cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of Spatial Mode Selection in a Coherently Combined Fiber Laser

Several physical mechanisms influence the self-phasing of passive coherently combined laser systems, including wavelength tuning, the Kramers-Kronig (KK) effect, the optical Kerr effect, regenerative feedback, and spatial mode selection. Beam recycling, a concept introduced in the modal analysis of a Michelson cavity, applies feedback to waste energy from the coherent combination process to introduce a second supermode in the cavity [1]. Experiments using a polarization-multiplexed cavity showed that the output power is less sensitive to gain arm path length changes when beam recycling is used [2]. Self-phasing mechanisms including beam recycling appear to have also been applied in a ring laser array [3]. Here, we present an experiment which isolates the beam recycling effect in a fiber laser with two separate gain media and show improved laser performance when recycling is implemented.
The Impact of Summer Programs on the English Language Scores of Migrant Children

Children of Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers (MSFWs) in the United States face educational challenges from language barriers and disjointed schooling due to migration and other factors. This quasi-...
Desflurane Anesthesia Alters Cortical Layer-specific Hierarchical Interactions in Rat Cerebral Cortex.

Background Neurocognitive investigations suggest that conscious sensory perception depends on recurrent neuronal interactions among sensory, parietal, and frontal cortical regions, which are suppressed by general anesthetics. The purpose of this work was to investigate if local interactions in sensory cortex are also altered by anesthetics. The authors hypothesized that desflurane would reduce recurrent neuronal interactions in cortical layer-specific manner consistent with the anatomical disposition of feedforward and feedback pathways. Methods Single-unit neuronal activity was measured in freely moving adult male rats (268 units; 10 animals) using microelectrode arrays chronically implanted in primary and secondary visual cortex. Layer-specific directional interactions were estimated by mutual information and transfer entropy of multineuron spike patterns within and between cortical layers three and five. The effect of incrementally increasing and decreasing steady-state concentrations of desflurane (0 to 8% to 0%) was tested for statistically significant quadratic trend across the successive anesthetic states. Results Desflurane produced robust, state-dependent reduction (P = 0.001) of neuronal interactions between primary and secondary visual areas and between layers three and five, as indicated by mutual information (37 and 41% decrease at 8% desflurane from wakeful baseline at [mean ± SD] 0.52 ± 0.51 and 0.53 ± 0.51 a.u., respectively) and transfer entropy (77 and 78% decrease at 8% desflurane from wakeful baseline at 1.86 ± 1.56 a.u. and 1.87 ± 1.67 a.u., respectively). In addition, a preferential suppression of feedback between secondary and primary visual cortex was suggested by the reduction of directional index of transfer entropy overall (P = 0.001; 89% decrease at 8% desflurane from 0.11 ± 0.18 a.u. at baseline) and specifically, in layer five (P = 0.001; 108% decrease at 8% desflurane from 0.12 ± 0.19 a.u. at baseline). Conclusions Desflurane anesthesia reduces neuronal interactions in visual cortex with a preferential effect on feedback. The findings suggest that neuronal disconnection occurs locally, among hierarchical sensory regions, which may contribute to global functional disconnection underlying anesthetic-induced unconsciousness.
Tenure Trends in Academic Emergency Medicine Departments in U.S. Medical Schools

Objective The objective was to assess the long-term trends in tenure status stratified by sex and underrepresented in medicine (URM) status among emergency medicine (EM) department faculty in U.S. medical schools. Methods This study used the Association of American Medical Colleges Faculty Roster to study trends in tenure status of full-time faculty from 1989 to 2018. The numbers and proportions of faculty by tenure status were studied over the years and compared across sex and URM minority status. Two-independent-sample t-test and simple linear regression were used for statistical comparisons. Results The number of EM faculty increased from 177 in 1989 to 5,237 in 2018, with the majority of increase in nontenured (from 120 to 4,485) rather than tenured (from 24 to 198) or tenure track (from 28 to 548) faculty. The proportions of tenure-line faculty increased briefly from 1989 (29.4%) to 1994 (32.5%) and decreased since to 14.2% in 2018. The decreases were greater among men (from 34.5% to 14.9%) or non-URM (from 32.7% to 14.1%) than women (from 24.8% to 13.1%) or URM (from 30.2% to 15.3%). Compared to other academic departments, EM departments had the second lowest proportion of tenure-line faculty in 2018. Conclusion Emergency medicine faculty size increased rapidly in the past 30 years, with the vast majority of growth in nontenured faculty, regardless of sex or URM status. This highlights the need to review career development and academic promotions for EM particularly among nontenured faculty.
Shi'i Doctrine, Mu'tazili Theology: al-Sharif al-Murtada and Imami Discourse

A study of a little-known author ‘al-Sharif al-Murtada’ whose views are still a major influence for Shi’i Muslims.
N-Heterocyclic carbene based catalytic platform for Hauser–Kraus annulations

