cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlates of Functional Impairment in Treatment-Seeking Survivors of Mass Terrorism

This study sought to identify variables associated with functional impairment in persons exposed to terrorism. A sample of adults who sought treatment for psychological distress related to the 2001 World Trade Center attack completed standardized self-report measures of PTSD symptoms, expectancies of ability to regulate negative moods, interpersonal problems, and social-occupational impairment. A multiple regression analysis found that PTSD numbing symptoms, beliefs about the ability to regulate negative moods, feelings of social discomfort and expectations of being disliked, income level, and relationship status significantly predicted 58% of the variance in social-occupational impairment. The results suggest that treatments targeting PTSD numbing symptoms as well as maladaptive expectations about social interactions and one's ability to manage negative affect may have utility for persons adversely affected by mass violence.
When does perceived lightness depend on perceived spatial arrangement

Experiments have recently been reported in which a decisive change in perceived lightness was produced by a change in perceived spatial position, with no important change in the retinal image. A number of previous studies had found little or no such effect. Experiments of the kind that produced these effects and of the kind that do not produce these effects are presented here. The main differences between these two kinds of experiments are discussed. One difference is whether the display allows the target to be part of one ratio in one spatial position but another in the other spatial position. Another difference concerns the range of luminances within the display. Also discussed are the implications of these findings for cognitive vs. S-R theories, the order of processing depth and lightness, laboratory data vs. experience, the role of lateral inhibi­ tion in lightness perception, and theories of lightness perception in general. The percentage of light a surface reflects is called the reflectance (or albedo) of the surface. The phe­ nomenal counterpart of reflectance is called light­ ness. The simplest and most obvious determinant of lightness would seem to be the absolute amount of light (luminance) reflected by a surface, as measured by the eye. This account immediately fails because the amount (as opposed to percentage) of light a surface reflects is determined as much by the amount of light striking the surface as by the reflectance of the surface. The remarkable fact is that we perceive surface reflectance with rough accuracy despite wide variations in illumination. These facts produce what has been called the constancy question, that is, how the apparent lightness of surfaces remains so con­ stant when variations in the amount of illumination create great variations in the absolute amount of light that these surfaces reflect. An additional question, made relevant by theoretical differences, concerns what role, if any, processes of depth perception play in lightness constancy. Consider how the major theo­ ries of lightness perception answer these questions. For many years, the conventional explanation of lightness constancy was that of Helmholtz (1867/1962), who maintained that the level of illumination is un­ consciously taken into account in evaluating the in­ tensity of the reflected light. Such a theory makes intuitive sense since we do seem to be aware of dif­ ferent levels of illumination, both over time and within
COMBINATION CISPLATIN, 5-FLUOROURACIL AND RADIATION THERAPY FOR LOCALLY ADVANCED UNRESECTABLE OR MEDICALLY UNFIT BLADDER CANCER CASES: A SOUTHWEST ONCOLOGY GROUP STUDY

Purpose: Patients with locally advanced bladder cancer or who are not medically fit for surgery are a therapeutic dilemma. Radiotherapy with or without single agent cisplatin has been the major therapeutic modality. A phase II Southwest Oncology Group trial investigated the efficacy and feasibility of 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin and radiation in this patient subset.Materials and Methods: Eligible patients had muscle invasive bladder cancer (clinical stages T2-T4) with nodal involvement at or below the level of bifurcation of the iliac vessels, were medically or surgically inoperable, or refused cystectomy. Patients underwent pretreatment cystoscopy and detailed tumor mapping, and were treated with 75 mg./m.2 cisplatin on day 1 and 1 gm./m.2 daily, 5-fluorouracil on days 1 to 4 and definitive radiotherapy. Chemotherapy was repeated every 28 days, twice during and twice after radiation.Results: From October 1993 to April 1998, 60 patients were enrolled in study. Of the 56 eligible patients 34% had unresectabl...
Shape Matching Of Two-Dimensional Occluded Objects

Recognition of partially occluded object is a desirable function in a computer vision system, especially one employed in an industrial automation environment. In this controlled environment, the objects to be recognized can be constrained to a relatively flat region (plane of image), and thus be easily modelled by polygons. This paper studies issues in such a computer vision system and presents algorithms for the various processes involved in occluded polygon matching and recognition. The recognition process is carried out by model matching. The scene may contain unknown model objects which may overlap or touch each other, giving rise to partial occlusion. Both the model and the scene objects are represented by their polygon approximations. Features used for matching are extracted from line segments connecting all possible pairs of vertices in the polygon. They are: vertex types at two ends of line segment, angles of these vertices, line type, and line length. A polygon clipping algorithm based on geometrical properties is used to determine the types of line segments. We also develop a context-free grammar for recognizing line types. To speed up the recognition process, only priority features are used in the initial matching. The priority features are identified after some analysis of the geometrical properties of polygons with occlusion. A consistency check also reduces the pool of candidates for matching. The matching algorithm superposes the model object on the scene along line segments in sequence and checks the dissimilarity between the region enclosed by the scene polygon and the region enclosed by the model polygon appearing in the scene. A dissimilarity measure based on the phenomenon of light illumination and the theory of fuzzy subset has been designed to measure the edge consistency between the scene and candidate model to select the best possible fit.
Prehospital trauma research methodology.

