cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Broiler phosphorus intake versus broiler phosphorus output in the United States: nutrition or soil science?

Phosphorus (P) is receiving considerable attention with regard to poultry litter in the United States. Litter, a combination of bedding material and excreta, contains valuable nutrients and has been historically applied as fertilizer on pasture and row crop lands. Compared to commercial fertilizers, broiler litter has a low nitrogen to phosphorus ratio. Poultry litter application rates have been based on the nitrogen needs of crops resulting in a gradual build-up of Pin the soil. Phosphorus runoff into nearby water bodies can be detrimental to aquatic life. Proper management of litter is critical to maintaining the farmer's environmental stewardship. Many researchers are investigating best management practices to alleviate potential problems related to over application of P. However, gaps exist among the researchers due to their specialty and training. Communication across groups (nutritionists verses soil scientists) is the key for making progress. For example, the agronomist's plan for utilization of litter should coincide with the nutritionist's specifications for P requirements. This article identifies some of the more commonly used terms that define the forms of P in an effort to unite the different perspectives. The purpose is to convey the complexity of the xisting efforts for P analysis, identifying factors that influence changes in chemical forms such as dietary Plevel, Psource and characteristics, the use of dietary phytase in rearing conditions, subsequent litter handling, and conditions of litter application. The end result should create a “cause and effect” type thinking among the groups working on the broiler industry P issues.
Effects of mean flow three dimensionality on turbulent boundary-layer structure

Several experimental studies examining the near-wall structure of three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers are reviewed. The reduction of the Reynolds shear stress by the mean flow three dimensionality is a common feature of all of these flows. The near-wall region (y + < 100) is found to be dominated by quasistreamwise vortices and low- and high-speed streaks similar to two-dimensional boundary layers. However, the development of the vortices and their production of shear stress is modified by the presence of mean flow skewing across the near-wall zone. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The complete bending energy function for nicked DNA

We derive an analytic expression for the bending elastic energy of short DNA molecules, valid in the entire range from low to high energies. The elastic energy depends on three parameters: the length of the molecule (2L), the bending modulus B, and a critical torque τc at which the molecule develops a kink. In the kinked state, the elastic energy is linear in the kink angle, i.e. the torque at the kink is constant (=τc). τc depends (weakly) on the sequence around the nick, but is about 27 pN×nm. We measure it for a specific sequence, through experiments where the elastic energy of constrained DNA molecules is directly measured.
Sustained Hospital-based Wellness Program.

Introduction: Beginning as a grassroots initiative, a community hospital employing 2800 celebrates the stress-transforming benefits of HeartMath for its employees and community. Initially introduced to address the deleterious effects of personal stress experienced by the high healthcare claimants of the organization, HeartMath was eventually introduced to every stratification of the organization's population health management. The ensuing depth and breadth of HeartMath's presence in the organization is a consequence of a deliberate effort to integrate the program at every possible and sensible touch point of the organization and, ultimately, patient care. Today, 5 years later, the success of HeartMath at Indiana University (IU) Health Bloomington continues to be a tribute to the grassroots movement of an established worksite wellness program. Methods: HeartMath was initiated as an intervention for transforming the stress of a workforce's highest healthcare claimants: those with the complexities of co-morb...
Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis: a Rare Yet Challenging Disease

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MRH) is a rare systemic inflammatory granulomatous disease that primarily manifests clinically with severe erosive arthritis and widespread papulonodular skin lesions but can involve multiple other organ systems. Despite the fact that this condition can become aggressive, debilitating as well as deforming with significant detrimental consequences, the etiology of this disease remains poorly understood. Moreover, the fact that MRH is such an uncommon disease has created an obstacle in the path of adequate clinical trials that are needed for better understanding of this phenomenon and for the development of treatment options for this patient population. In this review, we will attempt to discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, associated conditions, differential diagnoses, diagnostic workup, and available treatments of MRH with the hope of creating a better understanding of this very challenging yet elusive disease process.
Winged-Helix, Hedgehog and Bmp genes are differentially expressed in distinct cell layers of the murine yolk sac

Abstract The visceral yolk sac plays a critical role in normal embryogenesis, yet little is known about the specific molecules that regulate its development. We show here that four winged-helix genes (HNF-3α, HNF-3β, HNF-3γ and HFH-4) are restricted to visceral endoderm. In the absence of HNF-3β, visceral endoderm forms but the morphogenetic movements by which the embryo becomes enclosed within its yolk sac are disrupted and serum protein gene transcription is greatly reduced. Hedgehog and Bmp genes, which encode signaling molecules known to play multiple roles in embryonic development, are also differentially expressed in the closely apposed yolk sac mesoderm and endoderm layers. Our results suggest that similar mechanisms may be utilized to mediate inductive interactions in both extraembryonic and embryonic tissues.
The effects of α-pinene versus toluene-derived secondary organic aerosol exposure on the expression of markers associated with vascular disease.

