cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-adaptive plasticity potentiates rapid adaptive evolution of gene expression in nature

Phenotypic plasticity is the capacity for an individual genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to environmental variation. Most traits are plastic, but the degree to which plasticity is adaptive or non-adaptive depends on whether environmentally induced phenotypes are closer or further away from the local optimum. Existing theories make conflicting predictions about whether plasticity constrains or facilitates adaptive evolution. Debate persists because few empirical studies have tested the relationship between initial plasticity and subsequent adaptive evolution in natural populations. Here we show that the direction of plasticity in gene expression is generally opposite to the direction of adaptive evolution. We experimentally transplanted Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) adapted to living with cichlid predators to cichlid-free streams, and tested for evolutionary divergence in brain gene expression patterns after three to four generations. We find 135 transcripts that evolved parallel changes in expression within the replicated introduction populations. These changes are in the same direction exhibited in a native cichlid-free population, suggesting rapid adaptive evolution. We find 89% of these transcripts exhibited non-adaptive plastic changes in expression when the source population was reared in the absence of predators, as they are in the opposite direction to the evolved changes. By contrast, the remaining transcripts exhibiting adaptive plasticity show reduced population divergence. Furthermore, the most plastic transcripts in the source population evolved reduced plasticity in the introduction populations, suggesting strong selection against non-adaptive plasticity. These results support models predicting that adaptive plasticity constrains evolution, whereas non-adaptive plasticity potentiates evolution by increasing the strength of directional selection. The role of non-adaptive plasticity in evolution has received relatively little attention; however, our results suggest that it may be an important mechanism that predicts evolutionary responses to new environments.
Dyskeratosis congenita: two examples of this multisystem disorder

Two brothers with the X-linked disorder, dyskeratosis congenita, are described. They showed the dermatologic triad of reticular hyperpigmentation, dystrophic nails, and leukoplakia oris as well as the other major feature of this disorder, aplastic anemia. Less common features observed included prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, mental retardation, elevated immunoglobulin levels, and gastrointestinal hemorrhage from mucosal ulceration. Previously unreported findings were intracranial calcifications and nutmeg-like cirrhotic changes of the liver. These brothers demonstrated that skeletal changes and bony fragility may predate anemia or steroid therapy. Although a DNA repair defect is postulated as a possible primary defect, cytogenetic studies revealed no evidence of increased chromosomal breakage.
Butterflies in Space

With funding from the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI), Baylor College of Medicine conducted an experiment aboard the International Space Station (ISS) that engaged elementary and secondary school teachers and students as well as the public around the United States and the world. The project, entitled "Butterflies in Space," compared the behaviors and life cycles of Painted Lady butterflies in microgravity (aboard ISS) to those of spiders and butterflies being studied by students on Earth. It generated international media attention and interest in space-based investigations.
An Evaluation of the Single-Group Growth Model as an Alternative to Common-Item Equating

As an alternative to common-item equating when common items do not function as expected, the single-group growth model (SGGM) scaling uses common examinees or repeaters to link test scores on different forms. The SGGM scaling assumes that, for repeaters taking adjacent administrations, the conditional distribution of scale scores in later administration, given the scale score in earlier administration, should generalize from previous repeaters to the repeaters taking the current administration. The current repeaters' scale score distribution is estimated from their earlier scale score distribution. The SGGM scaling first uses previous repeaters' data to estimate the conditional distribution of their later scale scores, given their earlier scale scores. Then the repeaters taking both the current and previous administrations are identified, and their scale score distribution on the current form is estimated based on their previous scale score distribution and the estimated conditional distribution. Finally, a single-group equipercentile equating is performed between the current-form repeaters' observed raw score distribution and their estimated scale score distribution to obtain the raw-to-scale score conversion. This study evaluated the SGGM scaling performance using the common-item equating results for a language test as the criterion. The study found that the raw-to-scale conversions based on SGGM scaling differed from those based on common-item equating. However, the SGGM scaling results did not show a systematic bias in either the average or the variability of examinees' scale scores.
Structure and dynamics in cavity quantum electrodynamics

For the most part, quantum statistical processes in quantum optics are investigated in a weak-coupling regime, but it has become possible recently to realize experimentally optical systems for which the internal coupling coefficient g is comparable to the external dissipative rates. Within, this context, the subject of our investigation is the quantum dynamical processes for a small collection of N two-state atoms strongly coupled to a single mode of a high-finesse optical cavity. For this system, we record input-output characteristics for steady-state operation with 3 ⪝ N ⪝ 65 intracavity atoms and observe optical bistability for N⪞15 atoms.1
Peroxide-Shunt Substrate-Specificity for the Salmonella typhimurium O2-Dependent tRNA Modifying Monooxygenase (MiaE)

