cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
John Dewey: Philosophical, Psychological, and Educational Contributions

Teachers are directed by a lot of psychological and philosophical assumptions that dominate their theory and practice. An adult is primarily a person with a particular position in life. This devolves upon him/ her certain responsibilities which he/ she has to meet and play certain formed habits. Dewey, throughout his long career (almost 70 years as a professional), considered the functional psychology the one tool to enhance the learning and keep the curriculum developed. Dewey, as an American education pioneer, proposed a new theory of education. In his theory, he merged both the form and the content of the teaching process. For Dewey, the main cause of learning is the process of individuality, or the emergence of a unique function to change social habits through a democratic process. This process equips individuals with the skills and substantive knowledge that allows them to define and to pursue their own goals, and also allows them to participate in the life of their community as full-fledged, autonomous citizens. Throughout his contributions, Dewey focused on two main substantive issues: Schools, and civil society; they are the two major topics to encourage the experimental intelligence and plurality in any community. This paper focuses on Dewey’ s early life, his contributions as a philosopher and psychologist, and his influence in adult education.
Substrate multiplexed protein engineering facilitates promiscuous biocatalytic synthesis

Enzymes with high activity are readily produced through protein engineering, but intentionally and efficiently engineering enzymes for an expanded scope is a contemporary challenge. Measuring reaction outcomes on mixtures of substrates, called here SUbstrate Multiplexed Screening (SUMS), has long been used to rigorously quantitate enzyme specificity. Despite the potential utility of SUMS to guide engineering of promiscuous enzymes, this approach has not found widespread adoption in biocatalysis. Here, we develop principles of how to design robust SUMS methods that, rather than assess absolute specificity, use heuristic readouts of substrate promiscuity to identify hits for further investigation. This rich information enables engineering of activity for multiple substrates simultaneously and identifies enzyme variants with altered promiscuity, even when overall activity is lower. We demonstrate the effectiveness of SUMS by engineering two enzymes to produce pharmacologically active tryptamines from simple indole precursors in a biocatalytic cascade. These advances leverage common laboratory equipment and represent a highly accessible and customizable method for enzyme engineering.
“Click” reactions in polysaccharide modification

Abstract Polysaccharide chemistry is enjoying accelerating development thanks to advances in synthetic techniques, biochemistry and solvents, which enable polysaccharide materials to be useful in a variety of demanding applications. Among the synthetic advances, click chemistry has reconfigured the realm of polysaccharide modification that previously was dominated by conventional synthetic approaches such as esterification and etherification. “Click” reactions provide mild, modular, and efficient modification pathways, and equally importantly allow us to synthesize derivatives with novel functionality, architecture, and properties, that are otherwise difficult to obtain via conventional methods. Herein, we review application in polysaccharide modification of six groups of click reactions; CuAAC (copper catalyzed alkyne/azide cycloaddition), metal-free [3+2] cycloaddition, Diels–Alder reaction, oxime click, thiol-Michael reaction, and thiol-ene reaction, as well as one click-like reaction that is the subject of our own research, olefin cross-metathesis.
Cultura vicerregia y Estado colonial. Una aproximación crítica al estudio de la historia política de la Nueva España

Traditionally, studies on New Spain political history concentrate, on the one hand, on the analysis of the juridical-legal institutions and structures imposed by the Spaniards after the conquest, and, on the other hand, on the most relevant viceroys of the 16th century, those who are thought to have established such structures in New Spain. This study attempts to go beyond that static, monolithic, and clearly restricted view of political realities in 16th and 17th century New Spain by analyzing the discourses of prudence, justice, liberality and magnificence, or key concepts and images, such as the viceroy as “the living image of the king” or the “two knives” theory. Thus, examining the defining traits of New Spain’s political culture, and more specifically, the viceregal political culture, proves to be a more adequate method to appreciate, in all its complexity, the dinamics of power among New Spain’s elite, both Peninsular and American-born.
A NUMERICAL INDEX OF PODZOL AND PODZOLIC SOIL DEVELOPMENT

A numerical index of soil development, the POD Index, was developed and applied to 723 pedons of United States soils that either exhibit, or are developing, Podzol (Spodosol) morphology. The index is determined solely from morphologic (field) criteria, and provides the first soil development index for Podzol and Podzol-like soils that does not use chemical data. The index assumes that pedogenesis and profile development in these soils produces the following morphologic changes; (1) the E (eluvial) horizon becomes “whiter,” (2) the B (illuvial) horizon becomes “redder” and “darker,” and (3) the number of B subhorizons increases. Results indicated that the index was useful for differentiating between non-Podzols and Podzols, and between Entic and Typic subgroups of Spodosols. A comparison of POD Indices for Spodosols of differing drainage revealed that maximum development occurred in wet soils (somewhat poorly drained), with minimal development on the driest sites. This finding is consistent with current th...
Total Body Irradiation Conditioning Regimens in Stem Cell Transplantation

