cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient synthesis of 9-(4-[18F]fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine ([18F]FHBG) and 9-[(3-[18F]fluoro-1-hydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine ([18F]FHPG)

Abstract A new, high radiochemical yield synthesis of [18F]FHBG and [18F]FHPG, the most popular imaging agents currently in use for monitoring gene therapy using positron emission tomography (PET), is reported in this work. Protection of sensitive sites in the precursors generally utilized for the preparation of [18F]FHBG and [18F]FHPG using the nucleophilic 18F-fluorination reaction was found to be critical for good radiochemical yields, reliability and reproducibility of the synthetic process. As an initial approach, protection at O6-oxygen in the guanine moiety of the currently used monomethoxytrityl-protected penciclovir tosylate derivative 9 with carbamoyl groups was carried out. Subsequently, full protection of both O6-oxygen and N2-nitrogen in the monomethoxytrityl-protected penciclovir and ganciclovir tosylate analogs 9 and 10 were achieved by their reaction with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, which resulted in O6-tert-butyl-N2-Boc-monomethoxytrityl-protected penciclovir tosylate 18 and O6-tert-butyl-N2-Boc-monomethoxytrityl-protected ganciclovir tosylate 19, respectively. The newly synthesized carbamoyl- and the Boc- protected precursors were first reacted with non-radioactive KF complexed with Kryptofix 222 to isolate the fluorinated products. Acid hydrolysis of the purified fluorinated intermediates provided the nucleosides FHBG and FHPG. Full characterization of the new precursors as well as the products obtained by fluorination and hydrolysis reactions were carried out by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometry. Single crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis of a model ganciclovir analog 22 confirmed the structural characterization of the new Boc-protected tosylate precursors 18 and 19 by NMR spectroscopy. The carbamoyl- and the Boc-protected precursors were further subjected to radiofluorination followed by acid hydrolysis reactions to furnish [18F]FHBG and [18F]FHPG reliably and reproducibly in excellent radiochemical yields (>65%), much higher than those previously achieved.
A 12-bit serial-to-parallel converter using depletion-mode-only devices

Multi-function monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) such as those used in phased array radar systems are typically implemented using processes that incorporate both enhancement and depletion-mode FETs. Although the combination of the two FET types is ideal for integrating digital content on MMICs, these processes have frequency and power density limitation. If an integrated solution could be achieved for depletion-mode only processes, circuits could be realized in the higher frequency bands. In this paper, we present a 12-Bit Serial-to-Parallel Converter using Depletion-Mode only Devices in a 0.5μm pHEMT Technology. Power saving techniques such as such voltage level shifting, power down circuitry, and the use of high value resistors are implemented to reduce power consumption.
CT of Colitis

Patients with appendicitis, diverticulitis, inflammatory and infectious colitis frequently present with abdominal pain. Computed tomography (CT) of appendicitis and diverticulitis are discussed in Chaps. 15 and 16, respectively. In many of these patients, the nature of the abdominal pain is nonspecific and CT is usually the initial radiologic test ordered for their evaluation. For the radiologist, one of the most commonly encountered causes for colonic inflammation is idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. However, many other inflammatory conditions exist and occur with variable frequency. Some, such as pseudomembranous colitis, ischemic colitis or AIDS-related colitis are seen commonly in a busy clinical practice, but others are infrequently encountered or only rarely need imaging for their diagnosis. CT can assess the colonic wall and its changes as well as those of the surrounding fat, mesentery and peritoneum thus providing important clues to help make a specific diagnosis. It also can detect complications and assist in patient management. With multidetector CT, scan times are very short, slices as thin as 1–1.25 mm can be obtained and contrast boluses optimized. This leads to improved visualization of the inflammatory changes. Therefore today, CT has a pivotal role in the diagnostic work up and follow-up of patients with colitis.
Horseradish Peroxidase and Fluorescent Substances and Their Combination with Other Techniques

The various horseradish peroxidase (HRP) methods for labeling of neuronal pathways have become well-characterized tools in the armamentarium of the neuroscientist despite the relatively short period during which the methods have evolved. Another stage of methodological approach is now emerging in which the basic HRP method is being combined with other techniques for special applications. To be sure, such procedures are not restricted to combinations in which the HRP method is a necessary component. The Golgi method can be combined with the analysis of experimentally induced degeneration for the study of interneuronal connections (Chapter 12), and double labeling of neuronal cell bodies, using immunofluorescence for neurotransmitter analyses and a fluorescent retrograde tracer for the study of the neurons’ axonal projections, is described in the Appendix (Section VII.C) of this chapter.
Endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease: Role in diagnosis, management, and treatment

Endoscopy plays a fundamental role in the diagnosis, management, and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and esophagogastroduodenoscopy have long been used in the care of patients with IBD. As endoscopic technologies have progressed, tools such as endoscopic ultrasound, capsule endoscopy, and balloon-assisted enteroscopy have expanded the role of endoscopy in IBD. Furthermore, chromoendoscopy has enhanced our ability to detect dysplasia in IBD. In this review article, we will focus on the roles, indications, and limitations of these tools in IBD. We will also discuss the most commonly used endoscopic scoring systems, as well as special considerations in post-surgical patients. Lastly, we will discuss the role of endoscopy in the diagnosis and management of fistulae and strictures.
Exploring mistreatment of women during childbirth in a peri-urban setting in Kenya: experiences and perceptions of women and healthcare providers

