cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collect Insights of an H&N IMRT Planning AI Agent Through Analyzing Relationships Between Fluence Map Prediction Error and the Corresponding Dosimetric Impacts.

Purpose/objective(s) With many deep learning (DL) models being developed for clinical applications, it is important to understand their behavior and clinical consequence. This study aims to collect insights of the relationship between fluence map prediction error and its dosimetric impacts in a DL-based AI agent for H&N IMRT planning. Materials/methods An AI agent has been implemented to generate IMRT plans via fluence map prediction, bypassing inverse optimization. While the prostate IMRT plans generated by the agent were comparable to clinical plans in quality, the application into H&N patients exhibited large variations in the plan quality due to higher anatomy complexity. As the DL model's output is fluence maps of an IMRT plan, standard error analyses were focused on the differences between the predicted and ground truth fluence maps, i.e., prediction error. However, the ultimate plan evaluation is based on clinical criteria such as DVHs and dose distributions. Therefore, the AI agent's performance in clinics is subjected to complex and non-intuitive relationships between fluence map prediction error and corresponding dose distribution changes, and warrants thorough investigation. In this study, a series of tests were designed to collect insights of the impact of DL model performance on plan's dosimetric quality. The fluence map prediction error was analyzed for its dosimetric effects using five error decomposition modes:1) ground truth fluence intensity bands in 5 threshold levels, 2) predicted fluence intensity bands in 5 threshold levels, 3) ground truth fluence gradient bands (high and low), 4) Fourier space bands (frequency bands) in 8 threshold levels, and 5) Fourier space circles (below certain frequency) in 8 threshold levels. The DL model was trained with 216 cases and tested with 15 additional cases. PTV and OAR dosimetric metrics were analyzed by Spearman's rank tests (P = 0.05). Results Most PTV-related metrics were significantly correlated with the error components. Among the different decomposition modes, the Fourier space circle radii have large Spearman's coefficients with PTV metrics, suggesting that they were best able to extract error components that reveal plan quality impacts. The low-frequency error within a Fourier space circle of radius = 32 pixels (20% of Fourier space) had the most significant impact on overall plan quality and PTV heterogeneity. Conclusion The fluence map prediction error analysis is critical to evaluate the AI agent performance. Such insight will help with fine-tuning the DL models in architecture design and loss function selection.
Two new species of genus Goniocotes (Mallophaga: Philopteridae) from Chinese pheasants

1. Goniocotes tetraophasis Liu, sp. nov. (Fig. 1)This species is extremely close to G. haplogonus (Nietzsche, 1838), but can be distinguished by the following characters: 1) posterior margin of both temples not on a level as in G. haplogonus; 2) posterior lateral angles of abdominal segment Ⅶ not so bidentate as in G. haplogonus in both sexes; 3) lateral corner of the valve with 2-3 short spines, posterior margin of terminal segments broadly round, but not so truncated as in G. haplogonus in females, and 4) chaetotaxy of abdominal segments as shown in Fig. 1 A,B.Male: Total length 0.93 - 0.95 mm, breadth 0.53-0.54 mm. External morphology and chaetotaxy as shown in Fig. 1. Genitalia with elongated basal plate stretching from mesocoxal cavity to end of abdomen, paramere shorter as shown in Fig. 1C.Female: Total length 1.45-1.47 mm, breadth 0.75-0.76 mm. External morphology and chaetotaxy as shown in Fig. 1D.Type host: Tetraophasis obscurus (J. Verreaus).Holotype (?) , allotype (?) , paratypes 2 (?) (?) 11 (?) (?) , collected on 18-Ⅶ-1983 from Baoxing, Sichuan, kept in Beijing Natural History Museum.2. Goniocotes crossoptiloni Liu, sp. nov. (Fig. 2)This species is allied to G. tetraophasis, because both have the body thickened with reticulated sculpture, and the posterior lateral angles of abdominal segment Ⅶ not bidentate in both sexes, and broad round posterior margin of terminal segmsnts in females, but can be easily distinguished from the latter by the following characters: 1) body larger, total length (?) 1.17-1.24, (?) 1.76-1.87 mm, breadth (?) 0.68-0.73, (?) 0.86-0.98 mm; 2) head index in both sexes smaller: (?) C.I = 1.42-1.49, (?) C.I =1.38- 1.42, but in G. tetraophasis (?) C.I = 1.50-1.51, (?) C.I = 1.46-1.48; 3) male with more setae on abdominal sternites, female with two post-spiracular setae, 4) paramere longer. The chaetotaxy and short spines of the female genitalia region are shown in Fig. 2 D.Type host: Crossoptilon crossoptilon (Hodgson).Holotype (?) , allotype (?) , paratypes 9 (?) (?) 113 (?) (?), collected from Beijing Zoo on 25-Ⅳ-1974, kept in Beijing Natural History Museum.
The inertial electrostatic confinement approach to fusion power

Inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) of a non-Maxwellian beam-dominated plasma for fusion, originally proposed in the 1950s, has received little attention until recently. Experiments have shown that small IEC devices operating in a beam-background plasma mode are well-suited for a commercial portable low-level neutron source for activation analysis applications. However, the scaling to a high-power fusion reactor is uncertain, due to the lack of experimental data with the higher input currents necessary for beam-beam reactions. Three key issues need to be resolved: the stability of multiple potential well structures, the confinement time of energetic ions trapped in such wells, and the protection of grid structures during high-power operation. If these issues are positively resolved, conceptual design studies show that the resulting reactor would be economically and environmentally attractive and versatile.
Themes in the history of cannabis dependence

This chapter examines the history of cannabis dependence, particularly emphasizing key themes that have contributed to how cannabis dependence has been perceived by the general public, by the scientific community, and by policy-makers. Variations in cannabis plant species, preparations, and methods of administration result in a wide range of behavioral effects associated with the regular use of this drug. Vivid and evocative imagery, often conveyed in popular literature and the media, has been among the key contributors to the public's perceptions of cannabis, its dependence liability, and the consequences of becoming dependent. In the mid-1800s, a group of French writers and artists, referring to themselves as Le Club des Hachichins, met monthly in Paris, experimented with an eaten cannabis concoction, and mused about its effects on their creative imaginations. Formal boards of inquiry have been established periodically in order to summarize existing knowledge concerning cannabis.
Estimating Complex System Robustness from Dual System Architectures

This paper investigates differences in robustness and reliability between hardware only and hardware-software products presented in the patent literature. Simplified models explore the reliability and robustness between these products.
Influence of coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis) infection on jejunal myoelectrical activity of the neonatal pig.

Abstract Four silver—silver chloride electrodes were surgically implanted at 5-cm intervals on the jejunal serosa of 7 neonatal pigs. Daily recordings, 7 h in duration, were made from each piglet beginning 3 days after surgery. Characteristic migrating motility complexes and short, distinct (2.5–5.0 s), rapidly aboral migrating bursts of intense spike activity ("migrating action potential complexes") were seen in all preinfection recordings. Piglets were inoculated with a 1-ml oral dose of a 0.1% gut suspension from coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis) infected pigs. This resulted in inappetence, vomiting, and diarrhea, most marked on the second day postinfection, but which had abated by the third day. When compared to recordings from both fed and fasted noninfected (control) animals, infection significantly altered jejunal myoelectrical activity by (a) shortening the duration of the migrating motility complex on day 1 postinfection and prolonging it on day 2, (b) increasing the number of abnormal activity fronts, and (c) decreasing the number of migrating action potential complexes. Slow wave frequency and the duration of phase 3 of the migrating motility complex were unaffected. When compared to fed control animals, infected piglets also showed a slight shortening of phase 1 of the migrating motility complex on day 1 postinfection and a prolongation on days 2 and 3, as well as a shortening of phase 2 on the second and third days postinfection. Changes in myoelectrical activity were not solely due to decreases in food intake, as abnormalities persisted when food intake returned to normal on postinfection day 3, and disruption of the activity front and migrating motility complex duration were purely transmissible-gastroenteritis-virus-induced phenomena. These findings suggest that infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus disrupts organized propulsive activity in the jejunum of the neonatal pig.
Resource Management for Ultra-scale Computational Grid Applications

Advances in networking infrastructure have made it possible to build very large scale applications whose execution spans multiple supercomputers. In such very large scale or ultra-scale applications, a central requirement is the ability to simultaneously co-allocate large collections of resources, to initiate a computation on those resources and to initialize the distributed collection of components to construct a single, integrated computation. In a previous paper [3], we defined a general resource management architecture for high-performance distributed systems in which resource co-allocation was an integral component. In this extended abstract, we examine co-allocation in more detail and describe the implementation of a specific resource co-allocator called the Dynamically Updated Request Online Co-allocator, or DUROC. DUROC has been implemented as part of the Globus grid toolkit. We briefly describe the design of DUROC and discuss how is has been used to support a range of large-scale grid applications.
Housing and Social Transition in Japan

The first paperback edition of a book originally published in 2007, Housing and Social Transition in Japan, edited by Yosuke Hirayama and Richard Ronald, remains a timely account of the socioeconom...
Rumination on Chronopoetics and the Political Subject: Miraji Reads Faiz Ahmed Faiz’s Lyric

Using the poet Miraji’s short exegesis of the Faiz’s poem Intebāh (warning or alarm), popularly known by its opening word , bol (speak), this paper will parse a small entry into Faiz’s poetics. What did this curious imbrication of modernist exegesis with political poetics allow us to see? In this paper I suggest that Miraji’s analysis allows us to see anew the ways in which romantic realism, fleshed politics and chronopoetics come together to give us another take on Faiz’s luminous corpus.
Design and analysis of MAC protocols for wireless networks

