Subjects without Myeloproliferative Disease: I. ELEVATED SERUM VITAMIN B12‐BINDING CAPACITY LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH LEUCOCYTOSIS

Summary. In a group of 41 patients with leucocytosis of varying degrees and diverse aetiologies, 88% had elevated serum unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacity (UBBC). All but three had normal serum vitamin B12 levels. The UBBC abnormality occurred even with apparently mild leucocytosis. When leucocytosis subsided, spontaneously or due to therapy, UBBC invariably fell, whereas it remained high if granulocyte counts did not fall. Serum vitamin B12 levels usually showed no change. Factors other than leucocytosis could not be related to the UBBC elevation. However, high UBBC was also found in 15 of 248 subjects with normal granulocyte counts. Seven of these were in states of granulocyte flux. In the eight remaining subjects (3% of the sample), leucocytosis apparently did not exist. Although by the screening method used here the main UBBC elevation appeared to be of beta-globulin binder, a subsequent report shows a third protein to be responsible (being apparently elevated even in a subject with leucocytosis whose UBBC level was normal). Alpha-globulin binding was only slightly elevated in most cases.
Congenital Aneurysm of Left Ventricular Base

At necropsy, a rare congenital aneurysm of the basal aspect of the left ventricle was found in a seven-month-old boy who died of congestive heart failure. The mouth of the aneurysm lay posteromedial to the posteromedial papillary muscle of the left ventricle. Isolated strands resembling chordae tendineae were present in the aneurysm, the wall of which was muscular.
Analysis of the costs of diagnosing cystic fibrosis with a newborn screening program.

Abstract Objectives To compare the cost of diagnosing cystic fibrosis (CF) through a newborn screening program with the traditional method and to estimate the cost of CF diagnosis if a national newborn screening program is implemented. Study design Surveys were conducted to determine the annual number of sweat tests in 1991 and in 2000 after implementation of statewide screening. A national survey of sweat test costs was used to estimate the annual expense for diagnosing CF in the United States through newborn screening. Results Since the introduction of newborn screening for CF, the numbers of sweat tests ordered annually have decreased from 1670 to 804 (including 134 follow-up tests from screening). The current estimated annual cost of Wisconsin CF newborn screening and diagnosis is $4.58 per newborn infant. The estimated annual cost per newly diagnosed CF infant using the traditional method is $4.97 per newborn infant. If no additional sweat tests were ordered outside of the newborn screening program, the estimated annual cost of a Wisconsin CF newborn screening and diagnosis is $2.66 per newborn and $2.47 per newborn for a national CF newborn screening program. Conclusions A CF newborn screening program provides a potentially cost-saving alternative to the traditional method of diagnosis of CF. (J Pediatr 2003;142:617-23)
Metallothionein 2A induction by zinc protects HEPG2 cells against CYP2E1-dependent toxicity.

Zinc has been shown to have antioxidant actions, which may be due, in part, to induction of metallothionein (MT). Such induction can protect tissues against various forms of oxidative injury because MT can function as an antioxidant. The objective of this study was to investigate if zinc or MT induction by zinc could afford protection against CYP2E1-dependent toxicity. HepG2 cells overexpressing CYP2E1 (E47cells) were treated with 60 μM arachidonic acid (AA), which is known to be toxic to these cells by a mechanism dependent on CYP2E1, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation. E47 cells were preincubated overnight in the absence or presence of metals such as zinc or cadmium that can induce MT. The culture medium containing the metals was removed, AA was added, and cell viability determined after 24 h incubation. Preincubation overnight with 150 μM zinc sulfate or 5 μM cadmium chloride induced a 20- to 30-fold increase of MT2A mRNA; high levels of MT2A mRNA were maintained during the subsequent challenge period with AA, even after the zinc was removed. MT protein levels were increased about 4- to 5-fold during the overnight preincubation with zinc and a 20- to 30-fold increase was observed 24 h after zinc removal during the AA challenge. The treatment with zinc was associated with significant protection against the loss of cell viability caused by AA in E47 cells. The zinc pretreatment protected about 50% against the DNA fragmentation, cell necrosis, the enhanced lipid peroxidation and increased generation of reactive oxygen species, and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential induced by AA treatment in E47 cells. CYP2E1 catalytic activity and components of the cell antioxidant defense system such as glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase, Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), and MnSOD were not altered under these conditions. Zinc preincubation also protected the E47 cells against BSO-dependent toxicity. When E47 cells were coincubated with zinc plus AA for 24 h (i.e., zinc was not removed, nor was there a preincubation period prior to challenge with AA), AA toxicity was increased. Thus, zinc had a direct pro-oxidant effect in this model and an indirect antioxidant effect, perhaps via induction of MT. MT may have potential clinical utility for the prevention or improvement of liver injury produced by agents known to be metabolized by CYP2E1 to reactive intermediates and to cause oxidative stress.
Intraocular metastasis from primary cervical cancer: A case report and review of the literature

