cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis active infection misdiagnosed as cancer: Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease in patients at a Comprehensive Cancer Center (2001-2005).

BACKGROUND Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is an uncommon disease in the U.S., even in immunosuppressed cancer patients. This study evaluated characteristics and frequency of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in patients at a tertiary care referral cancer center. METHODS The records of all consecutive patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis diagnosed during January 2001 through April 2005 at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center were reviewed after obtaining institutional review board approval. RESULTS There were 26 patients with active tuberculosis during the period studied; 18 of them were cancer patients and the others had been referred for a presumed cancer but did not have cancer. The overall rate of active tuberculosis during this period was 0.2 in 1000 new cancer diagnoses. There were 18 men (69%), the median age was 54 years (range, 3–84 yrs), and 16 patients (62%) were born in the U.S. Thirteen (72%) of the 18 cancer patients had solid-organ tumors; 3 of the 5 patients with a hematologic malignancy had non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Three patients (12%) had diabetes mellitus, and 2 patients (8%) had received high-dose (>1 mg/kg of prednisone daily) corticosteroids in the previous week. No patient had a recent history (within the past 4 wks) of chemotherapy; 4 patients had neutropenia. Cough was a prominent symptom (31%), followed by bone pain (19%), dyspnea (15%), and fever (12%). Fifteen patients (58%) had extrapulmonary infection, including 5 patients with concurrent pulmonary involvement; 7 noncancer patients (88%) and 8 cancer patients (44%, P = 0.22) had extrapulmonary disease. In 11 patients (42%), the lungs were the only site of active tuberculosis. Cavitary pneumonia was seen radiographically in 3 of 16 patients (19%) with pulmonary tuberculosis. All M. tuberculosis isolates were susceptible to isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide; streptomycin resistance was noted in 1 of 22 (5%) isolates tested. Twenty-two patients (85%) received appropriate antituberculosis treatment; all had a clinical and radiographic response. In 3 patients (12%) the cause of death was attributed to M. tuberculosis disease; 2 of 18 cancer patients (11%) died of progressive M. tuberculosis, and they had advanced solid-organ cancer, whereas 1 of 8 patients (13%) without cancer died and the tuberculosis diagnosis was made only on postmortem examination. Univariate analysis showed no significant differences in patients or disease characteristics between non–U.S.-born and U.S.-born patients, whereas noncancer patients (age 52 yrs) and those with extrapulmonary tuberculosis (age 53 yrs) were younger compared with cancer patients (63 yrs; P < 0.007) and those with pulmonary disease (age 60 yrs; P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS Extrapulmonary tuberculosis was relatively common in younger patients with active M. tuberculosis infection, and was often initially misdiagnosed as cancer. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Novel copper metallization schemes on ultra-thin, bare glass interposers with through-vias

Metallizing ultra-thin glass interposer with through-vias with high adhesion and at low cost is one of the primary challenges in producing next-generation glass-based system packages. This paper describes and investigates a new approach towards creating a glass interposer structure with through-vias that is ready for solution-based metallization such as electroless deposition. Starting with glass containing through-vias, a thin polymer film (primer) is laminated, covering the entire surface. The film is then opened over the vias, resulting in a structure that is ready for electroless deposition and is known to be thermo-mechanically reliable. The versatility and feasibility of this approach are demonstrated through the use of various primer film materials and primer opening processes. Daisy-chain reliability structures were fabricated on glass interposers metallized by this approach and electrical measurements showed expected behavior.
Dynamic color communication

Animal behaviors are dynamic in both space and time, and this variation is the raw material for exceptional behavioral adaptations in the animal kingdom. Here we argue that this same dynamism characterizes color signals in nature and that comparable approaches, both conceptually and methodologically, should be taken to comprehensively assess the production, perception, function, and evolution of dynamic animal colors. We review and synthesize recent findings in these emerging areas of color research and highlight the complex and interactive dynamics of color communication between senders and receivers. We also advance opportunities for new areas of research, especially centered on visual and neural plasticity of color reception as well as the intricate signaling interactions between co-expressed display behaviors and colors.
High resolution sensing and anisotropic segmentation for SAR imagery

The purpose of the paper is to introduce new methodologies for high resolution image processing and knowledge-based segmentation for SAR imagery. These techniques could also have a major impact on problems in radar and remote sensing where modern mathematical tools and optimization techniques are likely to advance significantly the current state of the art.
Personal Patronage Under the Early Empire: The emperor and his court

