cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring Emotional Experiences of Interruptions Through a Temporal Lens

In contrast to previous studies, which have focused on the impact of interruptions on task execution, this study explores individuals’ emotional experiences of interruptions at work. Analysis of da...
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis for characterization of lignin oligomers using cationization techniques and 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP) matrix.

RATIONALE Effective analytical techniques are needed to characterize lignin products for the generation of renewable carbon sources. Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) in lignin analysis is limited because of poor ionization efficiency. In this study, we explored the potential of cationization along with a 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP) matrix to characterize model lignin oligomers. METHODS Synthesized lignin oligomers were analyzed using the developed MALDI method. Two matrix systems, DHAP and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), and three cations (lithium, sodium, silver) were evaluated using a Bruker UltraFlextreme time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Instrumental parameters, cation concentration, matrix, sample concentrations, and sample spotting protocols were optimized for improved results. RESULTS The DHAP/Li+ combination was effective for dimer analysis as lithium adducts. Spectra from DHP and ferric chloride oligomers showed improved signal intensities up to decamers (m/z 1823 for the FeCl3 system) and provided insights into differences in the oligomerization mechanism. Spectra from a mixed DHP oligomer system containing H, G, and S units showed contributions from all monolignols within an oligomer level (e.g. tetramer level). CONCLUSIONS The DHAP/Li+ method presented in this work shows promise to be an effective analytical tool for lignin analysis by MALDI and may provide a tool to assess lignin break-down efforts facilitating renewable products from lignin.
Analytical study of tensegrity lattices for mass-efficient mechanical energy absorption:

This article studies tensegrity structures known as “D-bar” systems for applications as lightweight components for mechanical energy absorption. Aerospace structures such as planetary landers, desi...
Dynamic state interest group systems: a new look with new data

Existing data sets on state interest group systems tend to be either cross-sectional (observations for only 1 year) or panel-style (observations of 2 years about a decade apart). In this paper, I describe a new data set based on raw counts of interest groups and organizations lobbying in the states collected by the National Institute for Money in State Politics, data which are observed annually from 2006 to 2015. After several years of careful coding, I present initial analyses of this state interest group data broken out by economic sector (based on National Center for Economic Statistics codes), support for business policies, differences between membership organizations and other organizational types, like corporations and governments. Furthermore, I also explore how the broad contours of these interest group communities shift and change over time, allowing me to see whether any type of organized interest is able to dominate their state interest group system.
High Aspect Ratio β-Ga2O3 Fin Arrays with Low-Interface Charge Density by Inverse Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching.

β-Ga2O3, with a bandgap of ∼4.6–4.9 eV and readily available bulk substrates, has attracted tremendous interest in the wide bandgap semiconductor community. Producing high aspect ratio β-Ga2O3 3D n...
Financial Distress Is Associated With Delay in Seeking Care for Hand Conditions.

Background: As medical costs continue to rise, financial distress due to these costs has led to poorer health outcomes and patient cost-coping behavior. Here, we test the null hypothesis that finan...
Redox switchable catalysis utilizing a fluorescent dye

This report describes the implementation of a 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) dye into the ligand framework of a Rh-based catalyst. The redox-active nature of the BODIPY dye is utilized to generate a catalyst that is capable of exhibiting redox-switchable catalytic behavior for the hydroboration of alkenes through a BODIPY-based reduction.
The Modeling of Advanced BWR Fuel Designs with the NRC Fuel Depletion Codes PARCS/PATHS

AbstractThe PATHS (PARCS Advanced Thermal Hydraulic Solver) code was developed at the University of Michigan in support of U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission research to solve the steady-state, two-phase, thermal-hydraulic equations for a boiling water reactor (BWR) and to provide thermal-hydraulic feedback for BWR depletion calculations with the neutronics code PARCS (Purdue Advanced Reactor Core Simulator). The simplified solution methodology, including a three-equation drift flux formulation and an optimized iteration scheme, yields very fast run times in comparison to conventional thermal-hydraulic systems codes used in the industry, while still retaining sufficient accuracy for applications such as BWR depletion calculations. The capability to model advanced BWR fuel designs with part-length fuel rods and heterogeneous axial channel flow geometry has been implemented in PATHS, and the code has been validated against previously benchmarked advanced core simulators as well as BWR plant and experimental...
The Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition of 1-Alkyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride Ionic Liquids under Isothermal and Non-Isothermal Conditions

