cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Private benefits and metabolic conflicts shape the emergence of microbial interdependencies

Summary Microbes perform many costly biological functions that benefit themselves, and may also benefit neighbouring cells. Losing the ability to perform such functions can be advantageous due to cost savings, but when they are essential for growth, organisms become dependent on ecological partners to compensate for those losses. When multiple functions may be lost, the ecological outcomes are potentially diverse, including independent organisms only; one-way dependency, where one partner performs all functions and others none; or mutual interdependency where partners perform complementary essential functions. What drives these different outcomes? We develop a model where organisms perform ‘leaky’ functions that provide both private and public benefits to explore the consequences of privatization level, costs and essentiality on influencing these outcomes. We show that mutual interdependency is favoured at intermediate levels of privatization for a broad range of conditions. One-way dependency, in contrast, is only favoured when privatization is low and loss-of-function benefits are accelerating. Our results suggest an interplay between privatization level and shape of benefits from loss in driving microbial dependencies. Given the ubiquity of microbial functions that are inevitably leaked and the ease of mutational inactivation, our findings may help to explain why microbial interdependencies are common in nature.
Role of Climate in Ecosystem Differentiation

Climate is the composite, long-term, or generally prevailing weather of a region. As a source of energy and water, it acts as the primary control for ecosystem distribution (Figure 4.1).
Infrared spectroscopy of biologic materials in aqueous solutions.

A technique is described for obtaining the spectra of biologic materials in aqueous media (H2O and D2O) over the frequency range 2000 cm−1 to 700 cm−1. It is now possible to use infrared spectroscopy not only for the identification of substances such as proteins and nucleic acids in their native states, but also to study their reactions and interactions with other materials. Examples are shown of the infrared spectra in aqueous solutions of proteins, nucleic acids, and nucleoproteins, as well as suspensions of living bacteria.
Mayr, mathematics and the study of evolution

In 1959 Ernst Mayr challenged the relevance of mathematical models to evolutionary studies and was answered by JBS Haldane in a witty and convincing essay. Fifty years on, I conclude that the importance of mathematics has in fact increased and will continue to do so.
Automotive Adsorption Air Conditioner Powered by Exhaust Heat. Part 2: Detailed Design and Analysis

AbstractThis paper presents the detailed design and analysis of an automotive adsorption air conditioner, particularly the critical components, the adsorbent canisters, or adsorbers, and the exhaust-to-oil heater. The best adsorbent-refrigerant combination is activated carbonammonia. For the adsorber shell and tubes, austenitic stainless steel 304 has sufficient fatigue strength at 300 °C and is compatible with ammonia. Annular fins and wool inside the adsorbers are nickel-plated low-carbon steel. The exhaust-to-oil heater is of ferritic stainless steel and can withstand heating beyond 400 °C. The adsorbers, oil heater, and refrigerant reservoir are sized on the basis of the cooling requirement for a subcompact car during a typical commute, as defined in Part 1. The refrigerant reservoir provides immediate cooling upon start-up of a cold engine while the exhaust system and adsorbers are heating. A thermal reservoir containing phase-change material (PCM) allows full recharging of the refrigerant reservoir ...
The Elements of a Hand Held Device for Nurse Access to Home Healthcare Monitors

Home-based patient monitors have limited access for field nurses when they are away from their desktop computers and central monitoring station software. The major consequences of this are delayed responses to patient problems, possibly leading to less effective treatment. Further, nurses' laptops lack mobility and versatility, which often makes it difficult for them to quickly access patient information during a variety of tasks. Using nurse demographic information, requirements gathering, and observations from 15 nurses, a design concept for both a longer-term nurse hand held device with a touch screen interface, as well as a simple cellular telephone application that can receive SMS messages on patient problems from the central monitoring station were proposed. It was anticipated that after successful user testing with nurses on the simpler cellular telephone application, that a more capable application could be developed for their cellular telephones with the ability to send and receive information fr...
Analysis of phase-sweeping multiantenna systems in slow fading channels

We investigate the effective temporal diversity property of a multiantenna system employing the phase sweeping transmit diversity (PSTD) scheme in a slow fading channel. We analyze how the number of transmit antennas used for phase sweeping and the sweeping frequency spacing affect the normalized time mean-square covariance (NTMSV) value which characterizes the temporal diversity of a channel. It is revealed that, in some situations, given the maximum sweeping frequency, there is an optimal antenna number that maximizes the temporal diversity, and the NTMSV can be used to find the optimal antenna number. Although the temporal diversity provided by PSTD is at the expense of the spatial diversity, we show by analyzing the fundamental tradeoff between the spatial diversity and the temporal diversity that the overall diversity gain can be maintained when applying the PSTD technique. Numerical results show that, with low complexity receivers, the coded PSTD multiple antenna system is a promising candidate to exploit the possible diversity in slow fading channels.
Shoulder proprioception and function following thermal capsulorraphy

