cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dose-Responsive Gene Expression Changes in Juvenile and Adult Mummichogs ( Fundulus heteroclitus ) after Arsenic Exposure

The present study investigated arsenic's effects on mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus), while also examining what role that gender or exposure age might play. Adult male and female mummichogs were exposed to 172 ppb, 575 ppb, or 1720 ppb arsenic as sodium arsenite for 10 days immediately prior to spawning. No differences were noted in the number or viability of eggs between the groups, but there was a significant increase in deformities in 1720 ppb arsenic exposure group. Total RNA from adult livers or 6-week old juveniles was used to probe custom macroarrays for changes in gene expression. In females, 3% of the genes were commonly differentially expressed in the 172 and 575 ppb exposure groups compared to controls. In the males, between 1.1 and 3% of the differentially expressed genes were in common between the exposure groups. Several genes, including apolipoprotein and serum amyloid precursor were commonly expressed in either a dose-responsive manner or were dose-specific, but consistent across genders. These patterns of regulation were confirmed by QPCR. These findings will provide us with a better understanding of the effects of dose, gender, and exposure age on the response to arsenic.
Strain gradient plasticity for amorphous and crystalline polymers with application to micro- and nano-scale deformation analysis

Abstract Microscale mechanical responses of semicrystalline glassy polymers are of utmost importance when these materials are deployed in microstructural applications, e.g. MEMS and NEMS. The classical continuum plasticity theories become ill-posed in the case of highly localized deformations and they result in mesh dependent Finite Element (FE) solutions. Then the continuum theories may not directly be applicable to study stress–strain responses in nano- and micro-scale structures. The non-local modeling approach is one solution to this deficiency in which the non-local effects, associated with the presence of highly localized plastic deformation fields, are integrated into the constitutive relations. The microstructural information together with the intrinsic material length scale are incorporated in these theories to take into account the non-local effects and to ensure the well-posedness of the governing equations. While non-local theories have been extensively investigated for Metals (class M materials), this work aims to develop a rate dependent plasticity theory with strain gradient effects for semicrystalline Polymers (class P materials).
Nursing Care: A Concept Analysis

TOPIC. The term nursing care is widely used throughout nursing and allied health literature; however, the meaning of the term is not clear. PURPOSE. The purpose of this analysis is to explore the essence of the term nursing care and to develop an operational definition of the concept. SOURCES OF INFORMATION. Using the Walker and Avant (2005) method, dictionaries, thesauruses, and current nursing literature are studied for meanings, usages, and attributes. Model, borderline, and contrary cases are also presented. CONCLUSIONS. Intended as a preliminary exploration of nursing care, this work serves as the foundation for further study of the concept.
Freedom of Thought and Ideological Coexistence

In recent years one could observe a number of occurrences within the Communist world-movement which aroused the impression that attempts were being made, if not to sever the bond between Marxism and Weltanschauung, then at least to loosen it considerably.1 Previously the Communists had not only declared that Marxism represents a complete Weltanschauung, but they also made the claim, at least within the sphere of Soviet Communism, of leading the whole population, and not only the party members, to this Weltanschauung!
The Role of Interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Ocular Replication and Eye Disease

To assess the relative effect of interleukin (IL)-2- and IL-4-dependent immune responses on herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infection, naive, vaccinated, and mock-vaccinated IL-2 0/0 and IL-4 0/0 knockout mice were challenged ocularly with HSV-1. Naive IL-2 0/0 mice were significantly more susceptible to lethal infection than IL-4 0/0 or parental BALB/c mice. Vaccinated, IL-2 0/0 , IL-4 0/0 , and BALB/c mice induced similar neutralizing antibody titers and were completely protected against HSV-1-induced death and corneal scarring. Vaccinated and mock-vaccinated IL-2 0/0 mice had significantly higher HSV-1 titers in their eyes than BALB/c mice, while vaccinated and mock-vaccinated IL-4 0/0 mice had significantly lower HSV- 1 titers in their eyes than BALB/c mice. Recombinant (r) IL-2 treatment of the IL-2 0/0 mice significantly reduced ocular HSV-1 replications, but rIL-4 treatment of IL-4 0/0 mice significantly increased ocular HSV- replications. Th (IL-2) cytokine responses may help protect mice against ocular HSV-1 challenge and reduce ocular HSV-1 replication.
A Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 Snapshot Survey of 2MASS-selected Red QSOs

Using simple infrared color selection, the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) has found a large number of red, previously unidentified, radio-quiet quasi-stellar objects (QSOs). Although missed by UV/optical surveys, the 2MASS QSOs have Ks-band luminosities that are comparable to "classical" QSOs. This suggests the possible discovery of a previously predicted large population of dust-obscured radio-quiet QSOs. We present the results of an imaging survey of 29 2MASS QSOs observed with the Wide-Field Planetary Camera 2 on board the Hubble Space Telescope. I-band images, which benefit from the relative faintness of the nuclei at optical wavelengths, are used to characterize the host galaxies, measure the nuclear contribution to the total observed I-band emission, and survey the surrounding environments. The 2MASS QSOs are found to lie in galaxies with a variety of morphologies, luminosities, and dynamical states, not unlike those hosting radio-quiet Palomar-Green QSOs. Our analysis suggests that the extraordinary red colors of the 2MASS QSOs are caused by extinction of an otherwise typical QSO spectrum due to dust near the nucleus.
Down-regulation of central receptors for thyrotropin-releasing hormone in kappa opiate agonist-induced abstinence in the rat.