Abstract The thermal stability and decomposition kinetics of a series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids with different alkyl chain lengths (ethyl, propyl, butyl, hexyl, and decyl) were investigated with isothermal and non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. Isothermal experiments were conducted at 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, and 225 °C in nitrogen atmosphere. Non-isothermal experiments were conducted from 25−650 °C with heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 ℃/min. Under both heating modes, the ionic liquids with the longer alkyl chains were found to display lower thermal stability. The activation energies E a determined from isothermal analysis ranged from 115-120 k J / m o l , except for the ionic liquid with the decyl chain, for which the value was higher (157 k J / m o l ). The E a determined by non-isothermal analysis were similar to the isothermal values for the ionic liquids with the ethyl and decyl chains, higher (144-154 k J / m o l ) for the ionic liquids with the propyl and butyl chains, and lower (98 k J / m o l ) for the ionic liquid with the hexyl chain. The pre-exponential factors ln ( A ) from isothermal analyses resulted in values in the range 25–29, which did not vary with reaction model. Non-isothermal analyses resulted in l n ( A ) values in the range 24–38, which were likewise not sensitive to reaction model. Among the models evaluated, the 3-dimensional reaction model was found to best represent both the isothermal and the non-isothermal data. No clear relationships were found between the alkyl chain length and the kinetic parameters.
Sensing school shootings

School shootings are mediated by ways of sensing—through seeing bloodless, distant photographs and hearing retroactive eyewitness accounts. Yet at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, students’ ce...
Our House Is on Fire: Child and Adolescent Psychiatrists in the Era of the Climate Crisis

The global climate crisis has arrived and is impacting pediatric mental health in the form of children facing more frequent and severe weather-related trauma, experiencing climate-related deprivation and displacement, and experiencing anxiety and grief related to inevitable losses to come. Child and adolescent psychiatrists must respond: we are care providers to individuals and families in distress; we are contributors to the crisis through our own emissions; and we are potential mediators of the crisis, somewhat uniquely, as we work to instill agency and hope.
A comparison of pregnancy-specific risk scoring systems for venous thromboembolic pharmacoprophylaxis in hospitalized maternity patients.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains a leading cause of maternal mortality. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists (RC...
Criminal Trials and Reforms Intended to Reduce the Impact of Race: A Review

This review collects initiatives and legal decisions designed to mitigate discrimination in pretrial decision making, jury selection, jury unanimity, and jury deliberations. It also reviews initiat...
Cloud Computing: Theory and Practice

Cloud Computing: Theory and Practice provides students and IT professionals with an in-depth analysis of the cloud from the ground up. Beginning with a discussion of parallel computing and architectures and distributed systems, the book turns to contemporary cloud infrastructures, how they are being deployed at leading companies such as Amazon, Google and Apple, and how they can be applied in fields such as healthcare, banking and science. The volume also examines how to successfully deploy a cloud application across the enterprise using virtualization, resource management and the right amount of networking support, including content delivery networks and storage area networks. Developers will find a complete introduction to application development provided on a variety of platforms. Learn about recent trends in cloud computing in critical areas such as: resource management, security, energy consumption, ethics, and complex systems Get a detailed hands-on set of practical recipes that help simplify the deployment of a cloud based system for practical use of computing clouds along with an in-depth discussion of several projects Understand the evolution of cloud computing and why the cloud computing paradigm has a better chance to succeed than previous efforts in large-scale distributed computing
Ingredients for a Microgrid at U.S. Department of Defense Installations [Technology Leaders]

The U.S. Department of the Navy has vital installations with energy security gaps that can put the installation?s essential missions at risk. Military bases that have electrical reliability and resiliency issues make it challenging to consistently conduct U.S. Navy and Marine Corps operations, training, and testing of weapon systems. The U.S. Department of Defense?s budget must first prioritize resources to support the procurement of weapon systems and service warfare capabilities per the National Defense Strategy. This prioritization often results in a lack of budget resources for installation electrical infrastructure improvements. To deal with this challenge, the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps developed a technical and financial recipe for establishing microgrids that close energy security gaps-without cost to the taxpayer-and greatly reduce risks to installation mission accomplishment. This article discusses the key ingredients of that recipe.
Effects of Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes on Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) and Self-Reported Respiratory Health Outcomes among Smokers with Psychiatric Conditions or Socioeconomic Disadvantage.

