cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Confused identity: subgenera of Pseudoeudesis Binaghi belong in two tribes (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae).

Afroeudesis Franz and Oreoeudesis Franz, Afrotropical subgenera of Pseudoeudesis Binaghi (Scydmaenini), are elevated to the genus rank and transferred to Cyrtoscydmini. The East Palaearctic genus Nanoscydmus Jaloszynski is reduced to a subgenus of Afroeudesis stat. n., resulting in Afroeudesis (Nanoscydmus) baoshanus (Jaloszynski), comb. n. and Afroeudesis (Nanoscydmus) nepalensis (Jaloszynski), comb. n. Morphological structures of the type species of Afroeudesis and Oreoeudesis are illustrated and described in detail, and the following species are redescribed: Afroeudesis (s. str.) basilewskyi Franz (Tanzania), Oreoeudesis lindneri Franz (Tanzania), Oreoeudesis aberdarensis Franz (Kenya) and Oreoeudesis camerunensis Franz (Cameroon).
Involvement of Lipid Peroxidation in Bacterially Induced Hypersensitive Reaction

Concurrent increase in electrolyte leakage and membrane depolarization suggested alteration of cellular membranes of cucumber cotyledons infiltrated with Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi, a hypersensitive reaction (HR)-inducing bacterial pathogen. Separation of the two membrane potential (Em) components indicated that the passive component was primarily affected. We tested the possibility of lipid peroxidation as a mechanism by which the passive component of Em was affected during HR. Lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage was followed and compared in cotyledons treated with the following live or heat-killed bacteria; 1) P. syringae pv. pisi (HR-inducing incompatible pathogen); 2) P. syringae pv. lachrymans (compatible pathogen); and 3) P.fluorescens (a saprophyte). Lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage increased significantly in only the HR-inducing combination.
Tales of Terror

This case discusses the pharmacokinetic interaction between simvastatin and ciprofloxacin, resulting in statin toxicity and rhabdomyolysis. Simvastatin is a cytochrome P450 3A4 substrate and ciprofloxacin is a 3A4 inhibitor.
Spatial Variability Measuring Information Content

When building a fully distributed grid-based distributed hydrologic model from geospatial data, a fundamental question is: What resolution is adequate for capturing the spatial variability of a parameter or input? The model computational elements, whether finite element or difference, require parameter values that are representative of the grid cell. The composite for the model should then be representative of the spatial variation found in the watershed. When solving conservation of mass, momentum, or energy, a representative parameter value is required for that element size. The correspondence of the computational element size and the sampled resolution of the digital map affect how well the model will represent the spatial variation of parameters and modeled rainfall runoff. Within each grid cell, the conservation of mass and momentum is controlled by the parameters taken from special purpose maps whose values are hydraulic roughness, rainfall intensity, slope and infiltration rate for each computational element. The grid cell map supplies parameter values within the model grid. To take advantage of distributed parameter hydrologic models, the spatial distribution of inputs (e.g., rainfall) and parameters (e.g., hydraulic roughness) should be sampled at a sufficiently fine resolution to capture the spatial variability.
Perfectionism and emotional intelligence: A test of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism

Abstract The current study tested the interactive and main effects of two key aspects of perfectionism – personal standards and evaluative concerns – on emotional intelligence (EI) based on the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism (Gaudreau, 2012). Data were collected online from 386 undergraduates and moderated regression analyses revealed that personal standards were positively associated with all aspects of EI, whereas concern over mistakes was negatively associated with all aspects of EI except utilization of emotions for problem solving (UEPS). Interactions between personal standards and evaluative concerns were not significant. According to Gaudreau's (2012) recommendations, we differentiated four perfectionism subtypes: pure personal standards perfectionism (PSP), non-perfectionism, mixed perfectionism, and pure evaluative concerns perfectionism (ECP) and calculated their predicted scores for EI aspects. Results supported the four hypotheses of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism (Gaudreau, 2012) for emotion self-regulation (ERS), appraisal of emotions of others (AEO), appraisal of self-emotions (AES), and partially supported the 2 × 2 model for utilization of emotions for problem solving (UEPS). Our results are interpreted in light of the Perfectionism Social Disconnection model of Hewitt and colleagues (Hewitt, Flett, Sherry, & Caelian, 2006).
Zero Rating Broadband Data: Equality and Free Speech at the Network's Other Edge

When broadband providers “zero rate” data, they offer certain services or buckets of data for free without counting consumption against the user’s data caps. Depending on how these offers are structured, they be anti-competitive and violate net neutrality norms of open access. But they may also subsidize broadband access and increase expressive opportunities for users. Net neutrality theory has tended to focus on the free speech and economic inequality at the edge provider end of digital networks, positing that users have identical or derivative interests. The “virtuous cycle” of innovation at the heart of U.S. open networks policy starts and ends at the provider edge of the network. This conception of innovation overlooks digital divide issues and user economic constraint. Especially as customers of speech platforms, such as social media or video sharing sites, users may have interests that diverge from those of edge providers. Because some zero rating practices benefit users at the consumer edge of the network, blanket bans can have a regressive effect, especially where the risk of competitive harm to edge providers is relatively small. By the same token, zero rating should not be permitted where broadband platform self-dealing and other practices pose substantial risk of competitive harm and minimal increase in expressive opportunities for users.
Digital unhu: Mobile connectivity and immaterial labor in Zimbabwean artistic expression:

Through an analysis of two cases of Zimbabwean artistic collaboration and expression, this article proposes the concept “digital unhu” as a useful tool for understanding a Zimbabwean-inflected expr...
Metal nano-grids for transparent conduction in solar cells

Abstract A general procedure for predicting metal grid performance in solar cells was developed. Unlike transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) or other homogeneous films, metal grids induce more resistance in the neighbor layer. The resulting balance of transmittance, neighbor and grid resistance was explored in light of cheap lithography advances that have enabled metal nano-grid (MNG) fabrication. The patterned MNGs have junction resistances and degradation rates that are more favorable than solution-synthesized metal nanowires. Neighbor series resistance was simulated by the finite element method, although a simpler analytical model was sufficient in most cases. Finite-difference frequency-domain transmittance simulations were performed for MNGs with minimum wire width (w) of 50 nm, but deviations from aperture transmittance were small in magnitude. Depending on the process, MNGs can exhibit increased series resistance as w is decreased. However, numerous experimental reports have already achieved transmittance-MNG sheet resistance trade-offs comparable to TCOs. The transmittance, neighbor and MNG series resistances were used to parameterize a grid fill factor for a solar cell. This new figure of merit was used to demonstrate that although MNGs have only been employed in low efficiency solar cells, substantial gains in performance are predicted for decreased w in all high efficiency absorber technologies.
Mechanistic elucidation of thermal runaway in potassium-ion batteries

Abstract For the first time, thermal runaway of charged graphite anodes for K-ion batteries is investigated, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to probe the exothermic degradation reactions. Investigated parameters such as state of charge, cycle number, surface area, and binder demonstrate strong influences on the DSC profiles. Thermal runaway initiates at 100 °C owing to KxC8 – electrolyte reactions, but the K-ion graphite anode evolves significantly less heat as compared to the analogous Li-ion system (395 J g−1 vs. 1048 J g−1). The large volumetric expansion of graphite during potassiation cracks the SEI layer, enabling contact and reaction of KC8 – electrolyte, which diminishes with cycle number due to continuous SEI growth. High surface area graphite decreases the total heat generation, owing to thermal stability of the K-ion SEI layer. These findings illustrate the dynamic nature of K-ion thermal runaway and its many contrasts with the Li-ion graphite system, permitting possible engineering solutions for safer batteries.
Evaluation of idiopathic transverse myelitis revealing specific myelopathy diagnoses.

Objective To evaluate specific myelopathy diagnoses made in patients with suspected idiopathic transverse myelitis (ITM). Methods A total of 226 patients 18 years and older were referred to Mayo Clinic Neurology for suspected ITM from December 1, 2010, to December 31, 2015. Electronic medical records were reviewed for detailed clinical presentation and course, laboratory and electrophysiologic investigations, and neuroimaging to determine the etiology. Current diagnostic criteria for ITM and alternative myelopathy diagnoses were applied. All cases where any discrepancy was suspected from the final reported clinical diagnosis were reviewed by each author and a consensus final diagnosis was made. Results The diagnostic criteria for ITM were met in 41 of 226 patients (18.1%). In 158 patients (69.9%), an alternative specific myelopathy diagnosis was made: multiple sclerosis or clinically isolated syndrome, 75; vascular myelopathy, 41; neurosarcoidosis, 12; neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, 12; myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein myelopathy, 5; neoplastic, 4; compressive, 3; nutritional, 3; infectious, 2; and other, 2. A myelopathy was not confirmed in 27 patients. Time from symptom onset to final clinical diagnosis in patients without ITM was a median of 9 months (range 0–288). Fifty-five patients (24%) required treatment changes according to their final clinical diagnosis. Conclusions The majority of patients with suspected ITM have an alternative specific myelopathy diagnosis. A presumptive diagnosis of ITM can lead to premature diagnostic conclusions affecting patient treatment.
ACTH 4–10

The behavioral effects of a variety of hypothalamic neuropeptides have long been known (e.g., Applezweig and Baudry, 1955; Levine and Jones, 1965). Early experiments by de Wied and his colleagues (e.g., de Wied, 1965, 1969) revealed that adenohypophysectomy produced active avoidance deficits; others have shown that hypophysectomy also impairs passive avoidance behavior (e.g., Weiss et al., 1970). Later experiments revealed that the performance of these animals can be restored by treatment with ACTH peptide fragments with little or no adrenocortical effect, as reviewed recently by de Wied and Gispen (1977) and de Wied (1980).
Reconstitution of Protein Translocation Activity into Lipid Vesicles

