cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assembly at the Nanoscale – Toward Functional Nanostructured Materials

fundamental challenge in the develop-ment of nanotechnology is the assembly ofnanoscale building blocks into functionalnanostructured materials. A symposium en-titled“AssemblyattheNanoscale–TowardFunctional Nanostructured Materials”wasorganizedbyCengizS.Ozkan(UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside),FedericoRosei(Uni-versity of Quebec, Canada), GregoryP. Lo-pinski (National Research Council,Canada), and ZhongL. Wang (Georgia In-stituteofTechnology),andtookplaceatthe2005MaterialsResearchSociety(MRS)FallMeeting in Boston, USA. The aim of thesymposium was to bring together research-ers from chemistry, physics, biology, surfacescience, and materials science to advancethe progress being seen in the engineeringof nanoscale assemblies. The scope of thesymposiumrangedfromdiscussingtheprop-erties and characterization of novel nano-structured materialsto developing function-al multidimensional nanostructures, the ap-plicability of which might range from thelifesciencestodeviceengineering.Topicsofinterestforthesymposiumwere:Surface science studies of 1D and 2Dsupramolecularassemblies;Propertiesandapplicationsofself-assem-bled 3D structures and nanostructures:photonic-bandgap materials, sensors, andnanocomposites;Novelfabricationmethodologies:self-as-sembly strategies, biomimetics, and pre-dictiveapproaches;Fundamental problems in quantum dots:growth (by self-assembly), physics, top-down fabrication (e.g., lithography, aswell as other less conventional ap-proaches);Unconventional approaches to pattern-ing: soft lithography, embossing, dip-pennanolithography,scanningprobelithogra-phy,andtemplate-directedpatterning;
Dimensions of polypeptide chains in helicogenic solvents.

Observed departures of the mean square end-to-end distance r 2 > and radius of gyration s 2 > of polypeptides (poly- γ -benzyl- L -glutamate and polycarbo-benzoxy- L -lysine) of high molecular weight in helicogenic solvents such as di-methylformamide from the values of these quantities expected for rigid rods may be attributed either to (i) random deviations of bond rotation angles from their preferred ( α -helical) values, or to (ii) occasional interruptions of the helix by sequences of random-coil units. Rough estimates of the magnitude of the former deviations indicate that they may conceivably be large enough to account for most of the experimental observations. The incidence of interruptions of the helical conformation postulated in the second explanation depends on the two thermodynamic parameters governing, respectively, the equilibrium between random coil and internal helical units, and sequence initiation. These parameters unfortunately are not known for the systems considered. Methods are presented for exact calculation of r 2 > and s 2 > for chains of any average degree of helicity, and it is shown that agreement with experiment on the basis of the second explanation can be achieved by suitable choice of parameters. For a given value of the free energy of helix initiation, however, the random coil ↔ helix equilibrium constant must fall within narrow limits. As a consequence of end effects and of the tendency of the random coil towards extended conformations, the average dimension of a low molecular weight polypeptide exceeds that for the intact α-helix. This deduction provides an explanation for the experimental finding that the apparent axial translation per residue for low molecular weight polypeptides is greater than 1·5 A. Published experimental results are critically examined and compared.
"Localism, Leaders, and the Search for Legitimacy"

We explain how localism leaders contribute to producer entry in new markets, examine the relationships between and within communities of producers and consumers, and examine the function of the moral principles and values that underlie the localism movement. This study contributes to the literature on social movements by revealing the role of leaders in shaping how the localism movement establishes legitimacy to create markets. Drawing on Zimmerman & Zeitz’s (2002) legitimation framework, we find that leaders emphasize creation strategies, neglect selection strategies, and vary in the degree to which they rely on conformance and manipulation. In addition, we find that leaders’ strategies depend in large measure on their relationships with existing institutions (e.g., local chambers of commerce).
Modified Reactivity toward O2 in First Shell Variants of Fet3p: Geometric and Electronic Structure Requirements for a Functioning Trinuclear Copper Cluster

Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) carry out the most energy efficient reduction of O2 to H2O known, i.e., with the lowest overpotential. This four-electron process requires an electron mediating type 1 (T1) Cu site and an oxygen reducing trinuclear Cu cluster (TNC), consisting of a binuclear type 3 (T3)- and a mononuclear type 2 (T2) Cu center. The rate-determining step in O2 reduction is the first two-electron transfer from one of the T3 Cu’s (T3β) and the T2 Cu, forming a bridged peroxide intermediate (PI). This reaction has been investigated in T3β Cu variants of the Fet3p, where a first shell His ligand is mutated to Glu or Gln. This converts the fast two-electron reaction of the wild-type (WT) enzyme to a slow one-electron oxidation of the TNC. Both variants initially react to form a common T3β Cu(II) intermediate that converts to the Glu or Gln bound resting state. From spectroscopic evaluation, the nonmutated His ligands coordinate linearly to the T3β Cu in the reduced TNCs in the two variants, in contra...
Toll-like receptor signaling in the lysosomal pathways

