cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The hepatopulmonary syndrome: radiologic findings in 10 patients.

The purpose of this study was to review the radiologic manifestations of the hepatopulmonary syndrome.We retrospectively reviewed clinical records, chest radiographs, 99m Tc-macroaggregated albumin (MAA) perfusion lung scans, chest CT scans, and pulmonary angiograms of 10 patients with proven hepatopulmonary syndrome.Chest radiographs showed basilar, medium-sized (1.5-3.0 mm) nodular or reticulonodular opacities in all cases. CT was done in eight cases and showed basilar dilatation of lung vessels with a larger than normal number of visible branches. The vascular basis for these opacities was best appreciated on conventional CT scans of 10-mm sections. No individual arteriovenous malformations were seen on CT scans. High-resolution CT scans showed no evidence of interstitial fibrosis. 99mTc-MAA perfusion lung imaging, done in seven patients, showed pulmonary arteriovenous shunting in five. Contrast echocardiography confirmed intrapulmonary shunting in these five patients. Pulmonary angiography, done in fo...
Clinical Social Workers' Response to a State Policy on the Use of Evidence-Based Practice: How Attitudes, Behaviors, and Competing Values Affect Actual Practice

The researcher investigated the practices of licensed clinical social workers along with the policy that is intended to guide their practice and the documents that are intended to reflect their practice. The researcher wished to discern how the clinicians have responded to a policy intended to mandate a form of evidence-based practice. What the researcher found was that, although clinicians report their work in a manner that is consistent with the policy, their actual practice is guided to a large degree by beliefs and values that lead the clinicians to engage in practices that go beyond the limited policy mandate.
Preferential cleavage at aspartyl-prolyl peptide bonds in dilute acid

A simple, rapid technique is presented for preferential cleavage at aspartylprolyl peptide bonds. The method is based upon the fact that these peptide bonds are 8-20-fold more labile in 0.015 N HCl at 100-110 degrees than other aspartyl-X or X-aspartyl peptide bonds. The method has proven effective in the cleavage of several peptides from pig kidney fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and should facilitate sequence analysis of proteins that contain aspartyl-prolyl linkages.
Vibrations of narrow microbeams predeformed by an electric field

Abstract Vibrations of a fixed–fixed narrow microbeam electrostatically actuated by applying a voltage difference to it and a parallel rigid conductor are analyzed. For gaps between the two conductors that are comparable to the beam's thickness, the fundamental frequency of the beam may first increase with increasing applied voltage, before suddenly dropping at the pull-in voltage. Available models fail to accurately describe this behavior of the frequency versus voltage diagram for narrow microbeams, that results from a combination of strain-hardening and electrostatic softening effects. A distributed electromechanical model, that accounts for electrostatic fringing fields, finite deflections and residual stresses, is proposed. A recent estimate of the electrostatic force incorporating fringing fields due to both finite width and finite thickness of the microbeam is employed. The lowest frequency is extracted with a simple and computationally efficient one degree-of-freedom model obtained by approximating the deflection field with the static deflection of a fixed–fixed microbeam loaded by a uniformly distributed force. The model's predictions are in good agreement with those from three-dimensional finite-element simulations.
Development Of Super High Density Packed Image Guide

The development of high density ultra-thin image guide is described. For this development a quantitative evaluation system and actual scope evaluation system were adopted. 2000, 3000 and 6000 pixels ultra thin image guides were introduced.
Hearing loss and depression in older adults.

TO THE EDITOR Hearing loss (HL) is a common, but underappreciated health issue affecting older adults. The functional consequences of HL for older adults are now surfacing in epidemiological studies demonstrating that HL may be independently associated with depression1 and loneliness.2 Compared to other medical co-morbidities, HL is more strongly associated with the development of depression in older adults.1 Whether hearing rehabilitative treatment may mitigate the possible effects of HL on depression remains unclear. We investigated the association of HL and hearing aid use with major depressive disorder (MDD)in a nationally representative study of older patients.
The Maggi or Canonical Form of Lagrange's Equations of Motion of Holonomic Mechanical Systems

This paper formulates the simplest possible, or canonical, form of the Lagrangean-type of equations of motion of holonomically constrained mechanical systems. This is achieved by introducing a new special set of n holonomic (system) coordinates in terms of which the m ( < n) holonomic constraints are expressed in their simplest, or uncoupled, form: the first m of these new coordinates vanish; the remaining (n-m) (nonvanishing) new coordinates of the (n-m) degree-of-freedom system are then independent. From the resulting equations of motion: (a) The last (n-m) are reactionless canonical equations (the holonomic counterpart of the linear or nonlinear equations, either of Maggi (in the old variables), or of Boltzmann/Hamel (in the new variables)) whose solution yields the motion, while (b) the first m supply the system reactions, in the old or new coordinates, once the motion is known. Special forms of these equations and a simple example are also given. The geometrical interpretation of the above, in modern vector/linear algebra language is summarized in the Appendix.
On the regulation of cyclic AMP level in bacteria. II. In vitro regulation of adenylate cyclase activity. Solubilization and reconstitution of a functional membrane-bound adenylate cyclase system responsive to regulation by glucose.