The venerable Hauser–Kraus annulation is an effective and convergent method for generating oxygenated polycyclic aromatic compounds. Despite its application in complex molecule synthesis, the harsh and strongly basic conditions can limit its utility in more functionalized molecular settings. We have developed the first catalytic Hauser–Kraus annulation based on N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis that proceeds under milder conditions. We demonstrate the scope of the transformation in the presence of several functional groups. We also propose a concerted mechanism for the annulation that proceeds through a non-canonical Breslow intermediate.
A learning-based time-efficient framework for building energy performance evaluation

Abstract Recently, detailed building energy models are being widely used for building control assessments. When conducting such assessments, year-long simulations are usually deployed to cover as many building operation conditions as possible. However, year-long simulations can become computationally cumbersome, given the inherent nonlinearities of high-fidelity, detailed building models. In this paper, we propose a novel, time-efficient, and data-driven framework for selecting specific weather conditions when assessing building energy performance within a simulation environment. In the proposed framework, learning-based methodologies are used to group days of a performance assessment time window (usually a whole year) which are “similar” in terms of weather conditions (such as temperature, humidity, precipitation etc.) or contexts (such as “day of the week”, “weekday/weekend”, etc.) into different clusters. Following this, we select a finite number of “representative days” from each of these clusters, using which we try to understand the correlations between building performance and weather (or contexts) for each specific cluster. Subsequently, this knowledge is used to predict the building performance for the remaining “non-representative days”, and in turn estimate the overall annual energy performance of the whole building. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed framework on a varied suite of buildings across different geographical locations of the U.S. Results suggest that for practical purposes, our proposed approach can reduce the computational cost while maintaining considerable accuracy, compared to year-long simulations.
De Novo Design, Solution Characterization, and Crystallographic Structure of an Abiological Mn-Porphyrin-Binding Protein Capable of Stabilizing a Mn(V) Species.

De novo protein design offers the opportunity to test our understanding of how metalloproteins perform difficult transformations. Attaining high-resolution structural information is critical to understanding how such designs function. There have been many successes in the design of porphyrin-binding proteins; however, crystallographic characterization has been elusive, limiting what can be learned from such studies as well as the extension to new functions. Moreover, formation of highly oxidizing high-valent intermediates poses design challenges that have not been previously implemented: (1) purposeful design of substrate/oxidant access to the binding site and (2) limiting deleterious oxidation of the protein scaffold. Here we report the first crystallographically characterized porphyrin-binding protein that was programmed to not only bind a synthetic Mn-porphyrin but also maintain binding site access to form high-valent oxidation states. We explicitly designed a binding site with accessibility to dioxygen units in the open coordination site of the Mn center. In solution, the protein is capable of accessing a high-valent Mn(V)-oxo species which can transfer an O atom to a thioether substrate. The crystallographic structure is within 0.6 A of the design and indeed contained an aquo ligand with a second water molecule stabilized by hydrogen bonding to a Gln side chain in the active site, offering a structural explanation for the observed reactivity.
Ideal conditions for increased trapping success of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) across the Great Basin

Sagebrush-steppe ecosystems are one of the most imperiled ecosystems in North America and many of the species that rely on these habitats are of great conservation concern. Pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) are one of these species. They rely on sagebrush year-round for food and cover, and are understudied across their range in the intermountain west due in part to their recalcitrance to standard capture techniques. Identifying an efficient and minimally biased trapping method therefore is a critical first step in learning more about this species. We assessed how trap orientation and weather characteristics influenced trap success for Tomahawk traps placed in and around pygmy rabbit burrows by carrying out trapping surveys at 16 occupied pygmy rabbit sites across the Great Basin from 2016 to 2018. We found that pygmy rabbits had a greater probability of being captured in traps with the open end facing away from burrow entrances. Pygmy rabbits also were more likely to be captured on clear days (0–5% cloud cover) and during periods of cooler temperatures during summer months (June–August). We found no evidence that sex or age ratios differed, or that individuals differed meaningfully, in their preference for certain trap orientations. To increase trap success for pygmy rabbits, we suggest maximizing trapping effort during summer months, at dawn, and maximizing the proportion of Tomahawk traps facing away from burrow entrances. We anticipate that our monitoring protocol will enable more effective research into the ecology and conservation of this cryptic and potentially imperiled species.
Evaluation and Management of Genitourinary Emergencies in Patients with Cancer.

Background. Genitourinary emergencies in cancer patients are common. Most cancer treatments are administered in the outpatient setting, and patients with complications often visit the emergency department. However, there is no recent emergency medicine literature review focusing on genitourinary emergencies in the oncologic population. Objective of the review. To increase awareness of common genitourinary emergencies in patients with cancer and enable the prompt recognition and appropriate management of these conditions. Discussion. Genitourinary emergencies in patients with cancer require a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. The most common genitourinary emergencies in patients with cancer are related to infection, obstructive uropathy, hemorrhagic cystitis, and complications associated with urinary diversions. The treatment approach in patients with infections, including viral infections, is similar to those without cancer. Understanding the changes in the anatomy of patients with urinary diversions or fistulas can help with the management of genitourinary emergencies. Conclusions. Familiarization with the uniqueness of genitourinary emergencies in patients with cancer is important for emergency physicians.
Organic single crystals of charge-transfer complexes: model systems for the study of donor/acceptor interactions.