In Kenya, indirectly caused maternal deaths form a significant portion of all maternal deaths within the health system. Many of these deaths are avoidable and occur during delivery and labor. Poor quality health service has been a recurring concern among women in Kenya, with women reporting interactions with healthcare workers that are often demeaning and abusive. This paper explores the experiences and perceptions of both female patients and healthcare workers regarding mistreatment during childbirth. This study aims to provide recommendations on how dignified care can be made the norm, specifically focusing on a peri-urban setting in Kenya. The research was accomplished using qualitative research methods with focus group discussions and in depth interviews with women and healthcare workers. The aim was to gain a deeper understanding of the manifestations of mistreatment within the context of a peri-urban setting in Kenya. Female patients reported different forms of mistreatment, such as verbal abuse, physical abuse, neglect, discrimination, abandonment, poor rapport and failure of the health system to uphold professional standards. The healthcare workers described a health system that was weak and fragmented with poor policy support particularly for the new free maternity services policy leading to the mistreatment of women. Newly formed County Governments need to provide resources for a functioning health system to ensure an enabling environment for the provision of high quality maternal health services. This process can include feedback loops with maternity clients to ensure woman-centered services. Policy makers need to strengthen oversight for the implementation of the free maternity services Community health volunteers can be trained to provide this information. Professional associations that govern the standards of quality care for healthcare workers need to address the mistreatment through retraining and norms transformation.
Abstract TMP23: Short Term Outcomes in Patients Treated on a Mobile Stroke Unit

Introduction: Mobile Stroke Units (MSU) allow for the administration of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) to eligible patients more quickly than those treated in the emergency depar...
Common in Adults and Often Overlooked in Pediatrics: Primary Hyperparathyroidism in an Adolescent Patient*

Case Report: An 18 year old female with past medical history of mild intermittent asthma and family history of unspecified thyroid carcinoma presented to the emergency department with a two day history of pleuritic chest pain and shortness of breath. Vital signs were within normal limits, and cardiovascular and respiratory exams were unremarkable. Musculoskeletal exam was notable for mild tenderness to palpation of right parasternal region. Initial workup included normal ECG and a chest x-ray with focal lytic lesion of the posterolateral right second rib with small extrapleural based …
Streamlining Simulation and Data Transfer in a Heterogeneous Environment

Our research uses ANSYS Maxwell for finite element analysis of electromagnetic devices. Our studies use heavily parameterized models to analyze numerous design scenarios and operating points, resulting in hundreds and thousands of simulation cases. Consequently, we designed and implemented a novel workflow to automate the large number of simulations and minimize the amount of human involvement required in the process. The workflow integrates simulation and data transfer seamlessly in a heterogeneous working environment that consists of Windows workstations and Linux clusters. The two data transfer schemes -- polling and autonomous data transfer -- can also be applied to other workflows where data need to be transferred without user intervention in cloud computing.
High density NV-SRAM using memristor and selector as technology assist

This work proposes 6T-2R-2S Non-Volatile (NV)-Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) bitcell for state retention applications with minimal sneak path current without incurring active cell area overhead. Various operating modes are described and Vmin/power comparisons with the baseline 6T SRAM are presented.
Application of surface-modified silica nanoparticles with dual silane coupling agents in bitumen for performance enhancement

Abstract Bitumen is a black and highly viscous liquid that holds stone aggregate together in road pavement. Oxidation aging of bitumen can accelerate overall pavement deterioration and shorten pavement service life. Use of silica nanoparticles (SNPs) have been promoted as a sustainable construction practice to delay bitumen oxidation. Nonetheless, adequate dispersion of SNPs in bitumen has been a challenge since their first employment. Surface functionalization of SNPs with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) has demonstrated its efficiency to improve dispersion of SNPs in bitumen at relatively high loading of SNPs with low mechanical energy input. As the amount of APTES increases in the process of surface modification of SNPs, however, average size of the resultant SNPs and their agglomeration in bitumen also increase due to APTES self-condensation reaction on SNP surface. This research investigated surface modification of SNPs with other silane coupling agents including 3-(trihydroxysilyl) propyl methylphosphonate (THPMP) and (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) as well as dual silane combinations: APTES with THPMP and APTES with GPTMS. The intention was to minimize agglomeration of SNPs in bitumen and to further improve overall performance of SNP-containing bitumen. The comparative experimental results indicated that the surface-modified SNPs with dual silanes (APTES-GPTMS) outperformed the sole APTES-modified SNPs regarding dispersion in bitumen, resulting in bitumen with more enhanced anti-aging and low temperature properties. The results of this study inform and promote the application of SNPs in road pavement with enhanced performance and sustainability.
Analytical method development for α-amanitin and β-amanitin in plasma at ultra-trace level by online solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and its application in poisoning events

