cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of Microsurgical Technique and Nuances for the Resection of a Midbrain Tectal Glioma via the Transcollicular Approach: 3-Dimensional Operative Video.

Tectal gliomas are a rare subset of intrinsic brainstem lesions. The microsurgical resection of these lesions remains a major challenge.1,2 Transcollicular approaches on one side, via the superior or inferior colliculi or both, are neurologically well tolerated without obvious or major auditory or oculomotor consequences. However, any postoperative acute visually triggered saccadic abnormalities caused by iatrogenic superior colliculus damage generally resolve during the postoperative period, as other oculomotor structures compensate for these functions in unilateral lesions. In this surgical video, we present a 37-yr-old man with long-standing seizures, new onset headaches, progressive ataxic gait, and imbalance. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a circumscribed nonenhancing dorsal midbrain cystic mass with compression on the aqueduct causing hydrocephalus. The lesion had a low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and a high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. The patient first underwent an endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Although his headaches greatly improved after the third ventriculostomy, he remained quite symptomatic in terms of gait imbalance and ataxia. The patient underwent a supracerebellar, infratentorial, transcollicular approach for resection of the tectal tumor. Simultaneously, motor and somatosensory evoked potentials were monitored. Both the surgery and the postoperative course were uneventful, with postoperative MRI showing gross total resection of the mass, and histopathology indicating a WHO (World Health Organization) grade I pilocytic astrocytoma. The patient continued to do well without recurrence at 2-yr follow-up. In this video, we demonstrate step-by-step microsurgical techniques for resecting these challenging tectal gliomas via the infratentorial-supracerebellar-transcollicular approach. The patient consented to the procedure and publication of his images.
Racism as a Heightening Factor in the High Rate of Depression among Korean American Youth & Young Adults (KAY&YA)

This chapter argues that, in addition to acculturative stress, racism heightens the risk of suffering from depression among Korean American young people. It explores the effect of racism on depression by employing the self-dynamic among self-preservation, self-loss, and selfobject-augmentation that she developed drawing on the work of Heinz Kohut. The chapter suggests that Korean American churches proactively resist racism to enhance self-preservation and to reduce self-loss experiences for Korean Americans. This chapter then offers some specific pastoral strategies for Korean American churches to provide selfobject-augmentation in order to address the harmful effects of racism on Korean American youth and young adults, as well as the lack of knowledge of and shame attached to mental health disorders, in particular depression, in the Korean American community.
Impact of Cover Crop on Nutrient Losses in an Upland Soil

Nutrient losses through leaching and surface runoff are the main problems in no-till upland soils in Mississippi. A two-year study was conducted in 2016 and 2017 on an Atwood silt loam soil to eval...
Biceps Brachii Muscle Length Affects Force Steadiness with and Without Fatigue

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of muscle length and fatigue on maximal force, submaximal force steadiness, and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the biceps brachii. Force and EMG responses were measured before and after a fatigue protocol consisting of maximal intermittent contractions of the elbow flexors until task failure (n = 20). The protocol was performed on two separate occasions in a randomized order. During one visit, the elbow joint was at 90° (EF90) and for the other, it was extended to 120° (EF120). The results show a large effect size for greater force loss following fatigue at long muscle length (P = 0.067, $$\eta_{p}^{2}$$ = 0.166). The fatigue-based decreases in force steadiness were not different between muscle lengths (P = 0.502, $$\eta_{p}^{2}$$ = 0.024). Force steadiness was lower at long muscle length before and after fatigue (P < 0.01, d = 0.691). Following fatigue, muscle excitation decreased and increased during maximal and submaximal force tasks, respectively, yet there were no length-dependent EMG responses. The novel findings show fatigue at long muscle length likely affects force loss to a greater degree than fatigue-based decreases in force steadiness. These data show lower elbow flexion force steadiness when the biceps brachii is in a lengthened position.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) represents an approach for expanding the communication capacity and for implementing special data techniques in a fiber optics system. This technology is implemented by adding optical sources of different wavelengths at optical transmitting locations. The present paper is concerned with some of the current efforts in WDM. WDM applications are related to long haul communications, local area data networks, spacecraft and aircraft data systems, fault tolerant computer networks, special sensor devices, high speed data processors, closed circuit and cable television, and submarine cable systems. Attention is given to the current state of wavelength division multiplexing applications, the availability and status of WDM components semiconductor lasers/transmitters, availability and status of fiber optic detectors/receivers, optical fibers/cables/connectors/taps/star couplers, wavelength multiplexers/demultiplexers, and future WDM for local area networks.
Repeat Variation Resolves a Complete Aggregate Silk Sequence of Bolas Spider Mastophora phrynosoma.

