cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-compartment models of spasticity in spinal motor neurons following spinal cord injury

Spasticity is characterized by hyperreflexia, clonus and hypertonic musculature and is an impediment to functional locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). It is known that the structure and biophysical properties of motoneurons are altered following SCI; however, the physiological mechanisms underlying spasticity are not well understood. Under control conditions motoneurons can produce plateau potentials, which are sustained depolarizations triggered by brief synaptic inputs. These plateau potentials are mediated by L-type calcium currents and are known to cause bistable behavior in the motoneurons of brain-stem intact animals and humans. This bistable behavior endows motoneurons with a mechanism for translating short lasting synaptic inputs into long lasting motor output [1]. During the acute stage following SCI, rat motoneurons lose the endogenous ability to generate plateau potentials but at chronic stages the plateau potentials reappear [2]. Voltage gated persistent sodium and calcium currents (PICs) have been identified as the cause of plateau potentials in the chronic stage following SCI [3]. In the presence of PICs, a brief stimulus can produce self sustained firing. Two-compartment models with Hodgkin-Huxley type channel kinetics were constructed to mimic motoneuron dynamics for the control case and for the acute and chronic stages following SCI. Table ​Table11 shows the channels used in constructing the motoneuron models. Table 1 Motoneuron model currents. Experimental data for injected ramp currents and injected pulse currents were used to constrain the model parameters [2]. Computational studies were used to systematically investigate the mechanisms underlying the generation of plateau potentials and the firing properties in the three cases including: the influences of the specific ionic currents, the coupling strength between the somatic and dendritic compartments, and the relative sizes of the two compartments.
Products of compact filters and applications to classical product theorems

Abstract Two results on product of compact filters are shown to be the common principle behind a surprisingly large number of theorems.
Integrating Recovery and the Narrative Attachment Systems Perspective to Working Through Borderline Personality Disorder

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) presents a number of symptoms and adjustment issues for individuals, but it is also associated with a myriad of risks for the larger family system. A systemic perspective is crucial to comprehending the development of BPD. Promoting healthy relationships with one or more supportive adult enables the child to develop an identity apart from the dysfunctional system and successfully persevere in the future. Further, increasing mentalization capacities, also referred to as reflective functioning (RF), within the caregiver in relation to the child is a crucial aspect of a systemic approach. This article reviews the need for a systems perspective, including combining RF within a narrative therapy framework, when considering the development, maintenance, and prevention of BPD.
Internal sulfidation of iron

Inter- and intragranular sulfidation of Armco iron in hydrogen sulfide atmosphere in the temperature range 850 to 950/sup 0/C is reported. (FS)
Induction of Immunological Tolerance by a Hapten (DNP) bound to a Non-immunogenic Protein Carrier

IT is not known whether immunological tolerance and immunity are two aspects of the same process or fundamentally distinct. If substances inducing tolerance were not always immunogenic, tolerance and immunity could be dissociated from each other and their cellular mechanisms analysed independently. In the experiments described here we used two versions of the dinitrophenol (DNP) determinant, one which is not immunogenic and one which is. We found that the non-immunogenic substance induced tolerance of its normally immunogenic counterpart.
Temperature Effects on the Catalytic Activity of the D38E Mutant of 3-Oxo-Δ5-Steroid Isomerase: Favorable Enthalpies and Entropies of Activation Relative to the Nonenzymatic Reaction Catalyzed by Acetate Ion

3-Oxo-Δ5-steroid isomerase (ketosteroid isomerase, KSI) catalyzes the isomerization of 5-androstene-3,17-dione (1) to 4-androstene-3,17-dione (3) via a dienolate intermediate (2-). KSI catalyzes this conversion about 13 orders of magnitude faster than the corresponding reaction catalyzed by acetate ion, a difference in activation energy (ΔG⧧) of ∼18 kcal/mol. To evaluate whether the decrease in ΔG⧧ by KSI is due to enthalpic or entropic effects, the activation parameters for the isomerization of 1 catalyzed by the D38E mutant of KSI were determined. A linear Arrhenius plot of kcat/KM versus 1/T gives the activation enthalpy (ΔH⧧ = 5.9 kcal/mol) and activation entropy (TΔS⧧ = −2.6 kcal/mol). Relative to catalysis by acetate, D38E reduces ΔH⧧ by ∼10 kcal/mol and increases TΔS⧧ by ∼5 kcal/mol. The activation parameters for the microscopic rate constants for D38E catalysis were also determined and compared to those for the acetate ion-catalyzed reaction. Enthalpic stabilization of 2- and favorable entropic ef...
The coefficients of a class of meromorphic functions and their inverses

We consider the coefficients in the expansion , where f(z) is in a class of functions meromorphic and univalent in . In particular, we obtain sharp bounds on for n = -1,0,1. We also obtain sharp bounds on the coefficients of functions which are inverses of functions in the class under consideration.
Non-adaptive group testing in the presence of errors