Post-transcriptional modifications of tRNA are made to structurally diversify tRNA. These modifications alter noncovalent interactions within the ribosomal machinery, resulting in phenotypic changes related to cell metabolism, growth, and virulence. MiaE is a carboxylate bridged, nonheme diiron monooxygenase, which catalyzes the O2-dependent hydroxylation of a hypermodified-tRNA nucleoside at position 37 (2-methylthio-N(6)-isopentenyl-adenosine(37)-tRNA) [designated ms(2)i(6)A37]. In this work, recombinant MiaE was cloned from Salmonella typhimurium , purified to homogeneity, and characterized by UV-visible and dual-mode X-band EPR spectroscopy for comparison to other nonheme diiron enzymes. Additionally, three nucleoside substrate-surrogates (i(6)A, Cl(2)i(6)A, and ms(2)i(6)A) and their corresponding hydroxylated products (io(6)A, Cl(2)io(6)A, and ms(2)io(6)A) were synthesized to investigate the chemo- and stereospecificity of this enzyme. In the absence of the native electron transport chain, the peroxide-shunt was utilized to monitor the rate of substrate hydroxylation. Remarkably, regardless of the substrate (i(6)A, Cl(2)i(6)A, and ms(2)i(6)A) used in peroxide-shunt assays, hydroxylation of the terminal isopentenyl-C4-position was observed with >97% E-stereoselectivity. No other nonspecific hydroxylation products were observed in enzymatic assays. Steady-state kinetic experiments also demonstrate that the initial rate of MiaE hydroxylation is highly influenced by the substituent at the C2-position of the nucleoside base (v0/[E] for ms(2)i(6)A > i(6)A > Cl(2)i(6)A). Indeed, the >3-fold rate enhancement exhibited by MiaE for the hydroxylation of the free ms(2)i(6)A nucleoside relative to i(6)A is consistent with previous whole cell assays reporting the ms(2)io(6)A and io(6)A product distribution within native tRNA-substrates. This observation suggests that the nucleoside C2-substituent is a key point of interaction regulating MiaE substrate specificity.
Mapping the Minds of Suicide Bombers using Linguistic Methods: The Corpus of Palestinian Suicide Bombers' Farewell Letters (CoPSBFL)

abstractThis study proposes a novel methodology for the study of the mindset, motives, and cognitive style of individual suicide bombers in Israel/Palestine, based on a comprehensive corpus of personal farewell letters (which also serve as last wills) that were written by suicide bombers to their family during the Second Intifada (2000–2006). To avoid privileging certain a priori sentiments, motivations, or concepts over others, I used a programmatic “bottom-up” sequence of quantitative psycholinguistic procedures, in which prominent themes or concepts from one level of analysis are further qualified and contextualized in the next. This afforded a minimally biased view of the cognitive content of Palestinian suicide bombers, including the sentiments, motivations, and concepts that they were more preoccupied with, and the context in which these ideas were expressed. The results are largely consistent with theories of political violence that place pro-social sentiments at the forefront of the motivations fo...
Oviposition by overwintering morph of pear psylla (Homoptera: psyllidae) with information on conditioning

Distribution of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster), eggs on dormant and developing pear budwood was quantified for field and laboratory material. Most eggs were deposited in the grooves just beneath buds, particularly beneath the terminal bud. Preference changed seasonally, and subterminal buds became increasingly preferred as shoots became more phenologically advanced. On the more advanced shoots, psylla laid eggs extensively on newly flushed tissue. Egg survival was affected by location on the shoot, with eggs deposited directly on buds having higher rates of mortality than those deposited adjacent to buds or in lenticels (30–50% versus 18–25% mortality). Development rates of eggs were not noticeably affected by location of eggs on shoots. Data weakly suggest that eggs deposited at the terminal and first subterminal bud were first to hatch in the field. In laboratory tests oviposition rates of similarly aged psylla increased linearly with phenological age of budwood. A conditioning experiment provided no evidence that previous contact with leaf tissue induced low rates of oviposition on dormant budwood (compared with foliage) in no-choice tests. Oviposition rates were about two times higher on foliage of forced shoots than on dormant budwood regardless of previous exposure. However, psylla conditioned on foliage had significantly lower rates of oviposition (on either host tissue) than psylla conditioned on dormant budwood. These results are interpreted as evidence that psylla “waif” for phenologically more advanced shoots before reproductive activity is fully engaged.
Optic Nerve Assessment Using 7-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to correlate high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histologic findings in a case of juxtapapillary choroidal melanoma with clinical evidence of optic nerve invasion. Methods: With institutional review board approval, an enucleated globe with choroidal melanoma and optic nerve invasion was imaged using a 7-tesla MRI followed by histopathologic evaluation. Results: Optical coherence tomography, B-scan ultrasonography, and 1.5-tesla MRI of the orbit (1-mm sections) could not detect optic disc invasion. Ex vivo, 7-tesla MRI detected optic nerve invasion, which correlated with histopathologic features. Conclusions: Our case demonstrates the potential to document the existence of optic nerve invasion in the presence of an intraocular tumor, a feature that has a major bearing on decision making, particularly for consideration of enucleation.
338 APOPTOSIS AND CHROMATIN STRUCTURE ARE ALTERED IN HIPPOCAMPAL CELLS OF PRETERM LAMBS MANAGED BY MECHANICAL VENTILATION FOR 3 DAYS.