The principes of the late Republic were, first and foremost, great patrons—patrons of armies, of the urban masses, of foreign kings and provincial cities, of senators and equites . After Octavian eliminated his rivals, the princeps ' role continued to be defined in terms of a patronal ideology. In the previous chapter arguments were adduced to suggest that this ideology was not an anachronistic survival from the Republic and that the patronal language was not sterile jargon. In this chapter the patronal aspects of the emperor's position will be explored in greater detail in an attempt to elucidate the reality which lay behind the ideology. First, a list of the beneficia at the emperor's disposal can be drawn up. This should help to define the range of imperial activities in which patronage was a factor. Next, the core of the chapter will approach the questions of who was able to secure the beneficia and in what contexts. Finally, after considering how the recipients fulfilled their reciprocal obligations, attention will be turned to the broad implications and significance of these exchange relationships. IMPERIAL BENEFICIA The word beneficium occurs frequently in Pliny's Panegyricus , suggesting an important theme in the aristocrats' ideology of the good emperor. The ideology clearly made an impression on the minds of the emperors themselves. Though the Suetonian anecdote about Titus may not be accepted as historically accurate, we possess documentary evidence of the imperial viewpoint. In an edict preserved in a letter of Pliny, Nerva wrote that he had abandoned his quies and assumed responsibility for the empire ‘in order that I might confer new beneficia and preserve those already granted by my predecessors’.
"Así se escribe la historia": verdad y verosimilitud en Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda: historia septentrional

El subtitulo “historia” asignado a la novela postuma de Miguel de Cervantes Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda (1617) permite adscribir equivocamente el texto al discurso historico. Asi, la instancia enunciativa de la novela se complace por una parte en crear expectativas discursivas y genericas en el lector que sin embargo el texto defraudara parcialmente, mientras que por otra cuestiona y relativiza las nociones comunmente admitidas de verdad y de verosimilitud, dando lugar a una novela de una muy sobria ironia.
REPRODUCTIVE AND VEGETATIVE STRUCTURE OF NORDENSKIOLDIA (TROCHODENDRACEAE), A VESSELLESS DICOTYLEDON FROM THE EARLY TERTIARY OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

Nordenskioldia borealis Heer is described and its systematic position is reassessed based on examination of the type material and specimens recently collected from three Paleocene localities in North America (Almont, North Dakota; Melville, Montana; Monarch, Wyoming). The morphology of Nordenskioldia infructescences and fruits is clarified, and in particular, silicified specimens from Almont provide new details of fruit and seed anatomy. Fruits are schizocarpic, and individual fruitlets also dehisce to release flat reticulate seeds. These seeds occur in many Paleocene floras but have not been linked previously to Nordenskioldia. Anatomical details of infructescence axes are identical to those of distinctive long and short shoot systems that cooccur with Nordenskioldia, and neither the infructescence axes nor shoots have vessels in the secondary xylem. Comparison of the floras at Almont, Melville, and Monarch with those at other Paleogene localities in Asia, Europe, and North America provides association evidence supporting earlier conclusions that the Nordenskioldia plant bore simple, entire- to crenatemargined leaves with actinodromous venation. Such leaves have been previously assigned to extant genera such as Cercidiphyllum, Cocculus, and Populus but are treated here as Zizyphoides flabella (Newberry) comb. nov. Based on the combined morphological and anatomical details now available, the Nordenskioldia plant is assigned to the Trochodendrales as an extinct genus most closely related to extant Trochodendron.
Intercalation of proteins into α-Zirconium phosphonates: tuning the binding affinities with phosphonate functions

Abstract Novel bioactive materials are prepared by the intercalation of proteins in the galleries of α-Zirconium phosphonates. α-Zirconium carboxymethylphosphonate (α-Zr(O3PCH2COOH)2 · xH2O), (α-ZrCMP), and α-Zirconium carboxyethylphosphonate (α-Zr(O3PCH2CH2COOH)2 · xH2O), (α-ZrCEP) indicated distinct affinities for four different proteins. A general procedure is described for the intercalation of Lysozyme (Lyz), myoglobin (Mb), hemoglobin (Hb), and glucose oxidase (GO) at the galleries of the above phosphonates, in aqueous solutions, at ambient temperature and at neutral pH. Binding stoichiometries were in the range of 1:35 (Lyz to α-ZrCMP) to 1:16 600 (Hb to α-ZrCEP) and these are more sparse when compared to the stoichiometries reported for intercalation in α-Zr(HPO4) · H2O (abbreviated as α-ZrP). Equilibrium binding constants (Kb) of these proteins depended on the protein as well as the Zr(IV) phosphonate type but varied from 3 × 104 (GO/α-ZrCEP) to 5.4 × 106 M−1 (Hb/α-ZrP). Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of protein/α-ZrRP materials exhibited large interlayer spacings (38 A for Lyz/α-ZrCMP to 54 A for GO/α-ZrCEP). These enhanced d-spacings strongly support protein intercalation in the galleries. Circular dichroism (CD) and attenuated total reflectance FTIR (ATR-FTIR) methods have been used to investigate changes in the conformation of the proteins bound in the galleries. These spectral data indicated that the protein native conformations have been retained to a large extent. The active sites of the bound proteins are assessed in enzyme activity assays. Peroxidase-like activities of Mb and Hb decreased upon intercalation in the phosphonate galleries when compared to the activities of the corresponding proteins in α-ZrP. GO/α-ZrCEP, in contrast, exhibited enhanced activities when compared to the free enzyme. Subtle changes in the trends of binding affinities, the extent of structure retention, and enhanced activities suggest the strong role of interactions between the solid and the proteins in controlling the behavior of the intercalated proteins. The carboxylate functions of the α-ZrRP matrix, however, reduced the binding affinities of the four proteins studied here. The strong differences observed between proteins bound to α-ZrCMP and α-ZrCEP indicate the subtle role of the orientation of the carbonyl groups of these solids in their interactions with the bound proteins.
Orbital lymphoma: radiotherapy outcome and complications.

