cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Mechanism for Improved Exercise Performance in Pediatric Fontan Patients After Cardiac Rehabilitation

Patients with a Fontan circulation have impaired exercise capacity. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) has shown promise in enhancing peak exercise parameters in this population, but an improvement in submaximal exercise has not been consistently demonstrated. We assessed the hypothesis that participation in CR will be associated with more efficient oxygen extraction and ventilation during submaximal exercise. In this prospective study, pediatric Fontans completed two 60 min CR sessions per week for 12 weeks. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and stress echocardiography were performed at baseline and last CR session, and then compared with a paired sample t test. Ten pediatric Fontans completed the study. Five had tricuspid atresia and five had hypoplastic left heart syndrome. No serious adverse events occurred during CR sessions. Peak indexed oxygen consumption increased by a mean of 3.7 mL/kg/min (95% CI 1.5–5.9; p = 0.004), and peak oxygen pulse increased by a mean of 0.9 mL/beat (95% CI 0.4–1.4; p = 0.004). The peak respiratory exchange ratio did not change significantly. The significant difference in oxygen pulse became evident during submaximal exercise without a corresponding difference in echocardiographic stroke volume. Indexed oxygen consumption at ventilatory anaerobic threshold increased by a mean of 3.0 mL/kg/min (95% CI − 0.07 to 6.0; p = 0.055). The slope for the volume of expired ventilation to volume of carbon dioxide production improved by a mean of 4.5 (95% CI − 8.4 to − 0.6; p = 0.03). We observed significant improvements in both submaximal and peak exercise performance in pediatric Fontans undergoing CR with no serious adverse events. These changes appeared to be mediated, at least in part, by more efficient oxygen extraction and ventilation.
( γ , p ) Reaction in Argon-40

The energy distribution and angular distribution of photoprotons from argon irradiated with 22.5-Mev bremsstrahlung have been measured. The yield of protons was found to be 6.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{5}$ protons per mole per r, in good agreement with Saskatoon results. The angular distribution of protons indicated that the absorption was predominantly electric dipole, as expected. The energy distribution peaked at 2.6 Mev, and, from its characteristics, it was inferred that the Coulomb barrier for protons plus ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{39}$ was only about 2.5 Mev, and that the level density in ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{39}$ increased with energy approximately as $\mathrm{exp}(E)$. These result are discussed in terms of the compound nucleus model and the direct photoeffect model.
Latency modeling and minimization for large-scale scientific workflows in distributed network environments

Large-scale e-science applications feature complex workflows consisting of many computing modules. Mapping such workflows in distributed network environments and minimizing their latency are crucial to those applications that require fast system response and prompt user interaction. We model the time cost of each workflow component and design an efficient algorithm to compute the exact end-to-end delay of the entire workflow by explicitly accounting for the resource sharing dynamics. We further propose a workflow mapping approach to minimize the workflow latency using a recursive optimization procedure. The validity of the cost models and the accuracy of the latency computing algorithm are verified in comparison with an approximate solution, a dynamic system simulation program, and a workflow engine deployed in a real network. The performance superiority of the proposed mapping approach is illustrated by extensive simulation-based comparisons with existing algorithms.
White Progressive Masculinities

The over-arching narrative of committed White male teachers’ life stories recounted a self-distantiation from the Conservative Restoration and its received privileges. This over-arching narrative emphasized teachers’ counternarrative identifications to White male privileges re-established in the Conservative Restoration of the 1970s and 1980s (Apple, 1993; Apple, 2000) that continues through the present (Reynolds & Webber, 2009).
Reasoning using Equivalence Transformations

Evaluating propositions is rarely our main task. More often we wish to manipulate them in some manner in order to derive “equivalent” but simpler ones (easier to read and understand). Two propositions (or, in general, expressions) are equivalent if they have the same value in every state. For example, since a+(c−a) = c is always true for integer variables a and c, the two integer expressions a+(c−a) and c are equivalent, and a+(c−a)=c is called an equivalence.
Advanced X-Ray Analytical Methods to Understand Structure, Properties, and Risk

State-of-the-art high-energy x-ray diffraction measurements are described aimed at extracting detailed structural information on drug formulations at the atomic level. Methods for screening the glass forming ability of drug–polymer mixtures under containerless conditions, constructing phase diagrams, and extracting bonding interactions between the drug and polymer molecules are outlined.
Cardiovascular manifestations of neurologic disease

Cardiac manifestations of neurologic diseases are common in clinical practice. There are numerous anatomic and pathophysiologic links between the normal and abnormal function of both systems. There are a number of brain-heart interactions which affect the care of patients as well as help guide therapeutic development. This is exemplified in the area of vascular neurology where knowledge of the brain-heart connection is essential not only for bedside management but where collaborative efforts between neurology and cardiology are key in developing new strategies for ischemic stroke prevention and treatment, atrial fibrillation, and interventional techniques. This chapter will focus on cardiac manifestations of neurologic disease, with special emphasis on vascular and intensive care neurology, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative and peripheral nervous system diseases.
Optical probe for the analysis of trace indole in shrimp.

