cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Asian Savings: The Role of Growth and Age Structure

Growth and demography, two important determinants of the savings rate in the life-cycle approach, are shown to explain much of the diversity in savings behavior in Asia across eight countries and over time. Inflation and adverse movements in the terms of trade are two additional factors that depress the propensity to save. The paper also finds evidence in favor of the error-correction formulation, under which the savings rate varies procyclically in the short run but remains constant in the steady state.
Global dynamics and thermal structure of Jupiter's atmosphere

Voyager flyby observations have yielded the first detailed maps of wind and temperature fields in the Jupiter atmosphere; these data indicate that Jupiter's zonal currents violate the barotropic instability criterion if they extend only a few scale heights below the cloud tops. Microwave observations at mm and cm wavelengths have probed the atmosphere down to a level of about 7 bars, thereby constraining horizontal and vertical thermal structure in a region of the atmosphere about which little was known. Temporal variations in the temperature field suggest that dynamical processes may be important in the establishment of tropopause structure on short time scales. Ground-based and Voyager observations have also indicated a hemispheric asymmetry in temperature in the upper stratosphere.
SNS ring extraction septum magnet and its interference with adjacent quadrupole

3D computing simulations have been performed to study magnetic field distributions of the SNS ring extraction Lambertson septum magnet. The magnetic field for extracted beams is fully characterized in all the aspects. The stray field on the circulating beam line and the effect of a shielding box upstream and a shielding cap downstream is investigated. In addition, the magnetic interference between the Lambertson and an adjacent quadrupole has been studied. The simulations have provided valuable information for the SNS ring commissioning and operation. This paper reports our simulation techniques and the major results.
Power and performance management of virtualized computing environments via lookahead control

There is growing incentive to reduce the power consumed by large-scale data centers that host online services such as banking, retail commerce, and gaming. Virtualization is a promising approach to consolidating multiple online services onto a smaller number of computing resources. A virtualized server environment allows computing resources to be shared among multiple performance-isolated platforms called virtual machines. By dynamically provisioning virtual machines, consolidating the workload, and turning servers on and off as needed, data center operators can maintain the desired quality-of-service (QoS) while achieving higher server utilization and energy efficiency. We implement and validate a dynamic resource provisioning framework for virtualized server environments wherein the provisioning problem is posed as one of sequential optimization under uncertainty and solved using a lookahead control scheme. The proposed approach accounts for the switching costs incurred while provisioning virtual machines and explicitly encodes the corresponding risk in the optimization problem. Experiments using the Trade6 enterprise application show that a server cluster managed by the controller conserves, on average, 22% of the power required by a system without dynamic control while still maintaining QoS goals. Finally, we use trace-based simulations to analyze controller performance on server clusters larger than our testbed, and show how concepts from approximation theory can be used to further reduce the computational burden of controlling large systems.
140 GHz microwave FEL experiments using ELF-II

Abstract We describe the modeling, the experimental facility and the initial operating results for ELF-II, an induction-linac-based free-electron laser designed to produce up to 2 GW of peak power at 140 GHz ELF-II is the initial configuration of an FEL system which will eventually produce up to 2 MW of average power at a frequency of 250 GHz, for use in plasma heating experiments in the Microwave Tokamak Experiment.
TWO-GENERATOR SUBGROUPS OF THE PURE BRAID GROUP

We show that any two elements of the pure braid group either commute or generate a free group, settling a question of Luis Paris. Our proof involves the theory of 3-manifolds and the theory of group actions on trees.
Asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized alkenes using the new C2-symmetrical 1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-dimethylene-bridged ansa-Bis(1-indenyl)titanium dichloride catalyst

Abstract The asymmetric catalytic epoxidation of various unfunctionalized alkyl and aryl alkenes has been accomplished using the new C 2 -symmetrical 1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-dimethylene-bridged ansa -Bis(1-indenyl)titanium dichloride complex. Enantiomeric excesses of 22% and activities up to 61 turnovers were observed using the (R)(−)-BpDM-(1-ind) 2 TiCl 2 catalyst.
Turbulent Premixed Combustion in a Boundary Layer

Abstract The turbulent boundary layer arising from the injection of cold reactants into a hot product stream is studied theoretically. By treating the rate of growth of the boundary layer as a small parameter and by assuming power law variations of global features of the layer the equations of a Reynolds stress closure are reduced to similarity form. A combination of the aerothermochemical model of premixed turbulent combustion due to Bray-Moss-Libby and standard models for pressure fluctuations and dissipation results in a closed set of equations which are solved numerically. The predictions are compared with available experimental data.
Flares in Long and Short Gamma-Ray Bursts: A Common Origin in a Hyperaccreting Accretion Disk

