cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The turbulence structure in a continental stratocumulus cloud from millimeter-wavelength radar observations

The turbulent-scale vertical velocity structure in a continental stratocumulus cloud is studied using a 3-mm wavelength Doppler radar operating in a vertically pointing mode. The radar observations provided 30-m sampling in the vertical with 2-s averages of 10 000 samples. Vertical velocity measurements were made continuously for an 8-h period and were further supported by measurements of cloud-base height from a laser ceilometer and liquid water path from a microwave radiometer. During the beginning of the observational period, the cloud layer extended between 200 and 800 m. The vertical velocity variance profiles evolved systematically over the period from a well-defined peak in the upper part of the cloud layer of ;0.7 m2 s22 to a peak in the lower part of the cloud layer of 0.2 m 2 s22 as the layer became decoupled later in the observing period. The vertical velocity skewness during the well-coupled conditions was negative through most of the cloud, consistent with the presence of relatively narrow downdrafts. A positive skewness in the top 100 m of the cloud is consistent with relatively narrow penetrating updrafts at this level. The radar vertical velocities are used to compare the directly observed updraft fractional coverage and mass flux with those obtained from the bulk statistics. These comparisons are consistent with similar comparisons made using a large eddy simulation model. The fractional coverage and the mass flux associated with coherent updraft structures are obtained for a range of criteria used to define the updrafts. A more detailed analysis of the vertical velocities in the cloud confirms the existence of well-defined downdrafts extending through the entire cloud depth. These downdrafts are estimated to have horizontal dimensions of about 200 m and appear to originate on the downshear side of updrafts. The reduction of radar reflectivity at cloud top in the downdrafts is consistent with the entrainment of drier air. This study further illustrates the utility of millimeter-wavelength radars for studying turbulence in boundary layer clouds and particularly in defining the vertical structure of coherent eddies.
The spread of a transposon insertion in Rec8 is associated with obligate asexuality in Daphnia

Although transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction are thought to have important evolutionary consequences, little is known about the mechanistic underpinnings of these changes. The cyclical parthenogen Daphnia pulex is a powerful model in which to address these issues because female-limited meiosis suppression can be transmitted to sexual individuals via males, providing the opportunity for genetic dissection of the trait. A previous study identified genomic regions differentiating obligately asexual females from their sexual counterparts, and a candidate gene within one such region, encoding the meiotic cohesin Rec8, is the subject of this investigation. The D. pulex genome contains three Rec8 loci, all of which are quite polymorphic. However, at one of the loci, all obligately asexual clones carry an allele containing an identical upstream insertion of a transposable element as well as a frameshift mutation, both of which are completely absent from sexual lineages. The low level of variation within the insertion allele across all asexual lineages suggests that this element may be in the process of spreading through the species, and abrogation or modification of Rec8 function is possibly responsible for converting meiotically reproducing lineages into obligate asexuals.
Doing Time in Space: Line‐Joining Rules and Resultant Morphologies1

Waiting lines are spatial configurations of people that store information about time of arrival until it is recapitulated as order of service. Someone joining a line has an interest in assuming a position that will be seen as recognizably “in line,” particularly by those arriving later. When physical constraints are few—such as in 30th Street Station, Philadelphia, the site for this research—this is normally accomplished through conformity with the line’s recent trajectory. However, conflict between normally congruent line-joining rules can occasion a sharp turn; an example is when a self-identifying group joins the line, muddying the geometry and creating uncertainty as to what should happen next. Further, the normal rules for line formation can misfire, giving rise to mutant lines with multiple “tails” and an impaired capacity for encoding time into space. Alternatives to waiting lines are considered and judged less efficient and more likely to be judged unfair, particularly given the expectation that rewards will be proportional to investments.
Information Management in Cancer Registries: Evaluating the Needs for Cancer Data Collection and Cancer Research

Cancer registry data collection involves, at a minimum, collecting data on demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment. A common, identified, and standardized set of data elements is needed to share data quickly and efficiently with consumers of this data. This project highlights the fact that, there is a need to develop common data elements; Surveys were developed for central cancer registries (CCRs) and cancer researchers (CRs) at NCI-designated Cancer Centers, in order to understand data needs. Survey questions were developed based on the project focus, an evaluation of the research registries and database responses, and systematic review of the literature. Questions covered the following topics: 1) Research, 2) Data collection, 3) Database/ repository, 4) Use of data, 5) Additional data items, 6) Data requests, 7) New data fields, and 8) Cancer registry data set. A review of the surveys indicates that all cancer registries' data are used for public health surveillance, and 96% of the registries indicate the data are also used for research. Data are available online in interactive tables from over 50% of CRs and 87% of CCRs. Some other survey responses indicate that CCR treatment data are not complete for example treatment data, however cancer researchers are interested in treatment variables from CCRs. Cancer registries have many data available for review, but need to examine what data are needed and used by different entities. Cancer Registries can further enhance usage through collaborations and partnerships to connect common interests in the data by making registries visible and accessible.
CRL: high-performance all-software distributed shared memory