Abstract Indole is a chemical from the decomposition of shrimp and is used extensively to indicate seafood freshness. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) sets its concentration of
On the scaling of propagation of periodically generated vortex rings

The propagation of periodically generated vortex rings (period generates a train of vortices in the quasi-steady state.
Embedded Field Test Item Statistics: Can They Be Trusted for Estimating Student Proficiency?

Assessment items are commonly field tested prior to operational use to observe statistical item properties such as difficulty. Item parameter estimates from field testing may be used to assign scor...
Cardiac Targeting Peptide, a Novel Cardiac Vector: Studies in Bio-Distribution, Imaging Application, and Mechanism of Transduction

Our previous work identified a 12-amino acid peptide that targets the heart, termed cardiac targeting peptide (CTP). We now quantitatively assess the bio-distribution of CTP, show a clinical application with the imaging of the murine heart, and study its mechanisms of transduction. Bio-distribution studies of cyanine5.5-N-Hydroxysuccinimide (Cy5.5) labeled CTP were undertaken in wild-type mice. Cardiac targeting peptide was labeled with Technetium 99m (99mTc) using the chelator hydrazino-nicotinamide (HYNIC), and imaging performed using micro-single photon emission computerized tomography/computerized tomography (SPECT/CT). Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMCs) were incubated with dual-labeled CTP, and imaged using confocal microscopy. TriCEPs technology was utilized to study the mechanism of transduction. Bio-distribution studies showed peak uptake of CTP at 15 min. 99mTc-HYNIC-CTP showed heart-specific uptake. Robust transduction of beating human iPSC-derived CMCs was seen. TriCEPs experiments revealed five candidate binding partners for CTP, with Kcnh5 being felt to be the most likely candidate as it showed a trend towards being competed out by siRNA knockdown. Transduction efficiency was enhanced by increasing extracellular potassium concentration, and with Quinidine, a Kcnh5 inhibitor, that blocks the channel in an open position. We demonstrate that CTP transduces the normal heart as early as 15 min. 99mTc-HYNIC-CTP targets the normal murine heart with substantially improved targeting compared with 99mTc Sestamibi. Cardiac targeting peptide’s transduction ability is not species limited and has human applicability. Cardiac targeting peptide appears to utilize Kcnh5 to gain cell entry, a phenomenon that is affected by pre-treatment with Quinidine and changes in potassium levels.
Association of advanced hepatic fibrosis and sonographic visualization score: a dual-center study using ACR US LI-RADS.

To evaluate the association between imaging and clinical features and visualization scores, as specified by American College of Radiology (ACR) Ultrasound Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS), on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening ultrasound examinations. In this dual-center retrospective study, HCC screening ultrasound reports containing ultrasound elastography measurements (January to September, 2017) were reviewed. Ultrasound point shear wave elastography and 2-dimensional shear wave elastography were used to assess liver stiffness; median shear wave velocity was translated to METAVIR fibrosis scoring, per previously published data. Reports were analyzed for subject age, sex, reason for HCC screening, spleen size, fibrosis scores, and assigned ultrasound visualization scores. Jonckheere–Terpstra trend and Kendall’s tau-b coefficient analyses were performed. 714 subjects (mean age 55; 51% male, 49% female) were included. 308 (43%) subjects had clinically declared cirrhosis; 406 (57%) did not. Majority (535, 75%) of exams were adequate (Visualization Score A), 156 (22%) moderately limited (Visualization Score B), and 23 (3%) severely limited (Visualization Score C). Increasing spleen size and patient age were associated with worsening visualization scores (p < 0.001). Suboptimal visualization was also associated with clinically significant fibrosis (≥ F2) by elastography (Kendall’s tau-b = 0.181, p < 0.001) and clinically declared cirrhosis (Kendall’s tau-b = 0.433, p < 0.001). There was no association with patient sex. Using ACR Ultrasound LI-RADS visualization score assessment, majority (75%) of HCC screening exams were diagnostically adequate, and only 3% were severely limited. Sonoelastographic diagnosis of clinically significant fibrosis, as well as clinical cirrhosis, increased patient age, and spleen size, were associated with greater diagnostic limitations.
Duodenal Ulcer Management

Duodenal ulcers and their complications are another commonly encountered morbidity in the practice of general surgery. Similar to gastric ulcers, common presentations requiring surgical intervention include bleeding, perforation, and obstruction. This chapter describes the algorithmic approach to these complications.
Sources of U.S. longevity increase, 1960–2001

Abstract We investigate whether an aggregate health production function can help to explain the annual time-series behavior of U.S. longevity since 1960. We view longevity as the output of the health production function, and output fluctuations as the consequence of fluctuations in medical inputs (expenditure) and technology. The empirical analysis provides support for the hypothesis that both medical innovation (in the form of new drug approvals) and public health expenditure contributed to longevity increase during the period 1960–2001. The estimates imply that the public health expenditure needed to gain one life-year is about US$ 9640, and that the pharmaceutical R&D expenditure needed to gain one life-year is about US$ 926.
Activation and regulation of H2B-Ubiquitin-dependent histone methyltransferases

