cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cycling excitation process: An ultra efficient and quiet signal amplification mechanism in semiconductor

Signal amplification, performed by transistor amplifiers with its merit rated by the efficiency and noise characteristics, is ubiquitous in all electronic systems. Because of transistor thermal noise, an intrinsic signal amplification mechanism, impact ionization was sought after to complement the limits of transistor amplifiers. However, due to the high operation voltage (30-200 V typically), low power efficiency, limited scalability, and, above all, rapidly increasing excess noise with amplification factor, impact ionization has been out of favor for most electronic systems except for a few applications such as avalanche photodetectors and single-photon Geiger detectors. Here, we report an internal signal amplification mechanism based on the principle of the phonon-assisted cycling excitation process (CEP). Si devices using this concept show ultrahigh gain, low operation voltage, CMOS compatibility, and, above all, quantum limit noise performance that is 30 times lower than devices using impact ionization. Established on a unique physical effect of attractive properties, CEP-based devices can potentially revolutionize the fields of semiconductor electronics.
Increasing insulin resistance among U.S. adolescents ages 12-19: NHANES 2003-2010 (1024.17)

Type 2 diabetes is increasingly becoming a public concern among adolescents. The aim of this study was to utilize the National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES) to assess the prevalence trends of risk factors for diabetes mellitus in US adolescents. This study observed 2,716 adolescents from ages 12 to 19 in the NHANES survey years 2003-2006 and 2007-2010. There was no significant change in the prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes based on fasting plasma glucose values. There was also no significant change in the prevalence of obesity. However, the prevalence of elevated glycohemoglobin (HbA1c) concentrations (5.7% - 6.5%) increased from 1.8% to 4.1% of the population (p<0.02). This increase in elevated HbA1c was seen predominantly in normal weight adolescents (1.3% to 3.6%, P = 0.04). In addition, there was a significant increase in average fasting insulin from 11.1 uU/mL in 2003-06 to 12.6 uU/mL in 2007-10 (p < 0.001). A significant increase in fasting insulin was only seen in normal weight adol...
CONTROLLING OTHER PEOPLE'S CHILDREN: RACIALIZED VIEWS OF DELINQUENCY AND WHITES' PUNITIVE ATTITUDES TOWARD JUVENILE OFFENDERS ∗

The juvenile justice system was founded on, and until recently developed around, the idea that society should afford delinquents more leniency and rehabilitative care than adult criminals because of their lower levels of physical and cognitive development and, thus, diminished culpability for law violations and higher amenability to treatment. The past four decades, however, have witnessed a sustained movement to recriminalize delinquency through the enactment of policies that treat juvenile offenders more like their adult counterparts. Feld (1999a) and others have argued that this punitive turn in juvenile justice is in part a result of the racialization of delinquency and violent victimization in the post–Civil Rights era. This study provides the first test of the key assumption underlying this thesis, namely, that Whites’ support for getting tough with juvenile offenders is in part tied to racialized views of youth crime. Drawing on data from a recent national survey, we examine the extent to which relative racial typifications about delinquency and victimization, as well as racial resentment, are associated with general punitiveness toward juvenile offenders as well as support for lower minimum ages of criminal justice jurisdiction. Regression results show that Whites who hold such typifications and those who are more racially resentful are both more likely to embrace punitive youth justice policies and favor transfers for younger offenders. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Effects of activated carbon characteristics on the simultaneous adsorption of aqueous organic micropollutants and natural organic matter

The overall objective of this research was to determine the effects of physical and chemical activated carbon characteristics on the simultaneous adsorption of trace organic contaminants and natural organic matter (NOM). A matrix of 12 activated carbon fibers (ACFs) with three activation levels and four surface chemistry levels (acid-washed, oxidized, hydrogen-treated, and ammonia-treated) was studied to systematically evaluate pore structure and surface chemistry phenomena. Also, three commercially available granular activated carbons (GACs) were tested. The relatively hydrophilic fuel additive methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) and the relatively hydrophobic solvent trichloroethene (TCE) served as micropollutant probes. A comparison of adsorption isotherm data collected in the presence and absence of NOM showed that percent reductions of single-solute TCE and MTBE adsorption capacities that resulted from the presence of co-adsorbing NOM were not strongly affected by the chemical characteristics of activated carbons. However, hydrophobic carbons were more effective adsorbents for both TCE and MTBE than hydrophilic carbons because enhanced water adsorption on the latter interfered with the adsorption of micropollutants from solutions containing NOM. With respect to pore structure, activated carbons should exhibit a large volume of micropores with widths that are about 1.5 times the kinetic diameter of the target adsorbate. Furthermore, an effective adsorbent should possess a micropore size distribution that extends to widths that are approximately twice the kinetic diameter of the target adsorbate to prevent pore blockage/constriction as a result of NOM adsorption.
Evidence for two conformational states of 5-hydroxytryptamine carrier in rat cortical synaptosomes

