cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain, Nrf2, and Tobacco: Mechanisms and Countermechanisms Underlying Oxidative-Stress-Mediated Cerebrovascular Effects of Cigarette Smoking

Abstract It is well established that tobacco smoking (TS) has been associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction in a causative and dose-dependent manner. This is primarily related to the TS content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nicotine, and oxidative stress (OS)-driven inflammation. Current scientific opinion considers OS to play a major role in the pathogenesis of major cerebrovascular and neuroinflammatory disorders associated with TS including stroke, vascular dementia, small vessel ischemic disease, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preclinical studies have also shown that nicotine (the principal e-liquid's ingredient used in e-cigarettes—e-cigs) can also cause OS and inflammation and exacerbation of cerebral ischemia. Recently published in vitro and in vivo findings strongly suggest the onset and/or progression of these cerebrovascular/neuroinflammatory disorders associated with OS is largely modulated by common key factors. These include alterations of the endogenous antioxidant response element (ARE) regulated by the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2). In fact, the activity of the Nrf2-ARE pathway not only supports BBB viability and integrity as recently demonstrated but also plays a major role in protecting cells and tissue from excessive OS such that associated with TS.
Creating a Community of Scholars: Outcomes and Interventions of a Four-Year Community College STEM Scholarship Program

This project describes degree and other outcomes after four years of a specific S-STEM scholarship program at the Community College of Baltimore County (CCBC), located in Maryland USA [1]. This scholarship program was aimed at increasing degree attainment at the community college level in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) related fields. From Fall 2014 through Spring 2018, 101 fulltime CCBC students majoring in specific STEM fields received S-STEM scholarships for one or more semesters through NSF funding. This paper highlights previous research [1] and presents demographics of the CCBC awardees, including transfer and graduation rates. In addition, emphasis will be placed on community building and interaction, student interventions and results of spatial visualization skills testing (PSVT:R) and practice. As all students remained in the program due to its successful implementation, student success strategies will be discussed.
ATTAIN: Attention-based Time-Aware LSTM Networks for Disease Progression Modeling.

Modeling patient disease progression using Electronic Health Records (EHRs) is critical to assist clinical decision making. Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) is an effective model to handle sequential data, such as EHRs, but it encounters two major limitations when applied to EHRs: it is unable to interpret the prediction results and it ignores the irregular time intervals between consecutive events. To tackle these limitations, we propose an attention-based time-aware LSTM Networks (ATTAIN), to improve the interpretability of LSTM and to identify the critical previous events for current diagnosis by modeling the inherent time irregularity. We validate ATTAIN on modeling the progression of an extremely challenging disease, septic shock, by using real-world EHRs. Our results demonstrate that the proposed framework outperforms the state-of-the-art models such as RETAIN and T-LSTM. Also, the generated interpretative time-aware attention weights shed some lights on the progression behaviors of septic shock.
The Spectrinome: The Interactome of a Scaffold Protein Creating Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Connectivity and Function.

We provide a review of Spectrin isoform function in the cytoplasm, the nucleus, the cell surface, and in intracellular signaling. We then discuss the importance of Spectrin’s E2/E3 chimeric ubiquit...
Are Standardized Letters of Recommendation in Residency Applications Correlated With Objective Data

Objective:To evaluate whether the standardized letter of recommendation (SLOR), commonly used for medical students applying to otolaryngology residency, correlates with objective data in the applic...
Empirical Determination of the Smallest Batch Sizes for Daily Planning

AbstractLevel of development (LOD) 400 is the level of building information modeling (BIM) defined for fabrication and, hence, the level appropriate for defining the daily scope of construction wor...
Frequency of Allergenic Ingredients in Antifungal Creams.

Background Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) may occur secondary to topical antifungals containing potential allergens in their vehicles. Variation of allergenic ingredients among commonly used antifungal creams (AFCs) has not been well characterized. Objective The study goal was to assess the frequency of allergenic ingredients in 4 commonly used topical AFCs. Methods Topical AFCs (clotrimazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, and terbinafine) were selected, and the ingredient lists for these products were obtained from the US Food and Drug Administration's Online Label Repository via a proprietary name search. A systematic literature review was performed using the ingredient name on MEDLINE (PubMed) database to identify reports of ACD confirmed by patch testing. Results Of the 20 ingredients analyzed, 6 had frequent allergenic potential. Propylene glycol was the most common cause of ACD identified in the literature and is an ingredient in ketoconazole 2% and miconazole nitrate 2%. Ketoconazole 2% and miconazole nitrate 2% creams contained the highest number of potential allergens (n = 3) among the 4 creams analyzed. Conclusions Of the 4 creams, terbinafine hydrochloride 1% and clotrimazole 1% contained the least number of potential allergenic ingredients. Awareness of the allergenic potential of commonly used AFCs may help health care providers when evaluating patients with ACD.
Spread of the Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): Modeling and Simulation of Control Strategies

