cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the sample complexity of subspace clustering with missing data

Subspace clustering is a useful tool for analyzing large complex data, but in many relevant applications missing data are common. Existing theoretical analysis of this problem employs standard incoherence assumptions and assumes the data are missing at random to show that subspace clustering from incomplete data is possible. However, that analysis requires the number of samples (i.e., partially observed vectors) to be super-polynomial in the dimension d. Such huge sample sizes are unnecessary when no data are missing and uncommon in applications. With missing data, huge sample sizes are sufficient, but are they necessary? This important open question is addressed here. There are two main contributions in this paper. First, it is shown that if subspaces have rank at most r and the number of partially observed vectors greater than dr+1 (times a poly-logarithmic factor), then with high probability the true subspaces are the only subspaces that agree with the observed data. This implies that subspace clustering may be possible without impractically large sample sizes. Moreover, it tells us that we can certify the output of any subspace clustering algorithm by checking its fit to the observed data. The second main contribution is a novel EM-type algorithm for subspace clustering with missing data. We demonstrate and compare it to several other algorithms. Experiments with simulated and real data show that such algorithms work well in practice.
Pupillary response to chromatic flicker.

There is significant evidence for higher-level cortical control of pupillary responses to visual stimuli, suggesting that factors other than luminance changes may induce a pupillary response. In the present study, the pupillary responses to equiluminant flickering stimuli in a range of 3–13 Hz were examined. Flicker stimuli included color-black (luminance-modulated) and color-color (hue-modulated) flicker. Equiluminance was determined both by objective luminance measures as well as by subjective, perceptual equiluminance for each subject. For both objectively and subjectively equiluminant flicker, significant, sustained pupillary constrictions were recorded. The magnitude of these responses was sensitive to both color and frequency parameters; red-blue color-paired flicker consistently produced the strongest constrictions. These responses occurred even when the flicker was of a lower luminance, both physically and perceptually, than a preceding nonflickering color, indicating that chromatic rather than luminance-sensitive mechanisms are involved in this response. Interestingly, the color- and frequency-sensitivity of constriction parallels those of flickers which maximally stimulate photosensitive epileptic patients, raising the possibility that chromatic response may be a factor in photosensitivity.
Heart Rate-Systemic Blood Pressure Relationship in Dogs During Halothane Anesthesia

We have quantified the sensitivity and range of response of baroreflex-mediated heart rate changes during halothane anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced in 10 dogs with sodium thiopental (4 mg/kg i.v.), morphine sulfate (1 mg/kg), and succinylcholine (0.5 mg/min) was infused. After instrumentation, we infused sodium nitroprusside (0.1 mg/ml) or gave phenylephrine in divided doses (0.05 mg i.v.) at end-tidal halothane concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%. We changed systolic pressure over the range 6.5-26 kPa, measuring systolic pressure and heart rate responses at 1.3-2.6 kPa intervals. We found that the sigmoid curve relating heart period and systolic pressure was displaced leftwards, and the range of reflex response was significantly depressed (P < 0.001) at 2% halothane concentrations. The maximum slope of the curve was significantly depressed (P < 0.001) at increasing halothane concentrations. We conclude that halothane depresses the slope of the relationship between blood pressure and heart rate. However, the reflex response range is only depressed at high halothane concentrations, and the curve is displaced in the direction of lower heart rates at any given systemic pressure.
Perspectives on the measurement of job attitudes: the long view

Abstract Insights from 50 years of industrial research and consulting projects were synthesized into a set of themes pertaining to the measurement of job attitudes. The themes include the importance of developing instruments using vocabulary and style familiar to respondents; of programmatic research in developing and validating measures; of paying attention to anomalies and discontinuities in data; and of integrating research results into science and practice. The authors develop recommendations concerning obtaining useful field experience and fostering a scientific environment that respects and encourages efforts to improve psychological measurement.
On the perimeter of revolution: Kharkiv's academic community, 1905

This article examines the contribution of students and professors to the 1905 Revolution in Kharkiv, one of Imperial Russia's most important centres of higher education. In the autumn, students transformed the labour movement into a broader revolutionary front, and many joined the militant workers from the Locomotive Assembly and the Federated Soviet to force a bloody showdown with the government in December. Liberal professors helped foment revolution, but once the barricades of October went up, liberals and academics abandoned the revolutionary struggle in favour of mediation with the government.
Impulse-response function of photorefractive phase conjugation

Explicit expressions for the impulse-response function of a photorefractive phase conjugator are derived. The expressions are in the form of an infinite series of Bessel functions. The results are derived by using the undepleted pump approximation and are therefore valid at least for small time intervals, even when the conjugator is unstable.
Green polariton photoluminescence using the red-emitting phosphor PtOEP

We demonstrate strong exciton-photon coupling in a microcavity containing the red-emitting organic phosphor 3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H, 23H-porphyrin platinum(II). We investigate the structure under both resonant and nonresonant cw excitations. Green polariton photoluminescence is observed in both cases. Peaks corresponding to uncoupled phosphorescence and polariton emission are observed in the photoluminescence excitation spectrum of the microcavity. A Rabi splitting of $47\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$ is obtained. The role of intersystem crossing and the possibility of using strong coupling to affect the exciton relaxation dynamics are investigated and discussed.
Factors Limiting Peach as a Potential Host for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

The spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, has widely established in North America and become an economic concern for a variety of fruit crops. To better understand fruit susceptibility, we evaluated peach surface characteristics on the pest's oviposition success. The number of D. suzukii eggs laid into the fruit flesh was tested on 1) peaches with or without indumenta (commonly referred to as peach fuzz), 2) peaches physically damaged by harvest operations, 3) peaches damaged by the peach twig borer Anarsia lineatella Zeller or the forktailed bush katydid, Scudderia furcata Brunner von Wattenwyl, and 4) peaches with punctures that simulated stink bug damage. Female D. suzukii did not lay eggs in intact fuzzy sections of the fruit or into small punctures (0.3 or 0.5 mm), but readily laid eggs in sections without fuzz, with insect damage, and with large punctures (1 mm). The number of eggs per treatment was positively related to the area of the damaged section; the overall fruit firmness and sugar content was not related to the number of eggs laid in treated or damaged spots. Direct observations of D. suzukii oviposition confirmed that peach fuzz appeared to be an obstacle for the fly's oviposition success, and female flies ceased ovipositional attempts on fuzzy peach sections after a short period of time. Successful oviposition times were associated with substrate firmness, with shorter oviposition time in damaged spots than in cherry fruit or shaved spots of the peach. The results indicate that intact, preharvest peach fruit are unlikely to be infested by the fly, but any surface damage could render the fruit susceptible to the fly.
Antiferromagnetic and electron paramagnetic resonance linewidths in CsMnF3 near the néel temperature

Abstract The AFMR and EPR linewidths in CsMnF3 have been measured between 4.2 K and 78 K. In the vicinity of TN the linewidth can be described by an expression of the form ΔH∝|1-T/T N | - p . With H0 ⊥ c we find: p + = 0.511 ± 0.001 (T >T N ), p - = 0.198 ± 0.001 (T N ).
Print Culture, Ephemera, and the Elizabethan News Pamphlet

Scholars have long explored the unparalleled impact of the printing press and the ability of the new technology to disseminate books and ideas. More recently, bibliographers and historians have turned their attention toward ephemera, including news pamphlets and other ad hoc publications. This research continues to yield rich information about the publication of printed matter in the early decades of the printing press. This essay reviews some recent scholarship on this important topic and demonstrates how one rare pamphlet (it survives in only a single copy) displays sophisticated reading practices, encourages questioning of genre, and suggests the importance of ephemeral publications. This pamphlet, A Subtil Practice, confuses the categories of fiction and non-fiction while participating in a lively discussion about the English involvement in the French civil wars of religion. The contemporary marginalia found in the pamphlet allows us a glimpse of an early response to the pamphlet and a single reaction to the conflated worlds of fiction and non-fiction.
RNA sequences involved in transcriptional termination of respiratory syncytial virus.

RNA signals at the ends of the genes of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus direct polyadenylation and termination of viral transcription. These gene ends contain two conserved regions, a pentanucleotide and a tract of uridylate (U) residues, separated by an A/U-rich central region that is less well conserved. The U tract is thought to be the template for polyadenylation of viral mRNAs by reiterative transcription. The cis-acting requirements for termination were investigated by mutagenesis of the matrix (M) gene end (3′-UCAAUUAUUUUUU-5′) in a dicistronic RNA replicon. Termination efficiencies were quantitated by intracellular metabolic labeling of monocistronic mRNAs and the dicistronic readthrough RNAs that result when termination fails to occur. All three regions of the gene end were necessary for termination. Mutation of each of the first 8 nucleotides of the M gene end to all other nucleotides showed that nucleotides 2 to 6 were important for termination and intolerant of change, whereas nucleotides 1 and 7 were tolerant of change. At position 8, A or U allowed termination, but G or C did not. Both the length and the position of the U tract were important for termination. U residues at positions 9 to 12 were necessary, while additional U residues at position 8, and especially position 13, enhanced termination efficiency. Altering the length of the central region abolished termination, suggesting that the position of the U tract with respect to the 3′-UCAAU-5′ sequence was critical. The termination efficiencies of each of the 10 genes of RS virus are different. Since transcription is obligatorily sequential and termination of each gene is required for transcription of the next gene downstream, these differences may contribute to gene regulation. In agreement with our data, the naturally occurring gene ends of RS virus that terminate inefficiently have short U tracts or other sequence features that correlated with decreased termination when similar mutations were analyzed in RNA replicons.
Serum Albumin Concentration and Clinical Assessments of Nutritional Status in Hospitalized Older People: Different Sides of Different Coins?