1. 1. The in vitro regulation of the membrane bound adenylate cyclase of Escherichia coli B/r by a variety of carbohydrates and one mammalian hormone was examined. 2. 2. The membrane bound adenylate cyclase was found responsive to regulation by the various growth substrates and to glucagon. 3. 3. Solubilization of the bacterial membrane preparation by a procedure specific for the solubilization of the phosphotransferase enzyme E1 1 to its E1 1 A and E1 1 B subunits was found to be accompanied by the loss of the adenylate cyclase regulation by glucose. 4. 4. Reconstitution of the membrane was found to result in recovery of the regulative response of the adenylate cyclase to glucose. 5. 5. A model for the intermediate steps in the interaction between glucose, the phosphotransferase E1 1 and the adenylate cyclase is discussed.
Assessment of continuous biodegradation of commercial PCB formulations.

The bench scale test demonstrates that substrate availability in the growth medium can significantly effect the biodegradation pattern of commercially formulated PCBs. Under limited substrate supply, all seven major components of Aroclor 1221 were degraded by P. sp. 7509. With excessive amounts of nutrient, however, some preferences for given components were observed. The position of chlorine substitution on the biphenyl molecule appears to be one of the major factors determining an isomer's biodegradability. The biodegradation rate of higher chlorinated PCB formulations was much slower under the continuous loading. However, significant degradation of such formulations did occur, when the fermentor was switched to batch operation.
Transformation of selenate and selenite to elemental selenium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans

Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (DSM 1924) can be adapted to grow in the presence of 10 mM selenate or 0.1 mM selenite. This growth occurred in media containing formate as the electron donor and either fumarate or sulfate as the electron acceptor. As determined by electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, selenate and selenite were reduced to elemental selenium which accumulated inside the cells. Selenium granules resulting from selenite metabolism were cytoplasmic while granules of selenium resulting from selenate reduction appeared to be in the periplasmic region. The accumulation of red elemental selenium in the media following stationary phase resulted from cell lysis with the liberation of selenium granules. Growth did not occur with either selenate or selenite as the electron acceptor and13C nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that neither selenium oxyanion interfered with fumarate respiration. At 1 μM selenate and 100 μM selenite, reduction byD. desulfuricans was 95% and 97%, respectively. The high level of total selenate and selenite reduced indicated the suitability ofD. desulfuricans for selenium detoxification.
PLA Driver Selection: An Analytic Approach

Few integrated circuit design tools support the rapid exploration of the design space across performance alternatives. Such a tool must rely on extensive analysis of fundamental design issues, to provide the basis for this exploration. These detailed analyses are summarized as simple "rules-of-thumb." A more flexible class of design tools can use these to generate integrated circuit designs with more desirable performance. This paper describes the detailed analysis of the PLA driver selection problem. Rules-of-thumb which summerize these results for nMOS, are developed and applied to a large CPU design project currently underway at Berkeley. A maximum critical driver delay improvement of 46% was realized.
American cigarette manufacturers' ability to pay damages: overview and a rough calculation

The American cigarette industry's ability to pay large damage awards and settlement costs is not limited to its current annual profits of $7.6 billion, or $0.31 per pack. Much larger liability payments could be financed through increased wholesale cigarette prices or higher excise taxes. An increase in the federal cigarette excise tax of 50 cents per pack could yield an estimated $10.8 billion annually in net revenues available for liability costs, while the industry would still retain $5.4 billion, or $0.25 per pack, in pre-tax profits. An increase in cigarette price from its current $1.88 per pack to the full, monopoly profit-maximising level of $4.08 per pack would make more than $32 billion available annually for liability payments or pre-taxed profits.
Selective radiofrequency ablation of the “slow” atrioventricular nodal pathway for control of the ventricular response to atrial fibrillation☆

In summary, this study reports 2 important findings: (1) AV nodal modification using the conservative protocol we describe reduces long-term success for ventricular rate control during atrial fibrillation but eliminates the incidence of permanent AV block; (2) directed lesions that eliminate clinical AV nodal reentry slow ventricular response to acute atrial fibrillation but are not sufficient to control ventricular response of chronic atrial fibrillation. Further refinement of these techniques may allow an optimal balance between rate control and avoidance of permanent pacing.
Student perceptions of risks associated with cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use

