cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymptomatic cervical polyps: can we just let them be?

Aim: Routine polypectomy is still practiced in many settings. The objective of this study was to establish the frequency of dysplasia or malignancy found in cervical polyps from a multiyear sample after abnormal specimens performed for indication were excluded. Materials & Methods: This is a retrospective study of the pathology results from 2006–2013, inclusive. Results: The study included 898 polyps from 854 nonpregnant women, after the 17 abnormal specimens from women who presented with complaints of abnormal bleeding or for evaluation of abnormal cytological tests were excluded; none of the 898 specimens showed any significant abnormalities. The results did not vary by patient age or polyp size. Conclusion: Routine removal of cervical polyps in asymptomatic women with current, normal cervical cytology testing is unwarranted because it adds little to their management and it has the potential to cause harm.
Modeling Utility-Scale Wind Power Plants Part 2: Capacity Credit

As the worldwide use of wind turbine generators in utility-scale applications continues to increase, it will become increasingly important to assess the economic and reliability impact of these intermittent resources. Although the utility industry appears to be moving towards a restructured environment, basic economic and reliability issues will continue to be relevant to companies involved with electricity generation. This article is the second in a two-part series that addresses modelling approaches and results that were obtained in several case studies and research projects at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). This second article focuses on wind plant capacity credit as measured with power system reliability indices. Reliability-based methods of measuring capacity credit are compared with wind plant capacity factor. The relationship between capacity credit and accurate wind forecasting is also explored. Published in 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
G-Protein Involvement in Matrix-mediated Motility and Invasion of High and Low Experimental Metastatic B16 Melanoma Clones

Abstract Membranes from a B16 murine melanoma clone of high experimental metastatic capacity show increased amounts of pertussis toxin (PT) substrate when compared to a low metastatic counterpart. Using specific antibodies, we identified G 12 as the PT-sensitive G-protein uniquely abundant in highly metastatic cells. ADP ribosylation of a G-protein α subunit by PT decreased both the migration of tumor cells through Matrigel (Collaborative Research, Bedford, MA) and the fibronectin-, laminin-, and collagen type IV-mediated motility of a high metastatic clone. Treatment of cells from a low metastatic clone with PT did not alter either the relatively low invasive capacity or lower motility of these cells. While cholera toxin treatment of cells resulted in decreased invasion and motility of both high and low metastatic clones, there were significant qualitative and quantitative differences, when compared to the PT effects, which indicated that the two toxins were acting on different second messenger systems. PT treatment of B16 clones of high or low experimental metastatic capacity does not result in any alteration in cellular cyclic AMP accumulation suggesting that the PT substrate is not linked with the adenylyl cyclase enzyme complex. The data suggest that a PT-sensitive G-protein, possibly G 12 , regulates second messenger pathways that contribute to the metastatic capacity of B16 melanoma cells.
Human-induced changes in wind, temperature and relative humidity during Santa Ana events

The frequency and character of Southern California’s Santa Ana wind events are investigated within a 12-km-resolution downscaling of late-20th and mid-21st century time periods of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model global climate change scenario run. The number of Santa Ana days per winter season is approximately 20% fewer in the mid 21st century compared to the late 20th century. Since the only systematic and sustained difference between these two periods is the level of anthropogenic forcing, this effect is anthropogenic in origin. In both time periods, Santa Ana winds are partly katabatically-driven by a temperature difference between the cold wintertime air pooling in the desert against coastal mountains and the adjacent warm air over the ocean. However, this katabatic mechanism is significantly weaker during the mid 21st century time period. This occurs because of the well-documented differential warming associated with transient climate change, with more warming in the desert interior than over the ocean. Thus the mechanism responsible for the decrease in Santa Ana frequency originates from a well-known aspect of the climate response to increasing greenhouse gases, but cannot be understood or simulated without mesoscale atmospheric dynamics. In addition to the change in Santa Ana frequency, we investigate changes during Santa Anas in two other meteorological variables known to be relevant to fire weather conditions—relative humidity and temperature. We find a decrease in the relative humidity and an increase in temperature. Both these changes would favor fire. A fire behavior model accounting for changes in wind, temperature, and relative humidity simultaneously is necessary to draw firm conclusions about future fire risk and growth associated with Santa Ana events. While our results are somewhat limited by a relatively small sample size, they illustrate an observed and explainable regional change in climate due to plausible mesoscale processes.
Novel antibiotic hypersensitive mutants of Escherichia coli genetic mapping and chemical characterization

The abs mutants of Escherichia coli showed increased sensitivity to chloramphenicol, β-lactams, and many other unrelated antibacterial agents. The cell envelope was demonstrated to be more permeable to several β-lactams and dyes. The antibiotic hypersensitivity could be phenotypically suppressed by fucose and other deoxyhexoses. The abs mutation was located between Mel and purA at 94 minutes on the E. coli genetic map. The content of ethanolamine in the lipopolysaccharide increased in the abs mutant but the sugar fatty acid and phosphate composition of the lipopolysaccharide were unaltered. In addition, minor quantitative changes in envelope protein composition were observed.
The Research on Comprehensive Quality Evaluation Method of Oriented-Product Life Cycle

