cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blood–brain barrier permeability in Parkinson’s disease patients with and without dyskinesia

Recent studies on a rodent model of Parkinson’s disease (PD) have raised the possibility of increased blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, demonstrated by histology, autoradiography, and positron emission tomography (PET). However, in human PD patients, in vivo evidence of increased BBB permeability is lacking. We examined the hypothesis that levodopa treatment increases BBB permeability in human subjects with PD, particularly in those with levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). We used rubidium-82 (82Rb) and PET to quantify BBB influx in vivo in 19 PD patients, including eight with LID, and 12 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. All subjects underwent baseline 82Rb scans. Seventeen chronically levodopa-treated patients were additionally rescanned during intravenous levodopa infusion. Influx rate constant, K1, by compartmental modeling or net influx transport, Ki, by graphical approach could not be estimated reliably. However, Vd, the “apparent volume of distribution” based on the 82Rb concentration in brain tissue and blood, was estimated with good stability as a local measure of the volume of distribution. Rubidium influx into brain tissue was undetectable in PD patients with or without LID, scanned on and off drug. No significant differences in regional Vd were observed for PD patients with or without LID relative to healthy subjects, except in left thalamus. Moreover, changes in Vd measured off- and on-levodopa infusion were also not significant for dyskinetic and non-dyskinetic subjects. 82Rb PET did not reveal significant changes in BBB permeability in PD patients.
Application of Whole-Service Ubiquitous Internet of Things in Power System

The Internet of Things is the key technology to promote the operation efficiency of the power grid in the future, aiming at the problem of many kinds of terminals in the Internet of things, data model and interface protocol are not unified, and lack of unified management terminal equipment management platform, etc., based on the architecture of the Internet of things and the technology of the internet of things, the typical application scenarios under the structure of the internet of things are analyzed, and the feasibility of typical application scenarios of the internet of things is verified. Whole-service ubiquitous internet of things will be the bridge of the application and social application of the power grid, the application of the whole-service ubiquitous Internet of things in the power system has laid a theoretical foundation for the application of the internet of things in the power system.
“All Skinfolk Ain’t Kinfolk”: Engaging with Racial Identity and Racism-Based Trauma in Social Work Curricula

When the phrase “Social workers cannot be racist” is used, there is not consideration of race, racism, and the detrimental effects of racism. This study includes an exploration of the extent to whi...
The 2009 NAS Forensic Science Report: A Literature Review

In February 2009, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) released its report on forensic science: Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward (2009). The popular press immediately trumpeted the report’s release, with headlines such as (1) “Report Urges Overhaul of Crime Lab System,” (2) “Real-life Police Forensics Don’t Resemble ‘CSI’: Reliability is ‘Low or Non-existent,’ Report Finds” and (3) “Science Found Wanting in Nation’s Crime Labs.”Within three months of its publication, Justice Scalia cited the report in a Supreme Court decision, writing: “Forensic evidence is not uniquely immune from the risk of manipulation. . . Serious deficiencies have been found in the forensic evidence used in criminal trials.” Both the Senate and the House held hearings, and a bill was introduced in Congress. In addition, the President appointed a committee on forensic science.Several law schools held conferences on the report, and a number legal journals published symposia. Law review articles variously described the report as a “blockbuster,” “a watershed,” “a scathing critique,” “a milestone,” and “pioneering.” This essay briefly discusses some of these articles as well as aspects of the congressional hearings.
Impact of service learning on pharmacy students’ empathy towards patients

Objectives. The purpose is to explore the impact of a pilot service learning project on student empathy. Methods. The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy, a validated assessment tool was used to measure empathy before and after participation in the project. Results. A significant increase in the degree of empathy was observed (mean difference=3.778, 95% CI 0.008 to 7.548, p=0.05) demonstrating that service learning with indigent patients has a positive impact on student empathy. Conclusions. Service learning experiences maybe an effective method for increasing orientation towards empathy.
Sensitivity analysis for optimization in linear programming

