cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperfractionated Accelerated Radiotherapy for Rectal Cancer in Patients With Prior Pelvic Irradiation

Purpose To retrospectively determine rates of toxicity, freedom from local progression, and survival in rectal cancer patients treated with reirradiation. Methods and Materials Between February 2001 and February 2005, 50 patients with a history of pelvic radiotherapy were treated with hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy for primary ( n = 2 patients) or recurrent ( n = 48 patients) rectal adenocarcinoma. Patients were treated with 150-cGy fractions twice daily, with a total dose of 39 Gy ( n = 47 patients) if the retreatment interval was ≥1 year or 30 Gy ( n = 3) if the retreatment interval was Results Two patients had grade 3 acute toxicity and 13 patients had grade 3 to 4 late toxicity. The 3-year rate of grade 3 to 4 late toxicity was 35%. The 3-year rate of freedom from local progression was 33%. The 3-year freedom from local progression rate was 47% in patients undergoing surgery and 21% in those not undergoing surgery ( p = 0.057). The 3-year overall survival rate was 39%. The 3-year overall survival rate was 66% in patients undergoing surgery and 27% in those not undergoing surgery ( p = 0.003). The 3-year overall survival rate was 53% in patients with a retreatment interval of >2 years and 21% in those with a retreatment interval of ≤2 years ( p = 0.001). Conclusions Hyperfractionated, accelerated reirradiation was well tolerated, with low rates of acute toxicity and moderate rates of late toxicity. Reirradiation may help improve pelvic control in rectal cancer patients with a history of pelvic radiotherapy.
The Naturalization of Christianity in the Far East

It is sometimes said that Christianity has been so long identified with the West, it has so thoroughly become a Western religion, that it is not adapted to take a great place in the mind and life of the Eastern nations. It is not intended in this remark to overlook the fact that Christianity is itself by origin an Oriental faith, an outgrowth of Judaism. Nor is it denied that, in considerable numbers, men of Oriental race, mainly within the borders of the present Turkish Empire, have from of old confessed Christianity in forms familiar to us in the Greek churches. But these Oriental Christians sustain rather than disprove the judgment which was above expressed. Not only have they shown since before the rise of Mohammedanism no perceptible zeal for the propagation of the Christian faith among other Orientals, but they have reacted powerfully against the propaganda on behalf of Western forms of the Christian faith in their own midst.
Understanding and forecasting Ethnolinguistic Vitality

Forecasting of ethnolinguistic vitality can only be done within a well-functioning descriptive and explanatory model of the dynamics of language stability and shift. It is proposed that the Perceived Benefit Model of Language Shift, used with a taxonomy of language shift motivations, provides that model. The model, based on individual language choice decisions which are motivated by the speaker's perceived personal benefit, is first explained. The model is then validated through case studies by demonstrating how the motivators which were present in the past would have predicted the language vitality scenarios that actually developed. The possibility of extending the change model beyond language choice is examined. The effectiveness of the model points to observable language use and language attitude patterns as the most important predictors of ethnolinguistic vitality.
Mutant IGF-I Receptors as Dominant Negatives for Growth and Transformation

The insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) plays a crucial role in cell growth, transformation and protection from apoptosis. We have transfected several mutant IGF-IRs into C6 rat glioblastoma cells, in order to determine whether they can act as dominant negatives. We find that some of them can act as dominant negatives in growth assays (monolayer or soft agar), but that none of those examined can induce apoptosis in C6 cells.
Differential Expression of Three Members of the 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase Gene Family in Carnation

We investigated the expression patterns of three 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase genes in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus cv White Sim) under conditions previously shown to induce ethylene biosynthesis. These included treatment of flowers with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, ethylene, LiCl, cycloheximide, and natural and pollination-induced flower senescence. Accumulation of ACC synthase transcripts in leaves following mechanical wounding and treatment with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or LiCl was also determined by RNA gel-blot analysis. As in other species, the carnation ACC synthase genes were found to be differentially regulated in a tissue-specific manner. DCACS2 and DCACS3 were preferentially expressed in styles, whereas DCACS1 mRNA was most abundant in petals. Cycloheximide did not induce increased accumulation of ACC synthase transcripts in carnation flowers, whereas the expression of ACC synthase was up-regulated by auxin, ethylene, LiCl, pollination, and senescence in a floral-organ-specific manner. Expression of the three ACC synthases identified in carnation did not correspond to elevated ethylene biosynthesis from wounded or auxin-treated leaves, and there are likely additional members of the carnation ACC synthase gene family responsible for ACC synthase expression in vegetative tissues.
Endocardial Abscesses in Children: Case Report and Review of the Literature

