cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
One-Pot Self-Assembly of Dinuclear, Tetranuclear, and H-Bonding-Directed Polynuclear Cobalt(II), Cobalt(III), and Mixed-Valence Co(II)/Co(III) Complexes of Schiff Base Ligands with Incomplete Double Cubane Core

The reaction of 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol (DFMF) with 1-amino-2-propanol (AP) and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THMAM) was investigated in the presence of Cobalt(II) salts, (X = ClO4−, CH3CO2−, Cl−, NO3−), sodium azide (NaN3), and triethylamine (TEA). In one pot, the variation in Cobalt(II) salt results in the self-assembly of dinuclear, tetranuclear, and H-bonding-directed polynuclear coordination complexes of Cobalt(III), Cobalt(II), and mixed-valence CoIICoIII: [Co2III(H2L−1)2(AP−1)(N3)](ClO4)2 (1), [Co4(H2L−1)2(µ3-1,1,1-N3)2(µ-1,1-N3)2Cl2(CH3OH)2]·4CH3OH (2), [Co2IICo2III(HL−2)2(µ-CH3CO2)2(µ3-OH)2](NO3)2·2CH3CH2OH (3), and [Co2IICo2III (H2L12−)2(THMAM−1)2](NO3)4 (4). In 1, two cobalt(III) ions are connected via three single atom bridges; two from deprotonated ethanolic oxygen atoms in the side arms of the ligands and one from the1-amino-2-propanol moiety forming a dinuclear unit with a very short (2.5430(11) A) Co-Co intermetallic separation with a coordination number of 7, a rare feature for cobalt(III). In 2, two cobalt(II) ions in a dinuclear unit are bridged through phenoxide O and μ3-1,1,1-N3 azido bridges, and the two dinuclear units are interconnected by two μ-1,1-N3 and two μ3-1,1,1-N3 azido bridges generating tetranuclear cationic [Co4(H2L−1)2(µ3-1,1,1-N3)2(µ-1,1-N3)2Cl2(CH3OH)2]2+ units with an incomplete double cubane core, which grow into polynuclear 1D-single chains along the a-axis through H-bonding. In 3, HL2− holds mixed-valent Co(II)/Co(III) ions in a dinuclear unit bridged via phenoxide O, μ-1,3-CH3CO2−, and μ3-OH− bridges, and the dinuclear units are interconnected through two deprotonated ethanolic O in the side arms of the ligands and two μ3-OH− bridges generating cationic tetranuclear [Co2IICo2III(HL−2)2(µ-CH3CO2)2(µ3-OH)2]2+ units with an incomplete double cubane core. In 4, H2L1−2 holds mixed-valent Co(II)/Co(III) ions in dinuclear units which dimerize through two ethanolic O (μ-RO−) in the side arms of the ligands and two ethanolic O (μ3-RO−) of THMAM bridges producing centrosymmetric cationic tetranuclear [Co2IICo2III (H2L1−2)2(THMAM−1)2]4+ units which grow into 2D-sheets along the bc-axis through a network of H-bonding. Bulk magnetization measurements on 2 demonstrate that the magnetic interactions are completely dominated by an overall ferromagnetic coupling occurring between Co(II) ions.
Lack of phenotypic variation despite population structure in larval utilization of pea aphids by populations of the lady beetle Hippodamia convergens

Abstract The convergent lady beetle (Hippodamia convergens) is a generalist natural enemy that is utilized extensively in augmentative biological control across the United States. Recent studies have pointed to both genetic and phenotypic differences in Western (California) versus Eastern (Kansas) populations of the species. Here we investigate (1) genetic population structure, and (2) phenotypic differences in the utilization of pea aphids at temperatures that resemble the Western United States in (a) Eastern versus Western populations, (b) F1 Eastern X Western hybrids versus their progenitor populations, and investigate the effects of competition between (c) Eastern and Western populations. We found no differences in final pupal weight, or the net weight gain ratio through larval development from the third instar to pupal stage, despite genetic population structure. Our study points towards plastic response and effectiveness in feeding phenotypes of Eastern and Western populations of H. convergens, and the absence of hybrid vigor and heterozygote advantages in hybrids.
Mapping nephron mass in vivo using positron emission tomography.

Nephron number varies widely in humans. A low nephron endowment at birth or a loss of functioning nephrons is strongly linked to increased susceptibility to chronic kidney disease. In this work, we...
Predicting Mobility: Who Is Forced to Move?:

We use the 2013 American Housing Survey to examine which households are more likely to experience a forced move compared to a voluntary move. We examine how household vulnerability varies by racial...
Electrochemical methods for materials recycling

The present review describes electrochemical methods for the recovery of chemical feedstocks from waste materials. We emphasize the use of electrical current, fields, and controlled potentials as sustainable, scalable solutions to impending societal challenges such as materials recycling and the management of solid wastes. This review focuses on two facets of electrochemical recycling: (1) the recovery of critical raw materials from wastes that would otherwise be destined for landfills and (2) the recycling and upcycling of waste polymer streams. This review describes both technological processes and current research with the goal of catalyzing understanding towards the mining of valuable materials from complex wastes.
Homo religiosus: The Soul of Bioethics