Objective Mechanical ventilation (MV) of the premature human neonate is associated with brain injury. In preterm lambs, we have shown that MV injures the hippocampus. In other models, our group has shown that hippocampal injury is associated with epigenetically determined changes in gene expression. We hypothesized that histone acetylation and methylation in the hippocampus will be affected by MV of preterm lambs. Materials/Methods Preterm lambs (≈132 days9 gestation; term ≈148 days), treated with antenatal steroids and postnatal surfactant, were managed by MV or nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nasal CPAP) ( n = 4 each). Fetal lambs served as gestation controls ( n = 4). At the end of 3 days, the hippocampus was isolated and analyzed by immunoblot for cleaved caspase 3 (apoptosis) and acetylated H3K9, dimethyl H3K4, and trimethyl H3K4 (histone modification). Results Homogenates of the hippocampus of the MV group had significantly more cleaved caspase protein abundance and acetylated H3K9, dimethyl H3K4, and trimethyl H3K4 protein abundance than the nasal CPAP and the fetal control groups. Conclusion Management of preterm lambs with MV leads to moderate ischemia of the brain, as evidenced by increased apoptosis, as well as hippocampal vulnerability to altered chromatin structure. Based on the chromatin structure results, we speculate that a specific subset of genes is expressed in the hippocampus due to MV-mediated changes in intrathoracic pressure and limited cerebral vascular autoregulation in the premature newborn. HL62875, HL56401, HD41075, CHRC.
Night-to-night arousal variability and interscorer reliability of arousal measurements.

Study Objectives: Measurement of arousals from sleep is clinically important, however, their definition is not well standardized, and little data exist on reliability. The purpose of this study is to determine factors that affect arousal scoring reliability and night-to-night arousal variability. Design: The night-to-night arousal variability and interscorer reliability was assessed in 20 subjects with and without obstructive sleep apnea undergoing attended polysomnography during two consecutive nights. Five definitions of arousal were studied, assessing duration of electroencephalographic (EEG) frequency changes, increases in electromyographic (EMG) activity and leg movement, association with respiratory events, as well as the American Sleep Disorders Association (ASDA) definition of arousals. Setting: NA Patients: NA Interventions: NA Results: Interscorer reliability varied with the definition of arousal and ranged from an Intraclass correlation (ICC) of 0.19 to 0.92. Arousals that included increases in EMG activity or leg movement had the greatest reliability, especially when associated with respiratory events (ICC 0.76 to 0.92). The ASDA arousal definition had high interscorer reliability (ICC 0.84). Reliability was lowest for arousals consisting of EEG changes lasting <3 seconds (ICC 0.19 to 0.37). The within subjects night-to-night arousal variability was low for all arousal definitions Conclusion: In a heterogeneous population, interscorer arousal reliability is enhanced by increases in EMG activity, leg movements, and respiratory events and decreased by short duration EEG arousals. The arousal index night-to-night variability was low for all definitions.
THE USE OF PATIENT BASED OUTCOME MEASURES IN CLINICAL DECISION MAKING

Objective Three questions were proposed in this presentation. 1) How can existing quality of life measures be used most effectively now? (2) What additional work is needed in their development or application? (3) Can existing data be used for secondary analyses of 'generic questions' concerning the relationships between oral health and quality of life outcomes? Conclusions The availability of existing measures can provide directions for future refinement particularly if existing measures are tested across diverse populations and within the community of practising dentists. Additionally the use of existing data for secondary data analysis of 'generic questions' could provide information which would help to sharpen the instruments. However, if patient based outcome measures are to be used in clinical decision making the clinical community must be involved in the development of instruments which are seen as useful to clinicians. A shift toward health status assessments, in order to be accepted by clinicians, must benefit patients and enhance the clinician's ability to function. For clinicians to embrace this idea it must be clear how they can use this information to design therapeutic interventions. The argument for the use of these measures must be made on practical not theoretical grounds. Therefore it is important to prove to clinicians that measuring health status is useful in improving patient care and that these measures are tools in the service of their patients.
Bark beetle-induced forest mortality in the North American Rocky Mountains

The epidemic of mortality by insects and disease throughout the Northern American Rocky Mountains exceeds previous records both in severity and spatial extent. Beetle attacks weaken trees and introduce blue-stain fungi that induce hydraulic failure leading to mortality. The magnitude of this outbreak spurs predictions of major changes to biogeochemical cycling and hydrologic response, changes in species assemblages, and increased wildfire risk. Review of emerging empirical studies reveals conflicting evidence of changes and limited environmental threats. However, widespread forest mortality generates net economic costs and losses by reducing or eliminating market and nonmarket value. Potential deadfall may threaten human life and infrastructure and add costs of programs for hazard-tree reduction. Although forest regeneration following insect epidemics indicates resilient ecological systems, synergistic interactions of beetle kill with other disturbance processes, exacerbated by warming temperatures and drought may stimulate longer-term environmental concerns.
Novel Insights into Insect-Microbe Interactions-Role of Epigenomics and Small RNAs

