cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innovative Security Technologies for the Transport of Milk

Since September 11, 2001 (9/11), Americans have become more sensitive to the security of their surroundings, including the security of the national food supply. On February 7, 2003, the U.S. Department of Justice increased the nation's terrorist threat assessment level to orange (high risk). Subsequently, the U.S. Department of Agriculture in conjunction with the Food and Drug Administration asked the agriculture community to increase its security precautions. This meant heightening physical security on farms, limiting farm contacts to essential individuals needed to continue operations, increasing security for tanker trucks that ship milk from one plant to another, and adding other security precautions. Better security policies, procedures, and technologies are being sought and continue to be identified and implemented. This paper describes innovative transportation security technologies that have either been implemented or identified to enhance the domestic transport of milk from the farm to the consume...
NEW RECUMBENT ECHINODERM GENERA FROM THE BOIS D'ARC FORMATION: LOWER DEVONIAN (LOCHKOVIAN) OF COAL COUNTY, OKLAHOMA

An echinoderm fauna from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) Cravatt Member of the Bois d'Arc Formation near Clarita, Oklahoma, has yielded specimens of recumbent, essentially bilaterally symmetrical taxa which are similar to Ordovician genera but absent or sparsely represented in Silurian strata. Claritacarpus smithi n. gen. and sp., is a dendrocystitid homoiostele with morphology similar to the Late Ordovician Dendrocystoides Jaekel, 1918; the anomalocystitid stylophoran Victoriacystis aff. holmesorum Ruta and Jell, 1999 shows strong affinities to Victoriacystis holmesorum Ruta and Jell, 1999, Humevale Formation, of Victoria, Australia; and the pleurocystitid rhombiferan, Turgidacystis graffhami n. gen. and sp., has close affinities to the Middle Ordovician Coopericystis Parsley, 1970 of West Virginia and Henicocystis Jell, 1983 of Victoria, Australia. Claritacarpus and Turgidacystis are North American range extensions for homoiosteles and pleurocystitids, respectively, being previously unknown from rocks younger than Upper Ordovician. Globally, Silurian homoiosteles and pleurocystitids are unknown although both occur in the Lower Devonian of Germany and Australia; additionally, Early Devonian pleurocystitids are known from Great Britain and Bohemia. These genera illustrate a pseudoextinction pattern suggesting a significant unsampled Silurian “homalozoan” and pleurocystitid history.
Harnessing Self-Interest: Mill, Sidwick, and the Evolution of the Theory of Market Failure

This essay is the first step in a larger effort to understand exactly how and why the marginal revolution gave us a theory of economic policy that evidenced an increased confidence in the ability of governmental policy actions to improve on the performance of the market. This was done via two relatively simultaneous changes in the views of the problem: first, in terms of demonstrating both a greatly expanded theory of the failure of the system of natural liberty (akin to what we today call market failure) as against the classical view, and second, through a more markedly positive view of the possibilities of corrective policy actions by the state. The writings of John Stuart Mill and Henry Sidgwick mark a turning point in this line of literature, and this essay will show how their work represented a departure from that which came before, the forces that led them to their respective views on the subject, and the role these ideas played in the development of the more expansive role for government evidenced in early stages of welfare economics.
The perceptual center and rhythm categories.

The perceptual center (P-center) is a phenomenon which has been used to account for the failure of acoustic-waveform measurements to verify impressionistic claims about language rhythms. To date, t...
Safer fuels by integrating polymer theory into design

For the past few decades, the civil aviation industry has increased its efforts to prevent fuel fires initiated by aviation crashes by improving fuel safety and handling. These fires are estimated to be responsible for 40% of fatalities, corresponding to approximately 500 to 1000 deaths that could be minimized annually with improved fire-safe fuel ( 1 ). Fuel fires are also increasingly becoming a hazard to homeland security, as seen in the example of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Centers ( 2 ). The mist is much more flammable than the liquid, and antimisting kerosene (AMK) interferes with mist formation by incorporating a low concentration (<0.3 weight percent) of high molecular weight polymer; (FM-9) into Jet-A fuel ( 3 ). However, routine handling (e.g., passage through pumps) (see the photo) breaks the polymer chain through hydrodynamic tension, and it becomes inadequate for mist suppression ( 4 ). The challenge is to find a mist-control polymer that is stable at handling conditions. On page 72 of this issue, Wei et al. ( 5 ) show how telechelic polymers that break and reassemble can be effective mist suppressors under real handling and fuel-injection conditions.
The Duty of Care as a Duty in Rem