To investigate the toxicological effects of biogenic- versus anthropogenic-source secondary organic aerosol (SOA) on the cardiovascular system, the Secondary Particulate Health Effects Research program irradiation chamber was used to expose atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E null (Apo E−/−) mice to SOA from the oxidation of either α-pinene or toluene for 7 days. SOA atmospheres were produced to yield 250–300 μg/m3 of particulate matter and ratios of 10:1:1 α-pinene:nitrogen oxide (NO_x):ammonia (NH_3); 10:1:1:1 α-pinene:NO_x:NH_3:sulfur dioxide (SO2) or 10:1:1 toluene:NO_x:NH_3; and 10:1:1:1 toluene:NO_x:NH_3:SO_2. Resulting effects on the cardiovascular system were assessed by measurement of vascular lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS)), as well as quantification of heme-oxygenase (HO)-1, endothelin (ET)-1, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 mRNA expression for comparison to previous program exposure results. Consistent with similar previous studies, vascular TBARS were not increased significantly with any acute SOA exposure. However, vascular HO-1, MMP-9, and ET-1 observed in Apo E−/− mice exposed to α-pinene + NOx + NH_3 + SO_2 increased statistically, while α-pinene + NO_x + NH3 exposure to either toluene + NO_x + NH_3 or toluene +NO_x + NH_3 + SO_2 resulted in a decreased expression of these vascular factors. Such findings suggest that the specific chemistry created by the presence or absence of acidic components may be important in SOA-mediated toxicity in the cardiovascular system and/or progression of cardiovascular disease.
Temporal scales of auditory objects underlying birdsong vocal recognition

Vocal recognition is common among songbirds, and provides an excellent model system to study the perceptual and neurobiological mechanisms for processing natural vocal communication signals. Male European starlings, a species of songbird, learn to recognize the songs of multiple conspecific males by attending to stereotyped acoustic patterns, and these learned patterns elicit selective neuronal responses in auditory forebrain neurons. The present study investigates the perceptual grouping of spectrotemporal acoustic patterns in starling song at multiple temporal scales. The results show that permutations in sequencing of submotif acoustic features have significant effects on song recognition, and that these effects are specific to songs that comprise learned motifs. The observations suggest that (1) motifs form auditory objects embedded in a hierarchy of acoustic patterns, (2) that object-based song perception emerges without explicit reinforcement, and (3) that multiple temporal scales within the acoustic pattern hierarchy convey information about the individual identity of the singer. The authors discuss the results in the context of auditory object formation and talker recognition.
On architecting and composing through-life engineering information services to enable smart manufacturing

Abstract Engineering information systems play an important role in the current era of digitization of manufacturing, which is also known as smart manufacturing. Traditionally, these engineering information systems spanned the lifecycle of a product by providing interoperability of software subsystems through a combination of open and proprietary exchange of data. But research and development efforts are underway to replace this paradigm with engineering information services that can be composed dynamically to meet changing needs in the operation of smart manufacturing systems. This paper describes the opportunities and challenges in architecting such engineering information services and composing them to enable smart manufacturing.
Effects of halothane on functionally skinned rabbit soleus muscle fibers: a correlation between tension transient and 45Ca release.

The mechanism(s) involved in the halothane-induced increase in skeletal muscle contraction was studied using functionally skinned soleus muscle fibers from rabbits: For the tension study, single functionally skinned fibers were individually mounted on two pairs of forceps, with one end attached to a photodiode tension transducer. Ca2+-activated tension development of the contractile proteins, and Ca2+ uptake and release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) using caffeine-induced tension transients were studied. To measure the amount of calcium, skinned fibers at 0.1 g/ml were used and 0.075 μCi45Ca/ml was spiked in the solution 3 (pCa 6.5 and 1 mM [EGTA]) which promoted rapid loading of Ca2+. Halothane (1–3%) did not change the [Ca2+]-tension relationship; 2 and 3% halothane reduced the maximum Ca2+-activated tension by 6–7%. Halothane (1–3%) added to the solution 3, reduced45Ca uptake by 3, 22 and 23%; however, the subsequent caffeine-induced tension transient and45Ca release were increased by 10–40%. During the release phase only halothane increased both caffeine-induced tension transient and45Ca release by 20–60%. The effects of halothane on the tension transient and on the45Ca release were comparable. There was no dose-response relationship to the effects of halothane on the above parameters. It is concluded that halothane affects the SR by increasing its membrane permeability to Ca2+, resulting in an increase in myoplasmic [Ca2+] and thus in the twitch tension in skeletal muscle.
Assessment of resident professionalism using high-fidelity simulation of ethical dilemmas.

