cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vivo regulation of hepatic protein kinase by adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate mediated glucagon stimulation

Abstract In vivo administration of glucagon caused an increase in the dissociation of protein kinase subunits which was accompanied by elevated adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate concentrations in the rat liver. Concomitantly, there was a decrease in non saturated adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate binding sites. A reduction in protein kinase activity measured in the presence of the cyclic nucleotide was apparent at 5 minutes of glucagon administration while enzyme activity assayed in the absence of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate was already increased after one minute. Glucose, given through an intragastric tube, caused no changes in the effect of glucagon on hepatic protein kinase.
Standardization of a Test of Speech Perception in Noise

All 10 forms of the test of Speech Perception in Noise (SPIN) were presented to 128 listeners who had some degree of sensorineural hearing loss. Presentation of the speech track was at 50 dB above ...
Synthesis and analysis of degradation, mechanical and toxicity properties of poly(β-amino ester) degradable hydrogels.

Abstract Biodegradable hydrogels have been studied extensively in recent years for biomedical applications, including tissue engineering and drug delivery, due to their tunable properties and similarities to natural soft tissue. In this work, two poly(β-amino ester) biodegradable hydrogel systems were synthesised and studied in vitro. Different degradation profiles were observed, ranging from 7 h to 4 months, and the compressive modulus was shown to decrease as degradation proceeded. MTT cytotoxicity analysis was used to analyze the cellular response to the degradation products, and the hydrogel systems exhibited similar toxicity to poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) degradation products. Finally, cell attachment was studied by seeding pluripotent mesenchymal cells directly onto the hydrogel surfaces followed by a live/dead assay and fluorescent imaging. Cells showed significant viability at 24 h (98%) and slightly lower, but still substantial viability, at 48 h (72%). These hydrogels exhibited a range of properties and favorable cellular responses, all which indicate that these materials could be viable materials for tissue regeneration and other biomedical applications.
Modular ICNIA Packaging Technology

Significant size, weight, power and reliability improvements can be achieved in next generation avionics by the modular integration of similar functions into a fault tolerant reconfigurable architecture. The Integrated Communication Navigation Identification Avionics program (ICNIA), and ITT/TI Joint Venture, is accomplishing this task with a combination of modular circuit designs using VHSIC technology, improved packaging designs incorporating surface mount component technology and a modular two-level maintenance support concept for reduced life cycle cost. This article will concentrate on the modular packaging technology of the digital processor subsystem.
Rates of heat-induced pyrimidine alterations in synthetic polydeoxyribonucleotides.

Hydrolytic damages to DNA can occur at physiological conditions. The possible role of DNA conformation on the distribution of such alterations of pyrimidines was investigated. Model compounds used were the synthetic alternating copolymer poly(dG-dC):poly(dG-dC) and the homopolymer poly(dG):poly(dC). Base damages were assayed by paper chromatography using polymers radioactively labeled in cytosine. Conformational changes were assayed by circular dichroic spectral changes. Incubation and heating of the polymers in 1 mM MnCl2 caused the spectral shift reported for the left-handed Z-DNA conformation in the alternating copolymer and the change reported for the triple helix in the homopolymer. After incubation in 85°C, incidences of base damages were compared between the polymers. The presence of manganese reduced depyrimidination in both polymers. Rates of cytosine deamination to uracil were substantial and did not vary among the various conformational states.
Vapor compression vertical tube foam evaporation

Abstract Vertical tube foam evaporation* (VTFE) has been shown to provide a 4- to 6-fold increase in the evaporation-side heat transfer coefficient, and evaporator performance enhancements ranging from 50 to 200 percent for downflow and upflow vertical tube evaporators using double-fluted aluminum-brass distillation tubes. This process relies upon the addition of 1–20 parts per million of a selected surfactant to the feed, and imposition of foamy two-phase vapor-liquid flow over the heat transfer surfaces. Recent data obtained with a new 5000 US gpd VTFE pilot plant operated by the vapor compression (VC) technique is reported, showing the promise of applying this technology to seawater conversion and water reuse, in comparison with a conventional VC-VTE operation. Test data includes overall heat transfer coefficients obtained on several typical saline waters, showing that substantial capital cost and energy reductions are obtainable with VTFE. Capital costs are reduced as a consequence of the lower heat transfer surface area required by VTFE, and energy cost reductions follow from a reduction in the ΔT and VC compression ratio provided by VTFE.
A biologic model to study the genetics of psychotic, mood, and anxiety disorders: the velocardiofacial syndrome.