Covalent modifications of histone proteins regulate a wide variety of cellular processes. Methylation of histone H3K79 and H3K4 is associated with active transcription and is catalyzed by Dot1L and Set1, respectively. Both Dot1L and Set1 are activated by prior ubiquitination of histone H2B on K120 in a process termed 'histone crosstalk'. Recent structures of Dot1L bound to a ubiquitinated nucleosome revealed how Dot1L is activated by ubiquitin and how Dot1L distorts the nucleosome to access its substrate. Structures of Dot1L-interacting proteins have provided insight into how Dot1L is recruited to sites of active transcription. Cryo-EM and crystallographic studies of the complex of proteins associated with Set1 (COMPASS), uncovered the architecture of COMPASS and how Set1 is activated upon complex assembly.
Placental OPRM1 DNA methylation and associations with neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, a pilot study.

Aims Epigenetic variation of DNA methylation of the mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) has been identified in the blood and saliva of individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) and infants with neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). It is unknown whether epigenetic variation in OPRM1 exists within placental tissue in women with OUD and whether it is associated with NOWS outcomes. In this pilot study, the authors aimed to 1) examine the association between placental OPRM1 DNA methylation levels and NOWS outcomes, and 2) compare OPRM1 methylation levels in opioid-exposed versus non-exposed control placentas. Methods Placental tissue was collected from eligible opioid (n = 64) and control (n = 29) women after delivery. Placental DNA was isolated and methylation levels at six cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites within the OPRM1 promoter were quantified. Methylation levels were evaluated for associations with infant NOWS outcome measures: need for pharmacologic treatment, length of hospital stay (LOS), morphine treatment days, and treatment with two medications. Regression models were created and adjusted for clinical co-variates. Methylation levels between opioid and controls placentas were also compared. Results The primary opioid exposures were methadone and buprenorphine. Forty-nine (76.6%) of the opioid-exposed infants required pharmacologic treatment, 10 (15.6%) two medications, and average LOS for all opioid-exposed infants was 16.5 (standard deviation 9.7) days. There were no significant associations between OPRM1 DNA methylation levels in the six CpG sites and any NOWS outcome measures. No significant differences were found in methylation levels between the opioid and control samples. Conclusions No significant associations were found between OPRM1 placental DNA methylation levels and NOWS severity in this pilot cohort. In addition, no significant differences were seen in OPRM1 methylation in opioid versus control placentas. Future association studies examining methylation levels on a genome-wide level are warranted.
Who sees opportunity to help? A prospective study on adolescents’ detection of intervention opportunities in situations of sexual and dating violence:

Adolescent bystanders (i.e., witnesses to violence) can prevent sexual and dating violence among their peers and create a safer social environment if they detect the opportunity. The current study ...
How Pac-Man eats

Those familiar with scholarship on games will know that there is no shortage of works which offer a framework to describe what games are and how best to design them for various ends. Academics from...
“A Bad Combination”: Lived Experiences of Youth Involved in the Foster Care and Juvenile Justice Systems

Youth with involvement in foster care and the juvenile justice system, often called dual-status youth, are at increased risk for negative outcomes as they transition into adulthood, including homelessness, and involvement in the adult criminal justice system. Increase of interest in the phenomenon of youth dual involvement within the last decade, reveals focus on challenges associated with the dual-status population, the importance of multi-system collaboration, and foster care factors contributing to juvenile delinquency. This study aims to build on the current literature, through exploration of how dually-involved youth make sense of their experiences in the juvenile justice and foster care systems; and what youth believe are their unique challenges of being in two systems? This phenomenological study engaged ten individuals in Houston, Texas, between the ages of 18 and 24 years old, and previously involved in the juvenile justice and foster care systems. Research subjects participated in-depth, semi-structured, and audio-recorded interviews, disclosing their experiences in two systems. Interviews were transcribed and entered in the qualitative analytical program, Atlas.ti, where common themes of participant responses were extracted. Accounts from participants highlighted three key experiences: (1) experiences of and leading to dual involvement, (2) traumatic experiences, and (3) absence of normalcy. Study results are categorized based on their pathways to dual-involvement. This current study offers rich insights into how dually-involved youth make sense of their experiences in the foster care and juvenile justice systems. Implications for enhanced service provision among child welfare and juvenile justice professionals are offered.
Consuls General: From Alta to American California

Turning specifically to the diplomats sent to California to represent the interests of their respective countries, this chapter goes into depth as to the observations and analysis offered by Consuls General and their diplomatic colleagues in embassies in Washington, DC of California’s growing role as well as the changing role of subnationals more broadly.
Direct Molecular Analysis of In Vivo and Freshly Excised Tissues in Human Surgeries with the MasSpec Pen Technology

