cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sociodemographic correlates of intercounty variations in the public library output

Modern systems theory is applied in constructing a recursive, multivariate causal model for an analysis of intercounty variations of the public library output. In the model, drawing the data on population and libraries from the counties in Florida, selected sociodemographic variables of the community are considered as exogenous variables, while the resource characteristics of the library are designated as intermediate variables which link the exogenous variables to the endogenous variable, per capita circulation. The results of our analysis indicate that four independent variables (educational level, proportion of registered library users, per capita operating cost, and per capita library collection) account for about 74% of the variance in per capita library circulation. Of the four independent variables, educational level exerts the largest effect followed by per capita library collection. Findings suggest several important policy implications to those who allocate library resources to competing libraries.
Spectroscopic and staining studies of the ripening and overripening of aluminum hematoxylins.

Spectroscopic study of alum hematoxylins during the course of ripening, optimal status and final deterioration reveals an absorption spectrum with, maxima at about 560 mμ and at about 430 mμ. Early in the course of ripening the optical density ratio D560/D430 rises above 3.0 and this ratio is maintained at 3–4 through most of the useful life of the stain batch. In the final stage of deterioration the density at 430 mμ, rises and that at 560 fails, so that in late deterioration stages D560/D430 may fall as low as 0.5. As ripening progresses the density at 560 mμ, gradually rises so that when it reaches a value of 0.350 (1 cm cell, dilution 10 mg hematoxylin/1 liter) adequate staining is achieved. This level seems the same whether ripening be done by aeration, oxygen bubbling, sodium iodate or mercuric acetate. As ripening progresses further the D560 value may rise above 0.800 with air or iodate oxidation. Maximum values are usually lower with iodate oxidation. This finding tends to agree with the ancient impression that natural ripening provides the best alum hematoxylins. In agreement with the known variable hematein content (20–100%) of comercial hematoxylins the required doses of sodium iodate to reach initial satisfactory staining performance are variable and considerably lower than the precalculated stoichiometric amount for the complete conversion of fully reduced hematoxylin to hematein. The often quoted figure of 200 mg per gram hematoxylin agrees closely with the amount of potassium iodate which would be needed to convert 1 gm pure crystalline hematoxylin (M.W. 356.32) completely to hematein. It was found that 80 mg NaIO3 per gram of reduced hematoxylin was adequate and for commercial samples 40–60 mg usually sufficed. The final overoxidation product of hematoxylin appears to be a complex mixture, not readily reduced back to hematein. Since 185.13 mg NaIO3 is the theoretical amount for complete conversion to hematein of fully reduced hematoxylin, the amount of iodate required to attain maximum optical density at 560 mμ, is always less than that. The observed amounts range from 60 to 140 mg per gram of hematoxylin, and excesses apparently operate to convert hematein to further oxidation products.
A Hierarchical Bayesian Design for Phase I Trials of Novel Combinations of Cancer Therapeutic Agents

We propose a hierarchical model for the probability of dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) for combinations of doses of two therapeutic agents. We apply this model to an adaptive Bayesian trial algorithm whose goal is to identify combinations with DLT rates close to a prespecified target rate. We describe methods for generating prior distributions for the parameters in our model from a basic set of information elicited from clinical investigators. We survey the performance of our algorithm in a series of simulations of a hypothetical trial that examines combinations of four doses of two agents. We also compare the performance of our approach to two existing methods and assess the sensitivity of our approach to the chosen prior distribution.
FinARS: A financial analysis review expert system

Abstract FinARS provides a ‘quick and easy’ evaluation of the financial health of a farm business. It is designed to operate from a minimum dataset and to provide an initial assessment of the overall financial health of the busines. FinARS was built using INSIGHT 2+, an expert system shell that runs on IBM-PC compatible computers. FinARS can be used as a tool for teaching financial analysis concepts to students, county agents, lenders and farmers. It can also be used as a diagnostic tool for farmers (or by extension agents or lenders working with farmers) to provide an initial interpretation of their firm's financial situation, diagnose its potential problems, and provide suggested alternatives for improving the firm's financial situation. FinARS consists of four basic components—liquidity, solvency, profitability and an overall integrative, evaluation component. Each component utilizes a decision tree structure; financial ratio information, standards, rules-of-thumb, and trend information are used to structure the decision rules. Formal evaluation results indicate a high correspondence between FinARS' rankings of ten blind test scenarios with the rankings provided by two experts.
Temperature Dependence of the Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Frequency of 35Cl in KClO3 between 12° and 90°K

A precise measurement of the temperature dependence of the NQR frequency of 35Cl in KClO3 has been made at constant pressure in the range 12°—90°K. Analysis using the Bayer—Kushida theory predicts lattice modes at 60 and 126 cm−1. A comparison is made with the Raman spectrum.
Job satisfaction and job performance: A theoretical analysis