The upper and lower bounds for the optimal performance index of a perturbed linear programming problem is discussed. An explicit upper bound measured by 2-norm for the size of perturbation is derived such that the optimal basis of the nominal model is maintained to the perturbed system. A sufficient condition is given such that the optimal performance index of the perturbed system is guaranteed to be within a prescribed region.
Due Process for the Global Crime Age: A Proposal

This article argues that the adjudication of transnational criminal cases in the United States raises troubling questions about the government's commitment to principled criminal process standards. Concern over global crime has resulted in a criminal process that inadequately protects fairness and legitimacy norms. Over 40 years ago, in his seminal work on the domestic criminal process, Herbert Packer described two models of criminal procedure: the crime control model and the due process model. The crime control model posits that the most important function of the criminal justice system is to suppress crime. The due process model focuses on the fallibility of the process. Its primary concern is with fairness and reliability. Balancing the norms of the two models is challenging, but necessary. No such balancing exists in the global crime era. Instead, crime control norms usurp due process values as a result of Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) which regularize foreign evidence gathering for prosecutors while explicitly preventing defendants from using them. This article breaks new ground by constructing a framework that will both protect due process norms and simultaneously preserve effective crime control. Under the framework, U.S. prosecutors must obtain important foreign evidence needed by defendants in domestic prosecutions. The framework is consistent with existing doctrine, is familiar to the courts and the parties, and will leave MLATs intact so that their benefits can inure to both prosecutors and defendants.
Typical atrial flutter in an atypical patient.

Arrhythmias in adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) pose unique procedural challenges, especially with intravascular access. We report a unique case of ablation via a left-sided hepatic vein approach in a patient with situs inversus totalis. A 28-year-old woman with situs inversus totalis, ventriculoseptal defect, and dextro-transposition of the great arteries underwent ablation for documented narrow-complex tachycardia. Because of bilateral iliac venous occlusions, the coronary sinus (CS) was accessed through the left internal jugular vein. Rapid atrial pacing resulted in a tachycardia with an atrial cycle length of 225 msec and 2:1 atrioventricular association. Entrainment from the proximal and distal CS was consistent with typical atrial flutter around the left-sided tricuspid valve. Because of the iliac vein occlusions, access for ablation was obtained via a left-sided hepatic vein (Figure 1). Resetting from the cavotricuspid isthmus and three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping (Figure 2) confirmed typical atrial flutter, which, given the dextrocardia, occurred in a clockwise fashion around the tricuspid valve. Ablation was performed at the cavotricuspid isthmus resulting in arrhythmia termination and isthmus block. This case highlights the many unusual challenges that patients with ACHD can pose to the proceduralist, including atypical cardiac anatomy and difficult intravascular access. Unusual and creative approaches are often necessary to treat these patients successfully. Figure 1. Right anterior oblique fluoroscopic view of the cardiac silhouette and catheter positions using a left internal jugular and left-sided transhepatic vascular access approach. Download figure to PowerPoint Figure 2. Electroanatomic map demonstrating clockwise atrial flutter utilizing the left-sided cavotricuspid isthmus. Download figure to PowerPoint
Studies on the chemical and enzymatic modification of glycoproteins. A general method for the tritiation of sialic acid-containing glycoproteins.

Abstract A general method is described for the radioactive labeling of proteins containing terminal sialic acid in the carbohydrate moieties. Quantitative conversion of these residues to a radioactive 7-carbon analogue of sialic acid was achieved by sequential periodate oxidation and tritiated borohydride reduction. Evidence is presented to establish the identity of the radioactive derivative as 5-acetamido-3, 5-dideoxy-l-arabino-2-heptulosonic acid and to indicate it as the sole site of tritium incorporation in the carbohydrate chain. Upon injection into rats, labeled preparations of ceruloplasmin and orosomucoid exhibited a normal half-life in the plasma and proved suitable for metabolic studies. The data indicate that the 7-carbon sialic acid analogue mimics sialic acid with respect to hydrolysis by neuraminidase and in regulating survival of glycoproteins in the circulation.
Unsupervised K-Nearest Neighbor Regression

