cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epoxidation of methyl oleate with hydrogen peroxide

Simple addition of hydrogen peroxide to a 10 molar excess of glacial acetic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst gave about 90% conversion to peracetic acid in the peracid preforming step. Improved hydrogen peroxide efficiency in the epoxidation step was obtained by using a 0.9:1 molar ratio of preformed peracetic acid to methyl oleate. Under these conditions most of the peracetic acid was used in forming the epoxide. Stainless Steels 304, 316, 321, 329, and 430 are satisfactory as materials of construction from the standpoint of both corrosion resistance and effect on the reaction.
Tumour suppressors hamartin and tuberin: intracellular signalling

Tumour suppressors hamartin and tuberin, encoded by tuberous sclerosis complex 1(TSC1) and TSC2 genes, respectively, are critical regulators of cell growth and proliferation. Mutations in TSC1 and TSC2 genes are the cause of an autosomal dominant disorder known as tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Another genetic disorder, lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), is also associated with mutations in the TSC2 gene. Hamartin and tuberin control cell growth by negatively regulating S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), potentially through their upstream modulator mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Growth factors and insulin promote Akt/PKB-dependent phosphorylation of tuberin, which in turn, releases S6K1 from negative regulation by tuberin and results in the activation of S6K1. Although much has been written regarding the molecular genetics of TSC and LAM, which is associated with either the loss of or mutation in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes, few reviews have addressed the intracellular signalling pathways regulated by hamartin and tuberin. The current review will fill the gap in our understanding of their role in cellular signalling networks, and by improving this understanding, an integrated picture regarding the normal function of tuberin and hamartin is beginning to emerge.
Biomorphic systems based on smart actuators

A comparative review of actuation technologies is presented. Innovative mechanism ideas that combine high force and deflection are described. Flexible smart actuators are obtained utilizing real time adaptive biomorphic controls. Such flexible smart actuators constitute an enabling technology for a variety of biomorphic systems ranging from small, agile biomorphic explorers that emulate biological mobility to much larger humanoid or anthropomorphic system. Due to their potential ability to explore difficult, hard-to-reach terrain, biomorphic explorers are promising for a variety of applications in law enforcement, hazardous environment inspection, toxic waste avoidance/ elimination, and search/rescue in disaster areas such as earthquake sites. The control mechanisms used for the actuators are based on biological principles. For example, a neurally inspired controller (with the Banked Stimulus-Response, BSR, control generated using a genetic algorithm) provides a mapping between the current state of the robot (measured by sense variables such as internal actuator angles, velocity, and internal periodic clocks) and a target internal configuration (configuration of internal actuator angles). Innovative foldable advanced mobility mechanisms in combination with multipod techniques inspired by peristalsis in an earthworm robot are described. Flexible actuators offer the versatility of both shape control as well as mobility attribute control.
Quantification of 4‐OH‐2,6‐Xylidine and its Conjugates in Human Urine Samples Utilising Microextraction in Packed Syringe On‐line with Liquid Chromatography and Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MEPS‐LC‐MS/MS)

Quantification of 4-OH-2,6-Xylidine and its Conjugates in Human Urine Samples Utilising Microextraction in Packed Syringe On-line with Liquid Chromatography and Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MEPS-LC-MS/MS)
Elimination of chronic infant ruminating by electric shock

An aversive therapy program was instituted after a series of treatments failed to reduce ruminative vomiting in a 9-month-old infant hospitalized for malnutrition and weight loss. Mild electric shocks produced an immediate suppression of ruminating, weight increases, and a general improvement in the infant's social responsiveness. Systematic variation of observers and treatment location ensured generalization. Follow-up examinations conducted over a 6-month period showed continued weight gains, with no re-occurrence of ruminating.
Struggles over crop rights and labour within contract farming households in a Gambian irrigated rice project

Contract farming schemes based on smallholders are expanding in Africa. Peasant household production is being restructured by the process. Research carried out in the Jahaly Pacharr irrigated rice scheme in The Gambia examines the changes that developed with the genesis of ‘contract farming of the dietary staple, rice. The production routine generated conflicts and struggles within project households over access to and control of female labor. These have led to new labor processes in the project area, which are shaping producers’ abilities to comply with contract farming production strictures.
Hybrid Modeling Of Staring Planar Arrays

A mathematical model of staring planar array sensor behavior is required for simulation of sensors in imaging system performance evaluation studies, as well as for evaluation of the sensors themselves. Such a model should be accurate, adaptable, and practical to implement. As existing models of scanning sensors were inadequate, a model that is both structurally and statistically consistent with actual sensors has been developed at Texas Instruments. To characterize a class of sensors, data is collected by recording selected imagery using a representative sensor. The recorded data is reduced, converted, and stored in a medium facilitating access by a digital computer. The resulting data is then analyzed to extract critical sensor statistics that characterize the nominal behavior of the sensor and the associated fixed and time varying errors.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Freeze-etched surfaces in potato starch.

