cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphodynamics and Facies Architecture of Tidal Inlets and Tidal Deltas

Tidal inlets are highly dynamic systems marking positions along barrier coasts where dominant wave and longshore sand transport processes are juxtaposed with a tide-dominated regime in which onshore-offshore sand movement is manifested in the formation of flood- and ebb- tidal deltas. The morphodynamics of tidal inlets and distribution of their associated sand shoals are governed by the tidal prism, wave versus tidal energy, and the regional geological framework. Sand that is delivered to the inlet channel via longshore transport can be sequestered in the backbarrier, moved onto the ebb-tidal delta, or can bypass the inlet. Such bypassing is accomplished through wave and tidal processes and ultimately results in the landward migration and welding of large sand bar complexes to the downdrift shoreline. Tidal inlet-fill deposits typically exhibit a sharp basal contact with underlying units and consist of a fining-upward sequence in contrast to the generally coarsening-upward barrier lithosome. The preservation potential of inlet and associated tidal-delta deposits is high in regressive sequences, but relatively poor in transgressive systems due to the shallow nature of inlet-fill deposits compared to the base of the erosional wave- or tidal- ravinement surfaces. Exceptions occur in paleotidal inlet regions having large bay tidal prisms and deep inlet channels. Although tidal-inlet deposits have been reported in the rock record and may serve as important petroleum reservoirs, to date they are not readily recognized. High-resolution geophysical and sedimentological research of both active and relict inlets is providing a wealth of information necessary to improve the inlet facies models for ancient sedimentary sequences.
Integrating Diverse Theories for Public Health Law Research

Theoretically grounded research illuminating mechanisms of legal effect has at least three important benefits for public health law research and practice: Defining the phenomena to be observed, supporting causal inference, and guiding reform and implementation. The choice of what theory or theories to draw upon is a practical one based on research questions and designs, types of law or regulatory approach under study, and state of current knowledge about the matter being investigated. PHLR researchers can draw upon a variety of theories developed by socio-legal scholars to explain how laws are put into practice and how they influence environments and behaviors. Similarly, it is possible to integrate laws within general social and behavioral theories. And it is in fact possible to do both at the same time. These methods make it possible to substantially improve the validity, utility and credibility of health research on effects of laws and legal practices.Compliance theories explain why people obey the law. The threshold question in any compliance theory is whether people actually know what the law is. Both deterrence and economic theorists posit that people will behave rationally given what they know about the law and the consequences of disobedience. Labeling theory posits that criminal law works by defining proscribed behaviors as “wrong” and people who engage in it as “criminals.” Procedural justice theory focuses on the internal motivation to comply, and how it is influenced by the perceived fairness of legal authorities. In the public health tradition, law is often used to change social and physical environments to reduce risky exposures, rather than to directly regulate individual behavior itself.Rather than construct the question in a framework of how law influences behavior, a researcher also could start with a general behavioral theory in which law is simply added as one of many factors, and not be treated as the preeminent effect to study. The theory of triadic influences (TTI) presents a detailed scheme for understanding the many factors that produce an intention to behave in a certain way and, ultimately, the behavior itself. Economics places the law and the phenomena it regulates within a framework of markets. Finally, research in the law and society tradition provides powerful theoretical and research methods for getting at how both legal agents and legal subjects understand their roles, their ability to act within a legal framework, and the nature of that legal framework itself.
Blogging for physics

A story in the New York Times about dark matter and dark energy published last October referred to me as "a physicist and blogger at the California Institute of Technology". This is a perfectly accurate description of course – as would have been "physicist and poker player" or "physicist and jazz buff", although I doubt that newspapers would ever refer to me in that way. Why should my blogging be singled out?
HIV-1 Nef Alleles Show Differential Activation of Hematopoietic Cell Kinase in a Yeast Model System.

