cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal and Magnetic Behavior of One-Dimensional Magnets

This portion of the discussion will deal with static thermal and magnetic behavior of one dimensionally interacting magnetic solids. Magnetic heat capacities and susceptibilities of such systems will be treated. In keeping with the spirit of the ASI as a school11, the material contained in this portion will be quite elementary, with the idea of introducing the reader to the concept of how non-interacting three dimensional systems behave, how this behavior differs from that expected for lower dimensional systems, and to the techniques used to calculate thermodynamic properties of lower dimensional systems. We will stress the manner in which thermodynamic behavior changes as 1-D and higher dimensional interactions become important. Classic calculations to illustrate this point will be considered in detail. The primary purpose of this discussion will therefore be to enable the reader to attack the literature in the field with understanding. This paper will not be a review of the static properties of lower dimensional systems. For this type of review see de Jong and Miedema, 25 Ackerman, Cole, and Holt, 26 and Ginsberg, 27
A Grassroots Initiative to Facilitate Historical Research: The Florida Journalism History Project

ABSTRACT As a result of advancements in technology, traditional methods of historical research are intersecting with new methods of information delivery. In the past researchers have had to navigate through resources that are often difficult to locate and access. Effective alternatives, however, are now being developed. Digitization and electronic delivery methods are now supplementing or replacing familiar ways of researching history that were utilized in the past. The authors propose that the development of small “grassroots” or localized projects such as the Florida Journalism History Project have a valuable role in the quickly evolving paradigm of scholarly communication. The article demonstrates how the project connects the old and the new by providing a resource that incorporates elements of a traditional bibliography with the delivery of digitized full-text documents and other Internet based resources.
Two New Bijections on Lattice Paths

Suppose 2n voters vote sequentially for one of two candidates. For how many such sequences does one candidate have strictly more votes than the other at each stage of the voting? The answer is \binom{2n}{n} and, while easy enough to prove using generating functions, for example, only two combinatorial proofs exist, due to Kleitman and Gessel. In this paper we present two new (far simpler) bijective proofs.
Controllability, observability and discrete-time markovian jump linear quadratic control

This paper is concerned with the controllability and observability of discrete-time linear systems that possess randomly jumping parameters described by finite-stale Markov processes, and the relationship between these properties and the solution of the infinite time jump linear quadratic (JLQ) optimal control problem. The solution of the markovian JLQ problem with finite or infinite time horizons is known. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of optimal constant control laws that lead to finite optimal expected costs as the time horizon becomes infinite are also known. Sufficient conditions for these steady-state control laws to stabilize the controlled system are also available (Chizeck et al. 1986). These conditions are not easy to test, however. Various definitions of controllability and observability for stochastic systems exist in the literature. These definitions are unfortunately not related to the steady-state JLQ control problem in a manner that is analogous to the role of deter...
The Reproduction of the Eel

THE time of spawning and the differences between the sexes of the common eel has been hitherto unknown. Last year for the first time in this country eels (Anguilla bostoniensis) containing eggs were found, December 31, by Mr. Edwards, at New Bedford, Mass., as stated by Mr. Putnam in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. From observations on eels brought me at Providence, R.I. it appears that eels spawn here in salt or brackish water from October to the end of November, as I have found several eels containing eggs which seemed nearly ripe, the ovary being full and large. To-day on examining the testis of a male eel 17 inches long, the mother-cells and sperm-cells were found, the latter numerous and lively, from 1/3000 to 1/20000 inch in diameter. The eggs were white, just large enough to be distinguished by the naked eye, measuring a little less than 1/2 mm. in diameter. The females are larger than the males, with the belly white, while the males are easily distinguishable by the dark bellies and a narrow silvery or golden median stripe.
Laser Ultrasonic Measurement of Thin Film Elastic Properties

A technique is presented for measurement of elastic properties of thin films from 0.001-0.025 mm in thickness. Lamb Waves were excited in free standing films with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser, and detected using heterodyne interferometry. Elastic properties were calculated from time-of-flight measurements. Variability in waveform structure with film thickness was observed, and interpreted with respect to extraction of elastic property information. An explanation is offered for changes in waveform structure, and common features are highlighted.
The fertility of bovine semen in citrate-yolk extenders containing added catalase.