The rarity of perivalvular abscesses arising as a complication of bacterial endocarditis in the pediatric population limits its recognition and awareness of its often malignant course. The diagnosis depends on a combination of clinical criteria, including persistent fever and bacteremia, the presence of an atrioventricular block and persistent embolic phenomenon, and transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiographic confirmation. Because of the infrequency of perivalvular abscesses in children, there is no consensus on a treatment strategy. Early detection and intervention with antibiotics and surgical debridement are recommended to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. A case of a 14-year-old boy with an aortic root abscess is presented, along with review of other cases reported in the last 20 years in children in relation to risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, therapy, and mortality.
Histone H3-Lysine 9 Methylation Is Associated with Aberrant Gene Silencing in Cancer Cells and Is Rapidly Reversed by 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine

Epigenetic modifications of cytosine residues in DNA and the amino termini of histone proteins have emerged as key mechanisms in chromatin remodeling, impacting both the transcriptional regulation and the establishment of chromosomal domains. Using the chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, we demonstrate that aberrantly silenced genes in cancer cells exhibit a heterochromatic structure that is characterized by histone H3 lysine 9 (H3-K9) hypermethylation and histone H3 lysine 4 (H3-K4) hypomethylation. This aberrant heterochromatin is incompatible with transcriptional initiation but does not inhibit elongation by RNA polymerase II. H3-K9 methylation may, therefore, play a role in the silencing of tumor-suppressor genes in cancer. Treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR), previously known for its ability to inhibit cytosine methylation, induced a rapid and substantial remodeling of the heterochromatic domains of the p14ARF/p16INK4a locus in T24 bladder cancer cells, reducing levels of dimethylated H3-K9 and increasing levels of dimethylated H3-K4 at this locus. In addition, 5-Aza-CdR increased acetylation and H3-K4 methylation at the unmethylated p14 promoter, suggesting it can induce chromatin remodeling independently of its effects on cytosine methylation.
The Learning Style Inventory: Still Less than Meets the Eye

Kolb's reply to our critique of his learning style theory and Learning Style Inventory (LSI) inappropriately overgeneralizes our criticisms of the LSI to all experiential learning theories, excuses low reliability estimates as part of his theory, depends largely on unpublished studies to support his views, and claims strong construct validity support based on unpublished correlations that never exceed -.37. Judged by accepted academic standards, the LSI is an instrument that, if used on an individual learning basis, will result in excessive unreliable and invalid inferences on the part of the user.
Parent praise to 1- to 3-year-olds predicts children's motivational frameworks 5 years later.

In laboratory studies, praising children's effort encourages them to adopt incremental motivational frameworks—they believe ability is malleable, attribute success to hard work, enjoy challenges, and generate strategies for improvement. In contrast, praising children's inherent abilities encourages them to adopt fixed-ability frameworks. Does the praise parents spontaneously give children at home show the same effects? Although parents' early praise of inherent characteristics was not associated with children's later fixed-ability frameworks, parents' praise of children's effort at 14–38 months (N = 53) did predict incremental frameworks at 7–8 years, suggesting that causal mechanisms identified in experimental work may be operating in home environments.
Setting Up Camp at the Great Instructional Divide: Educating Beginning History Teachers.

This article sketches out a comprehensive approach for preparing history teachers. It argues that grounding in historical content knowledge is necessary for success in the classroom, but such groun...
The Human Microbiome and Probiotics: Implications for Pediatrics

Steady advances in our knowledge of the composition and function of the human microbiome at multiple body sites including the gut, skin and airways will likely contribute to our understanding of mechanisms of probiotic action by beneficial microbes. Microbe:microbe and microbe:human interactions are important considerations as we select probiotics for pediatric patients in the future. Although our
Separation strategies for untargeted metabolomics

Metabolomics has rapidly become a profiling technique of choice for biomarker elucidation and molecular diagnostics in addition to studies focused on understanding disease pathogenesis. Key to the success of metabolomics in these areas has been the techniques to separate and analyze the chemically diverse group of compounds comprising the metabolome by using global and untargeted approaches. Untargeted metabolomic efforts have the goal of examining as many metabolites as possible simultaneously and most frequently use an LC/MS-based approach. Here, the importance of LC in an untargeted metabolomic workflow is outlined and separation strategies for optimization are reviewed within the context of these criteria.
Liquid meal composition, postprandial satiety hormones, and perceived appetite and satiety in obese women during acute caloric restriction

