cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complications of Phacoemulsification

Charles Kelman performed the first phacoemulsificlltion operation in 1967, 1 but it was not until 1971 that the technique had been sufficiently refined to allow its use by others. Now over 2,000 surgeons have been trained in the technique, and more than 100,000 cases have been performed. However, extended follow-up in any given series has been difficult because of the wide geographic distribution of patients, and interpretation is hampered by the frequent insertion of intraocular lenses in these patients. The present series attempts to carefully document operative and postoperative complications encountered in a consecutive series of patients whose senile cataracts were treated by phacoemulsification.
Impairment in Facial Recognition in Patients with Cerebral Disease

Summary A test requiring the identification of unfamiliar faces was developed and given to groups of patients with lesions of the left or the right hemisphere as well as to a large group of control patients. Performance level in the control group showed a slight decline with age but was not related to education or sex. The mean performance levels of both brain-damaged groups were significantly inferior to that of the control group. In addition, however, the mean performance level of the patients with right hemisphere lesions was significantly inferior to that of the patients with left hemisphere lesions and grossly defective performances were made mainly by patients with right hemisphere lesions. Performance level was not related to the presence of visual field defect, the presence of aphasia, type of lesion or intrahemispheric locus of lesion. A number of considerations suggested that the observed interhemispheric difference in performance was not related to a possible difference in the extent of lesion in the two groups. The observations clearly indicate that impairment in facial recognition, as assessed by the procedures utilized in the study, is rather closely associated with disease of the right hemisphere. The relationship of the findings to the clinical complaint of prosopagnosia and the nature of the basic disabilities underlying defective facial recognition are considered.
Three-dimensional graphic reconstruction of the insect exoskeleton through confocal imaging of endogenous fluorescence.

The exoskeleton of the cockroach leg was imaged via confocal microscopy to generate digital graphic reconstructions of its three-dimensional structure. The cuticle is autofluorescent and can be visualized without staining, but is maximally imaged in aldehyde-fixed preparations viewed under krypton-argon laser illumination (yellow green (568 nm) excitation, commonly used in confocal microscopes). Images of the entire trochanteral segment of the leg were constructed as montages from optical sections taken as overlapping series that were coincident in the z-axis. Reconstructions of the exoskeleton from these images showed that strain sensing mechanoreceptors are located in association with buttresses and thickenings that form a consistent internal architecture in both juvenile and adult animals. Accuracy of reconstructions was gauged by embedding specimens in Spurr's resin and histologically sectioning them perpendicular to the optical plane of section (z-axis). Comparison of plastic sections with two-dimensional images generated by “resectioning” the software model showed that reconstructed exoskeleton had a high level of accuracy. Imaging of older and larger animals was limited by the sclerotization and increased thickness of the cuticle. Surface extraction algorithms were used to generate vector graphic files in CAD format for export to software used in engineering and design. Among other potential uses, these models have been studied by Finite Element Analysis to examine the distribution of mechanical strains in the exoskeleton that occur during posture and locomotion. The advantages and limitations of the techniques are discussed. These methods may be used in studying the exoskeleton and the anatomy of cuticular mechanoreceptors of other arthropods to similar advantage. Microsc. Res. Tech. 48:367–384, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Diastolic time intervals in ischemic and hypertensive heart disease: A comparison of isovolumic relaxation time and rapid filling time with systolic time intervals.

Isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and rapid filling time (RFT) were used to evaluate elasticity and compliance in 11 control subjects (Group 1), in nine patients with angina (Group 2), in 11 with hypertensive heart disease (Group 3), and in ten patients with healed myocardial infarction (Group 4). Pre-ejection period (PEP), pre-ejection period index (PEPI), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), left ventricular ejection time index (LVETI) and PEP/LVET ratio were all derived from simultaneous recordings of phonocardiograms, ECGs, apexcardiograms, and external carotid arterial pulses. No patients were in congestive heart failure and none were receiving medication. LVET and LVETI were the same in the control patient groups; PEP was slightly increased in patients with healed myocardial infarctions (p ± 18.8 msec) and in healed myocardial infarction (123.8 ± 30.0 msec) patients, compared to the control group (94.5 ± 12.8 msec). Diastolic time intervals reflecting disorders in elasticity and compliance may occur in conjunction with alterations in systolic time intervals.
High levels of ultraviolet B exposure increase the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer in psoralen and ultraviolet A-treated patients.

Sunlight and psoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA) are risk factors for the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and, to a lesser extent, basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Ultraviolet B (UVB) therapy, used for the treatment of psoriasis, might also increase the risk of these tumors. We studied the relation of skin cancer incidence to UVB use among 1380 adult subjects enrolled in a long-term safety trial of PUVA therapy. We used negative binomial regression models to quantify the association between UVB and the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), controlling for known confounders. High UVB exposure (≥300 treatments vs
Mechanistic studies of choline oxidase with betaine aldehyde and its isosteric analogue 3,3-dimethylbutyraldehyde.

