cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated blood lead levels in urban moonshine drinkers.

Abstract Study Objective: During a study of problem drinking, we found that surprisingly large numbers of emergency department patients reported moonshine consumption. Because of sporadic reports of moonshine-associated lead toxicity in rural areas, we suspected that urban ED patients might have previously unidentified elevated blood lead levels caused by moonshine consumption. We initiated an active screening program to identify patients with moonshine-associated elevated blood lead levels. Methods: We performed a prospective case-finding effort at a large urban ED in Atlanta, GA, screening all patients admitted to the ED for a 6-month period during times when study personnel were available. Patients reporting moonshine consumption within the preceding 5 years were asked to participate. After written informed consent, subjects completed a structured interview administered by one of the investigators, and blood was obtained for determination of a whole blood lead level. We recorded the numbers of patients reporting moonshine consumption, time of most recent consumption, other potential sources of lead exposures, and whole blood lead levels. Results: Of 49 patients reporting consumption of moonshine within the past 5 years, 25 (51%) of 49 had elevated blood lead levels (>15 μg/dL), with 15 (31%) of 49 having extremely elevated blood lead levels (>50 μg/dL). Recent moonshine consumption (within the past month) was reported by 38 (78%) of 49 patients. Of these 38 recent consumers, 23 (61%) had elevated lead levels compared with only 2 (18%) of 11 of those reporting more remote consumption (risk difference 42%; 95% confidence interval 15% to 70%). Conclusion: A high percentage of patients who reported moonshine consumption had elevated blood lead levels. Emergency physicians should consider screening to determine the prevalence of moonshine consumption in their practice settings, as well as the possibility of lead intoxication among patients with suggestive symptoms. All patients reporting moonshine consumption within the past 5 years should be tested for lead exposure. [Morgan BW, Todd KH, Moore B. Elevated blood lead levels in urban moonshine drinkers. Ann Emerg Med. January 2001;37:51-54.]
Scalar resonances in Goldstone boson scattering

Abstract Recently it has been suggested that when both spontaneous and explicit chiral symmetry breaking occurs in models with a large number of Goldstone bosons there is a stable scalar resonance which can be interpreted as a bound state of pions. We discuss this proposal in the context of the O( n ) linear sigma models and examine the conditions under which such a resonance can occur. We find that there are three possible situations. There may be a stable bound state, there may be a broad resonance, or the pion-pion scattering amplitudes may behave as though there were a light scale present without there being a physical particle corresponding to it. In addition, we find that if the theory is very strongly coupled, the tachyon that afflicts this model moves to positive mass-squared, becoming a physical particle.
MAX phase carbides and nitrides: Properties for future nuclear power plant in-core applications and neutron transmutation analysis

Abstract A family of ternary carbides and nitrides, known as MAX phases, combine attractive properties of both ceramics and metals, and has been suggested for potential nuclear reactor applications. The unirradiated materials properties of importance for in-core structural materials and as fuel pellet coatings for several leading MAX phase materials have been summarized from literature. The materials show high mechanical damage tolerance in terms of creep, thermal/mechanical fatigue and fracture resistance, and very good chemical compatibility with select coolants such as molten lead and sodium. Neutron activation has been calculated for commercial purity materials exposed to both idealized fast and thermal reactor neutron spectra for 10, 30, and 60 years of exposure. The specific activities of Ti 3 SiC 2 , Ti 3 AlC 2 , and Ti 2 AlC were compared to those of SiC and Alloy 617, two leading candidate materials for next generation reactor components. The specific activities of MAX phases were similar to SiC and three orders of magnitude less than Alloy 617 after 10–60 years decay for all three activation times in both the fast and thermal spectra. As with SiC, the main radioisotopes after a decay period of 10 years for all three activation times in the MAX phases are tritium and C 14 . Neutron irradiation results of Ti 3 SiC 2 , Ti 3 AlC 2 , and Ti 2 AlC experimentally confirmed the neutron transmutation analysis.
IMP3 Protein Promotes Chemoresistance in Breast Cancer Cells by Regulating Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) Expression

IMP3, a member of a family of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) mRNA-binding proteins (IMPs), is expressed preferentially in triple-negative breast cancers, which are resistant to many chemotherapeutics. However, the mechanisms by which it impacts breast cancer have not been elucidated. We hypothesized a role for IMP3 in chemoresistance based on these observations. Depletion of IMP3 expression in triple-negative breast cancer cells increased their sensitivity to doxorubicin and mitoxantrone significantly but not to taxol. Given that doxorubicin and mitoxantrone are effluxed by breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), we assessed whether IMP3 regulates BCRP. The data obtained demonstrate that IMP3 binds to BCRP mRNA and regulates BCRP expression. These findings are significant because they provide insight into the mechanism by which IMP3 contributes to aggressive cancers, and they highlight the potential for targeting this mRNA-binding protein for the clinical management of cancer.
Effect of Physical Nonlinearity on Vibrations of Piezoelectric Rods