Abstract In group testing, the task is to determine the distinguished members of a set of objects O by asking subset queries of the form “does the set Q⊂- O contain a distinguished object?” In biological applications of group testing, the task is to repeatedly screen a library of objects for those which are positive for a probe. The subset queries consist of screening a pooled subset of the objects with the probe. This procedure has become an important component of the experimental methods used for the compilation of physical maps of chromosomes and other genetic material. For many screening applications, it is most cost-effective to ask many subset queries in parallel. This leads to non-adaptive group testing problems. An important aspect of most screening environments is that the screening results are far from reliable. In this report we discuss some of the error models that can be used and show how they affect the design of non-adaptive screening experiments. We give a unified treatment of the known methods for constructing pooling designs, provide explicit formulas for their performance under different error assumptions and discuss the asymptotic performance of random designs.
Mammary gland growth in the lactating sow

Abstract The short lactation period of the modern sow is critical for determining the success of piglet survival and growth. Increases in milk production during early lactation may result from increases in secretory cell numbers, enhancement of functional differentiation of cells, or both mechanisms. The porcine mammary gland undergoes substantial growth during lactation. Mammary tissue wet weight can increase by more than 50% and total mammary gland DNA by 100% during a 21-day lactation. Postpartum mammary growth parallels the increase in milk production observed during lactation. Mammary growth during lactation is affected by litter size, dietary intake, and gland location, as well as by a number of other factors. A primary factor influencing postpartum mammary growth is removal of milk from the gland. A suckled mammary gland, in combination with the piglet that suckles it, form an interdependent growing unit. Mammary glands which are underdeveloped at parturition can still grow rapidly in response to suckling. The sow’s mammary gland has tremendous potential for growth during early lactation. Approaches for enhancing mammary gland growth during early lactation offer substantial potential for enhancing milk yield and piglet growth.
Occupational Evidence on the Causes of Immigration to the United States, 1836-1853

Abstract The recent view that European immigrants to the United States before the Civil War were not fleeing economic distress is investigated. This literature uses information on male occupations to infer the causes of immigration. The method by which other researchers generate their samples of data on occupations is critiqued in this paper. New estimates are presented and used to show that most English and Irish immigrants were fleeing distress-though many others were not-while few German immigrants were fleeing distress.
A comparison of the Hartley, Cas-Cas, Fourier, and discrete cosine transforms for image coding

The coding method used for the comparison utilizes a marginal bit-allocation scheme and Lloyd-Max quantizer. Gamma, Laplacian, and Gaussian models are compared for the distribution of the transform coefficients. The discrete cosine transform outperforms the other three transforms based on the mean-square quantization error. >
Low Au Content Ohmic Contacts to n-GaAs Incorporating Sputtered Tungsten Oxide

Electron-beam (e-beam) evaporated low Au content NiGe(Au)W ohmic contacts with a contact resistance (Rc) as low as 0.15 Ω-mm have been reported. Due to the high melting point of W it is desirable to deposit this layer by means other than e-beam evaporation. However, the use of nearly oxygen-free sputtered W, yields contact resistances in excess of 0.7 Ω-mm. By replacing the sputtered W by a reactively sputtered metallic W oxide, containing ~25 at. % oxygen, the low contact resistance (Rc < 0.15 Ω-mm) is restored. Contacts employing a reactively sputtered W nitride in place of W oxide also yield high Rc’s (~0.75 Ω-mm). Auger depth profiles of the reacted contacts show a significant outdiffusion of Ga from the GaAs substrate in the presence the oxygenated W but not in the low oxygen and the W nitride contacts. These results and the fact that our previously reported e-beam evaporated W contacts also contain ~25 at. % oxygen, suggest an oxygen assisted ohmic contact formation mechanism.
Proximal migration of esophageal acid perfusions during waking and sleep

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Proximal acid migration resulting from gastroesophageal reflux has been implicated in aerodigestive complaints and disorders. This study was designed to investigate the effects of acid volume, posture, and sleep on proximal esophageal acid migration (drop in pH to METHODS: The study was performed in 15 healthy adults. A distal esophageal acid perfusion technique to simulate gastroesophageal reflux was used. Esophageal acid perfusions of 1 ml and 3 ml were accomplished at a site 5cm above the proximal border of the lower esophageal sphincter in the upright and supine positions during waking, and during polysomnographically monitored sleep. Esophageal pH was recorded by two sensors located in the mid- and proximal esophagus at 10 and 15 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter. RESULTS: Acid volume clearly increased the incidence of migration to the mid and proximal sensors during both waking and sleep, and also significantly increased acid clearance time. Posture failed to significantly affect the incidence of acid migration and acid clearance. Sleep clearly enhanced migration to the proximal pH sensor of even those perfusions as small as 1 ml. For instance, 40% of 1 ml perfusions during sleep migrated to the proximal sensor compared with CONCLUSIONS: In healthy individuals, volume enhances the likelihood of migration to both mid- and proximal esophagus, and significantly prolongs clearance time in the waking state. Posture appears to be a less significant parameter with regard to both the incidence of acid migration and acid clearance. Sleep is a significant risk factor for acid migration to the proximal esophagus for even minute volumes, and markedly prolongs acid clearance.
Socioeconomic Status and Health Well-Being during Later Life: Potential Mediating Factors

