cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reading for Idea Advancement in a Grade 4 Knowledge Building Community

This study looks into the reading practice in a Grade 4 knowledge building community that involved 22 students and a veteran teacher. The students investigated light over a three-month period supported by Knowledge Forum, a networked collaborative knowledge-building environment. The classroom designs encouraged the students to take on high-level responsibility for advancing the community’s knowledge, as represented in their online discourse in Knowledge Forum. The tracing of student conversations in Knowledge Forum and content analysis of their portfolio notes demonstrate productive advancement of scientific understanding. Qualitative analyses of classroom videos, online discourse, and the teacher’s reflection journal characterize student reading practice along four themes: reading for the purpose of advancing community knowledge; as progressive problem solving; embedded in sustained knowledge-building discourse; and as dialogues between local understanding and knowledge in the larger world. These results contribute to elaborating the possibility and processes of integrating reading with creative knowledge work in content areas. Classroom strategies are identified and discussed in relation to the role of collaborative online technologies.
Morphological studies of the Nymphaeaceae. XI. The floral biology of Nelumbo pentapetala.

The floral biology of Nelumbo pentapetala (Walter) Fernald, the American lotus, native to Texas, was investigated. Anthesis occurs over three consecutive days with flowers opening each morning and closing around noon. First-day flowers are protogynous with the perianth parts partially expanded so that pollen-covered insects which are attracted by floral color and the intense "fruity" odor (diffused with the aid of increased floral temperature) are directed on to the flattened receptacle (= carpellary receptacle) from which the receptive stigmas protrude, thus accomplishing pollination. During the second morning anther dehiscence begins and insects which visit and forage within the flower become covered with pollen and typically crawl over the still receptive stigmas achieving "facilitated" self-pollination (indirect autogamy). By mid-morning of the second day the stigmas dry and become non-receptive to pollen. During the third day of anthesis perianth and staminal parts quickly abscise and over the period of a few weeks the receptacle and enclosed fruits mature. In most populations studied, Hymenoptera (e.g., Lasioglossum spp., and Apis mellifera) were the most abundant and effective pollinators. In some populations, however, Coleoptera (e.g., Chauliognathus) were also numerous and effective pollinators. It is suggested that the overall floral structure (e.g., large numbers of stamens, masses of pollen, staminal appendages) are adaptations which facilitate the pollination of Nelumbo by beetles. STUDIES dealing with the floral biology of Nelumbo (Nymphaeaceae, sensu lato) are numerous in the literature. Delpino (1875) regarded the flowers of Nelumbo to be specifically adapted for beetle pollination. Robertson (1889) stated that the flowers of N. lutea Planchon [=N. pentapetala (Walter)
Redefining and redesigning hospital discharge to enhance patient care: a randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND Patients are routinely ill-prepared for the transition from hospital to home. Inadequate communication between Hospitalists and primary care providers can further compromise post-discharge care. Redesigning the discharge process may improve the continuity and the quality of patient care.
Trace Water Vapor Detection in Nitrogen and Corrosive Gases by FTIR Spectroscopy

A commercial Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (modified to improve the purge) and a long-path gas cell were used to demonstrate a detection limit of about 10 ppb for water in N 2 , HCl - , and HBr. This technology is being developed as an in-line monitor to extend the life of gas delivery systems and improve wafer yields in the semiconductor industry. The reported detection limit includes an improvement of about a factor of three achieved by applying quantitative multivariate calibration to the problem. Methods are discussed to compensate for background moisture in the beam path. Also, discussed are the choice of operating parameters to optimize the instrumental performance. Surprisingly, resolving the narrow water absorption bands (FWHM 0.20 cm -1 ) is not necessary to achieve optimal sensitivity. In fact, optimal sensitivity is achieved at 2 to 4 cm -1 resolution, allowing the use of an inexpensive interferometer in the final instrument. A calibration over the range of 40 to 2000 ppb of water in N 2 has been performed and found to be in good agreement with published spectral data. Finally, an improved instrument design is discussed which is projected to have a lower detection limit and a shorter collection time.
Report of an International Conference on the Medical and Ethical Management of the Neonate at the Edge of Viability: A Review of Approaches from Five Countries

Current United States guidelines for neonatal resuscitation note that there is no mandate to resuscitate infants in all situations. For example, the fetus that at the time of delivery is determined to be so premature as to be non-viable need not be aggressively resuscitated. The hypothetical case of an extremely premature infant was presented to neonatologists from the United States and four other European countries at a September 2006 international meeting sponsored by the World Health Organization Collaborating Center in Reproductive Health of Atlanta (currently, the Global Collaborating Center in Reproductive Health). Responses to the case varied by country, due to differences in legal, ethical and related practice parameters, rather than differences in medical technology, as similar medical technology was available within each country. Variations in approach seemed to stem from physicians’ perceptions of their ability to remove the neonate from life support if this appeared non-beneficial. There appears to be a desire for greater convergence in practice options and more open discussion regarding the practical problems underlying the variability. Specifically, the conference attendees identified four areas that need to be addressed: (1) lack of international consensus guidelines in viability and therapeutic options, (2) lack of bodies capable of generating these guidelines, (3) variation in laws between countries, and (4) the frequent failure of physicians and families to confront death at the beginning of life.
On the Performance of Equalization Techniques for Aeronautical Telemetry

