cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hemorrhagic vestibular schwannoma: review of the literature.

Background Clinically significant intratumoral hemorrhage historically has been reported in only a small fraction of vestibular schwannomas (VS). Patients with hemorrhagic VS are more likely to present with neurologic deficits and have worse outcomes than patients with nonhemorrhagic VS. The purpose of this study is to analyze characteristics that may predispose VS to hemorrhage and that may prove helpful in the management and treatment of VS. Methods A literature search was conducted using National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health databases to identify articles pertaining to intratumoral hemorrhage in VS. The authors selected 39 cases, described in 18 published articles, to review. Results Average patient age and tumor size in hemorrhagic cases of VS did not differ significantly from nonhemorrhagic cases of VS. Facial nerve dysfunction at presentation occurred with greater frequency in cases of hemorrhagic VS (33.3%) than in nonhemorrhagic VS (6.0%). Death occurred much more frequently in cases of hemorrhagic VS (10.0%) than in nonhemorrhagic VS (0.2%). Abnormality of tumor-associated vasculature was noted histologically in many cases, and a large number of the cases reported prior treatment by stereotactic radiosurgery. Conclusions Understanding the origins and clinical implications of intratumoral hemorrhage in VS could potentially assist in clinical decision making and patient counseling.
Cost Minimization Analysis of Preoperative Erythropoietin vs Autologous and Allogeneic Blood Donation in Total Joint Arthroplasty

Autologous blood donation and erythropoietin (EPO) have been shown to be effective in reducing allogeneic blood transfusion, but the cost-effectiveness of these interventions remains unclear. A cost minimization analysis was performed, comparing the total costs of allogeneic blood transfusion strategy and autologous and allogeneic blood transfusion strategy for 161 primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) and 195 total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients. An EPO cost minimization model was constructed using a previously published algorithm for blood management after total joint arthroplasty. The least costly strategy was autologous blood donation in combination with allogeneic blood for THA and TKA patients at $856 and $892 per patient, respectively. The most costly strategy was allogeneic only at $1769 and $1352 per THA and TKA patient, respectively. The EPO strategy model predicted costs similar to the autologous and allogeneic. A strategy that combines autologous blood donation with EPO for patients who cannot donate autologous blood may provide the greatest cost savings and minimize allogeneic blood transfusion.
Using Web services and data mediation/storage services to enable command and control to simulation interoperability

The extensible battle management language project has implemented XML based data mediation services to translate from legacy XML schemas into XML schemas, based on a common tag set generated from the command and control information exchange data model (C2IEDM). The C2IEDM was developed by NATO to enable interoperation among operational command and control (C2) systems of coalition forces. XBML's ability to exchange simulation information based on C2IEDM enables a major expansion in interoperability, in that C2 systems now can be coupled with modeling and simulation software. The benefit of our specific data mediation approach is that legacy systems are required only to provide information exchange interfaces based on XML, as the adaptation of such systems is done by configuring the layers of the recommended architecture. We present the architecture and operational principles used to achieve interoperation in this way.
Comparison of eight prosthetic aortic valves in a cadaver model

Objectives Proper valve selection is critical to ensure appropriate valve replacement for patients, because implantation of a small valve might place the patient at risk for persistent gradients. Labeled valve size is not the same as millimeter measure of prosthetic valve diameters or the annulus into which it will fit. Studies that use the labeled valve size in lieu of actual measured diameter in millimeters to compare different valves might be misleading. Using human cadaver hearts, we sized the aortic annulus with 8 commonly used prosthetic aortic valve sizers and compared the valves using geometric orifice area. This novel method for comparing prosthetic valves allowed us to evaluate multiple valves for implantation into the same annulus. Methods Aortic annular area was determined in 66 cadavers. Valve sizers for 8 prosthetic valves were used to determine the appropriate valve for aortic valve replacement. Regression analyses were performed to compare the relationship between geometric orifice area and aortic annular area. Results Tissue valves had a larger orifice area for any annular size but were not different at small sizes. Supra-annular valves were larger than intra-annular valves for the small annulus, but this relationship was not uniform with increasing annular size. Conclusions Labeled valve size relates unpredictably to annular size and orifice area. No advantage in geometric orifice area could be demonstrated between these tissue valves at small annular sizes. Valves with the steepest slope on regression analysis might provide a larger benefit with upsizing with respect to geometric orifice area.
Our Daily Bread: The Peasant Question and Family Farming in the Columbian Andes

Our Daily Bread: The Peasant Question and Family Farming in the Columbian Andes. Nola Reinhardt. Berkeley: University of California Press, I988. xv. 307 pp., photographs, notes, references, index. $40.00 (cloth). ISBN 0-520-062256.
High power operation of a single-cell 352 MHz cavity for the Advanced Photon Source (APS)

