cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microiontophoresis of acetylcholine, histamine and their antagonists on neurones in the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei of the cat.

Abstract Cats with midcollicular decerebration and the cerebellum removed were tested with controlled acceleration to identify neurones in the medial vestibular nucleus and lateral vestibular nucleus which responded to motion. The actions of both cholinergic and histaminergic agents and their antagonists were studied on (1) spontaneously firing cells of the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei which responded to a motion stimulus and (2) other cells located in the medial or lateral vestibular nucleus but whose activity was not modulated by the test motion. lontophoretically applied acetylcholine, methachoiine and carbamylcholine excited neurones in both the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei Acetylcholine-induced excitation was potentiated by physostigmine at dose levels which occasionally initiated a small excitatory response. Iontophoresis of atropine blocked acetylcholine excitation of vestibular cells without altering their response to glutamate. Dihydro-β-erythroidine was ineffective in blocking acetylcholine excitation. Histamine produced marked inhibition of the majority of the cells tested, although several cells were excited by this agent. The H 1 -antagonist diphenhydramine was not effective in blocking histamine responses while the H 2 -antagonist metiamide effectively blocked histamine inhibition without affecting excitatory responses to acetylcholine. Acetylcholine and histamine produced similar responses from cells modulated by motion and from cells unresponsive to motion. These results suggest that vestibular cells possess both muscarinic cholinergic receptors and histaminergic receptors of the H 2 type.
Mechanism and sequence of assembly and dispersal of supercontinents

Abstract The term continent implies a major land mass, with adjacent shelves and possessing one or more internal stable regions known as cratons. In geological time very large land masses had originated as supercontinents and superoceans formed outboard of these. Motions of former cratons and continents have been investigated paleomagnetically and by tectonic tracing. Thus, supercontinents were formed and fragmented in the process of continental drift and ocean spreading. The growth of supercontinents is the consequence of collision with other continents, smaller continental fragments, as well as island arcs, accretionary prisms, and a variety of oceanic plateaux. Dispersal of supercontinents occurred as fragmentation of larger continental masses into smaller blocks took place. There is some evidence that growth and dispersal of supercontinents developed periodically every few hundred million years. The best known relatively young dispersion of a supercontinent is that of Pangea. However, the amalgamation of this supercontinent was more complex and some of its aspects are disputed among those who invoke normal plate tectonic processes and those who suggest the operation of superplumes. The amalgamation of continental fragments occurred by: (i) the development of cold subsiding regions in the mantle; (ii) the adherence of island arcs: or, (iii) the movement of diverse terranes and their collision and accretion to continental masses and those to each other. Several similar scenarios have been suggested in Archean and Proterozoic times. At present Archean plate tectonics are still controversial, but abundant evidence suggests that collisional and accretionary events occurred even then. In the Lower-Middle Proterozoic times amalgamation and accretion became significant, while in the Upper Proterozoic other new cratons originated, possibly by island arc accretion. It is suggested that the break up of continental plates as a consequence of distentional events was prompted by convective changes in the mantle.
Outcome Expectations: Looking to the Past and Potential Future:

This article focuses on the construct of outcome expectations. It is argued that the construct has received relatively little attention in the vocational literature. The authors define outcome expe...
UV Lasing near the First ΓL-Pseudogap of ZnO Inverse Opals

We demonstrate room temperature UV lasing of ZnO photonic crystals. Tuning the first Γ-L pseudogap to the gain spectrum leads to a five-fold reduction in lasing threshold due to the enhanced confinement of light.
Differential Predation by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J

Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a predatory bacterium that can replicate only inside Gram-negative bacteria. We incubated B. bacteriovorus 109J in a mixture of two prey cells present in equal numbers and enumerated prey cells after 3 h of predation. In multiple prey pairings, B. bacteriovorus preferentially lysed on one prey over the other. When prey were individually incubated with B. bacteriovorus, they were preyed on with different efficiencies. Three prey had only 5-8% of cells remaining after Bdellovibrio predation and the other three prey had 37-43% of cells remaining. Timing of attachment of B. bacteriovorus to prey cells also varied with Bdellovibrio attachment to more preferred prey occurring the fastest. These results suggest that B. bacteriovorus 109J does not randomly infect prey cells but infects and kills some prey more readily than others.
Electrooptic Properties of Pzt thin Films for Image Storage Applications

The photocurrent response, photo-induced changes in hysteresis behavior, and electrooptic (birefringence) effects of sol-gel derived PZT film have been characterized as part of an effort to evaluate ferroelectric films for image storage and processing applications.
The importance of the excitation volume in determination of surface recombination velocity