Abstract This paper presents a theoretical rationale for understanding the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance. It is argued that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are properly conceived of as outcomes of action. The effect of performance on satisfaction is viewed as a function of the degree to which performance entails or leads to the attainment of the individual's important job values. It is acknowledged that emotions such as satisfaction and dissatisfaction are important incentives to action in that they entail action tendencies (i.e., approach and avoidance). Emotions, however, are not seen as determining action. It is argued that performance is the direct result of the individual's specific task or work goals and that these goals are, in turn, determined by the individual's values, knowledge, and beliefs in the context of the situation as he understands it.
Work roles and definitions of patient health

Taking its starting point from Berger and Luckmann's (1967) sociology of knowledge and Schutz's (1962) phenomenology, this research explored the social construction of definitions of patient health made by nurses, physicians and social workers in a large American geriatric care facility. The study focused on one patient unit and was based on a content analysis of the notes made in the medical records of 38 patients. In addition, focused interviewing and limited nonparticipant observation were used. The research suggests that staff relations with patients are in large part a product of work roles, a concept which can be divided into three aspects: medical role ideology, work load and work responsibility. Further, the work role structures definitions of patient health status. For this reason nurses, physicians and social workers had different definitions of the same patient at the same time. Differences were most marked in terms of definitions of stability and “senility.”
Reply to L. Szarka by the authors

We welcome the opportunity to respond to comments by Szarka on our recent paper. The main points he raised on our near‐field correction scheme for controlled‐source audio‐frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) data are the application of the correction scheme and the near‐field/far‐field demarcation in the presence of layers and the application in the presence of electrical structure beneath the transmitter location. In our paper, we addressed the application for three‐dimensional electrical structure beneath the receiver location with the transmitter over a homogeneous half‐space. In this reply we wish to clarify these points and point out possible limitations of our correction scheme.
A Temporary Tax Rebate in a Recession: Is it Effective and Safe?

Is a temporary tax rebate effective and safe as an antirecession policy? Simulations with an empirically tested macroeconometric model are used to estimate the impact of the actual one-time 2001 tax rebate in the United States and of a hypothetical rebate twice as large, injected four times (quarterly). The results of the simulations are interpreted in light of two important recent empirical studies of the spending of the 2001 rebate by households. We estimate that a rebate equal to three percent of quarterly GDP (roughly the size of the 2001 rebate) repeated four times (quarterly) would reduce the unemployment rate at the end of a year by one percentage point (for example, from six percent to five percent). As along as a tax rebate is detriggered when the recession ends, its use during a recession does not pose a significant debt or inflation problem.
A well-conditioned volume-surface field integral equation (VSCFIE) for inhomogeneous cylindrical scatterers with high-electrical contrasts

Summary form only given. Volume integral equations (VIEs) are commonly used to analyze scattering from inhomogeneous dielectric objects. Unfortunately, when applied to high-contrast objects, their discretization calls for very fine meshes and results in ill-conditioned systems of equations. This severely limits the utility of VIEs in modeling electromagnetic phenomena germane to a host of biological and geophysical applications. A partial solution to this problem was proposed by Usner and coworkers, who preconditioned the VIE using a surface integral equation (SIE). (Usner et al., IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 54, pp. 68-75, 2006.) First, they subdivide the object into subscatterers each having a small (controlled) ratio of maximum to minimum permittivity. Next, they wrap each subscatterer in equivalent electric and magnetic surface currents and model interactions between subscatterers using SIEs; this procedure allows for an artificial increase in the effective permittivity of the “background medium” in which each subscatterer's polarization currents radiate. Finally, all surface and volume currents are determined by numerically solving a system of volume-surface integral equations (VSIEs) consisting of coupled combined field integral equations (CFIEs) and VIEs. Here, we propose a method that alleviates both these problems. We start from a subdivision of the object into subscatterers inspired by that used by Usner and coworkers, and introduce equivalent electric and magnetic currents on their surfaces. Next, we solve for the surface and volume currents using a system of Volume-Surface Integral Equations (VSIE) consisting of coupled discrete CFIEs and new, combined VIEs. For each subscatterer, a combined VIE is constructed by judiciously adding contributions due to the currents exterior to it and propagating in the “background medium”. Numerical data obtained by analyzing time-harmonic TE scattering from various 2D layered cylinders suggests that discretization of the new VSCFIE yields matrices with condition numbers that are unaffected by the object's maximum permittivity (ermax ) and electrical size.
Two Dimensional Modified Reynolds Equation Including Pressure Dependent Viscosity Effect

The Reynolds equation plays an important role for predicting pressure distributions for fluid film bearing analysis, One of the assumptions on the Reynolds equation is that the viscosity is independent of pressure. This assumption is still valid for most fluid film bearing applications, in which the maximum pressure is less than 1 GPa. However, in elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) where the lubricant is subjected to extremely high pressure, this assumption should be reconsidered. The 2D modified Reynolds equation is derived in this study including pressure-dependent viscosity, The solutions of 2D modified Reynolds equation is compared with that of the classical Reynolds equation for the ball bearing case (elastic solids). The pressure distribution obtained from modified equation is slightly higher pressures than the classical Reynolds equations.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
High slope efficiency measured from a composite-resonator vertical-cavity laser