The single-cell 352 MHz cavity for the APS 7-GeV positron storage ring has been tested up to one megavolt gap voltage at 100 kW. Thermal measurements were recorded to ensure adequate cooling. Higher order modes were damped using both voltage and current coupled dampers. The dampers have less that the fundamental mode. Stagger tuning of the higher modes has been done by slightly varying the length of each cavity to shift them apart in order to minimize their effect of multi-bunch instabilities. >
Mechanisms for building autonomically scalable services on cooperatively shared computing platforms

We present here a system architecture and its underlying mechanisms for building autonomically scalable and resilient services on cooperatively shared computing platforms. Specifically, our focus is on utilizing computing platforms exhibiting the following characteristics. The resources at a node in such platforms are allocated to competing users on fair-share basis, without any reserved resource capacities for any user. There is no platform-wide resource manager for the placement of users on different nodes. The users independently select nodes for their applications. Moreover, a node can become unavailable at any time due to crashes or shutdowns. Building scalable services in such environments poses unique challenges due to node-level fluctuations in the available resource capacities and node crashes. The service load may surge in a short time due to flash crowds. Autonomic scaling of service capacity is performed by dynamic control of the degree of service replication based on the estimated service capacity and the observed load. We present here models for estimating the service capacity at a node under fluctuating operating conditions. Furthermore, we develop adaptive and agile load distribution mechanisms for distributing load among replicas based on their time-varying service capacities. We present the results of our evaluations of these mechanisms on PlanetLab, which exemplifies the platform level characteristics considered here.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding and characterizing software visualization systems

The general term software visualization refers to graphical views or illustrations of the entities and characteristics of computer programs and algorithms. This term along with many others including data structure display, program animation, algorithm animation, etc., have been used inconsistently in the literature, which has led to confusion in describing systems providing these capabilities. This paper presents a scaled characterization of software visualization terms along aspect, abstractness, animation, and automation dimensions. Rather than placing existing systems into hard-and-fast categories, it focuses on unique and differentiating aspects across all systems. >
Reversal of perfusion and diffusion abnormalities after intravenous thrombolysis for a lacunar infarction

Perfusion and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been used to guide therapy in patients with large vessel occlusions. In an analogous fashion, the authors used perfusion and diffusion MRI to demonstrate a perfusion deficit and a matching diffusion lesion in a patient with lacunar infarct. Following thrombolytic therapy, the authors observed a reversal of the perfusion deficit, the diffusion lesion, and clinical recovery. This case suggests that perfusion and diffusion MRI may be informative in patients with lacunar infarction who are candidates for thrombolysis.
On the interpretation of the exponent in the “near-miss-to-Weber's law”

Abstract In the near-miss-to-Weber's-Law, the exponent is usually regarded to be a constant. The experimental evidence for this constancy is slight. It is shown that if this exponent is allowed to vary as a function of the discrimination criterion π, then, under very general conditions, either it is indeed a constant function of π or it takes an exponential form leading to an interesting invariance property.
Predicting Speaker Head Nods and the Effects of Affective Information

During face-to-face conversation, our body is continually in motion, displaying various head, gesture, and posture movements. Based on findings describing the communicative functions served by these nonverbal behaviors, many virtual agent systems have modeled them to make the virtual agent look more effective and believable. One channel of nonverbal behaviors that has received less attention is head movements, despite the important functions served by them. The goal for this work is to build a domain-independent model of speaker's head movements that could be used to generate head movements for virtual agents. In this paper, we present a machine learning approach for learning models of head movements by focusing on when speaker head nods should occur, and conduct evaluation studies that compare the nods generated by this work to our previous approach of using handcrafted rules . To learn patterns of speaker head nods, we use a gesture corpus and rely on the linguistic and affective features of the utterance. We describe the feature selection process and training process for learning hidden Markov models and compare the results of the learned models under varying conditions. The results show that we can predict speaker head nods with high precision (.84) and recall (.89) rates, even without a deep representation of the surface text and that using affective information can help improve the prediction of the head nods (precision: .89, recall: .90). The evaluation study shows that the nods generated by the machine learning approach are perceived to be more natural in terms of nod timing than the nods generated by the rule-based approach.
United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service research on natural products for pest management