Many species of spider use a modified silk adhesive, called aggregate glue, to aid in prey capture. Aggregate spidroins (spider fibroins) are modified members of the spider silk family, however they are not spun into fibers as are their solid silk relatives. The genes that encode for aggregate spidroins are the largest of the known spidroin genes and are similarly highly repetitive. In this study, we used long read sequencing to discover the aggregate spidroin genes of the toad-like bolas spider, Mastophora phrynosoma, which employs the glue in a unique way, using only a single, large droplet to capture moths. While Aggregate Spidroin 1 (AgSp1) remains incomplete, AgSp2 is more than an extraordinary 62 kilobases of coding sequence, 20 kb longer than the longest spidroin on record. The structure of repeats from both aggregate silk proteins follows a similar pattern seen in other species, with the same strict conservation of amino acid residue number for much of the repeats' lengths. Interestingly, AgSp2 lacks the elevated number and groupings of glutamine residues seen in the other reported AgSp2 of a classic orb weaving species. The role of gene length in glue functionality remains a mystery, and thus discovering length differences across species will allow understanding and harnessing of this attribute for the next generation of bio-inspired adhesives.
Subjective and projected returns to education

Abstract There is significant heterogeneity over high school students in the wage and employment rate returns to education. I evaluate this heterogeneity using subjective returns derived from a data set of high school juniors and seniors in Washington State. Variation over observables in projected returns estimated using observed data is uncorrelated with variation in subjective returns elicited by directly asking students about their beliefs. These results mean that returns estimated using observed data are likely a very weak proxy for student beliefs.
Rate enhancement of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase using 2,6-dichloroindophenol as an electron acceptor

Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase degrades cytokinins by dehydrogenating the N6-C1′ bond of cytokinins. The resulting imine is then hydrolyzed. For example, isopentenyl-adenine is cleaved into 3-methyl-2-butenal (isopentenyl-aldehyde) and adenine . The reducing equivalents from dehydrogenation are transferred to an unknown sink, in vivo. It has been hypothesized that the enzyme requires oxygen , possibly resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide. 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCPIP) can function as an acceptor of reducing equivalents for in vitro cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase reactions. For the predominant cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase in maize, ZmCKX1, the addition of DCPIP to in vitro reactions increases the reaction rate to nearly 4000-fold faster than the oxygen-dependent rate. Further, the change in absorbance of DCPIP at 600 nm, as it is reduced, forms the basis for an assay suitable for following biochemical purification of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenases , detailed kinetic studies , and rapid measurement of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase activity in large numbers of samples.
Business and Service Telephone Conversations: An Investigation of British English, German, and Italian Encounters

Prior research of telephone service encounters have dealt with specific strategies used by speakers as well as their practical implications (Lee, 2011; Stokoe, 2013). Taking interactional data from three European languages, namely British English, German, and Italian, Varcasia’s 2013 book, Business and Service Telephone Conversations, sets out to apply “pure” Conversation Analysis (CA) findings (ten Have, 2007) to analyze the various strategies used by speakers when responding to pre-request for services and requests for information during telephone service encounters. The text contributes to the research on institutional interactions and cross linguistic comparison, and also presents practical implications with regard to formal business telephone services and the training of call center professionals.
Maximum one-handed shoulder strength for overhead work as a function of shoulder posture in females

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the maximum voluntary strength (MVC) and maximum voluntary torque for one-handed lift and hold and hold only tasks as a function of shoulder posture. Twelve female volunteers of 21- 33 years of age, claimed to be in good physical health and stated they had never had any musculoskeletal or cardiovascular problems participated in the study. One-handed maximum voluntary strength was defined as the maximum weight that a subject could lift and hold for 4 seconds (lift and hold) or hold the weight for 4 seconds without lifting from table height (hold only). MVC was measured in six different postures most commonly used in automobile assembly: 0/90 (shoulder flexion angle = 0 ◦ and included elbow angle = 90 ◦ ), 30/90, 60/90, 90/120, 120/150, and 150/180. An analysis of variance showed that hold only MVCs were significantly higher than lift and hold MVCs by an average of 26%. Shoulder posture had significant effect on both types of MVCs. The strongest posture was 0/90 and the weakest posture was 90/120. There was large variability between subjects and some subjects had maximum shoulder strength as low as 4.3 kg. The findings of this study indicate that female have very low shoulder strength especially for jobs requiring overhead work.
Conformational analysis—XV