INTRODUCTION This study examined whether exposure to reduced-nicotine-content cigarettes (RNCCs) for 12 weeks alters respiratory health using Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO), a validated biomarker of respiratory epithelial health, and the Respiratory Health Questionnaire (RHQ), a subject-rated questionnaire on respiratory symptoms. Participants were 747 adult daily smokers enrolled in three double-blind, randomized clinical trials evaluating effects of cigarette nicotine content (0.4, 2.4, 15.8 mg nicotine/g tobacco) in people with affective disorders, opioid use disorder (OUD), or socioeconomic disadvantage. METHOD FeNO levels and RHQ ratings were collected at baseline and Weeks 6 and 12 following randomization. Multiple regression was used to assess associations of FeNO and RHQ with smoking characteristics. Mixed-model repeated-measures ANOVA was used to evaluate effects of nicotine content on FeNO and RHQ outcomes over the 12-week study period. RESULTS FeNO levels but not RHQ ratings varied inversely with smoking characteristics at baseline (Ps<0.0001) in smokers with affective disorders and socioeconomic disadvantage but less so in those with OUD. Participants with affective disorders and socioeconomic disadvantage, but not those with OUD, who were assigned to RNCCs had higher FeNO levels at Week 12 than those assigned to the 15.8 mg/g dose (F[2,423]=4.51, p=0.01, Cohen d=0.21). No significant dose-related changes in RHQ scores were identified. CONCLUSION Use of RNCCs across a 12-week period attenuates smoking-related reductions in FeNO levels in smokers with affective disorders and socioeconomic disadvantage although not those with OUD. FeNO changes were not accompanied by changes in respiratory-health ratings. IMPLICATIONS Should a reduced nicotine content standard be implemented; these results suggest that reduced nicotine content in cigarettes will not exacerbate and instead may attenuate smoking-related decreases in FeNO. This is significant as NO is an important component in maintaining a healthy respiratory system and necessary to defend against infection. Furthermore, the results of the current study demonstrate that the adoption of the reduced nicotine content standard may result in beneficial impacts on respiratory epithelial health among vulnerable populations that are disproportionally affected by the adverse health outcomes precipitated by combustible tobacco use.
Direct liquid‐phase side‐chain oxidation of alkylbenzenes over 2 catalyst

Only the side‐chain oxidation of alkylbenzenes (R–C6H3–R′–R″ R=H, Me, Et, Pri R′=H, Me; and R″=H, Me) by oxygen (35–50 atm, 200)C° is promoted in the presence of [Pd(phen)(OAc)2].
Gas Streams and Hot Spots

Absorption and emission lines as well as light-curve anomalies bear ample evidence that rings, shells, and discrete streams of gas around one or both components are a feature of many — if not most — close binaries. The gas-ring model was first outlined by A. H. Joy in order to explain the temporary emissions of RW Tau varying with phase; Kuiper (1941) elaborated on it for the recalcitrant case of β Lyr. A fair number of these ‘unstable’ systems was soon known, the most prominent of which are listed by Martynov (1957) and Wood (1957). The gaseous matter, in order to present the observed effects, must be dense enough that collisions cannot be neglected (Prendergast, 1960). The particle dynamics of circumstellar flow has attracted much theoretical study in recent years as it admits of more quantitative treatment than other problems which often have to be left in the shape of incomplete models. The most appropriate parameters for the calculations are still a matter of some controversy, and neglected time variations in the gas streams, perhaps also magnetic features, will limit the computed results to the significance of first approximations. Yet the observers find them often remarkably helpful toward matching the spectroscopically determined velocities. They had long been baffled by the camouflaged parameters of pairs such as spurious orbital eccentricities, erroneous amplitudes, and even falsified spectral types in strange incompatibility with the light curves.
Available Energy and Exergy

An "available energy" is defined for every state of any system. The definition is independent of (a) the concept of work. (b) any reference environment, and (c) the makeup of the system (e.g. "macro" or "micro). On the basis of this available energy, given any composite system, the contribution of each subsystem to the available energy -- that is, the exergy content of a subsystem -- is defined, as well as the instantaneous "dead state" of the composite and each subsystem. Some pedagogical, scientific and engineering implications are discussed.
Concurrency among strangers: programming in E as plan coordination

Programmers write programs, expressing plans for machines to execute. When composed so that they may cooperate, plans may instead interfere with each other in unanticipated ways. Plan coordination is the art of simultaneously enabling plans to cooperate, while avoiding hazards of destructive plan interference. For sequential computation within a single machine, object programming supports plan coordination well. For concurrent computation, this paper shows how hard it is to use locking to prevent plans from interfering without also destroying their ability to cooperate. In Internet-scale computing, machines proceed concurrently, interact across barriers of large latencies and partial failure, and encounter each other's misbehavior. Each dimension presents new plan coordination challenges. This paper explains how the E language addresses these joint challenges by changing only a few concepts of conventional sequential object programming. Several projects are adapting these insights to existing platforms.
Computational studies of gas-phase Ca3P2 and Ca6P4.

The electronic and molecular structures of Ca 3 P 2 and Ca 6 P 4 are investigated using high-level ab initio methods. The lowest energy structure for Ca 3 P 2 is found to be a Jahn-Teller distorted triplet. An excited-state singlet is found with various post HF methods; however, DFT incorrectly predicts a closed shell singlet to be the ground state. For the Ca 6 P 4 system, both DFT and ab initio methods give consistent relative energies. The computational results demonstrate that the energetics are very sensitive to the size of the Ca basis set. Enhancing the Ca basis sets with additional s and p valence functions significantly affects the calculated energies.
Is the Deep Sea on a Diet

The survival of sea creatures depends on a delicate balance between food supply and food demand. In a Perspective, Druffel and Robison discuss a 7-year study, involving meticulous sampling of the deep ocean in the Northeastern Pacific, reported in this issue by Smith and Kaufmann. They posit reasons for a paradox revealed by the data: Although the food supply clearly declined, there did not seem to be a concomitant decrease in food demand. This suggests that deep-sea animal communities have not been affected so far by a reduction in nutrients. The Perspective also explores the implications of this food imbalance for the long-term survival of deep-sea animal communities.
An Update on Surgical versus Expectant Management of Ovarian Endometriomas in Infertile Women

