cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Screening mammography intervals among postmenopausal hormone therapy users and nonusers

Background The recent decline in US breast cancer incidence rates has been attributed to the marked reduction in use of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT). An alternative explanation is that women who are not routinely seeking medical care to renew HT prescriptions may be less adherent to recommendations for mammographic screening. To investigate the latter possibility, we compared mammographic intervals according to HT use.
Magnetic behavior of Mn(NH4)2(SO4)2 · 6H2O in its Curie region in fields directed along theb-axis

The intensity of magnetization and the isentropic magnetic susceptibility of Mn(NH4)2(SO4)2 · 6H2O have been determined along 13 isentropes (between 0.620 and 2.825 cal mole−1 deg−1) in fields up to 1670 Oe directed along theb-axis of a spherical single crystal. Eleven of the isentropes originated, in zero field, within the Curie region of the salt. Field increments of 10 to 15 Oe were used below 170 Oe, with larger steps above this. All isentropes originating within the Curie region show a common (high) susceptibility at zero field. In each case the susceptibility then drops sharply at a small field characteristic of the particular entropy. The drop in susceptibility was used to define the boundaries of the Curie region (critical fieldvs entropy). The change of temperature with magnetic field was determined along the isentropes and examples are given.
The Advantages of Galvanostatic Polarization Resistance Measurements

Abstract A routine versatile galvanostatic procedure is described for measuring corrosion rate by polarization resistance. The galvanostatic procedure has been most useful and effective under transient conditons when corrosion rate and corrosion potential are changing with time or when relatively rapid corrosion potential fluctuations are present due to localized corrosion. At each step of the procedure, it is possible to monitor polarization to steady-state, a condition which has been found essential for accurate measurement of polarization resistance, especially at low corrosion rate. Comparisons are made with potentiodynamic scanning methods which have been favored in recent years.
Oligosaccharyltransferase: a complex multisubunit enzyme of the endoplasmic reticulum.

The attachment of N-linked oligosaccharide chains to proteins is an important cotranslational process. These chains can, in some cases, serve to stabilize the protein, while in other cases they function as recognition elements. A key enzyme in the N-glycosylation process is oligosaccharyltransferase (OT). In yeast this enzyme, which is found in the endoplasmic reticulum, consists of nine different transmembrane protein subunits. Our general aim is to learn more about the functions of the multiple subunits of yeast OT and their mode of interaction with each other. Using a combination of biochemical and genetic techniques the subunit Ost1p has been shown to recognize Asn-X-Ser/Thr glycosylation sites. The principle tool used in the identification process was a benzophenone-based glycosylation site peptide that was shown to be crosslinked to Ost1p. Our current objective is to identify the domain in the primary structure that is involved in recognition of the glycosylation site sequence. By use of bifunctional crosslinkers, the possible interaction of Ost1p with other subunits of OT will be studied. This work and other studies on the OT subunits are concisely summarized.
Polyploidy and Radiosensitivity

THE effect of polyploidy on the radiosensitivity of cells has been the object of some discussion in the past, and it may be of some practical importance in such cases as cancer therapy, for example, since tumours are often mixed diploid–polyploid populations1,2. For chromosomal aberration production by radiation, polyploid sensitivity equal to3,4, greater than3, and less than5,6 the diploid have been reported. Each of the various experiments involved a comparison of different diploid and polyploid species, and the lack of agreement between the experiments may be due to intrinsic differences in species sensitivity, rather than to the effect of polyploidy itself.
Gauging the applicability of ONIOM (MO/MO) methods to weak chemical interactions in large systems: hydrogen bonding in alcohol dimers

Abstract The applicability of two-layer ONIOM methods to hydrogen bonding has been systematically investigated. The structures of 12 hydrogen bonded dimers composed of water, methanol, ethanol and n -propanol have been optimized using second-order Moller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) in conjunction with a double- ζ basis set with polarization and diffuse functions on all atoms, denoted DZP++. The dissociation energies (both counterpoise corrected and uncorrected) of these dimers were computed at the coupled-cluster level that includes all single and double excitations as well as a perturbative estimate of connected triple excitations [CCSD(T)] with the DZP++ basis set. These target values were used to gauge the performance of various ONIOM schemes. The methods, basis sets, and partitioning schemes were all systematically varied to determine which combinations, if any, produces substituent values ( S values) for the dissociation energy that mimic those at the target level (i.e. CCSD(T) with the DZP++ basis). All possible combinations of four popular methods [SCF, B3LYP, MP2, CCSD(T)] and seven common basis sets (3-21G, 6-31G, 6-31++G, 6-31+G( d ), 6-31++G, 6-31G( d , p ), 6-31++G( d , p ), DZP++) were investigated. Only the MP2 and DZP++ combination gives satisfactory agreement for all 47 model systems. The proton acceptor is very sensitive to the size of the model system. As such, the minimal model recommended for these primary, aliphatic alcohols should include zero C atoms on the donor and one on the acceptor (Model-0,1). With larger models (Model-1,1 or Model-1,2) less expensive methods and smaller basis sets begin to reproduce the target S values.
Luminous blue variables are antisocial: their isolation implies that they are kicked mass gainers in binary evolution

