cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Synthesis of 1,1-Diarylallenes by Lead Tetraacetate Decarboxylation

Abstract Lead tetraacetate oxidation of vie dicarboxylic acids is a mild, versatile method for the formation of olefinic functions.2 We now report that this reaction can be used for the synthesis of certain allenes by application to an appropriate dicarboxylic acid. Thus, treatment of 3-carboxy-4,4-diphenyl-3-butenoic acid (Ia) with 1.1 equiv of lead tetraacetate in 10:1 benzene-pyridine under a nitrogen atmosphere for 2 hr at 50° produced 1,1-diphenylallene3 (IIa) [ir 5.19 and 11.7μ; nmr δ 7.2 (s, 2) and 5.12 (m, 10)] in modest (ca. 20%) yield. The allene was easily separated from more polar by-products by chromatography on silica gel. The course of the reaction could be followed by CO2 evolution, which was, however, less than theoretical. Similar results were obtained in pyridine as solvent and the inclusion of catalytic amounts of anhy cupric acetate did not materially affect the reaction. In a similar manner the p-methyl derivative Ib was transformed into allene IIb [17% yield; mp 80.5–82°; Anal. C, 9...
Edith Wharton: Peer Groups and Peerless Women

And Edith Wharton arose, a bluestocking of Manhattan, and smote the high-born Philistines with stale baguettes and fictional reproaches. I say “fictional” because Wharton's novels and stories attest to mixed motives: She both loved and hated old-money elites. As to the baguettes, they refer, of course, to her fascination with aristocratic French culture, which she came to regard as the best alternative to life in America. Eventually, her sense of identity and her ability to manage anxiety came to be dependent upon her membership in peer groups anchored in French society. Earlier, Wharton's conflicted identification with a post-Civil War New York social set had played a central role in her life [1]. One of the keys to understanding her fictional themes and characterizations is to be found in Wharton's marginal role in relation to this social set. Another key is Wharton's existence, as a child and as a young woman, on the margins of her mother's consciousness. The mother, as described by one of Wharton's bi...
Feature frequency and hypothesis testing in the acquisition of rule-governed concepts

Alternative explanations of how people learn rule-governed concepts, frequency theory and hypothesis theory, were contrasted in a feature-identification task. On each trial of a problem, subjects received multiple instances of a biconditional concept. These were arranged so that some features occurred with high frequency and others with low frequency. Subjects provided a hypothesis about the pair .of relevant features and, on some trials, attempted to recall the hypothesis given on the preceding trial. At the end of each problem, subjects described the prototype, the instance that best represented all exemplars. The results were as follows: (1) High-frequency features were sampled as hypotheses more often than would be expected on the basis of random sampling, (2) prototype descriptions included more high-frequency features than would be expected by chance, and (3) previous hypotheses were accurately recalled. Whereas the last finding supports hypothesis theory, the other results confirm predictions of frequency theory. It was concluded that a satisfactory account of concept learning may need to incorporate elements of both theories.
Triggering Rage: Unresolved Trauma in Women’s Lives

In this qualitative study we sought to explore the triggers involved in women’s rage that are expressed towards their intimate partners. In-depth interviews were conducted with 37 incarcerated women who reported experiencing rage towards their partner. Unresolved trauma from childhood closely linked to current levels of adult rage; specific types of trauma that were reported included experiencing physical and sexual abuse, feeling unprotected by caretakers, and having observed domestic violence within their homes. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder were described within the stories of rage as women recounted their experiences of intimate partner violence. Common triggers for igniting rage included women perceiving a threat to themselves, a threat to their loved ones, and emotional abuse.
7156 Treatment of gastric antral vascular ectasia (gave) with argon plasma coagulation.

Background:GAVE is a rare vascular abnormality of the gastric antrum with significant morbidity. Argon Plasma Coagulation (APC) may be a useful treatment modality. Aim:To evaluate the effectiveness of APC in decreasing transfusion requirements in patients (pts) with GAVE. Methods:All cases of GAVE and bleeding treated with APC between 9/98 and 9/99 were reviewed. Transfusion requirements and hematocrit (hct) were recorded. All pts received oral iron and acid suppression. Results:Seven patients were treated, mean age 74.1 (range 58-87), 5 women. Two (29%) had cirrhosis, none had rheumatologic disorders. Five (71%) presented with anemia without gross bleeding. One patient had portal colopathy, colonoscopy was normal in all others (see table). Post-treatment hct was significantly improved over pre-treatment hct (mean 20 vs. 35, p
Coordination-driven self-assemblies with a carborane backbone.

