cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maximum likelihood Bayesian averaging of uncertain model predictions

Hydrologic analyses typically rely on a single conceptual-mathematical model. Yet hydrologic environments are open and complex, rendering them prone to multiple interpretations and mathematical descriptions. Adopting only one of these may lead to statistical bias and underestimation of uncertainty. A comprehensive strategy for constructing alternative conceptual-mathematical models of subsurface flow and transport, selecting the best among them, and using them jointly to render optimum predictions under uncertainty has recently been developed by Neuman and Wierenga (2003). This paper describes a key formal element of this much broader and less formal strategy that concerns rendering optimum hydrologic predictions by means of several competing deterministic or stochastic models and assessing their joint predictive uncertainty. The paper proposes a Maximum Likelihood Bayesian Model Averaging (MLBMA) method to accomplish this goal. MLBMA incorporates both site characterization and site monitoring data so as to base the outcome on an optimum combination of prior information (scientific knowledge plus data) and model predictions. A preliminary example based on real data is included in the paper.
Steady-state analysis of in-situ combustion

In this paper, an alternative simplified steady-state analysis is attempted by treating the combustion region as a moving zone of constant length, within which the oxidation reaction is taking place. Steady-state solutions are obtained which relate the combustion characteristics, such as front velocity, combustion temperature, and reaction extent, to the reservoir and process parameters. In particular, the effects of reservoir thickness, heat losses to surrounding formations, initial reservoir temperature, injection rate, and injection pressure are analyzed. The numerical results obtained agree both quantitatively with field values previously reported for successful in-situ combustion projects.
Old Hierarchies or New Networks of Centrality? - The Global Geography of the Internet Content Market

Using a combination of domain names and user counts, this article provides an assessment of the global distribution of Internet content creation at the national and urban levels and the structure of the supply and demand for this content at the national level. Theories of export-based development are used to assess the strengths and weaknesses of countries' Internet presence and the ramifications of this for future development.
The vapor-phase oxidation of n-butane in a flow reactor

Abstract Butane was partially oxidized in a flow reactor at 325–425°C and 0.25–6.5 atm. The study was directed toward the effects of numerous variables on product distribution, rather than on factors influencing the overall reaction rate. Emphasis was placed on the direct products—those formed directly from either the butyl peroxy radical or the butyl radical. Increasing the surface area or changing the surface area from glass to stainless steel reduced the reaction rate, and at the higher temperatures increased the yield of cracking products; however, in general such changes did not affect the distribution of other direct products. Increasing the partial pressure of butane, oxygen, or inert gas increased the ratio of direct oxygenated products to butene, the only exception being the butene oxides. Increasing the temperature had the opposite effect. The results indicate that the direct oxygenated products and the butenes are produced almost entirely by a homogeneous reaction, and suggest that the association of the butyl radical and oxygen is a termolecular reaction involving the deactivation of the nascent, excited butyl peroxy radical. The direct oxygenated products are believed to be formed from the deactivated butyl peroxy radical; the butenes probably are formed directly from the reaction of butyl radical and oxygen. Cracking products are produced homogeneously at 325°C, but primarily heterogeneously at 425°C. Heterogeneous cracking is catalyzed by stainless steel and does not occur when only glass is present. Secondary oxidation of butene does not occur to a measurable extent.
Eye Care by Primary Care Physicians: A Survey of Internists and Family Practitioners in the Sacramento, California, Area

Abstract To assess the status of eye care as provided by primary care physicians, 193 internists or family practitioners were asked to complete a survey that focused on screening methods and referral patterns. In screening adult patients for glaucoma, 14% of 74 respondents await visual complaints before evaluation and/or referral. Eighteen percent of respondents first refer type II diabetic patients only after personally noting typical funduscopic changes in the undilated fundus. Other ophthalmic care issues are addressed. Results of the survey suggest that greater effort in ophthalmic education of primary care physicians could result in improved ophthalmic care.
Cost Per Meal as a Productivity Index in the Elderly Nutrition Program

The federally funded Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP) began in 1972 under Title 7 of the Older Americans A ct, and has grown considerably since then. This article reports the results of a 1988 national study that collected information on cost per meal in relationship to a number of other variables in a random sample of ENPs nationally. Based on this data, reservations are advanced about using cost per meal as a productivity index in ENPs, as suggested by the federal government.
Occurrence of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate in the phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria solani and Phymatotrichum omnivorum

The phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria solani and Phymatotrichum omnivorum both contain a factor which competes with cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) in the protein kinase binding assay and exhibits chromatographic behavior identical to authentic cAMP. The factor is sensitive to 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and has degradation kinetics identical to authentic cAMP. By these criteria the factor has been identified as cAMP. A. solani releases cAMP into the medium, and the levels of both extracellular and intracellular cAMP change during growth of A. solani in culture.
Application of active optical sensors to probe the vertical structure of the urban boundary layer and assess anomalies in air quality model PM2.5 forecasts

