cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Thermodynamic Description of Phytoplankton Growth

As early as 1942 Monod noted that the growth rate for a continuous culture of bacteria was adequately described by a hyperbolic function. Since Monod’s work, there have been numerous observations of similarities in the growth kinetics of microbes and the kinetics of reactions catalyzed by enzymes in vitro (e.g. Malek and Fencl,l966). Such similarities have suggested to researchers that the growth response of microbes may be simply explained by the kinetics of a rate limiting step in a metabolic pathway. Thus, parameters of Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the half saturation constant and the maximum velocity for substratesaturated systems, have been adapted for descriptions of the microbial growth. In addition, this kinetic description of growth has served as the conceptual basis for the establishment of the steady state in continuous culture devices.
SITE: From Our Society’s Foundation Toward Shared Leadership for an Intercultural Future

The first decade of the Society of Information Technology in Teacher Education (SITE) has seen the formation of a wonderful loosely coupled system, which we enjoy. Part of that enjoyment is our common socialization—we think and act like teacher educators with enthusiasm and expertise with new technology. We enjoy sharing that enthusiasm and developing the scholarship and practice in our field and service to our societies worldwide. Even though we often do not communicate enough with each other, we can still coordinate our actions because we can anticipate what other SITE participants are thinking and doing and we enjoy hearing about it at our conference. We also share the administrative support of SITE, through the strong arms of the Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
Observed Ices in the Solar System

Ices have been detected and mapped on the Earth and all planets and/or their satellites further from the sun. Water ice is the most common frozen volatile observed and is also unambiguously detected or inferred in every planet and/or their moon(s) except Venus. Carbon dioxide is also extensively found in all systems beyond the Earth except Pluto although it sometimes appears to be trapped rather than as an ice on some objects. The largest deposits of carbon dioxide ice is on Mars. Sulfur dioxide ice is found in the Jupiter system. Nitrogen and methane ices are common beyond the Uranian system. Saturn’s moon Titan probably has the most complex active chemistry involving ices, with benzene (C6H6) and many tentative or inferred compounds including ices of Cyanoacetylene (HC3N), Toluene (C7H8), Cyanogen (C2N2), Acetonitrile (CH3CN), H2O, CO2, and NH3. Confirming compounds on Titan is hampered by its thick smoggy atmosphere. Ammonia was predicted on many icy moons but is notably absent among the definitively detected ices with the possible exception of Enceladus. Comets, storehouses of many compounds that could exist as ices in their nuclei, have only had small amounts of water ice definitively detected on their surfaces. Only one asteroid has had a direct detection of surface water ice, although its presence can be inferred in others. This chapter reviews some of the properties of ices that lead to their detection, and surveys the ices that have been observed on solid surfaces throughout the Solar System.
Board of Advisors’ influence in a highly ranked college of pharmacy

Abstract Objectives This article shows how a college may build and use a Board of Advisors to stay current in all areas of a profession. The Board can serve an important role in keeping a college faculty abreast of changes in a profession, thus assisting the faculty in better preparing students for their future careers and maintaining the college’s leadership responsibilities within a profession. Methods At the University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy (“College”), the Board of Advisors generates an annual report of current and future themes known as an environmental scan. The environmental scan is used for forecasting, assessment, and evaluation of current conditions in each market or industry as they relate to the academic and leadership mission of the College. Results Environmental scans from 2004 to 2012 (except 2006 owing to data not being available) were qualitatively analyzed; 2013 is also included as a summary only. Across the nine-year period, three themes emerged: education and science, external influencers, and pharmacy practice. Conclusion The annual meeting of approximately 30 advisors from a wide range of expertise appears to be an optimal format for a Board of Advisors for a college of pharmacy with a broad mission. It connects the college to the non-academic world and provides invaluable information that informs decision-making as well as proving review of our programs by important stakeholders. It is anticipated that the Board will become increasingly interprofessional, reflecting this important aspect of health reform.
Pro Tanto Retributivism: Judgment and the Balance of Principles in Criminal Justice

In this chapter, I suggest a way that deontological retributivists can accommodate the compromises to the ideal of just punishment made necessary in the real world by scarce resources and competing societal needs and goals (a context also emphasized by Cahill and Markel in their chapters in this book). I consider recent work supporting consequentialist retributivism, in which trade-offs are allowed in order to maximize some measure of punishment or justice, but find the quantification of just punishment problematic due to the ideal or principled nature of justice inherent in the concept. Instead, I propose a practical, deontological retributivism in which the principle of just punishment is balanced with other principles and goals according to a concept of judgment drawn from the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant and the jurisprudence of Ronald Dworkin. After outlining the resulting “pro tanto retributivism,” I compare it to other suggestions regarding how to balance competing interests within punishment, including Michael S. Moore’s “threshold retributivism,” and argue that my conception is both more flexible while adhering to a more deontological understanding of retributivism.
Fundamentals Of Biomedical Image Processing