Ovarian endometriomas are a common manifestation of endometriosis that can represent a more severe stage of the disease. There is much debate over the treatment of these cysts in infertile women, particularly before use of assisted reproductive technologies. Evidence exists that supports surgical excision of ovarian endometriomas, as well as evidence that cautions against surgical intervention. Certain factors need to be examined closely before proceeding with surgery or continuing with expectant management. These include the patient's symptoms, age, ovarian reserve, size and laterality of the cyst, prior surgical treatment, and level of suspicion for malignancy. The most recent evidence appears to suggest that certain patient profiles may benefit from proceeding directly to in vitro fertilization (IVF). These include symptomatic infertile patients, especially those that are older, those that have diminished ovarian reserve, those that have bilateral endometriomas, or those that have had prior surgical treatment. Although endometriomas can be detrimental to the ovarian reserve, surgical therapy may further lower a woman's ovarian reserve. Nevertheless, the presence of an endometrioma does not appear to adversely affect IVF outcomes, and surgical excision of endometriomas does not appear to improve IVF outcomes. Regardless of treatment plan, infertile patients with endometriomas must be counseled appropriately before choosing either treatment path.
Saying gooddbye : a casebook of termination in child and adolescent analysis and therapy

I. Clinical Contributions 1. Termination of Psychoanalysis with an Early Latency Girl, Sugarman 2. The Reorganization of a Cross-Gender Symptom, Haber 3. Termination in a Midlatency Boy, Gonzalez 4. Echoes of a Family Secret, Brinich 5. Concealment in Early Adolescence, Hoffman 6. An Early Adolescent Girl Ends Her Analysis, Plaschkes 7. Developmental Issues in the Termination of Analysis in Adolescence, Ubbels 8. Singing Harmony: Termination in an Adolescent Analysis, Yanof 9. Ambiguity in Termination, Kay 10. Termination in the Analysis of an Adolescent Girl, Frenkel II. Theoretical Papers 11. The Transference Neurosis in Child Analysis, Chused 12. Vicissitudes of Termination: Transferences and Countertransferences, Weiss 13. Deciding on Termination: The Relevance of Child and Adolescent Analytic Experience to Work with Adults, Novick, Novick 14. Issues of Termination in the Psychoanalysis of the Severly Disturbed Adolescent, Burgner 15. Termination in Child Psychoanalysis: Criteria from Within the Sessions, Kernberg 16. Termination in Psychotherapy with Children and Adolescents, Gillman
The Future of the Schooled Society: The Transforming Culture of Education in Postindustrial Society

The education revolution is profoundly transforming postindustrial culture, creating new types of knowledge and experts; new definitions of personal success and failure, intelligence, and human talent; a new workplace and conception of jobs; and new styles of parenting, political mobilization, and reach of mass religion. At the same time, educational achievement, degree attainment, and credentials have come to dominate social stratification and social mobility, superseding and delegitimizing all noneducational forms of status attainment. Four decades of sociological research points to a future society where education performance will be the singular dominant factor in social status attainment, and education will be one of the most transforming of social institutions for individuals and other social institutions. In fact, to a large extent this has already happened and an advanced version of the schooled society is evident in a number of nations. The prediction offered here is that the stage now is set for an intensification of both phenomena into the future. Thus, a full understanding of the consequences of the education revolution for postindustrial society is a major frontier facing the sociological investigation of education.
AC/DC/AC converter drives simulation using SIMNON

This paper describes the simulation approaches employed for an AC/DC/AC converter drive using SIMNON. SIMNON is a user-friendly tool for nonlinear dynamics simulation, in particular. One powerful feature is its ability of allowing integration of individual program modules after each individual module is programmed and tested independently. This particular feature is exploited here for an AC/DC/AC converter drive simulation. Two methods are used to model the rectifier and the inverter. The first method is to model each thyristor of the rectifier as an ideal switch. The second method is to approximate the dynamics of the rectifier with a set of harmonic equations. A similar approach is applied to inverter modeling. Issues related to the simulation difficulties with each model are addressed accordingly. >
How do organizations implement downsizing? – An Australian and New Zealand study

