cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutritional composition of commonly consumed traditional Apache foods in Arizona

Primary objective To provide nutritional composition data for commonly consumed traditional Apache foods to enable an assessment of dietary intake and to evaluate a food-store based intervention aimed at reducing risk of chronic disease.Methods and procedures Weighed recipes were collected in Apache households on the White Mountain Apache reservation in Arizona. The nutritional composition was calculated using the US Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database.Main outcomes and results A total of 47 weighed recipes were collected for 13 traditional Apache dishes; five were breads, five were chicken or meat-based stews, two were tortilla-based dishes and the remaining one was a traditional Indian dumpling. The calculated energy, macronutrient content and micronutrient content of these traditional foods are provided.Conclusions We have provided for the first time the nutritional composition per 100 g for 13 traditional Apache foods. These data are essential for determining dietary intake and diet–d...
Mössbauer studies of iron silicate spinel at high pressure

We have measured in situ Mossbauer transmission spectra of iron silicate spinel (γ-Fe2SiO4) in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature and pressures up to 16 GPa. The observed spectra show a doublet characteristic of the paramagnetic state. The isomer shift and quadrupole splitting at atmospheric pressure are 1.10 and 2.63 mm/s, respectively, which are smaller than those of fayalite (α-Fe2SiO4). Both the isomer shift and quadrupole splitting decrease linearly with pressure with slope of −0.003(1) and −0.020(1) mm/sec · GPa, respectively. This simple linear trend suggests that no electronic or polymorphic transitions occur under 16 GPa except for those due to the small and continuous changes of volume and local symmetry under pressure. On the basis of a crystalline field calculation, the negative pressure derivative of the quadrupole splitting is associated with a trend towards an ideal cubic symmetry of the oxygen sublattice.
Cryptosporidium muris: prevalence, persistency, and detrimental effect on milk production in a drylot dairy

A total of 1746 individual fecal samples were obtained from milking cows during three separate visits to a drylot dairy farm. In addition, 1240 fecal samples were also obtained from cows in four additional farms. Cryptosporidium muris was prevalent in all five herds sampled. Cows that were sampled more than once invariably remained in the same shedding category. Cows shedding C. muris oocysts produced significantly less milk (approximately 3.2 kg/d). After corrections for the effects of age, parity, pen, and DIM in a logistic regression model, mean daily milk production was significantly associated with shedding status.
Evaluating a Model for Predicting Nutrient Uptake by Rice During Vegetative Growth

Since submerged soils create a unique chemical environment from which roots take nutrients, models that estimate nutrient uptake for upland crops may differ from those for rice (Oryza sativa L.). A mathematical model that had been used to predict nutrient uptake by corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.], and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) was evaluated for predicting uptake by rice under flooded soil conditions. Our objectives were to evaluate such a model for rice and to conduct greenhouse and growth chamber studies to measure the soil and plant parameters required by the model. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted to determine the parameters most influencing N, P, and K uptake. Two soils [Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualfs) and Calhoun silt loam (Typic Glossaqualfs)] and three rice cultivars (Lemont, Katy, and Mars) were selected for this study []
Systematic review of the effectiveness of fine-needle aspiration and/or core needle biopsy for subclassifying lymphoma.

Context.— The World Health Organization system for lymphoma classification relies on histologic findings from excisional biopsies. In contradistinction to expert guidelines, practitioners increasingly rely on fine-needle aspiration cytology and core needle biopsies rather than excisional biopsies to diagnose lymphomas. Objective.— To determine a rate at which fine-needle aspiration cytology and core needle biopsies, combined with flow cytometry and/or genetic techniques, can provide a diagnosis sufficient for optimal medical management of lymphoma. Data Sources.— The English-language literature on fine-needle aspiration cytology and core needle biopsies for lymphoma was reviewed to identify studies that provided interpretations of all specimens regardless of whether these were deemed diagnostic. Conclusions.— Forty-two studies (1989–2012) specified the lymphoma subtypes for each diagnosis or indicated a rate at which the methods failed to provide a diagnosis. The median rate at which fine-needle aspiratio...
Summarization of discussion groups

In this paper, we describe an algorithm to generate textual summaries of discussion groups. Our system combines sentences extracted from individual postings into variable-length summaries by utilizing the hierarchical discourse context provided by discussion threads. We have incorporated this algorithm into a Web-based application called IDS (Interactive Discussion Summarizer).
A reversible nasal block for the rat.

Abstract A description is given of methods for the production of a reversible nasal block and mechanical separation of the nasal passages by a nasal plug and artificial septum in rats. Tests on rats with the nasal block or the septum indicate that neither the block nor the septum alone had any effect on the rate of learning an olfactory discrimination task. The combination of nasal block and septum produced a decrement in rate of learning but it did not prevent learning. Reversibility of the nasal block was demonstrated by maintenance of performance at criterion level following transfer of the block. It was proposed that the use of the plug and septum and adjustment of stimulus concentration provide a preparation suitable for use in olfactory system transfer testing in the rat.
Effects of sensory deprivation in psychiatric seclusion and solitary confinement.