Based on their relatively isolated environments, we argue that LBVs must be primarily the product of binary evolution, challenging the traditional single-star view wherein LBVs mark a brief transition between massive O stars and Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars. If the latter were true, then LBVs should be concentrated in young clusters and found alongside main-sequence stars with similarly high inferred initial mass. This is decidedly not the case. Examining locations of LBVs compared to O stars in our Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds reveals that LBVs systematically avoid clusters of O stars, and many reside over 100 pc from any O star. In the LMC, LBVs are statistically much more isolated than O-type stars, and (perhaps most surprisingly) even more isolated than most WR stars. This makes it impossible for LBVs to be massive stars in transition to WR stars. Instead, we propose that massive stars and supernova (SN) subtypes are dominated by bifurcated evolutionary paths in interacting binaries, wherein most WR stars and SNeIbc correspond to the mass donors, while LBVs (and their lower-mass analogs like B[e] supergiants, which we show to be even more isolated) are the mass gainers. LBVs are essentially the late evolutionary stage of massive blue stragglers. Through binary mass transfer, rejuvinated mass gainers get enriched, spun up, and sometimes kicked far from their clustered birthsites by their companion's SN. This scenario agrees better with LBVs exploding as SNeIIn and the observed isolation of SNe~IIn and SN impostors. We argue that environmental trends of various SN subtypes are influenced more by binarity and SN kicks, rather than tracing initial mass as is generally assumed. Mergers or Thorne-Zykow objects might also give rise to LBVs, but these scenarios may have a harder time explaining why LBVs avoid clusters.
Strongly correlated photons generated by coupling a three- or four-level system to a waveguide

We study the generation of strongly correlated photons by coupling an atom to photonic quantum fields in a one-dimensional waveguide. Specifically, we consider a three-level or four-level system for the atom. Photon-photon bound states emerge as a manifestation of the strong photon-photon correlation mediated by the atom. Effective repulsive or attractive interaction between photons can be produced, causing either suppressed multiphoton transmission (photon blockade) or enhanced multiphoton transmission (photon-induced tunneling). As a result, nonclassical light sources can be generated on demand by sending coherent states into the proposed system. We calculate the second-order correlation function of the transmitted field and observe bunching and antibunching caused by the bound states. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the proposed system can produce photon pairs with a high degree of spectral entanglement, which have a large capacity for carrying information and are important for large-alphabet quantum communication.
A Record of Late‐Quaternary Moisture‐Balance Change and Vegetation Response from the White Mountains, New Hampshire

Abstract Changes in regional moisture availability over time affect hydrologic systems, such as lakes, and ecological processes, such as plant growth and reproduction. Long-term changes in moisture balance may help to explain broadscale changes in forest composition during the Quaternary period. In this article, Holocene lake-level changes and fossil pollen from Echo Lake, New Hampshire, are documented and the relationship between moisture-balance fluctuations and vegetation change in northern New England over the past 12,000 years is examined. Ground-penetrating radar profiles and five sediment cores provide evidence for two periods of low water levels at ca. 11,000–8,000 cal yr BP and at ca. 5,000–2,000 cal yr BP, respectively. During the first interval of low water level, dry-tolerant white pine (Pinus strobus) became common in the surrounding watershed. By ca. 8,000 cal yr BP, when the water level rose, hemlock (Tsuga), beech (Fagus), and birch (Betula), which prefer high soil-moisture levels, had inc...
Validation of streamflow measurements made with M9 and RiverRay acoustic Doppler current profilers

AbstractThe USGS Office of Surface Water (OSW) previously validated the use of Teledyne RD Instruments (TRDI) Rio Grande (in 2007), StreamPro (in 2006), and Broadband (in 1996) acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) for streamflow (discharge) measurements made by the USGS. Two new ADCPs, the SonTek M9 and the TRDI RiverRay, were first used in the USGS Water Mission Area programs in 2009. Since 2009, the OSW and USGS Water Science Centers (WSCs) have been conducting field measurements as part of their stream-gauging program using these ADCPs. The purpose of this paper is to document the results of USGS OSW analyses for validation of M9 and RiverRay ADCP streamflow measurements. The OSW required each participating WSC to make comparison measurements over the range of operating conditions in which the instruments were used until sufficient measurements were available. The performance of these ADCPs was evaluated for validation and to identify any present and potential problems. Statistical analyses of st...
Property content guides children’s memory for social learning episodes

How do children’s interpretations of the generality of learning episodes affect what they encode? In the present studies, we investigated the hypothesis that children encode distinct aspects of learning episodes containing generalizable and non-generalizable properties. Two studies with preschool (N = 50) and young school-aged children (N = 49) reveal that their encoding is contingent on the generalizability of the property they are learning. Children remembered generalizable properties (e.g., morphological or normative properties) more than non-generalizable properties (e.g., historical events or preferences). Conversely, they remembered category exemplars associated with non-generalizable properties more than category exemplars associated with generalizable properties. The findings highlight the utility of remembering distinct aspects of social learning episodes for children’s future generalization.
Enzyme-directed assembly of a nanoparticle probe in tumor tissue.