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare postprandial satiety regulating hormone responses (pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY)) and visual analog scale- (VAS) assessed perceived appetite and satiety between liquid high-protein (HP) and high-carbohydrate (HC) meals in obese women during acute (24-h) caloric restriction. DESIGN: Eleven obese premenopausal women completed two conditions in random order in which they consumed 1500 calories as six 250-calorie HP meals or six 250-calorie HC meals over a 12-h period. Blood samples were taken at baseline and every 20 min thereafter and analyzed for PP and PYY concentrations. At these same points, perceived hunger and fullness were assessed with a VAS. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was used to compare postprandial responses. RESULTS: THE 12-H PP AND PYY IAUC WERE GREATER (P0.05) DURING THE HP CONDITION (PP: 4727±1306 pg/ml×12 h, PYY: 1373±357 pg/ml×12 h) compared with the HC condition (PP: 2300±528 pg/ml×12 h, PYY: 754±246 pg/ml×12 h). Perceived hunger and fullness were not different between conditions (P>0.05). The greatest changes in PYY and perceived fullness occurred after the morning meals during both conditions. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that in obese women during acute caloric restriction before weight loss, i) liquid HP meals, compared with HC meals, result in greater postprandial PP and PYY concentrations, an effect not associated with differential appetite or satiety responses, and ii) meal-induced changes in PYY and satiety are greatest during the morning period, regardless of dietary macronutrient composition.
Constructing stem cell microenvironments using bioengineering approaches

Within the adult organism, stem cells reside in defined anatomical microenvironments called niches. These architecturally diverse microenvironments serve to balance stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Proper regulation of this balance is instrumental to tissue repair and homeostasis, and any imbalance can potentially lead to diseases such as cancer. Within each of these microenvironments, a myriad of chemical and physical stimuli interact in a complex (synergistic or antagonistic) manner to tightly regulate stem cell fate. The in vitro replication of these in vivo microenvironments will be necessary for the application of stem cells for disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine purposes. However, traditional reductionist approaches have only led to the generation of cell culture methods that poorly recapitulate the in vivo microenvironment. To that end, novel engineering and systems biology approaches have allowed for the investigation of the biological and mechanical stimuli that govern stem cell fate. In this review, the application of these technologies for the dissection of stem cell microenvironments will be analyzed. Moreover, the use of these engineering approaches to construct in vitro stem cell microenvironments that precisely control stem cell fate and function will be reviewed. Finally, the emerging trend of using high-throughput, combinatorial methods for the stepwise engineering of stem cell microenvironments will be explored.
Multiplexer-Induced Interference on TDR Measurements of Electrical Conductivity

The possibility of automated multiple readings of water content and bulk soil electrical conductivity represents a major benefit in soil research, and is one of the most attractive characteristics of the time domainreflectometry(TDR)technique.Coaxialmultiplexersarecommonly employed to monitor up to hundreds of TDR probes through computerordataloggerinterface. We observedthatthe different probes connected to a common multiplexer or multiplexer network interfere with one another. This is due to the electronics of most multiplexers, where the different channels share a common ground, while only the central electrode is switched. The effects of the multiplexer-induced interference were investigated through tests in electrolyte solutions and in a loam soil at variable water content. We determined that the interference did not affect the signal travel time, and therefore the water content measurement, but resulted in appreciable errors in measured electrical conductivity. We also found that the interference results in a variation of the cell constant Kp, and the errors in conductivity measurements could be easily corrected by determining Kp in presence of interference. The magnitude of the interference appears to be independent of the electrical conductivity and dielectric constant of the interposing medium, while it is strongly dependent on the inter-probe spacing and probe geometry.
MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN HIGH- AND LOW-NUTRIENT CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS

We related macroinvertebrate community structure to physical, chemical, and biological gradients in flow-through constructed wetlands receiving secondarily treated domestic wastewater and lower-nutrient river water in Ohio, USA. Macroinvertebrates collected with benthic colonization plates and emergence traps were analyzed with diversity, biotic, and combination indices and related to seventeen parameters of water quality, substrate characteristics, and primary productivity in both wetland systems. A total of 36 and 39 macroinvertebrate taxa were collected in the wastewater wetland and river wetland, respectively. Invertebrate communities nearest to the wastewater source in the wastewater wetland had significantly lower (mean ±SE) Simpson diversity (0.5±0.13) and Invertebrate Community Index (ICI) scores (2.6±0.8) than those of other sampling locations. Sampling locations near the middle and outflow of the wastewater wetland had diversity scores (0.84±0.01) and ICI scores (4.8±0.7) statistically similar to sites in the river-fed wetlands. Average diel dissolved oxygen and specific conductivity were the best environmental predictors of invertebrate community metrics; these variables along with chemical oxygen demand and nitrate-nitrogen described nearly 90% of the ICI variation in a four-predictor regression model. Multiple correspondence analysis showed sampling locations loosely grouped by average diel dissolved oxygen, which described 65.4% of the overall variation in the gradient data, and specific conductivity, which described and additional 16.4%. Macroinvertebrate analyses are presented as a valuable means of assessing the ecological status of wetlands used to improve water quality and as an important supplement for traditional chemical analyses.
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Lower Alcohols in Biologic Samples

