cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An analysis of the rational exponential integral

In this paper an algorithm is presented for integrating expressions of the form $\smallint ge^f dx$, where f and g are rational functions of x, in terms of a class of special functions called the special incomplete $\Gamma $ functions. This class of special functions includes the exponential integral, the error function, the sine and cosine integrals, and the Fresnel integrals. The algorithm presented here is an improvement over those published previously for integrating with special functions in the following ways: (i) This algorithm combines all the above special functions into one algorithm, whereas previously they were treated separately. (ii) Previous algorithms require that the underlying field of constants be algebraically closed. This algorithm, however, works over any field of characteristic zero in which the basic field operations can be carried out. (iii) This algorithm does not rely on Risch’s solution of the differential equation $y' + fy = g$. Instead, a more direct method of undetermined co...
Characterization of a mannosylphospholipid liposome system for drug targeting to alveolar macrophages

AbstractThe potential that mannose receptors on alveolar macrophages (AMs) may be targeted using mannose-conjugated liposomes for intracellular drug delivery to AMs was investigated. A mannosylphospholipid was synthesized via the reaction of α-d-mannopyranosylphenylisothiocyanate with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine, and the product was identified using thin-layer chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Liposomes containing this mannosylated phospholipid were made using a high-pressure homogenization method and analyzed using freeze-etch electron transmission microscopy. These liposomes were shown to exhibit unilamellar structure with a mean diameter of 140 ± 59 nm. The uptake of liposomes by rat alveolar macrophages, by measurement of internalized, liposome-encapsulated fluorescein, was found to be both dose and time dependent. The uptake of liposomes containing 40% mannosylphospholipid was 3.6-fold higher than that of liposomes without the mannosylated lipid (16% to 4.5%). Fluor...
Genetic selection alters thermoregulatory response to ethanol.

Abstract The present study examined the effect of ethanol on the regulated temperature of two lines of mice selected in replicate for a smaller (HOT1 and HOT2) or greater (COLD1 and COLD2) decline in rectal temperature after IP ethanol. Mice were implanted with indwelling telemetry devices for remote monitoring of internal temperature and trained in a temperature gradient (8–40°C). Both internal and selected temperature were tracked and recorded with a computer after injections of NaCl or various doses of ethanol. All animals responded similarly to control injections, with a transient rise in body temperature. After an effective dose of ethanol, mice showed clear evidence of a regulated decline in body temperature, as evidenced by selection of low temperatures in the gradient at the same time internal temperatures were falling. COLD mice were more sensitive than HOT mice; this was apparent in both replicates of the selected lines, indicating that a difference in the CNS regulator of body temperature has been selected for in these animals.
A helicase staircase.

A new crystal structure reveals the path taken by single-stranded (ss) DNA through the central channel of a hexameric helicase. The path resembles a spiral staircase and provides an answer to the question of how hexameric helicases translocate on ssDNA.
Marriage, Divorce, and Remarriage from Retrospective Data: A Multiregional Approach

In this paper the author applies the framework of multiregional population analysis to marital status changes as revealed by longitudinal retrospective data on marital histories collected as part of the June 1975 Current Population Survey supplement. Four marital statuses are used: never married, presently married, divorced, and widowed. Marital status life tables are computed for three periods: 1960–1965, 1965–1970, and 1970–1975, and, for each period, differences between males and females and between whites and blacks are described. We examine the proportion of a life-table cohort ever marrying, the mean age at first marriage, the number of marriages per person marrying, the proportion of marriages ending in divorce, the average duration of a marriage (or a divorce, or a widowhood), and the like.
AT & T's image capture board (ICB) and tips software

Abstract This article describes imaging with one of the premier Video-graphic image processing hardware/software combinations available today: the Image Capture Board (ICB) and Truevision Image Processing Software (TIPS) from Truevision Inc. (originally a subsidiary of AT&T). A variety of visual examples from video images to typical drawings of the kind used for art and illustration are presented together with short descriptions of how the software is manipulated to achieve the image effects. It is pointed out that while the ICB/TIPS is a powerful hardware/software combination, it represents the low end in terms of price and performance of the products available from Truevision, Inc.
The measurement and trend of housing inequality in the United States, 1978–85

Inequality in housing services for renters, owners and all households in the United States is estimated for 1978 and 1985. Hedonic techniques are applied to data from the American Housing Survey to derive values for housing services that include publicly provided as well as subsidized housing. We find significant disparities in housing, but substantially less inequality than in incomes. In 1978 the top decile garnered 19.2% of housing services while the bottom decile received only 5.1%. The trend, however, is towards greater equality in housing with large and statistically significant shifts across all deciles. By 1985 the share of the top decile dropped to 16.3% (a percentage decrease in share of 15.3%) while that of the bottom decile rose to 5.7% (a percentage increase of 11.4%.)
Integer programming models and algorithms for the graph decontamination problem with mobile agents

