cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Video-Teleconferencing With Medical Students to Improve Exposure to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Objective The chronic workforce shortage in child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) remains a germane issue that has been difficult to deal with effectively. Collaboration between medical schools without sufficient CAP resources and those with enough to share may help improve interest in the field.
Gains from a ground-only adaptive optics system

We discuss the image improvement from an adaptive optics system that selectively corrects for phase perturbations with large angular coherence lengths. Selecting phase perturbations with large angular coherence lengths effectively sets the correction to turbulence of all spatial frequencies at the ground and to turbulence of progressively lower spatial frequencies at higher altitudes. The performance of a high-order curvature system (85 elements) on a small telescope (4 meters) across a field of view of roughly six arcminutes diameter is simulated using Monte Carlo simulations. The implementation studied assumes a single correcting element conjugate to the ground with multiple wave front sensors each pointed at a different star within the field of view. The image full-width at half maximum (FWHM) is reduced by up to a factor of two over the uncorrected case. Even though the number of guide stars is large (n~3), the sky coverage is similar to that for a classical adaptive optics system since the acquisition field is much larger (~35 square arcminutes). In principle the approach could be extended to multiple laser guide stars and larger apertures. The requirements for the laser are relaxed since the sampling of turbulence is preferentially at low-altitudes (e.g. Rayleigh beacons).
Applying Kane’s Method to Model the Response of the Human Body to Whole-Body Vibration

Low magnitude, high frequency whole-body vibration (WBV) has been found to increase bone mineral density in both animal and clinical studies [1,2,3]. The mechanism behind this phenomenon is unknown and a model would be beneficial to assist in analyzing the effects of WBV on the human skeleton. In this paper, Kane’s method is used to find the equations of motion for a multi-body model of the human body standing on a vibration platform [4]. The model consists of nine rigid bodies connected by ideal joints that simulate the skeletal structure of the human body. Spring and damper elements represent the ligaments and tendons connecting the rigid bodies; a sinusoidal force function denotes the vibration input of the platform. This model is lumped, assuming no relative motion between the feet and the vibration platform. The equations of motion generated by Kane’s method are solved in MATLAB using fourth-order Runge-Kutta. The results from the simulation were compared to experimental data in order to validate the model.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Adenoviral-Mediated Overexpression of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-B Corrects Ischemic Impaired Wound Healing

Chronic wounds represent a major clinical problem with significant morbidity and healthcare expenditures, but no effective therapies. Topical platelet-derived growth factor-BB trials have required large and repeated doses to achieve only a modest effect. We examined the ability of an adenovirus containing the platelet-derived growth factor-B transgene to improve the rate of wound healing through induction of platelet-derived growth factor-B overexpression in cells participating in the wound healing response. We treated excisional wounds in the ischemic rabbit ear, which have a 60% delay in healing, with vehicle, 106, or 108 plaque-forming units of an adenovirus containing the platelet-derived growth factor-B per wound (n = 19). At 7 d this resulted in a decrease in the epithelial gap from 3.4 +/- 1 mm (mean +/- SD) in vehicle-treated wounds to 1.9 +/- 1.8 mm (mean +/- SD, p < 0.05) when treated with 106 plaque-forming units of an adenovirus containing the platelet-derived growth factor-B, and 0.7 +/- 1.1 mm (mean +/- SD, p < 0.001) when treated with 108 plaque-forming units of an adenovirus containing the platelet-derived growth factor-B. Ischemic excisional wounds treated with 108 plaque-forming units of an adenovirus containing the platelet-derived growth factor-B even healed more rapidly than non-ischemic excisional wounds treated with vehicle (p < 0.05). In contrast, 5 microg of platelet-derived growth factor-BB protein (n = 2) resulted in only modest granulation tissue at the margin, but no significant differences in epithelial gap (3 +/- 0.6 mm, mean +/- SD). Plaque-forming units (106 or 108) of an adenovirus containing the beta-galactosidase transgene (n = 4) impaired wound re-epithelialization with an epithelial gap of 5.11 +/- 0.69 mm, mean +/- SD, p < 0.004, and 3.8 +/- 0.57 mm, mean +/- SD, p < 0.07, respectively. Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of platelet-derived growth factor-B overcame the ischemic defect in wound healing and offers promise in the treatment of chronic nonhealing wounds. The vulnerary effects of platelet-derived growth factor-B overexpression were sufficient to overcome the adverse effects of the adenovirus or transgene on wound healing.
The Sarcocystidae: Sarcocystis, Frenkelia, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia, Hammondia, and Cystoisospora†