A procedure is described for the simultaneous determination of methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol in biologic samples, using a low-cost gas chromatograph. A combination of the use of anhydrous calcium sulfate (Drierite) absorption of most of the water in the sample followed by an n -butanol extraction of the alcohols from the solid absorbent is employed. This extraction technic is efficient and affords good sensitivity while eliminating the need for hydrogen flame detection and sample-port clean-out.
Corruption and Housing Price Volatility: Empirical Evidence (Corruzione E Volatilità Del Mercato Immobiliare: Evidenze Empiriche)

English Abstract: This paper examines the determinants of cross-country housing price volatility over 2000-08, with main focus on the effects of corruption. Taking account of various other aspects and potential simultaneity issues, results show that greater corruption is associated with greater property price volatility. Policy implications are noted. Spanish Abstract: Questo studio analizza le cause determinanti la volatilita cross-country del mercato immobiliare nel periodo 2000-2008, con particolare attenzione agli effetti provocati dalla corruzione. Tenendo conto anche di altri aspetti e problemi coesistenti in questo settore, i risultati indicano che ad un maggiore livello di corruzione e associata una maggiore volatilita dei prezzi degli immobili. Si evidenziano anche le implicazioni politiche.
Psychodynamic therapy: a poorly defined concept with questionable evidence

ABSTRACT FROM: Leichsenring F, Luyten P, Hilsenroth M, et al . Psychodynamic therapy meets evidence-based medicine: a systematic review using updated criteria. Lancet Psychiatry 2015;2:648–60. Psychodynamic therapy (PDT) is widely practiced, but the empirical evidence for it is unclear.1 As relatively few well-controlled studies exist, some authors resort to meta-analyses that include numerous poorly controlled and underpowered clinical trials in order to support their claim that PDT is efficacious.2 After reviewing the distinction between superiority, non-inferiority and equivalency trials, Leichsenring and colleagues conducted a traditional literature search, which identified 64 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) examining the efficacy of PDT in common mental health disorders. The authors then proceeded to provide their own interpretation of the literature by concluding that PDT is as effective as cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT). However, this conclusion is unjustified given the poor or unknown quality of the studies included in this review.
Screening of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Baoshan city

Objective To understand the situation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PD) deficiency in Baoshan city and provide reference for prevention and control,clinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Methods Pure chemical reaction fluorescence method was used for screening of G6 PD deficiency in 8 712 samples. Results A total of 98 samples screened were postive for G6 PD deficiency,with a positive rate of 1.12%. Positive rate of Tengchong county was the highest,2.00%,and of Longyang district was the lowest,0.43%. The positive rates between counties were significantly different( χ2=37. 34,P 0. 01). The positive rate of male( 1. 54%) was significantly higher than that of female( 0. 43%)( χ2=22.40,P0.01). G6 PD screening in different ethnics showed that the positive rate of Hui ethnic group was the highest(3.81%),followed by Yi ethnic(1.71%) and Dai ethnic(1.63%); positive rate of Bulang ethnic(0.70%) was the lowest. The differences among different ethnics were significant(χ2=12.21,P 0.01). Conclusion G6 PD deficiency in Baoshan city was 1.12%. In the course of treatment,proper screening should be done to prevent hemolytic reaction caused by anti-malarial drugs.
Point and Counting Processes: Introduction and Preliminaries

A random point process is a mathematical model for a physical phenomenon characterized by highly localized events distributed randomly in a continuum. Each event is represented in the model by an idealized point to be conceived of as identifying the position of the event. If X denotes the continuum space, then a realization of a random point process on X is a set of points in X. The number and variety of phenomena for which this type of stochastic process provides a reasonable mathematical model is surprisingly large. Here are ten examples indicating some of the forms X may have.
When cybercrimes strike undergraduates

Cybercrimes can cause various kinds of harm to those affected. This paper focuses on how cybercrimes impact undergraduate students, a group particularly vulnerable to cybercrimes due to their extensive use of technology and their recently gained financial responsibility and social independence. We present a mixed methods study to understand students' knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors regarding cybercrimes. 10 semi-structured interviews provided the groundwork for a theoretical model, which was subsequently tested on a sample of 222 survey responses. We found that roughly half of the undergraduate students in our studies have experienced one or more cybercrimes while in college, with malware, hacking, and phishing being the most prominently experienced cybercrimes. Furthermore, we found that students acquire their knowledge of cybercrimes predominantly through people they personally know who have been victimized by a cybercrime and the media. Our model shows how students' knowledge of cybercrimes and their self-control in using the Internet influences their perceived cybercrime self-efficacy and their fear of cybercrimes. Self-efficacy and fear, in turn, influence their tendency to take preventative measures to avoid enabling behaviors and to report cybercrimes to the appropriate entities. We also find that despite the reported importance of adequate cybercrime reporting and access to comprehensive cybercrime statistics, the majority of students do not know how to officially report a cybercrime.
The Alarm Phase and the General Adaptation Syndrome: Two Aspects of Selye’s Inconsistent Legacy