Summary Using the split sample technique, the spermatozoan livability and the fertility of 47 semen samples from 24 Holstein bulls were studied when extended to contain approximately 11.9×10 6 motile spermatozoa per milliliter in citrate-yolk and citrate-sulfanilamide-yolk extenders with and without added catalase. On the basis of the average per cent 60- to 90-day non-returns to service to approximately 1,700 first and second service cows per treatment, the extenders compared as follows: 3.6 citrate-yolk without added catalase, 61.4; 3.6 citrate-yolk with added catalase, 60.7; 3.6 citrate-sulfanilamide-yolk without added catalase, 62.2; and 3.6 citrate-sulfanilamide-yolk with added catalase, 61.7. Differences in spermatozoan livability and fertility in the various extenders were not significant.
The traveler's problem

Abstract The Traveler's Problem (TP) entails determining the maximum distance that can be traversed along a road, given the locations and room rates of inns along that road, and given the constraints of maximum distance per day and limited budget available for overnight stays at inns. An O(n 5 3 ( log n) 1 3 ) time algorithm is presented for the TP. An O(n 5 3 ( log n) 4 3 )- time algorithm for computing a minimum height B-tree for a dictionary of length n is given, by reducing the problem to O(log n) instances of the TP.
Olfactory dysfunction occurs in transgenic mice overexpressing human τ protein

Disorders of olfaction are among the first clinical signs of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we employed an odor habituation paradigm to evaluate the olfactory function of T alpha 1-3RT transgenic mice that overexpress tau, a key pathogenic protein in AD, and compared such function to that of wild-type controls who do not overexpress this protein. The T alpha 1-3RT mice, but not the controls, exhibited responses indicative of decreased olfactory function. These data lend support to the notion that tau may be involved in the pathogenesis of the olfactory dysfunction of some neurodegenerative diseases. Future studies need to similarly assess other pathogenic markers, as well as their distribution within various sectors of the brain, to determine the specificity of this phenomenon.
Interstitial and pseudo gaps in models of Peano Arithmetic

In this paper we study the automorphism groups of models of Peano Arithmetic. Kossak, Kotlarski, and Schmerl [9] shows that the stabilizer of an unbounded element a of a countable recursively saturated model of Peano Arithmetic M is a maximal subgroup of Aut(M) if and only if the type of a is selective. We extend this result by showing that if M is a countable arithmetically saturated model of Peano Arithmetic, Ω ⊂ M is a very good interstice, and a ∈ Ω, then the stabilizer of a is a maximal subgroup of Aut(M) if and only if the type of a is selective and rational (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Effects of Hypnosis/Guided Imagery on the Postoperative Course of Children

ABSTRACT.Hypnosis, guided imagery, and relaxation have been shown to improve the postoperative course of adult surgical patients. Children have successfully used hypnosis/guided imagery to significantly reduce the pain associated with invasive procedures and to improve selected medical conditions. T
89 Computational mapping reveals effect of Hoogsteen breathing on duplex DNA reactivity with formaldehyde

Formaldehyde has long been recognized as a hazardous environmental agent highly reactive with DNA. Recently, it has been realized that due to the activity of histone demethylation enzymes within the cell nucleus, formaldehyde is produced endogenously in direct vicinity of genomic DNA. Should it lead to extensive DNA damage? We address this question with the aid of a computational mapping method, analogous to X-ray and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques for observing weakly specific interactions of small organic compounds with a macromolecule in order to establish important functional sites. We concentrate on the leading reaction of formaldehyde with free bases: hydroxymethylation of cytosine amino groups. Our results show that in B-DNA, cytosine amino groups are totally inaccessible for the formaldehyde attack. Then, we explore the effect of recently discovered transient flipping of Watson–Crick (WC) pairs into Hoogsteen (HG) pairs (HG breathing). Our results show that the HG base pair formation dramat...
Proximity Effects in Nucleophilic Addition Reactions to Medium-Bridged Twisted Lactams: Remarkably Stable Tetrahedral Intermediates

The reactions of a series of strained bicyclic and tricyclic one-carbon bridged lactams with organometallic reagents have been investigated. These amides permit isolation of a number of remarkably stable hemiaminals upon nucleophilic addition to the twisted amide bonds present in the lactam precursors. The factors that affect the stability of the resulting bridged hemiaminals are presented. In some cases, the hemiaminals were found to collapse to the open-form amino ketones in a manner expected for traditional carboxylic acid derivatives. Transannular N···C═O interactions were also observed in some nine-membered amino ketones. Additionally, tricyclic bridged lactams were found to react with some nucleophiles that typically react with ketones but not with planar amides. The effect of geometry on the reactivity of amide bonds and the amide bond distortion range that marks the boundary of amide-like and ketone-like carbonyl reactivity of lactams are also discussed.
A new era of cancer immunotherapy: Converting theory to performance

The major impact of recent scientific advances, such as the discovery of genes and gene products, has been to facilitate development of immunotherapies based on the specific stimulation of immune reactions against characterized tumor antigens.
A growth mechanism for mercury whiskers

Abstract Very fine whiskers of solid mercury can be grown by condensation of mercury vapor on a glass surface. It is demonstrated that the whiskers have a single imperfection, an axial screw dislocation, which accounts for their morphology. The whiskers are nucleated on tiny crystalline regions in the glass surface which present the end of a screw dislocation.
Stimules configuration in selective attention tasks