The design and self-assembly of five new supramolecular complexes (a rectangle, a triangle, a hexagon, and two squares) are described. These assemblies incorporate carborane building blocks and were prepared in excellent yields (>85%). The assemblies and building blocks were characterized with multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Isotopically resolved mass spectrometry data confirm the existence of the rectangle, triangle, and hexagon, and NMR data are consistent with the formation of all five assemblies. The X-ray structures of two linear carborane building blocks, 1,12-(4-C⋮C(C5H4N)2-p-C2B10H10 (1) and 1,12-(trans-(Pt(PEt3)2I)C⋮C)2-p-C2B10H10 (2), are reported: 1 is monoclinic, P21/c, a = 10.6791(4) A, b = 8.0091(14) A, c = 11.6796(4) A, β = 107.8461(15)°, V = 950.89(5) A3, Z = 2; 2 is monoclinic, C2/c, a = 62.1128(10) A, b = 22.0071(3) A, c = 14.0494(2) A, β = 89.9411(8)°, V = 19204.4(5) A3, Z = 16. Crystals of the linear linker 1 exhibit cl...
Moderate-Intensity Exercise Improves Body Composition and Improves Physiological Markers of Stress in HIV-Infected Men

HIV/AIDS and its treatment often alter body composition and result in poorer physical functioning. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a moderate-intensity exercise program on body composition and the hormones and cytokines associated with adverse health outcomes. HIV-infected males () were randomized to an exercise group (EX) who completed 6 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training, or to a nonintervention control group (CON). In pre- and postintervention, body composition was estimated via DXA, peak strength was assessed, and resting blood samples were obtained. There was a decrease in salivary cortisol at wake () in the EX and a trend () for a decrease 1 hour after waking. The EX had a significant increase in lean tissue mass (LTM) () following the intervention. Those in the EX below median body fat (20%) increased LTM () only, while those above 20% decreased fat mass (), total fat (), and trunk fat (), while also increasing LTM (). Peak strength increased between 14% and 28% on all exercises in the EX group. These data indicate that 6 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training can decrease salivary cortisol levels, improve physical performance, and improve body composition in HIV-infected men.
Clay Mineral Distribution in the Hiawatha Sandy Soils of Northern Wisconsin1

Mineralogical analyses were made of the day, silt, and sand fractions of the Podzols Hiawatha loamy sand and Hiawatha sand. The layer silicates show chemical weathering as a function of depth in both soils. A high charge dioctahedral montmorillonite was dominant in all fractions (−5µ) of the A2 horizon and its origin was attributed to weathering of an interstratified vermiculite-chlorite similar to that in the B2 horizon. The 2 to 0.2µ fraction of the Hiawatha loamy sand B2 horizon contains 14 percent chlorite and 18 percent vermiculite with no montmorillonite, and the Hiawatha loamy sand A2 horizon contains 33 percent montmorillonite with little interstratified chlorite-vermiculite. Quartz also showed a soil depth function in the fine silt. It is higher in amount in the A2 than the B2 horizon, attributable to its relative stability in the Podzol A2. Below the B2 it drops markedly in amount, attributable to a difference in silt deposition. The similarity of ratios of resistant heavy minerals (greater than 2.95 sp. gr.) in different horizons indicates uniform origin of the sand fractions of these soils. Light mineral contents in the sand fractions for all analyzed horizons are also similar. However, particle size data indicate silt and possible clay addition to both the A2 and B2 horizons. Depth functions in these soils are developed to a marked extent, apparently owing to (1) low amount of fine fraction originally present for weathering, (2) greater amount of water cycled through the A2 than the B2 horizon, (3) rapid and frequent cycling of available water owing to coarse texture, and possibly (4) effects of podzolization. The Omega, Ahmeek, and Iron River soils of northern Wisconsin also showed a similar though not so marked tendency to accumulate montmorillonite in the A2 horizon.
Plasmonics: Communication by radio waves as found in Elasmobranchii and Teleostii fishes

The phenomenon of fish communication, via hydronic radio waves, is both perplexing and important to the biologist. It has been found through my research that fish definitely possess the ability to produce hydronic radio waves. Hydronic signals are neither sonic nor electrical, but are receivable on a submerged dipole antenna. No signals are received in the absence of fish and each species emits signals characteristically different from other species in carrier frequency, pulse duration, and intensity. Incidence of signals per unit time varies with species of fish, tidal conditions, lighting conditions, and temperature conditions.
Quantifying Anomalous Intestinal Sterol Uptake, Lymphatic Transport, and Biliary Secretion in Abcg8-/- Mice