Native and Lintnerized potato starch grains were freeze-fractured and freezeetched. All samples showed a granular surface. The Lintnerized samples, in addition, presented unique structures which have been described as microfibrils. The question, whether the granules and the microfibrils seen here are real structures in the starch grain or artifacts produced by the freeze-etch technique is discussed.
An Overview of Budgeting Formats

Budgeting is more than collecting revenue and expenditure estimates. It is a fiscal process by which law enforcement officials select objectives and design ways to achieve those objectives. A budget, in other words, is a systematic plan which indicates where the money will come from, how much will be spent, and what it will be spent for. A budget is a fiscal plan for a given period of time. Although a variety of budgeting formats exist, this article discusses the four which are the most widely used today—line-item budgeting, program budgeting, performance budgeting, and zero-based budgeting. Understanding the various types of budgeting formats enables law enforcement officials to improve resource allocation and operation effectiveness and to develop short- and long-term plans for future operations. As long as resources continue to be scarce and retrenchment management is operative, law enforcement officials need to understand the budgeting formats discussed in this article.
Dynamic Process Modeling for Rotary Ultrasonic Machining of Alumina

Rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) is a hybrid machining approach that combines two material removal mechanisms, namely, diamond grinding and ultrasonic machining. This paper presents the results of dynamic process modeling for RUM of alumina, as currently available literature mainly focuses on static parametric relationships. A stochastic modeling and analysis technique called data dependent systems (DDS) was used to study RUM generated surface profiles and cutting force signals. Variations in the data sets of surface profiles, for the entrance and exit segments of machined holes and for that of machined rods, and cutting force signals were modeled and decomposed to gain insight into the RUM process mechanism. The DDS wavelength decomposition of the surface profiles suggested that the major characteristic root wavelength had a positive correlation with feed rate, and the wavelength magnitude may be linked to the grain size of the workpiece material. The roughness of machined surfaces increased as the tool moved deeper due to reduced flushing efficiency. Surfaces on the machined rods were less sensitive to the input variables than the hole surfaces. Moreover, spindle speed and feed rate affected the cutting force significantly.
CHARACTERISTICS AND RECENT TRENDS IN URBAN GEOGRAPHY

This paper summarizes some major characteristics and trends in the field of urban geography during the 1980s based on its eponymous journal, offers a brief overview of earlier developments in urban geography, and attempts a comparison between earlier and more recent trends and ideas in the field. During the 1980s, structuralistic and humanistic approaches have gained somewhat over the dominant positivistic tradition. The United States and Canada continue as the major regions of study. Use of quantitative analysis declined during the 1980s. Urban geography has become more pluralistic and increasingly relies on social theory concepts rather than on traditional location theory, such as central place theory. The percentage of females contributing to research in the journal Urban Geography increased notably during the last decade, and female authorship appears to be approximately twice the AAG membership proportion for college and university teachers and for recipients of the Ph.D. Overall, a focus on the soci...
Roles of Glutamate Receptors and the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Signaling Pathway in Activity-dependent Dendritic Protein Synthesis in Hippocampal Neurons

Local protein synthesis in neuronal dendrites is critical for synaptic plasticity. However, the signaling cascades that couple synaptic activation to dendritic protein synthesis remain elusive. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of glutamate receptors and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in regulating dendritic protein synthesis in live neurons. We first characterized the involvement of various subtypes of glutamate receptors and the mTOR kinase in regulating dendritic synthesis of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter controlled by alphaCaMKII 5' and 3' untranslated regions in cultured hippocampal neurons. Specific antagonists of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA), alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), and metabotropic glutamate receptors abolished glutamate-induced dendritic GFP synthesis, whereas agonists of NMDA and metabotropic but not AMPA glutamate receptors activated GFP synthesis in dendrites. Inhibitions of the mTOR signaling, as well as its upstream activators, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and AKT, blocked NMDA receptor-dependent dendritic GFP synthesis. Conversely, activation of mTOR signaling stimulated dendritic GFP synthesis. In addition, we also found that inhibition of the mTOR kinase blocked dendritic synthesis of the endogenous alphaCaMKII and MAP2 proteins induced by tetanic stimulations in hippocampal slices. These results identify critical roles of NMDA receptors and the mTOR signaling pathway for control of synaptic activity-induced dendritic protein synthesis in hippocampal neurons.
Anomalies: Foreign Exchange

most (all?) behavior can be explained by assuming that agents have stable, well-defined preferences and make rational choices consistent with those preferences in markets that (eventually) clear. An empirical result qualifies as an anomaly if it is difficult to "rationalize," or if implausible assumptions are necessary to explain it within the paradigm. This column will present a series of such anomalies. Readers are invited to suggest topics for future columns by sending a note with some reference to (or better yet copies of) the relevant research. Comments on anomalies printed here are also welcome. The address
Pattern matching in the TEXTRACT information extraction system

