cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of heat flux on pressure evolution in the magnetosheath

Abstract An analysis of anisotropic pressure ( p ⊥ ≠ p ∥ ) evolution in the quasi-perpendicular magnetosheath is carried out based on a two-dimensional hybrid code simulation. The validity of different fluid models is evaluated by comparing the prediction of the models with the values of pressure observed in the hybrid code simulation. The Double Adiabatic model, the bounded anisotropy model, which incorporates local energy exchange from p ⊥ to p ∥ to model the effects of ion cyclotron waves, and a two way local energy exchange model have all been tested with and without including the effect of the heat flux terms q ∥ and q ⊥ (the third velocity moment). The heat flux terms yield a flow of perpendicular or parallel heat along magnetic field lines due to particle velocity distributions that are asymmetric with respect to the direction along the magnetic field and non-Maxwellian with respect to the parallel velocity. The two way energy exchange with heat flux terms does the best job of accounting for the pressure evolution in the hybrid code simulation. An attempt to model the parallel heat flux q ∥ using lower fluid moments was made, but this was not successful. These results show the inadequacy of fluid equations to model the hybrid code results. However, the effects we have examined here may not be as significant in the real magnetosheath, because the specific hybrid simulation examined here does not have a realistic separation of time scales of interest.
Null Mutations Lacking Substance: Elucidating Pain Mechanisms by Genetic Pharmacology

What can therefore be concluded from these studies? Knocking out the production or the action of substance P via the preprotachykinin A or NK1 receptor genes disturbs the reaction to somatic and visceral noxious stimuli but not in a universal or consistent manner, while most pharmacological studies have failed to show an action of NK1 receptor antagonists on normal cutaneous mechanical or thermal sensitivity. Substance P is not, therefore, the pain transmitter. What is its prime function, then? In the periphery, the role of substance P in neurogenic extravasation has been well defined, with significant reductions seen both with NK1 antagonists and in the knockouts. Because of the complexity of the phenotype of the knockouts and the difficulty of assaying central pain mechanisms, the role of substance P in synaptic transmission within the CNS remains somewhat elusive. One must begin to wonder whether we are asking the right questions or using appropriate assays—the role of substance P in pain has been tested genetically and pharmacologically using protocols designed to evaluate opiate or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory type analgesics and not in studies where pain hypersensitivity after inflammation is a prominent feature. However, despite the fact that available clinical trial data are not encouraging, it may be premature to totally abandon NK1 receptor antagonists for pain treatment. Since C-fiber input to the CNS involves parallel transmitter action on multiple receptors, a polypharmacy approach might make more sense if one is targeting postsynaptic receptors. This could involve combinations of NK1, mGluR, and NMDA receptor antagonists together with opioids to improve analgesic efficacy.It is possible that substance P may be involved only in severe pain, being released in the spinal cord by massive amounts of tissue damage. Alternatively, substance P may play a nonessential role in the pathophysiology of pain, such that eliminating its action does not eliminate pain. Rather than signaling the presence or absence of noxious stimuli, it is possible that substance P, acting in parallel rather than serial synaptic information transfer, contributes to synaptic gain more than pain and that its action is more one of modulation than transmission.
Capital, monetary calculation, and the trade cycle: The importance of sound money

As pointed out by Professor Kirzner (2001, pp. 137 and 140), Mises did not start out with the intent to develop a theory of the trade cycle. The trade cycle argument first appeared in the last few pages of the Theory of Money and Credit (1912). This early development of Austrian business cycle theory was a direct manifestation of Mises’s rejection of the concept of neutral money and “emerged as an almost incidental by-product of his exploration of the theory of banking” (Kirzner 2001, p. 140). This development was an incomplete sketch of the theory, particularly for those not well versed in the capital theoretical foundations of the argument. In fact, Hayek’s first exposition of his version of the theory appears in a long footnote in his 1925 paper “Monetary Policy in the United States after the Recovery From the Crisis of 1920.” The note was added following a suggestion from Gottfried Haberler. Hayek (1999, pp. 105–06 n.) explained that since “no sufficient exposition of the theory I had used was to be found in Mises’s published works and if I was to expect to be understood, I must give a fuller account of the theory underlying my reports of the events described.” The Austrian theory of the business or trade cycle is an intricate blend of monetary theory and capital theory. Mises’s (and Hayek’s) monetary and capital theories differ in both significant and subtle ways from the neoclassical approach. Economists working in the Misesean tradition are still plagued by problems of communication with non-Austrian economists. While the terminology used is similar in both theories, the definition of key terms, the understanding of the nature of the economic problem, and the role of prices, especially prices for the means of production, differ considerably.
Parametric tests of a 40 A h bipolar nickel-hydrogen battery

A series of tests were performed to characterize battery performance relating to certain operating parameters which include charge current, discharge current, temperature, and pressure. The parameters were varied to confirm battery design concepts and to determine optimal operating conditions.
Ontogeny of voltage-sensitive calcium channel α1A and α1E subunit expression and synaptic function in rat central nervous system

