cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation of Mitochondrial Genome Concatemers as an Alternative Mechanism Promoting Oncogenic Transformation of Lymphoid Cells

We have previously shown that AIDS-associated lymphomas and lymphoma cell lines contain mitochondrial genome concatemers not present in normal T-lymphocytes. Since cellular homeostasis and energy production rely heavily on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) stability, mutations in the mtDNA have long been linked to the development of various types of cancers. In most of the cases, however, neoplastically transformed cells harbor non-mutated mtDNA. Herein, we propose an alternative mechanism that shows how the formation of mitochondrial genome concatemers may promote oncogenic transformation of normal lymphoid progenitor cells when no mtDNA mutations or chromosomal aberrations are present. We detected high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the lymphoma samples tested despite no identification of putative mutations in the coding mtDNA. We propose that the formation of atypical mtDNA configurations (i.e. dimers and concatemers) interferes with normal mitochondrial function. Unstable mitochondria lead to abnormal assembly and dysfunction of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes, eventually leading to oxidative stress from elevated production of intracellular ROS. ROS have been reported to activate transcription factors associated with cellular proliferation and apoptosis inhibition. Therefore, we hypothesize that formation of mitochondrial genome concatemers can augment endogenous ROS levels capable of promoting oncogenic transformation of normal lymphoid progenitor cells.
Assessment of left ventricular assist device inflow valve insufficiency by echocardiography

Background: The left ventricular assist device has allowed patients to survive to heart transplant by providing circulatory support to the diseased left ventricle. Echocardiography has become a standard modality for assessing LVAD cannula integrity, but ability to identify inflow valve insufficiency (IVI) is limited. Purpose: To define echocardiographic signs of inflow valve insufficiency. Methods: We reviewed echocardiographic data on 12 patients with an LVAD (Heartmate), six of whom demonstrated disruption of the inflow valve at explantation. Findings were compared such as:size of LV, degree of mitral regurgitation (MR), turbulent flow near the inflow cannula, and aortic valve opening, between the 2 groups. Results: Among 6 patients with preserved LVAD integrity, the aortic valve did not open, there was no significant MR. Left ventricular internal dimensions were 3.1-5.0cm at end diastole and 0.9-4.2cm at end systole. No turbulent flow was detected near the inflow cannula. The findings of 6 patients with LVAD inflow valve disruption are shown in the table.
Non-mathematical problem solving in organic chemistry

Differences in problem-solving ability among organic chemistry graduate students and faculty were studied within the domain of problems that involved the determination of the structure of a molecule from the molecular formula of the compound and a combination of IR and 1 H NMR spectra. The participants' performance on these tasks was compared across variables that included amount of research experience, year of graduate study, and level of problem-solving confidence. Thirteen of the 15 participants could be classified as either ''more successful'' or ''less successful.'' The participants in this study who were ''more successful'' adopted consistent approaches to solving the problems; were more likely to draw molecular fragments obtained during intermediate stages in the problem-solving process; were better at mining the spectral data; and were more likely to check their final answer against the spectra upon which the answer was based. Experience from research, teaching, and course work were found to be important factors influencing the level of participants' success. 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 643-660, 2010
van der Waals interaction between a colloid and the wall of its host spherical cavity

Abstract The unretarded van der Waals interaction has been studied for a model system in which a spherical colloid is placed eccentrically in a spherical cavity of colloidal dimension. The proposed model simulates systems such as colloidal particles entrapped in near-spherical cavities found in porous media, particles in concentrated suspensions, and macromolecules encapsulated in reverse micelles and liposomes. An analytical expression, which describes the particle-cavity wall interaction energy as a function of the particle and cavity radii and the radial configuration of the particle inside the cavity, has been derived. The analysis is further extended to reveal how an adsorbed layer on the cavity wall may affect the particle-cavity wall van der Waals interaction.
Rapid screening and structural elucidation of a novel sibutramine analogue in a weight loss supplement: 11-desisobutyl-11-benzylsibutramine.

Abstract A novel analogue of sibutramine, 11-desisobutyl-11-benzylsibutramine, has been discovered. During routine ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) screening of a weight loss supplement collected at an US FDA import operation facility an unknown peak was observed. Further analysis of the supplement by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and high resolution mass spectrometry revealed an unknown peak with a relative retention time of 1.04 with respect to sibutramine and a predicted formula of C 20 H 24 NCl. In order to elucidate the analogue's structure, it was isolated from the supplement and characterized by tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which revealed the analogue possessed a benzyl moiety at the 11 position in place of the isobutyl group associated with sibutramine.
Hierarchically Ordered Nano‐Heterostructured PZT Thin Films with Enhanced Ferroelectric Properties

