cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of the Fraction Concept into a Hierarchy of Selected Subconcepts and the Testing of the Hierarchical Dependencies.

Many elementary school students have difficulty in developing a fraction concept and in learning to compute with fractional numbers (Latino, 1955; Hartung, 1958; Rappaport, 1962; Riese, 1964; Swenson, 1964; Anderson, 1969). The extensive work of Piaget suggests that concepts which in the past were considered to be simple are in reality extremely complex and develop slowly over a number of years (Lovell, 1966). The problem addressed in this report focuses on the complexity that is inherent in the fraction concept, and on the need for its analysis in order that all necessary defining characteristics that can be taught to elementary school students be identified. This focus is in agreement with Engelmann (1969), who lists concept analysis as the first step in developing teaching strategies for purposes of teaching concepts. The fraction concept was thus analyzed into a number of less complex related subconcepts. Based on Gagn6's (1965b) procedure for developing a hierarchy, selected subconcepts were arranged into a hypothesized hierarchy of dependent subconcepts. This hierarchy, entitled "A Hierarchy of Selected Subconcepts of the Fraction Concept (HSSFC)," is shown in Table 1; the behavior associated with each subconcept is described in Table 2. Each subconcept was depicted by a model that had as its unit one of the following: a geometric region (part-whole model), a set (part-group model), or a unit segment of a number line (a specific form of part-whole model). The rationale for each dependency in the HSSFC was based on (a) mathematical development, (b) sequence in elementary mathematics textbooks, and (c) the limited research that has been done on fraction concepts (Polkinghorne, 1935; Gunderson & Gunderson, 1957, 1959; Gunderson, 1958; Novillis, 1969).
IMAGING PERFORMANCE OF OFF-AXIS PLANAR DIFFRACTIVE LENSES

The imaging performance of off-axis planar diffractive lenses is described. In particular, the second-order monochromatic aberration terms are derived for object and image planes normal to the respective object-space and image-space base rays for arbitrary orientation of those base rays. It is shown that in general, images will suffer from linear astigmatism. If the system is plane symmetric, then for a given object-plane orientation and magnification there will exist a unique image-plane orientation for which the linear astigmatism disappears. With this constraint we show that the only remaining second-order aberrations are distortion terms and that the third-order aberrations are similar to the third-order aberrations for the axially symmetric case. I describe an off-axis lens that we have fabricated for use as a miniature microscope objective (3 × 0.31 NA) and evaluate its imaging characteristics to illustrate the theoretical predictions.
Effect of ferrate, a site-specific phosphate analog, on human deoxyhemoglobin.

Abstract Ferrate ion, a phosphate analog and a potent oxidizing agent, is known to inactivate a number of enzymes which interact with phosphoryl compounds. In contrast, enzymes which do not interact with phosphoryl compounds are not affected by comparable concentrations of ferrate. To further explore the specificity of ferrate as a reagent which is specific for phosphoryl binding sites, a study of its effect on human hemoglobin A was undertaken. In the deoxy form, this protein is known to interact with 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, its natural allosteric inhibitor of cooperative binding of oxygen, while as oxyhemoglobin it does not interact with the inhibitor. Treatment with ferrate ion caused the loss of approximately three amino acid residues per β chain of human deoxyhemoglobin, His-2, His-143, and Tyr-145, and one residue, presumably Tyr-42, per α chain. Oxyhemoglobin was not affected by the reagent. 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate was found to protect deoxyhemoglobin from the action of ferrate. His-2 and His-143 are among the residues reported to be implicated in the binding of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate by deoxyhemoglobin [A. Arnone (1972) Nature (London) 237 , 146–148] .
The total hazard construction, antithetic variates and simulation of stochastic systems

This paper combines recent developments in generation of dependent random variables with the use of common and antithetic random numbers. This combination yields new efficient methods for estimating complicated stochastic quantities by simulation. Some theoretical and practical aspects of antithetic and common random numbers for variance reduction while using the total hazard construction are given. Their optimality in estimating the expected value of the response sum or the response difference of functions of vector arguments with dependent components is proved. Some numerical examples illustrate the theoretical results.
Sex-Role Orientation, Achievement Motivation, and Causal Attributions of College Females.