The possibility that perceptual configuration of stimulus elements impairs the ability to attend selectively to individual elements was tested with two-element stimuli, constructed by placing two curved lines in close proximity. Ss rapidly classified series of these stimuli which could differ on both elements or on only one with the second held constant. It was hypothesized that if the two elements formed a configuration, then Ss should have difficulty attending selectively to the element relevant for classification while filtering information from the other element. This result was obtained in one experiment with both stimulus elements oriented vertically, and it is concluded that these stimuli were perceived as unanalyzed, nominally related shapes. In another experiment, with one stimulus element oriented horizontally, selective attention to the relevant element was possible.
The Kingdom of God in the History of Christianity: A Bibliographical Survey

In A Handbook of Christian Theology Jerald C. Brauer notes that “the kingdom of God is one of the most fruitful yet controversial concepts in Christian theology. It has been employed to uphold the status quo, and it has been a revolutionary ideal used to break social forms and customs.” 1 This bibliographical survey will list articles and books that deal with the kingdom of God and closely related subjects in the history of Christianity, concentrating on the West. 2
Impact of prepartum dietary phosphorus intake on calcium homeostasis at parturition.

A study was conducted to determine the impact of dietary P intake on vitamin D metabolism and incidence of parturient paresis in aged dairy cows. Thirty dairy cows (10/group) were fed one of three experimental diets for approximately 28 d precalving. Phosphorus intake was .7, 1, or 3 times daily maintenance requirement and Ca intake was three times daily maintenance requirement for all cows. There was a 20% incidence of parturient paresis in each group. Prepartum dietary P intake had no effect on precalving or calving plasma Ca concentrations. Cows fed the low P (.7 times) diet had higher plasma Ca at 3 and 5 d postcalving than did cows fed P at 1 or 3 times maintenance. Plasma phosphorus concentrations reflected dietary P intake. Dietary P intake had no effect on plasma Mg, free hydroxyproline, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, or 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations. The range in dietary P from .7 to 3 times maintenance requirement had no effect on the incidence of parturient paresis. However, it did appear to influence Ca homeostasis during the postpartum period as cows fed the low P diet had higher plasma calcium concentrations postcalving. This may be a result of the low P diet enhancing intestinal C absorption by a vitamin D-mediated transport mechanism.
Effect of oxygen on chemisorption of CO on Rh(100)

Abstract Adsorption of CO on Rh(100) is characterized by a c(2 X 2) structure at low coverages followed by development of a compressed overlayer as uptake continues. Presence of an oxide layer on the rhodium surface is observed to inhibit development of the compressional state as well as increase the binding energy of the adsorbed CO.
Blood chromatin as a biosensor of the epigenetic milieu: a tool for studies in living psychiatric patients.

This article constructs an argument for using blood chromatin (contained in nucleated blood cells) as a protein biosensor to integrate the ambient epigenetic influences in the internal milieu. An analogy is made to blood glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in diabetes as an integrated proxy for glucose levels and body-wide protein glycation. Genome-wide chromatin can serve as an organizing principle that bridges the central and peripheral compartments by entraining commensurable gene networks. Chromatin deposition along these networks will be imposed by the totality of epigenetic influences, which incorporates significant contributions from biochemicals that readily traverse the blood–brain barrier. In a clinical trial, these influences would be dominated by pharmaceuticals designed to override pathophysiological signals. In practice, mRNA readouts would be limited to nonsynaptic gene networks whose critical nodes are occupied by a site-specific chromatin modification. Finally, chromatin measurements in peripheral tissue will retain the influences of a patient’s lifestyle and unique genomic background.
Endoscopic hemostasis using endoclip in early gastrointestinal hemorrhage after gastric bypass surgery.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) is the most commonly performed bariatric operation in the USA. In the early postoperative stage, gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is an infrequent but potentially serious complication that usually results from bleeding at the gastroje-junostomy staple-line. Observant management with transfusion for stable patients and surgical exploration for unstable patients is typically recommended for early GI bleeding. We hypothesized that use of endoclips, which do not cause thermal injury to the surrounding tissues (or anastomosis), may be preferable to thermal approaches which could cause tissue injury. We report 2 cases of early GI bleeding after RYGBP that were successfully managed with endoclip application to bleeding lesions. Emergent endoscopy was performed, and major stigmata such as active spurting vessel and adherent clot were noted at the gastrojejunostomy staple-lines. Endoscopic hemostasis using endoclips was readily applied to bleeding lesions at staple-lines. Primary hemostasis was achieved, and there was no recurrent bleeding or complication. We conclude that therapeutic endoscopy can be performed safely for early bleeding after RYGBP. In patients with early bleeding after RYGBP, use of endoclips is mechanistically preferable to other options.
Comparison of the Ewald and Wolf methods for modeling electrostatic interactions in nanowires