In many scientific disciplines structures in high-dimensional data have to be found, e.g., in stellar spectra, in genome data, or in face recognition tasks. In this work we present a novel approach to non-linear dimensionality reduction. It is based on fitting K-nearest neighbor regression to the unsupervised regression framework for learning of low-dimensional manifolds. Similar to related approaches that are mostly based on kernel methods, unsupervised K-nearest neighbor (UNN) regression optimizes latent variables w.r.t. the data space reconstruction error employing the K-nearest neighbor heuristic. The problem of optimizing latent neighborhoods is difficult to solve, but the UNN formulation allows the design of efficient strategies that iteratively embed latent points to fixed neighborhood topologies. UNN is well appropriate for sorting of high-dimensional data. The iterative variants are analyzed experimentally.
Cross-species comparison significantly improves genome-wide prediction of cis-regulatory modules in Drosophila

Background The discovery of cis-regulatory modules in metazoan genomes is crucial for understanding the connection between genes and organism diversity. It is important to quantify how comparative genomics can improve computational detection of such modules.
Mechanistic experiments to determine the origin of short-scale Southern Hemisphere stationary Rossby waves

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the mechanistic experiments to determine the origin of short-scale Southern Hemisphere stationary Rossby waves. Simple numerical experiments with a hemispheric two-level quasigeostrophic model and with a shallow water barotropic model are presented. They indicate that placing a source of tropical heating in the Amazon region leads to the development within a few days of a train of short subtropical waves not unlike the ones observed during January. The results also show a strong sensitivity of the stationary waves in the South Atlantic to the precise position and extension of a heat source representing the South Pacific Convergence Zone. In the February forecast, the stationary waves over South America are weaker than in January, and in agreement with the analysis, are tilted in the northwest-southeast direction. The forecast has also succeeded in placing the cyclone center in the correct position, 20°S and 40°W. The role of tropical heating in the maintenance of the Southern Hemisphere stationary waves was assessed by reducing the tropical heating.
Substitution of Co2+ ions into CdS-based molecular clusters

We report on the metal ion exchange between Co2+ and CdS-based molecular clusters. These studies demonstrate that exchange into the smaller [Cd4(SPh)10]2− clusters is facile compared to the larger [Cd10S4(SPh)16]4− and [Cd17S4(SPh)28]2− clusters. This trend correlates with the rate of benzenethiolate interconversion and μ-S2− and μ-SPh− content among the clusters.
Review Essay: Auto/Ethnography and Tinsel Town: Nathaniel Kohn's Pursuing Hollywood and How it Relates to My Own Experiences Chasing the Dream of Creating Culture Through Cinema

In Nathaniel KOHNs "Pursuing Hollywood" werden Auto-/Ethnografie und interpretative Interaktion gemeinsam diskutiert mit postmoderner Zeichentheorie und den Machenschaften der Filmproduktion im "Hollywood-System". In die Besprechung von KOHNs Buch flechte ich, ruckgreifend auf eigene Erfahrungen mit der Produktion eines Independentfilms, auto-/ethnografische Elemente im "La La Land". Wahrend KOHNs Buch Insider-Einblicke in eine Welt zu gewahren beabsichtigt, die nur wenige aus erster Hand kennen, nutze ich das Buch vor dem Hintergrund ahnlicher Erfahrungen als Ausgangspunkt auch fur eigene Beitrage. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs080399
Rare form of autosomal dominant thalassemia—Hemoglobin Hakkari

Autosomal dominant Beta Thalassemias are rare and are due to point or frame shift mutations resulting in production of abnormal unstable beta chains of hemoglobin which precipitate leading to hemolysis and anemia. We describe a case of Hemoglobin Hakkari, a rare variant of dominant Thalassemia arising due to a de novo mutation in the exon 2 of the beta globin gene.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL FACTORS IN PEELING APPLES AND POTATOES

