cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low‐Temperature Growth of Carbon Nanotubes Catalyzed by Sodium‐Based Ingredients

Synthesis of low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is a key driver for achieving advances in energy storage, computing, and multifunctional composites, among other applications. Here, we report high-yield thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesis of CNTs catalyzed by reagent-grade common sodium-containing compounds, including NaCl, NaHCO3 , Na2 CO3 , and NaOH, found in table salt, baking soda, and detergents, respectively. Coupled with an oxidative dehydrogenation reaction to crack acetylene at reduced temperatures, Na-based nanoparticles have been observed to catalyze CNT growth at temperatures below 400 °C. Ex situ and in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal unique CNT morphologies and growth characteristics, including a vaporizing Na catalyst phenomenon that we leverage to create CNTs without residual catalyst particles for applications that require metal-free CNTs. Na is shown to synthesize CNTs on numerous substrates, and as the first alkali group metal catalyst demonstrated for CNT growth, holds great promise for expanding the understanding of nanocarbon synthesis.
Biomechanical Assessment of the Iris in Relation to Angle-Closure Glaucoma: A Multi-scale Computational Approach

The abnormalities in the iris shape and deformation could cause closure of the space between the iris and cornea. Such closure may lead to development of certain types of glaucoma, a mysterious disease causing irreversible blindness. As such, the mechanical response of the iris and its deformation have been studied extensively in the context of glaucoma. The collagen fibrils of the iris stroma provide support while undergoing continuous large mechanical deformation. The relationship between micrometer-scale and macro-scale mechanical environment, however, remains unknown. We have used a multiscale computational framework, linking the volume-averaged stress in micrometer-scale representative volume elements to a macro-scale finite-element continuum. We fitted the multiscale model response to experimental data obtained from uniaxial tension tests of intact irides. We hope to employ our model in pathophysiological states of the iris to understand how the microscale deformation may differ in glaucomatous eyes as compared to the healthy controls.
One October Tragedy in Las Vegas: An Overview of Tourists’ Perceptions

Purpose: This study seeks to examine Las Vegas visitors’ perception about security in Las Vegas and the perceived risks associated with traveling to Las Vegas following the One October mass shooting. It also aims to explore potential Las Vegas visitors ‘attitudes towards the proactive security measures implemented by Las Vegas resorts after the One October tragedy. Methods: The study is descriptive in nature. The data was collected through a web-based survey that comprised a national sample of 414 adults from the United States. Results: The results indicate that despite the tragic One October mass shooting in Las Vegas and the associated media coverage, security is not a major concern for visitors to Las Vegas. The findings of this study also suggest that Las Vegas visitors approve of existing and emerging security procedures. Implications: Findings point out to an opportunity to capitalize on the perceived enhanced security measures in Las Vegas and to put emphasis on addressing financial risk concerns via marketing and public relations campaigns.
The Devil You (Don’t) Know: Interpersonal Ambiguity and Inference Making in Competitive Contexts

Past research has shown the robustness of egocentric anchoring or false consensus effects (e.g., Naylor, Lamberton, and Norton 2011; Ross, Greene, and House 1977) primarily in situations where consumers adopt a cooperative or neutral stance toward one another. However, competition among consumers is a ubiquitous part of Western culture. Across five experiments in competitive contexts (either a dictator game or an online auction), interpersonal ambiguity leads to an inference of dissimilarity, rather than similarity. As a result, consumers compete as aggressively against ambiguous others as they do against dissimilar others. This effect occurs regardless of brand quality, seller reputation, or number of other competitors in the auction. A final study demonstrates that aggressiveness may be directed toward the seller rather than other bidders when sellers are ambiguous or dissimilar. This work therefore offers an important boundary condition for the operation of egocentric tendencies, highlighting the pervasive effect of competitive contexts on consumer behavior.
Corporate governance and the legal environment

Corporate governance is the system of controls that helps the corporation effectively manage, administer, and direct economic resources. Outside the high-tech sector, franchise agreements are a prime example of voluntary contractual arrangements outside the firm that can be viewed as corporate governance mechanisms. Among tech stocks, strategic alliances are formal operating agreements between independent companies that also can be viewed as corporate governance mechanisms. In both cases, ownership structure, or the array of divergent claims on the value of the firm, can be thought of as an important internal corporate governance mechanism. This chapter focuses on the role of actual or suspected violations of federal laws that have the potential to result in significant costs measured in terms of investigation expenditures, litigation expenses, fines and seizures, and lost reputational capital for the firm. Within this context, federal laws can be seen as part of the institutional framework that contributes to the range of control mechanisms that originate inside and outside the firm to comprise an effective system of corporate governance. Because short-term hit and run managers may possess incentives to cut legal and ethical corners, the design and administration of federal laws can be seen as a means of outside monitoring designed to ensure a coincidence of managerial incentives, stockholder interests, and broader social objectives.
The Language of Law and the Foundations of American Constitutionalism: Language, Law, and Liberty: John Locke and the Structures of Modern Constitutionalism