(2002). Prehospital Trauma Research Methodology. Prehospital Emergency Care: Vol. 6, No. sup2, pp. S68-S74.
Communities, Kings and Chronicles The Kulagranthas of Bengal

This article studies a corpus of genealogical materials from Bengal called kulajis or kulagranthas, which had served important political and cultural functions for several centuries. The main focus...
Antibody association with a novel model for primary progressive multiple sclerosis: induction of relapsing-remitting and progressive forms of EAE in H2s mouse strains.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) can be divided into 4 clinical forms: relapsing-remitting (RR), primary progressive (PP), secondary progressive (SP), and progressive relapsing (PR). Since PP-MS is notably different from the other forms of MS, both clinically and pathologically, the question arises whether PP-MS is immunologically similar to the other forms. The pathogenesis of the PP-MS remains unclear, partly due to a lack of highly relevant animal models. Using an encephalitogenic peptide from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)92-106, we have established animal models that mimic different forms of MS in 2 strains of H-2s mice, SJL/J and A.SW. We induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) using MOG92-106 in the presence or absence of supplemental Bordetella pertussis (BP). Although, SJL/J mice developed RR-EAE whether BP was given or not, A.SW mice developed PP-EAE without BP and SP-EAE with BP. Histologically, SJL/J mice developed mild demyelinating disease with T cell infiltration, while A.SW mice developed large areas of plaque-like demyelination with immunoglobulin deposition and neutrophil infiltration, but with minimal T cell infiltration. In A.SW mice without BP, high titer serum anti-MOG antibody was detected and the anti-MOG IgG2a/IgG1 ratio correlated with survival times of mice. We hypothesized that, in A.SW mice, a Th2 response favors production of myelinotoxic antibodies, leading to progressive forms with early death. Our new models indicate that a single encephalitogen could induce either RR-, PP-, or SP- forms of demyelinating disease in hosts with immunologically different humoral immune responses.
Footload influences wildlife use of compacted trails in the snow

Animals moving across snow surfaces sink to varying depths, increasing the energetic cost of travel. For ease of movement, animals may follow compacted trails created by sports such as snowmobiling and snowshoeing. We tested the assumption that animals less-adapted to snow travel (i.e. animals with a high footload (body mass/foot surface area)) are more likely to use compacted trails and follow them for greater distances than animals well-adapted to moving on snow. We sampled animal movements on compacted and non-compacted transects in northwestern Wyoming and southeastern Idaho, USA, during two winters. Consistent with our prediction, footload positively influenced the probability of animals following compacted transects, and positively influenced their following distance, although the latter relationship was weaker. Additionally, we found that different snow sports cause similar increases in snow density. We suggest that future researchers experimentally test whether the use of compacted trails by anima...
Status of the DARHT 2nd Axis at Los Alamos National Laboratory

The Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility (DARHT) was constructed at Los Alamos National Laboratory as a radiographic facility to provide two-axis multi-time radiography to support the US Stockpile Stewardship Program. The DARHT 1st Axis has been operational since 1999 and has been providing excellent radiographs. The DARHT 2nd Axis construction project was completed in early 2003. However, during the subsequent commissioning efforts to bring it to the full specifications of 18 MeV, 2 kA and 2 micro-second pulse length, high voltage breakdown was observed in several of the 78 induction accelerator cells. In January 2004, the DARHT 2nd Axis Refurbishment and Commissioning Project was launched. It is a Los Alamos National Laboratory effort in collaboration with the Lawrence Livermore and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. Its purpose is to first address the HV breakdown problems with the 2nd Axis accelerator cells. A redesign of the cell is currently undergoing acceptance testing and will be discussed in companion papers presented at this conference. After the cells are refurbished and reinstalled, commissioning of the injector, accelerator and downstream transport will commence. Work is also continuing on beam transport and conversion target physics to reduce overall risk and ensure that the DARHT 2nd Axis can achieve its original design goal. The DARHT 2nd Axis is scheduled for completion in early 2008, at which point the DARHT facility will be ready to support two-axis, multi-pulse radiography in support of the Stockpile Stewardship Program. In this paper, we present the overall project status, commissioning strategy and schedule.
Improving growth outcomes of VLBW infants: How to start?

