cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Responsibility: The New Consciousness in Retailing

This paper presents research findings which indicate that retailers have changed their opinions in a significantly positive way toward their role as socially responsible partners in the business community. This report compares results of the current study with the 1975 Dornoff and Tankersley study.
Surgical Resection for Epilepsy Following Cerebral Gunshot Wounds

Objective The surgical management of epilepsy after penetrating gunshot wounds (GSWs) to the head has not been described in the modern era. Given the extensive damage to the cranium and cortex from such injuries, the safety and efficacy of surgical intervention are unclear. We report surgical strategy and outcomes after resection for medically refractory epilepsy following GSWs in 4 patients. Methods A prospectively compiled database of 325 patients with epilepsy was used to identify patients undergoing surgery for medically refractory epilepsy after a GSW to the brain. Seizure frequency, scalp and intracranial electroencephalography evaluation, type of resection, and seizure outcomes were compiled. Results All 4 patients underwent direct electrocorticography recordings either with implanted electrodes or intraoperatively that were used to drive surgical decision making. All patients had intracranial shrapnel fragments and large areas of encephalomalacia on imaging. Intracranial electrodes were placed in 2 patients to localize seizure onsets. Two patients underwent frontal lobe resections, and the other 2 patients underwent multilobar resections. Latency between injury and epilepsy surgery was 12 years, and mean age at surgery was 28 years. In all cases, epilepsy surgery led to a significant improvement in seizure control (Engel class I, 2 patients; II, 1 patient; and III, 1 patient). Conclusions Epilepsy is common after penetrating head injury, and the incidence is likely to increase given the growing numbers of armed conflicts in urban centers worldwide. In selected cases, intracranial monitoring and surgical resections may be safely performed and can lead to favorable seizure outcomes.
Development of the probing in-situ with Neutron and Gamma rays (PING) instrument for planetary science applications

This paper describes the testing of a prototype active neutron/ gamma ray instrument for use in planetary science space applications. The Probing In situ with Neutrons and Gamma rays (PING) instrument can measure the full bulk elemental composition of a planet's surface over a 1 m2 area and down to 30 – 50 cm depth without the need to drill into the surface material. PING consists of three components: a pulsed neutron generator that emits 14 MeV neutrons that penetrate the surface and excite the nuclei of the planetary material; a gamma ray spectrometer that measures the energy and intensity of the gamma rays emitted by these nuclear reactions; and neutron detectors to measure the neutron moderation properties of the material. PING is tested on Earth at a unique facility near NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center where PING can be safely operated outdoors and unshielded sitting atop large (1.8m × 1.8m × .9m), well-characterized granite and basalt monuments. We will describe both this test facility and our experiments, and present gamma ray spectroscopy results that demonstrate PING's capabilities.
Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity

(1993). Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. Economic Geography: Vol. 69, Theme Issue: Environment and Development, Part 2, pp. 432-436.
Need for specific-gravity values in adopting gravimetric measurement in sterile compounding.

The delivery of an accurate dose of a compounded sterile product (CSP) is paramount to ensuring effective treatment and preventing patient harm. Cases of patient harm due to errors in the production of CSPs have been widely documented.[1][1] An observational study at 5 U.S. hospitals that prepare
High Definition Geovisualization: Earth and Biodiversity Sciences for Informal Audiences

Geographers can play an essential role in interpreting Earth and Biodiversity Science concepts to general audiences. Museums and informal science institutions have begun to use visualizations of geospatial data within high definition video (HDTV) programming to present complex science concepts to audiences of varying ages and varying scientific training. The diversity of experience and understanding among audiences imposes many demands on geographers working with HDTV, for they must simultaneously provide content of interest to novices and experts alike. This chapter introduces essential guidelines for producing HDTV geovisualizations while emphasizing the particular talents that geographers bring to bear on time series visualizations involving geospatial data.
Incorporating behavioral and sensory context into spectro-temporal models of auditory encoding

Abstract For several decades, auditory neuroscientists have used spectro-temporal encoding models to understand how neurons in the auditory system represent sound. Derived from early applications of systems identification tools to the auditory periphery, the spectro-temporal receptive field (STRF) and more sophisticated variants have emerged as an efficient means of characterizing representation throughout the auditory system. Most of these encoding models describe neurons as static sensory filters. However, auditory neural coding is not static. Sensory context, reflecting the acoustic environment, and behavioral context, reflecting the internal state of the listener, can both influence sound-evoked activity, particularly in central auditory areas. This review explores recent efforts to integrate context into spectro-temporal encoding models. It begins with a brief tutorial on the basics of estimating and interpreting STRFs. Then it describes three recent studies that have characterized contextual effects on STRFs, emerging over a range of timescales, from many minutes to tens of milliseconds. An important theme of this work is not simply that context influences auditory coding, but also that contextual effects span a large continuum of internal states. The added complexity of these context-dependent models introduces new experimental and theoretical challenges that must be addressed in order to be used effectively. Several new methodological advances promise to address these limitations and allow the development of more comprehensive context-dependent models in the future.
Change from Without: Lessons from Other Countries, Systems, and Sectors

