cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Post Walrasian Economics, Macroeconomic Policy, and Heterodox Economics

Colander (2003) argues that mainstream economics is currently experiencing the rise of (what he calls) Post Walrasian economics, an approach that he believes to be the future of economics. He argues, further, that this phenomenon has far-reaching implications for the conduct of macroeconomic policy. Colander sees all this in a positive light. He also appears to recommend that heterodox economists (including analytical political economists) jump on the Post Walrasian bandwagon and join in its challenge of orthodox Walrasian theory and its free-market policy implications. In fact, Colander states that there is now very little to distinguish the content of heterodox economics from that of orthodox mainstream economics following the emergence of Post Walrasian economics. Although Colander's discussion of the present state of mainstream economics and its policy implications is quite perceptive and insightful, in my judgment, his prediction that what he calls Post Walrasian economics is the future of economics is
Heterogeneously Integrated Photodiodes on Silicon

This paper reviews progress in the field of heterogeneously integrated photodiodes with a focus on InP-based high-speed high-power modified uni-traveling carrier photodiodes on silicon-on-insulator waveguides. Discrete, balanced, and photodiode arrays are described.
RNA Interference of Trypanosoma brucei Cathepsin B and L Affects Disease Progression in a Mouse Model

We investigated the roles played by the cysteine proteases cathepsin B and cathepsin L (brucipain) in the pathogenesis of Trypansoma brucei brucei in both an in vivo mouse model and an in vitro model of the blood–brain barrier. Doxycycline induction of RNAi targeting cathepsin B led to parasite clearance from the bloodstream and prevent a lethal infection in the mice. In contrast, all mice infected with T. brucei containing the uninduced Trypanosoma brucei cathepsin B (TbCatB) RNA construct died by day 13. Induction of RNAi against brucipain did not cure mice from infection; however, 50% of these mice survived 60 days longer than uninduced controls. The ability of T. b. brucei to cross an in vitro model of the human blood–brain barrier was also reduced by brucipain RNAi induction. Taken together, the data suggest that while TbCatB is the more likely target for the development of new chemotherapy, a possible role for brucipain is in facilitating parasite entry into the brain.
Time-resolved polarization-dependent native near infrared spectral wing emission of human cancerous and normal prostate tissues

Time-resolved polarization kinetics of near infrared spectral wing (SW) emission from human cancerous and normal prostate tissues was investigated. The intensity of spectral wing emission from the cancerous tissue was found to be stronger than that from the normal tissue, and the decay time of SW emission from the cancerous prostate tissue was found shorter than the normal prostate tissue. These differences can be attributed to increase of cell density during the evolution of tumor. The difference in intensities of the SW emission from cancerous and normal prostate tissues was used to image and identify cancerous areas from the surrounding normal prostate tissue.
Development of an Interdigitated Pixel PIN Detector for Energetic Particle Spectroscopy in Space

The development of a new two‐dimensional position‐sensitive detector for use in space‐borne energetic particle spectrometers is described. The novel feature of this device is the use of interdigitated pixels to provide both dimensions of position information from a single side of the detector, while a measurement of the energy deposition is derived from the opposite side. The advantage of this approach is that both good position resolution and excellent energy resolution can be achieved while at the same time realizing significant reductions in the complexity, power, and weight of the associated read‐out electronics.
AN INDIVIDUAL, STOCHASTIC MODEL OF GROWTH INCORPORATING STATE-DEPENDENT RISK AND RANDOM FORAGING AND CLIMATE

We model the effects of both stochastic and deterministic temperature variations on arthropod predator-prey systems. Specifically, we study the stochastic dynamics of arthropod predator-prey interactions under a varying temperature regime, and we develop an individual model of a prey under pressure from a predator, with vigilance (or foraging effort), search rates, attack rates, and other predation parameters dependent on daily temperature variations. Simulations suggest that an increase in the daily average temperature may benefit both predator and prey. Furthermore, simulations show that anti-predator behavior may indeed decrease predation but at the expense of reduced prey survivorship because of a greater increase in other types of mortality.
Future directions in sex- and Gender-specific Emergency Medicine.

The 2014 Academic Emergency Medicine (AEM) consensus conference “Gender-Specific Research in Emergency Medicine: Investigate, Understand, and Translate How Gender Affects Patient Outcomes” convened a diverse group of stakeholders to target gaps in emergency medicine (EM) sex- and gender-specific research and identify research priorities. At the close of the conference, the executive committee sought feedback from group leaders and conference attendees about the next critical steps in EM sex- and gender-specific research, goals for their own future research, and anticipated barriers in pursuing this research. This article summarizes this feedback on the future directions in sex- and gender-specific research in emergency care and strategies to overcome barriers.
A theoretical study of As4O6: vibrational analysis, infrared and raman spectra

