cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Haploidentical Transplants: Immune Reconstitution With and Without Augmentation Strategies

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a lifesaving procedure for many neoplastic and nonmalignant hematologic disorders. As in HLA-matched transplantation, T-cell recovery after haplo-HCT relies on peripheral expansion of T-cells infused with the graft and the thymic reconstitution mediated by the precursors emerging from the donor progenitor cells. The reconstitution of T-cells in thymus is a slower process in adults, which usually explains a slower reconstitution in adults compared with children. CD4+ T-cells reconstitute later than CD8+ T-cells and depend more on thymic generation of naive T-cells with resulting inverted CD4+/CD8+ ratio earlier after allo-HCT. The B-cell compartment represents humoral immunity and in general has a slower recovery rate, as compared with T-cell compartment after allo-HCTs. The use of HLA-haploidentical donors has extended the applicability of allo-HCT for patients without HLA-matched donors. In this chapter we attempt to discuss current understanding of immune recovery and strategies to augment immune reconstitution after haploidentical transplantation.
Class Attitudes in America: Sympathy for the Poor, Resentment of the Rich, and Political Implications

This book explains a long-standing puzzle in American politics: why so many Americans support downwardly redistributive social welfare programs, when such support seems to fly in the face of standard conceptions of the American public as anti-government, individualistic, and racially prejudiced. Bringing class attitudes into the analysis, Spencer Piston demonstrates through rigorous empirical analysis that sympathy for the poor and resentment of the rich explain American support for downwardly redistributive programs - not only those that benefit the middle class, but also those that explicitly target the poor. The book captures an important and neglected component of citizen attitudes toward a host of major public policies and candidate evaluations. It also explains why government does so little to combat economic inequality; in key instances, political elites downplay class considerations, deactivating sympathy for the poor and resentment of the rich.
Role of PGC-1α in muscle function and aging

Abstract This article focuses on the current underlying of molecular mechanisms of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) mediated pathway and discuss possible therapeutic benefits of increased mitochondrial biogenesis in compensating for mitochondrial dysfunction and ameliorating aging and aging-related diseases. PGC-1α is the master transcription regulator that stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis, by upregulating nuclear respiratory factors and mitochondrial transcription factor A, leading to increased mitochondrial DNA replication and gene transcription. PGC-1α also regulates cellular oxidant-antioxidant homeostasis by stimulating the gene expression of superoxide dismutase-2, catalase, glutathione peroxidase 1, and uncoupling protein. Recent reports from muscle-specific PGC-1α overexpression underline the benefit of PGC-1α in muscle atrophy and sarcopenia, during which PGC-1α enhanced mitochondrial biogenic pathway and reduced oxidative damage. Thus, PGC-1α seems to have a protective role against aging associated skeletal muscle deterioration.
Modulation of Hepcidin as Therapy for Primary and Secondary Iron Overload Disorders: Preclinical Models and Approaches

In this article, the authors discuss new approaches to treating iron overload diseases using hepcidin mimetics or by modulating endogenous hepcidin expression. In particular, the authors discuss lipid nanoparticle encapsulated siRNA and antisense oligonucleotide-mediated inhibition of TMPRSS6, an upstream regulator of hepcidin, and treatment with transferrin or hepcidin mimetics, including the recently described minihepcidins. In each case, in animal models of β-thalassemia, not only do the interventions affect iron absorption but they also act as disease-modifying agents that ameliorate the ineffective erythropoiesis.
Corruption and Governance

Corruption is defined by reference to a conception of what “just governance” is. Hence, corruption is (morally) wrong insofar as it is a form of “unjust governance”. The notion of corruption implies that there is a proper form of governance and so corruption is a deviation from that form. Different conceptions of just governance will yield different conceptualizations and evaluations of corruption. In other words, the notion of “corruption” is not universal but rather culturally determined. If so, it follows that it is incorrect to say that it is always wrong for business to engage in what is defined as corruption by some cultural norms. The purpose of this paper is to consider the normative foundations that underlie our understanding of corruption, which constitute the basis of the international crusade against transnational bribery. This paper contributes to the social sciences literature on the conceptualization of corruption and to the public policy literature on the foundations of the anticorruption ...
Physician Assurance Reduces Patient Symptoms in US Adults: an Experimental Study

Research on placebo effects demonstrates that physicians’ words powerfully influence patient health outcomes, catalyzing healing responses in conjunction with inactive treatments.1 But what are the effects of physicians’ words alone? In the quarter of doctor’s office visits in the USA in which medication goes unmentioned,2 what physicians say to patients may be especially impactful. However, research on the power of positive words from the provider is mixed. Some studies indicate that consultations including positive assurance lead to improved patient health,3 while others find no effect of physician assurance on patient outcomes.4 As physicians face increasing time demands, including higher patient volume and more electronic medical record documentation,5 the need to quantify the benefit of the many primary care visits in which medication is not discussed is paramount.2 The present study examined the effect of physician assurance absent pharmacological treatment—in this case, a simple sentence in which physicians told patients their symptoms would diminish—on patient allergic reactions.
Role of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Otolaryngologic Perioperative Care

