cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crítica, Coerção e Vida Sagrada na “Crítica da Violência” de Benjamin / Critique, Coercion and Sacred Life in Benjamin's 'Critique of Violence'

DOI: 10.1590/2179-8966/2020/52667 Resumo Eu gostaria de abordar a questao da violencia, mais especificamente, a questao do que uma critica da violencia poderia ser. Que significado o termo critica assume quando se torna uma critica da violencia? Uma critica da violencia e uma investigacao sobre as condicoes para a violencia, mas tambem um questionamento sobre como a violencia e previamente delimitada pelas perguntas que fazemos acerca dela. De que modo, entao, podemos colocar a questao do que e a violencia? Nao precisamos saber como lidar com tal questao antes de perguntarmos, como devemos, quais sao as formas legitimas e ilegitimas de violencia? Eu enxergo o ensaio “Critica da Violencia” de Benjamin, escrito em 1921, como uma critica da violencia do direito, o tipo de violencia que o Estado exerce por instaurar e manter o status vinculante que o direito impoe sobre quem esta a ele sujeito (resumo e palavras-chaves pelo editor). Palavras-chaves: Walter Benjamin; Direito; Violencia; Violencia Divina. Abstract I would like to take up the question of violence, more specifically, the question of what a critique of violence might be. What meaning does the term critique take on when it becomes a critique of violence? A critique of violence is an inquiry into the conditions for violence, but it is also an interrogation of how violence is circumscribed in advance by the questions we pose of it. What is violence, then, such that we can pose this question of it, and do we not need to know how to handle this question before we ask, as we must, what are the legitimate and illegitimate forms of violence? I understand Walter Benjamin’s essay ‘‘Critique of Violence,’’ written in 1921, to provide a critique of legal violence, the kind of violence that the state wields through instating and maintaining the binding status that law exercises on its subjects (abstract and keywords by the editor). Keywords: Walter Benjamin; Law; Violence; Divine Violence.
Trends, Associations, and Impact of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Light-chain Cardiac Amyloidosis.

Background In this study, we investigated the temporal trends in the prevalence and prognostic implication of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patient with light-chain cardiac amyloidosis (AL-CA). Methods We identified 3030 patients with AL-CA from the 2015 to 2017 National Inpatient Sample, of which 1,577 (52%) had AF. We used trend analysis to assess the temporal trends in the prevalence of AF by subtype from 2015 to 2017. We compared in-hospital mortality, acute on chronic heart failure, stroke, length of stay (LOS), and total cost in patients with to those without AF, stratified by subtype of AF. Results The prevalence of AF among patients with AL-CA was unchanged from 2015 to 2017 (50% to 53%; aOR 1.1 (0.9 - 1.5) p=0.3). The trend was unchanged in the stratified analysis by subtype of AF. Patients with AF were older and had more comorbidities. After propensity matching, acute on chronic heart failure was significantly higher in patients with AL-CA and AF, compared to those with AL-CA alone. (55.6% vs 48.3%; p Conclusion Among patients with AL-CA, AF is associated with a higher risk of acute on chronic heart failure.
Currency Manipulation, Saving Manipulation, and the Current Account Balance

Concern over currency manipulation plays a major role in international economic diplomacy. Unfortunately, the concept is not well defined, and the most coherent explanations apply to a concept more accurately termed “saving manipulation,” as it has little to do with market exchange rates. I argue that the costs of currency manipulation are far lower than they are widely assumed to be and that the optimal response is either to do nothing or to boost domestic saving rates.
Sign language, like spoken language, promotes object categorization in young hearing infants.

Abstract The link between language and cognition is unique to our species and emerges early in infancy. Here, we provide the first evidence that this precocious language-cognition link is not limited to spoken language, but is instead sufficiently broad to include sign language, a language presented in the visual modality. Four- to six-month-old hearing infants, never before exposed to sign language, were familiarized to a series of category exemplars, each presented by a woman who either signed in American Sign Language (ASL) while pointing and gazing toward the objects, or pointed and gazed without language (control). At test, infants viewed two images: one, a new member of the now-familiar category; and the other, a member of an entirely new category. Four-month-old infants who observed ASL distinguished between the two test objects, indicating that they had successfully formed the object category; they were as successful as age-mates who listened to their native (spoken) language. Moreover, it was specifically the linguistic elements of sign language that drove this facilitative effect: infants in the control condition, who observed the woman only pointing and gazing failed to form object categories. Finally, the cognitive advantages of observing ASL quickly narrow in hearing infants: by 5- to 6-months, watching ASL no longer supports categorization, although listening to their native spoken language continues to do so. Together, these findings illuminate the breadth of infants' early link between language and cognition and offer insight into how it unfolds.
SU-E-T-573: Normal Tissue Dose Effect of Prescription Isodose Level Selection in Lung Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To evaluate dose fall-off in normal tissue for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) cases planned with different prescription isodose levels (IDLs), by calculating the dose dropping speed (DDS) in normal tissue on plans computed with both Pencil Beam (PB) and Monte-Carlo (MC) algorithms. Methods: The DDS was calculated on 32 plans for 8 lung SBRT patients. For each patient, 4 dynamic conformal arc plans were individually optimized for prescription isodose levels (IDL) ranging from 60% to 90% of the maximum dose with 10% increments to conformally cover the PTV. Eighty non-overlapping rind structures each of 1mm thickness were created layer by layer from each PTV surface. The average dose in each rind was calculated and fitted with a double exponential function (DEF) of the distance from the PTV surface, which models the steep- and moderate-slope portions of the average dose curve in normal tissue. The parameter characterizing the steep portion of the average dose curve in the DEF quantifies the DDS in the immediate normal tissue receiving high dose. Provided that the prescription dose covers the whole PTV, a greater DDS indicates better normal tissue sparing. The DDS were compared among plans with different prescription IDLs, for plansmore » computed with both PB and MC algorithms. Results: For all patients, the DDS was found to be the lowest for 90% prescription IDL and reached a highest plateau region for 60% or 70% prescription. The trend was the same for both PB and MC plans. Conclusion: Among the range of prescription IDLs accepted by lung SBRT RTOG protocols, prescriptions to 60% and 70% IDLs were found to provide best normal tissue sparing.« less
Supreme Court Elections and Tort Law Decisions

