cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Millimeter-wave radiometric observations of the troposphere: a comparison of measurements and calculations based on radiosonde and Raman lidar

A comparison of clear-air brightness temperatures is performed between radiometric measurements and atmospheric radiative transfer calculations. The measurements were made using the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Millimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer (MIR) in a series of airborne and ground-based atmospheric experiments at six millimeter-wave frequencies: 89; 150; 183.3/spl plusmn/1, /spl plusmn/3, /spl plusmn/7; and 220 GHz. With the inclusion of the 220 GHz channel, these measurements are the first passive observations of the atmosphere made simultaneously at the six frequencies. The MIR was operated concurrently with supporting meteorological instruments (radiosonde and Raman lidar) to construct a paired set of both spatially and temporally coincident calibrated brightness temperatures and atmospheric profile parameters. Calculated brightness temperatures based on the measured atmospheric profile parameters were obtained using a numerical radiative transfer model. Incremental water-vapor weighting functions were used to study the impact of radiosonde hygrometer errors on the radiative transfer calculations. The aircraft-based brightness temperature comparisons are generally within 3 K for the channels sensitive to the lower atmospheric levels (89, 150, 183.3/spl plusmn/7, and 220 GHz), but show discrepancies of up to 11 K for the opaque channels (183.3/spl plusmn/1 and /spl plusmn/3 GHz) caused primarily by radiosonde bias. The ground-based calculations are similarly found to be sensitive to hygrometer errors in the lower atmosphere. Ground-based comparisons between MIR observations and lidar-based calculations are typically within /spl plusmn/6 K. >
On adaptive mesh refinement for atmospheric pollution models

This paper discusses an implementation of an adaptive resolution system for modeling regional air pollution based on the chemical transport model STEM. The grid adaptivity is implemented using the generic tool Paramesh. The computational algorithm uses a decomposition of the domain, with the solution in different sub-domains computed at different spatial resolutions. We analyze the parallel computational performance versus the accuracy of long time simulations.
From Legion to Legion-G to OGSI.NET: object-based computing for Grids

The object abstraction has long proven to be an effective foundation upon which to structure application codes; however, its application to Grid Computing contains many challenges related to the heterogeneous, dynamic, and cross-administrative-domain nature of Grids. This paper contains an overview of the succession of three projects at the University of Virginia that provide object-based support for Grid computing: Legion, Legion-G, and OGSI.NET. Throughout the three projects, the overall goal has remained to reduce the barrier for entry to Grid applications developers, thereby enabling next-generation Grid applications beyond those that have been provided by today's "heroic programmers". The successes of each project with respect to this overall goal are discussed.
A 100GHz phase-locked loop in 0.13µm SiGe BiCMOS process

A fully integrated 100GHz phase-locked loop (PLL) is demonstrated in 0.13µm SiGe BiCMOS process. The PLL employs a fundamental-frequency differential Colpitts voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with 8.3% tuning range, which achieves a phase noise of −124.5dBc/Hz at 10MHz offset, and a single-ended output power of 3dBm. The FoM of this VCO is the best among 90–100GHz VCOs. A Miller divider, operating from 50GHz up to 130GHz, is designed and the Gilbert-mixer phase detector is used to attenuate reference spurs. The total lock range of the PLL is from 92.7 to 100.2GHz, the phase noise is −102dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset, and reference spurs are not observable. The PLL dissipates 570mW and occupies 1.21mm2.
Electron saturation velocity variation in InGaAs and GaAs channel MODFETs for gate length to 550 AA

MODFETs with InGaAs and GaAs channels have been fabricated with gate lengths between 2 mu m and 550 AA and have been DC characterized at room temperature. An effective electron saturation velocity was calculated for each device from the peak transconductance. The GaAs channel devices show a peak in the transconductance and saturation velocity at a gate length of approximately 0.15 mu m, while the transconductance and velocity of the InGaAs channel devices are nearly constant over the entire range of gate lengths. >
Interpretation of equilibrium exchange rates for nonelementary reactions

In a system that is close to chemical equilibrium, the relaxation of each elementary step toward equilibrium obeys the linear laws of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. For a series reaction in which the concentration of the intermediate species are low or do not change with time, the relaxation can be characterized by one time constant, which can be associated with an overall equilibrium exchange rate for the overall reaction. The relationship between the overall equilibrium exchange rate and the equilibrium exchange rates of the individual steps is analogous to that between the overall conductance and the individual conductances of a network of electrical resistors in series. A numerical example is presented to show the range of validity of this relationship. Finally, a condition for the determinability of exchange rates is presented. Exchange rates are independently determinable if and only if the determinant of the matrix, whose elements are made up of squares of the inner products of the vectors that are made up of the stoichiometric coefficients of the species in the reactions, is non-zero. 11 references, 2 figures.
BIOASSAYS FOR URINARY ANDROGENS A COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS IN NORMAL MEN WITH THOSE HAVING ENDOCRINE DISTURBANCES