Hematopoietic cell kinase (Hck) is a member of the Src family of non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinases that is expressed strongly in macrophages, an important target cell type for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The HIV Nef protein, a critical AIDS progression factor, binds Hck with unusually high affinity and induces Hck activation. Nef-mediated Hck activation has been proposed to trigger signaling pathways important for the establishment of HIV infection and subsequent progression to AIDS. Previous studies have utilized sequence alignments and binding assays to predict the functionality of Hck-Nef interactions, but these studies do not directly investigate the ability of Nef alleles to activate Hck. To better address this issue, we have created a model system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on previous findings that ectopic expression of c-Src arrests yeast growth in a kinase-dependent fashion. To establish the utility of this system for Hck and Nef, we first created a Hck variant containing a C-terminal sequence modified to encode the high-affinity SH2-domain binding sequence Tyr-Glu-Glu-Ile (HckYEEI). This modified sequence allows for autophosphorylation of the new tail and the subsequent intramolecular binding to the Hck SH2 domain. The resulting HckYEEI molecule models the physiologically down-regulated (inactive) form of Hck in structure and function. Unlike wild-type Hck, HckYEEI showed little kinase activity and failed to induce growth suppression in yeast. Importantly, co-expression with the Nef-SF2 allele activated HckYEEI, resulting in growth arrest. This effect was dependent on the conserved Nef proline-rich motif essential for Hck binding through its SH3 domain. However, Nef-SF2 did not activate FynYEEI, consistent with our previous data that the Fyn tyrosine kinase is not activated by Nef in mammalian cells. We then tested several additional laboratory HIV-1 Nef alleles for their ability to activate HckYEEI. Consensus, Lai, NL4.3, SF2, and YU-2 Nef alleles activated HckYEEI to varying degrees, as reflected by yeast growth inhibition. In contrast, Nef-Eli failed to suppress growth in the presence of HckYEEI, consistent with its inability to bind the Hck SH3 domain in vitro. Growth inhibition paralleled tyrosine phosphorylation of yeast proteins on anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblots. The differential effects of these Nef alleles on Hck activation correlated closely with previous results in mammalian cells. Taken together, these studies validate the use of yeast to reconstitute Nef-Hck interactions in a system amenable to screens of clinical Nef isolates, which may have predictive value in terms of AIDS progression.
An Interferometrically Derived Sample of Miras with Phase using Spitzer: Paper I - A First Look

AbstractWe show some preliminary 10-37 micron high-resolution spectra taken with the Spitzer Space Telescope in 2008-9 of Mira variables distributed across the M, S and C chemical subclasses. Our entire Spitzer sample of 25 galactic Miras was observed from two to several times during this observing campaign and all have simultaneously measured near-infrared interferometric diameters acquired using the Palomar Testbed Interferometer. Because our sources are very bright for Spitzer IRS (typically 5-100 Janskys), we have excellent signal to noise and for many sources see marked changes in overall flux levels as a function of phase. Further, we are able to identify many strong emission lines and emission features due to silicate and carbon dusts and molecular constituents. We introduce the sample and the design of our experiment, discuss the data reduction required for such bright sources using Spitzer, show several examples of spectra with phase and discuss some preliminary findings. Finally, we discuss futu...
Is Prevention Cost-Effective?

Determining whether programs are worthwhile on a cost basis is an important issue. Resources are limited in all communities and cost analyses can help determine which programs are the best social investments. All program decisions (including decisions not to offer programs) have advantages (benefits) and disadvantages (costs). Cost analyses compare program benefits and costs systematically in an attempt to gain another perspective on the impact of an intervention.
Childhood asthma: Psychosomatic illness review: No. 13 in a series

Abstract Numerous hypotheses have been advanced to clarify the psychosomatic aspects of asthma, perhaps as a reflection of the variety of subgroups of asthmatic patients. Recent research, as described below, focuses on the four empirical classifying features of intrinsic vs extrinsic asthma, response to separation from parents, response to suggestion, and panic-fear response level. Its results are contributing to the refinement of educational and psychological treatment techniques.
Comments on “Fee Shifting: An Institutional Change to Decrease the Benefits from Free Riding”

Gordon Brady starts his paper on fee shifting by examining the legislative history of the Clean Air Act of 1970 that established a private attorneys general (PAG) mechanism for litigation in environmental cases. The act provided that any person could bring a civil action on his own behalf against (1) anyone violating emission standards, including the federal government, or (2) the administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (after sixty days notice) for failure to perform a duty.
Things Pathologists Must Always Consider

Mimics of malignancy are usually rare lesions, but they merit discussion and ­represent something that pathologists always think about.
Nested Lists: Matrices and Vectors

This chapter discusses operations on matrices and vectors, including vector calculus and systems of equations. Several linear programming examples are presented in the chapter. Applications discussed include linear programming and vector calculus. Matrix algebra can be performed with Mathematica. In Mathematica, a matrix is a list of lists where each list represents a row of the matrix. Mathematica performs all of the usual operations on matrices. Matrix addition, scalar multiplication, matrix multiplication, and combinations of these operations are all possible. The chapter further defines a scalar field as a function with a set of ordered triples as a domain and a subset of the real numbers as a range.
Hydroxyurea and erythropoietin therapy in sickle cell anemia

