cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Review of BH4 (Sapropterin) for the Adjuvant Treatment of Phenylketonuria.

Context: Dietary management is the mainstay of effective treatment in PKU, but dietary restriction is difficult and additional treatment options are needed.
The case for fair multiprocessor scheduling

In this paper, we compare the PD/sup 2/ Pfair algorithm to the EDF-FF partitioning scheme, which uses "first fit" (FF) as a partitioning heuristic and the earliest-deadline-first (EDF) algorithm for per-processor scheduling. We present experimental results that show that PD/sup 2/ is competitive with, and in some cases outperforms, EDF-FF. These results suggest that Pfair scheduling is a viable alternative to partitioning. Furthermore, as discussed herein, Pfair scheduling provides many additional benefits, such as simple and efficient synchronization, temporal isolation, fault tolerance, and support for dynamic tasks.
Occupation as Transactional Experience: A Critique of Individualism in Occupational Science

Abstract Occupational science uses various concepts to denote occupation as residing within the individual. That is, despite recognizing the role of a context for the individual and her or his occupation, occupational scientists have continued to implicitly or explicitly create a dualistic view of person and context (environment). The dualism creates a problem for understanding occupation as well as the relationship of person and context. In this paper we present occupationally‐focused case studies of two individuals and assert that existing concepts of occupation in the discipline cannot encompass the situations represented by these cases. We propose the Deweyan concept of transaction as an alternative perspective for understanding occupation. The relational perspective of transactionalism means that occupation is no longer seen as a thing or as a type of self‐action or inter‐action arising from within individuals. In this view, occupation is an important mode through which human beings, as organisms‐in‐...
Event-Separability in the Ellsberg urn

Ellsberg’s three-color urn involves two distinct sources of uncertainty—the color composition of the urn (which is subjective) and the identity of the drawn ball (which is objective)—and bets on it can involve mixed objective/subjective uncertainty. It is known that typical betting preferences on this urn violate both the Sure-Thing Principle and probabilistic sophistication over its mixed uncertainty but are consistent with both of them over its purely subjective uncertainty. In this paper, we show that the standard Ellsberg-type preference reversal is actually implied by the Independence Axiom over its purely objective uncertainty.
Structural Vibration as a Noise Source on Vibrating Screens

A-weighted sound levels around vibrating screens in coal preparation plants often exceed 90 dB(A). The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is actively developing noise controls to reduce noise generated by horizontal vibrating screens. A 121-microphone, 3.5-meter-diameter array was used to perform beamforming to determine locations of significant noise radiation on the screen. Below about 1 kHz, the screen body was found to be the most significant noise source. The beamforming contour maps showed several key locations on the sides of the screen and the feedbox are the most significant contributors. Operating deflection shape (ODS) analysis was used to examine the screen behavior under actual operating conditions. This information is helpful in determining how to modify the screen body to reduce the noise radiated by the screen below 1 kHz. The analysis showed modal vibration patterns on the sides and feed box were the main contributors to noise. The results show several areas on the screen sides and feedbox that can be modified to reduce noise.
DOI, a 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist, potentiates amphetamine-induced dopamine release in rat striatum

The effects of (+-)-DOI (1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-aminopropane) hydrochloride, a mixed 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist, on the release of dopamine (DA) following D-amphetamine sulfate (AMP) or a DA D2 autoreceptor selective dose of (-)-apomorphine hydrochloride (APO), were investigated in rat striatum (STR) and nucleus accumbens (NAC), using in vivo microdialysis. AMP (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) produced marked increases in extracellular DA levels in both the STR and the NAC whereas DOI (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) alone had no significant effect on extracellular DA levels in either region. Pretreatment with DOI 30 min prior to AMP, further enhanced the AMP-induced increase in striatal extracellular DA levels. On the other hand, DOI pretreatment attenuated the APO (50 micrograms/kg, s.c.)-induced decrease in extracellular DA levels in the STR. Pretreatment with DOI did not affect the ability of either AMP or APO to modulate extracellular DA levels in the NAC. These results provide further evidence that 5-HT2A/2C receptors modulate the release mechanisms of DA in the STR. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
An improved, reproducible method of preparing rat liver plasma cell membranes in buffered isotonic sucrose

Improvements are described for a method of isolating rat liver plasma cell membranes from a liver homogenate prepared in a 0.25 M sucrose-0.5 mM CaCl2-5 mM Tris buffer (pH 7.4). This method, introduced by Takeuchi and Terayama5, is reproducible and the preparation contains no nuclei, 5% mitochondria and 9% microsomes, as determined enzymatically. No DNA and 31.6 μg RNA per mg plasma membrane protein were found. This amount is considerably less than has previously been reported. The yield is 0.4 mg plasma membrane protein per g wet weight liver for adult male or female rats. Rats 3–4 weeks old yield about 14−13 This amount. A discussion of the impurities in the preparation is appended. A comparison with similar methods indicates that from the point of view of reproductibility and impurities, the preparation described is the best available presently for cell homogenates made in isotonic sucrose.
A new algorithm for determining 3D biplane imaging geometry: theory and implementation