The C Region Library (CRL) is a new all-software distributed shared memory (DSM) system. CRL requires no special compiler, hardware, or operating system support beyond the ability to send and receive messages between processing nodes. It provides a simple, portable, region-based shared address space programming model that is capable of delivering good performance on a wide range of multiprocessor and distributed system architectures. Each region is an arbitrarily sized, contiguous area of memory. The programmer defines regions and delimits accesses to them using annotations. CRL implementations have been developed for two platforms: the Thinking Machines CM-5, a commercial multicomputer, and the MIT Alewife machine, an experimental multiprocessor offering efficient hardware support for both message passing and shared memory. Results are presented for up to 128 processors on the CM-5 and up to 32 processors on Alewife. Using Alewife as a vehicle, this thesis presents results from the first completely controlled comparison of scalable hardware and software DSM systems. These results indicate that CRL is capable of delivering performance that is competitive with hardware DSM systems: CRL achieves speedups within 15% of those provided by Alewife's native hardware-supported shared memory, even for challenging applications (e.g., Barnes-Hut) and small problem sizes. A second set of experimental results provides insight into the sensitivity of CRL's performance to increased communication costs (both higher latency and lower bandwidth). These results demonstrate that even for relatively challenging applications, CRL should be capable of delivering reasonable performance on current-generation distributed systems. Taken together, these results indicate the substantial promise of CRL and other all-software approaches to providing shared memory functionality and suggest that in many cases special-purpose hardware support for shared memory may not be necessary. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Low Profile, Frequency Scanned Weather Radar Waveguide Feed Manifold

In this paper, a novel approach to achieving a low profile, low loss feed manifold for center-fed frequency scanned radar systems has been presented. Inclusion of a reactive buffering region, allowing independent control of the slot in each waveguide, has been shown to increase degrees of freedom in design efforts and decrease mechanical tolerance requirements, thus permitting the use of standard low cost machining practices
Institutional Portfolios: Diversification through Farmland Investment

This article demonstrates that farmland can enhance the overall performance of institutional portfolios which are currently dominated by stocks, bonds, and business real estate. Unlike previous articles on farmland returns, this article addresses the issue of “smoothing bias” associated with appraisal-based farmland returns. Improved measures of income returns to farmland are also used in developing the estimates of optimal portfolios. Parametric testing revealed that farmland continues to enter the optimal portfolios even for large increases in the variance or for large reductions in the annual returns to farmland.
Quartz geodes; early diagenetic silicified anhydrite nodules related to dolomitization

ABSTRACT Quartz geodes, interpreted to be silicified anhydrite nodules, are common in the Mississippian Ramp Creek Formation and Harrodsburg Limestone (Sanders Group) of southern Indiana. The abundance of a stenohaline fauna in the Sanders Group and the absence of sedimentologic features indicative of supratidal or hypersaline conditions, such as stromatolites, desiccation crocks, and "birdseye" vugs, suggest a subtidal, normal marine depositional environment. Geodes in the Ramp Creek and Harrodsburg Formations, as well as other geode-bearing strata, are almost invariably associated with dolomite. Seepage reflux of magnesium-rich brines produced during the deposition of the lower St. Louis Limestone is a likely mechanism for dolomitization of the Sanders Group. Replacement of calcite an aragonite by dolomite in hypersaline pore water may have increased the activity of calcium so that supersaturation with respect to anhydrite, or possibly gypsum, was reached and nodules formed in the still unlithified sediments.
New Roles for Family Therapists in the Courts: An Overview with a Focus on Custody Dispute Resolution

