cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A characterization of Markov sequences

Abstract Second moment properties of a class of Markov sequences are established through a diagonal series expansion of the bivariate density function of the sequence. It is shown that if the expansion coefficients are raised to any positive integer power, the resulting series converges to a bivariate density. An expression for the resulting density is given. This change in the coefficient sequence is shown to be related to the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation. Some second-moment properties of the Markov sequence are then derived. Also, some bandwidth properties of related pulse trains are considered.
Sensitivity and workload for manual and automated gynecologic screening: best current estimates.

Sensitivity for screening gynecologic cytology appears to be correlated with workload, but data in the literature is limited. We gathered all known published data that included independently estimated measures of sensitivity and workload, for manual and automated screening, including individual cytotechnologist (CT) and laboratory data. We then attempted to synthesize the best estimates of sensitivity with workload volume. While this interpretation is limited by the scarcity of collected data and the few assumptions needed to combine the data, our results suggest that manual and automated screening correlate differently with workload. Manual screening was directly related to total workload volume, appeared to reach near 100% sensitivity for some individual CTs at workloads of ∼30 slides/day, and decreased to below 80% sensitivity at ∼70 slides /day. Most CTs performed at a higher sensitivity than the laboratory averages, but a small subset of CTs had significantly lower sensitivities with similar workload volumes. Sensitivity of automated screening, on the other hand, was more closely correlated with epithelial cell abnormality (ECA)-adjusted workload (ECA × total slides/day). While these results are preliminary and additional studies are warranted to confirm them, our results may be useful in monitoring workload limits in gynecologic cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Laminar fluid flow and heat transfer in an annulus with an externally enhanced inner tube

Laminar forced convection in a double-pipe heat exchanger is studied numerically. In this study, an isothermal tube with periodic enhancements (promoters) is placed concentrically inside an insulated circular tube. Pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of promoters are obtained at various geometric and flow conditions. These are compared to an unenhanced (circular) tube annulus of identical length and heat transfer surface area while the mass flow rate and the Reynolds number are kept the same. A promoter with Gaussian shape establishes superiority over a cosine shape and other normal distribution shapes, since it provides high heat transfer enhancement with a small increase in the pressure drop. Effects of promoter length and spacing on the pressure drop and heat transfer are small. The pressure drop is influenced significantly by the promoter height and the annular gap, while the promoter height is the only significant geometric parameter affecting the heat transfer. At Reynolds numbers of less than 500, the pressure drop in the enhanced tube annulus is 50 percent more than that in the unenhanced tube annulus. Heat transfer enhancement, though small (about 20 percent) at a Peclet number (Reo Pr) less than 200, increases with the Reynolds number and the Prandtl number. At the highest Reo ( = 1,000) and Pr ( = 5) investigated, heat transfer from the enhanced tube annulus is about eight times more than that from the unenhanced tube annulus. However, for this case the pressure drop increases by only a factor of two.
Maturation‐dependent apoptotic cell death of oligodendrocytes in myelin‐deficient rats

Mutations in the proteolipid protein gene (PLP/plp), which encodes the major intrinsic membrane protein in central nervous system (CNS) myelin, cause inherited dysmyelination in mammals. One of these mutants, the myelin-deficient (md) rat, has severe dysmyelination that is associated with oligodendrocyte cell death. Using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay, which labels apoptotic cells, we find that cell death is increased in multiple white matter tracts of md rats. The tracts that myelinate the earliest show the earliest increase in cell death, and cell death persists for at least 22 days, the lifespan of these mutant animals. In all tracts, and at all developmental ages examined, apoptotic cells expressed the markers of mature oligodendrocytes, such as myelin basic protein, myelin-associated glycoprotein, and the Rip antigen, but not chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, a marker of oligodendrocyte precursors. Mature oligodendrocytes fail to accumulate in md brain because they die before they fully mature.
Bird populations and vegetation characteristics in managed and old-growth forests, northeastern Oregon.

Etude de la densite de population de divers oiseaux reproducteurs en fonction du couvert vegetal de forets exploitees ou non du nord-est de l'Oregon. Les especes sont plus nombreuses dans les forets entretenues que dans les vieilles forets. Conseils pour le maintien de l'habitat des oiseaux
Transport of weapons-grade plutonium and boron through fractured geologic media

Redistribution of vitrified weapons-grade plutonium placed in the proposed Yucca Mountain repository is investigated based on the pure-colloid transport model for plutonium and the pure-solute transport model for plutonium and the pure-solute transport model for plutonium, uranium, and boron. In the pure-colloid model, colloids carrying plutonium are assumed to settle out of groundwater in the fractures by flocculation. In the pure-solute model, {sup 239}Pu, {sup 235}U, and boron are transported through fractures by advection and diffuse into the rock matrix with sorption retardation. Both models show that {sup 239}Pu stays in the vicinity of the repository and decays there to {sup 235}U. All the {sup 239}Pu that originally exists in the repository reaches the bottom end of 200-m fractures as {sup 235}U. Boron spreads in the geologic medium during the glass leaching period and quickly disappears after the end of the leach time. Concentrations of {sup 239}Pu and {sup 235}U are found to be too small for autocatalytic criticality.
Selection of machinable volumes. An object-oriented approach