Realization of ferroelectric (FE) devices based on the polarization effects of Pb(Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 )O 3 (PZT) has reinforced the investigation of this material in multiple dimensions and length scales. Multi-level hierarchical nanostructure engineering in PZT thin fi lms offer dual advantages of variable length-scale and dimensionality. Here, the growth of hierarchically ordered PZT nanohetero structures (Nhs) from PZT seed-layer deposited on SrTiO 3 :Nb (100) substrates, using a physical/chemical combined methodology involving pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and hydrothermal processes, is reported. Systematic SEM, TEM, and Raman spectroscopy studies reveal mixed heteroand homo-epitaxial growth mechanism. In the fi nal stage, 3D Nh units cross-link and form a dense network-like Nh PZT thin-fi lm. FE polarizations are measured without using any polymer fi ll-layer which otherwise introduces huge dielectric losses and lowers the polarization values for a FE device. In benefi t, well saturated and symmetric FE hysteresis loops are observed with high degree of squareness and a high remnant polarization (54 µC cm −2 at a coercive fi eld of 237 kV cm −1 ). This work provides a pathway towards preparing hierarchical PZT Nhs offering coherent design of high-performance FE capacitors for data storage technologies in future.
Beyond the binary: Same-sex desire and gender defiance in Tsitsi Dangarembga’s Nervous Conditions

This article reads Tsitsi Dangarembga's Nervous Conditions through the critical perspectives of queer and postcolonial theories to explore how the intimate relationship between the narrator Tambudzai and her cousin Nyasha is constructed beyond the binary of “homosexual” and “heterosexual”, and outside the temporal markers of “colonial” and “postcolonial”. In particular, it focuses on the role that colonial objects of material culture play in Tambu and Nyasha's intimate and evolving relationship. Clothing, books, tampons and music become catalysts which encourage Tambu and Nyasha to interrogate their gendered and sexual preferences. At the same time, Tambu and Nyasha queer these objects' homogenizing imperial purposes and in doing so produce same-sex eroticism. While ideas of sexual attraction change in relation to clothing and books, tampons present alternative sexual options outside the sometimes aggressive demands of heterosexual sex. In searching for multiple ways to express their mutually constituted ...
Resistance to neuroglycopenia : An adaptative response during intensive insulin treatment of diabetes

Counterregulation and awareness of hypoglycemia begins at lower plasma glucose levels in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) subjects given intensive insulin treatment. To determine whether these changes are associated with an alteration in the susceptibility of the brain to mild hypoglycemia, we compared central nervous system responses to hypoglycemia in 8 intensively treated (hemoglobin A1, 8.3 ± 0.2%; normal, <8%) and 11 conventionally treated IDDM patients (hemoglobin A1, 14.6 ± 1.3%) with those in 10 healthy subjects. Plasma glucose was lowered from ∼4.6 mmol/L in 0.5–0.6 steps using the clamp technique. Glucose levels triggering hormonal responses and perception of hypoglycemic symptoms were significantly lower in intensively treated patients compared to their poorly controlled counterparts (P < 0.05), and hormonal responses were suppressed compared to those in healthy controls. Similarly directed changes occurred in the level of circulating glucose required to alter cortical evoked potentia...
The effect of problem difficulty, locus of control, and sex on task persistence.

Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of problem difficulty, instructional set, locus of control, and sex of S on time expended by college students to solve a puzzle. Three groups of college students (N = 120), each equated for test scores on internal and external locus of control and for sex, were divided as follows: the members of one (n = 40) were told that the problem they were being asked to solve would be difficult; the members of a second were told the problem would be easy; and the members of a third were given no instructions on the difficulty of the problem. The task of the Ss was to form a pattern from a set of small plastic shapes; however, the problem was actually unsolvable. The response measure was the length of time the Ss chose to devote to solving the problem. The results revealed that the Ss in the high difficulty group devoted more time to the task than the Ss in the low difficulty (p < .06) and control conditions (p < .05). All other effects were nonsignif...
Uptake of [3h]cholesterol from low density lipoprotein by cultured human fibroblasts

