cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new unified a posteriori error estimator for adaptive finite element analysis of coupled transport problems

In this study, a new error estimator for coupled transport equations has been developed and successfully implemented. The error norm, based on the definition of the energy norm for the system of coupled equations, is evaluated and used in the process of error estimation and calculation of the sizes of the elements in the adapted mesh. A new adaptive strategy for transient problems was also implemented. The performance of the proposed methodology is evaluated by applying it to selected examples. The results showed that the proposed error estimator is suitable for this type of analysis. The adaptive strategy utilized has proved to be efficient, avoiding unnecessary remeshings.
Tor proteins and protein phosphatase 2A reciprocally regulate Tap42 in controlling cell growth in yeast

Tor proteins, homologous to DNA-dependent protein kinases, participate in a signal transduction pathway in yeast that regulates protein synthesis and cell wall expansion in response to nutrient availability. The anti-inflammatory drug rapamycin inhibits yeast cell growth by inhibiting Tor protein signaling. This leads to diminished association of a protein, Tap42, with two different protein phosphatase catalytic subunits; one encoded redundantly by PPH21 and PPH22, and one encoded by SIT4. We show that inactivation of either Cdc55 or Tpd3, which regulate Pph21/22 activity, results in rapamycin resistance and that this resistance correlates with an increased association of Tap42 with Pph21/22. Furthermore, we show Tor-dependent phosphorylation of Tap42 both in vivo and in vitro and that this phosphorylation is rapamycin sensitive. Inactivation of Cdc55 or Tpd3 enhances in vivo phosphorylation of Tap42. We conclude that Tor phosphorylates Tap42 and that phosphorylated Tap42 effectively competes with Cdc55/Tpd3 for binding to the phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit. Furthermore, Cdc55 and Tpd3 promote dephosphorylation of Tap42. Thus, Tor stimulates growth-promoting association of Tap42 with Pph21/22 and Sit4, while Cdc55 and Tpd3 inhibit this association both by direct competition and by dephosphorylation of Tap42. These results establish Tap42 as a target of Tor and add further refinement to the Tor signaling pathway.
When a family member has a schizophrenic disorder : Practice issues across the family life cycle

Viewing individuals with schizophrenic disorders within a family life-cycle context promotes recognition of the range of family roles, particularly partnership and parenting roles, in clients' lives. Knowledge of clients' stage of family development allows practitioners to view the client more holistically--as a family member with roles and responsibilities--instead of as an isolated, ill individual. Gender differences--in family roles and in manifestation of the illness--are considered.
A methodological note on modeling the effects of race: the case of psychological distress

Psychological distress is an important indicator of the mental well-being of the population. Findings regarding racial differences in distress are inconclusive but may represent an important pathway through which disparities exist across a number of physical health outcomes. We used data from the 1994 Minority Health Survey, a nationally representative multiracial/ethnic sample of adults in US households, to examine racial/ethnic differences in psychological distress (n = 3623). Our primary study aim was to examine differences between additive and multiplicative models in assessing the influence of income and gender on the race/distress relationship. We hypothesized that additive models do not suffi ciently account for potential interactions of race with income and gender, and may therefore mask important differences in distress between racial groups. The results suggest that our hypotheses were supported. After adjusting for income, there were no statistically signifi cant differences in distress levels between racial groups. However, significant differences emerge when multiplicative models are used demonstrating the complexities of the intersection of race, income and gender in predicting psychological distress. Black men and women of higher income status represent a particularly vulnerable group, whereas Hispanic men are especially hardy. We discuss the implications of our fi ndings for future work on racial health disparities.
Comment on a computing the k shortest paths in a graph

In [1] Hardgrave discusses “positional” versus keyword parameter communication with subprograms from the viewpoint of structured programming. In this note an additional argument in favor of the keyword approach is suggested.
Up in Smoke: Mapping Subsystem Dynamics in Tobacco Policy

This study develops and employs congressionally based indicators to track the evolution of the tobacco policy subsystem between 1945 and 2005. It concludes that far from disintegrating, the tobacco subsystem has proven resilient, weathering several punctuations over the course of the study. The subsystem has, however, undergone a significant transformation resulting in both the introduction of new ideas as well as changes in the policies affecting tobacco.
First detection of magnetic 4d atoms on the surface of noble metals

We observe for the first time magnetic 4d surface impurities on the surface of the noble metals Au and Ag. The noble metal films are covered with 1/100 of a monolayer of the 4d metal. The 4d atoms cause, if they are magnetic, a dephasing of the conduction electron coherence. The dephasing is measured by weak localization. This method is 100 to 1000 times more sensitive than other presently used experimental methods. We investigated the 4d surface impurities Mo, Nb and Rh. In the case of Mo the dephasing is of the same order of magnitude as the dephasing by magnetic Fe atoms. In the case of Nb the magnetic character is weaker, and represents probably a Kondo-like system. The magnetic character of Rh corresponds to local spin fluctuations.
Effect of synthesis time and treatment on porosity of mesoporous silica materials