Abstract Immunohistochemical expression in the neocortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of the α1A or α1E subunit of the voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel was examined in Long–Evans hooded rats on gestational day 18 and postnatal days 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 90, 360 and 720. On gestational day 18 and postnatal day 1, α1A immunoreactivity was more dense in the neocortex and hippocampus than the cerebellum. By postnatal day 7, levels of α1A immunoreactivity increased dramatically in the cerebellum, while in neocortex, α1A immunoreactivity became more sparse, which approached the more diffuse pattern of cellular staining in the mature brain. Expression of α1E in the neocortex, hippocampus and cerebellum was much less dense than α1A between gestational day 18 and postnatal day 4. There was also significant α1E immunoreactivity in the mossy fibers of the hippocampus and in dendrites of Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Depolarization-dependent 45Ca2+ influx was examined in rat brain synaptosomes on postnatal days 4, 7, 10, 14, 21 and >60. In neocortical and hippocampal synaptosomes, 45Ca2+ influx increased steadily with age and reached adult levels by postnatal day 10. In cerebellar synaptosomes, 45Ca2+ influx was constant across all ages, except for a spike in activity which was observed on postnatal day 21. In neocortical and hippocampal synaptosomes, 100 nM ω-conotoxin MVIIC significantly inhibited 45Ca2+ influx on postnatal day 10 and 14, respectively, or after. In cerebellar synaptosomes, influx was inhibited by ω-conotoxin MVIIC only on postnatal day 10 or prior. On postnatal day 7, 45Ca2+ influx was not inhibited in neocortical and hippocampal synaptosomes by a combination of 10 μM nifedipine, 1 μM ω-conotoxin GVIA and 1 μM ω-conotoxin MVIIC, suggesting that an ‘insensitive’ flux predominates at this age. Overall, the results suggest that expression of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels during development is dynamic and is important in central nervous system development.
Experimental studies on the pathogenesis of asystole after verapamil in the dog

Abstract The effect of verapamil on automaticity and conduction in the atrioventricular (A-V) junctional region was studied in anesthetized dogs. In five normal dogs verapamil, 10 μg/ml, was selectively perfused into the A-V nodal artery and caused first degree heart block, which progressed to second degree heart block in three of the five. Higher concentrations of verapamil, 25 μg/ml, caused complete heart block in three of five other dogs, but no episodes of asystole (defined as a ventricular pause of 10 or more seconds). In six other dogs after beta receptor blockade with propranolol, 20 μg/ml, perfused into the A-V nodal artery, verapamil, 10 μg/ml, regularly caused second degree heart block; in four of the six dogs there was a transient episode of third degree A-V block, and in two of these there was a period of asystole. In each of the 10 dogs pretreated with reserpine, verapamil, 10 μg/ml, caused third degree A-V block; in seven of these there was a period of asystole with ventricular standstill up to 30 seconds. Concentrations of verapamil that do not produce high grade heart block in the normal heart thus readily cause both high grade block and prolonged ventricular standstill after elimination of adrenergic influences in the A-V junction.
Modeling the spatial distribution of aircraft on visual flight rules

Introduction T Note summarizes an FAA-supported pilot program to develop models which estimate the average and peak instantaneous aircount (IAC) of aircraft flying on visual flight rules (VFR). The IAC are distributed spatially, similar to a checkerboard effect, over the cross-sectional area of each state in the continental United States (CONUS) for a typical VFR day in 1980. VFR aircraft are primarily general aviation (GA) aircraft and they constitute the bulk of all in-flight aircraft (at least 85%). Knowledge of aircraft densities helps to estimate the size of replacements for the enroute air traffic control computers. Peak density is especially important to the design of aircraft collision avoidance devices. An earlier model estimated the average IAC of VFR aircraft over each Air Route Traffic Control Center, of which there are 20 covering the CONUS.' The new models described here will be referred to collectively as the VFR spatial model. Without this model, it would be necessary to process radar data on all in-flight VFR aircraft in order to obtain their peak and average spatial distribution. This approach is not only enormously costly and time-consuming, but it would also require the solution of several formidable technical problems.
The corrosion behavior of Fe-Nb-Al alloys in H2/H2O/H2S atmospheres

The corrosion behavior of eight Fe-Nb-Al ternary alloys was studied over the temperature range 700–980°C in H2/H2O/H2S atmospheres. The corrosion kinetics followed the parabolic rate law for all alloys at all temperatures. The corrosion rates were reduced with increasing Nb content for Fe-x Nb -3Al alloys, the most pronounced reduction occurred as the Nb content increased from 30 to 40 wt.%. The corrosion rate of Fe-30Nb decreased by six orders of magnitude at 700°C and by five orders of magnitude at 800°C or above by the addition of 10 wt.% aluminum. The scales formed on low-Al alloys (≤3 wt.% Al) were duplex, consisting of an outer layer of iron sulfide (with Al dissolved near the outer-/inner-layer interface) and an inner complex layer of FexNb2S4(FeNb2S4 or FeNb3S6), FeS, Nb3S4 (only detected for Nb contents of 30 wt.% or higher) and uncorroded Fe2Nb. No oxides were detected on the low-Al alloys after corrosion at any temperature. Platinum markers were found to be located at the interface between the inner and outer scales for the low-Al alloys, suggesting that the outer scale grew by the outward transport of cations (Fe and Al) and the inner scale grew by the inward transport of sulfur. The scales formed on high-Al alloys (≥5 wt.% Al) were complex, consisting primarily of Nb3S4, Al2O3 and (Fe, Al)xNb2S4, and minor amounts of (Fe, Al)S and uncorroded intermetallics (FeAl and Fe2Nb). The formation of Nb3S4 and Al2O3 blocked the transport of iron through the inner scale, resulting in the significant reduction of the corrosion rates.
Resistance to an imidazolinone herbicide is conferred by a gene on chromosome 6DL in the wheat line cv. 9804

