cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1,2,4-Triazoles—XXXI: Photodimerization of s-triazoleo[4,3-a]pyridines: formation of cyclobutane dimers

Abstract Irradiation of several methyl substituted s-triazolo[4,3-a]-pyridines and 3-hydroxy-s-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridines with UV light gave thermally labile cyclobutane photodimers by dimerization of the 5,6-double bond in one molecule with the 7,8-double bond in another.
The Effect of Type III Pneumococcus Polysaccharide and Gelatin on the Circulation and Sedimentation Rate of Erythrocytes in Mice

It has been known for some time that pneumococci owe their virulence, at least in part, to the elaboration of specific capsular polysaccharides. This is indicated by the fact that these carbohydrates are produced in considerable quantities by only the virulent strains.1*2 This role can also be demonstrated by the increased mortality when small amounts of homologous carbohydrate are injected into animals along with living pneumococci of low virulence.3 The part actually played by the carbohydrate is not understood, but several suggestive observations have been noted. First, it is known that the capsular polysaccharides or soluble specific substances will render the protective powers of pneumococcus antibody ineffective by combining with it;4'6*6 and second, it has been observed that these carbohydrates interfere with phagocytosis.7 In addition, several observers8,9'10'11 have noted purpuric lesions
Disambiguating conscious and unconscious influences: do exclusion paradigms demonstrate unconscious perception?

Does exclusion failure--responding with previously presented words despite instructions to avoid doing so--demonstrate unconscious influences? This article examines exclusion-based evidence for unconscious perception. I propose an alternative signal detection theory (SDT) framework that can account for exclusion failure and ostensibly convergent qualitative differences without positing additional unconscious perceptual mechanisms. In the proposed SDT model, exclusion failure is a criterion artifact, similar to classic SDT-based critiques of subjective threshold approaches. However, it is suggested that exclusion approaches do demonstrate that response strategies are applied only to above-criterion stimuli and thereby illustrate important qualitative differences between two conscious processes: phenomenal awareness itself and higher-order (i.e., metacognitive) decision processes.
Integration of e-consultations into the outpatient care process at a tertiary medical centre:

An e-consultation is an asynchronous consultation performed by a specialist without a face-to-face patient visit. E-consultations have been available to primary care providers at the Mayo Clinic for several years. We reviewed e-consultations performed by specialists at the Mayo Clinic for the first six months of 2013. We included only "internal" e-consultations, originating from within the Rochester practice. During the study period a total of 3242 e-consultations were completed at the Mayo Clinic. After excluding those relating to patients who did not give research consent, 3008 e-consultations remained. We categorized our internal e-consultations into eight types. The most frequently used types were the first e-consultation processes to be implemented: the primary care to specialist e-consultation and the specialist to specialist e-consultation, accounting for 74% of the total. As these two types of e-consultation became widely used, the staff discovered that the e-consultation process could be adapted to meet specific practice needs and six more e-consultation types emerged. For example, intra-specialty e-consultations and surgical e-consultations accounted for 16% of the total. E-consultations appear to have improved access to specialists, and they are integrated into care processes when timely expert opinions are needed. As e-consultations evolve, it will be important to develop a standard, well-defined terminology to compare outcomes of these processes across practices.
Parvocellular Red Nucleus – A Neuromodulation Target for Medically Refractory Meige Syndrome? (P01.239)

Objective: To study the behavioral and motor responses following chemical modulation of parvocellular red nucleus in primates. Background Craniocervical dystonias are the most common forms of adult-onset focal dystonia. Blepharospasm, oromandibular, lingual, laryngeal and cervical dystonia are the various form of craniocervical dystonia. Meige syndrome is characterized by blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, and facial oromandibular dystonia. There is a growing interest in the use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in medically refractory forms of dystonia but the optimal target for Meige syndrome remains unclear. Design/Methods: Experiments were performed using Cynomaglous monkey (Macaca Fascicularis). Monkey was trained to perform a self initiated behavioral task of reaching out and grabbing presented food reward for 6 weeks. After behavioral training implant surgery was performed. Neural activity within parvocellular red nucleus was identified and mapped using tungsten microelectrodes (10-30 m tip exposure length). Micropipettes ( 10μ m tip opening diameter) were used to record neural activity and to perform activation of parvocellular red nucleus by injecting Bicuculline(100nl), Kainic Acid(200nl,0.25 Mmol) and Gabazine (250 nl,0.2 Mmol). To avoid any residual effects injections were made at weekly intervals. Ten minutes after the injection, micropipette was removed and monkey was observed for any behavioral change. Results: Following Bicuculline injection dystonic tremors were noticed in the contralateral distal hindlimb. Contralateral focal dystonia of the neck and oro-facial dystonia including jaw deviation was noted with Gabazine injection. Kainic acid stimulation caused hypervigilence and contralateral focal dystonia of neck along with circling motion to side contralateral to injection. These motor responses were short lasting and reversible. Topography of stimulation site was correlated with histology after completion of experiments. Conclusions: Chemical neuromodulation of parvocellular red nucleus causes cervical and oromandibular dystonia. Further studies are needed to verify these changes and evaluate the target as potential site for neuromodulation of medically refractory Meige syndrome. Disclosure: Dr. Deep has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pati has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dhall has received personal compensation for activities with Teva Pharmacuticals as a speaker. Dr. Lieberman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Horn has nothing to disclose. Dr. Horn has nothing to disclose.
A solar daily variation in oxygen consumption of the embryonated egg.

