cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Perceptions Influence the Risk of War

We identify conditions for which perceptual differences diminish the risk of war and others for which differences in perceptions increase the likelihood of warfare. We show empirically on a data set concerning 469 European disputes between 1816 and 1970 that these game-theoretic conditions are a significant improvement over the decision-theoretic view suggested by Bueno de Mesquita and Lalman (1986) and help resolve some concerns raised by Jervis (1989). The expectations from the game are empirically robust in the face of bipolarity/multipolarity, a variable commonly thought to be important by structural realists or neorealists. Differences in perceptions need not be thought of as purely idiosyncratic phenomena with unpredictable consequences for events. Nor is it necessary to rely on ex post , thick analysis of specific events to portray the relationship between perceptions and outcomes. Rather, we identify a formulation that allows ex ante predictions of how decision makers will behave in crisis situations based on their perceptions of the circumstances they find themselves in.
Factionalism, Centralism, and Federalism in Argentina

Along with their renewed attention to the other principles and provisions of Argentina's 137-year-old constitution, many Argentine leaders since 1983 have looked to federalism as one way to reduce the excessively centralized state that is often blamedfor the country's authoritarian governments since 1930 and worsening economic inefficiency since the 1940s. They have not advocated a return to the factional period of 1810 to 1880, when federalist ideas first were proposed amidst violent struggles between various provinces. Rather, they have drawn on those ideas and developed proposals about how federalism could help the nation alter some political structures built from 1880 through 1982. Reversing a century of centralism has begun with difficulty, but the current problems faced by the national government give the proposals a significant chance of being implemented.
Catabolism of glucose and gluconate in intact rats.

SummaryWhen glucose is administered to intact rats per os, it is catabolized mainly by way of the EMP pathway. Some of the administered glucose was also routed into the phosphogluconate decarboxylation and glucuronate decarboxylation pathways. Gluconate can be readily utilized by intact rats via the phosphogluconate decarboxylation pathway. The pentose phosphate so formed is believed to be converted to F-6-P which in turn is further catabolized primarily by way of the EMP route.
Substations Smart Transformation Scheme in Jiangxi Power Grid

Progress has made in the substations smart transformation of in Jiangxi power grid.According to the trial project of State Grid Corporation,110 kV Tangzhen substation smart transformation,the principle of smart substation transformation is introduced.And more,the design of the first system rebuild and choice of secondary system network are discussed.The configuration of on-line monitoring system and function of substation level are then introduced.Reconstruction of the bay level equipment,choice of time synchronization system and incorporation design of wave record and network analysis are also discussed.Finally the problems in the process of smart substation construction are argued.All this provide the useful reference to the smart reconstruction of substation in Jiangxi power grid.
Incorporation of sulphate by chick-embryo corium. Nature and products of the process in vitro.

1. The incorporation of sulphate into the trichloroacetic acid-precipitable fraction of 9-day chick-embryo corium, incubated in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer, pH7, is dependent on the sulphate concentration of the medium. Uptake of sulphate is linear with time for 3.5-4hr. and is maximal at 37.5 degrees in the presence of air or oxygen. d-Glucose stimulates the incorporation of sulphate but l-glutamine has no effect. 2. Incorporation of sulphate by the chick corium is enzymic and apparently involves the synthesis of active sulphate (adenosine 3‣-phosphate 5‣-sulphatophosphate) and the transfer of sulphate from adenosine 3‣-phosphate 5‣-sulphatophosphate to acceptor glycosaminoglycuronoglycan. This proposal on the nature of the process is suggested by the similarity between the energy of activation calculated for sulphate-incorporation in the chick-corium preparation and the energy requirement reported for sulphate-activation with purified yeast enzymes. 3. The 9-day chick-embryo corium is composed principally of fibroblasts; there are no histologically demonstrable mast cells. The young fibroblast is apparently responsible for the incorporation of sulphate into glycosaminoglycuronoglycans tentatively identified as chondroitin sulphate(s), heparan sulphate and heparin-like material.
How Much Information?: Effects of Transparency on Trust in an Algorithmic Interface

The rising prevalence of algorithmic interfaces, such as curated feeds in online news, raises new questions for designers, scholars, and critics of media. This work focuses on how transparent design of algorithmic interfaces can promote awareness and foster trust. A two-stage process of how transparency affects trust was hypothesized drawing on theories of information processing and procedural justice. In an online field experiment, three levels of system transparency were tested in the high-stakes context of peer assessment. Individuals whose expectations were violated (by receiving a lower grade than expected) trusted the system less, unless the grading algorithm was made more transparent through explanation. However, providing too much information eroded this trust. Attitudes of individuals whose expectations were met did not vary with transparency. Results are discussed in terms of a dual process model of attitude change and the depth of justification of perceived inconsistency. Designing for trust requires balanced interface transparency - not too little and not too much.
Predicting video game play from perceived family environment among university students