Abstract An induced mutation of the common wheat (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD genomes) cultivar ‘Fidel’ has been shown to provide resistance to the imidazolinone class of herbicides. This class of herbicide gives broad-spectrum weed control including the weedy relative of wheat, jointed goatgrass (2n = 4x = 28, CCDD genomes). Because wheat and jointed goatgrass share a common genome, genes present on the D genome may transfer between the two species as a result of natural hybridization and selective pressures. Our objectives were to determine which genome of common wheat contained the herbicide resistance gene in the mutated Fidel and to genetically map its position. We investigated the chromosomal location of this gene using both durum (2n = 4x = 28, AABB genomes) and common wheat (6x) backgrounds. From crosses of durum wheat genotypes as the recurrent parent with mutated Fidel (cv. 9804, resistant), only BC1 plants containing chromosome 6D (inherited from cv. 9804) were resistant to applications of labeled rat...
Evaluation of crystalline components in sewage sludge

Abstract Crystalline minerals in anaerobically digested sewage sludges were determined by x‐ray diffraction analysis. Sludge samples were prepared for x‐ray analysis by either washing with H2O to remove soluble salts or oxidizing organic matter with H2O. A limited number of minerals are present as crystalline materials in sludge. Even though the sludges contained appreciable concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni, no crystalline metal sulfides, phosphates, hydroxides, oxides or carbonates were found with the exception of a possible Cu, Zn carbonate hydroxide. All other crystalline components detected are common minerals such as quartz, feldspar, montmorillonite, chlorite, mica, dolomite and calcite.
Comparing activity theory with distributed cognition for video analysis: beyond "kicking the tires"

The field of HCI is growing, not only in the variety of application areas or the volume of research conducted, but also in the number of analytical approaches for use in the evaluation and design of interactive systems. However, despite the abundance of theoretical frameworks available, relatively little work has directly compared the application of these frameworks. This paper compares video analysis methods based on two analytic frameworks - activity theory (AT) and distributed cognition (DCog) - by performing an analysis of the same system from each of the two different theoretical perspectives. The results presented here provide a better understanding of how such theoretically informed methods in practice both resemble and differ from one another. Furthermore, this comparison enables specific insights about each of the theories themselves, as well as more general discussion about the role of theory in HCI.
Radical breakthrough innovative solution in SHBI PM optimization using TRIZ

Preventive maintenance (PM) is a crucial activity to ensure the stability and performance of a tool. It has lead to long hour and tedious activity on SHBI (Self Heat Burn-In). SHBI is a tool used to support the Burn-In process. SHBI carries several long hour PM task which also requires some conversion activities. This has been leading to a total >15% weekly capacity loss. This paper will discuss on how both the unproductive long hour activities have been analyzed through theory of innovative problem solving (TRIZ) methodology.
Standardization of 63Ni by efficiency tracing

Abstract The possibility of calibrating 63 Ni by the efficiency tracing method has been examined and the activity content of a solution standard, prepared by the National Bureau of Standards, has been measured by this method. The result of 1·50 × 10 6 sec −1 g −1 (±1·1 per cent) is in satisfactory agreement with those obtained at the NBS and the CRNL given in adjoining notes.
Active sites in dibenzopyrenes: Synthesis and studies of 3-fluoro- and 2,10-difluorobenzo(RST)pentaphene

Abstract 9-Fluoro-7H-benz(de)anthracene-9-one (9-fluorobenzanthrone) was prepared from 2-fluoro-9-anthrone by the Bally-Scholl reaction. The identity and stucture of the compound were demonstrated by M.S. and C-13 NMR analysis. Its condensation with phenylacetonitrile, followed by a sequence of reactions leading to the hexacyclic aromatic system, yielded 3-fluorobenzo(rst)pentaphene; with p-fluorophenylacetonitrile, 2,10-difluorobenzo(rst)pentaphene was obtained. The results of testing of the two compounds for carcinogenic activity support the recent hypotheses that metabolic activation and binding of the parent hydrocarbon occur on the lateral rings rather than the K regions.
GASTRIC pH IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (LBW) INFANTS: EFFECT Of Age And Feedings