THIS PAPER is a report of assays for urinary androgens in normal men, and in patients showing evidence of endocrine disorders relating particularly to the pituitary gland and the testes. The method employed for extraction and assay is that described by Gallagher and Koch (1, 2), employing the 15′minute acid hydrolysis. Five capons were used in each assay and 5 controls were injected with androsterone. The method of calculation used is a modification of that used by Koch and coworkers (1) and is described by McCullagh and Cuyler (3). All assays reported here were made on 24′hour urine specimens. In some instances, in normal men, we employed the method of dibutyl ether extraction described by McCullagh and McLin (4). Where this method was used, the assays are so designated. For practical purposes, we feel that both methods may be used without distinction because of the close comparison found in the yield of urinary androgens.
Complications of the Hospital Postpartum Period

1. Fever in the postpartum period may be a sign of significant infection. 2. Although maternal temperature elevation may be normal in the first 24 h, persistent, markedly elevated, or unexplained fevers must be evaluated.
Health Disparities in Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders

Sleep has physical and mental restorative properties that are essential for survival and health. However, physiological changes during sleep can predispose to sleep-disordered breathing such as central apneas, snoring, respiratory effort-related arousals, and obstructive apneas in the obese or those with an anatomically or functionally compromised upper airway. Sleep-disordered breathing, especially obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is strongly associated with metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and greater mortality. Yet, OSA is still unknown to many, and there is growing evidence to suggest significant health disparities with respect to the distribution, diagnosis, and management of OSA. This chapter will review the available literature on disparities in obstructive sleep-disordered breathing in the U.S. and highlight important gaps in knowledge that may be the focus of future research.
Computational modeling of the arterial wall based on layer-specific histological data

Arterial walls typically have a heterogeneous structure with three different layers (intima, media, and adventitia). Each layer can be modeled as a fiber-reinforced material with two families of relatively stiff collagenous fibers symmetrically arranged within an isotropic soft ground matrix. In this paper, we present two different modeling approaches, the embedded fiber (EF) approach and the angular integration (AI) approach, to simulate the anisotropic behavior of individual arterial wall layers involving layer-specific data. The EF approach directly incorporates the microscopic arrangement of fibers that are synthetically generated from a random walk algorithm and captures material anisotropy at the element level of the finite element formulation. The AI approach smears fibers in the ground matrix and treats the material as homogeneous, with material anisotropy introduced at the constitutive level by enhancing the isotropic strain energy with two anisotropic terms. Both approaches include the influence of fiber dispersion introduced by fiber angular distribution (departure of individual fibers from the mean orientation) and take into consideration the dispersion caused by fiber waviness, which has not been previously considered. By comparing the numerical results with the published experimental data of different layers of a human aorta, we show that by using histological data both approaches can successfully capture the anisotropic behavior of individual arterial wall layers. Furthermore, through a comprehensive parametric study, we establish the connections between the AI phenomenological material parameters and the EF parameters having straightforward physical or geometrical interpretations. This study provides valuable insight for the calibration of phenomenological parameters used in the homogenized modeling based on the fiber microscopic arrangement. Moreover, it facilitates a better understanding of individual arterial wall layers, which will eventually advance the study of the structure–function relationship of arterial walls as a whole.
Drought and shade deplete nonstructural carbohydrate reserves in seedlings of five temperate tree species.

Plants that store nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) may rely on carbon reserves to survive carbon-limiting stress, assuming that reserves can be mobilized. We asked whether carbon reserves decrease in resource stressed seedlings, and if NSC allocation is related to species' relative stress tolerances. We tested the effects of stress (shade, drought, and defoliation) on NSC in seedlings of five temperate tree species (Acer rubrum Marsh., Betula papyrifera Marsh., Fraxinus americana L ., Quercus rubra L., and Quercus velutina Lam.). In a greenhouse experiment, seedlings were subjected to combinations of shade, drought, and defoliation. We harvested seedlings over 32-97 days and measured biomass and NSC concentrations in stems and roots to estimate depletion rates. For all species and treatments, except for defoliation, seedling growth and NSC accumulation ceased. Shade and drought combined caused total NSC decreases in all species. For shade or drought alone, only some species experienced decreases. Starch followed similar patterns as total NSC, but soluble sugars increased under drought for drought-tolerant species. These results provide evidence that species deplete stored carbon in response to carbon limiting stress and that species differences in NSC response may be important for understanding carbon depletion as a buffer against shade- and drought-induced mortality.
Reversible Changes in the Electronic and Optical Properties of Micro-Crystalline ln2O 3-x: A Comparison with Amorphous In2O3-x

