cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Role of Vinylene Carbonate in the Passivation and Capacity Retention of Cu2Sb Thin Film Anodes

Electrolyte additives such as vinylene carbonate (VC) have been demonstrated to improve the capacity retention for many types of Li-ion battery electrodes, including intermetallic alloying anodes, ...
A Reflective Metasurface for Perfect Cylindrical to Planar Wavefront Transformation

The problem of perfectly transforming an incident cylindrical wave into a reflected plane wave using a reflective metasurface is considered. The metasurface is a subwavelength-patterned metallic cladding that is placed above a ground plane. The subwavelength features of the textured metallic cladding are homogenized and represented as a purely reactive impedance sheet. The homogenization allows the mutual coupling between elements to be modeled efficiently and accurately. An integral equation is constructed which relates the surface impedance to the desired total electric field in the aperture. The integral equation is solved via the method of moments to find the required sheet impedance of the patterned metallic cladding. The resulting impedance is, in general, complex indicating the need for lossy and/or active elements, which is generally undesired. Here, we use an optimization strategy to remove the real part of the sheet impedance, while still achieving the field transformation of the complex sheet. In other words, a purely reactive sheet is maintained with no need for loss and/or gain. Hence, we show that shaping of amplitude and phase in the radiative near field can be achieved using a single, fully passive, electric impedance sheet.
A Novel Homozygous Missense Mutation in the YARS Gene: Expanding the Phenotype of YARS Multisystem Disease.

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are crucial enzymes for protein translation. Mutations in genes encoding ARSs are associated with human disease. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase is encoded by YARS which is ubiquitously expressed and implicated in an autosomal dominant form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth and autosomal recessive YARS-related multisystem disease. We report on a former 34-week gestational age male who presented at 2 months of age with failure to thrive (FTT) and cholestatic hepatitis. He was subsequently diagnosed with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia with a negative congenital hyperinsulinism gene panel and F-DOPA positron-emission tomography (PET) scan that did not demonstrate a focal lesion. Autopsy findings were notable for overall normal pancreatic islet size and morphology. Trio whole exome sequencing identified a novel homozygous variant of uncertain significance in YARS (c.611A > C, p.Tyr204Cys) with each parent a carrier for the YARS variant. Euglycemia was maintained with diazoxide (max dose, 18 mg/kg/day), and enteral dextrose via gastrostomy tube (G-Tube). During his prolonged hospitalization, the patient developed progressive liver disease, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, acute renal failure, recurrent infections, ichthyosis, hematologic concerns, hypotonia, and global developmental delay. Such multisystem features have been previously reported in association with pathogenic YARS mutations. Although hypoglycemia has been associated with pathogenic YARS mutations, this report provides more conclusive data that a YARS variant can cause hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. This case expands the allelic and clinical heterogeneity of YARS-related disease. In addition, YARS-related disease should be considered in the differential of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia associated with multisystem disease.
Perspectives on Racism: Reflections on Our Collective Moral Responsibility When Leveraging Arts and Culture for Health Promotion:

In this commentary essay, I examine the collective moral responsibility of leveraging arts and culture for health promotion, and the role ethical storytelling can play in reframing how health educa...
Varieties of Financial Stressors and Midlife Health Problems, 1996-2016.

OBJECTIVES Financial stressors such as wealth loss, indebtedness, and bankruptcy have gained the attention of public health scholars since the Great Recession. In this study, we extend this area of research by comparing the mental and physical impact of multiple financial stressors during midlife, a pivotal period in the life course for wealth accumulation and disease onset. METHODS With data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (www.nlsinfo.org), an ongoing survey of adult men and women in the United States, we used logistic regression to estimate the associations between financial stressors and the risk of a psychiatric disorder or high blood pressure diagnosis from ages 31-39 in 1996 to ages 50-59 in 2016 (N = 7,143). Financial stressors include multiple types of wealth loss, debt, and bankruptcy. RESULTS Even after adjusting for a comprehensive set of confounders, many of the financial stressors we considered had similar positive associations with the risk of a psychiatric disorder, whereas only debt and bankruptcy were associated with the risk of high blood pressure. The best-fitting models for both health outcomes included a simple indicator of indebtedness. Stock losses were not significantly associated with either health outcome. DISCUSSION Given the recent volatility in the U.S. economy, our results highlight the potential loss of health that may occur if nothing is done to prevent economically vulnerable populations from sliding into financial crisis. Our results also emphasize the need for additional research to develop individual-level interventions to improve health among those already experiencing financial difficulties.
Can I Afford To Be On Campus?: Do College Students with Disabilities Understand COVID-19 Vaccination Costs?