OBJECTIVES: Malnutrition is common in hospitalized older people, and some have advocated routine nutritional screening. Serum albumin and clinically based measures such as the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) are two potential methods of assessing nutritional status in hospitalized older people. Although both measures are strongly associated with prognosis, it is not clear whether they measure similar or different clinical constructs. Our goal was to assess the degree of clinical concordance between these measures. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: The inpatient medical service of a university teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred eleven older (aged ≥70) patients. MEASUREMENTS: We independently measured serum albumin and performed the SGA on 311 older medical patients (aged ≥70) shortly after hospital admission. The SGA classified patients as well nourished, moderately malnourished (generally 5% weight loss with mild examination findings), or severely malnourished (generally>10% weight loss with marked findings) based on findings from a directed history and examination. We compared the distribution of clinical rating in patients with differing albumin levels and examined diagnostic test characteristics of albumin as a predictor of malnutrition as diagnosed on clinical examination. RESULTS: The mean age of subjects was 79.9; 64% were women, 42% were African American. Discordance between albumin and the SGA was common. For example, 38% of patients with albumin levels of 4.0 g/dL or higher were at least moderately malnourished on the SGA, whereas 28% of patients with albumin levels lower than 3.0 g/dL were rated as well nourished. No choice of albumin level was associated with simultaneously acceptable sensitivity and specificity as a predictor of SGA ratings. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for albumin level as a predictor of SGA rating was 0.58, suggesting that the ability of either measure to predict the other measure is only marginally better than chance. CONCLUSIONS: Albumin levels and clinical assessments, two possible measures of nutritional status in hospitalized older people, are often discordant. To some extent, this reflects limitations in both measures as markers of nutritional status. However, it also demonstrates that, in this population, albumin and clinical assessments of nutritional status reflect fundamentally different clinical processes. J Am Geriatr Soc 50:631–637, 2002.
Validating neural network-based online adaptive systems: a case study

Biologically inspired soft computing paradigms such as neural networks are popular learning models adopted in online adaptive systems for their ability to cope with the demands of a changing environment. However, continual changes induce uncertainty that limits the applicability of conventional validation techniques to assure the reliable performance of such systems. In this paper, we discuss a dynamic approach to validate the adaptive system component. Our approach consists of two run-time techniques: (1) a statistical learning tool that detects unforeseen data; and (2) a reliability measure of the neural network output after it accommodates the environmental changes. A case study on NASA F-15 flight control system demonstrates that our techniques effectively detect unusual events and provide validation inferences in a real-time manner.
Mixed ligand chelate therapy for plutonium and cadmium poisoning

SERIOUS environmental and industrial hazards are associated with the release of radioactive1–3 and nonradioactive4–7 metals. Most treatments for acute and chronic metal poisoning use chelating agents forming soluble, stable and excretable metal complexes1–9. Although a few chelants are used clinically8, the efficacy of single-chelant therapy and variations is limited1–3 and deleterious effects can occur4–7,9,10. Consequently, Schubert recommended11,12 the use of mixed-ligand chelates (MLCs), in which the metal binds two or more different chelants, because of the enhanced stabilities attainable. For example, formation constants of thorium MLCs can exceed that of EDTA alone by at least 1013 (refs 13–15). We report here hitherto unparalleled achievements using MLC treatment, namely, complete removal of tissue deposits of 239Pu and prevention of mortality in animals given lethal, >LD100, doses of cadmium.
Abelian gauge theory on Riemann surfaces and new topological invariants

An Abelian gauge field theory framed on a complex line bundle L over a compact Riemann surface M is developed which allows the coexistence, simultaneously in the same model, of magnetic vortices and antivortices represented by the N zeros and P poles of a section of L. The quantized minimum energy E is given in terms of the first Chern class c 1 (L) and by a certain intersection number obtained from the multivortices. We show that E = 2π(N + P). To realize such topological invariants as minimum energies, an existence and uniqueness theorem is established under the necessary and sufficient condition that |c 1 (L)| = |N − P|
Nanoparticle Crystal Nucleation: Influence of Solution Conditions

Nucleation and growth of nanoparticle crystals is often difficult. Recent progress has been made by linking dilute solution properties, such as the osmotic second virial coefficient, B2, to equilibrium phase behavior of nanoparticle suspensions. These studies show that, at the same values of B2, broad classes of nanoparticles have similar phase behavior. However, crystals nucleate from supersaturated solutions at greatly different rates. Links between strength of attraction and rates of nucleation have not been established. Here, we investigate the role of solution variables on the kinetics of nanoparticle crystal nucleation through measurement of the induction times for crystal formation. With silicotungstic acid and lysozyme, the effects of temperature, ionic strength, and additives such as poly(ethylene glycol), glycerol, and diols on crystal nucleation times are studied. The effects of the additives on the strength of attraction are characterized through measurements of B2 and solubility. Induction ti...
A fluid structure interaction—EHD model of the lubricating gaps in external gear machines: Formulation and validation

Abstract This paper presents a fluid structure interaction (FSI) model for the simulation of the flow in the lubricating gaps between gears and lateral bushes in external gear machines (EGMs). The proposed model is capable of accounting for elasto-hydrodynamic effects in the lubricant film, and can predict the lubricant film thickness. Three different constraint methods are considered as concerns the structural problem: “ideally supported”, “inertia relief” and a “low pressure” constraint specifically formulated for EGMs. The proposed model is validated against measurements performed on an experimental prototype. Detailed formulation of the FSI model as well as significant simulation results are presented for a wide range of operating conditions along with comparison to experimental results.
Pedestrian Traffic Planning and the Perception of the Urban Environment: A French Example