Hydroxyurea has been shown to increase fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) production in patients with sickle cell disease and therefore has the potential to alleviate both the hemolytic and vaso-occlusive manifestations of the disease. Preliminary evidence indicates that recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) may also induce Hb F. Three sickle cell anemia patients were treated with escalating doses of intravenous rhEpo and, subsequently, with daily oral hydroxyurea. After the optimal hydroxyurea dose was attained, rhEpo was added again. Two additional patients were treated with hydroxyurea alone. Treatment with rhEp, either alone or in combination with hydroxyurea, had no significant effect on the percentage of F reticulocytes or F cells. In contrast, hydroxyurea treatment was associated with a 1.5-fold to sevenfold increase in F cells and a 2.3- to 27-fold increase in the percentage of Hb F. In the three patients whose response reached a plateau, hydroxyurea treatment was associated with lessened hemolysis, decreased serum bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase levels, and prolonged 51chromium-labeled RBC survival. Hydroxyurea treatment also resulted in decreased numbers of irreversibly sickled cells and in decreased sickling at partial oxygen saturation, increased oxygen affinity, increased total RBC cation content, and diminished potassium:chloride co-transport. All five patients treated with hydroxyurea experienced a decrease in severity and frequency of painful sickle crises. This study confirms that hydroxyurea therapy increases Hb F production and provides objective evidence of a significant reduction in hemolytic rate and intracellular polymerization. In contrast, rhEpo, either alone or in combination with hydroxyurea, offered no measurable benefit. Based on these encouraging preliminary data, large-scale, controlled clinical trials are warranted to study the safety and efficacy of hydroxyurea in the treatment of sickle cell disease.
Effects of the second-generation "bath salt" cathinone alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (α-PPP) on behavior and monoamine neurochemistry in male mice.

Synthetic cathinones (“bath salts”) are β-ketone analogs of amphetamines, yet few studies have examined their potential neurotoxic effects. In the current study, we assessed the persistent behavioral and neurochemical effects of exposure to the second-generation synthetic cathinone α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (α-PPP). Male, Swiss-Webster mice were exposed to α-PPP (80 mg/kg) using a binge-like dosing regimen (QID, q2h). Behavior was assessed 4–5 days after the dosing regimen, and neurochemistry was assessed the following day. Behavior was studied using the elevated plus maze, Y-maze, and novel object recognition tests. Regional levels of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and the major dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were determined in the prefrontal cortex and striatum using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Additional experiments assessed the time courses of the effects of α-PPP on locomotor activity and core temperature using telemetry. Exposure to α-PPP significantly impaired performance in the Y-maze, decreased overall exploratory activity in the novel object recognition test, and resulted in regionally specific depletions in monoamine neurochemistry. In contrast, it had no significant effect on elevated plus maze performance or object discrimination in the novel object recognition test. The locomotor-stimulant effects of α-PPP were comparable to cocaine (30 mg/kg), and α-PPP (80 mg/kg) did not induce hyperthermia. α-PPP exposure results in persistent changes in exploratory behavior, spatial working memory, and monoamine neurochemistry. This research highlights potential dangers of α-PPP, including potential neurotoxicity, and suggests that the mechanisms underlying the persistent untoward effects of the cathinones may be distinct from those of the amphetamines.
Case 33-2018: A 57-Year-Old Man with Confusion, Fever, Malaise, and Weight Loss.

A Man with Confusion, Fever, Malaise, and Weight Loss A 57-year-old man with a history of tobacco smoking presented with confusion, cough, fever, and unintentional weight loss. An evaluation reveal...
Cross‐Platform Comparison of Therapeutic Delivery from Multilamellar Lipid‐Coated Polymer Nanoparticles

Significant efforts have been invested in finding a delivery system that can encapsulate and deliver therapeutics. Core-shell polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles have been studied as a promising platform because of their mechanical stability, narrow size distribution, biocompatibility, and ability to co-deliver diverse drugs. Here, novel core-shell nanoparticles based on a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) core and multilamellar lipid shell are designed, where the lipid bilayers are crosslinked between the two adjacent bilayers (PLGA-ICMVs). The cross-platform performance of the nanoparticles to other polymer-lipid hybrid platforms is examined, including physicochemical characteristics, ability to encapsulate a variety of therapeutics, biocompatibility, and functionality as a vaccine delivery platform. Differential abilities of nanoparticle systems to encapsulate distinct pharmaceutics are observed, which suggest careful consideration of the platform chosen depending on the therapeutic agent and desired function. The novel PLGA-ICMV platform herein demonstrates great potential in stably encapsulating water-soluble agents and therefore is an attractive platform for therapeutic delivery.
The effect of animal assisted therapy on participants with dementia in a community respite program

Cognitively impaired older adults pose challenges that include communication barriers that may contribute to social isolation of the individual and frustration by both the individual and caregivers. Healthcare professionals must to be prepared to speak to the distinctive requirements of this population. Innovative strategies are needed to improve the ability of caregivers and health professionals to establish effective communication. Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) is a complementary therapy that shows promise in providing emotional and social benefits to older adults in both clinical and community settings. This project aims to describe the benefits of incorporating AAT within a community respite program to enhance social engagement of cognitively impaired adults. In this project a group of subjects were exposed to two situations in an unsystematic order, visits with a dog and visits without a dog. The purpose was to compare each visit and its effect in improving engagement in those attending a community respite program. Throughout the study, respite attendees were encouraged to engage with dogs or the human visitor. In this study, AAT enhanced social engagement.
Predictors of sexual minority men’s sexual objectification of other men:

Given the link between sexual objectification experiences and negative psychological and mental health outcomes for sexual minority men, it is important to explore which men are more likely to enac...
Inflammatory pseudotumor of the trachea.

