cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A general, regioselective approach to the synthesis of ortho allylanilines

Abstract Readily available 2,1-benzothiazines can be alkylated via deprotonation with butyllithium followed by treatment with iodomethyltrimethylsilane. Subsequent treatment with fluoride and hydrolysis leads to ortho allyl anilines in high yield. The reaction is general and regioselective by virtue of these characteristics being present in the Lewis acid mediated reaction of alkenes and sulfonimidoyl chlorides, the reaction which leads to the 2,1-benzothiazines used as starting materials.
What does and should influence the number of lawyers

Before we can ask whether there are too many lawyers we must answer several preliminary questions: whom do we consider lawyers, and what does and should influence their number? The term ‘lawyer’, w...
The stochastic turnpike property without uniformity in convex aggregate growth models

Abstract The proof of the “late” turnpike property in optimal growth theory requires constructing a bounded value-loss process that records a strictly positive value-loss when paths of capital accumulation from different initial stocks diverge. Uniformity assumptions strengthen this sensitivity by ensuring that value-loss is independent of time and state of environment in which the divergence occurs, and are acknowledged as strong restrictions on the model. This paper argues that uncertainty can obviate the need for uniformity. The multiplicity of states afforded by a stochastic framework permits constructing a value-loss process over an “extended” time-line that is a martingale; if capital stocks diverge, then the martingale registers an upcrossing across a band of uniform width on its extended time-line, thereby giving uniform value-loss. The Martingale Upcrossing theorem and the first Borel–Cantelli lemma then clinch the turnpike property.
WHAT TO DO (AND NOT TO DO) WITH TIME-SERIES CROSS-SECTION DATA

We examine some issues in the estimation of time-series cross-section models, calling into question the conclusions of many published studies, particularly in the field of comparative political economy. We show that the generalized least squares approach of Parks produces standard errors that lead to extreme overconfidence, often underestimating variability by 50% or more. We also provide an alternative estimator of the standard errors that is correct when the error structures show complications found in this type of model. Monte Carlo analysis shows that these “panel-corrected standard errors” perform well. The utility of our approach is demonstrated via a reanalysis of one “social democratic corporatist” model.
The strategic timing incentives of commercial radio stations: An empirical analysis using multiple equilibria

Commercial radio stations and advertisers may have conflicting interests about when commercial breaks should be played. This article estimates an incomplete information timing game to examine stations' equilibrium timing incentives. It shows how identification can be aided by the existence of multiple equilibria when appropriate data are available. It finds that stations want to play their commercials at the same time, suggesting that stations' incentives are at least partially aligned with the interests of advertisers, although equilibrium coordination is far from perfect. Coordination incentives are much stronger during drivetime hours, when more listeners switch stations, and in smaller markets.
An examination of the structure and the gradient terms used in phase field modeling

Phase field modeling in ferroelectric materials is used to study the formation and evolution of domain structures. These domain structures evolve in a manner that reduces the free energy of the system. An important goal of phase field modeling is to develop computational techniques that can be used in the design of materials with improved properties. This requires accurate determination of each of the terms used in the Time-Dependent Ginzburg Landau equation. This work presents a discussion of the crystal structure and the gradient terms used in phase field models and proposes several modifications that will be implemented in the near future. This includes a discussion of why a constitutive law written in terms of quadratic electrostriction is appropriate and a suggestion that the Ginzburg term (energy proportional to the square of the gradient) has some overlap with the dipole-dipole interaction term.
Reading the Book of Memory: Sparse Sampling versus Dense Mapping of Connectomes

Many theories of neural networks assume rules of connection between pairs of neurons that are based on their cell types or functional properties. It is finally becoming feasible to test such pairwise models of connectivity, due to emerging advances in neuroanatomical techniques. One method will be to measure the functional properties of connected pairs of neurons, sparsely sampling pairs from many specimens. Another method will be to find a "connectome," a dense map of all connections in a single specimen, and infer functional properties of neurons through computational analysis. For the latter method, the most exciting prospect would be to decode the memories that are hypothesized to be stored in connectomes.
Wavelet-based blind watermark retrieval technique

A wavelet-based watermark casting scheme and a blind watermark retrieval technique are investigated in this research. An adaptive watermark hiding method is first developed to determine significant wavelet subbands and to select a couple of significant wavelet coefficients in these subbands automatically. Then, a blind watermark retrieval technique that can detect the embedded watermark in the wavelet domain without the help from the original image is proposed. Experimental results show that the embedded images's watermark can be retrieved successfully without the original image even after the JPEG compression with a quality factor of 20 percent and the wavelet based compression attack with the 64 to 1 compression ratio. With the help of original image, the watermark can be detected after more serious attacks.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PACking a punch: Political Action Committees and corruption