The charge-transfer (CT) state arising as a hybrid electronic state at the interface between charge donor and charge acceptor molecular units is important to a wide variety of physical processes in organic semiconductor devices. The exact nature of this state depends heavily on the nature and co-facial overlap between the donor and acceptor; however, altering this overlap is usually accompanied by extensive confounding variations in properties due to extrinsic factors, such as microstructure. As a consequence, establishing reliable relationships between donor/acceptor molecular structures, their molecular overlap, degree of charge transfer and physical properties, is challenging. Herein, we examine the electronic structure of a polymorphic system based on the donor dibenzotetrathiafulvalene (DBTTF) and the acceptor 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) in the form of high-quality single crystals varying in the donor–acceptor overlap. Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we resolve the highest occupied molecular orbital states of the CT crystals. Analysis based on field-effect transistors allows us to probe the sub-gap states impacting hole and electron transport. Our results expand the understanding on the impact of donor and acceptor interactions on electronic structure and charge transport.
Competitiveness comparison of chosen Middle-European economies.

This text is concerned with an analysis of the economy efficiency of the Middle-European economies – the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary and Slovenia in the first years of their membership in the EU. We can manifest on the basis of multidimensional scaling methods that the Czech Republic has the highest potential to become the most powerful new member state in the centre of Europe.
Influence of Coprecipitated Organic Matter on Fe2+(aq)-Catalyzed Transformation of Ferrihydrite: Implications for Carbon Dynamics.

Aqueous Fe(II) is known to catalyze the abiotic transformation of ferrihydrite to more stable Fe minerals. However, little is known about the impacts of coprecipitated OM on Fe(II)-catalyzed ferrihydrite transformation and its consequences for C dynamics. Accordingly, we investigated the extent and pathway of Fe(II)-induced transformation of OM-ferrihydrite coprecipitates as a function of C/Fe ratios and aqueous Fe(II) concentrations, and its implications for subsequent C dynamics. The coprecipitated OM resulted in a linear decrease in ferrihydrite transformation with increasing C/Fe ratios. The secondary mineral profiles upon Fe(II) reaction with OM-ferrihydrite coprecipitates depend on Fe(II) concentrations At 0.2 mM Fe(II), OM completely inhibited goethite formation and stimulated lepidocrocite formation. At 2 mM Fe(II), whereas goethite was formed in the presence of OM, OM reduced the amount of goethite and magnetite formation and increased the formation of lepidocrocite. The solid-phase C content rem...
Invited perspective: Why I am an optimist

[1] I address a range of topics that provide the sociopolitical-technological setting for my professional life. I discuss some influential features of post–World War II world geopolitics, landmark technological developments of that era, and the resulting follow-up technologies that have made it possible to approach various problems in hydrology and water resources. I next address societal needs that have driven developments in hydrology and water resources engineering and follow with a discussion of the modern foundations of our science and what I think are the principal issues in hydrology. I pose three community challenges that when accomplished should advance hydrologic science: data network needs for improving the water budgets at all scales, characterizing subsurface water flow paths, and the information archiving and mining needs from instruments that will generate substantially richer data detail than have been used for most hydrologic work to the present. I then discuss several hydrologic and water resource risk-based decision issues that matter to society to illustrate how such risks have been addressed successfully in the past. I conclude with a long-term community “grand challenge,” the coupled modeling of the ocean-atmosphere-landform hydrologic cycle for the purpose of long–lead time hydrologic prediction.
A socially realistic view of world Englishes: Reflections on gendered discourse

The work of Braj Kachru and Yamuna Kachru has inspired generations of scholars to take a socially realistic view of the global spread of English. It is the work of Yamuna Kachru, however, who argues that taking an integrative sociocultural approach to the study of world Englishes to examine linguistic interaction expresses not only the bilingual's creativity but also provides valuable methodological and theoretical insights into the discoursal structure in world Englishes. Adopting the sociocultural linguistic approach, this paper examines how speakers construct gender in Indian English discourse. Using examples from naturally occurring spoken conversations, this paper shows that the interplay between language and identity is rooted in the cultural beliefs and values of speakers. The socially realistic approach contextualizes the culture of language to explain language variation in the Outer Circle.
Demo abstract: A microphone sensor based system for green building applications

