cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fullerene Additives Convert Ambipolar Transport to p‐Type Transport while Improving the Operational Stability of Organic Thin Film Transistors

Many high charge carrier mobility (μ) active layers within organic field-effect transistor (OFET) configurations exhibit non-linear current–voltage characteristics that may drift with time under applied bias and, when applying conventional equations for ideal FETs, may give inconsistent μ values. This study demonstrates that the introduction of electron deficient fullerene acceptors into thin films comprised of the high-mobility semiconducting polymer PCDTPT suppresses an undesirable “double-slope” in the current–voltage characteristics, improves operational stability, and changes ambipolar transport to unipolar transport. Examination of other high μ polymers shows general applicability. This study also shows that one can further reduce instability by tuning the relative electron affinity of the polymer and fullerene by creating blends containing different fullerene derivatives and semiconductor polymers. One can obtain hole μ values up to 5.6 cm2 V–1 s–1 that are remarkably stable over multiple bias-sweeping cycles. The results provide a simple, solution-processable route to dictate transport properties and improve semiconductor durability in systems that display similar non-idealities.
HX addition and photochemical H2 elimination by Ni NHC complexes.

Ni(H)(X)(IMes)2 was prepared by the addition of HX to Ni(IMes)2 (X = Cl, Br; IMes = 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene). Ni(H)(Cl)(IMes)2 (1) was isolated from the reaction mixture of Ni(IMes)2 and 2 equiv of 2,6-lutidine·HCl. Ni(H)(Br)(IMes)2 was prepared in a similar way. Although treatment of Ni(IMes)2 with a HCl·dioxane solution gives rise to a mixture of 1, NiCl2(IMes)2, and NiCl(IMes)2, 1 was not isolable from the mixture. All three complexes cocrystallized. Photolysis of these nickel hydrides activates their Ni−H bonds by populating Ni−H σ* orbitals, which results in the formation of H2. Treatment of 1 with HCl·dioxane gives rise to H2 and NiCl2(IMes)2.
Discrimination Fully Mediates the Effects of Incarceration History on Depressive Symptoms and Psychological Distress Among African American Men

Using a nationally representative sample of African American men, this study investigated the associations between lifetime history of incarceration, discrimination, and mental health (e.g., depressive symptoms and psychological distress). We hypothesized that discrimination would fully mediate the association between incarceration history and mental health outcomes among African American men. Using a cross-sectional design, our analysis included 1271 African American men who participated in the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), 2001–2003. Incarceration history was the main independent variable. Depressive symptoms and psychological distress were the dependent variables. Everyday discrimination was the mediator. Age, education, and income were covariates. Structural equation models (SEMs) were used for data analysis. Among African American men, incarceration history was positively associated with perceived discrimination, depressive symptoms, and psychological distress. Everyday discrimination fully mediated the associations between incarceration history and both depressive symptoms and psychological distress. Discrimination may play an important role in the mental health problems of African American men with a history of incarceration. These findings have public policy implications as well as clinical implications for mental health promotion of African American men. Policies that reduce preventable incarceration or at least reduce subsequent discrimination for those who have been incarcerated may enhance mental health of previously incarcerated African American men.
The patient perspective: utilizing focus groups to inform care coordination for high-risk medicaid populations

Care coordination programs for high-risk, high-cost patients are a critical component of population health management. These programs aim to improve outcomes and reduce costs and have proliferated over the last decade. Some programs, originally designed for Medicare patients, are now transitioning to also serve Medicaid populations. However, there are still gaps in the understanding of what barriers to care Medicaid patients experience, and what supports will be most effective for providing them care coordination. We conducted two focus groups (n = 13) and thematic analyses to assess the outcomes drivers and programmatic preferences of Medicaid patients enrolled in a high-risk care coordination program at a major academic medical center in Boston, MA. Two focus groups identified areas where care coordination efforts were having a positive impact, as well as areas of unmet needs among the Medicaid population. Six themes emerged from the focus groups that clustered in three groupings: In the first group (1) enrollment in an existing medical care coordination programs, and (2) provider communication largely presented as positive accounts of assistance, and good relationships with providers, though participants also pointed to areas where these efforts fell short. In the second group (3) trauma histories, (4) mental health challenges, and (5) executive function difficulties all presented challenges faced by high-risk Medicaid patients that would likely require redress through additional programmatic supports. Finally, in the third group, (6) peer-to-peer support tendencies among patients suggested an untapped resource for care coordination programs. Programs aimed at high-risk Medicaid patients will want to consider programmatic adjustments to attend to patient needs in five areas: (1) provider connection/care coordination, (2) trauma, (3) mental health, (4) executive function/paperwork and coaching support, and (5) peer-to-peer support.
Towards designing effective visualizations for DNS-based network threat analysis