Abstract An object-oriented approach for selection of machinable volumes to be included in a process plan is presented. The approach uses a feature-based part representation. Volumes of the material to be removed are generated in parallel with the definition of form features of the part. Geometric reasoning is used for grouping these volumes into a set of machinable volumes. The selection of machinable volumes with the minimum corresponding machining cost, fixture and tool-utilization costs is performed by a heuristic algorithm. Precedence constraints among machinable volumes are established and used to generate a sequence of machinable volumes. The concepts introduced in the paper have been implemented in Smalltalk-80 object-oriented programming environment.
Fah1p, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cytochromeb 5 Fusion Protein, and ItsArabidopsis thaliana Homolog That Lacks the Cytochromeb 5 Domain Both Function in the α-Hydroxylation of Sphingolipid-associated Very Long Chain Fatty Acids

A search of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome data base for cytochromeb 5-like sequences identified a 1.152-kilobase pair open reading frame, located on chromosome XIII at locus YMR272C (FAH1). That gene encodes a putative 384-amino acid protein with an amino-terminal cytochrome b 5 domain. The b 5 core domain shows a 52% identity and 70% similarity to that of the yeast microsomal cytochromeb 5 and a 35% identity and 54% similarity to the b 5 core domain of OLE1, theS. cerevisiae Δ-9 fatty acid desaturase. Expression of the S. cerevisiae FAH1 cytochromeb 5 domain in Escherichia coliproduces a soluble protein that exhibits the typical oxidizedversus reduced differential absorbance spectra of cytochrome b 5. Sequence analysis of Fah1p reveals other similarities to Ole1p. Both proteins are predicted to have two hydrophobic domains, each capable of spanning the membrane twice, and both have the HX (2–3)(XH)H motifs that are characteristic of membrane-bound fatty acid desaturases. These similarities to Ole1p suggested that Fah1p played a role in the biosynthesis or modification of fatty acids. Disruption of the FAH1 gene in S. cerevisiaedid not give any visible phenotype, and there was no observable difference in content or distribution of the most abundant long chain saturated and unsaturated 14–18-carbon fatty acid species. Northern blot analysis, however, showed that this gene is expressed at much lower levels (∼150-fold) than the OLE1 gene, suggesting that it might act on a smaller subset of fatty acids. Analysis of sphingolipid-derived very long chain fatty acids revealed an approximately 40-fold reduction of α-HO 26:0 and a complementary increase in 26:0 in the gene-disrupted fah1Δ strain.GAL1 expression of the S. cerevisiae FAH1 genes in the fah1Δ strain restores α-HO 26:0 fatty acids to wild type levels. Also identified are a number of homologs to this gene in other species. Expression of an Arabidopsis thaliana FAH1 gene, which does not contain the cytochromeb 5 domain, in the fah1Δ strain produced an approximately 25-fold increase in α-HO 26:0 and reduced the levels of its 26-carbon precursor, suggesting that it functions in very long chain fatty acid hydroxylation using an alternate electron transfer mechanism.
A microscopic study of fracture in regenerated cellulose film

The fracture edge of a strip of regenerated cellulose film broken under tension can usually be divided into three regions: (A) the site of the initial failure, (B) the slow-tear region, and (C) the fast-tear region. Photomicrographs showing these regions are presented and discussed. Three different types of initial failure are described and some data presented relating the breaking strain to the type of initial failure.
Effects of reductive alkylation on peptide retention times.

Reductive alkylation of primary amino groups is used to introduce nuclear magnetic resonance or radioactive probes into proteins. Because of electrostatic and conformational effects, reductive alkylation is not always complete. We describe herein a rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for separating and quantitating mixtures of native and reductively alkylated peptides. Small synthetic peptides were chosen to illustrate the effects of methylation and isopropylation of primary amino groups on chromatographic retention times. Mixtures of unmodified and reductively methylated or isopropylated peptides (Gly-Leu-Tyr, Gly-Gly-Lys-Arg, Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr and Pro-Gly-Lys-Ala-Arg) could be separated. Chromatography was on a 5-micron, 25 cm x 0.4 I.D., C18 reversed-phase column with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in a 10 to 80% linear gradient of acetonitrile in water, a system appropriate for protein digests. The relative concentrations of native, and singly and doubly alkylated peptide were determined as well as the effective retention coefficients for dimethyl and isopropyl groups. The method shows promise for the peptide mapping of partially alkylated proteins.
Mining Biomedical Ontologies and Data Using RDF Hypergraphs

