cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acid-assisted oxidation of decachlorodecaborate 2(−): Synthesis and characterization of a ten-vertex polyhedral borane radical

Abstract In the presence of Lewis acids, lead tetraacetate rapidly oxidized decachlorodecaborate (2−), B 10 Cl 2− 10 , to the blue-violet radical anion B 10 Cl ⨪ 10 . No reaction was observed in the absence of Lewis acids or trifluoroacetic acid. The isolated B 10 Cl ⨪ 10 radical is quite stable and its IR, electronic, and ESR spectra are reported. Chemically it behaves as a superior oxidizing agent and competitive reactions indicated the following order of oxidizing power; B 10 Cl ⨪ 10 > B 9 I ⨪ 9 > B 9 Br ⨪ 9 >B 9 Cl ⨪ 9 . The possible role of the acids in the synthesis of B 10 Cl ⨪ 10 is discussed.
The onset of quantization in ultra-submicron semiconductor devices

Within the next decade or so, it is expected that gate lengths will shrink to 50 nm or less in devices found in integrated circuits. At the same time, the thermal de Broglie wavelength for electrons in Si at 300 K is some 5 nm. How might we expect quantum mechanics to arise in the transport through these small devices ? Here, issues relevant for the quantum transport description of transport in ultra-small devices are discussed, such as the issue of quantum localization—just how small can the minimum area be in which a single electron can be localized. After discussing such a minimum size, the localization packet is associated with an ‘effective’ potential in which sharp discontinuities are removed from the potential within the device. The replacement of sharp potentials by smoothed potentials removes much of the driving force for quantization within these device structures. It will be shown that the introduction of such an effective potential leads to an enhancement of the drain-induced barrier lowering in ultra-small devices, principally in the ‘on’ state. c 2000 Academic Press
2′‐5′ oligoadenylate synthetase 1 polymorphism is associated with prostate cancer

BACKGROUND: The antiviral, proapoptotic, antiproliferative gene 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5OAS1) converts adenosine triphosphate into a series of 2′-5′ oligoadenylates (2-5A). In turn, 2-5A activates latent ribonuclease (RNaseL), a candidate hereditary prostate cancer gene. OAS1 polymorphism (reference single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] 2660 [rs2660]) has been associated with increased susceptibility to infections and various diseases. In general, the low-enzyme-activity adenine-adenine (AA) genotype promotes susceptibility, whereas the high-enzyme-activity guanosine-guanosine (GG) genotype confers protection. In this study, the authors investigated the association of this functional OAS1 polymorphism (rs2660) with prostate cancer. METHODS: Sample size and power were calculated using a power calculation software program for case-control genetic association analyses. Genomic DNA samples from a control group (n = 140) and from a case group of patients with prostate cancer (n = 164) were used for genotyping SNPs rs2660, rs1131454, and rs34137742 in all samples. Statistical analyses were performed using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: A significant association was observed between the rs2660 genotype (A/G) and prostate cancer. Genotype AA increased the risk, whereas genotype GG decreased the risk of prostate cancer. The GG genotype was not observed in the African American samples. The AA genotype also increased the risk of prostate cancer with age. CONCLUSIONS: The OAS1 SNP rs2660 AA genotype was associated significantly with prostate cancer, whereas the GG genotype protected against prostate cancer. OAS1 rs2660 may be a prostate cancer susceptibility polymorphism, which is a significant observation, especially in a context of the OAS1-RNaseL pathway. Thus, a functional defect in OAS1 because of the rs2660 SNP not only can attenuate RNaseL function but also can alter cell growth and apoptosis independent of RNaseL. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
School choice as ‘motherwork’: valuing African‐American women’s educational advocacy and resistance

This study draws on in‐depth interview data to discuss the school choices and educational advocacy roles of 14 African‐American mothers. The narratives of the study’s participants, who have low‐income or working‐class status, show how race, class and gender factors influence their school choice‐making and their value of education. The author asserts that the mothers’ school choice‐making constitutes an important act of cultural resistance and empowerment called motherwork. Analysis of the study’s findings challenges conventional notions of parent involvement and counters prevalent stereotypes that portray African‐American mothers as uncaring. Attention is given to the inequities that the mothers face in the educational marketplace and how they seek agency. Educators are urged to consider how the mothers perceive themselves and construct their educational involvement roles in order to engage parents in empowering and meaningful ways.
Measurement of human activated factor X―antithrombin complex by an enzyme-linked differential-antibody immunosorbent assay

