cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the impact of compositional differences in switchgrass genotypes on pyrolysis product yield.

Abstract As a dedicated bioenergy crop, switchgrass is a potential feedstock within the United States for biofuels production. It can be converted to energy dense bio-oil through fast pyrolysis. Biomass compositional differences can influence the conversion efficiency and bio-oil product yield and quality. In order to understand how improvements in bio-oil quality can be achieved by manipulation of biomass composition, differences in switchgrass biomass composition were evaluated for their impacts on fast pyrolysis product yield. Nine genotypes of switchgrass were grown on one prime and two marginal sites in New Jersey. The results show that biomass composition was affected by genotype, the environment, and genotype × environment interactions. Non-catalytic pyrolysis product yields were largely affected by genotypic differences. The most significant impacts on non-catalytic pyrolysis products were from cellulose content and K content in the biomass. It was found that non-methoxylated phenolics were mainly produced from the breakdown of levoglucosan in the presence of K. Mineral content in the biomass was highly variable by environment and soil variability across the sites examined. These differences in mineral content largely impacted product distribution of HZSM-5-catalyzed pyrolysis, showing that lower mineral uptake in the biomass was beneficial for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons. Significant genotypic and environmental effects among the pyrolysis products demonstrate that breeding for improvements in pyrolysis product yield is conceivable but that growing conditions and soil conditions must also be taken into consideration.
Cities and Complexity: Understanding Cities with Cellular Automata, Agent-Based Models, and Fractals

Michael Batty. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005. xxi and 565 pp., figs., tables, refs., and indices. $60.00 cloth (ISBN 0-262-02583-3). Michael Batty, the director of the Center for Advanced Spatial ...
Automated digital dental articulation

Articulating digital dental models is often inaccurate and very time-consuming. This paper presents an automated approach to efficiently articulate digital dental models to maximum intercuspation (MI). There are two steps in our method. The first step is to position the models to an initial position based on dental curves and a point matching algorithm. The second step is to finally position the models to the MI position based on our novel approach of using iterative surface-based minimum distance mapping with collision constraints. Finally, our method was validated using 12 sets of digital dental models. The results showed that using our method the digital dental models can be accurately and effectively articulated to MI position.
Olympic Legacy: A Comparison of Barcelona 1992 and Athens 2004

Hosting an Olympic Games has a major impact on a city and its people. I compared the Barcelona 1992 and Athens 2004 approaches to “legacy,” the lasting impacts of a Games. In Olympic circles, few cities live up to the long-term planning standard set by Barcelona, especially in urban regeneration. However, most scholars agree that Athens did not plan for the post-Games period as effectively as they could have. Barcelona had better organization and cooperation, while the Athens organizers and the Greek government disagreed on various issues. Political disagreements prevented Athens from utilizing their Games as much as they could have and delayed any benefits for the city. Barcelona had a much more concentrated plan for their venues and improvements, whereas Athens venues were dispersed throughout the city. Barcelona was better able to make strong improvements to areas of the city that needed it most. Though Athens wanted to leave a positive legacy and did in many ways, they were not as focused on that aspect. Athens shined in the concept of “heritage,” which encompasses bringing the past into the present as a “legacy.” Because of their unique past, they were able to bring historical meaning to their Olympic Games.
Abundance models improve spatial and temporal prioritization of conservation resources.

Conservation prioritization requires knowledge about organism distribution and density. This information is often inferred from models that estimate the probability of species occurrence rather than from models that estimate species abundance, because abundance data are harder to obtain and model. However, occurrence and abundance may not display similar patterns and therefore development of robust, scalable, abundance models is critical to ensuring that scarce conservation resources are applied where they can have the greatest benefits. Motivated by a dynamic land conservation program, we develop and assess a general method for modeling relative abundance using citizen science monitoring data. Weekly estimates of relative abundance and occurrence were compared for prioritizing times and locations of conservation actions for migratory waterbird species in California, USA. We found that abundance estimates consistently provided better rankings of observed counts than occurrence estimates. Additionally, the relationship between abundance and occurrence was nonlinear and varied by species and season. Across species, locations prioritized by occurrence models had only 10–58% overlap with locations prioritized by abundance models, highlighting that occurrence models will not typically identify the locations of highest abundance that are vital for conservation of populations.
Screening power system contingencies using a back-propagation trained multiperceptron

The utility of trained neural networks in calculating the network state and classifying its security status under different load and contingency conditions is demonstrated. In particular, a two-layer multiperceptron is used to screen contingent branch overloads. The performance of this approach is evaluated using a six-bus example. The results indicate that the proposed tasks can be performed reliably by back-propagation-trained multiperceptrons. >
The two steps of nuclear import, targeting to the nuclear envelope and translocation through the nuclear pore, require different cytosolic factors