As threat detection systems become critical for protecting modern organizations, visualization has emerged as an essential tool for security analysts to understand network threats. However, there is currently little research in designing and evaluating effective network threat analysis visualizations. To address this problem, we take a user-centered approach, starting with designing an open source threat analysis console for DNS-based network threat analysis grounded in both an understanding of analysts' needs and tasks and security visualization best practices. The proposed open source threat analysis console, called THACO (THreat Analysis COnsole), leverages open DNS datasets, domain WHOIS records, and both public malware and domain blacklists. It also uses a visually scalable visualization technique, a multi-grouping, zoomable treemap, to adapt to DNS-based network threat analysis needs. Then, we conduct a user study with 7 in-situ and 31 online IT security practitioners. Our code for THACO and THACO itself will be opened to the community in order to further improve the ability of analysts to perform network threat analysis and better secure their networks.
Effects of transmitter application procedures on growth, survival, and tag retention of juvenile least cisco Coregonus sardinella

Abstract Technological advances have led to smaller transmitters for telemetry studies involving small fishes, including juveniles, which minimize effects on fish performance and retention caused by tag burden. We evaluated three transmitter application procedures (external attachment and internal implantation with and without a trailing antenna) on the growth, survival, and tag retention of juvenile least cisco Coregonus sardinella over a 60-day laboratory experiment. For fish that received internal transmitters, we also examined the effects of suture type (absorbable versus non-absorbable) and suture knot adhesive (use versus non-use of 3M™ Vetbond™). In general, there were minimal to no effects of suture type or the use/non-use of knot adhesive on fish performance. Only least cisco in the control (no transmitter) and external transmitter groups exhibited positive growth over the experimental period. Despite growth differences among treatments, there were no significant differences in final mean total length and wet weight among treatment groups. Least cisco with internal transmitters exhibited significantly lower survival (trailing antenna: range, 53–73%; no trailing antenna: 80%) than fish in control (100%) and external transmitter (93%) groups. External transmitters were not shed by juvenile least cisco; however, transmitter shed rate ranged from 0% to 33% for fish in internal implant treatments. Our results showed that externally attached transmitters had a lower impact on fish growth, mortality, and tag retention than internal implants, which is an important consideration for telemetry evaluations involving fish that are susceptible to handling stress such as juvenile least cisco.
Effects of complexity and seasonality on backward bifurcation in vector-host models.

We study implications of complexity and seasonality in vector–host epidemiological models exhibiting backward bifurcation. Vector–host diseases represent complex infection systems that can vary in the transmission processes and population stages involved in disease progression. Seasonal fluctuations in external forcing factors can also interact in a complex way with internal host factors to govern the transmission dynamics. In backward bifurcation, the insufficiency of R 0 R 0 values below one. Here we report that this region of bistability decreases with increasing complexity of vector-borne disease transmission as well as with increasing seasonality strength. The decreases in the bistability region are accompanied by a reduced force of infection acting on primary hosts. As a consequence, we show counterintuitively that a more complex vector-borne disease may be easier to control in settings of high seasonality.
Crystal structures of alkali metal (Group 1) citrate salts

The crystal structures of 16 new alkali metal citrates were determined using powder and/or single crystal techniques. These structures and 12 previously determined citrate structures were optimized using density functional techniques. The central portion of a citrate ion is fairly rigid, while the conformations of the terminal carboxyl­ate groups exhibit no preferences. The citrate–metal bonding is ionic. Trends in metal–citrate coordination are noted. The energy of an O—H⋯O hydrogen bond is proportional to the square root of the H⋯acceptor Mulliken overlap population, and a correlation between the hydrogen bond energy and the H⋯acceptor distance was developed: E (kJ mol−1) = 137.5 (5) − 45.7 (8) (H⋯A, A). The hydrogen bond contribution to the crystal energy ranges from 62.815 to 627.6 kJ mol−1 citrate−1 and comprises ∼5 to 30% of the crystal energy. The general order of ionization of the three carb­oxy­lic acid groups of citric acid is: central, terminal, terminal, although there are a few exceptions. Comparisons of the refined and DFT-optimized structures indicate that crystal structures determined using powder diffraction data may not be as accurate as single-crystal structures.
Sensing-Fi: Wi-Fi CSI and accelerometer fusion system for fall detection

Falling is a major cause of death among elders. To detect falls, numerous approaches have been proposed in the past decade, including computer-vision based image processing, wearable sensors, and acoustic signal processing, etc. Though the recent advancement in infra-red LED, depth camera, MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) sensors and machine learning algorithms may have enlarged the application scope, the privacy intrusion and lack of convenience still remain to be open issues which prevent these systems from large deployment. A novel Sensing-Fi system described in this paper aims to overcome such deficiencies. The system design is comprised of harnessing Wi-Fi Channel State Information (CSI) coupled with ground-mounted accelerometer to detect floor vibration, hence the system is completely passive and non­invasive, i.e., the user is not required to wear the technology contrary to wearable accelerometers. In addition, contrary to the existing standalone Wi-Fi CSI fall detection systems, it overcomes the constraint by which only one user can be present in the room. The system has shown promising results with 95% accuracy.
A regressive formula of perversity: Wertham and the women of comics.