Abstract The first complete ab initio theoretical study of tetraarsenic hexoxide (As 4 O 6 ) is reported. The normal mode frequencies, intensities and the corresponding vibrational assignments of As 4 O 6 in T d symmetry were calculated using the gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes at the HF, MP2, and DFT/B3LYP levels of theory using the 6-311G* basis set. By comparison to experimental data deduced by our laboratory and others, correction factors for the calculated vibrational frequencies were determined and compared. Normal modes were decomposed into three non-redundant motions (As–O–As stretch, As–O–As bend, and As–O–As wag). Percent relative errors found for the HF, DFT, and MP2 corrected frequencies when compared to experiment are 3.6, 4.6, and 5.0, respectively. Electron distributions for selected molecular orbitals are also considered.
Parent-Focused Child Maltreatment Prevention: Improving Assessment, Intervention, and Dissemination With Technology

The goal of this article is to examine how technology has been and can be utilized to enhance parent-focused child maltreatment (CM) prevention efforts. The authors begin with a brief discussion of the current state of the CM prevention field. In the sections that follow, they review studies that have examined the use of technology across three facets of prevention: identification of CM, administration/augmentation of CM prevention programs, and broad dissemination and implementation of evidenced-based CM prevention programs. They conclude with a discussion of limitations and problems related to the use of technology as a tool to enhance CM prevention and future directions.
Developmental regulation of steroidogenic enzyme gene expression in the periimplantation porcine conceptus: a paracrine role for insulin-like growth factor-I.

During periimplantation, the estrogen biosynthetic capability of the porcine conceptus is transient, coincident with morphological development (trophoblast elongation), and temporally associated with maximal uterine release of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) into the luminal fluid. We investigated the possible linkages of conceptus steroidogenesis and IGF-I by characterizing the developmental expression of the pig conceptus cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom) and cytochrome P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase (P45017 alpha) genes during periimplantation (days 8, 10, 12, 15, and 18) and the potential regulation by IGF-I of conceptus P450arom messenger RNA (mRNA) content. Primer pairs derived from porcine P450arom and P45017 alpha DNA sequences were used in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of conceptuses of differing morphologies and developmental stages. RNA transcripts for P450arom and P45017 alpha were readily detected only in conceptuses obtained at day 12 of pregnancy, with RNA leve...
Mucosal morbidity in patients with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita

Background Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita is an acquired inflammatory and/or dermolytic subepidermal blistering disease characterized by IgG autoantibodies to type VII collagen. Four patients with documented epidermolysis bullosa acquisita were evaluated by a multidisciplinary team of care providers (4 dermatologists, an ophthalmologist, a radiologist, a voice and speech specialist, and an otolaryngologist) for 1 to 5 years to characterize mucosal involvement and its complications and response to treatment. Patients were evaluated clinically and by slitlamp examinations, endoscopies, computed tomographic scans, and videofluorographic swallowing studies. Spiral computed tomographic scans for virtual endoscopy were used for the nontraumatic evaluation of airways in 2 patients with respiratory tract compromise. Observations Involvement of 5 or more mucosal sites—mouth, nose, conjunctiva, pharynx, and larynx—was documented in all patients. Complications included ankyloglossia, periodontal disease, scarring and crusting of nasal mucosa, symblepharon formation, obstruction of nasolacrimal ducts, deformation of the epiglottis, impaired phonation, dysphagia, esophageal strictures, and supraglottic stenosis requiring emergency tracheostomy. Conclusions Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita may extensively (or predominantly) affect mucosal epithelia in a manner resembling cicatricial pemphigoid. Mucosal disease in these patients is often subclinical, can lead to serious complications, and is best managed using a multidisciplinary approach.
Social Theory and the Principium Unitatis .

Complex as is the immediate situation of social theory, a general view reveals some significant continuities, both spatial and temporal. The attitude of the pluralists, whether in theory or in practice, to the sovereign nation-state has more common ground than at first appears with that of the states themselves toward the nascent organs of international government; and the dilemma underlying both controversies is in fact nothing less than a restatement, in modern ideology, of an issue fundamental to the history of the entire Christian era. That issue, stated in the broadest terms, centers about the relation between de facto and de jure sovereignty; or, more broadly still, between political and ethical, secular and spiritual, authority; and its importance may be suggested by the generalization that security in social relations is attainable, and has in fact been attained, only when the defacto, or political, sovereign-whatsoever form it may take-has been substantially integrated with the immediate source of ethical or moral authority. The pre-modern period of history abounds in statements, both factual and doctrinal, of this issue. Earlier times, authoritarian in temper and more eloquent in their language of personification and symbol than ours with its formulae, frequently gave it concrete and spectacular expression. Not again, in all likelihood, will it stand forth in the drama of another Lutetia, Canossa, or Worms; and its persistence is increasingly difficult to trace in the period following the triumph of rationalism, more especially since the virtual failure of idealistic theories of the state. It is not always understood, for example, that the felicific calculus of the utilitarians was essentially an attempt to restate a sort of divineright doctrine in terms that would supply an intellectually demonstrable basis for a rational theory of law and government; although Bentham's application of the pleasure-pain principle
CHOICE RESPONDING BY RATS AS A FUNCTION OF DRIVE OPERATION

