cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Space charge in nanostructure resonances

Abstract In quantum ballistic propagation of electrons through a variety of nanostructures, resonance in the energy-dependent transmission and reflection probabilities generically is associated with (1) a quasi-level with a decay lifetime, and (2) a bulge in electron density within the structure. It can be shown that, to a good approximation, a simple formula in all cases connects the density of states for the latter to the energy dependence of the phase angles of the eigen values of the S-matrix governing the propagation. For both the Lorentzian resonances (normal or inverted) and for the Fano-type resonances, as a consequence of this eigen value formula, the space charge due to filled states over the energy range of a resonance is just equal (for each spin state) to one electron charge. The Coulomb interaction within this space charge is known to ‘distort’ the electrical characteristics of resonant nanostructures. In these systems, however, the exchange effect should effectively cancel the interaction between states with parallel spins, leaving only the anti-parallel spin contribution.
Enumerating rc-Invariant Permutations with No Long Decreasing Subsequences

We use the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth correspondence and Schutzenberger’s evacuation of standard tableaux to enumerate permutations and involutions which are invariant under the reverse-complement map and which have no decreasing subsequences of length k. These enumerations are in terms of numbers of permutations with no decreasing subsequences of length approximately $${{\frac{k}{2}};}$$ we use known results concerning these quantities to give explicit formulas when k ≤ 6.
INACTIVATION OF LIPID-CONTAINING VIRUSES BY HYDROPHOBIC PHOTOSENSITIZERS AND NEAR-ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

—The hydrophobic photosensitizers acridine and phenothiazine inactivate the lipid-contnining viruses PM2,φ6, and herpes simplex when samples are illuminated with near-UV radiation. φ23–1-a. which is insensitive to organic solvents and presumably contains no lipids. is not inactivated under comparable conditions. For acridinc, the inactivation of virus requires that oxygen be present and is inhibited by sodium azide, implicating the involvement of singlet oxygen. For phenothiazine, oxygen is not required for photosensitized inactivation. Treatment of PM2 with acridine and near-UV light caused a complete disruption of the virion, as determined by sucrose gradient analysis of treated and untreated samples. These data and related observations suggest that lipid-containing viruses are inactivated through photosensitized membrane damage.
First principles calculations for alloy design of moderate temperature age-hardenable Al alloys

For aerospace structural applications of age-hardenable aluminum at temperatures above 100°C, a primary alloy-design criterion is creep resistance which depends on the strengthening effect and thermal stability of the second phases.. First principle calculations can be used to study fundamental properties of these phases and, therefore, help to identify the desired ones and their precipitate structures. In order to produce the desired phases, which are usually thermodynamically metastable, and to suppress the undesired phases, computational analysis (combining first principle calculations, cluster variation methods and CALPHAD) can assist in identifying beneficial trace additions and deleterious impurities that must be eliminated. This paper, using Al-Cu-Mg as an example, illustrates this approach, which if successful, should shorten the normal alloy development period.
On the equivalence of the mass change shift and the second order Doppler shift in the Mössbauer effect

Abstract It is shown that the mass change shift and the second order Doppler shift in the Mossbauer effect are in fact the same phenomenon in contrast to the assertions by J.T. Dehn in a recent note.
Surface characterization and catalytic properties of perovskite type solid oxide solutions, La0.8Sr0.2BO3 (B = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co or Y)

The surface compositions of La0.8Sr0.2BO3 (B = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co or Y) were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Among the five solid oxide solutions, the yttrium showed the highest concentration in the surface atomic ratio [B-ion(La + Sr)]. Furthermore, the O1s spectra characteristics of yttrium perovskite are found to be different from those of the other solid solutions with the peak shifted to higher binding energy value. The electrical conductivity of La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 and La0.8Sr0.2YO3 were also measured as a function of temperature in air. The Eσ values for conduction were found to be 0.12 and 0.72 eV respectively. The conductivity data correlated well with the catalytic activity of these solid solutions for the oxidation of methane.
1D beam steering using multiple radiating modes

A novel approach to beamforming is presented using an array composed of elements each supporting a unique radiating mode. The 1D beam synthesis properties of the novel ideal multiple mode dipole array is quantified using Fourier analysis and compared to a conventional linear dipole reference array. Finally, full-wave simulation of an 8 element multiple mode dipole array is shown to have nearly constant scanned realized gain which is 5.5 dB of higher than a 7 element conventional linear dipole array at maximum scan angle.
Steps toward an all-electric spin valve using side-gated quantum point contacts with lateral spin–orbit coupling

