cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HYPERPROLACTINEMIA IN A TRANSGENDER MALE

ABSTRACT Objective: We present a case of hyperprolactinemia in a transgender male. We discuss the various etiologies for hyperprolactinemia in this population of patients and discuss management opt...
Do Wall Street Landlords Undermine Renters' Welfare?

This paper examines the recent rise of institutional investment in the single-family home rental market and its implications for renters' welfare. Using institutional mergers to identify local exogenous variation in institutional landlords' scale and market share, we show that rent increased in neighborhoods where both merging firms owned properties (i.e., overlapped neighborhoods) relative to other non-overlapped neighborhoods. Meanwhile, crime rate also significantly decreased in overlapped neighborhoods after mergers. Our findings suggest that while institutional landlords leverage market power to extract greater surplus from renters, they also improve the quality of rental services by enhancing neighborhood safety.
Incidence and Genetic Diversity of Grapevine Pinot gris Virus in California

Grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) was discovered in 2012 by high throughput sequencing (HTS) analysis of Pinot gris vineyards in Italy. GPGV is often symptomless but has also been associated with chlorotic mottling and leaf deformation. In 2015, this new member of the genus Trichovirus was first reported in the United States of America, in California. To assess the incidence of GPGV throughout grape-growing regions in California, we tested multiple vineyards using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. HTS and phylogenetics were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of GPGV strains recovered. GPGV was detected in 170 out of 716 (23%) grapevine samples, including white and red grape varieties, from several commercial vineyards and one nursery increase block. Moreover, GPGV was identified in three different counties (Yolo, Solano and Napa) situated in northern California. In the case of Napa County, a widespread distribution of GPGV was determined. During the survey, symptomatic and asymptomatic plants tested positive for GPGV, however, characterized isolates shared close homology (>97% identity) with asymptomatic reference isolates, which was confirmed by phylogenetics. GPGV-positive grapevines were also infected with other viruses and viroids based on HTS. Finally, the relationship between GPGV infection and symptom expression is discussed.
Post-Tonsillectomy Bleeding: A National Perspective.

Objectives:Tonsillectomy is one of the most common otolaryngologic procedures. Hemorrhage after tonsillectomy is one of the most feared complications by surgeons and patients alike. The objective o...
Towards the creation of model mill cities in New England: the planning contributions of the Boston manufacturing company in Waltham, Massachusetts

This paper describes and analyses the experiences of the Boston Manufacturing Company (BMC) as it planned and developed its mill seat in Waltham, Massachusetts between 1813 and 1850. Based on the v...
An Effective and Accurate Data-Driven Approach for Thermal Simulation of CPUs

A data-driven reduced-order approach is applied to develop a thermal simulation model for a quad-core CPU, AMD ATHLON II X4 610e. The model is based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) that projects the physical domain of the CPU onto a functional space represented by a small set of basis functions (or modes). To generate an optimal set of modes, these modes are trained by thermal solution data collected from numerical simulation tools, FEniCS and HotSpot Grid. If good-quality data are used in the training process, the process optimizes the POD modes that are then able to offer a very accurate simulation model with a very small numerical degree of freedom (DoF). Each of the developed POD models is verified against its simulation tool used in its training. A very accurate prediction is observed in the POD model derived from FEniCS with a reduction in the numerical DoF by nearly 5 orders of magnitude, which amounts to more than a 3-order reduction in computing time. The POD model derived from HotSpot Grid is however not able to offer accurate simulation due to its inadequate data quality.
Disinfection Agents and Antiseptics

Germicidal agents are nonspecific antimicrobial agents that are too toxic to be administered internally but are safe and effective when used topically. When applied to living tissue (e.g., the skin), they are termed antiseptics. When applied to inanimate objects (e.g., environmental surfaces or instruments used to perform medical procedures), they are termed disinfectants. All of these agents work at least by damaging microbial surfaces, often by alkylation, oxidation, or reaction with proteins. Products capable of destroying all forms of microbial life, including bacterial spores, are termed sterilizing agents.
Mean Exit Times of Markov Processes

Gray and Pinsky [3] have investigated the geometric content of the mean exit time of Brownian motion Xt from a ball on a Riemannian manifold. That is, if m is the center of the geodesic ball Be of radius e, and if Te is the first time Xt exits Be, they obtain the asymptotic expansion of Pm[Te] as e goes to zero and identify the first three nonzero terms of the expression in terms of the geometry of the manifold. In view of the fact that pm[Te] contains so much geometric information, it seems natural to ask to what extent pm[Te] determines the Brownian motion itself. Could there be another process (Yt,QX) with pm[Te] = Qm[Te] ? Without additional information, this seems difficult to determine. Restricting to exit times of balls with center m limits us severely. Our purpose in this note is to indicate that if the hypotheses are strengthened somewhat, then mean exit times do determine the process. The proof naturally appears in two parts. First, we indicate that the mean exit times determine the geometric trajectories of the process, and then we show that the speed at which the processes move along these trajectories is also determined. In fact, if two processes are time changes of one another and if the mean exit, times of one process dominate the mean exit times of the other process, then one process runs more slowly than the other, path for path. This is not true if the mean last exit times of one process dominate the mean last exit times of a time change of the process as we show in Example (5).
A Minimally Invasive Technique to Obtain Optimal Tumor Margins in Anatomically Confined Locations Using a Contoured Stapler.