Nitrogen adsorption at 77 K on mesoporous silica materials (MPS) with varying synthesis time and treatment conditions was investigated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were also used to characterize the mesoporous materials. This study was performed at 6, 24 and 72-h synthesis times. It is shown that 6-h is not enough for complete formation of the MPS material and at least 24-h is necessary. The pore structure starts decaying for the 72-h synthesis time. The three-after-synthesis treatment conditions used were 1) washed, 2) washed and calcined and 3) directly calcined after synthesis. Ethanol/HCl mixtures were used for washing and calcinations were performed at 550°C. Among these samples, directly washed sample yields the lowest adsorption capacity while washed and calcined sample yields the highest adsorption capacity. Hence, it is concluded that washing stabilizes the structure before high temperature treatment.
Characterization of the Walker A motif of MsbA using site-directed spin labeling electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

MsbA is an ABC transporter that transports lipid A across the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli. Without functional MsbA present, bacterial cells accumulate a toxic amount of lipid A within their inner membranes. A crystal structure of MsbA was recently obtained that provides an excellent starting point for functional dynamics studies in membranes [Chang and Roth (2001) Science 293, 1793-1800]. Although a structure of MsbA is now available, several functionally important motifs common to ABC transporters are unresolved in the crystal structure. The Walker A domain, one of the ABC transporter consensus motifs that is directly involved in ATP binding, is located within a large unresolved region of the MsbA ATPase domain. Site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a powerful technique for characterizing local areas within a large protein structure in addition to detecting and following changes in local structure due to dynamic interactions. MsbA reconstituted into lipid membranes has been evaluated by EPR spectroscopy, and it has been determined that the Walker A domain forms an alpha-helical structure, which is consistent with the structure of this motif observed in other crystallized ABC transporters. In addition, the interaction of the Walker A residues with ATP before, during, and after hydrolysis was followed using SDSL EPR spectroscopy in order to identify the residues directly involved in substrate binding and hydrolysis.
SERIAL UV RADIATION EFFECTS ON VITAMIN D METABOLITES IN BLACKS & WHITES

Factors affecting 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) response to chronic sub-erythemal ultraviolet (UV) exposure have not been studied in adults or infants. This study was a pilot one in adults before infant studies: we hypothesized that serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), vit. D binding protein (DBP), 25OHD & race affect the 25OHD response to chronic suberythemal UV. Sequential sub-erythemal doses of UV-B (280-315 nm) were given to blacks & whites, ages 20-35 yrs. PTH was measured by radioimmunassay RIA, C-terminal; calcitonin (CT) by RIA, 1-32 CT; 25OHD, protein binding assay; DBP, immuno-diffusion. Initial UV-B dose was below minimal erythemal dose for most sensitive white skin with 10% increase per exposure for 4 wks. Total body UV was given bi-wkly for 6 wks. Blood was drawn wkly; baseline & final blood were obtained 1 wk pre- & post- UV; 8/subject. Serum 25OHD rose from 21 ± SE 2.2 ng/dl, to 27 ± 1.6 at wk. 1, 36 ± 2.0 at wk. 4, & 47 ± 2.7 at end.Δ25OHD was post- minus pre- 25OHD. No significant correlations were found between Δ 25OHD & basal serum PTH, DBP & 25OHD. White 25OHD was higher than blacks throughout the study (p<.001). White 25OHD was 27 ± 1.6 pre- & 52 ± 2.7 post-; black 25OHD was 11 ± 2.4 & 41 ± 4.3 respectively. The 25OHD response vs. time was similar for whites & blacks, with slope 4.12 for whites, r=.979 (p <.001) & 4.49 for blacks, r=.993 (p<.001). No correlations were found between Δ 25OHD & sex, Ca, Mg, P, CT & ionized Ca. Thus 25OHD response to chronic sub-erythemal UV radiation is independent of basal PTH, D binding protein, 25OHD, & race. We speculate that infant response might be similar.
Trepanation in the Chachapoya region of northern Perú

This paper discusses trepanation frequency data from the Chachapoya region of the northern highlands of Peru. New data from three skeletal samples are presented: Kuelap, Laguna Huayabamba, and Los Pinchudos, as well as isolated crania housed at the Chachapoya Museo Instituto Nacional de Cultura. The vast majority of the trepanations are circular in shape, except for one individual exhibiting as many as three roughly square trepanations. Evidence for healing is prevalent, with examples of both associated periosteal reaction of nearby outer table bone, as well as for healing of the insult itself. Only one case demonstrates a clear association between a traumatic injury and a trepanation event. The purpose or function of the remaining cases of trepanation, however, remains elusive. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nervous control of palatine glands in the rat.

