cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An overview of guidestar laser technologies

We present a summary update of sodium laser guidestar technology, including an overview of the results from a series of Laser Guidestar Workshops hosted by the Center for Adaptive Optics over the past few years. There has been considerable advancement in the understanding of laser light interaction with mesospheric sodium which has an impact on the choice of laser systems where the objective is to produce the best wavefront measurement with a minimum of laser power and expense. We will also summarize our efforts on an NSF funded MRI program to build a high-Strehl AO system for imaging and spectroscopy covering the near IR science bands from 0.9 to 2.2 micron wavelength. The system includes a new 10 watt pulsed fiber laser developed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory tuned in spectral and pulse format for optimum sodium return.
Temporally Overlapped but Uncoupled Motions in Dihydrofolate Reductase Catalysis

Temporal correlations between protein motions and enzymatic reactions are often interpreted as evidence for catalytically important motions. Using dihydrofolate reductase as a model system, we show that there are many protein motions that temporally overlapped with the chemical reaction, and yet they do not exhibit the same kinetic behaviors (KIE and pH dependence) as the catalyzed chemical reaction. Thus, despite the temporal correlation, these motions are not directly coupled to the chemical transformation, and they might represent a different part of the catalytic cycle or simply be the product of the intrinsic flexibility of the protein.
Elementary propeller theories in compressible inviscid fluids

The existing propeller theories are valid for an incompressible inviscid fluids range. In the present paper, the known Glauert's propeller theories are transferred into the compressible inviscid fluids region. All the discontinuity phenomena are excluded from the considerations. Four elementary theories will be discussed: axial momentum-, general momentum-, improved general momentum-, and vortex theory. The application of some approximate methods of solution, like Pistolesi's method, to compressible range will be shown. In a first approximation, Betz's theory of propellers of highest efficiency may be applied to propellers moving in a compressible medium, with the assumption that the conditions existing in the propeller's wake are invariable and that the compressibility phenomena are restricted to the close neighbourhood of the propeller with the density in the propeller's plane differing from that one in the wake. There are indications, however, that Betz's theorem should be revised for compressible range since the Froude-Finsterwalder theorem, on which the previous one is based, breaks down for compressible fluids as Frankl had shown.
Infrared Spectra of Fossils

Infrared spectra of areas about 2.5 × 1 mm on the surfaces of fossil plant or animal remains can be recorded nondestructively with the use of photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy. Samples need not be removed from the fossil, which may remain on or in its matrix, as long as a portion of the fossil's surface is accessible to the analyzing beams. The technique is potentially valuable for the examination of special samples of palaeontological and archaeological interest.
Theoretical analysis of bearing considering elastic deformation – effects of the housing stiffness and bearing length on bearing performance

Abstract In recent high power, compact and light weight automotive engines, the bearing load has been increasing and housing stiffness has been decreasing. As a result, the bearing performance is greatly influenced by elastic deformations of both the housing and the bearing. The effects of changing both the housing stiffness and the bearing length on bearing performance were studied by using the elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory on connecting rod bearings for diesel engines.
Differential Affinity and Cooperativity Functions of the Amino-terminal 70 Residues of λ Integrase

The site-specific recombinase (Int) of bacteriophage lambda is a heterobivalent DNA-binding protein that binds two different classes of DNA-binding sites within its recombination target sites. The several functions of Int are apportioned between a large carboxy-terminal domain that cleaves and ligates DNA at each of its four "core-type" DNA-binding sites and a small amino-terminal domain, whose primary function is binding to each of its five "arm-type" DNA sites, which are distant from the core region. Int bridges between the two classes of binding sites are facilitated by accessory DNA-bending proteins that along with Int comprise higher-order recombinogenic complexes. We show here that although the 64 amino-terminal residues of Int bind efficiently to a single arm site, this protein cannot form doubly bound complexes on adjacent arm sites. However, 1-70 Int does show the same cooperative binding to adjacent arm sites as the full length protein. We also found that 1-70 Int specifies cooperative interactions with the accessory protein Xis when the two are bound to their adjacent cognate sites P2 and X1, respectively. To complement the finding that these two amino-terminal domain functions (along with arm DNA binding) are all specified by residues 1-70, we determined that Thr75 is the first residue of the minimal carboxy-terminal domain, thereby identifying a specific interdomain linker region. We have measured the affinity constants for Int binding to each of the five arm sites and the cooperativity factors for Int binding to the two pairs of adjacent arm sites, and we have identified several DNA structural features that contribute to the observed patterns of Int binding to arm sites. Taken together, the results highlight several interesting features of arm DNA binding that invite speculation about additional levels of complexity in the regulation of lambda site-specific recombination.
Using decoupling and deep pockets to mitigate judgment-proof problems

