cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mineralogy and petrology of sample 67075 and the origin of lunar anorthosites

Abstract Plagioclase in cataclastic anorthosite 67075 occurs as angular matrix grains and as recrystallized clasts of micro-anorthosite. Olivines are Fe-rich and fall into two compositional groupings. Large grains of pyroxene show exceptionally well-developed exsolution lamellae analogous to those observed in pyroxenes from layered complexes. The low-Ca component in both pigeonites and augites shows varying degrees of inversion to orthopyroxene. The lattices of host and lamellae may deviate slightly (up to 2°) from the ideal orientation. Very slow cooling from magmatic temperatures is required to produce the coarse exsolution textures and inversion features. Augite macrocrystals are distinctly subcalcic indicating crystallization at temperatures around 1100 ± 50°C while host-lamellae pairs and small grains in lithic clasts and matrix indicate reequilibration on a micron scale to temperatures less than 800°C. Pyroxene compositions tend to cluster into two groups both of which are among the most Fe-rich reported for highland pyroxenes. Ti and Al contents of pyroxenes are very low and Ti, Cr, and Mn follow well-established magmatic differentiation trends. The high Cr content may reflect low ƒO 2 conditions and/or early crystallization of olivine and plagioclase. The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios in lunar anorthosites are the lowest reported for any lunar rock. It is likely that anorthosites formed as cumulates during the major differentiation episode which occurred prior to ∼4.3AE . Recrystallization features are common and 39 Ar/ 40 Ar ages cluster around 4.0 AE. This may be the result of the intense bombardment prior to 4.0 AE which caused repeated cycles of in-situ fracturing and granulation followed by recrystallization. The low siderophile element content and the inferred slow cooling indicate a plutonic source region ( 10km ) not frequently plumbed by impact events. The Fe-rich silicates indicate crystallization from a melt at an advanced stage of fractionation. However, the low REE abundances are not consistent with late-stage crystallization. Plagioclase apparently crystallized relatively early and was concentrated by flotation and/or convection currents while the mafic minerals crystallized from a fractionated trapped liquid. The chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical data place stringent constraints on the nature of genetically related rocks and the relationship of anorthosites to other members of the ANT suite does not appear to be one of simple fractionation. The data presented in this paper are consistent with the Taylor-Jakesmodel of lunar evolution.
Techniques for creating video content for radiology education.

A step-by-step text-and-video tutorial on how to create, edit, and export vodcasts using a variety of software tools is presented.
Weibull-Pareto Distribution and Its Applications

In this article, a new distribution, namely, Weibull-Pareto distribution is defined and studied. Various properties of the Weibull-Pareto distribution are obtained. The distribution is found to be unimodal and the shape of the distribution can be skewed to the right or skewed to the left. Results for moments, limiting behavior, and Shannon's entropy are provided. The method of modified maximum likelihood estimation is proposed for estimating the model parameters. Several real data sets are used to illustrate the applications of Weibull-Pareto distribution.
Immunochemical quantification of in vitro neutrophilic granulocyte differentiation

IN the presence of colony stimulating activity (CSA)1–5, both normal and neoplastic cells of the neutrophilic granulocyte (neutrophil) and monocyte–macrophage cell series proliferate and differentiate in semi-solid and liquid cultures6–9. However, as conventionally performed, the clonal assay for CSA depends on cellular proliferation, and does not provide quantitative information on the role of CSA in differentiation. Lactoferrin (LF) is a specific protein marker for the neutrophil cell series10–12, and among bone marrow cells is found exclusively in the specific granules of the maturing neutrophil13,14. These granules first appear at the myelocyte stage of cytodifferentiation15. Thus, synthesis of LF is a biochemical event which may be used to quantify a specific state of neutrophil differentiation. We previously reported the purification of murine LF16, and its quantification by radioimmunoassay17, and also the development of a slide chamber method for culturing bone marrow cells in liquid medium18. We now report that in similar cultures, the net synthesis of LF is correlated in a dose-dependent manner with CSA concentration. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a quantitative relationship at both the biochemical and cellular levels between CSA and a specific marker of neutrophilic granulocyte differentiation19.
DNA rearrangements and phenotypic switching in prokaryotes

Summary Microorganisms have numerous strategies for coping with environmental changes. In many systems, a single cell has the capacity to generate a seemingly infinite array of phenotypic variants in just a few generations of growth. The resulting heterogeneous population is well equipped for sudden environmental change; even if only a few cells in the population possess a phenotype needed for survival, these cells have the capacity to regenerate a similarly diverse population. Phenotypic switching in these systems usually results from high-frequency DNA rearrangements which are the subject of this review.
The creative spark of death: the effects of mortality salience and personal need for structure on creativity

