cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships between temperament and development in preschool children

In this study the relationship between temperament and development in preschool children was determined. Thirty-one children, age 3 and 4 years old, were selected from day-care centers. The child's temperament was measured with the Behavioral Style Questionnaire. Cognitive-verbal and motor development were assessed using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, the Goodenough Draw-a-Person Test, and the developmental subtests of the Comprehensive Identification Process. Significant correlations (p less than .05) using the Pearson product moment were found between development and six categories of reactivity for temperament: activity, rhythmicity, approach, adaptability, mood, and persistence. All significant correlation coefficients showed an inverse relationship between temperament and developmental scores. This suggests that children who are mildly active, rhythmic, adaptable, persistent, approachable, and have a positive mood attain a more advanced developmental level during their preschool years.
Lighting “Paradise”: A Sociopolitical History of Electrification in Bali

The article explores the sociopolitical history of electrification in Bali in the so-called New Order period of Indonesia (1966–98). It discusses the intertwining factors that drove electrification on the island to move more quickly than in other areas in Indonesia, culminating in the electrification of all Bali’s villages in 1995. Bali’s tourism industry, the New Order’s village electrification program, the construction a national television network, and Bali’s selection as a venue of many important regional and international meetings in Indonesia all contributed to the rapid growth rate of electrification on the island. Underlying all these factors was the New Order regime’s construction and projection to the world of Indonesia’s identity as a rapidly modernizing nation with a part to play on the global stage. The New Order government thus poured a huge amount of resources into electrifying the island. Although the Balinese welcomed the attention and resources provided by the Suharto government to develop Bali, they wanted to ensure this effort was not merely to use the island to promote Indonesia’s image overseas. Rather, they wanted development there to be more meaningful than it was and to improve people’s welfare. Their criticisms shared the same sentiments of some critiques of New Order Indonesia’s development efforts in general.
The Impact of R-Optimized Administration Modeling Procedures on Brazilian Normative Reference Values for Rorschach Scores

ABSTRACTTo generate normative reference data for the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R–PAS), modeling procedures were developed to convert the distribution of responses (R) in protocols obtained using Comprehensive System (CS; Exner 2003) administration guidelines to match the distribution of R in protocols obtained using R-Optimized Administration (Meyer, Viglione, Mihura, Erard, & Erdberg, 2011). This study replicates the R–PAS study, examining the impact of modeling R-Optimized Administration on Brazilian normative reference values by comparing a sample of 746 CS administered protocols to its counterpart sample of 343 records modeled to match R-Optimized Administration. The results were strongly consistent with the R–PAS findings, showing the modeled records had a slightly higher mean R and, secondarily, slightly higher means for Complexity and V-Comp, as well as smaller standard deviations for R, Complexity, and R8910%. We also observed 5 other small differences not observed in the R–PAS stud...
Laboratory Evaluation of Fenthion for the Protection of Rough Rice Against Insect Attack

Fenthion was evaluated as a protectant for Bluebonnet rough rice in the laboratory at intended dosage rates of 7, 14, and 21 ppm. At these rates fenthion protected the rice for 6, 12, and 15 months, respectively. Malathion at 21 ppm protected the rice for 18 months. Bioassays indicated presence of fenthion residues on the rice kernels which, in milling, was retained in both the bran and milled rice. The germination, bushel weight, and head-rice yield were unaffected by the dosages used in the tests.
Seasonal Migration and Distribution of Female Red King Crabs in a Southeast Alaskan Estuary

ABSTRACT Seasonal movements and distribution of primiparous and multiparous red king crabs (Paralithodes camtschaticus) were monitored with ultrasonic biotelemetry approximately weekly for 1 year in Auke Bay, Alaska. Migration was associated with life-history events and may have occurred in response to spatial and temporal variations in environmental conditions and resources. All crabs displayed distinct shifts in depth and habitat use and followed a general pattern of seasonal movement as follows: (1) gradual movement to deep water in spring after mating and egg extrusion, and residence there through early November; (2) abrupt, synchronous movement into shallow-water areas in November, and residence there through late February or early March; and (3) gradual, synchronous movement to intermediate depths followed by movement into shallow water to molt and mate between late March and late May. The behavior of primiparous crabs was more variable than that of multiparous crabs. The differences in behavior may result from ontogenetic shifts in movements, and habitat selection. The annual range of primiparous crabs (x = 11.9 km2) exceeded that of multiparous crabs x( = 3.6 km2). Mean depth was directly correlated with photoperiod, and the sudden, synchronous movement of crabs between habitats coincided with thermohaline mixing. Females displayed a highly aggregated distribution, especially during winter in shallow water, where podding behavior of adult crabs was documented for the first time.
Hyperosmolar tears enhance cooling sensitivity of the corneal nerves in rats: possible neural basis for cold-induced dry eye pain.