As researchers analyze huge amounts of data that are annotated by large biomedical ontologies, one of the major challenges for data mining and machine learning is to leverage both ontologies and data together in a systematic and scalable way. In this paper, we address two interesting and related problems for mining biomedical ontologies and data: i) how to discover semantic associations with the help of formal ontologies, ii) how to identify potential errors in the ontologies with the help of data. By representing both ontologies and data using RDF hyper graphs, and subsequently transforming the hyper graphs to corresponding bipartite forms, we provide a generalized data mining method that scales beyond what existing ontology-based approaches can provide. We show the proposed method is indeed capable of capturing semantic associations while seamlessly incorporate domain knowledge in ontologies by performing evaluations on real-world electronic health dataset and NCBO ontologies. We also show that our data mining methods can discover and suggest corrections for misinformation in biomedical ontologies.
Synthesis and Radioluminescence of PEGylated Eu3+-doped Nanophosphors as Bioimaging Probes

Lanthanide-doped nanophosphors have received significant attention for use in biological sensing and imaging due to their unique optical properties. Much like semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), these luminescent nanocrystals offer several advantages over conventional organic fluorophores, including high photochemical stability, large Stokes shift, and tunable fluorescence emission. [1] Up-conversion nanophosphors, which are capable of absorbing two or more low-energy photons to emit a higher-energy photon, also exhibit favorable characteristics such as long fluorescence lifetimes, no photoblinking, and reduced autofluorescence. [2] The recent development of lanthanide-doped nanophosphors that function in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral range optimal for optical transmission through biological tissues (650–900 nm) has attracted great interest towards in vivo bioim-aging probes. [3–5] Alternatively, high-energy radiation, currently employed in medical imaging modalities, such as X-ray computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomo graphy (PET), may also be used to excite NIR-emitting radioluminescent nanophosphors (RLNPs) for bioimaging.
Transverse dynamics of a phase-conjugate resonator. I: sluggish nonlinear medium

We present a fully nonlinear theory of a phase-conjugate resonator in which the phase-conjugate mirror is a diffusive Kerr medium with an arbitrary ratio of cavity round-trip time to medium response time. The model is restricted to the Raman–Nath scattering regime but includes pump depletion and transverse coupling, which is provided by diffraction inside the cavity and diffusion inside the phase-conjugate mirror. A transverse linear-stability analysis of steady-state solutions is performed. The case of a sluggish medium is studied numerically in both low- and high-diffraction geometries.
Information systems managers' perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting

Prior research on telecommuting has not addressed the attitudes of Information Systems managers concerning the advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting. Additionally, telecommuting research has not investigated if differences in attitudes concerning telecommuting exist based on geographical location or if attitudes are affected if a telecommuting program is currently in place. This research extends the body of knowledge by concentrating on these heretofore unstudied areas.Seven hundred and eighty-nine Information Systems (IS) managers from two diverse geographic regions of the United States, the West Coast and the Southeast, were surveyed in this study. The IS managers were asked to respond to a series of twelve advantages and eleven disadvantages associated with telecommuting. These advantages and disadvantages were derived from previously published studies. Each item's importance was recorded on a seven point Likert scale, where a one indicated very unimportant and a seven indicated very important. In addition to geographic region of the respondent, information was collected to identify if the respondent's organization had a telecommuting program in place. Survey variables were reduced using factor analysis and results are reported.As expected, several of the variables were perceived differently by survey respondents. Explanations are offered for the reported differences and areas for future research are discussed.
Parvalbumin-containing interneurons in the basolateral amygdala express high levels of the alpha1 subunit of the GABAA receptor.

The basolateral amygdala (ABL) is essential for the amnestic effects of benzodiazepines in aversive learning tasks. Because the α1 subunit of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor is critical for these amnestic actions, knowledge of the neuronal localization of this subunit in the ABL should contribute to an understanding of the candidate neuronal mechanisms involved. To examine this question, we used dual-labeling immunohistochemical techniques to study the localization of the α1 subunit in the ABL. Our results suggest that the α1 subunit of the GABAA receptor is localized primarily in GABAergic interneurons in the ABL at the somal level, although the intense neuropil staining in the lateral nucleus suggests that distal dendrites of pyramidal projection neurons in this nucleus may also contain high levels of the α1 subunit. The great majority of α1-immunoreactive interneurons also exhibit immunoreactivity for the β2/3 subunits of the GABAA receptor. Parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons are the main interneuronal subpopulation exhibiting α1 immunoreactivity, but some calretinin-positive interneurons also express this subunit. These data suggest that certain subpopulations of GABAergic interneurons in the ABL, especially PV+ cells, receive a robust GABAergic innervation. Because the most likely source of this innervation is intrinsic, these results suggest that PV+ interneurons could constitute an important component of interneuronal networks in the ABL. These networks may be critical for the generation of synchronized rhythmic oscillations involved in consolidation of emotional memories. The activation of α1-containing GABAA receptors in the ABL by benzodiazepines may disrupt rhythmic oscillations critical for memory consolidation. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:137–146, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Geochemistry of saline subsurface water, Saline County (Missouri)