Previous research indicates that the awareness of death can be a barrier to creative expression. Specifically, when mortality is rendered salient, creativity is inhibited. However, no studies have considered how individual differences may impact the effect of mortality salience on creativity. Past research has found that mortality salience increases explorative thought processes for individuals low in personal need for structure. Thus, for these people, mortality salience may increase, not decrease, creativity. The current study examined this possibility. Personal need for structure was measured, mortality salience was experimentally manipulated, and creativity was assessed. As predicted, mortality salience increased creativity amongst individuals low in personal need for structure. No effect of mortality salience was observed amongst individuals high in personal need for structure.
Contestability, queues, and governmental entry deterrence

This paper demonstrates that a perverse kind of entry deterrence can result when government subsidized production is combined with non-price rationing in the form of queuing. Even though queuing leads to a total cost to the consumer (not including the tax cost) that is higher than the cost of an unsubsidized private supplier, and even though the government's money price is rigid, the market is not contestable. The key to the result is that the waiting cost portion of the consumer's acquisition cost declines immediately upon entry and losses would be forced upon the entrant. Privatization would negate the entry deterrence, thus leading to entry, increased output at lower full prices, lower average production costs, decreased waiting costs, increased profits, and increased consumer surplus.
New Visions of Me: Finding Joy in Recovery With Women Who Are Homeless

Shifting from a problem-based system of supports for those who are experiencing co-occurring substance and mental health disorders, there has been an increased need to explore the importance of fun, play, and pleasure's role in recovery. The following article describes an innovative intervention, New Visions of Me, with women in New Haven, Connecticut, who have experienced homelessness and dual disorders to find new ways of bringing pleasure, play, and joy into their lives. Particular attention is paid to lessons learned during the project. For 6 months, eight female clients of a New Haven homeless shelter worked with four peer mentors in recovery and nine staff members to develop the New Visions program, dedicated to creating opportunities for fun. Participants were asked to brainstorm a list of things they would do if they had unlimited time, money, and freedom in order to (1) try something new, (2) take care of themselves, (3) reconnect with the childlike parts of themselves, and (4) connect with other...
Effects of the interpersonal field on the emergence and recognition of psychopharmacological changes.

Concurrently with a study of the effects of mepazine in 101 schizophrenic in-patients, the consequences of the attitudes of the ward staffs were studied. The data revealed presumptive evidence that group tensions affect the emergence of effects of the drug in the interpersonal area. Further, detailed interview data revealed that the wishes and needs of the individual staff member seemed to determine whether or not he recognized drug effects in the interpersonal area. More complex and meaningful controls are needed when drugs with interpersonal consequences are studied.
Dielectronic satellite spectra of heliumlike iron and nickel from the unified recombination method

It is shown that resonances in the unified recombination cross sections correspond directly to dielectronic satellite spectra. Positions, intensities, and profiles of satellite lines may be obtained accurately using the Breit-Pauli R-matrix method and the unified theory of total electron-ion recombination. The intrinsic dielectronic resonance strength corresponding to autoionizing resonances is defined in analogy with measured quantities, and with resonance oscillator strengths. Satellite intensities then depend extrinsically on dynamical parameters in the plasma and may be obtained at any temperature in a straightforward manner from the resonance strengths. Profiles of dielectronic satellite lines of He-like Fe XXV and Ni XXVII are obtained in an ab initio manner. Detailed calculations also exhibit interference effects in resonance profiles delineated at high resolution. Although interference among resonances is not important for resonance strengths of the highly charged ions Fe XXV and Ni XXVII it might be significant for lower ionization states of heavy elements in general. The resonance identitification scheme for unified recombination cross sections is described, and applied to obtain all known KLL satellites of Fe XXV and Ni XXVII. Dielectronic satellite strengths are compared with earlier works and significant differences and similarities are discussed.
Improved Microassays Used to Test Natural Product-Based and Conventional Fungicides on Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Seven important plant pathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, C. fragariae, C. gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Phomopsis obscurans, and P. viticola) valuable in screening fungicides were tested. Our procedure included washing conidia to reduce germination times, incorporating Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 as a medium of known composition, and using coverslips in the 24-well cell culture clusters to document the effect of fungicides on fungal morphology. The natural product-based fungicide, sampangine, a sampangine analog, 4-bromosampangine, plus seven conventional fungicides (benomyl, captan, cyprodinil, fenbuconazole, fenhexamid, iprodione, and kresoxim-methyl) were tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit germination and growth of the seven fungal species. Sampangine inhibited germination in all fungi except C. acutatum. Comparison of results of germination and morphology microbioassays with results of microtiter assays suggests that some fungicides stop fungal germination, whereas others only slow down fungal growth. We hypothesize that sampangine, except against C. acutatum, has the same physical mode of action, germination inhibition, as the conventional fungicides captan, iprodione, and kresoxim-methyl. 4-Bromosampangine caused morphological anomalies including excessive branching of germ tubes of C. fragariae and splaying and branching of germ tubes of B. cinerea.
GENDERING VIOLENCE Masculinity and Power in Men's Accounts of Domestic Violence