The electrical conductance and optical absorption coefficient of microcrystalline indium oxide (c–In2O3–x) can be changed reversibly by several orders of magnitude by photoreduction and reoxidation. Photoreduction is achieved by exposure to ultraviolet light hv ≥ 3.5eV in vacuum or an inert gas. The effects are similar to those previously observed in amorphous In2O3–x.
MSCA: Mashup Service Clustering Approach Integrating K-Means and Agnes Algorithms

Howto rapidly and accurately select the users' expected Mashup service has become a challenge problem. For Mashup service discovery,it will greatly reduce the space and scope of services searching to perform service clustering technology in advance,resulting in improving the efficiency and precision of Mashup service discovery. This paper proposes a novel Mashup Service Clustering Approach integrating K-Means and Agnes algorithms( MSCA). MSCA,first of all,will expand and rank the tag label of Mashup service. Secondly,it will calculate the Mashup service integration similarity. Thirdly,K-Means algorithm will be applied to clustering the Mashup service similarity matrix,and those Mashup services with the higher similarity will be found and divided them to N atom-clusters,and then Agnes algorithm will be used to performing hierarchical clustering to the N atom-clusters. Finally,13082 Mashup services are crawled from Programmable Web site and regarded as experimental dataset,and the experimental results showthat the average precision rate and recall rate of MSCA increased by 5. 18% and 5. 84% respectively,compared to the traditional Mashup Service Clustering Approach based on K-Means algorithm.
Breeding a New Indica Hybrid Rice Veriety,Tianyou 2075

The variety of hybrid rice,Tianyou 2075 was developed between crossing the high quality 3-line male sterile Tianfeng A and the restorer line,Fuhui 2075.The hybrid rice variety,Tianyou 2075 exhibited some good characteristics including uniformity population,good color exchange during mycelium ripening,high-yield,stable yiled,ecological adaptabilities and high seed yield.The variety was certified by National Crop Variety Evaluation Committe in 2013.The restore line,Fuhui 2075 was bred by crossing Zhi 8as the female parent with Hang 1in Sanya,Hainan in the Spring,2003.The F1 derived from the combination was crossed with the male parent,Shuhui527 in the Fall,2003.Then its progenies were repeatedly cultivated in the rice-blast-infected filed to ensure cultivar stability.The bred procedures and some characteristics of the variety Tianyou 2075 were described in the paper.
Feeding Correlates of Breeding and Social Organization in Two Galápagos Finches

Several aspects of breeding and soci/l behavior in two Galapagos finches are related to food supply. Geospiza fuliginosa is largely granivorous, and G. difficilis is largely insectivorous. Measurements show that breeding of both species occurred when arthropod abundance was high. Breeding stopped when arthropod abundance was declining but before it was low. Breeding-territory size in G. difficilis varied inversely with food supply. Territory size in G. fuliginosa was similar across sites and was not correlated with food supply. This difference between species may be attributed to differences in the effects of invertebrate and seed resources on the functional response of consumers: feeding rate of G. difficilis on inver- tebrates increased linearly with their supply, whereas feeding rate of G. fuliginosa on seeds was essentially independent of seed abundance. In the nonbreeding season, the granivore G. fuliginosa moved in flocks, whereas G. difficilis was more stationary and solitary. Data indicate that seed supply was temporally more variable than invertebrate abundance, and this helps account for dry-season behavioral differences between the species. Functional response and/or renewability of seeds and invertebrates may also have influenced behavior at that time. Received 18 April 1983, accepted 19 September 1983.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Shift Work Disorder

Abstract Shift work refers to any job that falls outside of a “traditional” 9:00–5:00 work schedule, affecting most people who start work before 6:30 a.m. or after 4:30 p.m. Approximately 16% of the workforce are employed as shift workers, with many susceptible to shift work disorder (SWD). Often unrecognized and undertreated, SWD is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder that can cause excessive sleepiness during the work shift combined with insomnia during desired sleep times. Other symptoms may include headaches, weight gain, gastrointestinal issues, fatigue, attention/concentration issues, irritability, and depression. Although a cure does not exist for SWD, symptoms can be managed using a combination of behavioral and pharmacological methods. Behavioral interventions include sleep scheduling, exercise, and light exposure. Melatonin and caffeine-containing agents may provide relief, with U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved modafinil and armodafinil improving wakefulness. Treatment can greatly improve performance, sleep, and quality of life for these patients.
Nineteenth-Century U.S. Literature in Middle Eastern Languages