Political Action Committees (PACs) are unique and prominent players in American politics. Yet, formal research on some aspects of PACs is lacking. Using US data over the period 1970 to 2009, this research demonstrates that the growth in PACs is positively associated with greater corruption. A 10% increase in the number of PACs per capita would increase corruption by about 8%. Upon disaggregation, corporate PACs, rather than labour PACs, are positively associated with corruption. The effects of economic prosperity, government size and population on US corruption are generally in line with the literature.
A study of methyl and tert-butyl as non migrating groups in the reaction of me(organyl)zinc and t-bu(organyl)zinc with aldehydes

Abstract A series of mixed methyl (organyl) and tert-butyl(organyl)zincs were prepared by reaction of ZnCl 2 with Grignard reagents. In the presence of salts t-butyl migrates to a lessor extent than methyl in the reaction with aldehydes. In the absence of salts both groups are comparable. BuZnMe prepared under salt-free conditions adds to benzaldehyde in 82.4 % ee and in 85 % yield, comparable to the reaction with distilled dibutylzinc.
COSMIC-RAY OBSERVATIONS AT VERY HIGH ALTITUDES DURING PERIODS OF INTENSE SOLAR ACTIVITY

The records of a number of balloon flights which coincided with outstanding solar disturbances during the period 1947-1952 have been subjected to detailed statistical analysis in a search for associated fluctuations in the primary cosmic-ray flux. The intensity at very high altitudes was enhanced in four cases, and normal on five occasions when rf radio disturbances and/or visually-observed solar flares occurred. In some instances, outstanding chromospheric eruptions are not accompanied by any detectable increase in the flux of primary cosmic-ray particles even down to the very low energy required for just penetrating 10 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ of matter. On the other hand, additional low-energy particles apparently associated with solar disturbances sometimes are detected at very high altitudes, even when the flares are small and the observing station is outside the morning impact zone.
Antibody therapy of acute myelogenous leukemia.

SUMMATION Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become an important modality for cancer therapy. A genetically engineered, humanized anti-CD33 antibody HuM195 has demonstrated activity against overt re...
Intramolecular hydrosilylations of β,γ-unsaturated acyloxy silanes. A convenient synthesis of (2S,3R)-N-BOC-3-hydroxyproline methyl ester☆

Abstract A regio- and stereoselective synthesis of hydroxylated carboxylic acids by intramolecular hydrosilylation of β,γ-unsaturated acyloxysilanes has been developed. Application of the methodology in the synthesis of (2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-N-BOC-proline methyl ester is described.
A novel approach to detection of closely spaced sinusoids

Abstract A novel method for the detection of closely spaced sinusoids is proposed. It is based on the notch periodogram and a simple detection criterion. Compared with other well-known approaches, this method is not as sensitive to the accuracy of the estimated signal parameters, and it can be implemented with a low computational load. Simulation results of the approach are included, and they show excellent performance.
Probing spatial correlations in the inhomogeneous glassy state of the cuprates by Cu NMR

Abstract We discuss the crossover of the form of the Cu Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin echo decay at the onset of Cu wipeout in lanthanum cuprates. Experimentally, the echo decay undergoes a crossover from Gaussian to exponential form below the temperature where the Cu NMR intensity drops. The wipeout and the change in behavior both arise because the nuclei experience spatially inhomogeneous spin fluctuations at low temperatures. We argue that regions where the spin fluctuations remain fast are localized on length scales of order 1–2 lattice spacings. The inhomogeneity is characterized by the local activation energy Ea(r); we estimate the functional form of Ea(r) for points where Ea>(r)∼0.
Positivity conditions for bihomogeneous polynomials

In this paper we continue our study of a complex variables version of Hilbert's seventeenth problem by generalizing some of the results from [CD]. Given a bihomogeneous polynomial $f$ of several complex variables that is positive away from the origin, we proved that there is an integer $d$ so that $||z||^{2d} f(z,{\overline z})$ is the squared norm of a holomorphic mapping. Thus, although $f$ may not itself be a squared norm, it must be the quotient of squared norms of holomorphic homogeneous polynomial mappings. The proof required some operator theory on the unit ball. In the present paper we prove that we can replace the squared Euclidean norm by squared norms arising from an orthonormal basis for the space of homogeneous polynomials on any bounded circled pseudoconvex domain of finite type. To do so we prove a compactness result for an integral operator on such domains related to the Bergman kernel function.
Building values into the design of pervasive mobile technologies

This poster presents findings from an ethnographic investigation into the design of pervasive data collection and sensing systems. The findings about engineering laboratory and design culture suggest practices to prevent surveillance and encourage social values as a critical component of technology design.
Bringing science to market: Commercializing from NIH SBIR awards.