Recent research of the Agricultural Research Service of USDA on the use of natural products to manage pests is summarized. Studies of the use of both phytochemicals and diatomaceous earth to manage insect pests are discussed. Chemically characterized compounds, such as a saponin from pepper (Capsicum frutescens L), benzaldehyde, chitosan and 2-deoxy-D-glucose are being studied as natural fungicides. Resin glycosides for pathogen resistance in sweet potato and residues of semi- tropical leguminous plants for nematode control are also under investigation. Bioassay-guided isolation of compounds with potential use as herbicides or herbicide leads is underway at several locations. New natural phytotoxin molecular target sites (asparagine synthetase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase) have been discovered. Weed control in sweet potato and rice by allelopathy is under investigation. Molecular approaches to enhance allelopathy in sorghum are also being undertaken. The genes for polyketide synthases involved in production of pesticidal polyketide compounds in fungi are found to provide clues for pesticide discovery. Gene expression profiles in response to fungicides and herbicides are being generated as tools to understand more fully the mode of action and to rapidly determine the molecular target site of new, natural fungicides and herbicides. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Initial Operation of the New Bevatron Local Injector

Initial operational characteristics of a new Bevatron injector system are described. It is capable of providing an independent source of ions to the Bevatron through mass 40. The new injector consists of a sputter ion PIG source, operating on a 60 kV DC platform, an RFQ linac, and two Alvarez linacs, all operating at 199 MHz. Beams with q/A ? 0.14 are accelerated to 200 keV/n in the RFQ and to 800 keV/n in the first Alvarez tank. Each Alvarez operates in the 2s? mode, and each is followed by a foil stripper. Beams with a q/A ? 0.32 are accelerated through the second Alvarez to 5 MeV/n, fully stripped, and injected into the Bevatron. Because the Bevatron can be efficiently switched between this injector and the Super HILAC injector, a more efficient operations schedule is made possible to meet the increasingly diverse needs of the Biomedical and Nuclear Science research programs.
An analysis of tte- and to-yuu-no-wa-marked phrases in Japanese discourse

AbstractThis paper examines the use of tte- and to yuu no wa-marked phrases, which has been called the meta-use of linguistic forms. The basic quality of these phrases is to indicate that the entities they represent do not belong to the speaker's territory. This comes from the lexical meaning of the phrases, which connotes that the speaker feels distance from the entities. Because of this connotation, the use of these phrases may be extended to cases where the entities do not belong to the speaker's territory. The speaker places distance from the entities by using the meta-forms in order to show solidarity with the addressee.This paper also explores the difference between tte-marked phrases and to yuu no wa-marked phrases, which have been treated as equivalents in previous literature. Examination of conversational data indicates that the former tend to encode entities that belong to the addressee's territory while the latter tend to encode entities that belong to the speaker's territory. The difference is...
Fecundity of the Stable Fly: Effect of Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor and Phospholipase A Inhibitor on the Fecundity

Fecundity of female stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), was reduced and oviposition was delayed when plasma, serum, or erythrocytes were fed instead of whole bovine blood or defibrinated bovine blood. When 3 mg SBTI/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) was added to plasma, serum, or erythrocyte diets, fecundity was reduced to zero, and when SBTI was added to whole blood or defibrinated blood, fecundity was reduced 71 and 79%, respectively. Females that fed on whole blood containing 3 mg/ml phospholipase A inhibitor, ((2-hydroxyethylammonium acetate) [2,3-bis(octadecanoyl distearoyloxy)propyl]), deposited eggs 24 h earlier and on the average deposited more eggs than females that fed solely on whole blood. The proteolytic activity of midgut homogenates prepared from males that fed on blood meal diets with and without inhibitors indicates that de novo synthesis of digestive enzymes did occur.
Detachment of Four Species of Ticks Exposed to Selected Formamidine Compounds

Detachment time from guinea pigs and dosage-detachment relationships were determined for adults of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), the Cayenne tick, A. cajennense (F.) , the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille), after topical treatment (0.125–1.0 μ/tick) in 0.5 μl acetone of 3 formamidine compounds, chlordimeform amitraz ( N ′-(2, 4-dimethylphenyl)- N -[[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)imino]methyl]- N -methylmethanimidamide), and Upjohn U-42,564 ( N -[[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)imino]methyl- N -methylbenzenesulfenamide). At the median detachment time (DT50) and with dosages of 0.5 μg/tick, Upjohn U-42,564 was 11,3,9.1, and 18.3 times and amitraz was 2, 1.4, 2, and 10.2 times as effective as chlordimeform against R. sanguineus, D. variabilis, A. american , and A. cajennense , respectively. The order of effectiveness of the compounds was U-42,564, amitraz, and chlordimeform. There was a clear distinction in the resistance to detachment between the 2 Amblyomma species (long hypostomes) and the Dermacentor and Rhipicephalus species (short hypostomes): A. americanum and A. cajennense took longer to detach and higher doses were required to provide > 90% detachment. Within all species, there were no significant differences between the sexes in susceptibility to detachment.
Serum-mediated immune cellular responses to Brucella melitensis. VI. The sequence of cellular and serologic changes after immunization of the rabbit with the Rev I vaccine strain.