Abstract We examine how financial penalties for social damages can be structured to mitigate judgment-proof problems. These problems occur when a producer has insufficient wealth to compensate victims for the most serious damages that can arise from his activities. We demonstrate that a policy in which assessed penalties are decoupled from realized damages generally generates greater social surplus than does a policy of compensatory damages. We also show that a lender’s deep pockets can generally be employed to mitigate judgment-proof problems, despite recent suggestions to the contrary in the literature.
Plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) levels increase immediately following ERCP and predict the degree of hyperamylasemia

Plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) levels increase immediately following ERCP and predict the degree of hyperamylasemia
Elongated microvilli support the sea urchin embryo concentrically within the perivitelline space until hatching.

The early sea urchin embryo is supported in a concentric position within the perivitelline space by elongated microvilli which are attached to the fertilization envelope by extracellular matrix fibers. This “attachment complex,” of microvillus tip: extracellular matrix fibers: fertilization envelope, was revealed by two methods: the use of pronase or calcium-free sea water to dissolve the extracellular matrix fibers, thus causing the eggs to lose their concentric location, and the visualization of the “attachment complex” using video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy and transmission electron microscope images. The presence of the “attachment complex” helps in understanding two types of early developmental events: (1) the apparently continual change in microvillus length during cleavage stages which retains the embryos in their concentric position and (2) the hatching process.
Linking systems in nonelementary abelian groups

Linked systems of symmetric designs are equivalent to 3-class Q-antipodal association schemes. Only one infinite family of examples is known, and this family has interesting origins and is connected to important applications. In this paper, we define linking systems, collections of difference sets that correspond to systems of linked designs, and we construct linking systems in a variety of nonelementary abelian groups using Galois rings, partial difference sets, and a product construction. We include some partial results in the final section.
Identification of a novel bacterial sequence associated with Crohn's disease

Background & Aims: Enteric microorganisms are implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease (CD), but no clear bacterial or viral species has been identified. In this study, representational difference analysis (RDA) was used to isolate DNA segments preferentially abundant in lamina propria mononuclear cells of lesional mucosa vs. adjacent uninvolved mucosa. Methods: Two RDA-derived microbial sequences were isolated (I1 and I2) and identified as novel homologues of the ptxR and tetR bacterial transcription-factor families. Results: Quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction of paraffin-embedded intestinal specimens from 212 patients showed that I2 DNA was present in many CD colonic lesions (43%), but was infrequent in other colonic specimens (9% of ulcerative colitis lesions and 5% of non‐inflammatory bowel disease diseases; P F 0.0001). I2 was prevalent in ileal specimens, regardless of disease status (43%‐54%). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of 150 individuals with an I2 glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein showed frequent immunoglobulin A seroreactivity in CD (54% of patients), but infrequent seroreactivity in patients with ulcerative colitis, other inflammatory enteric diseases, or normals (10%, 19%, and 4%, respectively; P F 0.001 to 0.00001). Conclusions: These findings relate CD to a novel lesion-localized and immunologically associated bacterial sequence, suggesting that the microorganism expressing the I2 gene product may be related to CD pathogenesis.
THE USE OF DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY IN THE EVALUATION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS PACKAGING PERFORMANCE TESTING

New designs of radioactive material shipping packages are required to be evaluated in accordance with 10 CFR Part 71, Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Material. This paper will discuss the use of digital radiography to evaluate the effects of the tests required by 10 CFR 71.71, Normal Conditions of Transport (NCT), and 10 CFR 71.73, Hypothetical Accident Conditions (HAC). One acceptable means of evaluating packaging performance is to subject packagings to the series of NCT and HAC tests. The evaluation includes a determination of the effect on the packaging by the conditions and tests. Historically, that determination has required that packagings be cut and sectioned to learn the actual effects on internal components, either after each test to document the effects of that test, or after all testing is complete which determines the cumulative effect on the package. Digital radiography permits the examination of internal packaging components without sectioning a package. This allows a single package to be subjected to the entire series of tests. After each test, the package is digitally radiographed and the effects of particular tests evaluated. Radiography reduces the number of packages required for testing and also reduces labor and materials required to section and evaluate numerous packages. This paper will include a description of the digital radiography equipment used in the testing and evaluation of the 9977 package at SRNL. The equipment is capable of making a single radiograph of a full-sized package in one exposure. Radiographs will be compared to sectioned packages that show actual conditions compared to radiographic images.Copyright © 2007 by Washington Savannah River Company LLC
Virtual kinetics: Using statistical experimental design for rapid analysis of enzyme inhibitor mechanisms