Members of the family Sarcocystidae, as defined by Frenkel, have had a complicated history, principally due to the existence of both coccidial and cystic stages. This formerly clandestine relationship resulted in dual or partial designations of nomenclature for individual species. The problem was further compounded by the obligatory heteroxeny of several of the genera, making it impossible to transmit the parasites from one individual to another of a single host. As a result, oocysts similar in appearance, though from hosts separated taxonomically up to the familial level, were sometimes considered to be identical. Discoveries within the last decade have generated much interest and some understanding. Current studies of these and other coccidia should emphasize complete cyclical transmissions with cognizance of potential heteroxeny with the production of tissue cysts in intermediate hosts.
Steady State and Transient Experimentally Validated Analysis of Hybrid Data Centers

Data centers consume a considerable amount of energy which is estimated to be about 2% of the total electrical energy consumed in the U.S. in the year 2010, and this number continues to increase every year. Thermal management is becoming increasingly important in the effort to improve the energy efficiency and reliability of data centers. The goal is to keep the information technologies (IT) equipment temperature within the allowable range in high power density data centers while reducing the energy used for cooling. In this regard, liquid and hybrid air/water cooling systems are alternatives to traditional air cooling. In particular, these options offer advantages for localized cooling higher power racks which may not be manageable using the room level air cooling system without requiring significantly more energy. In this paper, a hybrid cooling system in data centers is investigated. In addition to traditional raised floor, cold aisle-hot aisle configuration, a liquid–air heat exchanger attached to the back of racks is considered. First of all, the paper presents a review of literature of the study of this heat exchanger strategy in the thermal management of a data center. The discussion focus on rear door heat exchanger (RDHx) performance, both the steady state and transient impact are analyzed. The studies show that under some circumstances, this hybrid approach could be a viable alternative to meet the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) recommended inlet air temperatures, while at the same time reducing the overall energy consumption in high density data centers. The hybrid design approach can also significantly improve the dynamic performance during rack power increases or computer room air conditioner (CRAC) unit failure. And then, additional parametric steady state and dynamic analyses, are presented in detail for the different scenarios.
Interplay of Genes and Early Mother-Child Relationship in the Development of Self-Regulation from Toddler to Preschool Age

Background: A broad capacity for deliberate self‐regulation plays a key role in emotion regulation. This longitudinal investigation from infancy to preschool age examines genotype by environment (G × E) interaction in the development of self‐regulation, using molecular measures of children’s genotypes and observed measures of the quality of early mother–child relationship, as reflected in attachment organization in infancy. Methods: In 89 children, we assessed the polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5‐HTTLPR, ss/sl vs. ll allele status), security of attachment to mothers at 15 months in the Strange Situation, and children’s ability for self‐regulation at 25, 38, and 52 months, using behavioral batteries of tasks that called for deliberately suppressing a dominant response and performing instead a sub‐dominant response. Results: There was a robust G × E interaction between genetic risk and the quality of early relationship. Among children who carried a short 5‐HTTLPR allele (ss/sl ), those who were insecurely attached developed poor regulatory capacities, but those who were securely attached developed as good regulatory capacities as children who were homozygotic for the long allele (ll ). There was no effect of security for ll homozygotes. Conclusions: Those findings, consistent with diathesis‐stress model, bridge research on self‐regulation in typically developing children with research on non‐human primates and research on psychopathology. They also indicate that a secure attachment relationship can serve as a protective factor in the presence of risk conferred by a genotype.
Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Soybean Seed

Seed cell wall polysaccharides (CWPs) represent a significant portion of seed dry matter (DM) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis is a step toward identifying genes controlling CWP concentration and composition of soybean seed. The objectives of this study were to identify QTLs associated with CWP variability and investigate the relationships between seed CWP, protein, and oil content. Whole soybean seed from 'Minsoy', 'Archer', and 108 Minsoy × Archer recombinant inbred (RI) lines were analyzed for CWP using the Uppsala total dietary fiber method. For a random subsample of 73 RI lines, embryos (seed with the seed coats removed) were analyzed. Three QTLs were observed on Linkage Groups U3 (ISU A2), U7 (ISU Al), and U24 (ISU K) that represented most of the variability in CWP content expressed on a DM basis in both whole seed and embryos. A QTL for fucose was detected on U3. Linkage Group U7 contained multiple QTLs mapping at the same location for galactose, the arabinose-to-galactose ratio (Ara/ Gal), pectin, and CWP content. A QTL for arabinose was on U24. These same chromosomal regions also exhibited significant QTLs when the monosaccharide data were expressed on a CWP basis, suggesting that most of the variation in CWP was controlled by changes in the incorporation of galactose, arabinose, and fucose into CWP as total CWP concentration increased. Negative correlations of protein with oil, and the sum of protein and oil with most monosaccharides, pectin, and CWP were present within the RI population, indicating that decreasing seed CWP content will improve seed quality.
Phenolic resin-based carbons with ultra-large mesopores prepared in the presence of poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(butylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer and trimethyl benzene

