cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a scenario builder tool for scaffolded virtual patients

Simulation training using virtual patients can provide many benefits for nursing and medical students in learning patient interaction skills, especially since virtual patients can represent a wide range of patient scenarios and demographics that are not typically represented through roleplay or clinical rotations. However, creation of a single virtual patient scenario may take six months or more, so it is difficult to provide many unique scenarios during the course of a nurse's education. In this work, I propose the user-centered design, creation, and evaluation of a scenario-builder tool to enable nursing faculty to create their own scenarios, reducing development costs.
Digital Image Processing Applied to Scintillation Images from Biomedical Systems

Several nonlinear filtering methods have been developed for two-dimensional image signals obtained from an Anger Scintillation camera. The first method termed "pruning" is implemented in the frequency domain and filters out certain components of the two-dimensional amplitude spectrum. The other methods called "E-filtering" and "P-filtering" utilize a nonlinear transformation of the spatial coordinates which is proportional to the two-dimensional signal amplitude and energy spectrum, respectively. These nonlinear filtering techniques have been applied to phantom scintigrams as well as brain and heart scans of normal and abnormal patients. In addition, the detection of boundaries using the hexagonal Golay transform on filtered and unfiltered images is included. Finally, these filtering and edge detection techniques were for the first time applied to a new technique for the detection of acute myocardial infarcts.
Trichomonas vaginalis initiator binding protein (IBP39) and RNA polymerase II large subunit carboxy terminal domain interaction.

The core promoter that directs RNA polymerase to the start of transcription in the protist Trichomonas vaginalis is an initiator (Inr) element recognized by the Inr Binding Protein, IBP39. This nuclear protein is composed of two domains: a 14.5 kDa amino (N-terminal) and a 25 kDa carboxy terminal domain (C-domain). Here we describe the identification of an IBP39-interacting protein by screening a T. vaginalis expression library using a two-hybrid system with the IBP39 C-domain as bait. The CTD of the large subunit of RNAP II was found to specifically interact with the C-domain. The specificity and nature of the interaction between the CTD of RNAP II and the C-domain of IBP39 was validated by three independent biochemical methods: co-immunoprecipitation with epitope-tagged proteins, affinity chromatography and enzyme linked ligand sorbent (ELLSA) assays. Binding was shown to involve hydrophobic bonds and to have a disassociation constant (Kd) of 690 nM (±55). These results confirm and extend our previous binding studies using a peptide composed of the last nine amino acids of RNAP II CTD [Schumacher MA, Lau AOT, Johnson PJ. Structural basis of core promoter recognition in a primitive eukaryote. Cell 2003;115:413–24] that predicted an interaction between the CTD and IBP39. These data further demonstrate that IBP39 minimally possesses two functional domains: a N-terminal DNA binding domain (that recognizes the Inr) [Liston DR, Johnson PJ. Analysis of a ubiquitous promoter element in a primitive eukaryote: early evolution of the initiator element. Mol Cell Biol 1999;19:2380–8] and a C-terminal protein binding domain that recognizes the RNAP II CTD, an interaction that may be critical for recruiting RNAP II for initiation of transcription.
Studies into the Stereoselectivity of Tartrate-Derived Dienophiles

[reaction: see text] Diels-Alder reactions of 1-(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)-1,3-butadiene (3) with three C2 symmetric dienophiles derived from tartaric acid have been examined. Complementary diastereoselectivity is observed depending on the nature of the 1,2-diol protecting group incorporated in these dienophiles.
Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Resistance to the Bacterial Pathogen Erwinia amylovora, Causal Agent of Fire Blight Disease in Rosaceae

Fire blight, caused by the necrogenic Gram-negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is one of the most destructive bacterial diseases of apple (Malus × domestica) and pear (Pyrus communis), among other members of the Rosaceae family. This disease poses a major economic threat to pome production as there are no available effective control measures. Genetic enhancement of fire blight resistance in apples is the best alternative for averting disease damage, loss of crop, and loss of whole trees. In this review, current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of E. amylovora pathogenesis will be presented, especially those of effector proteins during bacterial–host interactions, as well as assessment of current understanding of the molecular controls of plant host resistance. Recent studies are elucidating how type III effectors modulate plant susceptibility and promote growth and dissemination of the pathogen. The large multidomain protein DspE is essential for E. amylovora pathogenesis and plays an additional role(s) in inhibiting salicylic acid-mediated innate immunity. On the other hand, the apple host defends itself against E. amylovora invasion by relying on quantitative resistance genes that likely respond to and/or complex with E. amylovora effectors. Thus far, a total of 27 quantitative trait loci (QTL) linked to fire blight resistance have been identified in different apple genetic backgrounds and in response to different E. amylovora strains. In addition to quantitative genetic approaches, microarray analysis of E. amylovora-challenged apple genotypes identified differential transcriptional expression in susceptible and resistant apples. Mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity and plant host resistance offer intriguing scenarios as to how effector proteins in E. amylovora interact with groups of genes for resistance in the apple host, particularly when considering that these quantitative genes have small effects in plant defense against the invading bacterial pathogen. This collective knowledge will provide insights into bacterial pathogenesis and plant host resistance, as well as highlight implications and opportunities for developing fire blight-resistant apple cultivars.
Extinction of species in age-structured, discrete noncooperative systems

