cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of the auditory brainstem in processing linguistically-relevant pitch patterns

Historically, the brainstem has been neglected as a part of the brain involved in language processing. We review recent evidence of language-dependent effects in pitch processing based on comparisons of native vs. nonnative speakers of a tonal language from electrophysiological recordings in the auditory brainstem. We argue that there is enhancing of linguistically-relevant pitch dimensions or features well before the auditory signal reaches the cerebral cortex. We propose that long-term experience with a tone language sharpens the tuning characteristics of neurons along the pitch axis with enhanced sensitivity to linguistically-relevant, rapidly changing sections of pitch contours. Though not specific to a speech context, experience-dependent brainstem mechanisms for pitch representation are clearly sensitive to particular aspects of pitch contours that native speakers of a tone language have been exposed to. Such experience-dependent effects on lower-level sensory processing are compatible with more integrated, hierarchically organized pathways to language and the brain.
Melatonin Receptor‐Mediated Stimulation of Phosphoinositide Breakdown in Chick Brain Slices

The direct effect of melatonin and related agonists on Li + -amplified phosphoinositide breakdown was studied in chick brain slices prelabeled with myo-[2- 3 H]inositol. The melatonin receptor agonist 6-chloromelatonin (10-100 μM) increased, in a concentration-dependent manner, the accumulation of inositol phosphates (IP) in chick brain slices. This effect of 6-chloromelatonin (10 μM) was rapid as transient increases in IP 3 /IP 4 (maximal increase, 29% at 20 s) and IP 2 levels (maximal inGrease, 36% at 1 min) were observed, followed by a slower but sustained increase in IP 1 level (30% at 5 min), when the amount of IP 3 /IP 4 and IP 2 had already been decreased to the control level. The phosphoinositide response elicited by 6-chloromelatonin (10 μM) was dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium. Direct stimulation of membrane phospholipase C by 6-chloromelatonin (10 μM) in isolated myo-[2- 3 H]inositol-prelabeled optic tectum membranes was dependent on the presence of guanosine-5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate (1 μM), thus suggesting that G protein(s) link melatonin receptor activation to phospholipase C stimulation. The competitive melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole (10-100 μM) inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner the IP 1 accumulation stimulated by 6-chloromelatonin (10-100 μM); however, it did not affect the accumulation stimulated by 5-hydroxytryptamine (10 μM). By contrast, methysergide (10 μM) completely inhibited 5-hydroxytryptamine (10 μM)-, but not 6-chloromelatonin (10 μM)-, induced IP 1 accumulation. Melatonin receptor agonists increased IP 1 accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner reaching different maximal responses. N-Acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine was more potent than melatonin in increasing IP 1 accumulation, suggesting activation of a melatonin receptor site other than the ML-1 melatonin receptor (i.e., N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine≥melatonin). In conclusion, these results demonstrate that activation of a melatonin receptor with pharmacological characteristics different from those of the ML-1 subtype leads to activation of the phospholipase C-mediated signal transduction pathway
Low-Income, Urban Children’s Perspectives on Physical Activity: A Photovoice Project

Objectives The purpose of this research was to have ethnically diverse, 9- to 13-year-olds who live in urban, low-income households use Photovoice to represent their physical activity practices and their perception of their physical activity environment. Methods Photovoice methodology was used to allow children to capture their physical activity habits and environment through photographs and interviews. The Social Cognitive Theory was used as the theoretical framework. Heights and weights were taken for all children and BMI was calculated. Photographs were analyzed by recording the content of usable photos in SPSS software. Qualitative analysis of the interview transcripts used the open coding method. Results Participants were 24 children (15 male, 9 female) living in inner city, low-income households. On average, children were 10.9 years old and the mean BMI-for-age percentile was 72 %. Children took a total of 377 pictures and 339 of these were usable. Three themes were identified across interviews and photographs, (a) types of activity, (b) social environment, and (c) physical environment where activity took place. Conclusions for Practice This study provides insight into low-income, urban children's physical activity habits and environment using a novel approach. Potential ways to increase moderate to high intensity activity among this population are to involve church-based organizations, create more safe places to play by increasing green space in urban areas, and to provide financial support for after-school programs and community centers.
The Addition of the BTK Inhibitor Ibrutinib to Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells (CART19) Improves Responses against Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Purpose: Responses to therapy with chimeric antigen receptor T cells recognizing CD19 (CART19, CTL019) may vary by histology. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) represents a B-cell malignancy that remains incurable despite novel therapies such as the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib, and where data from CTL019 therapy are scant. Using MCL as a model, we sought to build upon the outcomes from CTL019 and from ibrutinib therapy by combining these in a rational manner. Experimental Design: MCL cell lines and primary MCL samples were combined with autologous or normal donor-derived anti-CD19 CAR T cells along with ibrutinib. The effect of the combination was studied in vitro and in mouse xenograft models. Results: MCL cells strongly activated multiple CTL019 effector functions, and MCL killing by CTL019 was further enhanced in the presence of ibrutinib. In a xenograft MCL model, we showed superior disease control in the CTL019- as compared to ibrutinib-treated mice (median survival not reached versus 95 days, p<0.005) but most mice receiving CTL019 monotherapy eventually relapsed. Therefore, we added ibrutinib to CTL019 and showed that 80-100% of mice in the CTL019+ibrutinib arm and 0-20% of mice in the CTL019 arm, respectively, remained in long-term remission (p<0.05). Conclusions: Combining CTL019 with ibrutinib represents a rational way to incorporate two of the most recent therapies in MCL. Our findings pave the way to a two-pronged therapeutic strategy in patients with MCL and other types of B-cell lymphoma.
The Implications of Ethnicity, Gender, Urban–Rural Residence, and Socioeconomic Status for Progress Through School among Children in Nigeria