Automatic biomedical image processing has enjoyed increased popularity of late, primarily because it can be used to enhance images to measure and count accurately and quickly in various types of applications. Preliminary background and basic terminology commonly used in biomedical image processing will be reviewed. Among these are sources and forms of biomedical images, image enhancement, searching and analysis modes in biomedical image processing, and possible output formats.
Gate: greening at the edges

Dramatic data traffic growth, especially in wireless data, is driving a significant surge in energy consumption in the last mile access of the telecommunications infrastructure. The growing energy consumption not only escalates operators' operational expenditures, but also leads to a significant rise in carbon footprints. Therefore, enhancing the energy efficiency of broadband access networks is becoming a necessity to bolster social, environmental, and economic sustainability. This article provides an overview on the design and optimization of energy-efficient broadband access networks, analyzes the energy-efficient design of passive optical networks, discusses the enabling technologies for next generation broadband wireless access networks, and elicits emerging technologies for enhancing the energy efficiency of the last mile access of the network infrastructure.
Correlations of stomatal conductance with hydraulic and chemical factors in several deciduous tree species in a natural habitat

Recent research in whole-plant stomatal physiology, conducted largely with potted plants in controlled environments, suggests that stomatal conductance (gs ) might be more closely linked to plant chemical variables than to hydraulic variables. To test this in a field situation, seasonal gs was examined in relation to a number of plant and environmental variables in 11 temperate, deciduous forest tree species. Stomatal conductance was generally better correlated with environmental variables (air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, PPFD) than with plant variables, and slightly better correlated with plant hydraulic variables (shoot water and osmotic potentials) than with plant chemical variables (xylem sap ABA concentration, xylem sap pH). We examined a model, developed previously for maize, which describes regulation of gs by xylem sap ABA concentration with leaf water status acting to modify stomatal sensitivity to the ABA signal. This model explained slightly more variation in seasonal gs in the forest trees than did single plant variables but not more variation than most single environmental variables. Response surface models, especially those incorporating environmental variables, were more consistently successful at explaining gs across species.
A Clash of Native Space and Institutional Place in a Local Choctaw-Upper Creek Memory Site: Decolonizing Critiques and Scholar-Activist Interventions.

This essay - a combination of authorial narrative and scholarly critique - examines a grassroots organization's (Friends of Historic Northport) campaign to preserve a site in west Alabama where a pivotal Choctaw-Upper Creek battle took place in 1785. The organization has faced opposition from city planners and business leaders intent on developing the site. I argue herein that these institutional agents have maneuvered within colonial contexts and neocolonial ideologies to mute the voices of indigenist-centered preservation efforts, mostly by occluding a key Native-centered narrative that affirms the battle's location. In the process, Native memories and indigenous "space" have been ignored, and a presentation of these memories has been left out of the "place" of the site. Here, Native memories are made illegitimate by the trumping of oral stories with paid-for physical evidence deemed authoritative as a part of municipal "governing rules." In addition to demystifying the institutional agents' colonial an...
Some Factors Governing Precipitation and Lightning from Convective Clouds

Abstract Two groups of days, one with “heavy rain” and one with “light rain,” have been studied. Radar observations, cloud photographs and visual counts of cloud-to-ground lightning were examined. It is concluded that, at least in convective clouds in southeastern Arizona and probably in convective clouds in other geographical regions as well, the microphysical properties of the clouds are not of dominant importance in determining how much precipitation reaches the ground. It is inferred that the quantity of rainfall is mostly governed by those properties of the atmosphere which determine the size, strength and duration of the updrafts. The observations also show that as the quantity of rainfall increases so does the frequency of cloud-to-ground lightning.
Accuracy of self-reported educational attainment among diverse patient populations: a preliminary investigation.

Abstract Despite speculation concerning the accuracy of self-reported information, particularly from certain patient populations, many neuropsychologists continue to estimate premorbid intellectual functioning on the basis of self-reported educational attainment. This study examined 116 individuals with diverse diagnoses [i.e., alcoholism, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia or schizoaffective, and dementia] to determine the accuracy of their self-reported high school educational attainment. Results suggest that at least half of all participatts were inaccurate as defined by discrepancies between actual and estimated GPA greater than .5 on a traditional 4-point grading scale. Most patients were inaccurate in the direction of overestimating their educational attainment. Patients diagnosed with alcoholism and PTSD were significantly less accurate in recalling their educational history when compared to a group of normal-control subjects. Several subjects, whose records could not be verified, were found to have not attended high school as they had claimed. These results underscore the potential inaccuracy that exists when estimating premorbid intelligence using self-reported information. © 1997 National Academy of Neuropsychology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE KINETICS OF BLOOD CLEARANCE OF P32-LABELLED ESCHERICHIA COLI AND STAPHYLOCOCCI BY THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM

1. The clearance of P(32)-labelled heat-killed E. coli and staphylococci from the blood follows an exponential function of the time, and the bacteria are phagocytized principally by the RES of the liver and spleen. 2. The rates of clearance of equivalent number of E. coli from the blood is rapid in rabbits and slow in mice and appears to be related to the level of antibodies in the serum of these animals. 3. Unlike E. coli, staphylococci are cleared rapidly and efficiently by the RES from the blood of mice which have a sufficient level of serum antibody against these bacteria. 4. The numbers of bacteria, phagocytized by the liver or the spleen respectively, depend upon the rate of clearance and the extent of opsonization of the bacteria. Rapidly cleared, well opsonized E. coli are removed almost exclusively by the liver, while less efficiently phagocytized bacteria are also cleared by the spleen in large numbers. 5. The rate of clearance of E. coli and the efficiency with which they are phagocyted by the RES in mice have been shown to be directly related to the level of antibody in the serum. 6. Treatment of mice with S. typhi or Serratia marcescens endotoxins increases the rate of clearance of E. coli from the blood and the level of antibody against E. coli in the serum. The enhanced clearance of E. coli can be transferred to normal mice by the serum of endotoxin-treated mice.
Minimax linear, ridge and shrunken estimators for linear parameters

For a linear model with restrictions of the normed linear parameter to a generalized ellipsoid it is proven, that the Kuks-Olman estimator is minimax linear with respect to the matrik risk. From this follow optimal ridge and shrunken estimators.
Mechanism of erythropoietin induced hypertension

Chronic administration of erythropoietin (EPO) is associated with an increase in arterial blood pressure in patients and animals with chronic renal failure (CRF). Several mechanisms have been considered in the pathogenesis of EPO-induced hypertension. These include the possible role of the rise of hematocrit and erythrocyte mass, changes in production or sensitivity to endogenous vasopressors, alterations in vascular smooth-muscle ionic milieu, dysregulation of production or responsiveness to endogenous vasodilatory factors, a direct vasopressor action of EPO, and finally arterial remodeling through stimulation of vascular cell growth.
A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF INCREASING THE EXCHANGE INTERVAL FOR PERSONNEL DOSIMETRY FILMS.

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of extending the interval between the exchange of personnel dosimetry films from one month to three months. Unexposed and pre-exposed films from three exposure levels were stored in controlled and uncontrolled environments. A third of these films was removed and processed after one, two, and three months. Reported doses of the pre-exposed films were within the statistical variation (±15%) of the reported doses of films processed within four days after exposure. Unexposed films showed no fogging.
Existence results for a class of diffusion-reaction problems

A general class of diffusion-reaction problems, which includes the diffusion of a substrate across a membrane which is facilitated by the presence of a carrier, is considered. A priori bounds for solutions are established and, by applying shooting techniques to solutions of appropriate initial value problems, existence results are obtained.
An interpolation problem associated with H ∞ -optimal design in systems with distributed input lags

The symbol for infinity appears as superscript in title where indicated by the word "infinity" in brackets.
A Brucella melitensis high temperature requirement A (htrA) deletion mutant demonstrates a stress response defective phenotype in vitro and transient attenuation in the BALB/c mouse model

Bacterial stress response proteins of the high temperature requirement A (HtrA) family are serine proteases which appear to play an important role in scavenging oxidatively damaged proteins from the cell before they reach toxic levels. An isogenic htrA deletion mutant, designated RWP5, was constructed from virulent Brucella melitensis 16M via gene replacement to determine whether the B. melitensis HtrA protein functions as a stress response protein, and to evaluate the contribution of this protein to virulence. Unlike the parental strain, RWP5 would not form isolated colonies on solid media at 40°C or grow on Schaedler agar without blood supplementation. RWP5 also grew poorly in broth culture in contrast to 16M. The B. melitensis htrA mutant was significantly more sensitive ( P 2 O 2 , and puromycin than the parental strain, and a significant reduction ( P In vitro and in vivo evaluation of RWP5 reisolates obtained from the spleens of mice at 4 and 16 weeks post-infection demonstrated that mouse passage did not significantly alter these characteristic in vitro and in vivo properties of RWP5. These results support a stress response function for the B. melitensis HtrA protein and suggest that this protein contributes to the pathogenesis of B. melitensis early in infection. The basis for the recovery of RWP5 at later timepoints in infected mice is presently unknown; however, the results presented here suggest that it is not caused by a stable genetic change resulting from mouse passage.
Effects of 17-β estradiol and 4-nonylphenol on phase II electrophilic detoxification pathways in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) liver

Abstract The effects of in vivo exposure to a natural and synthetic estrogen upon three hepatic phase II enzyme pathways involved in cellular protection against reactive intermediates were investigated in the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The pathways analyzed included glutathione S-transferases (GST), glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and NAD(P)H-dependent quinone reductase (QR). Following exposure to 17-β estradiol (E2, a model natural estrogen; 2 mg/kg, i.p.) or 4-nonylphenol (NP, a model synthetic estrogen; 5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, i.p.), serum vitellogenin concentrations in male fish were markedly increased. Exposure to E2 did not affect steady-state GST-A mRNA expression, although GST catalytic activity toward 1-chloro 2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) was elevated at 48 h post-injection. In addition, the rates of bass liver GST-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (GST-4HNE) conjugation were elevated by E2 exposure at all timepoints. In contrast, exposure to NP decreased steady-state GST-A mRNA levels, but did not alter GST catalytic activities. Hepatic GSH levels were not significantly affected by exposure to either compound, although a trend towards increased GSH biosynthesis was observed with both compounds. Although bass liver quinone reductase catalyzed 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCP) reduction, unlike in rodents, these catalytic activities were not inhibited by dicoumarol. Exposure to 5 mg/kg NP significantly increased hepatic QR activities. Collectively, our data suggest that exposure to E2 or NP alters the ability of largemouth bass to biotransform environmental chemicals through glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase catalytic pathways.
Conflict, Geography, and Natural Resources: The Political Economy of State Predation in Africa