Recent advances in molecular genetics have led to new insights on the velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS). Most patients have a large deletion on one copy of chromosome 22 (encompassing up to 30 genes), which can be con.rmed with genetic testing. A wide spectrum of psychiatric symptoms has been reported in patients with VCFS, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Preliminary studies of candidate genes from the deletion region suggest that allelic differences may increase susceptibility to psychiatric disorders, but these studies await replication. Mouse models with genetically engineered deletions have the potential to isolate the genes associated with VCFS neuropsychiatric symptoms. VCFS is likely to represent the de.ciency of several genes with complex interactions. Further psychiatric research is warranted to delineate more comprehensively the neuropsychiatric phenotype associated with VCFS. Accurate psychiatric diagnosis will better inform and advance ongoing genetic research.
High-resolution infrared imaging utilizing a tip-tilt secondary mirror

Abstract A tip-tilt secondary system has been developed on a 2.3 m telescope. The system, calledFASTTRAC, stabilizes image motion to less than 0.1 rms at closed loop corrective frequen-cies of f; 100 Hz. Resolutions of 0. 19 and Strehi ratios of 0. 14 have been obtained in longexposure images at 1.6 jim in seeing conditions of --' 4.FASTTRAC is unique in its ability to use infrared guide stars (K 8). Recently FASTTRAC was upgraded to accommodatea low read noise CCD, allowing faint visible guide stars to be utilized. We anticipate thatguide stars of R = 17 will be adequate at correction frequencies of 30 Hz. 1 Introduction In seeing conditions characterized by - 4 tip-tilt correction can lead to nearly diffraction- limited resolutions and Strehl ratios of > 0.4. Such conditions are most readily obtained for modern 2-4 m apertures in the near-infrared. Infrared imaging requires a low thermalbackground, hence it is desirable to minimize the number of warm optical surfaces. Thereforean adaptive system with a tip-tilt Cassegrain secondary is optimal since it requires no extrareimaging optics. From a standpoint of simplicity, low thermal background, and high opticalthroughput it is therefore most advantageous to utilize a tip-tilt secondary for high-resolutioninfrared imaging. The potential of tip-tilt secondaries is amply demonstrated since manyexisting telescopes (UKIRT, UH 2.2m, IRTF, CTIO 4-m, KPNO 2.1-rn) are developing orplanning to develop such systems. Moreover, large telescopes (MMT 6.5-rn, Keck I & II,GEMINI, LBT, SUBARU) plan to implement either tip-tilt or fully adaptive secondaries.Here we will discuss the first operational tip-tilt secondary system. This system, calledFASTTRAC (for Fast Adaptive Secondary for Tip-Tilt Removal by Automatic Centroiding),has been operational since the spring of 1992 (Close & McCarthy 1993, 1994) at the Steward
Endometrial biopsy during hormone replacement cycle in donor oocyte recipients before in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer

Abstract Objective: To examine the usefulness of a trial cycle of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and endometrial biopsy before the actual ET cycle in recipients of donated oocytes. Design: Retrospective review. Setting: Clinical practice at the South Texas Fertility Center, San Antonio, Texas. Patient(s): Thirty-six concurrent patients who underwent a trial cycle of HRT with endometrial biopsy before the ET cycle with donated oocytes fertilized in vitro. Intervention(s): Patients ≥40 years of age received 100 mg of IM progesterone in oil daily; patients Main Outcome Measure(s): Histologic dating of the biopsy specimens was correlated with the chronologic date of the biopsy. Result(s): Five of 20 patients ≥40 years of age had out-of-phase biopsies. All 16 patients Conclusion(s): Patients ≥40 years of age are at risk of having out-of-phase endometrial biopsies while they are receiving standard HRT despite receiving higher doses of progesterone. Trial HRT cycles with endometrial biopsies are recommended.
Surgical Management of Solid-Pseudopapillary Neoplasms of the Pancreas (Franz or Hamoudi Tumors): A Large Single-Institutional Series

Background Solid-pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs) are rare pancreatic tumors with malignant potential. Clinicopathologic characteristics and outcomes of patients with SPN were reviewed. Study Design Longterm outcomes were evaluated in patients with an SPN who were followed from 1970 to 2008. Results Thirty-seven patients were identified with an SPN. Thirty-three (89%) were women, and median age at diagnosis was 32 years. Most patients were symptomatic; the most common symptom was abdominal pain (81%). Thirty-six patients underwent resection; one patient with distant metastases was not operated on. There were no 30-day mortalities. Median tumor size was 4.5 cm. Thirty-four patients underwent an R0 resection, 1 had an R1 resection, and 1 had an R2 resection. Two patients had lymph node metastases, and one patient had perineural invasion. After resection, 34 (94%) patients remain alive. One patient died of unknown causes 9.4 years after resection, and another died of unrelated causes 25.6 years after operation. The patient with widespread disease who didn't have resection died 11 months after diagnosis. Thirty-five of the 36 patients having resection remained disease free, including those who died of unrelated causes (median followup, 4.8 years). One patient developed a recurrence 7.7 years after complete resection. She was treated with gemcitabine and remains alive 13.6 months after recurrence. Conclusions SPNs are rare neoplasms with malignant potential found primarily in young women. Formal surgical resection may be performed safely and is associated with longterm survival.
Prediction of benefit from adjuvant treatment in patients with breast cancer.