Abstract α-Amanitin and β-amanitin are the main fatal mushroom toxins. The toxins metabolize rapidly in blood and are reported hard to be detected 24 h after poisoning. The main challenge is that of developing a highly sensitive method at sub-pg mL−1 level in blood to diagnose intoxication cause and to study the poisoning mechanism and blood toxicity kinetics. An analytical method for α-amanitin and β-amanitin at ultra-trace level was developed in this study by online solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (online SPE-LC–MS/MS). Simple protein precipitation and liquid-liquid extraction were introduced to resolve the sample preparation problem of the online SPE-LC–MS/MS system with large-volume injection. A quick valve-switching technique with a quantitative loop as interface was used in the online system. This design can ensure the independence of flow path and pressure between the SPE and LC–MS/MS modules and can obtain the precise cleanup of the toxins. The limits of detection for α-amanitin and β-amanitin in plasma were both 0.02 ng mL-1. The linear ranges were 0.05–20 ng mL-1 with a correlation coefficient r >0.99. The average recoveries at three spiking levels were 82.9 %–92.2 % with the relative standard deviations (RSD) of 5.4 %–8.0 % for α-amanitin and 84.5 %–93.9 % with RSDs of 4.5 %–7.8 % for β-amanitin. The composition and concentration of the toxins in plasma from 18 patients in 5 mushroom poisoning events caused by aminitins were studied. The developed method has high positive confirmation ability and can identify toxins in plasma 40 h after poisoning.
Adherence to laboratory testing in pediatric liver transplant recipients

BACKGROUND The objectives of this retrospective cohort study are to describe rates of adherence to laboratory testing 6 months to 3 years post-liver transplantation and to examine demographic and clinical factors related to lab non-adherence and the association with medication adherence and clinical outcomes. METHODS Medical chart review was conducted for 54 youth (mean age = 5.0 years) transplanted between 2003 and 2014. Lab adherence (≥80%) was measured as the proportion of completed labs out of the number expected. Immunosuppressant drug-level variability was used as a proxy for medication adherence. Clinical outcomes included LAR, viral infection, hospitalization, and non-routine clinic visit ≥12 months after transplant. RESULTS Lab adherence decreased substantially over time. Single-parent household (aOR 5.86; 95% CI: 1.38-24.93) and no history of early rejection (aOR 3.96; 95% CI: 1.04-15.24) were independently associated with non-adherence. Lab non-adherence was significantly associated with medication non-adherence (P < .05), LAR (P = .02), and non-routine clinic visits (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Systematic monitoring of lab adherence may help in identifying pediatric LT recipients at increased risk for excessive healthcare use and adverse outcomes possibly due to poor disease management.
Compartmentalized dynamics within a common multi-area mesoscale manifold represent a repertoire of human hand movements

The human hand is unique in the animal kingdom for unparalleled dexterity, ranging from complex prehension to fine finger individuation. How does the brain represent such a diverse repertoire of movements? We evaluated mesoscale neural dynamics across the human "grasp network," using electrocorticography and dimensionality reduction methods, for a repertoire of hand movements. Strikingly, we found that the grasp network represented both finger and grasping movements alike. Specifically, the manifold characterizing the multi-areal neural covariance structure was preserved during all movements across this distributed network. In contrast, latent neural dynamics within this manifold were surprisingly specific to movement type. Aligning latent activity to kinematics further uncovered distinct submanifolds despite similarities in synergistic coupling of joints between movements. We thus find that despite preserved neural covariance at the distributed network level, mesoscale dynamics are compartmentalized into movement-specific submanifolds; this mesoscale organization may allow flexible switching between a repertoire of hand movements.
Residual Impact: Resentencing Implications of Johnson's Potential Ruling on ACCA's Constitutionality

This Essay examines the impact a favorable decision in Johnson v. United States could have at the various stages of post-conviction relief for three categories of prisoners -- prisoners whose convictions have not yet become final; prisoners whose convictions have become final but who have not yet filed a petition seeking post-conviction relief; and prisoners whose convictions have become final and who have already filed at least one petition seeking post-conviction relief. In doing so, it offers a reading of the relevant cases and statutes that permits any defendant sentenced under the Armed Career Criminal Act to obtain relief based on a decision invalidating the residual clause. It also highlights some under-explored statutes and doctrinal questions that courts will confront as they determine which prisoners should be resentenced in light of Johnson.
Monte Carlo-Based Analysis for the Transmutation of Transuranic Waste Recycled in Light Water Reactors

Analysis is performed on the production and destruction rates of recycled transuranics (TRUs) in a light water reactor (LWR) fuel assembly using a Monte Carlo-based fuel depletion code (MONTEBURNS 2.0). Thirteen TRUs were recycled into the LWR model through ten 3-yr burnup cycles for a total depletion period of 30 yr. The focus of the research was to determine the relative reduction of TRU waste within the fuel cycle and determine the impact of the recycled TRUs on fuel criticality, waste toxicity, activity, and heat-load production. The amount of TRUs could be reduced by more than a factor of 4 for a 30-yr period when these 13 isotopes were recycled.
Ocular protection in facial paralysis.