When Galileo first constructed a telescope and saw that Venus transited around the Sun and not vice versa, and it was concluded that this must also be true of the third planet from the Sun – the Earth – Europeans had to confront the idea that everything did not revolve around them.
A semantics-based dispatching rule selection approach for job shop scheduling

Dispatching rules are commonly used for job shop scheduling in industries because they are easy to implement, and they yield reasonable solutions within a very short computational time. Many dispatching rules have been developed but they can only perform well in specific scenarios. This is because a dispatching rule or a combination of dispatching rules always pursues a single or multiple fixed production objectives. A lot of approaches (e.g. simulation based or machine learning based approaches) have been published in the literatures attempted to solve the problem of selecting the proper dispatching rules for a given production objective. To select a combination of dispatching rules per randomly selected combination of objectives, this paper investigates a novel semantics-based dispatching rule selection system. Each of the dispatching rules and production objectives relates to a set of scheduling parameters like processing time, remaining work, total work, due date, release date, tardiness, etc. These parameters are semantically interrelated so that a dispatching rule and a production objective can also be semantically related through their semantic expressions. A semantic similarity value can be calculated by comparing their semantic expressions. Based on this idea, a semantics-based dispatching rule selection system for job shop scheduling is developed to generate a combination of dispatching rules given randomly selected combination of production objectives. A proof-of-concept verification process is provided at the end of the paper.
Foundry-compatible Hybrid Silicon / Lithium Niobate Electro-Optic Modulator

A foundry-compatible hybrid silicon-lithium niobate electro-optic modulator with an optical bandwidth greater than 6 GHz is presented. Wafer-scale photolithography processing is used to fabricate silicon features before bonding to a 600 nm lithium niobate film.
RF pulse-width-modulation generator employing a delay-locked-loop for a wideband transmitter

A delay-locked loop (DLL) based RF-PWM generator is proposed for broadband signal modulation. The approach can be applied to a Cartesian transmitter in combination with a switching output stage. The proposed transmitter architecture is verified in a macro-model simulation, using a signal bandwidth of 40 MHz, at a carrier frequency of 2 GHz.
Hydrogen in wide bandgap semiconductors

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the prevalence of hydrogen in the growth and processing ambients for wide bandgap semiconductors and the effect of this hydrogen. The different configurations of hydrogen in semiconductors and the techniques for hydrogen incorporation and the diffusion behavior of different forms of hydrogen in diamond, SiC, GaN and II–VI compounds has been discussed in the chapter. It is well-established that atomic hydrogen, the much more mobile species relative to molecular hydrogen, can enter the semiconductor during growth or device processing steps and neutralize the electrical activity of both n- and p-type dopants and a variety of defect and impurity states. In GaN for example, the unintentional hydrogen passivation of Mg acceptors prevent observation of p-type doping for a time, delaying the achievement of light-emitting diodes and eventually lasers. Hydrogen plays an important role in all the wide bandgap semiconductors, producing strong passivation of acceptors in all the materials, and donor passivation also in some cases. The hydrogen is unintentionally incorporated during growth and processing and remains in the material until quite high temperatures. Reactivation of dopants occurs in the range 400–700°C depending on the material.
Loess:: a nonparametric, graphical tool for depicting relationships between variables

Abstract Loess is a powerful but simple strategy for fitting smooth curves to empirical data. The term “loess” is an acronym for “local regression” and the entire procedure is a fairly direct generalization of traditional least-squares methods for data analysis. Loess is nonparametric in the sense that the fitting technique does not require an a priori specification of the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Although it is used most frequently as a scatterplot smoother, loess can be generalized very easily to multivariate data; there are also inferential procedures for confidence intervals and other statistical tests. For all of these reasons, loess is a useful tool for data exploration and analysis in the social sciences. And, loess should be particularly helpful in the field of elections and voting behavior because theories often lead to expectations of nonlinear empirical relationships even though prior substantive considerations provide very little guidance about precise functional forms.
A switching control law for nonlinear process with uncertainties

This paper adopts approximate dynamic programming (ADP) to develop a switching control strategy with low computational complexities and robust performance. ADP is a data-driven method to solve multistage dynamic optimization problem and overcome the curse of dimensionality in continuous process control. Given an initial control law, operational information from sampled state trajectories is extracted and generalized to build an approximate value function. Then the control law can be improved by using the one-step lookahead policy on post-decision state. To compensate the optimization error introduced by approximation, data density is further taken into account and an ADP-MPC switching control law is developed to reliably stabilize processes. The online computational demand is reduced significantly and the robustness of closed-loop system is enhanced by proposed scheme.
Decreased female fidelity alters male behavior in a feral horse population managed with immunocontraception