Abstract The evaporation-induced self assembly (EISA) strategy has been successfully employed to obtain ultra-large mesoporous carbons (UMC) by using Vorasurf 504 poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(butylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide), (PEO–PBO–PEO) triblock copolymer as a template. Resorcinol and formaldehyde were used as carbon precursors, whereas trimethyl benzene (TMB) was used as a pore expander. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms revealed that the resulting UMC materials possess ultra-large mesopores (about 27 nm) and relatively narrow pore size distribution. Mesoporous carbons synthesized without TMB show also fairly large mesopores (about 20 nm). These carbons were examined for adsorption of Lysozyme (Lz) from buffered solution at pH 10.8. All Lz adsorption isotherms were reasonably well fitted by Langmuir equation, giving high maximum adsorption capacity (31 μmol/g).
Collastoma-Kozloffi Sp-N, a Neorhabdocoel Turbellarian From the Intestine Of the Sipunculan Themiste-Dyscrita

Collastoma kozloffi sp. n. is described from the intestine of the sipunculan, Themiste dyscrita, collected at three localities on the Oregon coast. This species is particularly distinctive because of its large egg capsule (length about 400-500 ,m). The relationships of the five known species of Collastoma are discussed. The gut-inhabiting rhabdocoels of the genus Collastoma are restricted to worms of the phylum Sipuncula. The genus was established by Dorler (1900) for C. monorchis, found in Golfingia vulgaris (=Phascolosoma vulgare) at Roscoff, France. Wahl (1906) mentioned a species taken from Phascolosoma granulatum (=Phymosoma granulatum), and the legend for his illustrations refer to this worm as C. minuta. Later (1910b), he provided a proper description, emending the name to C. minutum. A third species of Collastoma was described from Golfingia eremita (=Phascolosoma eremita) by Beklemishev (1916). Considerably later, Kozloff (1953) described C. pacifica, found in Themiste pyroides (=Dendrostoma pyroides), at Pacific Grove and Carmel Point, Monterey Co., California. I have found this species in T. pyroides at Sunset Bay, Coos Co., Oregon. The current names for the sipunculan hosts of the various species of Collastoma referred to above are those given by Stephen and Edmonds (1972). Collastoma belongs to the family Umagillidae, and is the only genus in the subfamily Collastominae, as established by Wahl (1910a). Its placement in this subfamily is based primarily on the presence of a single, median testis, instead of two lateral testes. The question of subfamilial division of the Umagillidae has been dealt with by Stunkard and Corliss (1951). In the course of examination of various sipunculans along the Pacific coast in 1958, I found a new species of Collastoma in TheReceived 23 July 1980; revised 4 November 1980; accepted 17 November 1980. miste dyscrita collected at Ecola State Park, Tillamook Co., Oregon. An additional 50 individuals of the host species were obtained at Cape Arago and Sunset Bay, Coos Co., Oregon in 1959. Of these, 24 had this new Collastoma. The number of worms in a single host ranged from one to 103. MATERIALS AND METHODS The description is based on specimens fixed in Bouin's fluid or Brasil's fluid. The worms were not flattened during fixation. Whole mounts were stained with borax carmine. Specimens used for sections were embedded in paraffin, cut serially at 5 or 8 /um, and stained with iron hematoxylin. Collastoma kozioffi sp. n. (Figs. 1-6)
Opportunities for Multiple Asteroid Flybys in the 1970's and 1980's

For launch opportunities in the late 1970's and early 1980's, it is possible to find many multiple asteriod flyby (MAF) mission opportunities. Flybys of three or four numbered asteriods are possible with a spacecraft AF capability of less than 1 km/sec. Many three-target flybys require less than 600 m/sec. The major technical problems associated with MAF missions are due to the small size and poorly known orbits of most asteroids. These factors make acquisition, guidance, and science measurements difficult for very small asteroids. However, once these difficulties are resolved, MAF missions will be able to provide a significant increase in knowledge of basic properties of asteroids, thereby laying the groundwork for more sophisticated rendezvous and sample return missions.
Space-time processing for airborne high range resolution phased array radar

This paper considers the clutter suppression and feature extraction of multiple moving targets for airborne high range resolution (HRR) phased array radar. We show how to use a vector autoregressive (VAR) filtering technique to suppress the clutter for HRR radar data, then a relaxation-based multiple moving target to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
A Boon or a Bane? The Role of Civil Society in Third- and Fourth-Wave Democracies

Since Putnam published Making Democracy Work, his seminal work on the effect of civic associationalism in promoting better institutional performance, many other studies have confi rmed the deleterious effects of civil society in promoting democratic breakdown and malperformance. To solve the empirical puzzle as to whether civil society is a bane or boon for democracies, this article examines the effect of the pre-transitional strength and post-transitional density of civil society on state institutional performance among more than 60 states since the third wave. The results show that the strength of civil society prior to transition and its density post-transition not only play a signifi cant role in the deepening of political freedoms and civil liberties among transitional citizens, but also lead to better institutional performance. Hence, Putnam's major fi ndings can be extended in the context of third- and fourth-wave democracies.
Alkali-metal-enhanced grain growth in Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films