In May 1652, only a year after Thomas Hobbes had shaken the intellectual world to its scholastic roots with his infamous Leviathan , John Locke was elected to Christ Church, Oxford. For the rest of his life, Locke would labor in the mighty shadow Hobbes cast, drawing out the implications of Hobbes's thought all the while denying any influence. To say that the philosophic specter of Hobbes haunted the “thinkeing men of Oxford” in Locke's day is to understate the case. In 1683, at the very time Locke was immersed in the intellectual excursions that would eventuate in the Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) and the Two Treatises of Government (1689), in the last book burning held at Oxford, “Hob's De Cive and Leviathan ” were deemed good fuel for the flames of scholarly intolerance. For Locke, the lesson was hardly ambiguous; the art of writing was far from being free of persecution. If the ages were not still dark, they were surely dim; enlightenment and toleration were for another day. The Oxford that Locke entered was little changed from the one that Hobbes had left decades before. The arid scholasticism Hobbes had encountered and detested at Magdalen was still in control of Christ Church. Locke was no more impressed with the forms and substance of the tradition than Hobbes had been. To Locke, the tedious and pointless exercises in formal logic and rhetoric were mere “hogshearing.” The future philosopher seems to have preferred romance novels.
Expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator from a novel adeno-associated virus promoter

Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV) vectors have been used for gene expression in respiratory epithelial cells and may be useful in gene therapy for diseases like cystic fibrosis (CF) which affect the airways. The AAV p5 promoter together with the AAV inverted terminal repeat (ITR) forms a 263-base pair cassette which mediated efficient expression in a CF bronchial epithelial cell line. We report here that the ITR itself can mediate gene expression. In stable transfection assays, AAV-CF vectors expressing the full-length cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) cDNA from either the p5 promoter or the ITR restored cAMP regulation of the chloride efflux characteristic of CFTR function. An AAV-ITR-CF vector deleted for the amino terminus of CFTR was also functional. This vector was packaged into AAV particles and used to transduce cells without selection. Transduced cells also exhibited cAMP-regulated Cl- efflux. The complemented cell lines showed increased levels of CFTR protein immunofluorescence, and the presence of intact AAV-CF vector sequence was confirmed by Southern blot analysis of rescued vector sequences. These studies provide novel insights into AAV gene expression, and this newly described promoter allows for the production of AAV vectors expressing CFTR in those differentiated cells affected in CF.
Surface tension of the respiratory tract fluid in fetal guinea pigs

Abstract A modification of the maximal bubble pressure method was used for surface tension determination of amniotic fluid and of liquid in various parts of the respiratory tract. Studies were done on guinea pig fetuses weighing from 29 to 113 grams. The value for amniotic fluid was 67.0 ± 4.4 dynes per centimeter, for the liquid in the upper trachea 63.8 ± 7.6 dynes per centimeter, and for that in the lower trachea 62.3 ± 9.3 dynes per centimeter. For that in the bronchii it was 44.2 ± 7.3 dynes per centimeter for fetuses weighing from 85 to 115 grams, and 65.8 ± 4.2 dynes per centimeter for fetuses from 25 to 55 grams. The bronchial values were significantly lower for fetuses of greater weight and significantly different from the surface tension of amniotic fluid. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Competing Interpretations of Buddhism's Revival in the Russian Republic of Kalmykia

This article uses a multiple methods framework to interrogate notions of religious revival among Buddhists in the Russian republic of Kalmykia. Survey results indicate high levels of self-identification among Kalmyks as Buddhists, as well as general support for the notion that the religion has re-established its place in the public sphere in the post-Soviet period. This straightforward interpretation of religious revival is contested, however, in interviews with religious elites and focus group conversations. Interlocutors in these forums were more critical and more nuanced in their understanding of Buddhism's role in contemporary Kalmykia.
Integrating Terrestrial Sequestration Into a Greenhouse Gas Management Plan

Terrestrial sequestration has the potential to contribute to national and global greenhouse gas management strategies. However, spatial and temporal variability in sequestration potential and in the implementation of sequestering technologies introduces serious questions about how to resolve uncertainties and raise the credibility of terrestrial sequestration. Carbon flux in terrestrial ecosystems without land use change generally is less than one ton CO 2 e/ha and driven primarily by precipitation. Land use and management changes are relatively common and are driven by economics and social considerations both in the private and public sectors. Implementing a credible greenhouse gas management program that integrates terrestrial sequestration along with other sources and sinks requires a systematic approach to identify and quantitatively monitor changes in the drivers of terrestrial sequestration. A credible terrestrial sequestration monitoring program will require close attention to integrating direct measurement of soils and vegetation, statistically valid scaling, remote sensing, and computer modeling. Predicting changes at a level of confidence useful to policy development will also require an understanding of how land owners and managers respond to private sector price signals and government conservation initiatives.
Abstract P237: Improved Cardio-metabolic Risk Profile through Targeted Life Style Modification Program

