cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MO-AB-210-02: Ultrasound Imaging and Therapy-Hands On Workshop

The goal of this ultrasound hands-on workshop is to demonstrate advancements in high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and to demonstrate quality control (QC) testing in diagnostic ultrasound. HIFU is a therapeutic modality that uses ultrasound waves as carriers of energy. HIFU is used to focus a beam of ultrasound energy into a small volume at specific target locations within the body. The focused beam causes localized high temperatures and produces a well-defined regions of necrosis. This completely non-invasive technology has great potential for tumor ablation and targeted drug delivery. At the workshop, attendees will see configurations, applications, and hands-on demonstrations with on-site instructors at separate stations. The involvement of medical physicists in diagnostic ultrasound imaging service is increasing due to QC and accreditation requirements. At the workshop, an array of ultrasound testing phantoms and ultrasound scanners will be provided for attendees to learn diagnostic ultrasound QC in a hands-on environment with live demonstrations of the techniques. Target audience: Medical physicists and other medical professionals in diagnostic imaging and radiation oncology with interest in high-intensity focused ultrasound and in diagnostic ultrasound QC. Learning Objectives: 1.Learn ultrasound physics and safety for HIFU applications through live demonstrations 2.Get an overview of the state-of-the art in HIFU technologies and equipment 3.Gain familiarity with common elements of a quality control program for diagnostic ultrasound imaging 4.Identify QC tools available for testing diagnostic ultrasound systems and learn how to use these tools List of supporting vendors for HIFU and diagnostic ultrasound QC hands-on workshop: 1.Philips Healthcare 2.Alpinion Medical Systems 3.Verasonics, Inc 4.Zonare Medical Systems, Inc 5.Computerized Imaging Reference Systems (CIRS), Inc. 6.GAMMEX, Inc., 7.Cablon Medical BV Steffen Sammet: NIH/NCI grant 5R25CA132822, NIH/NINDS grant 5R25NS080949 and Philips Healthcare research grant C32
Multimodal Speech Perception: A Paradigm for Speech Science

Speech science evolved as the study of a unimodal phenomenon. Speech was viewed as a solely auditory event, as captured by the seminal speech-chain illustration of Denes & Pinson (1963) shown in Figure 1.
Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy for Restoration of Upper-Limb Function: Introduction

Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is a research-originated, behavioral approach to neurorehabilitation of limb function after neurologic damage. The intervention utilizes a combination of motor training elements and psychological concepts to facilitate increased use of the affected limb as well as improved movement quality and control. Importantly, CIMT is designed to achieve real-world improvements by behavioral methods, which facilitate the incorporation of regained abilities into the person’s spontaneous behavior. CIMT is composed of four primary elements: (1) repetitive, unilateral training procedures; (2) training by the behavioral technique termed shaping; (3) a set of behavioral techniques, termed the “transfer package,” that promote transfer of therapeutic gains to the life situation; and (4) constraining use of the more-affected hand by one of several techniques including restraint of the less-affected hand, discouragement for exclusive reliance on the less-affected hand for unimanual and bimanual tasks, and purposeful design of the CIMT treatment activities to encourage use of the more-affected hand. Evidence shows that CIMT improves the functional use and occupational performance of the more-affected upper extremity by reversing learned nonuse and facilitating use-dependent brain plasticity.
Prevalence and Predictors of Interval Colorectal Cancers in Medicare Beneficiaries

Background Following a colonoscopy that is negative for cancer, a subset of patients may be diagnosed with colorectal cancer, also termed interval cancer. The frequency and predictors have not been well studied in a population-based U.S. cohort.
IGAs vs. MAATM: Has Tax Bilateralism Outlived Its Usefulness?

The main concern about the IGAs is that they enshrine the bilateral model of tax information exchange that has dominated the 20th century. Unfortunately, there are good reasons to believe this bilateral model does not work, especially when IGAs are signed with countries like the Cayman Islands who have no interest in reciprocity and every interest in making them not work.Instead, there is an alternative. In response to the financial crisis and the outrage it caused in Europe about tax evasion by the wealthy, the OECD has proposed a Multilateral Agreement for Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters (MAATM), which has by now over [80] signatory countries. The MAATM provides for automatic exchange of information and because it is multilateral it overcomes the problem of non-reciprocity that bedevils the tax treaties, bilateral TIEAs, and the IGAs.In what follows, we will argue that the MAATM model is superior, and that therefore the US and OECD should abandon tax information exchange and administrative assistance under articles 26 and 27 of the tax treaties, as well as bilateral TIEAs and IGAs, and instead commit to the MAATM.
Psychological Factors in Community College Student Retention

This study explored psychological factors in the context of a community college population purported to impact decisions to remain in college from one semester to another. Researchers examined results from 1191 responses from students attending a community college in the Mid-Atlantic United States. The study further explored the predictive power of four factors—career decision self-efficacy, career locus of control, education-employment connection, and intent to return—on both intent to return and on actual return to the college. Results indicated that intent to return was significantly predictive of actual return among this community college population. Additionally, age and gender differences, along with differences in the various psychological factors had differential impacts on each other, as well as on intent to return and subsequent return. Implications are discussed.
Computer simulation of grain growth—V. Abnormal grain growth