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading throughout the world and all healthcare systems are loaded beyond its capacity. The virus is named as SARS-CoV-2. In this situation, rational decisions need to be made on how the care is provided for patients with COVID-19. The Incidence report, general symptoms and readily available testing kits, different control strategies, the basic compartmental model, and some of the current research on the epidemiology of the disease are discussed and previously published models are reviewed. Modeling this disease helps in understanding the spread, and predict its future to evaluate different control strategies (Social Distancing, Contact Tracing and Hospitalization). Compartmental modeling framework is used in this work. The non-linear equations are formulated and fitted to the cumulative case and mortality data. Analytical analysis along with uncertainty analysis and sensitivity analysis is performed, and the conditions to achieve disease free equilibrium is evaluated. Finally, Different control strategies are simulated to show their importance. This paper aims to shows the advantage of mathematical modeling and their simulations in times like now, during which the COVID-19 spreading like wildfire. It also includes Pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in the modeling. The simulations are performed for the model fit to Cumulative Case and Mortality data in the United States of America. The Reproduction number is found to be 2.71914.
The Emergence of Spatial Clustering in Medical Vaccine Exemptions Following California Senate Bill 277, 2015-2018.

Objectives. To understand how the elimination of nonmedical vaccine exemptions through California Senate Bill 277 (SB277) may have resulted in increased spatial clustering of medical exemptions.Met...
Association of radiation treatment failure in head and neck cancer with differential immune infiltrate.

6558Background: Previously we have shown that PD-L1 expression is associated with treatment failure in Head and Neck Cancer (HNSCC) treated with radiation. We have further evaluated the effect of p...
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Recovery, Remission, and Relapse in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Single-Center Longitudinal Experience

Introduction With increasing number of patients living with chronic systolic heart failure, the number of patients with recovery of their left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) has increased over time. Similarly the number of patients that have had LVEF recovery and has relapse of reduced ejection fraction is a patient group that is under recognized and not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to describe our single-center long-term experience of patients with who have had recovery in LVEF and relapse of reduced ejection fraction during that time, and to describe what clinical predictors might be associated with this improvement or relapse. Hypothesis We hypothesized that gender and race is associated with LVEF recovery and relapse. Methods We reviewed serial LVEF in patients with a diagnosis of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (defined as ejection fraction ≤ 35%) from 2000-2016. Hazard ratios (HR) for independent clinical predictors of recovery (defined by original LVEF ≤ 35% and follow-up LVEF ≥ 40%), relapse (defined by patients that had recovery, that subsequently had LVEF Results In our study cohort of 19,888 patients (67% male; 22.4% white), 7,327 (37%) experienced recovery of LVEF over a maximum time course of 5 years. Male gender was significantly associated with a lack LVEF recovery (HR 0.7, P Conclusions In our large single center experience of patients with chronic systolic heart failure, over a third of patients experienced recovery of their LVEF. Males were significantly less likely to recovery than females. Additionally a history of atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, and guideline-directed medications for heart failure were associated with LVEF recovery. In terms of relapse, African American race, CABG, and diuretic use were associated with relapse.
What Influences Work Engagement Among Registered Nurses: Implications for Evidence-Based Action.

BACKGROUND Previous studies evaluating work engagement of nurses revealed work-related factors and nurse demographics affecting work engagement. Low work engagement yields a decrease in productivity, high turnover, loss of revenue, and, most importantly, patient safety concerns. AIM To investigate the relationship between nurse-related and work-related variables associated with work engagement and provide a model that explains work engagement. METHOD This study employed an observational, cross-sectional study design, with 201 registered nurses working in acute care hospitals in the United States participating in the study. Four work-related and five nurse-related variables were evaluated and used in the work engagement model. A standard multiple regression was performed using the work- and nurse-related factors regressed onto work engagement. Structural equation model procedures were performed to examine the association between predictive variables and work engagement. RESULTS Of the 201 participants, just over a third of the participants were over 50 years of age (33.5%), female (91.6%), married (68%), had a bachelor of science in nursing (58.1%), and have been a nurse <5 years (42.4%). Five of the variables were found to make a unique statistically significant contribution to the variance in work engagement, age (β = .31, p = .001), workload (β = .30, p < .001), Core Self-Evaluation Scale (β = 0 .22, p = .002), Coping with Change Scale (β = .20, p = .001), and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)-General Scale score (β = -.17, p = .03). The work engagement model indicated a satisfactory overall model fit of the model (GFI = .996; χ2 (2, N = 201) = 4.02, p = .135; RMSEA = .07; CFI = .983; NFI = .976). LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION The results of this study confirm a work engagement model that incorporates both nurse- and work-related factors. Overall, the results indicate that the level of work engagement is predicted more by nurse-related factors than by work-related factors.
Trade Globalization and Its Consequences