Choline oxidase catalyzes the four-electron oxidation of choline to glycine betaine via two sequential FAD-dependent reactions in which betaine aldehyde is formed as an intermediate. The chemical mechanism for the oxidation of choline catalyzed by choline oxidase was recently elucidated by using kinetic isotope effects [Fan, F., and Gadda, G. (2005) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 2067−2074]. In this study, the oxidation of betaine aldehyde has been investigated by using spectroscopic and kinetic analyses with betaine aldehyde and its isosteric analogue 3,3-dimethylbutyraldehyde. The pH dependence of the kcat/Km and kcat values with betaine aldehyde showed that a catalytic base with a pKa of ∼6.7 is required for betaine aldehyde oxidation. Complete reduction of the enzyme-bound flavin was observed in a stopped-flow spectrophotometer upon anaerobic mixing with betaine aldehyde or choline at pH 8, with similar kred values ≥48 s-1. In contrast, only 10−26% of the enzyme-bound flavin was reduced by 3,3-dimethylbutyral...
The photomorphogenic repressors COP1 and DET1: 20 years later

COP1 and DET1 are among the first repressors of photomorphogenesis to be identified, more than 20 years ago. Discovery of these repressors as conserved regulators of the ubiquitin-proteasome system has established protein degradation as a central theme in light signal transduction. COP1 is a RING E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets key regulators for degradation, and DET1 complexes with COP10 and DDB1, which is proposed to aid in COP1-mediated degradation. Recent studies have strengthened the role of COP1 as a major signaling center. DET1 is also emerging as a chromatin regulator in repressing gene expression. Here, we review current understanding on COP1 and DET1, with a focus on their role as part of two distinct, multimeric CUL4-based E3 ligases.
Courage and conscience : black & white abolitionists in Boston

Foreword by John Hope Franklin Preface EditorOs Preface One David Walker and William Lloyd Garrison: Racial Cooperation and the Shaping of Boston Abolition Donald M. Jacobs Two Abolitionism and the Nature of Antebellum Reform William E. Gienapp Three The Art of the Antislavery Movement Bernard F. Reilly, Jr. Four Massachusetts Abolitionists Document the Slave Experience Robert L. Hall Five Boston, Abolition, and the Atlantic World, 1820-1861 James Brewer Stewart Six The Affirmation of Manhood: Black Garrisonians in Antebellum Boston James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton Seven The Black Presence in the West End of Boston, 1800-1864: A Demographic Map Adelaide M. Cromwell Eight BostonOs Black Churches: Institutional Centers of the Antislavery Movement Roy E. Finkenbine Nine OWhat If I Am a Woman?O Maria W. StewartOs Defense of Black WomenOs Political Activism Marilyn Richardson Ten Integration versus Separatism: William Cooper NellOs Role in the Struggle for Equality Dorothy Porter Wesley Appendixes Bibliography Contributors Index 34444
High Performance Computing Productivity Model Synthesis

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) High Productivity Computing System (HPCS) program is developing systems that deliver increased value to users at a rate commensurate with the rate of improvement in the underlying technologies. For example, if the relevant technology was silicon, the goal of such a system would be to double in productivity (or value) every 18 months, following Moore's law. The key questions are how we define and measure productivity, and what the underlying technologies that affect productivity are. The goal of this paper is to synthesize from several different productivity models a single model that captures the main features of all the models. In addition we will start the process of putting the model on an empirical foundation by incorporating selected results from the software engineering and high performance computing (HPC) communities. An asymptotic analysis of the model is conducted to check that it makes sense in certain special cases. The model is extrapolated to a HPC context and several examples are explored, including HPC centers, HPC users, and interactive grid computing. Finally, the model hints at a profoundly different way of viewing HPC systems, where the user must be included in the equation, and innovative hardware is a key aspect to lowering the very high costs of HPC software.
Induction of HIV-1 MPR649-684-specific IgA and IgG antibodies in caprine colostrum using a peptide-based vaccine

Abstract Induction of antigen-specific antibodies against HIV-1 in colostrum and milk may help prevent breast milk transmission of the virus. A peptide vaccine against the HIV-1 gp41 membrane proximal region (MPR649–684) was evaluated as proof-of-principle in a caprine model. Pregnant Alpine/Saanen goats were immunized with MPR649–684 peptide conjugated to KLH using alum adjuvant. Immunizations were intramuscular, intranasal, and in the supramammary lymph node region. Samples collected after parturition demonstrated the presence of MPR649–684-specific antibodies in colostrum and serum. These results support the concept that a peptide vaccine can effectively induce MPR649–684-specific sIgA and IgG in the colostrum of a lactating species.
Analogous salicylic acid affinity regions in serum albumin and soybean β-conglycinin