Spin-based electronics or ‘spintronics’ has been a topic of interest for over two decades. Electronic devices based on the manipulation of the electron spin are believed to offer the possibility of very small, non-volatile and ultrafast devices with very low power consumption. Since the proposal of a spin-field-effect transistor (SpinFET) by Datta and Das in 1990, many attempts have been made to achieve spin injection, detection and manipulation in semiconductor materials either by incorporating ferromagnetic materials into device architectures or by using external magnetic fields. This approach has significant design complexities, partly due to the influence of stray magnetic fields on device operation. In addition, magnetic electrodes can have magneto-resistance and spurious Hall voltages that can complicate device performance. To date, there has been no successful report of a working Datta–Das SpinFET. Over the last few years we have investigated an all-electric means of manipulating spins, one that only relies on electric fields and voltages and not on ferromagnetic materials or external magnetic fields. We believe we have found a pathway toward this goal, using in-plane side-gated quantum point contacts (QPCs) that rely on lateral spin–orbit coupling to create spin polarization. In this paper we discuss several aspects of our work, beginning with our finding what we believe is nearly complete spin-polarization in InAs QPCs by purely electrical means, our theoretical work to understand the basic mechanisms leading to that situation (asymmetric lateral confinement, lateral spin–orbit coupling and a strong e–e interaction), and our recent work extending the effort to GaAs and to dual QPC systems where one QPC acts as a polarizer and the other as an analyzer.
Cardiac fibroblast-derived 3D extracellular matrix seeded with mesenchymal stem cells as a novel device to transfer cells to the ischemic myocardium.

Demonstrate a novel manufacturing method to generate extracellular matrix scaffolds from cardiac fibroblasts (CF-ECM) as a therapeutic mesenchymal stem cell-transfer device. Rat CF were cultured at high-density (~1.6 × 105/cm2) for 10–14 days. Cell sheets were removed from the culture dish by incubation with EDTA and decellularized with water and peracetic acid. CF-ECM was characterized by mass spectrometry, immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. CF-ECM seeded with human embryonic stem cell derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hEMSCs) were transferred into a mouse myocardial infarction model. 48 h later, mouse hearts were excised and examined for CF-ECM scaffold retention and cell transfer. CF-ECM scaffolds are composed of fibronectin (82%), collagens type I (13%), type III (3.4%), type V (0.2%), type II (0.1%) elastin (1.3%) and 18 non-structural bioactive molecules. Scaffolds remained intact on the mouse heart for 48 h without the use of sutures or glue. Identified hEMSCs were distributed from the epicardium to the endocardium. High density cardiac fibroblast culture can be used to generate CF-ECM scaffolds. CF-ECM scaffolds seeded with hEMSCs can be maintained on the heart without suture or glue. hEMSC are successfully delivered throughout the myocardium.
Role of cAMP-responsive Element-binding Protein (CREB)-regulated Transcription Coactivator 3 (CRTC3) in the Initiation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Stress Response in Liver Cells

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. PGC-1α expression is under the control of the transcription factor, cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB). In searching for candidate transcription factors that mediate mitochondrial stress-initiated mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, we assessed the effect of silencing CREB-regulated transcription co-activators (CRTC). CRTC isoforms are co-activators of CREB-regulated transcription by a CREB phosphorylation-independent pathway. Using cultured HepG2 cells and primary mouse hepatocytes, we determined that mitochondrial stress imposed by the complex I inhibitor rotenone elicited mitochondrial biogenesis, which was dependent on an induction of PGC-1α, which was inhibited by silencing PGC-1α. PGC-1α induction in response to rotenone was inhibited by silencing the expression of CRTC3, which blocked downstream mitochondria biogenesis. In contrast, silencing CRTC2 did not affect the induction of this pathway in response to rotenone. Thus, CRTC3 plays a selective role in mitochondrial biogenesis in response to rotenone.
Isoproterenol prevents oxidant-induced injury in isolated rabbit lungs.

Increased vascular permeability in the adult respiratory distress syndrome is due in part to toxic oxygen metabolites. In the present study, we produced lung injury in the isolated rabbit lung with hy
Hippocratic medicine and nephrology

The history of nephrology is a part of culture in general and should be treated not as a hobby or an isolated specialty of medical science, but as closely connected with medical education and everyday
A History of Early Buddhism

This article has developed in response to a series of observations made over a decade ago by Wilfred Cantwell Smith in his The Meaning and End of Religion. In that work, Smith made the point that the concepts ‘religion’, ‘religions’, ‘Hinduism’ and ‘Buddhism’ are rather recent, of Western origin, and, in an attempt to understand mankind's religiousness, inadequate. In developing his argument, Smith considered the Buddhist case with penetrating insight but, because his thesis was of such comprehensive scope, chose not to go into a detailed consideration of relevant matters in the Theravāda Buddhist tradition.
Frequency-modulated nuclear localization bursts coordinate gene regulation