Trade globalization began centuries ago and was associated with the emergence of European empires and their exploitation of colonies. By the middle of the twentieth century, global trade expanded dramatically, linked to the rise of US-based multinational corporations and an aggressive free trade agenda of the U.S. government. Neoliberalization of trade began in the 1970s and accelerated with a wave of regional and global trade liberalization initiatives from 1988 to 2010. The result was heightened trade in goods and services globally, a dramatic realignment of capital investments, and numerous anticipated and unanticipated social and economic dislocations, most forcefully depicted in the 2007–09 Great Recession. U.S. foreign direct investments (FDI) and U.S.-led trade liberalization with China resulted in a dramatic shift in the geography of global manufacturing and the loss of millions of manufacturing sector jobs in the U.S. The rise of new economic powers, especially the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, and China), prompted a long-standing stalemate at the World Trade Organization. Finally, recent political events in the UK and the U.S. (Brexit and Trump) are considered as both initiatives signal a crisis in multilateralism in an age of reaction to neoliberal globalization.
A Longitudinal Study of Language Trajectories and Treatment Outcomes of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention for Autism.

The present study examined language trajectories and placement outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) receiving early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI). Language measures were collected at baseline and 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months or until exit from EIBI in 131 children with ASD. Growth models estimated overall and subgroup language trajectories. Overall, children receiving EIBI showed substantial increases in language relative to normative expectations. Earlier age at EIBI start, higher baseline cognitive function, and lower baseline ASD severity predicted better language trajectories. Although there was significant variability in language trajectories and educational outcomes, most children showed significant increases in language scores, relative to normative expectations. Additional research, in more representative samples, is needed to understand this variability.
Global Mental Health Law and the Interface with Ethics

The WHO has identified the development of mental health laws and legal expertise as critical to supporting new global sustainable development and mental health goals. Understanding international standard-setting instruments can also be invaluable for mental health advocates seeking to implement or reform domestic mental health legislation. This chapter will examine some of the WHO’s contributions to global health law and practice including the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the International Health Regulations, and a number of soft law instruments as models for future mental health law. This chapter also proposes areas for expanded ethical inquiry as the field of global mental health law evolves.
Surviving Nonsurvivable Injuries: Patients Who Elude the 'Lethal' Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) Score of Six.

ABSTRACT Background The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score is used widely to quantify injury severity by body region. The maximal AIS score is 6, which defines a nonsurvivable injury. This study was undertaken to define mortality after AIS-6 injuries in order to determine if they are uniformly lethal and, if not, if differences between survivors and nonsurvivors exist which may aid in prognostication or refinement of the current AIS system. Methods All patients in the National Trauma Data Bank (2007-2017) with ≥1 AIS-6 injury were included. Exclusions were age Results 19,247 patients met inclusion/exclusion criteria. Of these, 25% (n=4,886) survived to hospital discharge and 75% (n=14,361) died. The most common discharge destination among survivors was home (n=2,187,45%) Nonsurvivors had significantly worse GCS in the field (3 vs. 14, p Conclusion AIS-6 injuries are not uniformly fatal, with 25% of such patients surviving to hospital discharge. Therefore, AIS-6 injuries may not be as catastrophic as previously considered. External and Head AIS-6, i.e. extensive burns and severe traumatic brain injuries, were associated with greatest odds of mortality. When death occurs after AIS-6 injury, it occurs rapidly, with all mortalities in this series occurring
Hole-induced insulator-to-metal transition in L a 1 -x S r x Cr O 3 epitaxial films

We have investigated the evolution of the electronic properties of $\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{a}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{r}}_{x}\mathrm{Cr}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}(0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}1)$ epitaxial films deposited by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, electrical transport, and ab initio modeling. $\mathrm{LaCr}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is an antiferromagnetic insulator, whereas $\mathrm{SrCr}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is a metal. Substituting $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{r}}^{2+}$ for $\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{a}}^{3+}$ in $\mathrm{LaCr}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ effectively dopes holes into the top of valence band, leading to $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{r}}^{4+}$ (${3d}^{2}$) local electron configurations. Core-level and valence-band features monotonically shift to lower binding energy with increasing $x$, indicating downward movement of the Fermi level toward the valence band maximum. The material becomes a $p$-type semiconductor at lower doping levels and an insulator-to-metal transition is observed at $x\ensuremath{\ge}0.65$, but only when the films are deposited with in-plane compression via lattice-mismatched heteroepitaxy. Valence-band x-ray photoemission spectroscopy reveals diminution of electronic state density at the $\mathrm{Cr}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}d\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{t}_{2g}$-derived top of the valence band, while O K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy shows the development of a new unoccupied state above the Fermi level as holes are doped into $\mathrm{LaCr}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The evolution of these bands with Sr concentration is accurately captured using density functional theory (DFT) with a Hubbard U correction of 3.0 eV $(\mathrm{DFT}+U)$. Resistivity data in the semiconducting regime $(x\ensuremath{\le}0.50)$ do not fit perfectly well to either a polaron hopping or band conduction model but are best interpreted in terms of a hybrid model. The activation energies extracted from these fits are well reproduced by $\mathrm{DFT}+U$.
Two Residues That May Ligate Ca2+ in Transmembrane Domain Six of the Plasma Membrane Ca2+-ATPase