Background: During the perioperative period for otolaryngologic surgical cases, complications and delays can occur as the result of anxiety, pain, nausea, and vomiting. Conventional methods used to treat these symptoms include medications that can be expensive and invasive or that can cause adverse effects. Because of the concerns about opioid use in the United States, providers might want to consider using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as adjunctive or primary treatment plans. Methods: To assess the current knowledge about the clinical effectiveness of CAM for patients undergoing otolaryngologic procedures, we searched the literature using MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar. We excluded studies published prior to 1990 and articles about surgeries that were unrelated to otolaryngology. Results: An analysis of the selected studies revealed that CAM therapies—acupuncture, aromatherapy, hypnosis, and music therapy—have been shown to be effective at reducing preoperative anxiety, postoperative pain, and postoperative nausea and vomiting. No adverse side effects were associated with CAM use in these studies. Conclusion: The use of CAM in patients undergoing otolaryngologic surgeries may relieve common perioperative symptoms. While further study is warranted, otolaryngology providers might consider implementing CAM with patients electing surgery.
Connecting Theory and Design Through Research: Cognitive Skills Training Games

How can the effectiveness of games for learning be enhanced? In this paper, we present an approach that connects theory and research to enhance the design of games that train cognitive skills. Specifically, we combine our model for designing games for learning with Value-Added Design Research, which can provide design guidance for decisions that the model alone cannot provide. We applied this method in the context of designing games to train executive functions, an application area that is highly promising but nevertheless has produced many games that are not effective. We discuss three examples of design research studies we conducted, including the emotional design of the game, the use of an adaptive algorithm, and the design of level progressions privileging either speed or accuracy in learners’ responses. We conclude that this approach is able to contribute to both the enhancement of CHI related design challenges and to theory.
Police-Related Correlates of Client-Perpetrated Violence Among Female Sex Workers in Baltimore City, Maryland

Objectives. To characterize interactions that female sex workers (FSWs) have with the police and explore associations with client-perpetrated violence.Methods. Baseline data were collected April 2016 to January 2017 from 250 FSWs from the Sex Workers and Police Promoting Health in Risky Environments (SAPPHIRE) study based in Baltimore, Maryland. Interviewer-administered questionnaires captured different patrol or enforcement and abusive police encounters, experiences of client-perpetrated violence, and other risk factors, including drug use. We conducted bivariate and multivariable analysis in Stata/SE version 14.2 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX).Results. Of participants, 78% reported lifetime abusive police encounters, 41% reported daily or weekly encounters of any type. In the previous 3 months, 22% experienced client-perpetrated violence. Heroin users (70% of participants) reported more abusive encounters (2.5 vs 1.6; P < .001) and more client-perpetrated violence (26% vs 12%; P = .02) than others....
Activation of upper respiratory tract mucosal innate immune responses in cats by liposomal toll-like receptor ligand complexes delivered topically.

Background Nonspecific induction of local innate immune responses by mucosally administered immunotherapy is a new approach to protection from upper respiratory tract infections. Therefore, a new liposome-toll-like receptor complex (LTC) immune stimulant was developed and investigated for its ability to activate innate immune responses in cats, both in vitro and in vivo, as part of an initial evaluation of LTC for use as an immunotherapeutic agent in cats. Objectives We hypothesized that LTC could activate innate immune responses in cats after topical application to nasal and oropharyngeal mucosal surfaces. Animals Mucosal immune responses to topical administration of LTC were assessed in 7 healthy, purpose-bred cats, and in vitro responses were assessed using blood samples from healthy cats. Methods Cytokine and cellular immune responses to LTC were evaluated in blood samples, nasal lavage specimens, and pharyngeal swabs from cats, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays, ELISA assays, and flow cytometry. Results Liposome-TLR complexes rapidly activated leukocytes in vitro, including upregulation of costimulatory molecule expression and cytokine production. Topical administration of LTC in healthy cats triggered rapid recruitment of monocytes to the nasal and oropharyngeal mucosa. Conclusions and clinical importance Liposome-TLR complexes were found to effectively activate innate immune responses in cats after mucosal administration. These findings suggest that LTC have potential for use as a new mucosally administered immunotherapy for nonspecific protection from viral and bacterial respiratory tract infections.
The Anthropology of Death Revisited

This article brings together classic work in the anthropology of death, much of which focused on funerary rites, with more recent studies, some of which continue with the classic focus and some of ...
Neural and Attentional Correlates of Intrinsic Motivation Resulting from Social Performance Expectancy.