“Inflammatory pseudotumor” is a broad descriptive term used to describe a localized collection of inflammatory and fibroblastic cells. It is an uncommon lesion that can mimic a tumor when it is loc...
Temperature-Dependent Development and Host Range of Crapemyrtle Bark Scale, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae)

The crapemyrtle bark scale, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae), is an invasive pest of crapemyrtles, Lagerstroemia spp. L. (Lythraceae) in the southeastern USA. Information about its temperature-dependent development and host range is limited. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of temperature on the immature development of A. lagerstroemiae, and to determine plant species suitable for immature development and reproduction. Developmental time and survival of eggs were evaluated at 7 constant temperatures from 17.5 to 32 °C, and of nymphs at 20, 25, and 30 °C. Results suggested that 27.5 °C was the optimum temperature for egg hatching with the shortest time (10 d) and the highest hatching rate (95%). The developmental time for A. lagerstroemiae from nymph to prepupa and gravid female was 56 d and 68 d at 30 °C, respectively. Five plant species besides crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica × fauriei L.) were able to support the immature development and reproduction of A. lagerstroemiae under no-choice conditions, including Lawsonia inermis L., Heimia salicifolia Link, Punica granatum L., Lythrum alatum Pursh (all Lythraceae), and Callicarpa americana L. (Lamiaceae). At wk 12 from inoculation, the density of gravid females was 482 ± 92 (mean ± standard error) on L. indica × fauriei, 200 ± 70 on C. americana, and < 150 on other species. Using data from developmental time and host range, integrated pest management (IPM) practitioners can implement preventive strategies for A. lagerstroemiae.
Multi-Scale Regularized Deep Network for Retinal Vessel Segmentation

Vessel segmentation of retinal images is a key diagnostic capability in ophthalmology. Early approaches addressing this problem employed hand-crafted filters to capture vessel structures, accompanied by morphological processing. More recently, deep learning techniques have been employed to significantly enhance segmentation accuracy. We propose a novel domain enriched deep network that consists of two components: 1) a representation network which learns geometric (specifically curvilinear) features that are tailored to retinal images, followed by 2) a task network that utilizes the features obtained from the representation layer to perform pixel-level segmentation. The representation and task networks are learned jointly for any given training set. To obtain effective representation filters, we develop a new orientation constraint that enables geometric diversity of curvilinear features. A multi-scale extension is further developed to enhance segmentation of thin vessels. Experiments performed on two challenging benchmark databases reveal that the proposed regularized deep network can outperform state of the art alternatives as measured by common evaluation metrics. Further, the proposed method exhibits a more graceful decay in performance as training data is reduced.
Plenary: Integrating Concepts of Disruptive Innovation and Ideation into the Curriculum

As engineering and computing students enter their professional careers, many current job opportunities are found in entrepreneurial organizations with strong cultures of innovation. In preparing for these occupations, students benefit from having a knowledge of the concepts of disruptive innovation and the skills that enhance the ability to ideate - to conceive of or form new ideas. This presentation examines strategies for integrating these concepts and discovery skills into 21st Century curricula.
Current Sharing and Overvoltage Issues of Paralleled SiC MOSFET Modules

The development of the medium voltage wideband gap semiconductor SiC power devices has enabled several applications. Most of these medium voltage high power applications require parallel connections of the power modules to reach the desired current ratings. With high switching speeds of the SiC modules, the paralleling of the modules must be done properly to ensure the safe operation of the devices. The parameter variations among the paralleled modules, variation of gate drive signals, modules layout and associated parasitic elements are the key things affecting the current sharing among the modules and the voltage overshoot across the devices. Careful design consideration must be done addressing all of the above issues to ensure good current sharing and voltage overshoot in paralleled SiC Modules. In this paper, switching performance of the three paralleled SiC MOSFET modules switching at 1250V, 1300A is presented. The details of the gate driver for driving three modules in parallel is presented and importance of good layout is discussed by comparing two different gate driver layouts. The effect of load cable coupling on current sharing is analyzed. Also, a turn off over voltage situation when there is parameter mismatch among the paralleled modules is presented.
Reconceptualizing the teaching of ethics in a global classroom

Educational courses and professional trainings in ethical leadership and decision making appear to be increasing globally. Many scholars and academicians view that ethics cannot be taught due to a lack of consensus, consistency, and global standardization of what is ethical. Often the leading resources and educational material are arguably grounded in values and norms, which may not be in harmony with the values and norms of target audiences in various international, and domestic settings where classrooms may have a global student body. Varying demographics, backgrounds, and life experiences have a profound influence on what shapes someone’s view of right and wrong. Consequently, an ethical dilemma may form for the educator who is aware that the audience’s background, culture and norms may not support the ethical decisions outlined in the required teaching material. This article conceptualizes competency development as a means of teaching ethics in global classrooms. Developing competencies for teaching ethics involves acknowledging multiple perspectives, which allows deeper reflection upon an individual’s ethical values and enhances the ability to acknowledge an ethical issue first, then proceed through an optimizing process for resolve.
Balancing Multiple Goals and Making It Work for Materials Research.

