cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gamma irradiation of Stomoxys calcitrans.

Male and female Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) were irradiated as adults 30±6 hours after emergence and as pupae 24 to 18 hours before eclosion. When treated males were mated to untreated virgin females, egg hatch was reduced to less than 1% with a dose of 4 krad applied to pupae and 5 krad to adults. Adults treated with the sterilizing dose of 5 krad did not recover fertility when held for 15 days after treatment. A dose of 2 krad caused 100% sterility in females as measured by egg hatch, and 3 krad were required to stop egg production completely. Sterilized males, whether treated as adults or pupae, were usually fully competitive with untreated males for females. When 4 krad or 5 krad were applied to males or females, no appreciable shortening of lifespan was noticeable when 40 flies were caged together. Treated male adults inseminated females as readily as the control insects; those irradiated as pupae, however, did not perform as well. Fecundity studies revealed that egg production decreased with dose of irradiation at all age levels tested.
Automatic reintegration of previously machined materials

Abstract Processed material can become obsolete for several “business” reasons. Virtually all manufacturing operations accumulate processed materials that can not be used anymore. Current systems to integrate previously machined materials back into the manufacturing process are informal and often not economically feasible. To utilize material more effectively, the raw material selection process should include obsolete parts as well as raw stock in their scope of selection. A prototype expert system has been developed in Prolog to manage the material salvage operations. The expert system will determine whether an obsolete part can be used to make an alternative part based on a search through the part design database. The expert system is written in Prolog and uses first- order predicate logic to determine whether one part will fit inside another part. The current prototype handles rotational parts.
Instruction for Students with LD: A Whole Language Model

Describes the attributes of a whole language approach to teaching reading and writing to students with LD
The Structure of Parallel Cousin Marriage1

A GREAT deal of attention has been given within the literature of anthropology to the analysis of cross-cousin marriage and, more generally, exogamy. However, with a few notable exceptions (Cf. Ayoub 1957; Barth 1954; Chapple and Coon 1942), comparatively little interest has been devoted to the study of preferential patrilateral parallel cousin marriage and kin group endogamy. This is understandable when one considers that the contemporary occurrence of this practice is limited to the Arabs and their immediate Moslem neighbors, while the reverse phenomena of exogamy and cross-cousin marriage recur throughout the world. The latter is a regularity of such high order that it has demanded functional explanations. Such analyses have been so numerous and so persuasive that one may now wonder how preferential endogamy could possibly be a viable social form. This problem will form the substance of the present paper. Patrilateral parallel cousin marriage is evidently ancient in the Near East, from whence it spread during the Arab conquests to adjacent peoples through the vehicles of clientship, intermarriage, and religious conversion. Most commentators on the custom have repeated the Arab explanation that it keeps property within the family (Cf. Rosenfeld 1957; Granqvist 1931). But, as Barth notes (1954:170), this explanation is valid only when the Koranic law through which a daughter inherits half the amount received by a son is observed. This is very frequently not the case. In any event, the argument ignores the fact that the daughter of another family could well bring into the husband's group a most welcome inheritance, and we are thus able to use the same motivation to show that exogamy is a potential means of enhancing familial fortunes. Or phrased in another way, if we admit this to be an effective means of preserving the patrimony, why is it not common practice in a wider range of societies? In a recent article on father's brother's daughter marriage among the Kurds, Barth (1954:171) offers a variant explanation of the practice in his statement that it " . . . plays a prominent role in solidifying the minimal lineage as a corporate group in factional struggle." His argument runs that the paternal uncle is willing to forego the bride price in the case of the nephew, because he can thereby rely upon the latter's complete political support. We have here another means-end explanation, although this one has the merit of being predicated upon the particular structure of Kurdish society rather than upon a presumably general drive toward economic aggrandizement. Since Barth suggests the applicability of his argument to the Arab Bedouin, there are two points that should be here stressed. First, it is quite clear that at least
A converse to the ostrowski-taussky determinantai inequality

Abstract An equality due to Ostrowski and Taussky compares the determinant of a matrix A with that of its Hermitian part (A + A ∗ ) 2 , under certain conditions. A converse is now found for this inequality.
The Fine Anatomy of the Optic Nerve of Anurans—An Electron Microscope Study

In the optic nerve of Anurans numerous myelinated and unmyelinated axons appear under the electron microscope as compact bundles that are closely bounded by one or several glial cells. In these bundles the unmyelinated fibers (0.15 to 0.6 µ in diameter) are many times more numerous than the myelinated fibers, and are separated from each other, from the bounding glial cells, or from adjacent myelin sheaths, by an extracellular gap that is 90 to 250 A wide. This intercellular space is continuous with the extracellular space in the periphery of the nerve through the numerous mesaxons and cell boundaries which reach the surface. Numerous desmosomes reinforce the attachments of adjacent glial membranes. The myelinated axons do not follow any preferential course and, like the unmyelinated ones, have a sinuous path, continuously shifting their relative position and passing from one bundle to another. At the nodes of Ranvier they behave entirely like unmyelinated axons in their relations to the surrounding cells. At the internodes they lie between the unmyelinated axons without showing an obvious myelogenic connection with the surrounding glial cells. In the absence of connective tissue separating individual myelinated fibers and with each glial cell simultaneously related to many axons, this myelogenic connection is highly distorted by other passing fibers and is very difficult to demonstrate. However, the mode of ending of the myelin layers at the nodes of Ranvier and the spiral disposition of the myelin layers indicate that myelination of these fibers occurs by a process similar to that of peripheral nerves. There are no incisures of Schmidt-Lantermann in the optic myelinated fibers.
Protection of the ischemic dog myocardium with carnitine.