The uptake of [3H]cholesterol from low density lipoprotein (LDL) was studied in LDL receptor-positive and receptor-negative human fibroblasts. In both cell lines the uptake depended upon temperature, time of incubation and the concentration of LDL in the medium. Although the incorporation of 125I-labeled LDL was minimal after 2 h of incubation in the receptor-negative (homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, FH) cells, the uptake of [3H]cholesterol was only slightly less than that of the receptor-positive (WI-38) cells. With longer periods of incubation, a larger difference in labeled cholesterol incorporation was observed; this appeared to be due to a continued accumulation of the steroid in the WI-38 cells. After 8 and 24 h of incubation, some of the [3H]cholesterol was present as the ester in the WI-38 cells, but not the FH cells. Modified (reduced and methylated) LDL did not enter WI-38 cells by the receptor-mediated pathway during 2 h of incubation, as indicated by 125I uptake. [3H]Cholesterol uptake, however, was not significantly different from modified and unmodified LDL. While experiments indicated that significant amounts of cholesterol moved rapidly from LDL to cultured cells with a dependence on time and LDL concentration, no increase in total cell cholesterol was detected in either cell line. FH cells contained less total cholesterol and had a higher 3H specific activity than the WI-38 cells. These data suggest that there may be important mechanisms in addition to the LDL pathway for the movement of lipids into cells.
Impact of delay to nephroureterectomy for patients undergoing ureteroscopic biopsy and laser tumor ablation of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives To investigate whether a delay in nephroureterectomy for patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract owing to ureteroscopic biopsy and/or laser tumor ablation affects postoperative disease status. Methods Of 155 patients diagnosed with upper tract transitional cell carcinoma at our institution from 1993 to 2003, 121 underwent nephroureterectomy. We compared the postoperative disease status of patients who underwent nephroureterectomy on the basis of positive cytology findings and filling defect on contrast imaging (no ureteroscopy; n = 34) to patients who underwent nephroureterectomy after ureteroscopic biopsy (n = 75) and patients who underwent nephroureterectomy after ureteroscopic biopsy and laser tumor ablation (n = 12). Results At a mean follow-up of 38.7 months, 29 (85.3%) of 34 patients who underwent nephroureterectomy on the basis of contrast imaging and urinary cytology alone were disease free compared with 61 (81.3%) of 75 patients who underwent ureteroscopic biopsy before nephroureterectomy ( P = 0.18). The mean time from biopsy to nephroureterectomy for these 75 patients was 28 days, and the mean follow-up after nephroureterectomy was 40.1 months. Finally, 10 (83.3%) of 12 patients who underwent ureteroscopic biopsy and laser tumor ablation before nephroureterectomy were disease free at a mean follow-up of 37.2 months. The mean time from ureteroscopic biopsy to nephroureterectomy in this group was 196 days. No significant difference was found in the postoperative disease status between patients undergoing nephroureterectomy after ablation and those who proceeded to nephroureterectomy after endoscopic biopsy or those who did not undergo ureteroscopy before nephroureterectomy ( P = 0.16). Conclusions Ureteroscopy with biopsy and/or tumor ablation before nephroureterectomy did not adversely affect the postoperative disease status.
Enzymatic determination of subpicomole quantities of phospho-L-arginine in nerve cytoplasm.

Abstract An ultramicro phospho- l -arginine (Arg-P) assay for nanoliter-volume biological samples is described. The assay and method is demonstrated to be reliable and reproducible for the detection of subpicomole quantities of both Arg-P and ATP in serial samples of cytoplasm from a single, isolated giant nerve fiber from the crayfish Procambarus clarkii . The assay for Arg-P is based on the ATP: l -arginine N ω -phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.3.3.)-catalyzed phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The generated ATP is measured with a standard luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence method. Arg-P and ATP concentrations of pure axoplasmic samples from resting nerve were found to be approximately 13 and 2 m m , respectively. There was no evidence that substances present in the biological sample interfered with the assay. Recovery of added Arg-P and ATP were approximately 100%. Arg-P and ATP concentrations of isolated biological samples were found to be stable for 1 h at room temperature. The techniques described here are useful for the study of energy metabolism in single, isolated giant cells, and could be easily modified for the study of a variety of metabolic intermediates in situ in functioning tissues and organs.
57 Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia in a Patient with Congenital Hypogammaglobulinemia

Since the clinical findings of hypogammaglobulinemia (HGG) are explained by a deficient synthesis of circulating antibody, the development in such a patient of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA), due to excessive production of a specific abnormal antibody is of interest. A six-year-old boy with HGG, of the sex linked variety, developed Coombs' positive AHA despite profound deficiencies of immunoglobulins (IgG 100, IgM 18, IgA 0 mg%). He had never received transfusion and penicillin had not been given for 3 months. Lymph node biopsy did not show malignant changes and cytomegalic virus could not be cultured. Direct and indirect Coombs' tests, using gost anti-human IgG and IgM sera, were positive. Eluted antibody was an IgG globulin. The serum reacted with all cells of a large panel but tests by Ortho Labs showed specificity against the public Rh antigen designated LW. The commercial gamma globulin used for therapy had no anti RBC activity. He has responded well to corticosteroids for 6 months, but has relapsed twice when this was discontinued. Although three adults with acquired HGG have developed AHA, this case represents the first instance in a patient with congenital HGG. All of the adults have had lymphoma or leukemia. Possibilities to explain this combination include graft vs host reaction with secondary ‘runt’ disease. Although unlikely in view of the patients age and lack of blood transfusions, investigations to examine this possibility are in process. Alternatively lymphoma may be present, and, if this proves true, speculations both on the nature of lymphoma and hypogammaglobulinemia are possible. (SPR)
Infections of the aorta: case report and review of treatment.

Radiographic documentation of the rapid development of an aortic infection has not previously been reported. We report the case of a 68-year-old woman who presented with back pain. A computed tomographic(CT) scan documented a nondisplaced L1 compression fracture as well as an atherosclerotic but nonaneurysmal aorta. Two weeks after discharge, she developed left lower lobe pneumonia and was readmitted. A second CT scan was obtained because of continuous complaints of back pain. A contained rupture of the visceral aorta was now clearly visible. Emergent operation successfully repaired her aorta.The microorganisms responsible for aortic infection have changed since the widespread use of antibiotics. Patterns of aortic involvement have also evolved. The difficulty in making these diagnoses, the role of current antibiotic therapy, and the surgical options for these infections will be discussed.
Exploring universal patterns in human home-work commuting from mobile phone data.