Sitosterolemia is caused by mutations in either ABCG5 or ABCG8, but simultaneous mutations of these genes have never been observed. To explore whether ABCG8, the sterol efflux (hemi-)transporter, plays a major role in determining intestinal absorption efficiency and hepatic secretion rates of cholesterol and sitostanol, we performed direct measurements of the absorption and lymphatic transport of these sterols in mice with chronic biliary and lymphatic fistulae, as well as the transport rates of radiolabeled cholesterol and sitostanol from plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) into bile in male Abcg8−/− and wild-type mice. We observed that the absorption and lymphatic transport rates of radiolabeled cholesterol and sitostanol were increased by ≈40% and ≈500%, respectively, in Abcg8−/− mice in the setting of constant intraduodenal infusion of micellar taurocholate and lecithin. Both strains displayed identical intestinal Npc1l1 expression levels and small intestinal transit rates. After 45 minutes of intraduodenal infusion, acute intestinal uptake rates of trace [14C]cholesterol and [3H]sitostanol were essentially similar in both groups of mice with intact biliary secretion. Furthermore, in wild-type mice, mass transport rate of [3H]sitostanol from plasma HDL into bile was significantly faster than that of [14C]cholesterol; however, no [3H]sitostanol and only traces of [14C]cholesterol were detected in bile of Abcg8−/− mice. Conclusion: Deletion of the Abcg8 gene alone significantly increases the mass of intestinal cholesterol and sitostanol absorption and reduces but does not eliminate hepatic secretion of cholesterol. Moreover, the mutation has no influence on acute uptake of cholesterol and sitostanol by the enterocyte nor small intestinal transit time. (HEPATOLOGY 2007;45:998–1006.)
Pulmonary Vasculitis in the Intensive Care Unit

Pulmonary vasculitis can occur in apparent isolation, as part of a primary systemic vasculitis, or with an underlying systemic inflammatory autoimmune disorder. The presentation of pulmonary vasculitis in the intensive care unit (ICU) can be fulminant and will often overlap with more common disorders that affect the critically ill. Although diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is the clinical feature that often initiates the concern for an underlying vasculitis, hemoptysis may not be apparent or its presentation can be mistaken for an alternative disease process. As a result, the diagnosis of pulmonary vasculitis in the ICU may be delayed or be completely unrecognized. A high level of suspicion is essential to obtain a timely diagnosis and for effective therapies to be implemented. There have been significant advances this past decade in diagnostic strategies as well as in the therapeutic options for patients with pulmonary vasculitis. We review here the clinical presentations, diagnostic strategies, and treatment options of the critically ill patients presenting with pulmonary vasculitis. The reader is referred to other resources for a more comprehensive review of specific vasculitic entities.
Nondisconnecting disentanglements of amalgamated 2‐factorizations of complete multipartite graphs

In this paper necessary and sufficient conditions are found for an edge-colored graph H to be the homomorphic image of a 2-factorization of a complete multipartite graph G in which each 2-factor of G has the same number of components as its corresponding color class in H. This result is used to completely solve the problem of finding hamilton decompositions of Ka,b − E(U) for any 2-factor U of Ka,b. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Combin Designs 9: 460–467, 2001
Near-infrared fluorescence microscopy of single-walled carbon nanotubes in phagocytic cells.

The uptake of pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes into macrophage-like cells has been studied using the nanotubes' intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence. Macrophage samples that have been incubated in growth media containing suspended single-walled nanotubes show characteristic nanotube fluorescence spectra. The fluorescence intensities increase smoothly with incubation time and external nanotube concentration. Near-infrared fluorescence microscopy at wavelengths above 1100 nm provides high contrast images indicating localization of nanotubes in numerous intracellular vesicles. Nanotube uptake appears to occur through phagocytosis. Population growth of macrophage cultures is unaffected by exposure to single-walled nanotube concentrations of ca. 4 μg/mL for up to 96 h.
Integration of patient-specific paranasal sinus computed tomographic data into a virtual surgical environment.

BackgroundThe advent of both high-resolution computed tomographic (CT) imaging and minimally invasive endoscopic techniques has led to revolutionary advances in sinus surgery. However, the rhinolog...
Consumer Investment in Product-Specific Capital: The Monopoly Case

For many pairs of complementary products, one good might usefully be called a consumption good, and the other a capital good. A concrete example of such complements is gasoline and automobiles. Because of complementarity, investment in automobiles depends on the price of gas. Since cars bought today will be around for several years, there is a dynamic link between the current price of gas and future demand for gas. OPEC has a strategic incentive to set a low oil price today since a low price promotes investment in big cars and other oil-fueled equipment which, in turn, increases the future profit of the oil industry. Consumer investment in product-specific capital is a feature of the markets for many products, especially if one takes a broad perspective of what this capital decision can be. For instance, continuing the example of the gas market, the decision to reside far from work is analogous to the decision to buy a big car since (1) the decision may be influenced by the current price of gas and (2) the decision affects an individual's future demand for gas. As another example consider the demand for phone service. In response to a low price of phone service, businesses makes capital decisions such as the purchase of computer telemarketing machines and other phone equipment. The businesses may also configure their marketing strategy to use (human) phone contact rather than direct personal contact, and such a strategy involves investment in human capital. These investment decisions all tend to make the future demand for phone service relatively inelastic. This paper presents a model in which there are capital goods, "cars," which can be used for two periods, and a consumption good, "gas," which fuels the cars. Big cars are gas guzzlers; i.e., car size and gas are complements. Consumers select the size of their car on the basis of the current price of gas and their expectations of the future
Crk-associated substrate (Cas) family member, NEDD9, is regulated in human neuroblastoma cells and in the embryonic hindbrain by all-trans retinoic acid