The goal of targeted therapeutics and molecular diagnostics is to accumulate drugs or probes at the site of disease in higher quantities relative to other locations in the body. To achieve this, there is tremendous interest in the development of nanomaterials capable of acting as carriers or reservoirs of therapeutics and diagnostics in vivo.[1] Generally, nanoscale particles are favored for this task[2] as they can be large enough to function as carriers of multiple copies of a given small mole cule, can display multiple targeting functionalities, and can be small enough to be safely injected into the blood stream.[3] The general goal is that particles will either target passively via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, actively by incorporation of targeting groups, or by a combination of both.[3b,4] Nanoparticle targeting strategies have largely relied on the use of surface conjugated ligands designed to bind overexpressed cell-membrane receptors associated with a given cell-type.[5] We envisioned an alternative targeting strategy that would lead to an active accumulation of nanoparticles by virtue of a supramolecular assembly event specific to tumor tissue, occurring in response to a specific signal (Figure 1). The most desirable approach to stimuli-induced targeting would be to utilize an endogenous signal, specific to the diseased tissue itself, capable of actively targeting materials introduced via intravenous (IV) injection. Such an approach is in contrast to efforts to develop systems capable of targeting and release via the local application of external stimuli such as light[6] or magnetic fields.[7] With respect to viable endogenous signals, one could reasonably consider materials that accumulate in response to stimuli including pH changes,[8] temperature variation,[9] or redox reactions. [10] However, we aim to develop nanoparticles capable of assembling in vivo in response to selective, endogenous, biomolecular signals.[11] For this purpose, we aim to utilize enzymes as stimuli, rather than other recognition events, because they are uniquely capable of propagating a signal via catalytic amplification in vivo as in enzyme-prodrug therapy strategies.[12]
Political Humor as Democratic Relief? The Effects of Exposure to Comedy and Straight News on Trust and Efficacy

Given the increasing prominence and visibility of political comedy programming, communication researchers have made considerable attempts to understand the effects of exposure to this humorous content on common indicators of democratic citizenship like trust in government and political efficacy. Analyzing data from research conducted among undergraduates enrolled at two major public universities in the spring of 2009, the current study offers evidence of a positive relationship between exposure to network political comedy and political trust. Moreover, the results highlight significant relationships between exposure to cable comedy, cable news, online political humor, learning from variety programs, and personal evaluations of internal political efficacy. All told, the current study furthers our understanding of the effects of exposure to comedy and straight news programming on youth political engagement.
Stroke and newspapers: inattention or neglect?

Background Services for stroke are poorly developed in Europe, and research into stroke is underfunded compared with heart disease or cancer. This may arise from the low profile of stroke within the public domain. Our aim was to assess the coverage of stroke compared with heart disease in a popular form of mass media, newspapers in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Methods We searched the online databases of 4 major newspapers in the United Kingdom and Ireland using the terms "stroke" and "heart" during a 1-year period from May 1, 2006, to May 1, 2007. The resulting articles were then classified by two clinicians and those relating to the clinical conditions of stroke and heart disease were selected. Results The searches were refined by hand and those articles relating to stroke were: 105 in the Irish Times , 223 in the Daily Telegraph , 22 in The Observer , and 149 in The Guardian . The number of articles relating to heart disease was: 443 in the Irish Times , 653 in the Daily Telegraph , 81 in The Observer , and 688 in The Guardian . Conclusions Newspaper coverage of stroke is underreported when compared with heart disease, despite the clinical and financial burden of this condition. Professional and advocacy organizations for those with stroke need to develop strategies to increase the profile of stroke in the public domain.
Developing a subsystem reliability growth program

This paper presents an overview and a discussion of the methodology used in the AMSAA Subsystem Reliability Growth Planning Model (SSPLAN). SSPLAN is used to develop subsystem reliability growth planning curves that, with a specified probability, demonstrate a system mean time between failure (MTBF) objective with a specified level of confidence. The model uniquely determines the subsystem growth test times either by minimizing reliability testing costs or by using a specified allocation of the system-level failure intensity among the individual subsystems. SSPLAN provides a means to develop subsystem testing plans which will cost effectively demonstrate a system MTBF goal prior to system-level testing. Although additional failure modes will likely appear during system integration, a structured subsystem testing program will eliminate or reduce many failure mechanisms, and result in less system-level testing, since the initial system MTBF will be increased. The model can also serve as a means for prime contractors to integrate the reliability growth activities of their subcontractors. The model is currently under consideration as a management tool for structuring a reliability subsystem test program for two major Army weapon systems. >
Combining PARP-1 Inhibition and Radiation in Ewing Sarcoma Results in Lethal DNA Damage

