cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
There Are No Just Wars

AbstractTwo recent monographs re-examine the central elements of the just war tradition and its contemporary applications. David Rodin’s War and Self-Defense analyzes, and rejects, the common doctrine that just war is an instance of national self-defense, in parallel with the right of individuals to protect themselves against violent attack. This derivation fails, and it cannot justify resort to war. In contrast, Oliver O’Donovan’s The Just War Revisited dismisses the notion that there are rules for just war and calls instead for careful and deliberate practical reasoning in particular contexts. Indeed, there can be no just wars, only specific acts that pass the tests of theological, historical, and practical scrutiny.
What Do Primary Care Providers and Nurses Need to Know About Managing Chronic Pain

Abstract Pain is the leading reason Americans seek health care access. Worldwide, more than 1.5 billion people are suffering from chronic pain. Unfortunately, providers are not equipped to manage patients with chronic pain as many advanced programs provide little to no education on pain management. Additionally, there are limited research articles on managing chronic pain, let alone regarding alternative treatment options for chronic pain. The patient presented in this case study is a 66-year-old woman who presents for a follow up regarding chronic pain. The case study outlines the success a patient found using alternative options other than opioid medication with lifestyle changes and a newer medication called low-dose Naltrexone (LDN). The purpose of this case study is to present a patient who has found success in managing chronic pain through alternative treatments and help the provider be able to educate patients on the importance of lifestyle changes to increase the prescribing and compliance of alternative treatment options.
Topical Clascoterone: The First Novel Agent for Acne Vulgaris in 40 Years.

ABSTRACT Purpose Acne vulgaris is a ubiquitous condition in men and women starting in adolescence. It is often persistent and refractory to multiple treatment methods. Although multiple medications may be used on- or off-label for treatment, many adverse effects and risks exist with these treatments, and there has not been an agent with a novel mechanism of action introduced in 40 years. Clascoterone is a recently approved topical acne medication with the first novel mechanism of action since isotretinoin. The purpose of this article was to review the clinical data regarding the safety and efficacy of topical clascoterone for the treatment of acne vulgaris in male and female subjects aged >12 years. Methods A literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE was conducted for clinical trials published between January 2014 and March 2021 in the English language using the key words Winlevi, clascoterone, and acne vulgaris. Articles were selected if they were related to the approval by the US Food and Drug Administration of clascoterone or provided novel data regarding this drug entity. Findings Two Phase III randomized controlled trials (NCT02608450 and NCT02608476) were ultimately selected, as these trials provided pivotal information to the US Food and Drug Administration for the approval of topical clascoterone. Implications The findings of this review show that topical clascoterone is likely an effective and safe option for the treatment of acne vulgaris. It offers efficacy rates similar to those of current medications through a novel mechanism of action. Its place in therapy remains unclear, but it might be placed ahead of other androgen receptor antagonists such as spironolactone due to its avoidance of systemic side effects.
The Risks of Riding a Dolphin: A Motif in Some Greek and Roman Narratives of Desire

This chapter focuses on a little-noticed motif in the narratives of dolphins falling in love with humans found in Apion (quoted by Aulus Gellius), Pliny the Elder, Aelian, and Oppian: the dorsal fin appears either as a handle to grasp or as an improbably sharp object capable of piercing the flesh of the beloved, wounding or even killing him as he rides on his lover’s back. Observing the erotic charge of the language and imagery, Williams situates this motif in broader contexts: other narratives of animals in love with humans; Lucretian and Virgilian conceptualizations of erotic desire in terms of piercing and penetrating, pleasure and pain; the role of penetration in pederastic configurations of human desire. In a coda, two widely different texts on animals, humans, and physical intimacy—an epigram by Strato of Sardis and a scene from Jack London’s Call of the Wild—occasion some reflection on scratching, piercing, and shared pleasure.
Transfer Learning Approaches for Knowledge Discovery in Grid-based Geo-Spatiotemporal Data.

Extracting and meticulously analyzing geo-spatiotemporal features is crucial to recognize intricate underlying causes of natural events, such as floods. Limited evidence about hidden factors leading to climate change makes it challenging to predict regional water discharge accurately. In addition, the explosive growth in complex geo-spatiotemporal environment data that requires repeated learning by the state-of-the-art neural networks for every new region emphasizes the need for new computationally efficient methods, advanced computational resources, and extensive training on a massive amount of available monitored data. We, therefore, propose HydroDeep, an effectively reusable pretrained model to address this problem of transferring knowledge from one region to another by effectively capturing their intrinsic geo-spatiotemporal variance. Further, we present four transfer learning approaches on HydroDeep for spatiotemporal interpretability that improve Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency by 9% to 108% in new regions with a 95% reduction in time.
VLSI Systems For Matrix Multiplication