This essay serves as a close reading of psychiatrist Fredric Wertham's 1950s descriptions and critiques of female comics characters. I draw on archival sources as well as relevant texts in the study of gender and sexuality. Additionally, I integrate ideas from two of his close associates, folklorist Gershon Legman and psychiatrist Hilde Mosse, whose contributions to Seduction of the Innocent are woven-often invisibly-throughout that text. The character of Wonder Woman serves as a touchstone, but other provocative female figures that Wertham found objectionable in mid-twentieth-century comics accompany her. My goal is to illuminate Wertham's understanding of what he viewed as the "regressive formula of perversity" enacted through women's representations in comics, particularly those female characters who played active roles. Although not all of these concerns are tied to lesbian identity, they do all touch on broader notions of queerness vis-a-vis deviant sexual and gender expression.
Dodging the double bind: the role of warmth and competence on the relationship between interview communication styles and perceptions of women’s hirability

ABSTRACTIn two studies we examine how feminine, masculine and hybrid impression management tactics affect perceptions of job applicants in interview settings. Study 1 (N = 133) results indicated that a hybrid tactic was more effective than a feminine tactic to portray competence. Similarly, a hybrid tactic was more effective than a masculine tactic to portray warmth. Further, perceptions of competence and warmth predicted ratings of likability and hirability. Study 2 (N = 222) replicated Study 1 and showed that applicant gender did not affect the results. The results indicated that hybrid tactics enable members of both genders to appear competent and warm in an interview.
Exceptionally reliable density-solving algorithms for multiparameter mixture models from Chebyshev expansion rootfinding

Abstract Calculation of the density of a mixture for a given temperature, pressure, and composition from multi-parameter Helmholtz-energy-explicit mixture models (often referred to as the GERG formulation) sometimes fails; failures are caused by insufficiently accurate estimations of the density root, but also by insufficiently robust numerical methods that may not converge to the desired density solution. Furthermore, generally only one density solution is located at a time. Polynomial expansions have the characteristic that all roots of the expansion can be obtained reliably. Therefore the approach we propose is to develop a very good approximation of the equation of state based on Chebyshev orthogonal polynomial expansions, and solve for all the roots of the Chebyshev expansion - proxies for the roots of the equation of state. In this paper, we limit ourselves to the case where the temperature is known; the method is generalizable to other types of thermodynamic calculations. For mixtures, this Chebyshev proxy rootfinding results in a density calculation that is almost guaranteed to yield the right solution. These tools make multi-parameter equations of state nearly as reliable as cubic equations of state. The computational penalty from the use of Chebyshev expansions can be overcome through the exploitation of parallelism, though that is not further discussed here. This method is implemented in C++11; the code is provided in the supplemental material.
Richness of Paths

One could spend a lifetime exploring the delicate — and fascinating — properties of the paths of Brownian motion. Most of us cannot afford such an investment, so hard choices must be made. Still, without any doubt, there are two fundamental questions that must be considered to a reasonable depth: How smooth — or how rough — is a Brownian path? How do the paths of Brownian motion relate to those of random walk?
Cytokine Regulation of Lymphohemopoietic Progenitors

For many years the mechanisms regulating proliferation of lymphohemopoietic progenitors remained unknown. Studies from our laboratory and others indicated that proliferation of primitive hemopoietic progenitors is regulated by interacting groups of cytokines (1). Interleukin (IL)-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and IL-12 form a group of cytokines that work synergistically with IL-3, IL-4, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to support the proliferation of multipotential progenitors from cell cycle dormant progenitors. However, the identification of the cytokine combinations that would permit proliferation of lymphohemopoietic progenitors remained elusive. Definitive evidence for the existence of lymphohemopoietic stem cells was provided by studies using retroviral labeling of individual stem cells of mouse (2). Despite this evidence using in vivo studies, it has not been possible to identify and quantitate lymphohemopoietic progenitors in culture until recently. Following establishment of semi-solid culture assays for human and murine multilineage progenitors, a number of investigators have reported the presence of lymphocytes or precursors of lymphocytes in human (3,4, 5) and murine (6) multilineage colonies. However, clonal origin of these colonies was never established in these studies.
Electronic Retailing and Service Quality