We have isolated two cytosolic fractions from Xenopus oocytes that contain all of the activity necessary to support both steps of nuclear import in digitonin-permeabilized mammalian cells: binding at the nuclear envelope and translocation through the nuclear pore. The first cytosolic fraction (fraction A) interacts with an import-competent, but not a mutant, nuclear localization sequence-bearing conjugate and stimulates its accumulation at the nuclear envelope in an ATP-independent fashion. The second cytosolic fraction (fraction B) gives no discernible effect when added alone; but when added either together with fraction A, or after fraction A, stimulates the passage of the conjugate from the outer nuclear envelope to the interior of the nucleus in an ATP-dependent fashion.
Blood volume of a marine teleost before and after arterial cannulation

Abstract 1. 1. Blood volume of buffalo sculpin ( Enophrys bison ) was determined before and after benzocaine anesthesia and arterial cannulation. 2. 2. Blood volume before surgery averaged 7.1% body weight and at 48 hr after surgery averaged 8.9% body wt. 3. 3. Arterial cannulation induced a 25% expansion of the blood volume. 4. 4. Three-fold differences in T-1824 dose gave similar estimates, suggesting that dye loss before dye-plasma protein complexing occurred was negligible. 5. 5. Teleostean blood volume, unlike that of higher vertebrates, does not appear to be correlated with activity.
Photoautotrophic growth of soybean cells in suspension culture III. Characterization of carbon fixation products under high and low CO2 levels

A photoautotrophic soybean suspension culture (SB-P) was used to study CO2 assimilation while exposed to elevated or ambient CO2 levels. These studies showed that under elevated CO2 (5% v/v) malate is the dominant fixation product, strongly suggesting that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) is the primary enzyme involved in carbon fixation in these cells under their normal growth conditions. Citrate and [aspartate + glutamate] were also significant fixation products during fifteen minutes of exposure to 14CO2. During the ten minute unlabeled CO2 chase however, 14C-malate continued to increase while citrate and [aspartate + glutamate] declined. Fixation of 14CO2 under ambient CO2 levels (0.037%) showed a very different product pattern as 3-phosphoglycerate was very high in the first one to two minutes followed by increases in [serine + glycine] and [aspartate + glutamate]. Hexose phosphates were also quite high initially but then declined relatively rapidly. Thus, the carbon fixation pattern at ambient CO2 levels resembles somewhat that seen in C3 leaf cells while that seen at elevated CO2 levels more closely resembles that of a C4 plant. The initial fixation product of C3 plants, 3-PGA, was never detectable under high CO2 conditions. These data suggest that an in vitro photoautotrophic system would be suitable for studying carbon fixation physiology during photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic growth.
RH ALLELES, R-10, 20, AND NEW EVIDENCE FOR R2, 4.

Summary The phenotype, Rh: 1,2,-3,4,5,6,7,-8,-9,-10,20,21 has been encountered in an Italian afmily. The likelihood that this phenotype reflects a genotype, R1,2,-3,-4,5,-6,7,-10,-20,21R-1,2,-3,4,5,6,-7,-10,20,21 (R1r′n) and thus that an allele, R2,4 exists, is discussed. Red cells of the phenotype Rh:-1,-2,-3,w12 are encountered in tests of blood samples obtained from Negroes. These erythrocytes have been found to be Rh20 positive and Rh21 weakly positive. Such findings and others described imply an allele R-1,-2,-3,-7,-8,-9,-10,-(11),12,-(13),-(14),-(15),-(16),(19),20,w21. Resume Le phenotype Rhesus, Rh: 1, 2, -3, 4, 5, 6, 7, -8, -9, -10, 20, 21 a ete rencontre dans une famille italienne. La propriete que le phenotype correspondent au genotype R1, 2, -3, -4, 5, -6, 7, -10, -20, 21 R-1, 2, -3, 4, 5, 6, -7, -10, 20, 21 (R1r'n) et que, de ce fait, il est un allele, R2, 4, est discutee. Les erythrocytes de phenotype Rh: -1, -2, -3, w12 ont ete rencontrees en testant des echantillons de sang provenant de personnes de race noire. Ces erythrocytes ont ete trouves comme etant Rh 20 positif et Rh 21 faiblement positif. Ces decouvertes et quelques autres qui ont ete decrites impliquent un allele Rh-1, -2, -3, -7, -8, -9, -10, -(11), 12, -(13), -(14), -(15), -(16), (19), 20, w21. Zusammenfassung Bei einer italienischen Familie wurde der Rhesusphanotyp Rh: 1, 2, -3, 4, 5, 6, 7, -8, -9, -10, 20, 21 gefunden. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, das dieser Phanotyp auf dem Genotyp R1, 2, -3, -4, 5, -6, 7, -10, -20, 21 R-1, 2, -3, 4, 5. 6, -7, -10, -20. 21 (R1r'n) beruht und das somit ein Allel R2, 4 existiert, wird diskutiert. Anlaslich der Untersuchung von Negerblutproben wurden Erythrozyten mit dem Phanotyp Rh:-1,-2, -3, w12 gefunden. Diese Zellen erwiesen sich als Rh20 positiv und Rh21 schwach positiv. Diese Befunde zwingen in Verbindung mit fruher beschriebenen Daten zur Annahme eines Allele, R-1, -2, -3, -7, -8, -9, -10, -(11), 12 -(13), -(14), -(15), -(16), (19), 20, w21.
Physical Trauma and Family History of Neurodegenerative Diseases in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Population-Based Case-Control Study