Abstract In social species like the feral horse (Equus caballus), changes in individual behavior are likely to affect associated animals. On Shackleford Banks, North Carolina, USA, mares treated with the contraceptive agent porcine zona pellucida (PZP) demonstrate decreased fidelity to their band stallions. Here, we assess the effects of such decreased mare fidelity on male behavior and address potential interactions with habitat visibility, a component of the environment shown to significantly affect feral horse behavior. We compared the frequency and escalation of male-male contests, rates of aggressive and reproductive behaviors directed toward females, and the percentage of time spent vigilant among males experiencing varying levels of mare group changing behavior. We found that regardless of habitat visibility, males experiencing more female group changes engaged in contests at a higher rate (P = 0.003) and escalation (P = 0.029) and spent more time vigilant (P = 0.014) than males experiencing fewer group changes. However, while visibility had a positive effect on aggression directed by stallions toward mares (P = 0.013), female group changing behavior did not influence male-female aggressive or reproductive behaviors (P > 0.1), showing that decreases in mare fidelity altered male-male but not male-female interactions. These results have important implications for feral horse management; PZP-contracepted mares demonstrating prolonged decreases in stallion fidelity may have a disproportionate effect on male behavior. Moreover, our results shed light on the relative influences of female behavior and environmental factors like habitat visibility on male behavior. Such findings can ultimately improve our understanding of how the social and physical environments interact to shape male-male and male-female interactions.
Substituting Inosine for Guanosine in DNA: Structural and Dynamic Consequences:

Inosine differs from the guanosine nucleoside only by the absence of the N2 amino group. Both nucleosides also have similar electrostatic potentials. Therefore, substituting I for G has been used t...
Co-feeding copper catalysts couple carbon.

The mechanistic electrochemical mass spectrometry study of ethylene production on Cu-based nanocatalysts under CO2/CO co-feeds indicates the existence of separate, reactant-specific surface adsorption sites for CO2 and CO, which guided the design of a multi-component CO2RR electrocatalyst.
Lack Of Access To Specialists Associated With Mortality And Preventable Hospitalizations Of Rural Medicare Beneficiaries.

People living in rural areas have worse health outcomes than their urban counterparts do. Understanding what factors account for this could inform policy interventions for reducing rural-urban disp...
Stability/activity tradeoffs in Thermusthermophilus HB27 laccase.

We report the temperature dependence of the formal potential of type 1 copper (CuT1) in Thermusthermophilus HB27 laccase. Employing [Ru(NH3)4(bpy)](PF6)2 (0.505 vs. NHE) as the redox titrant, we found that the CuT12+/+ potential decreased from approximately 480 to 420 mV (vs. NHE) as the temperature was raised from 20 to 65 °C. Of importance is that the ΔSrc° of − 120 J mol−1 K−1 is substantially more negative than those for other blue copper proteins. We suggest that the highly unfavorable reduction entropy is attributable to CuT1 inaccessibility to the aqueous medium. Although the active site residues are buried, which is critical for maintaining thermostability, the flexibility around CuT1 is maintained, allowing enzyme activity at ambient temperature
Kinetic Modeling and Test-Retest Reproducibility of 11C-EKAP and 11C-FEKAP, Novel Agonist Radiotracers for PET Imaging of the κ-Opioid Receptor in Humans.

The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is implicated in various neuropsychiatric disorders. We previously evaluated an agonist tracer, 11C-GR103545, for PET imaging of KOR in humans. Although 11C-GR103545 showed high brain uptake, good binding specificity, and selectivity to KOR, it displayed slow kinetics and relatively large test-retest variability (TRV) of distribution volume (VT) estimates (15%). Therefore we set out to develop two novel KOR agonist radiotracers, 11C-EKAP and 11C-FEKAP, and in nonhuman primates, both tracers exhibited faster kinetics and comparable binding parameters to 11C-GR103545. The aim of this study was to assess their kinetic and binding properties in humans. Methods: Six healthy subjects underwent 120-min test-retest PET scans with both 11C-EKAP and 11C-FEKAP. Metabolite-corrected arterial input functions were measured. Regional time-activity curves (TACs) were generated for 14 regions of interest. One- and two-tissue compartment models (1TC, 2TC) and the multilinear analysis-1 (MA1) method were applied to the regional TACs to calculate VT. Time-stability of VT values and test-retest reproducibility were evaluated. Levels of specific binding, as measured by the non-displaceable binding potential (BPND) for the three tracers (11C-EKAP, 11C-FEKAP and 11C-GR103545), were compared using a graphical method. Results: For both tracers, regional TACs were fitted well with the 2TC model and MA1 method (t*=20min), but not with the 1TC model. Given unreliably estimated parameters in several fits with the 2TC model and a good match between VT values from MA1 and 2TC, MA1 was chosen as the appropriate model for both tracers. Mean MA1 VT values were highest for 11C-GR103545, followed by 11C-EKAP, then 11C-FEKAP. Minimum scan time for stable VT measurement was 90 and 110min for 11C-EKAP and 11C-FEKAP, respectively, compared with 140min for 11C-GR103545. The mean absolute TRV in MA1 VT estimates was 7% and 18% for 11C-EKAP and 11C-FEKAP, respectively. BPND levels were similar for 11C-FEKAP and 11C-GR103545, but ~25% lower for 11C-EKAP. Conclusion: The two novel KOR agonist tracers showed faster tissue kinetics than 11C-GR103545. Even with slightly lower BPND, 11C-EKAP is judged to be a better tracer for imaging and quantification of KOR in humans, based on the shorter minimum scan time and excellent test-retest.
Signs and Symptoms of Concussion

