cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vanishing of trace forms in low characteristics

A finite-dimensional representation of an algebraic group G gives a trace symmetric bilinear form on the Lie algebra of G. We give a criterion in terms of the root system data for this form to vanish. As a corollary, we show that a Lie algebra of type E8 over a field of characteristic 5 does not have a so-called “quotient trace form”, answering a question posed in the 1960s. Let G be an algebraic group over a field F , acting on a finite-dimensional vector space V via a homomorphism ρ : G → GL(V ). The differential dρ of ρ maps the Lie algebra Lie(G) of G into gl(V ), and we put Trρ for the symmetric bilinear form Trρ(x, y) := trace(dρ(x) dρ(y)) for x, y ∈ Lie(G). We call Trρ a trace form of G. Such forms appear, for example, in the hypotheses for the Jacobson-Morozov Theorem [Ca, 5.3.1]. We prove: Theorem A. Assume G is simply connected, split, and almost simple. Then the following are equivalent: (a) The characteristic of F is a torsion prime for G. (b) Every trace form of G is zero. The set of torsion primes for G is given by the following table, cf. e.g. [St 75, 1.13]: type of G torsion primes An, Cn none Bn (n ≥ 3), Dn (n ≥ 4), G2 2 F4, E6, E7 2, 3 E8 2, 3, 5 A prime p is called a torsion prime for G if the corresponding group G(C) over C (or, equivalently, its compact form) is such that one of its homology groups, with coefficients in Z, contains an element of order p. We also prove a generalization of Theorem A that removes the hypotheses “simply connected” and “split”; it is somewhat more complicated, so we leave the statement until Th. D (and Remark 4.6). Replacing the simply connected group G with a nontrivial quotient G changes the situation in two ways: the group G has “fewer” representations and the Lie algebras of G and G may be different. These two changes are reflected in the integers N(G) and E(G) defined below. As a particular example of Th. A, for G of type E8 over a field of characteristic 2, 3, or 5, Trρ is zero for every representation ρ of G. One may ask whether the same is true for the representations of the Lie algebra Lie(G). That is, for a representation ψ of Lie(G), we write Trψ for the bilinear form (x, y) 7→ trace(ψ(x)ψ(y)), and ask 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 20G05 (17B50, 17B25).
DNA Bending by AraC: a Negative Mutant

We sought a mutation in the DNA binding domain of the arabinose operon regulatory protein, AraC, of Escherichia coli that allows the protein to bind DNA normally but not activate transcription. The mutation was isolated by mutagenizing a plasmid overproducing a chimeric leucine zipper-AraC DNA binding domain and screening for proteins that were trans dominant negative with regard to wild-type AraC protein. The mutant with the lowest transcription activation of the araBAD promoter was studied further. It proved to alter a residue that had previously been demonstrated to contact DNA. Because the overproduced mutant protein still bound DNA in vivo, it is deficient in transcription activation for some reason other than absence of DNA binding. Using the phase-sensitive DNA bending assay, we found that wild-type AraC bends DNA about 90° whereas the mutant bends DNA by a smaller amount.
Clinical characterization of cardiovascular abnormalities associated with feline mucopolysaccharidosis I and VI.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to define the cardiovascular abnormalities present in young and adult cats affected with the lysosomal storage diseases mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) I and MPS VI.
Active fuzzy clustering for collaborative filtering

We present a fuzzy clustering approach to collaborative filtering. Our approach allows for users to be clustered into multiple user groups. Furthermore, our approach is active in that it can rapidly adapt to both short and long term user interest changes. Our approach is capable of on-line collaborative filtering with simultaneous clustering at the document content level, user group level, as well as document clustering based on similarity of user interests. We demonstrate the various features of the approach using a synthetic example.
Pollen-mediated gene flow in isolated and continuous stands of bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa (Fagaceae)

Original Publication: American Journal of Botany 97(12): 1999–2006, 2010; http://http://www.amjbot.org/content/97/12/1999.full.pdf © 2010 Botanical Society of America doi:10.3732/ajb.0900390
Influence of Suckling and Side of Corpus Luteum or Pregnancy on Folliculogenesis in Postpartum Cows

This study was designed to evaluate follicular development of 30 postpartum beef cows: 15 were suckled, and calves were removed from the other 15 within 24 h after birth. Ovaries were removed on Day 5 postpartum and a total of 246 follicles greater than or equal to 3 mm in diameter was obtained. Estrogen was extracted from follicular fluid and quantitated by radioimmunoassay. Atresia for each follicle was assessed by 1) follicular estrogen concentrations, and 2) evaluating mitotic and pyknotic nuclei in granulosa cells. The average weight of the ovaries and corpus lutea (CLs) did not differ between cow treatments or between locations relative to the right or left ovary. Suckled cows had smaller and fewer follicles and follicular estrogen concentrations were lower compared with follicles from nonsuckled cows. The ovary with the CL which was ipsilateral to the uterine horn of the recent pregnancy (CL ovary) compared with the ovary without the CL (non-CL ovary) had smaller follicles and lower estrogen concentrations. Only 18% of the follicles on the CL ovary compared to 48% of the follicles on the non-CL ovary were classified as healthy. The interaction of suckling and the presence of the CL significantly depressed follicular development. Follicles on the non-CL ovary from nonsuckled cows had the greatest estrogen content and percent of healthy follicles. Suckling significantly decreased follicular estrogen concentrations and the percent of healthy follicles on the non-CL ovary, and estrogen concentrations and the percentage of healthy follicles were lowest on the CL ovary from suckled cows.
Climate change and interpersonal violence: a “global” estimate and regional inequities

