cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A molecular dynamics study of tilt grain boundary resistance to slip and heat transfer in nanocrystalline silicon

We present a molecular dynamics study of grain boundary (GB) resistance to dislocation-mediated slip transfer and phonon-mediated heat transfer in nanocrystalline silicon bicrystal. Three most stable ⟨110⟩ tilt GBs in silicon are investigated. Under mechanical loading, the nucleation and growth of hexagonal-shaped shuffle dislocation loops are reproduced. The resistances of different GBs to slip transfer are quantified through their constitutive responses. Results show that the Σ3 coherent twin boundary (CTB) in silicon exhibits significantly higher resistance to dislocation motion than the Σ9 GB in glide symmetry and the Σ19 GB in mirror symmetry. The distinct GB strengths are explained by the atomistic details of the dislocation-GB interaction. Under thermal loading, based on a thermostat-induced heat pulse model, the resistances of the GBs to transient heat conduction in ballistic-diffusive regime are characterized. In contrast to the trend found in the dislocation-GB interaction in bicrystal models with different GBs, the resistances of the same three GBs to heat transfer are strikingly different. The strongest dislocation barrier Σ3 CTB is almost transparent to heat conduction, while the dislocation-permeable Σ9 and Σ19 GBs exhibit larger resistance to heat transfer. In addition, simulation results suggest that the GB thermal resistance not only depends on the GB energy but also on the detailed atomic structure along the GBs.
747—The capacitance of natural membranes in terms of the Surface Compartment Model (SCM)

Abstract The generally accepted model for the electrical properties of natural membrane is examined and a modification in the capacitance is suggested. The Surface Compartment Model (SCM) is reformulated with a capacitance that is due to two surface capacitances only, and the effects of various membrane parameters on the membrane current are found to be qualitatively similar to the older formulation. However, the modified SCM gives the expected membrane currents for more appropriate values of surface capacitance, both with regard to magnitude and asymmetry. The sensitivity of the membrane current to changes in surface capacitance suggests a possible mechanism for the actions of many pharmacologic agents on membranes.
Retrograde Axon Transport of Herpes Simplex Virus and Pseudorabies Virus: a Live-Cell Comparative Analysis

Upon entry, neuroinvasive herpesviruses traffic from axon terminals to the nuclei of neurons resident in peripheral ganglia, where the viral DNA is deposited. A detailed analysis of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) transport dynamics in axons following entry is currently lacking. Here, time lapse fluorescence microscopy was used to compare the postentry viral transport of two neurotropic herpesviruses: HSV-1 and pseudorabies virus (PRV). HSV-1 capsid transport dynamics were indistinguishable from those of PRV and did not differ in neurons of human, mouse, or avian origin. Simultaneous tracking of capsids and tegument proteins demonstrated that the composition of actively transporting HSV-1 is remarkably similar to that of PRV. This quantitative assessment of HSV-1 axon transport following entry demonstrates that HSV-1 and PRV share a conserved mechanism for postentry retrograde transport in axons and provides the foundation for further studies of the retrograde transport process.
17β estradiol regulates adhesion molecule expression in mesangial cells during glomerulonephritis

We showed previously that 17β estradiol (E2) led to improved survival in nephrotoxic serum induced nephritis (NTN) in male mice. In this study we determined whether E2 regulates vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, an adhesion molecule that is upregulated in kidney during autoimmune nephritis, in mesangial cells (MC). We show that E2 inhibited VCAM-1 up-regulation in kidneys in vivo during NTN, and in MCs upon TNFα stimulation. VCAM-1 up-regulation in MCs was controlled by the transcription factor NFκB. E2 inhibited RNA polymerase II recruitment to the VCAM-1 promoter, but not p65 recruitment. Interestingly E2 inhibited TNFα stimulated interaction between poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and p65. As PARP-1 is required for VCAM-1 upregulation in MCs, our data suggest that E2 may inhibit pre-initiation complex formation at VCAM-1 promoter by inhibiting PARP-1 recruitment to p65. We propose that E2 plays an important role in regulating renal inflammation locally.
Chemistry and structure of CdO/Ag{222} heterophase interfaces.

The atomic scale structure and chemistry of the terminating polar plane of CdO, at atomically clean CdO/Ag{l_brace}222{r_brace} interfaces, produced by internal oxidation of a Ag(Cd) alloy, is studied via high-resolution electron (HREM) and atom-probe microscopies. It is demonstrated that this {l_brace}222{r_brace} plane can be either O or Cd with equal probability. The HREM and atom-probe results provide evidence for atomic-height steps at the CdO/Ag{l_brace}222{r_brace} interface. The results are explained in terms of precipitate coarsening during the internal oxidation process used to prepare the interfaces.
CONTRASTS IN SOVIET AND AMERICAN ENERGY POLICIES

Abstract West Europeans, Japanese and Americans are accustomed to thinking of their own market-based economic systems as more flexible, hence more rational, than the rigid central planning systems employed in most Communist countries. It is startling, however, to compare the energy policies of the two different groups of countries. Dr Wright contends that Communist planners are, by and large, pursuing a course of cautious, deliberate, rational energy decisions based (both domestically and internationally) on relative cost and price. In contrast, capitalist governments have shown us a pattern of draconian measures involving quantitative restrictions, suspension of the market mechanism, government manipulation of prices, encouragement and protection of monopoly — and even, during the energy panic of 1973–1974, the attempted central planning of crude oil and refined products. In spite of official claims to the countrary, the results in the capitalist countries have been anything but rational.
Update on mandibular distraction osteogenesis.