A Simple approach for evaluating the electron-beam induced current (EBIC) response of a grain boundary in polycrystalline silicon demonstrates that the response is composed of two different responses. At distances greater than two excitation-volume radii from the grain boundary, the response yields an effective surface recombination velocity within about ten percent of that obtained by fitting the data to the theoretical response for a point-source excitation. However, at distance less than two excitation-volume radii, the grain-boundary response is demonstrated to be the response to a skewed Gaussian excitation. This exemplifies the limitations of spacial resolution of an electron probe and the importance of quantitative measurements in determining the effective surface recombination velocity of internal and external surfaces of semiconducting regions.
Condensin controls recruitment of RNA polymerase II to achieve nematode X-chromosome dosage compensation

The X-chromosome gene regulatory process called dosage compensation ensures that males (1X) and females (2X) express equal levels of X-chromosome transcripts. The mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans has been elusive due to improperly annotated transcription start sites (TSSs). Here we define TSSs and the distribution of transcriptionally engaged RNA polymerase II (Pol II) genome-wide in wild-type and dosage-compensation-defective animals to dissect this regulatory mechanism. Our TSS-mapping strategy integrates GRO-seq, which tracks nascent transcription, with a new derivative of this method, called GRO-cap, which recovers nascent RNAs with 5' caps prior to their removal by co-transcriptional processing. Our analyses reveal that promoter-proximal pausing is rare, unlike in other metazoans, and promoters are unexpectedly far upstream from the 5' ends of mature mRNAs. We find that C. elegans equalizes X-chromosome expression between the sexes, to a level equivalent to autosomes, by reducing Pol II recruitment to promoters of hermaphrodite X-linked genes using a chromosome-restructuring condensin complex. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00808.001.
Improved semiclassical theory for easy-plane ferromagnets (CsNiF3)

Abstract Planar spin states recently shown to produce improved semiclassical variational bounds for easy-plane ferromagnets are used in conjunction with coherent states to derive a time-dependent Hartree-Fock approximation. Some immediate appilcations are worked out concerning the spectrum of elementary excitations of CsNiF 3 in presence of magnetic fields.
Gain and Threshold Control of Scintillation Counters in the CDF Muon Upgrade for Run II

We describe a system for control and readout of scintillation conters, in the CDF Muon Upgrade for Run II, that use a miniature (low again) photomultiplier tube coupled to a high voltage generator. In the system, we mount on each counter an electronics module that amplifies counter signals, sets tube gain, discriminates signals, sets tube gain, discrimates signals with an adjustable threshold, and drives a light source. A 48 channel control unit distributes power, gain and thereshold settings, light source triggers, and receives counter signals on tristed pair cables, stretches and transmits the signals to remote time digitizers. Also, we describe a scintillation counter design that integrates the scintillator, filesn, and electronics modules into a sturdy packega.
Application of closure phase and self-calibration to radar interferometric imaging of atmospheric and ionospheric irregularities

Abstract We describe extensions to radar interferometric techniques used to study irregularities in the upper atmosphere, based on techniques developed by radio astronomers. In particular, the techniques of ‘self-calibration’ and “closure phase” offer great promise to radars that measure properties of stochastic geophysical targets. We show how useful extensions arrive and comment upon implications of such techniques for the analysis of existing data and the design of new instruments.
Contributions of Dr. Spencer H. Bush to the Successful Development of Risk-Informed Inservice Inspection Technology

The development and implementation of risk-informed inservice inspection (ISI) approaches, providing an alternative to ASME Section XI Code requirements for the selection of examination locations in nuclear power plant piping systems, has been recently identified by industry leaders as the most successful voluntary application of risk technology in the United States. This technology improves the effectiveness of examination of piping components, i.e. concentrates inspection resources and enhances inspection strategies on high-safety-significant locations, and reduces inspection requirements on others while maintaining or enhancing overall plant safety (in terms of core damage and large, early release frequency). Risk-informed ISI has been successfully implemented in more than 90% of U.S. reactors and in nuclear power plant ISI programs in at least eight other countries. Beginning almost 20 years ago, Dr. Spencer H. Bush played an instrumental role in the development of this technology as a Steering Committee member of the ASME Research Project on Risk-Based Inspection Guidelines. He later became a member of the ASME Section XI Working Group on Implementation of Risk-Based Examination participating in the development and review of ASME Code Cases allowing for trial use of this new technology. Dr. Bush, having a long leadership role with ASME Section XI, played an instrumental role in the development of an overall structure and process for integrating the technologies inherent to a risk-informed ISI program, including piping failure data and non-destructive examination reliability results. He also played a key role in garnering ASME and regulatory acceptance of this alternative approach. The authors, along with many other colleagues, had the honor and privilege of working closely with Dr. Bush on this initiative over the last two decades, and via this paper, the authors would like to highlight some of Dr. Bush’s key contributions to this successful development in his memory.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Detecting early-life components in the determination of the age of death