We offer empirical information on the correlates of commercialization activity for research projects funded through the US National Institutes of Health's (NIH's) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) award program. Based on this analysis we suggest possible recommendations for improving this aspect of the performance of NIH's SBIR program. Specifically, we estimate a model of the probability of commercialization as a function of the project's ability to attract additional developmental funding, along with other control variables. We find that additional developmental funding from non-SBIR federal sources and from own internal sources are important predictors of commercialization success, relatively more so than additional developmental funding from venture capitalists. We also find, among other things, that university involvement in the underlying research increases the probability of commercialization. Thus, these factors should be considered by NIH when making awards, if increased commercialization is an objective.
Bubbling AdS black holes

We explore the non-BPS analog of `AdS bubbles', which are regular spherically symmetric 1/2 BPS geometries in type IIB supergravity. They have regular horizons and can be thought of as bubbling generalizations of non-extremal AdS black hole solutions in five-dimensional gauged supergravity. Due to the appearance of the Heun equation even at the linearized level, various approximation and numerical methods are needed in order to extract information about this system. We study how the vacuum expectation value and mass of a particular dimension two chiral primary operator depend on the temperature and chemical potential of the thermal Yang-Mills theory. In addition, the mass of the bubbling AdS black holes is computed. As is shown numerically, there are also non-BPS solitonic bubbles which are completely regular and arise from continuous deformations of BPS AdS bubbles.
Expanding Ricci solitons asymptotic to cones

We show that an expanding gradient Ricci soliton which is asymptotic to a cone at infinity in a certain sense must be rotationally symmetric.
Can a Gravitational Lens Magnify Gravity? A Possible Solar System Test

Can a gravitational lens magnify gravity? Leading theories of gravity likely indicate "no," but the possibility might be testable by using our Sun as a gravitational lens and carefully aligning a satellite past the minimum transparent focal distance of about 25 AU. Here the magnitude of a maximal effect is estimated and found potentially observable.
Relative hyperbolicity, classifying spaces, and lower algebraic K-theory

Abstract For Γ a relatively hyperbolic group, we construct a model for the universal space among Γ -spaces with isotropy on the family V C of virtually cyclic subgroups of Γ . We provide a recipe for identifying the maximal infinite virtually cyclic subgroups of Coxeter groups which are lattices in O + ( n , 1 ) = Isom ( H n ) . We use the information we obtain to explicitly compute the lower algebraic K -theory of the Coxeter group Γ 3 (a non-uniform lattice in O + ( 3 , 1 ) ). Part of this computation involves calculating certain Waldhausen Nil-groups for Z [ D 2 ] , Z [ D 3 ] .
Feeling Love and Doing More for Distant Others: Specific Positive Emotions Differentially Affect Prosocial Consumption

Marketers often employ a variety of positive emotions to encourage consumption or promote a particular behavior (e.g., buying, donating, recycling) to benefit an organization or cause. The authors show that specific positive emotions do not universally increase prosocial behavior but, rather, encourage different types of prosocial behavior. Four studies show that whereas positive emotions (i.e., love, hope, pride, and compassion) all induce prosocial behavior toward close entities (relative to a neutral emotional state), only love induces prosocial behavior toward distant others and international organizations. Love's effect is driven by a distinct form of broadening, characterized by extending feelings of social connection and the boundary of caring to be more inclusive of others regardless of relatedness. Love—as a trait and a momentary emotion— is unique among positive emotions in fostering connectedness that other positive emotions (hope and pride) do not and broadening behavior in a way that other co...
The effect of cash transfers to schools on voluntary contributions

Abstract School-based management programs aim to improve education outcomes by involving parents in allocation decisions about external funds transferred to the school. This paper explores the effects of two school-based management programs on parental investment in schools via voluntary contributions. One program provides both a cash grant and a matching scheme for privately raised funds. Difference-in-differences estimation shows that parents in richer schools increased voluntary contributions by 28%, while parents in poorer schools decreased voluntary contributions by 11%. This implies that a matching scheme results in higher inequality in resources available to schools. The second program provides only a cash grant to poor schools. Based on a randomized control, estimation shows that parents use 83% of the grant to substitute for voluntary contributions. A cash grant alone for poor schools results in an increase in resources available to the school in less than the cash grant transfer.
Gravitational lensing of wormholes in the galactic halo region

A recent study by Rahaman et al. has shown that the galactic halo possesses the necessary properties for supporting traversable wormholes, based on two observational results, the Navarro–Frenk–White density profile and the observed flat rotation curves of galaxies. Using a method for calculating the deflection angle pioneered by V. Bozza, it is shown that the deflection angle diverges at the throat of the wormhole. The resulting photon sphere has a radius of about 0.40 ly. Given the dark-matter background, detection may be possible from past data using ordinary light.
Determining the Physical Properties of the B Stars. II. Calibration of Synthetic Photometry