Purpose of review Mandibular distraction osteogenesis has become one of the most powerful reconstructive tools for addressing congenital lower jaw deformities. This review will focus on clinical and basic science contributions to the literature in the last year, which have shown innovations in mandibular distraction osteogenesis techniques and advances in outcomes. Recent findings The longest phase of distraction is consolidation, when newly formed bone must fully heal. If consolidation could be accelerated, the length of time required for fixation would be less and complications associated with fixation devices would decline. In the last year, animal studies were conducted reporting the application of growth factors directly to distraction gaps to accelerate bone formation. Additional research in animal models showed success with the addition of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to the distraction gap. Distraction devices are being piloted with automated, continuous formats compared with current devices that require manual activation. The use of surgical planning software programs to determine the location of osteotomies was another focus of current studies. Summary Rates of activation can be accelerated with the addition of stem cells and growth factors to distraction sites, as could time to full consolidation. The addition of mesenchymal stem cells and deferoxamine and the use of low-intensity ultrasound during distraction are three of the most promising approaches reported in recent studies with potential for future translation from animal models. Computer-assisted presurgical planning offers added accuracy and potential time savings. Newer distraction devices using computer automation are still in preliminary phases, but show promise.
Cytological evaluation of the tissue-implant reaction associated with S/C and I/P implantation of ALCAP and HA bioceramics in vivo.

Summary It is well documented that several ceramic materials are highly compatible and non-immunogenic with host tissues. Recent studies have demonstrated the need for further investigation of these devices in vivo to further elucidate the possible mechanisms involved in biocompatibility. The purpose of this investigation was to study the morphological characteristics of the fibrous tissue capsule resulting from the implantation of aluminum calcium phosphate (ALCAP) and hydroxyapetite (HA) bioceramics. Implants of ALCAP and HA were implanted into 10 adult male rats subcutaneously (S/C) and intraperitoneally (I/P). At 90 days post-implantation, the animals were euthanized, and the ceramic devices, the fibrous tissue, and vital organs were harvested. Evaluation of routine stained sections (5 m, hematoxylin & eosin) of the fibrous tissue capsule surrounding the HA and ALCAP ceramics revealed the following: 1) all the ceramic devices had fibrous connective tissue capsules of slightly varying degrees of thickness at the time of sacrifice, depending on the site of implantation and type of material, and 2) there were statistically significant differences (p
The solar wind: Advances in our knowledge through two solar cycles

As the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft have moved outward they have gradually unfolded a view of distant regions of the heliosphere. Information on the solar wind velocity, density and temperature as a function of distance out to more than 40 AU has been gathered. Meanwhile the description of the solar wind has evolved. Long-standing questions on the sources of the wind causing geomagnetic activity were clarified by the discovery of coronal holes and coronal mass ejections. The propagation of the resultant solar wind disturbances through the heliosphere has been studied using both observations and models. Plasma physical processes have been studied. This review focuses on the development of the concepts that have been used to describe the solar wind in the three dimensional heliosphere over the last two solar cycles. Collisionless shocks, transient disturbances in space, disturbance propagation and the distant solar wind are discussed.
A Simulator for the Analysis of Wrist Position Control

Equations for the mechanics of wrist movement were formulated and simulated on the computer. The output is a display of wrist movement as muscle activation is altered and allows analysis of the control of wrist position through the use of different sets of muscles. The simulation includes the geometry of the wrist joint, the moment arms of the tendons, and the dependance of muscle force on muscle length. The performance of the simulation, when tested with simulated muscle activation, resembles that of the human hand. The simulation has potential for assisting the surgeon in the analysis of wrist position control in the normal and disabled hand.
How effective is internal excitation in promoting the HCl + 1,3-butadiene addition reaction?