Although maximal gastric secretory capacity of newborns is reduced, it is unclear whether gastric luminal pH is less acid. We therefore measured gastric pH in 2 groups of LBW infants assessing the impact of age and feeding type on gastric acidity. In Group I were 13 infants < 7 days BW 1716±41g. In Group II were 10 infants 7-15 days BW 1646±88g (x±SE). None had had theophylline, mechanical ventilation, sepsis or GI bleed. Output from a flexible pH electrode in the gastric corpus was recorded continuously for 12 hrs. Infants were fed q3hrs - one pedialyte meal(pH 4.9) and 3 cow milk formula meals(pH 6.6-6.8) of equal volume. Mean gastric pH for Grs IIp<.01). Mean gastric pH of young infants remained unchanged after a pedialyte meal while after formula pH rose significantly (p<.01) to a max of 5.8±.1 and returned to fasting pH by 75 min p.c. Mean gastric pH of older infants fed pedialyte did rise significantly above fasting (p<.01) for 75 min but max pH was only 4.0. After formula mean pH rose to 5.2±.4, fell to pH 4.0 by 75 min and to fasting by 135 min p.c. The % of time gastric pH was < 4.0 was significantly greater (p<.01) in older infants after either pedialyte(61.9±7.3 vs 20.6±6.4%) or formula (42.7±8.0 vs 15.2±4.0%). Gastric pH was rarely <2.0 in either group(<2.5% monitored time). CONCLUSION Reduced gastric secretory capacity of newborns does depress fasting and post prandial gastric acidity of LBW infants during the first week of life. Thereafter adult pH patterns are found.
Inhibition of nuclear uptake of calcitriol receptor by uremic ultrafiltrate.

Inhibition of nuclear uptake of calcitriol receptor by uremic ultrafiltrate. The biological action of calcitriol is mediated through a hormone-receptor complex interacting with nuclear chromatin. Interaction of the calcitriol receptor (VDR) with VDR response elements produces bioactive proteins which carry out the physiological actions of calcitriol. Since biological response to calcitriol appears to be diminished in renal failure, we studied the effect of uremic toxins on the interaction of VDR with nuclear chromatin using in vitro nuclear uptake of the 3 H-calcitriol labeled VDR by intestinal nuclei. We found that nuclear uptake of the labeled intestinal VDR from renal failure rats was significantly lower than that from the control animals. HPLC fractionated uremic ultrafiltrate directly inhibited nuclear uptake of the labeled VDR when the labeled VDR was incubated with 50% of the ultrafiltrate for various time intervals ranging from 15 minutes to 6 hours. Infusion of uremic ultrafiltrate to normal rats for 20 hours also produced intestinal VDR with a lower binding affinity for intestinal nuclei when compared to the controls infused with normal ultrafiltrate. The latter study suggests that uremic toxins are responsible for the decreased nuclear uptake of VDR of rats with renal failure. Although it is difficult to extrapolate these results directly to the intact cells, our findings suggest that part of the calcitriol resistance in renal failure could be explained by decreased entry of receptor into the nucleus.
Multi-layer MoTe 2 p-channel MOSFETs with high drive current

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are interesting materials for electronic applications due to their layered crystal structure, which offers the potential to realize transistors with ultra-thin or even monolayer body thicknesses [1]. Unlike single-layer graphene, TMDs typically have band gaps in the range of 1-2 eV, making them suitable for logic transistor applications [2]. MoTe 2 is an ideal material for p-MOSFETs due to its low electron affinity and relatively narrow band gap of ~ 1 eV [3]. MoTe 2 is also of interest for realizing tunneling field effect transistors (TFETs) with highly-staggered or broken-gap band alignments [4], particularly when integrated with high electron affinity TMDs, such as SnSe 2 [5]. However, to date, only n-MOSFETs and ambipolar transistors have been demonstrated experimentally using thin-film MoTe 2 [6, 7]. In this work, we report the characteristics of p-MOSFETs using exfoliated MoTe 2 with Pd contact metallization. We characterize the properties of these backgated devices as a function of temperature and extract the Schottky barrier height of the Pd metallization. We also show that strong p-type doping occurs in these devices after prolonged exposure to ambient atmosphere, resulting in p-MOSFETs with linear contacts and drive current approaching 100 uA/um.
What is a ‘Handbook of Sociolinguistics’?

Florian Coulmas (ed.). The Handbook of Sociolinguistics (Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics, 4). Oxford: Blackwell. 1997. x + 532 pp.Cloth (0–631–19339–1) £70.00.
Development of a real-time, high-speed distribution level data acquisition system

With the development of smart grids and the deployment of their enabling technologies, improved data acquisition will be needed at the distribution level to understand the full impact of these changes. With this in mind, NREL has developed a high-speed measurement and data collection network targeted specifically at the distribution level. This network is based around adaptable, rugged measurement devices designed for deployment at a variety of low and medium voltage locations below the sub-station. Each of these devices is capable of real-time data transmission via an internet connection. Additionally, several analysis and visualization applications have been developed around the incoming data streams.
Molecular differentiation and diversity among the California red oaks (Fagaceae; Quercus section Lobatae)

