cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climate science: timing is everything during deglaciations.

Links between various climate records for the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea have helped to identify a potential mechanism that enhanced sea-level rise during the last interglacial time interval. See Letter p.197 A central goal of palaeoclimate research is that of deciphering the mechanisms responsible for major state shifts in the Earth system, such as between glacial and interglacial conditions. This has proven difficult enough even for the last glacial termination (T-I), much less termination II (T-II), which ended glacial conditions about 130,000 years ago. Gianluca Marino et al. use new and existing data to demonstrate a link, within uncertainties, between Heinrich Stadial 11 (HS11) — a prominent Northern Hemisphere cold event — and the timing of peak sea level rise during T-II. A strong Southern Hemisphere warming also occurred during HS11, consistent with the idea of a bipolar seesaw that would probably have promoted Antarctic ice sheet melting. In contrast, rapid sea level rise in T-1 clearly postdated Heinrich Stadial 1. Possibly in response to differing CO2 and insolation conditions during T-I and T-II, fundamentally different mechanisms seem to be at work in triggering glacial terminations.
Incidence and Duration of Continuously Measured Oxygen Desaturation During Emergency Department Intubation

Study objective Desaturation during intubation has been associated with serious complications, including dysrhythmias, hemodynamic decompensation, hypoxic brain injury, and cardiac arrest. We seek to determine the incidence and duration of oxygen desaturation during emergency department (ED) rapid sequence intubation. Methods This study included adult rapid sequence intubation cases conducted between September 2011 and July 2012 in an urban, academic, Level I trauma center ED. We obtained continuous vital signs with BedMasterEX data acquisition software. Start and completion times of rapid sequence intubation originated from nursing records. We defined oxygen desaturation as (1) cases exhibiting SpO 2 reduction to less than 90% if the starting SpO 2 was greater than or equal to 90%, or (2) a further reduction in SpO 2 in cases in which starting SpO 2 was less than 90%. We used multivariable logistic regression to predict oxygen desaturation during rapid sequence intubation. Results During the study period, there were 265 rapid sequence intubation cases. The study excluded 99 cases for failure of electronic data acquisition, inadequate documentation, or poor SpO 2 waveform during rapid sequence intubation, and excluded cases managed by anesthesia providers, leaving 166 patients in the analysis. After preoxygenation, starting SpO 2 was greater than 93% in 124 of 166 cases (75%) and SpO 2 was less than 93% in the remaining 46 cases. Oxygen desaturation occurred in 59 patients (35.5%). The median duration of desaturation was 80 seconds (interquartile range 40, 155). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that oxygen desaturation was associated with preintubation SpO 2 less than 93% (odds ratio [OR] 5.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3 to 11.0), multiple intubation attempts (>1 attempt) (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.4 to 6.1), and rapid sequence intubation duration greater than 3 minutes (OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.2 to 6.1). Conclusion In this series, 1 in 3 patients undergoing ED rapid sequence intubation experienced oxygen desaturation for a median duration of 80 seconds. Preintubation saturation less than 93%, multiple intubation attempts, and prolonged intubation time are independently associated with oxygen desaturation. Clinicians should use strategies to prevent oxygen desaturation during ED rapid sequence intubation.
An approach to the design of ELIN (externally linear internally nonlinear) signal processors

In VLSI circuits used in wireless and other types of electronic communications, nonlinear signal distortion arises from the nonlinear characteristics of the active devices in the circuit such as bipolar transistors, MOSFETs, and JFETs. We present a nonintrusive method for cancellation of such distortions. Specifically, let the VLSI circuit be denoted by /spl psi/ and assume that its output consists of r ports providing r output voltage signals. We design a r-input-port/r-output-port nonlinear circuit D, called a nonlinear distortion canceller. D is such that when the r output voltage signals of /spl psi/ are applied to D, the latter generates at its outputs the distortion error components present in the output signals of /spl psi/. These are then subtracted from the distorted output signals from /spl psi/, to provide their desired undistorted versions. The method of design of the nonlinear circuit D is derived rigorously based on a contraction mapping formulation. The results obtained are practical. The method can also be used to cancel nonlinear channel distortion in a multi-user communication system based on nonlinear channel models.
Three-dimensional MRI-based statistical shape model and application to a cohort of knees with acute ACL injury

Summary Objective The aim of this study is to develop a novel 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based Statistical Shape Modeling (SSM) and apply it in knee MRIs in order to extract and compare relevant shapes of the tibia and femur in patients with and without acute Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Methods Bilateral MR images were acquired and analyzed for 50 patients with acute ACL injuries and for 19 control subjects. A shape model was extracted for the tibia and femur using an SSM algorithm based on a set of matched landmarks that are computed in a fully automatic manner. Results Shape differences were detected between the knees in the ACL-injury group and control group, suggesting a common shape feature that may predispose these knees to injury. Some of the detected shape features that discriminate between injured and control knees are related to intercondylar width and posterior tibia slope, features that have been suggested in previous studies as ACL morphological risk factors. However, shape modeling has the great potential to quantify these characteristics with a comprehensive description of the surfaces describing complex 3D deformation that cannot be represented with simple geometric indexes. Conclusions 3D MRI-based bone shape quantification has the ability to identify specific anatomic risk factors for ACL injury. A better understanding of the role in bony shape on ligamentous injuries could help in the identification of subjects with an increased risk for an ACL tear and to develop targeted prevention strategies, including education and training.
Selective Inhibition Sintering: The Process for Consumer Metal Additive Manufacturing