Multiobjective optimization using artificial neural networks enables rapid computational discovery of new materials.
Chapter 13 – Bryozoans

Publisher Summary Bryozoans are among the most commonly encountered animals that attach to submerged surfaces in freshwater. In general, bryozoans are sessile, modular invertebrates with ciliated tentacles that capture suspended food particles. Historically they have included what are now recognized as two very distinct and unrelated phyla: Ectoprocta and Entoprocta. Within the ectoproct bryozoans are two major classes: Phylactolaemata, an exclusively freshwater group, and Gymnolaemata, a vastly larger, polyphyletic collection of species, mostly marine except for a few species in the subclass Ctenostomata that occur in fresh or brackish water. During warm months, bryozoans are found in almost any lake or stream where there are suitable attachment sites. The variety of forms ranges from wisps of stringy material to massive growths weighing several kilograms. In the days before sand filtration, bryozoans were notorious for clogging the distribution pipelines of public water systems. Today they still foul industrial water-cooling systems, irrigation lines, water-treatment plants, and decorative fountains. This chapter discusses the morphology, anatomy, physiology, reproduction, life history, phylogeny, evolution, ecology, and taxonomy of Bryozoans, with focus on those found in North America.
Local star-forming dwarf galaxies as windows on reionization-era stellar populations

The recent detections of high-ionization nebular line emission from species including CIV in a number of z > 6 galaxies have highlighted substantial deficiencies in our understanding of metal poor stars. Prominent nebular CIV has never been detected in purely star-forming systems locally, and the massive star models used to model this emission in photoionization codes have not been empirically calibrated below the metallicity of the SMC (20% solar). As a result, we are presently entirely unprepared to correctly interpret nebular emission from metal-poor stars observed with JWST and ALMA in the reionization era. We present results from a multi-pronged ongoing local ultraviolet/optical observation campaign with HST/COS, Keck/ESI, and MMT designed to address this issue by locating and characterizing stellar populations capable of powering such high-ionization emission. This work has already demonstrated that strong nebular CIV can be powered by extremely metal-poor ( 6 remains elusive locally, potentially in part due to the relative paucity of known nearby galaxies at these metallicities with massive stellar populations comparable to those in z > 6 systems. We present a new technique to locate such nearby galaxies, and results from optical follow-up which indicate that a substantial population of highly star- forming metal-poor galaxies likely resides just below the detection limits of previous large spectroscopic surveys.
Personalized dietary advice on the horizon

Multimodal measurements and machine learning provide evidence for personalized dietary advice.
DUMAND-II (Deep Underwater Muon and Neutrino Detector) PROGRESS Report

The DUMAND-II detector will search for astronomical sources of high energy neutrinos. Successful deployment of the basic infrastructure, including the shore cable, the underwater junction box, and an environmental module was accomplished in December, 1993. One optical module string was also deployed and operated, logging data for about 10 hours. The underwater cable was connected to the shore station where we were able to successfully exercise system controls and log further environmental data. After this time, water leaking into the electronics control module for the deployed string disabled the string electrical system. The acquired data are consistent with the expected rate of downgoing muons, and our ability to reconstruct muons was demonstrated. The measured acoustical backgrounds are consistent with expectation, which should allow acoustical detection of nearby PeV particle cascades. The disabled string has been recovered and is undergoing repairs ashore. We have identified the source of the water leak and implemented additional testing and QC procedures to ensure no repetition in our next deployment. We will be ready to deploy three strings and begin continuous data taking in 1995.
Evaluation of Absorbable Mesh for Prophylactic Mesh Augmentation in High-Risk Patients.

Purpose Hernia prevention following abdominal surgery has become a subject of growing interest in general surgery. Prophylactic mesh augmentation (PMA) is an emerging technique to prevent incisional hernia in high-risk populations. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of PMA using an absorbable mesh. Methods A retrospective review was performed on patients who underwent PMA between July 2014 and March 2020. A prophylactic synthetic absorbable mesh (Phasix™; Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) was placed at the surgeon's discretion according to the indication for the primary operation. The primary outcome was the incisional hernia rate. Secondary outcomes included mesh-related or other complications. Results Fifty patients underwent PMA following cystectomy with ileal conduit, open aortic surgery, or colostomy creation/takedown. Overall, 10 patients (20%) developed hernia at a median follow-up of 2.2 years. Six of these 10 hernias occurred at incisions where mesh was not placed. There were no documented mesh infections. One mesh (2%) in the AAA group was explanted due to an infected endograft, but there was no evidence of mesh complication. Two patients (4%) developed seroma. Two (4%) patients developed superficial surgical site infections (SSI). There were no documented deep-space SSI. Conclusion PMA is an emerging technique with a low rate of incisional hernia in high-risk patients, such as those undergoing stoma creation or open aortic intervention. The use of an absorbable mesh seems promising, however more and longer-term research is needed.
Bound by Oath: Andrew Johnson’s Veto of the Tenure of Office Act