Abstract Background and purpose : Orbital non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) have traditionally been treated with radiation. Forty-eight patients presenting with orbital NHL were treated with radiation and were evaluated for local control, overall survival, cause-specific survival, and complications. Materials and methods : Forty-five patients had low-grade and 3 patients had intermediate-grade histologic findings. Orbit-only disease occurred in 22 patients, the conjunctiva in 16, both in five, and lacrimal gland only in five. Patient age ranged from 35 to 94 years (median, 68). Ann Arbor stages were cIEA (34), cIIEA (six), cIIIEA (two), and cIVEA (six). Radiation doses ranged between 15 and 53.8 Gy (median, 27.5 Gy). Results : Follow-up ranged from 0.14 to 18.23 years (median, 5.35). Median overall survival and cause-specific survival were 6.5 and 15.5 years, respectively. Patients with clinical stage I or II disease had significantly better overall and cause-specific survival than patients with stage III or IV disease. Ten-year relapse-free survival in 41 patients with stage I or II disease was 66%. However, there was continued downward pressure on relapse-free survival out to 18 years. One local failure occurred. Twenty-five patients sustained acute complications. There were 17 minor and four major late complications. All major late complications occurred with doses more than 35 Gy. Conclusions : Excellent local control with radiation doses ranging from 15 to 30 Gy is achieved. Patients with stage I or II disease have better overall and cause-specific survival than patients with stage III or IV disease. Late relapse occurs in sites other than the treated orbit, even in patients with early-stage disease. Doses 35 Gy or higher result in significant late complications and are therefore not indicated for patients with low-grade tumors.
On the propagation of internal bores

According to classical hydraulic theory, the energy losses within an external bore must occur within the expanding layer. However, the application of this theory to describe the propagation of internal bores leads to contradiction with accepted gravity-current behaviour in the limit as the depth of the expanding layer ahead of the bore becomes small. In seeking an improved expression for the propagation of internal bores, we have rederived the steady front condition for a bore in a two-layer Boussinesq fluid in a channel under the assumption that the energy loss occurs within the contracting layer. The resulting front condition is in good agreement with available laboratory data and numerical simulations, and has the appropriate behaviour in both the linear long-wave and gravity-current limits. Analysis of an idealized internal bore assuming localized turbulent stresses suggests that the energy within the expanding layer should, in fact, increase. Numerical simulations with a two-dimensional non-hydrostatic model also reveal a slight increase of energy within the expanding layer and suggest that the structure of internal bores is fundamentally different from classical external bores, having the opposite circulation and little turbulence in the vicinity of the leading edge. However, if there is strong shear near the interface between layers, the structure and propagation of internal jumps may become similar to their counterparts in classical hydraulic theory. The modified jump conditions for internal bores produce some significant alterations in the traditional Froude-number dependence of Boussinesq shallow-water flow over an obstacle owing to the altered behaviour of the upstream-propagating internal bore.
CURRICULUM GUIDELINES AND STRATEGIES ON COUNSELING OLDER WOMEN FOR INCORPORATION INTO GERONTOLOGY AND COUNSELING COURSEWORK

Because the population of older persons is predominantly female, educators in the fields of both gerontology and counseling need to incorporate into their curricula topics related to the unique issues faced by older women. The educational preparation of mental health professionals in gerontology should include an understanding of the physiological and psychological changes that older women may face and strategies that counselors can use to assist older women in dealing with these changes and adjustments. This paper will present curriculum guidelines for incorporating topics relevant to the counseling of older women into courses such as counseling older persons, counseling women, introduction to gerontology, and introduction to counseling.
Application of ring-closing metathesis macrocyclization to the development of Tsg101-binding antagonists

