cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EPR Spectra of hexafluoride radicals

Abstract The preparation of various hexafluoride radicals is described, and their spectra are compared. The central-atom hyperfine interactions are large, indicative of an 2A 1g ground state in Oh symmetry. This is confirmed by the anisotropic 19F hyperfine structure. The semioccupied orbital consists of an antibonding combination of the central-atom ns atomic orbital, and the six fluorine 2p atomic orbitals. Changes in the central-atom contribution are correlated with electronegativity changes in the central atom.
Adult Children’s Discovery of Their Parents’ Infidelity

Infidelity affects the relationships for all individuals connected to an affair. This study represents a first step in understanding the ripple effect of this phenomenon by examining how adult children recalled becoming aware of their parents’ infidelity. Participants included 125 individuals, reporting on 149 parental infidelities (24 participants indicated that both their mother and father engaged in infidelity). After sharing the story of how they learned about the infidelities that occurred in their parents’ relationship, discovery stories were coded and analyzed, resulting in a five category typology of methods by which children discovered their parents’ infidelity: family member, explicit, offending parent, incremental, and third party discovery. These findings are compared and contrasted to previous research, and the implications of this study for future research on parental infidelity and theorizing on privacy, shared family identity, and uncertainty are discussed.
Application of fracture mechanics to the interpretation of bond strength data from ASTM standard C633-79

The debonding specimen used in ASTM Standard C633- 79 has a nonuniform stress distribution at the interface between the coating and the substrate.[1] This means that bond strengths determined according to the standard could be significantly lower than actual strengths. A new specimen, 50% longer than the standard specimen, was developed to alleviate this problem. The elongated specimen has a uniform stress distribution that is equal to the uniform stress assumed by ASTM Standard C633- 79. Thus, bond strengths obtained using the elongated specimen are higher and more representative of the actual bond strength than estimates obtained from the standard specimen. In this work, a procedure is developed to transform the existing bond strength values obtained using the C633- 79 Standard specimens to the more representative bond strength values that would be obtained if the tests were repeated using the elongated specimens. A combination of finite- element analyses and laboratory test data is used to identify the relation between the bond strength values of standard specimens and those of elongated specimens. Examples are presented and the procedure is verified by comparisons with bond strength data for Colmonoy No. 6 and aluminum oxide coatings.
The Myxococcus xanthus Developmental Program Can Be Delayed by Inhibition of DNA Replication

Under conditions of nutrient deprivation, Myxococcus xanthus undergoes a developmental process that results in the formation of a fruiting body containing environmentally resistant myxospores. We have shown that myxospores contain two copies of the genome, suggesting that cells must replicate the genome prior to or during development. To further investigate the role of DNA replication in development, a temperature-sensitive dnaB mutant, DnaB A116V , was isolated from M. xanthus . Unlike what happens in Escherichia coli dnaB mutants, where DNA replication immediately halts upon a shift to a nonpermissive temperature, growth and DNA replication of the M. xanthus mutant ceased after one cell doubling at a nonpermissive temperature, 37°C. We demonstrated that at the nonpermissive temperature the DnaB A116V mutant arrested as a population of 1 n cells, implying that these cells could complete one round of the cell cycle but did not initiate new rounds of DNA replication. In developmental assays, the DnaB A116V mutant was unable to develop into fruiting bodies and produced fewer myxospores than the wild type at the nonpermissive temperature. However, the mutant was able to undergo development when it was shifted to a permissive temperature, suggesting that cells had the capacity to undergo DNA replication during development and to allow the formation of myxospores.
Sex pheromone of the cranberry root grub Lichnanthe vulpina.

The cranberry root grub Lichnanthe vulpina (Hentz) (Coleoptera: Glaphyridae) is a pest of cranberries in Massachusetts, reducing yield and vine density. (Z)-7-Hexadecenol and (Z)-7-hexadecenal were identified from the female effluvia collection by gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The double-bond position was confirmed by dimethyl disulfide derivatization. Both compounds were tested in the field, each alone and as blends of the two. Each compound alone captured males; however, (Z)-7-hexadecenol alone captured significantly more males than did (Z)-7-hexadecenal alone. The addition of varying amounts of (Z)-7-hexadecenal to (Z)-7-hexadecenol did not statistically affect male capture. Flight activity of the cranberry root grub may be monitored with traps baited with rubber septa containing 300 μg of (Z)-7-hexadecenol. A test of trap vane colors indicated that traps with green or black vanes maximized target male catch while minimizing nontarget catch of important cranberry pollinators.
Long-term treatment with hepatic tumor promoters inhibits mitogenic responses of hepatocytes to acidic fibroblast growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor

Studies with hepatocyte cultures have defined four hepatocyte mitogens which can transmit a complete mitogenic signal in cultures kept in completely defined conditions. These four mitogens are epidermal growth factor (EGF), acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), hepatopoietin A/hepatocyte growth factor (HPTA/HGF) and hepatopoietin B (HPTB). In this study, we investigated the effect of aFGF, HGF and the mito-inhibitor transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) on cultured hepatocytes isolated from livers of rats treated with the xenobiotic hepatic tumor promoters phenobarbital (PB) and alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH). Male F344 rats were treated with each of these two xenobiotics to stimulate hepatic DNA synthesis and augmentative hepatomegaly. At different times on the regimens with tumor promoters, hepatocytes were isolated and placed in primary culture. DNA synthesis of hepatocytes in culture stimulated by these two growth factors and the suppression of DNA synthesis affected by TGF-beta were examined as a function of time of treatment in vivo with these two promoters. Following day 10, hepatocytes from both promoter regimens became unresponsive to these two growth factors for the rest of the duration of the treatment (day 90). TGF-beta suppressed DNA synthesis stimulated by growth factors but did not affect the high background DNA synthesis stimulated by xenobiotics themselves.
A New Species of Cydamus, with a Key to the Species of the Genus (Hemiptera: Alydidae)

cydamus kormilevi n. sp. is described and illustrated, and the species of Cydamus are keyed. The distribution of this New World micrelytrine genus, and some relationships of its species, are discussed briefly.
Rotating a graphics image with APL

Graphic transformation is neatly accomplished by using matrices, and hence APL is an excellent language with which to write graphics routines. This paper is a brief tutorial and gives a sample rotation routine. The mathematical foundation and APL2 implementation are given.
Biotechnology and food security for the 21st century: a real-world perspective.

Agriculture: Biotechnology and food security for the 21st century: A real-world perspective
A hybrid Fourier transform

Abstract A Fourier transform akin to Sneddon's R -transform is introduced. It is shown that the Hilbert transform links the two in much the same way as it connects the classical Fourier sine and cosine transforms.
The graft-vs.-leukemia effect. Implications for post-marrow transplant antileukemia treatment.

PURPOSE Over the past 30 years, evidence supporting the existence of an antileukemic effect of allogeneic bone marrow has rapidly expanded. Early animal studies demonstrated this "graft-vs.-leukemia" (GVL) effect in association with graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD). PATIENTS, METHODS, AND RESULTS Clinical evidence for the GVL effect derived from experience in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) includes the following: the association of GVHD, both acute and chronic, with a decreased rate of leukemic relapse, the occurrence of a higher relapse rate following identical twin transplants compared to allogeneic major histocompatibility complex-matched sibling transplants, the decrease of GVHD and increase of leukemic relapses with T-cell depletion of donor bone marrow, and that allogeneic marrow transplants without GVHD have a lower leukemic relapse rate compared to identical twin transplants and T-cell depleted transplants. In addition, some reports indicate that modifying the immunosuppressive regimens (consisting of cyclosporine A or methotrexate) that are aimed at prevention of GVHD can affect leukemic relapse rates. Although the mechanism of this GVL effect is poorly understood, there are several favored hypotheses. Cytotoxic T cells, which may mediate GVH effects, could also mediate a GVL effect. There may also be T cells with specificity for destroying leukemic blasts alone. The natural killer/lymphokine-activated killer cytotoxic cell may play a role in the GVL effect. These nonspecific cytotoxic cells can be activated with cytokines induced in the transplant setting. Finally, the GVL effect could be secondary to the in vivo induction of various cytokines that either have direct antileukemic effects or that induce leukemic differentiation. Advances in our basic understanding of the immune system and its activation, and the availability of purified immunoregulatory cytokines, have revealed new ways to induce GVL-like effects. Promising results with therapy based on use of interleukin-2 in solid tumors have been seen. It is hoped that these advances will enable the "antileukemic" components of the GVL effect to be prospectively controlled (as part of the technique of marrow transplant) and intentionally used as leukemic therapy in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation.
A signature of immune function genes associated with recurrence-free survival in breast cancer patients

The clinical significance of tumor-infiltrating immune cells has been reported in a variety of human carcinomas including breast cancer. However, molecular signature of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and their prognostic value in breast cancer patients remain elusive. We hypothesized that a distinct network of immune function genes at the tumor site can predict a low risk versus high risk of distant relapse in breast cancer patients regardless of the status of ER, PR, or HER-2/neu in their tumors. We conducted retrospective studies in a diverse cohort of breast cancer patients with a 1–5 year tumor relapse versus those with up to 7 years relapse-free survival. The RNAs were extracted from the frozen tumor specimens at the time of diagnosis and subjected to microarray analysis and real-time RT-PCR. Paraffin-embedded tissues were also subjected to immunohistochemistry staining. We determined that a network of immune function genes involved in B cell development, interferon signaling associated with allograft rejection and autoimmune reaction, antigen presentation pathway, and cross talk between adaptive and innate immune responses were exclusively upregulated in patients with relapse-free survival. Among the 299 genes, five genes which included B cell response genes were found to predict with >85% accuracy relapse-free survival. Real-time RT-PCR confirmed the 5-gene prognostic signature that was distinct from an FDA-cleared 70-gene signature of MammaPrint panel and from the Oncotype DX recurrence score assay panel. These data suggest that neoadjuvant immunotherapy in patients with high risk of relapse may reduce tumor recurrence by inducing the immune function genes.
Purification of human liver glycoprotein sialyltransferase by affinity chromatography.