Over the course of the twentieth century, the common law has lessened the duty of care—the threshold element of negligence liability — to a "frustratingly inconsistent, unfocused, and often nonsensical" doctrine that is applied in multiple ways. Underlying this confusion and serving as a topic of extensive judicial and scholarly debate is the question of how the relational dynamic between the plaintiff and the defendant at the time of the alleged tort bears on the issue of whether the defendant owed the plaintiff a duty of care. In examining recent academic debate on that question that has surrounded the drafting and publication of The Restatement (Third) of Torts, this paper defends the Third Restatement's "world-at-large" view of the duty of care. It does so on the basis of a theory that conceptualizes the duty of care as a duty in rem — an obligation owed to people in general (rather than to some defined class) by virtue of every person’s ownership of some particular "thing." The theory that this paper offers reifies personal freedom — the liberty every person has to act and use his property with reasonable care in the pursuit of his interests — to challenge criticisms of the Third Restatement that suggest that a "duty to the world" entails a nihilistic view that offers no substantive concept of obligation and renders duty a mere instrument for issuing policy driven decisions. In challenging these criticisms, this paper argues that properly conceived, a duty of care owed to the "world at large" is an obligation owed to people by virtue of the exclusive and moral dominion every person is entitled to exercise over his personal freedom. Moreover, by measuring the scope of the duty of care on the basis of the "thing" of personal freedom, an in rem conception optimizes the information costs associated with establishing rights and duties between private parties so as to best facilitate the arm's-length social interactions with which negligence law is primarily concerned. Understood this way, the duty of care is a coherent moral and functional principle of law for governing the vast and anonymous network of people who necessarily impose risks of physical harm on each other in pursuing their various ends.
Inviability of Interspecific Hybrids in the Coelomomyces dodgei Complex

Studies of experimentally produced hybrids of Coelomomyces dodgei and C. punctatus demonstrate that all stages of the F1 sporophytic phase are functional but that the F1 gametophyte is inviable. Hybrid zygotes formed in reciprocal crosses of gametes of these species are infective for mosquito larvae within which they form viable sporophytes and resting sporangia. The surface structure of these sporangia, as well as the cleavage and dehiscence patterns, are similar to those of the parental species. Additionally, meiospores produced by hybrid sporangia appear normal in that they are highly motile and capable of recognizing and encysting upon the alternate copepod host, Cyclops vernalis. However, in contrast to parental species, encystment does not result in production of a functional gametophyte. These results provide substantial evidence that C. dodgei and C. punctatus, though closely related, are reproductively isolated and, therefore, are distinct and valid species. The possible use of experimental hybrids to study the systematics of other species and varieties of the genus Coelomomyces is discussed.
The assumptions are changing.

The gavel was pounding, there was a cacophony of sound throughout the room, the union representatives were standing and asking to be recognized by the chair. The administrator of the state agency that purchases health care for employees of the state had just announced a proposed benefits cut for all employees and teachers. Unfortunately, the State of Washington is not alone in running into a financial wall. For the first time in our history, rising health care costs are significantly affecting the state's ability to educate our children, preserve our environment and pay our employees. From a base of $640 million, the projections of what the state's health benefits costs would be were for a $293 million increase, to $932 million over the next two years. That's a 46 percent increase. Something had to give, and health benefits was that "something."
Evaluation of alfalfa-corn cob associative action. II. Comparative tests of alfalfa hay as a source of ruminal degradable protein.

The effect of ruminal degradable protein source in roughage diets on nutrient digestibility and animal growth was evaluated in two trials using lambs. In trial 1, two qualities of alfalfa and smooth brome hays replaced 0, 15, 30 or 100% of an ammonia (NH3)-treated corn cob negative control diet in a digestion trial using 26 mixed breed wethers (31.8 kg). Fifteen or 30% inclusion of hay increased (P less than .01) dry matter (DM) intake, regardless of hay type or quality. Cell wall intake was highest for 100% high quality brome hay. Positive associative action on digestibility of DM and cell walls occurred with 30% of each hay tested when diets were fed ad libitum. Measured at equal intakes, DM and cell wall digestibilities were affected by forage type X level and forage quality X level interactions (P less than .01), which showed that the magnitude of associative action was greater for 30% of high vs low quality and alfalfa vs brome hay, respectively. Magnitude of associative response on cell wall digestibility was more highly correlated to degradable N (r = .88) than cell solubles (r = .64) content of hay. In trial 2, 72 young growing lambs were allotted to three sources of supplemental ruminal degradable N (NH3, casein, corn steep liquor) superimposed upon two levels of alfalfa hay (0 or 30% of diet DM). Diets containing 0% alfalfa were supplemented with ruminal escape protein equivalent to that supplied by 30% alfalfa hay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
On the Mechanics of Surging Glaciers