•Metastatic disease should be considered in cervical cancer patients presenting with eye pain and vision complaints.•Distant metastasis involving less common organ sites, such as the eye, suggest a poor prognosis with short life expectancy.•In cases of cervical cancer metastatic to the eye, radiotherapy may decrease the incidence of retinal detachment and vision loss.
Depressed index cladding graded barrier separate confinement single quantum well heterostructure laser

In this letter, we present data for a novel depressed index cladding laser structure which provides reduced perpendicular far‐field divergence angle with acceptable low‐threshold current densities. Narrow perpendicular divergence angles of 27° full width at half maximum for a nearly perfect Gaussian beam shape have been measured, with a corresponding near‐field spot size of 1.30 μm. Threshold current densities of 309 A/cm2 are observed for 150 μm stripewidth, 780 μm long devices with 0.80 μm transverse spot sizes. Pulsed output powers for unmounted devices are greater than 0.9 W/uncoated facet.
Opioids in anesthesia

Opioids are by far the oldest known analgesics, and their versatility in the practice of anesthesia and pain management remains unchallenged. It behooves any physician dealing with acute pain situations to have a working knowledge of the mechanisms through which opioids produce analgesia and the locations in the body where opioids work. Knowledge of the physical properties of the various opioids can help the practitioner predict how a given opioid will function when administered by a particular route, eg, epidural versus intravenous. In this article, the actions and properties of opioids will be reviewed with emphasis placed on their use in clinical practice.
pXen, a utility vector for the expression of GST-fusion proteins in Xenopus laevis oocytes and embryos

Abstract We describe a plasmid, pXen, designed for the optimized expression of proteins fused to glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in Xenopus laevis oocytes and embryos. The Xenopus model system permits the biochemical analysis of signaling pathways and analysis of embryo phenotype in response to manipulation of proto-oncogene expression. pXen is a modified pSP64T vector which contains an SP6 RNA polymerase promoter followed by the translational initiation sequence of Xenopus β-globin and the glutathione binding domain of GST. The Xenopus 3′ β-globin untranslated region and polyadenylation site immediately follow the multiple cloning site to permit the efficient translation of in vitro transcribed RNA in oocytes and embryos. The utility of pXen is demonstrated by cloning the catalytic domain of the serine/threonine kinase proto-oncogene Raf-1 into this vector and injecting the corresponding in vitro transcribed RNA into oocytes. Catalytically active GST–vRaf fusion protein was expressed in the injected oocytes and induced oocyte maturation. Moreover, the GST–vRaf fusion protein could be readily purified from Xenopus extracts using glutathione Sepharose. We demonstrate that the Raf-1 catalytic domain retains activity when fused with the N-terminal GST moiety and is subject to negative regulation by the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). The pXen vector will be useful for an in vivo analysis of the physiological role and regulation of a wide variety of signaling molecules when expressed in Xenopus oocytes and embryos.
Large-angle scattering in positron-helium and positron-krypton collisions.

We have calculated differential cross sections as a function of the projectile scattering angle for positron-helium and positron-krypton collisions using the classical-trajectory Monte Carlo technique. These intermediate-velocity collisions have been simulated by various independent-electron and n-electron models, using both screened Coulomb and quantum model potentials to approximate the effects of electron-electron interactions. These several models all indicate that scattering of positrons to large angles in ionizing collisions persists to high impact velocities. In a previous work [Phys. Rev. A 38, 1866 (1988)] we proposed that the recent experiments that have measured the total cross section for positronium formation could be affected by the loss of positron flux due to incomplete confinement after large-angle scattering. Here, utilizing these newly calculated differential-scattering cross sections, adjustments are computed that account for the difference between the experimental and theoretical behaviors of the positronium formation cross section. Further, it is demonstrated that large-angle scattering in the elastic channel is important for one of the experiments. We have also computed total cross sections for ionization and charge transfer for collisions of protons with krypton. Good agreement is obtained in these cases with experimental measurements.
The critical heat flux for electrically heated wires in saturated pool boiling