Female undergraduates were asked to state causal attributions for success or failure outcomes. Students worked in pairs so that one half of them cooperated with either a male or a female partner, while the other half competed with a male or female opponent. All female subjects were pretested on achievement motivation and sex-role orientation. Women who espoused the traditional feminine role were more self-derogating in causal attribution than nontraditional women. Achievement-oriented women, like their male counterparts, were more self-enhancing following failure. However, following competitive success against male opponents, women who scored high in achievement motivation were less self-enhancing than those who scored low.
Effects of past and upcoming response-force requirements on fixed-ratio pausing

Four rats obtained food by pressing a lever 30 times in each component of a two-component multiple schedule. Across conditions, the force required to press the lever was increased in one component and held constant in the other. Pausing at the outset of each component was controlled by both the past and upcoming force requirements: Pauses were longer when the upcoming requirement was high and this effect was intensified when the past requirement was low. In concert with previous research, the results support the general proposition that behavior is disrupted by abrupt, discriminable transitions from favorable to unfavorable schedule conditions, across a range of subjects and operational definitions of favorability.
AN IMPROVED PENG-ROBINSON EQUATION OF STATE WITH A NEW TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT ATTRACTIVE TERM

An improved form of the Peng-Robinson cubic equation of state has been proposed. The temperature dependence of the attractive term has been modified so as to accurately represent vapor pressures of several fluids with large acentric factors from triple point to close to the critical point. The prediction of saturated liquid volume is also improved by introducing volume translation term in the equation of state. Comparisons of theoretical results with experimental data are made for the vapor/liquid phase equilibria of 44 pure fluids including nonpolar, polar and associating fluids. Our results show that the modified Peng-Robinson equation of state can represent accurately saturated vapor pressures of the fluids investigated in this paper, and it is more accurate than the Peng-Robinson equation of state and its earlier modifications due to Stryjek and Vera (1986) and Twu et al. (1995rpar;. Incorporation of the volume translation term in the equation of state has been found to improve the accuracy of saturat...
Differential Cell Killing by Lymphomagenic Murine Leukemia Viruses Occurs Independently of p53 Activation and Mitochondrial Damage

Upon inoculation into AKR mice, mink cell focus-forming murine leukemia virus (MCF MLV) accelerates thymic lymphoma formation. During the preleukemic phase of disease, we observed the induction of apoptosis in thymic lymphocytes. A similar induction of apoptosis was observed for cultured mink epithelial cells after MCF13 MLV infection. In this study, the relevance of viral pathogenicity to cell killing was determined by testing the susceptibility of various cell types from different species to lymphomagenic MLVs. We observed that the cytopathic effect of lymphomagenic MLVs was restricted to mink cells. Southern blot analysis of MLV-infected cells revealed an accumulation of the linear form of unintegrated viral DNA, particularly in mink cells after MCF13 MLV infection. Thus, a strong correlation was observed between viral superinfection, which results in the accumulation of high levels of unintegrated viral DNA, and cell killing. Immunoblot analysis for MCF13 MLV-infected mink epithelial cells did not show a significant change in total p53 levels or its phosphorylated form at Ser-15 compared with that in mock-treated cells. Moreover, a time course analysis for mink epithelial cells infected with MCF13 MLV did not reveal mitochondrial depolarization or a significant change in Bax levels. These results demonstrate that MCF13 MLV induces apoptosis preferentially in cells in which superinfection occurs, and the mechanism involved is independent of p53 activation and mitochondrial damage.
Semantic processes leading to true and false memory formation in schizophrenia

Encoding semantic relationships between items on word lists (semantic processing) enhances true memories, but also increases memory distortions. Episodic memory impairments in schizophrenia (SZ) are strongly driven by failures to process semantic relations, but the exact nature of these relational semantic processing deficits is not well understood. Here, we used a false memory paradigm to investigate the impact of implicit and explicit semantic processing manipulations on episodic memory in SZ. Thirty SZ and 30 demographically matched healthy controls (HC) studied Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) lists of semantically associated words. Half of the lists had strong implicit semantic associations and the remainder had low strength associations. Similarly, half of the lists were presented under "standard" instructions and the other half under explicit "relational processing" instructions. After study, participants performed recall and old/new recognition tests composed of targets, critical lures, and unrelated lures. HC exhibited higher true memories and better discriminability between true and false memory compared to SZ. High, versus low, associative strength increased false memory rates in both groups. However, explicit "relational processing" instructions positively improved true memory rates only in HC. Finally, true and false memory rates were associated with severity of disorganized and negative symptoms in SZ. These results suggest that reduced processing of semantic relationships during encoding in SZ may stem from an inability to implement explicit relational processing strategies rather than a fundamental deficit in the implicit activation and retrieval of word meanings from patients' semantic lexicon.
Identifying valued work outcomes through a content analysis of personal goals

Abstract Although theories of organizational behavior rely heavily on accurate and complete taxonomies of valued work outcomes, existing taxonomies are generally based on researchers' a priori notions which may fail to comprehensively sample the outcome domain. The present study used an idiographic technique to identify employees' work-related goals and content analyzed the responses to form a positive and negative taxonomy of work outcomes. Using data from 175 individuals employed in a variety of organizational settings, this free response approach produced results consistent with prior work. However, one important goal category reflecting workers' self-image concerns was also found. The results support the validity of existing taxonomies and identify a new facet of work outcomes that warrants further investigation.
Designing for ubiquity: the perception of privacy