Seeing that the influence quality factors of product life cycle are multi-object, multi-level, interconnection and interaction, which possess uncertainty and fuzziness obviously, in order to product quality, quality evaluation mathematical model based on fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) is proposed to evaluate product quality. This method introduced the triangular fuzzy number to represent experts' judgment information of product quality and used the AHP to rank these influence quality factors. At last, FCE is used to make the results of product quality evaluation more scientific and effective. The product of some heavy machinery enterprise (coal grinding mill) is introduced as an example to demonstrate the rationality and validity of the method.
Literacy Sponsorship and The Post-9/11 GI Bill

This essay argues that the Post-9/11 GI Bill (2008), despite the enormity of its scope, is failing those who need it to ascend in the economic order. The essay supports its position through a rhetorical analysis of several key texts connected to literacy relations between the US government and Post-9/11 veterans: a January 2001 press statement announcing the government’s abandonment of higher education sponsorship; America’s Army , a video game used to attract recruits; The American Council on Education’s “Guide to the Evaluation of Educational Experiences in the Armed Services”; and the Post-9/11 GI Bill. Expanding Deborah Brandt’s notion of “sponsorship” to include both purveyance (providing) and the government’s right of purveyance, this essay explains how the Bill consolidates literacy, particularly through transferability, which allows experienced veterans (those serving or agreeing to serve for a decade) to transfer their education benefits to spouses or children. Initial data about GI Bill use indicate high veteran attendance at for-profit institutions with poor retention rates, veteran confusion in interpreting GI Bill benefits, and bureaucratic tangles resulting in benefit delays. The government did not begin tracking graduation rates of veterans using the Post-9/11 GI Bill until 2013, further evidence that military recruitment and political aggrandizement, rather than democratizing literacy, were the Bill’s primary goals.
The manifestation of the axes of the human embryo

The dorsoventral axis of the human embryo is first definable at stage 3 (4 post-ovulatory days) on the appearance of a segmentation cavity in the morula. Attempts have been made to define the rostrocaudal axis at stages 5 c (11–12 days) and 6 (13 days) from the shape of the embryonic disc (narrower end caudal), but unequivocal demonstration awaits the initial appearance of the primitive streak during stage 6. During stages 6 to 8, the various median features appear. These are, from caudal to rostral: allantoic diverticulum, cloacal membrane, primitive streak, primitive node, notochordal process and chordal canal, and prechordal plate. At stage 8 (18 days), an early neural groove may also be visible. The bilateral symmetry of the embryo is interrupted in the heart during stage 10 (22 days), or perhaps already at stage 9 (20 days).
Units of Production and Consumption: Reframing Social Housing as Sustainable Infrastructure

Social housing in the United States is generally viewed as an unfortunate, yet necessary public entitlement required to keep poor citizens from becoming burdens in other ways to the more affluent citizens who pay taxes. This view derives from the utilitarian philosophical assumptions that are the basis of the US Constitution itself. This article reframes public understanding of social housing, without leaving our utilitarian framework, as an essential part of sustainable urban infrastructure. This transformation requires a three-step process that is ecological, social, and technical in scope, or ecosociotechnical. Step one is to revisit our utilitarian assumptions in order to reconsider the meaning of the “greatest-good” principle. Reconsidering dominant socioeconomic assumptions that guide the generally unsuccessful approach to social housing in the United States, of which building energy systems are a part, requires a revised problem statement. Step two requires reframing the concept of infrastructure to be the end-product of our building culture rather than the enabling means of urban life. Finally, step three requires reframing social housing so that it is better understood, and therefore designed to be reciprocal units of production rather than only units of consumption—units of providing rather than only units of receiving. In this final section, an on-going case study demonstrates how net-zero energy social housing might provide the ecosociotechnical goods required to sustain cities. The consequences of this analysis for energy studies are significant because they require energy system designers, policy-makers, and managers to consider the social as well as the purely technical dimensions of energy flows.
IDEA Model from Theory to Practice: Integrating Information Literacy in Academic Courses

Abstract IDEA (interview, design, embed, and assess) is a theoretical instructional design model for integrating information literacy (IL) in academic courses. The model supports the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) proposed 2015 Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education through the collaborative efforts between librarians and teaching faculty. The article describes a case study application of information literacy content integrated into three Doctor of Education blended classes taught by the same classroom instructor. The theoretical phases are explained in terms of practical steps and outcomes resulting in pedagogically sound curriculum and effective collaboration between librarian and teaching faculty.
Beyond User-to-User Access Control for Online Social Networks