Introduction: Workplace wellness programs are part of the American Heart Association’s (AHA) strategy at improving cardiovascular health. Data suggest that most cost and risk borne by employers is with metabolic syndrome (MS). The current study aimed to ascertain the primary to short-term (12 weeks) efficacy of a lifestyle intervention improvement program (My Unlimited Potential (myUP), among employees of a health care system in improving metabolic status as well as associated degree of vascular inflammation as measured by high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Methods: The MyUP enrolled high risk individuals with at least 2 of the following cardio-metabolic risk factors, total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl, systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, hemoglobin A1C ≥ 6.5%, and body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30. Improvement in cardio-metabolic risk was assessed by the change in number of metabolic risk components and C-reactive protein (CRP) from baseline to 12 week follow-up. Resu...
Knowledge Argument, the

The knowledge argument purports to show that there are nonphysical facts – facts that cannot be expressed in physical terms – because one can know all the physical facts without knowing facts about what it is like to have an experience. Keywords: acquaintance; fact; physicalism; proposition; qualia
Automotive Engine Idle Speed Control with Recurrent Neural Networks

This paper describes the development of recurrent neural network controllers for an automotive engine idle speed control (ISC) problem. Engine ISC is a difficult problem because of troublesome characteristics such as severe process nonlinearities, variable time delays, time-varying process dynamics and unobservable system states and disturbances. We demonstrate that recurrent neural network controllers can be trained to handle these difficulties gracefully while achieving good regulator performance for a representative model of 4-cylinder, 1.6 liter engine. Empirical results clearly illustrate that neural network controllers with relatively large amounts of internal feedback provide more robust performance for the ISC problem than do neural network controllers that are static or contain limited internal recurrent connections.
Risk-Aversion, Capital Asset Allocation, and Markowitz Portfolio-Selection Model

In this chapter, we first introduce utility function and indifference curve. Based on utility theory, we derive the Markowitz’s model and the efficient frontier through the creation of efficient portfolios of varying risk and return. We also include methods of solving for the efficient frontier both graphically and mathematically, with and without explicitly incorporating short selling.
GaSb Inversion-Mode PMOSFETs With Atomic-Layer-Deposited $\hbox{Al}_{2}\hbox{O}_{3}$ as Gate Dielectric

GaSb inversion-mode PMOSFETs with atomic-layer-deposited (ALD) Al2O3 as gate dielectric are demonstrated. A 0.75- μm-gate-length device has a maximum drain current of 70 mA/mm, a transconductance of 26 mS/mm, and a hole inversion mobility of 200 cm2/V ·s. The off-state performance is improved by reducing the ALD growth temperature from 300°C to 200°C. The measured interface trap distribution shows a low interface trap density of 2 × 1012/cm2·eV near the valence band edge. However, it increases to 1 - 4 ×1013/cm2 ·eV near the conduction band edge, leading to a drain current on-off ratio of 265 and a subthreshold swing of ~ 600 mV/decade. GaSb, similar to Ge, is a promising channel material for PMOSFETs due to its high bulk hole mobility, high density of states at the valence band edge, and, most importantly, its unique interface trap distribution and trap neutral level alignment.
How Different are Safeguards from Antidumping? Evidence from U.S. Trade Policies Toward Steel

Use of temporary trade barriers (TTBs) has proliferated across countries, industries, and even policy instruments. We construct a panel of bilateral, product-level US steel imports matched to a unique data set on trade policy exclusions associated with the 2002 US steel safeguard in order to compare the trade impacts resulting from application of various TTB policies over 1989-2003. We find the trade effects of an applied safeguard – which is statutorily expected to follow the principle of nondiscriminatory treatment – can nevertheless compare closely to application of the explicitly discriminatory antidumping policy. Our results on trade policy substitutability complement other recent research on these increasingly important forms of import protection.
CCN1 Regulates Chondrocyte Maturation and Cartilage Development

WNT/β-CATENIN signaling is involved in multiple aspects of skeletal development, including chondrocyte differentiation and maturation. Although the functions of β-CATENIN in chondrocytes have been extensively investigated through gain-of-function and loss-of-function mouse models, the precise downstream effectors through which β-CATENIN regulates these processes are not well defined. Here, we report that the matricellular protein, CCN1, is induced by WNT/β-CATENIN signaling in chondrocytes. Specifically, we found that β-CATENIN signaling promotes CCN1 expression in isolated primary sternal chondrocytes and both embryonic and postnatal cartilage. Additionally, we show that, in vitro, CCN1 overexpression promotes chondrocyte maturation, whereas inhibition of endogenous CCN1 function inhibits maturation. To explore the role of CCN1 on cartilage development and homeostasis in vivo, we generated a novel transgenic mouse model for conditional Ccn1 overexpression and show that cartilage-specific CCN1 overexpression leads to chondrodysplasia during development and cartilage degeneration in adult mice. Finally, we demonstrate that CCN1 expression increases in mouse knee joint tissues after meniscal/ligamentous injury (MLI) and in human cartilage after meniscal tear. Collectively, our data suggest that CCN1 is an important regulator of chondrocyte maturation during cartilage development and homeostasis.
Effects of photoperiodicity on serum glucose levels in goldfish (Carassius auratus).