Abstract A simple procedure has been developed for purifying solubilized human liver glycoprotein sialyltransferase (EC 2.4.99.1) 16 000-fold in 4–5% yield. The procedure involves two centrifugation steps, affinity chromatography of the ultrasupernatant fluid on cytidine diphosphate-hexanolamine-agarose followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated that the purified sialyltransferase preparation contains approximately equivalent amounts of three protein bands (with apparent molecular weights of 61 000, 63 000 and 70 000) and is highly purified if not homogeneous.
947-111 IkBlockade Selectively Eliminates Slow Antegrade Atrioventricular Nodal Conduction in the Rabbit

We studied the effects of an I k blocker, risotilide (R) on the dynamic properties of perfused rabbit AV nodes using intermittent right atrial premature pacing and bipolar surface electrograms. R was serially perfused with 1, 3 and 6 × 10 –6 M R for 15 minutes following pre-drug measurements. Download high-res image (86KB) Download full-size image Results Typical changes in the antegrade recovery curve produced by R are shown in the figure. There was a concentration dependent decrease in Δ.AH from the pre-drug value of 56 ± 15 ms to 29.2 ± 16.9 ms and 13.7 ± 5.9 ms by 3 and 6 × 10 -6 M respectively (n = 6). A reciprocal increase in the AV node effective refractory period was observed from 91 ± 15 ms (pre-drug) to 139 ± 16 ms (3 × 10 -6 M) and 170 ± 16 ms (6 × 10 -6 M). AH∝ was unchanged at any concentration of R. Conclusions These results suggest that class III antiarrhythmic agents may increase action potential duration and the refractory period of the structure(s) limiting AV conduction and thereby eliminate a majority of the “slow” AV node conduction. These findings may have important implications for a pharmacologic approach to the treatment of AV node reentry tachycardias.
The complete nucleotide sequence of the chick a-actin gene and its evolutionary relationship to the actin gene family.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of the chick a-actin gene reveals that the gene is comprised of 7 exons separated by six very short intervening sequences (IVS). The first IVS interrupts the 73 nucleotide 5' untranslated segment between nucleotides 61 and 62. The remaining IVS interrupt the translated region at codons 41/42, 150, 204, 267, and 327/328. The 272 nucleotide 3' untranslated segment is not interrupted by IVS. The amino acid sequence derived from the nucleotide sequence is identical to the published sequence for chick a-actin except for the presence of a met-cys dipeptide at the amino-terminus. The IVS positions in the chick a-actin gene are identical to those of the rat a-actin gene. While there is partial coincidence of the IVS in the a-actin genes with the vertebrate b-actin genes and 2 sea urchin actin genes, there is no coincidence with actin genes from any other source except soybean where one IVS position is shared. This discordance in IVS positions makes the actin gene family unique among the eucaryotic genes analyzed to date.
Production of carbonic fluids during metamorphism of graphitic pelites in a collisional orogen—An assessment from fluid inclusions

Abstract Fluid inclusions in quartz veins within Proterozoic metamorphic rocks in the Black Hills, South Dakota, were examined by microthermometry and Raman spectroscopy to assess the evolution of fluid compositions during regional metamorphism of organic-rich shales and late-orogenic magmatism, both of which were related to the collision of the Wyoming and Superior crustal blocks. Fluid inclusions occur in veins that began to be generated before or during regional compression and metamorphism that reached at least garnet-grade conditions, and in veins within the aureole of the Harney Peak Granite (HPG), where temperatures reached second-sillimanite grade conditions. Early veins in the schists have undergone recrystallization during heating and deformation that modified the composition of early CH4 or CO2 and N2-dominated inclusions. These fluids were apparently trapped under conditions of immiscibility with a saline aqueous fluid phase. They are interpreted to represent components generated during maturation of organic matter and dehydration of phyllosilicates during incipient metamorphism at reducing fO2 conditions. Most inclusions in the quartz veins are, however, secondary CO2-bearing. They imply a transition to higher fO2 conditions with increasing temperature of regional metamorphism. The fO2 conditions may have been controlled by the mineral assemblage in the host metapelites. The prevalence of bimodal distributions of trapped CO2–N2 and aqueous endmembers in the biotite and garnet zones also suggests that two immiscible fluid phases existed during the regional metamorphism. In the aureole of the HPG, graphite was evidently consumed by influx of magmatic fluids. CO2–H2O fluid inclusions dominate, but they have significantly less N2 than inclusions at lower metamorphic grades. All inclusions define secondary trails in mostly unstrained quartz. The bimodality of inclusion compositions is not as well defined as at lower grades, with many inclusions containing intermediate CO2–H2O compositions. This suggests that a single fluid phase existed at the high temperatures in the granite aureole, but then unmixed during cooling. A set of late quartz veins with graphitized and tourmalinized selvages in the granite aureole contains CH4-bearing inclusions with little N2. The existence of CH4 in these inclusions is attributed to complexing of magmatic B with hydroxyl anions taken from the CO2–H2O fluid phase, effectively causing reduction in fO2 and promoting precipitation of graphite.
CONTINENCE, POTENCY AND MORBIDITY AFTER RADICAL PERINEAL PROSTATECTOMY