In a pioneering approach to classic U.S. Literature, Jeffrey Einboden traces the global afterlives of literary icons from Washington Irving to Walt Whitman and analyses 19th-century American authors as they now appear in Arabic, Hebrew and Persian translation. Crossing linguistic, cultural and national boundaries, Middle Eastern renditions of U.S. texts are interrogated as critical readings and illuminating revisions of their American sources. Why does Moby-Dick both invite and resist Arabic translation? What are the religious and aesthetic implications of re-writing Leaves of Grass in Hebrew? How does rendering The Scarlet Letter into Persian transform Hawthorne's infamous symbol? Uncovering the choices and changes made by prominent Middle Eastern translators, this study is the first to reveal the significance of 'orienting' American classics, demonstrating how such a process offers a valuable lens for reconsidering U.S. literary origins, accenting and amplifying facets of the American Renaissance customarily hidden.
Tidal Variability of Acoustic Detection

Acoustic telemetry is an essential tool for ecological and behavioral analysis of fish and marine mammals in fresh and sea water. However, the accuracy of acoustic telemetry is a challenging problem in that acoustic detection is affected by various environmental factors that govern sound speed and propagation: density, density stratification, mixing, and the environmental processes that control them. In this paper, we focus on tidal variability in acoustic range and detection using data from a summer 2014 experiment at Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary in which an array of stationary receivers was deployed with co-located tags for 53 days. We assess the potential effect of signal collision, which occurs when multiple tag transmissions interfere and cannot be detected by the receiver, and find that signal collision may occur more frequently than predicted. Number of hourly detections at each receiver is found to vary significantly in space and in time, and tag/receiver pairs oriented alongshore have more detections than cross-shore pairs. The principal lunar component (M2), the tidal constituent that contributes the majority of current variance, is found to explain variability in detections. Maximum detections occur when currents are aligned with the semi-major axis (oriented cross-shore), while no strong directional correlation is found when detections are least likely. This result may give us clues about how important tidal variability can be in determining acoustic range relative to other processes that govern acoustic propagation. Better understanding of detection range and its variability in time can improve array design and data interpretation.
Ureteral stent placement and immediate graft function are associated with increased risk of BK viremia in the first year after kidney transplantation.

Ureteral stent (UrSt) placement has been shown to be a significant independent risk factor for BK viruria, viremia and BK virus nephropathy. We assessed if this observation could be validated at our high volume kidney transplant center that has had a strong historical focus on BK virus nephropathy detection. We performed a retrospective case-control study of adults receiving a kidney-only transplant and followed for one year between 2004 and 2011 with uniform immunosuppression and use of blood BK virus PCR screening protocol. Among 1147 patients, 443 (38.6%) received a UrSt, and 17.2% with a UrSt had BK viremia versus 13.5% without stent (odds ratio 1.33; 95% CI 1.00-1.78). We confirmed a previously reported association between immediate graft function (IGF) and higher rate of BK viremia (15.7% versus 5.9% in patients without IGF). On multivariable competing risks Cox regression in patients with IGF, UrSt (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.35;95% CI 1.04-1.75) and African-American race (aHR 1.47;95% CI 1.04-2.09) significantly increased the risk for BK viremia. In the largest sample size to date, we confirmed that UrSt placement during kidney transplant surgery is a risk factor for BK viremia within the first year post-transplant and that IGF is associated with BK viremia. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Watershed-Based Integration of Hydrology, Geochemistry, and Geophysics in an Environmental Geology Curriculum

Inquiry-based study focused on the campus watershed was initiated at Binghamton University after creation of an undergraduate Environmental Geology Track within the Geological Sciences curriculum. Use of the watershed in environmental geology courses has been implemented to 1) promote active learning outside of the classroom; 2) allow students to work with state of the art field and laboratory equipment and “real world” data; and 3) encourage interdisciplinary thinking. The longer-term goal is to enable undergraduates to conduct meaningful, field based, “capstone” research projects. A grant from the National Science Foundation supported instrumentation of the entire campus watershed into a readily accessible field laboratory; included are groundwater monitoring wells, equipment for measuring and sampling stream flow, a meteorological station, a wet and dry deposition collector for sampling atmospheric quality, and portable environmental monitoring equipment. In addition, geophysical equipment, including s...
A Gravitational Interior Point Method for LP

In [3, 1] gravitational methods for linear programming (LP) have been introduced. Several versions exist, the three main versions discussed there use a ball of (a): 0 radius, (b): small positive radius, and (c): the largest possible radius with the given center that will completely fit within the polytope, with the option of changing its radius as the algorithm progresses.
Trainer taming: 3

In the final article of his series the award winning surgical trainer Ray Clarke suggests how to deal with the trainer who is stuck in the past, and what to do when your training goes badly wrong
Why Believe Infinite Sets Exist