Early-time X-ray observations of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with the Swift satellite have revealed a more complicated phenomenology than was known before. In particular, the presence of flaring activity on a wide range of timescales probably requires late-time energy production within the GRB engine. Since the flaring activity is observed in both long and short GRBs, its origin must be within what is in common for the two likely progenitors of the two classes of bursts: a hyperaccreting accretion disk around a black hole of a few solar masses. Here we show that some of the observational properties of the flares, such as the duration-timescale correlation, and the duration-peak luminosity anticorrelation displayed by most flares within a given burst, are qualitatively consistent with viscous disk evolution, provided that the disk at large radii either fragments or otherwise suffers large-amplitude variability. We discuss the physical conditions in the outer parts of the disk and conclude that gravitational instability, possibly followed by fragmentation, is the most likely candidate for this variability.
Some 0/1 polytopes need exponential size extended formulations

We prove that there are 0/1 polytopes \({P \subseteq \mathbb{R}^{n}}\) that do not admit a compact LP formulation. More precisely we show that for every n there is a set \({X \subseteq \{ 0,1\}^n}\) such that conv(X) must have extension complexity at least \({2^{n/2\cdot(1-o(1))}}\) . In other words, every polyhedron Q that can be linearly projected on conv(X) must have exponentially many facets. In fact, the same result also applies if conv(X) is restricted to be a matroid polytope. Conditioning on \({\mathbf{NP}\not\subseteq \mathbf{P_{/poly}}}\) , our result rules out the existence of a compact formulation for any \({\mathbf{NP}}\) -hard optimization problem even if the formulation may contain arbitrary real numbers.
COORDINATED ANALYSES OF PRESOLAR GRAINS IN THE ALLAN HILLS 77307 AND QUEEN ELIZABETH RANGE 99177 METEORITES

We report the identification of presolar silicates ({approx}177 ppm), presolar oxides ({approx}11 ppm), and one presolar SiO{sub 2} grain in the Allan Hills (ALHA) 77307 chondrite. Three grains having Si-isotopic compositions similar to SiC X and Z grains were also identified, though the mineral phases are unconfirmed. Similar abundances of presolar silicates ({approx}152 ppm) and oxides ({approx}8 ppm) were also uncovered in the primitive CR chondrite Queen Elizabeth Range (QUE) 99177, along with 13 presolar SiC grains and one presolar silicon nitride. The O-isotopic compositions of the presolar silicates and oxides indicate that most of the grains condensed in low-mass red giant and asymptotic giant branch stars. Interestingly, unlike presolar oxides, few presolar silicate grains have isotopic compositions pointing to low-metallicity, low-mass stars (Group 3). The {sup 18}O-rich (Group 4) silicates, along with the few Group 3 silicates that were identified, likely have origins in supernova outflows. This is supported by their O- and Si-isotopic compositions. Elemental compositions for 74 presolar silicate grains were determined by scanning Auger spectroscopy. Most of the grains have non-stoichiometric elemental compositions inconsistent with pyroxene or olivine, the phases commonly used to fit astronomical spectra, and have comparable Mg and Fe contents. Non-equilibrium condensation and/ormore » secondary alteration could produce the high Fe contents. Transmission electron microscopic analysis of three silicate grains also reveals non-stoichiometric compositions, attributable to non-equilibrium or multistep condensation, and very fine scale elemental heterogeneity, possibly due to subsequent annealing. The mineralogies of presolar silicates identified in meteorites thus far seem to differ from those in interplanetary dust particles.« less
On Gradient Ricci Solitons

In the first part of the paper we derive integral curvature estimates for complete gradient shrinking Ricci solitons. Our results and the recent work in M. Fernandez-Lopez and E. Garcia-Rio, Rigidity of shrinking Ricci solitons in Math. Z. (2011) classify complete gradient shrinking Ricci solitons with harmonic Weyl tensor. In the second part of the paper we address the issue of existence of harmonic functions on gradient shrinking Kahler and gradient steady Ricci solitons. Consequences to the structure of shrinking and steady solitons at infinity are also discussed.
f-Vectors of Triangulated Balls

We describe two methods for showing that a vector cannot be the f-vector of a homology d-ball. As a consequence, we disprove a conjectured characterization of the f-vectors of balls of dimension five and higher due to Billera and Lee. We also provide a construction of triangulated balls with various f-vectors. We show that this construction obtains all possible f-vectors of three- and four-dimensional balls and we conjecture that this result also extends to dimension five.
On Plastic Deformation and Fracture in Si Films during Electrochemical Lithiation/Delithiation Cycling

An in situ study of deformation, fracture, and fatigue behavior of silicon as a lithium-ion battery electrode material is presented. Thin films (100‐200 nm) of silicon are cycled in a half-cell configuration with lithium metal foil as counter/reference electrode, with 1M lithium hexafluorophosphate in ethylene carbonate, diethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate solution (1:1:1, wt%) as electrolyte. Stress evolution in the Si thin-film electrodes during electrochemical lithiation and delithiation is measured by monitoring the substrate curvature using the multi-beam optical sensing method. The stress measurements have been corrected for contributions from residual stress arising from sputter-deposition. An indirect method for estimating the potential errors due to formation of the solid-electrolyte-interphase layer and surface charge on the stress measurements was presented. Thefilms undergo extensive inelastic deformation during lithiation and delithiation. The peak compressive stress during lithiation was 1.48 GPa. The stress data along with the electron microscopy observations are used to estimate an upper bound fracture resistance of lithiated Si, which is approximately 9‐11 J/m 2 . Fracture initiation and crack density evolution as a function of cycle number is also reported.
"Super silyl" group for diastereoselective sequential reactions: access to complex chiral architecture in one pot.