The lysosomal pathway digests material received by two main routes, phagocytosis and autophagy. Cells use phagocytosis to ingest extracellular particles by invaginations of the plasma membrane. In autophagy, a double membrane structure isolates portions of the cytoplasm to target it for degradation. During infection, phagocytes use both of these cellular functions to restrict microbial replication and at the same time to orchestrate an appropriate response against the invader. Toll-like receptor recognition of a pathogen initiates an innate immune response against the pathogen that includes production of inflammatory cytokines, upregulation of costimulatory molecules to prime an adaptive immune response, and activation of phagocytosis and autophagy. Signaling through this family of receptors also produces a hybrid response in which proteins that participate in autophagy are recruited to phagosomes, resulting in expedited microbial elimination. In this review, we discuss recent views on how Toll-like receptors direct microbes to final destruction by regulating the different pathways that lead to the lysosome.
Absolute total, one-, two-, and three-electron-transfer cross sections for Arq+ (8 <= q <= 16) on Ar at 2.3q keV.

Absolute values for the total, one-, two-, and three-electron-transfer cross sections for ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{\mathit{q}+}$ ions (8\ensuremath{\le}q\ensuremath{\le}16) colliding with argon at 2.3q keV laboratory energy were measured by the growth-rate method. The ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{\mathit{q}+}$ ions were produced by the Cornell superconducting solenoid, cryogenic electron-beam ion source (CEBIS) and extracted at 2.3 kV. Selected charge states traversed a gas cell, after which they were detected and charge-state analyzed by the energy-retardation method and by a \ensuremath{\pi}/ \ensuremath{\surd}2 cylindrical electrostatic analyzer. The target gas pressure in the cell was measured directly by the orifice flow method used for absolute pressure-gauge calibration. The overall error in the ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{\mathit{q}+}$ on Ar cross-section measurements is \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10%.
Evaluation of Label Dependency for the Prediction of HLA Genes

The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) gene system plays a crucial role in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, where patients and donors are matched with respect to their HLA genes in order to maximize the chances of a successful transplant. It is the most polymorphic region of the human genome with some of the strongest associations with autoimmune, infectious, and inflammatory diseases. The availability of HLA data is, therefore, of high importance to clinicians and researchers. However, due to its high polymorphism, obtaining it is time- and cost-prohibitive. We previously described a method for the prediction of HLA genes from widely available Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) data. In this paper we show that using HLA gene dependency information improves prediction performance on multiple real-world data sets. More specifically, we propose and evaluate different approaches for integrating HLA gene dependency into the prediction process. The results from experiments on two real data sets show that adding dependency information is a valuable asset for HLA gene prediction, particularly for smaller data sets.
Commercial crystal growth in space

There are many organizations in the United States contributing to commercial aspects of crystal growth in space. These include five of NASA's Centers for the Commercial Development of Space, many private companies, and government laboratories. Projects range from growth of large bulk crystals to preparation of thin epitaxial films and small crystals. In most cases the prospect for manufacturing in space remains doubtful because of the high cost and long lead time required for work in space, although these problems are being attacked by NASA's Office of Commercial Programs. Thus at present the commercial reasons for research on crystal growth in space are to evaluate the potential for manufacturing in space, to develop the technology that would be required for this manufacturing, to gain information about the influence of gravity on crystal growth, and to prepare high quality benchmark crystals and devices that can be used as targets for earth-based programs.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Topography of projections from the medial prefrontal cortex to the amygdala in the rat.

Abstract The projections from the rat medial prefrontal cortex to the amygdaloid complex were investigated using retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes and anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase-WGA. The ventral anterior cingulate, prelimbic, infralimbic and medial orbital areas and the taenia tecta were found to project to the amygdaloid complex. The projections from the prelimbic area arose bilaterally. The medial orbital, prelimbic and anterior cingulate areas send convergent projections to the basolateral nucleus. The prelimbic area has additional projections to the posterolateral cortical nucleus and amygdalo-hippocampal area. The infralimbic area does not project to the basolateral nucleus and cortico-amygdaloid projections from this area are focussed on the anterior cortical nucleus and the anterior amygdaloid area. Both prelimbic and infralimbic areas project to an area situated between the central, medial and basomedial nuclei. Based on similar projections, this area appears to be a caudal continuation of the anterior amygdaloid area. The results indicate that the medial prefrontal component of the “basolateral limbic circuit” is restricted to the anterior cingulate and prelimbic areas. No evidence was obtained to support the existence of a medial prefronto-amygdaloid component of the “visceral fbrebrain”.
Organizational effectiveness and management's public values: A canonical analysis.

Canonical correlation analysis of manufacturing firm data demonstrated that organizational “competence” (executive ratings of organizational performance and executive turnover) was not strongly rel...
Evidence for passive electrotonic interactions in red rods of toad retina.