Abstract The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) was first proposed by Hans Selye in his classic 1936 letter to the editor of Nature. The GAS consisted of three phases: (i) the alarm phase, (ii) the phase of adaptation, and (iii) the phase of exhaustion. Selye held that the stress syndrome was always a nonspecific response of the body to any demand and included a triad of responses: enlargement of the adrenal cortex, decrease in size of the thymus and lymphatic tissue, and ulceration of the stomach and duodenum. Selye also promoted the concept of diseases of adaptation that were connected to stressful stimulation. Much of Selye’s work has been discounted as knowledge of neural and endocrine systems expanded and new analytical techniques were introduced. In particular, the doctrine of nonspecificity has been rejected and replaced with the indication that a given stressor stimulates a unique neuroendocrine signature in test subjects. In addition, many studies have demonstrated that prior stress history affects future stress responses across several neural and endocrine systems. Stress remains a key component of the etiology of many diseases and that is an enduring part of Selye’s legacy.
Biological quantum dots go live

Biologists have long been eager to probe living cells in full colour over extended periods of time. Such a technique could reveal the complex processes that take place in all living organisms in unprecedented detail, such as the development of embryos.
Regional/National Crop Loss Assessment Modeling Approaches

Historically, weather has been the factor most often considered when assessing crop losses at the regional or national levels. More recently other factors such as air pollution and soil loss have also been considered. Crop loss can be measured as change in crop yield or production relative to a reference base. The most common reference compares the current or future crop yield with a base period (years). Maximum yield, an estimated potential considering current technologies, and maximum observed yield, derived from data for earlier years or inferred from crop insurance data, represent two more references. Crop loss also directly relates to land use, including not only the area under production but also the type of crops grown. A gradual shift of crop type and area may indirectly result from nonenvironmental (government policy, price) and/or environmental (air pollution) effects. For example, CO2-induced climate change is expected to cause a shift in where crops are grown (Parry, 1985).
Evidentials: Some Preliminary Distinctions

I raise several questions about the semantic interpretation of evidentials, supposing throughout that they are only through grammaticalization distinguished from main Verbs, and thus amenable to abstract study, even through languages that do not support evidential morphology. These questions point to distinctions that are often not made, and sometimes not even considered, in the important and growing literature on the topic. A major question is: does a person who asserts an evidential sentence say one thing, or two? Some links to well-known philosophical topics, such as first-person authority, are also explored.
Are overeating and food addiction related to distress tolerance? An examination of residents with obesity from a U.S. metropolitan area

Summary Objective Low distress tolerance (DT) is an inability to handle negative emotions. There is strong support for the connection between low DT and substance addiction, which suggests that the former might be related to food addiction (FA). Previous work found that low DT was related to overeating in a college sample. The current study had two primary aims: (1) to determine whether low DT is associated with overeating in a sample of participants with diverse races and incomes, and (2) to investigate the relationships among DT and body mass index (BMI) as well as DT and FA symptoms. DT as a moderator of the association between general overeating and FA was also explored. Methods One hundred and ninety residents of Metropolitan Detroit communities (mean age: 41.71; 45.8% male; 34.7% non-White race; 47.4% with obesity) completed the DT Scale, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, and Yale FA Scale. BMI was based on measured weight and height. Results After adjusting for covariates, linear regression models found significant negative relationships between DT and emotional eating ( P P P P P Conclusion These findings suggest interventions targeting low DT should be considered to reduce overeating, which is a precursor and maintenance factor of obesity and FA.
Varicella Zoster Virus and Stroke

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is an exclusively human alphaherpesvirus that causes varicella on primary infection after which virus establishes latency in ganglionic neurons along the entire neuraxis. VZV reactivates to produce zoster, as well as VZV vasculopathy. VZV vasculopathy can present as transient ischemic attacks, stroke, aneurysm, sinus thrombosis, and giant cell arteritis. Characteristic features include imaging and angiographic abnormalities. Diagnosis can be challenging due to the delay from rash to symptoms and signs, as well as the absence of rash, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, and VZV DNA in CSF of many cases. The best test for diagnosis is detection of anti-VZV IgG antibody in the CSF. Treatment consists of intravenous acyclovir and corticosteroids. Because >90% of individuals are infected with VZV and are at risk for reactivation, VZV vasculopathy should be considered in the evaluation of stroke patients, particularly in the elderly and immunocompromised, as antiviral treatment can be effective.
Computer vision and machine learning for robust phenotyping in genome-wide studies

