cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collateral efficacy as a pharmacological problem applied to new drug discovery

Before the direct measurement of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) behaviour was possible, all GPCR ligand efficacy was assumed to be linear, that is, to emanate only from physiological activation of the receptor as observed through tissue response. Subsequent advances in technology have enabled the observation of the effects unrelated to GPCR response (e.g., receptor phosphorylation and internalisation), as well as separate response pathways independent of G protein activation (i.e., β-arrestin extracellular signal-related kinase [ERK1/2] activation). These increased vantage points have revealed ligands that have efficacies for some, but not all, GPCR behaviours; this is referred to as collateral efficacy. These ideas are explored, with examples, in the context of possibly more focused therapeutic application of agonists and antagonists.
Origin and flatness of ponds on asteroid 433 Eros

NEAR-Shoemaker Multi-Spectral Imager data reveal several hundred “ponds” on 433 Eros: smooth deposits that sharply embay the bounding depressions in which they lie, and whose spectra appear blue relative to that of the surrounding terrain. We investigate the topography of these ponds on Eros using a new shape model derived from stereophotoclinometric analysis, and validated against altimetry from the NEAR Laser Rangefinder, to constrain the mode of pond formation from three existing models. We update the locations of 55 pond candidates identified in images registered to the new shape model. We classify the flatness of these features according to the behavior of the first and second derivatives of the topography. We find that less than half of pond candidates have clearly flat floors. Based on the pond topography, we favor an external origin for the ponds' deposits. We suggest that fine dust may be transported into bounding depressions by electrostatic levitation, but may adhere to slopes, and that seismic shaking may not be sufficient to bring the deposits to an equipotential surface. Disaggregation of a central boulder should result in an obvious break in slope, such a variation is only observed in roughly half the pond candidates.
The need to bleed: women's attitudes and beliefs about menstrual suppression.

Purpose: To describe how women feel about monthly menstruation in general and menstrual suppression in particular. Data sources: This descriptive exploratory study used a convenience sample of 221 women who completed a self-administered questionnaire on attitudes toward monthly menstruation and menstrual suppression. Descriptive statistics and correlations were used to analyze the data. Conclusions: Women not using oral contraceptives (OCs) had more menstrual symptoms than women using OCs. Negative feelings about menstruation were correlated with interest in menstrual suppression. Over two thirds expressed interest in reducing menstrual pain and the amount of menstrual discharge particularly if not taking OCs. Women who were not interested in changing their menstrual pattern said they would be anxious about not having a menstrual flow and said it would not be normal. Implications for practice Advanced practice nurses play an important role in educating women about menstrual health. Clinicians can use this information to assess womens attitudes and beliefs about menstrual symptoms and to educate them about misconceptions. The FDA approved Seasonal® in September 2003 the first dedicated OC created to reduce the number of menstrual cycles yearly. Women need to be educated about the pros and cons of suppression; some women will benefit from suppression and others will consider it unnatural. (authors)
Wives' Roles in Fertility Decision-Making Among Nepalese Caste-Hindus

The study of wives' roles in fertility decision-making among 97 caste-Hindu women from West Central Nepal reveals wide variation on four issues: (1) Are fertility decisions conscious? (2) Who makes fertility decisions? (3) Do ideal family size and composition affect fertility decisions? and (4) Are economic, social, cultural or health factors the major motives in fertility decisions? Findings suggest a greater level of variation in and complexity of fertility decisions than appreciated by existing theory. This paper concludes that fertility decisions are highly individualistic and are based more on personal characteristics and life experiences than they are on generalized distinctions between societal types.
Activity-Dependent Growth of New Dendritic Spines Is Regulated by the Proteasome

SUMMARY Growth of new dendritic spines contributes to experience-dependent circuit plasticity in the cerebral cortex. Yet the signaling mechanisms leading to new spine outgrowth remain poorly defined. Increasing evidence supports that the proteasome is an important mediator of activity-dependent neuronal signaling. We therefore tested the role of the proteasome in activity-dependent spinogenesis. Using pharmacological manipulations, glutamate uncaging, and two-photon imaging of GFP-transfected hippocampal pyramidal neurons, we demonstrate that acute inhibition of the proteasome blocks activity-induced spine outgrowth. Remarkably, mutation of serine 120 to alanine of the Rpt6 proteasomal subunit in individual neurons was sufficient to block activity-induced spine outgrowth. Signaling through NMDA receptors and CaMKII, but not PKA, is required to facilitate spine outgrowth. Moreover, abrogating CaMKII binding to the NMDA receptor abolished activity-induced spinogenesis. Our data support a model in which neural activity facilitates spine outgrowth via an NMDA receptor- and CaMKII-dependent increase in local proteasomal degradation.
An E-Box Motif Conveys Inhibitory Activity on the Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Gene