This population-based case-control study was conducted in three counties in western Washington state (USA) between 1990 and 1994 to assess the association between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) a
Gravitational wave detection with atom interferometry

We propose two distinct atom interferometer gravitational wave detectors, one terrestrial and another satellite-based, utilizing the core technology of the Stanford 10m atom interferometer presently under construction. The terrestrial experiment can operate with strain sensitivity {approx} 10{sup -19}/{radical}Hz in the 1 Hz-10 Hz band, inaccessible to LIGO, and can detect gravitational waves from solar mass binaries out to megaparsec distances. The satellite experiment probes the same frequency spectrum as LISA with better strain sensitivity {approx} 10{sup -20}/{radical}Hz. Each configuration compares two widely separated atom interferometers run using common lasers. The effect of the gravitational waves on the propagating laser field produces the main effect in this configuration and enables a large enhancement in the gravitational wave signal while significantly suppressing many backgrounds. The use of ballistic atoms (instead of mirrors) as inertial test masses improves systematics coming from vibrations and acceleration noise, and reduces spacecraft control requirements.
Occupational exposures to human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus: risk, prevention, and management

Current data indicate that the risk for transmitting bloodborne pathogens in dental health care settings is low. Pre-exposure hepatitis B vaccination and the use of standard precautions to prevent exposure to blood are the most effective strategies for preventing DHCP from occupational infection with HIV, HBV or HCV. Each dental health care facility should develop a comprehensive written program for preventing and managing occupational exposures to blood that: (1) describes the types of blood exposures that may place DHCP at risk for infection; (2) outlines procedures for promptly reporting and evaluating such exposures; and (3) identifies a health care professional who is qualified to provide counseling and perform all medical evaluations and procedures in accordance with the most current USPHS recommendations. Finally, resources should be available that permit rapid access to clinical care, testing, counseling, and PEP for exposed DHCP and the testing and counseling of source patients.
Aerosolized albuterol improves airway reactivity in infants with acute respiratory failure from respiratory syncytial virus

The objective of this investigation was to measure the bronchodilator effect of aerosolized albuterol on infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced respiratory failure. Infants who required intubation and mechanical ventilator support for RSV disease were eligible for this prospective, nonrandomized study. Pulmonary function tests, including respiratory mechanics by least mean square analysis, small airway function by rapid thoraco-abdominal compression, and functional residual capacity by nitrogen washout were performed before and 20 min after inhalation of 20-40 breaths of undiluted (0.5%) albuterol solution via a small-volume nebulizer. Analysis of maximum expiratory flow at functional residual capacity (V'maxFRC) before and after albuterol administration was performed using a t-test for paired comparisons. A two-tailed P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Twenty-five infants (mean +/-SD postconceptional age = 45 +/- 5 weeks) were enrolled. Thirteen of the 25 infants had a prior history of prematurity and/or cardiorespiratory disease. After aerosolized albuterol, mean V'maxFRC increased significantly from 48 +/- 46 ml/sec to 65 +/- 59 ml/sec (P = 0.03); however, only three patients had an increase into the normal range. Three patients had a substantial (40-50%) decrease in V'maxFRC. These findings suggest that during the acute phase of severe RSV respiratory infection some of this group of very young infants had airway reactivity that improved in response to inhaled albuterol.
Genomic structure of the proopiomelanocortin gene and expression during acute low-water stress in channel catfish

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is an important gene involved in the stress response of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. It is a precursor of several peptide hormones including adrenocorticotropic hormone, melanocyte stimulating hormones, and β-endorphin. Our study aims to determine genomic structure and expression of POMC gene during temporal stress in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). The catfish POMC gene consisting of three exons and two introns has a similar structural organization to that of other species. The catfish and mammalian POMC promoters do not exhibit regions of conservation except that of one TATA box. Genomic Southern blot analysis indicated POMC is present as a single copy gene in the catfish genome. Real-time PCR allowed us to monitor temporal expression of the POMC mRNA in catfish pituitary during low-water stress. Plasma cortisol concentrations were also measured as an indicator of stress. Within 15 min after the onset of low-water stress, POMC mRNA expression was elevated 1.87-fold above the control value. The POMC mRNA level had declined after 30 min (1.29-fold) and 1 h (1.1-fold) at which time stress was removed. After 1 h recovery, a significant increase in the POMC mRNA expression was detected (2.44-fold, P < 0.05) followed by a decline 2 h later (1.52-fold) when the experiment was terminated. Plasma cortisol levels in stressed fish were significantly above the cortisol levels in control fish during stress application (t = 15 min, t = 30 min, and t = 1 h, P < 0.05), which then returned to normal during recovery. We conclude that POMC and cortisol are both involved in the low-water stress response during which cortisol may serve as a negative regulator of POMC expression in catfish.
Prolonged Cortical Electrical Depression and Diffuse Vasospasm Without Ischemia in a Case of Severe Hemiplegic Migraine During Pregnancy