SINCE Baylor, Fuortes and O'Bryan1 first demonstrated interactions between vertebrate photoreceptor cells, many types of inter-receptor influences have been described2–10. While some of these interactions are mediated by horizontal cells1,2,6, others apparently result from direct contact between the photorecep-tors themselves1,3,4,7–10. Fain et al.10 reported that the red rods of the toad Bufo marinus were coupled by gap (electronic) junctions, and that single rods received detectable signals from other receptors over a retinal area of about 0.5 mm2. This receptive field area is 4–100 times larger than those measured for photoreceptors of a variety of species1,4,7,9,11,12,15. Fain et al. found this extensive spread of rod signals to be inconsistent with network models containing only passive elements and this raised the possibility that some active process, perhaps in the rod membrane, contributed to the spread of rod signals. We report here results which indicate that single rods sum signals over only 1/16th the area previously estimated; this smaller receptive field area implies more intrinsic noise, a larger response to single photon absorptions, and a larger signal-to-noise ratio than predicted by the previously reported results10. Furthermore we find that, as in other species (ref. 13, and Copenhagen and Owen, personal communication),the spread of low-amplitude, light-evoked responses between photoreceptors can be accounted for by purely passive electrical properties.
Constituency variations in aggregate voter behavour across the 1965–1983 German federal elections

Abstract Two important assumptions underlying the Riker—McKelvey—Ordeshook (RMO), expected-utility-based, multicandidate calculus of voting are that citizens decide whether or not and for whom to vote in a single-member-district (SMD). plurality-winner electoral system and that they ignore aggregate considerations (for example, outcomes in other districts). Aranson modifies this calculus by investigating citizen behavior in proportional-representation (PR) systems and situations in which aggregate outcomes require parties to form coalitions in order to govern. The RMO calculus and Aranson augmentations are both concerned with two basic questions: What stimulates citizens to vote? If they vote, for whom do they vote? In this study, aggregate voter behavior is modeled as a set of equations with two endogenous variables related to these questions. Equation parameters are estimated with pooled, cross-sectional, time-series, constituencylevel data on six German elections, which combine features of SMD and PR systems and are characterized by coalition politics. After appropriate controls are included and within the constraints imposed by this data, evidence is found that supports the relevance of the RMO calculus and Aranson augmentations, especially the latter, in accounting for observed variations in the endogenous variables.
Early observations of macroscopic quantum jumps in single atoms

The observation of intermittent fluorescence of a single atomic ion, a phenomenon better known as ‘macroscopic quantum jumps,’ was an important early scientific application of the three-dimensional rf quadrupole (Paul) trap. The prediction of the phenomenon by Cook and Kimble grew out of a proposal by Dehmelt for a sensitive optical double-resonance technique, called ‘electron shelving.’ The existence of the quantum jumps was viewed with skepticism by some in the quantum optics community, perhaps due to the failure of some conventional calculations, for example the solutions to the optical Bloch equations, to predict them. Quantum jumps were observed nearly simultaneously by three different experimental groups, all with single, isolated ions in Paul traps. Some slightly earlier observations of excessive fluctuations in the laser-induced fluorescence of a single Hg+ ion by a group at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, viewed in retrospect, were due to quantum jumps. Similarly, sudden changes in the resonance fluorescence of trapped Ba+ ions observed by a group at the University of Hamburg were due to quantum jumps, although this was not understood at first. This shows how discoveries can be missed if unanticipated observations are ignored rather than investigated. A fourth experiment, performed not with a single, trapped ion, but with neutral atoms transiently observed in an atomic beam, and published at about the same time as the other experiments, has been almost totally neglected. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Presentation of a self-peptide for in vivo tolerance induction of CD4+ T cells is governed by a processing factor that maps to the class II region of the major histocompatibility complex locus.

Self-proteins are regularly processed for presentation to autoreactive T cells in association with both class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The presentation of self-peptides plays a crucial role in the acquisition of T cell repertoire during thymic selection. We previously reported that the self-MHC class I peptide Ld 61-80 was immunogenic in syngeneic B10.A mice (H-2a). We showed that despite its high affinity for self-MHC class II molecules, Ld 61-80 peptide failed to induce elimination of autoreactive CD4+ T cells, presumably due to incomplete processing and presentation in the B10.A's developing thymus (cryptic-self peptide). In this report, we showed that the cryptic phenotype was not an intrinsic property of the self-peptide Ld 61-80 since it was found to be naturally presented and subsequently tolerogenic in BALB/c mice (H-2d) (dominant self-peptide). In addition, the self-peptide Ld 61-80 was found to be immunogenic in different H-2a mice while it was invariably tolerogenic in H-2d mice regardless of their background genes. We observed that Ld 61-80 bound equally well to H-2d and H-2k MHC class II molecules. Also, no correlation was found between the quantity of self-Ld protein and the tolerogenicity of Ld 61-80. Surprisingly, Ld 61-80 was not naturally presented in (H-2d x H-2a) F1 mice, indicating that the H-2a MHC locus contained a gene that impaired the presentation of the self-peptide. Analyses of T cell responses to the self-peptide in several H-2 recombinant mice revealed that the presentation of Ld 61-80 was controlled by genes that mapped to a 170-kb portion of the MHC class II region. This study shows that (a) endogenously processed self-peptides presented by MHC class II molecules are involved in shaping the CD4+ T cell repertoire in the thymus; (b) The selection of self-peptides for presentation by MHC class II molecules to nascent autoreactive T cells is influenced by nonstructural MHC genes that map to a 170-kb portion of the MHC class II region; and (c) the MHC locus of H-2a mice encodes factors that prevent or abrogate the presentation by MHC class II molecules of the self-peptide Ld 61-80. These findings may have important implications for understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in T cell repertoire acquisition and self-tolerance induction.
Preliminary visual outcomes after three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for optic nerve sheath meningioma.