The effect of U-50,488H, a selective kappa opiate agonist, on tolerance-dependence and abstinence on the TRH receptors of the spinal cord and discrete regions of the brain of male Sprague-Dawley rats was determined. Rats were injected intraperitoneally twice daily with 25 mg/kg of U-50,488H for 4 days. Rats serving as controls were injected with the vehicle. On day 5, rats which were labeled as tolerant to U-50,488H were injected with U-50,488H (25 mg/kg) and sacrificed 1 hr later, whereas those labeled as abstinent were sacrificed without any injection. The above procedure has been previously shown to produce a high degree of tolerance to the analgesic and hypothermie effects of U-50,488H. The spinal cord and regions of the brain (hippocampus, cortex, midbrain, hypothalamus, corpus striatum, pons and medulla, and amygdala) were isolated for binding studies. The ligand [3H]MeTRH was used for TRH receptors. The binding constants, Bmaxand Kd values, of [3H]MeTRH to bind to membranes prepared from various regions of the brain and spinal cord of rats tolerant-dependent on U-50,488H were unaffected. However, in rats abstinent to U-50,488H, the binding of [3H]MeTRH to membranes of the hypothalamus, and pons and medulla, was decreased. The decreased binding of [3H]MeTRH to hypothalamic membranes was due to changes in Bmax value, while in pons and medulla it was due to an increase in the Kd value. The results suggest that the development of tolerance to the pharmacological effects of U-50,488H does not alter central TRH receptors but abstinence from U-50,488H is associated with down-regulation of TRH in specific sites in the brain, namely hypothalamus, and pons and medulla. The results provide further evidence for an interaction between kappa opiates and TRH receptors
A Note on the Estimation of Autocorrelation in Repeated Measurements

Abstract Maximum likelihood and the method of moments have been popular methods of estimation for analyzing repeated measurements with autocorrelation. They are used for normal and non-normal data respectively. An alternative is the quasi-least squares method of estimation. This method, based on the principle of generalized least squares, does not make any distributional assumptions and differs from the two popular methods in estimating the autocorrelation. In this paper we study large sample properties of the three methods of estimation for unbalanced data. Using asymptotic relative efficiency criterion, for normally distributed measurements we show that the quasi-least squares estimates are better than the moment estimates and are good competitors to the maximum likelihood estimates. Furthermore, using simulations we show that the quasi-least squares estimates are more efficient than the maximum likelihood and moment estimates on a wide range of the correlation parameter if the data is non-normal. Thus ...
Basal body addition in ciliary rows of Tetrahymena pyriformis

Naked basal bodies in the Tetrahymena cortex are distributed as would be expected if they represent nascent ciliary units. They tend to be spaced alternately with ciliated basal bodies and are distributed throughout the length of the ciliary rows in the regions examined.
Inhibitors of Tubulin Assembly Identified through Screening a Compound Library

Tubulin is the proposed target for drugs against cancer and helminths and is also a validated target in kinetoplastid parasites. With the aim of identifying new lead compounds against Leishmania sp., tubulin isolated from L. tarentolae was used to screen a 10 000 compound library. One compound, Chembridge No. 7992831 (5), displayed an IC(50) of 13 microm against Leishmania tubulin in an in vitro assembly assay and showed a greater than threefold selectivity over mammalian tubulin. Another compound, Chembridge No. 9067250 (8), exhibited good activity against mammalian tubulin (IC(50) = 5.0 microm). This compound was also toxic to several cancer cell lines with IC(50) values in the region of 1 microm. Subsequent testing of analogues of 8 contained within the library identified two compounds with greater potency against mammalian tubulin (IC(50) values of 1.1 and 2.8 microm). The more potent antitubulin agent also showed promising activity against cancer cell lines in vitro, with IC(50) values ranging from 0.18 to 0.73 microm.
Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and functional impairment among OEF and OIF National Guard and Reserve veterans

The aims of the present investigation were (a) to examine associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; diagnosis and symptoms) and different aspects of functioning, severity, and subjective distress among Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom National Guard and Reserve veterans, and (b) to examine the unique contribution of PTSD symptom clusters to different aspects of functioning and distress. Participants were 124 veterans who had returned from war-zone deployment. A PTSD diagnosis and PTSD symptoms were significantly associated with nearly all of the psychosocial functioning and distress measures, controlling for Axis I disorders and other covariates. Of the PTSD symptom clusters, numbing/avoidance symptoms were the strongest predictors of interpersonal and social functioning, and hyperarousal symptoms were the strongest predictors of overall severity and distress.
An agglutinin with unique specificity for N-glycolyl sialic acid residues of thyroglobulin in the hemolymph of a marine crab Scylla serrata (Forskal).