Abstract Force field calculations of the conformational energies of fifteen silanes are described. The calculated structures of silaethane, 2-silapropane and 2-methyl-2-silapropane are in acceptable agreement with available microwave data. The calculated torsional barriers of silaethane 2-silapropane; 2-methyl- 2-silapropane and 1-silapropane are consistent with reported barriers. In 2-silabutane and related compounds, the gauche conformation is more stable than the anti conformation as a result of attractive van der Waals energy terms. The strain energies of the two eclipsed conformations of 2-silabutane are identical and substantially lower than the strain energies of the two eclipsed conformations of butane which are of unequal energy. The shape of the torsional curve for 2-silabutane differs dramatically from that of butane. 1-Silabutane is stable in the anti conformation and the gauche-anti energy difference is similar to butane. The two eclipsed conformations of 1-silabutane stand in the same order as those for butane but are of higher energy. A comparison of the torsional curve for 1-silabutane with butane illustrates the steeper barriers for the former compound. Conformational equilibrium constants for 2-silabutane, 1-silabutane, and several compounds containing the 2-silabutane structure are obtained by NMR analysis of vicinal coupling constants and are in agreement with the calculated force field values. The conformational preferences of SiH3, SiH2, SiH(CH3)2, and Si(CH3)3 on cyclohexane are calculated. Unique features of silacyclohexane and the conformational preferences of hydrogen, methyl, and t-butyl on this ring are discussed.
The study of language in its social context

The work which is reported in this study is an investigation of language within the social context of the community in which it is spoken. It is a study of a linguistic structure which is unusually complex, but no more so than the social structure of the city in which it functions.Within the linguistic structure, change has occurred on a large scale, and at a rapid pace which is even more characteristic of the changing structure of the city itself. Variability is an integral part of the linguistic system, and no less a part of the behavior of the city. To assess the relative complexity of the linguistic problem presented by New York City, it may be useful to compare this investigation to an earlier study of a sound change in progress that I carried out on the island of Martha's Vineyard (Labov 1963). This earlier work traced the distribution of a particular sound feature as it varied through several occupational, ethnic, and geographic sub-groups of the population, and through three generations of native islanders. The objective pattern of language behavior was seen to be correlated with the overall social pattern of differential reaction to specific economic strains and social pressures; it was then possible to assign a single social meaning to the linguistic feature in question. It was thus demonstrated that social pressures are continually acting upon the structure of a language, as it develops through the mechanism of imitation and hypercorrection.
The Overwhelming Evidence

Why Evolution Is True. By Jerry A. Coyne. Viking, New York, 2009. 304 pp. $27.95, C$31. ISBN 9780670020539. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 329 pp. £14.99. ISBN 9780199230846.
Sorption and desorption of perchlorate on surfactant-modified zeolite

Abstract Batch sorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of surfactant-modified zeolite (SMZ) as an inexpensive sorbent material for perchlorate (ClO 4 – ) removal from contaminated waters. The 14-40 mesh SMZ had a ClO 4 – sorption capacity of 98 mmol kg –1 (roughly 1 ClO 4 – per anion exchange site), better than strong base anion exchange resins (∼ 1 ClO 4 – per 5 anion exchange sites) when the sorption capacity was normalized to anion exchange capacity. Batch desorption experiments were also conducted to determine the optimum solution for regenerating spent SMZ. A 1.5-M NO 3 – solution was found to be most effective in exchanging sorbed ClO 4 – from SMZ, i.e., >90% ClO 4 – desorbed after ten consecutive extractions, each with a solution volume 5 times the volume of SMZ. The regenerated SMZ still had a ClO 4 – sorption capacity of >70 mmol kg –1 .
Point-based surface rendering with motion blur

In this paper we show how to extend point-based surface rendering to illustrate object motion. We do this by first extruding the circular points into ellipsoids, which fill the space traced out by the points in motion. Using ellipsoids instead of cylinders achieves a low-passing effect of the motion trail. We then find the screen-space projection of each ellipsoid, which is an ellipse. These can be rendered conveniently using hardware acceleration. Our technique thus facilitates the rendering of complex objects with real-time motion blur. It gives the viewer a sharply rendered object together with the hint of the direction of motion. The construction of the motion blur trails can be based on different rendering primitives, as is also discussed in the paper. Various trail textures are presented to achieve artistic rendering results.
Word formation and derivation

As we have seen in the Introduction, many pairs of words like Dutch boter and English butter, Dutch nieuw and English new show us that the two languages are closely related, even though with the passage of time great differences have arisen between them. One of the major differences between the vocabularies of English and Dutch is the fact that English has absorbed many more Latin and French words than has Dutch — compare education, government, exhibition with onderwijs, regering, tentoonstelling — but a more important difference is the fact that Dutch derives and compounds new words from native Dutch elements whereas English habitually uses a Latin of French word. We cannot speak of a ‘word-book’ but must use dictionary, and we do not use ‘pig meat’ but pork. Dutch can and does do just this, with innumerable compounds like woordenboek and varkensvlees. The fact that large numbers of Dutch words are rather transparently built up from two or more smaller words or derived from another part of speech simplifies the recognition and learning of them, once one has some familiarity with the basic rules of word formation and derivation.
Formation of Randomly Paired Disulfide Bonds in Des-(121–124)-ribonuclease after Reduction and Reoxidation