Nonlinear stress-strain relationships (physical nonlinearity) may have a large effect on the structural response of piezoelectric sensors and actuators. The paper addresses the subject concentrating on cylindrical piezoelectric rods that experience vibrations as a result of an alternating electric field applied in the axial direction. The problem considered in the paper is important in connection with design of piezoelectric transducers. It is shown that neglecting the non-linear stress-strain relationship of the piezoelectric material can result in a significant error in the predicted response of the transducer.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Valuing the Physically Active Life: Contemporary and Future Directions

(1996). Valuing the Physically Active Life: Contemporary and Future Directions. Quest: Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 266-274.
Adolescent preferences for rooming during hospitalization.

Abstract Purpose: To determine adolescents' rooming preferences during hospitalization. Methods: A questionnaire designed by the authors was administered to 95 adolescents (59 inpatients and 36 outpatients) in 1996. Differences between groups were analyzed by Chi-square. Results: The adolescents were equally divided between a preference to room alone (40%) or with one other person (39%). Fewer adolescents (20%) preferred more than one other roommate. When analyzed by gender, females were significantly more likely than males to prefer to room alone [53% vs. 28% (χ 2 = 5.34; p Conclusions: These findings support our recommendation that there should be equal numbers of single and double rooms in adolescent inpatient units to accommodate these divided preferences among adolescents. Individual adolescent rooming preferences should be elicited and honored whenever feasible.
Potential traceable markers of organic matter in organic and conventional dairy manure using ultraviolet–visible and solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Very limited information is available on the impacts of organic farming practices on the chemical composition and properties of dairy manure. In this study, we found the differences in the absorptivities of dissolved organic matter between conventional and organic dairy manure samples at 254 and 280 nm, reflecting the difference in aromaticities of dissolved organic matter of the manures. The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characteristics of triple peaks around 30 ppm were more evident in organic samples than in conventional dairy manure samples. This observation was presumably due to more forage feedstuff used in organic dairy farms as this spectral feature was assigned to cutin and cutan from the outer cuticle of herbaceous plants. Thus, the distinct NMR feature of manure around 30 ppm, if further confirmed, can serve as a traceable forage marker to evaluate the authenticity of organic dairy farming programs.
Submicron-Period Waveguide Bragg Gratings Direct Written by an 800-nm Femtosecond Oscillator

Using femtosecond pulses from a multi-pass-cavity Ti:S oscillator, submicron-period Bragg gratings were fabricated inside waveguides in bulk glasses without any phase masks. Transmission spectra with resonance wavelengths in the optical communication band were successfully observed.
Research Note: Growth of Salmonella enteritidis in Grade A Eggs During Prolonged Storage

Abstract Migration of Salmonella enteritidis through egg albumen to yolk and its subsequent growth in the yolk were examined. Submersion of eggs in .1% mercuric chloride solution for 1 h followed by submersion in 70% ethanol for 30 min resulted in an eggshell surface from which no Salmonella organisms were recovered. The eggs were then inoculated with S. enteritidis under the shell membrane. Although growth of S. enteritidis was negligible in eggs refrigerated up to 16 days, the population level of the organism increased by more than 8 log10 units in unrefrigerated eggs stored for the same amount of time.
Ocular Manifestations of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

The ocular complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) include: (1) a noninfectious microangiopathy, most often seen in the retina, consisting of cotton-wool spots with or without intraretinal hemorrhages and other microvascular abnormalities; (2) opportunistic ocular infections, primarily cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis; (3) conjunctival, eyelid, or orbital involvement by those neoplasms seen in patients with AIDS (i.e., Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma); and (4) neuro-ophthalmic lesions. In a series of 200 AIDS patients evaluated clinically, AIDS retinopathy was present in 66.5%. Sixty-four percent had cotton-wool spots, and 12% had intraretinal hemorrhages. Cytomegalovirus retinitis was diagnosed in 28% of AIDS patients. Neuro-ophthalmic lesions were found in 8% of all AIDS patients and were present in 33% of those patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome retinopathy was present in 40% of 35 patients with the AIDS-related complex (ARC) and in 1.3% of 232 patients with asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, evaluated photographically. These results suggest that the prevalence of AIDS retinopathy increases with increasing severity of HIV infection, and that CMV retinitis presents a significant vision-threatening problem in AIDS patients.
Atmospheric modelling in GPS analysis and its effect on the estimated geodetic parameters