SummaryThe O2-consumption of individual embryonated eggs was measured continuously for 3 days in constant conditions, including pressure. Superimposed on linear daily trend for Days 5, 6, and 8 was a mean pattern in hourly rates possessing a characteristic morning minimum and 7 P.M. maximum. This 7 P.M. deviation from daily trend was related to the concurrent 2-6 P.M. rate of atmospheric pressure change. This indicates that the solar daily variations of oxidative metabolism in the intact egg are a manifestation of extrinsic rhythmicality.The author gratefully acknowledges the valuable suggestions and criticisms of Dr. F. A. Brown, Jr.
Staphylococcal Protein a Assay for Detection of Antibody Directed at Renal Cancer Cells

AbstractSera from 27 patients with renal cancer, 14 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and 21 normal controls were tested against 2 renal cancer lines (CAKI-1 and CAKI-2) by the iodinated protein A assay. All sera tested against CAKI-2 were absorbed first with AB+ substance because CAKI-2 was found to have cell surface A antigen. Sera from 16 of 27 patients with renal cell carcinoma, 3 of 14 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and 2 of 21 normal controls were reactive with CAKI-1. Sera from 11 of 27 patients with renal cell carcinoma, 2 of 14 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and 3 of 21 normal controls were reactive with CAKI-2. There is a positive correlation between the number of counts obtained by the renal patients’ sera tested against CAKI-1 and CAKI-2.
Endogenous prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor in the renal cortex. Effects on production of prostacyclin by renal blood vessels.

1. The capacity of various tissues of the porcine kidney to convert [1- 14 C]arachidonic acid into radiolabelled prostaglandins was studied. 2. Only after removal from the cortical matrix, were renal blood vessels able to convert arachidonic acid into prostaglandins (primarily prostacyclin). In contrast, convoluted tubules showed a low capacity to metabolize arachidonic acid. 3. The failure to demonstrate prostaglandin synthesis by renal cortical slices is related to the presence of an inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase. Thus, the addition of renal cortical incubate to isolated vascular tissues and ram seminal vesicles inhibited their ability to synthesize prostaglandins. 4. Slices of renal medulla metabolized arachidonic acid primarily to prostaglandin F 2α ; lesser amounts of prostaglandin E 2 and prostacyclin were generated. 5. The large capacity of the renal vasculature to generate prostacyclin is consistent with an important role for this prostaglandin in regulation of renin release and renal haemodynamics.
Functional Evidence for a Cerebellar Node of the Dorsal Attention Network.

The “dorsal attention network” or “frontoparietal network” refers to a network of cortical regions that support sustained attention and working memory. Recent work has demonstrated that cortical nodes of the dorsal attention network possess intrinsic functional connections with a region in ventral cerebellum, in the vicinity of lobules VII/VIII. Here, we performed a series of task-based and resting-state fMRI experiments to investigate cerebellar participation in the dorsal attention network in humans. We observed that visual working memory and visual attention tasks robustly recruit cerebellar lobules VIIb and VIIIa, in addition to canonical cortical dorsal attention network regions. Across the cerebellum, resting-state functional connectivity with the cortical dorsal attention network strongly predicted the level of activation produced by attention and working memory tasks. Critically, cerebellar voxels that were most strongly connected with the dorsal attention network selectively exhibited load-dependent activity, a hallmark of the neural structures that support visual working memory. Finally, we examined intrinsic functional connectivity between task-responsive portions of cerebellar lobules VIIb/VIIIa and cortex. Cerebellum-to-cortex functional connectivity strongly predicted the pattern of cortical activation during task performance. Moreover, resting-state connectivity patterns revealed that cerebellar lobules VIIb/VIIIa group with cortical nodes of the dorsal attention network. This evidence leads us to conclude that the conceptualization of the dorsal attention network should be expanded to include cerebellar lobules VIIb/VIIIa. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The functional participation of cerebellar structures in nonmotor cortical networks remains poorly understood and is highly understudied, despite the fact that the cerebellum possesses many more neurons than the cerebral cortex. Although visual attention paradigms have been reported to activate cerebellum, many researchers have largely dismissed the possibility of a cerebellar contribution to attention in favor of a motor explanation, namely, eye movements. The present study demonstrates that a cerebellar subdivision (mainly lobules VIIb/VIIIa), which exhibits strong intrinsic functional connectivity with the cortical dorsal attention network, also closely mirrors a myriad of cortical dorsal attention network responses to visual attention and working memory tasks. This evidence strongly supports a reconceptualization of the dorsal attention network to include cerebellar lobules VIIb/VIIIa.
Lang, Pabst, and Sound