Using a multi-species model of Ebenman for the dynamics of a discretely reproducing population that consists of noncooperation between juveniles and adults, we obtain exclusion principles by Lyapunov function methods. In the very general age-structured model, we show that, if there is an adult whose growth function is always larger than that of all the other species in the system, then it dominates the system by driving all the others to extinction. This result confirms a general folklore. We also develop a quasi-dominance concept and show that it implies the extinction of all the quasi-dominated species. The quasi-dominance concept applies even if there is no species whose adults always grow faster than all the others. In addition, a notion of weak dominance is developed. We show with specific examples that weak dominance does not necessarily imply extinction of species. If all the growth functions are exponential functions, then weak dominance is equivalent to quasi-dominance.
Licensing, Partnering, Strategic Alliances and University Relationships

Abstract Â The biopharmaceutical industry has been undergoing change for a number of years and that change is accelerating.Â Larger pharmaceutical companies are acquiring smaller ones, companies are merging, laboratories are being closed, and the number of scientists performing research in the pharmaceutical industry is declining.Â Overall, commercial industry, including the biotechnology industry, is becoming more interested in the benefits of collaboration with research institutions. Universities are also changing their view of relationships with industry.Â Shrinking federal budgets are causing universities to look at other sources of revenue, including collaborations with industry.Â Federal and state governments are also looking closely at the benefits of sponsoring university research, and in particular are seeking to accelerate commercialization of university discoveries not only to obtain the benefit of invested research dollars, but also for economic development and job growth.Â Universities, and in particular university technology transfer offices, must understand these changes and adapt to them.Â This paper discusses the university/industry relationships, and the particular issues important to universities which shape that interface.Â
Ceratopsid tracks and associated ichnofauna from the Laramie Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Maastrichtian) of Colorado

ABSTRACT The Laramie Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Maastrichtian) contains multiple trackbearing horizons exhibiting a diverse assemblage of ceratopsid, ornithopod and theropod tracks and trackways. The ceratopsid tracks are the first attributable to this family and we describe them as a new ichnotaxon, Ceratopsipes goldenensis, ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov. These tracks indicate that models of forelimb posture of ceratopsids that postulated a sprawling stance are incorrect. The ceratopsid-dom-inated ichnofauna reflects the body fossil record of the Laramie Formation. Theropod tracks indicate a diverse fauna including an ichnite that possibly represents Tyrannosaurus. A partial trackway represents the first reported champsosaur ichnites herein named Champsosaurichnus parfeti ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov. The ichnofauna also includes hadrosaur tracks and is useful in reconstructing the animal communities that inhabited the area.
Quantitative Study of Magnetization Reversal by Spin-Polarized Current in Magnetic Multilayer Nanopillars

We have studied magnetic switching by spin-polarized currents and also the magnetoresistance in sub-100-nm-diam thin-film Co/Cu/Co nanostructures, with the current flowing perpendicular to the plane of the films. By independently varying the thickness of all three layers and measuring the change of the switching currents, we test the theoretical models for spin-transfer switching. In addition, the changes in the switching current and magnetoresistance as a function of the Cu layer thickness give two independent measurements of the room-temperature spin-diffusion length in Cu.
Colleges Respond to Student Binge Drinking: Reducing Student Demand or Limiting Access

Administrators at 68% of 4-year colleges nationwide (N = 747) responded to a survey concerning the types of programs and policies they used in response to students' heavy drinking. Most schools conducted targeted alcohol education and invested in institutional prevention efforts; half conducted social norms campaigns; a sizeable minority restricted alcohol on campus. Schools that focused on demand reduction were less likely to ban alcohol use. One in 3 schools received funding for these programs from governmental agencies, and 1 in 5 from the alcohol industry. Such schools were more likely to conduct targeted alcohol education and social norms programs and were less likely to restrict alcohol use on campus or at college events. Colleges may want to reconsider prevention initiatives that focus exclusively on demand or supply. They may also want to examine the extent to which funding is the driving force shaping the direction of their alcohol initiatives.
Neonatal pain: What's age got to do with it?

Background: The neurobiology of neonatal pain processing, especially in preterm infants, differs significantly from older infants, children, adolescence, and adults. Research suggests that strong painful procedures or repeated mild procedures may permanently modify individual pain processing. Acute injuries at critical developmental periods are risk factors for persistent altered neurodevelopment. The purpose of this narrative review is to present the seminal and current literature describing the unique physiological aspects of neonatal pain processing.
HLA-Cw group 1 ligands for KIR increase susceptibility to invasive cervical cancer