Although many of the pioneers of present-day bioethics came from religious and theological backgrounds, the recent controversy about the role of religion in bioethics has elicited much attention. Timothy Murphy would ban religion from bioethics altogether. Much of the ado hinges on conflicting understandings of just what bioethics is and just what religion is. This paper attempts to make more explicit how the fields of bioethics and religion have been understood in this context, and how they should not be understood. We begin by looking at bioethics as a field: its origins, purpose, scope, and its methods. We then examine the notion of religion, looking especially at its importance for bioethics. Humanity is not just Homo sapiens but also Homo religiosus. Religion is more than a code of ethics; it gives insight into many of the foundational matters of bioethics.
Compatibility of Biologically Derivable Alcohols, Alkanes, Esters, Ketones, and an Ether as Diesel Blendstocks with Fuel System Elastomers

The compatibility of 11 bioderivable diesel blendstocks with 17 elastomer materials common to fuel storage, dispensing, and delivery systems was evaluated though volume and hardness measurements. T...
The thermal energy storage potential of underground tunnels used as heat exchangers

Abstract This paper presents an unprecedented investigation of the thermal energy storage potential of underground tunnels used as heat exchangers, often called energy tunnels, with a focus on seasonal, medium-temperature thermal energy storage applications. The study is divided into two parts. First, this work defines fundamental physical variables for assessing the thermal energy storage potential of tunnels and other underground structures used as heat exchangers. These are the heat carrier fluid temperature at the inlet and outlet of the pipes, the stored and extracted thermal power, the stored and extracted thermal energy, the storage losses, the storage efficiency, the storage and specific storage capacity, and the thermally induced stresses and displacements. Second, this work numerically investigates the trend of the expanded physical variables for a thoroughly characterized case study under different operating conditions. These are operations characterized by different charging-discharging profiles, charging-discharging temperature differences, ground saturations, and ground uniformities. This study indicates storage efficiencies of energy tunnels of up to about 70%. Therefore, energy tunnels have marked potential to store massive amounts of thermal energy in the shallow subsurface for subsequent reuse. From this perspective, the employment of underground structures and infrastructures as thermal energy storage means appears promising to establish resilient and sustainable energy systems that can serve urban areas from the building to the district scales.
Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists in Autonomic Failure

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the use of the adrenergic agonists and antagonists to treat intravascular volume once it is replete with varying combinations of fluid, sodium chloride, and fludrocortisones acetate. The pressor response of these agents is caused by the reduction in venous capacity and constriction of the resistance vessels. The effectiveness of the sympathomimetic agents is most likely dependent on the increase in receptor number and the affinity and reduction in baroreceptor modulation that accompanies autonomic failure. The available α1-adrenoreceptor agonists include those with direct and indirect effects. The efficacy of this agent has been demonstrated in double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. The mixed α-adrenoreceptor agonists that act directly on the α-adrenoreceptor and release norepinephrine (NE) from the postganglionic sympathetic neuron include ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine. In the clinical trial discussed in the chapter, phenylpropanolamine and yohimbine produced equivalent increases in standing systolic blood pressure. Side effects of both of these agents are mentioned in the chapter.
Pressure-induced transformations in glassy water: A computer simulation study using the TIP4P/2005 model

We study the pressure-induced transformations between low-density amorphous (LDA) and high-density amorphous (HDA) ice by performing out-of-equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We employ the TIP4P/2005 water model and show that this model reproduces qualitatively the LDA-HDA transformations observed experimentally. Specifically, the TIP4P/2005 model reproduces remarkably well the (i) structure (OO, OH, and HH radial distribution functions) and (ii) densities of LDA and HDA at P = 0.1 MPa and T = 80 K, as well as (iii) the qualitative behavior of ρ(P) during compression-induced LDA-to-HDA and decompression-induced HDA-to-LDA transformations. At the rates explored, the HDA-to-LDA transformation is less pronounced than in experiments. By studying the LDA-HDA transformations for a broad range of compression/decompression temperatures, we construct a "P-T phase diagram" for glassy water that is consistent with experiments and remarkably similar to that reported previously for ST2 water. This phase diagram is not inconsistent with the possibility of TIP4P/2005 water exhibiting a liquid-liquid phase transition at low temperatures. A comparison with previous MD simulation studies of SPC/E and ST2 water as well as experiments indicates that, overall, the TIP4P/2005 model performs better than the SPC/E and ST2 models. The effects of cooling and compression rates as well as aging on our MD simulations results are also discussed. The MD results are qualitatively robust under variations of cooling/compression rates (accessible in simulations) and are not affected by aging the hyperquenched glass for at least 1 μs. A byproduct of this work is the calculation of TIP4P/2005 water's diffusion coefficient D(T) at P = 0.1 MPa. It is found that, for T ≥ 210 K, D(T) ≈ (T - T(MCT))(-γ) as predicted by mode coupling theory and in agreement with experiments. For TIP4P/2005 water, T(MCT) = 209 K and γ = 2.14, very close to the corresponding experimental values T(MCT) = 221 K and γ = 2.2.
"Misión barrio adentro": medicina social, movimientos sociales de los pobres y nuevas coaliciones en Venezuela