PURPOSE Tear hyperosmolarity is a ubiquitous feature of dry-eye disease. Although dry-eye patients' sensitivity to cooling is well known, the effects of tear hyperosmolarity on a small amount of cooling in the corneal nerves have not been quantitatively examined. Recently reported corneal afferents, high-threshold cold sensitive plus dry-sensitive (HT-CS + DS) neurons, in rats is normally excited by strong (>4°C) cooling of the cornea, which, when applied to healthy humans, evokes the sensation of discomfort. However, corneal cooling measured between blinks does not exceed 2°C normally. Thus, we sought to determine if these nociceptors could be sensitized by hyperosmolar tears such that they are now activated by small cooling of the ocular surface. METHODS Trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the cornea were extracellularly recorded in isoflurane-anesthetized rats. The responses of single corneal neurons to cooling stimuli presented in the presence of hyperosmolar (350-800 mOsm NaCl) tears were examined. RESULTS The HT-CS + DS neurons with thresholds averaging 4°C cooling responded to cooling stimuli presented after 15 minutes of hyperosmolar tears with thresholds of less than 1°C. The response magnitudes also were enhanced so that the responses to small (2°C) cooling emerged, where none was observed before. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that after exposure to hyperosmolar tears, these nociceptive corneal neurons now begin to respond to the slight cooling normally encountered between blinks, enabling the painful information to be carried to the brain, which could explain the cooling-evoked discomfort in dry eye patients.
Pullorum Disease Studies in Turkeys II. Zone Reactions in the Tube Agglutination Test

Abstract IN previous work Corpron, Bivins and Stafseth (1947), while working with the tube agglutination test for pullorum disease in turkeys, observed that sera of certain turkeys, which gave doubtful reactions in 1:25 and 1:50 serum-antigen dilutions, gave maximum agglutination reactions in dilutions, such as 1:100, 1:200, 1:400 and even 1:800. This phenomenon, referred to in the literature as zone reaction, prozones, prezones, zones of inhibition and proagglutinoid zones, is not uncommon in antigen-antibody reactions, as shown by Coca and Kelley (1921), Coventry (1930), Taliaferro and Johnson (1926), Felton and Bailey (1926), Nigg and Larsen (1928), Priestley (1931), Seddon (1915), and White (1931). The present study was undertaken to gain more information concerning zone reactions occurring in the standard tube agglutination test for pullorum disease in turkeys. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antigens (polyvalent) for the tube agglutination test were made in the usual manner from smooth colonies of strains 4, 10 and . . .
Numerical Simulation of the Flow Field in a Statically and Dynamically Eccentric Annular Seal With Non-Circular Whirl Orbits

The flow field in an annular seal is simulated for synchronous circular whirl orbits with 60Hz whirl frequency and a clearance/radius ratio of 0.0154 using the Fluent CFD code. Fluent’s Moving Reference Frame model (MRF) is used to render the flow quasi-steady by making transformations to a rotating frame. The computed flow fields for velocity, pressure and shear stress measurements are compared with the experimental data of Winslow (1994), Thames (1992) and Cusano (2006). The CFD predictions are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The present CFD methodology can be extended to other whirl frequencies and clearances. The dynamic wall pressure distributions in an annular seal for non-circular whirl orbits was obtained using CFD. The simulations were performed using a time dependant solver utilizing Fluent’s Dynamic Mesh model and User Defined Functions (UDFs). The wall pressure distributions obtained from the simulations are compared with data of Cusano (2006). The CFD simulations over predicted the pressure field when compared to experimental results however the general trends in pressure contours are similar. The flow field for varying rotor eccentricities are also studied by performing coordinate transformations and rendering the flow quasi-steady at set eccentricities using Fluent’s MRF model. The computed velocity and pressure fields are compared with the time dependant solution obtained using Fluent’s Dynamic Mesh model and UDFs for the same eccentricity. Good agreement in the velocity fields is obtained however the pressure fields require further investigation.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Forging links with the self to combat implicit bias

Two experiments examined whether Whites’ implicit biases toward Blacks could be reduced by conditioning links between Blacks and the self. Via a computer-mediated experience, White participants wer...
First-year donation behavior and risk of supporter lapse