We present a new calibration of optical (UBV, Stromgren uvbyβ, and Geneva) and near-IR (Johnson RIJHK and Two Micron All Sky Survey) photometry for B and early A stars derived from Kurucz ATLAS9 model atmospheres. Our sample of stars consists of 45 normal nearby B and early A stars that have high-quality, low-resolution IUE spectra and accurate Hipparcos parallaxes. The calibration is unique because it relies only on the UV spectral energy distributions, the absolute flux calibration of the V filter, and the Hipparcos distances to determine the appropriate model atmospheres for the program stars. These models are then used to calibrate the synthetic photometry. We compare our results with previous well-accepted results and provide a thorough discussion of the random errors and systematic effects affecting the calibration. In particular, we demonstrate the influence of v sin i on surface gravities derived from fitting model atmospheres. Finally, we discuss some of our intended applications of this new calibration.
Design of Automatic Guided Vehicle Systems

Abstract Designing an automatic guided vehicle system is a complex task. Besides hardware considerations, the design engineer should assess the impacts on facilities layout, material procurement policy, and production policy. In this paper we present some analysis techniques and a methodological framework for specifying the operational characteristics of an automatic guided vehicle system.
Nonlinear filters with particle flow

We solve the fundamental and well known problem in particle filters, namely "particle collapse" or "particle degeneracy" as a result of Bayes' rule. We do not resample, and we do not use any proposal density; this is a radical departure from other particle filters. The new filter implements Bayes' rule using particle flow rather than with a pointwise multiplication of two functions. We show numerical results for a new filter that is vastly superior to the classic particle filter and the extended Kalman filter. In particular, the computational complexity of the new filter is many orders of magnitude less than the classic particle filter with optimal estimation accuracy for problems with dimension greater than 4. Moreover, our new filter is two orders of magnitude more accurate than the extended Kalman filter for quadratic and cubic measurement nonlinearities. We also show excellent accuracy for problems with multimodal densities.
Triad Synthesis for up to Five Design Positions With Application to the Design of Arbitrary Planar Mechanisms

Utilisation des triades pour la synthese des mecanismes plans devant passer par cinq points donnes au plus
Intramolecular screening and functional group accessibility effects in polymer blends: the prediction of phase behavior

Using modified equations for the free energy of mixing of hydrogen bonded polymer blends that include the effects of intramolecular screening and functional group accessibility, we have been able to predict and duplicate experimentally observed miscibility maps for ethylene-stat-vinyl acetate blends with styrene-stat-4-vinyl phenol and 2,3-dimethylbutadiene-stat-4-viny phenol. Moreover, this work suggests that equilibrium constants determined from low molecular weight mixtures may be used to predict the phase behavior of analogous polymer blends, after due consideration is given to intramolecular screening and functional group accessibility, which are a direct consequence of chain connectivity.
An organizing principle for dynamic estimation

This paper develops a general multicriteria framework for the sequential estimation of process states. Three well-known state estimation algorithms (the Viterbi, Larson-Peschon, and Kalman filters) are derived as monocriterion specializations. The multicriteria estimation framework is used to clarify both Bayesian and classical statistical procedures for treating potential model misspecification. A recently developed bicriteria specialization (flexible least cost), explicitly designed to take specification errors into account, is also reviewed. The latter application suggests how the multicriteria framework might be used to construct estimation algorithms capable of handling disparate sources of information coherently and systematically, without forced scalarization.
Modeling the Dynamical Effects of Anesthesia on Brain Circuits

General anesthesia is a neurophysiological state that consists of unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and immobility along with maintenance of physiological stability. General anesthesia has been used in the United States for more than 167 years. Now, using systems neuroscience paradigms how anesthetics act in the brain and central nervous system to create the states of general anesthesia is being understood. Propofol is one of the most widely used and the most widely studied anesthetics. When administered for general anesthesia or sedation, the electroencephalogram (EEG) under propofol shows highly structured, rhythmic activity that is strongly associated with changes in the patient's level of arousal. These highly structured oscillations lend themselves readily to mathematical descriptions using dynamical systems models. We review recent model descriptions of the commonly observed EEG patterns associated with propofol: paradoxical excitation, strong frontal alpha oscillations, anteriorization and burst suppression. Our analysis suggests that propofol's actions at GABAergic networks in the cortex, thalamus and brainstem induce profound brain dynamics that are one of the likely mechanisms through which this anesthetic induces altered arousal states from sedation to unconsciousness. Because these dynamical effects are readily observed in the EEG, the mathematical descriptions of how propofol's EEG signatures relate to its mechanisms of action in neural circuits provide anesthesiologists with a neurophysiologically based approach to monitoring the brain states of patients receiving anesthesia care.
Effects of Pitch Static Attitude and Roll Static Attitude on the Steady Performance of Air Bearing Sliders