In yeast, the transcription factor Crz1 is dephosphorylated and translocates into the nucleus in response to extracellular calcium. Here we show, using time-lapse microscopy, that Crz1 exhibits short bursts of nuclear localization (typically lasting 2 min) that occur stochastically in individual cells and propagate to the expression of downstream genes. Strikingly, calcium concentration controls the frequency, but not the duration, of localization bursts. Using an analytic model, we also show that this frequency modulation of bursts ensures proportional expression of multiple target genes across a wide dynamic range of expression levels, independent of promoter characteristics. We experimentally confirm this theory with natural and synthetic Crz1 target promoters. Another stress-response transcription factor, Msn2, exhibits similar, but largely uncorrelated, localization bursts under calcium stress suggesting that frequency-modulation regulation of localization bursts may be a general control strategy used by the cell to coordinate multi-gene responses to external signals.
Validation of a new predictive risk model: measuring the impact of major modifiable risks of death for patients and populations

Abstract Background Existing health risk measures are narrow in scope, often limited to specific diseases or clinical subpopulations. Modifiable risks account for a large fraction of death, but existing health risk measures do not produce estimates of the fraction of an individual's risk that is potentially avoidable by clinical or behavioural intervention. The aim of this work is to develop and validate a risk prediction model to measure the modifiable risk of all-cause mortality for patients and populations. Methods We used data on the exposure distributions to 12 behavioural and biometric risks in the US population, mortality rates by cause, and estimates of the proportional hazards of risk factor exposure from systematic reviews to develop a risk model to estimate an adult's 10-year total and avoidable mortality risk compared with an optimal population with no excess risk. We then compared predicted risk to observed mortality in 8253 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants (1988–1994 and 1999–2004) aged 30 years and older with linked mortality data through 2006 to validate the model. Findings Predicted risk showed good discrimination; the area under the curve was 0·84 (SE 0·01) for both sexes. Preliminary results show that across deciles of predicted risk, mortality was accurately predicted in men (χ 2 12·3, p=0·196) but slightly over predicted in the highest decile among women (χ 2 22·8, p=0·002). Mortality risk was highly concentrated: among those aged 30–44 years, 5·1% (95% CI 4·1–6·0) of men and 5·9% (4·8–6·9) of women accounted for 25% of mortality risk. Interpretation The risk model accurately predicted individual all-cause mortality in a representative sample of the US population. It can be used to (a) counsel patients on what actions to take to protect their health, (b) identify patients at high risk of avoidable death, (c) quantify individual providers' success at reducing the risk of populations served, and (d) monitor the impact of broad efforts to improve population health. Funding Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington.
Protein differences in tau mutant hamsters : candidate clock proteins

Abstract In the tau mutant hamster, the period of the circadian rhythm is shortened from about 24 h to about 22 h in heterozygotes and to about 2 h in homozygotes. Understanding the biochemical basis of the period changes in the tau mutant may elucidate the regulation of the vertebrate pacemaker. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we have found two sets of proteins that differ between the different genotypes. P33tau (about 33 kDa; pI 6.5) was found in all gels from wild type and heterozygous animals, but was absent in gels from all except one of the homozygous mutant animals. P32tau (about 32 kDa; pI 4.8) was a chain of spots, which showed a striking difference in pattern between gels from wild type animals and from mutant animals. P33tau was greatly enriched in soluble cellular fractions, whereas P32tau was found only in insoluble fractions. These differences between P33tau and P32tau were apparent in gels from both SCN and cortical tissue, suggesting that both proteins are distributed throughout the brain. These proteins should be useful as new tools to explore the biochemistry of circadian pacemakers.
Asymptotics of a matrix valued Markov chain arising in sociology

Abstract We consider a discrete time Markov chain whose state space is the set of all N×N stochastic matrices with zero diagonal entries. This chain models the evolution of relationships among N individuals who exchange gifts according to probabilities determined by previous exchanges. We determine the stable equilibria for this chain, and prove convergence to a mixture of these. In particular, we show that for generic initial states, the chain converges to a randomly chosen set of constellations made up of disjoint stars. Each star has a center, which is the recipient of all gifts from the other individuals in that star, while the center distributes his gifts only to members of his own star.
EU Banking Directives: risk and wealth effects on the Greek financial sector

Purpose – The paper seeks to examine whether or not wealth effects and changes in the systematic risk associated with the return structure of the Greek commercial chartered banks, investment firms and insurance companies resulted from the passage of the European Union Banking Directives over the period 1988‐1997.Design/methodology/approach – Using monthly stock returns from the DataStream database for the period January 1988 to December 1997, the separate effects of each of the EU Banking Directives on Greek commercial chartered banks, investment firms and insurance companies are tested. The “seemingly unrelated regression” methodology is utilized to test three portfolios consisting of an equally weighted banking, investment and insurance index made up of major Greek banks, investment firms and insurance companies respectively. The Greek Market Index serves as a proxy for the market portfolio. All the aforementioned indices were converted to returns using the log difference method.Findings – Empirical res...
The solubility of gases in liquids 7. The solubilities of N2, O2, Ar, CO, CO2, and c-C3H6 in benzene and isobutanol solutions of cholesterol, lecithin, and cephalin at 310.65 K

