cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soviet Methods of Teaching Foreign Languages

classroom showed more growth in sentences spoken correctly than those receiving English as a Second Language instruction outside their regular classroom. Group II also continued to maintain a higher level of performance on sentences spoken correctly when compared to Group I. A comparison of the data from Table I shows that the reading achievement of groups receiving English as a Second Language instruction was greater than those not receiving English as a Second Language instruction. Data also reveal that the group receiving English as a Second Language instruction outside the regular classroom appeared to achieve at a higher level in reading achievement than those receiving instruction in their regular classroom. The Student-Fisher t was used on the data in Table I to compare the differences in means between Group II and Group III on number of words, number of sentences, and reading achievement. Only the average number of words was found to be significantly different. It can be seen by inspecting Table I that the data favor the experimental groups over the control in all cases. The data, however, do not favor one experimental group over the other experimental group in all instances. They do show that students receiving instruction in the regular classroom develop larger vocabularies than those being drawn out for special English as a Second Language instruction.
Effects of bromocriptine and ectopic pituitary transplants on pituitary and hypothalamic nuclear androgen receptors in the male hamster.

Nuclear androgen receptors (Arn)were measured in the pituitaries and hypothalami of adult male golden hamsters which had been injected with a long-acting preparation of bromocriptine or had pituitarie
War, Law, and the Librarian: The Creation, Precedence, and Passage of the USA PATRIOT Act and Its Effects on Libraries

The U.S. government has sought to restrict the freedoms of its citizens in times of war from World War I to the present. The banners of fear, war, terrorism, and nationwide security placed constitutional rights under a renewed scrutiny. This paper will focus on the passage of laws that restrict academic and intellectual freedoms during war, and the role of librarians in responding to such laws.
Structural and Functional Gradients with Temperature in the Flight Muscle of Manduca Sexta

The force/extension curve of the flight muscle of the Hawkmoth, Manduca sexta is remarkably similar to that of mammalian cardiac muscle suggesting that it may serve as a useful model system for certain aspects of cardiac muscle structure and function ( J Exp Biol. 2004;207:2455). More recently, it was discovered that these animals maintain an astonishing thermal gradient of 8.8 C in the 5 mm distance dorsal to ventral in their dorso-longitudinal flight muscles (DLMs). Does the existence of this thermal gradient necessarily imply a functional gradient? Do these changes in function have, as their basis, changes in structure? Twitch dynamics of individual fibers within the DLM in intact animals are temperature dependent so that mechanical power output (and it's phase dependence) varies with depth in the tissue. A surprising observation was that all five sub-units in the DLM were simultaneously activated. Cooler muscles subjected to 25 hz stimulation (flight frequency) are partially fused with (likely) little crossbridge turnover. To assess the structural correlates of temperature gradients, we performed small-angle x-ray fiber diffraction measurements as a function of position along the dorsal-ventral thermal gradient in intact moth thoraces. The equatorial intensity ratio (I20/I10) in unstimulated muscle increased by ∼25% in the first 1 −1.5 mm traversing from dorsal to ventral, implying that increased temperature was associated with increased association of the myosin heads with the thin filaments presumably predisposing them towards more productive acto-myosin interaction. Interestingly, X-ray patterns from skinned muscle preparations improved with increasing temperature indicating better structural order. Together, these observations suggest that cooler, superficial muscles may act mainly as elastic energy storage, whereas warmer deeper muscles may do the bulk of the mechanical work.
Size-distribution analysis of polymer latex systems by use of the extrema in the angular light-scattering pattern: II. The polarization ratio

Previously, the angular positions of the extrema of the polarization ratio have been utilized in light-scattering studies as a method of particle-size analysis under the assumption of monodisperse, spherical particles. Since the consequences of the existing finite polydispersity on this method of analysis was not assessed, the results are questionable. This work is concerned with (1) reporting the quantitative effects of a finite polydispersity on the method of analysis, (2) pointing out previous misuse of the method, and (3) revising the method of analysis to include polydispersity and the exact Mie calculations. The method will then permit the characterization of a scattering system in terms of a modal diameter and a distribution-width parameter by utilizing prepared diagrams for a particular relative refractive index.
Relationship of demographic and trip characteristics to visitor spending: an analysis of sports travel visitors across time.