This article considers the problem of using synchronous mobile agents to decontaminate the nodes of a graph given a spreading contamination. We begin by considering the problem of minimizing cleaning time, given initial agent, and contamination locations. Then, we take as input a set of all possible locations in which a contamination can start and examine problems in which we strategically preposition agents. In one problem, we minimize the number of agents and prescribe their initial locations, so that the graph can be cleaned within a time limit for any potential initial contamination. We also determine the best initial locations for some predetermined number of agents to minimize expected cleaning time, given probability estimates of potential initial contamination locations. We analyze the complexity of each variant and formulate the problems as mixed-integer programs. As an alternative method, we also provide a construction heuristic for the cleaning problem and cutting-plane algorithms for the agent location problems. Computational results using these approaches demonstrate the efficacy of our procedures. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2013 © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adaptive Control Using Collective Information Obtained from Multiple Models

Abstract A radically new approach to adaptive control using multiple models was recently proposed by the authors. Using parametric estimates and outputs generated by multiple adaptive identification models, an adaptive control procedure was proposed which resulted in significantly faster and more accurate response of the overall system, as compared to existing methods such as “switching” and “switching and tuning”, which also use multiple models. In this paper the ideas are extended to include fixed identification models. Further, many of the theoretical questions that have arisen concerning the stability of the overall system and the reasons for the improved performance are addressed in detail. Simulation results are included, towards the end of the paper, to indicate the effectiveness of the new methodology.
Comparison of root distributions of species in North American grasslands using GIS

. We quantified the spatial distribution of roots of individual plants using detailed drawings from the literature of species of grasses, forbs, and shrubs in the Central Great Plains grasslands of North America. We scanned each two-dimensional drawing electronically and used ARC/INFO, a Geographic Information System, to calculate root length (cm) and density (cm root length/cm soil) with depth in the soil profile. We then selected one of three mathematical models that best fit the data, and classified each species as either shallow-, medium- or deep-rooted. 66 root drawings from 55 species were evaluated. Most plants were shallow-rooted with largest root densities occurring at depths 1m. Grasses had the shallowest maximum depth and shrubs the deepest. Deep-rooted forbs had the smallest root densities by depth. Most plants had two sections to their distribution of root density: an initial increase from the soil surface followed by a decrease in density with increasing depth. Our results suggest that the abundance and importance of different species and growth forms in North American grasslands is related to similarities and differences in the spatial distributions of their root systems. Our approach provides quantitative information on root distributions to be used for comparisons among species, and in simulation modeling analyses that could not be done with conventional methods that are qualitative in nature.
The CO2‐specific sensitivity of hemocyanin oxygen affinity in the decapod crustaceans

The CO2-specific sensitivity of hemocyanin oxygen affinity and oxygen binding site cooperativity were investigated in five species of crabs. The hypothesis that CO2-specific effects on hemocyanin are related to the molecular CO2 concentrations that occur naturally in crab hemolymph was tested in crabs that experience a variety of hemolymph CO2 pressures. Crab species were chosen from subtidal, intertidal, and semiterrestrial habitats. Hemolymph samples from each species were added to physiological salines buffered with 50 mM HEPES. O2 equilibrium curves were determined spectrophotometrically by gassing the hemolymph-saline mixtures with different P at constant P and temperature. We found no CO2-specific effects on oxygen equilibrium properties of hemocyanin in any species under the conditions investigated. It is concluded that molecular CO2 and bicarbonate ions are not important in directly modulating the oxygen equilibrium properties of crustacean hemocyanins.
Extensibility in programming language design

What is extensibility? What is it good for, if anything? Is it worth bothering about when designing a programming language?
Analysis, Design, and Control of an Omnidirectional Mobile Robot in Rough Terrain

An omnidirectional mobile robot is able, kinematically, to move in any direction regardless of current pose. To date, nearly all designs and analyses of omnidirectional mobile robots have considered the case of motion on flat, smooth terrain. In this paper, an investigation of the design and control of an omnidirectional mobile robot for use in rough terrain is presented. Kinematic and geometric properties of the active split offset caster drive mechanism are investigated along with system and subsystem design guidelines. An optimization method is implemented to explore the design space. The use of this method results in a robot that has higher mobility than a robot designed using engineering judgment. A simple kinematic controller that considers the effects of terrain unevenness via an estimate of the wheel-terrain contact angles is also presented. It is shown in simulation that under the proposed control method, near-omnidirectional tracking performance is possible even in rough, uneven terrain.
Isolated trout liver cells: Establishing short-term primary cultures exhibiting cell-to-cell interactions