In this research, we explore supporter lapse behavior after making first-year donations to a nonprofit organization. We argue that two observable variables — the monetary amount of first gift at sign-up and the number of gifts given in the first year of the support relationship — can be used to approximate the level of commitment to supporting the organization and to predict likelihood of lapse in subsequent years. The reasoning is that the two variables are indications of the psychological resources as well as the financial resources expended in reaching donation decisions. The research hypotheses were tested using fundraising data extracted from the databases of two leading US-based nonprofit organizations. Results indicate that both variables had significant effects. Interestingly, the number of gifts given in the first year of the support relationship had a much bigger effect than the dollar amount of the gift at sign-up: In one organization, supporters who donated more than one gift in the first year were 39% less likely to lapse in subsequent years compared with their one-gift counterparts, while a tenfold increase in the dollar amount of the first gift at sign-up (e.g., from $10 to $100) predicted only 4% decrease in the lapse likelihood in subsequent years. Insights from this research may help to build better practices of supporter base management in “low-touch” fundraising programs for attracting, building relationships with, and sending appeals to supporters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
History of applied coal petrology in the United States. II. A personalized history of the origin and development of applied coal petrology at the Pennsylvania State University

Abstract This paper describes the origin and subsequent development of coal petrology at Penn State and its related re-birth in the United States between the 1950s and the 1980s. The combination of the appreciation of the diversity of coalified material from studies of the Brandon Lignite of Vermont and a steel industry technologic problem proposed to the University for solution resulted in a new descriptive system for predicting coking behavior and coke quality from coal composition. Penn State continued to play a role in coal research which resulted in the standard palynological reference, “Catalog of Fossil Spores and Pollen”; studies of uranium-bearing lignites, modern organic sediments, and coal liquefaction and gasification; the creation of the North American Coal Petrographers (predecessor of The Society of Organic Petrology), The Coal Sample Bank and Data Base, and widely recognized short courses in coal petrology; and the development of numerous graduates who created other company-specific coke quality prediction systems, as well as a multitude of other research and educational programs.
AN ACTUALISTIC EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE SKELETONIZATION AND DISARTICULATION IN THE LA BREA TAR SEEPS

Abstract: The famous Rancho La Brea tar seeps of Southern California trapped thousands of Pleistocene and early Holocene vertebrates, preserving them as jumbled columns of millions of disarticulated bones. Previous work has contributed to a hypothetical entrapment scenario, however, it lacks detail in the period between the time the animals perished and the permeation of their bones with tar. Additionally, previous work has shown that skeletal elements moved apart from each other at least 1–3 meters but it is unclear whether this movement occurred near the surface of the tar, soon after submersion, or later after burial by sediment and compaction. To help answer these questions of disarticulation and transport, we conducted an actualistic experiment to record the progress of microbial succession and skeletonization of specimens in tar. We submerged dismembered bobcat (Lynx rufus) carcasses in an undisturbed tar seep and recorded the progress of microbial faunal changes and tissue decay. Microbial communit...
Apparatus Note: On the Preparation of Glass Drinking Tubes for Measurement of Consumed Volume in Animal Research

A procedure is described for constructing inexpensive drinking tubes which may be designed to meet the varied requirements of different species and cages. Various methods of calibration are suggested.
Nature and Man

This chapter will show that human bodies are systems; the nature is also a system, consisting of many other systems, including humans. To this end, we make use of the traditional Chinese medicine, the classic, named Tao Te Ching, and the systemic yoyo model as the foundation of reasoning. The content of this chapter is mainly from (Lin and Forrest to appear a).
Direct interaction of the Golgi V-ATPase a-subunit isoform with PI(4)P drives localization of Golgi V-ATPases in yeast

Luminal pH and phosphoinositide content are fundamental features of organelle identity. Vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) drive organelle acidification in all eukaryotes, and membrane-bound a-subunit isoforms of the V-ATPase are implicated in organelle-specific targeting and regulation. Earlier work demonstrated that the endolysosomal lipid PI(3,5)P2 activates V-ATPases containing the vacuolar a-subunit isoform in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Here we demonstrate that PI(4)P, the predominant Golgi phosphatidylinositol (PI) species, directly interacts with the cytosolic amino terminal (NT) domain of the yeast Golgi V-ATPase a-isoform Stv1. Lysine-84 of Stv1NT is essential for interaction with PI(4)P in vitro and in vivo, and interaction with PI(4)P is required for efficient localization of Stv1-containing V-ATPases. The cytosolic NT domain of the human V-ATPase a2 isoform specifically interacts with PI(4)P in vitro, consistent with its Golgi localization and function. We propose that NT domains of Vo a-subunit isoforms interact specifically with PI lipids in their organelles of residence. These interactions can transmit organelle-specific targeting or regulation information to V-ATPases.
CbtA toxin of Escherichia coli inhibits cell division and cell elongation via direct and independent interactions with FtsZ and MreB