Abstract The current 3D printing market is in need of a solution in which high performance meets low cost. Consumer 3D printers are predominantly based on fused filament fabrication technology, and while they feature a low cost, they only offer a limited selection of plastic materials. On the other hand, industrial additive manufacturing (AM) machines offer a variety of materials, including high-performance metals, with printed parts capable of tackling industrial applications. Unfortunately, these machines come at a high cost. This research aims to explore the application of a novel AM process called selective inhibition sintering (SIS) for use in a consumer-priced metal AM machine. Sample parts are printed and presented, along with a discussion of the results and future work necessary.
The nature of binuclear dinitrogen complexes of rhenium(I) and rhenium(V) in solution

Abstract Re(C 6 H 5 (CH 3 ) 2 P) 4 (N 2 )Cl has been found to interact with Re(O)[P(C 6 H 5 ) 3 ]Cl 3 and Re(O)(OCH 3 )[P(C 6 H 5 ) 3 ] 2 Cl 2 in chloroform solution to yield equilibrium mixtures containing bridging dinuclear Re 1 N 2 Re V species. The equilibrium constant for this process was observed to be extremely dependent on the nature of the Re V complex. Infrared intensity measurements of ν(N 2 ) in Re(C 6 H 5 (CH 3 ) 2 P) 4 (N 2 )Cl and in the bridging dinitrogen species were determined and are discussed.
The First American and French commemorations in molecular biology: from collective memory to comparative history.

L'auteur propose une reflexion qui s'articule autour de trois etapes. La premiere consiste a comparer les textes commemoratifs publies apres de nombreux seminaires. La deuxieme compare les pretextes sociaux utilises pour rassembler les souvenirs de nombreux scientifiques pour la publication. Enfin, la derniere compare les contextes politiques en France et aux Etats-Unis qui ont influence l'emergence de ces textes a des moments particuliers, dans le milieu des annees 60 aux Etats-Unis et dans la periode post-68 en France.
Adrenal insufficiency after stereotactic body radiation therapy for bilateral adrenal metastases

The adrenal (suprarenal) glands are paired retroperitoneal organs that consist of 2 functionally discrete regions with distinct embryologic and physiological functions, the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex is composed of 3 zones: the zona glomerulosa, the zona fasiculata, and zona reticularis, which release aldosterone, cortisol, and sex steroids, respectively. Given the vital function of the adrenal glands, a rich vascular supply provides a fertile environment for trapping and growth of hematogenous metastases. Surgery is the standard of care for resectable adrenal metastases, but stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is increasingly being used as an alternative ablative technique, with high rates of local control.1 Unilateral metastases predominate, with the incidence of bilateral adrenal metastases ranging between 4% and 20% in surgical and SBRT series.2-4
1028 TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY OF ECHOVIRUS TYPE 11 CAUSING CHRONIC MENINGITIS IN AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA

Temperature sensitive (ts) mutant viruses are associated with persistent infection (PI) of cells in vitro. An example of viral PI in human disease is chronic echovirus meningitis in agammaglobulinemic patients. We investigated temperature sensitivity in a strain of echovirus type 11 (ECHO 11) causing such illness. An isolate obtained early in the patient's course was ts, showing depressed replication at 40°C compared with 37°C (yield ratio, 40°C/37°C=10-1-10-3). Surprisingly strains of ECHO 11 that had not been associated with PI were even more ts (yield ratios 40°C/37°C=10-4-10-6). Temperature shift experiments showed that the ts step occurred late in the growth cycle of all the virus strains. Cells doubly infected with different combinations of the virus strains failed to show enhanced replication at 40°C (lack of complementation). These results suggest that all the tested strains of ECHO 11 have a ts lesion in the same gene but that in the persistently infecting strain, the lesion is “leaky.” An isolate obtained later in the patient's illness was more ts (yield ratio 40°C/37°C=10-5-10-6). Again no complementation with the other ts strains was shown. These studies indicate that the relationship between the temperature sensitivity of the infecting echovirus strain and the development of chronic meningitis in the agammaglobulinemic patient is more complex than suggested by in vitro models.
Impulsive loading of fully clamped beams with finite plastic deflections and strain-rate sensitivity

Abstract A review is given of earlier work on the plastic response to impulsive loading of a beam clamped against end rotations and axial displacements, taking account of small finite transverse displacements and of strain-rate dependence of the yield stress. New solutions are derived from rigid-plastic analysis which include both effects in simple approximate ways. Deflections are compared as obtained from these formulas, from experiments described here on mild steel beams and from finite-difference numerical solutions using the M.I.T. rod model with elastic-plastic strain-rate sensitive behavior. The significance of agreements observed is discussed.
Physical Activity, Cognitive Function, and Brain Health: What Is the Role of Exercise Training in the Prevention of Dementia?

