cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Highly Active Pd@Cu-Pt/C Methanol Oxidation Electrocatalysts via Continuous, Co-Electroless Deposition.

Controlled deposition of metals is essential for the creation of bimetallic catalysts having predictable composition and character. Continuous co-electroless deposition (co-ED) permits the creation of bimetallic catalysts with predictive control over composition. This method was applied to create a suite of Cu–Pt mixed-metal shell catalysts for use in methanol electrooxidation in direct methanol fuel cell applications (DMFCs). Enhanced performance of Cu–Pt compositions over Pt alone was predicted by existing computational studies in the literature. Experimental evidence from this study supports the bifunctional catalyst explanation for enhanced activity and confirms the optimum Cu:Pt ratio as Cu3Pt for this methanol electrooxidation. This ability to control the composition of a bimetallic shell can be extended to other systems where the ratio of two metals is critical for catalytic performance.
Analysis of morphological characteristics of IDH-mutant/wildtype brain tumors using whole-lesion phenotype analysis.

Background Although IDH-mutant tumors aggregate to the frontotemporal regions, the clustering pattern of IDH-wildtype tumors is less clear. As voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) has several limitations for solid lesion mapping, a new technique, whole-lesion phenotype analysis (WLPA), is developed. We utilize WLPA to assess spatial clustering of tumors with IDH mutation from The Cancer Genome Atlas and The Cancer Imaging Archive. Methods The degree of tumor clustering segmented from T1 weighted images is measured to every other tumor by a function of lesion similarity to each other via the Hausdorff distance. Each tumor is ranked according to the degree to which its neighboring tumors show identical phenotypes, and through a permutation technique, significant tumors are determined. VLSM was applied through a previously described method. Results A total of 244 patients of mixed-grade gliomas (WHO II-IV) are analyzed, of which 150 were IDH-wildtype and 139 were glioblastomas. VLSM identifies frontal lobe regions that are more likely associated with the presence of IDH mutation but no regions where IDH-wildtype was more likely to be present. WLPA identifies both IDH-mutant and -wildtype tumors exhibit statistically significant spatial clustering. Conclusion WLPA may provide additional statistical power when compared with VLSM without making several potentially erroneous assumptions. WLPA identifies tumors most likely to exhibit particular phenotypes, rather than producing anatomical maps, and may be used in conjunction with VLSM to understand the relationship between tumor morphology and biologically relevant tumor phenotypes.
Current Problems, Future Needs: Voices of First Responders About Communication Technology

With advances in network technologies, there has been increasing interest in developing new communication technology for first responders that utilizes wireless broadband networks. In order to develop new communication technology, user requirements are needed to ensure new technology is usable; however, capturing user requirements for first responders has been challenging due to the diversity of its users’ contexts and needs. This paper aims to provide guidance and insight into developing user requirements for communication technology developed for first responders by exploring first responders’ communication technology problems and needs. Qualitative interviews with 193 first responders across four disciplines (Communications (Comm) Center & 9-1-1 Services; Emergency Medical Services; Fire Service; Law Enforcement) revealed that they often encountered problems with their communication technology’s reliability, usability, and interoperability. Their primary need for their communication technology was for solutions to their current problems, rather than development of new technology. Many were also interested in communication technology that can provide them with real-time information. This study underscores that communication technology for first responders should be designed and developed for and with first responders.
Variable Patterns of Remission From ADHD in the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD.

Objective: It is estimated that childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remits by adulthood in approximately 50% of cases; however, this conclusion is typically based on single en...
Markov Type Inequalities for the Derivatives of a Polynomial

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Markov type inequalities for the derivatives of a polynomial. ҫ n denotes the class of all polynomials of degree at most n ( n ≥1) and has real coefficients. The chapter discusses the case where k = 0. It is assumed that τ ≥ 0, and B τ denotes the class of entire functions f( w) of exponential type, with exponent ≤ τ. The chapter also discusses the polynomials in ҫ 1 n .
Observations of the variability of dissipation rates of turbulent velocity and temperature fields

Velocity and temperature derivatives are squared and averaged for comparison with lognormality theories of Kolmogoroff, Obukhoff, Yaglom and Gurvich for the variability of local dissipation rates. Averaged squared derivatives were found to depart from lognormality for small values, especially velocity at lower Reynolds numbers, contrary to the proposal of Gurvich and Yaglom (1967). The universal constant μ of Kolmogoroff's third hypothesis was estimated to be 0.47 ± 0. 03 from the variation of \({{\sigma }}_{{{ln \dot u}}_{{r}} ^2 }^{{2}}\) with in(Lo/r), and 0. 49 ± 0. 2 from the variance of the ratio \(({{\dot u}}_{{r}} ^2 /{{\dot u}}_{{{2r}}} ^2 )\) for various scales r. The departure from lognormality for small values may be due to the fact that squared derivatives are not always proportional to the local dissipation rates.
Al4− cluster anion: Electronic structure, excited states, and electron detachment