Abstract Purpose We assessed visual outcomes, local control, and toxicity associated with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) for primary optic nerve sheath meningiomas (ONSM). Methods Twenty-three patients diagnosed with ONSM were evaluated at the University of Michigan between 1986 and 2001. Fourteen patients were treated with 3D-CRT. Detailed pre- and postradiation treatment ophthalmologic examinations and MRIs were performed on all patients. Clinically significant visual acuity change was defined as a ≥three line change on the Snellen chart. Mean deviation change of ≥three decibels was defined as a clinically significant visual field change. Radiographic progression was defined as any increase in size on MRI. Acute and late toxicity was scored according to RTOG criteria. Results Median follow-up was 51.3 months. Five patients had a clinically significant improvement in visual acuity. Seven had stable acuity, and only 2 worsened. Nine patients had clinically significant visual field improvement. One patient developed early radiation retinopathy, 1 experienced orbital pain, 1 developed dry eye, and 2 developed iritis. No patient has required additional treatment, and none have demonstrated radiographic progression. Conclusions 3D-CRT is effective in controlling tumor growth while improving or preserving vision in most patients with optic nerve sheath meningiomas.
Integrative clustering of multiple genomic data types using a joint latent variable model with application to breast and lung cancer subtype analysis

Motivation: The molecular complexity of a tumor manifests itself at the genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic and proteomic levels. Genomic profiling at these multiple levels should allow an integrated characterization of tumor etiology. However, there is a shortage of effective statistical and bioinformatic tools for truly integrative data analysis. The standard approach to integrative clustering is separate clustering followed by manual integration. A more statistically powerful approach would incorporate all data types simultaneously and generate a single integrated cluster assignment. Methods: We developed a joint latent variable model for integrative clustering. We call the resulting methodology iCluster. iCluster incorporates flexible modeling of the associations between different data types and the variance–covariance structure within data types in a single framework, while simultaneously reducing the dimensionality of the datasets. Likelihood-based inference is obtained through the Expectation–Maximization algorithm. Results: We demonstrate the iCluster algorithm using two examples of joint analysis of copy number and gene expression data, one from breast cancer and one from lung cancer. In both cases, we identified subtypes characterized by concordant DNA copy number changes and gene expression as well as unique profiles specific to one or the other in a completely automated fashion. In addition, the algorithm discovers potentially novel subtypes by combining weak yet consistent alteration patterns across data types. Availability: R code to implement iCluster can be downloaded at http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/85130.cfm Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Blood Group Antibody Anti‐s A Third Example*

Resume A la suite de trois transfusions chez une femme de 52 ans, un anti-corps anti-s fut observe qui ne pouvait etre mis en evidence que dans le test anti-globuline indirect. Il fut demontre que des globules ss, marques au Cr51, avaient, dans la circulation de la malade, un temps de survie tres reduit. Zusammenfassung Im Anschlus an drei Transfusionen wurde bei einer 52jahrigen Frau ein Anti-s-Antikorper beobachtet, welcher nur im indirekten Coombstest erfast werden konnte. Cr51 markierte homozygot s-positive Erythrozyten zeigten im Kreislauf dieser Patientin eine stark verkurzte Uberlebensdauer.
Seismic shear vibration of embankment dams in semi‐cylindrical valleys

Solution analytique rigoureuse de la reponse en cisaillement lineaire lateral de ces barrages. Expressions algebriques sous forme fermee appartenant a la fois aux oscillations induites a la base et aux oscillations libres et etudes comparatives et parametriques intensives pour elucider les effets importants de la geometrie du canyon (forme et elancement) sur la reponse dynamique. Etude de l'etat stationnaire harmonique, des accelerations par cisaillement du barrage et comparaison avec les valeurs obtenues a l'aide d'une analyse tridimensionnelle d'autres geometries de canyons
A biooptical model of irradiance distribution and photosynthesis in seagrass canopies