The coming of sound caused a crisis in film aesthetics. Some theoreticians, notably Arnheim, refused to endorse the shift at all. Sound, for them, was a return to canned theater, a regression to the pre-Griffith era before film had weaned itself from the stage. More adventurous thinkers, however, embraced the new device and attempted to incorporate it into the aesthetic system of silent film. Eisenstein, Pudovkin, and Alexandrov, in their famous 1928 statement on sound, and Roman Jakobson, in a rarely discussed 1933 article entitled “Is the Cinema in Decline?” proposed that sound be understood as a montage element: aural units should be juxtaposed against the visuals, just as shots should be juxtaposed against shots. Jakobson, ironically, answers someone like Arnheim in the same manner that Arnheim would have answered someone like Clive Bell. Jakobson tells the opponent of sound that his opposition is not based on a thoughtful look at the possibilities of the new medium. Jakobson argues that the sound element in a scene can be asynchronous and contrapuntal, thereby diverging from mere reproduction. This possibility enriches cinema, for added to all the conceivable visual juxtapositions of the silent film are inestimably large reservoirs of sound counterpoints. The Eisenstein – Jakobson reaction to sound was conservative in one sense. It was an attempt to extrapolate the basic concepts of a silent film aesthetic to a new development, recommending montage as the basic paradigm for dealing with sound.
Spontaneous, Traumatic, and Postoperative CSF Rhinorrhea

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea may occur when a communication (fistula) develops between the nasal cavity and subarachnoid space. For this to occur, the bone, dura, and arachnoid membrane must all be breached by the offending process. CSF rhinorrhea may develop spontaneously or as a result of a variety of inciting factors, including craniofacial trauma, surgery, radiation, or medical treatment. If left untreated, CSF rhinorrhea may result in meningitis, pneumocephalus, and intracranial hypotension.
Destination dissertation: A traveler’s guide to a done dissertation (2nd ed.), by S. K. Foss & W. Waters

Destination dissertation: A traveler’s guide to a done dissertation is a book designed to help doctoral students complete their dissertations. It is written to help beginning students or ones who a...
Do cancer survivors develop healthier lifestyle behaviors than the cancer-free population in the PLCO study?

Current studies report mixed results in health status and health behaviors after a diagnosis of cancer. The aim of our study is to investigate potential differences in lifestyle factors among cancer survivors and cancer-free individuals in a prospective cohort study conducted in the United States. Using data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Trial, 10,133 cancer survivors were identified and compared to 81,992 participants without cancer to evaluate differences in body mass index (BMI), smoking, NSAID use, and physical activity. Cancer survivors, compared to the cancer-free, were significantly less likely to engage in physical activity (odds ratio (OR) = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.77–0.88). Compared to those who were obese at baseline, cancer survivors were more likely to be at normal BMI at follow-up compared to the cancer-free (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.42–2.54). Cancer survivors were less likely to report regular aspirin use as compared to the cancer-free population (OR = 0.86, 95 % CI = 0.82–0.92). Of the current smokers, cancer survivors were more likely to be former smokers at follow-up compared to the cancer-free (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.30–1.74). Upon stratification by baseline health markers, cancer survivors practice healthier lifestyle habits such as smoking cessation and maintenance of a healthy weight. However, cancer survivors are less likely to be physically active as compared to cancer-free individuals, regardless of baseline practices. For cancer survivors who reported poor health status and behaviors at baseline, a cancer diagnosis may encourage the practice of healthier lifestyle behaviors.
Controlling a rigid formation from a triangle

Consider a formation control problem in which agents in Euclidean space are tasked with stabilizing their positions at prescribed target distances from each other, and for which these distances are described by a rigid graph. There is a mismatch in target distances if there is a pair of neighboring agents i and j such that agent i aims to stabilize from agent j at a distance d ij , but agent j from agent i at a slightly different distance d′ ij . A mismatch in target distances results in a mismatch in the associated interaction laws. It was shown in a recent paper [1] that when there is a small mismatch in the interaction laws, the entire formation undergoes a constant rigid motion. In this work, we build on this observation to establish a controllability result. Specifically, given that there is a selected subset of agents that can control the mismatches in interactions among them, we show that if these agents are fully connected and form a nondegenerate triangle (or more generally, a nondegenerate k-simplex in the k-dimensional case), then it is possible to control an arbitrary rigid motion of the entire formation.
Assimilating Eulerian and Lagrangian data in traffic-flow models