Abstract In order to identify Ca2+ ligands in the putative transmembrane domain 6 of the plasma membrane Ca2+ pump, amino acids Asn879, Met882, Asp883, and Ser887 were singly altered. Asn879, Met882, and Asp883 were chosen because the corresponding amino acids have been proposed as Ca2+ ligands in the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump (Clarke, D. M., Loo, T. W., and MacLennan, D. H.(1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 6262-6267). For the alterations, a fully active truncated version of the pump was used, because the interaction of Ca2+ with the pump could be studied without interference from calmodulin binding. The mutants at Asn and Asp did not carry out ATP-supported Ca2+ uptake and formed no acylphosphate from [γ-32P]ATP, suggesting that, like the corresponding amino acids in the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump, these two are Ca2+ ligands. However, all the mutants at the position of Met882 showed some activity. Indeed, the Met882 → Ile mutant was fully active at a saturating Ca2+ concentration and only the K1/2 for Ca2+ activation was shifted slightly upward. Converting the Met to Thr (which is the corresponding residue in the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump) reduced the activity to 20% of the wild type, further emphasizing the differences between the two Ca2+ pumps. The mutant Ser887 → Ala was expressed in greater amounts than, and had a specific activity about 50% higher than, the wild type, indicating that this serine also could not be a Ca2+ ligand and could not replace the missing Thr at position Met882
Reformulation and Approximation in Model Checking

Symbolic model checking of various important properties like reachability, containment and equivalence of constraint automata could be unsolvable problems in general. This paper identifies several classes of constraint automata for which these properties can be guaranteed to be solvable by reformulating them as the evaluation problem of solvable or approximately solvable classes of constraint logic problems. The paper also presents rewrite rules to simplify constraint automata and illustrates the techniques on several example control systems.
Identification, expression, and biochemical characterization of N- acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase mutations and relationship with clinical phenotype in MPS-VI patients

Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, or mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS-VI), is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the defective degradation of dermatan sulfate due to the deficiency of N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (4S). The clinical severity of MPS-VI ranges in a continuum from mildly affected to severely affected patients. Mutations in MPS-VI patient samples were identified by chemical cleavage and direct DNA sequencing of PCR products derived from patient cDNA. Five amino acid substitutions were identified (T92M, R95Q, Y210C, H393P, and L498P), individually introduced into the wild-type 4S cDNA by site-directed in vitro mutagenesis, and transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells. Three of the five mutations (R95Q, Y210C, and H393P) were observed in > 1 of 25 unrelated MPS-VI patients; however, the mutations were not found in 20 control individuals. The residual 4S activity and protein (biochemical phenotype) were determined for each mutant in order to confirm their identity as mutations and to dissect the contribution of each mutant allele to the overall clinical phenotype of the patient. For each patient, the combined biochemical phenotypes of the two 4S mutant alleles demonstrated a good correspondence with the observed clinical phenotype (with the possible exception of a patient who was a compound heterozygote for T92M and L498P).more » This preliminary correspondence between genotype and the phenotype in MPS-VI may, with further refinement, contribute to the assessment of therapeutic approaches for MPS-VI patients. 30 refs., 4 tabs.« less
Field deployment of IMBuddy: a study of privacy control and feedback mechanisms for contextual IM

We describe the design of privacy controls and feedback mechanisms for contextual IM, an instant messaging service for disclosing contextual information. We tested our designs on IMBuddy, a contextual IM service we developed that discloses contextual information, including interruptibility, location, and the current window in focus (a proxy for the current task). We deployed our initial design of IMBuddy's privacy mechanisms for two weeks with ten IM users. We then evaluated a redesigned version for four weeks with fifteen users. Our evaluation indicated that users found our group-level rule-based privacy control intuitive and easy to use. Furthermore, the set of feedback mechanisms provided users with a good awareness of what was disclosed.
Interactive Narratives: Processes and Outcomes in User-Directed Stories

Interactive narratives are stories that allow readers to determine the direction of the plot, often at key decision points. Unanswered questions remain about the types of psychological processes evoked by these “Choose Your Own Adventure” style narratives, as well as the relative persuasive influence of interactive narratives compared to traditional narratives. The current paper reviews the existing literature and provides a theoretical framework to guide future research on interactive narratives, particularly as a tool for entertainment-education efforts. Specifically, we highlight increased user control and looser narrative structure as key elements of interactive narratives, and discuss possible effects of these differences on engagement variables (e.g., transportation, identification, perceived realism), self-related variables (responsibility), and outcomes (e.g., enjoyment, attitude change, health behaviors).
Properties of superior colliculus neurons in the golden hamster.