Abstract An enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the measurement of the complex of human antithrombin and Factor X a . Rabbit anti-human Factor X antibodies are adsorbed to ELISA plates, and samples containing X a -antithrombin complex are added. This is followed by the addition of F(ab′) 2 fragments of rabbit antibodies against human antithrombin, previously labeled with alkaline phosphatase, and subsequent measurement of the bound labeled antibody by hydrolysis of p -nitrophenylphosphate. The minimum level of complex detectable in a sample is ca. 0.1 n m . The assay has been used to follow the generation of X a -antithrombin complex in kinetic situations by the addition of 1 μ m Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-chloromethylketone to the ELISA sampling buffer, and it has also been used in plasma systems, where a 20-fold reduction in the sensitivity of the assay is observed. This reduction was shown to be entirely caused by the plasma Factor X. The assay has been used to follow generation of the X a -antithrombin complex in defibrinated plasma upon activation of the clotting system with the Factor X-activating protein of Russell's Viper venom, and has been compared with the total generation of Factor X a , measured by a radiopeptide assay of Factor X activation in the same mixtures.
Gait behaviors as an objective surgical outcome in low back disorders: A systematic review

Abstract Background Objective motor performance measures, especially gait assessment, could improve evaluation of low back disorder surgeries. However, no study has compared the relative effectiveness of gait parameters for assessing motor performance in low back disorders after surgery. The purpose of the current review was to determine the sensitive gait parameters that address physical improvements in each specific spinal disorder after surgical intervention. Methods Articles were searched with the following inclusion criteria: 1) population studied consisted of individuals with low back disorders requiring surgery; 2) low back disorder was measured objectively using gait assessment tests pre- and post-surgery. The quality of the selected studies was assessed using Delphi consensus, and meta-analysis was performed to compare pre- and post-surgical changes. Findings Thirteen articles met inclusion criteria, which, almost exclusively, addressed two types of spinal disorders/interventions: 1) scoliosis/spinal fusion; and 2) stenosis/decompression. For patients with scoliosis, improvements in hip and shoulder motion (effect size = 0.32–1.58), energy expenditure (effect size = 0.59–1.18), and activity symmetry of upper-body muscles during gait were present after spinal fusion. For patients with spinal stenosis, increases in gait speed, stride length, cadence, symmetry, walking smoothness, and walking endurance (effect size = 0.60–2.50), and decrease in gait variability (effect size = 1.45) were observed after decompression surgery. Interpretation For patients with scoliosis, gait improvements can be better assessed by measuring upper-body motion and EMG rather than the lower extremities. For patients with spinal stenosis, motor performance improvements can be captured by measuring walking spatio-temporal parameters, gait patterns, and walking endurance.
Leprosy and glomerulonephritis: case report and review of the literature.

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a common form of glomerulonephritis and frequently is associated with chronic infections. Leprosy, one of the most common infections worldwide, was found in conjunction with MPGN, type I, in a patient. Serological abnormalities typical of MPGN, improvement in renal function with therapy of acute complications of leprosy, and long-term renal improvement with antileprosy therapy all occurred in this patient. Others have found that MPGN is found in 11 % to 43% of leprosy patients undergoing renal biopsy. Serological abnormalities typical of MPGN frequently are found in patients with lepromatous leprosy. The associations of MPGN and leprosy, and the susceptibility of the glomerulonephritis to therapy, should be emphasized.
Comparison of anion removal capacities of Octolig and Cuprilig.

Mixtures of sodium salts of phosphate, arsenate, and fluoride were used in chromatography and batch experiments to compare the capacity of two immobilized ligands (IMLIGs) to remove these anions: Octolig® and its copper (II)-based metallolig, Cuprilig. The focus of this study was twofold. First, to find out which material, Octolig® or Cuprilig, would remove these anions most effectively; and secondly to determine the optimal capacity for removal of representative anions. Removal capacity was evaluated by two methods: by chromatography and by a batch method. The methods gave identical results, but the batch method was more convenient. Cuprilig had a lower capacity for removal of phosphate than Octolig®. The capability of Octolig® for removing anions was: phosphate > arsenate > fluoride >>>chloride >>>>bromide. Replication of phosphate removal was good for a given batch of Octolig®. Of three different samples of Octolig®, two seemed to be alike based on the phosphate- removal capacity; the third was differe...
The influence of the polar headgroups of acidic diacetylenic phospholipids on tubule formation, microstructure morphology and Langmuir film behavior

Abstract The effect of modification of the polar headgroup of diacetylenic phospholipids on bilayer morphology and monolayer properties has been investigated. The lipids were prepared by substituting the choline portion of 1,2-bis(10, 12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine with the glycols HO(CH 2 ) n OH ( n = 2, 3, 4), by means of a phospholipase D catalyzed transphosphatidylation. In the presence of CuCl 2 (pH 5.6 and ionic strength 0.18), the lipid with n = 2, produced a bimodal population of small diameter (0.1 μm) and large diameter (0.9 μm) tubules, the lipid for n = 3 produced a similar bimodal distribution of tubules except that the diameter of the smaller tubules increased to 0.3 μm. No small diameter tubules were formed from the lipid where n = 4. An increase or decrease either in the pH or ionic strength decreased the yield of tubules and affected the formation of the small diameter tubules, respectively. The counteranion of the metal salt present in the aqueous medium was also found to affect tubule diameter. The molecular area of the lipids was 70 A 2 /molecule ( n = 2), 105 A 2 /molecule ( n = 3) and 160 A 2 /molecule ( n = 4). Monolayer studies suggested that the packing behavior of lipids at the air-water interface in the low surface pressure region was influenced by the subphase pH, ionic strength and counteranions.
Effect of reserpine on peptic ulceration and gastric blood flow in dogs.