Full-valence complete-active-space self-consistent-field and coupled-cluster methods are used to investigate excitation and electron detachment energies of the Al4− cluster anion. Both, Al4 and Al4−, have electronic structures with many low-energy electron configurations and exhibit accordingly pronounced configuration mixing. The complete-active-space self-consistent-field calculations show that all low-energy states of the neutral and the cluster anion can nevertheless be characterized by a single configuration, and in contrast to Moller–Plesset perturbation theory, coupled-cluster methods are found to recover enough static correlation to describe these states accurately. Coupled-cluster methods are then used to find minimal-energy structures of four states of the anion and four states of the neutral cluster, the respective ground states are identified, and vertical and adiabatic detachment energies are computed. The computed vertical detachment energies suggest that the first peak in the experimental p...
Applying Geospatial Technologies in Urban Environments

As the epigraph above indicates, cities have become an important part of human existence, and they represent and support most human activity. Urban areas have been the primary locations for social movements, intellectual discoveries, and the rise and fall of nations and civilizations (Greene and Pick, 2006). It is projected that cities will only become more important as societies continue to go through the demographic transformation process. Geospatial technologies will probably play a critical role throughout this because of their ability to examine things synoptically, help manage existing infrastructure and services, and predict and model future growth.
Secondary epileptogenesis, kindling, and intractable epilepsy: a reappraisal from the perspective of neural plasticity.

Publisher Summary Despite the remarkably successful impact of anticonvulsant therapy on the prognosis and quality of life for people with epilepsy, nearly 50% of people with epilepsy continue to experience occasional seizures while taking anticonvulsants. For this substantial group of patients whose seizures are not fully controlled and for the smaller proportion (∼15%) who have intractable and frequent seizures despite appropriate therapy, the possibility that repeated seizures somehow promote additional seizures, as implied by Gowers, remains a continuing concern. While it is clear that epilepsy is not a progressive condition in many children and adults, a variety of other clinical and experimental observations have been repeatedly cited as evidence that epilepsy, at least in some people, is a progressive disorder. Among these observations are the electroencephalographic phenomena of the mirror focus and the experimental studies of secondary epileptogenesis and kindling. This chapter reassesses the question “do seizures beget seizures?” from the perspective of the contemporary epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies of epilepsy and emerging concepts about plasticity of neural circuits in the developing and adult brain.
Plasma Hormone Profiles of Young Women at Risk for Familial Breast Cancer

The plasma hormone concentrations of 30 young women, who were judged by genetic analysis to be at high risk for familial breast cancer, were compared with those of 30 matched controls identified as at low risk for the disease. The hormone measurements were obtained every second day throughout the menstrual cycle, and the results were analyzed in terms of follicular, luteal, and full-cycle mean concentrations. Comparison was carried out in a paired fashion with each high-risk and low-risk pair matched closely for height, weight, age, and reproductive history. No statistically significant differences were found in prolactin, gonadotropin, estrone, estradiol, or estriol plasma concentrations although the high-risk group displayed consistently lower values in all of the above except estriol.
Marvelous Machines Made of Meat

Prime Mover A Natural History of Muscle. Steven Vogel. Norton, New York, 2002. 384 pp. $25.95, C$37.99, £19.95. ISBN 0-393-02126-2. Through discussions of the way muscle works, how hard it can work, and how different animals use it. Vogel explores what muscle physiology reveals about human prehistory, history, and culture.
Real-Time Merging of Visible Surfaces for Display and Segmentation

A technique has been developed which combines the high image quality of volumetric rendering with the interactivity associated with surface rendering by texture mapping pre-rendered images onto depth map-based partial models of the surface. An original real-time algorithm is presented which allows us to combine multiple overlapping visible surfaces free of occlusion artifacts associated with poorly estimated fragments. In virtual exploration, decoupling the rendering process from display can result in improved interactivity and navigability without a corresponding loss of image quality. Visible surfaces can also be used as an aid in segmentation for applications requiring object models and to easily combine volumetrically defined structures with purely geometric information (e.g., computed isodose surfaces).
Structural specializations for antigen uptake and processing in the digestive tract