Design and Analysis of MAC Protocols for Wireless Networks، للحصول على النص الكامل يرجى زيارة مكتبة الحسين بن طلال في جامعة اليرموك او زيارة موقعها الالكتروني
development in early childhood

Children of 3 and 4 years of age make significant progress in their intellectual, social, and emotional development in a relatively short period of time. It is, however, often easy to misread this progress and to assume that young children are more mature and more competent than they really are. As I have emphasized in my own writing (Elkind, 1987, 1988) the overestimation of young children's competence can lead both to hurrying and to miseducation, both of which are stressful to the child. Unfortunately, it is the hurrying and miseducation of young children that make necessary the counseling of this age group and their parents. Accordingly, in this article I will review some of the major cognitive, social, and emotional achievements of young children and also some of their limitations. The outlining of these limitations is in no way meant to demean or belittle young children. They have made enormous progress over a few short years, but they still have a long way to go to maturity. To recognize their weaknesses as well as their strengths is only to emphasize their humanness and their unique place in the human life cycle. First, the description of development as divided into intellectual, language, social, and emotional development is necessary for organized presentation. These terms represent adult categories of thought and do not represent young children's actual modes of thought and action. For young children, all of these processes and abilities are of a piece. A young child's intellectual and verbal abilities are part and parcel of one another, as are the child's social and emotional interactions and expressions. Although we can talk about these processes and abilities separately, it is important to remember that they are far from separate in the life of the actively engaged young child.
Making Diversity Tangible: Assessing the Role of Service-Learning in Teaching Diversity

There is a growing need for students to be able to work within diverse environments, yet there is little evidence to suggest that they are more prepared or ethically grounded to work with diverse populations, specifically protected groups. This study examines a course that was designed to specifically to prepare student to lead in diverse work environments by examining issues of diversity and social justice. A service-learning pedagogy was used to help link critical in-class discussions and course content to the lived experiences of the protect groups by working in the community. Findings suggest that the service-learning is an important component to increasing awareness and understanding of diversity and social justice. Suggestions for improving similar courses are provided.
Risk Effect on Offshore Systems Development Project Cost

Organizations frequently consider offshore systems development in the belief that projects can be completed for lower cost. While prices quoted by offshore vendors are often very appealing when compared with domestic vendors, additional risks must be considered when looking into offshore systems development. These risks typically take the form of intangible and indirect project costs which add to the total cost of the delivered system. This paper describes and classifies these risks, which fall into three primary categories of security risks, legal risks, and general risks. Suggestions for incorporating these intangible and indirect costs into the decision making process, and their effects on total project costs, are offered for the offshore v. domestic vendor selection process.
Public sector science and "the strategy of the commons"

Summary form only given, as follows. This paper provides a game-theoretical explanation for the puzzling behavior of large firms and private sector consortia (incumbents) whom, while sponsoring university research labs, at the same time require all inventions generated by the sponsored labs be licensed openly on a purely nonexclusive basis. Under certain conditions, this results in an intellectual property 'commons' with the consequence that no firm has the incentive to innovate, despite the potential profitability of the new technology. The strategy of spoiling incentives to innovate by eliminating exclusive intellectual property rights-the strategy of the common-is motivated by a fear of cannibalization and supported by a credible threat: The authors show that the degree of cannibalization to which the new technology exposes the old market is responsible for this market failure and they characterize the subgame perfect equilibrium in which the strategy of the commons is played. Within this framework, they also investigate welfare implications as well as strategy and policy issues.
Political and Ecclesiological Contexts for the Early English Translations of Grotius’s De Veritate (1632-1686)

Grotius’s attempt to find a compromise both between reason and revelation, and between free will and predestination, his philological approach to the reading of Scripture, his refusal to engage in doctrinal disputes, and his insistence on ethics as the core of Christian teaching, were increasingly important in shaping a powerful strand of thinking about the Anglican church from the Great Tew circle to post-Restoration latitudinarianism. The references to Grotius’s apologetic work which appeared in moderate Anglican writing should be understood by setting them in a broader context encompassing the settlement of Anglican Church, its religious doctrine, and its relations with civil authority. In order to recover the complexity of the political and ecclesiological context for the English translations of De Veritate, I will divide the period from 1632 to 1686 into three distinct phases: the initial phase goes back to the 1630s, when the members of the Great Tew circle at Oxford facilitated the circulation of the early translations and editions of De Veritate in England within the context of Caroline/Laudian religious policy. The second covers the 1650s, when a number of Grotius’s works were translated by the Anglican theologian Clement Barksdale in order to provide a new ideology for the post-Laudian Anglican Church. The third phase spans from the Restoration until 1686, when De Veritate converged in the complex political and intellectual background of ‘latitudinarianism’.
Coronary nodal rhythm.