The known structures of human serum albumin and its binding sites for salicylic acid (SA) were used as a model for examining the amino acid sequence of soybean β-conglycinin to determine whether a plant protein might share structural similarities with albumin relative to the binding of SA, Molecular mechanics energy calculations for computed nonionized and ionized interactions in vacuo identified the two major SA affinity regions in human serum albumin and a single analogous region in the α-subunit of soybean β-conglycinin. SA interactions with 21-residue segments from both proteins suggest redundant binding sites with multiple degrees of affinity. Highaffinity segments incorporate hydrophobic amino acids with combinations or multiple residues of histidine, tryptophan, lysine, or arginine in keeping with a preference of SA for homopolymers of these acids over other homopolypeptides. Residue spacing also seems important. High affinity is associated with but not imparted by genetic similarity. Profiles from β-sheet conformations simplify identification of analogous segments.
Size of subsets of groups and Haar null sets

This is a study of several notions of size of subsets of groups. The first part (sections 3–5) concerns a purely algebraic setting with the underlying group discrete. The various notions of size considered there are similar to each other in that each of them assesses the size of a set using a family of measures and translations of the set; they differ in the type of measures used and the type of translations allowed. The way these various notions relate to each other is tightly and, perhaps, unexpectedly connected with the algebraic structure of the group. An important role is played by amenable, ICC (infinite conjugacy class), and FC (finite conjugacy class) groups. The second part of the paper (section 6), which was the original motivation for the present work, deals with a well-studied notion of smallness of subsets of Polish, not necessarily locally compact, groups – Haar null sets. It contains applications of the results from the first part in solving some problems posed by Christensen and by Mycielski. These applications are the first results detecting connections between properties of Haar null sets and algebraic properties (amenability, FC) of the underlying group.
Missile autopilot design considering uncertainties in aerodynamics and actuator dynamics

This work presents a method for missile autopilot design in the presence of actuator and uncertain dynamics. Nonlinear control algorithms are derived based on both missile aerodynamics and actuator dynamics. To account for system nonlinearities and uncertainties due to varying flight conditions, a memory-based compensation unit is developed and integrated into the strategy. Simulation on EMRAAT missile validates the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
Haemophilus ducreyi adheres to human keratinocytes.

Abstract Haemophilus ducreyi, Moraxella catarrhalis and a non-piliated Escherichia coli K-12 strain were studied for their ability to bind to human keratinocytes in vitro. Epidermal cells isolated from neonatal foreskins were grown to confluence in serum-free keratinocyte media. Probing of the monolayers with anti-cytokeratin antibody showed that 97% of cells were keratinocytes. Bacteria were grown to mid-log phase and seeded onto the monolayers. At various timepoints monolayers were washed with PBS to remove non-adherent bacteria, and the monolayers were quantitatively cultured. After 120 min, 15 to 23% of the H. ducreyi inocula bound to the monolayer, while less than 1% of the M. catarrhalis or E. coli controls bound. Wet mounts of fixed monolayers observed with differential interference contrast microscopy confirmed the quantitative data. We conclude that H. ducreyi binds to keratinocytes and that this process may play a role in the initiation of chancroid.
Egg hatchability and diapause in Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae): temperature- and photoperiod-induced latencies.

Egg diapause in the mosquito Aedes triseriatus (Say) is a hatching latency induced by photoperiod. Fully-formed embryos are sensitive to diapause-inducing daylengths, and only 3–6 short-day cycles (10 h light/24 h) are required to block the hatching reflex. Photoperiodic response of Ae. triseriatus from 42°N latitude is identical whether exposure occurs during embryogenesis or after its completion. Diapause can be repeatedly induced and terminated in the same egg. A 2nd type of hatching latency can be induced in Ae triseriatus. At an optimal photoperiod (16 h light/24 h), embryos transferred from 21°–10°C become unresponsive to hatching stimuli after 7–14 days. This temperature-induced latency is completely terminated 13 days after return to 21°C.
Random testing for security: blackbox vs. whitebox fuzzing

Fuzz testing is an effective technique for finding security vulnerabilities in software. Fuzz testing is a form of blackbox random testing which randomly mutates well-formed inputs and tests the program on the resulting data. In some cases, grammars are used to randomly generate the well-formed inputs. This also allows the tester to encode application-specific knowledge (such as corner cases of particular interest) as part of the grammar, and to specify test heuristics by assigning probabilistic weights to production rules. Although fuzz testing can be remarkably effective, the limitations of blackbox random testing are well-known. For instance, the then branch of the conditional statement "if (x==10) then" has only one in 232 chances of being exercised if x is a randomly chosen 32-bit input value. This intuitively explains why random testing usually provides low code coverage.Recently, we have proposed an alternative approach of whitebox fuzz testing [4], building upon recent advances in dynamic symbolic execution and test generation [2]. Starting with a well-formed input, our approach symbolically executes the program dynamically and gathers constraints on inputs from conditional statements encountered along the way. The collected constraints are then systematically negated and solved with a constraint solver, yielding new inputs that exercise different execution paths in the program. This process is repeated using a novel search algorithm with a coverage-maximizing heuristic designed to find defects as fast as possible in large search spaces. For example, symbolic execution of the above code fragment on the input x = 0 generates the constraint x ≠ 10. Once this constraint is negated and solved, it yields x = 10, which gives us a new input that causes the program to follow the then branch of the given conditional statement.We have implemented this approach in SAGE (Scalable, Automated, Guided Execution), a tool based on x86 instruction-level tracing and emulation for whitebox fuzzing of file-reading Windows applications. While still in an early stage of development and deployment, SAGE has already discovered more than 30 new bugs in large shipped Windows applications including image processors, media players and file decoders. Several of these bugs are potentially exploitable memory access violations.In this talk, I will briefly review blackbox fuzzing for security testing. Then, I will present an overview of our recent work on whitebox fuzzing [4] (joint work with Michael Y. Levin and David Molnar), with an emphasis on the key algorithms and techniques needed to make this approach effective and scalable (see also [1, 3]).
Benefit to male sailfin mollies of mating with heterospecific females