Abstract In this paper, the simulations of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Models applied to the New York City (NYC) area are assessed with the aid of vertical profiling and column integrated remote sensing measurements. First, we find that when turbulent mixing processes are dominant, the WRF-derived planetary boundary layer (PBL) height exhibits a strong linear correlation (R > 0.85) with lidar-derived PBL height. In these comparisons, we estimate the PBL height from the lidar measurements using a Wavelet Covariance Transform (WCT) approach that is modified to better isolate the convective layer from the residual layer (RL). Furthermore, the WRF-Lidar PBL height comparisons are made using different PBL parameterization schemes, including the Asymmetric Convective Model-version2 (ACM2) and the Modified Blackadar (BLK) scheme (which are both runs using hindcast data), as well as the Mellor-Yamada-Janjic (MYJ) scheme run in forecast mode. Our findings show that the correlations for these runs are high (>0.8), but the hindcast runs exhibit smaller overall dispersion (≈0.1) than the forecast runs. We also apply continuous 24-hour/7-day vertical ceilometer measurements to assess WRF-CMAQ model forecasts of surface PM2.5 (particulate matter has aerodynamic diameter
Factors which influence ovulatory regradation of rabbit ovarian follicles.

Ovarian follicles contain at least two “collagenolytic” enzymes that can be detected by an assay in which follicular tissue is cultured on gels composed of reconstituted collagen. One enzyme is most active at pH 5.5 (with a range of 4.0-6.8), and is detectable within 10-15 h after tissue incubation. The other enzyme is active at physiological pH (7.0-7.8), but requires approximately 30 h of incubation before the collagen gels begin to exhibit digestion. Both enzymes are present in appreciable amounts in mature Graafian follicles. They are inhibited by EDTA, alpha2 -macroglobulin, fetal calf serum, rabbit serum, and high concentrations of ascorbic acid, Chloroquine inhibits the activity at pH 7.4, but does not affect the enzyme that is active at pH 5.5. Neither enzyme is distinctly inhibited by cysteine, trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz), ceruloplasmin, indomethacin, or alpha1 -antitrypsin. In consideration of various ovarian factors which may influence the expression of this collagenolytic activity, it is concluded that these enzymes could be active in the digestion of the follicle wall during ovulation.
Differential modulation of G1 cyclins and the Cdk inhibitor p27kip1 by platelet-derived growth factor and plasma factors in density-arrested fibroblasts.

Stimulation of quiescent Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts into S phase requires the synergistic action of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and progression factors found in platelet-poor plasma (PPP). Traverse of the G1/S phase boundary and the initiation of DNA replication require functional cyclin E-cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 2 and cyclin A-Cdk2 complexes; however, the mechanisms by which PDGF and PPP regulate Cdk2 activation are not known. Density-arrested fibroblasts contain low levels of cyclins E and A, and high levels of the Cdk inhibitor p27kip1. Exposure to PDGF, which stimulates cell cycle entry but not progression through G1, induces the formation of cyclin D1-Cdk4 complexes that bind p27kip1 and titrate the pool of Kip1 available to inhibit Cdk2. In addition, PDGF stimulates a moderate transient reduction in the abundance of p27kip1 protein. However, limited expression of cyclin E and cyclin A is observed after PDGF treatment, and in the absence of PPP, p27 levels are sufficient to bind and inactivate existing cyclin-Cdk complexes. Although plasma does not significantly increase the proportion of Kip1 bound to cyclin D1-Cdk4, stimulation of PDGF-treated cells with plasma does overcome the threshold inhibition of p27kip1 by further increasing the expression of cyclins E and A and decreasing the amount of Kip1 over a prolonged time period. Our results indicate that the distinct mitogenic activities of PDGF and PPP differentially influence the activation of cyclin E- and cyclin A-associated kinases that ultimately regulate entry into S phase.
Influence of Ventricular Pressure Drop on Mitral Annulus Dynamics Through the Process of Vortex Ring Formation

Several studies have suggested that the mitral annulus displacement and velocity in early diastole can be used as indicators of diastolic performance. The peak velocity of the mitral annulus away from the LV apex during early diastole, which indicates the rate of longitudinal expansion of the LV, is reduced in patients with impaired diastolic relaxation. With the intention of relating the trans-mitral flow to mitral annulus plane dynamics, we measured mitral annulus recoil force for different valve sizes, while applying an exponential pressure drop in a simplified model of the ventricle. The temporal changes in diameter of the valve during rapid filling phase were also considered. The process of ventricular vortex formation was studied together with the measurement of mitral annulus recoil force within different pressure drop conditions. Matching the vorticity contour plots with the recoil force measurements resulted in the fact that the magnitude of recoil is maximal once the vortex ring is about to pinch off, regardless of the valve size or the characteristics of ventricular pressure drop. This study showed that the mitral annulus recoil is maximal once occurs at the vortex formation time ranging from 3.5 to 4.5. It was also shown that the presence of leaflets would dissipate the annulus recoil force.
Making a market : mass privatization in the Czech and Slovak Republics