The non-heritable intrapopulation variability of lifespans can be used as a tool for studying the onset of expression of senescence. For this purpose, analytical methods are described and illustrated here. They are simple and applicable to any system including the limited clonal division potential of cells in culture (in vitro senescence). Using these methods, two questions can be posed: (1) when is lifespan first determined? and (2) are the pre-senescent events of life correlated with lifespan? The use of the analysis in answering these questions is exemplified with a few preliminary experiments. These are intended to be illustrative and provocative rather than definitive. The results suggest the following which show that the methods of this report can profitably be used to answer important questions concerning senescence. In the Oregon-R line of Drosophila melanogaster most if not all of the intrapopulation variability in lifespan is non-heritable, in support of the conclusion of Lints. The variability may instead indicate the stochastic action of the mechanism of senescence itself; other models are also considered. Experiments indicate that much of the variability to be expressed in lifespan may be present in latent form very early in life in Drosophila. Evidence is presented indicating that two pre-senescent events studied are correlated with lifespan and hence are landmarks of the progress of senescence. It is argued that such experimental results can place constraints on theories of senescence.
Formulas for the coma and astigmatism of wedge prisms used in converging light

Wedge prisms are generally eschewed as an optical component for use in convergent light in a well-corrected optical system because they introduce aberrations in most configurations. Nevertheless, wedge prisms have several properties (aside from dispersion) which make them useful in many applications. First, they can be used to deviate a line of sight by a small angle. Second, they deviate a line of sight without reflection and therefore preserve the image orientation. Third, they can be used to correct the aberration of a tilted beam splitter in convergent light. Fourth, they can be used to tilt, or correct the tilt of, an image plane. In this paper simple formulas are presented for third-order coma and astigmatism of a wedge prism used in converging light. Also, configurations are described in which wedge prisms can be used in converging light without introducing coma or astigmatism. Finally, these formulas are applied to the design of a well-corrected optical system.
Ethnography as Pedagogy: Learning and Teaching in a Religion Department Internship Class

Internships and other experiential education courses in Religious Studies departments particularly benefit from careful pedagogical preparation. In addition to the usual components of conceptual content and skills, these courses require knowledge about and understanding of human communication and interaction and organizational function. To be successfully collaborative in the classroom and with Community Partners for learning and service, students and teachers need tools for participant observation, integration of data and response, and reflection. This article proposes and discusses using 10 strategies of ethnography as a pedagogical frame. Developed in an internship class, these ten tools are demonstrated through teacher discussion and reflection and students’ written work. Specific connections to the field of Religious Studies are highlighted. The article is written in the hopes of stimulating additional conversations on how experiential learning and teaching, specifically the use of ethnography, can be effectively and appropriately used in Religious Studies courses.
The effect of diburyryl cAMP on sodium uptake by isolated perfused gills of Callinectes sapidus

Hemolymph, collected from 25 and 100% seawater acclimated Callinectes sapidus and perfused through the isolated gill, causes increases in Na+ uptake in the gill. Similarly, dibutyryl cAMP causes increases in Na+ uptake when perfused through the gill. Since pericardial organ (PO) extracts dopamine and octopamine are known to increase cAMP levels in the perfused gill, it is suggested that these substances from the PO may be the hemolymph factors which increase Na+ uptake via the mediation of cAMP as second messenger.
Designing Scalar Questions for Web Surveys

This paper explores how the visual design of scalar questions influences responses in web surveys. We present the results of five experiments embedded in two web surveys of university students. We find that consistently presenting the positive end of the scale first did not impact responses but increases response times. Displaying the categories in multiple columns influence how respondents process the scale and increase response times. Separating the midpoint, ``don't know'' option, or endpoints spatially does not impact responses when the visual and conceptual midpoint align. Removing the graphical layout of the scale influences responses when lower numbers indicate more positive categories and increases response time. Finally, response times are longer for polar point scales with numeric labels, but there are no differences in responses. Overall, our results suggest that the visual design of response scales impacts measurement, but that some manipulations produce larger and more significant differences...
Psycholinguistic and corpus-linguistic evidence for L2 constructions

In Construction Grammar, highly frequent syntactic configurations are assumed to be stored as symbolic units in the mental lexicon alongside words. Considering the example of gerund and infinitival complement constructions in English (She tried rocking the baby vs. She tried to rock the baby), this study combines corpus-linguistic and experimental evidence to investigate the question whether these patterns are also stored as constructions by German foreign language learners of English. In a corpus analysis based on 3,343 instances of the two constructions from the British component of the International Corpus of English, a distinctive collexeme analysis was computed to identify the verbs that distinguish best between the two constructions; these verbs were used as experimental stimuli in a sentence completion experiment and a sentence acceptability rating experiment. Two kinds of short-distance priming effects were investigated in the completion data: we checked how often subjects produced an ing-/to-/’other’-construction after having rated an ing- or to-construction (rating-to-production priming), and how often they produced an ing-/to-/’other’-construction when they had produced and ing- or to-construction in the directly preceding completion (production-to-production priming). Furthermore, we considered the proportion of to-completions before a completion in the questionnaire as a measure of a within-subject accumulative priming effect. We found no rating-to-production priming effects in the expected direction, but a weak effect in the opposite direction; short-distance production-to-production priming effects from ing to ing and from ‘other’ and to to to, and, on the whole at least, a suggestive accumulative production-to-production priming effect for both constructions. In the rating task, we found that subjects rate sentences better when the sentential structure is compatible with the main verb’s collexemic distinctiveness.
Influence of compression rate on initial success of resuscitation and 24 hour survival after prolonged manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs.