Abstract 1. Blood samples were collected from goldfish maintained on photoperiod schedules of either continuous light, 12-12 hr light-dark, or 12-12 hr reversed light-dark. 2. Serum glucose levels were determined using commercially available Glucostat enzyme assay kits. 3. The distribution of serum glucose levels among goldfish maintained on continuous light was bimodal indicating possible asynchronous cycling. 4. The serum glucose levels of goldfish maintained on 12-12 hr dark was significantly higher during the dark period than during the light period.
Rethinking the Use of Personal History Information: The Value of Theory-Based Biodata for Predicting Turnover

This article argues the case for the use of theoretically-grounded biodata information as valid predictors of employee behavior and outlines a procedure for the use of biodata variables with relatively small samples. The usefulness of this approach was demonstrated in a study assessing the ability of theory-based biodata items to predict the turnover of bank tellers. The results of this study demonstrate the predictive power and the practical value of using carefully chosen biodata information. In particular, tenure in prior job, relevance of prior job experience, and education level were found to significantly predict teller turnover.
DETERMINING αs FROM MEASUREMENTS AT Z: HOW NATURE PROMPTS US ABOUT NEW PHYSICS

The value of αs (Mz) emerging from the so-called global fits based mainly on the data at the Z peak (and assuming the standard model) is three standard deviations higher than the one stemming from the low-energy phenomenology. The corresponding value of ΛQCD is very large, ~500 MeV, and is incompatible with crucial features of QCD. If persists, the discrepancy should be interpreted as due to contributions to the Z-quark-antiquark vertices which go beyond the standard model.
Sequential changes in glucose metabolism by adipose tissue and liver of rats after destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamic muclei: Effect of three dietary regimens

Abstract U- 14 C-glucose metabolism by adipose tissue and liver was studied in vitro at several time periods after destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei (VMN) in weanling rats on three dietary regimens. In addition, plasma insulin and glucose, food intake, carcass composition, and weight gain were measured. The animals fed ad lib, comprising experimental series I, were sacrificed at varying intervals from 2 to 13 days after lesion placement. Results in rats with lesions showed: an initial depression in food intake by lesioned animals; hyperinsulinemia and increased lipogenesis by liver and adipose tissue during a period of hypophagia; a delay of several days before increased glucose oxidation became apparent; and difference between the responses of liver and adipose tissue to lesioning. Animals in experimental series II were tube fed a quantity of diet inadequate to maintain body weight (semistarvation). This suppressed all metabolic and hormonal alterations that normally accompany VMN destruction. In experimental series III, all animals were tube fed a sufficient quantity of diet to insure weight gain in an attempt to standardize food intake and feeding pattern. Rats with lesions demonstrated: an increase in fatty acid labeling by liver 24 hr postoperatively, accompanied by hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia; asynchronous enhancement of glucose utilization, such that liver glucose oxidation was not elevated until 24 hr after an increase in liver lipogenesis; and delay in the increase in adipose tissue glucose utilization until 72 hr after the elevation of plasma insulin and glucose.
Tailoring the spatial coherence of random lasers

Summary form only given. Spatial coherence is one of the signature properties of traditional lasers. While spatial coherence allows laser emission to be focused to a small volume or collimated over long distances, it is also the cause of deleterious effects such as speckle which has limited the adoption of lasers in most imaging applications. In this work, we show that random lasers have the unique ability to exhibit tunable spatial coherence. We discuss the parameters which dictate the spatial coherence of random lasers and show that a random laser with low spatial coherence can produce speckle-free images. Random lasers are an unconventional laser in which optical feedback is provided by multiple scattering in a disordered medium. The random lasers used in this work consisted of a laser dye solution (Rhodamine 640) interspersed with scattering particles (240 nm diameter polystyrene spheres). The random laser was optically excited using a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser. To study the spatial coherence of the random laser, we imaged the front of the cuvette containing the random laser solution onto a Young's double slit and recorded the interference fringes in the far-field. The visibility of these fringes provided a measure of the spatial coherence. We repeated the double slit experiment for random lasers with varying concentrations of scattering particles and with varying excitation volumes (controlled by de-focusing the pump laser). We present a summary of these experiments. This study indicates that the spatial coherence of random lasers can be tuned over a wide range by adjusting the scatterer concentration and excitation volume. Based on this study, we engineered a random laser with low spatial coherence (ls=100 μm, d=300 μm) and compared its ability to produce speckle-free images with a commercial HeNe laser. In the imaging experiment, the random laser or HeNe laser illuminated a U.S. Air Force chart, which was imaged in transmission through a thin scattering film. Using the random laser, the test chart is clearly visible, despite the high background signal introduced by the scattering film. However, using the HeNe laser, high contrast speckle precludes observation of the test chart. We also performed this imaging experiment using an LED which is known to exhibit low spatial coherence and observed a similar image to that obtained with the random laser. Thus, the random laser produces speckle-free images with similar quality to traditionally low spatial coherence sources such as LEDs while maintaining laser level intensity.
Tamper-indicating quantum optical seals