Laboratory research has demonstrated that sensory deprivation can produce major psychological effects on man (Brownfield, 1965; Solomon, 1961). At the same time, there has been a growing awareness that a variety of unusual human experiences share in common the features of sensory deprivation. Major psychological reactions have, for example, been described among high altitude jet pilots (Solomon, Kubzansky, Letterman, Mendelson, Trumbull, & Wexler, 1961), solo explorers (Byrd, 1938), survivors of prolonged solitary confinement in war (Burney, 1952), in certain medical situations (Mendelson, Solomon, & Lindemann, 1958), and among patients suffering various impairments of their sensory apparatus (Ziskind, Jones, Filante, & Goldberg, 1960). Such phenomena have at times elicited widespread public concern; indeed, the experimental interest in profound sensory deprivation was actually precipitated by the fearful and dramatic reports of "brain washing" of American prisoners of war in Korea-repor ts that alterations in the sensory environment were being intentionally imposed upon these prisoners in a seemingly Orwellian attempt to profoundly disrupt their psychological equilibrium (Biderman & Zimmer, 1961). More recently two situations involving the intentional imposition of sensory deprivation became the subjects of headline-making adjudication in the Massachusetts courts. These lawsuits have challenged the legality and moral propriety of the use of seclusion rooms in inpatient psychiatric settings and have questioned the use of solitary confinement in the maximum security state prison at Walpole. The emotions around both issues run high. The plaintiffs in the seclusion room litigation harked back to images captured by Greenblatt's depiction of the seclusion of another era:
Confession in La Regenta: The Secular Sacrament

Leopoldo Alas’ La Regenta (1885) is the story of a failed confession, of the seductive, suspenseful, and ultimately suspended relationship between a confessor (Fermin de Pas) and his devout penitent (Ana Ozores). The thrilling final scene of Alas’ first novel finds Ana shunned at the confessional, denied hope and forgiveness by her confessor and would-be suitor. Macabre and terrifying images of death mark the final depiction of the priest and his personified confessional booth: De Pas is the satanic Christ figure, linked by virtue of his fiery eyes to the ‘Jesus del altar’, who springs from the centre of a sarcophagus-like ‘cajon sombrio’ animated only by murmurs like the buzz of flies and by the creaking of bones.1 This highly dramatic death of the Christian sacrament underscores central themes of Clarin's novel; it reflects a pervasive sense of disillusionment with spiritual renewal and thus mocks the search for what De Pas calls ‘el hombre nuevo’ and what Ana Ozores refers to as her ‘vida nueva’.2
The "family meal": Views of adolescents

Abstract The study objectives were to (1) increase our knowledge about family meal patterns of adolescents, (2) identify factors that adolescents perceive as reasons for not eating meals with their family, and (3) assess adolescents’ perceptions on whether they eat more healthful foods at family meals than in other eating situations. Focus group discussions were conducted with 141 adolescents from 7th and 10th grade health education classes from urban public junior and senior high schools in Minnesota. Twenty-one focus groups were audiotaped, tapes were transcribed verbatim, transcripts were reviewed for emerging themes, and themes were coded using content analysis procedures. For some adolescents, family meals were part of their daily routine, whereas for others, family meals were not the norm. Diversity also existed with regard to the context of family meals, such as activities during meals and settings for meals. Major reasons for not having meals as a family included parent and teen schedules, teen desire for autonomy, dissatisfaction with family relations, and dislike of food served at family meals. Most of the adolescents thought that they would eat more healthful foods if they ate more often with their families. Key factors that appeared to influence whether participation in family meals would lead to a more healthful diet included food availability at meals, rules around mealtimes, and health-related attitudes of family members. There is great diversity in both the quantity and quality of meals in the families of adolescents. Health care providers working with youth and their families should inquire about family meals and encourage the practice of eating with family members, taking into account what is feasible for a particular family.
The selection and function of cell type-specific enhancers

The human body contains several hundred cell types, all of which share the same genome. In metazoans, much of the regulatory code that drives cell type-specific gene expression is located in distal elements called enhancers. Although mammalian genomes contain millions of potential enhancers, only a small subset of them is active in a given cell type. Cell type-specific enhancer selection involves the binding of lineage-determining transcription factors that prime enhancers. Signal-dependent transcription factors bind to primed enhancers, which enables these broadly expressed factors to regulate gene expression in a cell type-specific manner. The expression of genes that specify cell type identity and function is associated with densely spaced clusters of active enhancers known as super-enhancers. The functions of enhancers and super-enhancers are influenced by, and affect, higher-order genomic organization.
Symptomatic hyperammonemia caused by a congenital portosystemic shunt