The Australian and New Zealand banking industries have been cutting their workforces steadily since the mid-1990s. With further rounds of workforce downsizing predicted, it was of considerable interest and importance to examine the implementation strategies that large Australian and New Zealand banks have adopted in their latest downsizing endeavors. This study has revealed three major findings. First, Australian banks tended to primarily adopt workforce reduction strategies, whereas New Zealand banks employed a mixture of organization redesign strategies, workforce reduction strategies, and systemic strategies. Second, Australian banks were perceived to have considerable depth in their downsizing, whereas New Zealand banks had more breadth in their overall strategies. Third, Australian banks favored to adopt reorientation approaches, whereas New Zealand banks were more inclined to embrace reinforcement (convergence) approaches. It remains unclear as to why large Australian and New Zealand banks have diverged in their approaches and strategies to downsizing and in their differing selection of available implementation strategies. Government interference, executive remuneration, industrial relations demands, competitive national and international market pressures, and the downsizing history of individual industries and organizations, on the one hand, and differences in national cultures and cultural values on the other, may have influenced the adoption of downsizing implementation strategies. At the same time, it has also been shown that downsizing has engendered negative financial, organizational, and social consequences in both Australia and New Zealand.
Characterizing Carbohydrate–Protein Interactions by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Interactions between proteins and soluble carbohydrates and/or surface displayed glycans are central to countless recognition, attachment and signaling events in biology. The physical chemical features associated with these binding events vary considerably, depending on the biological system of interest. For example, carbohydrate–protein interactions can be stoichiometric or multivalent, the protein receptors can be monomeric or oligomeric, and the specificity of recognition can be highly stringent or rather promiscuous. Equilibrium dissociation constants for carbohydrate binding are known to vary from micromolar to millimolar, with weak interactions being far more prevalent; and individual carbohydrate-binding sites can be truly symmetrical or merely homologous, and hence, the affinities of individual sites within a single protein can vary, as can the order of binding. Several factors, including the weak affinities with which glycans bind their protein receptors, the dynamic nature of the glycans themselves, and the nonequivalent interactions among oligomeric carbohydrate receptors, have made nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) an especially powerful tool for studying and defining carbohydrate–protein interactions. Here, we describe those NMR approaches that have proven to be the most robust in characterizing these systems, and explain what type of information can (or cannot) be obtained from each. Our goal is to provide the reader the information necessary for selecting the correct experiment or sets of experiments to characterize their carbohydrate–protein interaction of interest. Published 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.* Biopolymers 99: 796–806, 2013.
Evidence for a Higher Risk of Hypovolemia-Induced Hemodynamic Instability in Females: Implications for Decision Support During Prehospital Triage

ABSTRACTLower body negative pressure (LBNP) simulates hemorrhage, and tolerance to LBNP (time to presyncope [TTP]) is indicative of tolerance to blood loss. The purpose of this study was to predict TTP based on demographic characteristics (sex, age, height, and body mass index) and physiological variables (heart rate [HR], systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure [DAP], pulse pressure, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance [TPR], and baroreflex sensitivity [BRS]) at baseline, and during 2 levels of LBNP (−15, −30 mm Hg). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to create a model to predict TTP (range: 670 to 2516 seconds, n = 187) based on demographic characteristics and physiological variables changes (Δ) from baseline to −30 mm Hg LBNP. The prediction model revealed that TTP (seconds) = 1667.5 + (5.1 × Age) + (61.1 × Sex) − (21.5 × ΔHR) + (55.3 × ΔDAP) − (88.2 × ΔTPR) − (4.9 × ΔBRS). Most significantly, our analysis demonstrated a lesser survival trajectory for females given the ...
Expression level and DNA methylation status of glutathione‐S‐transferase genes in normal murine prostate and TRAMP tumors

BACKGROUND—Glutathione-S-transferase (Gst) genes are down-regulated in human prostate cancer, and GSTP1 silencing is mediated by promoter DNA hypermethylation in this malignancy. We examined Gst gene expression and Gst promoter DNA methylation in normal murine prostates and Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) tumors. METHODS—Primary and metastatic tumors were obtained from TRAMP mice, and normal prostates were obtained from strain-matched WT mice (n=15/group). Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to measure GstA4, GstK1, GstM1, GstO1, and GstP1 mRNA expression, and Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining was used to measure GstM1 and GstP1 protein expression. MassARRAY Quantitative Methylation Analysis was used to measure DNA methylation of the 5’ CpG islands of GstA4, GstK1, GstM1, GstO1, and GstP1. TRAMP-C2 cells were treated with the epigenetic remodeling drugs decitabine and trichostatin A (TSA) alone and in combination, and Gst gene expression was measured. RESULTS—Of the genes analyzed, GstM1 and GstP1 were expressed at highest levels in normal prostate. All five Gst genes showed greatly reduced expression in primary tumors compared to normal prostate, but not in tumor metastases. Gst promoter methylation was unchanged in TRAMP tumors compared to normal prostate. Combined decitabine + TSA treatment significantly enhanced the expression of 4/5 Gst genes in TRAMP-C2 cells. CONCLUSIONS—Gst genes are extensively downregulated in primary but not metastatic TRAMP tumors. Promoter DNA hypermethylation does not appear to drive Gst gene repression in TRAMP primary tumors; however, pharmacological studies using TRAMP cells suggest the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in Gst gene repression.
Effect of Hypophysectomy on the Formation and Maintenance of Corpora Lutea in the Ewe