Abstract Some models of motivation distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. While past work has examined the neural and cognitive correlates of extrinsic motivation, research on intrinsic motivation has relied primarily on behavioral measures of performance and learning. In particular, no past work has examined the neural and cognitive correlates of social performance expectancy, which is linked to intrinsic motivation. The current study manipulated expectancy of difficult (vs. easy) trials on a cued flanker task and assessed attentional scope and performance. EEG was used to examine motor-action preparation as measured by suppression of beta band activity over the motor cortex and feedback processing as measured by the Reward Positivity (RewP). Results revealed expectancy of difficult (vs. easy) trials narrowed attentional scope, reduced beta activity over the motor cortex, and enhanced RewP amplitudes to win feedback. These findings suggest that enhancing intrinsic motivation through expectancies of positive social comparison engages similar neural and cognitive correlates as extrinsic motivators high in motivational intensity.
Be Authentic: Keys to Leadership From Learning Design to Dean

Authenticity is a critical component to moving from faculty to leadership. Being authentically you, despite feedback that others may give you at times is essential to long-term success. This chapter gives a brief history of my journey to a deanship with a focus on authenticity. Included are several lessons learned: how to manage time, the necessity of trust, letting go, how to recharge, and the importance of facilitating others’ accomplishments. The chapter also lays out two great university management principles, centralization and decentralization. The chapter ends with advice for those embarking on the leadership journey: lead by example, learn to communicate, accept leadership when it is offered, and champion the things that you really care about.
COVID and the impact on higher education: The essential role of integrity and accountability

In this article, we discuss the impact of COVID-19 on higher education using Gaus’s ecological approach. We open by exploring the higher education market and accountability environment into which t...
Open Captioning as a Means of Communicating Health Information: The Role of Cognitive Load in Processing Entertainment-Education Content

Despite considerable research on entertainment-education, the influence of cognition on viewer appreciation and learning remains unclear. A pretest-posttest laboratory experiment was conducted to e...
Ectopic Pregnancy after Hysterectomy: A Case Report of Ectopic Pregnancy 7 Years after Postpartum Hysterectomy.

Background Ectopic pregnancy after hysterectomy is a rare event. There are 81 cases documented in the English medical literature since 1895. Case report 32y/o G2P1011, with baseline history of chronic pelvic pain after abdominal hysterectomy and unilateral salpingectomy, presented with acute pain. Patient was diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy and underwent an urgent laparoscopy. Conclusion: Ectopic pregnancy should be part of the differential diagnosis for women of reproductive age, including woman post hysterectomy, who present with abdominal or pelvic pain or vaginal bleeding. Untimely diagnosis increases the risk for morbidity and mortality.
From essay to novel: echoes of Hospitalité française in Le mariage de plaisir

In a 1983 essay entitled Hospitalite francaise, Tahar Ben Jelloun reflects upon the notion of hospitality in the context of French immigration policy and attitudes of the French towards immigrants ...
Judging 'Indian Character'? The Supreme Court's Opportunity in Nebraska v. Parker

Judging diminishment according to “Indian character” risks freezing Native Americans and indigenous culture in time, forcing Indians to correspond to the nineteenth-century imagination. In this regard, there is some virtue in the argument put forward by the retailers in Pender: they characterize the land as lacking an “Indian character” because there is no Native-run industry in the area. Nevertheless, their argument overlooks Indian uses beyond their narrow perspective. These cases highlight the unsettling indeterminacy of the concept of “Indian character.” And they challenge who should determine “Indian character” and how.
Welcome and Introduction to SPIE Conference 11600

Welcome and Introduction to SPIE Medical Imaging conference 11600: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging
Induction of labor or expectant management? Birth outcomes for nulliparous individuals choosing midwifery care

Background Induction of labor (IOL) has been studied as a strategy to reduce rates of cesarean birth (CB). Midwifery care models are also associated with lower CB rates, even considering that midwives perform fewer IOLs. In this study, we examined childbirth outcomes among individuals undergoing IOL in certified nurse-midwifery (CNM) care as compared to two categories of expectant management (EM). Methods Data were from two CNM practices in the United States (2007-2018). The sample was limited to term nulliparous, nondiabetic, singleton, vertex pregnancies. Individuals having an IOL in each week of gestation (37th, 38th, etc) were compared with those having EM. Two methods for defining EM were considered as each method when used alone limits interpretation. Inclusive EM included all births starting in the same week as IOL. The exclusive EM group was comprised of all births occurring in the next gestational age week relative to the IOL cases (ie, 39th week IOL versus all births occurring at 40 weeks or later). Adjusted regression models were used to examine differences in CB by IOL versus EM (inclusive or exclusive) at each week of gestation. Results Among 4057 CNM-attended pregnancies, the overall rate of IOL was 28.9% (95% CI 27.5%-30.3%) and CB was 19.4% (95% CI 18.1%-20.6%). Most IOLs involved obstetric indications. CB rates did not differ by IOL versus inclusive EM when performed between 37 and 40 weeks, though post hoc power calculations indicate these comparisons were low-powered. In multivarable models, IOL in the 40th week was associated with lower odds for CB versus exclusive EM definition (ie, births occurring at 41 0/7 weeks or later, OR (95% CI) = 0.57 (0.36-0.90)). This finding is explained by the large increase in CB rates after IOL during the 41st week (34.3%, up from 21.9% in the 40th week). Furthermore, the adjusted odds for CB in the 41st week were 55% higher relative to inclusive EM (all labors 41st week and later), OR (95% CI) = 1.55(1.11-2.15). Neonatal outcomes (aside from macrosomia) did not differ by IOL/EM at any gestational age. Discussion Outcomes for nulliparous individuals having IOL or EM in the context of a midwifery model of care include low overall use of CB and low frequency of IOL before 41 weeks. In this model, IOL in the 40th week may lower CB odds, especially in comparison to those who do not have spontaneous labor and later undergo an IOL in the 41st week.
The Crown Re-Viewed: Reflections on Student Thermal Satisfaction in IIT Crown Hall