In information extraction systems, pattern matchers are widely used to identify information of interest in a sentence. In this paper, pattern matching in the TEXTRACT information extraction system is described. It comprises a concept search which identifies key words representing a concept, and a template pattern search which identifies patterns of words and phrases. TEXTRACT using the matcher performed well in the TIPSTER/MUC-5 evaluation. The pattern matching architecture is also suitable for rapid system development across different domains of the same language.
Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitors from Plants: Isolation, Structure Elucidation, and SAR Studies

Fatty acid synthase (FAS) has been identified as a potential antifungal target. FAS prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was employed for bioactivity-guided fractionation of Chlorophora tinctoria,Paspalum conjugatum, Symphonia globulifera, Buchenavia parviflora, and Miconia pilgeriana. Thirteen compounds (1-13), including three new natural products (1, 4, 12), were isolated and their structures identified by spectroscopic interpretation. They represented five chemotypes, namely, isoflavones, flavones, biflavonoids, hydrolyzable tannin-related derivatives, and triterpenoids. 3'-Formylgenistein (1) and ellagic acid 4-O-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside (9) were the most potent compounds against FAS, with IC(50) values of 2.3 and 7.5 microg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, 43 (14-56) analogues of the five chemotypes from our natural product repository and commercial sources were tested for their FAS inhibitory activity. Structure-activity relationships for some chemotypes were investigated. All these compounds were further evaluated for antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Although there were several antifungal compounds in the set, correlation between the FAS inhibitory activity and antifungal activity could not be defined.
Nucleotide sequence of two 3'-termini of rRNA in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus.

Abstract The 3′-terminus of 26 S rRNA from the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus has been determined by oligonucleotide fingerprinting, S1 nuclease mapping and terminal nucleotide analysis. There are two species of 26 S rRNA of approximately equal abundance, one 19 nucleotides longer than the other.
Technology workshops by in-service teachers for pre-service teachers

This project was an initiative through university courses to have graduate in-service teachers, who have learned the use of technology for classroom instruction, offer workshops to undergraduate pre-service teachers. The goals of the project were two-fold. One was to prepare in-service teachers for collegial leadership in using instructional technology through experience in planning and offering workshops to pre-service teachers, and the second was to prepare pre-service teachers for the instructional use of technology in the classroom. To accomplish these objectives, a multiple sections undergraduate professional development course for pre-service teachers was given during a 14 week semester. Forty-three pre-service teachers were in the course. The pre-service teachers were required to develop in conjunction with a classroom teacher a lesson that could be given to elementary or secondary students. Concurrently, a graduate course on using technology in the classroom was offered to the in-service teachers, who were giving the workshops to the pre-service teachers. Twelve in-service teachers administered the workshops. Surveys on all aspects of the project were given to the undergraduates, graduates and cooperating teachers.On a scale from 1 to 4 the undergraduate pre-service teachers' average rating of the success of the workshops given by the graduate in-service teachers was 3.34. The graduate in-service teachers' average rating on the same scale with respect to the success of their experiences with technology and the workshops was 3.40.Finally, 18 cooperating classroom teachers mentored the pre-service teachers' technology lessons in the schools. Their average rating of the success of the pre-service teachers' lessons was 3.79. Evaluation of the successes of the project and weaknesses discovered will be discussed.
Shock Tube Studies of Formaldehyde Pyrolysis.

Formaldehyde decay was followed by IR emission at 3.5 μm behind reflected shocks at total concentrations near 2.4 and 4.5×1018 molecule/cm3 in a 7.6 cm diameter shock tube. Data were obtained at 0.5 μs intervals over a temperature range of 1700–2710 K for mixtures containing 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0% CH2O in Ar. Exponential decay was observed in all cases; at lower temperatures there was evidence of an induction time prior to the onset of the decay. An apparent rate constant was defined as ka=−[d(In signal)/dt]/[M]; ka was observed to be independent of the total concentration but to decrease with decreasing CH2O concentration. These data were analyzed in terms of the mechanism: C H 2 O + M = HCO + H + M (1) C H 2 O + H = HCO + H 2 (2) HCO + M = H + CO + M (3) HCO + H = H 2 + CO ( 4 ) (4) Using literature values for k2, k3, and k4, a reasonable fit to all the data, both in terms of temperature and concentration dependence, was obtained with k1=6.0×10−7 exp(−364 kJ/RT) cm3 molecule−1 s−1. Error considerations suggest this value of k1 is accurate to within a factor of three between 1800–2500 K. However, the uncertainty in the activation energy may be as high as 40–50 kJ/mole. Evidence is also presented to suggest that the reaction C H 2 O + M = CO + H 2 + M ( 1 ′ ) does not play a significant role in the high temperature pyrolysis of formaldehyde.
Cytochemical evaluation of the Guard procedure a regressive staining method for demonstrating chromosomal basic proteins. I. Effects of fixation, blocking reactions, selective extractions, and polyacid "differentiation".