We have shown that the tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl (TTMSS) silyl enol ether of acetaldehyde undergoes aldehyde cross-aldol reactions with high selectivity and the extremely low catalyst loading (0.05 mol % of HNTf2) allows for one-pot sequential reactions where acidic or basic nucleophiles can be subsequently added. Various ketone-derived silyl enol ethers, Grignard reagents, and dienes succeeded, generating relatively complex molecular architectures in a single step. This represents the first case where, in a single pot, highly acidic conditions followed by very basic conditions were tolerated to give products with high diastereoselectivities and good yields.
New Developments in Relativistic Viscous Hydrodynamics

Starting with a brief introduction into the basics of relativistic fluid dynamics, I discuss our current knowledge of a relativistic theory of fluid dynamics in the presence of (mostly shear) viscosity. Derivations based on the generalized second law of thermodynamics, kinetic theory, and a complete second-order gradient expansion are reviewed. The resulting fluid dynamic equations are shown to be consistent for all these derivations, when properly accounting for the respective region of applicability, and can be applied to both weakly and strongly coupled systems. In its modern formulation, relativistic viscous hydrodynamics can directly be solved numerically. This has been useful for the problem of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions, and I will review the setup and results of a hydrodynamic description of experimental data for this case.
A NOTE ON A SIMULATED STOCK MARKET

Abstract : The note describes a stock market game played in a simulated stock market associated with the playing of a business game. The possibility of using a stock market game as an experimental device to study expectations and market behavior is discussed and the data from a run of this game together with some analysis are presented. (Author)
A CAN-induced cyclodimerization-Ritter trapping strategy for the one-pot synthesis of 1-amino-4-aryltetralins from styrenes.

A facile one-pot synthesis of 1-amino-4-aryl-tetralin derivatives by the CAN-induced cyclodimerization of various styrenes in acetonitrile and acrylonitrile is described.
Vacuum system for the LBL Advanced Light Source (ALS)

A 1.5 to 1.9 GeV synchrotron light source is being built at LBL (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory). The vacuum system is designed to permit most synchrotron photons to escape the electron channel and be absorbed in an antechamber. The gas generated by the photons hitting the absorbers in the antechambers will be pumped by titanium sublimation pumps located directly under the absorbers. The electron channel and the antechamber are connected by a 10 mm high slot that offers good electrodynamic isolation of the two chambers for frequencies affecting the stored electron orbit. Twelve 10 m long vessels constitute the vacuum chambers for all the lattice magnets. Each chamber will be machined from two thick plates of 5083-H321 aluminum and welded at the perimeter. Machining both the inside and the outside of the vacuum chamber permits the use of complex and accurate surfaces. The use of thick plates allow flanges to be machined directly into the wall of each chamber, thus avoiding much welding. >
Permo-Triassic Collision, Subduction-Zone Metamorphism, and Tectonic Exhumation Along the East Asian Continental Margin

AbstractConvergent plate motion at ∼320–210 Ma generated the Tongbai-Dabie-Sulu (east-central China)-Imjingang-Gyeonggi (central Korea)-Renge-Suo (Southwestern Japan)-Sikhote-Alin orogen along the paleo-Pacific edge of cratonal Asia. This amalgamated belt reflects collision between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze cratons on the SW portion, and accretion of outboard oceanic arcs ± sialic fragments against the NE margin. Subducted Proterozoic-Paleozoic continental and oceanic crustal complexes underwent high- and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism at low to moderate temperatures. Tectonic slices of sialic crust episodically disengaged from the downgoing plate and, driven by buoyancy, ascended rapidly to midcrustal levels from depths exceeding 90–200 km after continental collision in east-central China plus or minus Korea, and from ∼30–50 km after arrival of far-traveled oceanic terranes in SW Japan and the Russian Far East. On achieving neutral buoyancy and stalling out at 10–20 km depth, later doming, gravitation...
Battery-aware power management based on Markovian decision processes

This paper addresses the problem of maximizing the capacity utilization of the battery power source in a portable electronic system under latency and loss rate constraints. First, a detailed stochastic model of a power-managed battery-powered electronic system is presented. The model, which is based on the theories of continuous-time Markovian decision processes (CTMDP) and stochastic networks, captures two important characteristics of today's rechargeable battery cells; i.e., the current rate-capacity characteristic and the relaxation induced capacity recovery. Next, the battery-aware dynamic power management (DPM) problem is formulated as a policy optimization problem and is solved by using a linear programming approach. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms existing methods by more than 20% in terms of battery service lifetime
The Transmission of Historical Racial Violence: Lynching, Civil Rights-Era Terror, and Contemporary Interracial Homicide