Historic buildings are confronted by two key challenges: the increased concern for energy reduction and the need for providing occupant thermal comfort. Yet, the challenge is often to find a balance between improving energy efficiency and meeting thermal comfort standards while maintaining the building’s architectural values. A significant percentage of energy consumption in buildings is used to meet thermal comfort needs through heating and cooling systems. In an attempt to address this topic on our own campus, we conducted a field survey in IIT’s iconic Crown Hall to measure indoor thermal environmental parameters and collect responses to user thermal comfort questionnaires. The building design has inspired innovation and technologies for building materials since its construction; however, anecdotal evidence has suggested that more can be done to ensure that this inspiring space can meet the thermal comfort needs of occupants. To expand on this, physical measurements and user subjective surveys were collected simultaneously on November 7, 2018. The specific time period was selected representing a typical winter day in Chicago with cloudy sky and outdoor temperature ranging between -3°C and 3°C. The subjective survey investigated students’ thermal sensation, thermal satisfaction, and perceived level of productivity using the 7-point scale developed by Fanger (1970). The findings of the survey were compared with the results of the field measurements, including outdoor temperature, indoor temperature, and indoor relative humidity, and assessed based on the compliance with ASHRAE thermal comfort standards. Results showed that the students, who are also the main users of the space, expressed dissatisfaction with their thermal environment. Results can be used to inform further innovative solutions in the space to improve comfort.
Spatial Analysis of Avocado Sunblotch Disease in an Avocado Germplasm Collection

Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) causes an important disease of avocado, Persea americana. Symptoms of avocado sunblotch were first observed in the avocado germplasm collection at the National Germplasm Repository in Miami in the early 1980s; however, the extent of infection was unknown. An ASBVd-specific reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol was developed in 1996 and used to screen every tree in the collection. Surveys in 1996 and 2000 found that although 23 newly infected trees were detected, the proportion of ASBVd-positive accessions remained unchanged at 19%. However, in a 2009 survey, 50 newly infected trees were detected for an overall infection rate of 21%. Results of spatial analyses indicate that for the older plantings, the effective range of spread increased more than threefold during the 13 year span, while in the newer plantings, the pattern of infection indicates a reintroduction of the viroid rather than natural spread. Despite strict sanitization procedures in field and greenhouse operations, ASBVd infections have increased in the USDA collection. Although genetic diversity in the collection would be reduced, eliminating all ASBVd-positive plants may be necessary to ensure that other accessions in the collection do not become infected.
cis‐ and trans‐1,2‐Divinylcyclobutane

cis- and trans-1,2-divinylcyclobutane product: trans-1,2-divinylcyclobutane Keywords: annulation, carbocyclic-[4]; cyclization, cycloaddition; photochemical reactions; 1,5-cyclooctadiene; pressure reactions, explosive; photolysis, apparatus for
Telecommunications policymaking in Japan

Abstract The major law which provided for the privatization of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in 1984 is up for review by the Japanese government in April 1990. Given the continuing domination of Japan's telecommunications market by NTT, ultimate divestiture of the privatized NTT remains a likely outcome of the review. Against this backdrop, this study presents an analysis of the forces which have shaped Japan's privatization and liberalization policy throughout the period 1980–1989, and are likely to lead to additional reforms in Japan's telecommunications system in the course of the upcoming policy review.
Inclusive μ-Pair Production at 150 GeV by π + Mesons and Protons

We report the measurements of the inclusive $\ensuremath{\mu}$-pair production by 150-GeV protons and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ mesons on beryllium. Absolute cross sections as well as the Feynman-$x$ and ${P}_{T}$ dependence are presented in the mass region between 0.211 and 3.5 ${\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c}}^{2}$. Upper limits are also given for the inclusive production of $\ensuremath{\eta}$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(1600)$ mesons.
Generalized equalization for underwater acoustic communications