Seven apple varieties and Russet Burbank potatoes were peeled by caustics to save labor and reduce peeling losses. The procedures included the use of an automated peeling line employing warm caustics followed by pressurized steam, and a reel-washer. For apples peeled at 150°F and with added wax-penetrant the peeling losses ranged from 3–8%. The replacement of NaOH by KOH gave reductions in peeling losses of up to 25%. For potatoes dipped in caustics at 170°F the peeling losses ran from 8–17%, depending mainly upon prior storage times. The possibility of peeling potatoes in very hot (280°F) concentrated (50%) KOH was tried and gave excellent results, with no heat-ring, and a KOH loss of only 0.56%.
Sediment Contaminant Patterns Within Coastal Areas of the Southern California Bight: Multivariate Analyses of Bight'98 Regional Monitoring Data

Abstract Patterns in sediment metal, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), chlorinated pesticide, and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations at 290 sites within coastal, port, harbor, and marina areas of the Southern California Bight (SCB) were evaluated using cluster analysis and principal components analysis (PCA). Cluster analysis identified five primary site groups, with two large groups representing 96% of the total area of the SCB. One of these two groups contained many of the open coastal sites, characterized by relatively coarse-grained sediments (∼30% fines), low organic carbon, and low contaminant concentrations. The second large cluster group included a higher proportion of the embayment, marina, and harbor sites, with finer-grained sediments (∼70% fines) and proportionately higher mean concentrations of most metals and trace organics. Both site groups were considered representative of SCB background conditions with minimal alterations from contaminant inputs. The other three site group...
Laser-nanostructure interactions and applications for parallel nanomanufacturing

An aggressive pursuit for ever decreasing the minimum feature size in modern integrated circuit has lead to various challenges in nanofabrication. Finer feature size is very desirable in microelectronics and other applications for higher performance. However, it is difficult to achieve critical dimensions at sub-wavelength scale using traditional optical lithography techniques due to the optical diffraction limit. We developed several techniques to overcome this diffraction limit and simultaneously achieve massive, parallel patterning. One of the methods involves the principle of optical near-field enhancement between the spheres and substrate when irradiated by a laser beam, for obtaining the nano-features. Nonlinear absorption of the enhanced optical field between the spheres and substrate sample was believed to be the primary reason for the creation of nano-features. Also, we utilized the near-field enhancement around nanoridges and nanotips upon pulsed laser irradiation to produce line or dot patterns in nanoscale on gold thin films deposited on glass substrates. We demonstrated that the photolithography can be extended to a sub-wavelength resolution for patterning any substrate by exciting the surface plasmons on both metallic mask and a shield layer covering the substrate. We used laser-assisted photothermal imprinting method for directly nanopatterning carbon nanofiber-reinforced polyethylene nanocomposite.
The sociopolitics of the living and the dead: The treatment of historic and prehistoric remains in contemporary midwest america

Abstract In this article we explore the perceptions and realities in the treatment of prehistoric and historic human remains in the American Midwest, focusing on Illinois. Numerous case studies are examined involving the disturbance of human burials, with causes ranging from accidental disturbance to deliberate grave robbing. Public reaction to these disturbances has been mixed, however, generally expressing a concern for the sanctity of human burials. The legal status of human remains from prehistoric and historic contexts often has been poorly defined. Few clear guidelines exist for dealing with such remains. Consequently, the actual treatment of disturbed burials often has been contradictory to legal requirements as well as to the public's beliefs and wishes. One of the greatest discrepancies in the past has been the dichotomy in the treatment of white versus Indian remains. The authors suggest that this situation is changing because of the public's increased sensitivity to Native American concerns, di...
Neurocritical Care Research Networks—Pediatric Considerations