Total body irradiation (TBI) is often used in the preparative regimens of stem cell transplants. The goal of TBI is to administer a specific dose of irradiation to the entire body. Technically this is complicated by limitations in field sizes obtainable on a linear accelerator and the resultant need to treat at extended distances. Variations in patient thickness and decreased attenuation through the lung are additional technical challenges. This chapter describes the techniques in use at the University of Minnesota for accomplishing TBI.
Wavelets are Piecewise Fractal Interpolation Functions

Suppose to and t 1 are N x N real valued matrices whose joint spectral radius is less than 1. We review the construction of a family \( {F_{{t_0}}} \),t 1 of fractal interpolation functions associated with these two matrices and note that compactly supported refinable functions (and thus compactly supported wavelets) are pieced together functions from \( {F_{{t_0}}} \),t 1 for some t 0, t 1. The so-called HD (Humpty-Dumpty) problem is to find all refinable (vector) functions that can be constructed from given t 0,t 1 and we review and collect recent results by the author and T. Hogan. We then use these results to provide a complete classification of continuous refinable functions with approximation order 2 and local dimension 3.
Mining Sequence Patterns from Wind Tunnel Experimental Data for Flight Control

This paper presents a sequence pattern mining technique to mine data generated from a wind tunnel experiment. The goal is to discover the nonlinear input-output relationship for a delta wing aircraft. In contrast to categorical datasets, the output variable(s) in this dataset is continuous and takes distinct values, which is common in physical experiments. Directly applying existing decision tree or rule induction mining methods fails to discover sufficient knowledge. Therefore, we propose to extend current techniques by constructing sequence patterns that represent the output variations in certain ranges of selective inputs. Similar sequence patterns are clustered based on a weighted variance measure. Rules can then be derived from similar sequences to predict the output. This technique has been applied to the experimental data and generates rules useful for flight control.
A CULTURE OF SALMONELLA INFANTIS OF COMPLEX ANTIGENIC CONSTITUTION

Abstract Edwards, P. R. (Communicable Disease Center, U.S. Public Health Service, Atlanta, Ga.), A. C. McWhorter, and G. W. Douglas. A culture of Salmonella infantis of complex antigenic constitution. J. Bacteriol. 84:95–98. 1962—An antigenically complex Salmonella serotype (6,7:z49,r:z49,1,5), in which the antigen z49 is a major component of both phases, is described. Through loss variation, this form gives rise to cultures identical with S. infantis (6,7:r:1,5). Attention is drawn to the similarity of its behavior to that of S. montgomery and S. salinatis, and the possible origin of such complex forms is discussed briefly. The organism is not assigned a name, but is considered simply as a complex form of S. infantis.
Un precario equilibrio

El derviche y otros poemas. Jorge Cadavid. Elkin Restrepo (prologo) Comun Presencia Editores, Coleccion Los Conjurados, Bogota, 2007, 75 pags. Herbarium. Jorge Cadavid. Piedad Bonnett (prologo) Gente Nueva Editorial, Bogota, 2007, 93 pags.
Round-cell sarcoma of the uterus; report of a case.

Abstract 1. 1. A case of round-cell sarcoma of the uterus with good operative results is reported. 2. 2. Round-cell sarcoma of the uterus is reported to occur in 40 per cent of the sarcoma of the uterus group. This entire group constitutes about 4.5 per cent of the uterine malignancies exclusive of chorionepithelioma, which makes it a very rare occurrence. 3. 3. The diagnosis of sarcoma of the uterus is seldom made before operation. However, it should be considered when large myomas are found associated with symptoms of hemorrhage, pain, serosanguineous or foul discharge, cachexia, anemia, and loss of weight. 4. 4. Surgical treatment with complete removal of the uterus and cervix, adnexa, and other structures as indicated is the accepted form of management.
Nanomechanical Properties of Interfacial Transition Zone in Concrete

This research provides better understanding of the nanostructure and the nanoscale local mechanical properties of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) in concrete. Nanoindentation with in-situ scanning probe microscopy imaging was used to compare the properties of the bulk paste with the properties of the ITZ between paste and two different types of aggregates. ITZ was found to be extremely heterogeneous with some areas as strong as the bulk matrix. Higher concentration of large voids and cracks along the interface was observed due to poor bonding. Nanoindentation results on relatively intact areas of the interface disagreed with the notion of increasing elastic modulus with distance from the interface. Depending on the aggregate type, average modulus of the ITZ was 70% to 85% of the average modulus of the paste matrix. The main problem the ITZ poses on the overall mechanical properties of concrete was concluded to be due to extreme heterogeneity within the interface and poor bonding between aggregate and paste. It was noted that the connectivity of the weaker areas such as large voids and cracks along the interface governs failure.
Measurement of Internal Double Bonds in Polymers by Perbenzoic Acid Addition