We examine several VLSI architectures and compare these for their suitability for various forms of the matrix multiplication problem. The following architectures are considered: chain, broadcast chain, mesh, broadcast mesh and hexagonally connected. The forms of the matrix multiplication problem that are considered are: matrix × vector, band matrix × vector, matrix × matrix and band matrix × band matrix.
Body Composition and Energy Needs during Growth

The study of body composition, dividing the body into component parts, is a logical step in the process of trying to correlate structure with function on a “whole-body” scale. Characterizing changes in body composition is a means for understanding the process of growth and change in function that affect nutritional needs as growth proceeds. Anatomic divisions are rather obvious, e.g., organ mass and muscle mass. Fluid–mineral divisions are less readily visualized. The body is divided into total body water and solids; total body water is further divided into an extracellular and intracellular phase. Extracellular fluid (ECF) includes plasma, interstitial fluid, and connective tissue fluids; intracellular fluid (ICF)—the fluid phase of cells—is mostly in organs and muscle (Widdowson and Dickerson, 1964). The functional aspects of body composition can be viewed in terms of organ function (brain, liver, etc.), locomotion (muscle mass), energy reserve (fat mass), environment for cells (extracellular fluid), and supporting structures (connective tissue and bone) (Figure 1). These functions, like their structures, are rather self-evident. The major organs and muscle constitute the bulk of cell proteins in the body. Of these, muscle protein is the principal reservoir for amino acids when diet is deficient or when there is a need for gluconeogenesis from amino acids. While glycogen and protein provide some reserve for energy, fat is the real reservoir for energy when the diet is deficient. Plasma and interstitial fluid are the environment and transportation system for the cells. Supporting structures—connective tissue and bone, etc., although containing protein, are not sources for protein during diet deficiency. The ECF of connective tissue is a reserve for interstitial fluid and plasma when dehydration occurs. Bone contains a reserve for calcium, phosphorus, and some other minerals.
Stability of rifampin in dimethylsulfoxide.

Abstract Stock solutions of rifampin remain stable in dimethylsulfoxide for at least 8 months.
Inter-slice Correspondence for 2D Ultrasound-Guided Procedures

This paper reports on a new computational methodology, inter-slice correspondence (ISC), for robustly aligning sets of 2D ultrasound (US) slices during image-guided medical procedures. Correspondences are derived from distinctive, local scale-invariant features, which are used in one-to-many matching of US slices in near real-time despite out-of-plane rotation, in addition to global in-plane similarity transforms, occlusion, missing tissue, US plane mirroring, changes in US probe depth settings. Experiments demonstrate that ISC can align manually-acquired US slices without probe tracking information in the context of image-guided neurosurgery, with an accuracy of 1.3 mm. A novel reconstruction-without-calibration application based on ISC is proposed, where 3D US reconstruction results are very similar to those obtained via traditional phantom-based calibration.
Acute Mechanical Stimulation Activates the Chemotactic Signaling Network

Cells migrate in a directional manner in a variety of conditions, including chemoattractant gradients, electric fields, or under the influence of shear flow. Chemotaxis, or directed migration up a chemical gradient, is the best understood of these processes, and involves activation of multiple parallel signal transduction pathways that transmit the input from the chemoattractant receptor to the cytoskeletal network, leading to biased pseudopod projection in the direction of the gradient. Many components of the chemotactic signaling network display a polarized distribution in migrating cells. Although some of these markers have also been observed in cells migrating in an electric field or under shear flow, it is unclear whether these processes involve activation of a similar signaling network, or how they trigger cell migration. We found that acute mechanical stimulation of Dictyostelium cells leads to phosphorylation and activation of multiple components of the chemotactic signaling network, including PKB and ERK. Furthermore, using a microfluidic device, we demonstrated that application of shear flow for two seconds triggers translocation of leading and lagging edge markers to and from the cortex, respectively, similarly to global stimulation with a chemoattractant. Remarkably, the signaling network activated by acute mechanical stimulation displayed many behaviors characteristic of the chemotactic signaling network, including a refractory period, which is indicative of the system's excitatory nature. Simultaneous inhibition of multiple signaling pathways, including PI3K, PLA2 and TORC2, did not block the response to acute mechanical stimulation. In contrast, the response depended on the presence of an intact actin cytoskeleton, as well as Ca2+ flux mediated by the IP3 receptor homolog. Overall, these findings provide insights into the mechanism of shear stress induced migration, as well as a novel approach for studying the properties of the chemotactic signaling network without input from a chemoattractant.
Rich methane/air flames: Burning velocities, extinction limits, and flammability limit