Objectives: To examine the responses of emergency medicine residents (EMRs) to ethical dilemmas in high-fidelity patient simulations as a means of assessing resident professionalism. Methods:This cross-sectional observational study included all EMRs at a three-year training program. Subjects were excluded if they were unable or unwilling to participate. Each resident subject participated in a simulated critical patient encounter during an Emergency Medicine Crisis Resource Management course. An ethical dilemma was introduced before the end of each simulated encounter. Resident responses to that dilemma were compared with a professional performance checklist evaluation. Multiresponse permutation procedure analysis was used to compare performance measures between resident classes, with the a priori hypothesis that mean performance should increase as experience increases. Results: Of the 30 potential subjects, 90% (27) participated. The remaining three residents were unavailable due to scheduling conflicts. It was observed that senior residents (second and third year) performed more checklist items than did first-year residents (p < 0.028 for each senior class). Omnibus comparison of mean critical actions completed across all three years was not statistically significant (p < 0.13). Residents performed a critical action with 100% uniformity across training years in only one ethical scenario (“Practicing Procedures on the Recently Dead”). Residents performed the fewest critical actions and overall checklist items for the “Patient Confidentiality” case. Conclusions: Senior residents had better overall performance than incoming interns, suggesting that professional behaviors are learned through some facet of residency training. Although limited by small sample size, the application of this performance-assessment tool showed the ability to discriminate between experienced and inexperienced EMRs with respect to a variety of aspects of professional competency. These findings suggest a need for improved resident education in areas of professionalism and ethics.
Cooking Methods and Storage Treatments of Potato: Effects on Carotenoids, Antioxidant Activity, and Phenolics

The influence of genotype, cooking method, and storage treatments on potato compounds associated with improved human health was analyzed. Antioxidant activity (AA), total phenolics (TP), and total carotenoids (xanthophyll carotenoids, CAR) were determined in eight genotypes using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and spectrophotometric absorbance, respectively. Individual phenolic and carotenoid composition was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in three genotypes of potato. Samples were subjected to a combination of storage conditions for approximately 4 months (non-stored or stored for 110 days at either 4°C, 4°C with an additional 10 days of reconditioning at 20°C, or 20°C storage) and cooking methods (baking, boiling, frying, or microwaving); an uncooked sample was used as a control. The non-stored samples had lower amounts of CAR, AA, and TP along with the individual compounds compared to the various storage regimes, while the recondition storage treatment produced equal or higher levels of TP and individual phenolics than any other storage regime. No cooking and boiling resulted in significantly lower AA and TP, as compared to baking, frying and/or microwaving. Baking, frying and/or microwaving also increased the levels of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, (-) epicatechin, p-coumaric acid and vanillic acid, but decreased quercetin dihydrate when compared to uncooked samples. Most health promoting compounds were enhanced by one or both postharvest processing parameters (storage and cooking); however, t-cinnamic acid, and lutein were not affected.
RISK OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA WITH ALTERNATE-DAY GROWTH HORMONE INJECTIONS

Fasting hypoglycaemia developed in three growth hormone deficient children after the start of treatment with synthetic growth hormone. The effects, which occurred 36-60 h after each injection, may have been due to insulin-like effects of endogenous somatomedins after waning of insulin antagonism induced by growth hormone. Daily growth hormone injections may be necessary to maintain normal plasma glucose levels in young children.
Side-Lying as an Alternative to the Dix-Hallpike Test of the Posterior Canal

Objective:Limitations in passive or active range of motion preclude testing some patients suspected of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the posterior semicircular canal (BPPV) with the Dix-Hallpike maneuver. The goal of this study was to determine if an alternative test, brisk side-lying with
PROBABILISTIC OSTROWSKI TYPE INEQUALITIES

New very general univariate and multivariate probabilistic Ostrowski type inequalities are established, involving ‖·‖∞ and ‖·‖ p , p≥1 norms of probability density functions. Some of these inequalities provide pointwise estimates to the error of probability distribution function from the expectation of some simple function of the engaged random variable. Other inequalities give upper bounds for the expectation and variance of a random variable. All are done over finite domains. At the end are given applications, especially for the Beta random variable.
Evaluation of the FRANCO finite element fuel rod analysis code

Knowledge of the temperature distribution in a nuclear fuel rod is required to predict the thermal and mechanical response of the strongly temperature-dependent fuel elements. In this research, the FRANCO (Finite Element Fuel Rod ANalysis COde) computer code was developed for use on an IBM-PC to predict thermal and mechanical fuel performance characteristics for reactor operating conditions. A cross-sectional area of a fuel rod is discretized using constant strain triangular elements. To simplify the time-dependent fuel performance analysis, this code uses quasi-steady state conditions or slow power changes for time-independent problems; thus, time-dependent cases can be represented by quasi-static “snap shots.” The development and testing of the FRANCO program for deformation and heat transfer problems is described. The fuel performance models and solution procedures are provided in detail. The accuracy of FRANCO is examined through selected benchmark problems with other nuclear industry finite difference and finite element fuel analysis codes and actual Halden experimental measurements. These benchmarks show that FRANCO performs well except for the fuel-clad contact cases when compared to results from other fuel performance codes, such as FREY and ESCORE. The FRANCO program developed in this research effort is easy to run, fast, and yields comparable results.
The study of dimeric molecules in ammonia vapour by submillimeter wave spectroscopy