The effects of SABA ((3-β-(4-azidobenzamidino)ethyl)-5-hydroxyindole), and fluoxetine, on the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) by cerebral cortical synaptosomes of the rat were studied under normal (147mM) and small (29 mM) concentrations of sodium. In the dark, both compounds competitively inhibited the uptake of 5-HT. However, in the presence of a small concentration of sodium (29 mM), the Ki(nM) for SABA decreased from 128 ± 7 (n = 3) to 93 ± 7 (n = 3) (P < 0.05), whereas the Ki for fluoxetine increased from 30 ± 2 (n = 3) to 59 ± 6 (n = 3) (P < 0.05). The maximum irreversible photoinactivation of the uptake of 5-HT by 1 μM SABA was increased by about 20% when the concentration of sodium ions ([Na+]) was decreased. This is consistent with the Ki data indicating an increase in the affinity of SABA for the uptake site for 5-HT when [Na+] was decreased. The results suggest that there may be two conformational states of the carrier for 5-HT which can be interconverted by changing the concentration of Na+. The affinity of SABA and fluoxetine for these two conformational states is different.
Isolation and characterization of a yellow pteridine from the blue-green alga, Anacystis nidulans.

Abstract A yellow pteridine has been isolated in relatively large amounts from the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans. A number of degradative experiments on the pure crystalline material have led to a proposed structure for this compound. Some of its interesting chemical properties have been pointed out, and, largely on the basis of these, suggestions have been made as to its possible biological function.
Measuring particle interactions with total internal reflection microscopy

Since its introduction in 1987, the optical technique of total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM) has evolved into a powerful tool for studying the interactions between a single, colloidal particle and a planar surface. In addition to being a highly sensitive method for quantifying the potential energy profile between a particle and plate (sensitivity of order 0.1 kT), the technique has also proven capable of measuring the hindered diffusion coefficient and mobility of a particle when the particle-plate gap width is much less than the particle radius. One of the most useful improvements in TIRM has been the incorporation of optical radiation pressure, which allows micromanipulating a single particle in three spatial dimensions. A similar method, termed evanescent wave light scattering (EWS), offers the possibility of measuring colloidal interactions using nanometer-sized particles.
The effects of nimodipine on cocaine toxicity

ABSTRACT The response to nimodipine as an inhibitor of cocaine toxicity was investigated in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs and in isolated dog heart preparations at constant heart rates. Nimodipine (10 μ g/kg) markedly decreased peripheral and coronary vascular resistance and increased cardiac output, cardiac work, and coronary blood flow. When corrected for the change in afterload, nimodipine had a positive inotropic response, as measured by ± maximal dP/dt, in the cocaine-depressed animal. Thus, cocaine toxicity was partially reversed by nimodipine. In the isolated heart preparation, nimodipine resulted in further cardiac depression similar to that seen with other calcium channel antagonists.
Occupational illness in the hospitality industry: “Sick Buildings” and the bottom line

Abstract When the poor quality of the air inside a building results in the building's inhabitants' becoming ill, the problem may be “sick-building syndrome.”
Spectral, Physical, and Electron Transport Activities in the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Mesophyll Cells and Bundle Sheath Cells of Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.

Isolated mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells of Digitaria sanguinalis were used to study the light-absorbing pigments and electron transport reactions of a plant which possesses the C(4)-dicarboxylic acid cycle of photosynthesis. Absorption spectra and chlorophyll determinations are presented showing that mesophyll cells have a chlorophyll a-b ratio of about 3.0 and bundle sheath cells have a chlorophyll a-b ratio of about 4.5. The absorption spectrum of bundle sheath cells has a greater absorption in the 700 nm region at liquid nitrogen temperature, and there is a relatively greater amount of a pigment absorbing at 670 nm in the bundle sheath cells compared to the mesophyll cells. Fluorescence emission spectra, at liquid nitrogen temperature, of mesophyll cells have a fluorescence 730 nm-685 nm ratio of about 0.82 and bundle sheath cells have a ratio of about 2.84. The reversible light-induced absorption change in the region of P(700) absorption is similar in both cell types but bundle sheath cells exhibit about twice as much total P(700) change as mesophyll cells on a total chlorophyll basis. The delayed light emission of bundle sheath cells is about one-half that of mesophyll cells. Both mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells evolve oxygen in the presence of Hill oxidants with the mesophyll cells exhibiting about twice the activity of bundle sheath cells, and both activities are inhibited by 1 muM 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea. Ferredoxin nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reductase is present in both cells although it is about 3- or 4-fold higher in mesophyll cells than in bundle sheath cells. Glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenases, both nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, are equally distributed in the two cell types on a chlorophyll basis. Malic enzyme is localized in the bundle sheath cells.We interpret the data as evidence for the presence of a complete chloroplast electron transport system from oxygen evolution to pyridine nucleotide reduction in both mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. However, there is a quantitative difference in the distribution of photosystem I and photosystem II components in the two photosynthetic cells with about a 3-fold higher photosystem I-II ratio in the bundle sheath cells than in the mesophyll cells. A scheme is proposed to accommodate photosynthetic CO(2) fixation and electron transport activities in the mesophyll cells via a beta-carboxylation and in the bundle sheath cells via carboxylation of ribulose-1, 5-diphosphate.
Robust path choice in networks with failures

