cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solutions of several 3 He-A textures bearing surface singularities

Exact solutions are found of three textures for superfluid helium-3 in the A phase: two cylindrically symmetric textures in half-spaces each bearing a point singularity on the surface (which are categorized as the circular and hyperbolic boojum textures by Mermin), and a vortex sheet texture in a slab geometry, which is singular on two straight lines, one on each wall. The dipole interaction between the spin axis % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqaqpepeea0xe9qqVa0l% b9peea0lb9sq-JfrVkFHe9peea0dXdarVe0Fb9pgea0xa9pue9Fve9% Ffc8meGabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaieqaceWFKbGbaK% aaaaa!387B!\[{\hat d}\] and the orbital axis I is taken into account to leading order by letting % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqaqpepeea0xe9qqVa0l% b9peea0lb9sq-JfrVkFHe9peea0dXdarVe0Fb9pgea0xa9pue9Fve9% Ffc8meGabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaieqaceWFKbGbaK% aaaaa!387B!\[{\hat d}\] = I, assuming temperature T is near the transition temperature T c, and the container size is ≫10\s-3 cm (the dipole characteristic length). Guided by these exact solutions, we then construct an approximate solution for a coreless vortex texture, which was first introduced by Anderson and Toulouse and later modified by Mermin in order for it to fit between two parallel surfaces. It was proposed by Anderson and Toulouse that such coreless vortex textures should replace usual vortex lines in mediating the decay of superfluidity and in transferring angular momentum from the container wall to the superfluid 3He-A. This is found to be true here only if D158.0(ξR)1/2, where D is the thickness of the slab geometry assumed R is the lateral size of this geometry, and ξ is the core size of a usual vortex line in 3He-A. This analysis is good for R ≫ D, but it should remain semiquantitatively valid down to R ~(2—3)D.
Changes of photically‐evoked potentials in lateral geniculate body during retrograde degeneration

Potentials evoked both by light flash and by electrical shocks to the optic chiasma and optic tract were recorded from the lateral geniculate body during retrograde degeneration. Six rabbits and six cats were studied for up to 22 weeks following ablation of primary visual cortex. Results indicate that amplitude changes over time show the same general trends for both species, although specific differences were noted. Interpretation of the electrophysiological data is made with regard to the histological findings reported in the preceding study.
SOLID-STATE MEASUREMENT AND DEFINITION OF REVOLVING-CAGE ACTIVITY

Two solid-state systems are described for measuring revolving-cage activity, and the operational meanings of the measurements are compared.
Modified macronutrient diets and weight loss--are food choice and variety more important than caloric restriction?

Limitation of caloric intake is often used to promote weight loss in overweight or obese individuals; however, this strategy can fail because of the associated increase in appetite and decrease in total daily energy expenditure. In this Viewpoint, an alternative approach to caloric restriction is discussed—the modified macronutrient diet.
Monolithic 2-axis in-plane PZT lateral bimorph energy harvester with differential output

We report a 2-axis (X-Y) piezoelectric energy harvester, whose sensitive axis in-plane is rotationally invariant, a result achieved by spiral in-place bimorph, which can be modeled as a cascade of lateral bimorphs. This is different than conventional piezoelectric energy harvesters that are sensitive only along one axis or can realize multi-axis sensitivity through package level assembly of multiple devices at different orientations. Rotational invariance of the sensitive axis is useful when deployed in applications where the device orientation with respect to the vibration is stochastic in nature. At 1-g applied acceleration, our device generates maximum differential voltages of ∼ ±6.8Vpp across a 1MΩ load, at a resonance frequency of ∼163.5Hz. The harvester has a Q-factor of 129.5 and electromechanical coupling coefficient of k t 2 ∼3% for the fundamental lateral mode and a peak normalized output power density of ∼0.89µWatt/mm3g−2.
Magnetic resonance imaging and clinical findings before and after tendon transfers about the shoulder in children with residual brachial plexus birth palsy

The purpose of this study was to assess the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical outcome after tendon transfers about the shoulder in children with residual brachial plexus birth palsy. Twenty-three children with an average age at surgery of 5.3 ± 1.7 years underwent transfer of the latissimus dorsi and teres major to the posterior rotator cuff with or without concomitant musculotendinous lengthenings. Preoperative MRI revealed glenoid retroversion measuring −25.3 ± 14.3° and only 29.5 ± 15.5% percent of humeral head anterior to the middle of the glenoid. Clinical evaluation showed significant improvements in external rotation and abduction. Postoperative MRI 1 year after surgery revealed no change in glenoid retroversion (−24.5 ± 14.2) or percent of humeral head anterior to the middle of the glenoid (28.4 ± 14.9%). These results demonstrate that tendon transfers improve overall shoulder motion but do not reduce humeral head subluxation or enhance glenohumeral joint realignment.
Pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and mestranol.