Although extremely vulnerable to coastal eutrophication, seagrasses represent important structuring elements and sources of primary production in shallow waters. They also generate an optical signature that can be tracked remotely. Accurate knowledge of light absorption and scattering by submerged plant canopies permits the calculation of important plant- and ecosystem-level properties, including rates of photosynthesis, vegetation abundance, and distribution. The objectives of this study were to develop a realistic, yet simply parameterized two-flow model of plane irradiance distribution through a seagrass canopy submerged in an optically active water column, to evaluate its performance against in situ measurements, and to explore the impacts of variations in canopy architecture on irradiance distribution and photosynthesis within the canopy. Allometric functions derived from leaf length-frequency data enabled simple parameterization of canopy architecture. Model predictions of downwelling spectral irradiance distributions in seagrass canopies growing in both oligotrophic and eutrophic waters were within 15% of field measurements. Thus, the model provides a robust tool for investigating photosynthetic performance of seagrass canopies as functions of water quality, depth distribution, canopy architecture, and leaf orientation. Model predictions of upwelling irradiance were less reliable, particularly in the upper half of the canopies. The model was more sensitive to leaf orientation than leaf optical properties, seabed reflectance, or the average cosine of downwelling irradiance. Better knowledge of leaf orientation appears to be a fruitful avenue for improving our understanding of the interaction between seagrasses and the submarine light environment.
Is intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy cost effective

Abstract Background: Common bile duct injuries occur in 0.2% to 0.8% of laparoscopic cholecystectomies (LC). Intraoperative cholangiograms (IOCG) are a useful means of detecting common bile duct injuries in the operating room. Methods: Data were retrospectively reviewed for patients referred for management of common duct injuries from 1996 to 2000. Cost data were obtained from hospital records. Legal settlements were obtained from published sources. Results: Twenty-one patients (0.133%) were found to have bile duct injuries and incurred median hospital stays of 11.5 days at an average cost of $587,491. The average cost of those requiring reoperation was $669,134. The 21 cases in our sample had total charges of $10,819,767. Performing IOCG during each LC in Orange County would have cost $10,669,725. If extrapolated to state and nationwide levels, the savings is far greater. Conclusions: IOCG during LC is a cost-effective means of preventing the costs of delayed recognition of bile duct injuries.
Conjugated Polymers with Main Chain Chirality. 3. Synthesis of Optically Active Poly(aryleneethynylene)s

Binaphthyl-based chiral poly(aryleneethynylene)s of different molecular weights have been synthesized. An optically active poly(aryleneethynylene), (R)-9c, is obtained by coupling an optically active binaphthyl molecule, (R)-2,2‘-bis(octadecyloxy)-6,6‘-diethynyl-1,1‘-binaphthyl, (R)-8, with 1,4-diiodobenzene in the presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) and cuprous iodide catalysts. GPC analysis of (R)-9c shows Mw = 29 000 and Mn = 12 000 (PDI = 2.4). Its specific optical rotation is [α]D = −272.2° (c = 0.5, CH2Cl2). Coupling of (R)-8 with 4,4‘-diiodobiphenyl using tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) and cuprous iodide catalysts also generates an optically active poly(aryleneethynylene), (R)-10c. GPC analysis of (R)-10c shows Mw = 37 000 and Mn = 18 000 (PDI = 2.1). The specific optical rotation of (R)-10c is [α]D = −281.7° (c = 0.18, CH2Cl2). A laser light scattering study of these polymers shows that the actual molecular weights (Mw) of these materials are higher (1.4−2.5 times) than ...
Stage-Specific Expression of Surface Antigens by Toxoplasma gondii as a Mechanism to Facilitate Parasite Persistence

Toxoplasma persists in the face of a functional immune system. This success critically depends on the ability of parasites to activate a strong adaptive immune response during acute infection with tachyzoites that eliminates most of the parasites and to undergo stage conversion to bradyzoites that encyst and persist predominantly in the brain. A dramatic change in antigenic composition occurs during stage conversion, such that tachyzoites and bradyzoites express closely related but antigenically distinct sets of surface Ags belonging to the surface Ag 1 (SAG1)-related sequence (SRS) family. To test the contribution of this antigenic switch to parasite persistence, we engineered parasites to constitutively express the normally bradyzoite-specific SRS9 (SRS9 c ) mutants and tachyzoite-specific SAG1 (SAG1 c ) mutants. SRS9 c but not wild-type parasites elicited a SRS9-specific immune response marked by IFN-γ production, suggesting that stage-specificity of SRS Ags determines their immunogenicity in infection. The induction of a SRS9-specific immune response correlated with a continual decrease in the number of SRS9 c cysts persisting in the brain. In contrast, SAG1 c mutants produced reduced brain cyst loads early in chronic infection, but these substantially increased over time accompanying a hyperproduction of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10, and severe encephalitis. We conclude that stage-specific expression of SRS Ags is among the key mechanisms by which optimal parasite persistency is established and maintained.
Interactions and effects of multiple biological control insects on diffuse and spotted knapweed in the Front Range of Colorado