Abstract Internal double bonds formed by 1,4-polymerization of diene monomers add perbenzoic acid more rapidly than do vinyl double bonds which are the products of the 1,2-type of addition. The extrapolation procedure proposed for determining internal double bond contents of diene polymers is based on this difference in addition rates. Oleic acid mixtures with 10-undeeylenie acid were prepared and analyzed with an accuracy of 1 per cent. However, the method is limited to systems containing 70 per cent or more internal double bonds. Minimum interference of side-chain oxidation by perbenzoic acid was attained by using a low temperature and a small excess of perbenzoic acid. Methyl-substituted emulsion polymers are characterized by high amounts of 1,4-addition. Polymerizations with alkali-metal catalysts result in products of high vinyl double-bond content. A slight preference for the 1,4-type of polymerization is favored in media of low pH. Natural rubbers are formed almost completely by 1,4-polymerization....
Effects of Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) on nitric oxide (NO) dependent dilators in mesenteric artery is age-dependent † 1080

Effects of Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) on nitric oxide (NO) dependent dilators in mesenteric artery is age-dependent † 1080
A finite element based method for the analysis of free wave propagation in stiffened cylinders

Abstract A finite element based method is developed to evaluate elastic wave propagation characteristics in orthogonally stiffened cylindrical shells. The method is general and allows for detailed modelling of the shell and stiffners. It is assumed that identical stiffeners are spaced at regular intervals in both the axial and circumferential directions, so that the structure is periodic in these two dimensions. Wave propagation techniques are applied to a finite element model of a single periodic unit to determine propagation constants. The shell variables are expanded in a Fourier series in the circumferential direction, and the axial propagation constants are presented for different values of the circumferential wavenumber as a function of frequency. The method is verified for unstiffened cylinders by comparing results with exact solutions.
Plasma and tissue cholesterol and lipid levels in rabbits on L-histidine-supplemented diets.

SummaryFeeding 5 and 8% excess L-histidine to rabbits caused significantly elevated plasma cholesterol levels. Phospholipid levels were slightly but not significantly elevated. The 5% histidine-supplemented diet produced plasma levels of 20–50 mg/100 ml of histidine. After 17 weeks on diet, no effects on brain cerebrum and cerebellum or liver cholesterol concentrations were found. Brain and liver total lipid and phospholipid and cerebrum galactolipid concentrations were also normal. The effect of excess dietary histidine on lipid components is apparently localized in the circulatory system. The effects noted in rabbits are much less than those previously observed in monkeys.The technical assistance of Robert Colwell and Robert Jaeger was greatly appreciated.
Corrigendum to ‘Prolonged survival upon ultrasound-enhanced doxorubicin delivery in two syngenic glioblastoma mouse models’ [Journal of Controlled Release, Volume 187 (10 August 2014), Pages 74–82]

a Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland b Oncology Department, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland c Experimental Infectious Diseases and Cancer Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland d Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland e Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Survey: The consequences of eliminating NP solutions

Given a function based on the computation of an NP machine, can one in general eliminate some solutions? That is, can one in general decrease the ambiguity? This simple question remains, even after extensive study by many researchers over many years, mostly unanswered. However, complexity-theoretic consequences and enabling conditions are known. In this tutorial-style article we look at some of those, focusing on the most natural framings: reducing the number of solutions of NP functions, refining the solutions of NP functions, and subtracting from or otherwise shrinking #P functions. We will see how small advice strings are important here, but we also will see how increasing advice size to achieve robustness is central to the proof of a key ambiguity-reduction result for NP functions.
Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia: is it a graft‐threatening complication?

Summary Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), a prothrombotic complication of heparin therapy, can lead to serious thromboembolic events and cause significant morbidity and mortality. We aim to study the prevalence of HIT in the transplant population at our institute. This is a retrospective, single-center study which looked into the transplant database over a 25-year period. In patients with clinical suspicion of HIT, the 4T score was used, and laboratory tests such as ELISA HIT antibody and functional serotonin release assay, along with clinical manifestation of thromboembolic events were reviewed. Medical records of 2800 patients who underwent transplantation from January 1985 to December 2010 were reviewed. HIT antibody assay was performed in 262 patients from this group in which HIT was suspected. Of these, only 48 patients were HIT antibody positive along with moderate to high 4T score. The mean 4T score was 6.75 ± 1.4. Thrombotic complications were seen in 11 patients, with the highest in cardiac transplant recipients. Direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) therapy was used in only eight patients who had thrombotic event. No other complications or mortality was reported in any of the HIT antibody-positive transplant patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind that has shown very low incidence of HIT in the transplant population except for in cardiac transplant recipients.
MDI versus Nebulizers for Acute Asthma

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate studies comparing metered dose inhalers with holding chambers to nebulizers in the emergency department for the treatment of asthma exacerbation. DATA SOURCE: Primary articles and systematic review provided by the Cochrane Airways Review Group of the Cochrane Library identified by MEDLINE search (1966–February 2004) and through secondary sources. DATA SYNTHESIS: The Cochrane review included 21 randomized clinical trials conducted in hospital emergency departments comparing clinical outcomes following β2 agonist administration via a nebulizer or a metered dose inhaler with holding chamber. Although the relative risk ratio of hospital admission with metered dose inhaler and holding chamber did not differ in children or in adults compared to the nebulizer delivery, none of the individual studies reviewed were powered to detect a difference in the rate of hospital admission. Specific factors in the treatment of acute asthma such as assessment of severity, appropriate outcome selection, ...
Simultaneous detection of potato viruses, PLRV, PVA, PVX and PVY from dormant potato tubers by TaqMan® real-time RT-PCR