Home-work commuting has always attracted significant research attention because of its impact on human mobility. One of the key assumptions in this domain of study is the universal uniformity of commute times. However, a true comparison of commute patterns has often been hindered by the intrinsic differences in data collection methods, which make observation from different countries potentially biased and unreliable. In the present work, we approach this problem through the use of mobile phone call detail records (CDRs), which offers a consistent method for investigating mobility patterns in wholly different parts of the world. We apply our analysis to a broad range of datasets, at both the country (Portugal, Ivory Coast, and Saudi Arabia), and city (Boston) scale. Additionally, we compare these results with those obtained from vehicle GPS traces in Milan. While different regions have some unique commute time characteristics, we show that the home-work time distributions and average values within a single region are indeed largely independent of commute distance or country (Portugal, Ivory Coast, and Boston)–despite substantial spatial and infrastructural differences. Furthermore, our comparative analysis demonstrates that such distance-independence holds true only if we consider multimodal commute behaviors–as consistent with previous studies. In car-only (Milan GPS traces) and car-heavy (Saudi Arabia) commute datasets, we see that commute time is indeed influenced by commute distance. Finally, we put forth a testable hypothesis and suggest ways for future work to make more accurate and generalizable statements about human commute behaviors.
Recent advances in fish hatchery management

The advancement of aquaculture has often been bottlenecked because of the lack of seed, but once that bottleneck was overcome there was rapid growth. Recent examples of advances in hatchery technology leading to increased production are sea bream and Pangasius. Three areas contributing to the advancement of hatchery management are: brood stock management, induced spawning and larval feeding. Formulated diets have been developed for marine brood fish that are equal or better than the traditional raw fish diets. The importance of lipids and their composition in brood fish diets, particularly n-3 HUFAs has received much attention. The lipid composition of the brood diet is reflected in egg composition and egg quality. Protein quantity and quality in brood diets also impacts reproductive success and egg quality. The use of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) given as an injection or a slow release implant for induced spawning is becoming more widely used. The addition of dopamine antagonists with GnRHa may not be necessary to successfully induce spawn some species of fish. The use of GnRHa can advance the maturation of oocytes allowing such fish to be successfully induced spawned. Significant advances have been made in the development of formulated microdiets for larval fish. Such microdiets have been used successfully with young larvae reducing the need for live foods such as artemia. The quality of both live foods and formulated diets has been enriched with the use of fatty acids. Not only the quantity of n-3 HUFAs added to a diet impacts larval growth and survival but the ratios of specific n-3 HUFAs has an impact. Enrichment of live foods with amino acids can also improve larval fish growth and survival.
Dichroic absorption of M centers as a basis for optical information storage

The rotational properties of M centers in alkali halides are investigated as a possible basis for storing information. Measurements using a NaF matrix indicate that high storage density, high writing efficiency, thermal stability, and nondestructive readout are attainable in a practical situation at room temperature or lower. However, temperatures below 300 K are necessary for fatigue-free operation in the present material.
Dynamics of Long-Wavelength Concentration Fluctuations in Solutions of Linear Polymers

We report experimental results for a dynamic length scale ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{H}$ as a function of polymer concentration $c$ for various molecular weight polystyrenes in the two solvents toluene and methyl ethyl ketone. We find that the quantity $\frac{{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{H}}{{R}_{H}}$ is a function only of the reduced concentration $\mathrm{kc}$, where ${R}_{H}$ is the hydrodynamic radius and $k$ is determined from a virial expansion of the diffusion coefficient. However, the dynamic and static length scales are not proportional.
The [Rh(NO)2(PPh3)2]+ catalyzed reaction 2NO + CO → N2O + CO2

Abstract The reaction 2NO + CO → N 2 O + CO 2 has been found to be catalyzed by [Rh(NO) 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 ] in N,N -dimethylformamide (DMF) solution. The rate expression and thermodynamic quantities found are consistent with a mechanism involving a dirhodium species and DMF.
Isocyano analogues of [Co(CO)(4)](n): a tetraisocyanide of cobalt isolated in three states of charge.