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a potent diuretic, natriuretic, and vasorelaxant hormone that is expressed early in ventricular hypertrophy. Expression of human ANP is controlled by a series of regulatory elements located in the 5′ flanking sequence of its gene. We generated a series of 5′ deletion mutations extending from −2600 to −1150 relative to the transcription start site and linked them to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. Using transient transfection analysis, we have identified a negative regulatory element between −1206 and −1152 relative to the start site. Each of a series of 5′ deletion mutants, when introduced into fibroblast cultures, expressed the reporter function at a level that was significantly less (
The Moderating Effects of Virtuality on the Antecedents and Outcome of NPD Team Trust

The fundamental dynamics of virtual and traditional face-to-face teams may be very different. The purpose of this study is to empirically examine and assess the moderating effects of virtuality on the antecedents and outcome of trust, where virtuality is measured along a continuum from face to face (no virtuality) to fully virtual rather than the more common approach of dichotomizing teams into two groups (i.e., face to face and virtual). The sample includes 116 different new product development teams from a variety of industries. The antecedents of trust that are studied are familiarity, goal clarity, training, relationship conflict, and process conflict. The outcome of trust is analyzed by determining how the impact of trust on cooperation changes as the level of virtuality changes. Primary findings are as follows: (1) Relationship conflict can be more detrimental to virtual teams than face-to-face teams because it is very difficult for team members of virtual teams to resolve their interpersonal disputes; (2) goal clarity is more important for face-to-face teams and less important for virtual teams in creating trust among team members; and (3) the impact of trust on cooperation is less for virtual teams than face-to-face teams. The primary implication for researchers and practice of these findings is that the role and importance of trust in virtual teams needs to be reevaluated. Managers using virtual teams need to realize that interpersonal relationships in virtual teams do not evolve in the same manner as face-to-face teams and may require different management techniques to be successful.
Evaluation of outpatient medication reconciliation involving student pharmacists at a comprehensive cancer center

Abstract Objective To determine the number of discrepancies and medication-related problems found as a result of pharmacy-led medication reconciliation involving introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE) students at a comprehensive cancer center. Setting Outpatient infusion center of a National Cancer Institute (NCI)–designated and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) cancer center. Practice description and innovation Third-year IPPE students contacted and completed medication reconciliation for 510 hematology/oncology patients scheduled for infusion center appointments without a coupled provider visit. IPPE students discussed the findings of the medication reconciliations with their pharmacist preceptors, who updated the medication histories in the electronic medical record (EMR) and communicated with prescribers directly about identified medication-related problems. All medication reconciliation was documented using a standardized note template in the EMR. Main outcome measures Number of medication discrepancies found, including medication additions, medication deletions, dose changes, and herbal product additions; medication-related problems—including drug–drug interactions, untreated indications (e.g., nausea, vomiting, pain, need for prophylactic medications), failure of patients to receive prescribed medications, and adverse drug reactions—were also documented. Results Medication reconciliation was completed for 510 patients through the student pharmacist/pharmacist preceptor–led intervention during a 1-year period between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2013. A total of 88% of patients had at least one discrepancy identified in their medication history and corrected in the EMR. In addition, 11.4% of patients had a medication-related problem identified. Conclusions Pharmacy-led medication reconciliation identified a large number of discrepancies among our hematology/oncology patients. This intervention allowed for correction of discrepancies in the EMR leading to improved accuracy of patient medication lists. In addition, it provided a valuable learning experience for student pharmacists.
Quality Is Job One: Professional and Volunteer Voter Mobilization Calls

Campaigns rely upon both paid and volunteer phone calls to mobilize voters. Past field experiments show calls from volunteers to increase turnout and paid calls to be wholly ineffective. This article argues that the quality of phone calls rather than the presence or absence of a payroll explains this regularity. Three aspects of quality are considered: monitoring pace and interactivity, timing, and message. A fully randomized field experiment with over 100,000 subjects comparing professional and volunteer phone banks simultaneously was conducted during the 2002 congressional elections to test this hypothesis. The experiment discovers precisely the opposite relationship of prior research: effective professional phone banks and inefficient volunteer phone calls. The experiment also finds substantial temporal decay. The specific messages appear less important than tone or timing. The implications for the role of campaign consultants, replacing social capital, voter psychology, and the capacities of civic organizations are discussed.
Complement activation influences Staphylococcus aureus adherence to endothelial cells.