Purpose: Because monopolar radiofrequency energy has a denaturing effect on the glenohumeral joint capsule during thermal capsulorraphy, we hypothesized that thermal treatment would have a deleterious effect on the mechanoreceptors present within the capsule, thereby affecting proprioception and function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate proprioception and function following thermal capsulorraphy. Type of Study: Case series. Methods: Twenty subjects (13 male, 7 female) diagnosed with unilateral anterior, anteroinferior, or multidirectional glenohumeral instability with no significant concomitant pathologies, were treated with monopolar radiofrequency thermal capsulorraphy by one surgeon. Capsular redundancy was the primary diagnosis in all subjects. Subjects were bilaterally tested retrospectively 6 to 24 months (11.90 5.65 months) following surgery. Each subject’s ability to actively reproduce joint positions (ARJP) and reproduce paths of motion (PMR) was measured with an electromagnetic motion analysis system. Both passive reproduction of joint positions (PRJP) and threshold to detect passive motion (TTDPM) were measured using a proprioception testing device. Function was quantified with the Shoulder Rating Questionnaire (SRQ). Proprioception data were analyzed with separate repeated measures ANOVA (P .05). Results: Statistical analysis revealed a significant ARJP difference between the involved and uninvolved limb (P .005) indicating that reproduction error was less with the involved limb compared to the uninvolved limb. No significant interactions were present for TTDPM, PRJP, or PMR. The SRQ indicates that the subjects returned to near normal function (91.86/100 5.38 points) at the time of testing. Conclusions: The results from this study do not support our hypothesis of proprioception and functional deficits following thermal treatment. Normalized proprioception following thermal capsulorraphy may have resulted from the healing effects of thermal treated ligament, as reported in the literature, as well as facilitation of other mechanoreceptors present in adjacent tissue about the shoulder joint during rehabilitation. The results of this study indicate that no appreciative deleterious effects exist with proprioception and function following treatment of shoulder instability with thermal capsulorraphy. Key Words: Radiofrequency—Arthroscopy—Shoulder instability—Mechanoreceptor.
Effect of an emergency department fast track on Press-Ganey patient satisfaction scores.

Introduction: Mandated patient surveys have become an integral part of Medicare remuneration, putting hundreds of millions of dollars in funding at risk. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) recently announced a patient experience survey for the emergency department (ED). Development of an ED Fast Track, where lower acuity patients are rapidly seen, has been shown to improve many of the metrics that CMS examines. This is the first study examining if ED Fast Track implementation affects Press-Ganey scores of patient satisfaction. Methods: We analyzed returned Press-Ganey questionnaires from all ESI 4 and 5 patients seen 11AM - 11PM, August-December 2011 (pre-fast track), and during the identical hours of fast track, August-December 2012. Raw ordinal scores were converted to continuous scores for paired student t-test analysis. We calculated an odds ratio with 100% satisfaction considered a positive response. Results: An academic ED with 52,000 annual visits had 140 pre-fast track and 85 fast track respondents. Implementation of a fast track significantly increased patient satisfaction with the following: wait times (68% satisfaction to 88%, OR 4.13, 95% CI [2.32-7.33]), doctor courtesy (90% to 95%, OR 1.97, 95% CI [1.04-3.73]), nurse courtesy (87% to 95%, OR 2.75, 95% CI [1.46-5.15]), pain control (79% to 87%, OR 2.13, 95% CI [1.16-3.92]), likelihood to recommend (81% to 90%, OR 2.62, 95% CI [1.42-4.83]), staff caring (82% to 91%, OR 2.82, 95% CI [1.54-5.19]), and staying informed about delays (66% to 83%, OR 3.00, 95% CI [1.65-5.44]). Conclusion: Implementation of an ED Fast Track more than doubled the odds of significant improvements in Press-Ganey patient satisfaction metrics and may play an important role in improving ED performance on CMS benchmarks.[West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(1):–0.]
Optical functions of discontinuous aluminum films: intraband and interband contributions to particle resonance absorption

We have developed a comprehensive optical model that accounts for the continuous evolution of the effective optical functions of discontinuous Al (particle) films in the vicinity of the resonance absorption feature as a function of the particle size. We obtain unprecedented agreement between the calculated and experimental results for both real and imaginary parts of the effective dielectric functions of particle films that are from 1 to 6 nm in thickness. The experimental studies rely on a unique rapid-scanning multichannel ellipsometer to collect (ψ,Δ) spectra from 1.3 to 4.0 eV during Al particle-film growth by evaporation and sputtering onto SiO2/c–Si substrates. In a least-squares regression analysis the effective dielectric functions that we obtained experimentally are fitted to a generalized Maxwell-Garnett effective-medium theory with three free parameters. Two parameters describe the particle-film morphology. The third parameter is the mean free path, which we assume to be common to electrons that participate in both intraband and interband transitions. From the modeling we find that the optical functions of the particles themselves are remarkably independent of size and shape as well as of the method of preparation. This is presumably because scattering at defects that are internal to the particles determines the electron relaxation time. The simplifying assumption regarding particle-film morphology (i.e., identical spheroids) does not appear to compromise these conclusions. From the overall study we conclude that the crystalline quality of substrate-supported metallic particles as small as 0.5 nm in radius can be assessed solely from noninvasive real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements.
La historia de un fecundo error: El club Dumas de Arturo Pérez-Reverte