This article examines the construction of gender within men's accounts of domestic violence. Analyses of in-depth interviews conducted with 33 domestically violent heterosexual men indicate that these batterers used diverse strategies to present themselves as nonviolent, capable, and rational men. Respondents performed gender by contrasting effectual male violence with ineffectual female violence, by claiming that female partners were responsible for the violence in their relationships and by constructing men as victims of a biased criminal justice system. This study suggests that violence against female partners is a means by which batterers reproduce a binary framework of gender.
The Expression and Intracellular Distribution of the Heat-stable Protein Kinase Inhibitor Is Cell Cycle Regulated

The heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) is a potent and specific inhibitor of the catalytic (C) subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. We report the isolation of a polyclonal antibody raised to purified recombinant PKIα. Using this antibody, the intracellular distribution of endogenous PKIα was assessed by immunostaining. The PKIα expression and intracellular distribution varied as a function of cell cycle progression. PKIα expression appeared low in serum-starved cells and in cells in G1 and increased as cells progressed through S phase. Its distribution became increasingly nuclear as cells entered G2/M. Nuclear levels of PKIα remained high through cell division and decreased again as cells reentered G1. The cell cycle regulated expression and nuclear distribution suggests a specific role for PKIα in the nucleus during the G2/M phases of the cell cycle. Consistent with this, microinjection of PKIα antibody into serum-starved cells prevented their subsequent cell cycle progression. Similarly, overexpression of C subunit in cells arrested at the G1/S boundary prevented their subsequent division. Together these results support the idea that PKIα plays an important role in the inhibition of nuclear C subunit activity required for cell cycle progression, although a determination of the relative amounts of endogenous nuclear PKI and C-subunit will be required to substantiate this hypothesis.
Proliferation and Hepatic Differentiation of Adult-Derived Progenitor Cells

Hepatic progenitor cells, capable of maturing into hepatocytes and biliary cells, are hypothesized to be involved in all forms of liver regeneration and may prove clinically useful at reconstituting damaged livers. A murine hepatic progenitor cell population from young adult liver tissue has been isolated and characterized to establish a model for the development of liver cell therapies and for analysis of immune responses after transplantation. Hepatic progenitor cells were isolated from 3- to 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice using modifications of a two-stage liver perfusion technique followed by low speed centrifugation. Cellular analysis by phase contrast, fluorescent and confocal microscopy demonstrated that the hepatic progenitors (1) formed ex vivo colonies with a morphological appearance similar to committed hepatocytic progenitors isolated from embryonic mice and rats; (2) they are smaller than mature hepatocytes; (3) in culture they demonstrated peak expression of an oval cell marker at day 14, whereas albumin expression continued to increase beyond day 21 of culture, and (4) a subset of the progenitors phenotypically differentiated into mature hepatocytes or biliary cells. The unique antigenic profile of these hepatic progenitor cells and their ability to differentiate suggests that purification of the cells should allow for their potential use in transplantation.
AUTOSHAPING AS A PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARADIGM: ABSOLUTE VISUAL SENSITIVITY IN THE PIGEON

A classical conditioning procedure (autoshaping) was used to determine absolute visual threshold in the pigeon. This method provides the basis for a standardized visual psychophysical paradigm.
Occurrence and impact of community-acquired and nosocomial rotavirus infections--a hospital-based study over 10 y.

The need for a rotavirus vaccine in any particular country depends primarily on the number of hospitalized cases. Since only limited data are available for Germany, we undertook a retrospective hospital-based analysis in order to gather further information. From 1987 through 1996, a total of 3618 inpatients were hospitalized with a diagnosis of gastroenteritis (ICD 9). In 892 (25%) of them the causative organism was a rotavirus. During the same period, 1886 (out of 8383; 22%) stool specimens tested in the hospital laboratory were obtained from rotavirus-positive inpatients. In 49.2% the infection was community-acquired, and in the remainder of nosocomial origin. Infants under 4 months of age (n = 709; 38%) predominated among both the nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Premature neonates made up 26% of the nosocomial, but only 2% of the community-acquired cases of diarrhoea. The winter peak (January) was most pronounced in the age group 4-12 months, but in those more than 1 y old the peak came a month later. The median hospitalization time for community-acquired cases was 4 d (mean 5.9 d). The mortality was 0.1%. Rotavirus infection must therefore be regarded as a considerable burden, particularly with regard to infants and young children. Furthermore, the morbidity due to nosocomial infection with the rotavirus, analysed here in a long-term observational study, is unexpectedly high.
The composition of intern work while on call.