The Transmission of Historical Racial Violence: Lynching, Civil Rights–Era Terror, and Contemporary Interracial Homicide Race and Justice a The Author(s) 2015 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/2153368714567577 raj.sagepub.com Nick Petersen 1 and Geoff Ward 2 Abstract Research finds that historic racial violence helps predict spatial distributions of con- temporary outcomes, including homicide. These findings underscore the continued need to historicize modern race relations, yet intervening processes linking past violence with present events remain unclear. This study examines these intermediary mechanisms by reducing the century-long time-lapse common to legacy of racial violence research. We use mid-century measures of violent opposition to the Civil Rights Movement to bridge the historical gap between lynchings and later homicide, thus clarifying the dynamic and contingent nature of the legacy of racial violence. Structural equation models indicate that incidents of anti-civil rights enforcement and contemporary homicides are more likely to occur in areas with pronounced histories of lynching. Civil rights era assaults mediate the relationship between lynchings and contemporary homicide generally, but not White-on-Black homicide, signaling a need for further research documenting events of mid-century racial violence and clarifying these and other sources of historical transmission. Implications for future research and public policy are considered. Keywords subculture of violence, criminological theories, lynching, race and death penalty, hate/ bias crimes, victimization, homicides, interracial crime University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Corresponding Author: Nick Petersen, Department of Sociology, University of Miami, 5202 University Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA. Downloaded from raj.sagepub.com at UNIV CALIFORNIA IRVINE on January 30, 2015
Mean Curvature Flow in a Ricci Flow Background

Following work of Ecker (Comm Anal Geom 15:1025–1061, 2007), we consider a weighted Gibbons-Hawking-York functional on a Riemannian manifold-with-boundary. We compute its variational properties and its time derivative under Perelman’s modified Ricci flow. The answer has a boundary term which involves an extension of Hamilton’s differential Harnack expression for the mean curvature flow in Euclidean space. We also derive the evolution equations for the second fundamental form and the mean curvature, under a mean curvature flow in a Ricci flow background. In the case of a gradient Ricci soliton background, we discuss mean curvature solitons and Huisken monotonicity.
Source and Channel Simulation Using Arbitrary Randomness

Necessary and sufficient conditions for approximation of a general channel by a general source are proved. For the special case of a deterministic channel input, which corresponds to source simulation, we prove a stronger necessary condition. As the approximation criteria, vanishing variational distance between the original and the approximated quantity is used for both of the problems. Both necessary and sufficient conditions for the two problems are based on some individual properties of the sources and the channel and are relatively easy to evaluate. In particular, unlike prior results for this problem, our results do not require solving an optimization problem to test simulatability. The results are illustrated with several nonergodic examples.
Compliant articulation structure using superelastic NiTiNOL

A device that can provide articulation to surgical tool tips is needed in natural orifice transluminal endoscopy surgery (NOTES). In this paper, we propose a compliant articulation structure that uses superelastic NiTiNOL to achieve a large deflection angle and force in a compact size. Six geometric parameters are used to define this structure, and constraints based on the fabrication process are imposed. Using finite element analysis, a family of designs is evaluated in terms of the free deflection angle and blocked force. The same family of designs is evaluated for both NiTiNOL and stainless steel. It can be seen that significant benefits are observed when using NiTiNOL compared to 316 stainless steel; a maximum free deflection angle of 64.8° and maximum blocked force of 24.7 N are predicted. The structures are designed to avoid stress concentrations, and design guidelines are recommended. The meso-scale articulation structure is fabricated using both a Coherent Avia Q-switched, 355 nm laser and a Myachi Unitek 200 W single mode pulsed fiber laser with active water cooling. Select fabricated structures are then tested to validate the finite element models.
Shadow Price of Environmental Bads: Weak vs. Strong Disposability

This paper addresses the issue of the shadow price of environmental bads treated as an undesirable output (normal input) with weak (strong) disposability in a two-stage estimation. Nebraska agriculture sector time series data is spread over 1936-94. Results indicate the difference in the price due to the disposability property.
Self-powered herbicide biosensor utilizing thylakoid membranes

A self-powered biosensor has been developed for the detection of herbicides in water. It consists of a bio-solar cell incorporating thylakoid membranes at the bioanode for direct photoelectrocatalysis with an air-breathing platinum cathode. The biosolar cell produces power in the presence of light, but inhibition of photosystems of the thylakoids by herbicides leads to a decrease in current output. This current decrease can be used to determine herbicide concentration. This sensor was able to detect several commercial herbicides, including: atrazine, bromacil, and diuron with a linear response up to concentrations of ∼15 μg L−1 and limits of detection (LOD) below 0.5 μg L−1, which are below the EPA limits.
The Parametrized Probabilistic Finite-State Transducer Probe Game Player Fingerprint Model