The enzymically inactive des-(121–124)-ribonuclease was prepared by limited peptic digestion of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease after the modification of the original method of Christian B. Anfinsen. The circular dichroism, at 210 to 300 mµ of des-(121–124)-ribonuclease, is similar to that of intact ribonuclease with the exception that lower negative circular dichroism around 220 mµ was observed with the former. When reduced des-(121–124)-ribonuclease was completely oxidized by air at a concentration of approximately 0.02 mg of protein per ml, the reoxidized des-(121–124)-ribonuclease was predominantly in the monomeric form. However, the circular dichroism at 210 to 300 mµ of the reoxidized des-(121–124)-ribonuclease was featureless and entirely different from the original pattern, indicating a disordered structure. Analysis by gel filtration of size distribution of cross-linked fragment complexes produced from the reduced-reoxidized des-(121–124)-ribonuclease by BrCN cleavage also indicated the randomly paired disulfide bonds. The results are interpreted to show that the removal of the 4 residues (-Asp-Ala-Ser-Val) from the carboxyl end of the amino acid sequence of reduced ribonuclease causes destruction of the information to form "correct" disulfide bonds upon oxidation. Thus, it is concluded that the native conformation of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease cannot be formed during biosynthesis until the polypeptide chain has been extended beyond residue 120. The results are consistent with the previously reported observations on an inactive disordered fragment of residues 1 to 126 obtained from staphylococcal nuclease (149 residues).
Recalibrating Policy Orthodoxy: The IMF Since the Great Recession

This special issue reviews patterns of policy stability and change at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) since the Great Recession and attempts to explain their causes. The contributors show that the crisis ignited a reassessment regarding how the IMF would position itself as a pivotal player in global economic governance. Some new ideas and evidence definitely found their way into IMF decision making, but this process was often tempered by the nature of the institution and the powerful interests that control its governing structure. Where change did occur, its causal generators could be found in some combination between IMF staff politics, a string of innovations coming from academic and IMF economists, and the emerging economic powers' creative leveraging of institutional fora both within and inside the Fund.
Lyapunov functions for rotor neural networks

The state of a rotor neuron is constrained to live on the surface of a sphere in /spl Rfr//sup n/. A rotor neural network is used to minimize an arbitrary cost function with respect to these "spherical" states. One practical example of such a situation is optimal charge distribution on a sphere in electromagnetism. In this paper, I show that if the cost function is quadratic in the neuron states, the synchronous, iterated-map algorithm used to find the fixed-points of the network has a Lyapunov function. I also propose a continuous-time dynamical system for finding the fixed-points, that is valid for any cost function. Moreover, I show that this continuous-time dynamics has a Lyapunov function. Finally, I show that a similar continuous-time algorithm and a similar Lyapunov function can be used for solving fixed-point equations more general than those of rotor neural networks.
A Framework for Scientific Discovery through Video Games

From the Preface As science becomes increasingly computational, the limits of what is computationally tractable become a barrier to scientific progress. Many scientific problems, however, are amenable to human problem solving skills that complement computational power. By leveraging these skills on a larger scale---beyond the relatively few individuals currently engaged in scientific inquiry---there is the potential for new scientific discoveries. This book presents a framework for mapping open scientific problems into video games. The game framework combines computational power with human problem solving and creativity to work toward solving scientific problems that neither computers nor humans could previously solve alone. To maximize the potential contributors to scientific discovery, the framework designs a game to be played by people with no formal scientific background and incentivizes long-term engagement with a myriad of collaborative or competitive reward structures. The framework allows for the continual coevolution of the players and the game to each other: as players gain expertise through gameplay, the game changes to become a better tool. The framework is validated by being applied to proteomics problems with the video game Foldit. Foldit players have contributed to novel discoveries in protein structure prediction, protein design, and protein structure refinement algorithms. The coevolution of human problem solving and computer tools in an incentivized game framework is an exciting new scientific pathway that can lead to discoveries currently unreachable by other methods.
Kinetic analysis of the amplification phase for activation and binding of C3 to encapsulated and nonencapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans.

Abstract Encapsulated and nonencapsulated cryptococci exhibit quantitative and qualitative differences in their activation of the complement system. We examined the kinetics for the rapid amplification phase in which C3 was activated and bound to encapsulated cryptococci, nonencapsulated cryptococci, and zymosan particles. Yeast cells were incubated in normal human serum containing 125I-labeled C3, and bound C3 fragments were measured after 1 to 64 min of incubation. A kinetic analysis showed that the apparent first-order rate constant (k') for binding of C3 to nonencapsulated cryptococci did not differ significantly from k' for binding of C3 to zymosan particles (P greater than 0.05). However, the rate constant for binding of C3 to encapsulated cryptococci was significantly (P less than 0.001) greater than k' for binding of C3 to nonencapsulated cryptococci and zymosan particles. A plot of C3 molecules bound to encapsulated cryptococci versus time cubed was nearly linear, suggesting that accumulation of C3 in the cryptococcal capsule follows the kinetics predicted by an expanding sphere. In contrast, the plot of C3 molecules bound to nonencapsulated cryptococci or zymosan particles against time was nearly linear, but those plots against time squared or time cubed were not. This result indicates that the rate-limiting step for the addition of C3 fragments to these latter yeast cells follows the kinetics of neither the perimeter of an expanding circle nor the surface of an expanding sphere. Taken together, the results indicate that the high rate of accumulation of C3 in the cryptococcal capsule is consistent with the expected geometry of an expanding sphere of bound C3 within the three-dimensional matrix of the capsule.
How is national recipient hemovigilance conducted in the United States