The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to adhere to endothelial cells (EC) is a critical step in the development of metastatic infection. The role of complement in S. aureus binding to EC remains uninvestigated. Log-phase S. aureus, expressing minimal capsule, was incubated with serum under various conditions, washed, and then incubated at 37°C for 30 min with cultured human umbilical vein EC (ATCC CRL-1730). Adherence was scored visually after staining with acridine orange. Incubation in 10% heat-inactivated human serum increased adherence to endothelial cells by 488% compared to organisms incubated in buffer. Incubating S. aureus in complement-active normal human serum (NHS) decreased binding to EC by 58% compared to organisms incubated in heat-inactivated serum. The importance of active complement was confirmed by experiments using serum with added EDTA or cobra venom factor, a protein that depletes C3. The expression of capsule by S. aureus strongly interfered with adherence. It has been shown that an important protein for S. aureus adhesion to EC is fibronectin. S. aureus adherence to purified fibronectin increased by 511% after incubation in heat-inactivated serum, compared to that of organisms incubated in buffer. This decreased by 56% in complement-active serum, suggesting that inhibition of S. aureus adherence to EC is due, in part, to complement-mediated diminished binding to fibronectin. Interestingly, when EC were exposed to S. aureus-activated serum and then washed, binding by S. aureus was 234% higher than that of EC exposed to NHS. Thus, complement-activated EC have increased S. aureus binding, while complement on the bacterial surface markedly reduces adherence.
A Low-Velocity Zone Within the Layer 3 Region of 118 Myr Old Oceanic Crust In the Western North Atlantic

Summary During the North Atlantic transect (NAT) experiment 11 expanding spread profiles (ESPs) were acquired using a 3300 cubic inch, 30-element tuned airgun array (S/V Prospekta) and a 48-channel seismic streamer (R/V Moore). Extremely high-density seismograms were obtained that have allowed us to transform the observed data to the domain of intercept time and ray parameter (tau-p) with high precision. Velocity structures have been obtained by tau-sum inversion, ray tracing, and synthetic WKBJ and reflectivity seismogram methods both in tau-p and x-t domains. A detailed analysis of ESP 5 suggests the presence of a low-velocity zone within the lower oceanic crust at the location of magnetic anomaly MO (118 Ma). It is apparently 2.86km thick, has a p-wave velocity of 6.5 km s-1, S-wave velocity of 3.6 km s-1, and occupies much of the depth interval normally associated with oceanic layer 3. Converted shear wave arrivals have been used to obtain the shear velocity structure. We find that the Vp/Vs ratio in the uppermost part of the crust is about 1.9, and much of the crustal section has a Vp/Vsratio greater than √3. Attenuation of P- and S-waves has been studied by amplitude analysis, and we find that in most of the lower crust Qs is equal to Qp. Comparison with solutions from ESPs in younger and older parts of the basin suggests that ESP 5 is unique in displaying a low-velocity zone. Despite this the total thickness at ESP 5 is not significantly different than at other locations. We suggest that this provides strong evidence that the low-velocity zone occurs within the lower crust, and does not result from serpentinization of the upper mantle beneath thin oceanic crust.
Lossless compression using inversions on multiset permutations

Summary form only given. Linear prediction schemes, such as JPEG or BJPEG, are simple and normally result in a significant reduction in source entropy. Occasionally the entropy of the prediction error becomes greater than that of the original image. Such situations frequently occur when the image data has discrete gray-levels located within certain intervals. To alleviate this problem, various authors have suggested different methods. However, the techniques reported require two-pass algorithms. In this paper, we give a one-pass algorithm based on inversions of a multiset permutation. We obtain comparable results when we applied JPEG and even better results when we applied BJPEG on preprocessed image, which is treated as a multiset permutation. Lehmer [1964] describes a relatively short method for recovering a permutation /spl pi/ from its inversion vector. Lehmer-type inversion methods may create more compact data (which has a lower dynamic range, with respect to the original data). We extend the definition of Lehmer-type inversions from permutations to multiset permutations in a similar manner. We give algorithms that generate inversion vectors of multiset permutations and then methods for recovering a multiset permutation from a corresponding inversion vector [Arnavut, 1995]. Results obtained from some images (green band) of the USC-database are shown.
The social dynamics of a false earthquake prediction and the response by the public sector

Abstract The central United States and the nation experienced the effects of a false, pseudoscientific, unofficial prediction in 1990. The lack of a timely, public rebuttal of the Iben Browning earthquake prediction led to tremendous unnecessary efforts by local, state, and federal governments to respond to the public9s demand for information about the validity of the prediction and how to prepare for the predicted earthquake. The effort was costly both in terms of money and diversion of staff from other necessary services. Although the prediction may have increased the level of earthquake awareness and preparedness in the central U.S., that awareness and preparedness may have been forged at the expense of scientific and government credibility.
Authentication and integrity in telecommunication signaling network