Fingerprinting operators generate functional signatures of game players and are useful for their automated analysis independent of representation or encoding. The theory for a fingerprinting operator which returns the length-weighted probability of a given move pair occurring from playing the investigated agent against a general parametrized probabilistic finite-state transducer (PFT) is developed, applicable to arbitrary iterated games. Results for the distinguishing power of the 1-state opponent model, uniform approximability of fingerprints of arbitrary players, analyticity and Lipschitz continuity of fingerprints for logically possible players, and equicontinuity of the fingerprints of bounded-state probabilistic transducers are derived. Algorithms for the efficient computation of special instances are given; the shortcomings of a previous model, strictly generalized here from a simple projection of the new model, are explained in terms of regularity condition violations, and the extra power and functional niceness of the new fingerprints demonstrated. The 2-state deterministic finite-state transducers (DFTs) are fingerprinted and pairwise distances computed; using this the structure of DFTs in strategy space is elucidated.
Statistical classification of cascading failures in power grids

We introduce a new microscopic model of the outages in transmission power grids. This model accounts for the automatic response of the grid to load fluctuations that take place on the scale of minutes, when the optimum power flow adjustments and load shedding controls are unavailable. We describe extreme events, initiated by load fluctuations, which cause cascading failures of loads, generators and lines. Our model is quasi-static in the causal, discrete time and sequential resolution of individual failures. The model, in its simplest realization based on the Directed Current description of the power flow problem, is tested on three standard IEEE systems consisting of 30, 39 and 118 buses. Our statistical analysis suggests a straightforward classification of cascading and islanding phases in terms of the ratios between average number of removed loads, generators and links. The analysis also demonstrates sensitivity to variations in line capacities. Future research challenges in modeling and control of cascading outages over real-world power networks are discussed.
Spatially Resolved Circumstellar Structure of Herbig Ae/Be Stars in the Near-Infrared

We have conducted the first systematic study of Herbig Ae/Be stars using the technique of long baseline stellar interferometry in the near-infrared, with the objective of characterizing the distribution and properties of the circumstellar dust responsible for the excess near-infrared fluxes from these systems. The observations for this work have been conducted at the Infrared Optical Telescope Array (IOTA). The principal result of this paper is that the interferometer resolves the source of infrared excess in 11 of the 15 systems surveyed. A new binary, MWC 361-A, has been detected interferometrically for the first time. The visibility data for all the sources has been interpreted within the context of four simple models which represent a range of plausible representations for the brightness distribution of the source of excess emission: a Gaussian, a narrow uniform ring, a flat blackbody disk with a single temperature power law, and an infrared companion. We find that the characteristic sizes of the near-infrared emitting regions are larger than previously thought (0.5-5.9 AU, as given by the FWHM of the Gaussian intensity). A further major result of this paper is that the sizes measured, when combined with the observed spectral energy distributions, essentially rule out accretion disk models represented by blackbody disks with the canonical T(r) ∝ r-3/4 law. We also find that, within the range observed in this study, none of the sources (except the new binary) shows varying visibilities as the orientation of the interferometer baseline changes. This is the expected behavior for sources which appear circularly symmetric on the sky, and for the sources with the largest baseline position angle coverage (AB Aur, MWC 1080-A) asymmetric brightness distributions (such as inclined disks or binaries) become highly unlikely. Taken as an ensemble, with no clear evidence in favor of axisymmetric structure, the observations favor the interpretation that the circumstellar dust is distributed in spherical envelopes (the Gaussian model) or thin shells (the ring model). This interpretation is also supported by the result that the measured sizes, combined with the excess near-infrared fluxes, imply emission of finite optical depth, as required by the fact that the central stars are optically visible. The measured sizes and brightnesses do not correlate strongly with the luminosity of the central star. Moreover, in two cases, the same excess is observed from circumstellar structures that differ in size by more than a factor of 2 and surround essentially identical stars. Therefore, different physical mechanisms for the near-infrared emission may be at work in different cases, or alternatively, a single underlying mechanism with the property that the same infrared excess is produced on very different physical scales.
Compactness of the complex Green operator on CR-manifolds of hypersurface type