Tor preventive measures are necessary to attenuate the increased economic and social burden of dementia. This review will focus on the potential for physical activity and exercise training to promote brain health and improve cognitive function via neurophysiological changes. We will review pertinent animal and human research examining the effects of physical activity on cognitive function and neurophysiology. We will discuss cross-sectional and longitudinal studies addressing the relationship between neurocognitive health and cardiorespiratory fitness or habitual activity level. We will then present and discuss longitudinal investigations examining the effects of exercise training on cognitive function and neurophysiology. We will conclude by summarizing our current understanding of the relationship between physical activity and brain health, and present areas for future research given the current gaps in our understanding of this issue.
Atmospheres of extreme metal-deficient stars

Atmospheric models have been constructed for effective temperatures 4000°, 4500° and 5000° and for hydrogen-to-metal ratios of 1, 102, 103 and 104 times the solar values, and for surface gravities of 2×104 and 2×102. The effect of metal deficiency on the atmospheric structure of these stars are studied.
Recruitment and abundance of an invasive fish, the common carp, is driven by its propensity to invade and reproduce in basins that experience winter-time hypoxia in interconnected lakes

Although the common carp is globally distributed, it only reaches extreme densities in certain regions. We hypothesized that this phenomenon might be linked to recruitment bottlenecks which carp overcome where environmental conditions create unstable peripheral areas that it can access for spawning and nursery habitat. To test this hypothesis, the abundance, movement and reproductive success of carp was determined in two systems of inter-connected lakes in the North American Midwest whose shallow basins frequently experience winter-hypoxia (‘winterkill’). Radio-tracking demonstrated that while adult carp overwinter in deep lakes that do not winterkill, they aggressively move into winterkill-prone shallow regions in the spring to spawn. The significance of this behavior was demonstrated by ageing analyses which found that carp recruit only in interconnected shallow lakes and then only in years following severe winter hypoxia. Presumably this strategy allows carp to exploit nursery habitat that is relatively free of predators. It likely evolved in response to seasonally variable conditions in the carp’s native habitat in the Ponto-Caspian region. This life history may also explain the carp’s abundance in other unstable regions such as southern Australia and could potentially be exploited to control this damaging invasive.
Diversity and Affirmative Action in Higher Education

We examine the practice of affirmative action and consequences of its proscription on the admission and tuition policies of institutions of higher education in a general equilibrium framework. Colleges are differentiated ex ante by endowments and compete for students that differ by race, household income, and academic qualification. Proscription of affirmative action requires that admission and tuition policies are race blind. Colleges then use the informational content about race in income and academic qualification in reformulating their optimal policies. We find that minority students pay lower tuition and attend higher-quality schools because of affirmative action. A ban of affirmative action will lead to a substantial decline of minority students in the top-tier colleges.
Differential fertility and intelligence: Resolution of two paradoxes and formation of a third

Abstract Differential fertility is employed as a measure of the direction of human intelligence. A summary of the studies which resolved some of the previous contradictory data is presented. Additional information is introduced which re-opens this issue for further investigation.
13C/12C Ratio Changes in Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plants

13C/12C ratios have been found in totally combusted leaves of Crassulacean acid metabolism plants to range from −14 to −33 δ 13C‰ compared with a limestone standard. Crassulacean acid metabolism plants apparently utilize both ribulose-1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase to assimilate atmospheric CO2 and, depending on environmental conditions, have 13C/12C ratios indicative of either carboxylase or to any intermediate value. The degree of discrimination against 13C and the resultant 13C/12C ratio from the photosynthetically fixed CO2 is influenced by environmental conditions and is not a specific and fixed characteristic of a Crassulacean acid metabolism plant. Certain Crassulacean acid metabolism plants may shift their ratios as much as 17 δ 13C‰ in specific environments.
Astroglial protein in the developing spinal cord of the chick embryo.

Abstract The time of initial synthesis and the localization of the glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein have been studied in the spinal cord white matter of the chick embryo from the 9th day of incubation until hatching with the indirect immunofluorescence method. The appearance of GFA protein on the 12th day of incubation in the marginal zones of the anterior columns was preceded by a marked increase of neuroglial density in the same areas. The next day, immunofluorescence gradually extended laterally and posteriorly in the marginal zones of the lateral columns adjacent to the leptomeninges. In the posterior columns, immunofluorescence was first observed on the 16th day; a peripheral distribution was not apparent. On the 21st day, the day of hatching, immunofluorescence was uniformly distributed in all three columns but not so intense as in a 13-day-old chicken.
A two-terminal nanocrystalline silicon memory device at room temperature

We describe the fabrication and operation of a polysilicon room-temperature memory device. The source-drain current-voltage characteristics of this device, with floating gate, demonstrate periodic current steps as well as hysteresis generic for a memory device. Electron micrographs show that the channel consists of 3-5 nm silicon grains. A model of single charge trapping controlled conduction through the device channel is suggested.
Compounds and phase relationships in the lithium-rhodium-hydrogen system