Andrew Johnson’s motives for standing in the way of congressional Reconstruction are often attributed to stubbornness, racism, and white supremacy. Yet at least one episode stands apart. Through a review of primary sources and an appraisal of the scholarly literature, a different picture emerges. Andrew Johnson held a strong commitment to the Constitution and believed in the strict construction of its provisions. Johnson’s veto of the Tenure of Office Act was motivated primarily by a strong belief that the Act was an unconstitutional usurpation of the president’s removal power. Johnson’s rationale for vetoing the Act was consistent with the original understanding of the removal power and the historical practice of Congress, the Executive Branch, and the Supreme Court, both before and since. Johnson was bound by oath to veto the bill.
Estimation of PV Location based on Voltage Sensitivities in Distribution Systems with Discrete Voltage Regulation Equipment

High penetration of solar photovoltaics can have a significant impact on the power flows and voltages in distribution systems. In order to support distribution grid planning, control and optimization, it is imperative for utilities to maintain an accurate database of the locations and sizes of PV systems. This paper extends previous work on methods to estimate the location of PV systems based on knowledge of the distribution network model and availability of voltage magnitude measurement streams. The proposed method leverages the expected impact of solar injection variations on the circuit voltage and takes into account the operation and impact of changes in voltage due to discrete voltage regulation equipment (VRE). The estimation model enables determining the most likely location of PV systems, as well as voltage regulator tap and switching capacitors state changes. The method has been tested for individual and multiple PV system, using the Chi-Square test as a metric to evaluate the goodness of fit. Simulations on the IEEE 13-bus and IEEE 123-bus distribution feeders demonstrate the ability of the method to provide consistent estimations of PV locations as well as VRE actions.
Geometric Stability of Cylindrical, Double-Walled Cryogenic Tank Structures

Large cryogenic tank structures typically comprise an inner primary tank designed for the containment of the stored liquid at cryogenic temperatures and a surrounding outer, secondary structure which is exposed to ambient temperature conditions. The temperature differences between the inner and outer tank walls contribute to appreciable relative displacements, particularly during initial cool-down, but also in response to varying inventory levels. A conservative design will generally include some form of positive constraint that assures stable concentricity of the inner and outer tanks during any number of cooldown and warmup cycles.
A paclitaxel-loaded recombinant polypeptide nanoparticle outperforms Abraxane in multiple murine cancer models

The encapsulation of a drug into nanoparticles can be a useful way control and improve its efficacy. Here, the authors conjugate paclitaxel to recombinant chimeric polypeptides that self-assemble into therapeutic nanoparticles that outperform Abraxane in murine tumour models.
The estimation of economic depreciation using vintage asset prices: An application of the Box-Cox power transformation

Abstract This paper applies the Box–Cox power transformation to the problem of estimating the rate and form of economic depreciation from data on used asset prices. The use of the Box–Cox model to statistically discriminate between geometric, linear and ‘one-hoss-shay’ depreciation patterns (which are special cases of the Box–Cox form) is analogous to the use of the CES production function to discriminate between Cobb–Douglas and fixed proportion technologies. We apply the Box–Cox model to a sample of used building prices, and find that the appropriate depreciation pattern is approximately geometric.
Digestive System of Amphibians, Reptiles and Birds

The digestive systems of amphibians, reptiles, and birds share many characteristics with those of fish. However, the transition of amphibians from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, the development of endothermy in birds, and the adoption of a wider range of diets required a number of adaptations. Keywords: digestion; absorption; bacterial fermentation; herbivores
The Massively Parallel Processor: A Highly Parallel Scientific Computer

The Massively Parallel Processor (MPP) [1,2] is a highly parallel scientific computer which was originally intended for image processing and analysis applications but it is also suitable for a large range of other scientific applications. Currently the highest degree of parallelism is achieved with the SIMD type of parallel computer architecture. With this scheme a single program sequence unit broadcasts a sequence of instructions to a large number of slave Processing Elements (PE’s). All PE’s perform the same function at the same time but on different data elements; in this way a whole data structure such as a matrix can be manipulated with a single instruction. The alternative highly parallel organization, the MIMD type, is to have an instruction unit with every PE. This scheme is much more flexible but also much more complex and expensive.
Purification and properties of carboxypeptidase G 1 .