Ubicomp researchers have long argued that privacy is a design issue, and it goes without saying that successful design requires that we understand the desires, concerns, and awareness of the technology's users. Yet, because ubicomp systems are relatively unusual, too little empirical research exists to inform designers about potential users. Complicating design further is the fact that ubicomp systems are typically embedded or invisible, making it difficult for users to know when invisible devices are present and functioning. As early as 1993, ubicomp researchers recognized that embedded technology's unobtrusiveness both belies and contributes to its potential for supporting potentially invasive applications. Not surprisingly, users' inability to see a technology makes it difficult for them to understand how it might affect their privacy. Unobtrusiveness, nevertheless, is a reasonable goal because such systems must minimize the demands on users. To investigate these issues further, I conducted an ethnographic study of what I believe is the first US eldercare facility to use a sensor-rich environment. Our subjects were normal civilians (rather than ubicomp researchers) who lived or worked in a ubiquitous computing environment. We interviewed residents, their family members, and the facility's caregivers and managers. Our questions focused on how people understood both the ubiquitous technology and its effect on their privacy. Although the embedded technology played a central role in how people viewed the environment, they had a limited understanding of the technology, thus raising several privacy, design, and safety issues.
HREm Study of Al-Si Interfaces

Interfaces between aluminum and silicon in samples prepared by solidification of an Al-Si eutectic liquid have been studied by high-resolution electron microscopy. The Al and Si grains have a common [110] axis with a misorientation between grains of 70.5°, thus aligning the (lll)Si plane with the (111)Alplane. In general, theinterfaces have a complex structurewith numerous interfacial dislocations and considerable facetting. The core structurescan be characterized in terms of structural unit models. The nature of the facetting has also been investigated, in particular one facet which lies approximately along the (111)Al, and (l15)Si planes and another which lies approximately along the (110)Al and (l14)Si planes.
Thermal Stability of TaSi x N y Films Deposited by Reactive Sputtering on SiO2

The thermal stability of TaSi x N y /SiO 2 /p-type Si metal-insulator-semiconductor structure has been evaluated by measuring equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) from capacitance-voltage curves and gate leakage current as a function of annealing temperatures. TaSi x N y films were deposited using reactive sputtering from a TaSi 2 target, varying the nitrogen/argon flow ratio. A reaction between Ta 53 Si 47 and SiO 2 was observed after a 1000°C anneal, resulting in the increase of interfacial roughness and oxide thickness in the TaSi x N y /SiO 2 /p-Si structures. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy shows no indication of an interfacial reaction or crystallization in Ta 22 Si 29 N 49 on SiO 2 up to 1000°C as manifested by the negligible change in EOT and the stable leakage currents density (2.0 x 10 -6 A/cm 2 at V g = -1 V). The presence of Si-N bonds is attributed to cause the amorphous nature of the high N-containing TaSi x N y films. This may retard the formation of an interface layer and improve the chemical-thermal stability of the gate electrode/dielectric interface and oxygen diffusion barrier properties under high-temperature annealing.
MIRA: mutual information-based reporter algorithm for metabolic networks

Motivation: Discovering the transcriptional regulatory architecture of the metabolism has been an important topic to understand the implications of transcriptional fluctuations on metabolism. The reporter algorithm (RA) was proposed to determine the hot spots in metabolic networks, around which transcriptional regulation is focused owing to a disease or a genetic perturbation. Using a z-score-based scoring scheme, RA calculates the average statistical change in the expression levels of genes that are neighbors to a target metabolite in the metabolic network. The RA approach has been used in numerous studies to analyze cellular responses to the downstream genetic changes. In this article, we propose a mutual information-based multivariate reporter algorithm (MIRA) with the goal of eliminating the following problems in detecting reporter metabolites: (i) conventional statistical methods suffer from small sample sizes, (ii) as z-score ranges from minus to plus infinity, calculating average scores can lead to canceling out opposite effects and (iii) analyzing genes one by one, then aggregating results can lead to information loss. MIRA is a multivariate and combinatorial algorithm that calculates the aggregate transcriptional response around a metabolite using mutual information. We show that MIRA’s results are biologically sound, empirically significant and more reliable than RA. Results: We apply MIRA to gene expression analysis of six knockout strains of Escherichia coli and show that MIRA captures the underlying metabolic dynamics of the switch from aerobic to anaerobic respiration. We also apply MIRA to an Autism Spectrum Disorder gene expression dataset. Results indicate that MIRA reports metabolites that highly overlap with recently found metabolic biomarkers in the autism literature. Overall, MIRA is a promising algorithm for detecting metabolic drug targets and understanding the relation between gene expression and metabolic activity. Availability and implementation: The code is implemented in C# language using .NET framework. Project is available upon request. Contact: ude.umc.sc@kecic Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online
Can we understand structural and tectonic processes and their products without appeal to a complete mechanics