We demonstrate a quantum optical seal using entangled photons to monitor the integrity of a fiber-optic channel subject to tampering. This application of quantum photonics provides a basis for physical layer security in cyber-physical systems.
A change in the twist of the actin-containing filaments occurs during the extension of the acrosomal process in Limulus sperm☆

Abstract The spectacular extension of the acrosomal process in Limulus sperm is effected by a bundle of actin-containing filaments with apparently no contribution from myosin. The bundle is coiled about the base of the sperm and, upon reaction, unwinds and extends out of the anterior end of the sperm with a screwing motion. We have analyzed the structure of the bundle in the coil and following its discharge. Optical diffraction studies of electron micrographs show a difference in the twist of the filaments in the two forms. The filaments in the coil have a twist of 0.23 ° per subunit more than that in the true discharge. As the signal to extend moves down the coil, the filaments change their twist and the bundle straightens. The coupling of these two movements produces the screwing motion. In the coil, the filaments wind around the axis of the bundle. As the filaments change their twist, the winding is undone. From freeze-fracture replicas we determined the hand of the winding of filaments in the coil and, in thin sections, we were able to determine the number of turns the filaments make for each loop of the coil. From these data we were able to predict the hand and amount of rotation during the discharge. From movie film sequences we could determine only the amount of rotation and found it to be 0.25 ° ± 0.05 ° per subunit discharged. This is in reasonable agreement with the expected value of 0.23 ° ± 0.05 ° per subunit. We propose that it is the change in twist of the actin filaments themselves that is responsible for the generation of force for the extension of the acrosomal process.
PONTLYFNI: A DIFFERENTIATED METEORITE RELATED TO THE GROUP IAB IRONS

The abundances of 23 major and trace elements in the Pontlyfni meteorite have been measured by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The compositions of the metal and silicate fractions suggest a genetic relationship between Pontlyfni and the group IAB irons.
Measuring Relative Reactivities of Electrophilic Aromatic Bromination Using a Benchtop GC-MS

This laboratory provides students with the opportunity to reinforce their knowledge of the numerous parameters involved in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. These concepts are investigated using a benchtop GC:MS. Students obtain hands-on experience with the coupling of gas-chromatographic analysis and mass-spectral analysis. Each student determines one data point by reacting a pair of compounds with bromine and iron (ID) chloride. Individual results are then pooled into composite class data, affording students more available information for analysis than is typical in an organic chemistry laboratory.
Jomon Sherds from Aomori, Japan, Not Mele, Efate

The presence of Japanese Jomon sherds from Aomori in an artefact collection from Vanuatu has been attributed alternately to Jomon voyaging or to adventitious mingling of artefacts of different proveniences. The paleoshoreline history of Efate indicates that the site where the Jomon sherds were purportedly collected was submerged during Jomon time, making introduction of the sherds into Vanuatu by Jomon voyagers implausible. The anomalous sherds were probably taken directly from Japan to Paris, and inadvertently introduced there into the Vanuatu collection.
Telomere shortening occurs in subsets of normal breast epithelium as well as in situ and invasive carcinoma

In the setting of inactivated DNA damage-sensitive checkpoints, critically shortened telomeres promote chromosomal instability and the types of widespread cytogenetic alterations that characterize most human carcinomas. Using a direct telomere fluorescence in situ hybridization technique, we analyzed 114 invasive breast carcinomas, 29 carcinoma in situ lesions, 10 benign proliferative lesions, and different normal epithelial components of the male and female breast. We found marked telomere shortening in the majority (52.5%) of invasive carcinomas; smaller subsets of invasive carcinoma demonstrated moderate telomere shortening (17.5%) or normal telomere lengths (21%), while a small subgroup (5%) contained elongated telomeres. Strikingly, the majority (78%) of ductal carcinoma in situ demonstrated markedly or moderately shortened telomeres. Surprisingly, unlike all other normal epithelia studied to date, moderate telomere shortening was observed in benign secretory cells in approximately 50% of histologically-normal terminal duct lobular units (from which most breast cancer is thought to arise), while such shortening was not seen in myoepithelial cells or normal large lactiferous ducts of the female breast or male breast ducts (from which breast cancer infrequently arises). We postulate that such shortening is the result of hormonally driven, physiological proliferation, and may delineate a population of epithelial cells at risk for subsequent malignant transformation.
A rapid and sensitive assay for the detection of eukaryotic ribosome dissociation factors