Abstract The compounds and phase relationships in the lithium-rhodium-hydrogen system have been characterized. In addition to the well-known saline hydride LiH, the compounds that exist in this system are the intermetallic compound LiRh and the two ternary hydrides Li 4 RhH 4 and Li 4 RhH 5 . No evidence was found, at hydrogen pressures up to 1 atm and temperatures up to 600°C, for reaction between hydrogen and rhodium. The intermetallic compound LiRh is formed by direct combination of the elements in closed iron crucibles at a temperature of 700°C. The crystal structure of LiRh is hexagonal. The ternary hydride Li 4 RhH 4 can be prepared by heating a 4:1 molar ratio mixture of lithium hydride and rhodium powder in an open iron crucible, either in vacuum or in an inert atmosphere. When the experiment is carried out in a hydrogen atmosphere, hydrogen is taken up by the condensed phase and the compound Li 4 RhH 5 is formed. At room temperature both compounds are brittle, black crystalline solids. The structure of Li 4 -RhH 4 is tetragonal; that of Li 4 RhH 5 is orthorhombic. Pressure-composition isotherms were determined over the temperature range 600°C–800°C and at pressures up to 1 atm. The gram atom fraction of hydrogen in the condensed phase ranged from 0 to 0.5; the latter limit corresponds to the ternary hydride Li 4 RhH 5 . No plateau (invariant) pressure ranges were observed at these temperatures. The integral heat of solution to form a liquid of composition Li 4 RhH 4 was determined as −12.5 kcal (g atom H) −1 . Pressure-composition isotherms were also determined by hydriding and dehydriding the intermetallic compound LiRh over the temperature range from room temperature to 700°C and at pressures up to 1 atm. The isotherms determined in these experiments are presented and discussed in the text.
Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Epidemiology and Available Systemic Therapies

Metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma rarely since surgery cures the majority of primary tumors. Metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma causes significant morbidity and mortality. Identifying characteristics of patients and the primary tumor may help to predict risk for metastasis and aid in the prevention, detection, or treatment of metastatic squamous cell cancer. Due to the rarity of metastatic cutaneous SCC, there are few prospective trials examining tumor characteristics associated with metastasis. Furthermore, the rarity and morbidity of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma make randomized controlled therapeutic trials difficult. We examine the risk factors and systemic treatments for metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
A granular hardware/software system: pervasive distributed dynamic sensor data mining system for effective commerce

In recent years, wireless sensor networks, cell phones and granular hardware/software systems have become ubiquitous for various applications; fusing these technologies in the field of business opens up new applications. To fill this lacuna, we propose a novel idea where the combination of these technologies facilitates the stores to receive feedback on their products and services. System's unobtrusive sensors will not only collect shopping data from customers, but will also make effective use of this information to increase revenue, cut costs, etc.; the use of mobile agents-based data mining allows analysing the data from different dimensions and categorising it on factors such as product positioning, promotion of goods, etc. Additionally, the shoppers get on-the-scene recommendation of products, rather than off-the-scene. In this paper, a novel granular distributed pervasive mining system is proposed to get dynamic shopping information of the customers.
Transient Eddy Forcing of the Rotational Flow during Northern Winter

Abstract The total direct transient eddy forcing of the vorticity balance in the upper troposphere during northern winter is examined using 11 years of 2 to 8-day bandpassed global analyses. Most examinations of the importance of high-frequency eddy vorticity fluxes to the maintenance of either the climatological standing waves or low-frequency anomalous flows have focused on only the horizontal blow or the rotational component of the horizontal transient flow. The latter simplification has been shown to be questionable for planetary scales. The vorticity flux by the transient divergent flow produces a forcing of the mean streamfunction that is of comparable magnitude with the equivalent rotational term. However, the streamfunction forcing by the sum of the transient vertical advection and twisting terms largely balances the fearing by the vorticity flux convergence associated with the divergent flow. The result is that the convergence of the eddy vorticity flux by the total transient flow is not a good a...
Optimization of a Computational Fluid Dynamics Code for the Memory Hierarchy: A Case Study

With the current shift of increasing the computational power of a processor by including multiple cores instead of increasing the clock frequency, consideration of computational efficiency is gaining increased importance for computational fluid dynamics codes. This is especially critical for applications that require high throughput. For example, applying computational fluid dynamics simulations to multi-disciplinary design optimization requires a large number of similar simulations with different input parameters. Therefore, a reduction in the runtime of the code can lead to large reduction in the design process. In our case study, a two-dimensional, block-structured computational fluid dynamics code was optimized for performance on machines with hierarchical memory systems. This paper illustrates the techniques applied to transform an initial version of the code to an optimized version that yielded performance improvements of 10% for very small cases to about 50% for large test cases that did not fit into the cache memory of the target processor. A detailed performance analysis of the code starting at the global level down to subroutines and data structures is presented in this paper. The performance improvements can be explained through a reduction of cache misses in all levels of the memory hierarchy. The L1 cache misses were reduced by about 50%, the L2 cache misses by about 80% and the translation lookaside buffer misses by about 90% for the optimized version of the code. The code performance was also evaluated for multi-core processors, where efficiency is especially important when several instances of an application are running simultaneously. In this case, the most optimized version, a blocked version of the optimized code, more effectively maintained efficiency as more cores were activated compared to the unblocked version. This illustrates that optimizing cache performance may be increasingly important as the number of cores per processor continues to rise.
Nervous system role of iodocompounds in blood pressure regulation