The author assesses the Czechoslovak mass privatization program for speed, equity, and corporate governance. The program transferred claims on assets in 1,491 enterprises - assets worth about $10.7 billion - to the 8.5 million citizens who participated in the scheme. The entire cycle of project preparation, public information, and nationwide simultaneous bidding took 14 months. This was equivalent to privatizing more than three medium-scale and large-scale enterprises, on average, per day. Equity objectives were achieved by transferring equal claims (equivalent to about $1,250 per person) to all participants and by putting in place a transparent and decentralized process. The government's role was simple to provide a framework and a set of rules for potential firms, managers, and shareholders to find each other. The scheme's design - based on simultaneous sequential bidding rounds - worked to put information about enterprise values into the public domain by allowing increasingly informed bidders to interact. The structure of ownership that emerged will have very different implications for corporate governance. Enterprises in the Czech Republic, and those that sold for high prices in the bidding rounds, are characterized by a greater concentration of shareholdings. Those in the Slovak Republic, and those that sold for lower prices, have more diffuse ownership structures. The mass privatization scheme served to quickly differentiate the enterprises with favorable prospects from those with unfavorable prospects under current conditions. But enterprises that could have survived in some form, if they had been restructured before privatization, or enterprises that could have been viable but lacked effective governance, were sacrificed for the sake of speed and decentralization.
Short-Radius Guardrail System for NCHRP Report 350 Test Level 2 Conditions:

When a road or driveway intersects a highway with certain restrictive features (bridge rail, culvert, etc.), it is difficult to fit the proper guardrail length (transition, length-of-need guardrail, and end treatment) along the primary roadway. Site constraints such as private driveways, state roads, and parish or county roads may intersect the primary road and prohibit the placement of a properly designed guardrail of the length needed. In these cases, the alternatives are to shorten the designed guardrail length, to relocate the constraint that is blocking placement of the guardrail, and to provide a curved or T-intersection guardrail design. This curved guardrail system is usually known as a short-radius guardrail. This paper investigated the performance of previously tested short-radius guardrail systems to determine whether some of those guardrail systems met NCHRP Report 350 Test Level 2 (TL-2) evaluation criteria. A system designed and tested for Yuma County, Arizona, was adapted as the basis for developing a short-radius guardrail system that satisfies NCHRP Report 350 TL-2 criteria. From an engineering review of previous designs, a recommended short-radius guardrail system that satisfied NCHRP Report 350 TL-2 conditions was developed. The nose section of this system consists of a 3.82-m (12 1/2-ft) curved W-beam segment that has a 2.44-m (8-ft) radius. This curved section is mounted on breakaway controlled-release terminal posts.
Treatment and outcomes for pediatric head injuries in Mississippi

This report summarizes the treatments and outcomes of a large series of patients with pediatric head injuries (PHIs), who were admitted to a tertiary pediatric trauma center at the University of Mississippi Medical Center from January 1, 2003 through December 31, 2006. Data were retrieved from the Department of Neurosurgery’s Brain Trauma Registry (BTR) on patients who are ≤16 years old. Data include Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and injury severity scores (ISS) on admission and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores at 6 months follow-up. The BTR registered 554 patients with accidental and nonaccidental PHIs. Follow-up was complete in 98.2%. Aggressive first-tier management with ventricular drainage was used to lower intracranial pressure. Vasopressors were used only to correct hypotension. Second-tier therapies were used infrequently. Craniectomies (14 patients) were associated with good outcomes (GOS 4–5) in nine patients; hypothermia (six patients) and barbiturate (four patients) therapies were ineffective. All 439 patients with ISS 8 and ISS ≥25 had good outcomes. In 134 patients with severe PHIs (GCS ≤8), all 45 with ISS <25 and 46 with ISS ≥25 showed good outcomes. Forty-three patients with GCS ≤8 and ISS ≥25 had poor outcomes. Of these patients, 38 died; 22 died within 3 days of admission. This study indicated that poor outcomes occurred only in PHIs with severe generalized trauma. While 28.4% of patients with GSC ≤8 died, more than half of these sustained nonsurvivable injuries. Aggressive medical management with ventricular drainage was the mainstay of therapy.
Pathways of lysozyme evolution inferred from the sequences of cytochrome b in birds

A reliable phylogeny relating the major groups of Galliformes was sought in order to shed light on an unusual case of coupled amino acid replacements in the lysozymes c of these birds. The New World quail and the African guinea fowl share a unique trio of amino acids at three internal positions but have been separated phylogenetically by the majority of trees based on morphological characters. Alternative hypotheses based on molecular data have suggested an arrangement that would be more parsimonious with regard to the lysozyme data. The entire mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1,143 bp) was amplified via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced for nine galliforms and a representative anseriform to provide DNA sequence data for a phylogenetic reconstruction. The mode and tempo of change in these sequences were analyzed to determine the characters most appropriate for phylogenetic reconstruction. Our results place the New World quail outside all other representative game birds except the cracids. Although in conflict with various morphological analyses, this finding is consistent with the results of DNA-DNA hybridization studies. A model to account for the coupled replacements in the lysozymes is presented. Our results also suggest a rapid but ancient radiation among the Galliformes such that the majority of cytochrome b sequence differences among taxa have accumulated on the terminal branches of the reconstructed phylogenetic trees.
A fusogenic segment of glycoprotein H from herpes simplex virus enhances transfection efficiency of cationic liposomes.