This study explores the socioeconomic status (SES)-perceived health association, with special attention on living arrangements. It improves upon existing explanations of causal mechanisms underlying the impact of SES on health among the elderly. Using Health and Retirement Study to run ordered logistic regression, it addresses the importance of living arrangements for self-reported health. Income and education are both important predictors of self-reported health and that after controlling them, living arrangements also affect self-reported health. Future research should highlight nuanced measures of living arrangements and should explore longitudinal analyses to determine the long-term effects of these factors on self-reported health.
A model of the supply of executives for outside directorships

Abstract Why do firms allow their executives to accept outside directorships? Are firms acting in the best interests of their shareholders by allowing them to do so? We develop a theoretical model where accepting an outside directorship alters the CEO's effect on the value of the home firm. Our model illustrates that executives will choose to spend more time on external directorships than is optimal for the home firm. Our theoretical model is consistent with other recent empirical finance research on the effects of external directorships.
Surface Anticyclone Behavior in NMC Prediction Models

Abstract Analysis of the prognoses of surface anticyclones by the National Meteorological Center's six-layer primitive equation model (6L-PE) reveals a variety of systematic errors. A sample of 931 anticyclone events, drawn from the 1969–70 winter season over the western half of the Northern Hemisphere, was subjected to this analysis. The results suggest a general tendency for the model to underforecast the surface pressure in anticyclones by either excessively or incorrectly weakening these systems, or failing to adequately predict their intensification. These biases are most pronounced over eastern North America and over the oceanic regions. Forecast 500 mb heights are found to be too low in the vicinity of anticyclone centers. Model anticyclones are too fast, being generally placed too far downstream into cold thickness troughs. Consequently, model 1000–500 mb thickness forecasts are too cold over anticyclone centers. In addition, there is a tendency for model anticyclones to move to the right of the o...
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase to treat necrotizing enterocolitis.

Background Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity is decreased in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and IAP supplementation prevents NEC development. It is not known if IAP given after NEC onset can reverse the course of the disease. We hypothesized that enteral IAP given after NEC induction would not reverse intestinal injury.
Phototropism: Bending towards Enlightenment

Research on phototropism has had far-reaching consequences in the field of plant biology, from helping to refute the ancient misconception of plant insensitivity to the environment to the discovery of the plant hormone auxin and the identification of the phototropin photoreceptors. In this essay, we
High-Temperature Operation of SiC Power Devices by Low-Temperature Sintered Silver Die-Attachment

In this paper, we present the realization of high-temperature operation of SiC power semiconductor devices by low-temperature sintering of nanoscale silver paste as a novel die-attachment solution. The silver paste was prepared by mixing nanoscale silver particles with carefully selected organic components which can burn out within the low-temperature firing range. SiC Schottky diodes were placed onto stencil-printed layers of the nanoscale silver paste on Au or Ag metallized direct bonded copper (DBC) substrates for the die-attachment. After heating up to 300degC and dwell for 40 min in air to burn out the organic components in the paste and to sinter the nanoscale silver, the paste consolidated into a strong and uniform die-attach bonding layer with purity >99% and density >80%. Then the die-attached SiC devices were cooled down to room temperature and their top terminals were wire-bonded to achieve the high-temperature power packages. Then the power packages were heated up from room temperature to 300degC for high-temperature operation and characterization. Results of the measurement demonstrate the low-temperature silver sintering as an effective die-attach method for high-temperature electronic packaging. An advanced packaging structure for future SiC transistors with several potential advantages was also proposed based on the low-temperature sintering technology.
Wide Area Phasor Data Visualization

Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are beginning to be deployed widely in the power system, which gives system controllers the ability to directly measure phase angles. However, at present PMUs are only deployed at a small percentage of buses. This presents a challenge: how to get useful information from the small number of data points. This paper discusses work that has been done on visualizing the new data provided by PMUs. The paper begins by introducing the problems associated with visualizing PMU data in a wide area sense. It continues by discussing the application of equivalent circuit theory to arrive at equivalent injections. Next, difference contours are introduced as a way to alert operators to important changes without a cluttered display. Then, these ideas are applied to a large example system. Finally, conclusions and future work are discussed.
Osteology and taxonomy of Mosasaurus conodon Cope 1881 from the Late Cretaceous of North America