Composition and interactions of cell types in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver digested with collagenase and cultured in serum-free media were investigated. Suspensions obtained after digesting trout liver with collagenase contained all the cell types present in the liver, including liver parenchymal cells (hepatocytes), biliary epithelial cells, sinusoidal endothelium, fat-storing cells of Ito, and macrophages. A major cell pellet, mainly hepatocytes but containing significant numbers of biliary epithelial cells, was obtained by centrifuging the cell suspension at 120 X g for 1 min. Cells present in this pellet quantitatively attached to culture plates coated with a trout skin extract and remain attached for 4 to 6 d with good retention of intracellular enzymes and DNA. When in culture, significant changes in and among the cells were observed. Initial preparations were rounded, single cells. Within several hours, however, cellular interactions leading to aggregation became evident and aggregates increased in size for 2 to 3 d. Scanning electron microscopy (EM) showed frequent shaftlike projections from margins of the aggregates. Transmission EM indicated that these projections represent biliary ductules forming in vitro. Adjacent hepatocytes also showed plasma membrane specializations forming junctional complexes and canaliculi characteristics of normal trout liver. After 5 to 6 d in culture, significant numbers of the cell aggregates dislodged from the plate. Analysis showed the dislodged cells were viable but vacuolated. The reestablishment in vitro of morphologic relationships resembling in situ tissue components suggest these culture preparations may have significant utility in cooperative metabolic studies of cell interactions in trout liver.
Single-nucleon transfer reactions to 100Ru

Abstract Proton stripping and neutron pickup reactions have been studied to the levels of 100Ru, a nucleus with collective properties that have been thoroughly studied. The neutron pickup results are consistent with a calculation for the neutron-hole structure of the Jπ = 2+ phonon state. The proton stripping results show no resemblance to either the phonon structure calculation or to the prediction of a shell model with good seniority. Strong proton excitation of the known 8+ state at 3.06 MeV shows that this is not the four-boson state predicted by the ⊙IBA at that excitation.
Removal of H2S Through an Electrochemical Membrane Separator

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the removal of H 2 S through an electrochemical membrane separator. Selective removal of H 2 S from simulated natural gas streams has been demonstrated for three representative gas compositions representative of a sour natural gas (1.5% H 2 S), a moderately sour natural gas (2000 ppm H 2 S), and a slightly sour natural gas (100 ppm H 2 S). Selective removal of H 2 S has also been demonstrated for polishing application to a coal gasification synthesis gas (100 ppm H 2 S). With respect to the natural gas processing plant economic study presented in this chapter, these results support the design specifications for the first three removal cell stacks. Even with current efficiencies below 100% caused by gas phase back-diffusion limitations through the membrane, the process is still economically favorable. Doubling the required current for the specified removals (running at only 50% current efficiency in all four removal cell stacks) would raise the operating casts to $0.212/1000 SCF (as compared to $0.259/1000 SCF for conventional technology). Gas phase diffusion limitations to the membrane surface can be overcome by designing the gas flow channels for optimum gas species mass transport to the electrode surface and selectivity can be made infinitely favorable for exclusive H 2 S transport by preventing H 2 diffusion through the membrane.
Molecular and atomic oxygen on unpromoted and cesium promoted Ag(111) surfaces

Using density functional theory, the energetics of chemisorption and dissociation are computed for molecular oxygen on an unpromoted and a cesium promoted cluster model of the reduced [111] surface of silver. The computed barriers and thermochemistry for our model clusters suggest that dissociation on unpromoted Ag(111) surfaces is activated, but thermochemically favored. Our computed barrier heights and product energies for the unpromoted silver cluster are compared with experimental data. The activation energy for dissociation on the cesium promoted surface shows a cesium coverage dependence, but, again the dissociated product is thermochemically favored. Atomic charges on all atoms were computed for both the unpromoted and promoted cluster models. Analysis of the atomic charges indicates that cesium acts as an electron donor to the silver cluster and that oxygen extracts a portion of the donated electron density from the cluster.
Antioxidant activity of uric acid and 3-N-ribosyluric acid with unsaturated fatty acids and erythrocyte membranes.

Abstract Uric acid and 3- N -ribosyluric acid have been proposed to be important antioxidants in human plasma and in the bovine erythrocyte, respectively. In this study both of these compounds at 0.2 m m protected linolenate and arachidonate from air oxidation in the presence of 5 μ m copper sulfate. The unsaturated fatty acids were protected when the urates were added at the beginning of the incubation or at 12 and 24 h of incubation for linolenate and at 3, 6, and 12 h for arachidonate. Both urates protected human and bovine erythrocyte membranes from peroxidation by t-butylhydroperoxide. These data support the proposal that urates are important antioxidants and free radical scavengers.
Neuromuscular responses to disturbance of balance in children with prenatal exposure to alcohol.