It is the responsibility of every healthcare provider who could potentially care for someone who sustains a concussion to recognize the most common signs and symptoms. Some are present immediately after the injury, but many may evolve with time. The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine’s most recent position on concussions breaks down the symptoms into six domains: headache-migraine, cognitive, anxiety/mood, ocular, fatigue, and vestibular. Many of these symptoms are generalizable, cross domains, and evolve throughout the process of the condition. Moreover, many of these symptoms can be present prior to the onset of the concussion. This can confound the clinical picture. Therefore, it is essential for clinicians to clarify symptoms with their patients, compare symptoms to the patient’s baseline, and converse with athletic trainers, friends, or family members. Thorough follow-up with these patients is crucial to assess progression during recovery. The diagnosis of concussion can be elusive, therefore it is imperative for primary care providers to be aware of the constellation of signs and symptoms that can present with concussions.
Effect of Calcium-Channel Blockade on the Cold-Induced Vasodilation Response.

Introduction Cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) is seen in the extremities during exposure to cold. A strong vasodilation response has been associated with a decreased risk of cold injury. Increasing CIVD might further decrease this risk. The calcium-channel blocker nifedipine causes vasodilation and is used to treat Raynaud’s syndrome and chilblains. Nifedipine is also used for high altitude pulmonary edema and could potentially serve a dual purpose in preventing frostbite. The effects of nifedipine on CIVD have not been studied. Methods A double-blind crossover study comparing nifedipine (30 mg SR (sustained release) orally twice daily) to placebo was designed using 2 sessions of 4 finger immersion in 5°C water, with 24 h of medication pretreatment before each session. Finger temperatures were measured via nailbed thermocouples. The primary outcome was mean finger temperature; secondary outcomes were mean apex and nadir temperatures, first apex and nadir temperatures, subjective pain ranking, and time of vasodilation onset (all presented as mean±SD). Results Twelve volunteers (age 29±3 [24–34] y) completed the study. No significant difference in finger temperature (9.2±1.1°C nifedipine vs 9.0±0.7°C placebo, P=0.38) or any secondary outcome was found. Pain levels were similar (2.8±1.6 nifedipine vs 3.0±1.5 placebo, P=0.32). The most common adverse event was headache (32% of nifedipine trials vs 8% placebo). Conclusions Pretreatment with 30 mg of oral nifedipine twice daily does not affect the CIVD response in healthy individuals under cold stress.
Stretching and splinting interventions for poststroke spasticity, hand function, and functional tasks: A systematic review

Importance Spasticity is one of the most common and disabling motor impairments after stroke. Objective To examine the evidence for the effectiveness of stretching interventions, including splinting, on reducing upper extremity spasticity, increasing hand function, and improving functional tasks for adults with poststroke spasticity. Data sources Databases searched were MEDLINE, CINAHL, OTseeker, AgeLine, and the Cochrane Library; results were limited to studies published from 2004 to January 2017. Study selection and data collection Following PRISMA guidelines, we included articles describing Level I-III studies with participants who were adults with upper extremity spasticity and received a stretching intervention. Findings Eleven articles describing 6 Level I and 5 Level III studies met inclusion criteria. Conclusion and relevance For reducing upper extremity spasticity, low strength of evidence was found to support the use of static splinting, strong strength of evidence was found for the use of stretching devices, and low strength of evidence was found to support the use of dynamic splinting; no evidence was found for manual stretching to address spasticity. For increasing hand function, moderate strength of evidence was found to support the use of static splinting, dynamic splinting, and manual stretching, and low strength of evidence was found for the use of stretching devices. For improving functional tasks, moderate strength of evidence was found to support the use of static splinting, dynamic splinting, and manual stretching, and low strength of evidence was found for the use of stretching devices. What this article adds This updated synthesis summarizes the current literature regarding the effectiveness of stretching interventions to improve poststroke spasticity, hand function, and functional tasks.
MICROSTRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF HIGH MANGANESE NON-MAGNETIC STEEL