In Venezuela, both local and national governments created a parallel national health system, Mission Barrio Adentro (MBA), that placed some 33,000 health professionals, initially Cubans, in low-income neighborhoods. Ethnographic research and interviews suggest that MBA provided access to healthcare and gained popular support due the combined effects of social movements of the poor; collaborations between community workers, residents, public health officials and politicians; integration of healthcare with social and economic programs; physicians' residence in low-income neighborhoods; positive, egalitarian doctor-patient interactions; the crucial role of neighborhood Health Committees; and the impact of hostility from the press, a large segment of Venezuelan doctors, and the Opposition in converting MBA into a major political issue. This case suggests that the State can confront health inequities effectively when policies are generated within underserved communities by fusing social medicine and critical epidemiology perspectives with those of residents. Flexible, non-bureaucratic, and creative institutional structures enhance effectiveness.
A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING PROPERTIES OF EQUILIBRIUM COMBUSTION PRODUCTS WITH SOME APPLICATIONS TO I.C. ENGINES

A computer program which rapidly calculates the equilibrium mole fractions and the partial derivatives of the mole fractions with respect to temperature, pressure and equivalence ratio for the products of combustion of any hydrocarbon fuel and air is described. A subroutine is also given which calculates the gas constant, enthalpy, internal energy and the partial derivatives of these with respect to temperature, pressure and equivalence ratio. Some examples of the uses of the programs are also given. /GMRL/
BALANCING “JUST IN CASE” WITH “JUST IN TIME” LEARNING IN THE TEACHING OF EAP WRITING, REFLECTING, AND CRITICAL THINKING

In this article, the author argues that approaches to learning may need to be more efficient and gratifying to students now than in earlier periods in teaching history. She then juxtaposes Just-in-time learning, often characteristic of VESL/EOP learners, with Just-in-case, more commonly found in traditional educational institutions. After noting some of the pros and cons of each type, she suggests ways that EAP, and especially EAP writing, might balance the two.
Why only Nixon could go to China

Right-wing politicians sometimes can implement policies that left-wing politicians cannot, and vice versa. Contemporary wisdom has it that “only Nixon could have gone to China”. We develop a model to explain this phenomenon. A policy issue could depend on information, on which every one could potentially agree on policy, or on values, on which agreement is impossible. Politicians, who value both reelection and policy outcomes, realize the nature of the issue, whereas voters do not. Only a right-wing president can credibly signal the desirability of a left-wing course of action. The Nixon paradox can hold then if citizens vote retrospectively on the issue.
Application of an iterative least-squares waveform inversion of strong-motion and teleseismic records to the 1978 Tabas, Iran, earthquake

An iterative least-squares technique is used to simultaneously invert the strong-motion records and teleseismic P waveforms for the 1978 Tabas, Iran, earthquake to deduce the rupture history. The method solves for both slip amplitudes and rupture times on a finite fault. Several inversions of the data are done to determine the best-fitting hypocenter, average rupture velocity, and source-time function, within the range of our parameter search. The effects of using different data sets and different parametrizations of the problem (linear versus nonlinear) are also considered. Teleseismic body waves are shown to be essential to obtain a reliable solution due to the sparse coverage of the fault plane by strong-motion stations. A simple triangular source-time function is compared with a modified Kostrov source-time function for a circular rupture and a constant propagating stress drop. Although the waveforms used in the inversions can not resolve between these two time functions, the Kostrov source-time function gives a moment estimate and maximum fault displacement more consistent with long-period surface waves and field observations. The results of the iterative inversion for slip amplitudes and rupture times are compared with the results of a linear inversion for slip amplitudes in which the rupture velocity is fixed. Flexibility in the sequence of faulting for the linear inversion is obtained by allowing multiple rupture intervals. A consensus of all the inversion runs indicates a complex, multiple source for the Tabas earthquake, with four main source regions over a fault length of 90 km and an average rupture velocity of 2.5 km / sec.
The Demographic Promise of Expanded Female Education: Trends in the Age at First Birth in Malawi

The expansion of female education has been promoted as a way to postpone the age of first birth. In sub-Saharan Africa, the first cohorts to benefit from policies that expanded access to education are now reaching adulthood and beginning childbearing. I investigate whether the expansion of education in Malawi, which implemented a free primary education policy in 1994 and subsequently expanded secondary schooling, has led to a later age at first birth and whether the education gradient in fertility timing has remained stable over time. Despite increases in female grade attainment over the past twenty years, the age at first birth has not changed. Using instrumental variables analysis, I find a significant negative association between grade attainment and age at first birth, suggesting that the deterioration of school quality and shift in the age pattern of enrollment that accompanied educational expansion may have compromised the transformative potential of education.
Distinct effects of ubiquitin overexpression on NMJ structure and motor performance in mice expressing catalytically inactive USP14

Ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14) is a major deubiquitinating enzyme and a key determinant of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) structure and function. We have previously reported dramatic ubiquitin depletion in the nervous systems of the USP14-deficient ataxia (axJ) mice and demonstrated that transgenic ubiquitin overexpression partially rescues the axJ neuromuscular phenotype. However, later work has shown that ubiquitin overexpression does not correct the axJ deficits in hippocampal short term plasticity, and that transgenic expression of a catalytically-inactive form of USP14 in the nervous system mimics the neuromuscular phenotype observed in the axJ mice, but causes a only a modest reduction of free ubiquitin. Instead, increased ubiquitin conjugates and aberrant activation of pJNK are observed in the nervous systems of the USP14 catalytic mutant mice. In this report, we demonstrate that restoring free ubiquitin levels in the USP14 catalytic mutant mice improved NMJ structure and reduced pJNK accumulation in motor neuron terminals, but had a negative impact on measures of NMJ function, such as motor performance and muscle development. Transgenic expression of ubiquitin had a dose-dependent effect on NMJ function in wild type mice: moderate levels of overexpression improved NMJ function while more robust ubiquitin overexpression reduced muscle development and motor coordination. Combined, these results suggest that maintenance of free ubiquitin levels by USP14 contributes to NMJ structure, but that USP14 regulates NMJ function through a separate pathway.
Antiprotons for radiotherapy

The paper by Holzscheiter et al. in the current issue [5] reports the first measurement of the biological consequences of antiproton irradiation. This paper takes one back to the days when the science of a new exotic particle could generate great excitement, untarnished by the need to address the practicality or the economics of translating the basic discovery into routine clinical practice! What is certain is that antiproton facilities are unlikely to appear on every street corner any time soon, but the idea is intriguing. Radiation oncology in its first 100 years has been dominated by technological advances in physics and engineering. It is true that there have been a few key insights from biological research, but not many. Technology has rapidly and completely outpaced the biology. Armed with a computer, dose contours can be tailored by the physicist and planning dosimetrist far more accurately than the extent of the disease can be delineated by the physician – while the biologist looks on in awe. During the life-time of many radiation oncologists practicing today, X-ray energies have escalated from 250 kVp to 20 MV, computers have revolutionized treatment planning, 3D-CRT has given way to IMRT with the advent of dynamic multileaf collimators. The latest trend is for free-standing proton facilities (with or without the availability of carbon ions) which promise the ultimate ability to conform the dose to the tumor volume, while sparing normal tissue. As it turns out however, protons are not the summit of achievement; there are antiprotons! [4]. The excitement of this particle, in a nutshell, stems from the fact that antiprotons share all the dose distribution advantages of protons, but in addition the dose in the Bragg peak region is amplified because as it stops the antiproton annihilates with a neutron or a proton, and deposits as energy some of the rest mass of both particles [4]. Annihilation occurs, of course, because an antiproton cannot exist at rest in our universe. It all sounds too good to be true! A closer look at the process of annihilation soon makes it clear that the picture is much more complicated than at first appears. When an antiproton annihilates with a proton or a neutron, their combined rest mass (about 2 GeV) is radiated away by p-mesons (Fig. 1). On average, one pion in five is absorbed by the nucleus in which the annihilation takes place and the resultant excited nucleus releases energy
Midfrequency dysfunction in listeners having high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss.

Two-tone unmasking, psychophysical tuning curves and pure-tone masking patterns were measured at 500 and 1000 Hz in 17 listeners having high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss due to noise exposu...
Nomograms to predict risk of in-hospital and post-discharge venous thromboembolism after abdominal and thoracic surgery: an American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program analysis.

Abstract Background Postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) is increasingly viewed as a quality of care metric, although risk-adjusted incident rates of postoperative VTE and VTE after hospital discharge (VTEDC) are not available. We sought to characterize the predictors of VTE and VTEDC to develop nomograms to estimate individual risk of VTE and VTEDC. Methods Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, we identified 471,867 patients who underwent inpatient abdominal or thoracic operations between 2005 and 2010. We excluded primary vascular and spine operations. We built logistic regression models using stepwise model selection and constructed nomograms for VTE and VTEDC with statistically significant covariates. Results The overall, unadjusted, 30-d incidence of VTE and VTEDC was 1.5% and 0.5%, respectively. Annual incidence rates remained unchanged over the study period. On multivariate analysis, age, body mass index, presence of preoperative infection, operation for cancer, procedure type (spleen highest), multivisceral resection, and non-bariatric laparoscopic surgery were significant predictors for VTE and VTEDC. Other significant predictors for VTE, but not VTEDC, included a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, disseminated cancer, and emergent operation. We constructed and validated nomograms by bootstrapping. The concordance indices for VTE and VTEDC were 0.77 and 0.67, respectively. Conclusions Substantial variation exists in the incidence of VTE and VTEDC, depending on patient and procedural factors. We constructed nomograms to predict individual risk of 30-d VTE and VTEDC. These may allow more targeted quality improvement interventions to reduce VTE and VTEDC in high-risk general and thoracic surgery patients.
Evidence that the inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase activity by FK506 involves calcineurin