Inherited genetic polymorphisms within immune response genes have been shown to associate with risk of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) and its immediate precursor, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3. Here, we used the transmission/disequilibrium test to detect disease-liability alleles and investigate haplotype transmission of KIR and HLA class I polymorphisms in a large family-based population of women with cervical cancer and their biological parents (359 trios). The effect of distinct human papillomavirus types was also explored. HLA-Cw group 1 (HLA-Cw alleles with asparagine at position 80), which serves as ligand for certain killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), was significantly overtransmitted in women with ICC (P = 0.04), and particularly in the subgroup of women infected with high risk HPV16 or 18 subtypes (P = 0.008). These data support the involvement of the HLA-C locus in modulating the risk of cervical neoplasia perhaps through its function as ligands for KIR, but functional studies are essential to confirm this hypothesis.
Distributions of carbohydrate species in the Gulf of Mexico

In order to study the role of polysaccharides in the cycling of marine organic matter and transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP), the concentrations of total carbohydrates (p-TCHO), total uronic acids (URA) and total acid polysaccharides (APS) in suspended and sinking particles, as well as carbohydrates in the filter-passing “dissolved” phase (d-TCHO), were measured in vertical profiles along a N–S transect in the Gulf of Mexico, across a cold core (CCR) and a warm core (WCR) ring (eddy) during both July 2000 and May 2001. The concentrations of d-TCHO in 2000 ranged from 4 to 22 μM C, with a subsurface maximum, which was located slightly above the depth of chl a maximum, amounting to, on average, 34% of DOC in the CCR, and 13% in the WCR. The concentration of particulate carbohydrates (p-TCHO) in different size fractions (0.7–10, 10–53, and >53 μm) ranged from 0.04 to 1.1, 0.005 to 0.40, and 0.006 to 0.26 μM C, respectively, indicating that carbohydrates are mostly concentrated in small particles (0.7–10 μm). URA and APS were similarly concentrated in small particles, in which, on average, URA accounted for 87% and 57% of total URA, and APS for 92% and 88% of total APS in 2000 and 2001, respectively. URA accounted for 3–9% of carbohydrates in suspended particles, suggesting that URA are a minor component of the p-TCHO pool. Due to its surface-reactive nature, URA could play a major role in the coagulation of particles and macromolecules despite its relatively low abundance. While, on average, p-TCHO and total APS were more enriched in suspended particles than in sinking particles in both 2000 and 2001, the opposite was true for URA in both years. The greater contents of URA that are present in settling particles compared to suspended particles could indicate a mass flow in the direction of sinking particles, either caused by coagulation, by bacterial reworking of particulate and colloidal organic matter, or by their more refractory nature.
What is ahead for parallel computing

Abstract With the industry-wide switch to multicore and manycore architectures, parallel computing has become the only venue in sight for continued growth in application performance. In order for the performance of an application to grow with future generations of hardware, a significant portion of its computation must be done with scalable parallel algorithms. It is therefore important to develop and deploy as many scalable parallel algorithms as possible. This paper takes a critical look at the major challenges involved in the development of scalable parallel algorithms and points to needs for compiler tool innovations to help address these challenges.
The poetics of goodbye: Change and nostalgia in goodbye narratives penned by ex-Baltimore Sun employees

This study examines a website produced by a group of workers laid off by The Baltimore Sun in April 2009. This study describes the poetics of ‘goodbye narratives’, reflective stories written by ex-employees regarding their organizational experiences. This article uses plot and thematic analysis rooted in narrative and organizational studies to understand community sense making of organizational change. Individually, these writers told stories that expressed attachment to their work and profession, while collectively these narratives dramatically illustrated the impact of organizational decline. Furthermore, these stories provided an opportunity to examine the role of nostalgia within interpretative community discourse. This article theorizes that nostalgia performs both individual and collective sense making, building a bridge between local and durational interpretative modes.
A Comparison of an ITPA Estimated Psycholinguistic Quotient and WISC-R IQs for Developmentally Disabled Children.

Compared an estimated Psycholinguistic Quotient, based on Cronkhite and Penner's (1975) revised scoring procedure for the ITPA Psycholinguistic Age, to the WISC-R Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs of developmentally disabled children. The Quotient entered into strong relationships with the WISC-R Verbal and Full Scale IQs. The diagnostic significance of these correlations was discussed. The data indicated that the estimated Psycholinguistic Quotient was a valid measure for screening intellectual status in this population.
Refrigeration to below 20 K

The difficulties of cryogenic refrigeration are outlined and short descriptions are given of the refrigeration cycles which attain temperatures down to 0·3 K. Details of applications of available cryogenic equipment are presented. The refrigeration cycles are analysed on the basis of the similarities of work (reversible or nearly reversible) and heat exchange mechanism. In conclusion, the author indicates that a considerable market is developing for cryogenic refrigerators in the range 2–20 K.
Partisan Divisions and Voting Decisions: U.S. Senators, Governors, and the Rise of a Divided Federal Government

This paper argues that existing research on divided government has ig nored the intergovernmental dimensions and implications of this phe nomenon. We address the intergovernmental case by exploring...
Femtosecond infrared study of the dynamics of solvation and solvent caging.

