cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What is all the noise about interval timing

Interval timing (IT) is an essential capability of living organisms from invertebrates to humans that allows them to accurately estimate durations in the range of seconds to minutes. In peak interval procedure [1,2] subjects receive reinforcement for the first response that occurs after some criterion time (CT) has elapsed. After the CT is learned, the subject is given reinforced trials alternating with probe trials in which the to-be-timed stimulus is presented for three times the CT without reinforcement. Under these conditions, the maximal rate of responding (output function) is found to occur at the original CT [2]. Behavioral experiments showed that that the standard deviation of the output function is proportional to the CT [1,3]. Both lesion and pharmacological studies indicated the involvement of cortico-striato-thalamic circuits in IT, including premotor and supplementary motor areas, frontal operculum and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, striatum and its afferent projections from the substantia nigra pars compacta [4]. We implemented a minimal Striatal Beat Frequency (SBF) model [5,6], that includes: (1) an oscillator block (OSC), presumably localized in the prefrontal cortex area; (2) a memory block (MEM), presumably associated with the nucleus basalis magnocellularis, frontal cortex and/or hippocampus or fimbria fornix, that stores information about the state of the brain at the moment of reinforcement; (3) a neuromodulator block that mimics primarily the modulation of cortical or thalamic (glutamate) induced striatal spiny neuron activity, and the threshold for coherent activity detection due to dopamine release from substantia niagra pars compacta; and (4) a decision block presumably associated with the striatal spiny neurons integrating a very large number of different inputs, and responding selectively to particular reinforced patterns. The states of all OSC neurons determine the vector of state that is received by each spiny neuron together with the vector of state of OSC stored in MEM at CT. In our implementation, the output is generated through coincidence detection, i.e., dot product, between the current state of OSC and the state of OSC stored in MEM at CT. Biological noise induces different types of variabilities, e.g., random fluctuation in the frequencies of OSC neurons, errors in storing/retrieving the criterion time in MEM, etc. We investigated both analytically and numerically the properties of the output function generated by the SBF model and found that: (1) in the absence of any variability in the parameters of the SBF model, the width of the output function that measures the spread of behavioral responses is constant, therefore, violating the scalar property, (2) if variability is allowed, for example in the memorization/retrieval of CT, then the output function of SBF model is always Gaussian, which is a consequence of the central limit theorem, regardless of the probability distribution function (pdf) of fluctuating parameter. Moreover, we found that the scalar property is also preserved regardless of the pdf of fluctuating parameters.
Linking adverbials: an across-register corpus study and its implications

Liking adverbials (LAs) play a very important role in discourse cohesion. This study examines the frequency and usage patterns of English LAs (110 in total) across five registers (Spoken English, Academic Writing, Fiction, News Writing, and Other writings) in the BNC. While the data analyses offer support for some previous research results, they also yield new findings regarding, among other things, variations in the adverbials� frequency distribution and usage patterns across the five registers. For example, while fiction�s overall use of LAs is much lower than that of speaking and academic writing, its use of the sequential type of LAs is actually higher than the latter registers�. Also although news has the lowest overall LA frequency among the five registers, it boasts the highest use of LAs that express simultaneity (e.g. meanwhile). Besides discussing new findings, the paper also addresses their implications for language description, learning, and teaching.
Organ Transplantation, Brain Death and the Slippery Slope: A Neurosurgeon’s Perspective

In the past century, in the professional lifetime of the author, a supreme contempt for the human condition has developed. From man, “a little lower than the angels” (Psalms 8:5), we’ve slid to man, dying but not yet dead, the “heart-beating cadaver,” source of spare parts for the fortunate (but too often immunologically unfortunate) recipients of organ “donation.” What peculiar dynamism has fueled the slide, in the name of progress, of sacrifice, of giving up one person’s chances so that unknown others might benefit from his or her “anatomical gifts”? Could it be a half-baked myth left over from the nineteenth century: “. . . the world is changing, it can be changed, and so it should be changed” (Blaming, 1996, p. 1 )? Is all change progress? This denigration of the human condition perhaps is an unconscious acting out of Harlow Shapley’s 1924 indictment:
Investigating the effect of productivity, quality, and safety on profitability in the US airline industry

This study addresses the effect of productivity, quality, and safety on profitability in the US airline industry. Using data from 1989 to 2008 on airlines operations, we determine the inter-relationships between productivity, quality, and safety and their effect on profitability. Our analysis suggests that labour productivity is the main source of profitability in the US airline industry. The relationship between aircraft productivity and airline productivity appears to be significant, supporting the positive effect of technological advancement in the aircraft industry on profitability in the airline industry. On-time performance is not related to profitability, while service quality is directly related to profitability. Safety has a positive effect on productivity but it is not significantly related to profitability. Recommendations for future research are outlined at the end.
Toward a Personalized ?Fountain of Youth? in Future