Biplane imaging is a primary method for visual and quantitative assessment of the vasculature. A key problem (called Imaging Geometry Determination problem or IGD for short) in this method is to determine the rotation-matrix ( R ) and the translation vector ( t ) which relate the two coordinate systems. In this paper, we propose a new approach, called IG-Sieving , to calculate R and t using corresponding points in the two images. Our technique first generates an initial estimate of R and t from the gantry angles of the imaging system, and then optimizes them by solving an optimal-cell-search problem in a 6-D parametric space (three variables defining R plus the three variables of t ). To efficiently find the optimal imaging geometry (IG) in 6-D, our approach divides the high dimensional search domain into a set of lower-dimensional regions, (holding two variables constant at each optimization step), thereby reducing the optimal-cell-search problem to a set of optimization problems in 3 D sub-spaces (one other variable is correlated). For each such sub-space, our approach first applies efficient computational geometry techniques to identify "possibly-feasible" IG’s, and then uses a criterion we call fall-in-number to sieve out good IGs. We show that in a bounded number of optimization steps, a (possibly infinite) set of near optimal IGs (which are equally good) can be determined. Simulation results indicate that our method can reconstruct 3 D points with average 3 D center-of-mass errors of about 0.8 cm for input image-data errors as high as 0.1 cm , which is comparable to existing techniques. More importantly, our algorithm provides a novel insight into the geometric structure of the solution space, which could be exploited to significantly improve the accuracy of other biplane algorithms.
Tomato Ripening: Effects of Light Frequency, Magnetic Field, and Chemical Treatments

Salunkhe (4), eifects of ethylene, oxygen, and light treatments were presented. In the study reported here, tomato fruit were treated with different light frequencies, in an artificial magnetic field, and with several chemicals during their ripening. Chemical analyses were made to determine changes in concentrations of acids, sugars, and color conmpounds during the ripening period.
The need for a national cybersecurity research and development agenda

Government-funded initiatives, in cooperation with private-sector partners in key technology areas, are fundamental to cybersecurity technical transformation.
Geotechnical Properties of JSC-1A Lunar Soil Simulant

For the success of planned missions to the moon in the near future, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of the geotechnical behavior of lunar soil. However, only a limited amount of information is available about geotechnical properties of lunar soils. In addition, the amount of lunar soils brought back to Earth is small. To help the development of new regolith moving machines and vehicles that will be used in future missions, a new lunar soil similant JSC-1A has been developed. A group of conventional geotechnical laboratory tests was conducted to characterize the geotechnical properties of the simulant, such as particle size distribution, maximum and minimum bulk densities, compaction characteristics, shear strength parameters, and compressibility.
Outdoor flat-plate collector performance prediction from solar simulator test data

Solar collector performance data obtained from tests with a simulator was modified for real-life conditions. The data obtained with the simulator was corrected for the variable conditions of ambient temperature, wind, incident angle, flow rate, etc., that are encountered outdoors. Modification of simulator data was accomplished by combining experiment with theory. The technique was demonstrated by application to a spectrally selective and a nonselective type of collector. This kind of modified simulator collector performance data should be valuable in solar systems analysis and for collector performance ranking based on all-day calculated conditions.
Direction of post-prandial ghrelin response associated with cortisol response, perceived stress and anxiety, and self-reported coping and hunger in obese women.

The neurobiological mechanisms modulating stress may share common pathways with appetite regulation and consequent obesity. The orexigenic hormone, ghrelin may moderate anxiety and stress-related eating behavior. This study was designed to investigate humoral (ghrelin, cortisol) and psychological/behavioral characteristics (subjective hunger, anxiety, and stress; eating behavior; coping ability) among obese subjects in a fasting state and after eating a standard meal. Subjects included 18 obese but otherwise healthy adult women. Subjects were divided into two groups based on the relative direction of ghrelin response to a standard meal. A meal mediated suppression in serum ghrelin (post/pre 1.0) was designated as faulty ghrelin response (FG) (n=9). Ghrelin and cortisol responses were correlated, r(18)=0.558, p=.016. FG subjects had lower ratings of coping ability [t(2,16)=2.437, p=.027 and higher ratings of hunger cues in the expected direction [t(2,16)=-2.061, p=.056] compared to NG subjects. Meal mediated declines in subjective hunger were observed for both NG [t(1,8)=4.141, p=.003] and FG [t(1,8)=2.718, p=.026]. NG also showed declines in subjective anxiety [t(1,8)=2.977, p=.018], subjective stress [t(1,8)=2.321, p=.049], and cortisol [t(1,8)=4.214, p=.003]. In conclusion, changes in ghrelin, cortisol and selected psychological and behavioral indices are closely associated with one another suggesting that ghrelin may influence stress related eating and thus, the consequent observed relationship among stress, mood and obesity.
Methods for Simulating Rare Events in Optical Systems