The toxin components of toxin-antitoxin modules, found in bacterial plasmids, phages, and chromosomes, typically target a single macromolecule to interfere with an essential cellular process. An apparent exception is the chromosomally encoded toxin component of the E. coli CbtA/CbeA toxin-antitoxin module, which can inhibit both cell division and cell elongation. A small protein of only 124 amino acids, CbtA, was previously proposed to interact with both FtsZ, a tubulin homolog that is essential for cell division, and MreB, an actin homolog that is essential for cell elongation. However, whether or not the toxic effects of CbtA are due to direct interactions with these predicted targets is not known. Here, we genetically separate the effects of CbtA on cell elongation and cell division, showing that CbtA interacts directly and independently with FtsZ and MreB. Using complementary genetic approaches, we identify the functionally relevant target surfaces on FtsZ and MreB, revealing that in both cases, CbtA binds to surfaces involved in essential cytoskeletal filament architecture. We show further that each interaction contributes independently to CbtA-mediated toxicity and that disruption of both interactions is required to alleviate the observed toxicity. Although several other protein modulators are known to target FtsZ, the CbtA-interacting surface we identify represents a novel inhibitory target. Our findings establish CbtA as a dual function toxin that inhibits both cell division and cell elongation via direct and independent interactions with FtsZ and MreB.
Overfill Protection and Hyperdynamics in Adaptively Biased Simulations

Two problems associated with adaptively biased simulations are considered: overfilling and timescale estimation. First, a simple and computationally efficient procedure for limiting the bias fill-depth of any adaptive biasing potential is introduced. The resulting bias potential floods only up to a specified level and avoids bias accumulation in higher regions of free energy. Second, hyperdynamics can be invoked in combination with this depth-limited bias potential to estimate timescales. We argue that allowing the bias to equilibrate to a set depth is one crux in efficient hyperdynamics application. In both simple (alanine dipeptide) and complex (ligand residence) test cases the usable boost factors are 6 to 8 times larger when the bias fill-depth is directly controlled, as opposed to controlling the update frequency. Update frequency has emerged as a proxy for controlling the fill-height of adaptive biases, infrequent metadynamics being an example. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is shown not to be sufficie...
The demographic divide: Population dynamics, race and the rise of mass incarceration in the United States:

This manuscript examines whether certain fundamental demographic changes in age structures across racial groups might help explain incarceration rates in the United States. We argue that a “demographic divide”—a growing divergence in the age structures of blacks and whites—was an important factor that contributed to the nation’s rising incarceration rates. Where age disparities between blacks and whites were higher ideological conservatism and religious fundamentalism increased, as did incarceration rates. We contend that historical forces shape how groups respond to subsequent social problems and proposed solutions to them and explore how “generational effects” may shape law and policy. Specifically, we suggest that states with older white and younger black populations created fertile conditions for a more punitive brand of politics and penal policy. We analyze decennial state-level data from 1970 to 2010 and examine whether differences in the median ages of blacks and whites contributed to changing incarceration rates within states over time. We situate our findings within the broader scholarship that has engaged the complex links between race, religion, political conservatism, and punishment. Our findings illustrate the importance of accounting for long-term shifts in social structure in understanding more proximate changes in law and policy.
A Two-Component Assay for Hypoxia Incorporating Long-Term Nitroreduction and Short-Term DNA-Damage Allows Differentiation of the Three Hypoxia Sub-types

Hypoxia in tumors has many well-characterized effects that are known to prevent optimal cancer treatment. Despite the existence of a large number of assays that have supported hypoxia as an important diagnostic, there is no routine clinical assay in use, and anti-hypoxia therapies have often not included parallel hypoxia measurements. Even with a functioning hypoxia assay, it is difficult to match the oxygen dependence of treatment resistance to that of the assay, and this mismatch can vary substantially from assay to assay and even from tumor to tumor [e.g., caused by endogenous variations in non-protein sulfhydryls (NPSH)]. An underlying concern is the current inability to measure the three types of hypoxia; in particular, cycling hypoxia can affect all aspects of detection and treatment strategy. Here we present data that help validate a new two-component hypoxia assay recently suggested by our laboratory. This assay incorporates the long-term bioreduction of the 2-nitroimidazole, EF5, and the short-term production of γ-H2AX (e.g., time of ionizing radiation exposure). The former can be calibrated to provide the average tissue pO2 over the EF5 exposure time while the latter provides the combined sum of microenvironmental radiation response modifiers (e.g., oxygen and NPSH) at the time of irradiation. Importantly, formation of γ-H2AX is not dependent on blood flow, while EF5 binding is only minimally so, due to the rapid and extensive diffusion characteristics of lipophilic compounds. While both individual assays have their limitations, which are addressed in this article, their combination can dissect the type of hypoxia present. In particular, a mismatch between the two assays can directly detect cycling hypoxia in a therapeutically relevant manner. Preliminary use of this two-component assay in small PC3 tumors showed essentially no binding of EF5. Similarly, there were no tumor regions (for uniform irradiation with 12 Gy) with the low levels of γ-H2AX expected for a condition of cycling hypoxia. Thus, both assays were consistent with an essentially aerobic, radiation-responsive tumor. In a larger PC3 tumor, all regions of high EF5 binding had low levels of γ-H2AX.
Psychological Ownership in Egocentric Categorization Theory