ABSTRACTPurpose: We investigated continence, potency and morbidity rates associated with radical perineal prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: We assessed 220 consecutive men who underwent radical perineal prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer between January 1984 and July 1995. Concomitant pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed in 181 patients. Potency was assessed in a subset of 50 consecutive men with good preoperative potency and a minimum 18-month followup who were otherwise candidates for a nerve sparing procedure (22 bilateral and 28 unilateral). Continence and potency were prospectively evaluated.Results: Continence was preserved in 208 of the 220 men (95%), and it returned in 23% by 1 month, 56% by 3, 90% by 6 and 95% by 10. Advanced age was the only significant risk factor. All 12 incontinent men (5%) were 69 years old or older and they represented 12% of that age group (12 of 103). After nerve sparing potency was preserved in 35 of the 50 fully potent men (70%), returning in 24% ...
Bayesian Statistics Using Mathematica

Abstract We illustrate the use of the Mathematica software system (programming language) for performing Bayesian calculations of the sort encountered in introductory presentations of Bayesian statistics. In particular, we show the ease with which one can do numerical computation, graphics, and symbolic computation to analyze one- and two-dimensional probability density functions. Our illustrations involve a time series problem using oxygen uptake data taken from a burn patient.
The Difference that Citizenship Makes: Civilian Crime Prevention on the Lower East Side

At the December 1997 meeting of Manhattan’s 9 th Precinct Community Council, a group that brings together police officers and the public to discuss crime, the leader of a block association that serves a mostly white middle-class block stood up to encourage others to become more involved in neighborhood crime prevention. She suggested that they join the precinct’s block watch program, in which they would help to prevent and report crimes on their blocks, and she promised that by signing up they would be “treated with much more credibility” by the precinct. Crime is persistent and entrenched, she acknowledged, but citizens should take responsibility for improving their own lives and neighborhoods, and not rely on the police to fight crime: “it’s not their [the precinct’s] fight, it’s our fight.” In contrast to this appeal for civic duty and civilian–police cooperation, Angela Mendez, 1 a tenant association president from a section of the precinct with mostly poor black and Latino residents, became active in crime prevention only because she believed the police did not do an adequate job of controlling crime. She blamed the precinct for neglecting poor and minority areas in favor of wealthier white blocks, and she argued for her right to equal law enforcement. Angela did not want to devote her spare hours to crime prevention, but she felt that high crime rates and police neglect left her no choice. At a time when leaders of both major political parties ask Americans to serve their country and their communities as volunteers, and when prominent scholars such as Robert Putnam worry that Americans are turning away from a tradition of civic participation that builds vibrant communities and a stronger nation (Bellah et al. 1996; Etzioni 1996; Putnam 2000), civilian crime prevention offers ways to understand and evaluate community participation, citizenship, and locality in the United States. As Susan Hyatt has observed, the growth of new ideologies of volunteerism in the United States has accompanied late twentieth-century welfare-state retrenchment, as “good citizens,” not the state, increasingly are called upon to build and maintain the public sphere (Hyatt 2001). In this paper I draw on fieldwork conducted during 1997–1998 in Manhattan’s 9 th Precinct, located on the city’s Lower East Side, to examine how civilian crime prevention reflects and produces citizenship, race and class difference, and spatialized belonging at the boundary of the state and the civil sphere. 2 Civilian policing occupies only a small slice of civic participation in New York City, but an ethnographic investigation of participants’ discourses and practices of citizenship and place illustrates larger processes of volunteerism and citizenship in a city where policing is a major locus of public debate about the proper role of the state. Why Page 114
Axonal dependency of the postnatal upregulation in neurofilament expression.