Background Low cellular uptake and endosomal escape are regarded as major limitations for nonviral gene delivery. In the present study, we use cationic liposomes incorporating fusogenic peptides from glycoprotein H of herpes simplex virus to improve cellular internalization and endosomal release of cationic liposome-DNA complexes. Methods A synthetic analogue of a fusogenic peptide domain in glycoprotein H from herpes simplex virus was evaluated for in vitro gene delivery. The fusogenicity of the peptide was evaluated by a lipid mixing assay in neutral and acidic environments. The influence of the peptide on cellular internalization and subcellular distribution of Lipofectamine-pGL3 complexes were evaluated by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The effect of the peptide on transfection efficiency of cationic liposomes was also evaluated by luciferase assay in human cell lines. Results A pH-sensitive fusogenicity of the wild-type peptide was observed. In the lipid mixing assay, the peptide mediated 80% membrane fusion at pH 7.4 at a 0.05 : 1 (peptide : lipid) mole ratio. At pH 4.5, 100% of membrane fusion was observed at a 0.005 : 1 ratio. Adding the peptide to Lipofectamine-pGL3 complexes significantly increased cellular uptake and, thus, increased transgene expression up to 30-fold in human cell lines. Nuclear localization of the DNA complex by the fusogenic peptide was observed by confocal microscopy. Conclusions A synthetic analogue of a fusogenic peptide domain from herpes simplex virus has been proven to improve cationic lipid-mediated transfection in vitro. The application of this fusogenic peptide will lead to improved strategies for transfection and successful gene therapy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical, Chemical, and Mineralogical Properties of Comet 81P/Wild 2 Particles Collected by Stardust

NASA’s Stardust spacecraft collected dust from the coma of Comet 81P/Wild 2 by impact into aerogel capture cells or into Al-foils. The first direct, laboratory measurement of the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of cometary dust grains ranging from 10 μm). Because Stardust collected particles from several jets, sampling material from different regions of the interior of Wild 2, these particles are expected to be representative of the non-volatile component of the comet over the size range sampled. Thus, the stream of particles associated with Comet Wild 2 contains individual grains of diverse elemental and mineralogical compositions, some rich in Fe and S, some in Mg, and others in Ca and Al. The mean refractory element abundance pattern in the Wild 2 particles that were examined is consistent with the CI meteorite pattern for Mg, Si, Cr, Fe, and Ni to 35%, and for Ca, Ti and Mn to 60%, but S/Si and Fe/Si both show a statistically significant depletion from the CI values and the moderately volatile elements Cu, Zn, Ga are enriched relative to CI. This elemental abundance pattern is similar to that in anhydrous, porous interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), suggesting that, if Wild 2 dust preserves the original composition of the Solar Nebula, the anhydrous, porous IDPs, not the CI meteorites, may best reflect the Solar Nebula abundances. This might be tested by elemental composition measurements on cometary meteors.
The role of PNP enzyme in autologous rosette-forming cells

Since purine nucleoside phosphorylase has been associated with suppressor function in lymphocytes, enzyme activities were studied in autologous rosette-forming cells, a subset showing suppressor properties. Levels of this enzyme were higher in these cells than in other T cells. Con A induction of autologous red cell receptors and suppressor activity of T cells were both inhibited in dose-dependent fashion by Formycin B, a well known inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Inhibition of autologous rosette-forming cells was obtained after pulse treatment of cells with Formycin B for as little as 1 hr, whereas cell proliferation was only inhibited when Formycin B was present throughout culture; this confirms the independence of cell proliferation, and development of red cell receptors and suppressor activity. This study indicates a crucial role for purine nucleoside phosphorylase enzyme in induction of T cell suppressor activity.
Ultrawide tuning of photonic microcavities via evanescent field perturbation

Evanescent field perturbation of an integrated microring resonator is examined as a means of achieving high-fidelity reversible tuning of photonic microcavities over large wavelength ranges. A 1.7% wavelength tuning is achieved through the use of a novel silica fiber probe that provides access to the evanescent field of an air-clad high-index-contrast ring resonator. As the microring is perturbed, the probe-ring distance is found through simultaneous nanometric distance calibration and force measurements. Experimental results agree well with theoretical tuning. Possible microelectromechanical systems implementation of this effect is discussed, as well as avenues for improvement of the tuning range.
The Linearity Assumption in Cultivation Research

Cultivation theorists hypothesize a monotonic pattern of means across viewing subgroups, that is, that people in groups defined by higher levels of television viewing will be more likely to give the “television world” answer than will people in groups defined by lower levels of viewing. This prediction, along with the methodological practices used in conducting research on the theory, make it clear that there is an assumption of linearity that is accepted by both theorists and researchers. However, there is reason to speculate that the underlying cultivation relationship may not be linear. This study provides empirical evidence that the relationship is not linear. Because of the nonlinearity of the distribution, the selection of cut points is a critical decision that can significantly influence the results of subsequent analyses. Also, the popular use of certain statistical procedures designed to test linear relationships is also challenged.
Photophysical properties of Ru(II) bipyridyl complexes containing hemilabile phosphine-ether ligands.