Abstract Monte Carlo computer simulation techniques have been utilized to investigate abnormal grain growth in a two dimensional matrix. The growth of abnormally large grains is modelled under two conditions: 1. (a) where the driving force is provided solely by curvature and 2. (b) where the driving force is provided by the difference in the gas-metal surface energy between grains of different crystallographic orientation. For curvature driven growth three cases are considered: 1. (a) the growth of abnormally large grains in microstructures without grain growth restraints, 2. (b) the growth of abnormally large grains in microstructures with particle dispersions, and 3. (c) grain growth in a particle pinned microstructure in which a sudden decrease in the number of particles occurs. In all these cases, the initiation of abnormal grain growth/secondary recrystallization is not found to occur. In systems free from grain growth restraints the normal grain size distribution is very robust and strongly resistant to perturbations. For systems which contain particle dispersions strong pinning of the grain boundaries is always observed. However, when a preferred surface energy orientation is introduced, abnormal grain growth/secondary recrystallization does take place. The microstructural evolution observed during secondary recrystallization is in good correspondence with experiment. The area fraction of secondary grains exhibits sigmoidal behavior as a function of time, and is characterized by an Avrami exponent of 1.8 ± 0.3 when fit to a modified Avrami equation.
Ileal intussusception in 16 young Thoroughbreds

Summary The paper describes the outcome of 16 cases of short ileal-ileal intussusception in young Thoroughbred horses. The intussusception was often associated with chronic or intermittent low grade abdominal pain. At laparotomy, only the intussusception was reduced in one horse; in another, a myotomy of the thickened stenosed intussusception was carried out after reduction. In 11 cases an ileocaecal bypass anastomosis was performed proximal to the intussusception after its reduction. One horse was subjected to euthanasia during operation because of irreversible intestinal wall damage and another because of intestinal rupture. One foal had a cardiac arrest following reduction of the intussusception. One horse was subjected to euthanasia 4 months post-operatively because of intractable abdominal pain caused by intestinal adhesions. Although several horses suffered episodes of postoperative abdominal pain, and 2 were subjected to a second laparotomy, 12 horses made an eventual complete recovery.
Sex-linked inheritance of spatial ability.

Studies involving the inheritance of primary mental abilities in twins have generally shown that spatial ability appears to be the ability most influenced by hereditary factors (Thurstone, Thurston...
Manipulation of beta-glucuronidase for use as a reporter in vacuolar targeting studies.

It has been documented that when furnished with an endomembrane signal sequence for the endoplasmic reticulum, β-glucuronidase (GUS) is N-glycosylated, resulting in the nearly complete loss of enzymatic activity. To enable use of β-glucuronidase as a reporter protein in secretory and vacuolar targeting studies, one of the two putative N-linked glycosylation sites within the GUS gene was altered by site-directed mutagenesis. The second N-linked glycosylation site was not altered because sequence analysis of nucleotide sequences around the second putative glycosylation site revealed that the published sequence was incorrect, and that no such site existed.
Characterizing and differentiating task-based and resting state fMRI signals via two-stage sparse representations

A relatively underexplored question in fMRI is whether there are intrinsic differences in terms of signal composition patterns that can effectively characterize and differentiate task-based or resting state fMRI (tfMRI or rsfMRI) signals. In this paper, we propose a novel two-stage sparse representation framework to examine the fundamental difference between tfMRI and rsfMRI signals. Specifically, in the first stage, the whole-brain tfMRI or rsfMRI signals of each subject were composed into a big data matrix, which was then factorized into a subject-specific dictionary matrix and a weight coefficient matrix for sparse representation. In the second stage, all of the dictionary matrices from both tfMRI/rsfMRI data across multiple subjects were composed into another big data-matrix, which was further sparsely represented by a cross-subjects common dictionary and a weight matrix. This framework has been applied on the recently publicly released Human Connectome Project (HCP) fMRI data and experimental results revealed that there are distinctive and descriptive atoms in the cross-subjects common dictionary that can effectively characterize and differentiate tfMRI and rsfMRI signals, achieving 100% classification accuracy. Moreover, our methods and results can be meaningfully interpreted, e.g., the well-known default mode network (DMN) activities can be recovered from the very noisy and heterogeneous aggregated big-data of tfMRI and rsfMRI signals across all subjects in HCP Q1 release.
An intracristal component of Fucus sperm mitochondria.