Egocentric categorization theory proposes that thinking of a product as owned (vs. unowned) influences consumer response to the product by systematically changing the way consumers mentally represent that product. Consumers who become owners of an item mentally classify it in the category of self, whereas those who remain non-owners mentally classify the item outside of that category. Categorization principles suggest that the way people perceive and respond to items they classify in a category differs from the way they perceive and respond to items they classify as external to that category. Therefore, thinking of a product as owned (vs. unowned) should lead people to make different judgments and decisions about the same product in ways that align with categorization principles. This chapter provides a brief overview of egocentric categorization theory (or ECT); positions its contribution relatively to two pertinent theories, specifically social categorization and possession attachment; and explores ECT’s implications for ownership in product judgment and consumer choice. The chapter then highlights empirical evidence for the role of psychological ownership in ECT and outlines how ECT principles can be used to amend adverse selection problems through induction of psychological ownership.
Observation of the B Meson in the Reaction p ¯ + p → ω 0 + π + + π −

The $B$ meson, decaying into ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{0}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, has been observed in $\overline{p}p$ annihilations at rest in the reaction $\overline{p}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{0}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The mass and width of the $B$ meson as observed in this reaction are $M=1200\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20$ MeV and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=100\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30$ MeV.
Direct SRAM Operation Margin Computation with Random Skews of Device Characteristics

SRAM has been generally characterized with some SNM [12] from the voltage–voltage (VV) plots or the Icrit from the current–voltage (IV) plots. They do indicate the robustness of the SRAM operations but would not provide sufficient information for SRAM designers, as to the possible SRAM yield and the redundancy requirements. One way to estimate SRAM yield is based on the expected fail count with the Poisson distribution $$ {\hbox{YIELD}} = \sum\limits_{n = 0}^k {\tfrac{{{\lambda^n}\exp ( - \lambda )}}{{n!}}} $$ (5.1) where k is the maximum number of fails in the chip that can be repaired
Applications of Congruences

In this chapter we describe a few of the many uses of congruences—to tournaments, to generating “random” numbers, to finding prime numbers and factoring, and to cryptography. Numerous other applications will arise in later chapters.
Three Dimensional VLSI-Scale Interconnects

As processor speeds rapidly approach the Giga-Hertz regime, the disparity between process time and memory access time plays an increasing role in the overall limitation of processor performance. In addition, limitations in interconnect density and bandwidth serve to exacerbate current bottlenecks, particularly as computer architectures continue to reduce in size. To address these issues, we propose a 3D architecture based on through-wafer vertical optical interconnects. To facilitate integration into the current manufacturing infrastructure, our system is monolithically fabricated in the Silicon substrate and preserves scale of integration by using meso-scopic diffractive optical elements (DOEs) for beam routing and fan-out. We believe that this architecture can alleviate the disparity between processor speeds and memory access times while increasing interconnect density by at least an order of magnitude. We are currently working to demonstrate a prototype system that consists of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs), diffractive optical elements, photodetectors, and processor-in-memory (PIM) units integrated on a single silicon substrate. To this end, we are currently refining our fabrication and design methods for the realization of meso-scopic DOEs and their integration with active devices. In this paper, we present our progress to date and demonstrate vertical data transmission using DOEs and discuss the application for our architecture, which is a multi-PIM (MPM) system.
In/visible Infrastructure: Thinking (along) with Martin Heidegger about Infrastructural Breakdowns in South Africa

In this paper I will argue against the idea that infrastructures are normally invisible and only become visible in certain moments. This notion is problematic because it is based on the idea that in the Western world things work smoothly and normally, while in the rest of the world breakdown is assumed to be a normal state of affairs and makes infrastructures visible. Rather, I will instead focus on the more individual, less visible–although not invisible–micro-modes of infrastructural breakdowns. The approach envisaged will be theoretically grounded by thinking (along) with the work of Martin Heidegger with particular regard to his widely interpreted § 16 of Being and Time on tools and “tool-being.” In this text, Heidegger outlines three existential modes of concern, namely conspicuousness, obtrusiveness and obstinacy, which will be helpful for understanding infrastructures as conflictual terrains as well as for thinking through people’s reconfigurations of aspirations in general. In other words, Heidegger describes three different modes of possible breakdowns that interrupt the course of everyday life in such a way that one is compelled to reflect upon one’s subjectivities and, equally important, upon the things themselves. The article will thus focus on how these in/visibilities are mobilized and situated within ethnographic accounts which I am drawing from readings and fieldwork experiences in South Africa.
Genomic Deoxyxylulose Phosphate Reductoisomerase (DXR) Mutations Conferring Resistance to the Antimalarial Drug Fosmidomycin in E. coli.