Emission and absorbance spectra, along with low-temperature excited-state lifetimes, were obtained for the hemilabile complexes, [Ru(bpy)2L](PF6)2 [L = (2-methoxyphenyl)diphenylphosphine (RuPOMe) (1) and (2-ethoxyphenyl)diphenylphosphine (RuPOEt) (2)] in solid 4:1 ethanol/methanol solution. Spectral data were evaluated with ground-state reduction potentials using Lever parameters. Lifetime data for these complexes were collected from 77 to 160 K, and the rate constant for the combined radiative and nonradiative decay process, k, the thermally activated process prefactor, k‘0, the rate constant for the MLCT → d−d transition, k‘, and the activation energy, ΔE‘, were calculated from a plot of ln(1/τ) versus 1/T for both (1) and (2). The low-temperature luminescence lifetimes of (1) were observed to decrease with increases in water concentration. The photophysical and kinetic data of (1) and (2) are compared to literature data for [Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2. The emission maxima of (1) and (2) are blue-shifted relative ...
Double-blind, prospective, randomized study of warmed, humidified carbon dioxide insufflation vs standard carbon dioxide for patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Hypothesis Patients undergoing warmed, humidified carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) insufflation for laparoscopic cholecystectomy will (1) maintain a warmer intraoperative core temperature, (2) have their surgeon experience less fogging of the camera lens, and (3) have less postoperative pain than patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy with standard CO 2 insufflation. Design A double-blind, prospective, randomized study comparing patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy with standard CO 2 insufflation vs those receiving warmed, humidified CO 2 (Insuflow Filter Heater Hydrator; Lexion Medical, St Paul, Minn) was performed. Main variables included patient core temperature, postoperative pain, analgesic requirements, and camera lens fogging. Results One hundred one blinded patients (69 women, 32 men) undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomized into 2 groups—52 receiving standard CO 2 insufflation (group A) and 49 receiving warmed, humidified CO 2 (group B). Mean patient intraoperative core temperature change (group A decreased by 0.03°C, group B increased by 0.29°C, P = .01) and mean abdominal pain (Likert scale, 0-10) at 14 days postoperatively (group A, 1.0; group B, 0.3; P = .02) were different. Other variables (camera lens fogging, early postoperative pain, narcotic requirements, recovery room stay, and return to normal activities) between groups were similar. Conclusion While patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy with warmed, humidified CO 2 had several advantages that were statistically significant, no major clinically relevant differences between groups A and B were evident.
Individual and Sociocultural Influences on Pre-Adolescent Girls’ Appearance Schemas and Body Dissatisfaction

Appearance schemas, a suggested cognitive component of body image, have been associated with body dissatisfaction in adolescent and adult samples. This study examined girls’ weight status (BMI), depression, and parent, sibling, peer, and media influences as predictors of appearance schemas in 173 pre-adolescent girls. Hierarchical regression results indicated that appearance schemas scores were associated with girls’ level of depression, perceptions of parental influence on weight concerns, appearance related interactions with other girls, and awareness of media messages; perceptions of sibling influence on weight concerns and BMI were not independent predictors. In addition, appearance schemas were associated with girls’ level of body dissatisfaction. One implication of these findings is for prevention programs to focus on reducing the importance and value that girls place on appearance by targeting social influences, particularly parental influence, in order to reduce risk for adolescent body dissatisfaction and related risk behaviors.
Optimal pricing, use and exploration of uncertain natural resources

We consider Arrow's model for an economy engaged in consuming a randomly distributed natural resource, and in exploring previously unexplored land to find more of the resource. After modifying the model so that each discovery reveals a random amount of the resource, we use dynamic programming techniques to derive the equations governing optimal rates of exploration, consumption, and pricing of the resource. We analyse these equations asymptotically when the typical amount discovered is small compared with the total amount of the resource, and approximately when the amount is medium or large. In both cases we obtain formulas for the optimal exploration, consumption, and pricing policies. We demonstrate the accuracy of these analytical results by comparing them with numerically-determined exact solutions, and discuss economic implications of these results.
Measurement of a hyperfine-induced spin-exchange frequency shift in atomic hydrogen.