Abundances and interactions among biological control insects and their effects on target invasive plants were monitored within the flower heads and roots of diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa, and in spotted knapweed, Centaurea stoebe, along the Colorado Front Range. Flower weevils, (Larinus species) and root-feeders (Cyphocleonus achates and Sphenoptera jugoslavica) were released on knapweed that already supported biological control gall flies (Urophora species). At a single monitoring site, seed production by C. diffusa declined from 4400 seeds m � 2 in 1997 to zero seeds m � 2 on the monitoring sites in 2006, while the flowering stem density of C. diffusa declined from a peak of almost 30 stems m � 2 in 2000 to zero stems m � 2 in 2006. The average abundance of Urophora and Larinus in flower heads fluctuated independently during the 2001–2006 interval, while the relative abundance of C. achates and S. jugoslavica in roots exhibited a weak inverse relationship that appeared driven by climate effects. The relative abundance of insects on a population of C. stoebe was monitored for five years as Larinus species and C. achates became established on spotted knapweed that already supported Urophora species. Spotted knapweed seed production on our monitoring site declined from 4600 seeds m � 2 in 2003 to zero seeds m � 2 in 2006. Unlike C. diffusa, substantial numbers of rosettes of C. stoebe remained present. Larinus consumed almost all Urophora encountered in C. diffusa, and consumed about 40% of the Urophora in co-infested flower heads of C. stoebe (ca. 10–15% of the total Urophora population). No negative correlations between the relative densities of flower head and root-feeding insects were observed. The effects of these insects on target plants have produced results consistent with the ‘cumulative stress hypothesis’ for biological control of Centaurea species.
Identification of tyrosine‐phosphorylated colony‐stimulating factor 1 (CSF‐1) receptor and a 56‐kilodalton protein phosphorylated in intact human cells in response to CSF‐1

Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) selectively supports the survival, proliferation, and maturation of hemopoietic cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Although the cellular receptor for CSF-1, (the c-fms protein) is a protein-tyrosine kinase activated by the binding of CFS-1, the role of phosphorylation of cellular proteins in CSF-1 signal transduction is poorly understood. Therefore, we examined the CSF-1-stimulated phosphorylation of cellular proteins in human BeWo choriocarcinoma cell line (known to express the c-fms protein). BeWo cells were metabolically labeled with 32Pi, stimulated with recombinant human CSF-1, and extracted with detergent. Phosphotyrosyl proteins were isolated from detergent extracts by affinity chromatography on a highly specific antibody to phosphotyrosine. Rapid phosphorylation of 170-kd protein, followed closely by the phosphorylation of a 56-kd protein, was observed in response to CSF-1. The 170-kd phosphotyrosyl protein bound to wheat germ agglutinin and was secondarily immunoprecipitated with a specific anti-fms serum, consistent with its identity as the CSF-1 receptor. Although purified human macrophages that proliferate in culture in response to CSF-1 are not generally accessible, CSF-1 did stimulate the phosphorylation of a 56-kd protein in intact mononuclear leukocytes from human peripheral blood. Thus, the BeWo cell line may represent a good model for the study of CSF-1-stimulated cellular protein phosphorylation.
More Than Nutrition: Breastfeeding in Urban Mali

Ethnographic research on infant feeding among women in Mali reveals that breast milk substitutes are not widely used, with only 15 out of 136 children (11%) ever having received a breast milk substitute. This is an exception to the general trend toward substantial use of breast milk substitutes in urban Third World contexts. Economic constraints, probreastfeeding government policies, and beliefs about the value of breast milk all function to support the maintenance of breastfeeding. In addition, traditional kinship beliefs strongly affect maternal perceptions of the opportunity costs of alternative infant feeding choices, since only breastfeeding creates maternal kinship.
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of Drp1 regulates its GTPase activity and mitochondrial morphology.

Mitochondria in cells comprise a tubulovesicular reticulum shaped by dynamic fission and fusion events. The multimeric dynamin-like GTPase Drp1 is a critical protein mediating mitochondrial division. It harbors multiple motifs including GTP-binding, middle, and GTPase effector (GED) domains that are important for both intramolecular and intermolecular interactions. As for other members of the dynamin superfamily, such interactions are critical for assembly of higher-order structures and cooperative increases in GTPase activity. Although the functions of Drp1 in cells have been extensively studied, mechanisms underlying its regulation remain less clear. Here, we have identified cAMP-dependent protein kinase-dependent phosphorylation of Drp1 within the GED domain at Ser637 that inhibits Drp1 GTPase activity. Mechanistically, this change in GTPase activity likely derives from decreased interaction of GTP-binding/middle domains with the GED domain since the phosphomimetic S637D mutation impairs this intramolecular interaction but not Drp1-Drp1 intermolecular interactions. Using the phosphomimetic S637D substitution, we also demonstrate that mitochondrial fission is prominently inhibited in cells. Thus, protein phosphorylation at Ser637 results in clear alterations in Drp1 function and mitochondrial morphology that are likely involved in dynamic regulation of mitochondrial division in cells.
Spontaneous tube extrusion following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.