A child with trisomy 21 had altered mental status and hyperammonemia at presentation and was found to have a congenital portosystemic shunt as a result of a congenital abnormality of the portal venous system. Anomalies of the portal venous system leading to portosystemic shunting, although they are infrequent, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hyperammonemia.
A Microsatellite Genome Screen Identifies Chromosomal Regions under Differential Selection in Steelhead and Rainbow Trout

Abstract Novel genetic resources now make it possible to directly assess the effects of natural selection on specific regions of the salmonid genome. Natural selection on specific genetic loci will also affect the variation in linked flanking regions through “hitchhiking” effects, causing greater differentiation between populations than would be expected from purely neutral processes. Here we identify candidate genomic regions for the effects of differential natural selection in two closely related populations of steelhead–rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss separated for the last century following anthropogenic introduction above a barrier waterfall in a coastal California stream. A set of 110 expressed sequence tag (EST)-linked and 188 anonymous microsatellite loci, most of which are mapped, were chosen to provide distributed coverage of all linkage groups in the O. mykiss genome. A genome screen was then performed to identify genomic regions under divergent selection. Multiple complementary statistical m...
Eye Movements as a Function of Response Contingencies Measured by Blackout Technique.

A program may have a low error rate but, at the same time, require little of the student and teach him little. A measure to supplement error rate in evaluating a program has recently been developed. This measure, called the blackout ratio, is the percentage of material that may be deleted without increasing the error rate. In high blackout-ratio programs, obtaining a correct answer is contingent upon only a small portion of the item. The present study determined if such low response-contingent material is read less thoroughly than programmed material that is heavily response-contingent. Eye movements were compared for two versions of the same program that differed only in the choice of the omitted words. The alteration of the required responses resulted in a version with a higher blackout ratio than the original version, which had a low blackout ratio. Eighteen undergraduates received half their material from the high and half their material from the low blackout-ratio version. The order was counterbalanced. Location and duration of all eye fixations in each item were recorded by a Mackworth Eye Marker Camera. On high blackout-ratio material, subjects used fewer fixations, shorter fixation time, and shorter scanning time. High blackout-ratio material failed to evoke the students' attention.
Exact order of Hoffman's error bounds for elliptic quadratic inequalities derived from vector-valued Chebyshev approximation

In this paper, we introduce the exact order of Hoffman’s error bounds for approximate solutions of elliptic quadratic inequalities. Elliptic quadratic inequalities are closely related to Chebyshev approximation of vector-valued functions (including complex-valued functions). The set of Chebyshev approximations of a vector-valued function defined on a finite set is shown to be Hausdorff strongly unique of order exactly 2 s for some nonnegative integer s. As a consequence, the exact order of Hoffman’s error bounds for approximate solutions of elliptic quadratic inequalities is exactly 2 -s for some nonnegative integer s. The integer s, called the order of deficiency (which is computable), quantifies how much the Abadie constraint qualification is violated by the elliptic quadratic inequalities.
Robots make computer science personal

They also make it more hands-on, real, practical, and immediate, inspiring a new generation of scientists' deep interest in the field.
Afghanistan’s development and functionality: Renewing a collapsed state

Afghanistan has long been backward and underdeveloped where centuries of desertification, deforestation, overgrazing and environmental degradation have combined with successive invasions, violence, and terrorism to reduce the population to abject poverty. In the post 9/11 world, development of Afghanistan is seen as the only hope to revive the failed nation and reduce its threat to the external world. New assessments of natural resources offer many solutions to old problems of development and the potential economic functionality through renewal of the collapsed state. Oil, gas, copper, iron, gemstones, and a number of other resources, combined with a renewed transportation grid, offer a viable solution that is now underway to possibly produce a somewhat more promising future, providing that corruption, renewed violence, and environmental despoliation can be kept to a minimum.
Developing a Sensitive Reporter System for Monitoring of Pancreatic and Duodenal Homeobox Gene 1 (Pdx1) and Neurogenin 3 (Ngn3) – Mediated Transdifferentiation from Human Hepatic Cells into Insulin-Producing Beta-Like Cells

It is well known that cellular differentiation is not a terminal process. Transdifferentiation is the conversion of one differentiated cell type to another. There are many examples of induced transdifferentiation between cell types by expression of ectopic transcription factors. Here we show that combined lentiviral expression of Pdx1 or Pdx1-VP16 fusion protein and Ngn3 can direct the transdifferentiation of hepatic cells into insulin producing cells. We showed that the Pdx1 or Pdx1-VP16 fusion protein and Ngn3 together synergistically increased transactivation for the insulin gene. This provides a useful model to study the transdifferentiation process.
Effect of Cortisone upon Chondroitin Sulfate Synthesis by Animal Tissues.