We have measured a hyperfine-induced spin-exchange frequency shift in the atomic-hydrogen ground-state hyperfine transition. A recent quantum-mechanical treatment of low-energy hydrogen-hydrogen scattering by Koelman et al. [Phys. Rev. A 38, 3535 (1988)] predicts such frequency shifts to become large at low temperature, and to affect the performance of atomic clocks such as the cryogenic hydrogen maser. The experiment reported here was performed with a hydrogen maser operating near room temperature, where the reported hyperfine effects are predicted to be small, but measurable. Using an adiabatic fast passage (AFP) technique to vary the incoming atomic population in the masing states from approximately 100% (AFP on) to 50% (AFP off), we determined the change in the dimensionless hyperfine-induced frequency-shift parameter \ensuremath{\Omega} to be ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{\mathrm{on}}$-${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{\mathrm{off}}$=5.38 (1.06)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$. The theoretical prediction at this temperature is ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{\mathrm{on}}$-${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{\mathrm{off}}$=-0.76\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ to -1.12\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$, for the range of masing-state populations used in the present experiment. We review the relevant theory, report our experimental method and results, and discuss possible reasons for the discrepancy between experiment and theory.
Acid-hydrolases and nitrogen mustard cytotoxicity.

Acid Hydrolases and Nitrogen Mustard Cytotoxicity. Cohen, A. M. (1978). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 43 , 85–97. The role of acid hydrolases in the cytocidal action of nitrogen mustard (HN 2 ) in rat intestine crypt epithelial cells was studied. An eight-fold increase in crypt cel β-glucuronidase activity was observed at 24 hr after HN 2 injection (2 mg/kg, ip). The activity of acid phosphatase and cathepsin D was not significantly altered by HN 2 administration. Inhibition of DNA synthesis and widespread pycnosis and karyorrhexis of crypt cells preceded significant increases in β-glucuronidase activity. However, loss of intestinal DNA prelabeled with tritiated 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine occurred subsequent to significant increases in β-glucuronidase activity. A single injection of cycloheximide (1 mg/kg, ip) given at either 30 min before or 30 min after HN 2 delayed the development of crypt cell histopathology. A second injection of cycloheximde at 8 hr after HN 2 prevented further development of crypt histopathology and completely blocked the increase in β-glucuronidase activity and the loss of prelabeled DNA observed at 24–30 hr after HN 2 alone. These studies suggest that acid hydrolases do not play a major role in the initiation of the processes responsible for the death of proliferating crypt cells exposed to HN 2 . However, the results are consistent with a possible role for certain of these enzymes in the degradation and removal of dead cells from the crypt epithelium.
Metabolic activities in leukocytes of newborn infants

Leukocytes of the newborn infant manifest an activated metabolic state similar in some ways to that associated with phagocytosis. Oxygen consumption, hexose monophosphate pathway activity, and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by newborn leukocytes were significantly increased in the resting state. These cells of the newly born infant showed normal metabolic response to phagocytosis in vitro and normal staphylocidal capacity in the presence of pooled normal human serum, indicating a functional maturity of these leukocytes as phagocytes.
Revolution without Guarantees: Community and Subjectivity in Nancy, Lingis, Sartre and Levinas

Jean-Luc Nancy’s The Inoperative Community , a collection of writings first published in 1985 and 1986, suggests an understanding of community as irreducibly linked to finitude. Alongside this, he advocates a redefinition of the project of revolutionary communism. This endeavor draws equally on the writings on communication of Georges Bataille and the insistence on finitude found in Martin Heidegger. First, we should recapitulate Nancy’s argument in order to determine his presentation of a novel politics as well as the links and disjunctions of his predecessors. More than this, I would like to suggest that a reading of Alphonso Lingis’s The Community of Those Who Have Nothing in Common , published almost a decade later, suggests an intriguing and promising extension or modification of Nancy’s argument. In particular, Lingis suggests an understanding of revolution that appears somewhat closer to the Marxist tradition. I argue that this is partly a result of an inheritance from Emmanuel Levinas, and in particular his account of ethical subjectivity, which, surprisingly, can be productively allied with the political thought of Jean-Paul Sartre. This friendship between the ethics of Levinas and the politics of Sartre suggests the best groundwork for Lingis’s development of Nancy’s insights.
Rapid whistler-mode wave growth resulting from frequency-time curvature