It has become increasingly clear that microbes form close associations with the vast majority of animal species, especially insects. In fact, an array of diverse microbes is known to form shared metabolic pathways with their insect hosts. A growing area of research in insect-microbe interactions, notably for hemipteran insects and their mutualistic symbionts, is to elucidate the regulation of this inter domain metabolism. This review examines two new emerging mechanisms of gene regulation and their importance in host-microbe interactions. Specifically, we highlight how the incipient areas of research on regulatory 'dark matter' such as epigenomics and small RNAs, can play a pivotal role in the evolution of both insect and microbe gene regulation. We then propose specific models of how these dynamic forms of gene regulation can influence insect-symbiont-plant interactions. Future studies in this area of research will give us a systematic understanding of how these symbiotic microbes and animals reciprocally respond to, and regulate their shared metabolic processes.
Design in Developing Countries 1950 – 1985: a summing-up

Since 1950, and increasingly through the 1960s, designers from developed countries tried to help with the design problems of developing societies. They were usually more successful when they lived in the country in question for an extended period and worked closely with local people. During the 1970s developing countries became more independent and able to design for themselves. Little has been written about design in the Third World other than official and conference reports. A seminar in 1975 demonstrated that cooperation between countries, leading to self-help, should replace reliance on ‘international experts’. The most urgent need now is for a breakthrough in alternative energy technology, and this is most likely to come from the Third World.
Rejecting Babel: examining multilingualism without citizenship in the U.S. postnational scenario

ABSTRACTDespite the long history of multilingualism in the U.S., language rights debates have tended to center almost exclusively on the acquisition of English as an issue of equity for citizens who are speakers of other languages. Policies advanced in the name of “access” and “equity” continue to frame English as the only viable means through which citizens can enjoy the full benefits of national membership. Seldom, however, is the legislative culture that surrounds monolingualism examined as being contradictory to the liberal principles of liberty and equality upon which Western democracies are founded. The purpose of this article is to examine how legislative discourse contributes to the regulation of monolingualism as a culture within super-diverse linguistic landscapes such as the U.S., and how the legislation of language rights in federal courts unduly promotes the “dis-citizenship” of speakers of languages other than English [Ramanathan, V. (2013). Language policies and (dis)citizenship: Rights, ac...
Summary of Sediment Yield Data from Forested Land in the United States

Mesures d'erosion des sols forestiers et estimation de la charge en sediment des cours d'eau forestiers
Comparative Analysis of An Azacytidine Versus Azacytidine-HSCT Approach for the Treatment of Older Patients with AML/MDS

Abstract 2375 While allogeneic HSCT remains the only curative option for patients with MDS, it is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. 5-azacytidine (5-aza) has been shown to improve the overall survival (OS) of patients with int-2/high risk MDS when compared with best supportive care and conventional chemotherapy. The feasibility of 5-aza in the pre-transplant setting has been demonstrated allowing disease remission induction whilst minimising the toxicity of “induction” chemotherapy. However the additional benefit gained by patients receiving HSCT post 5-aza as compared to patients who receive continuous 5-aza therapy remains to be determined. We report on our single centre experience on the use of 5-aza in a cohort of 71 patients receiving 5-aza as de-novo therapy for high risk MDS/AML. The patients were classified into 2 cohorts. 41 patients received 5-aza in a non-intensive group (defined as patients with advanced age or significant co-morbidities precluding them from HSCT) and 30 patients received 5-aza induction therapy with the intention of proceeding to an allogeneic HSCT (intensive group). Patients in the non-intensive group were significantly older at start of 5-aza therapy than the intensive group (median age: 72 yrs vs 62 yrs, p= In the intensive group, the median no. of cycles of 5-aza administered was 7(range 1–30). Out of 30 patients, 15(50%) patients did not proceed to transplant. 14 of these patients had disease progression while on 5-aza, out of which 11 patients received conventional chemotherapy. None of these 11 patients proceeded to HSCT primarily as a result of refractory MDS/AML or chemotherapy toxicity. 15(50%) patients attained a morphological remission ( In summary, only 50% of patients commencing 5-aza in the intensive group were subsequently able to receive an allogeneic HSCT. While the non-intensive group consisted of older patients, the median OS from start of 5-azacytidine was 22 months for both intensive and non-intensive groups. The 1 yr and 2 yr actuarial OS was 57%+/m8% and 24%+/m8% for the non-intensive group and 76%+/m8% and 17%+/m8% for the intensive group (p=0.76). While the development of RIC regimens has facilitated the expansion of allogeneic HSCT to older patients with AML/MDS, these findings suggest that in certain patients with co-morbidities, non-intensive novel therapies may be a preferable therapeutic option. Further studies in older AML/MDS patients to evaluate the benefit of novel agents such as 5-azacytidine when compared with HSCT are warranted. Disclosures: Mufti: Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau.
Performance of an Automated-Mixed-Traffic-Vehicle /AMTV/ System