Approximately one-third of hypertensive patients with thyroid dysfunction become normotensive on restoration to the euthyroid state. Considerable evidence suggests that the nervous system is involved in these responses, but the mechanism has been obscure. New information demonstrates that iodothyronines are localized and processed in discrete neural systems in rat brain. Moreover, following a latent period, heart rate is significantly increased by intrathecal administration of triiodothyronine in a dose which sustains but does not increase heart rate when given intravenously. These observations add to existing biochemical and autoradiographic evidence that autonomic effects of iodocompounds may be mediated through direct neuroregulatory (neuromodulator and neurotransmitter) functions within the nervous system.
Rate distortion theory for sources with abstract alphabets and memory

This paper is devoted to the formulation and proof of an abstract alphabet version of the fundamental theorem of Shannon's rate distortion theory. The validity of the theorem is established for both discrete and continuous parameter information sources satisfying a certain regularity condition intermediate in restrictiveness between ergodicity and weak mixing. For ease of presentation, only single letter fidelity criteria are considered during the main development after which various generalizations are indicated.
Destination Branding and Images: Perceptions and Practices from Tourism Industry Professionals

The intensified competition among convention cities has created an increasing interest for cities to better understand how to market themselves as a convention destination. A city's image is one of the highest indicators of its success as a convention location. It becomes imperative for each city to specifically analyze its strengths and weaknesses. Because there is a lack of literature regarding medium-sized convention cities, this study compares Knoxville, Tennessee to other similarly populated cities in the southeastern United States. The perceived importance of city attributes and the tourism professional's perception of the strengths and weaknesses of the particular city as a convention destination are based on the years of experience of the tourism professional in the industry and participants' demographic characteristics. The sample of the study was industry professionals that attended the Tennessee Governor's Conference on Tourism held in Knoxville in September 2006. Implications from this study m...
Estimating adult coccinellid populations in wheat fields by removal, sweepnet, and visual count sampling

Removal sampling, sweepnet sampling, and visual count sampling conducted while walking at constant velocity through a field were used to sample populations of adults of five coccinellid species in plots established in spring wheat fields, Triticum aestivum L. Estimates of absolute population density obtained from two 20-min removal samples taken from each of six 5- by 5-m sub-plots per plot proved reliable and were used to convert estimates obtained from sweepnet sampling (180 sweeps per plot) and visual counts (36 min per plot walking at 10 m/min) into absolute estimates of population density. Population density estimates obtained by removal sampling were quite precise except for species with low capture efficiencies and low population densities.Crop plant growth stage influenced the numbers of beetles caught in sweepnet samples and was incorporated in regression models for converting sweepnet catch to absolute density. Values of R2 of regressions ranged from 0.51 to 0.90, depending on species. Visual counts were influenced by temperature and aphid density, and these variables were incorporated in regression models. Values of R2 for regressions relating visual counts to population densities ranged from 0.63 to 0.94, depending on species.
Structural effects in high-temperature electrooptic chromophores

High-temperature, polyimide-like electrooptic chromophores were found to possess markedly different linear and nonlinear optical properties for two very similar structural isomers. Dc-induced secon...
Light-inadequacy of the ultraviolet theory of ionization in the E-layer☆

Abstract From the reports of the CRPL, average yearly values of h′E, h′F1,f °E and NF1, for the months of January, March, June, July, September, and December of the years 1944 to 1949 were computed and plotted against the magnetic latitude. Altogether some 25,000 individual records were averaged. Seven curves were plotted. They showed that: (1) all curves are symmetrical with respect to the magnetic equator; (2) the h′E, h′F1, f0E and the NF, curves all swing up and down as the magnetic latitude, north and south, increases; (3) the h′E is definitely periodic with constant period and constant amplitude; (4) the h′E curve rises only slightly (on the average) with latitude. These results appear to be inconsistent with the ultraviolet light theory of ionization.
Sterile Neutrino Hot, Warm, and Cold Dark Matter

We calculate the incoherent resonant and non-resonant scattering production of sterile neutrinos in the early universe. We find ranges of sterile neutrino masses, vacuum mixing angles, and initial lepton numbers which allow these species to constitute viable hot, warm, and cold dark matter (HDM, WDM, CDM) candidates which meet observational constraints. The constraints considered here include energy loss in core collapse supernovae, energy density limits at big bang nucleosynthesis, and those stemming from sterile neutrino decay: limits from observed cosmic microwave background anisotropies, diffuse extragalactic background radiation, and ${}^{6}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}/\mathrm{D}$ overproduction. Our calculations explicitly include matter effects, both effective mixing angle suppression and enhancement (MSW resonance), as well as quantum damping. We for the first time properly include all finite temperature effects, dilution resulting from the annihilation or disappearance of relativistic degrees of freedom, and the scattering-rate-enhancing effects of particle-antiparticle pairs (muons, tauons, quarks) at high temperature in the early universe.
Indications for Cerebral Revascularization for Patients with Atherosclerotic Carotid Occlusion