Acoustic sensing has influenced many applications in green building energy management, such as designing multi-modal energy disaggregation algorithms through fine-grained appliance state identifications or efficiently controlling the HVAC system based on the occupancy of the environment. In this demo paper we build a low-cost system prototype using off-the-shelf commercially available hardware (Raspberry Pi and super high gain microphone) to handle both acoustic sensing and its processing that is portable and easily deployable in any indoor environment. Our system is useful in detecting appliance noise for fine-grained energy metering and human voice for managing building energy footprint. We use the decibel strength of the sound to determine if it should be filtered out as a silence or stored in as an audio of interest. A fast fourier transform that quickly converts the sinusoidal input of the audio signals into its associated frequencies is implemented along with the Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) feature to distinguish between a human voice and an appliance noise. We also implement all the computations on-chip to quantify the energy-delay benefits.
A Two mixture fraction approach for modeling turbulent combustion of coal volatiles and char oxidation products

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses one mixture fraction that distinguishes between primary and secondary air streams and two progress variables that are used to treat mixing between oxidizers and pulverized-coal combustion products. The source terms of char off-gases and volatiles to the gas phase are obtained from the Lagrangian treatments of particle trajectories and reactions. The Chemical Percolation Devolatilization (CPD) model is used for devolatilization rates and char-oxidation rates. The elemental composition of the volatiles is calculated by mass balance from the volatiles yield and the elemental composition of the char. Predicted temperatures and major gas species concentrations between the one and two coal mixture fraction approaches are not very different. There is a significant need for detailed experimental data regarding the yield and composition of volatiles versus char as a function of coal type and operating conditions. A better understanding of the conversion of char nitrogen to NO as a function of coal type and operating conditions is also needed.
P2X7 receptor-stimulated secretion of MHC class II-containing exosomes requires the ASC/NLRP3 inflammasome but is independent of caspase-1.

We recently reported that P2X7 receptor (P2X7R)-induced activation of caspase-1 inflammasomes is accompanied by release of MHC class II (MHC-II) protein into extracellular compartments during brief stimulation of murine macrophages with ATP. Here we demonstrate that MHC-II containing membranes released from macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs) in response to P2X7R stimulation comprise two pools of vesicles with distinct biogenesis: one pool comprises 100- to 600-nm microvesicles derived from direct budding of the plasma membrane, while the second pool is composed of 50- to 80-nm exosomes released from multivesicular bodies. ATP-stimulated release of MHC-II in these membrane fractions is observed within 15 min and results in the export of ∼15% of the total MHC-II pool within 90 min. ATP did not stimulate MHC-II release in macrophages from P2X7R knockout mice. The inflammasome regulatory proteins, ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain) and NLRP3 (NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3), which are essential for caspase-1 activation, were also required for the P2X7R-regulated release of the exosome but not the microvesicle MHC-II pool. Treatment of bone marrow-derived macrophages with YVAD-cmk, a peptide inhibitor of caspase-1, also abrogated P2X7R-dependent MHC-II secretion. Surprisingly, however, MHC-II release in response to ATP was intact in caspase-1−/− macrophages. The inhibitory actions of YVAD-cmk were mimicked by the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk and the serine protease inhibitor TPCK, but not the caspase-3 inhibitor DEVD-cho. These data suggest that the ASC/NLRP3 inflammasome complexes assembled in response to P2X7R activation involve protease effector(s) in addition to caspase-1, and that these proteases may play important roles in regulating the membrane trafficking pathways that control biogenesis and release of MHC-II-containing exosomes.
Legitimization of the State in Inca Myth and Ritual

L'A. discute de la maniere dont les rituels de plantations et de recoltes pratiques a Cusco, la capitale de l'Empire Inca, etaient utilises par l'elite pour promouvoir leur statut divin a travers leur association avec les etres mythiques. La ceremonie annuelle de plantation etait une reconstitution rituelle d'une bataille entre les premiers Incas mythiques, les Manco Capac et les Mama Huaco, et les habitants indigenes legendaires de la region. Puisque les mythes furent utilises par les elites des premieres chefferies et des premiers Etats pour legitimer leurs positions privilegiees, leurs reconstitutions rituelles devraient etre considerees comme des elements importants dans la comprehension du developpement des anciennes societes complexes
DiskSeen: exploiting disk layout and access history to enhance I/O prefetch

Current disk prefetch policies in major operating systems track access patterns at the level of the file abstraction. While this is useful for exploiting application-level access patterns, file-level prefetching cannot realize the full performance improvements achievable by prefetching. There are two reasons for this. First, certain prefetch opportunities can only be detected by knowing the data layout on disk, such as the contiguous layout of file metadata or data from multiple files. Second, nonsequential access of disk data (requiring disk head movement) is much slower than sequential access, and the penalty for mis-prefetching a 'random' block, relative to that of a sequential block, is correspondingly more costly. To overcome the inherent limitations of prefetching at the logical file level, we propose to perform prefetching directly at the level of disk layout, and in a portable way. Our technique, called DiskSeen, is intended to be supplementary to, and to work synergistically with, file-level prefetch policies, if present. DiskSeen tracks the locations and access times of disk blocks, and based on analysis of their temporal and spatial relationships, seeks to improve the sequentiality of disk accesses and overall prefetching performance. Our implementation of the DiskSeen scheme in the Linux 2.6 kernel shows that it can significantly improve the effectiveness of prefetching, reducing execution times by 20%-53% for micro-benchmarks and real applications such as grep, CVS, and TPC-H.
Patient inputs to increasing understanding of communicative drawing