Permanently operating Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers are used today, for example, in precise positioning and determination of atmospheric water vapour content. The GPS signals are delayed by various gases when traversing the atmosphere. The delay due to water vapour, the wet delay, is difficult to model using ground surface data and is thus often estimated from the GPS data. In order to obtain the most accurate results from the GPS processing, a modelling of the horizontal distribution of the wet delay may be necessary. Through simulations, three such models are evaluated, one of which is developed in this paper. In the first model the water vapour is assumed to be horizontally stratified, thus the wet delay can be described by only one zenith parameter. The second model gives the wet delay with one zenith and two horizontal gradient parameters. The third model uses the correlation between the wet-delay values in different directions. It is found that for large gradients and strong turbulence the two latter models yield lower errors in the estimated vertical coordinate and wet-delay parameters. For large gradients this improvement is up to 7 mm in the zenith wet-delay parameter, from 9 mm down to 2 and 4 mm for the second and third models, respectively.
Extending the Assurance Point (AP) Approach to Process Recovery for Use with Flow Groups

The concept of Assurance Points (APs) provides a new approach to addressing data consistency in processes composed of service invocations. APs allow for checking of user-defined correctness conditions at different points during the execution of a business process, along with options for recovery actions if those conditions are not met, where recovery actions include rollback, retry, and a recovery technique for hierarchically nested processes known as cascaded contingency. APs also serve as partial rollback points from which forward recovery can resume when an error occurs. This research has extended the AP concept to support parallelism within a process using the flow group construct. A flow group allows concurrent execution threads within a process, making the AP approach suitable for use in cloud computing environment. Assuming there are no data dependencies between the concurrent threads, this research has defined the placement and behavior of APs within flow groups, also defining the recovery semantics for rollback, retry, and cascaded contingency when failure occurs within a flow group. These extensions have been designed with the intent of minimizing rollback and unnecessary backwards recovery activities for concurrent execution threads. This paper formalizes the use of APs and recovery actions within a flow group by Petri Nets.
Teleoperation of Steerable Needles

Needles are commonly used in medical practice as a minimally invasive means to reach subsurface targets for diagnosis or therapy delivery. Recent results indicate that steerable needles may enhance targeting accuracy and allow needles to avoid obstacles along the path to the target. This work considers teleoperation of needles made of a superelastic alloy that steer through tissue using forces generated by the standard asymmetric bevel tip. The needle may be modeled as a nonholonomic system, with inputs of insertion along and spin about the needle axis. A teleoperation system consisting of a commercial master haptic device, a custom needle-steering robot slave, and visual feedback to the operator was assembled. Human subjects experiments were performed to evaluate targeting accuracy in phantom tissue for three needle control methods: teleoperation of both insertion and spin, teleoperation of insertion with open-loop-controlled spin, and open-loop control of both insertion and spin. Targeting accuracy improved with increasing degrees of freedom of human (teleoperation) control, primarily because tissue deformation and modeling limitations result in open-loop control errors. Subjects typically performed multiple spins of the needle during insertion in order to fine tune the needle path. In addition, position, rate, and a nonlinear hybrid control were compared during teleoperation of the insertion degree of freedom. The hybrid method resulted in significantly better targeting accuracy
PuraMatrix encapsulation of cancer cells.

Increasing evidence suggests that culturing cancer cells in three dimensions more accurately recapitulates the complexity of tumor biology. Many of these models utilize reconstituted basement membrane derived from animals which contain a variable amount of growth factors and cytokines that can influence the growth of these cell culture models. Here, we describe in detail the preparation and use of PuraMatrix, a commercially available self assembling peptide gel that is devoid of animal-derived material and pathogens to encapsulate and propagate the ovarian cancer cell line, OVCAR-5. We begin by describing how to prepare the PuraMatrix prior to use. Next, we demonstrate how to properly mix the PuraMatrix and cell suspension to encapsulate the cells in the hydrogel. Upon the addition of cell culture media or injection into a physiological environment, the peptide component of PuraMatrix rapidly self assembles into a 3D hydrogel that exhibits a nanometer scale fibrous structure with an average pore size of 5-200 nm1. In addition, we demonstrate how to propagate cultures grown in encapsulated PuraMatrix. When encapsulated in PuraMatrix, OVCAR-5 cells assemble into three dimensional acinar structures that more closely resemble the morphology of micrometastatic nodules observed in the clinic than monolayer in vitro models. Using confocal microscopy we illustrate the appearance of representative OVCAR-5 cells encapsulated in PuraMatrix on day 1, 3, 5, and 7 post plating. The use of PuraMatrix to culture cancer cells should improve our understanding of the disease and allow us to assess treatment response in more clinically predictive model systems.
Wetting of rough three-dimensional superhydrophobic surfaces