A national recipient hemovigilance system was introduced in the United States in 2010, when voluntary enrollment began as part of the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Hemovigilance Module. NHSN is a secure, Web-based surveillance system operated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and used by US health care facilities to report a variety of patient safety information. The Hemovigilance Module is used for comprehensive monitoring of transfusion-related adverse events. Participating facilities can utilize analytic tools available within the module to identify opportunities for enhancing transfusion safety, evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, and compare facility specific transfusion-related data to aggregate national estimates. Data may be voluntarily shared by facilities with external partners for patient safety improvement initiatives and to fulfill reporting mandates. We describe the key characteristics of the Hemovigilance Module, highlight the benefits for participating facilities, and discuss the use of reported data for establishing national estimates of transfusion-associated adverse events to identify gaps in transfusion safety and opportunities for interventions. National hemovigilance systems are essential to recognize gaps in transfusion safety and identify opportunities for interventions to improve patient safety and outcomes.
Rituximab as an immunosuppressant in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis

Background Rituximab has been used in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) since 2003. Our objective was to describe outcomes and adverse events following rituximab since that time in an inception cohort.
Elusive Effects of Artists' ‘Messages’

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses elusive effects of artists' messages. Analyses of work of art, broadly defined, imply a discussion of its components or characteristics, and its intended impact on the viewer, listener, or reader. Such analyses of artistic styles and individual works are clearly one of the most important functions of art history and criticism. Also, although some artists have been reluctant to discuss publicly their works and intentions, many have been eager to write about their art, for instance, in the so-called "manifestoes." Moreover, even in the absence of verbal analyses, artists implicitly give indications of their beliefs about the way in which the work of art affects or should affect the audience. The simplest decision, such as to hang a painting in a certain orientation, present the parts of a musical piece in a certain sequence, use short or long paragraphs, or place the actors in a scene in one, as opposed to another, place on the stage, reflect the painter's, composer's, writer's, and director's, respectively, belief about their work's optimal impact.
Feasibility of Huntington disease trials in the disease prodrome

In this issue of Neurology ®, Rosas et al.1 present a phase II trial of creatine in Huntington disease (HD). This study is remarkable not only for the demonstration of safety and tolerability but also because the study design establishes the feasibility of clinical trials among premanifest HD individuals. Notably, the trial is undertaken in the disease prodrome, when the participants are clinically unaffected by HD, rather than in established disease. Furthermore, not all participants knew their mutation carrier status. The trial design defines methods to preserve confidentiality and overcomes the difficulty of studying HD at its earliest phase by avoiding the requirement to include only the genetically tested. The success of this study demonstrates that sufficient discriminant power can be obtained without the exclusion of genetically untested at-risk individuals.
Northern Gulf of Mexico estuarine coloured dissolved organic matter derived from MODIS data

Coloured dissolved organic matter CDOM is relevant for water quality management and may become an important measure to complement future water quality assessment programmes. An approach to derive CDOM using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MODIS was developed that may be more accessible to water quality managers by selecting an off-the-shelf software and algorithm with standard atmospheric correction. This study focused on demonstrating the transferability of a remote-sensing reflectance Rrs band ratio algorithm, Rrs667/Rrs488, previously developed to derive CDOM absorption agλ at multiple MODIS wavebands in open ocean and coastal waters to the United States northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries. In situ calibration regressions at 412, 443, 469, and 488 nm had coefficients of determination R2 of 0.76, 0.71, 0.69, and 0.57, respectively. Waveband calibrations at 531, 547, and 555 nm were below R2 = 0.50, and therefore were not considered further. MODIS Rrs, from the standard atmospheric correction, followed nearly identical spectral shapes to the in situ HyperSAS Rrs, but were on average 0.002 ± 0.0004 sr−1 less. A satellite to in situ validation match-up window of ≤1 hour was selected with an R2 = 0.82 and root mean square error RMSE = 1.79 at 412 nm. An in situ water quality mooring demonstrated that the overall response and range of MODIS ag412 were similar, with relative mean error from –32% to 42%. The advantage to managers was synoptic coverage across multiple estuaries and the ability to provide estimates of derived water quality parameters between the water quality assessment programme sample collection periods, which could offer more holistic assessment.
Parallel pascal: An extended pascal for parallel computers