Female gynogens reproduce clonally but rely on sperm from heterospecific males to initiate embryogenesis. It has been assumed that males gain no benefit from such matings; thus, selection should favor males that avoid them. Here it is shown that males gain a benefit by mating with female gynogens in an asexual-sexual complex of fish. The sexual females increase their preference for males whom they observe consorting with female gynogens. Thus, gynogenetic species might persist because selection favors males to be sexually parasitized.
Patient Characteristics Associated With Smoking Cessation Interventions and Quit Attempt Rates Across 10 Community Health Centers With Electronic Health Records.

Objectives. We used electronic health record (EHR) data to determine rates and patient characteristics in offering cessation interventions (counseling, medications, or referral) and initiating quit attempts.Methods. Ten community health centers in New York City contributed 30 months of de-identified patient data from their EHRs.Results. Of 302 940 patients, 40% had smoking status recorded and only 34% of documented current smokers received an intervention. Women and younger patients were less likely to have their smoking status documented or to receive an intervention. Patients with comorbidities that are exacerbated by smoking were more likely to have status documented (82.2%) and to receive an intervention (52.1%), especially medication (10.8%). Medication, either alone (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5, 2.3) or combined with counseling (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.5, 2.3), was associated with higher quit attempts compared with no intervention.Conclusions. Data from EHRs demonstrated u...
Comparison of umbo velocity in air- and bone-conduction.

Abstract This study investigates the ossicular motion produced by bone-conducted (BC) sound in live human ears. Laser Doppler Vibrometry was used to measure air conduction (AC)- and BC-induced umbo velocity ( V U ) in both ears of 10 subjects, 20 ears total. Sound pressure in the ear canal ( P EC ) was measured simultaneously. For air conduction, V U at standard hearing threshold level was calculated. For BC, Δ V was defined as the difference between V U and the tympanic ring velocity (an estimate of the skull velocity measured in the ear canal). Δ V and P E C at BC standard hearing threshold were calculated. Δ V at standard BC threshold was significantly smaller than V U at standard AC threshold between 500 Hz and 2000 Hz. Ear canal pressure at BC threshold tended to be smaller than for AC below 3000 Hz (with significant differences at 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz). Our results are most consistent with inertia of the ossicles and cochlear fluid driving BC hearing below 500 Hz, but with other mechanisms playing a significant role at higher frequencies. Sound radiated into the external ear canal might contribute to BC hearing at 3000 Hz and above.
The gas—liquid chromatography of amino acids

Butyl esters separation from protein amino acids, using acid washed Chromosorb W of various mesh sizes
Comparative clinical evaluation of radiographs exposed with films of different emulsion speed.

Abstract In order to investigate the effect of the use of faster emulsion speed x-ray film on radiograph quality (a study directed ultimately at decreasing the exposure of the patient and/or operator to x-radition), individual and comparative evaluations of the quality of x-ray images resulting from the exposure of the same areas of the mouth using x-ray film of three different emulsion speeds were made. One film of each of four different areas in the mouth was exposed with each of the three x-ray films (DuPont standard slow, S-1, moderately fast, D-1, and very fast, “Lightning Fast”) in each of thirty-five patients. All films were processed under conditions standard for all three films. Blind study and evaluation of the resulting roentgenograms revealed that, in terms of both individual excellence and comparative performance, use of both the moderately fast and slow standard speed films was found to result in roentgenograms superior to the very fast films in a greater percentage of instances. There was relatively little to choose in terms of over-all clarity, variations in density, and visibility of detail between the moderately fast and slow speed standard films. However, many films exposed with the very fast x-ray film were judged excellent and many were judged to be best in performance when compared with the two slower films. This suggests that it is possible to obtain radiographs of the highest quality using the very fast speed film and indicates that further study of some of the critical factors in exposure time, target-film distance, and processing may result in a technique productive of very fast films of uniformly highgrade excellence. Although at present the routine use of very fast film with the short-cone technique is not indicated on the basis of this investigation, increased study of the use and performance of x-ray films with faster emulsion speeds seems highly desirable. Since the exposure of the slow and the moderately fast speed films was found productive of relatively equally excellent films, in terms of both individual quality and comparative performance, increased use of the moderately fast speed film is definitely indicated, due to decreased radiation exposure of the patient and the operator. Where maximum excellence of films is essential, as in the study of difficult to diagnose lesions or when magnification of radiographs is anticipated, the use of the standard slow speed film is still indicated.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurement in methane and biodiesel flames using an ungated detector