A laminar representation of sensory modalities was present in the hamster superior colliculus (SC) with upper laminar cells being exclusively visual, while intermediate and deeper layer cells were visual, somatic acoustic or multimodal. Receptive field (RF) properties of visual SC cells were studied quantitatively with stationary spots and moving bars of light of various sizes, velocities and directions of movement. The most effective stimuli were usually less than half of the diameter of the RF. Increasing stimulus size beyond a critical range produced progressively lower discharge rates even though the stimulus was confined within the borders of the RF. Low velocities (10–50°/sec) were most frequently optimal for both upper and lower laminar cells and the majority of cells were directionally selective. Movements in the upper nasal direction usually elicited the highest discharge rates and were thus preferred most frequently. However, directional preferences often could be minimized, or obliterated, by employing nonoptimal stimulus sizes and/or velocities. Most intermediate and deeper laminar somatic cells could be activated by gentle cutaneous stimuli and a general somatotopic plan, which was in register with the overlying visuotopy, was noted. Cells optimally, or solely, activated by noxious stimuli were also located, but RFs of such cells were extensive and a somatotopic plan was not apparent. Although species differences are apparent, the similarities between the organization and the RF properties of SC cells of the hamster and distantly related species are striking. Apparently the same SC system is adaptive in diverse species despite the very different behavioral repertories of these animals and their different ecological niches.
Production or annihilation of positrons with bound electrons

We have investigated the recently reported discrepancy between theory and a new experiment [Palathingal et al., Phys. Rev. A 51, 2122 (1995)] for single-quantum annihilation of positrons with bound electrons. Fully relativistic calculations of total cross sections for the production and the annihilation of positrons involving an electron bound in the K or L shells of atoms have been performed in screened atomic potentials, for a number of elements ranging from germanium (Z=32) to thorium (Z=90) and for positron kinetic energies up to 4 MeV above threshold. Very good agreement with earlier calculations, that had been performed over a more restricted range of elements and energies, is obtained, also confirming that the Z and shell dependence previously seen continues at higher energies. The results presented here extend theory to energies where recent experiments have been performed, at forward angle, which were assumed to characterize the Z and shell dependence of the corresponding total cross sections. Our new theoretical predictions are not consistent with the strong dependence of the K- and L-shell bound-pair-annihilation cross sections on the nuclear charge of the target reported in those experiments. An explanation of these discrepancies is proposed, namely, that it is not correct to assume the same ratios for total cross sections as for forward distributions. This is demonstrated using existing data for the related photoeffect process, and it is seen that such forward data are indeed consistent with the pair-annihilation experiments.
A method for estimating the number of blastoderm cells which give rise to Drosophila imaginal discs

A mathematical method for calculating the number of blastoderm cells whose descendants form the various imaginal discs is described. The method differs from available approaches in two respects: (1) It is based only upon the frequency of mosaicism of the adult derivatives of a given imaginal disc and ignores the relative surface area of the two genetically marked cell populations which comprise these derivatives. (2) The method estimates the average number of cells at the blastoderm stage which give rise to a particular imaginal disc and not at the developmental stage at which restriction of the pool of cells which will form this imaginal disc occurs. Despite their methodological differences the estimates obtained from this method and from other approaches are of the same order of magnitude and thus provide further support to the currently available estimates and to the notion that restriction of whole imaginal discs occurs at the blastoderm stage. The proposed method also provides a quantitative approximation of the non-linear relationship that exists between the frequencies of mosaicism of different imaginal discs and the number of cells which comprise these discs.
Assessment of right ventricular function by treadmill exercise stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot

Cardiac MR (CMR) is considered the gold standard to assess right ventricular (RV) function in different scenarios, including cases of congenital heart disease. Moreover, an MR-compatible treadmill coupled with Real Time (RT) CMR has been developed for stress testing, and may be an optimal choice in this setting. The aims of this study were to determine the feasibility and accuracy of a RT CMR protocol to evaluate RV function at rest and after treadmill exercise in adults with history of repaired Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF).
Acute and chronic effects of serotonin (5HT) antagonists on serotonin binding sites

The administration of 14 daily doses of cyproheptadine, BC-105, metergoline and methysergide induced a marked decrease in the number (Bmax) of 3H-spiroperidol binding sites (5HT2 sites) in frontal cortex, when assayed 48 h after the last dose; the apparent affinity (KD) of 3H-spiroperidol was not changed. The same treatment schedules failed to modify the KD and Bmax values for 3H-5HT binding to the 5HT1 site in the hippocampus. Cyproheptadine, BC-105 and methysergide, but not metergoline, decreased the density of 5HT2 sites in frontal cortex 48 h after a single dose. Additional studies of the decrease in 3H-spiroperidol binding after in vivo treatment with cyproheptadine showed that the extent of binding loss was unaltered by repeated washing. Furthermore, cyproheptadine added in vitro to membranes isolated from frontal cortex inhibited the binding of 3H-spiroperidol in a competitive manner; Scatchard plots were linear with the same maximum binding (Bmax) and different slopes. Therefore, these preliminary studies suggest that the loss of 5HT2 binding sites after in vivo treatment with cyproheptadine and with other 5HT antagonists may reflect an adaptive response. This apparent paradoxical effect suggests that the action of these drugs at the 5HT2 binding sites should be reevaluated.
The Adaptation of a School‐based Health Promotion Programme for Youth with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Community‐Engaged Research Process