Purpose of review Facial nerve paralysis has a profound impact on patients' quality of life, of which one of the most important sequelae is a risk of corneal surface disease. Herein, we discuss methods to protect the eye following insult to the facial nerve. Recent findings Protection of the ocular surface in patients with facial nerve injury is of paramount importance to prevent corneal injury and potential blindness. Many interventions on the eye are temporary and therefore easily reversible. A systematic approach to managing the eye is required in these patients. Summary This article provides a review of current methods used for ocular protection in patients with facial nerve paralysis.
CT Colonography: Pitfalls in Interpretation

In this review, we have covered a wide array of potential pitfalls at CTC interpretation. We have tried to indicate which pitfalls can be avoided altogether, as well as those that cannot always be avoided but should be recognized as such to prevent mismanagement. In actual practice, the true challenges may come from cases in which more than one pitfall intersects on the same case. Fortunately, the built-in redundancy of 2D and 3D CTC interpretation allows for ample opportunity for accurate lesion detection in most cases. With proper attention to technique, including patient preparation, colonic distention, and scanning protocol, in addition to a combined 2D-3D interpretive strategy, the vast majority of these potential pitfalls can be handled appropriately.
STUDIES ON THE KINETIC MECHANISM OF PIG KIDNEY D-AMINO ACID OXIDASE BY SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS OF TYROSINE 224 AND TYROSINE 228

Expression conditions in Escherichia coli of wild-type, Y224F, and Y228F mutants of pig kidney D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) have been changed to yield more enzyme. The mutated proteins show spectral properties similar to those of the wild-type enzyme, in all oxidation-reduction states. All enzymes were studied by steady state and rapid reaction methods. Turnover numbers determined for Y224F DAAO with different substrates were similar to those of wild-type protein, while the Y228F DAAO always showed lower turnover numbers and higher Km values for the D-amino acid. Analyses of reduction traces at 450 and 550 nm of stopped-flow experiments with wild-type DAAO showed the presence of a new phase, the conversion between two different charge-transfer complexes of the reduced enzyme and imino acid product. The substitution of Tyr-228 totally abolished the formation of the long wavelength bands while Y224F DAAO showed long wavelength absorbance only for the first intermediate. Reoxidation of the reduced flavin results from reaction of oxygen with the first charge-transfer complex. The rate of reduction with D-alanine as substrate was 1225,45 and 10 s-1 for wild-type, Y224F, and Y228F DAAOs, respectively. Comparison of the properties of these two mutant enzyme forms with those of the wild-type DAAO indicate that both tyrosine residues have their main function in the reductive half-reaction of the enzyme.
Abstract T MP85: Does Pre-Stroke Disability Affect Acute Evaluation, Treatment and Outcomes After Stroke?

Background: Pre-stroke disability is expected to influence outcome in stroke. Enrollment of clinical trials in stroke is frequently limited to patients with pre-stroke modified Rankin score (mRS) of ≤2. Our objective is to explore evaluation, treatment and outcomes in stroke patients with pre-stroke mRS 3-5. Methods: We included all patients from the acute stroke code database (UCSD SPOTRIAS from Mar 2005 - Jul 2013 with known pre-stroke mRS, baseline NIHSS and 90-day mRS and confirmed diagnoses: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS), transient ischemic attack (TIA), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We assessed onset time to arrival, arrival time to- (CT, exam, treatment, decision) and outcomes (90-day mRS, discharge destination) by pre-stroke disability stratified by mRS (Group 1: mRS 3-5, Group 2: mRS 0-2). Good outcome was defined as discharge to home or acute rehab, or return to pre-stroke mRS or better. Results: A total of 572 patients with AIS (416, 73%), TIA (133, 23%), and ICH (23, 4%) were identified. Group 1patients with pre-stroke mRS 3-5 (69, 12%) were older (mean ± SD: 80 ±11 versus 68 ± 7 y, p<0.001), mostly women (70% vs. 41%, p<0.001), had history of hypertension (84% vs. 71%, p=0.029), prior cerebrovascular disease (43% vs. 28%, p=0.012), neuropsychiatric disease (23% vs. 6%, p<0.001), other CNS disease (35% vs. 6%, p<0.001), and higher baseline NIHSS (mean ± SD: 14.9 ± 9 vs. 6.4 ± 8, p<0.001) compared to Group 2. Majority (61%) of Group 1 had a mRS score of 3 followed by mRS 4 (38%). There were no differences in onset to arrival, arrival time to- stroke code initiation, neuro exam, CT imaging, and treatment decision between groups. No difference in stroke patients eligible for IV thrombolysis (44% vs. 36%, p=0.23) or treated with IV r-tPA. Discharge to home or acute rehab was less frequent in ischemic stroke patients of Group 1 (44% vs. 77%, p<0.001). However, patients returning to a pre-stroke mRS score or better at 90 days was not different between groups (40% vs. 47%, p=0.39). C onclusions: Using return to baseline as good outcome measure demonstrated patients with pre-stroke disability benefit from acute evaluation and treatment. Patients with pre-stroke moderate disability (mRS 3) may particularly be considered for inclusion in future clinical trials.
polycrystalline thin film tandem solar cells cascaded by ZnTe/ZnO interconnects