This paper develops a modified version of predatory theory by merging three literatures pertinent to the explanation of the capacity of states in sub-Saharan Africa to extract resources from their populations in the form of taxation. The first and oldest of these literatures builds on the claim that war and other forms of interstate conflict act as a catalyst for states to increase their extraction from populations under their control. The primary finding from this line of research is that the lack of interstate war has limited the African state's ability to extract, though recent contributions suggest that other forms of conflict may have a stimulative effect on extraction. The second literature suggests that aspects of physical geography, including the size and shape of states, the allocation of citizenship, and land tenure, among other factors, are responsible for the poor ability of African states to extract from their societies. Finally, the third literature examines the impact of primary commodities on insurgents' abilities to initiate and sustain civil wars, and has important implications for African state extractive capacity. This paper tests the primary hypotheses derived from the synthetic theoretical framework through a cross-sectional time-series analysis. The test produces substantial support for the modified version of predatory theory as applied to the region.
Comparison of Turbulent Flows over Clusters of Varying Density

AbstractGravel bed rivers commonly form an armored surface layer within which cluster bedforms develop. Clusters can form in isolation or develop cluster groups of increasing density. Flume experiments are presented in which a clustered, armored surface was formed on a gravel bed. Flows were measured over an area without a cluster and areas with an isolated cluster, a coupling of two clusters, and a group of three clusters. Turbulent flow parameters, Reynolds stresses, and turbulent kinetic energy were calculated from acoustic Doppler velocimeter measured flows and visualizations of the flow patterns around clusters. Flow separated over the cluster crest, creating an increase in the turbulent flow properties and a high-turbulence intensity region when flow reattached downstream. Turbulent kinetic energy increased around the coupled clusters, but around the grouped clusters, the flow field was distinguished by a high degree of uniformity. The net effect of increasing density of cluster grouping was an incr...
Do drinking motives mediate the association between sexual assault and problem drinking

Abstract Sexual assault and problem drinking are both prevalent in college women and are interrelated. Findings from cross-sectional research indicate that motives to drink to decrease negative affect (coping motives) or to increase positive affect (enhancement motives) are partial mediators of the sexual assault–problem drinking relation. However, no published longitudinal studies have examined these relations. The current study tests a longitudinal model and examines coping and enhancement motives as potential mediators. Participants were 131 female undergraduates who completed baseline measures of self-reported sexual assault victimization and problem drinking. Coping and enhancement motives were measured at three-month follow up; problem drinking was measured at six-month follow-up. Analyses using structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated direct and indirect paths in the sexual assault–problem drinking relation. Zero-order correlations indicated significant, positive relations among drinking motives, sexual assault, and drinking variables. Longitudinally, mediation was evident for coping but not enhancement motives. Ultimately, findings were most consistent with self-medication hypotheses about the sexual assault – problem drinking relation – i.e., drinking in order to gain relief from symptoms or problems.
Hausdorff dimension and measure of basin boundaries

The purpose of the paper is to establish vigorous results concerning the Hausdorff dimension and measure of the boundary of the basin of attraction of the stable orbit for a map λpfe, where fe is a piecewise linear map defined on [0,1], depending on a parameter ee(0,1/2), and P is a MSS sequence which is the kneading sequence for the map λ p f e . An algorithm is given that defines a graph directed construction such that the object constructed is precisely the boundary of the basin of attraction
Absence of Chlamydia in Trachomatous Lacrimal Sacs

We performed lacrimal sac biopsies in 35 patients who underwent dacryocystorhinostomies in Saudi Arabia. The nasolacrimal duct obstructions were presumably secondary to trachoma in 22 cases and unknown in the remaining 13 cases. Lacrimal sac specimens were submitted for routine histopathologic examination and the direct-smear fluorescent antibody test. All specimens were negative for chlamydia. Possible reasons for the low detection rate of chlamydia in the trachomatous group were the frequent finding of clinically inactive disease, common canalicular obstruction, and loss of the epithelial lining in the lacrimal sac.
Treatment of post-traumatic midbrain resting-kinetic tremor with combined levodopa/carbidopa and carbamazepine

A patient with a post-traumatic midbrain haemorrhagic lesion documented by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) presented with a combined resting-kinetic contralateral upper extremity tremor. The resting tremor component responded to levodopa/carbidopa, while the kinetic component improved with the addition of carbamazepine.
The eye and the chromosome