Severe time-dispersion of the channel is one of the limiting factors for high data rate acoustic communications in shallow water. To overcome the large time spread, the research community has devoted enormous effort in the design of high efficient, low complexity equalizers. The goal of these equalizers is to convert the time-dispersive channel into a unit-tap impulse function. In another research direction, code division multiple access (CDMA) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems are designed to combat the multi-path effect. However, using OFDM or CDMA alone to combat the multi-path effect often forces system designers to reduce the data rate in such severe time-dispersive channels. In this paper, we propose to adopt a class of generalized equalizers to generate an effective channel with a desired length. These equalizers are referred to as channel-shortening equalizers. Then, other advanced modulation schemes, such as OFDM and CDMA, can be employed to overcome the remaining time-dispersion of the channel. Compared to the unit-tap equalization, channel-shortening equalizers can provide quality performance at low computation cost. Examples of current channel-shortening equalizers are based on minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) and maximum shortening signal-to-noise ratio (MSSNR) criteria. In this paper, these algorithms are compared in the context of underwater acoustic communications. Their performance, complexity, and implementation in acoustic communications are investigated. In the digital subscriber line (DSL) channel, where channel-shortening equalizers are often applied to, MSSNR algorithms perform better than MMSE algorithms. However, we show that the MMSE algorithm is more suitable for the underwater acoustic channels with lower complexity and robustness to noise. With the MMSE method, a channel-shortening equalizer with 20 taps can convert a typical 120-tap acoustic channel into a 33-tap shortened channel. Using data obtained from the Kauai experiment, June-July 2003, it shows that the mean of the effective signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) achieves 15.7 dB. For the same channel, the optimum unit-tap equalization needs more than 200 taps to achieve the same effective SIR
Telephone interpreter discrepancies: videotapes of Hmong medication consultations

Background Over 25 million people in the USA have limited English proficiency (LEP). Interpreters are often used to facilitate communication with health care providers. Little is currently known about interpreter quality.
The Law is a Fractal: The Attempt to Anticipate Everything

Define an inappropriate rule as a rule that, if followed literally, would in at least some cases produce results that can be concluded with reasonable certainty to have been unintended by and unacceptable to even the rule’s author. Even under this definition, it is impossible for a rule writer to write an appropriate and objective rule to cover every situation in advance. Rule-writers nonetheless act today as though they were unaware of this long-acknowledged impossibility of perfect advance enumeration, and their persistent attempts to achieve it have imposed enormous, under-recognized costs on regulated populations.
Boreal winter low-frequency variability in CMIP5 models

[1] This study assesses the capability of CMIP5 models in representing primary modes of boreal winter extratropical low-frequency variability. Rotated principal component analysis is applied to monthly mean output from historical simulations of 14 plus two variants models and National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalyses (NNR) to isolate the leading patterns of variability in 500 hPa height. For each model data set, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)-like and Pacific-North American (PNA)-like patterns are identified using pattern correlation analysis (against NNR patterns). The relative pattern correspondence among CMIP5 models and reanalyses is further quantified via cluster analyses of the rotated empirical orthogonal function, NAO-like, and PNA-like patterns, respectively. For both NAO and PNA, 18.8% of the model patterns lie within the same cluster as NNR. Composite structural differences among clusters chiefly consist of (a) spatial displacements of or (b) regional magnitude disparities in the primary anomaly features. While all models replicate the basic aspects of PNA, a small minority of models fails to replicate NAO pattern. Overall, the best performing model is the “GFDL-ESM2G.” Interestingly, models having a well-resolved stratosphere generally perform more poorly than those without. Model biases in low-frequency mode structure have important consequences for the representation of associated regional anomalies in surface air temperature and storm track behavior. Those differences among clusters are linked to variations in dynamical structures and their relation to the climatological-mean flow. It is concluded that some state-of-the-art models have important deficiencies in representing low-frequency variability and some of these deficiencies are associated with the failure of models to adequately replicate the observed climatological stationary waves.
Dental Caries in Older Adults in the Last Year of Life

Objectives: To examine dental caries severity (measured by number of carious teeth) in older adults in the last year of life. Design: Cross-sectional study based on dental records. Setting: Community-based geriatric dental clinic. Participants: One thousand two hundred sixteen individuals aged 65 and older, including 168 individuals in the last year of life (e.g., individuals died within 1 year after their new-patient examinations). Measurements: Information on socioeconomic, medical history, medication, functional status, and oral health measures, including number of carious teeth, was abstracted from dental records. End-of-life status was determined using the National Death Index. Propensities of death were calculated using a logistic regression and then adjusted together with mobility and oral care function in the multivariable regression model to examine the effect of end-of-life status on dental caries. Results: Caries severity differed in end-of-life participants with different oral care function. Of those needing help with oral care, end-of-life participants had only a slightly higher and nonstatistically significant risk (7.5 vs 6.1, adjusted incidence density ratio (IDR) = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.85�1.48) of having more carious teeth than those not in the last year of life. On the other hand, caries severity was lower in end-of-life participants without impaired oral care function (IDR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.30�0.92). Conclusion: Oral care function modifies the association between caries severity and end-of-life status. Individuals who could maintain oral hygiene independently had a low level of caries at the end of life, however, dental caries had increased before functionally dependent individuals entered their last year of life.
The next agricultural revolution