Through ablation or stimulation of the superior cervical ganglia, and through the administration of drugs, evidence was obtained that parasympathetic activity causes an emptying of the palatine glands. The sympathetic division, particularly the a-adrenergic receptors, induces filling of the acinar cells. The sympathetic ganglia also aid synergistically in the emptying of the cell.
Gaussian-selection-based non-optimal search for speaker identification

Abstract Most speaker identification systems train individual models for each speaker. This is done as individual models often yield better performance and they permit easier adaptation and enrollment. When classifying a speech token, the token is scored against each model and the maximum a priori decision rule is used to decide the classification label. Consequently, the cost of classification grows linearly for each token as the population size grows. When considering that the number of tokens to classify is also likely to grow linearly with the population, the total work load increases exponentially. This paper presents a preclassifier which generates an N -best hypothesis using a novel application of Gaussian selection, and a transformation of the traditional tail test statistic which lets the implementer specify the tail region in terms of probability. The system is trained using parameters of individual speaker models and does not require the original feature vectors, even when enrolling new speakers or adapting existing ones. As the correct class label need only be in the N -best hypothesis set, it is possible to prune more Gaussians than in a traditional Gaussian selection application. The N -best hypothesis set is then evaluated using individual speaker models, resulting in an overall reduction of workload.
Adenosine and AICA-riboside fail to enhance microvascular endothelial preservation

Crystalloid cardioplegia may cause coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction during cardiopulmonary bypass. The perioperative administration of either adenosine or AICA-riboside (acadesine, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-ribofuranoside) has been associated with improved myocardial functional preservation and improved coronary blood flow after ischemic arrest. To examine if this enhanced recovery of myocardial function and perfusion may be related to improved endothelial preservation, pigs were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass and the hearts were arrested with plain cold, hyperkalemic (K+ = 25 mmol/L) crystalloid cardioplegia, or cardioplegic solution containing either 0.1 mmol/L adenosine or 50 mumol/L AICA-riboside, which causes the release of endogenous adenosine. AICA-riboside (375 mg) also was infused over 30 minutes before cardioplegia in the later group. After 1 hour of ischemic cardioplegia, hearts were reperfused for 1 hour while the pigs were weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass. Coronary arterioles (90 to 190 microns in diameter) from both subepicardial and subendocardial regions of the left ventricle were studied in vitro in a pressurized, no-flow state with videomicroscopy. After contraction of vessels by 25% to 40% of the baseline diameter, drugs were applied extraluminally. Relaxation of control arterioles to serotonin was slightly greater in vessels from the subendocardial region compared with vessels from the subepicardial region, and subendocardial arterioles were more affected by cardioplegia than were subepicardial vessels. In contrast, relaxations of control microvessels to bradykinin and the calcium ionophore A23187 were similar in the two transmural myocardial regions. Responses to bradykinin and A23187 were significantly and similarly reduced after ischemic arrest with plain crystalloid cardioplegia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Thermooptical Properties of Gold Nanoparticles Embedded in Ice: Characterization of Heat Generation and Melting

We investigate the system of optically excited gold NPs in an ice matrix aiming to understand heat generation and melting processes at the nanoscale level. Along with the traditional fluorescence method, we introduce thermooptical spectroscopy based on phase transformation of a matrix. With this, we can not only measure optical response but also thermal response, that is, heat generation. After several recrystallization cycles, the nanoparticles are embedded into the ice film where the optical and thermal properties of the nanoparticles are probed. Spatial fluorescence mapping shows the locations of Au nanoparticles, whereas the time-resolved Raman signal of ice reveals the melting process. From the time-dependent Raman signals, we determine the critical light intensities at which the laser beam is able to melt ice around the nanoparticles. The melting intensity depends strongly on temperature and position. The position-dependence is especially strong and reflects a mesoscopic character of heat generation. We think that it comes from the fact that nanoparticles form small complexes of different geometry and each complex has a unique thermal response. Theoretical calculations and experimental data are combined to make a quantitative measure of the amount of heat generated by optically excited Au nanoparticles and agglomerates. The information obtained in this study can be used to design nanoscale heaters and actuators.
High performance 32nm logic technology featuring 2 nd generation high-k + metal gate transistors

A 32nm logic technology for high performance microprocessors is described. 2nd generation high-k + metal gate transistors provide record drive currents at the tightest gate pitch reported for any 32nm or 28nm logic technology. NMOS drive currents are 1.62mA/um Idsat and 0.231mA/um Idlin at 1.0V and 100nA/um I off . PMOS drive currents are 1.37mA/um Idsat and 0.240mA/um Idlin at 1.0V and 100nA/um I off . The impact of SRAM cell and array size on Vccmin is reported.
Percutaneous intraaortic balloon insertion

A new single chambered percutaneous intraaortic balloon has been constructed around a central guidewire. The balloon can be wrapped around the guidewire, enabling its insertion into the femoral artery through a 12F sheath inserted with the conventional Seldinger technique. Percutaneous intraaortic balloon insertion has been performed in 27 patients (mean age 58 years) for a variety of medical and surgical indications. Percutaneous balloons could not be advanced into the aorta in two patients (7.4 percent) with severe bilateral aortoiliac occlusive disease. In all 25 patients undergoing intraaortic balloon pumping satisfactory circulatory support was achieved, and 21 (84 percent) of the patients survived to be discharged from the hospital. The mean duration of intraaortic balloon pumping was 3.5 days. Percutaneous intraaortic balloon insertion requires less than 5 minutes and has been successfully performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory, coronary care unit, operating room and recovery room. After direct balloon removal, external pressure was applied for 30 minutes. No patient experienced hematoma of the groin, aortic dissection, compromised distal pulses or late wound complications. Percutaneous balloon insertion permits the rapid institution of circulatory support and broadens the medical and surgical applications of intraaortic balloon pumping.
Infinite vs. finite size-bounded randomized computations