This paper compares the performance of the zero forcing (ZF), minimum mean-squared error (MMSE), and MMSE-initialized CMA+AMA equalizers using SOQPSK-TG over multipath channels captured during channel sounding experiments at Edwards AFB. The ZF and MMSE equalizers are data-aided and are based on estimates of the channel conditions derived from the preamble and ASM bits included in each iNET packet. The simulated bit error rate results show that MMSE and CMA+AMA achieve similar performance and are both about 1 -- 3 dB better than the ZF equalizer. Comparison with the optimum AWGN detector shows that 4 -- 9 dB of link margin is required to account for the multipath interference.
Socioeconomic impact of oil in Nigeria

Taxes and royalties from the oil industry in Nigeria have made possible massive infrastructural and social development throughout the country; this single industry continues to be the most important contributor to the national treasury. Along with oil, however, have come environmental and social problems, some severe and, in the social sector, possibly of long duration. Questionnaires were employed to solicit environmental and socioeconomic information from residents in the oil-impacted area as well as to ascertain the views of the oil companies with respect to their Nigerian operations, in particular to their socio-economic responsibilities to the local residents. Responses point to serious discontent on the part of the impacted population, especially in the most important southern (Niger Delta) oil producing region. These negative attitudes in part are based upon the impacted population’s inability to secure for itself a sufficiently large number of oil industry jobs and in part to the presence in the local community of ethnic strangers who do have such employment. There is evidence of serious environmental damage, but its biological dimension has been overshadowed by claims for monetary compensation at the local level. Data derived from these investigations might well be applicable in the wider field of trans-national mining and petroleum extraction operations in developing countries, especially to the unwritten social obligations of the expatriate firm to local residents.
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia complicating FK506 (tacrolimus) therapy

We describe 3 episodes of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) in 2 solid organ recipients under FK506 (tacrolimus) therapy. In both cases, discontinuation of FK506 and treatment with plasma exchange, fresh frozen plasma replacement, corticosteroids, aspirin, and dipyridamole led to resolution of MAHA. In one patient, reintroduction of FK506 led to rapid recurrence of MAHA. FK506-associated MAHA is probably rare but physicians must be aware of this severe complication. In our experience and according to the literature, FK506 does not seem to cross-react with cyclosporin A (CyA), an immuno-suppressive drug already known to induce MAHA.
A Gerschgorin theorem for linear difference equations and eigenvalues of matrix products

Abstract The Gerschgorin circle theorem is used here to give sufficient conditions for the solution space of the difference equation x ( m +1) = A ( m +1) x ( m ) to admit a type of exponential dichotomy. The result obtained is then used to establish a result on regions of eigenvalue inclusion for the product of finitely many square matrices. An application to differential equations is also given.
CFD Modeling of Fuel Rod Heat Transfer to Aid in the Risk Assessment of Fuel Rod Failure Due to Localized Crud

This paper presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling methodology that has been developed to provide predictions of very local heat transfer variation in fuel rod assemblies. Results from the CFD analysis are used in HIDUTYDRV and other advanced codes that have been developed and are used internally by Westinghouse to predict very local crud deposition and dryout. This methodology is used in making the EPRI Level IV crud and corrosion guideline assessments, which were developed in response to the INPO 0 by 2010 initiatives. This methodology has been in production use for risk assessment of CE-design 14×14 and 16×16 fuel reloads. The methodology is in the process of being extended to other Westinghouse fuel design reloads. Local crud deposition and dryout are strongly dependent on very local boiling or steaming on small areas of the fuel rod, often referred to as local hot spots. These local hot spots can not be predicted utilizing standard subchannel modeling methodology because subchannel models do not provide sufficient azimuthal detail of individual rods. Local hot spots are also very dependent on the particular grid features, which are not explicitly modeled in subchannel analysis. The commercial code Star-CD by CD-ADAPCO is utilized to develop a detailed CFD model of a single fuel assembly grid span. Detailed azimuthal and axial predictions of the heat transfer coefficient are made for each rod in the model. These predictions are then normalized to a Dittus-Boelter based heat transfer coefficient so that the predictions can be translated to other spans and other fuel assemblies. Details of this translation as well as the use of normalized heat transfer coefficients in the advanced codes used to predict local crud and dryout are provided in a separate follow-on paper ICONE17-75715 also being presented at ICONE17. This paper presents details on the CFD methodology that has been developed to predict local normalized heat transfer coefficients for a fuel rod assembly. Results for a particular application are provided to illustrate the methodology. The application is for a fuel design that contains mixing grids and spans with and without intermediate flow mixers.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Massive calcification of the mitral annulus in a 17-year-old patient with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosis.

