cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Future of Psychology in Health Care

The areas of health and rehabilitation psychology have grown tremendously. They are two of the fastest growing areas within the American Psychological Association. However, these areas, as well as all of the areas within the health professions, face enormous changes as health-care reform takes shape. There will be an increase in pressure on health-care professionals to provide evidence that their programs are effective and cost efficient. Health-care professionals also face challenges posed by changing demographics within the United States. Psychology as a discipline faces renewed challenges, and practitioners within the field must ensure that those outside our discipline recognize the contributions we have to offer. In this chapter, we review the changing health-care environment and psychology’s role in it, discuss the importance of continuing to develop cooperative ventures with other disciplines and promoting recognition of psychology’s achievements, highlight the need for advances in assessment, emphasize the importance of health psychologists becoming more involved in consulting on policy-making decisions without ignoring economic and political realities, and present one possible proposal for decreasing rates of one of the most significant risk factors contributing to premature death—smoking. Following these segments is a section in which we emphasize the need to step away from a provincial view of health care toward an international perspective. The chapter concludes with a summary section.
Micro- and Nanoscale Phenomena in Tribology

Introduction, Yip-Wah Chung Macroscale to Microscale Tribology: Bridging the Gap, Kathryn J. Wahl A Continuum Overview of Contact and Lubrication, Q. Jane Wang Surface Energy and Surface Forces, Robert W. Carpick Nanoscale Friction: Measurement and Analysis, Rachel J. Cannara Effects of Micro- and Nanoscale Texturing on Surface Adhesion and Friction, Min Zou Environmental Effects in Tribology, Seong H. Kim Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nanotribology, Ashlie Martini Index
Cervical motion segment replacement

When symptoms bring to light a cervical spine degenerative disc process that requires surgical intervention, a symptom relieving procedure such as decompression, followed by functional restoration, arthroplasty, offers the benefit of prophylaxis of accelerated spondylosis at the operated level. In addition, by altering the biomechanical stress factors at adjacent levels, theoretically it should offer prophylactic benefit at these levels as well. The design requirements for a cervical disc prosthesis, the importance of precision instrumentation, and technique are described. Mechanical testing, animal testing, the study design for the EU clinical study, and the operative technique are discussed. The clinical 1- and 2-year data to date are presented.
Chemistry of aliphatic disulfides—XIII

Abstract Conditions have been devised for the oxidation of S-benzhydryl thioethers with thiocyanogen. The procedure involves the use of a trifluoroacetic acid-acetic acid solvent. These conditions do not effect a disulfide bond present in the substrate.
TWO-PHASE FLOW, BOILING AND CONDENSATION IN CONVENTIONAL AND MINIATURE SYSTEMS

Providing a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals and applications of flow and heat transfer in conventional and miniature systems, this fully enhanced and updated edition covers all the topics essential for graduate courses on two-phase flow, boiling, and condensation. Beginning with a concise review of single-phase flow fundamentals and interfacial phenomena, detailed and clear discussion is provided on a range of topics, including two-phase hydrodynamics and flow regimes, mathematical modeling of gas-liquid two-phase flows, pool and flow boiling, flow and boiling in mini and microchannels, external and internal-flow condensation with and without noncondensables, condensation in small flow passages, and two-phase choked flow. Numerous solved examples and end-of-chapter problems that include many common design problems likely to be encountered by students, make this an essential text for graduate students. With up-to-date detail on the most recent research trends and practical applications, it is also an ideal reference for professionals and researchers in mechanical, nuclear, and chemical engineering.
Multimodality Therapy with a Replication-conditional Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Mutant that Expresses Yeast Cytosine Deaminase for Intratumoral Conversion of 5-Fluorocytosine to 5-Fluorouracil

Infection of tumor cells by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) results in cell destruction and production of progeny virion in a process referred to as viral oncolysis. In this study, an HSV-1 mutant (HSV1yCD) was engineered such that the viral ribonucleotide reductase gene is disrupted by sequences encoding yeast cytosine deaminase, which efficiently metabolizes the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). HSV1yCD-infected cells convert 5-FC to 5-FU, which enhances cytotoxicity without significantly reducing viral replication and oncolysis. Oncolysis by a replicating HSV-1 mutant combined with therapeutic transgene delivery represents a new paradigm; HSV1yCD-infected cells are destroyed by viral replication, and uninfected cells are subjected to bystander killing from both progeny virion and extracellular diffusion of 5-FU. In contrast, HSV1yCD-mediated bioactivation of another prodrug, ganciclovir, impairs viral replication. HSV1yCD administered into the portal venous system replicates preferentially in liver metastases rather than normal liver. The anti-neoplastic activity of HSV1yCD combined with systemic 5-FC administration is greater than that achieved with HSV-1 replication alone. Combination oncolysis and prodrug bioactivation leads to significant prolongation of survival in mice with diffuse liver metastases.
Contamination of Ammonium-Based Nutrient Solutions by Nitrifying Organisms and the Conversion of Ammonium to Nitrate