The axiom of infinity states that infinite sets exist. I will argue that this axiom lacks justification. I start by showing that the axiom is not self-evident, so it needs separate justification. Following Maddy’s (J Symb Log 53(2):481–511, 1988) distinction, I argue that the axiom of infinity lacks both intrinsic and extrinsic justification. Crucial to my project is Skolem’s (in: van Heijnoort (ed) From Frege to Godel: a source book in mathematical logic, 1879–1931, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, pp. 290–301, 1922) distinction between a theory of real sets, and a theory of objects that theory calls “sets”. While Dedekind’s (in: Essays on the theory of numbers, pp. 14–58, 1888. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/21016 ) argument fails, his approach was correct: the axiom of infinity needs a justification it currently lacks. This epistemic situation is at variance with everyday mathematical practice. A dilemma ensues: should we relax epistemic standards or insist, in a skeptical vein, that a foundational problem has been ignored?
C.mmp: A Progress Report on Synergistic Research

C.mmp has become a synergistic research effort in which almost ten distinct research efforts have become intertwined, so that they both support each other and depend on each other in ways that are both gratifying and scary. These efforts include: the hardware effort of C.mmp; the operating system, HYDRA; the implementation language, B liss –11; the hardware performance monitor; the driving application, HEARSAY–II (a speech-understanding system); a second implementation system, L * ; the development of a dynamically microprogrammed PDP-11/40; the development of specialized processors; and the problem of decomposition of algorithms into parallel form. The end is not in sight, in fact. We attempt here an integrated picture of this total research endeavor, making clear what the important scientific issues are and relating these to the current state of progress. Our interest in such an endeavor includes its role as a model for how experimental computer science can be accomplished. We reflect on this as well.
Toleranz: Natürliche und erworbene

Nach alter Mythologie war eine Chimare ein furchtbares weibliches Wesen mit einem Lowenkopf, dem Korper einer Ziege und dem Schwanz eines Drachens. Sonderbarerweise verbindet sich mit dem selben Wort im Griechischen die Vorstellung einer sehr jungen Ziege. Sogar in der Mythologie hat Jugend irgend etwas mit Chimarismus zu tun.
Incidence of T3a upstaging and survival after partial nephrectomy: Size-stratified rates and implications for prognosis.

4588Background: The use of partial nephrectomy (PN) to treat renal cell carcinoma has grown in the past decade, with expansion to larger tumors. Performing PN for larger tumors may increase the num...
Middleware and programming models for multi-robot systems

Despite many years of work in robotics, there is still a lack of established software architecture and middleware for multi-robot systems. A robotic middleware should be designed to abstract the low-level hardware architecture, facilitate communication and integration of new software. This PhD thesis is focusing on middleware for multi-robot system and how we can improve existing frameworks for fleet purposes by adding multi-robot coordination services, development and massive deployment tools. We expect robots to be increasingly useful as they can take advantage of data pushed from other external devices in their decision making instead of just reacting to their local environment (sensors, cooperating robots in a fleet, etc). This thesis first evaluates one of the most recent middleware for mobile robot(s), Robot operating system (ROS) and continues with a state of the art about the commonly used middlewares in robotics. Based on the conclusions, we propose an original contribution in the multi-robot context, called SDfR (Service discovery for Robots), a service discovery mechanism for Robots. The main goal is to propose a mechanism that allows highly mobile robots to keep track of the reachable peers inside a fleet while using an ad-hoc infrastructure. Another objective is to propose a network configuration negotiation protocol. Due to the mobility of robots, classical peer to peer network configuration techniques are not suitable. SDfR is a highly dynamic, adaptive and scalable protocol adapted from Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP). We conduced a set of experiments, using a fleet of Turtlebot robots, to measure and show that the overhead of SDfR is limited. The last part of the thesis focuses on programming model based on timed automata. This type of programming has the benefits of having a model that can be verified and simulated before deploying the application on real robots. In order to enrich and facilitate the development of robotic applications, a new programming model based on timed automata state machines is proposed, called ROSMDB (Robot Operating system Model Driven Behaviour). It provides model checking at development phase and at runtime. This contribution is composed of several components: a graphical interface to create models based on timed automata, an integrated model checker based on UPPAAL and a code skeleton generator. Moreover, a ROS specific framework is proposed to verify the correctness of the execution of the models and to trigger alerts. Finally, we conduct two experiments: one with a fleet of Parrot drones and second with Turtlebots in order to illustrates the proposed model and its ability to check properties.
Novel tumor suppressor protein programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) suppresses activity of PI3K/Akt pathway and regulates expression of p27 (Kip1), c-myc, DAP5 and Willm’s tumor (WT1) in acute myeloid leukemia cells