Observations of surging glaciers indicate that the flow regime is one dominated by extensional flow. The stress state has substantial longitudinal deviatoric stress. This regime is very different from the conventional model for glacier dynamics which is dominated by shearing flow. In addition, the initiation of surging often involves a compression front which travels down the glacier. The compression front seems to divide an up-stream region of high drag at the base of the glacier from one of low drag which allows the rapid sliding. We develop a framework for the mechanics of glaciers undergoing surging. Relevant issues are the extensional and compression flows, high longitudinal deviatoric stress, and the stress state near the basal discontinuity. We find that some of the down-slope component of glacier weight is borne by longitudinal stress in the rapidly sliding region. This stress thrusts against the slowly moving parts of the glacier. We hypothesize that this effect causes the rapidly sliding part to spread and causes the compression front to travel down the glacier. A criterion for spreading of the rapidly sliding part is developed. The mechanics outlined above are used to develop a highly idealized model for glacier surging. We propose that regions of low drag are relatively common features of glaciers. The surge initiates when conditions are met which allow the surge nucleus to spread. The rapidly sliding region of low drag spreads to a large part of the glacier. Surging ends when the low-drag conditions terminate. Because of the changed state of the glacier, surge nuclei are now stable against spreading. Several years of rebuilding must occur before nuclei are once more unstable. Calculations are performed for the evolution of the shape of Medvezhy Glacier during the surge of 1963. We find a remarkable similarity between the data and our computations.
Impedance Control and Performance Measure of Series Elastic Actuators

Series elastic actuators (SEAs) have become prevalent in torque-controlled robots in recent years to achieve compliant interactions with environments and humans. However, designing optimal impedance controllers and characterizing impedance performance for SEAs with time delays and filtering are still underexplored problems. This article addresses the controller design problem by devising a critically damped gain design method for a class of SEA cascaded control architectures, which is composed of outer impedance and inner torque feedback loops. We indicate that the proposed gain design criterion solves optimal controller gains by maximizing phase-margin-based stability. Meanwhile, we observe a tradeoff between impedance and torque controller gains and analyze their interdependence in terms of closed-loop stability and overall impedance performance. Via the proposed controller design criterion, we adopt frequency-domain methods to thoroughly analyze the effects of time delays, filtering, and load inertia on SEA impedance performance. A novel impedance performance metric, defined as “Z-region,” is proposed to simultaneously quantify achievable impedance magnitude range (i.e., Z-width) and frequency range (i.e., Z-depth). Maximizing the Z-region enables SEA-equipped robots to achieve a wide variety of Cartesian impedance tasks without alternating the control structure. Simulations and experimental implementations are performed to validate the proposed method and performance metric.
Review of Male Fertility Literature

The second chapter of the book reviews existing demographic and sociological literature on male fertility. The chapter classifies previous studies into three major topics, that is, men’s role in fertility decision-making and family planning, comparative studies of men’s and women’s fertility patterns and determinants, and modeling male fertility by constructing two-sex models. Each group of the literature is evaluated based on its merits and limitations. The chapter also discusses the way in which this book fills the voids of prior literature and suggests possible directions for future research. In the end, two levels of analyses are proposed to examine patterns and determinants of male fertility from a gendered perspective to improve existing research on male fertility.
Past, Present, and Future of Neoadjuvant Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer

AbstractPancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer death with overall 5-year survival of 5%. For the small proportion of patients who present with localized disease, surgical resection remains a necessary treatment component to achieve lasting survival. Over the past 20-30 years, multi-modal therapy involving the addition of chemotherapy and/or radiation has emerged as an important adjunct to surgery in order to prolong survival. However, patients undergoing resection are often affected by surgical complications, early recurrences, and inability to receive the recommended adjuvant therapy. For these reasons, neoadjuvant therapy has emerged as an attractive option, and in the United States, there has been a significant trend towards neoadjuvant treatment for resectable and borderline-resectable pancreatic tumors. In this review, historical evidence leading to the emergence of neoadjuvant treatment and recent studies of neoadjuvant regimens are summarized. Finally, an overview of ongoing randomized clinical trials is presented.
Query by Humming

The goal of a Query by Humming system is to allow a user to find a song by humming part of the tune. No musical training is needed. The problem is still unsolved. Some systems have low retrieval precision because they rely on melodic contour information from the hum tune, which in turn relies on the error-prone note segmentation process. Some systems yield better precision when matching the melody directly from audio, but they are slow because of their extensive use of Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) (see Chapter 4). HumFinder [106, 107] improves both the retrieval precision and speed compared to previous approaches. We treat music as a time series and exploit and improve well-developed techniques from time series databases to indexing the music for fast similarity queries. We improve on existing DTW indexes technique by introducing the concept of envelope transforms, which gives a general guideline for extending existing dimensionality reduction methods to DTW indexes. The net result is high scalability. We test our system through experiments. Please read this approach as a case study of the techniques you have seen, not as a complete solution to this hard problem.
Ketamine for Rapid Reduction of Suicidal Thoughts in Major Depression: A Midazolam-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective:Pharmacotherapy to rapidly relieve suicidal ideation in depression may reduce suicide risk. Rapid reduction in suicidal thoughts after ketamine treatment has mostly been studied in patients with low levels of suicidal ideation. The authors tested the acute effect of adjunctive subanesthetic intravenous ketamine on clinically significant suicidal ideation in patients with major depressive disorder.Method:In a randomized clinical trial, adults (N=80) with current major depressive disorder and a score ≥4 on the Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI), of whom 54% (N=43) were taking antidepressant medication, were randomly assigned to receive ketamine or midazolam infusion. The primary outcome measure was SSI score 24 hours after infusion (at day 1). Results:The reduction in SSI score at day 1 was 4.96 points greater for the ketamine group compared with the midazolam group (95% CI=2.33, 7.59; Cohen’s d=0.75). The proportion of responders (defined as having a reduction ≥50% in SSI score) at day 1 was 55% f...
A single exercise session increases insulin sensitivity in normal weight and overweight/obese adolescents.