The mitochondrial cristae of well-differentiated sperm of the brown alga, Fucus are characterized by tubulo-filamentous components which run the full length of the cristae and average 110 A in diameter. From one to seven of these filaments, loosely arranged, can be seen in cross sections of the tubular cristae. While these filaments exhibit independence from each other and from the intracristal membranes throughout most of the cristae lumina, some of the sections suggest that they may be somewhat associated with the inner faces of the proximal intracristal membranes. Structurally, the component is interpreted to be formed of intrinsic mitochondrial units as well as other depositions. In Fucus sperm the intracristal component appears at the end of the spermatogenetic process and characterizes one of the multiple transformations of male germ cell mitochondria.
Prospective assessment of Cleveland Global Quality of Life (CGQL) as a novel marker of quality of life and disease activity in Crohn's disease.

Prospective assessment of Cleveland Global Quality of Life (CGQL) as a novel marker of quality of life and disease activity in Crohn'S disease
Impedance spectroscopy and microstructural characterization of the corrosion behavior of FeCrAl alloy in lead-bismuth eutectic

Abstract The corrosion behavior of FeCrAl alloy in Lead–Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) saturated with oxygen at 550 °C was investigated. Impedance Spectroscopy (IS) measurement was made continuously on one specimen during the entire LBE exposure test to characterize the corrosion kinetics. Various microanalysis techniques, including SEM, EDS, XRD, AES, and XPS were used to analyze the corrosion products of post-exposure specimens. It was found that a very thin, adherent alumina oxide layer formed on the specimen surface and was able to protect the alloy from the corrosion attack in LBE. The thickness of the alumina surface layer increased very slowly with time reaching about 837 nm in average thickness after exposure for 3600-h in LBE. The IS measurements match the microanalysis results in three respects: first, a non-zero impedance measurement agrees with the existence of a continuous surface oxide layer; second, a general increase of the impedance was observed during the real-time IS measurement which means that the IS measurements reflect the growth rate of the oxide layer; and third, the oxide film thickness derived from the IS data compares favorably with the SEM film thickness measurements which establishes the validity of using IS to monitor the real-time corrosion kinetics of alloys in LBE.
Empirical Bayes estimation of θb in positive exponential families

Abstract Consider a positive exponential family having probability density f ( y | θ ) = u ( y ) β ( θ ) exp ( - y / θ ) , y > 0 , θ > 0 . With suitable values of b and c, the parameter c θ b may denote the mean, the variance or the hazard rate of the probability distribution. In this paper, we study the empirical Bayes estimation of the parameter θ b for any fixed real value b. Two empirical Bayes estimators ϕ ˜ n and ϕ n * are constructed according to the prior information about the parameter space Ω = ( 0 , ∞ ) or Ω = ( θ 1 , θ 2 ) , where 0 θ 1 θ 2 ∞ are known constants. The asymptotic optimality of the proposed empirical Bayes estimators is investigated. The rates of convergence of the associated regrets are established. It has been shown that under certain conditions, ϕ ˜ n is asymptotically optimal, having rates of convergence O ( ( ln n ) 2 ( λ s - 2 ) / λ s / n ( λ s - 2 ) / λ s ) or O ( ( ln 2 n ) ( 1 - b ) λ - 1 / 2 s / n ( λ s - 2 ) / 2 s ) , depending on b > 0 or b 0 where s > 2 and λ is positive number such that 2 / s λ 2 ( 1 - 1 / s ) ; and ϕ n * is asymptotically optimal, having rates of convergence O ( ln 2 n / n ) or O ( ( ln n ) 2 ( 1 - b ) + 1 / n ) , depending on b > 0 or b 0 .
Studies on cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase properties by blue dextran-sepharose chromatography.

Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase prepared from calf lung was studied for its binding properties with blue dextran-Sepharose affinity column chromatography. Blue dextran competitively inhibited [3H]cGMP binding to the enzyme. ATP + Mg++ did not prevent cGMP-kinase binding to blue dextran, nor did it facilitate the liberation of blue dextranbound enzyme. Substrate proteins such as histone and protamine dissociated the native enzyme into subunits. Considering all these results, cGMP-kinase seemed to conform with the “dissociation model” proposed for cAMP-kinase but with peculiarities of binding to blue dextran.
Opportunities for Consumer Research from the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Tobacco Products

The first purpose of this Policy Watch article is to discuss the Food and Drug Administration's regulatory authority over the manufacture, marketing, and distribution of tobacco products. In doing so, the authors describe the public health goals and priorities from the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Tobacco Products. Then, the authors present current consumer and marketing research in important areas of reducing the death and disability resulting from tobacco use, such as the impacts of health warnings, modified risk tobacco products, new tobacco products, and public education campaigns. Finally, the authors identify important research gaps and offer specific opportunities for consumer researchers to consider.
Artemisia scoparia enhances adipocyte development and endocrine function in vitro and enhances insulin action in vivo