Wetting of rough three-dimensional periodic surfaces is studied. The contact angle of liquid with a rough surface (θ) is different from that with a smooth surface (θ0) due to the difference in the contact area and effect of the air pockets. For non-wetting liquids (θ0>π/2), the contact angle increases with roughness and may approach the value of π (superhydrophobic surface). For high θ0, a homogeneous solid-liquid interface, as well as a composite solid-liquid-air interface with air pockets at the valleys of rough surface are possible. These two interfaces correspond to different states of equilibrium and result in different θ. A probability-based approach is introduced to handle the multiple states of equilibrium and to calculate θ. It is found also that increasing droplet size has the same effect as increasing period of roughness (size of asperities). For larger droplets and for larger asperities, the composite interface is less likely. For applications involving liquid’s transport near rough walls of a channel, an analogy between a droplet of non-wetting liquid and a gas bubble in wetting liquid is proposed. In order to increase bubbles mobility, the contact angle and the contact angle hysteresis should be minimized. Practical recommendations for design of superhydrophobic surfaces are formulated.
Temporal dynamics of brain tissue nitric oxide during functional forepaw stimulation in rats.

We report the first dynamic measurements of tissue nitric oxide (NO) during functional activation of rat somatosensory cortex by electrical forepaw stimulation. Cortical tissue NO was measured electrochemically with rapid-responding recessed microelectrodes (tips <10 μm). Simultaneous blood flow measurements were made by laser–Doppler flowmetry (LDF). NO immediately increased, reaching a peak 125.5 ± 32.8 (SE) nM above baseline (P < 0.05) within 400 ms after stimulus onset, preceding any LDF changes, and then returned close to prestimulus levels after 2 s (123 signal-averaged trials, 12 rats). Blood flow began rising after a 1-s delay, reaching a peak just before electrical stimulation was ended at t = 4 s. A consistent poststimulus NO undershoot was observed as LDF returned to baseline. These findings complement our previous study (B. M. Ances et al., 2001, Neurosci. Lett. 306, 106–110) in which a transient decrease in rat somatosensory cortex tissue oxygen partial pressure was found to precede blood flow increases during functional activation.
Interaction of Two Pulsatory Waves of the Korteweg-de Vries Equation in a Zigzag Hyperbolic Structure

A new exact solution for nonlinear interaction of two pulsatory waves of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation is computed by decomposition in an invariant zigzag hyperbolic tangent (ZHT) structure. A computational algorithm is developed by experimental programming with lists of equations and expressions. The structural solution is proved by theoretical programming with symbolic general terms. Convergence, tolerance, and summation of the ZHT structural approximation are discussed. When a reference level vanishes, the two-wave solution is reduced to the two-soliton solution of the KdV equation.
Temporal organization of swimming activity inSarsia tubulosa M. Sars (Hydrozoa)

1. Time series analysis of the occurrence of swimming activity inSarsia medusae was undertaken to determine the type(s) of organization underlying this variable behavior. 2. WhenSarsia spend less than 25% of the time swimming, the duration of a swim bout is a good predictor of when subsequent bouts will start. In more active animals, the duration of the pauses between swim bouts is a better predictor of when swim bouts will start. 3. Fourier analysis shows that some animals (7/23) have clear rhythms in their swimming activity, with periods of 40–200 s. 4. The shape of the spectrogram remained similar for an individual animal for up to three days.
Modelling the consumer's decision to replace durable goods: a hazard function approach

This article analysis the consumer's durable good replacement decision using hazard models. In contrast to the typical limited dependent variable model often used in durable good demand studies, hazard models allow for much richer replacement. To illustrate the technique, a recursive system consisting of a regression equation and a hazard model is used to examine home heating system replacement decisions by residencial customers of a major southeasten US electric utility. The results indicate that overall system replacement rates decline over time, and that the probability of replacement for specific households depends negatively on the age of the head of household abd the availability of natural gas, and positively on system age and higher than expected household energy use.
Dilatometric and refractometric studies of the helix—coil transition of poly‐L‐glutamic acid in aqueous solution

The helix—coil transition of poly-L-glutamic acid (PGA) in aqueous solutions was followed by volume changes, ΔV, and also differential refractive indices, Δn. The increase in ΔV or decrease in Δn upon mixing the sodium salt of PGA with dilute HCl gave three straight lines between pH 7 and 4, the two breaks corresponding to the transition zone observed by other physical methods. For the reaction: COO− + H+ CO-OH, ΔV per mole of H+ bound was 11.4 and 11.1 ml. in 0.01 and 0.2M NaCl solutions, respectively. An additional conformational change of about 0.5–1 ml. per amino acid residue was observed for the reaction: coil helix, after taking electrostatic interaction into consideration. This was probably due to the release of the water of hydration at the amide linkages when the polypeptide coil is converted into the α-helix, or even the occurrence of voids in the polypeptide chain as a result of imperfect packing of the atoms, although the origin of this volume change is still not fully understood at the present time. The volume changes as calculated from Δn by assuming a constant polarizability of the polymer was found to be higher for the association reaction than those mentioned above. On the other hand, the calculated ΔV for the transition was in fair agreement with those by direct measurements.
The Herschel Effect and the Structure and Stability of the Photographic Latent Image