Our answer is ‘no’. Throughout the 20th century, the majority of structural geologists have worked with a conceptual basis that includes only isolated fragments of continuum mechanics (e.g. strain analysis, constitutive laws, force balance, Mohr’s circles, or conservation of volume), and this has resulted in the proliferation of ad hoc models of structural and tectonic processes and their products. Furthermore, at a more abstract level, the possibility that mechanical quantities of interest (e.g. displacement, velocity, stress, or temperature) vary continuously in the spatial coordinates and time is largely ignored. These two conceptual oversights are related: without the mathematical concept of partial diAerentiation (as in the biharmonic equation of elasticity theory that brings strain compatability, Hooke’s law, and stress equilibrium together) these spatial and temporal variations cannot be accounted for explicitly. Thus, the mechanical concept of boundary- and initial-value problems, formulated in terms of partial diAerential equations, has not been adopted as a necessary tool by most practitioners of structural geology
Effects on return loss due to microstripline radial bends and via density

Straight microstriplines give optimum return loss performance in circuits operating in the 100 MHz to 1 GHz frequency range. Microstriplines that are not straight are typically designed with diagonal (fully mitered) sections or with 90deg bends with mitered corners. It appears that the return loss of non-straight microstriplines with radial bends are superior to diagonal paths. Increased via density also enhances the return loss .
Synthesis of desthio prenylcysteine analogs: Sulfur is important for biological activity

N-Acetyl-S-farnesyl cysteine (AFC) is the minimal synthetic substrate for the enzyme Icmt, which methylates prenylated proteins. The desthio-AFC isostere 2 has been synthesized in racemic form. This analog was not an Icmt substrate, but instead a weak inhibitor with an IC50 of approximately 325 microM.
Intersecting Families on Sets and the Topology of Cones in Economics

Two classical problems in economics, the existence of a market equilibrium and the existence of social choice functions, are formalized here by the properties of a family of cones associated with the economy. It was recently established that a necessary and sufficient condition for solving the former is the nonempty intersection of the family of cones, and one such condition for solving the latter is the acyclicity of the unions of its subfamilies. We show an unexpected but clear connection between the two problems by establishing a duality property of the homology groups of the nerve defined by the family of cones. ln particular, we prove that the intersection of the family of cones is nonempty if and only if every subfamily has acyclic unions, thus identifying the two conditions that solve the two economic problems. ln addition to their applications to economics, the results arc shown to extend significantly several classical theorems, providing unified and simple proofs: Helly's theorem, Caratheodory's representation theorem, the Knaster-Kuratowski-Marzukiewicz theorem, Brouwer's fixed point theorem, and Leray's theorem on acyclic covers.
Synthesis of pentafluorophenoxy derivatives of phosphorus in various oxidation states

Abstract The reaction of potassium pentafluorophenoxide with phosphorus halides in a variety of oxidation states has been investigated. The new compounds PCl2OC6F5, PF2OC6F5, OPF2OC6F5, PF4OC6F5 and PF3(OC6F5)2 result from the reaction of KOC6F5 with PCl3, PF2Br, OPF2Br, and PF5. Spectral data and physical properties of the new compounds have been reported.
The essential vertebrate ABCE1 protein interacts with eukaryotic initiation factors.

The ABCE1 gene is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) multigene family and is composed of two nucleotide binding domains and an N-terminal Fe-S binding domain. The ABCE1 gene encodes a protein originally identified for its inhibition of ribonuclease L, a nuclease induced by interferon in mammalian cells. The protein is also required for the assembly of the HIV and SIV gag polypeptides. However, ABCE1 is one of the most highly conserved proteins and is found in one or two copies in all characterized eukaryotes and archaea. Yeast ABCE1/RLI1 is essential to cell division and interacts with translation initiation factors in the assembly of the pre-initiation complex. We show here that the human ABCE1 protein is essential for in vitro and in vivo translation of mRNA and that it binds to eIF2α and eIF5. Inhibition of the Xenopus ABCE1 arrests growth at the gastrula stage of development, consistent with a block in translation. The human ABCE1 gene contains 16 introns, and the extremely high degree of amino acid identity allows the evolution of its introns to be examined throughout eukaryotes. The demonstration that ABCE1 plays a role in vertebrate translation initiation extends the known functions of this highly conserved protein. Translation is a highly regulated process important to development and pathologies such as cancer, making ABCE1 a potential target for therapeutics. The evolutionary analysis supports a model in which an ancestral eukaryote had large number of introns and that many of these introns were lost in non-vertebrate lineages.
Four novel genes required for optimal photoautotrophic growth of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 identified by in vitro transposon mutagenesis.