A theoretical investigation has been conducted to establish a reliable chemical kinetic mechanism that can determine the extinction limit of opposed-flow, strained, rich premixed methane-air flames. In the process of developing this kinetic representation for rich methane-air flames, we found that the heat of formation of {sup 1}CH{sub 2}=102.5 kcal/mole, which is 1 kcal/mole higher than the currently available thermochemical data, gives the best agreement with experimental data on burning velocities for equivalence ratios between 0.5 and 1.7. Employing this value for {Delta}H{sub f{sup 1}CH{sub 2}} in our calculations, the extinction stretch rate, K{sub ex}, was found to be K{sub ex}=2250 sec {sup {minus}1} for {phi}=1.0, K{sub ex}=2000 sec{sup {minus}1} for {phi}=1.1, and K{sub ex}=1400 sec{sup {minus}1} for {phi}=1.2. These results agree better with experiments than those using a lower heat of formation of singlet methylene. In comparison with previous calculations made by Kee et al., our predictions are basically the same except that our extinction stretch rate is slightly higher at {phi}=1.0 and that our location of the maximum extinction stretch rate is closer to that found in experiments. In addition, we establish the rich flammability limit using two different criteria to be approximately between {phi}=1.61 and {phi}=1.68, whichmore » agrees very well with an experimental value of {phi}=1.67.« less
Factors affecting overwinter survival of the American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus (Coleoptera: Silphidae)

The endangered American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus) is relatively abundant at Fort Chaffee Maneuver Training Center in northwestern Arkansas. There is a paucity of basic life-history information available, particularly with respect to factors affecting overwintering success. In a field experiment we: (1) captured beetles at Fort Chaffee; (2) bred them in captivity; (3) in the fall on Fort Chaffee placed offspring individually in well-ventilated, lidded 21.1-l buckets containing original soil plugs in grassland or woodland, either provisioned or not with a rat carcass as potential food; (4) overwintered the beetles; (5) checked in the spring to determine survival; and (6) released surviving beetles. Overall, 59.6% of 104 beetles survived the winter, with 77.1% and 44.6% survival in provisioned and nonprovisioned buckets, respectively. No differences were evident between habitats. Beetle age was an important survival predictor, with older beetles having a higher survival probability, but only if nonprovisioned. Gender and body size were not predictive of survival. Many surviving beetles were at or near the surface; depth averaged 6.0 cm, with some as deep as 20 cm. Our findings suggest that American burying beetles will have a higher probability of overwinter survival if carcasses are readily available as winter approaches.
Quantifying canopy complexity and effects on productivity and resilience in late-successional hemlock–hardwood forests

The regrowing forests of eastern North America have been an important global C sink over the past 100+ years, but many are now transitioning into late succession. The consequences of this transition are unclear due to uncertainty around the C dynamics of old-growth forests. Canopy structural complexity (CSC) has been shown to be an important source of variability in C dynamics in younger forests (e.g., in productivity and resilience to disturbance), but its role in late-successional forests has not been widely addressed. We investigated patterns of CSC in two old-growth forest landscapes in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA, to assess factors associated with CSC and its influence on productivity and disturbance resilience (to moderate-severity windstorm). CSC was quantified using a portable below-canopy LiDAR (PCL) system in 65 plots that also had long-term (50–70+ years) inventory data, which were used to quantify aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), disturbance history, and stand characteristics. We found high and variable CSC relative to younger forests across a suite of PCL-derived metrics. Variation in CSC was driven by species composition and size structure, rather than disturbance history or site characteristics. Recent moderate severity wind disturbance decreased plot-scale CSC, but increased stand-scale variation in CSC. The strong positive correlation between CSC and productivity illustrated in younger forests was not present in undisturbed portions of these late-successional ecosystems. Moderate severity disturbance appeared to reestablish the positive link between CSC and productivity, but this relationship was scale and severity dependent. A positive CSC–productivity relationship was evident at the plot scale with low-severity, dispersed disturbance, but only at a patch scale in more severely disturbed areas. CSC does not appear to strongly correlate with variation in productivity in undisturbed old-growth forests, but may play a very important (and scale/severity-dependent) role in their response to disturbance. Understanding potential drivers and consequences of CSC in late-successional forests will inform management focused on promoting complexity and old-growth conditions, and illustrate potential impacts of such treatments on regional C dynamics.
Structure–properties relationships in clay nanocomposites based on PVDF/(ethylene–vinyl acetate) copolymer blends

The relationships between the microscopic structure and the macroscopic properties in two sets of clay nanocomposites based on polymer blends comprised of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVAc) were examined. In nanocomposites based on a polymer blend matrix with high content of polar groups (VAc) the dispersion of polar nanoclay leads to significant enhancement in toughness and a substantial increase in viscosity. However, in nanocomposite blends based on a less polar matrix (i.e. with fewer VAc groups) it is the hydrophobic organoclay that leads to higher modulus and stronger viscoelasticity. The dispersion of nanoparticles and the mechanical response are discussed in terms of emulsifying efficiency of the clay particles in the immiscible polymer blend, an effect that largely depends on the localized interactions between the polymer groups and the clay surface modifier. The potential of nanoclays to serve as matrix sensitive structure-directing agents in tailor-made materials is demonstrated.
Networking or not working: A model of social procrastination from communication