Many legal issues involve conflicts that are at least as much psychological and relational as they are legal in nature. Juvenile and family courts have always embraced a helping philosophy under the parens patriae legal doctrine. These courts address problems where family relationships are central, for example, custody and coparenting disputes, divorce, child abuse and neglect, foster care, intimate partner violence, and juvenile delinquency. Family therapists are playing a growing role in all of these matters. In this article, we use child custody disputes as a more in-depth example for exploring new, potential roles for family therapists, particularly as mediators and parenting coordinators. To show the breadth of the role for family therapists, we also more briefly consider the topics of child abuse and neglect, foster care, juvenile delinquency, and drug and alcohol issues. Muchas cuestiones legales estan relacionadas con conflictos que son al menos tanto de indole psicologica y relacional como legal. Los juzgados de menores y de familia siempre han adoptado una filosofia auxiliadora en el marco de la doctrina legal parens patriae. Estos juzgados abordan problemas donde las relaciones familiares son fundamentales, por ejemplo, disputas sobre tutela y co-crianza, divorcio, abuso y abandono infantil, guarda de menores, violencia en la pareja y delincuencia de menores. Los terapeutas familiares cumplen una funcion cada vez mas importante en todos estos asuntos. En este articulo, utilizamos las disputas relacionadas con la tutela de menores como ejemplos mas detallados para analizar nuevos y posibles roles de los terapeutas familiares, particularmente como mediadores y coordinadores de la crianza de los ninos. Para demostrar la amplitud del rol de los terapeutas familiares, tambien tenemos en cuenta brevemente los temas de abuso y abandono infantil, la guarda de menores, la delincuencia de menores y los problemas de drogas y alcohol. 很多法律问题都涉及到不仅仅是法律性质的,而且是心理和关系性质的冲突。青少年和家庭法庭一贯秉承”国家有权在特定条件下干涉辅助家庭生活”(parens patriae)的法律原理。这些法庭处理以家庭关系为主的问题,例如监护权和共同担当家长责任方面的纠纷, 离异,虐待儿童,忽视儿童,寄养照料,亲密伴侣暴力,及青少年犯罪。家庭心理治疗师在处理这些问题中扮演着日益重要的角色。在本文中,我们用儿童监护权纠纷作为一个深入例子,探讨家庭心理治疗师潜在的新角色,特别是作为调解者和抚养子女协调者的角色。为说明家庭心理治疗师所扮演角色的广度,我们还简短的讨论了虐待儿童,忽视儿童,寄养照料,青少年犯罪,滥用毒品和酒精等话题。
Challenge of supportive surgical care in pediatric oncology.

The advent of aggressive treatment protocols and the development of new techniques and procedures now require that the pediatric surgeon be an integral part of all aspects of pediatric oncology care. Supportive care issues, rather than primary tumor management decisions, now dominate the pediatric surgeon's experience and range from managing the different types of vascular access devices and their complications to assessing the surgical implications of the toxic complications of current chemotherapy protocols. New treatments such as bone marrow transplantation have presented new challenges to the pediatric surgeon, while new techniques such as minimally invasive surgery have dramatically improved our ability to render compassionate and more effective care to our patients as they undergo these potentially toxic treatment regimens. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 16:193–199, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
VALKYRIE: A Validation Subsystem of a Version Server for Computer-Aided Design Data

Design methodologies specify the sequence in which verification programs must be successfully executed to determine a design's correctness. We present a mechanism for assisting designers in adhering to their methodology, specified as Prolog rules that must match a verification event log. A new version cannot be released if a methodology violation is detected. Designers can query for the source of their violation. The system has been implemented within a prototype Version Server.
Physical and chemical absorption in two-phase annular and dispersed horizontal flow

Overall mass transfer coefficients for physical desorption and chemical absorption of carbon dioxide in annular and dispersed two-phase flow in a 1-in. horizontal pipe have been measured. These coefficients have been correlated with gas and liquid flow rates and with the normality of the sodium hydroxide solutions used. A new method of analysis was used to separate overall coefficients into individual gas and liquid film coefficients. Penetration theory equations were used to calculate the effective inter-facial surface area and the penetrotion contact time. Changes in these variables have been explained in terms of the changes in flow pattern.
Avalanche process in an idealized lamp: II. Modelling of breakdown in Ar/Xe electric discharges

The breakdown phase of the startup of metal halide lamps is typically through a cold fill of a rare gas and the ambient vapour pressure of a dose of metals. The dynamics of the breakdown stage are of interest for improving the efficiency and lifetime of lamps. A computational investigation of the breakdown of Ar/Xe mixtures in an idealized lamp geometry was performed using global and two-dimensional (2-d) models to provide insight into the lamp ignition processes and to facilitate comparison with experiments. The experimental trends for breakdown for pressures of 10?90?Torr were qualitatively captured with the global model. Quantitative agreement required accounting for the temporal and spatial plasma dynamics included in the 2-d model. Small fractions of Xe in Ar were found to decrease the breakdown time as the ionization rates increased due to the lower ionization potential of xenon, while the electron energy distribution was not significantly affected. With higher Xe fractions the electron temperature in the ionization front decreased due to there being larger momentum transfer and inelastic losses to the Xe, and as a result the breakdown times increased. The compression of voltage ahead of the ionization front produced large electric fields at the cathode that enabled significant contributions to ionization by secondary electrons.
Habituation and Conditioning of Skin Conductance Responses in Children at Risk

This investigation extends the findings reported by Salzman and Klein (1978) concerning the skin conductance response (SCR) of the offspring of parents who had been hospitalized for a psychiatric illness. Skin conductance during rest and during experiments testing habituation and conditioning of the SCR was recorded in 7year-old (M = 42) and 10-year-old (w = 57) children. Among the 7year-olds, 11 had a parent with a diagnosis of schizophrenia , 12 had a parent with a diagnosis of affective psychosis and 19 had a
Testosterone Secretion in the Rat in Response to Chorionic Gonadotrophin: Alterations with Age