Abstract An enzyme, carboxypeptidase G1, extracted from a strain of Pseudomonas stutzeri, has been isolated which hydrolyzes the carboxyl-terminal glutamate from both reduced and nonreduced folate derivatives, with Km values between 1.1 and 18.1 x 10-6 m. This enzyme also hydrolyzes the COOH-terminal glutamate of oligopeptides and N-benzyloxycarbonyl glutamates; it demonstrates lesser activity against aspartate COOH-terminal peptide linkages, with Km values of 1 to 5 x 10-4 m. The reverse reaction (pteroate + glutamate → folate) is also catalyzed, but at an equilibrium lying far toward hydrolysis. The enzyme has been purified 1050-fold. It has a broad pH optimum over the range of 6.3 to 7.3 and has a molecular weight of 92,000 as estimated by calibrated Sephadex gel filtration. On disc gel electrophoresis in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, purified preparations migrate as a single band of 46,000 molecular weight, indicating that the enzyme is a dimeric protein. The enzyme is activated by Zn++. Enzymic cleavage of 4-amino-N10-methylpteroylglutamic acid (methotrexate) was strongly inhibited by the product l-glutamic acid, and to a lesser extent by l-aspartic acid, while d-glutamic acid was ineffective. Competitive inhibition of methotrexate cleavage was also demonstrated by the substrates 4-aminopteroylaspartic acid, N-benzyloxycarbonyl glutamic acid, and N-benzyloxycarbonyl aspartic acid. Although certain properties of carboxypeptidase G1 were similar to those from other sources, several differences were noted between this enzyme and previously described carboxypeptidases.
P-selectin, an important mediator of angiogenesis in females: the role of estradiol

Angiogenesis, or new blood vessel formation, is key in vasculoproliferative disorders including rheumatoid arthritis. Here we report that the mediation of angiogenesis by P-selectin, an important member of the selectin adhesion molecule family, is unexpectedly sex dependent. In vivo angiogenesis measured in a Matrigel plug, in a sponge granuloma, and in a corneal micropocket was consistently impaired in P-selectin gene deficient mice compared with wild-type mice, but only if the P-selectin-deficient mice were female. Estrogen appeared to be one significant mediator of P-selectin sensitivity. In vitro the chemotactic activity of soluble P-selectin for human dermal microvascular endothelial cells was augmented by 17β-estradiol (E2). Conversely, an antibody blockade of P-selectin reduced E2-induced sprout formation in female mouse corneal endothelial cell morphogenesis assays, inhibited E2-induced endothelial cell signaling via the Src and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, and decreased E2-induced secretion of angiogenic basic fibroblast growth factor. In addition to its classical roles in leucocyte extravasation, P-selectin may also contribute to a variety of inflammatory diseases as a sex-restricted angiogenic intermediary.
Successful control of schistosomiasis and the changing epidemiology of bladder cancer in Egypt

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by flatworms that live in snail-infested fresh water. It is endemic to 74 countries and affects some 200 million people worldwide, causing an estimated 200,000 deaths annually [1]. Schistosomiasis can affect the gastrointestinal tract and liver (S. mansoni and S. japonicum species), resulting in diarrhoeal disease and hepatic fibrosis, or the urinary tract (S. haematobium) where it causes haematuria, strictures, obstruction, super-infection and, ultimately, cancer. In children and vulnerable adults, systemic effects such as anaemia, malnutrition, stunted growth and impaired cognition can be profound. The association between this parasitic infestation and the development of bladder cancer literally took millennia to uncover. It is unusual for a parasitic disease to result in a fatal neoplastic process, and rarer still to have public health efforts, aimed at eradication of the parasitic menace, to result in a dramatic shift in the epidemiology of the most common cancer in a nation.
Scaling graph community detection on the Tilera many-core architecture

In an era when power constraints and data movement are proving to be significant barriers for the application of high-end computing, the Tilera many-core architecture offers a low-power platform exhibiting many important characteristics of future systems, including a large number of simple cores, a sophisticated network-on-chip, and fine-grained control over memory and caching policies. While this emerging architecture has been previously studied for structured compute-intensive kernels, benchmarking the platform for data-bound, irregular applications present significant challenges that have remained unexplored. Community detection is an advanced prototypical graph-theoretic operation with applications in numerous scientific domains including life sciences, cyber security, and power systems. In this work, we explore multiple design strategies toward developing a scalable tool for community detection on the Tilera platform. Using several memory layout and work scheduling techniques we demonstrate speedups of up to 47× on 36 cores of the Tilera TileGX36 platform over the best serial implementation, and also show results that have comparable quality and performance to mainstream x86 platforms. To the best of our knowledge this is the first work addressing graph algorithms on the Tilera platform. This study demonstrates that through careful design space exploration, low-power many-core platforms like Tilera can be effectively exploited for graph algorithms that embody all the essential characteristics of an irregular application.
Demonstration of a Fundamental Quantum Logic Gate

We demonstrate the operation of a two-bit "controlled-NOT" quantum logic gate, which, in conjunction with simple single-bit operations, forms a universal quantum logic gate for quantum computation. The two quantum bits are stored in the internal and external degrees of freedom of a single trapped atom, which is first laser cooled to the zero-point energy. Decoherence effects are identified for the operation, and the possibility of extending the system to more qubits appears promising.
Surface Oscillations of an Electromagnetically Levitated Droplet

