cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Training the child welfare workforce in healthy couple relationships: An examination of attitudes and outcomes

Abstract The purpose of the current research is to address a gap in the literature related to attitudes and other training outcomes through an evaluation of a healthy marriage/couple relationship training for public child welfare workers. Given the sensitivity of this topic and numerous barriers to trainee acceptance of the material, this training provided a particularly fertile context for these research questions. This research utilized a quasi-experimental design with pre-, multiple post-training measures for the experimental (training) group and control (no training) group. Data were collected using reliable and valid standardized scales on training satisfaction, knowledge gain, transfer of new skills, and attitude change, as well as potential individual and organizational mediators of these outcomes. Results indicated that experimental group participants reported higher levels of knowledge than controls and knowledge gain in certain areas. Knowledge gain was related to training satisfaction. Experimental group participants also reported higher levels of training transfer and an increase in positive attitudes toward the importance of couple issues for child welfare, with these attitudes significantly predicting transfer of skills. Implications for general child welfare training and the integration of couple issues into child welfare practice are discussed.
Multiple Predictors of Korean Elderly Men's Leisure Participation

This study examines the leisure constraints experienced by elderly men and investigates how leisure constraints affect their level of participation in leisure activities. A convenience sampling of the independent elderly, sixty or older, residing in Seoul and the province of Kyenggi in Korea comprised the study sample. Of the total 275 participants, 164 were male. The study employed hierarchical multiple regression analysis including demographic, health status, financial status, and leisure constraint factors impacting participation in leisure activities. The findings of the study highlight the importance of interpersonal constraints of elderly men in leisure participation. The elderly men reported significantly higher levels of interpersonal constraints than the elderly women. Financial status factors, such as leisure allowance and employment status, were confirmed to be more influential predictors in determining the elderly men's leisure participation. Practice implications include considering interpers...
Individual differences in external-ear transfer functions reduced by scaling in frequency.

This study examined inter-subject differences in the transfer functions from the free field to the human ear canal, which are commonly know as head-related transfer functions. The directional components of such transfer functions are referred here to as directional transfer functions (DTFs). The DTFs of 45 subjects varied systematically among subjects in regard to the frequencies of spectral features such as peaks and notches. Inter-subject spectral differences in DTFs were quantified between 3.7 and 12.9 kHz for sound-source directions throughout the coordinate sphere. For each pair of subjects, an optimal frequency scale factor aligned spectral features between subjects and, thus, minimized inter-subject spectral differences. Frequency scaling of DTFs reduced spectral differences by a median value of 15.5% across all pairs of subjects and by more than half in 9.5% of subject pairs. Optimal scale factors showed a median value of 1.061 and a maximum of 1.38. The optimal scale factor between any pair of subjects correlated highly with the ratios of subjects’ maximum interaural delays, sizes of their external ears, and widths of their heads.
Deformable Strain Sensors Based on Patterned MWCNTs/ Polydimethylsiloxane Composites

Patterned MWCNT/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposite strain sensors were achieved by a microelectromechanical system assisted electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique. With the combined effect of superior intrinsic piezoresistivity of the individual MWCNT and the tunneling effect of the MWCNT network, the stretchable composite demonstrates high sensitivity to the tensile strain. The gauge factor shows a strong dependence on both the initial resistance of the CNT/PDMS composite and the applied strain level. The mechanism is elucidated by analyzing the structure-property-function of patterned CNT networks. When the entanglement of a MWCNT network allows effective load transfer, the sensitivity is primarily dominated by the intrinsic piezoresistivity of individual MWCNTs. Conversely, when the MWCNTs interpenetrate loosely, the tunneling effect prevails. The sensitivity of the device can be tailored by the proposed technique since MWCNT film thickness/density can be readily controlled by means of the patterning parameters of the EPD process. The work provides useful guidance for design and development of strain/stress sensors with targeted sensitivity for flexible electronics applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1505–1512
Selectivity in Propylene Polymerization with Group 4 Cp−Amido Catalysts

Mono-Cp−amido complexes [η5:η1-Cp‘SiMe2(NR)]MCl2 (M = Ti, Zr) have been synthesized by metathesis and amine elimination routes in low to moderate yields (5−50%). Two optically active examples based on (S)-(−)-(α)-methylbenzylamine are presented, and the molecular structure of (+)-(R)-[η5: η1-(Ind)SiMe2-(S)-NCHMePh]TiCl2 (4) has been determined by X-ray crystallography. These complexes are active in the presence of methylaluminoxane for propylene polymerization and yield high molecular weight atactic polymers with slight syndiotactic enrichment. Productivities, molecular weights, and tacticities are dependent on Cp‘ and NR. Incorporation of a chiral amine into the ligand framework has little effect on stereospecificity. Polypropylenes derived from the titanium catalysts show significant amounts of 2,1-monomer insertion (2−5%).
Malabsorption syndrome produced by neomycin

1. Administration of 12 gm. daily of neomycin for 5 days was followed by an average fecal fat loss of 21 gm. per day. Fecal fat loss became abnormal in 9 of 10 patients.
MEASUREMENT OF DIFFERENTIAL CHARGE-TRANSFER CROSS SECTIONS AND PROBABILITIES BY PHOTON--PARTICLE COINCIDENCE TECHNIQUE.