The requirements of sprouting dormant potato tubers for biological or serological assays or RNA extraction for nucleic acid and PCR assays add to the cost of virus screening. Recently, cheaper, reliable and more rapid methods for the screening of potato tuber-seed pieces for viruses have been developed that do not require sprouted tubers for indexing, including TaqMan® real-time RT-PCR. Although the assays are often designed for minimal time and reagent use, they still require a time-consuming and laborious RNA extraction step. This paper describes an assay where four common potato-infecting viruses, Potato leafroll virus, Potato virus A, Potato virus X and Potato virus Y, were detected simultaneously from total RNA and saps of dormant potato tubers in a quadruplex real-time RT-PCR. Factors critical for the detection of these viruses in saps of dormant potato tubers included: optimum dilution and inhibition of RNAses, and the optimization of the reverse transcription and PCR steps. Potato virus detection directly from tuber saps was comparable to that from purified total plant RNA, and this represents significant savings of time and expense. The TaqMan® system developed in this study detected between 200 and 400 copies of potato virus RNA.
Immunolocalization of sprouty-1 and sprouty-2 in developing rat lung.

Objective: Sprouty, a common antagonist of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and epidermal growth factor signaling, is a key player regulating tracheal branching and eye development in Drosophila. Four Sprouty homologs have been identified in vertebrates and all share a cysteine-rich region. However, the physiological function(s) of the individual Sprouty homologs is unknown. mRNA of Sprouty homologs is expressed during mouse lung development. In the present study, we investigated the immunolocalization of Sprouty proteins in rat lung at different stages of development. Methods: Rabbit antibodies were raised against peptides derived from rat Sprouty-1 and Sprouty-2 and were used in Western blot analysis to determine Sprouty distribution in subcellular fractions (pellets and supernatant centrifuged at 5,000 and 20,000 g) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) from adult rat lungs or used in immunohistochemistry. Results: Western blot analysis revealed a 30-kDa Sprouty-1 band and a 34-kDa Sprouty-2 band in the supernatant and pellet fractions centrifuged at 20,000 g. BAL contained a band of approximately 16 kDa with Sprouty-1 antibody derived from proteolytic fragmentation of Sprouty-1. In embryonic day (E) 14 and E16 lungs, Sprouty-1 and Sprouty-2 were expressed both in epithelial and peripheral mesenchymal cells. In adult rat lung, bronchiolar and alveolar type II epithelial cells showed staining for both Sprouty-1 and Sprouty-2. Sprouty-1 expression was also seen in alveolar type I epithelial cells. Conclusion: In light of the proximity of the distribution of Sprouty to that of FGF-10 (peripheral mesenchyme) and its receptor FGFR2IIIb (distal tubular epithelium) in lung development, and the finding that FGF-9, which is expressed in mesothelial cells, upregulates FGF-10, it appears that Sprouty expression in epithelial and mesenchymal cells during branching morphogenesis is closely related to signaling by FGF-9 and FGF-10.
Effectiveness of green and ultraviolet light in attracting stored-product insects to traps

Tests were conducted under simulated warehouse conditions to compare the effectiveness of green and ultra-violet (UV) light alone and in combination for attracting stored-product insects to traps. No significant increases occurred in the number of insects captured with the UV light when compared with the combined green and UV light. The almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), and the Indian-meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), preferred the independently operating green light. However, significantly less cigarette beetles, Lasioderma serricorne (F.); flat grain beetles, Cryptolestes pusillus (Schonherr); and lesser grain borers, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), were attracted to the independently operating green light.
Nature's Bias: Renaissance Homonormativity and Elizabethan Comic Likeness

Impar coniugium: an unequal union, a conjoining of unlikes, a mixed marriage. The Latin phrase heads an emblem in Geoffrey Whitney's 1586 A Choice of Emblemes, and Other Devises, a popular compendium of images "gathered out of sundrie writers."' The emblem itself illustrates an ancient mode of punishment (attributed to tyrants) in which the naked criminal/victim is lashed to a corpse and left to die in that coerced embrace (see fig. 1). The margin refers us to book 8 of the Aeneid for Virgil's report of such punishment (lines 485-86), which emphasizes the part-by-part physical (mis)matching effected by "conjoining hand to hand and face to face."2 Whitney's moralizing gloss emphasizes the obscene conjunction of binding "the quicke, and dead, togeather sure."3 In a forced union across the ontological divide of life and death, the "quicke" partner in this couple will "pine" to death. To say the least: a pose of erotic communication is hijacked for abuse as an instrument of juridical violence, and the way it simulates desire or intimacy fuels the revulsion this punishment works to inspire. A canny punitive power makes such mingling fatal, as if death works its effects by a sinister graft. Caught in a death sentence that inverts the norms of attraction and repulsion, nature rebels, but it cannot move.
Inheritance of Chlorophyll in F1 Grosses Made Reciprocally Between Selfed Lines of Corn.