This study estimates the predicted impact of climate change on levels of violence in a sample of 57 countries. We sample western and non-western countries and perform a multilevel ARFIMA regression to examine if warmer temperatures are associated with higher levels of homicide. Our results indicate that each degree Celsius increase in annual temperatures is associated with a nearly 6 % average increase in homicides. Regional variation in this predicted effect is detected, for example, with no apparent effects in former Soviet countries and far stronger effects found in Africa. Such variation indicates that climate change may acutely increase violence in areas that already are affected by higher levels of homicides and other social dislocations.
Book Review: Cases and Materials on Labor Law

In this light-hearted book review – perhaps the only such work ever attempted in poetry – Professor Abrams borrows a famous verse written by John Keats to examine the new edition of the leading Labor Law casebook. The substantive review is contained in footnotes to his new poem “Upon First Looking into Cox, Bok and Gorman.”
Uncovering the True Atomic Structure of Disordered Materials: The Structure of a Hydrated Amorphous Magnesium Carbonate (MgCO3·3D2O)

Amorphous calcium/magnesium carbonates are of significant interest in the technology sector for a range of processes, including carbon storage and biomineralization. Here, the atomic structure of one hydrated amorphous magnesium carbonate (hydrated AMC, MgCO3·3D2O) is investigated using an iterative methodology, where quantum chemistry and experimental total scattering data are combined in an interactive iterative manner to produce an experimentally valid structural representation that is thermodynamically stable. The atomic structure of this hydrated AMC consists of a distribution of Mg2+ coordination states, predominately V- and VI-fold, and is heterogeneous due to the presence of Mg2+/CO32--rich regions interspersed with small ‘pores’ of water molecules. This heterogeneity at the atomic length scale is likely to contribute to the dehydration of hydrated AMC by providing a route for water molecules to be removed. We show that this iterative methodology enables wide sampling of the potential energy lands...
Notes on the Biology of Thyanta calceata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) with Information on Adult Seasonal Dimorphism1

The life history of Thyanta calceata (Say) was studied in Union County, IL, between May 1972 and October 1976. It was also reared in the laboratory. This stink bug emerged from overwintering sites in early March. The seasonal occurrence of the various developmental stages is discussed. It was dimorphic and apparently bivoltine. The 2 forms differed in temporal distribution. The incubation period in the laboratory averaged 6.8 days. Durations of the S nymphal stadia averaged 5.0, 10.3, 11.0, 12.8, and 17.8 days, respectively.
Tasks Versus Conditions: Two Perspectives on Task Research and Their Implications for Pedagogy

This chapter explores the contrast between the effects on second language performance of tasks and task characteristics, on the one hand, and the conditions under which tasks are done, on the other. The first major section explores the evidence on this issue and proposes that the impact of conditions such as pretask planning, task repetition, and posttask activities is greater and more consistent than the impact of tasks and features such as time perspective or number of elements. The second major section explores the theoretical accounts that have been proposed regarding tasks and conditions. It is suggested that deductive accounts have, so far, only had limited success regarding the use of tasks, but that psycholinguistic models of speaking do provide a looser but more useful framework to account for the effects of conditions. It is also suggested that an important difference between tasks and conditions concerns the tension between constraint and flexibility in performance and that the flexibility provided by task conditions is an important component in the more dependable results they have generated. Finally, pedagogic implications are discussed linking task conditions to the methodological choices that are available to teachers.
Large-Scale Fluorescence Calcium-Imaging Methods for Studies of Long-Term Memory in Behaving Mammals

During long-term memory formation, cellular and molecular processes reshape how individual neurons respond to specific patterns of synaptic input. It remains poorly understood how such changes impact information processing across networks of mammalian neurons. To observe how networks encode, store, and retrieve information, neuroscientists must track the dynamics of large ensembles of individual cells in behaving animals, over timescales commensurate with long-term memory. Fluorescence Ca(2+)-imaging techniques can monitor hundreds of neurons in behaving mice, opening exciting avenues for studies of learning and memory at the network level. Genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators allow neurons to be targeted by genetic type or connectivity. Chronic animal preparations permit repeated imaging of neural Ca(2+) dynamics over multiple weeks. Together, these capabilities should enable unprecedented analyses of how ensemble neural codes evolve throughout memory processing and provide new insights into how memories are organized in the brain.
Successful surgical removal of adrenal cortical adenoma causing virilism for 30 years.