SummaryReserpine, in large doses, abets histamine induced ulceration in dogs. It also appears to be as ulcerogenic as histamine. Decreased blood flow occurs in the stomach when 2.5 mg of reserpine is given intravenously to dogs. This may be an additional mechanism for the increased incidence of ulceration.
Transforming Universal Design for Learning in Early Childhood Teacher Education from College Classroom to Early Childhood Classroom.

This article focuses on the application of Universal Design for Learning from theory to practice from the college classroom to the practicum experiences of preservice teacher candidates. It combines description of two research projects that explored and documented how participants understand and use Universal Design for Learning in lesson planning. Universal Design for Learning holds promise in training early childhood teacher educators to work with diverse populations and to provide access to learning for all students, including children with special needs. In Study One, 36 teacher candidates used action research to implement a Universal Design for Learning strategy, collect and analyze data, and become researchers. In Study Two, five teacher candidates were introduced to the principles of Universal Design for Learning and designed lesson plans for their practica. These qualitative research studies explored and documented how teacher candidates understand, introduce, and integrate the principles and prac...
Study of different optical fibers

Different optical fibers behavior has been studied in the transfer of a high-power YAG laser beam. With the NEC 1.2 kW YAG laser the authors studied mainly the light loss of the fibers and the capability of handling and connection between lasers and optical fibers. Gradient-index and step-index fibers have been compared. Different diameters and different lengths were tested.
Shear stress-induced apoptosis of adherent neutrophils: a mechanism for persistence of cardiovascular device infections.

The mechanisms underlying problematic cardiovascular device-associated infections are not understood. Because the outcome of the acute response to infection is largely dependent on the function of neutrophils, the persistence of these infections suggests that neutrophil function may be compromised because of cellular responses to shear stress. A rotating disk system was used to generate physiologically relevant shear stress levels (0–18 dynes/cm2; 1 dyne = 10 μN) at the surface of a polyetherurethane urea film. We demonstrate that shear stress diminishes phagocytic ability in neutrophils adherent to a cardiovascular device material, and causes morphological and biochemical alterations that are consistent with those described for apoptosis. Complete neutrophil apoptosis occurred at shear stress levels above 6 dynes/cm2 after only 1 h. Morphologically, these cells displayed irreversible cytoplasmic and nuclear condensation while maintaining intact membranes. Analysis of neutrophil area and filamentous actin content demonstrated concomitant decreases in both cell area and actin content with increasing levels of shear stress. Neutrophil phagocytosis of adherent bacteria decreased with increasing shear stress. Biochemical alterations included membrane phosphatidylserine exposure and DNA fragmentation, as evaluated by in situ annexin V and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP end labeling (TUNEL) assays, respectively. The potency of the shear-stress effect was emphasized by comparative inductive studies with adherent neutrophils under static conditions. The combination of tumor necrosis factor-α and cycloheximide was ineffective in inducing >21% apoptosis after 3 h. These findings suggest a mechanism through which shear stress plays an important role in the development of bacterial infections at the sites of cardiovascular device implantation.
A priori assessment of the stereoelectronic profile of phosphines and phosphites.

This research has demonstrated the utility of a rigorously calibrated, molecular mechanics/semiempirical quantum mechanical protocol for developing stereoelectronic (Tolman) maps for phosphine ligands. A computational analysis of alkyl and aryl phosphines in common usage suggests that these ligands are quite similar stereoelectronically. A noticeable gap in the Tolman map for common phosphines is observed for large, electron-poor phosphines. Several candidates meeting these criteria were identified, the most promising of which is P(t-C4F9)3. Phosphines in which the phosphorus participates in a ring, which comprise a very small subset of reported phosphines, have very interesting stereoelectronic properties, particularly those in which the ligating phosphorus is part of a three-membered ring. In terms of steric properties, the symmetric deformation coordinate proposed by Orpen and co-workers on the basis of crystallographic studies is calculated with sufficient accuracy using PM3(tm) to allow good confiden...
Specific purpose Monte Carlo modelling of nuclear well logging tool responses

Statistical estimation and direction biasing combined with path-length stretching have been incorporated in special-purpose Monte Carlo codes for modeling pulse-neutron and dual-spaced neutron well-logging-tool responses. Experimental test-pit results have been simulated with these codes, indicating that they are accurate. The codes are run on a DEC Microvax II computer in very reasonable CPU times and are easy to use. It is estimated that further optimization of the biasing parameters, inclusion of correlated sampling, and other improvements will yield computer codes that are about an order of magnitude faster than the present general-purpose codes. >
Red Yankees: Narragansett conversion in the Great Awakening