Abstract Twelve cases of coronary nodal rhythm are reported. Eleven patients were women. The administration of digitalis to one patient did not influence atrioventricular conduction, which was also unchanged by effective vagal stimulation in two others. Six patients had leftward deviation of the P axis. Two of these reverted to sinus rhythm with a corresponding change in the P vector. Six others, five of whom had pulmonary disease, had P axes which were either normal or slightly oriented to the right. Separate mechanisms may explain coronary nodal rhythm in each group.
Effect of Magnetic Field Diffusion on the Time Response of Current Viewing Transformers

The time response of current viewing transformer (CVT) that uses a magnetic core to maximize the value of voltage induced in the secondary is limited by the diffusion rate of the magnetic field in the core material. When the current viewing transformer was excited by a capacitor discharge pulse with a rise time of 227 ns, only 95 percent of magnetic flux diffused into the core.
AN INVESTIGATION OF VARIOUS PROCEDURES FOR ANALYSIS OF MICROMAGNETIC BARKHAUSEN SIGNALS FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF STEELS

Abstract Current research undertaken at Iowa State University has been concerned with both the theoretical and experimental aspects of the Barkhausen effect. Here we discuss mainly the experimental techniques and including new Barkhausen effect instrumentation to detect and measure the emissions from ferromagnetic materials under the action of an alternating magnetic field H [21]. The capability of the system includes measurements of RMS Barkhausen voltage signals induced in a flux coil, pulse height analysis of these signals, frequency spectrum analysis, and Barkhausen pulse count rate analysis.
Identification of Residues Outside the Two Binding Sites That Are Critical for Activation of the Lactogenic Activity of Human Growth Hormone

Human growth hormone (hGH) binds lactogenic or somatotrophic receptors, creating active heterotrimeric complexes. Comparison of hGH structures, either free or bound to a single lactogenic or somatotrophic receptor, shows binding is associated with structural changes. Changes in hGH structure are unique when binding either lactogenic or somatotrophic receptors and they influence the spatial arrangement of residues constituting the second receptor-binding site. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we identified a contiguous set of largely hydrophobic residues that forms a motif communicating between the two receptor-binding sites of hGH. The residues are external to the receptor-binding epitopes and were identified when their mutation reduced site 2 function without changing site 1 function. The motif includes Phe44, Leu93, Tyr160, Leu163, and Tyr164, located in two hydrophobic clusters between the receptor-binding sites. Their mutation to Glu disrupts hydrophobic interactions and reduces lactogenic activity between 4.7- and 85-fold with little effect on somatotrophic activity or spectroscopic properties. These differential effects indicate that loss of lactogenic activity is not a result of global mis-folding. We propose the loss of lactogenic activity results from disruption of specific hydrophobic clusters that disables the site 1 binding-induced structuring of the second receptor-binding site.
Global space-group optimization problem: Finding the stablest crystal structure without constraints

Finding the most stable structure of a solid is one of the central problems in condensed matter physics. This entails finding both the lattice type (e.g., fcc, bcc, and orthorhombic) and (for compounds) the decoration of the lattice sites by atoms of types $A$, $B$, etc. (``configuration''). Most approaches to this problem either assumed that both lattice type and configuration are known, optimizing instead the cell volume and performing local relaxation. Other approaches assumed that the lattice type is known, searching for the minimum-energy decoration. We present here an approach to the global space-group optimization (GSGO) problem, i.e., the problem of predicting both the lattice structure and the atomic configuration of a crystalline solid. This search method is based on an evolutionary algorithm within which a population of crystal structures is evolved through mating and mutation operations, improving the population by substituting the highest total-energy structures with new ones. The crystal structures are not represented by bit strings as in conventional genetic algorithms. Instead, the evolutionary search is performed directly on the atomic positions and the unit-cell vectors after a similarity transformation is applied to bring structures of different unit-cell shapes to a common basis. Following this transformation, we can define a crossover operation that treats, on the same footing, structures with different unit-cell shapes. Once a new structure has been generated by mating or mutation, it is fully relaxed to the closest local total-energy minimum. We applied our procedure for the GSGO in the context of pseudopotential total-energy calculations to the semiconductor systems Si, SiC, and GaAs and to the metallic alloy AuPd with composition ${\mathrm{Au}}_{8}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{4}$. Starting from random unit-cell vectors and random atomic positions, the present search procedure found for all semiconductor systems studied the correct lattice structure and configuration. In the case of ${\mathrm{Au}}_{8}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{4}$, the search retrieved the correct underlying fcc lattice, but energetically closely spaced $(\ensuremath{\sim}2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}∕\mathrm{at.})$ alloy configurations were not resolved. This approach to GSGO opens the way to predicting unsuspected structures by direct optimization using, in the cases noted above, an order of $100$ total-energy ab initio calculations.
Comment on "Satellites to Delta n=1 transitions between high-lying levels of multiply ionized atoms"

La mehode de diagnostic proposee par Konig et al [Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1750 (1989)] n'est pas valable de par sa totale dependance avec l'approximation de type energie hydrogenoide ecrantee pour les niveaux de Rydberg des ions a deux ou plus electrons de valence
Continuum thermodynamics and transport theory for polymer—fluid mixtures