The probabilities and differential cross sections for charge transfer to the $2p$ state of hydrogen in 4- to 20- keV proton-helium collisions have been measured for specific impact parameters by detecting in delayed coincidence the scattered neutral hydrogen atom and the resulting $2p\ensuremath{-}1s$ Lyman-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ photon. These $2p$ probabilities are compared with the total charge transfer and $2s$ state probabilities, and with the coupled atomic state calculations of Sin Fai Lam.
Revisiting the structure of mental disorders: borderline personality disorder and the internalizing/externalizing spectra.

Objective Researchers have turned to dimensional models of psychopathology as a means of explaining robust patterns of comorbidity. A hierarchical model consisting of internalizing and externalizing dimensions has been a useful approach to understanding comorbidity among some mental disorders, although a limited number of disorders have been examined within this framework. The objective of the present study is to determine how borderline personality disorder fits into this framework. Design and methods Dimensional measures of nine psychiatric disorders were used in a confirmatory factors analysis to compare five models of comorbidity in 1,197 members (N = 541 women) of a population-based sample. Symptom composites were derived from the Michigan Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the International Personality Disorders Examination Questionnaire. Results Five models were fit to dimensional indicators of nine disorders. A model in which borderline personality disorder served as a multidimensional indicator of the externalizing factor and the anxious-misery subfactor of internalizing disorders provided the best fit to the data in the whole sample and in men. For women, this model also fit well but an alternative model in which borderline personality disorder served only as an indicator of the anxious-misery subfactor of internalizing disorders fit equally well. Conclusions The present study demonstrates the utility of the internalizing/externalizing framework for characterizing personality disorders as well as Axis I disorders. Future work should explore how other personality disorders fit into this framework.
Effect of Tillage Systems on the Variability of Soil-Water Tensions and Soil-Water Content

ABSTRACT Field experiments were conducted on a Webster silty clay loam soil to study the effect of four different tillage systems (no-till, chisel plow, paraplow and moldboard plow) on soil-water tension and soil-water content. Data on soil-water tensions were collected by using tensiometers installed at 0.15, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.5 m depths within the crop row. A portable pressure transducer equipped with a syringe needle and a digital pressure indicator was used to indicate soil-water tensions. Field data on soil-water tensions and volumetric soil-water contents for various tillage systems were collected during the 1983 and 1984 growing season. The results of this study indicated that tillage systems affected the soil-water tensions in the surface layer (0 to 0.3 m) of the soil in 1984, but the differences were not statistically significant at the 5% level in 1983. Results showed that the variability (standard deviation and range) of soil-water tensions increased when the soil became drier under all tillage systems, but the variability began to decrease at about 45 kPa of soil-water tension and continued to decrease further at higher values of soil-water tensions (reaching up to 80 kPa).
Development of cutaneous amelanotic melanoma in the absence of a functional tyrosinase.

Lack of characteristic pigmentation and a wide range of clinical presentations account for the diagnostic challenge associated with amelanotic malignant melanoma. Experimental studies of this important human cancer have been hampered by the lack of an appropriate animal model. We previously described a transgenic mouse line (TG-3) that spontaneously develops pigmented cutaneous melanoma. F1 crosses were generated with TG-3 and several albino strains, and backcrosses were then made with the albinos. In the present report, we describe the restricted development and characterization of cutaneous amelanotic melanoma in these albino transgenic backcrosses. The incidence and behavior of melanoma in these mice were monitored. A high incidence (80–100%) of spontaneous amelanotic melanoma was observed in albino transgenic mice derived from backcrosses with A, AKR, FVB, and SJL strains. The lowest incidence (30%) was obtained in BALB/c-derived crosses. No tumors were observed in non-transgenic mice. Immunohistochemical and western blot analyses using antibodies against three melanocyte-specific markers of the tyrosinase family of proteins confirmed that the tumors were composed of amelanotic melanocytes. Furthermore, the presence of numerous premelanosomes observed by electron microscopy further supported the melanocytic origin of these tumors. Previous in vitro studies on human melanoma have suggested that cutaneous amelanotic melanoma was evolving from pre-existing pigmented cutaneous melanoma. However, our results indicate that it can occur directly, as evidenced by the appearance of cutaneous amelanotic melanoma in the tyrosinase-deficient albino mice. These mice represent a potentially valuable model for studying the mechanistic, diagnostic, and therapeutic features of this highly malignant neoplasm.
Surgery residents' perception of the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE).