Planning pedestrian traffic in the city involves a better understanding of pedestrians' behavior and their perception of the urban environment. Lynch's (1961) studies proposed a qualitative method. An alternative method, essentially quantitative, is proposed here: pedestrians surveyed are asked to locate on a paper some well-known landmarks (six in all). Distances between each pair of them are measured. The model allows (1) interpretation of the degree of agreement between mental maps, and (2) a study of the ‘mean’ map. Perception seems to make space more symmetrical. Distortions can be explained by two effects: differences in transportation modes, and a particular knowledge of the neighborhood. The mental map recovered through multidimensional scaling is compared with the topographic one. It does not have the metric topology.
Hypersonic Flow Computations for an Elliptic Cone at High Angle of Incidence

Anumerical investigation was conducted of a blunt-nosed elliptic cone in hypersonic, laminar flow. The geometry and test conditionswere selected for comparisonwith experiments: a 2:1blunt elliptic cone at aMachnumber of 14.5, Reynolds number based on length of 36,000, and angles of attack ranging from 0 to 60 deg. Nonequilibrium flow calculations were carried out using an unstructured-grid Navier–Stokes code. The computations generally captured the trends in the experimental data, but tended to overestimate themagnitude of the wall pressure by 5–25%and the heat flux by 25–35%. The computations showed the largest overprediction on the windward side and leading edge and the smallest overprediction on the leeward side. Detailed examination of the leeward-side flow structure showed massive leeward-side separation with detached vortices. Primary/secondary vortices and embedded shock waves appeared above an angle of attack of 30 deg. Corresponding minima were observed in the surface pressure and heat flux on the leeward side of the cone.
Division of labor--sequential ATP hydrolysis drives assembly of a DNA polymerase sliding clamp around DNA.

The β sliding clamp encircles DNA and enables processive replication of the Escherichia coli genome by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. The clamp loader, γ complex, assembles β around DNA in an ATP‐fueled reaction. Previous studies have shown that γ complex opens the β ring and also interacts with DNA on binding ATP. Here, a rapid kinetic analysis demonstrates that γ complex hydrolyzes two ATP molecules sequentially when placing β around DNA. The first ATP is hydrolyzed fast, at 25‐30 s −1 , while the second ATP hydrolysis is limited to the steady‐state rate of 2 s −1 . This step‐wise reaction depends on both primed DNA and β. DNA alone promotes rapid hydrolysis of two ATP molecules, while β alone permits hydrolysis of only one ATP. These results suggest that β inserts a slow step between the two ATP hydrolysis events in clamp assembly, during which the clamp loader may perform work on the clamp. Moreover, one ATP hydrolysis is sufficient for release of β from the γ complex. This implies that DNA‐dependent hydrolysis of the other ATP is coupled to a separate function, perhaps involving work on DNA. A model is presented in which sequential ATP hydrolysis drives distinct events in the clamp‐assembly pathway. We also discuss underlying principles of this step‐wise mechanism that may apply to the workings of other ATP‐fueled biological machines.
Impact of concomitant cardiac procedures performed during implantation of long-term left ventricular assist devices.

Background There is a paucity of data evaluating the effect of performing a concomitant cardiac procedure (CCP) on peri-operative survival in patients undergoing implantation of long-term left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). The objective of this study was to review our single-institutional experience with patients who underwent a CCP during implantation of a long-term continuous-flow LVAD. Methods From March 2006 through June 2012, 130 patients underwent implantation of a LVAD. Of these, 76 (58.5%) were implanted as bridge-to-transplant and 54 (41.5%) as destination therapy. The LVAD implantation was isolated in 95 patients and with CCP in 35. This included 19 tricuspid valve repairs, 14 aortic valve repair/replacements, and 2 patent foramen ovale closures. The LVAD only and LVAD+CCP groups were compared regarding pre-operative demographics, peri-operative and midterm survival, and the incidence of post-operative complications. Results Pre-operative central venous pressure ( p = 0.047), moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation ( p = 0.011), cardiopulmonary bypass time ( p p p = 0.039) were higher in the CCP group. Body mass index ( p = 0.01) and body surface area ( p = 0.037) were higher in the LVAD-only group. Peri-operative and midterm survival at 30 days, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years was 94%, 87%, 80%, and 73%, respectively, for isolated LVAD implants vs 97%, 90%, 86%, and 86%, respectively, for LVAD+CCP ( p = NS). Survival was similar for LVAD patients with tricuspid valve repairs, with aortic valve repair, and with patent foramen ovale repair ( p = NS). Cox proportional hazard models showed a CCP was not an independent predictor of outcome ( p = NS). Conclusions CCPs performed during implantation of a long-term continuous-flow LVADs does not increase peri-operative or mid-term mortality. In addition, unlike previous reports, there was no additive procedural risk for patients undergoing concomitant aortic valve repair or replacement.
Nucleolar and perichromosomal RNA synthesis during meiotic prophase in the mouse testis.