Institutions of higher education have mandated COVID-19 vaccinations for students wishing to return to an on-campus, in-person learning experience. However, college students with disabilities (SWDs) may be hesitant to take a COVID-19 vaccine for a variety of reasons, possibly delaying or denying these students access to higher education. Yet, an under-researched aspect of COVID-19 vaccinations and related communication is whether college students with disabilities understand that the COVID-19 vaccine is free and whether that understanding varies by intersectional identities. As a result, this studys research team surveyed 245 college students with disabilities to explore these students knowledge of vaccine costs and whether differences exist between groups. Data suggests many college students with disabilities do not know that COVID-19 vaccinations are free: White/Caucasian SWDs were most aware of COVID-19 vaccines being free (23.6%), while Latinx students were least aware (1.3%). Moreover, women were more aware of free COVID-19 vaccines (14.8%) than men (11.4%), first generation college students were more aware (15.6%) than non-first generation college students (12.2%), and full-time students (19%) were more aware than part-time students (8.9%). Overall, less than 25% of SWDs understood that COVID-19 vaccines are free. Implications for health communication, vaccine awareness, and higher education policy are addressed.
Theoretical Guarantees for Phylogeny Inference from Single-Cell Lineage Tracing

CRISPR-Cas9 lineage tracing technologies have emerged as a powerful tool for investigating develop-ment in single-cell contexts, but exact reconstruction of the underlying clonal relationships in experiment is plagued by data-related complications. These complications are functions of the experimental parameters in these systems, such as the Cas9 cutting rate, the diversity of indel outcomes, and the rate of missing data. In this paper, we develop two theoretically grounded algorithms for reconstruction of the underlying phylogenetic tree, as well as asymptotic bounds for the number of recording sites necessary for exact recapitulation of the ground truth phylogeny at high probability. In doing so, we explore the relationship between the problem difficulty and the experimental parameters, with implications for experimental design. Lastly, we provide simulations validating these bounds and showing the empirical performance of these algorithms. Overall, this work provides a first theoretical analysis of phylogenetic reconstruction in the CRISPR-Cas9 lineage tracing technology.
What is Mechanics

The International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics is active both in Theoretical Mechanics and in Applied Mechanics. Beyond these, however, it is concerned with that fruitful interaction between them which, increasingly, has constituted one of the great scientific success stories of the past 300 years.
Immunocytochemical Localization of the Translocase of the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane (Tom20) in the Human Cochlea

Mitochondrial degeneration in the inner ear is likely a contributing factor in age-related hearing loss and other otopathologies such as Meniere's disease. Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and imported through the mitochondrial membranes by translocators. The translocase of the outer membrane (Tom) is the universal entry gate for all proteins that are imported into mitochondria. Altered function of the translocator could alter protein transport into the mitochondria, and disrupt function. In this study, we determined the immunolocalization of Tom20, a major mitochondrial protein import receptor, in microdissected human cochlea frozen sections obtained from postmortem autopsy and celloidin-embedded archival specimens. We used affinity purified rabbit polyclonal antibodies against Tom20. We also determined the Tom20 immunolocalization in the mouse inner ear. In the human and mouse cochlea, Tom20 was ubiquitously distributed in the organ of Corti, allowing well-delineated visualization of inner and outer hair cells. Tom20 immunoreactivity localized in the cytoplasm of spiral ganglia neurons. In the inner ear of aged subjects with Meniere's disease, there was decreased expression of Tom20. These results suggest that Tom20 can be used in the inner ear as a marker for mitochondrial protein import. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incremental Sampling-Based Algorithms for a Class of Pursuit-Evasion Games

Pursuit-evasion games have been used for modeling various forms of conflict arising between two agents modeled as dynamical systems. Although analytical solutions of some simple pursuit-evasion games are known, most interesting instances can only be solved using numerical methods requiring significant offline computation. In this paper, a novel incremental sampling-based algorithm is presented to compute optimal open-loop solutions for the evader, assuming worst-case behavior for the pursuer. It is shown that the algorithm has probabilistic completeness and soundness guarantees. As opposed to many other numerical methods tailored to solve pursuit-evasion games, incremental sampling-based algorithms offer anytime properties, which allow their real-time implementations in online settings.
Bluetooth Revealed: The Insider's Guide to an Open Specification for Global Wireless Communications

The authoritative guide to Bluetooth! From two contributors to the Bluetooth specification!For users, the new Bluetooth wireless standard will cut through the complexity of wireless communications, enabling devices to communicate seamlessly. Bluetooth Revealed offers the first insider's view of the Bluetooth standards: crucial information and insight professionals need to start implementing Bluetooth solutions -- now. Written by leaders of the Bluetooth community, it presents the entire specification in unprecedented depth: its goals, scope, structure, interrelationships, and applications. Coverage includes: Design challenges: 2.4 GHz spectrum characteristics, power consumption, global standardization, and other key issues Usage models: cordless computing, advanced headsets, file transfer/sync, dial-up networking, conferencing, hidden computing, and more The entire Bluetooth protocol stack: radio, baseband, and software layers; hardware and interfaces; and Link Manager and Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) Bluetooth profiles: generic, telephony, networking, serial, and object exchangeBluetooth Revealed previews Bluetooth's future, including next-generation vertical and horizontal applications, and introduces today's resources for Bluetooth development, including silicon and developer's kits, as well as legacy product enablers. If you're intending to build, deploy, or market Bluetooth solutions, start right here.
When are stable rights to rents bad