Ionic compounds pose extra challenges with the appropriate modeling of long-range coulombic interactions. Here, we study the mechanical properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires using molecular dynamic simulations with Buckingham potential and determine the suitability of the Ewald (Ann. Phys. 1921; 19) and Wolf (J. Chem. Phys. 1999; 110(17):8254–8282) summation methods to account for the long-range Coulombic forces. A comparative study shows that both the summation methods are suitable for modeling bulk structures with periodic boundary conditions imposed on all sides; however, significant differences are observed when nanowires with free surfaces are modeled. As opposed to Wolf's prediction of a linear stress–strain response in the elastic regime, Ewald's method predicts an erroneous behavior. This is attributed to the Ewald method's inability to account for surface effects properly. Additionally, Wolf's method offers highly improved computational performance as the model size is increased. This gain in computational time allows for modeling realistic nanowires, which can be directly compared with the existing experimental results. We conclude that the Wolf summation is a superior technique when modeling non-periodic structures in terms of both accuracy of the results and computational performance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A factor analysis of the social interest index‐revised

Factor analyzed the Social Interest Index–Revised (SII-R), an instrument developed to measure the level of social interest that an individual has attained in each of four life task areas. Four factors (N = 308) were defined: A self-significance factor, a love factor, a freindship factor. The four factors combined accounted for 38.8% of the total variance. The results supported the empirical validity of the scale and provided further evidence for researchers who are seeking to define social interest in measurable terms.
Dynamic Alterations of Replication Timing in Mammalian Cells

Abstract Background: The eukaryotic genome is divided into distinct replication timing domains, which are activated during S phase in a strictly conserved order. Cellular differentiation can alter replication timing in some loci, but recent experiments yielded conflicting data regarding the relationship between gene expression and replication timing. The genetic and epigenetic determinants of replication timing in mammalian cells have yet to be elucidated. Results: We developed a mammalian experimental system in which the timing of DNA replication can be altered in a controlled manner. This system utilizes sequences from the human β-globin locus that exhibit orientation-dependent transcriptional silencing when inserted into the murine genome. We found that before insertion, the murine target site replicated late during S phase. After insertion, replication timing depended on the orientation of the transgene. In a transcription-permissive orientation, the transgene and flanking sequences replicated early. In the reverse (silencing-prone) orientation, these sequences replicated late. Early replication correlated with histone modifications of the transgene chromatin but could be observed in the absence of the β-globin promoter. Importantly, the replication timing switch did not require a replication origin within the transgene. Conclusions: Transgene insertions into mammalian heterochromatin can alter the timing of DNA replication at the insertion site. This differentiation-independent replication timing switch did not necessitate insertion of an active promoter or a replication origin. These observations suggest that the timing of DNA replication can be manipulated by changes in DNA sequence, but that the determinants of replication timing are distinct from the sequences that specify replication initiation sites.
Alteration of Tyrosine Aminotransferase Activity in Hepatoma Cells in Tissue Culture by Amphotericin B

Two clonal lines of rat hepatoma cells, in tissue culture, that have steroid-inducible tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) activities were shown to have different responses to amphotericin B. One of the cell lines (HTC) was relatively resistant to the growth-inhibiting effects of amphotericin B and demonstrated an inhibition of only its steroid-inducible TAT activity when exposed to the antifungal agent. In contrast, not only was the other cell line (MHC) sensitive to amphotericin B during its growth, but uninduced and induced enzyme activities were affected. During the first few hours after the exposure of MHC cells to amphotericin B, both basal and dexamethasone-induced TAT activity were reduced; with continued exposure, enzyme activity increased over that of untreated cells and was superinduced in the presence of maximal, stimulating amounts of steroid. The mechanisms by which enzyme activity is induced by amphotericin B are probably different from those mediated by steroids.
From terrorism to national movement

The author analysis the growth of global terrorism and activities of terrorist groups in contemporary world. Focusing on the ethnic and religious background of many terrorist groups, global terrorism, author argues, claims to be a powerful partner in new global conflict, gradually growing into national movements which could be supported by large ethnic, religious or racial communities across the world. Terrorist groups took its driving power and encouragement from the ideas and goals of the main group which principally lies in social injustice or economic inequalities of marginalized large social groups. Their links with ethnic, religious or social background pose the greatest potential threat to states with unstable economies, political turmoil, religious-ethnic hatred and with large-scale immigrants.
Bernini's Memorials to Ippolito Merenda and Alessandro Valtrini

This article offers new information about the historical circumstances surrounding the creation of Bernini's memorials to Ippolito Merenda and Alessandro Valtrini. It also considers other memorials...
The effects of three Drosophila melanogaster myotropins on the frequency of foregut contractions differ.