In a previous investigation carried out with a contrast motion-picture positive emulsion of uniform grain size, it was found that for the first few minutes of development in a standard Elon-hydroquinone developer the differential density decrease produced by the Herschel effect was constant in each exposure step of the pre-exposure to white light. This led to the conclusion that the “critical size” of the development centers remained essentially unchanged during that time.In the present investigation with the same emulsion, the constancy of the Herschel effect was confirmed, both with the same developer and with a pure surface ferrous oxalate developer. When development baths were used which contained varying amounts of sodium thiosulfate, the Herschel effect decreased, corresponding to the solvent action. This agrees with the widely accepted view that the Herschel effect produces a redistribution of centers through the grain.The Herschel effect proved also to be a sensitive indicator of the growth of surface centers which occurred when white-light and infra-red exposures were separated by longer time intervals. When the film was kept at higher temperatures, the decrease of the Herschel effect was the only evidence of latent-image change. Furthermore, the very great difference in the Herschel effect corresponding to different intensity levels of pre-exposure gave a striking illustration of the difference in center size produced at these different intensity levels.
Conceptualizing hunger dynamics: a critical examination of two famine early warning methodologies in Zimbabwe

Abstract In the wake of droughts in the African Sahel in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, international organizations, bilateral donors, African governments and non-governmental organizations set up a number of early warning systems to monitor food security. The objective of this paper is to assess the strengths, weaknesses and conceptual validity of two new famine early warning systems that are being applied in Zimbabwe – the Save the Children Fund–United Kingdom’s household food economy approach and the US Agency for International Development Famine Early Warning System’s maize equivalency approach. The paper suggests that both approaches are part of a ‘third wave of innovation’ in the development of early warning methodologies. While both systems share much in common, there are also important differences between them in the way they assemble information and conceptualize hunger. When the two methods were employed in Manjolo Communal Area of Zimbabwe for the 1996/97 period, they produced significantly different food deficit estimates. The divergent deficit predictions are explained by conceptual differences between the two programmes, including differences in unit of analysis, selection and relative weight accorded to data parameters, income group disaggregation, and distinctions between purchased and non-purchased food.
Phonological Naturalness and Phonotactic Learning

We investigate whether the patterns of phonotactic well-formedness internalized by language learners are direct reflections of the phonological patterns they encounter, or reflect in addition principles of phonological naturalness. We employed the phonotactic learning system of Hayes and Wilson (2008) to search the English lexicon for phonotactic generalizations and found that it learned many constraints that are evidently unnatural, having no typological or phonetic basis. We tested 10 such constraints by obtaining native-speaker ratings of 40 nonce words: 10 violated our unnatural constraints, 10 violated natural constraints assigned comparable weights by the learner, and 20 were control forms. Violations of the natural constraints had a powerful effect on ratings, violations of the unnatural constraints at best a weak one. We assess various hypotheses intended to explain this disparity, and conclude in favor of a learning bias account.
Pair production in heavy-quark systems and the Lorentz nature of the potential.

The states lying just above the heavy-flavor threshold in the charmonium and bottomonium systems are studied. The widths of these states are calculated using two different potential models but the same pair production operator. This operator includes the two-body potential, and different choices are considered for the Lorentz nature of this potential.
Food security and C-reactive protein in adolescents.

Several studies have shown an association between food insecurity and adverse health outcomes.1–3 This association may be partially caused by the affordable nature of high caloric foods, which if consumed frequently, can result in obesity.4 This theory does not account for the association between food-insecure, undernourished adults and adverse health outcomes. Because of this gap in theory, alternate pathways from food insecurity to adverse health outcomes other than obesity are becoming an area of interest. Gowda et al. used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data to demonstrate an association between C-reactive protein (CRP) and food security in adults that was mediated by immune markers in the United States using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (Table 1).5 However, it seems that in adolescents, because CRP and low body mass index (BMI; defined as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) are not associated with food insecurity, we can postulate that the risk posed by food insecurity in adolescence may result from the consumption of lower priced food high in calories. TABLE 1— Associations between Food Insecurity and Body Mass Index in Adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 1999–2006 Gowda et al. observed that adults who were highly food insecure were 21% more likely to have the highest CRP levels. We did not observe any association when looking at adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (n = 6037) from the same population and using adjusted models with Gowda et al.’s definitions of CRP, food security, and biomarkers. Adults were 33% more likely to be obese if they were marginally food insecure and 74% more likely to be underweight if they were highly food insecure. Contrarily, in adolescents we found that being overweight (BMI = 25.00–29.99) was associated with being highly food insecure. Adolescents who experienced high food insecurity were 47% more likely to be overweight than those who were food secure. These results demonstrate that the detrimental effects of being food insecure in adolescents may occur in different pathways than in adults. This means that for adolescents, food insecurity should be intervened upon with adolescent-specific strategies, possibly through nutritional education interventions. It will be important to continue development of a knowledge base that will support public health programs designed to alleviate food insecurities in adolescents specifically, not only in the adult population.
Don't Call Them Co-eds!