Translocating a protein across a membrane, or getting one assembled into it, is one of the most complex—yet routine—activities that cells are called upon to perform. It is a form of transport that transports transporters, uses receptors to assemble other receptors, and represents one of the most ancient forms of signal transduction. It is one of the best characterized intracellular traffic routes, and most importantly, the mechanism of its action is on the verge of becoming accessible to study by functional reassembly from isolated components. This exciting prospect raises several questions that bear on everything from the approaches and systems being used, to the final interpretation of the results.
Multivariable Differential Calculus

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses multivariable differential calculus and the differential calculus of mappings from one Euclidean space to another. The basic idea of multivariable differential calculus is the approximation of nonlinear mappings by linear ones. The chapter describes Lagrange multipliers and the classification of critical points for functions of two variables. A quadratic form is called positive-definite if f(x, y) > 0 unless x = y = 0, negative-definite if f(x, y) < 0 unless x = y = 0, and nondefinite if it has both positive and negative values. Taylor's formula provides polynomial approximations to general functions.
The Impact of Alcohol and Social Context on the Startle Eyeblink Reflex.

Background Researchers have long sought to understand how individuals respond to alcohol in social settings with the aim of elucidating pathways of risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD). But studies that incorporate a social context are still outnumbered by those that examine alcohol's subjective effects among participants drinking alcohol in isolation. Further, perhaps due to the challenges of capturing automatic affective processes in these settings, prior studies of alcohol response in social context have relied mainly on self-report measures, and so relatively little is known about alcohol's psychophysiological effects in social settings. Methods Using a novel paradigm that integrated alcohol-administration procedures, startle methodology, and social context, this study examined the impact of alcohol and social context on startle eyeblink reflex among 40 social drinkers. Results Results indicated that there was a significant effect of group presence, indicating that startle magnitude was larger when people were alone than with others. There was a significant group presence-by-alcoholic beverage interaction, with the effect of alcohol being significantly larger when people were alone versus with others. These effects were found both for the startle habituation data and during the picture-viewing task. Conclusions Results of this study highlight the importance of considering the presence of other individuals for understanding alcohol response and mechanisms of AUD risk. Findings are discussed in light of both emotional and cognitive correlates of startle reflex magnitude. Future research should examine these effects within larger samples of participants and further explore mechanisms that might underlie these effects.
Enhancing the Robustness of Deep Neural Networks from "Smart" Compression

Deep neural network (DNN) is recently presenting the human-level performance on many applications like computer vision and natural language processing. However, such a promising solution is also subject to ever-increasing security challenges. Recent studies show that benign inputs polluted with intentionally created imperceptible perturbations, namely "adversarial example", can easily mislead the decision making of DNN models. To mitigate adversarial attacks, many defense solutions are proposed accordingly, such as adversarial training, gradient masking etc. Orthogonal to those techniques, in this paper, we survey a family of "smart" compression based countermeasures to protect the DNNs against adversarial attacks. These approaches systematically target several fundamental entities in data processing of DNN models, including the input feature compression through JPEG, color depth reduction or spatial smoothing, and model compression by parameter sharing mechanism. We summarize the pros and cons of enhancing the robustness of DNNs from compression techniques, and hope that compression, originally aiming at the input or DNN model size reduction, can also function as defense technique to better help secure DNN models.
Number-based sharing: Conversation about quantity in the context of resource distribution

Abstract Recent work suggests a strong connection between our numeracy skills, and our social behavior – in particular, children’s numerical cognition predicts their abilities to understand fairness and to act fairly in their resource distribution behavior. This project investigated how children’s early socio-linguistic contexts help to form the link between numerical cognition and resource distribution. This work analyzed existing transcripts in the CHILDES database for instances of talk about resource distribution. Both adults and children were more likely to talk about numbers and quantifiers within resource distribution contexts than outside of them, suggesting that resource distribution is a fruitful context for evoking quantity talk. Not surprisingly, discussion of discrete items promoted talk about number, and continuous items promoted talk about quantifiers. Somewhat surprisingly, however, adults were more likely to use number words with girls than boys in this context. Additionally, compared with statements and questions, adults’ directives (“give me those two”) and requests (“can you share one with me?”) were more likely to contain number words. As children grew older, they were more likely to use quantifiers, and girls were more likely to use quantifiers than boys. Overall, these results suggest that (a) resource distribution contexts may be a particularly fruitful context to promote quantity talk, and (b) adults discuss numbers differently in these contexts than they might outside of them. Results are discussed with reference to recent work on numeracy skills and sharing and in terms of specific features of resource distribution that promote quantity talk.
The Rising Prevalence of Weapons in Unsafe Arming Configurations Discovered in American Airports: the Increasing Practice of Storage and Carry of Firearms with a Round Chambered