Two lath structures and the kinked e martensite were observed in thehigh manganese non-magnetic steel. Both the short non-continuous lath formed byquenching and the long thin straight lath induced by plastic defomation are com-posed of e martensite and fcc twin. The transformation mechanism was discussed.The crystallographic analysis indicates that the e martensite at both sides of thefcc twin boundary is of kinked morphology owing to the orientation of their ma-trixes differed from each other. The kinked region is hcp twin.
Market Definition

The 2010 horizontal merger guidelines issued by the antitrust agencies de-emphasize market definition, which has been a foundation of merger law for decades and was required by previous guidelines. The justification for this change is that unilateral adverse price effects caused by mergers of firms that produce differentiated products are best assessed using analyses that do not depend on market definition. Though the guidelines unquestionably serve a value in illuminating actual agency practice, any marginal benefit in dropping the exercise of market determination from the merger review process is likely to be small, and the marginal cost may be substantial.
Sailboat-Mounted Submersible Device for Ocean and Atmospheric Data Collection

The purpose of this project is to design and build a monitoring device for data collection in the ocean. The goal of this project is to provide meaningful data concerning climate change. The sensors chosen were pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pressure sensors. We designed a water-tight vessel to house the electronics. The vessel can log data for the trip and communicate with the X2nSat communication device as provided by the competition. In order to accomplish the objectives, we conducted research to mimic similar situations with underwater testing and computational simulations. We also tested different ways to communicate with the electronics within our device. Additionally, we explored the methods for which we would keep the device underwater. With testing, we were able to prove that we had created a functioning device capable of tracking the data we were interested in.
Cannabinol and Sleep: Separating Fact from Fiction

In recent years, marketers of cannabis (i.e., marijuana) products have claimed that cannabinol (CBN) has unique sleep-promoting effects. Despite a plausible mechanism, it is possible that such clai...
Dictionaries for Language Generation Accounting for Co-occurrence Knowledge

Many wording choices in English sentences cannot be accounted for on semantic or syntactic grounds. They can only be expressed in terms of co-occurrence relations. Co-occurrence knowledge has been traditionally overlooked in the past, but should be included in lexicons as it is an inherent part of the language. In this paper, we demonstrate the importance of co-occurrence knowledge for language generation and we show how to include it in computational dictionaries. Using co-occurrence knowledge in the dictionary provides the generator with the information necessary for handling many lexical decisions that were previously ignored. We focus here on the process of building the dictionary. and we show how co-occurrence knowledge can be systematically entered in lexicons. Lexical relations are first identified by a cooccurrence compiler, EXTRACT. Then. domain specific semantic information is used as a criterion for classifying them. We exemplify our approach in the banking domain and we explain how it can be used by a natural language generator . •
The surface activity of α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and bovine serum albumin: II. Some molecular influences on adsorption to hydrophilic and hydrophobic silicon surfaces

Abstract The thermal transitions experienced by α-lactalbumin (α-Lac), β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) during a temperature ramp from 15 to 160°C were evaluated with differential scanning calorimetry. Adsorption isotherms were then constructed for each protein on hydrophilic and hydrophobic silicon surfaces at 2, 27, and 52°C. α-Lac exhibited a more or less steady increase in adsorption with temperature for each surface, with the increase in adsorbed mass beyond 27°C being consistent with an α-Lac transition occurring to facilitate favorable noncovalent contacts with the surface. Isotherms constructed at 27 and 52°C were similar for both β-Lg and BSA, which do not undergo a thermally induced transition until onset temperatures of about 64.0 and 54.4°C are reached, respectively. For each protein, adsorption was depressed at 2°C, consistent with decreasing stabilization by hydrophobic interactions and strengthening of hydrogen bonds occurring in the cold. Although adsorbed mass was observed to correlate reasonably well with molecular size at each temperature, the isotherm data are thought to provide only an indication of temperature and surface hydrophobic influences on relative amounts of single-component adsorption and not relative adsorption affinities; i.e., molecular size effects are simply incidental, and proteins with low stability and/or high flexibility are preferentially adsorbed.
A Quantitative Model of Magnetosheath Plasma in the Low Latitude Boundary Layer, CUSP, and Mantle

We present model calculations of the low-altitude precipitation of magnetosheath plasma in the open magnetic field region of the dayside ionosphere. This model includes the variation in magnetosheath properties with position along the outer surface of the magnetopause, the transport of plasma across the magnet opause, and the subsequent trajectories of the particles from the inner surface of the magnetopause to a spacecraft location. By assuming conservation of phase space density along particle trajectories, we obtain quantitative estimates of the precipitating electron and ion flux based on solar wind properties. We have used these model calculations to investigate the effects of the dawn-dusk magnetospheric electric field and of the acceleration of the magnetosheath plasma away from the subsolar point on the particle spectra. By isolating the effects of these and other processes, this model may be used as a tool to investigate the physical processes that are contributing to the measured spectra and to identify additional processes that may be needed to more accurately describe the transport of plasma into and throughout the magnetosphere.
Evidence on Behavioral Biases in Trading Activity