Modern automated drug-screening can generate hundreds of inhibitor leads from diverse chemical sources in a short period of time. Traditional methods of inhibitor analysis are resource intensive and limit the number of inhibitors that can be analyzed for their mechanism of inhibition. This paper presents methods we have developed for rapid estimation of both potency and mechanism of potential inhibitor leads for a biochemically complex screening target (protein kinase C) using commercially available computer programs for statistical experimental design. Our findings indicate that, with careful choice of factor levels, statistical experimental design clearly identifies the various interactions of the assay components with inhibitors. Suitably plotted, the data can be used to examine the competitive nature of the inhibitor and can provide estimates of IC50 and Michaelis constants useful for planning further kinetic work. The techniques used are amenable to automation and should be useful for identifying inhibitors that may have only marginal potency, but exhibit desirable mechanistic profiles suitable for structural analoging efforts.
Chemosterilant-induced increase in mating ability of male screw-worm flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

Newly emerged ♂ screw-worm flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), treated with a chemosterilant solution or with solvent alone were provided with an abundance of ♀♀ for 1 hr when they were 5 days old. ♂♂ chemosterilized with N, N '-tetramethylenebis(1-aziridinecarboxamide) effected more matings (5.7) than ♂♂ treated with solvent alone (2.5). The results agree with those obtained previously in tests of mating competitiveness.
Inspirational anchors: minimal computational models in cognitive science

In model-based science, a minimal computational model (MCM) is a computational model developed without the guidance of significant empirical evidence about the mechanism being modelled. Despite their historical and contemporary prominence in cognitive science, MCMs face serious challenges: (1) because of the lack of empirical grounding, it is hard to see how we are justified in making inferences from a model to its target and (2) if they say nothing about their targets, it seems that their utility is limited to the articulation of mere logical possibilities. In this article, I scrutinise this challenge by surveying and rejecting some alternative accounts of the epistemological role of MCMs. I argue that these models are best viewed as fulcra upon which additional research is leveraged. In support, I draw connections between cognitive and economic modelling, and sketch how a prominent account of the latter can be extended to cover the former.
Warfarin Therapy for an Octogenarian Who Has Atrial Fibrillation

In North America, atrial fibrillation is associated with at least 75 000 ischemic strokes each year. Most of these strokes occur in patients older than 75 years of age. The high incidence of stroke in very elderly persons reflects the increasing prevalence of atrial fibrillation that occurs with advanced age, the high incidence of stroke in elderly patients, and the failure of physicians to prescribe antithrombotic therapy in most of these patients. This failure is related to the increased risk for major hemorrhage with advanced age, obfuscating the decision to institute stroke prophylaxis with antithrombotic therapy. This case-based review describes the risk and benefits of prescribing antithrombotic therapy for a hypothetical 80-year-old man who has atrial fibrillation and hypertension, and it offers practical advice on managing warfarin therapy. After concluding that the benefits of warfarin outweigh its risks in this patient, we describe how to initiate warfarin therapy cautiously and how to monitor and dose the drug. We then review five recent randomized, controlled trials that document the increased risk for stroke when an international normalized ratio (INR) of less than 2.0 is targeted among patients with atrial fibrillation. Next, we make the case that cardioversion is not needed for this asymptomatic patient with chronic atrial fibrillation. Instead, we choose to leave the patient in atrial fibrillation and to control his ventricular rate with atenolol. Later, when the INR increases to 4.9, we advocate withholding one dose of warfarin and repeating the INR test. Finally, when the patient develops dental pain, we review the analgesic agents that are safe to take with warfarin and explain why warfarin therapy does not have to be interrupted during a subsequent dental extraction.
Growing multilayer gradient thin films via in situ neurocomputing

Abstract Multiple-layer thin films of less than 2 μ m are presently typically deposited via mechanical manipulation of substrates. Interlayer gradients are typically accomplished by the rotation of substrates between two or more material deposition sources. Film deposition rates are often maintained with limited instrumentation, and no feedback control. Additionally, most tribological hard films deposited on relatively soft substrates need to be deposited with a buffer or interface layer in order to bond a particular film to a substrate. Often, this buffer layer is deposited by manually ramping rotation speeds or source deposition rates, increasing film variability. This research is focused on identifying and relating observed process characteristics to the resulting material chemistry and structure, with a goal of dynamically controlling the material characteristics for multilayer films using in situ neurocomputing. Of specific interest is the ability to grow multilayer diamond-like carbon (DLC)-ceramic–metal films. DLC films deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD), combined with the reactive gas DC magnetron deposition of titanium to create Ti–TiN–DLC or Ti–TiC–DLC material gradients will be the focus of this work. In situ laser-induced florescence (LIF) spectroscopy and a quartz crystal microbalance are used for in situ plume sensing with the aim of controlling the film deposition rates and the resulting deposited structure.
Remyelination reporter reveals prolonged refinement of spontaneously regenerated myelin