The signaling system 7 (SS7) is a signaling system for the public switched telephone network (PSTN). SS7 network transports call setup, teardown messages, database queries, trunk status, instructions for remote phone switches and so on, in fact it acts as a glue for the circuit switched network. Telecommunication deregulation, liberalization of economies and convergence of telephone, IP and wireless networks has broken the trust enjoyed so long by PSTN as being considered a closed community network. The convergence results in increasing number of interfaces between SS7 and other networks, and each brings with it many vulnerabilities. This paper first analyzes existing security threats due to virtually non-existent authentication and integrity check process and then presents a MTPSec solution at the MTP3 layer in the SS7 protocol stack which provides security services through cryptographic operations. It can be implemented at each signaling point (SP) throughout the network to provide link-by-link security or at least at the SPs residing at the interface between two networks or trust sets.
In Vitro Cultivation of Microsporidia of Clinical Importance

Although attempts to develop methods for the in vitro cultivation of microsporidia began as early as 1937, the interest in the culture of these organisms was confined mostly to microsporidia that infect insects. The successful cultivation in 1969 of Encephalitozoon cuniculi, a microsporidium of mammalian origin, and the subsequent identification of these organisms as agents of human disease heightened interest in the cultivation of microsporidia. I describe the methodology as well as the cell lines, the culture media, and culture conditions used in the in vitro culture of microsporidia such as Brachiola (Nosema) algerae, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, E. hellem, E. intestinalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Trachipleistophora hominis, and Vittaforma corneae that cause human disease.
Top-down control over biased competition during covert spatial orienting.

Larger benefits of spatial attention are observed when distractor interference is prevalent, supporting the view that spatial selection facilitates visual processing by suppressing distractor interference. The present work shows that cuing effects with identical visual displays can grow substantially as the probability of distractor interference increases. The probability of interference had no impact on spatial cuing effects in the absence of distractors, suggesting that the enlarged cuing effects were not caused by changes in signal enhancement or in the spatial distribution of attention. These findings suggest that attentional control settings determine more than where spatial attention is directed; top-down settings also influence how attention affects visual processing, with increased levels of distractor exclusion when distractor interference is likely. Spatial attention allows an observer to select specific locations within the visual environment, enabling better processing of attended than unattended stimuli. Current models acknowledge two distinct paths by which locations are selected. In the case of top-down selection, the goals and intentions of the observer determine the selected locations. In the case of stimulus-driven selection, the attended locations are determined by some aspect of the visual display. For example, the abrupt onset of new objects in the visual field can cause a stimulus-driven orienting of attention toward the location of the onset (Enns, Austen, Di Lollo, Rauschenberger, & Yantis, 2001; Jonides, 1981; Yantis & Jonides, 1984), even when this attentional shift is counter to the attentive goals of the observer (Remington, Johnston, & Yantis, 1992). However, although the distinction between stimulus-driven and top-down orienting is well established, there are interesting interactions between these processes. Yantis and Jonides (1990) showed that when attention is highly focused at a cued location, abrupt onsets do not necessarily disrupt this attentional focus. Folk, Remington, and Johnston (1992) demonstrated that the observer’s attentional control settings can determine which visual features (e.g., abrupt onsets or color singletons) will elicit stimulus-driven orienting in a given context. When observers anticipate a target that is defined by color, color singletons cause stimulus-driven capture, whereas abrupt onsets do not. However, when observers expect a target that is defined by its status as an abrupt-onset object, then abrupt onsets capture attention and color singletons have little effect. Thus, changes in top-down settings can lead to dramatic differences in the profile of stimulus-driven effects.
Change and Athletic Training

Editor's Note: This manuscript is from a speech at the 2002 Educator's Conference in which Dr. Ray was named the Sayers “Bud” Miller Distinguished Educator of 2001.
Faculty Professional Development for Quality Online Teaching

Meaningful technology use in education continues to improve given an increase in access to available technologies and professional development. For educators, professional development has focused on approaches for technology use that foster content-specific best practices and improve student learning in traditional classroom formats. Meaningful technology integrations are not, however, limited to traditional classrooms. In fact, the push for distance and online education in postsecondary contexts has complicated the issue; faculty must develop and balance content-specific practices with technology pedagogies for asynchronous learning environments to maximize opportunities for student learning. In this article, the authors discuss the findings from a secondary review of research and theoretical applications for faculty development. One model for faculty training based on these findings is posited.
Polymerization of proteins with glutaraldehyde. Soluble molecular-weight markers.