Two well-preserved skeletons of Mosasaurus conodon Cope 1881 (Squamata, Mosasaurinae) from the Pierre Shale (late Campanian) of Colorado and the Bearpaw Shale (Late Campanian to Early Maastrichtian) of Montana are described. The two specimens are important because they provide new osteological information, especially on the skull (including jaws with teeth) and forelimbs, whereas those elements are largely missing in the holotype (AMNH 1380) of M. conodon. Morphological comparisons of the holotype with the two new specimens allow us to emend the diagnosis of the species in the genus Mosasaurus, primarily using tooth and forelimb morphologies. Teeth of M. conodon are unique in their combination of having a slender, gently recurved overall shape (similar to Clidastes) with no serration on the developed carinae (less developed in Clidastes). The tooth count of M. conodon tends to be low (14–15 in the maxilla, 16 in the dentary and eight in the pterygoid, respectively) when compared to other species, such as Mosasaurus lemonnieri, Mosasaurus missouriensis and Mosasaurus hoffmanni–Mosasaurus maximus. The forelimb is short in the species, characterised by a much lower number of the manual digital formula, 4(+1?)–4(+2?)–4(+1?)–4(+1)–2 than other species of Mosasaurus. The forelimb bones are generally robust, especially the box-shaped humerus (width-to-length ratio 3/2). A variety of new morphological data support the conclusions that (1) M. conodon is a nominal species, (2) the European species M. lemonnieri is not a junior synonym and (3) one of the most complete skeletons of Mosasaurus from South Dakota (SDSM 452) is not assigned to M. conodon (but is likely to be Mosasaurus sp.). To date, M. conodon occurs only in North America during the late Campanian to early Maastrichtian.
A simple and general method for transferring genes into plants

Transformed petunia, tobacco, and tomato plants have been produced by means of a novel leaf disk transformation-regeneration method. Surface-sterilized leaf disks were inoculated with an Agrobacter...
Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia (Gleich syndrome) is a multilineage cell cycling disorder

Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia (Gleich syndrome) is a rare disorder characterized by episodes of angioedema and eosinophilia that occur at monthly intervals and resolve spontaneously without therapy. Despite the striking periodicity of this disorder, its similarity to other cyclic hematopoietic disorders with multilineage involvement has not been assessed. To characterize the involvement of cell lineages in the etiology and pathogenesis of episodic angioedema with eosinophilia, four subjects were evaluated by blood counts and other analyses over the course of 1–2 months. Surface marker expression was assessed on T cells by flow cytometry and clonality by polymerase chain reaction. Intracellular cytokine evaluation, bone marrow and skin biopsies were performed during different parts of the cycle. Cycling of multiple cell lineages, including neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils, was observed in the four subjects with the disorder with a periodicity of 25–35 days. An aberrant CD3−CD4+ T-cell population was detected in all four subjects, and T-cell receptor rearrangement studies showed a clonal pattern in three subjects. A peak of type II cytokines was detected in the serum of subjects prior to the onset of symptoms and eosinophil cycling and corresponded to ex-vivo type II cytokines detected intracellularly in CD3+CD4+CD154+ T cells. Although the etiology of episodic angioedema with eosinophilia is not yet known, multiple lineages, including lymphocytes, neutrophils and mast cells, are involved and may be related to disease pathogenesis. Whether these cells act directly or promote eosinophilia and eosinophil activation remains to be elucidated. All subjects gave informed consent and were evaluated under an Institutional Review Board-approved protocol (NCT00001406).
Effect of Enamel Matrix Derivative on Collagen Guided Tissue Regeneration-Based Root Coverage Procedure

Background: Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been shown to promote periodontal wound healing and/or regeneration when applied to tooth root surfaces in soft tissue dehiscence models. In addition, guided tissue regeneration (GTR)-based root coverage using collagen membrane (GTRC) has shown promising results. However, limited information is available regarding how EMD may influence GTRC outcome. Methods: Twenty-six patients with Miller's Class I or II gingival recession defects of 2.5 mm were recruited for the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either EMD + collagen (EMDC; test group) or collagen membrane (GTRC; control group). Clinical parameters, including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), relative clinical attachment levels (RCAL) to the stent, recession depth (RD), recession width (RW), probing depth (PD), gingival tissue thickness (GTT), and width of keratinized gingiva (KG) were assessed at baseline, and 3 and 6 months after surgery. A repeated measure of analysis of variance (A...
The Automatic Predictability of Super Geomagnetic Storms from halo CMEs associated with Large Solar Flares