Abstract In 25 open chest anestheslzed dogs, left anterior descending coronary arterial blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter while aortic blood pressure and epicardlal electrocardiograms were recorded. Ischemia was produced in the left anterior descending arterial bed by decreasing mean flow to one third of control levels for a 5 minute period with a micrometer snare device. This produced an increase in S-T segment deviation greater than 4 mv in the ischemic bed. Control and ischemic left anterior descending arterial bed tissue samples were obtained by drill biopsy and were analyzed for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate levels and adenlne nucleotide translocase activity. The ATP levels decreased from 5.6 ± 1.2 to 3.6 ± 1.4 μmoles/g, and creatine phosphate decreased from 15.3 ± 4.6 to 5.8 ± 3.8 μmoles/liter. The adenine nucleotide translocase activity decreased from an average control value of 42,957 ± 9,480 to 29,100 ± 6,609 disintegrations per minute (dpm)/mg during the 5 minute period of ischemia. With the ischemia maintained, 100 mg/cc of L-carnitine was infused into the ischemic left anterior descending arterial bed at a rate of 1 cc/min for 5 minutes (17 dogs), and 80 mg/kg of D-L carnltine was given intravenously in 8 dogs. The epicardial S-T segment deviation decreased to approximately 2 mv after the carnltine infusion, with ischemia maintained. A third biopsy sample of the ischemic bed showed that the ATP level had increased to 5.2 ± 1.1 and the creatine phosphate to 10.8 ± 4.8 moles/g; the adenine nucleotide translocase activity had increased to 37,800 ± 7,210 dpm/mg. In 9 dogs ventricular fibrillation developed at this level of ischemia before infusion of carnitine, whereas only one dog had fibrillation at comparable levels of ischemia after infusion. These results support the hypothesis that infusion of carnitine may benefit the ischemic myocardium by maintaining tissue levels of free carnitine, reversing inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocase by long chain acyl coenzyme A esters and in this manner restoring mitochondrial function.
Magnesium chloride enhancement of cell susceptibility to poliovirus

Abstract By the addition of 25 mM MgCl2 to maintenance media, the susceptibility of monkey kidney cells to poliovirus is enhanced, apparently because of earlier release of virus from infected cells. With all strains studied the enhancement is manifested by earlier appearance of cytopathic changes in cells bathed in fluid medium and by earlier and larger plaque production. For maximum effect, cells should be conditioned by exposure to 25 mM MgCl2 for 1 day before inoculation of virus. Attenuated types 1 and 2 vaccine strains may yield up to tenfold higher titers in the presence of 25 mM Mg++. Virulent types 1, 2, and 3 strains and the attenuated type 3 vaccine strain also produce earlier cytopathic changes in the high Mg++ cultures, but the titers in the low Mg++ cultures eventually catch up to those in high Mg++. Some lots of attenuated type 1, apparently when harvested early after virus maturation, also yielded the same titers in the high and low Mg++ cultures. The use of cultures containing 25 mM Mg++ has increased the number of poliovirus isolations made from clinical specimens and has decreased the time necessary for typing new strains and for carrying out neutralization tests.
Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma in children

Until recently the prognosis of childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has been poor. A program of combination chemotherapy and involved area radiotherapy was instituted in the Department of Pediatrics at Roswell Park Memorial Institute in 1971. Thirty-one biopsy proven untreated children entered this study. There were 4 Stage I, 9 Stage II, 6 Stage III, and 12 Stage IV. Initial site of presentation was neck and mediastinum in 16, abdomen in 12, and other sites in three. Nineteen were lymphocytic, seven histiocytic, three undifferentiated, and one was mixed. None had well differentiated or nodular histology. Chemotherapy consisted of vincristine and steroid induction along with intrathecal methotrexate followed by a maintenance phase consisting of daily oral 6-mercaptopurine, weekly oral methotrexate and monthly pulses of vincristine, cyclophosphamide and steroid. Because of initially poor results in Stage IV disease, the protocol was altered midway and high dose methotrexate on three occasions following induction was added. Twelve of 13 Stage I and II patients remain disease free. Four of 6 Stage III patients and 4 of 12 Stage IV patients remain disease free. Only 1/7 of the Stage IV patients prior to high dose methotrexate is disease free, whereas, 3/5 patients with high dose methotrexate are disease free. In total, 19/30 (63%) are disease free for a period ranging from 15+ to 63+ months with 19 patients being disease free for over one year and 12 for over two years.
Short communication: Glucose infusion into early postpartum cows defines an upper physiological set point for blood glucose and causes rapid and reversible changes in blood hormones and metabolites