Copyright: © 2012 Ding J. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For thousands of years, humans have been searching for the fountain of youth. Today, we are living an average lifespan of almost 80 years. As more and more people are becoming old, the studies of aging and agerelated diseases are on the rise. Accumulated evidence indicates that it is no longer impossible to expend lifespan and/or delay aging and the onset of age-related diseases. For example, calorie restriction has been shown to increase lifespan in a wide range of organisms including monkeys [1]. Moreover, genes have been discovered to be associated with the regulation of aging, e.g., sirt1, a gene conserved across species, has been found to be an important regulator of longevity in mammals [2]. There are now even drugs that some people believe to be anti-aging, for example, resveratrol, a natural phenol originally extracted from grape skin and has shown anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-diabetes and beneficial cardiovascular effects in rodent studies. So far the success is seen only in laboratory animals. The question remains whether these regimes and drugs are able to confer increased longevity and healthier aging in humans. And if so, will every individual benefit from them?It is well known that humans have much larger diversity and individuality in their genetic makeup compared to model organisms used in research laboratories. A miracle drug for C57BL6 mice may very well be useless for humans, or at least to some of us. Even well-developed drugs can be metabolized differently with different cytochrome P450 genes hence affecting their efficacies. The study of pharmacogenomics will help to identify personalized medicine. In this regard, will pharmacogenomics help us to learn more about personalized aging and personalized regime/drug to combat aging?
Reward Processing in Adolescents with Bipolar I Disorder

Abstract Objective Bipolar disorder (BD) is a debilitating psychiatric condition that commonly begins in adolescence, a developmental period that has been associated with increased reward seeking. Because youth with BD are especially vulnerable to negative risk-taking behaviors, understanding the neural mechanisms by which dysregulated affect interacts with the neurobehavioral processing of reward is clearly important. One way to clarify how manic symptoms evolve in BD is to "prime" the affect before presenting rewarding stimuli. The objective of this study was to investigate the neural effects of an affective priming task designed to positively induce mood before reward processing in adolescents with and without BD. Method Neural activity and behaviors during the anticipation of and response to monetary reward and loss after an affective prime were compared using functional magnetic resonance imaging in 13- to 18-year-old adolescents with a recent onset of BD-I (n = 24) and demographically matched healthy comparison youth (n = 24). Results Compared with the healthy control youth, youth with BD had speeded reaction times and showed decreased activation in the thalamus and inferior temporal gyrus while anticipating gains after priming but increased activations in the middle frontal gyrus and parietal cortices while anticipating losses after priming. Youth with BD also showed less activation in the inferior parietal lobule, thalamus, and superior frontal gyrus while receiving losses after priming. Conclusions Aberrant prefrontal and subcortical activations during reward processing suggest mechanisms that may underlie disordered self-awareness during goal pursuit and motivation in BD. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine whether this pattern of neural activation predicts a poorer long-term outcome.
6-[18F]Fluorodopamine Positron Emission Tomographic (PET) Scanning for Diagnostic Localization of Pheochromocytoma

The diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma depend critically on effective means to localize the tumor. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have good sensitivity but poor specificity for detecting pheochromocytoma, and nuclear imaging approaches such as 131 I-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy have limited sensitivity. Here we report initial results using 6-[ 18 F]fluorodopamine positron emission tomography (PET) scanning in the diagnostic localization of pheochromocytoma. Twenty-eight patients with known or clinically suspected pheochromocytoma underwent PET scanning after intravenous injection of 6-[ 18 F]fluorodopamine. Of the 28 patients, 9 had surgical confirmation of the tumor, 8 had previously diagnosed metastatic pheochromocytoma, and 11 had plasma levels of metanephrines that were within normal limits. All 9 patients with surgically proven pheochromocytoma had abnormal 6-[ 18 F]fluorodopamine PET scans that identified the tumors. All 8 patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma had extra-adrenal sites of 6-[ 18 F]fluorodopamine-derived activity. Of the 11 patients with normal plasma levels of metanephrines, 9 had negative 6-[ 18 F]fluorodopamine PET scans, 1 had extra-adrenal foci of 6-[ 18 F]fluorodopamine-derived activity, and 1 had symmetric uptake of 6-[ 18 F]fluorodopamine in the region of the adrenal glands. In patients with known disease, 6-[ 18 F]fluorodopamine PET scanning can detect and localize pheochromocytomas with high sensitivity. In patients in whom the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma is considered but excluded because of negative plasma metanephrine results, 6-[ 18 F]fluorodopamine PET scans are consistently negative. These findings justify a clinical trial of 6-[ 18 F]fluorodopamine PET scanning as a diagnostic tool.
Starling forces that oppose filtration after tissue oncotic pressure is increased