4. Lesesne HR. Peritoneoscopy (laparoscopy). In: Drossman DA, ed. Manual of gastroenterologic procedures. New York: Raven Press, 1982:147-52. 5. Loffer FD, Pent D. Indications, contraindications, and complications of laparoscopy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1975;30:407-27. 6. Ruddock JC. Peritoneoscopy: a critical clinical review. Surg Clin North Am 1957;37:1249-69. 7. Vilardell F, Seres I, Marti Vincente A. Complications of peritoneoscopy: a survey of 1455 examinations. Gastrointest Endosc 1968;14:178-80. 8. Thompson EH, Wheless CR. Gastrointestinal complications of laparoscopy sterilization. Obstet GynecoI1973;41:669-76. 9. Penfield AJ. How to prevent complications ofopen laparoscopy. J Reprod Med 1985;30:660-3. 10. Jordan JA, Edwards RL, Pearson J, Maskery PJK. Laparos-
Atypical Echocardiographic Findings of Endocarditis in an Immunocompromised Patient

Cardiovascular manifestations in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been altered by the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens that allow more effective prophylactic treatment and an increased time of survival. Because of this, noninfectious cardiac conditions associated with HIV disease are being recognized with increasing frequency in these patients. Cardiac involvement in HIV-infected patients varies from clinically silent to overtly symptomatic disease. By some estimates a direct cardiac cause of mortality is between 1% and 6% of all cases. Pericardial effusion, pericarditis, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, endocarditis, and pulmonary hypertension are well-recognized cardiac illnesses associated with HIV infection. Echocardiography has been crucial in evaluating HIV-infected patients to assess the extent of cardiac involvement. This case report illustrates atypical echocardiographic manifestations of endocarditis and paravalvular abscess in an immunocompromised patient.
Filament formation and the final resistance modeling in amorphous-silicon vertical programmable element

Recent results on an amorphous-silicon vertical programmable element (PEL) made by ion implantation of single crystal silicon are presented. This device has already been demonstrated in 4 K and 16 K memory designs and EPGAs. It can be incorporated within conventional PMOS, NMOS, CMOS, bipolar, and BiCMOS designs. Its preprogrammed resistance exceeds 10/sup 7/ Omega , while its postprogrammed resistance can be 1 k Omega or lower. The ion-implanted programmable element (IPEL) and other vertical fuses offer unique features like a long retention time at elevated temperatures and very small footprint. They can be scaled down to nanoelectronics circuits with functional density exceeding 10/sup 9/ devices/cm/sup 2/. >
Detection of Intrusion Across Multiple Sensors

We have been developing an architecture for reasoning with multiple sensors distributed on a computer network, linking them with analysis modules and reasoning with the results to combine evidence of possible intrusion for display to the user. The architecture, called MAITA, consists of monitors distributed across machines and linked together under control of the user and supported by a monitor of monitors that manages the interaction among the monitors. This architecture enables the system to reason about evidence from multiple sensors. For example, a monitor can track FTP logs to detect password scans followed by successful uploads of data from foreign sites. At the same time it can monitor disk use and detect significant trends. Monitors can then combine the evidence in the sequence in which they occur and present evidence to the user that someone has successfully gained write access to the FTP site and is occupying significant disk space. This paper discusses the architecture enabling the creation, linking, and support of the monitors. The monitors may be running on the same or different machines and so appropriate communication links must be supported as well as regular status checks to ensure that monitors are still running. We will also discuss the construction of monitors for sensing the data, abstracting and characterizing data, synchronizing data from different sources, detecting patterns, and displaying the results.
Three-dimensional observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave propagation in a laboratory plasma column

The propagation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves as launched by an antenna of small transverse scale has been studied in a laboratory plasma. Effects of the finite perpendicular size of the plasma column on the wave magnetic field pattern are observed, and their analysis is aided by visualizing the wave fields in three dimensions.
Authoritarian and Single-Party Tendencies in African Politics

With the exception of Libya, Egypt, the Sudanese Republic, and Ethiopia, where no political parties exist, some variation of the single-party political system or a distinctive tendency in that direction may be found in nearly all of the independent African states. That this should have come to pass within the relatively short period of the rise of African states has been a surprise to some observers of African nationalist movements and parties during the colonial period—who were rather sanguine about the prospects of Western-type democracy and party systems in Africa—as well as to the colonial powers themselves (especially Britain and France)—who presumably assumed that their policies of decolonization in Africa were providing the institutional framework within which Western-type party systems and politics would prevail.
Effects of sediment loads on the fish and invertebrates of a Sierra Nevada river, California

This study examined the effects of sedimentloadings from an abandoned hydraulic miningsite on potential trout spawning gravels, largeaquatic macroinvertebrates, and fish growth,survival and reproduction in the South YubaRiver (Nevada County) California. Effects ofsediment loadings, which are transported to theSouth Yuba River via Humbug Creek, wereinvestigated by comparing data from sites onthe South Yuba River upstream and downstream ofHumbug Creek. The study did not find anydeleterious effects of sediment loadings onfish survival and reproduction (based onsnorkel survey data), or large aquaticmacroinvertebrate populations. In addition,the lack of a significant difference in thepercentage of 0.30 to 3.35 mm material insubstrate samples suggests that sediment loadsare not affecting trout spawning gravels. Incontrast, Sacramento pikeminnow(Ptychocheilus grandis) growth appears to beaffected by both water temperatures andsediment loadings. Downstream of Humbug Creek,growth during the first year was significantlyfaster, based on calculated standard lengths atthe age 1 annulus, but condition factor wassignificantly lower than above Humbug Creek.
Inheritance of enzymes and blood proteins in the leopard frog, Rana pipiens: three linkage groups established.