Stable, enforceable property rights over resources normally furthers economic efficiency. I argue that stable rights to government created rents and wealth transfers, by contrast, generate inefficiency. Secure rights to receive transfers increases rent-seekers' incentive to make political investments creating new transfers. I demonstrate the point using a two period rent-seeking game. Contestable transfers reduce the probability of establishing a transfer program and aggregate rent-seeking expenditures. Strengthening transfer recipients' rights increases the difficulty of eliminating a transfer program.
The solar sources of coronal mass ejections

Despite nearly two decades of observations and study of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), the question of the physical and phenomenological origins of CMEs remains unanswered. This question has been addressed in several different types of studies, each having important limitations. These include statistical analyses of the probabilities of association with CMEs of certain kinds of solar activity near CME onset, studies of the timing and location of activity associated with individual events, and hybrid studies combining these methods. These studies suggest significant levels of association between CMEs and such near-surface activity as eruptive prominences, optical and X-ray flares, and gradual microwave and metric type II and IV radio bursts. The highest frequencies of association are between CMEs and prominence eruptions and long-enduring X-ray events. This relationship appears strong enough to suggest that prominence- related ejections may form a separate physical class of CMEs. On the other hand, about half of all CMEs appear to have no “good” associations. I review the results of studies of CME origins, including recent results on the timing and location of CMEs and related activity.
Peri-anaesthetic complications in an equine referral hospital: Risk factors for post anaesthetic colic

SummaryReasons for performing study Peri-anaesthetic complications are relatively common in equine patients and further investigations are warranted to identify manageable risk factors. Objectives To report morbidity and mortality rates and identify associated risk factors for horses undergoing general anaesthesia, within a predominantly racing Thoroughbred (TB) population. Study design Single centre retrospective observational study. Methods Anaesthetic and case records of all horses ≥12 months old undergoing general anaesthesia at Newmarket Equine Hospital between August 2010 and April 2012 were analysed, excluding emergency abdominal/dystocia procedures or traumatology cases with cardiovascular compromise. Mortality and morbidity rates were calculated and described. Uni- and multivariable analyses were used to investigate the relationship between the principal complication, post anaesthetic colic (PAC) and risk factors. Results A total of 1067 anaesthetic records of 1021 horses were included in the study; of these, 702 horses (65.8%) were TB, 169 (15.8%) developed a complication within 7 days of general anaesthesia and 10 (0.94%) died as a result. The most prevalent morbidity was PAC, 111 horses (10.5%) developed colic within 7 days of general anaesthesia. Thoroughbred horses (odds ratio [OR] 2.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.73–4.96) and horses receiving sodium benzylpenicillin (NaBP) (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.69–4.50) were at increased risk of PAC. Conclusions Thoroughbred racehorses were identified as at increased risk of PAC in this study and might benefit from more critical evaluation of post anaesthetic gastrointestinal function. An alternative to the administration of NaBP for prophylactic antimicrobial therapy needs to be further investigated if its role in PAC is confirmed by other studies.
Effect of plating stubs of BGA packages on spurious EM radiation

A one-metal layer Micro Star BGA package was used for the analysis of spurious EM radiation characteristics of the package conductors. These conductors were modeled as monopole antennas with an FDTD simulation tool. The effect of plating stubs of the package leads on radiation characteristics was investigated by S-parameter measurements. It was observed that the length and shape of plating stubs will affect the magnitude and frequency of the resultant radiation. However, the effect is negligible in the frequency range of current digital ICs. Based on the theoretical analysis of EMI sources, power spectrum analysis and SPICE simulation, a design idea of constructing the package built-in low pass LC filter was proposed, which makes use of the parasitic inductance and capacitance of the package leads to filter off high frequency harmonics that are sources of EM radiation from the digital signal path between IC chip and PC board.
Current issues in rewritable optical disk data storage

Summary form only given. The current trend in rewritable optical data storage is toward the use of novel techniques to achieve densities and data rates that are superior to those achievable in hard disk magnetic recording. We describe the methodology and potential advantages/disadvantages of the solid immersion lens (SIL), front-surface recording, magnetic super resolution (MSR), land & groove recording, and partial response maximum likelihood detection (PRML). We also discuss the differences between magneto-optical and phase-change media.
Activation of the SCPx promoter in mouse adrenocortical Y1 cells

Abstract Sterol carrier protein X (SCPx) is a peroxisomal protein with both lipid transfer and thiolase activity. Treatment of mouse adrenal Y1 cells with cAMP for 24 h caused a significant induction of SCPx mRNA levels. Reporter gene studies demonstrated that treatment with cAMP and SF-1 was able to activate the SCPx promoter. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of three putative steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) binding motifs (designated SFB1, SFB2, and SFB3) and one CRE. Only SFB1 and SFB3 were able to bind recombinant SF-1 protein in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. The CRE was able to form a DNA/protein complex in the presence of Y1 nuclear extracts. Mutational analysis studies demonstrated that SFB3 is required for full activation of the SCPx promoter by cAMP treatment. Regulation of the SCPx gene by SF-1 and cAMP is similar to the regulatory mechanisms observed for other steroidogenic genes.
Outcomes of postpartum early discharge, 1960-1986. A comparative review.