Sequence to activity mapping technologies are rapidly developing, enabling the generation and isolation of mutations conferring novel phenotypes. Here we used the CRISPR enabled trackable genome engineering (CREATE) technology to investigate the inhibition of the essential ispC gene in its native genomic context in Escherichia coli. We created a full saturation library of 33 sites proximal to the ligand binding pocket and challenged this library with the antimalarial drug fosmidomycin, which targets the ispC gene product, DXR. This selection is especially challenging since it is relatively weak in E. coli, with multiple naturally occurring pathways for resistance. We identified several previously unreported mutations that confer fosmidomycin resistance, in highly conserved sites that also exist in pathogens including the malaria-inducing Plasmodium falciparum. This approach may have implications for the isolation of resistance-conferring mutations and may affect the design of future generations of fosmido...
What Are the Risk Factors for 48 or More-Hour Stay and Nonhome Discharge After Total Knee Arthroplasty? Results From 151 Illinois Hospitals, 2016-2018.

Abstract Background Bundled payment programs and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services removal of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) from the inpatient-only list potentially incentivize avoiding patients with extended length of stay (eLOS) and nonhome discharge (NHD). We aimed to describe which patients are most at risk of eLOS (>2 days), very eLOS (veLOS; >4 days), and NHD. Methods Admissions for unilateral TKAs at 151 Illinois nonfederal hospitals from January 2016 to June 2018 were selected from the Illinois Hospital and Health Systems Association COMPdata administrative hospital discharge database. Records included patient age, race and ethnicity, Illinois region, insurance status, principal diagnosis, and date of procedure. Zip code level median household income, Charlson comorbidity index, and obesity status were computed. Hospitals were characterized through their bundled payment participation status, academic status, and annual knee replacement volume. Poisson regression was used to test the associations between patient and hospital characteristics and the likelihood of eLOS, veLOS, and NHD. Results Of the 72,359 admissions included, 25.0% had an NHD, 41.1% had eLOS, and 4.0% veLOS. Female patients, those 75 years old or more as compared to those 65-74 years old, non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics and Asians versus non-Hispanic whites, Medicaid/uninsured patients versus those privately insured, obese patients, those with nonzero Charlson comorbidity index, and those treated at low-volume hospitals ( 600 TKAs/year) were more likely to have eLOS, veLOS, and/or NHD (P Conclusion Arthroplasty surgeons may be incentivized to avoid the abovementioned patient groups due to bundled payment programs and recent Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services legislation.
Multiscale structural insights of load bearing bamboo: A computational modeling approach

Bamboo has been widely utilized as a load bearing material in building construction since ancient times by taking advantage of its excellent mechanical performances under loading as well as its low density and rapid growth. Applications of bamboo to engineering, architecture, and infrastructure require an in-depth understanding of the relationship between its morphology and mechanics, including how this regularly spaced segmental structure adapts to taking the applied loads. However, previous research on buckling behavior of structural bamboo considered it as a homogenous tube without multiscale structural features, and no reasonable explanation for the regular segment length was proposed. Here, we have implemented representative volume elements within the framework of finite element analysis to study the mechanical response of a bamboo culm under axial compressive load and systematically investigated how the bamboo's hierarchical structural features (e.g., gradient fiber distribution, periodic nodes, and others) contribute to its compression capacity. We find that column buckling is a critical failure mode that leads to the collapse of the entire structure, which can be disastrous. We observe that the gradient fiber distribution pattern along the radial direction significantly contributes to its strength. We find that the occurrence of fiber deviation at the node region reduces the strength of bamboo. Nevertheless, our results show that structural features such as external ridge and internal diaphragm play the role of reinforcement while the effect is more significant for bamboo than other plants with similar node appearance. Our work provides structural insights into the outstanding mechanics of bamboo. Such information could provide a guide for engineers to predict the material mechanics according to its structure, design bamboo-inspired composite materials, and construct high-performance architectures with bamboo accordingly.
Implementation of policy, system and environment changes in early childhood education settings

Changing Policy, System, and Environmental features focused on physical activity and healthy eating behaviors can play a key role in obesity prevention strategies in early childhood education settings because of their broad reach and because they can be sustained over time. The primary aims of this study were to examine the implementation and sustainability of health-promoting PSE changes after facilitation of an innovative strategic planning process in child care settings. The evidence-based policy, system, and environment change process is a strategic planning tool derived from intervention mapping that involves convening interdisciplinary wellness teams at child care settings to implement healthy eating and physical activity-related policy changes. The process was conducted with 43 wellness teams representing 68 child care centers. The average number of health-promoting evidence-based changes implemented across all child care centers was 5.07; the most common type of changes were environment changes. Overall, 42% of changes were partially implemented and 47% of changes were fully implemented at 6 months. Head Start wellness teams implemented 1.52 fewer health-promoting changes compared to private fee-based wellness teams (p < .05). Identifying health-promoting policy, system and environment changes that are most readily implemented and sustained in child care centers can inform systems-level interventions and resource allocation related to early childhood obesity. This strategic planning process is a successful tool to translate sustainable changes related to healthy eating and physical activity, improve the quality rating of diverse child care centers, and promote healthy behaviors in early childhood.
Primary cutaneous synovial sarcoma-Sometimes the hoof beats are zebras.

