cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating Abrasiveness of Backing Fabrics for Historic Textile Mounting

The study is a continuation of an investigation of abrasive textile fabrics used as backing fabrics in textile conservation. Whether for exhibition or storage purposes, frequently it is necessary to mount a historic textile to another fabric surface. Choosing a textile mounting surface that is not abrasive to delicate fibers in historic textile items is a consideration. A test method for evaluating abrasiveness was refined on eleven backing fabrics. The rubbing of a donor fabric (a fabric that contributed loosened fibers) against selected backing fabric specimens was done with the measurement of number of fibers transferred after ten crockmeter rubbing cycles. The four fabrics with the lowest abrasiveness fiber counts were the membrane film side for both a heavy and a lightweight laminate fabric structure, velveteen pile and muslin. The backing fabrics highest in abrasiveness were tulle, the nonwoven sides of the two laminate fabric structures, and sailcloth. Fabric construction was more influential in ab...
Diagnosis of 9q22.3 microdeletion syndrome in utero following identification of craniosynostosis, overgrowth, and skeletal anomalies

9q22.3 microdeletion syndrome is a well-described contiguous deletion syndrome with features of Gorlin syndrome and other manifestations. Commonly reported findings in addition to those of Gorlin syndrome include metopic craniosynostosis, hydrocephalus, intellectual disability, and minor facial anomalies. The critical region for this condition was found to include the PTCH1 and FANCC genes; however, other genes are often deleted in affected individuals but their role in the observed phenotype is not understood. Fewer than 50 individuals with 9q22.3 microdeletion have been reported, all diagnosed postnatally on the basis of the phenotype. A confirmed prenatal diagnosis and accompanying fetal imaging has not been reported to date. We describe a patient with prenatally diagnosed 9q22.3 microdeletion syndrome following the ultrasonographic identification of trigonocephaly, macrosomia, organomegaly, ventriculomegaly, and anomalous vertebrae.
Editorial commentary on fixed combination isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine for nitric-oxide-enhancing therapy in heart failure.

Systolic heart failure is a condition that exerts a devastating toll on those affected. Therefore, treatments that improve heart failure outcomes incrementally, over and above the currently best available treatments are desperately needed. The fixed-dose combination of isosorbide dintrate–hydralazine provides unambiguous, incremental clinical benefits. However, isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine has the dubious distinction of being labeled as the first FDA-approved, ethnicity-specific drug. The hypothesis that isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine provides incremental benefit in non-African-Americans, as proven in the African-American Heart Failure Trial (AHEFT), has not yet been formally tested. Thus, the thesis that the positive AHEFT findings apply only to African-Americans should be rejected, until compelling evidence is available to support this rather implausible notion.
A group structuring mechanism for a distributed object-oriented language

Describes a structuring mechanism for grouping objects in a distributed object-oriented language. A group structuring mechanism provides a single flexible method for managing distributed applications that involve complicated communication protocols and sophisticated structure. We have added such a mechanism to the Emerald distributed object-oriented language and its run-time system. Our group structuring mechanism fits entirely within the context of object-oriented programming, so similar mechanisms could be added to other distributed object-oriented languages. >
Antibiotic Selection of Multiply Resistant Pneumococci

Multiple-antibiotic resistance in the pneumococcus, defined as resistance to 3 classes of antibiotics, first emerged in South Africa in 1978 [1]. The selection of these multiply resistant bacteria was nosocomial, and spread outside of the hospital was not demonstrated. It is a reasonable assumption that antibiotic-resistant strains have, at least initially, no compensatory mutations to give them an advantage in the absence of antibiotic selective pressure. After the initial antibiotic selection, they are, therefore, diluted in the population of susceptible strains. A single exposure to an effective antibiotic thus would be expected to kill susceptible strains and select preexisting resistant bacteria. Over time, however, the proportion of resistant strains would then be reduced as their carriage is terminated by natural immunity. Evidence of such a process is available from a study of selection of resistant pneumococci in an aboriginal population exposed to a single dose of azithromycin for the treatment of trachoma [2] and from a recent comparative study of the impact of amoxicillin-clavulanate versus that of azithromycin on the nasopharyngeal flora of children in Texas who had acute otitis media [3].
DAMAGE CONTROL FOR UROLOGIC INJURIES

Damage control techniques are applicable to a wide range of urologic injuries. When it is determined that the patient's condition requires that additional reconstructive efforts be delayed to a subsequent operative procedure, various temporizing procedures may be instituted for urinary tract injuries, including externalized stenting and drainage. Successful institution of the damage control approach requires close communication and cooperation between the general surgery trauma team and the surgical subspecialists involved in the patient's care.
Cancer statistics, 2010