The highest efficiency solar cells based on copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS), a promising photovoltaic material comprised of earth abundant elements, are built on soda lime glass (SLG), a substrate which contains many impurities, including Na and K. These impurities may diffuse into CZTS films during processing and affect film structure and properties. We have investigated the effects of these impurities on the microstructure of CZTS films synthesized by ex situ sulfidation of Cu–Zn–Sn alloy films co-sputtered on SLG, Pyrex, and quartz. CZTS films synthesized on SLG were found to have significantly larger grains than films grown on the other substrates. Furthermore, we show that by including a bare additional piece of SLG in the sulfidation ampoule, the grain size of films grown on nominally impurity-free quartz increases from 100's of nm to greater than 1 μm. This demonstrates conclusively that impurities in SLG volatilize in S-containing atmospheres and incorporate into nearby CZTS films synthesized on other substrates. Impurity concentrations in these CZTS films were examined using depth profiling with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Of all the impurities present in SLG, the TOF-SIMS experiments implicated Na, K, and Ca as possible elements responsible for the enhanced grain growth. To investigate the effects of these impurities individually, we introduced very small and controllable amounts of Na, K, or Ca into the sulfidation ampoule during CZTS synthesis. Impurity amounts as low as 10−6 moles of Na or 10−7 moles of K resulted in a dramatic increase in grain size, from 100's of nm to several microns, for films deposited on quartz, while Ca loading had no visible effect on the final microstructure. Based on this vapor transport mechanism, we thus demonstrate an approach for delivering precisely controlled amounts of specific impurities into CZTS films on arbitrary substrates to facilitate large-grain growth.
Innate immune defense of the nail unit by antimicrobial peptides.

Abstract Background The nail is susceptible to microbial invasion, yet is usually able to defend itself from infection. This occurs despite isolation from cell-mediated immunity. Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether soluble innate immune molecules are present in the nail environment that can protect against microbial colonization. Methods Chromatographic techniques were used to purify cationic antimicrobial molecules from porcine hoof extracts. Sections of human and mouse digits were immunostained with antibodies to each species' cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide. Liquid antimicrobial assays were used to determine the activity of these molecules against relevant pathogens. Results Human, porcine, and murine nails contain antimicrobial molecules, and the human cathelicidin LL-37 can kill Candida albicans . Conclusion The presence of antimicrobial peptides in nails with activity against relevant nail pathogens may account for the ability of the nail unit to resist infection in the absence of direct access to the cellular immune system.
The 10 Most Read Articles Published in Circulation Research in 2015

> We are pleased to provide the list of the 10 most read original articles published in Circulation Research in 2016. We realize that the number of citations is the most conventional parameter used to gauge interest by the readership; however, providing this metric would require a few years, by which time the articles may have lost their novelty and appeal. Consequently, as we have done in the past, we have selected the articles on the basis of the number of Full Text/PDF downloads, which we hope will offer a reasonable estimate of the level of interest among our readers. > > Our motivation in compiling this list is multifarious. By highlighting the most popular articles, we wish to direct the attention of our readers to new information that may be of particular interest to a large fraction of the community of cardiovascular scholars. In addition, a synopsis of the most popular articles can be a useful indicator of burgeoning areas of research that are likely to dominate the landscape for years to come. This “honor roll” is also meant to acknowledge the outstanding work of the authors and their efforts in advancing the frontiers of cardiovascular science. Furthermore, we believe that the articles highlighted below represent paradigms of scientific excellence, particularly with respect to the three criteria that we value most at Circulation Research : conceptual and/or mechanistic novelty, scientific impact, and methodological rigor. Finally, we hope that this list will provide tangible evidence of the high (and always rising) level of scientific excellence of the work published in Circulation Research . > > At the top of the list, as the undisputed “winner,” is a paper describing the use of human cardiac matrix and human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes to engineer functional myocardium (Guyette et al). The “silver medal” goes to a …
A 6-DOF piezoelectric micro vibratory stage based on multi-axis distributed-electrode excitation of PZT/Si unimorph T-beams

This paper reports the design, optimization, fabrication and preliminary testing of a six degree of freedom (6-DOF) multi-axis micro vibratory stage leveraging a new type of piezoelectric actuation based on distributed excitation electrodes and PZT/Si unimorph T-beams. This new design concept also allows both angular and linear bending actuation of a single piezoelectric unimorph with very large in-plane and out-of-plane displacements. The PZT/Si beam thickness ratio and width ratio are optimized, and the 6-DOF actuation modes are characterized via FEA. The vibratory stage is fabricated via a process that involves bonding/thinning of bulk-PZT over silicon features and includes PZT micro-patterning via an improved DRIE process. Preliminary tests show static displacement of ±1.0° for X/Y-tilting mode and ±22 μm for Z-translational mode, while the minimum resonance frequency is >0.9 kHz, and the maximum power consumption is <;250 μW. The presented device compares favorably with respect to previously reported multi-axis stages in terms of motion capability, displacement, size, input voltage and power consumption.
Excitonic Recombination Processes in Undoped and Doped Wurtzite GaN Films Deposited on Sapphire Substrates