This study documented the perception among student health professionals of the relative health risks from cigarette smoking and from smokeless tobacco (SLT) use. Subjects consisted of dental students, internal medicine residents, and public health graduate students at UAB and dental students at UNMC. The subjects completed a questionnaire indicating their view of the relationship between cigarette smoking or SLT use and “general health,” “cancer,” and “oral cancer.” Response was on a 10-point scale ranging from zero (“not at all harmful”) to 10 (“deadly”). A comparison of responses was made between groups for each health category. Individual responses were categorized to indicate whether one product was perceived to be more harmful than (or equal to) the other. SLT use was perceived by 30% of respondents to be either equal to or more harmful than smoking in relation to general health. The corresponding results for cancer and oral cancer were 38% and 72%. However, when focusing on the responses of the third and fourth year dental students, these numbers dropped to 8%, 9%, and 35%, respectively. Students in the health professions overestimate health risks from SLT use. However, the dental school curriculum at these schools, including the core oral pathology courses, results in a more accurate perception of the lower risks from SLT than from smoking.
Morphogenesis in the red alga, Griffithsia pacifica: Regeneration from single cells.

The regeneration of plants of the red alga Griffithsia pacifica from single, isolated cells is described. Regeneration can start from any cell and is triggered by the removal of an abutting cell. An isolated, single shoot cell forms a shoot and a rhizoidal cell within one day. The shoot then adds new cells by apical division at the rate of 1–2 cells/day; branches are formed at predictable but not fixed locations by budding of subapical cells. Each shoot cell enlarges for 6–8 days. The resulting plant consists of uniseriate, pseudodichotomously-branched shoot filaments with multicellular rhizoidal filaments at their base. The predictability and rapidity of this development combined with the large size of these cells (1.0×0.2 mm) facilitate developmental studies on this organism.
Defending Moral Mind-Independence: The Expressivist’s Precarious Turn

A central feature of ordinary moral thought is that moral judgment is mind-independent in the following sense: judging something to be morally wrong does not thereby make it morally wrong. To deny this would be to accept a form of subjectivism. Neil Sinclair (2008) makes a novel attempt to show how expressivism is simultaneously committed to (1) an understanding of moral judgments as expressions of attitudes and (2) the rejection of subjectivism. In this paper, I discuss Sinclair’s defense of anti-subjectivist moral mind-independence on behalf of the expressivist, and I argue that the account does not fully succeed. An examination of why it does not is instructive, and it reveals a fundamental dilemma for the expressivist. I offer a suggestion for how the expressivist might respond to the dilemma and so uphold Sinclair’s defense.
Detecting neutrino magnetic moments with conducting loops

It is well established that neutrinos have mass, yet it is very difficult to measure those masses directly. Within the standard model of particle physics, neutrinos will have an intrinsic magnetic moment proportional to their mass. We examine the possibility of detecting the magnetic moment using a conducting loop. According to Faraday's law of induction, a magnetic dipole passing through a conducting loop induces an electromotive force in the loop. We compute this electromotive force for neutrinos in several cases, based on a fully covariant formulation of the problem. We discuss prospects for a real experiment, as well as the possibility to test the relativistic formulation of intrinsic magnetic moments.
Organic spin transporting materials: present and future

Spintronics involves the study of spin directions manipulation in the solid-state and has been a fascinating and attractive field for scientists. In the past decade, organic materials, unlike inorganic solids, have emerged as one of the promising candidates for spintronics due to their low spin–orbit coupling and weak hyperfine interaction. Organic semiconductors have shown great potential for spin transport in recent publications. In this article, we address the issues of influence of organic materials in spin transport and introduce a variety of possible candidate organic materials for further development of the field.
Characteristics of Nd:YAG sculptured contact probes after prolonged laser application.

This study analyzed the functional and structural characteristics of cone, hemisphere, and modified sculptured contact fibers (1,000 μm) after 1 hour of continuous Nd:YAG laser application. Continuous laser application was performed on live porcine tissue using 20 watts of power. The fiber's appearance under a microscope as well as the power output was recorded after 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes of continuous laser application. (N = 3 for each fiber). At time 0, all fibers transmitted from 49 to 56% of the initial 20 watts (W); power transmission decreased to less than 9% relative power transmission after 20 minutes and then plateaued. The fibers exhibited severe distortion and carbonization of the surface where laser had been applied with evidence of quartz melting and shattering after only 10 minutes. By 30 minutes of laser application, all three fibers were fractured and essentially indistinguishable from one another; moreover, the fibers exhibited similar power transmission, and cutting and coagulation activity, as determined by a panel of independent, double-blinded surgeons. These data lead us to conclude that 1) Nd:YAG contact laser effects result from thermal heating of the fiber tip with subsequent tissue injury, 2) the unique structural configuration of the fiber's sculptured tip are lost after several minutes of laser application without appreciable change in functional integrity, and 3) fibers may be manually fractured allowing for multiple uses without significant sacrifice of power transmission or surgical utility. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Spiral of Silence and Fear of Isolation