Abstract Purpose Beginning in July 2003, residency programs will be required to incorporate new educational assessment methods as defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) outcome initiative. The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is an assessment tool that is favorably viewed by the ACGME. Our institution has utilized the OSCE for evaluation of surgery trainees since 1996. Despite the positive acceptance of the OSCE by students, residents expressed dissatisfaction with the examination. This study was therefore undertaken to specifically evaluate resident perception of the OSCE. Methods Two sequential surveys were administered to surgery residents at the Medical College of Ohio. Response of medical students to a standard survey following completion of the OSCE was tabulated. Results On the first, general survey, residents felt that the OSCE was not an adequate measure of either clinical (15 of 17 residents) or technical (15 of 18 residents) skills; 14 of 16 residents felt that the OSCE should not be used when considering promotion. When specifically queried in a follow-up survey, residents indicated that the OSCE was an adequate measure of clinical knowledge (2.2 ± 0.3); however, most still felt that the OSCE should not be used when considering promotion (4.3 ± 0.3). (Scores = mean ± SEM on a Likert scale where 1 = strongly agree and 5 = strongly disagree). By contrast, 97.6% of 663 medical students surveyed (September 1996 through February 2002) felt the OSCE was useful. Conclusions The OSCE has been shown to be a reliable and valid measure of basic clinical and technical competence. Despite our residents’ current perception, we believe that the OSCE is an important method for resident evaluation, particularly within the context of the current ACGME outcome initiative.
Modeling of Strain-Induced Phonon Thermal Conductivity Reduction in Thermoelectric Nanocomposites

In this paper, we study strain effects on the phonon thermal conductivity of 2-D Si/Ge nanocomposites. Lattice dynamics is employed for the calculation of the phonon scattering properties as a function of strain. Cauchy-Born rule is used to model the deformed configuration of the atoms. The effective thermal conductivity of the nanocomposite material is modeled by using a modified effective medium approximation (EMA) approach. The strain effects are incorporated into the modified EMA through the strain dependent phonon mean free path. The effective thermal conductivity of the strained nanocomposite material is calculated for different characteristic lengths of the Si component. The results show that a 2% tensile strain can reduce the effective thermal conductivity by more than 10%.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Human norovirus surrogate reduction in milk and juice blends by high pressure homogenization.

Novel processing technologies such as high pressure homogenization (HPH) for the inactivation of foodborne viruses in fluids that retain nutritional attributes are in high demand. The objectives of this research were (i) to determine the effects of HPH alone or with an emulsifier (lecithin) on human norovirus surrogates—murine norovirus (MNV-1) and feline calicivirus (FCVF9)—in skim milk and orange juice, and (ii) to determine HPH effects on FCV-F9 and MNV-1 in orange and pomegranate juice blends. Experiments were conducted in duplicate at 0, 100, 200, 250, and 300 MPa for <2 s and plaque was assayed in duplicate. In milk, FCV-F9 was reduced by ≥4 and ~1.3 log PFU/ml at 300 and 250 MPa, respectively, and ≥4- and ~1-log PFU/ml reductions were obtained in orange juice at 300 and 250 MPa, respectively. In orange juice or milk combined with lecithin, FCVF9 was reduced to nondetectable levels at 300 MPa, and by 1.77 and 0.78 log PFU/ml at 250 MPa. MNV-1 in milk was reduced by ~1.3 log PFU/ml only at 300 MPa, a...
Loss of Heterozygosity at 3p in Benign Lesions Preceding Invasive Breast Cancer

Abstract Background.Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at chromosome 3p is one of the most common genetic abnormalities identified in human cancers and has occasionally been noted in benign proliferative lesions predisposing to breast cancer. If the frequency of LOH at 3p in benign proliferative lesions correlates with the subsequent development of breast cancer, it may be possible to develop powerful tools for molecular risk assessment based on this technology. Materials and methods.Archival paraffin-embedded tissues from benign breast biopsies in five women who have developed breast cancer and three women who have not developed breast cancer were microdissected and allelotyped at 3p using six microsatellite markers. Results.No LOH was detected in the biopsies from women who have not developed breast cancer. For women developing breast cancer, the proportion of informative loci showing LOH in the benign proliferative lesions was 0.47 as compared to 0.57 for the associated breast cancers. There was no LOH detected in epithelial DNA from a fibroadenoma. Of 15 informative loci, 4 (27%) showed LOH in both the benign proliferative lesion and the associated cancer; however, the actual parental allele lost was different in three of these four cases. Conclusions.These results suggest that there are specific patterns of genetic instability common to preneoplastic lesions and the breast cancers that subsequently develop even when the paired lesions are not clonally related. LOH analysis of benign breast epithelium may provide a tool for molecular risk assessment and a surrogate endpoint for breast cancer chemoprevention trials.
High temperature interface reactions of TiC, TiN, and SiC with palladium and rhodium

Abstract Reactions of TiC, TiN, and SiC with palladium and rhodium at temperatures up to 1600 °C were examined using bulk diffusion couple experiments. Intermetallic phases at the ceramic–metal interfaces were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The reactivity of the ceramics with these platinum group metals follows the order SiC ≫ TiC > TiN, and reactivity of the metals follows the order Pd > Rh. TiN–Pd interfaces were unique in that no intermetallic phase formation was observed at any of the annealing times and temperatures. The formation of distinct intermetallic phases at the SiC–Rh and TiC–Rh interfaces followed a non-parabolic behavior.
Interferences between some inducers of the respiration-deficient mutation in yeast.