Four novel Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 genes (sll1495, sll0804, slr1306, and slr1125) which encode hypothetical proteins were determined by transposon mutagenesis to be required for optimal photoautotrophic growth. Mutations were also recovered in ccmK4, a carboxysome coat protein homologue, and me, the decarboxylating NADP+-dependent malic enzyme. This is the first report that these known genes are required for optimal photoautotrophy.
A model of bandwidth utilization in wide-band computer communication networks

A wide-band integrated service digital network provides access to many different users in a shared fashion. Control of the available bandwidth allocation is necessary for efficiency and flexibility. The system is modeled as a multiple-server multiple-queue system, where access requests (calls) require service from a random number of servers. Each call is entered in a queue so that the queue index indicates the bandwidth needed by the call (in basic bandwidth units). Control of service allocation is accomplished by assigning priorities to queues. A variety of priority types are examined, where relatively higher priority is assigned to calls in the smaller indexed or the larger indexed queues. When more than one call can be served due to the availability of bandwidth, the one with the highest priority is chosen first. The model takes into account the queue selection probabilities and expected service times which are assumed to depend on the queue index. Also, the effect of queue capacity is examined. The procedures that regulate the bandwidth allocation are described, and a Markov-chain based solution to the model is developed to produce the system state probabilities, and utilization and performance measures.
Immigration and Economic Growth: More Fundamental Issues

Simply inserting immigration into existing models of economic growth, as was suggested in the previous chapter, cannot reveal immigration’s full long-run dynamic effects. In search of a more holistic approach to studying the economics of immigration, this chapter examines the meanings of technology and technological change more thoroughly. The complexity of knowledge means that immigration’s influence on technological change is very difficult to discern, statistically or hypothetically. Also, the dynamic processes that link immigration and economic change are unlikely to mimic the simple models of exponential growth. For example, because the growth of many economic activities tends to agglomerate geographically, immigration must also be analyzed within such agglomerative processes. This type of dynamic analysis leads to conclusions about the causes and effects of immigration that differ substantially from those generated by the classic labor market model of immigration.
Smooth subdivision of tetrahedral meshes

We describe a new subdivision scheme for unstructured tetrahedral meshes. Previous tetrahedral schemes based on generalizations of box splines have encoded arbitrary directional preferences in their associated subdivision rules that were not reflected in tetrahedral base mesh. Our method avoids this choice of preferred directions resulting a scheme that is simple to implement via repeated smoothing. In an extended appendix, we analyze this tetrahedral scheme and prove that the scheme generates C2 deformations everywhere except along edges of the tetrahedral base mesh. Along edges shared by four or more tetrahedra in the base mesh, we present strong evidence that the scheme generates C1 deformations.
Interactions of Escherichia coli RNA with bacteriophage MS2 coat protein: genomic SELEX

Genomic SELEX is a method for studying the network of nucleic acid–protein interactions within any organism. Here we report the discovery of several interesting and potentially biologically important interactions using genomic SELEX. We have found that bacteriophage MS2 coat protein binds several Escherichia coli mRNA fragments more tightly than it binds the natural, well-studied, phage mRNA site. MS2 coat protein binds mRNA fragments from rffG (involved in formation of lipopolysaccharide in the bacterial outer membrane), ebgR (lactose utilization repressor), as well as from several other genes. Genomic SELEX may yield experimentally induced artifacts, such as molecules in which the fixed sequences participate in binding. We describe several methods (annealing of oligonucleotides complementary to fixed sequences or switching fixed sequences) to eliminate some, or almost all, of these artifacts. Such methods may be useful tools for both randomized sequence SELEX and genomic SELEX.
Contemporary cardiovascular imaging methods for the assessment of at-risk myocardium.

Clinically relevant cardiovascular imaging methods to assess response to therapy and prognosis in patients presenting with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are predicated upon their ability to accurately delineate both the area of myocardial infarction and the area of
Practical diagnostic testing for human immunodeficiency virus.

Since the discovery of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in 1983, there has been a proliferation of diagnostic tests. These assays can be used to detect the presence of HIV antibody, HIV antigen, HIV ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids, and HIV reverse transcriptase. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, Western blot, radioimmunoprecipitation assays, indirect immunofluorescence assays, reverse transcriptase assays, and several molecular hybridization techniques are currently available. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent, Western blot, and indirect immunofluorescence assays for HIV antibody are very sensitive, specific, and adaptable to most laboratories. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for HIV antigen is also readily adaptable to most laboratories and will be commercially available soon. While the other assays are more tedious, they are valuable confirmatory tests and are suitable for reference laboratories. The biohazards of performing HIV testing can be minimized with proper biosafety measures. Images
NONPARAMETRIC TESTS OF MOMENT CONDITION STABILITY

This paper considers testing for moment condition instability for a wide variety of models that arise in econometric applications. We propose a nonparametric test based on smoothing the moment conditions over time. The resulting test takes the form of a U-statistic and has a limiting normal distribution. The proposed test statistic is not affected by changes in the distribution of the data, so long as certain simple regularity conditions hold. We examine the performance of the test through a small Monte Carlo experiment.
Small sample maximum likelihood estimation of defibrillation dose-response success curves