The organization of this chapter is as follows. In the first section, we define electronic commerce (hereafter, e-commerce), electronic retailing (hereafter, e-retailing), electronic service (hereafter, e-service), electronic service quality (hereafter, e-service quality) and discuss the importance of e-retailing and e-service quality. In the second section, we review literature on e-service in relation to customer satisfaction (hereafter, e-satisfaction) and electronic loyalty (hereafter, e-loyalty). In the third section, we describe and critique various scales developed to measure or assess e-service quality. Finally, we offer managerial implications.
Psychiatric Inpatient Treatment of the Disabled

Not all Medicare patients are elderly. In addition to the elderly Medicare beneficiaries discussed in Chapter 13, there is a sizable population of disabled persons who also receive Medicare benefits. People who are under 65 years old who have received Social Security Disability benefits for at least 2 years are covered by Medicare. These disabled disproportionately have psychiatric problems.
Association of delayed adjuvant therapy and overall survival in early stage endometrial cancer.

5590Background: The primary treatment for early stage endometrial cancer includes definitive surgical staging procedure followed by adjuvant therapy in women with high risk of recurrence. The optim...
(368) Atypical Facial Neuropathic Syndrome, Our Approach

Atypical facial neuralgias are a rare condition, that present predominantly in the female population, with an annual incidence of 3-4 cases every 100 000 people. The trigeminal nerve root is mostly affected, and not commonly combined with autonomic symptoms. We are presenting a 59 years old, female patient, with significant medical history for anxiety, depression and autoimmune liver disease, on long term steroid treatment. She suddenly started complaining of severe periodic right facial pain about 15 years ago, after an sneezing episode, described as stabbing in quality and triggered by minor stimulus; also accompanied with hypoacusia, vertigo, tinnitus, dysgesia, rinorrhea and paresthesias in the ipsilateral upper extremity. All this limited her regular everyday functionality, affecting her role as a teacher. No significant findings in the physical exam. Laboratory studies and imaging did not reveal any pathology. Thermography imaging reported higher intensity imaging over right neck, right face, suggestive of myofascial pain component. She was followed by various medical specialties, receiving multimodal treatment, including anti depressives, analgesics, hearing aids, and acupuncture, with minor crisis relief. She was finally evaluated in our Pain Management Clinic with diagnosis of complex facial neuropathic pain. The patient was started on Pregabalin, progressively titrated to 100 mg every 12 hours, without significant side effects and with positive response after 3 months of treatment, reporting significant improvement of the pain, and partial recovery auditory function and almost absolute reversal of other autonomic symptoms.
Natural Plant Extracts as Acid-Base Indicator and Determination of Their pKa Value

Commonly used indicators for acid-base titrations are synthetic, and this work was focused to identify the eco-friendly natural indicators and to determine their pKa values. The analytical potential of the flower extracts is very promising as seen in its application in acid-base titrimetry. These selected flower extracts were found to perform well in titrating strong acid-strong base than in weak acid-strong base. We have obtained a sharp and clear colour change from red to brownish yellow for the Bougainvillea glabra extract, from red to yellow for the Bauhinia purpurea extract, and from red to brownish yellow for the Impatiens balsamina extract. All the three flower extracts gave clear colour change with acids and bases, and the colour change was maintained with different acids and bases. The sharp contrast between their colours in acid and base made the pigment suitable for use as acid-base indicators. As these flower extracts have very simple,cost-effective, environment friendly extraction procedure and excellent performance with sharp colour change in end points of the titrations, it would be possible to replace the standard indicators being used in conventional laboratories with natural flower indicators.
Evaluating exposure of a retail rack layout in 3D

Analyzing a retail layout accounting for how a shopper visually interacts with racks along their shopping path can help the retailer identify hot-warm-cold spots and better allocate products to racks in order to maximize revenue. We focus on estimating exposure (which locations are likely to be seen) and the intensity of exposure (how long are they seen) by accounting for the dynamic interaction between the human 3D field of regard with a physical rack layout. Our quantitative approach allows us to analyze the effect of varying layout design parameters (i.e., rack orientation, curvature, and height) on exposure considering both unidirectional and bidirectional travel. We also validate our approach through human participants in a virtual layout. We observed that curving racks in a layout with racks oriented 90° (i.e., perpendicular to the aisle) increase exposure by 3–121% over straight racks. Further, orientating curved racks at acute angles leads to substantially higher exposure (18–321%) over straight racks at 90°. Moreover, racks with a height just below shopper eye-height results in higher exposure over racks just above eye-height when top surfaces are accounted for as exposed. Considering the trade-off between exposure and layout floor space, when given an allowable 25% increase in floor space, we found feasible layouts that increased exposure ranging from 15–530% (over straight racks at 90°) depending on shopper scanning pattern, layout size, and traffic direction.
An Analysis of Period and Cohort Mortality Shocks in International Data