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data regarding cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,529,560 new cancer cases and 569,490 deaths from cancer are projected to occur in the United States in 2010. Overall cancer incidence rates decreased in the most recent time period in both men (1.3% per year from 2000 to 2006) and women (0.5% per year from 1998 to 2006), largely due to decreases in the 3 major cancer sites in men (lung, prostate, and colon and rectum [colorectum]) and 2 major cancer sites in women (breast and colorectum). This decrease occurred in all racial/ethnic groups in both men and women with the exception of American Indian/Alaska Native women, in whom rates were stable. Among men, death rates for all races combined decreased by 21.0% between 1990 and 2006, with decreases in lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer rates accounting for nearly 80% of the total decrease. Among women, overall cancer death rates between 1991 and 2006 decreased by 12.3%, with decreases in breast and colorectal cancer rates accounting for 60% of the total decrease. The reduction in the overall cancer death rates translates to the avoidance of approximately 767,000 deaths from cancer over the 16-year period. This report also examines cancer incidence, mortality, and survival by site, sex, race/ethnicity, geographic area, and calendar year. Although progress has been made in reducing incidence and mortality rates and improving survival, cancer still accounts for more deaths than heart disease in persons younger than 85 years. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population and by supporting new discoveries in cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment. CA Cancer J Clin 2010;60:277-300. © 2010 American Cancer Society, Inc.
Amprenavir complexes with HIV-1 protease and its drug-resistant mutants altering hydrophobic clusters.

The structural and kinetic effects of amprenavir (APV), a clinical HIV protease (PR) inhibitor, were analyzed with wild-type enzyme and mutants with single substitutions of V32I, I50V, I54V, I54M, I84V and L90M that are common in drug resistance. Crystal structures of the APV complexes at resolutions of 1.02-1.85 A reveal the structural changes due to the mutations. Substitution of the larger side chains in PR(V32I) , PR(I54M) and PR(L90M) resulted in the formation of new hydrophobic contacts with flap residues, residues 79 and 80, and Asp25, respectively. Mutation to smaller side chains eliminated hydrophobic interactions in the PR(I50V) and PR(I54V) structures. The PR(I84V)-APV complex had lost hydrophobic contacts with APV, the PR(V32I)-APV complex showed increased hydrophobic contacts within the hydrophobic cluster and the PR(I50V) complex had weaker polar and hydrophobic interactions with APV. The observed structural changes in PR(I84V)-APV, PR(V32I)-APV and PR(I50V)-APV were related to their reduced inhibition by APV of six-, 10- and 30-fold, respectively, relative to wild-type PR. The APV complexes were compared with the corresponding saquinavir complexes. The PR dimers had distinct rearrangements of the flaps and 80's loops that adapt to the different P1' groups of the inhibitors, while maintaining contacts within the hydrophobic cluster. These small changes in the loops and weak internal interactions produce the different patterns of resistant mutations for the two drugs.
Resistance differences between blood and crystalloid cardioplegic solutions with myocardial cooling.

Abstract The effectiveness of a cardioplegic solution is dependent on maintaining adequate myocardial perfusion as the heart is cooled. Due to dissimilar rheological properties of blood (BC) and crystalloid (CC) cardioplegic solutions, differences in coronary vascular resistance (CVR) would be expected to develop during postarrest, hypothermic perfusion. To characterize rheologic differences between hypothermic BC and CC, we measured the viscosity of both solutions at 5°C intervals from 30 to 10°C with a Brookfield concentric cylinder viscometer. To evaluate hypothermic changes in CVR, we measured myocardial temperature, perfusion pressure, and perfusate flow during the injection of BC at 10°C in five dogs and CC at 10°C in five dogs. CVR was calculated from simultaneous, postarrest pressure and flow measurements taken at 5°C intervals from 30 to 15°C. The viscosity of BC increased from 1.72 ± 0.25 cP at 30°C to 2.67 cP at 10°C, while the viscosity of CC increased from 0.94 ± 0.02 to 1.44 ± 0.02 cP over the same temperature range. For BC, CVR increased from 0.134 ± 0.035 mm Hg·ml −1 ·min at 30°C to 0.199 ± 0.069 mm Hg·ml −1 ·min at 15°C, while CVR for CC increased from 0.0972 ± 0.024 to 0.111 ± 0.020 Hg·ml −1 ·min at 15°C. Two-way analysis of variance demonstrated that viscosity ( F = 48.5, P = 0.0001) and CVR ( F = 5.82, P = 0.042) were greater for BC than CC. Decreasing temperature resulted in significant differences in viscosity ( F = 347.3, P = 0.0001) and CVR ( F = 11.45, P = 0.0001) for the cardioplegic solutions. We have demonstrated that myocardial cooling results in a more pronounced increase in CVR for BC than for CC which can, in part, be attributed to differences in viscosity. As a consequence, BC will require a perfusion pressure higher than that of CC to maintain coronary flow with decreasing myocardial temperature.
The Neural Representation of Consonant-Vowel Transitions in Adults Who Wear Hearing Aids