Neurological diseases and trauma often cause demyelination, resulting in the disruption of axonal function and integrity. Endogenous remyelination promotes recovery, but the process is not well understood because no method exists to definitively distinguish regenerated from preexisting myelin. To date, remyelinated segments have been defined as anything abnormally short and thin, without empirical data to corroborate these morphological assumptions. To definitively identify regenerated myelin, we used a transgenic mouse with an inducible membrane-bound reporter and targeted Cre recombinase expression to a subset of glial progenitor cells after spinal cord injury, yielding remarkably clear visualization of spontaneously regenerated myelin in vivo. Early after injury, the mean length of sheaths regenerated by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes (OLs) was significantly shorter than control, uninjured myelin, confirming past assumptions. However, OL-regenerated sheaths elongated progressively over 6 mo to approach control values. Moreover, OL-regenerated myelin thickness was not significantly different from control myelin at most time points after injury. Thus, many newly formed OL sheaths were neither thinner nor shorter than control myelin, vitiating accepted dogmas of what constitutes regenerated myelin. We conclude that remyelination, once thought to be static, is dynamic and elongates independently of axonal growth, in contrast to stretch-based mechanisms proposed in development. Further, without clear identification, past assessments have underestimated the extent and quality of regenerated myelin.
The pathophysiology of neurofibromatosis: IX. Paternal age as a factor in the origin of new mutations

Von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis is characterized by a relatively large proportion of apparently nonfamilial cases, presumed spontaneous mutations. This paper analyzes the distribution of paternal and maternal ages for 187 patients with von Recklinghausen disease representing the first definite case in their respective families. Mean paternal age was 32.8 years and mean maternal age was 27.4 years, both being significantly greater than for control populations (P equal to or less than .001). The advanced paternal age was not accounted for by the increase in maternal age. The methodology of controlling the general population paternal ages for each patient's birth year is described.
Use of an Auxiliary Sphere with a Spectroreflectometer to Obtain Absolute Reflectance

Reflectance measurements that are made on a scale that is not relative to an arbitrary standard are often called “absolute” measurements. The method presented here uses an auxiliary sphere with a double-beam integrating-sphere spectrophotometer to make measurements on an absolute basis. The basic requirements are: (1) The auxiliary sphere must be uniformly coated with a highly-reflecting, highly-diffusing material; (2) a flat plate must be coated in an identical manner to provide a measure of reflectance of the coating; (3) the interior-surface area of the sphere and the area of the entrance port must be measured.The theory of the method is discussed and an error analysis is made. Reflectance data are reported for specimens of smoked MgO and pressed powders of MgO and BaSO4.The precision of repeatability has been evaluated from measurements of a Vitrolite reference standard. More than a dozen measurements at each of eight wavelengths made over a 3-year period exhibited a standard deviation of 0.003 for the spectral reflectance.
The Common Topoi of STEM Discourse: An Apologia and Methodological Proposal, With Pilot Survey:

In this article, the author proposes a methodology for the rhetorical analysis of scientific, technical, mathematical, and engineering (STEM) discourse based on the common topics (topoi) of this discourse. Beginning with work by Miller, Prelli, and other rhetoricians of STEM discourse—but factoring in related studies in cognitive linguistics—she argues for a reimagining of topoi as basic schema that interrelate texts, objects, and writers in STEM communities. Then, she proposes a topical method as a stable, broadly applicable heuristic that may help fit the rhetorical dynamics of the much-studied research article (RA) into the wider context of written technical discourse—exactly the type of improvement that Gross, Fahnestock, and others have proposed. Finally, as an illustration of this argument, the author performs a pilot topical survey of 18 RAs representing six STEM disciplines. This survey yields a set of 30 topoi used samplewide that can form a starting point for future surveys. She answers challeng...
Moving the Alcohol Addiction RDoC Forward