SummaryThese studies show that maternal inheritance of chlorophylls as measured by a series of crosses made reciprocally between high and low chlorophyll inbred lines of corn is not significant, an...
Family Connections: The Gift of Time

I have to get Jake to soccer practice; you know he is on that select team, and if he is late he doesn't get to start on Saturday. Nia has Scouts until 4 p.m., then she has a swim meet over at the C...
How to select a microcontroller

A set of guidelines for the designer to use as a checklist for evaluating candidate devices is given. The first decision examined is the level of performance required, that is, on the word size of the controller. The second step is to identify the quantity, frequency, and type of all input/output (I/O) signals, as well as any other special requirements, including those imposed by mechanical aspects of the system. The third consideration is the application's memory requirements, which should be further broken down into program memory and data memory. Mapping I/O peripherals and the choice of single-chip or expanded are discussed. The feature-selection process is addressed, stressing that an absolute match between requirements and features is not necessary, since minor alterations to the requirements or the addition of a peripheral chip could create the most cost-effective solution from a less-than-perfect pairing. >
Assessing the Quality of Childbirth Education: Can Teachers Change?

: The subjects of the study were five childbirth educators and sixty expectant couples enrolled in one of two monitored series of classes for each teacher. Expectant mothers were measured before and after classes for relaxation skill and attitude towards participation in labor. Both mothers and fathers were quizzed on class content. Both series of classes were tape recorded for each teacher, and the percentage of time a teacher spent eliciting responses from parents or giving parents feedback was calculated. After the first class series, teachers were shown all data collected about their couples and their teaching style. In the subsequent series of classes, teachers increased feedback to couples but did not extend practice time. Mothers in the second series showed no further improvement in relaxation or attitude, but both parents performed better on the written quiz. Larger classes correlated negatively with achievement of relaxation skill for expectant mothers. Furthermore, apparent differences between teachers' groups for learning relaxation skill could be explained by class size, when class size was held constant, in an analysis of covariance. It is suggested that measures of parents' knowledge, relaxation and attitudes be further developed both as a basis for teacher evaluation and as a basis for providing quality assurance in childbirth education classes.
Functional connectivity analysis in resting state fMRI with echo-state networks and non-metric clustering for network structure recovery

Echo state networks (ESN) are recurrent neural networks where the hidden layer is replaced with a fixed reservoir of neurons. Unlike feed-forward networks, neuron training in ESN is restricted to the output neurons alone thereby providing a computational advantage. We demonstrate the use of such ESNs in our mutual connectivity analysis (MCA) framework for recovering the primary motor cortex network associated with hand movement from resting state functional MRI (fMRI) data. Such a framework consists of two steps - (1) defining a pair-wise affinity matrix between different pixel time series within the brain to characterize network activity and (2) recovering network components from the affinity matrix with non-metric clustering. Here, ESNs are used to evaluate pair-wise cross-estimation performance between pixel time series to create the affinity matrix, which is subsequently subject to non-metric clustering with the Louvain method. For comparison, the ground truth of the motor cortex network structure is established with a task-based fMRI sequence. Overlap between the primary motor cortex network recovered with our model free MCA approach and the ground truth was measured with the Dice coefficient. Our results show that network recovery with our proposed MCA approach is in close agreement with the ground truth. Such network recovery is achieved without requiring low-pass filtering of the time series ensembles prior to analysis, an fMRI preprocessing step that has courted controversy in recent years. Thus, we conclude our MCA framework can allow recovery and visualization of the underlying functionally connected networks in the brain on resting state fMRI.
Fluid calories and energy balance: The good, the bad, and the uncertain

Energy-yielding fluids are a large and growing proportion of daily energy intake. The specific form and nutrient composition of fluids may hold divergent implications for energy balance. Ethanol elicits a weak compensatory dietary response, resulting in positive energy balance. However, its impact on body weight is unclear, possibly due to metabolic inefficiencies. In contrast, the weak dietary compensation for clear beverages containing other energy sources is associated with weight gain. How these beverages elude satiety mechanisms has not been studied. Soups hold higher satiating value, at least in part, due to cognitive factors. Nutrient dense beverages have been used successfully in meal replacement regimens for weight management, but due to their relatively weak satiety value, are widely consumed for weight gain and as nutrient supplements. A better understanding of the role of fluid calories in the diet is needed to improve dietary guidelines.
Frequency dependence of the capacitance of microporous composite electrodes as probed by small amplitude triangular waveforms

