cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steroid/nuclear receptor coactivators.

In higher eukaryotes, steroids/thyroid hormones and many lipophilic compounds regulate cellular physiology through binding to the steroid/nuclear receptor proteins. Steroid/nuclear receptors are ligand-dependent transcriptional activators that can stimulate gene expression. This transcriptional activatons plays a pivotal role in hormone-regulated physiological and pharmacological responses. In recent years, several steroid/nuclear receptor cofactors have been identified and found to interact with the receptor and modulate its transcriptional activity. Among these cofactors, a family of three coactivators has been the focus of intense studies. Although gaps remain, progress has been made in understanding how a given coactivator interacts with the receptor and promotes transcriptional activation. We are beginning to understand coactivator action; for instance, several studies have established the molecular basis of antagonism by anti-hormones and the connection of coactivators with human cancers.
The triton binding-energy problem

The binding energy of the trinucleon system can now be calculated for a model Hamiltonian with both two- and three-body forces to an accuracy of 10 keV. At least 34 channels must be used in the numerical calculations to achieve this accuracy. All models which use only two-body interactions yield binding energies which are below the experimental values. The addition of either the Tucson-Melbourne or the Brazil two-pion-exchange three-nucleon force to the model Hamiltonian produces a large change in the binding energy. If one uses the commonly accepted value of the pion-nucleon form factor cutoff for the three-body force, then both three-body force models overbind the triton by about 1.5 MeV. Also, the addition of a three-body force to the model Hamiltonian does not produce significant changes in the charge density.
Test evaluation and data on defect-oriented BIST architecture for high-speed PLL

Experimental results are presented for the defect-oriented testing of PLLs using the charge-based frequency measurement BIST technique. Using National Semiconductor Corp.'s 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS 900 MHz PLL, we demonstrate a low-cost and practical BIST solution. The area overhead is minimized by using the existing PLL circuitry for the BIST structure. The test time is typically 12 /spl mu/sec, significantly faster than conventional testing.
Electrostatic discharge in semiconductor devices: overview of circuit protection techniques

Electrostatic discharges (ESD) are prevalent. These events damage sensitive electronic components causing system failures. Designers are not helpless against this event. There are ways to provide protection for these electronic devices. This paper provides an overview of the additional elements placed on the circuit to divert charge and clamp voltages. Both the protection architectures and clamps used are reviewed.
Photoelectric and Thermionic Properties of Nickel

The photoelectric and thermionic properties of spectroscopically pure nickel were studied through a wide range of temperatures including the Curie temperature, 350\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The samples were studied after having been subjected to long outgassing processes. A marked change occurs in the slope of the temperature-photoelectric current curves at the Curie temperature. This change is accounted for by an increase in the work function and a change in the probability factor $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. The work function of carefully outgassed nickel was found to be 5.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 electron volts below 623\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. At this temperature the work function increases becoming 5.20\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 electron volts at 1108\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. A work function of 5.24 electron volts was determined thermionically at temperatures of 1150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and above.
Gene patents and genetic testing in the United States.

As genetic testing moves into mainstream medicine, its restriction by gene patent holders will have far-reaching, detrimental effects on the healthcare system.
Self-consciousness, normativity and abysmal freedom

This article critically examines Christine Korsgaard's claim in her Tanner Lectures to find in self‐consciousness itself the norms that would answer our need for practical reasons, insofar as that need is constituted through our capacity for reflection. It shows that the way in which Korsgaard sees “the need for a reason” as arising out of self‐consciousness implies a dilemma: on the one hand, we want as the ultimate source of our reasons an authority of which we cannot coherently demand legitimation in turn; on the other, our freedom demands that nothing count for us as a reason except insofar as it is in turn endorsed in reflection. Relying on resources drawn from the tradition of reflection, this paper argues that Korsgaard's attempt to resolve this tension is unsuccessful and appeals, in response to this failure, to faith in the authority of our reasons in the absence of foundational justification of them.
Optimized runner systems for multicavity injection molds. Part I: Runner sizing

A strategy has been developed for optimizing the design of runners in injection molds with multiple identical cavities. This approach is based on mathematically rigorous derivations using the power-law viscosity model under conditions where the pressure drop in runners is not significantly influenced by temperature variation. The design rule to minimize runner volume for specified injection pressure and rate is simple: The diameter of any runner downstream from a junction is determined by dividing the diameter of the upstream runner by the cube root of the number of downstream branches at the junction. This rule has been extended to noncircular runners using the hydraulic radius approximation and the requirement of equal velocities in the circular and noncircular runners. Minimum volume cross-sectional shapes have been determined for U-shaped and trapezoidal shaped runners. For circular runners a method for estimating the pressure drop for nonisothermal flow quantifies the deviation from the pressure drop for isothermal flow at the melt temperature. As runner size decreases, the trend is for viscous heating to dominate over cooling and for the estimated nonisothermal pressure drop to be lower than the isothermal pressure drop.
Diffuse ST segment depression from hypothermia

Hypothermia is known to cause specific electrocardiographic (EKG) changes such as Osborne waves and bradycardia. We report diffuse ST segment depression, an atypical EKG change, in a patient with a core temperature of 29.4°C (85°F). This patient had no previous cardiovascular pathology, and his EKG changes resolved gradually with aggressive warming. We also discuss the pathophysiology and clinical significance of ST depression in the general population and the typical EKG changes in hypothermia patients.
Effectiveness of EarthTec(®) for killing invasive quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) and preventing their colonization in the Western United States.

Quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) have created economic and ecological impacts in the western United States since their discovery in 2007. This study focuses on chemical control for preventing the spread of these mussels. The effectiveness of EarthTec® in killing quagga mussels (adults, juveniles, and veligers) in Lake Mead, Nevada-Arizona, was evaluated over time across six concentrations: 0, 1, 5, 10, 17, and 83 ppm. One hundred percent mortality of adult and juvenile mussels was achieved after 96 h with 17 ppm and 5 ppm (respectively), and 100% veliger mortality occurred within 30 min at 3 ppm. From December 2010 to February 2011, the effectiveness of EarthTec® in preventing veliger colonization was also evaluated and the results showed that 2.8 ppm was effective in preventing veliger colonization on fiberglass panels. This study indicates that EarthTec® has the potential to be an effective control agent against the invasive quagga mussel, and more specifically, in preventing the coloniz...
SKIP Interacts with c-Myc and Menin to Promote HIV-1 Tat Transactivation

The Ski-interacting protein SKIP/SNW1 associates with the P-TEFb/CDK9 elongation factor and coactivates inducible genes, including HIV-1. We show here that SKIP also associates with c-Myc and Menin, a subunit of the MLL1 histone methyltransferase (H3K4me3) complex and that HIV-1 Tat transactivation requires c-Myc and Menin, but not MLL1 or H3K4me3. RNAi-ChIP experiments reveal that SKIP acts downstream of Tat:P-TEFb to recruit c-Myc and its partner TRRAP, a scaffold for histone acetyltransferases, to the HIV-1 promoter. By contrast, SKIP is recruited by the RNF20 H2B ubiquitin ligase to the basal HIV-1 promoter in a step that is bypassed by Tat and downregulated by c-Myc. Of interest, we find that SKIP and P-TEFb are dispensable for UV stress-induced HIV-1 transcription, which is strongly upregulated by treating cells with the CDK9 inhibitor flavopiridol. Thus, SKIP acts with c-Myc and Menin to promote HIV-1 Tat:P-TEFb transcription at an elongation step that is bypassed under stress.
Superconductivity in the artificial metals: metallic indium antimonide, the indium--antimonide--tin alloys, and metallic indium telluride

Superconductivity has been observed in metallic indium antimonide, in the alloys of indium antimonide with tin, and in indium telluride. The compounds and alloys were prepared and stabilized at atmospheric pressure in the way described by Darnell and Libby. Superconducting transition temperatures and critical magnetic fields were obtained by the eddy-current decay method used in measuring resistivities.
Layer-By-Layer Dendritic Growth of Hyperbranched Thin Films for Surface Sol-Gel Syntheses of Conformal, Functional, Nanocrystalline Oxide Coatings on Complex 3D (Bio)silica Templates

Here, a straightforward and general method for the rapid dendritic amplification of accessible surface functional groups on hydroxylated surfaces is described, with focus on its application to 3D biomineral surfaces. Reaction of hydroxyl-bearing silica surfaces with an aminosilane, followed by alternating exposure to a dipentaerythritol-derived polyacrylate solution and a polyamine solution, allows the rapid, layer-by-layer (LBL) build-up of hyperbranched polyamine/polyacrylate thin films. Characterization of such LBL-grown thin films by AFM, ellipsometry, XPS, and contact angle analyses reveals a stepwise and spatially homogeneous increase in film thickness with the number of applied layers. UV–Vis absorption analyses after fluorescein isothiocyanate labeling indicate that significant amine amplification is achieved after the deposition of only 2 layers with saturation achieved after 3–5 layers. Use of this thin-film surface amplification technique for hydroxyl-enrichment of biosilica templates facilitates the conformal surface sol–gel deposition of iron oxide that, upon controlled thermal treatment, is converted into a nanocrystalline (∼9.5 nm) magnetite (Fe3O4) coating. The specific adsorption of arsenic onto such magnetite-coated frustules from flowing, arsenic-bearing aqueous solutions is significantly higher than for commercial magnetite nanoparticles (≤50 nm in diameter).
A viscoelastic model for random ultrasound propagation in cancellous bone

Abstract In this paper, we perform time-domain simulations of ultrasound interrogations on cancellous bone. We are interested in describing the attenuation of displacement as a function of frequency as well as of bone porosity. A representative volume element for the cancellous bone is constructed using a two-dimensional random distribution of fluid and solid particles, via the turning bands method. Our numerical results compare favorably with those obtained from homogenization methods.
Promoting Economic Justice in a Global Context: International Comparisons of Policies That Support Economic Justice

This study compares economic justice, measured by income inequality and child poverty rates, across industrialized countries. Labor market training, social service expenditures, unions and taxes were significantly related to economic justice. The United States had the highest income inequality and the second-highest child poverty rate of the countries studied.
Effects of tamoxifen on growth and apoptosis of estrogen-dependent and -independent human breast cancer cells.