Abstract The solubilities of N 2 , O 2 , Ar, CO, CO 2 , and c -C 3 H 6 in benzene and isobutanol solutions of cholesterol, lecithin, and cephalin were determined at atmospheric pressure and 310.65 K. Solubilities were determined as a function of concentration and salting-out coefficients are presented. The results are discussed in terms of the usefulness of the solutions studied as model systems for cell membranes, and their relation to mechanisms of anaesthesia.
Modeling and experiments in plasticity

We focus on challenges in advancing the modeling of plastic flow processes to incorporate distinct characteristics of various length scales within materials and structures. The motivation is twofold. First, the goal of tailoring the material microstructure to control plastic deformation and related failure processes is of great economic importance. Product development cycles have become so short that traditional empirical approaches to alloy modification are noncompetitive in the global marketplace. Second, materials selection and design for durability, which rests upon our understanding of phenomena occurring at microstructural scales as well as at the scale of structural components, is of critical importance as we head into an era where an extensive infrastructure must be maintained. Cost constraints on new systems dictate much more quantitative design and analysis procedures than in the past. Research needs are discussed in a number of key areas involving experiments and modeling, including: experiments conducted at multiple length scales of resolution; principles for multiscale modeling and scale effects in plasticity; coupling of plasticity-induced damage with texture and phase transformations; progressive cyclic deformation and failure; microstructure-scale plasticity of cast alloys and low symmetry polycrystals; and employment of massively parallel computing to determine model parameters and forms of evolution equations for internal structure variables.
Mass spectral identification of response ions in a metal selective flame ionization detector

Abstract The mass spectral identification of response ion clusters in a hydrogen atmosphere flame ionization detector is described. Ions were measured at various distances from the flame jet and, when produced by burning in the absence of both organometallic and silicon containing species, they did not differ markedly from those present in a normal flame ionization detector. However, when both organometallic compounds and silicon containing compounds were present, significant differences were noted. Several ion cluster series involving SiO ro SiO 2 , and their hydrates, were observed, as well as hydrated ammonia species. No metal containing species were observed.
On Mott's theory of formation of protective oxide films

Abstract The built-in voltage, V, which was predicted by Mott to exist across thermally grown films of Al 2 O 3 , has been experimentally observed by analysis of electron tunneling through thin film structures.
Validation of a short form Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS-21)

The Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS) is an illness-specific health-related quality-of-life questionnaire outcomes instrument. Research questions were: 1) How well does the WURSS-21 assess the symptoms and functional impairments associated with common cold? 2) How well can this instrument measure change over time (responsiveness)? 3) What is the minimal important difference (MID) that can be detected by the WURSS-21? 4) What are the descriptive statistics for area under the time severity curve (AUC)? 5) What sample sizes would trials require to detect MID or AUC criteria? 6) What does factor analysis tell us about the underlying dimensional structure of the common cold? 7) How reliable are items, domains, and summary scores represented in WURSS? 8) For each of these considerations, how well does the WURSS-21 compare to the WURSS-44, Jackson, and SF-8? People with Jackson-defined colds were recruited from the community in and around Madison, Wisconsin. Participants were enrolled within 48 hours of first cold symptom and monitored for up to 14 days of illness. Half the sample filled out the WURSS-21 in the morning and the WURSS-44 in the evening, with the other half reversing the daily order. External comparators were the SF-8, a 24-hour recall general health measure yielding separate physical and mental health scores, and the eight-item Jackson cold index, which assesses symptoms, but not functional impairment or quality of life. In all, 230 participants were monitored for 2,457 person-days. Participants were aged 14 to 83 years (mean 34.1, SD 13.6), majority female (66.5%), mostly white (86.0%), and represented substantive education and income diversity. WURSS-21 items demonstrated similar performance when embedded within the WURSS-44 or in the stand-alone WURSS-21. Minimal important difference (MID) and Guyatt's responsiveness index were 10.3, 0.71 for the WURSS-21 and 18.5, 0.75 for the WURSS-44. Factorial analysis suggested an eight dimension structure for the WURSS-44 and a three dimension structure for the WURSS-21, with composite reliability coefficients ranging from 0.87 to 0.97, and Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.76 to 0.96. Both WURSS versions correlated significantly with the Jackson scale (W-21 R = 0.85; W-44 R = 0.88), with the SF-8 physical health (W-21 R = -0.79; W-44 R = -0.80) and SF-8 mental health (W-21 R = -0.55; W-44 R = -0.60). The WURSS-44 and WURSS-21 perform well as illness-specific quality-of-life evaluative outcome instruments. Construct validity is supported by the data presented here. While the WURSS-44 covers more symptoms, the WURSS-21 exhibits similar performance in terms of reliability, responsiveness, importance-to-patients, and convergence with other measures.
A diagnostic test generation procedure based on test elimination by vector omission for synchronous sequential circuits