To The Editor: We read the series of articles in the most recent edition of Neurocritical Care with great interest [1–3] regarding the utility of research networks for critical illnesses. We appreciate that specialized research networks for patients with critical neurological conditions are needed to advance the field, and we share the author’s view that collaborative efforts of a large number of individuals and institutions are essential to muster the forces necessary to carry out truly groundbreaking studies. We also believe that such studies must be properly designed, conducted, supported, and reported within the literature. However, we were disappointed that the contribution of pediatrics to the history of such networks, both funded through traditional sources and formed on an ad hoc basis, was omitted from the series of articles. One of the earliest examples of collaborative efforts in life-threatening diseases stems from the Children’s Oncology Group (COG). Founded in 1955, this group (now including 200 institutions and 7,500 collaborating investigators) has made major advances in decreasing the mortality rates from cancers of childhood [4, 5]. In 1986, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development initiated the Neonatal Research Network to conduct studies that would improve the health of newborn infants. Among other studies, this network has successfully determined that hypothermia is neuroprotective for children who suffer from perinatal asphyxia—leading to a global change in standards of care across the country [6–8]. In 2001, the Emergency Medical Services for Children Program awarded cooperative agreements to fund the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) to conduct multi-institutional research in the management of acute illnesses of children. One of their most influential studies to date involved the determination of a decision-rule for obtaining neurological imaging in children after traumatic brain injury (TBI) [9], and they continue to investigate the utility of progesterone after TBI and hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Most recently, the Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network (CPCCRN) was formed in 2005. This network, consisting of seven clinical sites, has established new outcome assessment tools for children after critical illness (the Functional Status Score) [10] and is actively working with PECARN to complete the therapeutic hypothermia after pediatric cardiac arrest (THAPCA) trials among other initiatives. In addition to these federally funded networks, several investigator-initiated networks have made significant contributions. As mentioned in the current report, the Canadian M. J. Bell (&) PNCRG, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA e-mail: bellmj4@upmc.edu
Band Gap Formation by Cylinder Arrays in an Acoustic Waveguide

Scattering of acoustic waves by arrays of identical circular cylindrical scatterers in a horizontal waveguide is studied. Although three-dimensional in its geometry, the waveguide permits only a finite number of modes of acoustic wave propagating in different directions with respect to horizontal, and the number of these propagating modes increases as the frequency increases. The horizontal wave numbers of these modes span a range of frequency limited by the total wave number. Numerical examples are used to explore a special case in which the cylinder height equals the depth of the waveguide and in which the cylinders and the waveguide have pressure-release boundaries at both top and bottom surfaces. In such a special case, there is no coupling among the modes permitted by the waveguide and hence is the simplest case for such problems. It is observed that the combination of the modes generally decreases the wave-blocking effects of a stop band; and it is likely that a stop band in one waveguide mode might correspond to a pass band in a different mode. However, numerical examples also show that the main characteristics of a stop band are maintained, despite the multiple modes; and it is possible to extend the stop band by cascading cylinders arrays of different arrangement.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Classification of temporal errors in CIM systems: Development of a framework for deriving human-centred information requirements

Abstract If humans are to play important roles in maintaining the smooth operation of CIM systems, the flow of information within the system must be compatible with the human's cognitive limitations as well as with the system's performance objectives that govern human behaviour. In this paper, we propose a framework for deriving human-centred-information requirements that is based on categories of temporal errors that can potentially occur within CIM systems. Together with frameworks for error analysis proposed by Rasmussen and Reason, a taxonomy for classifying temporal errors is developed that can serve as a basis for identifying potential human errors and suggesting appropriate, design features of information support systems.
An RBS analysis of the low temperature mass transport of Au in GaAs

Abstract An attempt has been made to use RBS techniques for a quantitative analysis of the transport of Au in GaAs over the temperature range 300–450 ° C. Two components appear to be involved in the mass transport, which has been treated as a diffusion process. The temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient for the faster of the two components can be described approximately by the equation D( cm 2 / s ) = D 0 exp(− Q kT ) with D 0 = 8.9 × 10 −9 cm 2 /s and Q = 0.65 eV. The limitations of this approach are discussed, and results are compared with those presented previously by other authors.
Evaluation of Fish Communities Through Assessment of Zooplankton Populations and Measures of Lake Productivity

Abstract Knowledge of zooplankton size structure and measure of lake productivity can facilitate interpretation of data from fishery surveys. Our findings demonstrate that, for small warm-water lakes containing predominantly centrarchids and percids, the size composition of the zooplankton community and growth and size structure of the fish community are closely correlated. Spatial-temporal differences between lakes suggest the fishery manager can obtain a useful measure of zooplankton size by sampling at deeper, offshore sites in August. Measurement of zooplankton size as an index of predator-prey balance in the fish community offers a simple, yet economical, approach for assessing the status of a fish population and determining management options. Comparisons of Fee's productivity index, zooplankton biomass, and catches of fish in variable-mesh gill nets indicate that lakes with a high productivity index generally support a larger biomass of planktivorous fish. Finally, evaluation of fish communities th...
Ecology: The more the merrier