Epithelial adaptations for antigen uptake and lymphoid organ cytoarchitecture differ according to the characteristics of specific sites throughout the mucosa but all facilitate antigen uptake. Whether surrounding mucosa is stratified squamous epithelium as in the oropharynx or columnar epithelium as in the intestine, organized lymphoid tissue in each area displays surface specializations which reduce local barriers and facilitate the approach and uptake of microorganisms, particles and macromolecules. In lymphoid tissue in each of these sites cellular defense mechanisms are arrayed for local containment, antigen processing and initiation of immune responses.
Zinc regulates the ability of Cdc25C to activate MPF/cdk1

Zn2+ is an essential micronutrient for the growth and development of multicellular organisms, as Zn2+ deficiencies lead to growth retardation and congenital malformations (Vallee, BL, Falchuk, KH. 1993. Physiol Rev., 73:79–118). At the cellular level Zn2+ depravation results in proliferation defects in many cell types (Vallee, BL, Falchuk, KH. 1993. Physiol Rev., 73:79–118), however the molecular pathways involved remain poorly defined. Here we show that the transition metal chelator TPEN (N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylene diamine) blocks the G2/M transition of the meiotic cell cycle by inhibiting Cdc25C-cdk1 activation. ICP-MS analyses reveal that Cdc25C is a Zn2+-binding metalloprotein, and that TPEN effectively strips Zn2+ away from the enzyme. Interestingly, although apo-Cdc25C (Zn2+-deficient) remains fully catalytically active, it is compromised in its ability to dephosphorylate and activate MPF/cdk1. Thus, Zn2+ is an important regulator of Cdc25C function in vivo. Because of the conserved essential role of the Cdc25C-cdk1 module in the eukaryotic cell cycle, these studies provide fundamental insights into cell cycle regulation. J. Cell. Physiol. 213: 98–104, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Effects of Directness of Face-to-Face Requests and Sex of Solicitor on Streetcorner Donations

Summary Approximately 3000 male and female pedestrians (mostly college students) were solicited for a donation to a charitable organization. Three male and three female undergraduates served as solicitors and made either a direct, face-to-face appeal or a less direct, impersonal appeal. As hypothesized, the direct appeal was more successful than the impersonal appeal. Also, donors receiving the direct appeal gave larger amounts when the traffic was comparatively light, but the proportion giving was unaffected by traffic density. The sex of the solicitor made a difference only with the impersonal appeal. Females may be viewed as more trustworthy in situations in which suspicion of the genuineness of the request is most relevant; face-to-face requests of a relatively nonsuspicious kind may appear equally trustworthy whether made by male or female solicitors.
Desiring Relation: Mothers' and Children's Agency, Subjectivity, and Time—Commentary on Daphne de Marneffe's Maternal Desire

Daphne de Marneffe (2004) has enriched our theoretical understanding of maternal desire as fundamentally a desire to relate to or “be with” (p. xi) one's child. This view can enable consideration of children's subjectivity and agency through thinking about the intersections of mothers' and children's desires and subjectivities. Contemplating the meanings of maternal desire necessitates attending to multiple practices of mothering in a range of relational contexts. Finally, there is value in considering maternal presence and time in conjunction with children's sense of time and the present in order to imagine a relational time that both mothers and children construct.
Measurements of Phase Correlations between Polarization Entangled Photons

Correlated photon pairs going in different directions were prepared in a polarization-entangled Bell state. Each photon passed through a Pancharatnam phase shifter and polarizer. We measured the correlations as a function of the inserted phases.
How does the radiographic size of a renal mass compare with the pathologic size

Abstract Objectives To investigate the relationship between the radiographic size on computed tomography and the pathologic size of renal tumors. Methods The records of 126 patients with a renal lesion suspicious for malignancy and with preoperative computed tomography performed 60 days or less before surgery at our institution were reviewed. The clinical size was defined as the largest diameter of the tumor seen on computed tomography and the pathologic size was defined as the largest diameter seen at pathology. The clinical and pathologic sizes were compared by size range and primary tumor stage. Results A total of 133 tumors from 126 patients were identified. Of the 133 tumors, 120 (90.2%) were renal carcinoma. The clinical and pathologic size for all 133 tumors was not significantly different (4.5 versus 4.1 cm, P = 0.35). The average clinical tumor size was larger than the pathologic tumor size for all sizes, except for 7 cm and greater. The difference reached statistical significance in all ranges from 1 to 5 cm. The largest size difference was seen for tumors 4 to 5 cm, for which the average clinical size was 0.87 cm larger than the average pathologic size (P = 0.025). Conclusions Preoperative computed tomography imaging may slightly overestimate the pathologic size of renal tumors in certain size ranges. In pathologic Stage T1a tumors, the clinical tumor size was significantly larger than the pathologic stage (P = 0.009). The difference between the clinical and pathologic tumor size was greatest for tumors 4 to 5 cm. These results may affect decisions to perform nephron-sparing surgery in certain patients.
Reducing adsorption of anionic surfactant for enhanced oil recovery: Part II. Applied aspects