Myotropic peptides can be grouped into different families based on their structure. Three Drosophila melanogaster myotropin families are represented by TDVDHVFLRFamide, dromyosuppressin (DMS), pEVRYRQCYFNPISCF, an allatostatin C-type peptide named flatline (FLT), and SDNFMRfamide, a FMRFamide, a FMRFamide-containing peptide. The structures of DMS, FLT, and SDNFMRFamide differ and each peptide is encoded by a different gene. In addition, the spatial and temporal distributions of DMS, FLT, and SDNFMRFamide are dissimilar. DMS, FLT, and SDNFMRFamide each decreases heart rate; however, their effects are profoundly different. Likewise, the effects of these three myotropins on the frequency of the spontaneous contractions of the crop, an anterior portion of the foregut, differ. DMS stops crop movement without recovery for at least 10-min period after applying the peptide, FLT significantly decreases the frequency of spontaneous contractions, but its effect partially reverses within a few minutes after applying ...
Policy Strategies to Improve Maternal Health Services Delivery and Outcomes in Anambra State, Nigeria

Pregnancy and childbirth present major health risks for Nigerian women. Key maternal mortality measures indicate that the risks are high. Despite improvement efforts, the country has made insufficient progress in reaching the United Nations’ millennium development goal of decreasing maternal mortality by 75% by 2015. The author in this qualitative descriptive study explores the perspectives of experienced nurse leaders on policy strategies to improve maternal health in Nigeria. In this study, the author suggests that removal of financial barriers to access and utilization of health services, spousal and family inclusiveness in plan of care, and health systems-related physical and human infrastructural improvements constitute critical policy approaches.
Magnetic-Equivalent-Circuit-Based Scaling Laws for Low-Frequency Magnetic Devices

This paper sets forth a method to obtain scaling laws for low-frequency power magnetic devices using normalized magnetic equivalent circuits. The resulting scaling laws are meant to facilitate the system-level design. While the method is presented in general, it is demonstrated using an inductor as an example. The predictions of the scaling law obtained using the proposed approach are compared to commercially available devices. Experimental validation of the design model is also presented.
Prevalence of Disabilities and Abilities in Children Investigated for Abuse and Neglect

Research on disability prevalence among children in child welfare settings has typically rendered disability as a dichotomous yes/no variable. Dichotomous assessments do not take into account how disability impairs body functions, limits activities of daily living, and restricts participation in activities. A superior measurement method positions disability on a continuum of distinct abilities that can vary substantially for children with the same diagnosis. The purpose of this study is to examine disability as a continuum of abilities in different domains (cognitive, behavioral, social, and daily living) for children ages 3 to 10 years who were part of a maltreatment investigation.
Auto-maintenance in the pigeon: sustained pecking despite contingent non-reinforcement.

If a response key is regularly illuminated for several seconds before food is presented, pigeons will peck it after a moderate number of pairings; this “auto-shaping” procedure of Brown and Jenkins (1968) was explored further in the present series of four experiments. The first showed that pecking was maintained even when pecks turned off the key and prevented reinforcement (auto-maintenance); the second controlled for possible effects of generalization and stimulus change. Two other experiments explored procedures that manipulated the tendency to peck the negatively correlated key by introducing alternative response keys which had no scheduled consequences. The results indicate that pecking can be established and maintained by certain stimulus-reinforcer relationships, independent of explicit or adventitious contingencies between response and reinforcer.
Determination of multi-component gas and water equilibrium and non-equilibrium sorption isotherms in carbonaceous solids from early-time measurements

A rapid method is presented for determination of the multi-component gas and water sorption isotherms on carbonaceous solids from the non-equilibrium sorption data. This approach alleviates the long-time data requirement of the traditional volumetric gas adsorption technique used to construct gas isotherms requiring a series of equilibrium sorption measurements by successive pressure increments, particularly resorted in the coalbed methane industry. This is accomplished by the application of the non-equilibrium thermodynamics, multi-component material balance, gas sorption, and dissolution kinetic considerations for the gas adsorbed by carbonaceous solids and the gas dissolved in water under the effect of pressure, temperature, and grain size. The capabilities of the new technique in reducing the time required for construction of an isotherm are demonstrated by analyzing a series of the non-equilibrium sorption measurements and projecting the results to the equilibrium case. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the present model enables constructing both the equilibrium and non-equilibrium multi-component gas and water sorption isotherms in any carbonaceous solids and particularly coals simultaneously in relatively shorter time and with higher accuracy.
Spontaneous and diffuse coronary artery spasm unresponsive to conventional intracoronary pharmacological therapy: A case report†