We measured the effect of an aerobic exercise session on postprandial glucose control in adolescents with habitually low-physical activity. The goal was to determine if the acute or residual response of exercise was altered in people who are overweight/obese (OW/Ob). Eleven normal weight, body mass index (NW, BMI = 48 ± 13 percentile) and 12 OW/Ob (BMI = 91 ± 5 percentile) participants completed 3 trials. In the no exercise (No Ex) trial, participants rested quietly before and after consuming a test meal. In the other 2 trials, a 45-minute aerobic exercise session was performed either 17-hour (Prior Day Ex) or 40 minutes (Same Day Ex) before the test meal. On all trials, the OW/Ob group had higher fasting glucose (~6%) and insulin (~66%), and lower insulin sensitivity (~9%) than the NW group. The Same Day Ex and Prior Day Ex trials resulted in reduced area under the curve for glucose (6% on both trials, P < .01) and insulin (15% and 13%, respectively, P < .03), and increased insulin sensitivity (8% and 6%, respectively, P < .01). The magnitudes of those effects did not differ between the NW and OW/Ob groups. Plasma fatty acids declined and carbohydrate oxidation increased after the meal, but did not differ among trials or groups. The results demonstrate that moderate intensity aerobic exercise increases insulin sensitivity in NW and OW/Ob adolescents and that the beneficial effects of exercise last up to 17 hours. The acute impact of exercise on metabolic health in adolescents is not impaired in overweight/obese participants.
Correlation of Thin-Film Bond Compliance and Bond Fracture Resistance

The integrity of the interfacial bond between a coating and its substrate is of primary importance for any application. A technique for the quantitative nondestructive measurement of the bond fracture energy is essential for evaluating bond integrity. Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) provides a method for making localized measurements of film dis-bonds and film bond compliance based on the changes in the surface acoustic wave velocity in the layered medium. The results of these measurements for chrome/gold and gold films on glass substrates are summarized. The compliance of the bond and its fracture energy can be correlated in some film systems. An experiment to determine if this correlation exists for chrome/gold and gold films on sapphire substrates is described. Results of such an experiment would provide an empirical correlation between surface acoustic wave velocity measurements and the fracture energy of the film. The results of an experiment to measure the fracture energy of the interfacial bond between a gold film and the sapphire substrate are described.
Bioavailability Enhancement of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs via Nanocomposites: Formulation⁻Processing Aspects and Challenges.

Drug nanoparticles embedded in a dispersant matrix as a secondary phase, i.e., drug-laden nanocomposites, offer a versatile delivery platform for enhancing the dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Drug nanoparticles are prepared by top-down, bottom-up, or combinative approaches in the form of nanosuspensions, which are subsequently dried to prepare drug-laden nanocomposites. In this comprehensive review paper, the term “nanocomposites” is used in a broad context to cover drug nanoparticle-laden intermediate products in the form of powders, cakes, and extrudates, which can be incorporated into final oral solid dosages via standard pharmaceutical unit operations, as well as drug nanoparticle-laden strip films. The objective of this paper is to review studies from 2012–2017 in the field of drug-laden nanocomposites. After a brief overview of the various approaches used for preparing drug nanoparticles, the review covers drying processes and dispersant formulations used for the production of drug-laden nanocomposites, as well as various characterization methods including quiescent and agitated redispersion tests. Traditional dispersants such as soluble polymers, surfactants, other water-soluble dispersants, and water-insoluble dispersants, as well as novel dispersants such as wet-milled superdisintegrants, are covered. They exhibit various functionalities such as drug nanoparticle stabilization, mitigation of aggregation, formation of nanocomposite matrix–film, wettability enhancement, and matrix erosion/disintegration. Major challenges such as nanoparticle aggregation and poor redispersibility that cause inferior dissolution performance of the drug-laden nanocomposites are highlighted. Literature data are analyzed in terms of usage frequency of various drying processes and dispersant classes. We provide some engineering considerations in comparing drying processes, which could account for some of the diverging trends in academia vs. industrial practice. Overall, this review provides rationale and guidance for drying process selection and robust nanocomposite formulation development, with insights into the roles of various classes of dispersants.
Olfactory Communication in Kangaroo Rats (D. Merriami)