While previous research has emphasized the role of stakeholder pressures, firm-specific factors, as well as CEO characteristics as important drivers of CSR implementation, our understanding of how political connections impact small and medium-sized enterprises' (SMEs') CSR implementation expenditure is quite limited. In this study, we contribute to filling this gap by investigating the effects of political connections and CSR expenditure and explain the conditions that impact this relationship. Using data from 473 SMEs in Ghana, we find that political connections negatively influence CSR implementation expenditure. However, the negative effect is weakened when a firms' reputation and competitive CSR implementation pressures are high. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Early outcomes of magnetic intramedullary compression nailing for humeral fractures

The optimal treatment protocol for humeral shaft fractures at risk for nonunions is controversial. Here, we aim to describe magnetic intramedullary compression nailing as an option for these challenging scenarios and to evaluate its clinical and radiographic outcomes. This retrospective case series was performed at an urban university-based level-1 trauma center. Patients aged 18–65 who underwent fixation of their at-risk humerus shaft fracture using the PRECICE nail were included in this investigation. These fractures are characterized by a persistent distraction gap, minimal callous formation, or malalignment greater than 20 degrees. The study data were collected through a retrospective chart review and review of the radiographic studies. Primary outcome measure was radiographic union. Secondary outcome measures included mechanical failure, nonunion, malunion, medical, and surgical complications. Functional outcome was determined by range of motion and restoration of rotator cuff strength. A total of six patients were included who underwent treatment of their humeral shaft fracture with a NuVasive PRECICE nail after failure of conservative management. After nail placement along with our compression protocol, all patients achieved bony union and experienced favorable outcomes with return to their previous working status. Two complications included a superficial incisional infection treated with antibiotics and a backing out of proximal screw which did not cause discomfort. No other mechanical failures, surgical complications, or medical complications occurred. Early results of controlled compression nailing for humeral shaft fracture demonstrated favorable clinical outcomes. This technique may be utilized for these challenging situations.
Epidemiology of Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries in Professional Baseball

Objectives:Shoulder injuries account for a large portion of all recorded injures in professional baseball. Much is known about other shoulder pathologies in the overhead athlete, but the incidence ...
Uncertainty of trading rules in currency markets: an application of non-parametric bootstrapping

Abstract The problem of measuring the precision of signals generated by fundamental macroeconomic models is not trivial. In this paper, we suggest three different approaches for the estimation of the true and unknown distribution of the population signal. We apply the bootstrapping procedure described by Efron and Tibshirani (Stat. Sci. 1 (1986) 54) to estimate the empirical distribution of the signal and measure its precision at a specific point in time with confidence intervals. Direct and indirect bootstrapping methods are devised as a way to capture the unknown variability of the signal without altering the information content of the available data. This framework is then implemented for a simple fundamental model for the CAD/$ exchange rate. We find that accounting for skewness and prediction bias affects significantly the shape and width of the estimated confidence intervals around the estimated directional signal, and that the two proposed forms of bootstrapping are more satisfactorily than a naive Historical approach in highlighting the uncertainty surrounding the model's predictions, and generating a measure of precision in the resulting model's recommendations.
Leveraging electronic health records data to predict multiple sclerosis disease activity.