Abstract With the increasingly early diagnosis of breast cancer and the advent of breast tumor subtyping, the need for determining which patients need adjuvant therapy has become more pressing and more complex. While clinical and pathologic features to predict benefit are valuable, the use of molecular techniques to better determine which tumors will benefit from chemotherapy is expected to further improve outcomes, reduce long-term complications, and provide cost-effective care. We will review the primary tools in clinical use: Adjuvant!, Oncotype DX®, and MammaPrint® as well as intrinsic subtypes and the plans for their further assessment in the clinical trial setting. The expected benefit from these models are that treatment recommendations for women with early-stage breast cancer will become more individualized and thereby appropriate by combining standard clinicopathologic and molecular features. This concept is currently being evaluated in multiple well-designed clinical trials.
T4 Bacteriophage Gene 32: A Structural Protein in the Replication and Recombination of DNA

A new type of protein essential for DNA replication and genetic recombination has been isolated from T4 bacteriophage-infected cells of E. coli. This protein binds cooperatively to single-stranded DNA, and it catalyses DNA denaturation and renaturation in physiological conditions in vitro.
Depth discrimination in rats following removal of visual neocortex.

Summary Following complete removal of visual neocortex, 4 rats were successfully trained, using shock motivation, to discriminate between patterned depth stimuli that were of unequal distances. The rats were subsequently retrained on the same problem as luminous flux, linear perspective and local luminosity cues were successively eliminated or greatly reduced. Further training on other discrimination problems indicated it to have been unlikely that small, uncontrollable luminosity cues guided the discrimination performances, yet the same rats appeared incapable of learning a 2-dimensional planometric pattern discrimination following extensive training. In a second experiment the performances of rats lacking visual neocortex ( n = 9) were found to be inferior to those of normal rats ( n = 12) on the depth problem. These results are discussed in relation to the literature concerning the visual capacities of rats lacking visual cortex.
New Syntheses of Hyperbranched Polyamine Grafts

This paper describes a new synthesis of hyperbranched polyamine grafts on amine functionalized silicon wafers using a surface-initiated palladium-catalyzed ring-opening graft polymerization of 5-vinyl-2-oxazolidinone. The extent of grafting was followed by contact angle analysis, ATR−IR, and XPS spectroscopy. The surface mechanical properties of the resulting interfaces were characterized physically using a nanoindenter. The surface roughness of the grafts was measured using atomic force microscopy. Analogous solution-state palladium-catalyzed polymerizations of 5-vinyl-2-oxazolidinone were also investigated using isobutylamine as an initiator to provide insight into the structure of the graft polymer.
Cloning, Expression and Characterization of a Glycoside Hydrolase Family 39 Xylosidase from Bacillus Halodurans C-125

The gene encoding a glycoside hydrolase family 39 xylosidase (BH1068) from the alkaliphile Bacillus halodurans strain C-125 was cloned with a C-terminal His-tag, and the recombinant gene product termed BH1068(His)6 was expressed in Escherichia coli. Of the artificial substrates tested, BH1068(His)6 hydrolyzed nitrophenyl derivatives of β-d-xylopyranose, α-l-arabinofuranose, and α-l-arabinopyranose. Deviation from Michaelis-Menten kinetics at higher substrate concentrations indicative of transglycosylation was observed, and k cat and K m values were measured at both low and high substrate concentrations to illuminate the relative propensities to proceed along this alternate reaction pathway. The pH maximum was 6.5, and under the conditions tested, maximal activity was at 47°C, and thermal instability occurred above 45°C. BH1068(His)6 was inactive on arabinan, hydrolyzed xylooligosaccharides, and released only xylose from oat, wheat, rye, beech, and birch arabinoxylan, and thus, can be classified as a xylosidase with respect to natural substrate specificity. The enzyme was not inhibited by up to 200 mM xylose. The oligomerization state was tetrameric under the size-exclusion chromatography conditions employed.
The molecular basis of amphibian limb regeneration: integrating the old with the new

Is regeneration close to revealing its secrets? Rapid advances in technology and genomic information, coupled with several useful models to dissect regeneration, suggest that we soon may be in a position to encourage regeneration and enhanced repair processes in humans.
Prediction of the thermodynamic properties of electrolytes at high pressures and temperatures

Abstract The thermodynamic behavior of aqueous electrolytes at high pressures and temperatures can be predicted with the aid of theoretical equations incorporating explicit provision for ion association, solvation, and long- and short-range interaction, the intrinsic properties of aqueous species, and electrostriction collapse of the local solvent structure. Parameters derived from fits of the equations to experimental data at low pressures and temperatures can be used to predict both the standard and relative partial molal properties of aqueous electrolytes at high pressures and temperatures. Calculations of this kind afford estimates of the relative enthalpies, heat capacities, and densities of NaCl solutions at pressures and temperatures to 5 kbar and 600°C. These estimates and the theoretical equations used to calculate them are summarized below, together with predicted activity and osmotic coefficients, apparent standard partial molal Gibbs free energies of formation, and other thermodynamic properties of aqueous electrolytes at high pressures and temperatures.
Microphysical modeling of the 1999–2000 Arctic winter: 3. Impact of homogeneous freezing on polar stratospheric clouds