Abstract Data assimilation of traffic flow remains a challenging problem. One difficulty is that data come from different sources ranging from stationary sensors and camera data to GPS and cell phone data from moving cars. Sensors and cameras give information about traffic density, while GPS data provide information about the positions and velocities of individual cars. Previous methods for assimilating Lagrangian data collected from individual cars relied on specific properties of the underlying computational model or its reformulation in Lagrangian coordinates. These approaches make it hard to assimilate both Eulerian density and Lagrangian positional data simultaneously. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach that allows us to assimilate both Eulerian and Lagrangian data. We show that the proposed algorithm is accurate and works well in different traffic scenarios and regardless of whether ensemble Kalman or particle filters are used. We also show that the algorithm is capable of estimating parameters and assimilating real traffic observations and synthetic observations obtained from microscopic models.
Age-specific and sex-specific prevalence of cerebral β-amyloidosis, tauopathy, and neurodegeneration in cognitively unimpaired individuals aged 50–95 years: a cross-sectional study

Summary Background A new classification for biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease and cognitive ageing research is based on grouping the markers into three categories: amyloid deposition (A), tauopathy (T), and neurodegeneration or neuronal injury (N). Dichotomising these biomarkers as normal or abnormal results in eight possible profiles. We determined the clinical characteristics and prevalence of each ATN profile in cognitively unimpaired individuals aged 50 years and older. Methods All participants were in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, a population-based study that uses a medical records linkage system to enumerate all individuals aged 50–89 years in Olmsted County, MN, USA. Potential participants are randomly selected, stratified by age and sex, and invited to participate in cognitive assessments; individuals without medical contraindications are invited to participate in brain imaging studies. Participants who were judged clinically as having no cognitive impairment and underwent multimodality imaging between Oct 11, 2006, and Oct 5, 2016, were included in the current study. Participants were classified as having normal (A−) or abnormal (A+) amyloid using amyloid PET, normal (T−) or abnormal (T+) tau using tau PET, and normal (N−) or abnormal (N+) neurodegeneration or neuronal injury using cortical thickness assessed by MRI. We used the cutoff points of standard uptake value ratio (SUVR) 1·42 (centiloid 19) for amyloid PET, 1·23 SUVR for tau PET, and 2·67 mm for MRI cortical thickness. Age-specific and sex-specific prevalences of the eight groups were determined using multinomial models combining data from 435 individuals with amyloid PET, tau PET, and MRI assessments, and 1113 individuals who underwent amyloid PET and MRI, but not tau PET imaging. Findings The numbers of participants in each profile group were 165 A−T−N−, 35 A−T+N−, 63 A−T−N+, 19 A−T+N+, 44 A+T−N−, 25 A+T+N−, 35 A+T−N+, and 49 A+T+N+. Age differed by ATN group (p APOE e4 carriers differed by ATN group (p=0·04), with carriers roughly twice as frequent in each A+ group versus the corresponding A– group. White matter hyperintensity volume (p Interpretation Biomarkers of fibrillar tau deposition can be included with those of β-amyloidosis and neurodegeneration or neuronal injury to more fully characterise the heterogeneous pathological profiles in the population. Both amyloid- dependent and amyloid-independent pathological profiles can be identified in the cognitively unimpaired population. The prevalence of each ATN group changed substantially with age, with progression towards more biomarker abnormalities among individuals who remained cognitively unimpaired. Funding National Institute on Aging (part of the US National Institutes of Health), the Alexander Family Professorship of Alzheimer's Disease Research, the Mayo Clinic, and the GHR Foundation.
Developing a Serious Videogame for Preteens to Motivate HPV Vaccination Decision Making: Land of Secret Gardens

Abstract Introduction: Vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) is routinely recommended for ages 11–12, yet in 2016 only 49.5% of women and 37.5% of men had completed the three-dose series in the United States. Offering information and cues to action through a serious videogame for preteens may foster HPV vaccination awareness, information seeking, and communication. Materials and Methods: An iterative process was used to develop an interactive videogame, Land of Secret Gardens. Three focus groups were conducted with 16 boys and girls, ages 11–12, for input on game design, acceptability, and functioning. Two parallel focus groups explored parents' (n = 9) perspectives on the game concept. Three researchers identified key themes. Results: Preteens wanted a game that is both entertaining and instructional. Some parents were skeptical that games could be motivational. A back-story about a secret garden was developed as a metaphor for a preteen's body and keeping it healthy. The goal is to plant a lush...
Role of Immunotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer

Immune system dysfunction plays a role in both the development and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), highlighting the potential role for immunotherapy to improve outcomes in this disease. The application of anti-PD-1 therapies for recurrent or metastatic HNSCC has found promising results. This has led to interest in combining immunotherapy with radiation therapy (RT) for the primary treatment of locally advanced HNSCC. RT with concurrent cetuximab is an option for patients who are medically unfit to receive cisplatin, and ongoing trials seek to determine to role of cetuximab-RT in treatment de-intensification for HPV+ oropharyngeal HNSCC. Other ongoing trials are evaluating the use of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 therapies in the upfront setting for newly diagnosed high-risk, locally advanced HNSCC, in an effort to improve disease control. Finally, early phase I studies are now investigating the use of anti-PD-1 therapy in conjunction with RT for refractory recurrent or metastatic HNSCC.
MR-guided transcranial focused ultrasound safely enhances interstitial dispersion of large polymeric nanoparticles in the living brain.