Video games occupy a significant portion of leisure time for many university students. This study explores whether the aspects of perceived family environment (active-recreational orientation, achi...
Determination of NAT2 Activity in the US Population by Use of Caffeine Metabolite Ratios in Spot Urine Samples: NHANES 2009–2010

N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) is a phase II enzyme which is involved in the metabolism of many xenobiotics. The genetic polymorphisms of NAT2 gene, yielding either slow or faster acetylation phenoty...
To Reduce the Global Burden of Human Schistosomiasis, Use ‘Old Fashioned’ Snail Control

Control strategies to reduce human schistosomiasis have evolved from 'snail picking' campaigns, a century ago, to modern wide-scale human treatment campaigns, or preventive chemotherapy. Unfortunately, despite the rise in preventive chemotherapy campaigns, just as many people suffer from schistosomiasis today as they did 50 years ago. Snail control can complement preventive chemotherapy by reducing the risk of transmission from snails to humans. Here, we present ideas for modernizing and scaling up snail control, including spatiotemporal targeting, environmental diagnostics, better molluscicides, new technologies (e.g., gene drive), and 'outside the box' strategies such as natural enemies, traps, and repellants. We conclude that, to achieve the World Health Assembly's stated goal to eliminate schistosomiasis, it is time to give snail control another look.
Synchrotron Photoionization Study of Furan and 2-Methylfuran Reactions with Methylidyne Radical (CH) at 298 K

The reactions of furan and 2-methylfuran with methylidyne CH (X2Π) radical were investigated at 298 K using synchrotron radiation produced at the Advanced Light Source of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Reaction products were observed by multiplexed photoionization mass spectrometry and characterized based on their photoionization spectra and kinetic time traces. Primary products observed in furan + CH are 2,4-cyclopentadien-1-one (m/z = 80), 2-penten-4-ynal (m/z = 80), and vinylacetylene (m/z = 52). From 2-methylfuran + CH, 2-4-cyclopentadien-1-carbaldehyde (m/z = 94), 2,3,4-hexatrienal (m/z = 94), 1,3 cyclopentadiene (m/z = 66), 3-penten-1-yne (Z) (m/z = 66), and vinylacetylene (m/z = 52) are the primary products observed. Using potential energy surface scans, thermodynamically favorable reaction pathways are proposed. CH addition to the π-bonds in furan and 2-methylfuran rings was found to be the entrance channel that led to formation of all identified primary products. Both reactions follow patterns of H loss and CHO loss, as well as formation of cyclic and acyclic isomers.
Diastereoselective synthesis of fused cyclopropyl-3-amino-2,4-oxazine β-amyloid cleaving enzyme (BACE) inhibitors and their biological evaluation.

The diastereoselective synthesis and structure activity relationship (SAR) of a series of fused cyclopropyl-3-amino-2,4-oxazine (2-oxa-4-azabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-en-3-amine)-containing BACE inhibitors is described. Through these efforts compound 2 was identified as a potent (cell IC50 = 15 nM) BACE inhibitor with acceptable ADME properties. When tested in vivo, compound 2 demonstrated a significant reduction of brain and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) Aβ40 levels (46% and 66%, respectively) in a rat pharmacodynamic study and thus represents a suitable starting point for the further development of in vivo efficacious compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Clinical outcomes of low vision rehabilitation delivered by a mobile clinic.

Purpose This prospective cohort study examined clinical outcomes of low vision rehabilitation (LVR) delivered by a mobile clinic. Methods Participants were recruited from those scheduled for mobile clinic LVR and met the United States definition of legal blindness. Participants completed the Massof Activity Inventory (AI) before LVR, 3 months post-LVR, and 1 year post-LVR. Change scores and measures of clinical effect (i.e. Cohen's effect size and minimum clinically important difference, MCID) were calculated for each time point and compared. Additional participant characteristics (age, acuity, contrast sensitivity, cause of visual impairment, training recommendations, and prior LVR experience) were also explored with respect to outcome measures. Results Of the 66 participants enroled in this study, 47% had no prior LVR experience. Significant differences were noted between baseline and 3-month person measures, and between baseline and 1-year person measures. There was no significant difference between 3-month and 1-year person measures, nor was there a significant difference in change score between these two time points. At 1 year post-LVR, overall visual ability effect size was 0.74. A clinically meaningful outcome was achieved in 56% of participants at 3 months and 71% at 1 year for overall visual ability. There was no significant difference in the proportion of participants achieving MCID at 3 months vs 1 year. Of participants who completed the 1-year post-LVR AI, 59% reported a subjective worsening of vision during the study period. This subgroup also tended to have smaller 1-year change scores. Conclusions Mobile clinic LVR is effective at expanding access to care and produces clinically meaningful outcomes comparable to those seen in other outpatient LVR delivery models.
The association between perceived distress tolerance and cannabis use problems, cannabis withdrawal symptoms, and self-efficacy for quitting cannabis: The explanatory role of pain-related affective distress

