cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separation of dilute electrolytes in poly(amino acid) functionalized microporous membranes: model evaluation and experimental results

Abstract Pressure-driven transport of dilute electrolytes in microporous membranes containing terminally-anchored charged poly(amino acids) (PAA) has been investigated through both experimental characterization and model evaluation. The membrane pore structure was modified via single-point covalent attachment of either negatively (poly( l -glutamic acid) or PLGA) or positively-charged polypeptides (poly( l -arginine) or PLA and poly( l -lysine) or PLL) allowing for separations using microporous materials (i.e. cellulosic, silica/polyethylene composites). Thus, efficient exclusion of ionic species can be achieved in open membrane platforms with considerably lower pressure requirements than conventional NF. For instance, the solute rejection of 0.5 mM solutions of environmentally-toxic species, such as divalent oxyanions of As(V) and Cr(VI), using a PLGA functionalized silica support (pore size ∼100 nm) was >80% at 0.7 bar. The effects of solute type, concentration, pH, polypeptide loading and pore coverage of the attached macromolecule on the observed solute rejection and hydraulic permeability have been examined. In addition, immobilization of PLGA allows for conformation-based alteration of membrane separation properties upon changes in pH. These morphological transitions were investigated through application of permeability data to a two-region pore model describing solvent transport. This allows for theoretical evaluation of the effective thickness of the polypeptide-containing pore region. Ion transport was then modeled using a two-dimensional approach based on the extended-Nernst Planck equations coupled with Donnan equilibrium principles. The required parameters are the effective membrane surface charge density and the PAA pore coverage as determined through permeability studies. This analysis allows for evaluation of the fixed membrane charge density based on solute rejection data, as well as, estimation of the electrostatic properties of the immobilized poly(amino acids) (i.e. pKa shifts, pH dependent thickness of polymer containing pore region).
Iontophoresis-facilitated transdermal delivery of verapamil. II. Factors affecting the reversibility of skin permeability

Abstract In this study the effects of current intensity and duration of application as well as the effect of donor concentration on reversibility of skin permeability were studied. The experimental findings demonstrate that the iontophoresis treatment increases the concentration of drug in the skin and this concentration varies with current intensity, donor solution concentration and duration (until steady state is reached). At low donor concentrations a return to passive diffusion was observed 8 to 10 h after treatment, when 50% of the drug had desorbed from the skin. At higher concentrations, 20 h was required for 50% desorption of the drug; in addition, there was a significant increase in the volume flow of water. The prolonged desorption time and increase in water flux serves to sustain the enhanced permeation rate, so that no return to passive permeation was observed.
Development of Gait at Slow, Free, and Fast Speeds in 3- and 5-Year-Old Children

The purpose of this study was to describe and statistically analyze 3- and 5-year-old children's gait at slow, free, and fast speeds in terms of stride length, step length (adjusted for leg length), stride width, included angle of feet, and cadence. The study also correlated gait factors and motor development. Gait patterns were recorded with a clinical, footprint method. In general, stride length and cadence were significantly different for age and speed, and step length and stride width were significantly different only for speed. Included angle of feet was not significant for age or speed. Motor ability as measured by the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities correlated only with stride length and cadence. It was concluded that gait patterns in 3- and 5-year-old children are not fully mature. Perhaps the interrelationship between gait factors, age, and speed, as well as the relationships among gait factors, present a more realistic analysis of gait in these children than if the variables were considered in isolation. Further research is needed to determine how variability of a child's gait decreases and which gait factors and conditions can be used appropriately to determine gait maturity.
GPS Data Filtration Method for Drive Cycle Analysis Applications

Global Positioning System (GPS) data acquisition devices have proven useful tools for gathering real-world driving data and statistics. The data collected by these devices provide valuable information in studying driving habits and conditions. When used jointly with vehicle simulation software, the data are invaluable in analyzing vehicle fuel use and performance, aiding in the design of more advanced and efficient vehicle technologies. However, when employing GPS data acquisition systems to capture vehicle drive-cycle information, a number of errors often appear in the captured raw data samples. Common sources of error in GPS data include sudden signal loss, extraneous or outlying data points, speed drifting, and signal white noise, all of which combine to limit the quality of field data for use in downstream applications. Unaddressed, these errors significantly impact the reliability of source data and limit the effectiveness of traditional drive cycle analysis approaches and vehicle simulation software. Without reliable speed and time information, the validity of derived metrics for drive cycles, such as acceleration, power, and distance become questionable. This study explores some of the common sources of error present in collected raw GPS data and presents a detailed filtering process designed to correct for these issues. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed filtration process across the range of vehicle vocations, test data from both light- and medium/heavy-duty applications are examined. Graphical comparisons of raw and filtered cycles are presented, and statistical analyses performed to determine the effects of the proposed filtration process on raw data. Finally, the paper concludes with an evaluation of the overall benefits of data filtration on raw GPS data and presents potential areas for continued research.
Graduate Students Working With English Language Learners: Impact on Self Efficacy and Knowledge Acquisition