Background Recent studies have shown that Americans appear to be increasingly owning and carrying firearms for personal protection, and are increasingly storing their firearms loaded. However, the prevalence of firearm carry and/or storage with a round chambered has not hitherto been studied; in this arming configuration the weapon is loaded, with a bullet resting against the firing pin, ready to fire if the trigger is pulled. Ostensibly this decreases reaction time in a threat situation, but carries an increased risk of accidental discharge. It is unknown what fraction of firearm owners typically carry or store their firearms in this configuration, and if there have been significant temporal trends in the practice. Objective We examine firearms detected at Transportation Security Administration (TSA) airport security checkpoints between 2012 to 2017, to examine geospatial and temporal trends in the prevalence of unsafe arming configuration in detected firearms. Results The fraction of detected firearms found to be loaded has risen significantly since 2012 (Beta Binomial logistic regression p = 0.011). States with firearm child access prevention laws have significantly fewer firearms found by the TSA to be loaded (p = 0.039). The fraction of loaded firearms found by the TSA to also have a round chambered has also risen significantly since 2012 (Beta Binomial logistic regression p<0.001). By 2017, 36% of firearms found loaded were also found to have a round chambered, representing an apparent concerning trend in unsafe arming configurations during carry and storage. Conclusions Americans appear to be increasingly using and storing firearms in unsafe arming configurations. TSA firearm detection data can potentially provide a key source of data when researching trends in firearm injury.
The current standing of bilingualism in today's globalized world: a socio-ecological perspective.

Globalization has made interactions between individuals from different cultures and languages unavoidable. Therefore, questions concerning bilingualism have become increasingly important within the scholarly community. In this paper, we review this emerging research using a socio-ecological approach. We first present evidence that demonstrates how learning two languages is dependent upon the socio-ecologies of individuals. Second, we review studies that show how bilingualism promotes a myriad of positive social advantages. Then we discuss how the positive effects of bilingualism has affected the socio-ecologies of the individuals. Our discussion sheds light on the challenges that caregivers, educators, scientists, and policy makers face to promote bilingualism in today’s globalized world. WC = 106/150.
Carotid Webs in Cryptogenic Ischemic Strokes: A Matched Case-Control Study.

Abstract Background: Young individuals with symptomatic carotid webs may be predisposed to ischemic strokes. However, evidence remains scarce. This investigation reports the frequency of carotid webs among patients with cryptogenic strokes compared to a control group. Methods: Consecutive cryptogenic ischemic strokes and trauma patients were identified. Additional inclusion criteria required age 18-60 years and availability of head/neck computed tomography (CT) angiography. CT angiogram (CTA) neck images were evaluated independently by 2 fellowshiptrained specialists. A carotid web was defined by a shelf-like, linear filling defect in the posterior internal carotid artery bulb. Results: Of 1877 patients presenting with ischemic strokes in 2015-2017, 165 were diagnosed with cryptogenic strokes, 51 of whom met the inclusion criteria of age and CTA availability. Fifty one trauma cases were matched for age and sex. After imaging analysis, 13 carotid webs (25%) were identified in the 51 cryptogenic stroke group versus 0 (0%; P
Analysis on the Privatization of Heilongjiang State-owed Enterprise Reformation

The SOE reformation has been a question being paid close attention to extremely all the time. At present, the state-owned enterprises of HeiLongJiang province still have the some problems, I think, there should be different thoughts of reformation when treating the large-scale and medium and small-scale state-owned enterprises, privatization is one of the main ways to overall change the medium and small-scale state-owned enterprise.
Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

When driving in rural areas as well as in many cities, it is common to see power lines transmitting power to consumers.
Public School Preparedness for School Shootings: A Phenomenological Overview of School Staff Perspectives

Public school trauma responses to school shootings in the USA would benefit from a greater focus on trauma intervention in the aftermath of a shooting. The current research explored school staff attitudes toward public school trauma response after school shootings. This phenomenological study was conducted with 12 public school staff members with school shooting experience through convenience sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with questions about public school responses to trauma following a school shooting. Findings indicated school staff concerns related to public school trauma response to school shootings were categorized by four major themes: trauma intervention, perception of support, unintended negative consequences, and barriers to trauma intervention. Reflections of school staff offer insight into where the public schools can begin to more adequately address the needs of students and faculty members who have also survived school shootings.
Assessing SAR C-band data to effectively distinguish modified land uses in a heavily disturbed Amazon forest