Summary1. The experiments described indicated that cortisone inhibits the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate by embryonic and wound tissues maintained in vitro. Graded responses were obtained with graded concentrations of cortisone in the medium. Cortisone was shown to inhibit the synthesis of soluble organic sulfate by heart and skeletal muscle; it had no such effect upon the synthesis of soluble ester sulfate by liver tissue. 2. Concentrations of cortisone which suppressed sulfate fixation, had no apparent effect upon the initial migration of fibroblasts. Cortisone had no effect upon the pulsations of heart tissue. 3. It was suggested that the palliative action of cortisone in the connective tissue diseases may be due to its inhibitory effect upon the synthesis of the chondroitin sulfate moiety of the connective tissue ground substance.
474: HSP60 and anti-HSP60 antibody are associated with intrapartum infection in preeclamptic mothers

INFECTION IN PREECLAMPTIC MOTHERS MARK SANTILLAN, DONNA SANTILLAN, JOHN GIANOPOULOS, RUBIN MESTRIL, MEGAN KOH, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois OBJECTIVE: The role of heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) in pregnancy is unclear. Studies have associated this stress protein and anti-HSP60 antibodies with perinatal morbidity including infection, in-vitro fertilization failure, growth restriction, preeclampsia, and preterm labor. In this study, we investigate whether the presence of HSP60 (s-HSP60) or anti-HSP60 antibodies (s-anti-HSP60) in maternal serum has an association with perinatal morbidity. STUDY DESIGN: In this adjunct, subset analysis of a case control study of HSP60 and preeclampsia, maternal sera were collected in 68 controls and 62 preeclamptics. S-HSP60 was measured by ELISA. S-anti-HSP60 was identified by Surf-Blot type Western Blot. Demographic, maternal, and obstetric variables were obtained from the medical record. Logistic regression and 2 tail Fisher exact test were performed with 0.05. RESULTS: Preeclamptics positive for s-HSP60 had a higher rate of intrapartum infection than those with undetectable s-HSP60 (25% vs. 3.1%, p 0.026). Preeclamptics positive for both s-HSP60 and s-anti-HSP60 also had a higher rate of intrapartum infection than other preeclamptics (39% vs. 4.5%, p 0.005). The rates of intrapartum infection of preeclamptics and controls were similar. In mothers without preeclampsia, there was not a significant correlation of s-HSP60 or s-antiHSP60 with perinatal morbidity including antenatal infection, peripartum infection, active labor, preterm delivery, mode of delivery, birthweight, low APGAR scores and postpartum complications. CONCLUSION: Contrary to other studies, HSP60 was not associated with a variety of obstetrical stressors including antenatal infection and preterm delivery. Our data show that in preeclamptic mothers, the presence of s-HSP60 and s-anti-HSP60 are associated with a higher rate of intrapartum infection. As the sera were drawn upon admission to the hospital prior to the onset of clinical symptoms of infection, presence of sHSP60 and s-antiHSP60 may be an early indicator of subclinical infection. Our data did not show similar results in controls.
Gigahertz-range MCML multiplier architectures

In this paper, we present three digital multiplier architectures capable of operating in the gigahertz range, based on MOS Current Mode Logic (MCML) style. A small library of MCML logic gates consisting of NAND/AND, XOR/XNOR, (3/spl times/2) counter (full adder), [4:2] compressor, and master-slave flip-flop were designed and optimized for high-speed operation. Using these gates, we propose three different 8-bit MCML binary-tree multiplier architectures and compare their performance in terms of latency, throughput (number of multiplications per second) and power consumption. According to our simulation, the fastest multiplier targeting for TSMC 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology attains a throughput of 4.76 GHz or 4.76 Billion multiplications per second and a latency of 3.8 ns.
Where does a flock end from an information perspective? A comparative experiment with live and robotic birds

Predator detection is improved when individuals join groups. Theory assumes that the transfer of social information about predators among individuals is immediate and accurate. However, animals in groups space themselves at different distances. Little is known about the shape of the social information transfer function over distance, which can affect group cohesion and ultimately the costs and benefits of group living. Our goal was to study the flow of social information in 3 bird species with different visual acuity (European starling, brown-headed cowbird, and house finch). We used robotic birds to manipulate the availability of social information. In a previous study, we demonstrated that birds react to robotic birds in the same way as they do to live birds. We measured the probability of 3 linearly placed live birds reacting to the flushing behavior of 2 robotic birds of the same species. Our study species were tested independently. We found a nonlinear decrease in social information flow with increasing distance between the robots and live birds; however, this decrease was more pronounced in species with lower visual acuity. Additionally, social information apparently degraded when flowing between closely spaced individuals, which could lead to false alarms. Our findings suggest that the benefits of social information flow are restricted to small neighbor distances and that larger species, with higher visual acuity, may have a greater spatial domain of collective detection. This mechanism may explain the spatial limits of flocks based on the transfer of social information. Key words: antipredator behavior, collective detection, predator detection, social information, vigilance, visual acuity. [Behav Ecol]
Dynamic recruitment of the curvature-sensitive protein ArhGAP44 to nanoscale membrane deformations limits exploratory filopodia initiation in neurons