Abstract The foundations of a self-consistent, continuum theory for the transport of small molecular- weight fluids in polymeric media are established, which can describe Fickian, Case II and other non-Fickian diffusion phenomena. The framework is founded on the basic principles of continuum thermodynamics, which include the entropy inequality and balances of mass, linear momentum, angular momentum, and energy. This framework has been implemented for a specific class of mixtures whose nonequilibrium thermodynamic properties depend on the instantaneous values of species' concentrations, velocities and density gradients, temperature gradient, and the histories of strain and temperature, The plasticization effect of fluids on the polymer viscoelastic properties is treated using the concept of a material time, where the effect of temperature and composition on the relaxation behavior is included via a time—temperature—concentration shift function. Component mass fluxes have been derived and include the effects of chemical-potential gradients, elastic and viscoelastic stresses, and thermal diffusion. Thus the general theory accounts for the stress-induced transport mechanism in nonequilibrium, viscoelastic materials without the near-equilibrium assumption of linear irreversible thermodynamics. All material properties required for this transport theory can be obtained by independent experiments. In this communication we establish the theory upon which numerical comparisons with experimental data are based in future communications.
An active loudness model suggesting tinnitus as increased central noise and hyperacusis as increased nonlinear gain.

The present study uses a systems engineering approach to delineate the relationship between tinnitus and hyperacusis as a result of either hearing loss in the ear or an imbalanced state in the brain. Specifically examined is the input–output function, or loudness growth as a function of intensity in both normal and pathological conditions. Tinnitus reduces the output dynamic range by raising the floor, while hyperacusis reduces the input dynamic range by lowering the ceiling or sound tolerance level. Tinnitus does not necessarily steepen the loudness growth function but hyperacusis always does. An active loudness model that consists of an expansion stage following a compression stage can account for these key properties in tinnitus and hyperacusis loudness functions. The active loudness model suggests that tinnitus is a result of increased central noise, while hyperacusis is due to increased nonlinear gain. The active loudness model also generates specific predictions on loudness growth in tinnitus, hyperacusis, hearing loss or any combinations of the three conditions. These predictions need to be verified by experimental data and have explicit implications for treatment of tinnitus and hyperacusis.
Volcanic resurfacing rates and implications for volatiles on Io

The rates of volcanic resurfacing on Io are estimated on the basis of two separate observations and the implications of these rates for the volatile history of Io and the supply of material to the Jovian torus are discussed. Rates of resurfacing based on the lack of observable impact craters and assuming a Jovian cratering rate similar to those of the moon and Mars are found to be on the order of 0.1 cm/year. Estimated deposition rates of volcanic matter are found to be in general agreement with cratering rate determinations, if large particle deposition, undetected volcanic activity, volcanic flows and gas condensation are taken into account. Escape rates from Io estimated for sulfur, oxygen and sodium, based on their concentrations around Io, indicate that only a fraction of the present volcanic material can escape. Thermal and nonthermal escape mechanisms are suggested to account for the current loss of sulfur and oxygen from Io's upper atmosphere, while sputtering of atoms from the surface by impacting magnetospheric ions is suggested as the mechanism of sodium supply.
Relationships of retinal structure and humphrey 24-2 visual field thresholds in patients with glaucoma.

Purpose To determine relationships between spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) derived regional damage to the retinal ganglion cell-axonal complex (RGC-AC) and visual thresholds for each location of the Humphrey 24-2 visual field, in all stages of open-angle glaucoma. Methods Patients with early, moderate, and advanced glaucoma were recruited from a tertiary glaucoma clinic. Humphrey 24-2 and 9-field Spectralis SD-OCT were acquired for each subject. Individual OCT volumes were aligned, nerve fiber layer (NFL), ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers (GCL+IPL) cosegmented. These layers were then partitioned into 54 sectors corresponding to the 24-2 grid. A Support Vector Machine was trained independently for each sector to predict the sector threshold, using these structural properties. Results One hundred twenty-two consecutive subjects, 43 early, 39 moderate, and 40 advanced, glaucoma were included (122 eyes). Average correlation coefficient (R) was 0.68 (0.47-0.82), and average root mean square error (RMSE) was 6.92 dB (3.93-8.68 dB). Prediction performance averaged over the entire field, superior hemifield, and inferior hemifield had R (RMSE) values of 0.77 (3.76), 0.80 (5.05), and 0.84 (3.80) dB, respectively. Conclusions Predicting individual 24-2 visual field thresholds from structural information derived from nine-field SD-OCT local NFL and GCL+IPL thicknesses using the RGC-AC concept is feasible, showing the potential for the predictive ability of SD-OCT structural information for visual function. Ultimately, it may be feasible to complement and reduce the burden of subjective visual field testing in glaucoma patients with predicted function derived objectively from OCT.
Invasion and Chaos in a Periodically Pulsed Mass-Action Chemostat