Abstract The first linkage of disease traits on the human X-chromosome was reported in 1937, and the first assignment of a human disease to an autosome was made 26 years later in 1963. Now, after only 19 years, there are at least 338 assignments to loci on the human chromosome map. This amazing expansion of information extends to eye diseases. In this review, basic mechanisms of mutation are discussed, and the basic methodologies used for gene assignment are explained. All of the eye-related, definite, autosomal assignments are presented. The diseases that have regional assignments on the X-chromosome are discussed, and the remaining X-linked eye diseases are listed in table form.
Discrete Green's Functions

We study discrete Green's functions and their relationship with discrete Laplace equations. Several methods for deriving Green's functions are discussed. Green's functions can be used to deal with diffusion-type problems on graphs, such as chip-firing, load balancing, and discrete Markov chains.
Comprehensive health planning; recommended policies and actions.

Dr. Smith presents briefly and concisely, as usual, some convincing demands on the public dentist to accomplish in Comprehensive Health Planning.
MOCVD routes to Tl-2212/MgO/Tl-2212 trilayers — preliminary observations on growth and microstructural/electrical properties

Abstract The suitability of Tl 2 Ba 2 CaCu 2 O 8 (Tl-2212) and MgO for growing SIS trilayers by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is examined. Low temperature (500°C) epitaxial (100) MgO film growth on (110) LaAlO 3 by MOCVD using Mg(dpm) 2 (dpm=2.2.6.6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) is demonstrated. Tl-2212 does not decompose under these MgO growth conditions, although decomposition occurs at lower O 2 partial pressures. To form trilayer structures. BaCaCuO(F) films are first grown on (110) LaAlO 3 by MOCVD using Ba(hfa) 2 · mep (hfa=1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoropentane-2,4-dionate; mep=2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxanonadecane), Ca(hfa) 2 tet (tet=2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxapentadecane) and Cu(dpm) 2 precursors and are then post-annealed in the presence of bulk Tl 2 Ba 2 CaCu 2 O N to form Tl-2212. MgO is then deposited by MOCVD. Finally, a top TBCCO layer is grown by MOCVD and subsequent Tl 2 O anneal to complete the trilayer. Both of the TBCCO layers are highly oriented, while the MgO layers are largely polycrystalline due to the rough underlying Tl-2212. Both TBCCO layers are superconducting ( T c ∼ 105 K).
Civilian injuries of the rectum and anus

CIVILIAN INJURIES o f the colon usual ly a re associated with rectal and anal injuries. T h e ana tomy o f the bowel below the sacral p r o m o n t o r y differs f rom that o f bowel above the sacral p r o m o n t o r y . 9 T h e mechanisms of injuries to these areas can differ, and the a t t endan t prognoses , complications, and treatments of ten differ. While there are some c o m m o n features, such as the indications for p r i m a ry closure or d iver t ing colostomy, the d i f ferences are m o r e striking. Even in repor ts of injuries to the colon and rectum, injuries of the rec tum are of ten discussed separately. Schrock a4 considers the large intestine to be three organs: right colon, left colon, and r ec tum. Due to differences in the anatomic structures, injur ies o f the in t raper i toneal rec tum, the r ec t um below the per i toneal reflection, the anal canal, and the perianal skin with extension into the anal canal are all quite d i f ferent . How these di f ferences affect treat.ment is cons idered below.
Two-Dimensional Development in Staged Systems

Abstract A new technique for two-dimensional development in staged systems utilizing the two-dimensional cross-flow cascade is presented. Ideal theories for two sequential and one simultaneous development technique are presented and the results are compared. All three development techniques will separate mixtures which cannot be separated by one-dimensional development. The simultaneous development technique appears to be preferable because it is less time consuming and requires fewer stages. It is also shown that a three-dimensional cross-flow system will give the same distributions as simultaneous development in two-dimensional cross-flow except the system can have a continual feed instead of a batch feed.
Optical measurements of tsunami inundation through an urban waterfront modeled in a large-scale laboratory basin

Abstract This paper presents optical measurements of tsunami inundation through an urban waterfront in a laboratory wave basin. The physical model was constructed at 1:50 scale and was an idealization of the town of Seaside, Oregon. The fixed-bed model was designed to study the initial inundation zone along an urban waterfront, such that the flow around several large buildings could be observed. This paper presents an analysis of the optical measurements made with two overhead video cameras, focusing on tracking the leading edge of the tsunami inundation through the urban waterfront and quantifies the accuracy of the algorithm used to track the edge. The results show that the methodology provides high-resolution information in both time and space of the leading edge position, and that these data can be used to quantify the influence of large macro-roughness features on the tsunami inundation processes in laboratory settings. The overall effect of the macro-roughness was to decrease the bore propagation speed relative to the control section with no macro-roughness. The bore speed could be reduced by as much as 40% due to the presence of the macro-roughness relative to the control section.
Influence of Crystal Shape on the Tableting Performance of L‐Lysine Monohydrochloride Dihydrate