Traditional evaluation of crop biotic and abiotic stresses are time-consuming and labor-intensive limiting the ability to dissect the genetic basis of quantitative traits. A machine learning (ML)-enabled image-phenotyping pipeline for the genetic studies of abiotic stress iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) of soybean is reported. IDC classification and severity for an association panel of 461 diverse plant-introduction accessions was evaluated using an end-to-end phenotyping workflow. The workflow consisted of a multi-stage procedure including: (1) optimized protocols for consistent image capture across plant canopies, (2) canopy identification and registration from cluttered backgrounds, (3) extraction of domain expert informed features from the processed images to accurately represent IDC expression, and (4) supervised ML-based classifiers that linked the automatically extracted features with expert-rating equivalent IDC scores. ML-generated phenotypic data were subsequently utilized for the genome-wide association study and genomic prediction. The results illustrate the reliability and advantage of ML-enabled image-phenotyping pipeline by identifying previously reported locus and a novel locus harboring a gene homolog involved in iron acquisition. This study demonstrates a promising path for integrating the phenotyping pipeline into genomic prediction, and provides a systematic framework enabling robust and quicker phenotyping through ground-based systems.
Institutional Fracture in Intellectual Property Law: The Supreme Court Versus Congress

This article presents an original dataset of every intellectual property decision by the Supreme Court and statute passed by Congress from 2002 to 2016. Analysis of the data reveals that the Court and Congress have been significantly at odds over intellectual property law during the early twenty-first century. Whereas more than 80% of the substantive intellectual property laws that Congress enacted during this time made rights stronger, two-thirds of the Supreme Court’s decisions weakened protection. The data indicates that this divergence arises from conflict concerning substantive patent and trademark law; the branches are in accord on copyright law. Though prior scholarship has examined particular fields of intellectual property law in a single branch, none has uncovered these overall trends. The results provide new understanding of the ideological, political, and sociological influences that drive decision-making in Congress and the Supreme Court. Special interest group pressures provide the strongest explanation for the congressional action in the dataset, while the Court’s intellectual property jurisprudence appears to more closely track popular preferences. This finding inverts the traditional understanding of these branches’ roles in government. Instead of Congress, the Supreme Court has been the branch that is more responsive to popular will. Reflecting popular preferences, however, is not the same as democratic representation. This analysis delivers original insights into representative majoritarian democracy and the separation of powers between the Court and Congress, insights that spread well beyond intellectual property law.
Testing food-related inhibitory control to high- and low-calorie food stimuli: Electrophysiological responses to high-calorie food stimuli predict calorie and carbohydrate intake.

Maintaining a healthy diet has important implications for physical and mental health. One factor that may influence diet and food consumption is inhibitory control—the ability to withhold a dominant response in order to correctly respond to environmental demands. We examined how N2 amplitude, an ERP that reflects inhibitory control processes, differed toward high- and low-calorie food stimuli and related to food intake. A total of 159 participants (81 female; M age = 23.5 years; SD = 7.6) completed two food-based go/no-go tasks (one with high-calorie and one with low-calorie food pictures as no-go stimuli) while N2 amplitude was recorded. Participants recorded food intake using the Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Dietary Recall system. Inhibiting responses toward high-calorie stimuli elicited a larger (i.e., more negative) no-go N2 amplitude; inhibiting responses toward low-calorie stimuli elicited a smaller no-go N2 amplitude. Participants were more accurate during the high-calorie than low-calorie task, but took longer to respond on go trials toward high-calorie rather than low-calorie stimuli. When controlling for age, gender, and BMI, larger high-calorie N2 difference amplitude predicted lower caloric intake (β = 0.17); low-calorie N2 difference amplitude was not related to caloric intake (β = −0.03). Exploratory analyses revealed larger high-calorie N2 difference amplitude predicted carbohydrate intake (β = 0.22), but not protein (β = 0.08) or fat (β = 0.11) intake. Results suggest that withholding responses from high-calorie foods requires increased recruitment of inhibitory control processes, which may be necessary to regulate food consumption, particularly for foods high in calories and carbohydrates.
Multidimensional perfectionism and perceived stress: Group differences and test of a coping mediation model

Abstract This study examined the relationship between multidimensional perfectionism, four types of coping (task-oriented, emotion-oriented, social diversion, distraction), and perceived stress in a sample of 323 undergraduate students. Specifically, results of the study offered support for the tripartite model of perfectionism with three classes (adaptive, maladaptive, and non-perfectionists) who differed from one another on levels of stress and coping. The relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and perceived stress was mediated by task-oriented, emotional-oriented, and distraction coping in support of the general vulnerability model of perfectionism. In regard to adaptive perfectionism, only task-oriented and emotion-oriented coping were significant mediators.
Featured Article: Psychosocial and Family Functioning Among Latino Youth With Spina Bifida.