Arturo Perez-Reverte's vision of literature in El club Dumas derives, in part, from two fundamental principles of chaos, namely, indeterminacy and nonlinear cause-effect relations (the absence of direct connections between causes and their effects). A reading of El club Dumas in terms of indeterminacy reveals that Miguel de Unamuno's Niebla contributes to defining Perez-Reverte's metafiction as a literary representation of existential uncertainty. In addition, nonlinear intertextuality provides Perez-Reverte's novel with the notions of unpredictability and the unexpected. As a consequence, El club Dumas encourages readers to regard the possibility of error as a critical source of intellectual knowledge, creative innovation, and personal growth.
THE EFFECT OF ESTABLISHING COHERENCE IN ELLIPSIS AND ANAPHORA RESOLUTION

This paper presents a new model of anaphoric processing that utilizes the establishment of coherence relations between clauses in a discourse. We survey data that comprises a currently stalemated argument over whether VP-ellipsis is an inherently syntactic or inherently semantic phenomenon, and show that the data can be handled within a uniform discourse processing architecture. This architecture, which revises the dichotomy between ellipsis vs. Model Interpretive Anaphora given by Sag and Hankamer (1984), is also able to accommodate divergent theories and data for pronominal reference resolution. The resulting architecture serves as a baseline system for modeling the role of cohesive devices in natural language.
Heavy-truck drivers' following behavior with intervention of an integrated, in-vehicle crash warning system: a field evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: This study is designed to evaluate heavy-truck drivers' following behavior and how a crash warning system influences their headway maintenance. BACKGROUND: Rear-end crashes are one of the major crash types involving heavy trucks and are more likely than other crash types to result in fatalities. Previous studies have observed positive effects of in-vehicle crash warning systems in passenger car drivers. Although heavy-truck drivers are generally more experienced, driver-related errors are still the leading factors contributing to heavy-truck-related rear-end crashes. METHOD: Data from a 10-month naturalistic driving study were used. Participants were 18 professional heavy-truck drivers who received warnings during the last 8 months of the study (treatment period) but not during the first 2 months (baseline period). Time headway and driver's brake reaction time were extracted and compared with condition variables, including one between-subjects variable (driver shift) and five within-subjects variables (treatment condition, roadway types, traffic density, wiper state, and trailer configuration). RESULTS: The presence of warnings resulted in a 0.28-s increase of mean time headway with dense on-road traffic and a 0.20-s increase with wipers on. Drivers also responded to the forward conflicts significantly faster (by 0.26 s, a 15% enhancement) in the treatment condition compared with responses in the baseline condition. CONCLUSION: Positive effects on heavy-truck drivers' following performance were observed with the warning system. APPLICATION: The installation of such in-vehicle crash warning systems can help heavy-truck drivers help avoid close following in challenging situations and respond quicker to potential traffic conflicts, therefore possibly increasing heavy-truck longitudinal driving safety. Language: en
The United States and Asia in 2012: Domestic Politics Takes Charge

Domestic politics in key Asian-Pacific countries dominated 2012, but the region felt China9s increasing weight on sensitive issues. China9s neighbors found themselves struggling to balance their growing need for the Chinese market and good relations with Beijing with outside support from the U.S. to resist Chinese pressure on the weaker states.
Applying Structural Family Therapy in the Changing Context of the Modern African American Single Mother

Structural Family Therapy (SFT) was developed by Salvador Minuchin in the 1960s, informed by the impact of the social and economic climate on his clients. While much has changed, racial minorities in the United States still face sociopolitical disadvantages. The authors of this article examine the applicability of SFT as a culturally competent modality for working with African American single mothers in this contemporary social context. The authors trace the context in which SFT was developed, discuss the current social climate, provide case examples to illustrate SFT’s efficacy across time, and discuss the role of empowerment and black feminism in contemporary SFT.
Coupled-mode theory for film-coupled plasmonic nanocubes

Planar metallic nanoparticles separated by nanoscale distances from a metal film support unique plasmonic resonances useful for controlling a wide range of photodynamic processes. The fundamental resonance of a film-coupled planar nanoparticle arises from a transmission-line mode localized between nanoparticle and film, whose properties can be roughly approximated by closed form expressions similar to those used in patch antenna theory. The insight provided by the analytical expressions, and the potential of achieving similar closed-form expressions for a range of plasmonic phenomenon such as spasing, fluorescence enhancement, and perfect absorbers, motivates a more detailed study of the film-coupled patch. Here, we present an expanded analytical analysis of the plasmonic patch geometry, applying an eigenmode expansion method to arrive at a more accurate description of the field distribution underneath a film-coupled plasmonic nanocube. The fields corresponding to the inhomogeneous Maxwell's equations are expanded in a set of lossless waveguide eigenmodes. Radiation damping and Ohmic losses are then perturbatively taken into account by considering an equivalent surface impedance. We find that radiative loss couples the lossless eigenmodes, leading to discernible features in the scattering spectra of the nanocubes. The method presented can be further applied to the case of point source excitations, in which accounting for all potential eigenmodes becomes essential.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Brain Iron