This study measures the significance of demographic and trip characteristics in the spending pattern of a sports event visitor. An analysis over time was conducted of visitors to the 1995 and 1999 ...
Variational principle for t-dependent classical Hamiltonian systems

Abstract For a non-conservative, classical system described by Lagrangian L(q, qi, t), the functional Z = ƒ T 0 L d t + KT , where K is constant, is stationary with respect to variations in qi(t) and T, given suitable boundary conditions. In the conservative case, for systems with a single periodic coordinate, this variational procedure reduces to that given by Luttinger and Thomas.
The Partitioning of Alloying Elements in Vacuum Arc Remelted, Pd-Modified PH 13-8 Mo Alloys

The partitioning of alloying elements in as-solidified PH 13-8 Mo stainless steel containing up to 1.02 wt pct Pd has been investigated. The as-solidified structure is composed of two major phases, martensite and ferrite. Electron probe microanalysis reveals that Mo, Cr, and Al partition to the ferrite phase while Fe, Ni, Mn, and Pd partition to the martensite (prior austenite) during solidification and cooling from the solidus. In addition to bulk segregation between phases, precipitation of the intermetallic, PdAI, in the retained ferrite is observed. Precipitation of the normal hardening phase, β-NiAl, is also observed in the retained ferrite. Partition ratios of the various alloying elements are determined and are compared with those observed previously in duplex Fe-Cr-Ni stainless steel solidification structures. The martensite start temperature (Ms) was observed to decrease with increasing Pd concentration.
An EELS study of CO2 and CO3 adsorbed on oxygen covered Ag(110)

Abstract The vibrational spectra of CO 2 and CO 3 adsorbed on Ag(110) was studied with high-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). CO 2 does not adsorb on the clean surface at 100 K. EELS results show that preadsorbed atomic oxygen can induce adsorption and reaction with CO 2 to form a stable surface carbonate as well as a molecular CO 2 binding state at 100 K. The latter desorbs at 130 K while CO 3 decomposes to CO 2(g) and O (a) at 480 K as shown by both EELS and thermal desorption. The vibrational spectrum of CO 2(a) bears remarkable similarities with CO 2 gas; both the strong asymmetric stretch at 2350 cm − and the Fermi resonance are seen. EELS measurements performed as a function of annealing temperature indicate that the carbonate species binds with one oxygen down and the other two up with respect to the surface. Additionally, an irreversible conversion between this form and that with two oxygens down does not occur.
Are diabetes patients at highest risk for developing complications getting screened

Purpose Poor glycemic control, hypertension and poor lipid control are associated with the development of all the major diabetes complications. Patients with these risk factors are therefore at higher risk for developing complications than those without these risk factors, and it especially important that these individuals get proper screening for complications. We analyzed 404 subjects from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study type 1 diabetes cohort to examine whether or not patients at highest risk for developing complications are getting screened. Methods Clinical exam data for subjects collected in 1992 was used to determine risk, and consisted of blood pressure reading, HbA1c, and total cholesterol level. Blood pressure readings above 130/80mmHg, HbA1c values above 9.5% and total cholesterol levels above 200 mg/dL were considered high risk values. Patients with 2 or more high risk values were classified as being at high risk. Data on screening tests, complications, and health status were collected via self-report surveys in 2000. Screening tests assessed included dilated eye exam, fasting lipid test, foot exam, urine protein test. Self-reported complications included the presence of diabetic eye disease requiring laser therapy, myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes-related renal failure, or amputation. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between high risk and receipt of screening test. Models were adjusted for disease duration and diabetes complications. Results In unadjusted analysis, high risk was associated with receipt of fasting lipid test (OR = 1.785, p = .038); foot examination (OR = 1.956, p = .012), urine test for protein (OR = 1.998, p = .017), and receipt of all screening tests (OR = 2.07, p = .005). In adjusted analysis, high risk remained a significant predictor of urine test for protein (OR = 2.0, p = .022), foot exam (OR = 2.0, p = .01), and receipt of all screening tests (OR = 1.9, p = .015). Conclusion It appears as though individuals at high risk are more likely to get recommended screening tests.
Generic drugs for the treatment of ocular conditions: changing the treatment landscape

As global spending on medicinal products continues to rise, the availability of lower-cost generic substitutes is increasingly driving health care decision-making. US FDA does not require strict demonstration of human bioequivalence and/or therapeutic studies for the approval of generic ophthalmic compounds. Bioequivalence between generic and innovator compounds is presumed on the basis of matching active and inactive ingredient profiles. Generic compounds may differ from innovator agents with regards to performance under environmental stress, relative acidity and bottle size/rigidity. Matching ingredient profiles may therefore not result in consistently comparable drug compositions and clinical effects.
Gender and racial/ethnic differences in tobacco-dependence treatment: a commentary and research recommendations

The preparation of the Public Health Service Report, Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence, brought to light a substantial gap in the smoking cessation literature; there is little or no research evidence regarding the success of formal tobacco-dependence treatment specific to gender or racial/ethnic status. Of the 192 articles included in the meta-analyses of the evidence-based PHS Report, none included results based on racial/ethnic group and only four reported results by gender. This commentary identifies tobacco use as a problem that crosses gender and racial/ethnic boundaries, reviews reasons that the different genders or racial/ethnic groups might require different tobacco-dependence treatments, provides suggestive evidence that both gender and racial/ethnic status influence tobacco-dependence treatment efficacy, and recommends changes and directions for future clinical research that will address gender and racial/ethnicity effects.
Cells isolated from fetal rat calvaria by isopycnic separation express different collagen phenotypes.