This article uses Bayesian maximum a posteriori (BMAP) estimation to fit a cohort-based mortality model that applies the Gompertz mortality law to fixed cohorts across different periods (rather tha...
Global Analysis of Enhancer Targets Reveals Convergent Enhancer-Driven Regulatory Modules

Summary Single-cell screens enable high-throughput functional assessment of enhancers in their endogenous genomic context. However, the design of current studies limits their application to identifying the primary gene targets of enhancers. Here, we improve the experimental and computational parameters of single-cell enhancer screens to identify the secondary gene targets of enhancers. Our analysis of >500 putative enhancers in K562 cells reveals an interwoven enhancer-driven gene regulatory network. We find that enhancers from distinct genomic loci converge to modulate the expression of common sub-modules, including the α- and β-globin loci, by directly regulating transcription factors. Our analysis suggests that several genetic variants associated with myeloid blood cell traits alter the activity of a distal enhancer of MYB (∼140 kb away), with downstream consequences on hemoglobin genes expression and cell state. These data have implications for the understanding of enhancer-associated traits and emphasize the flexibility of controlling transcriptional systems by modifying enhancer activity.
Effects of a Private Room Versus Group Setting on Math Test Performance of College Students with ADHD

The effects of (a) private room, (b) typical classroom, and (c) high-distraction room test settings were examined on the math test performance of six college students (four females) with ADHD. Participants (aged 18–30 years) completed multiple, equivalent algebra calculation tests (100 items each) under the three test-setting conditions. A multi-element design was used to compare the number of items attempted (test access) and percentage correct (accuracy). Students also rated their level of distraction after each testing session on a Likert-type scale. Results showed that students found the high-distraction setting more distracting than other settings and that five of six students accessed more test items in the private room versus the high-distraction setting, with three of the six demonstrating nonoverlapping data across settings. A regular classroom setting did not produce a high level of distraction, nor did it restrict student access to the math tests relative to a private room setting. These findings suggest that some students with ADHD are affected negatively by highly distracting environments and may benefit from a quiet, private test setting. Single-case experimental designs may be useful for examining individual differences among students with disabilities receiving specific test accommodations.
Individualism - Within History

Individualism - The "-Ism" Indicates A Doctrinaire, dogmatic, overboard commitment-has been so soundly and repeatedly defeated that one must ask: Why is it standing at all? It is a concept so intellectually defective and morally misguided, that one cannot but wonder: Why do people still hold onto this fool's gold?Possibly individualism feeds on its being a highly flattering view of human nature, certainly compared to most, if not all, other views. Individualism promises those who believe in it that they are free-standing agents, able to formulate their own conceptions of the good, pursue a life that is guided by reasonable deliberations, and render rational decisions in their self-interest. And, as bearers of inalienable rights, they have a long list of entitlements, but no inherent duties or obligations unless they choose to embrace them.
Looking where it's hard to see: a case study documenting rare Eucyclogobius newberryi presence in a California lagoon

Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis is increasingly used for biomonitoring and research of fish populations and communities by environmental resource managers and academic researchers. Although managers are much interested in expanding the use of eDNA as a survey technique, they are sceptical about both its utility (given that information is often limited to presence/absence of a species) and feasibility (given the need for proper laboratory facilities for sample processing). Nonetheless, under the right circumstances, eDNA analysis is cost-effective compared to many traditional aquatic survey methods and does not disturb habitat or harm the animals being surveyed. This article presents a case study in which eDNA analysis was successfully used to document the presence of a rare fish species in a waterway earmarked for restoration. The authors discuss the conditions that allowed this study to occur quickly and smoothly and speculate on how the goals of researchers and managers can be integrated for efficient and informative use of this tool.
Structural breaks and relative price convergence among US cities

Abstract This paper examines whether inclusion of structural breaks helps resolve the puzzling result of excessively slow speed of convergence in relative prices across US cities while using long time series data on CPI. With an endogenously determined single break in 1985 in annual CPI data for 17 major US cities between 1918 and 2010, the panel unit root test results provide overwhelming evidence of convergence of relative prices across cities, which is consistent with the existing literature. Most importantly, this study finds that the speed of convergence with structural break is faster than that reported by previous panel studies with no structural break that use similar long time series data. Furthermore, correcting for small-sample bias (the so-called “Nickell Bias”) and time aggregation bias generates a half-life of 3.9 years, which is 64% shorter than the half-life estimate with no structural break and no bias correction. The breakpoint in 1985 coincides with the beginning of the period of Great Moderation during which inflation, along with other macro variables, has become more stable and its impact on relative prices across US cities seems to have waned.
Recurrent Hyperkalemia in Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitor (RAASi) Treatment: Stuck between a Rock and a Hard Place.