The problem of adaptive routing in a network with failures is considered. The network may be in one of finitely many states characterized by different travel times along the arcs, and transitions between the states occur according to a continuous-time Markov chain. The objective was to develop a routing strategy that minimizes the total expected travel time. Dynamic programming models and flow-oriented models were developed and analyzed in the uncapacitated and the capacitated case. It is shown that the robust plan can be found from a special two-stage stochastic programming problem in which the second-stage models the rerouting problem after the state transition in the network. The models are Illustrated on an example of the Sioux Falls transportation network. The computational results reveal striking properties of different routing policies and show that substantial Improvements in both duration and size of jams can be achieved by employing robust strategies.
Stability monitoring on the large electric power system

The objective of this work is development of techniques which provide on line decision on the stability of a large interconnected power system faced by assumed or actual disturbances. Since the system is very large and nonlinear and the time scale only a few seconds at best the only hope for results which are mathematically honest, computable on line, and of sufficient accuracy lies in a set of carefully coordinated approximations founded on precise mathematical theory. Such an approach is discussed in this paper. It divides the problem into four segments in order to narrow down those parts of the system which are actively involved and then represent the critical elements by using approximate transformations and graded precision for remote elements.
Effects of nitric acid on carbachol reactivity of the airways in normal and allergic sheep.

Abstract The airway effects of a 4-hr exposure (via a Plexiglas hood) to 1.6 ppm nitric acid vapor were evaluated in seven normal and seven allergic sheep, i.e., animals that have a history of reacting with bronchospasm to inhalation challenge with Ascaris suum antigen. The nitric acid vapor was generated by ultrasonic nebulization of a 2% nitric acid solution. Airway effects were assessed by measuring the change in specific pulmonary flow resistance before and after a standard inhalation challenge with 2.5% carbachoi aerosol. Nitric acid exposure did not produce bronchoconstriction in either group. Pre-exposure increases in specific pulmonary flow resistance after carbachoi Inhalation were 68% (SD ± 13%) and 82% (SD ± 35%) for the normal and allergic sheep, respectively, Within 24 hr, the largest postexposure increases in specific pulmonary flow resistance for the normal and allergic sheep were 108% [SD ± 51% (P<.06)] and 175% [SD ± 87% (P<.02)], respectively. We conclude that a short-term exposure to ni...
Asynchronous Parallel Evolutionary Algorithms: Leveraging Heterogeneous Fitness Evaluation Times for Scalability and Elitist Parsimony Pressure

Many important problem classes lead to large variations in fitness evaluation times, such as is often the case in Genetic Programming where the time complexity of executing one individual may differ greatly from that of another. Asynchronous Parallel Evolutionary Algorithms (APEAs) omit the generational synchronization step of traditional EAs which work in well-defined cycles. This paper provides an empirical analysis of the scalability improvements obtained by applying APEAs to such problem classes, aside from the speed-up caused merely by the removal of the synchronization step. APEAs exhibit bias towards individuals with shorter fitness evaluation times, because they propagate faster. This paper demonstrates how this bias can be leveraged in order to provide a unique type of "elitist" parsimony pressure which rewards more efficient solutions with equal solution quality.
Gastroenteritis associated with enteric type adenovirus in hospitalized infants

Enteric types of adenovirus have recently been identified as a causative agent of infantile gastroenteritis. We utilized enzyme immunoassay and tissue culture techniques to evaluate prospectively the role of ET Ad in diarrhea occurring in hospitalized infants. We found that ET Ad was associated with 14 of 27 cases of diarrhea occurring during a 12-week study period in the late autumn and early winter months; ET Ad was found in the stool of only one of 72 children without diarrhea ( P
Identification of rab20 as a potential regulator of connexin 43 trafficking.

Connexin oligomerization and trafficking are regulated processes. To identify proteins that control connexin43 (Cx43), a screen was designed using HeLa cells expressing a Cx43 construct with di-lysine endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-retention/retrieval motif, Cx43-HKKSL. At moderate levels of expression, Cx43-HKKSL is retained in the ER as monomers; however, Cx43-HKKSL stably overexpressed by HeLa cells localizes to the perinuclear region and oligomerizes. HeLa/Cx43-HKKSL overexpressors were transiently transfected with pooled clones from a human kidney cDNA library and used immunofluorescence microscopy to identify cDNAs that enabled overexpressed Cx43-HKKSL to convert from a perinuclear to ER localization pattern. Using this approach, a small molecular weight GTPase, rab20, was identified as a candidate protein with the ability to regulate Cx43 trafficking. Enhanced green florescent protein (EGFP)-tagged rab20 showed a predominantly perinuclear and ER localization pattern and caused wild-type Cx43 to be reta...
Right ventricular ejection fraction: An indicator of increased mortality in patients with congestive heart failure associated with coronary artery disease

The predictive value of radionuclide ventriculography was studied in 34 patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (
Birefringence characterization of biological tissue using optical coherence tomography

A polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (OCT) system is developed and used to measure birefringence in porcine myocardium tissue, producing 2-D cross-sectional images of the tissue birefringence. These birefringence images are then used to quantify thermal damage in the tissue. Signal to noise issues which cause systematic measurement errors are analyzed to determine the regime in which such measurements are accurate. The advantage of polarization sensitive OCT systems over standard OCT systems in avoiding image artifacts caused by birefringence is also demonstrated.
Low density lipoprotein uptake by an endothelial-smooth muscle cell bilayer☆

Abstract To study the interaction of endothelial and smooth muscle cells, and the means by which such interaction may affect lipid permeability of the arterial wall, cell bilayers were established by use of a transwell culture system. After confluent growth of both cell types had been achieved, iodine 125 bound to low-density lipoprotein (10 ng protein/ml) was added to the media of the upper well. After a 3-hour incubation period, the iodine 125-bound low-density lipoprotein content of the upper and lower media demonstrated an impedance to lipoprotein movement across the endothelial cell monolayer as compared to the bare porous polycarbonate filter of the transwell ( p −6 ). The presence of smooth muscle cells in the bottom well significantly enhanced the permeability of the endothelial cell layer ( p −6 ). This effect remained unchanged over a 9-day time course. Membrane binding and cellular uptake of low-density lipoprotein by endothelial cells was not altered by smooth muscle cells, indicating that this change in permeability could not be easily attributed to changes in receptor-mediated transport or transcytosis. Membrane binding ( p p −6 ) of low-density lipoprotein by smooth muscle cells in the bilayer, when adjusted for counts available in the smooth muscle cell media, were both reduced in the early incubation period as compared to isolated smooth muscle cells. The disproportionate reduction in uptake as compared to binding would suggest that this was not entirely a receptor-dependent process. Over time, the uptake of lipoprotein by smooth muscle cells alone declined, with no significant overall change in membrane binding. In contrast, smooth muscle cell uptake of low-density lipoprotein in the bilayer showed a progressive and sustained increase ( p −5 ; analysis of variance [ANOVA]), which was associated with a less dramatic increase in membrane binding ( p
Designing a lactose crystallization process based on dynamic metastable limit

Abstract In the dairy industry, lactose crystallization during refining typically generates a large number of fines (
The Role of Lymphocytes in Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders

Eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs) encompass a variety of disorders including eosinophilic esophagitis (EE), eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG), and eosinophilic colitis. Although the pathogenesis of EGIDs is still poorly understood, dietary food antigens have been shown to cause EGIDs through several short-term clinical studies. The relationship of EGIDs with food allergy points to a potential breach of oral tolerance in EGIDs and to a potentially important role played by lymphocytes in responding to the oral food antigens. This article discusses the concept of oral tolerance, the available evidence for the role that lymphocytes play in the induction and pathogenesis of EGIDs, and the evidence for a potential breach in oral tolerance in EGIDs.
Lymphadenopathy in children: refer or reassure?

Fareed, a 15-year-old British boy of Pakistani origin, was brought to his general practitioner (GP). His parents had become concerned about a ‘lump’ which had recently appeared on his neck and had now been present for approximately 2 weeks. Fareed had been unwell in the last fortnight with a history of a mild fever, coryzal symptoms and a sore throat. These symptoms had resolved although he was still feeling quite tired. There was no history of night sweats, weight loss or pruritus and he had not noticed any unusual lumps in other places. There was no significant past medical history. Fareed was fully immunised. He was not taking regular medication and had no allergies. His parents were originally from Pakistan but he had never been abroad. There was no history of diseases in the family and no contacts with tuberculosis. There were also no pets. On examination Fareed appeared well. His height (170 cm, just above 50th centile) and weight (63 kg, just below the 75th centile) were recorded. There was no pallor, jaundice or petechiae. His pharynx was a little inflamed and he had mildly enlarged tonsils without exudate. A 2.5-cm lymph node was palpable in the left posterior triangle of the neck. This was firm, mobile and mildly tender, but there was no inflammation or induration of the overlying skin. There were no other palpable nodes in the neck, supraclavicular fossa, axillae or groin and no hepatosplenomegaly. After considering the clinical presentation and examination findings, a diagnosis of reactive lymphadenopathy was made. In the absence of any signs of significant bacterial infection, supportive care was recommended. A throat swab was sent to rule out Group A streptococcal infection. In view of the 2.5 cm lymph node, review was planned in 3 weeks. Lymphadenopathy refers to lymph nodes which are abnormal in size, number …
Dietary restraint and stress-induced snacking in youth.