The vitamin A metabolite, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), plays an essential role in vertebrate embryogenesis, including development of the nervous system. In the human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y, atRA rapidly induces (within 4 hr) the expression of the Crk-associated substrate (Cas) family member, neural precursor cell-expressed, developmentally down-regulated gene 9 (NEDD9) also called the human enhancer of filamentation (HEF1). NEDD9 is expressed in the developing hindbrain (5-somite stage) in the presumptive rhombomeres 2, 3, and 5 before the onset of overt segmentation. Exposure of rat embryos to excess atRA at times ranging from E9.25 to E12 leads to altered NEDD9 expression in the developing hindbrain within 6 hr. NEDD9 expression is also perturbed in vitamin A-deficient embryos. A putative retinoic acid response element in the 5' region of the NEDD9 promoter binds specifically to a RXR/RAR heterodimer and forms a higher molecular weight complex upon addition of a retinoic acid receptor-specific antibody. Regulation of NEDD9 may be an important means whereby atRA promotes cell spreading and neurite outgrowth in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, and NEDD9 represents a new downstream target of atRA and its receptors in the developing hindbrain.
A Fast Multiwire Proportional Chamber Data Encoding System for Proton Tomography

A data encoding system that rapidly generates the binary address of an active wire in a 512-wire multiwire proportional chamber has been developed. It can accept a second event on a different wire after a deadtime of 130 ns. The system incorporates preprocessing of the wire data to reject events that would require more than one wire address. It also includes a first-in, first-out memory to buffer the data flow.
The Habsburg Army and the Nationality Problem in the Nineteenth Century, 1815–1914

Historians are generally agreed that until the very end of the Habsburg monarchy the army constituted one of the main pillars of the multinational empire. 2 Even so, the view that the armed might was always a reliable instrument of the established order and that it was largely unaffected by the nationality problem cannot be accepted. On the contrary, throughout the period from 1815 to 1914 the nationality problem was constantly present in the army. On occasion, as in 1848–49, it actually divided the army against itself; at other times it corroded the loyalty of some contingents, and it often influenced political, administrative, strategic, and even tactical decisions. After 1867 the status of the Hungarian forces within the Dual Monarchy became one of the most crucial, and at the same time one of the most vexing, problems of the empire.
Coordination operators and their composition under the actor-role-coordinator (ARC) model

For large open and distributed real-time applications, coordination constraints among concurrent, spatially distributed and autonomous entities can be complex. The Actor-Role-Coordinator (ARC) model we developed earlier [1] introduced the concept of roles which are abstractions of behaviors that are to be coordinated. Each role's behaviors may be shared by many concurrent entities, or played by many actors. Based on the role concept, coordination activities in large systems are partitioned into inter-role and intra-role coordinations to mitigate the coordination complexity. This paper focuses on coordination primitives and the composition of these primitives in forming more complex intra-role and inter-role coordination constraints. In particular, we define two primitive coordination operators, i.e., precede (≺t) and select (⊵p), and use them to express temporal and spacial (with respect to actor system's behavioral space) coordination constraints among concurrent and autonomous actors. We further provide an operational semantics for these operators under the ARC model and provide case studies to illustrate their expressiveness in specifying complex coordination constraints.
On the reliability of computer predictions of the geomechanical behaviour of rock-salt

Abstract Geomechanical aspects of the storage of radioactive waste in salt formations have been studied extensively using finite element methods over the last 20 years. In consequence a range of computer programs and associated modelling techniques have been assembled. The paper is based on a benchmark exercise to compare the predictive abilities of a number of these programs and highlights the difficulties of making reliable a-priori estimates of long term behaviour.
A modular mathematical programming language

A new modular mathematical programming language M2001 is introduced. It is designed to serve as an expository/pedagogical language, used for the development and the presentation of algorithmic processes, as found in the full range of mathematical discourse -- from the modern discrete to the classical continuous mathematics. Built on a semantical framework based in the theory of categories, the M2001 language has a Pascai/Modula-like syntax, but uses the class concept only as a fully-encapsulated, built-in apparatus for handling the traditional mathematical structures and classical computer science (abstract) data types, as found in the elementary applications of the early undergraduate mathematics curriculum. The (categorical) semantic interpretation of the language is outlined, and a complete set of syntax diagrams is presented in an accompanying Appendix.
A high-sensitivity ribbed and bossed pressure transducer