Abstract Pharmacokinetally, a 50 µg oral dose of mestranol (which itself is inactive) is bioequivalent to a 35 µg dose of ethinyl estradiol. Physiologically, mestranol ranges from 50% to 100% of the activity of ethinyl estradiol, depending on the endpoint chosen. Compounds such as these, which are metabolized with a first-pass effect and are enterohepatically recirculated, demonstrate large interindividual and intraindividual variability in their pharmacokinetics. Thus a given dose of ethinyl estradiol in one person may produce an effect equivalent to a substantially larger (or smaller) dose in another person. This wide variability confounds efforts to establish tight dose-response relationships, a point rarely considered in clinical or epidemiologic studies of these compounds. The circulating levels of ethinyl estradiol sulfates may be higher than those of free ethinyl estradiol itself. It has been thought that these sulfates represent a “reservoir” of ethinyl estradiol. Our studies show that this idea is untenable because the half-life of the sulfates is not long enough for such an effect. Differences in the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and mestranol have been observed in studies of various populations. The reality of these group differences is affirmed by analyses of urinary metabolite patterns.
Economic impacts on irrigated agriculture of water conservation programs in drought

Summary The need to adapt irrigation patterns to water shortages in the world’s dry regions continues to inspire economically attractive measures to sustain food security and improve farm incomes. Ongoing evidence of climate variability and growing populations amplify the importance of this search. Motivated by recent severe drought in the southwestern United States, this study analyzes vulnerability, impacts, and adaptability by irrigation technology in a sub-basin of North America’s Rio Grande. The study accounts for economic incentives affecting choices on irrigation technology, crop mix, and water source in the face of water conservation subsidies under various levels of surface water shortage. Findings show that when surface water supplies are reduced, farmers shift to aquifer pumping even when pumping raises the cost of production or reduces yield. An important on-farm drought adaptation mechanism comes by converting from surface irrigation to water conserving irrigation technologies when faced with lower financial costs for conversion. Public subsidies to convert from flood to drip irrigation offset many of the negative impacts of drought on farm income. These subsidies also raise the value of food production, reduce the amount of water applied to crops, but can increase crop water depletions. Our approach for analyzing drought adaptation impacts and adjustment mechanisms can be applied where water shortages loom, food security is important, and water conservation policies are under debate. Results provide insights for the design of adaptation mechanisms for the world’s dry regions for which policymakers need to reduce economic damages from future climate variability and change.
The relationship between auditory exostoses and cold water: a latitudinal analysis.

The frequency of auditory exostoses was examined by latitude. It was found that discrete bony lesions of the external auditory canal were, with very few exceptions, either absent or in very low frequency (< 3.0%) in 0–30°N. and S latitudes and above 45°N. The highest frequencies of auditory exostoses were found in the middle latitudes (30–45°N and S) among populations who expoit either marine or fresh water resources. Clinical and experimental data are discussed, and these data are found to support strongly the hypothesis that there is a causative relationship between the formation of auditory exostoses and exploitation of resources in cold water, particularly through diving. It is therefore suggested that since auditory exostoses are behavioral rather than genetic in etiology, they should not be included in estimates of population distance based on nonmetric variables.
Summary of Conference

One of the reasons for this Conference on Financial Fragility is Hy Minsky’s continued attention over 40 years to the economic instability hypothesis: that the financial system in a market economy is inherently unstable. Hy more than any other economist in the last several generations has stressed the dependence of the real economy on the stability of somewhat fragile financial institutions.
Temperature dependence of foreign gas broadening of HCl fundamental lines

Abstract A long-pathlength variable temperature cell has been used to study three hydrogen chloride 0–1 vibration-rotational lines, P(7), P(8), and P(9) which were broadened by He, Ar, N2, O2, and CO at room temperature and by Ar at low temperatures down to 190 K. The method employed to extract the linewidths is the equivalent width method. The temperature dependence of the resulting cross sections for the HClAr broadened lines is similar to that recently found for other argon broadened HCl infrared and microwave lines. The results reported here (for high J lines) complement the other results (for low J lines) and together seem to constitute enough new data for further theoretical attempts at describing the process of collisional broadening in general, and the broadening of HCl by argon in particular.
Histochemical and ultrastructural effects of enovid E on the endometrium of the baboon.