We propose a procedure for generating test sequences for diagnosis of synchronous sequential circuits based on stuck at faults. In this procedure, we avoid the conventional fault-oriented test generation process by observing that a sequence to distinguish two faults can be obtained from a sequence T that detects both of the faults (such as a test sequence for fault detection) by changing T so as to "undetect" one of the faults, or change the time units or outputs where the fault is detected. To achieve this goal, the proposed procedure eliminates parts of T so as to render some of the faults undetected, or change their detection times or outputs. In the case where faults become undetected by the modified sequence, the detected faults are distinguished from the faults left undetected by the modified sequence based on pass/fall information. A pass/fall dictionary based on modified test sequences is proposed for this case. Alternatively, a standard dictionary can be used, and the proposed procedure can be used to change the time units or outputs where faults are detected in order to distinguish them. We present experimental results to demonstrate the levels of resolution that can be obtained by the proposed procedure with the proposed pass/fail dictionary, and the number of sequences required for this purpose.
SERUM-ALBUMIN METABOLISM IN X-IRRADIATED MICE WITH IMPLANTED RAT BONE- MARROW

SummaryThe kinetics of loss of 131I-labelled human-serum albumin, the rate of incorporation of glycine 1-14C into endogenous-serum albumin, and the serum-albumin concentration and pool size were studied in x-irradiated mice treated with rat bone-marrow. Comparisons were made with unirradiated mice and with x-irradiated mice protected by lead shielding over one femur or by the radiation-protective compound, S, 2-aminoethylisothiuronium bromide hydrobromide. The results indicated that, in the mice with implanted rat bone-marrow, there was an increased fractional rate of loss of endogenous-serum albumin (greater than any increase in synthesis) that led to a decrease in the serum-albumin pool. Observations of glycine 1-14C incorporation suggested increased albumin synthesis. The serum-albumin concentration was subnormal; presumably because of the decreased pool and a possible increase in the plasma volume. The increased fractional rate of loss of serum albumin was attributed to increased catabolism or leakage...
Partitioning of nonspherical molecules between bulk solution and porous solids

Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate partition coefficients for rigid, axisymmetric, nonspherical molecules in various pore geometries. Novel quantitative results are presented for a variety of molecule and pore shapes, including pores of nonuniform cross-section such as the interstitial space within granular and fibrous materials. Quick estimation methods for obtaining partition coefficients are discussed, and the effects of molecule and pore wall curvature are described in detail. A boundary perturbation analysis is used to derive easy-to-use formulas for a variety of molecule shapes in circular pores.
An integrated optical detection method for capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers

Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (cMUTs) have so far relied on traditional detection methods where the capacitance change due to membrane deflection is measured under constant voltage. Sensitivity of this method is proportional to the frequency of the acoustic signal and the capacitance of the device. This limits the low-frequency operation and the maximum power output of the cMUTs. This paper describes an integrated optical detection method, which offers electrical isolation between transmit-receive electronics and displacement sensitivity independent of the gap thickness and acoustic frequency. These features alleviate the limitations on the transmit signal and DC bias levels. The method is demonstrated on a cMUT made of 1.3 /spl mu/m thick, 100 /spl mu/m diameter aluminum membranes fabricated on a fused quartz substrate. The aluminum back electrode of each membrane is shaped in the form of an optical diffraction grating. Thus the cMUT membrane and the diffraction fingers on the substrate form a phase sensitive diffraction grating. For displacement detection, the grating is illuminated through the quartz substrate by a laser and the intensity of reflected diffraction orders are monitored to provide the sensitivity of an optical interferometer. Displacement measurements on the cMUT array elements and ultrasonic pulse-echo experiments in air at 1.87 MHz are presented.
Consumer Socialization of Children: A Retrospective Look at Twenty-Five Years of Research

Twenty-five years of consumer socialization research have yielded an impressive set of findings. The purpose of our article is to review these findings and assess what we know about children's development as consumers. Our focus is on the developmental sequence characterizing the growth of consumer knowledge, skills, and values as children mature throughout childhood and adolescence. In doing so, we present a conceptual framework for understanding consumer socialization as a series of stages, with transitions between stages occurring as children grow older and mature in cognitive and social terms. We then review empirical findings illustrating these stages, including children's knowledge of products, brands, advertising, shopping, pricing, decision-making strategies, parental influence strategies, and consumption motives and values. Based on the evidence reviewed, implications are drawn for future theoretical and empirical development in the field of consumer socialization.
Anisotropy in ocean scattering of bistatic radar using signals of opportunity