(1952). Successful Surgical Removal of Adrenal Cortical Adenoma Causing Virilism for 30 Years. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 272-277.
Raw materials for wood-polymer composites.

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights that to understand Wood-Plastic Composites (WPCs) adequately, one must first understand the two main constituents. Though both are polymer-based, they are very different in origin, structure, and performance. Polymers are high molecular weight materials whose performance is largely determined by its molecular architecture. In WPCs, a polymer matrix forms the continuous phase surrounding the wood component. Those matrix polymers are typically low-cost commodity polymers that flow easily when heated, allowing for considerable processing flexibility when wood is combined with them. The polymers tend to shrink and swell with temperature but absorb little moisture and can be effective barriers to moisture intrusion in a well-designed composite. The chapter explores the basic structure and properties of polymers and wood individually to lay a foundation for a greater understanding of the composites made from them. Basic concepts and properties are briefly summarized in the chapter with emphasis on materials common to current commercial technology.
Comparing tree-ring and permanent plot estimates of aboveground net primary production in three eastern U.S. forests

Forests account for a large portion of sequestered carbon, much of which is stored as wood in trees. The rate of carbon accumulation in aboveground plant material, or aboveground net primary productivity (aNPP), quantifies annual to decadal variations in forest carbon sequestration. Permanent plots are often used to estimate aNPP but are usually not annually resolved and take many years to develop a long data set. Tree rings are a unique and infrequently used source for measuring aNPP, and benefit from fine spatial (individual trees) and temporal (annual) resolution. Because of this precision, tree rings are complementary to permanent plots and the suite of tools used to study forest productivity. Here we evaluate whether annual estimates of aNPP developed from tree rings approximate estimates derived from colocated permanent plots. We studied a lowland evergreen (Howland, Maine), mixed deciduous (Harvard Forest, Massachusetts), and mixed mesophytic (Fernow, West Virginia) forest in the eastern United States. Permanent plots at the sites cover an area of 2–3 ha, and we use these areas as benchmarks indicative of the forest stand. We simulate random draws of permanent plot subsets to describe the distribution of aNPP estimates given a sampling area size equivalent to the tree-ring plots. Though mean tree-ring aNPP underestimates permanent plot aNPP slightly at Howland and Fernow and overestimates at Harvard Forest when compared with the entire permanent plot, it is within the 95% confidence interval of the random draws of equal-sized sampling area at all sites. To investigate whether tree-ring aNPP can be upscaled to the stand, we conducted a second random draw of permanent plot subsets simulating a twofold increase in sampling area. aNPP estimates from this distribution were not significantly different from results of the initial sampling area, though variance decreased as sampling area approaches stand area. Despite several concerns to consider when using tree rings to reconstruct aNPP (e.g., upscaling, allometric, and sampling uncertainties), the benefits are apparent, and we call for the continued application of tree rings in carbon cycle studies across a broader range of species diversity, productivity, and disturbance histories to fully develop this potential.
Introduction to Organ Fabrication

This chapter is designed to serve as an introduction to the field of xorgan fabrication. We begin by presenting a discussion on the chronic shortage of donor organs and the potential impact of bioartificial organs. We then discuss the field of organ fabrication in relation to other investigational research areas like genetic and protein engineering, cell transplantation and tissue engineering. We next describe specific steps in the organ fabrication pathway, which include cell sourcing, biomaterial synthesis, decellularization technology and bioreactor culture and conditioning. With this background in place, we describe specific examples from the literature, including fabrication of artificial liver, artificial lung and artificial pancreas. While the field of organ fabrication is promising, there are many scientific and technological challenges associated with every stage of the organ fabrication pathway. In the next section, we discuss some of these scientific and technological challenges that need to be overcome in order to move the field of organ fabrication forward. While bioartificial organs have the potential to create a significant impact in the field of organ transplantation, there are many other applications for bioartificial organs. In the next section, we describe one such potential application—the utilization of bioartificial organs as models for basic research. We conclude this chapter by describing the technology development pathway for bioartificial organs, including model development and validation studies and Phase I, Phase II and Phase III clinical trials.
Reoperation rates after open and endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repairs

Abstract Objective This study compared reoperation rates associated with open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair (OR) outcomes vs endovascular AAA repair (EVAR). Methods A retrospective review of the Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Project data was performed with inclusion criteria defined as all patients who underwent AAA repair from October 1, 2007, to October 1, 2013. The primary outcome was the incidence of reoperations. Reoperations included subsequent OR or EVAR procedures performed on the abdominal aorta or iliac arteries, surgical treatment of temporally related bowel obstruction, as well as treatment of abdominal or groin wound complications ≤6 months and treatment of bowel or lower limb ischemia ≤10 days. Results Of 6677 patients who underwent AAA repair, 476 (7.1%) required reoperations. OR was associated with a higher rate of reoperations overall (10.0% vs 6.3%; P P = .01) and lower extremity ischemia (0.5% and 0.06%; P P P Conclusions The long-term burden of reoperations after OR may actually be more significant than current understanding when including all possible abdominal complications in an extended analysis. Future prospective trials should include all potential reoperations extended >30 days with associated cost analysis. As surgical innovation in EVAR technology advances, complication comparisons with OR should undergo frequent re-evaluation given that endovascular indications and outcomes continue to expand and improve.
Effect of inadequate access to radiologists on the benefits of screening mammography.