The influence of chest compression rate on initial resuscitation success and 24 hr survival after prolonged manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was investigated in 26 morphine-anesthetized dogs (17 to 30 kg). After placement of aortic and right atrial micromanometers and induction of ventricular fibrillation, manual CPR was commenced immediately and continued for 30 min. One group of 13 dogs underwent manual CPR at a compression rate of 60/min, and the other group at a rate of 120/min. The compression durations in the two groups were not significantly different (51.7 +/- 1.8% at 60/min vs 51.6 +/- 1.9% at 120/min). No drugs other than sodium bicarbonate were administered during CPR. A maximum of three attempts was permitted to defibrillate the heart. Successfully defibrillated animals were followed for 24 hr, during which time no treatment, other than naloxone, was given to reverse the effects of morphine. Arterial blood pH, PCO2, and PO2 were not significantly different in the two groups throughout the CPR period. When compared with the compression rate of 60/min, the compression rate of 120/min produced more successfully defibrillated animals (12/13 at 120/min vs 2/13 at 60/min, p less than .002) and more 24 hr survivors (8/13 at 120/min vs 2/13 at 60/min, p less than .03). All 24 hr survivors were conscious and able to sit, stand, and drink normally. One 24 hr survivor in each group had difficulty walking. Improved survival with the high-rate compression technique was consistent with the significantly higher mean aortic (systolic and diastolic) and coronary perfusion pressures attained with high-rate compressions (all p less than .002). Although the clinical applicability of these findings has yet to be demonstrated, they provide empirical support for the recent decision to increase the chest compression rate for manual CPR recommended by the American Heart Association, and indicate that the hemodynamic and survival benefits of faster compression rates in this experimental preparation were not dependent on covariant alterations in compression duration.
Strain analysis of experimental superposed deformation using calcite twin lamellae

Abstract Specimens of Indiana limestone have been experimentally deformed twice with the maximum compression direction of the second deformation parallel, perpendicular, or at 45° to the maximum compression direction of the first deformation in order to determine how useful the least-squares strain-gage technique for calcite twin lamellae ( Groshong, 1972 , Groshong, 1974 ) is in mapping superposed deformations. The superposed deformations were achieved by axially shortening cylindrical specimens (4.76 cm in diameter by 10.00 cm long) to 5.3% strain in dry triaxial compression tests at 100 MPa confining pressure, 10−4 sec−1 strain rate, and room temperature. Each of these deformed specimens was then cored parallel, perpendicular, or at 45° to the load axis to obtain smaller cylindrical specimens (1.25 cm in diameter by 3.10 cm long) for subsequent deformation under identical experimental conditions with axial shortenings ranging from 2.8 to 8.3%. The straingage technique permits one to compute not only the principal strains associated with the total superposed deformation of the specimen but also to compute an expected shear strain for each measured twin set. Since the sense of shear for twin gliding in calcite is fixed (positive), unfavorably oriented twins for a computed strain tensor yield apparent negative shear strains. Separate analysis of the measured twin sets on the basis of positive and negative expected shear strains permits the recognition of each of the two perpendicular superposed deformations, but for coaxial superposed deformations the technique calculates only the total strain of both deformations. For the single and coaxial deformations the calculated strains are within 10% of the experimental axial compressive strains and the angular difference in direction is only 3°. For perpendicular superposed deformations the error in the magnitude and direction of the calculated strains relative to the experimental strain are twice as large as those for the single or coaxial deformations. When the maximum compression direction of the second deformation is 45° to the maximum compression direction of the first deformation, these errors are four times larger.
Accelerating networks: Effects of preferential connections

Networks are commonly observed structures in complex systems with interacting and interdependent parts that self-organize. For nonlinearly growing networks, when the total number of connections increases faster than the total number of nodes, the network is said to accelerate. We propose a systematic model for the dynamics of growing networks represented by distribution kinetics equations. We define the nodal-linkage distribution, construct a population dynamics equation based on the association-dissociation process, and perform the moment calculations to describe the dynamics of such networks. For nondirectional networks with finite numbers of nodes and connections, the moments are the total number of nodes, the total number of connections, and the degree (the average number of connections per node), represented by the average moment. Size independent rate coefficients yield an exponential network describing the network without preferential attachment, and size dependent rate coefficients produce a power law network with preferential attachment. The model quantitatively describes accelerating network growth data for a supercomputer (Earth Simulator), for regulatory gene networks, and for the Internet.
Discharge of a thermal storage tank using an immersed heat exchanger with an annular baffle