In 1977, the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition first stated that the goal of nutritional management of VLBW infants should be to permit the rate of extrauterine growth and the composition of weight gain to approximate that of a normal fetus of the same postmenstrual age, if the infant had remained in utero(1). However, it has become clear that such a goal is more often not reached, especially by ELBW infants(2). The paper by Saluja and colleagues published in this issue of Indian Pediatrics(3) is the first report to confirm that observation on the Indian subcontinent. Although not an unsurprising finding, this report enumerates several issues that should be considered by investigators studying growth of VLBW infants.
Magnetic properties of amorphous rare earth-transition metal alloys for erasable optical storage

A mean-field modelfor amorphous rare earth-transition metal (RE-TM) alloys is developed and compared with available experimental data on GdCo-, GdFe-and TbFe- based alloys. The model assumes the existence of two iron subnetworks, one with ferromagnetic and the other with antiferromagnetic exchange coupling. The fraction of iron ions in each subnetwork and the magnetic moment of the TM ion are the only adjustable parameters of the model. Good agreement is obtained in all cases between the model calculations and the experimental data. Preliminary measurements of the magneto-optic Kerr effect on TbFe samples are also reported and the results are compared with the mean-field model predictions. A phenomenological model for the anisotropy energy density constant (Ku) is proposed and the results are tied to the mean-field model for calculations of domain wall properties. Finally, the magnetization reversal process and the nature of coercivity in thin films of TbFe are investigated, and the nucleation, growth, and stability of domains are discussed in terms of simple phenomenological models.
Exposure of miners to diesel exhaust particulates in underground nonmetal mines.

A study was initiated to examine worker exposures in seven underground nonmetal mines and to examine the precision of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 5040 sampling and analytical method for diesel exhaust that has recently been adopted for compliance monitoring by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). Approximately 1000 air samples using cyclones were taken on workers and in areas throughout the mines. Results indicated that worker exposures were consistently above the MSHA final limit of 160 µg/m3 (time-weighted average; TWA) for total carbon as determined by the NIOSH 5040 method and greater than the proposed American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLV® limit of 20 µg/m3 (TWA) for elemental carbon. A number of difficulties were documented when sampling for diesel exhaust using organic carbon: high and variable blank values from filters, a high variability (±20%) from duplicate punches from the same sampling filter, a consistent positive int...
Patients with upright reflux have less favorable postoperative outcomes after laparoscopic antireflux surgery than those with supine reflux.

The aim of this study was to compare symptomatic outcomes after laparoscopic antireflux surgery in patients with upright vs. supine reflux. A prospective database was used to assess postoperative clinical outcomes in relation to positional patterns of reflux in 117 patients. Supine reflux was present in 31%, upright in 24%, and the remaining 44% had bipositional reflux. Preoperatively there were no differences in the frequency of typical or atypical symptoms between groups. At a mean follow-up of 18_11 months postoperatively, there were marked differences in symptoms between groups. Patients with upright reflux noted significantly more heartburn, chest pain, odynophagia, and bloating postoperatively when compared to patients with supine and bipositional reflux (P<0.05). According to visual analog scales, patients with upright reflux expressed less satisfaction with operative results, ascribing more symptoms to the esophagus and stomach, when compared to those with supine reflux (P<0.05). Although all patients reported improvement, the extent of the relief from preoperative symptoms was less in patients with upright reflux (P<0.05). When asked if, in retrospect, they favored operative therapy, the patients with upright reflux were less enthusiastic (P<0.05). Although antireflux surgery eliminates reflux in nearly all patients, postoperative symptomatic outcome is related to the preoperative pattern of reflux. Although all patients showed symptomatic improvement, the extent of that improvement was significantly less in patients with upright reflux. These patients should be carefully counseled preoperatively regarding expected symptomatic outcomes.
Corrigendum to: “Positive parenting of children with developmental disabilities: A meta-analysis” [Res. Dev. Disabil. 33 (6) (2012) 2213–2220]

Tina Taylor Dyches *, Timothy B. Smith , Byran B. Korth , Susanne Olsen Roper , Barbara Mandleco e,4 Department of Counseling Psychology and Special Education, 340-F McKay Building, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA Department of Counseling Psychology and Special Education, 340-N McKay Building, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA Department of Teacher Education, 206-H McKay Building, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA d School of Family Life, 2089 Joseph F. Smith Building, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA College of Nursing, Brigham Young University, 474 SWKT, Provo, UT 84602, USA
Growth and Optical Characterization of ZnMnTe Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

We have successfully grown ZnMnTe alloys by molecular beam epitaxy using GaAs as a substrate. Bulk MnTe has the wurtzite crystal structure but the structural phase of the material was confirmed to be zinc-blende by standard [theta]-2[theta] x-ray diffraction techniques. The composition was also determined using x-ray diffraction techniques. Manganese concentration was also estimated from magnetization measurements taken as a function of temperature. Magnetoluminescence studies were performed at 1.4K on the acceptor-bound exciton in the semimagnetic semiconductor ZnMnTe alloys. As expected, the photoluminescence peak energy decreased with increasing magnetic field.
Rings are not microtubule assembly intermediates: An analysis of the lag phase in GTP-dependent self-assembly of bovine brain tubulin