e17527 Background: The benefits of breast cancer screening by mammography may be reduced because of insufficient follow-up diagnostic tests in underserved areas. This study examined the role of hea...
How Do Franchise Ownership Structure and Strategic Investment Emphasis Influence Stock Returns and Risks

Abstract Franchisors seek to maximize firm value by managing investments both in tangible and intangible assets and in the mix of company and franchised outlets, yet little is known about how investors respond to shifts in these strategic decisions. Our goal is to assess the impact of these decisions on shareholder value within franchise systems through panel-data models. Specifically, we provide evidence on how investors in publicly traded franchises evaluate both the ownership structure and the strategic investment emphasis between intangible assets (e.g., brand) and tangible assets (e.g., plant and property). We find that an increase in the proportion of franchised units is negatively associated both with stock returns and idiosyncratic risk. In contrast, an increase in the emphasis on strategic investments in intangible assets is positively associated both with stock returns and idiosyncratic risk. Moreover, strategic investment emphasis moderates the strength of the effect of franchise ownership structure when firms franchise internationally. Overall, this research provides a novel empirical examination of franchising economics and has managerial implications for franchised channel structure.
Sustainable alternative fuels in aviation.

Abstract In recent years, renewable energy resources have become more important due to the limited number of regions for production of petroleum-based fuels, which are continuously depleting. The aviation sector in terms of commercial and cargo transportation has an increasing need for conventional, as well as, alternative fuels. Derivatives of petroleum fuels used in aviation have negative impacts on air quality. Factors causing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in the aviation sector must be reduced. However, such fuels used in the aviation sector are not sustainable. Biofuels which have the potential to replace petroleum fuels and help with emissions are heavily investigated in developed countries for independency, creating a better environment and sustainability. Biofuels which are already used for ground vehicles could also be implemented in the aviation sector to reduce fuel cost and emissions. Overall, aviation fuels made of sustainable resources would also support social and economic development. Numerous industrial initiatives have emerged to find alternative ways to attain bio-aviation fuels. Therefore, there is an increasing level of research with regards to alternative aviation fuels made of biomass in recent years. It is important to obtain basic feedstocks and to develop biofuel production processes in a cost-effective way. This study examines the necessity and the types of biofuels in the aviation sector. By designing unique fuel systems for air vehicles, it is possible to formulate biofuels which can be used for both air and ground vehicle applications. This type of consensus would help with sustainability and a better environment.
Paid Maternity Leave in the United States: Associations with Maternal and Infant Health

Objectives The United States is one of only three countries worldwide with no national policy guaranteeing paid leave to employed women who give birth. While maternity leave has been linked to improved maternal and child outcomes in international contexts, up-to-date research evidence in the U.S. context is needed to inform current policy debates on paid family leave. Methods Using data from Listening to Mothers III, a national survey of women ages 18-45 who gave birth in 2011-2012, we conducted multivariate logistic regression to predict the likelihood of outcomes related to infant health, maternal physical and mental health, and maternal health behaviors by the use and duration of paid maternity leave. Results Use of paid and unpaid leave varied significantly by race/ethnicity and household income. Women who took paid maternity leave experienced a 47% decrease in the odds of re-hospitalizing their infants (95% CI 0.3, 1.0) and a 51% decrease in the odds of being re-hospitalized themselves (95% CI 0.3, 0.9) at 21 months postpartum, compared to women taking unpaid or no leave. They also had 1.8 times the odds of doing well with exercise (95% CI 1.1, 3.0) and stress management (95% CI 1.1, 2.8), compared to women taking only unpaid leave. Conclusions for Practice Paid maternity leave significantly predicts lower odds of maternal and infant re-hospitalization and higher odds of doing well with exercise and stress management. Policies aimed at expanding access to paid maternity and family leave may contribute toward reducing socio-demographic disparities in paid leave use and its associated health benefits.
Optimization of ALD high-k gate dielectric to improve AlGaN/GaN MOS-HFET DC characteristics and reliability

This presents DC electrical characteristics and reliabilities of AlGaN/GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor heterojunction-field-effect transistors (MOS-HFETs) with HfO 2 gate dielectric deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Two types of oxidants were investigated, namely, water (H 2 O) and ozone (O 3 ) for the ALD deposition. The comparison study reveals that GaN MOSHFETs with O 3 oxidant results in overall better device performance and reliability than water based oxidant due to improved HfO 2 /GaN interface quality. For a 20nm ALD HfO 2 gate dielectric, MOS-HFET with O 3 oxidant has less threshold voltage (V TH ) shift with respect to HFET (1.8V), higher transconductance (112.66 mS/mm), less on-resistance, and less gate leakage (5.4×10−6 A/cm2) compared to MOS-HFET with water oxidant where V TH shift with respect to HFET is 9.15V, transconductance is 81.38 mS/mm and gate leakage is 1.7×10−4 A/cm2. Moreover, significant improvement in device reliability (V TH shift is less than 0.5V) is observed with O 3 oxidant at high-temperature reverse bias (HTRB).
Does sustainable intensification of maize production enhance child nutrition? Evidence from rural Tanzania