With the development of Web 2.0 technologies, online social networks are able to provide open platforms to enable the seamless sharing of profile data to enable public developers to interface and extend the social network services as applications (or APIs). At the same time, these open interfaces pose serious privacy concerns as third party applications are usually given full read access to the user profiles. Current related research has focused on mainly user-to-user interactions in social networks, and seems to ignore the third party applications. In this paper, we present an access control framework to manage the third party to user interactions. Our framework is based on enabling the user to specify the data attributes to be shared with the application and at the same time be able to specify the degree of specificity of the shared attributes. We model applications as finite state machines, and use the required user profile attributes as conditions governing the application execution. We formulate the minimal attribute generalization problem and we propose a solution that maps the problem to the shortest path problem to find the minimum set of attribute generalization required to access the application services.
IR spectroscopic investigation of cis-(CH3)2Au(O,O′-acac) and cis-(CD3)2Au(O,O′-acac)

Abstract The IR spectrum of cis-(CH3)2Au(O,O′-acac) has been reassigned by comparing frequencies for cis-(CH3)2Au(O,O′-acac) and cis-(CD3)2Au(O,O′-acac), and by analysis of the DFT-calculated normal modes and their frequencies for the isolated molecules. The vibrational intensity in the C–H stretching region arises almost entirely from the cis-(CH3)2Au fragment, while the methyl deformation intensity is largely of acetylacetonato ligand origin. A low frequency mode in the C–H stretching region is the first overtone of the δa(CH3) mode of cis-(CH3)2Au. The Au–C stretching modes are affected by deuteration of the cis-(CH3)2Au fragment, while the Au–O stretching modes are not.
The evolution of periodic orbits close to heteroclinic points

Several families of periodic orbits close to heteroclinic points were computed, and their evolution, as a function of the energy, was followed. All appeared spontaneously at the occasion of the formation of the heteroclinic points, and had no genealogical links with other families. This behavior, which confirms a prediction by Dr. Contopoulos, is in contrast to the behavior of periodic orbits close to homoclinic points, some of which have genealogical links with periodic orbits existing in the ‘quasi-integrable’ phase of the system. The orbits found here appeared in regions where stochasticity was well established; so their appearance does not seem to be connected with the onset of stochasticity.
THE ORGANOTROPIC, BACTERIOTROPIC, AND LEUCOCYTOTROPIC ACTIONS OF CERTAIN ORGANIC CHEMICALS

We are dealing, as the results show, with groups of chemicals, all of which, whether bacteriotropic or not, greatly inhibit the engulfing of Staphylococcus aureus by leucocytes. Not a sufficiently large number of experiments was performed in attempt to cure experimental staphylococcus infections to warrant any condusion in regard to possible therapeutic activity against this organism. How-ever, as will appear in another paper, the only group out of the seven which definitely possessed an in vivo bactericidal action against pneumococcus is that of the cinchona derivatives. Certain members of the other chemical groups studied, although bactericidal in a very high dilution, -chemicals in which the concentration of a non-lethal dose was many times greater than that required to kill multiple minimal lethal doses of organisms in vitro, -had no certain effect when bacteria and drug were injected simultaneously into the peritoneal cavity of a mouse. In fact, the treated mouse often died before the controls. If we may assume,-leaving out of consideration the practical significance of in vivo chemical destruction and excretion following the injection of the drug into the animal,-that the failure of these chemicals to exhibit a benign influence on a systemic infection in cases in which the drug can be used in a bactericidal dilution, is due to their antiphagocytic property, only one step has been taken in analysis of the factors vital for the defense of the animal against a specific microorganism. Why do these chemicals inhibit leucocytic activity? Is it because of their influence upon complement, opsonin, or the leucocyte itself, or some special one function that determines the ability to ingest bacteria? Only further work can definitely settle this question and also determine whether or not such an analysis would be of practical importance in a rational development of chemotherapy. The ideal chemotherapeutic agent may be one that has an in vivo bactericidal potency and a negligible or stimulatory phagocytic action in doses non-lethal for the experimental animal. However difficult such a drug may be to find, it seems unlikely that the ultimate success in chemotherapy will be so simple. Again, it is conceivable that a secondary action of a drug, although leucocytotropic and not bacteriotropic, may bring about conditions in the animal body that will enable it to throw off the invading organism. Or finally, a drug compatible with the forces necessary to the host's defense and possessing in vivo bactericidal action to a greater or less degree may be the chemical sought for, the goal toward which we should strive, to achieve a rational chemotherapy for infectious diseases.
Segregation of germline granules in early embryos of Caenorhabditis elegans: an electron microscopic analysis

Using an improved fixation method for electron microscopy, we have found germline granules in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos shortly after fertilization and prior to the first cleavage. They are localized in the egg cytoplasm which becomes segregated into the posterior blastomere at the first cleavage. In the following divisions, the granules continue this pattern of asymmetric segregation and are ultimately segregated into the germline precursor cell. The granules are then symmetrically segregated into the germline cells.
Education for Ethical Dilemmas in Social Work Practice