It has been reported by others that both prevailing blood concentrations of testosterone and Leydig cell response to gonadotrophin (up to 1 h after injection) are reduced in the aged male rat. Although resting levels of plasma testosterone in our aged (24–26 months old) Sprague-Dawley rat are also depressed compared with young (3–4 months) or mature (12 months) animals of the same strain, subcutaneous injection with human chorionic gonadotrophin for 3 days restores secretory function, producing testosterone levels indistinguishable from those of similarly stimulated younger rats. In short term experiments, old rats did show a diminished testesterone secretory response to human chorionic gonadotrophin 1 h after a single intravenous injection, consistent with previous reports, but restoration of normal stimulated levels was observed by 2 h, and persisted up to 24 h. These findings differ from the demonstrated intrinsic testicular hyporesponsiveness to gonadotrophin of aged men, and probably represent a stat...
Timed Gait Test: Normative Data for the Assessment of the AIDS Dementia Complex

The Timed Gait test is a standardized procedure assessing motor dysfunction of lower extremities and gait abnormalities associated with AIDS dementia complex. Heretofore, interpretations of Timed Gait results have been hampered by the lack of normative data. We provide results on this test derived from 1,549 subjects (HIV-seronegatives (HIV-) and seropositives (HIV+) classified according to ADC stage). Timed Gait was found to be a useful screening and assessment tool for evaluating ADC and correlated with clinical ADC staging as well as more extensive structured neurological and neuropsychological evaluations. Analysis of covariance results (with age and education as covariates) revealed symptomatic HIV+(SX) and AIDS groups having significantly slower Timed Gait scores than those in the HIV- and asymptomatic HIV+(ASX) groups. The SX group obtained significantly slower timed gait scores than those in the AIDS group. There was a significant increase in Timed Gait scores with each increase in dementia staging with the HIV- subjects having the fastest mean Timed Gait scores and the HIV+ dementia stage 2+ having the slowest. These normative data should prove useful in both recognition of ADC and treatment response. Given its minimal training requirements, the Timed Gait would have utility in resource limited settings.
The Positive, Sustaining, and Protective Power of Resources: Insights from Conservation of Resources Theory

Hobfoll’s conservation of resources (COR) theory was developed independently of Foa’s SRT and is a motivational theory of stress focusing on the prediction of stress and resilience. In this chapter, Lisa Stines Doane, Jeremiah Schumm, and Stevan Hobfoll discuss ways in which the psychological economy of resources sustains and protects people and how their work is related to and extends SRT. The authors present three principles and three corollaries of COR that are related to resource gains and losses. Hobfoll’s notion of “caravan passageways” highlight the predicament that people’s ability to build and maintain their resource reservoirs is largely dependent on factors outside their control. Those who possess few resources are, according to COR, not only more vulnerable to losses and less capable of gains, but are also likely to get caught in a loss spiral where initial loss yields further loss. The opposite spiral further benefits those who are well-off. Doane, Schumm, and Hobfoll conclude their chapter by discussions of the “positive” variables hope, optimism, resilience, and posttraumatic growth, asking how people who lack resources and face trauma can still be creative and hopeful.
Guilty of Fighting a War

This editorial argues that the United States should not oppose Iraqi efforts to amnesty insurgents who fight against American forces. Killing American soldiers is an act of war, but it's not a crime. Republicans and Democrats alike argue that amnesty encourages attacks on Americans, leaves crimes unpunished and dishonors those who died liberating Iraq. But these objections mistake the nature of amnesty, the incentives it creates and the costs we impose by opposing it. What is most misguided about the United States' policy is that rather than singling out real terrorists, it criminalizes the one group that resembles a normal fighting force: insurgents fighting Americans. We're at war, and so are they. When our soldiers kill in combat, they are not committing a crime. The same logic should apply to Iraqis. It is hubris to imagine we can fight without the enemy fighting back. Thousands of American servicemen have died fighting for a cause our country undertook, even though we could not agree among ourselves on what it was. If amnesty for the insurgents who killed them helps bring peace to Iraq, that is a sacrifice worth making. We honor our dead when we bring peace to the country where they died.
The Metastatic Potential and Chemoresistance of Human Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) typically have the capacity to evade chemotherapy and may be the principal source of metastases. CSCs for human pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC) have been identified, but neither the metastatic potential nor the chemoresistance of these cells has been adequately evaluated. We have addressed these issues by examining side-population (SP) cells isolated from the Panc-1 and BxPC3 lines of human PDAC cells, the oncogenotypes of which differ. SP cells could be isolated from monolayers of Panc-1, but only from spheroids of BxPC3. Using orthotopic xenografts into the severely immunocompromised NSG mouse, we found that SP cells isolated from both cell lines produced tumors that were highly metastatic, in contrast to previous experience with PDAC cell lines. SP cells derived from both cell lines expressed the ABCG2 transporter, which was demonstrably responsible for the SP phenotype. SP cells gave rise to non-SP (NSP) cells in vitro and in vivo, a transition that was apparently due to posttranslational inhibition of the ABCG2 transporter. Twenty-two other lines of PDAC cells also expressed ABCG2. The sensitivity of PDAC SP cells to the vinca alkaloid vincristine could be greatly increased by verapamil, a general inhibitor of transporters. In contrast, verapamil had no effect on the killing of PDAC cells by gemcitabine, the current first-line therapeutic for PDAC. We conclude that the isolation of SP cells can be a convenient and effective tool for the study of PDAC CSCs; that CSCs may be the principal progenitors of metastasis by human PDAC; that the ABCG2 transporter is responsible for the SP phenotype in human PDAC cells, and may be a ubiquitous source of drug-resistance in PDAC, but does not confer resistance to gemcitabine; and that inhibition of ABCG2 might offer a useful adjunct in a therapeutic attack on the CSCs of PDAC.
Reduction of a diamidocarbene-supported borenium cation: isolation of a neutral boryl-substituted radical and a carbene-stabilized aminoborylene