Glutaraldehyde is well known for its ability to react with proteins and to produce insoluble cross-linked aggregates. In contrast with this situation, conditions are described here which yield covalently linked soluble protein oligomers. The procedure is applicable to a wide range of proteins, and by slight variation in the reaction conditions, soluble polymers in the molecular weight range 3x10(4)-2x10(7) were produced. The products are valuable as molecular-weight markers, e.g. in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The inherent similarities of these oligomers make them superior to commercial molecular-weight protein markers, which may have marked differences in composition and charge.
The position of chambers of commerce in the Czech Republic and in Austria

The chambers of commerce in both countries have the same mission, which is the support of entrepreneurial activities, the protection of their members, securing their needs and the development of entrepreneurial connections. According to a different historical background of the both countries the situation and the position of their chambers of commerce are on a different level, too. In the Czech Republic is the membership voluntary, but in Austria is the membership compulsory. The contributions depend on the profit of the company in Austria, but on the number of employees in the Czech Republic. This paper deals with the analyzing these differences and finding proper ways for solving nowadays problems. As the research shows most entrepreneurs knows about the South Bohemian Chamber of Commerce. But they do not cooperate with it, only one quarter answered this question with yes. In the year 2002 there were 134,950 firms in the South Bohemia, but only 712 entrepreneurs were members of the chamber of commerce. The research gives a clear picture about the problem that first of all small entrepreneur have not yet capture the goal of chamber of commerce, to help them to rise the competitiveness. And the positive role of the chamber of commerce will be increased after our accession to the EU.
An Exact Algorithm for the Two-Mode KL-Means Partitioning Problem

Two-mode partitioning applications are increasingly common in the physical and social sciences with a variety of models and methods spanning these applications. Two-mode KL-means partitioning (TMKLMP) is one type of two-mode partitioning model with a conceptual appeal that stems largely from the fact that it is a generalization of the ubiquitous (one-mode) K-means clustering problem. A number of heuristic methods have been proposed for TMKLMP, ranging from a two-mode version of the K-means heuristic to metaheuristic approaches based on simulated annealing, genetic algorithms, variable neighborhood search, fuzzy steps, and tabu search. We present an exact algorithm for TMKLMP based on branch-and-bound programming and demonstrate its utility for the clustering of brand switching, manufacturing cell formation, and journal citation data. Although the proposed branchand-bound algorithm does not obviate the need for approximation methods for large two-mode data sets, it does provide a first step in the development of methods that afford a guarantee of globally-optimal solutions for TMKLMP.
Acute orthogonal stress driven by temperature, salinity and light intensity on Qatari Porites photosynthesis and growth

Coral reefs are very important as they provide a foundation habitat for many aquatic species. Corals are marine invertebrates that exist as communities of polyps. Occasionally when corals experience physical stresses, the polyps expel their symbiotic zooxanthellae resulting in a white appearance. This is commonly described as “coral bleaching”. The Arabian Gulf is well known as one of the most extreme environments in which zooxanthellate coral reef communities occur. A combination of both extremely high and low temperatures as well as high salinities, combined with shallow profile of the coastal waters (high luminosity) imply high stress for coral physiology that may explain much of the coral bleaching and mortality events observed during the last decade. We initiated a series of laboratory experiments (microcosms: ecosystems under controlled conditions) to understand the impact of specific environmental parameters on Qatari coral health under controlled lab conditions. To draw a conclusion about optimum conditions and tolerance range for corals in Qatari waters, Porites sp. nubbins, collected from natural coral reefs North of Qatar, were cultured in pre-acclimatized laboratory aquaria. Orthogonal experiments were conducted to test the physiological response of corals under 3 stress stimuli: salinity, light intensity and temperature. Imaging-Pulse Amplitude Modulation Fluorometry (Imaging-PAM) and buoyant weight were utilized during experiment to measure photosynthetic performance and growth of the corals. Results revealed that elevated levels of temperature and salinity have a statistically significant effect on Symbiodinium photosynthetic activity; while light intensity did not. High level of salinity (50 psu) affected the corals’ photosynthetic efficiency. As a result, corals’ weight dropped down causing partial bleaching which was noticed at day 10 of the experiment with faded spots that covered the corals’ body and allowing other algae to overgrow. The decrease in photosynthetic activities of the in-hospite Symbiodinium under acute salinities and temperature levels were effectively observed through Imaging-PAM only after the 6th day of exposure. This suggests that in-hospite Symbiodinium of Porites sp. are affected only in relatively prolonged extreme conditions. A fast and comprehensive recovery of Porites sp. health could; therefore, be possible for short exposure to extreme temperature or salinity conditions. These results are very important to address the coral mortality and bleaching events occurring in Qatari coastal waters and may help establish guidelines for coral relocation efforts in Qatar marine environment or the identification of potential impacts of thermal pollution on coral reefs in Qatari waters due to industrial discharges from power or desalination plants.
Paroxetine exposure skews litter sex ratios in mice suggesting a Trivers–Willard process