Mitral annulus calcification (MAC), while a relatively frequent autopsy finding in older patients, is rare in childhood. Such calcification has generally been regarded as a degenerative change and of no clinical significance. Recent studies have shown that MAC may be associated with hemodynamically significant lesions including mitral insufficiency, arrhythmias, heart block, and rarely, mitral stenosis. We have studied a case of massive calcification in the mitral annulus in a 17-year-old girl with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosis. In this case, the MAC was considered secondary to the rheumatoid disease. MAC in younger patients with no history of rheumatoid fever or bacterial endocarditis suggests an associated connective tissue disorder.
Body image in adult women: moving beyond the younger years

In spite of copious literature investigating body dissatisfaction and its correlates in adolescents and young adult women, exploration of body image disturbances in adult women remains an underrepresented domain in the literature. Yet, there are many reasons to suspect that body image in adult women both may differ from and possibly be more complex than that of younger women. Adult women face myriad factors influencing body image beyond those delineated in the body image literature on adolescents and young adult women. For instance, aging-related physiological changes shift the female body further away from the thin-young-ideal, which is the societal standard of female beauty. Further, life priorities and psychological factors evolve with age as well. As such, adult women encounter changes that may differentially affect body image across the lifespan. This paper aims to provide an up-to-date review of the current literature on the relationship between body image and associated mental and physical health problems and behaviors in adult women. In addition, we explore factors that may influence body image in adult women. Lastly, we use this review to identify significant gaps in the existing literature with the aim of identifying critical targets for future research.
Anonymity: An Impediment to Performance in Healthcare

Many teaching hospitals employ a care team structure composed of a broad range of healthcare providers with different skill sets. Each member of this team has a distinct role and a different level of training ranging from attending physician to resident, intern, and medical student. Often times, these different roles lead to greater complexity and confusion for both patients and nursing staff. It has been demonstrated that patients have a great degree of difficulty in identifying members of their care team. This anonymity also exists between nursing staff and other care providers. In order to better understand the magnitude of anonymity within the teaching hospital, a ten-question survey was sent to nurses across three different departments. Results from this survey demonstrated that 71% of nurses are “Always” or “Often” able to identify which care team is responsible for their patients, while 79% of nurses reported that they either “Often” or “Sometimes” page a provider who is not currently caring for a given patient. Furthermore, 33% of nurses felt that they were either “Rarely” or “Never” able to recognize, by face and name, attending level providers. Residents were “Rarely” or “Never” recognized by face and name 37% of the time, and interns 42% of the time. Contacting the wrong provider repeatedly leads to de facto delays in medication, therapy, and diagnosis. Additionally, these unnecessary interruptions slow workflow for both nurses and members of the care team, making hospital care less efficient and safe overall. Technological systems should focus on reducing anonymity within the hospital in order to enhance healthcare delivery.
Effects of vinblastine, oncodazole, procarbazine, chlorambucil, and bleomycin in vivo on colchicine binding activity of tubulin.

Abstract Five chemotherapeutic agents which inhibit mitosis caused an in vivo effect on the colchicine bound to the isolated tubulin from mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells. These effects were examined over a time course of 4, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after a single administration of each drug. Vinblastine, oncodazole, and bleomycin decreased the amount of colchicine bound per mg protein; procarbazine and chloroambucil increased the amount bound. All of the drugs except procarbazine required more than 4 hours to cause an effect on colchicine binding and in the case of bleomycin and oncodazole some recovery occurred after 48 hours. The mitotic index was affected by 4 hours by all drugs: procarbazine, chlorambucil and bleomycin caused a decrease; vinblastine and oncodazole, an increase.
Structure of antibody F425-B4e8 in complex with a V3 peptide reveals a new binding mode for HIV-1 neutralization

SUMMARY F425-B4e8 (B4e8) is a monoclonal antibody isolated from a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individual that recognizes the V3 variable loop on the gp120 subunit of the viral envelope spike. B4e8 neutralizes a subset of HIV-1 primary isolates from subtypes B, C and D, which places this antibody among the very few human anti-V3 antibodies with notable cross-neutralizing activity. Here, the crystal structure of the B4e8 Fab’ fragment in complex with a 24-mer V3-peptide (RP142) at 2.8 A resolution is described. The complex structure reveals that the antibody recognizes a novel V3 loop conformation, featuring a 5-residue α-turn around the conserved GPGRA apex of the β-hairpin loop. In agreement with previous mutagenesis analyses, the Fab’ interacts primarily with V3 through side-chain contacts with just two residues, Ile P309 and Arg P315 , while the remaining contacts are to the main chain. The structure helps explain how B4e8 can tolerate a certain degree of sequence variation within V3 and, hence, is able to neutralize an appreciable number of different HIV-1 isolates.
Modifying histones to tame cancer: clinical development of sodium phenylbutyrate and other histone deacetylase inhibitors.