This study examines the role of ethnicity, gender, urban–rural residence, and socioeconomic status on children’s progress through school. It also investigates other correlates of progress through school within the categories of ethnicity, gender, urban–rural residence, and socioeconomic status. The study finds ethnic and income gaps in progress through school. In particular, the results show that Hausa–Fulani children and poor children are less likely on average to progress through school than Yoruba children and non-poor children. The preceding results have numerous policy implications. To address the lack of progress through school that arises from late entry, policies must implement early childhood nutrition and food programs. To reduce lack of progress through school among poor children, policy makers must focus on poverty eradication, learning enhancement, and remedial education programs. To address the problem of lack of progress through school among Hausa–Fulani children, it is vital for policies to establish mobile schools, visiting female teachers, and separate school facilities, especially for Hausa–Fulani girls. Results also indicate that work interferes with children’s progress through school; particularly among poor children, rural children, and Hausa–Fulani children. To address this problem, policies need to implement educational stipends that are given to the households in which these children belong on the condition that they are released from work-related distractions during school time.
Digital Holographic Adaptive Optics Techniques with Coherent or Incoherent Sources

We have recently proposed two distinct digital holographic adaptive optics techniques, one involving holography of coherent sources and the other incoherent digital holography. Progress on development of the two systems is described and compared.
Cytoplasmic Actin: Purification and Single Molecule Assembly Assays

The actin cytoskeleton is essential to all eukaryotic cells. In addition to playing important structural roles, assembly of actin into filaments powers diverse cellular processes, including cell motility, cytokinesis, and endocytosis. Actin polymerization is tightly regulated by its numerous cofactors, which control spatial and temporal assembly of actin as well as the physical properties of these filaments. Development of an in vitro model of actin polymerization from purified components has allowed for great advances in determining the effects of these proteins on the actin cytoskeleton. Here we describe how to use the pyrene actin assembly assay to determine the effect of a protein on the kinetics of actin assembly, either directly or as mediated by proteins such as nucleation or capping factors. Secondly, we show how fluorescently labeled phalloidin can be used to visualize the filaments that are created in vitro to give insight into how proteins regulate actin filament structure. Finally, we describe a method for visualizing dynamic assembly and disassembly of single actin filaments and fluorescently labeled actin binding proteins using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy.
Preliminary Research on Integration of ERP and System of Economic Laws

This paper briefly introduces the background and objectives of integration of ERP system and the System of Economic Laws in State Grid DC Construction Company.The company business is classified and the integration requirements are analyzed.Using advanced integration architecture,through active coordination,and reasonable management and control,the project completes as scheduled and gets perfect effects.The operational level of the company is enhanced.
Differential Staining of Decalcified Teeth and Bones by Modified Attwood's Stain

A modified Attwood's phloxine B-tartrazine stain procedure was used to investigate the differential staining of decalcified teeth, supporting bone, and associated soft tissue. Dentin, cementum, and bone stained primarily with phloxine B. Fibrous connective tissue, poorly mineralized areas of teeth and bone, and the nonmineralied matrices of dentin, cementum, and bone stained with tartrazine. Many of the cells associated with the mineralized tissue reacted with phloxine B. This procedure can be important in the study of mineralized tissues and their associated cells in normal and disease states.
Tensile deformation and fracture properties of a 14YWT nanostructured ferritic alloy

Abstract A new larger heat of a 14YWT nanostructured ferritic alloy (NFA), FCRD NFA-1, was synthesized by ball milling FeO and argon atomized Fe-14Cr-3W-0.4Ti-0.2Y (wt%) powders, followed by hot extrusion, annealing and cross rolling to produce an ≈10 mm-thick plate. NFA-1 contains a bimodal size distribution of pancake-shaped, mostly very fine scale, grains. The as-processed plate also contains a large population of microcracks running parallel to its broad surfaces. The small grains and large concentration of Y–Ti–O nano-oxides (NOs) result in high strength up to 800 °C. The uniform and total elongations range from ≈1–8%, and ≈10–24%, respectively. The strength decreases more rapidly above ≈400 °C and deformation transitions to largely viscoplastic creep by ≈600 °C. While the local fracture mechanism is generally ductile-dimple microvoid nucleation, growth and coalescence, perhaps the most notable feature of tensile deformation behavior of NFA-1 is the occurrence of periodic delamination, manifested as fissures on the fracture surfaces.
An accelerated stochastic vortex structure method for particle collision and agglomeration in homogeneous turbulence