Research has shown that method of retention has direct and indirect impacts on state supreme court decision-making in death penalty cases and in abortion cases. This paper asks whether similar effects can be found for tort cases, an legal area that has been an important motivator for interest group participation in state supreme court elections. Using data on over 38,000 votes by justices on state courts of last resort compiled by the State Supreme Court Data Project, the analysis shows some possible effects, but those effects are contingent on (a) which side brings the appeal (plaintiff or defendant), and (b) how the interdependence among the votes is modeled. Because of these ambiguities, the results are at best suggestive that retention system may have some effect on how the justices decide tort law issues.
On the Consequences of Mass Loss from Intermediate-Mass Stars

There are two major effects of mass loss from stars of intermediate mass. First, the ultimate fate of such stars—whether they become supernovae of the type that leave no condensed remnant or whether they become white dwarfs—is extremely sensitive to the rate at which they lose mass during the last portion of their nuclear-burning lives. Second, the contribution of intermediate-mass stars to the enrichment of the interstellar medium in helium, carbon, nitrogen, s-process isotopes, and possibly also in iron-peak elements and r-process isotopes is similarly sensitive to mass-loss rates during this last, quiet phase of nuclear burning.
Relative Bioavailability of Zinc using Weight Gain of Rats

Weanling rats were fed semi-purified diets with varying zinc levels in order to derive new measures of relative bioavailability of zinc (RBAZ). The various measures for RBAZ were slope-ratio assays of weight gain, total liver zinc and total femur zinc along with five alternative measures developed from sigmoidal curves for weight gain estimated by a non-linear, least-squares curve fitting computer program. The slopes of weight gains explained a higher proportion of the true measure than similar slopes of femurs or livers as indicated by R2. The 95% confidence intervals of ratios were narrowest for weight gain assays. Four of the five alternative methods had RBAZ similar to the RBAZ of slope-ratio weight gain assays. These new methods provided a diversity of information and allowed more information to be obtained than from slope-ratio assays alone.
Proficiency of FPPI and objective numeracy in assessing breast cancer risk estimation

Abstract Two studies examined the effectiveness of the Fuzzy Processing Preference Index, (FPPI) an individual differences measure of base rate neglect/respect, and an objective numeracy scale in predicting subjective probabilities of the likelihood of breast cancer, BRCA mutations, and the conditional probability of breast cancer given BRCA mutations in medical risk scenarios. FPPI and objective numeracy independently predicted estimate accuracy for breast cancer and genetic mutation risk. Surprisingly, objective numeracy positively correlated with overestimating conditional probabilities across the board, as well as BRCA mutations and breast cancer risk for high-risk scenarios. FPPI was strongest in predictions for high-risk scenarios, but did not predict conditional probability estimates. FPPI uniquely predicts risk estimation accuracy controlling for objective numeracy suggesting the two measures assess distinct cognitive processes. We conclude that FPPI and other numeracy measures may be profitably used together, and FPPI appears better than traditional numeracy measures in some medical decision-making contexts.
Blood-to-tissue clearance vs. lymph analysis in determining capillary transport characteristics for albumin in skin

The blood-to-tissue clearance of radioactive albumin and a lymphatic flux analysis were used to evaluate the transport properties of albumin in the canine hindpaw. A prenodal lymphatic was cannulated, and lymph was collected for a 2-h control period. Thereafter venous pressure was elevated between 7 and 31 mmHg. After 2 h of increased venous pressure, the radioactive tracer was given intravenously. During the next 2 h lymph was sampled, and at the end of this time tissue and blood samples were obtained. The experiments showed that, of the tracer filtered in excess of control at increased venous pressure, an estimated 21% was cleared via the lymphatics and 79% was retained in the tissue. As a percentage of total tracer flux at increased venous pressure, 9% (measured) was drained by lymph and 91% was retained in the tissue. Of the fluid filtered in excess of control at increased capillary pressure, 70% (measured) was drained via the lymphatics and 30% was retained in the tissue in the same period. Twice the amount of endogenous albumin filtered across the capillary wall was drained via the lymphatics during the experimental period. The lymphatic washout of endogenous albumin from the interstitium will cause an underestimation of the capillary reflection coefficient and overestimation of the permeability-surface area product. Because of the loss of tracer from the tissue, the opposite occurs when the blood-to-tissue clearance of radioactive albumin is used.
Establishing paternity using minisatellite DNA probes when the putative father is unavailable for testing.