Abstract Various inducers of the respiration-deficient mutation in yeast interfere with each other when they are applied jointly to a strain of baker's yeast. The combinations tested comprise acriflavine, pararosanilin, pyronin B, pyronin Y, acridine red 3 B and caffeine. The interferences are apparent in the combinations of sub-optimal doses of one inducer with sub-threshold doses of another inducer. Either counteractive or promotive interferences depending on the combinations are observed. Promotive interferences also appear in some combinations of sub-threshold doses of two inducers. The inducers remain indifferent to each other in some combinations. Interpretations on the mechanism of the interferences are presented with reference to the mutagen-antimutagen relations and therapeutic interferences.
Susceptibility of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti to three imported Chikungunya virus strains, including the E1/226V variant in Taiwan.

Background/purpose An E1/226V variant Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) efficiently transmitted by Aedes albopictus to humans poses a significant threat to public health for those areas with the presence of Aedes albopictus , including Taiwan. Methods We infected three imported CHIKV isolates including the E1/226V variant with Ae. albopictus and Aedes aegypti in the laboratory to understand the disease risk. Viral RNA was measured by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results The viral susceptibility varied by virus strain and mosquito species and strain. The Asian virus strain started to replicate at 5–6 days post infection (dpi) with the maximum virus yield, ranging from 10 3.63 to 10 3.87 at 5–10 dpi in both species. The variant CHIKV Central/East/South African (CESA) virus genotype replicated earlier at 1 dpi with the maximum virus yield ranging from 10 5.63 to 10 6.52 at 3–6 dpi in Ae . albopictus females while the nonvariant virus strain replicated at 1–2 dpi with the maximum virus yield ranging from 10 5.51 to10 6.27 at 6–12 dpi. In Ae . aegypti , these viruses replicated at 1–2 dpi, with maximum yields at 4–5 dpi (range from 10 5.38 to 10 5.62 ). Conclusion We concluded that the risk of CHIKV in Taiwan is high in all distribution areas of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus for the CESA genotype and that the E1/226V variant virus strain presents an even higher risk.
Computer simulation of a quantum-well optical correlator

Abstract We have developed a simulation of a multiple quantum well optical correlator to investigate the effects of saturation on the correlation signal. We present the results of the modeling effort here.
Binary Representation of Normalized Symmetric and Correlation Matrices

With a view toward the correlation matrices, it is shown that the normalized real symmetric matrices are the affine hull of the binary correlation matrices, while the convex hull is a proper subset of the correlation matrices. A number of ways to identify the correlation matrices in the affine hull are discussed.
Blood metabolite interrelationships and changes in mammary gland metabolism during subclinical ketosis.

Abstract Comparisons were from tail and mammary-vein blood samples from 20 cows, both when the milk acetone test was positive and after the test had become negative. The transition from subclinical ketosis to normal was marked by increasing glucose and triglycerides and decreasing acetate, ketone bodies, and nonesterified fatty acids. Also noted were increasing arteriovenous differences in glucose and triglycerides and a decreasing arteriovenous difference in nonesterified fatty acids. Negative arteriovenous differences (–.7 mg/100 ml)in acetoacetate plus acetone were consistently noted during subclinical ketosis, thus suggesting mammary ketogenesis. Within cow correlations between arteriovenous acetoacetate plus acetone and arteriovenous nonesterified fatty acids (–.69**) indicated that conditions favoring increased uptake of nonesterified fatty acid's also favored increased mammary ketogenesis. A similar type of correlation between arteriovenous nonesterified fatty acids and arteriovenous triglycerides (–.58**) indicated a possible substitution of nonesterified for triglycerides-fatty acids for milk fat synthesis. Within cow correlations between arterial levels and arteriovenous differences were .77**, .82**, and .83** for glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, and triglycerides.
Racial and Ethnic Variation in the Predictors of Maternal Parenting Stress

ABSTRACT Little is known about racial and ethnic disparities in maternal parenting stress. Using Belsky's (1984) conceptual model, which characterizes parenting stress as a function of maternal and child characteristics and social context, we examine determinants of parenting stress among Mexican American mothers in comparison to non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black mothers. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being (FFCWB) Study, we analyze a sample of 2,898 mothers. According to our findings, patterns of parenting stress for non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black mothers are fairly consistent with Belsky's model. However, for Mexican American mothers, social support, but not partner support, ameliorates parenting stress, and depression is not associated with parenting stress. Importantly, despite significant social disadvantage, parenting stress levels in Mexican American mothers do not significantly differ from those of non-Hispanic Whites. Specific recommendations are made to p...
Inhibition of semen-derived enhancer of virus infection (SEVI) fibrillogenesis by zinc and copper