The pathophysiology of the neurological deficits in hemiplegic migraine remains unclear. Both neurogenic and vascular etiologies have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. We present the case of a patient with hemiplegic migraine in whom there was no diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging evidence of cerebral ischemia, despite persistent left hemiplegia and diffuse vasospasm on cerebral angiography, there was no diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging evidence of cerebral ischemia. In addition, hypoperfusional changes were seen diffusely, more so on the less symptomatic hemisphere, whereas depression of cortical electrical activity was seen for several days on the right side. These findings support the notion that although both neurogenic and vascular changes occur in hemiplegic migraine, the former seems to be a more likely explanation for the neurological deficits.
Interaction between penetration enhancers and iontophoresis: effect on human skin impedance in vivo

Purpose: The objective of this study was to develop a non-invasive technique to assess the interaction between chemical and electrical modes of percutaneous penetration enhancement in vivo. Methods: Impedance spectroscopy, a non-invasive biophysical technique, was used to monitor the effect of iontophoresis on skin and to determine the extent to which this effect was modulated by pretreatment with penetration enhancers of different physicochemical properties. Results: Azone®/propylene glycol and sodium lauryl sulfate had a profound effect on post-iontophoretic skin impedance, considerably amplifying the effect of current passage. Post-iontophoretic impedance spectra of skin pretreated with oleic acid showed a smaller decrease in skin impedance. Neither stearic acid nor linoleic acid had comparable effects, however. For these enhancers, the changes observed were attributable to the vehicle, propylene glycol, which complemented the action of iontophoresis and increased its effectiveness. A parameter, analogous to the membrane time constant, was introduced that enabled the degree of perturbation and the rate of recovery of skin impedance to be gauged. Conclusions: This study provides the first direct in vivo measurements of the interaction between chemical and electrical enhancement, the two principal techniques used to promote transdermal drug delivery. Changes in the reduction of skin impedance induced by the passage of current have been used as indicators of the interaction between an array of diverse penetration enhancers and iontophoresis. The post-iontophoretic impedance data have been fitted to a circuit model involving the parallel arrangement of a resistor and a constant-phase element, and the modulation of the effect of iontophoresis by the penetration enhancers has been determined from changes in the equivalent circuit parameter values.
Communication: Exciton–phonon information flow in the energy transfer process of photosynthetic complexes

Non-Markovian and nonequilibrium phonon effects are believed to be key ingredients in the energy transfer in photosynthetic complexes, especially in complexes which exhibit a regime of intermediate exciton–phonon coupling. In this work, we utilize a recently developed measure for non-Markovianity to elucidate the exciton–phonon dynamics in terms of the information flow between electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom. We study the measure in the hierarchical equation of motion approach which captures strong coupling effects and nonequilibrium molecular reorganization. We propose an additional trace distance measure for the information flow that could be extended to other master equations. We find that for a model dimer system and for the Fenna–Matthews–Olson complex the non-Markovianity is significant under physiological conditions.
Inpatient adolescent group therapy as a social system

This paper describes a method of group therapy that 1) utilizes open systems theory to describe the social structure of group therapy, and 2)presents interventions drawn from Masterson's ideas for treating borderline personality disorders. Illustrations from a group therapy program for chemically dependent adolescents in a short-term, inpatient treatment unit of a general hospital are offered. It is proposed that under constrained conditions of treatment, such as those described, group therapy can be effective if there is precision about the system boundaries of task, role, time and place, and if group interventions are based upon a theoretically and clinically consistent model such as Masterson's.
Effect of Lipid Composition on Topical Delivery of Cyclosporin-A from Nonionic Ldtosomal Formulations: An in Vitro Study with Hairless Mouse Skin

AbstractPrevious studies in our laboratories showed that a novel nonionic liposome formulation composed of glyceryl dilaurate (GDL), cholesterol (CH), and polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether (POE-10) at a weight ratio composition of 57:15:28 delivered more cyclosporin-A (CsA) into and through the skin than phospholipid-based liposomal formulations and more conventional formulations that were tested. Since only a single GDL:CH:POE-10 composition was tested, we initiated studies to determine if it would be possible to control the rate and extent of drug uptake by varying the ratios of the liposome-forming components of the formulation. This report describes how the GDL to POE-10 ratio (CH being held constant at 15 wt%) influences the rate and extent of uptake of CsA following topical application of nonionic liposomal formulations to hairless mouse skin mounted on Franz diffusion cells. The results indicate that the rate and extent of CsA uptake is highest between GDL/POE-10 ratios of about 1 to 1.5 and decreas...
On analyzing other people's data

Sociologists and economists have long analyzed data sets collected by other researchers for different purposes. Since the mid-1960s, longitudinal surveys specifically designed to be publicly available to the research community have been carried out. Some of the recent ones contain much fuller measurements of children's development than do older surveys. These recents surveys present excellent opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration involving developmental psychologists. The benefits of collaborative research are discussed in this article
Progress on the national ignition facility