Endometrium from a group of baboons treated with the oral contraceptive, Enovid E, was studied histologically, histochemically and ultrastructurally, and compared to endometrium from normally cycling animals. All endometria were obtained by transcervical uterine biopsy between 10 and 14 days of the treatment cycle or the normal menstrual cycle. Histologically, no discernible differences between the control and experimental endometria were apparent. While observable differences were not evident between the endometrial alkaline phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase activities of control and experimental animals, there was an increased acid phosphatase activity in the Enovid E-treated baboon endometrium. Ultra-structurally, the glandular cells of treated animals appeared to be more physiologically advanced than did those from the control endometria. These advances were evident from the prominent Golgi complex, increased development of the endoplasmic reticulum and increases in the size, number and complexity of mitochondria. The functional correlates of these morphological and histochemical observations are discussed and compared to human endometrial studies.
Hippocampal-dependent antidepressant-like activity of histone deacetylase inhibition

Chronic social defeat stress in mice significantly decreases subsequent social interactions and induces other depression-like behaviors. Here we measured and manipulated levels of acetylated histone H3 (acH3), a chromatin mark of transcriptional activation, in the hippocampus and amygdala after ten continuous days of social defeat stress in male C57/Bl6J mice. This form of social stress causes a transient increase, followed by a persistent decrease, in the levels of acH3 in hippocampus. By comparison, increased acH3 in amygdala was more robust but also highly transient. The persistent decrease in acH3 in hippocampus may be pathological, since it is reversed by chronic fluoxetine administration. Consistent with this hypothesis, infusion of a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor MS-275 (100 μM) into hippocampus reverses a defeat-induced deficit in sucrose preference, although it does not restore social interaction behavior. Next, different forms of social enrichment were examined with or without hippocampal infusion of MS-275. After social stress, simple pair-housing with another male C57, or female C57, mouse does not reverse social avoidance. However, when HDAC inhibitors are infused into hippocampus during social housing with another male, social avoidance is attenuated. Interestingly, social avoidance is reversed when MS-275 is infused directly into amygdala. Together, these findings further support the antidepressant potential of HDAC inhibitors, and indicate that temporally overlapping environmental and molecular events are required to optimally reverse specific stress-induced behavioral symptoms.
In vivo glutamate measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy: behavioral correlates in aging.

Altered availability of the brain biochemical glutamate might contribute to the neural mechanisms underlying age-related changes in cognitive and motor functions. To investigate the contribution of regional glutamate levels to behavior in the aging brain, we used an in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy protocol optimized for glutamate detection in 3 brain regions targeted by cortical glutamatergic efferents-striatum, cerebellum, and pons. Data from 61 healthy men and women ranging in age from 20 to 86 years were used. Older age was associated with lower glutamate levels in the striatum, but not cerebellum or pons. Older age was also predictive of poorer performance on tests of visuomotor skills and balance. Low striatal glutamate levels were associated with high systolic blood pressure and worse performance on a complex visuomotor task, the Grooved Pegboard. These findings suggest that low brain glutamate levels are related to high blood pressure and that changes in brain glutamate levels might mediate the behavioral changes noted in normal aging.
Front-line chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide for patients with brain metastases from breast carcinoma, nonsmall cell lung carcinoma, or malignant melanoma: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND. The conventional treatment of brain metastases not amenable to surgery is most often radiotherapy. Until now, pharmacologic issues related to the blood brain barrier (BBB) prevented a wide evaluation of chemotherapy. The authors previously reported that the combination of cisplatin (P) and etoposide (E) had strikingly high activity in patients with brain metastases from breast carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to assess, in a larger prospective study, the front-line activity of that combination against brain metastases from breast carcinoma (BC), nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), and malignant melanoma (MM) in patients previously untreated with radiotherapy. METHODS. From December 1986 to July 1993, 116 patients received P 100 mg/m 2 on Day 1 and E 100 mg/m 2 on Days 1, 3, and 5 or on Days 4, 6, and 8 every 3 weeks. An insignificant change in the E schedule using the same dose on a random basis assured the prospective enrollment and the registration of all cases. Six patients were not eligible and three patients were excluded from the analysis because they were lost to follow-up shortly after the date of registration. One-hundred seven patients were considered for analysis. The distribution according to the primary tumor site was BC in 56 patients (52%), NSCLC in 43 (40%), and MM in 8 (8%). The first evaluation of response was performed after two cycles. In cases of no disease progression, chemotherapy was continued to a maximum of six cycles. RESULTS. Among the 56 patients with BC, 7 achieved complete response (CR) (13%), 14 achieved partial response (PR), 12 had no change (NC), 15 had progressive disease (PD), and 8 had insufficient treatment or response was not assessed. The CR plus rate was 38%. Among the 43 patients with NSCLC, 3 achieved CR (7%), 10 achieved PR, 15 had SD, 7 had PD, and 8 had insufficient treatment or response was not assessed. The CR plus PR rate was 30%. None of the eight patients with MM achieved an objective response. The median survival was 31 weeks for patients with BC (range, 0-287), 32 for patients with NSCLC (0-392+), and 17 for patients with MM (2-48). CONCLUSIONS. The combination of P and E is effective for patients with brain metastases from BC and NSCLC. In this study, the response rate was of the same order as that reported for disseminated disease without central nervous system involvement. The survival figures compare favorably with some others reported in the literature for patients given radiotherapy. A randomized study is warranted to compare this chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy with radiotherapy alone for patients with brain metastases from BC or NSCLC not amenable to surgery or radiosurgery.
A role of internal viscosity in the intrinsic hydrodynamic and rheooptical properties of polymer solutions