The present work focuses on the optimization of an interconnect junction for II-VI tandem solar cells. We have used ZnTe:N/ZnO:Al and ZnTe:Cu/ZnO:AI as interconnect junctions between a CdS/CdTe top cell and a CdS/HgCdTe bottom cell. Separate annealing studies of ZnTe:Cu show electrical and optical properties that are stable to 387/spl deg/C when the ZnTe:Cu is sputter deposited at /spl sim/320/spl deg/C. J-V measurements show that the V/sub OC/ of the tandem cell with ZnTe:Cu is much lower (/spl sim/820 mV) than the V/sub OC/ of the tandem cell (/spl sim/1031 mV) with ZnTe:N. One of the possible reasons is the interdiffusion of Cu into CdS, probably making it intrinsic and changing the junction properties of the top cell. Quantum efficiency measurements of the tandem cell with ZnTe:N show that the current is limited by the bottom cell, while the current seems to be limited by both the top cell and the bottom cell in the case of the tandem cell with ZnTe:Cu/ZnO:AI as the interconnect junction.
Painful and Pruritic Papules in the Gray Shading of a Tattoo.

A 31-year-old, otherwise healthy woman presented with a 2-month history of an erythematouseruptiononher right ventral forearm.Multiplepainful, pruritic papules andpustules developed 1 week after the addition of gray shading to the original tattoo (Figure, A and B). She had previously seen her primary care physician and had been treated unsuccessfully with a 2-week course of trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, a 2-week course of prednisone, and topical triamcinolone acetonide. Results froma routine wound culturewere negative for organisms. Five other customersof thesametattooartisthad recently complainedofa similarerythematouseruption. Physical examination revealed firm, redpapules andpustuleswith slight crusting confinedwithin the areas of gray shading in the tattoo. Punchbiopsies of the lesionswere performed (Figure, C and D). Quiz at jamadermatology.com Tattoo on right ventral forearm A Tattoo with papules and pustules B
Sonicism and Jazz Improvisation

nationally prominent beyond that world, having blown away an audience made up largely of classical music lovers in a now legendary concert at the Oberlin Conservatory, no doubt responding at least in part to Brubeck's ability to improvise solos that had features of classical forms, announcing and developing themes, building to climaxes, and so on, as well as his ability to improvise contrapuntal passages along with his alto saxophonist Paul Desmond. I do not remember whether the review I read in
Factors influencing Agrobacterium -mediated transformation of monocotyledonous species

Abstract Since the success of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rice in the early 1990s, significant advances in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of monocotyledonous plant species have been achieved. Transgenic plants obtained via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation have been regenerated in more than a dozen monocotyledonous species, ranging from the most important cereal crops to ornamental plant species. Efficient transformation protocols for agronomically important cereal crops such as rice, wheat, maize, barley, and sorghum have been developed and transformation for some of these species has become routine. Many factors influencing Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of monocotyledonous plants have been investigated and elucidated. These factors include plant genotype, explant type, Agrobacterium strain, and binary vector. In addition, a wide variety of inoculation and co-culture conditions have been shown to be important for the transformation of monocots. For example, antinecrotic tr...
A computational study of alkane hydrogen-exchange reactions on zeolites

Abstract In this work, quantum chemical methods were applied to study light alkane hydrogen-exchange reactions on a zeolite cluster, RH + H3SiOAlH2(OH′)SiH3 → RH′ + H3Si(OH)AlH2OSiH3. Methane, ethane, propane, and butane reactions were investigated. The reactants, products, and transition state structures were optimized using the B3LYP density functional theory method and the final energies were calculated using CBS-QB3, a complete basis set composite energy method. The computed activation barriers ranged from 28.32 kcal/mol for secondary hydrogen exchange of butane to 33.53 kcal/mol for methane. The relationship between activation energy and deprotonation energy was also investigated and a linear correlation was proposed in this work.
CO2 gas exchange across the human tympanic membrane is not appreciably affected by pathology

Past in vivo studies in humans showed that the tympanic membrane (TM) is permeable to physiological gases. Animal studies show that transTM CO2 conductance is increased by TM pathology. The objective of the study was to determine if transTM CO2 exchange in humans is affected by atrophic and sclerotic pathologies. The study used an ear canal (EC) probe (ECP) constructed from a custom-fitted acrylic body, a glass capillary tube enclosing an oil meniscus to maintain ambient ECP + EC pressure and a silica glass microtube linked to a mass spectrometer (MS) for measuring gas composition that was hermetically sealed within the ear canal of the test ear. ECP + EC volume was measured and gas samples taken at 10 min intervals for 1 h. The fractional CO2 pressure measured in the ECP + EC for each sample was regressed on time and the slope of the function multiplied by the ECP + EC volume and divided by the estimated transTM CO2 gradient at the start of the experiment to yield transTM CO2 conductance (µL/min/Pa). Data were complete for 15 normal, 13 sclerotic and 9 atrophic TMs. The average (+std) transTM CO2 conductances were 1.76 × 10−4 + 7.27 × 10−5, 2.26 × 10−4 + 1.5 × 10−4 and 2.36 × 10−4 + 1.14 × 10−4 µL/min/Pa/TM for the normal, sclerotic and atrophic TMs, respectively. A pairwise comparison of data for the normal and atrophic TMs under the directional hypothesis of a greater CO2 exchange rate for thinner TMs approached statistical significance (P = 0.07). A similar pairwise comparison for the sclerotic and normal TMs did not approach statistical significance (P = 0.28). The effect of TM pathologies on CO2 conductance was limited.
Some Analyses of Income-Food Relationships