: A review of all postpartum early discharge program outcomes in the United States published between 1960 and 1985 indicates that discharge under 48 hours after delivery has generally been safe for mothers and infants. The levels and types of morbidities did not appear to differ from those experienced with longer hospital stays. Infant readmissions and overall morbidity rates were consistently higher than the number of maternal readmissions and morbidity. The major infant morbidity was hyperbilirubinemia. Differences in identification and treatment of this single problem accounted for much of the variation in infant readmission rates among programs. Expansion of postpartum early discharge based on these favorable results must proceed with caution. Nearly all reported outcomes were for programs with extensive prenatal preparation and postpartum follow-up, serving relatively advantaged middle-class populations. It is not clear that equally good outcomes would result from less intensive programs or those serving disadvantaged populations. More research is needed on the effectiveness of early discharge procedures, cost savings, and patient satisfaction.
The Vibrational Spectrum of Parabanic Acid by Inelastic Neutron Scattering Spectroscopy and Simulation by Solid-State DFT

The incoherent inelastic neutron scattering spectrum of parabanic acid was measured and simulated using solid-state density functional theory (DFT). This molecule was previously the subject of low-temperature X-ray and neutron diffraction studies. While the simulated spectra from several density functionals account for relative intensities and factor group splitting regardless of functional choice, the hydrogen-bending vibrational energies for the out-of-plane modes are poorly described by all methods. The disagreement between calculated and observed out-of-plane hydrogen bending mode energies is examined along with geometry optimization differences of bond lengths, bond angles, and hydrogen-bonding interactions for different functionals. Neutron diffraction suggests nearly symmetric hydrogen atom positions in the crystalline solid for both heavy-atom and N−H bond distances but different hydrogen-bonding angles. The spectroscopic results suggest a significant factor group splitting for the out-of-plane be...
PREPARATION OF TRITIATED α-MELANOTROPIN WITH HIGH SPECIFIC RADIOACTIVITY

alpha-Melanotropin (alpha-MSH) was iodinated and 3,5-diiodotyr2-alpha-MSH was isolated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Catalytic dehalogenation of the diiodo derivative in the presence of tritium resulted in the formation of 3,5-ditritiotyr2-alpha-MSH. The tritiated peptide was purified by ion exchange and partition chromatography. The radioactive peptide was found to be homogeneous and identical to alpha-MSH by paper electrophoresis and HPLC. The tritiated alpha-MSH stimulated lipolysis in rabbit adipocytes nearly as well as alpha-MSH. The specific radioactivity of tritiated alpha-MSH was 42 Ci/mmol or 73% of the theoretical value.
A model of cell activation and desensitization by surface immunoglobin: The case of histamine release from human basophils

We present a model for the control of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated histamine release from human basophils. We suggest that there is a calcium gating factor which interacts with crosslinked IgE to form a short-lived open calcium channel. After formation of the channel the activated gating factor rapidly decays to an inactive form. It is the loss of the active gating factor which causes the basophil to desensitize nonspecifically. We propose that the crosslinked IgE molecules are deactivated by a mechanism, such as endocytosis or shedding, which is independent of the mechanism which inactivates the calcium gating factor. This loss of functional IgE leads to specific desensitization. The mathematical formulation of the model explains the relationship of specific and nonspecific desensitization to the amount of specific IgE on the basophil surface; explains why there are two types of antigen excess inhibition; explains the relationship between antigen excess inhibition and desensitization; explains why, for a fixed antigen concentration, increasing the concentration of cell surface IgE increases histamine release until an optimal concentration is reached, then decreases histamine release; predicts the effects that changing the external calcium will have on the dose response curve; and predicts that increasing the amount of specific IgE on the cell surface will cause the dose response curve to undergo a transition from a curve with a single maximum to a curve with two maxima.
Dealing Death and Retrieving Organs

It has recently been argued by Miller and Truog (2008) that, while procuring vital organs from transplant donors is typically the cause of their deaths, this violation of the requirement that donors be dead prior to the removal of their organs is not a cause for moral concern. In general terms, I endorse this heterodox conclusion, but for different and, as I think, more powerful reasons. I end by arguing that, even if it is agreed that retrieval of vital organs causes the deaths of those who provide them, that does not pose any new substantive difficulties for efforts to justify “opt-out” organ procurement systems.
Bolus infusion CT enhancementas an aid in chemodectoma diagnosis—Case report

The boundaries of a carotid body chemodectoma are sharplydefined by use of cranial computed tomography (CT) following the bolus infusion of intravenous iodinated contrast medium. This technique seems valuable in the preoperative staging of tumors in this locale. Enhancement strategies for CT imaging are discussed.
Angle-of-arrival fluctuations of retroreflected light in the turbulent atmosphere