Exact treatment of intrinsic viscosity and streaming birefringence is possible for the limiting case of zero gradient where the coil dimensions are not yet perturbed by the flow. Experimental data on streaming birefringence in solvents of low viscosity suggested an internal viscosity characteristic for the polymer and independent of the viscosity of the solvent. More recent data on frequency dependence of viscosity in very viscous solvents unequivocally demand an internal viscosity proportional to the viscosity of the solvent. By reconsiderations of the possible origins of internal viscosity one indeed finds two contributions one prevailing at low and the other one at high solvent viscosity in good agreement with experimental data. The former is the original Kuhn-Cerf term based on energy barriers opposing rapid conformational changes. The latter is caused by the coupling of lateral and longitudinal displacement of chain elements as a consequence of conformational limitations by valency angles and bond orientation (g,g′,t).
Transfers to Simsia and description of Davilanthus , a new genus of Asteraceae (Heliantheae)

Taxonomic changes are made to reflect a reassessment of morphology based on the results of molecular phylogenetic studies. A new genus, Davilanthus, is described to include six species that collectively form the sister group to Simsia, and includes the following species transferred from Viguiera: Davilanthus davilae, Davilanthus hidalgoanus, Davilanthus hypargyreus, Davilanthus huajuapanus, Davilanthus purpusii, and Davilanthus sericeus. Three species formerly placed in Viguiera ser. Grammatoglossae are transferred to Simsia: Simsia benziorum, Simsia ovata, and Simsia rhombifolia.
The popular success literature and “a brave new Darwinian workplace”

This article illustrates how the popular success literature operates as a colonizing force that furthers corporations’ capacity to affect the conditions for the expression of personal identity. The discourse's power stems from its intersection with the broader social codes of consumer culture and through its appropriation of “entrepreneurial” views of subjectivity. It promises individuals, who are accustomed to consuming commodity‐signs as a means of engineering their identities, success through the literature's consumption. It admonishes them to adopt an identity based in “aestheticized masculinity” and strategic subordination. Finally, it urges individuals to sublate themselves to the formal corporate sign systems used to articulate corporate identities and/or cultures.
Cytokinins in Pisum Transfer Ribonucleic Acid

Five cytokinin-active ribonucleosides have been isolated from the transfer RNA of 7-day-old green pea shoots (Pisum sativum L. var. Alaska). Ultraviolet spectroscopy and mass spectrometry have been used to identify 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)-9-β-d-ribofuranosylpurine, 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenylamino)-2-methylthio-9-β- d-ribofuranosylpurine, and 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenylamino)-9-β-d-ribofuranosylpurine. The latter was separated into the cis- and trans-isomers by thin layer chromatography. The fifth cytokinin is indicated to be 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)-2-methylthio-9-β-d -ribofuranosylpurine on the basis of its chromatographic properties.
High-resolution multi-channel wavelength monitoring using a single detector

This paper proposes a power-differential method for high-resolution wavelength monitoring of multiple channels using a single detector. Adjacent AWG bands are modulated with different phase settings and signals are obtained in the FFT domain. A wavelength resolution of 5 pm has been experimentally demonstrated.
Monoamine oxidase activities in human brain microvessels.

Microvessels can be easily isolated from human brain samples obtained at autopsy. Human frontal cortex MAO type A and B activities are similar in microvessel and microvessel-free preparations. In microvessels, enzyme activities and the ratio of MAO type A to type B vary among the areas studied and could selectively regulate the passage of certain amines through the blood vessel wall.
The influence of image on destination attractiveness.

ABSTRACT This study examined the effects of cognitive and affective images on destination attractiveness. While several destination image studies have included cognitive and affective measures, further research is needed to identify the relative effects of these domains on destination attractiveness. In the context of ski destinations, both affective image (fun and comfortable atmosphere) and cognitive image (quality of skiing) were significantly related to destination attractiveness. This study also examined the moderating role of experience on the relative effects of affective and cognitive images. Consistent with theoretical expectations, the affective “fun and comfortable atmosphere” measure had a stronger effect on resort attractiveness for recreational and sport skiers. However, for expert skiers, the cognitive “quality of skiing” image had a greater effect. The marketing implications of these findings are discussed.
On semidefinite programming relaxations for graph coloring and vertex cover

We investigate the power of a strengthened SDP relaxation for graph coloring whose value is equal to a variant of the Lovasz ϑ-function. We show families of graphs where the value of the relaxation is 2 + e for any fixed e > 0, yet the chromatic number is nΔ for some fixed Δ > 0, which is a function of e. This demonstrates the bound provided by the SDP is not strong enough to color a 3-colorable graph with no(1) colors.Kleinberg and Goemans considered an SDP relaxation for vertex cover whose value is n - ϑ1/2 (ϑ1/2 being the variant of the ϑ-function introduced by Schrijver). They asked whether this is within a ratio of 2 - e of the optimal vertex cover for any e > 0. Our construction answers this question negatively.
Rapid diffusion of dipolar order enhances dynamic nuclear polarization