Complete hypophysectomy on the day of ovulation in the ewe invariably prevented the formation of corpora lutea, and luteal regression occurred by day 12 in ewes completely hypophysectomized on day 5. Luteal function was also destroyed in approximately half of the incompletely hypophysectomized animals. Normal cyclic animals with spontaneous ovulations and anestrous animals in which ovulations were induced responded to hypophysectomy in a similar manner. It was concluded that pituitary support is necessary throughout the estrous cycle for normal formation and maintenance of corpora lutea in the ewe. (Endocrinology 82: 753, 1968)
Multiobjective Optimization of Time-Cost Trade-Off Using Harmony Search

Completing a project with minimal time as well as minimal cost is a critical factor for scheduling a project. However, because completion speed tends to be correlated with cost (e.g., usually, time can be saved if more workers are hired), the relationship between time and cost is a trade-off. This study employed a phenomenon-mimicking algorithm, harmony search to perform this biobjective trade-off. The harmony search algorithm was applied to two test examples, and good Pareto solutions were obtained when compared with other algorithms, such as the genetic algorithm and the ant colony optimization algorithm. The harmony search algorithm explored only a small amount of total solution space in order to solve this combinatorial optimization problem. The model in this study has obtained good results with a network of up to 18 nodes, however it is anticipated that the model could be useful to solve bigger networks in practice without any difficult problem.
Discrete Analysis of a Composite Video Signal

In this paper the problem of representing the composite video signal for monochromatic T. V. transmission is examined and a method for computing the required spectral bandwidth is devised suitable for computer applications. The results obtained numerically are compared to measured results and to analytical solutions for a determinate signal for special cases. Comparison is made with some "maximum horizontal resolution" methods with a resulting decrease in bandwidth requirements for most applications.
Metabolic consequences of genetic heterogeneity of lipoprotein composition (lipoprotein heterogeneity)

Lipoprotein composition varies among different genetic forms of hyperlipidemia. An increase in hepatic triglyceride (TG) synthesis in subjects with familial hypertriglyceridemia (FHTG) is associated with secretion of large, TG-enriched, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), which have an increased affinity for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in vivo as compared with VLDL from subjects with familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) or from normal subjects. Elevated levels of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apoprotein B in FCHL are associated with high apoprotein B production rates. The LDL in FCHL is heterogeneous, with a preponderance of an LDL subfraction, which is denser, smaller, and lipid poor as compared with LDL from normal subjects. The more buoyant LDL subfraction in FCHL seems to be catabolized more rapidly than this dense LDL subfraction.
In-situ stress orientation and magnitude at the Fenton Geothermal Site, New Mexico, determined from wellbore breakouts

The acoustic borehole televiewer provides excellent data for the detection and measurement of stress-induced wellbore breakouts. Analog televiewer data from the Fenton Geothermal well EE-3 in New Mexico were digitized and interactively processed for detection and analysis of azimuth and shape of stress-induced breakouts occurring in the well at depths of about 2.9–3.5 km. A statistical analysis of the measured breakout azimuths yields a well resolved orientation of least horizontal principal stress of 119°, consistent with least principal stress data from the Rio Grande Rift. As the magnitude of the least horizontal compressive stress, Shmin, in EE-3 is known from hydraulic fracturing, we present a new method in which Shmin and data on breakout width are used to estimate the magnitude of the maximum horizontal principal stress.
Framing change for high-value healthcare systems.

Abstract: Healthcare providers are challenged by forces that are driving change at an accelerated rate. Unfortunately, organizational structures, system inertia, and the lack of shared values in many organizations thwart change. Systems that do not understand the principles of change management for complex adaptive systems (CAS) continue to apply change models that have little chance of success. An understanding of the principles and actions that enable change in CAS and the use of a formal process to frame and focus change are essential for long-term success.
Synaptic transmission at vertebrate hair cells

Abstract Mechanosensory hair cells release chemical transmitter onto associated afferent dendrites and respond to transmitters released by efferent neurons. Dihydropyridine-sensitive, voltage-gated calcium channels support transmitter release from hair cells and may be expressed preferentially at release sites. Recently, a novel subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor family, α9, was identified and found to be expressed in rat hair cells. It appears to mediate efferent inhibition via associated calcium-activated potassium channels.
The geometries of molecular complexes: An extended Hückel approach

The extended Huckel scheme of Hoffmann is approximated to allow relatively easy energy cal-calculations as a function of relative intermolecular geometry for a variety of planar charge transfer and charge resonance molecular complex pairs. The Hoffmann scheme is briefly discussed and the pertinent features of the method are illustrated with particular reference to weakly interacting molecular pairs. A dominant experimental structural feature is noted for all the complexes studied, in which a π-bond of one molecule is centered over and parallel to two edges of a hexagonal ring of the second molecule; it is basically a bonds-over-bonds arrangement. The calculated structures show good agreement with those observed for systems containing TCNE-like fragments and fair agreement for those in which this dominant structural feature occurs through the projection of two six-membered rings. In general no absolute binding is predicted. However, the agreement of relative minima between calculated and observed geometries coupled with the ease of calculation indicate the simple method may be useful in predicting relative geometries and further elucidating the more complicated structural features which must be involved.
A Case Study: The Role of Student-Generated Vidcasts in K–12 Language Learner Academic Language and Content Acquisition