Abstract An experimental and analytical investigation of the variation of critical heat flux with wire diameter and wire material in saturated pool boiling of water and mixtures of water-methyl ethyl ketone is presented and compared with the results of other investigators. Water data are presented for electrically heated wires of tungsten, Tophet A, copper and constantan with diameters ranging from 0.0005 to 0.051 inch. Measurements are also presented for 0.0035, 0.010 and 0.051 inch Tophet A wires in mixtures of water-methyl ethyl ketone with concentrations of 0–17 per cent by weight of the ketone. A simplified model is proposed for the critical flux phenomenon with small wires. An analysis based on this model agrees qualitatively with the experimental results. There is little variation of the critical flux with wire properties over the entire range of diameters tested, although the thermal coefficient of resistivity appears to have some effect, especially for very small wires.
PCDFs and related compounds produced from PCB fires — A review

Abstract In fires and other thermal events, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be converted to polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and other products. Analyses of samples from real-world fires and laboratory investigations have resulted in characterization of these reactions. PCDFs are formed from PCBs at temperatures as low as 300°C, although the optimum conversion occurs between 500 and 700°C with reaction times in the low-second range and excess oxygen present in the atmosphere. Under these conditions, maximum conversions of about 1% have been observed. At least six primary mechanisms are known to convert PCBs to PCDFs. These primary reactions, along with many secondary degradations and interconversions and the complex PCB mixtures initially found in electrical equipment, combine to yield very complex mixtures of trace organic compounds from PCB fires.
Exploring the Benefits of Context in 3D Gesture Recognition for Game-Based Virtual Environments

We present a systematic exploration of how to utilize video game context (e.g., player and environmental state) to modify and augment existing 3D gesture recognizers to improve accuracy for large gesture sets. Specifically, our work develops and evaluates three strategies for incorporating context into 3D gesture recognizers. These strategies include modifying the well-known Rubine linear classifier to handle unsegmented input streams and per-frame retraining using contextual information (CA-Linear); a GPU implementation of dynamic time warping (DTW) that reduces the overhead of traditional DTW by utilizing context to evaluate only relevant time sequences inside of a multithreaded kernel (CA-DTW); and a multiclass SVM with per-class probability estimation that is combined with a contextually based prior probability distribution (CA-SVM). We evaluate each strategy using a Kinect-based third-person perspective VE game prototype that combines parkour-style navigation with hand-to-hand combat. Using a simple gesture collection application to collect a set of 57 gestures and the game prototype that implements 37 of these gestures, we conduct three experiments. In the first experiment, we evaluate the effectiveness of several established classifiers on our gesture set and demonstrate state-of-the-art results using our proposed method. In our second experiment, we generate 500 random scenarios having between 5 and 19 of the 57 gestures in context. We show that the contextually aware classifiers CA-Linear, CA-DTW, and CA-SVM significantly outperform their non--contextually aware counterparts by 37.74p, 36.04p, and 20.81p, respectively. On the basis of the results of the second experiment, we derive upper-bound expectations for in-game performance for the three CA classifiers: 96.61p, 86.79p, and 96.86p, respectively. Finally, our third experiment is an in-game evaluation of the three CA classifiers with and without context. Our results show that through the use of context, we are able to achieve an average in-game recognition accuracy of 89.67p with CA-Linear compared to 65.10p without context, 79.04p for CA-DTW compared to 58.1p without context, and 90.85p with CA-SVM compared to 75.2p without context.
Sustained sleep fragmentation results in delayed changes in hippocampal-dependent cognitive function associated with reduced dentate gyrus neurogenesis

Sleep fragmentation (SF) is prevalent in human sleep-related disorders. In rats, sustained SF has a potent suppressive effect on adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) neurogenesis. Adult-generated DG neurons progressively mature over several weeks, and participate in certain hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions. We predicted that suppression of neurogenesis by sustained SF would affect hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions in the time window when new neurons would reach functional maturity. Sprague-Dawley rats were surgically-prepared with electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) electrodes for sleep state detection. We induced sleep-dependent SF for 12 days, and compared SF animals to yoked sleep fragmentation controls (SFC), treadmill controls (TC) and cage controls (CC). Rats were injected with bromodeoxyuridine on treatment days 4 and 5. Rats were returned to home cages for 14 days. Cognitive performance was assessed in a Barnes maze with 5 days at a constant escape position followed by 2 days at a rotated position. After Barnes maze testing rats were perfused and DG sections were immunolabeled for BrdU and neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN), a marker of mature neurons.SF reduced BrdU-labeled cell counts by 32% compared to SFC and TC groups. SF reduced sleep epoch duration, but amounts of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep did not differ between SF and SFC rats, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) was reduced only transiently. In the Barnes maze, SF rats exhibited a progressive decrease in escape time, but were slower than controls. SF animals used different search strategies. The use of a random, non-spatial search strategy was significantly elevated in SF compared to the SFC, TC and CC groups. The use of random search strategies was negatively correlated with NREM sleep bout length during SF. Sustained sleep fragmentation reduced DG neurogenesis and induced use of a non-spatial search strategy, which could be seen 2 weeks after terminating the SF treatment. The reduction in neurogenesis induced by sleep fragmentation is likely to underlie the delayed changes in cognitive function.
Generalized stable population theory.