In earlier reports of immune responses to Brucella, macrophages were studied for their growth-inhibiting action mainly in the absence of added antibody [1-3]; the addition of antibody was found to exert no effect on the capacities of immune cells to inhibit growth of Brucella [2, 3]. On the other hand, in rabbits immunized with the Rev I vaccine strain of Brucella melitensis, immune serum enhanced the in-vitro functions of macrophages [4-7]. More than one function of the macrophage is involved; each in turn may be activated or enhanced by more than one immunoglobulin, as well as by nonspecific factors of serum [8]. When infection of normal macrophages is initiated by Brucella of the smooth variety, many phagocytes degenerate. A heat-stable material that reduced degeneration of macrophages accumulated in the sera of animals vaccinated with the Rev I strain. It produced its maximal effects when combined with macrophages from immunized animals. A similar factor was
Annex C. Data Libraries for IAEA Nuclear Security Assessment Methodologies (NUSAM)

Data Libraries are a collection of experimental data for PP elements based on specific defeat mechanisms. The data can de related to probability of detection, assessment, or barrier delay times. The data libraries can be a manually tabulated list or an electronic menu values enbedded in a stand-alone database or in an assessment software program such as SAVI or EASI. Data library values are usually based on years of historical testing data for many forms of common and sometimes unique PPS systems. Most useful testing libraries include data from the most basic alarm sensors, doors, walls, and barriers to very sophisticated PP elements. Each PP element is tested using increasing levels of defeat techniques from hand tools, power tools, breaching tools, explosives, and vehicles, as applicable.
The Asteroid Impact Hazard and Interdisciplinary Issues

Sometime in the foreseeable future, perhaps during this decade or maybe not until our great-great-grandchildren are adults, an asteroid the size of a large building will crash into the Earth’s atmosphere, exploding in an air-burst with the force of megatons or more of TNT. Most likely, such an event will happen over an ocean or sparsely populated desert; but, if it occurs over an urban area, the consequences could be very destructive and deadly. Actually, small strikes by cosmic grains of sand happen all the time (witness meteors or “shooting stars”, visible in a dark, clear sky several times an hour) and every year many large rocks, called “meteorites”, survive their atmospheric plunge to be collected and exhibited in museums.
TCT-642 Intentional Laceration of the Anterior Mitral valve leaflet to Prevent left ventricular Outflow tract ObstructioN (LAMPOON) during transcatheter mitral valve implantation: preclinical findings.

Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction is a life-threatening complication of transcatheter mitral valve implantation (TMVR), caused by septal displacement of the anterior mitral leaflet. We propose a novel transcatheter transection of the anterior mitral leaflet. In vivo procedures in
Integrated Multi-Scale Data Analytics and Machine Learning for the Distribution Grid and Building-to-Grid Interface

This white paper introduces the application of advanced data analytics to the modernized grid. In particular, we consider the field of machine learning and where it is both useful, and not useful, for the particular field of the distribution grid and buildings interface. While analytics, in general, is a growing field of interest, and often seen as the golden goose in the burgeoning distribution grid industry, its application is often limited by communications infrastructure, or lack of a focused technical application. Overall, the linkage of analytics to purposeful application in the grid space has been limited. In this paper we consider the field of machine learning as a subset of analytical techniques, and discuss its ability and limitations to enable the future distribution grid and the building-to-grid interface. To that end, we also consider the potential for mixing distributed and centralized analytics and the pros and cons of these approaches. Machine learning is a subfield of computer science that studies and constructs algorithms that can learn from data and make predictions and improve forecasts. Incorporation of machine learning in grid monitoring and analysis tools may have the potential to solve data and operational challenges that result from increasing penetration of distributed and behind-the-meter energy resources. There is an exponentially expanding volume of measured data being generated on the distribution grid, which, with appropriate application of analytics, may be transformed into intelligible, actionable information that can be provided to the right actors – such as grid and building operators, at the appropriate time to enhance grid or building resilience, efficiency, and operations against various metrics or goals – such as total carbon reduction or other economic benefit to customers. While some basic analysis into these data streams can provide a wealth of information, computational and human boundaries on performing the analysis are becoming significant, with more data and multi-objective concerns. Efficient applications of analysis and the machine learning field are being considered in the loop
Biomarker discovery and preclinical validation using mouse models of lung cancer.