This paper addresses the effects of pitch static attitude (PSA) and roll static attitude (RSA) on air bearing slider steady performance, especially for ultra-low flying height sliders. We performed simulations for three different low flying sliders with flying heights (FH) of 7nm, 5nm and 3.5nm using the static simulator code of the Computer Mechanics Laboratory (CML). We found that PSA and RSA have quite significant effects on the steady performance of these air bearing slider designs, and the effect is more important the smaller the size and the lower the FH of the slider. We also investigated the effects of suspension stiffness on the air bearing sliders’ flying attitude (pitch and roll) and found that these effects are similar to those of PSA and RSA.
Sensitivity and specificity of helical computed tomography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a systematic review.

Purpose: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of helical computed tomography (CT) for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and to determine the safety of withholding anticoagulant therapy in patients who have clinically suspected pulmonary embolism and negative results on helical CT. Data Sources: The MEDLINE database was searched for all reports published from 1986 to October 1999 that evaluated the use of helical CT for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Bibliographies of the retrieved articles were cross-checked to identify additional studies. Study Selection: All prospective English-language studies were selected. Retrospective studies, review articles, and case reports were excluded, and 5 of the 20 identified articles were excluded. The scientific validity of the remaining 15 articles was assessed. Data Extraction: Two of the authors used a priori, predefined criteria to independently assess each study. A third author resolved disagreements by adjudication. The predefined criteria were inclusion of a consecutive series of all patients with suspected pulmonary embolism, inclusion of patients with and those without pulmonary embolism, a broad spectrum of patient characteristics, performance of helical CT and pulmonary angiography (or an appropriate reference test) in all patients, and independent interpretation of the CT scan and pulmonary angiogram (or reference test). Specific data on sensitivity and specificity and the associated 95% Cls were recorded when available. Data Synthesis: No study met all of the predefined criteria for adequately evaluating sensitivity and specificity. The reported sensitivity of helical CT ranged from 53% to 100%, and specificity ranged from 81% to 100%. In no prospective study was anticoagulant therapy withheld without further testing for venous thromboembolism in consecutive patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. One prospective study reported the outcome of selected patients with negative results on helical CT who did not receive anticoagulant therapy. Conclusions: Use of helical CT in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism has not been adequately evaluated. The safety of withholding anticoagulant treatment in patients with negative results on helical CT is uncertain. Definitive large, prospective studies should be done to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and safety of helical CT for diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism.
Fixing Design Errors With Counterexamples and Resynthesis

In this paper, we propose a resynthesis framework, called COunterexample-guided REsynthesis (CoRe), that automatically corrects errors in digital designs. The framework is based on a simulation-based abstraction technique and performs an error correction through two innovative circuit resynthesis solutions: distinguishing-power search and goal-directed search, which modify the functionality of circuits' internal nodes to match the correct behavior. In addition, we propose a compact encoding of resynthesis information, called the Pairs of Bits to be Distinguished, which is a key enabler for our resynthesis techniques. Compared with previous solutions, CoRe is more powerful for the following reasons: (1) It can fix a broader range of error types because it is not bounded by specific error models; (2) it derives the correct functionality from simulation vectors without requiring golden netlists; and (3) it can be applied with a broad range of verification flows, including formal and simulation-based flows.
A Triad of Revolutions: 1776

Seeks to compare and conjoin three separate revolutionary movements in eighteenth century western society, led respectively by James Watt – technology, Adam Smith ‐economics and Thomas Jefferson – politics. Explores a contemporaneous link for all three and even a social connection in the case of Watt and Smith. Concludes that, though each strove for the individual freedom associated with his own particular field, the Three Wise Men of the Occident were joint champions of the all‐embracing concept of liberty.
Economic and political differentiation among Galole Orma women

The Orma are cattle‐herders living close to Tana River in Kenya. This paper gives an outline of Orma propertyholding and of women's contributions to production in terms of labor. The relationship between control over resources (either outright ownership, rights over use, or indirect control through children's ownership) is discussed in relation to the influence women wield in issues considering sale of stock, decisions to shift or not, and the use of child labor. Formal and informal positions of power held by Orma women are analysed in relation to the effectiveness of women's influence over production decisions. The access that Orma women have to property varies with the degree of integration into the cash economy and to one's position on the nomadic‐sedentary continuum. With greater sedentarization and integration into cash economy women seem to lose control over economic resources in terms of outright ownership. They participate less in manual tasks of production. However, by a variety of informal and f...
Coupled electro-thermal simulation of MOSFETs