A recent epidemic of Phytopthora (Sudden Oak Death) in coastal woodlands of California is causing severe mortality in some oak species belonging to the red oak (Lobatae) group. To predict the risks of spread of this disease, an understanding of the relationships among California's red oak species and of their population genetic structure is needed. We focus here on relationships among the four species of red oak. Whereas morphological distinction of Quercus wislizeni and Quercus parvula can pose problems, Quercus kelloggii and Quercus agrifolia in pure forms are easily distinguishable from one another and from Q. wislizeni and Q. parvula in the field. However, hybrids among all species combinations are known to occur in nature and these can confound data from ecological studies. Our results revealed greatest differentiation of the deciduous Q. kelloggii, with only weak AFLP fragment differentiation of the three remaining evergreen species. The molecular data suggest a closer affinity of Q. agrifolia with Q. wislizeni and Q. parvula contrary to earlier suggestions that its origins are likely to have been with northern deciduous oaks probably through a common ancestor with Q. kelloggii. Interior and coastal populations of Q. wislizeni separated in dendrograms based on phenetic and genetic distances suggesting probable isolation in different glacial refugia. The position of Q. parvula remains ambiguous, having a closer affinity with interior populations of Q. wislizeni and with Q. agrifolia, than with coastal populations of Q. wislizeni. Mean population differentiation in Q. wislizeni was 0.18, which is somewhat higher than the average for other oak species, suggesting that range fragmentation has occurred in the past, resulting in a metapopulation structure. Our results provide evidence that introgression among these species may be causing reticulation, further confounding species separation. Whereas Phytopthora has been reported on Q. agrifolia, Q. parvula and Q. kelloggii, it has not yet been detected in natural populations of Q. wislizeni. The species relationships that our molecular data show suggest that this is more likely a result of escape due to ecological tolerances than to genetic differences.
Prunus Host Range of Plum pox virus (PPV) in the United States by Aphid and Graft Inoculation

ABSTRACT Plum pox (Sharka) is a serious virus disease of stone fruits caused by the Plum pox virus (PPV). To determine which species could function as potential hosts and virus reservoirs, we used aphid transmission and bud or chip grafting to evaluate the susceptibility of commercial, ornamental, and wild Prunus species to isolates of PPV found in Pennsylvania, USA. Following inoculation, test trees were observed for symptoms, analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), back-assayed to healthy peach, and followed through at least four cold-induced dormancy (CID) cycles over 4 years. Thirty-one of 33 Prunus species and cultivars were systemically infected following aphid transmission. Systemic infection could not be detected in P. cerasus (sour cherry) and P. × ‘Snofozam’ (Snow Fountains) despite repeated aphid inoculation attempts. Following grafting of PPV-infected budwood, all 40 species and varieties became infected, although species differed in their sus...
Petrography and Chemistry of High-Carbon Fly Ash from the Shawnee Power Station, Kentucky

Abstract The Shawnee power station in western Kentucky consists of ten 150-MW units, eight of which bum low-sulfur ( 1 wt %) coal in an atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion unit and in a research unit. The eight low-sulfur coal units were sampled in a 1992 survey of Kentucky utilities. Little between-unit variation is seen in the ash-basis major oxide and minor element chemistry. The carbon content of the fly ashes varies from 5 to 25 wt %. Similarly, the isotropic and anisotropic coke in the fly ash varies from 6% to 42% (volume basis). Much of the anisotropic coke is a thin-walled macroporous variety, but there is a portion that is a thick-walled variety similar to a petroleum coke.
Modeling the Transport and Retention of Arsenic (V) in Soils

Adsorption and transport of reactive solutes when nonequilibrium conditions are dominant may impact significantly their mobility in heterogeneous systems. In this study, arsenate [As(V)] sorption and transport in three soils having different properties were investigated. Kinetic batch experiments were performed to characterize arsenate [As(V)] adsorption over a wide range of concentrations. Adsorption of arsenate by all soils was strongly nonlinear and kinetic, where the rate of As(V) retention was rapid initially and was followed by gradual or somewhat slow retention behavior with increasing reaction time. Arsenic mobility in soils was investigated using the miscible displacement technique where uniformly packed soil columns under steady and water-saturated flow were used. The column transport experiments indicated strong As(V) retardation followed by slow release or extensive tailing of the breakthrough curves (BTCs). Sharp decrease in As(V) concentration during flow interruption (no flow) further verified the extensive non-equilibrium condition, which was likely due to the dominance of kinetic retention (sorption-release) processes. We evaluated several formulations of a nonlinear equilibrium-kinetic multireaction transport model (MRM) for its prediction capability of As(V) retention as well as transport in all soils. The asymmetrical and retarded BTCs for As(V) from our column experiments were well described using the MRM model. Nonlinear reversible along with a consecutive or concurrent irreversible reactions were the dominant mechanisms in the MRM model. The use of batch rate coefficients as model parameters for the predictions of As(V) BTCs underestimated the extent of retention and overestimated the extent of As(V) mobility for all soils. When utilized in an inverse mode, the MRM model provided good predictions of As(V) BTCs.
Infant temperament and eating style predict change in standardized weight status and obesity risk at 6 years of age.