A prominently decreased signal intensity in the globus pallidum, reticular substantia nigra, red nucleus, and dentate nucleus was routinely noted in 150 consecutive individuals on T2-weighted images (SE 2000/100) using a high field strength (1.5 T) MR system. This MR finding correlated closely with the decreased estimated T2 relaxation times and the sites of preferential accumulation of ferric iron using the Perls staining method on normal postmortem brains. The decreased signal intensity on T2-weighted images thus provides an accurate in vivo map of the normal distribution of brain iron. Perls stain and MR studies in normal brain also confirm an intermediate level of iron distribution in the striatum, and still lower levels in the cerebral gray and white matter. In the white matter, iron concentration is (a) absent in the most posterior portion of the internal capsule and optic radiations, (b) higher in the frontal than occipital regions, and (c) prominent in the subcortical “U” fibers, particularly in the temporal lobe. There is no iron in the brain at birth; it increases progressively with aging. Knowledge of the distribution of brain iron should assist in elucidating normal anatomic structures and in understanding neurodegenerative, demyelinating, and cerebrovascular disorders.
Extracellular Vesicles: Satellites of Information Transfer in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology

The generation and shedding of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles (MVs), by cells has emerged as a form of intercellular communication with important roles in several physiological processes and diseases such as cancer. These membrane-enclosed packets can transfer specific proteins, RNA transcripts, microRNAs, and even DNA to target cells, thereby altering their function. Despite the exponential growth of the EV field, a great deal remains unclear about the mechanisms that regulate exosome and MV biogenesis, as well as about how to isolate different classes of EVs and how to best take advantage of them for clinical applications.
Normative Life Crises: Academic Perspectives

Philosophers of science suggest that the scientist must be of a higher order of complexity than his object of study. The social sciences, in which men study men, may obey this principle through reductionist study, or violate it by acknowledging through such approaches as participant observation that the object of study is fully as complex as the scientist. The Fourth Life-Span Developmental Psychology Conference brought together academic and applied perspectives, and, in the course of dialogue across disciplinary boundaries, exposed some of the constraints that affect the study of the life span. The time-limited setting in which practitioners work served as a reminder of the temporal constraints that bind the theoretician as well: In the long run we are all short-term. Perspectives from other disciplines which address the social and historical context of development led to a broader sensitivity to the contextual constraints that limit any life-span model of development: These models sometimes seem to emerge by subtraction, as though after removing social, economic, political, and historical influences, what remains is the life-span developmental process, when in fact life-span development does not occur outside a specific context, and thus cannot be studied without it. For the very reasons that the field of life-span developmental psychology is fertile, then, it is bound to fall short of its goal.
Animal Rights Unraveled: Why Abolitionism Collapses into Welfarism and What It Means for Animal Ethics

Most people support laws that seek to reduce the suffering of animals. Yet animal cruelty statutes and other kinds of animal welfare laws are under sustained attack by the so-called abolitionists. Animal rights abolitionists claim that it is categorically wrong to treat animals as commodities, and animal welfare laws should be opposed because they do not alter the property status of animals. Abolitionists also claim that animal welfare regulations do not meaningfully reduce animal suffering. In fact, abolitionists argue that such statutes likely increase future animal suffering, either by delaying the advent of abolition or by soothing the conscience of those who want to continue consumption of animal products. This Article contends that this claim is false and in tension with the core philosophical commitments of abolitionism. There is simply no empirical evidence that supports the counterintuitive claim that animal welfare laws do not meaningfully reduce animal suffering. In fact, both intuition and the few empirical studies that exist suggest that animal welfare statutes do reduce animal suffering. If animal welfare regulations succeed in meaningfully reducing animal suffering, then abolitionists must confront what this Article calls the “abolitionist’s dilemma.” On the one hand, abolitionists could embrace animal welfare regulations, in which case their core opposition to laws that presuppose the property status of animals would be compromised. On the other hand, they could oppose animal welfare regulations that reduce animal suffering solely because they continue to commoditize animals. This would reveal that abolitionists are willing to sacrifice animal welfare in the present with the hopes of achieving an uncertain and unlikely abolition in the future. Not caring about present animal suffering would make the abolitionist position not only politically unpalatable, but also ethically unattractive in a most profound kind of way. As a result, abolitionists should embrace animal welfare statutes that meaningfully reduce suffering, even if doing so means that the abolitionist program as we know it would cease to exist.
Fibroblast growth factor-2 drives and maintains progressive corneal neovascularization following HSV-1 infection