The rapid (<50 ms) temporal growth of ducted whistlers is simulated using controlled injection of VLF pulses from the Siple Station, Antarctica transmitter. The results show that, when the frequency-time function of the injected pulse has a positive slope and negative curvature, producing a kind of “chirp” such that it approximates the f(t) shape of a lightning-generated whistler at frequencies above the ‘nose’ frequency, growth up to a saturation level (20–30 dB) commonly occurs within <50 ms as opposed to 200–300 ms that is required for monochromatic input signals. The phenomenon is explained in terms of second-order-resonance theory [Helliwell, 1967; Carlson et al., 1985; Chang et al., 1983] where the frequency variation of the pulse matches the changing cold plasma parameters, facilitating enhanced resonance interactions over extended portions of the field line. Magnetospheric whistler-mode signals that originate in ground sources (e.g. lightning, VLF transmitters) often stimulate or trigger nonlinear responses in the form of amplified signals, narrowband variable frequency emissions and complex sidebands [Helliwell, 1988]. One such effect commonly associated with nose whistlers is the growth of the whistler in the upper part (above the ‘nose’) of its frequency range and the associated emission triggering that tends to occur at the whistler's upper cutoff frequency (usually at 0.5 fH, where fH is the equatorial electron gyrofrequency). An example of the dynamic spectrum of such an event is shown in Figure 1a where the growth of the whistler is represented by the darkening and broadening of the upper segment of the trace. The whistler triggered emission is, in essence, a narrowband oscillation of slowly-varying center frequency. What makes this phenomenon remarkable is the relatively short time (∼50 ms) of growth (∼20dB) of the whistler compared with the time (200–400 ms) required for a monochromatic signal under comparable conditions to exhibit the same growth [Helliwell, 1988]. Since the triggered emissions associated with whistlers and constant frequency signals (such as those from VLF transmitters) are comparable in their intensities (as observed on the ground or on satellites) and spectral characteristics, one might expect the mechanisms of their generation to be the same. On the other hand, since the typical peak intensities of whistlers excited by lightning impulses are likely to exceed the signal level injected from ground-based transmitters that have been used in such experiments, one might simply attribute the observed difference in behavior to unknown nonlinear effects (none is suggested here) related to the high intensity of the input signals. In this paper, we describe a new experiment where the upper part (i.e. frequencies above the nose frequency [Helliwell, 1965]) of a one-hop nose whistler is simulated using the Siple Station experimental VLF transmitter [Helliwell, 1988] to reproduce two-hop nose whistlers that may exhibit the rapid growth described above (e.g. Figure 1a).
Josephine Donovan. Feminist Theory: The Intellectual Traditions. Fourth edition. New York: Continuum, 2012. xvi + 287 pp.

Review of Josephine Donovan. Feminist Theory: The Intellectual Traditions. Fourth edition. New York: Continuum, 2012. xvi + 287 pp.
MO‐E‐J‐6B‐01: On the Use of Optically Guided 3D‐Ultrasound for Daily in Room Target Localization

Purpose: To describe the commissioning, quality assurance and clinical use of optically guided 3D‐ultrasound guided patient positioning systems. Method and Materials: To determine the absolute localization accuracy of an optically guided 3D‐ultrasound guided patient positioning system an absolute coordinate system using optical‐guidance was established and spherical targets at various depths were localized. In order to test the ability of this system to determine the magnitude of an internal organ shift with respect to the treatment isocenter, a phantom that closely mimics the typical human male pelvic anatomy was used. With the phantom on the treatment couch, optical guidance was used to determine the positions of each organ to within imaginguncertainty, and to align the phantom so the plan and treatment machine coordinates coincided. To simulate a clinical misalignment of the treatment target, the phantom was shifted by different precise offsets, and an experimenter blind to the offsets used ultrasound guidance to determine the magnitude of the shifts. In order to assess the inter‐user variability of 3D‐ultrasound image guidance, four experienced operators determined independently determined the daily organ shifts for the same 5 patients for 5 consecutive fractions. Moreover, in order to assess the extent of prostate motion during the time required to deliver a treatment,ultrasound localization was repeated at the end of treatment for 6 patients for a total of 29 fractions. For all patients treated at our institution for prostate cancer the prostate is immobilized using a rectal balloon. Results: The accuracy of the system for localization of spherical targets imbedded in a phantom at depths ranging from 3 to 13 cm was determined to be (average ± standard deviation) AP = 0.2 ± 0.7 mm, Lat = 0.9 ± 0.6 mm, Ax = 0.6 ± 1.0 mm. For the phantom organ motion test the magnitude of the shifts could be determined on average to within 1.0 mm along each axis. The interuser variability was found to be small in comparison to the shifts indicated, showing that these shifts would have been worthwhile making in order to reduce the risk of geographical miss of the target. For the intrafraction prostate motion experiment the post‐treatment ultrasound showed a mean prostate shift of 1.9 ± 1.0mm. The shift was within the imaginguncertainty of the system for 25 of the 29 fractions. Conclusion: If users are adequately trained in the use of optically guided 3‐D ultrasound target localization it can be a valuable tool for aligning patients and allow for the use of reduced margins and more aggressive fractionation schedules. Educational Objectives: 1. Commissioning and quality assurance of optically guided 3D ultrasound patient positioning systems. 2. The clinical use of optically guided 3D ultrasound patient positioning systems.
The (un)civilizing holocaust: From the colony to the lager