The encumbering m-terphenyl isocyanide ligand, CNArMes2 (Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2), is used to stabilize homoleptic tetraisocyanide complexes of cobalt in the 1−, 0, and 1+ charge state. Most importantly, these complexes serve as isolable analogues of the binary carbonyl complexes [Co(CO)4]−, Co(CO)4, and [Co(CO)4]+. Sodium amalgam reduction of CoCl2 in the presence of CNArMes2 provides the salt Na[Co(CNArMes2)4], which can be oxidized with 1 equiv of ferrocenium triflate (FcOTf) to the neutral complex, Co(CNArMes2)4. X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, and low-temperature EPR spectroscopy reveal that Co(CNArMes2)4 modulates between D2d- and C2v-symmetric forms. DFT calculations are used to rationalize this structural modulation in terms of thermal access to low-energy b2-symmetric C−Co−C bending modes. Treatment of Na[Co(CNArMes2)4] with 2 equiv of FcOTf, followed by addition of Na[BArF4], provides the salt [Co(CNArMes2)4]BArF4, which contains a diamagnetic, square planar monovalent cobalt center. The molec...
Negotiating National Identity Among American Jazz Musicians in Paris 1

Among the overall assemblage of American jazz musicians currently living in Paris, two subgroups can be identified: Americanists and Universalists. By drawing on interviews with a range of individu...
Children's responses to daily social stressors: relations with parenting, children's effortful control, and adjustment.

Background: We examined children’s coping and involuntary stress responses as mediators of the relations between parenting or children’s effortful control (EC) and adjustment. Method: Two hundred and forty primarily Mexican American 7- to 12-year-old children reported on their EC, coping, involuntary stress responses, and problem behaviors. Teachers reported on children’s academic competence. Parents reported on their reactions to children’s negative emotions and on children’s EC, problem behaviors, and academic competence. Results: There were significant zero-order relations between parents’ affective responses to children’s negative emotions, children’s EC, engagement coping, disengagement coping, involuntary stress responses, and adjustment. Consistent evidence emerged that children’s engagement coping and involuntary stress-responses mediate the relations between parenting or EC and adjustment. Conclusions: Results highlight the utility of assessing stress responses in a multidimensional manner and have implications for intervention programs.
Drosophila egg chamber elongation: Insights into how tissues and organs are shaped

As tissues and organs are formed, they acquire a specific shape that plays an integral role in their ability to function properly. A relatively simple system that has been used to examine how tissues and organs are shaped is the formation of an elongated Drosophila egg. While it has been known for some time that Drosophila egg elongation requires interactions between a polarized intracellular basal actin network and a polarized extracellular network of basal lamina proteins, how these interactions contribute to egg elongation remained unclear. Recent studies using live imaging have revealed two novel processes, global tissue rotation and oscillating basal actomyosin contractions, which have provided significant insight into how the two polarized protein networks cooperate to produce an elongated egg. This review summarizes the proteins involved in Drosophila egg elongation and how this recent work has contributed to our current understanding of how egg elongation is achieved.
Positive correlation for increasing events with disjoint dependencies does not imply positive correlation for all increasing events

A probability measure $\mu$ on the lattice $2^{[n]}$ is said to be positively associated if any two increasing functions on the lattice are positively correlated with respect to $\mu$. Pemantle asked whether, in order to establish positive association for a given mu, it might be sufficient to show positive correlation only for pairs of functions which depend on disjoint subsets of the ground set $[n]$. We answer Pemantle's question in the negative, by exhibiting a measure which gives positive correlation for pairs satisfying Pemantle's condition but not for general pairs of increasing functions.
Power Spectral Density Specification and Analysis of Large Optical Surfaces

The 2-dimensional Power Spectral Density (PSD) can be used to characterize the mid- and the high-spatial frequency components of the surface height errors of an optical surface. We found it necessary to have a complete, easy-to-use approach for specifying and evaluating the PSD characteristics of large optical surfaces, an approach that allows one to specify the surface quality of a large optical surface based on simulated results using a PSD function and to evaluate the measured surface profile data of the same optic in comparison with those predicted by the simulations during the specification-derivation process. This paper provides a complete mathematical description of PSD error, and proposes a new approach in which a 2-dimentional (2D) PSD is converted into a 1-dimentional (1D) one by azimuthally averaging the 2D-PSD. The 1D-PSD calculated this way has the same unit and the same profile as the original PSD function, thus allows one to compare the two with each other directly.
Hydrothermal convection in carbonaceous chondrite parent bodies

Abstract Numerical simulations of the thermal evolution of carbonaceous chondrite parent bodies indicate a period of several million years during which convective motion of water could occur. The present study considers variations of permeability, radiogenic heating, and body radius. The model accounts for the radial variation of gravity within the body, melting of ice, freezing of liquid water, and variable water properties and incorporates a realistic equation of state for water. Some regions of a parent body experience no pore water flow while other regions experience hundreds of pore volumes of liquid water flow. The spatial heterogeneity in pore water flow reflects the convective pattern in the body. Hydrothermal alteration of minerals inside the parent body will accordingly vary greatly with location in the body, and one parent body could be the source of chemically diverse meteorites.
Calibration of a Scanning Pentaprism System Using Mercury Reference Surfaces

Slope difference between two mercury reference surfaces can be used to calibrate a scanning pentaprism system. We report the calibration of such a system and discuss optimization and time evolution of the reference surface figure.
Interplay between step anisotropy and surface phase transformation on TiO 2 ( 110 )