Patients with complete carotid occlusion and recent ischemic symptoms are at high risk for subsequent stroke, particularly those with evidence of severe hemodynamic impairment due to poor collateral flow. Treatment options for these patients include direct extracranial to intracranial arterial bypass, or interventions aimed at improving collateral sources of flow such as endarterectomy or angioplasty and stenting of the ipsilateral external carotid artery, the contralateral carotid artery, or the vertebral arteries. The evidence supporting the use of these procedures for patients with complete occlusion of the carotid artery will be the focus of this article. The use of physiologic imaging to select subgroups of patients at high risk due to hemodynamic factors will also be discussed.
Differential E-selectin expression by iris versus retina microvascular endothelial cells cultured from the same individuals

The microvasculature of the eye plays a critical role in many ophthalmic diseases, including diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration. Transcriptional profiling by gene array allows characterization of endothelial cells (EC) and can test for inherent EC diversity relative to the tissue source of the EC. Here, we established highly purified microvascular EC cultures from donor-matched human irises and retinae (4 donor pairs). We used nylon-based gene array kits to compare gene expression in paired confluent EC monolayers, under both quiescent and inflammatory agent (bacterial lipopolysaccharide, LPS; or tumor necrosis-factor alpha, TNFα)-activated conditions. In the absence of an inflammatory agent, iris and retinal ECs from the same donor were remarkably similar in overall gene expression profiles, except for possible differences in the expression of platelet-derived growth factor-A and a DNA mismatch repair protein (mutL homologue). Several detectable transcripts had never previously been reported in the eye. After inflammatory stimulation, significantly greater expression of the adhesion molecule E-selectin mRNA was consistently detected in retinal versus iris EC, and this difference was maintained at the protein level both in cell-surface-expressed and secreted soluble E-selectin protein in paired cultures. Thus, cultured EC derived from adjacent microvascular beds are biologically distinct. Such endothelial diversity could play a role in the pathogenesis of tissue-specific inflammation, infection, neovascularization, and malignancy.
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the Temporal Bone

Objective and Importance: Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABC) are benign bone neoplasms which typically involve the spine and long bones. We present a rare case of an ABC in the temporal bo
An in vivo orthotopic canine model to evaluate distribution of intraprostatic injectate: implications for gene therapy and drug delivery for prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES Complete and reliable infiltration of the entire prostate is important to improve the efficacy of intraprostatic gene therapy, as well as drug delivery. We sought to evaluate the optimal injection scheme and feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a surrogate solution to assess the distribution of injectate in an orthotopic canine model. METHODS Twelve dogs were anesthetized, and laparotomy was performed. Four dogs in each group were injected with a 1:10 dilution of 1% methylene blue and gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid using 3, 10, and 20-core injection schemes. The dogs subsequently underwent MRI and then were killed. The prostates were harvested, sectioned, and photographed for methylene blue distribution. The cross-sectional area of the stained pathology and MRI slides was calculated, and correlation studies were performed. Statistical analysis was performed using the paired t test and Pearson's correlation test. RESULTS The gadolinium distribution reflected the methylene blue distribution, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.97 (P <0.001). The fractional volume distribution in the 3, 10, and 20-core injection schemes was 10.2%, 28.5%, and 30.1%, respectively. The volume of distribution was significantly greater for the 10-core (P = 0.0024) and 20-core (P = 0.0025) injection schemes than for the 3-core scheme. However, no significant difference was found between the 10 and 20-core schemes (P = 0.52). CONCLUSIONS MRI using gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid is an excellent modality to evaluate the effective volume distribution of injectate in an in vivo orthotopic prostate model. The 10-core injection scheme seemed to be as good as the 20-core scheme in achieving adequate distribution of injectate within the prostate.
Direct perfusion measurements of cancellous bone anisotropic permeability.

Abstract More extensive characterization of trabecular connectivity and intertrabecular space will be instrumental in understanding disease states and designing engineered bone. This project presents an experimental protocol to define the directional dependence of transport properties as measured from healthy cancellous bone when considered as a biologic, porous medium. In the initial design phases, mature bovine bone was harvested from the femoral neck (n=6 cylinders) and distal condyle (n=4 cubes) regions and used for ‘proof of concept’ experimentation. A power study on those results led to the presented work on 20 cubic samples (mean volume=4.09 cm3) harvested from a single bovine distal femur. Anisotropic intrinsic permeabilities (ki) were quantified along the orthogonal anatomic axes (i=medial–lateral, anterior–posterior, and superior–inferior) from each individual cubic bone sample. Using direct perfusion measurements, permeability was calculated based upon Darcy's Law describing flow through porous media. The maximum mean value was associated with the superior–inferior orientation (4.65×10−10 m2) in comparison with the mean anterior–posterior (4.52×10−10 m2) and medial–lateral (2.33×10−10 m2) direction values. The results demonstrate the anisotropic (p=0.0143) and heterogeneous (p=0.0002) nature of the tissue and encourage the ongoing quantification of parameters within the established poroelastic models.
Estrogen receptors in the pancreas