Background Evidenced-based health promotion programmes for youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) are notably absent. Barriers include a lack of understanding of how to adapt existing evidence-based programmes to their needs, maximize inclusion and support mutual goals of health and autonomy. Methods We undertook a community-engaged process to adapt a school-based nutrition intervention in a residential school for youth with I/DD. Focus groups and interviews with school staff elicited recommendations for adaptation strategies; these were then reviewed by an expert panel. Results Adaptations were developed to address needs in three categories: food-related challenges among students, adjusting to change and transition and social environment factors. Choice and heterogeneity were overarching themes across the adaptation categories. Conclusions Future research should consider communityengaged approaches for adaptation so that youth with I/DD can participate and benefit from evidence-based health promotion programmes to their maximum potential.
Tyrosine's pressor effect in hypotensive rats is not mediated by tyramine.

Tyrosine, the amino acid precursor of catecholamines, increases blood pressure (BP) in hemorrhaged hypotensive rats. Since tyrosine may also be decarboxylated to form tyramine∞, which releases norepinephrine from sympathetic terminals, we tested the hypothesis that tyramine formation might mediate tyrosine's ability to increase BP. Three lines of evidence indicate that tyrosine does not act via this mechanism: pretreatment with reserpine blocked tyramine's but not tyrosine's pressor activity; pretreatment with hexamethonium left tyramine's effect intact but blocked the pressor response to tyrosine; and plasma tyramine did not increase after an hemodynamically-active dose of tyrosine (100 mg/kg).
Ferromagnetic resonance foldover and spin-wave instability in single-crystal YIG films

Foldover in ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) has been theoretically investigated. The objective was to calculate field shifts for the FMR shoulder associated with foldover, following the analysis of E. Schlomann (1959), and to make a detailed comparison with perpendicular FMR data recently published by Y.T. Zhang et al. (1988). The observed shifts were somewhat smaller than predicted theoretically on the basis of a single low-power FMR linewidth. However, the theory could be fitted to the data by allowing the effective resonance linewidth to increase with the microwave power level. Such an increase in the effective resonance linewidth is consistent with the increase in losses that is known to occur at high power levels. >
Effects of high-density lipoprotein2 on cholesterol transport and acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in P388D1 macrophages

Abstract High-density lipoproteins are the putative vehicles for cholesterol removal from monocyte-derived macrophages, which are an important cell type in all stages of atherosclerosis. The role of HDL2, an HDL subclass that accounts for most variation in plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration, in cholesterol metabolism in monocyte-derived macrophages is not known. In this study, the dose-dependent effects of HDL2 on cellular cholesterol mass, efflux, and esterification, and on cellular cholesteryl ester (CE) hydrolysis using the mouse macrophage P388D1 cell line was investigated. HDL2 at low concentrations (40 μg protein/ml) decreased CE content without affecting cellular free cholesterol content (FC), CE hydrolysis, or cholesterol biosynthesis. In addition, HDL2 at low concentrations reduced cellular acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity and increased FC efflux from macrophages. Thus, HDL2 has two potential roles in reverse cholesterol transport. In one, HDL2 is an acceptor of macrophage FC. In the other, more novel role, HDL2 increases the availability of macrophage FC through the inhibition of ACAT. Elucidation of the mechanism by which HDL2 inhibits ACAT could identify new therapeutic targets that enhance the transfer of cholesterol from macrophages to the liver.
Heliospheric sector boundaries: Single or multiple?

[1] Solar wind data were examined for a period when the Ulysses spacecraft moved roughly parallel to the boundary between inward and outward interplanetary fields at a solar distance of 1.4 AU. Multiple crossings of the magnetic sector boundary were observed. Three tests were used to evaluate whether or not the crossings were due to multiple crossings of a single surface or single crossings of separate surfaces: (1) a correlation between the latitude and longitude directions of the normals to the surface, (2) the radius of curvature of the surface calculated from consecutive crossings, and (3) the variation of plasma parameters across the surfaces. Both multiple crossings of a single rippled surface and single crossings of multiple boundary surfaces were observed.
Toward advanced ionic liquids. Polar, enzyme-friendly solvents for biocatalysis