We have synthesized the first diamidocarbene (DAC)-supported borenium salt, [3][OTf], which was found to readily undergo two sequential 1-electron reductions. The first reduction forms a thermally robust, crystalline boryl-substituted DAC-centred radical (3˙) which has been fully characterized by XRD, EPR spectroscopy, and DFT analyses. The 1-electron reduction of 3˙ resulted in the formation of a DAC-supported aminoborylene, 4, which has been characterized computationally and by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy.
Math and Science Education Module for Introducing Nanotechnology, Light and Energy for Middle School Classrooms

The introduction of nanotechnology in early classroom pedagogy is becoming a high priority in education. However, the concepts of nanotechnology can be difficult to conceptualize due to the esoteric nature of the subject. Inquiry-based nanotechnology modules are one way to help visualize nanomaterials to deliver the concepts of nanotechnology. We present the implementation and effectiveness of a newly developed module tying existing light and energy curriculum in middle school to nanoparticles, introducing the concept of a photocatalyst and energy. The module is part of a five year teacher professional development program in the Alabama Black Belt through a Math Science Partnership award from NSF (0832129) to increase students’ interests at the middle school level for pursuing continued math and science education and creative research activities in the future. Students impacted by the program are from low income rural communities where it is critical in preparing the next generation scientists and engineers for our nation’s future energy challenges.
Using Electronic Mail to Teach International Negotiations and English for Special Purposes: A Win-Win Educational Project

This article describes the use of for combining electronic mail ("e-mail") negotiations with English for Special Purposes ("ESP") teaching to teach business English, the history and rationale for using electronic mail to teach negotiations, and the methods of linking students in different countries by electronic mail.
Listeria monocytogenes Infections in Patients with AIDS: Report of Five Cases and Review

Five patients with AIDS and Listeria monocytogenes infection (three cases of bacteremia and two of meningitis) are reviewed. Four patients had prior or concurrent gastrointestinal illness. Two patients received corticosteroids. A 7- to 21-day course of ampicillin was administered with or without a 7- to 14-day course of gentamicin. This regimen was effective, with no evidence of relapse 7-8 months after therapy was discontinued. The relative infrequency of infection with L. monocytogenes in AIDS patients is unexpected. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) appears to be essential in the inhibition of Listeria in vivo. Elevated levels of TNF in AIDS patients may be protective against listeriosis and thus help explain the low prevalence of listerial infection in this population. Nonetheless, although L. monocytogenes is an uncommon cause of illness in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, it cannot be dismissed as a cause of undefined meningitis or sepsis.
The Space Shuttle payload transient loads analysis by the flex-base drive method

A flex-base drive method has been developed for analysis of linear transient loads. Results of an analysis are presented, and investigations needed for implementation of this method for Space Shuttle payload transient load are discussed. Two payload configurations of the orbiter landing model were analyzed by both the proposed and conventional methods. The first configuration contained only one payload, the second three payloads. Results show that the method can be substituted for the current coupled loads analysis method for certain types of payload. The flex-base drive method involves time integration of the payload equations of motion and the simultaneous calculation of the interface reaction forces without structurally coupling the orbiter. It enables a payload design organization to perform a design/loads analysis cycle independently with minimal information from the Space Shuttle orbiter, while still adequately predicting the effects of orbiter/payload dynamic interaction. This method has a great advantage over the conventional linear transient loads analysis when the analysis involves determination of payload configuration and frequent changes of payload structure.
Diagnosis technology of coal type based on improved belief function distribution method