A coordinated up-regulation in the expression of all three neurofilament (NF) proteins occurs during postnatal development in the rat (Schlaepfer and Bruce, J Neurosci Res [in press], 1990a). In the present study, sciatic nerves were transected in neonatal rats in order to determine the effects of axotomy on the postnatal upregulation of NF expression in neurons of rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Left sciatic nerves were transected at postnatal day 3 (P3), 6 (P6), 8 (P8), or 10 (P10). mRNA and protein levels of the light (NF-L), mid-sized (NF-M), and heavy (NF-H) NF proteins were compared in L4 and L5 DRGs from the transected (left) vs. control (right) sides of the same animals at varying intervals after transection. When nerves were transected at P10, mRNA levels of all three NF proteins declined markedly in the parent DRG neurons, thereby completely interrupting the postnatal upregulation of NF expression. P10 transections also led to widespread chromatolytic changes in axotomized neurons, indistinguishable from those that occur in adult DRG following sciatic nerve transection (Goldstein et al., J Neurosci 7:1586-1594, 1987). Nerve transections at earlier (e.g., P3) neonatal timepoints also led to a decrease of NF expression, but to a lesser extent than that which resulted from a P10 transection. Also, P3 transections caused only minimal chromatolytic changes in the axotomized neurons. Thus, the postnatal upregulation of NF expression is dependent upon axonal continuity and the extent of axonal dependency increases during early postnatal development. These findings support the hypothesis that the postnatal upregulation of NF expression, the axotomy-induced downregulation of NF expression and the chromatolytic reaction to nerve transection are all dependent upon or responsive to axonal- or target cell-derived signals that are acquired during postnatal maturation.
The Relative Influence of European Writers on Late Eighteenth-Century American Political Thought

Drawing upon a comprehensive list of political writings by Americans published between 1760 and 1805, the study uses a citation count drawn from these 916 items as a surrogate measure of the relative influence of European writers upon American political thought during the era. Contrary to the general tendencies in the recent literature, the results here indicate that there was no one European writer, or one tradition of writers, that dominated American political thought. There is evidence for moving beyond the Whig-Enlightenment dichotomy as the basis for textual analysis, and for expanding the set of individual European authors considered to have had an important effect on American thinking. Montesquieu, Blackstone, and Hume are most in need of upgrading in this regard. The patterns of influence apparently varied over the time period from 1760 to 1805, and future research on the relative influence of European thinkers must be more sensitive to this possibility.
Relationships between the Process Standards: Process Elicited through Letter Writing between Preservice Teachers and High School Mathematics Students.

The current body of literature suggests an interactive relationship between several of the process standards advocated by National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Verbal and written mathematical communication has often been described as an alternative to typical mathematical representations (e.g., charts and graphs). Therefore, the relationship between these two processes has been characterized as interchangeable. The current study examined mathematics preservice teachers’ elicitation of the process standards from high school students during a letter-writing project. Correlational analysis illustrated two sets of relationships: one between communication, problem solving, and reasoning and proof; and a weaker, parallel relationship between representation, problem solving, and reasoning and proof. Additionally, it was found that written communication and representation were elicited in isolation of each other significantly more often than in conjunction, supporting claims of the literature. Implications of these findings and suggestions of future research are described.
An investigation of protein crystallization parameters using successive automated grid searches (SAGS)

Abstract Finding the proper conditions for protein crystallization involves the investigation of many possible combinations of solution parameters. Development of an effective search strategy depends on determining how parameter variations influence crystal formation and quality. The present work describes the use of successive automated grid searches (SAGS) where solution pH and precipitant concentration are varied to determine optimal conditions for protein crystal growth in hanging drop vapor diffusion experiments. Many proteins are found to crystallize over surprisingly large ranges of pH and precipitant concentration. This observation suggests that successive grid searches of solution parameters for optimal crystal growth are as efficient and effective as sparse sampling strategies.
Transforming Power Relationships: Leadership, Risk, and Hope

Abstract: Chronic communal conflicts resemble the prisoner's dilemma. Both communities prefer peace to war. But neither trusts the other, viewing the other's gain as its own loss, so potentially shared interests often go unrealized. Achieving positive-sum outcomes from apparently zero-sum struggles requires a kind of risk-embracing leadership. To succeed leaders must: a) see power relations as potentially positive-sum; b) strengthen negotiating adversaries instead of weakening them; and c) demonstrate hope for a positive future and take great personal risks to achieve it. Such leadership is exemplified by Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk in the South African democratic transition. To illuminate the strategic dilemmas Mandela and de Klerk faced, we examine the work of Robert Axelrod, Thomas Schelling, and Josep Colomer, who highlight important dimensions of the problem but underplay the role of risk-embracing leadership. Finally we discuss leadership successes and failures in the Northern Ireland settlement and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.;
Increasing antarctic sea ice under warming atmospheric and oceanic conditions