This study analyzes the operation and evaluates the expected performance of a proposed automatic guideway transit system which uses low-speed Automated Mixed Traffic Vehicles (AMTV's). Vehicle scheduling and headway control policies are evaluated with a transit system simulation model. The effect of mixed-traffic interference on the average vehicle speed is examined with a vehicle-pedestrian interface model. Control parameters regulating vehicle speed are evaluated for safe stopping and passenger comfort.
Purple Potato Extract Promotes Intestinal Epithelial Differentiation and Barrier Function by Activating AMP-Activated Protein Kinase.

Scope Perturbation of gut epithelial barrier function induces inflammation and other health problems that originate from the gut. Purple potato contains a high content of beneficial polyphenolic compounds. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of purple potato extract (PPE) on intestinal differentiation and barrier function, and explore its underlying mechanism using Caco-2 cells and ex vivo cultured gut tissues. Methods and results PPE increases transepithelial electrical resistance and decreases FITC-dextran paracellular flux in Caco-2 cells, which are associated with strengthened intestinal epithelial differentiation in both Caco-2 cells and ex vivo guts. Furthermore, PPE treatment enhances AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, concomitant with the increased expression of CDX2, a key transcriptional factor regulating intestinal epithelial differentiation. Knocking out AMPK using CRISPR/Cas9 system abolishes the positive effects of PPE on intestinal epithelial differentiation and barrier function, in junction with the reduced expression of CDX2. Conclusion PPE improves gut epithelial differentiation and barrier function via activating AMPK, indicating that PPE, as well as associated purple potato consumption, could be used as a supportive dietary therapeutic strategy for improving gut epithelial health.
Investigating the Theoretical Structure of the Differential Ability Scales--Second Edition through Hierarchical Exploratory Factor Analysis.

When the Differential Ability Scales–Second Edition (DAS-II) was developed, the instrument’s content, structure, and theoretical orientation were amended. Despite these changes, the Technical Handb...
The effect of postweld heat treatment on hydrogen-assisted cracking of 8630/Alloy 625 overlay

The weld interface of Alloy 625 clad onto AISI 8630 steel requires postweld heat treatment (PWHT) to reduce the heat-affected zone (HAZ) hardness of the steel to meet industry standards. This PWHT results in carbon diffusion and pile up in the transition zone at the fusion boundary which potentially embrittles the 8630/625 interface. For the 8630/625 overlay, the PWHT needs to be carefully selected to reduce the potential for hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) and/or sulfide stress cracking (SSC). In this work, a wide range of PWHT conditions defined by the Hollomon-Jaffe parameter (HJP) was studied using the delayed hydrogen cracking test (DHCT). The effect of PWHT on HAC behavior was quantified using this test and the optimal HJP range for resistance to HAC was determined to be in the range from 18,500 to 19,500. Fracture surface analysis was conducted on failed samples to further evaluate the effect of PWHT and confirm the optimal HJP range. The HAC behavior of the 8630/625 overlay was compared with that of the F22/625 overlay reported previously.
Clustering and Combinatorial Methods for Test Suite Prioritization of GUI and Web Applications

This work introduces a novel test case prioritization method that combines clustering methods, dimensionality reduction techniques (DRTs), and combinatorial-based two-way prioritization for GUI and web applications. The use of clustering with interleaved cluster prioritization increases the diversity of the earliest selected test cases. The study applies four DRTs, four clustering algorithms, and three inter-cluster ranking methods to three GUI and one web applications in order to determine the best combination of methods. We compare the proposed clustering and dimensionality reduction approaches to random and two-way inter-window prioritization techniques. The outcome of the study indicates that the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dimensionality reduction technique and Mean Shift clustering method outperform other techniques. There is no statistical difference between the three inter-cluster ranking criteria. In comparison to two-way inter-window prioritization, the Mean Shift clustering algorithm with PCA or Independent Component Analysis (FICA) generally produces faster rates of fault detection in the studies.
Chemistry and Leaching Behavior of Chromite Ore Processing Residue from the Soda Ash Process

Abstract This study presents chemical, mineralogical, and leaching characterization of chromite ore processing residue (COPR) derived from the soda ash process, which is currently replacing the lim...
gDLS: A Scalable Solution to the Generalized Pose and Scale Problem