Summary.-The effects of drive interaction were parametrically studied with pre-feeding, pre-watering, and percent body weight independently manipulated for two rats on a free-operant choice procedure. At a given body weight, choice-responding varied with manipulations of food and water; changes in body weight interacted with the effect of the pre-session deprivation operations. Water or food deprivation is usually operationally defined by one of the following manipulations. First, a pre-session deprivation is imposed in which the subject is denied access to that stimulus for a specified time period (Verplanck & Hayes, 1953; Strassburger, 1950; Clark, 1958). A second operation reduces the subject to a fixed percentage of its ad Eibitum weight (Dinsmoor, 1952). Motivational experiments generally deprive the subject of food or water by one of the above operations and employ the withheld stimulus as the only reinforcer for some operant. Motivational research demonstrates response variation as a function of deprivation, with other major independent variables held constant, e.g., schedule variables. Few studies deprive the organism of both food and water and employ both stimuli as reinforcers. Verplanck and Hayes (1953) showed that food and water consumption interact. They allowed rats access for 21.5 hr. to food, to water, to both food and water, or to neither. They then gave the subjects free access to food, or to water, or to both. Consumatory behavior was directly measured as the weight in grams of food and/or water that the subject ingested. The experimenters found that, when animals were given food and water separately, a smaller quantity of each was consumed than when food and water were available together. Hamilton and Flaherty (1973) studied the effects of hours of water and/or food deprivation on three dependent variables, it., percent body weight and gram amount of fod or of water consumed during a subsequent daily eating or drinking episode. All groups decreased their percents of body weight regardless of deprivation operation; the absolute effect of the food-water combinations on the three dependent variables varied across groups. In sum, the food and/or water availability during the deprivation period controlled not only consummatory behavior but also the subject's percent body weight. Fallon, Thompson, and Schild (1965) gave rats free access to food, water
Thickness dependent properties of acetate-derived PLZT films

Abstract The present trend in ferroelectric memories toward lower operating voltages, and consequently, thinner (less than 0.3 um) films is offset by other applications requiring thicker films in the range of 5 to 25 um. This wide range of film thicknesses imposes significantly different restraints on the films and their properties. The present investigation involved a study of selected properties of acetate-derived, multiply dip-coated PLZT films ranging in thickness from 0.3 um to 11.5 um. Films were deposited on Ag and Pt/Si substrates via a dip coating process and subsequently sintered at a temperature of 700°C for 3 minutes. Various properties (film smoothness, dielectric constant, hysteresis loop characteristics, etc.) of the films were determined as a function of film thickness. Coercive field was examined in more detail over the thickness range from 0.3 um to bulk material.
Properties of MODFET's grown on Si substrates at DC and microwave frequencies

We report the first microwave characterization of 1-µm gate GaAs/AlGaAs modulation-doped field-effect transistors (MODFET's) grown on Si substrates by MBE. Maximum transconductances of 170 mS/mm at room temperature were obtained in structures on Si, which compares to values of 200-250 mS/mm for this type of structure on GaAs. At 77 K, no collapse was observed in these structures, and transconductances of 270 mS/mm were obtained. From microwave S-parameter measurements at room temperature, current gain cutoff frequencies of 15 GHz were obtained from these GaAs/AlGaAs MOD FET's on Si, which compares with 12-15 GHz obtained on GaAs substrates. From high-frequency equivalent circuit modeling, very little difference was observed in any of the parameters between growth on Si and on GaAs. This is significant in that it demonstrates the suitability of GaAs on Si for device applications.
Spacecraft insertion on unstable periodic orbits for formation flight applications

Recent interest in formation flight near the libration points opens the question of precise spacecraft insertion along a nominal orbit. While current approaches emphasize the station-keeping and (re)configuration of such formations, we propose a dynamical mechanism for spacecraft insertion and servicing in formation flight based on the concept of stable fibration. Practical considerations due to finite targeting accuracy are briefly considered via a numerical experiment. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Understanding the Nurse’s Role

This article describes the nursing care and management of patients during and after administration of peripheral nerve blocks. We review recommendations for patient monitoring, as well as the risks and complications associated with anesthetic agents. Several upper and lower extremity blocks, including the Bier block, are described. The nursing role in the use of the peripheral nerve stimulator is also explained. Throughout the discussion, nursing responsibilities are emphasized.
Purposeful Unintended Consequences with Innovative Derivatives

We suggest that the use of traditional market, outcome, and process controls for innovative derivatives trading may not provide adequate safeguards for clients, investors, or the entire financial system to control “purposeful unintended consequences.” We propose a more cautious examination of this aspect of the financial system using a combination of perspectives from finance and technology/innovation management. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of stratification on surface frontogenesis: warm and cold fronts.