Summary The assembly of whole microtubule protein, derived from bovine brain extracts by multiple cycles of temperature-induced assembly and disassembly, exhibits a lag phase in which there is a characteristic, transient drop in the turbidity. This drop is inconsistent with the direct participation of ring-like structures in microtubule assembly, and warming microtubule protein in the presence of GDP unmasks the kinetics of this dissociation phenomenon. These and other data suggest that rings are enthalpy-stabilized and are unlikely intermediates in the entropy-driven self-assembly of microtubules.
Clinical Appraisal of Creatinine Clearance as a Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate

The plasma creatinine and the endogenous creatinine clearances are two of the most commonly used tests in clinical medicine to assess glomerular filtration rate. However, the contribution that tubular secretion of creatinine has on the total endogenous creatinine clearance (Ccr) is not generally known, nor are the effects renal insufficiency has on the tubular secretion of creatinine. To assess the above, 123 human subjects, with a wide range of renal function, underwent simultaneous Ccr and inulin clearances (Cin). The results indicate that: (1) Ccr approximates Cin only when Cin is normal; (2) a normal plasma creatinine or Ccr is not measurable evidence of a normal Cin; and (3) with progressive decline in Cin, there is progressive increase in the tubular secretion of creatinine, leading to a progressive disparity between Ccr and Cin.
Physical distance and sex in moderated groups: Neglected factors in small group interaction.

An experiment examined the effects of sex of subjects, sex of moderator, and seating distance between members of a small group on moods, evaluations, attraction, and attitude expression. Groups of three subjects and a moderator discussed a socially relevant issue and then made several ratings. During the discussion, group members sat either very close to each other or "very far apart, q?he expectation that males would react unfavorably while females would react favorably to close seating was not obtained. Instead, sex of moderator interacted strongly with distance. Regardless of sex, groups were more positive close to a female moderator and far from a male moderator. Attitudes showed the same interaction. Interpretations were that (1) the ranking person helps define the spacing norms for a group, and (2) there are sex differences in “personal space.”
Adaptive redirected walking in a virtual world

Redirected walking enables the physical exploration of large virtual environments within the confines of more limited physical spaces. In this paper, we present a novel method for adaptively determining an appropriate mapping from a linear path in a larger virtual environment into a curved path in a smaller tracked space that simultaneously integrates the use of both rotational and translational offsets. We evaluate the method using a software simulator that redirects a user walking on random paths between 16 randomly selected target locations in a virtual environment that is twice as wide as the available tracked space. We find that our controller has a 77% success rate using an average rotational offset of 0.5 degrees per step and an average translational gain of 1.5.
New Insights into Breast Cancer Genetics and Impact on Patient Management

The combined observation that 20–30% of all patients with breast cancer have a family history of the disease and the results from twin studies showing that 25% of breast cancer cases are heritable, indicate that this malignancy is one of the most commonly inherited cancers. Discovery of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes more than a decade ago has had a tremendous impact on patient care allowing for early detection and prevention of breast cancer. However, deleterious mutations within the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes cause at most 3–8% of all breast cancer cases. New data indicate that genomic rearrangements within the same genes may occasionally identify additional carriers of nonfunctional BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Such genomic rearrangements are missed by conventional sequencing. The remainder of the unexplained familial risk is presumably due to other yet unidentified high penetrance genes, but polygenic mechanisms and high frequency low penetrance tumor susceptibility genes are likely to account for a greater proportion of familial breast cancers. In this regard, there is growing evidence that a common variant of the type I TGF-s receptor, TGFBR1*6A, may account for approximately 5% of all breast cancer cases, a fraction similar to that attributable to BRCA1 and BRCA2. Such genes may also modify the penetrance of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. In the next decade, screening for combinations of high and low penetrance genes will likely permit the identification of a large fraction of inherited breast cancer cases and will further reduce the burden of familial breast cancer.
Undocumented Central Americans in Houston: Diverse Populations

Fleeing political conflict and/or economic decline, large numbers of undocumented Central Americans have been coming to the United States since the late 1970s. Many of these migrants have settled i...
Bone: serotonin, leptin and the central control of bone remodeling.

Researchers have identified a new molecular pathway for the regulation of bone and energy metabolism that challenges the conventional view of the role of leptin in bone turnover.
Coupled Lateral and Torsional Vibrations of a Cracked Rotor

Rotor crack problems present a significant safety and loss hazard in nearly every application of modern turbomachinery, particularly in the power generation industry. However, early crack detection is not easily achieved during the operation of machinery. The difficulty is based on the fact that a crack produces an undetectable change in the overall structural response. This paper analyzes the coupling of torsional and lateral vibrations for an unbalanced cracked rotor. The rotor equations of motion for a system with cracked shaft, obtained using Lagrangian dynamics, show coupling and nonlinear interaction between the torsional and lateral vibrations. To investigate the effect of a transverse surface crack on the dynamic rotor response the breathing crack model was employed. By applying an external torsional excitation together with the excitation due to unbalance, signature responses were observed in the rotor vibration spectrum at sum and difference frequencies. These signature responses were due to the nonlinear effect of the crack. The observed phenomena, analytically defined here, offers a new methodology concerning crack detection and prognosis in rotors.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The Origin of Slaty Cleavage: Evidence from Precambrian Rocks in Colorado