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection of the cornea induces vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)-dependent lymphangiogenesis that continues to develop well beyond the resolution of infection. Inflammatory leukocytes infiltrate the cornea and have been implicated to be essential for corneal neovascularization, an important clinically relevant manifestation of stromal keratitis. Here we report that cornea infiltrating leukocytes including neutrophils and T cells do not have a significant role in corneal neovascularization past virus clearance. Antibody-mediated depletion of these cells did not impact lymphatic or blood vessel genesis. Multiple pro-angiogenic factors including IL-6, angiopoietin-2, hepatocyte growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), VEGF-A, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were expressed within the cornea following virus clearance. A single bolus of dexamethasone at day 10 post infection (pi) resulted in suppression of blood vessel genesis and regression of lymphatic vessels at day 21 pi compared to control-treated mice. Whereas IL-6 neutralization had a modest impact on hemangiogenesis (days 14-21 pi) and lymphangiogenesis (day 21 pi) in a time-dependent fashion, neutralization of FGF-2 had a more pronounced effect on the suppression of neovascularization (blood and lymphatic vessels) in a time-dependent, leukocyte-independent manner. Furthermore, FGF-2 neutralization suppressed the expression of all pro-angiogenic factors measured and preserved visual acuity.
Kidney Transplantation in Cirrhotic Patients

Cirrhotic patients with concurrent end-stage renal disease pose a unique challenge in their management. In many cases, a combined liver and kidney transplantation is performed but there is a significant amount of cases where cirrhosis is well compensated and the patient does not have a straightforward indication for liver transplantation. Kidney transplantation alone could take these patients off dialysis; however, there is the danger of liver decompensation and subsequent mortality, as in any other major surgery performed in cirrhotics. Many centers deny kidney transplantation in cirrhotics, but there are data to support that if planed carefully with appropriate selection of donors and recipients, kidney transplantation alone in certain cirrhotic patients is indicated and appropriate.
Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge to Forest and Degraded Land

The paper summarizes research done over a decade at the Savannah River Site and elsewhere in the South evaluating the benefits of land application of municipal wastes. Studies have demonstrated that degraded lands, ranging from borrow pits to mine spoils can be successfully revegetated using a mixture of composed municipal sewage sludge and other amendments. The studies have demonstrated a practical approach to land application and restoration.
A novel missense mutation in AIFM1 results in axonal polyneuropathy and misassembly of OXPHOS complexes.

Background and purpose Apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondrion-associated-1 (AIFM1) in mitochondria has captured a great deal of attention due to its well-described function in apoptosis. Mutations in AIFM1 have resulted in multiple clinical phenotypes, including X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4. These syndromes usually involve multiple locations within the nervous system and/or multiple organs. This study describes a novel missense mutation in AIFM1 and its associated peripheral nerve disease. Methods Patients with AIFM1 mutation were characterized clinically, electrophysiologically, genetically and by magnetic resonance imaging. The fibroblasts were isolated from the patients to study mitochondrial OXPHOS complexes. Results We identified a family with a novel missense mutation (Phe210Leu) in AIFM1 who developed an isolated late-onset axonal polyneuropathy in which the central nervous system and other organs were spared. Interestingly, this Phe210Leu mutation resulted in abnormal assembly of mitochondrial complex I and III, and failed to disrupt AIFM1 binding with mitochondrial intermembrane space import and assembly protein 40 (MIA40) in the patients' cells. Deficiency of either AIFM1 or MIA40 is known to impair the assembly of mitochondrial complex I and IV. However, levels of both AIFM1 and MIA40 were unchanged. Conclusions Phe210Leu mutation in AIFM1 induces an axonal polyneuropathy that might be contributed by the misassembly of mitochondrial complex I and III. This misassembly appears to be independent of the traditional mechanism via AIFM1/MIA40 deficiency.
Robust Likelihood Cross-Validation for Kernel Density Estimation

Likelihood cross-validation for kernel density estimation is known to be sensitive to extreme observations and heavy-tailed distributions. We propose a robust likelihood-based cross-validation meth...
Methodologies for calibration testing of non-destructive monitoring techniques

This paper presents statistical methodologies for calibration testing of non-destructive monitoring techniques. An example of a falling weight deflectometer (FWD), a device for non-destructive pavement testing is used here. These devices measure deflections of pavements subjected to impulse forces produced by falling weights. For the purpose of data collection, four FWDs were precisely calibration under laboratory conditions. Formal analysis based on statistical models showed marked differences among FWD readings and confirmed that the differences were statistically significant. The main tools used are an exploratory data analysis using graphical methods, and nested models with a continuous covariate and mixed effects.
Integration and Excision of Bacteriophage λ