Hearing aids help compensate for disorders of the ear by amplifying sound; however, their effectiveness also depends on the central auditory system's ability to represent and integrate spectral and temporal information delivered by the hearing aid. The authors report that the neural detection of time-varying acoustic cues contained in speech can be recorded in adult hearing aid users using the acoustic change complex (ACC). Seven adults (50–76 years) with mild to severe sensorineural hearing participated in the study. When presented with 2 identifiable consonant-vowel (CV) syllables (“shee” and “see”), the neural detection of CV transitions (as indicated by the presence of a P1-N1-P2 response) was different for each speech sound. More specifically, the latency of the evoked neural response coincided in time with the onset of the vowel, similar to the latency patterns the authors previously reported in normal-hearing listeners.
Video coding with MC-EZBC and redundant-wavelet multihypothesis

Motion compensation with redundant-wavelet multihypothesis, in which multiple predictions that are diverse in transform phase contribute to a single motion estimate, is deployed into the fully scalable MC-EZBC video coder. The bidirectional motion-compensated temporal-filtering process of MC-EZBC is adapted to the redundant-wavelet domain, wherein transform redundancy is exploited to generate a phase-diverse multihypothesis prediction of the true temporal filtering. Noise not captured by the motion model is substantially reduced, leading to greater coding efficiency. In experimental results, the proposed system exhibits substantial gains in rate-distortion performance over the original MC-EZBC coder for sequences with fast or complex motion.
Optimum Megawatt-Frequency Control of Multiarea Electric Energy Systems

The North American Power Systems Interconnection Committee recommends that each control area set its frequency bias equal to the so-called area frequency response characteristic (AFRC). The authors question seriously the basis for this practice and prove by the methods of optimum control that better response and wider stability margins can be obtained by lower bias settings.
Developing the next generation of dissemination and implementation researchers: insights from initial trainees

Dissemination and implementation (D&I) research is a relatively young discipline, underscoring the importance of training and career development in building and sustaining the field. As such, D&I research faces several challenges in designing formal training programs and guidance for career development. A cohort of early-stage investigators (ESI) recently involved in an implementation research training program provided a resource for formative data in identifying needs and solutions around career development. Responses outlined fellows’ perspectives on the perceived usefulness and importance of, as well as barriers to, developing practice linkages, acquiring additional methods training, academic advancement, and identifying institutional supports. Mentorship was a cross-cutting issue and was further discussed in terms of ways it could foster career advancement in the context of D&I research. Advancing an emerging field while simultaneously developing an academic career offers a unique challenge to ESIs in D&I research. This article summarizes findings from the formative data that outlines some directions for ESIs and provides linkages to the literature and other resources on key points.
A phase II study of decitabine and gemtuzumab ozogamicin in newly diagnosed and relapsed acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome

Decitabine may open the chromatin structure of leukemia cells making them accessible to the calicheamicin epitope of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO). A total of 110 patients (median age 70 years; range 27-89 years) were treated with decitabine and GO in a trial designed on model-based futility to accommodate subject heterogeneity: group 1: relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with complete remission duration (CRD) <1 year (N=28, 25%); group 2: relapsed/refractory AML with CRD ⩾1 year (N=5, 5%); group 3: untreated AML unfit for intensive chemotherapy or untreated myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or untreated myelofibrosis (MF; N=57, 52%); and group 4: AML evolving from MDS or relapsed/refractory MDS or MF (N=20, 18%). Treatment consisted of decitabine 20 mg/m(2) daily for 5 days and GO 3 mg/m(2) on day 5. Post-induction therapy included five cycles of decitabine+GO followed by decitabine alone. Complete remission (CR)/CR with incomplete count recovery was achieved in 39 (35%) patients; group 1= 5/28 (17%), group 2=3/5 (60%), group 3=24/57 (42%) and group 4=7/20 (35%). The 8-week mortality in groups 3 and 4 was 16% and 10%, respectively. Common drug-related adverse events included nausea, mucositis and hemorrhage. Decitabine and GO improved the response rate but not overall survival compared with historical outcomes in untreated AML ⩾60 years.
Molecular Genetic Analysis of Human Monoclonal Gammopathies

Numerous age-related alterations in immune function and regulation were defined and recently summarized by Makinodan and Hirokawa (1985), Hausman and Weksler (1985), and Siskind (1987). Among the most common are those abnormalities of immune function that are mediated by B lymphocytes. In their simplest form, this may be reflected as a gradual increase in the percentage of sera obtained from presumably healthy individuals from the fifth through and past the ninth decade, which contain monoclonal immunoglobulins. Analysis of sera from 27,000 consecutive blood donors showed that while monoclonal immunoglobulins occur with a frequency of 0.17% in the general population, their incidence increases progressively with age, rising from 0.025% to 0.5% between the ages of 18–29 and 50–60 years, respectively (Fine et al., 1979). Kyle (1984) and others (Radl et al., 1975) extended these observations and demonstrated the presence of serum paraproteins in 19% of individuals 90 years and older. These paraproteins (1) do not involve a particular subset of immunoglobulin; (2) are not confined to a particular immunoglobulin class, their distribution being similar to that noted for a random population of patients with multiple myeloma and for the frequency of occurrence of immunoglobulins of various classes and subclasses in a pool of healthy individuals; (3) do not generally have any demonstrable antigenic specificity; and (4) may be at serum concentrations similar to those found in multiple myeloma (Melistedy et al., 1984). It is presumed that these paraproteins are synthesized at an accelerated rate by an amplified clone of B cells, which may reflect an abnormal immune response.
Guided Fantasy Techniques