The surfactant loss due to adsorption has significant economic consequences for surfactant-based enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. Alkali, traditionally used as sacrificial agent to reduce adsorption of anionic surfactants, cannot be efficiently used in the presence of anhydrite due to the reactivity of carbonate with anhydrite. In our previous publication, the competitive adsorption mechanism of an anionic surfactant and polyacrylate has been studied. In this work, the effect of some reservoir parameters on application of polyacrylate as a sacrificial agent is investigated. Addition of polyacrylate is shown to reduce adsorption of different anionic surfactants on different outcrop minerals, including Carlpool dolomite, industrial calcite, kaolinite, Berea sandstone, and Indiana limestone. The effect of salinity, concentration of Ca2+ ions, and temperature on effectiveness of sodium polyacrylate as sacrificial agent has been evaluated on different minerals/rocks. Results of dynamic adsorption measurements with sodium polyacrylate are also reported. Cost analysis shows that addition of a small amount of polyacrylate can significantly decrease the total material cost to as low as one-fifth of that without use of sacrificial agent. The reduction in cost depends on the values of dimensionless numbers developed in this paper. Altogether, these experiments demonstrate the advantage of using sodium polyacrylate as sacrificial adsorption agent for anionic surfactants even in the presence of anhydrite in the reservoir.
Authoritarianism, self-esteem, emotionality and intelligence.

Authoritarianism was hypothesized to have significant loadings on a factor with intelligence, self-esteem, emotionality, and feelings of potency. The results of the factor analysis partially confirmed the hypothesis. Authoritarianism was associated with low grades, low reported IQ, and feelings of impotency. Unlike past studies self-esteem and emotionality were not related to authoritarianism.
Curvatures of surfaces and their shadows

Abstract The relationship between the n -dimensional surfaces of smooth, strictly convex objects and the m -dimensional surfaces of their orthogonal projections, or shadows, is investigated. Our main results concern the relationships between the local properties of the surface at a point and those of its shadow. Specifically, the curvature Hessian of the projection at a boundary point is shown to be simply the projection of the curvature at the point's preimage. Further, necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for solution of the inverse problem of determining the surface curvature at a point, given the curvatures of a series of projections involving the point. These conditions imply, for example, that knowledge of the projection of a surface point onto two hyperplanes and an additional two-dimensional subspace is necessary and sufficient to determine the local surface curvature there. These local results are then combined with a curvature-based object representation on the Gaussian sphere, both to construct the shadows of objects and to elucidate the inverse problem of reconstructing object shape from shadows. These results serve to illuminate and extend the work of Van Hove [1] for obtaining the two-dimensional shadow of an object in three-dimensional space.
Experimental determination of tie-lines in the Hg-Cd-Te system

Starting with powdered Hg1−xCdxTe, several tie-lines at 500 and 560°C were established using an energy dispersive spectrometer on a scanning electron microscope for the quantitative analysis. After holding at 500 or 560°C for time periods based upon the powder size and the published interdiffusion constant, then water quenching to room temperature, the primary grains were found to be uniform in composition and covered with a 5-6 μ layer of HgTe or low x Hg1−xCdxTe. The primary grain and overall compositions establish directions for tie-lines that are in good agreement with published experimental and theoreti-cal results.
Physiological effects of a gill barnacle on host blue crabs during short-term exercise and recovery

The effects of infestation by an ectocommensal gill barnacle, Octolasmis muelleri, on the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, were assessed by measuring respiratory and hemolymph parameters in barnacle‐infested and uninfested crabs during short‐term exercise and recovery. At rest, uninfested crabs had lower heart rates (78 beats min‐1) and ventilation rates (74 beats min‐1) than moderately infested crabs (93 beats min‐1 and 92 beats min‐1 respectively) and heavily infested crabs (104 beats min‐1 and 123 beats min‐1 respectively). During exercise and recovery these differences disappeared as all groups of crabs elevated both rates to near maximal levels. Hemolymph O2 concentrations, O2 tensions, pH and [lactate] were not different for the three groups of crabs, but, heavily infested crabs had a greater a‐v difference in Po2 than the other groups of crabs during exercise, as well as a significant a‐v difference in pH and [lactate] during exercise. The overall minimal disturbance to the crabs's hemolymph caused ...
A re-examination of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis by isolated intact, developing chloroplasts: The O2 requirement in the light