Abstract An investigation of saline subsurface water in central Missouri has shown that the chemical character of this water is largely governed by mineralogical controls. Although the water is supersaturated with respect to quartz, the silica concentration is held constant at approximately 9 p.p.m. apparently by the dissolution of illite. A series of scatter diagrams for the water samples indicates that potassium and hydrogen ion have a markedly different relationship to variations in salinity than do other group Ia elements. The K + H + activity ratio ranges from approximately 103.8 to 104.0 and is apparently controlled by the presence of illite or illite plus kaolinite. Calculation of the ion activity products [Ca2+][CO32−] and [Ca2+][Mg2+][CO32−]2 indicates that the saline water is approximately saturated with respect to calcite and dolomite. The mean Ca 2+ Mg 2+ activity ratio, 1.51, is in agreement with the value obtained by Hsu (1963) for water from dolomitic limestones. The variations in the Ca/Na and Mg/Na ratios in the Missouri water samples can be predicted using a model in which the concentration of Na is affected only by the addition or removal of water from the system whereas the concentrations of Ca and Mg are additionally affected by equilibration with calcite and dolomite. The ion activity products [Sr2+][CO32−] and [Ba2+]CO32−] are constant at 10−10.3 and 10−12.4 respectively. This suggests that the water is saturated with respect to SrCO3 and BaCO3 in some form and that the Sr/Ba activity ratio, 102.1, is mineralogically controlled. Because the chemistry of the saline water is now controlled to a large extent by its mineralogical environment the compositional characteristics of the water cannot be used to determine the origin of the salinity.
The US helium conservation programme and controversy

Abstract This article discusses the recently cancelled US Helium Conservation Programme. Background information on helium resources and use are provided and some of the principal questions to be answered are highlighted.
Bloodborne Exposures at a United States Army Medical Center

With the ultimate goal of minimizing exposures, we conducteda hazard analysis on bloodborne disease transmission at our hospital to identify appropriate control interventions. We utilized basic principles of occupational epidemiology to gather information on the severity and extent of exposures. Because we suspected inadequate reporting of needlestick injuries, we collected 339 reported exposures of health care workers;we conducted a survey ofallworkers requiring universal precautions training for bloodborne pathogens. The annual incidence of exposures reported was 93.7 per 1000 workers who required this training. Sharps accounted for 83.5 percent of these exposures. Exposure sources demonstrated 4.3 percent positive for HIV, 4.4 percent positive for hepatitis B, and 7.1 percent positive for hepatitis C. The survey indicated that blood/body fluid exposures were underreported by at least fourfold. House officers were most at risk. At-risk behaviors were identified by the significant differences in knowledg...
Prevalence of urinary incontinence and other lower tract urinary symptoms in patients with uterine myomas

To study the prevalence and risk factors of the overactive bladder, urinary incontinence and other lower tract urinary symptoms in patients with uterine myomas, female patients with established diagnosis of the uterine myomas presenting to gynecology clinic were invited to answer a self-administered questionnaire, which included questions on evidence of lower urinary tract symptoms [modified Overactive Bladder-Validated 8-question Screener (OAB-V8)]. Demographic data, relevant medical and surgical history, and pelvic ultrasound findings were reviewed from the patients charts. Statistical significance of relationship between OAB, stress incontinence and urge incontinence in relation to body mass index (BMI), uterine volume and size of dominant myoma were analyzed using 2-taild exact Fisher test and Wilcoxon test. Ninty-eight patients (28 to 81 years) completed the questionnaire over a period of 3 months. The majority were premenopausal and had detectable myomas on ultrasound. OAB was present in 47.9% women. No significant statistical relation between size and volume of the uterus and overactive bladder, urge incontinence, stress incontinence and mixed incontinence was noted. Observation of OAB subtypes with urge and stress incontinence in premenopausal patients with uterine myomas was statistically significant in comparison with premenopausal women studied (60.8% vs 15.3 and 63% vs 6.8, respectively; P<0.001). Overall prevalence of OAB was similar in both groups. Our study showed the higher prevalence of overactive bladder than in the general population, however overall OAB prevalence related to fibroids did not show statistical significance. OAB-stress incontinence and OABurge incontinence subtypes were associated with uterine myomas.
The Long-Term Outcomes of Human West Nile Virus Infection

Since its introduction to North America in 1999, human infection with West Nile virus (WNV) has resulted in considerable acute morbidity and mortality. Although the ongoing epidemic has resulted in a great increase in our understanding of the acute clinical features of human illness and helped to define associated clinical syndromes, far less is known about potential long-term clinical and functional sequelae. Several recent assessments, however, suggest that patients--even those with apparently mild cases of acute disease--frequently have subjective, somatic complaints following WNV infection. Persistent movement disorders, cognitive complaints, and functional disability may occur after West Nile neuroinvasive disease. West Nile poliomyelitis may result in limb weakness and ongoing morbidity that is likely to be long term. Although further assessment is needed, the long-term neurological and functional sequelae of WNV infection are likely to represent a considerable source of morbidity in patients long after their recovery from acute illness.
Absorption of selenium from coal fly ash-amended soil by Astragalus racemosus.