We tested the hypothesis that the effective oncotic force that opposes fluid filtration across the microvessel wall is the local oncotic pressure difference across the endothelial surface glycocaly...
An Unintended Consequence of Sleeve Gastrectomy: Portomesenteric Venous Thrombosis

accessed, fluid removed, and immediately replaced with no net change. Patients and assessors were blinded to condition, and deflation/sham-deflation days were counterbalanced. On both days, patients completed a form indicating their estimate (deflation/ sham), followed by a food cue paradigm in the scanner where they viewed pictures of unhealthy, healthy, and shuffled food images. BOLD activation to unhealthy versus shuffled images was analyzed using SPM8. Contiguous clusters with kZ10 were deemed significant at po.005 corrected, determined by 10,000 MonteCarlo simulations (Cox, 1996). Results: In the deflate versus sham condition, patients showed significantly greater activation in thalamus, lingual gyrus, putamen (reward-related regions), superior and inferior frontal gyri, cingulate gyrus (inhibitory and emotional control), and parahippocampal gyrus (reward/ hunger/memory) to unhealthy food images versus shuffled images. Patients correctly identified the procedure as a deflation 66.7% of the time and as sham 75% of the time. Conclusions: Our findings are consistent in identifying brain regions found in other studies regarding obesity and food cues. Because band deflation increased responses in reward-related regions, band inflation may work at a neuronal level by controlling reward responses to food, making regulation of food intake and consequently, weight loss easier to achieve. The increased activation in regions associated with inhibitory and emotional control during band deflation suggests that patients may need to engage cognitive control regions to restrain their food choices. This could be due to the lack of physical gastric restriction and therefore fear of loss of control. This is the first study to demonstrate that deflation of LAGB leads to brain changes related to reward and emotional control.
The classification of $${\mathbb {Z}}_p$$Zp-modules with partial decomposition bases in $$L_{\infty \omega }$$Lźź

Ulm's Theorem presents invariants that classify countable abelian torsion groups up to isomorphism. Barwise and Eklof extended this result to the classification of arbitrary abelian torsion groups up to $$L_{\infty \omega }$$Lźź-equivalence. In this paper, we extend this classification to a class of mixed $${\mathbb {Z}}_p$$Zp-modules which includes all Warfield modules and is closed under $$L_{\infty \omega }$$Lźź-equivalence. The defining property of these modules is the existence of what we call a partial decomposition basis, a generalization of the concept of decomposition basis. We prove a complete classification theorem in $$L_{\infty \omega }$$Lźź using invariants deduced from the classical Ulm and Warfield invariants.
Locating the right rationale: phase I.

Eric Chwang (2014) argues that we should reject the principle (call it “SV”) that if subjects and beneficiaries of potentially harmful research share a vulnerability, this can make the research mor...
Carbon-Hydrogen Bond Activation, C-N Bond Coupling, and Cycloaddition Reactivity of a Three-Coordinate Nickel Complex Featuring a Terminal Imido Ligand

The three-coordinate imidos (dtbpe)Ni═NR (dtbpe = tBu2PCH2CH2PtBu2, R = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, 2,4,6-Me3C6H2 (Mes), and 1-adamantyl (Ad)), which contain a legitimate Ni–N double bond as well as basic imido nitrogen based on theoretical analysis, readily deprotonate HC≡CPh to form the amide acetylide species (dtbpe)Ni{NH(Ar)}(C≡CPh). In the case of R = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, reductive carbonylation results in formation of the (dtbpe)Ni(CO)2 along with the N–C coupled product keteneimine PhCH═C═N(2,6- iPr2C6H3). Given the ability of the Ni═N bond to have biradical character as suggested by theoretical analysis, H atom abstraction can also occur in (dtbpe)Ni═N{2,6-iPr2C6H3} when this species is treated with HSn(nBu)3. Likewise, the microscopic reverse reaction—conversion of the Ni(I) anilide (dtbpe)Ni{NH(2,6-iPr2C6H3)} to the imido (dtbpe)Ni═N{2,6-iPr2C6H3}—is promoted when using the radical Mes*O• (Mes* = 2,4,6-tBu3C6H2). Reactivity studies involving the imido complexes, in particular (dtbpe)Ni═N{2,6-iPr2C6H3}, are also repo...
Trustworthy Software Non-Functional Requirements Tradeoff Model based on Linguistic Variable Fuzzy Evaluation

This paper proposes a Fuzzy Qualitative and Quantitative Softgoal Interdependency Graphs(FQQSIG) model for Non-Functional Requirements(NFRs) relationships tradeoff analysis in Trustworthy Software(TS).Firstly described an NFRs criteria decomposition hierarchy graphic and collect the important degree assessment by experts in the form of fuzzy linguistic variables.Secondly,it transformed the qualitative assessment into quantitative data by using trapezoidal fuzzy number and a simulation algorithm named RAGE(RAndom GEneration).Finally,this paper proposed a Relationship Matrix algorithm to calculate the NFRs value contribution which are used in NFRs trade-off.
The design of a portable box of multiplex data acquisition via the USB interface

As a PC standard ,USB (Universal Serial Bus) is very convenient for multiplex data acquisition. We can complete more efficient, more economical and more channels data acquisition using USB Interface than in traditional ways. This paper Introduces the way of completing USB Interface multiplex data real-time acquisition by using cygnal C8051F320 chip.
Spain the Rise and Fall of a Dynastic Empire