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore the integration of vidcasts as student-generated products in English as a second language (ESL) classrooms. We collected qualitative data through observations, student artifacts, and semistructured interviews from 16 reading students at a public middle school located in the southwestern United States. Study findings indicate that collaboration on development of vidcasts contributes to student linguistic development by promoting negotiation of meaning, and this activity further enriches learning when students rotate roles and responsibilities. This study also found that students needed to participate in several production and feedback cycles to develop audience awareness. Therefore, products of student thinking should mimic tools used by real-world experts. Finally, students highly value creative freedom and, when given the opportunity, draw from a variety of skills and talents to create unique representations of learning.
Class I MHC alpha 3 domain can function as an independent structural unit to bind CD8α

Functional interactions between CD8-dependent cytotoxic T cells and their targets require physical contact between CD8 and a non-polymorphic determinant on the alpha 3 domain of the class I MHC molecule. We developed a cell-free assay to directly monitor this molecular interaction, specifically excluding the participation of other cellular proteins and lipids. This assay employed a soluble CD8 derivative and a plate-bound HLA-A2.1 derivative, alpha 3/MalE, in which the alpha 3 domain has been expressed independently of its neighboring polypeptide domains on the native class I MHC molecule and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m). These proteins were produced using eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems, respectively. Our data demonstrated specific, saturable binding between soluble CD8 alpha (sCD8 alpha) and alpha 3/MalE, and the Kd of this interaction was determined to be 4.5 x 10(-7) M. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed against either CD8 or the alpha 3 domain of class I MHC inhibited binding; mAb directed against other sites on class I MHC and beta 2-m did not. Our data suggest that the interaction between CD8 alpha and the alpha 3 domain of class I MHC does not require the participation of neighboring class I sequences or beta 2-m.
Corpus-based statistical screening for content-bearing terms

An important problem in the indexing of natural language text is how to identify those words and phrases that reflect the content of the text. In general, automatic indexing has dealt with this problem by removing instances of a few hundred common words known as stop words, and treating the remaining words as though they were content bearing. This approach is acceptable for some applications such as statistical estimates of the similarity of queries and documents for the purpose of document retrieval. However, when the indexing terms are to be examined by a human as a means of accessing the literature, it greatly improves efficiency if most of the noncontent-bearing words and phrases can be eliminated from the indexing. Here we present three statistical techniques for identifying content-bearing phrases within a natural language database. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods on test data, and show how all three methods can be combined to produce a single improved method.
MRI evaluation of topical heat and static stretching as therapeutic modalities for the treatment of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage

The aim of this study was to monitor the effects of topical heat and/or static stretch treatments on the recovery of muscle damage by eccentric exercise. For this purpose, 32 untrained male subjects performed intense eccentric knee extension exercise, followed by 2 weeks of treatment (heat, stretch, heat plus stretch) or no treatment (control, n=8/group). Isometric strength testing, pain ratings, and multi-echo magnetic resonance imaging of the thigh were performed before and at 2, 3, 4, 8, and 15 days following the exercise. Increased T2 relaxation time, muscle swelling, pain ratings, and strength loss confirmed significant muscle damage during the post-exercise period. Pain ratings and muscle volume recovered to baseline by 15 days, although muscle strength remained lower [77 (4) vs. 95 (3) kg pre-exercise, mean (SE)] and T2 values higher [32.2 (0.8) vs. 28.6 (0.2) ms pre-exercise]. Our results indicate that heat and/or static stretching does not consistently reduce soreness, swelling or muscle damage. The practical implication of our findings is that clinicians should be aware that prescribing heat and/or static stretching following intense eccentric or unaccustomed exercise will not enhance the recovery of damaged muscles.
A new technique for determining the oxidative stability of molten polymers

A new method and apparatus for determining the oxidative stability of molten polymers, especially polyolefins, is described. The apparatus consists of a laboratory scale mixer modified to allow for the continuous determination of the oxygen absorbed by the polymer. The oxygen uptake curve observed for polyolefins is of the type normally associated with the autocatalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons and yields an induction period—a traditional measure of stability. Typical results from experiments concerning the antioxidant type, antioxidant level and temperature on polyethylene stabilization are presented to illustrate the usefulness of the technique in both quality control and research applications.
Family Homelessness: A Systemic Problem