Appropriately fixed preparations stained by a modification of the Guard (1959) reaction for “sex chromatin” display selective staining of interphase chromatin and mitotic or meiotic chromosomes. This is a regressive staining method which seems to depend on the selective displacement of an acidic dye from less basic structures, and retention of the dye at more basic sites. The results obtained with the reaction can be controlled by the length of time that the preparations are “differentiated” in solutions containing phosphomolybdic and phosphotungstic acids (polyacids). After three- or four-hour exposures to polyacid solutions, all chromatin is stained. However, with longer differentiation, “condensed” chromatin can be stained preferentially.
On the mutual causalities between age at marriage and divorce

The existence of an inverse relationship between age at marriage and probability of divorce has been repeatedly documented by a variety of empirical studies in the economics, demography, and sociology literatures [e.g., Becker et al., "An Economic Analysis of Marital Instability," JPE, 1977:85; Weed, "Age at Marriage as a Factor in State Divorce Rate Differentials," Demography, 1974:11; Lee, "Age at Marriage and Marital Satisfaction: A Multivariate Analysis with Implications for Marital Stability," Journal of Marriage and the Family, August 1977]. Although the causality from age at marriage to divorce is theoretically well determined [Becker, "A Theory of Marriage. Parts I and II," JPE, 1973:81, 82], not much has been said on the causation from divorce to age at marriage. A simple search model, however, demonstrates that optimal stopping for marriage (age at marriage) depends on the expected duration of marriage. If one assumes that the actual divorce rate shapes the expectations of the individuals on the duration of their potential marriages, one obtains the causality running from divorce rate to the age at marriage [Mocan, "Love, Marriage, and Dissolution: An Eclectic Approach," Mimeo, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 1987]. Since the cross sectional studies, which focus on the estimation of divorce equations neglect the reverse causation from divorce to age at marriage, and include age at marriage among the set of exogenous variables, a potential bias arises in these estimations. This note provides the evidence on the existence of mutual causalities between divorce and age at marriage. The monthly observations between 1963-82 are obtained from The Vital Statistics of the U.S. The divorce rate (DIVORCE) is measured as the number of divorces per married women who are 18 years of age and over. YOUNGMAR measures the proportion of brides between ages 16 to 24 in their first marriages to the number of women in the same age group and reflects the tendency to marry early. To ensure stationarity, the variables are expressed in logarithms, and linear and quadratic trend variables are included. The system also contains 11 dummy variables to account for monthly variation. To test the mutual dependence of the variables in the Granger-Causality sense, the following system with 12 lags is estimated:
The effect of prey movement on attack behavior and patch residence decision rules of wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae)

We used a video imaging technique to test the effects of prey movement on attack behavior and foraging patch residence time decision rules of wolf spiders. TwelveSchizocosa ocreata (Hentz) (Lycosidae) were tested in an artificial foraging patch stimulus chamber consisting of a microscreen television displaying a computer digitized, animated image of a cricket. Four prey movement treatments were used: (1) a blank screen, (2) a stationary cricket control, (3) a cricket moving for 1 min, and (4) a cricket moving for 10 min. Spiders stayed significantly longer in treatments with higher cricket activity. Spiders also stayed longer when they attacked the stimulus than when they did not. The distribution of patch residence times of spiders indicates a decision rule based on a fixed probability of leaving.
System identification for the Ott-Grebogi-Yorke controller design

A technique to compute the linearized Poincar\'e map and the sensitivity vector required for the implementation of an Ott-Grebogi-Yorke (OGY) controller from experimental data is presented. Unlike previous methods, the linearized map and the sensitivity vector are computed using only data collected over a single period of the limit cycle. The main advantage of the present method is the fact that it eliminates the long waiting period required to design an OGY controller using previously known methods. Numerical examples are presented using the Duffing oscillator with random perturbations to simulate noisy experimental data.
The use of kanamycin sulfate as a therapeutic agent for infants and children. An analysis of 140 cases treated during a two-year period.

Summary 1. Two years of experience with the use of kanamycin sulfate in the management of serious infections in 140 infants and children is reported. The major clinical diagnoses were gastroenteritis, septicemia, pneumonia, pyoderma, subcutaneous abscess, deep abscess, osteomyelitis, omphalitis, thrombophlebitis, and a group of miscellaneous infections. Seventy-eight of the infections were due to Staphylococcus aureus , 28 to Escherichia coli , 5 to Klebsiella pneumoniae , 5 to Proteus species, and 1 to β streptococcus. In 23 cases an etiological diagnosis could not be established. The dosage of kanamycin used during the latter part of the study and presently employed is 12.5 to 50 mg. per kilogram per day. The drug was administered intramuscularly and locally. The duration of the therapy depended upon the nature of the infection. 2. Kanamycin was found to be a valuable drug in the treatment of serious infections in infants and children. Its advantages are that it is bactericidal, it is rapidly absorbed following intramuscular injection obviating intravenous therapy, it is active in vitro against the majority of strains of staphylococci, including hospital strains, and against many gram-negative bacilli ordinarily resistant to other antibiotics. 3. The experience gained in this study suggests that the following situations are important indications for the use of kanamycin: initial use in patients with extremely severe infections due to organisms that can be expected to respond to kanamycin; initial use for the treatment of less severe infections due to kanamycin-susceptible bacteria occurring in patients, such as premature infants, in whom a rapid progression of the disease process is anticipated; later use in patients with infections due to organisms found to be resistant to other antibiotics and sensitive to kanamycin. 4. The potential hazards in the use of kanamycin are nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity as have been reported in adults. There was no evidence that either was a problem in the group of children presented here, although large doses of kanamycin were used and in some instances the drug was administered for long periods. It should be kept in mind that there is increased risk of toxicity in patients who have diminished excretion of the drug due to pre-existing renal disease with decreased glomerular filtration rates.
A Link between Hostility and Disease: Poor Health Habits?