Abstract Absorption by true dimers can be distinguished from that attributable to transient pairs by being spectrally narrow and by having a temperature dependence characterized by a well defined binding energy. Using these criteria, the presence of dimers in ammonia gas under conditions near those of saturated vapour is deduced from the observation of narrow spectral features near 10 cm -1 , and a heat of dimerization of 3.6 ± 0.8 kilocalories per mole. This value, of the order of what would be expected from breaking single hydrogen bonds, is a little lower than the values found by other methods. The presence of dimers should be considered in interpreting line shape observations at high pressures.
Existence of pseudo-almost automorphic solutions to some abstract differential equations with Sp-pseudo-almost automorphic coefficients

Abstract This paper introduces and studies the notion of S p -pseudo-almost automorphy (or Stepanov-like pseudo-almost automorphy), which generalizes in a natural fashion the concept of pseudo-almost automorphy that was recently introduced in the literature by Liang, Xiao and Zhang. We next obtain the existence of pseudo-almost automorphic solutions to some differential equations with S p -pseudo-almost automorphic coefficients.
The ‘Unbearable Lightness’ of the Economic Approach to Economic Behavior in the Social Setting: Rational Action and the Sociology of the Economy

This article entails endeavours to properly conceive the theoretical-methodoAlogical relations between sociology of the economy or economic sociology and the economic approach to human behaviour or rational action theory. These endeavors are induced by recent proposals for an economic approach to economic sociology and other conflations between the two disciplines. Such proposals exemplify the tendency of rational action theorists to dissolve economic (and all) sociology into their universalist ‘theory of everything’. Many economic sociologists display a bona fide attitude toward such extensions of the economic approach albeit these can be essentially incongruous with a sociological perspective on the economy as advanced by their discipline. The article allows for the possibility that the economic approach to economic sociology is unsustainable in epistemological terms. This would imply epistemologically non-rational grounds for the attraction of economic sociologists to the economic approach to human behaviour.
Sun avoidance in the yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus) of Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. Variations with season, behavior and weather.

Do free-ranging baboons avoid traveling towards the sun? Sun avoidance, in addition to resource and predator locations, may influence troop movement and non-random use of the home range. This paper investigates how sun avoidance, as measured by facial exposure to sunlight, influences directional choices. It hypothesizes that baboons should avoid the sun in the hot, dry season and show indifference to it in the cool, lush season. This paper also hypothesizes that baboons employ sun-avoidance behaviors more while they forage or travel to resting sites than when they travel to foraging sites or engage in active social behaviors; lastly this paper hypothesizes that sun altitude, temperature, humidity, and cloud cover influence sun-avoidance behavior. Using focal-animal techniques on 21 males from free-ranging baboon troops, I collected locational data, accurate to within 1.6 m, over 15 months. I calculated the difference between baboon bearings and the sun’s azimuth in angular degrees. Both linear and circular statistics indicate that baboons put significantly (P<0.01) more than 90° between their bearing and the sun’s azimuth under certain conditions. Contrary to hypotheses based on the detrimental effects of insolation, baboons in the cool, lush season avoid the sun, while baboons in the hot, dry season do not. In the lush season, the extent to which baboons avoid the sun does not depend on their other behaviors. Dry-season baboons demonstrate stronger sun avoidance while resting than when engaged in other behaviors. Finally, in the dry season, temperature drives sun avoidance; humidity drives it in the lush season.
Developmental changes in brainstem neurons regulating lower airway caliber

Premature infants are at risk for lower airway obstruction; however, maturation of reflex pathways regulating lower airway patency is inadequately studied. We hypothesized that postnatal maturation causes developmental change in brainstem efferent airway-related vagal preganglionic neurons (AVPNs) within the rostral nucleus ambiguus (rNA) that project to the airways, and in pulmonary afferent fibers that terminate in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Ferrets aged 7, 14, 21 and 42 days received intrapulmonary injection of Cholera toxin β subunit (CT-b), a transganglionic retrograde tracer. Five days later, their brainstem was processed for dual immunolabeling of CT-b and the cholinergic marker, choline acetyl transferase (ChAT). CT-b labeled AVPNs and CT-b labeled afferent fiber optical density were analyzed. There was a significantly higher CT-b labeled cell number within the rNA at the youngest compared to older ages. All efferent CT-b labeled cells expressed ChAT. Optical density of CT-b labeled afferent fibers was also higher at 7 compared to 14 days. We conclude that the number of efferent AVPNs and afferent fiber optical density both diminish over the second postnatal week. We speculate that exposure to injurious agents in early postnatal life may inhibit natural remodeling and thereby enhance later vulnerability to airway hyperreactivity.
A meta-analysis of changes in bacterial and archaeal communities with time