Abstract The role of the ambient stratification in semigeostrophic surface frontogenesis is examined. Model fronts forming in regions of large static stability 1) are weaker, 2) are tilted more toward the horizontal, and 3) propagate more slowly toward the warm air than fronts forming in regions of small static stability. These results are discussed in light of the differences between warm and cold fronts.
Antioxidant Balance and Free Radical Generation in Vitamin E-Deficient Mice after Dermal Exposure to Cumene Hydroperoxide

Organic peroxides are widely used in the chemical industry as initiators of oxidation for the production of polymers and fiber-reinforced plastics, in the manufacture of polyester resin coatings, and pharmaceuticals. Free radical production is considered to be one of the key factors contributing to skin tumor promotion by organic peroxides. In vitro experiments have demonstrated metal-catalyzed formation of alkoxyl, alkyl, and aryl radicals in keratinocytes incubated with cumene hydroperoxide. The present study investigated in vivo free radical generation in lipid extracts of mouse skin exposed to cumene hydroperoxide. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping technique was used to detect the formation of alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) radical adducts, following intradermal injection of 180 mg/kg PBN. It was found that 30 min after topical exposure, cumene hydroperoxide (12 mmol/kg) induced free radical generation in the skin of female Balb/c mice kept for 10 weeks on vitamin E-deficient diets. In contrast, hardly discernible radical adducts were detected when cumene hydroperoxide was applied to the skin of mice fed a vitamin E-sufficient diet. Importantly, total antioxidant reserve and levels of GSH, ascorbate, and vitamin E decreased 34%, 46.5%. 27%, and 98%, respectively, after mice were kept for 10 weeks on vitamin E-deficient diet. PBN adducts detected by ESR in vitamin E-deficient mice provide direct evidence for in vivo free radical generation in the skin after exposure to cumene hydroperoxide.
Influence of contemporary versus 30-year blood pressure levels on left ventricular mass and geometry: The Framingham Heart Study☆

To determine whether long-term blood pressure levels correlate with left ventricular mass, echocardiographic measurements were performed in 152 men and 299 women who were participants in the Framingham Heart Study. All subjects were free of obesity and cardiovascular and pulmonary disease, were not taking antihypertensive medications and had echocardiographic studies that were adequate for estimating left ventricular mass. Thirty-year average systolic blood pressure was correlated with left ventricular mass (corrected for height) (r = 0.27, p less than 0.001 in men; r = 0.31, p less than 0.001 in women). Multivariate linear regression analyses taking into account age and body mass index showed 30-year average systolic blood pressure to be a significant independent predictor of left ventricular mass (p less than 0.01 in men and women). Systolic blood pressure at echocardiography was not independently associated with left ventricular mass when 30-year systolic blood pressure was entered into the multivariate model. The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy was associated with 30-year average systolic blood pressure (odds ratio for every 20-mm Hg increase in blood pressure: 3.20, p less than 0.05 in men; 3.27, p less than 0.001 in women). The increase in left ventricular mass associated with 30-year average systolic blood pressure reflected changes in left ventricular wall thickness but not in left ventricular internal dimension. Thirty-year average diastolic blood pressure was also correlated with left ventricular mass but to a lesser degree than was systolic blood pressure (r = 0.18, p less than 0.05 in men; r = 0.18, p less than 0.01 in women).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
“The oriental ideal in art and the art of economic man in the orient”: Comment

Tetsunori Koizumi's "The Oriental Ideal in Art and the Art of Economic Man in the Orient" makes a case for the development of "cultural economics" "an approach which looks into the cultural factors of a society which play a predominant role in determining human behavior." In doing so, the author notes how the humanistic ideals of a culture may be reflected and transmitted by its art and how these ideals may inspire economic behavior at variance with some of the predictions of elementary neoclassical theory. Some of the ideals depicted in Oriental art and some of the economic behavior observable in the Orient are especially noteworthy in this context and provide an excellent illustration in behalf of the author's case.
A Monte Carlo model for predicting the effective emissivity of the silicon wafer in rapid thermal processing furnaces

Abstract Advances in microelectronics led to the development of rapid thermal processing (RTP). Accurate in situ temperature measurement and control are crucial for RTP furnaces to be largely accepted in the fabrication of semiconductor chips. This paper describes an effective emissivity model based on the Monte Carlo method to facilitate radiometric temperature measurements. The results showed that for non-diffuse wafers the “true” effective emissivity (defined in this paper) should be used, instead of the hemispherical effective emissivity, to correct thermometer readings. The geometric parameters and surface radiative properties can significantly influence the effective emissivity. The numerical aperture of the lightpipe radiation thermometer and the wafer-to-shield distance may be optimized to improve the measurement accuracy.
Polarity transitions during neurogenesis and germinal zone exit in the developing central nervous system