We have observed that the bulk proton dipolar reservoir is cooled to a spin temperature of $15.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$ in a dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiment, following microwave irradiation for $800\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$. This is significantly cooler than the $35\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK}$ spin temperature of the proton Zeeman reservoir following DNP. Equilibration of the two reservoirs results in a 50% increase in the NMR signal intensity, corresponding to a proton Zeeman spin temperature of $23\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK}$. In order to achieve this polarization directly, it was necessary to irradiate the sample with microwaves for $1500\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$. The experiment was performed on a $40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mM}$ solution of 4-amino-TEMPO in a 40:60 water/glycerol mixture. Cooling of the dipolar reservoir occurs during polarization transport through the magnetic field gradient around the paramagnetic impurity, and is rapidly communicated to the bulk by dipolar spin diffusion. As dipolar spin diffusion is significantly faster than Zeeman spin diffusion, the bulk dipolar reservoir cools faster than the Zeeman reservoir. This process can be exploited to rapidly polarize the nuclear spins, by repeatedly cooling the dipolar system and transferring the polarization to the Zeeman reservoir.
Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction does not necessarily impair insulin sensitivity in old horses.

Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) has been associated with reduced insulin sensitivity in comparison with younger adult horses; however, the difference in insulin sensitivity between horses with PPID and aged-matched controls has not been well characterized. The objective of the study was to determine if aged horses with PPID had reduced insulin sensitivity and alterations in the insulin-mediated signaling pathways in the skeletal muscle when compared with healthy aged horses. Isoglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp procedures were conducted in 12 horses that were classified as either PPID (n = 6; age: 25.0 ± 2.5 yr; mean ± standard deviation) or non-PPID, aged-matched controls (control) (n = 6; age: 25.7 ± 2.0 yr). Blood samples were taken before and during the clamp procedures to measure plasma glucose, insulin, and amino acid concentrations, and 2 muscle biopsies were collected from the gluteus medius muscle, one in the basal state and the second at the end of the clamp procedure (insulin-stimulated state). Plasma insulin concentrations increased ∼9-fold during the clamp compared with basal conditions (P < 0.001) in both groups. During the last 30 min of the clamp, the rate of glucose infusion required to maintain isoglycemia in horses with PPID was similar to that in the control horses (P = 0.67). The plasma concentrations of most indispensible amino acids were lower in the insulin-stimulated state than the basal state (P < 0.05). PPID status did not have an effect on the activation of factors associated with protein synthesis and breakdown; however, factors associated with protein synthesis had increased phosphorylation in the insulin-stimulated state, compared with basal. The results from this study provide evidence that PPID is not always associated with impairments in insulin sensitivity.
Functional dissection of Arabidopsis COP1 reveals specific roles of its three structural modules in light control of seedling development

Arabidopsis COP1 acts as a repressor of photomorphogenesis in darkness, and light stimuli abrogate the repressive ability and nuclear abundance of COP1. COP1 has three known structural modules: an N-terminal RING-finger, followed by a predicted coiled-coil and C-terminal WD-40 repeats. A systematic study was undertaken to dissect the functional roles of these three COP1 domains in light control of Arabidopsis seedling development. Our data suggest that COP1 acts primarily as a homodimer, and probably dimerizes through the coiled-coil domain. The RING-finger and the coiled-coil domains can function independently as light-responsive modules mediating the light-controlled nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of COP1. The C-terminal WD-40 domain functions as an autonomous repressor module since the overexpression of COP1 mutant proteins with intact WD-40 repeats are able to suppress photomorphogenic development. This WD-40 domain-mediated repression can be at least in part accounted for by COP1's direct interaction with and negative regulation of HY5, a bZIP transcription factor that positively regulates photomorphogenesis. However, COP1 self-association is a prerequisite for the observed interaction of the COP1 WD-40 repeats with HY5. This work thus provides a structural basis of COP1 as a molecular switch.
A computer program for distinctive feature analysis.