Abstract The Amazon is the largest expanse of tropical rainforest globally and deforestation resulting from land use changes poses a major concern for sustainable resource management. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data have all-weather and all-day capability, and thus are well-suited for mapping land use land cover (LULC) in tropical regions, which are seasonally influenced by cloud cover. Understanding modified land uses and drivers of deforestation is fundamental for the development of policies and measures to reduce emissions and for developing forest reference levels. Sentinel-1 C-band SAR data present unprecedented potential since the observations are free and openly available, providing for the first regular and standardize SAR data. This study analyzes the applicability of Sentinel-1 data for LULC classification as an effort to differentiate modified land uses, which is a current need for early-warning deforestation systems. The study area covers a deforestation frontier in the Peruvian Amazon where the landscape is characterized by a mosaic of LULC types. Collect Earth Online is used for reference LULC data collection, and seven classes are defined for this study: forest, secondary vegetation, agriculture, pasture, urban, mining, water. Amplitude γo time-series spanning 2017–2019 are analyzed along with statistical metrics for each class, and a classification decision tree is developed in Google Earth Engine. Overall accuracy obtained is considered low (52%). Results show high user's accuracy for forest and water classification, a lot of confusion between agriculture, secondary vegetation, and forest, and the use of the polarization ratio VV/VH is suggested to be useful for pasture classification. The orientation of streets in a urban environment is confirmed to have high influence on backscattering response. This study provides information for future research on LULC and the identification of drivers in deforestation monitoring systems that could result in additional actionable information for decision-making.
Costs of Cord Blood Transplantation Are Higher Than Other Graft Sources in Patients with Acute Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome Treated at Pediatric Centers.

ABSTRACT In this commentary, we discuss the reasons why umbilical cord blood (UCB) allogeneic stem cell transplants are more expensive than matched related and matched unrelated peripheral blood and bone marrow transplants in patients treated at pediatric centers. We compare results of our previously published study with the recently published study from the Center for International Bone Marrow Transplant and Research/Pediatric Health Information System and also highlight the factors that contribute to increased costs of UCB transplants.
The Allocation of Socially Responsible Capital

Portfolio allocation decisions increasingly incorporate social values. The most common of these strategies are misguided. We develop a tractable framework in which commercial and social investors compete, and identify alternative strategies for social investors that result in higher social welfare and higher financial returns. From the enterprise perspective, increasing profitability can have a greater social impact than directly increasing social value creation. Whether investors and firms exhibit positive or negative assortative matching depends on the nature of social preferences. We present empirical evidence that socially-guided mutual funds allocate their capital inefficiently from the perspective of generating impact and financial returns.
Adapting cognitive bias modification to train healthy prospection.

Abstract Prospection, the mental simulation of future events, has been theoretically linked to physical and mental health. Prior studies have found that prospection is malleable; however, no research to our knowledge has tested whether a scalable intervention explicitly targeting the simulation of positive future outcomes can lead to more generalized positive prospection, and enhance positive outlook and reduce distress. The current study tested a novel, web-based cognitive bias modification for interpretation (CBM-I) program designed to shift prospective bias towards more positive (as opposed to negative) representations of future outcomes among 172 participants selected for having a relatively negative baseline expectancy bias. Results showed that following CBM-I, participants in active training conditions exhibited more positive expectations about the future, and increased self-efficacy and growth mindset. Also, optimism increased and depression and anxiety symptoms decreased following active training, but this also occurred for the control condition. Analyses did not suggest that changes in positive expectations mediated changes in positive outlook outcomes. Results suggest that an online prospection intervention can lead to more positive expectations about future events and improve positive outlook, though open questions remain about what accounts for the training effects.
Narrative, Religion and Science: Fundamentalism versus Irony, 1700–1999

An increasing number of contemporary scientists, philosophers and theologians downplay their professional authority and describe their work as simply 'telling stories about the world'. If this is so, Stephen Prickett argues, literary criticism can (and should) be applied to all these fields. Such new-found modesty is not necessarily postmodernist scepticism towards all grand narratives, but it often conceals a widespread confusion and naivety about what 'telling stories', 'description' or 'narrative', actually involves. While postmodernists define 'narrative' in opposition to the experimental 'knowledge' of science (Lyotard), some scientists insist that science is itself story-telling (Gould); certain philosophers and theologians even see all knowledge simply as stories created by language (Rorty; Cupitt). Yet story telling is neither innocent nor empty-handed. Prickett argues that since the eighteenth century there have been only two possible ways of understanding the world: the fundamentalist, and the ironic.
Chapter 23. Affinity Labeling of Hormone Binding Sites