While conducting a toxicity assessment of the antidepressant paroxetine (Paxil®), in wild-derived mice (Mus musculus), we observed that exposed dams (P0) produced female biased litters (32:68 M:F). Though numerous experimental manipulations have induced sex ratio bias in mice, none have assessed the fitness of the offspring from these litters relative to controls. Here, we retrospectively analyze experimentally derived fitness data gathered for the purpose of toxicological assessment in light of 2 leading hypothesis (Trivers-Willard hypothesis [TWH] and cost of reproduction hypothesis [CRH]), seeking to test if this facultative sex ratio adjustment fits into an adaptive framework. Control F1 males were heavier than F1 females, but no differences in mass were detected between exposed F1 males and females, suggesting that exposed dams did not save energy by producing fewer males, despite producing 29.2% lighter litters relative to controls. F1 offspring of both treatments were released into seminatural enclosures where fitness was quantified. In enclosures, the relative reproductive success of F1-exposed males (compared with controls) was reduced by ~20% compared with the relative reproductive success of F1-exposed females. Thus, exposed dams increased their fitness by adjusting litters toward females who were less negatively affected by the exposure than males. Collectively, these data provide less support that the observed sex ratio bias results in energetic savings (CRH), and more support for the TWH because fitness was increased by biasing litters toward female offspring. These mammalian data are unique in their ability to support the TWH through the use of relevant fitness data.
Development of Resistance by the Southern House Mosquito to the Parasitic Nematode Romanomermis culicivorax

The mosquito Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say was found to have developed resistance to the mermithid nematode Romanomermis culicivorax Ross and Smith after some 300 generations. Parasitism was 32–42% higher in a native strain than in the laboratory strain of the host under similar conditions. Differences were even greater when the number of successful penetrations (multiple parasitism) was measured. No evidence of humoral defense mechanisms were found, and the mode of resistance has not been determined.
Formation of Macrocytes and Microcytes from Normal Red Blood Corpuscles

The technique employed and the optical equipment were the same as those noted in my preceding communication on the contraction of fibrin.1 The blood was obtained from man, dog, rabbit and guinea pig.The red corpuscles of all the species examined are round or slightly oval, show a della, and vary somewhat in size. In the human subject the diameter measurements varied between 7.8-9μ; in dog between 7-7.8μ; in rabbit 6-7.8μ; in guinea pigs 6-7.8μ.The formation of macrocytes occurred as follows in all species: Immediately after the hanging blood-drop is made, laking of red corpuscles begins in the periphery. If 2 corpuscles are touching each other, the area of contact slowly becomes greater until the 2 reds form an oval mass with an encircling median groove. In the middle of this groove a whitish line is seen which represents the opposed or fused surfaces of the 2 corpuscles. When this common septum disappears the 2 corpuscles form a round or slightly oval macrocyte measuring 10μ+ in diameter. As long as the ...
Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap versus free fasciocutaneous flap for reconstruction of partial hypopharyngeal defects: what should we be doing?

Background Partial hypopharyngeal defects are most commonly reconstructed with the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMF) or free fasciocutaneous (FFC) flap. The purpose of this study is to determine the ideal method for reconstruction of partial hypopharyngeal defects by reviewing our institutional experience and the literature. Methods A retrospective review of partial hypopharyngeal reconstructions since 2009 was performed. A National Library of Medicine search of studies on partial hypopharyngeal reconstruction since 1988 was performed. Data on complications, diet, and speech were extracted and pooled. Results A total of 18 patients were studied—9 had PMMF reconstruction and 9 had FFC reconstruction. Operative time (8.75 vs. 13.0 hours, p = 0.0003) was shorter in the PMMF group. Pharyngocutaneous fistula developed in one PMMF patient (11.1%) and two FFC patients (22.2%). Late strictures occurred in three PMMF patients. Six patients in each group (66.7%) progressed to a regular diet. Three patients in each group produced tracheoesophageal speech after TEP. Literature review identified 36 relevant studies, with 301 patients reconstructed with PMMF and 605 patients with FFC. Pooled-data analysis revealed that PMMF had higher reported rates of fistula (24.7 vs. 8.9%, p Conclusions PMMF and FFC flaps are valid approaches to reconstructing partial hypopharyngeal defects, though rates in the literature of fistula, need for revisional surgery, and tracheoesophageal speech after laryngectomy are more favorable after free flap reconstruction.
Analysis on Short Circuit Accident of Earthing Switch of Gas Insulated Metal-enclosed Switchgear

The paper takes a short circuit accident of earthing switch of gas insulated metal-enclosed switchgear as an example to analyze that it is caused by discharge on the verge of cone type insulator resulting from metal objects in the chamber under the action of electric field force and mechanical vibration,which breaks the insulation.During the reclosing,the cone type discharges once more,which causes short circuit between shielded enclosure of fixed contact and tunnel wall under the action of airflow-affected electric arc,and shielded enclosure is consequently burnt out by heavy current.It is judged that inexact installation environment and impurity such as metal objects severely threaten safety of GIS.It also puts forward suggestions like strengthening control of GIS production and keeping the interior of GIS clean.In the meantime,importance of PD test should be attached to and GIS with PD signals should be examined in time to ensure safe and stable operation of grid.
A Robust and Energy-Efficient Classifier Using Brain-Inspired Hyperdimensional Computing