In this work, we present a scalable least-squares solution for computing a seven degree-of-freedom similarity transform. Our method utilizes the generalized camera model to compute relative rotation, translation, and scale from four or more 2D-3D correspondences. In particular, structure and motion estimations from monocular cameras lack scale without specific calibration. As such, our methods have applications in loop closure in visual odometry and registering multiple structure from motion reconstructions where scale must be recovered. We formulate the generalized pose and scale problem as a minimization of a least squares cost function and solve this minimization without iterations or initialization. Additionally, we obtain all minima of the cost function. The order of the polynomial system that we solve is independent of the number of points, allowing our overall approach to scale favorably. We evaluate our method experimentally on synthetic and real datasets and demonstrate that our methods produce higher accuracy similarity transform solutions than existing methods.
Cognitive Manifestations of Status Epilepticus

Seizures are defined by the presence of abnormal synchronous neuronal activity; their clinical manifestations are determined by the specific anatomic location as well as the spatial and temporal propagation of this aberrant electrical activity. Seizures involving the motor cortex are perhaps most easily recognized, but seizure activity may also arise from or involve regions of cortex devoted to cognitive function. The term nonconvulsive seizure has been used, in part, to refer to seizures of this sort. This chapter is devoted to the cognitive manifestations of nonconvulsive seizure activity.
From Information Center to Discovery System: Next Step for Libraries?.

This article proposes a discovery system model to guide technology integration and provide direction for the academic library of the future. The model fuses organizational learning, systems learning, and knowledge creation techniques with constructivist learning practices to suggest a possible future direction for the academic library.
Jonestown on Television

This media review adds to existing scholarship about Peoples Temple by examining Jonestown’s presence in television history—from 1980 when actor Powers Boothe won an Emmy Award for his portrayal of Jim Jones in the CBS-TV movie Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones to current programs in production by HBO and A&E. In addition to these docudramas, “Jonestown on Television” also addresses explicit and implicit references to Jonestown that have occurred on episodic television. Analyzing these television sources highlights how the events at Jonestown are being told, visualized, and remembered, and, as such, shaping Americans’ cultural memory of the past.
The “not-so-vulnerable” β-cell

Oxidative stress, mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide and H2O2, is thought to promote pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and contribute to type 1 and type 2 diabetes. When blood glucose is chronically elevated, it is thought that increased oxidative phosphorylation results in accumulation of ROS in β-cells due to electron leak from the mitochondrial electron transport chain. However, early reports that β-cells express low levels of detoxifying enzymes, including catalase and glutathione peroxidases, suggested that β-cells are ill-equipped to detoxify ROS. This notion has been propagated by the common use of bolus H2O2 delivery to cells. However, the logic supporting the “vulnerable β-cell” model is unclear when considering the importance of β-cells to survival of the organism as well as the tight coupling of oxidative phosphorylation to insulin secretion. Here, using glucose oxidase to deliver H2O2 continuously over time, rather than the more traditional bolus delivery, we found that β-cells are capable of detoxifying micromolar levels of this oxidant. Treatment with H2O2 bolus, but not glucose oxidase, results in DNA damage, activation of the DNA damage response, and depletion of cellular energy stores. We find that β-cells readily express peroxiredoxins, thioredoxins, and thioredoxin reductase, essential components of the peroxiredoxin/thioredoxin antioxidant system. Either inhibition or specific knockdown of thioredoxin reductase or peroxiredoxins 1 or 3 sensitizes β-cells to continuously-generated H2O2, suggesting that this mechanism is essential for β-cells to detoxify this ROS. Finally, inhibition of thioredoxin reductase sensitizes β-cells to peroxynitrite, a potent RNS generated by the reaction of superoxide and nitric oxide. Together, these studies, which directly contradict the current dogma, suggest that β-cells are able to detoxify H2O2 and peroxynitrite through a peroxiredoxin-dependent mechanism, and may not be so vulnerable after all.
A tale of Two Creativities: Idea Creation and Evaluation Roles Ideas Shape Creativity Assessments

Innovation, the implementation of creative ideas, involves a dialogue between two roles: creators - who generate creative ideas, and evaluators-who determine which ideas to implement. Although each...
Do Stage I Colorectal Cancers with Lymphatic Invasion Require a Different Postoperative Approach

Although stage I colorectal cancer has an excellent prognosis after complete surgical resection, disease recurrence still occurs. This study aimed to assess prognostic risk factors in this early stage of disease. All non-neoadjuvantly treated stage I colon (CC) and rectal (RC) patients who underwent a surgical resection between 2004 and 2015 were identified. Clinicopathological differences and long-term oncological outcomes were compared. CC patients (n = 433) were older and had more pre-existing comorbidities. RC patients (n = 86) were associated with more T2 tumors, venous invasion, and higher rates of 30-day morbidity. In multivariate analysis, lymphatic invasion was found to be an independent predictor for disease recurrence (OR 4.57, P = 0.010) and worse disease-free survival (HR 4.26, P = 0.012). This was particularly true for distant recurrence, with eight times higher hazard ratios when lymphatic invasion was present (HR 8.02, P < 0.001). T2 tumors were at risk, though no significant association was found (OR 3.86, P = 0.051; HR 3.61, P = 0.065, respectively). Lymphatic invasion was strongly associated with worse DFS, in particular distant recurrence. This subgroup of stage I patients might benefit from a more intensive follow-up and maybe should be considered for adjuvant therapy.
The Role of Reinforcement in Multiple Response Repetition Error Correction and Treatment Preference of Chinese Children with Autism