Whatever else one can or cannot say about the Roman Empire, of one thing it is possible to be entirely definitive. There was nothing accidental about the existence of that empire. Empire was what Rome did. The Spanish Empire, by contrast, was entirely different. From the outset of the creation of what we now know as the modern state of Spain, its internal construction and external expansion was overwhelmingly accidental in design. The internal cohesion of the newly created sixteenth-century state was the product of dynastic marriages between families (and kingdoms) that had hitherto existed entirely apart. The subsequent and rapid transformation of that state into Europe’s largest and most belligerent power was the product of a seemingly endless series of dynastic accidents: of marriages made and marriages missed, of husbands unexpectedly dead, of princesses lost in childbirth, and of royal babies stillborn or (in one crucial case) deemed mentally ill.1 And the movement of this emerging European power onto the global stage was the unexpected product of parallel but unconnected processes of private enterprise by Spanish citizens (or, of course, in the most famous case, by a first-generation immigrant son of Genoa). Though always sustained by its Catholic mission, the Spanish Empire came together initially by accident, not by design.
A step-by-step approach to improve data quality when using commercial business lists to characterize retail food environments

Food environment characterization in health studies often requires data on the location of food stores and restaurants. While commercial business lists are commonly used as data sources for such studies, current literature provides little guidance on how to use validation study results to make decisions on which commercial business list to use and how to maximize the accuracy of those lists. Using data from a retrospective cohort study [Weight And Veterans’ Environments Study (WAVES)], we (a) explain how validity and bias information from existing validation studies (count accuracy, classification accuracy, locational accuracy, as well as potential bias by neighborhood racial/ethnic composition, economic characteristics, and urbanicity) were used to determine which commercial business listing to purchase for retail food outlet data and (b) describe the methods used to maximize the quality of the data and results of this approach. We developed data improvement methods based on existing validation studies. These methods included purchasing records from commercial business lists (InfoUSA and Dun and Bradstreet) based on store/restaurant names as well as standard industrial classification (SIC) codes, reclassifying records by store type, improving geographic accuracy of records, and deduplicating records. We examined the impact of these procedures on food outlet counts in US census tracts. After cleaning and deduplicating, our strategy resulted in a 17.5% reduction in the count of food stores that were valid from those purchased from InfoUSA and 5.6% reduction in valid counts of restaurants purchased from Dun and Bradstreet. Locational accuracy was improved for 7.5% of records by applying street addresses of subsequent years to records with post-office (PO) box addresses. In total, up to 83% of US census tracts annually experienced a change (either positive or negative) in the count of retail food outlets between the initial purchase and the final dataset. Our study provides a step-by-step approach to purchase and process business list data obtained from commercial vendors. The approach can be followed by studies of any size, including those with datasets too large to process each record by hand and will promote consistency in characterization of the retail food environment across studies.
A special theory of crack propagation

The Griffith concept [1, 2] of imperfection instability in a solid was the first step toward predicting the fracture strength of solids. The basic idea behind his theory is that a crack will begin to propagate if the elastic energy released by its growth is greater than the energy required to create the fractured surfaces. As a model, Griffith considered the problem of a crack of length 2a in a plate under tension σ as in Figure 1.1(a).
Normal glucose, insulin, and growth hormone responses to oral glucose in Huntington's disease

Abstract Glucose, insulin, and growth hormone (GH) responses to oral glucose were compared in 11 patients with Huntington's disease (HD) and 11 age-matched control subjects. This study was carried out in an attempt to corroborate the recent hypothesis that increased GH secretion secondary to an imbalance of central biogenic amines in the hypothalamus of patients with HD caused glucose intolerance with excessive insulin responses. However, no difference in any of these parameters were found between control subjects and HD patients. Depending on the criteria used, either 1 or 2 HD patients had an abnormal glucose tolerance test. Differences in dietary preparation and selection of controls are possible reasons for the discrepant results between the two studies. Our data do not support the hypothesis that the hypothalamic dopaminergic system is altered in HD.
Increasing Evidence Based Reasoning in an 8th Grade Classroom Through Explicit Instruction

This study investigates the effectiveness of an instructional strategy that uses students’ prior understanding of informal evidence based reasoning (EBR) to build an understanding of scientific EBR. A pre and post instructional strategy survey revealed that students’ understanding of EBR increased over the length of the study. Data collected from pre and post instructional discussions also showed increases in the amount of EBR students used.
Food Property Effects in Evaporation

Applications of evaporation in food processing are reviewed. Food evaporator designs, operating conditions and alternative methods of providing heating for evaporators are discussed. Methods for: selecting and designing evaporators, determining thermal efficiency, and estimating heat-transfer coefficients are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of different evaporators and effects of food properties on design, operation and product quality are discussed.
Fretting and Corrosion Damage in Retrieved Metal-on-Polyethylene Modular Total Hip Arthroplasty Systems: What Is the Importance of Femoral Head Size?