Abstract Intraoperative tissue analysis is critical to guide surgical procedures and improve patient outcomes. Here, we describe the clinical translation and intraoperative use of the MasSpec Pen technology for direct molecular analysis of in vivo and freshly excised tissues in the operating room. In this study, the MasSpec Pen was used by surgeons and surgical staff during 100 surgeries over a 12-month period, allowing rapid detection of rich mass spectral profiles from 715 in vivo and ex vivo analyses performed on thyroid, parathyroid, lymph node, breast, pancreatic, and bile duct tissues during parathyroidectomies, thyroidectomies, breast, and pancreatic neoplasia surgeries. The MasSpec Pen enabled gentle extraction and sensitive detection of various molecular species including small metabolites and lipids using a droplet of sterile water without causing apparent tissue damage. Notably, effective molecular analysis was achieved while no limitations to sequential histologic tissue analysis were identified and no device-related complications were reported for any of the patients. Collectively, this study shows that the MasSpec Pen system can be successfully incorporated into the operating room, allowing direct detection of rich molecular profiles from tissues with a seconds-long turnaround time that could be inform surgical and clinical decisions without disrupting tissue analysis workflows.
Decreasing Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19 Critical Illness in New York City.

Introduction: Reports from the United States suggest that acute kidney injury (AKI) frequently complicates COVID-19, but understanding of AKI risks and outcomes is incomplete. Additionally, whether kidney outcomes have evolved during the course of the pandemic is unknown. Methods: We used electronic records to identify COVID-19 patients with and without AKI admitted to 3 New York Hospitals between March 2 and August 25, 2020. Outcomes included AKI overall and according to admission week, AKI stage, the requirement for new renal replacement therapy (RRT), mortality and recovery of kidney function. Logistic regression was utilized to assess associations of patient characteristics and outcomes. Results: Out of 4732 admissions 1386 (29.3%) patients had AKI. Among those with AKI, 717 (51.7%) had Stage 1, 132 (9.5%) Stage 2, 537 (38.7%) stage 3, and 237 (17.1%) required RRT initiation. In March 536/1648 (32.5%) of patients developed AKI compared with 15/87 (17.2%) in August (P<0.001 for monthly trend) whereas RRT initiation was required in 6.9% and 0% of admission, in March and August respectively. Mortality was higher with than without AKI (51.6% vs 8.6%) and was 71.9% in individuals requiring RRT. However, most patients with AKI who survived hospitalization (77%) recovered to within 0.3 mg/dL of baseline creatinine. Among those surviving to discharge, 62% discontinued RRT. Conclusions: AKI impacts a high proportion of admitted COVID-19 patients and is associated with high mortality, particularly when RRT is required. AKI incidence appears to be decreasing over time and kidney function frequently recovers in those who survive.
Virtual Residency Interviews: What Variables Can Applicants Control?

Due to the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, almost all residency programs have adopted virtual interviewing for the National Residency Matching Program (R) (NRMP) or The Match (R) 2021. Hence, applicants have had to adapt quickly to this process, since the interviewers and the applicants were mostly inexperienced regarding this process. To date, program directors have had a successful experience on this new modality, and since the pandemic continues to limit in-person meetings and given the benefits that virtual interviews provide in terms of transportation, booking, and cost, there is a high chance that interviews for The Match 2022 will also be conducted in the same, virtual way. In light of this, we performed a review of the literature by using PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and other online resources to analyze certain critical aspects and offer recommendations for residency and fellowship applicants to improve their performance in virtual interviews. Despite the current surge of virtual interviewing in today's technology-driven era, virtual interviewing programs for residency and fellowship candidates selection are still in their infancy. We have learned that applicants can control certain aspects such as technology, settings, dress code, and behavior so that they can tailor their experience to make it more favorable and fulfilling. Ensuring proper preparation in terms of the variables that can influence the virtual experience is key for a successful interview.
Computation of positively graded filiform nilpotent Lie algebras in low dimensions

Abstract We describe a procedure for classifying positively graded filiform nilpotent Lie algebras in low dimensions, over R , C , and Q . Using this procedure, we find all filiform nilpotent Lie algebras of dimension 15 and lower that admit a positive grading.
Secondhand smoke exposure is longitudinally associated with shorter parent-reported sleep duration during childhood.

Abstract Background Secondhand smoke exposure has been cross-sectionally associated with worse sleep health outcomes in children and shorter sleep duration in adolescents. Objectives We assessed longitudinal and cross-sectional associations between secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and shorter sleep duration in children from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a longitudinal birth cohort. We additionally examined whether associations would persist after controlling for potential confounders. Participants Mothers (n = 4898) were recruited using a stratified random sample of large United States cities and oversampling for nonmarital births. Measurements Mothers were asked about whether they smoked during pregnancy, whether their child spent time with someone who is smoking, and their child's weekday sleep duration. Sociodemographic factors, asthma diagnosis, and bedtime routines were assessed as potential confounders. Data collected at ages 3, 5, and 9 years were analyzed using multivariable regression models (N = 1912; 51.6% boys). Results SHS exposure at age 3 predicted 15.0 fewer minutes at age 5 (P = .001) and 12.3 fewer minutes at age 9 (P = .003). SHS exposure at age 9 was cross-sectionally associated with 14.4 fewer minutes of sleep duration at age 9 (P = .002). Findings persisted after controlling for potential confounders. Conclusion These results provide associational support for the hypothesis that SHS exposure may have long-term consequences for childhood sleep duration. Future studies should investigate the relationship between SHS exposure and shorter sleep duration using objective measurements of serum cotinine and sleep actigraphy and by exploring potential mechanisms.
Association Between the Physician Quality Score in the Merit-Based Incentive Payment System and Hospital Performance in Hospital Compare in the First Year of the Program