Abstract A rapid and sensitive assay has been developed for the factor-dependent dissociation of eukaryotic ribosomes. This assay takes advantage of the observation that initiation factor eIF-2 will bind Met-tRNAfmet to 40 S subunits but not to 80 S ribosomes. Incubation of wheat germ ribosomes at 1 m m Mg2+ results in their dissociation into 40 S subunits. These subunits spontaneously reassociate when the Mg2+ concentration is raised to 4 m m . However, if the incubation at 1 m m Mg2+ is carried out in the presence of an extract containing a ribosome dissociation factor, a certain portion of the subunits will fail to reassociate when the Mg2+ concentration is raised to 4 m m . The 40 S subunits remaining due to the presence of the dissociation factor can bind [35S]Met-tRNAfmet in the presence of wheat germ eIF-2. The [35S]Met-tRNAfmet bound to the 40 S subunits is readily detected by its retention on a Millipore filter.
Microbial selective plugging and enhanced oil recovery

The ability of indigenous populations of microorganisms in Berea sandstone to improve the volumetric sweep efficiency and increase oil recovery by in situ growth and metabolism following the injection of nutrients was studied. Cores of differing permeabilities connected in parallel without crossflow and slabs of sandstone with differing permeabilities in capillary contact to allow crossflow were used. The addition of a sucrosenitrate mineral salts medium stimulated the growth and metabolism of microorganisms in the sandstone systems. This resulted in a preferential decrease in permeability in the core or slab with the higher initial permeability, diverted flow into the lower-permeability core or slab and improved the volumetric sweep efficiency. Injectivity into the slab with the lower initial permeability in the crossflow system increased during subsequent nutrient injections. Thus, microbial selective plugging does occur in laboratory systems that have the complex flow patterns observed in petroleum reservoirs without losing the ability to inject fluids into the formation. In situ microbial growth and metabolism increased oil recovery 10 to 38% of the original oil in place. Biogenic gas production accompanied oil production, and much of the gas was entrained within the produced oil suggesting that gas production was an important factor leading to increased oil recovery. Quantitation of the amount of phospholipid in the core confirmed that microbial growth preferentially occurred throughout the core with the higher initial permeability. These data showed that in situ microbial growth in the high-permeability regions improved not only the volumetric sweep efficiency but also the microscopic oil displacement efficiency.
Interfacing high technology operations with blue collar workers: selection and appraisal in a computerized manufacturing setting

Abstract Selection and performance appraisal are fundamental human resource management functions that need to be studied in the context of high technology. The present investigation examines selection test validities and the effectiveness of both subjective and objective measures of performance. The setting was a blue collar but nontraditional forging operation which is best characterized as a technical batch (Hull & Collins, 1987) production system. The pattern of results indicate the relative importance of higher level cognitive over routine mechanical and motor capabilities and suggest deficiency in objective measures of worker performance. Directions for future human resource management research in the area of high technology are discussed.
THE TRUANCY COURT DIVERSION PROGRAM OF THE FAMILY COURT, WARREN CIRCUIT COURT DIVISION III, BOWLING GREEN, KENTUCKY: AN EVALUATION OF IMPACT ON ATTENDANCE AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Educators, parents, and community services partnered with the family court judge to implement the Truancy Court Diversion Program (TCDP). TCDP significantly impacted unexcused absences, unexcused tardies, and academic performance of the elementary and junior high students participating in the program. Elementary participants were more likely to maintain their improved attendance following participation than were junior high participants. Nonetheless, junior high participant grade point averages increased during TCDP and were maintained subsequent to TCDP. TCDP was an effective intervention for improving attendance and academic performance and helping preclude future delinquency.
Multiple-gridding of the Euler equations with an implicit scheme

The multiple-grid scheme of Ni (1981) for the solution of the unsteady Euler equations for quasi-one-dimensional transonic flow problems is analyzed according to its ability to accelerate convergence to a steady state solution, its applicability to an implicit scheme, its accuracy, and its stability limits. This scheme is applied successfully to McCormack's (1981) implicit method of solving quasi-one-dimensional transonic flow problems for CFL numbers significantly greater than unity. It is determined that the second order accuracy of this implicit method is preserved by employing the multiple gridding. However, stability limitations that are flow dependent are introduced into the implicit method by the use of the multiple-grid scheme which will curtail its use under certain flow conditions. A scaling modification for the multiple grid scheme is developed which further improves its performance when used with explicit and artificially-damped implicit methods without any increase in computational work.
Intestinal perforation after treatment of Burkitt's lymphoma: Case report and review of the literature

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) is the most common intestinal malignancy in children, and Burkitt's lymphoma is the most frequently encountered histologic subtype. In pediatric patients, intestinal involvement of the lymphoma is a common finding. As over half of these intestinal tumors are unresectable at the time of presentation, chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment. However, as the tumor responds to chemotherapy, regression of the tumor in the bowel wall can result in intestinal perforation. We report a unique case of a pediatric patient with lymphoma-related intestinal perforation which was managed with a damage control laparotomy, discuss operative management strategies in these difficult cases, and provide a review of similar cases in the literature.
MORPHOLOGY OF CHAETOMIUM ERRATICUM