For instability problem in coal properties of power plants,a method based on the D-S evidence theory to identify the coal type was proposed.An updated typical sample database based on the former analysis data of coal was established,then a new method based on the database was proposed to obtain the belief density function.The results of elemental analysis and net calorific value of burning coal in utility boiler can be used to train the evidence.Combined with the typical sampled database,the belief function assignment and uncertainty of the objective modes can be computed,and then the fusion belief function assignment was gotten by using D-S rule.Finally,the target coal can be determined.The method reduces the subjectivity of the judging process of coal evidently,and it can be used to monitor and control the varied coal in a power plant.
Species and geographical distribution of midges,blackflies and horseflies in Chongqing city

Objective To investigate the species and geographical distribution of midges blackflies and horseflies in Chongqing city.Methods Using human-baited trap,animal-baited trap and insect net to collect these blackflies insects,and catch the larva and pupa of blackflies,bring them back to identify in laboratory.Moreover,looking up related documents and data.Results A total of 17 species of blackflies belonging to 1 genera,19 species of midges belonging to 4 genera and 18 species of horseflies belonging to 3 genera were recorded in Chongqing city,and their geographical distribution in Chongqing area were described too.Conclusion The species and geographical distribution of the three kinds of insects in Chongqing city has been investigated preliminarily.The results will provide scientific basis for controlling midges blackflies and horseflies and prevent diseases borned by the three kinds of insects in Chongqing area.But the related investigations should be carried out deeply in the future.
Estimation for a first-order bifurcating autoregressive process with heavy-tail innovations

ABSTRACTAsymptotics of an alternative extreme-value estimator for the autocorrelation parameter in a first-order bifurcating autoregressive (BAR) process with non-gaussian innovations are derived. This contrasts with traditional estimators whose asymptotic behavior depends on the central part of the innovation distribution. Within any BAR model, the main concern is addressing the complex dependency between generations. The inability of traditional methods to handle this dependency motivated an alternative procedure. With the combination of an extreme-value approach and a clever blocking argument, the dependency issue within the BAR process was resolved, which in turn allowed us to derive the limiting distribution for the proposed estimator through the use of regular variation and non-stationary point processes. Finally, the implications of our extreme-value approach are discussed with an extensive simulation study that not only assesses the reliability of our proposed estimate but also presents the findin...
Blood Pressure Screening, Control, and Treatment for Patients With Developmental Disabilities in General Medicine Practices:

Background: Little is known about the adequacy of screening for and treatment of hypertension for people with developmental disabilities (DD). Pharmacists may assist in identifying and treating thi...
Determination of geometrical parameters for slit-slat SPECT imaging on MicroPET

In this work we studied the techniques for determining the geometrical parameters for small animal SPECT imaging on an existing MicroPET scanner. A slit-slat collimator was inserted into the PET scanner's detector ring and the imaging subject was rotated to acquire SPECT tomographic data. The parameters to be calibrated included the center of rotation (COR) of the imaging subject, the slit-aperture center (SAC) positions and the tilt and twist angles of the slats. Based on acquiring multiple projections of point sources, we proved that, if the collimator has only one slit, two sets of projection data with each from a different point source location, and known distance between, is enough for uniquely determining COR and SAC. When the collimator consists of two or more slits, only one set of projection is enough. A least-square fitting procedure was used for determining the transaxial geometrical parameters including COR and SAC. A method to determine tilt and twist angles of the slats was proposed by using the axial information of the projection of point sources. Monte Carlo simulation and experimental studies were performed to evaluate the validity and accuracy of the calibration techniques. The reconstructed images with calibrated parameters showed satisfactory image quality.
Effect of wind power on load frequency control

The integration of wind power into power systems has been gaining momentum in the global energy industry due to its environmental benefits and abundance of supply. However, the natural intermittent and non-dispatchable features of wind negatively impact the system's frequency regulation capability. Wind power not only injects additional fluctuations to the already variable nature of frequency deviation, it also decreases frequency stability by reducing the inertia as well as the regulation capability. This reduction causes the decrease of overall system frequency response characteristic. These effects of wind integration will be examined closely in this paper. In addition, the effect of wind power on tie-line power flows and area control error will be investigated. The analytical and simulation model of load frequency control are utilized to show the impact of wind on system frequency regulation. Additionally, a range of wind penetration levels is considered to determine the maximum wind power penetration level given a frequency deviation limit.
L’etat Et L’economie. Un Essai D’explication de L’Evolution des Depenses Publiques en France (1870-1980)

(1985). L’etat Et L’economie. Un Essai D’explication de L’Evolution des Depenses Publiques en France (1870-1980) Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 246-249.
Apprenticeship Policies Coping with the Crisis: A Comparison of Austria with Germany and Switzerland