Estimates of sea ice extent based on satellite observations show an increasing Antarctic sea ice cover from 1979 to 2004 even though in situ observations show a prevailing warming trend in both the atmosphere and the ocean. This riddle is explored here using a global multicategory thickness and enthalpy distribution sea ice model coupled to an ocean model. Forced by the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data, the model simulates an increase of 0.20 10 12 m 3 yr 1 (1.0% yr 1 ) in total Antarctic sea ice volume and 0.084 10 12 m 2 yr 1 (0.6% yr 1 ) in sea ice extent from 1979 to 2004 when the satellite observations show an increase of 0.027 10 12 m 2 yr 1 (0.2% yr 1 ) in sea ice extent during the same period. The model shows that an increase in surface air temperature and downward longwave radiation results in an increase in the upper-ocean temperature and a decrease in sea ice growth, leading to a decrease in salt rejection from ice, in the upper-ocean salinity, and in the upper-ocean density. The reduced salt rejection and upper-ocean density and the enhanced thermohaline stratification tend to suppress convective overturning, leading to a decrease in the upward ocean heat transport and the ocean heat flux available to melt sea ice. The ice melting from ocean heat flux decreases faster than the ice growth does in the weakly stratified Southern Ocean, leading to an increase in the net ice production and hence an increase in ice mass. This mechanism is the main reason why the Antarctic sea ice has increased in spite of warming conditions both above and below during the period 1979–2004 and the extended period 1948–2004.
Mortgage Debt: The Good News

The usual advice given to the public by financial planners and the popular press is that less debt is better and in particular owning your own house outright is a desirable goal. We show that this advice is often wrong because mortgage debt acts as an inflation hedge. Mortgage debt also has a valuable refinancing option in case interest rates fall and an abandonment option if the value of the property declines. Mortgage debt is often seen simply as necessary because of people's limited financial assets. Specifically, people can purchase a home only if they resort to borrowing. Employing a numerical model, we demonstrate that some level of mortgage debt is valuable to many individuals who do not face such a constraint. The model is able to simulate over a wide range of plausible assumptions the impact of mortgage debt on a household's wealth. Home ownership provides households a hedge against rental increases, but exposes them to the vagaries of the local real estate market. Our model shows that mortgage debt allows individuals to hedge against inflation and local market risk. The model allows an analyst to vary assummptions to examine the impact of the mortgage decision on a particular household.
Accumulation of Diatomaceous Silica in the Sediments of the Gulf of California

The contribution of biogenous silica to the sediments of the Gulf of California, and the factors controlling the formation of the deep-water sediment facies, have been determined by quantitative mineralogical analysis and by calculations of the rates of sediment accumulation. The amounts of biogenous silica (opal), quartz, and feldspar were determined by X-ray diffraction; calcium carbonate and organic carbon contents were determined by gasometric techniques; and rates of deposition were obtained by radiocarbon dating of sediment core sections. Sediments containing more than 10 per cent by weight opal are confined to the central part of the Gulf; in the Guaymas Basin values exceed 50 per cent by weight. Diatoms constitute the major source of the opal in the sediments. Radiolarians contribute less than 10per cent by weight opal, and sponge spicules are an insignificant source. The distribution of the major sediment components reveals a deep-water sediment facies pattern dominated by biogenous supply (mainly opal) from the plankton and terrigenous supply from the rivers draining the Mexican mainland. This pattern is produced by a maximal rate of accumulation of opal, relative to terrigenous material, in the central part of the Gulf, particularly in the Guaymas Basin. Phytoplankton production is greatest in the central Gulf, the area of richest diatomaceous sediments. The diatom frustules settle to the Gulf floor rather rapidly and are not dispersed uniformly over the entire Gulf as their individual settling velocities would predict. The accumulation of biogenous silica in the sediments of the central Gulf proceeds at a rate of approximately 10 13 g per annum. The rivers draining into the Gulf supply approximately 10 11 g of dissolved silica per annum. The water exchange between the Gulf and the Pacific Ocean, as a consequence of the seasonal wind regimes, supplies approximately 10 14 g of dissolved silica per annum to the Gulf of California. Sufficient silica is available in normal sea water, notwithstanding the low absolute concentrations, to account for the accumulation of such richly diatomaceous sediments, given a mechanism, namely upwelling, which continuously supplies dissolved nutrients to the euphotic zone. Recourse to volcanic sources of silica is then no longer necessary, in spite of clear stratigraphic associations, assumed to be genetic, between diatomaceous sediments and volcanic rocks.
Backstepping observers for a class of parabolic PDEs

In this paper we design exponentially convergent observers for a class of parabolic partial integro-differential equations (P(I)DEs) with only boundary sensing available. The problem is posed as a problem of designing an invertible coordinate transformation of the observer error system into an exponentially stable target system. Observer gain (output injection function) is shown to satisfy a well-posed hyperbolic PDE that is closely related to the hyperbolic PDE governing backstepping control gain for the state-feedback problem. For several physically relevant problems the observer gains are obtained in closed form. The observer gains are then used for an output-feedback design in both collocated and anti-collocated setting of sensor and actuator. The order of the resulting compensator can be substantially lowered without affecting stability. Explicit solutions of a closed loop system are found in particular cases.
RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FLUIDS USING NMR VELOCITY SPECTRUM MEASUREMENTS

This paper demonstrates the use of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) velocity spectrum to rheologically characterize a fluid-like material in steady tube flow. The velocity spectra for four different materials, an oil-water solution, a polyacrylamide solution, tomato juice and a paper pulp suspension are measured and qualitative agreement with theory based upon simple constitutive models is demonstrated. These materials exhibit Newtonian, power law and Bingham plastic behavior. Homogeneous and heterogeneous samples are used and the applicability to each discussed. The velocity spectra from NMR experiments allows for a nonin-vasive method of monitoring flow behavior and as such has applications to online process monitoring of rheological properties.
Rational Beta-splines for representing curves and surfaces