The purpose of this article is to study compactness of the complex Green operator on CR manifolds of hypersurface type. We introduce (CR-Pq), a potential theoretic condition on (0, q)-forms that generalizes Catlin's property (Pq) to CR manifolds of arbitrary codimension. We prove that if an embedded CR-manifold of hypersurface type of real dimension at least five satisfies (CR-Pq)and (CR-Pn 1 q), then the complex Green operator is a compact operator on the Sobolev spaces H s 0,q (M) and H s 0,n 1 q (M), if 1 ≤ q ≤ n − 2 and s ≥ 0. We use CR-plurisubharmonic functions to build a microlocal norm that controls the totally real direction of the tangent bundle. 1. Introduction and Results In this article, we introduce property (CR-Pq), a potential theoretic condition on (0, q)- forms. We show that if an embedded CR-manifold of hypersurface type satisfies (CR-Pq)and (CR-Pn−1−q), then the complex Green operator is a compact operator on the Sobolev spaces H s 0,q (M) and H s 0,n−1−q (M) if 1 ≤ q ≤ n − 2. We use CR-plurisubharmonic functions to build a microlocal norm that controls the "bad" direction of the tangent bundle. We first prove the closed range and compactness results on L 2,q (M) and use an elliptic regularization
Potential mechanisms of cancer prevention by weight control

Weight control via dietary caloric restriction and/or physical activity has been demonstrated in animal models for cancer prevention. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Body weight loss due to negative energy balance significantly reduces some metabolic growth factors and endocrinal hormones such as IGF-1, leptin, adiponectin, and glucocorticoids, etc., that may be associated with anti-cancer mechanisms. In this review, we summarized the recent studies related to weight control and growth factors. The potential molecular targets focused on those growth factors- and hormones-dependent cellular signaling pathways are further discussed. It appears that multiple factors and multiple signaling cascades, especially for Ras-MAPKproliferation and PI3K-Akt-anti-apoptosis, could be involved in response to weight change by dietary calorie restriction and/or exercise training. Considering prevalence of obesity or overweight that becomes apparent over the world, understanding the underlying mechanisms among weight control, endocrine change and cancer risk is critically important. Future studies using "-omics" technologies will be warrant for a broader and deeper mechanistic information regarding cancer prevention by weight control.
Network flow spanners

In this article, motivated by applications of ordinary (distance) spanners in communication networks and to address such issues as bandwidth constraints on network links, link failures, network survivability, etc., we introduce a new notion of flow spanner, where one seeks a spanning subgraph H = (V, E') of a graph G = (V, E) which provides a “good” approximation of the source-sink flows in G. We formulate several variants of this problem and investigate their complexities. Special attention is given to the version where H is required to be a tree. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2010 Results of this article were presented at the LATIN'06 conference [10].
A Cluster Distribution As A Model For Estimating High-Order-Event Probabilities In Power Systems

We propose the use of the cluster distribution, derived from a negative binomial probability model, to estimate the probability of high-order events in terms of number of lines outaged within a short time, useful in long-term planning and also in short-term operational defense to such events. We use this model to fit statistical data gathered for a 30-year period for North America. The model is compared to the commonly used Poisson model and the power-law model. Results indicate that the Poisson model underestimates the probability of higher-order events, whereas the power-law model overestimates it. We use the strict chi-square fitness test to compare the fitness of these three models and find that the cluster model is superior to the other two models for the data used in the study.
Cascading Link Failure in the Power Grid: A Percolation-Based Analysis

Large-scale power blackouts caused by cascading failure are inflicting enormous socioeconomic costs. We study the problem of cascading link failures in power networks modelled by random geometric graphs from a percolation-based viewpoint. To reflect the fact that links fail according to the amount of power flow going through them, we introduce a model where links fail according to a probability which depends on the number of neighboring links. We devise a mapping which maps links in a random geometric graph to nodes in a corresponding dual covering graph. This mapping enables us to obtain the first-known analytical conditions on the existence and non-existence of a large component of operational links after degree-dependent link failures. Finally, we present a simple but descriptive model for cascading link failure, and use the degree-dependent link failure results to obtain the first-known analytical conditions on the existence and non-existence of cascading link failures.
The computer simulation of automobile use patterns for defining battery requirements for electric cars

The study of a complex system is usually accomplished through analytical models which permit the direct calculation and optimization of the key parameters. In some cases parameters of interest can only be expressed as probability distributions, which complicates the modeling process. Here simulation methods are appropriate for developing a usable if not fully optimal solution to the problem. Since driving patterns vary from individual to individual, and from day to day for any one person, it is difficult to determine the daily driving range required for an urban automobile. This is a critical parameter for the analysis of electric vehicles because it fixes the energy density which the battery must deliver. A Monte Carlo simulation process was used to develop the United States daily range requirements for an electric vehicle from probability distributions of trip lengths and frequencies and average annual mileage data. The analysis shows that a car in the United States with a practical daily range of 82 mi (132 km) can meet the needs of the owner on 95 percent of the days of the year, or at all times other than his long vacation trips. Increasing the range of the vehicle beyond this point will not make it more useful to the owner because it will still not provide intercity transportation. A daily range of 82 mi can be provided by an intermediate battery technology level characterized by an energy density of 30 to 50 Wh/lb (66 to 110 Wh/kg). Candidate batteries in this class are nidkel-zinc, nickel-iron, and iron-air. The implication of these results for the research goals of far-term battery systems suggests a shift in emphasis toward lower cost and greater life and away from high energy density. In addition, if the implimentation of electric vehicles follows the "S-shaped" diffusion model typical of new technologies, the optimum strategy from the standpoint of saving petroleum is to introduce near-term, intermediate, and far-term battery technologies in vehicles at the earliest date at which each battery system can be developed to the point of commercialization.
An On-chip Calibration Technique for Reducing Supply Voltage Sensitivity in Ring Oscillators