Rates of cannabis use and related problems continue to rise, ranking as the third most common substance use disorder in the United States, behind tobacco and alcohol use. Past work suggests that perceived distress tolerance is related to several clinically significant features of cannabis use (e.g., coping-oriented use). However, there has been little exploration of the mechanisms that may underlie relations between perceived distress tolerance and cannabis use problems, withdrawal severity, and self-efficacy for quitting. The current study sought to examine the experience of pain, which frequently co-occurs with cannabis use (Ashrafioun, Bohnert, Jannausch, & Ilgen, 2015), as an underlying factor in the relation between perceived distress tolerance and cannabis related problems among 203 current cannabis-using adults (29.2% female, M = 37.7 years, SD = 10.2, 63% African American). Results indicated that perceived distress tolerance via pain related affective distress significantly predicted the severity of cannabis use problems (Pm = 0.60), degree of cannabis withdrawal (Pm = 0.39), and lower self-efficacy for quitting cannabis (Pm = 0.36). Future work may usefully explore the role of pain-related affective distress as a mechanistic factor in the context of perceived distress tolerance-cannabis relations.
Telephone triage as a strategy to ensure 24-hour access to medical care after the closure of supporting medical activity.

Objective: The provision of telephone access to a medical officer during nonduty hours was implemented by one Army health clinic to ensure continuous access to cost-efficient care after the closure of its supporting medical activity. Methods : After-hours phone calls were tracked for 6 months. Callers were surveyed to determine if use of the system resulted in avoidance of self-referral to civilian medical facilities. Results: A mean of 70 calls per month (186 calls per 1,000 population per year) were placed to the on-call medical officer. Eight types of complaints accounted for more than three-quarters of calls. Fifty percent of callers were seen by the medical officer for an after-hours clinic visit, 38% were given advice for care at home, and 10% were referred to a civilian medical facility. Telephone triage yielded an estimated $8,447 in cost avoidance during a 6-week survey period. Conclusion: Telephone triage can facilitate continuous access to cost-efficient care.
Automated synchronization and boundary condition application for the Cactus Framework

The Einstein Toolkit (ETK) is an open-source software platform for computational simulations in relativistic astrophysics and gravitational physics. The Cactus Framework (Cactus) comprises the core component of the ETK and handles creation of distributed data structures, parallelism, I/O, checkpointing, etc. The current Cactus scheduling system relies on the manual synchronization of ghost zones for grid functions (i.e. distributed matrices). Unfortunately, deciding which subroutines should synchronize which grid functions is a non-trivial problem. Incorrect synchronization can result in over synchronization (a performance problem) or under synchronization (an error). This issue also creates a barrier for new users and collaborators. We are developing a new scheduling and synchronization method for Cactus to improve the accessibility and efficiency of the ETK. Synchronization and application of boundary conditions are now handled automatically by Cactus. The new approach requires each subroutine to have "read" and "write" declarations for individual grid functions. Before scheduled functions run, Cactus checks these declarations and performs any synchronization or boundary conditions as needed. This method removes the difficulty of deciding where synchronization should take place and removes unneeded synchronizations. The only knowledge required to provide these declarations is what grid functions a given subroutine uses and on which parts of the grid they are read or written. This new system is a first step in improving Cactus' scheduling methods to use more advanced and scalable techniques.
Circadian Systems of Invertebrates

The study of the anatomic and physiologic organization of circadian systems of invertebrates has a long and productive history. Modern research can be traced to the work of Janet Harker in the 1950s, who initiated efforts to localize pacemakers and photoreceptors of the circadian system of the cockroach via lesion and transplantation studies. Ultimately, Harker was not successful, but the questions and approaches she pioneered set the stage for subsequent efforts to identify components of invertebrate circadian systems. These efforts have been directed toward answering several fundamental questions about the organization of the circadian system which are the focus of this review. The first of these concerns the nature of the pacemaking system that generates the timing signal. What are the anatomic loci of component oscillators, what is the significance of multioscillator organization, and how does the pacemaking system emerge in development? Second, what are the pathways and mechanisms by which inputs to the pacemaking system regulate its phase and period? Finally, what are the neural and endocrine signals by which the pacemaking system regulates the various processes under its control?
A phase 2 randomized study of SHAPE Gel (SHP-141) in patients with early-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: Interim results.

7562Background: Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a form of extranodal lymphoma where malignant T-cells infiltrate the skin. Options for early-stage patients can be limited due to toxicity. Syste...
Insight into the Effects of Plasmodium chabaudi on Platelets Using Carbon-Fiber Microelectrode Amperometry.

Platelets are anuclear circulating cell bodies within the bloodstream commonly known for their roles in clot formation during vascular injury to prevent blood loss. They also have significant impac...
Effect of internal mammary vessels radiation dose on outcomes of free flap breast reconstruction.