Abstract Using ribs and bosses, a high-senstivity low non-linearity pressure sensor is demonstrated. The design method includes extensive use of finite-element simulation to optimize the geometries for both sensitivity and linearity. The structure uses a square cavity with a self-aligning rim to enhance manufacturability. The bosses are the same thickness as the rib, further enhancing manufacturability. The diaphragm is recessed. This maximizes the stress at the top surface of the rib, where the piezoresistors are placed.
Acceleration of an Aromatic Claisen Rearrangement via a Designed Spiroligozyme Catalyst that Mimics the Ketosteroid Isomerase Catalytic Dyad

A series of hydrogen-bonding catalysts have been designed for the aromatic Claisen rearrangement of a 1,1-dimethylallyl coumarin. These catalysts were designed as mimics of the two-point hydrogen-bonding interaction present in ketosteroid isomerase that has been proposed to stabilize a developing negative charge on the ether oxygen in the migration of the double bond.1 Two hydrogen bond donating groups, a phenol alcohol and a carboxylic acid, were grafted onto a conformationally restrained spirocyclic scaffold, and together they enhance the rate of the Claisen rearrangement by a factor of 58 over the background reaction. Theoretical calculations correctly predict the most active catalyst and suggest that both preorganization and favorable interactions with the transition state of the reaction are responsible for the observed rate enhancement.
Skew analysis and bounded skew constraint methodology for rotary clocking technology

The square wave generated from the rotary operation with adiabatic switching is a continuously traveling wave, which provides multiple phases of the clock signal on the rotary ring. Recent research in the design automation of rotary clocking implementation has adopted some simplifications of the phase assignments for scalability. Towards this end, the design techniques, employed in conventional IC flows, can be employed for rotary clock automation as well. In this work, a timing framework is developed and skew analysis is presented for the rotary clocking technology to observe the effects of certain design simplifications in timing automation. Further, a methodology is presented to achieve a bounded skew implementation for rotary clocking technology. Experiments performed on R1–R5 benchmark circuits show a negligible increase in wirelength (around 1.25%) for the bounded skew constraint implementation with a 3.5% skew bound, where as, without the bounded skew, overall skew would be 5.5%.
Does the stereotypical personality reported for the male police officer fit that of the female police officer

This research, using the content, validity and clinical scales found in the MMPI-2, investigates the differences in the psychological makeup of male versus female police recruits. The research design involves testing of police recruits on the first day of their academy experience. The literature on the police personality suggest that there exists a stereotype for male officers, a finding replicated in this study. The findings of this research also suggest that female officers do not generally fit the stereotype found in the study of male officers.
Dactylaria higginsii, a Fungal Bioherbicide Agent for Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus)

Abstract Ten different fungi recovered from diseased purple nutsedge and yellow nutsedge plants collected in several locations in Florida and southeastern United States were screened for pathogenicity to purple nutsedge ( Cyperus rotundus ) plants. Only Dactylaria higginsii, recovered from diseased purple nutsedge plants collected in Gainesville, caused disease in greenhouse trials. Based on the results of pathogenicity and host-range tests conducted in a greenhouse, D. higginsii was determined to have potential as a bioherbicide agent for purple nutsedge. It was highly pathogenic to purple nutsedge, yellow nutsedge ( C. esculentus ), annual sedge ( C. compressus ), globe sedge ( C. globulosus ), rice flatsedge ( C. iria ), and green kyllinga ( Kyllinga brevifolia [= Cyperus brevifolius ]). Initial symptoms on inoculated plants consisted of moist, dark-brown leaf spots that appeared 4 days after inoculation. The spots later coalesced into larger lesions and blotches, killing the leaves and sometimes the entire aerial parts. The fungus sporulated on the infected leaves and caused secondary infections on the emerging leaves and shoots within 20 to 28 days after inoculation. Inoculation with conidial suspensions of D. higginsii resulted in significant reductions in shoot numbers (72%), shoot dry weight (73%), and tuber dry weight (67%) of greenhouse-grown purple nutsedge plants 45 days after inoculation. The fungus did not infect any of the crop plants or weedy grasses (Poaceae) tested.
Post-Deadline Paper Filtering And Extending The Spectra Of Antenna Nearfields Reconstructed From Measurement On A Spherical Surface

The fields near radiating antennas are useful for evaluating the effects of dielectric housings or nearby metallic objects. This paper describes the determination and processing of fields produced by a small antenna in a metallic cone and by another, array antenna. The procedure was to first compute the complex-valued, rectangular components of the electric and magnetic fields near a radiating antenna from data measured on a spherical surface, with radius large enough to eliminate probe effects. Resolution was about half a wave-length, and speckle was pronounced at low intensities. The spectra of the reconstructed fields were computed, filtered, and slightly extended beyond the visible region. Resolution was changed slightly. Speckle amplitude was reduced, and an induced source near the cone tip was made more visible. The processed nearfields gave more accurate farfields then the original nearfields. The basis for the theory was verified by considering linear antennas. From assumed current distributions and farfields we showed the reconstruction is a convolution. This justified filtering. The assumed nearfields were exactly reconstructed by continuing the spectra. Filtering functions for the apertures were derived from theoretical cases and applied to the spectra computed from measured data.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Validity tests for componential analyses of conceptual domains: A cross‐cultural study in methodology