The dynamic behavior of steps on the ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}\mathrm{}(110)$ surface was studied during the transformation from a $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$ structure to a $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2$ structure. We found that two types of steps dominate the transformation process: (1) [001], defined as steps that run along the [001] direction; and (2) $[11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0]$ defined as steps that run parallel to the $[11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0]$ direction. The stoichiometric $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$ surface contained mostly [001] steps. Reducing this surface caused nearly half the [001] steps to be gradually converted to $[11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0]$ steps. This evolution in step structure was accompanied by growth of reconstructed $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2$ domains initiated mostly at the $[11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0]$ step edges. On the $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2$ domains, the lengths of the [001] and $[11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0]$ steps were approximately equal. The results of this work shed light on the step structure and correlation between the step energetics and the surface phase transformations on the ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}\mathrm{}(110)$ surface.
The Effect of Stretch-Tension During Rigor on Certain Physical Characteristics of Bovine Muscle

SUMMARY— Seven pairs of muscle strips prepared from bovine longissimus dorsi muscles were subjected to two degrees of stretch-tension during rigor. Individual muscle fiber extensibility was determined and found to be significantly less in stretched muscle strips (P < 0.001). The average muscle fiber diameter was also significantly smaller in stretched muscle strips (P < 0.001). Tenderness of samples was determined objectively with an Allo-Kramer Shear Press. Significantly less force was required to shear samples from the stretched muscle strips in five of seven trials (P < 0.01). The inconsistent results obtained in two of the tenderness trials are explained on the basis of uneven heat penetration during cooking due to changes in volume resulting from stretch treatment.
Maximizing conserved biodiversity: why ecosystem indicators and thresholds matter

Abstract Accounting for biodiversity is important in several different types of constrained choice problems, including public and private decisions for habitat and species conservation, the establishment of recreational parks and natural areas, mitigation banking, and natural resource damage assessment (particularly primary and/or compensatory restoration planning and scaling). In such applications it is important to give careful consideration to (1) the choice of biodiversity indicator(s) to be used, and (2) the role of discontinuous, nonlinear ecological processes in light of the decisionmaker's chosen time horizon. The former is important because the choice of indicator(s) can substantially influence decisions about conservation priority-setting and planning. The latter is critical for the same reason, notwithstanding that dynamic ecosystem processes have rarely been considered sufficiently, if at all, in such applications (in part because the processes usually are poorly understood or measured). In this manuscript we use avian diversity data, collected by one of the authors, from hardwood forest ecosystems in the eastern United States. We couple these data with estimates of species prevalence factors to construct a case study of how indicator choice and consideration of ecological thresholds influence the outcomes of biodiversity preservation problems. We show that (1) the choice of indicator(s) is critical, (2) failure to account for nonlinear, threshold effects in an ecosystem's future progression alters preservation decisions and ignores important information, (3) the effect of choosing different time horizons depends on the indicator used, and (4) for any given biodiversity indicator, dynamic solutions can depend on the time horizon chosen but not necessarily in monotonic or simple fashion. Our case study highlights the importance of further system-specific research on dynamic ecological progressions as well as uncertainty regarding future supply and demand for ecosystem service flows.
Couples in Treatment: Techniques and Approaches for Effective Practice

This practical guide presents basic techniques, methods, and strategies that have wide-ranging applicability in couples therapy. The book discusses the implementation of techniques in more rigorous detail than other texts and emphasizes the couple's growth, as well as problem resolution. At the core of the book is the model set forth in Dr. Weeks' 1989 volume, "Treating Couples: The Intersystem Model of the Marriage Council of Philadelphia". This comprehensive, integrative, and contextual model considers three subsystems: the individual, the interactional, and the intergenerational. Using the intersystem model as a framework, the authors describe treatment of couples from multiple perspectives with a variety of techniques.
The 4750 Å band system of chlorine dioxide

Abstract The 4750 A band system of ClO 2 was examined under high resolution using 35 Cl and 37 Cl isotopes. A revised vibrational analysis leads to new molecular constants for the ground and excited states, the electronic term value and harmonic frequencies of 35 ClO 2 being: T ′ 000 = 21016.3, ω ″ 1 = 963.5, ω ″ 2 = 451.7, ω ″ 3 = 1133.0, ω ′ 1 = 722.4, ω ′ 2 = 296.3 and ω ′ 3 = 780.1, all in cm −1 . In agreement with earlier analyses, the 2-0 and 4-0 transitions in ν 3 are present in the spectrum with intensities comparable to that of the origin band. This observation is not compatible with the expectation based on C 2 v structures when the vibrational wave function is expressed as a simple product of harmonic oscillator functions , and has previously been put forward as evidence for a C s excited state structure in which the equilibrium ClO distances are unequal. The isotopic data now available are not consistent with the existing model of this unsymmetrical structure: instead, the probable explanation of the ν 3 “progression” is that anharmonic terms in the linear-corrected vibrational wave function, especially terms associated with the cubic force constant k 133 , allow these transitions to steal intensity from the principal ν 1 progression, the physical structure being symmetrical ( C 2 v ) in both electronic states.
Toxicodynamic approach to management of the poisoned patient