Modeling the response of interacting particles, droplets, or bubbles to subgrid-scale fluctuations in turbulent flows is a long-standing challenge in multiphase flow simulations using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes approach. The problem also arises for large-eddy simulation for sufficiently small values of the Kolmogorov-scale particle Stokes number. This paper expands on a recently proposed stochastic vortex structure (SVS) method for modeling of turbulence fluctuations for colliding or otherwise interacting particles. An accelerated version of the SVS method was developed using the fast multipole expansion and local Taylor expansion approach, which reduces computation speed by two orders of magnitude compared to the original SVS method. Detailed comparisons are presented showing close agreement of the energy spectrum and probability density functions of various fields between the SVS computational model, direct numerical simulation (DNS) results, and various theoretical and experimental results found in the literature. Results of the SVS method for particle collision rate and related measures of particle interaction exhibit excellent agreement with DNS predictions for homogeneous turbulent flows. The SVS method was also used with adhesive particles to simulate formation of particle agglomerates with different values of the particle Stokes and adhesion numbers, and various measures of the agglomerate structure are compared to the DNS results.
Administering and Managing Your Raspberry Pi Network

In this chapter, we’ll look at how to administer and manage your classroom network of Raspberry Pi computers.
Comparative Evaluation of Particle Movement in a Ballast Track Structure Stabilized with Biaxial and Multiaxial Geogrids

Geogrids usually are used in railroad track substructure for ballast reinforcement and stabilization over a weak subgrade. Different aperture shapes affect the confining effect on ballast particles due to the unique interlocking mechanism. To understand the effect of aperture shape on ballast particle movement and the associated interlocking mechanism, three types of ballast box tests were conducted: one without geogrid as a control, one with a layer of biaxial geogrid, and one with a layer of multiaxial geogrid. If a geogrid was included, the geogrid was placed 30 cm below the top of the ballast. A half-section of a railroad track structure consisting of two crossties, a rail, ballast, subballast, and subgrade was constructed in a ballast box. Four wireless devices known as SmartRocks were embedded under the rail seat and under the shoulder at the ballast–subballast and subballast–subgrade interfaces. Results indicate that the multiaxial geogrid significantly decreased accumulated vertical displacement i...
ERPs While Judging Meaningfulness of Sentences With and Without Homonym or Morpheme Spelling Foils: Comparing 4th to 9th Graders With and Without Spelling Disabilities

Thirteen students with and twelve students without spelling disabilities judged whether sentences (1/3 all correct spellings, 1/3 with homonym foil, 1/3 with morpheme foil) were meaningful while event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured with EGI Geodesic EEG System 300 (128-channel hydro-cell nets). For N400, Rapid Automatic Switching (RAS) correlated with comprehending sentences with homonym foils in control group but with morpheme foils in SLD group. For P600, dictated spelling correlated with comprehending sentences with morpheme foils in the control group but solving anagrams with homonym foils in the SLD group. Educational significance and neuropsychological significance of these contrasting results are discussed.
Switching of α-Catenin From Epithelial to Neuronal Type During Lens Epithelial Cell Differentiation.

Purpose Ocular lens fiber cell elongation, differentiation, and compaction are associated with extensive reorganization of cell adhesive interactions and cytoskeleton; however, our knowledge of proteins critical to these events is still evolving. This study characterizes the distribution pattern of neuronal-specific α-catenin (αN-catenin) and its interaction with the N-cadherin-associated adherens junctions (AJs) and their stability in the mouse lens fibers. Methods Expression and distribution of αN-catenin in developing mouse and adult human lenses was determined by RT-PCR, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence analyses. Characterization of αN-catenin and N-cadherin interacting proteins and colocalization analyses were performed using immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and confocal imaging. Effects of periaxin deficiency on the stability of lens fiber cell AJs were evaluated using perixin-null mice. Results αN-catenin exhibits discrete distribution to lens fibers in both mouse and human lenses, undergoing a robust up-regulation during fiber cell differentiation and maturation. Epithelial-specific α-catenin (αE-catenin), in contrast, distributes primarily to the lens epithelium. αN-catenin and N-cadherin reciprocally coimmunoprecipitate and colocalize along with β-catenin, actin, spectrin, vinculin, Armadillo repeat protein deleted in velo-cardio-facial syndrome homolog, periaxin, and ankyrin-B in lens fibers. Fiber cells from periaxin-null mouse lenses revealed disrupted N-cadherin/αN-catenin-based AJs. Conclusions These results suggest that the discrete shift in α-catenin expression from αE-catenin to αN-catenin subtype that occurs during lens epithelial cell differentiation may play a key role in fiber cell cytoarchitecture by regulating the assembly and stability of N-cadherin-based AJs. This study also provides evidence for the importance of the fiber cell-specific cytoskeletal interacting periaxin, in the stability of N-cadherin/αN-catenin-based AJs in lens fibers.
Estimation of explosive yield using regional distance infrasound