The transcriptional activity during meiotic prophase in the mouse testis is studied with light microscopy and high-resolution autoradiographic techniques using [3H]uridine as a labeled precursor. In the present study, two types of RNA synthesis are detected during meiotic prophase: an extranucleolar RNA synthesis of perichromosomal localization and a nucleolar RNA synthetic activity. In some of the autosomes and close to the basal knobs, the activity of the nucleolar organizers is evidenced by the incorporation of [3H]uridine into nucleolar masses from zygotene on and at earlier labeling times. The evolution of nucleoli and the formation of a nucleolus attached to the sex pair are described during the different meiotic stages. Perichromosomal labeling, from leptotene on, reaches a maximum during middle pachytene and falls progressively to a low level at longer incorporation times. Sertoli's cell, the most active RNA synthetic cell in the seminiferous epithelium, rises to a maximum of labeling and drops at earlier times compared with the meiotic prophase cells. The condensed sex chromosomes show some scattered silver grains especially at middle pachytene. The axial chromosome cores and synaptonemal complexes are devoid of silver grains during the meiotic prophase. The observations suggest that a control mechanism operates during meiotic prophase to regulate transcriptional activity in the sex chromosomes and to provide differential RNA synthesis in autosomal bivalents at various stages of prophase and within certain segments of the chromosomes.
Precision of Color Measurement with the GE Spectrophotometer. I. Routine Industrial Performance

A round-robin study of color measurement on the General Electric recording spectrophotometer was carried out by 15 participating laboratories, using transparent glass filters and opaque plastic and glass specimens. In terms of CIE Y and x, y for Illuminant C (daylight), 95% confidence limits for individual measurements averaged ±1.5% for Y and ±0.0165 for x and y if all the data were included. Elimination of results known or suspected to contain systematic errors reduced these values to ±0.57% for Y and ±0.0119 for x and y. The confidence limits for x and y are much greater for low-luminance than for high-luminance specimens, but those for Y showed relatively little dependence on luminance. The short-time repeatability of the spectrophotometer averaged ±0.09% for Y and ±0.0007 for x and y, while its reproducibility over a 14-month period averaged ±0.62% for Y and ±0.0028 for x and y.The results of this round-robin study clearly show, as in the repeatability and reproducibility studies, that the GE spectrophotometer, when suitably calibrated and operated, can still be considered the referee instrument for accurate color measurement. Serious doubt is cast, however, on the suitability of the procedures generally practiced for the calibration and operation of this instrument.
Failure of Ovarian Steroids to Influence Blastocysts of Weasels (Mustela erminea) Ovariectomized during Delayed Implantation1

Female short-tailed weasels (Mus- tela erminea) trapped live from wild populations were bilaterally ovariectomized during the months of October-December. (In feral populations, breeding may begin in May; implantation occurs in February and March.) The ovariectomized ani- mals were given daily injections of progesterone (3 mg/day) alone or concurrently with estrone (4.5, 0.45, 0.045 or 0.0045 JAg/day) throughout the course of the experiment. Progesterone alone was as effective in prevent- ing castration-induced involution of the luminal epithelium as any of the progesterone-estrone combinations employed. On the other hand, pres- ence of low quantities of estrone with progester- one produced significant hypertrophy of the glandular epithelium, which was not seen when
(E)-2-methyl-5-(1-naphthylmethyl)cinnamic acid

The title compound, C21H18O2, crystallized in the centrosymmetric space group P21/n with one mol­ecule in the asymmetric unit. There is a single hydrogen bond, with an Odonor⋯Oacceptor distance of 2.624 (2) A, which forms a cyclic dimer about a center of symmetry. The carboxyl group O atoms are ordered, while the carboxyl-H atom is disordered. A single leading intermolecular C—H⋯O interaction has an H⋯O distance of 2.68 A and a C—H⋯O angle of 178°; this interaction forms chains. Taken together with the hydrogen bond, it generates chains and rings. Structural comparisons are made with trans-cinnamic acid and with 4-methyl-trans-cinnamic acid.
Factors that Might Explain the High Prevalence of Obesity Among Low-Income Women

Abstract There is a high prevalence of obesity among low-income women in the United States, but reasons for the inverse relationship between overweight status and income are not well understood. Using data for 3099 women from the 1994 and 1995 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), we examined the association of income (expressed as a percent of the federal poverty level) and body mass index (BMI, weight/height 2 ). Thirty-nine percent of women with incomes below 160% of the poverty level were overweight (BMI>27.3), while only 29% of those with incomes above 500% of the poverty level were overweight. No association of income and overweight status was seen for men. We then examined 15 demographic, behavioral, and psychosocial variables that might explain the relationship for women (age, race/ethnicity, education, region of the country, urbanization, household size, occupation, energy intake, fat intake, physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, television viewing, food insecurity, and food attitudes). Although all the variables were significantly associated with both income and overweight status in bivariate analyses, none had sufficient explanatory power to eliminate the association of income and overweight status in multivariate analyses. Two demographic variables, (education and race) and one behavioral variable (hours spent watching television) reduced the association. These findings indicate that programs to reduce the incidence of obesity should continue to target low-income women, with particular emphasis on Black women, and women with less education.
Causal mechanisms of the deep chlorophyll maximum in Lake Superior: A numerical modeling investigation