Abstract This article begins with consideration of the concepts of food to be used in the analysis of income-food relationships and reviews time-series and cross-section data matching these concepts. A number of income elasticities for food are derived and examined for comparability from statistical and economic points of view. Limitations of our knowledge of income-food relationships are demonstrated by comparison of expected values and actual values for several food measures in 1955 and by consideration of changes in the market value of food from 1941 to 1955.
Quark confinement in the two-dimensional lattice Higgs-Villain model

We prove quark confinement in the two-dimensional lattice Higgs-Villain model in the weak coupling region by using a Kirkwood-Salsburg equations for unbounded spins.
Relationship between receptor/ligand binding affinity and adhesion strength.

Receptor-mediated cell adhesion is a central phenomenon in many physiological and biotechnological processes. Mechanical strength of adhesion is generally presumed to be related to chemical affinity of receptor/ligand bonds, but no experimental study has been previously directed toward this issue. Here we investigate the dependence of receptor/ligand adhesion strength on bond affinity using a radial fluid flow chamber assay to measure the force needed to detach polystyrene beads covalently coated with immunoglobulin G from glass surfaces covalently coated with protein A. A spectrum of animal species sources for immunoglobulin G permits examination of three decades of protein A/immunoglobulin G binding affinity. Our results for this model system demonstrate that adhesion strength varies with the logarithm of the binding affinity, consistent with a prediction from the theoretical model by Dembo et al. (Dembo, M., D.C. Torney, K. Saxman, and D. Hammer. 1988. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 234:55–83).
Hydrogen Peroxide Production and Oxidation of Ferrous Iron by Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide was produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 only in the presence of glucose at pH 6.5 and 5.0 in the presence of air. Production of H 2 O 2 was minimal following the heating of cells, in the presence of catalase, and at low partial pressure of O 2 . Production of H 2 O 2 was lower at pH 5.0 than at pH 6.5; H 2 O 2 was apparently produced by a cytosolic NADH oxidase. Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus was able to bind nanomolar quantities of iron when incubated in the presence of micromolar amounts of Fe 2+ . This binding was the result of oxidation of the Fe 2+ by H 2 O 2 produced and the subsequent surface binding of the resulting Fe(III), most likely in the form of Fe(OH) 3 . Ferric iron that was complexed with citrate or lactate was not bound. Little, if any, Fe 2+ was internalized by the cells, and the particulate fraction of the microorganism lacked ferroxidase activity. The Fe(OH) 3 associated with the cells was bound to specific binding regions of the cell surface that were sensitive to trypsin digestion and that could be protected against such digestion by binding endogenously or exogenously produced Fe(OH) 3 . The particulate fraction of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus was able to bind more Fe(OH) 3 than comparable quantities of intact cells, the additional binding sites apparently originating from the cytosol side of the membranes. We concluded that L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus was able to remove Fe 2+ from its environment in the presence of air but not under anaerobic conditions. In this respect, this organism is less effective than bifidobacteria as a host defense factor in vivo.
Does Space Matter? Impact of Classroom Space on Student Learning in an Organic-First Curriculum

A number of studies have reported on the positive impact of social constructivist approaches on learning in introductory chemistry courses. However, the widespread use of such approaches is being hampered to a certain degree by uncertainty as to whether one needs a special type of classroom. In this study, we investigated student learning in two different classroom environments, the Node and the Spoke, in two first-year organic chemistry courses. Using, for the first time, formative assessment (in the form of clickers, or personal response systems) together with summative evaluations, we found no significant difference in student performance between the two classrooms. There was, however, a consistent trend of higher average grades among students in the Spoke environment compared to those in the Node classroom.
An international language for patient safety: Global progress in patient safety requires classification of key concepts.

The past 10 years has seen a rapid growth in research and action on patient safety throughout the world [1]. This is a welcome development. However, comparative analysis of risks to patient safety has been constrained by the absence of a common, internationally agreed set of patient safety concepts. In fact, patient safety appears to be a field of scientific endeavour in which identical terms are often understood to mean quite different things, depending on the standpoint of individuals involved. Such ambiguity frustrates progress. Since its inception in 2004, the WHO World Alliance for Patient Safety has recognized the importance of addressing this problem [2]. Over the past 3 years, careful, comprehensive work involving a wide range of experts from across the world has focussed on identifying and agreeing upon safety-related concepts, definitions and preferred terms …
BRCA1 negatively regulates the cancer-associated aromatase promoters I.3 and II in breast adipose fibroblasts and malignant epithelial cells.