Ecologists have long studied the temporal dynamics of plant and animal communities with much less attention paid to the temporal dynamics exhibited by microbial communities. As a result, we do not know if overarching temporal trends exist for microbial communities or if changes in microbial communities are generally predictable with time. Using microbial time series assessed via high-throughput sequencing, we conducted a meta-analysis of temporal dynamics in microbial communities, including 76 sites representing air, aquatic, soil, brewery wastewater treatment, human- and plant-associated microbial biomes. We found that temporal variability in both within- and between-community diversity was consistent among microbial communities from similar environments. Community structure changed systematically with time in less than half of the cases, and the highest rates of change were observed within ranges of 1 day to 1 month for all communities examined. Microbial communities exhibited species-time relationships (STRs), which describe the accumulation of new taxa to a community, similar to those observed previously for plant and animal communities, suggesting that STRs are remarkably consistent across a broad range of taxa. These results highlight that a continued integration of microbial ecology into the broader field of ecology will provide new insight into the temporal patterns of microbial and 'macro'-bial communities alike.
On the hydrostatic balance and equatorial geostrophy

Abstract The deviation from hydrostatic balance due to the vertical component of the Coriolis force leads to a small but significant correction to the usual calculation of geostrophic currents near the equator. This correction may be important in the top 200 m within 2° of the equator. In the central equatorial Pacific the correction is almost entirely eastward, reaches a peak speed of nearly 10 cm s −1 , and adds about 3 Sv, or 10% of the total, to the calculated net eastward transport. The non-hydrostatic correction marginally improves a comparison between geostrophic and directly measured currents in the Equatorial Undercurrent, and makes it worse in the South Equatorial Current.
Fluorine-18 labeled mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells can be detected in vivo by high resolution projection imaging

Immunization with ex vivo generated dendritic cells has become a focus for many clinical applications. The optimal site of injection and the migration pattern of these cells remain to be elucidated. We therefore developed a novel method for labeling mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) with the positron emitting radioisotope F-18 using N-succinimidyl-4-[F-18]fluorobenzoate, which covalently binds to the lysine residues of cell surface proteins. When we determined the stability of F-18 labeled BMDC, we found that at 4 h only 44+/-10% of the initial cell-bound activity was retained at 37 degrees C, whereas considerably more (91+/-3%) was retained at 4 degrees C. Labeled cells did not exhibit any significant alteration in cell viability or phenotype as determined by trypan blue exclusion and FACS analysis 24 h after radiolabeling. Furthermore, F-18-labeled BMDC stimulated allogeneic T cells in a mixed leukocyte reaction as potently as did sham-treated BMDC and migrated towards secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC) in a chemotaxis assay in vitro with the same efficiency as sham-treated BMDC. Migration of F-18-labeled BMDC was studied after footpad injection by (1) ex vivo counting of dissected tissues using a gamma counter and (2) in vivo by imaging mice with PiPET, a 2-mm resolution positron projection imager. After 4 h, the ratio between measured activity in draining vs. contralateral (D/C) lymph nodes (LN) was 166+/-96 (n=7) in the case of live cell injections, whereas if we injected heat-killed F-18-labeled BMDC or F-18-labeled macrophages the D/C ratios were 17+/-2 (n=2) and 14+/-4 (n=2), respectively. Injection of cell-free activity in the form of F-18-labeled 4-fluorobenzoic acid resulted in a D/C ratio of 7+/-2 (n=3), suggesting that the activity measured in the draining lymph node was associated with migrated F-18-labeled BMDC. When F-18-labeled live cells were injected into the footpad, 0.18+/-0.04% (n=7) of footpad activity was found in the draining LN within 4 h, whereas none was found in the contralateral LN. Quantitative assessment of cell migration by PET projection imaging of mice confirmed the ex-vivo counting results. These studies indicate that PET imaging offers a new approach for in vivo studies of dendritic cell biodistribution and migration.
Effect of piroxicam on gait in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee

Objective. To determine whether the use of a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) in patients with painful osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee would result in alterations in specific biomechanical parameters of gait. Methods. Eighteen patients with symptomatic knee OA and varus knee deformity underwent initial clinical evaluation for pain and activities of daily living, and assessment of parameters of gait utilizing a well-described computerized system. All patients were then treated with piroxicam at 20 mg once daily, and clinical and gait analyses were repeated after 4 weeks. Results. Fifteen of the 18 patients studied had a significant increase in the knee adduction moment after treatment. In the group as a whole there was a significant increase in knee adduction moment (mean percent body weight times height [%BWTH] 4.11 pretreatment versus 4.57 after 4 weeks of treatment; P < 0.01) and maximum quadriceps moment (mean %BWTH 2.13 pretreatment, 2.62 posttreatment; P < 0.01), as well as changes in other gait parameters that might be expected to be altered as a result of relief of pain. Sixteen of 18 patients experienced symptomatic relief, with a significant reduction in pain in the group as a whole after 4 weeks (P < 0.001). Conclusion. NSAID treatment in patients with knee OA results in a reduction in symptomatic pain and an increase in loading of the knee. Whether the increased loading is due to the analgesic effects of the treatment is unknown, but if so, the development of agents capable of relieving pain while reducing loads at the knee may be desirable.
Studies of the Integrity of Iodinated Bovine Albumin After Circulating in Vivo

The integrity of 125 I BSA circulating in vivo was assessed by immunoprecipitation, antibody binding, and sephadex chromatography. 125 I BSA measurements obtained by precipitation in trichloroacetic acid aqreed closely with measurements obtained by antibody binding and immuno - precipitation for up to 12 days after injection or until 99.5% of the 125 I BSA was eliminated. The molecular weight of the circulating 125 I, after dissociation of immune complexes, was identical to non-labelled BSA. 99.5% of the BSA was eliminated from the circulation 10 to 15 days after injection. After this time 45% of the circulating 125 I which precipitated in trichloroacetic acid was not bound to BSA.
Microprocessor Evolution And Technology Impact

Microprocessor development has evolved from low volume specialty products to high volume process drivers. The requirements of microprocessor technology are unique from other high volume semiconductor products (multilevel metal, high pin count, power requirements, design tools, compatibility, etc.). These requirements have necessitated new and different techniques for technology development and manufacturing capability. This presentation will trace the history of microprocessor development, stress the current differences between microprocessor and other volume semiconductor products and project future trends for this important product.
Isolation, growth and identification of colony-forming cells with erythroid, myeloid, dendritic cell and NK-cell potential from human fetal liver.

The study of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and the process by which they differentiate into committed progenitors has been hampered by the lack of in vitro clonal assays that can support erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid differentiation. We describe a method for the isolation from human fetal liver of highly purified candidate HSCs and progenitors based on the phenotypes CD38−CD34++ and CD38+CD34++, respectively. We also describe a method for the growth of colony-forming cells (CFCs) from these cell populations, under defined culture conditions, that supports the differentiation of erythroid, CD14/CD15+ myeloid, CD1a+ dendritic cell and CD56+ NK cell lineages. Flow cytometric analyses of individual colonies demonstrate that CFCs with erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid potential are distributed among both the CD38− and CD38+ populations of CD34++ progenitors.
Electroconvective instability in a fluid layer

Conducting fluids flow instabilities characterized by incipience at critical electric Hartmann number and convection rate proportional to electric Reynolds number
Peripheral ER structure and function

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a single continuous membrane-enclosed organelle made up of functionally and structurally distinct domains. The ER domains include the nuclear envelope (NE) and the peripheral ER, which is a network of tubules and sheets spread throughout the cytoplasm. The structural organization of the ER is related to its many different cellular functions. Here we will discuss how the various functional domains of the peripheral ER are organized into structurally distinct domains that exist within the continuous membrane bilayer throughout the cell cycle. In addition, we will summarize our current knowledge on how peripheral ER membranes contact various other regions of the cytoplasm including the cytoskeleton, mitochondria, Golgi, and the plasma membrane and what is known about the functions of these interactions.
Minimally Invasive Postchemotherapy Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection: Caution and Prudence

Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (L-RPLND) has been a relatively infrequent treatment option for patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT). Although L-RPLND was first described more than a decade ago, it still very much remains a work in progress, with sparse available data from only a handful of highly experienced laparoscopic teams at dedicated centers. Postchemotherapy L-RPLND is a technically advanced procedure, typically performed for small-volume residual masses, with initial reports describing significant morbidity during and after surgery. In this issue of European Urology, Steiner et al. move this nascent field forward by presenting their outcomes of postchemotherapy L-RPLND in 100 patients [1]. Theirs is the largest series reported to date, with adequate long-term follow-up (mean: >5 yr). Complication and open conversion rates were low, with excellent ejaculatory functional results, though the majority of patients (71%) had unilateral template dissections. Notably, mean transverse diameter of the residual mass was only 1 cm, with 57 patients having residual ‘‘disease’’ <1 cm in size. It is universally accepted that postchemotherapy retro
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Gastroenterologist's Perspective

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a commonly diagnosed condition often associated with the typical symptoms of heartburn and regurgitation, although it may present with atypical symptoms su...
Acne Through the Ages: Case-Based Observations Through Childhood and Adolescence