Conversion of ammonium to nitrate and contamination by nitrifying organisms are often assumed not to be significant in ammonium-based nutrient solutions. To assess this assumption, maize (Zea mays) and pea (Pisum sativum) were grown under greenhouse conditions in aeroponic, hydroponic, and sand-culture systems containing 2 mM ammonium chloride as the sole nitrogen source and evaluated for the activity of contaminating nitrifying organisms. In all three culture systems, root colonization by nitrifying organisms was detected within 5 d, and nitrate was detected in the nutrient solution within 10 d after seedling transfer. In sand culture, solution nitrate concentration reached 0.35 mM by the end of the 17-d experiment. Consistent with the microbial ammonium oxidation sequence, nitrite was detected earlier than nitrate and remained at lower levels throughout the experiment. Nitrate was found in significant quantities in root and shoot tissues from seedlings grown in ammonium-based nutrient solutions in all of the solution culture systems. Maize seedlings grown in an ammonium-based hydroponic system contained nitrate concentrations at 40% of that found in plants grown in nitrate-based solution. Determination of nitrate (or nitrite) levels in the nutrient solution was the weakest indicator of the activity of nitrifying organisms. A bioassay for the presence of nitrifying organisms in combination with tissue analysis for nitrate was a better indicator of microbial conversion of ammonium to nitrate in nutrient solution culture. The results have implications for the use of ammonium-based nutrient solutions to obtain plants suitable for research on induction of nitrate uptake and reduction or for research using solution culture to compare ammonium versus nitrate fertilization.
A Queueing Model of a Bufferless Synchronous Clos ATM Switch with Head-of-Line Priority and Push-Out

We consider a synchronized bufferless Clos ATM switch with input cell processor queues. The arrival process to each input port of the switch is assumed to be bursty and it is modelled by an Interrupted Bernoulli Process. Two classes of cells are considered. Service in an input cell processor queue is head-of-line without preemption. In addition, push-out is used. That is, a high priority cell arriving to a full queue takes the space occupied by the low priority cell that arrived last, as long as the cell is not in service. Each cell processor queue is modeled as a priority IBP/Geo/1/ K + 1 queue with push-out. We first present an exact analysis of this priority queue. The results obtained are then used in an approximation algorithm for the analysis of the ATM switch. Validation tests using simulation data shows that the approximation algorithm has a good accuracy.
Dendrodendritic Recurrent Excitation in Mitral Cells of the Rat Olfactory Bulb

Most neuronal interactions within the olfactory bulb network are mediated by dendrodendritic synapses. Dendritic transmitter release potentially could affect the parent dendrite as well as local ne...
Mathematical modeling of the interaction between terrorism and counter-terrorism and its policy implications

It was developed from a presentation made at the Jan Tinbergen Conference of the Peace Science Society, in Amsterdam, June 26–28, 2006.
Pet-transmitted infections: diagnosis by microbiologic and immunologic methods.

The pediatrician, faced with an unusual infection in a child, should always consider the possible source of that infection. Common and uncommon pets ranging from dogs and cats to snakes and flying squirrels should be considered as possible sources of these infections. Organisms may be difficult to demonstrate or culture in many instances, so that serologic testing may be required. Here Dr. Christine Litwin, a bright young pathologist trained in infectious diseases and immunopathology, has reviewed the infectious disorders transmitted from common and uncommon pets to humans. She points out that a high index of suspicion must be maintained for these infections and that serologic, microbiologic and histologic testing must be utilized to confirm infection.
An investigation of ergonomic design and productivity improvements in foodservice production tables.

The objective of this research was to determine if ergonomically designed worktables improve the productivity of workers in a foodservice establishment. A between-groups experimental design was adopted to collect data. Analysis of the results provided strong support to the statement that ergonomic design contributes to an improvement of about 35% in productivity in a simple, repetitive task environment. Implications for managers are discussed.
Estimating target location from scattered field data

Abstract Accuracy of maximum likelihood estimation of the location of a known target from noisy forward or back scattering data is established by computing the Cramer-Rao bounds for the variance of the estimation error. It is demonstrated through examples that inclusion of evanescent wave scattering data leads to a significant improvement in these bounds when the wavelength is long compared to the distance of the target from the receiving antennas. This result is particularly useful in ground penetrating radar (GPR) applications where ground losses mandate operating wavelength that is long relative to target dimensions and depth.
Effect of interferon alpha on natural killer cell cytotoxicity in kidney transplant recipients

Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity was monitored in 32 kidney transplant recipients during a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of interferon alpha prophylaxis. During the first month following transplantation, NK cytotoxicity diminished in both interferon and placebo-treated patients. Thereafter, mean values for NK cytotoxicity decreased further in interferon recipients, whereas they returned toward baseline in placebo recipients. Paradoxically, interferon alpha consistently augmented NK cytotoxicity of all patients in vitro. Various immunosuppressive regimens were employed in these patients. NK cytotoxicity was slightly diminished in patients receiving prednisone and azathioprine, moderately depressed in those who received prednisone, azathioprine, and OKT3 antibody. Three or four placebo recipients with clinically severe cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections had diminished NK cell function. These studies indicate that a variety of factors including exogenous interferon, immunosuppressive regimens, and CMV infections can influence NK cytotoxicity in renal transplant recipients.
Association of Race/Ethnicity With Visual Outcomes Following Acute Optic Neuritis An Analysis of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial

Importance Retrospective studies have demonstrated disparate outcomes following acute optic neuritis in individuals of African descent compared with individuals of white race/ethnicity. However, published analyses of the prospectively collected Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT) data identified no association between worse visual outcomes and black race/ethnicity. Objectives To investigate the associations of age, sex, and race/ethnicity with visual outcomes following acute optic neuritis through application of longitudinal data analysis techniques to the ONTT data set. Design Secondary analysis of the ONTT (a prospective randomized controlled trial) data set. Our models included effects of treatment (placebo, oral prednisone, or intravenous methylprednisolone), time, and treatment × time interaction, as well as demographic covariates of age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Setting and Participants The ONTT data were collected at multiple centers in the United States. Patients of black (n = 58) and white (n = 388) race/ethnicity with acute optic neuritis who enrolled in the ONTT within 8 days of symptom onset were included in analyses. Main Outcomes and Measures The contrast sensitivity and visual acuity (logMAR) in the affected eye were modeled using 2-stage mixed-effects regression techniques. All available follow-up data from baseline to 15 to 18 years were included. Results The data identified no relationship of age, sex, or treatment with contrast sensitivity or visual acuity outcomes. Race/ethnicity was significantly related to contrast sensitivity ( P P Conclusions and Relevance Race/ethnicity seems to be associated with contrast sensitivity and visual acuity outcomes in affected eyes following acute optic neuritis. To our knowledge, this is the largest cohort of black race/ethnicity with acute optic neuritis to be studied and represents the first evidence from a prospectively collected data set to support a hypothesis of race/ethnicity–dependent visual outcomes of acute optic neuritis.
Origin of Ca-Al-rich inclusions. II - Sputtering and collisions in the three-ph8se interstellar medium

The theory put forward by Clayton (1977) for the formation of the Ca-Al-rich inclusions within C3 meteorites is extended to an evolutionary history in a three-phase interstellar medium. Widespread supersonic turbulence in the hot interstellar medium is maintained by supernova shock waves, giving rise to heavy sputtering of the refractory dust. Subsequent reaccumulation with varying dust/gas ratios or varying particle sizes produces isotopically fractionated Ca-Al-rich accumulates. It is thought that the Ca-Al-rich inclusions themselves are formed by the following sequence in the solar system: (1) cold accumulation of larger-than-average Ca-Al-rich particles containing supernova condensate cores into macroscopic (approximately 1 cm) Ca-Al-rich agglomerates, probably by sedimentation; and (2) fusion of the supernova condensates into macroscopic minerals by exothermic chemical reactions that begin when the accumulate has been warmed, thereby releasing energy from the unequilibrated forms accumulated from the interstellar medium.
The Analysis of Radiation Effects in Semiconductor Junction Devices

A computer program has been written for the prediction of transient and permanent radiation damage in junction devices. This program calculates the transient solutions of Poisson's equation and the continuity equations throughout a one-dimensional structure. Mobility, lifetime, and carrier generation are described by nonlinear functions of carrier density and current so that scatter-limiting velocity, Shockley-Read-Hall recombination, and avalanche ionization phenomena are described. Three examples are presented which illustrate the utility of such programs in predicting both ionization and displacement damage effects in a PIN diode and a bipolar transistor.
The shape of a magnetically balanced arc.

Mathematical model based on conformal mapping of shape of electric arc balanced in transverse convective and magnetic fields
Strategies for targeting therapeutic gene delivery

A major goal for gene therapy is to obtain targeted vectors that transfer genes efficiently to specific cell types. In theory, this can be achieved by targeting entry of the vector or by building gene expression cassettes that restrict gene expression to certain cell types. This review summarizes recent strategies to alter vector tropism for targeted gene delivery.
The competence/performance dichotomy in programming preliminary report

We consider the problem of automating some of the duties of programmers. We take as our point of departure the claim that data management has been automated to the point where the programmer concerned only about the correctness (as opposed to the efficiency) of his program need not involve himself in any aspect of the storage allocation problem. We focus on what we feel is a sensible next step, the problem of automating aspects of control. To accomplish this we propose a definition of control based on a fact/heuristic dichotomy, a variation of Chomsky's competence/performance dichotomy. The dichotomy formalizes an idea originating with McCarthy and developed by Green, Hewitt, McDermott, Sussman, Hayes, Kowalski and others. It allows one to operate arbitrarily on the control component of a program without affecting the program's correctness, which is entirely the responsibility of the fact component. The immediate objectives of our research are to learn how to program keeping fact and control separate, and to identify those aspects of control amenable to automation.
UV Raman Spatially Resolved Melting Dynamics of Isotopically Labeled Polyalanyl Peptide: Slow α-Helix Melting Follows 310-Helices and π-Bulges Premelting