Abstract This paper provides an explanation for why many organizations are concerned with “e-mail overload” and implement policies to restrict the use of e-mail in the office. In a theoretical model we formalize the tradeoff between increased productivity from high priority communication and reduced productivity due to distractions caused by low priority e-mails. We consider employees with present-biased preferences as well as time consistent employees. All present-biased employees ex-ante are motivated to read only important e-mail, but in the interim some agents find the temptation to read all e-mail in their inbox too high, and as a result suffer from productivity losses. A unique aspect of this paper is the social nature of procrastination, which is a key to the e-mail overload phenomenon. In considering the firm’s policies to reduce the impact of e-mail overload we conclude that a firm is more likely to restrict e-mail in the case of employees with hyperbolic preferences than in the case of time-consistent employees.
B-spline algorithm for magnetized multielectron atomic structures

A B-spline algorithm has been developed to evaluate the electronic structure of multielectron atoms in a magnetic field. A generalized electron configuration concept, which is crucial to perform the current investigation, was introduced to solve Hartree-Fock equations. The wave functions for electron orbitals of the magnetized multielectron atom are expanded in terms of a B-spline basis in the radial direction and spherical harmonics in the angular direction. The developed algorithm has been applied to calculations of He in a magnetic field. Energy levels of magnetized He in the ground state are presented as a function of magnetic field strength with a range from zero up to $2.35\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$ and compared with available theoretical data.
Impact of Design Effects in Large-Scale District and State Assessments.

This article proposes that sampling design effects have potentially huge unrecognized impacts on the results reported by large-scale district and state assessments in the United States. When design effects are unrecognized and unaccounted for they lead to underestimating the sampling error in item and test statistics. Underestimating the sampling errors, in turn, results in unanticipated instability in the testing program and an increase in Type I errors in significance tests. This is especially true when the standard error of equating is underestimated. The problem is caused by the typical district and state practice of using nonprobability cluster-sampling procedures, such as convenience, purposeful, and quota sampling, then calculating statistics and standard errors as if the samples were simple random samples.
Signal processing for improved explosives detection using quadrupole resonance

Quadrupole resonance (QR) technology for explosives detection is of crucial importance in an increasing number of applications. For landmine detection, where the detection system cannot be adequately shielded, QR has proven to be highly effective if the QR sensor is not exposed to radio frequency interference (RFI). However, strong non-Gaussian RFI in the field is unavoidable, making RFI mitigation a critical part of the signal processing. In this paper, a statistical model of the non-Gaussian RFI is presented. The QR model is used within the context of an adaptive filtering methodology to mitigate RFI, and this approach is compared to other RFI mitigation techniques. Results obtained using both simulated and measured QR data are presented.
Dependence of crystallization rate on amorphous structure

Abstract Glass formation in melt quenching is possible only when the resistance to homogeneous crystal nucleation remains high as the melt is deeply undercooled through its labile regime to the glass temperature, which implies that the crystallization process in glass forming materials must be one in which the short range order is reconstructed. The constraints on glass structural models imposed by this reconstructive requirement will be discussed. If heterophase nucleants operate, crystallization may be suppressed during melt quenching if the activation energy for crystal growth is sufficiently high. The mechanisms of crystal growth in metals and in covalent network materials will be compared. Molten or glassy B2O3 under atmosphere pressure does not crystallize at a measurable rate even when seeded, but does readily crystallize at pressures exceeding 7 to 10 kilobars. An explanation, which may have more general applicability, will be offered for this B2O3 crystallization “anomaly”.
The cost of capital and medieval agricultural technique

Abstract The rate of return to capital in England before 1350 was at least two and a half times its level subsequent to 1750. The extent and timing of this fall is examined using rent charges and the returns on holding land from 1151 till 1850. High interest rates explain several features of the medieval economy, including most elements of the much debated open-field system. Further the low yields of medieval grain producers, also the subject of some debate, can be shown to be at least partly explicable by the high interest costs of land improvements.
Bilateral epistaxis in children: efficacy of bilateral septal cauterization with silver nitrate §

Summary Objective To evaluate the rate of control of epistaxis in patients with bilateral complaints using silver nitrate and to assess short-term complications from this therapy. Study design and setting Retrospective chart review with prospective incident case identification in a tertiary referral pediatric otolaryngology practice. Subjects and interventions Forty-six consecutive patients presenting to a single pediatric otolaryngologist with complaints of bilateral epistaxis received bilateral silver nitrate cauterization to the anterior septum and were seen in follow-up 2 months later to assess for control of epistaxis and complications from this therapy. Results Ninety-three percent (43/46) of patients followed-up at 2 months after therapy. About 93% (40/43) had total or near-total resolution of their epistaxis. Five percent (2/43) of patients returned to the clinic after initial successful control for a second cauterization during the period of study. No significant complications of infection, perforation, long-term crusting, tattooing or mucocutaneous or allergic reactions were identified. Conclusions Bilateral epistaxis can be treated at a single visit with bilateral silver nitrate therapy in children. This treatment is highly effective, well-tolerated, and appears to have a low rate of complications.
Prognostic Value of Resting Pulmonary Function in Heart Failure