Compounds that inhibit histone deacetylase may enable the re-expression of silenced regulatory genes in neoplastic cells, reversing the malignant phenotype. Although several molecules that inhibit ...
Repair of DNA–Protein Cross-links in Mammalian Cells

DNA-protein cross-links are generated by both endogenous and exogenous DNA damaging agents, as intermediates during normal DNA metabolism, and during abortive base excision repair. Cross-links are relatively common lesions that are lethal when they block progression of DNA polymerases. DNA-protein cross-links may be broadly categorized into four groups by the DNA and protein chemistries near the cross-link and by the source of the cross-link: DNA-protein cross-links may be found (1) in nicked DNA at the 3' end of one strand (topo I), (2) in nicked DNA at the 5' end of one strand (pol beta), (3) at the 5' ends of both strands adjacent to nicks in close proximity (topo II; Spo 11), and (4) in one strand of duplex DNA (UV irradiation; bifunctional carcinogens and chemotherapeutic agents). Repair mechanisms are reasonably well-defined for groups 1 and 3, and suggested for groups 2 and 4. Our work is focused on the recognition and removal of DNA-protein cross-links in duplex DNA (group 4).
A Renaissance man: in memoriam of Jon Widom (1955-2011).

It was a complete shock to learn that Jon Widom had died of a massive heart attack on July 18, 2011 at the age of 55. I first met Jon back in 1990 when he was on the Faculty at the University of Illinois while I was looking for my first position in the States, and last saw him just a month before his death. Jon had not changed much during those twenty-plus years: he oozed wit, elegance and cool. As always, he looked like the picture of health.
Linearized dipolar excitation and detection and quadrupolarized axialization in a cylindrical ion cyclotron resonance ion trap

Although cylindrical Penning ion traps are commonly used in atomic physics and in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICRMS or FTMS), such traps offer far from ideal dipolar excitation/detection and azimuthal quadrupolar axialization performance. Here it is shown that by applying r.f. voltages of just two (± V0) or three (0, ± V0) different amplitudes to appropriately spaced electrode segments, a cylindrical trap can produce nearly linear dipolar excitation/detection and nearly azimuthal quadrupolar excitation for ion axialization. Moreover, voltages are applied directly, rather than through a complex resistive or capacitive voltage dividing network as in prior designs. Advantages of the present design are confirmed by potential simulations and signal harmonic analysis.
WHY BANKS HAVE A FUTURE: TOWARD A NEW THEORY OF COMMERCIAL BANKING

According to some observers, the commercial bank–an institution that conducts the twin activities of accepting deposits payable on demand and originating loans–has outlived its usefulness and is in a state of terminal decline. The broad statistical evidence for this contention, however, is somewhat mixed. While some studies suggest that the role of banks in the United States is declining, others suggest that banks are simply using new vehicles to offer their services and that their role has not diminished at all. This article takes a different approach to analyzing the future of banks by examining the economic rationale for their past existence and exploring the extent to which this rationale can be expected to hold up in the future. The author begins by explaining why the two core banking activities–taking in deposits payable on demand and originating non-marketable loans–are performed by the same institutions. The explanation turns on the recognition that both activities essentially require the institution to come up with cash on short notice–that is, to provide liquidity. Scale economies in providing liquidity explain why both activities are provided by the same entity. Deregulation and innovation have increased competition in the financial services industry, which has forced banks to concentrate on the essentials of liquidity provision. This is why the outward nature of banks' activities has changed (for example, banks today often sell instead of holding loans, and provide back-up lines for commercial paper instead of originating loans), though not their underlying economic rationale (particularly the credit evaluation and monitoring involved in “relationship” banking). Beneath the surface reality of dramatic changes in financial products and services, the fundamental banking business of liquidity provision is alive and well. Moreover, in the course of performing their traditional activities, banks have acquired competencies that enable them to perform a variety of other financial and nonfinancial activities that deregulation and innovation have opened up to them. As part of their evaluation of these nontraditional activities, bankers must ensure that their organizational structures, controls, and compensation policies are appropriate for the new environment of deregulation and technological change.
Retzius-Cajal cells: an ultrastructural study in the developing visual cortex of the rat