We used UV resonance Raman (UVRR) to examine the spatial dependence of the T-jump secondary structure relaxation of an isotopically labeled 21-residue mainly Ala peptide, AdP. The AdP penultimate Ala residues were perdeuterated, leaving the central residues hydrogenated, to allow separate monitoring of melting of the middle versus the end peptide bonds. For 5 to 30 degrees C T-jumps, the central peptide bonds show a approximately 2-fold slower relaxation time (189 +/- 31 ns) than do the exterior peptide bonds (97 +/- 15 ns). In contrast, for a 20 to 40 degrees C T-jump, the central peptide bond relaxation appears to be faster (56 +/- 6 ns) than that of the penultimate peptide bonds (131 +/- 46 ns). We show that, if the data are modeled as a two-state transition, we find that only exterior peptide bonds show anti-Arrhenius folding behavior; the middle peptide bonds show both normal Arrhenius-like folding and unfolding. This anti-Arrhenius behavior results from the involvement of pi-bulges/helices and 3(10)-helix states in the melting. The unusual temperature dependence of the (un)folding rates of the interior and exterior peptide bonds is due to the different relative (un)folding rates of 3(10)-helices, alpha-helices, and pi-bulges/helices. Pure alpha-helix unfolding rates are approximately 12-fold slower (approximately 1 micros) than that of pi-bulges and 3(10)-helices. In addition, we also find that the alpha-helix is most stable at the AdP N-terminus where eight consecutive Ala occur, whereas the three hydrophilic Arg located in the middle and at the C-terminus destabilize the alpha-helix in these regions and induce defects such as pi-bulges and 3(10)-helices.
Protective effects of mossy fiber lesions against kainic acid-induced seizures and neuronal degeneration

Abstract The effects of a hippocampal mossy fiber lesion have been determined on neuronal degeneration and limbic seizures provoked by the subsequent intracerebroventricular administration of kainic acid to unanesthetized rats. Mossy fiber lesions were made either by transecting this pathway unilaterally or by destroying the dentate granule cells unilaterally or bilaterally with colchicine. All control rats eventually developed status epilepticus and each temporally discrete seizure that preceded status epilepticus was recorded from the hippocampus ipsilateral to the kainic acid infusion before the contralateral hippocampus. A mossy fiber lesion of the ipsilateral hippocampus prevented the development of status epilepticus in 26% of subjects and in 52% of subjects seizures were recorded from the contralateral hippocampus before the ipsilateral hippocampus. Unlike electrographic records from other treatment groups, those from rats which had received a bilateral colchicine lesion exhibited no consistent pattern indicative of seizure propagation from one limbic region to another. A bilateral, but not a unilateral, mossy fiber lesion also dramatically attenuated the behavioral expression of the seizures. Regardless of its effects on kainic acid-induced electrographic and behavioral seizures, a mossy fiber lesion always substantially reduced or completely prevented the degeneration of ipsilateral hippocampal CA3-CA4 neurons. This protective effect was specific for those hippocampal neurons deprived of mossy fiber innervation. Neurons in other regions of the brain were protected from degeneration only when the mossy fiber lesion also prevented the development of electrographic status epilepticus. These results suggest that the hippocampal mossy fibers constitute an important, though probably not an obligatory, link in the circuit responsible for the spread of kainic acid seizures. Degeneration of CA3-CA4 neurons appears to depend upon (1) the duration of hippocampal seizure activity and (2) an as yet undefined influence of or interaction with the mossy fiber projection which enhances the neurodegenerative effect of the seizures.
Combined photodynamic therapy and intravitreal triamcinolone for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: effect of initial visual acuity on treatment response

To evaluate visual outcomes in combination therapy with photodynamic therapy (PDT) and intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) for subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) from age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Charts of 39 eyes from 38 patients with exudative AMD treated with PDT and 4 mg of triamcinolone acetate injected intravitreally were reviewed retrospectively. Visual data, angiographic lesion type, prior PDT exposure, number of treatments, and follow-up were recorded. Snellen visual acuities were converted to LogMAR for all calculations. Lines of vision lost or gained pertain to calculated ETDRS lines of vision (via LogMAR). Twenty-two of the choroidal neovascular membranes were occult, and 17 were classified as predominantly classic. Mean follow-up was 43 weeks. The average number of treatments was 2.23. At final follow-up, 11 eyes (28.21%) experienced improved visual acuity, 8 eyes (20.51%) were stable, and 20 eyes (51.28%) had worsened. No significant difference in treatment response was found between angiographic subtypes (p > 0.59). Lack of previous PDT exposure did not improve treatment outcomes (p > 0.77). Pre-treatment visual acuity (PTVA) was determined as a strong predictor of treatment outcome in our study cohort. Visual acuity of 20/200 or worse was associated with a 40.9% chance of some improvement and a 35.75% chance of three or more lines of improvement. Visual acuity better than 20/200 was associated with an 89.4% chance of no improvement and a 58.8% chance of three or more lines of visual loss. Counter to previously reported results with combination therapy, the majority of our patients (72%) did not demonstrate improved vision and 51% lost vision. When PTVA was accounted for, selected patients benefitted significantly from treatment. PTVA may be a useful and simple patient selection tool for combination treatment with PDT and IVTA.
Computer-aided diagnosis of leukoencephalopathy in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The purpose of this study was to use objective quantitative MR imaging methods to develop a computer-aided diagnosis tool to differentiate white matter (WM) hyperintensities as either leukoencephalopathy (LE) or normal maturational processes in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with intravenous high dose methotrexate. A combined imaging set consisting of T1, T2, PD, and FLAIR MR images and WM, gray matter, and cerebrospinal fluid a priori maps from a spatially normalized atlas were analyzed with a neural network segmentation based on a Kohonen Self-Organizing Map. Segmented regions were manually classified to identify the most hyperintense WM region and the normal appearing genu region. Signal intensity differences normalized to the genu within each examination were generated for two time points in 203 children. An unsupervised hierarchical clustering algorithm with the agglomeration method of McQuitty was used to divide data from the first examination into normal appearing or LE groups. A C-support vector machine (C-SVM) was then trained on the first examination data and used to classify the data from the second examination. The overall accuracy of the computer-aided detection tool was 83.5% (299/358) with sensitivity to normal WM of 86.9% (199/229) and specificity to LE of 77.5% (100/129) when compared to the readings of two expert observers. These results suggest that subtle therapy-induced leukoencephalopathy can be objectively and reproducibly detected in children treated for cancer using this computer-aided detection approach based on relative differences in quantitative signal intensity measures normalized within each examination.
HLA Allosensitization in ECMO as a Bridge to Lung Transplantation