Semen-derived enhancer of virus infection (SEVI), a naturally occurring peptide fragment of prostatic acid phosphatase, enhances HIV infectivity by forming cationic amyloid fibrils that aid the fusion of negatively charged virion and target cell membranes. Cu(II) and Zn(II) inhibit fibrillization of SEVI in a kinetic assay using the fibril-specific dye ThT. TEM suggests that the metals do not affect fibril morphology. NMR shows that the metals bind to histidines 3 and 23 in the SEVI sequence. ITC experiments indicate that SEVI forms oligomeric complexes with the metals. Dissociation constants are micromolar for Cu(II) and millimolar for Zn(II). Because the Cu(II) and Zn(II) concentrations that inhibit fibrillization are comparable with those found in seminal fluid the metals may modulate SEVI fibrillization under physiological conditions.
Dependency by Law: Poverty, Identity, and Welfare Privatization

Privatization of welfare reflects the political pressure to limit public responsibility for protection of social citizenship. Recent welfare reforms incorporate three classic market-like privatization mechanisms—contracting out services, forcing allocation of a limited pool of benefits, and deregulation. Deregulation entails strategic diversion and disqualification of large numbers of would-be applicants who are left without alternatives to the labor market. In this article I discuss an empirical study of the effects of deregulation of welfare on the self-perceptions of recipients. Interviews with recipients and with low-wage health care workers, former recipients, show that, criticisms of welfare notwithstanding, they have embraced welfare reform’s valorization of market labor, despite the women’s continuing poverty. The interviews suggest that the “consent” of women in low-wage health care work is grounded in both powerlessness and resistance. Care taking, a role devalued by welfare reform, is valued by them and a foundation for identity and an imagined career. *This is a revised version of a paper first presented at the annual meeting of the Law and Society Association, Las Vegas, Nevada, June 2005. The article discusses one aspect of an empirical research project examining the effects of welfare reform on recipients, former recipients, frontline workers, and administrators of welfare programs. Other aspects of the research are considered in earlier published and unpublished work, including, Frank Munger, Dependency by Law: Welfare and Identity in the Lives of Poor Women, in Lives in the Law (Austin Sarat et al. eds., 2002); “Dependency by Law: The Policy Power of All Our Kin” a paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for North American Anthropologists, Merida, Mexico, May 2005. I would like to thank Courtney Fennimore, Melinda Feng, Asha Smith, and Susan Liu, my research assistants, who not only brought energy, diligence, and intelligence to the work of the project but also offered thoughtful and valuable insights about its substance, for which I am deeply grateful. **Professor of Law, New York Law School; Ph.D. (Sociology) 1997, J.D. 1968, University of Michigan. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.113 on Wed, 05 Oct 2016 04:19:53 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
High‐precision earthquake location and three‐dimensional P wave velocity determination at Redoubt Volcano, Alaska

[1] Redoubt Volcano, Alaska poses significant volcanic hazard to the Cook Inlet region and overlying flight paths. During and following the most recent eruption in 1989–1990 the Alaska Volcano Observatory deployed up to 10 seismometers to improve real-time monitoring capabilities at Redoubt and continues to produce an annual earthquake catalog with associated arrival times for this volcano. We compute a three-dimensional P wave velocity model using double-difference tomography combined with waveform cross-correlation techniques to identify families of similar earthquakes and increase earthquake location precision at Redoubt. Absolute and differential times for well-constrained events are used to simultaneously invert for hypocenter location and P wave velocity structure. Shot and earthquake arrival times recorded by temporary stations deployed on Redoubt in July 1991 supplement the catalog picks. Double-difference tomography reduces uncertainties associated with absolute and relative earthquake locations and provides a clearer picture of three-dimensional velocity heterogeneity. All Redoubt data available through November 2005 are relocated through the three-dimensional model, and we investigate seismicity associated with the 1989–1990 eruption and compare cross-correlation coefficients to identify similar earthquakes within the catalog. Waveform similarity is high at Redoubt, especially during the eruptive phases, and event families include long-period shallow summit, hybrid, and both shallow summit and midcrust level volcano-tectonic earthquakes. We do not resolve a low-velocity feature in the three-dimensional P wave model that can be interpreted as a source magma chamber and prefer the idea of an interconnected body of dikes and sills as the source of magma erupted in 1989–1990.
The effects of sex and exposure to inescapable shock on shock-elicited fighting in albino rats