Infrasound signals from large above-ground explosions are known to propagate to significant distances while remaining at observable levels due to a combination of the large source energy for such events and decreased absorption for acoustic energy at lower frequencies. Previously, propagation-based, stochastic path geometry and travel time models have been used to improve estimates of location and time for infrasonic sources with promising results. A similar approach has been applied to develop stochastic transmission loss models for infrasonic signals. The resulting models have been utilized in a Bayesian framework to compute a near-source estimate of the acoustic signal, which can then be used to compute a probability distribution for possible explosive yields of the source. Details of the propagation models and yield estimation framework will be presented along with results for application to a number of explosive events.
A reconfigurable millimeter-wave spotlight metasurface aperture integrated with a frequency-diverse microwave imager for security screening

In this paper, a spotlight imaging system integrated with a frequency-diverse aperture is presented for security-screening applications. The spotlight imager consists of holographic metasurface antennas that can dynamically be tuned to radiate spotlight patterns allowing the extraction of high-resolution images from a constrained field-of-view (FOV). The reconfigurable holographic metasurface antennas consist of a metasurface layer used to modulate the guided-mode reference to an aperture field of interest producing the desired radiated wavefronts. The reconfigurable operation is achieved in an all-electronic manner without the need for any mechanical moving apparatus or phase shifting circuits. The spotlight aperture operates at a single frequency, 75 GHz, within the W-band frequency regime (75 – 110 GHz) and is used for the high-resolution identification of threat objects while the frequency-diverse aperture operates at K-band frequencies (17.5 – 26.5 GHz) and is used for low-resolution detection purposes. The scene to be imaged is first interrogated using the K-band aperture at low resolution and the constrained-FOV is imaged using the W-band system to achieve the identification of threat objects.
T cell-mediated diseases of immunity

The understanding of the immunological processes involved in T cell-mediated disease in humans has greatly benefited from the study of similar processes in animals [11. Whether induced by a specific antigen or spontaneously occurring, all have lent insight to and sometimes confused the puzzle of the etiology and pathogenesis of human disease. This chapter emphasizes three major examples of organ-specific and systemic animal models of T cell-mediated disease in mice. Organ-specific diseases are either antigen-induced, as in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), experimental allergic neuritis (EAN), transplant allograft rejection, or graft versus host disease (GVHD), or occur spontaneously as for models of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The primary animal model of systemic autoimmune disease is a spontaneously occurring syndrome in inbred mice which resembles human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The goal is to provide a descriptive analysis of a few select models with regard to what is known of the etiology and pathogenesis and to afford opportunities for evaluation of new therapeutic targets and mechanisms for the treatment of human immunological disorders which are the result of T cell regulatory processes. Finally, since animal models are constructs either experimentally or from nature as prototypes of human disease, it should be noted that there are as many subtle differences as there are overt similarities. This should always be kept within the investigators’ hypotheses and interpretations.
A randomized comparison between the i-gel™ and the air-Q™ supraglottic airways when used by anesthesiology trainees as conduits for tracheal intubation in children

Supraglottic airways are commonly used as conduits for fibreoptic bronchoscopy (FOB)-guided intubation in pediatric patients. We hypothesized that anesthesiology trainees with limited prior experience with FOB-guided intubation through a supraglottic airway in children would intubate the trachea faster through the air-Q™ supraglottic airway than through the i-gel™. Ninety-six children aged one month to six years were randomized to receive either the i-gel or air-Q for FOB-guided tracheal intubation by anesthesiology trainees. Time for successful tracheal intubation was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints included: time for device insertion, number of attempts for successful device insertion, airway leak pressures, FOB grade of laryngeal view, total number of attempts for tracheal intubation, time for removal of the device after tracheal intubation, and associated complications. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) times to successful tracheal intubation for the air-Q (62.5 [47.9-77] sec) and the i-gel (55.9 [48.5-81.8] sec) were not significantly different (median difference 6.6 sec; 95% confidence interval [CI] -13.3 to 8.7; P = 0.53). The median (IQR) time to insertion for the air-Q (16.7 [14.4-20.0] sec) was shorter than for the i-gel (19.6 [16.7-23.0] sec) (median difference 2.9 sec; 95% CI 0.8 to 4.7; P = 0.005). There were no differences between devices with respect to airway leak pressures, success rates, and time to removal. Compared with the air-Q, the i-gel was associated with more problems during device removal after tracheal intubation, including breakage of the tracheal tube pilot balloon (n = 0 vs n = 13, respectively; P < 0.001), inadvertent extubation (n = 1 vs n = 5, respectively; P < 0.001), and difficulty controlling the tracheal tube (n = 0 vs n = 21, respectively; P < 0.001). Contrary to our hypothesis, both the air-Q and i-gel supraglottic airways served as effective conduits for FOB-guided tracheal intubation in children when performed by trainees with limited prior experience. The i-gel, however, was associated with more problems during device removal following tracheal intubation. This study was registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02189590 .
Plasma Cell Disorders