The mathematical properties of high-dimensional (HD) spaces show remarkable agreement with behaviors controlled by the brain. Computing with HD vectors, referred to as "hypervectors," is a brain-inspired alternative to computing with numbers. Hypervectors are high-dimensional, holographic, and (pseudo)random with independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) components. They provide for energy-efficient computing while tolerating hardware variation typical of nanoscale fabrics. We describe a hardware architecture for a hypervector-based classifier and demonstrate it with language identification from letter trigrams. The HD classifier is 96.7% accurate, 1.2% lower than a conventional machine learning method, operating with half the energy. Moreover, the HD classifier is able to tolerate 8.8-fold probability of failure of memory cells while maintaining 94% accuracy. This robust behavior with erroneous memory cells can significantly improve energy efficiency.
MHD and heat transfer issues and characteristics for Li free surface flows under NSTX conditions

In the APEX study, one of the tasks focuses on the exploration and identification of the attractive options and issues for flowing liquid lithium walls in the NSTX device. In addition to constraints imposed by the machine, the operating conditions of the flowing liquid walls along the center stack and divertor areas are guided by MHD and heat removal requirements. In this paper, we present important MHD and heat removal issues and analysis for the proposed free surface lithium flows under NSTX conditions. It is shown that of all MHD effects, the one caused by the normal magnetic field is the most important. The flow over the center stack area is not affected by MHD interaction significantly, whereas flow over the inboard divertor undergoes strong MHD drag resulting in flow thickening by several times. The flow over the outboard divertor is essentially stopped. The analysis shows that a flow with an inlet velocity of 2 m/s and film thickness of about 4 mm can be established to provide surface temperature less than 400° C for the center stack under a projected NSTX total heating power of 10 MW operation.
Ischemic Heart Disease and its Consequences

Abstract Ischemic heart disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in all industrialized nations, resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries. Although the treatment of myocardial ischemia continues to improve with more timely and effective reperfusion, no effective therapy exists to prevent or attenuate the resulting myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury. Moreover, the major determinant of the long-term outcome is the amount of myocardium that is destroyed as a result of ischemic injury (i.e., the size of infarction). Thus, it is believed that a significant reduction in myocardial infarct size will decrease subsequent morbidity and mortality. As such, interventions designed to effectively reduce myocardial infarction are still needed. This chapter will open with a brief description of the pathophysiology of ischemia–reperfusion injury before transitioning into a discussion on the signaling cascades that have been associated with cardioprotection. Specifically, this chapter will highlight the Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase (RISK) pathway, the Survivor Activating Factor Enhancement (SAFE) pathway, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, which all confer cardioprotection when specifically activated at the onset of reperfusion following myocardial ischemia by signaling through the mitochondria. This chapter will also provide some insights into several therapeutic strategies, such as gasotransmitters (nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide), micro-RNA, and stem cells, which have the ability to activate multiple cardioprotective signaling cascades. Finally, this chapter will provide a discussion on why therapeutic trials for new drugs designed to reduce ischemia–reperfusion injury have not been successful in the past.
MOPS and coxsackievirus B3 stability

Study of coxsackievirus B3 strain 28 (CVB3/28) stability using MOPS to improve buffering in the experimental medium revealed that MOPS (3-morpholinopropane-1-sulfonic acid) increased CVB3 stability and the effect was concentration dependent. Over the pH range 7.0-7.5, virus stability was affected by both pH and MOPS concentration. Computer-simulated molecular docking showed that MOPS can occupy the hydrophobic pocket in capsid protein VP1 where the sulfonic acid head group can form ionic and hydrogen bonds with Arg95 and Asn211 near the pocket opening. The effects of MOPS and hydrogen ion concentrations on the rate of virus decay were modeled by including corresponding parameters in a recent kinetic model. These results indicate that MOPS can directly associate with CVB3 and stabilize the virus, possibly by altering capsid conformational dynamics.
Diakrisis Always En Conjunto: First Theology Understood from a Latino/a Context

Daniel Castelo presses the importance of communities for interpretation as he uses the Latina/o notion of en conjunto or “being with others” as critical to reading Scripture “in the Spirit,” so that a pneumatology of Scriptural interpretation is brought together with a contextual charismatic approach. Castelo draws on D. Lyle Dabney’s call for Pentecostals to develop a “theology of the Third Article” as he finds the kind of pneumatological hermeneutic to transcend certain problematic theological dichotomies commonly found in traditional Western Christian theology.
Touring the West with Leaping Lena, 1925