The ultrafast reaction dynamics following 295-nm photodissociation of Re2(CO)10 were studied experimentally with 300-fs time resolution in the reactive, strongly coordinating CCl4 solution and in the inert, weakly coordinating hexane solution. Density-functional theoretical (DFT) and ab initio calculations were used to further characterize the transient intermediates seen in the experiments. It was found that the quantum yield of the Re−Re bond dissociation is governed by geminate recombination on two time scales in CCl4, ∼50 and ∼500 ps. The recombination dynamics are discussed in terms of solvent caging in which the geminate Re(CO)5 pair has a low probability to escape the first solvent shell in the first few picoseconds after femtosecond photolysis. The other photofragmentation channel resulted in the equatorially solvated dirhenium nonacarbonyl eq-Re2(CO)9(solvent). Theoretical calculations indicated that a structural reorganization energy cost on the order of 6−7 kcal/mol might be required for the un...
Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O thin-film energy gap as a function of temperature and force applied to squeezable-electron-tunneling junctions

Tunneling-spectroscopy measurements have been performed on Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O squeezable-electron-tunneling (SET) junctions. Two distinct features have been seen in the current-voltage ({ital I}({ital V})) and conductance-voltage ({ital G}({ital V})) characteristics. One of these features has the appearance of an energy-gap signature, while the other may be due to switching to the voltage state of a grain-boundary junction that is in series with the SET junction. The latter feature can mimic the energy-gap signature in {ital I}({ital V}) and {ital G}({ital V}) characteristics. These two features respond very differently to changes in temperature and the force applied to the SET junctions.
Advantages of orthogonal and non-orthogonal three-dimensional anemometer systems

Abstract The propagation of uncertainties in the velocity components directly measured by a three-dimensional (3D)anemometer system into an orthogonal mean velocity vector and Reynolds stress tensor are investigated. Additional analysis is performed to investigate the effect of non-coincidence in the measured covariance terms and how they effect the accuracy of the orthogonal Reynolds stress tensor. A technique for evaluating the quality of measured covariance terms is presented.
An Analysis of Sierra Nevada Winter Orographic Storms: Ground-based Ice-Crystal Observations

Abstract Systematic observations of the sizes, shapes, and degrees of riming of ice particles falling at a downwind station of a major mountain barrier are presented. The observational station was equipped to measure ice-particle masses from 1 µg to a few milligrams, and to measure ice-particle dimensions, habits, degrees of riming, and degrees of aggregation. The results are shown to be useful in learning where ice nucleation and growth take place in the cloud system. The present study analyzed dissipating and developing winter orographic storm systems, which are representative of more than 60% of the storms observed over the study region. It suggests that most of the needles and columns observed at the ground may be formed by secondary ice production. Heavy riming was associated with light precipitation, while high precipitation rates were correlated with a high number fraction of aggregate crystals. Aggregation was found to be important in the process of precipitation development and the aggregate mass...
Variables associated with ultraviolet transmittance measurements of intraocular lenses

We measured the spectral transmittance of 12 intraocular lenses with a spectroradiometer system that uses an integrating sphere input. We evaluated both low- and high-power lenses and varied the input aperture size between 1, 3, and 5 mm. These variations caused a significant difference in the transmittance characteristics of the intraocular lenses. Most significantly, the transmittance of the low-power model was two to six times greater than that of the high-power model in the cutoff region. The larger aperture resulted in, at most, a factor of two difference in transmittance. This effect was observed in intraocular lenses labeled both ultraviolet-absorbing and nonultraviolet-absorbing.
Risk factors for aortic valve dysfunction in children with discrete subvalvar aortic stenosis

Aortic regurgitation (AR) is a known complication of discrete subvalvar aortic stenosis (DSS), and its detection often triggers referral for surgery. However, risk factors for aortic valve dysfunction in children with DSS remain incompletely defined. The primary goal of this study was to determine independent risk factors for moderate or severe AR at mid-term follow-up in patients with DSS. Clinical records and echocardiograms of 220 patients with DSS (109 patients had DSS resection and 111 had no surgery) were analyzed. The primary outcome variable was AR grade (based on the width of the vena contracta) at latest follow-up. Age at diagnosis, gender, and duration of follow-up (median 7.2 years, range 1 to 20.4) did not differ significantly between medical and surgical patients. By multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for moderate to severe AR (n = 30) were older age at diagnosis of DSS (odds ratio [OR] for age ≥17 years 5.13, p = 0.024), previous balloon or surgical aortic valvuloplasty (OR 19.6, p <0.001), and a longer follow-up period (OR for 1-year increase 1.15, p = 0.032). Excluding patients with previous surgical or balloon aortic valvuloplasty, a higher maximal Doppler gradient was an independent risk factor for moderate to severe AR (OR for peak gradient ≥50 mm Hg 10.8, p = 0.001). Independent predictors of low-risk patients (none or trivial AR and peak gradient ≤30 mm Hg) included thin and mobile aortic valve leaflets (OR 7.86, p = 0.006) and an associated ventricular septal defect (OR 2.18, p = 0.019). These clinical and echocardiographic variables can be used to stratify risk of aortic valve dysfunction in patients with DSS and aid in timing of surgical resection.
Information centrality and optimal leader selection in noisy networks