An analytic prediction model for evaluation of the validities of intuited denotative features in componential analyses is outlined and illustrated for a set of concepts referring to time. The intuited components function as independent variables and the measured affective meanings of the time-related concepts function as dependent variables, both represented in Euclidean spaces. Predictions of attributions of affect from the denotative components proved to have very high predictive, construct and content validities for both the cross-cultural (mean) and the majority of the culture-indigenous interconcept squared distance matrices. Although this model for validity checking is limited to those components which are predictive of affect attribution, the external criterion, it represents a type of social system analysis in which objective culture as reflected in the denotative components for a conceptual domain is related to subjective culture, i.e., evaluative, potency and activity feelings, via the mediation of the cognitive systems of the individual human beings who make the semantic differential judgments. Similarities and differences in both objective (weights given to components) and subjective (variations in affect attribution) cultures can be quantitatively expressed.
Mechanisms of nuclear transport and interventions

One of the more overlooked aspects of drug action and delivery is the exploitation of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. Eukaryotic cells regulate many biological processes by the compartmentation of specific proteins into designated areas. Drugs that have a direct effect on a single protein must be able to localize to the same site as the protein and interact with one or more of its domains. Alternatively, a drug that effectively blocks the target protein from reaching its proper organelle can also inhibit the protein's function. Exploiting the selective movement of macromolecules across the nuclear envelope represents an exciting new area of drug development. This review aims to explain the basic nuclear import/export pathways while focusing on the known drugs that alter the regulation of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking.
Site-specific glycation of lens crystallins by ascorbic acid.

Abstract The oxidation of ascorbic acid leads to the formation of several compounds which are capable of reacting with protein amino groups via a Maillard reaction. Radioactivity from [1- 14 C]ascorbic acid was linearly incorporated into lens crystallins over a 10 day period in the presence of NaCNBH 3 . This rate of incorporation was 6–7-fold more rapid than that obtained with [[ 14 C]glucose under the same conditions. SDS-PAGE showed a linear incorporation into all the cyrstallin subunits. [1- 14 ]Ascorbic acid-label led α-crystallin was separated into into its component A and B subunits, and each was digested with chymotrypsin. HPLC peptide analysis showed a differential labelling of the various lysine residues. Analysis of the peptides by mass spectrometry allowed the identification of the sites and the extent of modification. These values ranged from 6% for Lys-78 to 36% for Lys-11 in the A subunit and from 5% for Lys-82 to an average of 38% for the peptide containing Lys-166, Lys-174 and Lys-175 in the B subunit. Amino acid analysis demonstrated a single modification reaction producing N ϵ -(carboxymethyl)lysine. This agreed with the mass increase of 58 observed for each modified peptide.
Contagion distributions for defining disease clustering in time

Consider the situation in which cases of disease are recorded as frequency counts in T consecutive time intervals. In the epidemiology literature it is often of interest to determine if cases are distributed at random defined by an assumed multinomial vector for the joint distribution of the cell counts with a hypothesized known vector of probabilities for case placements. In this paper, we investigate the construction of a family of contagion type alternatives to randomness that depends on a single nonnegative clustering parameter and some function of the case placements. Numerical studies based on the use of the Gibbs sampler are used to compare the power of four tests for randomness against these contagion alternatives and are used to compare various estimators of the clustering parameter.
Blunt and topless end extensions of models of set theory

Let be a well-founded model of ZFC whose class of ordinals has uncountable cofinality, such that has a Σ n end extension for each n ∈ ω . It is shown in Theorem 1.1 that there is such a model which has no elementary end extension. In the process some interesting facts about topless end extensions (those with no least new ordinal) are uncovered, for example Theorem 2.1: If is a well-founded model of ZFC, such that has uncountable cofinality and has a topless Σ 3 end extension, then has a topless elementary end extension and also a well-founded elementary end extension, and contains ordinals which are (in ) highly hyperinaccessible. In §3 related results are proved for κ -like models ( κ any regular cardinal) which need not be well founded. As an application a soft proof is given of a theorem of Schmerl on the model-theoretic relation κ → λ . (The author has been informed that Silver had earlier, independently, found a similar unpublished proof of that theorem.) Also, a simpler proof is given of (a generalization of) a characterization by Keisler and Silver of the class of well-founded models which have a Σ n end extension for each n ∈ ω . The case κ = ω 1 is investigated more deeply in §4, where the problem solved by Theorem 1.1 is considered for non-well-founded models. In Theorems 4.1 and 4.4, ω 1 -like models of ZFC are constructed which have a Σ n end extension for all n ∈ ω but have no elementary end extension. ω 1 -like models of ZFC which have no Σ 3 end extension are produced in Theorem 4.2. The proof uses a notion of satisfaction class, which is also applied in the proof of Theorem 4.6: No model of ZFC has a definable end extension which satisfies ZFC. Finally, Theorem 5.1 generalizes results of Keisler and Morley, and Hutchinson, by asserting that every model of ZFC of countable cofinality has a topless elementary end extension. This contrasts with the rest of the paper, which shows that for well-founded models of uncountable cofinality and for κ -like models with κ regular, topless end extensions are much rarer than blunt end extensions.
Modeling the relative relationship of transcription factor binding and histone modifications to gene expression levels in mouse embryonic stem cells