Generating spatially controlled, non-destructive changes in the interstitial spaces of the brain has a host of potential clinical applications, including enhancing the delivery of therapeutics, modulating biological features within the tissue microenvironment, altering fluid and pressure dynamics, and increasing the clearance of toxins, such as plaques found in Alzheimer’s disease. Recently we demonstrated that ultrasound can non-destructively enlarge the interstitial spaces of the brain ex vivo. The goal of the current study was to determine whether these effects could be reproduced in the living brain using non-invasive, transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS). The left striatum of healthy rats was treated using MRgFUS. Computer simulations facilitated treatment planning, and targeting was validated using MRI acoustic radiation force impulse imaging. Following MRgFUS treatments, Evans blue dye or nanoparticle probes were infused to assess changes in the interstitial space. In MRgFUS-treated animals, enhanced dispersion was observed compared to controls for 70 nm (12.8 ± 0.9 mm3 vs. 10.6 ± 1.0 mm3, p = 0.01), 200 nm (10.9 ± 1.4 mm3 vs. 7.4 ± 0.7 mm3, p = 0.01) and 700 nm (7.5 ± 0.4 mm3 vs. 5.4 ± 1.2 mm3, p = 0.02) nanoparticles, indicating enlargement of the interstitial spaces. No evidence of significant histological or electrophysiological injury was identified. These findings suggest that transcranial ultrasound can safely and effectively modulate the brain interstitium and increase the dispersion of large therapeutic entities such as particulate drug carriers or modified viruses. This has the potential to expand the therapeutic uses of MRgFUS.
Presidential Address: the Declining Significance of the Literature Review in Criminal Justice Scholarship: Towards a New Paradigm

Literature reviews in criminological and criminal justice journal articles have long served as an integral component in our empirical backyard. In this address I explore the value of the literature review in peer-reviewed research articles. I begin by evaluating the merits of the literature review section in empirically refereed research articles. I propose abandoning the literature review, due to its overall insignificance and best practices from other disciplines. Based on reasons outlined in this speech, I elaborate on the strengths and weaknesses of this somewhat controversial notion in the criminological/criminal justice discipline.
Ferroelectric Field-Effect Transistors Based on MoS2 and CuInP2S6 Two-Dimensional van der Waals Heterostructure

We demonstrate room-temperature ferroelectric field-effect transistors (Fe-FETs) with MoS2 and CuInP2S6 two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals heterostructure. The ferroelectric CuInP2S6 is a 2D ferroelectric insulator, integrated on top of MoS2 channel providing a 2D/2D semiconductor/insulator interface without dangling bonds. The MoS2- and CuInP2S6-based 2D van der Waals heterostructure Fe-FETs exhibit a clear counterclockwise hysteresis loop in transfer characteristics, demonstrating their ferroelectric properties. This stable nonvolatile memory property can also be modulated by the back-gate bias of the MoS2 transistors because of the tuning of capacitance matching between the MoS2 channel and the ferroelectric CuInP2S6, leading to the enhancement of the on/off current ratio. Meanwhile, the CuInP2S6 thin film also shows resistive switching characteristics with more than four orders of on/off ratio between low- and high-resistance states, which is also promising for resistive random-access memory applications.
Detection of Genetically Active Chemicals Using Various Yeast Systems

Most work in yeast genetics has been performed with two species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. For a detailed description of the respective life cycles, see Mortimer and Manney(1) in Volume 1 of this series. It must be pointed out that both organisms can be cultivated as haploids and, in the case of Sacch. cerevisiae, in stable diploid forms as well. Since there are a great variety of yeasts of the Saccharomyces type which do not behave in this ideal way, all genetic experiments should be performed with strains currently used by yeast geneticists. Such strains are physiologically dioecious (see Esser(2) for definition of this term), whereas many strains isolated from nature are self-compatible and haploid cells fuse uncontrollably to form diploids. Typically, Saccharomyces strains which are physiologically dioecious are available in a stable haploid or stable diploid form. The haploid cells can be mated to other haploid cells to form diploid zygotes which initiate a stable diploid phase. There is only one way to convert diploid cells into haploid cells, and this is via meiosis, which can be induced on special media. The advantage of Sacch. cerevisiae is based on the fact that each haploid cell can act as a gamete and each diploid cell can be induced to undergo meiosis, a unique situation indeed. Schizosaccharomyces can be cultured in a diploid state as well, but this diploid phase is not as stable as that of Sacch. cerevisiae; haploidization can be achieved by treatment with parafluorophenylalanine. (3, 4)
Field Data Acquisition Systems

Abstract The lack of reliable, comprehensive data on nonpoint water pollution and the environmental conditions that produce it is a primary factor limiting the design of cost effective controls. Unfortunately, collection of scientifically valid observations on the numerous processes that influence such pollution generation and transport is difficult and costly. Therefore, it is essential that water quantity and quality monitoring be improved to justify instrumentation costs and the long period of time required to collect useful information. Both philosophic considerations and practical guidelines for designing field data acquisition systems of increased value are presented.
Estimating screening-mammography receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves from stratified random samples of screening mammograms: a simulation study.