The ontogenesis of Retzius-Cajal cells, a unique feature of developing cortical layer I in a variety of mammalian species, was examined with the electron microscope in coronal or tangential sections of the visual cortex of rats whose ages were closely spaced in time between day 17 of gestation and adulthood. At 17 days of gestation, Retzius-Cajal cells already display a characteristic appearance and some of the cytoplasmic organelles by which they are identified in the perinatal period. At birth they are recognized by their large size, horizontally oriented long processes, dark cytoplasmic ground substance and abundance of tightly packed organelles. One feature which is most typical of these cells at this, and later stages of development, is the presence in the cytoplasm of numerous wide cisterns of granular endoplasmic reticulum filled with electron-opaque material. Synapses are rarely seen on the perikarya and processes during the first week of postnatal life but become more frequent later in development. A pattern of modifications becomes noticeable in the morphology of these cells during the first postnatal week with the appearance of growth cone-like differentiations and new processes of varying sizes. Furthermore, their cytoplasm slowly acquires a lighter appearance, and the thickness of the characteristically long processes diminishes. The frequency of Retzius-Cajal cells decreases with age and at the end of the third postnatal week only very few can be recognized with certainty. Careful examination of a large series of sections during subsequent days revealed that the morphological characteristics of Retzius-Cajal cells continue to change until these cells can on longer be distinguished from classical layer I nonpyramidal neurons.
Sex Differences in Positive Well-Being: A Consideration of Emotional Style and Marital Status

This article reviews all published studies reporting tests for sex differences in well-being. Women were found to report greater happiness and life satisfaction than men. This sex difference was explained in terms of men's and women's social roles: The female (vs. male) gender role specifies greater emotional responsiveness. Furthermore, past role-related experiences provide women with appropriate skills and attitudes. Women's (vs. men's) greater well-being was also found to hold for married but not unmarried Ss: For both sexes the married state (vs. unmarried) was associated with favorable well-being, but the favorable outcomes proved stronger for women than men. Given that most Ss were married, the overall sex difference in well-being can be attributed to Ss' marital status. These findings were discussed in the context of prior research on sex differences in negative well-being. Research on subjective social indicators has demonstrated that one's objective life circumstances do not necessarily correspond to one's personal experience of well-being. The fact, then, that men and women in our society differ in terms of a variety of biological, personality, and situational factors may or may not result in sex differences in subjective quality of life. This article examines whether men and women do differ in evaluations of their life as a whole. The inquiry is limited to consideration of data on positive welbbeing and excludes findings on negative affect and psychological symptomatology. This is because positive and negative affect appem; under some circumstances, to be uncorrelated (Diener, Larson, Levine, & Emmons, 1985; Wart, Barter, & Brownbridge, 1983). I Reports of positive wen-being are best interpreted as indicators of positive domains of experience, separate from negative aspects of one's life circumstances. Prior research on sex differences in subjective life quality has focused almost exclusively on negative affect and psychological symptomatology. Consequently, most theories in this area are tailored to explain the occurrence of men's and women's poor well-being. This work, and the data on which it is based, is presented as a frame of reference for interpreting sex differences in positive well-being. First, we consider what is represented by judgments of wellbeing. Philosophers and psychologists have debated this question at length (see, e.g., Diener's, 1984, impressive review of the
Reproducing aircraft structural components using laser scanning

In the past few years, laser scanning has become a popular digitising tool for rapidly manufacturing commercial products, moulds and dies, and industrial parts. This popularity can be attributed to continual improvement in the accuracy and reliability of the technology. In this study, the re-engineering and re-manufacturing capabilities of laser scanning systems in aircraft structural components manufacturing are evaluated. The study includes surveying state-of-the-art laser scanning systems; scanning, modelling, and machining a sample aircraft structural component; comparing the duplicated model/part with the original model/part; and estimating savings achieved by laser scanning. The significant findings from this study include the following:
A Study of Ovulations in Six Families of Holstein-Friesians

Summary The incidence of multiple ovulations in the Emmons Blaine, Jr. herd of experimental Holstein cows was found to be 13.10 per cent, while the incidence of twinning was 1.92 per cent, a highly significant difference. The incidence of multiple ovulations was not significantly influenced by reproductive period, family, or length of time after parturition. There was a significant monthly variation in frequency of multiple ovulation in the first reproductive period and the monthly variation in the second period approached significance, being high in May and low in September in both cases. A highly significant tendency for multiple ovulations to follow in sequence was found. Significantly higher fertility was noted when cows were bred at an estrus from which only a single corpus luteum was formed as compared to an estrus from which two or more corpora lutea were formed. The incidence of “quiet” ovulations (44.3 per cent) was significantly higher during the first 60 days after parturition than during the period 61 to 308 days post-partum. During this latter period their incidence was still sufficiently high (11.0 per cent) to constitute an important problem to the breeder. Of the ovulations 56.5 per cent were from the right ovary. Studies of family and parity failed to show any significant deviations from this ratio. No apparent tendency was found for cows to have a systematic sequence of ovulations from one ovary or the other.
On weak type inequalities for rare maximal functions in $\mathbb{R}^n$