The use of endostaplers to excise tumors and maintain oncologic margins often requires multiple staple fires, sometimes awkward stapler angles, and crossing staple lines. These resections can be further complicated when tumors are in anatomically confined locations near critical structures where linear resection of additional noninvolved parenchyma would be detrimental or would have functional consequences. Thus, there are unique oncologic situations where a customized curved resection is advantageous.
An Alternative Strategy for Selecting a Graduate Program: Comments on Dixon et al. (2015)

While the rankings based upon frequencies of publication, supplied by Dixon et al. (2015), identify individuals and programs worthy of prospective students' attention, I have focused upon other criteria when mentoring students who are deciding where to apply for graduate study. Those criteria concern the student's particular interests, and questions concerning what it is like to work with a given mentor or within a given program. Besides perusals of web sites and queries directed to prospective mentors, students already working with that mentor can provide valuable information. Provision for hands-on training in the application of behavioral principles is essential to a high-quality program, and availability of conceptually oriented courses and of a supportive verbal community are additional considerations, especially if a mentor is not frequently available for informal conversation. As alternatives, the Behavior Analysis Certification Board's credential has the limitations of any multiple-choice examination as an evaluation of hands-on competence, and the accreditation of programs by the Association for Behavior Analysis International omits many mentorships that have trained outstanding behavior analysts via "apprenticeships" within programs that are not primarily behavior analytic.
A Probabilistic Framework for Answer Selection in Question Answering

This paper describes a probabilistic answer selection framework for question answering. In contrast with previous work using individual resources such as ontologies and the Web to validate answer candidates, our work focuses on developing a unified framework that not only uses multiple resources for validating answer candidates, but also considers evidence of similarity among answer candidates in order to boost the ranking of the correct answer. This framework has been used to select answers from candidates generated by four different answer extraction methods. An extensive set of empirical results based on TREC factoid questions demonstrates the effectiveness of the unified framework.
Studies on the cyclophorase system. XXV. Fatty acid oxidation in the rabbit liver system.

Abstract A study has been made of fatty acid oxidation in the cyclophorase-mitochondrial system of rabbit liver with particular reference to the mechanism of acetoacetate formation: 1. 1. The oxidation of fatty acids and their β-hydroxy derivatives to CO2 and H2O is inhibited by fluoride, whereas the conversion of β-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate by β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase is not affected. 2. 2. For even-numbered fatty acids the molar ratio of acetoacetate formed to substrate metabolized approaches 1 at C6 and may exceed 1 at C8 and higher (upper limit 1.5). 3. 3. For the lower odd-numbered fatty acids acetoacetate formation is very small. For C9 and C11, about 0.5 mole of acetoacetate is formed per mole of fatty acid oxidized. 4. 4. The ratio of carbonyl to carboxyl label in the acetoacetate produced from the carboxyl-labeled C4 to C8 acids is found to increase steadily from 0.3 to 0.8. 5. 5. The oxidation of even-numbered fatty acids proceeds in a similar manner in preparations from rat and pigeon liver. No oxidation of odd-numbered acids was, however, observed with rat liver. 6. 6. The inhibition of fatty acid oxidation by malonate can be overcome by addition of members of the citric acid cycle in relatively high concentration. Under these conditions fatty acids are almost quantitatively converted to acetoacetate. 7. 7. The oxidation of longer chain acids proceeds at a low rate as demonstrated with labeled C16 and C18, 8. 8. Odd-numbered fatty acids have an inhibitory effect on acetoacetate formation from even-numbered acids when oxidized simultaneously. 9. 9. Possible mechanisms which explain the mode of acetoacetate formation and the distribution of label in acetoacetate are discussed.
Does readiness to change predict in-session motivational language? Correspondence between two conceptualizations of client motivation

Aims Client language reflecting motivation for changing substance use (i.e. change talk) has been shown to predict outcomes in motivational interviewing. While previous work has shown that change talk may be elicited by clinician behaviors,littleisknownaboutintrapersonalfactorsthatmayelicitchangetalk,includingclients’baselinemotivation for change.The present study tested whether in-session change talk differs between clients based on their readiness for change. Design and setting First-session audio recordings from Project MATCH, a large multi-site clinical trial of alcohol treatments.Participants Project MATCH out-patients (n = 69) and aftercare patients (n = 48) receiving motivational enhancement therapy (MET). Measurements Client language from first-session MET was coded using the SequentialCodeforObservingProcessExchanges.Readinessandstagesof changewereassessedusingbothcategorical and dimensional variables derived from the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment and the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale, administered prior to first treatment sessions. Findings Stage of change scales followed some of the expected correspondence with change talk, although the associations were generally small in magnitude and inconsistent across measures and treatment arms. Higher overall readiness did not predict more overall change talk, contemplation had mixed associations with preparatory change talk, and preparation/action did not predict commitment language. Conclusions Motivational language used in initial sessions by people receiving counselling for excessive alcohol consumption does not appear to be associated with readiness to change as construed by the Transtheoretical Model.
Do Tax Cut And Spending Deficits Have Different Crowd Out Effects