Low blood glucose concentrations after calving are associated with infertility in postpartum dairy cows perhaps because glucose is a master regulator of hormones and metabolites that control reproductive processes. The hypothesis was that low blood glucose postpartum is caused by inadequate glucose entry rate relative to whole-body demand as opposed to the alternative possibility that postpartum cows have a lower regulatory set point for blood glucose. Eight early postpartum (10 to 25 d) dairy cows (5 Holstein and 3 Guernsey) were jugular catheterized. During the first 24 h, cows were infused with physiological saline at 83.3 mL/h. After 24 h, the infusion solution was switched to 50% dextrose that was infused at a rate of 41.7 mL/h (total daily glucose dose=500 g). On d 3 and d 4, the rate of glucose infusion was increased to 83.3 mL/h (daily dose=1,000 g) and 125 mL/h (daily dose=1,500 g), respectively. On d 5, physiological saline was infused at 83.3 mL/h. Blood was sampled hourly through a second jugular catheter (contralateral side) and analyzed for glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, insulin-like growth factor 1, and insulin. Blood glucose concentrations on d 1 (saline infusion) averaged 53.4±1.7 mg/dL. Blood glucose concentrations increased on d 2 when cows were infused with 500 g/d and increased further on d 3 when cows were infused with 1,000g of glucose/d. Increasing the infusion rate to 1,500 g/d on d 4 did not cause a further increase in blood glucose concentrations. Based on a segmented regression analysis, the upper physiological set point for blood glucose was 72.1 mg/dL. Both insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations increased in response to glucose infusion and decreased when cows were infused with saline on d 5. Serum nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations decreased in response to glucose infusion and rebounded upward on d 5 (saline infusion). In conclusion, early postpartum cows had circulating blood glucose concentrations that were well below the upper set point defined in this study (72.1 mg/dL). Infusing approximately 1,000 g of glucose daily increased blood glucose to the physiological set point and rapidly changed the hormonal and metabolic profile that typifies postpartum cows. The inability of the early postpartum cow to achieve an adequate entry rate for glucose relative to whole-body demand is a possible mechanism that links postpartum physiology and nutrition to reproduction in dairy cows.
Evidence that membrane insertion of the cytosolic domain of Bcl-xL is governed by an electrostatic mechanism.

Signals from different cellular networks are integrated at the mitochondria in the regulation of apoptosis. This integration is controlled by the Bcl-2 proteins, many of which change localization from the cytosol to the mitochondrial outer membrane in this regulation. For Bcl-x L , this change in localization reflects the ability to undergo a conformational change from a solution to integral membrane conformation. To characterize this conformational change, structural and thermodynamic measurements were performed in the absence and presence of lipid vesicles with Bcl-x L . A pH-dependent model is proposed for the solution to membrane conformational change that consists of three stable conformations: a solution conformation, a conformation similar to the solution conformation but anchored to the membrane by its C-terminal transmembrane domain, and a membrane conformation that is fully associated with the membrane. This model predicts that the solution to membrane conformational change is independent of the C-terminal transmembrane domain, which is experimentally demonstrated. The conformational change is associated with changes in secondary and, especially, tertiary structure of the protein, as measured by far and near-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy, respectively. Membrane insertion was distinguished from peripheral association with the membrane by quenching of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence by acrylamide and brominated lipids. For the cytosolic domain, the free energy of insertion ( Δ G ° x ) into lipid vesicles was determined to be −6.5 kcal mol −1 at pH 4.9 by vesicle binding experiments. To test whether electrostatic interactions were significant to this process, the salt dependence of this conformational change was measured and analyzed in terms of Gouy–Chapman theory to estimate an electrostatic contribution of Δ G ° el ∼ − 2.5 kcal mol −1 and a non-electrostatic contribution of Δ G ° nel ∼ − 4.0 kcal mol −1 to the free energy of insertion, Δ G ° x . Calcium, which blocks ion channel activity of Bcl-x L , did not affect the solution to membrane conformational change more than predicted by these electrostatic considerations. The lipid cardiolipin, that is enriched at mitochondrial contact sites and reported to be important for the localization of Bcl-2 proteins, did not affect the solution to membrane conformational change of the cytosolic domain, suggesting that this lipid is not involved in the localization of Bcl-x L in vivo . Collectively, these data suggest the solution to membrane conformational change is controlled by an electrostatic mechanism. Given the distinct biological activities of these conformations, the possibility that this conformational change might be a regulatory checkpoint for apoptosis is discussed.
Incompressible surfaces in punctured Klein bottle bundles