Abstract Background Fretting and corrosion at the modular femoral head-femoral neck (taper) interface have been reported in retrieved total hip arthroplasty (THA) prostheses. This study investigated associations among implant design, radiographic factors, and patient factors with corrosion and fretting at the taper interface in retrieved metal-on-polyethylene modular THA prostheses. Methods Ninety-two retrieved primary metal-on-polyethylene THA implants were evaluated and graded for fretting, corrosion, and damage at the taper interface, including the femoral stem trunnion and femoral head. Preoperative radiographs were assessed for osteolysis and femoral stem alignment; and medical records were reviewed for demographic data. Results Male patients had greater head corrosion ( P = .037), patient age at revision had a weak, negative correlation with trunnion corrosion ( ρ = −0.20, P = .04), and both body mass index and duration of implantation had weak, positive correlations with head fretting ( ρ = 0.26, P = .01 and ρ = 0.33, P = .001, respectively). A weak, negative correlation was found between femoral head size and both head fretting and head corrosion ( ρ = −0.26, P = .007 and ρ = −0.21, P = .028, respectively), and a weak, positive correlation was found between head offset and trunnion fretting ( ρ = 0.23, P = .030). Varus femoral stem alignment was associated with greater head fretting ( P = .038). Conclusion Larger femoral head sizes were correlated with less severe head corrosion and head fretting, with 28-mm heads exhibiting more moderate-to-severe damage. Other factors, such as head-taper engagement and geometry, rather than head size, may affect rates of corrosion and fretting damage at the taper interface.
Rights and Publishing Contracts: What Authors Need to Know

Abstract Authors working with publishers are typically expected to sign publishing contracts. These contracts specify the rights and responsibilities of the parties involved—the author and the publisher. For authors to negotiate these terms with publishers, it is important to understand what the rights and responsibilities mean. To enable authors to make informed decisions about the conditions under which their work will be published, this chapter presents practical information about copyright and terms of use.
Is it navigation, networking, coordination … or what? A multidisciplinary review of influences on the intraorganizational dimension of the sales role and performance

Despite much practical and empirical attention over five-plus decades, our understanding of the sales role remains limited. This is particularly true as it relates to the universe of behaviors and ...
Auxin-Regulated Cell Enlargement: Is there Action at the Level of Gene Expression?

Auxin has been studied for fifty years as a regulating hormone in many developmental phenomena (1). Much of this work has been devoted to its effect on cell enlargement (2–6); however, our accumulated knowledge of auxin-regulated cell enlargement does not include an understanding of its primary mode of action. During the past two decades two hypotheses have, in turn, dominated and directed experimentation designed to solve this problem. In the 1960’s the “gene expression” hypothesis of Key, and others (4) was popularly accepted. In the early 1970’s, however, a new hypothesis, the “wall acidification” (7) hypothesis of Rayle and Cleland (5) and Hager et al. (8), was proposed, and it now directs the thinking of many researchers in this area. It is generally presumed that the tenets of these two hypotheses are incompatible.
An improved algorithm for optimal bin packing

Given a set of numbers, and a set of bins of fixed capacity, the NP-complete problem of bin packing is to find the minimum number of bins needed to contain the numbers, such that the sum of the numbers assigned to each bin does not exceed the bin capacity. We present two improvements to our previous bin-completion algorithm. The first speeds up the constant factor per node generation, and the second prunes redundant parts of the search tree. The resulting algorithm appears to be asymptotically faster than our original algorithm. On problems with 90 elements, it runs over 14 times faster. Furthermore, the ratios of node generations and running times both increase with increasing problem size.
Proteolytic events that regulate factor V activity in whole plasma from normal and activated protein C (APC)-resistant individuals during clotting: an insight into the APC-resistance assay

Human factor V is activated to factor Va by alpha-thrombin after cleavages at Arg709, Arg1018, and Arg1545. Factor Va is inactivated by activated protein C (APC) in the presence of a membrane surface after three sequential cleavages of the heavy chain. Cleavage at Arg506 provides for efficient exposure of the inactivating cleavages at Arg306 and Arg679. Membrane-bound factor V is also inactivated by APC after cleavage at Arg306. Resistance to APC is associated with a single nucleotide change in the factor V gene (G1691-->A) corresponding to a single amino acid substitution in the factor V molecule: Arg506-->Gln (factor V Leiden). The consequence of this mutation is a delay in factor Va inactivation. Thus, the success of the APC-resistance assay is based on the fortuitous activation of factor V during the assay. Plasmas from normal individuals (1691 GG) and individuals homozygous for the factor V mutation (1691 AA) were diluted in a buffer containing 5 mmol/L CaCl2, phospholipid vesicles (10 micromol/L), and APC. APC, at concentrations 5.5 nmol/L), no clot formation was observed in either plasma from normal or APC-resistant individuals. Our data show that resistance to APC in patients with the Arg506-->Gln mutation is due to the inefficient degradation (inactivation) of factor Va heavy chain by APC.
Neural and Behavioral Insights into Online Trust and Uncertainty