Plants normally growing on soils in the Northeastern United States contain about 0.05ppM of selenium on a dry weight basis. It has been shown that plants growing on soils amended with coal fly ash or on fly ash alone absorbed notably higher concentrations of selenium. It is well know that certain plant species of the genus Astragalus which grow over a wide area of the Western United States accumulate very high concentrations of the element. Fly ash and some of these western soils contain selenium in the same concentration range. It was of interest therefore to study the availability of this toxic element in fly ash to a selenium accumulator plant. In the work reported, one of the well known Astragalus selenium accumulator species was grown to maturity in pots of soil amended with coal fly ash and then analyzed for total selenium.
Adrenal ascorbic acid changes in the gonadectomized golden hamster following a single injection of diethylstilbestrol.

CHRONIC treatment of golden hamsters with diethylstilbestrol (Kirkman and Bacon, 1950), with estradiol (Kirkman, 1951) is followed by the appearance of malignant renal tumors in males, while females tend to show kidney damage similar to that found in glomerulonephritis (Matthews, Kirkman and Bacon, 1947; Kirkman and Bacon, 1950). It is possible that one or both of these pathological conditions may follow a stilbestrol-induced disturbance of the normal pituitary-adrenal relationship. Using adrenal ascorbic acid alterations as evidence for ACTH-release (Sayers, 1950), it has been found that following a single injection of stilbestrol there is a marked decrease of vitamin C in the female hamster but only a moderate decrease in the male (Wexler, 1951). In order to study this marked sex difference in adrenal response, the above experiment (Wexler, 1951) was repeated using gonadectomized animals. methods Hamsters (Cricetus auratus) were gonadectomized at 50 days of age, and at 90 days were divided into two sepa...
Absorption and fate of imazapyr in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula)

Imazapyr absorption, translocation, root release and metabolism were examined in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). Leafy spurge plants were propagated from root cuttings and [ 14 C]imazapyr was applied to growth-chamber-grown plants in a water + 28% urea ammonium nitrate + nonionic surfactant solution (98.75 + 1 + 0.25 by volume). Plants were harvested two and eight days after herbicide treatment (DAT) and divided into : treated leaf, stem and leaves above treated leaf, stem and leaves below the treated leaf, crown, root, dormant and elongated adventitious shoot buds. Imazapyr absorption increased from 62.5% 2 DAT to 80.0% 8 DAT. Herbicide translocation out of the treated leaf and accumulation in roots and adventitious shoot buds was apparent 2 DAT. By the end of the eight-day translocation period only 14% of applied 14 C remained in the treated leaf, while 17% had translocated into the root system. Elongated and dormant adventitious shoot buds accumulated 3.2- and 1.8-fold more 14 C, respectively, 8 DAT than did root tissue based on Bq g -1 dry weight. Root release of 14 C was evident 2 DAT, and by 8 DAT 19.4% of the 14 C reaching the root system was released into the rooting medium. There was no metabolism of imazapyr in crown, root or adventitious shoot buds 2 DAT ; however, imazapyr metabolism was evident in the treated leaf 2 and 8 DAT. Imazapyr phytotoxicity to leafy spurge appears to result from high imazapyr absorption, translocation to underground meristematic areas (roots and adventitious shoot buds), and a slow rate of metabolism.
Eminent Domain: Land-Use Planning and the Powerless in the United States and Israel

The outcome of land-use policies of two distinct nations with considerably different formal governmental structures are exploratively compared and found to be quite similar. In the United States we focus on the effects—on the poor and minorities residing in central cities—of the urban renewal program conceived at the national level but implemented in a decentralized way, with most authority remaining at the local level. In Israel we focus on the effects—on Arab villagers—of a centralized legal structure controlling land-use policies. We find that despite the differences in the formal governmental structures involved in the planning processes, large numbers of people were removed from their land and their homes in both nations. A crucial factor accounting for such similar policy outcomes is the lack of political power in the target groups affected by these land-use policies.
Dark energy constraints from lensing-detected galaxy clusters