To assess the impact of internal mammary (IM) vessels radiation dose on autologous free-flap based breast reconstruction outcomes. We retrospectively evaluated the medical records of breast cancer patients who underwent mastectomy and free-flap breast reconstruction after postoperative radiation therapy (RT) to the breast/chest wall with (n = 9) or without (n = 11) electively including the IM lymph nodes. Twenty patients were included. Median age at diagnosis was 50 years (range, 33-63). The median time interval between the start of RT and reconstructive surgery was 16 months (range, 6-45). The maximal IM vessels dose was not associated with the risk of all complications (P = 0.44) or fat necrosis (P = 0.31). The mean IM vessels dose was not significant for the risk of all complications (P = 0.13) but was significant for fat necrosis (P = 0.04). A high mean IM vessels dose was related to the occurrence of fat necrosis.
Technology for Equity and Social Justice in Education: Introduction to the Special Issue

In this Introduction to the IJME Special Issue on Technology for Equity and Social Justice in Education, Sherry Marx and Yanghee Kim highlight key trends in technology education research that address issues of equity and multicultural education. Seven articles are introduced.
Phonological and Semantic Contributions to Verbal Short-Term Memory in Young Children With Developmental Stuttering.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the verbal short-term memory skills of children who stutter (CWS) and children who do not stutter (CWNS) in 2 experiments, focusing on the influence...
Ausblick: Kitsch und Camp

Bevor auch in diesem Kapitel kurz auf historische Vorlaufer eingegangen wird, scheint es sinnvoll zu sein, zuerst den wichtigsten Text, der zu diesem Phanomen geschrieben wurde, – Susan Sontags 1964 veroffentlichter Aufsatz Notes on Camp – darzustellen und seine Verbindung zu Kitsch herauszuarbeiten. Sontag entwickelt nach einer kurzen Hinfuhrung zur Thematik in ihrem Aufsatz achtundfunfzig Punkte, in denen sie versucht, das Phanomen, das sie als eng verbunden mit der Homosexualitat und dem Dandyismus ansieht, anhand von Beispielen, Eigenschaftsbeschreibungen, Pramissen und Regeln zu veranschaulichen. Aus diesen Punkten lasst sich ablesen, dass Sontag das Kunstliche und Unnaturliche sowie die Ubertreibung und Theatralik als Hauptattribute von Camp-Objekten ausmacht.
Sarcoid- like Phenomenon - ustekinumab induced granulomatous reaction mimicking diffuse metastatic disease: a case report and review of the literature

The utilization of monoclonal antibodies has become more widespread over the past decade. However, the development of non-caseating granulomas with the use of monoclonal antibodies, such as ustekinumab, is not widely reported in the literature. We report a case of a 50-year-old Caucasian male who presented complaining of weight loss and shortness of breath. He was receiving ustekinumab for refractory psoriasis but had no other significant medical comorbidities. On physical examination, reduced breath sounds on the right side were noted. Blood cultures were drawn on presentation and came back negative in 48 hours. A chest computed tomography scan revealed a large right lung mass in addition to right-sided pleural effusion. Therapeutic thoracocentesis was done; fluid cytology and analysis were negative for malignancy, acid-fast bacilli, or fungal infections. A positron emission tomography scan showed multifocal radiotracer uptake including within right lung mass, multiple bones, lymph nodes, liver and spleen. Biopsies showed hyalinized non-necrotizing granulomas. Immunohistochemical stains for AE1/AE3, cytokeratin 7 and 20, and thyroid transcription factor 1, were all negative. He was started on steroid therapy, and ustekinumab was discontinued and the follow-up computed tomography after a few months showed substantial improvement. However, over the course of next 4 months patient developed hepatic dysfunction and recurrent ascites and ultimately underwent transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement. Furthermore, he was started on azathioprine and steroids were tapered. He improved clinically and was discharged from our hospital within a week. This case highlights the need for careful consideration of patient medication history while evaluating the possible differential diagnoses that may contribute to a patient’s presentation.
Strain Sensor Fabrication by Means of Laser Carbonization

In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a smart strain based sensory glove for remote control (RC) car applications. This glove would control the RC car with individual finger movements. Laser carbonization was implemented as a fabrication method for developing strain sensors which were integrated on a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) platform. Various sensor designs were fabricated and tested to determine the effectiveness of the glove design. This laser carbonization method resulted in a directional anisotropic characteristic with a relative resistance change of 170× when bent from an angle of 0 ° to 145 ° (complete finger bend).
Long-Duration Tracking of Cervical-Spine Kinematics With Ultrasound