Importance The scientific validity of the Merit-Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) quality score as a measure of hospital-level patient outcomes is unknown. Objective To examine whether better physician performance on the MIPS quality score is associated with better hospital outcomes. Design, setting, and participants This cross-sectional study of 38 830 physicians used data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Physician Compare (2017) merged with CMS Hospital Compare data. Data analysis was conducted from September to November 2020. Main outcomes and measures Linear regression was used to examine the association between physician MIPS quality scores aggregated at the hospital level and hospitalwide measures of (1) postoperative complications, (2) failure to rescue, (3) individual postoperative complications, and (4) readmissions. Results The study cohort of 38 830 clinicians (5198 [14.6%] women; 12 103 [31.6%] with 11-20 years in practice) included 6580 (17.2%) general surgeons, 8978 (23.4%) orthopedic surgeons, 1617 (4.2%) vascular surgeons, 582 (1.5%) cardiac surgeons, 904 (2.4%) thoracic surgeons, 18 149 (47.4%) anesthesiologists, and 1520 (4.0%) intensivists at 3055 hospitals. The MIPS quality score was not associated with the hospital composite rate of postoperative complications. MIPS quality scores for vascular surgeons in the 11th to 25th percentile, compared with those in the 51st to 100th percentile, were associated with a 0.55-percentage point higher hospital rate of failure to rescue (95% CI, 0.06-1.04 percentage points; P = .03). MIPS quality scores for cardiac surgeons in the 1st to 10th percentile, compared with those in the 51st to 100th percentile, were associated with a 0.41-percentage point higher hospital coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) mortality rate (95% CI, 0.10-0.71 percentage points; P = .01). MIPS quality scores for cardiac surgeons in the 1st to 10th percentile and 11th to 25th percentile, compared with those in the 51st to 100th percentile, were associated with 0.65-percentage point (95% CI, 0.013-1.16 percentage points; P = .02) and 0.48-percentage point (95% CI, 0.07-0.90 percentage points; P = .02) higher hospital CABG readmission rates, respectively. Conclusions and relevance In this study, better performance on the physician MIPS quality score was associated with better hospital surgical outcomes for some physician specialties during the first year of MIPS.
Medical Mistrust and Adherence to Care among a Heterogeneous Cohort of Women Living with HIV, Followed in a Large, U.S. Safety Net Clinic

Purpose: To explore the relationship between medical mistrust, as measured by the Group-Based Medical Mistrust (GBMM) scale, and HIV care adherence among a cohort of minority women receiving care i...
Some Experimental Observations on the Neuroanatomical Substrates of Learned Adaptive Behaviors

Adaptation is a concept which has been defined quite differently in a number of scientific disciplines. The neurophysiologist uses the term to describe a response decrement that occurs, purely as a consequence of repeated stimulation of a sensory receptor or nerve fiber. Such a response decrement is, of course, also “adaptive” in the sense that most behavioral scientists use the term, since it prevents excessive use of a system and thus may prevent harmful consequences. However, this is excess meaning so far as the neurophysiologist is concerned. He, in fact, goes to considerable trouble to distinguish adaptation from the response decrement which can be seen in the central nervous system after it has been established that a stimulus does not have “significance” (i.e., does not portend food, shelter, a mate, an enemy, etc.). This process of habituation is, of course, quite closely related to adaptation as the behaviorist uses the term. Continued responses to insignificant stimuli or, conversely, a loss of responses to stimuli that are of potential significance for the survival of the individual or the perpetuation of the species is a generally acceptable if not terribly informative definition of maladaptive behavior.
Useful Correlates of Body Weight and Food Perception

The use of Implicit Association Tests (IAT's) allow researchers to expose not only a person's biases and attitudes, but also their cognitions that they are either unaware of, or unwilling to reveal...
INTAKE, DIGESTIBILITY, RUMEN METABOLISM AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF GOAT KIDS RAISED UNDER DIFFERENT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

Forty-five wether goat kids (BW of 21.76 + 0.76) were randomly assigned to one of three production systems for 14 weeks to evaluate intake, digestibility and goat performance. Production systems were: 1) feedlot (FL), housed in individual pens and fed 40% protein pellets, 40% soybean hulls and 20% bermudagrass hay; 2) grazing continuously on 1 hectare bahiagrass pasture (BP) supplemented daily with 150 g of protein pellets/hd; and 3) browsing rotationally on 4, 0.5 hectare mimosa (MB) supplemented daily with 100 g cracked corn/hd. Body weights were recorded every two weeks. Feed intake and digestibility were measured on eight goats from each treatment groups. Goats were fitted with canvas fecal collection bags, allowed for 3 days of adjustments followed by 5 days of fecal collection. Feces, feed offered, pasture and browse samples were analyzed for acid insoluble ash to determine digestibility and predict intake. Rumen fluid and blood samples were collected to measure volatile fatty acids and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Total feed and medication costs also were recorded. Goats on FL system gained faster (P 0.10) in butyrate and valerate. However, acetate: propionate was lower (P 0.10) BUN. Numerically, browse system was most cost effective and bahaigrass pasture was most expensive in terms of animal production.
Maximizing fisher information using discrete mechanics and projection-based trajectory optimization