This paper present experimental results demonstrating the use of “signals of opportunity” from digital communications satellites (XM radio) as bistatic radar for ocean remote sensing. This builds upon the previous work which demonstrated that the shape of the cross-correlation “waveform” of reflected XM radio signals is sensitive to the roughness of the ocean surface. In these new results, we compare this sensitivity between the waveforms produced from the two XM radio satellites, viewed simultaneously at different azimuths, and show that a small discrepancy exists in the mean square slope (MSS) retrievals obtained from each of them. We then investigate the hypothesis that this discrepancy is the result of neglecting anisotropy in the model for the probability density function (PDF) of surface slopes and that this discrepancy might be useful for sensing the wind direction. In order to do so, a two-stage estimation process was applied to data collected on an airborne experiment that recorded the direct line of sight and reflected XM radio signals. In the first step, an isotropic normal distribution was assumed for the PDF and the mean square slope (MSS) was fit to the measured waveform data from each satellite independently. Since the two satellites are located at different azimuths, a difference between the two MSS estimates were observed. The second step involved using a bidirectional normal PDF with MSS constrained to that obtained from the first step, and a value was assumed for the ratio of upwind and crosswind slopes. The direction of the principal axes was varied to minimize the total residuals for both satellites. The results were compared with Chesapeake Lighthouse recordings of the local wind direction.
Permanent Differences in Unemployment and Permanent Wage Differentials

This paper tests for the existence of wage premiums based on geographic and industry unemployment differences. These differences are broken down into permanent and transitory components in equations controlling for variation in state generosity of unemployment insurance benefits. Findings indicate that wage premiums arise for long-run unemployment differences, but that negative short-run shocks to industries generate wage cuts, while positive shocks generate wage hikes. Therefore, labor contracts accommodate long-term anticipated unemployment, and entail sharing of short-term unemployment risks.
Metabolomic Quantitative Trait Loci (mQTL) Mapping Implicates the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Cardiovascular Disease Pathogenesis.

Levels of certain circulating short-chain dicarboxylacylcarnitine (SCDA), long-chain dicarboxylacylcarnitine (LCDA) and medium chain acylcarnitine (MCA) metabolites are heritable and predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Little is known about the biological pathways that influence levels of most of these metabolites. Here, we analyzed genetics, epigenetics, and transcriptomics with metabolomics in samples from a large CVD cohort to identify novel genetic markers for CVD and to better understand the role of metabolites in CVD pathogenesis. Using genomewide association in the CATHGEN cohort (N = 1490), we observed associations of several metabolites with genetic loci. Our strongest findings were for SCDA metabolite levels with variants in genes that regulate components of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (USP3, HERC1, STIM1, SEL1L, FBXO25, SUGT1) These findings were validated in a second cohort of CATHGEN subjects (N = 2022, combined p = 8.4x10-6–2.3x10-10). Importantly, variants in these genes independently predicted CVD events. Association of genomewide methylation profiles with SCDA metabolites identified two ER stress genes as differentially methylated (BRSK2 and HOOK2). Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) pathway analyses driven by gene variants and SCDA metabolites corroborated perturbations in ER stress and highlighted the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) arm. Moreover, culture of human kidney cells in the presence of levels of fatty acids found in individuals with cardiometabolic disease, induced accumulation of SCDA metabolites in parallel with increases in the ER stress marker BiP. Thus, our integrative strategy implicates the UPS arm of the ER stress pathway in CVD pathogenesis, and identifies novel genetic loci associated with CVD event risk.
Psychiatric comorbidity and perceived alcohol stigma in a nationally representative sample of individuals with DSM-5 alcohol use disorder.