Abstract Calvaria from 20–21 day old fetuses were obtained under sterile conditions and the endo- and exoperiosteum stripped off. Cells were dispersed by sequential collagenase-DNase treatment and suspended in 0.5% low Tm agarose in the presence of DMEM supplement with 10% FCS. After 4–5 days of incubation some 30% of these cells showed active synthesis of metachromatic extracellular matrix. Cells from skin, muscle and periosteum failed to show metachromatic matrix positive colonies to a comparable extent. The phenotypic expression of these cells was determined by analysis of collagen types. Eleven day old cultures were incubated in the presence of [ 3 H]-proline plus β-aminopropionitrile and ascorbic acid and the collagen extracted analyzed by polyacrylamide electrophoresis of their intact chains or CNBr-derived peptides. The results show that anchorage independence is a requirement for calvaria cells to express type II collagen. Type I collagen was preferentially expressed in monolayer culture or when pre-attached to a substrate before being cultured in agarose. Type II collagen was the predominant collagen when cells were cultured in agarose. Further characterization of cell populations was achieved by isopycnic centrifugation in a percoll gradient. Cell fractions were tested for their collagen phenotype when cultured in agarose. Cells recovered from densities 1.04 g/ml or higher synthesized type II collagen, while cells with densities lower than 1.04 g/ml synthesized mainly type I collagen. Isopycnic centrifugation appears to be a novel method for separation of phenotypically different cells from a heterogeneous population in fetal calvaria. The high density cell fractions may represent a mixture of pre-chondrocytes as well as pluripotential cells.
Internet 2 Health Sciences Initiative

The support of both the academic and practical application of health sciences highlights the challenge of the Internet 2 (I2) health sciences initiative (I2HSI). This effort involves both the formulation of applications and supporting technologies as well as guidelines for their use in the area of health sciences. Key elements of the I2HSI include the use of visualization, collaboration, medical informatics, telemedicine, and educational tools that support the field of health sciences. Specific medical middleware (MedMid) and virtual reality techniques provide a technology base that enable educators and practitioners to advance the field of health sciences. The I2HSI continues to advance collaboration in distributed health science environments with a focus on security, performance, and policy.
Modulation of cyclic 3'5'-adenosine monophosphate in cultured renal (MDCK) cells by endogenous prostaglandins.

Cyclic AMP plays an important regulatory role in transport activity and proliferation of renal MDCK cells. This observation and the ability of MDCK cells to synthesize prostaglandins provided the impetus to assess the hypothesis that endogenous prostaglandins modulate cyclic AMP concentrations in MDCK cells. Three dissimilar cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors: acetylsalicylate, 5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraynoate, and meclofenamate significantly decreased cellular cyclic AMP levels and inhibited basal prostaglandin E2 synthesis. On the other hand, three dissimilar stimulators of prostaglandin synthesis: bradykinin, Ca2+-ionophore A23187 and arachidonate, increased cellular cyclic AMP levels, and stimulated prostaglandin E2 synthesis. Acetylsalicylate inhibited the bradykinin- and A23187-evoked increases of cyclic AMP as well as that of prostaglandin E2 synthesis. Prostaglandin E2, the major prostaglandin synthesized by MDCK cells, dose-dependently increased cAMP levels when added exogenously. Acetylsalicylate did not significantly affect increases of cyclic AMP evoked by exogenous prostaglandin E2, documenting that acetylsalicylate inhibited cellular cyclic AMP levels by decreasing endogenous prostaglandin synthesis, rather than by a direct effect on cyclic AMP metabolism. Other prostaglandins synthesized by MDCK cells, i.e., prostaglandins I2, 6-keto-F1 alpha, and F2 alpha added exogenously did not significantly affect MDCK cyclic AMP levels, suggesting that they were probably ineffective as endogenous modulators of cyclic AMP. Moreover, endogenous prostaglandin E2 appeared four- to eightfold more potent as a stimulator of cyclic AMP levels than exogenous prostaglandin E2. The results support the concept that prostaglandin E2 is an endogenous cellular mediator that acts between an extracellular effector such as bradykinin and a second endogenous mediator of hormone action: cyclic AMP.
Using Census Data in the Classroom to Increase Quantitative Literacy and Promote Critical Sociological Thinking

One useful, but underutilized, strategy to increase quantitative literacy and promote critical sociological thinking is to have students investigate demographic trends in their local community. In this article, the authors describe a project in which students compare and contrast the demographic characteristics of two counties in their state using the 2000 Census Bureau data, formulate specific research questions using the data they have collected, and draw conclusions about the social influences on local demographic patterns using local media sources and sociological thinking. The authors present results from a quasi-experiment assessing the assignment’s effectiveness in improving quantitative literacy. They also present findings from a general evaluation survey administered to students. Despite the limitations of this study, results suggest that the described assignment increased quantitative literacy as well as encouraged critical sociological thinking.
Effect of 3D scaffold and dynamic culture condition on the global gene expression profile of mouse embryonic stem cells