Background Failure of adipocytes to expand during periods of energy excess can result in undesirable metabolic consequences such as ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance. Blinded screening studies have indicated that Artemisia scoparia (SCO) extracts can enhance adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation in cultured adipocytes. The present study tested the hypothesis that SCO treatment modulates fat cell development and function in vitro and insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue in vivo. Methods In vitro experiments utilized a Gal4-PPARγ ligand binding domain (LBD) fusion protein-luciferase reporter assay to examine PPARγ activation. To investigate the ability of SCO to modulate adipogenesis and mature fat cell function in 3T3-L1 cells, neutral lipid accumulation, gene expression, and protein secretion were measured by Oil Red O staining, qRT-PCR, and immunoblotting, respectively. For the in vivo experiments, diet-induced obese (DIO) C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD containing 1% w/w SCO for four weeks. Body weight and composition, food intake, and fasting glucose and insulin levels were measured. Phospho-activation and expression of insulin-sensitizing proteins in epididymal adipose tissue (eWAT) were measured by immunoblotting. Results Ethanolic extracts of A. scoparia significantly activated the PPARγ LBD and enhanced lipid accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. SCO increased the transcription of several PPARγ target genes in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells and rescued the negative effects of tumor necrosis factor α on production and secretion of adiponectin and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in fully differentiated fat cells. DIO mice treated with SCO had elevated adiponectin levels and increased phosphorylation of AMPKα in eWAT when compared to control mice. In SCO-treated mice, these changes were also associated with decreased fasting insulin and glucose levels. Conclusion SCO has metabolically beneficial effects on adipocytes in vitro and adipose tissue in vivo, highlighting its potential as a metabolically favorable botanical supplement.
Morphological Evolution of Strained Films by Cooperative Nucleation.

We identify a new mechanism of stress driven surface morphological evolution in strained semiconductor films. Surface roughness forms by a cooperative mechanism involving the sequential nucleation of islands and pits, which is distinct from the conventional view of ripple formation as an Asaro-Tiller-Grinfeld (ATG) instability. This mechanism is operative both during annealing and growth and competes with the ATG instability as a kinetic pathway to ripple formation.
Government partisanship in Western democracies, 1945–1998

In this article, we put forward a continuous measure of government partisanship, which allows meaningful comparisons across countries and across time, for 17 Western democracies for the period of 1945 through 1998. Our measure is predicated upon a manifesto-based measure of party ideology recently developed by Kim and Fording (1998), along with yearly cabinet post data. After discussing the validity of our measure, we repli- cate one of the most cited works in comparative political economy over the last ten years - Alvarez, Garrett and Lange's (1991) analysis of economic performance - by utilizing our own measure of government partisanship. We conclude that comparativists need to exercise greater caution in interpreting and evaluating the past findings of a large number of multi- variate studies in comparative politics.
Evolution of carbon structure in chemically activated wood

Abstract 13C NMR and FTIR analyses have been employed to follow the evolution of chemical structure in relation to porosity development, as a function of heat treatment temperature (HTT), for activated carbons produced from white oak by phosphoric acid activation. The chemical changes effected by acid treatment at low HTT are: by 50 °C there is significant alteration of the lignin structure; by 100 °C a significant portion of the cellulose has reacted, with the formation of ketones and esters; the formation of phosphate esters becomes apparent around 150 °C; crosslinking reactions are initiated below 150 °C, consistent with the higher carbon yield obtained in chemical activation; and generally there is an increase in aromaticity and loss of aliphatic, carboxyl, and carbonyl groups. The low temperature phenomena precede, and relate to, the development of porosity and structural dilation that commences around 250 °C, and attains a maximum between 350 and 450 °C. Up to 450 °C, pore volume is found to correlate with crosslink density. Above 450 °C, there is a dimensional contraction and a reduction in porosity. Among the accompanying phenomena are: the elimination of cellulose phosphates and oxygen functionalities; and a dramatic increase in the estimated aromatic cluster size. The latter would require a reduction in crosslink density to facilitate cluster growth, and the resulting structural rearrangement and increased alignment of clusters would produce a more densely packed structure with reduced porosity.
ELECTRIC- AND MAGNETIC-CHARGE RENORMALIZATION. II.

An important question in the field theory of electric and magnetic charge is the relative renormalization of the two kinds of charges. A general view of renormalization, as a scale change introduced in proceeding from the field to the particle level of description, indicates the universality of charge renormalization. This is confirmed by an explicit calculation of the long-range interaction of static charges.
The Accuracy of Frozen-Section Diagnosis in Metastatic Breast and Colorectal Carcinoma to the Adnexa☆☆☆