Abstract Excitation of the C-H overtones of 1,3-butadiene in the presence of HCl to an energy ≈ 16 kcal mol−1 in excess of the activation energy causes the formation of no detectable addition products. This indicates that the rate constant for the formation of 1-chloro-2-butene is at least slower than 2.1× 10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1.
Space Velocities of Globular Clusters. III. Cluster Orbits and Halo Substructure

We have compiled a catalog of absolute proper motions of globular clusters from various sources. The sample consists of 38 clusters, from which most of the southern ones (15 clusters) were measured in our previous papers in this series. We have integrated orbits assuming two different Galactic potential models adopted from the literature and have calculated orbital parameters. The uncertainties associated with the orbital parameters were derived in a Monte Carlo approach, and we conclude that, overall, at the present level of measurement errors, orbital differences due to Galactic potential models are not significant. Three metal-poor clusters are found to have orbits similar to prototypical metal-rich disk clusters. These clusters are NGC 6254 (M10), NGC 6626 (M28), and NGC 6752. We interpret this as a potentially significant constraint on the formation of the disk. It is thus possible that part of the inner metal-poor halo is the low-metallicity tail of the thick disk. In this case, the ages of these clusters indicate that the formation of the disk partially overlapped with that of the halo. The clusters classified as young halo or red horizontal-branch by Zinn show a radially anisotropic velocity distribution, their orbits are of high total energy, with apocentric radii larger than 10 kpc and highly eccentric. In this sense they may represent an accreted component of our Galaxy. We also discuss ω Cen's orbit characteristics in the view of an accreted origin. We investigate the effect of the orbital motion on the internal dynamics of clusters. Adopting the formalism from Gnedin & Ostriker and their destruction rates due to two-body relaxation, we find that, in most cases, this internal process is more important than the destruction processes due to disk and bulge shocking. Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations argue that NGC 6397's luminosity function is depleted at the faint end, and this is blamed on its high total destruction rate. We propose a list of clusters with similar destruction rates that may also have depleted luminosity functions. We also note the bias toward deriving higher destruction rates in studies that statistically assign tangential velocities based on a kinematic model of the globular cluster system, in contrast to the rates derived from the measured tangential velocities. Clusters prone to such biases are those that have circular orbits (kinematically thick-disk clusters) and some of those with orbits of high total energy.
Effects of iron contamination in silicon on thin oxide breakdown and reliability characteristics

Abstract Effects of iron contamination on the breakdown and reliability characteristics of thin silicon gate oxides are discussed. Gate oxide integrity is measured for thermal oxides of 8, 10, 13 and 20 nm grown on silicon wafers intentionally contaminated with 10 10 –10 14 cm −3 of iron. Iron concentration in silicon is measured using surface photovoltage (SPV) minority carrier lifetime analysis. The density of gate oxide weak spots as a function of iron concentration for the various oxide thicknesses is reported. For 10 nm oxides, iron concentration cannot exceed 8 × 10 10 cm −3 without severe degradation in oxide quality. The threshold contamination level for 20 nm oxides is 200 times higher
Observations of chemical inhomogeneity sites of possible importance in stress corrosion cracking of Zircaloy using scanning Auger microscopy

Abstract Sparsely-distributed chemical inhomogeneities are thought to be important in stress corrosion cracking of Zircaloy nuclear fuel cladding by fission products. In previous work, SCC resistance of the three lots of cladding for which data were available was found to correlate very strongly with their average chemical inhomogeneity size. SEM and Auger analyses now reveal that many of the chemical inhomogeneities appear to be thin flakes of carbon (typical size 50 mm long and wide by 1–10 μm thick), incorporated into the surface of the Zircaloy cladding near pre-existing small particles of A1 2 O 3 and SiO 2 . Speculations are presented concerning the possible origins of the chemical inhomogeneities.
Domino liver transplantation as a cause of acquired familial amyloid polyneuropathy

Transthyretin-related amyloidosis (ATTR amyloidosis) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative amyloid disorder (i.e. hereditary amyloidosis). The subtype of hereditary amyloidosis is defined by t...
The effects of music literature in developing aesthetic sensitivity to music.

The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of stage band versus concert band music literature on the development of musicality and aesthetic sensitivity. Accordingly, pr...
Functional Implications of Long-Term Pain Following Outpatient Inguinal Herniorrhaphy—A Prospective Evaluation

Background The purpose of the present study is to assess pain and functional outcomes at 1 y following inguinal herniorrhaphy in which patients were randomized to receive a continuous wound infusion of bupivacaine to receiving a saline infusion. Methods Patients received saline or bupivacaine prior to incision and then for 60h postoperatively. The incidence, severity, and functional interference of pain were assessed for five postoperative days, and at 1 y. Results Seventy patients completed a survey 1 y following herniorrhaphy. Four percent (3/72) of patients were in moderate to severe pain “almost always” or “often”. Twenty-one percent (15/72) of patients experienced pain with ambulation. There was no difference between groups at 1 y. Conclusions The incidence of moderate or severe pain is concerning 1 y following surgery. Functional aberrations associated with pain should be assessed in all studies evaluating long-term pain after herniorrhaphy.
Dopaminergic basis for the facilitation of brain stimulation reward by the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801