Abstract A number of solar domestic hot water systems and many combined space and water heating systems have heat exchangers placed directly in the storage fluid to charge and/or discharge the tank. Operation of the heat exchanger produces a buoyancy-driven flow within the storage fluid. With a view toward controlling the flow field to increase heat transfer, a cylindrical baffle is inserted in a 350 l cylindrical storage tank. The baffle creates a 40 mm annular gap adjacent to the tank wall. A 10 m-long, 0.3 m 2 copper coil heat exchanger is placed in the gap. The effects of the baffle on the transient heat transfer, delivered water temperature, heat exchanger effectiveness, and temperature distribution within the storage fluid are presented during discharge of initially thermally stratified and fully mixed storage tanks. The baffle increases the storage side convective heat transfer to the heat exchanger by 20%. This increase is attributed to higher storage fluid velocities across the heat exchanger.
Black thyroid revisited: Cytologic diagnosis in fine-needle aspirates is unlikely

We report four patients diagnosed with black discoloration of the thyroid gland at surgery and a fifth patient in which the "black thyroid" was an incidental finding at autopsy. The four patients diagnosed at surgery had prior fine-needle aspirations (FNA), which did not reveal any characteristic pigmentation. One patient presented with cervical lymph node metastases from a papillary microcarcinoma of thyroid. The second patient was diagnosed as a cellular adenomatoid nodule, and suppressive therapy was recommended. She elected to have surgery instead. The third patient underwent surgery because of an oxyphilic cell nodule, in a background of lymphocytic thyroiditis, in which a Hurthle cell neoplasm could not be ruled out. His aspirates were reviewed at two other institutions, and no diagnosis of black thyroid was entertained. The fourth patient had an adenomatoid nodule with cystic change and slightly atypical squamous metaplasia. She decided to have surgery, which revealed a black thyroid. Later, it was discovered that the patients had received minocycline for the treatment of acne. FNA does not seem to be a reliable method to diagnose black thyroid preoperatively. Although this is a striking operative finding, diagnosing it on FNA seems to be unlikely and also inconsequential.
Magnesium-phenethylbiguanide competition in Mg2+-depleted hepatic mitochondria.

Abstract Guinea pig liver mitochondria 40–70 per cent depleted of magnesium are three times more sensitive to phenethylbiguanide inhibition of state 3 respiration than are comparable controls. Similar results are obtained whether the depletion is accomplished by the divalent cation ionophore A23187 or by incubation with inorganic phosphate. In contrast to controls, inhibition in Mg-depleted mitochondria is competitively reversed by Mg 2+ . These phenomena are observed with NAD + -linked substrates, stimulated by either ADP or Ca 2+ , but not with succinate. The Mg-depleted mitochondria can be restored to the normal degree of phenethylbiguanide sensitivity by incubation with high levels of Mg 2+ followed by washing. As in controls, phenethylbiguanide inhibition in Mg-repleted mitochondria is not reversed by Mg 2+ . These results suggest a dual action of Mg 2+ : (1) a structural role of bound magnesium which regulates the activity of cation transporters, and (2) competition between Mg 2+ in solution and guanidinium derivatives for a cation carrier.
Image coding using a knowledge-based recognition system

The basic idea of the system proposed in this paper lies in the fact that an image usually includes areas of different significance, so we have to code them in a different way to reach an accurate reproduction. Our system divides an image into areas of various importance which we code using wavelet transformations and neural networks for knowledge-based recognition. In this paper, we explain how the functional relationship between intensity and spatial frequency at the limits of human perception in vision (Contrast Sensitivity Threshold (CST) Curve) can guide one to choose the norm of the error metrics, the compression level in the wavelet hierarchy, and the coefficient quantization strategies to minimize the human perception of error. The CST curve is learned by a backpropagation neural network.
The Ecology of an Order-Driven Market

An order-driven market, which has no market makers, separates into limit-order and market-order traders, who balance supply and demand for immediacy. Empirical evidence confirms that a bid–ask spread is a natural property of an order-driven market. Mean reversion in price following liquidity trades compensates the marginal investor for placing a limit order. Complex market ecology suggests that regulators should permit markets to evolve naturally.
Nonlinear Stability Analysis of Stratified Fluid Equilibria