Randomized computations can be very powerful with respect to space complexity, e.g., for logarithmic space, LasVegas is equivalent to nondeterminism. This power depends on the possibility of infinite computations, however, it is an open question if they are necessary. We answer this question for rotating finite automata (rfas) and sweeping finite automata (sfas). We show that LasVegas rfas (sfas) allowing infinite computations, although only with probability 0, can be exponentially smaller than LasVegas rfas (sfas) forbidding them. In particular, we show that even rfas (sfas) with linear expected running time may require exponentially more states than rfas (sfas) running in exponential time. We also strengthen this result, showing that the restriction on time cannot be traded for the more powerful bounded-error randomization. To prove our results, we introduce a technique for proving lower bounds on size of rfas (sfas) that generalizes the notion of generic strings discovered by M. Sipser. We generalize the technique of generic words for randomized sweeping automata.Superlinear time can make randomized sweeping finite automata exponentially smaller.The restriction on time cannot be traded for a more powerful model of randomization.
Root System Characteristics and Control of Nitrogen Uptake

Summary In many native ecosystems, acquisition of nitrogen (N) depends on bioavailability of this element at the root surface. However, root system characteristics and how they respond to environmental factors are critical to a better understanding of N acquisition in terrestrial plants. This chapter provides an overview of the recent literature in root system control mechanisms of N uptake. In addition to presenting some of the more recent advances in this area, I have argued that in developing a mechanistic understanding, we must first pay more attention to root characteristics, e.g., longevity, uptake kinetics, and architecture that are often overlooked in studies of N uptake. Experimental approaches and techniques must be developed to monitor these characteristics more routinely along with measurements of the common parameters of root biology, e.g., biomass allocation. Because these root traits often exhibit a considerable amount of tradeoffs relative to each other, it is imperative that they are eval...
Millimetre wave performance of carbon-doped-base AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs

AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs with f/sub T/ of 52 GHz and f/sub max/ of 85 GHz have been obtained using a heavily-carbon-doped base layer. The HBT epitaxial layers were prepared by low-pressure MOVPE using carbon tetrachloride as the carbon source. To the author's knowledge, this work reports the first carbon-doped AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs with f/sub T/ and f/sub max/ greater than 50 GHz. >
Combinatorial templates generated by dip-pen nanolithography for the formation of two-dimensional particle arrays.

Lattices of single polystyrene particles were constructed by using a combinatorial approach to analyze particle pattern recognition properties. Dip-pen nanolithography was used to generate chemical templates of 16-thiohexadecanoic acid on a gold surface to study the two-dimensional assembly of amine- and amidine-modified particles.
Effect of short-chain fatty acids on cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate-mediated colonic secretion.

Abstract Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) prevent and reverse cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) but not Ca 2+ -mediated Cl − secretion. Mucosal [HCO 3 − ] i has an opposite effect on these secretagogues. We examined whether SCFA and [HCO 3 − ] i affect cyclic 3′,5′-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-induced secretion. Stripped segments of male Sprague–Dawley rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) proximal and distal colon, and cultured T84 cells were studied in Ussing chambers, and pH i and [HCO 3 − ] i were determined. Mucosal [cGMP] was measured in proximal colon. In T84 cells, the increase in Cl − secretion (measured as I sc ) induced by mucosal 0.25 μM Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (ST a ) was prevented/reversed by bilateral 50 mM Na + butyrate (71%/73%), acetate (58%/76%), propionate (68%/73%) and (poorly metabolized) isobutyrate (80%/79%). In proximal colon in HCO 3 − Ringer, basal Cl − secretion was not affected by [HCO 3 − ] i or 25 mM butyrate. Mucosal 0.25 μM ST a decreased net Na + and Cl − absorption. Bilateral but not mucosal 25 mM SCFA reversed ST a -induced effects on Na + absorption and Cl − secretion. Bilateral and mucosal 25 mM SCFA but not [HCO 3 − ] i prevented ST a -induced Cl − secretion and increases in mucosal [cGMP]. ST a did not produce Cl − secretion in distal colon. It was concluded that SCFA but not [HCO 3 − ] i can prevent and reverse cGMP-induced colonic Cl − secretion.
Biotic resistance: exclusion of native rodent consumers releases populations of a weak invader