Abstract A computer program is described that will accomplish a distinctive feature analysis for speech misarticulations. The program, which is written in fortran , is interactive in nature and is straightforward in design. It greatly facilitates the use of distinctive feature analysis in articulation training, as it reduces the time necessary to complete such an analysis from several hours to approximately 15 min.
Current Concepts of the Role of Oxidized LDL Receptors in Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is characterized by accumulation of lipids and inflammatory cells in the arterial wall. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) plays important role in the genesis and progression of atheromatous plaque. Various scavenger receptors have been recognized in the past two decades that mediate uptake of ox-LDL leading to formation of foam cells. Inhibition of scavenger receptor A and CD36 has been shown to affect progression of atherosclerosis by decreasing foam cell formation. Lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) participates at various steps involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and in experimental studies its blockade has been shown to affect the progression of atherosclerosis at multiple levels. In this review, we summarize the role of ox-LDL and scavenger receptors in the formation of atheroma with emphasis on effects of LOX-1 blockade.
From Morpheme to Utterance

This paper presents a formalized procedure for describing utterances directly in terms of sequences of morphemes rather than of single morphemes.1 It thus covers an important part of what is usually included under syntax. When applied in a particular language, the procedure yields a compact statement of what sequences of morphemes occur in the language, i. e. a formula for each utterance (sentence) structure in the language.
Core Concepts: Neonatal Tidal Volume: Physiologic, Technologic, and Clinical Considerations

Neonatal tidal volume breathing is fundamental to gas exchange and ventilatory support after birth. In uniquely vulnerable preterm infants, excessive tidal volume, volutrauma, is a significant contributor to ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). This biotrauma triggers a cascade of proinflammatory responses associated with an increased occurrence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Understanding of physiologic determinants of tidal volume allow for optimal tidal volume delivery by using minimal pressures to achieve desired carbon dioxide exchange without air-trapping. Tidal volumes (Vt) can be measured continuously by monitoring airflow signals of assisted ventilation. Currently, pneumotachography is the most commonly utilized bedside technology. Ideal techniques to measure continuous, bi-directional airflow proximal to the endotracheal tube require accuracy over a range of airflow, negligible contribution to dead space and resistive load, reliability, minimal need for operator intervention or calibration, adaptability to a warmed and humidified environment, and validated performance for long-term use. For all infants receiving assisted ventilation, clinicians require accurate technologies to continuously measure Vt until respiratory stability is reached to minimize the risk of VILI.
Augmentation of Tooth and Jaw Regeneration in the Frog with a Digital Transplant

Augmentation of a regeneration site in the maxilla of the frog with a digital transplant resulted in an earlier bony union but did not affect the rate of regeneration of teeth which still ankylosed to a separately indueed bany base rather than to the transplanted digital bone.
Suicide Compared to Other Causes of Mortality in Physicians

Physicians frequently are early adopters of healthy behaviors based on their knowledge and economic resources. The mortality patterns of physicians in the United States, particularly suicide, have not been rigorously described for over a decade. Previous studies have shown lower all-cause mortality among physicians yet reported conflicting results about cause-specific mortality such as suicide. In this study, we compared all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a sample of physicians to the age-gender matched general U.S. population from 1948 through 1998. We also compared the mortality experience across medical specialities. The risk of all-cause mortality was 56% lower than expected in men, and 26% lower in women, compared to the general population. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were markedly lower for diseases strongly linked to smoking, e.g., cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and lung cancer. Suicide was the only cause of death where risk was greater than the general population. Overall, we found that physicians are at substantially lower risk of dying compared to the general population for all causes of death except suicide. The findings for suicide are strikingly different than other causes of death and should provide impetus for new research on the mental health of physicians.
C-H activation and metalation at electrode surfaces: 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-dihydroxybenzene on Pd(pc) and Pd(111) studied by TLE, HREELS and DFT.

Previous studies, based on thin-layer electrochemistry (TLE), in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and density functional theory (DFT) computations, on the chemical adsorption of hydroquinone from aqueous solutions onto atomically smooth Pd (and Pt) electrode surfaces indicated two modes of attachment that depended upon the solution concentration. At low activities, the diphenol was oxidatively chemisorbed as benzoquinone in a flat orientation, suggestive of a Pd(2,3,5,6-η-C_6H_4O_2) surface complex; at higher concentrations, vertical chemisorption was effected via two C–H bond activations (or metalations) at the 2 and 3 ring positions, evocative of an o-phenylene organopalladium compound. We have extended the work to 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-dihydroxybenzene on Pd(pc) and Pd(111) electrodes to probe the effect of two methyl substituents on only one side of the diphenol ring. Surface coverage and adsorbed-molecule cross section data from TLE and HREELS measurements revealed non-random concentration-dependent adsorbate orientations similar to the oxidative chemisorption of hydroquinone: flat at low concentrations and edgewise at elevated concentrations. The DFT results suggested that, for the flat structure, surface coordination is via the two double bonds of the quinone ring as in [Pd(2,3,5,6-η)-2,3-dimethyl-p-quinone]. For the edge-vertical orientation, a structure analogous to an o-phenylene compound is generated in which C–H bonds at the 5 and 6 ring positions are activated and then metalated. DFT-simulated HREELS spectra helped identify the observed peaks that distinguish the surface-coordinated quinone from the surface-metalated diphenol.
The propagation of surge voltages through high-speed turbo-alternators with single-conductor windings