We report a case of coronary artery spasm in a woman without atherosclerotic risk factors. Coronary arteries were initially normal angiographically; however, repeat angio-gram for severe chest pain revealed diffuse spasm of left circumflex system. Vasospasm did not respond to intracoronary pharmacotherapy and resulted in Q-wave myocardial infarction.
Accounting for unreported and missing intercourse in human fertility studies

In prospective studies of human fertility that attempt to identify days of ovulation, couples record each day whether they had intercourse. Depending on the design of the study, couples either (I) mark the dates of intercourse on a chart or (II) mark 'yes' or 'no' for each day of the menstrual cycle. If protocol I is used, intercourse dates that couples fail to record are indistinguishable from dates of no intercourse. Consequently, estimates of day-specific fecundability are biased upwards. If protocol II is used, data from menstrual cycles with missing intercourse information must be discarded in order to fit current fertility models. We propose methods to account for unreported and missing intercourse under the assumption that the missingness mechanism is independent of time conditional on the unobservable true intercourse status. We use probit mixture models to allow for heterogeneity among couples, both in fecundability and in the missingness and non-reporting mechanisms. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques are used for Bayesian estimation. The methods are generally applicable to the analysis of aggregated Bernoulli outcomes when there is uncertainty in whether a given trial, out of a series of trials, was completed. We illustrate the methods by application to two prospective fertility studies. Published in 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) Levels in Children with Ovarian Tumors† 447

Serum MIS values have been reported to be elevated in patients with ovarian tumors such as granulosa cell tumors (GCT), sex cord tumors with annular tubules (SCTAT), and Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors. We hypothesized that MIS determination would aid in the diagnosis and treatment of girls with ovarian tumors. Therefore, we measured MIS concentrations in 19 girls with these types of tumors. Clinical information on presentation was available for 10 girls, and included abdominal mass or pain in three girls and precocious puberty in 7 of 8 prepubertal girls (88%). All patients were treated with surgical removal of the tumor. Nine of twelve (75%) patients had an elevated pre-operative MIS value (see table). Post-operative serum MIS concentration was measured in 16 patients and was normal in all.
Coming out for lesbian women: its relation to anxiety, positive affectivity, self-esteem, and social support.

ABSTRACT The present study investigated relations between lesbians' disclosure of their sexual orientation and psychological adjustment. The 499 participants responded to a questionnaire assessing level of self-disclosure, sources of social support, forms of socializing, self-description of sexual orientation, and length of self-identification as a lesbian. The more widely a woman disclosed her sexual orientation the less anxiety, more positive affectivity, and greater self-esteem she reported. Degree of disclosure to family, gay and lesbian friends, straight friends, and co-workers was related to overall level of social support, with those who more widely disclosed reporting greater levels of support. Participants who more widely disclosed their sexual orientation were less likely to engage in anonymous socializing, had a larger percentage of lesbian friends, and were more involved in the gay and lesbian community. Path analyses revealed a mediating effect of social reactions (both initial and current) o...
Experimental study of nucleation in vapor mixtures of sulfuric acid and water

Abstract Experiments have been performed in an expansion cloud chamber to determine the nucleating effects of H2SO4 on supersaturated water vapor. Because of the corrosiveness and low partial pressures of the components in concentrated aqueous solutions of H2SO4, many special experimental problems were encountered, but most of them were solved. The experimental data can be characterized as reliable, rough, and quantitative. They are definitely not merely semiquantitative. Both qualitative and quantitative arguments have been advanced for many years, predicting the powerful nucleating ability of H2SO4, but in spite of its importance in atmospheric processes, no “hard” experimental data have been available to support these claims. We think these data serve that purpose. They indicate that in water vapor, supersaturated to the extent of several hundred percent relative humidity, H2SO4 present at partial pressures as low as 10−10 Torr (and possibly lower) can induce nucleation and condensation, and generally confirm recent theoretical studies on this subject. In addition to experiments with aqueous solutions of H2SO4 in the chamber, we report some experiments with aqueous solutions of NaCl. Furthermore, in an Appendix we report some additional theoretical estimates on the rate of nucleation in vapor mixtures of H2OH2SO4 at low temperatures (−40°C). These indicate a greatly enhanced nucleating ability for H2SO4 as the temperature is lowered. Much additional work needs to be done.
SU-FF-J-08: Calculating Biological Effective Dose in the Presence of Organ Deformation