Food insecurity, child malnutrition, and land degradation remain persistent problems in sub‐Saharan Africa. Agricultural sustainable intensification (SI) has been proposed as a possible solution to simultaneously address these challenges. Yet there is little empirical evidence on if agricultural management practices and inputs that contribute to SI from an environmental standpoint do indeed improve food security or child nutrition. We use three waves of data from the nationally‐representative Tanzania National Panel Survey to analyze the child nutrition effects of rural households’ adoption of farming practices that can contribute to the SI of maize production. We group households into four categories based on their use of three soil fertility management practices on their maize plots: “Nonadoption”; “Intensification” (use of inorganic fertilizer only); “Sustainable” (use of organic fertilizer, maize–legume intercropping, or both); and “SI” (joint use of inorganic fertilizer with organic fertilizer and/or maize–legume intercropping). The results from multinomial endogenous treatment effects models with the Mundlak–Chamberlain device suggest that use of practices in the “SI” category is associated with improvements in children's height‐for‐age and weight‐for‐age z‐scores relative to “Nonadoption,” particularly for children aged 25–59 months. These effects appear to come through improvements in both crop income and productivity.
Reversible enzyme inhibitors as mechanistic probes.

Publisher Summary Although competitive inhibitors have been used extensively for a variety of reasons in enzyme experiments, their value as tools, for making a choice of kinetic mechanism, from among possible alternatives, was not realized until 1962, when Fromm and Zewe suggested that competitive inhibitors of substrates could be used to differentiate between the random and ordered mechanisms. Furthermore, in the latter case, a determination of the substrate binding order could be made from such experiments. This protocol is quite likely to be the simplest approach for differentiating between ordered and random Bi Bi possibilities. In addition, it has the advantage of permitting the kineticist to come to definitive conclusions from the studies of reactions in a single direction only. Its obvious limitation involves the requirement that a competitive inhibitor be available for each substrate. However, when other initial rate data are available, a good deal of information, concerning the kinetic mechanism, may be provided from the experiments with only one substrate analog even for Bi and Ter reactant systems. In this chapter, it is assumed that the competitive inhibitor, which is usually a substrate analog, when bound to the enzyme, will not permit product formation to occur. These inhibitors are then dead-end inhibitors as contrasted with “partial” competitive inhibitors that when associated with the enzyme allow the formation of product either at a reduced or accelerated rate. In addition, it is assumed here that enzyme-inhibitor complex formation occurs rapidly relative to other steps in the reaction pathway.
Historical Perspectives on Chinese Written Language and Literacy Education in China

Since its first recorded form in oracle bone script some 3,500 years ago, Chinese written language has been a non-alphabetic language. Chinese literacy acquisition throughout history has centered on the role of written language in different time periods. This chapter highlights characteristics of Chinese written language that affect its acquisition and presents a historical outline, dynasty by dynasty, of literacy development and literacy education throughout Chinese history. The authors suggest that literacy acquisition and instruction in China should be understood in the context of the unique dialect situation of China, corresponding social and cultural needs, the ideographic/logographic nature of written Chinese, and policy-makers’ views of the functions of literacy. The chapter summarizes the most salient features of literacy learning practices in ancient China and concludes with implications of the historical survey that are relevant for literacy education and policy makers.
THE EJECTION-SWEEP CHARACTER OF SCALAR FLUXES IN THE UNSTABLE SURFACE LAYER

In the atmospheric surface layer, it is widely accepted that ejection andsweep eddy motions, typically associated with coherent structures, areresponsible for much of the land-surface evaporation, sensible heat, andmomentum fluxes. The present study analyzes the ejection-sweep propertiesusing velocity and scalar fluctuation measurements over tall natural grassand bare soil surfaces. It is shown that momentum ejections and sweeps occurat equal frequencies (D eject ≈ D sweep ≈ 0.29) irrespective of surfaceroughness length or atmospheric stability conditions. Also, their magnitudesare comparable to values reported from open channel velocity measurements (Dsweep ≈ 0.33; D eject ≈: 0.30). The scalar D eject is constant andsimilar in magnitude to the momentum D eject( ≈ 0.29) over both surfacesand for a wide range of atmospheric stability conditions, in contrast to thescalar D sweep. The scalar sweep frequency is shown to depend on the scalarskewness for the dynamic convective and free convective sublayers, but isidentical to D eject for the dynamic sublayer. The threshold scalar skewnessat which the D sweep dependence occurs is 0.25, in agreement with theaccepted temperature skewness value at near-neutral conditions. In contrastto a previous surface-layer experiment, this investigation demonstrates thatthe third-order cumulant expansion method (CEM) reproduces the measuredrelative flux contribution of ejections and sweeps (ΔS0) for momentumand scalars at both sites. Furthermore, a linkage between ΔS0 and thescalar variance budget is derived via the third-order CEM in analogy tomomentum. It is shown that ΔS0 can be related to the flux divergenceterm and that such a relationship can be estimated from surface-layersimilarity theory, and the three sublayer model of Kader and Yaglom andproposed similarity functions.
The Weighted-Average Cost of Capital