Error correction is a ubiquitous instructional component for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In the context of alternating treatment with repeated acquisition design, we taught four young Chinese children with ASD three sets of a match-to-sample task using multiple response repetition error correction with and without reinforcement. We assessed the participants’ preferences of the procedures. Results showed that the acquisition rates were similar under both conditions. However, participant’s preferences varied, with three participants preferring error correction with reinforcement and one preferring the without-reinforcement procedure. The discussion addresses the results from our comparison in light of prior studies and learner preferences of error-correction procedures, as well as the research and practical implications of our findings.
Understanding the Divorce Cycle: How Strong Is the Divorce Cycle?

T his chapter addresses the prevalence of the divorce cycle. I will answer the following questions: How much does parental divorce increase the chances that offspring will end their own marriages? What demographic characteristics make divorce transmission stronger or weaker? How does the divorce cycle vary by family type, given the diversity of divorced families? Do the effects of parental divorce extend to second and third marriages? Although some of these questions have been addressed by previous research, another look is warranted for various reasons. The first studies of the divorce cycle are now thirty years old. Statistical techniques have evolved considerably since then, as have data resources. The divorce rate is also higher than it was thirty years ago. The two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH), administered between 1987 and 1994, contain extensive detail on respondents' family backgrounds and patterns of relationship formation, yet they have been the basis of almost no research on the divorce cycle. The advantages of modern statistical techniques and precise data become apparent after taking into account the variety of results produced by prior research. Although all studies confirm that parental divorce increases the likelihood of offspring divorce, there has been little agreement about the strength of the relationship. Another problem has been measures of family structure that lump together various forms of nonintact parenting, making it hard to assess the precise impact of parental divorce on marital stability.
NEMATOCIDE RESIDUES IN PINEAPPLE CULTURE FOLLOWING POINT SOURCE APPLICATION

Conventional methods used for controlling soil borne plant parasitic nematodes such as soil fumigation are losing favor because of increased costs and adverse effects on the environment and non-target organisms. Application of nematocides through drip irrigation systems appears to provide a solution to these problems since it reduces the amount of pesticide used, and minimizes environmental damage. Furthermore, it permits repeated application in multi-year crops like pineapple, where soil fumigation must provide protection for up to 30 months with only one application. Plants irrigated by a drip system do not undergo cyclical water stress, and so appear more vigorous and less in need of protection from pests. Lower concentrations of nematocides appear to be effective.
Estrogen Receptor-β Mediates Estradiol-Induced Pregnancy-Specific Uterine Artery Endothelial Cell Angiotensin Type-2 Receptor Expression.

The pregnancy-augmented uterine vasodilation is linked to increased AT2R (angiotensin type-2 receptor) that mediates the vasodilatory effects of angiotensin II. However, the mechanisms controlling AT2R expression during pregnancy remain unclear. Estrogens are known to play a role in vascular adaptations during pregnancy. We hypothesized that estrogen stimulates uterine artery AT2R expression via ER (estrogen receptor)-β-dependent transcription in a pregnancy-specific endothelium-dependent manner. Plasma estradiol levels increased and peaked in late pregnancy and returned to prepregnant levels post-partum, correlating with uterine artery AT2R and ERβ upregulation. Estradiol stimulated AT2R mRNA expression in endothelium-intact but not endothelium-denuded late pregnant and nonpregnant rat uterine artery ex vivo. Consistently, estradiol stimulated AT2R mRNA expression in late pregnant but not nonpregnant primary human uterine artery endothelial cells in vitro, which was abolished by ER antagonist ICI 182,780. Higher ERα protein bound to ER-responsive elements in AT2R promoter in the nonpregnant arteries whereas higher ERβ bound in the pregnant state. ERα protein levels were similar but higher ERβ protein levels were expressed in pregnant versus nonpregnant human uterine artery endothelial cells. Estradiol stimulation recruited ERα to the AT2R promoter in the nonpregnant state and ERβ to the AT2R promoter in pregnancy; however, only ERβ recruitment mediated transactivation of the AT2R reporter gene in pregnant human uterine artery endothelial cells. Estradiol-induced AT2R expression was abolished by the specific ERβ (not ERα) antagonist 4-[2-Phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]phenol (PHTPP) and mimicked by the specific ERβ (not ERα) agonist 2,3-bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (DPN) in pregnant human uterine artery endothelial cells in vitro. This study demonstrates a novel role of pregnancy-augmented ERβ in AT2R upregulation in the uterine artery and provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying uterine vascular adaptation to pregnancy.
Outcomes with early vs. deferred stem cell transplantation in light chain amyloidosis.