Ewing sarcomas (ES) harbor a chromosomal translocation that fuses the EWS gene to an ETS transcription factor, most commonly Friend leukemia integration 1 (FLI1). The EWS-FLI1 fusion protein acts in a positive feedback loop to maintain the expression of PARP-1, which is involved in repair of DNA damage. Here, we examine the effects of PARP-1 inhibition and radiation therapy on Ewing sarcomas. In proliferation assays, the Ewing sarcoma cell lines RD-ES and SK-N-MC were much more sensitive than non-Ewing sarcoma cell lines to the PARP-1 inhibitor olaparib (Ola; IC50 0.5-1 μmol/L vs. >5 μmol/L) and to radiation (IC50 2-4 Gy vs. >6 Gy). PARP-1 inhibition with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or Ola sensitized Ewing sarcoma cells, but not non-Ewing sarcoma cells, to radiation therapy in both proliferation and colony formation assays. Using the Comet assay, radiation of Ewing sarcoma cells with Ola, compared to without Ola, resulted in more DNA damage at 1 hour (mean tail moment 36-54 vs. 26-28) and sustained DNA damage at 24 hours (24-29 vs. 6-8). This DNA damage led to a 2.9- to 4.0-fold increase in apoptosis and a 1.6- to 2.4-fold increase in cell death. The effect of PARP-1 inhibition and radiation therapy on Ewing sarcoma cells was lost when EWS-FLI1 was silenced by shRNA. A small dose of radiation therapy (4 Gy), when combined with PARP-1 inhibition, stopped the growth of SK-N-MC flank tumors xenografts. In conclusion, PARP-1 inhibition in Ewing sarcomas amplifies the level and duration of DNA damage caused by radiation therapy, leading to synergistic increases in apoptosis and cell death in a EWS-FLI1-dependent manner.
Local Area Networks (LANs)

As automation in the factory increases, the need for communication between computers, controllers, and other “intelligent” machines has become critical. In the past, when factory automation was limited to the use of programmable controllers (PCs), numerical control (NC) of machines, and similar traditional approaches, communication was not a major limiting factor. Each tool was essentially self-contained, and the communication requirement was primarily a user interface for controlling and updating machine operation. With the accelerated growth of automated tools and processes, however, communication between these entities is required to control not only their operation but their interrelationships as well. To this is added the desire to overlay environmental control, energy management, and materials requirements planning (MRP) to the factory operation. The end result is that intercomputer/controller communication has become the largest single problem to be addressed for factory automation. These interrelationships are shown in Fig. 12.
Quantitative studies of a two-stage hemagglutination system employing the antiglobulin reaction.

The quantitative analysis of hemagglutination employing an electronic particle counter has been extended to the development of a two-stage system for the study of agglutination of red cells sensitized by incomplete antibodies treated with antiglobulin serum. The agglutination of red cells in an anti-Rho (D) system has been studied to demonstrate the relationship between such parameters as per cent agglutination, per cent two-cell aggregates, and mean cell number per aggregate. Demonstrations of applications of this technic to such problems as the measurement of comparative potency and characterization of anti-Rho sera, dosage effects, disaggregation patterns with antisera of different specificities, use of chain-specific antiglobulin sera, and antiglobulin consumption studies are given.
Measurement and Modeling of Carrier Transport Parameters Applicable to SiGe BiCMOS Technology Operating in Extreme Environments

We present experimental data and theoretical models that characterize the temperature-dependent behavior of key carrier-transport parameters in a commercial SiGe BiCMOS technology down to cryogenic temperatures and under exposure to ionizing radiation. The theoretical temperature and injection dependencies of Shockley-Read-Hall recombination lifetimes are examined, and experimental measurements of minority carrier lifetime in the substrate are presented. The experimental results are used to develop calibrated theoretical models for use in technology computer-aided design (TCAD). Similarly, the temperature-dependent resistivity is examined, addressing the prevailing theoretical models for both carrier mobility and incomplete ionization of dopants. Experimental measurements of the temperature dependence of resistivity in the p- and n-type regions of a SiGe BiCMOS technology are presented, and calibrated TCAD-relevant models for carrier mobility and incomplete ionization are developed.
A fractional step method for solving the compressible Navier-Stokes equations

This paper proposes a fractional step method for the calculation of compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The purpose of this study is to develop a robust and efficient numerical method for the simulation of low Mach number flows in which the poorly distributed eigenvalues usually result in the numerical difficulties. The method takes advantage of the pressure-based and the density-based methods. It thus accelerates the numerical convergence by adjusting the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix. In order to control the numerical instability and the spurious wave reflections at the numerical boundaries, a characteristic boundary condition is formulated. This numerical method as well as the boundary condition treatment extend the traditional fractional step method to the simulation of compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The performance and the accuracy of the method to calculate the flows with large amplitude of acoustic waves and strong heat transfer have been demonstrated by the direct numerical simulation of three distinct cases: a one-dimensional Euler equation with large amplitude of acoustic waves, an adiabatic turbulent boundary layer, and a turbulent boundary layer with heated wall.
Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Performance Evaluations: Distributive Justice or Injustice?