Abstract The Cook and Medley Hostility (Ho) Scale has been found to predict the occurrence of coronary heart disease, as well as total mortality, and to be related to the severity of coronary artery disease. It has been proposed that the relationship between Ho scores and health status is mediated by an unhealthy psychosocial risk profile. The present study investigated the health habits of 202 young adults; it used a shortened version of Test-Well, a self-report inventory of health behaviors. Subjects were classified as high or low scorers on the Ho scale and their overall Test Well scores and those of four subscales were compared. High scorers reported poorer health habits overall (p = .003) and on three of the four subscales (Physical Fitness, p = .04; Self-Care, p = .04; Drugs and Driving, p = .0001). These results suggest that the poor health habits of individuals with high hostility scores may be an additional explanation of the link between hostility and subsequent disease to the psychosocial risk ...
Statistical mechanics of kinks in 1+1 dimensions.

We investigate the thermal equilibrium properties of kinks in a classical ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}^{4}$ field theory in 1+1 dimensions. The distribution function, kink density, and correlation function are determined from large scale simulations. A dilute gas description of kinks is shown to be valid below a characteristic temperature. A double Gaussian approximation to evaluate the eigenvalues of the transfer operator enables us to extend the theoretical analysis to higher temperatures where the dilute gas apparoximation fails. This approach accurately predicts the temperature at which the kink description breaks down.
Electrical properties of semiconducting oxide glasses

Abstract Studies of the electrical conductivity of semiconducting oxide glasses are reviewed in the framework of Mott's theory for such materials. An examination of the conduction processes in semiconducting oxide glasses confirms the applicability of the polaronic hopping model of electrical transport. Some deviation from Mott's theory are observed in phase-separated glasses. The thermal activation energy for conduction appears to be the dominating factor which controls conductivity, although in many cases the pre-exponential factor also has a great influence on conductivity. The diffusion-like conduction mechanism in a system of randomly distributed ions is probably not applicable to glasses that exhibit some kind of order in the structure, such as clustering.
New processable polyaromatic esters curable by intramolecular cyclization. XVIII

New processable polyaromatic esters were prepared from 2,2′-diiododiphenyl-4,4′-dicarbonyl dichloride (I), isophthaloyl chloride (II), and/or terephthaloyl chloride (III) with 4,4′-isopropylidene diphenol (IV), 4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol (V), or resorcinol by interfacial condensation. In these polymers phenylacetylenyl groups were introduced by replacing the iodine. This process led to soluble and curable polymers. Polymer films can be prepared. After curing the polymers were insoluble and showed excellent thermal and chemical resistance. The curing process increased the polymers' softening temperature about 20°C.
Pushing the profession: how the news media turned patient safety into a priority

The problem of patient safety has been repeatedly identified in the medical literature since the mid 1950s, but regular revelations about patient deaths and injuries resulting from treatment have had almost no effect on the actual practice of medicine. Only very recently has the medical profession made a systematic effort to reduce or eliminate the many preventable deaths and injuries that occur in hospitals each year. This review traces the diffusion of innovation in medical error reduction to the public shaming of the profession that occurred as a result of stories that appeared in the news media. The focus is on the USA, but news stories about patient safety are sparking a similar process throughout the western world.
Positionally-dependent chondrogenesis induced by BMP4 is co-regulated by Sox9 and Msx2.

Cranial neural crest cells emigrate from the posterior midbrain and anterior hindbrain to populate the first branchial arch and eventually differentiate into multiple cell lineages in the maxilla and mandible during craniofacial morphogenesis. In the developing mouse mandibular process, the expression profiles of BMP4, Msx2, Sox9, and type II collagen demonstrate temporally and spatially restrictive localization patterns suggestive of their functions in the patterning and differentiation of cartilage. Under serumless culture conditions, beads soaked in BMP4 and implanted into embryonic day 10 (E10) mouse mandibular explants induced ectopic cartilage formation in the proximal position of the explant. However, BMP4-soaked beads implanted at the rostral position did not have an inductive effect. Ectopic chondrogenesis was associated with the up-regulation of Sox9 and Msx2 expression in the immediate vicinity of the BMP4 beads 24 hours after implantation. Control beads had no effect on cartilage induction or Msx2 and Sox9 expression. Sox9 was induced at all sites of BMP4 bead implantation. In contrast, Msx2 expression was induced more intensely at the rostral position when compared with the proximal position, and suggested that Msx2 expression was inhibitory to chondrogenesis. To test the hypothesis that over-expression of Msx2 inhibits chondrogenesis, we ectopically expressed Msx2 in the mandibular process organ culture system using adenovirus gene delivery strategy. Microinjection of the Msx2-adenovirus to the proximal position inhibited BMP4-induced chondrogenesis. Over-expression of Msx2 also resulted in the abrogation of endogenous cartilage and the down-regulation of type II collagen expression. Taken together, these results suggest that BMP4 induces chondrogenesis, the pattern of which is positively regulated by Sox9 and negatively by Msx2. Chondrogenesis only occurs at sites where Sox9 expression is high relative to that of Msx2. The combinatorial action of these transcription factors appear to establish a threshold for Sox9 function and thereby restricts the position of chondrogenesis. Dev Den;217:401–414. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cooling Out in the Community College: What is the Effect of Academic Advising on Students’ Chances of Success?