We investigate the relationship between magnetic structures of coronal mass ejection (CME) source regions and geomagnetic storms, in particular, the super storms when the D st index decreases below −200 nT. By examining all full halo CMEs that erupted between 1996 and 2004, we selected 73 events associated with M-class and X-class solar flares, which have a clearly identifiable source region. By analyzing daily full-disk MDI magnetograms, we found that the horizontal gradient of the line-of-sight magnetic field is a viable parameter to identify a flaring magnetic neutral line and thus can be used to predict the possible source region of CMEs. The accuracy of this prediction is about 75%, especially for those associated with X-class flares (up to 89%). The mean orientation of the magnetic structures of source regions was derived and characterized by the orientation angle θ, which is defined to be ≤ 90∘ in the case of the southward orientation and ≥ 90∘, when the magnetic structure is northwardly oriented. The orientation angle was calculated as the median orientation angle of extrapolated field lines relative to the flaring neutral line. We report that for about 92% of super storms (12 out of 13 events) the orientation angle was found to be southward. In the case of intense and moderate storms (D st≥ −200 nT), the relationship is less pronounced (70%, 21 out of 30 events). Our findings demonstrate that the approach presented in this paper can be used to perform an automatic prediction of the occurrence of large X-class flares and super geomagnetic storms.
I1.3: Invited Paper: Immersive Applications based on Depth‐Imaging and 3D‐Sensing Technology

The recent developments in depth-imaging and 3D computer vision techniques allow efficient and real-time acquisition, reconstruction, and understanding of the 3D environment, which enable an array of life-like and immersive applications. We show here an excerpt of some of the key technologies spanning sensors, algorithms, and system integration based on depth imaging and 3D sensing technology. The small form factor, the low power and the real-time depth image capture are the key enablers. We talk here about emerging trends in this burgeoning field and new enabled applications that include immersive and interactive gaming, virtual home and office decoration, virtual cloth fitting, video conferencing with custom background and synthetic environment, education and training, and numerous other new entertainment and productivity usages with natural and intuitive interactions.
Manufacture and application of high milk protein powder

A procedure was developed for the production of a high milk protein powder that was rich in both milk proteins, casein and whey proteins, and free of lactose. The method utilized ultrafiltration and diafiltration with no pH adjustment and a relatively low temperature. Spray drying was conducted at low temperatures (120 to 125 o C inlet air temperature, 75 to 80 o C outlet air temper- ature). The resulting powder contained at least 84% total protein (casein and whey proteins). Microstructural studies of the high protein powders revealed that the surface structure of the powders became smoother as lactose was reduced. The surface of the powders with the most lactose, such as skim milk powder, had the most wrinkles. The virtual absence of lactose in this powder allows storage at room temperature for a long time without deterioration or caking. Solubility index of the powder decreased (solubility increased) as temperature of reconstitution increased from 25 to 60 o C. Foaming capacity was highest at pH 10. Because of the similarity of the proteins of this powder to those of skim milk, and due to the absence of lactose, it was possible to use it in the manufacture of nonfat yogurts with good body and texture. Traditionally, nonfat yogurts have poor body and fre- quently have excessive whey separation. Use of gelling and stabilizing agents is therefore almost mandatory. The high milk protein powder, while adding protein to yogurt, served as a stabilizer to im- prove body and texture. The suitability of this powder as a medium for bulk starter was also investi- gated. The high buffering capacity of this powder in combination with nonfat dry milk made possible the production of an active bulk starter, which was subsequently used in the manufacture of Gouda cheese.
Eph proteins and the assembly of auditory circuits

Many kinds of information are carried in the acoustic signal that reaches auditory receptor cells in the cochlea. The analysis of this information is possible in large part because of the neuronal architecture of the auditory system. The mechanisms that establish the precise circuitry that underlies auditory processing have not yet been identified. The Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands are proteins that regulate axon guidance and have been shown to contribute to the establishment of topographic projections in several areas of the nervous system. Several studies have begun to investigate whether these proteins are involved in the formation of auditory system connections. Studies of gene expression show that Eph proteins are extensively expressed in structures of the inner ear as well as in neurons in the peripheral and central components of the auditory system. Functional studies have demonstrated that Eph signaling influences the assembly of auditory pathways. These studies suggest that Eph protein signaling has a significant role in the formation of auditory circuitry.
Analysis of order of redundancy relation for robust actuator fault detection

This paper presents a new approach, called robust nonlinear analytic redundancy (RNLAR) technique to actuator fault detection for input-affine nonlinear multivariable dynamic systems. Robust fault detection is important because of the universal existence of model uncertainties and process disturbances in most systems. This paper characterizes the order of redundancy relation for nonlinear systems in terms of robustness. A theorem is proposed that state an increase in the order of redundancy relation increases the robustness in the sense of a performance index defined in this paper. Experimental results on a PUMA 560 robotic arm are presented to demonstrate the application of the theorem.
Formal verification of a commercial serial bus interface

A new technique for the analysis of sequential hardware designs is illustrated on a serial bus interface. A set of experiments using models of the bus interface and temporal logic formulae is discussed. >
Validation of previous computer models and MD simulations of discoidal HDL by a recent crystal structure of apoA-I