Cervical-spine (C-spine) pathoanatomy is commonly evaluated by plane radiographs, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); however, these modalities are unable to directly measure the dynamic mechanical properties of the functional spinal units (FSU) comprising the C-spine that account for its functional performance. We have developed an ultrasound-based technique that provides a non-invasive, real-time, quantitative, in vivo assessment of C-spine kinematics and FSU viscoelastic properties. The fidelity of the derived measurements is predicated on accurate tracking of vertebral motion over a prolonged time duration. The purpose of this work was to present a bundle adjustment method that enables accurate tracking of the relative motion of contiguous cervical vertebrae from ultrasound radio-frequency data. The tracking method was validated using both a plastic anatomical model of a cervical vertebra undergoing prescribed displacements and also human cadaveric C-spine specimens subjected to physiologically relevant loading configurations. While the velocity of motion and thickness of the surrounding soft tissue envelope affected accuracy, using the bundle adjustment method, B-mode ultrasound was capable of accurately tracking vertebral motion under clinically relevant physiologic conditions. Therefore, B-mode ultrasound can be used to evaluate in vivo real-time C-spine kinematics and FSU mechanical properties in environments where radiographs, CT, or MRI cannot be used.
Gliding motions of a rigid body: the curious dynamics of Littlewood's rolling hoop

The celebrated mathematician John E. Littlewood noted that a hoop with an attached mass rolling on a ground plane may exhibit self-induced jumping. Subsequent works showed that his analysis was fla...
Merope tuber (mecoptera: meropeidae) on long island

Merope tuber Newman, 1838, commonly known as earwigflies or forcepflies, are an enigmatic member of Mecoptera that are known from eastern North America. Outside of collection localities and anatomy, relatively little is known about their behavior, reproduction, or any other aspect of their biology. In this manuscript, we report a new collection record of these uncommonly collected insects in Southold, Suffolk County, New York. While M. tuber are known from Ontario to Florida, their distribution is very discontinuous - this easily accessible field site represents new opportunities for future research, including the ongoing hunt for their larvae, which are currently unknown.
Why ecological economics needs to return to its roots: The biophysical foundation of socio-economic systems

Abstract Ecological economics was formally established in 1989 with the ambitious vision of developing a new economic paradigm embedding the social and economic systems in the biophysical world. Ecological economics had its roots in the biophysical understanding of economics that pioneers of the field Georgescu-Roegen (1971), Odum (1971), Daly (1977), Jansson (1984), Martinez-Alier (1987) and others developed while studying the thermodynamic bedrocks shared by natural and social systems. Subsequently, however, ecological economics has explicitly but controversially adopted a ‘big umbrella’ approach to methodological pluralism, focusing more on topics such as valuing nature and its functions rather than attempting to understand and quantify the biophysical roots of economic activities. Biophysical economics was established in response to these concerns, focusing more on developing analyses and models of the transformations of nature to generate wealth and approached mostly from an energy and material flows perspective. The present paper argues that to achieve its original vision ecological economics must return to its biophysical roots. Collaboration between the two fields will help the next generation of thinkers to address the socio-ecological challenges of the 21st century requiring an energy transformation called for by aspirations such as the Green New Deal and the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
A Responsive Mathematics Program for Open Admissions.

What Is Open Admissions? AN OPEN admission policy obliges a school to accept all applicants. By virtue of open admissions, a college agrees to admit all high school graduates in its area who choose to apply. Neither past perfor mance, tested aptitudes and achievements, nor prerequisites may be considered as criteria for admission. The benefits, disadvantages, and prob lems inherent in adopting such a policy are currently topics for lively and even heated discussion. Those who are "pro" say that the concept has great merit; it extends "college opportunity" to the cul turally or educationally deprived and to the victims of improper guidance, poor teaching, and racial and ethnic discrimina tion. They even question the validity of the tests, measurements, and standards heretofore used as college admission cri teria. The opponents predict a lowering of college standards and money down the drain in the futile attempt to educate "noncollege" material. They predict high drop-out and flunk-out rates as well.
Characteristics and Hospital Cost of Abuse-related Femoral Fractures in Children under One Year of Age

Purpose: Fractures are the second most common type of injuries related to child abuse after burns and bruises. Up to 60% of abuse-related fractures involve femur. Although it has been suggested that the abuse-related femoral fractures impose a higher healthcare burden than the ones that are not related to abuse, the published literature is insufficient on the topic. The purpose of this study was to identify incidence, risk-factors, and costs associated with abuse-related femoral fractures in children under one year of age. Methods: This was a retrospective study of …
Modulating the transcriptional landscape of SARS-CoV-2 as an effective method for developing antiviral compounds

Abstract To interfere with the biology of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, we focused on restoring the transcriptional response induced by infection. Utilizing expression patterns of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, we identified a region in gene expression space that was unique to virus infection and inversely proportional to the transcriptional footprint of known compounds characterized in the Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures. Here we demonstrate the successful identification of compounds that display efficacy in blocking SARS-CoV-2 replication based on their ability to counteract the virus-induced transcriptional landscape. These compounds were found to potently reduce viral load despite having no impact on viral entry or modulation of the host antiviral response in the absence of virus. RNA-Seq profiling implicated the induction of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway as the underlying mechanism of inhibition and suggested that targeting this aspect of host biology may significantly reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load.
Translation Initiation Site Profiling Reveals Widespread Synthesis of Non-AUG-Initiated Protein Isoforms in Yeast