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses affinity labeling (AL) of hormone binding sites. AL is a technique for covalently labeling protein binding sites. In this method, a reactive functional group is incorporated within the structure of a ligand molecule in such a manner that the modified ligand is bound by the protein and reacts with amino acid residues in or near the binding site, forming a covalent bond through the attaching function. The salient feature of an AL process is that covalent bond formation takes place within a complex of protein and labeling reagent and the high, localized concentration of reagent in the complex results in an enhanced reaction between the reagent and nearby amino acid residues, which is the basis for the labeling selectivity. The labeling reagent, particularly if non-polar, may associate in a low-affinity, non-specific manner with hydrophobic regions of other proteins, and labeling can take place through this complex. 16α- and 11α-Bromoacetoxyprogesterone and 20-acryloxyprogesterone irreversibly inactivate the 11β- and 21-hydroxylase activities in the rat adrenal and progesterone can protect against the effect of the 16α and 20-derivatives.
Perspectives for an International Law of Human Dignity

glad to say I am on the side of my colleague, Wilfred Jenks. I have no diffi culty with a partial acceptance of the general thesis put forward by Profes sors McDougal and Lasswell that better criteria are needed to determine what rules truly will unify this diverse and diverted world, nor with their wish to encourage research in the ascertainment of these criteria and in the formulation, accordingly, of the rules that follow. But, while supporting aspects of these views, I cannot accept the position that the traditional materials provide as little opportunity for further creative development as Professor McDougal and his colleague seem to imply. It is better to suffer the doctrines and terminology we know than to fly to regions, if not entirely mysterious and unexplored, that may be professionally unmanageable. I am bound to say that I have the lawyer's prejudice in favor of tools and criteria already established, even though I realize how vital it is to view the law from that higher ground where all the social disciplines meet to pool their common wisdom. In the end the legal theorist, the traditional doctrinalist, the seeker after values and the sociologist of the law must find a common road if they wish to make common cause for reformulation. I venture to suggest that their common road, in part, is the search for new areas of reciprocity in law where the two great camps of our passing day are united by a common func tional need, where diverse systems of order are likely to yield to a common hope for the avoidance of disorder, when disorder is costly or threatens the national interest. For even the idea of the national interest itself is chang ing under the twin drives of fear of the atom and the hope of taming nature to relieve the ancient burdens of men, a hope now more widely shared than ever before.
Bot and Gemots: Anglo-Saxon Legal References in Harry Potter

In the popular Harry Potter book series, author J.K. Rowling obliquely references the legal world of the old Anglo-Saxon tribes. This article explains how she does so and offers explanations to help readers understand the parallels between legal institutions of the Anglo-Saxon world and the legal institutions in Harry's wizard world. This understanding may deepen readers' appreciation of the dynamics in each trial scene in the series. This article has now been published as a chapter in The Law & Harry Potter, Jeffrey E. Thomas & Franklin G. Snyder eds. (Carolina Academic Press 2010).
Decision CPM: Network Reduction and Solution

The Decision Critical Path Method (DCPM) applies to problems having a discrete time-cost tradeoff and including the possibility of interdependency constraints between the discrete job alternatives. Previously, it has been formulated as an integer-programming problem and solved by integer programming or by heuristic techniques. This paper shows that a variant of the usual critical path method may be used to reduce DCPM networks to equivalent networks containing only decision nodes and maximal distances between them. This operation, along with feasibility tests on the interdependency constraints, allows substantial simplification. A branch-and-bound method is then developed to solve the reduced problem.
Effects of aging and caloric restriction on IGF-I, IGF-I receptor, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4 gene expression in the rat stomach and colon

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of aging and caloric restriction (CR) on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and IGFBP-4 expression in the stomach and colon of male Fischer 344 rats. Stomach and colonic RNA were prepared from ad libitum (AL) fed or long-term CR rats. Stomach IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4 mRNA levels increased significantly (P</=0.05), while colonic IGF-I mRNA levels were unchanged in aged AL rats. In aged CR rats, stomach IGFBP-3 mRNA levels decreased. Stomach and colonic IGF-IR mRNA levels declined with aging in AL and CR rats (P</=0.05). Colonic IGFBP-3 mRNA levels decreased significantly with aging in AL rats. There were no changes in colonic IGFBP-4 mRNA levels in aged AL or CR rats. Increased expression of stomach IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4 in aged AL rats suggests that the stomach attempts to preserve IGF activity by increasing local expression of IGF-I and IGFBPs. Because the aging colon has a propensity to develop cancer, it may adapt to increased colonic IGF-I expression by reducing IGF-IR and IGFBP-3 expression. Additionally, CR lowers colonic IGF-I expression in aged rats (24 months) which may also be a protective adaptive mechanism.
Morphology of fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery in renovascular hypertension