Infant temperament and eating style predict change in standardized weight status and obesity risk at 6 years of age
H-bonding mediates polarization of peptide groups in folded proteins

The carbon-nitrogen J-couplings in the hydrogen bonding chains of proteins show that H-bonding mediates peptide-group polarization, which results in the general reduction of peptide-group polarity of folded proteins in solution. The net effect is to make large regions of protein secondary structure, especially β-sheets, intrinsically more hydrophobic, contributing thereby to overall stability of the tertiary structure.
Identification of Force Coefficients in a Squeeze Film Damper With a Mechanical End Seal-Centered Circular Orbit Tests

The damping capability of squeeze film dampers (SFDs) relies on adequate end sealing to prevent air ingestion and entrapment. The paper presents the parameter identification, procedure and damping coefficients, of a test SFD featuring a mechanical seal that effectively eliminates lubricant side leakage. The test damper reproduces an aircraft application intended to contain the lubricant in the film lands for extended periods of time. The test damper journal is 2.54 cm in length and 12.7 cm in diameter, with a nominal clearance of 0.127 mm. The SFD feed end is flooded with oil, while the discharge end contains a recirculation groove and four orifice ports. In a companion paper (ASME GT2006-90782), single frequency - unidirectional load excitation tests were conducted, without and with lubricant in the squeeze film lands, to determine the seal dry-friction force and viscous damping force coefficients. Presently, tests with single frequency excitation loads rendering circular centered orbits excitations are conducted to identify the SFD force coefficients. The identified parameters include the overall system damping and the individual contributions from the squeeze film, dry friction and structural damping. The identified system damping coefficients are frequency and motion amplitude dependent due to the dry friction interaction at the mechanical seal interface. Identified squeeze film force coefficients, damping and added mass, are in good agreement with predictions based on the full film, short length damper model.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Increased urinary excretion of lipids by patients with kidney stones

Objective To test the hypothesis that patients with calcific kidney stones (stone formers) excrete more lipids and cell membranes in their urine than do normal individuals. Patients, subjects and methods Lipids were isolated from the urine of patients with calcific stones (four women and six men, age range 28–69 years) and from normal subjects (three men and three women, age range 31–54 years). Different phospholipids, neutral lipids and glycolipids were identified using thin layer chromatography and individual lipids were characterized by several assays after scraping the spots from the plates, or by densitometry. Results Stone formers excreted more lipids and acidic phospholipids than did normal individuals; the urinary excretion of glycolipid, cholesterol and cholesterol esters was also increased. Conclusions The greater excretion of lipids may reflect the increased turnover of cells in the tubular epithelium and sloughing of cells into the urine in response to a challenge by oxalate and calcium oxalate crystals. Acidic phospholipids from cellular membranes of the sloughed epithelial cells may be involved in crystal nucleation and retention within the kidneys and thus the initial development of stone nidus and the continued growth thereafter.
Tertiary landslides, northwestern South Dakota and Southeastern Montana

Landslide blocks of latest Oligocene or earliest Miocene age are preserved at several localities in northwestern South Dakota and southeastern Montana. These tilted blocks contain Late Cretaceous to late Oligocene rocks and are unconformably overlain by nearly horizontal strata of the Arikaree Formation of Miocene age. Undisturbed rocks of late Oligocene age were completely stripped from the area by pre-Arikaree erosion. More than 100 landslide blocks are preserved in the Slim Buttes, Harding County, South Dakota. Some of the blocks are several miles long, 600 feet wide, and contain a thickness of 300 feet or more of relatively unbroken or unjumbled strata which have been displaced downward as much as 250 feet. The strike of the tilted blocks is about N. 60° W., and the dip of the bedding in the blocks at most places is to the southwest and ranges from a few to more than 60°. Most of the rock in the blocks consists of coarse arkosic sandstone, tuffaceous siltstone, claystone, and thick beds of bentonite of the Chadron and Brule formations of Oligocene age. In a few places, small sections of the underlying Paleocene strata are tilted. The blocks formed along northwest-trendingpre-Arikaree valley walls and escarpments. The major joint system of underlying rocks apparently controlled the orientation of the slides, and the dip of these older rocks facilitated the downward and outward movement of the landslide blocks. The Short Pine Hills, Harding County, South Dakota, and the Long Pine Hills, Carter County, Montana, contain numerous landslide blocks that are similar in orientation and geologic setting to those of the Slim Buttes. In contrast, the Finger Buttes of Carter County, Montana, contain landslide blocks that strike about N. 70° E. and dip to the southeast. This lack of parallelism with blocks of nearby areas is apparently due to the lack of a well-developed joint system in underlying rocks of this area. The presence of the complete sequence of Oligocene rocks in the downdropped blocks indicates that before pre-Arikaree erosion the area was covered by 500 feet or more of beds of the Chadron and Brule formations. These landslide blocks show that the time interval represented by the unconformity at the base of the Arikaree Formation was of relatively short duration.
Stability of linear second-order equations with time-varying coefficients.