MK-801 (dizocilpine maleate), an antagonist of the NMDA receptor, was given alone or in combination with dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonists to rats self-stimulating in lateral hypothalamus to determine whether the dopamine neurons play a role in mediating the effects of MK-801. MK-801 given at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.p. to self-stimulators induced a prolonged facilitation of lever-pressing, but given to non-self-stimulators, the drug had no effects. Pretreatment of self-stimulators with the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist Schering 23390 (SCH 23390), 0.2 mg/kg given i.p. 15 min before MK-801, prevented the facilitation seen with MK-801, but did not suppress self-stimulation. SCH 23390 given alone suppressed self-stimulation. Pretreatment of self-stimulators with the dopamine D1/D2 receptor antagonist, haloperidol, 0.2 mg/kg given i.p. 15 min before MK-801, also prevented the facilitation of self-stimulation induced by MK-801 yet did not suppress self-stimulation. Haloperidol given alone suppressed self-stimulation. Pretreatment of self-stimulators with both SCH 23390 and haloperidol 15 min before MK-801 prevented the facilitation seen with MK-801 and suppressed self-stimulation. The combined treatment with SCH 23390 and haloperidol (without MK-801) suppressed self-stimulation, and the suppression lasted longer than the suppression seen when the two dopamine receptor antagonists were given as pretreatment, before MK-801. Pretreating self-stimulators with the combination of SCH 23390 and haloperidol 15 min before amphetamine (2 mg/kg) prevented the facilitatory response and suppressed responding for the brain reward. The suppression was of shorter duration than the suppression seen after the injection of SCH 23390 plus haloperidol. The treatment of self-stimulators with both MK-801 and amphetamine resulted in a greater and longer-lasting facilitation than the increase in responding produced by either drug alone. The similarity between the effects of MK-801 and those of amphetamine and between the effects of pretreatment with the dopamine receptor antagonists before MK-801 and before amphetamine suggests that dopaminergic activity played a significant role in the action underlying the effects of MK-801 on brain stimulation reward.
Quantitation of phospholipid analysis using P32 by a digital computer method in metabolic experiments on Niemann-Pick disease.

Methods involving P32 uptake into cell cultures, quantitative phospholipid analyses and computerized data analyses have been used to investigate the biochemical defect in Niemann-Pick disease. The results of these analyses indicate a normal synthesis of sphingomyelin, which considering the threefold increase in total sphingomyelin, gives evidence for a decreased ability of cells to catabolize sphingomyelin in Niemann-Pick disease. These methods are applicable to other lipid storage diseases.
Dentists Should Participate in the Management of Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Socially Disruptive Snoring—Findings From a Survey of Scottish Sleep Specialists

Article Title and Bibliographic Information The attitudes of general dental practitioners and medical specialists to the provision of intra-oral appliances for the management of snoring and sleep apnoea Jauhar S, Lyons MF, Banham SW, Orchardson R, Livingston E. Br Dent J 2008;205(12):653-7. Reviewer Mike T. John, DDS, PhD Purpose/Question Should dentists have a role in helping patients with either socially disruptive snoring or obstructive sleep apnea? Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Survey Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
Effects of charybdotoxin on K+ channel (Kv1.2) deactivation and inactivation kinetics

Of particular interest for voltage-gated K+ channels are the effects of membrane voltage and pharmacologic agents on channel kinetics. We have characterized in detail properties of a Kv1.2 channel expressed in oocytes as the basis for investigation of its structure-function relationships. This channel exhibited a voltage-dependent rate of activation with a V12 of −21 mV. Voltage-dependent steady-state inactivation overlapped the activation curve with half-maximal inactivation occurring at −22 mV. Dendrotoxin inhibited channel activation with an IC50 of 8.6 nM at +35 mV. Charybdotoxin also blocked this K+ channel (IC50 = 5.6 nM). While dendrotoxin block was not affected by channel activation, charybdotoxin exhibited additional accumulation of block following activation, which was relieved with a time constant of 0.5 s upon repolarization of the membrane. The deactivation of this channel was accelerated in the presence of charybdotoxin while not significantly affected by dendrotoxin.
Proteomic Analysis of Proteins Surrounding Occludin and Claudin-4 Reveals Their Proximity to Signaling and Trafficking Networks

Tight junctions are complex membrane structures that regulate paracellular movement of material across epithelia and play a role in cell polarity, signaling and cytoskeletal organization. In order to expand knowledge of the tight junction proteome, we used biotin ligase (BioID) fused to occludin and claudin-4 to biotinylate their proximal proteins in cultured MDCK II epithelial cells. We then purified the biotinylated proteins on streptavidin resin and identified them by mass spectrometry. Proteins were ranked by relative abundance of recovery by mass spectrometry, placed in functional categories, and compared not only among the N- and C- termini of occludin and the N-terminus of claudin-4, but also with our published inventory of proteins proximal to the adherens junction protein E-cadherin and the tight junction protein ZO-1. When proteomic results were analyzed, the relative distribution among functional categories was similar between occludin and claudin-4 proximal proteins. Apart from already known tight junction- proteins, occludin and claudin-4 proximal proteins were enriched in signaling and trafficking proteins, especially endocytic trafficking proteins. However there were significant differences in the specific proteins comprising the functional categories near each of the tagging proteins, revealing spatial compartmentalization within the junction complex. Taken together, these results expand the inventory of known and unknown proteins at the tight junction to inform future studies of the organization and physiology of this complex structure.
Benthic bacterial biomass and production in the Hudson River estuary.