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied to measure the equivalence ratio of CH4/air flames using gated detection. In this work, we have developed an ungated, miniature LIBS-based sensor for studying CH4/air and biodiesel flames. We have used this sensor to characterize the biodiesel flame. LIBS spectra of biodiesel flames were recorded with different ethanol concentrations in the biodiesel and also at different axial locations within the flame. The sensor performance was evaluated with a CH4/air flame. LIBS signals of N, O, and H from a CH4/air flame were used to determine the equivalence ratio. A linear relationship between the intensity ratio of H and O lines and the calculated equivalence ratio were obtained with this sensor.
Molecular cloning and expression of the turkey leptin receptor gene.

Abstract A cDNA encoding the long form of the turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ) leptin receptor (LEPR) was cloned and sequenced. Turkey LEPR showed greater than 90% sequence identity at both the nucleotide and amino acid level with chicken LEPR. The LEPR gene (long form) encodes a protein of 1147 amino acids that has features similar to other LEPRs including: a signal peptide, a single transmembrane domain, and specific conserved motifs defining putative leptin-binding and signal transduction regions of the protein. In addition, a LEPR gene-related protein (LEPR-GRP) mRNA transcript was also identified and a portion of the corresponding cDNA containing the complete coding region was sequenced. The turkey LEPR-GRP gene encodes a 14-kDa (131 amino acids) protein that is distinct from LEPR. LEPR gene expression was quantified relative to β-actin in total RNA samples isolated from various tissues of 3-week-old turkey poults. Expression of LEPR was highest in brain, spleen and lung tissue with lower levels of expression in kidney, pancreas, duodenum, liver, fat and breast muscle. In developing turkey embryos, expression of LEPR was highest in brain tissue throughout incubation (days 14–28). Expression of LEPR in embryonic liver tissue peaked at day 16 and then declined toward hatching (day 28). Yolk sac expression of LEPR declined from day 14 to day 20 and then increased toward hatching. Our findings clearly demonstrate the expression of LEPR and LEPR-GRP in different tissues during embryonic and post-hatch development. In conclusion, this is the first report to identify and characterize LEPR and LEPR-GRP gene homologues in the domestic turkey.
Happiness, Excellence, and Optimal Human Functioning Revisited: Examining the Peer-Reviewed Literature Linked to Positive Psychology

Since the original call by Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi (2000) for a new science of happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning, there has been an explosion of activity in, acclaim for, and criticism of positive psychology. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine the peer-reviewed literature linked to the positive psychology movement. An extensive systematic review identified 1336 articles published between 1999 and 2013. More than 750 of these articles included empirical tests of positive psychology theories, principles, and interventions. The results show a fairly consistent increase in the rate of publication, and that the number of empirical studies has grown steadily over the time period. The findings demonstrate that positive psychology is a growing and vibrant sub-area within the broader discipline of psychology, committed to using the same rigorous scientific methods as other sub-areas, in pursuit of understanding well-being, excellence, and optimal human functioning.
Functional alteration of endothelium by short-term cholesterol feeding.

Abstract The influence of varying periods of cholesterol feeding and of superimposed endothelial denudation on the transmural transport of albumin has been studied in rabbit carotid artery perfused in vivo with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. The concentration of labeled albumin in jugular venous blood was measured serially over 4 hr and was used as the index of arterial transport. Three groups of rabbits were fed a diet containing 1.5% cholesterol for either 1, 3–7, or 12–28 weeks. A significant increase in albumin transport across the carotid artery was noted in all groups when compared to control animals who were fed a standard rabbit chow. The transport abnormalities observed after 1 week occurred in the absence of any grossly visible atherosclerotic lesions or of any evidence of endothelial cell loss by scanning electron microscopy. In an additional group of rabbits who were fed the cholesterol diet for 16–28 weeks and in which endothelial denudation was performed just prior to carotid perfusion, removal of carotid artery endothelium did not cause a further enhancement of albumin transport above that observed by cholesterol feeding alone. The findings suggest that cholesterol feeding of even very brief duration can alter endothelial function and enhance arterial permeability to albumin.
The Effectiveness of Fibrin Glue Sealant for Reducing Experimental Pulmonary Air Leak