Abstract A small amplitude triangular waveform (SATW) has been used to investigate the capacitance at composite electrodes fabricated from polychlorotrifluoroethylene and various powdered conductors including carbon, silver, platinum, and gold. A rather strong dependence of the apparent capacitance on frequency for the precious metal composites suggests the existence of microscopically porous conductor regions to which solution electrolyte has access. A finite length transmission line model is found to predict the amplitude and shape of the response of these microporous composite electrodes to a SATW correctly over five orders of magnitude in frequency. The model permits estimates to be made of the resistive and capacitive components of the impedance associated with the interior porous regions of these electrodes as well as the capacitance attributed to conductors on the external electrode surface. Experiments performed on compressed silver powders suggest that the porosity of the composites may be controllable by appropriate choice of fabrication pressure.
Clinical relevance of soluble HLA-I and β2-microglobulin levels in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease

Abstract Plasma levels of beta-2 microglobulin (β2M), a subunit of the human leukocyte antigen-class I (HLA-I) molecule, correlate negatively with outcome in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin's disease (HD). We examined the clinical relevance of soluble HLA-I (sHLA-I) levels in NHL and HD. Sera from consecutive NHL ( n = 65) and HD ( n = 37) patients were analyzed in a blinded manner. NHL and HD patients had significantly higher levels of sHLA-1 and β2M than control subjects. In NHL patients, sHLA-I levels correlated with clinical behavior in a fashion similar to that of β2M. However, multivariate analysis incorporating β2M, sHLA-I, and international prognostic index (IPI) indicated that NHL patients with elevated (>312.6 μg/100 mL) sHLA-I levels had significantly shorter survival, independent of IPI score as well as β2M. In HD patients, β2M but not sHLA-I levels were associated with clinical behavior. These findings not only establish the role of sHLA-I as an independent tumor marker in NHL that can be used to stratify patients, but also suggest that β2M and sHLA-I may reflect different biological processes in HD and NHL. Further studies are needed to assess whether the immunomodulatory properties of sHLA-I may be responsible for its divergence from β2M as an indicator of clinical behavior in HD.
Stable isotope mass fragmentography - Identification and hydrogen-deuterium exchange studies of eight Murchison meteorite amino acids

Abstract The concentration of eight protein amino acids found in extracts of the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite has been measured by quadrupole mass fragmentography. This result was obtained by using deuterated amino acids as internal standards. In addition, hydrogendeuterium exchange in amino acids was studied by two methods. First, nondeuterated amino acids were added to the meteorite and the amount of deuterium incorporated after extraction with deuterium oxide was determined. Second, deuterated amino acids were added to the dry meteorite and the loss of deuterium after extraction with H2O was measured. It was observed that the degree of hydrogen-deuterium exchange increased with increasing severity of extraction conditions. This exchange resulted in some racemization, presumably catalyzed by constituents of the meteorite. The degree of racemization for each amino acid was determined by gas chromatography of the corresponding N-trifluoroacetyl-O-( + )-2-butyl esters.
Opposing effects of beta(1)- and beta(2)-adrenergic receptors on cardiac myocyte apoptosis : role of a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein.

Background—β-Adrenergic receptor (β-AR) stimulation increases apoptosis in adult rat cardiac (ventricular) myocytes (ARVMs) via activation of adenylyl cyclase. β2-ARs may couple to a Gi-mediated signaling pathway that can oppose the actions of adenylyl cyclase. Methods and Results—In ARVMs, β-AR stimulation for 24 hours increased the number of apoptotic cells as measured by flow cytometry. β-AR–stimulated apoptosis was abolished by the β1-AR–selective antagonist CGP 20712A (P<0.05 versus β-AR stimulation alone) but was potentiated by the β2-AR–selective antagonist ICI 118,551 (P<0.05 versus β-AR stimulation alone). The muscarinic agonist carbachol also prevented β-AR–stimulated apoptosis (P<0.05 versus β-AR stimulation alone), whereas pertussis toxin potentiated the apoptotic action of β-AR stimulation (P<0.05 versus β-AR stimulation alone) and prevented the antiapoptotic action of carbachol. Conclusions—In ARVMs, stimulation of β1-ARs increases apoptosis via a cAMP-dependent mechanism, whereas stimulatio...
A great pioneer of clinical science remembered: introduction to the special issue in honor of Paul E. Meehl.

An Erratum has been published for this article in Journal of Clinical Psychology 62(6) 2006, 777 []. In this special issue, the seminal contributions to clinical psychology of Paul E. Meehl, who passed away in 2003, are commemorated. The nine articles comprising this special issue chronicle Meehl's remarkable intellectual biography and examine his influence on diverse domains of psychology, including the clinical versus actuarial prediction debate, the cognitive activity of the clinician, personality assessment and trait theory, the etiology of schizophrenia, the shortcomings of statistical significance testing, and the use of metascientific methods to evaluate competing models of human nature. These articles illustrate not only Meehl's legendary brilliance but also his pivotal role in forcing clinical psychologists to think more clearly and incisively about their subject matter. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 61: 1201–1207, 2005.
Indentation creep of Na2O.3SiO2 glasses with various water contents

Time-dependent deformation behavior induced by an indentation, called indentation creep, was investigated for Na2O · 3SiO2 glasses with various water contents by measuring the indentation depth as a function of time using a conical indenter. It was found that the indentation creep behavior of the glasses could be best explained as steady-state inhomogeneous (non-Newtonian viscous) flow. Water in the glasses appeared to reduce the stress (or yield stress) needed to cause this flow. Crack initiation of the glasses was promoted by water through this inhomogeneous flow.
Crown Rot of Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis Caused by Phytophthora cactorum in Virginia.