Alcohol-exposed children display delayed motor development and impaired fine- and gross-motor skills, including deficits in the maintenance of balance. In a recent study, we assessed the contribution of visual, somatosensory, and vestibular information to the ability to maintain balance. Our findings suggested that alcohol-exposed children were overly reliant on somatosensory information and were unable to compensate by using the visual and/or vestibular systems. To understand the nature of these observed balance deficits, corrective postural reactions were examined by exposing standing subjects to rapid toe-up movements of the support surface. Subjects for this study were alcohol-exposed (ALC) and normal control (NC) children matched for age and sex. Postural reactions were quantified by measuring electromyographic activity of the triceps surae and anterior tibialis muscles. Analyses revealed no differences between the ALC and NC groups on short- and medium-latency electromyographic responses, which are thought to be involuntary mono- and polysynaptic spinal reflexes, respectively. However, when compared with the NC group, the ALC group displayed increased long-latency responses, which are thought to involve a transcortical pathway. Although we are not able to rule out the possibility of additional peripheral (e.g., vestibular) disturbance as a contributing factor to postural instability, our findings suggest that the balance deficits seen in alcohol-exposed children are, at least in part, central in nature.
Species Trials of Short Rotation Woody Crops on Two Wastewater Application Sites in North Carolina, USA

Forty-two Populus spp. clones, Eucalyptus benthamii, and seven tree species native to North Carolina were evaluated for survival and height growth through the establishment phase at two municipal wastewater application sites. Groundwater was monitored at each site to determine if establishment of the species trials resulted in exceedances of nutrient mitigation requirements. At the Gibson Wastewater Treatment Facility, 26 Populus clones had 100 % survival, with mean height growths ranging between 152 to 260 cm, and basal diameters ranging between 11.4 and 28.8 mm. Green ash, planted in 2011 and 2012, had high survivorship (>95 %) with first year mean height growth of 30 ± 28 cm (2012) and second year mean height growth of 101 ± 52 cm (2011). Basal diameter for green ash was 33.3 ± 12.6 mm. E. benthamii had moderate survivorship (>77 %) and first year mean height growth of 47 ± 27 cm. At the Jacksonville Wastewater Treatment Facility, green ash and bald cypress had high survivorship (>96 %), first year mean height growths of 14 ± 25 cm and 27 ± 16 cm, and basal diameters of 13.1 ± 3.9 mm and 11.6 ± 4.8 mm, respectively. Survivorship for 12 Populus clones ranged from 50 and 94 % with mean first year height growths between 58 to 121 cm, and basal diameters between 6.8 and 12.5 mm. E. benthamii had low survivorship (43 %) with mean first year height growths of 17 ± 17 cm and basal diameters of 12.0 ± 7.7 mm. Groundwater concentrations of NO3 + NO2 and N-NH4 remained below regulatory requirements at both sites with one exceedance in February 2012 in Jacksonville, NC. The results show that some Populus clones are excellent candidates for woody biomass production on municipal wastewater application fields. Native green ash and bald cypress are also good candidates, but these trees may require longer rotations than Populus to achieve similar biomass yields.
Impact of intravenous nicotine on BOLD signal response to photic stimulation

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is increasingly being applied in the study of brain effects of nicotine. In addition, because tobacco smoking is common, many subjects studied with fMRI for other reasons may have appreciable levels of nicotine in plasma and brain during scanning. However, there is concern that the vascular effects of nicotine may alter the coupling between blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal and neuronal activity. The objective of this study was to test for evidence of alteration of BOLD signal response of occipital cortex, a region with a relatively low concentration of neuronal nicotine receptors, to photic stimulation during intravenous infusion of nicotine. Nine nicotine dependent healthy smokers were withdrawn from nicotine under controlled conditions and then scanned while receiving photic stimulation and successive intravenous infusions of saline and nicotine. No evidence for an effect of nicotine on BOLD signal response to photic stimulation was detected at the doses studied. This observation suggests that nicotine does not alter the coupling between BOLD signal and neuronal activity in the visual cortex.
Geometry, topology, and supersymmetry in nonlinear models

Supersymmetric two-dimensional sigma models which include Wess-Zumino topological terms are constructed, analyzed, and interpreted by means of torsion on the field manifold. One-loop renormalization results are presented geometrically, revealing that an infrared fixed point exists when the torsion parallelizes the manifold. The O(4)/O(3) model is used to illustrate general results.
Precision Shell Characterization Using Radial Averaging of X-ray Images — Part II

Radial averaging of a circular X-ray image substantially improves the resolution and sensitivity with which surfaces and interfaces can be detected in our standard three-layer ICF capsule. We consider here the limits of this technique and the effects of likely changes in capsule composition and geometry.
Sixth-Grade Physical Education: An Acculturation of Bullying and Fear