This paper is concerned with how the psychological biases of investors are reflected in trading around earnings announcements. We analyze order imbalances (buy orders less sell orders) following earnings surprises to determine whether traders invest in a manner that is consistent with the representativeness and availability heuristics (manifested respectively by undue extrapolation of perceived patterns in random sequences and overreaction to dramatic or vivid events). We then test whether such trading patterns affect returns. Our stimulus for the representativeness heuristic is a string of same-sign earnings surprises, and that for the availability heuristic is an extreme earnings surprise. Though not justified by subsequent price performance, we uncover evidence that investors extrapolate past trends in earning performance. Specifically, following strings of consecutive positive earnings surprises, the amount of net buying after controlling for other regularities in trading activity is significantly greater than it is after an isolated positive surprise. This difference is increasing in the number of consecutive positive surprises in the string. Furthermore, subsequent to strings, purchasing activity is negatively correlated with returns throughout the remainder of the year. Despite the strong manifestation of representativeness, investors who trade according to an availability heuristic are less conspicuous.
Low power current rectifiers for large scale current-mode signal processing

This paper introduces a synchronous current rectifier designed for use in large-scale current-mode analog integrated circuits. The circuit was optimized for use in synchronous current-mode systems requiring a large number of rectifiers. The proposed rectifier is compared to several continuous time current-mode rectifiers, demonstrating a very low power (<1/spl mu/W) operation while achieving high operating speeds (<20ns decision + settling time for /spl plusmn/10/spl mu/A inputs).
Surgery for sclerodactylia of the hand. Experience with six cases.

Since 1962, six patients with scleroderma have undergone surgical procedures on their hands because of severe deformities, which were the result of sclerodactylia. Although healing of the wounds was slow in some instances, eventually it took place in all these patients. In all eighteen interphalangeal joints in which arthrodesis was attempted, firm bone fusion ensued, and this usually was in a shorter time than when arthrodesis is done for other conditions. The range of motion was not greatly improved by capsulotomy and arthroplasty that were done on the metacarpophalangeal joints, but usually the digits were in better position for the limited function possible. All patients thought function of their hands was improved by the surgery that was done. Unfortunately one patient lived only one year and another four years after surgery.
Characterization of first-order convergent sequences

First-order convergent sequences can be classified as showing linear, boundary linear or logarithmic convergence. Linear convergence has a well-known characterization. This paper characterizes the remaining cases. Examples illustrate the range of behavior, proving the description is optimal. A power series representation yields further conditions for first-order convergence and uniqueness results.
Lasers in the Treatment of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

BACKGROUND Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) constitute the largest proportion of cancers worldwide, especially in the Western population, making it essential to develop methods to manage these cancers. Ultraviolet (UV) light being the most significant culprit in the development of NMSCs makes the sun-exposed parts of the body, such as face and extremities, the most vulnerable to develop these tumors. Early diagnosis and emphasis on cosmesis are vital while treating them especially, in patients with multiple squamous and basal cell carcinomas. Lasers seem to be a useful therapeutic modality and are being explored to develop them as a tool for treating skin cancers. OBJECTIVE To review the use of lasers in the treatment of NMSCs. METHODS We reviewed articles that involved the use of lasers in the management of NMSCs and prepared a critical analysis of the same. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Lasers as a single modality, as the coherent light source in photodynamic therapy (PDT), or as an adjunct to PDT or other treatment modalities are a potential method of NMSC eradication. Superficial NMSCs and most precancerous cutaneous lesions such as Bowen's disease and actinic keratoses respond best, whereas deeper, more-aggressive NMSCs show poor outcomes with laser treatments.
A study of contamination and damage on Si surfaces induced by dry etching

Damage/contamination effects of dry etching in two different modes, plasma etching (PE) and reactive ion etching (RIE), on silicon surfaces just after oxide etching are discussed. The electrical measurements on aluminium Schottky diodes were used to evaluate the effect of dry processing and various postetch treatments on a Si substrate. The presence of heavy metal contamination of the Si surface as a result of dry etching was confirmed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy and SECCO etch defect decoration. C-t (minority-carrier lifetime) measurements on special guard ring devices were used as indirect evidence of heavy metal contaminants. The quality of a gate oxide grown on Si surfaces after dry-etching conditions was examined through breakdown voltage. Improved device electron mobility was observed for the RIE-exposed Si surface compared to PE, due to the smoother surface after the RIE process. >
Nonpolar isosteres of damaged DNA bases: effective mimicry of mutagenic properties of 8-oxopurines.