Nonlinear stability is analysed for stationary solutions of incompressible inviscid stratified fluid flow in two and three dimensions. Both the Euler equations and their Boussinesq approximations are treated. The techniques used were initiated by Arnold around 1965. These techniques combine energy methods, conserved quantities and convexity estimates. The resulting nonlinear stability criteria involve standard quantities, such as the Richardson number, but they differ from the linearized stability criteria. For example, the full three-dimensional problem has nonlinearly stable stationary solutions with Richardson number greater than unity, provided the gradients of the variations in density satisfy explicitly given bounds. Specific examples and the associated Hamiltonian structures for the problems are given.
Mars Pathfinder Microrover Flight Experiment — A paradigm for very low-cost spacecraft

Abstract The Mars Pathfinder Microrover Flight Experiment (MFEX) will be carried by the Mars Pathfinder mission to the surface of Mars, where it will perform technology, science and Mars mission engineering experiments in July 1997. The total cost of MFEX, including H/W and SAW development, mission design, operations and inflation is $25M, but it will perform many of the functions of large rovers estimated to cost over $1B. The Mars Pathfinder microrover packs full planetary spacecraft functionality into a very small package ( The factors which allow this include: 1) use of a new onboard autonomous “behavior control” technique (first developed at MIT) combined with “Computer Aided Remote Driving” (developed at JPL); 2) the world-wide miniaturization of electronic and mechanical components; 3) the development at JPL of the a 6-wheeled, very mobile “rocker bogie” mobility system; 4) functional support by the Mars Pathfinder mission (the rover is delivered by, and communicates with earth through, the Mars lander, requiring a rover-lander communication range of less than a kilometer — a large rover power and mass savings); 5) relatively modest mission requirements (the rover carries only one instrument and must survive only for a few months in space and from a week to a month on the Martian surface); and 6) innovative management techniques
Finite element analysis of two overcoming techniques for in situ stress measurement

Abstract The C.S.I.R. “doorstopper” technique and the U.S.B.M. borehole deformation technique are analyzed systematically using the finite element method. Displacement discontinuity introduced by the overcoring process is simulated by the “split node” technique. The axisymmetric (equal biaxial) loading problem and non-axisymmetric (pure shear) loading problem are analyzed separately, the general case being a superposition of the two. For the “doorstopper” method, stress concentration factors are calculated for various borehole lengths as well as different Poisson's ratios. Computation shows that the previously calculated stress concentration factors are applicable only if the borehole length is longer than three times the radius. The local stress relief behaviour is influenced principally by the stress concentration factors. A comparison with data indicates that measurements of the stress relief behaviour can potentially be used to assess the quality of field data. Previous misconceptions concerning interpretation of the U.S.B.M. borehole deformation data have been clarified by the finite element calculation. The results show that the relation between tectonic stresses and the permanent radial displacement at the pilot hole resulting from overcoring is given by the “plane stress” solution for measurements made right at the base of a borehole. For measurements made deep inside the pilot hole, Leeman's [29] “three-dimensional” solution instead of the “plane strain” solution is applicable. Stress concentration factors are defined and calculated for various measuring depth, borehole length and Poisson's ratio. These factors decrease with measuring depth. At the base of a borehole, the concentration factors are almost identical to those for the “doorstopper” configuration. The stress concentration factors are equal to one for measurements deep inside the pilot hole. It is therefore suggested that future U.S.B.M. borehole deformation measurements ought to be made at locations corresponding to either of the two limiting cases for which the calculations of in situ stresses from data are relatively unambiguous.
Developing and marketing a comprehensive network training program on a University campus

Our director says, “Networking is the Instruction Research Computer Center's most important activity.”Five years ago microcomputers changed the course of computer history, perhaps history itself. Some say that it was a revolution.Networking will be the new computer revolution, and for many of us, it has already arrived. The frustrations that were experienced by skilled mainframe support personnel as they tried to learn about microcomputers is now being repeated as people sign up, sign on, and send information around the world.User services receives a call, “I have a new modem and I cannot connect to the network.” The possibilities for trouble shooting this problem are enormous. With networking, the variables increase and the potential for easy solutions are not as likely. Users have a variety of ways that they can connect to networks using any combination of modems, software, and computers.Looking at problems from the users perspective, failures can occur at the hardware level, software design, software implementation, the physical cables connecting the computer and modem, the telephone line, the receiving modem, the mainframe connecting the user with a network, keyboard mapping, the lines between nodes of the network and the gateways of the networks themselves.How can central computer centers provide education, consultation, and documentation for such a wide variety of user needs? The answers are not easy but the key to success is to work to reduce the number of variables and develop courses that help the user develop networking skills in the least restrictive environment.
Regarding Andrea Fraser's Untitled

In the summer of 2004 Andrea Fraser exhibited the work Untitled in a gallery in the Chelsea neighborhood of New York City.1 In this DVD the artist is shown in an hour-long sexual encounter with a m...
Increased dry season water yield in burned watersheds in Southern California