[1] Simulations of the 1999–2000 winter have tested the effect on polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) of the homogeneous freezing of liquid ternary solutions into nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) and nitric acid dihydrate (NAD). Proposed laboratory-derived volume-based and surface-based homogeneous freezing rates have both been examined, including different assumptions about the extrapolation of laboratory measurements to atmospheric conditions. Widespread PSC formation and denitrification are possible in several of the scenarios examined. However, the simulations are all unable to explain the solid-phase PSCs observed early in the 1999–2000 winter and are unable to reproduce the measured extent of vortex denitrification. These problems can both be attributed to the relatively cold temperatures, more than 5 K below the NAT condensation point, necessary for homogeneous freezing to be effective at producing solid-phase PSCs. Therefore synoptic-scale homogeneous freezing appears unlikely to be the primary mechanism responsible for solid-phase PSC formation.
The use of informational feedback in instruction: Implications for future research

The use of informational feedback has long been advocated and verified as being an important part of learning. Many studies have been conducted to examine which variables might affect learning from feedback. The purpose of this review is to examine these studies within various constructs and identify areas that need further investigation and clarification. Feedback is examined from early studies, which viewed the process behaviorally as reinforcement, to present research that advocates an information-processing perspective and an emphasis on error correction. A current model of feedback (Kulhavy & Stock, 1989) is presented as a context for discussion. The issues of response certainty, feedback elaboration, and error analysis are also addressed. Recommendations to future researchers are presented in light of conclusions drawn.
What Does Nozick's Minimal State Do?

In the first half of the 1970s, two books appeared which have subsequently been regarded as major works in political philosophy: John Rawls's A Theory of Justice (1971), and Robert Nozick's Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974). Economists have devoted a considerable amount of ink to commentary, pro and con, on A Theory of Justice; and it is getting to be a rare public finance textbook that does not, in its discussion of governmental redistribution, describe the Kantian contract made behind the veil of ignorance. On the other hand, while Nozick has not exactly been ignored, economists have not joined the debate over Anarchy, State, and Utopia with the same gusto. When economists have joined the debate, their concern has been, more often than not, with Nozick's entitlement theory of distributive justice, as is the case with Varian (1975) and Sen (1977). What is largely missing, then, is any economic analysis of the processes that give rise to Nozick's morally legitimate state, which he calls the minimal state, and the characteristics and likely activities of the minimal state within the moral boundaries set by Nozick, his assertions to the contrary notwithstanding.
Pattern of DNA synthesis in the meristematic cells of sinapis

High-resolution autoradiographs were made of ultrathin sections in the shoot apex and the very young leaves of Sinapis alba fed with tritiated thymidine for 4 hours. Three types of labeled nuclei were found. (1) Those labeled in both the dispersed and the condensed chromatin, (2) those labeled only in the dispersed chromatin, and (3) those labeled only in the condensed chromatin.
Evaluating ‘goodness-of-fit’ for linear instrument calibrations through the origin

Instrument calibrations for environmental analyses frequently entail fitting straight lines forced through the origin, where either the correlation coefficient, Pearson's r, or the percent relative standard deviation, %RSD, for a set of response factors is used to measure the ‘goodness-of-fit’. However, these two approaches do not produce comparable linear calibrations. To do this, a weighted regression line needs to be calculated. A weighted regression coefficient is subsequently defined to evaluate the ‘goodness-of-fit’ and is expressed as function of the %RSD.
Proteolytic cleavage by plasmin of the HA polypeptide of influenza virus: host cell activation of serum plasminogen.

Abstract Cleavage of the HA polypeptide, the largest glycoprotein of the WSN strain of influenza virus, to polypeptides HA1 plus HA2 occurs when influenza virus is grown in MDBK cells in medium containing 2% calf serum, but does not occur in serum-free medium. Addition of highly purified plasminogen in concentrations as low as 1.5 μg/ml to serum-free medium results in complete cleavage. The release of plasminogen activators by the cell is essential for the activation of the zymogen and cleavage of the HA polypeptide. Either chick or calf plasminogen can be converted to the active enzyme, plasmin, by activators produced by either infected or uninfected MDBK cells. Cleavage of the HA polypeptide by plasmin can be prevented by trypsin inhibitors from bovine pancreas (Kunitz) or soybean. Cleavage does not occur in the presence of 2% calf serum from which plasminogen has been removed specifically by affinity chromatography, indicating that plasminogen is the only serum component involved in the conversion of the HA polypeptide to HA1 plus HA2. The results obtained indicate that in the MDBK cell-WSN strain system, cleavage of the HA polypeptide can be explained by the activation of serum plasminogen by cellular activators, and that cleavage of the influenza virus hemagglutinin polypeptide is a sensitive indicator of the production of plasminogen activators by cells.
Receptor-cytoskeleton interactions in the lymphocyte

Plasma membrane receptors are essential for lymphocytes, providing the specificity through which the cells interact with antigens and regulatory molecules, and initiating the events which alter the lymphocytes' activity and state of differentiation. Here, Jonathan Braun discusses the lymphocyte contractile system and how it influences these membrane receptors.
A note on local controllability on Lie groups

In this work we study linear control systems as addressed by Cardetti and Mittenhuber, 2005. In particular, in this note we present the explicit form of the subgroup where the system is locally controllable.
Observations on new synthetic antirheumatic steroids and critical evaluation of prednisone therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.