Coliphage λ is a temperate virus. A fraction of λ infected bacterial cells survive, and some of the survivors become lysogens. Lysogens are bacteria that have stably acquired two new properties, i.e., immunity to infection by a further challenge of virus and the capacity to produce infective virus. The new properties reflect the presence of λ prophage, the genome of λ virus as it occurs in lysogens. Lysogenization, the establishment of the prophage-containing state, was recognized early to depend on two potentially independent processes. First, lytic growth of the virus must be prevented or the infected cell will die. This process is accomplished primarily by λ repressor whose molecular basis of action and role in lysogeny are described in detail in recent reviews (Pirrotta, 1976); Ptashne et al., 1976). Second, the prophage must be made to replicate in parity with the host genome. For lysogens of phage λ, this is accomplished by the insertion of the entire viral genome into the host genome, forming a single continuous chromosome in which the viral DNA is replicated as part of the host genome.
Void fraction prediction and one-dimensional drift-flux analysis for horizontal two-phase flow in different pipe sizes

Abstract The current work seeks to perform the one-dimensional drift-flux analysis for horizontal gas-dispersed flow, to provide closure models for void fraction and to investigate the relative motion between gas and liquid phases. A reliable experimental database for void fraction and bubble velocity is first established over a wide range of flow conditions for bubbly, plug and slug flows in different pipe sizes, due to the limitations of existing database. It is found that the effects of flow regime and pipe size on the drift-flux analysis are insignificant. The drift velocity is found to be negative in horizontal bubbly flow. This is consistent with the conclusion by the 〈α〉–〈β〉 analysis, where the slope is found to be greater than one. This indicates that the gas phase moves slower than the liquid phase in horizontal bubbly flow. The analysis also indicates that the horizontal plug and slug flows are relatively more homogeneous than horizontal bubbly flow. As such, the homogeneous flow model can predict the void fraction better for plug and slug flows. The current drift-flux analysis provides closure relations for C0 and 〈〈Vgj〉〉 that can be employed in TRACE, while existing closure relations are developed for vertical flow and cannot be used for horizontal flow prediction. In addition, various void fraction models in literature are evaluated. It is found that the correlations modified from vertical flow generally cannot predict the void fraction well for horizontal flow. The correlations for plug and slug flows by Franca and Lahey, and Lamari underestimate the void fraction, which may be because these correlations are developed for relatively low jf conditions, while the current work focuses on conditions at jf greater than 2.0 m/s.
3-D Graphical Representation for Indoor Objects Based on A Bayesian Model

Collision avoidance for unmanned aerial vehicles requires dealing with a high-level of uncertainty. Classifying the existing object before dealing with it allows predicting the object’s position with a reduced uncertainty level. In this paper we propose a 3-D graphical representation for indoor objects’ occupancies based on a probabilistic Bayesian model.
Survival and Growth of Callicarpa americana (American Beautyberry) of Northern and Southern Origin in USDA Hardiness Zones 5 and 6

Abstract Our objective was to determine whether provenance of origin and use of organic mulch influence survival, vegetative growth, and the number and size of fruit of Callicarpa americana L. (Ame...
Association between adjuvant posterior repair and success of native tissue apical suspension.

Abstract Background Posterior repairs and perineorrhaphies are often performed in prolapse surgery to reduce the size of the genital hiatus. The benefit of an adjuvant posterior repair at the time of sacrospinous ligament fixation or uterosacral ligament suspension is unknown. Objective We aimed to determine if an adjuvant posterior repair at transvaginal apical suspension is associated with improved surgical success. Study Design This secondary analysis of Operations and Pelvic Muscle Training in the Management of Apical Support Loss [OPTIMAL] trial compared 24-month outcomes in 190 participants who had a posterior repair (posterior repair group) and 184 who did not (No posterior repair) at the time of SSLF or USLS. Concomitant posterior repair was performed at surgeon’s discretion. Primary composite outcome of ‘surgical success’ was defined as no prolapse beyond the hymen, point C ≤ -2/3TVL, no bothersome bulge symptoms, and no retreatment at 24 months. The individual components were secondary outcomes. Propensity score methods were employed to build models that balanced posterior repair and No posterior repair groups for ethnographic factors and preoperative Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POPQ) values. Adjusted ORs were calculated to predict surgical success based on the performance of a posterior repair. Groups were also compared with unadjusted Chi Square analyses. An unadjusted probability curve was created for surgical success as predicted by preoperative genital hiatus (GH). Results Women in the posterior repair group were less likely to be Hispanic or Latino, were more likely to have had a prior hysterectomy and be on estrogen therapy. The groups did not differ with respect to pre-operative POPQ stage; however, subjects in the posterior repair group had significantly greater preoperative posterior wall prolapse. There were no group differences in surgical success using PS methods (66.7% posterior repair vs 62.0% no posterior repair, aOR 1.07 (0.56, 2.07), p: 0.83) or unadjusted test (66.2% posterior repair vs. 61.7% No posterior repair, p: 0.47). Individual outcome measures of prolapse recurrence (bothersome bulge symptoms, prolapse beyond the hymen or retreatment for prolapse) also did not differ by group. Similarly, there were no differences between groups in anatomic outcomes of any individual compartment (anterior, apical, or posterior) at 24 months. There was high variation in performance of posterior repair by surgeon [IQR 15%-79%]. The unadjusted probability of overall success at 24 months, regardless of posterior repair, decreased with increasing GH such that a GH of 4.5 cm was associated with 65.8% success (95% CI: 60.1%, 71.1%). Conclusion Concomitant posterior repair at sacrospinous ligament fixation or uterosacral ligament suspension was not associated with surgical success after adjusting for baseline covariates using propensity scores or unadjusted comparison. Posterior repair may not compensate for the pathophysiology that lead to enlarged pre-operative GH which remains prognostic of prolapse recurrence.
To Die, to Sleep - to Sleep, Perchance to Dream…Without Hypertension: Dreams of the Visionary Christian Guilleminault Revisited.