Graduate students in a Communication Disorders and Sciences (CDS) program participated in a summer practicum with English Language Learners (ELLs). Eight third-semester graduate students participat...
Autoscan: a scan design without external scan inputs or outputs

We propose a design-for-testability technique for synchronous sequential circuits called autoscan. Autoscan uses scan chains similar to conventional scan. However, it gives up the external scan inputs and outputs in order to eliminate the test data volume associated with them. Scan operations under autoscan improve the circuit testability by allowing the circuit state to be modified through shifting. Due to the removal of the scan inputs and outputs, synthesis of scan chains under autoscan does not have to satisfy all the constraints imposed on conventional scan chains. We describe a synthesis procedure for autoscan chains, and demonstrate that autoscan allows us to detect almost all the faults that are detectable using conventional scan. We use random sequences in order to show that sequential test generation is not necessary under autoscan. We also describe a test generation procedure, and discuss the effect of autoscan on fault diagnosis.
Coherent beam combining of a large number of PM fibers in a 2D fiberarray

We report coherent combining of a record thirty-two PM fibers. Strehl degrades by ≪1dB and phase error is ≪λ/50. The use of a 2D fiberarray as the beamformer makes this approach scalable to ≫1000 fibers.
Barriers to rotation adjacent to double bonds. 4. Effect of basis set on structures, and of electron correlation on relative energies

The optimized geometries for the rotamers of propanal, 2-butanone, isobutyraldehyde, methyl isopropyl ketone, and isobutyric acid obtained using the 3–21G and 6–31G* basis sets are compared, and systematic changes are noted. The relative 6–31G* energies using the 3–21G and 6–31G* geometries are generally the same within 0.1 kcal/mol. The effect of electron correlation on the relative energies is generally small. These and related data show that 6–31G* relative energies obtained using 3–21G geometries are generally satisfactory when studying rotation about CC bonds. However, this is not the case for CO bonds. The calculated relative energies of isomeric compounds are reproduced only with the full MP4 correction for electron correlation.
Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone and Inflammation

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a major regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and principal coordinator of the stress response. As in stress, intracerebroventricular administration of CRH suppresses the immune system indirectly, via glucocorticoid and/or sympathetic system-mediated mechanisms. Also, during inflammatory stress, the cytokines TNF alpha, IL-1, and IL-6 stimulate hypothalamic CRH and/or vasopressin secretion as a way of preventing the inflammatory reaction from overreacting. Recently, CRH receptors were described in peripheral sites of the immune system, and CRH was found to promote several immune functions in vitro. We demonstrated a direct role of CRH in the inflammatory immune process in vivo, by first studying the effect of systemic CRH immunoneutralization in an experimental model of carrageenin-induced aseptic inflammation in Spague-Dawley rats. We extended these observations to other forms of experimental inflammation, including streptococcal cell wall polysaccharide- and adjuvant-induced arthritides and peptide R16 (epitope of the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein)-induced uveitis in Lewis rats. We also studied human disease states, including rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto thyroiditis, and ulcerative colitis. Inflamed tissues contained large amounts of IR CRH, reaching levels similar to those observed in the hypophyseal portal system. We also demonstrated the presence of CRH mRNA and CRH receptors in inflammatory cells and identified the mast cells as a major immune target for CRH. In addition to production by immune cells, the peripheral nervous system, including the postganglionic sympathetic neurons and the sensory fibers type C, appears to contribute to IR CRH production in inflammatory sites. The production of CRH from the postganglionic sympathetic neurons may be responsible for the stress-induced activation of allergic/autoimmune phenomena, such as asthma and eczema, via mast cell degranulation. Antalarmin, a novel nonpeptide CRH receptor antagonist, displaced 125I-labeled ovine CRH binding in rat pituitary, frontal cortex, and cerebellum, but not heart, consistent with antagonism at the CRHR1 receptor. In vivo antalarmin significantly inhibited CRH-stimulated ACTH release and carrageenin-induced subcutaneous inflammation in rats. Thus, antalarmin and other related compounds that antagonize CRH at the level of its own receptor have therapeutic potential in some forms of inflammation directly mediated by type 1 CRH receptors and promise to enhance our understanding of the many roles of CRH in immune/inflammatory reactions.
Some problems with thermostat nonlinearities

A thermostat nonlinearity provides the simplest form of history-dependent discontinuity in feedback control. The author considers a class of distributed parameter control problems with feedback involving a thermostat whose time-dependent setting is taken as a control to be optimized. Existence of an optimal control for each (known) input is shown, and a formulation is presented of the problem with a stochastically modeled input. >
Identifying Subject-specific Conferences as Professional Development Opportunities for the Academic Librarian