This paper reports high differential slope efficiency of the light output versus current (LI) characteristic measured under dc current injection into both cavities of a composite-resonator vertical-cavity laser (CRVCL). The additional optical cavity provides a source of variable loss/gain that can be used to control the threshold current and slope efficiency. The CRVCL may be a useful optical source for applications requiring high slope efficiency, such as optical amplifiers and analog microwave links.
Cosmetic rostral nasal reconstruction after nasal planum and premaxilla resection: technique and results in two dogs.

OBJECTIVE To describe a novel reconstructive technique after nasal planum and premaxilla resection. STUDY DESIGN Case report. ANIMALS Dogs (n=2) with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the nasal planum. METHODS A 9-year-old neutered female Labrador retriever (dog 1) and an 11-year-old neutered male Golden retriever (dog 2) had resection of the nasal planum and premaxilla for treatment of locally invasive SCC. Reconstruction of a nasal planum facsimile was based on use of the nonhaired pigmented margins of bilateral labial mucocutaneous rotation-advancement flaps. RESULTS Reconstruction of the premaxilla by construction of a nasal planum facsimile resulted in uncomplicated wound healing and improved cosmesis. There was no tumor recurrence at 1290 (dog 1) and 210 (dog 2) days after surgery. CONCLUSION Reconstruction of a nasal planum facsimile was successfully performed without complications in 2 dogs with high owner satisfaction with cosmetic appearance. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This technique represents a significant advancement in surgical cosmetic outcome, may potentially reduce postoperative complications, and should be considered for dogs requiring nasal reconstruction after nasal planum resection with premaxillectomy.
Identification of Nucleotide Sequences for the Specific and Rapid Detection of Yersinia pestis

Suppression subtractive hybridization, a cost-effective approach for targeting unique DNA, was used to identify a 41.7-kb Yersinia pestis-specific region. One primer pair designed from this region amplified PCR products from natural isolates of Y. pestis and produced no false positives for near neighbors, an important criterion for unambiguous bacterial identification.
Strontium Isotopes and Miocene Sequence Stratigraphy Across the Northeast Florida Platform

ABSTRACT A preliminary assessment of Miocene sea-level fluctuations is presented based on the integration of Sr-derived ages and sequence-stratigraphic concepts applied to subsamples of 12 cores that transect the Hawthorn Group on the northeast Florida Platform. The Hawthorn Group section includes phosphorite nodules, peloids, and crusts as well as dolosilt and dolostone nodules and beds formed during early burial diagenesis of organic-rich sediments deposited during periods of intensified and persistent upwelling associated with rising and maximum sea level. The 87Sr/86Sr composition of phosphorite and dolomite is used to determine the age of in-place phosphorite crusts and dolostone beds (condensed sections) and reworked phosphorite and dolostone sand and gravel (unconformities and transgressive surfaces). Regional correlation of unconformities and condensed sections provides the basis for a sequence-stratigraphic framework from which the age and relative amplitude of sea-level fluctuations are constructed. Seven depositional sequences are identified from the data. Depositional sequences correspond to local sea-level fluctuations with maximum water depths at approximately 25-24, 21-20, 19-18, 17-15, 14-12, 11-9, and 8-6 Ma. Greatest water depth apparently occurred at 17-15 Ma.
Fluid‐Structure Interactions: Research in the Courant Institute's Applied Mathematics Laboratory

The Applied Mathematics Laboratory is a research laboratory within the Mathematics Department of the Courant Institute. It was established to carry out physical experiments, modeling, and associated numerical studies in a variety of problems of interest to Courant faculty, postdocs, and graduate and undergraduate students. Most of the research to date has involved fluid mechanics, and we focus in this paper on the work that relates to the interaction of fluids with rigid, movable, or flexible bodies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structure–Function Relations of Antithrombin III–Heparin Interactions as Assessed by Biophysical and Biological Assays and Molecular Modeling of Peptide–Pentasaccharide-Docked Complexes