Litten et al. (in press) lay out an important research agenda for advancing personalized treatment for alcohol use disorders (AUDs), extending the RDoC framework (Cuthbert, 2014) to address alcohol and addiction constructs. Current diagnostic approaches (e.g., DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association, 2013), tell us little about the specific nature of a given individual's disorder or what underlying components to address in treatment. By identifying specific mechanisms that are causing or maintaining AUDs and by targeting them with interventions designed to normalize or stabilize those mechanisms, we should be able to develop novel treatments and to employ existing ones more effectively. As noted by Litten et al., it will also enhance our ability to identify patients with complex syndromes involving multiple dysfunctions and rationally implement combined interventions (e.g., polypharmacy, combined behavioral therapies) involving multiple targets and inform our understanding of comorbidities and their treatment. Actualizing this vision requires basic research that continues to map the overlap and boundaries among dissociable (e.g., allostasis, incentive-sensitization, habit, response inhibition) yet interrelated (e.g., Lovic et al., 2011) mechanisms. Ultimately, we should be able to translate these mechanisms into tractable clinical assessments that can guide clinical decision-making. This will require considerably more work on measure development. Although much progress has been made in assessing both approach and inhibitory processes associated with addiction (e.g., Stacy & Wiers, 2010), many of these measures’ psychometrics indicates further refinement is necessary for reliable and valid application. Even venerable, “tried and true” measures of response inhibition (e.g., go/no-go, stop-signal, anti-saccade tasks) often correlate poorly with each other and have questionable psychometrics (Fillmore & Weafer, 2013). Consequently, improving basic, objective measurement (including both behavioral and biological markers) of key processes will increase the likelihood that the Alcohol Addiction RDoC initiative will fulfill its considerable promise for advancing addiction research and improving patient care.
Hypokalemia Causing Rhabdomyolysis in a Patient with Short Bowel Syndrome

Abstract Background Rhabdomyolysis, usually in the setting of trauma or drug use, is frequently seen in the emergency setting, and often leads to hyperkalemia at presentation. Hypokalemia, however, is a potentially underrecognized cause of rhabdomyolysis. Case Report We present a case of rhabdomyolysis likely due to hypokalemia in the setting of short bowel syndrome. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Although less common, hypokalemia can be a significant cause of rhabdomyolysis via its effects on muscle. This scenario should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients at risk for hypokalemia who present with weakness. Rapid recognition of this relationship and rapid correction of hypokalemia may prove very important in preventing the deleterious effects of rhabdomyolysis.
A study of the production and reversible stability of EGaIn liquid metal microspheres using flow focusing

This manuscript describes an experimental study of the production of micro-scale droplets of the room-temperature liquid alloy eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) formed using a microfluidic flow-focusing device. The EGaIn surface oxidizes readily to form a passivating oxide “skin” that imparts some mechanical stability to the resulting microspheres, but does not appear to affect the dynamics of droplet formation. EGaIn has an interfacial tension nearly an order of magnitude larger than typical water-in-oil systems that are used to study droplet production in microfluidic flow-focusing devices. The size of the microdroplets increase as the ratio of the flow rates of the dispersed and continuous-phase increase for both EGaIn-in-glycerol and water-in-oil systems; however, these fluid pairs form droplets through different dispersing modes at otherwise identical flow conditions (i.e., flow rate ratios and capillary numbers). Consequently, the EGaIn droplets are larger than the water droplets. The difference in dispersing modes and droplet size are attributed to the relatively larger interfacial and inertial forces of the EGaIn system compared to the water-in-oil system. The addition of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which is known to bind to oxide surfaces, to the continuous phase yields stable, monodisperse emulsions of liquid metal. These emulsions can be destabilized on demand by changing the solution pH, allowing the liquid metal to be recovered. The ability of the PVA to bind to the liquid metal also influences droplet production by changing the shape of the liquid as it approaches the orifice of the flow focusing device, which results in droplets with smaller diameters relative to those formed without PVA.
Post-crisis communication and renewal: Expanding the parameters of post-crisis discourse

Abstract Crisis communication is growing as a field of study due in part to the frequency and high profile nature of recent crises such as 9/11, Anthrax and bioterrorism in the mail supply, the Tsunami in the Southeast Asia, and Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. In each of these crises, the role of communication has been highlighted. Communication is particularly challenging during crises because an immediate response is necessary, because of the looming threat, and because these situations are inherently uncertain. Much of the present literature suggests that managing image during a crisis is critical to an effective response [Benoit, W. L. (1995). Accounts, excuses and apologies. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press; Coombs, W. T. (1999). Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Hearit, K. M. (1995). “Mistakes were made”: Organizations, apologia and crises of social legitimacy. Communication Studies, 46, 1–17]. Although image is important and embedded within the threat, uncertainty, and chaos of crisis so too is the opportunity for growth and renewal. In this case, depending upon the crisis, either issues of image restoration or renewal may emerge as more of a central theme in the post-crisis discourse. This paper argues that renewal, along with image restoration, is an important genre of post-crisis discourse. As a result, efforts to understand post-crisis communication should be expanded to include both image restoration and the discourse of renewal.
Interindustry flows in a general equilibrium model of fiscal incidence: An application to Egypt