We describe the application of importance sampling techniques to improve the efficiency of Monte Carlo computations of various rare event probabilities, including phase deviations in soliton-based communications and frequency comb generation.
Age-Related Atrophy of Motor Axons in Mice Deficient in the Mid-Sized Neurofilament Subunit

Neurofilaments are central determinants of the diameter of myelinated axons. It is less clear whether neurofilaments serve other functional roles such as maintaining the structural integrity of axons over time. Here we show that an age-dependent axonal atrophy develops in the lumbar ventral roots of mice with a null mutation in the mid-sized neurofilament subunit (NF-M) but not in animals with a null mutation in the heavy neurofilament subunit (NF-H). Mice with null mutations in both genes develop atrophy in ventral and dorsal roots as well as a hind limb paralysis with aging. The atrophic process is not accompanied by significant axonal loss or anterior horn cell pathology. In the NF-M–null mutant atrophic ventral root, axons show an age-related depletion of neurofilaments and an increased ratio of microtubules/neurofilaments. By contrast, the preserved dorsal root axons of NF-M–null mutant animals do not show a similar depletion of neurofilaments. Thus, the lack of an NF-M subunit renders some axons selectively vulnerable to an age-dependent atrophic process. These studies argue that neurofilaments are necessary for the structural maintenance of some populations of axons during aging and that the NF-M subunit is especially critical.
Time Trends in Estimates of Genetic Parameters in a Population of Chickens Subjected to Multiple Objective Selection

Abstract EVIDENCE of changes in the genetic variation of populations under selection, as manifested by changes in heritability estimates, is present in the positive trends reported by Scosseroli (1957) and the negative trends reported by Yamada, Bohren and Crittenden (1958). Fairly constant estimates of heritability over generations in selected populations have been reported by Lerner and Dempster (1951), Dempster, Lerner and Lowry (1952) and Falconer (1955). Changes in genetic variance due to selection appear to be conditioned by the specific genetic constitution of the population at the commencement of selection. In fact, the developments of Lush (1948) show that genetic variance is maximum in the case of only two alleles when gene frequency equals .5 and hence average initial frequency of genes being selected could have an influence on trends in heritability estimates. Investigations pertaining to the effects of selection on genetic correlations are very limited. No significant changes in genetic …
Farmland preservation: The role of off-farm income

Abstract Off-farm income is of increasing importance in U.S. agriculture. As a survival strategy, it can increase the staying power of farm businesses and therefore may affect farmland preservation and urban planning. The paper presents an economic model of off-farm work by farm operators. The purpose is to identify key factors that affect labor-allocation decisions by farmers. The study adapts the traditional economic model to include non-monetary benefits as a variable influencing multiple job-holding. Using data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's 1981 Family Farm Survey, regression analysis was employed to analyze 247 farm operators who reported work off the farm. The off-farm work supply of operators was estimated as a function of the off-farm wage rate, fixed farm characteristics, a measure of non-monetary benefits and the farm and family life cycle characteristics. The empirical evidence supports the view that farmers consider both monetary and non-monetary (lifestyle) benefits important in their decision about where to allocate labor. For policy makers interested in preserving farmland near cities, the results of the study suggest that urban and rural development policies which do not erode the non-monetary benefits of farming (independent lifestyle, healthy environment) will be more successful in increasing stability of land in farming.
Rational swarm routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc wireless networks

Wireless Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET) require dynamic routing schemes for adequate performance. In this paper, we introduce a new dynamic routing scheme based upon stigmergy. In a similar manner to ant-colony based dynamic routing protocols, our scheme is able to respond to link quality changes after a path is established. However, load balancing is not obtained through probabilistic routing (as in ant-colony based protocols) but through the exploitation of available information on forwarding choices by intermediate nodes. We present the results obtained from an NS-2 testbed, in which performance comparisons with AODV and Ant-Colony based protocols are highly promising.
The possible relationship between ultrastructure and biochemical state of heart mitochondria.