Abstract This paper contains a simple model for a chemostat with predator, prey, and periodically pulsed substrate. We obtain an exact periodic solution with positive concentrations of substrate and prey. A stability analysis for this solution yields an invasion threshold (the smallest value of the predator′s predation constant consistent with invasion of the chemostat). Above this threshold, there are periodic oscillations in substrate, prey, and predator. Simple cycles may give way to chaos in a cascade of period-doubling bifurcations despite the presence of severe statistical constraints on the behavior of the dependent variables. We determine the average substrate, bacterial, and protozoan concentrations for all periodic orbits, independent of the actual period. We conclude by comparing the behavior of this system with that of two other model chemostats.
Charge dispersion and recoil properties at A=131 from the interaction of $sup 197$Au with 11.5- and 300-GeV protons

Cross sections and thick-target recoil properties of five nuclides with A=131 as well as those of a number of neighboring nuclides have been determined for the interaction of $sup 197$Au with 11.5-GeV protons. The charge dispersion at A=131 has a single peak at Z/subA/-Z=-3.5 and the total isobaric cross section is 8.9plus-or-minus0.8 mb. The ranges indicate that only approx.2% of this value can be ascribed to fission, the bulk of the cross section involving a deep spallation process. Similar data have been obtained at 300 GeV. Within the limits of error the results are the same at both energies. The systematics of deep spallation reactions are examined.
Ligation of EphA2 by Ephrin A1-Fc inhibits pancreatic adenocarcinoma cellular invasiveness

The Eph tyrosine kinases interact with ligands of the Ephrin family and have diverse cellular functions. EphA2 has been recognized to be an oncoprotein of importance in a range of cancers. Here, we examine the effect of EphA2 overexpression and ligation by chimeric Ephrin A1-Fc on the invasive phenotype of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. We show that EphA2 overexpression induces a FAK-dependent increase in MMP-2 expression and invasiveness. EphA2 ligation induces proteosomal degradation of EphA2, attenuates the invasive phenotype, and decreases both FAK phosphorylation and MMP-2 expression. EphA2 appears to represent a rational therapeutic target and ligation by Ephrin A1-Fc is one strategy to modulate levels of this oncoprotein.
Inhibition of gene expression and cell proliferation by triple helix-forming oligonucleotides directed to the c-myc gene.

Triple helix-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) bind with high affinity and specificity to homopurine-homopyrimidine sequences in DNA and have been shown to inhibit transcription of target genes in various experimental systems. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of 3‘-amino-modified phosphodiester TFOs directed to four sites in the c-myc gene to inhibit gene expression and proliferation of human leukemia (CEM, KG-1, and HL-60) and lymphoma (Raji and ST486) cells. GT-rich TFOs were designed to target sequences located either upstream (myc1 and -2) or downstream (myc3 and -4) of the P2 promoter, which is the major c-myc promoter. Myc2, which was directed to a site immediately upstream of this promoter, inhibited c-myc expression and proliferation of CEM cells. The effects of this TFO were sequence- and target-specific, since control oligonucleotides and TFOs directed to other sites were less or not active. Myc2 was also effective in KG-1, HL-60, and Raji cells. In contrast, ST486 cells were more se...
Comparison of In VitroRelease Rates of Multisource Sustained-Release Papaverine Hydrochloride Products

AbstractThe extent of differences in the In vitro release rate among 24 lots of 150 mg sustained-release papaverine hydrochloride products from six manufacturers was investigated.The rotating bottle method for timed-release capsules, official in N.F. XIV, was used. Quantitation of papaverine hydrochloride in solution was done using ultra-violet spectrophotometry at two wavelengths to assure that there was no interference from other components of the formulation.While in vitro dissolution data by itself cannot predict in vivo performance, variations from one manufacturer to another and also for the same manufacturer were observed. These included variations in the amount released both in the first hour and also in the total amount released.Of the six products tested, Pavabid and Cerespan demonstrated the most consistent release patterns with slightly better consistency observed for the former. Observed differences may or may not be of clinical significance.
Fibroblast interferon in man is coded by two loci on separate chromosomes.