Abstract We present a general equilibrium model of fiscal incidence using a modified Harberger Model and a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) framework. We extend the standard Harberger model in order to incorporate inter-industry transactions and pre- existing taxes. The model is applied to the SAM for Egypt to analyze the redistributive role of indirect taxes and subsidies for urban and rural households. The empirical results show that the redistribution effects of subsidies in Egypt are minimal due to the existing tax structure. However, the distributional effects between two classes of households are relatively significant when we introduce a hypothetical policy of selective taxes on necessities.
Soil acidity and the composition of an indigenous population of Rhizobium tripolii in nodules of different cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum L.

Abstract Three methods of strain identification were used to determine the composition of the Rhizobium trifolii population in nodules formed on four cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum L. grown in a soil unamended (pH 4.8) or amended with CaCO3 (pH 6.4). Whole cell somatic tube agglutination placed 68–90% of the nodule occupants from each of the cultivars Mt Barker, Nangeela and Howard into four identifiable serogroups. Only in the case of cultivar Woogeneliup were the majority of the isolates unidentifiable with the antisera at our disposal. In unamended soil different serogroups dominated each cultivar whereas in limed soil serogroup 27 was the dominant identifiable serogroup on all of the cultivars. The latter serogroup was also the most promiscuous nodule occupant being found in seven of eight treatments. Gel-immune-diffusion analysis revealed three serotypes within serogroup 27; serotype 27-A was dominant in the nodules on cultivar Nangeela alone whereas serotype 27-B was dominant on both cultivars Mt Barker and Woogenellup. Separation of cellular proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed four and five different strains within serotypes 27-A and 27-B respectively. Only one strain from serotype 27-B could be considered a common nodule occupant on cultivars Mt Barker and Woogenellup. Two of three strains, representing 82% of the total isolates of serotype 27-B found on cultivar Mt Barker, were nodule occupants of that cultivar in both soil treatments. In contrast, only one of four strains, representing 38.5% of the total isolates of serotype 27-A found on cultivar Nangeela, could be considered a common nodule occupant in both soil treatments.
Minimum weight design of circular plates

Abstract The theory of minimum weight design of circular thin plates and circular sandwich plates obeying v. Mises's yield condition is discussed. It is shown that the minimum weight design admits a failure mechanism for which the mechanical energy dissipated per unit volume has a constant value throughout the plates. The distribution of the bending moments and thickness throughout the plates are determined.
Randomized controlled trial of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin A injection versus balloon dilatation in treatment of achalasia cardia

As the few randomized controlled trials available in the literature comparing botulinum toxin (BT) injection with established endoscopic treatment of achalasia cardia, i.e. pneumatic dilatation, showed conflicting results, we conducted a prospective randomized trial. Seventeen consecutive patients with achalasia cardia diagnosed during a period between December 1997 and February 2000 were randomized into two treatment groups [pneumatic dilatation by Rigiflex dilator (n=10), BT injection by sclerotherapy needle into four quadrants of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) (n=7) 80 units in five cases, 60 units in two cases] after dysphagia grading, endoscopy, barium esophagogram, and manometry, all of which were repeated 1 week after treatment. Patients were followed up clinically for 35.2+/-14 weeks. Chi-squares, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank tests were used for statistical analysis. After 1 week, 6/7 (86%) BT-treated vs. 8/10 (80%) dilatation-treated patients improved (P=NS). There was no difference in LES pressure and maximum esophageal diameter in the barium esophagogram in the two groups before therapy. Both therapies resulted in significant reduction in LES pressure. The cumulative dysphagia-free state using the Kaplan-Meier method decreased progressively in BT-treated compared with dilatation-treated patients (P=0.027). Two patients with tortuous megaesophagus, one of whom had failed dilatation complicated by perforation previously, improved after BT. One other patient in whom pneumatic dilatation had previously failed improved in a similar manner. BT is as good as pneumatic dilatation in achieving an initial improvement in dysphagia of achalasia cardia. It is also effective in patients with tortuous megaesophagus and previous failed pneumatic dilatation. However, dysphagia often recurs during 1-year follow up.
Role of optical storage technology for NASA's image storage and retrieval systems