We study the ability of weak-lensing surveys to detect galaxy clusters and constrain cosmological parameters, in particular, the equation of state of dark energy. There are two major sources of noise for weak-lensing cluster measurements: the ``shape noise'' from the intrinsic ellipticities of galaxies; and the large scale projection noise. We produce a filter for the shear field which optimizes the signal-to-noise of shape-noise-dominated shear measurements. Our Fisher-matrix analysis of this projected-mass observable makes use of the shape of this mass function, and takes into account the Poisson variance, sample variance, shape noise, and projected-mass noise, and also the fact that the conversion of the shear signal into mass is cosmology-dependent. The Fisher analysis is applied to both a nominal $15\text{ }000\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{deg}}^{2}$ ground-based survey and a $1000\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{deg}}^{2}$ space-based survey. Assuming a detection threshold of $S/N=5$, we find both experiments detect $\ensuremath{\approx}20 000$ clusters, and yield $1\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}\ensuremath{\sigma}$ constraints of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{w}_{0}\ensuremath{\approx}0.07$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{w}_{a}\ensuremath{\approx}0.20$ when combined with cosmic microwave background data (for flat universe). The projection noise exceeds the shape noise only for clusters at $z\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.1$ and has little effect on the derived dark-energy constraints. Sample variance does not significantly affect either survey. Finally, we note that all these results are extremely sensitive to the noise levels and detection thresholds that we impose. They can be significantly improved if we combine ground and space surveys as independent experiments and add their corresponding Fisher matrices.
Sequential-color LCD based on OCB with an LED backlight

We have fabricated a 13.3-in. XGA (1024 × 768) TFT sequential-color liquid-crystal display using optically compensated birefringency (OCB), illuminated by an LED backlight. We fabricated the sequential-color display feasible process technology, and examined the performance and potential of a field-sequential-color scheme. The display was connected to a laptop computer and examined for flicker.
A rate dependent model for turbulent flows of dilute and dense two phase solid—liquid mixtures

Abstract The thermodynamically consistent rate dependent model for turbulent flow of dense two phase solid—liquid mixtures derived previously is extended to cover the entire range of solids volume fraction. The modifications needed for the phasic viscosity, as well as the particulate energy dissipation rate, are included. It is shown that the model contains the existing kinetic models for rapid granular flows and dilute turbulent two phase flows as special limiting cases. The model is then used to study the problem of simple shear flow of a two phase solid—liquid mixture. The phasic shear and normal stresses, normal stress differences, fluctuation kinetic energy, production, dissipation and interaction energy supply are evaluated and discussed. The predicted stresses are compared with experimental data and good agreement is observed.
QSPR Study of Critical Micelle Concentrations of Nonionic Surfactants

Linear and nonlinear predictive models are derived for a data set of 162 nonionic surfactants. The descriptors in the derived models relate to the molecular shape and size and to the presence of he...
The Conditional Nature of Genetic Interactions: The Consequences of Wild-Type Backgrounds on Mutational Interactions in a Genome-Wide Modifier Screen

The phenotypic outcome of a mutation cannot be simply mapped onto the underlying DNA variant. Instead, the phenotype is a function of the allele, the genetic background in which it occurs and the environment where the mutational effects are expressed. While the influence of genetic background on the expressivity of individual mutations is recognized, its consequences on the interactions between genes, or the genetic network they form, is largely unknown. The description of genetic networks is essential for much of biology; yet if, and how, the topologies of such networks are influenced by background is unknown. Furthermore, a comprehensive examination of the background dependent nature of genetic interactions may lead to identification of novel modifiers of biological processes. Previous work in Drosophila melanogaster demonstrated that wild-type genetic background influences the effects of an allele of scalloped (sd), with respect to both its principal consequence on wing development and its interactions with a mutation in optomotor blind. In this study we address whether the background dependence of mutational interactions is a general property of genetic systems by performing a genome wide dominant modifier screen of the sdE3 allele in two wild-type genetic backgrounds using molecularly defined deletions. We demonstrate that ∼74% of all modifiers of the sdE3 phenotype are background-dependent due in part to differential sensitivity to genetic perturbation. These background dependent interactions include some with qualitative differences in the phenotypic outcome, as well as instances of sign epistasis. This suggests that genetic interactions are often contingent on genetic background, with flexibility in genetic networks due to segregating variation in populations. Such background dependent effects can substantially alter conclusions about how genes influence biological processes, the potential for genetic screens in alternative wild-type backgrounds identifying new loci that contribute to trait expression, and the inferences of the topology of genetic networks.
An adaptive control design for a system with unknown control direction: Experimental results

In this paper, experimental results for a singularity-free control algorithm capable of adapting for unknown control direction is presented. Specifically, the adaptive control design is implemented on a simple DC motor/inertial load system where the influence of the voltage control input is uncertain. Specifically, the controller is not sure whether a positive/negative torque is produced when a positive command voltage is applied. As a result, the armature winding connections can be reversed and the rotor velocity control objective tracking can still be achieved without additional hardware modification.
Heavy Fermion Superconductivity