This note provides a conceptual introduction to the weighted-average cost of capital (WACC). It discusses and provides examples of calculating the WACC and its components. It is useful as a parallel reading for cases that require estimation of WACC or as background reading for a class discussion of WACC and its use as a hurdle rate. Excerpt UVA-F-1185 Rev. Dec. 18, 2013 THE WEIGHTED-AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL Most firms finance their assets with some combination of equity and debt. Figure 1 illustrates the situation. For many purposes, it is often useful to calculate an average of the equity and debt returns. In effect, we lump all suppliers of funds together and calculate a weighted-average cost of capital (WACC). This figure is thus the cost of raising funds given whatever mix of financing the firm has chosen. The same concept is sometimes referred to as the weighted-average required return, since investors' required returns are equivalent to the cost to the firm of raising capital. The WACC measures the rate of return investors require from a company, given the firm's existing business risk and financial strategy. As a result, the WACC is an important benchmark for financial performance. A firm creates value for investors only if its earned returns can exceed investors' requirements. Thus the WACC can be used as a required rate of return in evaluating a company's average risk-investment opportunities or to calculate capital charges for economic value-added calculations. If a firm can earn returns higher than its WACC on its average risk investments, it will create value for shareholders. One word of caution. A firm's WACC is based on the mix of its current businesses. If the firm were to move into much more risky ventures, then its current WACC would not reflect investors' reaction to the increased risk. One approach companies use to gauge a benchmark for such higher-risk pursuits is estimating a WACC for another company—one which is primarily in a riskier line of operations. . . .
Programmed cell death 4 (pdcd4) tumor suppressor protein is constitutively repressed by PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, NF-kb and c-myc in acute myeloid leukemia cells

5228 Programmed cell death 4(PDCD4) is a novel tumor suppressor protein that inhibits cap-dependent mRNA translation and exerts transformation-suppressing activity by inhibiting the helicase activity of eIF4A. Downregulation of PDCD4 expression has been associated with resistance to chemotherapy and bad prognostic factor in solid tumors. Recently, we reported that all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) causes translational suppression through multiple posttranscriptional mechanisms, including induction of translation inhibitor DAP5/p97/NAT1 and inhibits expression of translation initiation factors expression leading to suppression of mRNA translation initiation, a rate limiting step of protein synthesis (Blood, 104 (5) 1314-23, 2004). We also reported that ATRA treatment induced marked dose-dependent PDCD4 expression and nuclear translocation of PDCD4 in acute promyelocytic and myeloid leukemia cells (AML) ( Mol Cancer Res, 5(1):95-108 2007). Currently, the regulation of PDCD4 is not well understood in AML. Here we investigated the regulation of PDCD4 in acute myeloid leukemia cells. We have shown that ATRA induces PDCD4 protein and mRNA expression in AML cells. PDCD4 induction is associated with downregulation of phosphorylation (Ser473)Akt (p-Akt) and c-myc expression. ATRA failed to induce PDCD4 expression in U937 and THP-1 AML cells, which have overactivation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Specific inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway with, PI3K (LY294002), mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin),or transduction of of cells with PTEN expressing adenovirual vector induced ATRA-dependent and independent PDCD4 expression in NB4 and U937 cells. PI3K inhibitors (LY294002 and wortmannin) and mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin) induced PDCD4 mRNA expression, suggesting that PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway suppresses PDCD4 expression at the transcriptional level. Because ATRA downregulates c-myc expression and NF-kB and c-myc have been shown to be regulated by PI3K/Akt pathway we inhibited NF-kB by a specific inhibitor (JSH-23) and c-myc by siRNA found upregulation of PDCD4 protein, suggesting that PI3K/Akt pathway represses PDCD4 through NF-kB and c-myc and ATRA induces PDCD4 expression through downregulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and c-myc transcription factor. In conclusion, our data reveals that PDCD4 expression is constitutively repressed by PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway , NF-kB and c-myc in AML cells.
The Integrated Clinical Education Strategic Initiatives Project-Development of Parameters to Guide Harmonization in Clinical Education: A Scoping Review.