Abstract Objective. The objective of our study was to describe the accuracy of intraoperative frozen-section diagnosis of carcinoma metastatic to the adnexa in women with a history of breast or colorectal carcinoma. Methods. We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients with a history of breast or colorectal carcinoma who developed histologically proven pelvic or abdominal metastases between 1988 and 1995. In those patients whose final histologic review revealed carcinoma metastatic to the adnexa, the accuracy of the intraoperative frozen-section diagnosis of the adnexal tumor was compared to the final diagnosis. Results. Forty-three patients were identified and in 36 patients the frozen section was obtained from the adnexa. Twenty-one patients (58.3%) had metastatic breast carcinoma and 15 (41.7%) had metastatic colorectal carcinoma to the adnexa. Carcinoma in the adnexa was correctly diagnosed by frozen section in 35 of 36 patients (97.2%). Metastatic carcinoma was identified at frozen section in 17 of 21 patients (81%) with metastatic breast cancer and 13 of 15 patients (86.7%) with metastatic colorectal cancer. In 3 of 21 patients (14.3%) with metastatic breast cancer and in 2 of 15 patients (13.3%) with metastatic colorectal cancer, the frozen-section diagnosis was carcinoma of uncertain origin. One patient had a false-negative frozen section because the small focus of metastatic breast cancer was not sampled at the time of frozen section. Conclusion. Intraoperative frozen-section evaluation correctly diagnosed carcinoma in the adnexa in 97% of patients, and in over 80% of cases, the carcinoma was diagnosed as being metastatic in origin.
Facilitating Effects of Marginal Glosses on Foreign Language Reading

larly amenable channel for second language acquisition is well established (Krashen).1 Recently, arguments have been advanced supporting the reading of L2 literary texts as powerful sources of linguistic and cultural input (Kramsch; Goldenstein). In fact, the use of any authentic selection is apparently very appealing to foreign language students in the US (Swaffar). The understanding of such passages can be improved by the L2 reader's use of knowledge of text topic and structure (Hudson; Carrell). Many literary passages, however, contain so many low-frequency vocabulary items that the reader's background knowledge may be unavailable because of the undue attention required to decode individual word meanings. In this case, reading no longer provides a minimally stressful access to real language but becomes instead a "threeto four-hour ordeal, mainly because of the [non-native reader's] constant recourse to a dictionary" (Crow: p. 242). The importance of vocabulary is underscored by a study which found that, in certain contexts, just one unfamiliar word can render a sentence or even a whole passage incomprehensible (Wittrock, Marks & Doctorow). One traditional means of bridging the gap between the L2 text and the L2 reader's limited cultural
Medical management of early pregnancy failure in a patient with coronary artery disease.

Objective To describe a case of early pregnancy failure in a patient who was not an optimal candidate for suction aspiration because of her body habitus and history of a myocardial infarction that was treated medically with misoprostol. Design Case report. Setting Academic tertiary-care hospital. Patient A 43-year-old woman with morbid obesity, coronary artery disease, previous myocardial infarction, obstructive sleep apnea, and other medical problems who presented with an early pregnancy failure. Intervention Medical management with 800 μg of vaginal misoprostol in an inpatient setting with cardiac monitoring. Main Outcome Measure(s) Ultrasonographic resolution of intrauterine pregnancy, vaginal bleeding, and cardiac events. Result(s) No gestational sac was visualized by ultrasound on the second hospital day, the patient's hemoglobin value at discharge was 12.1 mg/dL, and no adverse cardiac events occurred. Conclusion(s) Medical management with misoprostol on an inpatient basis is a possible alternative to dilation and curettage in patients with complex medical problems and early pregnancy failure.
Investigating the coastal benthic boundary layer

Recent geopolitical changes have shifted the emphasis of U.S. naval operations from deep ocean to nearshore coastal regions. In response to this shift, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) established a special 5-year research program to study the impact of the environment on mine countermeasure (MCM) systems. ONR's Coastal Benthic Boundary Layer Special Research Program (CBBLSRP) studies physical characterization and modeling of benthic boundary layer processes (Figure 1) and the impact these processes have on seafloor properties that affect shallow-water naval operations.
Aspirations of low-income Mexican American and European American parents for their children and adolescents

This chapter describes the nature of Mexican American and European American parents' aspirations for their children's futures and the links between family resources and community resources.
From Egypt to Wisconsin: tactical innovation with digital media

In 2011, Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker introduced a budget repair bill that removed the rights of public sector unions to collectively bargain and inspired mass protests at the Wisconsin State Capitol and beyond. This article provides a first-hand account of these struggles from the perspective of online activists who designed DefendWisconsin.org, a digital organizing tool used widely during the protests. Although only one of several such sites, DefendWisconsin.org was essential for organizing graduate students in the Teaching Assistants' Association, a union that played a critical role in grassroots mobilizations. Squire and Gaydos detail the context for DefendWisconsin's design, launching, and evolution, with particular emphasis on its role in the broader ecology of online communities, activists, and resources. They situate this effort in a framework of nonviolent resistance and the broader peace movement highlighted by Ivan Marovic, a Serbian organizer who visited Madison during the protests. Squire ...
Placing Theory into Practice: An Exploration of Library Services to Distance Learners at Jacksonville State University

Distance education or e-Learning, a non-traditional education model making use of information technology, has developed rapidly in the 21st century. Pedagogical tools such as online courses and videoconferencing initiatives have been widely used to deliver education to students at any time, and in any geographical location. The advantage of flexibility in scheduling provided by distance education courses allows universities and colleges to draw from a pool of students from all areas of society. Thus post secondary education is made available to individuals for whom distance as well as economics may have made impossible in the past. This article will explore the services that the Houston Cole Library (HCL) at Jacksonville State University (JSU) provides to distance education students and faculty in support of their learning, teaching, and research needs, as well as the challenges it faced in improving these services.
Calculations of crystal-structure stabilities of Ce under pressure.