Ethical and moral conflicts are bound to arise in the problems of living that social workers confront in practice. This personal essay proposes an approach to education for practice that includes both theoretical knowledge and the development of experiential wisdom. The analogy of practice as a performing art suggests that the narrative and the literature of the humanities offer fertile sources for learning how to be and how to help in instances of such conflicts.
The Early Interferon Response to Rotavirus Is Regulated by PKR and Depends on MAVS/IPS-1, RIG-I, MDA-5, and IRF3

In mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), the bovine rotavirus (UK strain) but not the simian rhesus rotavirus (RRV) robustly triggers beta interferon (IFN-β) secretion, resulting in an IFN-dependent restriction of replication. We now find that both rotavirus strains trigger antiviral transcriptional responses early during infection and that both transcriptional responses and IFN-β secretion are completely abrogated in MAVS/IPS-1(-/-) MEFs. Replication of UK virus could be rescued in MAVS/IPS-1(-/-) MEFs, and synthesis of viral RNA significantly increased early during virus infection. UK virus induced IFN-β secretion and transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in both RIG-I(-/-) and MDA-5(-/-) MEFs, and neither receptor was essential by itself for the antiviral response to UK rotavirus. However, when receptors RIG-I and MDA-5 were depleted using RNA interference, we found that both contribute to the magnitude of the IFN response. IRF3 was found to be essential for MAVS/IPS-1-directed ISG transcription and IFN-β secretion during rotavirus infection. Interestingly, absence of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR led to a profound defect in the capacity of host cells to secrete IFN-β in response to virus. Both PKR and IRF3 restricted the early replication of UK as indicated by significant increases in viral RNA in fibroblasts lacking either gene. Despite the loss in IFN-β secretion in PKR(-/-) MEFs, we did not observe decreased IRF3- or NF-κB-dependent early ISG transcription in these cells. Levels of transcripts encoding IFN-α4, IFN-α5, and IFN-β were high in infected PKR(-/-) MEFs, indicating that during rotavirus infection, PKR functions at a stage between IFN gene transcription and subsequent IFN-β secretion. These findings reveal that activation of the antiviral response by rotavirus is dependent on MAVS/IPS-1 and IRF3 and involves both RIG-I and MDA-5 and that IFN-β secretion during rotavirus infection is regulated by PKR.
Mixed integer programming algorithms for site selection and other fixed charge problems having capacity constraints

Abstract : Algorithms for solving site-selection and similar fixed charge problems with upper bound constraints are presented. The basic approach is to formulate the problem as a mixed integer program and to solve these programs by decomposing them into a master integer program and a series of subproblems which are linear programs. To reduce the number of vertices to be examined to manageable proportions, the bound-and-scan algorithm by F. S. Hillier was adapted to the fixed charge problem. Algorithms are presented for four classes of problems: (1) Fixed charge problem with linear variable costs and a fixed charge for each variable at non-zero level. (2) Problem 1 with separable concave or convex variable costs. (3) A warehouse location problem in which variable costs and constraints are of the transportation type. A fixed charge is associated with each warehouse opened. (4) The fixed charge transportation problem in which a fixed charge is associated with each route rather than with each warehouse. Computational results for Problems 1, 2, and 4 are presented. (Author)
Draft Genome Sequence of Ardenticatena maritima 110S, a Thermophilic Nitrate- and Iron-Reducing Member of the Chloroflexi Class Ardenticatenia

We report here the draft genome sequence of Ardenticatena maritima 110S, the first sequenced member of class Ardenticatenia of the phylum Chloroflexi. This thermophilic organism is capable of a range of physiologies, including aerobic respiration and iron reduction. It also encodes a complete denitrification pathway with a novel nitric oxide reductase.
Forces and Spaces – Maupassant, Borges, Hemingway: Toward a Semio-Cognitive Narratology

The aim of a cognitive narratology, as I see it, is to develop the literary and generally semiotic study of narratives through cognitive modeling, and to develop cognitive studies of mind and meaning by integrating insights from literary scholarship. In this article, I first examine the concept of narrative discourse (versus descriptive and argumentative discourse); second, I discuss the principles for distinguishing narrative subgenres (realistic, fantastic, marvelous, grotesque, absurd stories); and third, I propose a model of the constitutive architecture of narrative meaning as manifested by ‘good stories’, stories that make sense by conveying a view of the human condition.In order to develop and test the model, I analyze a selection of acknowledged literary masterpieces: three short stories by Guy de Maupassant (Deux amis, La ficelle, La parure), two by Jorge Luis Borges (Emma Zunz, La otra muerte), one by Ernest Hemingway (A very short story). Through these analyses, including succinct literary interpretations of the texts, a new view of narrative dynamics is outlined. Agents operate in spaces that have specific dynamic properties, in that they display characteristic forces determining acts and events. There is, I postulate, a canonical set of narrative spaces, each encompassing and contributing a significant part of the meaning of a story. The model distinguishes four such spaces, which are typically also staged as distinct locations; an initial conditioning space, a catastrophic space, a consequence space, and a conclusion space. Forces are described as causal or intentional. The causal forces are either trivial (habitual, regular, default, whether physical or social) or ‘fatal’ (special, contingent, singular). The intentional forces are agentive (volitive and located in agents) or magical (supernatural and non-agentive but still volitive). The scenario-framing, dynamically invested spaces are linked in a default diegetic order allowing forces to fire forwards and backwards, which explains how stories progress and end, and in particular, eventually, how they can mean what we report them to mean. Interpretation and interpretability depend on the dynamic ‘logic’ of this spatial diegesis, more than on reader identifications in a story, or on ideologies ascribed to the narrator.
Comparison of MRI features of pathologically proven hepatocellular carcinoma between patients with hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection.