Bacterial biomass, production, and turnover were determined for two freshwater marsh sites and a site in the main river channel along the tidally influenced Hudson River. The incorporation of [methyl-3H]thymidine into DNA was used to estimate the growth rate of surface and anaerobic bacteria. Bacterial production at marsh sites was similar to, and in some cases considerably higher than, production estimates reported for other aquatic wetland and marine sediment habitats. Production averaged 1.8–2.8 mg C·m−2·hour−1 in marsh sediments. Anaerobic bacteria in marsh sediment incorporated significant amounts of [methyl-3H]thymidine into DNA. Despite differences in dominant vegetation and tidal regime, bacterial biomass was similar (1×103±0.08 mg C·m−2) inTrapa, Typha, andNuphar aquatic macrophyte communities. Bacterial abundance and productivity were lower in sandy sediments associated withScirpus communities along the Hudson River (0.2×103±0.05 mg C·m−2 and 0.3±0.23 mg C·m−2·hour−1, respectively).
Quantum mechanics without wave functions

The phase space formulation of quantum mechanics is based on the use of quasidistribution functions. This technique was pioneered by Wigner, whose distribution function is perhaps the most commonly used of the large variety that we find discussed in the literature. Here we address the question of how one can obtain distribution functions and hence do quantum mechanics without the use of wave functions.
Discussion: Why Overseas Technical Assistance Is Ineffective

This paper will be divided into two parts. Initially, specific points in the Loomis paper will be discussed. Subsequently, with a view toward extending the Loomis analysis and expanding the analytical framework suggested by Professor Schultz, a conceptualization of the technical assistance process will be presented. The latter will be used to elaborate several items in the initial discussion.
Prevalence of elevated total IgE and food allergies in a consecutive series of ENT pediatric patients.

OBJECTIVE: Food allergies in childhood have been found to vary in frequency from 6% to 8% in the general population. Previous studies indicate milk allergy affects approximately 2.5% of infants and...
Race differences in the health of elders who live alone.

This investigation was initiated to determine whether older African Americans who live alone are in poorer health than their White counterparts who live under the same circumstances. Data on 5 meas...
Does the Hot Hand Drive the Market? Evidence from College Football Betting Markets

This paper investigates whether market makers rationally price out certain strategies at the expense of leaving other strategies profitable. We examine betting market outcomes in college football from over 14,000 games during 1985–2008. We find that favorites are statistically overpriced while home teams are statistically underpriced. Furthermore, we provide suggestive evidence for why this inefficiency persists: betting houses deliberately inflate the betting lines to account for previous strong performance against the spread, or the “hot hand.” Although eliminating the “hot hand” is rational since betting on “hot” teams is popular, tempering the “hot hand” results in profitable simple betting strategies.
Analysis of the Mechanism of Steroid Hormone Receptor-Dependent Gene Activation in Cell-Free Systems

I. Introduction STEROID hormones regulate the expression of specific gene networks and thereby exert a wide variety of effects on growth, development, and differentiation in higher eukaryotes (for reviews see Refs. 1–6). The hormonal signals are transduced to the target genes through specific, intracellular receptors. The ligand-free receptor is functionally inactive. The hormone response is triggered by the binding of a steroidal ligand to its cognate receptor, followed by the interaction of the hormonereceptor complex with specific enhancer sequences referred to as steroid response elements (SREs) at the target gene. The receptor regulates gene transcription presumably by interacting with the transcription machinery at the target promoter. During the last several years, good progress has been made toward unravelling the molecular mechanism of signal transduction by steroid hormones. The molecular cloning of virtually all known steroid receptor genes has been accomplished, and precise definition of vario...
Prevalence of chronic disease and health practices in a retirement community

The prevalence of chronic disease based on a mailed questionnaire was estimated as part of a continuing epidemiological study of a retirement community. The prevalence of eight chronic diseases (high blood pressure, angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, glaucoma, and cancer) was determined across all age and sex groups. The relationships between these diseases and several health related life-style practices were assessed. A health index summarizing five practices (smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, sleep and obesity) was clearly related to the prevalence of disease.
Carrier affinity as a mechanism for the pH-dependence of folate transport in the small intestine.