Plasma cell disorders are among the most common hematologic disorders characterized by the presence of a monoclonal protein in serum and/or urine. Most disorders evolve from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, a premalignant condition. Multiple myeloma is the most common plasma cell malignancy. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia and immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis are a rare type of plasma cell disorders with unique presentations and natural history. Remarkable improvements have been made in the antineoplastic combination therapy in the last two decades, and it remains the most important initial therapy for most symptomatic plasma cell disorders. High-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell rescue are an important component of management of multiple myeloma and immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis. These disorders and their treatment have significant burden and the supportive care forms the cornerstone of management.
Mother–Daughter Eldercare and Changing Relationships: A Path-Analytic Investigation of Factors Underlying Positive, Adaptive Relationships

One hundred and twenty-two pairs (n = 244) of caregiver daughters and care recipient mothers were interviewed individually to investigate the factors underlying positive, adaptive eldercare relationships. The 2 eldercare outcome variables examined were caregiving pairs' degree of congruency in role expectancies and perceived personal growth and an enhanced understanding of personal aging (self, other) through the caregiving experience. Participants were also categorized by caregiving pair type (e.g., positive), derived from “blind” ratings of participants' responses. Factors examined as being significant predictors of these 2 outcome variables for both caregivers and care recipients were perceived relationship roles (perceived role changes, perceived role relations) and individual-difference characteristics (“big five” personality dimensions, fluid intellectual ability). Path analysis results supported the importance of both role-related and individual-difference factors in understanding “what works.” Further, the need to differentiate between the perceptions and motivations of caregivers and care recipients is supported by the present research findings.
Plasma inflammatory biomarkers link to diffusion tensor imaging metrics in virally suppressed HIV-infected individuals.

OBJECTIVE Inflammation may contribute to brain white matter health in people living with HIV who report cognitive symptoms despite adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy and viral suppression. We explored relationships between diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics of white matter, plasma biomarkers of immune activation, and cognitive function in the HIV-infected population. DESIGN Retrospective study of older adults living with HIV who are combination antiretroviral therapy adherent, virally suppressed, and self-report cognitive symptoms. METHODS MRI, blood draws, and standardized neuropsychological test scores were collected from HIV-infected individuals. DTI metrics (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, axial diffusivity) and plasma biomarkers (soluble CD163, soluble CD14, neopterin, IFN γ-induced protein 10, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) were quantified. Statistical analysis explored associations between biomarker levels or neuropsychological test scores and DTI metrics using region of interest analyses and a voxelwise approach. RESULTS A total of 43 participants with median (interquartile range) age of 64 (62-66 years), CD4 cell count of 600 (400-760 cell/μl) who were all virally suppressed (<100 copies/ml) were selected. Higher levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 associated with lower fractional anisotropy and higher mean diffusivity (P < 0.05) across white matter tracts including corpus callosum, corona radiata, and superior longitudinal fasciculus. Higher neopterin associated with higher mean diffusivity in the genu of corpus callosum, and higher soluble CD14 associated with lower fractional anisotropy in the bilateral superior corona radiata (P < 0.05). Worse global performance and speed domain scores associated with higher mean diffusivity and lower fractional anisotropy, and worse executive domain scores associated with lower fractional anisotropy (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Elevated inflammatory plasma biomarkers link to white matter abnormalities among virally suppressed individuals. DTI abnormalities associate to cognitive performance. We conclude that inflammatory processes impact clinically relevant brain health indices despite viral suppression.
Political results: Outcomes of sporting events affect egalitarian attitudes and ingroup evaluations

Vicariously experiencing sporting events is a worldwide phenomenon, and sports results affect fans’ emotional states. The current studies examined how sports results affect spectators’ political an...
Evaluation of the incidence of acute nausea and vomiting after administration of an amino acid solution containing only arginine and lysine with lutetium Lu-177 dotatate.