Excitonic recombination processes in GaN films grown by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition technique have been studied in the temperature range between 6K to 320K by photoluminescence spectroscopy. Low temperature photoluminescence spectra of high resistivity films show well-resolved spectral features associated with the excitonic interband transitions. A detailed spectral analysis allowed us to estimate the exciton binding energy and the energy gap. Spectral studies of Si-doped GaN films demonstrate that the high energy recombination processes in these films are dominated by excitons bound to neutral Si donors. Comparison between the recombination channels in high resistivity and in Si-doped films indicated that Si has a larger exciton binding energy than the unknown pervasive donor in undoped materials. These results confirm the excellent electronic properties of the undoped and doped films.
The Panamanian Sea-Level Canal: Problems and Prospects from a Policy Perspective

The social, political, economic and environmental dimensions of the question of replacing or reconstructing the Panama Canal are discussed. Special reference is made to the effect implementation of the Panama Canal Treaties is likely to have, in light of the recent history of the sea-level canal question. Environmental concerns raised during the past decade are described. The economic benefits of such a canal reconstruction are uncertain, but both costs and benefits appear likely to be spread among an uncommonly large number of interests, partly as an effect of Panama's unique position in the geography of the Americas. The U.S. could do much to assure that important environmental and socioeconomic issues receive proper attention, despite the diminished role it is likely to have in future canal replacement or reconstruction considerations.
Among patients admitted to ICU, delirium is most common in those with neurological diagnoses, and is associated with adverse health outcomes

Commentary on van den Boogaard M, Schoonhoven L, van der Hoeven JG, et al. Incidence and short-term consequences of delirium in critically ill patients: a prospective observational cohort study. Int J Nurs Stud 2012;49:775–83.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] The study by van den Boogaard and colleagues confirms prior literature that delirium can be detected using validated screening methods and that it is prevalent in critically ill patients and is associated with adverse outcomes. This study delves further into delirium subtypes comparing hyperactive, hypoactive … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DInternational%2Bjournal%2Bof%2Bnursing%2Bstudies%26rft.stitle%253DInt%2BJ%2BNurs%2BStud%26rft.aulast%253Dvan%2Bden%2BBoogaard%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%26rft.volume%253D49%26rft.issue%253D7%26rft.spage%253D775%26rft.epage%253D783%26rft.atitle%253DIncidence%2Band%2Bshort-term%2Bconsequences%2Bof%2Bdelirium%2Bin%2Bcritically%2Bill%2Bpatients%253A%2BA%2Bprospective%2Bobservational%2Bcohort%2Bstudy.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.ijnurstu.2011.11.016%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22197051%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.11.016&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=22197051&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F16%2F3%2F81.atom
The establishment of the trust relationship

In a situation in which two people are interdependent, Deutsch(1962) defines trusting behavior as choosing to take an ambiguous path that can lead to a beneficial event or a harmful event depending upon the behavior of the other personwhere the harmful event is more punishing than the beneficial event is rewarding. The interdependence of the participants is such that each must take the ambiguous path for both to experience the beneficial event, and if either instead makes a nontrusting choice, the other will experience a harmful event. Bennis, Schein, Berlew, and Steele (1964, p. 223) say that in trust there is "... an implicit assumption that one person will not deliberately hurt the other to satisfy his own needs.. ." That is, there exists the mutual expectation that each will take the ambiguous path in a trust relationship. Considerable work has been done with Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) games to determine the conditions under which trust will be found,2 but little study has been made
General surgery overflow: a new challenge for the PACU.

● The ICU is filled and there are no available beds. ● The ICU beds are closed because of a lack of critical care nurses. ● The emergency room is backed up with patients, and this particular patient will be going to surgery in a few hours anyway. ● PACU patients have recovered and are ready for discharge to the general surgical floor, but there are no available beds. ● A patient has a severe allergic reaction to the dye during a computerized axial tomography scan and will need respiratory observation and monitoring.
From Concept-to-Flight: An Active Active Fluid Loop Based Thermal Control System for Mars Science Laboratory Rover