A novel agglutinin with specificity for sialic acid sequence of sugars in thyroglobulin is identified in the hemolymph ofScylla serrata. The physico-chemical characteristics of its binding affinity, such as pH and temperature optima, and cationic requirements are defined. N-glycolyl neuraminic acid (NeuGc) (at 0.6 mM), in contrast to N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NeuAc) (at >5.0 mM), is the potent inhibitor of hemagglutination. Bovine and porcine thyroglobulins containing NeuGc, inhibited the agglutination. NeuGc-acid glycoprotein fraction (bovine) but not NeuAc-acid glycoprotein fraction (human) inhibited the hemagglutination. The inability of other NeuGc-glycoproteins (bovine submaxillary mucin) to inhibit the agglutination suggests that the agglutinin may also recognize glycosidic linkage associated with NeuGc. The potential of the agglutinin in identifying NeuGc containing human tumor associated antigens is discussed.
Antibody 8ANC195 reveals a site of broad vulnerability on the HIV-1 envelope spike.

Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) can prevent infection in animal models. Characterized bNAb targets, although key to vaccine and therapeutic strategies, are currently limited. We defined a new site of vulnerability by solving structures of bNAb 8ANC195 complexed with monomeric gp120 by X-ray crystallography and trimeric Env by electron microscopy. The site includes portions of gp41 and N-linked glycans adjacent to the CD4-binding site on gp120, making 8ANC195 the first donor-derived anti-HIV-1 bNAb with an epitope spanning both Env subunits. Rather than penetrating the glycan shield by using a single variable-region CDR loop, 8ANC195 inserted its entire heavy-chain variable domain into a gap to form a large interface with gp120 glycans and regions of the gp120 inner domain not contacted by other bNAbs. By isolating additional 8ANC195 clonal variants, we identified a more potent variant, which may be valuable for therapeutic approaches using bNAb combinations with nonoverlapping epitopes.
Bounds on the optimum quadratic cost of structure-constrained controllers

In this note, lower and upper bounds are derived on the quadratic cost of optimal output feedback controllers subject to constraints on the controller Structure. The use of these bounds in forming a comparative assessment of alternative controller confugurations is described and an illustrative example is given. The principal advantage of these bounds arises from the fact that they can save considerable computational effort.
Benign Metastasizing Leiomyoma: A Rare Type of Lung Metastases—Two Case Reports and Review of the Literature

Benign metastasizing leiomyoma (BML) is a rare disease that usually occurs in women of reproductive age. They typically have history of uterine leiomyoma treated with hysterectomy. BML can metastasize to distant organs, with the lung being the most common organ. We report two patients who presented with benign metastasizing leiomyoma to the lung. Our first case was a fifty-two-year-old female who presented with multiple lung masses, with a past medical history of uterine leiomyoma who underwent hysterectomy 17 years ago. A CT-guided biopsy showed benign appearing spindle cells and pathology confirmed her diagnosis with additional positive estrogen/progesterone receptor stains. Our second case was a fifty-six-year-old female who presented with multiple cavitary pulmonary nodules. She subsequently underwent a video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) with wedge resection of one of the nodules. Pathology confirmed the diagnosis based on morphology and immunohistochemical staining strongly positive for estrogen/progesterone receptors. Benign metastasizing leiomyoma is a rare condition which may affect women of reproductive age. This should be considered in the differential in patients who present with multiple pulmonary nodules, especially with a history of uterine leiomyoma. Additional stains, such as estrogen/progesterone receptors, may need to be done to confirm the diagnosis.
Insulin stabilization and GI absorption

Abstract A stabilized insulin formulation based on the concept of physical interaction of the hydrophobic regions of the insulin molecule with the hydrophobic portion of stabilizing compounds has been investigated. Stabilizing compounds of alkyl saccharide type surfactant structure have been synthesized. Simple mixing in phosphate-buffered saline serves as the formulation preparation. The specific interaction of dodecylmaltoside was found to produce the most stable complex of all stabilizers studied. A series of in vitro aggregation and surface adsorption studies were evaluated using circular dichroism and electron microscopy. FITC-labeled insulin was used to study in situ compatibility of insulin with intestinal mucus. In vivo absorption of stabilized insulin was studied in normal and diabetic rats. The stabilization of insulin against aggregation, enzymatic degradation and precipitation may be important factors in the successful development of dosage forms for intestinal insulin delivery.
Morphometric comparison of endolymphatic and perilymphatic spaces in human temporal bones.