12113Background: Lutetium Lu-177 dotatate is used to treat patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and an amino acid (AA) solution must be administered concurrently to mitigate ...
Losing oceans: The effects of composition on the thermal component of impact-driven atmospheric loss

The formation of the solar system's terrestrial planets concluded with a period of giant impacts. Previous works examining the volatile loss caused by the impact shock in the moon-forming impact find atmospheric losses of at most 20-30 per cent and essentially no loss of oceans. However, giant impacts also result in thermal heating, which can lead to significant atmospheric escape via a Parker-type wind. Here we show that H2O and other high-mean molecular weight outgassed species can be efficiently lost through this thermal wind if present in a hydrogen-dominated atmosphere, substantially altering the final volatile inventory of terrestrial planets. Specifically, we demonstrate that a giant impact of a Mars-sized embryo with a proto-Earth can remove several Earth oceans' worth of H2O, and other heavier volatile species, together with a primordial hydrogen-dominated atmosphere. These results may offer an explanation for the observed depletion in Earth's light noble gas budget and for its depleted xenon inventory, which suggest that Earth underwent significant atmospheric loss by the end of its accretion. Because planetary embryos are massive enough to accrete primordial hydrogen envelopes and because giant impacts are stochastic and occur concurrently with other early atmospheric evolutionary processes, our results suggest a wide diversity in terrestrial planet volatile budgets.
Constrained Least Squares Estimation and ANOVA

In our consideration of least squares estimation up to this point, β was unrestricted, i.e., β could assume any value in \(\mathbb {R}^p\). We now consider least squares estimation for models in which β is restricted to the subset of \(\mathbb {R}^p\) consisting of all those β-values that satisfy the consistent system of linear equations $$\displaystyle \mathbf {A}\boldsymbol {\beta } = \mathbf {h}, $$ where A is a specified q × p matrix of rank q∗ and h is a specified q-vector.
Data quality problems troubling business and financial researchers: A literature review and synthetic analysis

The data quality of commercial business and financial databases greatly affects research quality and reliability. The presence of data quality problems can not only distort research results, destro...
Assembly of Model Membrane Nanodiscs for Native Mass Spectrometry

Native mass spectrometry (MS) with nanodiscs is a promising technique for characterizing membrane protein and peptide interactions in lipid bilayers. However, prior studies have used nanodiscs made of only one or two lipids, which lack the complexity of a natural lipid bilayer. To better model specific biological membranes, we developed model mammalian, bacterial, and mitochondrial nanodiscs with up to four different phospholipids. Careful selection of lipids with similar masses that balance the fluidity and curvature enabled these complex nanodiscs to be assembled and resolved with native MS. We then applied this approach to characterize the specificity and incorporation of LL-37, a human antimicrobial peptide, in single-lipid nanodiscs versus model bacterial nanodiscs. Overall, development of these model membrane nanodiscs reveals new insights into the assembly of complex nanodiscs and provides a useful toolkit for studying membrane protein, peptide, and lipid interactions in model biological membranes.
Abdominal Wall Reconstruction in the Elderly During the Acute Phase: Principles and Techniques

There are an increasing number of elderly patients who were earlier considered to be at high risk now having the advantage of receiving complex abdominal surgery due to marked improvements in healthcare. This population is at an inherent risk of “difficult abdominal wall” after emergency surgical procedures. This chapter will address the important concept of complex abdominal wall reconstruction (CAWR) in the elderly in the acute phase. We will highlight some basic definitions of the CAWR surgery followed by techniques and principles of performing safe CAWR in the acute phase.
Gender Diversity in Peer Relations: Best Research Practices and Marshalling Peer Influence.

Abstract Young people are challenging gender to expand beyond a male/female binary, yet research practices still lag behind these conceptions. This call-to-action paper will review the traditional conceptualizations of gender as prevalent in peer relations research, contrasted with modern approaches from scholars studying gender and sexual orientation diversity, and outline how youth are challenging binary conceptualizations. We provide recommended best practices to sensitively bridge this gap, including: using open responses where possible, and two-step closed-ended question formats where necessary, to measure gender identity; considering the context and role that gender identity and each of its facets might play in the research design; and preserving underrepresented groups in analyses even though they may be small. We close by exploring the ways in which the power of peer socialization can be (and likely currently are being) harnessed to support the ever-changing, diverse gender identities emergent in today's youth, and provide questions for future research.
High-order Chebyshev-based Nyström Methods for Electromagnetics

Boundary element methods (BEM) have been successfully applied towards solving a broad array of complicated electromagnetic problems. Most BEM approaches rely on flat triangular discretizations and discretization via the Method of Moments (MoM) and low-order basis functions. Although more complicated from an implementation standpoint, it has been shown that high-order methods based on curvilinear patch mesh discretizations can significantly outperform low-order MoM in both accuracy and computational efficiency. In this work, we review a new high-order Nystrom method based on using Chebyshev basis functions with curvilinear elements that we have recently developed, present a few scattering examples, and discuss related on-going and future work.
Biomolecular characterisation of marine microalga in comparison to fishmeal and soymeal as an alternative feed ingredient