Rationale and Objectives To evaluate stratified random sampling (SRS) of screening mammograms by (1) Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) assessment categories, and (2) the presence of breast cancer in mammograms, for estimation of screening-mammography receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves in retrospective observer studies. Materials and Methods We compared observer study case sets constructed by (1) random sampling (RS); (2) SRS with proportional allocation (SRS-P) with BI-RADS 1 and 2 noncancer cases accounting for 90.6% of all noncancer cases; (3) SRS with disproportional allocation (SRS-D) with BI-RADS 1 and 2 noncancer cases accounting for 10%–80%; and (4) SRS-D and multiple imputation (SRS-D + MI) with missing BI-RADS 1 and 2 noncancer cases imputed to recover the 90.6% proportion. Monte Carlo simulated case sets were drawn from a large case population modeled after published Digital Mammography Imaging Screening Trial data. We compared the bias, root-mean-square error, and coverage of 95% confidence intervals of area under the ROC curve (AUC) estimates from the sampling methods (200–2000 cases, of which 25% were cancer cases) versus from the large case population. Results AUC estimates were unbiased from RS, SRS-P, and SRS-D + MI, but biased from SRS-D. AUC estimates from SRS-P and SRS-D + MI had 10% smaller root-mean-square error than RS. Conclusions Both SRS-P and SRS-D + MI can be used to obtain unbiased and 10% more efficient estimate of screening-mammography ROC curves.
Technique and Results of Permanent Medial Tarsorrhaphy for Complex Eyelid Malposition.

Purpose To evaluate the results of permanent medial tarsorrhaphy and to describe the surgical technique. Methods Medial tarsorrhaphy was performed on 30 eyelids with symptomatic exposure keratopathy secondary to eyelid malposition. Observational, retrospective review of preoperative and postoperative examination findings was performed. Results Average age of the cohort was 66 years (31-91). Medial tarsorrhaphy was performed to correct eyelid retraction (100%), exposure keratopathy (80%), lagophthalmos (57%), and ectropion (17%) in patients with cranial nerve VII palsy (47%), Graves eye disease (13%), eczema (7%), floppy eyelid syndrome (7%), after Mohs reconstruction (7%), orbital myositis (3%), and neurofibromatosis (3%). Seventy-three percent (73%) of patients had an average of 3 surgeries (N = 22, standard deviation = 1.12, range = 2-7) before undergoing medial tarsorrhaphy. Medial tarsorrhaphy was performed in combination with another procedure in 53% of cases. Palpebral fissure decreased postoperatively an average of 1.1 mm (N = 20; p = 0.005), inferior scleral show decreased 0.72 mm (N = 22; p = 0.03), lagophthalmos decreased 0.4 mm (N = 15; p = 0.27), and superficial punctate keratopathy improved by 61% (N = 27; p = 0.009). Ectropion completely resolved in 4 of 10 patients (40%). Seven patients (23%) required additional surgery following tarsorrhaphy an average of 8 months later (range = 2-16). In 1 patient (3%), a tarsorrhaphy opened prematurely, and 1 patient (3%) requested partial opening of the tarsorrhaphy. Average duration of follow up was 13 months (N = 30, standard deviation = 14.97, range = 0.2-45.7). Conclusions Medial tarsorrhaphy is a safe and effective primary or salvage technique to address complex causes of eyelid retraction, lagophthalmos, ectropion, and exposure keratopathy.
Implementation of a team training program in the treatment of breast cancer patients.

e16515 Background: Team Training (TT) principles, used in high-risk industries to reduce errors and improve communication and task coordination, have been applied in other areas of medicine, but ne...
A pathfinder for imaging exo-Earths

SCExAO is an instrument on the Subaru Telescope that is pushing the frontiers of what is possible with ground-based direct imaging of terrestrial exoplanets, explains Thayne Currie, on behalf of the SCExAO team.
Autonomic Symptom Burden in Idiopathic Hypersomnia (S46.005)