The purpose of this study is to understand the influence of crystal shape on the tableting performance of L-lysine monohydrochloride (LMH) dihydrate, using the method of data analysis developed by Joiris E et al. 1998. Pharm Res 15:1122-1130. Phase-pure crystals of LMH dihydrate, prism-shaped (S) and plate-shaped (T), were prepared by adjusting the composition of the crystallization solvent. At the same compaction pressure, T always gives stronger tablets than S, (i.e.; the tabletability of T is greater). The porosity of tablets from T crystals is always greater than that of S crystals when compressed at the same pressure, (i.e.; the compressibility of T is lower). The tensile strength of T tablets, at the same porosity, is greater than that of S tablets, (i.e.; the compactibility of T is greater). Therefore, the greater tabletability of T is a result of its better compactibility that overcomes the negative effects by its lower compressibility. The greater compactibility of T is related to favorable orientation of the slip planes in the tablet, corresponding to greater plasticity under load. The yield strengths of T and S crystals are essentially the same (20 MPa). Therefore, the crystal shape influences the tableting performance but does not, in principle, affect the yield strength of LMH dihydrate.
Prognostic indexes in acute myocardial infarction complicated by shock

Abstract The predictive value of selected hemodynamic, metabolic, respiratory and renal variables was assessed in 29 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by shock. Arterial blood lactate was the most reliable variable individually and in combination with other variables. Individual measurements of blood flow were more reliable than measurements of blood pressure. Prognostic indexes were derived using discriminant function analysis. Indexes based on current values of the variables were more useful than those utilizing repetitive values. Nonlinear combinations of arterial pressure and flow measurements did not provide a significant improvement over standard linear combinations. The use of the prognostic indexes provides an objective basis for assessing the severity of the patient's illness and his response to treatment.
Development of an automated diagnostic system for boiling water reactor stability measurements

Abstract This paper presents an automated algorithm for on-line boiling water reactor stability estimation based on neutron noise measurements. The concepts of asymptotic and apparent decay ratios are presented. Several methods to estimate stability are discussed and applied to both BWR data and computer-generated data for difficult pole-zero configurations. Finally, the importance of using long enough records of data is emphasized with some examples.
Waiting-time prediction in scalable on-demand video streaming

Providing video streaming users with expected waiting times enhances their perceived quality-of-service (QoS) and encourages them to wait. In the absence of any waiting-time feedback, users are more likely to defect because of the uncertainty as to when their services will start. We analyze waiting-time predictability in scalable video streaming. We propose two prediction schemes and study their effectiveness when applied with various stream merging techniques and scheduling policies. The results demonstrate that the waiting time can be predicted accurately, especially when enhanced cost-based scheduling is applied. The combination of waiting-time prediction and cost-based scheduling leads to outstanding performance benefits.
Thermal diffusivity of clinopyroxenes at elevated temperature

The phonon component of thermal diffusivity ( D ) was measured from 8 single-crystals and 2 polycrystalline clinopyroxene samples at temperatures ( T ) up to a maximum of ~1000 to 1600 K, using laser-flash analysis. Electron microprobe analysis shows that we have two samples of near end-member diopside, two augites, one end-member and one impure jadeite, aegerine, and three near end-member spodumenes. Hydroxyl contents determined from near-IR spectroscopy range from ~ 0 to 70 ppm as H 2 O. Two directions constrain D for clinopyroxenes, consistent with phonon symmetry. Anisotropy = ( D ⊥c − D ||c )/ D ||c is near 40 % for all samples and independent of T , where || and ⊥ indicate the direction heat flows relative to the c -axis. Thermal diffusivity decreases with increasing T and approaches a constant ( D sat ) near 1400 K. The temperature dependence of 1/ D is well described by low-order polynomial fits. At 298 K and for near end-member compositions, cation mass and bond lengths strongly affect D ⊥c whereas D ||c is essentially constant and large, 3.9 mm 2 s −1 . For solid solutions, D at 298 K decreases from end-member values as impurity content increases, but D at saturation is little affected. Excluding Li-rich clinopyroxenes, D ⊥c,sat ~ 0.5 mm 2 s −1 and D ||c,sat ~ 0.9 mm 2 s −1 . The values pertain to lithospheric and mantle compositions of clinopyroxene above 1400 K, and lead to bulk thermal conductivity at saturation being 2.4 W m −1 K −1 . Pressure deriviatives are predicted from models as ∂(ln k )/∥ P = 4.2 to 4.7 %GPa −1 .
General saddlepoint approximations in the bootstrap

Abstract In Easton and Ronchetti (1986), a method of general saddlepoint approximations is proposed and shown useful, especially in the case of small sample sizes. A possible improvement of the method is suggested to prevent its potential deficiencies and increase its applicability. Easton and Ronchetti's method and its modified version are extended to bootstrap applications. These results provide a satisfactory answer to Davison and Hinkley's (1988) open question on the bootstrap distribution in the AR(1) model.
Development of Pharmacodynamic Tolerance to Prazosin in Congestive Heart Failure