Context: Heterozygous mutations of the breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) gene that lead to haploinsufficiency increase the risk of breast cancer. The underlying mechanism is unknown. Objective: Because excessive estrogen production increases the risk of breast cancer, we determined whether BRCA1 suppresses aromatase expression and thus local estrogen production in breast adipose fibroblasts (BAFs) and breast malignant epithelial cells by interacting with the cancer-associated promoter I.3/II region of the aromatase gene. Results: Treatment of BAFs with prostaglandin E2 or a surrogate hormonal cocktail of dibutyryl (Bt2) cAMP plus phorbol 12, 13-diacetate (PDA) significantly reduced BRCA1 levels and induced aromatase mRNA levels. Reduction of BRCA1 in BAFs and in MCF7 and SKBR3 malignant breast epithelial cells using small interfering RNA (siRNA) or small hairpin RNA significantly increased aromatase mRNA levels and enzyme activity. This effect of BRCA1 was mediated via selective inhibition of ar...
Diurnal changes in epidermal UV transmittance of plants in naturally high UV environments

Studies were conducted on three herbaceous plant species growing in naturally high solar UV environments in the subalpine of Mauna Kea, Hawaii, USA, to determine if diurnal changes in epidermal UV transmittance (T(UV)) occur in these species, and to test whether manipulation of the solar radiation regime could alter these diurnal patterns. Additional field studies were conducted at Logan, Utah, USA, to determine if solar UV was causing diurnal T(UV) changes and to evaluate the relationship between diurnal changes in T(UV) and UV-absorbing pigments. Under clear skies, T(UV), as measured with a UV-A-pulse amplitude modulation fluorometer for leaves of Verbascum thapsus and Oenothera stricta growing in native soils and Vicia faba growing in pots, was highest at predawn and sunset and lowest at midday. These patterns in T(UV) closely tracked diurnal changes in solar radiation and were the result of correlated changes in fluorescence induced by UV-A and blue radiation but not photochemical efficiency (F(v)/F(m)) or initial fluorescence yield (F(o)). The magnitude of the midday reduction in T(UV) was greater for young leaves than for older leaves of Verbascum. Imposition of artificial shade eliminated the diurnal changes in T(UV) in Verbascum, but reduction in solar UV had no effect on diurnal T(UV) changes in Vicia. In Vicia, the diurnal changes in T(UV) occurred without detectable changes in the concentration of whole-leaf UV-absorbing compounds. Results suggest that plants actively control diurnal changes in UV shielding, and these changes occur in response to signals other than solar UV; however, the underlying mechanisms responsible for rapid changes in T(UV) remain unclear.
A note on the mathematical biophysics of central excitation and inhibition.

Some relations between the temporally macroscopic theory of central excitation and inhibition and the temporally microscopic theory of nervous nets are suggested.
A ZGS beam transport for transverse or longitudinally polarized protons

Abstract A combination of dipole magnets and superconducting solenoid is utilized to transform the spin direction of transversely polarized protons from the Argonne ZGS for use in proton-proton scattering experiments.
Computer scientist in profile: Yang Zhang

"Yes, I did have a band in college, and I still love music," says Yang, who now has his own highly-successful computational biology laboratory at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. While most of us are quick to associate his name with top protein structure prediction servers, such as I-TASSER and QUARK, not many of us know that Yang's first passion was music. "When I was young," he recalls, "my dream was to roam around the world with my guitar." His dream did not last long, as he made a conscious decision to pursue a graduate degree after completing his undergraduate studies in physics in China. His Ph.D. thesis was on the interaction of elementary particles, such as quarks (that explains a lot). He was awarded the prestigious Humboldt fellowship, which allowed him to study quarks at the Free University in Berlin for two years.
The effect of gender on mortality or appropriate shock in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy who have implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.

Background As heart disease is increasingly recognized in women and as important studies have elucidated the benefit of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM), little is known regarding the effect of gender difference on arrhythmic risk in this population. We sought to determine if there are gender differences in arrhythmic risk and potential defibrillator benefit in patients with NICM. Methods The records of 767 consecutive patients who underwent ICD implant at the Stanford Medical Center from 1984 to 2002 were reviewed. Only patients with NICM were considered (n = 201, 26.2%). Of these, 140 patients had clinical follow-up information available. Baseline variables were examined, including age, baseline heart rate, ejection fraction, and medications. We evaluated the time to first shock as well as all-cause mortality in this patient population. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted, a log-rank test was used to evaluate significance, and Cox-proportional hazards test was used for multivariate analysis. Results There were 88 (62.9%) men and 52 (37.1%) women. Between male and female patients, there were no significant differences in baseline mean age (54.8 +/- 1.9 years vs 53.1 +/- 2.3 years, respectively), ejection fraction (35.2 +/- 2.0% vs 33.3 +/- 2.3%, respectively), and mean left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (6.4 +/- 0.3 cm vs 5.9 +/- 0.2 cm, respectively). Mean follow-up time was 30.8 months. Thirty-two male patients (36.4 +/- 0.05%) received appropriate shocks compared with 20 female patients (38.5 +/- 0.07%). Mean time to the first appropriate shock was 11.9 +/- 3.9 months for male patients and 21.3 +/- 5.8 months for female patients (P = 0.2). Nineteen male patients (21.6 +/- 0.05%) died or received heart transplant during the follow-up period compared with 6 female patients (11.5 +/- 0.04%) (P = 0.11). Conclusion Male and female patients with NICM who received ICDs had similar rate of appropriate shock and mortality. In this population gender does not appear to be an important risk factor for mortality or arrhythmic events.
A new method for selection of Escherichia coli mutants defective in membrane lipid synthesis.