Purpose: Although bullying is recognized as a serious problem among adolescents, more information is needed regarding bullying within the context of physical education. Grounded in a social-ecological framework, the purpose of this investigation was to discover the perceptions students and teachers have about bullying in physical education and about peer and adult support. Method: Data collection included formal and informal interviews with 24 students and 4 teachers and 20 observations of 6th-grade physical education classes in 1 Midwestern school. Data were analyzed using a constant-comparative process. Results: The results indicate that adults acculturate students to support a bullying climate by providing mixed information regarding social interactions, ignoring nonphysical instances of bullying, and promoting inappropriate curricular selections. Participants also report that perceived differences such as appearance, body size, physical ability, and personal attire ignite most episodes of harassment i...
Dopant low-n Rydberg states in CF4 and CH4 near the critical point

Abstract Dopant low- n Rydberg states perturbed by dense CF 4 and CH 4 were investigated using vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption spectroscopy at noncritical temperatures and on an isotherm near (+0.5 °C) the perturber critical temperature. A full analysis of these data using semi-classical line shape theory was performed. The perturber induced energy shift was extracted from the simulated bands and demonstrates a perturber critical point effect on the energy of low- n Rydberg states in these molecular fluids.
The linearity of low frequency traffic flow: an intrinsic I/O property in queueing systems

Consider a single node queueing system which can be modeled by a finite quasi-birth-death (QBD) process. We present a computational technique for spectral analyses (i.e., second-order statistics) of output, queue, and loss. The emphasis is placed on the performance evaluation of output power spectrum and input-output coherence function with respect to various input power spectral properties and system parameters. The coherence function is defined to measure the linear relationship between input and output processes. Through the evaluation of the coherence function, we identify a so-called nonlinear break frequency, /spl omega//sub b/, under which the low-frequency traffic stay intact via a queueing system. Such a low-frequency I/O linearity plays an important role in characterizing the output process, which may form a partial input to other "downstream" queues of the network. In particular, the unchanged "upstream" low-frequency traffic characteristics are expected to have a significant impact on the "downstream" queues as well. Our numerical analysis examines the sensitivity of /spl omega//sub b/ to traffic characteristics and system parameters. The study further indicates that the link capacity requirement of traffic at a given buffer system is essentially characterized by its maximum input rate filtered at /spl omega//sub b/.
12-month incidence, prevalence, persistence, and treatment of mental disorders among individuals recently admitted to assisted living facilities in Maryland.

Background To estimate the 12-month incidence, prevalence, and persistence of mental disorders among recently admitted assisted living (AL) residents and to describe the recognition and treatment of these disorders.
Tiling parity-check matrix for reduced complexity high throughput low-density parity-check decoders

An approach for reducing hardware complexity of LDPC decoders is presented in this paper. Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes have a sparse parity-check matrix (H matrix). In LDPC decoder, the H matrix is stored in memory and contains information about the parity check constraints. The approach presented in this paper constructs several sub-matrices (pseudo random patterns) that are repeatedly used to form the H matrix. The merits of this approach on the decoder architecture are two-fold. First, the switch logic associated with data forwarding in and out of the memory blocks, or alternately the routing of bit nodes to check nodes is simplified. Second, this approach reduces information stored in the design about the H matrix. Thus, the hardware complexity of the decoder is significantly reduced with an added advantage of increased throughput. LDPC code performance simulation results show that the proposed approach does not compromise the bit error rate performance (BER) compared to that of ideal/optimal H matrix for same code length (N = 2040) and rate.
Using intein catalysis to probe the origin of major histocompatibility complex class I-presented peptides.

Abstract All vertebrate nucleated cells generate peptides from their expressed gene products and then display them at the cell surface bound to MHC class I molecules. This allows CD8+ T cells to detect and eliminate abnormal cells that are synthesizing foreign proteins, e.g., from viruses or mutations. To permit the immune system to more uniformly monitor a cell's proteins, regardless of their half-life or location, it has been thought that the products of rapid degradation of the mistakes of protein synthesis (defective ribosomal products, DRiPs) preferentially contribute to the class I-presented peptides. However, using intein catalysis to generate peptide sequences exclusively by posttranslational splicing of mature proteins, we show here that presented peptides can be generated from fully folded and functional proteins. Remarkably, the presentation of peptides from two model mature proteins is just as efficient as from newly synthesized proteins subject to errors in translation or folding. These results indicate that for the constructs we have analyzed, DRiPs are not a more efficient source of class I peptides for antigen presentation than the turnover of mature functional proteins. Accordingly, our data suggest that one of the major ways the immune system evaluates the health of cells is by monitoring the breakdown products of the proteome.
French Laïcité and the Recent Reception of the German Secularization Debate into France