The study of one-dimensional rare maximal functions was started in [4, 5]. The main result in [5] was obtained with the help of some general procedure. The goal of the present article is to adapt the procedure (we call it “dyadic crystallization”) to the multidimensional setting and to demonstrate that rare maximal functions have properties not better than the Strong Maximal Function. The well-known Jessen–Marcinkiewicz–Zygmund theorem [6] states that the differentiation basis of all n-dimensional intervals differentiates a.e. the integrals of all functions from L(log L)n−1. The importance of this theorem is discussed, for example, in [3, 7]. Miguel de Guzman [2, 3] found the quantitative version of the theorem by proving the following weak type estimate for the corresponding maximal function Mf (the so-called “Strong Maximal Function”): (1) |{x : Mf(x) > λ}| . \|f(x)| λ ( 1 + log |f(x)| λ )n−1 dx where . denotes inequality with a constant depending only on dimension. This is the best possible estimate as can be easily seen from the following example which is a multidimensional dyadic version of the well-known Bohr construction (see Note 1 in [1]). Let Q be the unit cube, m be an arbitrary positive integer, α ≡ (i1, . . . , in) be such that i1 + · · ·+ in = m and Iα ≡ [0, 2 i1 ]× · · · × [0, 2n ]. Then it is clear that |Iα| = 2 m, Q ⊂ Iα and |Q ∩ Iα| = 2 |Iα|. Hence Xm ≡ ⋃ i1+···+in=m Iα ⊂ {x : MχQ(x) ≥ 2 }. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 42B25.
Development of a rapid scanning spectrometer for gas chromatography with microwave induced plasma emission detection

Abstract A microwave induced plasma emission rapid-scanning spectrometer (up to 20 spectra per s) was explored for its potential as a chromatographic detector. Both hardware and software were developed which allow experimental control, data acquisition, and subsequent data reduction. Signal-to-noise enhancement as a function of scan number with or without data smoothing were explored. Data smoothing enhanced S/N. In addition, a spectrum produced by rapidly scanning the He MIP emission was compared with one taken in the normal manner by slowly scanning the grating. Point by point comparisons are good and as expected, considering that over the wavelength region scanned some light was imaged off the grating at the ends of the region resulting in some intensity changes. Integrated spectral chromatograms were obtained for Citex BC-26 at both chlorine and bromine lines. Data obtained over this region show results comparable to those attainable from experiments done with the monochromator monitoring a single line. With some modifications in the chromatography-plasma interface improvements from sub-microgram to nanogram in lowest levels detectable are expected.
Ischemia increases neutrophil retention and worsens acute renal failure: Role of oxygen metabolites and ICAM 1

Ischemia increases neutrophil retention and worsens acute renal failure: Role of oxygen metabolites and ICAM 1. The role of neutrophils in acute renal failure (ARF) is controversial. Although ARF occurs in neutropenic subjects, we found that ischemic kidneys activated neutrophils to cause ARF in isolated perfused rat kidneys. To further define the interaction between neutrophils and renal ischemia, we performed quantitative assessment of neutrophil accumulation during renal ischemia. Non-ischemic and ischemic rat kidneys were perfused by the isolated kidney technique with unstimulated, primed, or fully activated, indiumlabeled neutrophils. Neutrophil accumulation was quantilated by measuring indium retention after 60 minutes of perfusion. In non-ischemic kidneys, only activated neutrophils were retained while after 20 minutes of renal ischemia, unstimulated as well as primed neutrophils were retained. Following 10 minutes of ischemia, primed neutrophils (but not unstimulated neutrophils) were retained. In the presence of neutrophil retention, there were decreases in GFR and tubular sodium reabsorption. To determine the role of ICAM 1 in ischemic injury, rats were treated with anti-ICAM 1 prior to ischemia and ischemic kidneys were reperfused with unstimulated neutrophils and anti-ICAM 1. After ischemia, the neutrophil component of reperfusion injury in isolated kidneys was prevented with anti-ICAM 1. Oxygen metabolites have been shown to induce EC expression of ICAM 1. To determine the role of ICAM 1 in oxidantmediated renal injury, ischemic isolated kidneys were reperfused with catalase (CAT) and non-ischemic kidneys were perfused with hydrogen peroxide. Following ischemia, repcrfusion with CAT prevented neutrophil retention and injury. In non-ischemic kidneys, hydrogen peroxide caused primed neutrophil retention, activation and renal injury which were completely prevented with anti-ICAM 1. In conclusion: (1) Ischemic kidneys cause neutrophil retention, activation, and worsening of renal injury in isolated kidneys: and 2) neutrophil retention is dependent on the state of neutrophil activation, duration of renal ischemia and is mediated by oxygen metabolites and ICAM 1. This synergism could account for the high frequency of ARF in conditions such as sepsis where there is both renal hypoperfusion and neutrophil priming.
Hormonal Initiation of Parental Behavior in Inexperienced Ring Doves1

Zusammenfassung Mannliche, brutunerfahrene Lachtauben wurden durch Injektion von Fortpflanzungshormonen zum Bruten und Futtern von Jungen gebracht. Mit Progesteron allein behandelte ♂♂ bruteten; solche, die dazu auch Prolactin erhalten hatten, bruteten und futterten. Sehr wenig futterten allein mit Progesteron oder einer Kontrollflussigkeit behandelte; Prolactin allein fuhrte weder zum Bruten noch zum Futtern. Es scheint, das individuelle Erfahrung die verhaltens-motivierende Wirkung des Progesteron ersetzen kann.
The structural nature of amorphous Se and Te

Abstract We present new photoemission measurements on amorphous and trigonal Te. These results and other recent photoemission experiments on amorphous and trigonal Se are interpreted using density of states and charge density calculations. These studies result in new insights into the possible structural nature of the amorphous phase.
The Alzheimer's Connections Demonstration Program: instituting a national case management program.