During neural development, billions of neurons differentiate, polarize, migrate and form synapses in a precisely choreographed sequence. These precise developmental events are accompanied by discreet transitions in cellular polarity. While radial glial neural stem cells are highly polarized, transiently amplifying neural progenitors are less polarized after delaminating from their parental stem cell. Moreover, preceding their radial migration to a final laminar position neural progenitors re-adopt a polarized morphology before they embarking on their journey along a glial guide to the destination where they will fully mature. In this review, we will compare and contrast the key polarity transitions of cells derived from a neuroepithelium to the well-characterized polarity transitions that occur in true epithelia. We will highlight recent advances in the field that shows that neuronal progenitor delamination from germinal zone (GZ) niche shares similarities to an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, studies in the cerebellum suggest the acquisition of radial migration and polarity in transiently amplifying neural progenitors share similarities to mesenchymal-epithelial transitions. Where applicable, we will compare and contrast the precise molecular mechanisms used by epithelial cells and neuronal progenitors to control plasticity in cell polarity during their distinct developmental programs.
A strategy for nonextraction class II treatment

Class II nonextraction treatment, which commonly includes distal movement of the maxillary molars to correct the molar relationship, most often can be successful when treatment is started in the late-mixed dentition stage of development. At least two factors contribute to this success. One is that the molars can be distalized routinely at this age. The second is that the "E" space is available and can be used either to help correct the molar relationship or to resolve any crowding that may exist. This article describes and illustrates the treatment of a late mixed-dentition patient with this type of Class II nonextraction treatment that includes distal movement of the maxillary molars with a 100 g NiTi coil system and the maintenance of the "E" space with a lip bumper.
Taxation, License Fees, and New Car Registrations

The structure of taxes and license fees on motor vehicles varies widely across the states. In 1997, automobile owners in 12 states and the District of Columbia paid only a fixed license fee independent of the age or value of the vehicle. But statewide license fees in 15 states declined as the value of the car declined, and fees in 6 states declined as the age of the car increased. Furthermore, local personal property taxes based on value applied to automobiles in 17 states. Taxes and license fees based on age or value raise the user cost of newer automobiles compared to older cars. Therefore, people are expected to substitute older model cars for new cars. The authors test this hypothesis by estimating a regression with the ratio of new car registrations to total registered automobiles as the dependent variable, using cross-sectional data for 1997 car registrations. The empirical results confirm their hypothesis.
Adaptation-Level as an Explanation for Differential Standards in College Grading.

College grading is a deeper topic than it at first appears. It can be investigated and described on several levels. On one level, studying college grading is equivalent to studying the behavior of college instructors. Such an investigation would focus on the input factors or antecedents (e.g., student ability levels, work habits, etc.) that influence grading as well as the characteristics of the persons assigning grades. Another level at which college grading can be investigated concerns the consequences of grading practices. These consequences can be studied for their effects on individuals or on aggregates. The latter approach would assess the systemwide effects of grading practices upon the whole institution, including student enrollments, major field choice, and faculty hiring. The authors believe that the antecedents and consequences of college grading are inextricably tied together by a personal characteristic of college instructors. This characteristic is so pervasive among college instructors (and perhaps people in general) as to be considered an almost inevitable factor in college grading process. The characteristic to which we refer is the phenomenon of adaptation level (Helson, 1947, 1948). Adaptation level, briefly, concerns the "anchoring" effects of background stimuli upon the perception of focal stimuli. This concept, originally developed to account for psychophysical data, can be translated into the language of college grading. When the performance of the individual student is considered as a focal stimulus, the performances of all other students in the class can be considered as background stimuli against which the individual's performance is judged. Thus, grading standards would be partly determined by the ability level of the student population. If, for example, the ability level declines without an accompanying decline in average grades, then grading standards have "fallen" (or become less "stringent").
Management of congenital cataracts

The management of congenital cataracts at the Wilmer Institute is presented, with emphasis on the need for careful preoperative assessment. The indications and techniques for surgery in uncomplicated cataracts are discussed, and the advantages of using vitrectomy instruments in complicated congenital cataracts, such as those associated with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, are described.
Paucity of Clinical Trials in Iron Deficiency: Lessons Learned From Study of VLBW Infants