The total energies of the observed crystal structures of Ce [face-centered cubic (fcc), orthorhombic, and body-centered tetragonal (bct)] under pressure have been calculated, using the local-density approximation. The linear-muffin-tin-orbital calculations were full potential, all electron, and fully relativistic. The experimental data for the different crystallographic transitions are well reproduced by the calculations and we have extracted two terms that are mainly responsible for the \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\alpha}' transition: a one-electron term and a Madelung term. The \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\alpha}' transition is driven by the increasing importance of the 4f contribution with decreasing volume. This finding is also supported by a calculation without the 4f contribution to the cohesion which yields the \ensuremath{\alpha}' phase unstable. The \ensuremath{\alpha}'\ensuremath{\rightarrow}bct transition is found to be somewhat more complex in nature since it is quite heavily influenced also by the 5d electrons. The calculated ground state is (correctly) found to be fcc and the equilibrium volume as well as the bulk modulus are in good agreement with experiment. The present ab initio calculation of a crystallographic phase diagram of an f electron system suggests delocalized 4f electrons exist in the high-pressure phases, including the \ensuremath{\alpha} phase, of Ce.
Molecular and crystal structure of [Et4N][Cl].2[Fe2(CO)6Te2]

Abstract [Et4N]2[Fe2(CO)8] reacts with TeCl4 to yield Fe2(CO)6Te2. The product crystallizes in the space group Pca21 (no. 29) with two tetrahedral cluster molecules co-crystallized with one molecule of [Et4N]Cl per asymmetric unit. The presence of the chloride stabilizes the lattice and helps to create an intricate packing array through a variety of intermolecular contacts.
Urologic manifestations of nonurologic disease urolithiasis.

Since the time of Hippocrates, who counseled to ‘‘not cut persons laboring under the stone, but … leave this to be done by men who are practitioners of this work,’’ physicians have cared for patients with urinary calculi. Urolithiasis is a common disorder, with a prevalence estimated at 2 to 3% of the general population in the United States [1]. Most urinary calculi form as a result of a constellation of events, the most obvious being supersaturation of urine with one or more crystalline components. This is typically not linked to other maladies. There are situations, however, in which nonurologic disease processes can promote the formation of urinary calculi. This article reviews nonurologic diseases that may induce nephrolithiasis.
The NHX family of Na+-H+ exchangers in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Abstract Na+-H+ exchangers prevent cellular acidification by catalyzing the electroneutral exchange of extracellular sodium for an intracellular proton. To date, seven Na+-H+ exchangers have been identified in mammals, and although several members of this family have been extensively studied and characterized, it is clear that there are major gaps in our understanding with respect to the remaining family members. To initiate the study of Na+-H+ exchangers in a genomically defined and genetically tractable model system, we have cloned the complete cDNAs and analyzed splice site variation for nine putative homologs from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which we have called NHX-1 through -9. The expression patterns and cellular distributions of the NHX proteins were determined using transcriptional and translational promoter-transgene fusion constructs to green fluorescent protein. Four of the putative exchangers were expressed at the cell surface, whereas five of the exchangers were associated with the membranes of intracellular organelles. Individual isoforms were expressed exclusively in the intestine, seam cells, hypodermal cells of the main body syncytium, and the excretory cell, all of which are polarized epithelial cells, suggesting a role for these proteins in epithelial membrane transport processes in the nematode. Other isoforms were found to express either ubiquitously or in a pan-neural pattern, suggesting a more conserved role in cell pH regulation or neuronal function. Finally, we show that recombinant NHX-4, the ubiquitous nematode Na+-H+ exchanger, mediates Na+-dependent pH recovery after intracellular acidification. NHX-4 has a K a for Na+of ∼32 mm, is not Cl−-dependent, and is relatively insensitive to the amiloride analog EIPA.
Endangered bliss: Reflections on joy and religion

This essay begins with the observation that experiences of intense joy are increasingly absent from the religious lives of many Americans. Examination of the linguistic history of the words “bliss” and “bless” suggests the origins and implications of this loss of joy. A case is made that bliss is crucial to vital Christian life, so long as it occurs in the context of disciplined behavior productive of moral and aesthetic value.
Alternative architectures for IMM tracking of maneuvering aircraft

This paper presents the results of a study of tracking algorithms for maneuvering targets. The design focuses on alternative algorithms to track two-dimensional targets during maneuvers. The algorithms explored include a standard Kalman algorithm, an extended Kalman algorithm in which the target turn rate is an additional state variable, an interactive multiple model (IMM) algorithm consisting of two models with varying plant noise, a three-model IMM specifying three distinct target turn rates, and a constant gain alpha-beta filter. The IMM trackers tended to work the best in this study, with the three-model IMM performing best overall.
Cloning, sequencing and deletion from the chromosome of the gene encoding subunit I of the aa3‐type cytochrome c oxidase of Rhodobacter sphaeroides