Purpose: Evaluate the total biologically effective dose (BED) delivered to the prostate over the course of treatment in ART, accommodating organ motion using deformable image registration. Method and Materials: Using an in-treatment-room CT-on-rails, scans are acquired on the first five days of treatment and twice weekly thereafter. For each daily image, large-deformation diffeomorphic registration is performed to determine, for each voxel in the planning image, the location of the corresponding volume of tissue on the patient at the time of a given fractionated treatment. Knowing its position at the time of treatment, it is possible to evaluate the dose acquired by that volume of tissue on the treatment day. These varying doses can be summed for each voxel, yielding a map of the total delivered dose. However, this total dose does not correctly account for the cumulative radiobiological effect. To incorporate the fractionation biological effect, we use the Linear-Quadratic model. That is, for each voxel in the planning image, we accumulate the dose from each day, taking into account the quadratic dose response incorporating the tissue sensitivity (α/β) for the tissue type of the given voxel. This process yields a distribution of delivered BED. Results: For a series of patients we evaluate dose distributions and DVHs for planned and delivered BED using published values of α/β. These will be used to compare ART and standard IMRT treatment. Total dose and BED to the prostate are compared to the planned dose and BED, showing appreciable differences. Conclusion: Voxel-based radiobiological effects instead of voxel-based radiation dose should be accumulated in the fractionated treatment course for patients with organ motion and setup variation.
Relation between three classes of structural models for the effect of a time-varying exposure on survival

Standard methods for estimating the effect of a time-varying exposure on survival may be biased in the presence of time-dependent confounders themselves affected by prior exposure. This problem can be overcome by inverse probability weighted estimation of Marginal Structural Cox Models (Cox MSM), g-estimation of Structural Nested Accelerated Failure Time Models (SNAFTM) and g-estimation of Structural Nested Cumulative Failure Time Models (SNCFTM). In this paper, we describe a data generation mechanism that approximately satisfies a Cox MSM, an SNAFTM and an SNCFTM. Besides providing a procedure for data simulation, our formal description of a data generation mechanism that satisfies all three models allows one to assess the relative advantages and disadvantages of each modeling approach. A simulation study is also presented to compare effect estimates across the three models.
Gene Overexpression in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications

Pancreatic cancer is the deadliest of cancers, and effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are lacking. Global gene expression profiling holds promise for improved diagnosis and treatment. Knowledge of the location and timing of gene overexpression and the function of these genes, including their effects on signaling pathways, is important. These data may be used to develop histologic and serum biomarkers as well as to develop immunotherapeutic, molecular targeting, and gene therapy strategies. We have compiled a list of overexpressed genes in pancreatic cancer for which overexpression was confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and/or in situ hybridization following initial identification by global gene expression profiling. The techniques used in the determination of overexpression, problems encountered in global gene expression profiling, and the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of overexpression are discussed. The S100 gene family, mesothelin, prostate stem cell antigen, and 14-3-3 sigma, may have important clinical implications in pancreatic cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Formatting texts accessed randomly

Full-text systems that access text randomly cannot normally determine the format operations in effect for a given target location. The problem can be solved by viewing the format marks as the non-terminals in a format grammar. A formatted text can then be parsed using the grammar to build a data structure that serves both as a parse tree and as a search tree. While processing a retrieved segment, a full-text system can follow the search tree from root to leaf, collecting the format marks encountered at each node to derive the sequence of commands active for that segment. The approach also supports the notion of a ‘well formatted’ document and provides a means for verifying the well-formedness of a given text. To illustrate the approach, a sample set of format marks and a sample grammar are given suitable for formatting and parsing the article as a sample text.
Never on Sunday? Mexican tourists at the beach

Abstract This paper examines contemporary middle class Mexican recreational tourism through a micro-ethnographic study of tourist behavior at a small beach resort in the state of Chiapas. Majority behavior represents the inversion of aspects of normal behavior, particularly in the deregulation of meal-times, night and day activities, and the rules for play. It is hypothesized that the particular, and comparatively excessive, behaviors described may stem from both the historically antecendant Spanish and Indian cultures, with their baroque tendencies, and from the recent liberation of the new middle classes from the “Victorian-like” rules of daily behavior. Behavior at the beach resorts resembles earlier types of vacation in the U.S.A. and this suggests there may be an evolution of tourist behaviors characteristic of the historical situation of the national home cultures of the tourists.
Embryotoxic Effects of Sodium Azide Infusions in the Syrian Hamster

Abstract Pairs of osmotic minipumps containing 400 mg/ml (6.15 m ) sodium azide in distilled water were subcutaneously implanted in timed pregnancy Syrian golden hamsters. The total delivered dose was calculated as 6 × 10 −2 mmol kg −1 hr −1 at the maximal pumping rate. Most dams exhibited obvious signs of toxicity during the period of pump implantation which was Days 7 through 9 of gestation. After removal of the pumps the dams were euthanized on Day 13 of gestation, and the uteri were removed for counting of the number of living, malformed, and resorbed fetuses. This dose rate resulted in a significantly increased incidence of resorptions of embryos over that in a control group implanted with pumps delivering only distilled water. The incidence of gross malformations exclusively in the form of encephaloceles was not different between control and azide-infused groups. The extent of nitrosylation of circulating hemoglobin was followed with time and found to involve only about 0.1% of the total blood pigment. Thus, this commercially important and widely distributed chemical with high acute toxicity is not considered to be teratogenic in hamsters, and it produces embryotoxicity only at dose rates that result in toxic signs in the dams.
Cooperation and competition during dyadic play in domestic dogs, Canis familiaris