A mildly acidic pH in the lumen of the small intestine markedly enhances the transport of folate. This study investigated the relationship between pH and the affinity between folic acid and the apical membrane transporter using brush border membrane vesicles from rat jejunum and differentiated monolayer cultures of the colon carcinoma cell line, CaCo-2. Uptake studies with BBMV were conducted at folic acid concentrations of 0.1 to 50 μmol/l, conditions which were suitable for analyzing uptake data based on the Michaelis-Menten equation modified to include a nonsaturable component. These analyses yielded apparent Km values of 0.6 and 12.3 μM at pH 5.5 and pH 7.4, respectively (P < 0.05). Values for Vmax were lower at pH 5.5 than at pH 7.4 (0.8 vs. 1.6 pmol/mg protein per 10 s, P < 0.05). The studies with CaCo-2 cells employed folic acid concentrations of 0.1 to 5 μmol/l. Under these conditions the apparent Km for folic uptake was lowest at pH 6.0, where the Km was 0.7 μmol/l. The apparent Km increased sharply as a neutral pH was approached; reaching a value of 13.9 μmol/l at pH 7.1. These data suggest that the prominent pH effect on intestinal folate transport is, in part, explained by an increased affinity of the folate substrate for its membrane transporter.
The Structure of GABPα/β: An ETS Domain- Ankyrin Repeat Heterodimer Bound to DNA

GA-binding protein (GABP) is a transcriptional regulator composed of two structurally dissimilar subunits. The α subunit contains a DNA-binding domain that is a member of the ETS family, whereas the β subunit contains a series of ankyrin repeats. The crystal structure of a ternary complex containing a GABPα/β ETS domain–ankyrin repeat heterodimer bound to DNA was determined at 2.15 angstrom resolution. The structure shows how an ETS domain protein can recruit a partner protein using both the ETS domain and a carboxyl-terminal extension and provides a view of an extensive protein-protein interface formed by a set of ankyrin repeats. The structure also reveals how the GABPα ETS domain binds to its core GGA DNA-recognition motif.
Gevrey Regularity for the Attractor of a Partially Dissipative Model of Bénard Convection in a Porous Medium

Abstract Convective flow though a porous medium can be modeled by Darcy's law—a linear, weakly damped momentum equation—coupled with an advection–diffusion equation for the energy. The solution semigroup for this system is not smoothing, and the solution of the momentum equation does not gain regularity with respect to its initial value in finite time. However, it is known that the semigroup is asymptotically smoothing, so that the system possesses a finite dimensional global attractor as well as exponential attractors. We show that the global attractor is contained in a special Gevrey class of regularity and, in particular, is real analytic. The key idea is the use of a Fourier splitting method to approximate every orbit asymptotically in time by a Gevrey-regular function.
THE FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF FILTRATION NEPHRIDIA

Summary (1) Based on the classical studies of Goodrich, protonephridia are believed to be phylogenetic antecedents of metanephridia. It is argued here that the primary factor determining the type of nephridium expressed is body size rather than phylogenetic status. (2) The proposed model defines a nephridium functionally and predicts two general configurations for filtration nephridia in animals. (3) Application of the model to metanephridial and protonephridial systems indicates differences in the sites of ultrafiltration and mechanisms of pressure generation. (4) Metanephridial systems function by muscle-mediated filtration of vascular fluid into a coelomic space before modification by an excretory duct. (5) Protonephridial systems function by cilia-mediated filtration of extracellular fluid into the lumen of a protonephridial terminal cell before modification in an adjoining duct. (6) The model predicts a correlation between animals with blood vessels and metanephridia, and animals without blood vessels and protonephridia. The correlation is shown to be nearly perfect. (7) Exceptions to the model are discussed. (8) Original experimental evidence is given for the permeability of the protonephridial terminal cell to iron dextran and its reabsorption by the protonephridial duct in the polychaete, Glycera dibranchiata. (9) Experimental data for proto- and metanephridial systems are summarized and shown to support the proposed model. (10) The ultrastructure of the exceptional amphioxus ‘protonephridium’ is reviewed and original data are presented. Its organization is structurally and perhaps functionally intermediate between proto- and metanephridial systems. (11) An original ultrastructural comparison is made of monociliated nitration cells in a size range of larval invertebrates from five phyla. Filtration cells that are structurally intermediate between protonephridial solenocytes and metanephridial podocytes are noted in larvae intermediate in body size between the two extremes. The comparative data suggest that (i) podocytes and solenocytes are homologous cells and (ii) that body size is correlated with which of the two designs is expressed. (12) The fates of larval podocytes are followed through metamorphosis in three species. The results confirm the equivalence of podocytes and solenocytes as suggested by the comparative analysis. They further indicate that which morph is expressed is a function of body design factors discussed in the model. (13) Protonephridia are believed to be primitive to metanephridia because they occur in presumably primitive animals and in ontogenetic stages of many animals with metanephridia as adults. It is suggested here that the distribution of protonephridia is related to small body size and the lack of blood vessels, regardless of phylogenetic status. The occurrence of protonephridia in the larvae of species with metanephridia as adults is explained similarly as a function of the small larval size and lack of blood vessels.
Performance of joint transform correlation under varying illumination and noise