Abstract Heart mitochondria from four species were isolated by a variety of techniques which yielded preparations differing in stability and respiratory control. Rat liver mitochondria were also employed for comparative purposes. Concomitant ultrastructural studies of heart mitochondria revealed a resistance to conformational alterations, except when the mitochondria were isolated under certain conditions. In contrast, liver mitochondria always exhibited reversible ultrastructural transitions which appeared to be associated with changes in respiratory state or electron transport. A generalized direct relationship between inner membrane conformation and respiratory state or electron transport could not be demonstrated.
Strain differences in systematic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity in mice correlate best with monoamine oxidase activity at the blood-brain barrier

Abstract We measured monoamine oxidase activity in the cerebral cortex, striatum and brain microvessels of two mouse strains that differ in their susceptibility to systemic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPIP) neurotoxicity using specific pargyline binding and the rate of MPTP oxidation in vitro . We correlated these measurements with the results of in vivo experiments on: (i) the effect of MPTP on the striatal content of dopamine and its metabolites, and (ii) the regional brain accumulation of MPTP and its metabolites after systemic administration of tritiated MPTP. Results of the in vivo experiments do not correlate well with monoamine oxidase activity in the cerebral cortex and striatum, but correlate well with the inverse of monoamine oxidase activity in brain microvessels from the two strains of mice. These results support our hypothesis that monoamine oxidase activity in brain microvessels have an important role, as part of the “biochemical” blood-brain barrier, in obstructing MPTP entry into the brain.
Retention of a well-fixed acetabular component in the setting of massive acetabular osteolysis and pelvic discontinuity. A case report.

The management of massive pelvic osteolysis can pose a substantial challenge when a revision total hip arthroplasty is performed. For patients with well-fixed, well-positioned acetabular components and with contained osteolytic defects, retention of the prosthesis with bone-grafting of the osteolytic lesions is an accepted surgical strategy1-4. In contrast, in the setting of massive osteolysis with pelvic discontinuity, the acetabular component is usually loose and must be revised. To our knowledge, the uncommon clinical scenario in which pelvic discontinuity and massive osteolysis are associated with a well-fixed acetabular component has not been discussed in the literature. In the following case report, we describe the surgical treatment and clinical results of a patient with this challenging combination of problems. The patient was managed with acetabular component retention, open reduction and internal fixation of the discontinuity, and morselized bone-grafting of the osteolytic bone defects. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and she consented. A sixty-one-year-old woman presented to us with right-sided groin pain nine years after a right primary total hip arthroplasty. The postoperative course had been uncomplicated, and she had remained asymptomatic until eight months prior to the time of presentation. She had no history of trauma. The pain was worse with activity and improved with rest. She had no fever or other constitutional symptoms. The medical history was notable for obesity, coronary artery disease that required coronary artery bypass grafting six months prior to presentation, and a previous episode of diverticulitis, which required a partial colectomy to manage acute intestinal obstruction. She also had a history of cholecystectomy, multiple hernia repairs, and left hip and right knee replacements. She was retired, divorced, and living alone. The cardiovascular disease limited her to walking inside her home. On physical examination, she …
Rules and topics in conversation

Rules of conversation are given that specify what can follow what. A system for deciding what makes a reasonable subject for a conversation is shown. Topics are discussed and rules for topic shift are presented.
The concentration, speciation and sources of mercury in Chesapeake Bay precipitation

Abstract Mercury concentrations in wet deposition to a coastal and an inland site within the Chesapeake Bay watershed ranged from less than 10 pM to around 400 pM. Most concentrations were, however, below 150 pM. Speciation measurements of precipitation at the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory (CBL) (average total Hg 88 pM) show that 15% of the total Hg is reactive with methylmercury less than 0.5%, on average. Atmospheric particulate Hg measurements at the CBL site averaged 18 pgm−3, with somewhat higher winter concentrations. There is no strong indication of gaseous ionic Hg species in the Chesapeake Bay atmosphere, in contrast to what has been found elsewhere. Mercury in rain exhibited scavenging-type characteristics with the highest concentrations being found for the smaller rain events. However, a comparison of the ratio of Hg to other constituents in particulate with that of precipitation indicates that other processes besides particulate scavenging are contributing Hg to wet deposition. Thus, atmospheric oxidation of elemental mercury during rain formation and during atmospheric transport must be occurring.
The outpatient institutional antibiogram does not accurately reflect the susceptibility of prepartum group B streptococcal isolates to erythromycin and clindamycin

This study compared the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 100 nonduplicate group B streptococcal (GBS) isolates from screening cultures of women attending OB-GYN clinics to a similar number of outpatient infection isolates recorded on the institutional antibiogram of a university teaching hospital. The screening GBS isolates were significantly more susceptible to erythromycin (72% versus 45%) and clindamycin (77% versus 48%) than the infection isolates.
Orai1 is an essential pore subunit of the CRAC channel