Objective: To determine whether dietary restraint modifies stress-induced eating in youth. Research Methods and Procedures: Snacking was measured in boys (9.5 ± 0.3 years) and girls (9.0 ± 0.3 years), with and without dietary restraint, across a control day after reading children's magazines and/or coloring, and on a stress day after giving a videotaped speech, with order of conditions counterbalanced. Children were divided into four groups based on dietary restraint and changes in perceived stress: low-restraint/low-reactive (n = 9), low-restraint/high-reactive (n = 13), high-restraint/low-reactive (n = 10), and high-restraint/high-reactive (n = 8). Body composition was estimated by skinfolds. Results: Energy intake of snack foods was influenced differently by dietary restraint and stress reactivity in the stress and control conditions (p < 0.01). After being stressed, low-restraint/low-reactive children ate fewer snacks and high-restraint/high-reactive children ate more snacks compared with the control condition. After covarying for percentage of body fat, the interactions remained (p < 0.01). Girls ate less than boys (p < 0.001), but sex did not influence eating in control and stress conditions. Discussion: Dietary restraint occurs in children and may influence the effect of stress on eating. Interpersonal stress decreases snacking in low dietary restrained youth but increases snacking in high dietary restrained children, perhaps because of stress-induced disinhibition.
Growin' Grass: Paradise by the Sodium Light

This qualitative study describes members of a little-known and little-researched subculture: small-time marijuana cultivators in the United States. Couched within a symbolic interaction theoretical framework, extensive ethnographic interviews were conducted with eighteen marijuana growers who cultivate cannabis plants in their homes for small sales and personal use. This study creates a typology of growers based on motivation for growing and techniques of cultivation. The authors also illustrate how marijuana growers in this study used various techniques outlined by Sykes and Matza (1957) to neutralize their involvement in a deviant and illegal activity.
Two classes of dual models with spontaneous symmetry breaking

Abstract Two new classes of dual models are presented. One required technique is the introduction of spontaneous symmetry breaking by means of assigning a non-vanishing vacuum expectation value to the dual-model operator L 0 . Another is the use of ‘non-canonical’ spaces-spaces that cannot be generated by use of ordinary a - and b -type oscillators. The first class of models is characterized by two non-negative integers ( M , N ) and has a ground-state mass μ 0 given by α′μ 0 2 = 3 2 M + 2N − 1 . These models posses L -type (Virasoro) gauge operators. The (0, 0) model is the usual Veneziano model with intercept one, while the (0, 1) model is probably equivalent to the intercept-minus-one model recently discovered by Gervais and Neveu. The second class of models is characterized by a single non-negative integer M and has a ground-state mass μ 0 given by α′μ 0 2 = 3 2 M − 1 2 . These models possess G -type gauges and each of them can be extended to include fermions. The M = 0 case corresponds to the dual pion model. Even though the new models have large guage algebras, all of them contain ghost states. A loose end in the presentation is the absence of a general proof of cyclic symmetry for the n -point amplitudes.
Molecular genetic analysis of type-4 pilus biogenesis and twitching motility using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model system--a review.

Genetic analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pilus biogenesis and twitching motility has revealed the requirement for several pil loci which have been localized to different regions of the chromosome. One pil locus, designated pilE, resides at approx. 71 min on the PAO genetic map, a region of the chromosome previously shown to harbor a number of genes required for pilus assembly (i.e., pilA, -B, -C, -D, -R and -S). The PilE protein shows significant sequence identity to the N-terminal domain of PilA as well as to the pilin precursors from a variety of type-4 pilus producers. Included within this homologous region is a short, positively charged leader sequence followed by a prepilin peptidase cleavage site and a largely hydrophobic region. Additionally, an unlinked set of pil genes, designated pilG, -H, -I, -J and -K, has been localized to the SpeI fragment H which corresponds to approx. 20 min on the PAO genetic map. This gene cluster encodes proteins that demonstrate remarkable similarity to the chemotaxis proteins of enterics and the gliding bacterium Myxococcus xanthus and are thought to be part of a signal transduction system that controls P. aeruginosa pilus biosynthesis and twitching motility.
U.S. ocean acidification researchers: First national meeting

[1] Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Program Ocean Acidification Principal Investigators' Meeting; Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 22–24 March 2011; Ocean acidification (OA) is the progressive decrease in seawater pH and change in inorganic carbon chemistry caused by uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2). Marine species respond to OA in multiple ways that could profoundly alter ocean ecosystems and the goods and services they provide to human communities. With major support from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and additional support from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Naval Postgraduate School, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) Project Office and Ocean Acidification Subcommittee (http://www.us-ocb.org/about/subcommittees.html) held the first multidisciplinary workshop for U.S. OA researchers at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The 112 attendees included ecologists, paleoceanographers, instrumentation specialists, chemists, biologists, economists, ocean and ecosystem modelers, and communications specialists.
Suppression of tumorigenicity by the IncW R plasmid pSa in Agrobacterium tumefaciens

The effect of the IncW R plasmid, pSa, on tumorigenicity and on the expression and maintenance of the Ti plasmid in tumorigenic strains of A. tumefaciens was determined. Plasmid pSa could be transferred into and stably maintained by both octopine-and nopaline-utilizing A. tumefaciens strains. The R plasmid had no effect on Ti plasmid maintenance or on Ti plasmid functions, such as octopine utilization or conjugal bacterial transfer. However, A. tumefaciens strains harboring both the R plasmid and the Ti plasmid in most instances failed to induce tumors on a number of plant species. This effect on tumorigenicity is specific to pSa. When pSa is cured from the A. tumefaciens transconjugants or when their Ti plasmids are genetically transferred to an appropriate recipient, the resultant strains lacking the R plasmid regain tumorigenicity. Restriction endonuclease analysis of plasmid DNA isolated from transconjugants harboring pSa showed no difference in Ti plasmid cleavage patterns when compared to plasmid DNA isolated from the tumorigenic parent strain. These results indicate that pSa does not induce detectable permanent genetic alteration of the Ti plasmid. Rather, it appears that the R plasmid suppresses some Ti plasmid function(s) necessary for tumorigenicity.
The Time of X-Ray Induction of Crossovers and of Translocations in Drosophila Melanogaster Males.