* Abbreviations: VLBW — : very low birth weight Pediatricians and hematologists alike should take keen interest in the report by Taylor and Kennedy1 in this issue of Pediatrics of a randomized, placebo-controlled study of daily oral iron supplementation in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants <36 weeks’ postgestational age. Study subjects, managed according to relatively liberal transfusion guidelines, derived no benefit from the additional iron supplement of 2 mg/kg with regard to hematocrit (the primary outcome), reticulocyte count, or transfusion requirements. This result supports the concept that the need for 2 mg/kg per day of iron for low birth weight infants can be met by using iron-fortified formula or breast milk alone without medicinal iron supplementation. Two previous studies in this field2,3 were noted by Taylor and Kennedy to be inconclusive, whereas another investigation suggesting the need for iron supplementation was limited to infants whose birth weights were between 2000 and 2500 g.4 Taylor and Kennedy’s study,1 although well designed and well executed, does not provide the final word regarding the optimal method and timing of iron delivery to VLBW infants. The report failed to describe the specific types of iron used in the multivitamin with iron supplement and in the iron-fortified mother’s milk used in the study. Different forms of iron (Table 1) have different absorption profiles and toxicities. Moreover, both the benefits and potential adverse effects of medicinal iron supplements require additional study in VLBW infants, especially in settings in which transfusions are used less frequently and where outcomes other than hematocrit at 36 weeks’ postgestational age are assessed. View this table: TABLE 1 Uncertainties Regarding Treatment of Iron-Deficiency Anemia and Opportunities … Address correspondence to George R. Buchanan, MD, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9063. E-mail: george.buchanan{at}utsouthwestern.edu
Carbogenic molecular sieves: synthesis, properties and applications

Abstract Carbogenic molecular sieves (CMS) are microporous, high-carbon solids. Because of their microporosity, they share with zeolites the ability to separate molecules on the basis of size and shape. For example, nitrogen is produced from air by pressure swing adsorption over packed beds of CMS. Other shape-selective separations also can be accomplished over CMS. Despite these apparent similarities CMS are quite different from zeolites. Instead of being crystalline, they are globally amorphous having no long-range order. Despite their disorder the microporosity can be controlled through choice of precursor, additives, and thermal history. Highly variable surface chemistries—acidic, basic, neutral, and free radical—also set CMS apart from zeolites. Here the properties of CMS are reviewed in detail. Synthesis properties and applications, both separative and catalytic, are covered. Finally, microstructural features of CMS are put in context with recognized features of other carbon materials which feature minimal surfaces with high local curvature.
Increasing Throughput of Multiprocessor Systems

Many industrial applications require the use of multiple computing elements. The overall performance of such multiprocessor systems is a strong function of the communication capacity of the interconnection bus. By increasing this capacity one can integrate more processors, memory units, and input-output devices together and obtain a higher overall system throughput. In this paper, an analytic model is used to analyze alternative bus architectures. Both the local memory and global memory cases are analyzed; the instance in which the global memory case can be simplified is identified. Finally, the overall impact of implementing queues to increase computational throughput is analyzed.
Elemental Fractionation in the Slow Solar Wind

Slow solar wind, found at low heliographic latitudes, and fast solar wind, associated with high-latitude coronal holes, are fundamentally different: slow solar wind is more variable and is biased in elements with low first ionization potentials (FIPs), whereas fast solar wind is steady and has at most limited FIP bias. It has been recently argued that these differences are consequences of a continuous reorganization of the Sun's magnetic field described by a new heliospheric magnetic field model. This continuous reorganization requires a sustained reconnection process at low latitudes between open magnetic field lines and large coronal loops. Arguably, the slow solar wind originates from material stored on large coronal loops which is released sporadically because of reconnection. The fast solar wind is released on continuously open magnetic field lines. In this paper a theory for FIP fractionation is developed which depends on the wave heating of minor ions which extends below the transition region. The wave heating may be natural on the closed field configurations of large coronal loops but not in the open configurations associated with fields emanating from coronal holes. Therefore, the theory naturally leads to a differentiation in FIP fractionation between fast and slow solar wind.
Hypophysectomy for disseminated prostatic carcinoma.

A series of 15 patients with disseminated prostatic carcinoma were treated with open or cryosurgical hypophysectomy, following relapse from conventional forms of hormonal therapy. Six of 15 patients (40%) had objective and subjective signs of clinical and chemical response. To date, however, patients in remission have not demonstrated a significant prolongation in survival. Human growth hormone (HGH) levels were used to test the degree of functional suppression of pituitary function posthypophysectomy. Cryosurgical hypophysectomy, although an admittedly anatomically incomplete procedure, can induce marked reduction in activity of the anterior pituitary as judged by the HGH responses. The levels of plasma growth hormone suggested some residual pituitary tissue (hypofunction) rather than complete ablation. The decreased operative mortality and present results with cryosurgical hypophysectomy for disseminated prostatic carcinoma are encouraging and may permit the application of this form of therapy to a greater number of patients.
Compact tunable 2.1–2.9 GHz band-pass filter using a novel vertical stepped-impedance resonator