Stimulation of immune cells causes depletion of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores, thereby triggering sustained Ca2+ entry through store-operated Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels, an essential signal for lymphocyte activation and proliferation. Recent evidence indicates that activation of CRAC current is initiated by STIM proteins, which sense ER Ca2+ levels through an EF-hand located in the ER lumen and relocalize upon store depletion into puncta closely associated with the plasma membrane. We and others recently identified Drosophila Orai and human Orai1 (also called TMEM142A) as critical components of store-operated Ca2+ entry downstream of STIM. Combined overexpression of Orai and Stim in Drosophila cells, or Orai1 and STIM1 in mammalian cells, leads to a marked increase in CRAC current. However, these experiments did not establish whether Orai is an essential intracellular link between STIM and the CRAC channel, an accessory protein in the plasma membrane, or an actual pore subunit. Here we show that Orai1 is a plasma membrane protein, and that CRAC channel function is sensitive to mutation of two conserved acidic residues in the transmembrane segments. E106D and E190Q substitutions in transmembrane helices 1 and 3, respectively, diminish Ca2+ influx, increase current carried by monovalent cations, and render the channel permeable to Cs+. These changes in ion selectivity provide strong evidence that Orai1 is a pore subunit of the CRAC channel.
Successful Biventricular Repair of Double-Outlet Right Ventricle With Transposition of the Great Arteries, Pulmonary Stenosis, and Straddling Mitral Valve

A 9-month-old boy with polysplenia, double-outlet right ventricle (DORV), transposition of the great arteries (TGA), a large ventricular septal defect (VSD), straddling mitral valve, pulmonary stenosis (PS), and a normal-sized pulmonary annulus underwent ventricular septation at the right side of the straddling mitral chord as well as an en bloc truncal switch procedure to minimize reduction of right ventricular (RV) volume from the intraventricular conduit. Echocardiography 5 months postoperatively showed laminar flow without obstruction through both ventricular outflow tracts, normal ventricular function, trivial aortic regurgitation, and mild pulmonary regurgitation (PR). This procedure is a good option for biventricular repair in the presence of a straddling mitral valve.
WHY PASSION FOR THE CITY HAS BEEN LOST

: In the late 1960s, an emotional public discussion followed the publication of Edward C. Banfield's The Unheavenly City. Since then, cities have been less fervently and popularly acclaimed and academic urbanists no longer produce crossover works whose arguments arouse intense and widespread debate. This paper, an exercise in intellectual history, describes this state of affairs and offers an explanation that considers changing patterns of urbanization, shifting government commitments and political inclinations, the dynamics of the mass media, and the demise of the public intellectual. The author concludes by reflecting on the formation of attentive publics and captivating themes.
Awareness and interest in biospecimen donation for cancer research: views from gatekeepers and prospective participants in the Latino community

Latinos are one of the fastest-growing population groups in the USA, and are underrepresented in scientific research and even more so in genetic research. The disproportionately lower number of certain subpopulations participating in biomedical research has a significant impact on the representativeness of scientific outcomes. We established a collaboration with scientists at a designated National Cancer Institute comprehensive cancer center to test the feasibility of community-based approaches for engaging Latinos in biospecimen donation for cancer genomic research. A methods triangulation approach was applied to gain a deeper understanding from the community, that included key informant interviews with Latino community leaders (N = 6), four focus groups (N = 22) with members of the Latino community, and the use of an audience response system within the focus groups to capture quantitative data. Overall, the majority of participants had never participated in biospecimen donation; however, despite being unaware of the biobank, they expressed willingness to participate as a way to help advance research. Themes included: Confusion on what biospecimen donation process entails; Barriers to and incentives for participation; Strategies and locations for reaching the Latino community. Clear communication of the “public good” as it relates to biospecimen donation by healthy/non-patient participants is a less clearly conceptualized message; yet, the significance of delivering this message is important to gaining participation and increasing the diversity of samples available for cancer genomic studies from a broader community context.
Transitional bodies: a qualitative investigation of postpartum body self-compassion

Self-compassion encompasses the three components of kindness, common humanity and mindfulness, and involves reducing one’s own suffering that can stem from personal inadequacies as well as the desire for one’s own health and well-being. The current investigation uniquely focused on the relevance of self-compassion to postpartum women coping with their changing bodies. Eighteen postpartum women participated in a one-on-one interview at the beginning and end of one month, and maintained journals between the two interviews. Themes emerged within the three components of self-compassion and an additional theme served as a motivational mechanism for taking care of one’s self through positive health behaviours (such as making exercise a priority). Kindness was described as being non-judgemental towards themselves and their bodies, along with having a self-focused moment or mental break. Common humanity was seen as the connection with other new mothers as well as people in general at the personal (interacting wit...
An approach to high availability in high-transaction-rate systems

In business enterprises, it is important that high availability be maintained in the computer systems used by the enterprises, particularly in systems that have high transaction rates. A way of maintaining high availability is discussed, including the implementation that should be undertaken and the design issues involved. Some additional steps for further improvements are also offered.
Both estrogen receptors and androgen receptors contribute to testosterone-induced changes in the morphology of the medial amygdala and sexual arousal in male rats.