Summary 1. Biotic resistance is a commonly invoked hypothesis to explain why most exotic plant species naturalize at low abundance. Although numerous studies have documented negative impacts of native consumers on exotic plant performance, longer-term multi-generation studies are needed to understand how native consumer damage to exotics translates to their population-level suppression over large landscapes. 2. We used rodent exclosures and embedded seed-addition experiments to evaluate the effects of rodent herbivory and granivory on populations of Tragopogon dubius, a Eurasian aster that typically occurs at low abundance across North America. 3. Vegetation surveys encompassing 20 000 km 2 of west-central Montana grasslands established that T. dubius is regionally well distributed, occurring in 81% of 16 grasslands sampled. However, it consistently occurred at low local abundance, averaging < 0.5% cover in 1 m 2 plots. 4. In large rodent exclosures, T. dubius attained population densities that averaged over five times higher than in paired rodent-access control plots at 11 grassland sites spread over 750 km 2 . This pattern was six times stronger in older compared with newer rodent exclosures, indicating enclosed populations were still increasing. Floral herbivory, which reduces or prevents reproduction in this biennial plant, decreased by 99% in rodent exclosures compared with control plots. Additionally, seedling establishment was nearly eight times higher in seed-addition subplots within versus outside of rodent exclosures. 5. Synthesis. Our findings illustrate how biotic resistance from granivory and florivory of native generalist rodents can provide an important ecosystem service by strongly limiting the local abundance of a widely distributed exotic weed.
Discontinuing imatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia: don't try this at home

The use of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib has revolutionised the care of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) [1–3]. We now have more than 6 years of follow-up data on the IRIS study, and the frontline use of imatinib has been shown to be both highly efficacious and generally well-tolerated [4]. The large majority of newly diagnosed patients treated for CML in chronic phase achieve a complete cytogenetic remission (CCyR), and over time, most of these eventually achieve major molecular responses (MMR) and even complete molecular responses (CMR). However, cure has not yet been proven, and life-long therapy with imatinib is still the consensus recommendation [5].
Ventricular Epicardial Lead Placement for Resynchronization by Determination of Paced Depolarization Intervals: Technique and Rationale

Background. Cardiac resynchronization therapy has been shown to be an effective treatment to improve functional status and prolong survival among patients with advanced congestive heart failure. However, as many as 30% of patients do not respond. Nonresponse may be due to suboptimal left ventricular lead placement. Studies have indicated that leads placed in the midlateral left ventricle (LV) wall usually result in improved dP/dT and increased pulse pressure, compared with other locations. When the surgeon is placing the leads thoracoscopically, however, in a chest with multiple adhesions, anatomic landmarks can be obscured. It is desirable to have an objective physiologic method to determine optimal lead placement. The optimal LV pacing site may be best determined by locating the site with the latest depolarization. Methods. A pacing lead attached to a pulse analyzer was introduced through a thoracoscopic port and used as a mapping electrode to electrically map exposed areas of the left ventricle. The right ventricular pacing lead was also attached to the pulse analyzer and the interval between the right ventricular pulse and the LV depolarization (paced depolarization interval) was measured in 19 patients undergoing thoracoscopic LV lead placement. A site with a paced depolarization interval less than 110 ms was not accepted. Results. Electrical mapping was possible in 19 of 29 consecutive patients in whom it was attempted. The most frequent reason for not mapping was the presence of extensive scarring. In 7 of 19 patients (36.8%) mapped, the site that would have been chosen by anatomic landmarks was not the site with the longest paced depolarization interval, and thus the lead placement was altered. Conclusions. The site with the longest paced depolarization interval is only selected 63.2% of the time when utilizing anatomic landmarks for placement. Nonresponse may be due to suboptimal LV lead placement. Measurement of paced depolarization intervals provides a physiologic method of determining optimal LV lead placement.
Climbing Out of the Box and Into the Cloud: Building Web-Scale for Libraries

ABSTRACT Libraries have made significant investments in computer resources and infrastructure. They now incur the costs of supporting an array of systems across workflows for print, licensed, and digital materials. Similarly, libraries have fragmented presences on the Web, where they must compete with search engines and other information resources in meeting the information needs of people. The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) is building its next generation of services in the computing cloud, where applications and data are stored on the Internet rather than on a local computer, and libraries can use an application without having to worry about the supporting technology. Web-scale services will provide libraries with powerful new applications and services when and where needed.
Entanglement spreading in a many-body localized system

Motivated by the findings of logarithmic spreading of entanglement in a many-body localized system, we identify and untangle two factors contributing to the spreading of entanglement in the fully many-body localized phase, where all many-body eigenstates are localized. Performing full diagonalizations of an $XXZ$ spin model with random longitudinal fields, we demonstrate a linear dependence of the spreading rate on the decay length $(\ensuremath{\xi})$ of the effective interaction between localized pseudospins (l-bits), which depends on the disorder strength, and on the final value of entanglement per spin $({s}_{\ensuremath{\infty}})$, which primarily depends on the initial state. The entanglement entropy thus grows with time as $\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\xi}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{s}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}logt$, providing support for the phenomenology of many-body localized systems proposed by Huse and Oganesyan.
Top 10 research questions related to physical activity in preschool children.