Summary The ctaD gene encoding subunit I of the aa3-type cytochrome c oxidase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides has been cloned. The gene encodes a polypeptide of 565 residues which is highly homologous to the sequences of subunit I from other prokaryotic and eukaryotic sources, e.g. 51% identity with that from bovine, and 75% identity with that from Paracoccus denitrificans. The ctaD gene was deleted from the chromosome of R. sphaeroides, resulting in a strain that spectroscopically lacks cytochrome a. This strain maintains about 50% of the cytochrome c oxidase activity of the wild-type strain owing to the presence of an alternate o-type cytochrome c oxidase. The aa3-type oxidase was restored by complementing the chromosomal deletion with a plasmid-borne copy of the CtaD gene. This system is well suited for site-directed mutagenesis probing of the structure and function of cytochrome c oxidase.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema more prevalent in transplant patients.

Background Angioedema in association with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) use is rare, but serious. Which patients are predisposed to the reaction and whether it involves an immune mechanism remain unclear. Objectives To determine the frequency of ACEI angioedema in immunosuppressed cardiac and renal transplant patients. Methods This was a retrospective chart review of all adult cardiac (n = 156) and renal (n = 341) transplant patients followed at our hospital (years 1985 to 1995). Results Of 105 cardiac and 91 renal transplant patients on a combination of immunosuppressive and ACEI therapy, 5 (4.8%) cardiac and 1 (1%) renal patients developed angioedema. This prevalence of ACEI angioedema among cardiac and renal transplant patients is 24 times and 5 times higher, respectively, than that observed in the general population (0.1% to 0.2%). Reactions often appeared after prolonged ACEI use (average 19 months; range 3 days to 6.3 years). African-Americans were significantly more likely to experience ACEI-associated angioedema ( P = .034), especially among the cardiac patients where 4 of 5 reactors were African-American. Conclusions For unclear reasons, ACEI-induced angioedema (often late-onset) is more prevalent among immunosuppressed cardiac and renal transplant patients. Additionally, African-Americans are over-represented among those developing the reaction.
Effects of music therapy on perception of stress, relaxation, mood, and side effects in patients on a solid organ transplant unit: A randomized effectiveness study

Abstract Solid organ transplant donors and recipients typically present with a variety of potential stressors at both pre- and posttransplant, which may lead to symptoms such as psychological distress and depression. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of single-session music therapy on stress, relaxation, mood, and perception of side effects in hospitalized solid organ transplant donors and recipients. Participants ( N = 38) were randomly assigned to experimental or wait-list control conditions in a pre–posttest single-session design. As sense of control has been associated with positive health outcomes in solid organ transplant patients, participants were offered the choice of receiving either patient-preferred live music or a brief harmonica lesson followed by a blues performance session with guitar accompaniment. Though there were no between-group pretest differences, there were significant between-group posttest differences in relaxation, stress, and mood, with experimental participants having more favorable scores than control participants. Thirty seven participants selected patient-preferred live music while one patient selected the brief harmonica lesson. From the results of this randomized controlled study, it seems that music therapy can be an effective psychosocial intervention concerning relaxation, stress, and mood for solid organ transplant patients. Additionally, most participants selected receptive music therapy in the form of patient-preferred live music rather active music therapy in the form of a brief harmonica lesson. Results are congruent with existing literature. Limitations of the study, suggestions for future research, and implications for clinical practice are provided.
Applying GIS Methods to Public Health Research at Harvard University

The Center for Geographic Analysis (CGA) at Harvard University supports research and teaching that relies on geographic information. This includes supporting geographic analysis for public health research at Harvard. This article reviews geographic concepts that apply to public health, pertinent data available in geographic format, and GIS analytical techniques. The work-flow methodology the CGA has developed for conducting research with geographic data will be presented, highlighting successful practices to follow and pitfalls to avoid. Applications of this work flow are illustrated through an in-depth discussion of specific case studies in public health research at the university.
Effect of oxidizing and coal-slag environments upon the time-dependent strength behaviour of a sintered SiC

The time-dependent variations in the high-temperature mechanical properties of a sintered SiC were investigated. The strength of C-ring specimens was determined as a function of temperature and applied stress in oxidizing atmospheres, and the results indicated that both crackblunting and crack-growth processes were operative when modest stress levels were applied. These results were consistent with the concept of a stress-intensity threshold. In the slag environment, localized reactions between the slag and SiC led to the formation of large surface pits which promoted a time-dependent drop in strength.
Facebook and texting made me do it: Media-induced task-switching while studying