Mesoscopic and microscopic features of Precambrian metascdimentary rocks in the northeastern Front Range, Colorado, indicate that the formation of slafy cleavage involved extensive intergranular movement in the form of laminar intrusion of sedimentary material across bedding and the formation of clastic dikes. The formation of cleavage is believed to have occurred prior to metamorphism and to have been facilitated by high pore-fluid pressure.
Environmental aspects of MHTGR operation

Abstract The Modular High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (MHTGR) is an advanced reactor concept being developed under a cooperative program involving the U.S. Government, the utilities, and the nuclear industry. This plant design utilizes basic high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) features of ceramic fuel, helium coolant, and a graphite moderator. The MHTGR design approach leading to exceptional safety performance also leads to plant operation which is characterized by extremely low radiological emissions even for very low probability accidents. Coated fuel particles retain radionuclides within the fuel, thus minimizing material contamination in personnel exposure. The objective of this paper is to characterize radioactive effluents expected from the normal operation of an HTGR. In addition, other nonradioactive effluents associated with a power generating facility are discussed. Nuclear power plants produce radioactive effluents during normal operation in gaseous, liquid, and solid forms. Principle sources of radioactive waste within the MHTGR are identified. The manner in which it is planned to treat these wastes is described. Like other reactors, the MHTGR produces nonradioactive effluents associated with heat generation and chemical usage. However, due to the MHTGR's higher efficiency, water usage requirements and chemical discharges for the MHTGR are minimized relative to other types of nuclear power plants. Based upon prior operating HTGR experience and analysis, effluents are quantified in terms of radioactivity levels and/or emission volume. Results, quantified within the paper, demonstrate that effluents from the MHTGR are well below regulatory limits and that the MHTGR has a minimal impact upon the public and the environment.
VIRUS ISOLATIONS FROM HUMAN CASES OF HEMORRHAGIC FEVER IN BOLIVIA.

SummaryFive serologically similar virus strains were recovered in San Joaquin, Bolivia, in 1963 from humans suffering from a newly recognized febrile disease with hemor-rhagic manifestations. Three isolates were from splenic tissue obtained at autopsy and 2 from blood specimens taken from acutely ill patients. The prototype strain (Carvallo) was pathogenic for newborn mice and hamsters, produced cytopathic effects in WI-26 cell cultures and plaques in MA-111 cell cultures, was inactivated by chloroform, and was estimated to be 180 mμ or less in size. It was nearly indistinguishable from Junin and Tacaribe viruses by complement fixation test, but completely distinct from these agents by neutralization test. It is proposed that these strains collectively be named Ma-chupo Virus.The authors are indebted to Drs. Luis Valverde Ch. and Hugo Garron, Hemorrhagic Fever Commission, Ministry of Health, Bolivia, to Dr. Conrad Yunker, Rocky Mountain Laboratory of this Institute, and to Dr. J. P. Woodall, East African ...
The crystal and molecular structure of bis-aqua-2,2′,N,N′ bipyridylamine flouro copper(+1) flouride trihydrate

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of (Cu(H2O)2 (bpyamine)F]F·3H2O has been determined by three-dimensional X-ray analysis and refined by least squares methods to conventional residuals of R = 0.049 and Rw = 0.067. The lattice parameters are a = 12.879(4), b = 6.954(4), c = 17.360(7) A and β = 98.06°. The space group is P21/n with four molecular units per unit cell. A total of 2171 unique data [Fo≥3σF were used in the structure determination. The copper ion is pentacoordinate with an oxygen atom from a water molecule, a flouride ion and two nitrogen atoms from a bipyridylamine molecule occupying the equatorial positions of a square pyramid and an oxygen atom from a second water molecule occupying the apicial position.
Superconductivity of transition metal sulfides, selenides, and phosphides with the NaCl structure

The superconducting properties of transition metal sulfides, selenides, and phosphides having the cubic NaCl structure are described. Binary compounds found to be superconducting are ThS, ScSe, ThSe, HfP, and ThP. More detailed information about the known superconductors Zr1−xS, LuS, Sc1−xS, YS, and ZrP is presented. Transition temperature was established as a function of composition for Zr-S, Sc-S, and Y-S NaCl-structure systems. Superconductivity at high pressure was determined in several systems. Some low-temperature specific heat capacity results, room-temperature magnetic susceptibility, and electrical resistance measurements between 2 K and room temperature are reported. Some information is presented about the rhombohedrally distorted compounds ZrSe and HfS. Results of NaCl-structure solid solution (metal replacement) synthesis (including superconductivity data) are reported for (Zr, Sc)-S, (Zr, Y)-S, (Zr, Ti)-S, (Zr, Hf)-S, (La, Y)-S and (Y, Th)-S. We find that superconductivity occurs generally in these materials, and that these compounds have much in common with the better known NaCl defect structure carbides and nitrides.
Fungal protein for food and feeds v. rice as a source of carbohydrate for the production of fungal protein