The paper asks how the three countries have retained their low level of youth unemployment through the crisis. An institutional approach is taken, criticizing simplistic ideas on how collective skills systems manage the low level of youth unemployment. The analysis starts with Austria, and compares this experience to the other cases. Comparative statistics are used to describe the way of the three countries through the time period 2004 to 2012. In Austria a main component of managing the low level of youth unemployment is a very strong tradition of youth labour market policy (LMP); the apprenticeship system itself has also been supported quite strongly by LMP for decades. Thus, not the apprenticeship system itself, but rather the employment status of apprentices that has included them into social security and thus into LMP seems the main reason of retaining the low level of youth unemployment. The comparison takes three steps: First the features of the apprenticeship (or ‘dual’ or ‘trial’) systems are analysed, showing that Austrian Vocational education and training (VET) is much more diverse with apprenticeship homogenously situated at the lower end; second OECD LMP statistics show a higher intensity and more concentration on apprentices in Austria, pointing to different patterns for explanation; third labour market figures and policies indicate a more severe situation in Germany, which was quite successfully brought down after the crisis. Overall, apprenticeship appears quite diverse, as are the policy approaches, and it is certainly not an ‘easy fix’ for problems on the youth labour market.
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Endotracheal Tube Position and X-ray Image Classification: Challenges and Opportunities

The goal of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) in differentiating subtle, intermediate, and more obvious image differences in radiography. Three different datasets were created, which included presence/absence of the endotracheal (ET) tube (n = 300), low/normal position of the ET tube (n = 300), and chest/abdominal radiographs (n = 120). The datasets were split into training, validation, and test. Both untrained and pre-trained deep neural networks were employed, including AlexNet and GoogLeNet classifiers, using the Caffe framework. Data augmentation was performed for the presence/absence and low/normal ET tube datasets. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC), area under the curves (AUC), and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Statistical differences of the AUCs were determined using a non-parametric approach. The pre-trained AlexNet and GoogLeNet classifiers had perfect accuracy (AUC 1.00) in differentiating chest vs. abdominal radiographs, using only 45 training cases. For more difficult datasets, including the presence/absence and low/normal position endotracheal tubes, more training cases, pre-trained networks, and data-augmentation approaches were helpful to increase accuracy. The best-performing network for classifying presence vs. absence of an ET tube was still very accurate with an AUC of 0.99. However, for the most difficult dataset, such as low vs. normal position of the endotracheal tube, DCNNs did not perform as well, but achieved a reasonable AUC of 0.81.
A network model of behavioural performance in a rule learning task.

Humans demonstrate differences in performance on cognitive rule learning tasks which could involve differences in properties of neural circuits. An example model is presented to show how gating of ...
Polyelectrolyte surface interface for single-molecule fluorescence studies of DNA polymerase.

We report the use of polyelectrolyte multilayers in a stable robust surface chemistry for specific anchoring of DNA to glass. The nonspecific binding of fluorescently tagged nucleotides is suppress...
Assembly of Photosystem II

Photosystem II (PS II) is a pigment-protein complex located in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane of plants and algae which acts as a light-driven water-splitting enzyme. At least 16 chloroplast- and 11 nucleus-encoded polypeptide subunits, several types of pigments, and lipid, metal and ion cofactors have been identified as constituents of the chloroplast PS II. Water is split in the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of PS II, where a catalytic tetranuclear cluster of manganese ions is required for the photodriven extraction of electrons from water and the release of protons and molecular oxygen. The exciton and electron transfer reactions of PS II are determined by the properties of the redox components themselves, as well as the spatial organization of all cofactors within the tertiary structure of the protein environment to which they are bound. Correct assembly and conformation of the photosystem polypeptides, pigments and cofactors is critical for photosystem function and stability. Such assembly depends on the concerted expression of both nuclear and chloroplast genes, with gene expression regulated at the transcriptional, translational and posttranslational levels in response to developmental and environmental cues. Details of PS II assembly have been elucidated through in vivo, in vitro and in organello studies. In developing chloroplasts, PS II polypeptides and pigments are synthesized and assemble during light-induced biogenesis of the thylakoid membrane. In mature chloroplasts, photodamage to PS II subunits, particularly the D1 polypeptide of the PS II reaction center, requires the replacement of damaged subunits and reassembly of PS II complexes. This chapter focuses on the assembly and stability of the PS II polypeptides, with particular emphasis on investigations using the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In addition, the light-dependent activation of the PS II OEC is reviewed. This process, termed photoactivation, involves the assembly of the tetranuclear manganese cluster central to OEC function.
Continuing the dialogue: curriculum, Didaktik and theories of knowledge

Joseph Schwab’s famous remark, that the field of curriculum is ‘moribund’—no longer able ‘to …contribute significantly to the advancement of education’—has long echoed in curriculum studies. Althou...
Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Pathogenic Mediator of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, remain incompletely understood. Mitoch...
Decomposition of N-nitrosamines formed in CO2 capture systems through electrochemically-mediated reduction on carbon xerogel electrode