Parallel Pascal is an extended version of the conventional serial Pascal programming language which includes a convenient syntax for specifying array operations. It is upward compatible with standard Pascal and involves only a small number of carefully chosen new features. Parallel Pascal was developed to reduce the semantic gap between standard Pascal and a large range of highly parallel computers. Two important design goals of Parallel Pascal were efficiency and portability. Portability is particularly difficult to achieve since different parallel computers frequently have very different capabilities.
High-energy cross sections for electron excitations of excited hydrogen atoms in which the principal quantum number is changed by 2

At large energies E the cross section Q for the electron excitation from the n, l state of hydrogen to the n', l' state may be written in the form QE = A log E + B. The first Born approximation is used to calculate these A's and B's for all transitions with n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 and with n'= n+2. The A's and B's associated with the main optically allowed transitions (i.e. l' = l+1) are largest. In calculating the A's for the average cross section from one level to another we found that we need only consider the main optically allowed transitions, but in calculating B's for the average cross sections we could not ignore the other transitions, besides the main optically allowed transitions, since the sum total effect of these minor transitions is almost as large as that of the main optically allowed transitions. These minor transitions increased the B's for the average cross sections of most of the transitions considered by more than 50%.
Methodologies for Assessing Situation Awareness of Unmanned System Operators

Situation awareness (SA) in human robot interaction is an important issue – because it is so essential to reconnaissance tasks and because remote viewing of the environment makes it so difficult. T...
Regulation by Auxin of Carbohydrate Metabolism Involved in Cell Wall Synthesis by Pea Stem Tissue

Promotion of cell wall synthesis (from glucose) in pea (Pisum sativum) stem segments by indoleacetic acid (IAA) develops over a period of 1 to 2 hours and is comprised of a promotion of glucose uptake plus a promotion of the utilization of absorbed glucose. The effect of IAA resembles, in these and other respects, its effect on cell wall synthesis in oat coleoptile segments, but the pea system differs in not being inhibited by galactose or mannose, in involving considerably more isotope dilution by endogenous substrates, and in certain other respects.EFFECTOR INFLUENCES UPON AND TOTAL ACTIVITIES OF THE FOLLOWING ENZYMES OBTAINED FROM ETIOLATED PEA STEM SEGMENTS PRETREATED WITH OR WITHOUT IAA WERE EXAMINED: phosphoglucomutase, uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) pyrophosphorylase, nucleoside diphosphokinase, UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, inorganic pyrophosphatase, hexokinase (particulate and soluble), and UDP-glucose-beta-1,4-glucan-glucosyl transferase (beta-glucan synthetase). The first three enzymes mentioned exhibit high activity relative to the flux in vivo, do not appear to show physiologically significant effector responses, and are concluded not to be control points. UDP-glucose dehydrogenase activity is regulated by UDP-xylose. Hexokinase is a potential control point but does not exhibit regulatory effects related to the IAA response. beta-Glucan synthetase is the only one of these enzymes with activity which is increased by treatment of tissue with IAA, and this may be responsible for the effect of IAA on wall synthesis.Assays of metabolite pools support the conclusion that stimulation of polysaccharide synthesis by IAA is due partly to changes in hexokinase reaction rate resulting from an increase in metabolic glucose pool size caused by increased glucose uptake, and partly to increased activity at the polysaccharide synthetase level.
The water filling model and the cube test: multi-dimensional evaluation for professional search

Professional search activities such as patent and legal search are often time sensitive and consist of rich information needs with multiple aspects or subtopics. This paper proposes a 3D water filling model to describe this search process, and derives a new evaluation metric, the Cube Test, to encompass the complex nature of professional search. The new metric is compared against state-of-the-art patent search evaluation metrics as well as Web search evaluation metrics over two distinct patent datasets. The experimental results show that the Cube Test metric effectively captures the characteristics and requirements of professional search.
Nonlinear Harmonic Monitoring of Gouged Dents in Pipeline Specimens Under Cyclic Loading

The only in-line inspection technology commercially available for quantitative evaluation of gouged dents is the geometry pig which cannot discriminate between gouged and smooth dents and has no sensitivity to re-rounded dents. Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®), has been funded by the US Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) and the Gas Research Institute (GRI) through the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI), to determine the capability of the nonlinear harmonic (NLH) method to characterize the severity of gouged dents, including those that have been re-rounded by internal pressure. This paper describes the NLH method and presents a summary of results from previous work involving burst tests of gouged dents in 24” pipe as a precursor to the current work that involves experiments with four pressure chambers made from 12-inch line pipe under cyclic pressure changes. In each case, internal scanner hardware, driven from outside the pipe, deployed NLH probes against the pipe inner surface, the gouges being on the outer surface. Analysis of the mapped NLH signals on the inner pipe surface revealed residual strain patterns in the pipe and the strain anomalies produced by gouging. The strain anomalies clearly indicated the presence of the gouges on the outside surface, even when they had re-rounded. The signal maps also indicated the length and width of the gouges whereas the signal strength indicated the residual depth. Data are presented showing that the NLH method is capable of ranking the severity of pipeline gouged dents and their propensity for failure under cyclic loading.© 2006 ASME
A test for crystalline lens biocompatibility