From the foregoing brief account of exploratory work conducted with rice, it is obvious that the carbohydrate of whole brown rice can serve well as a substrate for the synthesis of fungal protein. Thus, usingDactylium dendroides (I-108) as the agent of synthesis, it was possible to increase the total quantity of protein in rice by a factor of 2.29 and, usingTrichoderma sp. (I-193), by a factor of 2.85. In the 1962/63 season, world production of paddy rice was 277,088,000 tons containing about 41 billion pounds of protein. If it is conservatively estimated that protein can be increased by a factor of 2 by a fungus conversion process, then from the 62/63 crop a total of 82 billion pounds of protein could have been produced. Alone, the rice crop contained sufficient protein (on quantitative grounds) to meet the annual requirements of 787 million people whereas the potential existed for supplying the needs of 1.5 billion people—nearly one-half of the present world population. In view of experiences gained with other crude sources of carbohydrate, it seems reasonable to predict that by further search for higher yielding fungi and proper manipulation of environmental conditions a four-fold increase is a distinct possibility.
Experimental evidence for very low solubility of rare-earth elements in C0 2 -rich fluids at mantle conditions

CHEMICAL compositions of mantle-derived magmas and mantle xenoliths suggest that some regions of the mantle were enriched in basaltic components (CaO, FeO, Al2O3 and alkalis), large-ion lithophile elements, or both before melting or disruption and entrainment1–6. Some peridotite xenoliths that are depleted in basaltic components contain clinopyroxenes with chondrite-normalized La/Yb ratios of >30 and La contents of 100-times chondritic. Other xenoliths with similar major-element chemistry contain clinopyroxenes with LaN/YbN = 0.1–1 and [La] = 1 – 10-times chondritic (reviewed in ref. 7) Enrichment in light rare-earth elements without concomitant increase in basaltic components has been called 'cryptic metasomatism'8. Here we present the results of experiments at high temperature and pressure, which show that CO2-rich fluids, the postulated agents of cryptic metasomatism9, dissolve only minor amounts of rare-earth elements, and cannot therefore be responsible for such enrichments.
Radial diffusion between coaxial cylinders and surface deactivation of O2 (b 1Σ+g)

Abstract The rates for deactivation of singlet oxygen, O 2 (b 1 Σ + g ), upon collision with pyrex, teflon, aluminum, copper, and nickel surfaces have been determined in a steady-state flow tube reactor. Numerical and approximate analytic solutions of the radial diffusion equation with coaxial cylindrical boundary conditions are presented to obtain wall deactivation probabilities from observed first-order decay rates. The probability for deactivation at nickel surfaces is large, γ=0.026. However, it is unlikely that surface deactivation of O 2 (b 1 Σ + g ) in chemical oxygen-iodine lasers has any significant effect on laser performance.
ALASKAN NATURAL GAS: WHICH ROUTE TO MARKET?

In this study the recent problem of choosing a route for bringing Alaskan natural gas to the lower forty-eight states is used to illustrate a technique for examining the effects of adding new sections to an existing transport network. The method develops demand, supply, and pipeline-network submodels, which provide data input to a modified version of the out-of-kilter algorithm (MOKA). The results of applying MOKA to the Alaskan natural gas problem indicate that routes entering the Lower Forty-Eight through Montana or Minnesota would deliver a larger total supply and produce fewer deficits than routes leading to California.
Creep Behavior Analysis for a Bilayer Functional Graded Electrolyte Supported High Temperature Ceramic Fuel Cells

Ceramic fuel cell, such as solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), usually has three functional layers with one dense electrolyte in the middle and two porous electrodes on each side of it, which operates around 1000°C. Recent research activities in SOFC tend to lower the operation temperature to the range of 700°C-800°C due to improvement in mechanical properties, and reduction in costs. However, the state-of-the-art electrolyte yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) under this reduced temperature produces relatively poor ionic conductivity. Ceria-based electrolyte is an excellent candidate in electrical properties under intermediate temperature range, even though it shows a lattice expansion by cerium reduction at the very low oxygen partial pressure occurring at the anode side. Hence, a bilayer yttria doped ceria (YDC) with thin YSZ protection at anode side is designed to maximize the ionic conductivity. However, this lattice expansion of cerium results in an internal stress under this SOFC consideration. In this paper, oxygen partial pressure dependent creep behavior of an edge crack at the bi-material interface (YSZ:YDC) is studied numerically. The steady state C* path independent integral is obtained from ABAQUS code. Bi-material and homogeneous cases are discussed under extensive creep. Finally, fracture analysis of an edge crack at the bilayer electrolyte is also investigated for homogeneous bilayer materials.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Tyrosine phosphorylation and src family kinases control keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion.