Abstract Yields of many farm crops can be substantially increased through an integrated, systematic, multiinterdisciplinary approach to overcoming limiting factors. Additive effects for combinations of limiting factors which are overcome are obtainable. Thus, as an example, if ten different limiting factors are each simultaneously eliminated and if each alone limited yield by ten percent, the result would be a phenomenal 2.6‐fold yield increase. Many world experiences are indicating that this is so. The next agricultural revolution will take advantage of this phenomenon and the revolution will come faster than the genetic revolution in agriculture which is on the way.
Countably Categorical Structures with n‐Degenerate Algebraic Closure

We study the class of ω-categorical structures with n-degenerate algebraic closure for some n e ω, which includes ω-categorical structures with distributive lattice of algebraically closed subsets (see [4]), and in particular those with degenerate (trivial) algebraic closure. We focus on the models of ω-categorical universal theories, absolutely ubiquitous structures, and ω-categorical structures generated by an indiscernible set. The assumption of n-degeneracy implies total categoricity for the first class, stability for the second, and ω-stability for the third.
Thermal residual stresses in NiAl–AlN–Al2O3 composites measured by neutron diffraction

Abstract Thermal residual stresses in NiAl–(AlN) Particle –(Al 2 O 3 ) Fiber composites were measured at room temperature for two Al 2 O 3 fiber volume fractions (5 and 30%) using neutron powder diffraction. Lattice parameters in each phase were obtained by refining diffraction patterns using Rietveld analysis and lattice strains were calculated from changes in their values. By assuming a volume averaged hydrostatic situation, in conjunction with an FE model that was used to infer the initial stresses between NiAl and AlN, the strains were converted into stresses. The tensile residual stresses in the NiAl matrix were 0.2 and 0.6 GPa for the 5 and 30% Al 2 O 3 composites respectively. The compressive residual stress in the AlN dispersion particles decreased from −1.5 to −1.1 GPa as the fiber volume fraction increased from 5 to 30%. The compressive residual stresses in the Al 2 O 3 fibers were −1.7 and −1.3 GPa for the 5 and 30% Al 2 O 3 composites respectively.
Synthesis of antifols related to 2,4-diamino-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-d] pyrimidine. Enhancement of antiparasitic selectivity by nitrogen-linked mono- and dichlorobenzoyl groups or the 3,4–dichlorophenylthiocarbamoyl group

Improved procedures have been developed for the synthesis of 2,4-diamino-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (2a), its 7-mcthyl derivative (2b), and 6-(chloro-substituted phenyl) derivatives of 2,4-diamino-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyritnidine (4). Direct acylation of compounds 2a or 2b with acid chlorides or mixed anhydrides derived from chloro-substituted benzoic or cinnamic acids gave 6-(chloro-substituted benzoyl or cinnamoyl) derivatives. Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of 6-(chloro-substituted benzoyl) derivatives under controlled conditions permitted preparation of 6-(chloro-substituted benzyl) derivatives (3). Compound 2a also reacted with aryl isothiocyanates to yield 6-arylthiocarbamoyl derivatives. Antimalarial assays for in vivo activity against murine malaria (P. berghei) and avian malaria (P. gallinaceum) revealed that a somewhat enhanced in vivo antiparasitic effect above that of parent compound 2a without any evident increase in host toxicity was conferred by introduction of certain of the 6-chloro-substituted benzoyl groups or the 6-(3,4-dichlorophenylthiocarbamoyl) group. Corresponding 6-(chloro-substituted benzyl) derivatives more frequently displayed host toxicity.
A Novel KCNJ13 Nonsense Mutation and Loss of Kir7.1 Channel Function Causes Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA16)

Mutations in the KCNJ13 gene that encodes the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir7.1 cause snowflake vitreoretinal degeneration (SVD) and leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). Kir7.1 controls the microenvironment between the photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and also contributes to the function of other organs such as uterus and brain. Heterologous expressions of the mutant channel have suggested a dominant-negative loss of Kir7.1 function in SVD, but parallel studies in LCA16 have been lacking. Herein, we report the identification of a novel nonsense mutation in the second exon of the KCNJ13 gene that leads to a premature stop codon in association with LCA16. We have determined that the mutation results in a severe truncation of the Kir7.1 C-terminus, alters protein localization, and disrupts potassium currents. Coexpression of the mutant and wild-type channel has no negative influence on the wild-type channel function, consistent with the normal clinical phenotype of carrier individuals. By suppressing Kir7.1 function in mice, we were able to reproduce the severe LCA electroretinogram phenotype. Thus, we have extended the observation that Kir7.1 mutations are associated with vision disorders to include novel insights into the molecular mechanism of disease pathobiology in LCA16.
Rotation Drills in Teaching Conversation.