Abstract The precise relationship of molecular structure to biologic activity of 11, 17-oxygenated steroids has been described. Preliminary observations on the antirheumatic and electrolytic effects of new antirheumatic synthetic steroids have been cited. The major portion of the paper has been devoted to a report of the serious adverse side effects of prednisone observed in a group of 39 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated for periods extending up to 2 years. Special consideration has been given to the occurrence and management of peptic ulcers, pathologic fractures, polyarteritis nodosa, and mental disturbances complicating steroid therapy. Six deaths that occurred in this group have been analyzed in detail. The clinical reports and necropsy findings in each of these 6 cases have been summarized and briefly discussed.
Atlas of chromatin configurations of germinal vesicle‐stage and maturing horse oocytes

Summary The fluorescent, DNA-specific label, Hoechst 33258, was used to determine the chromatin configuration of immature and maturing horse oocytes. The stain was simple to use and effective in revealing the chromatin of horse oocytes without need for clearing of lipid. The chromatin configuration of oocytes known to have a germinal vesicle fell into two major categories: fluorescent nucleus, in which the entire nucleus fluoresced with or without clumps of chromatin within; and compact chromatin, in which only one compact mass of chromatin was visible. These classifications were further broken up into diffuse, spotty or crinkled fluorescing nucleus, and compact, faded or loosely compact condensed chromatin. The physiological relevance of the different chromatin configurations of germinal vesicle stage oocytes is presently unknown. The chromatin configurations of maturing oocytes were similar to those seen in other species.
Musical experts recruit action-related neural structures in harmonic anomaly detection: evidence for embodied cognition in expertise.

Abstract Humans are extremely good at detecting anomalies in sensory input. For example, while listening to a piece of Western-style music, an anomalous key change or an out-of-key pitch is readily apparent, even to the non-musician. In this paper we investigate differences between musical experts and non-experts during musical anomaly detection. Specifically, we analyzed the electroencephalograms (EEG) of five expert cello players and five non-musicians while they listened to excerpts of J.S. Bach’s Prelude from Cello Suite No. 1 . All subjects were familiar with the piece, though experts also had extensive experience playing the piece. Subjects were told that anomalous musical events (AMEs) could occur at random within the excerpts of the piece and were told to report the number of AMEs after each excerpt. Furthermore, subjects were instructed to remain still while listening to the excerpts and their lack of movement was verified via visual and EEG monitoring. Experts had significantly better behavioral performance (i.e. correctly reporting AME counts) than non-experts, though both groups had mean accuracies greater than 80%. These group differences were also reflected in the EEG correlates of key-change detection post-stimulus, with experts showing more significant, greater magnitude, longer periods of, and earlier peaks in condition-discriminating EEG activity than novices. Using the timing of the maximum discriminating neural correlates, we performed source reconstruction and compared significant differences between cellists and non-musicians. We found significant differences that included a slightly right lateralized motor and frontal source distribution. The right lateralized motor activation is consistent with the cortical representation of the left hand – i.e. the hand a cellist would use, while playing, to generate the anomalous key-changes. In general, these results suggest that sensory anomalies detected by experts may in fact be partially a result of an embodied cognition, with a model of the action for generating the anomaly playing a role in its detection.
An Examination of Self-Reported Computer Literacy Skills of Preservice Teachers

Abstract The author examined the experience of preservice teachers in word processing, database, and spreadsheet software. A questionnaire was administered to 772 students enrolled in an introductory educational computing course over a period of four academic years. The author analyzed the relationship of gender, academic classification, comfort with computers, academic year and other personal computer (PC) experience to students' self-reported computer literacy skills. Students reported more experience with word processing than database and spreadsheet software. Males reported more experience with database and spreadsheet software than females. Students who were computer phobic and students who had no other PC experience reported less experience with all three applications than students who were comfortable with computers and students who had other PC experience, respectively. Respondents from the most recent academic year reported more experience with word processing than respondents from previous years...
A Performance and Scalability Analysis of the BlueGene/L Architecture

Based on a set of measurements done on the 512-node 500MHz prototype and early results on a 2048 node 700MHz BlueGene/L machine at IBM Watson, we present a performance and scalability analysis of the architecture from low-level characteristics to large-scale applications. In addition, we present predictions using our models for the performance of two representative applications from the ASC² workload on the full BlueGene/L configuration of 64K nodes. We have compared the measured values for several of the benchmarks in our suite against the predicted numbers from our performance models. In general, the error bars were relatively low. A comparison between the performance of BlueGene/L and the ASCI Q, the largest supercomputer in the US, is presented, also based on our predictive performance models.
Phonological factors in lexical access: Evidence from an auditory lexical decision task

A group of subjects performed a lexical decision task in which target words were preceded by a number of different prime types: semantically related words, nonwords in which the initial phoneme of the semantically related word was distorted by one phonetic feature, nonwords in which the initial phoneme of the related word was distorted by more than one phonetic feature, and unrelated words. The results showed a monotonic relationship between phonetic distortion and lexical decision facilitation. Lexical access appears to take into account possible noise or distortion of the speech signal, so that a nonword stimulus that is phonetically related to an actual lexical entry is, in some sense, “normalized” and processed as an actual lexical entry.
Purification and identification of flavanone glycosides in the peel of the sweet orange.