A paternity case involving a putative father who had died a few years earlier in an automobile accident was referred to the laboratory for testing. The child and his mother, the deceased's parents, and nine of the deceased's siblings were available for analysis. As previously reported, paternity testing using red blood cell groups, human leukocyte antigens (HLA), red blood cell enzymes, serum proteins, and immunoglobulin allotypes gave a cumulative paternity index of 43 300 and a combined probability of paternity equal to 99.998%. RFLP analysis using Hinf 1 and Sau 3A single digests and the minisatellite deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probes 15.1.11.4 and 6.3 showed no exclusion of paternity and gave nearly conclusive evidence that the putative father was the biological father of the child.
SU-FF-T-322: On Optimization of Treatment Planning for Intensity Modulated Spinal Radiosurgery

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to optimize the treatment planning parameters for spinal radiosurgery for maximal target coverage and spinal cord sparing. Materials and methods: A total of 5 spinal radiosurgery patients with lesions in various locations were randomly selected for the study. The target volume included the entire vertebral body of the involved spine. The spinal cord at the same level of the target, plus 6 mm superior and inferior to the target border, was delineated as the organ at risk (OAR). The normal tissue 12mm outside the target was automatically considered as an OAR. Dose was prescribed at 90% isodose line. Exactly same DVH pre‐setting was used for the inverse treatment planning for each patient and each plan. Treatment planning was compared for different beam setups (posterior or all‐direction), beam numbers (5–9), and grid/beamlet sizes. The percentage cord dose at 10% volume (D10), dose coverage (V90), and equivalent uniform doses (EUD) of the target and the cord were calculated from the DVH for each plan. The end points were the ratios of D10 toV90 (D10/V90) and EUDcord to EUDtarget (EUDc/EUDt). Results: The D10/V90 value was 45±4% versus 48±4% for posterior versus all‐direction 9‐beam setups. The posterior setup was significantly better. The D10/V90 value was 48±4%, 47±4%, 45±4%, 45±4% and 45±4% for 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 beams respectively. Both the D10/V90 and EUDc/EUDt values tended to improve with increasing number of beams. However, the improvement was minimal when the beam number was more than 7. These values also improved with decreasing grid and beamlet sizes. D10/V90 was 40±4% versus 58±10% for 2mm versus 4mm grid/beamlets. Conclusion: The 7–9 beam plans with posterior setup and smallest grid/beamlet size are associated with the optimal plan for spinal radiosurgery.
Advances in the reduction and compensation of film stress in high-reflectance multilayer coatings for extreme-ultraviolet lithography

Due to the stringent surface figure requirements for the multilayer-coated optics in an extreme UV (EUV) projection lithography system, it is desirable to minimize deformation due to the multilayer film stress. However, the stress must be reduced or compensated without reducing EUV reflectivity, since the reflectivity has a strong impact on the throughput of a EUV lithography tool. In this work we identify and evaluate several leading techniques for stress reduction and compensation as applied to Mo/Si and Mo/Be multilayer films. The measured film stress for Mo/Si films with EUV reflectances near 67.4 percent nm is approximately -420 MPa, while it is approximately +330 MPa for Mo/Be films with EUV reflectances near 69.4 percent at 11.4 nm. Varying the Mo-to-Si ratio can be used to reduce the stress to near zero levels, but at a large loss in EUV reflectance. The technique of varying the base pressure yielded a 10 percent decrease in stress with a 2 percent decrease in reflectance for our multilayers. Post-deposition annealing was performed and it was observed that while the cost in reflectance is relatively high to bring the stress to near zero levels, the stress can be reduced by 75 percent with only a 1.3 percent drop in reflectivity at annealing temperatures near 200 degrees C. A study of annealing during Mo/Si deposition was also performed; however, no practical advantage was observed by heating during deposition. A new non-thermal buffer-layer technique was developed to compensate for the effects of stress. Using this technique with amorphous silicon and Mo/Be buffer-layers it was possible to obtain Mo/Be and Mo/Si multilayer films with near zero net film stress and less than a 1 percent loss in reflectivity. For example a Mo/Be film with 68.7 percent reflectivity at 11.4 nm and a Mo/Si film with 66.5 percent reflectivity at 13.3 nm were produced with net stress values less than 30 MPa.
Light- and chemically-induced oxidation-reduction reactions in chromatophore fractions of Rhodospirillum rubrum.