Purpose Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a bridge to transplantation (BTT) has raised concerns ECMO support leads to the development of serum antibodies due to multiple blood transfusions. We examined the development of HLA sensitization in a cohort of lung transplant (LT) recipients where ECMO BTT was employed. Methods and Materials A retrospective chart review of all LT recipients with ECMO BTT from 2006-2012 was conducted. Data collected included demographics, Luminex, blood product utilization and post-transplant outcomes. HLA sensitization was defined as PRA>10% in either HLA type I or II while highly sensitized was PRA>90%. Results 21 patients (12 males) were identified as BTT to LT on ECMO, median ECMO duration of 7.0 days (range:0-38 days). 6 patients (35%) were sensitized prior to ECMO, mean PRA HLA type I 36%±22.7 and type II 27%±2.2. No significant change from baseline PRA was noted, mean difference for HLA type I of 4.3±11.9 (p=0.19) or type II of 2.9±7.7 (p=0.16). During ECMO BTT, 1 sensitized patient became highly sensitized (HLA type I 94%) who received 47 PRBCs. The second highest PRBC usage (31) during BTT resulted in new sensitization (HLA type I 31%). Patients received on average of 14.0±2.7 (range:0-49) during ECMO BTT, which was not associated with the mean difference between baseline-ECMO for HLA type I (p=0.52) or type II (p=0.06). All patients were successfully transplanted, 8 received induction therapy, with no evidence of hyperacute rejection. Conclusions HLA sensitization does occur rarely in ECMO BTT and may be associated with large amounts of PRBCs received during ECMO BTT. Although sensitization may occur, successful transplantation is possible without evidence of hyperacute rejection. PRBCs Received during ECMO BTT Patient Days on ECMO PRBCs Received Δ Sensitization Status 1 10 27 No 2 3 21 No 3 13 15 Yes 4 10 49 Yes 5 1 2 No 6 4 9 Yes 7 7 18 Yes 8 2 4 No 9 38 31 Yes 10 1 0 No 11 8 15 Yes 12 5 11 No 13 17 11 No 14 4 3 No 15 3 7 No 16 12 15 Yes 17 1 0 No 18 4 0 No 19 22 23 No 20 20 27 No 21 15 5 No PRBCs-packed red blood cell units
Detection of obscured targets with IR polarimetric imaging

A polarization thermal sensor is presented that has ability to detect manmade objects even when there is little or no thermal contrast, or when the object is obscured by clutter or vegetation. Imagery will be shown for scenarios in which polarization contrast remains high during periods of zero thermal contrast. Also, data will be presented that shows the detection of manmade targets in natural clutter, long after thermal equilibrium of the target with the background has been established.
IR-spectroscopic characterization of acetophenone complexes with Fe+, Co+, and Ni+ using free-electron-laser IRMPD.

The gas-phase complexes M+(acet)2, where M is Fe, Co, or Ni and acet is acetophenone, were studied spectroscopically by infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IRMPD) supported by density functional (DFT) computations. The FELIX free electron laser was used to give tunable radiation from ∼500 to 2200 cm-1. The spectra were interpreted to determine the metal-ion binding sites on the ligands (oxygen (O) or ring (R)) and to see if rearrangement of the ligand(s) to toluene plus CO occurred. For Ni+, O binding was found to predominate (similar to the previously studied Cr+ case), with less than ∼10% of R-bound ligands in the population. For Co+, a roughly equal mixture of R-bound and O-bound ligands was present; based on the computed thermochemistry, the OR complex was considered likely to predominate. Fe+ complexes appeared largely O-bound, but with clear evidence for some R-binding. The exceptionally large extent of R binding for Co+ highlights the special affinity of this metal ion for aromatic ring ligands....
Functionalization of SWNTs to facilitate the coordination of metal ions, compounds and clusters.