Evidence that the inhibition of Na + /K + -ATPase activity by FK506 involves calcineurin. We reported that cyclosporin A (CsA) inhibits Na + /K + -ATPase activity in specific segments of the rat nephron. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that cyclosporin A reduces Na + /K + -ATPase activity through inhibition of calcineurin. In T cells, cyclosporin A and FK506 bind to immunophilins and inhibit the phosphatase activity of calcineurin; Rapamycin and SDZ 220-384 also bind to immunophilins but do not change calcineurin activity. Na + /K + -ATPase activity was measured in microdissected rat proximal tubule (S2 subsegment), medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL), and cortical collecting duct (CCD). First we found that two inhibitors of calcineurin, pentafluorophenol (PFP, 100 mM) and peptide 412 (1 mM), significantly reduced Na + /K + -ATPase activity in the CCD by 78% and 70%, respectively. In CCDs, FK506 inhibited Na+/K+-ATPase activity by 61 to 85% at concentrations of 1.5 to 6 ng/ml, but not at 0.5 ng/ml. FK506 (6 ng/ml) inhibited Na+/K+-ATPase activity in mTALs by 56% but did not inhibit it in S2s or glomeruli. In contrast, Rapamycin (12.5 ng/ml) did not change Na+/K+-ATPase activity in CCDs or mTALs, but at a concentration of 12.5 µg/ml did block the inhibitory effect of FK506 (6 ng/ml) in both segments. SDZ 220-384 (600 ng/ml) did not change Na + /K + -ATPase activity in CCDs. Thus, in CCDs and mTALs: (1) FK506, like cyclosporin A, inhibits Na + /K + -ATPase activity; (2) Rapamycin and SDZ 220-384 do not inhibit Na + /K + -ATPase activity; and (3) Rapamycin prevents FK506-induced inhibition of Na + /K + -ATPase activity. These responses may be explained by a direct inhibition of calcineurin activity yielding lower Na + /K + -ATPase activity in CCDs and mTALs.
Evaluation of the interaction between sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate and its effect on root dentin

The combination of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX) forms a precipitate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of irrigating root canals with a combination of NaOCl and CHX on root dentin and dentinal tubules by using the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and a computer program (Photoshop CS2). Forty-four extracted single-rooted human teeth were instrumented and irrigated with both NaOCl and CHX to produce a precipitate. Root canal surfaces were analyzed with the ESEM. The amount of remaining debris and number of patent tubules were determined. There were no significant differences in remaining debris between the negative control group and the experimental groups. There were significantly fewer patent tubules in the experimental groups when compared with the negative control group. The NaOCl/CHX precipitate tends to occlude the dentinal tubules. Until this precipitate is studied further, caution should be exercised when irrigating with NaOCl and CHX.
Cryopreservation of rainbow trout semen in large straws

Abstract Rainbow trout semen was successfully cryopreserved in large (4.5 ml) straws after being mixed with a simple (glucose/egg yolk/DMSO) extender. Fertilization success averaged 49.3% of the control among 16 males in samples thawed at 5°C. Samples thawed at 0°C gave very poor results, but samples thawed at 5–30°C gave similar results. Fertilization success tended to decrease as increased numbers of eggs were fertilized with sperm from a single straw but lots of 700 eggs gave results similar to those with smaller egg numbers. The method we describe is simple and should be applicable to hatchery situations.
A model for creep and early failure

Abstract Tensile creep is described in terms of a generalized phenomenological rheological model that consists of a parallel array of a large number of Maxwell elements modified by irreversible fracture and contact elements. The model, which is equally applicable to small and large deformations (including the failure region), implies non-linear viscoelasticity, memory and irreversibility. It also suggests that the shapes of the creep curves contain information that can indicate early failure in creep. To demonstrate this property of the model, however, an empirical approach had to be adopted and this was done as follows. Published creep curves for five different polymers were presented in the linear form t ϵ(t) = 1 ab + t a where ϵ(t) is the strain at tie t, and a and b are constants characteristic of the material and the initial stress. The constant a in this context is the asymptotic strain ϵA and is therefore an indication of the tendency of the strain to stabilize within the given experimental time scale. Consequently, asymptotic moduli EA could also be calculated and plotted versus their corresponding initial stresses σ0. The resulting curves have typical distinct shapes that manifest the existence or absence of dominant strain hardening. In the latter case the curves could be successfully fitted by an equation of the type EA=A−Bq0n where A, B and n are empirical constants. Since tensile failure in terms of the model is reached when EA = 0, the initial stress σF that will eventually lead to early failure can be calculated from q F =( A B ) 1 n It is shown that the ranges of published failure data are in agreement with the levels calculated from the above equation with n > 2 and depending on the material.
Multivariate analysis of pulmonary fibrosis after electron beam irradiation for postmastectomy chest wall and regional lymphatics: evidence for non-dosimetric factors