5696 Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4)is a recently identied novel tumor suppressor protein that inhibits cap-dependent mRNA translation. PDCD4 inhibits tumor promoter incuced carcinogenesis and transformation by suppressing the helicase activity of eIF4A, leading to translational inhibition. Recently we found that PDCD4 is required for all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced granulocytic differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells (OzpolatA17) and a differentiation block. Here we investigated the downstream mediators or targets of PDCD4 in leukemia cell differentiation. ATRA is currently used as a first line standard treatment in APL. Recently, we reported that ATRA induces translational suppression through multiple posttranscriptional mechanisms that involve suppression of translation initiation, a rate limiting step of protein synthesis (Harris&Ozpolat et al, Blood,104 (5) 2004). We found that ATRA treatment induced PDCD4 expression in NB4 APL, HL60 AML, primary APL patient leukemia cells and normal human CD34+ bone marrow progenitors cells during granulocytic differentiation. However, ATRA/maturation resistant NB4.R1 and HL60R cells failed to express and translocate PDCD4 into nucleus after ATRA treatment. To identify downstream targets of PDCD4 we knock downed PDCD4 expression by siRNA and examined changes in the expression of target proteins that are known to be regulated by ATRA by Western blot analysis in NB4 cells. We found that PDCD4 represses c-myc, and WT1 expression however, it is required for the expression of DAP5 (death associated protein 5), and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27KIP1, and but not c-jun, p21Cip1, and tissue transglutaminase (TG2). Inhibition of PDCD4 by siRNA resulted in upregulation of phospho-P70S6K, suggesting that PDCD4 inhibits activity of PI3K/Akt pathway. RT-PCR analysis revealed that mRNA of these proteins did not change suggesting that PDCD4 tumor suppressor protein regulates expression of these important cellular proteins at translational level and suppresses PI3K/Akt pathway. Furthermore we rapamycin, a specific mTOR inhibitor currently in clinical trials in AML, induced a marked expression of PDCD4, which regulates c-myc and p27 Kip1, revealing a novel mechanism of action of rapamycin, providing new rationale for targeting translational pathways as a therapeutic intervention in the treatment of AML. Overall, data suggest that PDCD4 regulates expression of critical cellular proteins involved in differentiation of leukemia cells and PDCD4 mediated translational control may be an important regulatory mechanism for regulation of gene expression.
Estimating Global Distribution of Evapotranspiration and Water Balance Using Complementary Methods

The authors propose a modified complementary method to estimate regional evapotranspiration (ET) under different climatic and physical conditions using only meteorological data. The purpose of this...
Sources and Biomarkers of Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Urban Adolescents

Abstract Objective In an urban adolescent population, we evaluated sources of exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS), examined differences in exposure by race/ethnicity, age and sex, and determined the relationship between exposure source(s) and the biomarkers cotinine and NNAL. Methods Participants were recruited from a public hospital-based outpatient clinic in San Francisco, CA, USA. Results Of a sample of N=298 adolescents screened, 235 were biologically confirmed to be exposed to tobacco smoke. Of those, N=16 were active smokers and N=219 were exposed to SHS; 91(39%) were heavily SHS exposed (median cotinine=0.76 ng/mL) and 128 (54%) had light SHS exposure (median cotinine=0.11ng/mL). Within those SHS exposed, the most common source of exposure was in a public area. No significant racial/ethnic differences were found, although African American adolescents were more likely to live in a home that allowed smoking. Older adolescents were more likely to be exposed across several difference sources, and females more likely to be exposed in a car and in public areas. Past 7-day exposure in the home, in a car, and current blunt use were significantly related to biomarkers of exposure. Conclusions Urban adolescents are exposed to SHS across a variety of sources. Although exposure in a public area is most common, exposure in the home and in cars significantly influences tobacco biomarker levels. Interventions to reduce exposure would have the greatest impact in this population if they focused on reducing exposure in the home and in cars. History of blunt use is a strong determinant of tobacco exposure.
Advancing Evidence Synthesis from Effectiveness to Implementation: Integration of Implementation Measures into Evidence Reviews

In order to close the gap between discoveries that could improve health, and widespread impact on routine health care practice, there is a need for greater attention to the factors that influence dissemination and implementation of evidence-based practices. Evidence synthesis projects (e.g., systematic reviews) could contribute to this effort by collecting and synthesizing data relevant to dissemination and implementation. Such an advance would facilitate the spread of high-value, effective, and sustainable interventions. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of extracting factors related to implementation during evidence synthesis in order to enhance the replicability of successes of studies of interventions in health care settings. Drawing on the implementation science literature, we suggest 10 established implementation measures that should be considered when conducting evidence synthesis projects. We describe opportunities to assess these constructs in current literature and illustrate these methods through an example of a systematic review. Twenty-nine studies of interventions aimed at improving clinician-patient communication in clinical settings. We identified acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, implementation cost, intervention complexity, penetration, reach, and sustainability as factors that are feasible and appropriate to extract during an evidence synthesis project. To fully understand the potential value of a health care innovation, it is important to consider not only its effectiveness, but also the process, demands, and resource requirements involved in downstream implementation. While there is variation in the degree to which intervention studies currently report implementation factors, there is a growing demand for this information. Abstracting information about these factors may enhance the value of systematic reviews and other evidence synthesis efforts, improving the dissemination and adoption of interventions that are effective, feasible, and sustainable across different contexts.
It could be in the kidneys: fibromuscular dysplasia and the association with headaches and mood disorders.