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASis) represent a cornerstone in the treatment of proteinuric CKD, supported by multiple clinical trials showing their effectiveness in delaying its progression ([1][1]). Their use has been recommended by major consensus clinical practice guidelines
The University of Washington Ice–Liquid Discriminator (UWILD) improves single-particle phase classifications of hydrometeors within Southern Ocean clouds using machine learning

Abstract. Mixed-phase Southern Ocean clouds are challenging to simulate, and their representation in climate models is an important control on climate sensitivity. In particular, the amount of supercooled water and frozen mass that they contain in the present climate is a predictor of their planetary feedback in a warming climate. The recent Southern Ocean Clouds, Radiation, Aerosol Transport Experimental Study (SOCRATES) vastly increased the amount of in situ data available from mixed-phase Southern Ocean clouds useful for model evaluation. Bulk measurements distinguishing liquid and ice water content are not available from SOCRATES, so single-particle phase classifications from the Two-Dimensional Stereo (2D-S) probe are invaluable for quantifying mixed-phase cloud properties. Motivated by the presence of large biases in existing phase discrimination algorithms, we develop a novel technique for single-particle phase classification of binary 2D-S images using a random forest algorithm, which we refer to as the University of Washington Ice–Liquid Discriminator (UWILD). UWILD uses 14 parameters computed from binary image data, as well as particle inter-arrival time, to predict phase. We use liquid-only and ice-dominated time periods within the SOCRATES dataset as training and testing data. This novel approach to model training avoids major pitfalls associated with using manually labeled data, including reduced model generalizability and high labor costs. We find that UWILD is well calibrated and has an overall accuracy of 95 % compared to 72 % and 79 % for two existing phase classification algorithms that we compare it with. UWILD improves classifications of small ice crystals and large liquid drops in particular and has more flexibility than the other algorithms to identify both liquid-dominated and ice-dominated regions within the SOCRATES dataset. UWILD misclassifies a small percentage of large liquid drops as ice. Such misclassified particles are typically associated with model confidence below 75 % and can easily be filtered out of the dataset. UWILD phase classifications show that particles with area-equivalent diameter ( Deq ) 0.17 mm are mostly liquid at all temperatures sampled, down to − 40 ∘C . Larger particles ( Deq>0.17 mm ) are predominantly frozen at all temperatures below 0 ∘C . Between 0 and 5 ∘C , there are roughly equal numbers of frozen and liquid mid-sized particles ( 0.17 D eq 0.33 mm ), and larger particles ( Deq>0.33 mm ) are mostly frozen. We also use UWILD's phase classifications to estimate sub-1 Hz phase heterogeneity, and we show examples of meter-scale cloud phase heterogeneity in the SOCRATES dataset.
A Single Xyloglucan Xylosyltransferase is Sufficient for Generation of the XXXG Xylosylation Pattern of Xyloglucan.

Xyloglucan is the most abundant hemicellulose in the primary cell walls of dicots. Dicot xyloglucan is the XXXG-type consisting of repeating units of three consecutive xylosylated Glc residues followed by one unsubstituted Glc. Its xylosylation is catalyzed by xyloglucan 6-xylosyltransferases (XXTs) and there exist five XXTs (AtXXT1-5) in Arabidopsis. While AtXXT1and AtXXT2 have been shown to add the first two Xyl residues in the XXXG repeat, which XXTs are responsible for the addition of the third Xyl residue remains elusive although AtXXT5 was a proposed candidate. In this report, we generated recombinant proteins of all five Arabidopsis XXTs and one rice XXT (OsXXT1) in the mammalian HEK293 cells and investigated their ability to sequentially xylosylate Glc residues to generate the XXXG xylosylation pattern. We found that like AtXXT1/2, AtXXT4 and OsXXT1 could efficiently xylosylate the cellohexaose (G6) acceptor to produce mono- and di-xylosylated G6, whereas AtXXT5 was only barely capable of adding one Xyl onto G6. When AtXXT1-catalyzed products were used as acceptors, AtXXT1/2/4 and OsXXT1 but not AtXXT5 were able to xylosylate additional Glc residues to generate tri- and tetra-xylosylated G6. Further characterization of the tri- and tetra-xylosylated G6 revealed that they had the sequence of GXXXGG and GXXXXG with three and four consecutive xylosylated Glc residues, respectively. In addition, we have found that although tri-xylosylation occurred on G6, cello-oligomers with a degree of polymerization of 3 to 5 could only be mono- and di-xylosylated. Together, these results indicate that each of AtXXT1/2/4 and OsXXT1 is capable of sequentially adding Xyl onto three contiguous Glc residues to generate the XXXG xylosylation pattern and these findings provide new insight into the biochemical mechanism underlying xyloglucan biosynthesis.
Cohort study of hospitalists' procedural skills: baseline competence and durability after simulation-based training.