Abstract Background and purpose : To evaluate the factors associated with pulmonary fibrosis after postmastectomy electron beam irradiation of chest wall and regional lymphatics in patients with breast cancer. Materials and methods : From July 1987 through July 1994, 109 women with stage II and III breast cancer receiving modified radical mastectomies were managed by postoperative electron beam irradiation. Doses of 46 to 50.4 Gy were delivered to the chest wall covered with bolus, internal mammary nodes, supraclavicular nodes and axillary lymph nodes via 12 or 15 MeV single portal electron beam. Seventeen patients received additional 10–16 Gy surgical scar boost via 9 MeV electron beam. Comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment chest X-ray films were used to monitor the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Results : Only Grade 1 radiation-induced late pulmonary toxicity was noted in 33 patients (29%). Twenty-six patients (24%) developed pulmonary fibrosis under unbolused chest wall. Lung fibrosis under bolused chest wall was noted in 11 patients (10%). Statistical difference ( P P P =0.03), and no treatment interruption ( P =0.03). No independent factor was associated with lung fibrosis under bolus-covered chest wall in multivariate analysis. Conclusions : In the analysis of pulmonary fibrosis induced by unbolused electron beam, BMI rather than body weight and body height is a strong prognostic factor. Tamoxifen and short overall time can predispose the development of lung fibrosis.
Pumps and compressors

Many new developments in pumping and compressing have recently been reported. The new equipment and theories reported will probably find frequent uses in the oil processing and chemical industries. The result will be lower pumping costs and better service.
Elastomers with multimodal distributions of network chain lengths

The goal of primary interest in these investigations was the development of a novel method for preparing elastomeric networks having unusually good ultimate properties. The technique involves end linking mixtures of very short and relatively long functionally-terminated chains to give bimodal networks. Such (unfilled) bimodal elastomers show very large increases in reduced stress or modulus at high elongations because of the very limited extensibility of the short chains present in the networks. This non-Gaussian behavior also appears in compression or biaxial extension, shear, tearing, and cyclic fatigue tests. Non-Gaussian theories taking into account this limited extensibility give a good account of the experimental results. Bimodal distributions also facilitate strain-induced crystallization, and thus the reinforcement it provides. Suggestions are made for seeking additional advantages from multimodal distributions that are trimodal or higher.
Evaluation of cognitive function in patients with limited small cell lung cancer prior to and shortly following prophylactic cranial irradiation

Purpose : Cognitive deficits after treatment for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) have been attributed to prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI). A prospective study of neuropsychological function was undertaken to document the evolution and magnitude of neuropsychologic deficits. Methods and Materials : Thirty patients with limited stage SCLC who responded well (29 complete response (CR), 1 partial response (PR)) to combination chemotherapy plus thoracic irradiation or resection were studied with neuropsychological tests in the cognitive domains of intelligence, frontal lobe function, language, memory, visual-perception, and motor dexterity prior to a planned course of PCI. Nine patients had a neurologic history that could influence testing. Results : An unexpected 97% (29 out of 30) of patients had evidence of cognitive dysfunction prior to PCI. The most frequent impairment was verbal memory, followed by frontal lobe dysfunction, and fine motor incoordination. Of the patients with no prior neurologic or substance abuse history, 20 out of 21 (95%) had impairments on neuropsychological assessment. This neurologically normal group was just as impaired as the group with such a history with respect to delayed verbal memory and frontal lobe executive function. Eleven patients had neuropsychological testing 6 to 20 months after PCI ; no significant differences were found from their pretreatment tests. Conclusions : A high proportion of neurologically normal patients with limited SCLC and favorable responses to combination chemotherapy have specific cognitive deficits before receiving PCI. Short-term (6 to 20 months) observations after PCI have shown no significant deterioration.
Persistent Dispositionalism in Interactionist Clothing: Fundamental Attribution Error in Explaining Prison Abuse:

The Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated some important lessons about the power of social situations, settings, and structures to shape and transform behavior. At the time the study was done, the authors scrupulously addressed the issue of whether and how the dispositions or personality traits of the participants might have affected the results. Here the authors renew and reaffirm their original interpretation of the results and apply this perspective to some recent socially and politically significant events.
Cross-Cultural Psychiatry in Micronesia: the Consultant's View

Patients evaluated by the authors as consulting clinical psychiatrists in a cross- cultural setting, Micronesia, form the basis for an examination of regional variations in demographic characteristics, diagnoses, and referral patterns. Different rates of occurrence of disorders, selective referral practices, and diversity in manifestation of symptomatology are all considered. The authors offer suggestions regarding social and cultural factors which may account for the observed differences.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Ribosomes: Integrating Theory and Experiment

We will report results from the first molecular simulations of eukaryotic ribosomes. Using an integrated approach, we combine data from X-ray crystallography, cryo-EM and SHAPE chemical probing. Over the past decade, we have developed a pipeline that begins with X-ray crystallographic structures and uses molecular simulation to produce all-atom models consistent with cryo-EM reconstructions. Theses models are then used as beginning and end points for simulations of large-scale conformational changes. Our strategy has been highly successful in the case of the accommodation conformational change during tRNA selection in bacteria. Here, we correctly predicted the universally conserved accommodation corridor, which has been verified in several independent experimental studies. We have also recently identified the hybrid corridor, responsible for tRNA hybrid state formation during translocation. Our latest addition to our pipeline is the incorporation of SHAPE probing data describing the mobility of the RNA backbone in solution. We have developed a novel algorithm to generate molecular dynamics simulations highly consistent with SHAPE probing data. We have applied these techniques to eukaryotic ribosomes to investigate their dynamics and conformational changes.
Validity typologies and the logic and practice of quasi‐experimentation

Validity typologies can enhance our understanding of quasi-experiments, but they can also serve as blinders. We can go beyond the primary concerns of validity typologies by studying causal process and by being explicit about the reasoning that underlies our inferences.
Immunohistochemical recognition of human nerve sheath tumors by anti-Leu 7 (HNK-1) monoclonal antibody.