Minced rat pancreas retained a large portion of estradiol (E2) after incubation with either 5 nM or 1 μM concentrations of radioactive E2. The mince was homogenized in low salt buffer and separated into nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes, and cytosol by centrifugations at 1000 g, 10,000 g, and 105,000 g, respectively. The three pellets were washed 3 times prior to extraction with 0.4 M KCl buffer. The minced tissue took up about 77% of the labeled E2 irrespective of the initial concentration of E2 in the incubation medium. The largest amount of radioactivity was retained by the microsomes; and no more than half of this radioactivity could be extracted with 0.4 M KCl. The distribution among the fractions was the same for incubations in 5 nM and 1 μM E2. The ratio of E2 to protein in the cytosol, and in the nuclear, mitochondrial, and microsomal extracts was of the order of magnitude of pgE2/mg protein for incubations in 5 nM E2, and of the order of magnitude of ngE2/mg protein for incubations in 1 μM E2, with the highest ratio in the microsomal extract. Similarly, percentage binding is not reduced by incubations in a 200-fold higher concentration of E2. Binding was significant in all three extracts or cytosol. The sucrose density gradient gave higher results for binding than the assay by a Sephadex G-25 column. Per cent bound was more than 50% in all fractions as measured by sucrose density gradient, with the cytosol showing 90% binding. The bound radioactivity in cytosol and in the three extracts sedimented in the 4s region. The experiments show that rat pancreatic tissue has a high capacity to bind estrogens. Binding curves with E2 or estriol (E3) were obtained with either human or dog pancreatic cytosol by equilibrium dialysis or DCC. These curves showed that the cytosol has a low capacity with an apparent association constant of 107 to 109 M−1 for E2 and E3 and a high capacity of low association, especially for E2. A protein concentration effect was noted for the binding of E2 or E3 by human cytosol. Whereas only one peak in the 4s region was detected by sucrose density gradient, 2 or 3 peaks were obtained by chromatography of human or dog cytosol on Sephadex G-100. These results point to the possible presence of more than one E3 binding in the pancreatic cytosol.
Introduction to Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Epileptic disorders are classified as idiopathic when they are genetically transmitted conditions that consist of epilepsy only, with no structural lesions in the brain and no associated neurological deficits, and symptomatic when they result from some other primary brain lesion or insult. Symptomatic temporal lobe epilepsy can be further divided into mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), the condition associated with hippocampal sclerosis; lesional temporal lobe epilepsy due to specific identifiable lesions localized to areas that preferentially project to mesial temporal structures; and cryptogenic temporal lobe epilepsy, for which no etiology can be determined. Intensive clinical and basic research on MTLE, perhaps the most common form of human epilepsy, is currently being carried out in epilepsy research centers, and a number of experimental animals models have been developed to help elucidate the pathophysiology of this condition. Animal models are also important for determining how specific lesions induce epileptogenicity, and whether the neuronal mechanisms in mesial temporal lobe limbic structures are the same as those in neocortex. Cryptogenic temporal lobe epilepsy remains a major clinical challenge, and much more information needs to be derived from research on patients before relevant experimental animal models can be created.
Polymetallic compounds of extended polyaromatic ligands. Rhenium and manganese carbonyl derivatives of truxene

Abstract Truxene was deprotonated with KH in the presence of Mn(CO) 3 (pyridine) 2 Br to yield truxenyl-manganese adducts with one, two or three Mn(CO) 3 + units bound to the five-membered rings of the truxenyl ligand. These could also be prepared through haptotropic rearrangements of arene-coordinated Mn(CO) 3 + (i.e. [Mn(CO) 3 ] n (η 6 -truxene) n + , n = 1, 2, 3). The cis isomer of the dimanganese carbonyl truxene complex, [Mn(CO) 3 ] 2 (η 5 -truxenyl) was synthesized only through this latter route. Mono-, di- and tri-rhenium carbonyl derivatives were prepared by treating truxene with KH then [Re(CO) 3 (THF)Br] 2 . All metallotruxenes were air sensitive, thermally stable and were characterized by FT-IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR and field desorption mass spectrometry. These results are presented in terms of providing guidelines for the design of polymetallic macromolecules.
Involvement of dopamine D2 receptors in apomorphine-induced facilitation of forebrain serotonin output

Abstract The effect of systemic administration of the nonselective dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine on efflux of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in striatum and hippocampus of freely moving rats was examined using in vivo microdialysis. 5-HT efflux was increased by a moderate dose of apomorphine sufficient for a postsynaptic dopaminergic effect (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), but not by a lower dose (0.1 mg/kg, s.c.), that acts preferentially on presynaptic dopamine receptors. This effect was blocked by a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist raclopride, administered either systemically or locally into striatum, but not by a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist N-{2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl}-N-(2-pyridinyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 3HCl (WAY-100635). This indicates that dopamine D2 receptors, and not 5-HT1A receptors, mediate the facilitatory effect of apomorphine, and that this effect occurs at the nerve terminal level. Behavioral effects of apomorphine outlasted the concomitant changes in 5-HT efflux, suggesting that these changes resulted from dopaminergic receptor activation, rather than from the drug-induced behavioral arousal.
Microwave, infrared, and Raman spectra, r0 structural parameters, conformational stability, and vibrational assignment of allyl thiol.