The current work evaluates the effects of the 2003 Old Fire on semi-arid systems in the San Bernardino Mountains, California. Pre- and post-fire daily streamflow are used to analyze flow regimes in two burned watersheds. The average pre-fire runoff ratios in Devil Canyon and City Creek are 0.14 and 0.26, respectively, and both increase to 0.34 post-fire. Annual flow duration curves are developed for each watershed and the low flow is characterized by a 90% exceedance probability threshold. Post-fire low flow is statistically different from the pre-fire values (α = 0.05). In Devil Canyon the annual volume of pre-fire low flow increases on average from 2.6E + 02 to 3.1E + 03 m3 (1090% increase) and in City Creek the annual low flow volume increases from 2.3E + 03 to 5.0E + 03 m3 (118% increase). Predicting burn system resilience to disturbance (anthropogenic and natural) has significant implications for water sustainability and ultimately may provide an opportunity to utilize extended and increased water yield.
The Myth Model

I define myth, discuss how some prominent scholars have used the term and introduce the “myth model,” which I developed to help readers see how myths inform our various aspects of culture. The myth model takes a myth, discusses its manifestations in psychoanalytic theory and suggests how the myth can be applied to historical experience, elite culture, popular culture and everyday life. I use the myth model to deal with the Biblical story of Adam and Eve and the Oedipus myth. I also discuss with the narrative nature of myth, the way myths can be found in different genres and the gratifications that various genres provide.
Synthesis of biobased epoxy and curing agents using rosin and the study of cure reactions

Rosin is an abundantly available natural product. Rosin is a mixture of acidic (ca. 90%) and neutral (ca. 10%) compounds. The characteristic fused ring structure of rosin acids is analogous to that of some aromatic compounds in rigidity, and makes rosin and its derivatives potential substitutes for those aromatic compounds in polymers. In this study, the synthesis of biobased epoxy and curing agent using rosin and the cure reaction were investigated. Abietyl glycidyl ether and methyl maleopimarate were synthesized from one of the rosin acids. Abietyl glycidyl ether was used as a model compound representing rosin-based epoxies, while methyl maleopimarate was used as a model compound representing rosin-based anhydride curing agents. The synthesis methods of the model compounds were examined and the chemical structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR and ESI-MS. Curing of abietyl glycidyl ether with aniline and curing of methyl maleopimarate with phenyl glycidyl ether were investigated separately. Nonisothermal curing of the model systems was studied by DSC, and the cured products were characterized by 1H NMR.
Molecular cloning and expression of cellulase genes from Ruminococcus albus 8 in Escherichia coli bacteriophage λ

A genomic library of Ruminococcus albus 8 DNA was constructed by using the Escherichia coli bacteriophage λDASH. Recombinants were screened for cellulolytic activity by plating in soft agar (0.7%) overlays containing either 1% (wt/vol) carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-d-cellobioside (MUC, 1 mg/ml), or 1% (wt/vol) Ostazin brilliant red-hydroxyethyl cellulose (OBR-HEC). One hundred and three recombinant phage exhibiting activity against OBR-HEC were found, and these fell into different classes based on the size of the zone of hydrolysis. Twenty-one recombinant phage exhibiting activity against CMC and 19 recombinant phage exhibiting activity against MUC were isolated. Four OBR-HEC+, five CMC+, and seven MUC+ clones were further analyzed by restriction endonuclease mapping and cellulase substrate specificity to identify unique clones and to determine their cellulase type. Three different clone types representing endoglucanase activity were identified. Three clones that appeared to encode exoglucanase type activity and four clones that had a mixed specificity, including β-glucosidase activity, were also identified.
Internal models of limb dynamics and the encoding of limb state

Studies of reaching suggest that humans adapt to novel arm dynamics by building internal models that transform planned sensory states of the limb, e.g., desired limb position and its derivatives, into motor commands, e.g., joint torques. Earlier work modeled this computation via a population of basis elements and used system identification techniques to estimate the tuning properties of the bases from the patterns of generalization. Here we hypothesized that the neural representation of planned sensory states in the internal model might resemble the signals from the peripheral sensors. These sensors normally encode the limb's actual sensory state in which movement errors occurred. We developed a set of equations based on properties of muscle spindles that estimated spindle discharge as a function of the limb's state during reaching and drawing of circles. We then implemented a simulation of a two-link arm that learned to move in various force fields using these spindle-like bases. The system produced a pattern of adaptation and generalization that accounted for a wide range of previously reported behavioral results. In particular, the bases showed gain-field interactions between encoding of limb position and velocity, very similar to the gain fields inferred from behavioral studies. The poor sensitivity of the bases to limb acceleration predicted behavioral results that were confirmed by experiment. We suggest that the internal model of limb dynamics is computed by the brain with neurons that encode the state of the limb in a manner similar to that expected of muscle spindle afferents.
Trajectories of emotional well-being in mothers of adolescents and adults with autism.