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover, Curiosity, which was launched on November 26, 2011, incorporates a novel active thermal control system to keep the sensitive electronics and science instruments at safe operating and survival temperatures. While the diurnal temperature variations on the Mars surface range from -120 C to +30 C, the sensitive equipment are kept within -40 C to +50 C. The active thermal control system is based on a single-phase mechanically pumped fluid loop (MPFL) system which removes or recovers excess waste heat and manages it to maintain the sensitive equipment inside the rover at safe temperatures. This paper will describe the entire process of developing this active thermal control system for the MSL rover from concept to flight implementation. The development of the rover thermal control system during its architecture, design, fabrication, integration, testing, and launch is described.
Modulation of p-Cyanophenylalanine Fluorescence by Amino Acid Side-chains and Rational Design of Fluorescence Probes of α-Helix Formation

p-Cyanophenylalanine is an extremely useful fluorescence probe of protein structure that can be recombinantly and chemically incorporated into proteins. The probe has been used to study protein folding, protein−membrane interactions, protein−peptide interactions, and amyloid formation; however, the factors that control its fluorescence are not fully understood. Hydrogen bonding to the cyano group is known to play a major role in modulating the fluorescence quantum yield, but the role of potential side-chain quenchers has not yet been elucidated. A systematic study of the effects of different side chains on p-cyanophenylalanine fluorescence is reported. Tyr is found to have the largest effect followed by deprotonated His, Met, Cys, protonated His, Asn, Arg, and protonated Lys. Deprotonated amino groups are much more effective fluorescence quenchers than protonated amino groups. Free neutral imidazole and hydroxide ion are also effective quenchers of p-cyanophenylalanine fluorescence with Stern−Volmer const...
Delayed graft function: Influence on outcome and strategies for prevention

Delayed graft function (DGF) is a significant problem in cadaveric renal transplantation whose presence lowers patient and graft survival and increases transplant costs. Both ischemic and immune factors play a role in the causes and effects of DGF. In this article, the authors outline the pathophysiology, risk factors and consequences of DGF, and summarize current and potential therapies to improve graft function and, ultimately, graft survival.
Walter Lippmann’s Ethical Challenge to the Individual:

This essay analyzes in hermeneutic fashion random concepts of the individual from three of philosopher Walter Lippmann’s major works, Liberty and the News, Public Opinion, and The Phantom Public. The article addresses the following: By considering Lippmann’s multileveled representation of the individual, 21st-century media professionals can become empowered to avoid emotivism and strive toward a more narrative-based form of ethics. The article compares and contrasts Lippmann’s representation of the individual with John Dewey’s Great Community and Daniel Boorstin’s notion of the pseudo-event.
Diagnosis of prosthetic aortic graft infection by magnetic resonance imaging.

Abstract The accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of prosthetic aortic graft infection was evaluated in 18 patients with history and findings suggestive of this complication. The prospective interpretation of MRI was compared with surgical findings. Sixteen patients had a graft infection verified at operation. Fourteen patients had infection of the retroperitoneal portion of the graft; two patients had an infection limited to one of the groins; no graft infection was found at surgical exploration in the remaining two patients. Perigraft infection was correctly diagnosed on the basis of MRI findings in 14 of 16 cases; findings were false negative in one case, questionable in another case, and correctly excluded graft infection in two of two cases. MRI also defined the extent of infection in 14 of 16 cases. MRI findings that supported the clinical suspicion of graft infection were perigraft fluid collections remaining more than 3 months after surgery. Furthermore, local inflammation was suggested by an increased signal intensity of adjacent muscle on T 2 -weighted images in some cases. CT scans were performed in 12 patients; these enabled a correct diagnosis in five and provided indeterminate or false information in seven. These results indicate that MRI is helpful in the diagnosis of aortic graft infection. Furthermore, MRI provides information about the extent of infection crucial for planning therapy. (J VASC SURG 1988;8:99-105.)
Through-silicon-via-aware delay and power prediction model for buffered interconnects in 3D ICs

In this paper, we present a delay and power prediction model for buffered interconnects used in 3D ICs. The key idea is to model the impact of RC parasitics of Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs) used in 3D interconnects on delay and power consumption. Due to its large size compared with other layout objects such as metal wires, TSVs contain significant RC parasitics, which directly affect the overall delay and power of the wires that contain them. On the other hand, buffer insertion on TSV-based 3D interconnects is also non-trivial mainly because buffers as well as TSVs have non-trivial area overhead. In addition, both TSVs and buffers occupy device and M1 layers, thereby becoming layout obstacles to each other. Our interconnect model accurately captures the impact of both TSVs and buffers on 3D interconnects.
Viscoelastic behavior of molten polymers in porous media

The modification of the Blake-Kozeny equation for porous media flow using the power law has been shown to hold for molten polymers as well as for the previous cases for polymer solutions. The present work extended the correlation of friction factor with Reynolds number an additional three decades. It was also shown, however, that the modified Blake-Kozeny equation broke down when bed shear rates were in the range of excessive curvature on the polymer flow curves (shear stress-shear rate). In such cases it is suggested that the Newtonian Blake-Kozeny equation, together with apparent viscosity data, could be used to correlate such porous media flow of non-Newtonians. Appearance of viscoelastic effects at the critical Deborah number value of 0.05 predicted earlier were not found to hold. The data of the present investigation show that such a critical value must be at least 0.19 or even higher. This result helps to resolve partially the anomalous results obtained by previous investigators.
Exploring Co-Meditation as a Means of Reducing Anxiety and Facilitating Relaxation in a Nursing School Setting:

The purpose of this pilot study was to explore whether co-meditation, shared or cross-breathing, could reduce anxiety and enhance relaxation in a nursing school setting. The specific outcomes to be assessed in the quantitative component were blood pressure, pulse, respirations, and anxiety, both state and trait. A qualitative component explored participants' experiences with co-meditation following 1 month of practice. Rogers's Science of Unitary Human Beings formed the theoretical basis for this study. The study employed a pretest/posttest design with participants as their own controls. Quantitative data were collected from a convenience sample of 26 students, faculty, and staff aged 19 to 51 years, male and female. Fourteen participants returned for the qualitative component. Findings suggest that co-meditation may be useful in reducing anxiety, as measured by vital signs and the anxiety inventory forms. Participants reported feeling calmer and more relaxed, balanced, and centered following 1 month of practice. Findings suggest that co-meditation has potential to help transform a nursing educational environment from one that is potentially anxiety provoking to a calmer, more caring one.
On the Relations between Rates of Return, Risk, and Market Structure

The study, 158.—"Interdependent risk" as legitimate risk, 161.—Exogenous versus endogenous risk and structure, 162.—Summary and conclusions, 163.
Transient-signal-based sample-detection in atomic force microscopy

In typical dynamic mode operation of atomic force microscopes, steady state signals like amplitude and phase are used for detection and imaging of material. In these methods, the resolution and bandwidth are dictated by the quality factor (Q) of the cantilever. In this letter, we present a methodology that exploits the deflection signal during the transient of the cantilever motion. The principle overcomes the fundamental limitations on the trade off between resolution and bandwidth present in existing methods and makes it independent of the quality factor. Experimental results provided corroborate the theoretical development.
Bridging the Gender Gap: The Demographics of Scientists in the USDA Forest Service and Academia

Past research has established that diverse scientific communities foster innovation and problem solving more effectively than communities with a narrow range of knowledge, skills, and experience. However, gender diversity among scientists is limited, particularly in natural-resource fields. We compared data on scientist gender and rank from the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Research and Development (FSR&D, a hierarchical organization) with data on faculty gender and tenure status from universities (loosely coupled systems) with comparable areas of study. We found that the representation of women was greater among FSR&D scientists than among university faculty but declined with seniority in both institutions. Within FSR&D, data showed demographic inertia, suggesting that the representation of women in senior scientist positions will increase. Although many mechanisms affect gender representation, our findings suggest that organizational structure affects the diversity of the scientific workforce.
Computational modeling of cardiac hemodynamics

The proliferation of four-dimensional imaging technologies, increasing computational speeds, improved simulation algorithms, and the widespread availability of powerful computing platforms is enabling simulations of cardiac hemodynamics with unprecedented speed and fidelity. Since cardiovascular disease is intimately linked to cardiovascular hemodynamics, accurate assessment of the patient's hemodynamic state is critical for the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease. Unfortunately, while a variety of invasive and non-invasive approaches for measuring cardiac hemodynamics are in widespread use, they still only provide an incomplete picture of the hemodynamic state of a patient. In this context, computational modeling of cardiac hemodynamics presents as a powerful non-invasive modality that can fill this information gap, and significantly impact the diagnosis as well as the treatment of cardiac disease. This article reviews the current status of this field as well as the emerging trends and challenges in cardiovascular health, computing, modeling and simulation and that are expected to play a key role in its future development. Some recent advances in modeling and simulations of cardiac flow are described by using examples from our own work as well as the research of other groups.
The current approach of atrial fibrillation management

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonly encountered arrhythmia in clinical practice. Aging populations coupled with improved outcomes for many chronic medical conditions has led to increases in AF diagnoses. AF is also known to be associated with an increased risk of adverse events such as transient ischemic attack, ischemic stroke, systemic embolism, and death. This association is enhanced in select populations with preexisting comorbid conditions such as chronic heart failure. The aim of this review is to highlight the advances in the field of cardiology in the management of AF in both acute and long-term settings. We will also review the evolution of anticoagulation management over the past few years and landmark trials in the development of novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs), reversal agents for new NOACs, nonpharmacological options to anticoagulation therapy, and the role of implantable loop recorder in AF management.
Coarsened Exact Matching of Phaco-Trabectome to Trabectome in Phakic Patients: Lack of Additional Pressure Reduction from Phacoemulsification