Our brains contain a vast network of many billions of cells that communicate with, and are connected to, each other. Each brain cell, or neuron, can form connections with as many as 10,000 other neurons—and signals pass from one neuron to the next at sites known as synapses. A neuron's surface has numerous finger-like protrusions known as filopodia that are important for sensing the environment around the cells. Filopodia are highly changeable and constantly extend and retract as the filaments that support them—which are made up of a protein called actin—grow and shrink back. Neurons use their filopodia to explore and seek out other neurons in the brain, and when they make contact with the right neuron, it leads to the formation of a synapse. However, how filopodial extensions begin to grow—and what stops a neuron from forming too many filopodia—is not fully understood. Galic et al. now show that a protein called ArhGAP44 limits the formation of new filopodia in neurons. The ArhGAP44 protein is recruited to patches of the surface membrane that have a lot of actin and that curve inwards. ArhGAP44 then locally inhibits other proteins that are normally required to extend the actin filaments and drive the growth of filopodia out from the surface of the cell. Galic et al. also show that more ArhGAP44 is produced with age—levels are low in embryos and high in adults—and this increase in the amount of protein correlates with a decrease in the number of filopodia formed. When Galic et al. engineered rat neurons to produce more of the ArhGAP44 protein, fewer filopodia formed on the surface of the neurons. Decreasing the amount of this protein had the opposite effect. Moreover, ArhGAP44 was shown to mainly stop new filopodia from forming and had little effect on existing filopodia. Together, these findings suggest that ArhGAP44 may help neurons transition from a dynamic exploratory mode to a mature, more static, state; this is a characteristic of the development of the nervous system.
npf-a simple, traffic-adaptive packet classifier using on-line reorganization of rule trees

Packet classification is one of the crucial components of application such as firewalls, intrusion detection, and differentiated services. For example, an intrusion detection system (IDS) classifies packets either as benign or malicious and alerts the network administrator when hostile traffic is detected. Since existing IDS spend the majority of CPU time in packet classification, an IDS fails to detect malicious packets under high load. Many ideas have been proposed to make the packet inspection faster so that an IDS spends less time in packet classification. However, because of the increasing number of security threats and vulnerabilities, the number of rules often exceeds thousands, requiring more than hundreds of megabytes of memory. As a result, an IDS spends longer time to classify packets since each packet incurs many memory accesses, and thus the throughput of an IDS is limited by memory bandwidth. The problem can be mitigated by exploiting locality in traffic patterns. In this paper, we propose npf, a fast and traffic-adaptive packet classifier which dynamically reorganizes the internal data structure based on the traffic pattern. Unlike existing approaches requiring a separate, off-line reorganization phase, npf performs reorganization on-line with little overhead, resulting in higher throughput without compromising accuracy. Experimental results on our test bed show that npf outperforms a traditional packet classifier by spending an order of magnitude less time per packet in order to classify the packet.
Roles of Fullerene-Based Interlayers in Enhancing the Performance of Organometal Perovskite Thin-Film Solar Cells

To surmount these obstacles, conventional PHJ PVSCs with the confi guration of substrate/HTL (p)/perovskite (i)/fullerene derivative (n) has been developed. [ 9 ] PEDOT:PSS or NiO X are the commonly employed HTLs to date while the electron-transporting layers (ETLs) employed are mainly based on fullerene derivatives. [ 7c,9c,d,10 ] It is worth noting that room temperature and orthogonal solvent processability of fullerene derivatives can successfully prevent the degradation of the underlying perovskite layer. In addition, the decent electron mobility of most fullerene derivatives makes them promising ETLs for high-performance PVSCs. Guo et al. fi rst demonstrated the feasibility of such a conventional PHJ confi guration, realizing a PCE of 3.9% by employing a phenyl-C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PC 61 BM) ETL. [ 9c ] Although three different fullerene derivatives (C 60 , PC 61 BM, and indene-C 60 bisadduct (IC 60 BA)) were investigated as ETLs, the functions of these fullerene-based interlayers were not fairly explored due to the inferior quality of the perovskite thin fi lm grown atop them. Soon after, a PC 61 BM ETL was used in a similar PHJ structure by Lam et al. to further improve the device performance to 7.4% by optimizing the perovskite precursor solution concentration and the blending ratio of PbI 2 and methylammonium iodide (MAI). [ 9a ] Lately, Jen and co-workers have signifi cantly enhanced the PCE to 12%–13%, respectively, by optimizing perovskite deposition either by controlling annealing conditions or adding a solvent additive.[11] Most recently, Seok and co-workers have reported an over 14% PCE through solvent engineering and thickness optimization of PC 61 BM. [ 12 ]
Convex necessary and sufficient conditions for frequency domain model (in)validation under SLTV structured uncertainty