The 'nested' pattern of mutualistic interactions between plants and their pollinators is thought to promote species coexistence. But the key determinant may instead be the number of partners that species have. See Letter p.227 The nested structure of mutualistic ecological networks — the tendency for ecological specialists to interact with a subset of species that also interact with more generalist species — is thought to promote biodiversity. This study of 59 empirical data sets for plant-pollinator mutualisms comes to the surprising conclusion that adding mutualisms typically decreases biodiversity by breaking the competition symmetry, and that nestedness is not important in determining ecosystem function. According to this model, it is the simpler measure of the number of mutualistic links a species has that determines its survival chances, with nestedness being just a side effect.
Electrodeposition of Indium Antimonide Nanowires in Porous Anodic Alumina Membranes

Vertical arrays of high aspect ratio (>100) InSb nanowires with diameters of ~20 nm have been fabricated using a Porous Anodic Alumina (PAA) template that is supported on a Si substrate with a thin layer of titanium (Ti) sandwiched between them. The process described here uses a reverse anodization technique to penetrate the hemispherical pore bottom barrier oxide layer prior to the electrodeposition process, so as to form a direct electrical contact with the underlying Ti layer. Scanning electron microscopy results demonstrate that the InSb nanowires completely fill the channels of the PAA thereby acquiring a wire diameter of about 20 nm. Raman spectrum of the InSb nanowires indicates high crystal quality.
Studies of the Utility of Cross Linked Polyvinlpolypyrrolidine as a Tablet Disintegrant

AbstractStudies of different particle size grades of cross linked polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (Polyplasdone G.A.F. Corporation) In direct compression tablet formulations show that Increase in mean particle size enhances powder flow, disintegration and dissolution although hardness and friability were slightly better for tablets made from the finer grades. The disintegrant exhibits powerful disintegrant action at low concentrations. It should probably be rarely, if ever, necessary to use more than five per cent in a tablet in order to achieve rapid dissolution. It appears that the use of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (P.V.P.P.) as a tablet disintegrant at high concentrations may be self limiting since certain properties such as powder flow, tablet weight variation, hardness and friability start to reach unacceptable levels at high disintegrant concentrations. Data presented in this paper indicates that tablets con-taining acetylsalicylic acid or multi-vitamins can be very effec-tively formulated using P.V.P.P. as ...
Inhibition of T cell cytotoxicity by cyclosporine (CSA), adenosine (Ado) and an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (ADA).

Cyclosporine (CSA-previously known as cyclosporin A) is the prototype of a new class of polypeptide lipophilic immunosuppressive agents with cell membrane affinity.1,2 The predominant immunosuppressive effects of this compound in vivo seem to result from depressed helper T cell function. In vitro studies indicate that CSA inhibits proliferation of alloreactive cells in mixed lymphocyte culture and the generation of alloreactive cytolytic lymphocytes (CTL).4 As shown by Orosz et al,5 this inhibition of clonal expansion relates specifically to the alloantigen driven response of both helper and CTL. However, from current reports CSA does not appear effective against antigen-directed cytotoxic cells already committed to that function. 5,6
Past and present studies with ponasterones, the first insect molting hormones from plants

The search for antitumor compounds from Southeast Asian plants led to ponasterones, the first phytoecdysteroids, just a year after structure determination of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone. An independent study of Chinese herb constituents by Takemoto et al. at Tohoku University led to the simultaneous and totally independent discovery of phytoecdysteroids. These findings greatly facilitated research in insect and crustacean physiology. The original structural studies on various phytoecdysteroids have led to interdisciplinary bioorganic studies in the area related to ecdysone receptor, ecdysone biosynthetic precursor (or its storage form), crustacean molt inhibitory factors, and so on.
Antioxidative activity of maillard reaction products in cooked ground beef, sensory and TBA values