Background: The heart and lungs are intimately linked anatomically and physiologically, and, as a result, heart failure (HF) patients often develop changes in pulmonary function. This study examined the prognostic value of resting pulmonary function (PF) in HF. Methods and results: In all, 134 HF patients (enrolled from January 1, 1999 Through December 31, 2005; ejection fraction (EF) = 29% ± 11%; mean age = 55 ± 12 years; 65% male) were followed for 67 ± 34 months with death/transplant confirmed via the Social Security Index and Mayo Clinic registry. PF included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO), and alveolar volume (VA). Patients were divided in tertiles according to PF with survival analysis via log-rank Mantel-Cox test with chi-square analysis. Groups for FVC included (1) .96%, (2) 96% to 81%, and (3) ,81% predicted (chi-square = 18.9, P < 0.001). Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (BC) suggested differences between groups 1 and 3 (P < 0.001) and 2 and 3 (P = 0.008). Groups for FEV1 included (1) .94%, (2) 94% to 77%, and (3) ,77% predicted (chi-square = 17.3, P < 0.001). BC suggested differences between groups 1 and 3 (P < 0.001). Groups for DLCO included (1) .90%, (2) 90% to 75%, and (3) ,75% predicted (chi-square = 11.9, P = 0.003). BC suggested differences between groups 1 and 3 (P < 0.001). Groups for VA included (1) .97%, (2) 97% to 87%, and (3) ,87% predicted (Chi-square = 8.5, P = 0.01). BC suggested differences between groups 1 and 2 (P = 0.014) and 1 and 3 (P = 0.003). Conclusions: In a well-defined cohort of HF patients, resting measures of PF are predictive of all-cause mortality.
Remotely-sensed Data for Natural Resource Models

Attempts to model ecosystems have increased in recent years through the application of systems theory and the improvement in computer capacity and speed. A major problem with these models is providing data for input or validation. A potential source of data is information collected by remote-sensing techniques. Remotely-sensed data can be used in natural resource simulation models to provide spatial and temporal measurements, data for model calibration or validation, and independent feedback to keep the model simulation on track with reality. Remote sensing can provide spatial and temporal measurements of many landscape parameters that could improve our ability to understand and model the spatial and temporal characteristics of landscapes. The challenge for remote-sensing scientists, landscape ecologists, and natural resource modellers, is to determine the most effective way to interpret and use the data from remote sensors in natural resource management. Natural resource models that can fully utilize the spatial data which remote-sensing techniques can provide, will almost certainly improve our understanding of landscapes and our ability to simulate and manage them wisely.
Chemical speciation and bioavailability of copper: Uptake and accumulation by eichornia

The uptake of copper by water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) was studied using solution culture techniques in the greenhouse. The bioassays indicated that the uptake of copper was a direct function of its speciation. For example, only free Cu2+ was absorbed by the plant in the presence of strong ligands such as EDTA and humic acid. Other ligands tested (fulvic acid, amino acids and simple organic acids), however, failed to suppress the uptake of copper even when the free Cu2+ in solution initially was negligibly small. Copper could have been taken up directly by the plant as various complexes or in the free Cu2+ form after dissociation from the ligands prior to uptake. Complete inhibition of copper uptake in the presence of humic acid, in contrast to fulvic acid, suggests that the chemical stability constants of these complexes with copper were not correlated to the metal's bioavailability. The potential of Eichornia for removing heavy metals from wastewaters is demonstrated by its tremendous capacity to bioaccumulate copper. Depending on the presence or absence of ligands, from 200 to more than 2,400 μg Cu g−1 dry matter could be taken up by the plant.
Rapid capillary electrophoretic analysis of human serum proteins: qualitative comparison with high-throughput agarose gel electrophoresis

This study details the qualitative results from a comparative evaluation of agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) and (CZE) as a screening procedure for monoclonal proteins in serum. Three hundred and five serum samples were analyzed by the two techniques; samples suspected of containing monoclonal proteins based on abnormalities observed with AGE or CZE were confirmed by immunoelectrophoresis and/or immunofixation. CZE separation conditions were simple (requiring only a bare silica capillary and 150 mM borate buffer, pH 10.0) and separation was complete in under 120 s. The results obtained by CZE were comparable or better than those obtained with AGE. Samples displaying "point-of-application" artifacts on AGE were not problematic by CZE analysis; an abnormal profile, due to the presence of a monoclonal protein, or a normal profile were clearly observable. The rapid analysis, excellent reproducibility, automation and relatively high throughput (approximately 90 samples per 8 h on a single instrument) sets the stage for CZE analysis of serum proteins to be used routinely in a clinical setting.
Electrocardiographic changes after shoulder arthroplasty