Two sets of sufficient conditions are presented for the asymptotic stability of linear second-order equations having two time-varying coefficients. These conditions represent a weakening of those obtained by Starzinski, and this point is illustrated by simple examples.
Unilateral Spatial Neglect in Degenerative Brain Pathology

OBJECTIVE In an attempt to interpret neglect as a disconnection syndrome, it is currently proposed that the disorder results from disorganization of large-scale networks involved in attentional spatial processes rather than of individual brain areas. We hypothesize that as degenerative brain diseases are "system pathologies," degeneration could be restricted to some of the neural subsystems implicated in the functional organization of spatial attention and different neglect syndromes could emerge depending on the patterns of the subsystems involved. METHOD We studied five neglect patients: one with corticobasal degeneration (CBD), three with Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) and one with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). RESULTS The patient with CBD and left parietoccipital atrophy showed right allocentric neglect; the three patients with PCA mostly distributed in the right posterior regions showed left egocentric extrapersonal neglect; the patient with FTD, who displayed more severe frontotemporal atrophy on the right, had left motor-executive neglect for both personal and extrapersonal space. All patients also presented a deep breakdown of spatial working memory. CONCLUSION Our data would confirm that left neglect is more frequent than right neglect also in degenerative pathology and that damage to different neural substrates can produce different types of neglect. Our findings are also consistent with the hypothesis that both lateralized and nonlateralized attention disorders contribute to generate the syndrome. We suggest that evidence from degenerative diseases may contribute to construction of models of spatial attention.
Thyroid and parathyroid surgery without drains

The question of routine wound drainage after thyroid and parathyroid surgery remains controversial among experienced surgeons. Review of the literature failed to reveal any study that established the benefit of drainage after thyroidectomy and para-thyroidectomy. A retrospective review of 139 thyroid or parathyroid procedures performed without drainage was conducted. One hundred ten thyroid operations were performed, including unilateral lobectomy with isthmusectomy [82 (74.5%)], total or bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy [26 (23.6%)], and isthmusectomy [2 (1.8%)]. Histologic examination yielded a benign diagnosis in 94 specimens (85.4%); 16 specimens (14.5%) contained thyroid carcinoma. Parathyroid explorations were performed in 29 patients (20.8%) all of whom had adenomas. Postoperatively, there were no instances of wound hematomas, infections, or rebleeding necessitating reoperation. Minor complications included asymptomatic wound seromas (4-30 mL) in five (3.6%) patients, which were aspirated 2 weeks after discharge without further recurrence. This minimal complication rate of 3.6% with undrained neck incisions suggests that routine prophylactic drainage of thyroid and parathyroid wounds is unnecessary. © John Wiley & Sons.
Empirical distributions of correlations as a tool for scale reduction

A Visual Basic program for generating a distribution of correlations as a tool for scale reduction is presented; the program is available free from the author and runs on IBM-compatible personal computers under the Windows 95/98/NT operating systems. The program generates a list of item combinations and correlations between the unit weighted sum of the items and a criterion score. The list can be used to locate item combinations that have high correlations with the original full-length test. An example application is presented to illustrate the use of the program. The compiled program and its source code can be downloaded from http://personal.bgsu.edu/~stanton/r_crunch/r_crunch.zip.
Large-Amplitude, Short-Scale Stationary Rossby Waves in the Southern Hemisphere: Observations and Mechanistic Experiments to Determine their Origin

Further observational evidence of the existence of large-amplitude stationary waves in the Southern Hemisphere during January 1979 is presented. Possible forcing mechanisms for the stationary waves are discussed, and two control experimental forecasts are presented: 15-day integrations with the GLAS Fourth Order GCM, starting from January 5 and Febuary 4, 1979. These forecasts are compared with the GLAS analyses for the same periods, discussing the extent to which the observed January waves are reproduced in the forecast. Several mechanistic experiments are reported in which the Andean orography, tropical heating, regional heating, and initial westerly flow are artificially modified. The effects of these changes on the stationary waves are discussed.
Isolation of a heme binding subunit from bovine heart cytochrome C oxidase.

Abstract A subunit which retains heme has been isolated and purified up to a homogenous form on polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic column in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and β-mercaptoethanol from cytochrome oxidase. The separation of the subunit does not rely on any detergent except cholate used in the preparation of cytochrome oxidase. The purification involves a reaction with pyridine, pH precipitation, and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The purified subunit has a molecular weight of 11,600 daltons and contains more than 40 nmol Fe per mg protein; the lower iron content than the calculated value is apparently due to the loss of heme a in the course of the purification. The subunit is freely soluble in aqueous solution at neutral pH to give a dark green color. Spectral properties and amino acid composition of this subunit have been studied.
Cloning of a neonatal calcium atpase isoform (SERCA 1B) from extraocular muscle of adult blue marlin (Makaira nigricans)