Thermal transport in metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) due to electron-phonon scattering is simulated using phonon generation rates obtained from an electron Monte Carlo device simulation. The device simulation accounts for a full band description of both electrons and phonons considering 22 types of electron-phonon scattering events. Detailed profiles of phonon emission/absorption rates in the physical and momentum spaces are generated and are used in a MOSFET thermal transport simulation with a recently-developed anisotropic relaxation time model based on the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE). Comparisons with a Fourier conduction model reveal that the anisotropic heat conduction model predicts higher maximum temperatures because it accounts for the bottlenecks in phonon scattering pathways. Heat fluxes leaving the boundaries associated with different phonon polarizations and frequencies are also examined to reveal the main modes responsible for transport. It is found that though the majority of the heat generation is in the optical modes, the heat generated in the acoustic modes is not negligible. The modes primarily responsible for the transport of heat are found to be medium-to-high frequency acoustic phonon modes.
Optimised fine and coarse parallelism for sequence homology search

New biological experimental techniques are continuing to generate large amounts of data using DNA, RNA, human genome and protein sequences. The quantity and quality of data from these experiments makes analyses of their results very time-consuming, expensive and impractical. Searching on DNA and protein databases using sequence comparison algorithms has become one of the most powerful techniques to better understand the functionality of particular DNA, RNA, genome, or protein sequence. This paper presents a technique to effectively combine fine and coarse grain parallelism using general-purpose processors for sequence homology database searches. The results show that the classic Smith-Waterman sequence alignment algorithm achieves super linear performance with proper scheduling and multi-level parallel computing at no additional cost.
Automation, operation, and data analysis in the cryogenic, high accuracy, refraction measuring system (CHARMS)

The Cryogenic High Accuracy Refraction Measuring System (CHARMS) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center has been enhanced in a number of ways in the last year to allow the system to accurately collect refracted beam deviation readings automatically over a range of temperatures from 15 K to well beyond room temperature with high sampling density in both wavelength and temperature. The engineering details which make this possible are presented. The methods by which the most accurate angular measurements are made and the corresponding data reduction methods used to reduce thousands of observed angles to a handful of refractive index values are also discussed.
Development and evaluation of the carbon-nitrogen cycle module for the GPFARM-Range model

Rangelands cover approximately 50% of the terrestrial surface of the earth. Consequently, the soil carbon and nitrogen storage and turnover in rangeland systems are becoming increasingly important for sustainable grazing management and climate change. In this study, a carbon-nitrogen (C-N) cycle module from the N Leaching and Environmental Analysis Package (NLEAP) was added into the GPFARM-Range model. This linkage was tested against a 14-year forage dataset (1993-2006) with measurements of C and N in 1993, 2003, and 2006 near Cheyenne, WY. The results showed that the peak standing crop (PSC), and changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and total soil organic nitrogen (TON) in the rangeland were reasonably simulated by the new GPFARM-Range model. The indices of agreement (d) were >0.85 and the mean bias errors (MBE) were <130kgha^-^1 for the PSC simulation. The SOC and TON in the soil profile were simulated with relative root mean squared error (RRMSE) <5% for the calibration treatment without grazing and <20% for the validation treatments with grazing, both showing no significant bias or error from the observed values. A sensitivity analysis showed that the model responded reasonably to changes in temperature and precipitation. A long-term dataset with more soil C and N measurement events on the rangeland is needed to further test the model, but it is not available at this time. Additional investigation is needed into the adequacy of root-to-shoot ratio approaches to simulate root growth for forage groups in these systems.
Bills of exchange, interest bans, and impersonal exchange in Islam and Christianity

Abstract A vast economic history literature suggests that medieval institutions supporting contract enforcement were necessary for impersonal exchange to emerge. Yet this literature cannot account for the bill of exchange, an important financial instrument that had positive legal standing in both the medieval Islamic and Christian worlds but remained relegated to personal networks only in the former. This paper suggests that a seemingly innocuous difference – the involvement of currency exchange in European but not Middle Eastern bills, a difference resulting from the secular legalization of interest in Europe – encouraged divergent endogenous processes resulting in these distinct institutional arrangements.
On asymmetric business cycles and the effectiveness of counter-cyclical fiscal policies

Abstract An investment model with informational frictions and uncertainty is developed to capture the asymmetric dynamics of business cycles. When hit by a negative shock, the economy responds differently, in both size and recovery length, than when hit by a positive shock. In the model, the role for fiscal policy in smoothing the effects of business cycles fluctuations depends on initial conditions at the time of the shock. Based on the degree of fiscal fragility of the government, expansionary fiscal policy may be expansionary or contractionary in terms of output.
PP + PS = SS

Converted (PS) waves can provide important information about shear‐wave velocity and, in the presence of anisotropy, about the medium parameters responsible for both P‐ and S‐wave propagation. Kinematics and amplitudes of reflected PS‐waves, however, possess such undesirable features as moveout asymmetry, reflection point dispersal, and polarity reversal, which preclude application of conventional velocity‐analysis methods to mode conversions.Rather than using PS‐wave kinematics directly, here we propose a method for reconstructing SS‐wave reflection traveltimes from PP and PS data. The required preprocessing steps include picking of PP and PS traveltimes on prestack data and identification (correlation) of the PP and PS events from the same interfaces. The key idea of the method is to match the reflection slopes (horizontal slownesses) on common‐receiver PP and PS gathers. This procedure allows us to find the coordinates of receivers that record PP‐ and PS‐waves reflected at exactly the same (albeit unkn...
Design of scytalone dehydratase inhibitors as rice blast fungicides: (N-phenoxypropyl)-carboxamides.