A substantial fraction of mutations that arise in the cell comes from oxidative damage to DNA bases. Oxidation of purine bases at the 8-position, yielding 8-oxo-G and 8-oxo-A, results in conformational changes (from anti to syn) that cause miscoding during DNA replication. Here we describe the synthesis and biophysical and biochemical properties of low-polarity shape mimics of 8-oxopurines, and we report that these new analogues exhibit remarkable mimicry of the mutagenic properties of the natural damaged bases. A 2-chloro-4-fluoroindole nucleoside (1) was designed as an isosteric analogue of 8-oxo-dG, and a 2-chloro-4-methylbenzimidazole nucleoside (2) as a mimic of 8-oxo-dA. The nucleosides were prepared by reaction of the parent heterocycles with Hoffer's chlorodeoxyribose derivative. Structural studies of the free nucleosides 1 and 2 revealed that both bases are oriented syn, thus mimicking the conformation of the oxopurine nucleosides. Suitably protected phosphoramidite derivatives were prepared for ...
Redox-controlled chemical switching of cation transport in solid-supported membrane systems

Redox-switchable anthraquinone-substituted crown ethers may be reduced by treatment with NaBH 4 to afford high-binding, water-stable, anion derivatives. These macrocycles, including 1-((9,10-dioxo-1-oxanthracenyl)-methyl-15-crown-5), 1, transport Na + through a solid-supported, o-nitrophenyl octyl ether membrane with rates that depend on the charge state of the ligand and cooperation between reduction at the source phase and oxidation at the receiving phase
Two-channel brain-stem frequency-following responses to pure tone and missing fundamental stimuli

Abstract In 2 separate experiments the brain-stem frequency-following response (FFR)was recorded to a pure tone (200 Hz) and complex “missing fundamental” (MF) stimuli differing in temporal fine structure and envelope modulation depth. FFRs were simultaneously recorded in 2 channels with horizontal and vertical dipole orientations. Horizontal electrodes were identical in both experiments (right-left ear), but the vertical configuration was varied (vertex-left ear; vertex-linked mastoids). The horizontal channel yielded a well defined FFR to tone stimulation at a latency consistent with an origin along the auditory nerve. However, there was no horizontal response to MF stimulation. This latter finding provides electrophysiological support for the conclusion that MFs are not directly coded in the peripheral neural response. Vertical recordings, however, showed equally well defined FFRs to tone and MF stimuli. Thus, a representation of the missing fundamental frequency is registered in the brain-stem. Vertical latencies were consistent with a source at the level of the lateral lemniscus. The FFR is well suited to elucidate certain brain-stem mechanisms of auditory information processing. Important additional information results when responses are compared in horizontal and vertical dipole orientations. Thus, the present results provide the first evoked response demonstration of a peripheral-brain-stem dichotomy of MF coding.
Intraindividual coupling of daily stressors and cognitive interference in old age.

Objectives. The current study examined emotional and cognitive reactions to daily stress. We examined the psychometric properties of a short cognitive interference measure and how cognitive interference was associated with measures of daily stress and negative affect (NA) between persons and within persons over time. Methods. A sample of 87 older adults (Mage = 83, range = 70–97, 28% male) completed measures of daily stress, cognitive interference, and NA on 6 days within a 14-day period. Results. The measure yielded a single-factor solution with good reliability both between and within persons. At the between-person level, NA accounted for the effects of daily stress on individual differences in cognitive interference. At the within-person level, NA and daily stress were unique predictors of cognitive interference. Furthermore, the withinperson effect of daily stress on cognitive interference decreased significantly with age. Discussion. These results support theoretical work regarding associations among stress, NA, and cognitive interference, both across persons and within persons over time.
The annexins and exocytosis

The annexins are a group of homologous proteins that bind phospholipids in the presence of calcium. They may provide a major pathway for communication between cellular membranes and their cytoplasmic environment. Annexins have a characteristic "bivalent" activity in the sense that they can draw two membranes together when activated by calcium. This has led to the hypothesis that certain members of this protein family may initiate contact and fusion between a secretory vesicle membrane and the plasma membrane during the process of exocytosis.
The mechanism of C-terminal fragmentations in alkali metal ion complexes of peptides

Abstract A combination of mass spectrometry and ab initio calculations (MP2/6-31+G(d)//HF/6-31+G(d)) has been used to study the mechanism of C-terminal residue cleavage in gas phase peptide/alkali metal ion complexes. Although previous workers had suggested a mechanism relying on a concerted cleavage of an oxazolidin-5-one intermediate, the present calculations indicate that this pathway has a high barrier and is not competitive. Instead, it appears that the mechanism involves a rearrangement to an anhydride intermediate that fragments to give the observed products. The computational data indicates that this mechanism has a much lower activation energy than a concerted pathway and should be viable. Moreover, compelling evidence for the mechanism is found in experiments involving the lithium complexes of dipeptides. In the proposed mechanism, the two amino acids of a dipeptide are in equivalent positions in the anhydride intermediate (i.e., sequence information is lost) and therefore, fragmentation of either sequence of a dipeptide should give the same result. This was confirmed for eight pairs of dipeptides by collision-induced dissociation (CID) of their lithium complexes in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Although the CID spectra are not identical, the yields of the products that would pass through the anhydride intermediate are nearly equivalent, independent of the original sequence. Finally, additional computational work shows that the mechanism does not rely on the presence of a metal and is also viable as a charge-remote fragmentation pathway.
Suitability of Synthesized Waveforms for Seismic Qualification of Equipment