Kangaroo rats (family Heteromyidae) form a major component of mammalian fauna in the arid deserts of western North America. They have long been considered solitary rodents with a low threshold for the exhibition of agonistic behaviors (Eisenberg, 1963). Although much is known about their ecology, little is known about their social systems and communication. Four years of my research on olfactory communication in the Merriam’s kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami indicate that olfactory signals are a major means of communication in this species. Signals originate from at least two sources: sandbathing deposits and urine marks. These odors communicate species and sex, coordinate reproduction, and help to maintain social order.
Degenerate Abelian Integrals

Kovalevskaya’s work on Abelian integrals which reduce to elliptic integrals (1884) is the hardest of her papers to explain to a general audience since it assumes a detailed knowledge of the nineteenth-century work in this area. The subject of Abelian integrals in the nineteenth century was a vast corpus of results, many of which are not generally taught nowadays, even to specialists in algebraic functions. This chapter therefore requires more preliminary explanation than the other chapters in this book, partly in order to introduce the reader properly to the mathematical concepts involved and partly in order to establish the historical context for Kovalevskaya’s work. Appendix 2 contains a little analytic function theory for readers who have not had such a course. It is hoped that this appendix may clarify any mathematical obscurities in the exposition. Naturally this chapter is not a textbook on Abelian integrals. The reader who does not know the subject already should nevertheless be able to appreciate in general terms the significance of the problem Kovalevskaya worked on. A really detailed exposition of the subject, even with mathematical details omitted, would have to be much longer than the present chapter. As a matter of fact, several such expositions were written around the beginning of the twentieth century, for instance Brill and Noether (1894) and Krazer and Wirtinger (1921). The latter occupies nearly 300 pages, proofs omitted.
Repair of a Transclival Meningocele Through a Transoral Approach: Case Report and Literature Review.

Background Transclival meningoceles and related primary spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks at the clivus are extremely rare lesions, with only a few cases reported in the literature. Case Description An infant presented with nasal airway obstruction and meningitis secondary to cerebrospinal fluid leak from a transclival meningocele. The radiologic investigation and surgical repair of the lesion are reported, along with intraoperative findings. Basic anatomy, embryology, and development of the clivus are reviewed to clarify the relationship of anatomic variants with the formation of transclival meningoceles. Conclusions Transclival meningocele should be considered in patients with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. The existing classification of meningoencephaloceles based on the location of the defect in the cranium should probably be reconsidered, taking into consideration the described entity.
IT Governance of Dutch Municipalities and Digital Information Management

ABSTRACTDigitalization of information management has changed the archives sector in a short period of time and has significant implications for information processes within governmental organizations. In this article, the governance of such organizations is looked at from a business information technology (IT) alignment driven perspective, based on a case study conducted within two Dutch municipalities. The study shows that mature IT governance can have positive effects on digital document information management, because it leads to “desirable behavior in the use of IT.” Comparing the two municipalities, several findings become apparent. These concern effective management of input, for example through successful cooperation, and effective management of output of IT, for example by providing the needed digital services to citizens. Findings also are presented regarding the conjoint development of strategies by business and IT, mainly concerning the involvement of IT in decision making. Finally, findings su...
Oxygen consumption in human, tissue-engineered myobundles during basal and electrical stimulation conditions

During three-dimensional culture of skeletal muscle in vitro, electrical stimulation provides an important cue to enhance skeletal muscle mimicry of the in vivo structure and function. However, increased respiration can cause oxygen transport limitations in these avascular three-dimensional constructs, leading to a hypoxic, necrotic core, or nonuniform cell distributions in larger constructs. To enhance oxygen transport with convection, oxygen concentrations were measured using an optical sensor at the inlet and outlet of an 80 μl fluid volume microphysiological system (MPS) flow chamber containing three-dimensional human skeletal muscle myobundles. Finite element model simulations of convection around myobundles and oxygen metabolism by the myobundles in the 80 μl MPS flow chamber agreed well with the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) at different flow rates, suggesting that under basal conditions, mass transfer limitations were negligible for flow rates above 1.5 μl s−1. To accommodate electrodes for electrical stimulation, a modified 450 μl chamber was constructed. Electrical stimulation for 30 min increased the measured rate of oxygen consumption by the myobundles to slightly over 2 times the basal OCR. Model simulations indicate that mass transfer limitations were significant during electrical stimulation and, in the absence of mass transfer limitations, electrical stimulation induced about a 20-fold increase in the maximum rate of oxygen consumption. The results indicate that simulated exercise conditions increase respiration of skeletal muscle and mass transfer limitations reduce the measured levels of oxygen uptake, which may affect previous studies that model exercise with engineered muscle.
Análisis en la gestión de riesgos de fraude a una institución pública en el marco del libro Coso II, período 2014-2015