Raising an adolescent or adult child with a developmental disability confers exceptional caregiving challenges on parents. We examined trajectories of 2 indicators of emotional well-being (depressive symptoms and anxiety) in a sample of primarily Caucasian mothers (N 379; Mage 51.22 years at Time 1) of adolescent and adult children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD; Mage 21.91 years at Time 1, 73.2% male). We also investigated within-person associations of child context time-varying covariates (autism symptoms, behavior problems, residential status) and maternal context time-varying covariates (social support network size and stressful family events) with the trajectories of emotional well-being. Data were collected on 5 occasions across a 10-year period. Average patterns of stable (depressive symptoms) and improved (anxiety) emotional well-being were evident, and well-being trajectories were sensitive to fluctuations in both child and maternal context variables. On occasions when behavior problems were higher, depressive symptoms and anxiety were higher. On occasions after which the grown child moved out of the family home, anxiety was lower. Anxiety was higher on occasions when social support networks were smaller and when more stressful life events were experienced. These results have implications for midlife and aging families of children with an ASD and those who provide services to these families.
The Akt Inhibitor MK2206 Synergizes, but Perifosine Antagonizes, the BRAFV600E Inhibitor PLX4032 and the MEK1/2 Inhibitor AZD6244 in the Inhibition of Thyroid Cancer Cells

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to explore optimal combinations of currently actively developed drugs for dually targeting the Ras → Raf → MAPK kinase (MEK) → MAPK/ERK (MAPK) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathways as effective treatments for thyroid cancer. Experimental Design: We tested the combinations of the Akt inhibitors MK2206 or perifosine with the BRAFV600E inhibitor PLX4032 or the MEK1/2 inhibitor AZD6244 in thyroid cancer cells harboring both the BRAFV600E and PIK3CA mutations. Results: We found that MK2206 could potently, when used alone, and synergistically, when combined with either PLX4032 or AZD6244, inhibit thyroid cancer cell growth with all the combination index values lower than 1. Perifosine could potently inhibit thyroid cancer cell growth when used alone, but a strong antagonism occurred between this drug and PLX4032 or AZD6244 in the inhibition of thyroid cancer cell growth with all combination index values higher than 1. Combinations of MK2206 with PLX4032 or AZD6...
Enhanced power generation and energy conversion of sewage sludge by CEA-microbial fuel cells.

The production of methane from sewage sludge through the use of anaerobic digestion has been able to effectively offset energy costs for wastewater treatment. However, significant energy reserves are left unrecovered and effluent standards are not met necessitating secondary processes such as aeration. In the current study a novel cloth-electrode assembly microbial fuel cell (CEA–MFC) was used to generate electricity from sewage sludge. Fermentation pretreatment of the sludge effectively increased the COD of the supernatant and improved reactor performance. Using the CEA–MFC design, a maximum power density of 1200 mW m � 2
Captopril‐Induced Skin Eruptions

Seven of 23 hypertensive patients treated with captopril (SQ 14,225), an orally active converting enzyme inhibitor, developed a pruritic, erythematous, macular, and papular eruption of the trunk, face, and proximal extremities. The eruption appeared one to 31 weeks after initiation of captopril therapy and was associated with diarrhea (three patients), fever (two patients), and generalized arthralgias (one patient). Six patients had an increased percentage of band cells (5 to 34 per cent) on peripheral smear without an associated leukocytosis. In one patient, the skin rash was associated with a peripheral eosinophilia (20 per cent). Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia, and acute renal failure with eosinophiluria. There were no changes in BUN, creatinine, or urinalyses in the remaining patients. Four patients showed a transient rise in plasma PGE without concomitant changes in plasma PFG2 alpha or 6-keto PGF1 alpha, and three patients had slight elevations in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Skin biopsies revealed a perivascular and perifollicular lymphocytic and histiocytic infiltrate with negative immunofluorescence to IgG, IgM, IgA, and beta 1 C. The skin eruption and associated symptoms resolved in all patients, even though captopril administration was continued in six of the seven patients.
TCP friendly protocols for media streams over heterogeneous wired-wireless networks

The growing need for Internet friendly streaming protocols prompted us to develop IFTP (Internet Friendly Transport Protocol). IFTP is a protocol with an inherent rate-based flow control mechanism designed to emulate TCP's window-based flow control mechanism. In this paper, we present two proposals to improve the performance of IFTP in networks with wireless links. The first is IFTP-W, which specifies an error-sensitive section. Bit errors not occurring in this section are ignored. The second is IFTPV, which distinguishes between losses due to congestion and those due to the wireless link. In this paper, we present the performance of IFTP-W with varying error-sensitive section lengths on networks with varying link qualities. We also analyze the performance of IFTPV in extensive scenarios with various network conditions. The results show that both proposals maintain the TCP-friendliness and fairness properties, but perform better than IFTP on wireless networks.