In generalizing stable population theory we give sufficient, then necessary conditions under which a population subject to time dependent vital rates reaches an asymptotic stable exponential equilibrium (as if mortality and fertility were constant). If x0(t) is the positive solution of the characteristic equation associated with the linear birth process at time t, then rapid convergence of x0(t) to x0 and convergence of mortality rates produce a stable exponential equilibrium with asymptotic growth rate x0−1. Convergence of x0(t) to x0 and convergence of mortality rates are necessary. Therefore the two sets of conditions are very close. Various implications of these results are discussed and a conjecture is made in the continuous case.
Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of bone and soft tissue: a fine-needle aspiration biopsy study with histologic and immunohistochemical confirmation.

We retrospectively reviewed two fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) specimens from two patients with histologically confirmed epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EH). Both patients were men, ages 79 and 39 years; their primary tumors arose in the soft tissues of the mediastinum and within the proximal tibia, respectively. The former patient had symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome; multicentric intraosseous lesions involved the proximal tibia of the latter patient. All cytologic smears were hypercellular and composed of mostly disassociated single cells and small aggregates of ovoid to polygonal-shaped epithelioid cells. Nuclei were variable, ranging from ovoid and reniform to round and polylobated and surrounded by an abundant amount of dense cytoplasm. Binucleated epithelioid neoplastic cells were frequent. Nuclear pleomorphism ranged from slight to moderate, and small solitary to multiple nucleoli were identified within the majority of tumor cells. Rare neoplastic cells with a single, sharply demarcated intracytoplasmic vacuole and intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions were observed in the smears of one tumor. Metachromatic stromal fragments, probably representing hyalinized chondromyxoid stroma, were seen in the other tumor. Neither case was recognized initially on FNAB as EH. Immunohistochemically, sections from the surgical biopsy specimens of both cases showed diffuse and strong immunopositivity for the endothelial marker CD31. Although the cytomorphology of EH appears distinct, clinicoradiologic correlation is essential, and immunohistochemistry may be helpful to avoid misdiagnoses. Diag. Cytopathol. 1998;19:38–43. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reactions of O- with Various Alkanes: Competition between Hydrogen Abstraction and Reactive Detachment

We have studied the rate constants and product branching percentages of the reactions of O- with a large number of alkanes: ethane, propane, butane, isobutane (2-methylpropane), pentane, isopentane (2-methylbutane), neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane), hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane), decane, and dodecane. The efficiencies for the reactions of O- with ethane, propane, and butane increase with increasing size, becoming collisional for butane at room temperature. A small temperature dependence is found. For pentane and larger alkanes, the reactions are collisional at all temperatures, within our uncertainty. In contrast to a previous study, there are two significant reaction channels observed: a hydrogen abstraction channel yielding OH- and a reactive detachment channel yielding neutral products and a free electron. In the normal alkane series, the fraction of OH- produced decreases exponentially with increasing polarizability, i.e., alkane size. Isobutane and isopentane react sim...
Technology competencies for occupational therapy practitioners.

A task force has created a recommended set of technology competencies for occupational therapy practitioners at three levels of practice: entry/basic, intermediate, and advanced. The competencies relate to assistive technology (AT) evaluation, intervention, and resource coordination and reflect minimum knowledge and skills for registered occupational therapists (O.T.R.'s) and certified occupational therapy assistants (C.O.T.A.'s). The competencies were reviewed by members of the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA), the COTA network and RESNA, and were coordinated with RESNA's ongoing AT quality assurance and certification efforts. They represent a base for the component of outcome management related to ensuring the quality and competency of AT service deliverers.
Differentiating Youth Who Sexually Abuse: Applying a Multidimensional Framework When Assessing and Treating Subtypes