Abstract Purpose To compare MRI features of pathologically-proven hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) between patients with hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) infection. Methods Two radiologists assessed 51 confirmed HCCs on MRI in HBV (n=18) or HCV (n=33) patients; a third, more experienced, radiologist resolved discrepancies. Results Arterial hyperenhancement occurred more frequently in HCV (90.9% vs. 66.7%; P =.032), DWI/T2WI hyperintensity more frequently in HBV [(DWI: 78.6% vs. 45.8%, T2WI: 77.8% vs. 48.5%; P =.073–0.088)]. Tumors were larger in HBV ( P ≤.016). Washout, pseudocapsule, homogeneity, circumscribed margins, lipid, iron, and visually low ADC were not different. Conclusion Larger studies are required to confirm these preliminary findings.
A Stochastic Optimization Method for Energy-Based Path Planning

We present a novel stochastic optimization method to compute energy–optimal paths, among all time–optimal paths, for vehicles traveling in dynamic unsteady currents. The method defines a stochastic class of instantaneous nominal vehicle speeds and then obtains the energy–optimal paths within the class by minimizing the total time–integrated energy usage while still satisfying the strong–constraint time–optimal level set equation. This resulting stochastic level set equation is solved using a dynamically orthogonal decomposition and the energy–optimal paths are then selected for each arrival time, among all stochastic time–optimal paths. The first application computes energy–optimal paths for crossing a steady front. Results are validated using a semi–analytical solution obtained by solving a dual nonlinear energy–time optimization problem. The second application computes energy–optimal paths for a realistic mission in the Middle Atlantic Bight and New Jersey Shelf/Hudson Canyon region, using dynamic data–driven ocean field estimates.
Recovering causal effects from selection bias

Controlling for selection and confounding biases are two of the most challenging problems that appear in data analysis in the empirical sciences as well as in artificial intelligence tasks. The combination of previously studied methods for each of these biases in isolation is not directly applicable to certain non-trivial cases in which selection and confounding biases are simultaneously present. In this paper, we tackle these instances non-parametrically and in full generality. We provide graphical and algorithmic conditions for recov-erability of interventional distributions for when selection and confounding biases are both present. Our treatment completely characterizes the class of causal effects that are recoverable in Markovian models, and is sufficient for Semi-Markovian models.
Entamoeba Clone-Recognition Experiments: Morphometrics, Aggregative Behavior, and Cell-Signaling Characterization.

Studies on clone- and kin-discrimination in protists have proliferated during the past decade. We report clone-recognition experiments in seven Entamoeba lineages (E. invadens IP-1, E. invadens VK-1:NS, E. terrapinae, E. moshkovskii Laredo, E. moshkovskii Snake, E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS and E. dispar). First, we characterized morphometrically each clone (length, width, and cell-surface area) and documented how they differed statistically from one another (as per single-variable or canonical-discriminant analyses). Second, we demonstrated that amebas themselves could discriminate self (clone) from different (themselves vs. other clones). In mix-cell-line cultures between closely-related (E. invadens IP-1 vs. E. invadens VK-1:NS) or distant-phylogenetic clones (E. terrapinae vs. E. moshkovskii Laredo), amebas consistently aggregated with same-clone members. Third, we identified six putative cell-signals secreted by the amebas (RasGap/Ankyrin, coronin-WD40, actin, protein kinases, heat shock 70, and ubiquitin) and which known functions in Entamoeba spp. included: cell proliferation, cell adhesion, cell movement, and stress-induced encystation. To our knowledge, this is the first multi-clone characterization of Entamoeba spp. morphometrics, aggregative behavior, and cell-signaling secretion in the context of clone-recognition. Protists allow us to study cell-cell recognition from ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Modern protistan lineages can be central to studies about the origins and evolution of multicellularity.
Inhibition of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Roasted Turkey by Edible Whey Protein Coatings Incorporating the Lactoperoxidase System