This research explores the relationship between fear of isolation and allied concepts derived from the communication apprehension (CA) literature-CA-trait and CA-state-on opinion expression. The study took place during the final run-up to the Fall 2002 U.S. Congressional elections, and the research topic focused on the debate surrounding the possibility of the United States invading Iraq. The results suggest that (a) CA-trait, CA-state, and fear of isolation are empirically distinct; (b) these constructs differentially predict opinion expression; and (c) customary ways of assessing opinion expression in past research likely have underestimated conformity effects.
Exploring medical student decisions regarding attending live lectures and using recorded lectures

Background Student decisions about lecture attendance are based on anticipated effect on learning. Factors involved in decision-making, the use of recorded lectures and their effect on lecture attendance, all warrant investigation. Aim This study was designed to identify factors in student decisions to attend live lectures, ways in which students use recorded lectures, and if their use affects live lecture attendance. Methods A total of 213 first (M1) and second year (M2) medical students completed a survey about lecture attendance, and rated factors related to decisions to attend live lectures and to utilize recorded lectures. Responses were analyzed overall and by class year and gender. Results M1 attended a higher percentage of live lectures than M2, while both classes used the same percentage of recorded lectures. Females attended more live lectures, and used a smaller percentage of recorded lectures. The lecturer was a key in attendance decisions. Also considered were the subject and availability of other learning materials. Students use recorded lectures as replacement for live lectures and as supplement to them. Conclusions Lectures, both live and recorded, are important for student learning. Decisions about lecture placement in the curriculum need to be based on course content and lecturer quality.
Dynamic agglomerative clustering of gene expression profiles

The increasing use of microarray technologies is generating a large amount of data that must be processed to extract underlying gene expression patterns. Existing clustering methods could suffer from certain drawbacks. Most methods cannot automatically separate scattered, singleton and mini-cluster genes from other genes. Inclusion of these types of genes into regular clustering processes can impede identification of gene expression patterns. In this paper, we propose a general clustering method, namely a dynamic agglomerative clustering (DAC) method. DAC can automatically separate scattered, singleton and mini-cluster genes from other genes and thus avoid possible contamination to the gene expression patterns caused by them. For DAC, the scattered gene filtering step is no longer necessary in data pre-processing. In addition, we propose a criterion for evaluating clustering results for a dataset which contains scattered, singleton and/or mini-cluster genes. DAC has been applied successfully to two real datasets for identification of gene expression patterns. Our numerical results indicate that DAC outperforms other clustering methods, such as the quality-based and model-based clustering methods, in clustering datasets which contain scattered, singleton and/or mini-cluster genes.
Suppression of flow oscillations in a vertical Bridgman crystal growth system

We consider the feedback control of flows in a vertical Bridgman crystal growth system. The vertical Bridgman process is used to grow single crystals for a wide array of applications, ranging from lasers to highspeed microelectronics to infrared sensors. We model the Bridgman system using conservation equations for energy and momentum and physically reasonable boundary and initial conditions. The Galerkin finite element method is used to spatially discretize this nonlinear, differential-algebraic equation set. We consider a prototypical Bridgman system experiencing a time-varying disturbance to its furnace temperature profile. A single-input single-output control system is considered for controller design. Proportional, proportional-integral, and input-output linearizing controllers are applied to the vertical Bridgman model to attenuate the flow oscillations. The volume-averaged flow kinetic energy is chosen as the single controlled output. The flows are controlled via rotation of the crucible containing the molten material. Simulation results show that nonlinear control is superior to P and PI control in the suppression of the flow oscillations.
EVALUATING THE ABILITY OF THE BARLEY STRIPE MOSAIC VIRUS-INDUCED GENE SILENCING SYSTEM TO SIMULTANEOUSLY SILENCE TWO WHEAT GENES

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an important tool for rapid assessment of gene function in plants. The ability of the Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) VIGS system to simultaneously silence two genes was assessed by comparing the extent of down-regulation of the wheat PDS and SGT1 genes after wheat plants were infected with BSMV-VIGS constructs carrying 178bp fragments of the PDS and SGT1 genes linked in cis or after infection with single-gene silencing BSMV constructs carrying PDS or SGT1 alone or with a mixture of the single-gene constructs. Although significant variation occurred in these studies it was clearly demonstrated that two wheat genes can be silenced simultaneously by a single BSMV-VIGS construct.
Loosening the Soil of Their Thinking: A Theoretical Integration for Contracting with Low-Income Single Mothers to Stop Physical Aggression Toward Their Children

Clinical social work with low-income single mothers at-risk for physical abuse of their children traverses multiple theoretical perspectives for viewing causality and intervention in order to prevent future abuse. Cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic approaches have figured prominently in the discourse but are often considered as opposing viewpoints. In this paper, narrative excerpts from a study about social workers’ experiences in developing working alliances with these women are used to suggest an integrative theoretical viewpoint for contracting with them to refrain from hitting their children.
Model-based control of adaptive applications: an overview

Model-based control utilizes performance models of applications to choose performant system configurations for execution of applications. The performance models used in this research separate specification of the software system from specification of the execution environment so that model-based control can select software configurations for a given execution environment or, conversely, select execution environments for a given software configuration. Some representations, methods, and tools that enable model-based control are briefly described. Application of some of the methods and tools to a stochastic optimization code is briefly sketched. The problems of model-based control of two other applications are defined and described. The relationship between model-based control and other methods for adaptive control is briefly discussed.
Use of nitrates in unstable angina pectoris.