The effectiveness of fibrin glue as a biological sealant for pulmonary air leaks was determined in 16 dogs. A standardized pleural defect was made in the left lower lobe, and the quantity of air passing through a chest tube was assessed with a Collins respirometer. For the 8 randomly assigned control animals, the air leak decreased over 90 minutes from a mean of 1.4 L/min to a mean of 1.1 L/min (mean decrease, 19.8%). In the 8 randomly assigned fibrin glue-treated animals, the air leak decreased from a mean of 2.1 L/min to a mean of 0.5 L/min (mean decrease, 80.8%) (p less than 0.0001). Postoperative evaluation of survivors disclosed no increased adhesions in the glue-treated animals and complete resorption of the glue at 3 months. We conclude that in this animal model, fibrin glue reduced the size of pulmonary air leaks in the early period after thoracotomy and did not lead to increased intrapleural adhesions.
Revisiting the UNESCO debate on a New World Information and Communication Order

In the 1980s, the New World Information and Communication Order stirred a heated debate at UNESCO.The NWICO movement died in the 1990s after the U.S. and Britain withdrew from UNESCO in protest.Developments since that time have brought about many of the changes called for in the NWICO debate.The movement for a Right to Communicate has moved from intergovernmental to civil society.Poverty, censorship, and lack of access still prevent many from participating in the new order. At the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in the 1970s and 1980s, the central debate concerned the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). While the NWICO movement died stillborn in the mid-1980s, this paper examines whether the world has achieved, by alternative means, at least part of what was envisioned. The widespread availability of cellular telephones, the rise of the internet, and the new phenomenon of citizen journalism have changed the communication landscape significantly since the 1980s. So have the many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that have taken on the cause, moving the campaign from the intergovernmental realm to civil society. Further, the "one-way flow" of news and media that existed in those days has been balanced somewhat by the introduction of new media, cultural products, and news sources arising from the South. The battle for the Right to Communicate-an offshoot of the NWICO that may prove of greater fundamental importance-is ongoing in civil society, with the aim of achieving recognition and enforcement of this fundamental right throughout the world. Thus, this paper argues, it is time to herald the arrival of a new world order in communication-one that is far from perfect, but does incorporate many of the demands of the original NWICO movement.
Reconciling productivity with protection of the environment: is temperate agroforestry the answer?

Meeting the needs for a growing world population calls for multifunctional land use, which can meet the multiple demands of food and fuel production, environmental and biodiversity protection, and has the capacity for adaptation or resilience to climate change. Agroforestry, a land-use system that integrates trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock production, has been identified by the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) as a ‘win–win’ approach that balances the production of commodities (food, feed, fuel, fiber, etc.) with non-commodity outputs such as environmental protection and cultural and landscape amenities. Evidence is now coming to light that supports the promotion of agroforestry in temperate developed countries as a sustainable alternative to the highly industrialized agricultural model with its associated negative environmental externalities. This paper reviews this evidence within the ‘ecosystem services’ framework to evaluate agroforestry as part of a multifunctional working landscape in temperate regions. Establishing trees on agricultural land can help to mitigate many of the negative impacts of agriculture, for example by regulating soil, water and air quality, supporting biodiversity, reducing inputs by natural regulation of pests and more efficient nutrient cycling, and by modifying local and global climates. The challenge now lies in promoting the adoption of agroforestry as a mainstream land use through research, dissemination of information and policy changes.
Heme degradation during autoxidation of oxyhemoglobin.

Two fluorescent heme degradation compounds are detected during autoxidation of oxyhemoglobin. These fluorescent compounds are similar to fluorescent compounds formed when hydrogen peroxide reacts with hemoglobin [E. Nagababu and J. M. Rifkind, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 247, 592-596 (1998)]. Low levels of heme degradation in the presence of superoxide and catalase are attributed to a reaction involving the superoxide produced during autoxidation. The inhibition of most of the degradation by catalase suggests that the hydrogen peroxide generated during autoxidation of oxyhemoglobin produces heme degradation by the same mechanism as the direct addition of hydrogen peroxide to hemoglobin. The formation of the fluorescent degradation products was inhibited by the peroxidase substrate, ABTS, which reduces ferrylhemoglobin to methemoglobin, indicating that ferrylhemoglobin is produced during the autoxidation of hemoglobin. It is the transient formation of this highly reactive Fe(IV) hemoglobin, which is responsible for most of the heme degradation during autoxidation.
Mathematical Optimization Techniques

The papers collected in this volume were presented at the Symposium on Mathematical Optimization Techniques held in the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, Santa Monica, California, on October 18-20, 1960. The objective of the symposium was to bring together, for the purpose of mutual education, mathematicians, scientists, and engineers interested in modern optimization techniques. Some 250 persons attended. The techniques discussed included recent developments in linear, integer, convex, and dynamic programming as well as the variational processes surrounding optimal guidance, flight trajectories, statistical decisions, structural configurations, and adaptive control systems. The symposium was sponsored jointly by the University of California, with assistance from the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and The RAND Corporation, through Air Force Project RAND.
FUNCTIONS OF A MENTAL HEALTH (MH) TEAM ON A PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY UNIT