The effects of whey protein isolate (WPI) coatings incorporating a lactoperoxidase system (LPOS) on the inhibition of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on roasted turkey were studied by testing the initial inhibition as well as the inhibition during storage. The initial antimicrobial effects of WPI coatings incorporating LPOS (LPOS-WPI coatings) were examined with various inoculation levels and LPOS concentrations. LPOS-WPI coatings with 7 and 4% of LPOS demonstrated initial 3- and 2-log CFU/g reductions of S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. The antimicrobial effect was observed regardless of whether the turkey was inoculated before or after coating. Storage studies were conducted for 42 days at 4 and 10 degrees C with S. enterica (6.0 log CFU/g)- or E. coli O157:H7 (5.6 log CFU/g)-inoculated sliced turkey. LPOS concentrations for the storage studies of S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 were 5 and 3% (wt/wt), respectively, in the coating solution and in an LPOS solution for spreading. LPOS-WPI coatings inhibited the growth of both S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 in turkey at both 4 and 10 degrees C for 42 days. The inhibition was more pronounced when the coating was formed on the surface of the turkey prior to inoculation than when the coating was formed on the inoculated surface. More effective inhibition of S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 was observed with the LPOS-WPI coatings than with the LPOS solution-spreading treatment. LPOS-WPI coatings also retarded the growth of total aerobes during storage.
Why Are Seeds of the Central American Guanacaste Tree, Enterolobium cyclocarpum , Not Attacked by Bruchids Except in Panam?

The ranges of most other bruchids are usually contiguous with their hosts, but Stator generalis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is known to feed only in exposed seeds of guanacaste, Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae),in a restricted area of central Panama. Because this tree is widespread in the neotropics and yet is not preyed upon by seed beetles throughout the rest of its range, we fed seeds from Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Costa Rica, and from other areas of Panama, to S. generalis . They were able to develop normally in all these seeds; thus, we rejected the hypothesis that seeds from central Panama were chemically unique. We hypothesize that S. generalis has not spread northward, because guanacaste seeds are not available in amounts or a pattern appropriate for S. generalis to survive. This is because cattle and horses eat nearly all the fruits, thereby widely scattering the cleaned seeds. Small rodents which have access to horse and cattle dung remove the seeds even farther from a state accessible to bruchids. Further, variability in the number of seeds set and available in a specific locality may also reduce the pool of bruchids available for emigration and raise the chance for local extinction. Probably a pool of fruit-free seeds exposed on the surface of the ground only accumulates in sufficient quantity to maintain a population of S. generalis in localities such as city parks, gardens, corrals, and other areas where there is considerable human traffic. The possible effects of Pleistocene large mammals on this system are also discussed.
Patterns in avoidance extinction

Avoidance extinction was analyzed by classifying running times as fast, medium, or slow and determining the contingent probabilities of runs of various speed or extinction on the following trial. The most probable transitions were to runs of the same speed class. Extinction was much more probable following slow runs than after medium or fast runs. Increasing the amount of avoidance training contributed to resistance to extinction by lengthening the sequence of fast runs at the beginning of extinction.
Point-of-Care Detection of β-Lactamase in Milk with a Universal Fluorogenic Probe

The illegal addition of β-lactamase (Bla) in milk to disguise β-lactam antibiotics has been a serious issue in the milk industry worldwide. Herein, we report a method for point-of-care detection of Bla based on a probe, Tokyo Green-tethered β-lactam (CDG-1), as a common substrate of various Blas (Bla A, B...) which can enzymatically convert CDG-1 (low fluorescence) to Tokyo Green (high fluorescence). This approach allows rapid screening of a broad spectrum of Blas in real milk samples within 15 min without any pretreatment. Combined with the immuno-magnetic separation, we achieved sensitive and quantitative detection of Bla (10–5 U/mL), which provides a universal platform for screening and determining Blas in complex samples with high efficiency and accuracy.
Applying a technology-based system for weight loss in adults with obesity.

SummaryObjective The aim of this study was to compare an in-person, group-based behavioral weight loss intervention to technology-based interventions in adults with obesity. Methods Adults (N = 39; body mass index: 39.5 ± 2.8 kg m−2; age: 39.9 ± 11.5 years) participated in a 6-month program with randomization to one of three intervention groups: standard behavioral weight loss, a technology-based system combined with a monthly intervention telephone call (TECH) or an enhanced technology-based system combined with a monthly intervention telephone call (EN-TECH). All groups were prescribed an energy-restricted diet and physical activity. Assessments occurred at 0, 3 and 6 months. Separate mixed-effects models using unstructured dependence structure were fit to the outcomes. Results Weight loss (least square means ± standard error) at 6 months was −6.57 ± 1.65 kg in standard behavioral weight loss, −5.18 ± 1.72 kg in TECH and −6.25 ± 1.95 kg in EN-TECH (p-value for time effect ≤ 0.0001). A similar pattern was observed for change in body mass index, waist circumference and percent body fat. There was a decrease in total energy intake (p = 0.0005) and percent dietary fat intake (p = 0.0172), and physical activity increased (p = 0.0003). Conclusions Findings provide initial information on the use of technology-based interventions that include wearable devices combined with brief monthly telephone calls for weight loss in adults with obesity.
Iron Ion and Iron Hydroxide Adsorption to Charge-Neutral Phosphatidylcholine Templates