Homelessness is analyzed systemically in terms of the “low-income housing ratio”—the number of households living below the poverty line divided by the number of affordable housing units available. When there is a shortage of affordable low-cost housing units, some low-income households pay more than they can afford for housing and others double up with friends or family. However, once those households that can pay more or double up have done so, if there are still more low-income households than there are low-cost housing units, homelessness will inevitably result. This will be true regardless of the characteristics of the households that become homeless. Thus, mental health approaches that treat the individual without changing the overall low-income housing ratio will be ineffective in reducing homelessness, as will programs providing only emergency shelter or transitional housing. Only those programs that reduce poverty or increase the supply of affordable housing will be effective in decreasing the total number of homeless families in the United States.
A Comparative Analysis of Student Service Member/Veteran and Civilian Student Drinking Motives

The present study examined the nature and correlates of 252 student service members’/military veteran and civilian college students’ drinking motivations. Data was collected via electronic survey. Results revealed no differences between military affiliated and civilian students in mean levels of alcohol motivations; however, the links between alcohol motives and problem drinking differed for these two groups of students. Specifically, coping motivations were linked to problem drinking for student service members’/veterans but not civilian students.
Distribution, Habitat Characterization, and Aspects of Reproduction of a Peripheral Population of Bluespotted Sunfish Enneacanthus gloriosus (Holbrook)

ABSTRACT The bluespotted sunfish is native to coastal plain drainages from southeastern New York to Old Ft. Bayou, Mississippi. Little is known about its ecology throughout much of its natural range and particularly at its distribution periphery. We quantified 11 parameters from bluespotted sunfish habitat in 97 sites across coastal Mississippi during July 1993 and 1994 and August 1995, and then characterized it using principal components analysis. Bluespotted sunfish preferred oxbow side-ponds where 91.2% of the 523 individuals were collected. Oxbow side-ponds were characterized by fine substratum, abundant % submersed and emergent vegetation, and slightly acidic waters with high conductivity and low turbidity and velocity. Bluespotted sunfish in coastal Mississippi were smaller (maximum size 44.5 mm SL) and matured at a smaller size (15–18 mm SL) than bluespotted sunfish reported from east-coast populations, which is not atypical of species that have large geographic ranges. Males matured earlier than f...
An assessment of land use and other factors affecting sediment loads in the Rio Puerco watershed, New Mexico

Abstract Rapid channel erosion in the Rio Puerco watershed of northwest New Mexico has been attributed to land use, climate changes, and internal channel adjustments. The objectives of this study were to assess (1) the impacts of land uses on sediment load, (2) the quantitative relationships between land use and sediment load, and (3) the effectiveness of different erosion control methods. The impacts of land uses on sediment load were assessed via hypotheses that, holding other erosion-related variables constant, sediment load correlates positively with grazing intensity and with density of unpaved roads, and correlates negatively with the number of erosion control treatments. We calculated the average annual sediment load for 17 subbasins of 0.67–17.97 km 2 by comparing sediment accumulation at two points in time (mid-1960s and 1999) behind intact sediment retention structures. We assessed land use via grazing records and measurements of unpaved roads generated from aerial photographs. Soil characteristics, vegetation, and physical factors were quantified for each subbasin. Using 18 variables for each subbasin, we employed Mallow's C p as a selection criterion. We used six statistical models, including multiple regression and principal components analysis, to determine inherent mathematical relationships between significant independent variables and sediment load. The results indicate that sediment load does not correlate with grazing intensity except in small, relatively low-relief basins with fewer bedrock exposures. However, this interpretation may be compromised by the low quality of data available to quantify grazing. Sediment load is highly sensitive to the presence of unpaved roads, which serve as high gradient, channelized conduits of water and sediment during storms. Sediment load does not correlate with erosion control except in the subset of small, relatively low-relief subbasins that also proved sensitive to grazing intensity. Overall, the statistical analyses suggest that the impact of land uses on sediment load can be assessed using the data available although physical factors appear more significant than land use in producing high sediment loads in the Rio Puerco subbasins. Historical erosion control techniques, as implemented in the Rio Puerco watershed, prove largely ineffective against accelerated sediment loads because they have not been appropriately implemented or maintained.
A C6-Flavin Adduct Is the Major Product of Irreversible Inactivation of Cholesterol Oxidase by 2α,3α-Cyclopropano-5α-cholestan-3β-ol

We have synthesized 2α,3α-cyclopropano-5α-cholestan-3β-ol and tested it as a substrate and inhibitor of cholesterol oxidase. The cyclopropylsterol irreversibly inhibits cholesterol oxidase with a kinact = 0.010 min-1 and Ki = 36 μM. Efficient inactivation requires the general base His447. Two FAD−steroid adducts were isolated by reversed-phase HPLC. The UV/vis, fluorescence and mass spectra of the adducts suggest that the FAD cofactor acts as an electrophile in a cyclopropoxide ring-opening reaction to form a C6-alkylated flavin (68%) and either an N5 flavin adduct or a cyclic N5−C4a flavin adduct (32%). Cyclopropoxide ring-opening to form a C6−FAD adduct represents a new approach to flavoenzyme inhibition.