The purpose of this study was to examine employees’ reactions to the use of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in performance evaluations. In addition, gender differences in such reactions were examined. Data were obtained from a sample of working adults (n = 78) and a sample of students (n = 249). In the first study, participants compared the fairness of 11 different weighting combinations of OCB and core task behavior, using a within-subjects design. In the second study, low, medium, and high weightings of OCB were compared using a between-subjects design. In both studies, participants reported that evaluating employees on OCB was fair. OCB weightings of 30– 50% were perceived as the most fair. Men felt that OCB weighting of 20–30% were the most fair and women felt that OCB weightings of 25–50% were the most fair. Considering that employees are evaluated on their OCB, it is important to know that they feel that it is fair to do so. Choosing how heavily to weigh OCB may be more difficult, although weightings of 25–30% OCB were perceived to be fair to both the men and women in this research. This is the first study to examine employee reactions to the use of OCB in performance evaluations and add to a growing body of evidence suggesting that there are gender differences in the perceptions of OCB.
Examining the Factor Structure and Structural Invariance of the PANAS Across Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

It is unclear what factor structure best represents the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) from childhood to adulthood. The PANAS structure was examined in a sample of 555 children (M age = 11.66, SD = 1.24), 608 adolescents (M age = 15.45, SD = 1.09), and 553 young adults (M age = 18.75, SD = 1.00). A partially invariant model consisting of Positive Affect, Fear, and Distress factors best represented the PANAS across all age groups, indicating that the underlying constructs are the same across age but that the factors become increasingly interrelated with increasing age.
On the Role of the Underlying Microstructure on the Mechanical Properties of Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) Materials

The microstructure of Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (LPCVD) Polycrystalline silicon (Polysilicon) thin films was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). SEM characterization of tensile tested samples showed a brittle like-rupture, along with grooves located at the surface sides of the sample. TEM investigations of as-deposited samples showed equiaxed or fully columnar grains bridging from the bottom to the top of the films. A microstructural coarsening was observed with annealing. In the as-deposited state, the films exhibited a {110} texture as showed by the XRD analysis. The films’ top and bottom surfaces were observed to be smooth with a roughness (standard deviation) of about 11nm and 20 nm respectively. A chemical analysis of the thin films showed the presence of carbon and oxygen impurities on the surface and oxygen through the sample as observed in the depth profile. The hypothetical influence of these findings is subsequently discussed in relation to the measured mechanical properties.
Cognitive Adaptive Computer Help (Coach): A Case Study

Abstract User interfaces can be difficult to master. Typically, when a user has a problem understanding the interface, computers respond with generic, difficult-to-interpret feedback. This is a case study of Cognitive Adaptive Computer Help (COACH), an example of a style of intelligent agent which gives more effective responses when problems occur in the interface between people and computers. It implements a cognitive interface which attempts to recognize the needs of a user and responds proactively as the user is typing. It records and analyzes user actions to adapt computer responses to the individual, offering useful help information even before the user requests it. The approach uses dynamic models of both the user and the domain of knowledge the user is learning. These models teach and guide a user. COACH was first used in a study which validated real-time learning and reasoning in computer interface can improve users' productivity and comfort with an interface. COACH was designed to facilitate development and study of adaptive help systems. The help given the user, the domain in which the user is being coached, even the way the system adapts to the user, are represented in frames and controlled by rules which can he changed. COACH was first tested in teaching the problem domain of writing Lisp programs. To demonstrate the generality of COACH for teaching arbitrary problem domains, help systems were then created for the UNIX command language and GML text formatting language. In the original text-based COACH implementation, a new problem domain can he supported simply by defining the syntax of the domain and writing the help text. The ideas have been applied to a modern graphical user interface (GUI) in a product version created for the OS/2 and Windows 95 GUIs. This COACH/2 system uses new teaching techniques to graphically demonstrate GUI syntax and procedures. A see-through technique called masking draws users' attention to GUI objects. An animation technique called slug trails walks the user through graphical procedures. COACH/2 also includes a WYSIWYG authoring approach and tool to extend the notion of the system being a shell for creating adaptive help systems. This tool automatically picks up syntax from the graphical interaction with the author, so only the help text itself needs to be written. The architecture is available as WarpGuides in the OS/2 Warp 4 release. WarpGuides show a user how to perform graphical actions in a graphical user interface. Current development work with COACH/2 is exploring 3-d animation.mixing adaptive computer help with adaptive tutoring.
The use of glufosinate as a selective agent in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of soybean