Using relatively high dilutions of anti-Leu 7 monoclonal antibody and a four-step peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) reaction in paraffin-embedded tissues, we tested the affinity of this antibody to the cells of 47 human nerve sheath tumors and 22 other tumors in which the differential diagnosis with nerve sheath neoplasms is known to arise. Of all the nerve sheath tumors studied 68%, including 80% of the schwannomas, contained anti-Leu 7-positive cells. All 22 non-schwannian neoplasms were entirely, negative. Specimens of eight experimental malignant rat schwannomas were also negative for anti-Leu 7 antibody. Our findings suggest that anti-Leu 7 monoclonal antibody is a promising marker that may facilitate the differential diagnosis between human Schwann cell and non-schwann cell neoplasms.
RELATIVE-SAMENESS COUNTERPART THEORY

Just as set theory can be divorced from Ernst Zermelo’s original axiomatization of it, counterpart theory can be divorced from the eight postulates that were originally stipulated by David Lewis (1968, p. 114) to constitute it. These were postulates governing some of the properties and relations holding among possible worlds and their inhabitants. In particular, counterpart theory can be divorced from Lewis’s postulate P2, the stipulation that individuals are ‘world bound’—that none exists in more than one possible world: P2 : ∀x∀y∀z((x is in possible world y ∧ x is in possible world z) → y = z). Lewis’s motivation for this postulate at the time seemed a pragmatic one—rather than admit entities without clear criteria of identity among them, he would admit a new entity whenever a clear criterion of identity was wanting. Since the criteria for identity among individuals in different worlds were considered unclear, the putatively identical individuals being so different from one another, the strategy was to avoid the difficult and unclear question of transworld identity by admitting distinct individuals for distinct possible worlds (1968, p. 114). World-boundedness would later be motivated by Lewis’s belief in concrete, or radical, modal realism (Lewis, 1986). Counterpart theory can also be divorced from Lewis’s own views about the nature of the counterpart relation used in the analysis of de-re modality. Lewis’s counterpart relation was a similarity relation: as long as y is sufficiently similar to x, x has y as a counterpart when y is more similar to x than anything else in y’s world is (1968, p. 114f). Lewis’s counterpart relation therefore failed to be either symmetric or transitive. 1 Nevertheless, a theory of de-re modality could be a counterpart theory while involving a counterpart relation that, unlike Lewis’s, was symmetric or transitive, or both, and could also involve a counterpart relation that allowed for bare identity switching—for the possibility that each of two people could be just the way the other in fact is. In particular, a counterpart theory could involve a counterpart relation that was not based on qualitative similarity at all. Counterpart theory can also be divorced from the particular use Lewis put it to. A theory of de-re temporal predication could be a counterpart theory. 2 What makes a theory of de-re predication a counterpart theory? Consider any theory according to which de-re predications in the scope of some modal or temporal operator � are given an interpretation in terms of a relation R that entails the following: � � is true just in case there is a world or time (meeting such-and-such conditions) in which there are
Direct Method of Liapunov Applied to Transient Power System Stability

The direct method of Liapunov is applied to the problem of power system stability. The method is first compared with the phase plane technique and equal-area criterion, with all three approaches giving identical results for the equivalent 1-machine system. A Liapunov function for the 3-machine system is developed, and conservative prediction of stability is possible if the machine velocities and angles are known at the time of final system disturbance. The method is easily extended to multimachine systems. Further work is needed in the area of easier determination of better Liapunov functions and the inclusion of such items as resistance, regulator action, governor action, and damping torques.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 77

Abstract The 1966 version of the Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 77 has been revised on the basis of all experimental data received before January 1, 1973. Experimental data, detailed level schemes, and arguments for Jπ assignments are presented. Two new isotopes, 77Ga and 77Rb, are now known to exist while a third, 77Zn, has been tentatively identified. A significant amount of new information is now available on the 77Ge, 77As, 77Se, and 77Br level schemes.
A patient-equivalent attenuation phantom for estimating patient exposures from automatic exposure controlled x-ray examinations of the abdomen and lumbo-sacral spine.