Transcription factor (TF) binding and histone modification (HM) are important for the precise control of gene expression. Hence, we constructed statistical models to relate these to gene expression levels in mouse embryonic stem cells. While both TF binding and HMs are highly ‘predictive’ of gene expression levels (in a statistical, but perhaps not strictly mechanistic, sense), we find they show distinct differences in the spatial patterning of their predictive strength: TF binding achieved the highest predictive power in a small DNA region centered at the transcription start sites of genes, while the HMs exhibited high predictive powers across a wide region around genes. Intriguingly, our results suggest that TF binding and HMs are redundant in strict statistical sense for predicting gene expression. We also show that our TF and HM models are cell line specific; specifically, TF binding and HM are more predictive of gene expression in the same cell line, and the differential gene expression between cell lines is predictable by differential HMs. Finally, we found that the models trained solely on protein-coding genes are predictive of expression levels of microRNAs, suggesting that their regulation by TFs and HMs may share a similar mechanism to that for protein-coding genes.
Named Faces: putting names to faces

To provide automatic labeling of faces in video, the author has developed Named Faces, a fully functional automated system that builds a large database of name-face association pairs from broadcast news. This article describes how the system detects and recognizes superimposed text in the video, then verifies or repairs the text by comparing it with a large list of automatically generated names found in news stories. Faces found in the video where superimposed names were recognized are tracked, extracted, and associated with the superimposed text. With Named Faces, users can submit queries to find names for faces in video images.
School Factors as Moderators of the Relationship Between Physical Child Abuse and Pathways of Antisocial Behavior

Physical child abuse is a predictor of antisocial behavior in adolescence and adulthood. Few studies have investigated factors that moderate the risk of physical child abuse for later occurring outcomes, including antisocial behavior. This analysis uses data from the Lehigh Longitudinal Study to investigate the prediction of antisocial behavior from physical child abuse and the buffering role of 3 school-related factors (i.e., school commitment, school dropout, and IQ), which are hypothesized to change the course of antisocial behavior from childhood into the adult years. Results show an association between physical child abuse and early antisocial behavior. Early antisocial behavior predicts antisocial behavior in adolescence, and that, in turn, predicts antisocial behavior in adulthood. Child IQ moderated the relationship between child physical abuse and antisocial behavior in childhood. However, no other moderation effects were observed. Limitations and implications for future research and prevention are discussed.
TGF-β and ‘Adaptive’ Foxp3+ Regulatory T cells

In naive T cells transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) induces Foxp3, a transcription factor essential for programming and developing T regulatory cells (Treg cells). This finding reveals a physiological factor which can turn on the Foxp3 gene and establishes an experimental approach to induce antigen-specific Treg cells as a potential therapy for human diseases. While this role for TGF-beta is well confirmed, several critical questions remain largely unanswered and await further investigation. In this regard, it is imperative to understand the molecular pathways by which TGF-beta signaling initiates and regulates Foxp3 expression. It is also important to elucidate which factors and/or cytokines influence the TGF-beta-mediated conversion of naive T cells and how to create an immunologically regulatory milieu to facilitate Treg cell generation in vivo. In this short article, we will highlight the key findings and recent progress in the field, discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the TGF-beta-mediated induction of Foxp3, and attempt to outline the challenges ahead.
On the difference of two chi-square variates with application to outage probability computation

An expression for the cumulative distribution function evaluated at zero of the difference of two chi-square variates with different number of degrees of freedom is derived and applied to the outage probability computation of cellular mobile radio systems in fading channels. In particular, a generic result is developed for this probability which takes on several forms, the simplest of which, is a single integral with finite limits and an integrand composed of elementary (exponential and trigonometric) functions. The results are applicable to cellular systems that are subject to independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) interfering signals and that employ maximal-ratio combining reception over i.i.d. diversity paths. Various fading channel models are assumed for the desired signal and interferers. For each desired signal/interferer combination, the outage probability is expressed in closed form in terms of a set of parameters that characterize the particular scenario. A tabulation of these various scenarios and their associated parameters for channels of practical interest is included.
Frameworks for Securing Limited-Device Applications