A 23-year-old woman presented to the emergency department (ED) with complaints of a headache associated with a transient episode of blurry vision lasting for about 5 min on the day prior to presentation, which resolved spontaneously. The patient had a medical history significant for migraine
Analgesia and Sedation in the Neonate

Newborns have well-developed pain receptors and experience physiologic responses to painful/ stressful situations. Infants born preterm and sick neonates undergo many painful diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that are necessary for their improved survival. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the Canadian Pediatric Society (CPS) recommend that all facilities that treat newborns establish a neonatal pain control program that includes routine assessment of pain, reduction in the number of painful procedures, and also reduction and prevention of acute pain from invasive procedures. There are many available options including non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions to address analgesia and anesthesia in the neonate for each procedure and intervention.
Unrolled Wirtinger Flow with Deep Priors for Phaseless Imaging

We introduce a deep learning (DL) based network for imaging from measurement intensities. The network architecture uses a recurrent structure that unrolls the Wirtinger Flow (WF) algorithm with a deep prior which enables performing the algorithm updates in a lower dimensional encoded image space. We use a separate deep network (DN), referred to as the encoding network, for transforming the spectral initialization used in the WF algorithm to an appropriate initial value for the encoded domain. The unrolling scheme that models a fixed number of iterations of the underlying algorithm into a recurrent neural network (RNN) enable us to simultaneously learn the parameters of the prior network, the encoding network and the RNN during training. We establish sufficient conditions on the network to guarantee exact recovery under deterministic forward models and demonstrate the relation between the Lipschitz constants of the trained prior and encoding networks to the convergence rate. We show the practical applicability of our method on synthetic aperture imaging using high fidelity simulation data from the PCSWAT software. Our numerical study shows that the deep prior facilitates improvements in sample complexity.
On Why This Book Should and Should not Begin with Betty Smith’s a Tree Grows in Brooklyn

Betty Smith’s A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1943) is beloved and celebrated for its depiction of tenement life in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn during the years leading up to World War I. In theory, it would be a great place to start a book on Irish American fiction from World War II to JFK. It is like several of the other novels in this study in that it is semi-autobiographical fiction written during the 1940s that looks back a few decades to the period of the author’s childhood. It is like the other books here in that it describes an (at least partially) Irish American family in the neighborhood in which the author grew up. Reviewers of the book from Smith’s own time through the present day consider it autobiographical fiction. Yet Smith invented for her protagonist an Irish American father, whose defining feature is his alcoholism. This chapter discusses the problematic use of stereotypes in Betty Smith’s famous novel, as well as what it has in common with the other Irish American fiction covered in this study.
Early complications of posterior rod-screw fixation of the cervical and upper thoracic spine.

OBJECTIVE: The technique of rod-screw fixation of the cervical spine is well described. However, there is very little data on the complications incurred by the application of these devices. The purpose of this study was to quantify the risks associated with rod fixation of the cervical spine. METHODS: A prospective study was performed on 100 consecutive patients treated with this technique. Clinical and radiographic assessment was performed immediately after surgery 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively, and annually thereafter. The mean follow-up interval was 16.7 months. RESULTS: A total of 888 screws were implanted in 100 patients. Perioperative complications included radiculopathy (n = 4, 0.45% per screw placed), infection and other wound-healing problems (n = 4), screw malposition (n = 2), loss of alignment (n = 1), and cerebrospinal fluid leak (n = 1). There were no examples of spinal cord or vertebral artery injury. Early complications (within 6 mo of surgery) included pseudarthrosis (n = 2) and screw breakage (n = 2, 0.22% per screw placed). There were no late complications. Reoperation was required in eight cases, all within 6 months of the index procedure. Indications for reoperation included wound-healing problems (n = 4), mal-positioned screw (n = 2), and pseudarthrosis (n = 2). No patient required another operation for any indication beyond the 6-month postoperative interval. CONCLUSION: Rod-screw fixation was an effective method of posterior cervical stabilization that could be safely applied in a wide range of spinal disorders. In a complex group of patients, the complication rates were modest, and compared favorably with other methods of fixation.
Semi-automated data center hotspot diagnosis

An increasingly important requirement for energy-efficient data center operation is to diagnose and fix thermal anomalies that sometimes occur due to excessive workload or equipment failures. Today, the task of diagnosing thermal anomalies entails expert but tedious analysis of data collected manually from disparate management systems. Our ultimate goal is to substantially reduce the time, tedium and expertise required to diagnose thermal hotspots by developing a system that generates accurate diagnoses automatically. We describe a substantial step towards this goal: a loosely-coupled, semi-automated thermal diagnosis system that integrates IT and facilities data, uses simple heuristics to highlight the most likely culprits, and provides a graphical interface that enables an administrator to narrow the list further by exploring data correlations. Among the challenges addressed by our solution are coping with heterogeneous data types and data access methods, and detecting and managing erroneous sensor readings.
Propagating epistemic coordination through mutual defaults I