When the BCS theory appeared in 1957, Bernd Matthias felt it did not do everything. He thought that it worked for the p-electron superconductors such as lead and tin, but the transition metal superconductors such as niobium and vanadium were still unexplained. Aside from his instinct, it was that here the isotope effect was all over the map. This led him to uranium, where his student Hunter Hill did the isotope effect for uranium and found that the orthorhombic α-phase had a backward mass squared dependence and that the cubic γ-phase looked BCS-like. This was Hunter’s thesis work, and the experiment was difficult enough that those who did not like the result could ignore it. Bernd was also drawn to the U6 X superconducting compound with X = Mn, Co, Fe, and Ni. In these compounds, the T c scaled with the moments, that is, they followed the Slater-Pauling curve. These were the first superconductors discovered that formed with 3d magnetic elements.
Horizontal Flows in the Photosphere and Subphotosphere of Two Active Regions

We compare horizontal flow fields in the photosphere and in the subphotosphere (a layer 0.5 Mm below the photosphere) in two solar active regions: AR 11084 and AR 11158. AR 11084 is a mature, simple active region without significant flaring activity, and AR 11158 is a multipolar, complex active region with magnetic flux emerging during the period studied. Flows in the photosphere are derived by applying the Differential Affine Velocity Estimator for Vector Magnetograms (DAVE4VM) on HMI-observed vector magnetic fields, and the subphotospheric flows are inferred by time–distance helioseismology using HMI-observed Dopplergrams. Similar flow patterns are found for both layers for AR 11084: inward flows in the sunspot umbra and outward flows surrounding the sunspot. The boundary between the inward and outward flows, which is slightly different in the photosphere and the subphotosphere, is within the sunspot penumbra. The area having inward flows in the subphotosphere is larger than that in the photosphere. For AR 11158, flows in these two layers show great similarities in some areas and significant differences in other areas. Both layers exhibit consistent outward flows in the areas surrounding sunspots. On the other hand, most well-documented flux-emergence-related flow features seen in the photosphere do not have counterparts in the subphotosphere. This implies that the horizontal flows caused by flux emergence do not extend deeply into the subsurface.
Adalimumab induced mononeuritis multiplex in a patient with refractory rheumatoid arthritis: a case report.

Background Anti tumor necrosis factor agents are a valuable addition to the armamentarium against rheumatoid arthritis but have some serious side effects which clinicians should be aware about.
Bog Turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) Wetland Habitat:an Emphasis on Soil Properties

Bog turtles (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) access saturated wetland soils and move through them to thermoregulate, find cover, and hibernate. Variability in the physical properties of the soil that affects suitability for turtle use is little understood. We identified dominant soil series and measured soil organic carbon (SOC) content and particle size in the top 18 cm of surface soils from Southwestern Virginia wetlands frequently used by bog turtles and similar wetlands not known to be used. A static cone penetrometer was used to evaluate soil strength in specific locations where bog turtles were found and adjacent random areas. Soils were poorly developed alluvium with aquic soil regimes. Levels of SOC were greater in locations with more continuous surface saturation and averaged 10% in the wettest locations. Proportions of sand, silt, and clay in wetlands were consistent with loam and silt loam textures. Levels of SOC and dominant particle sizes were not different in similarly saturated areas of wetlands that were frequently used or not known to be used by bog turtles. However, some wetlands not known to be used completely lacked areas that were always saturated. Based on penetrometer data, bog turtle use was centered on low strength soils. The physical qualities of surface soils in bog turtle wetlands result from the depositional environment and hydrology. The soil information derived from this study may assist biologists to determine whether wetlands are used by bog turtles, and also establishes reference soil conditions for use during wetland restoration projects that occur within the geographic range of the bog turtle.
Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation Quality Using Longest Common Subsequence and Skip-Bigram Statistics

In this paper we describe two new objective automatic evaluation methods for machine translation. The first method is based on longest common subsequence between a candidate translation and a set of reference translations. Longest common subsequence takes into account sentence level structure similarity naturally and identifies longest co-occurring in-sequence n-grams automatically. The second method relaxes strict n-gram matching to skip-bigram matching. Skip-bigram is any pair of words in their sentence order. Skip-bigram cooccurrence statistics measure the overlap of skip-bigrams between a candidate translation and a set of reference translations. The empirical results show that both methods correlate with human judgments very well in both adequacy and fluency.
A source-side injection erasable programmable read-only-memory (SI-EPROM) device

A new erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) device with promise for low-voltage high-speed programming is described. This device is an asymmetrical n-channel stacked-gate MOSFET, with a short weak gate-control channel region introduced close to the source. At high gate bias, a strong channel electric field is created in this local region even at a relatively low drain voltage. Furthermore, the gate oxide field in this region also aids the injection of hot electrons into the floating gate. As a result, the source-side injection EPROM (SI-EPROM) has shown 10-µs programming speed at a drain voltage of 5 V.
Acute toxicity of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer patients eligible for implant monotherapy.