In this paper, we compare the features available for developing secure distributed applications for limited devices, such as smart phones. We limit our scope to examine frameworks for Java. This work is part of a continuing project which is considering capabilities and performance for application development on these platforms. The paper considers performance as it relates to various approaches to securing applications. The paper addresses two separate concerns. First is protecting access to resources by an executing application. The facilities for defining, limiting and controlling applications during their development, installation and execution are described. Second, we discuss approaches available for securing communication among application components running on servers or limited devices.
Stuart S. Miller: Sages and Commoners in Late Antique Erez Israel: A Philological Inquiry into Local Traditions in Talmud Yerushalmi (Texts & Studies in Ancient Judaism)

Stuart Miller is the premiere historian of Palestinian Rabbinic culture in North America today. Through a series of works, beginning with his Studies in the History and Traditions of Sepphoris (Leiden, 1984), and continuing to the present volume, Miller has focused like a laser beam upon the complex relationships between text history and the social history of the ancient Rabbis, with broad implications for contemporary scholarship. Sages and Commoners in Late Antique Erez Israel is indeed what Miller claims in the subtitle, A Philological Inquiry into Local Traditions in Talmud Yerushalmi This book is a period piece, reflecting the concerns and debates highlighted by Arnold Goldberg, Peter Schafer, and Jacob Neusner in the 1970's and eighties for close and disciplined formal analysis as a prerequisite to historical research. Having taken on this methodological approach as early as his dissertation, Miller has worked since the eighties to refine it and to merge its concerns with real historical questions and concerns. Thus, he set his work at a balance point between Goldberg/Schafer and Neusner and traditionalist historiography as epitomized in the work of J.S. Zuri, Gedaliah Alon, Samuel Safrai, and Benzion Rosenfeld. His closest contemporary fellow traveler both in literary form and conclusions is Catherine Hezser, with whom Miller is in constant dialogue throughout this book particularly regarding what he refers to as "The Extent of the Rabbinic 'Movement' and its Relationship to Other Jews," where Miller finds himself in broad agreement with Hezser's scholarship. The book begins with of a series of studies of significant terms used to describe local communities of Rabbis, specifically Zippora'ei (Sephoreans), Tibera'ei (Tiberians), Deroma'ei (literally "Southerners," meaning Judaean plains) and other local traditions as they appear in Miller's control document, the Jerusalem Talmud. By following through on each of these terms
Interactive robot task training through dialog and demonstration

Effective human/robot interfaces which mimic how humans interact with one another could ultimately lead to robots being accepted in a wider domain of applications. We present a framework for interactive task training of a mobile robot where the robot learns how to do various tasks while observing a human. In addition to observation, the robot listens to the human's speech and interprets the speech as behaviors that are required to be executed. This is especially important where individual steps of a given task may have contingencies that have to be dealt with depending on the situation. Finally, the context of the location where the task takes place and the people present factor heavily into the robot's interpretation of how to execute the task. In this paper, we describe the task training framework, describe how environmental context and communicative dialog with the human help the robot learn the task, and illustrate the utility of this approach with several experimental case studies.
Reconstructing patterns of temperature, phenology, and frost damage over 124 years: Spring damage risk is increasing

Climate change, with both warmer spring temperatures and greater temperature fluctuations, has altered phenologies, possibly leading to greater risk of spring frost damage to temperate deciduous woody plants. Phenological observations of 20 woody species from 1993 to 2012 in Trelease Woods, Champaign County, Illinois, USA, were used to identify years with frost damage to vegetative and reproductive phases. Local temperature records were used in combination with the phenological observations to determine what combinations of the two were associated with damage. Finally, a long-term temperature record (1889-1992) was evaluated to determine if the frequency of frost damage has risen in recent decades. Frost < or = -1.7 degrees C occurred after bud-break in 14 of the 20 years of observation. Frost damage occurred in five years in the interior and in three additional years at only the forest edge. The degree of damage varied with species, life stage, tissue (vegetative or reproductive), and phenological phase. Common features associated with the occurrence of damage to interior plants were (1) a period of unusual warm temperatures in March, followed by (2) a frost event in April with a minimum temperature < or = -6.1 degrees C with (3) a period of 16-33 days between the extremes. In the long-term record, 10 of 124 years met these conditions, but the yearly probability of frost damage increased significantly, from 0.03 during 1889-1979 to 0.21 during 1980-2012. When the criteria were "softened" to < or = -1.7 degrees C in April and an interval of 16-37 days, 31 of 124 years met the conditions, and the yearly damage probability increased significantly to 0.19 for 1889-1979 and 0.42 for 1980-2012. In this forest, the combination of warming trends and temperature variability (extremes) associated with climate change is having ecologically important effects, making previously rare frost damage events more common.