Abstract The serine proteinase inhibitor antithrombin III (ATIII) is a key regulatory protein of intrinsic blood coagulation. ATIII attains its full biological activity only upon binding polysulfated glycosaminoglycans, such as heparin. Peptide K 121 –A 134 , based on the sequence of ATIII in the D helix region, was previously shown by us (Tyler-Cross et al., Protein Sci. 3, 620–627, 1994) to encompass part (or all) of the purported high-affinity heparin binding region of ATIII. A series of peptide analogs has now been prepared whose sequences are identical to K 121 –A 134 except that single cationic residues of K 121 –A 134 have been successively replaced with Ala. In one case, the Arg residue of the reference peptide corresponding to R 129 of ATIII has been replaced by Gln (R 129 ΔQ peptide), thus mimicking the naturally occurring mutant protein, ATIII Geneva. The heparin affinity of all peptides was quantitated by isothermal titration calorimetry and by peptide/ATIII competition binding assays. Replacement of any single cationic residue with Ala had a deleterious effect on heparin binding. The greatest reduction in heparin affinity (more than 30-fold) was observed with the R 129 ΔQ peptide ( K D = 1.5 ± 0.06 μ M vs 51 ± 2 n M for the reference peptide, K 121 –A 134 ). Furthermore, each of the Ala-replacement peptides was a less-effective inhibitor of ATIII–heparin complex formation than the reference peptide. The poorest inhibitor was the R 129 ΔQ peptide which showed nearly 30% decrease in inhibition potency (60% inhibition at 100 μ M peptide vs 90% inhibition with the reference peptide). The relative heparin affinities of the peptides measured by biological assay were the same as determined by titration calorimetry. Consequently, we modeled the complexes formed between the pentasaccharide unit structure and the R 129 ΔQ peptide or the reference peptide, K 121 –A 134 . In the “docked” complex, the assumed conformation of K 121 –A 134 permitted juxtaposition of the cationic residues of the peptide with functional anionic groups of the pentasaccharide known to be involved in binding. A docked complex could also be formed between the R 129 ΔQ peptide and the pentasaccharide, but misalignment of critical peptide and saccharide functional groups was observed. The structure of the R 129 ΔQ–pentasaccharide complex was highly irregular because F 123 and Y 131 were completely surface exposed, likely yielding an unfavorable structure in aqueous solution. The observations from molecular modeling allow us to suggest that ATIII Geneva displays decreased heparin binding affinity due to its inability to form a productive binding complex in which essential electrostatic contacts are made between suitably juxtaposed saccharide anionic functional groups and cationic amino acid side chains.
Molecular biology of ion motive proteins in comparative models.

SUMMARY This article will review the utility of comparative animal models in understanding the molecular biology of ion transport. Due to the breadth of this field some `disclaimers9 need to be established up front. `Comparative9 will be defined as non-mammalian. `Genetic species9 will be defined as organisms that have been selected as models for genetic studies and for which the genome has been largely sequenced. `Non-genetic species9 will include other non-mammalian organisms. The review will be limited to ions that play a major role in extracellular (EC) ionoregulation (Na/K/Ca/Cl) and not to micronutrients (Fe) or heavy metals (Cd, Zn). The review will focus only on ion motive proteins that have been associated with vectorial transfer at epithelial tissues. The review is therefore intended as a guidepost to researchers new to the field as well as to inform biologists of the power of comparative genomics.
Spatial clusters of subsurface drainage water NO3-N leaching losses

Grouping of nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3 -N) leaching losses from agricultural fields into spatial clusters can help determine the cause/effect relationships for their occurrence. This study was designed to investigate the spatial relationships of low, medium, and high NO 3 -N leaching losses clusters with soil and landscape attributes using cluster and discriminant analysis and the map overlay capability of a geographical information system (GIS). Field measured data of a six-year (1993 through 1998) study on NO 3 -N leaching losses from 36 experimental fields at the Iowa State University's northeastern research center near Nashua, Iowa, were normalized on an annual basis to compare over the years. The cluster analysis resulted in the formation of three clusters based on the satisfactory evaluation criteria of pseudo-F statistic, cubic clustering criterion, and R 2 values. The discriminant analysis, carried out on the basis of clusters, identified elevation and subsurface drainage as the factors that contributed significantly (p < 0.01) in discriminating among these clusters. The verification of discriminant functions developed on these factors predicted the cluster membership for all the groups with an overall accuracy of 86 percent. The map overlay analyses of GIS showed that spatial occurrence of the clusters transporting high NO 3 -N leaching losses was affected by the interaction of soil type and elevation levels.
Modeling Rabbit Temporomandibular Joint Torques During a Power Stroke

Little information exists regarding the effects of changes in mandibular form as a result of orthognathic surgery on torques produced about the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). In this study, we have modeled torques produced about the working side TMJ by selected compartments of the rabbit masseter muscle based on published electromyographic activity. The masseter muscle is composed of multiple subregions or compartments that have unique mechanical actions. In a previous study, forces were elicited by electrical stimulation of each compartment and were recorded by a multiaxis force transducer attached to the anterior mandible. Torques were calculated using mandibular lever arms measured from the center of the TMJ. We have extended this modeling to include variations in mandibular width, length, or height to determine the torques that would be generated with variations in mandibular form. Three superficial masseter compartments on the working side and one posterior deep compartment from the balancing side masseter were examined using data collected from a companion study. It was found that the working and balancing side compartments were synergists for pitch torque components but were antagonists for roll and yaw. In modeling an increase of each mandibular dimension by 20%, nonuniform changes in compartment-generated torques were found. The largest increase was found for the posterior superficial masseter yaw torque component. The effects of changing mandibular form on torques produced about the TMJ may be greater than predicted by previous models that assumed a single line of force produced by each jaw muscle. (Angle Orthod 2002;72:331-337.)
The preparation of ultrathin frozen sections for immunocytochemistry at the electron microscope level