Estimation of the dose-response success rate curve using as few test blocks as possible is essential for automatic implantable defibrillators. The author introduces small sample maximum likelihood estimators of the slope, 50% success point, and the dose-response curve. The logit for the shape of the dose response curve is used as it is convenient for analytical development and has been shown to be representative of canine data. Maximum likelihood estimators of the parameters of a logit function approximation are presented for one and two sample cases. Bias and variance are given for the estimation of the fifty percentile point on the curve for those cases. >
Near infrared spectroscopy:A noninvasive technique for diagnosing exertional compartment syndrome

Abstract Dual-wave near infrared spectroscopy provides a valuable noninvasive means for monitoring intramuscular oxygen content and potentially for diagnosing exertional compartment syndrome (ECS). The optical technique exploits the difference in optical absorption spectra between oxygenated and deoxygenated states of hemoglobin and myoglobin. By calculating the arithmetic difference between the two absorption spectra, a continuous assessment of tissue oxygenation is generated, which is independent of the overall perfusion state of the muscle. Near-infrared spectroscopy has been used to diagnose ECS in the anterior compartment of the lower leg with exercise in subjects with simulated ECS and in patients with confirmed ECS. In both cases, tissue oxygen decreased significantly within the first minute of exercise compared with healthy control subjects. Also, recovery times after exercise were two and six times as long for simulated ECS and actual ECS, respectively, as compared with healthy controls. These investigations document that near infrared spectroscopy is a unique method for noninvasively monitoring active in vivo metabolic processes of deep tissue and, therefore, holds promise for research and diagnoses of disorders involving upper and lower extremities.
Reefing of Quarter Spherical Ribbon Parachutes Used in the Ares I First Stage Deceleration System

This paper introduces the parachutes that have been drop tested in support of the Ares I first stage deceleration system development. The results of the tests show that the reefing ratios for these quarter spherical ribbon parachutes provide the same reefed drag area as historical conical ribbon parachutes. Two sources are investigated for properly normalizing the parachutes relative to their suspension line length, and one is found to be superior.
Application of interval analysis techniques to linear systems. III. Initial value problems

For pt.II see ibid., vol.35, no.10, p.1230-42 (1988). The authors develop an algorithm which enables them to obtain estimates of bounds for the set of all solutions of initial-value problems of linear systems of autonomous first-order ordinary differential equations that linearly depend on a parameter belonging to an interval. They demonstrate the applicability of their results by considering three specific examples: an RLC circuit, an instrument servomechanism, and the design of a minimum plant sensitivity optimal linear regulator. >
Characterization of a three-phase dual active bridge DC/DC converter in wye-delta connection for a high frequency and high power applications

In this paper, high-frequency (HF) three-phase dual active bridge (DAB) dc/dc converter in wye-delta connection is characterized and the optimal condition in efficiency and size of the practical application is investigated. The proposed topology has many advantages, such as linear operation and wide range of full ZVS operation region which have been the major restrictions of the existing single-phase DAB applications. This new approach is applied to a 10kW DAB dc/dc converter prototype with multiple outputs to mitigate the switching losses using newly introduced 1200V SiC MOSFET and 1200V JBS Diodes.
Persistent organochlorine pollutants and toxaphene congener profiles in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) frequenting the Turtle/Brunswick River Estuary, Georgia, USA

Although the Turtle/Brunswick River Estuary (TBRE) in coastal Georgia (USA) is severely contaminated by persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs), little information regarding POPs in higher-trophic-level biota in this system is available. In the present study, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; including DDTs, chlordanes, and mirex), and chlorinated monoterpenes (toxaphene) were measured using gas chromatography with electron-capture detection and gas chromatography with electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC-ECNI-MS) in blubber of free-ranging and stranded bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Mean total PCBs (78.6 +/- 32.4 microg/g lipid) and toxaphene (11.7 +/- 9.3 microg/g lipid) were significantly higher in dolphins sampled in the TBRE than in dolphins stranded near Savannah (GA, USA) 80 to 100 km to the north. Levels of OCPs were several-fold lower than levels of PCBs; moreover, PCBs comprised 81 and 67% of the total POP burden in TBRE and non-TBRE dolphins, respectively. Analyses with GC-ECNI-MS revealed that 2,2,5-endo,6-exo,8,8,9,10-octachlorobornane (P-42a), a major component in technical toxaphene and a major residue congener in local estuarine fish species, was the most abundant chlorobornane in both sets of blubber samples. Mean total POP concentrations (sum of PCBs, OCPs, and toxaphene) approached 100 microg/g lipid for the TBRE animals, well above published total PCB thresholds at which immunosuppresion and/or reproductive anomalies are thought to occur. These results indicate extended utilization of the highly contaminated TBRE as habitat for a group of coastal estuarine dolphins, and they further suggest that these animals may be at risk because of elevated POP concentrations.
Isolation of Brain Cell Nuclei