From the colony to modernity it seems that domination is predicated on transforming a human into a subject in order to ‘civilize’ he or she into a type of identity that validates the process by which they were subjugated. The civilizing mechanism implements a hierarchical ideology that ranks humanity on the basis of particular social, cultural, and political values. Certain values are associated with humanity in order achieve particular goals, and when the human being is classified so as to lose value the result is the dispossession of sovereignty. Alternatively, the process could turn a human into an animal in order to exterminate it. In either case there is a civilizing process behind this that implements concepts of humanity to dehumanize a subject. Culture, with the aid of race, links society and civility to civilization, while constructing hierarchies of bodies and minds. From the colony to the lagers, race was designed to remove the basic principles of humanity and civility from its victims in order...
Lowest-order relativistic corrections to the fundamental limits of nonlinear-optical coefficients

The effects of small relativistic corrections to the off-resonant polarizability, hyperpolarizability, and second hyperpolarizability are investigated. Corrections to linear- and nonlinear-optical coefficients are demonstrated in the three-level ansatz, which includes corrections to the Kuzyk limits when scaled to semirelativistic energies. It is also shown that the maximum value of the hyperpolarizability is more sensitive than the maximum polarizability or second hyperpolarizability to lowest-order relativistic corrections. These corrections illustrate how the intrinsic nonlinear-optical response is affected at semirelativistic energies.
Increased neurotensin receptor-1 expression during progression of colonic adenocarcinoma

The high affinity neurotensin receptor (NTSR1) mediates most of the biologic effects of neurotensin (NT), a 13-amino acid peptide that stimulates growth in certain cell types. NT is expressed in fetal but not differentiated colonic epithelium and is re-expressed in colonic adenocarcinoma. The cognate receptor, NTSR1, is also not expressed or is present at a low level in adult colonic epithelial cells but is expressed in most colon cancer cell lines. These observations suggest that altered NT-NTSR1 signaling may be associated with malignant transformation in the colon. To further understand the possible role of NTSR1 expression in colonic tumorigenesis and progression, we examined NTSR1 mRNA by in situ hybridization in normal colonic mucosa, adenomas, and colonic adenocarcinomas. NTSR1 mRNA expression was undetectable or weak in superficial differentiated epithelial cells of normal colonic epithelium, but adenomas and adenocarcinomas showed moderate to strong expression (p < 0.05). Adenocarcinomas showed a higher level of expression compared to adenomas (p < 0.05). Furthermore, adenocarcinomas that infiltrated into and beyond the muscularis propria showed a higher intensity of NTSR1 expression compared with tumors that were localized to the mucosa or submucosa. In some cases, infiltrating margins and foci of lymphovascular invasion showed a higher intensity of expression than the main mass of the tumor. These results suggest that increased NTSR1 expression may be an early event during colonic tumorigenesis and also contribute to tumor progression and aggressive behavior in colonic adenocarcinomas. NTSR1 may thus be a potential target for preventive or therapeutic strategies in colon cancer.
A comparison of soil properties after contemporary wildfire and fire suppression

Abstract Forests that were subject to frequent wildfires, such as ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests, had fire-return intervals of approximately 6–24 years. However, fire suppression over the last century has increased the fire-return interval by a factor of 5 in these forests, possibly resulting in changes to the soil. The objective of this study was to determine if soils of recently burned areas (representative of the natural fire-return interval) have different properties relative to soils in areas without recent fire. To assess this, recent low-intensity, lightning-caused, spot wildfire areas were located within fire-suppressed stands of ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir of the central, eastern Cascade Mountains of Washington State. Soil horizon depths were measured, and samples collected by major genetic horizons. Samples were analyzed for pH, C, N, C/N ratio, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (%BS), hydrophobicity and extractable P. Results show very little difference in soil properties between sites burned by low-severity fires and those areas left unburned. Such minimal changes, from these low-severity fires, in soil properties from fire suppression suggest there has also been little change in soil processes.
A comparative analysis of serial and free recall.

Multitrial free and serial recall tasks differ both in recall instruction and in presentation order across trials. Waugh (1961) compared these paradigms with an intermediate condition: free recall with constant presentation order. She concluded that differences between free and serial recall were due only to recall instructions, and not to presentation order. The present study reevaluated the relation between free and serial recall, using Waugh’s three conditions. By examining recall transitions and the organization of information retained across trials, we conclude that presentation order is an important factor, causing participants to exhibit the same temporal associations in serial recall and in free recall with constant presentation order.
Science, Expertise, and the Democratization of the Decision-Making Process

Environmental scholars and practitioners are calling for the democratization of science and expertise. Two of the earliest and most influential arguments toward this end come to us from Silvio Funtowicz and Jerome Ravetz, with their now famous discussion of “postnormal science,” and Alvin Weinberg, with his well-known distinction between “research” and “trans-science”. Such positions, however, prove highly problematic. First, while calling for the opening of some questions to nonscientists, they likewise continue to uphold and justify a closed position of science for others. Second, these arguments fail to highlight how prominent fact/value conflation is in such fields as the environmental sciences (through such concepts as “ecological integrity,” “ecosystem health,” etc.). This article seeks to redress these problems by shifting attention away from discussions of “science” to that of “expertise,” and in doing this, to provide an alternative way of thinking about how to resolve today's environmental problems.