A description of ultrathin frozen sectioning is presented. Small pieces of lightly-fixed but unembedded tissue are cryoprotected in 80% sucrose, mounted on chucks and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Frozen sections approxi- mately 100 nm thick for electron microscopy are cut at about -9O"C, using a cryosectioning unit mounted on a conventional ultramicrotome. Sections are picked up from the surface of the knife with a droplet of 80% sucrose, and are applied to membrane-coated EM grids at room temperature. The mounted sections are then used for EM immunocytochemistry. Essentially the same sectioning procedure can provide frozen sections 1 pm thick for light micro- scope immunocytochemistry . Ultrathin frozen sections provide a favora- ble basis for immunocytochemistry at the electron microscope (EM) level, and this ap- proach avoids many of the problems inherent in current preembedding and postembedding procedures for EM immunocytochemistry . The method described here for cutting ul- trathin frozen sections was developed by Christensen (1971). The quality and consis- tency of the morphology obtained was greatly improved by the subsequent development (Tokuyasu, 1973) of sucrose cryoprotection and of a very effective means of picking up sections, spreading them and applying them to grids. Still further improvements came from methods of staining, postembedding, and adaptations for immunocytochemistry (Tokuyasu, 1978,1980; Tokuyasu and Singer, 1976; Geuze et al., 1981; and others). The preparation of ultrathin frozen sections and their use in immunocytochemistry has been reviewed by Griffiths et al. (19831, Tokuyasu (19841, and Ivanov et al. (1984). The equipment for ultrathin frozen sedion- ing utilized here is the Dupont/Sorvall FTS System, which was based on a unit (Fig. 1) developed by Christensen (1971) for use on the Sorvall MTSB ultramicrotome. Three other more recent systems are also available: (1) the Dupont/Sorvall FSlOOO Cry0 Section- ing System (for the MT6000, MT5000, and MTSB Ultramicrotomes), (2) the Reichert- Jung FC4 Low-temperature Sectioning Sys- tem (for the Ultracut E Ultramicrotome), and (3) the LKB CryoNova (for the Ultratome Nova). The method for cutting ultrathin fro- zen sections on these other instruments is similar to the one described here. Tissue preparation
Nitric oxide synthase inhibition as therapy for sepsis: a decade of promise.

Background: Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has held promise as a novel and important therapeutic target for sepsis for over a decade. However, the question as to whether an inhibitor of NOS will prove to be efficacious in human septic shock remains unanswered. Methods: Review of the pertinent English-language medical literature. Results: Observations of the induction of NOS (iNOS, NOS2) by proinflammatory cytokines led to the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) relaxes vascular smooth muscle, thereby producing vasodilation and hypotension in sepsis. Other effects of NO in vascular tone may be manifested by refractoriness to vasopressors or myocardial dysfunction. However, such negative effects of NO are balanced by the role of NO in maintaining microvascular perfusion and host defenses against invading pathogens. Initial animal studies of septic shock modulated by the administration of competitive inhibitors of NOS demonstrated that NOS inhibition might be beneficial therapy for clinical septic s...
GraphCharter: Combining browsing with query to explore large semantic graphs

Large scale semantic graphs such as social networks and knowledge graphs contain rich and useful information. However, due to combined challenges in scale, density, and heterogeneity, it is impractical for users to answer many interesting questions by visual inspection alone. This is because even a semantically simple question, such as which of my extended friends are also fans of my favorite band, can in fact require information from a non-trivial number of nodes to answer. In this paper, we propose a method that combines graph browsing with query to overcome the limitation of visual inspection. By using query as the main way for information discovery in graph exploration, our “query, expand, and query again” model enables users to probe beyond the visible part of the graph and only bring in the interesting nodes, leaving the view clutter-free. We have implemented a prototype called GraphCharter and demonstrated its effectiveness and usability in a case study and a user study on Freebase knowledge graph with millions of nodes and edges.
Characterization of 2-D lossless degree one network

A complete characterization of two-dimensional degree-one (deg-1) lossless two-port network is given using at most three parameters. Both infinite and finite impulse responses are considered. The resulting characterization is implemented using Gray-Markel (GM) sections and delays of two different types. This novel characterization has a great deal of application in the design of higher dimensional passive digital filters. An example using a discretized lossless transmission line as a two port network is used to demonstrate the result.
Flowcube: constructing RFID flowcubes for multi-dimensional analysis of commodity flows