A novel vertical stepped-impedance resonator (SIR) is proposed based on the conventional multi-layer printed-circuit board (PCB), exhibiting high unloaded quality factor (Q = 185), compact size and low electromagnetic (EM) coupling to nearby RF circuits. The proposed resonator is used in a 2-3 GHz 4-pole tunable bandpass filter. The resulting filter occupies a footprint of 13 mm × 15 mm and covers a frequency range of 2.1 - 2.9 GHz. In addition, to improve the filter selectivity, multiple transmission zeroes are obtained in each tuning state by employing source-to-load coupling and cross-coupling between non-adjacent resonators. To our knowledge, this represents a new way to fabricate compact high-performance shielded filters in low-cost PCB technology.
An electron microscopic study of λ and λdg bacteriophage in thin sections

Thin sections of either uranyl-stained or osmium-fixed λ and λ dg bacteriophages were examined in the electron microscope. As in T2L bacteriophage, a DNA-free region near the center of the head was resolved in both bacteriophages. The gross dimensions of this region for λ bacteriophage were about 160 to 200 by 70 to 90 A and for λ dg, about 190 to 230 by 75 to 95 A.
How Much Does China's Exchange Rate Affect the U.S. Trade Deficit?

American politicians claim that the Chinese exchange rate with the U.S. dollar is a major cause of the huge U.S. trade deficit. This article examines the issue by asking the following questions: How has the United States been able to run a growing trade deficit with the world since the late 1970s? Is the Chinese currency or exchange rate the cause of the large U.S.-China trade deficit? What factors are behind the huge U.S.-China deficit? Theoretical and empirical analyses suggest that the U.S. trade deficit is a result of the unique position of the U.S. dollar as the reserve unit of currency in the international monetary system. The deficit cannot be attributed to the Chinese exchange rate, because it does not fall (in fact it rises) as the Chinese currency appreciates. The factors causing the deficit include relocation of exports to China from elsewhere in Asia, measurement differences, overcounting Chinese exports to the United States while undercounting U.S. exports to China, American consumption witho...
Gas sorption kinetics by differential closed-loop recycle method: Effect of heat of adsorption

An analytical mathematical model is used to investigate the influence of minute adsorbent temperature changes on the kinetics of sorption of a gaseous adsorbate from mixture with a carrier gas using a differential closed loop recycle method. Isothermal operation may not be achieved even when a very high gas circulation rate is used. Very small changes in the adsorbent temperature during the process can cause substantial departure from isothermal uptake behavior. It is shown that the kinetic process can be assumed to be isothermal only for trace adsorbate concentrations. A criterion for validity of isothermal data analysis is proposed.
Water distribution system deficiencies and gastrointestinal illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Water distribution systems are vulnerable to performance deficiencies that can cause (re)contamination of treated water and plausibly lead to increased risk of gastrointestinal illness ...
A Strategic Management Perspective on Host Country Structure of Multinational Enterprises

This article proposes that the oligopoly power and internalization models of the multinational enterprise should be reviewed in light of the newly developing resource-based model of strategy and managerial decision-making models of strategic management. The perspective described here suggests that strategy-making under conditions of uncertainty and the drive to gain competitive advantage from deployment of firm-specific resources are important issues in the internalization decision of the MNE in a host market. The role of transaction cost efficiency in generating subsidiary governance structures is redefined to be compatible with the demands of these additional considerations of the multinational strategic manager.
MITOCHONDRIAL GENETIC BACKGROUND MODULATES THE MITOCHONDRIAL AND CYTOSKELETAL RESPONSE TO CYCLICAL STRETCH IN ISOLATED ADULT CARDIOMYOCYTES

We have shown that humans with isolated mitral regurgitation and normal systolic function have significant myofibrillar degeneration, aggregates of small mitochondria, and increased formation of oxidant species within their cardiomyocytes. These findings suggest an important relationship between the
The Neural Basis of Selective Attention: Cortical Sources and Targets of Attentional Modulation

Selective attention is an intrinsic component of perceptual representation in a visual system that is hierarchically organized. Modulatory signals originate in brain regions that represent behavioral goals; these signals specify which perceptual objects are to be represented by sensory neurons that are subject to contextual modulation. Attention can be deployed to spatial locations, features, or objects, and corresponding modulatory signals must be targeted within these domains. Open questions include how nonspatial perceptual domains are modulated by attention and how abstract goals are transformed into targeted modulatory signals.
Forecasting and the systems approach: A critical survey

Long-range forecasting for social systems deals with complex feedback interactions between all sectors and elements of such systems, and thus inherently implies facing the challenge of the systems approach. The latter may be characterized as an attempt to understand the self-organizing behavior of social systems and to grasp its potential dynamic implications. A survey of current approaches to forecasting attempts to discuss the state of the art and potentials for further development in this light. Many modelling approaches—in particular econometrics—are inherently restricted to mechanistic modes of behavior. Formalized man-technique interaction—for which innovative approaches have become known—may aid forecasting for adaptive modes of system behavior; computer simulation of structural models has considerable potential in this area. Finally, forecasting techniques may be applied so as to stimulate human inventive thinking. The systems approach provides the proper perspective for the meaningful use of formalized approaches to forecasting.
A STUDY OF THE METHOD OF SPORE GERMINATION IN MYXOMYCETES