As a graduate of Princeton's undergraduate engineering program and current faculty member at Smith College, I was pleased to see your coverage of the Princeton-Smith student exchange agreement (“Support group,” Random Samples, 21 Jan., p. [351][1]). At the same time, I was dismayed to find the use of the anachronism “co-eds” to refer to female Princetonians in your otherwise positive coverage. For many of us, that gender-biased term—referring to women as the reason a school has become “co-ed”—is a glaring reminder of Princeton's history as a men's school that admits women, rather than an institution equally committed to the education of all students. We welcome all Princeton engineering students to Smith as part of the exchange, not just women. Men would indeed benefit from experiencing engineering education in a program unique in its majority-women faculty and student body—and we promise not to demean their value in our community by referring to them as co-eds. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.307.5708.351c
210Pb-derived chronology and the fluxes of 210Pb and 137Cs isotopes into continental shelf sediments, East Chukchi Sea, Alaskan Arctic

Abstract Eleven sediment cores and eight sediment trap samples from the continental shelf of the Eastern Chukchi Sea were analyzed for 210Pb, Cs, and 2226Ra. In selected samples, the organic carbon content and stable carbon isotope ratios were also determined. The excess 210Pb (210Pbxs) concentrations in the 1-cm core tops are generally lower than those of surficial sediments of subarctic shelves and arctic lakes. The sediment inventory-derived depositional fluxes of 210Ph vary between 0.09 and 0.38 dpm cm−2y−1, with a mean of 0.18 dpm cm−2 y−1 . The apparent mass sediment accumulation rates, which vary between 31 and 324 mg cm−2 y−1 with a mean value of 133 mg cm−2 y−1 , are about an order of magnitude lower than the yearly particle flux obtained from the sediment trap experiments. This difference between the relatively long-term and short-term yearly accumulation rates is likely due to the occasional resuspension of fine particles in the continental shelf areas and their advective transport to sites other than their initial deposition. The sediment inventory of 137Cs varied between 0.64 and 4.09 dpm cm−2, with a mean of 2.18 dpm cm −2. A comparison of this inventory with the expected fallout inventory of 137Cs suggests that there had been no detectable input of 137Cs to the study area from the former USSR nuclear dump sites.
Solar rotation and the giant cells

Departures from the mean solar differential rotation rate as a function of latitude, longitude, and epoch of the solar cycle, together with variations in the rotation rate as determined by spectroscopic and tracer measurements are reviewed. It is shown that, if giant convection cells do exist as predicted, real variations in the subsurface rotation rate should occur and that this may be responsible for the observed surface anomalies. In terms of this hypothesis, a simple account is given for the anomalous rotation rates of sunspots. Furthermore, the torsional oscillations are identified as a modulation of the differential rotation produced by a system of toroidal convective rolls generated near the poles and propagating towards the equator. It is suggested that, as these rolls progress through lower latitudes, they break up into a system of cells which are the long sought for giant cells of the convection zone. Thus the torsional oscillations are identified as direct surface evidence for the existence of these cells.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Structures of Alkane/Hydroxylated α-Al2O3(0001) Interfaces

Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out on several linear alkane systems of different chain lengths, confined between hydroxylated α-aluminum oxide surfaces at experimental densities, to study structural and dynamical features of the film/surface interfaces. The simulations show that there is extensive multilayer adsorption on the hydroxylated α-aluminum oxide surface. The adsorption layers are separated by the diameter of the linear alkanes, independent of chain length. Alkanes near the surface show a high percentage of the trans conguration as well as greater densities, indicating efficient packing of chains in the inner adsorption layer. The simulations indicate that this “solidification” increases as the alkane chain becomes longer. Radial distribution functions also show a more-ordered multilayer packing structure for alkane chains physisorbed on the surface as compared to the bulk. The dynamics of chains in the first adsorption layer are strongly affected by their interactions with the solid...
Shock-Induced Omega Phase in Tantalum