FT-microwave spectrum of allyl thiol, H(2)CCHCH(2)SH, has been recorded, and 19 transitions have been assigned for the most abundant isotopologue of Gg conformer, and the rotational constants have been determined; A=20,041.439 (4), B=2795.830 (1), C=2701.084 (1). From the determined microwave rotational constants and ab initio MP2(full)/6-311+G(d,p) predicted structural values, adjusted r(0) parameters are reported with distances (A): rCC=1.343 (3), rC-C=1.496 (3), rC-S=1.827 (3) and angles (°) ∠CCC=123.4 (5), ∠CCS=112.5 (5), and τC(γ)C(β)C(α)S=118.7 (5). Variable temperature (-55 to -100°C) infrared spectra (3600-400cm(-1)) were recorded of allyl thiol in liquid xenon and the Gg conformer was determined to be the most stable form. The enthalpy differences relative to the Gg form are for Cg 120±9cm(-1) (1.44±0.11kJ/mol), for Gg' 337±34cm(-1) (4.03±0.41kJ/mol), and for Gt 360±36cm(-1) (4.31±0.43kJ/mol). The relative amounts present at ambient temperature are Gg 52±1%, Cg 29±1%, Gg' 10±1%, and Gt 9±1%. The conformational stabilities have been predicted from ab initio calculations with many basis sets up to aug-cc-pVTZ and the predicted stabilities are in agreement with the experimentally determined order. Vibrational assignments are reported with support by ab initio predictions and results are discussed.
Stereospecific synthesis of (±)-sesbanine and its C-10 epimer

Abstract A short, stereospecific total synthesis of (±)-sesbanine and its C-10 epimer from 4-methylnicotinonitrile is described.
Methyl formation from methanol decomposition on Pd(111) and Pt(111)

The decomposition of CH3OH adsorbed on Pd{111} and Pt{111} is compared as the surface is heated between 100 and 500 K. Using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and thermal programmed desorption (TPD) it is suggested that an anomalous CH 3 + ion signal observed previously by Akhter and White on oxygen precovered Pt{111} arises from the formation of a surface CH3 species resulting from activation of the C-O bond of CH3OH. This interpretation stems from a recent observation by Levis, Zhicheng and Winograd that CH3OH decomposes to CH3, OH and OCH3 on clean Pd{111} between 100 and 300 K. The results are discussed in terms of the relative ability of these metals to synthesize CH3OH from CO and H2.
427 SHORT STATURE ASSOCIATED WITH TBG EXCESS: IMPROVEMENT WITH T3 TREATMENT

Euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia has been described in association with TBG excess. We report a 6 1/2 yr old male with high TBG levels (17 mg/dl) and high T4 of 24.5 ug/dl, who also has short stature (-3 SD), delayed bone age (BA) of 2 1/2 yr and hyper TSH response to TRH testing (max value 52.2 μIU/ml). Other data: vital signs normal, wt at 5 percentile, T3=405 μg/dl, FT4= 4.6 ng/dl, FT3=768 pg/dl. Thyroid uptake was 23.7%, TS RU 21.8% (nl 37.5-47.5%), basal TSH=5.1 μIU/ml. Left Ventricular Ejection Time (LVET) was 0.24 sec (nl). WISC-R I.Q. was nl, sleeping pulse rate was nl. T3 supplement was started and gradually increased to 30 μg/day. The patient was followed at weekly intervals. No clinical signs of hyperthyroidism occurred. Serum T4 decreased from 19 to 6.1 μg/dl, T3 increased to 640 ng/dl, TRH-TSH test was suppressed (max level 1.8). LVET remained normal at 0.24 sec. Growth velocity (6V) increased from 5 cm/yr to annualized GV of 9 cm/yr after 3 mo of treatment. Both parents of this child had nl thyroid tests. A 4 1/2 yr male sibling is affected also. His TBG=20.6 mg/dl, basal TSH=4 μIU/ml, T4=31 μg/dl, ht is on the 10 percentile (was in the 50 percentile in the 1st 2 years of life), BA =3 yr. In summary: 1)these children have TBG excess consistent with X-linked recessive inheritance 2)the abnormal TRH stimulation test, delayed BA, and short stature, improved growth after T3 supplementation suggest inadequate compensatory mechanisms despite the hyperthyroxinemia 3)there can be variability in expression of mild thyroid insufficiency in conditions of excess TBG.