Background: Apoptosis (“programmed cell death”) is an active process characterized by prominent nuclear changes and DNA cleavage, which distinguishes it from cellular necrosis. In this study we investigated whether tamoxifen (TAM) treatment of estrogen receptor ER(+) MCF-7 and ER(-) MDA-231 human breast cancer cells resulted in cytotoxicity and cellular changes typical of apoptosis. Methods: Cytotoxicity was measured using a tetrazolium assay. Cellular morphologic changes were observed using transmission electron microscopy. DNA cleavage was assessed using 1.6% agarose gel electrophoresis and was also quantitated biochemically. Results: Exposure of cells to TAM for 24 h resulted in dose- dependent cytotoxicity, and MCF-7 cells were somewhat more sensitive to TAM. TAM induced chromatin condensation around the nuclear periphery in both cell lines, changes typical of apoptosis. TAM-induced cytotoxicity correlated with dose-dependent DNA cleavage, which showed the characteristic “internucleosomal ladder.” DNA cleavage occurred at a slightly lower TAM dose and occurred somewhat sooner in MCF-7 cells. TAM-induced DNA cleavage in MCF-7 cells was inhibited by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, the RNA synthesis inhibitor actinomycin D, and by 17β-estradiol. However, in MDA-231 cells, DNA cleavage was inhibited by cycloheximide, partially but not significantly inhibited by actinomycin D, and not inhibited by 17β-estradiol. Conclusions: TAM induces typical apoptosis in ER(+) or ER (-) human breast cancer cells. TAM induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells involves the estrogen receptor, and requires the synthesis of new protein and mRNA. TAM induction of apoptosis in MDA-231 cells depends primarily on protein synthesis. TAM-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage appear to be explained in part by the induction of apoptosis.
PMP22 accumulation in aggresomes: implications for CMT1A pathology.

Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) is a 22-kDa glycoprotein mainly expressed by Schwann cells (SCs). Duplication or deletion of the PMP22 gene locus is associated with heritable peripheral neuropathies suggesting that the correct level of PMP22 protein is essential for SC functioning. Previously we reported that in SCs the majority (80%) of newly synthesized PMP22 is rapidly degraded, possibly due to inefficient folding. Here we show that inhibition of the proteasome pathway results in a marked accumulation of PMP22 in the perinuclear cytoplasm. Double immunolabeling with an anti-ubiquitin antibody and various organelle markers indicates that the accumulated PMP22 is found in unique intracellular inclusions, called aggresomes. Moreover, overexpression of PMP22 in SCs can induce perinuclear accumulation of the protein. Together, these studies suggest that the proteasome pathway is critical for the regulation of PMP22 protein levels and raise the possibility that aggresomes may be involved in the pathogenesis of PMP22-associated peripheral neuropathies.
On the effect of carbon monoxide addition on soot formation in a laminar ethylene/air coflow diffusion flame

Abstract The effect of carbon monoxide addition on soot formation in an ethylene/air diffusion flame is investigated by experiment and detailed numerical simulation. The paper focuses on the chemical effect of carbon monoxide addition by comparing the results of carbon monoxide and nitrogen diluted flames. Both experiment and simulation show that although overall the addition of carbon monoxide monotonically reduces the formation of soot, the chemical effect promotes the formation of soot in an ethylene/air diffusion flame. The further analysis of the details of the numerical result suggests that the chemical effect of carbon monoxide addition may be caused by the modifications to the flame temperature, soot surface growth and oxidation reactions. Flame temperature increases relative to a nitrogen diluted flame, which results in a higher surface growth rate, when carbon monoxide is added. Furthermore, the addition of carbon monoxide increases the concentration of H radical owing to the intensified forward rate of the reaction CO + OH = CO 2 + H and therefore increases the surface growth reaction rates. The addition of carbon monoxide also slows the oxidation rate of soot because the same reaction CO + OH = CO 2 + H results in a lower concentration of OH.
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms of Environmental Integration

SYNOPSIS. In the dwarf Siberian hamster, Phodopus sungorus , the photoperiodic response can be modified by numerous environmental stimuli, including social interactions, dietary, and climatic changes. Photoperiodic information is processed in both the medial basal hypothalamus and the preoptic area. Transfer of animals from a long summer photoperiod to a short winter photoperiod results in decreases in the concentration of both norepinephrine and dopamine in both of these brain areas. Results from these studies indicate that both dietary supplements and social interactions can override the effects of day length on changes in brain neurotransmitters. Specifically, social interactions can override the decreases in norepinephrine and dopamine in the medial basal hypothalamus but not the preoptic area. Conversely, dietary manipulations override the decreases in the preoptic area but not in the medial basal hypothalamus. These results suggest that photoperiod is a general stimulus that depresses neurotransmitter activity in multiple brain areas including the medial basal hypothalamus, and preoptic area. Fine tuning information, such as dietary and social cues, is then processed in very specific areas of the brain and can override the photoperiod induced changes in these specific areas
Insulin-degrading enzyme is differentially expressed and developmentally regulated in various rat tissues.

Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), a cytosolic metalloendoprotease, can degrade insulin, insulin-like growth factor-II, insulin-like growth factor-I, and transforming growth factor-alpha. While IDE has been implicated in the cellular degradation of insulin, other physiological functions of this enzyme are not known. To assess the possible role of IDE in cellular growth and development, we determined the tissue and developmental distribution of the enzyme. Rat IDE cDNA fragments and antibodies directed against human IDE were used to probe IDE transcripts and proteins in rat tissues. The results demonstrate that IDE transcripts are ubiquitous in rat tissues. The level of rIDE transcripts is high in adult rat testis, tongue, and brain; moderate in kidney, prostate, heart, muscle, liver, intestine, and skin; and low in spleen, lung, thymus, and uterus. The sizes of the major transcripts of rIDE are 3.4 and 6.3 kilobases in all tissues analyzed, except testis. Surprisingly, the highest level of rIDE mRNA in the a...
Explosive nucleation in microgravity: The Constrained Vapor Bubble experiment

Abstract Nucleate boiling was observed in the microgravity environment on International Space Station during operation of the Constrained Vapor Bubble (CVB) heat pipe experiment. Surveillance images of the boiling dynamics within this constant volume system were correlated with transient liquid pressures and transient temperature profiles. Nucleation events occurred in a non-periodic but non-random way and individual events were recorded over a twenty (20) hour time period. Each nucleation event originated at the heater surface and new bubble growth was accompanied by a shock wave that passed through the heat pipe and partially collapsed the original vapor bubble. The critical size of the equilibrium homogeneous nucleating bubble radius was determined using the experimental data and standard thermodynamic descriptions of boiling to be on the order of 140 nm for a superheat of 42 K. Maximum heat input to the heat pipe closely followed the timing of the nucleation event. Maximum heat loss, via thermal radiation from the walls of the device, followed the timing of bubble motion and bubble coalescence in the device. The whole process resulted in about a 10% increase in the overall heat transfer rate. Using literature data for an evaporating droplet on a surface, a Kelvin–Clapeyron model for incipient boiling was used to compare the CVB and droplet experimental results. A simple model for the effect of location on the nucleation probability in the CVB was developed.
Effects of angiotensin II on sexual function, blood pressure, and fluid intake are differentially affected by AT-1 receptor blockade.

Abstract KEATON, A. K. AND J. T. CLARK. Effects of angiotensin II on sexual function, blood pressure, and fluid intake are differentially affected by AT-1 receptor blockade. PHYSIOL BEHAV 64 (3) 339–346, 1998.—We have previously reported that third ventricular administration of angiotensin II (ANG II) immediately before mating tests suppressed copulatory behavior in male rats. The present studies examine the effects of short- (3 days) and long-term (21 days) intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of ANG II (6 μg/h), on parameters of copulatory behavior, fluid intake, and blood pressure in sexually experienced male Long Evans rats. Further, to test the hypothesis that suppression of masculine copulatory behavior by ANG II involves interaction with the angiotensin AT-1 receptor, a highly selective nonpeptide antagonist (L-158,809) was administered in the drinking water (25 mg/liter) to a group of ANG II-infused animals. I.c.v. infusion of ANG II was associated with increases in systolic blood pressure and fluid intake. In copulatory tests after 3, 9 and 15 days of infusion, rats infused with ANG II exhibited increased latencies to the initiation of copulatory behavior and to ejaculation, as well as increased intervals to reinitiate copulatory behavior after the ejaculation. Administration of L-158,809 blocked the effects of i.c.v. infusion of ANG II on systolic blood pressure and fluid intake. Further, L-158,809 attenuated the effects of i.c.v. infusion of ANG II on parameters of copulatory behavior. Data from this study provide support for a modulatory role for ANG II in the regulation of sexual behavior. In addition, this regulation seems to involve the AT-1 receptor.
Determination of the order of phase transitions in numerical simulations

Simulations of the two-dimensional Potts model for the cases {ital q}=4,5, and 10 are described. Particularly, interest is given to comparing the {ital q}=4 and 5 models to observe what happens as the transition changes from second to first order.
Angle-resolved photoemission electron spectroscopy reveals a Fermi surface remnant with a d-wave like dispersion in the Mott insulator, Ca2CuO2Cl2

Abstract We report angle-resolved photoemission measurements on a Mott insulating CuO2 plane compound Ca2CuO2Cl2. This material is a parent compound to the high-Tc superconductors. We observe a loss in spectral weight of the lowest energy feature as it crosses the approximate position where band theory predicts the existence of the Fermi surface. Complimented with an analysis from metallic Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8, this suggests that the loss of spectral weight is due to the remnants of the non-interacting Fermi surface that is destroyed in the insulator. Further analysis shows a d-wave like dispersion along this ‘Fermi surface’ contour. This suggests that the d-wave like dispersion seen in the high-energy pseudogap is a remnant property of the insulator.
Marking Sexuality from 0–6: The Kinsey Scale in Online Culture