In choosing a method for subcellular fractionation, the investigator must first consider the particular question which he wishes to answer. In studies of the subcellular distribution of a substance of almost certain cytoplasmic localization, it is often sufficient to monitor (for purposes of estimating recoveries) the concentration of that substance in a crude “nuclear pellet” obtained by low-speed centrifugation of a sucrose homogenate. From most tissues, however, such a pellet is so heavily contaminated with cytoplasmic debris that it is totally unsatisfactory for situations in which any degree of nuclear localization is a serious possibility. For studies in which determination of nuclear localization of a substance is important, considerable effort must be given to the removal of cytoplasmic particles adhering to nuclei and to purifying the nuclei from such contamination.
Disaster Reanimatology Potentials: A Structured Interview Study in Armenia. III. Results, Conclusions, and Recommendations

National medical responses to catastrophic disasters have failed to incorporate a resuscitation component.Purpose:This study sought to determine the lifesaving potentials of modern resuscitation medicine as applied to a catastrophic disaster situation. Previous articles reported the preliminary results (I), and methodology (II) of a structured, retrospective interview study of the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. The present article (III) reports and discusses the definitive findings, formulates conclusions, and puts forth recommendations for future responses to catastrophic disasters anywhere in the world.Results:Observations include: 1) The lack of adequate construction materials and procedures in the Armenian region contributed significantly to injury and loss of life; 2) The uninjured, lay population together with medical teams including physicians in Armenia were capable of rapid response (within two hours); 3) Due to a lack of Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) training for medical teams and of basic first-aid training of the lay public, and scarcity of supplies and equipment for extrication of casualties, they were unable to do much at the scene. As a result, an undetermined number of severely injured earthquake victims in Armenia died slowly without the benefit of appropriate and feasible resuscitation attempts.Recommendations:1) Widespread adoption of seismic-resistant building codes for regions of high seismic risk; 2) The lay public living in these regions should be trained in life-supporting first-aid (LSFA) and basic rescue techniques; 3) Community-wide emergency medical services (EMS) systems should be developed world-wide (tai-lored to the emergency needs of each region) with ATLS capability for field resuscitation; 4) Such systems be prepared to extend coverage to mass casualties; 5) National disaster medical system (NDMS) plans should provide integration of existing trauma-EMS systems into regional systems linked with advanced (heavy) rescue (public works, fire, police); and 6) New techniques and devices for victim extrication should be developed to enable rapid extrication of earthquake casualties within 24 hours.
Overview of R & D for High Performance Papers

The present status of high performance papers, i. e., engineered papers, advanced papers, highly processed papers that are being produced in Japan are overviewed in this report. A comprehensive survey of highly value-added papers was conducted by High Performance Paper Society and its report was published recently. The function of these papers were classified into ten categories. As for merchandised high performance papers, the top three in descending order are heat-resisting paper, electrical insulating paper, adhesive and released paper.For merchandising high performance papers, their R & D have to be knowledge-intensive as well as technology-intensive. Since the market size is limited, the companies producing high performance papers should concentrate on their own fields. To strengthen the companies's competitiveness and to make globally inroads into overseas markets, it is desirable to form a production complex of high performance papers. The future development of high performance papers should go along with the notion of “earth friendly”.
Collisional Energy Transfer in Highly Excited Molecules

The excitation/de-excitation step in the Lindemann mechanism is investigated in detail using model development and classical trajectory studies based on a realistic potential energy surface. The model, based on a soft-sphere/line-of-centers approach and using elements of Landau–Teller theory and phase space theory, correctly predicts most aspects of the joint probability distribution P(ΔE,ΔJ) for the collisional excitation and de-excitation process in the argon–allyl system. The classical trajectories both confirm the validity of the model and provide insight into the energy transfer. The potential employed was based on a previously available ab initio intramolecular potential for the allyl fit to 97418 allyl electronic energies and an intermolecular potential fit to 286 Ar–allyl energies. Intramolecular energies were calculated at the CCSD(T)/AVTZ level of theory, while intermolecular energies were calculated at the MP2/AVTZ level of theory. Trajectories were calculated for each of four starting allyl is...
Treatment of the infertile patient with polycystic ovarian syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome is associated with infertility due to anovulation caused by this disorder. Many treatments can increase both ovulation and fertility rates in these women. This is a comprehensive review of the literature, with an emphasis on randomized controlled trials of the medical and
Not Blaming the Pope: The Roots of the Crisis in Brazilian Base Communities

munities, or CEBs. These are grassroots groups in which the laity as sume some of the functions that were traditionally performed by clergy, such as leading Sunday Bible services and providing instructions to parents who are preparing for the baptism of their children. Lay leaders also organize Bible study groups that discuss the relationship of scripture to people's everyday lives, including their experiences of pov erty and powerlessness. Because these discussions have frequently led to activism on labor issues, land reform, and urban social problems, the CEBs came to be seen by people both within and outside the church to be potential sources of social change.1 This perception was reinforced by the proliferation of writings in liberation theology, which provided religious support for the activism of the CEBs. However, in the 1990s, some authors were reporting that liberation theology and the base communities were not meeting the earlier expectations.2 According to
Cervical Traction for the Treatment of Spinal Injury and Deformity