A major challenge facing academic libraries is the need for reference librarians to become knowledge experts in their assigned subject areas. The subject-specialist approach increases the effectiveness of collection development, classroom instruction, and faculty liaison interactions. Simultaneously, this approach creates the need for continuous learning opportunities. Conferences organized around academic disciplines provide a direct connection to subject-specific information as well as opportunities for meeting people who share common interests. With the increase in interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches to teaching and research, the authors argue that attending subject-specific conferences is the best way to keep up with information needs in various fields. This article reviews the benefits of attending academic conferences and discusses five strategies for selecting an appropriate subject conference in any discipline. First-person accounts of conference experiences illustrate these benefits.
Reliability and Validity of Electrogustometry and its Application to Young and Elderly Persons

Electrogustometric-threshold assessment demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability, good bilateral correspondence and age-related differences. Tactile and stimulus-related descriptors of the sensation elicited at detection threshold, as well as a lack of correlation between whole-mouth chemical thresholds and anterior tongue electrogustometric thresholds, raise questions for future research.
Esophageal Overtube Facilitation of Transesophageal Echocardiography in Patients with Previously Difficult Esophageal Intubation

Background In upper endoscopy, overtubes protect the hypopharynx and esophagus in patients requiring multiple esophageal intubations. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is frequently used in general cardiology practice to provide high-resolution, real-time images of cardiac structures that are often not visualized by transthoracic imaging alone. Patients with a history of esophageal disorders or difficult esophageal intubations may have increased risk for complications from the echoprobe. An esophageal overtube may facilitate TEE in such patients. Objective We sought to evaluate the usefulness of upper endoscopy with placement of an esophageal overtube to facilitate TEE in patients with prior difficult esophageal intubations. Methods We performed upper endoscopy, followed by placement of an esophageal overtube, in 4 patients who had an unsuccessful intubation with the TEE probe. The endoscopic procedures were successfully completed, thus, allowing for uneventful subsequent TEE. Conclusions Upper endoscopy with placement of an esophageal overtube may allow for safe successful completion of TEE in patients with previously unsuccessful blind esophageal intubation.
Bounds for entries of the inverse matrix of a tridiagonal matrix

Inequalities for the moduli of entries of the inverse matrix of a tridiagonal matrix are obtained. These results are applicable to a relatively large family of matrices which occur in many branches of numerical analysis, applied mathematics, and engineering.
An investigation of the topography and motion of the turbulent interface

The sharp interface which exists in unbounded turbulent shear flows was studied using a linear array of twenty hot-wire probes. The probe arrangement was such that the location of the interface could be monitored instantaneously. The particular flow examined was a two-dimensional turbulent wall jet. It was found that the interface is a highly contorted surface which exhibits a significant amount of folding. Quantitative methods for characterizing this behaviour are presented, together with pertinent measurements. In addition, measurements of the mean surface area of the interface, and space-time corrrelations of the width of the turbulence were obtained. The latter were used to find characteristic scales and convection velocities of the interface.
A Mixed-Method Study on the Socialization Process in Clinical Nursing Faculty

Abstract Aim. To explore the socialization process from staff nurse to clinical faculty member and identify an emerging theory of this process. To identify characteristics essential to the clinical faculty role and the areas of role strain experienced by clinical faculty. Background. Nursing faculty, including clinical faculty, are the greatest area of need in today's nursing shortage. Their retention requires socialization to the role. Method. In this mixed-method study, 10 clinical faculty shared their experience of transition from staff nurse to faculty in focus groups or interviews and completed the Nursing Clinical Teaching Effectiveness Inventory and Role Strain Scale. Results. Statistically significant correlations were found between responses to both instruments. Five stages of an emerging substantive theory on socialization of clinical faculty were identified. Conclusion. There is a process of socialization to the role of clinical faculty member. Administrators and course coordinators can take sp...
Norms, Diplomatic Alternatives, and the Social Psychology of War Support

Using experiments, we show that subjects who are asked about their support for war without being told about diplomatic strategies to deal with crises back military operations at levels consistent with people who are told that the alternatives to war are of low quality. In contrast, subjects who are told that diplomacy could work to resolve conflicts express less support for military operations. These results suggest that, in the absence of conflicting evidence, people premise their support for war on the assumption that leaders use force as a last resort. Implications for the study of success as an influence on public attitudes about US military operations are considered.
Interconnection of uncertain behavioral systems for robust control

This paper attempts to relate robust control and behavioral frameworks by incorporating structured uncertainty into the description of behavioral systems. Behavioral equations are expressed as linear fractional transformations (LFTs) on an uncertainty structure, and a method of interconnection is outlined. A method for obtaining input-output maps from LFT representations of behavioral systems is also presented. This extension of the behavioral framework is compatible with existing robust control methods, such as /spl mu/ analysis, which can be used to provide robustness test in behaviors. A simple example is presented that illustrates some of the issues which arise in this extension. >
The diversity donut: enabling participant control over the diversity of recommended responses