Abstract We have examined viral and poly(rI):poly(rC) induction of interferon synthesis in several human, mouse and Chinese hamster cells lines, and in hybrids derived from the fusion of such cells. We observed species and cell-type differences in inducer effectiveness and in the kinetics of interferon production. In some cases, parental characteristics are preserved in somatic cell hybrids, and in other cases, the expression of the donor phenotype is modulated by the epigenetic state of the recipient cell. Mapping studies in human/mouse and human/Chinese hamster hybrids indicate that there are at least two structural genes for human fibroblast interferon. Chromosomes 2 and 5 each contain genetic information for the synthesis of fibroblast interferon. Gene dosage experiments indicate that one gene is on the long arm of chromosome 2 and another is on the short arm of chromosome 5. Leukocyte interferon genes could not be mapped to these chromosomes, but this negative result could be influenced by the epigenetic state of the hybrid cells.
A parallel domain decomposition boundary element method approach for the solution of large-scale transient heat conduction problems

This paper develops a parallel domain decomposition Laplace transform BEM algorithm for the solution of large-scale transient heat conduction problems. In order to tackle large problems the original domain is decomposed into a number of sub-domains, and a Laplace transform method is utilized to avoid time marching. A procedure is described which provides a good initial guess for the domain interface temperatures, and an iteration procedure is carried out to satisfy continuity of temperature and heat flux at the domain interfaces. The decomposition procedure significantly reduces the size of any single problem for the BEM, which significantly reduces the overall storage and computational burden and renders the application of the BEM to large transient conduction problems on modest computational platforms. The procedure is readily implemented in parallel and applicable to 3D problems. Moreover, as the approach described herein readily allows adaptation and integration of traditional BEM codes, it is expected that the domain decomposition approach coupled to parallel implementation should prove very competitive to alternatives proposed in the literature such as fast multipole acceleration methods that require a complete re-write of traditional BEM codes.
Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the Woodcock reading mastery tests–revised with special education students

The factor structure of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests–Revised (WRMT-R) was analyzed using data from a sample of 140 special education students with learning disabilities, mild mental retardation, and serious emotional disturbance. Woodcock asserted that the WRMT-R measured two important aspects of reading ability: Basic Skills and Reading Comprehension. According to Woodcock, the Word Identification and Word Attack Tests measure two elements of Basic Skills, and the Word Comprehension and Passage Comprehension Tests measure two elements of Reading Comprehension. Together, Basic Skills and Reading Comprehension produce the Total Reading Full-Scale score. Principal axis factor analysis with a promax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis were used to evaluate evidence that the four tests of the WRMT-R combine to form the two factors: Basic Skills and Reading Comprehension. The results of the analyses indicated a robust single factor (Total Reading Full-Scale), and provided little support for Woodcock's hypothesized two-factor structure. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Domain of the Gods: an editorial essay

She [the earth] belongs to men as the sky belongs to God. –Plinius Secondus, Each year in the Fijian village of Matacawlevu on the island of the same name, the people hold a festival to celebrate the planting of crops. There is food, music and no shortage of kava. But the most important part of the festival is a church service where the local minister leads the village in prayers for good weather and a strong harvest. According to Fijian religious tradition, a mix of Methodism and animism typical of the South Pacific, proper prayer assures that the rains will come. In the event of a drought, people blame either each other for not being devout, or blame the minister for failing to properly deliver the people’s message. The tradition of the planting festival masks a sophisticated system of land management that has sustained indigenous people in Fiji and across many islands in Polynesia and Melanesia for centuries. In Matacawalevu, the Chief’s decision to sanction planting is based upon years of experience and the advice of a villager trained in agronomy. Crops are rotated and selected land is left fallow to maintain soil fertility. The village’s agricultural practices follow directly from a deeply held belief that people exert control over land. The weather, however, is up to God.
Negative stiffness honeycombs for recoverable shock isolation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the behavior of negative stiffness beams when arranged in a honeycomb configuration and to compare the energy absorption capacity of these negative stiffness honeycombs with regular honeycombs of equivalent relative densities. Design/methodology/approach – A negative stiffness honeycomb is fabricated in nylon 11 using selective laser sintering. Its force-displacement behavior is simulated with finite element analysis and experimentally evaluated under quasi-static displacement loading. Similarly, a hexagonal honeycomb of equivalent relative density is also fabricated and tested. The energy absorbed for both specimens is computed from the resulting force-displacement curves. The beam geometry of the negative stiffness honeycomb is optimized for maximum energy absorption per unit mass of material. Findings – Negative stiffness honeycombs exhibit relatively large positive stiffness, followed by a region of plateau stress as the cell walls buckle, similar to reg...
Do supplier switching costs differ across Japanese and US multinational firms

Abstract We examine the relative sensitivity of investment by Japanese and US multinational firms to host country policies that require manufacturing subsidiaries to switch to local component suppliers. We find that foreign direct investment by Japanese multinationals is much more sensitive to local content requirements and restrictions on component imports than that of US multinationals. While our empirical analysis cannot address supplier switching costs directly, our findings are consistent with the notion that the Japanese keiretsu system of industrial organization leads to stronger vertical relationships, and thus higher supplier switching costs, than those of firms from the US.
Long-term stability and mechanical characteristics of kV digital imaging system for proton radiotherapy