Abstract The rationale for using intravenous nitrates in patients hospitalized with severe angina pectoris is that physiologic action is almost immediate. Many studies and clinical experience indicate that the use of this preparation results in a marked diminution of recurrent angina episodes in most patients. If adverse reactions such as severe hypotension or bradycardia occur, decreasing the dose or stopping it entirely corrects the problem. Intravenous nitroglycerin can be used in combination with other known antianginal agents, such as β blockers and calcium antagonists. In clinical practice most patients are treated with nitrates and β blockers or calcium antagonists because the combination of drugs may reduce ischemia and symptoms more than each drug used alone over a long period.
“Spindex” (Speech Index) Enhances Menus on Touch Screen Devices with Tapping, Wheeling, and Flicking

Users interact with many electronic devices via menus such as auditory or visual menus. Auditory menus can either complement or replace visual menus. We investigated how advanced auditory cues enhance auditory menus on a smartphone, with tapping, wheeling, and flicking input gestures. The study evaluated a spindex (speech index), in which audio cues inform users where they are in a menu; 122 undergraduates navigated through a menu of 150 songs. Study variables included auditory cue type (text-to-speech alone or TTS plus spindex), visual display mode (on or off), and input gesture (tapping, wheeling, or flicking). Target search time and subjective workload were lower with spindex than without for all input gestures regardless of visual display mode. The spindex condition was rated subjectively higher than plain speech. The effects of input method and display mode on navigation behaviors were analyzed with the two-stage navigation strategy model. Results are discussed in relation to attention theories and in terms of practical applications.
Time to detection of bacterial cultures in infants aged 0 to 90 days.

Objective: To determine the time to detection (TTD) of positive results on blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures taken during the evaluation for serious bacterial infection (SBI) in otherwise healthy infants aged 0 to 90 days. Methods: This study was a retrospective chart review of infants aged 0 to 90 days with positive blood, urine, or CSF cultures drawn during evaluation for SBI in the emergency department or inpatient setting. The TTD of positive culture results, reason for testing, and age of the infant were recorded. Results: A total of 283 charts were reviewed related to 307 positive culture results. Of the 101 positive results on blood culture, 38% were true pathogens with a mean TTD of 13.3 hours; 97% were identified in ≤36 hours. Blood cultures with TTD ≥36 hours were 7.8 times more likely to be contaminants compared with those with TTD Conclusions: In certain clinical situations, the inpatient observation period for infants under evaluation for SBI may be decreased to 36 hours.
Is Metastatic Prostate Cancer Changing, and How Will We Know It? It's Time for Standard Nomenclature for Nonosseous Metastases in Clinical Trials of Patients with Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is among the leading causes of cancer mortality in men globally. Although patients with metastatic disease initially respond to androgen deprivation therapy, the majority will progress to a lethal phenotype: metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Recent improvements in our understanding of the biology of mCRPC have contributed to a revitalization of drug development, with multiple new agents with varied mechanisms of action resulting in improved survival [1]. However, not all patients respond to treatment, and several efforts are under way to characterize prostate cancers at the genomic level in an attempt to illuminate the observed clinical heterogeneity and to identify potential predictive biomarkers. Nonetheless, proper assessment of treatment response has posed a great challenge for clinicians and investigators alike. Precise definition and reporting of end points in clinical trials are critical to determining efficacy of treatment and to ensuring further development of new treatments for this deadly disease. Phenotype-genotype correlations have been critical to the identification of patient subgroups in oncology with disparate natural histories and/or differential sensitivities to therapeutic interventions. For example, the identification of activating mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) conferring sensitivity to small molecule inhibitors of EGFR was preceded by the realization that Asian neversmoking women were more likely to experience clinical benefit. Subsets of patients with a strong family history of early onset breast and/or ovarian cancer were ultimately found to have germline mutations of the breast cancer 1, early onset (BRCA) gene, which has now been shown to confer sensitivity to platinum therapy. In both examples, astute clinical observations, or ‘‘deep phenotyping’’ were taken from bedside to benchside and back.
Comparison of body size estimation and eating disorder inventory scores in anorexia and bulimia patients with obese, and restrained and unrestrained controls