Alfred Kinsey’s 0–6 (heterosexuality–homosexuality) scale, first published in 1948, has become a method for Internet users to mark and to discuss their sexuality with others in forums and through quizzes. This article first analyzes the historical use and development of the scale and shows its built-in flexibility for individuals seeking tools for contemplating their sexual identities beyond the heterosexual-bisexual-homosexual identity triad. There is no place on the scale that is more “normal” than another; all placements have equal socio-cultural weight. This article then examines 29 quizzes and online forums in different languages that use a scale or a version of it and their user comments. Many users who do not feel that the present-day sexual identity triad adequately represents their sexual self-perception discover affirmation and solidarity in finding a place on the scale in either a whole-number or decimal form. The elasticity of placement on the scale—one can perceive one’s place on it differently at will over time—is particularly useful and applicable in a postmodern, online environment in which people are open to exploring sexual identities and to finding a precise labeling that fits them.
A simple and reliable chronic brain implantation technique for the mouse.

Abstract This paper describes methods and techniques used for chronic implantation of electrodes in mouse brain. The advantages and disadvantages of using the mouse for electrophysiological experimentation are discussed.
Polymer formation during the degradation of human light chain and Bence-Jones proteins by an extract of the lysosomal fraction of normal human kidney

Abstract The catabollism of the light polypeptide chains of human immunoglobulins in the kidney has been studies in vitro using an extract of lysosomal fraction of an homogenate of normal human kidney tissue. Both the light (Lc) chains of humna IgG as well as human Bence-Jones proteins are reapidly degraded to non-TCA precipitable fragments. Both human albumium an dintact IgG are relatively unaffected by the lysosomal enzyme under the same conditions of pH 5·0 and added reducing substance. In the process of such enzymatic breakdown, a polymer, insoluble under physiological conditions if formed and then degraded under further enzyme action. Analysis ofthe process of polymer formation by gel filtration and immunoelectrophoresis indicates the transient association of intact molecules with either the common or variable halves of the chain. The formation of large poorly soluble molecular complexes in the process of catabolism may have implications in studies of the renal lesions associated with multiples myeloma, the renal tubular acidosis associated with hyperglobulinemia, and in the renal lesion of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Development of silicon nitride barrier layer for CIGS thin film solar cells

ABSTRACT Sodalime glass is the most commonly used substrate in fabrication of CIGS thin film solar cells. Small amount of sodium is known to have a favorable effect on device performance; however, an excess amount degrades device performance. The sodium out-diffusion from the sodalime glass is not well-controlled. To obtain the advantages of sodium without losing process control, an alkali barrier layer such as Si x N y is deposited before molybdenum layer followed by a sodium precursor. It is essential to optimize thickness of the barrier layer in terms of the ability to effectively avoid the diffusion of sodium from the sodalime glass into the absorber as well as in terms of the adhesion properties of the alkali barrier layer with the sodalime glass substrate. This paper presents effect of Si x N y barrier layer thickness on device performance and consequent optimization of thickness. Keywords: CIGSeS, alkali barrier layer, silicon nitride 1. INTRODUCTION Minute quantities of sodium are known to have a favorable effect on device performance in CuIn
On Matijasevitch's nontraditional approach to search problems

We offer here our critical reaction, pointing out some apparently major problems with the suggested methods
Metabotropic and NMDA glutamate receptor interactions with osmotic stimuli in supraoptic neurons.

Abstract During increases in plasma osmolality, the actions of extrinsic glutamatergic synaptic inputs on magnocellular neuroendocrine cells (MNCs) are thought to combine with intrinsic osmosensitivity of these cells to promote the release of vasopressin (VP). In the present study, changes in intracellular calcium were used as an endpoint to examine putative interactions between osmotic stimuli and NMDA and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Exposure of MNCs to hyperosmotic solutions resulted in a very small, gradual increase in intracellular calcium. NMDA (100–300 μM) combined with osmotic stimulation gave rise to a synergistic increase in intracellular calcium. The broad spectrum mGluR agonist, (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD) and the type I mGluR agonist, (RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) evoked an acute calcium rise followed by a sustained increase. However, when combined with the hyperosmotic stimulus, the calcium responses to 1S,3R-ACPD and DHPG were suppressed. The type II agonist, (2S,2′R,3′R)-2-(2′,3′-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine (DCG-IV), and the type III agonist, (+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (AP-4), facilitated the loss of calcium from the MNCs and were largely unaffected by the osmotic stimulus. These osmotic interactions with NMDA and mGluR function not only help to explain the mechanisms that underlie osmotically mediated changes in MNC function, but also have implications for the impact of hyperosmotic stress in various pathological conditions.
Optic neuropathy associated with the use of over-the-counter sexual enhancement supplements