Viral release is a necessary component of HIV-1 replication. To be an efficient process, viral budding relies on recruitment of the ubiquitin E2 variant (UEV) domain of the human tumor susceptibility gene 101 protein (Tsg101) by major structural proteins of HIV-1.1,2 This entails the direct interaction of the Tsg101 UEV domain with a proline rich motif (PRM) within the viral Gagp6 protein that contains a conserved sequence, Pro-Thr/Ser-Ala-Pro [“P(T/S)AP”].3,4 Over-expression of the Tsg101 UEV inhibits virus release by interfering with processing of the p6 domains and this effect is abrogated by mutation within the P(T/S)AP binding site. In theory, blocking this critical Tsg101-p6 interaction could prevent viral budding and provide a basis for new targeted antiretroviral therapies.5,6 This is supported by the recent finding that inhibition of HIV budding can be achieved by cyclic peptides that interfere with Tsg101-Gag interactions.7 In an effort to develop Tsg101-binding inhibitors using the reported p6-derived 9-mer wild-type (WT) sequence “P1E2P3T4A5P6P7E8E9,” we had previously improved Tsg101-binding affinity by applying hydrazone- and hydrazide-library techniques.8 We also reported an oxime-based post solid-phase diversification approach to peptide library construction.9–11 However, the peptide mimetics resulting from this earlier work showed poor biovailability in cell-based experiments. Because poor cellular uptake was thought to contribute to the low bioavailability, peptides were conjugated with known membrane carrier antennapedia and HIV-Tat (48–60) peptides.12 Although these constructs did exhibit apparent enhanced cellular uptake, the Tsg101 binding affinity of the conjugates was seriously disrupted. Therefore, we sought an alternate approach that could improve cell bioavailability while maintaining Tsg101-binding affinity. We took note of the fact that cyclic versions of linear peptides can result in better cell-permeability. Additionally, appropriately restricting solution conformations through cyclization can also afford higher affinity.13–17 The objective of the current study was to apply RCM strategies to the WT 9-mer peptide and to observe the effects that such macrocyclization would have on Tsg101-binding affinity and cellular bioavailability.
Design of a multichannel ultra-high-resolution superconducting gamma-ray spectrometer

Superconducting Gamma-ray microcalorimeters operated at temperatures around ~0.1 K offer an order of magnitude improvement in energy resolution over conventional high-purity Germanium spectrometers. The calorimeters consist of a ~1 mm3 superconducting or insulating absorber and a sensitive thermistor, which are weakly coupled to a cold bath. Gamma-ray capture increases the absorber temperature in proportion to the Gamma-ray energy, this is measured by the thermistor, and both subsequently cool back down to the base temperature through the weak link. We are developing ultra-high-resolution Gamma-ray spectrometers based on Sn absorbers and superconducting Mo/Cu multilayer thermistors for nuclear non-proliferation applications. They have achieved an energy resolution between 60 and 90 eV for Gamma-rays up to 100 keV. We also build two-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators for user-friendly detector operation at 0.1 K. We present recent results on the performance of single pixel Gamma-ray spectrometers, and discuss the design of a large detector array for increased sensitivity.
Early expectations of AMS: Greater ages and tiny fractions. One failure? — One success

Abstract Two of the early expectations of AMS were extension to greater 14 C ages than possible with beta counting, and applications using tiny amounts of carbon. We examine each in the light of our experiences. The age limit depends on true or apparent ion counts, which may originate in sample preparation, in the accelerating system itself, or from ions other than 14 C which are not adequately suppressed. 14 N ions are generated spontaneously in our FN tandem, whether the ion source is open to the tandem or not, but are suppressed in the detector. There is no evidence of spontaneous 14 C ion production. Thus the ion-source and tandem system alone is capable of age determinations ⩾ 90000 yr. For presumably “dead” geological graphite, we obtain a maximum of 70000 yr, and about 50000 yr for “dead” material which has undergone chemical and physical preparation. In this respect our full AMS system is at present a mixed success. However, our applications to small fractions have been quite successful. We have applied this advantage to the study of the organic carbon components present in the Amazon River and in deep sea cores.
Laparoscopic excision of adenomatoid tumour at cornu of the uterus and cornual (interstitial) pregnancy

We report a rare case of cornual (interstitial) ectopic pregnancy associated with a cornual adenomatoid tumour, both of which were resected together laparoscopically.
Geopolitical Economy: After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire

For Radhika Desai, the notion that American hegemony has functioned as a stabilizing force in the capitalist world order since the Second World War is a myth. Rather than acting in the benign inter...
Allocation of Computer Resources through Flexible Pricing

Flexible pricing has been suggested as a means of effectively and efficiently allocating computer resources. The flexible pricing systems that have been implemented, however, tend to arrive at pricing schedules through the intuitive abilities of those individuals responsible for administering the pricing system. This paper will present an analytical technique for determining a pricing schedule and include it within a management control system for the allocation of computer resources. An example of the control system in operation is also provided. (Received November 1973)
PASSIVE NOISE CONTROL BY VANE LEAN AND SWEEP

A model is developed for modelling the interaction of unsteady three-dimensional incident disturbances with an annular cascade of unloaded swept and leaned vanes. It is shown that the effectiveness of lean or sweep depends on the number of propagating modes and their radial distribution. Results show that vane lean and sweep can be used effectively for certain design configurations to reduce the radiated sound power. However, vane lean and sweep are not effective for all design configurations and for certain cases, they may result in increased radiated sound power.
Induced TRPC1 expression sensitizes intestinal epithelial cells to apoptosis by inhibiting NF-κB activation through Ca2+ influx