Abstract Synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in organello was re-examined with developing chloroplasts isolated from greening cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L. var. Beit Alpha) cotyledons. In the dark, ALA accumulated in the presence of ATP, reducing power (NADPH and glucose-6-phosphate), glutamate and levulinic acid (or 4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid). Under continuous illumination there was no requirement for added ATP and reducing power, unless DCMU was added or O 2 was removed, indicating that ATP and reducing power could be supplied endogenously by photosynthesis in the presence of O 2 . No mitochondrial involvement could be demonstrated in this system. Under anaerobic conditions in the light oxaloacetic acid (OAA) could replace O 2 and permit a high accumulation of ALA. The fact that OAA could replace O 2 suggests that an acceptor of non-cyclic electron flow may be required to provide ATP or some other cofactor of ALA synthesis. The phosphorylation uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol, inhibited ALA synthesis. Light-dependent ALA in air was strongly inhibited by methylene blue (MB) and NaN 3 , but only very slightly by KCN.
Modeling, simulating, and characterizing performance in optical switching networks

Photonic packet switching for all-optical networks is a rapidly developing technology since it circumvents many of the traditional bottlenecks created by the use of electronics. All-optical networking has application to both long-haul communications systems and high-performance computing systems. In each case, all-optical technologies are responsible for the routing, switching and logic decisions of the network. Characterizing the performance of a network includes calculating the latency and scalability of a given architecture assuming ideal behavior of its physical components. However, the physical layer ultimately determines the feasibility of data transmission. Thus accurately calculating the accumulated bit-error-rate (BER) is fundamental to evaluating the optical network as a whole, regardless of the network architecture. A new simulation technique, which is based upon experimental findings, is introduced which characterizes the physical layer performance of a given network architecture known as the Data Vortex. Experiments show that almost all the physical layer penalty is generated by the nodes which are used for switching and routing. Specifically, at each node data packets are amplified by a semiconductor optical amplifier so that coupling and routing losses are compensated. In this process, the data packets receive a noise penalty which results primarily from amplified spontaneous emission and in small part from spectral broadening. By using a phenomenological approach to modeling the noise penalties, the performance of the network nodes can be characterized. The modeling allows for a comprehensive understanding of the network and is a highly efficient computational tool for evaluating performance when compared to conventional time-domain techniques.
Serologic tests for AIDS

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Electron-impact excitation cross sections for O IV

Abstract Generalized oscillator strengths and integrated cross sections from threshold to 1 keV are calculated in the Born approximation for the electron impact excitation of O IV.
Inhibitory Interactions between Phosphorylation Sites in the C-terminus of α-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazolepropionic Acid-Type Glutamate Receptor GluA1 Subunits

The C terminus of AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR) GluA1 subunits contains several phosphorylation sites that regulate AMPAR activity and trafficking at excitatory synapses. Although many of these sites have been extensively studied, little is known about the signaling mechanisms regulating GluA1 phosphorylation at Thr-840. Here, we report that neuronal depolarization in hippocampal slices induces a calcium and protein phosphatase 1/2A-dependent dephosphorylation of GluA1 at Thr-840 and a nearby site at Ser-845. Despite these similarities, inhibitors of NMDA-type glutamate receptors and protein phosphatase 2B prevented depolarization-induced Ser-845 dephosphorylation but had no effect on Thr-840 dephosphorylation. Instead, depolarization-induced Thr-840 dephosphorylation was prevented by blocking voltage-gated calcium channels, indicating that distinct Ca2+ sources converge to regulate GluA1 dephosphorylation at Thr-840 and Ser-845 in separable ways. Results from immunoprecipitation/depletion assays indicate that Thr-840 phosphorylation inhibits protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated increases in Ser-845 phosphorylation. Consistent with this, PKA-mediated increases in AMPAR currents, which are dependent on Ser-845 phosphorylation, were inhibited in HEK-293 cells expressing a Thr-840 phosphomimetic version of GluA1. Conversely, mimicking Ser-845 phosphorylation inhibited protein kinase C phosphorylation of Thr-840 in vitro, and PKA activation inhibited Thr-840 phosphorylation in hippocampal slices. Together, the regulation of Thr-840 and Ser-845 phosphorylation by distinct sources of Ca2+ influx and the presence of inhibitory interactions between these sites highlight a novel mechanism for conditional regulation of AMPAR phosphorylation and function.
Interstitial Cystitis: A Neuroimmunoendocrine Disordera