5740 Early detection represents one of the most promising approaches to improve lung cancer survival. To date, no reliable circulating biomarkers of lung cancer have been identified that allow early diagnosis. With the advent of gene targeting technologies, new genetically engineered mouse models of lung cancer have been created that closely recapitulate the pathobiology of the human disease. Given the variability, complexity, and dynamic range of human plasma, we hypothesized that the use of appropriate animal models might provide a unique entry point for the discovery of early lung cancer biomarkers. To test this hypothesis, we obtained plasma from three groups of mice, a control group with no lung tumors, a second group with lung tumors induced by expression of oncogenic K-ras (K-rasG12D), and a third group with lung tumors driven by both oncogenic K-ras and mutant p53. Plasma samples were first depleted of highly abundant proteins using an Agilent MARS M3 column. The depleted samples were then reduced, alkylated, and fractionated at the protein level by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). SEC fractions were digested with trypsin and sub-fractionated by gradient strong cation exchange (SCX). Collected fractions were analyzed by LC-MS/MS using a linear ion trap-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance tandem mass spectrometer. The resulting LC-MS/MS data were analyzed using SpectrumMill. All analyses were performed as complete replicates. We identified close to 500 proteins with a high degree of confidence. Of these, approximately one-quarter were increased at least two fold in one or both of the lung cancer-bearing groups compared to cancer-free controls. These candidate biomarkers include the expected acute phase reactants as well as a variety of coagulation cascade components. Potential biomarkers of interest include proteins involved in extracellular maintenance and degradation, lung-specific proteins, and tumor endothelial markers. To validate candidate biomarkers of lung cancer, we have performed immunoblotting of individual mouse plasma samples using commercially available antibodies directed against potential biomarkers. We are also performing quantitative analysis of candidate biomarkers using labeled peptides and multiple reaction monitoring. These preliminary studies highlight the potential utility of combining mouse models with innovative technologies to facilitate the discovery of clinically relevant biomarkers of lung cancer. These studies may ultimately lead to the identification of one or a panel of markers for formal evaluation in clinical trials.
Comprehensive Guidance for Antibiotic Dosing in Obese Adults

Physiologic alterations seen in obesity commonly impact the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antibiotics and may result in suboptimal dosing in this expanding but understudied population. Much of the published clinical and PK evidence to date consists of small patient populations and are retrospective with, not infrequently, heterogeneous results that in some cases are contradictory. In the last 10 years, additional antimicrobial PK/PD and clinical data encompassing prolonged infusion strategies and examination of critically ill populations have emerged to inform antimicrobial dosing in obesity. In this narrative review, we critically review literature on dosing, PK, and possible dosing strategies in obese adults. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library using Medical Subject Headings including anti-infectives, specific antimicrobial names, obese, pharmacokinetics, and others. We reviewed articles, cross-referenced select cited references, and when applicable, referenced drug databases and package inserts to develop dosing recommendations. We provide an overall critical review of the available data regarding PK and dosing issues including dosing recommendations in both critically ill and noncritically ill patients with significant obesity. We developed dosing recommendations for 34 antimicrobials based on 121 articles of the 2336 identified by the search strategy. Although 11 of these do not appear to require dose adjustment, obesity-specific dosing guidance is provided for the remaining 23 antimicrobials. Additional studies are needed to better understand and resolve discrepant published results regarding the PK of antibiotics to establish optimal dosing strategies in obese adults. Alternative dosing strategies, such as extended infusions, should be considered for time-dependent antibiotics (e.g., β-lactams) in obese patients to achieve PD targets reliably. Therapeutic drug monitoring across the spectrum of antimicrobials is of increasing importance in this and other populations to ensure optimized dosing.
Chóng ér fēi: Cultural Performances of Belonging in Intercountry Adoptive Families

This chapter scrutinises three ‘canonical’ narratives crucial to the discourse of adoption in general and intercountry adoption in particular, as they are revealed in the ‘performances’ of a group of adoptive families. These specific narratives focus on the primacy of the biological family, birth as a point where ethnicity and culture is fixed; and that the loss of each of these endangers a complete identity. Using performance theory, I illustrate the strategies employed by families who live in the UK and have adopted children from China to address the deficit of these origin narratives for their adopted children. This ethnography explores how these families construct familial and cultural belonging across ethnic, cultural, and biological boundaries. I argue that these families display and perform their belonging narratives whilst finding cultural strategies to connect their daughters to China and an absent biological family. By these means they conform to the expectations of the ‘good adoptive parent’.
Age-dependent determinants of antipsychotic use among newly admitted residents of skilled nursing facilities: A population-based study.