During the Great Awakening (1740–45), the Narragansett and a number of other New England Indian groups converted to the “New Light” of this first American revival. In their conversion they brought together under new moral authority several disparate aspects of their complex identity as a colonized, struggling Indian people. In converting to a religion of the oppressed, they both identified with elements of the wider society and set themselves apart from that society. [Indians, New England, social change, ethnohistory, religion, conversion]
Conjugate film condensation and natural convection along the interface between a porous and an open space

Abstract This paper reports a theoretical investigation focusing on the interaction between film condensation and natural convection along a vertical wall separating a fluid reservoir from a fluid-saturated porous reservoir. The two reservoirs are maintained at different temperatures. The study consists of two parts: in the first part the condensation phenomenon takes place in the fluid reservoir and the natural convection phenomenon in the porous layer. In the second part, the opposite situation is considered. The main heat transfer and flow characteristics in the two counterflowing layers, namely, the condensation film and the natural convection boundary layer are documented for a wide range of the problem parameters. These parameters appear after boundary layer scaling of the governing equations. Important engineering results regarding the overall heat flux from the condensation side to the natural convection side are summarized in the course of the study. Finally, the effect of the thermal resistance of the wall constituting the interface separating the two reservoirs, on the overall heat flux from the condensation side to the natural convection side is determined.
Utility and cost-effectiveness of preoperative autologous blood donation in gynecologic and gynecologic oncology patients.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate utility and cost-effectiveness of preoperative autologous blood donation in gynecologic and gynecologic oncology patients. METHODS: Pheresis unit records were retrospectively reviewed to identify all women who performed autologous blood donation. Clinical charts were abstracted. Use rate (number of units used/number of units donated) and quality-adjusted life years were calculated. Statistical analysis consisted of χ 2 , Student t , and Fisher exact tests. RESULTS: A total of 106 women with benign ( n = 63) and malignant disease ( n = 43) donated 143 units (1.4 units per patient) of which 126 (88%) were discarded. Fifteen patients (14%) were transfused a total of 24 units, 17 autologous (71%) and seven allogeneic (29%). Those transfused had a significantly higher estimated blood loss (700 mL versus 275 mL, P P P = .05). Despite similar estimated blood loss (370 mL versus 310 mL), the use rate for malignant versus benign disease was significantly greater (0.31 versus 0.07, P = .005). Radical versus nonradical surgery had a significantly higher estimated blood loss (620 mL versus 250 mL, P = .001) and use rate (0.26 versus 0.11, P = .001) as well. Estimated cost per quality-adjusted life years for autologous blood donation for each category exceeded $1,000,000. CONCLUSION: Autologous blood donation is an expensive medical practice and does not guarantee that exposure to allogeneic blood will not occur. If pursued, it should be directed towards those who have a known malignancy or those for whom radical surgery is anticipated. Other methods of blood conservation may be safer and more cost-effective.
In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of Pulverization of Aluminum Nanowires and Evolution of the Thin Surface Al2O3 Layers during Lithiation–Delithiation Cycles

Lithiation-delithiation cycles of individual aluminum nanowires (NWs) with naturally oxidized Al(2)O(3) surface layers (thickness 4-5 nm) were conducted in situ in a transmission electron microscope. Surprisingly, the lithiation was always initiated from the surface Al(2)O(3) layer, forming a stable Li-Al-O glass tube with a thickness of about 6-10 nm wrapping around the NW core. After lithiation of the surface Al(2)O(3) layer, lithiation of the inner Al core took place, which converted the single crystal Al to a polycrystalline LiAl alloy, with a volume expansion of about 100%. The Li-Al-O glass tube survived the 100% volume expansion, by enlarging through elastic and plastic deformation, acting as a solid electrolyte with exceptional mechanical robustness and ion conduction. Voids were formed in the Al NWs during the initial delithiation step and grew continuously with each subsequent delithiation, leading to pulverization of the Al NWs to isolated nanoparticles confined inside the Li-Al-O tube. There was a corresponding loss of capacity with each delithiation step when arrays of NWs were galvonostatically cycled. The results provide important insight into the degradation mechanism of lithium-alloy electrodes and into recent reports about the performance improvement of lithium ion batteries by atomic layer deposition of Al(2)O(3) onto the active materials or electrodes.
Spatial relationships of aluminum chemistry in the streams of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire

Aluminum chemistry was evaluated in two headwater streams in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Observed elevational trends in stream aluminum chemistry may be related to spatial variations of vegetation type and mineral soil depth within the watersheds. At the highest elevations maximum densities of spruce and fir vegetation occur and aluminum appears to be mobilized predominantly by transformations involving dissolved organic matter. At the mid-elevations hardwood vegetation predominates and the mechanism of aluminum mobilization shifts to dissolution by strong acids within the mineral soil. At the lowest elevations, relatively thick mineral soil seems to limit aluminum mobility, resulting in low concentrations in streamwater. Comparison of these results with an earlier study of an adjacent watershed, indicates that subtle differences in watershed characteristics such as tree species distribution and topography may cause significant variations in stream aluminum chemistry. Control of aluminum mobility by imogolite minerals was not indicated by the stream chemistry of these watersheds. To determine the relationship between acidic deposition and aluminum mobility, natural variations which occur in the aluminum cycle must be addressed.
Results of Stripping Analysis of the Co 59 ( d , p ) Co 60 Reaction