Hyperkalemia is a commonly encountered electrolyte abnormality in the hospitalized patient population, and can be fatal if not recognized and treated in a timely matter. Although most cases of hyperkalemia in the acute care setting occur in the context of renal failure, certain drugs can cause an increase in serum potassium. One such drug is trimethoprim-suflamethoxazole, a broad spectrum antibiotic utilized for a variety of infections. Reported herein, is the case of an elderly patient who developed marked changes noted on the cardiac monitor following shoulder surgery who was found to have severe hyperkalemia secondary to recent administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for a urinary tract infection.
From Auschwitz to Americana: Texts of the Holocaust

Abstract The Holocaust is now almost a half century past; soon its survivors will be gone. Yet they, and others, have created a permanent archive — texts which cross an ocean of time and pain to tell the story of Auschwitz. We examine three texts of the Holocaust — U.S. newspapers, survivors' memoirs and oral testimony. We compare unique voices within and between texts. Newspapers reported the Holocaust early and often, yet minimized its importance. Memoirs, though all from survivors of Auschwitz, varied widely in content as well as form; female voices often told different stories than their male counterparts; earlier works were distinct from later ones. Like memoirs, videotaped testimonies ranged widely: some were literary, coherent and articulate; others were contradictory non—narratives —fragments of confusion and fear. We conclude with a reflexive note, pondering the dilemmas posed by a scholarly study of the Holocaust.
Hot Waste in Utah: Conflict in the Public Arena

Multiple party negotiations may be the next step in the stream of research combining public relations and conflict resolution. This study undertook a qualitative role-playing design with 11 graduate students taking on different roles in the hot waste issue in Utah. These students framed the issue, defined their self-interests as stakeholders, and then conducted a series of 5 role-plays on the issue. All 9 conflict resolution strategies were paired against each other in different combinations. Preliminary findings revealed that the strategy most often used was contention, but it was used most often in combination with principled. If those strategies were not successful, then the role that players turned to was avoidance. During the third round, role-players started using cooperation and compromise. Using these two strategies created a less confrontational atmosphere and the role players were more inclined to discuss alternatives. The most useful strategy, however, throughout all 5 rounds was mediation and ...
MixHMM: Inferring Copy Number Variation and Allelic Imbalance Using SNP Arrays and Tumor Samples Mixed with Stromal Cells

Background Genotyping platforms such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays are powerful tools to study genomic aberrations in cancer samples. Allele specific information from SNP arrays provides valuable information for interpreting copy number variation (CNV) and allelic imbalance including loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) beyond that obtained from the total DNA signal available from array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) platforms. Several algorithms based on hidden Markov models (HMMs) have been designed to detect copy number changes and copy-neutral LOH making use of the allele information on SNP arrays. However heterogeneity in clinical samples, due to stromal contamination and somatic alterations, complicates analysis and interpretation of these data. Methods We have developed MixHMM, a novel hidden Markov model using hidden states based on chromosomal structural aberrations. MixHMM allows CNV detection for copy numbers up to 7 and allows more complete and accurate description of other forms of allelic imbalance, such as increased copy number LOH or imbalanced amplifications. MixHMM also incorporates a novel sample mixing model that allows detection of tumor CNV events in heterogeneous tumor samples, where cancer cells are mixed with a proportion of stromal cells. Conclusions We validate MixHMM and demonstrate its advantages with simulated samples, clinical tumor samples and a dilution series of mixed samples. We have shown that the CNVs of cancer cells in a tumor sample contaminated with up to 80% of stromal cells can be detected accurately using Illumina BeadChip and MixHMM. Availability The MixHMM is available as a Python package provided with some other useful tools at http://genecube.med.yale.edu:8080/MixHMM.
How Management of Grass Hedges Affects their Erosion Reduction Potential

Grass hedges are specialized vegetative buffers effective in trapping sediment. Information is needed on how the effectiveness of grass hedges changes over time after planting, and in response to hedge clipping management. Erosion from natural rainfall was measured during 13 yr after establishing single-row (eventually growing to be 1 m wide) miscanthus (Miscanthus sinensis Andersson) hedges at the lower end of erosion plots (21 m long, 5% slope) in a replicated study involving conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown on silt loam soils (Typic Fragiudalfs) in Holly Springs, MS. Sediment yield values from plots with and without grass hedges were analyzed with reference to the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to determine the conservation support practice ("P" factor) for sediment yield, which is the fractional reduction in sediment yield due to the presence of the grass hedge. The "P" factor of grass hedges was found to be about 0.5 in the establishment year and to decrease progressively with time for CT cotton. The "P" factor for grass hedges averaged 0.23 for CT wide-row cotton and 0.12 for ultra narrow row (UNR) cotton studied with older hedges. "P" factors for NT were higher, averaging 0.5 for wide-row cotton and 0.65 for UNR cotton, perhaps reflecting a finer eroded sediment size distribution. Comparison of several methods of estimating hedge effectiveness showed that while observed monthly rainfall effects on soil erosion were not fully explained by the E130 term used in RUSLE, fitting more complex statistical models to the data did not appreciably alter estimates of fractional sediment yield reduction due to grass hedges. The results of this study demonstrated that during extreme events, hedge effectiveness was enhanced ("P" was lowered) by management that allowed accumulation of hedge clippings upslope of the hedges. However, for freshly tilled conditions, "P" values for 7-yr old hedges varied from 0.2 for monthly rainfall = 100 mm to 0.35 for monthly rainfall = 400 mm even when all residues were removed.
Den äldsta arkivläran: Jacob von Rammingens båda läroböcker i registratur- och arkivskötsel från 1571, samt en monografi om arkiv från 1632 av Baldassare Bonifacio [The oldest archival science: Jacob von Rammingen's two manuals of registry and archival management from 1571, and a monography on archives from 1632 by Baldassare Bonifacio]