In their progression from the basal to upper differentiated layers of the epidermis, keratinocytes undergo significant structural changes, including establishment of close intercellular contacts. An important but so far unexplored question is how these early structural events are related to the biochemical pathways that trigger differentiation. We show here that β-catenin, γ-catenin/plakoglobin, and p120-Cas are all significantly tyrosine phosphorylated in primary mouse keratinocytes induced to differentiate by calcium, with a time course similar to that of cell junction formation. Together with these changes, there is an increased association of α-catenin and p120-Cas with E-cadherin, which is prevented by tyrosine kinase inhibition. Treatment of E-cadherin complexes with tyrosine-specific phosphatase reveals that the strength of α-catenin association is directly dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation. In parallel with the biochemical effects, tyrosine kinase inhibition suppresses formation of cell adhesive structures, and causes a significant reduction in adhesive strength of differentiating keratinocytes. The Fyn tyrosine kinase colocalizes with E-cadherin at the cell membrane in calcium-treated keratinocytes. Consistent with an involvement of this kinase, fyn-deficient keratinocytes have strongly decreased tyrosine phosphorylation levels of β- and γ-catenins and p120-Cas, and structural and functional abnormalities in cell adhesion similar to those caused by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Whereas skin of fyn−/− mice appears normal, skin of mice with a disruption in both the fyn and src genes shows intrinsically reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of β-catenin, strongly decreased p120-Cas levels, and important structural changes consistent with impaired keratinocyte cell adhesion. Thus, unlike what has been proposed for oncogene-transformed or mitogenically stimulated cells, in differentiating keratinocytes tyrosine phosphorylation plays a positive role in control of cell adhesion, and this regulatory function appears to be important both in vitro and in vivo.
Finger force computation without the grip jacobian

This paper presents a fast and efficient way to compute the mapping from a desired external force on a grasped object to the joint torques of a multi-jointed, multi-fingered dexterous hand. The efficiency derives from avoiding the use of any Jacobian. The algorithm models contacts as point contacts with friction and works for three or four-fingered dexterous hands.
Resource-based models of competitive interactions. I. Intraspecific competition in Ratibida columnifera ( Asteraceae).

We constructed and tested a series of regression models of intraspecific competition in Ratibida columnifera (Asteraceae), based on the growth and water use of individual plants. Models were constructed from a set of plants ("model") grown without competition under three watering regimes. Each model was then tested on another set of plants ("test") grown, singly or in pairs, under two watering regimes, one of them different than those of the "model" plants. Both sets of plants were grown simultaneously. Models that used only estimates of plant dry mass (ISON [interval by interval size only], and SON [size only]) were outperformed (i.e., the difference between predicted values of final dry mass and their true values were larger on average) by models that incorporated direct measures of water uptake and usage (ISAW [interval by interval size and water], WON [water only], SAW [size and water]). Harvest biomass predictions given by these three last models deviated from values of true biomass by an average of only 6.1%.
Engaging the Unengaged Voter: Vote Centers and Voter Turnout

Previous election reforms designed to increase turnout have often made voting more convenient for frequent voters without significantly increasing turnout among infrequent voters. A recent innovation—Election Day vote centers—provides an alternative means of motivating electoral participation among infrequent voters. Election Day vote centers are nonprecinct-based locations for voting on Election Day. The sites are fewer in number than precinct-voting stations, centrally located to major population centers (rather than distributed among many residential locations), and rely on county-wide voter registration databases accessed by electronic voting machines. Voters in the voting jurisdiction (usually a county) are provided ballots appropriate to their voter registration address. It is thought that the use of voting centers on Election Day will increase voter turnout by reducing the cost and/or inconvenience associated with voting at traditional precinct locations. Since 2003 voters in Larimer County, CO hav...
On optimal adaptive classifier design criterion

The authors develop a Bayes consistent classifier design criterion, the GMEE (generalized minimum empirical criterion), from an analysis of classification error. The criterion has been applied to the design of neural network classifiers. The results of two examples indicate that the GMEE can yield optimal neural network classifiers. It is also demonstrated that a neural network classifier is Bayes optimal if it is selected by the GMEE. Hence, the results provide a theoretical foundation for the connectionist approach to classification problems. These results can also be extended to the optimal design of other types of neural network, e.g., radial basis function networks. >
Aircraft Failure Detection and Identification Using an Immunological Hierarchical Multiself Strategy

This paper presents the development and application of an integrated artificial-immune-system-based scheme for the detection and identification of a variety of aircraft sensor, actuator, propulsion, and structural failures/damages. The proposed approach is based on a hierarchical multiself strategy in which different self configurations are selected for detection and identification of specific abnormal conditions. Data collected using a motion-based flight simulator were used to define the self for a subregion of the flight envelope. The aircraft model represents a supersonic fighter, including model-followinig adaptive control laws based on nonlinear dynamic inversion and artificial neural network augmentation. The proposed detection scheme achieves low false alarm rates and high detection and identification rates for all four categories of failures considered.
Abstracts for the 8th World Congress for Microcirculation August 15‐19, 2007 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA

Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908Endothelial cells (ECs) acquire distinctive structural and molecular characteristics in their transformation f...
Implications of a novel cryptic splice site in the BRCA1 gene.