To measure the endolymphatic and perilymphatic spaces, we used human temporal bones (horizontal serial sections) under two selection criteria: absence of otological pathology, and absence of artifa...
Self-protection against crime victimization: Theory and evidence from university campuses

Abstract Economic analysis of self-protection against crime has a lengthy history, but we have not extensively investigated how people simultaneously engage in self-protection alongside routine activities that expose individuals to the risk of crime victimization in the first place – behaviors such as recreation and work. This paper addresses three essential questions along these lines: how people decide to self-protect, how they blend self-protection with the other activities, and the influence of the social and economic environment around them. Conceptually, answers emerge when we apply the classic state-preference theoretical framework and carefully consider the role of the probability of victimization, the presumed effectiveness of self-protection, and the outcome of the self-protection decision in the context of recreation and work. To investigate the empirical environment of self-protection, I use a unique data set containing detailed information about the self-protective, recreational, and employment practices of over 3000 U.S. university students. A series of statistical probes provides a profile of personal as well as wider social and economic circumstances that shape the individual self-protection decision; the empirical patterns illustrate how individuals selectively use social and personal resources when protecting themselves against crime as they go about their everyday lives.
Professional standing and the reception of contributions to economics

This study assesses the relationship between selected professional characteristics of authors of articles published in four leading economics journals and the reception (citations) of these articles in subsequently published articles. Both early reception (citations received within 3 years) and total reception (citations received within 9 years) were examined. The three professional characteristics are professional age, rank of department of affiliation, and scientific repute. Articles written by economists with (1) the longest professional age, (2) an affiliation with one of the 19 most highly rated graduate departments, and (3) the greatest scientific repute received the most citations during both the early and total reception periods. The analysis is placed within the framework of the sociology of science.
CME needs of older and younger physicians

Rapid changes in the field of medicine challenge continuing medical education programs to provide information about the latest state-of-the-art modalities and medications to primary care physicians. Recent data indicate that the CME needs of older physicians may differ from those of younger ones. Needs assessments can help to define the content of meaningful CME curricula.
Epitaxial Thin Film Growth of Lanthanum and Neodymium Aluminate Films on Roll‐Textured Nickel Using a Sol‐Gel Method

As part of an effort to develop a new, non-vacuum-processed substrate for high current superconducting films, thin films of LaAlO{sub 3} and NdAlO{sub 3} were deposited on biaxially textured (100) nickel substrates using a solution deposition technique. On heating to 1150 C in Ar-4% H{sub 2} for 1 h, epitaxial films were obtained. Out-of-plane alignment was confirmed by obtaining rocking curves of the (002) plane of the LaAlO{sub 3} (full width at half-maximum (fwhm) = 7.2{degree}) and the NdAlO{sub 3} (fwhm = 5.8{degree}) films. In-plane alignment was demonstrated by obtaining phi scans of the (110) plane of the LaAlO{sub 3} (fwhm = 13.4{degree}) and the NdAlO{sub 3} (fwhm = 8.8{degree}) films. Grain alignment in the films is approximately equivalent to the alignment of the Ni substrate. Analysis of pole figures indicated that in both films there are two-in-plane orientations present, the major being (001)[100] and the minor (001)[110].
Effect of surface integrity of hard turned AISI 52100 steel on fatigue performance

Abstract This paper addresses the relationship between surface integrity and fatigue life of hard turned AISI 52100 steel (60–62 HRC), with grinding as a benchmark. The impact of superfinishing on the fatigue performance of hard turned and ground surfaces is also discussed. Specifically, the surface integrity and fatigue life of the following five distinct surface conditions are examined: hard turned with continuous white layer, hard turned with no white layer, ground, and superfinished hard turned and ground specimens. Surface integrity of the specimens is characterized via surface topography measurement, metallography, residual stress measurements, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nano-indentation tests. High cycle tension–tension fatigue tests show that the presence of white layer does not adversely affect fatigue life and that, on average, the hard turned surface performs as well or better than the ground surface. The effect of superfinishing is to exaggerate these differences in performance. The results obtained from this study suggest that the effect of residual stress on fatigue life is more significant than the effect of white layer. For the hard turned surfaces, the fatigue life is found to be directly proportional to both the surface compressive residual stress and the maximum compressive residual stress. Possible explanations for the observed effects are discussed.
Distributed coverage control and data collection with mobile sensor networks

We study wireless sensor networks whose objective is to control the locations of mobile nodes so as to maximize the probability of detecting randomly occurring events in a mission space and to extract information from data sources, when detected, with maximal effectiveness. The control system for the mission is composed of three components executed in parallel on sensor nodes: coverage control, data source detection, and data collection. In order to maximize the joint detection probability of random events in a given mission space, we build upon a previously developed distributed gradient-based coverage control scheme to include three additional capabilities: allowing polygonal obstacles, including limited sensing field-of-view constraints, and preserving network connectivity through a provably correct algorithm using each node's routing information. In order to combine coverage and data collection, we formulate and solve a modified optimization problem with these two objectives. The interactions among the three components of the sensor network control system are discussed and simulation examples are presented to illustrate our results.
‘They say I'm like that but they don't know me’: transcultural discourses of masculinity