HDL is a population of apoA-I-containing particles inversely correlated with heart disease. Because HDL is a soft form of matter deformable by thermal fluctuations, structure determination has been difficult. Here, we compare the recently published crystal structure of lipid-free (Δ185-243)apoA-I with apoA-I structure from models and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of discoidal HDL. These analyses validate four of our previous structural findings for apoA-I: i) a baseline double belt diameter of 105 A ii) central α helixes with an 11/3 pitch; iii) a "presentation tunnel" gap between pairwise helix 5 repeats hypothesized to move acyl chains and unesterified cholesterol from the lipid bilayer to the active sites of LCAT; and iv) interchain salt bridges hypothesized to stabilize the LL5/5 chain registry. These analyses are also consistent with our finding that multiple salt bridge-forming residues in the N-terminus of apoA-I render that conserved domain "sticky." Additionally, our crystal MD comparisons led to two new hypotheses: i) the interchain leucine-zippers previously reported between the pair-wise helix 5 repeats drive lipid-free apoA-I registration; ii) lipidation induces rotations of helix 5 to allow formation of interchain salt bridges, creating the LCAT presentation tunnel and "zip-locking" apoA-I into its full LL5/5 registration.
Comparisons among three estimation methods in linear models when observations are pairwise correlated

The problem of estimating regression coefficients when the observations are obtained by pairs is considered in this article. Three estimation methods are introduced and compared: ordinary least squares by treating paired data as two separate observations (OLS), ordinary least squares by taking the averages of two correlated observations (AOLS), and generalized least squares by estimating the variance-covariance matrix of the error terms (EGLS). In general, OLS method yields a better estimate than that of AOLS. Simulation studies are conducted to determine the sample sizes required for the EGLS estimate to be better than that of OLS.
Innovation, symbolic interaction and customer valuing: thoughts stemming from a service-dominant logic of marketing:

Innovation in its many forms, for example, product, process, and relationship, is critical to firm growth and profitability. The service-dominant logic with its emphasis on an emerging experiential focus for marketing brings to the forefront significant opportunities for researchers and managers who adopt a symbolic interactionist perspective of customer–marketer relationships, regardless of whether they are end-use consumer–retailer or business customer–supplier relationships. This article discusses innovation, symbolic interactionism and customer value as they relate to each other and to marketing management and research under a service-dominant-logic.
A first-order analysis of lighting, shading, and shadows

The shading in a scene depends on a combination of many factors---how the lighting varies spatially across a surface, how it varies along different directions, the geometric curvature and reflectance properties of objects, and the locations of soft shadows. In this article, we conduct a complete first-order or gradient analysis of lighting, shading, and shadows, showing how each factor separately contributes to scene appearance, and when it is important. Gradients are well-suited to analyzing the intricate combination of appearance effects, since each gradient term corresponds directly to variation in a specific factor. First, we show how the spatial and directional gradients of the light field change as light interacts with curved objects. This extends the recent frequency analysis of Durand et al. [2005] to gradients, and has many advantages for operations, like bump mapping, that are difficult to analyze in the Fourier domain. Second, we consider the individual terms responsible for shading gradients, such as lighting variation, convolution with the surface BRDF, and the object's curvature. This analysis indicates the relative importance of various terms, and shows precisely how they combine in shading. Third, we understand the effects of soft shadows, computing accurate visibility gradients, and generalizing previous work to arbitrary curved occluders. As one practical application, our visibility gradients can be directly used with conventional ray-tracing methods in practical gradient interpolation methods for efficient rendering. Moreover, our theoretical framework can be used to adaptively sample images in high-gradient regions for efficient rendering.
Creative Entrepreneurial Applications in the Wood Industries: An Appalachian Case Study.

This paper illustrates three academic units collaborative process to solve a design problem in the development of new wood products for the Historic Boone Tavern Hotel, Berea, Kentucky. The Boone Tavern Hotel chronology and renovation needs after 99 years are summarized. The Berea College Student Crafts Program is then described and the need for a new business model for designing innovative products is illustrated. The learning objectives within the academic program of the Technology and Industrial Arts Department‘s TEC 140 Class which became the ―academic test case‖ for the collaborative experiment are described. Finally an innovative model for reviewing and executing rapid prototyping within the wood products class for possible adoption by the Boone Tavern Hotel and manufactured by the Student Craft Program is revealed.
Verina Morton Jones, MD

The purpose of this historical article is to demonstrate, as the biography of Verina Morton Jones, MD, is uncovered, the difficulties inherent in researching original source material on the lives of 19th- and early 20th-century African American physicians as well as the great benefits derived from doing this research. The procedures used include basic archival research and close examination of published materials about her in the past, in conjunction with oral history. Original correspondence from Dr Morton Jones to her niece and nephew is used to illustrate events in her life and the thoughts and attitudes she expressed. Some of these thoughts and attitudes reflect those current situations in which African Americans found themselves, and others are quite unique, no doubt owing to her privileged position in the African American community. The principle conclusions reached include the great benefits derived from doing this kind of research, as difficult and time-consuming as that may be, with the enhanced knowledge and appreciation of the heritage of African American physicians, and insights into American social history during this period.
Residual Tricuspid Regurgitation following Tricuspid Valve Repair during Concomitant Valve Surgery Worsens Late Survival.