Abstract One cannot but be grateful to Jon Lyon for his comprehensive review of the literature relating communication and drawing. He has clearly stated the benefits of drawing in aphasia therapy, and has equally clearly addressed the limitations. Because my attempts at therapy tend to emphasize compensationsfor more natural communication modes, drawing has a continuously alluring pull. Perhaps the most interesting part of Lyon's paper to me is his comments that directly relate to patients. Thus, my comments will be limited to additional patient information and some questions generated as a result.
Perceptions of Work Ethic Among College Seniors: A Comparative Study

Work ethic in the U.S. has been traditionally viewed as one of the core values that helped build our nation’s greatness. If this value falls, what next? Will other core values take the same path and will we become a nation known for laziness, inactivity, decreased work performance, and absenteeism?
Tables for Use of the Maximum F -Ratio in Multiple Comparison Procedures

Abstract In 1956 David devised a procedure for making multiple comparisons among a set of variances. The procedure, which was analogous to Duncan's Multiple Range Test, was based on Hartley's F-max test. David gave tables for α = .01 for testing k variances where k = 2(1) 12. The present article extends the tables to α = .05 and α = .10 for k=1(1)15, 20, 30, 40(20)100.
Nonlinear Analysis of Jointed Concrete Pavements

A finite element model for nonlinear analysis of jointed concrete pavements is presented. The model allows for nonlinear representation of the properties of concrete, both in compression and in tension. It also accounts for the behavior under cyclic loading considering the nonlinear fatigue damage accumulation in concrete. An improved model accounting for the relative deformation between the dowel bars and the concrete slabs is presented to analyze pavement slabs connected with dowels. The sub-grade model is capable of representing pumping of the fine material with repetitive loading. Limited validation of the model is presented using data available in the literature.
Corrosion resistance of Hastelloys in molten metal-chloride heat-transfer fluids for concentrating solar power applications

Corrosion rates have been estimated for commercial Hastelloys C-276, C-22 and N types in eutectic molten salts containing NaCl, KCl and ZnCl2 using steady-state potentiodynamic method (0.2 mV s � 1 within � ±30 mV from the open circuit voltage). Hastelloy C-276 exhibited the lowest corrosion rates of � 10 and 40 lm per year in 13.4NaCl–33.7KCl–52.9ZnCl2 (mol%) salt at 250 and 500 C, respectively. The potentiodynamic method was validated by conducting traditional immersion test for corrosion rate estimation on C-276 Hastelloy in 13.4NaCl–33.7KCl–52.9ZnCl2 (mol%) at 500 C (corrosion rate � 50 lm per year). Among the samples evaluated, Hastelloy N showed highest corrosion rate of >150 lm per year at 500 C. 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
On the oxygen isotope distribution among mineral triplets in igneous and metamorphic rocks

Abstract A compilation of 18 O analyses of minerals separated from about 400 igneous and metamorphic rocks from published investigations reveals regularity in the fractionation of 18 O among associated minerals, suggesting that an approach to isotopic equilibrium may be common. However, for only a minority of terrestrial rocks are these regularities sufficiently systematic to be compatible with the actual attainment and preservation of isotopic equilibrium among three minerals. Fractionations among triplets of quartz, calcite, feldspar, muscovite, and magnetite show some correspondence to those expected on the basis of experimental calibrations; however, there are also considerable deviations. The variability of natural data is such that less than half of the rocks analyzed to date would yield concordant 18 O-derived temperatures. Of the additional 52 mineral triplets studied, plagioclase-pyrox-ene-ilmenite, plagioclase-pyroxene-magnetite, plagioclase-pyroxene-olivine, quartz-amphibole-garnet, pyroxene-ilmenite-magnetite, muscovite-biotite-magnetite, and quartz-muscovite-amphibole show the most systematic oxygen isotope fractionations. For 12 other mineral triplets a defined isotope fractionation relationship may be postulated to underlie the data; however for these a close approach to isotopic equilibrium is not commonly observed. For 33 of the mineral triplets an approach to isotopic equilibrium can be noted; however, the scatter of the available data is such that a systematic influence of a factor, such as temperature, on the size of the 18 O fractionation could not be detected. In the past, regularities of oxygen isotope fractionations among three minerals have been used to establish secondary isotope geothermometers. Before this can be done with any reliability, however, the effects of possible retrograde isotope exchange and spurious correlation must be accounted for.
Preparation and Characterization of Liposome-Encapsulated Haemoglobin by a Freeze-Thaw Method