Although research on gender and discourse addresses monolingual and multilingual masculinities, few studies attempt to mesh the theoretical frameworks of these two areas of research. Moreover, performance of multilingual and multicultural masculinities is still underdiscussed and lacks researcher reflexivity. In this article, I argue that developing a transcultural perspective on masculinity reveals important complexities often forgotten in the dichotomized discourses of ‘hegemonic’ versus ‘alternative’ languages and masculinities. Using data from a nine-month, multisited ethnography of male Ecuadorian musicians, I show that, though most of these musicians spoke of their roles as men using heternormative and hypermasculine cultural discourses, their daily interactions were performances and resistances to these discourses. Moreover, the musicians' use of teasing, humor and self-deprecation allowed them to distinguish themselves from some discourses of masculinity. The result is a performance of what Kramsc...
Engineering development of hyperfiltration with dynamic membranes Part III. The pilot plant and its performance with brackish water feed

Abstract A dynamic membrane pilot plant was constructed that consisted of a 200-gal feed tank, a 100-gal/min 1000 psig triplex piston pump, a heat exchanger (required only for the recirculating mode of operation), a pH control system, and a rack of eight interconnected (in series) modules fabricated from 2-in. pipe. Each pipe section contains two seven-rod clusters of ceramic tubes giving a total area of 40 ft 2 for membrane formation. Valves are provided to permit any of the eight sections to be valved out of the flow stream without shutting down the plant. After initial formation of a dynamic Zr(IV)-PAA membrane on a full load of bundles in the pilot plant, feed was switched to pretreated simulated Roswell water (∼2000 ppm TDS). At an axial inlet velocity of 30 ft/sec, pressure through the plant decreased from 1000 psig at the inlet to 400 psig at the outlet. Initially, rejection of sulfate decreased from 99% at the pilot plant inlet to 92% at the outlet with an average of 96.5% while rejection of chloride decreased from 93% at the inlet to 83% at the outlet with an average of 89.5%. Flux was 105 gal/ft 2 ·day. After one month of operation, the membrane was removed in situ by acid (pH = 2) and base (pH = 12) washing. A new membrane was then formed at an axial velocity of 15 ft/sec; with an inlet pressure of 1000 psig, the outlet pressure was 825 psig. After switching to pretreated simulated Roswell feed, sulfate rejection was ∼99% and chloride rejection was 91 % at a flux of 93 gal/ft 2 ·day; there was little variation of flux or rejection from one end of the plant to the other.
Semen quality and behavior of Holstein bulls exposed to estradiol-treated bulls for mounts.

Abstract The objectives were to test the effects of estradiol treatment of teaser bull mounts on sexual behavior and on quality and quantity of sperm obtained from sires managed as in large commercial AI breeding organizations. In a change-over design, the same teaser bulls were either untreated or treated with estradiol. Five semen-producing bulls were ejaculated twice per day on Tuesdays and Fridays after epididymal reserves were partially depleted. A 15-min period of continuous sexual preparation with three false mounts allowed was standard before each semen collection. All bulls were attracted to and licked the preputial area of the teaser bulls followed by the Flehmen response during the period of sexual preparation. Bulls usually completed the false mounts in ≤15min, and all thrusted vigorously with both hind feet moving forward synchronously at this time on 100% of the 80 semen collections. Major differences among bulls and between first and second ejaculates occurred in semen volume, semen concentration, and total sperm collected. An increase of 10% in total sperm output when bulls were exposed to treated teaser bulls could be of commercial benefit. The correlation between total time to first mount for the two ejaculates per bull each day and total sperm collected per bull per day was –.44. Thus, the shorter time to first mount may be useful as a low level predictor of higher sperm output per bull.
Moisture and ionic transport in concretes containing coarse limestone powder

Abstract Concretes containing a coarse limestone powder (median particle size of 72 μm) as a partial cement replacement material are proportioned so as to attain similar 7-day compressive strengths as a 0.40 water-to-cement ratio (w/c) control concrete. The moisture and chloride ion transport behavior of the concretes containing limestone powder with and without small amounts of silica fume are evaluated in this paper. It is shown that a 15% cement replacement with coarse limestone powder at a water-to-powder ratio (w/p) of 0.34 results in concretes of better or comparable compressive strengths, porosities, moisture transport parameters (overall moisture intake, and sorptivity), and rapid chloride permeability (RCP) as that of a 0.37 w/c plain concrete. However, the non-steady state migration coefficients (Dnssm) of concretes containing limestone powder are found to be higher than those of plain concretes of even higher w/c. A microstructural parameter (ϕβ – product of porosity and pore connectivity) is used to relate the pore structure to the moisture and ionic transport. Relationships between ϕβ and the moisture and ionic transport parameters are provided, which shed light on the combined influence of w/p and a highly reactive cement replacement material such as silica fume on the different transport properties of concretes containing a coarse limestone powder.
FLORAL ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY OF TRIOSTEUM AND OF THE CAPRIFOLIACEAE IN GENERAL