Objectives Hospitalists are expected to be competent in performing bedside procedures, which are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. A national decline in procedures performed by hospitalists has prompted questions about their procedural competency. Additionally, though simulation-based mastery learning (SBML) has been shown to be effective among trainees whether this approach has enduring benefits for independent practitioners who already have experience is unknown. We aimed to assess the baseline procedural skill of hospitalists already credentialed to perform procedures. We hypothesised that simulation-based training of hospitalists would result in durable skill gains after several months. Design Prospective cohort study with pretraining and post-training measurements. Setting Single, large, urban academic medical centre in the USA. Participants Twenty-two out of 38 eligible participants defined as hospitalists working on teaching services where they would supervise trainees performing procedures. Interventions One-on-one, 60 min SBML of lumbar puncture (LP) and abdominal paracentesis (AP). Primary and secondary outcome measures Our primary outcome was the percentage of hospitalists obtaining minimum passing scores (MPS) on LP and AP checklists; our secondary outcomes were average checklist scores and self-reported confidence. Results At baseline, only 16% hospitalists met or exceeded the MPS for LP and 32% for AP. Immediately after SBML, 100% of hospitalists reached this threshold. Reassessment an average of 7 months later revealed that only 40% of hospitalists achieved the MPS. Confidence increased initially after training but declined over time. Conclusions Hospitalists may be performing invasive bedside procedures without demonstration of adequate skill. A single evidence-based training intervention was insufficient to sustain skills for the majority of hospitalists over a short period of time. More stringent practices for certifying hospitalists who perform risky procedures are warranted, as well as mechanisms to support skill maintenance, such as periodic simulation-based training and assessment.
The relevance factor

Search engines today are not always correct in their assessment of how well websites correlate with user-defined keywords. Through extensive research, an adequate relevance factor formula was found and implemented. Chris Buckley, Gerald Salton, and James Allan introduced this formula. It is an automated tool for website ranking, which corresponds more closely to how the users would rate the websites' significance. The formula depends partly on the number of times the user-defined keyword(s) appear(s) in the document.
Automatic P h r a s e Indexing for Document Retrieval: An Examination of Syntactic and Non-Syntactic Methods

An automatic phrase indexing method based on the term discrimination model is described, and the results of retrieval experiments on five document collections are presented. Problems related to this non-syntactic phrase construction method are discussed, and some possible solutions are proposed that make use of information about the syntactic structure of document and query texts.
Effect of influenza vaccination on international normalized ratio during chronic warfarin therapy

What is known and Objective:: Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant, well-known for its interactions with medications and foods. Vaccinations, particularly the influenza vaccine, have been thought to potentially interfere with anticoagulation response in those on chronic warfarin. Our objective was to systematically review the literature to assess the validity and clinical significance of this association. Methods:: A primary literature search was performed using MEDLINE (1966 – June 2011) and EMBASE (1980 – June 2011). Additional studies were obtained by performing a manual bibliographical review of literature from the initial results and by searching The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. All English-language, peer-reviewed publications identified were evaluated. Reviews, case studies and trials reporting anticoagulation response using an unconverted prothrombin time ratio were excluded. Results and Discussion:: Thirty-one abstracts were initially reviewed, and seven studies were identified for inclusion in this review. Significant changes in mean INR post-vaccination between the study and comparator groups were documented in one trial. Through subgroup analysis, another study noted that elderly patients spent more time in the subtherapeutic range post-vaccination when compared with baseline INR levels. No other significant changes in mean INR levels were documented following influenza vaccination. Adverse bleeding events reported after immunization were limited and minor in nature. What is new and Conclusion:: Overall, our review does not indicate a consistent, clinically relevant effect of influenza vaccines on INR of patients on chronic warfarin therapy. Isolated reports of variations in INR following influenza vaccination are likely due to other factors.
The reduction of storm surge by vegetation canopies: Three-dimensional simulations

[1] Significant buffering of storm surges by vegetation canopies has been suggested by limited observations and simple numerical studies, particularly following recent Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma. Here we simulate storm surge and inundation over idealized topographies using a three-dimensional vegetation-resolving storm surge model coupled to a shallow water wave model and show that a sufficiently wide and tall vegetation canopy reduces inundation on land by 5 to 40 percent, depending upon various storm and canopy parameters. Effectiveness of the vegetation in dissipating storm surge and inundation depends on the intensity and forward speed of the hurricane, as well as the density, height, and width of the vegetation canopy. Reducing the threat to coastal vegetation from development, sea level rise, and other anthropogenic factors would help to protect many coastal regions against storm surges.
Lightweight Thermal Protection Systems for Space Vehicle Propellant Tanks

Utilization of multiple foil insulation and shadow shields for the storage of cryogenic fuels in space
Automatic polyp detection in colonoscopy videos using an ensemble of convolutional neural networks