Abstract In order to determine and compare the pharmacodynamic responses to single and multiple dose prazosin therapy in cardiac failure, 14 patients with severe low-output heart failure underwent central and regional hemodynamic measurements after random placement in one of two prazosin dosing schedules. A single 5 mg oral dose of prazosin (Group A, no. = 7) significantly increased the cardiac index and stroke volume index while significantly decreasing systemic, pulmonary and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures and vascular resistances. Hepatic plasma flow and limb blood flow increased after the single dose. Striking attenuation of these hemodynamic effects occurred when the same dose was administered after 24 hours of pretreatment with oral prazosin, 2 mg every 8 hours (Group B, no. = 7). The plasma prazosin levels of the two groups, drawn 2 hours after administration, were 24.5 and 30.5 ng/ml, respectively. Repeated administration of prazosin in patients with congestive heart failure results in rapid attenuation of its beneficial central and regional hemodynamic effects. The usefulness of this vasodilator as a preload-and afterload-reducing agent in the clinical setting of chronic congestive heart failure may be limited by the development of pharmacodynamic tolerance.
The Amoskeag Manufacturing Company

Introduction, 473. — I. Prosperity, 474. — Financial ties, 474. — Accounting practices, 478. — Control, 481. — II. Transition, 484. — Facing depression, 486. — Plan adopted: first step, 489; second step, 492. — III. The Decline; financial, 497; physical, 501; the employees and the community, 504. — IV. Liquidation, 507. — The question of responsibility, 511.
The high temperature creep deformation of Si3N4-6Y2O3-2Al2O3

The creep properties of silicon nitride containing 6 wt percent yttria and 2 wt percent alumina have been determined in the temperature range 1573 to 1673 K. The stress exponent, n, in the equation epsilon dot varies as sigma sup n, was determined to be 2.00 + or - 0.15 and the true activation energy was found to be 692 + or - 25 kJ/mol. Transmission electron microscopy studies showed that deformation occurred in the grain boundary glassy phase accompanied by microcrack formation and cavitation. The steady state creep results are consistent with a diffusion controlled creep mechanism involving nitrogen diffusion through the grain boundary glassy phase.
Assessing the Prevalence and Implications of Fungal Colonization in Chondroradionecrosis of the Larynx

evidence of Candidiasis on H&E staining. • Of note, the two patients who exhibited candidiasis on H&E staining had concomitant Hepatitis C infections. • Eighteen percent (9/50) of the persistent tumors had a pathologic report that mentioned evidence of chondroradionecrosis (necrosis, ulceration), with an additional 22% (11/50) showing “post radiation changes” (fibrosis, hyalinization). • None of these pathology reports for persistent tumor mentioned fungal colonization nor invasion on H&E stains. • Of the thirty one previously irradiated larynges with persistent disease, twenty (64.5%) were positive for fungal invasion seen after special staining. • In comparison, none of the primary surgical specimens evidenced invasion, and only two showed non-invasive fungal elements. • A two-tailed unpaired t-test showed no statistical difference between the chondroradionecrosis and persistent disease group regarding time until resection after radiation, t(53) = 0.12, p=0.9. Assessing the Prevalence and Implications of Fungal Colonization in Chondroradionecrosis of the Larynx Craig E. Fichandler, M.D.1,3, Hannan I. Farghaly, M.D.2, Jeffrey M. Bumpous, M.D.1,3 Division of Otolaryngology1, Department of Pathology2, Brown Cancer Center3 University of Louisville School of Medicine
Increasing intestinal absorption of drugs by formulation.

The biological potency of steroid hormones was increased by formulation with cholesterol, or its esters, in proportions at which the drugs form a solid solution. Improved intestinal absorption was most likely achieved by increasing the contransport of the drugs with the lipid into the lymphatic system. Increases in blood concentrations were highest for hormones possessing a short biological half-life. Verbesserte Resorption von Arzneistoffen aus dem Darm durch die Formulierung Steroidhormone bilden mit Cholesterol, β-Sitosterol und deren Estern Mischungen, die bei oraler Verabreichung hohere Plasma-Konzentrationen liefern als bei Verabreichung ohne diese Hilfsstoffe. Der Anstieg der Blutkonzentration ist am hochsten bei Hormonen mit einer kurzen biologischen Halbwertszeit.
Presence of lymph node vasculature: a new EUS criterion for benign nodes?