The deformation substructure developed within polycrystalline tantalum under a high shock pressure (45 GPa) with a 1.8 {micro}s duration has been examined using transmission electron microscopy. A shock-induced {beta} (bcc) {yields} {omega} (hexagonal) displacive transformation is observed for the first time within tantalum. Needle- or plate-like {omega} phase is found to form accompanied with the {l_brace}112{r_brace} type deformation twins within shock-recovered tantalum. The orientation relationships between the shock-induced {omega} and parent {beta} phases are determined to be {l_brace}10{bar 1}0{r_brace}{sub {omega}} {parallel} {l_brace}211{r_brace}{sub {beta}}, [0001]{sub {omega}} {parallel} {sub {beta}} and {sub {omega}} {parallel} [0{bar 1}1]{sub {beta}}. The lattice parameters of {omega} phase are a{sub {omega}} = ({radical}2a{sub {beta}}) = 0.468 nm and c{sub {omega}} = ({radical}3/2) a{sub {beta}} = 0.286 nm (c/a = 0.611). Both deformation twins and shock-induced {omega} phase are primarily formed along the {l_brace}211{r_brace}{sub {beta}} slip planes with high resolved shear stresses, and have a common habit plane [i.e. the {l_brace}211{r_brace} plane] with the parent {beta} matrix. It is suggested that shear deformation on the {l_brace}211{r_brace} planes is the major cause for the formation of shock-induced {omega} phase within tantalum.
Normal peers' reactions toward autistic children following a tutoring experience.

The present study investigated the effects of a tutoring experience with autistic children on normal children's attitudes. The normal children's attitudes were examined using a semistructured inter...
Experimental evaluation of designs for the simulated countercurrent moving bed separator

Simulated countercurrent chromatography is a continuous flow method for separation of binary mixtures or for separation of multicomponent mixtures into two fractions. Countercurrent flow is simulated by moving the feed point past several fixed adsorbent beds at a rate between the single column breakthrough time of each component. The number of columns and the location of the inlet and outlet port were varied to investigate product purity and productivity. Concentration profiles of the effluent product streams were measured. The maximum product concentration exceeds the feed concentration during part of the feed-switching cycle and drops to zero during part of the cycle. Three configurations were tested with the total number of columns varying between three and eight. For the test separation chosen, gaseous propylene and dimethyl ether on Chromosorb 101, high purity (> 99%) product streams were obtained with an optimal four-column configuration using three desorbent streams.
Eosinophilic fasciitis and eosinophilic cellulitis in a patient with abnormal circulating clonal T cells: increased production of interleukin 5 and inhibition by interferon alfa

Abstract Eosinophilic fasciitis (Shulman's syndrome) and eosinophilic cellulitis are part of a spectrum of diseases characterized by tissue and peripheral blood eosinophilia. Eosinophils are implicated directly in the lesional process that characterizes these conditions, because signs of eosinophil activation and degranulation are observed at the sites of tissue injury. The cause and pathogenesis of eosinophilic fasciitis and cellulitis are presently unclear. Herein, we report a patient manifesting rapidly progressive localized cutaneous induration of the arms and legs with eosinophilia, no signs of systemic sclerosis, and histopathologic features compatible with the diagnosis of eosinophilic fasciitis. Four years after the onset of eosinophilic fasciitis, the patient had recurrent episodes of eosinophilic cellulitis. Blood screening for clonal T-cell receptor γ gene rearrangements revealed several amplified clonal populations of circulating T cells. Furthermore, in vitro analysis of cytokine production by the patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells demonstrated strongly increased production of interleukin 5, the synthesis of which could be completely blocked by interferon (IFN)-α. The coexistence of eosinophilic fasciitis and cellulitis in a patient with an abnormal circulating T-cell clone and increased IL-5 production are unique and might be responsible for the eosinophilia and eosinophil-mediated tissue injury. Although not assessed in vivo in this patient, our in vitro data provide a rationale for the use of IFN-α in eosinophilic fasciitis and/or cellulitis.
A Projection Pursuit Algorithm to Classify Individuals Using fMRI Data: Application to Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is diagnosed based largely upon behavioral symptoms. Currently, no quantitative, biologically based diagnostic technique has yet been developed to identify patients with schizophrenia. Classification of individuals into patient with schizophrenia and healthy control groups based on quantitative biologically based data is of great interest to support and refine psychiatric diagnoses. We applied a novel projection pursuit technique on various components obtained with independent component analysis (ICA) of 70 subjects' fMRI activation maps obtained during an auditory oddball task. The validity of the technique was tested with a leave-one-out method and the detection performance varied between 80% and 90%. The findings suggest that the proposed data reduction algorithm is effective in classifying individuals into schizophrenia and healthy control groups and may eventually prove useful as a diagnostic tool.
Analysis of Near-Surface Cracking under Critical Loading Conditions Using Uncracked and Cracked Pavement Models

In this paper, the mechanism of near-surface cracking under critical loading conditions was investigated using mechanistic modeling approaches. These loading conditions were represented by a combination of nonuniform tire contact stresses in three directions generated during vehicle maneuvers (free rolling, acceleration/braking, and cornering) that were predicted from a tire-pavement interaction model. Three-dimensional finite element models of uncracked and cracked pavements were developed to evaluate the critical factors that are responsible for crack initiation and propagation at the near-surface of a typical full-depth pavement structure. It was found that the near-surface cracks in the proximity of tire edges showed strong mixed-mode (tension and shear) fracture potential. The pavement responses from both uncracked and cracked pavement models indicated that shear mode of fracture in the presence of compression appeared to be the dominant mode of damage for near-surface cracking. Compared to the free rolling condition, tire braking/acceleration and cornering induced high tangential contact stresses on the pavement surface, which could significantly accelerate the development of cracks at the pavement near-surface. The near-surface cracking potential was dependent on the variations of localized tire contact stress distributions. The findings presented in this study shed light on the experimental characterization of the near-surface cracking phenomenon, which appears to be driven by different stress conditions than the classical bottom-up fatigue cracking. This study also highlights the impact of vehicle maneuvering on premature pavement damage that is often neglected in the current pavement design process.
Biochemistry and physiology of blood coagulation.