In France, the thematic of ‘the modern secularization of Christianity’ is certainly less known and less well received than in Germany where its appearance is commonplace. Yet beginning in the 1980s some leading French intellectuals turned their attention towards the German debate over secularization that Carl Schmitt initiated with his work Political Theology in the early 1920s. In fact, all the major works on the German secularization debate, as typically associated with such figures as Erik Peterson, Karl Lowith, Hans Blumenberg, Jacob Taubes, and Erik Voegelin, have recently received French translation and an emerging secondary literature has also arisen in their wake. The question is why? This article attempts to provide an answer by locating the initial French interest in Carl Schmitt's work that began in the late 1980s. The Left's curiosity with Schmitt must be seen in the light of its concerns with the Nouvelle Droit who relied on Schmitt's thought in attempting to articulate their vision of a pan-...
Adaptive SENSE reconstruction for parallel imaging with massive array coils

This work presents an adaptive SENSE reconstruction method for parallel magnetic resonance imaging with a large number of localized coils. This method uses a Gaussian model to obtain improved coil sensitivity estimate. For image reconstruction, it dynamically selects a subset of receiver channels, in a pixel-by-pixel fashion, to improve computational efficiency and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Computer simulations and real experiments show that the proposed method reconstructs images with reduced artifacts and higher SNR than the SENSE method.
The Economic Contribution of Travel to State Economies

Total multipliers from the Regional Input-Output Modeling System (RIMS II), developed by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, are applied to U.S. Travel Data Center estimated state travel expeditures for 1983 to determine the total impact of travel expendi tures on gross business sales, earnings, and employment in the 50 states and District of Columbia. The method described allows individual states to determine the total economic contribution of travel to the state's economy without the need to develop an input- output model.
Dynamic behavior and instability of field emitter surfaces

The instability of field emission current arises from the atomic changes of the field emitter surface which can be induced by the sputtering of the secondary ions, by surface diffusion of containment atoms, and by the dynamical behavior of the emitter surface itself. There are three major causes of the instability: (1) the ion-bombardment- or ion-sputtering-induced surface changes, (2) contamination and surface diffusion of contaminant-induced emission current fluctuations, and (3) the intrinsic thermal instability of the field emitter surface itself. A few possible means of alleviating these problems are discussed. >
Sex chromosome complement contributes to sex differences in coxsackievirus B3 but not influenza A virus pathogenesis

Background: Both coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and influenza A virus (IAV; H1N1) produce sexually dimorphic infections in C57BL/6 mice. Gonadal steroids can modulate sex differences in response to both viruses. Here, the effect of sex chromosomal complement in response to viral infection was evaluated using four core genotypes (FCG) mice, where the Sry gene is deleted from the Y chromosome, and in some mice is inserted into an autosomal chromosome. This results in four genotypes: XX or XY gonadal females (XXF and XYF), and XX or XY gonadal males (XXM and XYM). The FCG model permits evaluation of the impact of the sex chromosome complement independent of the gonadal phenotype. Methods: Wild-type (WT) male and female C57BL/6 mice were assigned to remain intact or be gonadectomized (Gdx) and all FCG mice on a C57BL/6 background were Gdx. Mice were infected with either CVB3 or mouseadapted IAV, A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8), and monitored for changes in immunity, virus titers, morbidity, or mortality. Results: In CVB3 infection, mortality was increased in WT males compared to females and males developed more severe cardiac inflammation. Gonadectomy suppressed male, but increased female, susceptibility to CVB3. Infection with IAV resulted in greater morbidity and mortality in WT females compared with males and this sex difference was significantly reduced by gonadectomy of male and female mice. In Gdx FCG mice infected with CVB3, XY mice were less susceptible than XX mice. Protection correlated with increased CD4+ forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ T regulatory (Treg) cell activation in these animals. Neither CD4+ interferon (IFN)g (T helper 1 (Th1)) nor CD4+ interleukin (IL)-4+ (Th2) responses differed among the FCG mice during CVB3 infection. Infection of Gdx FCG mice revealed no effect of sex chromosome complement on morbidity or mortality following IAV infection. Conclusions: These studies indicate that sex chromosome complement can influence pathogenicity of some, but not all, viruses.
Tracing Fluid Sources in the East Shore Area, Utah