This case report details an association of the use of over-the-counter sexual enhancement supplements with atypical optic neuropathy. A 42-year-old man presented with right-sided headache and vision loss of the right eye, which deteriorated to a single quadrant of hand motion over 11 days. Serial orbital magnetic resonance imaging scans demonstrated progressive orbital optic nerve enhancement extending into the optic canal despite high-dose steroid treatment. The patient eventually admitted to using several over-the-counter sexual enhancement supplements prior to the onset of symptoms and throughout the course of his steroid treatment, which he subsequently discontinued. His vision improved to 20/200 with an expanded visual field. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy has been reported in association with phosphodiesterase (PDE)-5 inhibitor use, but visual loss in association with unregulated sexual enhancement supplements has not been studied. While one case cannot establish association, our case is suggestive of potential dangers of over-the-counter sexual enhancement supplements, which may contain PDE-5 inhibitors, "male hormones," and "substances that enhance blood production." The case also underscores the importance of obtaining a careful history of supplements in patients with optic neuropathies.
PREVALENCE OF PROSTATITIS-LIKE SYMPTOMS IN A COMMUNITY BASED COHORT OF OLDER MEN

ABSTRACTPurpose: We describe a community based study to estimate the prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms using questions similar to the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI).Materials and Methods: Study subjects were a randomly selected sample of Olmsted County, Minnesota white men 40 to 79 years old in January 1990 who participated in a longitudinal study of lower urinary tract symptoms. Subjects were evaluated biennially using self-administered questionnaires. In 2000 questions similar to the NIH-CPSI were incorporated into the questionnaire and questionnaire responses were used to categorize men as having prostatitis-like symptoms.Results: Of 1,541 men 182 (12%) had at least 1 urogenital pain symptom. Pubic (76 men, 4.9%) and testicular (73, 4.7%) pain were the most frequent pain symptoms. A total of 34 men with prostatitis-like symptoms (2.2%) had higher mean pain (6.7 versus 0.5), urinary symptom (3.5 versus 2.1) and quality of life impact (3.7 versus 1.9) sco...
Determination of Reliability from Ramped Voltage Breakdown Experiments; Application to Dual Dielectric MIM Capacitors

Ramped voltage breakdown experiments were used to derive the dependence of life-time, ?(v), on the applied voltage for Ta2O5-Si3N4 dual dielectric capacitors. Techniques previously described allowed for recognition of defective capacitors, which break down early, and for the effect of trapping of injected carriers, which retards the breakdown. It is there. ore possible to determine ?(v) for charge-free nondefective capacitors--a quantity of interest for reliability. For nonoptimistic reliability projections, ?(v) must be obtained over a range in voltage so that log ?(v) versus v exhibits, at the lower portion of that range, an upward concavity. Projections thus obtained were verified in a life-test.
The Nature of P-O Bonds in the Precipitated Amorphous Calcium Phosphates and Calcium Magnesium Phosphates

The nature of the P-O bonds in amorphous calcium phosphates and calcium magnesium phosphates precipitated from aqueous solutions of monophosphate in the presence of crystallization inhibitors (diphosphate and the magnesium salt) is studied by Raman spectroscopy.
Clinical Efficacy of Sitaxsentan, an Endothelin-A Receptor Antagonist, in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Open-Label Pilot Study

Study objectives To evaluate the safety and efficacy of sitaxsentan, an endothelin-A receptor antagonist, in a 12-week, open-label trial of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Patients Six children and 14 adults with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II, III, or IV primary pulmonary hypertension or PAH associated with either congenital systemic-to-pulmonary shunts or collagen vascular disease were enrolled. Measurements Sitaxsentan was administered orally at 100 to 500 mg bid for 12 weeks. Cardiopulmonary hemodynamics via cardiac catheterization were obtained at baseline and week 12. Six-minute walk test distance was measured at baseline, week 6, and week 12. Results Sitaxsentan treatment resulted in significant improvement in exercise capacity as assessed by the 6-min walk distance (baseline [mean ± SD], 466 ± 132 m; week 12, 515 ± 141 m, n = 20, p = 0.006). Mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance index also improved (63 ± 20 to 52 ± 22 mm Hg, n = 17, p = 0.0002; and 20 ± 11 to 14 ± 13 U × m 2 , n = 17, p = 0.008, respectively). Serious adverse events included two cases of acute hepatitis (fatal in one patient). Conclusions Patients with NYHA functional class II, III, or IV PAH showed a significant improvement in exercise capacity and cardiopulmonary hemodynamics over a 12-week period of treatment with sitaxsentan, an endothelin-A receptor antagonist. Further investigation is warranted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of sitaxsentan in patients with PAH.
Ordered Multicast and Distributed Swap

A multicast protocol is ordered (or totally ordered) if it ensures that messages multicast to a group of nodes are delivered in the same order at each destination node, even when those messages are generated concurrently from several sources. Ordered multicast is a natural foundation for push-based cache coherence and certain kinds of middleware.This paper shows how to reduce the complex problem of enforcing multicast ordering to a simpler distributed coordination problem we call distributed swap. Any distributed swap protocol can transform an unordered reliable multicast into an ordered multicast in a modular way.We introduce two novel distributed swap protocols, and discuss their corresponding ordered multicast protocols. These protocols have lower latency than more obvious approaches based on distributed counting.
Repeat coronary angioplasty for restenosis: results and predictors of follow-up clinical events.