To the Editors:—Of the many wonderful scenes in “Out of Africa,” there is one that applies to Fletcher and colleagues’ article describing an intern’s day on call. During a deluge of heavy rain, Karen Blixen and her Maasai helper are trying to keep the coffee plants from being swept away by forming mud dams to hold the water back. He sees that it is hopeless, and tries to convince her that “…this water wants to live in Mombassa. Let it live in Mombassa.” So it is with medical internships. Not the hopeless part, just the fact that they are difficult to contain or change course. Twenty years ago, we conducted a random work sampling study in an attempt to more systematically document how housestaff spent their time on an inpatient rotation.1,2 We showed that on-call interns spent 11.5 % of their time with patients, roughly 44 % of their time on administrative work, 8 % of their time walking from one place to another, and 6 % of their time on learning activities. Twenty years later, after an extensive effort to change how housestaff are educated, Fletcher and colleagues found that on-call interns spend about 12 % of their time with patients, 40 % on administrative work (all of which is now on a computer), 5 % of their time walking around, and 2 % of their time on learning activities.3 Interestingly, interns 20 years ago slept about 4 h during a 24-h call cycle. In the current study, only half of the interns slept at all, and the average amount of sleep was only about 1.5 h. The majority of residency reform regulations have been directed at enhancing education and improving rest. They don’t seem to be working, assuming that we think they were broken in the first place. An internship is what it is, and it’s a beautiful thing. For me, now about 30 years later, my internship was without a doubt the most important year in my career. I wouldn’t change it one bit, and I wouldn’t trade it for any other year of my career. On a methodological point, Fletcher and colleagues deployed paid, trained observers to shadow interns. We used random work sampling, which relies on self-report. Both seem reliable; random work sampling is cheaper.
Investigation of Third-Order Closure Model of Turbulence for the Computation of Incompressible Flows in a Channel With a Backward-Facing Step

To predict the diffusion process of the Reynolds stresses in reattaching shear flows, the transport model for the triple-velocity products has been developed and tested for the computation of the flow in a channel with a backward-facing step. Upon comparison of the results of uuv, uvv, and vvv with those obtained by using existing algebraic correlations, it was shown that the present model improved the prediction of the triple-velocity products.
Curved apparent motion induced by amodal completion.

We investigated whether amodal completion can bias apparent motion (AM) to deviate from its default straight path toward a longer curved path, which would violate the well-established principle that AM follows the shortest possible path. Observers viewed motion sequences of two alternating rectangular tokens positioned at the ends of a semicircular occluder, with varying interstimulus intervals (ISIs; 100–500 ms). At short ISIs, observers tended to report simple straight-path motion—that is, outside the occluder. But at long ISIs, they became increasingly likely to report a curved-path motion behind the occluder. This tendency toward reporting curved-path motion was influenced by the shape of tokens, display orientation, the gap between tokens and the occluder, and binocular depth cues. Our results suggest that the visual system tends to minimize unexplained absence of a moving object, as well as its path length, such that AM deviates from the shortest path when amodal integration of motion trajectory behind the curved occluder can account for the objective invisibility of the object during the ISI.
RESERVOIR YIELD: AN IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETER

Analysis of the storage-yield relationship can be used to help resolve conflicts between environmental values and water resources development. New Melones Reservoir in northern California presents a classic example of such a conflict between preservation of white water for recreational purposes and development of the site for a major multipurpose reser- voir. Analysis of the storage yield relationship for the proposed New Melones project indicates potential trade-offs between white water preservation and reservoir yield. (KEY TERMS: environmental quality ; water resources planning; reservoirs.)
Statistical channel knowledge-based optimum power allocation for relaying protocols in the high SNR regime

We are concerned with transmit power optimization in a wireless relay network with various cooperation protocols. With statistical channel knowledge (in the form of knowledge of the fading distribution and the path loss information across all the nodes) at the transmitters and perfect channel state information at the receivers, we derive the optimal power allocation that minimizes high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) approximations of the outage probability of the mutual information (MI) with amplify-and-forward (AF), decode-and-forward (DF) and distributed space-time coded (DSTC) relaying protocols operating over Rayleigh fading channels. We demonstrate that the high SNR approximation-based outage probability expressions are convex functions of the transmit power vector, and the nature of the optimal power allocation depends on whether or not a direct link between the source and the destination exists. Interestingly, for AF and DF protocols, this allocation depends only on the ratio of mean channel power gains (i.e., the ratio of the source-relay gain to the relay-destination gain), whereas with a DSTC protocol this allocation also depends on the transmission rate when a direct link exists. In addition to the immediate benefits of improved outage behavior, our results show that optimal power allocation brings impressive coding gains over equal power allocation. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that the coding gain gap between the AF and DF protocols can also be reduced by the optimal power allocation.
On the extension of level-set curve evolution methods for low-sensitivity imaging problems