Stable isotope and fluid chemistry investigations in complex hydrogeologic areas have proven useful in delineating the origin of thermal waters and their interaction with local ground-water reservoirs. The application of these techniques is illustrated using water samples collected from all hot and warm springs and many of the wells in the East Shore area, Utah. These samples were analyzed for major cations and anions, oxygen-18/oxygen-16 and deuterium/hydrogen ratios. The data presented suggest the presence of at least two and perhaps three distinct hydrogeologic regimes. One regime involves fault-controlled deep circulation of waters derived from high elevations in mountains toward the east. These waters evolved into the sodium plus potassium, chloride-enriched hot spring fluids that are high in total dissolved salt concentration (greater than 4,000 mg/1), exhibit oxygen-18 enrichment due to geochemical rock-water interaction at depth and have deuterium/hydrogen ratios similar to high elevation mountain springs. A second hydrogeologic regime is comprised of waters derived from lower elevations that infiltrate into the shallow valley sediments. These dilute calcium plus magnesium, bicarbonate fluids comprise most of the area's ground-water supply. Leakage of thermal waters into overlying cooler aquifers is observed in the vicinity of the hot springs, and is believed to occur in several other portions of the East Shore area. These leakage zones make up the third hydrogeologic regime observed in the East Shore area.
The hypnotic dreams of healthy children and children with cancer: A quantitative and qualitative analysis

In this study, the Stanford Hypnotic Clinical Scale for Children was administered to 52 healthy children and 47 children and adolescents with cancer. Responses to the dream item of this scale were analyzed for the type and detail of imagery. The hypnotizability scores of both groups were similar. However, children with cancer reported more pleasant than unpleasant fantasy in their hypnotic dreams, and their dream reports tended to contain less fantasy and detail overall. Rescoring the dream item based on extent of fantasy and detail resulted in a lower pass rate for that item, especially for children with cancer. Regardless of health status, older children experienced more self-involvement in their hypnotic dreams compared to younger children.
Disclosing the details of child sexual abuse: can imaginative literature help ease the suffering?

PROBLEM: Research indicates that full disclosure of the events surrounding child sexual abuse, while therapeutic, is often difficult to achieve. METHODS: A nonconventional research approach was employed in order to examine more closely the lived experience of these children. Two novels were analyzed using close reading. FINDINGS: Details of the events and resultant dehumanization of the children were uncovered, as well as the rescuing role of the ancestor. Writing emerged also as a therapeutic tool that facilitated disclosure and helped to promote healing. Conclusions: The analysis of imaginative literature enables the reader to examine sensitive topics like sexual abuse and contributes to its treatment.
Potential integration of multi-fitting, inverse problem and mechanistic modelling approaches to applied research in animal science: a review

Modern researchers working in applied animal science systems have faced issues with modelling huge quantities of data. Modelling approaches that have previously been used to model biological systems are having problems to adapt to increased number of publications and research. So as to develop new approaches that have the potential to deal with these fast-changing complex conditions, it is relevant to review modern modelling approaches that have been used successfully in other fields. Therefore, this paper reviews the potential capacity of new integrated applied animal-science approaches to discriminate parameters, interpret data and understand biological processes. The analysis shows that the principal challenge is handling ill-conditioned complex models, but an integrated approach can obtain meaningful information from complementary data that cannot be obtained from present applied animal-science approaches. Furthermore, it is shown that parameter sloppiness and data complementarity are key concepts during system behaviour restrictions and parameter discrimination. Additionally, model evaluation and implementation of the potential integrated approach are reviewed. Finally, the objective of an integral approach is discussed. Our conclusion is that these approaches have the potential to be used to deepen the understanding of applied animal systems, and that exist enough developed resources and methodologies to deal with the huge quantities of data associated with this science.
Solution of the traveling salesman problem with an adaptive ring

A ring of nodes adapts, using Kohonen learning, to form a complete circuit through N cities in the plane. The algorithm is simple because the topology of the solution is contained in the definition of the network and does not need to be imposed as an external constraint. A ten-city problem is used to demonstrate several variants of the basic algorithm which address different problems in the mapping of a Kohonen network to a discrete distribution. The algorithm is also applied to the thirty-city problem, and its performance is compared to that of other simple heuristics. >
Crystal structures at 2.2 A resolution of the catalytic domains of normal ras protein and an oncogenic mutant complexed with GDP.

Abstract The biological functions of ras proteins are controlled by the bound guanine nucleotide GDP or GTP. The GTP-bound conformation is biologically active, and is rapidly deactivated to the GDP-bound conformation through interaction with GAP (GTPase Activating Protein). Most transforming mutants of ras proteins have drastically reduced GTP hydrolysis rates even in the presence of GAP. The crystal structures of the GDP complexes of ras proteins at 2.2 A resolution reveal the detailed interaction between the ras proteins and the GDP molecule. All the currently known transforming mutation positions are clustered around the bound guanine nucleotide molecule. The presumed “effector” region and the GAP recognition region are both highly exposed. No significant structural differences were found between the GDP complexes of normal ras protein and the oncogenic mutant with valine at position 12, except the side-chain of the valine residue. However, comparison with GTP-analog complexes of ras proteins suggests that the valine side-chain may inhibit GTP hydrolysis in two possible ways: (1) interacting directly with the γ-phosphate and altering its orientation or the conformation of protein residues around the phosphates; and/or (2) preventing either the departure of γ-phosphate on GTP hydrolysis or the entrance of a nucleophilic group to attack the γ-phosphate. The structural similarity between ras protein and the bacterial elongation factor Tu suggests that their common structural motif might be conserved for other guanine nucleotide binding proteins.
DECISION COMBINATION OF MULTIPLE CLASSIFIERS