Trust is a psychological factor that can gate channels of communication, persuasion, and engagement between individuals and organizations in digital settings. Thus, understanding when and how people trust online entities has become an important issue for the technology industry. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the insights that neuroscience offers us into trust, and perhaps more importantly distrust and uncertainty, with particular attention to how these processes relate to digital spaces and cybersecurity. We use this to provide building blocks for articulating the questions that dominate the ethical responsibility of organizations in communicating with their customers in these settings.
Zinc Signaling in Skeletal Muscle

This chapter focuses on how zinc regulates several major functions of skeletal muscles. A common theme throughout this chapter will be how zinc concentration and localization mediated by ZIPs, ZnTs, and metallothioneins affect muscle contraction via zinc-binding proteins and modulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway to maintain homeostasis and how TRIM family proteins modulate the integrity of muscle fibers and their regeneration following injuries. Additionally, we examine how disruption in zinc homeostasis results in reduced function in some muscle-specific proteins and produces myopathies such as cachexia and impaired glucose metabolism.
Stereoselective metabolism of the environmental mammary carcinogen 6-nitrochrysene (6-NC) and comparative mutagenicity of pure [R,R]- and [S,S]-trans- 1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydro-6-nitrochrysene (1,2-DHD-6-NC) metabolite in a mammary cell line

5574 The cause of most breast cancers remains unknown. Ubiquitous environmental agents that are known to induce mammary cancer in rodents must be regarded as potential risk factors for inducing analogous human cancers. 6-NC is a powerful mammary carcinogen and mutagen in rats; it is known to be metabolized by ring-oxidation, nitro-reduction and a combination of both pathways in the rat and in several in vitro systems including breast cancer cell lines and human breast tissues. We previously showed that 1,2-DHD-6-NC is the proximate carcinogen and mutagen. Since optically active enantiomers of numerous polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) including chrysene have distinctly different biological activities, we hypothesize that the stereochemical course of 6-NC metabolism and other factors (e.g. levels and conformations of DNA adducts, DNA repair enzymes) all play a critical role in the carcinogenic/mutagenic activities of this agent. As an initial investigation, the enantiomeric, synthetic 1,2-DHD-6-NC was resolved either by derivatization with (-) menthoxyacetyl chloride followed by HPLC separation or by a chiral column; using the above mentioned analytical approaches, 1,2-DHD-6-NC metabolite that had been obtained following the incubation of 6-NC with rat liver microsomes produced 88% of [R,R]- and 12% of [S,S]-enantiomers, as determined by circular dichroism. Using the cII gene of lacI mammary epithelial cells in vitro, we showed that at the highest dose (0.5 μM), the mutant fractions were 28.3 ± 4.5 and 9.3 ± 2.8 mutants/10-5 plaque for [R,R]-and [S,S]-enatiomers, respectively. A linear dose response was noted and the [R,R]- is about 6 × more potent than [S,S]-1,2-DHD-6-NC. A marked stereoselectivity is observed when [R,R]- and [S,S]-dihydrodiols derived from PAH (e.g. chrysene) are further metabolized to the corresponding dihydrodiol epoxides. In the case of 6-NC, nitro-reduction of [R,R]- and [S,S]-1,2-DHD-6-NC to the corresponding 1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydro-6-hydroxylaminochrysene (1,2-DHD-6-NHOH-C) is responsible for the formation of the major DNA adduct observed in vivo in the mammary glands of rats treated with 6-NC, suggesting that 1,2-DHD-6-NHOH-C is the putative ultimate carcinogen. Future studies will synthesize both [R,R]- and [S,S]- 1,2-DHD-6-NHOH-C and compare their carcinogenicity in the rat mammary gland. Collectively, these studies provide better understanding of the mechanism of carcinogenesis following exposure to 6-NC, a typical environmental pollutant. Support: NCI RO1 35519
Western Treatment of Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common condition in the Western world, affecting approximately 20% of patients on a weekly basis. Multiple mechanisms have been hypothesized as potential culprits, including abnormal acid production, impaired esophagogastric junction dynamics, hiatal hernia, impaired esophageal motility or clearance, decreased salivary buffering, esophageal hypersensitivity, impaired gastric emptying, and alterations in the microbiome. Therapy has been targeted to the hypothesized mechanisms but most often has focused on the suppression of gastric acid production and strengthening of the esophagogastric junction. This chapter will briefly highlight the key therapeutic options for reflux in Western medicine, including diet and lifestyle modification, acid suppressive therapy (antacids, histamine-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors), other medical options (alginates, sucralfate, gabapentin, prokinetics), endoscopic options (radiofrequency ablation, transoral incisionless fundoplication), and surgical options (fundoplication, magnetic sphincter augmentation, gastric bypass).
A transmission electron microscopy study of dislocation propagation and filtering in highly mismatched GaSb/GaAs heteroepitaxy