Abstract The deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) is a near ubiquitous feature in Lake Superior during the summer stratified season. Previous studies have elucidated observable characteristics of the DCM in Lake Superior but the physical and biological mechanisms controlling the creation and maintenance of the DCM remained unclear. We use a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of Lake Superior coupled to an ecological model to perform sensitivity runs exploring the influence of photoadaptation, photoinhibition, zooplankton grazing, and phytoplankton sinking on the vertical distribution of chlorophyll in the water column. The role of a nutricline in determining the presence and nature of the DCM is also explored. The presence of the DCM is dependent upon the presence of thermal stratification in the model. The sensitivity runs reveal that photoadaptation plays a primary role in determining the depth of the DCM in the model while zooplankton grazing and phytoplankton sinking affected the magnitude but not the presence or depth of the DCM. Photoinhibition showed negligible effects on chlorophyll concentration distribution. The presence of a nutricline in the model is also a necessary condition for the formation of the DCM and it influences both the depth and magnitude of the DCM.
A Neglected Chapter in the History of Combinations: The American Wool Manufacture

The wool manufacture seemingly not a promising field for combination. — The commencement of the American Woolen Company, 438. — The experience of the Company: growth in size, 442. — Selling policies, 446. — Labor policy, 452.—Financial experience, 455.— The Cleveland Worsted Mills Company, 464. — The United States Worsted Company, 467. — Significance of combination in the wool manufacture, 472. — Bases of success, 474.
The effect of potassium on the intestinal transport of glucose.

The rate of absorption of glucose, galactose, and 3-0-methylglucose was studied in the rat's small intestine perfused in situ with isosmotic solutions containing these sugars and Na2SO4 or K2SO4. The presence of high [K+] in the lumen enhances absorption of glucose but not that of galactose or of 3-0-methylglucose. The potassium stimulation is apparent at higher glucose concentrations where primarily carrier-mediated diffusion is involved in the translocation. In this case potassium stimulates transport even if it is the only cation in the lumen. The potassium-stimulated intestine produces more glycogen with higher specific activity than the control gut. Lactic acid production by the intestine is markedly enhanced if the intestinal lumen is perfused with a solution containing glucose and high [K+]. It is concluded that potassium does not affect permeability or the specific sugar transport system of the gut, but enhances intracellular metabolic disappearance of glucose thereby creating a larger luminal intracellular concentration gradient which in turn enhances the rate of carrier-facilitated entry.
Diagnosis of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in horses by immunoglobulin M and G capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used as possible adjuncts to hemagglutinat ion inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) tests to differentiate between reaction to recent exposure to eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus and those due to prior vaccination. Serum samples were evaluated by the IgM-capture ELISA, and the results were compared with those of HI and VN tests. Of 381 serum samples, 51% (195 samples) were positive by HI test ( 1:40) and 54% (205 samples) were positive by VN test ( 1:10), but only 35% (132 samples) were positive by IgM- 100. When EEE virus isolation and serology were compared, the EEE cases were divided into three categories: 1) peracute cases- the serum was negative for EEE IgM and IgG by the ELISA, negative for VN antibody, but HI antibody positive; 2) acute cases- IgM and HI antibody positive but negative for IgG and VN antibody; 100. IgM antibodies of EEE virus were monospecific and did not cross-react with western or Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viral antigens by the ELISA. Isolation of EEE virus from tissue or detection of IgM antibodies to EEE virus in a single serum sample is evidence of recent EEE infection and differentiated serum from previously vaccinated horses. However, the presence of IgM in the absence of virus isolation could also be due to a recent viral vaccination.
Scalable processing of flexible graph pattern queries on the cloud

Flexible exploration of large RDF datasets with unknown relationships can be enabled using 'unbound-property' graph pattern queries. Relational-style processing of such queries using normalized relations results in redundant information in intermediate results due to the repetition of adjoining bound (fixed) properties. Such redundancy negatively impacts the disk I/O, network transfer costs, and the required disk space while processing RDF query workloads on MapReduce-based systems. This work proposes packing and lazy unpacking strategies to minimize the redundancy in intermediate results while processing unbound-property queries. In addition to keeping the results compact, this work evaluates RDF queries using the Nested TripleGroup Data Model and Algebra (NTGA) that enables shorter MapReduce execution workflows. Experimental results demonstrate the benefit of this work over RDF query processing using relational-style systems such as Apache Pig and Hive.
A SIMPLE SOLID‐PHASE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR AFLATOXIN B1