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a sterile bladder condition occurring primarily in females. It is characterized by frequency, nocturia, and suprapubic pain. IC symptoms are exacerbated during ovulation and under stress, thus implicating neurohormonal processes. The most prevalent theories to explain the pathophysiology of IC appear to be altered bladder lining and increased number of activated bladder mast cells. A defective bladder glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer could allow penetration of allergic triggers, as well as chemicals, food preservatives, drugs, toxins, and adherent bacteria, all of which can activate bladder mast cells. Vasoactive, nociceptive, and proinflammatory molecules released can lead to immune cell infiltration and can sensitize neurons to secrete neurotransmitters or neuropeptides that can further activate mast cells. Mast cell-derived proteases can directly cause tissue damage, and it is noteworthy that urine tryptase is elevated in IC. Bladder mast cells are located close to neuronal processes, which are increased in IC, and they can be activated in situ by acetylcholine (ACh) and substance P (SP). Such activation is augmented by estradiol, which acquires significance in view of the fact that human bladder mast cells express estrogen receptors, but few progesterone receptors, which may explain the worsening of IC symptoms during ovulation. Finally, acute psychological stress in rats leads to mast cell activation that can be reduced by depletion of SP or neutralization of peripheral immune corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). These findings suggest that IC could be a syndrome with neural, immune, and endocrine components, in which activated mast cells play a central role.
Work in progress — Skunk works Immersion Design Experience, utilization of the Lockheed Martin Skunk Works Design process to teach innovation

Southern Methodist University has partnered with Lockheed Martin Skunk Works® to develop a program that emphasizes innovation while challenging students to excel. This paper discusses high pressure design challenges, or Immersion Design Experiences (IDE) which use components of the Skunk Works Design philosophy, modified for academia. IDEs take interdisciplinary teams comprised not only of engineering students, but students from across the academic spectrum, and have them design, fabricate and test a prototype that solves their assigned problem. A typical IDE is 10 days long, and is held over the long breaks between semesters. The time constraints and difficulties of the projects require full time attention to the design and encourage students to find innovative solutions necessitating that they are run during the breaks in the academic calendar. This paper will discuss these projects and report the results from our first IDE.
An analysis of velopharyngeal timing in normal adult speakers using a microcomputer based photodetector system.

Using a microcomputer interface and dedicated software, a photodetector was employed to collect data on the timing of velopharnygeal movements during the production of speech by 10 normally speakin...
New model for flow over open cavities. I - Model development

A new approach for computing the streamwise flow tangential to one or more open cavities has been developed. Very good agreement with measurements has been obtained in several test cases. The new model consumes only an extremely small percentage of the CPU time and storage required by a corresponding state-of-the-art model. As a result, it is practical to use this approach to compute the flow over a large number of open cavities. Important details of the model development are also discussed in order to assist other interested investigators. Finally, it was demonstrated that the model gives good results over a range of cavity crossflow configurations.
Far infrared filters for a rocket-borne radiometer.

Low pass far infrared radiation filters with cutoff frequencies in the spectral region of 10–25 cm−1 were required for a rocket-borne radiometer experiment. The paper describes the theory, fabrication, and laboratory transmission measurements of prototype grid filters investigated in a study prior to the construction of flight filters. Characteristics of the final flight filters are also presented.
Response rate and varied reinforcement: Reinforcers of similar strengths

Research has shown that reinforcer variety can increase response rates. To determine whether the reinforcers comprising this variety must differ in reinforcing strength in order to produce this effect, rats were trained to lever press under three reinforcement conditions: pellets-only, sucrose-only, and pellets or sucrose (varied reinforcement). Although the sucrose concentration was made to be roughly equivalent to the pellets in reinforcing strength, the varied-reinforcement still produced the highest response rate.
The phenomenon of accommodation in the ventricular myocardium

The ventricular and auricular myocardium was found to possess an ability to accommodate to applied electrical current pulses.
A queueing model in an alternating random environment

Abstract In this paper, we consider a single server queueing model with alternately varying Poisson arrival rates. Such arrival processes are usually modelled using the Doubly Stochastic Poisson (DSP) processes whose Poisson rates vary alternately and remains the same during an exponential time duration called a switching time. Queues with the DSP arrival processes are often employed to describe production, computer and communication systems. A DSP process includes both renewal and nonrenewal point processes. Since performance measures of a single server queue with a DSP input are difficult to evaluate, we approximate a DSP arrival process by a renewal process. We then use parameters so developed in an expression for the expected waiting time in a GI/G/1. To demonstrate the quality of our approximations, we also present exact results. Our approximations have applications in production, inventory, insurance and maintenance systems.
The Effects of Engineering Modules on Student Learning in Middle School Science Classrooms