Background: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is among the most stigmatized health conditions and is frequently comorbid with mood, anxiety, and drug use disorders. Theoretical frameworks have conceptualized stigma-related stress as a predictor of psychiatric disorders. We described profiles of psychiatric comorbidity among people with AUD and compared levels of perceived alcohol stigma across profiles. Methods: Cross-sectional data were analyzed from a general population sample of U.S. adults with past-year DSM-5 AUD (n = 3,368) from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, which was collected from 2001 to 2005. Empirically derived psychiatric comorbidity profiles were established with latent class analysis, and mean levels of perceived alcohol stigma were compared across the latent classes while adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and AUD severity. Results: Four classes of psychiatric comorbidity emerged within this AUD sample, including those with: (i) high comorbidity, reflecting internalizing (i.e., mood and anxiety disorders) and externalizing (i.e., antisocial personality and drug use disorders) disorders; (ii) externalizing comorbidity; (iii) internalizing comorbidity; and (iv) no comorbidity. Perceived alcohol stigma was significantly higher in those with internalizing comorbidity (but not those with high comorbidity) as compared to those with no comorbidity or externalizing comorbidity. Conclusions: Perceived stigma, as manifested by anticipations of social rejection and discrimination, may increase risk of internalizing psychiatric comorbidity. Alternatively, internalizing psychiatric comorbidity could sensitize affected individuals to perceive more negative attitudes toward them. Future research is needed to understand causal and bidirectional associations between alcohol stigma and psychiatric comorbidity.
Chromogenic substrates for aminopeptidase.

SummaryChromogenic aminopeptides have been synthesized which are readily hydrolyzed by extracts of human tissues and human serum, duodenal juice and urine. It is possible to localize enzymatic activity histochemically by the use of these substrates.
PREPARE: a tool for knowledge base verification

The knowledge base is the most important component in a knowledge-based system. Because a knowledge base is often built in an incremental, piecemeal fashion, potential errors may be inadvertently brought into it. One of the critical issues in developing reliable knowledge-based systems is how to verify the correctness of a knowledge base. The paper describes an automated tool called PREPARE for detecting potential errors in a knowledge base. PREPARE is based on modeling a knowledge base by using a predicate/transition net representation. Inconsistent, redundant, subsumed, circular, and incomplete rules in a knowledge base are then defined as patterns of the predicate/transition net model, and are detected through a syntactic pattern recognition method. The research results to date have indicated that: the methodology ran be adopted in knowledge-based systems where logic is used as knowledge representation formalism; the tool can be invoked at any stage of the system's development, even without a fully functioning inference engine; the predicate/transition net model of knowledge bases is easy to implement and provides a clear and understandable display of the knowledge to be used by the system. >
Genuine memory deficits in dementia

Controlled learning with effective cued recall is needed to distinguish between genuine memory deficits due to impairment of specific memory processes and apparent memory deficits due to impairment of other cognitive processes, such as attention, that can limit memory. Effective cued recall is needed for accurate measurement of memory in the elderly because cued recall reveals learning not shown by free recall. When a search procedure was used to control processing for effective encoding and cued recall, nondemented elderly adults recalled all or nearly all 16 items on each trial. Decreased recall by demented patients even after they carried out the same effective processing showed genuine memory impairment that was not due to other cognitive deficits. Cued recall was better than either free recall or recognition in discriminating elderly persons with dementia from those without dementia and by itself accounted for 75 % of the variation in dementia status. Cued recall was especially useful for identifying...
An extended banker's algorithm for deadlock avoidance

We describe a natural extension of the banker's algorithm (D.W. Dijkstra, 1968) for deadlock avoidance in operating systems. Representing the control flow of each process as a rooted tree of nodes corresponding to resource requests and releases, we propose a quadratic-time algorithm which decomposes each flow graph into a nested family of regions, such that all allocated resources are released before the control leaves a region. Also, information on the maximum resource claims for each of the regions can be extracted prior to process execution. By inserting operating system calls when entering a new region for each process at runtime, and applying the original banker's algorithm for deadlock avoidance, this method has the potential to achieve better resource utilization because information on the "localized approximate maximum claims" is used for testing system safety.
Harvest of the Soft-Shell Clam (Mya arenaria) by Malaga Island, Maine, Residents From 1865 to 1912 Occurred Primarily in the Fall and Winter Based on Incremental Growth Assessment

ABSTRACTSclerochronological analysis of Mya arenaria shells from archeological sites can provide valuable information on the lifestyles of the sites' inhabitants. Inhabited from ca. 1860 to 1912, Malaga Island, Maine, was the home of a marginalized, mixed-race community of which only scant historical records remain. Our study analyzes M. arenaria shells from three horizons of shell middens at two house sites, utilizing incremental growth assessment, age, and growth rate to determine harvest behavior of the Malaga Island community. We examined modern clams from a nearby site to estimate the pattern of growth line deposition in M. arenaria so we could accurately determine the season of harvest from midden clams. Our results indicate that, throughout Malaga's historic inhabitation, the islanders consistently harvested between September and March, suggesting that they were selling M. arenaria to cod fisheries as bait, though it is also possible that they relied on clams for food. Large M. arenaria from the up...
Securing Systems after Deployment

Applications are generally designed and developed with little regards to security consideration. Fortunately, there is abundant of processes and technologies today that is available that can be used to easily secure an application while it is in the maintenance phase. In this paper, we have discussed how we can use symmetric and asymmetric cryptography methods and security architecture can be created to protect a system from various cipher attacks after deployment.
Determining a distribution from the modulus of its fourier transform