A mutual default is a rule, capable of tolerating exceptions, that is mutually supposed by a group G: i.e., the rule is supposed by all members of the group, is supposed by all members of the group to be supposed by all members of the group, etc. A family of propositional attitudes B i indexed for i ∈ G (and representing, say, supposition) is coordinated for G if B i applies to the same propositions for all members i of G, and is commonly supposed by the members of G to do so. This paper is a preliminary exploration of formal postulates that ensure maintenance of coordination of a propositional attitude, representing the common ground of a conversation, in dynamic environments that allow for assertional speech acts. I present results showing that mutually supposed rules of conversation provide a mechanism for preserving coordination. If coordination can be assumed, reasoning about propositional attitudes can be greatly simplified, through collapse of iterated operators. I also show how coordination maintenance can be secured, at least in unexceptional cases, when rules of conversation are defeasible; this relaxation of the theory is needed because plausible conversational rules are subject to exceptions. The project of formalizing coordination maintenance using Circumscription Theory raises some interesting technical problems; to provide a finitely axiomatized theory of coordination, it is apparently necessary to quantify over intensional types of at least third order. For this purpose, Richard Montague's Intensional Logic seems to be an appropriate vehicle.
Assessing School Academic Productivity: The Case of Chicago School Reform

This paper considers the issues raised in using standardized achievement test scores for purposes of examining the academic productivity of schools. We critique some commonly used practices by urban school districts and suggest an alternative approach – the school productivity profile. This profile is based on an assessment of each school's contribution to student learning, or value-added, rather than just the overall level of student attainment. We illustrate, using 10-year achievement trend data from the Chicago Public Schools (CPS), both the problems with some commonly reported indicators of school effectiveness and the idea of a school productivity profile. While our analyses suggest broad-based improvements in student learning in many Chicago schools over the past 10 years, we also found that the current testing system is not well designed to make such judgments accurately. We conclude that extant standardized testing systems, like the ITBS used in Chicago, do not afford an accurate basis for assessing school productivity and how this might be changing over time. These results have important policy implications. As school districts seek to become more “outcome oriented,” they will need to invest in better testing and reporting systems in order to know whether they are making genuine progress in this regard.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Children with Mental Retardation/Borderline Intellectual Functioning and ADHD

Fifty-two children (ages 7 to 14 years) with moderate mental retardation to borderline intellectual functioning were recontacted 12 to 65 months following participation in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of methylphenidate (MPH). Sixty-nine percent of subjects continued to be prescribed medication for behavior control at follow-up. While 72% of the sample evidenced improvement, over two-thirds continued to be rated at or above the 98th percentile on the Hyperactivity Index of the Parent Conners. In fact, 22% of subjects had received inpatient psychiatric treatment between the time of the initial MPH trial and follow-up. Finally, subjects with high initial ratings on the Parent Conners Conduct Problems scale were more likely to be suspended from school or receive inpatient psychiatric treatment than subjects with low initial ratings. The results suggested that children with ADHD and mental retardation or borderline intellectual functioning continued to exhibit significant symptoms associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at follow-up and that early conduct problems were predictive of continuing behavioral difficulties.
Selected Models of HIV-Induced Neurological Disease

The encephalopathy associated with HIV infection consists of a constellation of histopathological abnormalities including gliosis, multinucleated giant cell encephalitis, vacuolar myelopathy and white matter pallor, each of which may be evident singly or in combination in different individuals (Kure et al. 1990; Budka 1986). In infants, the lesions are more severe and include degeneration and mineralization in the basal ganglia, necrotizing encephalitis in cortical and subcortical structures and acquired microcephaly (Sharer et al. 1986), reflecting the massive loss of brain substance that occurs during infection in the brain. These changes are accompanied by production of β2-microglobulin, neopterin and quinolinic acid which are markers of immune activation, especially of macrophages (Brew et al. 1990, 1992; Heyes et al. 1991). Histological changes in such brains are marked by nodular accumulations of microglial cells, activation of perivascular macrophages and microglia, many of which express MHC II antigens, and activation and proliferation of astrocytes. Paradoxically, these signs of immune activation in the brain occur on a background of severe immunosuppression in the affected persons (Navia et al. 1986; Price 1994).
A Family Day program enhances knowledge about medical school culture and necessary supports

Background A Family Day program was implemented at Indiana University School of Medicine to educate the families and friends of in-coming medical students about the rigors of medical school and the factors that contribute to stress.