The rational Beta-spline representation, which offers the features of the rational form as well as those of the Beta-spline, is discussed. The rational form provides a unified representation for conventional free-form curves and surfaces along with conic sections and quadratic surfaces, is invariant under projective transformation, and possesses weights, which can be used to control shape in a manner similar to shape parameters. Shape parameters are an inherent property of the Beta-spline and provide intuitive and natural control over shape. The Beta-spline is based on geometric continuity, which provides an appropriate measure of smoothness in computer-aided geometric design. The Beta-spline has local control with respect to vertex movement, is affine invariant, and satisfies the convex hull property. The rational Beta-spline enjoys the benefit of all these attributes. The result is a general, flexible representation, which is amenable to implementation in modern geometric modeling systems. >
Central Component of the Radio Source Centaurus A

THE identification of the radio source Centaurus A with the peculiar galaxy NGC 5128 was first suggested by Bolton, Stanley and Slee1. The radio source consists of an extended component with dimensions of about 2° × 4° and a compact central component. The extended source has recently been shown by Bolton and Clark2 to consist of two components. The compact central component was investigated in 1953 by Mills3. His observations indicated that the radio emission was associated with the wide dust band of NGC 5128. Recent measurements by Twiss, Carter and Little4 have shown that the central source also consists of two components. This result was also obtained by Moffet and Maltby5. In a more recent radio investigation of NGC 5128, reported in this communication, I find that the radio source is not associated with the wide dust band.
Self-efficacy and outcome expectations as predictors of controlled smoking status

Two studies were conducted to develop and evaluate the usefulness of self-efficacy and outcome expectation measures in predicting smoking status. Subjects were chronic smokers participating in controlled smoking treatment programs. In Study 1, Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectancy Scales were developed and used to concurrently predict nicotine content, amount of each cigarette smoked, number of cigarettes smoked, and carbon monoxide levels. Both congruence microanalyses and correlational analyses revealed a strong relationship between self-efficacy and the dependent variables. Study 2, a larger prospective study, found strong correlations between our revised Self-Efficacy Scale and smoking behavior at a 6-month follow-up. In neither study did outcome expectancy significantly correlate with the dependent variables, nor did it significantly increment the proportion of variance explained when combined with self-efficacy.
Mindfulness as a moderator in expressive writing

Randomized, controlled studies have documented positive physical and psychological effects of writing about traumatic stress. Some of these studies have shown that individual differences play an important role, with participants responding differently to the intervention based on their personal characteristics. In the present expressive writing experiment, the trait of mindfulness was examined as a potential moderator. Seventy-six undergraduates were randomly assigned to either expressive writing (n = 37) or a control group (n = 39). Main effects favoring expressive writing were found, and these were qualified by significant interactions with mindfulness. Specifically, individuals with higher mindfulness scores responded better to expressive writing, experiencing greater physical and psychological benefits than individuals with lower mindfulness scores. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 67:1–15, 2011.
SOS: A Software-Oriented Distributed Shared Cache Management Approach for Chip Multiprocessors

This paper proposes a new software-oriented approach for managing the distributed shared L2 caches of a chip multiprocessor (CMP) for latency-oriented multithreaded applications. The conventional shared cache scheme loses performance due to the blind distribution of data predominantly accessed by a single thread. SOS, our software-oriented distributed shared cache management approach, infers a program’s data affinity hints through a novel machine learning based analysis of its L2 cache access behavior. The OS utilizes the hints to guide proper data placement in the L2 cache with page coloring. The derived hints are independent of the program input and can be used for multiple runs. By off-loading the cache management task onto software, SOS deviates substantially from previously proposed hardwarebased strategies and opens up a new opportunity for the CMP cache optimization. Our experimental results demonstrate that SOS is very effective in reducing the number of remote cache accesses. By using the hints for guiding page coloring alone, SOS achieves an average speedup of 10% and up to 23% over the shared cache scheme. When hints are used to direct data replication, SOS secures an additional performance gain of 9%, performing 19% better than the shared cache scheme on average.
Effect of hypertonic saline infusion on the level of immunoreactive dynorphin in extracted human plasma.

Dynorphin-A and its related peptides are derived from prodynorphin, one of the three known endogenous opioid precursors. The prodynorphin gene is expressed in the vasopressinergic magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus, while its peptide products are present in the vasopressin (AVP) neurosecretory vesicles of the neurohypophysis. The concentration of immunoreactive (IR) dynorphin is orders of magnitude higher in the neurohypophysis than in any other tissue, suggesting that perhaps the prodynorphin-derived peptides are secreted from the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal unit into the general circulation. Experiments in rats have shown that osmotic stimuli increase both AVP and prodynorphin in the hypothalamus. To determine whether human hypothalamic prodynorphin is also under osmotic regulation, we measured plasma IR-dynorphin, plasma IR-AVP, and serum sodium immediately before and during the infusion of normal or hypertonic saline in normal human volunteers. because of the unusual susceptibility of the pro...
Increased activity associated with the MAST205 protein kinase complex during mammalian spermiogenesis.