The soybean transformation procedure using the Agrobacterium-cotyledonary node transformation system and the bar gene as the selectable marker coupled with glufosinate as a selective agent is described. Soybean cotyledonary explants were derived from 5 day old seedlings and co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens for 3 days. Explants were cultured on Gamborg's B5 medium supplemented with 1.67 mg l-1 BAP and glufosinate at levels of 3.3 mg l-1 or 5.0 mg l-1 for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks explants were subcultured to medium containing MS major and minor salts and B5 vitamins (MS/B5) supplemented with 1.0 mg l-1 zeatin-riboside, 0.5 mg l-1 GA3 and 0.1 mg l-1 IAA amended with 1.7 mg l-1 or 2.0 mg l-1 glufosinate. Elongated shoots were rooted on a MS/B5 rooting medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l-1 NAA without further glufosinate selection. Plantlets were transplanted to soil and grown to maturity and set seed in the greenhouse. Primary transformants and their progeny were characterized by Southern blot analysis and a leaf paint assay.
Neurohypophyseal Hormones: Old and New Slants on the Relationship of Chemical Structure to Biological Activity

Study of the relationship between the chemical structure and the biological activity of hormones has long been recognized as a valid approach to the elucidation of that initial chemical interplay between hormone and responsive cell which constitutes the primary step in hormone action. It would of course be desirable also to know the sequence and detailed nature of all other events leading to and including the final effector process for each of the final physiological effects of a given hormone on each of its target tissues. However, a thorough understanding of even the initial event in hormone action requires that structure-activity analysis be carried to the conformational level, and, indeed, work directed to this goal is under way (Walter et al. 1971). Nevertheless, the approach to the study of peptide hormone-receptor interaction at the three-dimensional (topochemical) level of structure must be regarded as derivative from antecedent classical structure-activity studies—for it is the primary structure of both hormone and receptor that determines the conformation of the active hormone-receptor complex.
ARDS: Mechanisms and Management

The adult respiratory distress syndrome appears to represent a confluence of varied, often unrelated pulmonary insults. Treatment is generally symptomatic almost regardless of etiology. However, recognition of the central role played by neutrophils and their activation products has led to a number of more specific therapeutic approaches for this relentless and highly lethal disease.
The Semiclassical Laser Equations

In this chapter, the plan is to develop the semiclassical dynamical equations which describe time dependent light-matter interactions. The derivation presented in this chapter will assume that the medium is a simple atomic one with localized valence electrons which form a two-level system. In this sense, the derivation of this chapter will not apply per se to semiconductors, where the electrons are not localized. These restrictions, however, will be lifted in the following chapter, where attention will be directed toward semiconductor lasers.
Congress and Terri Schiavo: A Primer on the American Constitutional Order?

Much of America seemed to be captivated - or horrified - last year by the saga concerning Theresa Marie Schiavo and her approach to the end-of-life. One of the most unusual events in a story filled with them was Congressional passage of Public Law 109-03, An Act for the Relief of the Parents of Theresa Marie Schiavo. The Act, which provided a federal forum to consider the constitutional issues related to the removal of Ms. Schiavo's feeding tube, was widely derided, a position with which I agree as a policy matter. However, there were also strident assertions that this Congressional action was unconstitutional. These arguments variously contended that the Act violated principles of federalism, separation of powers and/or constitutional protections of individual liberties. This Article considers the claim that the Act violated the structural constitutional principles concerning separation of powers and federalism. I ultimately conclude that it does not. In fact, I assert that understanding why the Act is consistent with the Constitution tells one a great deal about the American constitutional order.
Do Echocardiography Appropriate Use Criteria Really Matter

This year marks a decade since leading cardiovascular organizations joined to develop the appropriate use criteria (AUC), which were aimed at improving clinical practice and outcomes for cardiovascular care. 1 Born in part as a response to the recognition of rapid and possibly unsustainable increases in the number of cardiovascular procedures, especially those involving imaging, along with the observation of unexplained geographic variation in cardiovascular procedures, the AUC now address multiple cardiovascular services, including echocardiography. 2 It is therefore now quite timely to ask, to what degree has the implementation of AUC in echocardiography improved clinical practice and outcomes? Unfortunately we likely lack a clear answer to this key question. To begin connecting the use of the AUC for an imaging technology such as echocardiography to improvements in care, it is important to recognize that diagnostic decisions occur in the complex context of clinical evaluation and care, and that understanding the influence of the specific context of care delivery is necessary if we are ever to be able to determine ultimate clinical utility. The context of care is a key part of the global diagnostic system, which begins when patients experience symptoms and enter the care system, and concludes (at least initially) when they are given diagnoses to explain their symptoms and to direct care (Figure 1). Ideally, these diagnoses are also explained to patients and referring physicians in clear terms. 3 Sometimes diagnoses lead to changes in therapy, while in other cases, they reinforce prior thinking and reassure physicians (and perhaps patients) that the right decisions have been made. Reassurance is an elusive variable that may be difficult to measure, so a test that leads to no change in therapy may or may not be ultimately deemed useful, especially if a patient is at low risk for the possibility of serious disease. 4
Thinning Out the Harmonic Series

k=i is close to log n; this shows that the harmonic series diverges very, very slowly. For example, it takes more than 1.5 x 1043 terms for its partial sums to reach 100; see [3], [4], and [5]. In this paper, we refine and thin out the harmonic series to show that the divergence of this series depends on some of its specific terms and without those terms the remaining subseries is convergent. Then, an upper bound and an approximate value will be given to the value of the convergent subseries. Finally, by use of the derived results, it will be shown that the divergence of the Euler series E: (over prime numbers p) depends on specific prime numbers.
Expansive Self-Homeomorphisms of a Compact Metric Space

(1962). Expansive Self-Homeomorphisms of a Compact Metric Space. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 69, No. 5, pp. 386-391.
Electronic and Steric Influences of Pendant Amine Groups on the Protonation of Molybdenum Bis(dinitrogen) Complexes.