OBJECTIVES To assess factors related to antipsychotic (AP) use in skilled nursing facilities for newly admitted residents aged 18 to 49, 50 to 64, 65 to 84, and 85 years or older. METHODS Retrospective, population-level, Minimum Data Set (MDS) 2.0 data from the United States during the year of 2009 were used. Over 1 million residents were included. Fourteen clinically relevant variables were identified through a literature search. Antipsychotic use was defined as APs dispensed daily for the prior 7 days. Logistic regression was used to identify clinically relevant variables, which were then ranked based on magnitude of their association with APs. RESULTS Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia were consistently related to AP use across age groups. For older age groups, off-label indications such as cognitive impairment, dementia, behavioral symptoms, and physical restraint use were more closely related to AP use, while delusions and hallucinations decreased in strength. Higher proportions of APs were found in all diseases and symptoms in nonelderly adults, with the exception of physical restraint use. Concurrent physical restraint and AP use was highest for older adults aged 65 to 84 at 36%. CONCLUSIONS Correlates of AP use varied by age, with stronger associations between on-label conditions and AP use among younger adults and off-label conditions among older adults. Several less conventional determinants, namely, Parkinson disease, traumatic brain injury, and the use of physical restraints were identified to increase the likelihood of AP use. This study highlights the importance of monitoring for adverse effects for residents of all ages.
Cytopathic Hypoxia in Sepsis: An Overview

Septic shock in humans is characterized by a hyperdynamic circulation, elevated systemic mixed-venous O2 content and lactic acidosis. An apparent defect in O2 extraction along with increased anaerobic mechanism has prompted investigation of the role of hypoxia in the production of organ dysfunction and death. Although “classic” hypoxia, i.e. anemic, hypoxic, and stagnant hypoxia may be present at the level of the macro- or microcirculation, there is increasing evidence for “cytopathic hypoxia”, failure of oxygen utilization in the presence of adequate tissue pO2. The process of cellular energy production via oxidative phosphorylation is discussed, and the general mechanisms through which it may be perturbed are reviewed: 1) failure to deliver adequate substrate to the electron transport chain, 2) dysfunction of the electron transport chain, 3) failure of proper coupling between electron flux and ATP synthesis, (4) failure to deliver adequate O2 to the electron transport chain. The first three mechanisms define cytotopathic hypoxia and are discussed in-depth, with reference to possible relevance in human sepsis. Synergy between “classic hypoxia” and cytopathic hypoxia is hypothesized. The expanding role of nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen intermediates in this process is highlighted.
New Relationships Among IFN-Gamma, TNF and IL-1: Cellular and Biochemical Effects

In recent studies we found differences between the mechanism of enhanced monocyte cytotoxicity observed with IFN-gamma and IFN-alpha and demonstrated new interactions between the monokines, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (1,2). Specifically we observed that pure recombinant human IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, TNF and natural IL-1 each enhance human monocyte cytotoxicity as determined by a short term 51Cr release assay using actinomycin D-treated WEHI cells as tumor targets. The ability of TNF and IL-1 to enhance cytotoxicity is specific for monocytes, as TNF and IL-1 do not enhance natural killer (NK) cell activity. This is in contrast to IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma which enhance both monocyte and NK cytotoxicity. We also found that IFN-alpha, IFN- gamma and TNF enhance IL-1 production by the monocytes. Enhanced production of IL-1 is not the mechanism whereby IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, TNF and IL-1 itself enhance monocyte cytotoxicity. Of the four agents (IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-1, and TNF), only TNF has direct cytotoxic effects on the tumor targets. In experiments in which antibodies to each of the four agents were used during the cytotoxic phase of the monocyte-tumor cell interaction we then went on to prove that TNF alone mediates the enhanced monocyte cytotoxicity observed with IFN-gamma, IL-1 and TNF itself, but not that observed with IFN-alpha. The means by which monocyte cytotoxicity occurs spontaneously or is enhanced by IFN-alpha are yet to be determined.
Expression of functional α4β1 integrin by human dermal fibroblasts

Abstract Fibroblasts interact with the extracellular matrix through cell-surface receptors belonging to the integrin family. In this report, we present evidence that cultured normal human fibroblasts express the integrin α 4 β 1 and that this receptor facilitates fibroblast attachment to fibronectin. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis and immunoprecipitation with monoclonal antibodies demonstrated that normal dermal fibroblasts express the α 4 -subunit on the cell surface, primarily in association with the β 1 -subunit. Cell-attachment assays demonstrated that normal human fibroblasts can attach to the 40-kDa fibronectin fragment containing the type III connecting segment domain recognized by α 4 β 1 .Adhesion to this fragment was inhibited by anti- α 4 antibody. Furthermore, our results indicate that α 4 β 1 collaborates with another fibronectin receptor, α 5 β 1 , during fibroblast attachment to full-length fibronectin. The region of fibronectin recognized by α 5 β 1 contains the amino acid sequence arg-gly-asp (RGD). A short synthetic RGD peptide, or the 120-kDa fibronectin fragment containing the RGD sequence, only partially inhibited attachment to full-length fibronectin, suggesting that fibroblasts utilize more than the RGD recognition sequence for binding to fibronectin. Accordingly, RGD peptide combined with anti- α 4 antibody produced more potent inhibition of cell attachment than either reagent alone. These observations show for the first time that functional α 4 β 1 fibronectin receptor is not restricted to lymphoid cells and transformed cells.
Multiparadigm programming in Scala: tutorial presentation