Recent empirical research has shown that children with sexual behavior problems and adolescents who offend sexually are diverse populations consisting of several subtypes (Hall, Mathews, & Pearce, 2002; Pithers, Gray, Busconi, & Houchens, 1998; Worling, 2001). This article reviews the descriptive and empirical research related to identifying subtypes of children with sexual behavior problems and adolescents who offend sexually. Examples of clinically and empirically derived typologies are presented. The author discusses how data from the empirically derived typologies can be incorporated within a multidimensional assessment framework based on the Trauma Outcome Process model (Burton, Rasmussen, Bradshaw, Christopherson, & Huke, 1998; Rasmussen, Burton, & Christopherson, 1992; Rasmussen, 1999, 2001, 2002). The application of this framework in assessing and treating children with sexual behavior problems and adolescents who offend sexually is described.
Living Accountability: Hot Rhetoric, Cool Theory, and Uneven Practice

doi:10.1017/S1049096514001553 © American Political Science Association, 2015 PS • January 2015 1 Barbara S. Romzek is dean of the School of Public Aff airs at American University. As noted in the citation “she has made numerous important contributions to multiple streams of public administration and political science literature. Her research on accountability has been particularly important in the development of contemporary thinking about the control of public organizations, and the complex patterns of interaction involved in contemporary accountability. She has also made signifi cant contributions to research on public sector reform, government contracting, and the role of policy networks in service delivery. ... Romzek has authored or co-authored three books and several dozen articles and book chapters. Romzek’s prolifi c record of scholarly achievement, sustained for over 30 years in academia, epitomizes the lifetime of exemplary scholarship envisaged by APSA for the John Gaus Distinguished Lecturer Award.” She can be reached at bromzek@american.edu . THE 2014 JOHN GAUS AWARD LECTURE
Electronic structures of active sites in electron transfer metalloproteins: contributions to reactivity

Abstract Many electron transfer centers in biology involve metal complexes, that exhibit unique spectral features. These reflect highly covalent electronic structures, which contribute to the electron transfer function of the protein. The blue copper center has a highly covalent copperthiolate bond, which promotes long range electron transfer. The Cu A center is a mixed valence binuclear complex that is completely delocalized even in low symmetry protein environments. The [2Fe2S] center is valence localized in the mixed valence Fe(III)Fe(II) oxidation state, while the mixed valence [2Fe2S] sub-sites in [4Fe4S] clusters are completely valence delocalized. Factors which contribute to electron localization/delocalization in these mixed valence sites are experimentally evaluated using a variety of spectroscopic and electronic structural methods. These include the very powerful technique of ligand K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy for determining the covalency of ligandmetal bonds.
Body reserves influence allocation to immune responses in capital breeding female northern elephant seals

Summary Mounting an immune response requires substantial energy. Ecological immunology theory predicts allocation trade-offs between reproductive effort and immune responses under conditions of energy limitation. Little is known about the impact of capital breeding strategies on energy allocation to immune function in mammals. Northern elephant seals (NES) forage in the marine environment, breed in dense terrestrial colonies and exhibit high rates of energy expenditure for lactation while fasting. Body reserves strongly influence reproductive effort and lactation requires elevation of plasma cortisol for energy mobilization. We characterized immune response by measuring a suite of immune markers including cytokines, an acute phase protein, and immunoglobulins early and late in breeding and moult haul-outs in 197 samples from 129 female NES. We explored potential impacts of breeding, body condition and plasma cortisol on immune function. Immune responses were greater and more varied during breeding. Adiposity had positive associations with innate immune responses across all life-history stages. Body mass had positive associations with both adaptive and innate immune responses early in fasts. Females with lower fat reserves showed reduced innate immune responses at the end of lactation. Immunoglobulin E, a marker of immune response to parasitic infection, exhibited a significant negative association with cortisol across all life-history stages. These data suggest that breeding carries an immune cost and provide evidence for allocation trade-offs between immune function and breeding effort. These trade-offs may reflect a compromise between immune costs inherent in colonial breeding and energetic limitations that arise in use of capital breeding strategies. Variation in evidence for immunosuppressive effects of cortisol suggests that decoupling of these effects may be limited to specific aspects of the immune response during terrestrial fasting. Immune responses that are required for survival may be modulated relative to the energetic demands required for successful reproduction.
Topical application of delphinidin reduces psoriasiform lesions in the flaky skin mouse model by inducing epidermal differentiation and inhibiting inflammation

Background Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by hyperproliferation and aberrant keratinocyte differentiation. We have shown that treatment of reconstituted human skin with delphinidin, an anthocyanidin, present in pigmented fruits and vegetables, increased the expression and processing of caspase-14, which is involved in cornification. Delphinidin also increases the expression of epidermal differentiation marker proteins.
Patients, Physicians, And The Internet