Genomic analyses in budding yeast have helped define the foundational principles of eukaryotic gene expression. However, in the absence of empirical methods for defining coding regions, these analyses have historically excluded specific classes of possible coding regions, such as those initiating at non-AUG start codons. Here, we applied an experimental approach to globally annotate translation initiation sites in yeast and identified 149 genes with alternative N-terminally extended protein isoforms initiating from near-cognate codons upstream of annotated AUG start codons. These isoforms are produced in concert with canonical isoforms and translated with high specificity, resulting from initiation at only a small subset of possible start codons. The non-AUG initiation driving their production is enriched during meiosis and induced by low eIF5A, which is seen in this context. These findings reveal widespread production of non-canonical protein isoforms and unexpected complexity to the rules by which even a simple eukaryotic genome is decoded.
Contributions by N-terminal Domains to NMDA Receptor Currents

To investigate the role of the N-terminal do-mains (NTDs) in NMDA receptor signaling we used kinetic analyses of one-channel currents and compared the reaction mechanism of re-combinant wild-type GluN1/GluN2A and GluN1/GluN2B receptors with those observed for NDT-lacking receptors. We found that trun-cated receptors maintained the fundamental gat-ing mechanism characteristic of NMDA recep-tors, which includes a multi-state activation se-quence, desensitization steps, and mode transi-tions. This result establishes that none of the functionally-defined NMDA receptor activation events require the NTD. Notably, receptors that lacked the entire NTD layer retained isoform-specific kinetics. Together with previous reports, these results demonstrate that the entire gating machinery of NMDA receptors resides within a core domain that contains the ligand-binding and the channel-forming transmembrane domains, whereas the NTD and C-terminal layers serve modulatory functions, exclusively
Type and intensity of surrounding human land use, not local environment, shape genetic structure of a native grassland plant.

Landscape heterogeneity can shape genetic structure and functional connectivity of populations. When this heterogeneity imposes variable costs of moving across the landscape, populations can be structured according to a pattern of "isolation by resistance" (IBR). At the same time, divergent local environmental filters can limit gene flow, creating an alternative pattern of "isolation by environment" (IBE). Here, we evaluate IBR and IBE in the insect-pollinated, biennial plant Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh (Gentianaceae) across serpentine grasslands in the fragmented landscape of SE Pennsylvania, USA using ~4500 neutral SNP loci. Specifically, we test the extent to which radical alteration of the landscape matrix by humans has fundamentally altered the cost of movement, imprinting a pattern of IBR dictated by land use type and intensity, and the potential for IBE in relation to a gradient of heavy metal concentrations found in serpentine soil. We reveal a strong signal of IBR and a weak signal of IBE across sites, indicating the greater importance of the landscape matrix in shaping genetic structure of S. angularis populations in the study region. Based on Circuitscape and least cost path approaches, we find that both low- and high-intensity urbanization resist gene flow by orders of magnitude greater than "natural" habitats, although resistance to low-intensity urbanization weakens at larger spatial scales. While cropland presents a substantially lower barrier than urban development, cumulative human land use surrounding populations predicts within-population genetic diversity and inbreeding in S. angularis. Our results emphasize the role of forest buffers and corridors in facilitating gene flow between serpentine grassland patches and averting local extinction of plant populations.
"I Have a Cough": An Interactive Virtual Respiratory Case-Based Module.

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has radically disrupted traditional models of medical education, forcing rapid evolution in the delivery of clinical training. As a result, clinical educators mus...
Oral minimal model-based estimates of insulin sensitivity in obese youth depend on oral glucose tolerance test protocol duration.

Introduction The Oral Minimal Model (OMM), a differential-equations based mathematical model of glucose-insulin dynamics, utilizes data from a frequently sampled oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to quantify insulin sensitivity ( S I ). OMM-based estimates of S I can detect differences in insulin resistance (IR) across population groups and quantify effects of clinical or behavioral interventions. These estimates of S I have been validated in healthy adults using data from OGTTs with durations from 2 to 7 h. However, data demonstrating how protocol duration affects S I estimates in highly IR populations such as adolescents with obesity are limited. Methods A 6-h frequently sampled OGTT was performed in adolescent females with obesity. Two, 3-, and 4- hour implementations of OMM assuming an exponentially-decaying rate of glucose appearance beyond measured glucose concentrations were compared to the 6-h implementation. A 4- hour OMM implementation with truncated data (4h Tr) was also considered. Results Data from 68 participants were included (age 15.8 ± 1.2 years, BMI 35.4 ± 5.6 kg/m2). Although S I values were highly correlated for all implementations, they varied with protocol duration (2h: 2.86 ± 3.31, 3h: 2.55 ± 2.62, 4h: 2.81 ± 2.59, 4h tr: 3.13 ± 3.14, 6h: 3.06 ± 2.85 x 10-4 dl/kg/min per U/ml). S I estimates based on 2 or 3 h of data underestimated S I values, whereas 4-h S I estimates more closely approximated 6-h S I values. Discussion These results suggest that OGTT protocol duration should be considered when implementing OMM to estimate S I in adolescents with obesity and other IR populations.
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Testicular Immune Regulation: A Delicate Balance Between Immune Function and Immune Privilege