In early July 2004, a severe crown rot of Canaan fir (Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis Fern.) was reported to the Virginia Cooperative Extension, Frederick County Office, and subsequently to the Virginia Tech Disease Clinic in Virginia Beach. One thousand five-year-old Canaan fir transplants (approximately 11 mm in caliper and 31 cm high) had been purchased from a tree nursery in Oregon and planted in the field in Frederick County, VA, in April of 2004. The field site had not been cultivated for 4 years after an apple orchard had been removed in 2000. By mid-May, needle browning had become serious, affecting the lower crown first. By August, transplants had suffered 40% mortality. Basal stems of affected plants were obviously discolored. Root and basal stem samples from several infected plants were then cultured on PARP-V8 agar on three different dates. Phytophthora sp. isolates were recovered from all stem samples but none from the roots. These isolates produced a large number of papillate sporangia that...
Hybrid photonic surface-plasmon-polariton ring resonators for sensing applications

We introduce a hybrid photonic surface plasmon ring resonator which consists of a silicon nitride (Si3N4) dielectric traveling-wave ring resonator vertically coupled to a thin layer of metallic strip ring resonator made of Silver (Ag) on top. The cladding is assumed to be porous alumina on top of the metal layer, which provides more surface area for the adsorption of target molecules and their efficient interaction with the surface plasmon wave excited at the metal-cladding interface. Simulations show that this hybrid structure has a large refractive index sensitivity due to the excitation of surface plasmon waves and also a relatively narrow resonance linewidth due to the large quality factor of the photonic ring resonator. The Finite Element method is used to systematically design the hybrid structure and to investigate the performance of the hybrid resonator as a refractive index sensor. The proposed structure is very compact and can be implemented on a chip in an integrated platform. Thus, it can be used for lab-on-a-chip sensing applications and is capable of being spectrally and spatially multiplexed for muti-analyte sensing.
Preventing herpes zoster through vaccination.

Topic The role of the zoster vaccine in the prevention of herpes zoster and its sequelae, including postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Clinical Relevance Wide administration of the herpes zoster vaccine in accordance with the recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) will lead to a decline in the incidence and morbidity of herpes zoster and its complications, including PHN. Methods The key study leading to the approval of the zoster vaccine for use, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ACIP's recommendations for appropriate use of the zoster vaccine, and predictions regarding the cost efficacy of a zoster vaccination program are reviewed. Results The Shingles Prevention Study established that the zoster vaccine was safe, well tolerated, and effective in reducing the burden of illness due to herpes zoster and the incidence of PHN. The ACIP recommended that the zoster vaccine be given to adults 60 and older for the prevention of herpes zoster. Cost-efficacy analyses suggest that the greatest gain in quality-adjusted life-years can be gained by vaccinating individuals at the younger end of the ACIP-recommended age range. Conclusion The zoster vaccine promises to reduce the morbidity and mortality of herpes zoster. Administering the vaccine at the younger end of the age range may offer a greater cost benefit.
The application of control charts to determine the effect of grid cell size on landform morphometry

Geoscientists have become increasingly dependent on digital elevation models (DEMs) to delineate and measure landforms and landscapes. However, the DEM grid cell size available may not be the optimum resolution; this can mask subtle changes in measurements and lead to erroneous results. This paper presents a standardized statistical technique (i.e. statistical process control charts (SPCC)) for determining the optimum DEM resolution (i.e. the coarsest resolution in which detail is not sacrificed) for landforms (e.g. drumlins). For this study, forty-four DEM resolutions, ranging from 1 to 80 m, were used to assess the effect of resolution on drumlin size, shape, and centroid. The results indicate that the optimum resolution for the size variables (width and length) was coarser than the optimum resolution for shape indices (elongation and rose curve). Drumlin location tends to drift in a predictable direction and rate as grid cell size coarsens above particular thresholds. The results prove that resolution plays a critical role in correctly evaluating drumlin morphometry and that care must be taken when utilizing DEMs to summarize drumlin characteristics. The creation of a standardized technique to describe drumlins will allow for scrutiny of previous work and straightforward comparative analyses between studies, while utilizing the optimum resolution will help decipher landform patterns, reveal relationships, and provide more insight into landform evolution.
Chiral N-phosphonyl imine chemistry: new reagents and their applications for asymmetric reactions

Abstract Novel chiral N-phosphonyl imines 2 have been designed and synthesized using chiral N-phosphoramide 1. These N-phosphonyl imines have been successfully utilized for asymmetric aza-Darzens reaction and asymmetric aza-Henry reaction. The C2-symmetric chiral auxiliary tolerates oxidation, is not sensitive to racemization and can be recycled for large scale synthesis.
Regulation of Anterograde Transport of α2-Adrenergic Receptors by the N Termini at Multiple Intracellular Compartments