Abstract To determine the predictors of long-term outcome after repeat percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), we analyzed the immediate and follow-up results of 144 patients who underwent a second PTCA procedure for restenosis of a previously successfully dilated lesion. Clinical success was obtained in 94% of patients. Emergency coronary bypass graft surgery was required in two patients (1%). Of the 136 successfully treated patients, 126 were followed for a duration of 6 to 36 months (mean 16, median 12 months). The follow-up coronary events (mutually exclusive) included cardiac death (2%), nonfatal myocardial infarction (2%), coronary bypass surgery (15%), and third PTCA (9%). According to results of Cox regression analysis, the independent variables associated with an increased risk of recurrent coronary events after repeat PTCA were: dilatation of a proximal left anterior descending artery stenosis at both initial and second PTCA ( p = 0.001), time interval between the initial and the second PTCA ≤3 months ( p = 0.001), multiple versus single-lesion redilatation at the time of repeat PTCA ( p = 0.002), and the presence of diabetes mellitus ( p = 0.005). Thus repeat PTCA for restenosis is a safe and efficacious procedure, and it provides excellent long-term outcome in the majority of patients. Dilatation of a proximal left anterior descending artery lesion, a short time interval between the first and second PTCA procedures, diabetes mellitus, and redilatation of multiple lesions are predictors of recurrent clinical events after a second PTCA. Repeat PTCA should be considered carefully for patients falling within a high-risk profile for recurrent events after the procedure.
The biogeochemistry of the stable isotopes of carbon in a marine bay

Abstract The most abundant biological samples from Redfish Bay, a shallow marine estuary near Port Aransas, Texas, were collected, and δC13for the total carbon, lipid carbon, and protein-carbohydrate carbon was measured. Some member of the community had an isotopic composition corresponding to every unit value of δC13 between −6 and −17. δC13 was found to be constant for different individuals of the same species to ±1/mil. The pure fatty acids or lipids, or both, were found to be from 0.5 to 15/mil “lighter” than the total carbon of the organism that contained them. The organic matter of the sediment could have been supplied by the community according to the carbon-isotope data. A 5/mil diurnal variation in δC13 of the inorganic carbon of the sea water of a simple marine community was observed.
Reactions of hydroperoxides with iron(III) porphyrins: Heterolytic cleavage followed by hydroperoxide oxidation

Abstract Reaction of α,α-dimethylphenethyl hydroperoxide with iron(III) tetramesitylporphyrin in protic solvent gives alkoxy-radical products and little epoxide. Such observations are usually interpreted as evidence for homolysis of the OO bond in the catalytic process. Yet the same products are now obtained under similar conditions from the reaction of this hydroperoxide with the high-valent oxene (Fe+O), generated unambiguously. Therefore such products are not necessarily evidence for homolysis but are consistent with heterolysis. Nevertheless, the solvent can affect the nature of O-O cleavage.
The microstructural influence of a 2 wt pct Mo addition to a Ti-1.5 wt pct Ni alloy

Transmission electron microscopic and hardness measurements were carried out after heat treatment at 700/sup 0/C. Results show that the 2.2 percent Mo addition results in a finer grained microstructure with alternating grains of ..cap alpha..- and ..beta..-Ti, a more elongated and less equiaxed grain structure, and an enhanced martensite. (DLC)
High-Frequency Region of the Spectrum of Electron and Positron Bremsstrahlung

The cross section for a bremsstrahlung process in which almost all the energy of an incident high-energy electron is transferred to the photon is calculated analytically, using techniques previously developed for atomic photoeffect. Only terms of relative orders ${a}^{4}$, ${a}^{2}{q}^{2}$, and ${q}^{4}$ are neglected, where $a\ensuremath{\equiv}Z{e}^{2}$ and $q$ is the momentum of the outgoing low-energy electron (with $\ensuremath{\hbar}=c={m}_{e}=1$). Similar results are obtained for positron bremsstrahlung and pair production; previous work on the photoeffect is extended. The accuracy of these predictions is discussed, and they are compared with experiments.
The conus medullaris: Normal US findings throughout childhood

A prospective ultrasound (US) study of children without neurologic or spinal problems or midline cutaneous abnormalities on the back was performed to determine the level of the conus medullaris in healthy children. The tip of the conus was identified in sagittal and transverse planes, and a radiopaque bead was placed on the skin to mark the location of the tip. Findings at subsequent radiography confirmed the vertebral level. A total of 161 children, aged 4 days to 13 years 5 months (mean, 3 years 7 months; median, 3 years 1 month), composed the study population. Conus levels in these healthy children varied from the level of T10-11 interspace to the superior aspect of the L-3 vertebra. However, in only two children were the conus levels below the middle portion of L-2. Estimations of vertebral levels of the conus based on the US scan alone were within one vertebral level of the level determined at radiography in 145 of 161 (90%) cases. Palpable landmarks, the tip of the lowest rib and the iliac crest, co...
Properties and biological inteactions of polyurethane anionomers: Effect of sulfonate incorporation