Insights gained from a crystal structure of scytalone dehydratase led to the design of carboxamide inhibitors with a phenoxypropyl group substituted on the nitrogen atom. Potent enzyme inhibitors were synthesized around this motif, the best of which provided excellent control of rice blast disease in greenhouse assays and outdoor field trials.
An Inexpensive Field-Widened Monolithic Michelson Interferometer for Precision Radial Velocity Measurements

ABSTRACT. We have constructed a thermally compensated field-widened monolithic Michelson interferometer that can be used with a medium-resolution spectrograph to measure precise Doppler radial velocities of stars. Our prototype monolithic fixed-delay interferometer is constructed with off-the-shelf components and assembled using a hydrolysis bonding technique. We installed and tested this interferometer in the Exoplanet Tracker (ET) instrument at the Kitt Peak 2.1 m telescope, an instrument built to demonstrate the principles of dispersed fixed-delay interferometry. An iodine cell allows the interferometer drift to be accurately calibrated, relaxing the stability requirements on the interferometer itself. When using our monolithic interferometer, the ET instrument has no moving parts (except the iodine cell), greatly simplifying its operation. We demonstrate differential radial velocity precision of a few m s-1 m s - 1 on well known radial velocity standards and planet bearing stars when using this inte...
Cationic cyclization of an iron carbene complex

Abstract A cationic iron carbene complex has been found to undergo intramolecular cationic olefinic cyclization, resulting in formation of a six-membered carbocyclic ring.
Enantioselective syntheses of homophenylalanine derivatives via nitrone 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with styrenes

Abstract A new two-step route to derivatives of homophenylalanine is presented. Cycloaddition of a cyclic nitrone glycine template with various styrene derivatives affords good yields of 5-substituted cycloadducts. One-step hydrogenolysis (three bonds) then affords the optically pure α-amino acids related to homophenylalanine.
Photovoltage effects in photoemission from thin GaAs layers

A set of thin GaAs p-type negative electron affinity (NEA) photocathodes have been used to measure the yield of photoemitted electrons at high intensity excitation. The active layer thickness is 100 nm and the p-type doping ranges from 5 x 10{sup 18} cm{sup 3} to 5 x 10{sup 19} cm{sup 3} for a set of four samples. The results show that the surface escape probability is a linear function of the NEA energy. The surface photovoltage effect on photoemission is found to diminish to zero at a doping level of 5 x 10{sup 19} cm{sup 3}. The experimental results are shown to be in good agreement with calculations using a charge limit model based on surface photovoltage kinetics that assume a constant electron energy relaxation rate in the band bending region.
Proofs of retrievability with public verifiability and constant communication cost in cloud

For data storage outsourcing services, it is important to allow data owners to efficiently and securely verify that the storage server stores their data correctly. To address this issue, several proof-of-retrievability (POR) schemes have been proposed wherein a storage server must prove to a verifier that all of a client's data are stored correctly. While existing POR schemes offer decent solutions addressing various practical issues, they either have a non-trivial (linear or quadratic) communication complexity, or only support private verification, i.e., only the data owner can verify the remotely stored data. It remains open to design a POR scheme that achieves both public verifiability and constant communication cost simultaneously.In this paper, we solve this open problem and propose the first POR scheme with public verifiability and constant communication cost: in our proposed scheme, the message exchanged between the prover and verifier is composed of a constant number of group elements; different from existing private POR constructions, our scheme allows public verification and releases the data owners from the burden of staying online. We achieved these by tailoring and uniquely combining techniques such as constant size polynomial commitment and homomorphic linear authenticators. Thorough analysis shows that our proposed scheme is efficient and practical. We prove the security of our scheme based on the Computational Diffie-Hellman Problem, the Strong Diffie-Hellman assumption and the Bilinear Strong Diffie-Hellman assumption.
Orientale and Caloris