Abstract Chromatophore fractions of Rhodospirillum rubrum were prepared by centrifugation of a ‘classical’ chromatophore preparation in a sucrose density gradient. Most of the experiments were carried out with a fraction separating out at about 23% sucrose. Although no light-induced reactions of cytochromes could be detected, the presence of two bound cytochromes, C422 and C428, in this fraction was indicated by oxidation-reduction reactions induced by KIO 4 and dithionite. Cytochrome C422 appeared to be the ‘high-potential’ cytochrome detected earlier in preparations from this organism. Titration of chemically-induced absorbance changes due to a reduction of oxidized cytochrome C428 has led to an estimated redox midpoint potential of E m7.5 = −0.01 V for this component in a four-electron transport reaction. Light-induced absorbance changes in the near-infrared spectral region measured in the light chromatophore fraction at different environmental redox potentials suggested a bacteriochlorophyll component, P', with spectral characteristics which were different from those of the high-potential bacteriochlorophyll component P890. The spectral shifts observed upon oxidation, either by light or by air were a bleaching in the 860–880-nm spectral region and an appearance of an absorption band at about 900 nm. The component could be oxidized and reduced reversibly and had an estimated midpoint potential of +0.06 V in a one-electron reaction.
'Sudan Notes and Records' and Sudanese Nationalism,1918-1956

Sudan Notes and Records (hereafter SNR or simply “the journal”) was a leading African scholarly journal on Sudanese studies established by the British administration of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1918. Perhaps because of the high scientific standards it upheld throughout its life span, the political underpinnings that accompanied its foundation might not be so apparent. This study argues that, from its founding until the late 1940s, when the British administration was paving the way for a transfer of power to the Sudanese, SNR had ostensibly political orientations as reflected, among other things, in the editorial policy of the journal. The political leanings of SNR had two dimensions: internal and external.On the internal level, editorial policy in the 1920s favored notables and tribal chiefs, rather than the intelligentsia, by allotting space in this periodical to articles “written” by Sudanese sheikhs, a phenomenon occurring at a time when the policy of Indirect Rule figured most prominently in the calculation of the administration. In the late 1930s the administration courted the intelligentsia, offering them greater opportunities in the civil service and higher education abroad. The editorial policy of SNR favored these educated elements by publishing articles and correspondences written by the intelligentsia, including Sayyed Abd el-Rahman el-Mahdi, the patron of a prominent Sudanese political party—the Umma. Until independence in 1956, the Sudanization of contribution to the journal became one of the focal points of editorial notes.On the external level, the political bias of SNR was directly linked to the British policy vis-a-vis Egyptian claims of sovereignty over the Sudan. The study contends that one of the tactics the British used to separate the Sudan from Egypt was to foster the concept of nationalism among the Sudanese through archeological research. One of the prime vehicles for the spread of this concept was in fact SNR, whose very nature was questioned in the late 1940s by its own subscribers.
Aluminum transfer during hemodialysis

Aluminum transfer during hemodialysis. Aluminum concentrations were measured in plasma and urine of normal subjects and chronic hemodialysis patients by using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Plasma aluminum averaged 7 µg/liter in 13 normal subjects, who excreted an average of 13 µg/day. Predialysis plasma concentrations in 16 patients on low aluminum dialysate (study A) averaged 58 µg/liter, with a postdialysis mean of 63 µg/liter (P Transfert d'aluminium au cours de l'hemodialyse. Les concentrations d'aluminium ont ete measurees dans le plasma et l'urine de sujets normaux et de malades soumis a l'hemodialyse iterative par spectrophotometrie d'absorption atomique sans flamme. La concentration plasmatique est en moyenne de 7 µg/litre chez 13 sujets normaux qui excretent une moyenne de 13 µg/jour. La concentration plasmatique avant la dialyse chez 16 malades pour lesquels un dialysat pauvre en aluminium est utilise (etude A) est en moyenne de 58 µg/litre. Apres la dialyse la moyenne est de 63 µg/litre (P
A Multi-Technique Forensic Experiment for a Nonscience-Major Chemistry Course.

This multi-technique experiment with a forensic theme was developed for a nonscience-major chemistry course. The students are provided with solid samples and informed that the samples are either co...
Great gardens of the world: historians' view

Abstract This paper reports on a study of great historic and contemporary gardens as perceived by teachers and scholars of landscape architecture and garden history and as portrayed in garden history books. Lists of most frequently cited historic and contemporary gardens are provided and their representation in selected garden history books is discussed.
The theory of population dynamics: I. Back to first principles

Models of population dynamics are based on the population size as the complete descriptor of the dynamic state. We can write this central assumption of traditional theory as follows: $$\frac{1}{N}\frac{{dN}}{{dt}} = f(E)$$ where N is the population size; \(\frac{1}{N}\frac{{dN}}{{dt}}\) is the relative growth rate (average number of surviving offspring per parent per unit of time); f (E) is a function of the environment with the understanding that population size itself might be one of the environmental parameters.
A synopsis of PROBES