In male rats, a steroid-sensitive circuit in the forebrain regulates mating behavior. The masculine phenotype in one component of the circuit, the posterodorsal nucleus of the medial amygdala (MePD), depends on the level of circulating androgens in the adult. To investigate which gonadal steroid receptor(s) mediate sexual arousal and MePD plasticity, adult male rats were castrated and given Silastic capsules containing the nonaromatizable androgen 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 17beta-estradiol (E2), both steroids, or nothing. A fifth group was sham-castrated and treated with blank capsules. DHT treatment was necessary and sufficient to maintain the expression of noncontact penile erections and ultrasonic vocalizations in castrates. E2 had no significant effect on these measures. Both DHT and E2 increased olfactory investigation ("nosepokes") during the noncontact penile erection test. E2, but not DHT, maintained intromission patterns, while either steroid, alone or in combination, maintained ejaculatory behavior. Regional volume and cell soma size of the MePD both decreased following castration. Additionally, MePD cell size was lateralized, with left hemisphere neurons larger than those on the right, an effect that appeared independent of steroid manipulations. DHT and E2 each maintained neuronal soma size. E2 maintained MePD regional volume more effectively in the left MePD than in the right, which may have been due to a greater sensitivity of the left to both castration and hormone treatment. Thus, both androgen receptors and estrogen receptors appear to participate in sexual behaviors that may be mediated by the MePD in adult rats, and both receptors contribute to the steroid-regulated structural plasticity in this brain region.
Structure Determination of Membrane-Associated Proteins from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Data

Abstract This Review covers the delineation and optimization of protein–lipid systems for study using solution-state NMR spectroscopy. The first half presents the necessary background for a membrane protein biochemist to initiate collaboration with an NMR spectroscopist. The second half provides guidelines for the spectroscopist on data collection, analysis for obtaining conformational information, and structure generation and assessment. Although the emphasis is on the study of peptides in detergent micelles, methods are outlined for larger membrane-associated proteins and for use of other solubilizing agents.
The Old English Genesis B poet: Bilingual or interlingual?

Although the celebrated 1875 conjecture of Sievers hypothesizing an Old Saxon Genesis source for the translation of the Old English Genesis B (or Later Genesis) was confirmed by the 1894 find of Zangemeister, the question of the native language of the translator of the Old Saxon Genesis remains. The Genesis B evidence is reconsidered here from the viewpoint of contemporary empirical data to ascertain whether the translator was bilingual or interlingual, the former putatively associated with a native (Old Englishman in this case), the second with a second language learner (of Old English). The Old English data contrasted with the character of Old Saxon and configurated with extrapolations from differing cognitive strategies argue for an Anglo-Saxon provenance of the Genesis B poet.
Dynamics of Bent Molecules in Gels

A quantitative predictive model of the electrophoretic mobility of a bent molecule of cylindrical symmetry relative to a straight one in gel is described. The force acting on the surface of the molecule is shown to be the minimum value of a variational functional of the fluid velocities whose minimizer satisfies the large viscosity solution of the incompressible Brinkman−Navier−Stokes equations. By exploiting the variational approach, our model readily predicts, in agreement with experimental data, that the electrophoretic mobility of the molecule bent at the middle is smaller than that of the same molecule with a bend at the end. We apply the methodology to describe the electrophoretic mobility of intrinsically bent DNA molecules in polyacrylamide gels. The predictions are compared with available experimental data as well as a semiempirical relation between the relative electrophoretic mobility and the bend angle by Thompson and Landy.
Barriers to agreement in the asymmetric Israeli–Palestinian conflict1

Intractable conflicts, including that between Israel and West Bank and Gaza Palestinians, are perpetuated by a number of psychological and relational barriers that prevent the parties from reaching agreements that would serve the parties mutual self-interests. This article reviews the nature of and empirical evidence for the operation of several such barriers, including enmity and distrust, false polarization, dissonance reduction and collective rationalization, insistence on justice rather than mere advance on the status quo, reactive devaluation of proposals from the other side, and naive realism, with special attention to the role they play in asymmetric conflicts such as that in the Middle East. Some research evidence suggesting strategies for overcoming these barriers and unfreezing deadlocks is also discussed, along with some lessons that the author and his Stanford Center on Conflict and Negotiation have gleaned from their real-world experiences in second-track diplomacy and their efforts to promot...
Counting plaques and tangles in Alzheimer's disease: Concordance of technicians and pathologists