The MIT-ONR electrostatic generator and broad-range magnetic spectrograph have been used to investigate proton groups produced by bombarding thin cobalt targets with 6.0-Mev deuterons. The angular distributions of the twenty-eight most intense proton groups corresponding to as many levels in ${\mathrm{Co}}^{60}$ were analyzed in terms of stripping theory to determine the orbital angular momentum of the captured neutron. The $Q$ values of the ($d, p$) reaction were measured for sixty levels of ${\mathrm{Co}}^{60}$. The ground-state $Q$ value was found to be 5.262\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.011 Mev.
Coumarins II. structures of columbianadin and columbianin

Columbianadin and columbianin were isolated from petroleum ether and alcoholic extracts, respectively, of Lomatium columbianum . Upon hydrolysis, these coumarins yielded tiglic acid and glucose, respectively, and an alcohol, columbianetin. This alcohol was dehydrated to dihydrooroselone and upon hydrogenation formed a product identical with a degradation product obtained from athamantin. This, in addition to ultraviolet, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance absorption studies, led to the establishment of columbianetin as (+)-8,9-dihydro-8-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2H-furo[2,3-h]-1-benzopyran-2-one and columbianin as its glucoside. Columbianadin was established as its angelate by synthesis.
Analytical electron microscopy of thin films and interfaces

Abstract In this paper a brief overview is presented of some of the techniques available with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to characterize thin films and interfaces. The critical role that sample preparation plays is discussed. Examples of the application of many of the analytical techniques used in TEM are given. These include nano area electron diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. High resolution imaging is available at atomic resolution and new methods are being developed to analyze the images including computer simulation. Imaging of magnetic domains is important to the study of materials used in digital data storage.
Baruch S. Blumberg (1925–2011): Researcher of Hepatitis B, polysaccharides, other areas of science

Baruch S. Blumberg’s career started with investigating the physical chemistry of polysaccharides. It culminated with the discovery of the Hepatitis B virus and the vaccine to prevent infection with it. It was concluded with studying life forms under extreme terrestrial conditions as part of the new science astrobiology.
Strong field coherent control of atomic population transfer

We demonstrate a population inversion in a three-level system via three-photon absorption from a single shaped ultrafast laser pulse. The optimal pulse shape for the inversion is discovered using closed-loop learning control and interpreted via pulse shape parameter scans and numerical integration of the Schrodinger equation. The population inversion is measured using a combination of spontaneous and stimulated emissions. Our results illustrate the importance of dynamic Stark shifts in coherent multi-photon excitation.
The dosimetric effects of photon energy on the quality of prostate volumetric modulated arc therapy

Abstract Purpose Studies comparing the dosimetric effects of high- and low-energy photons to treat prostate cancer using 3-dimensional conformal and intensity modulated radiation therapy have yielded mixed results. With the advent of newer radiation delivery systems like volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), the impact of changing photon energy is readdressed. Methods and Materials Sixty-five patients treated for prostate cancer at our institution from 2011 to 2012 underwent CT simulation. A target volume encompassing the prostate and entire seminal vesicles was treated to 50.4 Gy, followed by a boost to the prostate and proximal seminal vesicles to a total dose of 81 Gy. The VMAT plans were generated for 6-MV and 10-MV photons under identical optimization conditions using the Eclipse system version 8.6 (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA). The analytical anisotropic algorithm was used for all dose calculations. Plans were normalized such that 98% of the planning target volume (PTV) received 100% of the prescribed dose. Dose-volumetric data from the treatment planning system was recorded for both 6-MV and 10-MV plans, which were compared for both the entire cohort and subsets of patients stratified according to the anterior–posterior separation. Results Plans using 10-MV photons had statistically significantly lower relative integral dose (4.1%), gradient measure (4.1%), skin D max (16.9%), monitor units (13.0%), and bladder V 30 (3.1%) than plans using 6-MV photons ( P 21 cm) for most parameters, with statistically significant differences in bladder V 30 , bladder V 65 , integral dose, conformity index, and monitor units. Conclusions The main dosimetric benefits of 10-MV as compared with 6-MV photons are seen in thicker patients, though for the entire cohort 10-MV plans resulted in a lower integral dose, gradient measure, skin D max , monitor units, and bladder V 30 , possibly at the expense of higher rectum V 81 .
Cell phone use and crash risk: evidence for positive bias.