Individuals from natural populations of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens, were analyzed for electrophoretic differences in blood proteins and enzymes from an amputated digit. The proteins examined represent products of 72 loci. Presumptive heterozygotes at multiple loci were selected for experimental crosses. Mendelian inheritance of 18 protein variations were demonstrated in the offspring. Tests for linkage or independent assortment were performed for 75 locus pairs. Three linkage groups were established. Linkage group 1 contains two loci, aconitase-1 (Acon1) and serum albumin (Alb), with a 19% recombination frequency between them. Linkage group 2 contains four loci, glyoxalase (Gly), acid phosphatase-1 (Ap1), acid phosphatase-2 (AP2), and esterase-5 (Est5). The data show the relationships Gly-21.1%-AP1-0%-AP2-6.3%-Est5, and Gly-25.6%-Est5. Linkage group 3 consists of four closely linked esterase loci. The data, Est1-5.1%-Est6, Est6-1.8%-Est10-1.9%-Est4 and Est6-3.0%-Est4, do not establish a complete order but suggest that Est10 is between Est4 and Est6. These results, with data demonstrating apparent independent assortment of 67 other locus pairs, provide a foundation for establishing the frog genetic map.
Energy metabolism, ion homeostasis, and evoked potentials in anoxic turtle brain

Unlike the mammalian brain, the turtle brain maintains ion homeostasis and avoids anoxic depolarization during prolonged anoxia. The mechanisms by which turtle brains avoid and recover from anoxic depolarization were investigated by relating changes in cellular ATP levels to extracellular K+ (K+o) and evoked potential activities after 6 h of anoxia and during anoxic depolarization induced by superfusion of the brain surface with iodoacetate during anoxia. ATP levels were maintained during 6 h of anoxia despite marked decreases in energy production, but ATP was lowered during inhibition of both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. K+o activity was unchanged during 6 h of anoxia but increased when ATP levels decreased. Ion homeostasis in the turtle brain appears to be linked to ATP levels but is unaffected by rate of energy production. In contrast, amplitudes of evoked potentials decreased when ATP levels were maintained, but rate of energy production declined. ATP and K+o levels recovered after anoxic depolarization, but evoked potential activity was not restored. These data suggest that the basic strategy for turtle brain to survive anoxia is to avoid anoxic depolarization by maintaining ATP levels.
Scientific Foundations of Knowledge

Chapter Summary In this chapter, we propose that knowledge can be initially designed like any scientific object such a rudimentary automobile, airplane, or spacecraft. The premise is based on the theme that a specific body of knowledge rests on the embedded noun objects and the structural relation between these key-groups of knowledge centric objects (KCOs). The events, interactions, and forces in the society alter such KCOs and their structural relationships. The design of knowledge deploys a very pragmatic approach that knowledge based on these key objects, their interrelationships, and their interactions can be processed by knowledge machines. To this extent, we follow pragmatism (see Rows 5 and 6 in Table 12.1B) proposed by John Dewey and Nathan Crick (see Section 12.2.6), but we also propose that knowledge undergoes dynamic changes in the society, the minds of human beings, and the knowledge structures stored in the memories and knowledge banks of the machine and the Internet. Structures of knowledge can be altered in the knowledge processing units of knowledge machines much like data structures are altered in the central processor units of traditional computers. In a covert fashion, the design of any object (any object at all) has some piece of information or knowledge that it communicates and thus, the science of knowledge is invariably linked with the science of all objects. The validity of this axiom lies its converse, i.e., objects that do not have any linkage to any knowledge are non-entities. The scientific foundation of knowledge is the science of all objects that encompasses physical sciences and metaphysical considerations.
Jovem ciclista claudicante: situação preocupante

Introduction: Intermittent claudication is a familiar complaint in Primary Health Care and is associated with aging and atherosclerosis. However, in the young adult without risk factors, it is extremely rare. Case report: A 26 year-old professional cyclist presented with progressive worsening of intermittent claudication. The diagnosis was made six months after the onset of symptoms, when incapacitating claudication was already present. During this time he was seen by several doctors from different specialties and underwent various imaging studies, which did not demonstrate abnormalities. Iliac artery atherosclerotic stenosis was diagnosed, with recurrence after surgery and during medical treatment. This forced him to abandon his career at an early age. Comment: In young patients with complaints of pain or functional disability with exercise, even without risk factors for atherosclerotic disease, the possibility of arterial disease should be investigated. Iliac artery endofibrosis is under-diagnosed in our country. It is more common in high-level competitive athletes. This case is presented to alert and sensitize family doctors to a rare diagnosis that requires early diagnosis to prevent potentially serious complications.