We recommend a toxicodynamic approach to the management of the poisoned patient. We define the period between ingestion and onset of toxic manifestations (clinical or laboratory) as the preclinical phase, during which the management of the patient necessarily depends solely on the history of ingestion and the predicted toxicity. In the toxic phase during which the patient shows clinical or laboratory evidence of toxicity, the history, clinical status (signs, symptoms, drug levels, laboratory parameters), and toxicodynamics should guide the therapy. In the resolution phase, when the patient shows clinical improvement and declining drug levels, treatment should be based on clinical status. Gastrointestinal decontamination is critical in the first two phases and may be of value during the resolution phase until the body drug burden declines to safe levels. We recommend an aggressive approach to gastrointestinal decontamination, especially in the preclinical phase. With a history of a potentially toxic ingestion of an absorbable drug, an observation period until passage of a charcoal-laden stool should be achieved before discharge of the patient.
Self-control and therapist control in the behavioral treatment of overweight women.

Abstract Weight changes during two behavioral treatment programs were compared with baseline weights of 10 obese women, median age, 41.5 years, in a single-subject design. Weekly weights were obtained from the TOPS Club of which the S s were members for three months prior to the beginning of the study. The S s monitored their weights for two weeks, then monitored both weight and food intake for an additional two weeks. The S s were then randomly assigned to one of two conditions: In Condition 1, the S s were taught self-control principles (SC) for five weeks, and then underwent an experimenter controlled reinforcement program (EC) for five weeks. The order of treatments was reversed for S s in Condition 2. The S s' weekly weights then were obtained from the TOPS Club for an additional four weeks. The results indicated that both SC and EC produced weight losses in overweight women, but only the losses effected by EC were large enough to be of practical value. Weight losses were maintained during follow-up. The results also indicated considerable agreement between self-report of weight and weights obtained by E . The implications for the present study for behavior therapy and research were discussed.
On the non-homogeneous finite swelling of a non-linearly elastic cylinder with a rigid core

Abstract The finite of a non-linearly elastic cylinder bonded to a rigid core is presented in the context of the Theory of Interacting Continua. The results of this investigation for large deformations demonstrate that the constraint imposed by the rigid core induces non-homogeneous swelling characteristics with significant gradients in the stretch ratios and severe stress concentrations at the bond interface. These results could have important implications for a variety of fiber-reinforced composites featuring hygroscopic polymeric matrix materials, for example.
THE ANTIOXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF ALVEOLAR SURFACTANT

Alveolar surfactant is exposed to a variety of oxidants that can oxidize functionally important lipids and proteins. We examined the hypothesis that the type II pneumocyte equips surfactant with antioxidants to counteract its oxidation. Rat type II cells, cultured in the presence of 14C-palmitic acid and either 3H-vitamin E or 3H-vitamin D, responded to stimulation with isoproterenol with a time-dependent increase in secretion of 14C-labelled phospholipids and 3H-vitamin E, but not of 3H-vitamin D. Plasmatogens - a subclass of phospholipids - also act as antioxidants in animal cells. Type II cells, cultured in presence of 3H palmitic acid and 14C hexadecanol, synthesize and secrete 3H labeled phospholipids and 14C labeled plasmalogens spontaneously and in response to isoproterenol stimulation. In pharyngeal aspirates of healthy newborns vitamin Eand plasmalogen contents range from 2-10 nmol/μmol polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and from 8-20 nmol/μmol PUFA respectively. We conclude that alveolar surfactant is equipped with lipophilic antioxidants of its own during its formation in type II cells. These lipophilic components could be of use as clinical parameters to evaluate the antioxidantive potential of alveolar surfactant. Supported by BMFT Project “Risikoneugeborenes”.
Osteomyelitis: a review of current literature and concepts

For centuries, posttraumatic osteomyelitis has presented a problem to the clinician. Difficulties in recognition and treatment of this problem are still common to this day. This article intends to 1) review current concepts involved in the classification, diagnosis, and management of posttraumatic osteomyelitis as well as 2) detail a general approach or philosophy to help understand the various forces involved in osteomyelitis.
The Optical Counterpart of M101 ULX-1

We have identified the optical counterpart of the Ultra-Luminous X-ray source Ml0l ULX-1 (CX- OKM101 J140332.74+542102), by comparing HST ACS images with Chandra ACIS-S images. The optical counterpart has V= 23.75 and colours consistent with those for a mid-B supergiant. Archival WFPC2 observations show that the source brightness is constant to within approximately 0.1 mag. The physical association of this source with the ULX is confirmed by Gemini GMOS spectroscopic observations which show spatially unresolved He II lambda4686 and He I lambda5876 emission. These results suggest that M10l ULX-1 is a HMXB but deep spectroscopic monitoring observations are needed to determine the detailed properties of this system.
Magnetic trapping of long-lived cold Rydberg atoms.