Abstract The arterial pathology in sixty-six cases of renovascular hypertension due to idiopathic, nonatherosclerotic disruptive and hyperplastic lesions predominantly of the media of renal arteries has been designated under the general category of fibromuscular dysplasia. These lesions usually affected young adults, although their ages ranged from six to seventy-two years (average thirty-eight years). Women were affected more often than men (3 to 1). In most patients hypertension was relieved or ameliorated by surgical treatment. Histopathology and renal arteriography were used in assessing the arterial morphology. Arteriographically, the lesions presented focal (eleven cases), multifocal (thirty-five cases) or tubular (twenty cases) stenoses, which usually involved the distal two-thirds of the artery, and in fifty-eight per cent extended to the trifurcation or major branches. The right renal artery was the site of stenosis in 44 per cent, the left in 18 per cent; lesions were bilateral in 38 per cent of the cases. Histopathologically, the stenoses were predominantly due to medial thickening in forty-four cases, perimural fibrosis in sixteen cases and dissecting aneurysm in six cases. Multifocal stenoses due to medial thickening and multiple mural aneurysms were the most frequent type and produced a beaded appearance in the arteriogram. Contraction of disrupted segments contributes to the appearance of medial thickening and increases the degree of stenosis. Saccular or fusiform aneurysms developed apparently from mural aneurysms in nine cases. Mural aneurysms occurred in six cases and saccular or fusiform aneurysms in three cases of perimural fibrosis. Dissecting aneurysms involving both the main artery and its branches produced tubular stenosis of the lumen and acute hypertension in all six cases; renal infarcts were found in all six cases. Related disease in vessels other than the renal arteries was rare. Although the basic cause is uncertain, the vasa vasorum may have some role in the production of or the variations in the morphology of this unusual arterial disease. In the individual case of renovascular hypertension due to fibromuscular dysplasia, descriptive diagnosis still remains the most useful tactic and should include a description of the type of stenosis—whether focal, multifocal or tubular—the association with mural, saccular fusiform or dissecting aneurysm, and its distribution in the arterial tree.
Bloctopus: A Novice Modular Sensor System for Playful Prototyping

Tangible prototyping enables designers to rapidly iterate design concepts, gather feedback, and learn quickly from mistakes. However, when a higher level of functionality is needed with sensors, novices struggle with technical implementation. Existing novice electronics toolkits, such as Arduino, have lowered the threshold to electronic experimentation, but still require manual creation of circuits and software programming ability. We present Bloctopus, a modular electronic prototyping toolkit that allows direct electrical interfacing over USB, and physical interfacing with LEGO blocks. We present the stand-alone sensor model, where each module can directly interface with either a computer or microcontroller, using musical message passing over MIDI. We show that the modules can be programmed with a simplified data flow model in a web-based visual programming interface. Finally, we present a prototyping case study that demonstrates the expressivity of devices that can be created using LEGO pieces, combined with functional electronic modules.
Patients' perspective on the process of change in substance abuse treatment

Understanding how methadone patients view treatment for their cocaine dependence and the process of recovery from cocaine addiction, is important in helping to design treatment strategies that will effectively motivate and engage these patients. There has been little development or testing of treatment approaches for cocaine-dependent, methadone-maintained patients and research on the effectiveness of outpatient cocaine treatment has excluded the perspectives of patients. This article presents the patient's view, using ethnographic interviews with 17 patients enrolled in a relapse prevention treatment program for cocaine dependence, that was set up in an inner-city methadone maintenance clinic. Findings suggest that despite initial ambivalence or resistance, patients became highly engaged by the positively reinforcing treatment intervention. In addition, patients found the highly structured nature of the program and the cognitive behavioral techniques critical in reducing their cocaine use. Finally, patients responded positively to the psychodynamic issues addressed within a cognitive behavioral format, and reported improvements in certain areas of psychological functioning.
Improved livewire method for segmentation on low contrast and noisy images

Fully automatic segmentation on medical images often generates unreliable results so we must rely on semi-automatic methods that use both user input and boundary refinement to produce a more accurate result. In this paper, we present an improved livewire method for noisy regions of interest with low contrast boundaries. The first improvement is the adaptive search space, which minimizes the required search area for graph generation, and a directional graph searching which also speeds up the shortest path finding. The second improvement is an enhanced cost function to consider only the local maximum gradient within our search area, which prevents interference from objects we are not interested in. The third improvement is the on-the-fly training based on gradient histogram to prevent attraction of the contour to strong edges that are not part of the actual contour. We carried out tests between the original and our improved version of livewire. The segmentation was validated on phantom images and also against manual segmentation defined by experts on uterine leiomyomas MRI. Our results show that, on average, our method reduces the time to completion by 96% with improved accuracy up to 63%.
Titration of chemisorbed oxygen by hydrogen on Ru(001)

Abstract The titration of oxygen chemisorbed on Ru(001) by H 2 at low pressures is reported. For near-saturation doses of O 2 , the subsequent H 2 titration is characterized by three distinct features: first, a long induction time, then a rapid reaction and, finally, a slow reaction. Electron spectroscopies, AES and XPS, were used to follow the decay of the oxygen signal. The first two features are accounted for by a model which involves dissociative adsorption of hydrogen and blockage of dissociation sites. The third feature is accounted for in terms of an inactive form of chemisorbed oxygen. All three regions are approximately first order in hydrogen pressure. The rate in the second region, at a fixed oxygen signal, is sensitive to the initial amount of oxygen present. This is ascribed to variations in the size and degree of perfection of (1 × 2) domains. With increasing temperature, the break between the second and third regions becomes less pronounced. This is accounted for in terms of an activated (6.5 ± 1.0 kcal mole −1 ) conversion of inactive to active oxygen. The induction times are very sensitive to small changes in surface oxygen concentration caused by electron stimulated desorption of oxygen.
Assessing the Impact of Expenditure on Achievement: Some Methodological and Policy Considerations.