This paper reformulates an optimization algorithm previously presented in continuous-time to one using structured integration and structured linearization methods from discrete mechanics. The objective is to synthesize trajectories for dynamic robotic systems that improve the estimation of model parameters by using a metric on Fisher information in a nonlinear projection-based trajectory optimization algorithm. A simulation of a robot with a suspended double pendulum is used as an example system to illustrate the algorithm. Results from the simulation show that the change to a discrete mechanics formulation reduces the computation time by a factor of 19 when compared to the continuous algorithm while maintaining the same two orders of magnitude improvement in the Fisher information from the continuous-time formulation. Through the Cramer-Rao bound, the improvement in the Fisher information results in a maximum expected error reduction of the parameter estimates by up to a factor of 102.
Application of Cell Fractionation Techniques in the Study of Cells Infected with Polyoma Virus and Newcastle Disease Virus

Fisher, Harold W. (University of Rhode Island, Kingston), Hidemi Matsumiya, and Masanobu Azuma. Application of cell fractionation techniques in the study of cells infected with polyoma virus and Newcastle disease virus. J. Bacteriol. 91:1645-1651. 1966.-Techniques which permitted rigorous separation of nuclei and cytoplasm were applied to the study of the formation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in an established line of Chinese hamster cells and of polyoma virus (PYV) in mouse embryo fibroblasts. The results obtained for hemagglutinin and plaque-forming titers during virus growth were in agreement with those obtained by others, using different techniques. These indicated that NDV matures in the cytoplasm, and PYV in the nucleus, of host cells.
Cyst-ventricle stent as primary or salvage treatment for posterior fossa arachnoid cysts.

Object The optimal treatment of symptomatic posterior fossa arachnoid cysts is controversial. Current options include open or endoscopic resection, fenestration, or cyst-peritoneal shunt placement. There are potential drawbacks with all options. Previous authors have described stenting a cyst into the ventricular system for supratentorial lesions. The current authors have used a similar strategy for posterior fossa cysts. Methods The authors performed a retrospective review of 79 consecutive patients (1993-2010) with surgically treated intracranial arachnoid cysts. Results The authors identified 3 patients who underwent placement of a stent from a posterior fossa arachnoid cyst to a supratentorial ventricle. In 2 patients the stent construct consisted of a catheter placed into a posterior fossa arachnoid cyst and connecting to a lateral ventricle catheter. Both patients underwent stent placement as a salvage procedure after failure of open surgical fenestration. In the third patient a single-catheter cyst-ventricle stent was stereotactically placed. All 3 patients improved clinically. Two patients remained asymptomatic, with radiographic stability in a follow-up period of 1 and 5 years, respectively. The third patient experienced initial symptom resolution with a demonstrable reduction of intracystic pressure. However, he developed recurrent headaches after 2 years. Conclusions Posterior fossa cyst-ventricle stenting offers the benefits of ease of surgical technique and a low morbidity rate. It may also potentially reduce the incidence of shunt-related headaches by equalizing the pressure between the posterior fossa and the supratentorial compartments. While fenestration is considered the first-line therapy for most symptomatic arachnoid cysts, the authors consider cyst-ventricle stenting to be a valuable additional strategy in treating these rare and often difficult lesions.
The journalist as a messiah: journalism, mass-circulation, and Theodor Herzl’s Zionist vision

This article investigates the relationship between Theodor Herzl’s journalistic career and his Zionist enterprise. Contrary to the received wisdom that Herzl’s post in the Neue Freie Presse had little to do with his Zionist vision, it is argued that his Zionist awakening sprang essentially from his experience as an influential journalist working in the early days of mass-circulation newspapers. It is further shown that once Herzl took up the Zionist cause he made a sophisticated use of mass-circulation newspapers and of his post in the Neue Freie Presse to bring about and propagate his Zionist plan. In the final analysis, it is suggested that Herzl’s position as a leading journalist working in the early days of mass-circulation played a key role in shaping his particular strand of political Zionism as well as in securing his initial leadership of the Zionist movement.
LIKELIHOOD ANALYSIS OF RECOMBINATIONAL DISEQUILIBRIUM IN MULTIPLE-LOCUS GAMETIC FREQUENCIES

Likelihood methods are developed for the estimation and testing of multiple-locus gametic disequilibria, using log-linear models of parametric effects. The estimates of disquilibrium are related to Kimura's Z-measure, and may be extended to multiple alleles and multiple loci. Likelihood ratio test criteria are constructed, which are asymptotically distributed as χ2. The analysis is partitioned into various components corresponding to two-locus, residual three-locus, and higher order disequilibria. A four-locus example from Hordeum vulgare L. is utilized to illustrate the analysis. Most of the multiple-locus disequilibrium is accounted for by two-locus effects, and closely linked loci show considerably more disequilibrium than unlinked loci. It is shown that all possible pairwise comparisons are not statistically independent.
Estimation of signal steering vectors in uncalibrated arrays