The purpose of this article was to highlight important research needs related to physical activity in 3- to 5-year-old children. We identified research needs in 3 major categories: health effects, patterns of physical activity, and interventions and policies. The top research needs include identifying the health effects of physical activity, the effects of physical activity on the development of healthy weight, the effects of physical activity on learning and behavior, and the health implications of sedentary behavior. Research questions concerning patterns of physical activity include determining the prevalence of 3- to 5-year-olds meeting the current physical activity guidelines; the social and environmental factors that influence physical activity in home, preschool, and community settings; and how physical activity tracks into later childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Research questions about interventions and policies include identifying the most effective strategies to promote physical activity i...
THE EFFECT OF SYNTHETIC ANDROGEN UPON THE GONADOTROPIC POTENCY OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY

Since the original discovery (1,2) that implantation of anterior lobe tissue stimulated precocious sexual maturity in immature rodents, this method has been used to test the gonadotropic potency of the pituitaries of animals in various conditions (3, 4, 5). By utilization of this technic, the following data has been obtained concerning the influence of the injection of a synthetic androgenic substance, testosterone propionate, upon the gonadotropic potency of the anterior pituitaries of normal and castrated male and female rats. Moore and Price (6) have previously reported that injection of androsterone decreased the stimulating potencies of the pituitaries of young male rats.
B‐Lyl Cells: Immortal Ly‐1 + B Lymphocyte Cell Lines Spontaneously Arising in Murine Splenic Cultures

We have surveyed the molecular and functional properties of B-Ly1 cells, spontaneously occurring Ly-1+ cell tissue cultures lines established from murine spleen. Several features are surprising when compared to the conventional understanding of B cell physiology: In contrast to the major B cell subpopulation, these cells establish stable in vitro lines in the absence of nominal growth factors. This outgrowth is consistently accompanied by c-myc amplification and deregulation, and resistance to the effects of an autoregulatory IgM species which normally curtails the growth of B cells. These properties may be relevant to the disproportionate occurrence of Ly-1+ B cell malignancies in vivo. B-Ly1 cell lines consistently delete immunoglobulin constant region genes, and uniformly express lambda light chains, a rare murine isotype. These features may be causally related, and may reflect a novel recombinational activity (see this volume). Immunoglobulin expression can be modulated by conventional stimuli. However, the response is transient, and includes production of mature heavy chain isotypes ("class switching") without apparent switch deletion. Moreover, unstimulated B-Ly1 cells show transcriptional activity throughout the heavy chain locus, and a novel hypermutation activity affecting the immunoglobulin variable region. The mechanisms underlying this surprising pattern of immunoglobulin expression are unknown. However, one wonders whether this expression pattern, if common to Ly-1+ B cell in vivo, might provide modes to escape idiotypic or isotypic immunoregulation. If so, this may be relevant to the prevalence of autoantibody production by this subpopulation. Thus, we are hopeful that some of these unique properties, if confirmed in the Ly-1+ B cells in vivo, will provide more definitive markers for this subpopulation, and disclose mechanisms accounting for their distinctive physiology and pathophysiology.
Bone mineral content, serum vitamin D metabolite concentrations, and ultraviolet B light exposure in infants fed human milk with and without vitamin D2 supplements

Abstract Objective To monitor ultraviolet B light exposure in human milk-fed infants both with an without supplemental vitamin D 2 , and to measure longitudinally the bone mineral content, growth, and serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D 2 , 25-hydroxyvitamin D 2 , 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and parathyrold hormone. Design Longitudinal, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 6 months' duration. Setting Patients from private pediatric practice, Madison, Wisconsin. Patients Sequential sampling of 46 human milk-fed white infants; 24 recelved 400 IU/day of vitamin D 2 , and 22 recelved placebo. An additional 12 patients were followed who received standard infant formula. Eighty-three percent of patients completed a full 6 months of the study. Measurements and results Ultraviolet B light exposure and measurements growth did not differ between groups. At 6 months, the human milk groups did not differ significantly in bone mineral content or serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, although total 25-hydroxyvitamin D values were significantly less in the unsupplemented human milk group (23.53±9.94 vs 36.96±11.86 ng/ml; p 3 serum concentrations were significantly higher in the unsupplemented human milk-fed group compared with the supplemented group (21.77±9.73 vs 11.74±10.27 ng/ml, p Conclusion Unsupplemented, human milk-fed infants had no evidence of vitamin D deficiency during the first 6 months life.
Evidence for a ninth influenza viral polypeptide