With the advent of RFID (Radio Frequency Identication) technology, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers will be able to track the movement of individual objects throughout the supply chain. The volume of data generated by a typical RFID application will be enormous as each item will generate a complete history of all the individual locations that it occupied at every point in time, possibly from a specific production line at a given factory, passing through multiple warehouses, and all the way to a particular checkout counter in a store. The movement trails of such RFID data form gigantic commodity flowgraph representing the locations and durations of the path stages traversed by each item. This commodity flow contains rich multi-dimensional information on the characteristics, trends, changes and outliers of commodity movements.In this paper, we propose a method to construct a warehouse of commodity flows, called flowcube. As in standard OLAP, the model will be composed of cuboids that aggregate item flows at a given abstraction level. The flowcube differs from the traditional data cube in two major ways. First, the measure of each cell will not be a scalar aggregate but a commodity flowgraph that captures the major movement trends and significant deviations of the items aggregated in the cell. Second, each flowgraph itself can be viewed at multiple levels by changing the level of abstraction of path stages. In this paper, we motivate the importance of the model, and present an efficient method to compute it by (1) performing simultaneous aggregation of paths to all interesting abstraction levels, (2) pruning low support path segments along the item and path stage abstraction lattices, and (3) compressing the cube by removing rarely occurring cells, and cells whose commodity flows can be inferred from higher level cells.
The Construct Validity of Scales from four Leadership Questionnaires

Abstract The construct validity of leadership scales from the Ohio State, managerial grid, tri-dimensional leader effectiveness, and leadership contingency models was investigated using LISREL. American college students completed four survey instruments designed to provide worker- and work-orientation scores for each of the leadership models. The Ohio State and tri-dimensional scales were most closely associated with latent variables representing worker- and work-oriented dimensions. Also, rather than being orthogonal, the worker- and work-oriented dimensions displayed a moderately low negative correlation.
Exporting Development: The League of Nations and Republican China

In 1931, the Chinese minister of finance, Song Ziwen (T. V. Soong), reached an agreement with the League of Nations on a Program of Technical Cooperation with China. The program was intended to provide the Nationalist government-the republican government that ruled China from 1927 to 1949-with much-needed technological and financial aid in support of its nation-building effort. As a result, the League sent a number of experts to China. The first group focused mostly on public health, education, water conservation, and transportation (Zhang 1999). In 1933, however, the original agreement was revised and expanded to include economic development, with special emphasis on agriculture. In this context, a new group of League specialists visited China. Among them were three experts in rural cooperative societies: the Briton An analysis of the work carried out in China by these three experts, the focus of this article, reveals the League's pioneering efforts in establishing international aid for developing countries, an endeavor that came to characterize international politics in the second half of the twentieth century. The League, in fact, embodied a new notion that the world organization was moving from a colonial to an international framework. Although this transformation was slow and uncertain, and challenged by the survival of old colonial empires as well as the emergence of new ones (particularly the German and the Japanese), the notion was emerging that colonialism belonged to the past, and in the future countries were to respect each other's sovereignty. In this new context, the League attempted to take the "civilizing mission" (the idea that Western industrialized nations were responsible for assisting colonial countries in their modernization efforts) beyond the colonial framework. The League thus
Northeast‐Oriented Transpression Structure in the Northern New Madrid Seismic Zone: Extension of a Shear Zone across the Reelfoot Fault Stepover Arm

High‐resolution seismic‐reflection profiles recently acquired 12 km northeast of the New Madrid seismic zone’s Reelfoot thrust and along the central axis of the Reelfoot rift, imaged steeply dipping N30°E striking faults that have uplifted and arched post‐Paleozoic sediments in a manner consistent with a dextral strike‐slip component of displacement. The subparallel fault strands have been traced 1.4 km between reflection profiles. In order to evaluate the structure’s potential regional scale, the strike was projected northeast 22 km to its intersection with a nearby industry profile. At the intersection, this lower‐resolution profile exhibits a discrete 0.75 km wide structure with style and offset similar to the high‐resolution lines. The high‐resolution images indicate the deformation extends above Paleozoic bedrock, affecting the Late Cretaceous and Eocene Mississippi embayment sediments, as well as the base of the Quaternary. The Paleozoic and Cretaceous horizons show as much as 75 and 50 m of relief, respectively, with the middle Eocene and basal Quaternary disrupted 25 and 15 m, respectively. Geologic and geophysical logs from a borehole adjacent to the seismic lines constrain the depth, velocity, and stratigraphic interpretations. We interpret the faults as a minimum 34 km northeast extension of the Axial fault zone from a throughgoing intersection with the left‐stepover Reelfoot thrust.
Response Transformation: An Example