Monolithic integration of lattice-mismatched semiconductor materials opens up access to a wide range of bandgaps and new device functionalities. However, it is inevitably accompanied by defect formation. A thorough analysis of how these defects propagate and interact with interfaces is critical to understanding their effects on device parameters. Here, we present a comprehensive study of dislocation networks in the GaSb/GaAs heteroepitaxial system using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Specifically, the sample analyzed is a GaSb film grown on GaAs using dislocation–reduction strategies such as interfacial misfit array formation and introduction of a dislocation filtering layer. Using various TEM techniques, it is shown that such an analysis can reveal important information on the dislocation behavior including filtering mechanism, types of dislocation reactions, and other interactions with interfaces. A novel method that enables plan-view imaging of deeply embedded interfaces using TEM and a demonstration of independent imaging of different dislocation types are also presented. While clearly effective in characterizing dislocation behavior in GaSb/GaAs, we believe that the methods outlined in this article can be extended to study other heteroepitaxial material systems.
The Racial Politics of Emotion: Teaching an Interdisciplinary Border Institute in the Midwest:

The militarization of the U.S.-Mexico border, criminalization of immigrants and migrants, and humanitarian emergency surrounding the border has negatively impacted students and schools. Responding ...
Deep learning enabled high-speed image reconstruction for breast diffuse optical tomography

In this paper, we describe a deep convolutional neural network (DNN) model trained with simulated breast diffuse optical tomography data with realistic noise characteristics to solve the inverse problem in a fast single-pass feed forward reconstruction. In addition to an AUTOMAP-inspired network structure, our DNN model, a.k.a. FDU-Net, is also comprised of a U-Net to further improve the image quality. We demonstrate that our FDU-Net model can successfully recover nearly the full contrast of inclusions with accurate localization at millisecond-scale speed, outperforming the conventional finite element-based (FEM) methods. Trained with cases with a single spherical inclusion, the FDU-Net model can also recover multi-inclusions and irregular-shaped cases, demonstrating advantages of generalization.
Improved artificial neural networks for predicting the response of unbonded concrete overlays in a faulting prediction model

Transverse joint faulting is a common distress that develops in unbonded concrete overlays (UBOLs). In the previous predictive faulting model for UBOLs, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were train...
Programming with neural surrogates of programs

Surrogates, models that mimic the behavior of programs, form the basis of a variety of development workflows. We study three surrogate-based design patterns, evaluating each in case studies on a large-scale CPU simulator. With surrogate compilation, programmers develop a surrogate that mimics the behavior of a program to deploy to end-users in place of the original program. Surrogate compilation accelerates the CPU simulator under study by 1.6×. With surrogate adaptation, programmers develop a surrogate of a program then retrain that surrogate on a different task. Surrogate adaptation decreases the simulator’s error by up to 50%. With surrogate optimization, programmers develop a surrogate of a program, optimize input parameters of the surrogate, then plug the optimized input parameters back into the original program. Surrogate optimization finds simulation parameters that decrease the simulator’s error by 5% compared to the error induced by expert-set parameters. In this paper we formalize this taxonomy of surrogate-based design patterns. We further describe the programming methodology common to all three design patterns. Our work builds a foundation for the emerging class of workflows based on programming with surrogates of programs.
Biogeochemistry: Soil warming and organic carbon content

Soils store two or three times more carbon than exists in the atmosphere as CO2, and it is thought that the temperature sensitivity of decomposing organic matter in soil partly determines how much carbon will be transferred to the atmosphere as a result of global warming1. Giardina and Ryan2 have questioned whether turnover times of soil carbon depend on temperature, however, on the basis of experiments involving isotope analysis and laboratory incubation of soils. We believe that their conclusions are undermined by methodological factors and also by their turnover times being estimated on the assumption that soil carbon exists as a single homogeneous pool, which can mask the dynamics of a smaller, temperature-dependent soil-carbon fraction. The real issue about release of carbon from soils to the atmosphere, however, is how temperature, soil water content and other factors interact to influence decomposition of soil organic matter. And, contrary to one interpretation3 of Giardina and Ryan's results, we believe that positive feedback to global warming is still a concern.
Fast Loads and Fast Queries

For efficient query processing, a relational table should be indexed in multiple ways; for efficient database loading, indexes should be omitted. Moerkotte's "small materialized aggregates" can be used to alleviate this tension, notably in the form of Netezza's "zone maps." Their most significant advantageous characteristics are that (i) load bandwidth is maximized by avoiding the cost of index maintenance, (ii) there is no need for complex index tuning, and (iii) scans for typical queries are very fast. Their most significant limiting characteristics are that (iv) they are effective only for query predicates on columns correlated with the load sequence, (v) individual outlier values can sharply reduce their effectiveness, and (vi) they fail to improve search performance within a zone. In this research, we introduce zone filters and zone indexes that address these limitations without reducing the advantages. The new data structures can be created as side effects of the load process, with all required analyses accomplished while a moderate amount of new data still remains in the buffer pool. Traditional sorting and indexing are not required. Nonetheless, query performance matches that of zxone maps where those apply, exceeds it for predicates for which zone maps are ineffective, and can be comparable to query processing in a database with traditional indexing, as demonstrated in our simulations.
Piaget's Theory