El aumento del indice de percepcion de la corrupcion, entregado por la ultima encuesta de la ONG Transparencia Internacional (TI), revela la importancia en la implementacion de un sistema de control interno, enfocado en elaborar herramientas de consulta permanente sobre aspectos de probidad y transparencia institucional. Es por esto que el proposito de la presente investigacion es el analisis en la gestion de riesgos de fraude al interior de un organo publico de la Region de Valparaiso en el Marco del Libro COSO II durante el periodo 2014. Se procedio en primer lugar a identificar los riesgos que generan potenciales fraudes, luego explicando las situaciones de riesgo mediante la construccion de una matriz estrategica de riesgo y finalmente determinando las actividades asociadas al proceso de gestion a aplicar para mitigar los riesgos de fraude. Se llego a concluir que la tendencia es favorable respecto al cumplimiento del levantamiento de los procesos, subprocesos y etapas criticas que presentan situaciones de riesgos
Palliative Care for Parkinson Disease

Palliative care (PC) is an approach to the care of persons affected by serious illness that focuses on reducing suffering by addressing medical, psychosocial, and spiritual needs. Persons living with Parkinson disease have PC needs that begin at the time of diagnosis and continue throughout the course of the illness including nonmotor symptom burden, caregiver distress, grief, and increased mortality. Primary PC refers to essential PC skills that may be practiced by nonpalliative medicine specialists to improve outcomes for their patients.
Nano-folded Gold Catalysts for Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide

The local structure and geometry of catalytic interfaces can influence the selectivity of chemical reactions. Selectivity is often critical for the practical realization of reactions such as the el...
Early Influences and Entrepreneurial Intent: Examining the Roles of Education, Experience, and Advice Networks

The independent effects of education, personal experience, and advice networks in the development of new venture creation intent is of considerable interest to educators, researchers, practitioners, and policy makers. Little research, however, has systematically considered the possibility that the relative importance of these factors varies in the early stages of entrepreneurial intent formation. Using a unique dataset (n=963), this study investigates these key relationships at two different points in time. Our results suggest that personal start-up experience and advice networks are particularly influential on the formation of intent to start a new venture, and that a marked shift in significance occurs from the former to the latter.
The influence of the stage of the estrous cycle and novel cows upon mounting activity of dairy cattle.

The objectives of this study were to determine directly if mounting activity in dairy cattle varied as a function of stage of the estrous cycle and to determine if mounting by cows could be stimulated when novel estrous cows were introduced. Detector cows were normally cycling. Estrous cows were ovariectomized and injected with estradiol cyprionate and progesterone to induce standing estrous behavior. Familiar estrous cows (prior exposure to detector cows) and novel estrous cows (no prior exposure to detector cows) encountered each detector cow (n = 19) in a one-on-one manner for a 10-min period. Mounting activity by detector cows was determined by observation on d 5, 10, 15, day of estrus and d 5 of the subsequent cycle (52). The first d 5 was considered an acclimation day and was deleted from the data because all estrous cows (n = 4) used were novel. These novel estrous cows then became familiar estrous cows on the subsequent days (10, 15, estrus, 52). On these days, familiar (n = 4) and novel (n = 2) estrous cows encountered individually each detector cow in a prearranged sequence. Stage of the estrous cycle influenced (P less than .001) the frequency of mounting by detector cows. Mounting activity of detector cows was inversely related (r = -.64, P less than .001) to concentrations of plasma progesterone. The introduction of novel estrous cows tended to stimulate (P = .07) mounting when all days were considered. In addition, the introduction of novel estrous cows stimulated (P less than .001) mounting on d 15 and 52. A second experiment was conducted to determine if the introduction of novel estrous cows stimulated mounting in the detector cows on the day of estrus if a longer encounter time (30 min) was used. A total of eight detector cows and eight estrous cows (four familiar and four novel) were used. When the detector cow was in standing estrus, she encountered one-on-one each of two familiar estrous cows and each of two novel estrous cows in a prearranged sequence for 30-min. The introduction of novel estrous cows stimulated (P = .001) mounting by the detector cows on the day of estrus (6.50 +/- .48 vs. 4.37 +/- .48 mounts for N and F cows, respectively). We conclude that mounting activity is reduced during midcycle and that the introduction of novel cows stimulated mounting activity on d 15, day of estrus and on d 5 of the estrous cycle.
Decolonizing the Civil Sphere: The Politics of Difference, Imperial Erasures, and Theorizing from History:

This article rethinks sociological approaches to difference and inclusion. It argues that civil sphere theory replicates colonial dynamics through abstracting civil codes from their role in colonia...
Targeting Epigenetics in Lung Cancer

The epigenetic landscape, which in part includes DNA methylation, chromatin organization, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA regulation, greatly contributes to the heterogeneity that makes developing effective therapies for lung cancer challenging. This review will provide an overview of the epigenetic alterations that have been implicated in all aspects of cancer pathogenesis and progression as well as summarize clinical applications for targeting epigenetics in the treatment of lung cancer.
Stimulant-Induced Sleep Disorder in Children with ADHD