Abstract From the peel of the sweet orange, Citrus sinensis , the flavanone glycosides naringin and isosakuranetin 7-rhamnoglucoside have been isolated in small quantity and purified by column chromatography, using Magnesol as adsorbent. Hesperidin, the major flavanone glycoside present, was prepared in chromatographically pure form. The probable presence of several other glycosides has been indicated.
Diffraction in proximity x-ray lithography: Comparing theory and experiment for gratings, lines, and spaces

Abstract We investigated diffraction effects in proximity x-ray lithography, at λ = 1.3 nm, by imaging lines, spaces, and gratings of nominal 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 μm-width at gaps, G, that varied from 5 to 100 μm in each exposure. For the smallest features, 0.17 μm spaces and 0.23 μm lines, process latitude and image quality were reduced for G ≥ 18 μm , though the features printed for gaps of up to 35 μm. Linewidth oscillations with gap, predicted from Fresnel calculations with Kirchhoff boundary conditions, were not detected in the experiment.
Tariffication and the Canadian Chicken Industry in the Uruguay Round Agreement

To date, the literature has considered the conversion of nontariff barriers into bound tariff schemes by matching either the first moments of the marginal domestic price densities under both states, or the first moments of the marginal import quantity densities under both states. This article outlines the necessary conditions that must be satisfied by any tariff scheme, such that, given a stable demand relation, the joint price and supply densities are equivalent under both states of nature. These necessary conditions are invariant to uncertainty, market structure and imperfect information. Tariffication in the Uruguay Round agreement for the Canadian chicken industry is the considered application. Dans la bibliographie de l'economie, les auteurs ont toujours aborde la question de la conversion des barrieres non tarifaires en programmes de tarif consolide en confrontant soit les premiers moments des densites marginales des prix interieurs et ceux des densites marginales de offre a l'importation selon les deux etats. L'auteur expose les conditions necessaires que doit satisfaire tout regime tarifaire douanier, de telle sorte que pour un rapport de demande stable donne, les densites de prix et d'offre combinees soient equivalentes dans les deux concepts. Ces conditions sont valables quels que soient le degre d'incertitude, la structure de marche en place et la nature de l'information de base. L'analyse est appliquee a la tarification douaniere visant le secteur canadien du poulet en vertu de Vaccord de
Impact of Vaccines and Vaccination on Global Control of Avian Influenza

SUMMARY. There are 30 recorded epizootics of H5 or H7 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) from 1959 to early 2012. The largest of these epizootics, affecting more birds and countries than the other 29 epizootics combined, has been the H5N1 HPAI, which began in Guangdong China in 1996, and has killed or resulted in culling of over 250 million poultry and/or wild birds in 63 countries. Most countries have used stamping-out programs in poultry to eradicate H5N1 HPAI. However, 15 affected countries have utilized vaccination as a part of the control strategy. Greater than 113 billion doses were used from 2002 to 2010. Five countries have utilized nationwide routine vaccination programs, which account for 99% of vaccine used: 1) China (90.9%), 2) Egypt (4.6%), 3) Indonesia (2.3%), 4) Vietnam (1.4%), and 5) Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (<0.01%). Mongolia, Kazakhstan, France, The Netherlands, Cote d'Ivoire, Sudan, North Korea, Israel, Russia, and Pakistan used <1% of the avian influenza (AI) vacc...
Oxygen‐Carrying Macromolecules: Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Hypoxia

A stabilized form of hemoglobin as oxygen-carrying macromolecules was developed. It had an approximately 90,000 dalton molecular weight, and its intravascular half-life was 36 h. Its molecular size was less than 0.1 microm. Its hemoglobin concentration was 6% and its P50 value was 24 mm Hg. Oxygen carried inside plasma performs differently than oxygen carried inside red cells. Less than 0.3 cc of oxygen in 100 ml of blood is available in the plasma while 14-19 ml of oxygen is carried inside the red cells. Thus, less than 5 cc of oxygen is available inside the plasma of the entire body. When a patient develops hypovolemic shock, the red cells are bypassed and are not perfused directly inside the tissues. However, the plasma should reach hypoxic tissues. Thus, infusion of oxygen-carrying macromolecules into the plasma should be therapeutically effective even when infusing less than 100 ml of stabilized hemoglobin solution under shock conditions. The basic physiology of oxygen-carrying macromolecules is described in detail, which is different from the physiology of oxygen-carrying red cells.
Electronic Bits and Ten Gallon Hats