Psychological attributes and body size estimation were compared in four subgroups of anorexia and bulimia patients, an obese group, an unrestrained control group, and a restrained control group. The four patient subgroups were anorectic-restrictors, anorectic-bulimics, bulimics with a history of anorexia, and bulimics without a history of anorexia. The bulimics with a past history of anorexia displayed the greatest degree of psychopathology, as measured by the Eating Disorder Inventory (ED/). Of the four anorexia and bulimia subgroups, the anorectic-restrictors displayed the least pathological EDI profile while the anorectic-bulimics and bulimics with no history of anorexia displayed intermediate profiles. All anorexia and bulimia subgroups overestimated the size of their hips and their body depth relative to the two control groups and the obese group. There were no differences in body size estimation between the subgroups of anorexia and bulimia patients. All four groups of patients showed improvements on both the EDI and body size estimation task with treatment. The implications of these findings for diagnostic criteria and appropriate subgrouping of anorexia and bulimia patients is discussed.
Why did eukaryotes evolve only once? Genetic and energetic aspects of conflict and conflict mediation

According to multi-level theory, evolutionary transitions require mediating conflicts between lower-level units in favour of the higher-level unit. By this view, the origin of eukaryotes and the origin of multicellularity would seem largely equivalent. Yet, eukaryotes evolved only once in the history of life, whereas multicellular eukaryotes have evolved many times. Examining conflicts between evolutionary units and mechanisms that mediate these conflicts can illuminate these differences. Energy-converting endosymbionts that allow eukaryotes to transcend surface-to-volume constraints also can allocate energy into their own selfish replication. This principal conflict in the origin of eukaryotes can be mediated by genetic or energetic mechanisms. Genome transfer diminishes the heritable variation of the symbiont, but requires the de novo evolution of the protein-import apparatus and was opposed by selection for selfish symbionts. By contrast, metabolic signalling is a shared primitive feature of all cells. Redox state of the cytosol is an emergent feature that cannot be subverted by an individual symbiont. Hypothetical scenarios illustrate how metabolic regulation may have mediated the conflicts inherent at different stages in the origin of eukaryotes. Aspects of metabolic regulation may have subsequently been coopted from within-cell to between-cell pathways, allowing multicellularity to emerge repeatedly.
Hospital religious affiliation and emergency contraceptive prescribing practices.

With access to reproductive health care eroding, examination of prescribing of contraception, including emergency contraception (EC), is important. We examined whether working in a family practice affiliated with a religious institution changes the likelihood of a provider prescribing EC. Our survey asked about EC prescribing practices in a range of situations. As predicted, practitioners in non–religiously affiliated practices reported higher rates of prescribing EC than those in religiously affiliated practices. In both cases, however, the practitioners’ prescribing patterns were inadequate.
Cabled instrument technologies for ocean acidification research — FOCE (free ocean CO 2 enrichment)

With rising concern over the impacts of ocean acidification on marine life there is a need for greatly improved techniques for carrying out in situ experiments. These must be able to create a ΔpH of 0.3 to 0.5 by addition of CO 2 for studies of natural ecosystems such as coral reefs, cold water corals, and other sensitive benthic habitats. Thus controlled CO 2 perturbation experiments in the field rather than in aquaria are quickly becoming an essential ocean science tool. Free Air CO 2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments have long been carried out on land to investigate the effects of elevated atmospheric CO 2 levels on vegetation. However, only limited work on CO 2 enrichment using quasi-open systems has yet been carried out in the ocean. Seawater CO 2 has complex chemistry with significantly slow reaction kinetics, unlike land-air experiments where simple mixing is the major concern. Ocean experimental designs must to take these reaction rates into account. The net result of adding a small quantity of CO 2 to seawater is to reduce the concentration of dissolved carbonate ion, and increase bicarbonate ion through the reaction: CO 2 + H 2 O + CO 3 2− → 2HCO 3 − The reaction between CO 2 and H 2 O is slow and is a complex function of temperature, pH, and TCO 2 . The reaction proceeds more rapidly at lower pH and higher temperatures. Marine animals in the natural ocean will typically experience only small and temporary shifts from environmental CO 2 equilibrium. Valid perturbation experiments must try to expose an experimental region to a near stable lower pH condition, and avoid large and rapid pH variability to the extent possible. This paper describes the design, development and testing of an in situ pH perturbation experiment deployed on a subsea cable for control. The paper addresses the differences between the deep-sea and shallow water versions of the experiments and addresses the pH sensor developments that enable long deployments.
A Developmental Analysis of Caregiving Modalities Across Infancy in 38 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Caregiving is requisite to wholesome child development from the beginning of life. A cross-sectional microgenetic analysis of six caregiving practices across the child's 1st year (0-12 months) in 42,539 families from nationally representative samples in 38 low- and middle-income countries is reported. Rates of caregiving varied tremendously within and across countries. However, caregiving practices followed one of two developmental trajectories: (a) greater proportions of caregivers read, told stories, and named, counted, and drew with each additional month of infant age, and (b) proportions of caregivers who played, sang songs, and took their infants outside increased each month from birth but reached an asymptote at 4-5 months. Rates and growth functions of caregiving have implications for infant care and development.
The emergence of linguistic form in time