Objective This study examined differences in psychosocial and family functioning between Latino and non-Latino Caucasian youth with spina bifida (SB), and examined family functioning as a predictor of youth psychosocial functioning as moderated by ethnicity. Methods Participants were part of a larger, longitudinal study (Devine, Holbein, Psihogios, Amaro, & Holmbeck, 2012) and included 74 non-Latino Caucasian youth with SB and 39 Latino youth with SB (M age = 11.53, 52.2% female). Data were collected at Time 1 and 2 years later, and included questionnaire and observational data of psychosocial and family functioning. Results Latino youth demonstrated fewer externalizing symptoms, less family conflict, but also less social competence. Family conflict was associated with psychosocial functioning in Latino youth, while family cohesion, conflict, and stress were associated with psychosocial functioning in non-Latino Caucasian youth. Conclusions Psychosocial and family functioning, and their relationship over time, may be different in Latino versus Caucasian youth with SB.
Multiscale modeling of localized resistive heating in nanocrystalline metals subjected to electropulsing

Many electrically assisted processes have been reported to induce changes in microstructure and metal plasticity. To understand the physics-based mechanisms behind these interesting phenomena, however, requires an understanding of the interaction between the electric current and heterogeneous microstructure. In this work, multiscale modeling of the electric current flow in a nanocrystalline material is reported. The cellular automata method was used to track the nanoscale grain boundaries in the matrix. Maxwell's electromagnetic equations were solved to obtain the electrical potential distribution at the macro scale. Kirchhoff's circuit equation was solved to obtain the electric current flow at the micro/nano scale. The electric current distribution at two representative locations was investigated. A significant electric current concentration was observed near the grain boundaries, particularly near the triple junctions. This higher localized electric current leads to localized resistive heating near the grain boundaries. The electric current distribution could be used to obtain critical information such as localized resistive heating rate and extra system free energy, which are critical for explaining many interesting phenomena, including microstructure evolution and plasticity enhancement in many electrically assisted processes.
Fostering independence through an academic culture of social responsibility: a grounded theory for engaging at-risk students

At-risk behaviours, including substance abuse, suicidal ideation and delinquency, are prevalent amongst teenage youth in high-school settings. Focusing on the academic and emotional needs of their students encourages teachers to have thoughtful interactions and be continually aware of the problems of their students. Evidence-based interventions, such as Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, can guide teacher–student interaction as a method to address truancy, graduation rates and emotional issues. Using grounded theory, the researcher conducted interviews with teachers working at an alternative high school founded in solution-focused communication to understand the process of engaging students with at-risk behaviours and emotional needs in the classroom. Results suggest how teachers foster student independence through an academic culture of social responsibility. Recommendations for staff development and support and the assimilation of school curriculums based in solution-focused approaches are discussed.
Issues and Implications in Technology and Collection Management

ABSTRACTThis article explores issues and trends highlighted in two articles that focus on identifying overarching trends in library collection management as well as university-wide information technology (IT) departments. By analyzing the common and different issues and trends, this article explores how libraries could evaluate collection management investments using a “divest, reinvest, and differentiate” framework as proposed in Grajek’s “Top IT Issues 2016” article. The application of this model is done in concert with issues raised in Dempsey, Malpas, and Lavoie’s Collection Directions work from 2014. The article concludes with the proposal of a skeleton collection management investment framework based on the “divest, reinvest, and differentiate” model as well as evaluative criteria pulled from Dempsey, Malpas, and Lavoie’s work.
Public Ignorance or Elitist Jargon? Reconsidering Americans’ Overestimates of Government Waste and Foreign Aid:

Widespread and profound public misinformation about government presents a serious challenge for democratic accountability. This article demonstrates that two of the most commonly-cited examples of public misperception of government are overstated, due in substantial part, to differences of elite and popular terminology. “Foreign aid” is widely understood to encompass overseas military spending, and the term “government waste” is popularly used to discuss systemic failures of the democratic process. Failing to take account of what members of the public mean by “waste” and “foreign aid,” existing studies overestimate public ignorance and obscure the substance of public critiques of U.S. policy, particularly among the less educated. The results of this article suggest the need for a reconsideration of what qualifies as evidence of public misinformation, and what that evidence implies for voters’ capacity to assess their government.
Trainer Burnout: The Syndrome Explored

In 1995, the American Society for Training and Development (ASTD) published the results of a survey asking members to respond to the question "Are you burned-out?" as well as questions relating to the nature of stress levels experienced by the trainers in the workplace (ASTD, 1995). Forty-three percent of the respondents stated that they were burned-out, and another 25% felt that they were "in danger" of burning out. The overwhelming majority of the respondents (86%) indicated that their stress levels, due to work conditions, were increasing. And, increases in workload (83%) and demands from management (63%) were the most cited causes of stress.
The Setting for American National Security in the 1990s