A comparison was made between the time of recovery of induced crossovers and time of recovery of induced translocations in the chromosomes of irradiated Drosophila. (C.H.)
Biphenotypic leukemia." Immunologic and morphologic evidence for a common lymphoid-myeloid progenitor in humans

A 5-year-old white girl had a white blood cell count of 80,000/cu mm and 82% lymphoblasts in the peripheral blood. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) was diagnosed, defined by typical morphology (FAB-L1), a positive reaction for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and characteristic surface antigens detected with lymphoid monoclonal antibodies. The patient's peripheral lymphoblast count fell rapidly with ALL therapy, but the WBC count began to rise unexpectedly on the sixth day of treatment, with 84% myeloblasts and monocytoid blasts. Malignant cells in the bone marrow showed FAB-M4 morphology and were no longer reactive with antibodies directed against TdT or common ALL antigen. However, the myeloblasts continued to react with some of the same monoclonal antibodies as the original leukemia cells, and in addition expressed new determinants detected by monoclonal antibody TA-1 and peanut agglutinin. The rapid dynamic evolution of the malignancy during the course of induction chemotherapy favors the existence of a stem cell capable of differentiation into both lymphoid and myeloid clones that are both independently and selectively sensitive to specific chemotherapeutic regimens.
Conversational non‐cooperation: An exploration of disattended complaints

(1991). Conversational non‐cooperation: An exploration of disattended complaints. Research on Language and Social Interaction: Vol. 25, No. 1-4, pp. 97-138.
Sudden cardiac death in Hispanic Americans and African Americans.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to estimate rates of sudden cardiac death in US Hispanics and African Americans. METHODS: Data on coronary deaths occurring outside of the hospital or in emergency rooms were examined for 1992. RESULTS: In 1992, 53% (8194) of coronary heart disease deaths among Hispanic Americans 25 years of age and older occurred outside of the hospital or in emergency rooms. The percentage was lower among Hispanics than among non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks. Age-adjusted rates per 100,000 were lower in Hispanics than in non-Hispanic Whites or Blacks (Hispanic men, 75; White men, 166; Black men, 209; Hispanic women, 35; White women, 74; Black women, 108). The percentages dying outside of the hospital or in emergency rooms were higher in young persons, those living in nonurban areas, and those who were single. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage and rate of coronary deaths occurring outside of the hospital or in emergency rooms were lower in Hispanics than in non-Hispanics; African Americans ...
A prospective, randomized comparison of laparoscopic appendectomy with open appendectomy

Background While the advantages of laparoscopic cholecyslectomy are clear, the benefits of laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) are more subtle. We conducted a randomized clinical trial to evaluate whether LA is deserving of more widespread clinical application than it has yet received. Materials and methods Two hundred fiftythree patients with a preoperative diagnosis of acute appendicitis were randomized into three groups. LA with an endoscopic linear stapler (LAS) (U.S. Surgical Corp., Norwalk, Connecticut) was performed on 78 patients, LA with catgut ligatures (LAL) on 89, and open appendectomy (OA) on 86. LA was performed with a three-trocar technique. OA was accomplished through a right lower-quadrant transverse incision. Data with normal distributions were analyzed by analysis of variance. Nonparametric data were analyzed with either the Kruskal-Wallis H test or Fisher's exact test. Results The mean operative times for the procedures were 66 ± 24 minutes (LAS), 68 ± 25 minutes (LAL), and 58 ± 27 minutes (OA). The relative brevity of OA compared to LAS and LAL was statistically significant ( P P P = NS). Wound infections were more common following OA (n = 11) than LAL (n = 4) or LAS (n = 0) ( P P P P Conclusions Laparoscopic appendectomy appears to have distinct advantages over open appendectomy. The laparoscopic procedures produced less pain and allowed more rapid return to full activities, and LAS required shorter hospital stays. The only disadvantages to the laparoscopic approach were slightly increased operative time for both procedures, and increased emesis following LAL.
Biomechanical Effects of Laminoplasty and Laminectomy on the Stability of Cervical Spine