The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations requires diagnostic radiology facilities to know the approximate amount of radiation received by an average patient during radiographic examinations at the facility. Automatic exposure controlled (AEC) techniques are used for many of these exams, and a standard patient‐equivalent phantom is necessary when estimating patient exposure on such systems. This is of particular importance if exposures are to be compared among AEC systems with different entrance x‐ray spectra. We have developed a phantom, LucAl Abdomen, to facilitate determining the average patient exposure from AEC anteroposterior (AP) abdomen and lumbo–sacral (LS) spine radiography. The phantom is relatively lightweight, transportable, sturdy, and made of readily available inexpensive materials (Lucite and aluminum). It accurately simulates the primary and scatter transmission through the soft tissue and L‐4 spinal regions of a patient‐equivalent anthropomorphic phantom for x‐ray spectra typically used in abdomen/LS spine radiography. A clinical evaluation to verify the patient‐equivalence of three commercial anthropomorphic phantoms (Humanoid, Rando, 3‐M) and two acrylic/aluminum phantoms (ANSI and LucAl Abdomen) has been conducted. The design and development of the LucAl Abdomen phantom and the evaluation of all phantoms is described.
The hyperfine fields of 57Fe at the A and B sites in copper ferrite (CuFe2O4)

Abstract The Mossbauer spectrum of tetragonal CuFe 2 O 4 consists of two six-line patterns. The local magnetic fields, the electric quadrupole interaction, and the isomer shifts were determined. The patterns can be unambiguously assigned to the A and B sites of the crystal structure.
Adult onset grape hypersensitivity causing life threatening anaphylaxis.

Background Adverse reactions to foods are encountered much less frequently in adults than in the children. Adult onset hypersensitivity to grapes has not been previously reported. Objective Evaluation of a case of anaphylaxis that occurred as a result of the consumption of white grapes ( Vitis vinifera ). Methods and Results A 28-year-old woman experienced generalized urticaria, facial/oropharyngeal angioedema, and dizziness after eating a bunch of white grapes. She was treated in an emergency room for anaphylaxis. Previously, she had experienced two similar episodes after eating white grapes. The grape prick skin tests were strongly positive forming a pseudopod type reaction. The total serum IgE was 1918 ng/mL. The grape-specific serum IgE was weakly positive by the modified RAST and negative in the Pharmacia-Upjohn Cap System. Conclusion Hypersensitivity to a commonly consumed fruit such as grapes can develop late in life causing a near-fatal anaphylaxis.
Problems in the development and validation of questionnaire‐based screening instruments for ascertaining cases with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: The Framingham Study

Objective To determine if screening for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) for clinical trials and epidemiologic studies could be satisfactorily done without performing knee radiographs and to develop efficient screening instruments for symptomatic knee OA based on self-reported symptoms and functional limitations. Methods We administered a mailed questionnaire containing many different questions on knee symptoms and functional limitations to 1,921 participants of the Framingham Study who had previously been screened for symptomatic OA with a history and knee radiographs. Recursive partitioning methods (using the Classification and Regression Trees [CART] program) were used to create a set of screening instruments for symptomatic knee OA, which was defined as knee symptoms on most days and radiographic evidence of OA. Three screening instruments were developed to maximize the sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency. Results The sensitive instrument had 84% sensitivity and 73% specificity. The specific instrument had 46% sensitivity and 94% specificity. The efficient instrument had 56% sensitivity and 85% specificity. Sensitivity was lower and specificity was higher when these instruments were used to screen for radiographic OA. All instruments had higher sensitivity but lower specificity when used for older subjects (age >60) with greater disease prevalence. However, using any of these instruments as a single-step screening mechanism resulted in considerable misclassification. Conclusion We conclude that none of these instruments has adequate diagnostic test performance to serve as a single-step evaluation of the presence or absence of symptomatic knee OA.
Glial hyaluronate-binding protein in Wallerian degeneration of dog spinal cord.

Wallerian degeneration of spinal cord dorsal columns was produced in three dogs by unilateral extradural dorsal rhizotomy at the lower thoracic level. The spinal cord was studied 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months after surgery. Transverse cryostat sections at the site of rhizotomy and at the mid-thoracic level were stained by indirect immunofluorescence with antibodies to the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and to the glial hyaluronate-binding protein (GHAP). GHAP immunoreactivity was almost unchanged in the degenerated dorsal column 1 month after rhizotomy. After 2 and 3 months, staining with GHAP antibodies was markedly decreased in the gliosed dorsal column at the site of rhizotomy, but it still persisted at the mid-thoracic level. It is concluded that GHAP persists for long periods of time in dorsal columns undergoing Wallerian degeneration, a finding consistent with its putative role as a nonpermissive substrate preventing nerve regeneration in CNS white matter.
Proteomics in reproductive medicine: the technology for separation and identification of proteins

Abstract With the near completion of the human genome project, reproductive biology is poised to enter the vastly more complex arena of proteomics. Proteomics involves the identification, characterization and quantitation of all proteins present in a cell at a particular metabolic state. Although the number of genes in the human genome is estimated to be about 27,000±5000, the number of proteins produced by humans is unknown, with estimates ranging as high as 1,500,000 distinct molecular entities. In order to address problems in the early stages of reproduction, proteomics must be scaled down to work with very few numbers of cells, termed zeptoproteomics. Mass spectrometry has rapidly become the key technology in proteomics, enabling rapid and facile identification and quantitation of femtomole and attomole quantities of a protein.