A 2 by 2 factorial design was employed to investigate the effects of exposure to inescapable shock vs. no shock on the subsequent shock-elicited fighting behavior of male and female rats. Results indicated that males fought reliably more than females in response to brief test shocks. Also, prior exposure to inescapable shock was observed to reduce markedly the degree of shock-elicited fighting for both male and female rats during initial test sessions. In addition, measurements of responsivity to shock were observed to decrease for shock-treated subjects as a function of continued exposure to inescapable shock during the shock-treatment phase. Taken together, these findings indicate that although sex can be a powerful determinant of degree of shock-elicited fighting in albino rats, the debilitating effect of exposures to inescapable shock does not depend upon this factor. Furthermore, the observations of behavior during shock treatment itself tentatively suggest that the marked reduction in fighting produced by this variable may be due, in part, to a behavioral change accompanying exposure to inescapable shock.
The effect of CO on sulfate aerosol formation

Abstract A series of experiments were performed in an outdoor smog chamber to determine the effect of CO on the rate of SO2 oxidation in a rural air photochemical system. The presence of added CO, at concentrations ranging from 15 to 30 ppm, decreased the aerosol formation rate as measured by a condensation nuclei counter, an electrical aerosol analyzer, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of collected aerosol. Enhanced O3 production due to the action of CO was also detected in one of the experiments. Comparison of the XRF data with results of a photochemical model shows good agreement concerning the effect of CO on the SO2 oxidation rate. This agreement supports the hypothesis that SO2 is oxidized principally by the hydroxyl and hydroperoxy radicals in the system studied.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of the adsorption of N2 and NO on tungsten

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) has been used in a study of N 2 and NO adsorbed on a polycrystalline tungsten ribbon. The sample was flash cleaned under ultrahigh vacuum conditions, and cooled to either 300 K or 100 K for the adsorption studies. Large chemical shifts, as great as 8 eV, were observed between the N (1s) spectra associated with the weakly chemisorbed γ-nitrogen states and the strongly chemisorbed β-nitrogen states. Chemical shifts in both the N(1s) and O(1s) spectra suggest that NO is largely non-dissociatively chemisorbed at 100 K. In general, the binding energies of N(1s) and O(1s) electrons in the adsorbed layers are smaller than the binding energies for the same atoms in small gaseous molecules. In addition, the binding energies associated with the weakly-bound states of NO and N 2 are invariably greater than the binding energies associated with strongly chemisorbed species.
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) INFECTIONS: INFANT DEVELOPMENT VS. DAY CARE CENTERS

CMV causes congenital infection in 0.5-2% of births and may be the leading cause of congenital deafness in the U.S. Personnel in centers for developmentally delayed infants and toddlers are concerned that admission of children known to have CMV may increase the transmission of CMV to pregnant staff and the risk of subsequent congenital infection. Despite lack of data to warrant this assumption, children are denied services because they shed CMV. We studied CMV shedding in urine and saliva in children 0-3 yrs. in day care (DCC) and infant development centers (IDC) and the CMV immunity of the staff (58 staff in 6 DCC and 72 staff in 10 IDC). 59% of DCC and 42% of IDC staff were seropositive. Among staff, seropositivity did not differ by center type, age, or socioeconomic status (SES). There was no positive correlation between seropositivity and length of employment. Among 100 children in 4 DCC and 62 children in 7 IDC, 21% and 22% respectively had CMV urinary shedding. There were no significant differences by age, center type, ambulatory status, or center SES. Thus, CMV urinary shedding is common in these settings. Since 48% of the staff under 35 are seronegative, rates of shedding among the children are of concern. Seroconversion rates among staff working with young children need to be established and more learned about transmission of CMV. Nevertheless, we found no difference between DCC and IDC; thus, staff in IDC are no more likely to have acquired CMV than DCC staff, and there is no indication for excluding known CMV shedders from IDC.
A Model for an Introductory Undergraduate Research Experience

An introductory, multidisciplinary lecture–laboratory course linked with a summer research experience has been established to provide undergraduate biology and chemistry majors with the skills needed to be successful in the research laboratory. This three-credit hour course was focused on laboratory skills and was designed to reinforce and develop the students’ laboratory techniques and problem-solving skills, as well as to give encouragement to participate in a summer research project. This skills course consisted of a lecture section with team-based laboratory rotations of five-weeks each. Most students in the rotations had the opportunity to work in both biology and chemistry laboratories. The skills course culminated in several students being chosen to continue research in the summer with a research stipend while under the direction of one of the faculty mentors. The summer research projects were all collaborative efforts between chemists and biologists. Data are provided from voluntary entrance and exit student surveys to determine students’ overall skill levels and interests before and after completion of the skills course. This course was valuable in encouraging students to become involved in and committed to research, for teaching them laboratory techniques, and for helping them evolve into independent researchers.
Composition of overlayers on oxidized pyrite surfaces