Virtually nothing is known concerning the roles of specific phospholipids in membrane structure and function although various suggestions have been made1,2. Isolation of mutants defective in the synthesis of various phospholipid components of the membrane seems likely to answer these questions.
A note on singularities and the arrow of time

An interesting thought experiment claiming to highlight the connection between singularities and the global arrow of time is re-analyzed, and a further specification suggested. Against the criticism of Price (1996), it is proposed that the original Penrose (1979) interpretation is still valid. Some ramifications of the result of our understanding of the cosmological arrow of time are sketched.
Mass spectral and atomic absorption studies of selenium vaporization from a graphite surface

Abstract Selenium desorbs from a graphite surface primarily as SeO 2 which dissociates in the gas phase to form atomic Se with an appearance temperature of 1175 K in atmospheric GFAAS. Mass spectrometry studies in vacuum show that the SeO 2 desorption occurs at 425 K without the addition of any modifiers and that elemental Se does not desorb from the heated graphite flat. Vacuum MS studies show that the addition of Ni delays the appearance temperature of a significant amount of SeO 2 to 850 K. The SeO 2 lost at this temperature does not contribute to the Se absorbance signal which has a delayed appearance in atmospheric GFAA of 1575 K with the addition of Ni. Above 850 K, the remaining SeO 2 is attached to NiO which has formed on the surface. Then, NiO is reduced by the carbon forming CO and CO 2 which desorb at 1200 K while elemental Ni remains in the carbon. At the same time, SeO 2 is released from NiO and desorbs from the graphite in vacuum as SeO 2 , SeO, Se and Se 2 . Some reduction of SeO 2 on the surface has occurred at this high temperature. These Se species dissociate in the high temperature gas phase atmosphere of GFAA forming elemental Se which is then detected as a delayed Se AA signal. Much of the SeO 2 desorbed at low temperatures can be lost through diffusion from the furnace even when Ni is added, if the gas phase is not preheated. XPS and SEM studies confirm the existence of NiO on the surface at 1100 K with the remaining Se dispersed in the Ni so that it is not observable. Elemental Ni desorbs from the graphite at 1675 K. in vacuum MS, corresponding to the Ni signal observed in atmospheric GFAA. Following high temperature cleaning steps, elemental Ni is detected by XPS and MS to remain in the graphite. This amount of Ni is not significant enough to contribute to the Ni AA signal, nor does the elemental Ni affect the Se AA signal. An oxygenated surface, like that produced by the addition of Ni, also causes the appearance of the Se AA signal in atmosphere to be delayed to a higher temperature. The signal is enhanced, although not to the extent of that with the addition of Ni. SEM data show SeO 2(s,1) congregating at active sites on the oxygenated surface following a dry step. Under vacuum conditions, the desorption of SeO 2 from an oxygenated surface was not delayed. This indicates that atmospheric pressure is necessary to allow mobile SeO 2 species to move to oxygenated active sites which then delay the release. The mobile SeO 2 species are desorbed from the surface under vacuum conditions before reaching the active sites.
Interrelationships With Estrous Behavior and Conception in Dairy Cattle

A total of 199 inseminations and estrous periods of lactating cows and heifers of breeding age were used to assess behavioral, productive, environmental, and hormonal events at first observation of estrus and those 12 h later with concurrent breeding efficiencies. Cattle were observed twice daily for estrus, and blood samples were collected at the initial observation of estrus (0 h) and at 12 h. Fifty-one percent of the cattle first were detected in estrus in the morning. Morning estrous activity was greater (11.4 mounts/h) than that first observed in the evening (7.6). Mean estrous activity declined from 9.4 mounts/h at 0 h to 1.6 mounts/h at 12 h. Older cows exhibited more mounting activity than younger animals at 0 h. Barn housed cattle exhibited more mounts/h during detection of estrus (11.2) than cattle housed primarily in free stalls (6.5) or pasture (5.4). Early estrous activity (0 h) was not affected by estradiol, progesterone, or luteinizing hormone. However, estradiol and progesterone did exert an influence on activity seen at late estrus (12 h). Glucose and urea at 0 and 12 h were similar. There were no significant correlations of glucose or urea of plasma with estrous activity or conception. Feed intake and milk production from 3 days prior to 3 days postestrus did not change. Season affected estrous activity and conception. Highest conception was associated with low progesterone at 12 h.
Surgical management of ischemic penile gangrene in diabetics with end stage atherosclerosis.

AbstractPurpose: We determined whether early surgical intervention for ischemic penile gangrene in diabetics can be successful and limit morbidity.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was done of 7 diabetic patients with ischemic penile gangrene.Results: Three patients underwent early distal penectomy without complications. All 4 patients initially observed suffered liquefaction and progression from dry to wet gangrene, and 2 underwent surgery (subtotal penectomy in 1 and distal penectomy in 1 who required reoperations for wound complications).Conclusions: With appropriate patient selection, surgical intervention can be successful and provide a better quality of life for those without terminal disease. Delaying intervention will usually require more extensive surgery and increase the risk of wound complications. However, observation is indicated for moribund hospitalized patients.