OTHER GENERA of this family have been described in previous papers (Wilkinson, 1948a, b, c). This paper describes Triosteum and then considers the relation of various genera, and the family as a whole. TRIOSTEUM.-Triosteum has been placed with Fiburnum in the tribe Viburneae by Fritsch (1897). Its floral anatomy and morphology, described below from T. perfoliatum, would indicate that the two genera differ too greatly to be included in the same tribe. The ovary has four carpels, each of three has a single pendent ovule occupying most of the locule, but the fourth has no ovule (fig. 1, 4, 5). The sterile locule is usually aborted and narrowly compressed (fig. 3-5). It appears a little higher in the ovary than the other locules and closes above them (fig. 1). Each ovule is attached to the center of the placenta in the upper part of the carpel (fig. 1, 5). The placenta sometimes becomes bi-lobed above the attachment of the ovules and in the sterile carpel, there is sometimes a minute placental lobe at the top of the locule (fig. 1, 5). No evidence was found of vestigial ovules. Above the locules there is a short sterile neck above which the calyx and corolla separate (fig. 1, 6). As the stele approaches the base of the locules, it breaks up into six bundles, one of which is large and crescent-shaped, and obviously compound (fig. 2). These move toward the periphery. The large bundle divides into three; the central one runs in the same radius as the sterile locule; the two outer bundles are larger and run at the ends of the septa bounding the sterile carpel (fig. 3-5). The remaining five bundles run alternately in the radii of the other three carpels and septa (fig. 3-5). Above the locules, the large bundles in the septa bounding the sterile carpels divide radially. As a result there are ten main peripheral bundles (fig. 6). This division usually takes place with the separation of sepal traces, if not below. Sometimes, in fact, the doubleness of these bundles is apparent in the body of the ovary. The small bundle in the radius of the sterile carpel is a stamen-sepal bundle (fig. 6). The four alternate bundles are likewise stamen-sepal bundles. The bundles alternating with these five are petal-sepal bundles. Each stamen-sepal bundle gives off a sepal trace tangentially which branches into three (fig. 6). The petal-sepal bundle gives off a trace centrifugally 1 Received for publication March 9, 1949. Part of a thesis presented to the faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell Universitv in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, except for work on Triosteum. The writer wishes to express her sincere appreciation and great debt to Prof. Arthur J. Eames for his interest and helpful criticism throughout his direction of this study. which forks, each half supplying the adjacent sepal (fig. 6). The five petal traces and five stamen traces
Facility Planning and Development in Latin America

Since the mid-1980s, the author has been involved in the development of healthcare facilities in the Caribbean and Latin America. This article highlights his experiences to date and provides insights relative to the many challenges U.S. developers and contractors might encounter when exporting U.S. healthcare expertise to Caribbean and Latin American countries.
The development of formulaic sequences in first and second language writing: Investigating effects of frequency, association, and native norm

Formulaic sequences are recognised as having important roles in language acquisition, processing, fluency, idiomaticity, and instruction. But there is little agreement over their definition and measurement, or on methods of corpus comparison. We argue that replicable research must be grounded upon operational definitions in statistical terms. We adopt an experimental design and apply four different corpus-analytic measures, variously based upon n-gram frequency (Frequency-grams), association (MI-grams), phrase-frames (P-frames), and native norm (items in the Academic Formulas List – AFL-grams), to samples of first and second language writing in order to examine and compare knowledge of formulas in first and second language acquisition as a function of proficiency and language background. We find that these different operationalizations produce different patterns of effect of expertise and L1/L2 status. We consider the implications for corpus design and methods of analysis.
Rat skeletal muscle, liver and brain have different fetal and adult forms of the glucose transporter.

Abstract Rabbit antibodies made against the human erythrocyte glucose transporter were used to determine whether or not embryonic glucose transporters of rat skeletal muscle, liver and brain are identical to the transporters of adult animals. The results indicate that in both skeletal muscle and liver, the transporter switches from a highly antibody-reactive embryonic form to a low antibody-reactive adult form within 2 days of birth. This suggests that there are two different forms of glucose transporter in embryonic and adult skeletal muscle and liver. In contrast, these antibodies have equal reactivity toward the glucose transporters of embryonic and adult brain. In embryonic brain, two forms of the transporter coexist, with different molecular weights (Mr = 45 000 and 40 000), while in the adult brain the Mr = 40 000 form is predominant. The dissociation constant for glucose for the embryonic liver transporter was measured by displacement of bound cytochalasin B. The results indicate that the embryonic liver transporter has a low affinity for glucose and for cytochalasin B, similar to the adult liver transporter, even though the antibody reactivity, toward these two transporters is different.
An investigation of the effects of product recalls on brand commitment and purchase intention

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine how product recalls affect brand commitment and post-recall purchase intention. Design/methodology/approach – The role of consumer and product recall characteristics based on attribution theory is tested using data collected through experiments and analyzed using a type of finite mixture model. Findings – Results indicate varying effects of product recalls on commitment across these four customer groups and a strong effect of affective commitment on post-recall purchase behavior. Originality/value – This paper proposes four types of consumers based on dichotomous levels of affective and calculative commitment, namely, Hard Cores, Don’t-Cares, Lovers and Rationalists, and shows how product recalls affect these consumer groups differently, and how this information assists brand managers in developing post-product recall consumer management strategies.
Peripheral GABAA receptors : Evidence for peripheral primary afferent depolarization