Although the germination of myxomycetous spores was observed as early as the time of deBary (I, 2, 3), few investigators, even at present, agree upon the precise method by which the swarm cells emerge from the spore membranes. According to Jahn (6) there are two possible methods: " Entweder konnte der eingeschlossene Protoplast die Membran an einer Stelle aufl6sen und durch das entstanden Loch hindurchschluipfen, oder er konnte ohne irgend eine Verletzung der Membran, sozusagen auf rein physikalischen wege einen so hohen osmotischen Druck entwickeln, dass die Huille schliesslich zerreisst." Jahn states further that the cell wall ruptures by pressure from within but believes that an enzyme "glycogenase" plays a part in the process by changing glycogen in the spore to maltose and, since "der osmotisch wirksan Stoff im neubelebten Plasma ein Zucker ist," promotes germination. Skupiehski (I2) frequently asserts that the germination of myxomycetous spores "n'est qu'un phenomene purement osmotique," agreeing thus far with Jahn, although entirely rejecting the latter's supposition concerning enzym action. On the other hand, Constantineau (4) disagrees with both for he says, "Vom osmotischen Druck ist die Keimung unabh'angig. Aus einem Vergleich der Keimung in isotonischen L6sungen ergibt sich ein Unterschied zu Gunsten des Zuckers." Pinoy (9, io, II) considers that bacterial action is necessary to soften the wall and thus facilitate germination of the myxomycetous spores. This theory, however, is not generally accepted at present, as most investigators of the group have found no evidence to support it. Indeed, it has been clearly shown by the writer in the present paper, and by others (8, I2), that in certain species such as Reticularia lycoperdon and Didymium nigripes,
The role of mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in working memory: a connectionist model

Abstract Considerable evidence suggests that while ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays the primary role in basic working memory tasks, dorsolateral PFC plays a complementary role in working memory tasks requiring monitoring or manipulation. It is proposed here that the specific function of mid-dorsolateral PFC is to impose organization on items held in working memory by establishing dynamic bindings between those items’ representations and representations of spatial concepts. A connectionist model demonstrates the viability of this proposal.
Colchicine-binding protein in rat brain: Biochemical consistency and immunological discrepancy

Abstract The colchicine-binding protein in the soluble fraction of rat brain was characterized biochemically and immunologically. On the basis of molecular size and charge, the tight binding of colchicine appeared to be the property of a single macromolecule. Colchicine-binding protein was purified from the soluble fraction of rat brain by the ammonium sulfate fractionation-DEAE chromatography method and also by precipitation with vinblastine sulfate. Both preparations interacted similarly with antibody but only the latter elicited a humoral immune response in rabbits. The possible significance and causes of the immunological discrepancy are discussed.
An Approach to Modeling Customer Preference Uncertainty by Applying Bootstrap to Choice-Based Conjoint Analysis Data

Analysis of customer preferences is among the most important tasks in a new product development. How customers come to appreciate and decide to purchase a new product affects the products market share and therefore its success or failure. Unfortunately, when designers select a product concept early in the product development process, customer preference response to the new product is unknown. Conjoint analysis is a statistical marketing tool that has been used to estimate market shares of new product concepts by analyzing data on the product ratings, rankings or concept choices of customers. This paper proposes an alternative to traditional conjoint analysis methods that provide point estimates of market shares. It proposes two approaches to model market share uncertainty; bootstrap and binomial inference applied to choice-based conjoint analysis data. The proposed approaches are demonstrated and compared using an illustrative example.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Free energy calculations on calcium and magnesium complexes: Protein and phospholipid model systems

Free energy calculations have been performed on a variety of calcium (Ca(II)) and magnesium (Mg(II)) complexes as model systems for protein-metal, phospholipid-metal, and protein-metal-phospholipid interactions. The major goal of this work was to advance our understanding of Ca(II) ion selectivity in the blood coagulation proteins. The limitations of present force field methods as applied to divalent metal ion-containing systems is discussed. The effects of different water models, varying nonbond cutoff values, and counterions are evaluated. Additionally, the effects of complete charge transformation between predetermined quantum mechanical states is evaluated in which all of the charges of the metal complexes as well as the van der Waals radii of the metals are perturbed. Protein models include formate, malonate, ethylene-diaminetetraacetate, and 1,1,4,4 -butanetetracarboxylic acid. Phospholipid mimics included methylphosphatidylserine, methylphosphatidylcholine, dimethyl phosphate, and trans-cyclohexane-1,3-diphosphate. The present set of calculations tends to overestimate Mg(II) binding in the various test systems for which experimental results exist, an effect which may in part be due to the lack of explicit polarization/charge transfer terms for all molecules, including water, in the force field. However, these calculations support the notion that coagulation protein selectivity towards Ca(II) is likely due to a greater ease of desolvation of Ca(II) over Mg(II).