CITATIONJavaheri S, Gay PC. To die, to sleep – to sleep, perchance to dream…without hypertension: dreams of the visionary Christian Guilleminault revisited. J Clin Sleep Med. 2019;15(9):1189–1190.
Dynamic Genome Evolution and Blueprint of Complex Virocell Metabolism in Globally-Distributed Giant Viruses

The discovery of giant viruses with large genomes has transformed our understanding of the limits of viral complexity in the biosphere, and subsequent research in model virus-host systems has advanced our knowledge of intricate mechanisms used by these viruses to take over host cells during infection. The extent of the metabolic diversity encoded by these viruses in the environment is less well-understood, however, and their potential impact on global biogeochemical cycles remains unclear. To address this, we generated 501 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of NCLDVs from diverse environments around the globe and analyzed their encoded functional diversity and potential for reprogramming host physiology. We found that 476 (95%) of the MAGs belonged to the Mimiviridae and Phycodnaviridae families, and of these we recovered 96% from aquatic environments, highlighting the diversity of these viral families in global freshwater and marine systems. MAGs encoded diverse genes predicted to be involved in nutrient uptake and processing, light harvesting, central nitrogen metabolism, and the manipulation of cell death, underscoring the complex interplay between these viruses and their hosts. Surprisingly, numerous genomes encoded genes involved in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the TCA cycle, including one genome with a 70%-complete glycolytic pathway, suggesting that many of these viruses can even reprogram fundamental aspects of their host9s central carbon metabolism. Phylogenetic trees of NCLDV metabolic genes together with their cellular homologs revealed distinct clustering of viral sequences into divergent clades, indicating these metabolic genes are virus-specific and were acquired in the distant past. Our findings reveal that diverse NCLDV genomes encode complex, cell-like metabolic capabilities with evolutionary histories that are largely independent of cellular life, strongly implicating them as distinct drivers of biogeochemical cycles in their own right.
All-trans-Retinaldehyde Contributes to Retinal Vascular Permeability in Ischemia Reperfusion.

Purpose Extracellular accumulation of all-trans-retinaldehyde (atRAL), a highly reactive visual cycle intermediate, is toxic to cells of the outer retina and contributes to retinal and macular degenerations. However, the contribution of atRAL to retinal capillary function has not been studied. We hypothesized that atRAL released from the outer retina can contribute to retinal vascular permeability. We, therefore, tested the contribution of atRAL to retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced vascular permeability. Methods IR was induced in mice by transient increase in intraocular pressure followed by natural reperfusion. The visual cycle was ablated in the Lrat-/- mice, reduced by dark adaptation or the use of the RPE65 inhibitor and atRAL scavenger emixustat. Accumulation of FITC-BSA was used to assess vascular permeability and DNA fragmentation quantified cell death after IR. Primary bovine retinal endothelial cell (BREC) culture was used to measure the direct effects of atRAL on endothelial permeability and cell death. Results Inhibition of the visual cycle by Lrat-/-, dark adaptation, or with emixustat, all reduced approximately half of IR induced vascular permeability at 48 hours. An increase in BREC permeability with atRAL coincided with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, a measure of cell death. Both permeability and toxicity were blocked by emixustat. Conclusions Outer retinal pathology may contribute to vascular permeability by release of atRAL, which can act directly on vascular endothelial cells to alter barrier properties and induce cell death. These studies may have implications for a variety of blinding eye diseases that include outer retinal damage and retinal vascular permeability.
Frizzled-7 Identifies Platinum Tolerant Ovarian Cancer Cells Susceptible to Ferroptosis

Defining traits of platinum tolerant cancer cells could expose new treatment vulnerabilities. Here, new markers associated with platinum tolerant cells and tumors were identified by using in vitro and in vivo ovarian cancer (OC) models treated repetitively with carboplatin and validated in human specimens. Platinum-tolerant cells and tumors were found to be enriched in ALDH (+) cells, formed more spheroids, and expressed increased levels of stemness-related transcription factors compared to parental cells. Additionally, platinum-tolerant cells and tumors highly expressed the Wnt receptor, Frizzled 7 (FZD7). FZD7 knock down improved sensitivity to platinum, decreased spheroid formation, and delayed tumor initiation. The molecular signature distinguishing FZD7(+) from FZD7(-) cells included epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT), stemness, and oxidative phosphorylation enriched gene sets. Overexpression of FZD7 activated the oncogenic factor Tp63, driving upregulation of glutathione metabolism pathways, including glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), which protects cells from chemotherapy-induced oxidative stress. FZD7(+) platinum-tolerant OC cells were more sensitive and underwent ferroptosis after treatment with GPX4 inhibitors. FZD7, Tp63 and glutathione metabolism gene sets were strongly correlated in the OC Tumor Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and in human OC specimens residual after chemotherapy. These results support the existence of a platinum-tolerant cell population with partial stem cell features, characterized by FZD7 expression and dependent on FZD7-{beta}-catenin-Tp63-GPX4 pathway for survival. The findings reveal a novel therapeutic vulnerability of platinum tolerant cancer cells and provide new insight into a potential "persister cancer cell" phenotype.
Understanding Decision Making by Families About Youth Football Participation Postconcussion.