AbstractHaemoglobin (Hb) was encapsulated into liposomes as a blood substitute by a freeze-thaw method. The encapsulation efficiency was affected by the Hb/lipid ratio, starting Hb concentration, pH and salt concentration. Liposome-encapsulated haemoglobin (LEH) prepared by this method contains 5–1. mM Hb with 4–10 per cent methaemoglobin (Met-Hb), depending on the starting Hb/lipid ratio and Met-Hb content. The encapsulated Hb has the same absorption spectrum as free Hb and shows oxygen-dissociation characteristics similar to normal red blood cells when 2,3-diphosphoglycerate is co-entrapped in the liposomes. LEH exhibited some leakage, which was greatly reduced by sequential extrusions of LEH through polycarbonate membranes (10 and 0–4. μm). Stability of LEH was studied using different Hb preparations, and antioxidants of lipids or/and Hb either at 4 or 37d`C. α-tocopherol or butylated hydroxytoluene, antioxidants of lipids, inhibited not only the peroxidation of liposomes but also Hb oxidation. Among a...
On the plateau stress, the persistant slip band limits and the fatigue limit in copper

Abstract We examine recent results on the behavior of persistent slips band and fatigue lives in copper and attempt to show the relationships between the results of different workers. We discuss particularly how fatigue limits and plateau stresses depend on the manner of performing tests. The emphasis is on single crystals but the relationship between monocrystalline and polycrystalline behavior is also considered.
Understanding spirituality in recovery from addiction: Reintegrating the psyche to release the human spirit

AbstractWe examine the psychodynamic processes at play in recovery from addiction and give particular attention to Bernard Lonergan's tripartite model of human beings, which differentiates within the mind two distinct dimensions—psyche and spirit. Our goal is to show that the changes that occur during recovery are a direct result of psychic restructuring and are not necessarily, vice versa, due to spiritual growth via relationship with some Higher Power, which some popular recovery programs emphasize as a requisite for recovery. To exemplify this claim, we examine in detail three key aspects of psychic restructuring that may result in subsequent spiritual integration: the reestablishment of a sense of self, the development of a sense of connectedness to others, and the ability to regulate emotions. In this article we do not intend to aggrandize or disparage popular recovery programs, but to elucidate the process of psychic reintegration and to clarify the genuine spiritual foundation of recovery, and to a...
SU-FF-J-140: Multiple Aspects of Approximated-Returning-To-The-Origin Probability (ARTOP) Diffusion Tensor Imaging for Better Observation High-Graded Gliomas Treatment Responses

Purpose: This study is to provide multiple aspects of physio‐pathological information for early detecting cancer treatment responses and better clinical prognosis by using diffusionMRI modalities. The conventional apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) is known as a sensitive tool to detect early treatment responses. In this study, the diffusion weighting range is further extended and analyzed by novel approximated returning to the origin probability (ARTOP) for observing slow diffusion compartments for high graded gliomas. Reports had shown higher‐graded gliomas correlating to slower water diffusing among the denser cells, the pathologically‐recognized pseudopalisading necroses, caused by degenerating vessels in progressive gliomas in early stage. Furthermore, slower water diffusion also occurs as malignant gliomas infiltrate preferentially along myelinated fiber‐tracks. Method and Material: The data were collected by Siemens Trio 3T magnet, and processed by 2nd order diffusiontensor with ARTOP q‐space analysis developed by homemade MatLab‐codes. The 5‐minute echo‐planar sequence with 2 averages for (∼40 slices, 112×128 pixels per slice) is equipped by 9‐level diffusion weighting (1∼4k sec/mm2), and each level is with 6‐direction of diffusiontensorimaging (DTI) encoding. Data are gathered from three scans on non‐resection Glioblastoma patients before, during and after radiation‐ and chemo‐therapies. The imaging registrations were performed by rigid‐body affine transformation. Results: ARTOP does not only clearly underline the slower‐diffusing water signals (i.e. higher possibility at its origin), but it's also feasible for clinical routine unlike other q‐space algorithms. So far, the newly migrating palisading glioma cells (as higher ARTOP and lower ADC) have been observed in the data of 3 out of 4 Glioblastoma patients. The increased extracellular spaces due to treatment illustrated as lower ARTOP, higher ADC, impaired fibers in fractional‐anisotropy (FA) map with T2‐weighting highlights all in one data set. Conclusion: The multi‐face diffusion information, ARTOP‐, ADC‐, and FA‐maps could suggest adaptive treatment in the future.
Construction II: simulation of production homebuilding using simphony

Production homebuilders operate in a sales-driven environment characterized by a varying demand for homes that is at odds with the homebuilders' and their trade contractors' requirement for work flow consistency. This paper presents a simulation-based approach for studying the production flow issues that production homebuilders face. Seven scenarios, representing different practices and possibilities that the homebuilders have, are simulated using Simphony, a simulation platform intended for building Special Purpose Simulation (SPS) tools. The results of this study indicate that simulation can indeed be used to shed light on the work flow issues that production homebuilders face.
Comments on the Loanable-funds Approach to Teaching Macroeconomics

Although supporting this approach, the author discusses shortcomings and extensions of the original article in this journal.
TRANSPORT COEFFICIENTS OF DEGENERATE PLASMA.