The Alzheimer's Connections Demonstration Program was designed to study the most effective ways of linking families with needed services and resources. The fiveyear demonstration, begun in 1995, funded case management programs in 29 Alzheimer's Association chapters and served 2,313 families. This paper reports on the final two years of the project when all programs were operational. During this period, 800 families were served. The findings indicate that the programs complement the existing chapter services by offering a specific intervention with caregivers. At the end of the demonstration, all chapters planned to continue the program as case management increased their visibility in the community through their ability to offer direct services.
Comparison of microscopic examination and human papillomavirus DNA subtyping in vulvar lesions of premenarchal girls.

Abstract Study Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the microscopic examination and human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA subtyping of vulvar specimens from premenarchal girls clinically diagnosed with condyloma to determine whether DNA subtyping aids in the diagnostic process. Design: A retrospective chart review was performed on all premenarchal girls who underwent surgical treatment of clinically diagnosed condyloma between 1993 and 1999 at the University of Michigan Medical Center by the Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology Service. Tissue was sent for pathologic evaluation and in 10 patients the specimens also underwent DNA subtyping. One patient had prior DNA subtyping. All the other lesions were surgically ablated. The microscopic slides were reviewed by a single pathologist blinded to the study. Setting: The study was performed in a tertiary care university hospital. Participants: The study group included 11 premenarchal girls with an average age of 2.3 yr. Main Outcome Measures: The charts were reviewed for previous HPV treatment, maternal history of HPV, history of sexual abuse, microscopic diagnosis, and HPV DNA subtyping. Results: Four patients had prior surgical treatment and two patients had undergone prior medical treatment. The microscopic diagnosis was condyloma in 8 patients, chronic dermatitis in 2 patients, and 1 patient had VIN 2-3. All 11 specimens tested positive for HPV DNA, 10 specimens contained at least one of the low-risk subtypes (6, 11, 42, 43, 44), and 1 tested positive for low-risk as well as intermediate/high-risk HPV subtypes (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 51, 52, 56). Conclusions: Although all the patients with a clinical diagnosis of condyloma tested positive for HPV DNA, only 9 of 11 were definitely diagnosed with HPV-related pathology by microscopic examination. Therefore, in premenarchal patients with verrucous lesions in the anogenital area, microscopic evaluation alone may be inadequate as a confirmatory test when a positive clinical diagnosis has been made, and HPV DNA subtyping should be considered to avoid confusion with the diagnosis.
Peritoneal acidosis mediates immunoprotection in laparoscopic surgery.

Background We have shown previously that abdominal insufflation with CO2 increases serum levels of IL-10 and TNFα and increases survival among animals with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis, even after a laparotomy. We demonstrated previously that the effect of CO2 is not from changes in systemic pH, although the peritoneum is locally acidotic during abdominal insufflation with CO2 even when systemic pH is corrected. We hypothesized that acidification of the peritoneum via means other than CO2 insufflation would produce alterations in the inflammatory response similar to those associated with CO2 pneumoperitoneum. Methods In total, 42 rats were randomized into 7 groups (n = 6): 1) LPS only, 2) anesthesia control, 3) helium pneumoperitoneum, 4) CO2 pneumoperitoneum, 5) buffered mild acid lavage, 6) buffered strong acid lavage, and 7) buffered strong acid lavage + helium pneumoperitoneum. Animals received anesthesia with vaporized isoflurane (except the LPS-only group) and their respective abdominal treatment (pneumoperitoneum and/or lavage) for 30 min followed immediately by stimulation with systemic LPS (1 mg/kg, IV). Blood was harvested via cardiac puncture 60 min after LPS injection, and serum levels of IL-10 and TNFα levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Mean peritoneal pH decreased (P .05 for both cytokines). Conclusions Acidification of the peritoneal cavity whether by abdominal insufflation or by peritoneal acid lavage increases serum IL-10 and decreases serum TNFα levels in response to systemic LPS challenge. The degree of peritoneal acidification correlates with the degree of inflammatory response reduction. These results support the hypothesis that pneumoperitoneum-mediated attenuation of the inflammatory response after laparoscopic surgery occurs via a mechanism of peritoneal cell acidification.
The requirement for membrane integrity in the inhibition of hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase by sulfhydryl reagents and taurocholate.