The crowd out effects of government deficits are tested by adding deficit variables to consumption and investment models which extensively control for other factors. Separate variables are added for deficits resulting from tax cuts and spending increases. Effects are calculated for recession and non-recession periods, and compared to models with average crowd out effects for the whole business cycle, and models without crowd out. Test results indicate 1) deficits crowd out private consumption and investment, are statistically significant, and explain substantial variance. They predict “IS” curve coefficients better than no crowd out models. In both recessions and non-recessions, government spending deficits were associated with complete crowd out, leaving no observable net stimulus effect. Tax cut deficits resulted in more than complete crowd out, resulting in net negative economic effects. Both findings are consistent with crowd out theory. Crowd out was found to have roughly equal effects in recessions and non-recession periods. Results are corroborated by independent testing of borrowing data; total declines in private spending were about equal to total declines in borrowing associated with deficits. Financing deficits by monetary expansion may avoid some crowd out problems, but only if the expansion is in the savings components of M2, and occurs in years immediately before the deficit is incurred, limiting its practicality. Foreign borrowing, to supplement domestic savings, can reduce the potential for crowd out.
The Impact of Collective Intelligence on the Fraud Brainstorming Effectiveness of Traditional and Virtual Audit Teams

Emerging research in psychology shows that collective intelligence, which captures the general ability of a group to perform a wide variety of tasks, is a strong predictor of group performance. I introduce the concept of collective intelligence to the auditing literature, and conduct an experiment to study its effect on fraud brainstorming effectiveness. I employ a between-subjects design in which 41 audit brainstorming groups, comprising 152 upper-level accounting students, are assigned to either an electronic or a face-to-face group condition. I hypothesize and find that collective intelligence predicts fraud brainstorming effectiveness overall, and that electronic groups are more effective than face-to-face groups. Neither average member intelligence nor maximum member intelligence is predictive of brainstorming effectiveness. I also find that high collective intelligence improves the brainstorming performance of electronic groups more than that of face-to-face groups, in line with expectations. Supplementary analysis of vocal, non-verbal interactions within groups indicates that speaking turn variance, as measured by wearable electronic sensors, is negatively correlated with both collective intelligence and fraud brainstorming effectiveness. These results imply that process losses associated with face-to-face brainstorming attenuate the countervailing beneficial impact of high collective intelligence, such that net process gains are less than those realized by electronic brainstorming groups. The results also suggest that higher performing brainstorming groups consist of members that participate more equally in group conversations and that are better at reading social signals, as compared to members of less effective groups.
Critical Care Endocrinology

After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Differentiate diabetic ketoacidosis from hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state and understand the management strategies for each disorder. Identify and treat thyroid disorders in the intensive care unit using clinical findings and laboratory data. Correctly determine the causes and treatments of the most common calcium disorders in the critical care unit. Know the clinical findings, diagnostic evaluations, and treatment of adrenocortical excess and insufficiency. Understand the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes insipidus, and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.
Evidence for Clinical Implementation of Pharmacogenomics in Cardiac Drugs

Abstract Objective To comprehensively assess the pharmacogenomic evidence of routinely used drugs for clinical utility. Methods Between January 2, 2011, and May 31, 2013, we assessed 71 drugs by identifying all drug/genetic variant combinations with published clinical pharmacogenomic evidence. Literature supporting each drug/variant pair was assessed for study design and methods, outcomes, statistical significance, and clinical relevance. Proposed clinical summaries were formally scored using a modified AGREE (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation) II instrument, including recommendation for or against guideline implementation. Results Positive pharmacogenomic findings were identified for 51 of 71 cardiovascular drugs (71.8%), representing 884 unique drug/variant pairs from 597 publications. After analysis for quality and clinical relevance, 92 drug/variant pairs were proposed for translation into clinical summaries, encompassing 23 drugs (32.4% of drugs reviewed). All were recommended for clinical implementation using AGREE II, with mean ± SD overall quality scores of 5.18±0.91 (of 7.0; range, 3.67-7.0). Drug guidelines had highest mean ± SD scores in AGREE II domain 1 (Scope) (91.9±6.1 of 100) and moderate but still robust mean ± SD scores in domain 3 (Rigor) (73.1±11.1), domain 4 (Clarity) (67.8±12.5), and domain 5 (Applicability) (65.8±10.0). Clopidogrel ( CYP2C19) , metoprolol ( CYP2D6) , simvastatin (rs4149056), dabigatran (rs2244613), hydralazine (rs1799983, rs1799998), and warfarin ( CYP2C9/VKORC1 ) were distinguished by the highest scores. Seven of the 9 most commonly prescribed drugs warranted translation guidelines summarizing clinical pharmacogenomic information. Conclusion Considerable clinically actionable pharmacogenomic information for cardiovascular drugs exists, supporting the idea that consideration of such information when prescribing is warranted.
Photochemical Consequences of Enhanced CO2 Levels in Earth's Early Atmosphere