We address inverse medium problems characterized by low-sensitivity observation data. A new level-set based method to recover the structure of piecewise homogeneous media is proposed. We make two contributions to this area of research. First, we capitalize on the flexibility in specifying the level-set velocity function in a way which counteracts the low sensitivity characteristic of the problem. The new approach speeds convergence while keeping the level set function smooth. Second, extending the current state of the art in the use of level sets for known binary media, we describe a simple and efficient implementation for N-ary media problems. We restrict our application examples to the electrical resistance tomography (ERT) problem, however, the proposed approaches are applicable to a variety of inverse problems involving shape reconstruction. We demonstrate the utility of our approach through a series of simulations using synthetic ERT data. Despite the ill-posed nature of the ERT problem, the simulation results show quite accurate estimations of the locations, sizes and shapes of multiple spatial inhomogeneities.
A comparison of terrestrial water storage variations from GRACE with in situ measurements from Illinois

This study presents the first direct comparison of terrestrial water storage estimates from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission to in situ hydrological observations. Monthly anomalies of total water storage derived from GRACE gravity fields are compared with combined soil moisture and groundwater measurements from a network of observing sites in Illinois. This comparison is achieved through the use of a recently developed filtering technique designed to selectively remove correlated errors in the GRACE spectral coefficients. Application of this filter significantly improves the spatial resolution of the GRACE water storage estimates, and produces a time series which agrees quite well (RMS difference = 20.3 mm) with the in situ measurements averaged over an area of ∼280,000 km2.
Asymptotic probability bounds on the peak distribution of complex multicarrier signals without Gaussian assumption

Multicarrier signals exhibit a large peak to mean envelope power ratio (PMEPR). In this paper, we derive the lower and upper probability bounds for the PMEPR distribution when entries of the codeword, C, are chosen independently from a symmetric q-ary PSK or QAM constellation, C /spl isin/ /spl Qscr/;/sup nq/, or C is chosen from a complex n dimensional sphere, /spl Omega//sup n/ when the number of subcarriers, n, is large and without any Gaussian assumption on either the joint distribution or any sample of the multicarrier signal. Even though the worst case PMEPR is of the order of n, the main result is that the PMEPR of a random codeword C chosen from /spl Qscr/;/sup nq/ or /spl Omega//sup n/ is log n with probability one, asymptotically. A Varsharmov-Gilbert (VG) style bound for the achievable rate and minimum Hamming distance of codes chosen from /spl Qscr/;/sup nq/, with PMEPR of less than log n is obtained. It is proved that asymptotically, the VG bound remains the same for the codes chosen from /spl Qscr/;/sup nq/ with PMEPR of less than log n.
Different soil moisture conditions change the outcome of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between Rhizopogon species and Pinus muricata

The outcome of species interactions often depends on the environmental conditions under which they occur. In this study, we tested how different soil moisture conditions affected the outcome of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between three Rhizopogon species and Pinus muricata in a factorial growth chamber experiment. We found that when grown in 7% soil moisture conditions, ectomycorrhizal plants had similar biomass, photosynthesis, conductance, and total leaf nitrogen as non-mycorrhizal plants. However, when grown at 13% soil moisture, ectomycorrhizal plants had significantly greater shoot biomass, higher photosynthetic and conductance rates, and higher total leaf nitrogen than non-mycorrhizal plants. The differences in plant response by mycorrhizal status in the two soil moisture treatments corresponded with evidence of water limitation experienced by the fungi, which had much lower colonization at 7% compared to 13% soil moisture. Our results suggest that the outcome of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis can be context-dependent and that fluctuating environmental conditions may strongly affect the way plants and fungi interact.
Bangs, Clicks, Snaps, Thuds and Whacks: An Architecture for Acoustic Transient Processing

We propose a neuromorphic architecture for real-time processing of acoustic transients in analog VLSI. We show how judicious normalization of a time-frequency signal allows an elegant and robust implementation of a correlation algorithm. The algorithm uses binary multiplexing instead of analog-analog multiplication. This removes the need for analog storage and analog-multiplication. Simulations show that the resulting algorithm has the same out-of-sample classification performance (∼93% correct) as a baseline template-matching algorithm.
Principles of optical communication systems; general properties of non-image forming projectors and receivers.