Sleep disturbances are common among children with ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) and are also a common side effect of psychostimulant medications used to treat the condition. The purpose of this chapter is to aid clinicians in the proper assessment and management of stimulant-induced insomnia in children with ADHD. A case vignette of a child who develops insomnia following treatment with a psychostimulant is presented as a basis of discussion. The chapter discusses the link between ADHD and sleep problems and highlights the importance of screening for alternative etiologies and comorbid conditions. A thorough differential diagnosis offered and various therapeutic options for managing stimulant-induced sleep issues are suggested. This chapter also informs readers on the available evidence-based treatment of insomnia in children with ADHD.
Runtime Verification on FPGAs with LTLf Specifications

Runtime verification is a technique that evaluates a system's execution trace at runtime against a formal specification. This approach is particularly useful for safety-critical and autonomous systems to verify system functionality and allow for graceful recovery or intervention in the case of system faults. Specifications are often provided in a high-level form using some type of temporal logic, which can then be compiled into an automaton to be used as a monitor for the system. Existing work has mainly focused on implementing such monitors in software. In recent years there has been extensive research, however, in hardware acceleration of automata applications, which can potentially be extended to runtime monitoring. In this paper, we introduce an open-source framework for translating formulas in Linear Temporal Logic over finite traces (LTL f ) into automata implementations on FPGAs for high-efficiency and high-performance runtime monitoring. By using the spatial dimension of FPGAs, we run many of these automata in parallel, significantly reducing the latency between violation and monitor report and achieving significant throughput. We compare the performance of four different architectures corresponding to the combinations of deterministic or nondeterministic automata with an explicit or symbolic representation, and determine the design parameters that result in efficient hardware utilization and higher clock frequencies. We found that explicit automata tend to use more hardware resources, in particular Lookup Tables (LUTs), than symbolic automata. An exception to this is in the case of Flip-Flop (FF) usage, where symbolic DFAs tend to use more FF resources than explicit NFAs for smaller designs. We also found that explicit NFAs can run at higher clock frequencies, except for very large automata with high edge densities. Symbolic NFAs use fewer Look-Up Table resources and run at higher clock frequencies than symbolic DFAs, whereas symbolic DFAs required fewer Flip-Flop resources, except in the case of very simple small automata with lower edge densities. Finally, we found that explicit automata hardware utilization significantly increases with input signal widths, motivating the use of symbolic automata for wide input signals.
A Distributed Microprocessor Respiratory Intensive Care Monitoring System with Mass Spectrometer, Proximal Flowmeter, and Airway Pressure Transducer

Monitoring ventilated patients in the respiratory intensive care unit (RICU) has advanced less rapidly than monitoring in the coronary care unit (CCU). Transducers for analyzing the concentration of gases ventilating the lungs have been unreliable for long term monitoring or have been prohibitively expensive. Flowmeters sufficiently robust and trouble free for use in the proximal airway have not been available. Tidal volume and ventilation monitoring is attempted only occasionally at the exhalation valve of the ventilator. Some ventilators incorporate one or more flowmeters distal to the patient, thus the compressed gas volume is not measured directly and actual tidal lung volumes are frequently over estimated. Pressure monitoring at the proximal airway has been relatively easy — a number of ventilators feature continuous pressure monitoring and a variety of devices are available for airway pressure monitoring with low and/or high pressure alarms.
The Isolation of a Brush Border Membrane Fraction from Rat Kidney

Abstract A method for isolating brush borders from rat kidney homogenates has been developed. Minced tissue, 27 g, is gently homogenized in 20 mm sodium or potassium bicarbonate, pH 8.1. The diluted homogenate, containing large fragments of brush borders, is filtered and then fractionated with the use of combined differential, isopycnic, and rate-zonal centrifugations. The purity of the final brush border fraction is documented with both morphological and enzymatic studies. Electron micrographs of the final brush border fraction show microvilli profiles with few cytoplasmic contaminants. Alkaline phosphatase assays show a 15-fold increase in specific activity of the brush border fraction relative to the starting homogenate. Acid phosphatase, glucose 6-phosphatase, and succinate cytochrome c reductase studies are consistent with contamination rates of 0.04% for lysosomes, 0.2% for microsomes, and 7% for mitochondria. Calculations based on recovery of total alkaline phosphatase activity indicate that the procedure recovers 21% of the alkaline phosphatase present in the starting homogenate. The final brush border pellet obtained from 27 g of whole kidney has a wet weight of 0.27 g and a protein content of 20 mg.
Introduction: cytochome P450.