Greatly enhanced atmospheric CO2 concentrations are the most likely mechanism for offsetting the effects of reduced solar luminosity early in the earth's history. CO2 levels of 80 to 600 times the present value could have maintained a mean surface temperature of 0 C to 15 C, given a 25 percent decrease in solar output. Such high CO2 levels are at least qualitatively consistent with the present understanding of the carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle. The presence of large amounts of CO2 has important implications for the composition of the earth's prebiotic atmosphere. The hydrogen budget of a high-CO2 primitive atmosphere would have been strongly influenced by rainout of H2O2 and H2CO. The reaction of H2O2 with dissolved ferrous iron in the early oceans could have been a major sink for atmospheric oxygen. The requirement that this loss of oxygen be balanced by a corresponding loss of hydrogen (by escape to space and rainout of H2CO) implies that the atmospheric H2 mixing ratio was greater than 2 x 10 to the -5th and the ground level O2 mixing ratio was below 10 to the -12th, even if other surface sources of H2 were small. These results are only weakly dependent on changes in solar UV flux, rainout rates, and vertical mixing rates in the primitive atmosphere.
Dietary α-Linolenic Acid Reduces Inflammatory and Lipid Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Hypercholesterolemic Men and Women

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) reduces cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, possibly by favorably changing vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Inflammatory markers and lipids and lipoproteins were assessed in hypercholesterolemic subjects (n = 23) fed 2 diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol, and high in PUFA varying in ALA (ALA Diet) and linoleic acid (LA Diet) compared with an average American diet (AAD). The ALA Diet provided 17% energy from PUFA (10.5% LA; 6.5% ALA); the LA Diet provided 16.4% energy from PUFA (12.6% LA; 3.6% ALA); and the AAD provided 8.7% energy from PUFA (7.7% LA; 0.8% ALA). The ALA Diet decreased C-reactive protein (CRP, P < 0.01), whereas the LA Diet tended to decrease CRP (P = 0.08). Although the 2 high-PUFA diets similarly decreased intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 vs. AAD (-19.1% by the ALA Diet, P < 0.01; -11.0% by the LA Diet, P < 0.01), the ALA Diet decreased vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1, -15.6% vs. -3.1%, P < 0.01) and E-selectin (-14.6% vs. -8.1%, P < 0.01) more than the LA Diet. Changes in CRP and VCAM-1 were inversely associated with changes in serum eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (r = -0.496, P = 0.016; r = -0.418, P = 0.047), or EPA plus docosapentaenoic acid (r = -0.409, P = 0.053; r = -0.357, P = 0.091) after subjects consumed the ALA Diet. The 2 high-PUFA diets decreased serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides similarly (P < 0.05); the ALA Diet decreased HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI compared with the AAD (P < 0.05). ALA appears to decrease CVD risk by inhibiting vascular inflammation and endothelial activation beyond its lipid-lowering effects.
Kuru and Cannibalism

Kuru: Early Letters and Field-Notes from the Collection of D. Carleton Gajdusek. Judith Farquhar and D. Carleton Gajdusek, eds.
A Review of “Urban land use planning”

The DNA of this 1957 book, sometimes called the bible of land use planning, enabled it to father four generations of offspring. A retrospective look at this first edition of Urban Land Use Planning...
Congress grapples with the search for extraterrestrial life

Once the laughter had subsided over jokes about the search for intelligent life on Capitol Hill, the U.S. House of Representatives Science Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics got down to business with a July 12 hearing about the possible existence of extraterrestrial organisms. “I don't know if little green men exist,” said Subcommittee Chair Dana Rohrabacher (R-Calif.). “I do know that the science community is attempting to determine the existence of basic life on planets neighboring Earth, as well as planets beyond our Solar system. With the help of scientific methods, we are just now beginning to answer a question that has existed since the dawn of humankind: are we alone?”
American Eutarsopolipus of the biunguis group and descriptions of previously unknown male and larval female of Eutarsopolipus Trichognathi (Acari: Podapolipidae) from South America

Abstract Eutarsopolipus elzingai, E. lindquisti and E. trichognathi, of the biunguis group of Eutarsopolipus are compared. Male and larval female of Eutarsopolipus trichognathi Husband and Eidelberg 1996 (Acari: Podapolipidae) are described from the South American carabid beetle, Trichognathus marginipennis Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Variations in shapes of idiosomas of adult females are noted. Records of Eutarsopolipus trichognathi from Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Paraguay are reported. Eutarsopolipus trichognathi is the only species of Eutarsopolipus described from South America.
Culture of prostatic epithelial cells from ultrasound-guided needle biopsies