This study was designed to determine the significance of a single intronic base change (IVS5 -12 GA) found in a family with a history of breast cancer. This change is predicted to form a cryptic splice site resulting in the addition of 11 nucleotides to the BRCA1 transcript. The BRCA1 gene of the relatives and control individuals was sequenced and analyzed using RT-PCR, ASO hybridization, and size fractionation. All patients showed an 11 nucleotide insert at the intron 5/ exon 6 boundary. This variant is likely to form a short protein product incapable of the hypothesized tumor suppressor functions of the BRCA1 gene. This information is important for providing counseling for families with this cryptic splice site and a family history of breast cancer. Am. J. Med. Genet. 80:140–144, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Productivity, nutrient cycling, and succession in single- and mixed-species plantations of Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus robusta, and Leucaena leucocephala in Puerto Rico

Abstract Tree growth, biomass productivity, litterfall mass and nutrient content, changes in soil chemical properties and understory forest succession were evaluated over a 8.5-year period in single- and mixed-species (50 : 50) plantations of two N 2 -fixing species, Casuarina equisetifolia and Leucaena leucocephala , and a non-fixing species, Eucalyptus robusta . At the optimal harvest age for maximum biomass production (4 years), total aboveground biomass ranged from 63 Mg ha −1 in the Eucalyptus monoculture to 124 Mg ha −1 in the Casuarina / Leucaena mixture, and was generally greater in the mixed-species than in single-species treatments due to increased productivity of the N-fixing species in the mixed stands. Total litterfall varied from 5.3 to 10.0 Mg ha −1 year −1 among treatments, or between 5.9% and 13.2% of net primary production. Litterfall production and rates of nutrient return for N, P, K, Ca and Mg were generally highest for Leucaena , intermediate for Casuarina and lowest for Eucalyptus . These rates were usually higher in the mixed-species than in monospecific stands due to differences in biomass productivity, but varied considerably depending on their species composition. Total system carbon and nutrient pools (in biomass plus soils to 40-cm depth) for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn at four years were consistently greater in the plantation treatments than in the unplanted control plots. Relative to the single-species plantations, these system pools were generally larger in the mixed-species plantations for C (−10% to +10%), N (+17% to +50%), P (−1% to +63%), K (−19% to +46%), Ca (−10% to +48%), Mg (+5% to +57%) and Mn (+19% to +86%). Whole-tree harvests at four years would result in substantial system carbon and nutrient losses, although these estimated losses would not exceed the estimated gains realized during the four-year period of tree growth at this site. At 7.5 years, soil organic matter and effective cation exchange capacity were reduced in all plantation treatments relative to the control. Changes in soil nutrient content from 0 to 7.5 years were highly variable and not significantly different among treatments, although stands containing Leucaena generally showed higher rates of nitrogen and phosphorus accretion in soils than those with Eucalyptus and/or Casuarina . Natural regeneration of secondary forest tree and shrub species increased over time in all plantation treatments. A total of 24 native or naturalized forest species were recorded in the plantations at 8.5 years. Woody species abundance at this age was significantly greater beneath Casuarina than either Eucalyptus or the Eucalyptus / Leucaena mixed stands. Species richness and diversity, however, were greatest beneath stands containing Eucalyptus and/or Leucaena than in stands with Casuarina .
Organizing for power: A comparative case study

The purpose of this paper is to present a case study of two conceptually similar community organizing efforts that highlights commonalities and important differences. This study first presents a qualitative analysis of two approaches to community organizing for power. Our analysis was made possible by participation and collaboration with members of community organizations which opened the way for access to documents, events, interviews, and settings that formed the basis of our case study. We also present some quantitative data concerning participant perceptions of organizing experiences and outcomes. These data highlight important differences in community organizing approaches, differences we believe can be useful to our field as we struggle with the important concepts of empowerment and power.
Sensory Attributes and Phenolic Content of Precooked Pork Breakfast Sausage with Fruit Purees

The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenolic content and sensory attributes of precooked pork breakfast sausage patties enhanced with blueberry puree (BBP) or dried plum puree (DPP). Five treatments at a standardized percent fat were evaluated, which included a control, 5% or 10% BBP, and 5% or 10% DPP. The addition of BBP and DPP at 5% and 10% of the weight increased the total phenolics in the cooked sausage an average of 36%. Comparisons of fruit type, percentage of fruit added, and fruit treatments versus control were all significant (P 0.05). Approximately, 90% of the children said they would like to eat the BBP sausage again while approximately 70% said they would like to eat the DPP sausage again. Results indicate the addition of BBP or DPP to precooked pork breakfast sausage can increase phenolics that may be nutritionally beneficial while also having consumer appeal.