Apoptosis occurs within crypts and at the intestinal luminal surface and plays a critical role in mucosal homoeostasis. NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) is the central regulator of the transcription of genes involved in apoptosis, and its activity is highly regulated in the intestinal mucosa. We have recently demonstrated that TRPC1 (transient receptor potential canonical-1) is expressed in IECs (intestinal epithelial cells) and functions as a Ca2+ permeable channel activated by Ca2+ store depletion. The present study tests the hypothesis that TRPC1 channels are implicated in the regulation of apoptosis by inhibiting NF-κB through the induction of TRPC1-mediated Ca2+ influx in the IEC-6 line. The expression of TRPC1 induced by stable transfection of IEC-6 cells with the wild-type TRPC1 gene (IEC-TRPC1 cells) increased Ca2+ influx after Ca2+ store depletion and repressed NF-κB transactivation, which was associated with an increase in susceptibility to apoptosis induced by exposure to TNFα (tumour necrosis factor-α) plus CHX (cycloheximide) (TNF-α/CHX), or STS (staurosporine). By contrast, the induction of endogenous NF-κB activity, by the depletion of cellular polyamines, promoted resistance to apoptosis, which was prevented by the ectopic expression of the IκBα super-repressor. Furthermore, inhibition of TRPC1 expression by transfection with siRNA (small interfering RNA) targeting TRPC1 (siTRPC1) decreased Ca2+ influx, increased NF-κB transactivation, and prevented the increased susceptibility of IEC-TRPC1 cells to apoptosis. Decreasing Ca2+ influx by exposure to a Ca2+-free medium also induced NF-κB activity and blocked the increased susceptibility to apoptosis of stable IEC-TRPC1 cells. These results indicate that induced TRPC1 expression sensitizes IECs to apoptosis by inhibiting NF-κB activity as a result of the stimulation of Ca2+ influx.
Isolation and partial characterization of drug-resistant Aedes albopictus cells.

We report here the first isolation and characterization of drug-resistant cell lines from cultured mosquito cells. A BrdU-resistant cell line was isolated from mutagen-treatedAedes albopictus cells, and then used as the parent cell from which sublines resistant to ouabain or α-amanitin were derived. The BrdU-resistant cell line and all sublines derived from it were shown to be deficient in thymidine kinase. Evidence that favored attributing the drug-resistant phenotypes to mutant genotypes included (a) the drug-resistant phenotypes were stable for up to 16 months of culture under nonselective conditions, and (b) the frequency of the ouabain-resistant cells in a sensitive population was increased 500-fold (to between 10 −3 and 10 −4 ) by exposure to the chemical mutagen EMS. Evidence illustrating the usefulness of mutant mosquito cells for the study of the genetics of somatic cells is discussed.
The interaction of atmospheric pressure plasmas with liquid covered tissues

Atmospheric pressure plasma jets and dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) are being used to treat tissues, from wound healing to disinfection. The tissues are often covered by a thin layer of liquid, such as blood serum, consisting of water with dissolved proteins. As a result, the plasmas directly interact with the liquid layer, which then processes the plasma produced radicals and ions prior to their reaching the tissue. Most such liquids are dominantly water which naturally evaporates into the air producing a thin layer of water vapor saturated gas directly above the liquid.
Cocaine effects during d-amphetamine maintenance: A human laboratory analysis of safety, tolerability and efficacy

Agonist replacement therapies are effective for managing substance abuse disorders including nicotine and opioid dependence. The results of preclinical laboratory studies and clinical trials indicate that agonist replacements like D-amphetamine may be a viable option for managing cocaine dependence. This experiment determined the physiological and behavioral effects of cocaine during D-amphetamine maintenance in seven cocaine-dependent participants. We predicted cocaine would be well tolerated during D-amphetamine maintenance. We also predicted D-amphetamine would attenuate the behavioral effects of cocaine. After 3-5 days of D-amphetamine maintenance (0, 15, and 30 mg/day), volunteers were administered ascending doses of cocaine (4, 30, 60 mg, i.n.) within a single session. Cocaine doses were separated by 90 min. Cocaine produced prototypical physiological (e.g., increased heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature) and subject-rated (e.g., increased ratings of Good Effects) effects. During maintenance on the highest D-amphetamine dose, the heart rate increasing effects of cocaine were larger than observed during placebo maintenance. These effects were not clinically significant and no unexpected or serious adverse events were observed. D-amphetamine attenuated some of the subject-rated effects of cocaine. These results are concordant with those of previous preclinical studies, human laboratory experiments and clinical trials, further suggesting that agonist replacement therapy may be a viable strategy for managing cocaine abuse. Additional research in humans is needed to determine whether D-amphetamine attenuates the effects of cocaine under different experimental conditions (e.g., higher cocaine doses) and behavioral arrangements (e.g., drug self-administration or discrimination).
Knowledge transfer and international joint ventures: the case of NUMMI and General Motors