Touring the West with Leaping Lena is a personal account of travels across the states of the Western US in the 1920s. The narrative of W. C. Clark who, along with his wife and daughter travelled al...
Tactics for successful organizational change in a youth and family services agency

Abstract There is a vast body of literature on organizational change, but much of it includes only case studies or surveys with a limited number of variables. Organizational change tactics, key aspects of planned change, are not often studied. One purpose of this study was to add to this literature by assessing the use of a questionnaire regarding the use of organizational change tactics as seen by staff who had experienced an organizational change initiative. This study is particularly notable in that it uses perceptions of staff in assessing the success of the change intervention. A second purpose was to learn about specific tactics which were associated with the success of change processes in a youth and family service agency. Findings showed that eighteen of the tactics were observed and seen as helpful in goal accomplishment. These findings can help change leaders choose appropriate change tactics. This method, including a survey of all levels of staff regarding generic change tactics, an interview with an executive, and a focus group, shows promise for further study.
BACE1 elevation engendered by GGA3 deletion increases β-amyloid pathology in association with APP elevation and decreased CHL1 processing in 5XFAD mice

β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of amyloid beta (Aβ), the toxic peptide that accumulates in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Our previous studies have shown that the clathrin adaptor Golgi-localized γ-ear-containing ARF binding protein 3 (GGA3) plays a key role in the trafficking of BACE1 to lysosomes, where it is normally degraded. GGA3 depletion results in BACE1 stabilization both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, levels of GGA3 are reduced and inversely related to BACE1 levels in post-mortem brains of AD patients. In order to assess the effect of GGA3 deletion on AD-like phenotypes, we crossed GGA3 −/− mice with 5XFAD mice. BACE1-mediated processing of APP and the cell adhesion molecule L1 like protein (CHL1) was measured as well as levels of Aβ42 and amyloid burden. In 5XFAD mice, we found that hippocampal and cortical levels of GGA3 decreased while BACE1 levels increased with age, similar to what is observed in human AD brains. GGA3 deletion prevented age-dependent elevation of BACE1 in GGA3KO;5XFAD mice. We also found that GGA3 deletion resulted in increased hippocampal levels of Aβ42 and amyloid burden in 5XFAD mice at 12 months of age. While levels of BACE1 did not change with age and gender in GGAKO;5XFAD mice, amyloid precursor protein (APP) levels increased with age and were higher in female mice. Moreover, elevation of APP was associated with a decreased BACE1-mediated processing of CHL1 not only in 12 months old 5XFAD mice but also in human brains from subjects affected by Down syndrome, most likely due to substrate competition. This study demonstrates that GGA3 depletion is a leading candidate mechanism underlying elevation of BACE1 in AD. Furthermore, our findings suggest that BACE1 inhibition could exacerbate mechanism-based side effects in conditions associated with APP elevation (e.g. Down syndrome) owing to impairment of BACE1-mediated processing of CHL1. Therefore, therapeutic approaches aimed to restore GGA3 function and to prevent the down stream effects of its depletion (e.g. BACE1 elevation) represent an attractive alternative to BACE inhibition for the prevention/treatment of AD.
Recreation Leadership Third Edition. By Maryhelen Vannier

(1978). Recreation Leadership Third Edition. By Maryhelen Vannier. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 234-235.
A Questionnaire Survey To Assess Ratings Of Physical Workplace Conditions, Somatic Discomfort, And Work Inefficiency Among VDT Users

A questionnaire survey of 905 clerical and professional VDT users was conducted at two state agencies. The purpose was to evaluate contributions of ergonomic factors, job-task features, and user characteristics to visual and musculoskeletal discomfort, and work performance inefficiency. Stepwise regression analyses were used to identify predictors of these health and performance outcomes. Ratings of workplace lighting and glare conditions were the best predictors of visual discomfort, whereas job task and chair ratings were the most influential in the prediction of musculoskeletal discomfort. Work performance inefficiency was most strongly associated with ratings of adequacy of workstation lighting. While results suggest that problematic job and ergonomic factors are associated with somatic discomfort, in all cases the proportion of explained variance was small. These limited effects should be interpreted in light of certain methodological considerations, including the restricted evaluation of psychosocial and task factors, the manner in which measures of somatic discomfort were characterized, and limitations associated with subjective ergonomic evaluations.
Nonthermal Site Occupation at the Donor-Acceptor Interface of Organic Solar Cells

Charge transfer (CT) states play a key role in the operation of organic solar cells, yet little is known about their energetic distribution under illumination. By measuring a dynamic redshift in the faint photoluminescence of CT states over time, the authors characterize relaxation within the CT density of states, and show that this process is generally $i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}c\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}m\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}p\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}l\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e$ under normal operating conditions. The result is a nonthermal distribution of CT states, characterized by an elevated effective temperature, which overturns a basic assumption implicit in most models of organic solar cells to date.