A set of data involving 108 observations from a previous study on a sterilized, concentrated baby formula is reconsidered. Originally, four separate second degree models involving 84 different coefficients were fitted. However, if the response values are transformed from y to In y, a model containing just five parameters explains 87% of the variation in all of the data about their grand mean. Moreover, this simple equation does not include one of the five predictor variables, a fact not previously apparent. These data provide an example of the effectiveness of a transformation.
Understanding the Locomotion and Dynamic Controls for Millipedes: Part 1 — Kinematic Analysis of Millipede Movements

An investigation of the biological locomotion and control mechanisms observed in Diplopoda (millipedes) is performed in order to provide design rules for the development of a crawling millipede-inspired robot (millibot). Millipedes have long bodies with numerous pairs of legs, which allows them to perform higher ranges of motion compared to other arthropods traveling in the same environment. The relevant features of millipedes with respect to robotics include: (i) metachronal locomotion, (ii) ability to burrow through different substrates, and (iii) capability to traverse uneven terrains and align themselves swiftly when fallen over. A mathematical model is proposed describing these locomotion features that will provide guidance towards emulating these actions in a millibot.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
New Ideas for Nuclear Reactors

Many of you know that your speaker tonight is an old-timer in the field of nuclear energy. Now, an old-timer is a man who was in a field when the field was still undiscovered by most so that he was, comparatively speaking, isolated and lonesome in that field. He feels a bit baffled and uneasy now when he looks around and realizes his success in having made his field popular, and realizes even more keenly his failure to keep familiar with the events in his field. When the first newcomer arrived, and wrote a report, he said, “Now, this Mr. Read, he is evidently a very bright person, but if you look at the report that my friend Y wrote three years ago, you will find that he anticipated Mr. Read in almost everything.” When the next report, by Mr. Yellow, came out, he said, “Now this Mr. Yellow, he impresses me very much, but if you read my report of last year, you will realize that I must have known all that he says.” At the news of Mr. Greene’s ideas he says, “Now this Mr. Greene, I do not know how bright he is, but he does have a good point there.” I do not know why we did not think of it. “A year or something that nobody appreciated before.” But finally, when the old-timer looked at Violet’s report, he admits, “I just can’t read or understand all this work that goes on hereit is just too much for me.”
Self-Regulatory Climate: A Social Resource for Student Regulation and Achievement

Background/ContextSchools have differential effects on student learning and development, but research has not generated much explanatory evidence of the social-psychological pathway to better achie...
The Scattering of Polarized Electrons from Polarized 3He: First Experiments and Implications for the Measurement of GEn

The fact that the neutron is not an elementary particle was discovered long ago when the magnetic moment was measured and found not to be equal to the Dirac value of zero. Subsequent quasi-elastic electron deuteron scattering data showed that the neutron magnetic form factor was not point like.1 This internal structure can be explained as due to the presence of (at least) up and down quarks. If the up and down quark wave functions have the same radial dependence the charge form factor of the neutron G E n (q2) = 0; if they are not equal then G E n ≠ 0. We do not have much accurate data for G E n , but the measurement of the charge RMS radius from thermal neutron electron scattering2 demonstrates that the up and down quark wave functions are not equal. This has been explained by the tensor part of the color hyperfine interaction3,4 causing the up and down quark wave functions to differ.4,5 A measurement of G E n (q2) would provide a test of nucleon models.6
From restoration to adaptation: the changing discourse of invasive species management in coastal New England under global environmental change

Scholars have focused on militaristic metaphors of invasion for more than a decade, but few if any studies look to the on-the-ground language of restoration practitioners to determine how they talk about invasive species. Here we demonstrate the absence of militaristic metaphors in one subset of restoration managers in coastal Rhode Island who manage for introduced Phragmites australis, the highly invasive common reed. Instead, these managers frame their discussions of Phragmites in terms of indicators of condition, ecosystem services, and resilience, which might indicate a shift away from command-and-control models of invasive species management. We suggest that qualitative research, including interviews with restoration managers, can offer a useful, in depth view onto issues of management and decision making and that it is crucially important to attend to the language of invasion science and management in an era of global change. Ecological changes in coastal ecosystems seem to impact managers’ language choices, while these language choices, in turn, can have far-reaching impacts on decision making in coastal systems.
Reflections on “Consumer Preference Formation and Pioneering Advantage”:

The authors reflect on the research reported in their 1989 article that won the O'Dell award, the process of publishing that research, and the subsequent research that has grown out of it.
A Biomechanical Analysis of Two Anterior Ankle Arthrodesis Systems