Using a case study of NUMMI, a joint venture between General Motors (GM) and Toyota, this research note examines alliances and knowledge transfer with a focus on the organizational processes used to transfer knowledge. The results suggest two possible explanations for the knowledge transfer outcome. The primary explanation is that the systematic implementation of knowledge transfer mechanisms can overcome the stickiness and causal ambiguity of new knowledge. A second explanation is that creating successful knowledge transfer should be viewed from a change management perspective in which trial and error learning experiences and experimentation support the transfer outcome. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scanning electron microscopic study of surface changes on biodegradable sutures.

Topographical changes which occur during the degradation of suture materials were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Potentially absorbable sutures were compared with those known to be absorbable. Loops of plain catgut, chromic catgut, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polyester “A” and polyester “B” were implanted subcutaneously in rats for periods ranging from 2 to 14 weeks. They were removed and examined without further treatment. Specific and localized structural defects were observed to develop in the implant materials. In some cases the time required for development of these defects indicated that although they can be assumed to play a role in the ultimate dissolution of the material, these flaws are not necessarily responsible for the early loss of mechanical properties which have been observed by others. The implications of these observations for the development and evaluation of synthetic surgical repair materials are discussed.
A weighted nonlinear regression-based inverse model for interpretation of pipeline survey data

An inverse model, useful for interpreting pipeline survey data in terms of the physical condition of pipe coating, was developed by coupling a boundary-element forward model with a nonlinear regression algorithm. The forward model accounted for the passage of current through a three-dimensional homogeneous medium and yielded soil surface potentials for given pipe/anode configurations and pipe coating properties. The number of regressed parameters was reduced by using a function for coating resistivity that allowed specification of coating defects. A weighted simulated-annealing nonlinear regression algorithm facilitated analysis of noisy data. A method was developed to determine the appropriate number of fitted parameters. The procedure is demonstrated by simulation of a coated underground pipe segment protected by a sacrificial anode.
Real zeros of real odd Dirichlet L -functions

Let χ be a real odd Dirichlet character of modulus d, and let L(s, χ) be the associated Dirichlet L-function. As a consequence of the work of Low and Purdy, it is known that if d ≤ 800000 and d ≠ 115147, 357819, 636184, then L(s, χ) has no positive real zeros. By a simple extension of their ideas and the advantage of thirty years of advances in computational power, we are able to prove that if d ≤ 300 000 000, then L(s, χ) has no positive real zeros.
Studies of 16 and 23 S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli using composite gel electrophoresis

Abstract Precursor and mature forms of Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA have been separated and studied by electrophoresis in agarose-acrylamide composite gels. Kinetic and steady-state measurements of rRNA have been made by isotope incorporation studies and quantitive scanning of stained gels. A two-dimensional technique has enabled us to determine the distribution of pulse-labeled 16 s and 23 s rRNA in free subunits and in polyribosomes. Both 16 s and 23 s rRNA were found to be composed of multiple bands of precursor and mature rRNA. Studies of the effect of temperature on the band patterns suggested that the number of forms of precursor and mature rRNA was, in part, determined by conformation differences among rRNA's of the same primary structure. The amount of each precursor relative to the mature form was dependent on conditions of growth (temperature and nutrients). The percentage of rRNA in precursor form was generally larger for 16 s than for 23 s. There was a temperature-dependent time-interval between the appearance of labeled precursor 16 s and the appearance of labeled mature forms of 16 s rRNA; such an interval was not detected for 23 s rRNA. The conversion of precursor 16 s into mature 16 s requires a scission of the polynucleotide chain releasing approximately 200 nucleotides. Most of the 16 s rRNA labeled in 15 seconds was found in the region of the free subunits, whereas the majority of the 23 s rRNA was found associated with the polyribosomes. The 23 s rRNA located in the subunit region was identified as mature 23 s, not precursor 23 s.
Sunflower Butter: Nutritional Evaluation and Consumer Acceptance

The nutritional and sensory quality and physical characteristics of commercially and experimentally processed sunflower butters were evaluated. The analyses included: proximate analyses, calories, available lysine, in vitro protein digestibility, C- and DC-PER, phytic acid, a 9-point hedonic test, Gardner color, and spreadability determinations. Sunflower butter was found to have a good overall nutritional value with a protein quality approximately equal to that of peanuts. Roasting conditions had a significant impact on nutritional and sensory quality, color and spreadability of sunflower butter. Taste panelists generally rated sunflower butter lower than peanut butter.
MAS NMR Study of the Metastable Solid Solutions Found in the LiFePO4/FePO4 System†