The Teachers Integrating Engineering into Science (TIES) Program is a collaborative project among faculty from the College of Education and the College of Engineering at the University of Nevada, Reno. The TIES project paired university faculty with middle school science teachers to create three units that included engineering design using a variety of interactive learning activities in order to engage a wide range of students. The units included a Web-based simulation activity, lesson plans, a design project, and three types of assessments that were standardized across schools. Results of assessments were disaggregated by gender, ethnicity, special education, and socio-economic level. Mean scores for these student population groups were compared to mean scores for the same groups on the 2004 Nevada eighth grade science criterion referenced test. These results indicate that engaging students in engineering curriculum activities may diminish achievement gaps in science for some student populations.
Overview of XRT performance and first results

In this review we present a short introduction to the X-ray Telescope on Hinode. We discuss its capabilities and new features and compare it with Yohkoh SXT. We also discuss some of the first results that include observations of X-ray jets in coronal holes, shear change in flares, sigmoid eruptions and evolution, application of filter ratios and differential emission measure analysis, structure of active regions, fine structure of X-ray bright points, and modeling non-potential fields around filaments. Finally, we describe how XRT works with other ground and space-based instrumentation, in particular with TRACE, EIS, SOT, and SOLIS.
Economic Evaluation of Photovoltaic Generation Applications in a Large Electric Utility System

This paper describes the methodology used for and the results obtained from a study to assess the economic viability of long-range applications of photovoltaic (PV) generation in a large eastern electric utility system. Amorphous silicon PV technology, which has been under development by RCA Laboratories since 1974 and formed the basis for the conceptual design of a central- station PV power plant, was used in the application study. Traditional utility system planning techniques were applied to determine the capacity and energy values of PV generation. however, the system capacity reliability evaluation and production cost simulation programs; were modified and applied to more accurately account for the time- constrained and intermittent teatures of PV energy output. Statistical and mathematical procedures were developed to utilize the varying daily insolation data and convert them to appropriate patterns of electric energy output. The study results indicate that with respect to a conventional generation alternative, such as combustion turbines of more advanced design, the breakeven capital cost for PV power plants ranges from $1,100 to $1,350 (1982 dollars) per peak kW. The higher the PV capacity penetration, the lower the required breakeven cost.
On the roles of substrate binding and hinge unfolding in conformational changes of adenylate kinase.

We characterized the conformational change of adenylate kinase (AK) between open and closed forms by conducting five all-atom molecular-dynamics simulations, each of 100 ns duration. Different initial structures and substrate binding configurations were used to probe the pathways of AK conformational change in explicit solvent, and no bias potential was applied. A complete closed-to-open and a partial open-to-closed transition were observed, demonstrating the direct impact of substrate-mediated interactions on shifting protein conformation. The sampled configurations suggest two possible pathways for connecting the open and closed structures of AK, affirming the prediction made based on available x-ray structures and earlier works of coarse-grained modeling. The trajectories of the all-atom molecular-dynamics simulations revealed the complexity of protein dynamics and the coupling between different domains during conformational change. Calculations of solvent density and density fluctuations surrounding AK did not show prominent variation during the transition between closed and open forms. Finally, we characterized the effects of local unfolding of an important hinge near Pro177 on the closed-to-open transition of AK and identified a novel mechanism by which hinge unfolding modulates protein conformational change. The local unfolding of Pro177 hinge induces alternative tertiary contacts that stabilize the closed structure and prevent the opening transition.
A framework for seamless roaming across heterogeneous next generation wireless networks

In the future, wireless and mobile users will have increased demands for seamless roaming across different types of wireless networks, quality of service guarantees and support of different types of services. This awareness has led to research activities directed towards inter-system and global roaming and can be noticed in the numerous products like multimode handsets, inter-working gateways and some ongoing standards and research work on signaling protocols for inter-system roaming. This article proposes a global mobility management framework. The framework is like an overlay network comprising of Inter-System Interface Control Units (IICU) to support inter-network communication and control for Location Management. The protocols and functions of this framework will be distributed and exist partly within the wireless networks and partly within the core-network. A hierarchy introduced among the IICUs will accommodate for the varying mobility coverage required by the mobile user. The IICU may be configured to perform various functions depending on its placement in the hierarchy of the framework. This approach aims to optimize across call set up delays, signaling traffic, database processing, handoff facilitation for seamless roaming and QoS mapping and negotiations as the user moves across different wireless networks. It avoids centralized database dependency with its associated single-point bottleneck and failures.1 We restrict our analysis of the framework to a 2-network and a 3-network roaming scenario. The presentation has been further restricted to cost and delay analysis of the location update and call delivery procedures. We have taken into account the signalling requirements when the mobile user roams across networks with and without an active call.
Altered phenotypic characteristics of T47D human breast cancer cells after prolonged growth in estrogen-deficient medium