Most online discussion interfaces organize textual responses using linear lists. Such lists do not scale to the number of responses and cannot convey the diversity of the participants who have contributed. The Opinion Space system is designed to address these issues. In this paper, we augment Opinion Space with two features. The first is a new user interface tool and recommendation system: the Diversity Donut (Figure 1). While the Diversity Donut did not establish a statistical advantage over other recommendation methods, participant self-reported data suggested that participants found the Diversity Donut to yield the most diverse set of comments. The second contribution is a new dimensionality reduction technique in Opinion Space: Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA). Our analysis suggests that CCA is a better algorithm for opinion visualization than Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
A load balancing tool based on mining access patterns for Distributed File System servers

In this paper we present a new web based Distributed File System server management tool to perform load balancing across multiple servers. The Distributed File System from Distributed Computing Environment (DCE DFS) is a collection of many file systems mounted onto a single virtual file system space with a single namespace. The tool is based on rule-based data mining techniques and graph analysis algorithms. The data mining procedures identify DFS file access patterns and the graph analysis and statistical information relocates the filesets between different file servers. We demonstrate our tool on data collected for five months on DFS servers in a production environment. Experiments with this data show that our load balancing tool is useful to file system administrators to monitor, evaluate DFS state and to make intelligent decisions about file system transfers in order to balance the access request load on "read-write" filesets across DFS servers.
Measurement of vasoconstrictor tone in the extremities in hypertension.

Tetraethylammonium (TEA) given intravenously decreases peripheral vascular resistance. The magnitude of the decrement is related directly to the prevailing level of neurogenic vasomotor tone. TEA was administered to hypertensive and normotensive subjects. The decrements in resistance of the foot did not differ between the two groups. The decrements of the forearm also did not differ. These findings suggest that the prevailing level of neurogenic vasomotor tone in the extremities is not increased in hypertension.
Civil-Military Relations Research: The SSRC Committee and Its Research Survey

In June 1952 a Social Science Research Council committee was established to take stock o? research on civil-military relations and make proposals with respect to the further development of research in this area. The members of the committee were not entirely satisfied with the phrase “civil-military relations” as describing the focus of their attention, but it was understood that the committee's interest lay in research bearing upon those problems of public policy which were posed by the prospect of a continuing high mobilization even in peace time, and by the continuing necessity for a careful coordination of military, diplomatic, and industrialization policy.
Sleep disordered breathing in patients with chronic kidney disease

The prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in the advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) patient population has been estimated to be more than 50 per cent. SDB is associated with episodic upper airway obstruction or cessation of breathing during sleep leading to repetitive episodes of hypoxaemia, hypercapnia, and sleep fragmentation, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Clinical consequences of this disorder may include excessive daytime sleepiness, depressed mood, cognitive impairment, hypertension, as well as increased risk for cardiovascular disease and metabolic dysregulation. SDB may also contribute substantially to the daytime sleepiness, poor quality of life, and high rate of cardiovascular disease in CKD patients. Although the causal links between CKD and SDB remain speculative, there are multiple factors related to fluid overload and azotaemia that may contribute to the increased propensity to SDB. Renal transplantation, nocturnal automated peritoneal dialysis and nocturnal haemodialysis have been found to be associated with a reduction in the severity of SDB when compared to conventional forms of dialysis. Nocturnal dialysis modalities may facilitate further understanding of the pathophysiology of SDB as well as provide therapeutic alternatives for patients with both kidney failure and SDB. SDB is an important but often overlooked public health problem in the CKD patient population. Early diagnosis and treatment of SDB may provide better quality of life and attenuate the cardiovascular risk of morbidity and mortality in these patients.
Histological evaluation of the effects of angiotensin peptides on wound repair in diabetic mice.

Recent studies have shown that angiotensin peptides accelerate dermal repair. Histological observation of samples taken at the termination of studies showed that the wounds treated with peptides were more mature and organized by day 25 after full thickness excision in diabetic mice. However, the mechanism by which this acceleration occurs has not been determined. In the experiments described here, the effect of angiotensin peptides [All, A(1-7) and NorLeu 3 -A(1-7)] on the quality of the healing wound was evaluated histologically. Administration of the peptides accelerated collagen deposition, re-epithelialization and new blood vessel formation. By day 4, the percentage of the wound with collagen increased two- to six-fold depending upon the peptide. The increase by angiotensin peptides continued throughout the experimental period. On days 4 and 7 (only) after injury, exposure to angiotensin peptides increased the number of blood vessels at the wound site two- to three-fold. Finally, the percentage of the wound site covered with new epithelium increased after administration of angiotensin peptides. Re-epithelialization was observed as early as day 4 in wounds treated with angiotensin peptides. The increase was greater at later time points [up to 8-fold at day 14 with NorLeu 3 -A(1-7)]. Fibroblast infiltration and proliferation occurred earlier in wounds treated with angiotensin peptides. Wounds treated with A(1-7) and NorLeu 3 -A(1-7) had an increase in neutrophils and macrophages on day 4 after wounding. Overall, administration of these peptides resulted in a healing site that was more mature, including reorganization of the collagen into a basket-weave appearance. Further, these studies confirm the superiority of NorLeu 3 -A(1-7) to All and A(1-7) in wound healing evaluated at a microscopic level.
Application of thyristor-controlled series reactor for fault current limitation and power system stability enhancement