Burton Clark’s proposition concerning the cooling out of underprepared students in community colleges has a controversial history and remains a point of contention. Central to Clark’s description of the cooling out process is the academic counselor, whose job it is to dissuade underprepared students from goals perceived to be overambitious and ease these students into lesser, presumably better-fitting academic trajectories. In this study, I test a number of hypotheses concerning the effect of advising on students’ chances of attaining their goals. I seek to determine what effect advising has on students’ attainment, and whether this effect is dependent upon students’ academic preparation, students’ race/ethnicity, the racial/ethnic composition of the college, or the representation of underprepared students in the college. I use hierarchical discrete-time event history analysis to analyze data that address two subsets of the Fall 1995 cohort of first-time freshmen who enrolled in any of California’s 107 semester-based community colleges. I find that advising is actively beneficial to students’ chances of success, and all the more so for students who face academic deficiencies, which contradicts deductions drawn from Clark’s description of the active role of counselors in the cooling out process.
Cocaine LD50 in Long-Evans rats is not altered by pregnancy or progesterone.

Progesterone increases cocaine's cardiovascular toxicity in sheep and rats. To determine whether progesterone enhances the lethality of cocaine, nonpregnant female rats were treated with either IM progesterone (P4) or vehicle, and pregnant rats (Preg) were untreated. The rats received one IP injection of cocaine at a dose between 25–75 mg/kg and were observed for seizures and/or death. All 62 rats that died did so within 17 min, preceded by seizures in 90.3%. Mean times-to-seizure and times-to-death, and mean lethal serum cocaine concentrations did not differ among groups. Serum progesterone levels (ng/ml ± SEM) at the time of death were different among groups: 24 ± 1.7 (C), 102 ± 6.4 (P4), and 139 ± 5.2 (Preg). Logistic regression dose/fatality curves, LD50s, and LD10s for the pregnant, progeste and control groups were not significantly different from one another. Though progesterone has enhanced cocaine's cardiac toxicity in some studies, it does not increase the risk of death from acute cocaine exposure in rats.
Internal scattering in Fabry-Pérot cavities.

Interferometers are the most promising sensors for large gravity-wave detectors. The coupling of the enclosure noise to the gravity-wave signal in a Fabry-P\'erot interferometer is studied. The first part provides a theoretical framework, and in the second part two-limiting cases are discussed as an illustration. The relevance of this noise source for large gravity-wave interferometers is briefly discussed in the Conclusion.
INTERGENERIC HYBRIDIZATION AMONG FIVE GENERA OF THE FAMILY LESSONIACEAE (PHAEOPHYCEAE) AND EVIDENCE FOR POLYPLOIDY IN A FERTILE PELAGOPHYCUS×MACROCYSTIS HYBRID

Hybridization was attempted by combining gametophytes between intergeneric pairs among the following taxa in the Lessoniaceae: Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh, M. integrifolia Bory, M. angustifolia Bory, Pelagophycus porra (Leman) Setch., Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post & Rupr., Dictyoneurum californicum Rupr., and Dictyoneuropsis reticulata (Saud.) Smith. Hybrid sporophytes were produced in some combinations involving Macrocystis × Pelagophycus and Macrocystis × Dictyoneurum, and in all combinations of Dictyoneuropsis × Dictyoneurum. This is the first report of intergeneric hybrids involving Dictyoneurum. Gametophytes of P. porra had 16–24 chromosomes. Gametophytes from a fertile Macrocystis-Pelagophycus hybrid were crossed with Macrocystis and Pelagophycus gametophytes. Hybrid male gametophytes and Pelagophycus female gametophytes produced sporophyte progeny, but hybrid males with Macrocystis females did not. A single hybrid female gametophyte did not produce gametophytes in combination with hybrid males, Pelagophycus males or Macrocystis males. The hybrid gametophytes had approximately 30 chromosomes. It is hypothesized that the hybrid is an alloploid, containing a complete set of Macrocystis and Pelagophycus chromosomes, which may have allowed meiosis and sporogenesis to proceed normally in the hybrid sporophyte found in the sea. Thus, reproductive isolating mechanisms appear to operate at both pre- and postzygotic stages, and both can be overcome in intergeneric hybrids.
Draft Genome Sequence of Strain CBD-635, a Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA100 Isolate.