Acne vulgaris is a common disorder that affects more than 17 million individuals in the United States. Knowledge of the disease is an important part of clinical practice, particularly for the pediatric practitioner. Contrary to common belief, acne is not a disease limited to adolescents and young adults but can occur at any stage of life. This article is a case-based review of acne during childhood and adolescence. Workup is based on age and concurrent physical findings, whereas therapy depends on the type of skin lesions along with patient characteristics and preferences.
Causal Learning and Inference as a Rational Process: The New Synthesis

Over the past decade, an active line of research within the field of human causal learning and inference has converged on a general representational framework: causal models integrated with Bayesian probabilistic inference. We describe this new synthesis, which views causal learning and inference as a fundamentally rational process, and review a sample of the empirical findings that support the causal framework over associative alternatives. Causal events, like all events in the distal world as opposed to our proximal perceptual input, are inherently unobservable. A central assumption of the causal approach is that humans (and potentially nonhuman animals) have been designed in such a way as to infer the most invariant causal relations for achieving their goals based on observed events. In contrast, the associative approach assumes that learners only acquire associations among important observed events, omitting the representation of the distal relations. By incorporating Bayesian inference over distribut...
Following the path of carbon in photosynthesis: a personal story

Chronological recognition of the intermediates and mechanisms involved in photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation is delineated. Sam Ruben and Martin Kamen's development of application of radioactive carbon for the study of carbon dioxide fixation provided impetus and techniques for following the path of carbon in photosynthesis. Discovery The identity of the primary carboxylation enzyme and its identity with the major protein of photosynthetic tissues (`Fraction 1' protein of Sam Wildman) is reviewed. Memories are dimmed by sixty years of exciting discoveries exploration in newer fields [see Benson 2002 (Annu Rev Plant Biol 53: 1–25), for research and perspectives beyond the early Berkeley days].
Understanding Tropical Deforestation: the Case of Western Samoa

The case of Western Samoa is used to challenge the tendency in the recent literature to polarize the issue of tropical deforestation as caused by either political economic forces or increasing human demands. While it is recognized that political economic forces must be changed in many cases to make just and sustainable use of the forest possible, the case of Western Samoa is used to highlight the difficult challenge of conserving tropical forests and their biodiversity even under customary land-tenure and local control of forest resources.
The Use of a Single-Fiber Fragmentation Test to Study Environmental Durability of Interfaces/Interphases Between Epoxy and a Glass Fiber

This work examines the usefulness of the single-fiber fragmentation test in studying the durability of fiber/matrix interfaces/interphases. This test measures the critical length/diameter ratio (L/D) of the fiber fragments formed in the test and relates this length to the interface’s strength, or ability to transfer load. In the work reported here, we immersed samples of epoxy containing a single-glass fiber - that was previously sized with an epoxy-compatible coating - in either 65 or 75 °C water and tested after different times of exposure. In general, this ratio increased as a function of time of exposure to water. During exposure at 75 °C, the fibers’ L/D in the samples did not increase significantly until after the sample reached its “apparent” equilibrium content of water ~(3.0 wt%). Because there was no significant measurable change in the tensile modulus between wet and dry samples, we cannot attribute these differences in L/D to changes in the resin’s properties due to plasticizing by water. A small percentage of samples exposed at 65 °C did not show a significant increase in L/D, and in these cases the moisture produced a marked roughening of the fiber surface along the fiber/matrix interface. One possible explanation is that the attack by moisture degrades the interface, thus reducing its strength with a corresponding increase in the L/D. To varying degrees, however, the attack by moisture also degrades the E-glass fiber. This attack by moisture roughened the surfaces of the fibers and increased the distribution and/or size of the critical flaws, thus reducing both the strength of the fiber and the L/D. Based on our preliminary results, it appears that the singlefiber test has the potential to be useful for studying the durability of the resin/matrix interface providing that the influence of the environmental agent on all of the components of the model composite: resin, fiber, and interface/phase, is considered.
High temperature characteristics of bipolar mode power JFET operation

The high-temperature operating characteristics of high-voltage JFET devices operated in the bipolar mode are evaluated. Good forward blocking capability with no degradation in blocking gain is observed at up to 200°C. The on-resistance and gate turnoff time of the devices was found to double from 25°C to 200°C, and the current gain was found to decrease by 30 percent. Despite the increase in gate drive requirements with increasing temperature, these devices should still be attractive for high-speed power switching applications because their on-resistance per unit area is at least 10 time lower than that of the power MOSFET.
An analysis of the molecular origin of osmolyte-dependent protein stability.