A technique for reducing the supply voltage sensitivity of a ring oscillator using on-chip calibration is described. A 1-V 0.13-mum CMOS PLL demonstrates robust performance against VCO supply noise over operating frequencies of 0.5 to 2 GHz. In the presence of a 10-mV 1-MHz VCO supply noise, the measured rms jitter of the proposed PLL with on-chip calibration is 3.95 ps at a 1.4-GHz operating frequency, while a conventional design measures 8.22 ps rms jitter. For 10-MHz VCO supply noise, the measured rms jitter is improved from 16.8 ps to 3.97 ps. The total power consumption of the PLL is 9.6 mW at 1.4 GHz, and the combined core die area of the PLL and the calibration circuitry is 0.064 mm2
The empirical distribution of rate-constrained source codes

Let X = (X/sub 1/,...) be a stationary ergodic finite-alphabet source, X/sup n/ denote its first n symbols, and Y/sup n/ be the codeword assigned to X/sup n/ by a lossy source code. The empirical kth-order joint distribution Q/spl circ//sup k/[X/sup n/,Y/sup n//spl rceil/(x/sup k/,y/sup k/) is defined as the frequency of appearances of pairs of k-strings (x/sup k/,y/sup k/) along the pair (X/sup n/,Y/sup n/). Our main interest is in the sample behavior of this (random) distribution. Letting I(Q/sup k/) denote the mutual information I(X/sup k/;Y/sup k/) when (X/sup k/,Y/sup k/)/spl sim/Q/sup k/ we show that for any (sequence of) lossy source code(s) of rate /spl les/R lim sup/sub n/spl rarr//spl infin//(1/k)I(Q/spl circ//sup k/[X/sup n/,Y/sup n//spl rfloor/) /spl les/R+(1/k)H (X/sub 1//sup k/)-H~(X) a.s. where H~(X) denotes the entropy rate of X. This is shown to imply, for a large class of sources including all independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.). sources and all sources satisfying the Shannon lower bound with equality, that for any sequence of codes which is good in the sense of asymptotically attaining a point on the rate distortion curve Q/spl circ//sup k/[X/sup n/,Y/sup n//spl rfloor//spl rArr//sup d/P(X/sup k/,Y~/sup k/) a.s. whenever P(/sub X//sup k//sub ,Y//sup k/) is the unique distribution attaining the minimum in the definition of the kth-order rate distortion function. Consequences of these results include a new proof of Kieffer's sample converse to lossy source coding, as well as performance bounds for compression-based denoisers.
Long memory relationships and the aggregation of dynamic models

By aggregating simple, possibly dependent, dynamic micro-relationships, it is shown that the aggregate series may have univariate long-memory models and obey integrated, or infinite length transfer function relationships. A long-memory time series model is one having spectrum or order ω-2d for small frequencies ω, d > 0. These models have infinite variance for d ≥ ½ but finite variance for d > ½. For d = 1 the series that need to be differenced to achieve stationarity occur, but this case is not found to occur from aggregation. It is suggested that if series obeying such models occur in practice, from aggregation, then present techniques being used for analysis are not appropriate.
Failure analysis requirements for nanoelectronics

Failure analysis (FA) plays a vital role in the development and manufacture of integrated circuits. However, instrumental limits are already threatening FA in the tenth-micron CMOS realm, and nanoelectronic devices will find key analytical tools two orders of magnitude removed in capability. This paper will introduce state-of-the-art microelectronic failure analysis processes, instrumentation, and principles. It will discuss the major limitations and future prospects determined from industry roadmaps. Specifically highlighted is the need for a fault isolation methodology for failure analysis of fully integrated nanoelectronics devices.
Diels–Alder reactions in pyridinium based ionic liquids

Abstract Diels–Alder reactions have been investigated in pyridinium based ionic liquids. These solvents are found to be more effective compared to the organic solvent studied, in enhancing the reaction rate and product yields. Recycled ionic liquids also gave excellent results.
Electrohydrodynamic manipulation of particles adsorbed on the surface of a drop