Abstract 2-sided incompressible surfaces in punctured torus bundles were classified by Floyd and Hatcher, and, independently, by Culler, Jaco and Rubinstein. We classify incompressible surfaces in punctured Klein bottle bundles.
Natural Product Terpenoids in Eocene and Miocene Conifer Fossils

Numerous saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, but not polar compounds, originating from plants and microorganisms (biomarkers) have been reported in sediments, coals, and petroleum. Here we describe natural product terpenoids found in two fossil conifers, Taxodium balticum (Eocene) and Glyptostrobus oregonensis (Miocene). A similar terpenoid pattern is also observed in extant Taxodium distichum. The preservation of characteristic terpenoids (unaltered natural products) in the fossil conifers supports their systematic assignment to the Cypress family (Cupressaceae sensu lato). The results also show that fossil conifers can contain polar terpenoids, which are valuable markers for (paleo)chemosystematics and phylogeny.
Coherent States and Irreversible Processes in Anharmonic Crystals

Irreversible phenomena involving phonons in a slightly anharmonic crystal are investigated using coherent states as a basis. This basis retains the advantages of the classical theory, in which phase relations are clearly exhibited, for a quantum-mechanical system. In the coherent-state basis the equation of motion for the density matrix has an obvious correspondence with the classical Liouville equation. In particular, the connection with the action-angle variables of Brout and Prigogine is elucidated. A new, rapid proof of the Brout-Prigogine equation is given using the method of semi-invariants. This technique exhibits higher-order corrections in a usable form. The quantum corrections to the classical equation of motion for the density function are shown to be due to extra terms involving second derivatives in the action-angle variables. The Peierls master equation is then derived from the Brout-Prigogine equation. The important problem of elastic scattering of phonons is treated by our method in an appendix.
Use of and to trace groundwater discharge into the Chesapeake Bay

Abstract Activities of 222 Rn and 226 Ra were measured in water samples from the Chesapeake Bay during two summers and one winter in 1995 and 1997 in order to develop a potential groundwater tracer. A major estuary to the Bay, the Potomac, was also sampled for these nuclides during 1997 in order to assess their inputs to the Bay. The 222 Rn activities ranged between about 20 and 140 dpm/100 l within the Chesapeake Bay. Higher activities were encountered at the northern end of the Bay. In the upper Potomac, activities as high as 200–300 dpm/100 l were observed. These activities are twice to as much as two orders of magnitude higher than coastal ocean 222 Rn . The activities generally decrease with salinity and depth to the south and show little change between summer and winter. The 222 Rn activities are much in excess of its parent 226 Ra which suggests an active disequilibrated source of 222 Rn to these waters. Considering the short half-life of 222 Rn (3.8 days) and its limited exchange with the atmosphere, another important source is suggested to be the exchange of groundwater in lower salinity regions of the Bay or its tributaries. The inverse trend of 222 Rn against salinity is consistent with a fresh groundwater end member from the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The 222 Rn concentrations of the Potomac tributary are even greater than in the Bay, increasing from 47 dpm/100 l at the Bay entrance to about 280 dpm/100 l upstream and suggest an even more significant groundwater discharge. Calculations suggest as much as 10% of freshwater inputs to the Chesapeake Bay could be from groundwater.
Lower Confidence Limits on the Generalized Exponential Distribution Percentiles Under Progressive Type-I Interval Censoring

In industrial life test and survival analysis, the percentile estimation is always a practical issue with lower confidence bound required for maintenance purpose. Sampling distributions for the maximum likelihood estimators of percentiles are usually unknown. Bootstrap procedures are common ways to estimate the unknown sampling distributions. Five parametric bootstrap procedures are proposed to estimate the confidence lower bounds on maximum likelihood estimators for the generalized exponential (GE) distribution percentiles under progressive type-I interval censoring. An intensive simulation is conducted to evaluate the performances of proposed procedures. Finally, an example of 112 patients with plasma cell myeloma is given for illustration.
Contact geometry symmetry dependence of field effect gating in single-molecule transistors.

The geometric aspects for the functionality of a molecule-based field effect transistor (FET) are analyzed. A computational study is performed on molecular models involving a well-defined conjugation plane coupled to gold-based electrodes through thiol bonding. Transport gating of the FET is shown to depend on a symmetry-breaking effect induced by the gating field. This effect is also related to the orientation of the field relative to the gold−thiol bonds, the molecular conjugation plane, and the overall symmetry of the device. First, it is found that the presence of a center of inversion in the bulk-coupled molecular system results in the cancellation of the transisting response. Second, a mirror plane of the molecule−bulk system, which includes the transport vector, will cancel the gating response to fields oriented perpendicular to that mirror plane. The symmetry properties are determined for the bulk contacted molecular junction.
Electrical Modeling of Ferroelectric Tunable Microwave Components and Circuits