The morphological and biochemical changes that occur in the haploid male germ cell during spermiogenesis facilitate the natural delivery of the paternally imprinted chromosomes into oocytes. Despite the obvious morphological changes, little is known about the molecular events underlying spermiogenesis. We recently cloned a novel 205-kDa manchette microtubule-associated serine/threonine protein kinase (MAST205) from mouse testis. The objective of this study was to further delineate the role of MAST205 in mammalian spermiogenesis. While MAST205 RNA levels were similar in pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids, and residual bodies, MAST205 protein could be detected only in round spermatids and residual bodies. Kinase activity associated with MAST205 immunoprecipitates was low in pachytene spermatocytes, high in round spermatids, and maximal in residual bodies, indicating that MAST205-associated kinase activity is modified during spermatid maturation. Furthermore, MAST205 protein and the associated kinase activity were not detected in epididymal spermatozoa, indicating that MAST205 protein is either excluded from, or degraded in, the latter cell type. Multiple heterologous protein species were seen in immunoprecipitates from 35 S-labeled mouse seminiferous tubules using an affinity-purified MAST205 antiserum. Consistent with this observation, MAST205 eluted as part of a 1-2 x 10 6 dalton protein complex when extracts of mouse testis were fractionated by Superose 6 column chromatography. MAST205 mRNA was detected in human testis indicative of conservation in other mammalian species. Taken together, these results indicate that the MAST205 complex functions in spermatid maturation in mammals.
Acute Ethanol Effects on Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Fasted Rats

The effects of acute ethanol intoxication were investigated in a rat model of unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion. Groups of 5 to 8 male Sprague-Dawey rats were subjected to 4 hr of left middle cerebral artery occlusion. All groups were deprived of food ovemight and were pretreated intraperitoneally with 5% dextrose solution (10 ml/kg), 20% ethyl alcohol in 5% dextrose solution (2 g/kg), or 30% ethyl alcohol in a 5% dextrose solution (3 g/kg) 1 hr before middle cerebral artery occlusion. Regional cerebral blood flow during ipsilateral occlusion was ∼9.1 to 10% of baseline in all groups. The mean % brain water content in control, 2 g/kg ethanol-treated groups, and 3 g/kg ethanol-treated groups were: in the ischemic core-81.6, 81.2, and 82A; intermediate zone -80.5,80.6, and 81.7; and outer zone - 79.7, 79.7, and 80.8, respectively. Brain Na + and K + content in the three groups was related to water content, but much greater with ethanol pretreatment The water content of the intermediate zones in the 3 g/kg ethanol-treated animals was significantly greater than in the control (p < 0.01 and 0.001) and the 2 g/kg ethanol-treated groups. One-way analysis of variance indicated a significant dose-effect relationship In which the lower dose of ethanol tended to reduce ischemic core water content, and the larger dose increased ischemic core water, compared with the control. None of the overnight fasted groups had any significant hyperglycemia. The group given 3 g/kg in ethanol 1 hr before had exacerbated edema formation with a mean whole blood level of ethanol of ∼230 mg/dl. The neurotoxic effects of high concentrations of ethanol were unrelated to any change in plasma glucose concentrations.
‘The joyous light of day’: New Year’s Day Music in Leipzig, 1781–1847

Unlike other European cities, where the rise of the public concert in the eighteenth century diminished the church’s prominent role in musical life, Leipzig was a city in which the church maintained a strong influence over public concert institutions. On 25 November 1781, Leipzig’s new concert hall, the Gewandhaus, was inaugurated as the home for the subscription series directed by Johann Adam Hiller. Launched along with the hall was a tradition of performing one of the subscription concerts on New Year’s Day, a practice that may well have been the first of its kind on the continent. At first, the New Year’s concert was like any other of the season, comprising a variety of musical genres, including symphonies, concerti, and operatic fare. Quickly, however, concert organizers attempted to give this particular programme a distinct identity. Sacred music became a tradition in these concerts, which soon came to resemble the New Year’s Day music at the Thomaskirche and Nikolaikirche. Despite its sacred bent, the New Year’s Day concert was also infused with strong political overtones. Indeed, it was the sacred components of the concert that became the vehicle for praising political figures. New Year’s Day music in Leipzig was not sacred or political, it was often sacred and political simultaneously—not surprising for a city in which sacred and civic music institutions had such blurred boundaries. Vestiges of this tradition continued into Felix Mendelssohn’s Gewandhaus directorship, during which he composed at least two psalm cantatas for New Year’s Day performance.