Complete cDNAs for the fast-twitch Ca2+ -ATPase isoform (SERCA 1) were cloned and sequenced from blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) extraocular muscle (EOM). Complete cDNAs for SERCA 1 were also cloned from fast-twitch skeletal muscle of the same species. The two sequences are identical over the coding region except for the last five codons on the carboxyl end; EOM SERCA 1 cDNA codes for 996 amino acids and the fast-twitch cDNAs code for 991 aa. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that EOM SERCA 1 clusters with an isoform of Ca2+ -ATPase normally expressed in early development of mammals (SERCA 1B). This is the first report of SERCA 1B in an adult vertebrate. RNA hybridization assays indicate that 1B expression is limited to extraocular muscles. Because EOM gives rise to the thermogenic heater organ in marlin, we investigated whether SERCA 1B may play a role in heat generation, or if 1B expression is common in EOM among vertebrates. Chicken also expresses SERCA 1B in EOM, but rat expresses SERCA 1A; because SERCA 1B is not specific to heater tissue we conclude it is unlikely that it plays a specific role in intracellular heat production. Comparative sequence analysis does reveal, however, several sites that may be the source of functional differences between fish and mammalian SERCAs.
OTTO NEURATH: LENGUAJE, CIENCIA Y VALORES. LA INCIDENCIA DE LO POLÍTICO

Neurath’s project centrally included the thesis of unified science because of its functionality for political action with the purpose of attaining a better human society. This was so, because unified science was a fundamental instrument for the unity of action which, in turn, required of a fluid communication. Finally that sort of communication depended upon a certain unity of the language of science. The outcome was Neurath’s radical anti-foundational conventionalism according to which scientists should make decisions for adopting goals, instruments for achieving them, and also for accepting/rejecting hypotheses and encyclopedias. Those decisions would necessarily involve “auxiliary motives” like utility, human happiness, improving the situation of the proletariat, among others. Therefore, there is a strong interrelation between science and politics, because the former is a fundamental instrument for successfully attaining political goals, and mainly because political motives may play a crucial role in decisions for scientific acceptance.
Preparation and properties of an alpha-1-protease inhibitor concentrate with high specific activity.

Background and Objectives Because the current demand for alpha-1-protease inhibitor (A1PI) exceeds the available supply, we aimed to develop a process for purification of A1PI from plasma which would achieve the highest possible degree of purity, specific activity and yield. Materials and Methods A1PI was purified from Cohn fraction IV-1,4 using ethanol precipitation and Q-Sepharose chromatography. Ceramic hydroxyapatite chromatography was used as a final purification step. Two independent virus-inactivation procedures (chemical and vapour heating) were applied. Results The resulting A1PI had an unprecedented high specific activity. In addition, the process led to the discovery of a new isoform of A1PI in isoelectric focusing gels. Conclusion The high specific activity of the A1PI preparation achieved with this process should allow a reduction of the A1PI total protein load necessary to achieve clinically relevant effects.
Studies of the gas phase reactions of protonated methanol with methanol using oxygen-18 and deuterium labeling

Abstract The tandem flowing afterglow-selected-ion flow tube has been employed to measure rate coefficients and product branching ratios for the reactions of CH3OH+2 with CH3OH and its various isotopically- labeled analogs. The branching ratios are approximately 85%, 4%, and 11% for the proton transfer, condensation (SN2), and association channels respectively. When hidden product channels are accounted for, reaction is found to occur upon every collision. Our results indicate that a proton-bound dimer, in which there is a facile proton transfer, is formed in > 99% of the collisions; this complex can redissociate, undergo collisional stabilization or rearrange to allow SN2 backside displacement and formation of the condensation products. Direct formation of the methyl-bound complex which leads to SN2 reaction without prior formation of a proton-bound dimer is found to be a minor (
The chemical neuroanatomy of breathing.

The chemical neuroanatomy of breathing must ultimately encompass all the various neuronal elements physiologically identified in brainstem respiratory circuits and their apparent aggregation into “compartments” within the medulla and pons. These functionally defined respiratory compartments in the brainstem provide the major source of input to cranial motoneurons controlling the airways, and to spinal motoneurons activating inspiratory and expiratory pump muscles. This review provides an overview of the neuroanatomy of the major compartments comprising brainstem respiratory circuits, and a synopsis of the transmitters used by their constituent respiratory neurons.
Theta functions, transform tables and examples for electrochemists

Abstract Time-dependence of material transport through plane sheets has become especially important for the understanding of membrane cells and membrane-coated electrodes. General methods for linear systems invoke the theta functions that are solutions of Fick's Second Law and equivalent Nernst-Planck equations, and approximations for non-linear problems. A compilation of transforms in the context of diffusion problems, and a series of examples are presented. Diffusion-migration in thin-layer cells, the Nernst boundary layer, and ion exchange materials are emphasized. A relationship of plane-sheet transport of ionic conductors with mixed conductors is indicated.
Virtual tools that carry attributes for interactively specifying intermediate manufacturing processes

This paper describes an interactive system for specifying robotic tasks using virtual tools that allow an operator to reach into a live video scene and direct robots to use corresponding real tools in complex scenarios that involve integrating a variety of otherwise autonomous technologies. The attribute rich virtual tools concept provides a human-machine interface that is robust to unanticipated developments and tunable to the specific requirements of a particular task. This Interactive Specification concept is applied to intermediate manufacturing tasks.