The carboxylate residues of the open ends of aryl-tert-butyl and arylsulfonic acid side-walled functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been investigated for the complexation conditions of the iron–molybdenum cluster [HxPMo12O40CH4Mo72Fe30(O2CMe)15O254(H2O)98] (“FeMoC”). A range of alternative donor groups for the attachment of FeMoC have been investigated for piranha etched SWNTs, dodecyl side-walled functionalized SWNTs (DD-SWNTs) and ultra-short SWNTs (US-SWNTs), including include pyridines, thiols and phosphines, using coupling reactions to either the carboxylate or hydroxide residues of the SWNTs' open ends. The functionalized SWNTs have been characterized by XPS, uptake of Fe3+ and, where appropriate, MAS 31P NMR. The efficacy of binding is dependent on the presence and identity of the ligand moiety. TEM and AFM of the SWNT–FeMoC conjugates show the presence of a 2–3 nm spherical feature on the tip of individual SWNTs.
Evidence Links Increases In Public Health Spending To Declines In Preventable Deaths

Public health encompasses a broad array of programs designed to prevent the occurrence of disease and injury within communities. But policy makers have little evidence to draw on when determining t...
Sesquiterpene aryl esters from Ferulago antiochia

Abstract In addition to the known phenylpropanoid myristicin, the petrol extract of the roots of Ferulago antiochia yielded six new germacrane esters and a new alloaromadendrane ester. The structures were elucidated by spectral and chemical methods.
Intracellular and cell-surface distribution of amyloid precursor protein in cortical astrocytes.

Amyloid peptides that aggregate to form plaques in Alzheimer's disease are derived from secretory processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Transport of APP to the cell surface may be prerequisite for non-amyloidogenic APP processing and the secretion of soluble APP (APPs), while missorting or reinternalization of APP to intracellular compartments can promote amyloid formation. In cultured astrocytes, APP mRNA and holoprotein are increased by elevations in cAMP levels, and 8-Bromo-cAMP promotes process formation on these cells. We now report that treatment of cultured astrocytes with 8-Bromo-cAMP increased intracellular and cell surface APP in the soma and perinuclear region as detected by immunolabeling with monoclonal antibody 22C11 and polyclonal antibody Kunitz-type protease inhibitor (KPI) (against the N-terminus and KPI domain of APP, respectively) and led to intense but discontinuous labelling of APP on the surface of astrocytic processes. Northern and Western blot analyses confirmed that 8-Bromo-cAMP treatment of cultured astrocytes also increased APP mRNA and KPI-containing APP holoprotein, implying that the intense APP immunolabeling observed in 8-Bromo-cAMP treated astrocytes was not derived from truncated forms of APP (e.g., APPs), but reflected high levels of APP holoprotein containing intact amyloid peptides. Discontinuous cell surface staining in process-bearing astrocytes may be caused by miscompartmentalization of APP related to rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. Inasmuch as intracellular APP is not accessible for non-amyloidogenic processing, we suggest that the increased immunoreactivity of intracellular APP in process-bearing astrocytes may predispose the cells to increased amyloid production.
Workspace and sensitive postures of planar open-loop manipulators

In this paper, the equation of reachable area of planar 3-arm robots and the recursive algorithms for calculating the accessible area of planar n-arm robots are presented. The optimum link ratio leading to the maximum working area is investigated and the resulted design charts are provided. The rate of change of the accessible area with respect to an input angle is proposed to measure the sensitivity or dexterity of a posture to an input angle. Examples showing the most sensitive postures and their positions in the workspace are also given.
Tumor therapy with a urokinase plasminogen activator-activated anthrax lethal toxin alone and in combination with paclitaxel

PA-U2, an engineered anthrax protective antigen that is activated by urokinase was combined with wild-type lethal factor in the treatment of Colo205 colon adenocarcinoma in vitro and B16-BL6 mouse melanoma in vitro and in vivo. This therapy was also tested in combination with the small molecule paclitaxel, based on prior reports suggesting synergy between ERK1/2 inhibition and chemotherapeutics. Colo205 was sensitive to PA-U2/LF while B16-BL6 was not. For the combination treatment of B16-BL6, paclitaxel showed a dose response in vitro, but cells remained resistant to PA-U2/LF even in the presence of paclitaxel. In vivo, each therapy slowed tumor progression, and an additive effect between the two was observed. Since LF targets tumor vasculature while paclitaxel is an anti-mitotic, it is possible the agents were acting against different cells in the stroma, precluding a synergistic effect. The engineered anthrax toxin PA-U2/LF warrants further development and testing, possibly in combination with an anti-angiogenesis therapy such as sunitinib or sorafinib.
Capacitance studies of deep defects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract A number of different studies using junction capacitance and related techniques to deduce gap state properties in a-Si:H are reviewed. Included is a discussion of the DLTS and junction photocapacitance methods to deduce the density of states, lattice relaxation effects in transitions from deep states, ion-implantation induced impurity related defects, and the study of the c-Si/a-Si:H interface in heterojunction samples. Results using depletion width modulated ESR to deduce the charge state of deep defects in n-type doped and intrinsc samples are also discussed.
Bayside beach dynamics: Implications for simulation modeling on eroding sheltered tidal beaches