Surface-sensitive X-ray scattering and spectroscopy techniques reveal significant adsorption of iron ions and iron-hydroxide (Fe(III)) complexes to a charge-neutral zwitterionic template of phosphatidylcholine (PC). The PC template is formed by a Langmuir monolayer of dipalmitoyl-PC (DPPC) that is spread on the surface of 2 to 40 μM FeCl3 solutions at physiological levels of KCl (100 mM). At 40 μM of Fe(III) as many as ∼3 iron atoms are associated with each PC group. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction measurements indicate a significant disruption in the in-plane ordering of DPPC molecules upon iron adsorption. The binding of iron-hydroxide complexes to a neutral PC surface is yet another example of nonelectrostatic, presumably covalent bonding to a charge-neutral organic template. The strong binding and the disruption of in-plane lipid structure has biological implications on the integrity of PC-derived lipid membranes, including those based on sphingomyelin.
Direct Behavior Rating Instrumentation: Evaluating the Impact of Scale Formats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of two different Direct Behavior Rating–Single Item Scale (DBR-SIS) formats on rating accuracy. A total of 119 undergraduate students partici...
Technique of cervical approach to the oesophagus

The cervical oesophagus can be approached from the right or left sides and there is little to choose between the two sides. The left side is the more common approach, however, as the oesophagus lies a little to the left of the midline in the neck.
Improvement of the “Bottom-up” Approach in Value Engineering

The “bottom-up” approach is an important evaluation method of function economic value in value engineering. According to the “bottom-up” approach theory, we usually choose one or more functions as the Base Points to calculate the value coefficient and the target cost. The premise of this approach was chosen as the Base Point function and the other functions on comparable in manufacturing process and design method, as well as the realization method belong to the same category, therefore it is not suitable for today’s highly integrated mechanical and electrical integration products. Because of the complex of the function design and manufacturing process this paper of the ‘Multi categories “bottom-up” approach’ can effectively solve the defect of classical theory.
Interface Effect on Efficiency Loss in Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Solution Processed Emitting Layers

The performance of multilayered OLEDs with a solution processed emitting layer (EML) is compared to that of counterparts with an evaporated EML and it is found that the interfacial energy changes at the EML and electron transport layer (ETL) interface is a key factor determining the device efficiency. From the results of exciplex photoluminescence emission at the EML/ETL interface and energetic disorder measurements, it is revealed that there is an energy shift in the solution processed EML along with a band tail broadening compared with the device with an evaporated EML, resulting in inefficient hole blocking at the EML/ETL interface and a decrease in device efficiency. Using an ETL with a deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level can ameliorate this problem, resulting in a solution processed OLED with a high external quantum efficiency of 29%.
Have Gender Gaps in Math Closed? Achievement, Teacher Perceptions, and Learning Behaviors Across Two ECLS-K Cohorts

Studies using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Class of 1998–1999 (ECLS-K:1999) revealed gender gaps in mathematics achievement and teacher perceptions. However, recent...
Microstructure and mechanical properties of cold sprayed 6061 Al in As-sprayed and heat treated condition

Abstract Microstructural and mechanical properties of cold sprayed 6061 aluminum deposits on 6061-T6 aluminum alloy substrates are investigated under various heat treatment conditions, i.e. as-deposited, stress relieved and T6. The local mechanical property variation in the as-deposited material are explored using nanoindentation technique, and correlated with microstructural characterization conducted via electron back-scattered diffraction. It is found that the prior particle boundaries have ~ 0.4 GPa higher hardness than particle interiors, which is attributed to grain refinement in these regions promoted by local dynamic recrystallization. Also, the bulk-scale mechanical properties of the deposits are evaluated by microtensile testing in various post-heat treatment conditions and compared to those of conventionally processed 6061-T6 aluminum. The as-deposited material showed markedly higher ultimate strength (~ 460 MPa) and lower ductility (~ 3%) compared to conventionally processed material and this is attributed to significant cold working during the cold spray deposition process and associated grain boundary strengthening and dislocation strengthening mechanisms. Heat treated specimens showed a slight improvement in both ultimate strength and ductility compared to the as-deposited condition. These improvements are attributed to an improvement in metallurgical bonding at prior particle boundaries and a modest increase in the density of strengthening precipitates. Fractography of the specimens revealed that the heat treatment also changes the fracture characteristics of the cold sprayed 6061 aluminum deposit. The residual stress profiles and bond strength of the deposits are also studied using x-ray diffraction, tensile pull-off and three lug shear testing, respectively.
Undigested Pills in Stool Mimicking Parasitic Infection