A B S T R A C T Development of perithecia from single, uninucleate ascospores disclosed a homothallic condition for Chaetomium erraticum. This species was found to produce sessile ascogonial coil initials from uninucleate vegetative cells that become enveloped by hyphae formed at the base of the ascogonium. The ascogonium consists of several cells that are uninucleate or binucleate. A perithecium forms from numerous divisions and enlargement of the surrounding uninucleate cells. Differentiation of the perithecial cells results in the formation of a carbonaceous wall, perithecial hairs, and an ostiole lined with periphyses. A convex hymenial cluster of ascogenouis cells forms in the lower half of the centrum from which typical croziers develop. Asci push up into the pseudoparenchyma cells of the centrum. The growth of the ascogenous system is in part responsible for increase in perithecial size. The breakdown of the pseudoparenchyma cells around the developing asci results in the formation of a central cavity in which ascospores are released when the asci deliquesce. No paraphyses are present. The type of development and features of the centrum of C. erraticum and other species of Chaetomium indicate a distinct Xylaria-type centrum. SPECIES belonging to the genus Chaetomium K-unze have been grouped taxonomically primnarily on the characteristics of size and shape of perithecia, terminal hairs, and ascospores (Skolko and Groves, 1953; Udagawa, 1960; Ames, 1961). These characteristics are useful in determining species but may not indicate true taxonomic relationships. The use of ascus type and centrum morphology should offer more useful criteria in establishing relationships among species of this genus. Most studies dealing with morphology of the genus Chaetomium have been concerned with the initial stages of the ascogonium. Detailed structure of the centrum has been studied only in C. globosum Kunze ex Fries (Oltmanns, 1887; Whiteside, 1961), C. spirale Zopf (Dangeard, 1907), C. elatum Kunze ex Fries (Moreau and Moreau, 1954), C. brasiliense Batista and Pontual (Whiteside, 1957,
Is there disproportionate impairment in semantic or phonemic fluency in schizophrenia

Phonemic and semantic fluency involve the capacity to generate words beginning with particular letters or belonging to particular categories, respectively. The former has been associated with frontal lobe function and the latter with temporoparietal function, but neuroimaging studies indicate overlap of underlying neural networks. Schizophrenia patients may experience disproportionate semantic fluency impairment owing to abnormal semantic organization; however, executive dysfunction in schizophrenia suggests possible disproportionate phonemic fluency impairment. Moreover, little is known about the diagnostic specificity of either verbal fluency deficit to schizophrenia or their stability over time. We examined 83 schizophrenia patients, 15 bipolar disorder patients, and 83 normal controls. Both fluency types were impaired in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia patients as a whole manifested disproportionate semantic fluency impairment relative to bipolar disorder patients, but only a subset of schizophrenia patients manifested disproportionate semantic fluency impairment relative to controls. Few characteristics, except to some extent paranoid-nonparanoid subtype, meaningfully differentiated schizophrenia patients with and without this disproportionate impairment. Verbal fluency measures were moderately stable over a 4-year period in schizophrenia patients and controls (.48 < rs < .79). These results mirror a literature that overall suggests a small degree of disproportionate semantic fluency impairment in schizophrenia, but also some heterogeneity in fluency deficits.
Clinical potential of nonhemoglobin oxygen therapeutics in cardiac and general surgery.

Significant efforts have been made over the past 70 years to find a solution that could substitute for blood. Over the years, the focus has shifted to developing a solution capable of delivering oxygen to the tissues. Fluorocarbons (FC) are highly inert solutions with a high solubility for all gases, making them a prime candidate to become such an oxygen delivery agent. Although clinical research efforts into the use of these agents as substitutes for blood transfusions continue at present, the rapid disappearance of emulsified FCs from the vascular space and accumulation in the liver and spleen may well limit their usefulness as transfusion substitutes. Because of their ability to dissolve significant quantities of oxygen and carbon dioxide, these agents may be more attractive as oxygen delivery agents during periods of local or global organ ischemia, including preservation of organs for transplantation. FCs have also been tested in animal models of cardiopulmonary bypass, and may be efficacious in adsorbing the gases present in air emboli. Recently a second class of oxygen therapeutics (allosteric modifiers) has been developed, and these agents enhance oxygen delivery by shifting the oxygen dissociation curve to the right, thus increasing tissue PO2. Allosteric modifiers have been shown to effectively shift the p50 of hemoglobin 10mm Hg at clinically relevant dosages, and have been shown (in animal models) to reduce cerebral infarct size following carotid ligation and to improve myocardial performance following myocardial ischemia. Despite significant research efforts, however, none of the solutions under development are currently approved for clinical use by the Food and Drug Administration, with the exception of myocardial contrast imaging agents.
Developmental regulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in rat brain.