A LMOST SIXTY YEARS ago Philip Schuyler Allen questioned the value of mechanical answers to mechanical questions memorized verbatim from conversational manuals or phrasebooks used in foreign language classes. In his pamphlet Hints on the Teaching of German Conversation (Boston: Ginn, 1912) he protested that "whenever you wish to remark, 'I don't care for any more bread, thank you!' there on the tablet of your mind, big as life and plain as fire, is written the phrase from the 'phrase-book,' 'Please pass me the bread' " (p. 4). Phrase-books which teach what the average person may want to say are less common as textbooks than they once were, and the rigidity of the one specific comment anticipated in a given circumstance has also been greatly relaxed by the variety of substitution drills which encourage flexibility in response and sentence pattern. Yet how to encourage flexibility, ingenuity, imagination, and creativeness in foreign language conversation classes has always been a problem. Both the inordinately shy student who fails to contribute to free conversation and the overly loquacious one whose persiflage is often grammatically inaccurate can detract from the effectiveness of free conversation as a classroom device. In lower level language classes, in which the building of vocabulary is still a task to be encountered, drill is needed to help the student fix patterns and learn expressions. Free conversation does not afford this practice. A conversational device intended to provide drill of vocabulary items and also to encourage variation in response is the rotation drill, a sequence of questions with a variety of answers to each question indicated. This device is much like that also found in the German-English Manual of Charles Haas (Pasadena: Vroman's, 1963). The method of employment of the drill may be altered, but one technique found to be successful is described below. Any lesson or sequence of lessons in an elementary, intermediate, or conversation textbook will supply material for questions or stimulation statements which may each elicit a variety of logical responses within the vocabulary range of the students. Four answers to each question have been found to constitute an effective drill. If the questions and responses are short, common, and simple, an exercise sheet with only the foreign language may be adequate. A possible example of a single language drill, given here in English for illustrative purposes, is:
Exhaustive percolation on random networks.

We consider propagation models that describe the spreading of an attribute, called “damage,” through the nodes of a random network. In some systems, the average fraction of nodes that remain undamaged vanishes in the large system limit, a phenomenon we refer to as exhaustive percolation. We derive scaling law exponents and exact results for the distribution of the number of undamaged nodes, valid for a broad class of random networks at the exhaustive percolation transition and in the exhaustive percolation regime. This class includes processes that determine the set of frozen nodes in random Boolean networks with indegree distributions that decay sufficiently rapidly with the number of inputs. Connections between our calculational methods and previous studies of percolation beginning from a single initial node are also pointed out. Central to our approach is the observation that key aspects of damage spreading on a random network are fully characterized by a single function specifying the probability that a given node will be damaged as a function of the fraction of damaged nodes. In addition to our analytical investigations of random networks, we present a numerical example of exhaustive percolation on a directed lattice. (Less)
Carotenoids and throat pouch coloration in the great frigatebird (Fregata minor)

Carotenoid pigments are a common source of red, orange, and yellow coloration in vertebrates. Animals cannot manufacture carotenoids and therefore must obtain them in their diet to produce carotenoid-based coloration. Male great frigatebirds (Fregata minor) display a bright red inflated gular pouch as part of their elaborate courtship display. The basis of this coloration until now has not been investigated. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we investigated the types and concentrations of carotenoids that great frigatebirds circulate in their plasma and whether male gular pouch coloration was carotenoid-based. Great frigatebird plasma collected during the breeding season contained three carotenoid pigments in dilute concentrations-tunaxanthin, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin-with astaxanthin accounting for nearly 85% of the carotenoids present. Astaxanthin was the only carotenoid present in gular pouch tissue, but the concentration is the highest reported for any carotenoid-pigmented avian tissue. Throat pouch reflectance curves were measured with a UV-VIS spectrophotometer, revealing a complex pattern of one UV peak (approx. 360 nm), two absorption valleys (approx. 542 and 577 nm), followed by a plateau at approx 630 nm. The reflectance curve suggests a role for additional pigments, in particular hemoglobin, in the production of color in this ornament.
The Influence of Phosphate Uptake on Cation Uptake in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum

Fusarium oxysporum grown in a low phosphate medium was found to take up several times as much K from KH2PO4 as from KCI solutions. Large amounts of phosphate also were taken up from KH2PO4. Similar large uptakes of Na and phosphate took place from solutions of NaH2PO4. Substantial quanties of phosphate were taken up from solutions of Ca(H2PO4)2 in the absence of any appreciable Ca uptake. When the fungus was grown in a medium containing high phosphate, little or no uptake of phosphate from KH2PO4 solutions occured and the K Uptake was at the same level as from KCI solutions. During large phosphate uptake sizable reductions in the organic acid content of the fungal cells were observed. Much, but not all, of the data could be explained on the basis of maintenance of charge balance within the cells. – The respiratory rate of fungus, grown in a low P medium, was markedly increased in KH2PO4 solution. Fungus, grown in a medium with high phosphate, had a higher respiratory rate which showed only a slight response to KH2PO4 solution. Fungus, grown in a medium with high phosphate, had a higher respiratory rate which showed only a slight response to KH2PO4.
The effect of temperature change of composites on the bonding strength of orthodontic brackets.