This issue of The FASEB Journal sees the commencement of a series of reviews that will feature the field of heme protein-catalyzed rnonooxygenation reactions, exemplified by the enzyme isoforms known as cytochromes P450. These reviews will also discuss several other heme proteins that utilize cysteine-thiolate-liganded protoporphyrin IX as a prosthetic group, such as thromboxane synthase and the nitric oxide synthases. The subject matter arose from a symposium jointly sponsored by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics in Washington, D.C., May 21-24, 1994, in honor of the research accomplishments of Ronald W. Estabrook, Ph.D.
Observation stays in administrative claims databases: underestimation of hospitalized cases.

Purpose Recent policy changes in the USA have led to an increasing number of patients being placed into observation units rather than admitted directly to the hospital. Studies of administrative data that use inpatient diagnosis codes to identify cohorts, outcomes, or covariates may be affected by this change in practice. To understand the potential impact of observation stays on research using administrative healthcare data, we examine the trends of observation stays, short (≤2 days) inpatient admissions, and all inpatient admissions. Methods We examined a large administrative claims database of commercially insured individuals in the USA between 2002 and 2011. Observation stays were defined on the basis of the procedure codes reimbursable by Medicare or commercial insurers. We report monthly rates of observation stays and short inpatient admissions overall and by patient demographics. Results We identified 5 355 752 observation stays from 2002 to 2011. Over the course of study, the rate of observation stays increased, whereas the rate of short inpatient stays declined. The most common reason for observation stays was nonspecific chest pain, also the third most common reason for short inpatient stays. The increasing trend of observation stays related to circulatory diseases mirrors the decreasing trend of short inpatient stays. Conclusions The use of observation stays has increased in patients with commercial insurance. Failure to account for observation stays may lead to an under-ascertainment of hospitalizations in contemporary administrative healthcare data from the USA. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative stiffness of 3 bandage/splint constructs for stabilization of equine midmetacarpal fractures.

Objective Determine the relative stiffness of 3 bandage/splint constructs intended for emergency fracture stabilization. Design Experimental model. A single plane free end deflection model was developed to simulate the forces placed on a bandage/splint construct during stabilization of a complete mid-metacarpal bone fracture. The total deflection of the model in one plane was measured following application of 3 different bandage/splint combinations including a classic, 3 layered Robert Jones Bandage (RJB) with a splint placed on the outside of the bandage (RJB-3), an RJB with splint placed after the first of 3 bandage layers (RJB-1), and a single layer full limb bandage with external splint (SS). Comparisons were made between the deflections of the model with each bandage/splint combinations in an effort to determine the most effective method for field fracture stabilization. Setting Laboratory. Animals No animals were utilized in data collection for this study. Two live horses were utilized during the pilot study. Interventions Application of bandage and splint to a model intended to simulate the bending force on a lower forelimb fracture in a horse Measurements and Main Results Deflection was determined by the difference between the height of the model's supported free end before application of a 4.5 kg weight and at the conclusion of the deflection test. There was no significant difference in the amount of deflection between bandage/splint combinations (78 ± 32 mm (RJB-1), 94 ± 44 mm (RJB-3), and 93 ± 33 mm (SS)) Conclusions The one-layer bandage with splint was equivalent to either RJB configuration in the mean amount of deflection in the simple model of a fracture.
ENA periodicities and their phase relations to SKR emissions at Saturn

[1] Cassini orbits during days 200–366 in 2004 afforded the opportunity to continuously observe energetic neutral atom (ENA) emissions from long range (>50 RS, 1 RS = 60268 km) on Saturn's dawn side. Images of energetic neutral hydrogen (25–55 keV) and oxygen (90–160 keV) were projected onto the noon-midnight plane, corrected for travel time from Saturn, averaged into half hour time bins and finally averaged into a 60 × 40 RS spatial bin. The time profiles of these bin averages were then subjected to a Lomb periodogram analysis. The H periodogram exhibits a weak periodicity (SNR = 9.1) with a major peak at 10.78 hours and several minor peaks. The O periodogram displays strong periodicities (SNR = 36.2) with a major peak at 10.78 hours and a various secondary peaks. A cross correlation of the SKR signal with the ENA signals reveals that the H signal leads the SKR by 1.46 ± 0.08 hours, while the O signal leads the SKR by 2.21 ± 0.14 hours.
An Inducible Gene Therapy System Enables Topical On/Off Control of Therapeutic Product Synthesis ♦ 721

A novel inducible vector called the gene switch has been developed(O'Malley et al.). This gene-switch relies on the finding that a carboxy-terminal deletion of the human progesterone receptor (PR) fails to bind progesterone but will bind progesterone antagonists. By replacing the DNA binding domain of this mutant PR with that of the yeast transcription activator GAL4, the possibility of activating endogenous genes containing the progesterone response element is eliminated. Since GAL4 activated genes do not exist in mammalian cells, this regulator specifically activates reporter constructs that have been engineered to contain GAL4 binding sites. This expression system was originally designed to be turned on and off by a systemic dose of antiprogesterone. In these studies, the antiprogesterone(mifepristone) is applied topically reducing the risk of adverse effects.