Linguistic forms are shaped by forces operating on vastly different time scales. Some of these forces operate directly at the moment of speaking, whereas others accumulate over time in personal and social memory. Our challenge is to understand how forces with very different time scales mesh together in the current moment to determine the emergence of linguistic form.
Solubility and sorption of redox-sensitive radionuclides (Np, Pu) in J-13 water from the Yucca Mountain site: comparison between experiment and theory

Abstract This study presents the characterization of Pu-bearing precipitates and the results from uptake studies of Np and Pu on inorganic colloidal particulates in J-13 water from the Yucca Mountain site. Plutonium solubilities determined experimentally at pH values of 6, 7, and 8.5 are about two orders of magnitude higher than those calculated using the existing thermodynamic database indicating the influence of colloidal Pu(IV) species. Solid phase characterization using X-ray diffraction revealed primarily Pu(IV) in all precipitates formed at pH 6, 7, and 8.5. The solubility controlling Pu-bearing solids precipitated at ambient temperature consisted of amorphous Pu(OH) 4 (s) with several Pu–O distances between 2.3 and 2.7 A that are characteristic for Pu(IV) colloids. High temperature (90 °C) increased solid phase crystallinity and produced Pu(IV) solids that contained Pu oxidation state impurities. X-ray absorption spectroscopic studies revealed diminished Pu–O and Pu–Pu distances that were slightly different from those in crystalline PuO 2 (s). A Pu–O bond of 1.86 A was identified that is consistent with the plutonyl(V) distance of 1.81 A in PuO 2 + (aq). Hematite, montmorillonite, and silica colloids were used for uptake experiments with 239 Pu(V) and 237 Np(V). The capacity of hematite to sorb Pu significantly exceeded that of montmorillonite and silica. A low desorption rate was indicative of highly stable Pu-hematite colloids, which may facilitate Pu transport to the accessible environment. Neptunium uptake on all mineral phases was far less than Pu(V) uptake suggesting that a potential Pu(V)–Pu(IV) reductive sorption process was involved. The temperature effect on Pu solubility and pseudocolloid formation is also discussed.
Formation of silicon nanodots via ion beam sputtering of ultrathin gold thin film coatings on Si

Ion beam sputtering of ultrathin film Au coatings used as a physical catalyst for self-organization of Si nanostructures has been achieved by tuning the incident particle energy. This approach holds promise as a scalable nanomanufacturing parallel processing alternative to candidate nanolithography techniques. Structures of 11- to 14-nm Si nanodots are formed with normal incidence low-energy Ar ions of 200 eV and fluences above 2 × 1017 cm-2. In situ surface characterization during ion irradiation elucidates early stage ion mixing migration mechanism for nanodot self-organization. In particular, the evolution from gold film islands to the formation of ion-induced metastable gold silicide followed by pure Si nanodots formed with no need for impurity seeding.
Short Circuit: Federal-State Relations in the California Energy Crisis

This article examines the changing roles of the federal and state governments in electricity regulatory policy, including the history of electricity regulation and the development of state and federal regulatory powers. The case of California suggests that deregulation has elevated the role of federal regulators and increased their responsibility to protect the interests of the states beyond those of the market. The inability of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to protect California from predatory market manipulation demonstrates the necessity for states to plan carefully to protect their multiple policy interests. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.
A Simple Interface to Computational Fluid Dynamics Programs for Building Environment Simulations

It is becoming a popular practice for architects and HVAC engineers to simulate airflow in and around buildings by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods in order to predict indoor and outdoor env
A unified framework for survivable telecommunications network design

A unified framework for telecommunications switched traffic and transmission facility network design for survivability is presented. This design is considered for backbone nonhierarchical teletraffic networks with dynamic routing capabilities which use at most two traffic links for connecting a call. The facility network is considered to be sparse. The approach addresses the survivable design by considering both the traffic network and facility network explicitly in an integrated mathematical model/algorithm. >
African Immigration in Guangzhou China: Cumulative Causation Perspective