Let D be a tempered distribution on the real line R The problem of determining all tempered distributions E on R with |Ecirc;|=|[Dcirc]| is studied for distributions with compact support If there exists A.B tempered distributions with compact support such that D= A∗B and E=A∗B ∗ then |E|=|[Dcirc]|, however, it is shown that there are smooth functions D. E with compact support such that |E|=|[Dcirc]|, but for which there is no such factorization. This requires having some knowledge of the distribution of the zeros of [Dcirc]: and partly to this end, generalizations of theorems of Titchmarsh on the distribution of the zeros of a Fourier transform are proved.
Disability and Liberty-to-Be

This paper argues that we are better served by a rationale for disability policy that does not make reference to welfare differentials between persons with disabilities and persons without. We are better served by a rationale that speaks of liberty instead, and in particular of liberties-to-be, as the fundamental rationale for special provisions for disability.
Propagation of UWB Electromagnetic Pulses Through Lossy Plasmas

An efficient method for the analysis of ultra-wideband (UWB) electromagnetic pulses propagating through dispersive media is indispensable in applications involving UWB radar systems. Closed-form solutions have been obtained for the fields associated with transient sources radiating into lossless plasmas and waveguides (see [1] for historical references). Recently, Dvorak [2] demonstrated that contour integration techniques can be used to analytically evaluate the inverse Fourier transform representation for the potential associated with a continuous-wave transient pulse propagating in a waveguide. Dvorak and Dudley later extended the analysis to the problem of a double-exponential pulse propagating through a simple cold plasma [1].
Channel Selection for Licensed Assisted Access in LTE Based on UE Measurements

Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) represents a new paradigm for LTE, where unlicensed bands are used in conjunction with licensed bands to increase network capacity. The main challenge of LAA is ensuring that unlicensed bands are shared with WiFi systems in an efficient manner. In this paper, we study a coexistence solution based on channel selection. A centralized channel selection mechanism which increases network capacity of LTE in unlicensed bands is proposed. We also describe the implementation of our scheme using existing LTE signaling mechanisms. Simulation results show that channel selection can improve the performance of both LTE and WiFi by over 100\%.
A New Species of Stenonema (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from Eastern North America

Adults and nymphs of Stenonema meririvulanum n. sp. are described. Adults are characterized by large dark spiracular dots, gray margined hind wings, and very long banded caudal filaments. Nymphs are characterized by “V”-shaped pale areas on abdominal terga 7–9, posterolateral spines on abdominal segments 6 or 7–9, and an unmarked abdominal venter. The species has been collected from small pristine streams in the Appalachian Mountains.
Image Quality Classification for DR Screening Using Convolutional Neural Networks

The quality of input images significantly affects the outcome of automated diabetic retinopathy screening systems. Current methods to identify image quality rely on hand-crafted geometric and structural features, that does not generalize well. We propose a new method for retinal image quality classification (IQC) that uses computational algorithms imitating the working of the human visual systems. The proposed method leverages on learned supervised information using convolutional neural networks (CNN), thus avoiding hand-engineered features. Our analysis shows that the learned features capture both geometric and structural information relevant for image quality classification. Experimental results conducted on a relatively large dataset demonstrates that the overall method can achieve high accuracy. We also show that effective features for IQC can be learned by full training of shallow CNN as well as by using transfer learning.
Tempered stable structural model in pricing credit spread and credit default swap

In this paper, we explore the features of a structural credit risk model wherein the firm value is driven by normal tempered stable (NTS) process belonging to the larger class of Levy processes. For the purpose of comparability, the calibration to the term structure of a corporate bond credit spread is conducted under both NTS structural model and Merton structural model. We find that NTS structural model provides better fit for all credit ratings than Merton structural model. However, it is noticed that probabilities of default derived from the calibration of the term structure of a bond credit spread might be overestimated since the bond credit spread could contain non-default components such as illiquidity risk or asymmetric tax treatment. Hence, considering CDS spread as a reflection of the pure credit risk for the reference entity, we calibrate it in order to obtain more reasonable probability of default and obtain valid results in calibration of the market CDS spread with NTS structural model.
To Be or Not To Be Symmetric: That Is the Question for Potentially Active Vibronic Modes

Electronic spectra often exhibit vibronic structure when vibrational and electronic transitions occur in concert. Theory reveals (1) that orbital symmetry considerations determine specific roles played by the nuclear degrees of freedom and (2) that the vibrational excitation is often highly regiospecific, that is, attributable to an identifiable subset of atoms within the molecule. Spectra obtained from a chromium(III) complex involving a macrocyclic ligand and two axially disposed butadiynide groups nicely illustrate many of the concepts involved.