Abstract Various types of Fault Current Limiters (FCLs) have been proposed and proven to offer numerous advantages with respect to transmission losses, voltage quality, and power system stability. However, FCL research has largely focused on only the FCL system, including optimization of components, efficiency improvement, and cost reduction. Conventional solutions to fault current problems, such as splitting buses, replacing switch gear, and installing permanently inserted series reactors, are still widely used in the field, but impair overall power system reliability. In this paper, a Thyristor-Controlled Series Reactor (TCSR) is used to limit fault current and enhance power system stability simultaneously. A TCSR controller is designed using an advanced mathematical approach and the impact of TCSR is analyzed from the perspective of voltage security enhancement. The benefits of the proposed TCSR-based FCL in terms of both voltage security and angle stability are demonstrated through bulk power system simulation results. The feasibility of real power system application is also assessed using actual power system data.
A factorial design of experiments approach to synthesize CZTS absorber material from aqueous media

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS), an emerging p-type quaternary chalcogenide, offers many potential advantages as an absorber material. Using factorial design of experiments approach, single stage Cu-Zn-Sn co-electrodeposition from aqueous solution followed by annealing is reported in this paper. Factorial experiments facilitate to study the effects of each factor on the response variable as well as effects of interactions between individual factors on the response variable. Selected factors include concentration of individual ionic species, time of sulfurization and amount of complexing agent, whereas CZTS phase, band gap, carrier concentration, open circuit voltage, and morphological characteristics are the response variables. A model has been developed to show and predict the domain for the best possible factors for CZTS based device fabrication.
Vulvodynia Treated Successfully with Breathing Biofeedback and Integrated Stress Reduction: A Case Report

Millions of women experience substantial pain and suffering from vulvodynia, which is pain around the entrance to the vagina (vulva). A common treatment is surgical removal of the tissue (vestibulectomy). This case report describes the detailed process of a holistic biofeedback-based intervention that successfully resolved the vulvodynia in a 23-year-old woman. The four-session treatment interventions included teaching diaphragmatic breathing to transform shallow thoracic breathing into slower diaphragmatic breathing. Treatment transformed her feeling of powerlessness, a belief that there was nothing she could do, into empowerment and a hope that she could reduce her symptoms and optimize her health. She also practiced self-healing imagery and learned to change her posture from collapsed to erect/empowered. Each time she felt discomfort or was fearful, her lower abdomen tended to tighten. After treatment, she used this sensation as a reminder to breathe lower and slower and sit or stand erect. After 6 wee...
Tissue glucose utilization during epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia.

The aim of this study was to investigate glucose utilization by individual tissues during epinephrine infusion. First, the applicability of the 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) tracer technique during in vivo hyperglycemia was investigated in model systems in vitro. Epitrochlearis muscle and spleen cells were incubated with 1.25-20 mM glucose. The discrimination against 2-[14C]DG in glucose metabolic pathways, expressed by the lumped constant, remained unchanged over this wide range of glucose concentrations. It was concluded that in vivo hyperglycemia does not preclude the application of the 2-DG method. In a series of in vivo experiments, chronically catheterized conscious rats fasted for 24 h and were infused with epinephrine (0.2 microgram.kg-1.min-1), which produced a two-fold increase in plasma glucose concentration. 2-[14C]DG was injected 30 min after starting the epinephrine infusion and glucose utilization rates of individual tissues were calculated based on the concentration of phosphorylated 2-DG in samples excised at 70 min. The epinephrine infusion increased glucose utilization rates by 40-160% in hindlimb muscles, skin, ileum, liver, spleen, lung, epididymal fat, and kidney, although no change was found in the brain. Mass action of the increased plasma glucose is likely to play an important role in the enhanced rate of glucose utilization.
Price Adjustment Clauses and Submitted Bid Prices for Major Asphalt Line Items in Highway Projects