The testis is one of several immune privilege sites. These sites are necessary to decrease inflammation and immune responses that could be damaging to the host. For example, inflammation in the brain, eye or placenta could result in loss of cognitive function, vision or rejection of the semi-allogeneic fetus, respectively. In the testis, immune privilege is “good” as it is necessary for protection of the developing auto-immunogenic germ cells. However, there is also a downside or “bad” part of immune privilege, where pathogens and cancers can take advantage of this privilege and persist in the testis as a sanctuary site. Even worse, the “ugly” of privilege is how re-emerging viruses, such as Ebola and Zika viruses, can establish persistence in the testes and be sexually transmitted even months after they have been cleared from the bloodstream. In this review, we will discuss the delicate balance within the testis that provides immune privilege to protect the germ cells while still allowing for immune function to fight off pathogens and tumors.
Cutting Funding for Police Protection: The Consequences for the Size of Newly-Constructed Housing

Households with children may Tiebout (1956) sort to safe cities. Cities that cut funding for police protection may become less attractive to households with children, spurring housing developers to build smaller houses with fewer rooms. Voting data on police tax levies using regression discontinuity suggests that newly-built houses have more rooms in cities that renew rather than fail their tax levies. The treatment effect peaks in the second year after the tax levy at 1.9 rooms, a sizeable difference over the mean of 6.6 rooms. House size tells a similar story: the difference between newly-built houses in communities that pass and fail public safety tax levies is 317.6 square feet (29.5 square meters), representing 15% of the mean house size in the sample. The results become evident 2 years after the tax levy and persist in the third year before petering out in the fourth year. The effect may stem from communities signaling a decreased commitment to public safety, rather than an increase in the crime rate itself, because cutting small tax levies has about the same effect on house size as cutting large tax levies.
A Time Series Analysis of Private College Closures and Mergers

This study examines and explains private four-yearcollege closures and mergers in the United Statesusing time series data at the national level for theperiod 1960 to 1994. The data imply that, exceptduring the 1970s, private colleges were much lesslikely to close than businesses in general.Furthermore, the data indicate that private collegemergers occur more often than casual empiricismsuggests. Multiple regression analysis of the exit andmerger decision reveals that private college closuresand mergers are more likely when the real tuition ratedeclines and real faculty salaries rise at privatecolleges. Both the closure and merger rates are foundto be highly responsive with respect to changes inprivate tuition and faculty salaries. The empiricalresults further indicate that religiously-affiliatedcolleges are less likely to close and merge thansecular institutions and that a larger student poolleads to less closing and merging of private four-yearcolleges.
The sleep-wake switch: A neuronal alarm clock.

A 70-year-old hypothesis that a rostral hypothalamic area is essential for maintaining sleep is re-awakened by the demonstration that the sleep-active ventrolateral preoptic neurons interact with wake-promoting systems in the upper brainstem.
On the Density of Ranges of Generalized Divisor Functions

The range of the divisor function $\sigma_{-1}$ is dense in the interval $[1,\infty)$. However, the range of the function $\sigma_{-2}$ is not dense in the interval $\displaystyle{\left[1,\frac{\pi^2}{6}\right)}$. We begin by generalizing the divisor functions to a class of functions $\sigma_{t}$ for all real $t$. We then define a constant $\eta\approx 1.8877909$ and show that if $r\in(1,\infty)$, then the range of the function $\sigma_{-r}$ is dense in the interval $[1,\zeta(r))$ if and only if $r\leq\eta$. We end with an open problem.
Cellular Control of the Synthesis and Activity of the Bacterial Luminescent System

In bioluminescent bacteria growing in shake flasks, the enzyme luciferase has been shown to be synthesized in a relatively short burst during the period of exponential growth. The luciferase gene appears to be completely inactive in a freshly inoculated culture; the pulse of preferential luciferase synthesis which occurs later is the consequence of its activation at the level of deoxyribonucleic acid transcription which is attributed to an effect of a “conditioning” of the medium by the growing of cells. Although cells grown in a minimal medium also exhibit a similar burst of synthesis of the luminescent system, the amount of synthesis is quantitatively less, relative to cell mass. Under such conditions, added arginine results in a striking stimulation of bioluminescence. This is attributed to a stimulation of existing patterns of synthesis and not to induction or derepression per se.
Uptake of 3H-cAMP by retinal pigment epithelium isolated from bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)

Background In bluegill sunfish, the melanin-containing pigment granules of the retinal pigment epithelium undergo cyclic movements in response both to ambient lighting and circadian cues. Pigment granules aggregate into the cell body at night (in the dark), and disperse into apical processes during the day (in the light). Regulation of pigment granule aggregation in a number of fishes depends on modulating the intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
An improved wide-field camera for imaging Earth's plasmasphere at 30.4 nm