When we are asleep and dreaming, there is a tendency to experience the events occurring in our dreams as if they were actually happening. Pleasant dreams may cause us to smile, and even to laugh aloud at times, while nightmares may cause us to awaken fearful and apprehensive. It is generally not until after we awaken that we realize that the “events” which we have just lived through have all been figments of our imagination. Similarly, suggested alterations in conscious awareness may also enhance the tendency to experience imagined events as if they were actually taking place. If a sufficiently suggestible subject is administered an induction and then told that he is Enrico Caruso, and that he is about to sing some lines from a famous opera, his subsequent efforts may sound to us like the baying of a lonely coyote; but to him, they are the work of the master artist he temporarily believes himself to be.
Abstract 100: Influence of Race on Presentation, Treatment, and Outcome Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation-related Ischemic Stroke

Background: Blacks have been underrepresented (<2% of 71,683) in recent atrial fibrillation (AF) trials of novel anticoagulants vs. warfarin. Blacks with AF have also been underrepresented in stroke cohort studies from which the stroke risk prediction rules are derived. Objective: We examined whether there exist racial differences in presentation, treatment, and outcome among patients with AF-related ischemic stroke (IS). Methods: Consecutive IS were identified from 2006-2010 at 3 U.S. sites. All events were evaluated by CT or MRI, and assigned a discharge modified Rankin score (mRS). AF was confirmed by ECG. Baseline medications and clinical characteristics were abstracted from the medical record. Race was determined by self-report. Findings: We identified 1,030 AF-related IS; 96% (n=985) had race reported as White (n=764, 74%) or Black (n=221, 21%). Compared to Whites, Blacks were younger, had a higher burden of risk factors, had higher prevalence of paroxysmal or new onset AF, and more often presented outside the t-PA window. Among patients with known AF, 40% Whites and 39% Blacks were taking warfarin on admission. INR on admission was not different by race (mean 1.4, SD =0.7; p=0.64). These strokes resulted in severe neurological deficit (mRS >3) in a majority of Blacks and Whites (70% vs. 64%; p=0.09). Conclusion: Blacks with AF who suffer IS are younger, have a higher burden of risk factors, and more often present with paroxysmal or new onset AF. IS in the setting of AF was associated with significant mortality and morbidity in both Blacks and Whites. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
ULTRASOUND ACOUSTIC STARTLE RESPONSE IN SCARAB BEETLES

We discovered an auditory sense in a night-flying scarab beetle, Euetheola humilis, the first scarab to be shown to hear airborne sounds. In the field, beetles were captured beneath speakers broadcasting ultrasound that simulated bat echolocation pulses. Apparently, the beetles took evasive action from a potential bat predator and flew into the traps. Using another behavioral assay in laboratory studies, the beetles were sensitive to frequencies ranging from 20 to 70 kHz at levels between 60 and 70 dB SPL. One component of the behavioral response, a head roll, was graded with stimulus intensity, and the number of potentials in electromyographic recordings from muscles involved in the roll increased as stimulus intensity increased. The response latency was about 40 ms at threshold, decreasing to about 30 ms at 20 dB above threshold. The beetle's short response latency is ideally suited for predator avoidance behavior and the frequency tuning of the response suggests that it could function in evasion from insectivorous bats. The beetle's acoustic sensitivity is remarkably similar to that of other night-flying insects showing ultrasound-induced startle and it should provide these scarab beetles with a similar advance warning of predation risk.
Genetic Basis for PD-L1 Expression in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Cervix and Vulva.