Ba(1−x)Sr x TiO 3 (BST) is currently being investigated for applications in tunable microwave devices and circuits. Our group has demonstrated several working ferroelectric tunable microwave circuits in collaboration with NASA Glenn Research center in the past several years. Current work is underway in optimizing the ferroelectric thin-films properties at microwave frequencies, in collaboration with Air Force Research Laboratories. Ferroelectric tunable filters, couplers, and phase shifters have been demonstrated in the past using two-layered microstrip or coplanar waveguide configuration. Accurate electrical modeling of ferroelectric tunable components and circuits will be presented in detail in this work. With known material properties such as dielectric tunability, capacitance vs voltage, and Q values over a wide frequency range, one could model any circuit and estimate the circuit's performance over a wide frequency range. Electrical models can be developed that predict the frequency tunability, and t...
A Process for Developing Functional Generic Models for Determining Personnel Requirements

A process for developing a practical, yet valid and easy to use model for determining personnel requirements is described. A step by step process, developed and validated by the authors is explained. Critical macroergonomic variables that must be made explicit and considered in the process are noted. Practical “lessons learned” by the authors in applying the model are given. The use of the model as a management tool in considering operational alternatives is illustrated.
Internal energy transfer theory for thermodynamic non-equilibrium, quasi-equilibrium, and equilibrium

Abstract Internal energy transfer is one of the most principal processes in the dynamic universe, but its exact thermodynamic processes have not been completely unveiled. We here propose an internal energy transfer theory for thermodynamic non-equilibrium, quasi-equilibrium, and equilibrium as a new paradigm for internal energy transfer, based on the first and the second laws of thermodynamics. The internal generation mechanisms of heat, work, and chemical energy transfer are considered. The internal energy fluxes are obtained as functions of temperature, pressure, chemical potential, time, and displacement under a postulate that the intensive variables are independent and orthogonal in extended phase spaces. The internal energy transfer theory is applicable to exploring the internal equilibrium, internal convection, external convection, and diffusion (or conduction) transfer mechanisms of heat, work, and chemical energy. The theory is a statistical thermodynamic generalization of thermal, mechanical, and chemical energy transfer as well as the conventional convection energy transfer. Six phase spaces consist of three intensive property dimensions of temperature, pressure, and chemical potential and three extensive property dimensions of entropy, volume, and particle number. The theory is a non-equilibrium generalization beyond the quasi-equilibrium theories of isothermal, isentropic, isobaric, isochoric, migration, and diffusion processes.
The Assessment of the Measurement of the Poynting Vector for Power System Instrumentation

The concept of using the Poynting vector to measure power system quantities is examined critically. The properties of this vector are described and a potential value in the area of instrumentation of losses is discussed. The main difficulties are highlighted. Potential application areas lie in the instrumentation of high voltage insulator losses and transmission class reactor losses.
The role of induction in learning to teach toward equity: A study of beginning science and mathematics teachers

We investigated how an induction program supported and constrained beginning teachers' efforts to teach science or mathematics in equitable and effective ways. We focused our investigation on the teaching and learning of equitable instructional practices; we conceived of such practices as attention to students' experiences, instruction for English learners, differentiation, and reform-minded science or mathematics strategies. During the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 academic years, we examined the experiences of two beginning secondary teachers (one in science and one in mathematics) enrolled in a state-mandated, K-12 induction program. We conducted multiple interviews with our beginning teachers, their experienced mentors, and induction professionals; videotaped all 21 induction seminars and 4 series of lessons for each beginning teacher; and examined each teacher's 12 teaching performance assessment products. Qualitative analysis of data made visible the successes and struggles in using a K-12 induction program to promote equitable science and mathematics instruction. Beginning teachers saw their induction program as contributing little to their learning to teach toward equity; they pointed to their previous teacher education experiences and current school communities as more powerful forces in shaping the ways they taught science or mathematics to all students. We close with recommendations for other teacher educators and induction professionals. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed94:164–195, 2010
Computational procedure for maximum penalized likelihood estimate

Let be iid random variables with common density f. In this paper two algorithms for computing the maximum penalized likelihood estimate of f using the Good Gaskins first penalty function are presented. Some results of Monte Carlo Studies are also given.
Anti-plane shear fields with discontinuous deformation gradients near the tip of a crack in finite elastostatics

This paper reconsiders the problem of determining the elastostatic field near the tip of a crack in an all-round infinite body deformed by a “Mode III” loading at infinity to a state of anti-plane shear. The problem is treated for a class of incompressible, homogeneous, isotropic elastic materials whose constitutive laws permit a loss of ellipticity in the governing displacement equation of equilibrium at sufficiently severe shearing strains. The analysis represents a generalization of that reported in an earlier study and, as before, is carried out for the “small-scale nonlinear crack problem”, in which a crack of finite length is replaced by a semi-infinite one, and the nonlinear field far from the crack-tip is matched to the near field predicted by the linearized theory. The methods employed in the present paper are necessarily largely qualitative, since they apply to all materials in the class considered. The principal feature of the resulting elastic field is the presence of two symmetrically located curves issuing from the crack-tip and bearing discontinuities in displacement gradient and stress.
Compact modeling and optimization of fine-pitch interconnects for silicon interposers