The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (IMAGE/EUV) aboard NASA's IMAGE mission studied the distribution of singly ionized helium (He + ) in the Earth's plasmasphere by imaging its emission at 30.4 nm. This instrument consisted of three separate camera heads, each with a 28° field-of-view, with 0.6°resolution. We describe an improved imaging system that can simultaneously image a 40° field-of-view with 0.45° resolution utilizing only one compact camera head and detector. This improved imager also increases sensitivity over the heritage EUV imager by a factor of four due to improvements in optical coatings, detector technology, and a larger entrance aperture.
After the Fact: The Case for Posttransaction Antitrust Review of Health Plan Mergers

When health insurance administrators contemplate mergers or consolidations of their plans, the transactions are generally subject to federal or state antitrust review. Regulators have traditionally examined proposed transactions for their posttransaction market power and the anticipated operating efficiencies and then decided whether to permit the transaction. Given the somewhat speculative nature of preand posttransaction market power and efficiency projections, antitrust policymakers should consider allowing the mergers or consolidations of health insurance plans to proceed while regulators subject the process to posttransaction review and enforcement.
Interpersonal Dependency and Physical Illness: A Meta-Analytic Review of Retrospective and Prospective Studies ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Meta-analysis of research on the dependency–illness relationship indicated that high levels of interpersonal dependency are associated with elevated rates of illness in retrospective studies ( r = .31) and with increased risk for illness in prospective studies ( r = .27). These effect sizes are larger than those obtained in most investigations of the personality–illness link involving other trait variables. The relationships of participant characteristics, illness category, dependency measure used, and illness index to observed dependency–illness effect sizes were also examined. Implications of these findings for theoretical models of the dependency–illness relationship are discussed, and possible mediating variables are considered.
Application of CART3D to Complex Propulsion-Airframe Integration with Vehicle Sketch Pad

Vehicle Sketch Pad (VSP) is an easy-to-use modeler used to generate aircraft geometries for use in conceptual design and analysis. It has been used in the past to generate metageometries for aerodynamic analyses ranging from handbook methods to Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics (CFD). As desirable as it is to bring high order analyses, such as CFD, into the conceptual design process, this has been difficult and time consuming in practice due to the manual nature of both surface and volume grid generation. Over the last couple of years, VSP has had a major upgrade of its surface triangulation and export capability. This has enhanced its ability to work with Cart3D, an inviscid, three dimensional fluid flow toolset. The combination of VSP and Cart3D allows performing inviscid CFD on complex geometries with relatively high productivity. This paper will illustrate the use of VSP with Cart3D through an example case of a complex propulsion-airframe integration (PAI) of an over-wing nacelle (OWN) airliner configuration.
Gene Switching by Metabolic Enzymes—How Did You Get on the Invitation List?

Histone gene expression in mammalian cells is codependent upon the Oct-1 transcription factor and its cognate, OCA-S coactivator complex. Surprisingly, GADPH plays an essential role in the OCA-S complex and confers redox dependence upon the in vitro transcription of histone genes.
Family Friendliness of Inpatient Services for Children and Adolescents with EBD and Their Families: Observational Study of the Treatment Team Process:

Family-friendly services in child mental health include those that are aligned with the needs of families and are delivered in a manner that values professionals and shows respect for family involvement, empowerment, and cultural differences. We used the Family Assessment Planning Team (FAPT) Observation Form (Inpatient Version) to assess the family friendliness of the admissions treatment team process at an inpatient child and adolescent psychiatric hospital. This instrument is divided into five sections that reflect the general process of a typical admissions treatment team meeting in inpatient child and adolescent psychiatry: Introduction, Meeting Management, Case Presentation and Discussion, Service Plans, and Tact and Technicalities. Each of the 46 items in this form represents a behavior or event that may occur during a typical children's mental health services planning meeting, and each incorporates some part of the key conceptual components of family friendliness. Use of the forms also allows for ...
Technical Aspects of Storage Tank Loss Prevention

Storage tanks are the most common chemical containing vessels within the process industries. There have been many accidents associated within storage tank (material deficiency, structure design failures, operation error etc.) or among storage areas throughout the history. Both human error and natural disasters can result in devastating incidents for tanks that are usually kept outdoors under weather influences, as well as the tank bodies and accessories are poorly designed, abused, or are not effectively inspected and maintained. There are potential hazards which must be assessed carefully before construction, during operation, and after shutdown of any storage areas including hazardous or flammable chemicals. This article offers an overview of the tank and tank farm with significant incident causes about aboveground tank design failures, operation problems, and maintenance issues, with the relating discussion about the implementation of process safety management and regulations. Also, some innovative storage unit technologies including groundings, roof design, safer filling procedures, and tank fire mitigation systems are introduced to give a proper information session to help industry understand the tank hazards and implement adequate actions to prevent incidents and losses. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 32: 28–36, 2013