Background: Concomitant tricuspid valve repair (TVr) for functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR) at the time of left-sided valve surgery has become increasingly more common over the past decade. The impact of residual post-repair TR on late outcomes remains unclear. Methods: All patients undergoing TVr during concomitant left-sided valve surgery at our institution from 2005-2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were stratified into 2 groups according to the degree of post-cardiopulmonary bypass TR observed on intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography; 0-1+ TR (No TR, n = 246) and ≥2+ TR (Residual TR, n = 26). Primary outcomes of interest were 30-day survival, 4-year survival, and follow-up TR grade. A propensity-matched subgroup analysis was performed in addition to the overall cohort analysis. Results: Mean age for all patients was 70.3 ± 13.0 years and 107 (39%) patients were male. There was no difference in 30-day survival between groups (92% No TR versus 96% Residual TR, P = .70). Kaplan-Meier analysis of overall 4-year survival showed a trend toward worsened survival in the Residual TR group (log rank P = .17) and propensity-matched subgroup analysis showed significantly worse 4-year survival for Residual TR (log rank P = .02). At mean echocardiographic follow up of 11.9 ± 22.5 months, TR grade was significantly worse in the Residual TR group compared to No TR (1.5 ± 0.8 Residual TR versus 0.9 ± 0.9 No TR, P = .005), although TR severity was significantly improved from immediately post-bypass. Conclusions: Patients left with residual TR following TVr during concomitant left-sided valve surgery have significantly decreased late survival compared to patients left with no post-repair TR.
Abstract 680: What Matters Most, Statin Intensity or Achieved LDL? - Evaluating Concordance of AHA/ACC Guidelines for Statin Use with Practice Outcomes at Stanford Hospital & Clinics

Introduction: Recommendations from the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk have had a mixed reception. The goal of our study was to evaluate practice-based evidence from Stanford Hospital using structured and unstructured bioinformatics data to determine whether achieved LDL or statin intensity was more predictive of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of all adult patients >= 21 years of age prescribed statin therapy between 1996 and 2015. Demographic and clinical variables were extracted from coded data and unstructured clinical text using a validated data extraction pipeline. To account for possible treatment selection bias we performed 1:1 propensity score matching to produce a patient cohort with similar demographic, comorbid disease, and laboratory value distributions between treatment groups. Mcnemar’s Chi-squared and conditional logistic regression analyses were per...
The Power of Nonconventional Phenyl C–H···N Hydrogen Bonds: Supportive Crystal-Packing Force and Dominant Supramolecular Engineering Force

The role of phenyl C–H···N interactions in crystal engineering is explored with a variety of fluorinated phenyl-containing compounds. In particular, we show that this interaction can guide the formation of one-dimensional phenyl C–H···N hydrogen-bonded ribbons with, for example, 4-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenylethynyl)pyridine. The interaction is shown to also control the formation of self-complementary homodimers with 3-(2,3,4,5-tetrafluorophenylethynyl)pyridine. We also demonstrate that the phenyl C–H···N hydrogen bond interaction is capable of enticing co-crystallization of molecules such as 2,3,5,6,2′,3′,5′,6′-octafluorobiphenyl and 4,4′-dipyridyl. Finally, we describe the use of an intramolecular scaffold to evaluate the effect of electron-withdrawing substituents on the strength of a phenyl C–H···N hydrogen bond.
A New Species of Hydrometra from North America.

In a collection of some aquatic Hemiptera sent to me by Mr. Clarence O. Bare I find a species of Hydrometra that is not described in Mr. J. R. de la Torre-Buena's splendid paper entitled “The Family Hydrometridae in the Western Hemisphere” which appeared in the Entomologica Americana Vol. VII (New Series) No.2, issued December 27, 1926.
Fluid‐faulting evolution in high definition: Connecting fault structure and frequency‐magnitude variations during the 2014 Long Valley Caldera, California, earthquake swarm

An extended earthquake swarm occurred beneath southeastern Long Valley Caldera between May and November 2014, culminating in three magnitude 3.5 earthquakes and 1145 cataloged events on 26 September alone. The swarm produced the most prolific seismicity in the caldera since a major unrest episode in 1997–1998. To gain insight into the physics controlling swarm evolution, we used large-scale cross correlation between waveforms of cataloged earthquakes and continuous data, producing precise locations for 8494 events, more than 2.5 times the routine catalog. We also estimated magnitudes for 18,634 events (~5.5 times the routine catalog), using a principal component fit to measure waveform amplitudes relative to cataloged events. This expanded and relocated catalog reveals multiple episodes of pronounced hypocenter expansion and migration on a collection of neighboring faults. Given the rapid migration and alignment of hypocenters on narrow faults, we infer that activity was initiated and sustained by an evolving fluid pressure transient with a low-viscosity fluid, likely composed primarily of water and CO2 exsolved from underlying magma. Although both updip and downdip migration were observed within the swarm, downdip activity ceased shortly after activation, while updip activity persisted for weeks at moderate levels. Strongly migrating, single-fault episodes within the larger swarm exhibited a higher proportion of larger earthquakes (lower Gutenberg-Richter b value), which may have been facilitated by fluid pressure confined in two dimensions within the fault zone. In contrast, the later swarm activity occurred on an increasingly diffuse collection of smaller faults, with a much higher b value.
Sensitive and Fast Detection of Fructose in Complex Media via Symmetry Breaking and Signal Amplification Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