The factors are discussed which determine the range of an optical communication system, such as: atmospheric transmission; source area, flux, brightness, modulation, and audio pass band; transmitter and receiver focal lengths, areas, and beam widths; and detector cell noise and ±14 area. Detector cell signal-to-noise ratio varies inversely as the square root of cell area in the ideal case. For non-image-forming systems, the Abbe sine condition is replaced by a useful rule of constancy of area times solid angle. A wide-angle system is a short-range system.A general equation is given relating the range to these factors; it leads to a simple nomograph for estimating performance of a system. From laboratory measurements on components, the field range of a system may be predicted to an accuracy of ±14 mile if the atmospheric transmission is known.
Spectral estimation properties of nonlinear auditory models for noisy signals

The simulation of an auditory model of the inner ear including the nonlinear transduction of the auditory nerves is discussed and a scheme of cortical processing is proposed. The output of the last stage of the model, called the ensemble interval histogram (EIH), is a cortical representation of speech in both time and frequency, similar to a spectrogram. A statistical analysis of the output of this system is performed for sinusoidal and noise inputs to determine the accuracy of spectral representation in terms of frequency, amplitude, resolution, etc. Some preliminary simulation results for sinusoid and noise input at two signal-to-noise ratios are shown. It is found that although the EIH may have noise robustness, its resolution is a decreasing function of frequency. In addition, the magnitude of the EIM is sensitive to the noise in the signal as well as other discretizations in the model. It appears that the area under the major peak in the histogram is a more consistent measure of the signal strength than the EIH amplitude. >
A reassessment of primary thyroid lymphoma: high-grade MALT-type lymphoma as a distinct subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Aims: Primary lymphoma of the thyroid gland (PTL) is a relatively rare disease. During an 18-year period, 53 cases of primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma involving this extranodal site were seen at our institutions. The aims of this study were to evaluate the spectrum of PTLs using current lymphoma classification concepts and immunocytochemical markers, determine whether features of MALT-type lymphoma were evident in PTL, and if there was any clinical significance of such a finding. Methods and results: The cases were retrospectively studied clinically, histologically and immunohistochemically. The tumours were classified according to the Revised European‐American Lymphoma Classification of lymphoid malignancies (REAL classification). Thirty-eight patients were females, 15 were males and mean age at diagnosis was 66.3 years (range 38‐90). Three cases were low-grade marginal zone lymphomas (low-grade MALT-type lymphomas). There were 45 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) of which there were 27 DLBCL-NOS and 18 high-grade MALT-type lymphomas. Within the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) category, cases were subdivided into those without (DLBCL-NOS) and those with features of ‘highgrade’ MALT-type lymphoma based on presence of a low-grade component or large cell lymphoepithelial lesions (HG MALT-type lymphoma). In addition there were three follicle centre lymphomas, one anaplastic large cell lymphoma and one peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Twenty cases were stage IE, 18 stage IIE, and four stage IV. All patients with low-grade MALT-type lymphoma are alive without disease. The 5-year survivals for DLBCL-NOS and HG MALT-type lymphoma were 75% and 25%, respectively. Univariate analysis (log rank) among the DLBCLs showed stage (P< 0.001) and subtype (Pa 0.005) were associated with survival. Stage was associated with type of DLBCL, 65% of DLBCL-NOS being stage IE compared to 20% of HG MALT-type lymphomas. Conclusions: We conclude that primary thyroid lymphomas occur most commonly in elderly women and are frequently present in clinical stage IE and IIE. Low-grade MALT-type lymphomas are relatively uncommon but appear to have a favourable prognosis. DLBCL is the most common lymphoma and features of MALT can be seen in over one-third of cases. As a group, HG MALTtype lymphomas had a worse outcome than DLBCLNOS, primarily due to higher clinical stage at diagnosis. These two subtypes of DLBCL appear to be distinct clinical and histological entities.
Cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of mouse liver bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase.

A mouse liver lambda Zap XR cDNA library was screened using the coding region of human bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAT) cDNA as a probe. Ten positive clones were isolated and purified, two of which apparently possessed complete open reading frames for BAT based on sequence analysis of the ends of the cDNAs. One clone (mBAT#9) was selected for sequence analysis and characterization. mBAT#9 is 1869 basepairs in length and the full-length cDNA possesses a 189 basepair 5‘-nontranslated region, an open-reading frame of 1260 basepairs, and a 404 basepair 3‘-nontranslated region followed by a poly(A) tail. The open-reading frame codes for a 420 amino acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of 46,525 daltons. The structural gene for mBAT was mapped to mouse Chromosome 4. The amino acid sequence of mBAT is 69% identical and 84% similar to that of hBAT, and 86% identical and 95% similar to that of kan-1, a putative rat liver BAT. Enzymatically active mBAT was expressed in E. coli using the bacterial expression vector pKK233-2. Immunoblot analysis of expressed mBAT with rabbit anti-human BAT polyclonal antibodies detected a single protein with a molecular mass of approximately 45,000 daltons. Cytosol from cells transformed with mBAT#9/pKK233-2 possessed significant amounts of BAT-catalyzed conjugating activity with taurine as substrate but the expressed enzyme did not use glycine or fluoro-beta-alanine as substrates. The K(m) value for taurine was 1.9 mM +/- 0.1 mM in reactions with cholyl CoA as a cosubstrate. The specificity of mBAT for taurine as a substrate was confirmed by the demonstration, using HPLC-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, that mouse gallbladder bile contained only taurine conjugates of bile acids. The identification of the types of amino acid conjugates of bile acids present in mouse bile had not been previously reported. These results indicate that a taurine-specific form of BAT has been cloned and expressed from mouse liver.
Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule

>> To survive in office, dictators need to establish power-sharing arrangements with their ruling coalitions, which are often not credible. If dictators cannot commit to not abusing their “loyal friends”—those who choose to invest in the existing autocratic institutions rather than in forming subversive coalitions— they will be in permanent danger of being overthrown, both by members of the ruling elite and by outside rivals. This article explores the role of autocratic political parties and elections (both one-party and multiparty) in mitigating the commitment problem, making power-sharing between the dictator and his ruling coalition possible.
Structure of the Bro1 Domain Protein Brox and Functional Analyses of the Alix Bro1 Domain in HIV-1 Budding.

Background: Bro1 domains are elongated, banana-shaped domains that were first identified in the yeast ESCRT pathway protein, Bro1p. Humans express three Bro1 domain-containing proteins: ALIX, BROX, and HD-PTP, which function in association with the ESCRT pathway to help mediate intraluminal vesicle formation at multivesicular bodies, the abscission stage of cytokinesis, and/or enveloped virus budding. Human Bro1 domains share the ability to bind the CHMP4 subset of ESCRT-III proteins, associate with the HIV-1 NC Gag protein, and stimulate the budding of viral Gag proteins. The curved Bro1 domain structure has also been proposed to mediate membrane bending. To date, crystal structures have only been available for the related Bro1 domains from the Bro1p and ALIX proteins, and structures of additional family members should therefore aid in the identification of key structural and functional elements. Methodology/Principal Findings: We report the crystal structure of the human BROX protein, which comprises a single Bro1 domain. The Bro1 domains from BROX, Bro1p and ALIX adopt similar overall structures and share two common exposed hydrophobic surfaces. Surface 1 is located on the concave face and forms the CHMP4 binding site, whereas Surface 2 is located at the narrow end of the domain. The structures differ in that only ALIX has an extended loop that projects away from the convex face to expose the hydrophobic Phe105 side chain at its tip. Functional studies demonstrated that mutations in Surface 1, Surface 2, or Phe105 all impair the ability of ALIX to stimulate HIV-1 budding. Conclusions/Significance: Our studies reveal similarities in the overall folds and hydrophobic protein interaction sites of different Bro1 domains, and show that a unique extended loop contributes to the ability of ALIX to function in HIV-1 budding.
The Application of Linear Piecewise Regression to Basal Body Temperature Data

In many situations one wishes to fit a piecewige regression which enables one to obtain estimates of the join points as well as the slopes and intercepts of the fitted submodels. This study developes a technique for fitting piecewise models to data which contain measurement error in an independent variable. The technique developed here combines the HUDSON (1966) procedure for estimating parameters in piecewise regression and the WALD (1940) Grouping Technique which obviates the problem of measurement error. If one assumes some knowledge of the position of the join point in relation to the data, methodology has been developed to estimate the parameters and study the asymptotic properties of the means and variances of the parameter estimates. However, in the more realistic case, when additional knowledge is limited, it is only possible to obtain the parameter estimates using an iterative technique (TEETER, 1982). The general technique for obtaining the join point estimate in the presence of measurement error is presented here and an example is given using data on women's basal body temperature during menstrual cycles.
A new method for OOV detection using hybrid word/fragment system

In this paper, we propose a new method for detecting regions with out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words in the output of a large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) system. The proposed method uses a hybrid system combining words and data-driven variable length sub word units. With the use of a single feature, the posterior probability of sub word units, this method outperforms existing methods published in the literature. We also presents a recipe to discriminatively train a hybrid language model to improve OOV detection rate. Results are presented on the RT04 broadcast news task.
A first look at 802.11n power consumption in smartphones

We report the first measurement study of 802.11n power consumption in smartphones. Using a popular 802.11n-enabled smartphone and an 802.11n wireless testbed, we evaluate the power and energy consumption on the phone for a variety of configurations including different MAC bitrates, frame sizes, and channel conditions. We contrast our results against recent studies using 802.11n wireless cards for desktop/laptop computers. Our findings have significant implications in the design of energy efficient rate adaptation algorithms for the next generation of 802.11n-enabled smartphones.
Giant Cell Arteritis: Oral Versus Intravenous Corticosteroids