ABSTRACT We present the draft genome sequence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain CBD-635, from the USA100 lineage. This is a sepsis isolate obtained from Tampa General Hospital. This strain is spa type t003 and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) type ST5, and it has been used by our group in the study of novel antimicrobial chemotherapeutics.
Volume regression of abdominal aortic aneurysms and its relation to successful endoluminal exclusion.

Abstract Objectives Evaluating the success of endoluminal repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) is frequently based on diameter measurements and determining the presence of endoleaks. The use of three-dimensional volumetric data and observation of morphologic changes in the aneurysm and device have been proposed to be more appropriate for postdeployment surveillance. The purpose of this study was to analyze the long-term volumetric and morphologic data of 161 patients who underwent endovascular AAA exclusion and to assess the utility of volume measurements for determining successful AAA repair. Methods Patients with spiral computed tomography scans obtained preoperatively, within the first postoperative month, at 6 months, and annually thereafter, were included in this analysis. Computerized interactive three-dimensional reconstruction of each AAA scan was performed. Total aneurysm sac volume was measured at each time interval (mean preoperative volume 169.0 ± 78.5 mL), and the significance of volume changes was determined by mixed linear modeling, a form of repeated measures analysis, to account for longitudinal data clustered at the individual level. Sixty-two patients (38%) developed endoleaks at some time during follow-up—15 type I leaks, 45 type II leaks, and 2 type III leaks. The patients with type I and type III leaks were treated with cuffs, and the type II leaks were treated either with observation, side-branch embolization, or required open conversion. Results Aneurysm sac volume increased slightly at 1-month follow-up (+3.3%), and then decreased steadily to −12.9% at 5 years ( P P Conclusions Volumetric analysis may be used to predict successful endoluminal exclusion of AAAs. Volume regression appears to be device-independent and should be expected in most clinically successful cases. The presence of volume increases in the first 6 months is suspicious for an endoleak that is pressurizing the aneurysm sac and heralds the need for closer evaluation and possible intervention. A volume decrease of 10% or greater at 6 months and continuing regression over time is associated with successful endovascular repair.
Encapsulated Tuned Dampers for Jet Engine Component Vibration Control

= breadth of beam = Young's modulus = real part of complex Young's modulus of damping material = effective (complex/real) flexural rigidity of beam = Young's modulus of metal outer layer/viscoelastic core = resonant frequency in nth mode (Hz) = factor by which centrifugal loading exceeds unit gravity = thickness of wall = second moment of area of viscoelastic core/metal outer layer about neutral axis = length of beam = time dependent load per unit length = time = axial coordinate along beam, with root as origin = transverse displacement of point on beam = nondimensional parameter = loss factor of composite beam /damping material ** = first eigenvalue of cantilever beam ( ~ 12.36) = effective mass per unit length of composite beam = density of damping material/metal outer layers = resonant frequency at zero rotational speed = resonant frequency (rad/sec)
Serotonin3 receptor antagonism of alcohol intake: effects of drinking conditions.

Abstract McKINZIE, D. L., R. EHA, R. COX, R. B. STEWART, W. DYR, J. M. MURPHY, W. J. McBRIDE, L. LUMENGAND T.-K. LI. Serotonin 3 receptor antagonism of alcohol intake: Effects of drinking conditions. ALCOHOL 15 (4) 291–298, 1998.—The effects of 5-HT 3 receptor antagonists on ethanol intake were examined in the selectively bred alcohol-preferring P line of rats under continuous and limited access to 10% (v/v) ethanol with food and water ad lib. Single daily injections of either MDL 72222 (MDL) or ICS 205-930 (ICS) (0.01–3.0 mg/kg, SC) given 60 min before a 4-h scheduled access period for 4 consecutive days failed at all doses to alter the intake of a 10% (v/v) ethanol solution by P rats. However, multiple daily injections of either MDL (1–3 mg/kg, SC) or ICS (3.0 and 5.0 mg/kg, SC), given three times daily at 4-h intervals, significantly reduced ethanol intake under 24-h free-choice conditions on the first treatment day. Additionally, a single administration of 1.0 mg/kg MDL reduced 24-h free-choice ethanol intake by approximately 50% of control values and had no effect on 24-h saccharin intake. The effects of MDL were further examined in a 2-h schedule access paradigm in which rats received the access period at the same time every day (Fixed) or randomly during the dark cycle (Variable). Although 1.0 mg/kg MDL had little effect on ethanol drinking in the Fixed group, ethanol intake was reduced by 55% of control levels in the Variable group. Overall, the data indicate that drinking conditions influence the effectiveness of 5-HT 3 antagonists to reduce ethanol consumption. Furthermore, the results suggest that conditions, associated with limited access ethanol drinking, markedly reduce the actions of 5-HT 3 antagonists on ethanol intake.
Expanded natural product diversity revealed by analysis of lanthipeptide-like gene clusters in Actinobacteria