Abstract The article examines the relationship between achievement and expenditure in primary and secondary public education. The estimation methods are noteworthy in three respects: (1) socioeconomic effects are treated via an “unobservable variables” technique; (2) measures of school district expenditure are valued in constant dollars by constructing locality-level price indices; and (3) we correct for heteroscedasticity, a problem which may be common in estimations using aggregate data. The data are from Virginia, a four-year cross-sectional panel aggregated at the school district level. The results reveal the importance of heteroscedasticity correction and the usefulness of an unobservable variables approach to modeling socioeconomic effects. The results are relatively insensitive to cost-of-living adjustment. Among the policy inferences, we find that expenditure effects on achievement may be stronger at the primary school level.
The Farther Reaches of Human Nature

Preface, by Bertha G. Maslow Introduction: A. H. Maslow, by Henry Geiger Part I. HEALTH AND PATHOLOGY 1. Toward a Humanistic Biology 2 Neurosis as a Failure of Personal Growth 3. Self-Actualizing and Beyond. Part II. CREATIVENESS 4. The Creative Attitude 5. A Holistic Approach to Creativity 6. Emotional Blocks to Creativity 7. The Need for Creative People. Part III. VALUES 8. Fusions of Facts and Values 9. Notes on Being-Psychology 10. Comments from a Symposium on Human Values. Part IV. EDUCATION l. Knower and Known 2. Education and Peak Experiences 13. Goals and Implications of Humanistic Education. Part V. SOCIETY 14. Synergy in the Society and in the Individual 15. Questions for the Normative Social Psychologist 16. Synanon and Eupsychia 17. On Eupsychian Management 18. On Low Grumbles, High Grumbles and Meta-grumbles. Part VI. BEING-COGNITION 19. Notes on Innocent Cognition 20. Further Notes on Cognition. Part VII. TRANSCENDENCE AND THE PSYCHOLOGY OF BEING 21. Various Meanings of Transcendence 22. Theory Z. Part VIII. METAMOTIVATION 23. A Theory of Metamotivation: The Biological Rooting of the Value-Life. APPENDICES Appendix A: Comments on Religions, Values, and Peak-Experiences. Appendix B: Some Parallels Between Sexual and Dominance Behaviour of Infrahuman Primates. and the Fantasies of Patients in Psychotherapy. Appendix C: Adolescence and Juvenile Delinquency in Two Different Cultures. Appendix D: Criteria for Judging Needs to Be Instinctoid. Appendix E: Abraham H. Maslow: A Bibliography. Bibliography. Index.
CT angiography of the upper extremity arterial system: Part 2- Clinical applications beyond trauma patients.

OBJECTIVE. CT angiography using modern MDCT scanners has evolved into a highly accurate noninvasive diagnostic tool for the evaluation of patients with pathologic abnormalities of the upper extremity arterial system. CONCLUSION. Here we focus on the use of this modality in patients with nontraumatic vascular pathologic abnormalities.
Estimation of Nonlinear Models in the Presence of Measurement Error

Techniques used in decision sciences and business research to estimate interactions between latent variables are limited in controlling for measurement error. This article uses a latent structure modeling approach that substantially controls for measurement error in nonlinear relationships. The results of this technique are compared to the results obtained applying hierarchical regression analysis and the impact of measurement error is assessed. The paper provides a unique assessment of the validity of the multi-attribute attitude model. The validity of the multiplicative rule in the model is supported.
25Mg-NMR investigations of the magnesium ion-DNA interaction.

25Mg-nmr data are reported that address the nature of the magnesium ion–DNA interaction. It is found that competitor ions such as calcium, mercury, zinc, and cobalt ions are not effective in competing for all of the magnesium ion–DNA interaction that is reported by the 25Mg-nmr spectrum. The temperature dependence of the 25Mg-nmr spectrum in DNA solution studied at high concentrations of competitor ion indicates that the chemical-exchange lifetime of the magnesium ions at DNA binding sites makes a major contribution to the 25Mg-nmr line width. However, the activation parameters are not consistent with the temperature dependence of either transport properties or chemical exchange with phosphate groups alone, but are consistent with a sum of at least two processes that provide opposing contributions to the 25Mg-nmr relaxation. It is also shown that the non-Lorentzian character of the 25Mg-nmr line previously reported is consistent with the effect of an incompletely averaged static nuclear electric quadrupole interaction and/or an exchange process that is slow with respect to the magnitude of this interaction. Because the concentrations employed in these experiments are high, the present data do not provide a direct or critical test of the electrostatic theories of ion–polyelectrolyte interaction. The present data do demonstrate, however, that such theories alone are insufficient as a basis for understanding the 25Mg-nmr data.