We consider the leader selection problem in which a system of networked agents, subject to stochastic disturbances, uses a decentralized coordinated feedback law to track an unknown external signal, and only a limited number of agents, known as leaders, can measure the signal directly. The optimal leader selection minimizes the total system error by minimizing the steady-state variance about the external signal, equivalent to an H2 norm of the linear stochastic network dynamics. Efficient greedy algorithms have been proposed in the literature for similar optimal leader selection problems. In contrast, we seek systematic solutions. We prove that the single optimal leader is the node in the network graph with maximal information centrality. In the case of two leaders, we prove that the optimal pair maximizes a joint centrality, which depends on the information centrality of each leader and how well the pair covers the graph. We apply these results to solve explicitly for the optimal single leader and the optimal pair of leaders in special classes of network graphs. To generalize we compute joint centrality for m leaders.
Predicting mouse vertebra strength with micro-computed tomography-derived finite element analysis

As in clinical studies, finite element analysis (FEA) developed from computed tomography (CT) images of bones are useful in pre-clinical rodent studies assessing treatment effects on vertebral body (VB) strength. Since strength predictions from microCT-derived FEAs (μFEA) have not been validated against experimental measurements of mouse VB strength, a parametric analysis exploring material and failure definitions was performed to determine whether elastic μFEAs with linear failure criteria could reasonably assess VB strength in two studies, treatment and genetic, with differences in bone volume fraction between the control and the experimental groups. VBs were scanned with a 12-μm voxel size, and voxels were directly converted to 8-node, hexahedral elements. The coefficient of determination or R (2) between predicted VB strength and experimental VB strength, as determined from compression tests, was 62.3% for the treatment study and 85.3% for the genetic study when using a homogenous tissue modulus (E t) of 18 GPa for all elements, a failure volume of 2%, and an equivalent failure strain of 0.007. The difference between prediction and measurement (that is, error) increased when lowering the failure volume to 0.1% or increasing it to 4%. Using inhomogeneous tissue density-specific moduli improved the R (2) between predicted and experimental strength when compared with uniform E t=18 GPa. Also, the optimum failure volume is higher for the inhomogeneous than for the homogeneous material definition. Regardless of model assumptions, μFEA can assess differences in murine VB strength between experimental groups when the expected difference in strength is at least 20%.
Outcome in Two Large Sample Studies of Factorial Similarity under Six Methods of Comparison.

In studies of test bias evaluating the cross-group similarity of factor analytic results, a variety of methods of measuring factorial similarity have been employed. Six of these methods were compared with regard to outcome based on two large data sets, one for an intelligence test and the other for a personality test. All indexes yielded comparable results regardless of whether factors had been derived from subtests of the intelligence test or items of the personality scale. Conclusions would have remained constant in each study regardless of the index employed. When used to compare factors determined at random, all indexes yielded comparable results leading to a conclusion of dissimilarity, though the values of the salient variable similarity index were uncomfortably high.
Effect of Audio Clips of Heavily Accented Lecture on Teacher Evaluations

ABSTRACT: This study examines the relation between using audio clips of a nonnative, English-speaking instructor's heavily accented lecture (hereafter, HAL) and student evaluations of the instructor's teaching. In Spring 2011, we recorded audio clips of our HAL and made them available to students through iLearn, a learning management system. We found a significant positive relation between audio clips usage and several improved teacher evaluation ratings. This finding is useful to nonnative, English-speaking instructors because accounting students are influential in teacher evaluations, and the majority of accounting administrators in the United States use teacher evaluations for decisions on retention, promotion, and tenure. Data Availability: Available upon request.
Characteristic decouplings and interactions of rarefaction waves of 2D Euler equations

Abstract This paper is concerned with classical solutions for the interaction of two arbitrary planar rarefaction waves for the self-similar Euler equations in two space dimensions. The approach is made up of various characteristic decompositions of the self-similar Euler equations for the speed of sound and inclination angles of characteristics, reported in an earlier paper [J. Li, Z. Yang, Y. Zheng, Characteristic decompositions and interactions of rarefaction waves of 2-D Euler equations, J. Differential Equations 250 (2011) 782–798]. Here we report a new decomposition of the characteristics that decouples the two derivatives of the speed of sound along the two families of characteristics, and we apply the decomposition to refine the global existence theory and convexity properties of the characteristics.
Stilbene estrogen-mediated enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of the nuclear protein p53 by nuclear matrix associated tyrosine kinase(s)

We have previously shown that protein tyrosine kinases are present in the nuclei of hamster renal epithelial cells. In this study we have identified an endogenous, critically important nuclear matrix protein as a substrate for tyrosine phosphorylation by nuclear matrix tyrosine kinases (NM-PTKs) and its modulation by stilbene estrogen, diethylstilbestrol (DES). Analyses of tyrosine phosphorylation of nuclear matrix proteins by endogenous labeling revealed that NM-PTKs were able to phosphorylate the tyrosine residues of several proteins. Both amino acid analysis and immuno-precipitation of nuclear matrix proteins with the monoclonal antibody that recognizes wild-type p53 revealed that p53 was phosphorylated on its tyrosine residues by NM-PTK(s). Moreover, DES exposure resulted in the enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of p53 to a tune of 3.6 fold. Several other proteins of the nuclear matrix were also differentially phosphorylated in response to DES exposure. The DES-mediated enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of p53 coincided with increased cell proliferation of renal tubular epithelial cells of Syrian hamster. The results of this study suggest that p53 protein is phosphorylated at tyrosine residues and enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of p53 by DES exposure may play a role in the proliferation of hamster renal tubular epithelial cells.
Steam Condensation in a Vertical Passive Condenser