ABSTRACT: The Internet will have a profound effect on the practice and business of medicine. Physicians, eager to provide high-quality care and forced by competition to offer online services, will ...
The probabilistic reduction approach to specifying multinomial logistic regression models in health outcomes research

The paper provides a novel application of the probabilistic reduction (PR) approach to the analysis of multi-categorical outcomes. The PR approach, which systematically takes account of heterogeneity and functional form concerns, can improve the specification of binary regression models. However, its utility for systematically enriching the specification of and inference from models of multi-categorical outcomes has not been examined, while multinomial logistic regression models are commonly used for inference and, increasingly, prediction. Following a theoretical derivation of the PR-based multinomial logistic model (MLM), we compare functional specification and marginal effects from a traditional specification and a PR-based specification in a model of post-stroke hospital discharge disposition and find that the traditional MLM is misspecified. Results suggest that the impact on the reliability of substantive inferences from a misspecified model may be significant, even when model fit statistics do not ...
Strength of conditioning determines the effects of septo-hippocampal lesions on taste aversion learning

Several authors have argued that the formation of conditioned flavor aversions (bait-shyness) is qualitatively different than the formation of associations between exteroceptive cues and external noxious reinforcers. Furthermore, it is argued that these two presumably distinct forms of learning are dependent on different neural substrates. This contention is strengthened by several recent reports that lesions of the septum or hippocampus that disrupt locomotor passive avoidance learning do not impair baitshyness, even though taste aversion studies typically use a passive avoidance paradigm. Nevertheless, other studies have reported significant taste aversion deficits after septal or hippocampal lesions. In the present study, we suggest that the primary factor that determines whether septo-hippocampal lesions impair taste aversion learning is the strength of the conditioning method employed. Experiment 1 showed that large lesions of the septum, the fimbria-fornix, or the dorsal hippocampus did not impair a flavor aversion learned with a strong conditioning paradigm. In contrast, both septal and hippocampal lesions disrupted a flavor aversion learned with the weaker conditioning method of Experiment 2. We conclude that it is not yet possible to state that the association of flavor cues with interoceptive events depends on neural circuits different from those involved in the association of exteroceptive cues and events.
TNF Dually Mediates Resistance and Susceptibility to Mycobacteria via Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) constitutes a critical host defense against tuberculosis, but its excess is also implicated in tuberculosis pathogenesis in zebrafish and humans. Using the zebrafish, we elucidate the pathways by which TNF mediates tuberculosis pathogenesis. TNF excess induces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected macrophages through RIP1-RIP3-dependent pathways. While initially increasing macrophage microbicidal activity, ROS rapidly induce programmed necrosis (necroptosis) and release mycobacteria into the growth-permissive extracellular milieu. TNF-induced necroptosis occurs through two pathways: modulation of mitochondrial cyclophilin D, implicated in mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation, and acid sphingomyelinase-mediated ceramide production. Combined genetic blockade of cyclophilin D and acid sphingomyelinase renders the high TNF state hyperresistant by preventing macrophage necrosis while preserving increased microbicidal activity. Similarly, the cyclophilin D-inhibiting drug alisporivir and the acid sphingomyelinase-inactivating drug, desipramine, synergize to reverse susceptibility, suggesting the therapeutic potential of these orally active drugs against tuberculosis and possibly other TNF-mediated diseases.
Fast, bit-accurate simulation of truncated-matrix multipliers and squarers

Truncated-matrix multipliers and squarers offer significant reductions in area, power, and delay, at the expense of increased computational error. These trade-offs make them an attractive choice for many signal processing systems. However, extensive bit-accurate simulation is often necessary to explore the design space effectively and chose the best parameters when using them in systems. This paper presents an algorithm for fast, bit-accurate simulation of truncated-matrix multipliers and squarers in software. The algorithm is applicable to most correction methods published to date, is simple to implement, and it facilitates research into system-level use of truncated-matrix units.
Predicting Student Attitudes and Grades from Perceptions of Instructors' Attitudes.

Psychological availability to students defines immediacy, a concept traditionally measured using ratings of instructor behaviors. However, students' perceptions of their professor's attitude toward them may serve as a more parsimonious measure of psychological availability. In fact, ratings of a professor's attitude toward students are positively related to student motivation, learning, and ratings of the instructor. In this study, prediction of student outcomes was analyzed in a 2-step regression: First, students' perceptions of their instructor's attitude entered into the equation, followed by immediacy scores. Instructor's attitudes predicted student outcomes well. Although some immediacy components increased variability explained, the increases were small.
Seismic wave propagation in thinly-layered media with steep reflectors

Seismic waves reflected from steep reflectors in the earth's subsurface spend a significant amount of time travelling more or less horizontally. Therefore, accurate imaging of steep geologic structure requires knowledge of the behavior of these horizontally propagating waves. In particular, the effect of tunneling on seismic waves propagating in thinly-layered media must be understood. I describe a method for modeling seismic waves traveling in thinly-layered media. This method, a frequency-wavenumber finite-difference scheme coupled with the Born approximation, is useful in studying seismic waves reflected from steep geologic structures.
Erosion of a male polypropylene sling.