A geometrical-optics formulation is used to derive expressions for the angle-of-arrival variance produced when a retroreflector is illuminated and observed through the turbulent atmosphere. No fluctuations are observed when the retroreflector is illuminated by collimated or focused light. Light focused at a distance near twice the reflector range can produce large fluctuations, whereas diverging illumination tends to produce a variance that is less than that which would be observed on the transmitted beam at the reflector.
Drosophila follicle cells: morphogenesis in an eggshell

Epithelial morphogenesis is important for organogenesis and pivotal for carcinogenesis, but mechanisms that control it are poorly understood. The Drosophila follicular epithelium is a genetically tractable model to understand these mechanisms in vivo. This epithelium of follicle cells encases germline cells to create an egg. In this review, we summarize progress toward understanding mechanisms that maintain the epithelium or permit migrations essential for oogenesis. Cell-cell communication is important, but the same signals are used repeatedly to control distinct events. Understanding intrinsic mechanisms that alter responses to developmental signals will be important to understand regulation of cell shape and organization.
The water permeability of lens aquaporin-0 depends on its lipid bilayer environment

Abstract Aquaporin-0 (AQP0), the primary water channel in lens fiber cells, is critical to lens development, organization, and function. In the avascular lens there is thought to be an internal microcirculation associated with fluid movement. Although AQP0 is known to be important in fluid fluxes across membranes, the water permeability of this channel has only been measured in Xenopus oocytes and in outer lens cortical membranes, but not in inner nuclear membranes, which have an increased cholesterol/phospholipid ratio. Here we measure the unit water permeability of AQP0 in different proteoliposomes with cholesterol/phospholipid ratios and external pHs similar to those found in the cortex and nucleus of the lens. Osmotic stress measurements were performed with proteoliposomes containing AQP0 and three different lipids mixtures: (1) phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), (2) PC, PG, with 40 mol% cholesterol, and (3) sphingomyelin (SM), PG, with 40 mol% cholesterol. At pH 7.5 the unit permeabilities of AQP0 were 3.5 ± 0.5 × 10−14 cm3/s (mean ± SEM), 1.1 ± 0.1 × 10−14 cm3/s, and 0.50 ± 0.04 × 10−14 cm3/s in PC:PG, PC:PG:cholesterol, and SM:PG:cholesterol, respectively. For lipid mixtures at pH 6.5, corresponding to conditions found in the lens nucleus, the AQP0 permeabilities were 1.5 ± 0.4 × 10−14 cm3/s and 0.76 ± 0.03 × 10−14 cm3/s in PC:PG:cholesterol and SM:PG:cholesterol, respectively. Thus, although AQP0 unit permeability can be modified by changes in pH, it is also sensitive to changes in bilayer lipid composition, and decreases with increasing cholesterol and SM content. These data imply that AQP0 water permeability is regulated by bilayer lipid composition, so that AQP0 permeability would be significantly less in the lens nucleus than in the lens cortex.
Experience with pesticides and the theory of conservation

Abstract Experience in reducing pesticide hazards to wildlife has shown that the general public has a static and fragmented view of Nature, in which Man is not a part. It believes that conservation is a backward-looking activity that is mainly concerned with the protection of rare species. This indicates that conservationists should clarify their aims and be much more explicit about them; they should relate them to time. Conservation of diversity should be the primary aim of conservation; it is best achieved by conserving a wide range of habitats in nature reserves. Criteria for selecting species for special conservation measures are suggested. Conservation measures outside nature reserves are unlikely to succeed unless they coincide with some other interests. Conservation must be considered in relation to other human activities.
Rapid nitrogen uptake by marine bacteria

In order to test the rapid nitrogen uptake capabilities of marine bacteria, we first grew natural populations in NH 4 + and glutamate-limited continuous cultures over a range of steady-state dilution rates, to establish different physiological states. We then pulsed the cultures with saturating concentrations of 15 N-labeled NH 4 + or glutamate and found that rapid uptake, measured as the ratio V M ': μ M (V M ' is the time-dependent maximum specific uptake rate of nitrogen, and μ M is the maximum growth rate), decreased with time of incubation from 3-4 at 40 s to ≤1 by 5-15 min. Relative growth rate D:μ M (D is the steady-state dilution rate) had no systematic effect on this relationship. Although enhanced nitrogen uptake is apparent in marine bacteria, it is far less dramatic than what we and others have observed previously in some marine diatoms: e.g., V M ': μ M > 5-50 has been measured in several diatoms during similar 1-min incubations, and values >1 have been observed during 2-h incubations. These results point toward fundamental differences in the temporal and spatial scales that control the exposure to and ability to exploit ephemeral nutrient patches of marine bacteria and phytoplankton. Bacteria probably are sustained by more frequent and relatively short contacts with smaller nutrient patches both in size and concentration than those experienced by phytoplankton. The latter must overcome greater diffusion constraints because of their larger size. Evidence from recent studies, suggestive that bacteria respond to point sources of nutrients surrounding larger microbes through motility and chemotaxis, is consistent with our finding of moderately enhanced nitrogen uptake by these organisms.
Lattice calculation of weak matrix elements.