Abstract Differences in the extent of oxidation measured from the Fe2p and S2p spectra of the same weathered pyrite sample may be interpreted in terms of an oxidized overlayer of variable thickness and composition on the FeS 2 substrate. The ratio of the percent of pyrite oxidation, measured from the Fe2p spectrum, to the percent of oxidation, measured from the S2p spectrum, can be used to compare the relative thickness and stoichiometries of the overlayers and to determine the presence of passivating layers on a series of oxidized pyrite samples.
Developing Valid Knowledge Scales

central variables in research on mass political behavior, but insufficient attention has been given to the implications of alternate approaches to the measurement of political knowledge. Two issues are considered here: (1) survey protocol regarding "don't know" responses and (2) item format. Data from the 1998 NES Pilot and a survey conducted in the Tallahassee metropolitan area are used to assess alternate survey protocols. or decades, students of mass politics have assessed how much citizens know about politics, how people acquire and process political information, whether political behavior varies as a function of differences in knowledge levels, and whether various psychological mechanisms enable deficiencies in political knowledge to be overcome. Virtually all research on public opinion, voting behavior, and media effects confronts one or more of these questions. Because of the importance of knowledge as an analytical construct, several authors have explored issues in the measurement of political knowledge. This research has produced compelling evidence that political awareness is best represented with data from survey batteries that measure factual political knowledge. Less insight has emerged, however, regarding the implications of how those knowledge batteries are constructed. Therefore, my purposes in this article are to identify some of the key issues in the construction of knowledge batteries and to demonstrate the consequences associated with use of alternate measurement procedures. Two issues in the measurement of political knowledge are addressed: (1) survey protocol regarding "don't know" responses and (2) item format. For both, possible changes in measurement procedures are discussed. Following this discussion, several potential liabilities associated with use of new procedures are considered. In the last section of this article, I demonstrate how the choice of knowledge measures affects hypothesis testing. Throughout this article, alternate measurement procedures are evaluated using data from two split-ballot surveys, the 1998 NES Pilot, and a survey conducted in late 1998 and early 1999 in the Tallahassee metropolitan area.
Adaptive correction of the pseudo-enhancement of CT attenuation for fecal-tagging CT colonography.

Abstract In fecal-tagging CT colonography ( ft CTC), positive-contrast tagging agents are used for opacifying residual bowel materials to facilitate reliable detection of colorectal lesions. However, tagging agents that have high radiodensity tend to artificially elevate the observed CT attenuation of nearby materials toward that of tagged materials on Hounsfield unit (HU) scale. We developed an image-based adaptive density-correction (ADC) method for minimizing such pseudo-enhancement effect in ft CTC data. After the correction, we can confidently assume that soft-tissue materials and air are represented by their standard CT attenuations, whereas higher CT attenuations indicate tagged materials. The ADC method was optimized by use of an anthropomorphic phantom filled partially with three concentrations of a tagging agent. The effect of ADC on ft CTC was assessed visually and quantitatively by comparison of the accuracy of computer-aided detection (CAD) without and with the use of the ADC method in two different types of clinical ft CTC databases: 20 laxative ft CTC cases with 24 polyps, and 23 reduced-preparation ft CTC cases with 28 polyps. Visual evaluation indicated that ADC minimizes the observed pseudo-enhancement effect. With ADC, the free-response receiver operating characteristic curves indicating CAD performance in polyp detection yielded normalized partial area-under-curve values of 0.91 and 0.80 for the two databases, respectively, with statistically significant improvement over conventional thresholding-based approaches ( p
A three-factor model investigation of foreign exchange-rate exposure

Abstract We investigate the likelihood of extreme foreign exchange-rate exposure (FXE), conditioning upon key firm factors and an expanded view of hedging. Our investigation incorporates the Fama and French (1993) three-factor (FF three-factor) model terms in reconciling equity returns vis-a-vis exchange-rate exposure. Our results suggest the following conclusions. First, consistent with effective hedging, non-hedging firms tend to have greater FXE than hedging firms. Second, all key factors that explain the likelihood of high FXE are economically and statistically significant using the more complete FF three-factor model. Third, we note that firm size is important in explaining FXE. Fourth, we find more FXE coefficients that are significant using the FF three-factor model compared to the traditional market model.
Comparison of single electron traps in the superconducting and normal states

Abstract Traps, consisting of arrays of nano-scale aluminum tunnel junctions, have been shown to hold single electrons for over 10 4 s (limited by observation time) at 50 mK. The barrier Δ U to the change of the charge state of the trap has a measured value in the range of 5–10K (consistent with calculations) for traps of seven junctions (in the normal state) of capacitance C ≈ 150aF. In the superconducting state, the activation energy is increased by 2.6 ± 0.4K, equal to the superconducting energy gap of Al. The observed escape of a single electron from the trap is via thermal activation down to temperatures of 50mK (where Δ U must be reduced to observe transitions).
Post-Hydropower System Delayed Mortality of Transported Snake River Stream-Type Chinook Salmon: Unraveling the Mystery