Since 1969, 400 patients were seen by the MH Team and 300 had psychometrics. In 1973, 50 were in individual and group play therapy and 50 parents were in group therapy over 6 months. There were over 300 multidisciplinary case presentations. Recurrent themes of emotional abandonment and symbiosis had clinical manifestations of poor or no attendance at school and acting-out behavior at home and in community: isolation, withdrawal, hopelessness, helplessness and regression. The MH Team's goal is prevention and rehabilitation. Clinical research was undertaken to institute and validate methods. Patients' systems were approached in all components (hospital, family, school, community) and followed by the MH nurse. Results are improvement in school attendance, participation in the community, survival of peer contact, improvement of self-esteem, development of trust, less anxiety and less fear. Parents learned acceptance and became active participants in hospital, school, community and in the therapeutic efforts. There was better understanding among other staff of rehabilitation techniques and MH concepts. They developed better systems of communication between patients and parents becoming familiarized with the concept of a therapeutic community. Clinical cases will be presented. Supported by NCI Grant #CA05826; ACS Pediatric Cancer Psychiatry Program; Acquavella Pediatric Fund #2160-545.
Models of Type I X-Ray Bursts from 4U 1820–30

I present ignition models for type I X-ray bursts and superbursts from the ultracompact binary 4U 1820-30. A pure helium secondary is usually assumed for this system (which has an orbital period ?11 minutes); however, some evolutionary models predict a small amount of hydrogen in the accreted material (mass fraction X ~ 0.1). I show that the presence of hydrogen significantly affects the type I burst recurrence time if X 0.03 and the CNO mass fraction 3 ? 10-3. When regularly bursting, the predicted burst properties agree well with observations. The observed 2-4 hr recurrence times are reproduced for a pure He companion if the time-averaged accretion rate is ? (7?10) ? 10-9 M? yr-1 or a hydrogen-poor companion if ? (4?6) ? 10-9 M? yr-1. This result provides a new constraint on evolutionary models. The burst energetics are consistent with complete burning and spreading of the accreted fuel over the whole stellar surface. Models with hydrogen predict ~10% variations in burst fluence with recurrence time, which could perhaps distinguish the different evolutionary scenarios. I use the accretion rates determined by matching the type I burst recurrence times to predict superburst properties. The expected recurrence times are ?1-2 yr for pure He accretion (much less than that found by Strohmayer & Brown) and ?5-10 yr if hydrogen is present. Determination of the superburst recurrence time would strongly constrain the local accretion rate and thermal structure of the neutron star.
Factors affecting visual outcomes in patients with diabetic macular edema treated with ranibizumab

To identify factors associated with visual outcomes in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) treated with ranibizumab (RBZ) in the Ranibizumab for Edema of the mAcula in Diabetes—Protocol 2 (READ-2) Study. Optical coherence tomography scans, fundus photographs, and fluorescein angiograms (FAs) were graded and along with baseline characteristics were correlated with month (M) 24 visual outcome of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≤20/100 (poor outcome) vs >20/100 (better outcome). Of 101 patients with a M20 visit or beyond, 27 (27%) had BCVA ≤20/100. Comparison of patients with or without poor outcome showed mean baseline BCVA of 16.8 letters (20/125) in the former compared with 30.4 letters (20/63; P<0.001). Mean change in BCVA between baseline and M24 was −2.6 letters in the poor outcome group compared with +9.8 letters (P<0.001). Foveal thickness (FTH) at M24 was 374.1 μm in the poor outcome group compared with 268.8 μm (P<0.01), a difference driven by 14 patients with mean FTH of 450.3 μm. Foveal atrophy occurred in 65% (11/17) in the poor outcome group compared with 17%(12/71, P=0.001). Persistent edema was noted in 52% (14/27) of patients with poor outcome. Laser scars near foveal center were significantly more common in patients with poor outcome who did not have edema vs those who did (78% (7/9) vs 23% (3/13) P=0.03). Poor baseline BCVA (≤20/125) in DME patients predicts poor visual outcome (≤20/100) after 2 years of treatment with RBZ and/or focal/grid laser, often due to foveal atrophy and/or persistent edema.
Coherence scale of coupled Anderson impurities

For two coupled Anderson impurities, two energy scales are present to characterize the evolution from the local moment state of the impurities to either the interimpurity singlet or the Kondo singlet ground state. The high-energy scale is found to deviate from the single-ion Kondo temperature and rather scales as the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interaction when it becomes dominant. We find that the scaling behavior and the associated physical properties of this scale are consistent with those of a coherence scale defined in heavy fermion systems.
Immunolocalization of transforming growth factor-alpha and its receptor in the normal and hyperoxia-exposed neonatal rat retina.