Maillard reaction products (MRPs) obtained by autoclaving egg albumin acid hydrolysate and glucose for 1 hr were added to ground beef which was cooked and stored at 4°C for 8 days. The antioxidative activity of MRPs was investigated by a trained sensory panel and the TBA test. The panel evaluated samples for loss of desirable cooked beef notes and generation of off-flavors, such as cardboard and painty. With added 1% MRPs, painty aroma and flavor scores were low and did not (p > 0.05) change over time. The coefficients of determination were high (r2= 0.92 to 0.77, p < 0.0001) between aroma and flavor scores for any two similar attributes. The TBA values decreased by 17% with the addition of 0.5% MRP and by 39% with 1% MRP over time.
Brain correlates of negative and positive visuospatial priming in adults

Abstract A balance of inhibitory and facilitatory mechanisms is essential for efficient and goal-directed behaviors. These mechanisms may go awry in several neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by uncontrolled, repetitive behaviors. The visuospatial priming paradigm is a well-established probe of inhibition and facilitation that has been used to demonstrate behavioral deficits in patients with Tourette syndrome and obsessive–compulsive disorder. However, the brain correlates of this visuospatial priming paradigm are not yet well established. In the present study, we used a visuospatial priming paradigm and event-related functional MRI, to probe inhibitory and facilitatory brain mechanisms in healthy adult women. When subjects performed the negative priming (i.e., inhibitory) task, several regions of the prefrontal cortex were selectively activated relative to the neutral condition. Non-overlapping regions of the prefrontal cortex were deactivated in the positive priming condition. These results support the notion that the prefrontal cortex is involved in both inhibitory and facilitatory processing and demonstrate that this visuospatial priming task shares brain correlates with other positive and negative priming tasks. In conjunction with functional MRI, this visuospatial priming task may be useful for studying the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders in which deficient inhibitory processing or excessive facilitation is a feature.
Country credit-risk rating aggregation via the separation-deviation model

Country credit-risk ratings are evaluated independently by several agencies. A common method of aggregating the ratings into a single rating is by taking their averages (the averaging method). We show here that an approach that captures the relative ranking of the countries given by each agency leads to an improved aggregate rating with respect to several criteria. The approach we use-the separation-deviation model-was proposed by Hochbaum. We compare the separation-deviation model with the averaging method for aggregating country credit-risk ratings provided by three different agencies. We show that the aggregate rating obtained by the separation-deviation model has fewer rank reversals (discrepancies in the rank ordering of the countries) than the aggregate rating obtained by the averaging method. We further prove several properties of the separation-deviation model, including the property that the aggregate rating obtained by the separation-deviation model agrees with the majority of agencies or reviewers, regardless of the scale used.
Diversification of pollination strategies for U.S. crops

The close affiliation between the honey bee industry and commercial pollination of U.S. crops is described, followed by a literature review that demonstrates why insufficient numbers of honey bees may be available to support adequate crop pollination services in the near future. Recent recommendations offering different methods to increase numbers of crop pollinators (continued honey bee research, establishment of management habitats, and development of additional non-honey bee pollinators) are described, and the positive and negative characteristics of each proposal are discussed. The status of crop pollination is then reviewed in some detail, followed by a recommendation to combine pollinator studies into one collaborative pollination program focused on producing the maximum number of efficient crop pollinators in the shortest possible time frame.
A College Nutrition Science Course As An Intervention To Prevent Weight Gain In Female College Freshmen