We have previously demonstrated that mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiated on three-dimensional (3D), highly porous, tantalum-based scaffolds (Cytomatrix™) have significantly higher hematopoietic differentiation efficiency than those cultured under conventional two-dimensional (2D) tissue culture conditions. In addition, ES cell-seeded scaffolds cultured inside spinner bioreactors showed further enhancement in hematopoiesis compared to static conditions. In the present study, we evaluated how these various biomaterial-based culture conditions, e.g. 2D vs. 3D scaffolds and static vs. dynamic, influence the global gene expression profile of differentiated ES cells. We report that compared to 2D tissue culture plates, cells differentiated on porous, Cytomatrix™ scaffolds possess significantly higher expression levels of extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes, as well as genes that regulate cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. In addition, these differences in gene expression were more pronounced in 3D dynamic culture compared to 3D static culture. We report specific genes that are either uniquely expressed under each condition or are quantitatively regulated, i.e. over expressed or inhibited by a specific culture environment. We conclude that that biomaterial-based 3D cultures, especially under dynamic conditions, might favor efficient hematopoietic differentiation of ES cells by stimulating increased expression of specific ECM proteins, growth factors and cell adhesion related genes while significantly down-regulating genes that act to inhibit expression of these molecules.
Acute Stress Disorder Following Ventilation

Received August 10, 2001; accepted August 15, 2001. From Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Shaw, Division of Child Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd, Stanford, California 94305-5719. E-mail: rjshaw@leland.stanford.edu Copyright 2002 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. Two recent studies have documented the presence of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in approximately one-third of adult patients who required ventilation secondary to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although there are several reports of trauma-related symptoms in children following medical illnesses and physical injury, there is just one paper describing PTSD in children after emergency intubation. In this paper, we describe the case of a 14-year-old adolescent female who presented with symptoms of acute stress disorder (ASD) that progressed to PTSD after ventilation and outline some of the issues that may interfere with the recognition of this important clinical entity.
Some extensions of Somerville's procedure for ranking means of normal populations

SUMMARY Somerville (1954) proposed a one-stage and a two-stage procedure for the selection of the population with the largest mean from a set of normal populations with unknown means and a common, known variance. The two-stage procedure eliminates one population after the first stage. For these procedures he assumed that a certain loss was incurred when an incorrect selection was made and also that a cost was due to sampling. The sample sizes which would minimize the maximum expected loss, the maximum being taken over all possible configurations of the true population means, were derived. For the special case of three populations he showed that the two-stage procedure, using appropriate allocations of observations between stages, has a smaller maximum expected loss than does the onestage procedure. This paper generalizes Somerville's formulation of the two-stage procedure to an arbitrary finite number of populations and presents results for the special case of four populations, where two two-stage procedures are considered. For the problem of selecting the population with the largest mean from a set of normal populations with unknown means and a common, known variance, Somerville (1954) proposed a one-stage and a two-stage procedure, which eliminates one population after the first stage. He assumed that a certain loss was incurred when an incorrect selection was made and also assumed a cost due to sampling. For these procedures, he derived the sample sizes which minimize the maximum expected loss, the maximum being taken over all possible configurations of the true population means. He showed, for the special case of three populations that the two-stage procedure, using appropriate allocations of observations between stages, has a smaller maximum expected loss than does the one-stage procedure. Other approaches to this problem have been made by Bechhofer, Sobel and Gupta (see Bechhofer, 1954, and Gupta, 1965). In this paper the formulation of Somerville's two-stage procedure is extended to an arbitrary, finite number of populations. For the case of four populations, the expected losses are analysed in detail and numerical results obtained. Two possible two-stage procedures are considered: in the first procedure, one population is discarded and in the second, two populations are discarded after the first stage. It is found that while both procedures, using appropriate allocations, have smaller maximum expected losses than does the corresponding one-stage procedure, which one of the two-stage procedures is the better depends on the allocation. These numerical results required the evaluation of certain multivariate normal integrals with arbitrary correlation matrices and arbitrary limits of integration. This was accomplished for 4- and 5-variate integrals using a method suggested
Effects of methylenedianiline on tight junction permeability of biliary epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro

Abstract Methylenedianiline (DAPM) is considered a cholangiodestructive toxicant in vivo. Increases in biliary inorganic phosphate (Pi) and glucose occur prior to biliary epithelial cell (BEC) injury, which could be due to increased paracellular permeability and/or impairment of Pi and glucose uptake by BEC. To evaluate these possibilities, we induced mild injury [loss of BEC from major bile ducts (6 h), ultrastructural alterations in BEC mitochondria and Golgi cisternae (3 h), and striking increases in biliary Pi and glucose (3–6 h)] with 25 mg DAPM/kg and then assessed temporal alterations in tight junction (TJ) permeability by measuring bile to plasma (B:P) ratios of [3H]-inulin. Parameters maintained by hepatocytes in bile were unchanged (bile flow, bile salts, bilirubin) or only transiently perturbed (protein, glutathione). Minimal elevations in B:P ratios of inulin occurred temporally later (4 h) in DAPM-treated rats than increases in biliary Pi and glucose. To confirm a direct effect of DAPM on BEC TJs, we measured transepithelial resistance (TER) and bi-ionic potentials of BEC monolayers prior to and after exposure to pooled (4–6) bile samples collected from untreated rats (Basal Bile) or rats treated with 50 mg DAPM/kg (DAPM-Bile). BEC TJs were found to be cation selective. Exposure to DAPM-Bile for 1 h decreased TERs by ∼35% and decreased charge selectivity of BEC TJs while exposure to Basal Bile had no effects. These observations indicate that DAPM-Bile impairs paracellular permeability of BEC in vitro. Further, our in vivo model suggests that increases in paracellular permeability induced by DAPM are localized to BEC because bile flow and constituents excreted by hepatocytes were unchanged, BEC damage was temporally correlated with increases in biliary Pi and glucose, and elevations in B:P ratios of inulin were delayed and minimal.
Scattering of a plane electromagnetic wave by a conducting cylinder surrounded by a hot magnetoplasma sheath

This paper considers the scattering of a plane electromagnetic wave incident normally on a perfectly conducting metallic cylinder of infinite length surrounded by a compressible homogeneous plasma sheath in the presence of a static magnetic field in the axial direction.Backward and forward scattering cross-sections for low frequencies are calculated for various parameters. Both the backward and forward scattering cross-sections are sensitive to the changes in temperature of the plasma.
Quantification of virus-envelope-mediated cell fusion using a tetracycline transcriptional transactivator: fusion does not correlate with syncytium formation

Cell fusion occurs in many cellular processes and viral infections. We developed a new, quantitative cell fusion assay based on the tetracycline-controlled transactivator (tTA)-induced expression of a luciferase reporter gene. The assay is objective, sensitive, linear over 2-3 orders of magnitude, amenable to microtiter-plate format, and generalizable to study fusion mediated by a variety of genes. Applied to HIV and MLV, cell fusion paralleled virus entry in terms of co-receptor requirements, need for post-translational processing of envelope, and complementation of SU mutations by soluble receptor-binding domain. However, biochemically measured fusion did not correlate with syncytia detected by standard light microscopy. When the assay indicated cell fusion occurred but overt syncytia were not observed, confocal microscopy using fluorescent protein markers showed that fusion was limited mainly to pairs of cells. Such nonprogressive cell fusion suggests that post-translational processing of envelope may be altered in heterokaryons co-expressing envelope and receptor.
A dose-response between progressively increasing levels of interleukin-6 in the umbilical cord and histologic funisitis

OF INTERLEUKIN-6 IN THE UMBILICAL CORD AND HISTOLOGIC FUNISITIS ROBERT MITTENDORF, SUSAN JANECZEK, MEGAN KOH, WILLIAM MACMILLAN, ROBERTA KARLMAN, RICHARD BESINGER, JOHN GIANOPOULOS, PETER G. PRYDE, Loyola University Chicago, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maywood, IL University of Wisconsin, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Madison, WI OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a dose-response relationship exists between increasing levels of circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the fetus at delivery and histologic funisitis. STUDY DESIGN: The Magnesium and Neurologic Endpoints Trial (MagNET), was a clinical trial designed to study fetal and neonatal outcomes subsequent to spontaneous preterm labor. During the conduct of the trial, numerous biological specimens were collected including: a) umbilical cord venous plasma for the determination of circulating fetal IL-6 levels at delivery using standard ELISA (Endogen, Cambridge, Mass.), and b) placental/cord histology to determine the presence of funisitis (transmural migration of neutrophils into the walls of umbilical cord blood vessels). RESULTS: There were 101 babies in the study for whomboth IL-6 levels and placental pathology could be matched. Among these, 17% (17/101) had funisitis and 36% (36/101) had increased IL-6 levels (>25 pg/ml). Of those with funisitis, specific IL-6 levels were: 25 pg/ml or less, n = 1; 32 pg/ml, 32, 47, 56, 118, 118, 154, 249, 272, 337, 366, 762, 2557, 4630, 4630, and 7780 pg/ml; for those without funisitis, the levels were: 25 pg/ml or less, n = 64; 33 pg/ml, 40, 40, 41, 65, 85, 87, 106, 129, 147, 199, 225, 236, 476, 538, 962, 1669, 2010, 2976 and 8660 pg/ml. Crosstabulating categories of IL-6 levels (0-25, 26-50, 51-75, 76-100, and >100 pg/ml) by funisitis status (see Table), we found there was a statistically significant dose-response relationship between increased circulatory levels of IL6 in the fetus at delivery and histologic funisitis (Cochran-Armitage trend test, P < .001). CONCLUSION: A dose-response between IL-6 and increased prevalence of funisitis suggests that the latter may be a late development in the evolution of Fetal Inflammatory Response Syndrome (FIRS). Furthermore, it may account for the fact that funisitis appears to be a more specific predictor of adverse outcomes than IL-6.
Precise shipboard determination of dissolved nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and total inorganic carbon by gas chromatography

Abstract A seagoing gas chromatographic system for the rapid and precise determination of dissolved gases in sea water is described. Separate instruments are employed for total inorganic carbon, and for nitrogen, oxygen, and argon analyses. Factors affecting the design, calibration, and shipboard operation of the system are discussed in detail. Results of intercomparisons with other analytical techniques confirm the accuracy of the gas chromatographic method. Profiles of ΣCO 2 , O 2 , and N 2 measured aboard ship are presented and discussed.
Hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis of HL-60 human leukemia cells is mediated by the oxidants hypochlorous acid and chloramines.