We present the first results from a small-lattice (${6}^{3}$ \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 10) calculation of nonleptonic weak matrix elements. The $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=\frac{1}{2}$ rule is studied as a test case. For a lattice meson of approximately the kaon mass we find a significantly enhanced $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=\frac{1}{2}$ amplitude and a $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=\frac{3}{2}$ amplitude compatible with zero within our statistics. The dominance of the $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=\frac{1}{2}$ amplitude appears to be due to a class of graphs called the eye graphs. Qualitatively similar results are found whether or not the charm quark is integrated out ab initio. We also report preliminary results on other weak matrix elements.
Shapes and sounds as self-objects in learning geography

The pleasure which some children find in maps and map reading is manifold in origin. Children cathect patterns of configuration and color and derive joy from the visual mastery of these. This gratification is enhanced by the child's knowledge that the map represents something bigger than and external to itself. Likewise, some children take pleasure in the pronunciation of names themselves. The phonetic transcription of multisyllabic names is often a pleasurable challenge. The vocalized name has its origin in the self, becomes barely external to self, and is self-monitored. Thus, in children both the configurations and the vocalizations associated with map reading have the properties of “self-objects” (Kohut, 1971). From the author's observation the delight which some children take in sounding out geographic names on a map may, in some instances, indicate pre-existing gratifying sound associations. Childish amusement in punning on cognomens may be an even greater stimulant for learning than visual configurations or artificial cognitive devices.
Necessary conditions for global stability of multiclass queueing networks

In this paper, we obtain necessary conditions for the global stability of a d-station multiclass queueing network. The conditions are given explicitly in terms of the average service and arrival rates of the network. Although these conditions are in general not sufficient for d > 2, they may still highlight hidden bottlenecks in complex manufacturing systems such as wafer fabrication processes.
A new method for the determination of oxygen in organic compounds

Abstract Oxygen in compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen can be determined by heating the sample with an excess of strontium oxide and graphite in. a nickel bomb or sealed Vycor glass tube. During the heating period, three hours at 650° C, the oxygen of the sample is converted to carbonate. The carbonate is then determined volumetrically. The accuracy of the method was found to be ± 0.3% (absolute percentage error) for several types of compounds. Most elements other than carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen interfere. Compounds like phenol, that are exceedingly resistant to complete pyrolysis, yield low resuilts. Carbon in organic compounds can be determined by heating the sample with barium nitrate, and subsequently determining carbonate in the mixture.
Cathodic stripping voltammetric determination of selenium(IV) at a thin-film mercury electrode in a thiocyanate-containing electrolyte

The well-known method for the determination of selenium(IV), which is based on the cathodic stripping voltammetry of copper(I) selenide, has been adapted for application at the thin-film mercury electrode on glassy carbon (TFME). Insufficient reproducibility and sensitivity have been overcome by using a 0.1 mol/L HClO4 electrolyte solution containing 0.02 mol/L thiocyanate ions. Thiocyanate ions have been found to increase the peak height of the selenium response and shift it to more positive potentials. This behaviour is explained by an adsorption of SCN– at the interface glassy carbon/Cu2Se and its action as an electron transfer catalyst between glassy carbon and copper(I) selenide. A 3σ-detection limit of 75 ng/L Se(IV) has been achieved. The relative standard deviation is 5.2% at 5 μg/L selenium(IV). The influence of cadmium(II), arsenic(III), zinc(II), iron(III) and lead(II) ions on the selenium response has been studied. In case of lead ions, a new signal occurred at more negative potentials than the reduction of Cu2Se. This signal, which is probably due to the reduction of PbSe, can also be used for the determination of selenium(IV).
STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF ISOMERIC HEXADEOXYNUCLEOTIDE PHOTOPRODUCTS BY HIGH-FIELD NMR AND FAST ATOM BOMBARDMENT/TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY

Abstract UV irradiation of a T-rich hexadeoxynucleotide, d(TATTAT), produced four photoproducts, which can be cleanly separated from starting material and each other by reverse-phase HPLC. The structures of the photoproducts were investigated by using 1D 1H-NMR, which allows the nature, but not the location, of the photoproduct between adjoining Ts or between T and A to be determined. Both fast atom bombardment (FAB) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) were able to confirm the molecular weights of the starting material and the four photoproducts. Furthermore, the results of tandem mass spectrometry experiments, with a four-sector spectrometer, of the [M +H]+ ions of the various materials were consistent with structure and showed the location of the photoproduct in the d(TATTAT) molecule. All the isomers gave distinct product-ion spectra that are consistent with structure and sufficient for locating the site of the modification.
Non-Gaussian statistical model of the ocean surface for wave-scattering theories