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy is the most common spinal cord disorder in persons more than 55 years of age in North America and perhaps in the world [7]. It is a chronic degenerative condition of the cervical spine that results in the reduction of spinal canal diameter and thereby compresses the spinal cord and the associated nerve roots [1].Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A note on Carnap's meaning analysis

of orange in a thinking and understanding way, unless I were quite skillful in my conceptual know-how. I am able, therefore, to predicate skillfully, judging the subject to possess the attribute. And, being able to refer to the subject understandingly and to predicate the attribute understandingly, I am hence able to think understandingly the propositional content of the judgment, thus fulfilling the second condition for intuitive knowledge. 3. I am able to validate the judgment fully and without remainder. The question here is whether I am able to find in the subject matter which I immediately apprehend full and sufficient evidence to validate my judgment with the strictness necessary for intuitive knowledge. And the answer is that, at least sometimes, I am. Thus, in the judgment expressed by "This is orange (in hue)" I am able to (a) concentrate upon the orange cross referred to by "this," (b) discern a hue in immediate apprehension, and (c) determine whether this apprehended hue agrees with the intent of the judgment in predicating "orange." There is in this process nothing which is relevant to, or necessary for, determining the truth of the judgment which is lacking. Every aspect of the subject matter with which the judgment is concerned is present and open to observation. The predicated content is understood, and its presence or absence in the subject matter is determinable without inference. Hence I am able to validate my judgment fully and without remainder and with the strictness necessary for intuitive knowledge. All three conditions for intuitive knowledge are thus satisfied, and I am able to conclude that, at least in a case of this sort, intuitive knowledge is possible.
Optic disc drusen: complications and management.

Abstract Background Disc drusen have been found clinically in 0.3% of the population with up to 91% presenting bilaterally. Disc drusen gradually change in their ophthalmoscopic appearance throughout a patient’s lifespan. This case highlights the possible ocular complications of disc drusen and the complexity in their treatment because of the risk of visual acuity loss. Case report A 43-year-old patient with documented bilateral buried disc drusen presented without symptoms for a routine examination. A subretinal neovascular membrane (SNVM) one quarter of a disc diameter in size with an adjacent subretinal hemorrhage was observed in the right eye with a small subretinal hemorrhage in the fellow eye. The patient was evaluated by a retinologist who deferred photocoagulation of the SNVM considering its nasal disc location. Conclusions Diagnosing disc drusen is critical because of the serious pathology they can mimic, including disc edema. Although typically benign, patients with disc drusen should be monitored on a regular basis to rule out ocular complications, which can be potentially sight threatening.
Layer-charge instability in unbalanced bilayer systems in the quantum Hall regime

Measurements in GaAs hole bilayers with unequal layer densities reveal a pronounced magneto-resistance hysteresis at the magnetic-field positions where either the majority or minority layer is at Landau level filling factor one. At a fixed field in the hysteretic regions, the resistance exhibits an unusual time dependence, consisting of random, bidirectional jumps followed by slow relaxations. These anomalies are likely caused by instabilities in the charge distribution of the two layers.
Equipment for Vacuum Treatment of Milk

Summary Several types of equipment are available for vacuum treatment of milk and milk products used at the time of pasteurization. Units of the remote type are constructed as one- or two- chamber and may not use steam injection. By proper control with available equipment, dilution and concentration can be avoided. For units using steam injection, the outlet temperature is maintained about 3–5· F. below the inlet temperature to avoid change in density. The lower outlet temperature is needed to supply heat to make up losses from heat transfer, heat required for removal of air, heat for evaporation of low-temperature volatiles, and for the removal of noncondensables. Air scrubbing, cooling heated milk, and rapid agitation through a venturi are other means of removing undesirable odors and fiavors.
Turkey breeder hen infertility associated with plasma cells in the uterovaginal sperm storage glands

Abstract Uterovaginal sperm storage glands taken from fertile and infertile turkey breeder hens were analyzed morphologically using transmission electron microscopy. Sperm storage glands from the infertile hens were generally devoid of spermatozoa, while glands from the fertile hens contained many such cells. Extensive lymphocytic infiltration into the basolateral clefts between contiguous cells of the sperm glands was found in both fertile and infertile hens. Plasma cell infiltration into these intracellular clefts was also found in infertile turkeys. Plasma cells were not found, however, in the glandular clefts of fertile hens. Lymphocytes present in the sperm storage glands of fertile hens are theorized to be regulatory suppressor T-cells, which could explain the hen's immunological tolerance to continual exposure to antigenic spermatozoa. Conversely, the presence of antibody-producing plasma cells in the sperm storage glands of infertile hens could explain the absence of stored spermatozoa and the reduced fecundity of these hens.
Borat, Sacha Baron Cohen, and the seriousness of (mock) documentary

Sacha Baron Cohen's performances have been valorized and condemned by popular media and academics alike. While many critiques strive to elaborate on the specific target of his humor or the contents of his films, these readings treat his performances as discrete artifacts rather than an emergent style. In this article, I read Cohen's film and the character, Borat, from a rhetorical perspective, arguing that Cohen's performances illustrate the inherent paradox of attempting to draw distinctions between serious and non-serious uses of language. Using speech act theory and post-structuralist philosophy, I challenge clear-cut genre distinctions (Borat does not fit cleanly into either the mockumentary genre or the documentary genre, but works as a hybrid of the two) and a reliance on context or intention as markers of humorous, non-serious utterances.
Structural characterization of the model amphipathic peptide Ac-LKKLLKLLKKLLKL-NH2 in aqueous solution and with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol

Short-chain amphipathic peptides are promising components in the new generation of engineered biomaterials. The model 14-residue leucine–lysine peptide Ac-LKKLLKLLKKLLKL-NH2 (LKα) is one such amphipathic peptide. In dilute aqueous solution (<0.05 mmol/L), it was previously proposed, using CD spectroscopic data, that LKα existed in a cooperative monomeric (unstructured) – tetrameric (α-helical) equilibrium that shifted towards the tetramer at high NaCl and peptide concentrations. Here, at similar peptide concentrations, CD spectroscopy shows that LKα readily adopts α-helical structure in the presence of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) with maximal helical character in 20% TFE and ∼10% HFIP (v/v). The helical character in fluorinated alcohols suggested by the CD data at low peptide concentrations (0.06 mmol/L) is corroborated at high peptide concentrations (1.5 mmol/L) by NMR NOE data that also show that 1.5 mmol/L LKα is helical in 100% water. Size exclusion chroma...
Small Molecule Inhibitors of Mucin-Type O-Linked Glycosylation from a Uridine-Based Library

Abstract The polypeptide N -acetyl-α-galactosaminyltransferases (ppGalNAcTs, also abbreviated ppGaNTases) initiate mucin-type O -linked glycosylation and therefore play pivotal roles in cell-cell communication and protection of tissues. In order to develop new tools for studying mucin-type O -linked glycosylation, we screened a 1338 member uridine-based library to identify small molecule inhibitors of ppGalNAcTs. Using a high-throughput enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA), two inhibitors of murine ppGalNAcT-1 ( K I ∼8 μM) were identified that also inhibit several other members of the family. The compounds did not inhibit other mammalian glycosyltransferases or nucleotide sugar utilizing enzymes, suggesting selectivity for the ppGalNAcTs. Treatment of cells with the compounds abrogated mucin-type O -linked glycosylation but not N -linked glycosylation and also induced apoptosis. These uridine analogs represent the first generation of chemical tools to study the functions of mucin-type O -linked glycosylation.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Social and Emotional Learning in Early Education

I propose working with states to make high-quality preschool available to every single child in America. That's something we should be able to do. Every dollar we invest in high-quality early child...
Chloralose induced alteration of visually evoked response from specific and non-specific regions of cat neocortex

Abstract Visually evoked response (VER) and EEG from the motor cortex (precruciate gyrus) and the visual cortex (marginal gyrus) of cats were recorded from 4 to 7 h after the injection of anesthetic doses of alpha-chloralose. During the recording period the VER from the precruciate gyrus showed a 200–300% increase in amplitude while the VER from the marginal gyrus rarely varied more than 50% in amplitude, and did so independent of the changes in the VER from the precruciate gyrus. The number of large amplitude spikes in the EEG from the precruciate gyrus also increased dramatically during the recording period, but no definite correlation between changes in VER amplitude and in the number of spikes in the EEG could be demonstrated. These observations suggest a functional separation between specific and non-specific sensory pathways, with the latter showing a considerably greater sensitivity to level of anesthesia.
Effect of various leg geometries on thermo-mechanical and power generation performance of thermoelectric devices

Abstract This study aims to investigate possible effect of various thermoelectric leg geometries on thermo-mechanical and power generation performances of thermoelectric devices. For this purpose, thermoelectric modules with various leg geometries were modeled and finite-element analyses for two different temperature gradients were carried out using ANSYS. Temperature distributions, power outputs, conversion efficiencies, thermal stresses in the legs were evaluated for each model. Significant differences in magnitudes and distributions of the thermal stresses in the legs occurred due to changing leg geometries. Thermal stresses in the rectangular prism and the cylindrical legs were 49.9 MPa and 43.3 MPa respectively for the temperature gradient of 100 °C.
Finding fibre faces in finite covers

A well-known conjecture about closed hyperbolic 3-manifolds asserts that the first Betti number can be increased without bound by passage to finite sheeted covers. If the manifold is fibred, a strengthening of this conjecture is that the number of fibred faces (see §2.1 for the definition of a fibred face) of the unit ball of the Thurston norm can be made arbitrarily large by passage to finite sheeted covers. The main result of this note is the following.
PRIMARY REACTIONS IN BACTERIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS—II. THE QUANTUM REQUIREMENT FOR BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL CONVERSION IN THE CHROMATOPHORE

Summary Reversible light-induced alteration of a special component of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl,) is observed in bacterial chromatophores. The alteration involves bleaching of the long-wave absorption band at 870–890 mp and a blue shift of the band at 800 mp. Assuming that the altered BChl, molecule loses all of its long-wave absorption, and that the extinction coefficient of this band is equal to that of the corresponding band in the major component of BChl, a quantum requirement could be computed for the light-induced change. It was found with most preparations that two to four quanta suffice for the alteration of one BChl, molecule, even in dried chromatophores at 1° K. This result is taken as supporting evidence for the importance of light-induced BChl, conversion in photosynthesis. It also shows that BChl, is effective as an energy sink in the chromatophore.