Importance Patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the cervix or vulva have limited therapeutic options, and the potential for immunotherapy for this population has not been evaluated. Recent trials suggest that tumors with a genetic basis for PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) ligand expression are highly sensitive to therapeutic antibodies targeting PD-1. Objective To determine the genetic status of CD274 (encoding PD-L1 [programmed cell death 1 ligand 1]) and PDCD1LG2 (encoding PD-L2 [programmed cell death 1 ligand 2]) in SCCs of the cervix and vulva and to correlate the findings with PD-L1 protein expression. Design, Setting, and Participants We performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using probes targeting CD274 , PDCD1LG2 , and the centromeric portion of chromosome 9, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) using an antibody recognizing PD-L1 on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsy specimens from 48 cervical SCCs and 23 vulvar SCCs. Main Outcomes and Measures Tumors were categorized according to the genetic abnormality in CD274 and PDCD1LG2 (coamplification > cogain > polysomy > disomy) as detected by FISH, and evaluated on a semiquantitative scale (modified H score, the product of the percentage of tumor cells with positive staining and the maximum intensity of positive staining) for PD-L1 protein expression as detected by IHC. Results Overall, 71 samples of FFPE tissue from cases of cervical SCCs (n = 48) and vulvar SCCs (n = 23) were retrieved from the archives of Brigham and Women’s Hospital and included in this study. We observed cogain or coamplification of CD274 and PDCD1LG2 in 32 of 48 cervical SCCs (67%) and 10 of 23 vulvar SCCs (43%). Median PD-L1 protein expression was highest among tumors with CD274 and PDCD1LG2 coamplification and lowest among tumors with disomy. Conclusions and Relevance Recurrent copy number gain of the genes encoding the PD-1 ligands provides a genetic basis for PD-L1 expression in a subset of cervical and vulvar SCCs and identifies a class of patients that are rational candidates for therapies targeting PD-1.
Experimental and numerical investigation of the sintering rate of snow

Sintering rates in snow were investigated by measuring changes in penetration resistance with time and by using a numerical snow metamorphism model. Periodic Snow Micro Penetrometer (SMP) measurements were performed on uniform snow samples covering a wide range of densities. The mean penetration resistance of snow increased with time according to a power law with an average exponent of 0.18. Simulated changes in the bond-to-grain ratio for simplified spherical ice grains followed a power law with an average exponent of 0.18, showing that the mean penetration resistance, as measured with the SMP, closely relates to bond-to-grain ratio in snow. For lower-density snow samples, consisting mostly of dendritic snow morphologies, the measured increase in penetration resistance was lower. This is likely the result of two competing processes: (1) strengthening of the snow sample due to the creation and growth of bonds and (2) weakening of the snow sample due to the formation of unbonded small rounded particles at the expense of larger dendritic forms. On the other hand, the rate of increase in penetration resistance for snow samples consisting of closely packed depth hoar was similar to that of rounded grains.
On the Protection and Restoration of the Timberwork of Historic Buildings

Chinese historic buildings take the timberwork system as the main stream,but the timberwork is easy to be damaged by people and nature.Therefore,to protect and restore the timberwork of historic buildings is urgent.During the process of the protection and restoration,some basic principles of the preservation of cultural relics must be abided by,namely the principles of integrity and authenticity.In addition,new scientific technologies can be used in this work.
Some Intuitive Prevalence Estimators

In this chapter we discuss several ad hoc estimators of the prevalence of crime, including those that the BJS has used for the percentage of households touched by crime (U.S. Department of Justice, 1981a). These estimators are not derived from probabilistic models of victimization but rather are intuitive in nature. On the one hand, they have the advantage of being relatively easy to understand and straightforward to compute. On the other hand, it is difficult to determine to what extent they actually reflect the quantity that we are trying to estimate. Nonetheless, they are very helpful as a starting point for estimating θ and to pinpoint some difficulties in this estimation.
The March Inland: Tlaxcala and Cholula

From the town of Vera Cruz Cortes entered into peaceful relations with the coastal peoples, especially in the major city of the region, Cempoala. According to his report, the Cempoalans only recently had been brought under Mexica domination and were restive under their overlords. Thus, they easily changed their support to the Spaniards. Once Cortes decided to strike inland, he left a garrison of about 150 men in Vera Cruz and with his remaining 350 Spaniards, now aided by large numbers of Cempoalan tememes or bearers, he began to trek westward, climbing through the mountains that lay just beyond the coast. The expedition passed through a number of small towns and at various points they received “ambassadors,” forward observers sent from Tenochtitlan by Moctezuma to gather information about the strangers. Cortes used a combination of diplomacy, bravado, guile, and terror to impress these representatives as well as to awe the towns and villages through which the Spaniards passed. Cortes, by now well informed about local and regional politics, chose to lead his force through Tlaxcala, an altepetl whose people were linguistically and culturally akin to the Mexica, but who were also their traditional political enemies.
Validation of Ndesign in Iowa

The design number of gyrations, or Ndesign introduced by Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) used in the Superpave mix Design method has been commonly used in flexible pavement design throughout the United States. The Ndesign, also known as the compaction effort used to simulate field compaction during construction has been reported to produce air voids that are unable to reach ultimate pavement density after some period of time. Other states had conducted studies validating the Ndesign for their specific region. This study will focus on the validation of Ndesign in the State of Iowa. Pavement sections constructed in 2011 were randomly selected to determine if 4% target air voids was being achieved four years post-construction. The objective of the study is to determine if the current mix design gyratory levels are creating mixes that will reach target densification under traffic. The quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) information at construction was matched with four year postconstruction densities from field cores to determine if traffic loading is adequately compacting the surface mix. The compaction effort is critical in design. Over-compaction during design may lead to under-compaction in the field as well as reduce asphalt content and affect overall durability. Findings of the study suggest majority of mixes were not achieving 4% air voids four years post-construction and mixes with lower design gyrations compact more readily post-construction even though traffic levels are lower. Majority of the projects in the highest traffic volume were unable to reach ultimate pavement density with the current design gyrations.
Catalytic conversion in nanoporous materials: Concentration oscillations and spatial correlations due to inhibited transport and intermolecular interactions