The natural oscillation frequency of freely suspended liquid droplets can be related to the surface tension of the material, and the decay of oscillations to the liquid viscosity. However, the fluid flow inside the droplet must be laminar to measure viscosity with existing correlations; otherwise the damping of the oscillations is dominated by turbulent dissipation. Because no experimental method has yet been developed to visualize flow in electromagnetically levitated oscillating metal droplets, mathematical modeling can assist in predicting whether or not turbulence occurs, and under what processing conditions. In this paper, three mathematical models of the flow: (1) assuming laminar conditions, (2) using the k−ɛ turbulence model, and (3) using the RNG turbulence model, respectively, are compared and contrasted to determine the physical characteristics of the flow. It is concluded that the RNG model is the best suited for describing this problem when the interior flow is turbulent. The goal of the presented work was to characterize internal flow in an oscillating droplet of liquid metal, and to verify the accuracy of the characterization by comparing calculated surface tension and viscosity values to available experimental results.
Butorphanol's efficacy at mu and kappa opioid receptors: Interences based on the schedule-controlled behavior of nontolerant and morphine-tolerant rats and on the responding of rats under a drug discrimination procedure

The purpose of the present investigation was to characterize the mu agonist and kappa antagonist effects of the mixed opioid agonist/antagonist butorphanol. To this end, the effects of butorphanol were examined: 1) alone and in combination with the kappa agonist bremazocine in nontolerant and morphine-tolerant rats responding under a fixed-ratio 30 (FR30) schedule of food presentation, and 2) in rats trained to discriminate 10 mg/kg morphine from saline. Prior to the induction of morphine tolerance, morphine, bremazocine and butorphanol produced dose-dependent decreases in rate of responding under the FR30. In these nontolerant rats, butorphanol failed to antagonize bremazocine's rate-decreasing effects. During the chronic morphine regimen, the dose-effect curve for morphine was shifted to the right of its prechronic position by approximately 0.9 log units, whereas the bremazocine curve was not altered substantially. The butorphanol dose-effect curve, in contrast, was shifted to the right and flattened such that doses which eliminated responding in nontolerant rats, as well as doses approximately 1.0 log unit higher, had no effect on responding. In these morphine-tolerant rats, butorphanol produced a dose-dependent antagonism of bremazocine's rate-decreasing effects. In rats trained to discriminate morphine from saline, butorphanol substituted completely for the morphine stimulus. Unlike morphine, which produced its stimulus effects only at doses that decreased rate of responding, butorphanol substituted for the morphine stimulus at doses that had little or no effect on rate of responding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Circular dichroism studies of ethidium bromide binding to the isolated nucleolus

Circular dichroism in the 300-360 nm region and fluorescence induced by intercaltating binding of ethidum bromide to both DNA and RNA components were studied in isolated HeLa nucleoli. Both DNA and RNA compoents contribute to the induced dichroic elliticity. Digestion of nucleoli by RNase or DNase shows that most of the induced ellipticity comes from the DNA component. In nucleoli with an RNA/DNA = 0.8/1.0 the RNA component gives only 20% of the total ellipticity when measured at an ethidium bromide/DNA = 0.25. Spectro-fluorometric titration shows that ethidium bromide intercalates mostly into DNA in nucleoli. Both circular dichroism and fluorescence studies indicate that both DNA and RNA components in isolated nucleoli are less accessible to intercalating binding by ethidium bromide when compared to purified nucleolar DNA, DNA in chromatin or purified ribosomal RNA. Circular dichroic measurements of intercalating binding of ethidium bromide to to nucleoli may be used to study changes in nucleoli under different physiological or pathological conditions.
The lee model applied to the virtual deuteron

In a previous paper the Lee model with cut-off has been applied to the normal state of the deuteron; in the present paper this same model is applied to the virtual (singlet) state. For this case it is found that the poles of the n-p scattering amplitude all occur on the unphysical sheet. The chief contribution to the amplitude at low energies arises from a pole on the real axis at 66 keV below threshold ; the position of this pole is interpreted as the « mass » of the virtual deuteron.
Effect of phytate and partially hydrolyzed phytate on in vitro protein digestibility.

The effects of sodium phytate and partially hydrolyzed sodium phytate (0 - 82% hydrolyzed) on pepsin digestion of casein and bovine serum albumin were evaluated by an in vitro procedure using dialy-sates of pepsin digestion over a period of 0 – 23 hr. The inhibitory effect of phytate differed with substrate and increased with dose level. At the highest phytate level, the digestion of casein and bovine serum albumin was reduced by 14% and 7%, respectively. The inhibitory effect of the phytate was inversely correlated with the degree of phytate hydrolysis. Hydrolysis for 16 hr almost eleminated the inhibitory effect of phytate.