Our primary aim is to provide a descriptive approach to the analysis of counts of plaques and tangles by different readers. We wanted to find out whether subjects with minimal training can count plaques and tangles in histological specimens of patients with Alzheimer's disease and controls. Two experienced neuropathologists trained three student helpers to recognize plaques and tangles in slides obtained from autopsy material. After training, the students and pathologists examined coded slides from patients with Alzheimer's disease and controls. Some of the slides were repeated to provide an estimate of reliability. Each reader read four fields which were averaged to obtain estimates of plaque and tangle counts. Raters are compared on four aspects of concordance: location, scale, precision and accuracy. Precision and accuracy are combined to provide an estimate of concordance. We conclude that subjects with minimal training can be taught to count plaques and tangles. Concordance with the neuropathologists was somewhat greater for tangles. This paper also provides a methodology for comparing raters.
Academic entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial universities and biotechnology

There are various definitions of an entrepreneurial university, yet there is a lack of agreement about its core components. This article defines the five key characteristics of an entrepreneurial university based on examples of successful bio-clusters in the United States and Europe, and suggests an agenda for stakeholders.
Calculated Viscous and Scale Effects on Transonic Aeroelasticity

A viscous-inviscid interactive coupling method is used for the computation of unsteady transonic flows. A lagextrainment integral boundary layer method is used with a transonic small disturbance potential code to compute the transonic aeroelastic response for two wing flutter models. By varying the modeled length scale, viscous effects may be studied as the Reynolds number per reference chordlength varies. Appropriate variation of modeled frequencies and generalized masses then allows comparison of responses for varying scales or Reynolds number. Two wing planforms are studied: one a four percent thick swept wing and the other a typical business jet wing. Calculations for both wings show limit cycle oscillations at transonic speeds in the vicinity of minimum flutter speed indices.
BEHAVIORAL DIMENSIONS ASSOCIATED WITH STUDENTS' GLOBAL RATINGS OF COLLEGE PROFESSORS

Several studies suggest that competence in one's field is the principal determinant of students' global ratings of college professors. Other studies find the professor's empathy toward students and considerate and concerned treatment of students to be the principal determinants of overall ratings. This research finds the consideration-concern dimension to be the best single predictor of global ratings of professors. However, interactions of organization-competence and consideration-concern dimensions of performance were more highly related to overall ratings than either variable analyzed by itself.
A Coordinate System for Tumor Identification in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging.

Purpose: PET can be useful in determining the progression of malignant disease over time as well as the response to therapy. To achieve this, the physician must be able to unambiguously identify and characterize individual tumors among several different scans. Methods: We have developed a coordinate system for identifying individual tumor sites on PET scans, selecting the carina on the transmission scan as a point of origin. Using this system, each tumor is given a set of spherical coordinates that identifies its position: a rho (ρ, displacement from carina), a theta (θ, angle between the A–P axis and the tumor), and a phi (φ, angle between the polar axis and the tumor). We tested this method on a patient with metastatic thyroid cancer, who underwent 18FDG and 124I-Iodide PET scans in the same week. This sytem was also used on a patient with metastatic prostate cancer, who had two FDG scans done 7 weeks apart. The patient underwent chemotherapy treatment during this period, and the scans were performed to assess therapy response. Results: The patient with thyroid cancer had a total of 90 tumors, 82 of them identified in the 18FDG scan and 35 in the 124I-Iodide scan, with 27 tumors identified in both. For ρ, θ, and φ among the 27 matching pairs of tumors, the mean differences were 6.80 ± 5 mm, 6.22 ± 4.54°, and 5.51 ± 5.81°, respectively. The disparity in coordinate values between corresponding tumors can be explained by the distinctive uptake patterns of the radiopharmaceuticals. The patient with prostate cancer had 9 tumors identifiable in both the pre- and post-therapy scans. The mean differences for ρ, θ, and φ among the 9 pairs of tumors were 1.93 ± 1.65 mm, 6.67 ± 5.53°, and 2.04 ± 2.02°, respectively. After thorough analysis, we have determined that corresponding tumors with ρ < 15 mm, θ and φ < 15° difference usually indicate a match. Conclusion: This coordinate system facilitates the identification and characterization of individual tumors among multiple scans, thus aiding in both the assessment of diagnostic capabilities of different tracers, and the tracking of tumors following therapy.
Hematuria associated with methicillin therapy.