Ionic liquids, also called molten salts, are mixtures of cations and anions that melt below 100°C. Typical ionic liquids are dialkylimidazolium cations with weakly coordinating anions such as (MeOSO3) or (PF6). Advanced ionic liquids such as choline citrate have biodegradable, less expensive, and less toxic anions and cations. Deep eutectic solvents are also included in the advanced ionic liquids. Deep eutectic solvents are mixtures of salts such as choline chloride and uncharged hydrogen bond donors such as urea, oxalic acid, or glycerol. For example, a mixture of choline chloride and urea in 1:2 molar ratio liquefies to form a deep eutectic solvent. Their properties are similar to those of ionic liquids. Water-miscible ionic liquids as cosolvents with water enhance the solubility of substrates or products. Although traditional water-miscible organic solvents also enhance solubility, they often inactivate enzymes, while ionic liquids do not. The enhanced solubility of substrates can increase the rate of reaction and often increases the regioor enantioselectivity. Ionic liquids can also be solvents for non-aqueous reactions. In these cases, they are especially suited to dissolve polar substrates. Polar organic solvent alternatives inactivate enzymes, but ionic liquids do not even when they have similar polarities. Besides their solubility properties, ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents may be greener than organic solvents because ionic liquids are nonvolatile, and can be made from nontoxic components. This review covers selected examples of enzyme catalyzed reaction in ionic liquids that demonstrate their advantages and unique properties, and point out opportunities for new applications. Most examples involve hydrolases, but oxidoreductases and even whole cell reactions have been reported in ionic liquids.
Subcellular location of polypeptides that react with anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies

Whole nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions from HeLa cells were analyzed in protein gel blots probed with either monoclonal anti-Sm or polyclonal anti-(U1)RNP antibodies. The cells were fractionated by a nonaqueous procedure, to minimize proteolysis and artifactual leakage of nuclear components to the cytoplasmic fraction. Unexpectedly, more reactive proteins were detected in the nucleus than shown earlier in partially purified small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs). In addition, reactive polypeptides were now found in the cytoplasm. These results are discussed in reference to the possibility that the nucleus and cytoplasm of adult somatic human cells may have a more complex than anticipated set of populations of polypeptides bearing Sm or RNP antigenic determinants, including some proteins that might not be in snRNP form.
A Comparison of Examination Equipment Used During Common Clinical Ophthalmologic Tasks

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS Ophthalmologists and other eye-care physicians frequently use clinical examination equipment that restricts access to patients and requires the adoption of sustained, non-neutral working postures of the neck and shoulders. The use of ergonomic principles in the design of examination equipment could help reduce these physical demands, which may be partly responsible for the high prevalence of neck and shoulder pain among ophthalmologists. This study compared the effects of a set of this alternative “ergonomic” equipment to a set of conventional equipment on measures of neck and shoulder muscle activity and upper arm posture during simulations of common clinical ophthalmologic tasks. Results suggested that some aspects of the alternative equipment may help reduce exposures to sustained, non-neutral working postures of the neck and shoulder among ophthalmologists. Ophthalmologists and other eye-care physicians may consider implementing similar alternative equipment interventions int...
Transactions section: Preprint of corresponding pages from the current annual AIEE transactions volume: Saturated synchronous machines under transient conditions in the pole axis

THE performance of synchronous machines in steady-state operation, as well as in the transient state, is substantially determined by magnetic saturation in their iron circuits.13,14,20 It is well-known that high initial and sustained short-circuit currents develop under widely different conditions of saturation and that large capacitive loading is unstable but for the effect of saturation.
A human papilloma virus type 11 transcript encoding an E1^E4 protein☆

The human papilloma virus (HPV) associated with a genital wart (condyloma acuminatum) was determined to be type 11. The majority of the viral DNA molecules were monomeric circles present in the cells at high copy number, as demonstrated by one- and two-dimensional agarose gell electrophoretic separation followed by Southern blot analysis. A cDNA library in phage lambda gt11 was constructed from poly(A)-selected mRNA recovered from the tissue. Recombinant clones corresponding to the most abundant 1.2-kb viral mRNA species detected by Northern blot hybridization and by electron microscopic analysis of R loops were isolated and their nucleotide sequence was determined. Comparison to the prototype HPV-11 DNA sequence revealed that this message consisted of two exons. The promotor-proximal exon spanned nucleotides 716 through 847 and the distal exon included nucleotides 3325 through 4390 or 4392. The mRNAs were alternatively polyadenylated after either of these latter two sites, in both cases following a G and preceding a U residue. Fourteen or sixteen bases upstream from the poly(A) was the hexanucleotide AGUAAA, which apparently serves as the signal for cleavage and polyadenylation of the nascent message. The splice donor and acceptor sites conformed to the usual /GU. . .AG/pattern. The exons joined open reading frame (ORF) E1, which contributed the initiation codon and four additional triplets, to ORF E4, which specified 85 amino acids to encode a protein of 10,022 Da. The cDNA also contained the ORFs E5a and E5b toward the 3' end. The complete sequence of the cDNA revealed three single-base changes from the prototype HPV-11, two resulting in altered amino acids in E4. Neither affects the coding potential of the overlapping E2 ORF. The function of the E1--E4 protein is unknown.
Let's get personal: making sustainability tangible to students