AbstractUnprecedented uncertainty in the price of asphalt cement over the last decade has been a source of major concern for state departments of transportation (state DOTs) and highway contractors. This uncertainty may lead to price speculation and inflated bid prices by highway contractors, in order to secure their financial positions against possible rising prices. One of the most common risk-sharing strategies widely used by transportation agencies is price adjustment clauses (PACs) that shift potential upside and downside risk of material prices from contractors to owners. PACs are aimed at eliminating extra risk premiums and therefore reducing contractors’ submitted bid prices. However, the actual effect of offering PACs on submitted bid prices for major asphalt line items has not been empirically studied. The research objective of this paper is to examine the effect of PACs offered by state DOTs on the variations of contractors’ submitted bid prices for major asphalt line items. Data on 841 transpo...
Deformation behavior of B2 type aluminides: FeAl and NiAl

In this paper first-principles calculation of the elastic constants, shear fault energies, cleavage strength, and bonding charge density of Ni Al and FeAl are presented. For NiAl, we find that the dissociation of {l angle}111{r angle} superdislocations into partial dislocations is unlikely, because of a high antiphase boundary (APB) energy and a weak repulsive elastic force between partial dislocations. The APB energy of FeAl is found to be highly anisotropic with respect to different slip planes. FeAl has a high ideal cleavage strength as a result of the directional d-bond formation at the Fe sites. The strong ordering behavior of NoAl is explained in terms of the repulsive interaction between Al atoms as a result of the Al-to-Ni charge transfer and the atomic size difference of Ni and Al. The active slip plane of {l brace}112{r brace} in FeAl at low temperatures is predicted on the basis of the anisotropic elastic coupling effect of non-glide stresses. The spontaneous glide decomposition of the {l angle}111{r angle} superdislocation in NiAl, which can be a source of {l angle}100{r angle} slip, is also discussed.
International Relations, the UN, and David Hume

Public intellectuals as well as policy-makers sometimes cite revered philosophers when analyzing international affairs or even when giving reasons for particular international policies. By the first decade of the twenty-first century there were at least two leading theories posited by public intellectuals and policy-makers to help us make sense out of our post-Cold War era: one school of thought finds solace and instruction in the words of the late eighteenth-century Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant; the other, prominent in the United States among an influential cadre of foreign policy activists, has revived the notion of Empire as both defining of our time and, frankly, advantageous in the long run. Powerful voices have forwarded the Kantian project of peace studies. The imperial theorists sometimes cite Thomas Hobbes as their philosophic informant and include a variety of well-known 'realists' and 'neo-realists.' This paper recommends, as an alternate source of guidance, the Scottish philosopher David Hume. Considering Hume's Treatise, Essays, and some other works while thinking about today's international challenges, this paper will counsel that Hume's genial skepticism may well provide an alternate, dexterous, approach to both theorizing and policy-making in a complex, too often troubling, twenty-first century world.
Revolution or Evolution: The Socialist Party, Western Workers, and Law in the Progressive Era

In 1913 Socialist Party (SP) leader Morris Hillquit contended that the United States had embarked on the path toward socialism. He argued that the “modern principle of control and regulation of industries by the government indicates the complete collapse of the purely capitalist ideal of non-interference, and signifies that the government may change from an instrument of class rule and exploitation into one of social regulation and protection.” He then asserted that like “the industries, the government is being socialized. The general tendency of both is distinctly towards a Socialist order.” This fit with his understanding of the stages a nation underwent as it progressed first from a society with little to no state involvement in the economy, to a social democracy with state regulation of corporations and protections for workers, to, finally, a socialist state where a government which the people elected managed the economy.
Burying the “Destroyer of One Happy Home”: Manhood, Industrial Authority, and Political Alliance Building in the Murder Trial of Ira Strunk

In the fall of 1885, Ira Strunk, a teacher and proprietor of a small business college in New Albany, Indiana, read in a local gossip column that "a prominent married lady was having an affair with a local bachelor."l He assumed this referred to his wife, Myra, and Charles Hoover, the single middle-aged son of a leading wholesale merchant. After threatening the editor of the paper for spreading what he wanted desperately to believe was a lie, he grew increasingly despondent. He soon separated from Myra and before long found himself unable to perform his duties at the college. On confronting Hoover at a men's clothing store, Strunk shot at his nemesis. But the effort was ineffectual; the gun misfired, and he was arrested for assault and battery. After posting bail, he divested himself of his New Albany interests and moved to Florida. The story assumed a more tragic nature during the summer, when Strunk returned to appear in court. It was then that he spied the man he blamed for ruining his marriage walking down the street with his merchant father. That it was noon in the middle of town seemed not to have occurred to Strunk who stalked the men through the business district of New Albany on his tip-toes. When Charles Hoover turned and saw the gun-wielding Strunk, he pushed his father out of the way, but not before the merchant had been wounded by two discharges from the Strunk revolver. When the elder Hoover pleaded "for God's Sake don't shoot me any more," Strunk turned to his main target and fired two shots at close range. After Hoover fell on the floor of a nearby barber shop, Strunk rushed to the dying man's side and proceeded in a mad frenzy to bash in his skull with the butt of his gun until he was stopped by witnesses. The murder trial of Ira G. Strunk became a cause cel`bre in New Albany. Details of the case filled the press, and some 1,500 friends and acquaintances visited Strunk during his 73 days of incarceration. While the courtroom always has the potential for great theater, rarely has the audience been as pleased with the performance as were those who came to see Strunk get off. For the public nature of the trial and its timing allowed it to be more than one man's verdict; instead it turned into the judgment of an entire class of men. For these reasons it provides us with a view into the manner in which class resentments affected the terms of public and political discourse during the Gilded Age, and how public languages like domesticity-which celebrated the virtue of the domestic environment and the ability of a man to protect it-operated as the instruments by which aspiring politicians and plebeian constituencies identified and manipulated each other.2 Elsewhere I have argued that in the industrial city Gilded Age party politics often played a crucial role in creating the possibilities of the broad
Numerical taxonomic analyses on Laccaria (Agaricales)