This paper considers the problem of extracting the signal powers and steering vectors from the signal covariance matrix without the knowledge of array manifold. Under the assumption of narrowband and uncorrelated signals, it is shown that it is necessary and sufficient for the signal powers and steering vectors to satisfy two conditions, termed the signal subspace and orthogonality conditions, in order for them to match the signal covariance matrix asymptotically. Based upon these two conditions, an algorithm is derived to iteratively search for the signal powers and steering vectors which closely match the signal covariance matrix estimated from the observed data. A real-data example is presented to illustrate the robustness of the proposed algorithm. >
The Extended Signal Peptide of the Trimeric Autotransporter EmaA of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Modulates Secretion

The extracellular matrix protein adhesin A (EmaA) of the Gram-negative bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a fibrillar collagen adhesin belonging to the family of trimeric autotransporters. The protein forms antenna-like structures on the bacterial surface required for collagen adhesion. The 202-kDa protein monomers are proposed to be targeted and translocated across the inner membrane by a long signal peptide composed of 56 amino acids. The predicted signal peptide was functionally active in Escherichia coli and A. actinomycetemcomitans using truncated PhoA and Aae chimeric proteins, respectively. Mutations in the signal peptide were generated and characterized for PhoA activity in E. coli. A. actinomycetemcomitans strains expressing EmaA with the identical mutant signal peptides were assessed for cellular localization, surface expression, and collagen binding activity. All of the mutants impaired some aspect of EmaA structure or function. A signal peptide mutant that promoted alkaline phosphatase secretion did not allow any cell surface presentation of EmaA. A second mutant allowed for cell surface exposure but abolished protein function. A third mutant allowed for the normal localization and function of EmaA at 37°C but impaired localization at elevated temperatures. Likewise, replacement of the long EmaA signal peptide with a typical signal peptide also impaired localization above 37°C. The data suggest that the residues of the EmaA signal peptide are required for protein folding or assembly of this collagen adhesin.
The conundrum of protection from AKI by adenosine in rodent clamp ischemia models

Kim et al. show that isoflurane uses a tubule-based transforming growth factor-β/CD73-dependent process that generates adenosine to protect mice from ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI) with effects to prevent the ‘no-reflow phenomenon' and decrease inflammation. While direct cytoprotection occurred in culture, extensive research suggests that in vivo adenosine protection from rodent ischemic AKI is mediated by a mutually cooperative mechanism involving blood flow, inflammation, and innate immunity through multiple adenosine receptors with promiscuous actions on diverse cell types.
Valproic acid induces functional heat-shock protein 70 via Class I histone deacetylase inhibition in cortical neurons: a potential role of Sp1 acetylation.

Neuroprotective properties of the mood stabilizer valproic acid (VPA) are implicated in its therapeutic efficacy. Heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) is a molecular chaperone, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent. This study aimed to investigate underlying mechanisms and functional significance of HSP70 induction by VPA in rat cortical neurons. VPA treatment markedly up-regulated HSP70 protein levels, and this was accompanied by increased HSP70 mRNA levels and promoter hyperacetylation and activity. Other HDAC inhibitors – sodium butyrate, trichostatin A, and Class I HDAC-specific inhibitors MS-275 and apicidin, – all mimicked the ability of VPA to induce HSP70. Pre-treatment with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors or an Akt inhibitor attenuated HSP70 induction by VPA and other HDAC inhibitors. VPA treatment increased Sp1 acetylation, and a Sp1 inhibitor, mithramycin, abolished the induction of HSP70 by HDAC inhibitors. Moreover, VPA promoted the association of Sp1 with the histone acetyltransferases p300 and recruitment of p300 to the HSP70 promoter. Further, VPA-induced neuroprotection against glutamate excitotoxicity was prevented by blocking HSP70 induction. Taken together, the data suggest that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway and Sp1 are likely involved in HSP70 induction by HDAC inhibitors, and induction of HSP70 by VPA in cortical neurons may contribute to its neuroprotective and therapeutic effects.
Acoustic anomalies in UPt 3 at high magnetic fields and low temperatures

Ultrasound velocity and attenuation measurements were performed on single crystals of the heavy fermion compound ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{3}$ in magnetic fields up to 33 T and at temperatures ranging from 2.4 K to below 0.1 K. With longitudinal sound propagated in the crystallographic basal plane, parallel to the applied field, the familiar elastic softening is observed at the metamagnetic transition field $H\ensuremath{\sim}20.2\mathrm{T}.$ More complicated structure emerges at low temperatures, including quantum acoustic oscillations and a second velocity minimum at \ensuremath{\sim}21.6 T. A weak frequency dependence (dispersion) is observed in the velocity. The ultrasonic data are analyzed using the Landau-Khalatnikov formalism, from which temperature- and field-dependent relaxation times are deduced.
Thin film island growth kinetics: a grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering study of gold on glass