Purpose – Most students report giving little thought to their consumption and waste, and when confronted with issues of sustainability still find them either distant and impersonal or overwhelming. One area that has been relatively unexplored is the concept of a self‐audit and self‐reflection in the development of intrinsic motivation for living sustainably. The aim of this paper is to describe the results of a case study that addresses this issue.Design/methodology/approach – As part of an integrated course, Introduction to Sustainable Design, undergraduate students participate in the creation and use of a personal Resource Consumption and Waste Audit that makes tangible their resource consumption and waste generation and that forms the basis for self‐reflection throughout the course. The instructions to the students for the three‐day audit are provided along with the results as self‐reported by the students.Findings – Students generally express surprise and dismay at their levels of consumption and wast...
Caloric restriction in obese pre-diabetic rats prevents beta-cell depletion, loss of beta-cell GLUT 2 and glucose incompetence

Pre-diabetic male Zucker diabetic fatty rats (ZDF) become diabetic between 8 and 10 weeks of age. At that time their beta cells exhibit high basal insulin secretion, absent insulin response to glucose and loss of GLUT 2 glucose transporter. Beta-cell volume, which is increased at the onset of non-insulin-dependent diabetes, declines precipitously by age 18 weeks. To determine if expression of this diabetic phenotype was dependent upon the increased food intake of these rats, they were diet-matched to lean littermates for 12 weeks beginning at 6 weeks of age. Untreated control ZDF rats received an unrestricted diet for 3 months. All of the controls became hyperglycaemic by 8 weeks of age, whereas all diet-matched rats remained euglycaemic throughout the 3 months, despite the fact that at 18 weeks of age their mean body weight equaled that of obese rats on an unrestricted diet. In the former rats glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was absent at 12 weeks of age and GLUT-2-positive beta cells had fallen below 30%. The volume fraction of their beta cells was 2.6 times normal at this age but by 18 weeks of age it had declined by 75%. Diet restriction for 3 months prevented the loss of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and the reduction of beta-cell GLUT-2 and beta-cell volume fraction. However, neither the elevated basal insulin secretion nor the exaggerated arginine-stimulated insulin secretion of the obese rats was reversed or prevented by caloric restriction. We conclude that in diabetic ZDF rats the glucose incompetence of beta cells and the reduction of beta-cell GLUT 2, which coincide with the onset of hyperglycaemia, and the subsequent loss of beta-cell volume, occur only when the caloric intake is excessive. The increased basal insulin secretion and exaggerated insulin response to arginine appear to be relatively independent of caloric intake.
AN ABSORPTION BAND NEAR 800 mμ ASSOCIATED WITH P870 IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA

— Purple photosynthetic bacteria contain a component, absorbing near 805 mμ, distinct from the major light harvesting bacteriochlorophyll component. The minor component, designated P800, resembles P870 in that it resists oxidative treatments that destroy the light harvesting bacteriochlorophyll. Light induces a reversible blue-shift of P800 together with the reversible bleaching of P870. The ratio of P800 to P870 in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides is constant. Both pigments are absent in phenotypes that cannot grow photosynthetically; they reappear together in revertants to photosynthetic competence. Action spectra for light-induced bleaching of P870 and for bacteriochlorophyll fluorescence show that P800 transfers energy more efficiently to P870 than to the bulk bacteriochlorophyll. It is concluded provisionally that P800 is a specialized bacteriochlorophyll molecule in close proximity to the reaction center component P870.
Martian Dust Storm: Its Depth on 25 November 1971

Carbon dioxide absorption on Mars was observed by Earth-based spectroscopy at 10,500 angstroms. Its abundance was equivalent to a partial pressure of 2.0 millibars instead of the normal 5.5 millibars. The dust layer was therefore opaque to a height of about 11 kilometers. On 10 December, a pressure of 5.8 millibars was found.
The effects of aminopterin and estrogen on the phosphate metabolism of rat uterus.

SINCE Hertz and Sebrell (1) reported that a folic acid deficiency impaired the response of chick oviducts to stilbestrol a number of publications have confirmed and extended their experiments (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Also Silver (8) has reported that a deficiency inhibits the response of the pigeon crop gland to prolactin. From the work of Bond (9), Doctor, et al. (10), Nichol (11), and Nichol, Anton, and Zakrzewski (12) it appears that folic acid in the tissues is converted to “citrovorum growth factor” (CF or folinic acid) which is the metabolically active compound. Synthetic CF (13) appears to be identical with the naturally-occurring folinic acid with respect to mammalian tissue growth.