Computer-aided polyp detection in colonoscopy videos has been the subject of research for over the past decade. However, despite significant advances, automatic polyp detection is still an unsolved problem. In this paper, we propose a new polyp detection method based on a unique 3-way image presentation and convolutional neural networks. Our method learns a variety of polyp features such as color, texture, shape, and temporal information in multiple scales, enabling a more accurate polyp localization. Given a polyp candidate, a set of convolution neural networks — each specialized in one type of features — are applied in the vicinity of the candidate and then their results are aggregated to either accept or reject the candidate. Our experimental results based on our collection of videos, which to our knowledge is the largest annotated polyp database, shows a remarkable performance improvement over the state-of-the-art, significantly reducing the number of false positives in nearly all operating points. In addition, we propose a new performance curve, demonstrating that our new method significantly decreases polyp detection latency, which is defined as the time from the first appearance of a polyp in the video to the time of its first detection by our method.
Evolution of Neurotoxins: From Research Modalities to Clinical Realities

In the 1950s, the discovery of anti-nerve growth factor, an immunotoxin stunting sympathetic neural development, signaled the advent of neurotoxins as research modalities. Other selective neurotoxins were discovered in rapid succession. In the 1960s, 6-hydroxydopamine and 6-hydroxydopa were shown to destroy noradrenergic and dopaminergic nerves. Excitotoxins (glutamate, aspartate, and analogs) were discovered in the 1970s. DSP-4 [N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine] proved to be selective for noradrenergic destruction, while 5,6- and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamines were relatively selective for serotonin neurons. Additional neurotoxins were discovered, but it was MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) that predominated neurotoxicity research in the 1980s. Eventually, Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), discovered as a "poisonous" principle in the late 1800s, resurfaced in purified and standardized forms as a clinically useful drug. Neurotoxins represent chemical tools, useful not only for discerning neuronal mechanisms and animal modeling of neurological disorders, but also for their use in medicine and potential as treatments for medical disorders. This unit reviews the early discovery of neurotoxins, describes categories of neurotoxins, and finally characterizes their usefulness--first as research tools, and eventually as clinical therapeutic agents.
Protein factors which regulate cell motility.

Cell motility (i.e., movement) is an essential component of normal development, inflammation, tissue repair, angiogenesis, and tumor invasion. Various molecules can affect the motility and positioning of mammalian cells, including peptide growth factors, (e.g., EGF, PDGF, TGF-beta), substrate-adhesion molecules (e.g., fibronectin, laminin), cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), and metalloproteinases. Recent studies have demonstrated a group of motility-stimulating proteins which do not appear to fit into any of the above categories. Examples include: 1)scatter factor (SF), a mesenchymal cell-derived protein which causes contiguous sheets of epithelium to separate into individual cells and stimulates the migration of epithelial as well as vascular endothelial cells; 2)autocrine motility factor (AMF), a tumor cell-derived protein which stimulates migration of the producer cells; and 3)migration-stimulating factor (MSF), a protein produced by fetal and cancer patient fibroblasts which stimulates penetration of three-dimensional collagen gels by non-producing adult fibroblasts. SF, AMF, and MSF are soluble and heat labile proteins with Mr of 77, 55, and 70 kd by SDS-PAGE, respectively, and may be members of a new class of cell-specific regulators of motility. Their physiologic functions have not been established, but available data suggest that they may be involved in fetal development and/or tissue repair.
Failure on Everest: the oxygen equipment of the spring 1952 Swiss expedition.

The Swiss expedition to Everest (altitude 8848 m) in the spring of 1952 very nearly attained the summit with two of the climbers reaching 8595 m. This would have been the first ascent of Everest. O...
Correlates of Privacy Regulation

The California Psychological Inventory and a Privacy Regulation Rating Scale were administered to 35 men and 40 women college students to estimate correlations between personality characteristics a...
Oxidant effects on forest tree seedling growth in the Appalachian mountains

Long range transport of episodic concentrations of O3 into the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia was recorded in the summer season of 1979 and 1980. Continuous monitoring of O3 indicated monthly averages of ≅ 0.05 ppm O3 and several periods averaged ≅ 0.08 ppm O3. Open-top chambers were used to test the effect of ambient doses of the pollutant on the growth of 8 planted forest tree species native to the area. Height growth was suppressed for all species at the end of the second growing season when grown in open plots (no chamber) and ambient chambers compared to those grown in charcoal-filtered air supplied chambers. Height growth trends of open < ambient chamber < filtered air chamber were consistent. Virginia pine and green ash were significantly taller (p=0.10) when grown within filtered air chambers. Tulip poplar and green ash manifested purple stippling on the adaxial leaf surface and sweetgum developed purple coloration under open or ambient chamber conditions; other species exhibited no visible injury.