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a 192 beam Nd-glass laser facility presently under construction at LLNL. When completed, NIF will produce 1.8 MJ, 500 TW of ultraviolet light making it the world's largest and most powerful laser system. NIF will be the world's preeminent facility for performing experiments for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) and High Energy Density Science (HEDS). The Project, begun in 1995, is over 80% complete. The building and the beam path are essentially complete. Nearly all of the functionality of the laser subsystems has been demonstrated. NIF has demonstrated on a single beam basis that it meets its performance goals and shown the laser's precision and flexibility for pulse shaping, pointing, and timing. Beam conditioning techniques, important for target performance, were also demonstrated. The focal spot can be tailored to user specifications using phase plates. Temporal smoothing using smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD) as well as polarization smoothing was demonstrated. The remaining work is mostly to complete the optics and install them in the beam path and complete the utilities. Presently, eight beams have been activated through the amplifiers and spatial filters to the switchyard wall. Over 150 kJ of 1ω light has been produced with just 4% of the NIF capacity activated. The Project is scheduled for completion in 2009 and plans have been developed to begin ignition experiments in 2010. This talk will provide NIF status, the plan to complete NIF, and the path to ignition.
Instability and Turbulence in Accretion Disks

Accretion disks are believed to be the power sources for such diverse astronomical systems as X-ray binaries, quasars, active galaxies, and cataclysmic variables. In each case, the luminosity emitted from the system comes from the gravitational energy released as gas in the disk spirals down toward the central compact object. The trajectory of an individual volume of gas as it orbits is determined by its specific angular momentum, which will be a conserved quantity of the motion in the absence of torques. Hence inspiral requires a torque. The most fundamental physical process governing the structure and evolution of accretion disks, therefore, is the extraction of angular momentum from the gas and its transfer outward through the disk.
Theory of electronic bound states associated with n-type inversion layers on silicon

Abstract The localized states of an electron bound to a charged impurity at the interface between silicon and silicon dioxide have been investigated [1] using the variational method. The interface was taken to be parallel to a (001) plane of the silicon, and a static electric field perpendicular to the interface was assumed. In a subsequent publication [2] an adiabatic form for the electron wave function was used consisting of the product of two functions, χ(x, y) and ƒ(z), where x and y are Cartesian coordinates parallel to the interface and z is perpendicular to the interface. Both of the functions χ(x, y) and ƒ(z) were determined by the variational procedure. Further calculations were carried out using the adiabatic form of the wave function for the case where the impurity is situated in the silicon dioxide at a distance z0 from the interface. The binding energies of the ground state and a pair of degenerate excited states were calculated as functions of electric field and distance of the impurity from the interface. They are found to increase with increasing electric field and decrease with increasing distance of the impurity from the interface. The intensity of electric dipole transitions between the ground and excited states was calculated as a function of electric field when the impurity is located at the interface. The effect of screening of the impurity charge by the inversion layer electrons has also been investigated [1]. A comparison of the theoretical results with available experimental data [3] is made.
When oil spills, cash flows

Nearly seven million businesses—in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas—may have been affected by the explosion of BP's Deepwater Horizon oil drilling platform. The total costs to those businesses remain unknown. But losses will surely be staggering, since the annual sales volume for these firms is $5.2 trillion. Some companies may also fall victim to fraudulent scams in connection with the oil spill. Because of an anticipated interruption in business and the likelihood of scams, companies should plan ahead for sustaining their operations. The authors examine strategies for improving short-term cash flow and look at long-term cash problems created by litigation for companies affected by the spill. They also take a close look at scams associated with this disaster—and show how companies can avoid them. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sesquiterpene lactones. The constituents of Eriophyllum confertiflorum

Abstract Six new sesquiterpene lactones, closely allied in structure, have been isolated from Eriophyllum confertiflorum Gray, and their structures established. One of them is the methacrylyl ester of a lactone which, as the tiglic acid ester, occurs in Helianthus tuberosus L.
The role of growth hormone in calorigenesis and thyroid function.

Experimental evidence is presented which demonstrates that growth hormone intensifiesthe characteristic action of thyrotrophin on calorigenesis in hypophysectomized rats, presumably through augmentation of thyroid function as measured by thyroid weight, morphology and I131 uptake.Growth hormone also magnifies the calorigenic action of thyroxine in hypophysectomized rats indicating that the enhancement of calorigenesis by growth hormone is partly peripheral. Excessive heat production in hypophysectomized rats resulting from the administration of high levels of either thyrotrophin or thyroxine with growth hormone is not compatible with life in the absence of adrenal glucocorticoids.
Time-Dependent Soil-Water Distribution Under a Circular Trickle Source

Soil-water distribution in homogeneous soil profiles of Yolo clay loam and Yolo sand (Typic xerorthents) irrigated from a circular source of water, was measured several times after the initiation of irrigation. The effect of trickle discharge rates and soil type on the locations of the wetting front and soil-water distribution was considered. Soil-water tension and hydraulic conductivity, as functions of soil-water content, were also measured. The theories of time-dependent, linearized infiltration from a circular source and a finite-element solution of the two-dimensional transient soil-water equation were compared with the experimental results. In general, for both soils the computer horizontal and vertical advances of the wetting front were closely related to those observed. With both theories, a better prediction of the wetting front position for the clay loam soil than for the sandy soil is shown. The calculated and measured horizontal vertical advances did not agree over long periods of time. With the linearized solution, overestimated and underestimated vertical advances for the clay and sandy soils, respectively, were shown. The finite-element model approximate in a better way the vertical advances than the linearized solution, while an opposite tendency for the horizontal advances indicated, especially in sandy soil.
Effect of naloxone on the cardiovascular and sympathetic response to hypovolemic hypotension in the rat.