A set of steam condensation experiments is conducted to evaluate the heat removal capacity of a vertical passive condenser. A condensing tube is submerged in a water pool where condensation heat is transferred by secondary boiling heat transfer. Condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTC) are obtained under various test conditions, such as different primary pressure (150 - 450 kPa), inlet steam flow rate (1 - 5 g/s), air mass fraction (0 - 20%) and tube size (26.6 mm and 52.5 mm ID). The effects of these parameters to condensation performance are evaluated in this paper. Experimental data are compared with code predictions from RELAP5 with 2 condensation models. The comparison result shows that an improved condensation model is needed in RELAP5.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
What the tongue tells the brain about taste.

The chemical stimuli of special significance to taste are sugars (sweet), amino acids (umami), sodium chloride and other salts (salty), alkaloids (bitter) and acids (sour). Sugars and amino acids tend to be preferred, while alkaloids and acids tend to be avoided. Intake of salts depends on electrolyte balance. The gustatory system codes taste qualities and their associated hedonic attributes. The ability to distinguish foods from poisons is so important that it is hard-wired in the receptor cells themselves. Yet despite teleological appeal, neither nutritional value nor toxicity is a stimulus dimension that is coded per se. Sweet and bitter may be considered metaphors for nutritious and toxic, respectively. Toxicity and nutrition are not chemical properties of a stimulus nor are they properties of the senses. They are defined in terms of critical metabolic events, most of which are beyond sensation. For example, sucrose and saccharin are both sweet, but saccharin has no caloric value. Salts such as NaCl and LiCl have similar tastes, yet lithium salts are toxic but sodium salts are not. There are many examples of neurotoxins that are tasteless yet extremely toxic. Strychnine and sucrose octaacetate (SOA) are both bitter, though strychnine is toxic while SOA is not.
Mechanism of post-translational modification by tyrosine phosphorylation of apoptotic proteins during hypoxia in the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets.

The present study aims to investigate the mechanism of phosphorylation of apoptotic proteins and tests the hypothesis that the hypoxia-induced increased tyrosine phosphorylation of apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl is Ca2+-influx-dependent. Piglets were divided in normoxic (Nx, n = 5), hypoxic (Hx, n = 5) and hypoxic-pretreated with clonidine (Clo + Hx, n = 4) groups. Hypoxic animals were exposed to an FiO2 of 0.06 for 1 h. Clonidine (12.5 μg/kg, IV) was administered to piglets 30 min prior to hypoxia. Hypoxia was confirmed by ATP and phosphocreatinine (PCr) levels. Cytosol was isolated and separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and probed with tyrosine phosphorylated (p) -Bax, Bad, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl antibodies and bands were detected. The ATP levels (μmol/g brain) in the Nx, Hx, Clo + Hx were 4.3 ± 1.0 (P < 0.05 vs. Hx, Clo-Hx), 0.9 ± 0.8 and 1.5 ± 0.3, respectively. The PCr levels in the Nx, Hx, Clo + Hx were 2.7 ± 0.7 (P < 0.05 vs. Hx, Clo-Hx), 0.9 ± 0.2 and 0.9 ± 0.9, respectively. Ca2+-influx (pmoles/mg protein) was 4.96 ± 0.94 in Nx, 11.11 ± 2.38 in Hx, and 6.23 ± 2.07 in Clo + Hx (P < 0.05 Nx vs. Hx and Hx vs. Clo + Hx). p-Bcl-2 density was 21.1 ± 1.1 Nx, 58.9 ± 9.6 Hx and 29.5 ± 6.4 Clo + Hx (P < 0.05 vs. Hx). p-Bcl-xl density was 29.6 ± 1.5 Nx, 50.6 ± 7.4 Hx and 32.1 ± 0.1 Clo + Hx (P < 0.05 vs. Hx). p-Bax density was 38.6 ± 16.2 Nx, 46.1 ± 5.5 Hx and 41.6 ± 1.9 Clo + Hx groups (P = NS). p-Bad was 66.7 ± 12.8 Nx, 71.2 ± 6.8 Hx and 78.7 ± 22.5 Clo + Hx groups (P = NS). Results showed that clonidine administration prior to hypoxia prevents the hypoxia-induced increased nuclear Ca2+-influx and increased phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl while phosphorylation of Bad and Bax was not altered. We conclude that post-translational modification of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl during hypoxia is nuclear Ca2+-influx-dependent. We propose that blockade of nuclear Ca2+-influx that prevents phosphorylation of antiapoptotic proteins may become a neuroprotective strategy.
The Mechanism of Synchronization in Isorhythmic A-V Dissociation II. Clinical Studies