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is proceeding with an evolutionary approach to creating integrated muIti discipline image management systems. A goal of this development is an integrated Astrophysics Data System (ADS). The system will allow astrophysics research teams to' correlate spectral images from multiple research satellites. The ADS is the first large scale integrated research data system planned at NASA. The Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EosDlS) will create a similar system for earth sciences research. These two programs will store and retrieve more than 1 0 terabytes of satellite image data per day. Ford Aerospace is actively involved in the design and development of both the ADS and EosDlS. This paper reviews the role of optical storage technology in supporting these image storage and retrieval systems. It explores system limits based upon the current state of optical storage technology. Also discussed, are those advances in optical storage technology that could increase the role for optical storage in NASA's image management systems.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Term matching on parallel computers

Term matching is an important problem that arises very often in term rewriting and in functional and equational programming. In this paper, we present a new parallel algorithm for the term-matching problem on the EREW (Exclusive Read Exclusive Write) model of parallel computation. Our algorithm assumes a string representation of the two terms as its input. The string representation is first transformed into two labeled ordered trees and term matching is then performed on these two trees. If n is the length of the input terms then for any constant ∈, (0<#x2208;≤1) our algorithm uses O(n1−∈) processors and takes O(nelog n) time. If e=0 the same algorithm will run in O(log2n) time. The only other known parallel algorithm for this problem is due to Dwork, Kanellakis and Stockmeyer that requires O(n2) processors and takes either O(log n) or O(log2n) time. However, their algorithm uses the stronger CREW (Concurrent Read Exclusive Write) model of parallel computation and assumes a DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) representation of the two terms as its input. The techniques used in our algorithm are novel and have wide applicability.
Compensation for the thermal error of a multi-axis machining center

Abstract This paper presents a systematic methodology for the thermal-error correction of a machine tool. The generalized geometric error model of a multi-axis machine is derived to describe the error motion between the cutting tool and the workpiece using the homogeneous transformation matrix. The thermal deformation is modeled using grey system theory so that a dynamic model can be obtained. An off-line method and an on-line method are proposed to use the grey system model to predict and compensate for the thermal error. This method can significantly reduce the number of sensors used in temperature monitoring during the compensation process. The effectiveness of this method is tested by simulations and by experiments. The proposed methodologies can be used to improve the manufacturing accuracy of the modern manufacturing system in a cost effective way.
Some Effects of Beam Thickness on Photon Migration in a Turbid Medium

Abstract We analyse the effects of extended rather than point optodes on several properties of photon migration in a turbid medium with internal absorption in a diffusion model suggested by a number of biomedical applications. The parameters considered include the surface flux of photons re-emitted back through the surface as a function of distance from the centre of the injecting optode, the surface intensity profile as a function of time for optodes separated by a fixed distance, and the distribution of the maximum depth reached by a photon, conditional on its being re-emitted through the interface at a variable distance from the injection point. Our major result is that the effects of extended optodes are much more significant when internal absorption is high.
Limitations in the feasibility of pulmonary embolectomy. A clinicopathologic study of 101 cases of massive pulmonary embolism.

Of 101 patients who had major pulmonary emboli confirmed at autopsy, 44 died within 1 hour of the onset of symptoms; 26 had no abrupt change in the clinical course to indicate the presence of emboli; and three died while they were under anesthesia. Of the 28 patients who survived for more than 1 hour after onset of symptoms, seven had incurable malignant lesions, four were unconscious with irreversible brain damage, six were too ill from other diseases to undergo embolectomy, and the diagnosis was not suspected for five. Consequently, of the 101 patients only six would have been selected to undergo pulmonary embolectomy. Only by increasing our diagnostic acumen and by obtaining pulmonary angiograms as soon as possible after onset of symptoms can this salvage rate be improved.
Melt/harzburgite reaction in the petrogenesis of tholeiitic magma from Kilauea volcano, Hawaii