Abstract Conscious rats were exposed to acute hypovolemic-hypotension by bleeding (5 ml/300 g body weight). Treatment with the opiate antagonist naloxone (7 mg/kg intra-arterial) following hemorrhage resulted in an increase of systolic blood pressure but not heart rate. Changes in plasma catecholamine levels did not differ between control and naloxone-treated animals. From these results we suggest that the ability of naloxone to improve blood pressure after hemorrhage is not due to increased sympatho-adrenomedullary activity.
Structural and electronic properties of group III Rich In0.53Ga0.47As(001)

Abstract The structural and electronic properties of group III rich In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As(001) have been studied using scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS). At room temperature (300 K), STM images show that the In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As(001)–(4 × 2) reconstruction is comprised of undimerized In/Ga atoms in the top layer. Quantitative comparison of the In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As(001)–(4 × 2) and InAs(001)–(4 × 2) shows the reconstructions are almost identical, but In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As(001)–(4 × 2) has at least a 4× higher surface defect density even on the best samples. At low temperature (77 K), STM images show that the most probable In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As(001) reconstruction is comprised of one In/Ga dimer and two undimerized In/Ga atoms in the top layer in a double (4 × 2) unit cell. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations at elevated temperature are consistent with the experimentally observed 300 K structure being a thermal superposition of three structures. DFT molecular dynamics (MD) show the row dimer formation and breaking is facilitated by the very large motions of tricoodinated row edge As atoms and z motion of In/Ga row atoms induced changes in As–In/Ga–As bond angles at elevated temperature. STS results show there is a surface dipole or the pinning states near the valence band (VB) for 300 K In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As(001)–(4 × 2) surface consistent with DFT calculations. DFT calculations of the band-decomposed charge density indicate that the strained unbuckled trough dimers being responsible for the surface pinning.
The Laser Surface Modification of Advanced Ceramics: A Modeling Approach

A numerical approach for predicting microstructures during the laser surface modification of ceramics has been proposed. Laser surface modification is a near-non-equilibrium or non-equilibrium process involving high cooling rates (102–108 K/s) leading to rapid solidification. As the basic governing solidification theory behind conventional processes like casting and laser processing is the same, the approach and the theory behind the conventional processes can be extended to such near-non-equilibrium processes by adequately modifying the conventional models. This study looks at various challenges in modeling the laser processing phenomena and elaborates on present efforts and future modeling goals.
The “Southern Subculture of Violence” Thesis and Patterns Of Gun Ownership

Several researchers (Reed, 1972; Gastil, 1971; Hackney, 1969) have suggested that rates of interpersonal violence, particularly homicide, are relatively high in the South because the subculture predisposes Southerners to use violence more frequently than others. This thesis has been questioned by Loftin and Hill (1974) and Erlanger (1975) who show that situational and structural factors could account for regional differences in interpersonal violence. Our present data casts doubt on another version of the subcultural thesis. Reed (1972) and Hackney (1969) argue that the relation between cultural differences and interpersonal violence may be indirectthat Southern socialization within the family has a lifelong effect on individuals which is reflected in differential gun ownership among adults and that the differential availability of guns results in higher rates of homicide. Recent research (Zimring, 1968, 1972; Newton and Zimring, 1969) on the “technical efficiency” of guns as weapons makes this explanation plausible. We examine the recent survey data bearing on this version of the thesis. Using log linear analysis, we find that the region of residence at age sixteen, that is, the region of socialization, does not make it more probable that an individual will own a handgun as as adult. This cast doubt on the indirect version of the subculture of violence thesis. In conclusion we suggest new directions for research on regional differences in gun ownership and interpersonal violence.
Regional gastric emptying abnormalities in non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Purpose: To determine whether abnormal proximal (P) and|[sol]|or distal (D) gastric motor dysfunction are present in non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Biogeochemistry of the stable hydrogen isotopes