Abstract We set out to identify whether HOCl, which is generated from H 2 O 2 /MPO/Cl − , is a proximal mediator of H 2 O 2 programmed cell death in the HL-60 human leukemia cell. We found that authentic HOCl induces apoptosis in the HL-60 cell. Both the addition of methionine, an HOCl scavenger, and the removal of Cl − from the medium to prevent the formation of HOCl inhibited H 2 O 2 -induced apoptosis. HL-60 cells underwent apoptosis when exposed to HOCl in full medium, which gives rise to chloramines by the reaction of HOCl with amine groups, but not by HOCl in the amine-free HBSS, in which HOCl but not chloramines can be detected. Authentic chloramines induced apoptosis in this cell line in a concentration-dependent manner and at concentrations lower than HOCl. Full medium exposed to HOCl for 24 h would support methionine noninhibitable apoptosis, but did not react with 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid (TNB), raising the possibility that the final inducer is a nonoxidant formed from HOCl and chloramines. We conclude that the signal for apoptosis induced by H 2 O 2 in the MPO-containing HL-60 cell involves the reaction of the diffusible oxidant HOCl with amines producing chloramines and a subsequent non-TNB-reactive product.
A simple technique for consistent microphone placement in voice recording

Summary In order for objective voice analysis to be valid and reliable, recording techniques must be consistent. Relatively minor differences in recording techniques of different subjects or multiple recordings of the same subject may introduce errors. A simple solution to the problem of maintaining a relatively constant distance between the subject's mouth and the recording microphone is presented. It involves the use of an inexpensive harmonica holder than can be obtained easily and inexpensively through music stores.
BMO estimates for lacunary series

We proveBMO andL p norm inequalities inR n for lacunary Walsh and generalized trigonometric series.
Optimal designs for second-degree Kronecker model mixture experiments

Abstract The paper investigates optimal designs in the second-degree Kronecker model for mixture experiments. Three groups of novel results are presented: (i) characterization of feasible weighted centroid designs for a maximum parameter system, (ii) derivations of D-, A-, and E-optimal weighted centroid designs, and (iii) numerically φ p -optimal weighted centroid designs. Results on a quadratic subspace of invariant symmetric matrices containing the information matrices involved in the design problem serve as a main tool throughout the analysis.
Investigations into biochemical mode of inhibition of guanase by azepinomycin: synthesis and biochemical screening of several analogues of azepinomycin.

Abstract In an effort to explore the biochemical mode of guanase inhibition as well as the structure-activity relationships of azepinomycin, five analogues (I-V) of azepinomycin were synthesized and screened against guanase from rabbit liver. Our results suggest that while the 6-hydroxy group of azepinomycin is crucial for activity, its putative transition state mode of inhibition of guanase is questionable. The additional H-bonding sites at position 5, and hydrophobic groups in and around position 3 of azepinomycin appear to be tolerated, and may in fact enhance the potency of inhibition.
The “mini brain” appearance of plasmacytoma in the appendicular skeleton

We report on the case of a 70-year-old woman presenting with right hip pain. Radiographs of the right hip demonstrated a well-defined large lytic lesion in the proximal right femur, with prominent trabeculae situated peripherally and extending into the lesion in a “spoke-wheel” pattern. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated solid enhancing marrow-replacing lesion, with intervening linear nonenhancing areas of low T2 signal intensity. The MRI appearance resembled that of a small brain or “mini brain”. Biopsy specimen demonstrated predominantly mature plasma cells, with occasional admixed immature forms. A diagnosis of plasmacytosis, consistent with myeloma, was made. This case illustrates a rare but seemingly characteristic “mini brain” appearance of plasmacytoma, which, to date, has only been reported in the spine and has not been observed in other bony lesions.
Competitive adsorption behavior in HPLC: cis- and trans-androsterone on silica

Abstract The adsorption isotherms of cis - and trans -androsterone have been measured by frontal analysis in the system CH 2 Cl 2 /acetonitrile and phosphate-treated silica. Although the single-component isotherm of each isomer can be fairly well accounted for by the simple Langmuir model, the behavior of binary mixtures of the two isomers cannot be represented correctly by the simple competitive Langmuir isotherm model. More complex isotherm equations are required.
7-Tetrahydrobiopterin is an uncoupled cofactor for rat hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase

Rat hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase requires both a tetrahydropterin cofactor and molecular oxygen to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine. During the physiological hydroxylation, a single mol of the natural cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin, is oxidized for each mol of phenylalanine converted to tyrosine. Artificial conditions have been devised in which the oxidation of the tetrahydropterin is uncoupled from the hydroxylation of the aromatic amino acid substrate. Recently, an isomer of tetrahydrobiopterin, 7-tetrahydrobiopterin, has been isolated from the urine of certain mildly hyperphenylalaninemic children. We report in this communication that 7-tetrahydrobiopterin may be an inefficient cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase because, in vitro, the phenylalanine-dependent oxidation of 7-tetrahydrobiopterin is accompanied by the hydroxylation of the aromatic amino acid substrate only about 15% of the time, i.e. the enzymatic oxidation of 7-tetrahydrobiopterin is about 85% uncoupled from the hydroxylation of the amino acid substrate.
The gulf stream front: A comparison between SEASAT altimeter observations and theory

A quantitative comparison is made between a model which gives a universal shape and width of the sea surface height rise anomaly across the Gulf Stream and six Gulf Stream altimeter profiles representing a range of conditions. The closeness of the fit obtained reinforces the validity of both the model and the role of satellite altimetry in ocean dynamics. Further comparisons of the data with the theories of Stommel (1966) and Charney (1955) show that the former is incomplete, accepting only one altimeter-derived parameter.
Atomic scale chemical and structural characterization of internal interfaces with atom probe tomography

Many nanoscale material systems require both structural and compositional characterization in order to be able to fully predict their electrical, magnetic, or optoelectronic behaviors. Traditional characterization techniques such as (S)TEM, SIMS, and XPS currently lack either spatial or chemical resolution needed for characterization of nanoscale devices. 3-dimensional atom probe has recently been utilized to determine the chemical and structural abruptness in a variety of materials with sub-nm spatial resolution and ~10ppm chemical resolution. In this talk, recent work utilizing a laser pulsed local electrode atom probe (LEAP) for the characterization of Photovoltaic devices will be illustrated. Specifically, dopant and H depth profiling in <10nm thick a-Si layers has been illustrated with ~1018/ cm3 chemical resolution. Additionally, interfacial abruptness in III?V PV devices with a quantum well active region is illustrated with <1nm spatial resolution. Grain boundary analysis in metallic and semiconducting materials is also illustrated following site-specific FIB specimen preparation. Finally, transparent conducting oxide top contact layers have been analyzed for phase separation and following direct-write Maskless Mesoscale Materials Deposition (M3D) processing from polymeric precursors. Utilizing the laser pulsed LEAP for the analysis of TCOs also has illustrated the possibilities for analyzing lower conductivity, transparent materials such as dielectrics. The limitations and possible future applications to dielectric and ferroelectric applications will be discussed.
Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry as a Rapid Screening Method to Detect Mutations Causing Tay-Sachs Disease

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has been used as a rapid method for the detection of human genetic polymorphisms. In particular, the mutations in the human HEXA gene that cause the infantile Tay-Sachs disease have been studied using MALDI-MS to demonstrate the feasibility of this technique for use in clinical and diagnostic analysis. The protocols involved in this approach include, polymerase chain reaction for the amplification of the mutation site from buccal cell DNA, followed by restriction enzyme digestion of the amplified regions of the template cells. The products of amplification and digestion were studied using MALDI-MS. MALDI-MS experiments are shown to provide essentially the same information as obtained from gel electrophoresis but orders of magnitude faster.
Mapping the active site topography of the NAD-malic enzyme via alanine-scanning site-directed mutagenesis.

The NAD-malic enzyme cDNA has been subcloned into the pQE expression vector, expressed with a six-His tag, and purified. The His-tagged enzyme is purified by a combination of Ni-NTA and orange A agarose column chromatography with a yield of 45% and an estimated purity of >90%. The tag and linker have no effect on the kinetic parameters of the enzyme compared to the wild-type enzyme. Alanine-scanning site-directed mutagenesis has been carried out on all of the conserved neutral acid residues of the NAD-malic enzyme from Ascaris suum. Data obtained confirm the predicted role of D178 and D295 in metal ion binding, the likely role of D294, D361, and E440 in the NAD binding site, and the role of E58 and D272 in malate binding. Decreases in V/Et by 10 4 -fold and in V/KmalateEt by 10 7 -fold, when D295 is changed to alanine, suggest that it is a likely candidate for the general base that accepts a proton from the malate hydroxyl in the oxidation step.
Re-entrant metal-insulator transitions in SiSiGeSi heterostructures