The electrocardiographic patterns recorded from seven patients with isorhythmic A-V dissociation fall into two distinct groups. In pattern I, the P wave fluctuates cyclically back and forth across the QRS complex. The mechanism responsible for this type of A-V synchronization represents a typical biologic feedback control system. The P-R interval is a determinant of stroke volume, which in turn influences the arterial blood pressure. The blood pressure has an inverse effect on the discharge frequency of the S-A node through the baroreceptor reflex. The S-A nodal frequency then affects the P-R interval, to close the feedback loop. In pattern II, the P wave is in a fairly constant position relative to the QRS complex. It is usually coincident with the QRS complex or appears on the ST segment or first half of the T wave. The mechanism producing synchronization in pattern II type of isorhythmic dissociation has not been established conclusively.
Mariner 5 and the radius of Venus.

Abstract The precise radio tracking of the Mariner 5 spacecraft has enabled the distance from the center of Venus of the line-of-sight joining the tracking station and the spacecraft to be determined with an uncertainty of less than 0.2 km near the time of occultation. The resulting profiles of temperature and pressure, when superimposed on the data of Venera 4, indicate that the Soviet probe penetrated to a radial distance of about 6079 km from the center of mass of Venus. If this is assumed to be the radius of the solid surface of Venus, it is at variance with the results of earth-based planetary radar studies. Extrapolation to the radar radius leads to atmospheric models that are consistent with the results of passive radio astronomy. It is concluded that the Venera 4 probe either landed on a high plateau or surface feature undetected by radar, or did not continue its measurements to the surface of Venus.
Transplantation immunity in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana: The rejection of integumentary grafts from Blatta orientalis

The results from several previous studies have indicated that the American cockroach is able to respond to integumentary xenografts, but doubt remained as to whether cockroaches could effectively discriminate between self and allogeneic differences. This was emphasized by the fact that while one study reported that Periplaneta americana responded to grafts donated by the closely related genus Blatta orientalis, the data reported elsewhere, using a different assay system, found no such reactivity. Since we have subsequently reported, using a direct histological assay, that Periplaneta can in fact recognize and destroy integumentary allografts, we initiated a study to hopefully sort out the enigma presented by previous data using Blatta as a transplant donor. Integument from Blatta orientalis was transplanted orthotopically onto Periplaneta americana, and at various time points post-transplant, scored histologically for the survival of the subcuticular epidermal layer. The results clearly demonstrated that Periplaneta reacted to the Blatta tissue, because approximately 82% of the grafts had the epidermal layer destroyed by day 7 posttransplant. The kinetics of the response to Blatta was more in line with our allograft data, which would be in agreement with other work indicating that the closer the donor and recipient are on the phylogenetic tree, the less intense the reactivity to the foreign transplant.
Ion injections and magnetic field oscillations near the high‐latitude magnetopause associated with solar wind dynamic pressure enhancement

[1] The characteristics of particles and magnetic fields associated with a step-like enhancement in solar wind dynamic pressure are investigated by using observations from the Polar spacecraft. At the time, Polar was located near its apogee of ∼9 RE at high latitude in the afternoon sector. Impulsive, energy-dispersed injections of ions were observed by Polar in both parallel and antiparallel pitch angle directions, with a much shorter duration in the parallel direction (toward the Earth) than in the antiparallel direction (away from the Earth). The energies of the injected ions ranged from ∼200 eV to a few keV, and they are considered of magnetosheath origin. The energy dispersion of the injected ions is consistent with the interpretation of the velocity filter or time-of-flight effect as the magnetosheath ions enter the magnetosphere and propagate downward and then are mirrored at low altitude where magnetic field lines converge. It is estimated that the entrance of the magnetosheath ions was located ∼3.9–7.5 RE away from Polar, and the distance from the spacecraft to the mirror point was ∼7.7–8.1 RE, corresponding to ∼830–3600 km in altitude. The Polar data clearly favor magnetic reconnection as the primary mechanism for the transport of magnetosheath plasmas into the magnetosphere. A good correspondence is found between the magnetic field oscillation and the intermittence of the ion injections, implying that the impulsive ion injections were a consequence of the intermittent magnetic reconnection at the high-latitude magnetopause that had been modulated by compressional waves produced by the solar wind dynamic pressure enhancement.
Intermediate Boson. I. Theoretical Production Cross Sections in High-Energy Neutrino and Muon Experiments

We present here the theoretical total cross sections for $W$-boson production in the reactions $\ensuremath{\nu}+Z\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Z+W+\ensuremath{\mu}$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}+Z\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Z+W+\ensuremath{\nu}$ for a variety of $Z$. The emphasis is on the energies and corresponding $W$-boson masses pertinent to the National Accelerator Laboratory. The effects of the $W'\mathrm{s}$ anomalous magnetic moment, the nucleon Fermi motion, the Pauli exclusion principle, inelastic channels (in particular, deep-inelastic ones), and the problem of incoherent versus coherent production are all discussed. We also give a critique of some recent high-energy compilations.
ELECTRON--POSITRON ANNIHILATION INTO HADRONS AT HIGH ENERGIES.