Abstract Purpose: To assess the acute toxicity of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in prostate cancer patients eligible for implant monotherapy. Methods and Materials: Between December 1991 and June 1998, 198 prostate cancer patients were treated with 3D-CRT at the University of California Davis Medical Center. Fifty-two of these patients had a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level ≤ 10.0 ng/ml, Gleason score ≤ 6, and a 1997 AJCC clinical stage T1bN0–T2bN0. Eleven (21%) patients received radiotherapy to the prostate and seminal vesicles; the remaining patients were treated to the prostate only. The 3D-CRT treatment planning guidelines in Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 9406 were followed after 1994 (similar treatment planning was used before the protocol became available). Typically, 4 oblique and 2 lateral fields were treated. All patients were seen at least weekly while under treatment, 1 month postirradiation and then every 3 months. Total radiation doses ranged from 66.0–79.2 Gy, with a median dose of 73.8 Gy in 41 fractions over 8 weeks. Acute toxicity is described according to the RTOG acute toxicity scoring system. Results: Overall, 3D-CRT was well-tolerated: 29% of patients experienced RTOG Grade 1 and 27% experienced Grade 2 acute lower gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. Forty percent and 33% of patients experienced Grade 1 and 2 acute genitourinary (GU) toxicity, respectively. As expected, more acute morbidity, especially GI, was observed with a larger clinical target volume (prostate and seminal vesicles versus prostate only; p = 0.05). Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy did not increase the incidence or severity of radiation-induced side effects. No acute toxicity ≥ Grade 3, e.g., hourly nocturia, gross hematuria, diarrhea requiring parenteral support, narcotics for pain control, or catheterization for acute urinary retention, was observed. Conclusion: Although relatively high doses of radiation are delivered to prostate cancers with 3D-CRT compared with conventional radiotherapy, 3D-CRT is surprisingly well-tolerated. No patients in the cohort eligible for implant monotherapy experienced acute toxicity ≥ Grade 3.
Phylogenetic conservatism and antiquity of a tropical specialization: Army-ant-following in the typical antbirds (Thamnophilidae)

One of the most novel foraging strategies in Neotropical birds is army-ant-following, in which birds prey upon arthropods and small vertebrates flushed from the forest floor by swarm raids of the army-ant Eciton burchellii. This specialization is most developed in the typical antbirds (Thamnophilidae) which are divisible into three specialization categories: (1) those that forage at swarms opportunistically as army-ants move through their territories (occasional followers), (2) those that follow swarms beyond their territories but also forage independently of swarms (regular followers), and (3) those that appear incapable of foraging independently of swarms (obligate followers). Although army-ant-following is one of the great spectacles of tropical forests, basic questions about its evolution remain unaddressed. Using a strongly resolved molecular phylogeny of the typical antbirds, we found that army-ant-following is phylogenetically conserved, with regular following having evolved only three times, and that the most likely evolutionary progression was from least (occasional) to more (regular) to most (obligate) specialized, with no reversals from the obligate state. Despite the dependence of the specialists on a single ant species, molecular dating indicates that army-ant-following has persisted in antbirds since the late Miocene. These results provide the first characterization of army-ant-following as an ancient and phylogenetically conserved specialization.
Exploring the Territory: Teachers as Cartographers

Teachers are, by nature, explorers. This column compares the professional lives of teachers in an age of accountability measured by standardized assessments to those of explorers and cartographers of the American West. The author explains that these explorers were able to see more in the terrain than lines on maps and quantities of data collected—they were able to view the territory aesthetically. Like these explorers, teachers and policymakers must map and catalog what they find. Yet there remain some aspects of the classroom-territory that defy reduction to data retrieved. The author proposes that classrooms are a territory worth exploring in multiple ways and that the aesthetic qualities of the terrain should also be considered. Classrooms are aesthetic environments that evoke emotional responses, and some of their qualities are important goals of schooling that students and teachers cannot easily measure but need to experience and explore firsthand.
Combining Models of Protein Translation and Population Genetics to Predict Protein Production Rates from Codon Usage Patterns

Genes are often biased in their codon usage. The degree of bias displayed often changes with expression level and intragenic position. Numerous indices, such as the codon adaptation index, have been developed to measure this bias. Although the expression level of a gene and index values are correlated, the heuristic nature of these metrics limits their ability to explain this relationship. As an alternative approach, this study integrates mechanistic models of cellular and population processes in a nested manner to develop a stochastic evolutionary model of a protein's production rate (SEMPPR). SEMPPR assumes that the evolution of codon bias is driven by selection to reduce the cost of nonsense errors and that this selection is counteracted by mutation and drift. Through the application of Bayes' theorem, SEMPPR generates a posterior probability distribution for the protein production rate of a given gene. Conceptually, SEMPPR's predictions are based on the degree of adaptation to reduce the cost of nonsense errors observed in the codon usage pattern of the gene. As an illustration, SEMPPR was parameterized using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome and its predictions tested using available empirical data. The results indicate that SEMPPR's predictions are as reliable index based ones. In addition, SEMPPR's output is more easily interpreted and its predictions could be improved through refinements of the models upon which it is built.