This paper deals with the problem of model (in)validation of discrete time, causal, linear time-invariant (LTI) stable models subject to slowly linear time-varying structured uncertainty, using frequency domain data corrupted by additive noise. It is well known that in the case of structured LTI uncertainty the problem is NP hard in the number of uncertainty blocks. The main contribution of this paper shows that, on the other hand, if one considers arbitrarily slowly time varying uncertainty and noise in L/sub 2/, then tractable, convex necessary and sufficient conditions for (in)validation can be obtained. Additional results include a discussion of the case where the noise is characterized in terms of the L/sub /spl infin// norm.
Positional Identity and Science Teacher Professional Development.

The aim of this study was to understand the positional identity of three African American secondary science teachers. Positional identity was operationally defined in terms of race, ethnicity, economic status, gender, religion, and age. Positional identity was posited to inform why diverse teachers with differing knowledge and experiences in science exist. An analysis of the findings suggested that the teachers' positional identity was defined beyond race, ethnicity and gender. Although the three science teachers came from very similar social backgrounds and were members of the same racial/ethnic group (African American), their positionality manifested itself in different ways: meanings of their life experiences; orientations to professional development; and future career goals in science education. Thus they possessed multiple positional identities that intersected in various ways which resulted in them having different perceptions of the world and subjectivities as science teachers. Implications included addressing positional identity and the creation of professional development models that are framed around incorporating teacher identity in addition to furthering teachers' personal and professional advancement within science education. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 684–710, 2008
Laboratory Validation Study of Drug Evaluation and Classification Program: Ethanol, Cocaine, and Marijuana

The Drug Evaluation and Classification (DEC) program is used by police agencies to determine if individuals are behaviorally impaired because of drug use, and, if impaired, to determine the class of drug(s) causing the impairment. Although widely used, the validity of the DEC evaluation has not been rigorously tested. The primary goal of this study was to determine the validity of the variables of the DEC evaluation in predicting whether research volunteers had been administered ethanol, cocaine, or marijuana; a secondary goal was to determine the accuracy of trained police officers (Drug Recognition Examiner, DRE) in detecting whether subjects had been dosed with ethanol, cocaine, or marijuana. Community volunteers (n = 18) with histories of drug use received ethanol (0, 0.28, 0.52 g/kg), cocaine (4, 48, 96 mg/70 kg), and marijuana (0, 1.75, 3.55% THC) in a double-blind, randomized, within-subjects design. A single drug dose or placebo was administered during each of nine experimental sessions, and blood samples were obtained before and periodically after dosing. With the exception of marijuana, plasma drug concentration was at or near the observed maximum during the DEC evaluation. The ability of the DEC evaluation to predict the intake of ethanol, cocaine, or marijuana was optimal when using 17-28 variables from the evaluation. When DREs concluded impairment was due to drugs other than ethanol, their opinions were consistent with toxicology in 44% of cases. These findings suggest that the DEC evaluation can be used to predict accurately acute administration of ethanol, cocaine, or marijuana, and that predictions of drug use may be improved if DREs focused on a subset of variables.
Electromechanical and adhesion issues in contact-mode MEMS devices

Changes in surface topography, composition, and electromechanical properties during operation of contact-mode microdevices may impact the reliability and performance. Therefore, basic understanding of the physical processes affecting adhesion, electrical characteristics, and wear behavior of polycrystalline silicon is of great importance to the design of durable and efficient microdevices with contact interfaces. The main objective of this paper is to address some critical electromechanical and adhesion issues, such as oxide layer stressing and breakdown at the contact interface and seizure of microdevice movement due to excessive adhesion, in light of results revealing the evolution of electrical contact behavior and adhesion force with the applied contact voltage and impact or sliding contact cycles.
Chloroplast Vector Systems for Biotechnology Applications

Chloroplasts are ideal hosts for expression of transgenes. Transgene integration into the chloroplast genome occurs via homologous recombination of flanking sequences used in chloroplast vectors. Identification of spacer regions to integrate transgenes and endogenous regulatory sequences that
An Interdisciplinary Approach to Preparing Early Intervention Professionals: A University and Community Collaborative Initiative:

A university—community collaborative initiative to provide an interdisciplinary approach to personnel preparation is described. Twelve students (i.e., undergraduate, graduate) from various academic disciplines participated in early intervention coursework and practical experiences. Specifically, students were prepared to provide early intervention to infants/toddlers who were premature/medically fragile and their families. Courses were developed and co-taught by parents, early intervention providers, and medical professionals recruited from the community. The interdisciplinary steering committee developed intensive practical experiences to facilitate the translation of knowledge into sustained daily practice. Outcome measures indicated increased knowledge and acquisition of skills related to early intervention, and intervention specific to the high-risk population. Employment outcomes and increased opportunities for professional collaboration are also described. Implications are discussed.
Identifiability results for blind beamforming in incoherent multipath with small delay spread