JBLD Stromberg Lund, 2010 204 pp. The earliest predecessors of archival science: Jacob von Rammingen's two manuals of registry and archival management, printed in 1571 JBLD Stromberg Lund, 2010 188...
Altered hypothalamic-pituitary function in the adult female rat with streptozotocin-induced diabetes

Infertility associated with anovulation and loss of regular oestrous cyclicity is a consequence of diabetes mellitus in the rat. In an attempt to define loci of altered function, studies were undertaken to examine various aspects of hypothalamic-pituitary function in rats treated with streptozotocin. Medial basal hypothalamic fragments from adult female diabetic rats contained the same amount of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone but, with depolarization, released slightly but insignificantly (p>0.05) more than did those from control animals. Furthermore, release of luteinizing hormone from pituitaries exposed to hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone was not altered by diabetes. Removal of the negative feedback effect of gonadal steroids upon the hypothalamic-pituitary axis produced an increase in luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone concentrations in the serum of normal rats within 6h (p 0.05). The positive feedback action of progesterone on release of luteinizing hormone that had been suppressed with oestradiol benzoate was delayed by 3 h and reduced by more than 50% in diabetic compared to control animals (p<0.01). Release of follicle stimulating hormone was also delayed and reduced in the diabetic rats. While several indices of hypothalamic-pituitary function were not greatly altered by streptozotocin-induced diabetes, the enhanced negative and reduced positive-feedback effects of steroids could be responsible for attenuated gonadotrophin surges and loss of cyclicity in diabetic female rats.
Synthesis of deuterium labeled perillyl alcohol and dual C-13 and deuterium labeled perillic acid, major metabolites of d-limonene

Dual C-13 and deuterium labeled perillic acid, [(1,1-dideuterio-1-13C-2-methyl)ethenyl]-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid (6) and deuterated perillyl alcohol, [(2,2-dideuterio-1-methyl)ethenyl]-1-deuteriohydroxymethyl-1-cyclo-hexene (9) were synthesized from commercially available (4S)-(-)-perillaldehyde (1). Compound 1 was first protected with ethylene glycol to yield the ethylene ketal followed by oxidation with OsO4/NalO4 to cleave the terminal double bond to afford the key intermediate ketone, 4-acetyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde ethylene ketal (3). 3 was then converted to the labeled perillyl aldehyde by Wittig reaction with prepared Ph3P13CD3l or Ph3PCD3l followed by deprotection to give the labeled perillaldehydes, [(2,2-dideuterio-2-13C-1-methyl)ethenyl]-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde (5) or [(2,2-dideuterio-1-methyl)ethenyl]-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde (8). 5 was further oxidized by freshly prepared Ag2O to give the desired compound 6. 8 was reduced by LiAlD4 to afford the desired compound 9. The same synthetic procedure may be adopted to synthesize the radioactive isotope labeled perillic acid and perillyl alcohol. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduction of perchlorate in dilute aqueous solutions over monometallic nano-catalysts: Exemplified by tin

Abstract Perchlorate removal in a clean, cost-effective and publicly acceptable manner is of the utmost importance as far as drinking water treatment is concerned. An electrodialytically assisted catalytic membrane system was developed for the reduction of perchlorate in dilute aqueous solutions. The catalyst support (membrane) was a stainless steel mesh coated with specific monometallic catalysts. A total of 18 metals covering the first, the second and the third row of the periodical table were tested. Results indicated that the perchlorate reduction rate followed the order: Cd > Pt > Cr > Mo > Sc ≫ Rh > Ru ∼ Sn > Pd > V ∼ Ti > Zn > Mn > Ni > Zr > Co > Cu > Pb. Due to its environmental benignity and relatively low material cost, tin was selected for further evaluation in spite of its moderate reaction rate. Results indicated that perchlorate reduction took place rapidly in the concentration range of 2–100 ppm at room temperature and chloride was the major end product. The reaction followed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood rate expression. Based on the activation energy obtained, i.e., 49.8 kJ mol−1 K, it is clear that surface reaction, not mass transfer, was the rate-limiting step. SEM images showed the formation of metallic catalyst in the size of nano-scale over the stainless steel mesh support. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) survey of the metallic catalyst indicated the presence of metal oxide and elemental metals. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra showed the presence of amorphous metallic catalysts.
Chemical stability of complexes of iodine with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and naphthalene