We show that steady-state catalytic conversion in nanoporous materials can occur in a quasi-counter-diffusion mode with the reactant (product) concentration strongly decaying (growing) into the pore, but also with oscillations in the total concentration. These oscillations reflect the response of the fluid to the transition from an extended to a confined environment near the pore opening. We focus on the regime of strongly inhibited transport in narrow pores corresponding to single-file diffusion. Here, limited penetration of the reactant into the pores and the associated low reaction yield is impacted by strong spatial correlations induced by both reaction (non-equilibrium correlations) and also by intermolecular interactions (thermodynamic correlations). We develop a generalized hydrodynamic formulation to effectively describe inhibited transport accounting for the effect of these correlations, and incorporate this description of transport into appropriate reaction-diffusion equations. These equations accurately describe both shorter-range concentration oscillations near the pore opening and the longer-range mesoscale variation of concentration profiles in the pore (and thus also describe reaction yield). Success of the analytic theory is validated by comparison with a precise kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of an appropriate molecular-level stochastic reaction-diffusion model. This work elucidates unconventional chemical kinetics in interacting confined systems.
Multiscale influence of woody riparian vegetation on fluvial topography quantified with ground-based and airborne lidar

Coupling between riparian vegetation and river processes can result in the coevolution of plant communities and channel morphology. Quantifying biotic-abiotic interactions remains difficult because of the challenges in making and analyzing appropriately scaled observations. We measure the influence of woody vegetation on channel topography at the patch and reach scales in a sand-bedded, dryland river system (Santa Maria River, Arizona) with native Populus and invasive Tamarix. At the patch scale, we use ground-based LiDAR to relate plant morphology to “tail bars” formed in the lee of vegetation. We find vegetation roughness density (λf) to most influence tail bar shape and size, suggesting coherent flow structures associated with roughness density are responsible for sediment deposition at this scale. Using airborne LiDAR, we test whether relationships between topography and vegetation morphology observed at the patch scale are persistent at the reach scale. We find elevation of the channel (relative to the local mean) covaries with a metric of vegetation density, indicating analogous influences of vegetation density on topography across spatial scales. While these results are expected, our approach provides insight regarding interactions between woody riparian vegetation and channel topography at multiple scales, and a means to quantify such interactions for use in other field settings.
Molecular mechanisms of tamoxifen-induced apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma

B38 Cholangiocarcinoma is a highly fatal tumor of biliary epithelium with very limited therapeutic options. So far no chemotherapy regimen has been found to be effective in advanced stage cholangiocarcinoma. We have found that tamoxifen (TMX) induced apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cells, probably via its calmodulin (CaM) antagonist effects. In the present studies, we determined the role of TMX as a potential therapy and the molecular mechanisms responsible for TMX-induced apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma. Cholangiocarcinoma tumorigenesis in a mouse xenograft model was inhibited by intratumoral injection of TMX (tumor volumes: control=696.9±123.1mm 3 and TMX=217.8±49.3mm 3 , n=7, p=0.004). Immunohistochemical analyses of the tumors identified the expression of phosphorylated-AKT (pAKT) in all non-treated tumors (pAKT-positive tumor cells=27.1±11.1%) but not in adjacent stromal cells. All sections from the TMX-treated tumors were negative for pAKT staining. TMX (10µM) induced a 1.9-fold increased apoptosis in cells isolated from mouse tumor xenografts (n=5, p 2+ -dependent direct binding of CaM and FLIP, which was increased upon Fas-stimulation. TMX inhibited Fas-induced increase in CaM-FLIP binding, suggesting that TMX may interfere with stabilization of FLIP by inhibiting CaM-FLIP binding after Fas stimulation to enhance sensitivity of cholangiocarcinoma cells to apoptosis. In summary, we demonstrated that TMX regulates AKT and FLIP activation to induce apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cells and may represent an effective therapy for cholangiocarcinoma.
Mitochondrial Plasmids in Cochliobolus Heterostrophus

The mitochondria of filamentous fungi contain a rich array of plasmids and plasmid-like DNAs. In this regard, the fungi appear to be exceptional among eukaryotes, from which a relatively small number of plasmids have been described. In contrast to mitochondrial plasmids, only a few nucleus-associated plasmids are known in lower eukaryotes. Dictyostelium discoideum, for example, contains at least five unrelated nuclear plasmids (21). Several genera of yeast carry nuclear plasmids, of which the 2-micron circle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the prototype and the most intensively studied of all eukaryotic plasmids (3). The recently described nuclear kalDNA, from certain strains of Neurospora intermedia, appears to share properties of plasmids and transposons (Ref. 2; Bertrand, this Volume).
Determinations of the 12C/13C Ratio for the Secondary Stars of AE Aquarii, SS Cygni, and RU Pegasi*