A protocol which was developed for the culture of epithelial cells from radical prostatectomy specimens was slightly modified to permit the culture of cells from ultrasound-guided prostatic needle biopsies. The collagenase digestion step of the standard protocol was omitted, and biopsies were simply minced and allowed to attach to collagen-coated dishes in serum-free medium. Cell outgrowths from biopsies were free of fibroblasts, and expression of keratin, prostate specific antigen, and prostatic acid phosphatase was maintained in vitro. The establishment of a bank of frozen cells from primary cultures permitted repetitive studies with individual cell strains, which could be serially passaged and were capable of clonal growth. The ability to derive cultures from biopsies will facilitate the biological characterization of cells from primary prostate tumors of high malignant grade, which are not commonly available from radical prostatectomy specimens.
African-American English and Linguistic Complexity in Preschool Discourse

This study is a follow-up to that of Craig and Washington (1994) and probes further their finding of a potential positive relationship between amounts of African-American English (AAE) and linguistic complexity in the discourse of young, poor, urban African-American boys and girls. The present study used the earlier outcomes to predict a statistically significant positive relationship between AAE form use and relational semantic complexity, and nonsignificant correlations for simpler semantic relations. Findings confirmed these predictions and are interpreted as support for the continuity hypothesis proposed by Terrell and Terrell (1993).
Chlordiazepoxide impairs the performance of a learned discrimination

Chlordiazepoxide (CDP) (5 mg/kg) administered on four of eight sessions significantly impaired the performance of a previously learned, reinforcement-cued discrimination in male Sprague-Dawley rats. On four interspersed vehicle-injection sessions, the performance of subjects demonstrated immediate recovery and was indistinguishable from that of controls (0 mg/kg). An analysis of response components indicated that the impairment in discrimination performance was due to a "disinhibitory" effect of the drug on responding during "no-go" phases of the task. The results are discussed in the context of similarities and differences in the effect of CDP on performance and acquisition.
Dofetilide (Tikosyn): a new drug to control atrial fibrillation.

UNLABELLED Dofetilide, a new class III antiarrhythmic agent, selectively blocks a specific cardiac potassium channel, IKr, increasing the effective refractory period of the myocyte and thereby terminating reentrant arrhythmias. Given orally, it appears to effectively convert atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter to sinus rhythm and maintain sinus rhythm after conversion in appropriately selected patients. This paper reviews the pharmacology of dofetilide, the evidence of its effectiveness, and the appropriate precautions in using it. KEY POINTS Dofetilide is generally well tolerated but like other class III drugs can cause torsades de pointes. The risk is dose-dependent and can be minimized by adjusting the dosage according to creatinine clearance and QT interval, by excluding patients with known risk factors for long QT syndrome and torsades de pointes, and by starting treatment in an inpatient monitored setting for the first 3 days. Unlike other antiarrhythmic agents, oral dofetilide did not increase the mortality rate in clinical studies in postmyocardial infarction patients or those with congestive heart failure at high risk for sudden cardiac death. Concomitant use of drugs that increase the plasma level of dofetilide is contraindicated; these include cimetidine, ketoconazole, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and verapamil.
Integrating and Advancing Policy & Program Implementation Research

This paper provides a systematic review of the state of policy and program implementation research over the last ten years. We take two sampling approaches. First, we identify 1,375 published artic...
Gamma ray yields from 2.00 to 4.10 MeV proton bombardment of B10

Abstract The yield of gamma rays from the B10(p, αγ)Be7 and B10(p, p′γ)B10 reactions have been measured for proton energies between 2.00 and 4.10 MeV. In addition to a previously reported resonance in the (p, αγ) reaction at a bombarding energy of 3.030±0.01 MeV, resonances in this reaction were also observed at 2.189±0.005, 2.320±0.005, 2.574±0.005 and 3.592±0.007 MeV.
High-speed polymer separations by thermal field-flow fractionation

Abstract Factors controlling speed in field-flow fractionation (FFF) are noted, and a basic analogy is shown with high-speed chromatography, which is based on similar dynamical requirements. The theory of speed optimization in FFF is developed along lines parallel to the theory of high-speed chromatography. However, allowance is made for the case in which continuous polymer distributions must be analyzed in place of discrete molecular species. We show that analysis time is proportional to the square of teh channel thickness, among other things, thus demonstrating that the reduction of thickness is an important avenue for gaining speed. Accordingly, we described two FFF column systems with channel thicknesses of 0.127 mm and 0.051 mm, two and five times thinner than conventional channels. A comparison of the performance of the two systems with polystyrene polymer fractions is shown under various flow conditions. A comparison is also made between some of the new results and published results for a conventional system. Plate height plots are also shown and discussed. These studies show —more or less in accord with theory— a dramatic improvement in speed with decreasing channel thickness. Using the thinner-channel system, 0.051 mm, we have obtained the separation of three polymer fractions in about 4 min. A partial separation was obtained in 1 min. Speeds considerably greater than this are suggested by theory under conditions of high retention and high flow.
Subcortical structures projecting to visual cortical areas in squirrel monkey