After a brief review of previous work on the propagation of surge voltages through machine windings, the fundamental differential equations for the propagation of waves through a winding with two coil sides per stator slot are derived. These show that all component frequencies of an incoming wave below a certain critical frequency are propagated through the winding with velocities which are dependent on the frequency. For super-critical frequencies the winding behaves as a condenser whose capacitance diminishes with increasing frequency. Various modes of winding are discussed, together with their effects on the impulse-voltage distribution. Test results on a typical machine are described and the voltage distribution explained with the aid of the fundamental theoretical deductions. The surge impedance of a large 11-kV alternator is about 80 ohms. Evaluation of the inductance for one of the machines tested shows that the majority of the flux produced by the surge current surrounds both conductors in the slot and must therefore be carried by the iron. This is also borne out by the fact that the removal of the rotor decreases both the self and mutual inductances of the windings, owing to the increased reluctance of the flux path.
Porcine Sertoli Cell Proliferation after Androgen Receptor Inactivation

Sertoli cell proliferation in neonatal boars is potentially androgen dependent. Hence, the immediate objective was to evaluate effects of androgen receptor-mediated signaling on the first wave of Sertoli cell proliferation. The experimental design employed littermate pairs of boars with one member assigned to receive a daily oral dose of flutamide, an androgen receptor antagonist, beginning at 1 wk of age and the littermate the canola oil vehicle. Experiment 1 examined the response at 6.5 wk of age after completion of the first wave of Sertoli cell proliferation, and experiment 2 examined the response at 11 wk of age after initiation of the second wave of Sertoli cell proliferation. Experiment 3 was designed to evaluate initial responses at 2, 3, or 4 wk of age. Additional littermates from four of the litters evaluated at 2 wk of age were hemicastrated at 8 days of age. Testis weight increased approximately 50% in the flutamide-treated boars compared with vehicle-treated littermates (P = 0.01) by 6.5 wk of age. Approximately 80% more Sertoli cells/testis were present in flutamide-treated boars at 6.5 wk of age compared with their vehicle-treated littermates (P < 0.01). Animals that were hemicastrated at 8 days of age had more Sertoli cells/testis than their intact littermates at 2 wk of age (P < 0.01), but flutamide inhibited the hemicastration response. Androgen receptor antagonism during postnatal Sertoli cell proliferation increases Sertoli cell numbers, as does hemicastration, but receptor antagonism initially inhibits Sertoli cell proliferation induced by hemicastration.
On using surface-source downhole-receiver logging to determine seismic slownesses

We present a method to solve for slowness models from surface-source downhole-receiver seismic travel-times. The method estimates the slownesses in a single inversion of the travel-times from all receiver depths and accounts for refractions at layer boundaries. The number and location of layer interfaces in the model can be selected based on lithologic changes or linear trends in the travel-time data. The interfaces based on linear trends in the data can be picked manually or by an automated algorithm. We illustrate the method with example sites for which geologic descriptions of the subsurface materials and independent slowness measurements are available. At each site we present slowness models that result from different interpretations of the data. The examples were carefully selected to address the reliability of interface-selection and the ability of the inversion to identify thin layers, large slowness contrasts, and slowness gradients. Additionally, we compare the models in terms of ground-motion amplification. These plots illustrate the sensitivity of site amplifications to the uncertainties in the slowness model. We show that one-dimensional site amplifications are insensitive to thin layers in the slowness models; although slowness is variable over short ranges of depth, this variability has little affect on ground-motion amplification at frequencies up to 5 Hz.
Influence of ERβ selective agonism during the neonatal period on the sexual differentiation of the rat hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis.

Background It is well established that sexual differentiation of the rodent hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is principally orchestrated by estrogen during the perinatal period. Here we sought to better characterize the mechanistic role the beta form of the estrogen receptor (ERβ) plays in this process.
DRIED HOT CONCRETE VESSEL FOR NUCLEAR REACTORS: PROPOSAL OF A NEW DESIGN CONCEPT

Abstract The paper discusses special features of the concept of a dried hot prestressed concrete reactor vessel for pool-type liquid-metal cooled fast breeder reactors. In particular, the potentially advantageous feature of removing evaporable water from concrete when it is being kept hot is discussed along with its technological implications.
Performance enhancement of internal model based anti-windup control for input saturation via loop shaping

Proposed is a new approach for synthesizing an internal model control (IMC) anti-windup (AW) compensator for a stable plant subject to input saturation. Built on the conventional IMC AWscheme which preserves the stability robustness of the unconstrained system, the proposed linear AW compensator improves the performance of the constrained system. The analysis conducted through the loop decomposition of the AW system clearly reveals the impacts of the AW compensator on the closed loop stability and performance. Loop shaping techniques are executed to design the AW compensator. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated using a numerical example.
Hand Washing Practices Among Emergency Medical Services Providers