Abstract N-nitrosamines, as a class of compounds, have been reported to be mutagenic, cytotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic. N-nitrosamine formation and emission are a major concern for amine-based CO2 capture systems. A process using a stationary carbon electrode inside an electrochemical cell was developed and tested in this study to adsorb and decompose two N-nitrosamines, N-nitrosopyrrolidine and N-nitrosodiethylamine, from an aqueous amine solution. The carbon xerogel electrode material has a high N-nitrosamine adsorption capacity and can initiate an electrochemically-mediated reduction of N-nitrosamines to a secondary amine. A greater than 80% reduction of N-nitrosodiethylamine and 90% of N-nitrosopyrrolidine was observed from a simulated amine-based waterwash solution using an applied current up to 300 mA. N-nitrosamine decomposition was effective in solutions with relatively high amine or salt concentrations.
Rethinking Incremental and Parallel Pointer Analysis

Pointer analysis is at the heart of most interprocedural program analyses. However, scaling pointer analysis to large programs is extremely challenging. In this article, we study incremental pointer analysis and present a new algorithm for computing the points-to information incrementally (i.e., upon code insertion, deletion, and modification). Underpinned by new observations of incremental pointer analysis, our algorithm significantly advances the state of the art in that it avoids redundant computations and the expensive graph reachability analysis, and preserves precision as the corresponding whole program exhaustive analysis. Moreover, it is parallel within each iteration of fixed-point computation. We have implemented our algorithm, IPA, for Java based on the WALA framework and evaluated its performance extensively on real-world large, complex applications. Experimental results show that IPA achieves more than 200X speedups over existing incremental algorithms, two to five orders of magnitude faster than whole program pointer analysis, and also improves the performance of an incremental data race detector by orders of magnitude. Our IPA implementation is open source and has been adopted by WALA.
The intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic inequality through school and neighborhood processes

ABSTRACTBoth the prevalence and the repercussions of economic inequality have grown, heightening the need to delineate processes through which inequality is passed to the next generation. Assessing...
Balancing Dichotomies, Opening Conversations:

Having known Michel since the first stages of his career, when he was engaged in the study of early Christianity, I have seen him exemplify the role of teacher-scholar for those of us who have attempted to follow in his footsteps. His approach has been to empower students by creating conversations, to balance opposing positions and to allow students to come to their own conclusions (rather than arriving at the “right answer”). This approach not only occurs in the classroom, but also within the academy. Indeed, I propose that Michel’s role as a researcher is largely an extension of his role as a teacher, or co-learner. In this paper, I explore some of the pedagogical implications and lessons that I have learned from Michel’s example as a teacher-scholar. Specifically, I discuss attachment theory, student empowerment, and collaborative pedagogy.
A parallel computing framework for performing structural-acoustic optimization with stochastic forcing

Structural-acoustic optimization procedures can be used to find the optimal design for reduced noise or vibration in many real-world scenarios. However, the time required to compute the structural-acoustic quantity of interest often limits the size of the model. Additionally, structural-acoustic optimization using state-of-the-art evolutionary algorithms may require tens of thousands of system solutions, which add to the limitations for large full-scale systems. To reduce the time required for each function evaluation, parallel processing techniques are used to solve the system in a highly scalable fashion. The approach reduces the analysis time by solving the system using a frequency-domain formulation and distributing solution frequencies amongst processors to solve in parallel. To demonstrate, the sound radiated from a curved panel under the influence of a turbulent boundary layer is minimized in the presence of added point masses, which are varied during the optimization procedure. The total mass is also minimized and the Pareto front relating the trade-off between added mass and reduced noise is determined. Solver scaling information is provided that demonstrates the utility of the parallel processing approach.
Network Coding for Integrated Access and Backhaul Wireless Networks

5G new radio (NR) requires a very dense deployment of cellular infrastructure, which poses a great economical challenge if traditional fiber backhaul links are used. To cope with this problem, 3GPP introduced integrated access and backhaul (IAB), aiming to use wireless backhaul to provide high capacity and great deployment flexibility. The multi-hop and multi-route topology for this new type of access networks challenges the existing retransmission-/repetition-based reliability-enhancing technique, such as ARQ/HARQ and packet duplication. However, it also opens up new opportunities for novel reliability enhancement techniques. In this paper, taking advantage of the more complex network topology of IAB, we propose to use linear network coding as a potentially better solution to improve end-to-end latency and reliability. We discuss its placement in the IAB protocol stack, and propose two novel schemes to improve the performance of network coding in the IAB network: the rate-proportional traffic splitting scheme in the multi-route scenario, and the adaptive coded-forwarding scheme in the multi-hop scenario. Simulation results show that in some typical IAB scenarios our network coding solution has considerable performance gains over the existing repetition-based technology.