Objective: To assess the symptom severity of autonomic nervous system (ANS) impairment in individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia (IH). Background: ANS impairment has been reported in other central nervous system hypersomnias, however data on ANS impairment in IH are limited. Design/Methods: 272 participants with IH and 145 healthy controls completed a battery of online questionnaires including the Composite Autonomic Symptom Score 31 (COMPASS 31), Epworth Sleep Scale (ESS), Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ-SA), Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), RLS single item screen, STOP-Bang Questionnaire, and the RAND 36-Item Health Survey (RAND-36). A descriptive analysis was performed to assess for differences in scores between groups and to assess correlations among individual questionnaires. Because scores were not normally distributed for any measure, median and inter-quartile range are reported, and continuous measures were compared by Wilcoxon rank sum. Participants were identified as cases if they self-reported a formal diagnosis of IH by a physician. All subjects were recruited through the Hypersomnia Foundation website. Results: Participants with IH reported significantly higher COMPASS 31 scores (30 [25–36] vs. 20 [16.7–23]; p Conclusions: Symptoms of ANS impairment, sleepiness, and fatigue are more severe in individuals with IH compared to controls. Moreover, ANS symptom burden correlates moderately with higher levels of sleepiness and fatigue. Future analysis will focus on COMPASS subscores and objective autonomic testing to help identify symptomatic domains, with the goal of more focused therapeutic targets for patients with IH. Disclosure: Dr. Kim has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cheung has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schneider has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Jazz Pharmaceuticals and Hatch Baby. Dr. Schneider holds stock and/or stock options in Knit Health, Inc.. Dr. Trotti has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miglis has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Lundbeck, Schlesinger Associates, Defined Health, Elsevier.
Recent advances in the engineering and application of streptavidin-like molecules.

Streptavidin (SA), and other related proteins, has been isolated from a wide range of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, frogs, fish, and birds. Although their original function is not well understood, they have found an important place in biotechnology based on their unique ability to bind biotin molecules with high affinity and specificity. The SA–biotin interaction is robust and easy to incorporate into different designs, and as such, it is used when reliable molecule interaction is needed under poorly controlled experimental conditions. There are continued efforts to engineer these proteins to modulate their size, valency, and affinity, since the optimum molecular properties vary depending on individual applications. This review will describe recent developments in streptavidin engineering to meet these requirements, including those that form novel oligomeric states, e.g., a monomer, have fewer functional biotin-binding sites, or bind biotin with reduced affinity. We also examine various reported applications of both natural or engineered SA constructs in cell biology, biochemistry, genetics, synthetic chemistry, cancer therapy, drug delivery, and nanotechnology to illustrate the breadth of modern science that is advanced by the endogenous and engineered SA–biotin interactions.
“He Not Busy Being Born … ”: Solidarity as Sisyphean Friendship, Democratized Discomfort, and the Cunning of White Supremacy

The further that I read into Professor Pinn’s book the more I feared that I was not the right person to compose a critical response. I have difficulty finding much to disagree with there. In Chapte...
Investigation of pore-scale CaCO3 distributions and their effects on stiffness and permeability of sands treated by microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP)

Abstract Physical properties of MICP-treated sands are controlled by CaCO3 distributions in pore space, which remain relatively unexplored. CaCO3 can deposit at the particles’ contact area (contact-cementing), coat sand particles (grain-coating), or create a cementation bridge between soil grains (matrix-supporting). The objectives of this paper are to determine the dominant CaCO3 distributions in pore space and investigate the effects of CaCO3 distributions on the small-strain stiffness (measured by S-and P-wave velocities) and permeability of MICP-treated sands. To achieve these objectives, cemented-sand and uncemented-sand models combined with three ideal CaCO3 distributions (contact-cementing, grain-coating, and matrix-supporting) were used to estimate the S-and P-wave velocities. In order to determine the dominant CaCO3 distributions in pore space, the calculated values from the models were then compared with experimental data. It was concluded that the dominant CaCO3 distributions were a combination of grain-coating and matrix-supporting. The effects of CaCO3 distributions at pore space on the variation of permeability were estimated using Kozeny-Carman and Panda-Lake models with three pore-scale cement distributions (pore-lining, pore-filling, and pore-bridging). The comparison between laboratory-measured and calculated permeability from the pore-filling Panda-Lake model for seven types of sands demonstrated a relatively good match with a maximum difference of one order of magnitude. The comparison suggests the pore-filling Panda-Lake model can be used for estimating the permeability of the MICP-treated sands.
Breast Cancer Type Classification Using Machine Learning.

Background: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease defined by molecular types and subtypes. Advances in genomic research have enabled use of precision medicine in clinical management of breast cancer. A critical unmet medical need is distinguishing triple negative breast cancer, the most aggressive and lethal form of breast cancer, from non-triple negative breast cancer. Here we propose use of a machine learning (ML) approach for classification of triple negative breast cancer and non-triple negative breast cancer patients using gene expression data. Methods: We performed analysis of RNA-Sequence data from 110 triple negative and 992 non-triple negative breast cancer tumor samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas to select the features (genes) used in the development and validation of the classification models. We evaluated four different classification models including Support Vector Machines, K-nearest neighbor, Naive Bayes and Decision tree using features selected at different threshold levels to train the models for classifying the two types of breast cancer. For performance evaluation and validation, the proposed methods were applied to independent gene expression datasets. Results: Among the four ML algorithms evaluated, the Support Vector Machine algorithm was able to classify breast cancer more accurately into triple negative and non-triple negative breast cancer and had less misclassification errors than the other three algorithms evaluated. Conclusions: The prediction results show that ML algorithms are efficient and can be used for classification of breast cancer into triple negative and non-triple negative breast cancer types.
A Comprehensive Optimization Method for Commercial Building Loads with Renewable Generation and Energy Storage from Utility Rate Structure Perspective.