Abstract In an orthodontic office, the bonding system is subjected to certain temperature variation that ranges between 5° C (refrigeration) and 25° C (room temperature). The purpose of this study was to determine whether such temperature variation has any effects on tensile and shear bond strengths and the type of bracket failure. Two groups of 20 teeth each were compared; in one group the temperature of the composite during bonding was 5° C and in the other group the temperature was 25° C. Student's t test was used to determine whether significant differences were present between the two groups. The results of the present findings indicate that the variation in the temperature of the composite, within the limits tested, does not seem to adversely affect the bonding strength of the bracket to the enamel. In addition there was no difference between the two groups in the type of interface bond failure among the enamel, composite, and bracket.
Topex orbit determination and gravity recovery using GPS data from repeat orbits

A covariance analysis is presented for a differential GPS-based technique for satellite tracking and gravity recovery to be demonstrated on Topex in the early 1990's. The technique employs data from an ensemble of repeat ground tracks to recover a unique satellite epoch state for each track and a set of invariant local gravity parameters common to all tracks. For satellites above about 800 km altitude, where gravity modeling is the dominant systematic error, averaging of random error over many arcs and adjustment of the gravity model reduces the final satellite position error. The local gravity parameters can then be used to produce a refined global gravity model. The analysis indicates that errors ranging from 5 to 8 cm in Topex altitude and 0.05 to 0.2 mgal for the gravity field can be achieved, depending on the number of repeat arcs used.
Nonvolatile Memory and Programmable Logic from Molecule-Gated Nanowires

Bistable nanoscale switches have been assembled using nanowires and redox active molecules as building blocks. The nanodevices consist of nanowire field-effect transistors (NW-FET) functionalized w...
Power management with a dynamic power limit by a power electronic transformer for micro-grid

In this paper, a dynamic power limiter at the point of common coupling (PCC) of a micro-grid is proposed. A 60 Hz, step-down transformer is generally used at the PCC to connect the micro-grid to the power system grid. Substitution of the conventional 60Hz transformer by a dynamic power limiter has the following advantages: 1) Bi-directional active-power control capability at the PCC which results in enhanced micro-grid power management system during grid-connected operation, 2) Smooth transition from islanding to the grid-connected mode without the need of grid frequency synchronization, and 3) Extra degree of freedom due to the presence of active-power controller in a possible deregulation and market strategy within the micro-grid. The proposed dynamic power limiter is a high-frequency isolated power-converter system comprised of a high-frequency step-down transformer and three-phase to single-phase matrix converters. The matrix converters are modulated with a new PWM strategy for bi-directional active and reactive power flow control. Simulation results presented verify the operation of the proposed dynamic power limiter.
Computerized management of tourism marketing information

Abstract This article discusses the benefits of applying computers to the management of marketing Information by the tourism industry. It looks at the role of regional tourism associations, and the monitoring of promotional programmes and details how such a system operates and draws together its potential applications.
Boojums and the shapes of domains in monolayer films

Domains in certain Langmuir monolayers support a texture that is the two-dimensional version of the feature known as a boojum. Such a texture has a quantifiable effect on the shape of the domain with which it is associated. The most noticeable consequence is a cusplike feature on the domain boundary. We report the results of an experimental and theoretical investigation of the shape of a domain in a Langmuir monolayer. A further aspect of the investigation is the study of the shape of a ``bubble'' of gaslike phase in such a monolayer. This structure supports a texture having the form of an inverse boojum. The distortion of a bubble resulting from this texture is also studied. The correspondence between theory and experiment, while not perfect, indicates that a qualitative understanding of the relationship between textures and domain shapes has been achieved.
An extended Kantorovich method for the solution of eigenvalue problems

Abstract The paper presents an extended Kantorovich method for the solution of eigenvalue problems in partial differential equations. The specific examples treated are: the vibrations of a rectangular membrane and the stability of an elastic rectangular plate compressed in its plane. It is shown that for the membrane problems, the generated expressions for the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are identical with the corresponding exact solution. For the clamped plate compressed uni-axially or bi-axially, problems which are not separable and for which no exact solutions are available, the generated eigenvalues, based on a one term expression for the eigenfunction, are shown to agree very closely with the relevant results found by other investigators. For plate problems which are separable, the method generates the exact eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. It was found that in all treated cases the final results are independent of the initial choice of the functions and that the iterative procedure converges very rapidly.