We present new moderate-resolution near-infrared spectroscopy of three CVs obtained using GNIRS on Gemini-North. These spectra covered three 13CO bandheads found in the K-band, allowing us to derive the isotopic abundance ratios for carbon. We find small 12C/13C ratios for all three donor stars. In addition, these three objects show carbon deficits, with AE Aqr being the most extreme ([C/Fe] = −1.4). This result confirms the conjecture that the donor stars in some long-period CVs have undergone considerable nuclear evolution prior to becoming semi-contact binaries. In addition to the results for carbon, we find that the abundance of sodium is enhanced in these three objects, and the secondary stars in both RU Peg and SS Cyg suffer magnesium deficits. Explaining such anomalies appears to require higher mass progenitors than commonly assumed for the donor stars of CVs.
Optical Studies of Drug-Protein Complexes: II. Interaction of Phenylbutazone and Its Analogues with Human Serum Albumin

The binding of phenylbutazone to human serum albumin generated a positive ellipticity band at 287 mµ in the circular dichroic spectrum of time protein. This extrinsic Cotton effect resulted from perturbation of the carbonyl chromophore of phenylbutazone by an asymmetrical locus at the albumin binding site. Hydrophobic interactions appeared to be important for the maintenance of a rigid drug-protein complex, since the introduction of hydrophilic groups into phenylbutazone caused considerable reduction in the magnitude of induced optical activity. Phenylbutazone competitively displaced 1-dimethylamino-naphthalene-5-sulfonyl-N-glycine (a fluorescent probe for the hydrophobic regions of proteins) from human serum albumin. This suggested that there was a hydrophobic area at or near one of the phenylbutazone-binding sites. The red shift in the ultraviolet absorption maximum of phenylbutazone on binding to albumin provided some evidence that the phenyl groups of the drug were located in a region of the protein where the dielectric constant was less than that of water.
Increased Cellular Aging by 3 Years of Age in Latino, Preschool Children Who Consume More Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: A Pilot Study

Abstract Background: Previous studies in adults and older children find that sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption increases risk for obesity and cellular aging, as measured by leukocyte telomere length (LTL). Methods: In a previously described, San Francisco-based Latino birth cohort, where telomere length was measured at birth, we evaluate the relationship between beverage consumption (including SSB and 100% fruit juice), obesity, and LTL at 2–3 years old, as well as change in LTL from birth. LTL (T/S Ratio) was measured in 61 children (mean 2.4 years ±0.6 standard deviation). Multivariable linear regression models are used to ascertain beverage type and obesity as independent predictors of LTL and change in LTL. Results: Mean telomere length was 1.58 ± 0.20 (T/S Ratio) and mean yearly change was −0.08 ± −0.09 (T/S Ratio). Predictors of shorter telomere length at age 2–3 included increased consumption of SSB (Beta Coeff = −0.009 95% CI [−0.02 to −0.0008]; p = 0.03). Telomere length at birth was the...
Mesoscopic neuron population modeling of normal/epileptic brain dynamics

Simulations of EEG data provide the understanding of how the limbic system exhibits normal and abnormal states of the electrical activity of the brain. While brain activity exhibits a type of homeostasis of excitatory and inhibitory mesoscopic neuron behavior, abnormal neural firings found in the seizure state exhibits brain instability due to runaway oscillatory entrained neural behavior. We utilize a model of mesoscopic brain activity, the KIV model, where each network represents the areas of the limbic system, i.e., hippocampus, sensory cortex, and the amygdala. Our model initially demonstrates oscillatory entrained neural behavior as the epileptogenesis, and then by increasing the external weights that join the three networks that represent the areas of the limbic system, seizure activity entrains the entire system. By introducing an external signal into the model, simulating external electrical titration therapy, the modeled seizure behavior can be ‘rebalanced’ back to its normal state.
Intersectionality and Black Women’s Health: Making Room for Rurality

Black women have poorer health compared to their White counterparts in a range of health outcomes, including breast cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and heart disease. The health disparities literature ...
A new intrinsic hypoxia marker in esophageal cancer.

During the past three decades, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in the US increased by 5- to 6-fold, with a yearly increase of 4–10%.1 The prognosis for EAC is extremely poor, and the 5 year survival rate is ~10%.1−3 Despite significant improvements in early diagnosis and treatment, the majority of deaths in EAC patients are attributable to metastases that are resistant to therapy.2,3
Cultural correlates of self perceived health status among Chinese elderly.