The Processes and Resources of the Bering Sea Shelf (PROBES) project is a 6-year multi-institutional (University of Alaska, Florida State University, University of Washington, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Southwest Fisheries Center, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences) interdisciplinary study designed to understand the processes that contribute to the production of enormous numbers of animals (including crabs, fish, birds, mammals) in secondary and higher trophic levels in the vast Bering Sea continental shelf. The research plan is based on the hypothesis that the broad shallow shelf leads to an oceanographic structure of a semi-permanent front-interfront system in which phytoplankton primary production is coupled to a pelagic food web over the outer shelf and to a benthic food web in the middle shelf (see cover, this issue). The project has concentrated on the processes that control the survival of the early life history stages of the Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma Pallas) as an example of mass and energy transfer in the pelagic system. PROBES began in 1976 and is sponsored by the Division of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation.
The relationship between infant individual differences and mother-infant interaction during the neonatal period*

Twenty-eight newborns from low SES homes were tested twice with the NBAS-K and observed twice while being fed by their mothers using a comprehensive, time-based coding strategy. The day-to-day reliability of the NBAS-K using Pearson correlations was low. However, when each individual infant's tendency toward stability or variability was assessed across all the NBAS-K items, some infants showed remarkable behavioral stability while others were very variable. Infant state, visual attention to the mother, and some mother behaviors observed during one feeding session were correlated with infant responsiveness on a NBAS-K test completed on the same day. An index of maternal contingent responsiveness was derived from the observation data, and this variable was significantly related to infant variability of behavior on the NBAS-K item set. The results were discussed as providing support for Emde's suggestion of an adaptive function of newborn behavioral variability.
Smoke and Mirrors: The Perceived Benefits of Continued Tobacco use Among Current Smokers.

Despite 50+ years of public health efforts to reduce smoking rates in the United States, approximately one-fifth of the adults living in this country continue to smoke cigarettes. Previous studies have examined smokers’ risk perceptions of cigarette smoking, as well as the perceived benefits of quitting smoking. Less research has focused on the perceived benefits of smoking among current cigarette smokers. The latter is the main focus of the present paper. Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted with a community-based sample of 485 adult current cigarette smokers recruited from the Atlanta, Georgia, metropolitan area between 2004 and 2007. Active and passive recruiting approaches were used, along with a targeted sampling strategy. Results revealed that most current cigarette smokers perceive themselves to experience benefits as a result of their cigarette use, including (among others) increased relaxation, diminished nervousness in social situations, enjoyment of the taste of cigarettes when smoking, and greater enjoyment of parties when smoking. Perceiving benefits from cigarette smoking was associated with a variety of tobacco use measures, such as smoking more cigarettes, an increased likelihood of chain smoking, and overall negative attitude toward quitting smoking, among others. Several factors were associated with the extent to which smokers perceived themselves to benefit from their tobacco use, including education attainment, the age of first purchasing cigarettes, the proportion of friends who smoked, hiding smoking from others, being internally-oriented regarding locus of control, and self-esteem.
Preliminary Evidence for a Relationship Between Sleep Disturbance and Global Attributional Style in Depression

We hypothesized that a negative, stable, and global attributional style would mediate the relationship between sleep continuity and depression. Twenty-three currently depressed and 31 never-depressed participants completed the Attributional Styles Questionnaire and wore an actigraph during the course of 1 week. Linear and logistic regression techniques were used to calculate path coefficients to test the mediating relationship. Results indicated that a global attributional style mediated the relationship between poor sleep continuity (frequency of awakenings), delayed morning waketime, increased total time spent in bed, and depression. Reverse mediation analyses indicated that these relationships may be bidirectional. No effects were found for stable or internal attributions. These results suggest that global attributions may, in part, mediate the relationship between sleep disturbances and depression. They also provide data consistent with the hypothesis that disrupted sleep is associated with learned helplessness. Prospective studies are necessary to test the directionality of these relationships.
RADIOLYSIS OF POLYISOBUTENE. PART III. EFFECT OF ADDITIVES

The effect of various liquid additives on the degradation of polyisobutene exposed to 4 M.e.v. electrons has been studied by solution viscometry and by measurement of gas volatile at −196°C. At a concentration of about 10−4 mole/g. some additives result in an increased yield of fractures, the maximum observed being about 20% with nitrobenzene, presumably due to the scavenging of polymer radicals which otherwise would combine. At higher concentrations most additives result in a decrease in the yield of fractures. Thus, 2 × 10−3 mole/g. thiophenol decreases the yield by about two-thirds and itself suffers sensitized decomposition as evidenced by an increase in the yield of gas from the irradiated mixture. In the simplest case, di-n-butyl disulfide has a symmetrical effect in suppressing part of the yield of fractures and gas. This is consistent with the view that a proportion of the fractures is associated with gas formation.
Spatio-temporal Competition for Transportation Resources

A lot of work has been devoted to collaboration among distributed computing devices. Sensor networks and crowdsourcing are prominent examples of distributed collaborative computing. Much less attention has been paid to competition among computing agents, particularly the type that we call spatio-temporal competition. In it mobile agents compete for point resources located in space. An example of such competition is drivers, guided by their smartphones, attempting to park, they are competing for a limited number of parking spaces. This is an example, but spatio-temporal competition arises in many other transportation applications. Furthermore, it gives rise to new research problems which will be described in this presentation.
A comparative physiological and pharmacological study of cat and rabbit carotid body chemoreceptors