Abstract The growth during deposition and during post-deposition annealing of gold islands (40–80 A in diameter) on glass substrates have been examined quantitatively and in situ with grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). The average island sizes and center-to-center island spacings have been determined as a function of gold coverage and annealing time and temperature. The annealing kinetics do not exhibit a power law dependence of average island size versus time. Instead, the data is best described by a soft-impingement, diffusion-limited, island-mobility-dominated growth model. This model yields a quantitative signature that growth is a result of island mobility. The activation energy and diffusion coefficient for the island mobility growth process are found to be of the same order of magnitude as values for single atom surface diffusion.
Structure of ethyl 2-chloro-4-methyl-6-(1-pyrrolidinyl)benzoate

C14H18ClNO2, Mr = 267.7, orthorhombic, Pbca, a = 10.571 (3), b = 12.081 (5), c = 21.384 (6) A, V = 2731 A3, Z = 8, Dx = 1.30 g cm-3, Mo K alpha, lambda = 0.71069 A, mu = 3.59 cm-1, F(000) = 1136, T = 293 K, R = 0.0357 for 716 observed reflections. In molecules of the title compound the ester substituent is forced from conjugation with the aromatic ring and nitrogen long pair by steric interaction with the adjacent chlorine.
The Influence of lithium environment on tensile behavior and microstructure of V–4Cr–4Ti

Abstract Thermal tests exposed V–4Cr–4Ti in static liquid lithium at 700 and 800 °C for 250, 500, and 1000 h. Post-exposure examination included chemical analysis of interstitial impurities in V–4Cr–4Ti to monitor impurity transfer, and tensile tests at room temperature and 500 °C. Microstructures were characterized by room-temperature electrical resistivity measurements and transmission electron microscopy. Oxygen was not depleted from V–4Cr–4Ti when nitrogen pickup occurred during lithium exposures. In spite of a significant increase in interstitial impurity concentration, the matrix interstitial solute content was reduced due to precipitation. Plate-shaped precipitates in the matrix and globular precipitates at grain boundaries were formed during lithium exposures at 700 °C, while only globular precipitates were observed at grain boundaries at 800 °C. Increases in strength, decreases in ductility, and reduced dynamic strain aging resulted. Ductility remained high after 1000 h exposures at both 700 and 800 °C.
Was Sigourney a Poetess? The aesthetics of Victorian plenitude in Lydia Sigourney's poetry

This article addresses aspects of Anglo-American Poetess Studies today, focusing on the resuscitation of the Poetess soubriquet itself, found to be questionable when applied to 19th-century US women poets generally, and deeply problematic when applied to Sigourney herself. Like their British peers, US women poets wrote Poetess poems of the sort recent theorizations of the Poetess describe, as did US men. But US women poets wrote many other kinds of poems also, whose parameters fall well outside those of the Poetess poem and whose diversity or, as it is called here, 'plenitude', speaks to a far more inclusive aesthetic than that warranted by Poetess poetics alone. What this aesthetic was, what empirical forces led to its emergence, and why it was vital to the flourishing of US women's lyric production in particular are questions that this article explores through my examination of Sigourney's poetry.
Growth and silicon doping of AlGaN films in the entire alloy composition by molecular beam epitaxy

In this paper we report the growth and Silicon doping of AlGaN films in the entire alloy composition by RF-plasma-assisted MBE. The films (0.7 to 0.8 µm thick) were grown with the (0001) polarity on C-plane sapphire substrates using a thin AlN buffer and were doped n-type with the silicon cell at a constant temperature (1200 °C). The composition and the structure of the films were determined by XRD, the silicon and oxygen impurities were determined by SIMS measurements, and the transport coefficients were obtained from Hall effect measurements. The FWHM of the on- and off-axis XRD rocking curves indicate that the microstructure of the films is better at low AlN mole fraction ( 70%). The resistivity of the films varies from 10–3 to 25 Ω.cm as the AlN mole fraction increases from 0 to 96%. Reliable Hall effect measurements were carried out in films with up to 77% Al and were found to be degenerately n-type doped with room temperature carrier concentration varying from 1 × 1020 to 7.7 × 1018 cm–3 as the AlN mole fraction increased from 0 to 77%. Correspondingly, the electron mobility is reduced by almost an order of magnitude, a result which is consistent with alloy scattering. The effective mass of some of the samples was determined by combining infrared reflectivity and Hall Effect measurements and these data were used to determine the Si ionization energies. We concluded that the Si is the main donor in the entire alloy composition and that the gradual reduction of conductivity with Al content is due to the increase of the Si ionization energy. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fear of Failure in Group Risk‐taking

High-school students were administered items from the CDQ (Choice Dilemmas Questionnaire) under success-orientated or failure-orientated instructions. A control group of college subjects was administered the usual success-orientated instructions. Subjects in the failure-orientated condition were significantly more risky in their decisions than subjects in the success-orientated condition, indicating that ‘fear of failure’ in decisions involving risk results in high-risk decisions. A risky shift was not found in any of the conditions, although subjects in both success conditions perceived themselves as more risky than their peers.