In 17 adult squirrel monkeys (Saimiri), horseradish peroxidase was used as a retrograde tracer substance to reveal the subcortical structures (other than the lateral geniculate nucleus and pulvinar) which project to the occipital lobe, and, in particular, to the central visual field representation in areas, 17, 18, 19, and MT. Evidence is provided that each of areas 17, 18, and MT receives a projection from locus coeruleus, nucleus dorsalis raphae, nucleus annularis, nucleus centralis superior, formation reticularis pontis oralis, nucleus basalis of Meynert, lateral hypothalamus, claustrum, and nuclei paracentralis and centralis medialis thalami. Area 19 receives a projection from all these structures except from the nucleus annularis. Only area MT was determined to be a target of a projection from the nucleus linearis. For technical reasons, only area MT was determined to receive afferent fibers from the nucleus basalis lateralis amygdalae. The results indicate that there is no topographical organization of subcortical inputs to the central visual field representation in individual cortical areas.
Lethal injury by diquat redox cycling in an isolated hepatocyte model.

Abstract Hepatocytes isolated by collagenase perfusion of livers of male Fischer-344 rats, and treated with 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) (50 μ m for 30 min at 37 °C) to inhibit glutathione reductase, were significantly more vulnerable to cytotoxicity of the bipyridyl herbicide diquat than similarly treated cells of Sprague-Dawley rats. Without compromise of cell defenses by BCNU, diquat was not cytotoxic to hepatocytes from either strain. Microsomal enzyme induction with phenobarbital (80 mg/kg ip for 3 days before hepatocyte isolation) did not potentiate killing of Fischer hepatocytes by diquat. Specific activities of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase in isolated Fischer and Sprague-Dawley rat liver microsomes utilizing 1 m m diquat as acceptor were 0.085 ± 0.017 and 0.076 ± 0.028 μmol/mg · min (x ± SEM, N = 5), respectively, indicating the capacity for very active redox cycling of diquat by this route in both strains. The serine protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (100 μ m ), had no effect on diquat cytotoxicity, but both leupeptin (100 μg/ml) and antipain (50 or 100 μ m ) were able to delay, though not completely prevent, diquat-induced cell death. The phospholipase inhibitors, chlorpromazine (50 or 100 μ m ) and dibucaine (50 or 100 μ m ), similarly delayed but did not prevent cell death. Diquat increased the rate of hepatocyte phospholipid hydrolysis, measured as release into the suspending medium of [14C]arachidonic acid previously incorporated into hepatocyte lipids, but although chlorpromazine decreased phospholipid hydrolysis to the control rate, only partial protection against diquat cytotoxicity was seen. These data suggest that activation of phospholipase A2 and proteases by elevation of cytosolic free Ca2+ cannot account entirely for the loss of cell viability observed in the presence of cytotoxic concentrations of diquat.
Seasonal shifts in host usage in Uroleucon gravicorne (Homoptera: Aphididae) and implications for the evolution of host alternation in aphids

Uroleucon gravicorne (Patch) feeds on annual Erigeron species and on perennial Solidago species. 2. To test whether Solidago and Engeron are analogous to winter and summer hosts of typical host-alternating aphids, reproductive performance, host preferences, and host associations were measured for E.strigosus, S.juncea and S.nernoralis during spring, summer and autumn. 3. Caged individuals can reproduce on both genera throughout the season, though colonies are rare on Solidago during summer. 4. Developmental rate, adult weight, and fecundity decline between May and August on all hosts; however, the drop is least on E.strigosus, intermediate on S.nemoralis, and greatest on Sjuncea. 5. Throughout the season, reproductive performance is at least as great on Erigeron as on Solidago, the difference being least in spring. 6. Soluble nitrogen content shows the same seasonal trends as reproductive performance, declining in all hosts, but declining least in E.strigosus. 7. Preference tests and field records show that Ugravicorne moves from Solidago to Erigeron when the first alatae mature in late spring, feeds on Erigeron during the summer, and, in late summer, returns to Solidago where overwintering eggs are laid. 8. Solidago is not nutritionally superior during spring or autumn; its use during those seasons may result from the need for good oviposition sites.
PARENTAL ATTACHMENT, PARENTAL SUPERVISION AND ADOLESCENT DEVIANCE IN INTACT AND NON-INTACT FAMILIES

ABSTRACT Utilizing a multi-site, cross-sectional sample of 8th graders, we examined the relationship between family structure and two forms of self-reported delinquency as mediated by juveniles’ perceptions ofparental attachment, supervision and values socialization. Results indicated that, overall, youth in non-intact households were more likely to be involved in both general and serious adolescent deviance than youth in intact households. However, when measures of family process were incorporated into the analyses, involvement in deviant behaviors was discovered to be primarily due to adolescents’ values socialization, specifically their neutralizations of behavior and perceptions of guilt. Parental monitoring behaviors were also related to lower levels of adolescent deviance, but findings regarding parental attachment were inconsistent across intact and non-intact family structures.
Cotton Quality and Fiber Properties: Part V: Effects of Fiber Fineness