Abstract Usually the model of a Gaussian, statistically homogeneous rough surface is used in the theory of rough-surface scattering, not because of physical reasons, but because it is difficult to use a more realistic model. In this paper we apply a version of the theory of non-Gaussian random functions (Tatarskii V I 1995 Waves Random Media 5 243–52) for the ocean surface. We develop the method of obtaining all necessary functional and numerical parameters for the complete statistical description of the random surface of the type described by Tatarskii and having the following properties: The spectrum of the surface describes the range of surface wavelength from fully developed wind waves to the gravity-capillary region (Apel J R 1994 J. Geophys. Res./Oceans 99 16.269-91). The probability distribution function (PDF) of the surface elevations in any single point is non-Gaussian and corresponds to the experimental data obtained by Huang and Long (Huang N E and Long S R 1980 J. Fluid Mech. 101 179–200). The...
Recombinant Hemoglobin(α29Leucine → Phenylalanine, α96Valine → Tryptophan, β108Asparagine → Lysine) Exhibits Low Oxygen Affinity and High Cooperativity Combined with Resistance to Autoxidation†

Using our hemoglobin expression system in Escherichia coli, we have constructed three recombinant hemoglobins (rHbs) with amino acid substitutions located in the α1β1 and α1β2 subunit interfaces and in the distal heme pocket of the α-chain: rHb(αV96W, βN108K), rHb(αL29F, αV96W, βN108K), and rHb(αL29F). rHb(αV96W, βN108K) exhibits low oxygen affinity and high cooperativity and also ease of autoxidation of the heme iron atoms from the Fe2+ state to the Fe3+ state. It has been reported by Olson and co-workers [Carver et al., (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 14443−14450; Brantley et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 6995−7010] that a mutation at position 29 (B10, helix notation), e.g., Leu → Phe, can inhibit the autoxidation of the heme iron of myoglobin. We have introduced such a mutation into our rHb having low oxygen affinity and high cooperativity. This triply mutated rHb(αL29F, αV96W, βN108K) is stabilized against autoxidation and azide-induced oxidation compared to the double mutant, rHb(αV96W, βN108K), but sti...
MITRE sensor layer prototype

The MITRE Sensor Layer Prototype is an initial design effort to enable every sensor to help create new capabilities through collaborative data sharing. By making both upstream (raw) and downstream (processed) sensor data visible, users can access the specific level, type, and quantities of data needed to create new data products that were never anticipated by the original designers of the individual sensors. The major characteristic that sets sensor data services apart from typical enterprise services is the volume (on the order of multiple terabytes) of raw data that can be generated by most sensors. Traditional tightly coupled processing approaches extract pre-determined information from the incoming raw sensor data, format it, and send it to predetermined users. The community is rapidly reaching the conclusion that tightly coupled sensor processing loses too much potentially critical information.1 Hence upstream (raw and partially processed) data must be extracted, rapidly archived, and advertised to the enterprise for unanticipated uses. The authors believe layered sensing net-centric integration can be achieved through a standardize-encapsulate-syndicateaggregate- manipulate-process paradigm. The Sensor Layer Prototype's technical approach focuses on implementing this proof of concept framework to make sensor data visible, accessible and useful to the enterprise. To achieve this, a "raw" data tap between physical transducers associated with sensor arrays and the embedded sensor signal processing hardware and software has been exploited. Second, we encapsulate and expose both raw and partially processed data to the enterprise within the context of a service-oriented architecture. Third, we advertise the presence of multiple types, and multiple layers of data through geographic-enabled Really Simple Syndication (GeoRSS) services. These GeoRSS feeds are aggregated, manipulated, and filtered by a feed aggregator. After filtering these feeds to bring just the type and location of data sought by multiple processes to the attention of each processing station, just that specifically sought data is downloaded to each process application. The Sensor Layer Prototype participated in a proof-of-concept demonstration in April 2008. This event allowed multiple MITRE innovation programs to interact among themselves to demonstrate the ability to couple value-adding but previously unanticipated users to the enterprise. For this event, the Sensor Layer Prototype was used to show data entering the environment in real time. Multiple data types were encapsulated and added to the database via the Sensor Layer Prototype, specifically National Imagery Transmission Format 2.1 (NITF), NATO Standardization Format 4607 (STANAG 4607), Cursor-on-Target (CoT), Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), Hierarchical Data Format (HDF5) and several additional sensor file formats describing multiple sensors addressing a common scenario.
Implementation and effects of undulator scanning at Aladdin

Abstract The stability of the Aladdin closed orbit while scanning the U2 undulator gap is reported. Over the range of undulator gap settings the entire optimum closed orbit has been corrected to 20 μm rms vertically and 40 μm rms horizontally. The correction scheme utilizes computer control of the two undulator end correctors for the horizontal orbit and two of the regular ring correctors for the vertical orbit. Data showing the output of several other beam lines while the undulator is scanned over its entire range is presented. Small fluctuations in the intensity observed in some user beamlines has been attributed to the discrete steps used by the orbit correctors. A change in vertical beam size with undulator gap is shown to be related to a sextupole component in the undulator field. Possible remedies for these problems are discussed.
Combined Chemotherapy for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung

One hundred sixty-seven patients with extensive well-differentiated and 120 patients with extensive poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the lung received chemotherapy as part of a randomized study by the Veterans Administration Lung Group. Chemotherapy was administered at random using one of the following four regimens: (1) cyclophosphamide alone; (2) cyclophosphamide plus l-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU); (3) doxorubicin (adriamycin) plus cyclophosphamide; and (4) doxorubicin plus CCNU. With data on survival as the criteria for evaluation, it has been shown that combined chemotherapy using doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide achieves greater median survival for patients with squamous cell cancer of the lung than single-drug chemotherapy using cyclophosphamide, under the conditions of this study; however, prolongation of life is still minimal, and better treatment is required. About 20 percent of the patients receiving any of the four regimens developed serious toxic effects from therapy with the drugs.
The ecological theory of police response: a state police agency test

Klinger’s ecological theory of police response (1997) posits that differences in officer enforcement ‘vigor’ across districts within a police agency will be influenced primarily by district levels of social disorganization and serious crime. The present study tested the theory’s validity within a state police agency. While the violent crime rate and social disorganization level of each district was correlated with some measures of enforcement vigor, the greatest influence on enforcement vigor was the calls for service workload and responsibility for patrolling an interstate highway. The potential research differences between municipal and state police agencies are also discussed.
A comparison of exhaled nitric oxide and induced sputum as markers of airway inflammation

Abstract Background: Exhaled nitric oxide (ENO) has been proposed as a noninvasive marker of airway inflammation in asthma. Objective: We investigated the relationships among ENO, eosinophilic airway inflammation as measured by induced sputum, and physiologic parameters of disease severity (spirometry and methacholine PC 20 ). We also examined the effect of corticosteroid treatment and atopy on ENO levels and eosinophil counts in induced sputum. Methods: Measurements were taken on one day in 22 healthy nonatopic subjects, 28 healthy atopic subjects, 38 asthmatic subjects not taking inhaled steroids, 35 asthmatic subjects taking inhaled steroids, and 8 subjects with eosinophilic bronchitis without asthma. Results: ENO levels showed significant but weak correlations with eosinophil differential counts in the steroid-naive asthmatic and healthy atopic groups ( r s Conclusion: We conclude that ENO is likely to have limited utility as a surrogate clinical measurement for either the presence or severity of eosinophilic airway inflammation, except in steroid-naive subjects. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106:638-44.)
Digital content management: the search for a content management system

Digital content management system is a software system that provides preservation, organization and dissemination services for digital collections. By adapting the systems analysis process, the University of Arizona Library analyzed its needs and developed content management system requirements for finding a suitable information system that addresses the increasing needs of digital content management. Dozens of commercial and open source candidates were examined to match against the requirements. This article provides detailed analysis of three major players (Greenstone, Fedora, and DSpace) in key areas of digital content management: preservation, metadata, access, and system features based on the needs of the University of Arizona Library. This paper describes the process used to analyze and evaluate potential candidates and includes results of analysis to illuminate the process.
Comparison of Three Qualitative Habitat Indices and Their Applicability to Prairie Streams

Abstract Qualitative stream habitat indices are important tools in classifying, interpreting, and assessing the conditions of stream ecosystems. Habitat indices are numerical values produced from scoring various features of a stream. Three commonly used habitat indices are the qualitative habitat evaluation index (QHEI), the rapid bioassessment protocols (RBP), and the riparian, channel, and environmental inventory (RCE). All three indices were used to assess the habitat conditions of 18 prairie streams of different sizes and environmental settings in the Red River of the North basin. Correlations suggest that these three indices provide similar results (r ranged from 0.83 to 0.85, P ≤ 0.003); however, the indices emphasize different aspects of the stream environment. Metrics from each index were classified as one of the following: channel geomorphology, riparian zone, substrate related, and instream cover and biota. The QHEI and RBP indices emphasize channel geomorphology metrics (41% of total score for ...
A systematic review of human factors and ergonomics (HFE)-based healthcare system redesign for quality of care and patient safety

Healthcare systems need to be redesigned to provide care that is safe, effective and efficient, and meets the multiple needs of patients. This systematic review examines how human factors and ergonomics (HFE) is applied to redesign healthcare work systems and processes and improve quality and safety of care. We identified 12 projects representing 23 studies and addressing different physical, cognitive and organisational HFE issues in a variety of healthcare systems and care settings. Some evidence exists for the effectiveness of HFE-based healthcare system redesign in improving process and outcome measures of quality and safety of care. We assessed risk of bias in 16 studies reporting the impact of HFE-based healthcare system redesign and found varying quality across studies. Future research should further assess the impact of HFE on quality and safety of care, and clearly define the mechanisms by which HFE-based system redesign can improve quality and safety of care.