The synthesis of a series of PEtPNRR′ (PEtPNRR′ = Et2PCH2CH2P(CH2NRR′)2, R = H, R′ = Ph or 2,4-difluorophenyl; R = R′ = Ph or iPr) diphosphine ligands containing mono- and disubstituted pendant amine groups and the preparation of their corresponding molybdenum bis(dinitrogen) complexes trans-Mo(N2)2(PMePh2)2(PEtPNRR′) is described. In situ IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopic studies monitoring the stepwise addition of triflic acid (HOTf) to trans-Mo(N2)2(PMePh2)2(PEtPNRR′) complexes in tetrahydrofuran at −40 °C show that the electronic and steric properties of the R and R′ groups of the pendant amines influence whether the complexes are protonated at Mo, a pendant amine, a coordinated N2 ligand, or a combination of these sites. For example, complexes containing monoaryl-substituted pendant amines are protonated at Mo and the pendant amine site to generate mono- and dicationic Mo–H species. Protonation of the complex containing less basic diphenyl-substituted pendant amines exclusively generates a monoca...
Experimental determination of calcite solubility in H2O-NaCl solutions at deep crust/upper mantle pressures and temperatures: Implications for metasomatic processes in shear zones

The solubility of calcite in NaCl-H 2 O solutions was measured at 600–900 °C, 10 kbar, at NaCl concentrations ranging from dilute to near halite saturation, and at 6–14 kbar, 700 °C, in 30 mol% NaCl solutions. Solubility was determined from the weight loss of cleavage rhombs of a pure natural calcite after experiments of 1/2 to 6 days in a piston-cylinder apparatus with NaCl-graphite furnaces. CaCO 3 molality ( m CaCO 3 ) increases greatly with NaCl mole fraction ( X NaCl): at 800 °C and 10 kbar, m CaCO 3 increases from ~0.1 in pure H 2 O to near 4.0 at halite saturation ( X NaCl ~ 0.6). There is also a large temperature effect at 10 kbar, with m CaCO 3 increasing from 0.25 at 600 °C to 3.0 at 900 °C at X NaCl = 0.3. There is only a 20% increase with increasing pressure between 6 and 14 kbar at 700 °C and X NaCl = 0.3. Melting to a carbonate-rich liquid was inferred at 900 °C, 10 kbar, from X NaCl of 0 to 0.2. The composition, temperature, and pressure dependence of m CaCO 3 are described by: \[\mathit{m}_{CaCO_{3}}\ =\ [{-}0.051\ +\ 1.65\ {\times}\ 10^{{-}4}\ \mathit{T}\ +\ \mathit{X}^{2}_{NaCl}exp({-}3.071\ +\ 4.749\ {\times}\ 10^{{-}6}\mathit{T}^{2})]\ (0.76\ +\ 0.024\mathit{P})\] with T in Kelvins and P in kbar. The predicted increase of calcite solubility with salinity and temperature is so great that critical mixing of NaCl-rich hydrous carbonate liquid and CaCO 3 -rich saline solution is probable at 10 kbar near 1000 °C and X NaCl ~ 0.4. The experimental results suggest a genetic mechanism for the enigmatic carbonated shear zones, such as the Attur Valley of southern India, where crustal rocks have been replaced by up to 20% by calcite and ankerite with mantle-like stable-isotope signatures. The high CaCO 3 carrying capacity of concentrated alkali-chloride solutions, together with the drastic decrease in solubility between 1000 and 700 °C, plausibly account for large-scale emplacement of mantle-derived carbonate from concentrated chloride-carbonate solutions (or hydrosaline magmas) formed as immiscible fluids in the late stages of alkalic magmatism. Such solutions may also mobilize sulfate and phosphate minerals, which would have important consequences for redistribution of incompatible and heat-producing elements in the crust.
Guinea pig cytomegalovirus: Transplacental transmission

A well characterized strain of guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) was used to infect pregnant guinea pigs during various periods of pregnancy. Transplacental transmission of virus with invasion of the fetus was observed, even in some mothers with preinoculation evidence of GPCMV antibody. Fetal infection occurred during the middle third of pregnancy and GPCMV was isolated from many fetal tissues although histologic evidence of infection was not noted. During the last third, abortion of the pregnancy occurred in some animals. This report demonstrates that GPCMV may invade the fetus producing a sublethal, possibly mild infection which may be very similar to the usual type of CMV infection observed in the human newborn.
Life after Death and Eternal Life