The purpose of this research was to evaluate fiber fineness as a cotton quality factor, especially with regard to processing characteristics and fabric performance. Three lots of cotton having Micr...
The obstruction factor in size-exclusion chromatography. 2. The interparticle, intraparticle, and total obstruction factors

Abstract “Obstruction factor” is a generic rubric under which are usually gathered the interparticle, intraparticle, stationary phase, and total obstruction factors, γ e , γ p , γ s , and γ t , respectively. These, in turn, affect longitudinal diffusion and stationary, mobile phase, and stagnant mobile phase mass transfer. We conclude here our investigation into the various obstruction factors operative in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Stop-flow experiments were employed to determine either the interparticle (for analytes with K SEC = 0) or the total (for analytes with K SEC > 0) obstruction factor, and these results were combined with those from variable-flow-rate experiments which provided the intraparticle obstruction factor. Because of minimal enthalpic interactions between the analytes and stationary phase, in SEC γ s ≈ 0, which allows for isolation of the other obstruction factors. A relationship between γ t , γ e , and γ p was proposed for SEC, based on previous independent work and dependent upon the various column porosities. This relationship was extended to hydrodynamic chromatography, a technique in which, ideally, both γ s and γ p are equal to zero.
Differential RNA expression and polyribosome loading of alternative transcripts of the Akap4 gene in murine spermatids.

An X chromosome-linked gene, Akap4, is expressed only during spermiogenesis and encodes the major fibrous sheath protein of the mouse sperm flagellum. All sperm contain the AKAP4 protein even though only X chromosome-bearing spermatids express the gene, indicating that the Akap4 mRNA and/or protein must be shared among the conjoined spermatids via the intercellular bridges. There are two mouse Akap4 cDNA clones, Akap82 and Fsc1, which represent mRNAs that arise by alternative processing of a single gene. Although Akap82 and Fsc1 encode identical mature proteins, they differ in their 5′ UTRs. We hypothesized that the expression pattern of these two mRNAs might be relevant to the issue of mRNA and/or protein transport into adjacent spermatids. Expression of both transcripts began in round spermatids, but the amount of the Akap82 transcript in condensing spermatids increased twofold relative to Fsc1. Significantly, only the Akap82 transcript was found on polyribosomes and translated in spermatids. These results indicate that the Akap82 transcript and/or its protein must be shared among the conjoined X and Y chromosome-bearing spermatids. Although Fsc1 was not polysomal, both the Akap82 and Fsc1 transcripts were deadenylated during spermiogenesis, suggesting that deadenylation is not always correlated with loading of mRNAs onto polyribosomes in germ cells. The distinct 5′ UTR sequences in Akap82 and Fsc1 did not differ in their ability to regulate translation of reporter constructs either in vivo or in vitro. Antisense RNA transcripts complementary to both the Akap82 and Fsc1 mRNAs were present, suggesting that translatability may be regulated by these RNAs. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 70: 397–405, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Singlet oxygen triplet energy transfer-based imaging technology for mapping protein–protein proximity in intact cells

Many cellular processes are carried out by large protein complexes that can span several tens of nanometres. Whereas forster resonance energy transfer has a detection range of <10 nm, here we report the theoretical development and experimental demonstration of a new fluorescence-imaging technology with a detection range of up to several tens of nanometres: singlet oxygen triplet energy transfer. We demonstrate that our method confirms the topology of a large protein complex in intact cells, which spans from the endoplasmic reticulum to the outer mitochondrial membrane and the matrix. This new method is thus suited for mapping protein proximity in large protein complexes.
The human CD8β M-4 isoform dominant in effector memory T cells has distinct cytoplasmic motifs that confer unique properties.

The CD8 co-receptor influences T cell recognition and responses in both anti-tumor and anti-viral immunity. During evolution in the ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, the CD8B gene acquired two additional exons. As a result, in humans, there are four CD8β splice variants (M1 to M4) that differ in their cytoplasmic tails. The M-1 isoform which is the equivalent of murine CD8β, is predominantly expressed in naive T cells, whereas, the M-4 isoform is predominantly expressed in effector memory T cells. The characteristics of the M-4 isoform conferred by its unique 36 amino acid cytoplasmic tail are not known. In this study, we identified a dihydrophobic leucine-based receptor internalization motif in the cytoplasmic tail of M-4 that regulated its cell surface expression and downregulation after activation. Further the M-4 cytoplasmic tail was able to associate with ubiquitinated targets in 293T cells and mutations in the amino acids NPW, a potential EH domain binding site, either enhanced or inhibited the interaction. In addition, the M-4 tail was itself mono-ubiquitinated on a lysine residue in both 293T cells and a human T cell line. When peripheral blood human T cells expressed CD8αβ M-4, the frequency of MIP-1β secreting cells responding to antigen presenting cells was two-fold higher as compared to CD8αβ M-1 expressing T cells. Thus, the cytoplasmic tail of the CD8β M-4 isoform has unique characteristics, which likely contributed to its selective expression and function in human effector memory T cells.
Cervical spinal cord compression as an initial presentation of prostate cancer: a case report