Introduction: The biochemical investigation of a biological process can be divided into three segments. The first is the development of an inventory of the components involved in the process, the second is the establishment of the connectivity between components, and the third is the establishment of the dynamics of the processes as they occur in the living organism.
DNA-Mediated Charge Transport Chemistry and Biology

A range of photophysical and biochemical experiments have been conducted to establish DNA charge transport, to probe those parameters that influence DNA-mediated charge transport, and to explore the biological applications and consequences. Charge migration through the DNA base stack has been shown to result in oxidative damage 200 A from the site of the remotely-bound oxidant, but this long-range reaction is exquisitely sensitive to perturbations in the intervening base stack. Spectroscopic measurements provide the timescale for the transfer between bases and highlight the dependence of coupling through the base stack on base dynamics. In exploiting the sensitivity of DNA charge transport to base pair stacking, DNA electrodes have been designed that detect, with high sensitivity, single base mismatches in DNA, as well as protein-dependent changes in DNA stacking. How proteins modulate long-range DNA charge transport has also been examined, and, in exploring charge transport within the biological milieu, oxidative damage to DNA within the cell nucleus is being probed.
Oysters as geoarchaeologic objects

Crassostreine oysters have unutilized potential in analyses of coastal archaeological sites. Intertidal vs. subtidal harvesting may be determined by an examination of shell characters, and the culling of samples recognized through scrutiny of valves or shells collected dead. the season of live shell gathering may be estimated via a ligament growth model. Possible human uses of oysters include foodstuffs, agricultural and building materials, implements, ornaments, objects of curiosity, and in the manufacture of ceramics. Use as implements or ornaments is unlikely, and criteria exist to add strength to interpretations of other uses. Oysters faithfully replicate their substrate on left valve attachment areas and may yield evidence of distinctive, otherwise unrecognizable, archaeological features. Ideas herein developed for the southeastern United States may be extended to other geographic regions through appropriate data gathering processes.
CXCR3-dependent accumulation and activation of perivascular macrophages is necessary for homeostatic arterial remodeling to hemodynamic stresses

Sustained changes in blood flow modulate the size of conduit arteries through structural alterations of the vessel wall that are dependent on the transient accumulation and activation of perivascular macrophages. The leukocytic infiltrate appears to be confined to the adventitia, is responsible for medial remodeling, and resolves once hemodynamic stresses have normalized without obvious intimal changes. We report that inward remodeling of the mouse common carotid artery after ligation of the ipsilateral external carotid artery is dependent on the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Wild-type myeloid cells restored flow-mediated vascular remodeling in CXCR3-deficient recipients, adventitia-infiltrating macrophages of Gr1low resident phenotype expressed CXCR3, the perivascular accumulation of macrophages was dependent on CXCR3 signaling, and the CXCR3 ligand IP-10 was sufficient to recruit monocytes to the adventitia. CXCR3 also contributed to selective features of macrophage activation required for extracellular matrix turnover, such as production of the transglutaminase factor XIII A subunit. Human adventitial macrophages displaying a CD14+/CD16+ resident phenotype, but not circulating monocytes, expressed CXCR3, and such cells were more frequent at sites of disturbed flow. Our observations reveal a CXCR3-dependent accumulation and activation of perivascular macrophages as a necessary step in homeostatic arterial remodeling triggered by hemodynamic stress in mice and possibly in humans as well.
Analysis of Doubly Corrugated Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton (DC-SSPP) Structure With Sub-Wavelength Transmission at THz Frequencies

Devices utilizing spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) effect in the terahertz (THz) domain has attracted increasing attention because such devices can be potentially used in fast signal processing and storages. In this paper, we present a comprehensive mathematical model of the doubly corrugated SSPP (DC-SSPP) structure derived from full-field analysis. Based on the proposed model, a complete characterization of the structure is carried out and properties such as dispersion relationships and S-parameters are obtained. The results show the existence of slow light modes in the DC-SSPP structure. Discrete sub-wavelength transmission bands, and sometimes sharp transmission peaks with strong EM field localization can also be achieved under certain device designs. They are compared with the simulation results obtained from the CST software package developed by Computer Simulation Technology AG. The validation as well as limitations of the derived results is also discussed in detail.