This study verified the theory of international migration, especially the theory of cumulative causation, by studying the causal mechanisms of international migration behavior of African foreigners in China. African immigration in Guangzhou is a hard-to-reach populations, so respondent driven sampling(RDS) method was employed. RDS method survey in two location products 648 samples. Quantitive research manifested that the migration behavior of African foreigners in China between 2005 to 2011 showed characteristics of early stage of international migration. The analysis suggest that the cumulative causation of migration is an important dynamic in migration, and its effect is increasing. Therefore, as long as China's economy continues to develop and the society is stable, the next illegal immigrants wave will continue to strengthen themselves and expand. This article proposed, at present stage, in policy by uplifting the social strata of the African foreigners coming to China, to restrain the speed and the scale of the flowing-in immigrants from the strata lowering.
Research to distinguish hogwash oil from raw vegetable oil based on Raman spectra

Objective To develop a simple,quick,and accurate detection method for distinguishing hogwash oil from raw vegetable. Methods Testing samples included 106 raw vegetable oils in 10 categories and 11 batches of refined hogwash oils. The Raman spectra were scanned to compare the morphology and acquire the first derivatives,including the lower limit value for each kind of raw vegetable oils to establish steps of the method. The accuracy was evaluated by detecting 234 mixture samples. Results There was morphology of smooth bulk peak in all refined hogwash oils,and the 2 839 cm-1peak values were negative for the first derivatives. The ratios of peak 2 944 to 2 839 cm-1were between-0. 851 and-3. 015.The accuracies for the mixtures with 10% and 20% hogwash oil were 80% and 100%,respectively. Conclusion Raman spectra of hogwash oil and raw plant oil were significantly different and can be used as reference for distinguishing between them.
Research progress in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome(SFTS) is a newly emerging infectious disease, and the symptoms are highly similar to that of granulocytic anaplasmosis. Some of the SFTS patients had been bitten by ticks before having the disease, and human-to-human transmission is a possible route of transmission of the disease. In this article, we searched relevant literatures published in recent years and reviewed the etiology, clinical features, epidemiological characteristics, and measures used for the prevention and control of SFTS, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for future studies on the disease.
Epidemic Tendency and Influencing Factors of Hepatitis A in Xi'an City during 1990— 2007

[Objective]To analyze the Incidence trends and prevalence factors of Hepatitis A in Xi'an City, and provide evidence for developing control measures. [Methods] Based on the epidemic annual report, thematic investigation and analysis; trend test, periodic inspection and χ 2 test were adopted to deal with data, and epidemiological analysis was conducted.[Results] A total of 31 631 cases of Hepatitis A were reported with an annual fluctuation of 170 ~ 6556 cases (Mean=1757.3 cases / year), occupied 15.82% of virus hepatitis in the same period with a constitute fluctuation of 1.55% ~ 43.89% (Mean=15.82%), the difference was significant byχ2 test(χ2=22418.6548,P0.01); comparing with the national incidence of hepatitis A, correlation coefficient (r s) 0.9443 showed a high positive correlation, morbidity was a clear downward trend, the difference was significant by runs test (P0.01). 4 cycles could be identified every 4 or 5 years during the whole 18 years, the difference was significant by period test (P0.01). The difference of seasonal distribution was significant(χ2=88.9328,P0.01), with disappeared spring and summer peaks. The difference of distribution of age groups was significant(χ2=58.2380,P0.01); Male to female ratio was 1.51:1, but the difference was not significant(χ2=5.509,P0.05); difference of occupational constitute was significant(χ2=58.2380,υ=6,P0.01). [Conclusion] Xi'an is an endemic area with low incidence of hepatitis A. However, schools and childcare agencies are still critical control points; strengthening vaccination, improving quality monitoring are major measures at present.
Competition versus Planned Specialization in the Development of Resources for Research in Industrial Organization

There are two distinct problems: (a) the organization and retrieval of received knowledge; (b) the use of resources for the creation of new knowledge. Insofar as industrial organization is concerned, (a) presents no serious problems in the sense that the literature, which consists primarily of journal articles, is not so voluminous as to be beyond the storage and acquisition capacities of any good research library. On the other hand, (b) does present a serious problem, in that the sources of information are highly diverse and what information will prove useful is difficult to predict. The problem of diversity is accentuated by the expectation that industrial organization research will increasingly focus on data at the level of the firm or enterprise.
Contesting silence, claiming space: gender and sexuality in the neo-liberal public high school

ABSTRACTDrawing on ethnographic research in an urban high school in the USA, this article highlights how schooling structures and practices produce and reinforce an ideology of heteronormative binary gender. The construction of gender and sexuality occurs in systematic ways, shaped through structural forces and mapped onto social spaces and bodies. Yet, through the ways that neo-liberalism operates, the production of gender and sexuality is made to appear as individual choice and expression rather than imposed and shaped by structures of inequality. In this context of neo-liberal individualism, educators and students negotiate structures of difference that construct gendered and sexualised bodies and social spaces. By using social semiotics to examine the ways sex, gender, and sexuality are read and written onto bodies and individuals, this research challenges us to think through how ‘safe spaces’ to be lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning are marked and contested through semiotic m...