Objectives Lymph nodes normally have prominent centrally located blood vessels, which may become obliterated with tumor infiltration. The presence of intranodal vasculature has been noted to coincide with benign cytology. We sought to determine the test characteristics of the presence of intranodal mediastinal vasculature during endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). Methods 67 mediastinal lymph nodes evaluated by EUS in 66 patients over a 1-year period were evaluated for the presence of intranodal vasculature, which was considered benign when it traversed through the node without disruption. Results Of the 67 lymph nodes evaluated, 29 (43%) were found to be malignant on cytopathologic review. Benign vascular markings were present in 15/67 (22.4%) lymph nodes evaluated. All 15 (100%) of these nodes were found to have benign fine-needle aspiration (FNA) results. The presence of benign vasculature had a negative predictive value of 100%. Conclusions The presence of intranodal vasculature was universally associated with a benign diagnosis. The addition of this EUS finding improves the ability to characterize lymph nodes and predict the likelihood of malignant involvement.
Perioperative complications and risk factors in the surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

A retrospective review of 135 patients surgically treated for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) from 1982 to 1987 was performed to identify perioperative complications and potential risk factors. The incidence of complications was 13% (18/135). Airway problems comprised 77% (14/18) of these complications, resulting in one death. There were three postoperative hemorrhages and one postoperative arrhythmia. Comparison of the complication group versus the noncomplication group showed a statistically significant difference in the minimum oxygen saturation (66% vs. 79%) and apnea index (75 vs. 57) on the pre-operative sleep study and in the amount of narcotic administered intraoperatively. Patients with intubation complications tended to be heavier, whereas patients with extubation complications received significantly more narcotic analgesia intraoperatively. Risk for a perioperative complication was not related to age, type of obstructive symptoms, medical problems, or concurrent septoplasty/tonsillectomy. A protocol for perioperative airway management is presented.
Contagion and Alterity: Kowoj Maya Appropriations of European Objects

ABSTRACT From initial contact with the Europeans until their conquest (C.E. 1525–1697), the Itza and their political rivals, the Kowoj, dominated Peten, Guatemala. Colonial artifacts at Zacpeten record the initial appropriations of European objects by the Kowoj. All such objects rested in ceremonial contexts, indicating that the Kowoj considered them positive sources of sacred power. The Kowoj were in contact with the Spaniards and knew they were the source of the valued materials; hence, the materials also signified otherness. Social elites frequently retained objects obtained from long distances, even those of oppressive colonial groups, as positive contagion. I argue that the Kowoj incorporated colonial objects into their rites to harness the power of alterity.
13 SEX DIFFERENCE IN CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW (CBF) OF PREMATURE INFANTS

Sex differences in CBF-values have been demonstrated in adults. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effect of sex on the resting cerebral blood flow in premature neonates. Methods: Sixty-eight premature babies with a gestational age of less than 34 weeks and a birth weight of less than 1500g were studied. No difference in regard of blood pressure, arterial CO2- and O2-partial pressures, and hematocrit between the sexes were observed. CBF was measured with the non-ivasive intravenous 133Xenon method three times under resting conditions. Depending on the time of the CBF-study we classified our measurements into three groups: Group 1; Measurement 2-36 hours after birth (N=46). Group 2; 36-108 hours (N=39). Group 3; 108-240 hours (N=41). Results: Average CBF in group 1 (12.5 ± 3.5 ml/100g/min) was significantly lower (p<0.05) then in group 2 (14.6 ± 3.8 ml/lOOg/min) and in group 1 (14.2 ± 3.3 ml/100g/ min). No significant difference between groups 2 and 3 was found. CBF values, grouped by sex, are shown in the table. Discussion: Girls had significantly lower cerebral blood flows than boys in all three age groups. From adult studies we know that under resting conditions men have a lower blood flow than women. It is not surprising that differences seen in adults can also be demonstrated in newborns. However the reasons for the reversed laterality effects are unclear since the neurophysiologica! mechanisms involved are not known. We conclude that in preterm neonates the cerebral blood flow is substantially influenced by sex.
Stationary state model for normal metal tunnel junction phenomena

A model applicable to normal metal tunnel junctions is presented. This model, referred to herein as the stationary state model, is an extension of the extended basis function theory of Kleinman and Duke. Under the assumption that elastic tunneling is the dominant transport mechanism under static bias, we have extended the theory to include the case where there is an ac component of bias potential, and we have derived the fluctuation spectrum. In this approach structure eigenstates are used as the basis, allowing observables to be evaluated without recourse to the perturbation theory inherent in the transfer Hamiltonian model. Comparison is made to the appropriate results of the first order transfer Hamiltonian model, and it is found that there is close but not always exact agreement to lowest order in the tunneling exponential. The stationary state model should be accurate with large barrier transmission, as it includes all orders of the tunneling exponential. The model as presented here should be applicable to normal metal tunnel junctions, where elastic tunneling is the dominant transport mechanism (under static bias), up to infrared excitation frequencies.
Uniting multi-adult households during emergency evacuation planning

When a no-notice emergency prompts an evacuation, family members in different locations throughout a city may unite so that they can evacuate as a group. This paper draws on data from more than 300 interviews conducted in the metropolitan area of Chicago, Illinois, United States. The study uses discrete choice models to analyse the expectations of respondents regarding whether their likely plans for evacuation involve gathering spouses, parents, adult-age children, and/or non-family members. In addition, it addresses the matter of whether respondents plan to reunite with family members at home. Individuals' access to a personal car is the dominating factor in predicting whether respondents plan to gather a spouse. Being the parent of a child under the age of 18 years increases the tendency to report planning to reunite with family members at home. Both commute mode and car availability are not significantly associated with plans to reunite at home.