This study examines self-perceived physical and mental health among 213Chinese elderly who visited the Geriatric Outpatient Clinic of BeijingHospital, the People‘s Republic of China. The study hypothesizes thatcultural factors, specified by family relations, along with demographicfactors, number of diseases, economic well-being, and living conditionshave a significant impact on subjects self-perceived health status.Pearson correlation, linear and logistic regression analyses areperformed. Results indicate that age, number of diseases, perceived familyrespect, neighborhood relations, and percentage of income spent on rentare significant predictors of self-perceived physical health. These samefactors plus preference to live with a son and personal monthly income aresignificant predictors of self-perceived mental health. Socio-culturalimplications of these findings are examined.
Automated Software Architecture Extraction Using Graph-based Clustering

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 CHAPTER 2. BASICS OF CLUSTERING AND GRAPHS . . . . . . . . . . 2 CHAPTER 3. SOFTWARE CLUSTERING AND GRAPHS . . . . . . . . . . 4 CHAPTER 4. PROPOSED APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 CHAPTER 5. RELATED RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.1 Star Diagrams: Designing Abstractions out of Existing Code . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.2 Clustering Software Using Knowledgebase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.3 Term Weighting Schemes for Labeling Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.4 Weighted Combined Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.5 Hierarchical Clustering for Software Architecture Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . 14 CHAPTER 6. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 CHAPTER 7. PARTITIONAL ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . 18 7.1 Algorithm 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 7.2 Algorithm 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 7.3 Algorithm 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 7.4 Algorithm 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Proximal fixation anterior to the lateral femoral epicondyle optimizes isometry in anterolateral ligament reconstruction

Concomitant anterolateral ligament (ALL) injury is often observed in patients with an anterior cruciate ligament injury leading some to recommend concurrent ALL reconstruction. In ligament reconstruction, it is imperative to restore desirable ligament length changes to prevent stress on the graft. The purpose of this investigation is to identify the optimal femoral and tibial locations for fixation in ALL reconstruction. 3D computerized tomography (CT) knee models were obtained from six fresh-frozen, unpaired, cadaveric human knees at 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 90°, 110°, and 125°of knee flexion. Planar grids were projected onto the lateral knee. Isometry between each tibial and femoral grid point was calculated at each angle of flexion by the length change in reference to the length at 0° of knee flexion. The mean normalized length change over the range of motion was calculated for each combination of points at all angles of flexion were calculated. Fixation of the ALL to the lateral femoral epicondyle or 5 mm anterior to the epicondyle with tibial fixation on the posteroinferior aspect of the tibial condyle (14–21 mm posterior to Gerdy’s tubercle and 13–20 mm below the joint line) provided the lowest average length change for all possible ALL tibial insertion points. Minimal length change for all femoral fixation locations occurred from 20° to 40° of flexion, which identifies the angle of flexion where graft tensioning should occur intraoperatively. With the use of 3D reconstructed models of knee-CT scans, we observed that there was no ALL fixation point that was truly isometric throughout range of motion. Fixation of the anterolateral ligament on the lateral femoral epicondyle or anterior to the lateral femoral epicondyle and on the inferoposterior aspect of the tibial condyle restores isometry. Additionally, minimal length change was observed between 20° and 40° of flexion, which is the most appropriate range of knee flexion to tension the graft. Reproducing isometry reduces stress on the graft, which minimizes the risk of graft failure.
Toward Recognizing the Prehistoric Butchery of Frozen Meat: An Archaeological Experiment and Stone Tool Microwear Analysis

Prehistoric humans occupied cold environments for more than one million years without the controlled use of fire. Processing frozen meat may have been a regular occurrence. In order to explore whether this behavior is present in the archaeological record, archaeologists must first understand whether the butchery of frozen meat leaves diagnostic traces of microwear on stone tools. We present an experiment that investigates what sorts of micro-traces are left on replica stone tools used for butchering frozen versus raw meat. Our results indicate that polish of similar brightness and texture forms on specimens used to slice both frozen and unfrozen meat, but that there are differences in the extent of polish formation away from the tool edge, damage frequency, and damage type. These experimental results can be used as a model to recognize frozen and unfrozen meat butchery on artifacts, which in turn has implications for interpreting archaeological sites.
Pediatric oncology nurses' perceptions of prognosis-related communication.

Abstract Background Disclosure of prognosis-related information is an essential aspect of communication with pediatric patients with cancer and their families. The nurse is believed to play an important role in this process, but nurse perceptions and experiences have not been well-described. Purpose Provide an exploration of pediatric oncology nurses’ experiences with prognosis-related communication (PRC). Method Mixed-methods, multiphase design. This paper highlights the qualitative portion of the study. Findings Three themes were identified: Importance of collaboration, impact of PRC, and delivery of prognostic information. Discussion Collaboration is a critical element of PRC. Nurses are often not included in the disclosure process, which limits the ability of nurses to fully function in their roles, compromising patient, family, and nurse outcomes. A paradigm shift is required to empower nurses to be more active participants. More education of physicians and nurses is necessary to consistently engage nurses in PRC and prepare nurses for critical conversations.