Introduction: Hand hygiene is an important component of infection control efforts. Our primary and secondary goals were to determine the reported rates of hand washing and stethoscope cleaning in emergency medical services (EMS) workers, respectively.Methods: We designed a survey about hand hygiene practices. The survey was distributed to various national EMS organizations through e-mail. Descriptive statistics were calculated for survey items (responses on a Likert scale) and subpopulations of survey respondents to identify relationships between variables. We used analysis of variance to test differences in means between the subgroups. Results: There were 1,494 responses. Overall, reported hand hygiene practices were poor among pre-hospital providers in all clinical situations. Women reported that they washed their hands more frequently than men overall, although the differences were unlikely to be clinically significant. Hygiene after invasive procedures was reported to be poor. The presence of available hand sanitizer in the ambulance did not improve reported hygiene rates but improved reported rates of cleaning the stethoscope (absolute difference 0.4, p=0.0003). Providers who brought their own sanitizer were more likely to clean their hands. Conclusion: Reported hand hygiene is poor amongst pre-hospital providers. There is a need for future intervention to improve reported performance in pre-hospital provider hand washing.
The BestFIT trial: A SMART approach to developing individualized weight loss treatments

Behavioral weight loss programs help people achieve clinically meaningful weight losses (8-10% of starting body weight). Despite data showing that only half of participants achieve this goal, a "one size fits all" approach is normative. This weight loss intervention science gap calls for adaptive interventions that provide the "right treatment at the right time for the right person." Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trials (SMART), use experimental design principles to answer questions for building adaptive interventions including whether, how, or when to alter treatment intensity, type, or delivery. This paper describes the rationale and design of the BestFIT study, a SMART designed to evaluate the optimal timing for intervening with sub-optimal responders to weight loss treatment and relative efficacy of two treatments that address self-regulation challenges which impede weight loss: 1) augmenting treatment with portion-controlled meals (PCM) which decrease the need for self-regulation; and 2) switching to acceptance-based behavior treatment (ABT) which boosts capacity for self-regulation. The primary aim is to evaluate the benefit of changing treatment with PCM versus ABT. The secondary aim is to evaluate the best time to intervene with sub-optimal responders. BestFIT results will lead to the empirically-supported construction of an adaptive intervention that will optimize weight loss outcomes and associated health benefits.
Use of Soil Lysimeters in Waste Water Reclamation Studies

Interest in waste water reclamation by surface spreading dictated need for study of mechanism of infiltration, phenomena which determine rates of water percolation, and interaction of porous media and degraded waters; soil lysimeters are found to be well suited to investigation of many important aspects of reclamation problem.
Full Anelastic Waveform Tomography Including Model Uncertainty

This article is concerned with the problem of seismic inversion in the presence of model uncertainty. In a recent article (Askan et al., 2007), we described an inverse adjoint anelastic wave propagation algorithm for determining the crustal velocity and attenuation properties of basins in earthquake-prone regions. We formu- lated the tomography problem as a constrained optimization problem where the constraints are the partial and the ordinary differential equations that govern the anelastic wave propagation from the source to the receivers. We employed a wave propagation model in which the intrinsic energy-dissipating nature of the soil medium was modeled by a set of standard linear solids. Assuming no information was initially available on the target shear-wave velocity distribution, we employed a homogeneous shear-wave velocity profile as the initial guess. In practice, some information is usu- ally available. The purpose of the present article is to modify our nonlinear inver- sion method to start from an initial velocity model, and include a priori information regarding the initial model parameters in the misfit (objective) function. To represent model uncertainties, given an initial velocity model, in addition to the data misfit term in our objective function, we include an L 2 -normed weighting term, which quantifies the model estimation errors, independently of the measured data. We use total varia- tion (TV) regularization to overcome ill posedness. We illustrate the methodology with pseudo-observed data from two-dimensional sedimentary models of the San Fernando Valley, using a source model with an antiplane slip function.
Improving Public Health Services through Space Technology and Spatial Information Systems

Every day there are natural and human caused disasters that impact public health and that have adverse impacts on the affected societies and their economic productivity. In addition, there are very subtle, evolutionary forces of global change with profound impacts on human health and well being. Satellites have long been used to illustrate and measure global and regional Earth system processes by observing circulation patterns in the atmosphere and hydrosphere; but, the direct impacts of these patterns on human health have only recently been thrust into “prime time” awareness of the scientific, economic, and policy arenas. Public health infrastructures and mechanisms that link less dramatic environmental events to public health outcomes are just beginning to emerge. Earth system science requirements needed to integrate environmental monitoring with health services rest on (a) verifying, validating, and benchmarking the medical value of spectral and spatial observations for health; and (b), developing decision-support tools that enhance and streamline disease surveillance and information dissemination. This paper describes an effort to link air quality to respiratory health, reviews initiatives that address how data and information can be accessed to improve health services and explain how these services can assist in developing the etiology of air quality factors in health.