The effect of varying the input scene illumination and noise on the performance of binary and fringe-adjusted joint transform correlators (JTCs) has been investigated in this paper. Simulation results show that the fringe-adjusted JTC yields superior correlation output when compared with the binary JTC for all types of input scenes affected by both illumination and noise. Furthermore, the binary JTC has been found to yield a good correlation output when zero mean, unity variance Gaussian white noise is added to input scenes affected by poor illumination.
Effects of Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement on reward responsiveness and opioid cue-reactivity

Dysregulated reward processing is a hallmark feature of drug addiction; however, scant research has evaluated restructuring reward processing in the context of addiction treatment. We examined effects of Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE) on reward responsiveness (RR) and opioid cue-reactivity in a sample of chronic pain patients with opioid use problems. We previously reported that MORE decreased pain, opioid misuse, and craving relative to a social support control group (SG). Here, we examined whether these outcomes were linked to changes in RR in a subset of participants. Participants were chronic pain patients (71 % women, age 46.6 ± 13.9) who received MORE (n = 20) or SG (n = 29). RR was measured before and after 8 weeks of treatment via heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) responses during a dot probe task that included opioid-related, pain-related, and natural reward stimuli, as well as craving ratings. The MORE group, who reported decreased opioid misuse and opioid craving during treatment, evidenced less subjective opioid cue-reactivity, greater HR decelerations, and greater increases in HRV to all cues after treatment compared to the SG; HR and HRV effects were most pronounced for natural reward cues. Within the MORE group, HR deceleration to natural reward cues was correlated with increased subjective arousal to the cues, whereas HR deceleration to opioid cues was correlated with decreased subjective arousal. Effects of MORE on craving were mediated by enhanced RR. Results suggest that during treatment with MORE, cardiac-autonomic responsiveness to non-drug reward increases, while reactivity to opioid reward decreases. Studies are needed to discern whether changes in RR were a result or a determinant of reductions in opioid misuse and craving. RR may play a role in addiction treatment.
Informal communication in collaboratories

Recent years have seen an increasing use of collaboratories in distributed scientific work. This study examines the role of collaboratories in informal scientific communication. Hypotheses relating to potential opportunities for informal communication afforded by collaboratories are tested with data from in-depth interviews.
Outcomes of surgical aortic valve replacement: the benchmark for percutaneous therapies.

Abstract Historically, many patients with severe senile calcific aortic valve stenosis (AS) were not offered surgery, largely due to the perception that the risks of operation were prohibitive. Such patients have subsequently been formally designated as ‘high risk’ or ‘inoperable’ with respect to their suitability for surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in the evolving lexicon of heart valve disease. The recent availability of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) represents an alternative treatment option, and permits the opportunity to re-examine algorithms for assessing operative risk. As the experience with TAVR grows, expanded use in new patient populations can be anticipated. While TAVR in high risk AS patients has demonstrated benefits, the emerging indication in intermediate AS is less clear and conclusions will necessarily await the availability of results from ongoing clinical trials. This article will discuss current outcomes for SAVR among high- and intermediate-risk patients with AS as a barometer in assessing the results of nascent percutaneous therapies.
Clinical impact and frequency of anatomic pathology errors in cancer diagnoses.

BACKGROUND To the authors' knowledge, the frequency and clinical impact of errors in the anatomic pathology diagnosis of cancer have been poorly characterized to date. METHODS The authors examined errors in patients who underwent anatomic pathology tests to determine the presence or absence of cancer or precancerous lesions in four hospitals. They analyzed 1 year of retrospective errors detected through a standardized cytologic–histologic correlation process (in which patient same-site cytologic and histologic specimens were compared). Medical record reviews were performed to determine patient outcomes. The authors also measured the institutional frequency, cause (i.e., pathologist interpretation or sampling), and clinical impact of diagnostic cancer errors. RESULTS The frequency of errors in cancer diagnosis was found to be dependent on the institution (P < 0.001) and ranged from 1.79–9.42% and from 4.87–11.8% of all correlated gynecologic and nongynecologic cases, respectively. A statistically significant association was found between institution and error cause (P < 0.001); the cause of errors resulting from pathologic misinterpretation ranged from 5.0–50.7% (the remainder were due to clinical sampling). A statistically significant association was found between institution and assignment of the clinical impact of error (P < 0.001); the aggregated data demonstrated that for gynecologic and nongynecologic errors, 45% and 39%, respectively, were associated with harm. The pairwise kappa statistic for interobserver agreement on cause of error ranged from 0.118–0.737. CONCLUSIONS Errors in cancer diagnosis are reported to occur in up to 11.8% of all reviewed cytologic-histologic specimen pairs. To the authors' knowledge, little agreement exists regarding whether pathology errors are secondary to misinterpretation or poor clinical sampling of tissues and whether pathology errors result in serious harm. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
A comparison of the distribution of acetylcholinesterase and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the feline neostriatum.