6,7Li and 31P NMR experiments were conducted on a series of single- or two-phase samples in the LiFePO4−FePO4 system with different overall lithium contents, and containing the two end-members and/or two metastable solid solution phases, Li0.6FePO4 or Li0.34FePO4. These experiments were carried out at different temperatures in order to search for vacancy/charge ordering and ion/electron mobility in the metastable phases. Evidence for Li+−Fe2+ interactions was observed for both Li0.6FePO4 and Li0.34FePO4. The strength of this interaction leads to the formation of LiFePO4-like clusters in the latter, as shown by the room temperature data. Different motional processes are proposed to exist as the temperature is increased and various scenarios are discussed. While concerted lithium-electron hopping and/or correlations explains the data below 125 °C, evidence for some uncorrelated motion is found at higher temperatures, together with the onset of phase mixing.
Changing Orientations of Marketing Research

MORE than anything else, this essay is a search for a more meaningful professional role for the publicly supported agricultural economist in a radically changing and troubled America. My efforts were initially directed to this topic by a very general question, "What should we be doing in marketing research?" asked by the administrators of the Economic Research Service. They tied the question to an offer of support, providing an opportunity to discuss marketing research with a number of producers and users of such research. In response, I wrote A Working Paper Concerning Publicly Supported Economic Research in Agricultural Marketing, which was printed by ERS. This essay is an elaboration of several themes from this working paper.' The task is to identify the important emerging problems and issues which relate to the economic and social organization of the food and fiber sector and then to identify the researchable questions which, when aggregated and interpreted, contribute to the understanding of the larger issues [6]. Scientific Industrialization
Precipitation-induced mesoscale wind perturbations in the melting layer

Doppler radar observations during widespread frontal precipitation in England on 20 February 1967 show significant perturbations of the wind in and near the melting layer. The analysis suggests the following hypotheses: (i) Mesoscale oscillations of the wind near the melting layer are produced by pressure perturbations due to horizontal variations in cooling by melting snow associated with the precipitation pattern. A simple theoretical analysis of the effect is presented. In simple patterns, the perturbed wind has a maximum on the low pressure side of the rainfall. The perturbations propagate with the velocity of the precipitation generators and their magnitude increases with the precipitation rate. This hypothesis is in accord with the finding that the oscillation in the tangential wind across hurricane rain bands is generally a maximum on the low pressure side of the bands. (ii) Smaller scale wind perturbations were also observed in the melting layer with scale of a few kilometers comparable to those reported by Harrold and Browning (1967). However, unlike their observations, these perturbations did not appear to move with the melting layer winds. A tentative suggestion is made that these may represent wave motions.
Rounded Atelectasis: Evaluation With 18PET Scan

Rounded atelectasis is a well recognized, benign cause of a pulmonary mass. While its radiographic features have been well characterized in the radiologic literature, they are not pathognomonic and patients are commonly biopsied. Positron emission tomography (PET) has become a powerful tool to distinguish between benign and malignant disease in the thorax. We present the CT and PET imaging features of three cases of biopsy proven rounded atelectasis.
Student Learning through Journal Writing in a General Education Chemistry Course for Pre-Elementary Education Majors.

This paper describes research on the use of journals in a general education chemistry course for elementary education majors. In the journals, students describe their understanding of a topic, the development of that understanding, and how the topic connects to their lives. In the process, they are able to engage in reflection about several things. How the frequency and nature of those reflections relate to overall course outcomes, the content and quality of final exam essays on those topics, and student metacognition in problem solving are the basis of this paper. The following types of reflections were identified in the journals: action, prior knowledge, project ideas, text resources, classroom events, and monitoring of knowledge. A multiple linear regression analysis of the students' final course grade earned versus student grade point average (GPA), composite score on the ACT exam, the number of reflections made for each reflection type, and the total number of reflections made throughout all journals was used to determine the significance of the type of reflections made by students in relationship to their chemistry content understanding. The results indicate that students' prior GPA and their reflections on classroom events and their own knowledge correlate positively and significantly with a final course grade. However, student reflections on text resources have a negative and significant correlation with the final course grade. In addition, students' journal entries and final exam responses were coded for similarities in writing. The results indicate that those students who had strong similarities in writing for both their journal and final exam exhibited significantly stronger content understanding on the final exam essay. Finally, metacognition in problem solving, assessed with the Metacognitive Activities Inventory (MCA-I) survey of metacognition, was also positively correlated with the types of reflection that correlate with overall course performance. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 96:543–565, 2012
Anionic polymerization of styrene (thermodynamics)

The polymerization of styrene initiated by butyllithium in hydrocarbon solvents at elevated temperatures has been studied. Measurable amounts of monomer remained in equilibrium with the polymer in the temperature range covered (100–150°C.). The equilibrium concentrations were found to differ in the two solvents benzene and cyclohexane, but the calculated free energies of the polymer–monomer systems were the same after corrections had been applied for the different heats of solution. From the free energy data the heat and entropy of polymerization of styrene were calculated and found to agree with the calorimetric values.
Random regression models for human immunodeficiency virus ribonucleic acid data subject to left censoring and informative drop‐outs