We use the results of elevated pressure melting experiments to constrain the role of melt/mantle reaction in the formation of tholeiitic magma from Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Trace element abundance data is commonly interpreted as evidence that Kilauea tholeiite is produced by partial melting of garnet lherzolite. We experimentally determine the liquidus relations of a tightly constrained estimate of primary tholeiite composition, and find that it is not in equilibrium on its liquidus with a garnet lherzolite assemblage at any pressure. The composition is, however, cosaturated on its liquidus with olivine and orthopyroxene at 1.4 GPa and 1425 °C, from which we infer that primary tholeiite is in equilibrium with harzburgite at lithospheric depths beneath Kilauea. These results are consistent with our observation that tholeiite primary magmas have higher normative silica contents than experimentally produced melts of garnet lherzolite. A model is presented whereby primary tholeiite forms via a two-stage process. In the first stage, magmas are generated by melting of garnet lherzolite in a mantle plume. In the second stage, the ascent and decompression of magmas causes them to react with harzburgite in the mantle by assimilating orthopyroxene and crystallizing olivine. This reaction can produce typical tholeiite primary magmas from significantly less siliceous garnet lherzolite melts, and is consistent with the shift in liquidus boundaries that accompanies decompression of an ascending magma. We determine the proportion of reactants by major element mass balance. The ratio of mass assimilated to mass crystallized (Ma/Mc) varies from 2.7 to 1.4, depending on the primary magma composition. We use an AFC calculation to model the effect of melt/harzburgite reaction on melt rare earth and high field strength element abundances, and find that reaction dilutes, but does not significantly fractionate, the abundances of these elements. Assuming olivine and orthopyroxene have similar heats of fusion, the Ma/Mc ratio indicates that reaction is endothermic. The additional thermal energy is supplied by the melt, which becomes superheated during adiabatic ascent and can provide more thermal energy than required. Melt/harzburgite reaction likely occurs over a range of depths, and we infer a mean depth of 42 km from our experimental results. This depth is well within the lithosphere beneath Kilauea. Since geochemical evidence indicates that melt/harzburgite reaction likely occurs in the top of the Hawaiian plume, the plume must be able to thin a significant portion of the lithosphere.
DISTANCE APPROXIMATIONS FOR ROUTING MANUAL PICKERS IN A WAREHOUSE

This paper evaluates and compares strategies for routing a manual picker through a simple warehouse. It expands on previous work, in which optimization algorithms were developed, by deriving equations which relate route length to warehouse attributes. Several rules of thumb are derived for selection of order picking strategies and optimization of warehouse shape.
Recent observations on the occurrence of fishy flavour in bacon

Mise en evidence dans des lots de bacon, juges impropres a la consommation, d'une forte teneur en acides gras polyinsatures a longue chaine, parrallelement au caractere huileux et a la flaveur de poisson. La cause de cette alteration se situe au niveau des matieres premieres utilisees pour les aliments des porcs (farine de poisson, huile de poisson)
A model for thermal conductivity of granular porous media

This note describes an improved model for estimating thermal conductivity of granular porous media, in which radiation and convection heat transfer effects can be considered negligible. Because the model proposed is semi-empirical in nature, only the thermal conductivities of solid and fluid phases and the porosity are required for estimation purposes. With the minimal property data required, inherent assumptions are that both fluid and solid phases are homogeneous and contact conductance is not a parameter. Use of the model gives thermal conductivity estimates that are between the bounding estimates discussed by Maxwell and Hashin and Shtrikman. The authors illustrate here the utility of the model by comparing predictions with experimental data for a porous medium composed of fused silica powder and air.
Geometric retrieval in parallel

Abstract We describe a methodology for developing high performance programs running on clusters of SMP nodes. The SMP cluster programming methodology is based on a small prototype kernel (S imple ) of collective communication primitives that make efficient use of the hybrid shared and message-passing environment. We illustrate the power of our methodology by presenting experimental results for sorting integers, two-dimensional fast Fourier transforms (FFT), and constraint-satisfied searching. Our testbed is a cluster of DEC AlphaServer 2100 4/275 nodes interconnected by an ATM switch.
Modulation of the Invasive Phenotype of Engineered Breast Tumors by the Physical and Cellular Microenvironment

Tumor development alters the normal cellular processes that maintain tissue integrity and homeostasis, and introduces changes to the tissue surrounding the tumor as well as the tumor cells themselves. Tumor development and invasion are regulated by the physical and chemical properties of the interstitial microenvironment. Here, we examined the effects of both interstitial fluid pressure and vascular endothelial cells on the invasive phenotype of engineered three-dimensional (3D) aggregates of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The directionality of the interstitial pressure profile and the presence of endothelial cells altered the frequency at which cells invaded from the surface of the aggregate. Moreover, introducing pressure at one end of an aggregate suppressed invasion at the opposite end. We found previously that elevated interstitial pressure inhibits invasion by altering the chemical composition of the interstitial fluid near the surface of the aggregate. Our data reveal a link between hydrostatic pressure, the vascular endothelium, interstitial convection, and invasion.
The postbellum demand for cotton revisited

Abstract The literature offers both supply-side and cotton demand-side explanations for the reduced level and growth of income in the postbellum South. Demand-side evidence begins with a single-equation relationship regressing the price of cotton on quantity and a trend term, although subsequent researchers have critiqued the economic significance of the supposed slowed growth in demand. Using a system of simultaneous equations, which allows for correction both for autocorrelation in the error terms and correlation of the error terms across equations, we find cotton demand to be unit elastic from 1865--1866 to 1894--1895 and that it grew between 1.1% and 2.8% a year.