We propose that the primary afferent depolarization that follows GABA(A) receptor activation in the spinal cord also occurs in the periphery. As evidence, the present study localizes beta2/beta3 and alpha1 subunits of the GABA(A) receptor on 10-14% of the unmyelinated primary afferents axons in the glabrous skin of the cat paw. Behavioral studies demonstrate that local peripheral injection of the GABA(A) agonist muscimol at a low concentration (2.0 microM) attenuates, and at a high concentration (1 mM) enhances, formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors. Intraplantar injection of muscimol alone at a high dose evokes thermal hyperalgesia. Bicuculline, a GABA(A) antagonist, prevents these muscimol-induced changes in behavior. The muscimol-induced effects are due to local rather than systemic or central activation of GABA(A) receptors, as such effects are not observed in the contralateral paw. We interpret these findings to indicate that activation of GABA(A) receptors by low concentrations of muscimol depolarizes peripheral primary afferent terminals, a phenomenon we call peripheral primary afferent depolarization, in turn reducing the size of the peripheral action potentials and concomitantly reducing the amount of algogenic substances released from the peripheral terminals of these fibers. This sequence of events presumably results in a reduction in nociceptor activation. Higher concentrations of muscimol further depolarize GABA(A) receptor-containing terminals, which then initiates action potentials in nociceptors analogous to the appearance of dorsal root reflexes that arise following activation of GABA(A) receptors on central primary afferent terminals. These latter events reverse the analgesic effects of GABA(A) ligands and lead to potentiation of nociceptive input. Thus, the present study provides anatomical and behavioral evidence supporting a bimodal role for GABA(A) receptors in the modulation of peripheral nociceptive transmission.
Benzene hydrogenation over supported and unsupported palladium: I. Kinetic behavior

Abstract The kinetics of benzene hydrogenation over supported Pd catalysts and unsupported Pd powder were examined under a wide range of reaction conditions. At temperatures below 433 K, apparent activation energies were routinely near 12.0 kcal mole −1 . The reaction order in hydrogen for supported catalysts increased from 0.5 to nearly 4 as the temperature increased from 353 to 573 K, and this same parameter for Pd powder showed a similar trend but was more temperature sensitive. The reaction order in benzene increased from zero to 0.8 over the same temperature range but a smaller difference was observed between the results obtained for supported and unsupported Pd. The activity of all the samples showed a temperature-dependent maximum near 495 K, but the unsupported Pd had a greater tendency to exhibit deactivation. which was attributed to carbonaceous surface species formed from reversible dehydrogenation of adsorbed benzene. The lowest turnover frequencies occurred on the Pd powder whereas values 10–50 times higher were obtained over low-temperature reduced Pd catalysts prepared using Cl-containing precursors and acidic supports such as SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 . The enhanced activity over these last two catalysts is attributed to additional benzene adsorption sites present on the support surface in the metal-support interfacial region.
Characterization of Magnetic Flux in the Quiet Sun. II. The Internetwork Fields at High Angular Resolution

This paper presents high-resolution (06) spectropolarimetric observations of very quiet solar regions. We make determinations of the magnetic flux density, intrinsic field strength, and magnetic filling factor in these regions. Our results confirm other previous works in that most of the internetwork flux is in the form of intrinsically strong fields. However, in contrast to other recent observations, we do not find a significant increase in the amount of unsigned magnetic flux relative to that measured at an angular resolution of 1'', nor do we find that most internetwork lanes are populated by strong flux. We discuss possible causes for this disparity. The lack of additional flux with increased resolution may be used to set constrains on the typical spatial scales at which mixed polarities occur (smaller than 06).
Developmental biology: The early heart remodelled.

What factors direct the formation of heart muscle in the developing embryo? Unexpectedly, a chromatin-remodelling protein complex turns out to be a crucial determinant of cardiac-cell fate.
Chloroplast gene sequence for the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphatecarboxylase of maize

The chloroplast gene coding for the large subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphatecarboxylase in Zea mays has been sequenced. It contains neither a ‘classical’ prokaryotic promoter sequence nor its proposed eukaryotic counterpart but does have a typical prokaryotic ribosome binding site close to the site at which translation is initiated. Almost all possible codons occur and are translated by the ‘universal code’ rather than by the variation of it found in mitochondria.
Projected health and economic impact of rotavirus vaccination in GAVI-eligible countries: 2011-2030.