This review summarizes the current literature on the use of oral versus intravenous steroids for giant cell arteritis. Giant cell arteritis is an immune-mediated vasculitis of medium to large sized arteries that affects individuals older than the age of fifty. Patients typically present with signs of vascular insufficiency of the extracranial arteries of the head and systemic inflammation. Steroids remain the backbone of therapy, but the dose, maintenance and route of administration remain debatable.
School-linked mental health interventions: Toward mechanisms for service coordination and integration

Despite increasing activity aimed at integrating health and social services and linking them to schools, little attention has been paid to the mechanisms that must be created to accomplish this policy direction. The purpose of this paper is to highlight briefly (1) concern about inadequate interfacing among programs and (2) specific tasks and mechanisms for coordination (and eventual integration) of school-linked programs. It is suggested that community psychologists can play an important role by helping clarify essential system tasks and mechanisms and how to address these needs through judicious redeployment of existing resources.
Laser microbeams for the manipulation of plant cells and subcellular structures

Laser microsurgery has been used in plants to study physiological, cell biological and genetical questions for over 10 years. More recently, the optical trap became available as an additional tool. Specific areas of research include membrane physiology, motility, transformation and protoplast fusion. Compared to the data reported in animal systems, the contributions of laser microbeam manipulations in plant biology are rather limited. However, with increased awareness of the enormous potential of the technology and better accessibility to less expensive and more user-friendly equipment, the next decade should be more productive.
A technique for sorting rat gonadotropes using anti-LH or anti-FSH antibodies covalently attached to magnetic beads.

A technique for sorting live LH- and FSH-secreting cells was developed. After enzymatic dispersion, a suspension of pituitary cells from male rats castrated 7 days earlier was incubated in potassium chloride (KCI 50 mmol/l) for 30 min and gonadotropin outflow was provoked. Then, considering either LH or FSH as temporary surface markers, we positively selected the secreting cells by means of antibodies toward either LH (anti-LH beads) or FSH (anti-FSH beads) covalently attached to magnetic beads. The spontaneous secretion of LH and FSH overnight and the release induced by KCI the following morning were calculated. A population enriched in gonadotropes (16% of the total) able to secrete both gonadotropins was selected by means of anti-LH beads; this released 7 times as much LH as non-selected cells. A similar population (14% of the total) was selected by means of anti-FSH-coated beads; this produced 3.3 times as much LH as non-selected cells. In some experiments, the cells not previously sorted with anti-LH-coated beads were further incubated in the presence of anti-FSH beads, in an attempt to isolate a population secreting only FSH. A limited number of cells were sorted (6% of the total cells), able to produce both gonadotropins, but with a lower LH/FSH ratio. Similarly, those cells excluded by the selection with anti-FSH beads were further incubated with anti-LH beads, with a view to obtaining only-LH-secreting cells. However, both gonadotropins were still secreted by these cells (8% of the total), which had the highest LH/FSH ratio. In conclusion, fractions from castrated male rats that are enriched in gonadotropes contain cells that secrete both gonadotropins in vitro. The secretion of LH is prevalent. However, differences in the LH/FSH ratio between the populations sorted and changes from spontaneous to stimulated release are observed. This suggests that some gonadotropes might ‘specialize’ in releasing LH and others in releasing both LH and FSH.
Creep of mechanically-alloyed NiAl containing 13 Vol % Mo or Mo2C dispersoids

Dispersion-strengthened nickel aluminide NiAl was synthesized by reactive mechanical alloying from elemental powders. The microstructure and creep properties of these materials was compared for two cases: (i) NiAl-Mo, where dispersoids are in the form of a ductile, metallic phase and (ii) NiAl- Mo2C, where the dispersoids are a brittle, ceramic phase. Also, the effect of annealing treatments which coarsened both matrix grains and dispersoids was investigated. Inhibited diffusional creep is identified as the rate-controlling creep mechanism.
Auditory Nerve and Brain Stem Volume-Conducted Potentials Evoked by Pure-Tone Pips in the CBA/J Laboratory Mouse

The short latency (<10 ms) auditory nerve and brain stem evoked potentials of Jewett were examined in the inbred CBA/J laboratory mouse. Tone pips, at nine frequencies from 4 to 64 kHz, were used to determine auditory nerve evoked potential (Pi) thresholds. Maximum sensitivity occurred at 32 kHz, and a second sensitive area was seen at 56 kHz. With the exception of 32 kHz, as stimulus frequencies were increased in octave intervals, the 90 dB Pi amplitude also increased. Pi latency decreased as the stimulus frequency was increased up to 32 kHz, but this trend reversed with further increases of frequency. However, the Pi amplitude-latency function produced a better agreement of latency and frequency with the travelling wave theory for amplitudes less than 1 μV, while amplitudes from 2 to 8 μV were independent of frequency. Latency and amplitude input-output functions for responses from the four auditory brain stem loci suggest that auditory information is differentially processed as a function of frequency ...