Protein solvation is the key determinant for isothermal, concentration-dependent effects on protein equilibria, such as folding. The required solvation information can be extracted from experimental thermodynamic data using Kirkwood-Buff theory. Here we derive and discuss general properties of proteins and osmolytes that are pertinent to their biochemical behavior. We find that hydration depends very little on osmolyte concentration and type. Strong dependencies on both osmolyte concentration and type are found for osmolyte self-solvation and protein–osmolyte solvation changes upon unfolding. However, solvation in osmolyte solutions does not involve complex concentration dependencies as found in organic molecules that are not used as osmolytes in nature. It is argued that the simple solvation behavior of naturally occurring osmolytes is a prerequisite for their usefulness in osmotic regulation in vivo.
Safe kernel extensions without run-time checking

Abstract : This paper describes a mechanism by which an operating system kernel can determine with certainty that it is safe to execute a binary supplied by an untrusted source. The kernel first defines a safety policy and makes it public. Then, using this policy, an application can provide binaries in a special form called proof-carrying code, or simply PCC. Each PCC binary contains, in addition to the native code, a formal proof that the code obeys the safety policy. The kernel can easily validate the proof without using cryptography and without consulting any external trusted entities. If the validation succeeds, the code is guaranteed to respect the safety policy without relying on run-time checks. The main practical difficulty of PCC is in generating the safety proofs. In order to gain some preliminary experience with this, we have written several network packet filters in hand-tuned DEC Alpha assembly language, and then generated PCC binaries for them using a special prototype assembler. The PCC binaries can be executed with no run-time over-head, beyond a one-time cost of 1 to 3 milliseconds for validating the enclosed proofs. The net result is that our packet filters are formally guaranteed to be safe and are faster than packet filters created using Berkeley Packet Filters, Software Fault Isolation, or safe languages such as Modula-3.
Supporting anthropological research with efficient rotation invariant shape similarity measurement

The matching of two-dimensional shapes is an important problem with many applications in anthropology. Examples of objects that anthropologists are interested in classifying, clustering and indexing based on shape include bone fragments, projectile points (arrowheads/spearpoints), petroglyphs and ceramics. Interest in matching such objects originates from the fundamental question for many biological anthropologists and archaeologists: how can we best quantify differences and similarities? This interest is fuelled in part by a movement that notes: ‘an increasing number of archaeologists are showing interest in employing Darwinian evolutionary theory to explain variation in the material record’. Aiding such research efforts with computers requires a shape similarity measure that is invariant to many distortions, including scale, offset, noise, partial occlusion, etc. Most of these distortions are relatively easy to handle, either in the representation of the data or in the similarity measure used. However, rotation invariance seems to be uniquely difficult. Current approaches typically try to achieve rotation invariance in the representation of the data, at the expense of poor discrimination ability, or in the distance measure, at the expense of efficiency. In this work, we show that we can take the slow but accurate approaches and dramatically speed them up. On real world problems, our technique can take current approaches and make them four orders of magnitude faster, without false dismissals. Moreover, our technique can be used with any of the dozens of existing shape representations and with all the most popular distance measures, including Euclidean distance, dynamic time warping and longest common subsequence. We show the applications of our work to several important problems in anthropology, including clustering and indexing of skulls, projectile points and petroglyphs.
Self-Assessment examination of the American Academy of Dermatology∗

Instructions: In answering each question, refer to the specific directions provided. Because it is often necessary to provide information occurring later in a series that give away answers to earlier questions, please answer the questions in each series in sequence.
Balancing the oncologic effectiveness versus the cardiotoxicity of anthracycline chemotherapy in childhood cancer

Abstract One of the most complex issues in cancer treatment is the unavoidable conflict between administering cytotoxic agents with variable tumor selectivity and the resulting dose-dependent short- and long-term damage to normal tissues. Further, there is great uncertainty as to whether late outcomes from prior treatment protocols are relevant to the anticipated late outcomes from current protocols. Virtually all recipients of anthracycline therapy should be considered to have some degree of cardiotoxicity. However, the severity of cardiotoxicity, not its presence, should determine what actions are appropriate. Currently, changes in ejection fraction and other imaging or serologic biomarkers (singly or in combination) during therapy have weak predictive value for chronic cardiomyopathy after the end of therapy, and their clinical utility requires further verification. Cardiotoxicity justifying individual dose modification during therapy requires evidence that it improves survival. The low prior probability of congestive heart failure during anthracycline therapy with the current monitoring protocols means that the ejection fraction has an unacceptably low predictive value. As a result, continued reliance on published recommendations for withholding chemotherapy based on asymptomatic changes in ejection fraction increases the risk of treatment failure more than it decreases the likelihood of irreversible cardiac injury. However, abnormalities in ventricular size and function after the end of therapy do predict chronic, progressive cardiomyopathy and justify longitudinal monitoring. Here, we discuss the cardiotoxicity of some of these chemotherapeutic agents and provide a framework for deciding when the evidence of cardiotoxicity is strong enough to justify a change in management.
“Right Development”: The Santi Asoke Buddhist Reform Movement of Thailand

“Right Development”: The Santi Asoke Buddhist Reform Movement of Thailand, by Juliana Essen. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2005. 193 pp. ISBN-13: 978-0-7391-0937-3, ISBN-10: 0-7391-0937-5 (hbk.). US...