Summary. Objectives in many longitudinal studies of individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) include the estimation of population average trajectories of HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) over time and tests for differences in trajectory across subgroups. Special features that are often inherent in the underlying data include a tendency for some HIV RNA levels to be below an assay detection limit, and for individuals with high initial levels or high rates of change to drop out of the study early because of illness or death. We develop a likelihood for the observed data that incorporates both of these features. Informative drop-outs are handled by means of an approach previously published by Schluchter. Using data from the HIV Epidemiology Research Study, we implement a maximum likelihood procedure to estimate initial HIV RNA levels and slopes within a population, compare these parameters across subgroups of HIV-infected women and illustrate the importance of appropriate treatment of left censoring and informative drop-outs. We also assess model assumptions and consider the prediction of random intercepts and slopes in this setting. The results suggest that marked bias in estimates of fixed effects, variance components and standard errors in the analysis of HIV RNA data might be avoided by the use of methods like those illustrated.
Pattern of product inhibition of 5'-AMP aminohydrolase.

Abstract The inhibition of 5′-AMP aminohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.6) by NH 4 Cl and IMP was examined. IMP was found to be a simple competitive inhibitor with respect to the substrate, AMP, while NH 4 Cl exhibited a pattern of inhibition with both noncompetitive and competitive elements. A number of possible mechanisms were analyzed. It was found that only mechanisms in which H 2 O was bound subsequent to AMP binding are consistent with the data. The data are consistent with either an ordered process of binding of substrate and release of product or a ping-pong type of binding sequence. In either case, AMP binds first and IMP is the last product released. The pH dependence of NH 4 Cl inhibition is consistent with the other product being NH 3 .
Heat capacity of 3He in aerogel

Abstract The heat capacity of 3 He in a silica aerogel with 98% porosity has been measured in both the normal and superfluid phases at a pressure of 20 bar with an adiabatic method. The results indicate a sharp peak at T ca =1.8 mK with ΔCa/Ca=1.0±0.1. The value of ΔCa/Ca for superfluid 3 He in aerogel is smaller than that for bulk 3 He (=1.8) directly indicating suppression of the amplitude of the order parameter.
Measuring the nearness of modern near-monies: Evidence from the 1980s

Abstract Empirical studies of substitutability among monetary assets generally ignore financial instruments that only recently have become prominent. We remedy this deficiency by investigating substitution behavior within a portfolio of near-monies, including money market accounts and interest-bearing checkable deposits, as well as conventional checking, savings, and time deposits, using a technique of production economics that recently has been applied to the issue of monetary asset substitution. Our findings reveal significant substitutability between the “modern” money market account asset and narrow money. Results also indicate that interest-bearing checkable deposits substitute more readily with savings-type assets than with conventional transaction deposits.
A reputation-driven scheduler for autonomic and sustainable resource sharing in Grid computing

The obstacle for the Grid to be prevalent is the difficulty in using, configuring and maintaining it, which needs excessive IT knowledge, workload, and human intervention. At the same time, inter-operation amongst Grids is on track. To be the core of Grid systems, the resource management must be autonomic and inter-operational to be sustainable for future Grid computing. For this purpose, we introduce HOURS, a reputation-driven economic framework for Grid resource management. HOURS is designed to tackle the difficulty of automatic rescheduling, self-protection, incentives, heterogeneous resource sharing, reservation, and SLA in Grid computing. In this paper, we focus on designing a reputation-based resource scheduler, and use emulation to test its performance with real job traces and node failure traces. To describe the HOURS framework completely, a preliminary multiple-currency-based economic model is also introduced in this paper, with which future extension and improvement can be easily integrated into the framework. The results demonstrate that our scheduler can reduce the job failure rate significantly, and the average number of job resubmissions, which is the most important metric in this paper that affects the system performance and resource utilization from the perspective of users, can be reduced from 3.82 to 0.70 compared to simple sequence resource selection.
What Does Language Testing Have to Offer

Advances in language testing in the past decade have occurred in three areas: (a) the development of a theoretical view that considers language ability to be multicomponential and recognizes the influence of the test method and test taker characteristics on test performance, (b) applications of more sophisticated measurement and statistical tools, and (c) the development of "communicative" language tests that incorporate principles of "communicative" language teaching. After reviewing these advances, this paper describes an interactional model of language test performance that includes two components, language ability and test method. Language ability consists of language knowledge and metacognitive strategies, whereas test method includes characteristics of the environment, rubric, input, expected response, and relationship between input and expected response. Two aspects of authenticity are derived from this model. The situational authenticity of a given test task depends on the relationship between its test method characteristics and' the features of a specific language use situation, while its interactional authenticity pertains to the degree to which it invokes the test taker's language ability. The application of this definition of authenticity to test development is discussed.