Electronic communication is emotionally gratifying, but how do such technological distractions impact academic learning? The current study observed 263 middle school, high school and university students studying for 15min in their homes. Observers noted technologies present and computer windows open in the learning environment prior to studying plus a minute-by-minute assessment of on-task behavior, off-task technology use and open computer windows during studying. A questionnaire assessed study strategies, task-switching preference, technology attitudes, media usage, monthly texting and phone calling, social networking use and grade point average (GPA). Participants averaged less than six minutes on task prior to switching most often due to technological distractions including social media, texting and preference for task-switching. Having a positive attitude toward technology did not affect being on-task during studying. However, those who preferred to task-switch had more distracting technologies available and were more likely to be off-task than others. Also, those who accessed Facebook had lower GPAs than those who avoided it. Finally, students with relatively high use of study strategies were more likely to stay on-task than other students. The educational implications include allowing students short ''technology breaks'' to reduce distractions and teaching students metacognitive strategies regarding when interruptions negatively impact learning.
Fueling power plants with high sulfur coal in compliance with emission standards

Abstract We compare the economics of the two most advanced strategies for meeting current SO 2 emission standards in power plants fueled with high sulfur coal. One strategy calls for converting high sulfur coals to clean synfuels before combustion. The other involves direct coal burning, followed by fuel gas desulfurization (FGD). Our results show that the FGD route is preferable. Advantages of FGD over the coal conversion route are the following. The total capital and operating costs for FGD are almost an order of magnitude lower, thermal efficiencies are higher, and utility requirements are lower. The FGD systems have been in operation since 1968 and, after initial problems, have been operated reliably and at availability acceptable to the utility industry. About 80% of existing power plants, according to one survey, can be retrofitted with FGD. Even with possible breakthroughs in coal-conversion technologies, it appears that FGD will remain the economically preferred route to desulfurization.
Effect of hydrogen and magnetic field on the mechanical behavior of magnetostrictive iron-gallium alloy single crystal

Abstract Magnetostrictive Fe–Ga and other iron alloys are candidates for use in sensing, actuation and large-scale energy harvesting applications. Exposure to aqueous electrochemical environments is anticipated in some of these applications which could potentially introduce hydrogen into the alloy and cause severe ductility reduction due to the hydrogen embrittlement effect. In this work, the effect of hydrogen and magnetic field on the fracture behaviors of [100] oriented Fe–17.5 at% Ga alloy single crystals are examined. Three-point bend test was used to measure the fracture stress. Hydrogen embrittlement was characterized by a change in fracture surface from a ductile fracture mode to a brittle cleavage type fracture. The cleavage fracture occurred along the (001) plane. Critical stress for the initiation of fracture was measured under different conditions and an upper bound for cleavage stress in these alloys is obtained. Applied magnetic field was seen to affect the fracture stress and strain of hydrogen charged sample. Acoustic emission signals collected during the test appear to be consistent with the fracture behavior.
Gallium nitride single-mode nanowire lasers

We obtained single-mode lasing in GaN nanowires by using a limited number of cavity modes and a narrow gain spectra. The fabrication was achieved by a top-down technique in high quality GaN films.
Mycobacterium kansasii osteomyelitis presenting as a solitary lytic lesion of the ulna: fine-needle aspiration findings and morphologic comparison with other mycobacteria.

A 35-yr-old woman, with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, presented with right arm pain, erythema, and swelling. A lytic lesion of the ulna was found by radiograph. Ultrasonic and fluoroscopic guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) yielded a neutrophilic and histiocytic exudate admixed with abundant long, bacillary forms that appeared as negative images on Papanicolaou stain and as very coarsely beaded acid-fast bacilli, resembling candy canes, on Kinyoun stain. These morphologic features permitted a preliminary diagnosis of mycobacteriosis, possibly of M. kansasii (MK) etiology. Appropriate therapy was initiated and resulted in not only marked symptomatic improvement of osteomyelitis and cellulitis, but resolution of chronic pulmonary infiltrates, presumed to be caused by fibrosis. Culture confirmed MK infection 3 wk after FNA. MK is one of the few mycobacteria that has a sufficiently characteristic morphology to permit presumptive diagnosis by smear. Culture, however, still remains the definitive method of speciation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1998;19:94–97. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Holographic first-arriving-light signal-to-noise ratio enhancement by differential holography

The signal-to-nose ratio of holographic first-arriving-light imaging is enhanced by differencing two sequential short coherence holograms with decorrelated fringe patterns. Imaging through 1.3 cm of chicken meat is demonstrated.
Effective conflict management: use of the behavioral style model

A primary key to successful organizational leadership is effective conflict management. This article addresses the use of the behavioral style paradigm as a tool to manage conflict effectively for the benefit of the individuals and the organization involved. An actual case is used, involving a conflict between a president and vice president for finance. The concept of behavioral style, with its various interactive dimensions and four basic styles, is introduced and analyzed. The strengths, weaknesses, and communication orientations of each of the four styles are also analyzed and applied to the case situation. Finally, the importance of understanding the primary backup styles of individuals and the key role of Style Flex in conflict management are thoroughly discussed and analyzed.