This paper presents the first optimization methodology for silicon interposer interconnect technology. The dimensions of these fine-pitch interconnects are roughly a few microns, because of which they can neither be treated as on-chip RC interconnects, nor as conventional off-chip interconnects. 3D extraction tools can provide an accurate estimate of the circuit parameters, but they prove to be very slow and tedious for design space exploration and optimization. Thus, the novel analytical models developed here for the frequency dependent resistance of fine-pitch interconnects are essential to efficiently optimize these interconnects. The error in the model is shown to be less than 15% for interconnect dimensions and frequency range of interest. The analytical models developed are then used to optimize the data-rate and cross-sectional dimensions to maximize the bandwidth-density and minimize the energy-per-bit, simultaneously.
A context-free language and enumeration problems on infinite trees and digraphs

Abstract There are given: an infinite tree T r , an infinite digraph D r , and a context-free grammar G r . Then the relations between four problems are investigated: in T r , counting subtrees containing k edges (one of them fixed); in D r , counting paths of length 2 rk + 1; in the language generated by G r , counting the words of length 2 rk + 1; and in T 2 , counting the subtrees satisfying a certain condition.
Focal Adhesion Kinase as a Cancer Therapy Target

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that resides at the sites of focal adhesions. The 125 kDa FAK protein is encoded by the FAK gene located on human chromosome 8q24. Structurally, FAK consists of an amino-terminal regulatory FERM domain, a central catalytic kinase domain, and a carboxy-terminal focal adhesion targeting domain. FAK has been shown to be an important mediator of cell adhesion, growth, proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and migration, all of which are often disrupted in cancer cells. Normal tissues have low expression of FAK, while primary and metastatic tumors significantly overexpress this protein. This review summarizes expression of FAK by immunohistochemical staining in different tumor types and presents several FAK inhibition therapy approaches.
Delta opioid receptors colocalize with corticotropin releasing factor in hippocampal interneurons.

Abstract The hippocampal formation (HF) is an important site at which stress circuits and endogenous opioid systems intersect, likely playing a critical role in the interaction between stress and drug addiction. Prior study findings suggest that the stress-related neuropeptide corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and the delta opioid receptor (DOR) may localize to similar neuronal populations within HF lamina. Here, hippocampal sections of male and cycling female adult Sprague–Dawley rats were processed for immunolabeling using antisera directed against the DOR and CRF peptide, as well as interneuron subtype markers somatostatin or parvalbumin, and analyzed by fluorescence and electron microscopy. Both DOR- and CRF-labeling was observed in interneurons in the CA1, CA3, and dentate hilus. Males and normal cycling females displayed a similar number of CRF immunoreactive neurons co-labeled with DOR and a similar average number of CRF-labeled neurons in the dentate hilus and stratum oriens of CA1 and CA3. In addition, 70% of DOR/CRF dual-labeled neurons in the hilar region co-labeled with somatostatin, suggesting a role for these interneurons in regulating perforant path input to dentate granule cells. Ultrastructural analysis of CRF-labeled axon terminals within the hilar region revealed that proestrus females have a similar number of CRF-labeled axon terminals that contain DORs compared to males but an increased number of CRF-labeled axon terminals without DORs. Taken together, these findings suggest that while DORs are anatomically positioned to modulate CRF immunoreactive interneuron activity and CRF peptide release, their ability to exert such regulatory activity may be compromised in females when estrogen levels are high.
Evidence of Vascular Growth Associated With Laser Treatment of Normal Canine Myocardium

Background. Transmyocardial laser revascularization is a new therapy for patients with refractory angina. Although clinical studies suggest that transmyocardial laser revascularization decreases angina and may improve regional blood flow, the underlying mechanisms are not elucidated. We hypothesized that one mechanism may relate to stimulation of vascular growth in laser-treated regions. Methods. Transmyocardial laser revascularization channels were made with holmium:yttrium-aluminum garnet or carbon dioxide lasers in eight normal canine hearts; animals were sacrificed 2 to 3 weeks later and examined for vascular density and for evidence of smooth muscle proliferation. Results. The original channels were infiltrated by granulation tissue with associated vascularity. Vascular growth was stimulated immediately surrounding the channel remnant as evidenced by an increase in the number of vessels (approximately twice that of the control region) and an increase in the number of vascular cells staining positive for markers of cellular proliferation. Conclusions. Transmyocardial laser revascularization leads to local vascular growth as early as 2 weeks after treatment. It remains to be determined whether this mechanism contributes to increased regional blood flow or to clinical benefits associated with this novel form of therapy.
Interdisciplinary approaches to Alzheimer's disease management

This review provides the clinician with the necessary information to effectively use an interdisciplinary approach to care for the patient with dementia. Strategies to identify problems amenable to interdisciplinary intervention are discussed, and team member responsibilities are described. Referral suggestions are made for common problems associated with dementing illness.
Fabrication of three-dimensional electrospun microstructures using phase modulated femtosecond laser pulses