In order to improve the performance in pattern classification, we utilize multiple classifiers and combine their individual decisions to make a final decision. In this paper, we present the combination using Bayesian method and compare minimum errors. This method requires the posteriori probabilities from all classifiers, which may be difficult to calculate in real world because tremendous amounts of training samples are needed. Alternatively, a confusion matrix is developed for approximation. We also use different combining rules for comparisons and apply them to handwritten digit recognition.
Reservation CSMA/CA for multimedia traffic over mobile ad-hoc networks

This paper describes the design and performance of a medium access control protocol (called reservation CSMA/CA) for multimedia traffic over mobile ad-hoc networks. The reservation CSMA/CA protocol is based on a hierarchical approach consisting of two sublayers. The lower sublayer of the MAC protocol provides a fundamental access method using CSMA/CA to support asynchronous data traffic over mobile ad-hoc networks. The upper sublayer is designed to support real-time periodic traffic by making a slot reservation with the three-way handshake prior to actual data transmission. The proposed protocol has been validated using a software emulator which was carried out with the UNIX implementation. The simulation results show that the reservation CSMA/CA offers higher throughput for real-time periodic traffic compared to the IEEE 802.11 standard, while providing deterministic delay performance.
Optimal ensemble construction via meta-evolutionary ensembles

In this paper, we propose a meta-evolutionary approach to improve on the performance of individual classifiers. In the proposed system, individual classifiers evolve, competing to correctly classify test points, and are given extra rewards for getting difficult points right. Ensembles consisting of multiple classifiers also compete for member classifiers, and are rewarded based on their predictive performance. In this way we aim to build small-sized optimal ensembles rather than form large-sized ensembles of individually-optimized classifiers. Experimental results on 15 data sets suggest that our algorithms can generate ensembles that are more effective than single classifiers and traditional ensemble methods.
NPH4/ARF7 and ARF19 promote leaf expansion and auxin‐induced lateral root formation

Auxin response factors (ARFs) bind auxin response promoter elements and mediate transcriptional responses to auxin. Five of the 22 ARF genes in Arabidopsis thaliana encode ARFs with glutamine-rich middle domains. Four of these can activate transcription and have been ascribed developmental functions. We show that ARF19, the fifth Q-rich ARF, also activates transcription. Mutations in ARF19 have little effect on their own, but in combination with mutations in NPH4/ARF7, encoding the most closely related ARF, they cause several phenotypes including a drastic decrease in lateral and adventitious root formation and a decrease in leaf cell expansion. These results indicate that auxin induces lateral roots and leaf expansion by activating NPH4/ARF7 and ARF19. Auxin induces the ARF19 gene, and NPH4/ARF7 and ARF19 together are required for expression of one of the arf19 mutant alleles, suggesting that a positive feedback loop regulates leaf expansion and/or lateral root induction.
Mechanics of stretchable electronics and soft machines

In the emerging field of soft machines, large deformation of soft materials is harnessed to provide functions such as regulating flow in microfluidics, shaping light in adaptive optics, harvesting energy from ocean waves, and stretching electronics to interface with living tissues. Soft materials, however, do not provide all of the requisite functions; rather, soft machines are mostly hybrids of soft and hard materials. In addition to requiring stretchable electronics, soft machines often use soft materials that can deform in response to stimuli other than mechanical forces. Dielectric elastomers deform under a voltage. Hydrogels swell in response to changes in humidity, pH, temperature, and salt concentration. How does mechanics meet geometry, chemistry, and electrostatics to generate large deformation? How do molecular processes affect the functions of transducers? How efficiently can materials convert energy from one form to another? These questions are stimulating intriguing and useful advances in mechanics. This review highlights the mechanics that enables the creation of soft machines.
Some Aspects of Microchannel Heat Transfer

Systems for energy conversion, heat rejection, and sensing and control often incorporate heat exchange devices. Recent developments in microfabrication and assembly methods have led to significant miniaturization of these systems. Miniaturized heat exchange devices have commonly utilized microchannel flow passages. This chapter reviews the fundamental flow and heat-transfer phenomena in microchannels, the most common numerical and experimental characterization techniques, microfabrication methods, and the application of microchannels in thermal management of high heat flux electronics. The range of channel hydraulic diameters covered in this chapter is from a few micrometers to a few millimeters where the larger diameter transport characteristics become valid.