A new strategy is proposed to sensitively and rapidly detect analytes with weak Raman signals in complex media using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) via detecting the SERS signal changes of the immobilized probe molecules on SERS-active substrates upon binding of the analytes. In this work, 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (4-MPBA) was selected as the probe molecule which was immobilized on the gold surface of a quasi-three-dimensional plasmonic nanostructure array (Q3D-PNA) SERS substrate to detect fructose. The molecule of 4-MPBA possesses three key functions: molecule recognition and reversible binding of the analyte via the boronic acid group, amplification of SERS signals by the phenyl group and thus shielding of the background noise of complex media, and immobilization on the surface of SERS-active substrates via the thiol group. Most importantly, the symmetry breaking of the 4-MPBA molecule upon fructose binding leads to the change of area ratio between totally symmetric 8a ring mode and non...
What makes a delta wave-dominated?

River deltas, low-lying landforms that host high concentrations of human population and ecosystem services, face a new, and mostly unknown, future over the coming decades and centuries. Even as some deltas experience decreased sediment supply from damming, others will see increased sediment discharge from land-use changes. There are proposals to actively use riverine sediment supply to build new land and counteract delta loss. We present a novel approach to understanding the morphology of deltas by quantifying the balance between river inputs and the largely overlooked ability of waves to spread sediments along the coast. Defining a fluvial dominance ratio—river sediment input versus the potential maximum alongshore sediment transport away from the delta mouth—allows a quantitative assessment of this sediment transport balance. For a series of deltas on Java, Indonesia, that exhibit a large range of sediment loads but have a homogeneous drainage lithology and wave climate, and for more eclectic global examples, shoreline deflection increases along with this fluvial dominance ratio. The fluvial dominance ratio also predicts the observed transition from cuspate, wave-dominated deltas to fluvially dominated deltas with protruding, crenulated shorelines. Not only does this approach provide a more quantitative foundation for paleoenvironmental reconstructions and delta management, perhaps more importantly, this simple metric of fluvial dominance has a predictive application in determining potential morphology of deltas created by engineered sediment diversions.
EVIDENCE FOR SELECTIVE FRUIT PRODUCTION IN ASCLEPIAS.

Fruit abortion has been hypothesized as a means by which plants can optimally distribute limited resources among the more economically packaged, higher quality seeds (Janzen, 1977a, 1977b; Charnov, 1979; Lloyd, 1980; Stephenson, 1981; Bertin, 1982a; Lee and Bazzaz, 1982a, 1982b). For some species, there is evidence for selective production of fruits based on paternity (Bertin, 1982a) and/or number of seeds per fruit (Heinicke, 1917; Stephenson, 1981; Bertin, 1982a, 1982b; Lee and Bazzaz, 1982a, 1982b). This study examines the potential for selective fruit production in Asclepias speciosa, a member of a genus with relatively high rates of both flower abscission (93.0-99.3%) and fruit abortion (30-95% of initiated pods) (Stephenson, 1981). Members of the genus Asclepias have several ideal characteristics for a study of selective fruit production. The umbel provides a collection of flowers sharing a common period of anthesis (flowers open within + 2 days of each other and wilt simultaneously). When identically treated, each flower within an umbel has an equal chance of forming a pod (Bookman, 1982) allowing for a direct comparison of pod production between different pollen sources or donors. There is a delay in anthesis of flowers on each successive umbel so that competition for maternal resources among pods within an umbel is much greater than that between pods of different umbels (Wyatt, 1980). This allows for replication on different umbels of the comparisons of pod production between pollen donors. Asclepias has pollen grains bound and transported in packages as pollinia. I have found that usually in A. speciosa,
The Jackson National Health Program.

In this position paper we outline the major problems that exist in the U.S. health care system and present a proposal for addressing them. This paper contains the major health proposal put forward by the Jesse Jackson 1988 Campaign, calling for the establishment in the United States of a universal and comprehensive National Health Program (NHP) that will be federally funded and administered and be equitably financed. We also discuss how the NHP will affect patients, unions, corporations and employers, practitioners and other health workers, hospitals, and the insurance industry. Specific proposals are made for the transition from the current system to the proposed NHP, with a discussion of the major differences between national health proposals put forward by the two major Democratic contenders for the U.S. Presidency. This position paper also includes a brief appendix sketching some of the major differences between the U.S. and the Canadian medical care systems.