BACKGROUND: Recent epidemiologic studies have estimated little or no increased risk of automotive crashes related to cell phone conversations by the driver, whereas earlier case-crossover studies estimated the relative risk as close to 4. Did earlier studies introduce a positive bias in relative risk estimates by overestimating driving exposure in control windows? METHODS: Driving exposures in a "control" window and a corresponding "case" window on the subsequent day were tabulated across 100 days for 439 GPS-instrumented vehicles in the Puget Sound area during 2005-2006. RESULTS: For control windows containing at least some driving, driving exposure was about one-fourth that of case windows. Adjusting for this imbalance reduces relative risk estimates in the earlier case-crossover studies from 4 to 1. CONCLUSION: Earlier case-crossover studies likely overestimated the relative risk for cell phone conversations while driving by implicitly assuming that driving during a control window was full-time when it may have been only part-time. Erratum: On page 118, left column, line 8, the sentence should say “with >0% consistency,” not “with 70% consistency.” (Epidemiology. 23(2):358, March 2012.) See also comments and rebuttals: Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Mostofsky E. Epidemiology. 2012 Jul;23(4):647-8; author reply 649-50. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182583cdf. Walsh MC, Trentham-Dietz A, Newcomb PA, Gangnon R, Palta M. Epidemiology. 2012 Sep;23(5):772-3. Using propensity scores to reduce case-control selection bias. Young RA. Epidemiology. 2013 May;24(3):469. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31828abbea. Cell phone use and crash risk. Kidd DG, McCartt AT. Epidemiology. 2013 May;24(3):468-9. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31828c4663. Cell phone use and crash risk. McEvoy SP, Stevenson MR, Woodward M. Epidemiology. 2012 Jul;23(4):648; author reply 649-50. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182594053. Cell phone use and crash risk. Kidd DG, McCartt AT. Epidemiology. 2012 Sep;23(5):773-4;author reply 774-5. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e318262247e. More on cell phone use and crash risk. Language: en
Imaging of human retinal flow dynamics using color Doppler optical coherence tomography

We demonstrate color Doppler optical coherence tomography for noninvasive crosssectional imaging of structure and blood flow within the human retinal microcirculation. Imaging of blood flow dynamics enabled correlation of retinal pulsatility to phases of the cardiac cycle.
Errata: Full Envelope Flight Control System Design Using Quantitative Feedback Theory

A controlled plant's characteristics can vary widely throughout its operational envelope. This is a major problem in nominal plant-based control system design. Hence, gain scheduling is often used for full envelope design. In this paper, it is proposed to address the plant's variability using robust control design concepts, minimizing the need for gain scheduling. In particular, the frequency-domain-based quantitative feedback theory multiple input multiple output robust controls design method is employed for the synthesis of a full envelope flight control system for an F-16 aircraft derivative. Qualitative feedback theory addresses structured uncertainty that is caused by full envelope operation. Thus, qualitative feedback theory robust control is particularly suited for full envelope controller design. Compensators and prefilters for the aircraft's pitch and lateral/directional channels are designed to meet level 1 flying qualities specifications, and these designs are validated using simulations.
Stimulus factors and listening strategies in auditory memory: A theoretical analysis ☆

Abstract A theory for the temporal course of perceptual coding during auditory short-term memory tasks is described. A low-level “sensor” and a high-level “identifier” process item and order information from stimulus word-strings. Both word durations and interword pauses are needed for this processing, and if adequate processing time is unavailable, perceptual delays will lead to degraded recall performance. Stimulus parameters and subject strategies interact to determine the quality and the order in which stimulus items are coded. These hypotheses are supported both by experiments using grammatical sentences and those using lists of unrelated words.
Deep sea study takes a new approach

The rapidly evolving technology of remotely operated vehicles (ROV) is revolutionizing the exploration and study of deepwater environments. In 1991, the JASON/MEDEA ROV system exhibited its high-resolution imaging capabilities in the rugged hydrothermal environment of the Endeavour Segment, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge [Delaney et al., 1991; Sempere et al., 1991]. In 1992, the Canadian Remotely Operated Platform for Ocean Science (ROPOS) successfully sampled hydrothermal vents along the Juan de Fuca Ridge and recovered data from an Ocean Drilling Program borehole in Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge [Embley and Franklin, 1993]. In 1993, a 21-day expedition to the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, Mexico, went a step further, combining ROV and manned-submersible assets to maximize the effectiveness of both vehicles for scientific use and ultimately demonstrating a completely new approach to deep-sea research.
THE INDIGO OF COMMERCE IN COLONIAL NORTH AMERICA

It can be demonstrated that the Indigo of Commerce in Colonial North America consisted of three species in the genusIndigofera. One of these was a native plant,I. Caroliniana Mill, while the other two were introduced.Indigofera tinctoria L. (French Indigo), an Old World species, andI. Suffruticosa Mill. (Guatemala Indigo), a New World species, were both introduced into South Carolina in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Their cultivation flourished until the American Revolution. Neither of the introduced species has become naturalized in the Carolinas.
Chefs' opinions about reducing the calorie content of menu items in restaurants.