Background:An increasingly popular ankle fusion method uses plates and screws positioned on the anterior aspect of the tibiotalar joint. This study compared the mechanical properties of 2 contemporary plate systems for ankle arthrodesis, one based on a single anterior plate and the other comprising paired anteromedial and anterolateral plates.Methods:Ten matched pairs of fresh-frozen cadaver ankle joints underwent arthrodesis with a single anatomically contoured anterior plate or 2 anatomic plates applied anteromedially and anterolaterally. Each arthrodesed specimen was subjected to controlled sagittal and coronal plane bending and internal and external rotation. Tibiotalar joint bending stiffness, bending angulation, torsional stiffness, and joint rotation were documented.Results:Bending stiffness of the 2-plate system was 1.5 to 5 times greater than that of the single-plate system in plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, eversion, and inversion (P = .005-.050). Angulation in each bending direction was several-f...
SEPTIC CORONARY EMBOLISM PRESENTING AS STEMI IN A PATIENT WITH CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS

The pathophysiology of STEMI typically involves thrombus formation/ acute plaque rupture. Coronary embolism presenting as STEMI is relatively rare and possible etiologies include thromboembolus, septic embolus or tumors. A 72-year-old obese female with long-standing DM, HTN, history of TIAs and
Design and fabrication of a capillary cell culture chamber for the study of convective flow.

Abstract The use of capillary culture chambers as artificial pancreas and artificial liver devices would be aided by an improved ability to control the movement of molecules through the capillary walls. The modeling and analysis of the flow and mass transfer in capillary cell culture chambers in which cultured mammalian cells are grown to form masses with tissue density in the extra-capillary spaces is desirable as a basis for scaleup and optimization of the particular microenvironment. The relative roles of diffusion and ultrafiltration with convection in enhancing mass transfer across the capillary membranes are poorly understood in real cell cultures and the effects on culture viability of flow conditions chosen to promote convective flow across the capillary membranes and through the cultured cell masses are also of interest. In this report, experience with materials and techniques for fabricating capillary culture chambers with a more readily analyzed fully defined regular geometric relationship between 90 to 100 capillaries in a parallel bundle is described. High and low pressure capillaries were interspersed in a regular array. Evidence is presented for retention of cell viability during flow conditions which were chosen to induce convective flow through the cultured cells in such a chamber.
Progress of Sustaining Polio Free Status in Beijing in 2003

To understand the progress of sustaining polio free status, the epidemiological characters of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases and the operation of surveillance system in Beijing in 2003, the AFP cases in 2003 were analyzed and the operation of the AFP surveillance system was evaluated. The results showed that a total of AFP cases were reported in Beijing in 2003. Among these reported cases, 4 cases were 1 year old (20%), 7 cases were 1-4 years old (35%) and 9 cases were 4 years old (45%). Two cases (10%) were vaccinated once 16 cases (80%) were vaccinated ≥three doses, and the immunization history of 2 cases was unkown (10%). A total of 40 stool specimens were collected from the AFP cases. No polioviruses were isolated. Non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) were isolated from 4 stool specimens (10%) of 2 AFP cases. The final classification of 20 AFP cases was 0 polio confirmation case, 1 clinically compatible polio case (5%), and 19 polio discarded cases (95%). All indicators of AFP surveillance system achieved the requirement of MOH. It showed that there had been no wild poliovirus case reported in Beijing for 19 consecutive years from 1985 to 2003. The AFP surveillance system in Beijing had the ability to detect wild poliovirus cases. In the future, the surveillance system should further find all AFP cases and the zero immunization should be eliminated, so as to keep polio free status in Beijing.
Postscript emergence of efficiency in health outcomes Measurement

The purpose of this postscript is to comment on psychometric issues raised by the collective articles of this special issue of the Journal of Applied Measurement. Topics discussed include the need to engage relevant literature in the psychometric and larger academic communities, the role of measurement models in psychometrics, and challenges to efficient measurement of patient reported outcomes. Finally, I argue that psychometrics should play "second fiddle" to larger scientific questions.
Biocompatibility and Bioresponse to Biomaterials

This chapter presents an overview of host responses that must be considered in determining the biocompatibility of tissue-engineered devices that utilize biomaterials. The three major responses that must be considered for biocompatibility assessment are inflammation, wound healing, and immunological reactions or immunity. The process of implantation of a biomaterial or tissue-engineered device results in injury to tissues or organs. It is this injury and the subsequent perturbation of homeostatic mechanisms that lead to the inflammatory responses, foreign body reaction, and wound healing. The response to injury is dependent on multiple factors that include the extent of injury, loss of basement membrane structures, blood-material interactions, provisional matrix formation, extent or degree of cellular necrosis, and extent of the inflammatory response. Injury to vascularized tissue in the implantation procedure leads to immediate development of the provisional matrix at the implant site. This provisional matrix consists of fibrin, produced by activation of the coagulative and thrombosis systems, and inflammatory products released by the complement system, activated platelets, inflammatory cells, and endothelial cells. Repair of implant sites involves two distinct processes that include regeneration, which is the replacement of injury tissue by parenchymal cells of the same type, or replacement by connective tissue that constitutes the fibrous capsule. These processes are generally controlled by either the proliferative capacity of the cells in the tissue receiving the implant and the extent of injury as it relates to the destruction or persistence of the tissue framework of the implant site.