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to compare the differences between oceanside and bayside beaches. Field data on twelve beach process and response variables were gathered from February 1972 to April 1973 on four sample beaches at Sandy Hook Spit, New Jersey. Linear correlation is used to identify the most influential process variables and determine how the interrelationships among variables differ on each beach. The analysis confirms the importance of breaker height, wave steepness and wind direction on beach response. The correlation of beach processes with their associated responses are higher on the oceanside than on the bayside beaches, indicating that local, non-storm waves may be relatively insignificant in effecting substantial beach modification. Despite the greater magnitude of processes and beach change on the oceanside sites, erosion was more persistent on the bayside during the period of study. The frequent occurrence of short, steep erosional waves on the bayside prevented onshore movement of sediment between storms, resulting in a permanent loss of material from the beach face and dune. On the oceanside, long, low, depositional waves occurring between storms replenished most of the material carried away during the storm. This fresh beach material acted as a buffer against the erosion of the dunes during the following storm. The dominant bay waves are locally generated and may therefore be simulated using meteorological variables. However, the low wave energies on the bayside sites result in an increase in the relative importance of tidal currents, wind-induced currents, and refracted ocean swell. These factors complicate the application of simplified wave process—beach response models to the study of beaches exposed to these effects.
Anomalies of photovoltaic current in a Ce:Fe doped LiNbO3 crystal at 55 deg C and 75 deg C temperatures

The anomalies of photovoltaic current in Ce:Fe doped UNb03 crystal at 55 and 75°C temperatures have been investigated. Experiments show that there is about a twofold increase in the photovoltaic current at these temperatures, which is consistent with the anomalies observed in a two-wave mixing experiment reported previously.
Structure and dynamics of zinc-neutralized sulfonated polystyrene ionomers

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), X-ray scattering, and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy were used to investigate the structure and dynamics of Zn-neutralized sulfonated polystyre...
Absence of N addition facilitates B cell development, but impairs immune responses

The programmed, stepwise acquisition of immunocompetence that marks the development of the fetal immune response proceeds during a period when both T cell receptor and immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoires exhibit reduced junctional diversity due to physiologic terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) insufficiency. To test the effect of N addition on humoral responses, we transplanted bone marrow from TdT-deficient (TdT−/−) and wild-type (TdT+/+) BALB/c mice into recombination activation gene 1-deficient BALB/c hosts. Mice transplanted with TdT−/− cells exhibited diminished humoral responses to the T-independent antigens α-1-dextran and (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hapten conjugated to AminoEthylCarboxymethyl-FICOLL, to the T-dependent antigens NP19CGG and hen egg lysozyme, and to Enterobacter cloacae, a commensal bacteria that can become an opportunistic pathogen in immature and immunocompromised hosts. An exception to this pattern of reduction was the T-independent anti-phosphorylcholine response to Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is normally dominated by the N-deficient T15 idiotype. Most of the humoral immune responses in the recipients of TdT−/− bone marrow were impaired, yet population of the blood with B and T cells occurred more rapidly. To further test the effect of N-deficiency on B cell and T cell population growth, transplanted TdT-sufficient and -deficient BALB/c IgMa and congenic TdT-sufficient CB17 IgMb bone marrow were placed in competition. TdT−/− cells demonstrated an advantage in populating the bone marrow, the spleen, and the peritoneal cavity. TdT deficiency, which characterizes fetal lymphocytes, thus appears to facilitate filling both central and peripheral lymphoid compartments, but at the cost of altered responses to a broad set of antigens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00251-011-0543-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Modified slip test for experimental study of synchronous reactance

The modified slip test permits a detailed investigation of machine constants under more reliable conditions and embodies several desirable features in the special field of power laboratory instruction.
Organizational attractiveness in Japan:a screening perspective

This study examines the effects of several organizational characteristics on job applicant attributions of organizational attractiveness in Japan. The results from 11,060 Japanese university students, 3,678 seniors specializing in engineering&science who judged 156 firms and 7,382 seniors majoring in liberal arts who evaluated 150 firms, demonstrate that some of the organizational characteristics studied do serve as organizational attractiveness screening devices (Stiglitz, 1975). First, work-force size was related to organizational attractiveness for both student cohorts, as hypothesized. On the contrary, the age of the organization had no effect on organizational attractiveness for either group. The effects for two other variables, sales and profits, were mixed. Sales was related to organizational attractiveness for the engineering&science cohort, but not for the liberal arts cohort. Alternatively, profits were associated with organizational attractiveness for the liberal art students, but not the engin...
Metal-organic associations in two extracts from nine soils amended with three sewage sludges