Background Clinical education curricular models specifically related to integrated clinical education (ICE) vary across physical therapist education programs. The interconnectedness of ICE to the advancement of a shared vision for clinical education in professional physical therapist education needs investigating. Purpose The purpose of this scoping review was to: (1) define ICE, (2) define baseline expectations and parameters of ICE, and (3) discern and describe current ICE models. Data sources Databases accessed included Medline, MedlinePlus with Full, CINAHL, and CINAHL Plus with full text. Study selection A multimodal data collection scoping review was completed. Data collection included survey research, a systematic review of the literature, and a series of focus groups. The McMaster Critical Appraisal Tool assessed methodological study quality. A qualitative, metasynthesis approach was used for data synthesis. Consensus agreement produced results. Data extraction Twenty-two articles were included in the literature review from the health disciplines of medicine, nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech-language pathology. Data synthesis produced 8 parameters defining the factors essential to categorizing clinical education experiences as ICE in physical therapist education. The 8 parameters and ICE definition are supported by a description of models of ICE that currently exist within health profession curricula. Data synthesis Data synthesis followed a qualitative, metasynthesis approach. Themes emerged from the surveys, literature review, and focus group data. Patterns were compared, analyzed, and synthesized to generate the themes and ICE parameters. Limitations Selection bias from the literature search could have limited the richness of the model descriptions by unintentional exclusion of articles, and might limit the applicability of results beyond the United States. Sampling bias from survey and focus groups, although purposeful, might have limited a broader description of current viewpoints about ICE. However, the data sources, including multiple health profession perspectives coupled with consensus agreement, provide sound evidence in development of profession-based parameters. Conclusions The results of this scoping review provide the profession with a standard definition of ICE and parameters that can guide a program in designing a curriculum using ICE experiences as a foundation. A recommended next step is to design education research studies using reliable and valid outcome measures across programs to determine impact and effectiveness of ICE as an educational intervention.
Viruses of Polar Aquatic Environments.

The poles constitute 14% of the Earth’s biosphere: The aquatic Arctic surrounded by land in the north, and the frozen Antarctic continent surrounded by the Southern Ocean. In spite of an extremely cold climate in addition to varied topographies, the polar aquatic regions are teeming with microbial life. Even in sub-glacial regions, cellular life has adapted to these extreme environments where perhaps there are traces of early microbes on Earth. As grazing by macrofauna is limited in most of these polar regions, viruses are being recognized for their role as important agents of mortality, thereby influencing the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients that, in turn, impact community dynamics at seasonal and spatial scales. Here, we review the viral diversity in aquatic polar regions that has been discovered in the last decade, most of which has been revealed by advances in genomics-enabled technologies, and we reflect on the vast extent of the still-to-be explored polar microbial diversity and its “enigmatic virosphere”.
Richard L. Frierson, MD: Teacher, Mentor, Advocate for Forensic Psychiatry

As a third-year general psychiatry resident, I developed an interest in pursuing forensic psychiatry fellowship training. I was fortunate to have a forensic psychiatrist as my outpatient caseload supervisor, and he taught me what forensic psychiatry was, what it wasn't, and how it could help me
A 1–5GHz Direct-Digital RF Modulator with an Embedded Time-Approximation Filter Achieving -43dB EVM at 1024 QAM

This paper presents a 1–5GHz direct-digital RF modulator with an embedded time-approximation filter (TAF) to suppress out-of-band noise floor. The proposed TAF technique approximates a FIR impulse response in time domain via a modulated LO waveform, leading to an equivalent RF bandpass filtering during the frequency up-conversion process. The silicon prototype achieves - 43dB EVM for a 10MHz 1024 QAM signal at 2.4GHz with peak stopband noise rejection of > 50 dB.
Sex Differences in the Prevalence and Incidence of Cognitive Impairment: Does Immigration Matter?

Objectives We aimed to examine the associations between immigration-related factors and prevalent and incident cognitive impairment (CI) and whether the associations varied by sex among US Chinese older adults. Design Two-wave prospective study. Setting The greater Chicago area. Participants Community-dwelling adults aged 60 and older who self-identified as Chinese, who were interviewed at two time points during 2011-2013 (N = 3157) and 2013-2015 (N = 2713). Measurements CI was assessed by the 30-item Chinese Mini-Mental State Examination (C-MMSE). CI prevalence was determined by the percentage of respondents whose C-MMSE score was below 18 at baseline (N = 3033), and CI incidence was determined by the percentage of the respondents whose score was 18 or above at baseline (N = 2443) but dropped below 18 at wave 2. Immigration-related factors included age at migration, immigration reasons, and acculturation. Results The CI prevalence rate was 7.62% at baseline, and the incidence rate was 5.12% at wave 2. Women were more likely than men to have CI, consisting of 77.06% and 75.20% among persons with CI at the time points. None of the immigration-related factors were related to CI prevalence and incidence. Older age, fewer years of education, and more instrumental activities of daily living limitations were risk factors of CI in the whole, male, and female samples. Conclusion Older Chinese women were generally disadvantaged in cognition and overall health as compared with older Chinese men. Yet immigration experience does not link to CI for both men and women after equalizing the well-established effects of age and education on cognition. Future research needs to investigate whether the risk of CI in late life is related to the biological and contextual factors earlier in the life course. Decreasing sex disparities in the risk of dementia may focus on reducing educational and health disparities in the early life stage. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:S513-S518, 2019.
Blended Learning: Balancing the Best of Both Worlds for Adult Learners:

Blended, or hybrid, courses have often been touted as the ideal way to facilitate learning as they allow learners to interact in both face-to-face and online settings, thereby experiencing the “bes...
When You're a Star: The Unnamed Wrong of Sexual Degradation

The #MeToo movement is often criticized for its conflation of sexual assault, sexual harassment, and offensive but not legally actionable behavior. This objection is often accompanied by criticism of #MeToo’s failure to adhere to the legal paradigms that inform sexual assault and harassment, presumably setting back the efforts to advance them. Finally, the #MeToo movement is often faulted for its failure to accord those it accuses with the procedural safeguards of due process. Responding to these objections, this Article claims that instead of viewing #MeToo only as an effort to make the prohibition of sexual assault and harassment more effectual, we should also understand it as the attempt to articulate the moral wrong of sexual degradation that has so far been hidden in the shadow of extant legal wrongs. In this, the Article claims, #MeToo is the continuation of the mutuality approach in legal scholarship, developed in response to a transactional shift that has taken hold of rape law. This Article further argues that, in its evolution from a scholarly debate to a mass public discourse, the wrong of sexual degradation has taken on three distinct features. First, like sexual harassment, sexual degradation revolves around the communicative and intentional aspects of the harm rather than its tangible effects. Second, although sexual degradation subscribes to the mutuality paradigm’s condemnation of using nonsexual leverage against another individual’s sexual judgment, #MeToo tends to reserve condemnation to cases in which such leveraging takes place against the backdrop of domination, allowing the transgressor to use nonsexual eminence to trump the victim’s sexual judgment. Third, unlike the mutuality paradigm, #MeToo’s conception of sexual degradation commonly disregards sexual degradation that occurs as a result of relational domination, effectively creating a relational exemption.
Complications of Hemorrhagic Shock and Massive Transfusion-a Comparison Before and After the Damage Control Resuscitation Era.

ABSTRACT Trauma remains a leading cause of death, and hemorrhage is the leading cause of preventable trauma deaths. Resuscitation strategies in trauma have changed dramatically over the last 20 years. In the pre damage control resuscitation (DCR) era, we used large volume crystalloid resuscitation and packed red blood cells as the primary resuscitative fluids. Now, a 1:1:1 ratio of packed red blood cells, fresh plasma, and platelets with minimal crystalloids is the preferred resuscitative strategy (DCR era). As we have changed how we resuscitate patients, the detrimental effects associated with large volume resuscitation have also changed. In this article, we review the effects of large volume blood product resuscitation, and where possible present a contrast between the pre-DCR era and the DCR era resuscitation strategies.
Contralateral breast cancer risk and endocrine therapy use in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ treated with unilateral mastectomy in the modern era

Abstract Background In patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), the risk of developing contralateral breast cancer (CBC) and the role of adjuvant endocrine therapy (ET) in decreasing CBC risk is not well understood. Methods A retrospective review was performed on patients with DCIS who underwent a unilateral mastectomy (UM) from 2000 to 2010. CBC incidence, time to CBC and disease free survival were evaluated for women who took ET versus those who did not. Results 176 patients underwent a UM for DCIS, 72% were ER positive and 16% of patients took ET. At a median of 12 year follow up, 15 patients experienced CBC. Women over 63 years had highest incidence of CBC. CBC risk was not different between those who took ET versus those who did not. Conclusion The overall incidence of CBC was 9% in our DCIS cohort and was not significantly different among patients who took ET versus those who did not.
The interstellar redding law in the ultraviolet deduced from filter photometry obtained by the OAO-2 satellite

Filter photometry has been obtained of 16 BO stars at ten effective wavelengths in the range 4250-1430 A. The wavelength dependence of the interstellar reddening law, deduced from a least squares fit of the observed values to the reddening line at each band, is found in satisfactory agreement with that derived by Bless and Savage (1972). Toward the shorter wavelengths the increase of the computed probable error of the slope of the mean reddening line suggests that large fluctuations in the law may occur from star to star. Similar computations, separating main-sequence stars and supergiants, indicate that the large fluctuations of the law appear to be well related to the luminosity of the stars; the supergiants show systematically less extinction, this deficiency becoming large toward the far UV. The small number in the sample however, does not allow a general conclusion to be drawn.
Atmospheric calorimetry above 1019 ev: Shooting lasers at the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory

The Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory uses the earth's atmosphere as a calorimeter to measure extensive air-showers created by particles of astrophysical origin. Some of these particles carry joules of energy. At these extreme energies, test beams are not available in the conventional sense. Yet understanding the energy response of the observatory is important. For example, the propagation distance of the highest energy cosmic-rays through the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) is predicted to be strong function of energy. This paper will discuss recently reported results from the observatory and the use of calibrated pulsed UV laser "test-beams" that simulate the optical signatures of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. The status of the much larger 200,000 km3 companion detector planned for the northern hemisphere will also be outlined.