Abstract In the cat neostriatum the histochemical distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was compared with the autoradiographic localization of the cholinergic muscarinic antagonist [3- 3 H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([ 3 H]QNB). While the AChE was found to be localized in a pattern of AChE dense and sparse zones the muscarinic receptors were distributed evenly throughout the neostriatum. The results suggest that the AChE histochemical patches in the neostriatum are not indicative of the distribution of cholinergic synapses.
Enterovirus infections: A review of clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment

The enteroviruses, RNA viruses of the Picornaviridae family, are ubiquitous pathogens which include more than 70 different serotypes that infect people of all ages and tend to occur seasonally in the summer and fall. Clinical manifestations may vary diversely with one serotype, while multiple serotypes can present with identical symptoms and may mimic bacterial infections. Most enterovirus infections cause benign, self-limiting disease; however, they can also produce severe and sometimes fatal illnesses such as meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, neonatal sepsis, and polio. Severe enterovirus infections are being diagnosed and treated earlier with better prognostic outcomes due to the advances of polymerase chain reaction technology in accurately detecting virus in patient fluids as well as the recent development of new antiviral therapies.
Word, Words, Words: Ellul and the Mediocritization of Language

The authors explore how technique via propaganda has replaced the word with images creating a mass society and limiting the ability of people to act as individuals. They begin by looking at how words affect human society and how they have changed over time. They explore how technology has altered the meaning of words in order to create a more efficient world. Words become disconnected from time and space through the use of timeless images. The institutions of society support the humiliation of the word to create a world where technique can flourish. Ellul provides a way of reconciling the loss of power for words via a Christian living as cross-bearers. Only individuals and not the institution are capable of changing society. Ellul believes that the salvation of the word and restoration of a more humane society depends on individuals living the faith.
Post-dural puncture headache and other complications after lumbar puncture.

In pediatric hematology and oncology specialties, lumbar punctures are frequently performed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Lumbar puncture is a procedure that is generally well tolerated with minimal adverse effects. However, adverse effects do occur. Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) is the most common adverse effect after lumbar puncture. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of PDPH and attention to needle selection and technique may lessen the occurrence of PDPH. A review of the literature that addresses the variables associated with PDPH and its prevention are presented. Other adverse effects after lumbar puncture include dysesthesias, backache, transient radicular irritation, nerve palsies, infectious processes, herniation, and bleeding disorders. Although most adverse effects are mild and resolve without intervention, others require astute diagnosis and management. This review discusses the general principles in the clinical presentation of adverse effects after lumbar puncture and offers interventions for management. The prevention and the recognition and treatment of adverse effects is the role of the entire health care team that cares for children who require lumbar puncture. As such, implications for the role of nursing are essential before, during, and after a lumbar puncture and are briefly discussed.
Optical characterization of single plasmonic nanoparticles

This tutorial review surveys the optical properties of plasmonic nanoparticles studied by various single particle spectroscopy techniques. The surface plasmon resonance of metallic nanoparticles depends sensitively on the nanoparticle geometry and its environment, with even relatively minor deviations causing significant changes in the optical spectrum. Because for chemically prepared nanoparticles a distribution of their size and shape is inherent, ensemble spectra of such samples are inhomogeneously broadened, hiding the properties of the individual nanoparticles. The ability to measure one nanoparticle at a time using single particle spectroscopy can overcome this limitation. This review provides an overview of different steady-state single particle spectroscopy techniques that provide detailed insight into the spectral characteristics of plasmonic nanoparticles.
Resonance characteristics of connected subsystems: Theory and simple configurations

Abstract The dynamic properties of connected continuous subsystems are examined with use of analytical expressions for the modal properties. The analysis begins with a Lagrange multiplier formulation to develop a characteristic equation in terms of subsystem mobilities and impedances. The complexity of the problem is examined in terms of the order of the polynomial expressions in the characteristic equation. To obtain insight into the system's complicated dynamic characteristics, the complexity of the problem is reduced. It is shown that the reduction of complexity can be obtained only with a reduction of accuracy, but by retaining the dominant effects of the dynamics problem, the loss of accuracy is not excessive. The reduced problem is examined further to develop simple, yet powerful expressions for the modal properties which provide insight into the resonance characteristics of the connected subsystem problem. The results are useful as a complement to existing computational techniques for understanding and interpreting dynamic analysis results. In this paper, the theory and simplest configurations are examined, and in the companion paper, more general configurations are studied.