We have studied the low-temperature transport properties of p-type Si/Si 0.87 Ge 0.13 /Si modulation doped heterostructures as a function of SiGe well width. We have observed re-entrant metal-insulator transitions in the quantum Hall effect regime at half-filled Landau levels. We report on the non-linear current voltage characteristics and the thermal activation of the diagonal resistivity associated with these transitions. We have also studied the temperature dependence of the resistivity at zero magnetic field as a function of well width and present evidence for a metal-insulator transition.
Work–Family Conflict in Dual-Earner Couples: Within-Individual and Crossover Effects of Work and Family

Abstract Three hundred ninety-nine dual-earner couples participated in a field study examining the effects of work and family variables on work–family conflict. The effects of own (i.e., within-individual) and partners’ (crossover effects) work and family involvement, career salience, perceived flexibility of work schedule, and partners’ work–family conflict on individuals’ work–family conflict were examined. Results indicated significant relationships between the study variables and individuals’ work–family conflict, consistent with previous research. Furthermore, and of most interest to the present study, partners’ work–family conflict accounted for a significant amount of variance in both males’ and females’ work–family conflict. Post hoc exploratory analyses further revealed that crossover effects accounted for a significant amount of variance in work–family conflict over and above the within-individual effects, suggesting that future research on work–family conflict use the couple as the unit of analysis.
Role for 53BP1 Tudor Domain Recognition of p53 Dimethylated at Lysine 382 in DNA Damage Signaling

Modification of histone proteins by lysine methylation is a principal chromatin regulatory mechanism (Shi, Y., and Whetstine, J. R. (2007) Mol. Cell 25, 1-14). Recently, lysine methylation has been shown also to play a role in regulating non-histone proteins, including the tumor suppressor protein p53 (Huang, J., and Berger, S. L. (2008) Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 18, 152-158). Here, we identify a novel p53 species that is dimethylated at lysine 382 (p53K382me2) and show that the tandem Tudor domain of the DNA damage response mediator 53BP1 acts as an "effector" for this mark. We demonstrate that the 53BP1 tandem Tudor domain recognizes p53K382me2 with a selectivity relative to several other protein lysine methylation sites and saturation states. p53K382me2 levels increase with DNA damage, and recognition of this modification by 53BP1 facilitates an interaction between p53 and 53BP1. The generation of p53K382me2 promotes the accumulation of p53 protein that occurs upon DNA damage, and this increase in p53 levels requires 53BP1. Taken together, our study identifies a novel p53 modification, demonstrates a new effector function for the 53BP1 tandem Tudor domain, and provides insight into how DNA damage signals are transduced to stabilize p53.
Measurements of temperament in the identification of children who stutter

As an empirical check on widely held stereotypes and some assumed temperament proclivities of children at risk for stuttering, parents of at-risk children and a gender- and age-matched control group completed the ‘Parent Childhood Temperament Questionnaire for 3–7-Year-Olds’. A discriminant analysis on the nine temperament dimensions revealed four dimensions which combined to discriminate significantly between the two groups, resulting in correct classification of 86.36% of the 22 children. The t-tests of difference on the four discriminating dimensions revealed that ‘Mood’, ‘Adaptability’, and ‘Rhythmicity’ were statistically significant in the direction of more positive temperament for at-risk children than for the control group. Results are discussed with respect to aetiology, stereotype, and the need for clinicians to focus parents on concrete behaviours when reporting on the emotional and behavioural style of their child.Les enfants en etat de risque de begaiement font l'objet de stereotypes largemen...
Characterization of Interactions between PilA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain K and a Model Membrane

Type IV pili are important adhesion and motility factors in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species, making pilus assembly from pilin subunits an important biophysical mechanism to understand at an atomic level. Knowledge of the pilus assembly mechanism has applications in antibiotic development, microbial physiology, and systems biology. We applied molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the position and orientation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain K PilA in a model membrane as well as the interactions of PilA with the surrounding lipids, identifying several key residues that stabilize the position of PilA within the membrane. Furthermore, we performed umbrella sampling to determine the free energy of extracting this protein from the membrane. Our results provide insight into the molecular events and energetics associated with pilus assembly, thereby initiating a detailed examination of the dynamics of this process.
“Deja Vu All Over Again:” Constitutional Economics and European legal Integration

Existing theories of regional integration do not satisfactorily explain European legal integration. Like the bears’ porridge, one explains too much, another too little, and yet another requires unnecessary information. Constitutional economics, viewing regional integration as a process producing a constitution, is able to explain both momentum toward and resistance to legal integration in a parsimonious fashion. Further, it produces a unique analysis of the current circumstances of European legal integration, revealing that the Kompetenz–Kompetenz debate addresses the fundamental dilemma of compound republics. This also discloses that European integration has produced a novel answer to this old question.
Group Work and Social Justice: Designing Pedagogy for Social Change

In this article the authors explore the gap between education and action in putting the social work core value of social justice into practice. Describing how their School of Social Work has taken up this challenge, the authors analyze how a new social action course helps bridge this gap and draw on student reflection on their experiences and assignments in the course to show how students concretize and interiorize the meaning of social action and social justice. Learning by doing social action through a case study, group work becomes the vehicle through which students act on social issues and work for social change.