My dissertation uses the Enron Corporation to examine how companies use culture to shape political and economic systems. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the company morphed from a vertically integrated natural company into a derivatives trading house. An emphasis on innovation, free markets and knowledge work in the firm’s marketing efforts accompanied this organizational shift. Because the change was so dramatic, after its 2001 collapse the company became an ideal site for Americans to express cultural anxieties about the move away from Fordist production and toward an emphasis on working with complicated pieces of information. Drawing on archival sources such as issues of the employee magazine and executive correspondence, this study contributes to an understanding of the cultural work that must be performed in order to establish and maintain political economic systems, as well as the ways in which cultural production is used to make sense of economic change.
F-actin marks the rhizoid pole in living Pelvetia compressa zygotes

Spatial and temporal changes in F-actin during polarity establishment in Pelvetia compressa zygotes were investigated using vital staining with rhodamine phalloidin (RP). F-actin was localized to a patch in the cortex of young zygotes. When unilateral light was applied to induce a growth axis (photopolarization) in a population of zygotes, the cortical F-actin patches localized at the shaded pole (rhizoid pole of growth axis). Treatments that prevented photopolarization prevented localization of F-actin patches to the shaded pole. When the direction of the light treatment was reversed, the previous growth axis was abandoned and a new axis was established in the opposite direction. The F-actin patch repositioned to the new rhizoid pole within minutes of light reversal, indicating that F-actin was an immediate marker of the nascent growth axis. Repositioning probably occurred by disassembly of the initial patch and reassembly of a new one. The patch grew in size as zygotes developed, eventually becoming a ring just prior to rhizoid outgrowth. The rhizoid emerged at the site of the F-actin ring and, following germination, the ring was located in the subapical zone of the elongating tip.
Neurexin in embryonic Drosophila neuromuscular junctions.

Background: Neurexin is a synaptic cell adhesion protein critical for synapse formation and function. Mutations in neurexin and neurexin-interacting proteins have been implicated in several neurological diseases. Previous studies have described Drosophila neurexin mutant phenotypes in third instar larvae and adults. However, the expression and function of Drosophila neurexin early in synapse development, when neurexin function is thought to be most important, has not been described. Methodology/Principal Findings: We use a variety of techniques, including immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, in situ hybridization, and electrophysiology, to characterize neurexin expression and phenotypes in embryonic Drosophila neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Our results surprisingly suggest that neurexin in embryos is present both pre and postsynaptically. Presynaptic neurexin promotes presynaptic active zone formation and neurotransmitter release, but along with postsynaptic neurexin, also suppresses formation of ectopic glutamate receptor clusters. Interestingly, we find that loss of neurexin only affects receptors containing the subunit GluRIIA. Conclusions/Significance: Our study extends previous results and provides important detail regarding the role of neurexin in Drosophila glutamate receptor abundance. The possibility that neurexin is present postsynaptically raises new hypotheses regarding neurexin function in synapses, and our results provide new insights into the role of neurexin in synapse development.
SEX CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATIONS IN SPINACIA OLERACEA

Chromosome 1 of Spinacia oleracea, the longest of the complement, contains the genetic factors controlling sex determination. This chromosome is normally heterobrachial with one arm twice as long as the other. A longer homobrachial variant of chromosome 1, due to an additional segment on the short arm, appears to involve a reciprocal translocation with chromosome 2. A reciprocal translocation involving the long arm of chromosome 1 and the long arm of chromosome 4 was induced with x rays. In crosses involving chromosome 1 marked with both translocations, the sex factors show close linkage with the translocation on the short arm, but show no linkage with the translocation on the long arm, indicating that the sex genes are located on the short arm of chromosome 1. The translocation on the long arm is associated with a mottled leaf character which is depressed by the presence of the translocation on the short arm. (auth)
BLAS: an efficient XPath processing system

We present BLAS, a Bi-LAbeling based System, for efficiently processing complex XPath queries over XML data. BLAS uses P-labeling to process queries involving consecutive child axes, and D-labeling to process queries involving descendant axes traversal. The XML data is stored in labeled form, and indexed to optimize descendent axis traversals. Three algorithms are presented for translating complex XPath queries to SQL expressions, and two alternate query engines are provided. Experimental results demonstrate that the BLAS system has a substantial performance improvement compared to traditional XPath processing using D-labeling.
Proportionate adaptive algorithms for network echo cancellation