Purpose. Transforming growth factor-a (TGF-a) is a mitogenic polypeptide for a variety of different cells types including retinal neurons and glial cells. We have examined the temporal and spatial expression of TGF-a and its receptor in the normal and hyperoxia-exposed neonatal rat retina to determine if the expression is consistent with a role in retinal development and response to retinal injury. Methods. We have used immunohistochemistry to examine TGF-a and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) on post-natal days (1, 5, 10, 14, 18, and 25). To examine TGF-a and EGF-R expression after retinal injury we studied the retinas from rats which were exposed to 80% oxygen for 10 days and then recovered in room air. Immunolocalization of type IV collagen was performed to examine the retinal vasculature development after hyperoxia. Results. The pattern of TGF-a and EGF-R expression in the neural retina evolved from a diffuse pattern on postnatal day 1 to restricted sites on postnatal day 14. The TGF-a immunor...
Blood carotene and steatorrhea.

A screening test has been presented for the early diagnosis of the malabsorptive syndromes. The test is based on the simple, rapid determination of the plasma carotene level, which is often found to be low in cases of malabsorption of fat.
Metabollic responses of the fresh-water bivalve, Pleurobema coccineum (conrad), to anaerobic conditions

Abstract 1. l. Oxygen consumption of gill tissue from Pleurobema coccinuem which had been exposed to anaerobic conditions was higher than that of gills from well-aerated animals. 2. 2. Glycogen and glucose disappeared rapidly from intact animals during the first 48 hr of anaerobiosis, but then seemed to level off. 3. 3. There was no lactate accumulation.
Adaptive routing in large communication networks: Probabilistic study

A network model is presented and conditions for stochastic stability of the network system are given. For adaptation algorithms which change the routing probabilities slowly (small stepsize), expressions for steady-state variances are derived; usimg these, guidelines for the selection of algorithm parameters are discussed.
Monocytes mediate metastatic breast tumor cell adhesion to endothelium under flow

Endothelial adhesion is necessary for the hematogenous dissemination of tumor cells. However, the metastatic breast tumor cell MDA-MB-231 does not bind to the endothelium under physiological flow con- ditions, suggesting alternate mechanisms of adhesion. Since monocytes are highly represented in the tumor microenvironment, and also bind to endothelium dur- ing inflammation, we hypothesized that the monocytes assist in the arrest of MDA-MB-231 on the endothe- lium. Using in vitro models of the dynamic shear environment of the vasculature, we show that TNF- -activated THP1/primary human monocytes and MDA-MB-231 cells form stable aggregates, and that the monocytes in these aggregates mediate the adhe- sion of otherwise nonadherent MDA-MB-231 cells to inflamed endothelium under flow (552.4 vs. 1.70.82 at a shear stress of 0.5 dyn/cm 2 , P<0.01). We also show that the hydrodynamic forces determine the size and orientation of aggregates adhered to the endothelium, and strongly favor the attachment of small aggregates with tumor cells downstream of flow (74-86% doublets at 0.5-2 dyn/cm 2 , P<0.01). The 5-fold up-regulation of ICAM-1 on TNF--activated MDA-MB-231 cells through the Nf-B pathway was found to be critical in MDA-MB- 231-monocyte aggregation and endothelial adhesion. Our results demonstrate that, under inflammatory con- ditions, monocytes may serve to disseminate tumor cells through circulation, and the tumor-monocyte- endothelial axis may represent a new therapeutic target to reduce cancer metastasis.—Evani, S. J., Prabhu, R. G., Gnanaruban, V., Finol, E. A., Ramasubramanian, A. K. Monocytes mediate metastatic breast tumor cell adhesion to endothelium under flow. FASEB J. 27, 000-000 (2013). www.fasebj.org
A Window Into Mathematical Support: How Parents’ Perceptions Change Following Observations of Mathematics Tutoring

This research study examined the perceptions of 24 parents of rising 5th-grade students with mathematics learning difficulties as part of a 10-week summer mathematics tutoring experience. During the summer tutoring program, parents observed their children participating in mathematics learning experiences during one-to-one tutoring sessions. At the conclusion of the summer tutoring services, parents reflected on observations of their own children in surveys and interviews. Results indicated that parents’ observations of the tutoring impacted their perceptions and changed the support they provided to their children during and after the tutoring program. Parents reported changes in attitudes and beliefs about mathematics, gaining insights into their child’s mathematical understanding, and changes in their methods and practices as mathematics supporters outside of the tutoring sessions.
Effects of oxidizing methods on the flotation of coal

Abstract In studies involving the induced oxidation of coals by heating or chemical methods, it is important to understand direct effects of oxidation by isolating secondary effects which depend on the methods adopted to oxidize. In the case of gaseous oxidation, secondary thermal effects need to be differentiated from the primary oxidation. In chemical oxidation, effects of various by-products of the oxidation reaction need to be isolated. Experiments designed to separate these influences show the important role of thermal effects during short oxidation periods, atmospheric moisture, and of dissolved products of chemical oxidation in determining surface properties and floatability of bituminous coal.