Abstract Carotid bodies and their nerves were excised from rabbits or cats, cleaned of surrounding connective tissue and placed in a chamber through which mammalian saline equilibrated with different gas mixtures was allowed to flow. Single fibers were isolated and identified as chemosensory by their response to hypoxia, hypercapnia, or NaCN. Mass receptor potentials (recorded at some distance from the sensory nerve endings) were evoked by the same stimuli and registered as close as possible to the carotid body. Both cats and rabbits exhibited receptor depolarization and an increased discharge in response to NaCN, hypoxia, hypercapnia and cyanide. However, the effects of some pharmacological agents were quite different in rabbits and cats. In the rabbit , ACh 10–100 μg and carbachol 1–10 μg produced receptor hyperpolarization and discharge depression followed by discharge increase. Nicotine 0.3–20 μg induced receptor depolarization and increased chemosensory discharge frequency. Nicotinic stimulation was antagonized by d -tubocurarine 10 −6 −10 −4 g/ml. Pilocarpine 2–50 μg hyperpolarized the receptors and depressed discharge frequency. Pilocarpine-induced depression was reduced by atropine 10 −6 g/ml. Dopamine 5–100 μg depolarized the receptors and increased the chemosensory discharge frequency. This effect of dopamine was reduced by haloperidol (10 −11 −10 −7 M). In the cat , ACh, carbachol and nicotine (same doses as those used in rabbits) induced receptor depolarization and increased the sensory discharge frequency. Pilocarpine (up to 50 μg) had little effect on either discharge frequency or the receptor potential. Dopamine 5–100 μg induced receptor hyperpolarization and depression of discharge frequency, and these effects were reduced by haloperidol.
Ricci Flat Kahler Manifolds and Supersymmetry

Abstract A class of supersymmetric non-linear σ-models obtained previously is shown to generate a set of explicit Ricci-flat Kahler metrics of even complex dimension. The two-dimensional case is a self-dual gravitational instanton, very probably the Eguchi-Hansen metric, while higher dimensional cases may coincide with manifolds of Calabi.
The Factor Structure and Concurrent Validity of the Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire: Research Version

Early maladaptive schemas are stable, negative beliefs about oneself, others, or the environment that are formed early in life and subsequently organize an individual’s experiences and behaviors. We evaluated the factor structure and validity of the self-report Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire—Research version (EMSQ-R) that assesses 15 maladaptive schema identified by Young (1991) within a sample of 908 individuals in treatment for substance use and personality pathology. We first employed confirmatory factor analytic techniques and found the data fit this expected model poorly. We then utilized exploratory factor analysis to examine the hierarchical structure of the EMSQ-R and then tested its concurrent validity using available chart data and another self-report questionnaire. In contrast with previous research, we concluded that the schemas do not have a replicable lower-order structure. However, we did retain a four-factor solution for the scales that demonstrated significant correlations with expected variables and provided partial support for the higher-order structure of EMSQ-R.
Process safety in the classroom: The current state of chemical engineering programs at US universities

The role of process safety in the undergraduate and graduate curriculum is a critical component of preparing chemical engineers for their future careers. In 2011, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) amended the requirements for Chemical, Biochemical, Biomolecular, and similarly named Engineering Programs. The change added a clause, indicating that the curriculum of said programs should not only include the engineering application of chemistry, physics, and/or biology to the design, analysis and control of processes, but also the hazards associated with those processes. Departments were then compelled to adjust their curricula to meet the new requirement which would go into effect during the 2012–2013 Accreditation evaluations. Herein, we present findings related to the major milestones and challenges associated with updating the chemical engineering curriculum to include process safety components at both the undergraduate and graduate level. First, a survey of publicly available information regarding curriculum requirements, course syllabi, and program developments at US universities will be discussed. Next, insights from evaluating the challenges associated with adding new content to an already overloaded curriculum will be discussed. Lastly, recommendations for continued improvement in the process safety education provided to undergraduate and graduate students will be presented. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2015
PHOTOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF 4,5-DIARYL-4-OXAZOLIN-2-ONE PROTECTING GROUPS