Several explicit identifiability results are derived for deterministic blind beamforming in incoherent multipath with small delay spread. For example, it is shown that if the sum of spatial and fractional sampling diversities exceeds two times the total number of paths, then identifiability can be guaranteed even for one symbol snapshot. The tools come from the theory of low-rank three-way array decomposition (commonly referred to as parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and data smoothing in one and two dimensions. New results regarding the Kruskal-rank of certain structured matrices are also included, and they are of interest in their own right.
Private Inference Control for Aggregate Database Queries

We study private inference control for aggregate queries, such as those provided by statistical databases or modern database languages, to a database in a way that satisfies privacy requirements and inference control requirements. For each query, the client learns the value of the function for that query if and only if the query passes a specified in- ference control rule. The server learns nothing about the queries, and the client learns nothing other than the query output for passing queries. We present general protocols for aggregate queries with private inference control.
Evaluation of reduced-order controllers on a two-link flexible manipulator

This paper examines the synthesis of various robust controllers for command tracking of trajectories that excite many of the arm dynamics. The model used for all the designs is a 20 degree of freedom lumped-spring-mass-damper model of 40th order which is reduced to 18th order by balanced truncation. First, a standard linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller is designed and tested, and robustness at the control loop is recovered with a loop transfer recovery (LQG/LTR) controller design. Next, loop transfer recovery (LTR) based on the special coordinate basis analysis of the plant is covered. In order to make the LQG/LTR and LTR controllers more practical, controller reduction is applied using modal residualization and balanced truncation. Next, a 4th order SANDY direct optimization design is covered and experimentally evaluated. Finally, the performance of all the controllers is evaluated experimentally along a nominal trajectory. Results show that the lower order controllers can provide comparable performance to the full-order controllers.
Ultra-distal large-bore intracranial access using the hyperflexible Navien distal intracranial catheter for the treatment of cerebrovascular pathologies: a technical note.

Background Successful neuroendovascular treatments rely on microcatheter stability from guide catheter support. We present our experience using a new large-bore 0.058 inch or 0.072 inch inner diameter (ID) hyperflexible access catheter placed deep within the intracranial circulation during the neurointervention. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all neurointerventions performed by the senior author during an 18-month period to identify patients in whom the Navien intracranial catheter was placed in an ultra-distal position, defined as beyond the clinoidal internal carotid artery (ICA) or V3 segment of the vertebral artery. Procedural data collected included parent artery tortuosity, technique for Navien advancement, intraprocedural Navien position and periprocedural complications. Results The Navien, either 6 F 0.072 inch ID or 5 F 0.058 inch ID, provided ultra-distal large-bore access in the following 11 intracranial interventions: anterior circulation aneurysm treatment with Pipeline embolization device (PED) (n=3); posterior circulation aneurysm single-stage stent coiling (n=5); liquid embolization of arteriovenous malformations (n=2); PED coiling of posterior circulation aneurysm (n=1). The Navien was tracked into position over a Marksman microcatheter in 10/11 cases and a Headway 27 microcatheter in one case. Intraprocedural Navien positions were as follows: supraclinoid ICA (n=2); mid M1 (n=1); V3–V4 junction (n=2) (both using 6 F Navien); distal V4 (n=3); proximal basilar (n=1); proximal-mid basilar (n=1); mid basilar (n=1). No significant catheter-related complications occurred. Conclusions The Navien is the newest hyperflexible access catheter that is highly trackable into ultra-distal intracranial positions. It maneuvers atraumatically, providing improved distal intracranial support for a variety of complex cerebrovascular interventions and preserves necessary ID for quality intraprocedural roadmaps and angiography.
Correlation between Colposcopically Directed Biopsy and Cervical Loop Excision

Abstract Colpscopy is standard for diagnosis of cervical cancer precursors, but the development of diathermy loop electrodes for excision of the cervical transformation zone offers a technique for validation. Loop excision of the transformation zone was performed for 47 consecutive women with dysplasia in colposcopically directed biopsies using 20 × 8-mm electrodes. Specimens were marked for orientation and serially sectioned. All pathology material was reviewed. Although 28% of women had disappearance of dysplasia at the biopsy site, only 9% had no dysplasia in the transformation zone. Half of the women with CIN 1 on directed biopsy had high-grade lesions found in loop excision specimens. Significant discrepancies may be found between the results of colposcopically directed biopsy and loop excision.
A Jini-enabled active badge system