OBJECTIVE No relapse risk prediction tool is currently available to guide treatment selection for multiple sclerosis (MS). Leveraging electronic health record (EHR) data readily available at the point of care, we developed a clinical tool for predicting MS relapse risk. METHODS Using data from a clinic-based research registry and linked EHR system between 2006 and 2016, we developed models predicting relapse events from the registry in a training set (n = 1435) and tested the model performance in an independent validation set of MS patients (n = 186). This iterative process identified prior 1-year relapse history as a key predictor of future relapse but ascertaining relapse history through the labor-intensive chart review is impractical. We pursued two-stage algorithm development: (1) L1 -regularized logistic regression (LASSO) to phenotype past 1-year relapse status from contemporaneous EHR data, (2) LASSO to predict future 1-year relapse risk using imputed prior 1-year relapse status and other algorithm-selected features. RESULTS The final model, comprising age, disease duration, and imputed prior 1-year relapse history, achieved a predictive AUC and F score of 0.707 and 0.307, respectively. The performance was significantly better than the baseline model (age, sex, race/ethnicity, and disease duration) and noninferior to a model containing actual prior 1-year relapse history. The predicted risk probability declined with disease duration and age. CONCLUSION Our novel machine-learning algorithm predicts 1-year MS relapse with accuracy comparable to other clinical prediction tools and has applicability at the point of care. This EHR-based two-stage approach of outcome prediction may have application to neurological disease beyond MS.
Ticks as novel sentinels to monitor environmental levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are environmentally persistent, ubiquitous pollutants. It is important to continuously monitor the presence of PFAS contamination, utilizing both legacy and new sentinels. In this study, environmental PFAS levels were evaluated using ticks as a sentinel model due to their world-wide distribution, hematophagous nature, and ease of collection and sampling. Hematophagy in discrete blood meals, from a suite of vertebrates, allows ticks to sample dozens of species of consumers and bioaccumulation across communities. Four different species of ticks, across two states (NY, n = 28 in mid-April of 2020 and FL, n = 32 between 2015 and 2020) with two sampling sites in each state were analyzed for the presence of 53 PFAS. The total PFAS concentration in ticks was the lowest at Newburgh (NY), a site that has been undergoing remediation efforts, while the highest total PFAS concentrations were measured in ticks at the Sweetwater site, a wastewater treatment wetland. Detection of PFAS and the potential for variation between tick species and between locations are necessary to establish the utility of ticks as sentinels, in addition to assessing additional environmental factors, such as other wildlife, water, or soil.
Local Weather Explains Annual Variation in Northern Goshawk Reproduction in the Northern Great Basin, USA

Weather is thought to influence raptor reproduction through effects on prey availability, condition of adults, and survival of nests and young; however, there are few long-term studies of the effects of weather on raptor reproduction. We investigated the effects of weather on Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis; henceforth goshawk) breeding rate, productivity, and fledging date in south-central Idaho and northern Utah, USA. Using data from 42 territories where we found evidence of breeding attempts in ≥1 yr from 2011–2019, we analyzed breeding rates using 315 territory–season combinations, analyzed productivity for 134 breeding attempts, and analyzed fledging date for 118 breeding attempts. We examined 35 predictor variables from four categories: precipitation, temperature, wind, and snowpack. Of the variables we evaluated, April precipitation, previous year's April–July precipitation, April–May mean temperature, and March–May mean temperature were related to measures of goshawk reproduction. Greater April–July precipitation in the previous year and lower April precipitation in the current year were associated with higher breeding rates. Years with warmer average April–May temperatures were associated with increased goshawk productivity. Years with greater April–July precipitation during the previous year and lower mean March–May temperatures were associated with later fledging dates. Based on these relationships, we considered projected changes in weather in the northern Great Basin over the next 50 yr as a result of climate change (without directly accounting for habitat changes caused by climate change), and predicted that climate change will: (a) have no significant effect on goshawk breeding rate, (b) have a positive effect on goshawk productivity, and (c) cause a shift toward earlier goshawk breeding. Our results indicate that weather is significantly related to goshawk reproduction in the northern Great Basin, and we suggest that the relationship between raptor breeding and weather be further investigated to enable higher resolution predictions of how changes in the climate may influence their populations, particularly changes that may not have been captured by our study.
Flow measurement in streams using video imagery

[1] A video imagery technique for making flow measurements in streams and waterways is presented and used to estimate discharge for Clear Creek near Oxford, Iowa. A video camera was used to visualize the flow seeded with tracers. Measurements of free surface flow velocities were then made using particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques. The velocity measurements were used as input to a hydraulic model, which uses kinematic principles (conservation of mass) to derive three-dimensional flow fields for discharge estimation. A survey of five channel cross sections over a 7.15 m length of stream were made to define the channel bathymetry for the hydraulic model. The average channel width was 5.7 m, and the average depth was 0.2 m. The discharge estimate using the video technique (0.183 m3/s) compares well with the current meter discharge measurement (0.192 m3/s with an estimated standard error of 6.4%). The root-mean square difference of the depth-averaged velocity at the locations of the current meter measurements was 0.032 m/s. Potential applications of the video imagery technique include measurements of flood flows at ungaged sites, river monitoring from a remote site, and estimation of two- and three-dimensional flow components.
Type-directed concurrency

We introduce a novel way to integrate functional and concurrent programming based on intuitionistic linear logic. The functional core arises from interpreting proof reduction as computation. The concurrent core arises from interpreting proof search as computation. The two are tightly integrated via a monad that permits both sides to share the same logical meaning for the linear connectives while preserving their different computational paradigms. For example, concurrent computation synthesizes proofs which can be evaluated as functional programs. We illustrate our design with some small examples, including an encoding of the pi-calculus.