Proteins phosphorylated at tyrosine residues in the developing rat brain have been identified with a focus on the nerve growth cone and synaptic terminal. Endogenous protein phosphorylation in membranes from a subcellular growth cone fraction of fetal rat brain revealed prominent 55–60 kD phosphotyrosine-contaning proteins. Proteins of similar size were recognized by phosphotyrosine antibodies in isolated growth cone membranes, indicating that they contained phos photyrosine in vivo. Proteins of 55–60 kD were not highly phosphorylated in synaptosomes from adult brain, suggesting a growth cone-specific function. Generally, tyrosine phosphorylation was much lower in adult brain than in fetal brain fractions. Although some synaptosomal membrane proteins that contained phosphotyrosine corresponded in size with those in growth cone membranes (92 kD, 41 kD), others were unique to synaptosomal membranes (38 kD and 30 kD). Immunoperoxidase staining of fetal rat neocortex with phosphotyrosine antibodies at embryonic day 19 revealed immunoreactivity in presumptive migratory neuroblasts in the intermediate zone and in processes of the molecular layer. Proliferating neuroepithelial cells of the ventricular zone showed little immunore-activity. Lower levels of phosphotyrosine immunore activity were seen until postnatal day 10, correlating with the period of maximal process outgrowth. These results indicate that protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the developing nervous system may be functionally significant in an aspect of neuronal differentiation such as growth cone-mediated process extension and cell migration. An analogous role in the mature brain may be related to synaptic plasticity or function.
Micro-Einzel lens for wafer-integrated electron beam actuation

Miniaturizing charged particle beam actuator systems to the wafer-scale Si-based micromachined platforms, requires devices such as micro-Einzel lenses, which are used to control beam trajectory and focusing in targeted small volumes. In this paper, we present a highly versatile 3D fabrication process that provides high aspect ratio multi-electrode structures that enable electrostatic Einzel lenses, quadrupoles, and hexapoles, for in-plane and out-of-plane particle motion-control. We demonstrate 3 wafer-layer Einzel lens with predicted focal length shifts of up to 167mm for voltages up to 300V. This lens actuator technology paves the way for integrated charged particle beam systems such as parallel e-beam lithography that offers much faster writing times than conventional single-beam systems.
Negative life events and the adjustment of school-age children: Testing protective models

Investigated the association between negative life events and protective factors in predicting the adaptive, emotional, and behavioral functioning of school-age children. Three possible models of this relation were tested using hierarchical analyses: the compensatory model, the challenge model, and the immunity/vulnerability model. Participants were 140 children between the ages of 8 to 13.6 years. Inconsistent with all 3 models, negative life events were not associated with adaptive or internalizing behavior. However, consistent with the compensatory model, both negative life events and protective factors contributed independently to the prediction of externalizing behavior. Also, a significant interaction was found in predicting internalizing behavior for the female-only sample showing girls with significant negative lye events and social support demonstrating less internalizing behavior.
Developing a framework for performance analysis of a production process controlled by Kanban and CONWIP

In this paper, we develop a framework for comparing pull production control systems, which defines and contains of activity interaction diagram and critical circuit. Kanban and CONWIP control systems are focused on and analyzed. We show that, for a production process controlled by Kanban or CONWIP, the critical circuit determines performance measures, such as the system throughput. Initial inventories as well as card distribution are important parameters that decide the critical circuit, and hence influence the system performance. In addition, by means of our proposed framework, we provide comparative results between Kanban and CONWIP control systems in tree-shaped production processes and serial production lines as sample applications of the framework. The results show that determining the certain superior production control system depends on the system parameters, such as the process structure, initial values and processing times.
Action of avermectin B1a on the leg muscles and the nervous system of the American cockroach

Abstract The action of avermectin was studied in the leg muscle and the central nervous system of the American cockroach, Periplanata americana L. Avermectin at a low concentration (10 −7 M ) causes a failure of the leg muscles to respond to external stimuli within 30 min without affecting the magnitude of contraction. Avermectin was found to stimulate Cl − uptake by the leg muscles within 4 min at 10 −7 M . The threshold concentration to cause such stimulation was on the order of 10 −8 M . This stimulatory action could be antagonized by picrotoxinin (10 −4 M ) and to a lesser extent by bicuculline methiodide (10 −4 M ). The phenomenon is observable under both Na + -free and K + -free conditions. It was concluded that the action of avermectin is to open the chloride channel on the plasma membrane. This action of avermectin does not seem to be mediated through GABA, GABA receptors, diazepine receptors, or picrotoxinin receptor in this insect species, and therefore suggests that avermectin directly attacks the chloride channel proper both in the central nervous and the neuromuscular systems.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel anti-malarial lead

Malaria is re-emerging in many tropical areas of the world and is often fatal due to drug resistance, leading to about a million deaths each year. Multiple drug resistance has required new efforts in drug discovery and development. Thus, the search for new drugs operating by novel mechanisms of action is receiving increased attention. Herein we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel anti-malarial with micromolar activity against resistant strains of the parasite.