The current use of monkeys for testing intraocular fluids and viscoelastic materials is being questioned because of the decreasing availability and increasing cost of these scarce animals. The rabbit is an inexpensive, readily available, and convenient animal which might provide an alternative model for this purpose. In this study we have outlined the lens changes (clefts or vacuoles) that are observed in the New Zealand white rabbit as a result of toxicity to intraocular test materials. We used two viscoelastic agents, 1% sodium hyaluronate-Healon® and 2% carboxymethylcellulose, and balanced salt solution to evaluate the efficacy and reproducibility of lens changes in this test study. The lens changes in each case were reproducible and could easily be graded. When used in concert with other tests, this new test can help in the preliminary evaulation of an ophthalmic material before its final clinical use in humans.
The Search for Mathematical Creativity: Identifying Creative Potential in Middle School Students

The identification of creative potential in mathematics poses many challenges. Much of the research into the identification of mathematical creativity has focused on the development of measurement instruments. Scoring of these instruments is time consuming and subject to scorer interpretation, limiting their use. This study sought a simpler means to obtain indicators of creative potential in mathematics. Existing instruments were used to explore the relationship between mathematical creativity and mathematical achievement, attitude towards mathematics, self-perception of creative ability, gender, and teacher perception of mathematical talent and creative ability. Data were gathered from 89 7th graders in a suburban Connecticut school. The regression model predicted 35% of the variance in mathematical creativity scores. Mathematical achievement was the strongest predictor accounting for 23% of the variance. Student attitudes towards mathematics, self-perception of their own creative abilities, and gender c...
Ca/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr geochemistry of disseminated calcite in Himalayan silicate rocks from Nanga Parbat: Influence on river-water chemistry

Trace amounts of disseminated calcite were identified in gneiss, schist, and granite bedrock sampled from the Raikhot watershed and other locations within the Nanga Parbat massif of northern Pakistan. The calcite grains occur interstitially within individual silicate minerals, at grain boundaries, and as fracture fillings that transect the mineralogic fabric of the rock. Disseminated calcite composes is ≤ 0.29 wt% of silicate rocks sampled in the Raikhot watershed and has Ca/Sr (µmol/nmol) and 87Sr/86Sr ratios that range from 0.878 to 5.33 and from 0.794 039 to 0.930 619, respectively. Elsewhere in the Nanga Parbat region, disseminated calcite composes ≤ 3.6 wt% of the silicate rock samples and has Ca/Sr (µmol/nmol) and 87Sr/86Sr ratios that range from 0.535 to 3.33 and from 0.715 757 to 0.771 244, respectively. For all samples, the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of disseminated calcite are similar to the 87Sr/86Sr ratios measured in the silicate host rock. Within the partially glaciated Raikhot watershed, the rapid weathering of disseminated calcite with high Ca/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr ratios has a strong influence on the chemical composition of stream water and exceeds contributions from silicate mineral dissolution. Comparisons of disseminated calcite compositions with source-water chemistry throughout the Himalaya suggest that disseminated calcite may be a more important component of Himalayan silicate rocks than previously recognized. Therefore, calculations relating the Sr isotope geochemistry of Himalayan rivers to atmospheric CO2 consumption should consider this widespread and compositionally variable carbonate end member.
The moderation of distinctiveness-based illusory correlation : The impact of circadian variations and personal need for structure

To further the understanding of illusory correlations, relationships between circadian variations (morningness-eveningness), personal need for structure, and the development of illusory correlations were examined. Consistent with predictions, U.S. university students who participated at nonoptimal times (morning types at night; evening types during the day) formed significant illusory correlations based on a percentage estimate measure; participants during optimal periods did not. Significant illusory correlations were found also among participants with a high need for personal structure but not among participants with a lower need for such structure. Comparisons based on trait ratings and a cued recall (assignment) task were not significant. Overall, the findings are consistent with the idea that illusory correlations are by-products of a cognitively economical heuristic process.
Experimental validation of extended image reconstruction using bispectral speckle interferometry