A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) for aflatoxin B1 (afla B1) was developed. This method involved the incubation of afla B1, both labelled and unlabelled, with immunoglobulin (IgG)-sepharose gel which was prepared by conjugation of the IgG highly specific to afla B1 with CNBr-activated sepharose gel, followed by a filtration step. The binding capacity was determined by counting the radioactivity in the filtrate. Studies with different afla B1 analogues revealed that the IgG-gel bound most effectively with B1. Binding of afla B2, G1, G2, and aflatoxicol to the IgG-gel was less effective in comparison with the IgG before coupling. Between 0.5–5.0 ng per assay, the displacement of radioactivity from the gel was directly proportional to the amount of afla B1 present. Using a simple extraction procedure without clean-up step, the recovery yields for afla B1 in the contaminated corn or wheat at levels of 5 ppb or above were above 60%.
Bimolecular electron transfer at high driving forces. Photoreactions of gold(I) and iridium(I) complexes with pyridinium derivatives

The rates of electron transfer from electronically excited [Au2(1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane)3]2+ (AU22+*) and [Ir(1,5-cyclooctadiene)(μ-pyrazolyl)]2 (Ire2*) to N-alkylpyridinium (py+) acceptors have been measured by Stern-Volmer quenching of Au22+* and Ir2* in acetonitrile solution at 25 °C. The quenching rates increase with reaction driving force, reaching the diffusion limit at −ΔGo=λ and remaining at this limit for higher driving forces. The recombination reactions of pyridinyl radicals with Ir2+ (measured by transient absorption), however, exhibit inverted behavior at −Go values greater than λ: rates decrease with increasing driving force. Formation of electronically excited products (py/sd*/Ir2+*) is suggested by the absence of inverted behavior for the Ir2*/py+ reactions.
The Rate of Establishment of Complex Adaptations

A central problem in evolutionary theory concerns the mechanisms by which adaptations requiring multiple mutations emergeinnaturalpopulations.We developaseriesofexpressionsthatclarifythescalingofthetimetoestablishmentofcomplex adaptations with population size, mutation rate, magnitude of the selective disadvantage of intermediate-state alleles, andthecomplexityoftheadaptation.Ingeneral,eveninthefaceofdeleteriousintermediatesteps,thetimetoestablishment isminimizedinpopulationswithverylargesize.Underabroadrangeofconditions,thetimetoestablishmentalsoscalesbyno morethanthesquareofthemutationrate,regardlessofthenumberofsitescontributingtotheadaptivechange,demonstrating that the emergence of complex adaptations is only weakly constrained by the independentacquisition of mutations at theunderlyingsites.Mutatoralleleswithdeleterioussideeffectshaveonlymoderateeffectsontherateofadaptationinlarge populationsbut can cause a quantum decrease in the time to establishment of some adaptive alleles in small populations, although probably not at a high enough rate to offset the increased deleterious mutation load. Transient hypermutability, whereby asubsetofgamete-producingcellsmutateatanelevatedrateinanonheritablemanner,may alsoelevatetherateof adaptation,althoughtheeffectismodestandappearstoresultfromasimpleincreaseintherateoftransitionsbetweenintermediate statesrather than from the saltationalproduction ofdoublet mutations.Taken together, these results illustratethe plausibilityoftherelativelyrapidemergenceofspecificcomplexadaptationsbyconventionalpopulationgeneticmechanisms and provide insight into the relative incidences of various paths of allelicadaptationin organisms with different population geneticfeatures.
Diversity and population structure of a near-shore marine-sediment viral community.

Viruses, most of which are phage, are extremely abundant in marine sediments, yet almost nothing is known about their identity or diversity. We present the metagenomic analysis of an uncultured near–shore marine–sediment viral community. Three–quarters of the sequences in the sample were not related to anything previously reported. Among the sequences that could be identified, the majority belonged to double–stranded DNA phage. Temperate phage were more common than lytic phage, suggesting that lysogeny may be an important lifestyle for sediment viruses. Comparisons between the sediment sample and previously sequenced seawater viral communities showed that certain phage phylogenetic groups were abundant in all marine viral communities, while other phage groups were under–represented or absent. This ‘marineness’ suggests that marine phage are derived from a common set of ancestors. Several independent mathematical models, based on the distribution of overlapping shotgun sequence fragments from the library, were used to show that the diversity of the viral community was extremely high, with at least 10 4 viral genotypes per kilogram of sediment and a Shannon index greater than 9 nats. Based on these observations we propose that marine–sediment viral communities are one of the largest unexplored reservoirs of sequence space on the planet.
Nonphotochemical hole burning and relaxation dynamics of amorphous solids at low temperature

New temperature-dependent nonphotochemical hole burning results are reported for cresyl violet perchlorate in polyvinyl alcohol which indicate that the simple model for spectral hole production based on a static distribution of two-level systems (TLS) provides an inadequate description. One of the key observations reported is noted to have been made for a variety of other systems. A new mechanism, based on an "outside-in" hierarchy of constrained configurational tunneling events, is proposed in which the time evolution of free volumes plays an important role. The model is consistent with the available data and lends itself to testing by further experiments.
The Causal Effect of Faculty Unions on Institutional Decision-Making

The goal of this paper is to estimate the causal effect of unionization on institutional decision-making. We use a national survey of presidents and faculty senate leaders to measure the level of shared governance at 341 public universities in fifteen different areas. To address the endogeneity of faculty unionization, we use an index of state employee collective bargaining rights as an instrument for unionization. We find that unionization greatly increases faculty influence over decision-making in areas such as setting faculty salary scales, individual faculty salaries, appointing department chairs, and appointments to institution-wide committees.
Wrapping and dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes improves electrical conductivity of protein-nanotube composite biomaterials.