INTRODUCTION Marine microalgae protein has better solubility and digestibility than other protein-based feeds. Apart from protein, high-value biomolecules have an immense potential to enhance the quality of feed, but knowledge about them is scarce. OBJECTIVE Marine microalga Picochlorum sp. biomass molecular characterisation along with commonly used protein feed such as fishmeal and soymeal for potential feed ingredients. METHODOLOGY Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used for biomolecular characterisation. The correlation of biomolecules sets was evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap clustering. RESULTS LC-MS identified 116 biomolecules cumulatively among microalga, fishmeal, and soymeal that includes fatty acids, acylglycerols, vitamins, sterols, pigments, nucleotides, unique amino acids, amines, sugars and miscellaneous. These 116 biomolecules were screened based on their functional importance as feed ingredients. Among the different sets of biomolecules, microalga contained a more diverse set of fatty acids, pigments, sterols, and vitamins than acylglycerols, unique amino acids, nucleotides, and sugars. Fishmeal contained a more diverse set of acylglycerols, unique amino acids, nucleotides, and amines, while soymeal contained the highest number of sugars and miscellaneous biomolecules. The PCA confirmed the significance level (P > 95%) and heatmap clustering showed the diversity and relatedness of biomolecules among the microalga, fishmeal, and soymeal. CONCLUSION This study showed that the marine microalga Picochlorum sp. biomass has a rich source of biomolecules and could complement fishmeal or soymeal in feed and is also sustainable and economical as compared to fishmeal and soymeal.
Components of Human Stress Response: Coping With Hospitalization in Adolescents

Human stress response (HSR) has been linked to a variety of pathological processes (Ader, 1982) such as autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. By contrast the relationship of HSR to adaptation is much less clear (Rutter, 1981). There does, however, seem to be support for the assumption that less well-adapted individuals are likely to have a more pronounced hormonal response (Miyabo, 1979) and can have inadequate psychological (Katz et al., 1970) response as well.
The Fundamentals of Political Science Research: Multiple Regression: The Basics

OVERVIEW Despite what we have learned in the preceding chapters on hypothesis testing and statistical significance, we have not yet crossed all four of our hurdles for establishing causal relationships. Recall that all of the techniques we have learned in Chapters 8 and 9 are simply bivariate, X - and Y -type analyses. But, to fully assess whether X causes Y , we need to control for other possible causes of Y , which we have not yet done. In this chapter, we show how multiple regression – which is an extension of the two-variable model we covered in Chapter 9 – does exactly that. We explicitly connect the formulae that we include to the key issues of research design that tie the entire book together. We also discuss some of the problems in multiple regression models when key causes of the dependent variable are omitted, which ties this chapter to the fundamental principles presented in Chapters 3 and 4. Lastly, we will incorporate an example from the political science literature that uses multiple regression to evaluate causal relationships. MODELING MULTIVARIATE REALITY From the very outset of this book, we have emphasized that almost all interesting phenomena in social reality have more than one cause. And yet most of our theories are simply bivariate in nature. We have shown you (in Chapter 4) that there are distinct methods for dealing with the nature of reality in our designs for social research. If we are fortunate enough to be able to conduct an experiment, then the process of randomly assigning our participants to treatment groups will automatically “control for” those other possible causes that are not a part of our theory.
Body Weight and Relative Brain Size (Encephalization) in Eocene Archaeoceti (Cetacea)

Calibration of the Brownian diffusion model of Felsenstein indicates that phylogeny may have an influence on body length and other phenotypic measures in Cetacea for as many as 10,000 generations or about 180,000 years, which is negligible in the 35 million year history of extant Cetacea. Observations of phenotypic traits in cetacean species living today are independent of phylogeny and independent statistically. Four methods for estimating body weight in fossil cetaceans are compared: (1) median serial regression involving a set of multiple regressions of log body weight on log centrum length, width, and height for core vertebrae; (2) regression of log whole body weight on log body length for individuals; (3) regression of log whole body weight on log body length for species means; and (4) regression of log lean body weight on log body length for individuals. These yield body weight estimates for the Eocene archaeocete Dorudon atrox of 1126, 1118, 1132, and 847 kg, respectively, with consistency and applicability to partial skeletons favoring the first approach. The whole-body weight expected, Pe (in kg), for a given body length, Li (in cm), is given by log10 Pe = 2.784 • log10 Li − 4.429. Negative allometry of body weight and body length (slope 2.784 < 3.000) means that small cetaceans are shorter and more maneuverable than expected for their weight, while large cetaceans are longer and more efficient energetically than expected for their weight. Encephalization is necessarily quantified relative to a reference sample, most mammals are terrestrial, and terrestrial mammals provide a logical baseline. The encephalization residual for living terrestrial mammals as a class (ERTC), is the difference between observed log2 brain weight (Ei in g) and expected log2 brain weight (Ee in g), where the latter is estimated from body weight (Pi in g), as log2 Ee = 0.740 • log2 Pi − 4.004. ERTC is positive for brains that are larger than expected for a given body size, and negative for brains that are smaller than expected. Base-2 logarithms make the ERTC scale intuitive, in uniform units of halving or doubling. Encephalization quotients (EQ) are unsuitable for comparison because they are proportions on a non-uniform scale. Middle Eocene archaeocetes have ERTC values close to −2 (two halvings compared to expectation), while late Eocene archaeocetes have ERTC values close to −1 (one halving compared to expectation). ERTC is not known for fossil mysticetes, but living mysticetes have ERTC values averaging about −2. Oligocene-Recent odontocetes appear to have ERTC values averaging about +1 (one doubling compared to expectation) through their temporal range. Definitive interpretation of the evolution of encephalization in Cetacea will require better documentation for Oligocene–Recent mysticetes and odontocetes.
Conradi, Mark S.: Evolution of NMR Hardware