This tutorial introduces the new programming language Scala [2,3,4] being developed by Martin Odersky and his team at EPFL in Switzerland. Although Scala arose from the academic research community, it has generated considerable interest in the practitioner community as a possible replacement for Java in enterprise software development. (Odersky was one of the designers of the generic type features added to Java 5.)
Effectiveness of the IBCLC: Have we Made an Impact on the Care of Breastfeeding Families Over the Past Decade?

Background:International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) have been in existence for over 3 decades, are currently represented in 110 countries, and have the only internationally reco...
YouTube as a Guide for Respimat® Soft Mist™ Inhaler Technique.

Background:Consumers are involved more than ever in their health care, with many utilizing the Internet for health information. YouTube is a convenient and vast source of health education videos. P...
Trump-induced anxiety among Latina/os:

During the 2016 election, Donald Trump castigated unauthorized immigrants as “murderers and rapists.” During his presidency, he continued the use of this rhetoric, explicitly linking unauthorized m...
Predicting Mortality in Critical Care Patients with Fungemia Using Structured and Unstructured Data

Fungemia is a life-threatening infection, but predictive models of in-patient mortality in this infection are few. In this study, we developed models predicting all-cause in-hospital mortality among 265 fungemic patients in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC-III) database using both structured and unstructured data. Structured data models included multivariable logistic regression, extreme gradient boosting, and stacked ensemble models. Unstructured data models were developed using Amazon Comprehend Medical and BioWordVec embeddings in logistic regression, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and recurrent neural networks (RNNs). We evaluated models trained on all notes, notes from only the first three days of hospitalization, and models trained on only physician notes. The best-performing structured data model was a multivariable logistic regression model that achieved an accuracy of 0.74 and AUC of 0.76. Liver disease, acute renal failure, and intubation were some of the top features driving prediction in multiple models. CNNs using unstructured data achieved similar performance even when trained with notes from only the first three days of hospitalization. The best-performing unstructured data models used the Amazon Comprehend Medical document classifier and CNNs, achieving accuracy ranging from 0.99-1.00, and AUCs of 1.00. Therefore, unstructured data - particularly notes composed by physicians - offer added predictive value over models based on structured data alone.Clinical Relevance— Unstructured data may help identify which patients are at high risk of death and need more aggressive treatment or closer monitoring. This is critically important since mortality rates from fungemia are very high.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the EDE-Q in vegans and omnivores: Support for the brief three factor model

Abstract The factor structure of the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) has proven difficult to replicate, including in vegans, whose eating behaviors differ from omnivores in important ways. We sought to assess fit of data from vegans and omnivores with the most recently proposed brief three-factor model of the EDE-Q, which retains only seven of the original 28 EDE-Q items. We examined fit indices of the EDE-Q brief three-factor model in vegans (i.e., individuals refraining from all animal products, n = 318) and omnivores (i.e., individuals not restricting intake of animal products, n = 200) in single-group confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Configural and metric invariance across the two groups was examined in multi-group CFA. Data from omnivores exhibited good model fit. Fit in vegans was slightly worse, but still adequate and superior to alternative models. Findings from multi-group CFA supported configural, but not metric invariance across the two groups. We document satisfactory fit of data from vegans and omnivores with the EDE-Q brief three-factor model, suggesting that it is better suited for quantifying disordered eating than the original four-factor, full three-factor, or alternative two-, full one-, and brief one-factor versions, including in individuals who abstain from animal products.
Real-Time Adaptive Noise and Echo Cancellation on a Compact Microcontroller

This paper provides an analysis of current advancements made in acoustic noise and echo cancellation (ANEC) and describes a real-time acoustic noise and feedback cancellation implementation that is low-cost and effective. Challenges in developing this compact mobile ANEC system included integrating a high order normalized least mean square (NLMS) adaptive algorithm with an analog synchronized twochannel interface. The paper also presents electrical and mechanical details of this small footprint ANEC prototype along with test results. The system was evaluated in terms of performance and computational complexity using objective and subjective evaluations. Metrics used to assess real-time performance included the Echo Return Loss Enhancement (ERLE), the Added Stable Gain (ASG) as well as algorithm convergence curves.
Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change: Lessons from the US National Wildlife Refuge System