By analyzing the coefficient adaptation process of the steepest descent algorithm, the condition under which the fastest overall convergence will be achieved is obtained and the way to calculate optimal step-size control factors to satisfy that condition is formulated. Motivated by the results and using the stochastic approximation paradigm, the /spl mu/-law PNLMS (MPNLMS) algorithm is proposed to keep, in contrast to the proportionate normalized least-mean-square (PNLMS) algorithm, the fast initial convergence during the whole adaptation process in the case of sparse echo path identification. Modifications of the MPNLMS algorithm are proposed to lower the computational complexity.
Relationship between differential hepatic microRNA expression and decreased hepatic cytochrome P450 3A activity in cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM Liver cirrhosis is associated with decreased hepatic cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A) activity but the pathogenesis of this phenomenon is not well elucidated. In this study, we examined if certain microRNAs (miRNA) are associated with decreased hepatic CYP3A activity in cirrhosis. METHODS Hepatic CYP3A activity and miRNA microarray expression profiles were measured in cirrhotic (n=28) and normal (n=12) liver tissue. Hepatic CYP3A activity was measured via midazolam hydroxylation in human liver microsomes. Additionally, hepatic CYP3A4 protein concentration and the expression of CYP3A4 mRNA were measured. Analyses were conducted to identify miRNAs which were differentially expressed between two groups but also were significantly associated with lower hepatic CYP3A activity. RESULTS Hepatic CYP3A activity in cirrhotic livers was 1.7-fold lower than in the normal livers (0.28 ± 0.06 vs. 0.47 ± 0.07mL* min(-1)*mg protein(-1) (mean ± SEM), P=0.02). Six microRNAs (miR-155, miR-454, miR-582-5p, let-7f-1*, miR-181d, and miR-500) had >1.2-fold increase in cirrhotic livers and also had significant negative correlation with hepatic CYP3A activity (range of r = -0.44 to -0.52, P <0.05). Notably, miR-155, a known regulator of liver inflammation, had the highest fold increase in cirrhotic livers (2.2-fold, P=4.16E-08) and significantly correlated with hepatic CYP3A activity (r=-0.50, P=0.017). The relative expression (2(-ΔΔCt) mean ± SEM) of hepatic CYP3A4 mRNA was significantly higher in cirrhotic livers (21.76 ± 2.65 vs. 5.91 ± 1.29, P=2.04E-07) but their levels did not significantly correlate with hepatic CYP3A activity (r=-0.43, P=0.08). CONCLUSION The strong association between certain miRNAs, notably miR-155, and lower hepatic CYP3A activity suggest that altered miRNA expression may regulate hepatic CYP3A activity.
Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment for risky stimulant use in a Skid Row community health center

The University of California at Los Angeles Quit Using Drugs Intervention Trial (QUIT) aims to conduct a randomized controlled trial of a primary-care based very brief intervention protocol for reducing risky stimulant use and drug-related harm in low-income, racially diverse primary care patients attending safety-net clinics in the east central Skid Row area of Los Angeles. The QUIT trial emphasizes screening, very brief clinician advice (2-3 minutes), and two telephone drug-use health education sessions versus usual-care in the control group (240 patients per condition). Between February 18 and April 28, 2011, pre-visit screening of adults in the waiting room was conducted using a touch-screen Tablet PC. “At risk” drug use was defined as casual, frequent, or binge use without the physiological or psychological manifestations of dependence (a score of 4 to 26 on the World Health Organization’s Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). A total of 920 adult patients were approached: 89% were 40+ years old; 68% were male; 62% were black, 21% were Latino, and 17% were white. Of patients approached, 706 were excluded due to pregnancy, because it was a nonprimary care visit, or because they refused to participate. Among the 214 who completed the ASSIST, substance use scores were none or low risk in 11% of participants, moderate risk in 42%, and dependence-level in 47%. The number of participants in each score range by substance were, respectively, tobacco 55, 101, and 58; alcohol 62, 98, and 54; cannabis 94, 77, and 43; cocaine 89, 74, and 51; methamphetamine/amphetamine type stimulants 145, 45, and 23; inhalants 185, 20, and 9; sedatives 143, 45, and 26; hallucinogens 174, 30, and 10; and opioids 130, 54, and 30. Participants who were older than 50 years were more likely to use tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine; younger patients were more likely to use amphetamines, inhalants, sedatives, hallucinogens, and opioids. Twenty-seven patients (3% of those approached) met study criteria of past three-month risky stimulant use. Seventy percent were homeless, and 30% were marginally housed. In Skid Row, only 3% of patients qualified for risky stimulant use intervention.
Regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell growth: targeting the final common pathway.

Arterial injury initiates a complex series of events including proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) that culminates in the formation of the neointima. Neointimal formation can be a clinically problematic event, significantly narrowing the vessel lumen after angioplasty, bypass vein grafting, and transplant. Numerous growth factors and cytokines trigger the complex and redundant signaling pathways that lead to cell cycle entry.1–6 Because of the redundancy of these signaling pathways, targeting individual growth factors and cytokines has failed to affect neointimal proliferation and has obviated the need to target the “final common pathway” of events.1 See page 1788 Growth factor–stimulated proliferation is mediated by an early upregulation in transcription of the proto-oncogenes c-fos, c-myc, c-myb, B-myb, and ras.1,7–10 The gene products then act as transcription factors that increase expression of cell cycle regulatory genes, including the cyclins, that when complexed with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), coordinate cell cycle progression.7,11–14 Certain proto-oncogene gene products also have the ability to augment cyclin-associated kinase activity and to couple growth regulatory signals to second messenger pathways.15,16 Early upregulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) occurs as well, stimulating DNA-polymerase-δ ability. In opposition to cell cycle progression are the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs), such as p27kip1 and p21cip1. Transcription factors, such as p53, GAX, GATA-6, E2A, and Id, are expressed in the developing neointima after vascular injury and regulate the expression of the CKIs.17–20 The final common pathway, therefore, involves regulation of the cell cycle through transcription and translation of cell cycle proteins. In addition, regulation of cell cycle protein function through …