T47D human breast cancer cells were cultured in estrogen-deficient media for up to 32 months and the resulting cell line (L(hE(-))) exhibited unique phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Compared to low passage (L) cells, the L(hE(-)) cells exhibited a significantly higher rate of proliferation, unique morphological features, advanced ploidy status and 5- to 10-fold higher levels of the estrogen receptor (ER) as determined by ligand binding and Western blot analysis. Sequence analysis of the DNA binding domain of the ER revealed a C-->A transversion which resulted in a H513N amino acid change. Treatment of L cells with 10 n m 17beta-estradiol (E2) resulted in a greater than two-fold increase in cell proliferation which was inhibited by tamoxifen, 4'-hydroxytamoxifen, ICI 164,384 and ICI 182,780. In contrast, 10 n m E2 caused a 70% decrease in growth of L(hE(-)) cells and this antimitogenic activity was blocked by ICI 164,384 and ICI 182,780 but not by tamoxifen or 4'-hydroxytamoxifen. L(hE(-)) cells were E2-responsive in transient transfection studies using a plasmid containing an estrogen-responsive element derived from the vitellogenin A2 gene promoter. These data show that the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of L(hE(-)) T47D cells resemble those described for ER-negative cell lines stably transfected with the ER.
Covering dimension in general spaces

Abstract In the usual development of dimension theory in metric spaces, the equivalence of covering and large inductive dimension plays a central role. In this paper we develope the basic theory of dimension directly from the notion of covering dimension. Several of the basic theorems are extended to non-metrizable spaces. For those results which do require the full strength of metrizability, the proofs are new and rather different from the usual ones. With two minor exceptions, the paper is self-contained.
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Improves Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilatation in the Presence of Hyperglycemia

Brachial artery vasoactivity (BAVA) is a reliable, noninvasive method of assessing endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (EDV) in vivo. Acute hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and diabetes mellitus impair EDV, a precursor to atherosclerosis. Thiamine is a coenzyme important in intracellular glucose metabolism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of thiamine on BAVA in the presence of hyperglycemia. Ten healthy subjects (group H, mean age 27 years), 10 patients with impaired glucose tolerance by World Health Organization criteria (group IGT, mean age 65 years), and 10 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (group NIDDM, mean age 50 years) were studied. Duplex ultrasound was used to measure brachial artery flow changes in response to reactive hyperemia following brachial artery tourniquet occlusion for 5 min. This test was performed after a 10 hr fast and at 30, 60, and 120 min after a 75 g oral glucose challenge along with measurements of blood glucose level (BGL). A week later, BAVA evaluation was repeated after administration of 100 mg of intravenous thiamine. BAVA (% increased blood flow) at peak and trough BGL was compared with and without thiamine. BAVA at peak glucose improved from 69.0 ± 6.4% to 152.8 ± 22.9% in group H (p 0.05) as well as group IGT (prethiamine 96.7 ± 8.5% vs. post-thiamine 104.0 ± 17.4%, p > 0.05). BAVA at trough glucose was not measured in group NIDDM secondary to trough BGL > 140 mg/dL. EDV was improved by thiamine in the presence of hyperglycemia in healthy subjects and in patients with IGT and NIDDM. The mechanism by which thiamine improves EDV is not due to a glucose-lowering effect as thiamine had no effect on EDV under normoglycemic conditions. Routine administration of thiamine might improve endothelial function and therefore slow the development and progression of atherosclerosis, especially in patients with IGT and NIDDM who are prone to develop accelerated atherosclerosis.
Oral BH4: A novel remedy for age-related skin microvascular impairment during heat stress or fool's elixir?

5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a critical cofactor for the nitric oxide synthases (NOS) because it facilitates the electron transfer between the reductase and oxygenase domains of the NOS dimer and couples the reduction of molecular oxygen to the oxidation of l-arginine and synthesis of nitric
Locomotion Mechanics in Obese Adults and Children

Obese individuals are advised to engage in daily physical activity to improve health and manage body weight. Walking is the most popular form of physical activity, yet the effects of obesity on the biomechanics of walking are still being discovered. In this review, I highlight recent research that has found that childhood and adult obesity are associated with slower level walking speeds, wider steps, and greater loads across lower extremity joints. Given the likely increase in risk of musculoskeletal injury/pathology in obese individuals, clinicians should use caution when recommending brisk walking as a form of physical activity. I also address how improvements in our ability to measure and model musculoskeletal actions as well as further cross-sectional and longitudinal studies will enhance our understanding of how obesity affects our ability to perform essential locomotor tasks.