A 40-year-old male had development of neurogenic stress urinary incontinence after resection of a lumbar lipomeningomyelocele in 1975. A modified cystometrogram demonstrated a capacity of 450 cc and leakage with Valsalva maneuver at 200 cc and 450 cc. Two periurethral collagen injections were unsuccessful. Standard transperineal placement of polypropylene male urethral sling was performed. Care was taken to ensure that the bone anchors were placed securely. Under visual and tactile inspection the sling was placed directly around the bulbospongiosus muscle with a 14Fr indwelling urethral catheter draining the bladder. Two trials of void on postoperative days 7 and 14 resulted in acute urinary retention, necessitating extended catheter drainage. After the second failure cystourethroscopy showed that the sling had eroded into the bulbous urethra. The perineal incision was explored and the sling was removed. The incision did not appear to be infected, and intraoperative cultures were negative. The sling and 2 bone anchors were removed, and a necrotic portion of the dorsal urethra was resected. After a urethral catheter was placed in the bladder over a guidewire the perineal incision was closed in an interrupted fashion to heal via secondary intention. The perineal incision healed but the patient had development of a dense, long segment, bulbar urethral stricture. DISCUSSION
Disease of the equine posterior segment

The appearance of the equine fundus is reviewed from the perspective of differentiating normal variations from disease, and the descriptions have been updated to include recently published ocular fundic abnormalities. Most pathological lesions are identified near the optic nerve head, and typically involve depigmentation or hyperpigmentation. Depending upon configuration and appearance, linear pigmented bands may reflect the course of the vortex veins, the transition from tapetal to nontapetal fundus, or indicate chorioretinitis or equine motor neuron disease. Choroidal vasculature is readily apparent in color-dilute (subalbinotic) horses and must be differentiated from hemorrhage. Retinal hemorrhages in foals are common and may occur independently to hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Retinal cysts may signal more significant disease in the eye such as anterior segment dysgenesis. Prominence of gray or tan-colored material on or near the optic nerve head may represent traumatic optic neuropathy, benign optic neuropathy, proliferative optic neuropathy or actual neoplasia.
A De Novo Unclassified Malignant Spindle Cell Neoplasm of Liver Allograft

� Spindle cell neoplasms are rarely reported in liver allografts; most are benign and associated with Epstein– Barr virus infection. We present a case of a malignant spindle cell neoplasm arising in a liver allograft. The patient underwent orthotopic liver transplant for cirrhosis secondary to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. After 2 years, he presented with vague abdominal complaints. Imaging studies revealed a 10-cm right hepatic lobe mass. The patient underwent right-sided hepatectomy. The tumor displayed areas of broad, relatively hypocellular fascicles, whorls, and perivascular clustering; spindle cells with mild to moderate nuclear pleomorphism; and relatively abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Mitotic activity ranged from 2 to 4 mitotic figures per 20 high-power fields. Immunostaining displayed positivity for epithelial membrane antigen, vimentin, CD99, BCL2, cytokeratin, and human herpesvirus 8. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization findings were negative for a translocation involving the SS18 gene (18q11). We believe the tumor represents the first reported case of a novel unclassified spindle cell malignant neoplasm in a liver allograft. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2014;138:274–277; doi: 10.5858/ arpa.2012-0480-CR)
Guest Family Physician Commentaries