In the presence of effective treatment options for systemic light chain (AL) amyloidosis, autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is sometimes deferred after stem cell collection. We designed this retrospective study to compare overall survival (OS) between patients who proceed directly to ASCT after stem cell collection and those who defer ASCT. We included patients with AL amyloidosis who had stem cell collection at Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, from 2004 to 2018. ASCT was considered “early” if performed within 90 days of collection, and “deferred” if performed after 90 days, or not done by last follow up. We included 651 patients; 527 underwent early ASCT and 124 deferred ASCT. There was no difference in OS with early vs. deferred ASCT (median OS: 13.0 vs. 11.4 years, respectively, P = 0.28). There was no difference in OS between the 2 groups among patients with early or advanced Mayo Stage. Among patients who achieved ≥very good partial response at the time of collection, OS in the early and deferred groups was 14.2 and 13.4 years, respectively (P = 0.06). Survival outcomes are similar with early and deferred ASCT. Further studies are needed to identify patients who would benefit from each approach.
Developmental Expression of the Myelin Proteolipid Protein Gene

Myelinogenesis is a highly regulated developmental process, which is necessary for normal CNS development. Oligodendrocyte differentiation and its subsequent elaboration of a myelin membrane that ensheaths certain axons occur within a very precise time frame — for rodents, from 15 to 25 days of age. Until recently, studies had been restricted to ultrastuctural and biochemical analyses of oligodendrocytes and myelin. Early studies identified the proteolipid proteins (PLP, DM20 protein) and myelin basic proteins (MBP) as two classes of structural proteins which comprise 80% of all proteins found in myelin membranes (Eng et al., 1968; Agrawal et al., 1972; Norton and Poduslo, 1973). Thus during the period of active myelination, the protein synthetic machinery of oligodendrocytes is dedicated largely to the production of these two classes of myelin proteins.
The influence of Europa's plumes on its atmosphere and ionosphere

Abstract Europa, one of the Galilean satellites, has a tenuous, oxygen-dominated atmosphere that is usually referred to as a collision-less exosphere. Coupled to the neutral atmosphere and in contact with Europa's surface, a tenuous ionosphere exists on Europa, whose presence has been revealed by multiple observations. Such an ionosphere is thought to be produced by solar photoionization and electron-impact ionization of the oxygen in the atmosphere. However, a recent study showed that the maximum ionosphere coincides with intermittent water plume on Europa, suggesting that water plays an important role in the formation of the ionosphere. Based on the assumption of horizontal uniformity in the middle of the plume, we use the Caltech/Jet Propulsion Laboratory one-dimensional KINETICS model to construct profiles of neutral and ionized species near the plume region. The simulation results, which show that the ionization reactions are initiated by water electron-impact ionization and photoionization and continued by charge transfer between water and oxygen molecules, have successfully reproduced the observations. We find that H2O+ is the dominant species only above the ionopause. Below the ionopause, the density of H2O+ is orders of magnitude lower than the density of O2+, which is the major composition below the ionopause. Our model has also been used to study the dissociation processes of water molecules from the plumes, which can be regarded as an alternative source for the oxygen in the atmosphere.
Active layer freeze-thaw and water storage dynamics in permafrost environments inferred from InSAR

Abstract In cold regions where soils freeze and thaw annually, the ground surface deforms due to the density difference between groundwater and ground ice. Here we mapped thaw subsidence and frost heave signals over the Toolik Lake area on the North Slope of Alaska using 12 ALOS PALSAR Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) scenes (2006–2010). For the first time, we jointly analyzed InSAR observations with a large number of soil measurements collected within ~ 100 km of the Toolik Field Station. We found that the InSAR-observed deformation patterns are mainly related to soil water content and the seasonal active layer freeze-thaw (FT) cycle. We did not observe any substantial long-term subsidence trend outside the 2007 Anaktuvuk River Fire scar. This suggests that the magnitude of the maximum annual thaw subsidence did not change much outside the fire zone during the study period. The joint analysis of InSAR and field observations allows us to show that the amplitude of the seasonal thaw subsidence is proportional to the total amount of ice that has melted into liquid water at any given time. We note that topography influences the spatial distribution of soil water content, and the availability of soil water influences the type of vegetation that can grow. As a result, we found that the average seasonal thaw subsidence increases along a geomorphic-ecohydrologic transect with heath vegetation on the drier ridge-tops, tussock tundra on hillslopes, and sedge tundra at the wet lowland riparian zones. In addition, we detected a net uplift between late July and early September, mostly in the wetter riparian zone that experienced a larger seasonal thaw subsidence. Toolik Field Station in-situ records suggest that the air temperature fluctuated around or below freezing in early September during the ALOS PALSAR data acquisition times (at ~ 12 am local time). In this scenario, ice can be formed at the top of the soil, which leads to frost heave in saturated soils. Our results highlight how InSAR can improve our understanding of active layer freeze-thaw and water storage dynamics in permafrost environments.