Results will be presented from a horizontal path imaging experiment in which we used a 0.5 meter telescope focused on a target located at a range of 1 .2 km. The targets included various extended objects from simple binary letters to extended representations of satellites with grey scale and size variations. Imaging at a center wavelength of 0.7 microns, we found an atmospheric degradation factor of Dir0 = 17, on average. We used a slow read-rate bare CCD detector and thus had to effectively deal with additive noise in the speckle measurements. Our image reconstruction algorithms are based on the use of the complex bispectrum and we have demonstrated diffraction-limited imaging down to light levels approaching a few photons per speckle per resolution area. We have paid careful attention to the effects of additive noise on the reconstruction process and shown that they can be adequately overcome.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of chemical composition on the response of zwitterionic glucose sensitive hydrogels studied by design of experiments

A stimuli-responsive hydrogel that contains the anionic monomer 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid and the cationic monomer N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]acrylamide binds with cis-diol groups of glucose molecules selectively and reversibly. Even though such hydrogels have good selectivity for glucose, there are still remaining thresholds that should be overcome to enhance the sensitivity (swelling pressure response magnitude) and to reduce the response time (inverse of 1st order rate constant). In this study, the sensitivity and response time of zwitterionic glucose sensitive hydrogels (GSHs) were studied with three factor DOE analysis. The DOE results show that the molar ratio of 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid/N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]acrylamide and the wt % of monomer in the pregel solution are the most important factors for enhancing the hydrogel sensitivity. In addition, fast response times can best be achieved by decreasing the molar ratio of cross-linker. The results of this study will be useful as guidelines for the optimal synthesis of glucose sensitive hydrogels. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40667.
Dynamic rheology of agar gels: theory and experiments. Part I. Development of a rheological model

Abstract A theoretical rheological model for agar gels is proposed, based on the bead and spring model for linear flexible random coils and the model for crosslinked polymers. The model introduces the concept of a temperature dependence of the monomeric friction coefficient, ζ 0 , of the agar molecule. The model has a random coil-like behavior at high temperatures (close to 373 K), and contributions from a three-dimensional network at low temperatures (close to 273 K). A proposed temperature dependence of the net association rate allows the calculation of the fraction of associated molecules as a function of time and temperature. The proposed model predicts the gelation behavior of agar gels utilizing time–temperature data (cooling curves).
Finite elements in CAD and ADINA

Abstract The use of finite element methods in computer-aided-design — CAD — is discussed. Some current capabilities are presented and important future developments are outlined. The discussion focusses on the use of the ADINA program in CAD applications.
Tetraaryldimethoxybenziporphyrins. At the edge of carbaporphyrinoid aromaticity.

A series of eight dimethoxybenziporphyrins were prepared in three steps from 1,3-dimethoxybenzene or 2,6-dimethoxytoluene. Dibromination, followed by lithium−halogen exchange and reaction with benz...
Speckle correlation measurements using clipped intensity signals.

On montre qu'une approximation a la fonction de correlation de non ecretage peut etre extraite si le niveau d'ecretage est etabli au niveau du signal moyen
Too Early to Talk About Sex? Issues in Creating Culturally Relevant Sexuality Education for Preadolescent Black Girls in the United States

Black girls in the United States begin to discuss and face issues concerning sexuality in elementary school. However, the contemporary youth sexuality literature focuses on the problems of pubescent youth. Within the small body of research that considers preadolescent children’s sexual experiences, Black girls are largely invisible. The omission of young Black girls from the youth sexuality literature suggests that Black girls have the same experiences as White girls or, equally as disconcerting, that preadolescent Black girls are not sexual subjects, do not endure peer sexual harassment, do not express their sexual identities, and do not challenge sexual standards. Using data sources that are integral to Black feminist theorizing, including personal narratives, published memoirs, news stories, and qualitative research, the author interrogates the validity of these underlying assumptions. This essay exposes the ways in which youth sexuality researchers silence and distort prepubescent Black girls’ sexualities.
Some rheological properties of sodium carboxymethylcellulose solutions and gels

Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is a valuable and widely used component of food systems. The rheological properties of a series of CMC solutions and gels have been determined under both steady and imposed sinusoidal shear conditions, over a wide range of shear rates and frequencies, using theWeissenberg Rheogoniometer. Depending upon the CMC type, degree of substitution, and method of solution preparation, the rheological behavior ranged from viscolastic solutions to unctuous gels. If certain polyvalent cations, e.g., Al3+, are present, rigid elastic gels may be formed.
Refined Approximations of the Solutions of a Coupled System with Turning Points

Abstract We present in this paper the asymptotic behavior of solutions of a boundary value problem for a coupled system of differential equations u″ = ν, eν″ + f(u, u′)ν′ − g(x, u, u′)ν = 0 on a compact interval I, where f(u, u′) has turning points in I. We provide upper and lower solutions, β(x, e) and α(x, e), respectively, which bound solutions, exhibiting boundary layer and interior layer behavior, for which lime → 0+ {β(x, e) − α(x, e)} = 0 uniformly on I.