As family physicians, we are very committed to providing the highest quality of care to our patients. Our primary focus is to understand patients’ unique needs and expectations and to address them accordingly. Unfortunately, living in a litigious society, we are not protected from liability claims. A liability claim does not equate with suboptimal care. Flannery et al 1 offers insight about the most common liability risks experienced by family physicians. Being aware of these risks provides better understanding of risk management and liability prevention. Flannery et al 1 report a comprehensive summary of data, collected by the Physician Insurers Association of America, which is not all inclusive of past claims but is probably representative of the nature of the claims affecting family physicians. It was interesting to note that family physicians were ranked third of the reported 28 specialties based on number of claims files against them, right after obstetrics/gynecology and internal medicine and above general surgery and orthopedics. The most prevalent “medical misadventure” was a diagnostic error, led by acute myocardial infarction and followed by breast cancer, appendicitis, and then lung and colon cancers. It is not surprising that coronary artery disease is the most commonly cited diagnostic error given the critical nature of the problem, atypical presentations, and being the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in our society. Cancer screening and early diagnosis is also a frequently encountered problem, so following strictly the US Preventive Services Task Force’s guidelines is critical for better patient care as well as malpractice prevention. Against the popular belief that procedurally oriented providers are more prone to malpractice claims, the most prevalent procedure in this database was “diagnostic interview and evaluation.” This data emphasizes once again the importance of establishing rapport with patients and their families and the value of open communication. Patients have a right to be equal partners in decision making and understanding their options for diagnosis and management. If the patient and the provider reach common ground, both compliance and outcomes improve. Highquality patient care and risk management principles are congruent and stem from effective doctorpatient communication.
Sediment volume in the north polar sand seas of Mars

Data from studies of the cross-sectional area of terrestrial transverse dunes have been combined with maps of dune morphometry derived from Viking orbiter images to generate new estimates of sediment thickness and dune sediment volume in the north polar sand seas of Mars. A relationship between dune spacing and equivalent sediment thickness was developed from field data on Namibian and North American dunes and was applied to data on dune spacing and dune cover measured on Viking orbiter images to generate maps of dune sediment thickness for Martian north polar sand seas. There are four major sand seas in the north polar region of Mars, covering an area of 680,000 sq km. Equivalent sediment thickness ranges between 0.5 and 6.1 m with a mean of 1.8 m. The sand seas contain a total of 1158 cu km of dune sediment, which may have been derived by erosion of polar layered deposits and concentrated in its present location by winds that change direction seasonally.
Enabling technologies for the customer-driven microgrid

This panel paper presents a wish list of the existing and yet-to-be-discovered techniques for enabling the next generation of the electric power microgrid, i.e., customer-driven microgrid. The concept of a customer-driven microgrid is presented along with some of the contemporary challenges to its sustainable pervasion. A brief description of the panel intended to discuss a wish list of enabling technologies and a possible roadmap toward practical implementation and sustainability of customer-driven microgrids is offered.
An ultra-scalable broadband architecture for municipal hybrid wireless access using optical grid network

A novel broadband architecture suitable for municipal hybrid wireless access is proposed. This architecture, called GROW-Net, is ultra-scalable in bandwidth support and infrastructure extensibility. This paper presents GROW-Net transmission quality, resource efficiency, and QoS supports.
The emancipatory promise of the habitus: Lindy hop, the body, and social change

Existing research about the role of the habitus in social change emphasizes inertia. Individuals in new contexts are understood to face disadvantage, making disruption of a hierarchical status quo difficult. Recent theory regarding our ability to strategically change and use our bodily habits, however, suggests that the habitus may not be condemned to a purely conservative role. Here I examine a community of lindy hoppers who are re-shaping the collective body towards feminist ends. Control over bodies is essential to partner dance. However, these dancers revision the lead/follow dynamic. Instead of an active/passive binary, partners happily negotiate power. This negotiation is decidedly corporeal and cooperative and occurs spontaneously and constantly. My findings add empirical weight to theory regarding the role of the habitus in widespread social change, suggest that the habitus has emancipatory potential, and offer a template for how the habitus could be used by social movement actors.
The Philosophical Setting of Medieval Science

Unlike the science of the present day, which is frequently set in opposition to philosophy, the science of the Middle Ages was an integral part of a philosophical outlook. The field of vision for this outlook was that originally defined by Aristotle, but enlarged in some cases, restricted in others, by insights deriving from religious beliefs — Jewish, Islamic, and Christian. The factors that framed this outlook came to be operative at different times and places, and they influenced individual thinkers in a variety of ways. As a consequence, there was never, at any period of the Middle Ages, a uniform philosophical setting from which scientific thought, as we now know it, emerged. Rather, medieval philosophy, itself neither monolithic, authori-itarian, nor benighted — its common characterizations until several decades ago — underwent an extensive development that can be articulated into many movements and schools spanning recognizable chronological periods. Not all of this development, it turns out, is of equal interest to the historian of science. The movement that invites his special attention is a variety of Aristotelianism known as high scholasticism, which flourished in the century roughly between 1250 and 1350, and which provides the proximate philosophical setting for an understanding of high and late medieval science. Explaining such a setting will be the burden of this essay: how it came into being, why it stimulated the activity that interests historians of science, and how it ultimately dissolved, giving way in the process to the rise of the modern era.1