In order to investigate the factors affecting the interaction of polyurethanes and blood, a series of poly (tetramethylene oxide)-based polyurethane block copolymers was synthesized with systematically varying levels of ion incorporation in the hard segment block. A bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction was used to replace up to 20% of the urethane hydrogens with propyl sulfonate groups. Bulk and surface characterization was performed, and a canine ex vivo arteriovenous shunt was used to monitor initial platelet and fibrinogen deposition on these surfaces. The microphase separation and bulk physical properties were found to vary with ionic content. Surface analysis using both in vacuo (ESCA) and water-equilibrated (contact angle) methods indicated that these polymers, and especially the highly sulfonated materials, could rearrange to minimize their interfacial tension, depending on the contacting environment. Platelet deposition onto these materials decreased as the level of sulfonation increased, with the highly sulfonated polymer showing substantially less platelet spreading and activation than previously seen in the same experiment with other polymers.
Relationship of Amount of Cigarette Smoking to Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Rates in Men

Seven out of 8 previous reports indicate a relationship between morbidity or mortality from coronary heart disease and amount of cigarette smoking. Data from 2 California study groups, longshoremen and respondents to a household sample health survey, are presented to show similar relationships. In 4 studies showing mortality, the coronary heart disease death rates for men, in various age groups from 40 to 70 years, who smoked a pack of cigarettes or more per day, generally exceeded the corresponding rates for nonsmokers by from 1 to 7 deaths per thousand per year.
Capital, class and the state in the global political economy

Abstract The tension between state logic and capital logic plays out in the contemporary world in terms of coerced appropriation mediated through global state economic governance institutions. These include the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund which are under the guidance of liberal institutionalist regime builders following an expansionist capital logic. At the same time as they take a leading role in such rule setting, the American elite deploy military force as an imperial state actor. This paper explores how these strategies both engender cooperation and resistance on the part of local elites who both bend imposed neoliberal norms to their own benefit and organize to bargain as regional actors against the world's hyperpower.
Clinical course of malignancies in renal transplant recipients

Background. The incidence of cancers after renal transplantation is significantly higher than in populations that have not undergone transplantation. The authors report a group of renal transplant patients from the University of Cincinnati who had cancer develop; the focus is on the patients' clinical course. Methods. Since 1968, 876 renal transplantations have been performed for a variety of causes of end stage renal disease. Charts of transplant patients who had neoplasms were reviewed. Results. Forty-four patients had epithelial skin cancers, and 36 had nonskin cancers or melanoma. No correlations could be established between disease course and type of immunosuppressive agent, type of disease for which transplantation was required, or type of renal allograft donor. The skin cancers demonstrated a propensity for multifocality: 22 of the 44 patients had multiple separate lesions develop. Of the patients with cancer not of the skin, six were treated surgically for carcinoma in situ, and none have experienced disease recurrence. Of 11 patients treated for early invasive disease, 6 are disease-free, 3 died of intercurrent disease, and 2 died of progressive disease 11 and 13 months, respectively, after disease diagnosis. Nineteen patients had advanced disease, and only 1 is alive and disease-free. Sixteen died of progressive disease at a median of 1 month from the time of diagnosis, and 2 died of intercurrent disease within 1 week of diagnosis. Conclusions. The natural history of cancers developing in renal transplant patients often is more aggressive than would be expected in patients who have not undergone transplants. The immunosuppression induced to allow viability of the renal allograft may allow tumor cells to thrive.
Results of a method of 4-corner arthrodesis using headless compression screws

Purpose To evaluate the functional and radiographic results of a scaphoid excision and four-corner arthrodesis technique using percutaneous headless compression screws. Methods A cohort of 33 patients, mean age 51 (range, 20–72) years, was treated for scapholunate advanced collapse (19), scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse (12), midcarpal instability (1), and Preiser disease (1). After scaphoid excision and removal of cartilage and subchondral bone in the midcarpal joint through a limited arthrotomy, capitolunate fixation was achieved with a percutaneous, transmetacarpal Acutrak screw (Acumed LLC, Hillsboro, OR), and triquetrohamate fixation was done with a percutaneous screw. Scaphoid was used as a bone graft. The average follow-up time was 8 months (n = 32; range, 6–64 mo). Results Union occurred in 31 of 33 wrists (94%). One of the 33 patients had total wrist arthrodesis. Average total active flexion-extension arc was 71° after surgery and 83° before surgery. The postoperative carpal height averaged 0.47 compared to preoperative values of 0.45. The percentage of grip strength significantly improved from 41% before surgery to 80% after surgery. Postoperative mean verbal numerical rating scale pain score was less than 1, statistically better than the preoperative score of 7. Twenty-five of 33 patients were completely pain free. The average postoperative Mayo wrist score was 74, a significant improvement over the preoperative average of 40. Final Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores averaged 13 (n = 32; range, 0–49). Conclusions These results were comparable to or better than the results of previously published techniques in terms of fusion rates, alleviation of pain, grip strength, range of motion; Mayo wrist score; and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire score. The technique exploits the theoretical advantages of strong compression between carpals while avoiding a screw-head sized hole in the lunate articular cartilage and preserving the dorsal capsular ligament attachments to the triquetrum. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.