As early as the 4th century BCE, Hippocrates described spinal traction as a treatment for kyphotic deformity1. His invention, the scamnum, was a device composed of ropes attached to windlasses that produced traction on the body. This device was used for the treatment of fractures and deformity into the 17th century1. In the 1600s, the German surgeon Fabricius Hildanus described a method for reducing cervical fracture-dislocations by combining traction with open reduction. With this method, the patient was positioned on a stretching bench to extend the cervical spine, after which the surgeon made an incision to expose and grasp the spinous process with forceps. The dislocated vertebrae were then manipulated into physiological alignment2. While spinal traction techniques did not evolve further until the 20th century, the understanding of spinal anatomy and biomechanics improved during this period, providing the foundation for many of the developments in spinal traction and instrumentation that would occur in the modern era. In 1929, Taylor introduced the halter device as a method …
Interleukin-6 family cytokines: signaling and effects in human airway smooth muscle cells.

Interleukin (IL)-1β induces cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and prostanoid formation in cultured human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells. In other cell types, IL-6 family cytokines induce COX-2 o...
Sequence Determinants of Intracellular Phase Separation by Complex Coacervation of a Disordered Protein

Liquid-liquid phase separation, driven by collective interactions among multivalent and intrinsically disordered proteins, is thought to mediate the formation of membrane-less organelles in cells. Using parallel cellular and in vitro assays, we show that the Nephrin intracellular domain (NICD), a disordered protein, drives intracellular phase separation via complex coacervation, whereby the negatively charged NICD co-assembles with positively charged partners to form protein-rich dense liquid droplets. Mutagenesis reveals that the driving force for phase separation depends on the overall amino acid composition and not the precise sequence of NICD. Instead, phase separation is promoted by one or more regions of high negative charge density and aromatic/hydrophobic residues that are distributed across the protein. Many disordered proteins share similar sequence characteristics with NICD, suggesting that complex coacervation may be a widely used mechanism to promote intracellular phase separation.
Open knowledge and changing the subject

Knowledge is closed under (known) implication, according to standard theories. Orthodoxy can allow, though, that apparent counterexamples to closure exist, much as Kripkeans recognize the existence of illusions of possibility (IPOs) which they seek to explain away. Should not everyone, orthodox or not, want to make sense of “intimations of openness” (IONs)? This paper compares two styles of explanation: (1) evidence that boosts P’s probability need not boost that of its consequence Q; (2) evidence bearing on P’s subject matter may not bear on the subject matter of Q.
Removing the Road Block to Students' Success: In-Person or Online? Library Instructional Delivery Preferences of Satellite Students

ABSTRACTArguably, the dilemma for many small college libraries is delivering face-to-face library instruction to satellite students without having the resources and/or staff to do so. In order to channel energies to where they are needed most, this institution conducted a survey of its satellite students to determine what their library instruction delivery preferences are, and what their comfort levels are regarding new and emerging online technologies. In doing so, this study is also able to determine if these preferences are influenced by the age of the student. Results from the study revealed that, regardless of age or technology comfort levels, satellite students' most preferred library instruction delivery method is face-to-face. Delivery methods via individual consultation using email/phone or online are preferred the least, along with “no instruction.” None of the students indicated any disinclination towards using various technologies for instruction delivery, leaving this institution with several...
Optical bound states in slotted high-contrast gratings

This paper investigates the optical bound states in the continuum (BIC) supported by a slotted high-contrast grating (sHCG) structure. The sHCG structure consists of a periodic array of silicon ridges with a slot in each ridge. Given that the BICs are perfectly confined, their spectral locations are identified using a finite-element method formulated from a generalized eigenvalue problem. The real eigenvalues represent the wavelengths of BIC modes and the associated eigenvectors correspond to the electric field distributions. In the spectral and angular vicinity of the BICs, we studied the leaky waveguide modes using the rigorous coupled-wave analysis. The combination of the full-wave eigenvalue solver and the coupled-wave analysis provides an ideal setting to investigate the optical BICs of periodic structures for various applications. The simulation results show, for example, that the sHCG structures can support symmetry-protected bound states with a zero in-plane wave vector as well as high-quality-factor (high-Q) resonances for both TE and TM polarizations. By adjusting the slot, we can turn the BIC mode into high-Q modes and determine the linewidth of the mode by the degree of asymmetry.