The photochemical cleavage of 4,5-diaryl-4-oxazolin-2-one protecting groups is discussed as an alternative to reduction or chemical oxidation of the heterocyclic system. Ultraviolet irradiation in air of oxazolinone (1) in methanol leads to photooxygenation of the protecting group, affording the corresponding benzamide and benzoate ester. Reduction of the intermediate photoproduct leads to complete removal of the protecting group. A mechanism for this photolysis is proposed and evidence in support of this mechanism is reported.
Inpatient Rehabilitation Utilization for Medicare Beneficiaries With Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract Morley MA, Coots LA, Forgues AL, Gage BJ. Inpatient rehabilitation utilization for Medicare beneficiaries with multiple sclerosis. Objective To explore the use of inpatient rehabilitation facility services and levels of impairment for Medicare beneficiaries with multiple sclerosis (MS) by comparing differences in service utilization and clinical characteristics between Medicare beneficiaries with MS to the overall Medicare population. Design Medicare beneficiaries with MS were identified using Medicare claims data. Claims and assessment data were analyzed to compare outcomes for beneficiaries with MS who used inpatient rehabilitation compared with a random sample of Medicare beneficiaries without MS. Setting Inpatient rehabilitation facilities. Participants Medicare beneficiaries with a diagnosis of MS who received inpatient rehabilitation during the 2007 calendar year (n=4669) and a random sample of Medicare beneficiaries without MS (n=14,397). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Change in functional impairment levels between admission and discharge to inpatient rehabilitation and length of stay. Results There were several differences in beneficiary characteristics between the 2 groups. Beneficiaries with MS had lower change in functional levels (−3.3 points on the FIM) and longer length of stay (0.4d). Conclusions While beneficiaries with MS account for a small proportion of the Medicare population, the benefit is important to those who qualify for Medicare coverage. This study illustrates the differences between the subpopulation of beneficiaries with MS and other Medicare beneficiaries. The findings show that populations with MS had less functional improvement than other Medicare populations using the inpatient rehabilitation setting. Higher rates of depression within the MS Medicare population was a secondary finding that presents another important consideration for rehabilitation service needs for this group.
Testing for randomness against autocorrelated alternatives: The parametric case

SUMMARY Testing for randomness is studied for an alternative model of multivariate normality with the autocorrelation specified by a single parameter. First-order autoregression and first-order moving averages are special cases of this model. The likelihood derivative method is used to obtain tests. The asymptotic efficiencies are derived of these tests compared with tests based on the first-order sample serial correlation.
Case report 714

Two cases of postirradiation osteosarcoma are presented--one in a 76-year-old woman with breast carcinoma and subsequent osteosarcoma after radiation therapy for a metastatic lesion in the right tibia, and the other in a 16-year-old girl with hepatocellular carcinoma metastatic to the left tibia and osteosarcoma after radiation therapy to that bone. Microscopically, both cases were high-grade spindle cell lesions with osteoid production. Both patients fared poorly. This is a rare complication of radiation therapy.
SALVAGE SURGERY FOR RADIORECURRENT PROSTATE CANCER: CONTEMPORARY OUTCOMES

ABSTRACT Purpose: We present a 30-year experience with performing salvage surgery in patients with persistent prostate cancer (PCA) after definitive radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: Patients with biopsy proven PCA following definitive radiotherapy who underwent salvage surgery were identified retrospectively (1967 to 2000). Prostate specimens were evaluated by a single pathologist. Progression-free survival (PFS) and cancer specific survival (CSS) estimates were made with multivariate analysis of outcome predictors. Complications were reviewed. Results: Sufficient information was available on 199 patients, including 138 with retropubic prostatectomy (RP) and 61 with cystoprostatectomies (CP). Median followup was 7.0 years. Rectal injury rates (5% for RP and 10% for CP) remained stable, while transfused units of blood decreased. Urinary extravasation (15% of cases) and bladder neck contracture (22%) were the most common complications. Urinary continence (0 pads) improved from 43% to 56% of patients (p = 0.17) with an additional 20% requiring 1 or fewer pad daily. Overall 10-year CSS in all patients undergoing salvage surgery was 65%. Patients undergoing RP fared better than those needing CP (10-year CSS 77% vs 38%, p Conclusions: Significant PFS and CSS can be expected following salvage surgery for radioresistant PCA. Several pathological features of the removed prostate are predictive of survival. The surgical risks of salvage surgery are now defined. Morbidity rates, including continence, have moderately improved with time.
The intravacuolar organic matrix associated with calcium oxalate crystals in leaves of Vitis

Summary In Vitis (grape) calcium oxalate crystals form in a needle-like morphology unique to plants, presenting an intriguing system of biological control over mineral formation. Crystals develop within an organic matrix which appears to provide control over the sites and forms of crystal deposition; however, little is known about the chemical nature of the matrix. A procedure has been developed to isolate crystals along with their associated intravacuolar matrix from leaves of grape, and studies have been initiated into the chemical composition of the matrix by characterizing elemental content, carbohydrates, and protein. The isolated matrix consisted of two structural phases, membrane chambers enclosing developing crystals, and a water-soluble phase surrounding the crystal chambers. Elemental analysis detected substantial calcium and potassium, as well as some iron in the water-soluble phase. Analysis of the water-soluble matrix by GC-MS showed that it contained an unusual polymer with novel glucuronic acid linkages. In addition, linkage analysis indicated 5-linked arabinans, arabinogalactan, and various mannosyl units typical of complex carbohydrates of N-linked glycoproteins. SDS—PAGE analysis of the water-soluble matrix and crystal chambers showed that each had distinct banding profiles in silver-stained gels, with prominent 60 and 70 kDa polypeptides in crystal chamber extracts. Demineralization studies provided direct evidence that the isolated matrix promotes crystal nucleation. The findings about the organic matrix associated with calcium oxalate crystals in grape are discussed in relation to crystal nucleation and growth and features shared with animal and microbial biomineralization systems.
Estimation of Lighting Energy Savings From Atrium Daylighting for Office Buildings