Abstract Electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibers were selectively ablated to form microstructures via the phase modulation of femtosecond laser beams. Ablation width (1–15 μm) and depth (15–110 μm) resolution were dependent upon the selection of pulse energy and microscope objective. Because phase modulation shapes light in a maskless fashion, desired templates were digitally created and physically transferred to electrospun mats within a matter of minutes. Several microarchitectures were formed in parallel by dividing pulse energy between multiple foci, substantially increasing throughput. The data presented herein demonstrates that phase-based laser ablation can be used to rapidly shape and tailor electrospun mats in three dimensions.
De)Facing the Animals Zooësis and Performance

The face-to-face encounter between human and animal, a key trope in the discourse of contemporary Animal Studies as well as of zooesis—the broad field of cultural animal representations—offers a way to chart the effect of the animal presence on traditional performance genres, including tragedy.
Abomasal glucose, maize starch and maize dextrin infusions in cattle: Small-intestinal disappearance, net portal glucose flux and ileal oligosaccharide flow

Three castrated male Holstein cattle (423 (SD 19) kg live weight) fitted with elevated carotid artery, portal, and mesenteric venous catheters, and abomasal and ileal cannulas were used to study smallintestinal starch digestion. The cattle were infused abomasally with water (275 ml/h), glucose (66 g/h), maize dextrin (66 g/h) or maize starch (66 g/h) in an incomplete Latin square design, with eight infusion periods. Infusion with carbohydrate resulted in higher arterial glucose concentrations and greater net portal glucose flux than when cattle were infused with water. Arterial glucose concentration and net portal glucose flux were highest when glucose was infused. In the small intestine, 85 YO of abomasallyinfused glucose, 78 YO of infused dextin, and 66 % of infused starch disappeared. Of the carbohydrate that disappeared in the small intestine, that which could be accounted for as net portal glucose flux was 73 YO for glucose, 60 YO for dextrin, and 57 YO for starch. Ileal digesta contained unpolymerized glucose, and sbort-chain soluble a-glucoside. Of the infused dextrin flowing past the ileum (14 g/h), 03 g/h was glucose, 6.2 g/h was soluble a-glucoside, and 75 g/h was insoluble a-glucoside. Of the infused starch flowing at the ileum (22.2 g/h), 0.9 g/h was glucose, 53 g/h was soluble a-glumside, and 159 g/h was insoluble a-glucoside. The average chain lengths of the soluble a-glucosides in ileal digesta were 2.07 and 236 for dextrin and starch infusions respectively, indicating mostly di- and to a lesser extent trisaccharides. We conclude that (1) when 66 g raw starch is presented to the small intestine per h, about half of the intestinal disappearance appears as glucose in the portal vasculature, and (2) a-1,4 glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) activity at the brush border is the rate-limiting step to small-intestinal starch digestion in cattle. Cattle: Starch digestion: Small intestine
A globally stable adaptive congestion control scheme for internet-style networks with delay

In this paper, we develop, analyze and implement a congestion control scheme in a noncooperative game framework, where each user's cost function is composed of a pricing function proportional to the queueing delay experienced by the user, and a fairly general utility function which captures the user demand for bandwidth. Using a network model based on fluid approximations and through a realistic modeling of queues, we establish the existence of a unique equilibrium as well as its global asymptotic stability for a general network topology, where boundary effects are also taken into account. We also provide sufficient conditions for system stability when there is a bottleneck link shared by multiple users experiencing nonnegligible communication delays. In addition, we study an adaptive pricing scheme using hybrid systems concepts. Based on these theoretical foundations, we implement a window-based, end-to-end congestion control scheme, and simulate it in ns-2 network simulator on various network topologies with sizable propagation delays.
A vehicle color classification method for video surveillance system concerning model-based background subtraction

The vehicle color classification (VCC) becomes a challenge problem in the video surveillance system since the foreground mask derived by the model-based background subtraction algorithm will mislead the VCC by the impure background and the improper foreground regions. In this paper, a novel VCC algorithm based on refining the foreground mask with following two steps is presented to ensure classification result. First, by combining the results of model-based foreground mask and image segmentation, we translate an image into several regions based on the newly developed mask-based connected component labeling algorithm. Secondly, the refined foreground mask is derived by analyzing the region property to remove the undesired regions. The support vector machine (SVM) based classifier with two-layer structure is adopted in this paper. The first layer classifies the image into color and grayscale classes, and the second layer contains two SVM classifiers for the two classes, respectively, which further determines the probability of 7 colors (black, gray, white, red, yellow, green and blue) of the object. It found the average correct rates are respectively 30.2% and 72.3% for the original and refined foreground masks that shows the proposed approach is promising to automatic determination of vehicle colors in a video surveillance system.
Thermodynamics of hindered adsorption and its implications for hardened cement paste and concrete