We report on the trapping of long-lived strongly magnetized Rydberg atoms. {sup 85}Rb atoms are laser cooled and collected in a superconducting magnetic trap with a strong bias field (2.9 T) and laser excited to Rydberg states. Collisions scatter a small fraction of the Rydberg atoms into long-lived high-angular momentum 'guiding-center' Rydberg states, which are magnetically trapped. The Rydberg atomic cloud is examined using a time-delayed, position-sensitive probe. We observe magnetic trapping of these Rydberg atoms for times up to 200 ms. Oscillations of the Rydberg-atom cloud in the trap reveal an average magnetic moment of the trapped Rydberg atoms of {approx_equal}-8{mu}{sub B}. These results provide guidance for other Rydberg-atom trapping schemes and illuminate a possible route for trapping antihydrogen.
A physiological role for dopamine as modulator of GABA effects in substantia nigra: Supersensitivity in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats

Abstract Dopamine has been reported to attenuate the inhibitory effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons. Five to six weeks after rats received 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigral dopamine neurons, the ability of iontophoretically applied dopamine to attenuate pars reticulata responses to GABA was increased by 40% (P
Calcium coordination studies of the metastatic Mts1 protein.

Mts1, also known as S100A4, is an 11 kDa calcium-binding protein strongly linked to metastasis. As a member of the S100 protein family, Mts1 is predicted to contain four R-helices and two calcium- binding loops, the second of which forms a canonical EF hand, while the first is a pseudo-EF hand, using two extra residues and principally backbone carbonyls rather than side chain oxygens to coordinate calcium. Here we follow chemical shift changes which occur in Mts1 upon titration of calcium. The results are consistent with calcium coordination by the EF hands described above. Filling of the first (pseudo) EF hand occurs at a lower calcium concentration than does filling of the second (canonical) EF hand. Concurrent with filling of site I, resonances from much of helix 4 vanish while the chemical shifts of a possibly nascent helical segment immediately C-terminal to helix 4 increase in helical character. Other smaller changes are seen, including a change in the linker joining helix 2 and helix 3. Since binding of effector molecules to S100 proteins has been shown to involve the C-terminus and linker regions, these calcium- induced changes have implications for the role of Mts1 in metastasis.
A mouse model of carcinoid syndrome and heart disease.

Background Carcinoid heart disease occurs in over 65% of patients with the carcinoid syndrome and is characterized by fibrous thickening of cardiac valves, leading to heart failure. Whether serotonin is directly responsible for these cardiac abnormalities is unknown. Therefore, to further understand the etiology and pathophysiology of carcinoid heart disease, we developed an animal model of the carcinoid syndrome. Materials and methods Seventeen nude mice underwent intrasplenic injection of human pancreatic carcinoid BON cells (107) and then were euthanized 9 weeks later. Murine livers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Murine hearts were sectioned and the surface area of the right heart valves determined. Blood was also collected and analyzed for platelet serotonin by ELISA. Results Sixty-five percent of the mice developed gross carcinoid liver metastases demonstrated by chromogranin-A-staining lesions within the liver. Mice with carcinoid liver metastases had elevated platelet serotonin levels (1058 ± 529 ng/ml versus 123 ± 52 ng/ml, P = 0.002) when compared to the controls. Animals with carcinoid liver metastases also had a trend toward greater tricuspid valvular surface areas (242 ± 24 versus 174 ± 25 μm, P = 0.08). On histological examination, this increase in tricuspid surface area in mice with liver metastases appeared to be due to fibrosis of the valvular tissues, consistent with the pathologic findings of carcinoid heart disease. Conclusions Using this novel animal model of carcinoid syndrome, the tricuspid valve thickening resembling carcinoid heart disease could be due to exposure to factors such as serotonin secreted by carcinoid tumor cells.
Configuration of Elastic Tissue of Pulmonary Trunk in Idiopathic Pulmonary Hypertension

A study was made of the configuration of the elastic tissue of the pulmonary trunk in 6 cases of idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. The ages of the patients ranged from 12 to 54 years. The pattern was that of the adult pulmonary type in the 5 female patients, whereas it more closely resembled the fetal, aorta-like type in the single male patient. These data are interpreted as indicating that idiopathic pulmonary hypertension is acquired in most cases but that it may be present from birth in a minority of instances.
Not Burdens—Breakthroughs

The reconceptualization of American curriculum studies has been described in detail in Understanding Curriculum. Suffice to say here, for those readers for whom this is all new, that my generation rejected the position history and tradition had fashioned for us. The curriculum-especially the secondary school curriculum-had been settled, more or less, in its official senses; it would be directed toward and articulated with postsecondary destinations, key among them the university and the workplace. What remained of the progressive dream-education for democratization that meant schooling for psychological and social as well as intellectual development-was, as Bill Pilder (1974; also see Pinar et al. 1995, pp. 222-223) said at the 1973 University of Rochester Curriculum Theory Conference, over. We found ourselves-in the aftermath of the 1960s national curric-