ABSTRACT Lanthionine-containing peptides (lanthipeptides) are a rapidly growing family of polycyclic peptide natural products belonging to the large class of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs). Lanthipeptides are widely distributed in taxonomically distant species, and their currently known biosynthetic systems and biological activities are diverse. Building on the recent natural product gene cluster family (GCF) project, we report here large-scale analysis of lanthipeptide-like biosynthetic gene clusters from Actinobacteria. Our analysis suggests that lanthipeptide biosynthetic pathways, and by extrapolation the natural products themselves, are much more diverse than currently appreciated and contain many different posttranslational modifications. Furthermore, lanthionine synthetases are much more diverse in sequence and domain topology than currently characterized systems, and they are used by the biosynthetic machineries for natural products other than lanthipeptides. The gene cluster families described here significantly expand the chemical diversity and biosynthetic repertoire of lanthionine-related natural products. Biosynthesis of these novel natural products likely involves unusual and unprecedented biochemistries, as illustrated by several examples discussed in this study. In addition, class IV lanthipeptide gene clusters are shown not to be silent, setting the stage to investigate their biological activities.
Synthesis of cyclic amphiphilic homopolymers and their potential application as polymeric micelles

Although amphiphilic copolymers have been widely studied due to their ability to phase segregate in bulk and form micelle-like nanostructures in solution, previous research has focused primarily on block copolymers. Amphiphilic homopolymers, in which each monomer along the backbone contains an amphiphilic unit, have seen only limited exploration, while non-linear amphiphilic homopolymers remain largely unexplored. Building from methods established in our laboratories for the synthesis of cyclic polymers, bifurcated amphiphiles were attached via a highly efficient “click” coupling to access analogous sets of linear and cyclic amphiphilic homopolymers (the first reported example of cyclic amphiphilic homopolymers). These amphiphilic homopolymers showed solubility in a wide range of solvents with varying polarities and also have demonstrated the ability to encapsulate guests in incompatible solvents. For the mass range examined, the cyclic polymers showed only a negligible difference in guest encapsulation when compared to linear analogs.
Effects of Annealing and Annealing with Pressure on Devitrification of Al87Ni7Gd6

The effects of annealing for 30 minutes at temperatures ranging from 123–232°C on the structure evolution, resulting hardness, and tensile properties were determined for amorphous ribbons of Al87Ni7Gd6. Structure evolution was determined using a combination of XRD, DSC, and TEM, while micro-hardness and tensile testing of ribbon specimens was used to evaluate the mechanical properties. Significant effects of annealing on the evolution of structure and properties were obtained, while the superposition of 940 MPa pressure during annealing further enhanced the structure evolution with corresponding changes to the resulting properties.
Evaluation of host plants and a meridic diet for rearing Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) AND ITS PARASITOID Anagyrus kamali (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE)

Abstract Biological control programs of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), in the Caribbean have relied on Japanese pumpkins and sprouted potatoes as hosts for rearing both the mealybug and its parasitoids. However, seasonal shortages of these substrates have necessitated that others be found with equal or better qualities for sustaining large mealybug populations. In this paper, we report experiments comparing mass-rearing M. hirsutus on acorn squash (Cucurbita pepo L. var. ‘Turbinata’), chayote (Sechium edule [Jacques]), and prickly pear, Opuntia ficus-indica [L.]) with Japanese pumpkin and sprouted potato. In addition, a simple meridic diet based on canned pumpkins was developed and compared. Acorn squash produced large quantities of females (up to 1,300 per squash) with a life cycle and reproductive potential equal to that of mealybugs reared on Japanese pumpkin. Parasitoids reared on these mealybugs developed normally and had a female-biased sex ratio similar to those reared on mealybugs on Japanese p...
GaAsP/Si dual-junction solar cells grown by MBE and MOCVD

Monolithic, direct epitaxial GaAs0.75P0.25/Si dual-junction (2J) solar cell structures have been grown via both molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Fabricated test devices show working tandem behavior, with clear voltage addition and spectral partitioning, in both cases. Due to the thermal sensitivity of the MBE-grown tunnel junction structure, growth conditions necessary to maintain 2J activity yielded reduced quality GaAs0.75P0.25 top cell, while the more robust MOCVD-based tunnel junction enabled higher-quality top cell growth, resulting in overall higher performance 2J behavior. These initial prototype cells show promising performance and suggest several definite pathways for further device refinement.
The International Finance Corporation and Forest Loss: A Cross-National Analysis

We conduct the first cross-national study to consider the impact of the World Banks International Finance Corporation loans on forests. In doing so, we analyze data for a sample of sixty-one low and middle income nations for the period of 1990 to 2005. We find substantial support for dependency theory that low and middle income nations that receive an International Finance Corporation loan tend to have higher rates of deforestation than low and middle income nations that do not receive such a loan. We also find that other aspects of World Bank lending affect forest loss including structural adjustment and investment lending. We conclude with a discussion of the findings, theoretical implications, methodological implications, policy implications, and possible directions for future research.