An improved nonrelativistic calculation, based on the quantum Lenard-Balescu transport equation, is performed for the thermal and electrical conductivity of a plasma of highly degenerate, weakly coupled electrons and nondegenerate, weakly coupled ions. Dynamic shielding in the random-phase approximation is treated correctly, and both electron-ion ($\mathrm{ei}$) and electron-electron ($\mathrm{ee}$) collisions are included in the thermal conductivity. The argument that $\mathrm{ee}$ collisions are negligible, because the Pauli exclusion principle limits their effect to ${(\frac{\mathrm{kT}}{{E}_{F}})}^{2}$ less than that of $\mathrm{ei}$ collisions, is refuted in the case of the thermal conductivity. For temperatures of about ${10}^{8}$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and densities of ${10}^{26}$ to ${10}^{30}$ electrons/cc, appropriate to red-giant stellar cores, $\mathrm{ee}$ collisions reduce the thermal conductivity by 25 to 50%. However, $\mathrm{ee}$ collisions are insignificant in terrestrial solids. The thermal conductivity $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ is given by $\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\kappa}}=\frac{1}{{\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{ei}}}+\frac{1}{{\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{ee}}}$, where ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{ei}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{ee}}$ are conductivities determined by $\mathrm{ei}$ and $\mathrm{ee}$ collisions. ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{ei}}\ensuremath{\propto}\frac{\mathrm{Tn}}{[\mathrm{ln}(\frac{1}{{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{i}})+{C}_{\mathrm{ei}}]}$, where ${{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{i}}^{2}\ensuremath{\ll}1$ is the ion weak-coupling parameter, and the correction ${C}_{\mathrm{ei}}$ involves dynamic shielding. If ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}\ensuremath{\ll}1$ is the electron weak-coupling parameter, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{4\ensuremath{\lambda}{E}_{F}}{\mathrm{kT}}\ensuremath{\gg}1$, then ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{ee}}\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{3}{n}^{\frac{7}{3}}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, instead of the usual logarithmic form. If $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, then ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{ee}}\ensuremath{\propto}\frac{{T}^{2}{n}^{\frac{1}{3}}}{[\mathrm{ln}(\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\gamma}})+{C}_{\mathrm{ee}}]}$, with the temperature dependence contrary to Fermi-liquid theory.
Second law analysis and optimization of a combined triple power cycle

In this investigation, a combined triple (Brayton/Rankine/Rankine)/(gas/steam/ammonia) power cycle is analyzed. In the triple cycle, the exhaust of the Brayton gas topping cycle is used in a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to produce steam for a Rankine steam middle cycle followed by an ammonia Rankine bottoming cycle. The ammonia bottoming cycle provides a practical and more efficient hot and cold streams thermal matching for the triple cycle HRSG as compared to the HRSG of a conventional combined power cycle. Through exergy analysis of the cycle, the exergy of the exhaust streams and the irreversibility of each component in the cycle are determined, using reasonably practical constraints for the system components. These constraints are mainly due to the size of components and are conveniently parameterized and analyzed. The triple cycle was analyzed and optimized with respect to important system parameters, such as the gas topping cycle pressure ratio, gas turbine inlet temperature, HRSG pinch point, gas/steam approach temperature difference, rate of steam injection into combustion chamber and the effectiveness of the heat exchangers. One goal of the study is to find what configuration will achieve a thermal efficiency of 60% when reasonably practical constraints for system parameters are used.
Effect of local warming on forearm reactive hyperaemia

Measurement of minimal vascular resistance has proved useful in quantifying structural changes in regional circulations. Accurate measurement of minimal vascular resistance requires full relaxation of all resistance vessels within the region under examination. The usual procedure in humans involves the measurement of maximal forearm blood-flow following 6-10 min of forearm ischaemia. We conducted this study to find whether forearm skin was fully vasodilated by this procedure. Peak forearm blood-flow was measured by plethysmography in six healthy subjects following 10 min of ischaemia while the arm was at a neutral temperature (33 degrees C) and while the arm was locally warmed to 42 degrees C. Peak reactive hyperaemia blood-flow was significantly elevated by local heating (P less than 0.001) to 79.6 ml 100 ml-1 min-1 from a value of 50.2 ml 100 ml-1 min-1 during normothermia. Peak reactive hyperaemia blood-flow in the contralateral unheated forearm showed no significant change between the two periods of ischaemia (P greater than 0.05). These findings were confirmed in four subjects by laser Doppler velocimetry, which gives a linear index of skin blood-flow. In normothermic conditions, this index rose to 0.89 V following 10 min of ischaemia and to 1.26 V with local warming to 42 degrees C (P less than 0.001). Ischaemia plus local warming did not cause a further significant rise in this index of skin blood-flow (1.35 V, P greater than 0.05). These data suggest that 10 min of ischaemia during normothermia is insufficient to relax fully cutaneous resistance vessels and that maximal forearm blood-flow is underestimated by this procedure.
HÆMOPHILIA AS A CAUSE OF LESIONS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Haemophilia is occasionally responsible for lesions in the nervous system. Central lesions are more common than peripheral. The condition is worth bearing in mind in neurological diagnosis. Two cases are recorded.
Line-shape description for Mössbauer conversion-electron and transmission geometries.