Numerical taxonomic analyses (UPGMA and PCOR) of data obtained through detailed examinations of basidiocarps and somatic cultures were conducted to develop an objective classification scheme for Laccaria in North America. Analyses were also undertaken to investigate the effect which different character sets had on the classification scheme. Classi? fication schemes based on incomplete data sets differed significantly from the scheme obtained when all ofthe available data were utilized. A complete circumscription of Laccaria species, therefore, required data on cultural features as well as basidiocarp characters. A major problem in delimiting stable and natural taxa within the agaric genus Laccaria Berkeley & Broome (Tricholomataceae) has been the paucity of stable, diagnostic characters (Mueller, 1982). Consequently, a critical examination was made of cultural and basidiocarp macro- and micromorphological characters during a taxonomic study of the genus for the continental United States and Canada (Mueller, 1982). Numerical taxonomic techniques were used to analyze objectively and efficiently the large amount of accumulated data. As mentioned by Wolfe (1984), numerical taxonomic methods have been used infrequently in basidiomycete taxonomy. The goal of this part of the study was two-fold: 1) to develop a phenetic classification scheme for the genus in the study region based on all available characters, and 2) to evaluate the use of restricted character sets in delimiting taxa. The hypothesis was that it was necessary to have information on basidiocarp macro- and micromorphology along with data acquired through somatic culture mat analyses to circumscribe accurately taxa of Laccaria.
Sorption-desorption Behaviors of As in Different Burden Brown Soils

orption-desorption behavior of As was studied on three different metal burden soils with the batch method.The results indicated that the sorption capacity of clean soil was higher than the polluted soils.Arsenate adsorption curves could be better described by Langmuir equations and Freundlich equations.The ratio of As desorption in high polluted soils was higher than the clean soils,the relationship between the amount of desorbed and the initial absorbed As fitted quadratic equation.The rate of As sorption and desorption was rapid from beginning,but declined with time.Elovich equation was the best model to describe the sorption-desorption kinetics of As,two constant equation was the second,and the worst was first-order dynamics equation.
The Importance of “Getting It Right:” Tracing Anxiety in Mesolithic Burial Rituals

This chapter explores the connections between mortuary ritual and anxiety as a psychological response to death. Focus is placed on understanding the ritual response itself, both as practice and as an outlet for anxiety generated by the ambiguous threat of the unknown and uncontrollable, i.e., death. The chapter examines to what extent we are able to trace the presence of anxiety in the archaeological remains of mortuary rituals among the Mesolithic hunters and gatherers around the Baltic Sea. The work builds on an archaeothanatologically based reconstruction of the ritual practices of the treatment of the dead human bodies, combined with an explicit consideration of psychological theories of anxiety. By drawing on theories from ritual studies, which view these practices as central social and cultural phenomena, and from psychology, where ritual behaviors are commonly associated with anxiety, the study identifies ways to access the emotional state of anxiety through archaeological sources.
Use of operative transluminal coronary angioplasty as an adjunct to coronary artery bypass

Operative transluminal coronary angioplasty (OTCA) was used to improve coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) runoff in patients having complex segmental and diffuse coronary artery obstructions. OTCA was performed during CABG through the bypass arteriotomy on 64 arteries in 58 patients. An angioplasty system specifically designed for operative use was employed. In 13 cases, angioplasty was performed both proximal and distal to the coronary arteriotomy, for a total of 77 angioplasty sites. Elective restudy was performed on 36 angioplasty sites in 28 arteries in 24 patients: Sixteen patients were restudied between 18 and 21 days (mean 16) and eight between 4 and 32 months (mean 20.5). Patency rate, as assessed at each angioplasty site, was 86.1% (20/24 studied early and 11/12 studied late). Three coronary perforations (4.7%) occurred and were repaired without perioperative infarction or other sequelae. The one operative death (1.7%) occurred in a patient with preoperative refractory cardiogenic shock. There were seven perioperative infarctions (12.1%), of which three (4.7%) were in the distribution of the coronary artery undergoing OTCA. The favorable short-term and medium-term patency rates indicate that OTCA is a useful adjunct to CABG that permits more complete revascularization of small or diffusely diseased coronary arteries.
Principal Axes for Transitions in Monoclinic Crystals