US national wildlife refuges have recent, detailed management plans illustrating the state of planning for climate-change adaptation in protected areas. Discussion of and prescriptions for addressing climate change increased in refuge plans between 2005 and 2010 but decreased in 2011. The plans respond to some climate-change impacts on biodiversity and call for monitoring but with little clarity regarding how to act on monitoring results and scant attention to future changes in phenology and community composition. The threats posed by sea-level rise generated the best-developed plan prescriptions. Examples of excellent prescriptions provide models for future planning. Some decision-support tools, such as vulnerability assessments, will improve future planning as they become more available. However, research better targeted at management information gaps is also needed. Region-level coordination, such as through landscape conservation design, offers opportunities for enlarging conservation footprints and improving information generation and sharing.
Weight Gain in Incarcerated Individuals Living With HIV After Switching to Integrase Strand Inhibitor-Based Therapy:

Introduction:Post-marketing data have demonstrated the potential for weight gain with integrase inhibitors (INSTI) use in antiretroviral (ART) therapy.Methods:A medical chart review evaluated virol...
An Analysis of 'Marketing Fraud: An Approach for Differentiating Multilevel Marketing from Pyramid Schemes' Under Standard Protections Offered by Legitimate Direct Selling Firms

Direct selling (DS) is a long-standing and legal retail distribution channel whose distributors act as retail salespeople, sales managers, and personal consumers of the firm’s products. The FTC, state Attorneys General, and other plaintiffs prosecute firms they argue operate illegal pyramid schemes, which have superficial commonalities with (but are not identical to) legitimate DS firms. Confusion can therefore arise about the legality or illegality of the defendant firm’s business. One paper whose analysis and results have been used in prior pyramid scheme prosecutions (Vander Nat and Keep 2002, “VK”) develops a set of “metrics” claimed to apply to the assessment of any DS firm’s business for possible signs of pyramid scheme operation. However, the model’s analysis rests on an unwarranted assumption that distributors’ personal-consumption purchases should not be counted as consumer sales. This paper documents how the VK model fails to account for the appropriate categorization of DS distributor purchases as end-user sales. A re-analysis of the VK model with the proper analytic correction shows that VK’s proffered “metrics” are not meaningful under the standard business protections offered by a legitimate DS firm. As a result, the VK model is unreliable as a general tool in pyramid scheme determination.
Is Coronary Brachytherapy Staging a Comeback for the Treatment of In-Stent Restenosis?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The catheter-based coronary intervention has become a well-established therapeutic modality for obstructive coronary artery disease. However, in-stent restenosis remains a significant limitation of coronary intervention despite the use of newer devices. Intravascular brachytherapy was introduced to treat recurrent in-stent restenosis but only modestly adopted. This review will discuss the mechanism of intracoronary brachytherapy, available clinical evidence of brachytherapy in recurrent in-stent restenosis treatment, and the future of coronary brachytherapy in coronary intervention. RECENT FINDINGS Drug-eluting stents have an inherent limitation as they leave a permanent metal layer inside an artery when deployed. Recently, drug-coated balloon technology has emerged to treat coronary artery disease as a combination of balloon angioplasty and local drug delivery without leaving a metal layer behind. Recent European guidelines recommended using drug-coated balloons when treating in-stent restenosis treatment, while the US guidelines have not yet addressed the use of drug-coated balloons in such cases. Coronary brachytherapy is a valuable addition to treat these challenging diseases despite several logistic issues. If there are newer technologies with easier setup, such as drug-coated balloons, coronary brachytherapy resurgence is improbable in the contemporary era, although it may not become obsolete.
Motion control of virtual reality based on an inertia-based sensing mechanism and a novel approach to redirected walking

This research presents a motion control algorithm for constructing a portable virtual reality system, which can operate in any indoor or outdoor open space without the need for support from any pre-installed infrastructure. The real head and foot motions continuously measured by inertial sensors during natural walking are used as a part of the inputs to the algorithm to control the virtual walking motions of the user. In conjunction with such control, a novel approach to redirected walking is incorporated in the algorithm to continuously adjust the rotation of the virtual environment to redirect the user away from the boundary (i.e., walls and objects) of the real environment. Such an approach, namely the relative approach, adopts the directions and distances of the boundary relative to the user (i.e., the relative local information) instead of the absolute positions and orientations of the user for performing redirection. A ranging sensor is used for collecting the relative local information. The effectiveness of the algorithm was experimentally verified and demonstrated.
Optical Spectroscopy of Ions in Inorganic Glasses

This review concerns itself with a limited subset of the large variety of disordered systems which are the subject of this volume. Specifically, attention is given here to insulating glasses and concentration is focused on the optical properties of such glasses which have been activated by the introduction of centers or impurities. Insulating glasses belonging to this class are encountered in a host of every day common and technical usages, anywhere in fact from window panes to beverage containers to laser glasses.