In our previous studies we have shown that particles adsorbed on the surface of a drop can be concentrated at its poles or equator by applying a uniform electric field. This happens because even when the applied electric field is uniform the electric field on the surface of the drop is nonuniform, and so particles adsorbed on the surface are subjected to dielectrophoretic (DEP) forces. In this paper, we study the behavior of adsorbed particles at low electric field frequencies when the drop and ambient liquids are weakly conducting dielectric liquids, and model it using a leaky dielectric model. The electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flow which arises because of the accumulation of charge on the surface of the drop can be from pole-to-equator or equator-to-pole depending on the properties of the drop and ambient liquids. The flow however diminishes with increasing frequency and there is a critical frequency at which the drag force on a particle due to the EHD flow becomes equal to the DEP force, and above this critical frequency the DEP force dominates. When the fluid and particles properties are such that the EHD and DEP forces are in the opposite directions, particles can be collected at the poles or the equator, and also can be moved from the poles to the equator, or vice versa, by varying the frequency. Also, it is possible to separate the particles of a binary mixture when the critical frequencies of the two types of particles are different.
Development and demonstration of a new class of adaptive partial state feedback controllers for electric machines

Abstract The design and implementation of a family of adaptive, partial state feedback controllers are presented for the nonlinear, third-order model commonly used to represent the permanent magnet stepper (PMS) motor, the brushless D.C. (BLDC) motor, or the switched reluctance (SR) motor driving a position dependent load. Specifically, despite parametric uncertainty, the controllers achieve rotor position tracking via measurements of rotor position and stator current. The adaptive control is based on the use of a dynamic filter to generate a rotor velocity-related signal, gradient-type update laws to compensate for parametric uncertainty, and nonlinear damping control terms to null out the effects of unmeasurable signals. The control design technique is fully detailed for the PMS motor and includes the development of the closed-loop error systems and a proof of global asymptotic position tracking. The design approach is then reformulated for the BLDC and SR actuators. Finally, the controllers are applied to off-the-shelf industrial motors to demonstrate the effectiveness of the adaptive control scheme.
Ties that bind: The value of professional connections to sell-side analysts

We examine professional connections among executives and analysts formed through overlapping historical employment. Analysts with professional connections to coverage firms have more accurate earni...
Learning from the Data: Mining of Large High-Throughput Screening Databases

High-throughput screening (HTS) campaigns in pharmaceutical companies have accumulated a large amount of data for several million compounds over a couple of hundred assays. Despite the general awareness that rich information is hidden inside the vast amount of data, little has been reported for a systematic data mining method that can reliably extract relevant knowledge of interest for chemists and biologists. We developed a data mining approach based on an algorithm called ontology-based pattern identification (OPI) and applied it to our in-house HTS database. We identified nearly 1500 scaffold families with statistically significant structure-HTS activity profile relationships. Among them, dozens of scaffolds were characterized as leading to artifactual results stemming from the screening technology employed, such as assay format and/or readout. Four types of compound scaffolds can be characterized based on this data mining effort: tumor cytotoxic, general toxic, potential reporter gene assay artifact, and target family specific. The OPI-based data mining approach can reliably identify compounds that are not only structurally similar but also share statistically significant biological activity profiles. Statistical tests such as Kruskal-Wallis test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) can then be applied to the discovered scaffolds for effective assignment of relevant biological information. The scaffolds identified by our HTS data mining efforts are an invaluable resource for designing SAR-robust diversity libraries, generating in silico biological annotations of compounds on a scaffold basis, and providing novel target family specific scaffolds for focused compound library design.
Generating Maps on Surfaces

We describe procedures for generating all 2-cell embedded simple graphs with up to a fixed number of vertices on a given surface. We also modify these procedures to generate closed 2-cell embeddings and polyhedral embeddings. We give results of computer implementations of these procedures for seven surfaces: the sphere, the torus, the double torus, the projective plane, the Klein bottle, the triple cross surface, and the quadruple cross surface.
The Forest for the Trees: How Humans Shaped the North Woods

The Forest for the Trees: How Humans Shaped the North Woods DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v58i4_parkinson
Experimental Evidence on the Relation between Tax Rates and Compliance: The Effect of Earned vs. Endowed Income

In this paper, we report the results of an experiment designed to determine whether the manner in which income is obtained (earned vs. endowed) affects the relation between tax rates and taxpayer compliance. Our experiment consisted of an income phase and a tax‐reporting phase. In the income phase, participants were either endowed with $20 or were required to earn $20 by performing a one‐hour multiplication exercise. In the tax‐reporting phase, participants decided how much of their $20 in income to report on their tax returns. Consistent with prior experimental evidence, we find that when income is endowed, participants respond to a tax rate increase by reporting less taxable income. In contrast, but consistent with economic theory and some archival‐empirical evidence, we find that when income is earned, participants respond to a tax rate increase by reporting more taxable income. Collectively, the results suggest that income is not a fungible commodity and that tax‐payer responses to changes in policy v...
Framing image description as a ranking task: data, models and evaluation metrics

In [Hodosh et al., 2013], we establish a ranking-based framework for sentence-based image description and retrieval. We introduce a new dataset of images paired with multiple descriptive captions that was specifically designed for these tasks. We also present strong KCCA-based baseline systems for description and search, and perform an in-depth study of evaluation metrics for these two tasks. Our results indicate that automatic evaluation metrics for our ranking-based tasks are more accurate and robust than those proposed for generation-based image description.