Abstract An ∼11,000 molecular weight (mol. wt.) polypeptide (designated 4) has been found in cells of various types infected with the WSN strain of influenza virus and, in small amount, in purified virions. Peptides mapping and immunoprecipitation studies have shown that this polypeptide is distinct from the eight defined influenza virus gene products. A polypeptide of similar peptide composition has been synthesized in vitro in systems programmed with viral mRNA isolated from infected cells and could be precipitated with antiserum against infected cells. Polypeptide 4 was not synthesized in infected cells treated with the amino acid analog p -fluorophenylalanine to restrict viral protein synthesis to that directed by primary mRNA transcripts, nor in an in vitro system programmed with mRNA from infected cells which were treated with cycloheximide to limit viral RNA synthesis to primary transcripts. Thus the available evidence suggests that the synthesis of polypeptide 4 requires “early” protein synthesis. In infected cells, small polypeptides related to the nonstructural polypeptide NS have also been found. A hypothetical scheme for the synthesis of the mRNA for polypeptide 4 is discussed.
Biopsychosocial Assessment and Treatment of Sexual Problems in Older Age

Treating the sexual problems of older adults begins with education of the healthcare practitioner (HCP) and sex therapist. For older adults, emphasis on what does not work sexually must be balanced with a curiosity about “what does”—the resiliencies and capabilities of the individual and couple in a broader context than that based solely on “sexual performance.” This article summarizes assessment and therapeutic interventions emphasizing pleasure and satisfaction as well as functionality within a biopsychosocial framework. Using an algorithm designed specifically for older adults with sexual concerns, several sexual problems accompanying chronic illness will be highlighted. Areas for further research are discussed.
The Role of Arthroplasty in Combined Hind Foot and Ankle Arthritis

Novel surgical techniques and design improvements of total ankle arthroplasty implants have expanded the indications of motion-sparing procedures over arthrodesis in the treatment of arthritic conditions of the ankle and hind foot. The purpose of this article is to review the challenging clinical scenario of combined ankle and subtalar arthritis. The pathogenesis and biomechanics of combined ankle and subtalar arthritis, the approach to management, and available treatment options are presented with an emphasis on the role of arthroplasty.
An asymptotic analysis of two-phase fluid mixing

We study the motion of the slightly compressible multi-phase flow model proposed by Chen, Glimm, Sharp and Zhang. The interface velocity and constitutive law are analyzed by derivation of the exact quantity. Using singular perturbation theory, a formal asymptotic expansion is derived for the solution of the compressible equations. An asymptotic analysis in the incompressible limit, for slightly compressible flows supplies important new information to resolve nonuniqueness of the pressure difference between the two fluid species of the incompressible flow equations.
Phase Averaged Velocity Fields for Bluff Bodies Using a PIV System

Two phase-averaging methods are presented for the investigation of periodic flows. First, an implementation of an angular triggering technique, the Predictive Angular Triggering Technique (PATT), uses the flow frequency and phase information to predict a future trigger point to record for PIV images. Second, the Tracking Triggering Technique (TTT) uses the detection of the PIV laser signal’s pulse occurrence, then tags each PIV image with the angular position at its measurement time, allowing grouping into angular slots or bins. These two methods have been applied first on a spinning plate where the physical location of the plate could be measured. Results proved that the phase averaging system worked effectively. Later a circular cylinder at Re 105000 is used to observe the wake vortex structure. Here, the phase information was derived from flow measurements, specifically a hot wire in the wake. Evolution of the classical vortex street for the cylinder was successfully observed.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Delayed X-ray emission in the Lyman and Lyman-like series of one- and two-electron oxygen

Delayed x-ray emission has been observed in highly ionized oxygen for both the $1s\ensuremath{-}np$ H-like (Lyman) and the $1{s}^{2}\ensuremath{-}1\mathrm{snp}$ ($^{1}S\ensuremath{-}^{1}P$) He-like sequence. Within less than 0.5 nsec after formation, the shapes of the decay curves for all the measured transitions were found to be similar, each following a power-law time dependence. This nonexponential shape for the decay curves is attributed to cascade effects from states near the ionization limit.
Impact of phase-feeding on the growth performance of broilers subjected to high environmental temperatures

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of phase feeding (PF) on broilers subjected to heat stress during the grower and finisher periods. Birds were fed diets containing lysine, sulfur amino acid (SAA), or threonine levels based on NRC (1994) recommendations or predictions from linear regression equations (PF). With PF, diets were switched every other day, resulting in steadily decreasing lysine, SAA, and threonine levels. In Experiment 1 (42 to 56 d), growth performance was unaffected (P > 0.05) by diet, and cost per kilogram of weight gain did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. In Experiments 2 (23 to 42 d) and 3 (42 to 63 d) birds were housed in environmental chambers and subjected to high (15 h at 35 C, 9 h at 23.9 C) or normal (23.9 C) temperatures. In both experiments, heat stress reduced (P 0.05) by PF relative to birds fed NRC-based diets, with the exception of feed efficiency, which was reduced (P < 0.05) by PF under normal temperatures in Experiment 2. Data indicated that dietary lysine, SAA, and threonine levels may be reduced every other day under a PF program without adversely affecting growth performance or carcass yield of birds exposed to high environmental temperatures. Cost analysis indicated that savings might be available with PF under high temperature conditions.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Tertiary Amine Polymer Series from Surface-Grafted Poly(tert-butyl acrylate) via Diamine Reactions