We present an active badge system to test the efficacy of Jini as middleware for a system of small, mobile devices. Our system consists of badges that transmit infrared signals, detectors attached to fixed PC's serving as Jini clients, and a Jini server to keep track of the locations of all badges. A second type of Jini client can query the server and display location information.
Study of different hormone-sensitive lipase concentrations using a surface plasmon resonance sensor

Abstract This paper presents a series of experimental results including those based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to investigate the parameters for determining the concentration and form of various hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) solutions. HSL is a rate-limiting enzyme for the metabolism of stored fat. This small protein was not previously known to possess optical properties permitting studies by attenuated total internal reflection (ATR) spectroscopy or by the SPR method. Therefore, basic physical measurements were needed. The HSL solutions are typically contained in different buffers that chemically affect the metal layers in the SPR experiments and cause problems with film integrity. Different experiments employing different metal layers were conducted. The results were compared with those of the ATR method, showing the expected greater sensitivity of the surface plasmon resonance method. It was determined that the protein solutions may be usefully examined by both methods ultimately permitting measurement of oligomer formation as a function of concentration in future work.
Here or there: preference judgments for relevance

Information retrieval systems have traditionally been evaluated over absolute judgments of relevance: each document is judged for relevance on its own, independent of other documents that may be on topic. We hypothesize that preference judgments of the form "document A is more relevant than document B" are easier for assessors to make than absolute judgments, and provide evidence for our hypothesis through a study with assessors. We then investigate methods to evaluate search engines using preference judgments. Furthermore, we show that by using inferences and clever selection of pairs to judge, we need not compare all pairs of documents in order to apply evaluation methods.
Estimating myocardial perfusion from dynamic contrast-enhanced CMR with a model-independent deconvolution method

Model-independent analysis with B-spline regularization has been used to quantify myocardial blood flow (perfusion) in dynamic contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) studies. However, the model-independent approach has not been extensively evaluated to determine how the contrast-to-noise ratio between blood and tissue enhancement affects estimates of myocardial perfusion and the degree to which the regularization is dependent on the noise in the measured enhancement data. We investigated these questions with a model-independent analysis method that uses iterative minimization and a temporal smoothness regularizer. Perfusion estimates using this method were compared to results from dynamic 13N-ammonia PET. An iterative model-independent analysis method was developed and tested to estimate regional and pixelwise myocardial perfusion in five normal subjects imaged with a saturation recovery turboFLASH sequence at 3 T CMR. Estimates of myocardial perfusion using model-independent analysis are dependent on the choice of the regularization weight parameter, which increases nonlinearly to handle large decreases in the contrast-to-noise ratio of the measured tissue enhancement data. Quantitative perfusion estimates in five subjects imaged with 3 T CMR were 1.1 ± 0.8 ml/min/g at rest and 3.1 ± 1.7 ml/min/g at adenosine stress. The perfusion estimates correlated with dynamic 13N-ammonia PET (y = 0.90x + 0.24, r = 0.85) and were similar to results from other validated CMR studies. This work shows that a model-independent analysis method that uses iterative minimization and temporal regularization can be used to quantify myocardial perfusion with dynamic contrast-enhanced perfusion CMR. Results from this method are robust to choices in the regularization weight parameter over relatively large ranges in the contrast-to-noise ratio of the tissue enhancement data.
Adolescent physical activities as predictors of young adult weight

Objective To examine the relationship between increased physical activity in adolescence and adult weight status. Design Cohort study based on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Setting In-home interviews. Participants A total of 3345 adolescents in grades 8 to 12 with body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) data available at baseline and 5 years later. Main Exposures Days per week of curricular and extracurricular physical activity. Main Outcome Measure Overweight status (body mass index ≥25) 5 years after baseline. Results Increasing participation in certain extracurricular physical activities and physical education decreased the likelihood of young adulthood overweight. Regarding extracurricular physical activities, the likelihood of being an overweight adult was reduced most (ie, 48%) by performing certain wheel-related activities (ie, rollerblading, roller skating, skateboarding, or bicycling) more than 4 times per week. Each weekday that adolescents participated in physical education decreased the odds of being an overweight adult by 5%, with participation in all 5 weekdays of physical education decreasing the odds by 28%. In general, physical activity predicted normal-weight maintenance better than weight loss. Conclusion These data underscore the important role that school-based and extracurricular physical activity play in reducing the likelihood of transitioning to overweight as young adults.
Treatment of cerebrovascular thrombosis with fibrinolysin. Preliminary report.

Abstract 1. 1. Bovine fibrinolysin was used in the treatment of thirteen patients with cerebrovascular thrombosis. 2. 2. Reactions were seen in six patients: none of the reactions were serious and many were avoidable. 3. 3. Patients treated with bovine fibrinolysin may become sensitized to it and to bovine serum. 4. 4. We conclude that intravenous bovine fibrinolysin is a feasible means of treating cerebrovascular thrombosis but that the present data are insufficient to permit conclusions concerning the clinical efficacy of this form of therapy.