We show that the principal axes for absorption and emission in the monoclinic crystals Nd doped BaY2F8 and La2Bc205 do not coincide with either thce crystallographic axes or the axes of thc index elipsoid, and also that they vary for transitions within a given multiplet. We show that a simple model can be used to explain the angular dependence of thc cross-section for many transitions.
PREOPERATIVE CARDIAC EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT UNDERGOING MAJOR VASCULAR SURGERY

SUMMARY The decision to obtain further testing depends upon the pretest probability of CAD and the surgical procedure to be performed. Multiple testing modalities and strategies have been proposed to reduce cardiac risk. The optimal preoperative strategy depends upon which test has the best predictive value at the individual institution and how the results of those tests are used.
An intravenous self-administration procedure for assessing the reinforcing effects of hallucinogens in nonhuman primates.

Abstract Introduction Self-administration procedures are the gold standard for investigating the reinforcing effects of drugs. The notable exception to good correspondence between laboratory self-administration studies and human drug taking behavior has historically been the classic hallucinogens. Method The present study used a well-established daily access procedure, followed by a novel intermittent access procedure, to investigate the reinforcing effects of LSD in baboons. Results Rates of self-injection in the daily access procedure were minimal. One baboon self-administered 0.001 mg/kg and a second baboon self-administered 0.0032 mg/kg above vehicle levels, though rates of self-injection were clearly low and neither of the two remaining baboons self-administered any LSD dose tested in the daily access procedure. Rates of self-injection using an intermittent access procedure with discriminative stimuli resulted in two doses of LSD being self-administered above vehicle levels in two of three baboons tested (0.01 and 0.032 mg/kg in one baboon; 0.0032 and 0.01 mg/kg in a second). In addition, the number of self-injections at these doses was higher (range = 3–6 injections) in the intermittent access procedure than in the daily access procedure (range = 1–2 injections). Discussion The present study is the first to demonstrate LSD self-administration in a laboratory animal, and though the results are limited, they indicate intermittent access procedures with discriminative stimuli may provide a reliable and valid method for investigating the reinforcing effects of IV self-administered hallucinogens in laboratory animals. The usefulness of such procedures should be further evaluated in a larger number of subjects.
Micro-RNA profile detection via factor graphs

Recent studies have shown that micro-RNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in inter-cell communication in humans. More importantly, irregular patterns over specific miRNAs have been linked to certain types of cancer and cardiac diseases. In this paper, we introduce a general framework to sense environmental miRNAs and detect certain irregular patterns. We use a sensor cell (i.e., biosensor) array comprising of various genes whose expression can be suppressed through miRNAs of interest. Interference and noise are major issues in miRNA sensing via such a cell array. In particular, every miRNA may have a footprint on multiple biosensors and each biosensor in the array may be affected by multiple miRNAs. We present a probabilistic model capturing this phenomenon and solve the detection problem via a factor graph. Since, the exact values of the input miRNAs are not needed, fewer observation are required to achieve the same level of pattern-detection accuracy relative to directly measuring the concentration. Finally, we use Belief Propagation, a message-passing algorithm, to infer the presence of irregular patterns. Our model-based data suggests significant improvement in performance.
Responsiveness of Polar Sea Ice Extent to Air Temperature 1979-2016

Detrended correlation analysis of mean monthly sea ice extent with air temperature at an annual time scale in both Polar Oceans shows the expected negative correlation in 14 out of 36 cases studied. The other 22 cases, including the high profile case of September sea ice extent in the Arctic, show no evidence that temperature alone explains sea ice extent. We conclude that other factors such as wind, clouds, solar irradiance, and ocean circulation may be relevant in the study of differences in mean monthly sea ice extent for the same calendar month from year to year.
Interactive Multiple Model Filter for Land-Mobile Satellite Communications at Ka-Band

In this paper, an Interactive Multiple Model filter design is proposed to improve signal shadowing detection performance on land-mobile channels during rain fading for a downlink operating at Ka-band through a geostationary satellite. A robust solution for on-line determination of the filter measurement error covariance is provided. Analyses are performed for a combination of channels under different atmospheric conditions, clear sky and rain, and different scenarios, suburban and rural. Using International telecommunications union-based synthesized attenuation time-series, the proposed filter achieved a reduction in the incorrect detection duration of 32% for the scenario with a mobile terminal experiencing rain, and by 60% for the scenario with a fixed terminal experiencing rain.