We have seen how eternal life has a double meaning, how it can be understood in either of two ways or both together. In Chapter 3, we saw that eternal life may be understood as an everlasting eschatological life or as an eternal life in this life. The two are compatible, logically and spiritually. Beyond the compatibility of everlasting eschatological life and eternal life in this life, however, there may be a more intimate relationship between life after death and an eternal life when the eternal is understood to be the eternal simpliciter. The eternal simpliciter is the timeless eternal without qualification. It is free from time in the radical sense that temporal qualifications, or temporal predicates, cannot be applied to it, so that we cannot even speak of events or actions occurring in such an eternal existence. This sense of the eternal contrasts with the sense of the eternal as being free from the conditions of time, the sense that applies to eternal life in this life. An eternal life in this life, free from the conditions of time, is embedded in a human temporal life; and the thoughts and actions of such a life, though free from the conditions of time, are yet in time and so take temporal predicates (like ‘now’ or ‘before’ or ‘when she saw he needed help’). The eternal simpliciter, on the other hand, is not and cannot be embedded in the temporal.
Brain Stem Mechanisms Responsible for the Trigeminocardiac Reflex

This chapter summarizes recent work that characterizes the brain stem mechanisms responsible for the trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR). Among the topics discussed are the neurons involved in TCR circuitry, the transmitters released from these neurons, and the postsynaptic receptors activated in this reflex. Modulation of these reflex pathways by endogenously active neuromodulators, especially acetylcholine and serotonin, are explored. Finally, the chapter examines the possible role of the TCR in cardiorespiratory diseases, such as sudden infant death syndrome.
Issues in memory

A distinction between short-term and long-term memory (STS versus LTS) is now in great favor. This chapter explores whether these distinctions represent fundamental distinctions among various memory systems and processes or whether they are perhaps superficial distinctions that, in the long run, may well detract from the efforts to understand memory. The first widely discussed distinction is between STS and LTS memory. Several areas of research bear upon this issue. At a time, it was suggested that interference effects (PI and RI) operate in long-term memory but not in short-term memory. This proposal has been disproved. Both PI and RI operate in short-term memory. The chapter also presents a distinction between recall and recognition. Recognition tends to be superior to recall, and sometimes it is far superior. The unitary strength hypothesis holds that recognition and recall do not involve fundamentally different processes. Recognition is merely seen as a more sensitive indicator of memory traces within a single-memory framework.
Mesoscale model for fission-induced recrystallization in U-7Mo alloy

Abstract A mesoscale model is developed by integrating the rate theory and phase-field models and is used to study the fission-induced recrystallization in U-7Mo alloy. The rate theory model is used to predict the dislocation density and the recrystallization nuclei density due to irradiation. The predicted fission rate and temperature dependences of the dislocation density are in good agreement with experimental measurements. This information is used as input for the multiphase phase-field model to investigate the fission-induced recrystallization kinetics. The simulated recrystallization volume fraction and bubble-induced swelling agree well with experimental data. The effects of the fission rate, initial grain size, and grain morphology on the recrystallization kinetics are discussed based on an analysis of recrystallization growth rate using the modified Avrami equation. We conclude that the initial microstructure of the U-Mo fuels, especially the grain size, can be used to effectively control the rate of fission-induced recrystallization and therefore swelling.
Quantifying the Interface Energy of Block Copolymer Top Coats

Block copolymers (BCPs) have the potential to play a key role in templating materials for nanoscale synthesis. BCP lithography likely will be one of the first examples of BCP-based nanomanufacturing implemented in a production setting. One of the challenges in implementing BCP lithography is that the lamella need to be oriented perpendicular to the substrate. For many systems, this requires control over interfacial energies for both components at the substrate and interface. Top coats can be designed to provide a neutral interface for both blocks on the BCP surface. The preferentiality of the top coat as a function of composition has been determined qualitatively by examining the orientation of a BCP after annealing with a top coat. Measurements of the interfacial width between the top coat and homopolymers allows the interface energy to be quantitatively determined. Resonant soft X-ray reflectivity measurements on top coat/homopolymer pairs were used to extract the Flory–Huggins parameter (χ) and interfa...
What’s good for me depends on what I see in you: Intimacy avoidance and resources derived from close others

AbstractPast research has demonstrated that comfort with intimacy differentially affects the extent to which a person assimilates/contrasts to a close other. Specifically, individuals comfortable with intimacy benefit most from assimilating to those who embody positive aspects, whereas individuals uncomfortable with intimacy benefit most from contrasting to those who embody a mix of positive and negative aspects. Using a multi-method approach, the current research provides evidence suggesting that both those who are positively regarded and those who engender mixed feelings have the potential to benefit the perceiver differentially as a function of the types of traits that are most salient at the time. In Study 1, consistent with predictions, high-avoidant individuals contrasted to the salient traits of a romantic partner and performed better on an intelligence test after thinking about their partner’s unintelligent compared to intelligent traits, whereas low-avoidant individuals assimilated. In Study 2, h...