Composites of extracellular matrix proteins reinforced with carbon nanotubes have the potential to be used as conductive biopolymers in a variety of biomaterial applications. In this study, the effect of functionalization and polymer wrapping on the dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in aqueous media was examined. Carboxylated MWCNT were wrapped in either Pluronic® F127 or gelatin. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that covalent functionalization of the pristine nanotubes disrupted the carbon lattice and added carboxyl groups. Polymer and gelatin wrapping resulted in increased surface adsorbed oxygen and nitrogen, respectively. Wrapping also markedly increased the stability of MWCNT suspensions in water as measured by settling time and zeta potential, with Pluronic®-wrapped nanotubes showing the greatest effect. Treated MWCNT were used to make 3D collagen–fibrin–MWCNT composite materials. Carboxylated MWCNT resulted in a decrease in construct impedance by an order of magnitude, and wrapping with Pluronic® resulted in a further order of magnitude decrease. Functionalization and wrapping also were associated with maintenance of fibroblast function within protein–MWCNT materials. These data show that increased dispersion of nanotubes in protein–MWCNT composites leads to higher conductivity and improved cytocompatibility. Understanding how nanotubes interact with biological systems is important in enabling the development of new biomedical technologies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A:231–238, 2013.
A Topology of ON/OFF Marx Modulator with Protection of Load and Solid State Switches

Summary form only given. This article discusses a proposal for an ultra fast feedback response that will protect the load and solid state switches of the on/off Marx type modulators. The feedback guards main elements of a modulator against possible arcs in the load, particularly arcs inside of the electron guns. The chief concept behind the proposed response system is an employment of a fraction of the output modulator power as a controlling and guarding pulse during the delivery time. The time constant of the proposed feedback loop lies in the nanosecond range. Peculiarities of proposed topology are discussed.
Intravenous Lidocaine and Mexiletine in the Management of Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias

Lidocaine and mexiletine are class 1B antiarrhythmic drugs that act on sodium channels. Lidocaine is also an important anesthetic and topical agent that is useful in the treatment of multiple pain disorders, and mexiletine is commonly used for neuropathic pain and myotonia. Both intravenous lidocaine and mexiletine are increasingly used to treat pain syndromes and appear to be particularly effective in neuropathic pain. This suggests a role for these agents in patients with headache disorders. This article describes the role of intravenous lidocaine and mexiletine in the management of headache and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias based on the published literature to date and provides practical guidelines for their use.
Model-independent bottom baryon mass predictions in the 1/N c expansion

Recent discoveries of the ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{b}$, ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{b}$, and ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{b}^{*}$ baryons at the Tevatron are in good agreement with model-independent mass predictions made a decade ago based on a combined expansion in $1/{N}_{c}$, $1/{m}_{Q}$, and $SU(3)$ flavor symmetry breaking. Using the new experimental data as input, mass predictions for the undiscovered bottom baryons ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{b}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{b}^{*}$, ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{b}$, and ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{b}^{*}$ and for many unmeasured bottom baryon mass splittings are updated. The observed ground state charm baryons exhibit the mass hierarchy previously predicted by the $1/{N}_{c}$, $1/{m}_{Q}$, and $SU(3)$ flavor-breaking expansion.
Loss of Apaf-1 leads to partial rescue of the HAND2-null phenotype

HAND2 is an essential transcription factor for cardiac, pharyngeal arch, and limb development. Apoptosis in the HAND2-null embryo causes hypoplasia of the right ventricle and pharyngeal arches leading to lethality by embryonic day (E)10.0 from heart failure. In order to investigate the role of apoptosis in inducing the HAND2-null phenotype, we generated mouse embryos lacking both HAND2 and Apaf-1, a central downstream mediator of mitochondrial damage-induced apoptosis. In contrast to HAND2 / embryos, HAND2 / Apaf-1 / embryos at E10.5–11.0 had well-developed pharyngeal arches, aortic arch arteries, and no signs of cardiac failure. TUNEL analysis through pharyngeal arches of HAND2 / Apaf-1 / embryos revealed decreased apoptosis and the embryos had clearly patent aortic arch arteries. However, ventricular hypoplasia and cell death were unchanged in these animals compared to HAND2 / embryos, resulting in growth arrest at E11.0. Our study suggests that loss of HAND2 in the pharyngeal arch mesenchyme leads to apoptosis in an Apaf-1-dependent fashion and that, while loss of aortic arch integrity contributes to the early lethality, the ventricular defects are independent of arch development.