Abstract Exposures of intact rat liver microsomes to various sulfhydryl reagents or to concentrations of taurocholate below 1 mM inhibited glucose 6-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity. The inhibitions were abolished by subsequent disruption of membrane integrity by higher concentrations of taurocholate or 1M NH 4 OH. Also the reagents were ineffective when tested directly with disrupted microsomes. Thus, a requirement for an intact membrane structure in the action of these reagents is indicated. Moreover, the involvement of a second component of the endoplasmic reticulum in the catalysis of glucose 6-phosphate hydrolysis is suggested.
How Effective Is Security Screening of Airline Passengers

With a simple mathematical model, we explored the antiterrorist effectiveness of airport passenger prescreening systems. Supporters of these systems often emphasize the need to identify the most suspicious passengers, but they ignore the point that such identification does little good unless dangerous items can actually be detected. Critics often focus on terrorists' ability to probe the system and thereby thwart it, but ignore the possibility that the very act of probing can deter attempts at sabotage that would have succeeded. Using the model to make some preliminary assessments about security policy, we find that an improved baseline level of screening for all passengers might lower the likelihood of attack more than would improved profiling of high-risk passengers.
Glutamate-induced energetic stress in hippocampal slices: Evidence against NMDA and glutamate uptake as mediators

The introduction of exogenous glutamate to normally respiring hippocampal slices produced substantial reductions in ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr) and intracellular pH (pHi) when the concentration exceeded 1 mM. These changes were not prevented by addition of MK-801 (an NMDA receptor antagonist), nor were they mimicked by NMDA or high potassium. In addition, the glutamate-induced metabolic alterations were not prevented by addition of aspartate-b-hydroxymate or sodium substitution by choline, both of which should inhibit high-affinity sodium-dependent glutamate uptake. These results suggest that glutamate alone can produce marked energetic stress in neural tissue, even when glucose and oxygen are maintained at control levels; and that the energetic stress does not appear to be specifically mediated by NMDA-induced depolarization, or by high-affinity uptake of glutamate.
Voltammetric characterization of gold, metallized-plastic electrodes, following exposure to ion beams or RF plasmas

Voltammetric analysis for the formation and reduction of gold oxide was used to probe surface compositional changes caused by argon-ion beams or oxygen RF plasmas. Gold, metallized plastic film electrodes were explored because of their reproducible surface composition and electrochemical characteristics, and because of our interest in exploiting the carbonaceous composition of their surface. Low doses of ions (<5 × 1015/cm 2) caused a physical and chemical activation of the gold film surface. Higher ion doses caused degradation of the conductive film which could be monitored electrochemically. Oxygen RF plasmas caused the formation of a voltammetrically quantitable gold oxide—in a fashion not seen for bulk gold or other gold films.
Both chloroplastic and cytosolic phosphofructoaldolase isozymes are present in the pea leaf nucleus

In higher plants, fructose bisphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13) occurs in chloroplast, cytosol, and nucleus. Immunocytolocalization experiments with isozyme-directed antibodies indicate that both chloroplastic and cytosolic aldolase isoforms are present in the pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaf nucleus.
Racial Associations with Hemorrhagic Presentation in Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Background Studies focusing on hemorrhagic presentation of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) have largely limited their analysis to angiographic features. We report the importance of race/ethnicity as a clinical factor associated with hemorrhagic AVM presentation in addition to previously reported angiographic features. Methods Data were prospectively and retrospectively collected on patients ( N = 194) during the period 1993–2010 who presented with a single intracranial AVM, and baseline characteristics were compared for hemorrhagic presentation versus nonhemorrhagic presentation. Features that were statistically significant in univariate analysis or clinically significant were included in a multivariate analysis. Results The median age at presentation was 32 years; 37.2% of patients were male. Spetzler-Martin grades were I in 17.5%, II in 37.1%, III in 28.9%, IV in 14.9%, and V in 1.5%. Baseline characteristics that differed significantly between patients presenting with hemorrhage compared with patients without hemorrhage were the following: race ( P P P = 0.01), absence of middle cerebral artery supply to AVM ( P P P P P = 0.02), basal ganglia (OR = 6.20 [95% CI = 1.52, 26.26], P = 0.01), or brainstem locations (OR = 4.41 [95% CI = 1.38, 14.92], P = 0.01) as factors associated with hemorrhagic presentation of brain AVMs. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that race/ethnicity is significantly associated with hemorrhagic presentation of AVMs. We also confirmed previous observations that AVM size and location are associated with hemorrhagic presentation.
Long-wavelength VCSELs at Honeywell

In this paper we describe both the 1310 and 1550 nm VCSEL development work at Honeywell using both InP and GaAs substrates, and using both MOCVD and MBE. We describe the material systems, the designs, the growth techniques, and the promising results obtained and compare them to the needs of the communications industry. InGaAsN quantum well based VCSELs have been demonstrated to 1338 nm lasing at temperatures up to 90 C. Continuous wave InP based 1550 nm VCSELs have also been demonstrated.