A sequence of reaction steps was used to graft poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) to silicon (Si) wafers and to modify the pendant groups of the tethered PtBA to create chemically tailored surface modifying layers. The Si wafers were first prepared for grafting by the deposition of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of N-aminopropyldimethylethoxysilane. The terminal primary amine groups on the SAM provided sites for reaction with carboxy-terminated PtBA. The choice of PtBA as the tethered polymer was due to the ability to substitute the tert-butyl ester groups with other functionalities. In this study, the tert-butyl esters were replaced with various diamines to create a series of polymers with tertiary amine pendant groups. The reactions and surface properties were monitored with external reflectance (ER) and transmission FTIR spectroscopies, ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and static water contact angle goniometry. Hydrolysis and novel diamine conversion reactions were successfully per...
Strongly Consistent Estimation for Hazard Rate Models With A Change Point

A geometric method for estimating the parameters for a hazard model with a change point by using a TTT-transform and TTT-plot is proposed. Strongly consistent estimators are obtained which are easy to compute and are not subject to any constraints.
Confidence Intervals with Jointly Type-II Censored Samples from Two Exponential Distributions

Abstract Strong consistency and asymptotic normality of the maximum likelihood estimators are established in the context of jointly type-II censored samples from two exponential populations. Large-sample confidence intervals are derived for the individual scale parameters as well as their ratio, and some applications to series and parallel systems are discussed. For the ratio of the scale parameters, an exact confidence procedure is developed on the basis of the failure counts in the two samples, and its asymptotic efficiency is investigated.
RAPSODI Adversarial Reasoner

We report progress on an adversarial reasoning system, RAPSODI (rapid adversarial planning with strategic opponent-driven intelligence). RAPSODI consists of two modules, GameMaster and a fast single agent planner. GameMaster refines and expands plans for two or more adversaries by making calls to a planning service provided by the fast single agent local search planner. RAPSODI employs an iterative plan critic process that results in a contingency plan for each agent, based on our best model of their capabilities, assets, and intents. The process iterates as many times as the user wants as long as conflicts can be found. With each iteration agents get "smarter" in the sense that their plans are expanded to handle more possible conflicts with other agents. The approach is fast, practical and tractable. We describe our problem format, a variant of PDDL, and discuss the advantages of our iterative-refinement plan-critic strategy for decision support.
Overexpression of the Anti-apoptotic Oncogene, bcl-2, in the Thymus Does Not Prevent Thymic Atrophy Induced by Estradiol or 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin

Abstract Dexamethasone (Dex), estradiol (E2), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) all affect the immune system, causing immunosuppression and thymic atrophy. It is still uncertain how and where these compounds act to induce thymic atrophy. However, it has been suggested that these compounds may have similar actions and targets, i.e., apoptosis of immature thymocytes for Dex and TCDD and preferential targeting of double-positive cells by Dex and E2. Thelckpr-bcl-2 transgenic mouse has been shown to be protected against Dex-induced thymic atrophy. We used this murine model to determine if bcl-2 expression would also protect against E2- and TCDD-induced thymic atrophy. Our results indicate that, although the bcl-2 transgenic (TG+) mice were fully protected from atrophy induced by a single dose of Dex, atrophy was still induced in these mice following treatment with E2 or TCDD. Phenotypic analysis of thymocytes from TG− and TG+ mice also showed distinct consequences of atrophy induced by Dex, E2, and TCDD. Finally, since there are alternative pathways for apoptosis that are bcl-2 independent, both TG− and TG+ thymocytes were examined directly for indications of apoptosis using the TUNEL assay. After TCDD and E2 treatment there were no detectable signs of apoptosis in either TG− or TG+ mice even at early time points and at elevated dose levels. These results indicate that there are distinct mechanisms for the actions of Dex, E2, and TCDD in the thymus and that apoptosis is not a key mechanism of E2- and TCDD-induced thymic atrophy.
Processing of DNA for Nonhomologous End-joining Is Controlled by Kinase Activity and XRCC4/Ligase IV

Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) repairs DNA double-strand breaks created by ionizing radiation and V(D)J recombination. To repair the broken ends, NHEJ processes noncompatible ends into a ligatable form but suppresses processing of compatible ends. It is not known how NHEJ controls polymerase and nuclease activities to act exclusively on noncompatible ends. Here, we analyzed processing independently of ligation by using a two-stage assay with extracts that recapitulated the properties of NHEJ in vivo. Processing of noncompatible ends required wortmannin-sensitive kinase activity. Since DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) brings the ends together before undergoing activation of its kinase, this suggests that processing occurred after synapsis of the ends. Surprisingly, all polymerase and most nuclease activity required XRCC4/Ligase IV. This suggests a mechanism for how NHEJ suppresses processing to optimize the preservation of DNA sequence.
Family Health Care Delivery for the 21st Century

Families are where individuals learn lifelong health attitudes and health behaviors. Factors are discussed that will shape the delivery of family health care into the 21 st century. Data on issues and trends from the past decade concerning demographic, economic, epidemiologic, and primary health care generate conclusions about family health care needs. Implications for family health care delivery, health policy, and research are discussed.