Social play involves a dynamic combination of competition and cooperation, yet few studies have systematically evaluated the cooperative side of play. We studied dyadic play in domestic dogs to investigate factors influencing variation in cooperative play strategies like self-handicapping and role reversal. Dyadic play bouts were videotaped and coded for asymmetric behaviours. We predicted that variation in play style would reflect salient aspects of the canine social system, including dominance relationships and age and size differences, but not sex differences. Our results refute the 50:50 rule proposed by some researchers, which asserts that participants must equalize their behaviour to maintain a playful atmosphere. We observed divergence from 50:50 symmetry to varying degrees across dyads. This variability was especially linked to dominance and age advantages, such that higher-ranking and/or older dogs generally showed higher proportions of attacks and pursuits and lower proportions of self-handicapping than their disadvantaged play partners. These results contradict the notion that more advantaged individuals consistently relinquish their advantage to facilitate play. Role reversals did occur, but certain social conventions apparently dictated which behaviours could be used during role reversals. For example, role reversals occurred during chases and tackles, but never during mounts, muzzle bites or muzzle licks, suggesting that these latter behaviours may be invariant indicators of formal dominance during play in domestic dogs. Play signalling was linked to self-handicapping behaviour but not to attack/pursuit behaviour, indicating that perhaps self-handicapping and play signalling work together to communicate playful intent and reinforce existing roles.
Detection and sizing of single nanoparticles by mode splitting in an optical microresonator

We demonstrate detection and sizing of single nanoparticles down to 30 nm by monitoring the mode splitting induced by a nanoparticle in an ultra-high quality factor (UHQ) microtoroid. Theory and methods are discussed.
The waste-product theory of aging: Simulation of metabolic waste production

A mathematical model of cellular metabolism is used to relate the rates of cell division and waste production to the concentrations of oxygen and glucose in the medium in which a normal diploid cell culture is grown. The metabolic model in tandem with an earlier waste-content model based on the waste-product theory of aging provides a unified cell-culture model with which population size and intracellular waste content can be calculated. Population size is measured by the number of population doublings which have been achieved. After suitable adjustment of parameters in the metabolic model, maximum values of population size are calculated numerically with the use of the unified model. Results show that the population maxima are related in a plausible way to the oxygen and glucose concentrations. The effects of temperature changes and contact inhibition of growth are also simulated. Small changes in the cell-division and waste-production rates can cause transformation to unlimited growth in the waste-content model, but the unified model is not correspondingly sensitive to changes in the oxygen and glucose concentrations or to changes in temperature.
Weak radiative decays of hyperons

Abstract The radiative decays of Σ+ and Λ are studied in terms of dispersion relation techniques. For this, the absorptive part of the decay amplitudes is calculated in the approvimation of keeping only the one-pion one-nucleon intermediate states. The contribution of the (πN-γN) vertex is expressed in terms of the J = 1 2 partial wave amplitudes for pion photoproduction on nucleons; that of the (hyperon-πN) vertex arises as the solution of an integral equation of the Omnes-Mushkelishvili type and involves integrals over the s- and p-wave J = 1 2 phase shifts for pion-nucleon scattering. With certain simplifications concerning the main contributions to the pion photoproduction on protons and the asymptotic behaviour of the π-N phase shifts, the ratio ϱ ≡ (Σ + → p +γ) (Σ + → p +π°) is calculated assuming the validity of the |ΔT| = 1 2 rule and time reversal invariance. It is found that, if the intermediate state in Σ+→n+π+→p+γ is a pure s-wave, the ratio ϱ ≈ 0.6%, in good agreement with the existing experimental data; if it is a pure p-wave, ϱ is estimated to be smaller by an order of magnitude.
Recombination processes and optical bias in undoped a-Si:H

Abstract A quasi-monomolecular recombination model is shown to account for coplanar electrode transient photocurrent measurements in undoped amorphous, hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H). Optical bias is found to modify both photocarrier dynamics and recombination, but with a response time which exceeds the recombination response time of the specimen. This model provides a new method to obtain the ratio of the microscopic trapping rate b+ and extended-state mobility μ0. Estimates were obtained using several specimens as a function of optical bias, temperature, and optical exposure history; the values range from 10−12 to 10−10 V-cm. These values are substantially lower than the previous estimate (10−9 V-cm) based on extrapolated time-of-flight transient photocurrents, with possible implications for the magnitude of μ0.