Background. Orally ingested medications now come in both immediate release and controlled release preparations. Controlled release preparations were developed by pharmaceutical companies to improve compliance and decrease frequency of pill ingestion. Case Report. A 67-year-old obese male patient presented to our clinic with focal abdominal pain that had been present 3 inches below umbilicus for the last three years. This pain was not associated with any trauma or recent heavy lifting. Upon presentation, the patient reported that for the last two months he started to notice pearly oval structures in his stool accompanying his chronic abdominal pain. This had coincided with initiation of his nifedipine pills for his hypertension. He reported seeing these undigested pills daily in his stool. Conclusion. The undigested pills may pose a cause of concern for both patients and physicians alike, as demonstrated in this case report, because they can mimic a parasitic infection. This can result in unnecessary extensive work-up. It is important to review the medication list for extended release formulations and note that the outer shell can be excreted whole in the stool.
Learning dictionary for efficient signal compression

We consider the problem of learning dictionaries for data compression. Different from ordinary learning methods, the objective is to design a dictionary such that the signal has a low entropy representation in the basis of the dictionary, rather than giving a sparse or low-energy representation. To achieve this goal, we need to consider the effect of quantization on the rate-distortion curve as well as an estimation of the distributions of the coefficients. Based on this probability estimation, the coefficients are computed, quantized and then entropy-coded. As such, we have developed algorithms for different classes of dictionaries; orthonormal, union of orthonormals and general dictionaries with unit-norm atoms, to iteratively learn the dictionary and the distribution models of the coefficients. A mixture of Gaussians is adopted to estimate the probability and is updated using the expectation maximization algorithm together with the dictionary learning. Simulation results on the real seismic data show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm compared to ordinary dictionary learning methods.
Restoring full‐thickness defects with spray skin in conjunction with dermal regenerate template and split‐thickness skin grafting: a pilot study

Complex, full-thickness soft tissue defects secondary to large burns, trauma and war-related injuries continue to challenge reconstructive surgeons. To achieve positive surgical outcomes in these patient populations, novel approaches are needed to restore the functional, protective and aesthetic properties of skin. Herein, we provide the first report describing the staged use of a dermal regenerate template (DRT) with a spray-on epidermal regenerative modality (spray skin) in addition to autologous split-thickness skin grafting (STSG) in non-burn trauma and compare these results with those of patients treated with DRT and STSG alone. A pilot study was performed to evaluate whether the use of spray skin technology (ReCell, Avita Medical) as an adjunct to DRT (Integra, Integra Lifesciences) and autologous skin grafting in the treatment of patients with large full-thickness soft tissue losses impacts donor site burden as well as recipient and donor site re-epithelialization. In this retrospective study, two patients who were treated with DRT and STSG alone (control group) were compared with two patients who were treated with DRT and spray skin/STSG in combination (experimental group). The mechanisms of injury, total defect and treatment sizes, time to complete re-epithelialization, lengths of follow-up, outcomes and complications were reviewed. Our group observed that using a DRT in conjunction with spray skin/STSG can reduce donor site burden and decrease time to complete healing. It can also permit greater or larger meshing ratios, while aiding in improved re-pigmentation when compared with similar wounds treated with a DRT and autologous skin grafting alone. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of metal additive manufacturing microstructures using kinetic Monte Carlo

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) is of tremendous interest given its ability to realize complex, non-traditional geometries in engineered structural materials. However, microstructures generated from AM processes can be equally, if not more, complex than their conventionally processed counterparts. While some microstructural features observed in AM may also occur in more traditional solidification processes, the introduction of spatially and temporally mobile heat sources can result in significant microstructural heterogeneity. While grain size and shape in metal AM structures are understood to be highly dependent on both local and global temperature profiles, the exact form of this relation is not well understood. Here, an idealized molten zone and temperature-dependent grain boundary mobility are implemented in a kinetic Monte Carlo model to predict three-dimensional grain structure in additively manufactured metals. To demonstrate the flexibility of the model, synthetic microstructures are generated under conditions mimicking relatively diverse experimental results present in the literature. Simulated microstructures are then qualitatively and quantitatively compared to their experimental complements and are shown to be in good agreement.
Building Integrated Explanatory Models of Complex Biological Phenomena: From Mill’s Methods to a Causal Mosaic

Mill’s methods involve two idealizations (“one cause, one effect” and “no mixing of effects”), but causal relationships in biology usually exhibit a plurality of causes and intermixture of effects. Building explanatory models to capture these relations remains a challenge because similar idealizations occur in contemporary causal reasoning (e.g., difference making). The problem is poignant for formulating integrated models of different types of causes, such as combining physical and genetic causes to understand their joint contribution to anatomical structures in embryogenesis. Standardized periodizations can help in formulating integrated explanatory models within developmental biology that are causal mosaics of reasoning from difference making and production (mechanism) accounts. A consequence of this strategy is a tradeoff between models that yield causal generalizations of wide scope and models that locally integrate different types of causes to comprehensively explain complex phenomena.