Atria can offer several benefits to deep plan commercial and office buildings. This includes passive heating and cooling, ventilation, and daylighting. In order to use daylight effectively in atrium buildings, the characteristics that affect the light levels and distribution must be taken into account and analyzed. These elements include roofs, shapes, well geometries, surface finishes, and glazing types. The analysis outlined in this paper shows that a larger atrium area, higher window-to-wall ratio, clear windows, and a multi-story building provide the highest energy savings. The paper also presents a simplified calculation method to determine the percent lighting energy reduction attributed to atria in office buildings with continuous dimming. The lighting energy savings due to daylighting from atria can be up to 40%.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Characterization of phosphors in the soft X-ray region

Abstract The phosphor detector has unique properties for soft X-ray spectroscopy. As a calorimetric detector, it is insensitive to surface contamination, it is rather rugged, and reproducible. We examined the response functions of the phosphors P31, P15, P46-Y1, P46-Y2, and P47 to photons in the energy range of 320–1000 eV and in the flux range of 107–1010 photons/s mm2. All phosphors showed nearly linear response with X-ray intensity, but only P31 showed nearly linear response with the photon energy. The luminescence yield from other phosphors increases less rapidly with photon energy. The energy response function is also found to depend slightly on the way the phosphor is applied.
Integrating the 6+1 Writing Traits Model with Cross-Age Tutoring: An Investigation of Elementary Students' Writing Development

A mixed methodological approach was used to examine the effect of a cross-age tutoring writing program among second- and fourth-grade students in a rural elementary school in Delaware. Pre-test and post-test writing prompts were administered and evaluated using the 6+1 traits writing assessment rubric. Students were assessed qualitatively through written journal responses and group discussions, and interviews were conducted at the completion of the cross-age tutoring writing program. After detailed descriptive statistics were ascertained, an analysis of covariance test was performed. The analysis revealed that there was a statistically significant academic difference between fourth-grade students who participated in the cross-age tutoring writing program and the fourth-grade students who did not participate in the program. There was no statistically significant academic difference between the second-grade treatment and non-treatment groups.
Morphological Evolution in Highly Strained InSb/InAs(001)

We investigated the morphological evolution of InSb grown on InAs (001) substrates (lattice mismatch = 6.9%) as a function of film thickness. Due to the very large lattice mismatch, growth proceeded via the Volmer-Weber mode. The morphological evolution of highly strained InSb films proceeds through several regimes as a function of thickness. The films initially nucleate isolated 3D islands even in the earliest stages of growth. The islands then coarsen and coalesce at slightly higher thicknesses, with some evidence of cooperative nucleation, or the sequential nucleation of islands and pits. Once the islands coalesce, the morphology evolves into long ridges aligned along the [110], however, those films are still discontinuous. At a thickness =100nm, the films finally become completely continuous and 2D growth proceeds via step flow of growth spirals present on the surface.
For Women, Breadwinning Can Be Dangerous: Gendered Resource Theory and Wife Abuse

To explain wife abuse, we offer a refinement of relative resource theory, gendered resource theory, which argues that the effect of relative resources is contingent upon husbands’ gender ideologies. We use data from the first wave of the National Survey of Families and Households (N =4,296) to test three theories of wife abuse. Resource theory receives no support. Relative resource theory receives limited support. Gendered resource theory receives strong support. Wives’ share of relative incomes is positively related to likelihood of abuse only for traditional husbands. The findings suggest that both cultural and structural forces must be considered to understand marriage as a context for social interactions in which we create our gendered selves.
Hypoxia affects spatial distributions and overlap of pelagic fish, zooplankton, and phytoplankton in Lake Erie

Abstract Bottom hypoxia has reemerged as a prominent feature of Lake Erie's central basin during late summer. Similar to coastal and marine systems, the influence of hypoxia on pelagic organisms remains largely enigmatic in Lake Erie. During 2005, we used a plankton survey system (a sensor package consisting of an optical plankton counter, fluorometer, dissolved oxygen sensor, light sensor, and conductivity–temperature–depth sensor), coupled with a fish hydroacoustics system, to explore how the distribution of phytoplankton (chlorophyll), mesozooplankton, and fish varied vertically and horizontally in relation to oxygen concentrations. To do so, we conducted surveys of the entire water column on a continuous basis during mild (August) and severe (September) hypoxia. Our surveys included two sampling designs: 1) basin-wide transects sampled during day and night to define broad-scale patterns of spatial overlap among pelagic organisms; and 2) shorter (5 km) transects sampled every 4 h over a 24-h period to explore how diel vertical migration and hypoxia interact to affect time-specific spatial overlap among fishes, mesozooplankton, and phytoplankton. Our findings indicated that fish avoided regions of the hypolimnion with dissolved oxygen concentrations