Abstract Past research indicates that on an annual basis, smolts of stream-type Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha collected at Snake River dams and transported by barge to below Bonneville Dam have greater post-hydropower system mortality than smolts that migrate in-river. To date, this difference has most commonly been attributed to stress from collection and transportation, leading to decreased disease resistance or predator avoidance ability. Using both hatchery and wild passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagged Chinook salmon, we explored two mechanisms that either separately or jointly contributed to an alternative explanation: Altered timing of ocean entry and lost growth opportunity leading to size-selective predation. Based on weekly estimates of in-river survival and adult return rates of smolts that were transported or that migrated in-river between Lower Granite and Bonneville dams, we found greater post-hydropower system mortality for smolts transported early in the season but greater ...
Space-division multiplexing optical coherence tomography

High speed, high resolution and high sensitivity are desirable for optical coherence tomography (OCT). Here, we demonstrate a space-division multiplexing (SDM) technology that translates long coherence length of a commercially available wavelength tunable laser into high OCT imaging speed. We achieved an effective 800,000 A-scans/s imaging speed using a 100,000 Hz tunable vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). A sensitivity of 94.6 dB and a roll-off of < 2 dB over ~30 mm imaging depth were measured from a single channel in the prototype SDM-OCT system. An axial resolution of ~11 μm in air (or ~8.3 μm in tissue) was achieved throughout the entire depth range. An in vivo, 3D SDM-OCT volume of an entire Drosophila larva consisting of 400 x 605 A-scans was acquired in 0.37 seconds. Synchronized cross-sectional OCT imaging of three different segments of a beating Drosophila larva heart is demonstrated. The SDM technology provides a new orthogonal dimension for further speed improvement for OCT with favorable cost scaling. SDM-OCT also preserves image resolution and allows synchronized cross-sectional and three-dimensional (3D) imaging of biological samples, enabling new biomedical applications.
The type II inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor can trigger Ca2+ waves in rat hepatocytes

Abstract Background & Aims: Ca2+ regulates cell functions through signaling patterns such as Ca2+ oscillations and Ca2+ waves. The type I inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor is thought to support Ca2+ oscillations, whereas the type III inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor is thought to initiate Ca2+ waves. The role of the type II inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor is less clear, because it behaves like the type III inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor at the single-channel level but can support Ca2+ oscillations in intact cells. Because the type II inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor is the predominant isoform in liver, we examined whether this isoform can trigger Ca2+ waves in hepatocytes. Methods: The expression and distribution of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor isoforms was examined in rat liver by immunoblot and confocal immunofluorescence. The effects of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate on Ca2+ signaling were examined in isolated rat hepatocyte couplets by using flash photolysis and time-lapse confocal microscopy. Results: The type II inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor was concentrated near the canalicular pole in hepatocytes, whereas the type I inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor was found elsewhere. Stimulation of hepatocytes with vasopressin or directly with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate induced Ca2+ waves that began in the canalicular region and then spread to the rest of the cell. Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate–induced Ca2+ signals also increased more rapidly in the canalicular region. Hepatocytes did not express the ryanodine receptor, and cyclic adenosine diphosphate–ribose had no effect on Ca2+ signaling in these cells. Conclusions: The type II inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor establishes a pericanalicular trigger zone from which Ca2+ waves originate in hepatocytes. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2002;122:1088-1100
Updates on First-Line Therapy for Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the 10 th most common malignancy in the United States but is responsible for the 4 th most cancer related deaths. This disease can only be potentially cured through early discovery and complete surgical resection. Unfortunately, nearly half of patients have metastatic spread at presentation. Combination chemotherapy with FOLFIRINOX or gemcitabine with nab-paclitaxel can prolong survival in selected patients, but at the cost of significant toxicity. In the 2014 ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium, several studies were presented that focus on the management of metastatic pancreatic cancer. A phase II trial by Le et al . (Abstract #177) found that the addition of CRS-207, a strain of Listeria modified to stimulate an anti-tumor immune response, improves survival in patients being treated with GVAX. Goldstein et al . (Abstract #178) presented a post-hoc survival analysis for the phase III MPACT trial that shows the addition of nab-paclitaxel to gemcitabine produces a persistent survival benefit. Ramanathan et al . (Abstract #224) demonstrated that, with appropriate dose adjustments and delays, induction nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine followed by mFOLFIRINOX consolidation is a feasible treatment option for metastatic pancreatic cancer. Despite these advances, it is imperative that we continue to work towards developing additional treatment options that are better tolerated and further prolong survival for these patients. This highlight article focuses on the first-line therapy of metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Image: Penn State Hershey Medical Center. Hershey, PA, USA
On the long‐time stability of the Crank–Nicolson scheme for the 2D Navier–Stokes equations

In this article we study the stability for all positive time of the Crank–Nicolson scheme for the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations. More precisely, we consider the Crank–Nicolson time discretization together with a general spatial discretization, and with the aid of the discrete Gronwall lemma and of the discrete uniform Gronwall lemma we prove that the numerical scheme is stable, provided a CFL-type condition is satisfied. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2007