Author(s): Parikh, Hardik A; Bussel, Igor I; Schuman, Joel S; Brown, Eric N; Loewen, Nils A | Abstract: PurposeTo compare intraocular pressure (IOP) after trabectome-mediated ab interno trabeculectomy surgery in phakic patients (T) and trabectome with same session phacoemulsification (PT) using Coarsened Exact Matching. Although phacoemulsification is associated with IOP reduction when performed on its own, it is not known how much it contributes in PT.MethodsSubjects were divided into phakic T and PT. Exclusion criteria were follow-up for l12 months and additional glaucoma surgery. Demographics were compared by the Mann-Whitney U test and chi-squared test for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Multiple imputation was utilized to avoid eliminating data with missing values. Groups were then matched using Coarsened Exact Matching based on age, race, type of glaucoma, baseline IOP, and number of preoperative glaucoma medications. Univariate linear regression was used to examine IOP reduction after surgery; those variables that were statistically significant were included in the final multivariate regression model.ResultsA total of 753 cases were included (T: 255, PT: 498). When all variables except for age were kept constant, there was an additional IOP reduction of 0.05±0.01 mmHg conferred for every yearly increment in age. Every 1 mmHg increase in baseline IOP correlated to an additional IOP reduction of 0.80±0.02 mmHg. Phacoemulsification was not found to be a statistically significant contributor to IOP when comparing T and PT (p≥0.05). T had a 21% IOP reduction to 15.9±3.5 mmHg (pl0.01) while PT had an 18% reduction to 15.5±3.6 mmHg (pl0.01). Number of medications decreased (pl0.01) in both groups from 2.4±1.2 to 1.9±1.3 and from 2.3±1.1 to 1.7±1.3, respectively.ConclusionPhacoemulsification does not make a significant contribution to postoperative IOP or number of medications when combined with trabectome surgery in phakic patients.
Information Search on the Web: Understanding the Impact of Response Time Delays with Information Foraging Theory

Delays are among the most frequently cited complaints of Web users. Long delays often cause users to abandon their searches, but do tolerable delays affect information search behavior? Intuitively, we would expect that delays should induce decreased information search. Prior research in non-Web environments shows that as delay increases, decision-makers tend to minimize effort by reducing information search and let decision quality slip. In contrast, information foraging theory suggests that decision makers in multi-page environments such as the Web would react to by searching more within each Web page. We conducted two experiments and, consistent with information foraging theory, we found that modest delays induced increased within-page information search but decreased between-page search; that is, tolerable delays increased the depth of search but decreased the breadth of search. In other words, tolerable delays, those that are noticeable but not long enough to cause the abandonment of search, will increase the “stickiness” of Web pages such that users will examine more information on each page before moving to new pages. The net impact of tolerable delays was counter intuitive: tolerable delays had no impact on the total amount of data searched in the first experiment, but induced users to examine more data points in total in the second experiment. Interestingly, there were no impacts on decision time, perceived effort or decision quality.
The Juvenile Court in Its Relationship to Adult Criminality

T HE juvenile court, now more than half a century old, has become an accepted and established institution in the community, and performs certain legally prescribed functions. We blithely assume it performs them satisfactorily. To provide some evidence, pro or con, on this point was the central objective of this research. In order to see on one level how well the court functioned we have attempted to determine the extent to which boys who pass through the juvenile court and are stamped as "delinquents" continue with their criminal activities in their early adult years. Three distinct types of empirical investigations-of the acquisition of criminal behavior patterns, of crime rates through time, and of the changes in function of juvenile courts-lead us to predict that a certain constant percentage of "court delinquents" must continue into adult crime. One etiological theory of criminal behavior holds that it is learned through differential association, namely, through the frequency and intensity of contacts with other persons who have already acquired criminal behavior patterns.' This theory, which emphasizes learning, implies that the making of an accomplished criminal takes time. Thus, it is reasonable to infer that for many persons who display criminal behavior patterns as adults their indoctrination into criminal techniques and attitudes had its beginning in their juvenile years.2 This theory was gradually formulated on the basis of numerous systematic studies and observations which accumulated during the past two centuries.3 'While it is not our intention here to review all of the various studies which have provided evidence for the support of this theory, we do wish to indicate some studies, widely recognized in criminological circles, which have provided the empirical basis upon which this theory of criminal behavior has been constructed. The solid foundations for this theory have been laid by studies of: gangs and their organization,4 areal distributions of delinquents and criminals,' unitary characteristics such as race, sex, feeblemindedness, neurosis, or psychopathies in relation to crime,6 maturation of criminal careers,7 and
Progress With the Imported Parasites of the Japanese Beetle During 1927

This paper is a progress report on the work of introducing parasites of the Japanese beetle ( Popillia japonica ) during 1927. Centeter cinerea increased its area of distribution, but is being imported for further colonization. Ochromeigenia ormioides has not yet been recovered, but recoveries were made of both Prosena siberita and Dexia ventralis . Further liberations were made of these three fly parasites. Tiphia popilliavora has increased rapidly from the small beginning previously reported. Tiphia vernalis and TiPhia No. 1851 were liberated in large numbers but have not yet been recovered. Importations have been continued on the Indian Tiphias Nos. 2036 and 2049. Some parasite material was forwarded to the substation at Westbury, Long Island, New York. The paper is concluded with a brief resume of the work accomplished since 1920.