Prostate cancer is notorious for its atypical presentation. However, spread to the cervical spine is uncommon. We herein describe the findings in a 57-year-old African American gentleman, who presented with neck pain and right-sided weakness. Examination revealed neck tenderness with numbness in the distribution of C6 region on right side. An MRI of the neck imaged a 3.4cm extradural soft tissue mass in the C6 region extending into the spinal-canal, causing spinal cord compression. At this point, differential diagnosis included: metastatic cancer vs. chronic granulomatous vs. primary CNS lesion. Management included high dose intravenous steroids and mass resection with cervical-spine fusion. The prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 1815 ng/mL (normal less than 4 ng/mL) with a repeat value of 1666 ng/mL, and the pathology findings confirmed the mass to be metastatic prostate carcinoma. This case illustrates an unusual presentation of metastatic prostate cancer, lytic in nature, presenting as cord compression, and sparing the bone and lymph nodes in the cervical region. Metastatic lesions of prostate cancer to the bone are most often blastic rather than lytic in nature [11]. Cervical involvement is seen in only 5% of cases. Regardless of this atypical presentation, early diagnosis of cord compression is of utmost importance because neurologic status upon presentation has important prognostic value. It is important to consider prostate cancer metastasis in any compressive neuropathy, or findings of an atypical mass affecting the cervical spine.
Work in progress: Implementation of enhanced guided notes and collaborative note-taking in learning electric circuit concepts

The major aim of this research was to develop new instructional materials and strategies to support engineering students, who are not electrical engineering majors, to learn electric circuit concepts. The study focused on activity Phase #3 of the Work in Progress paper presented at the 41st Frontiers in Education conference. The implementation of this phase included: (1) implementing enhanced guided-notes (EGN) with a collaborative note-taking effort; and (2) evaluating students' notes shared in collaborative notebooks. Selected students were provided an iPad 2TM and an application which allowed editing of the EGN, while other students were provided hard copies of the different sets throughout the semester. Furthermore, students were asked to complete online social networking surveys at the beginning and end of the semester. The instructor developed EGN to facilitate note-taking and note-sharing during the semester. An online repository system was created to allow iPad-groups of students to complete and edit EGNs that were created to facilitate note-sharing submission. Students worked in groups of three or four to complete the EGN and self-evaluation sections beginning in EGN 6 and continuing to EGN 11.
The effect of mutation on two forms of phosphoglucomutase in Saccharomyces

The Saccharomyces haploid stock 8050B is a galactose fermenter which was found by chromatography on CM-cellulose and electrophoresis on agar gel to contain a major and a minor form of phosphoglucomutase (d-glucose-1,6-diphosphate:d-glucose-1-phosphate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.5.1). Mutations in the Ga5 locus of this stock reduced the phosphoglucomutase activity in extracts 4–5-fold and rendered the cells unable to ferment galactose. The reduction in enzyme activity of the mutants was shown to be due to the fact that the synthesis of the major phosphoglucomutase component was blocked, although the minor component was not affected. The two phosphoglucomutases are probably the products of different genes.
Steady state distribution of free amino acids in the aqueous humours, vitreous body and plasma of the rabbit.

The purpose of this investigation is to provide comparative quantitative data on the composition of amino acids in the intraocular fluids and plasma. The concentration of free amino acids in the aqueous humour of the posterior and anterior chambers, vitreous body and plasma of rabbits has been determined by ion exchange chromatography. Except for glycine, proline and threonine, the concentration of all the amino acids that could reliably be determined is greater in the aqueous humour of the posterior and anterior chambers than in plasma withdrawn at essentially the same time. The concentration of all the amino acids in the posterior and anterior chambers is approximately the same with the exception of glycine, which is present in appreciably higher concentration in the anterior than in the posterior chamber. The concentration of all amino acids, except glutamic acid, is significantly lower in the vitreous body than in the aqueous humour of both chambers and in plasma. The observation that the concentration of most of the free amino acids in the aqueous of the posterior chamber is higher than in plasma leads to the conclusion that at least some of these compounds are transported across the ciliary epithelium by an active process in addition to diffusion. Some evidence is adduced which suggests that there may also be active transport across the iris.
Rapid and efficient purification of mouse monoclonal antibodies from ascites fluid using high performance liquid chromatography

Techniques for the rapid and efficient purification of mouse monoclonal antibodies from murine ascites are described that utilize anion exchange and gel permeation chromatography using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Anion exchange chromatography was performed at neutral pH using a hydrophilic resin conjugated with a substituted amine (Mono Q column, Pharmacia Fine Chemicals). Various subclasses of mouse IgG monoclonals were assessed for their binding to this matrix, with all of the antibodies tested eluting at relatively low concentrations of sodium chloride. In some instances, a protein tentatively identified as transferrin was co-purified using this anion exchange procedure. However, this protein was easily removed from the IgG using gel permeation chromatography (Bio-Sil TSK-250, Bio-Rad), also performed at neutral pH.