Abstract The dominant mechanism of shrinkage and creep of concrete at working stress levels is presently believed to consist in a coupling between change of thickness and diffusion in some sort of mono- or multi-molecular layers of water confined by an adsorbent solid. The classical solution thermodynamics and the usual formulation of surface thermodynamics are both inadequate for a rigorous treatment of this phenomenon. In the latter case this is due to the fact that a surface phase of limiting zero thickness is implied at the outset. In the present paper, thermodynamics of hindered adsorption which is consistent with the basic concepts of surface thermodynamics but free from the above shortcoming is developed.
A FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING COMPUTERIZED FARM MANAGEMENT INFORMATION

Despite the current interest of agricultural economists in the use of computers to provide information to farm managers, much remains to be done before the potential of the computer will be fully realized in the area of applied farm management for a large number of farms. From the standpoint of computer capability, the information possibilities are endless. Thus, the primary object for study is not the computer, but rather the manager and the information he needs in performing his functions. Major functions performed by managers are reviewed and related to types of information required to perform these functions. The conclusion is that the crucial element is providing decision-making information, and that computerized systems will have limited application unless they are able to indicate problem areas, suggest the dimensions of the problems, and point to prescriptive action. CADRE ĎANALYSE CONCERNANT LE DEVELOPPEMENT DE LA GEST10N AGR1COLE SUR ORDINATEUR – En depit, de ľinterit croissant des economistes ruraux dans ľutilisation ďordinateurs afin de fournir des informations aux fermiers, beaucoup reste a faire avant que les possibilites de ľordinateur aient eteepuisees dans le domaine de la geslion pour un grand nombre ďexploitations. Au niveau des performances de ľordinateur, les possibilites sont inepuisables. Ainsi, le premier objectif n'est pas ďetudier ľordinateur, mais plutot le directeur et les informations dont il a besoin pour accomplir son travail. Les plus importantes fonctions accomplies par les directeurs sont passees en revue et reliees aux types ďinformations requises pour accomplir ces fonctions. La conclusion est que ľaccent doit etre mis sur la fourniture ďinformations permettant de prendre des decisions et que les systemes de traitement de ľinformation devront avoir des applications limitees a moins qu'ils soient capables sindiquer les zones de problemes, ďen montrer les dimensions et de suggerer quelques actions prescriptives.
Hadron and linear collider probes of hidden-sector gauge bosons

Intersecting $D$-brane theories motivate the existence of exotic $U(1)$ gauge bosons that only interact with the standard model through kinetic mixing with hypercharge. We analyze an effective field theory description of this effect and describe the implications of these exotic gauge bosons on precision electroweak, LHC, and ILC observables.
Ferromagnetic Fe/Ag-GaAs waveguide structures for wideband microwave integrated notch filter devices

Summary form only given. Wideband electronically tunable microwave notch filters were fabricated in both flip-chip and integrated forms using Fe/Ag-GaAs waveguide layer structures. We study the coupling between the microwave electromagnetic field and the spin excitations in the ultrathin ferromagnetic Fe film. Maximum coupling and thus strong attenuation of the microwave power occur at the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) frequency f/sub res/ of Fe, as determined by the applied magnetic fields. The peak absorption carrier frequency of a propagating microwave has been tuned in a range from 10.6 to 36 GHz in a modest magnetic field from O to 4700 Oe for the easy axis case of the Fe film. For the case of the hard axis, peak absorption tuned range is from 6 to 22 GHz. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical prediction for the cases in which the magnetic fields are applied along both the easy and hard axes of the Fe film. As this type of magnetostatic wave (MSW)-based device has well-defined magnetic properties, as well as favorable electrical properties, it is desirable to incorporate them in a compound semiconductor system, in order to achieve integration into microwave integrated circuits. Also, due to the high saturation magnetization of Fe films, it is much easier to achieve higher device operating frequencies under much lower applied magnetic fields compared to previous reports on ferromagnetic yttrium iron garnet (YIG)-based devices.
Improved Tensile Specimen for Dental Casting Gold Alloys

An improved tensile specimen has been developed for dental casting gold alloys. This design approximates the size of most dental castings, is easily produced, conforms with current engineering specifications, and can be used in the as-cast condition. Conducted tests showed that the specimens yield reliable mechanical values which should permit better correlation between materials-testing procedures and applied research efforts.
Semantic Impact and Faults in Source Code Changes: An Empirical Study

Changes to source code have become a critical factor in fault predictions. Text or syntactic approaches have been widely used. Textual analysis focuses on changed text fragments while syntactic analysis focuses on changed syntactic entities. Although both of them have demonstrated their advantages in experimental results, they only study code fragments modified during changes. Because of semantic dependencies within programs, we believe that code fragments impacted by changes are also helpful. Given a source code change, we identify its impact by program slicing along the variable def-use chains. To evaluate the effectiveness of change impacts in fault detection and prediction, we compare impacted code with changed code according to size and fault density. Our experiment on the change history of a successful industrial project shows that: fault density in changed and impacted fragments are higher than other areas; for large changes, their impacts have higher fault density than changes themselves; interferences within change impact contribute to the high fault density in large changes. Our study suggests that, like change itself, change impact is also a high priority indicator in fault prediction, especially for changes of large scales.