Rotavirus is the leading cause of diarrheal disease in children under 5 years of age. It is responsible for more than 450,000 deaths each year, with more than 90% of these deaths occurring in low-resource countries eligible for support by the GAVI Alliance. Signi?cant efforts made by the Alliance and its partners are providing countries with the opportunity to introduce rotavirus vaccines into their national immunization programs, to help prevent childhood illness and death. We projected the cost-effectiveness and health impact of rotavirus vaccines in GAVI-eligible countries, to assist decision makers in prioritizing resources to achieve the greatest health bene?ts for their populations. A decision-analytic model was used to project the health outcomes and direct costs of a birth cohort in the target population, with and without a rotavirus vaccine. Current data on disease burden, vaccine ef?cacy, immunization rates, and costs were used in the model. Vaccination in GAVI-eligible countries would prevent 2.46 million childhood deaths and 83 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from 2011 to 2030, with annual reductions of 180,000 childhood deaths at peak vaccine uptake. The cost per DALY averted is $42 for all GAVI countries combined, over the entire period. Rotavirus vaccination would be considered very cost-effective for the entire cohort of GAVI countries, and in each country individually, as cost-effectiveness ratios are less than the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Vaccination is most cost-effective and has the greatest impact in regions with high rotavirus mortality. Rotavirus vaccination in GAVI-eligible countries is very cost-effective and is projected to substantially reduce childhood mortality in this population.
Narcotic-induced histamine release: A comparison of morphine, oxymorphone, and fentanyl infusions☆

Abstract This study, using an improved histamine assay, repeated previous studies that demonstrated large doses of morphine for induction of anesthesia in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were associated with histamine release. Thirty randomized patients received infusions of either morphine, 1 mg/kg, oxymorphone, 0.2 mg/kg, or fentanyl, 50 μg/kg, over a 10-minute period for induction of anesthesia prior to surgery. There were no significant changes in plasma histamine levels in individual patients or among drug groups. The discrepancy between the present histamine results and those previously reported using similar protocols is due, in part, to variations in plasma histamine measurements that can occur using the less reproducible, older assays for histamine. During routine inductions, large doses of morphine, oxymorphone, or fentanyl administered by infusion do not appear to stimulate release of clinically significant plasma levels of histamine.
Spaces of Terror: Modeling Spatial Non-Stationarity in State-Level Repression

Over the years, social scientists have amassed an impressive body of knowledge on state repression. Despite our improved understanding, this body of research implicitly assumes that the relationships between the independent variables and state sponsored repression are stationary over space. Current approaches, like OLS regression, cannot capture the spatial heterogeneity of the relationships and may lead to public policy inferences that are poorly specified or completely wrong for some countries. The purpose of the paper is to reexamine the repression model using geographically-weighted regression. We found significant variation in the goodness of fit of the model and strength of coefficients. A closer evaluation of the geographically varying results reveals that these variations have a distinct spatial trend, suggesting processes that might otherwise have gone undetected due to traditional ‘global’ results.
Optical processing and neural nets for scene analysis

We consider the problem of identifying each of multiple objects in a scene with object distortions and background clutter present. Attention is given to the role for neural nets (NNs) and optics and the type of NN used. A hierarchical/inference system is used with correlation neural nets used for low levels and new NNs with higher-order decision surfaces used for classification.
Hindered diffusion in excised membrane patches from retinal rod outer segments

Excised inside-out membrane patches are useful for studying the cGMP-activated ion channels that generate the electrical response to light in retinal rod cells. We show that strong ionic current across a patch changes the driving force on the current by altering the ionic concentration near the surface membrane, an effect somewhat like that first described by Frankenhaeuser and Hodgkin (1956) in squid axons. The dominant concentration change occurs in the solution adjacent to the cytoplasmic (inner) surface of the membrane, where diffusion is impaired by intracellular material that adheres to the patch during excision. The magnitude and time course of the ionic changes are consistent with the expected volume of this material and with an effective diffusion coefficient about an order of magnitude less than that in free solution. Methods are described for correcting current transients observed in voltage clamp experiments, so that channel gating kinetics can be obtained without contamination by changes in driving force. We suggest that restricted diffusion may occur in patches excised from other types of cells and influence rapid kinetic measurements.
Measurement and Modeling of Hydrogen Environment–Assisted Cracking of Ultra-High-Strength Steel

Modern precipitation-hardened ultra-high-strength AERMET 100 steel (Fe-Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-C) is susceptible to severe transgranular hydrogen environment–assisted cracking (HEAC) in neutral 3.5 pct NaCl solution. The threshold stress intensity for HEAC, K TH , is reduced to as low as 10 pct of K IC , and the stage II subcritical crack growth rate, da/dt II, is up to 0.5 μm/s. Low K TH and high da/dt II are produced at potentials substantially cathodic, as well as mildly anodic, to free corrosion. However, a range exists at slightly cathodic potentials (–0.625 to –0.700 VSCE), where the crack growth rate is greatly reduced, consistent with reduced crack-tip acidification and low cathodic overpotential for limited H uptake. Short crack size (250 to 1000 μm) does not promote unexpectedly severe HEAC. High-purity AERMET 100 is susceptible to HEAC because martensite boundary trapping and high crack-tip stresses strongly enhance H segregation to sites that form a transgranular crack path. The stage II da/dt is H diffusion rate limited for all potentials examined. A semiquantitative model predicts the applied potential dependence of da/dt II using reasonable input parameters, particularly crack-tip H uptake reverse calculated from measured K TH and a realistic critical distance. Modeling challenges remain.