Many families are concerned about their child’s risk of concussion, and some seek counsel from clinicians about whether or not to return to contact sports participation postinjury. The present stud...
Perfectionism, impostor phenomenon, and mental health in medicine: a literature review

The aims of this review, focused on medical students, residents, and physicians, were a) to determine the levels of perfectionism and prevalence of impostor phenomenon, b) to assess the relationship between perfectionism, impostor phenomenon, and mental health, and c) explore how medical culture may influence these personality characteristics.
SA-Net: Robust State-Action Recognition for Learning from Observations

Learning from observation (LfO) offers a new paradigm for transferring task behavior to robots. LfO requires the robot to observe the task being performed and decompose the sensed streaming data into sequences of state-action pairs, which are then input to LfO methods. Thus, recognizing the state-action pairs correctly and quickly in sensed data is a crucial prerequisite. We present SA-Net a deep neural network architecture that recognizes state-action pairs from RGB-D data streams. SA-Net performs well in two replicated robotic applications of LfO – one involving mobile ground robots and another involving a robotic manipulator – which demonstrates that the architecture could generalize well to differing contexts. Comprehensive evaluations including deployment on a physical robot show that SA-Net significantly improves on the accuracy of the previous methods under various conditions.
Recognition Automata Based on Selective Neural Networks

The critical requirement for learning and other higher mental functions is the prior ability to categorize objects and events based on sensory signals reaching the brain. The theory of neuronal group selection provides an explanation for this ability based on a kind of Darwinian selection operating in somatic time on groups of interconnected neurons. These groups are formed during development with varied and overlapping abilities to respond to patterns of environmental stimulation. They are connected in networks to form repertoires of recognizing elements, and these repertoires, many of which are arranged in maps, are further arranged in parallel hierarchies which communicate with each other to carry out categorization with generalization according to attributes of adaptive significance to the organism. A key feature of such systems required to maintain spatiotemporal continuity is reentry of output signals, both within the system and globally, via changes in sensory input resulting from interactions of the system with the environment. These forms of reentry provide a basis for context-dependent figure/ground discrimination and for perceptual invariance to object transformations such as those resulting from motion.
Soil carbon characterization in a subtropical drained peatland

Abstract Peatlands store a significant portion of the global carbon (C) budget. Peatland drainage triggers soil subsidence and is a threat to soil conservation. Differences in C composition as soils get shallower in drained peatlands are not clearly understood. Soil C quality has been considered as one of the possible causes for changes in soil subsidence rates in drained peatlands. The purpose of this research was to characterize soil C in drained peats experiencing soils subsidence by using a fractionation procedure and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C NMR) spectroscopy. The study was done in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA), located south of Lake Okeechobee in south Florida, US. The EAA is a subtropical peatland that has been drained for more than 100 years. Subsidence rates at the EAA have shown a reduction in recent decades possibly due to higher water tables and increases in inorganic and recalcitrant C (Shih et al., 1998). Analyses were performed for the top and bottom of sampled peat soils collected from shallow and deep soil areas within the EAA. Hot water (80 °C) and acid extractions were used to determine operational C fractions with residues characterized by magic angle spinning (MAS) 13C NMR spectroscopy before and after extraction to quantify C compound classes. Recalcitrant C is the dominant C pool in EAA soils with 85% of total carbon (TC) on average, while acid extracted C, hot water extracted C, and inorganic C comprise 19%, 1%, and 0.7% of TC, respectively. Shallow soils had significantly less organic matter (OM), hot water extracted C, and recalcitrant C, and showed a reduction of OM and C fractions deeper in the soil profile. The 13C NMR spectra analyses indicate that average C compounds in EAA peats are O-alkyl C (36.9%), followed by alkyl C (28.2%), aromatic C (24%), and carboxyl C (10.8%), with shallow and deep soils having a similar distribution of these C compounds. Extracted recalcitrant C fractions of both shallow and deep soils showed an increase in aromatic C (34.3%) and a reduction in O-alkyl C (26.6%). Subsidence reduced OM in shallow soils and can reduce soil C, including the recalcitrant C pool, which might affect N cycling and nutrient availability. Addition of fresh biomass into the soil (e.g. sugarcane crop residue) might increase labile C reducing subsidence and improving soil conservation in the EAA and other drained peatlands.