To accommodate the changes in the nature and pattern of electricity consumption with the available resources, utility companies have introduced a variety of rate structures over the years. This paper develops a comprehensive optimization method that addresses the diversity of utility rate structure of a commercial building. It includes a general set of constraints that can be used for any system with a building load, a renewable source, and a battery energy storage system (BESS). A cost function is formulated for each type of rate structure that can be exercised by a utility on a commercial building. A novel algorithm is developed to apply the optimization model and generate the desired optimal outputs by using the appropriate cost function. The results for several building loads and rate structure types were obtained and compared. A sensitivity analysis was done on the optimization model based on the changes in the rates using historical data. The results exhibit that adding BESS is more effective for buildings with lower load factor and CPP rate structures in comparison to the buildings with flat energy rates. Savings from adding renewables such as solar is primarily influenced by energy charges whereas additional benefits from BESS are dominated by demand charges. These results can help a customer with deciding on the different rate structure options and resource planning of their renewable generation and energy storage. Utilities may also benefit from this work by designing a unified rate structure, considering the increasing renewable penetration and BESS deployment in the grid.
A biomimetic neural encoder for spiking neural network.

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise to bridge the gap between artificial neural networks (ANNs) and biological neural networks (BNNs) by exploiting biologically plausible neurons that offer faster inference, lower energy expenditure, and event-driven information processing capabilities. However, implementation of SNNs in future neuromorphic hardware requires hardware encoders analogous to the sensory neurons, which convert external/internal stimulus into spike trains based on specific neural algorithm along with inherent stochasticity. Unfortunately, conventional solid-state transducers are inadequate for this purpose necessitating the development of neural encoders to serve the growing need of neuromorphic computing. Here, we demonstrate a biomimetic device based on a dual gated MoS2 field effect transistor (FET) capable of encoding analog signals into stochastic spike trains following various neural encoding algorithms such as rate-based encoding, spike timing-based encoding, and spike count-based encoding. Two important aspects of neural encoding, namely, dynamic range and encoding precision are also captured in our demonstration. Furthermore, the encoding energy was found to be as frugal as ≈1–5 pJ/spike. Finally, we show fast (≈200 timesteps) encoding of the MNIST data set using our biomimetic device followed by more than 91% accurate inference using a trained SNN. The implementation of spiking neural network in future neuromorphic hardware requires hardware encoder analogous to the sensory neurons. The authors show a biomimetic dual-gated MoS2 field effect transistor capable of encoding analog signals into stochastic spike trains at energy cost of 1–5 pJ/spike.
On the Evolutionary Biology of Speech and Syntax

Human linguistic ability derives from a number of biological mechanisms which include speech and syntax. Though fully developed human speech and syntax are species-specific, they evolved by means of Darwinian natural selection from (A) anatomy that initially evolved for vegetative ends and (B) neural mechanisms adapted for precise motor control. The preadaptive role of brain lateralization for one-handed gestures and speech production is noted. Data derived from the comparative study of non-human primates and the linguistic deficits caused by Broca’s aphasia and Parkinson’s disease is presented that it is consistent with this view. The fossil record is also discussed since, in certain cases, the morphology of the basicranium can be used to reconstruct the supralaryngeal airway of a fossil hominid. The supralaryngeal airway is, in turn, an index for the presence of neural mechanisms adapted for the control of human speech. Modern speech capabilities appear to have existed at least 100,000 year ago. Like many other aspects of human behavior, language derives from a number of different biological components. These include the ability to produce and perceive the sound of speech, using and learning words, and the creative use of the complex “rules” of syntax. The focus of this paper is on speech and syntax which appear to be species-specific. Recent studies have shown that closely related species like chimpanzees can, to a degree, acquire and use words when they use manual systems like sign language. In contrast, no other living animal is able to make use of human speech and syntax. Most human languages use syntactic “rules” that order the words of a sentence to convey meaning, e.g. John saw Mary, versus Mary saw John. The meanings of words also can be systematically modified by “morphemes” — sounds that convey meaning. For example, the past tense of regular English verbs is conveyed by the morpheme transcribed by the letters ed — walk versus walked, laugh versus laughed, etc. The rules that we follow to convey meaning by modifying words constitute “morphology.” The boundary between syntax and morphology is not hard and fast. A speaker of English, for example, must coordinate the morphemes that convey number in verbs and nouns by means of syntactic rules that operate across the entire sentence: The boy is here. versus The boys are here. Languages differ as to how they make use of syntactic rules and morphemes and syntactic rules therefore differ from one language to the next. Adjective that go before a noun in English go after the noun in French: the blue house versus la maison bleu. Some languages use few complex syntactic rules.