Qualification of nuclear plant equipment and components can be performed by analysis, test, or a combination of both. It is often required to synthesize artificial time histories which represent earthquake excitation at either ground level, or some elevated level of a structure. A set of parameters appropriate for the synthesis of acceleration time histories is developed. The parameters are based on a study of six typical earthquake accelerograms, and include general characteristics of the motion, a definition of strong ground motion, frequency content, stationarity, coherence between orthogonal components, and amplitude probability density. It is concluded that the strong ground motion can be approximated by a stationary Gaussian random process, whose frequency content depends on the ground or elevated position of concern. Coherence between orthogonal components is low at ground level, but can become high at elevated structural levels due to coupled responses. Some examples are given for application of the parameters to qualification by testing, as a means of achieving better satisfaction of existing criteria.
TELOMERE TALES : CHROMATIN, TELOMERASE AND TELOMERE FUNCTION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

Unusual chromatin structures underlie epigenetic effects at the silent mating-type loci and telomeres in yeast. Many of the same genes appear to function in transcriptional silencing observed at both the silent mating-type loci and at telomeres. The observation that these loci are united by a requirement for shared factors suggests that the structure of chromatin at these regions is similar. Alteration of telomeric chromatin components affects regulation of transcription, telomeric length, recombination and chromosomal stability. Mutations in TLC1 and EST2, which both encode components of telomerase, cause identical phenotypes progressive shortening of telomeric DNA, increased chromosome loss and eventually cell death. In this review, we examine the relationship between telomeric chromatin and telomere replication and discuss the possibility that telomerase itself is an integral part of telomeric chromatin structure.
Direct observation of second neighbor interactions for Cr4+ doped forsterite by resonance Raman scattering

Fifteen Cr4+ local modes are observed using resonance Raman scattering in a Cr:Mg 2SiO4 crystal, instead of a maximum of nine internal vibrations predicted by first neighbor interactions. The larger‐than‐predicted number of modes is explained in terms of second neighbor interactions for the Cr4+ ion. The frequency dependence of the two tetrahedral stretching modes measured at 361 and 765 cm−1 on second neighbor parameters shows a different degree of localization at the Cr 4+ site for these modes.
Identification of the Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 2 Transactivation Domain

Abstract The Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) protein activates the expression of viral and cellular genes. A set of seven yeast GAL4-EBNA2 fusion proteins were constructed in order to identify the transactivation domain of EBNA2. These fusion proteins were tested for their ability to transactivate a target gene in Hela and BJAB cells. This analysis has demonstrated that the EBNA2 polyproline domain is dispensible for transactivation while the acidic carboxy terminus defined by amino acids 337-467 is essential. This result is consistent with the analysis of a variety of viral and cellular eucaryotic transactivators in which an acidic domain of the protein has been shown to be indispensible for function.
A 13 year-old boy with post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder presenting with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: a case report

One well recognized and potentially serious complication of chronic immunosuppression in organ transplant recipients is post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD). This accounts for 20% of all malignancies in transplant recipients, which is four times higher than the general population 1,2. The diagnosis of PTLD is often difficult, due to various manifestations resulting in late diagnosis. We report an unusual presentation of PTLD in a pediatric patient where the diagnosis was achieved only after extensive investigation.
Operation of Synchronous Condensers on the Southern California Edison Company System [includes discussion]

A description of the operation of this system with 1,331 megavolt-amperes of synchronous condensers is presented. Oscillograms of two unrelated cases of instability are discussed.
Induced synthesis of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase in Micrococcus aerogenes.

The levels of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase and cyclohydrolase in M. aerogenes were enhanced 3-to 10-fold by growth in media containing formate of histidine. This induced synthesis was decreased by the simultaneous addition of ribosides or ribotides. Histidine, but not formate, also induced the synthesis of formimino transferase and/or cyclodeaminase. The specific activities of N10-formyltetrahydrofolate deacylase, serine hydroxymethylase and N5, N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase were not affected by formate or histidine. These observations have been discussed with respect to the known mechanisms of regulation of tetrahydrofolate linked enzymes.
Hubbard model: revisited—a macroscopic renormalization group study

The spin-correlation length is used to set up a RG analysis of the Hubbard model (within RPA). We demonstrate that an identical critical behaviour is obtained by performing the macroscopic renormalization group analysis with the antisymmetric Landau interaction parameter. The beta functions for the half-filled and quarter-filled band cases have been evaluated.