The history of international relations since World War II has been filled with proclamations of novel and radical change, yet its course has remained remarkably steady. The Soviet-American relationship has dominated the field. Foreign and defense policy for each superpower has been driven preeminently by the need to manage its relationship with the other. The relationship has never quite flared into open conflict, yet fundamental accommodation of the conflict or resolution of the issues that brought it into being has eluded the protagonists. Two recent American administrations tried and failed to break with the past. A third administration, skeptical of predictions that international relations would undergo a radical break with the past, found itself forced to cope with events that seemed to cast into doubt the primacy of the Soviet-American relationship in world affairs, and all that that primacy had implied for foreign and defense policy.
Cash incentives versus defaults for HIV testing: A randomized clinical trial

Background Tools from behavioral economics have been shown to improve health-related behaviors, but the relative efficacy and additive effects of different types of interventions are not well established. We tested the influence of small cash incentives, defaults, and both in combination on increasing patient HIV test acceptance. Methods and findings We conducted a randomized clinical trial among patients aged 13-64 receiving care in an urban emergency department. Patients were cross-randomized to $0, $1, $5, and $10 incentives, and to opt-in, active-choice, and opt-out test defaults. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who accepted an HIV test. 4,831 of 8,715 patients accepted an HIV test (55.4%). Those offered no monetary incentive accepted 51.6% of test offers. The $1 treatment did not increase test acceptance (increase 1%; 95% confidence interval [CI] -2.0 to 3.9); the $5 and $10 treatments increased test acceptance rates by 10.5 and 15 percentage points, respectively (95% CI 7.5 to 13.4 and 11.8 to 18.1). Compared to opt-in testing, active-choice testing increased test acceptance by 11.5% (95% CI 9.0 to 14.0), and opt-out testing increased acceptance by 23.9 percentage points (95% CI 21.4 to 26.4). Conclusions Small incentives and defaults can both increase patient HIV test acceptance, though when used in combination their effects were less than additive. These tools from behavioral economics should be considered by clinicians and policymakers. How patient groups respond to monetary incentives and/or defaults deserves further investigation for this and other health behaviors.
Appropriate Rules for Managed or Specialized Services

In 2010, the Federal Communications Commission recognized a separate class of Internet-related services known as managed services or specialized services, but never defined what these services are. Poorly written rules for managed or specialized services could create a loophole large enough to make a farce of the Open Internet proceeding, or poorly written rules could unintentionally for managed/specialized services could prohibit certain capabilities that greatly benefit consumers. This paper describes how specialized/managed services should be defined, and what rules should and should not apply to specialized/managed services, so as to avoid both of these undesirable outcomes.
Unilateral Testicular Enlargement Resulting from Inapparent 21-Hybroxylase Deficiency

Abstract We report a case in which unilateral testicular enlargement was the only presenting sign in 21-hydroxylase deficiency of the “acquired” or adult onset type. Measurement of plasma 17-hydroxyprogesterone throughout 24 hours revealed marked elevations, mostly between 0400 and 0700 hours. However, this steroid increased more than 18-fold 30 minutes following adrenocorticotropic hormone administration, confirming the diagnosis. Glucocorticoid therapy corrected the testicular enlargement. Inapparent 21-hydroxylase deficiency is a medically treatable cause of testicular enlargement that can be diagnosed by measurement of plasma 17-hydroxyprogesterone during a 30-minute adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test.
Individual Aboriginal Rights

When Whites first came to North America, they encountered an indigenous population in relative balance with the land. It was not a perfect harmony, but was, nonetheless, capable of enduring indefinitely. Regardless of episodic instability caused by erosion, over-hunting, or deforestation, the distinguishing socio-economic facts were that the native peoples did not treat the land as a commodity or freely exploitable resource, they were not preoccupied with economic growth or personal gain, and they did not believe in human domination over the rest of the world. Instead, their central beliefs were balance and reciprocity. How were these subsistence communities and economics to survive the encounter with the Judeo-Christian belief in human transcendence, the relentless, calculated efficiency of the free market, capitalistic economy, the commodification of the land, and the enshrinement (and isolation) of the individual?This Article deals with the legal development of individual aboriginal rights. It focuses on the Western Shoshone land claims before the Indian Claims Commission, and the federal government's trespass claims against the ranching operations of the Dann sisters. It then explores the development of the doctrine of individual aboriginal rights in a series of cases involving the Dann sisters, subsequent Western Shoshone, and other efforts by native people to secure subsistence hunting and fishing rights and possession or access to sacred sites. It then explores related concepts in western public land law. This suggests that custom, prescription, access under nineteenth century self executing right of way statutes, regulatory efforts, and administrative accommodation have provided at least some protection for the access of tribal peoples to sacred sites. Lastly, it speculates about the future expansion of such efforts, and the possibility that the growth of colorblind equal protection doctrine will spread into the area of Indian law and threaten what has been called the "measured separatism" of tribal sovereignty and property.