Abstract The fractionation of H isotopes between the water in the growth medium and the organically bonded H from microalgae cultured under conditions, where light intensity and wavelength, temperature, nutrient availability, and the H isotope ratio of the water were controlled, is reproducible and light dependant. All studies were based either on the H isotope ratios of the total organic H or on the lipids, where most of the H is firmly bonded to C. H bonded into other macromolecules, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, does not exchange with water, when algae are incubated in water enriched with deuterium. Only after the destruction of quaternary H bonds are labile hydrogens in macromolecules free to exchange with water. By growing algae (18 strains), including blue-green algae, green algae and diatoms, in continuous light, the isotope fractionations in photosynthesis were reproducibly −93 to −178 %. depending on the organism tested. This fractionation was not temperature dependent. Microalgae grown in total darkness with an organic substrate did not show the isotope fractionation seen in cells grown in light. In both light- and dark-grown algae, however, additional depletion of deuterium (−30 to −60%.) in cellular organic matter occurs during the metabolism of carbohydrates to form lipids. Plants from several natural populations also fractionated isotopes during photosynthesis by an average of −90 to −110%. In addition, the organically bonded H in nonsaponifiable lipids was further fractionated by −80%. from that in saponifiable lipids, isolated from two geographically distinct populations of marsh plants. This difference between H isotope ratios of these two groups of lipids provides an endogenous isotopic marker.
The cytoplasmic loops of subunit a of Escherichia coli ATP synthase may participate in the proton translocating mechanism.

Subunit a plays a key role in promoting H+ transport and the coupled rotary motion of the subunit c ring in F1F0-ATP synthase. H+ binding and release occur at Asp-61 in the middle of the second transmembrane helix (TMH) of F0 subunit c. H+ are thought to reach Asp-61 via aqueous pathways mapping to the surfaces of TMHs 2–5 of subunit a based upon the chemical reactivity of Cys substituted into these helices. Here we substituted Cys into loops connecting TMHs 1 and 2 (loop 1–2) and TMHs 3 and 4 (loop 3–4). A large segment of loop 3–4 extending from loop residue 192 loop to residue 203 in TMH4 at the lipid bilayer surface proved to be very sensitive to inhibition by Ag+. Cys-161 and -165 at the other end of the loop bordering TMH3 were also sensitive to inhibition by Ag+. Further Cys substitutions in residues 86 and 93 in the middle of the 1–2 loop proved to be Ag+-sensitive. We next asked whether the regions of Ag+-sensitive residues clustered together near the surface of the membrane by combining Cys substitutions from two domains and testing for cross-linking. Cys-161 and -165 in loop 3–4 were found to cross-link with Cys-202, -203, or -205, which extend into TMH4 from the cytoplasm. Further Cys at residues 86 and 93 in loop 1–2 were found to cross-link with Cys-195 in loop 3–4. We conclude that the Ag+-sensitive regions of loops 1–2 and 3–4 may pack in a single domain that packs at the ends of TMHs 3 and 4. We suggest that the Ag+-sensitive domain may be involved in gating H+ release at the cytoplasmic side of the aqueous access channel extending through F0.
Characterization of particulate cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases of rat kidney.

Abstract Particulate cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases of rat kidney display some distinct kinetic and regulatory properties. Only a small portion (5–10%) of the total homogenate low K m cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity (measured with concentrations of cyclic AMP less than l μ m ) is tightly associated with kidney membranes. Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase activity (measured with 0.25–200 μ m cyclic GMP) is readily detectable in these fractionated and washed membranes. Low concentrations of cyclic GMP stimulated the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP ( K a ∼- 0.5 μM), an effect not noted in most other membrane systems. High concentrations of cyclic GMP ( K i ∼- 450 μM) and cyclic AMP ( K i ∼- 150 μM ) inhibited the hydrolysis of each other noncompetitively. Solubilization of membrane bound activities by sonication or Sarkosyl L markedly alters enzyme kinetic properties and the responses to cyclic nucleotides and sulfhydryl reagents. Incubation of membrane fractions with dithiothreitol (5 m m ) or storage of the membranes at 4 °C results in a change in extrapolated kinetic constants for cyclic AMP hydrolysis and an increase in the rate of denaturation at 45 °C. Our findings raise the possibility that regulation of membrane-bound cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity involves interactions with cyclic nucleotides themselves, as well as oxidation and reduction of disulfide bonds and membrane-enzyme interactions.
Molecular Mechanics of Disulfide Bonded Alpha-Helical Protein Filaments

Keratin, an alpha-helical protein, is an abundant material that forms the basis of hair and hoof, and is a composite of alpha-helical coiled coils with dense disulfide bonding between helical protein domains. Here, we report a molecular analysis of the mechanics of disulfide bonded alpha-helical protein filaments, focusing on a systematic assessment of structure–property relationships and deformation and failure mechanisms, carried out using a full atomistic explicit water model based on the CHARMM force field, extended here to capture the breaking of disulfide bonds in varied chemical microenvironments. By considering a three-strand alpha-helical model of an assembly of disulfide bonds under an external loading, we demonstrate that weak disulfide cross-link results in a highly cooperative behavior. Strong disulfide bonding resist greater external load, but the cooperative behavior is reduced. We compare the mechanical behavior of the disulfide bonded systems to a molecule with weaker H-bonds between alpha-helix domains. Under mechanical loading, H-bonds between the protein filaments are easily sacrificed and the alpha-helical structure is maintained, but the system has a lower strength. Our atomistic models provide fundamental insight into the effect of disulfide cross-link on mechanical properties of alpha-helix-based protein filament and reveals that the dependence of disulfide bond strength on the chemical microenvironment enables a tunable fiber strength by a factor of ≈2.5.
ISOBARIC ANALOG STATES AND COULOMB DISPLACEMENT ENERGIES IN THE (1d/sub 5/2/ ) SHELL.