Over the course of some 60 years, Jean Piaget (1896–1980), a Swiss biologist and philosopher, formulated a theory of the development of intellectual competence that continues to influence contemporary theories in this domain. Piaget maintained that logical thought depended on learning, social cooperation, biological maturation, and development, by which he meant a series of fundamental changes such that the later ways of thinking are dependent on, yet qualitatively distinct from, the earlier ones, always moving in the direction of greater logical consistency and coherence. He formulated subsidiary theories of the development of moral judgment and reasoning, perception, images, and memory, but always from the perspective of how each was constrained by various levels of intellectual competence. Keywords: cognitive development; children's reasoning; intellectual development; stage theory
The Simian That Screamed “No!”: Rise of the Planet of the Apes and the Speculative as Public Memory

The cultural influence of Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011) extends well beyond the film's reinvigoration of a cherished—and lucrative—Hollywood franchise. By at once making direct and intentional intertextual references to the franchise's 1968 original and taking significant departures from that template, the film forges a powerful transcendent argument about America's ongoing racial struggles while establishing the original as a collective memory. This ability to transform even a speculative vision of Earth's future into a public recollection of material reality hints at the power of media messages as highly visual forms to persistently reproduce and support hegemonic perceptions and ideologies.
Radiologic Evaluation of Musculoskeletal Soft Tissue Infections: A Pictorial Review

Musculoskeletal soft tissues infections are among the commonly encountered diagnoses in the outpatient as well as hospital settings. Often patients present with vague symptoms making it difficult to distinguish infectious causes from other diagnoses by clinical examination alone and laboratory studies may also prove inconclusive. In such cases, it is important to recognize imaging features of soft tissue infections on radiologic studies that may be obtained as part of the work-up. Imaging studies often play an important role in leading to the correct diagnosis and in delineating extent of disease. Recognizing the imaging characteristics of infectious processes such as cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, pyomyositis and bursitis using various modalities is crucial in reaching an early diagnosis in order to prevent significant morbidity and even mortality in some cases. Image-guided intervention also has a prominent role in treatment of soft tissue infections. This article reviews various types of musculoskeletal soft tissue infections that may be encountered and their imaging features utilizing different imaging modalities, including radiography, computed tomography, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging.
Role of oxidative stress in diabetic kidney disease

UNLABELLED Diabetes mellitus has become a worldwide epidemic affecting nearly all areas of developing and developed countries. Nearly half of all patients with diabetes, type 1 and 2, will develop diabetic kidney disease (DKD) if they do not die prematurely from cardiovascular disease. Diabetic kidney disease is associated with a high cardiovascular mortality even in its early stages and about a third of patients with DKD will progress to end stage renal disease (ESRD). Presently, therapy for DKD is limited primarily to inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system, treatment of comorbidities, and life style modifications. The role of reactive oxidant species (ROS) in the pathogenesis of DKD has been demonstrated in numerous studies. However, the implementation of antioxidant therapy for DKD has been inadequate. The current review addresses the role of ROS in the pathogenesis of DKD and discusses current and potential novel treatment modalities. METHODOLOGY A comprehensive search of the literature was performed using MEDLINE and PubMed covering the period between 1966 and September 2009. The search for literature included only articles written in English. An article was rejected if it was clearly a letter or case report. The terms used for PubMed and Medline searches were: oxidative stress, reactive oxidant species, oxygen free radicals, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic kidney disease. Formal inclusion and exclusion criteria were not defined for this review. The authors performed the analyses and statistical judgments in this review, and evaluated and identified articles for eligibility based on 4 criteria: 1) scientific relevance, 2) study design, 3) target population and 4) outcome.
Dynamically reconfigurable Projection Pursuit ensembles for cloud detection in AVIRIS imagery

A Projection Pursuit method is used to find structure and reduce the complexity of high-dimensional data (input patches from AVIRIS imagery) by discovering a low-dimensional set of statistically interesting data projections. Individual Projection Pursuit networks in an ensemble focus on one of four spectral bands used in the study. The authors use preprocessing steps such as gray-level difference vectors and sum and difference histograms, which are useful for cloud detection. In the past, most work with these particular histogram techniques has involved the extraction of pre-specified moments of the histogram. The authors show that when each input histogram is treated as a paint in a high-dimensional data space, projection pursuit techniques can be used to And an underlying multi-modal structure useful for cloud detection. Because these projection techniques typically have a very large number of parameters, the authors also examine an online perturbation analysis technique that assesses the relative importance of projection parameters (dynamic reconfiguration). Ensemble methods combine features extracted from AVIRIS imagery by multiple Projection Pursuit networks to obtain pixel classifications using backward error propagation with a cross-entropy objective function. Predicted cloud masks are compared against human interpretation.