We derive an approximate integral line-shape expression for conversion-electron M\"ossbauer spectroscopy and for the single-foil microfoil internal conversion-electron detector, which includes asymmetry (interference) effects, finite thickness of foils, and the presence of resonance absorption in the source material. We then give an analytical expansion that is equivalent to this integral expression and which is usable for computer least-squares fitting. We also give the exact integral line-shape expression for M\"ossbauer transmission experiments using finite thickness absorbers, which includes asymmetry effects and source resonance self-absorption, along with its convergent analytic expansion. The inclusion of hyperfine interactions and the practical approach to using the line-shape analysis to minimize the correlation of parameters is discussed.
Antigonadotropic and Antisteroidogenic Actions of Peroxide in Rat Granulosa Cells

Reactive oxygen species are produced in the ovary. In luteal cells, peroxide abruptly inhibits LH-sensitive cAMP and progesterone production, and may serve a role as a mediator of luteolysis by such mechanisms. The objective of the present studies was to evaluate the acute actions of peroxide in rat granulosa cells. Peroxide at concentrations in the low micromolar range produced a marked and dose-dependent inhibition of FSH-sensitive cAMP accumulation and progesterone production, and depleted cell levels of ATP within 1 min. Longer treatment with peroxide (60 min) caused complete abrogation of the actions of FSH. Peroxide-induced depletion of ATP was prevented by 3-aminobenzamide, an inhibitor of DNA repair, but maintenance of cell levels of ATP did not prevent the anti-FSH effects of peroxide. Peroxide also abrogated cAMP accumulation and progesterone production in response to LH in granulosa cells. Unlike that seen with LH, inhibition of FSH-sensitive cyclic AMP accumulation by peroxide was partially reversed with isobutylmethyl xanthine, an inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. Although peroxide inhibited cAMP accumulation in response to cholera toxin, it did not inhibit this same response to forskolin, which indicates that peroxide may interfere with G-protein-dependent activation of adenylate cyclase. Peroxide inhibited steroidogenesis in response to cholera toxin, forskolin, and 8-bromo-cAMP. The marked inhibitory actions of peroxide on gonadotropic hormone action and steroidogenesis in granulosa cells raise the possibility that peroxide may mediate events associated with loss of follicular function.
Tarsal coalition: a blinded comparison of MRI and CT

Objective. To determine how well MRI can detect tarsal coalition compared with CT, the current imaging standard. Materials and methods. Coronal and axial CT and MRI were performed within 3 weeks of each other on 40 feet in 20 consecutive patients referred with symptoms of possible tarsal coalition. Scans were read independently in blinded fashion by different imagers. Coalitions were either complete (osseous) or incomplete (non-osseous). Results were compared with available surgical data and clinical follow-up. Results. Both modalities prospectively identified 15 coalitions (9 patients) and each missed 1 calcaneonavicular coalition. Twenty-three of the remaining 24 feet were negative for coalition on both CT and MRI. An atypical incomplete talocalcaneal coalition seen on CT was not identified prospectively on MRI. Conclusion. MRI is very good for detecting tarsal coalition and has a high rate of agreement with CT, the imaging “gold standard.” When clinical suspicion for coalition is high, CT remains a more cost-effective diagnostic modality. If other causes for ankle pain are also entertained, MRI can be performed and provide nearly equivalent diagnostic accuracy for detecting tarsal coalition.
Soot particle size and soot yield in shock tube studies

Abstract The size of soot particles formed during the shock tube pyrolysis of toluene was measured by laser Doppler velocimetry. The particle size appeared to be of the order of a micron, i.e. about an order of magnitude higher than previously reported in the literature. This result indicates that (a) agglomeration of the primary soot spheres takes place prior to the onset of cooling and (b) the use of the Rayleigh limit of the Mie scattering theory for the determination of absolute soot yield may be invalid and may lead to an overestimation of the conversion of hydrocarbon to soot.
Randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study of methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in preschoolers with developmental disorders

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the short-term efficacy and safety of methylphenidate (MPH) to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in an understudied population of preschoolers with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) or intellectual disability (ID). Methods: Fourteen preschoolers with developmental disorders (DD, n = 14; PDD, n = 12; ID, n = 2) underwent MPH titration in a single-blind manner followed by a 4-week double-blind crossover phase. Each child was administered placebo for 2 weeks and “optimal dose” for 2 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) ADHD subscale of the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised (CPRS-R-DSM-IV-ADHD). Results: MPH improved parent-rated ADHD symptoms of the preschoolers; 50% were rated as responders. The CPRS-R-DSM-IV-ADHD subscale was significant for the PDD subgroup (p = 0.005, Cohen d = 0.97) and marginally significant for the entire DD...