The ($p,t$) and ($p$, $^{3}\mathrm{He}$) reactions have been used to locate three previously unknown $T=\frac{3}{2}$ isobaric analog states in $^{19}\mathrm{F}$, $^{19}\mathrm{Ne}$, and $^{23}\mathrm{Mg}$, in addition to significantly improving the precision on the energies of the $T=\frac{3}{2}$ state in $^{23}\mathrm{Na}$ and the $T=2$ states in $^{20}\mathrm{F}$ and $^{24}\mathrm{Na}$. These multiplets all lie within the "($1{d}_{\frac{5}{2}}$) shell" in that they have fewer than $n=12$ nucleons outside $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, and $T\ensuremath{\le}\mathrm{minimum} (\frac{1}{2}n,6\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}n)$. Including these data, twenty-eight displacement energies are now known throughout this shell for all possible multiplets with $T\ensuremath{\le}2$ (except $T=2$, mass-22). The experimental displacement energies were compared in detail with calculations which used Hecht's Coulomb-energy equations; the excellent agreement obtained appeared to be relatively insensitive to the assumed nuclear wave functions since both the low-seniority $j\ensuremath{-}j$ coupling limit and the Wigner supermultiplet scheme produced similar results. Four parameters related to the two-body Coulomb-energy matrix elements were treated as adjustable in fitting the data but their final values are in reasonable agreement with matrix elements calculated using harmonic-oscillator wave functions. A fifth adjustable parameter took account of the $Z$ and $N$ dependence of the charge radius. Using the experimental parameters, the unmeasured masses of $^{19}\mathrm{Na}$, $^{20}\mathrm{Mg}$, $^{21}\mathrm{Mg}$, $^{22}\mathrm{Al}$, $^{23}\mathrm{Al}$, $^{24}\mathrm{Si}$, and $^{25}\mathrm{Si}$ are predicted, together with the excitation energies of unobserved analog states in the $1{d}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ shell.
Relationships between pancreaticobiliary ductal anatomy and pancreatic ductal and parenchymal histology

To determine whether ductal or parenchymal histologic abnormalities were related to the type of openings of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct into the duodenum, 390 unfixed human postmortem en bloc pancreaticoduodenal specimens were examined anatomically, radiographically, and histologically. In 353 specimens, ductal openings were classifiable: 25% had a well-defined ampulla, 18% a long common channel, 31% a short common channel, 7% an interposed septum, and 19% had separate openings for the pancreatic and bile ducts. Ductal histologic abnormalities were present in 25% of the specimens and most (77%) were found in the pancreatic head. When ductal openings were grouped according to the presence or lack of a prominent common channel, ductal epithelial abnormalities were more common in the absence of a prominent common channel (30% vs. 19%, p less than 0.04). Papillary epithelial hyperplasia was associated only with the absence of a prominent common channel (P = 0.02). Histologic abnormalities were more common in the elderly (P less than 0.005) but were not associated with cause of death or the presence of the minor pancreatic duct. Lack of a common channel is associated with abnormal ductal epithelium. This anatomic arrangement may be a factor in pancreatic carcinogenesis.
Primordial black-hole evaporation and the quark-gluon phase transition

Abstract The possibility that the Universe contains significant amounts of primordial black holes (PBHs) with a fraction of a solar mass (∼ 10 32 g or less) is not excluded at present. Although there are limits on the number of low-mass PBHs ( m ∼ 10 15 g), there is some evidence for their existence. The abundance of PBHs is not inconsistent with the fluctuation density in the early Universe, especially near the time of the quark-gluon (Q-G) phase transition. We discuss a very interesting group of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) of very short time duration and an increasing hard spectrum from the publised BATSE catalog. We point out that the trend, i.e. , anti-correlation of hardness ratio vs GRB duration, would be expected if some of the short GRBs came from black hole evaporation. We discuss the possibility that the onset of the Q-G plasma can give rise to such GRBs from PBH evaporation.
Dissociative and Reactive Hyperthermal Ion−Surface Collisions with Langmuir−Blodgett Films Terminated by CF3(CH2)n−, n-Perfluoroalkyl, or n-Alkyl Groups

Langmuir−Blodgett (L−B) films prepared from 18,18,18-trifluorooctadecanoic acid [CF3(CH2)16COOH], perfluorotetradecanoic acid [n-C13F27COOH], or octadecanoic acid [n-C17H35COOH] were used as target surfaces for hyperthermal ion−surface collisions. The synthesis of 18,18,18-trifluorooctadecanoic acid and the preparation of the L−B film from this compound using a subphase containing Al3+ are reported in this paper. The Ion−surface collision results show that the outermost surface group, namely CF3 vs CH3, is the main determinant for the efficiency of both energy transfer and electron transfer during low-energy (e.g., 10−100 eV) polyatomic ion−surface collisions. For atomic projectile ions, there is evidence of penetration into a depth of the films.