Abstract Iodine vapor pressure data were obtained on the solid complex formed between 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and iodine and on liquid solutions of naphthalene and iodine. The solidus-liquidus curve for naphthalene-iodine was determined. Electrical conductivity measurements were made on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-iodine liquid solutions. The results of this study are compared to data previously obtained on complexes of iodine with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
Behavioral and Endocrine Change Following Chronic Predatory Stress

Abstract Blanchard, R. J., J. N. Nikulina, R. R. Sakai, C. McKittrick, B. McEwen and D. C. Blanchard. Behavioral and endocrine change following chronic predatory stress. Physiol Behav 63(4) 561–569, 1998. Adult male rats showed very high levels of crouching when exposed to a cat, with suppression of the nondefensive behaviors (e.g., lying, locomotion, rearing) that were shown by toy cat-exposed controls. The crouching of cat-exposed rats declined slightly but reliably with increasing time within daily 60-min exposure sessions. However, the lack of a reliable cat-exposure × days interaction for crouching over the 20 days of testing indicated minimal habituation of the rats’ defensive response to the cat over this exposure schedule, although rat and cat were separated by a wire mesh screen, precluding contact and pain. Following the 20th day of exposure, cat-exposed rats showed reliably higher basal plasma corticosterone levels, suggesting a lack of habituation of this stress-linked response as well. Adrenal weights were also higher and thymus weights lower in these animals compared with controls, while spleen and testes weights and testosterone levels were not reliably different. Of the 13 cat-exposed subjects, 6 (and a single control) failed to show a 10 μg/mL corticosterone (CORT) increase in response to an acute restraint stressor. In 3 of these 6 cat-exposed rats, the failure to meet this criterion was attributable to a low level of CORT following restraint, suggesting failure of the normal CORT surge to the acute restraint stressor. These findings of organ weight changes, enhanced basal CORT, and reduced CORT response to stress in a subgroup of animals are similar to many of the phenomena obtained with other intense, chronic stressors such as subordination, and suggest that repeated predator exposure produces a pattern of intense behavioral and endocrine response that is very slow to habituate. Because it is a natural stressor for both male and female subjects, and one for which pain and even handling of the subject is unnecessary, cat exposure may provide a particularly relevant and adaptable paradigm for research involving analysis of gender effects on the stress response.
The formation of solvent inclusions during continuous msmpr crystallization

Determination experimentale de la dimension critique necessaire a la formation d'inclusions durant la croissance en continu de dodecahydrate de sulfate d'aluminium et de potassium, de chlorure de sodium et de chlorure de potassium dans un cristalliseur parfaitement agite. Comparaison avec les resultats obtenus dans les etudes de cristaux simples
Coulomb-blockade-induced bound quasiparticle states in a double-Island structure

We determine the low temperature shape of the Coulomb-blockade staircase in a superconducting double-island device. For an odd number of electrons, in the ground state the intrinsic quasiparticle is bound to the tunneling contact. For a single channel contact the gap between the ground state and the continuum of excited states is of the order of the Josephson energy E(J). The temperature dependence of the Coulomb-blockade step width is nonmonotonic, with the minimal width occurring at T(i) approximately E(J)/ln(square root DeltaE(J)/delta), where Delta and delta are, respectively, the superconducting gap and mean level spacing in the island. For an even number of electrons, the Coulomb enhancement of the Josephson energy is shown to be significantly stronger than that for a single grain coupled to a lead. If the electrostatic energy favors a single broken Cooper pair, the resulting quasiparticles are bound to the contact at T=0.
Toward an aposynthesis of topic continuity and intrasentential anaphora

The problem of proposing referents for anaphoric expressions has been extensively researched in the literature and significant insights have been gained through the various approaches. However, no single model is capable of handling all the cases. We argue that this is due to a failure of the models to identify two distinct processes. Drawing on current insights and empirical data from various languages we propose an aposynthetic1 model of discourse in which topic continuity, computed, across units, and focusing preferences internal to these units are subject to different mechanisms. The observed focusing preferences across the units (i.e., intersententially) are best modeled Structurally, along the lines suggested in centering theory. The focusing mechanism within the unit is subject to preferences projected by the semantics of the verbs and the connectives in the unit as suggested in semantic/pragmatic focusing accounts. We show that this distinction not only overcomes important problems in anaphora resolution but also reconciles seemingly contradictory experimental results reported in the literature. We specify a model of anaphora resolution that interleaves the two mechanisms. We test the central hypotheses of the proposed model with an experimental study in English and a corpus-based study in Greek.