Modifying the energy content of foods, particularly foods eaten away from home, is important in addressing the obesity epidemic. Chefs in the restaurant industry are uniquely placed to influence the provision of reduced-calorie foods, but little is known about their opinions on this issue. A survey was conducted among chefs attending U.S. culinary meetings about strategies for creating reduced-calorie foods and opportunities for introducing such items on restaurant menus. The 432 respondents were from a wide variety of employment positions and the majority had been in the restaurant industry for 20 years or more. Nearly all chefs (93%) thought that the calories in menu items could be reduced by 10 to 25% without customers noticing. To decrease the calories in two specific foods, respondents were more likely to select strategies for reducing energy density than for reducing portion size (p<0.004). Low consumer demand was identified as the greatest barrier to including reduced-calorie items on the menu by 38% of chefs, followed by the need for staff skills and training (24%), and high ingredient cost (18%). The majority of respondents (71%) ranked taste as the most influential factor in the success of reduced-calorie items (p<0.0001). The results of this survey indicate that opportunities exist for reducing the energy content of restaurant items. Ongoing collaboration is needed between chefs and public health professionals to ensure that appealing reduced-calorie menu items are more widely available in restaurants and that research is directed towards effective ways to develop and promote these items.
Improved high temperature mechanical properties of titanium alloys by platinum ion plating

Abstract The effect of platinum ion plating on the elevated temperature properties of α+β titanium alloys was investigated. A thin ion-plated platinum layer provided effective oxidation protection and retained its adherence to the alloy surface up to 600°C. Both the creep and high cycle fatigue strengths of the coated alloys were considerably improved at room and elevated temperatures. The platinum-coated material did not shoe any loss of ductility after creep exposure. It is proposed that the thin platinum layer acted as an oxygen diffusion barrier and thus suppressef the transformation of the metastable β, resulting in higher creep resistance. The compressive hardening of the alloy surface by ion plating is a proposed mechanism for the fatigue life improvement.
Microtubule nucleation by γ-tubulin-containing rings in the centrosome

The microtubule cytoskeleton of animal cells does not assemble spontaneously, but instead requires the centrosome. This organelle consists of a pair of centrioles surrounded by a complex collection of proteins known as the pericentriolar material (PCM). The PCM is required for microtubule nucleation. The minus, or slow-growing, ends of microtubules are embedded in the PCM and the plus, or fast-growing, ends project outwards into the cytoplasm during interphase, or into the spindle apparatus during mitosis. gamma-Tubulin is the only component of the PCM that is so far implicated in microtubule nucleation. Here we use immuno-electron microscopic tomography to show that gamma-tubulin is localized in ring structures in the PCM of purified centrosomes without microtubules. When these centrosomes are used to nucleate microtubule growth, gamma-tubulin is localized at the minus ends of the microtubules. We conclude that microtubule-nucleating sites within the PCM are ring-shaped templates that contain multiple copies of gamma-tubulin.
HIV Vaccines A Magic Bullet in the Fight Against AIDS

The development of an effective preventive vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an urgent national and international priority. However, a number of formidable obstacles, encomp...
Does the location of the surgery or the specialty of the physician affect malpractice claims in liposuction

Background.There is increasing national dialogue on who should perform liposuction and where it should be performed.Objective.To determine the effect of the location of liposuction surgery and the specialty of the physician on the incidence of malpractice claims.Methods.Physicians Insurance Associat
Hydrolysis of organic phosphates by corn and soybean roots

Because of the importance of organic phosphates as sources of P for plants, this work was performed to study the hydrolysis of nine organic phosphates by sterile, intact corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) roots. Results showed that the rates of hydrolysis ofp-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNP) in buffered solutions by roots of three varieties of corn and three varieties of soybean ranged from 13 to 22 μmol PO4−P g−1 root h−1 and from 2.1 to 2.2 μmol PO4−P 0.1 g−1 root h−1, respectively. The average rate of hydrolysis of PNP in nonbuffered solutions was 2- to 3-fold lower for corn roots and 6- to 10-fold lower for soybean roots as compared with those obtained with buffered solutions. The orthophosphate released from hydrolysis of organic P compounds in buffered solutions during a 48-h incubation of corn roots showed that the maximum rate of hydrolysis of PNP was 4 to 6 times greater than the commonly used substrates: α- and β-glycerophosphates, phenolphthalein diphosphate, and glucose-6-phosphate. The rates of hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate were similar and about 6- to 12-fold lower than that of PNP. Phosphoethanolamine and phosphocholine were hydrolyzed slightly, ando-carboxyphenyl phosphate was not hydrolyzed. The rates of hydrolysis of organic P compounds in nonbuffered solutions by corn and soybean roots were 1 to 3 and 1 to 10 times lower than those in buffered solutions, respectively. The trends in rates of hydrolysis by soybean roots of buffered organic P substrates were similar to those observed with corn roots, with the exception of glucose-1-phosphate and phosphoethanolamine.
Observations of Tool-Workpiece Interactions during Friction Stir Processing of Ti-6Al-4V