The hardware of NMR spectroscopy has changed dramatically over the years. Two aspects are discussed here: the very earliest NMR superconducting magnets and digital electronics for signal capture and signal averaging as well as pulse sequence generation. In particular, the period around 1970–1977 is discussed. Keywords: magnets; superconducting magnets; digitizer; pulse sequence generator; hardware
Applications of Classifying Bidding Strategies for the CAT Tournament

In the CAT Tournament, specialists facilitate transactions between buyers and sellers with the intention of maximizing profit from commission and other fees. Each specialist must find a well-balanced strategy that allows it to entice buyers and sellers to trade in its market while also retaining the buyers and sellers that are currently subscribed to it. Classification techniques can be used to determine the distribution of bidding strategies used by all traders subscribed to a particular specialist. Our experiments showed that Hidden Markov Model classification yielded the best results. The distribution of strategies, along with other competition-related factors, can be used to determine the optimal action in any given game state. Experimental data shows that the GD and ZIP bidding strategies are more volatile than the RE and ZIC strategies. An MDP framework for determining optimal actions given an accurate distribution of bidding strategies is proposed as a motivator for future work.
Ultra-broadband spectral beam combiner

A novel ultra-broadband spectral beam combiner is designed and demonstrated spanning greater than four octaves from ultraviolet to mid-wave infrared bands with low M squared output.
Using an Object-Based Active Storage Framework to Improve Parallel Storage Systems

Modern processors have improved rapidly over recent decades and disk storage has failed to keep pace with this development rate. Object-based storage was proposed as an alternative interface in order to close the gap between the processing units and the storage components. Object-based storage simplifies data representation and increases the intelligence of storage components by offloading data management tasks from the host file system to the storage. However, we believe that object-based storage features have not been fully explored. In this work, we first introduce an active storage framework we developed for an object-based storage platform. Specifically, we show how to enable active storage by exploiting the object-based storage features. Then, we discuss how the active storage framework can be used in order to improve the scalability, reliability and usability of parallel storage systems.
JR : The Narrative of Entropy

Several years after the bestowal of a National Book Award, William Gaddis's JR (1975) remains surprisingly neglected. The neglect may be more understandable when the narrative form of Gaddis's satire on capitalism is considered. JR consists of 725 pages of dialogues, which take place between often unnamed speakers and are interrupted, confused, or intermittently disconnected. In fact, the communications system within the world ofyi? malfunctions so grieviously that an avaricious sixth-grader, J.R. Vasant, becomes the head of the gigantic, disorganized J R Corporation through a series of misunderstandings and miscommunications. The collapse of the J R Corporation ends Gaddis's work, but in narrating his entropie vision, Gaddis approaches the boundaries of the novel, for JR is very close to a novel without narration.
Dynamics of thermally induced ice streams simulated with a higher‐order flow model

We use a new discretization technique to solve the higher-order thermomechanically coupled equations of glacier evolution. We find that under radially symmetric continuum equations, small perturbations in symmetry due to the discretization are sufficient to produce the initiation of nonsymmetric thermomechanical instabilities which we interpret as ice streams, in good agreement with previous studieswhich have indicated a similar instability. We find that the inclusion of membrane stresses regularizes the size of predicted streams, eliminating the ill-posedness evident in previous investigations of ice stream generation through thermomechanical instability. Ice streams exhibit strongly irregular periodicity which is influenced by neighboring ice streams and the synoptic state of the ice stream. Ice streams are not always the same size but instead appear to follow a temperature-dependent distribution of widths that is robust to grid refinement. The morphology of the predicted ice streams corresponds reasonably well to extant ice streams in physically similar environments.
Peripheral venous bullet embolization to the heart. Case report and review of the literature.

Abstract Peripheral venous bullet embolization to the heart is a rare event. We report our experience with one patient who suffered peripheral venous bullet embolization to the right ventricle and review the 38 patients with this phenomenon previously reported in the literature. The clinical presentation of patients with peripheral venous bullet embolization to the right ventricle is discussed. In addition, the indications for surgery and the therapeutic approaches available to patients with bullet embolization are discussed. (J VASC SURG 1988;8:55-8.)