Based on revised stratigraphy, structural interpretation, explosion-crater data, and a genetic model for Orientale, it is suggested that Orientale and Caloris have much in common. It is noted that: (1) although the basin fill in Caloris is different from that seen in Orientale, the materials between the most prominent scarp and the weakly-developed outer scarp may be degraded equivalents of the massifs and knobs associated with the Montes Rook, (2) the Montes Rook and the main Caloris scarp have similar stratigraphic and structural features, (3) the lineated ejecta derived from shallower horizons are found near and beyond the weakly-developed outer Caloris scarp which is the counterpart of the Orientale scarp, (4) a well developed field of secondary craters is observed beyond 1 basin diameter at Caloris, (5) the observed textural differences between the material around the main Caloris scarp and the lineated material beyond suggest that Mercury is layered and that Caloris crater excavated coherent materials from one or more of these layers at depth, and (6) the difference in spacing between the Caloris rings is not related to internal layering effects.
Dust Coagulation and Settling in Layered Protoplanetary Disks

Previous models of dust growth in protoplanetary disks considered either uniformly laminar or turbulent disks. This Letter explores how dust growth occurs in a layered protoplanetary disk in which the magnetorotational instability (MRI) generates turbulence only on the surface layers of a disk. Two cases are considered: a completely laminar dead zone and a dead zone in which turbulence is "stirred up" from the MRI acting above. It is found that dust is depleted from high altitudes in layered disks faster than in uniformly laminar or turbulent disks. This is a result of the accelerated growth of particles in the turbulent regions and their storage in the laminar lower levels where they escape energetic collisions that would result in disruption. Thus, the regions of a protoplanetary disk above a dead zone would become rapidly depleted in small dust grains, whereas the outer regions will maintain a small dust population at all heights due to the disruptive collisions and vertical mixing from turbulence. This structure is similar to that inferred for disks around TW Hydra, GM Auriga, DM Tau, and CoKu Tau/4, which are depleted in dust close to the star but are optically thick at larger heliocentric distances.
On characterizing ribbons and finding skewed symmetries

Abstract Following Rosenfeld, we compare Blum, Brooks, and Brady ribbons. We prove that Blum and Brady ribbons are not, in general, Brooks ribbons. Conversely, we prove that Brooks ribbons are, in general, neither Blum nor Brady ribbons. For Blum and Brady ribbons, it is in principle trivial to decide whether two contour points may form a ribbon pair: they have to form a local symmetry. This property is not true for Brooks ribbons. It is possible to characterize locally the pairs of contour points which form a Brooks ribbon pair? Using the curvature of the contour of a Brooks ribbon, we show that the answer to this question is yes for some classes of Brooks ribbons, including skewed symmetries. This result is used in an implemented algorithm for finding skewed symmetries in an image, and examples of segmentation of real images are given.
The relative roles of acetylene and aromatic precursors during soot particle inception

Abstract Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) and Molecular Dynamic (MD) methodologies were applied sequentially to simulate soot inception in premixed fuel-rich benzene flames to identify the role of accessibility to reaction sites on the relative rate of reactions of molecules of different size. This approach is designed to provide atomistic scale structure (bonds, bond-angles, and dihedral angles) as soot precursors evolve into a three-dimensional structure. Two different times in a benzene flame, experimentally studied by Homann were chosen to examine the reaction sequence between 20 gas phase species and the soot seed, starting with pyrene. The curvature of the seed particle is found to increase with particle size becoming significant when the number of carbon atoms exceed 100 and with the seed developing a spheroidal shape when the number of carbon atoms exceeds 400. The curvature increases with temperature in the flame, being greater at 2100 than at 1700 K. The accessibility of the sites on the growing seed molecule decreases with increases in curvature of the seed particle and size of the reacting molecule. The accessibility decreases from 1 at a seed size of around 100–150 carbons atoms down to about 0.5 at a size of 400 carbon atoms for acetylene and down to about 0.3 at a seed size of 200 atoms for acenaphthylene. These results show the value of the KMC/MD methodology, which provides insights into the details of soot particle inception.
Mist/steam heat transfer of multiple rows of impinging jets

Abstract Internal mist/steam blade cooling technology is considered for future high-temperature gas turbine systems that burn hydrogen or synthetic gases. This paper experimentally investigates the mist/steam heat transfer of three rows of circular jet impingement in a confined channel. Experiments were conducted with Reynolds numbers at 7500 and 15,000 and heat fluxes ranging from 3350 to 13,400 W/m 2 . The results indicate that the wall temperature significantly decreased because of mist injection. The cooling enhancement region of the three-row jet impingement jets is more extensive than those employing one row of circular jets or a slot jet. The highest enhanced region spans about five jet diameters and becomes negligible downstream. The maximum local enhancement is up to 800% by injecting 3.5% of mist at low heat flux condition and 150% at high heat flux condition. The average cooling enhancement can achieve more than 100% within two jet-diameter distance from the stagnation line at Re = 15,000 and m l / m s = 1.5%.