Significant tool wear manifested as submicron tungsten-rich particles was observed in the workpiece after friction stir processing (FSP) of investment cast Ti-6Al-4V on both the surface and in the bulk of the stir zone. The tool was manufactured from a tungsten alloy, which stabilizes the β phase and can locally suppress the β transus. A postprocessing α/β heat treatment was performed to demonstrate the microstructure effects of tungsten dissolution.
Abstract C43: Prognostic value of hypoxia-associated genes in prostate cancer

Abstract Tumor-associated hypoxia has been associated with malignant progression, metastasis and resistance to therapy. We studied the role of oxygen tension (pO2) in modulating the properties of cultured human prostate cancer (CaP) cells. In air, where oxygen tension (pO2) is approximately 20 kPa, cultured CaP cells expressed lower levels of transcripts associated with cancer and urologic disease; reducing pO2 to 2 kPa made these levels comparable to those in surgical CaP specimens suggesting that hypoxically cultured cells, rather than normoxically cultured cells, express genes at levels akin to those in tumor cells in situ. In human primary CaP tissue, transcripts of hypoxia-associated genes DLG7, CCNB1 and HMMR were overexpressed and associated with Gleason score and disease prognosis; this implies the potential prognostic value of these transcripts. While hypoxia affected the CaP cell proteome mostly quantitatively, it did affect expression of tumor–associated antigens and suggested the potential therapeutic relevance of the hypoxic antigenic landscape. Overall, our results suggest that hypoxia modifies cellular properties of cultured CaP cells towards a phenotype more similar to tumor cells in situ. Introduction of pO2 as a variable can constitute a tool for the identification of more effective prognostic biomarkers and development of better therapy for CaP and, possibly, other tumors. Citation Format: Christian R. Gomez, Stanimir Vuk-Pavlovic, Farhad Kosari, Jan Marie Munz, Claire Schreiber, Gaylord Knutson, Cristine Charlesworth, R. Jeffrey Karnes, John Cheville, George Vasmatzis. Prognostic value of hypoxia-associated genes in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr C43.
Effect of Millimeter-Wave Irradiation on Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were exposed for 4 h to millimeter waves in three frequency ranges between 41.650 and 41.798 GHz. The irradiation frequency was stabilized to within ±50 Hz. The temperature difference between irradiated and sham-irradiated samples was maintained to within ±0.01°C. Growth was measured optically during the irradiation, and viability counts were done at the end of the irradiation. At least three experiments were performed at each of 15 frequencies.
Diffusion-coupled oxidation of atmospheric sulphur dioxide

INCREASING evidence of the toxicity of atmospheric sulphates, together with the upward trend in fossil fuel combustion, have made the rate of formation of atmospheric sulphates one of the most important topics in current air pollution research. Many investigators1 have measured sulphate concentrations in plumes and air sheds, and have usually fitted their data to a linear SO2 oxidation rate expression. The reported values thus obtained for the rate constant vary by up to two orders of magnitude1. Moreover, the linear rate expression is inconsistent with the findings of numerous field investigators2–5, whose data suggest that the oxidation occurs almost exclusively near the SO2 source, rather than uniformly throughout a dispersing atmosphere. The analysis given here deduces that the oxidation may occur almost wholly near the source, and describes the circumstances in which this will happen. It is also shown that in these conditions the oxidation proceeds not to completion but to a fractional asymptotic limit, and that half the final sulphate yield will be obtained in an amount of time whose limits are predictable, constant for any given dispersion pattern, and independent of the magnitude of the rate constants and other chemical parameters.
The aging female voice: Acoustic and respiratory data

The purpose of this study was to extend understanding of the effects of aging on the female voice by obtaining measures of both acoustic and respiratory‐based performance in groups of 18–30, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, and 70–79‐year‐old subjects. Acoustic measures of speaking fundamental frequency (SFF), pitch sigma, jitter, shimmer, and signal‐to‐noise ratio, as well as respiratory‐based measures of vital capacity (VC), maximum phonation time (MPT), and phonation quotient (PQ) were obtained. Results indicated that the aging groups differed significantly in terms of SFF, pitch sigma, MPT, and VC. In addition, discriminant function analysis was used to classify subjects into age group via a three‐variable model consisting of VC, SFF, and pitch sigma (84% accuracy), and into pre‐ vs. post‐menopausal status via a two‐variable model consisting of VC and pitch sigma (92% accuracy). It appears that declinations in the respiratory and laryngeal mechanisms may occur simultaneously in the aging female.
Culture, Personality, and Emotion in George Herbert Mead: A Critique of Empiricism in Cultural Sociology*

Focusing on Mind, Self and Society, I contend that George Herbert Mead's theory is incapable of explaining the interactions in a song by Oscar Brown Jr., “The Snake,” and that a satisfactory explanation of these actions, which illuminate everyday conduct familiar to us all, requires the conceptualization of personality systems grounded in affect and cultural systems understood as symbolic logics that make intelligible certain activities. My argument is important not primarily as a critique of Mead, but of rational-choice and other cognitive theories that reduce emotions to cognitions, and of the currently dominant sociological and anthropological conceptualizations that reduce culture to forms of social practice.