Abstract An aerobic sewage sludge, and two anaerobic sewage sludges, one of which was pretreated with chlorine, were separately incubated with nine northeastern US soils to evaluate sludge-metal complexation reactions with soil organic matter. Soil organic matter was separately extracted with sodium pyrophosphate and dimethylformamide (DMF). The extracts were fractionated on non-polar, non-ionic macroreticular and ion exchange resins into acidic, neutral, and basic hydrophilic solute fractions and acidic, neutral, and basic hydrophobic solute fractions. There were distinct differences in metal complexes present in the extracts between the two extractants, especially for Cr and Cd. Also, the total amount of metals recovered from the sludges varied, usually in the order: aerobic > anaerobic > pretreated anaerobic sludge. In the pyrophosphate extracts, hydrophilic neutrals (carbohydrates) were associated with Ni and Pb, and hydrophilic bases (amino acids) were associated with Pb, and hydrophobic bases (porphyrins) were associated with Cu, Ni, and Pb. Zinc was associated with all fractions, but none predominated. However, in the DMF extracts, hydrophilic acids (uronic acids) were associated with Cr, hydrophilic bases (amino acids) with Ni, Cr, and Pb, hydrophobic acids (phenols) with Pb and Zn, and hydrophobic bases (prophyrins) were associated with Cd. Only very few metals were associated with hydrophobic neutrals (hydrocarbons). The kinds of Ni-organic fractions present in the DMF extracts from most of the soils were more closely related to plant uptake by vegetables in a previous study—with the Ni-amino acid fraction being absorbed by plants more easily then the Ni-porphyrin fraction. Differences between the extractants and among the soils can be ascribed to the inherent properties of these two variables.
Comparison of surgical septal myectomy to medical therapy alone in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and syncope.

The presence of syncope despite medical therapy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) is considered an indication for surgical myectomy; however, no study has examined the long-term effects on recurrent syncope and survival after surgery in these patients. We examined 239 patients with HC and a history of syncope who had undergone surgical myectomy (mean age 48 ± 17 years; 56% men). The patients were age- and gender-matched to patients with HC and syncope who were treated medically without myectomy (mean age 51 ± 16 years; 59% men). The median follow-up period was 4.7 years (0.8, 11.3). The recurrence rate of syncope was 11% in the myectomy patients and 40% in the medical group (p
Do non-native earthworms in Southeast Alaska use streams as invasional corridors in watersheds harvested for timber?

Exotic earthworms from Europe and Asia have invaded previously earthworm-free areas of North America where they consume leaf litter, mix soil horizons, and alter nutrient cycling. Primarily, earthworm introductions occur through human activities; we hypothesized that the combination of logging (i.e., road construction and soil disturbance) and stream transport (i.e., hydrochory) allows earthworms to invade new ecosystems and spread within watersheds. On Prince of Wales Island, AK, we surveyed riparian zones in 11 watersheds with varying timber harvest intensity for terrestrial oligochaetes. Additionally, common invasive earthworms were experimentally submerged in a local stream to test for tolerance to prolonged immersion: all taxa survived immersion for at least 6 days. Using principal components analysis, watershed and harvest variables describing the watersheds upstream of our sampled riparian areas were reduced to two principal components describing harvest intensity (PC1) and harvest style (PC2). Logistic models successfully predicted earthworm abundance (r2 = 0.70) from PC1, which indicated that watersheds with older, intense upstream timber harvest contained larger earthworm populations. Earthworm species richness was best predicted by PC2 (r2 = 0.39), which suggested that earthworm communities in watersheds containing large clear-cut stands were more species-rich. Collectively, these results suggest that (1) invasive earthworms may use streams for dispersal and (2) upstream introductions via timber harvest can initiate downstream earthworm invasions. Hydrochory would allow invasive earthworms to spread at rates (tens of km d−1) that are much greater than previously reported rates of terrestrial spread (5–10 m y−1). Effective control of exotic earthworms in riparian zones will require watershed-level management and surveillance.
c-Cytochromes of the ammonia-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophic bacteria

The major enzymes associated with the oxidation of ammonia by chemolithoauthotrophic bacteria are studied, including some cytochromes c , are described and details of their properties are given.
Basilar artery territory stroke secondary to invasive fungal sphenoid sinusitis: a case report and review of the literature.

Background: Mucormycosis is a fungal infection with the following 5 classic forms: cutaneous, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, disseminated, and rhinocerebral. The rhinocerebral form can be rapidly progressive and invasive with a high mortality rate. We present a case of a 38-year-old man with invasive mucormycosis that led to a basilar artery territory stroke. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is an unusual cause of stroke. Case Report: A 38-year-old man with a past medical history of diabetes mellitus presented with altered mental status. A lumbar puncture revealed eosinophilic pleocytosis with a mildly elevated total protein and borderline low glucose level. CT revealed a left medullary and cerebellar infarct confirmed by MRI. MRI also displayed a diffuse marrow signal abnormality in the clivus with contiguous sinus disease. Endoscopic sinus surgery confirmed that the fungal sinusitis was mucormycosis of the Rhizopus genus, which had affected the left sphenoid sinus, invaded through the skull base, and involved the basilar artery. He was given liposomal amphotericin (500 mg i.v.) with posaconazole (400 mg i.v. twice daily). Due to the severity of the invasion and poor prognosis, the patient was discharged with comfort care measures. Discussion: Clinicians should be aware of invasive sinusitis as a rare cause of stroke in diabetics. Once the subarachnoid space and basal arteries of the brain have been invaded, the prognosis is very poor. The key to improvement of outcomes is early recognition and treatment, and examination of the sinuses on neuroimaging in all cases of stroke is vital.