Abstract In the limit of extremely high energies with the transverse momentum of each hadron fixed, the reaction e+ + e− → hadrons proceeds by the annihilation of this pair into two virtual photons which turn into two fireballs of hadrons with negligible final-state interaction.
Micelle Morphology and Mechanical Response of Triblock Gels

The effect of polymer concentration on mechanical response and micelle morphology of ABA and AB copolymers in B-selective solvents has been systematically studied. Micelle morphology was determined using a combination of small-angle X-ray scattering, shear, and birefringence while mechanical response at low and high strains was determined using indentation techniques. Self-consistent field theory calculations were used to determine micelle volume fraction profiles and to construct an equilibrium phase map. The transition from spherical to cylindrical micelles increases the triblock gel modulus and energy dissipation. Combining knowledge of gel relaxation time, which determines the rate at which the gel can equilibrate its micelle structure, with the equilibrium phase map allows estimation of the experimental temperatures and time scales over which kinetic trapping will arrest micelle structure evolution. Kinetic trapping enables cylindrical morphologies to be obtained at significantly lower polymer fractions than is possible in equilibrated systems.
Russian Empire of Pop: Post-Socialist Nostalgia and Soviet Retro at the “New Wave” Competition

The article is an analysis of the “New Wave International Competition of Young Performers of Popular Music,” a televised spectacle in the music format of “estrada” (“stage song”), that has been held in Jurmala, Latvia, since 2002. The competition is discussed in terms of the history of its Soviet predecessor, the “Jurmala” competition that was held from 1985–1989 in the same concert hall, involving many of the same figures who organized “New Wave.” Originally a showcase for “all-union” culture and interethnic relations in the mode of the “friendship of peoples,” in its last two years, that earlier competition became a stage for agitation in connection with national independence movements. In this light, the contemporary “New Wave” competition may be seen as a form of memory project. Eliding the separatist politics of the last years of “Jurmala,”“New Wave” reconstitutes the “friendship of peoples” model of multiethnic Russophone culture in which Russians are first among equals, for a television audience that encompasses not only Russia but many of the former Soviet and former socialist states. In some ways, this is a form of cultural imperialism, a projection of Russian soft power that matches projections of hard power into the ostensible Russian “sphere of influence.” Yet despite the aspiration to unification of the post-Soviet and post-Socialist audience, the competition may take on distinct political and cultural significance in various locations. In Latvia, it may represent a clever marketing move, taking advantage of the demand for ironically inflected “Soviet nostalgia.” In Russia, the project should be viewed not as “nostalgia,” a term that may properly be applied to projects relating to scenes of cultural life that are truly past, but rather as “soviet retro”–dedicated to the recovery of modes of political and cultural life that are still meaningful and subject to revival.
Accurate image reconstruction from sparse data in diffraction tomography using a total variation minimization algorithm

We present a total-variation (TV)-based method for obtaining accurate image reconstruction in diffraction tomography (DT) from sparse data. Using computer-simulated data, we show that the TV-based method is effective in reconstructing accurate images using a total number of data samples comparable to or less than that of other current algorithms, such as filtered backpropagation or inverse scattering. Our algorithm is robust to the effects of measurement noise, and performs very well in limited angle scans. Overall our results indicate that TV minimization can be applied to DT image reconstruction under a variety of scan configurations and data conditions.
Mesonic Rare Decays in $N=1$ Supergravity

We consider mesonic rare decays mediated by flavour changing neutral currents in the context of spontaneously brokenN=1 supergravity and derive new bounds on masses of supersymmetric particles. In particular we study the supersymmetric contributions toK+ → π+ + “nothing” in view of the planned BNL experiment and extend this analysis to theB andD mesonic systems.
Landmark discoveries in the trail from chemistry to cellular biochemistry, with particular reference to mileposts in research on bioenergetics

Molecular oxygen was discovered in 1775 by Joseph Priestley. He also made the important observations that oxygen is produced by plants and that gases (O2 and CO2) mediate the interdependence of plant and animal life. The biological experiments of Priestley dealt with aerobes, the most advanced forms of life. It was the research of Louis Pasteur, however, on fermentation of sugar by anaerobic microbes that provided a system that was the first to reveal significant clues to the biochemistry of bioenergetics. Analysis of the detailed mechanism of anaerobic sugar fermentation by yeast during the first third of the 20th century and the later study of energy-yielding aerobic respiration and energy conversion in photosynthesis required development of many new techniques. These became the tools that were exploited to yield the basic outlines of cell biochemistry. Included were chromatography, metabolic gas manometry, spectrophotometry, the use of stable and radioactive isotopes as tracers of intermediary metabolism, and procedures for purification of proteins and other macromolecules. Noteworthy advances included discovery and characterization of the (Krebs) tricarboxylic acid cycle, “activated” intermediates such as acetyl coenzyme A, electron carriers and coenzymes necessary for energy conversion and reductive biosynthesis, ATP (the universal energy “currency”) and a multitude of enzymes involved in catabolic and biosynthetic metabolism.