Summary Four additional children who developed hematuria while being treated with methicillin are presented. The absence of cross reactivity with penicillin G, nafcillin, and oxacillin in 2 of these patients is noted. Whether or not the lesion in solely renal and whether it is a harmless phenomenon is still uncertain.
Scheduling of stream programs onto SPM enhanced processors with code overlay

Scratch Pad Memories (SPM) have emerged as an alternative to caches in embedded processor architectures due to their lower power consumption, smaller chip area and superior performance. However, the advantages of SPM come at the expense of increased load on the programmer as she is responsible for memory management. Consequently, there is a need for novel compilation for mapping applications onto SPM enhanced embedded processors. Stream programs (that describe a large class of embedded applications) demonstrate stable memory access patterns, and are particularly suitable for SPM based processors. In this paper we present a heuristic approach for scheduling and compiling streaming applications (modeled by synchronous data flow graphs) for SPM enhanced processors. The technique maximizes the application performance by minimizing code overlay overheads that are introduced when executing a large code base on a smaller sized SPM. We also present an extension of our approach that further reduces the overheads by selective code pre-fetching. The effectiveness of our approaches is evaluated by compiling ten streaming application onto one Synergistic Processing Engine (SPE) of the IBM Cell processor.
Experimentally estimated impacts of school vouchers on college enrollment and degree attainment

Abstract We provide the first experimental estimates of the long-term impacts of a voucher to attend private school by linking data from a privately sponsored voucher initiative in New York City, which awarded the scholarships by lottery to low-income families, to administrative records on college enrollment and degree attainment. We find no significant effects on college enrollment or four-year degree attainment of the offer of a voucher. However, we find substantial, marginally significant impacts for minority students and large, significant impacts for the children of women born in the United States. Negative point estimates for the children of non-minority and foreign-born mothers are not statistically significant at conventional levels. The information needed to match students to administrative data on postsecondary outcomes was available for 99% of the sample. We find evidence of substantial bias due to attrition in the original evaluation, which relied on data collected at follow-up sessions.
Observations on the algal genus Basicladia and the red-bellied turtle, Chrysemys rubriventris

The green alga, Basicladia crassa Hoffmann and Tilden is reported for the first time from the red-bellied turtle, Chrysemys rubriventris (Le Conte), and from the state of Virginia. Descriptions of the algal colonies and their positioning on the turtle are presented and illustrated. Discussions of the taxonomy of the genus Basicladia and of the turtle's ecology in relation to Basicladia colonization are also included.
Erroneous Relationships among Humidity and Cloud Forcing Variables in Three Global Climate Models

Abstract Links are examined between time-averaged cloud radiative properties, particularly the longwave and shortwave components of cloud radiative forcing (CRF), and properties of the long-term averages of atmospheric soundings, in particular upper-tropospheric humidity (UTH), lower-tropospheric precipitable water (PW), and static stability (SS). The joint distributions of moisture measures and the composite or conditional mean CRF for different moisture and stability combinations are computed. This expands on previous studies that have examined cloud properties versus vertical velocity and surface temperature. These computations are done for satellite observations and for three representative coupled climate models from major modeling centers. Aside from mean biases reported previously, several departures are identified between the modeled and observed joint distributions that are qualitative and significant. Namely, the joint distribution of PW and UTH is very compact in observations but less so in mod...
Catastrophe models for cognitive workload and fatigue

We reconceptualised several problems concerning the measurement of cognitive workload – fixed versus variable limits on channel capacity, work volume versus time pressure, adaptive strategies, resources demanded by tasks when performed simultaneously, and unclear distinctions between workload and fatigue effects – as two cusp catastrophe models: buckling stress resulting from acute workload, and fatigue resulting from extended engagement. Experimental participants completed a task that was intensive on non-verbal episodic memory and had an automatically speeded component. For buckling stress, the epoch of maximum (speeded) performance was the asymmetry parameter; however, anxiety did not contribute to bifurcation as expected. For fatigue, the bifurcation factor was the total work accomplished, and arithmetic, a compensatory ability, was the asymmetry parameter; R 2 for the cusp models outperformed the linear comparison models in both cases. A research programme is outlined that revolves around the two mod...
Development of polymer blend morphology during compounding in a twin-screw extruder. Part II: Theoretical derivations

In Part II of the work, the intermeshing twin-screw extruder is briefly described and the theoretical procedures used to model its operation are summarized. Based on the microrheological considerations discussed in Part I, a predictive procedure of the morphology evolution during compounding of two immiscible polymers is proposed. In this first generation model, only the shear flow effects are considered. Furthermore, to avoid complications due to coalescence a low concentration of the dispersed phase was assumed. In the procedure, two drop breakup mechanisms are discussed. The first assumes that the drops do not break under flow while the second postulates that breakup occurs under flow. Two dispersion mechanisms are considered, the first postulating continuously increasing polydispersity of drop size and the second postulating that drop polydispersity is inversely proportional to deformation strain. The influence of the screw configuration and operating conditions on blend morphology evolution is studied. It is expected that the computed drop size distribution provides limiting values for the experimental data. Dependency of predicted morphology on operating conditions is also investigated. Increasing screw rotating speed (resulting in increasing energy consumption) and decreasing throughput (resulting in decreasing productivity) lead to prediction of finer drop size. In practice, therefore, a compromise would be required. The proposed procedure is limited to melt flow (excluding the die region) within the region of large capillary parameter values, k > 4kcrit.