The studies on the intrinsic structural determinants for export trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been mainly focused on the C termini of the receptors. In this report we determined the role of the extracellular N termini of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors (alpha(2)-ARs) in the anterograde transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the Golgi to the cell surface. The N-terminal-truncated alpha(2B)-AR mutant is completely unable to target to the cell surface. A single Met-6 residue is essential for the export of alpha(2B)-AR from the ER, likely through modulating correct alpha(2B)-AR folding in the ER. The Tyr-Ser motif, highly conserved in the membrane-proximal N termini of all alpha(2)-AR subtypes, is required for the exit of alpha(2A)-AR and alpha(2B)-AR from the Golgi apparatus, thus representing a novel Tyr-based motif modulating GPCR transport at the Golgi level. These data provide the first evidence indicating an essential role of the N termini of GPCRs in the export from distinct intracellular compartments along the secretory pathway.
Partial liver denervations dissociate the inhibitory effects of pancreatic glucagon and epinephrine on feeding

Abstract We compared the roles of different components of the liver's innervation in the inhibitory effects of pancreatic glucagon and epinephrine on feeding by testing the effects on meal size of intraperitoneal injections of these hormones in rats with selective abdominal vagotomies of only the hepatic branch, with partial liver denervations that spared only the hepatic branch of the vagus, and with sham operations. Pancreatic glucagon (100–400 μ/kg) inhibited size of evaporated milk test meals equally in rats with partial liver denervations sparing the hepatic vagus and in sham-operated rats, but had no effect on feeding in rats with selective hepatic vagotomies. In contrast, epinephrine (25–100 μg/kg) inhibited meal size equally in all rats. These data suggest that the hepatic vagus is the necessary and sufficient contribution of the liver's innervation to pancreatic glucagon's satiety effect and that hepatic innervation does not contribute to epinephrine's inhibitory effect on meal size. Thus, different peripheral neural mechanisms appear to mediate the effects of these hormones on feeding. Further, the data fail to support the hypothesis that abdominal vagotomies and coeliac ganglionectomies attenuate epinephrine's effect on feeding by disconnecting hepatic afferents.
The spouting regime map, bubbling characteristics and bed expansion of deep beds of large hollow polyethylene spheres

The high velocity spouting regime of a deep bed containing 9.6 mm hollow polyethylene spheres of density 394 kg/m3 was investigated in a 152.4 mm flat bottom cylindrical half column with a 50.8 mm inlet. A bed height vs gas velocity regime diagram is presented showing the conditions under which type II spouting is observed. The transition velocity from bubbling to type II spouting is determined using the autocorrelation of the pressure fluctuations in the bed. The bubbling characteristics of the bed are described. Bed expansion in bubbling and type II spouted beds are reported. Le regime de jaillissement a grande vitesse d'un lit profond contenant des spheres de polyethylene creuses de 9,6 mm de diametre, d'une densite de 394 kg/m3, a ete etudie dans une demi-colonne cylindrique a fond plat de 152,4 mm de diametre et munie d'un orifice d'admission de 50,8 mm. On presente un diagramme de la hauteur du lit par rapport au regime d'ecoulement du gaz montrant les conditions dans lesquelles est observe un jaillissement de type II. La vitesse de transition du bullage au jaillissement de type II est determinee a l'aide d'une autocorrelation des fluctuations de la pression dans le lit. Les caracteristiques de bullage du lit sont egalement decrites. On indique en outre l'expansion du lit dans les lits a bulles et les lits a jaillissement de type II.
Cardiopulmonary function of cats with respiratory distress induced by n‐nitroso n‐methylurethane

The purposes of this study were to determine the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and end-expiratory lung volume on systemic blood flow, whether PEEP levels yielding maximum systemic oxygen transport are associated with maximum lung compliance, and the effects of end-expiratory lung volume on pulmonary resistance to gas flow, in an animal model of respiratory distress. Twelve cats were inoculated with 12 mg/kg N-Nitroso N-Methylurethane (NNNMU) to induce respiratory distress. The NNNMU caused a 76% decrease in disaturated phosphatidyl-choline of lung lavage, a 34% decrease in functional residual capacity (FRC), an 80% decrease in lung compliance, an 88% increase in pulmonary resistance to gas flow, a 43% decrease in PaO2, and a 37% decrease in oxygen consumption. Systemic blood flow and systemic oxygen transport were not significantly altered by the chemically induced respiratory distress. PEEP levels of 5.1 +/- 0.8 cm H2O returned end-expiratory lung volume to normal FRC levels. Increases in PEEP caused systemic blood flow to decrease even when end-expiratory lung volume was below or equal to normal FRC levels but did not significantly affect systemic oxygen transport, lung compliance, or pulmonary resistance. We conclude that in cats with NNNMU-induced respiratory distress: PEEP causes decreases in systemic blood flow, lung compliance and systemic oxygen transport are not clear indicators of optimal PEEP level, and returning end-expiratory lung volume to normal FRC does not significantly reduce pulmonary resistance to gas flow.