Purpose: To quantitatively evaluate the long-term image panel positioning stability and gantry angle dependence for gantry-mounted kV imaging systems. Methods: For patient setup digital imaging systems in isocentric rotating proton beam delivery facilities, physical crosshairs are commonly inserted into the snout to define the kV x-ray beam isocenter. Utilizing an automatic detection algorithm, the authors analyzed the crosshair center positions in 2744 patient setup kV images acquired with the four imagers in two treatment rooms from January 2012 to January 2013. The crosshair position was used as a surrogate for imaging panel position, and its long-term stability at the four cardinal angles and the panel flex dependency on gantry angle was investigated. Results: The standard deviation of the panel position distributions was within 0.32 mm (with the range of variation less than ± 1.4 mm) in both the X-Z plane and Y direction. The mean panel inplane rotations were not more than 0.51° for the four panels at the cardinal angles, with standard deviations ≤0.26°. The panel position variations with gantry rotation due to gravity (flex) were within ±4 mm, and were panel-specific. Conclusions: The authors demonstrated that the kV image panel positions in our proton treatment system were highly reproducible at the cardinal angles over 13 months and also that the panel positions can be correlated to gantry angles. This result indicates that the kV image panel positions are stable over time; the amount of panel sag is predictable during gantry rotation and the physical crosshair for kV imaging may eventually be removed, with the imaging beam isocenter position routinely verified by adequate quality assurance procedures and measurements.
Searching for mammary analog secretory carcinoma of salivary gland among its mimics

Mammary analog secretory carcinoma of salivary gland is a recently described entity with unique morphologic, clinical, and genetic characteristics, including the characteristic t(12;15)(p13;q25) with ETV6-NTRK3 translocation found in secretory carcinomas of the breast. Before their initial description, these salivary gland tumors were generally diagnosed as acinic cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma. For the purpose of this study, all cases of salivary gland acinic cell carcinoma, cribriform cystadenocarcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS), diagnosed over a 10-year period were retrieved from our surgical pathology files. There were a total of 11 cases diagnosed as acinic cell carcinoma, 10 cases of adenocarcinoma, NOS, and 6 cases of cribriform cystadenocarcinoma. All slides were reviewed by two pathologists (AP, CGF) and tumors that show morphologic features of mammary analog secretory carcinoma according to the recent literature were selected. This process narrowed down the initial number to six cases originally diagnosed as acinic cell carcinoma, three cases originally diagnosed as adenocarcinoma, NOS, and one case originally diagnosed as cribriform cystadenocarcinoma. The 10 cases were subjected to immunohistochemistry for S-100, mammaglobin, and ANO1, as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis for t(12;15)(p13;q25) with ETV6-NTRK3 fusion rearrangement. The ETV6-NTRK3 gene rearrangement was detected in three tumors. These three tumors, initially diagnosed as acinic cell carcinomas, stained positive for S-100 and mammaglobin, and negative for ANO1 by immunohistochemistry. Two of the three patients were male (2/3). In summary, mammary analog secretory carcinoma is a newly described diagnostic entity that should be in the differential diagnosis of salivary gland tumors that morphologically mimic other neoplasms, mainly acinic cell carcinomas. They differ from conventional acinic cell tumors immunohistochemically and molecularly. Positivity for mammaglobin and S-100, and negativity for ANO1 are useful screening tools before confirmatory molecular studies.
C-C coupling reactivity of an alkylgold(III) fluoride complex with arylboronic acids.

Previously, alkylgold(III) fluorides have been proposed as catalytic intermediates that undergo C−C coupling with reagents such as arylboronic acids in Au(I)/Au(III) cross-coupling reactions. Here is reported the first experimental evidence for this elementary mechanistic step. Complexes of the type (NHC)AuMe (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) were oxidized with XeF2 to yield cis-(NHC)AuMeF2 products, which were found to be in equilibrium with their fluoride-dissociated, dimeric [(NHC)AuMe(μ-F)]2[F]2 forms. In one case, a monomeric cis-(NHC)AuMeF2 complex was favored exclusively in solution, and it was found to react with a variety of ArB(OH)2 reagents to yield Ar−CH3 products.
A Look at the Rule of Three

Abstract The Rule of Three states that 3/n is an upper 95% confidence bound for binomial probability p when in n independent trials no events occur. We discuss the derivation of this rule, its validity in small samples, and propose some alternatives. The material may serve well as a thought-provoking introduction to a clinical trials, statistical consulting, or a categorical data class, and is interesting on its own merit.
Interlending trending: a look ahead from atop the data pile

Purpose – This paper seeks to explore five forces likely to significantly affect interlending operations in the near term: the transition from print to electronic resources; management of legacy print collections; mass digitization projects; competition from other information providers; and copyright. Design/methodology/approach – The author uses data from authoritative sources to illustrate the effects these forces are having and will continue to have on libraries and ILL operations. Findings – The author predicts that most libraries will be slow to divest themselves of print monographs on a large scale; libraries will continue to build new offsite storage facilities but put more thought into their contents; increased discoverability of digitized texts and greater copyright restrictions will drive users to print; librarians will make gray areas of copyright law work for them instead of against them; publishers, librarians, authors, lawyers, and scholars will find a responsible and fair solution to provid...