Abstract The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that a nutrition course that stresses fundamental principles of human physiology, energy metabolism, and genetics helps prevent weight gain during the first 16 months of college life. A randomized control trial was conducted from January 1997 to May 1998 using volunteers. Forty female college freshmen participated in the intervention (college course, n = 21) and control (no course, n = 19) groups. The intervention was a one-semester nutrition science college course. Body weight, nutrient intakes, and knowledge were measured at baseline, the end of the intervention (4 months from baseline), and 1 year later (16 months from baseline). Statistical analysis was conducted using a repeated-measure analysis of variance. Higher Body Mass Index (BMI) students (BMI > 24) in the intervention group (n = 11) reported lower fat (p = .04), protein (p =.03), and carbohydrate (p = .008) intakes compared with the higher BMI students in the control group (n = 6). Dietary changes reported by the higher BMI intervention students were associated with the maintenance of baseline body weight for 1 year in contrast with the higher BMI control students who gained 9.2 ± 6.8 kg (p = .012). The findings suggest that nutrition education emphasizing human physiology and energy metabolism is an effective strategy to prevent weight gain in at-risk college students.
Linear and nonlinear mathematical models for noninvasive ventilation

Two mathematical models are proposed for passive, noninvasive ventilation. Both models take the form of coupled ordinary differential equations that describe the volume in a single compartment lung. One model is linear and the other nonlinear; both models are derived from basic pressure balances in the lung-ventilator system. These models are also compared to a physical model using a test lung. Both the physical and mathematical models exhibit instabilities that appear to have important clinical implications. The simulations from these models, and the forms of their governing equations, suggest that the presence of an airway leak proximal to the airway opening during pressure support noninvasive ventilation may render this mode of ventilation dynamically unstable. The mathematical models are extended to incorporate a special type of nonpassive ventilation where the total cycle times of the ventilator depend on the inspiratory phases of these cycles.
Patterns of price endings used in US and Japanese price advertising

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to guide managers' choices of rightmost digits in retail prices by acquiring a better understanding of the psychological mechanisms by which price endings can influence sales.Design/methodology/approach – The paper observes and compares the price endings used in large matched samples of advertised prices in two countries with considerable cultural differences, the USA and Japan.Findings – Although the digit 9 predominates among the rightmost digits of advertised prices in the USA the digit 8 predominates in Japan. In contrast to this difference, the US and Japanese prices are similar in that both show greater use of 9 or 8 endings when this choice lowers the price's leftmost digit and when the advertised price is claimed to be a discount price.Research limitations/implications – Future research should include a wider range of price advertising media and should examine usage patterns of less frequently occurring digits.Practical implications – Setting a price that fal...
Flux-limited diffusion in hydrodynamics

The radiation transport equation, correct to order v/c, is used to derive a flux limiter valid in high-velocity hydrodynamic flows. In the limit v = 0 the widely used result of Levermore and Pomraning (LP) (1982) is recovered. In the case of homologous flow (v varies as R) the LP result remains valid, but in the presence of shock waves and other nonhomologous flows differences may be large. We calculate the Eddington factors, which are significantly altered, and discuss the importance of having them possess the correct form in the presence of a shock wave, e.g., on the neutrino transport during the formation of a supernova.
Effects of a Specific Thromboxane Synthetase Inhibitor on Development of Experimental Dirofilaria immitis Immune Complex Glomerulonephritis in the Dog

Twelve Beagle dogs were immunized with aqueous-soluble Dirofilaria immitis antigens, and subsequent to at least fivefold increases in serum antibody titer, 6 mg of homologous antigen was infused into the left renal artery. Six dogs were treated once daily starting the day of infusion with 0.75 mg/kg of 1-benzylimidazole (1-BIM) in saline. Six control dogs were given saline only. Light, immunofluorescent, and transmission electron microscopic examinations of renal tissue from control dogs, 10 days after antigen infusion, showed a mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis in the left kidney with polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) infiltration and fibrin deposition. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G, M, C3, and Dirofilaria antigen deposits were observed in a segmental granular pattern. Mesangial, subendothelial, and intramembranous electron dense deposits were observed, and saxti-Dirofilaria antibodies were demonstrated in kidney eluates from each dog. Administration of 1-BIM had no significant effect on IgG, IgM, C3, or antigen deposits, electron dense deposits, or concentration of antibody in kidney eluates. However, 1-BIM-treated dogs had less glomerular cell proliferation, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive glomerular staining, PMNL infiltration, and fibrin deposition. These data suggest that thromboxane is an important mediator in the development of immune complex glomerulonephritis, and that in certain circumstances, inhibition of thromboxane synthesis may be an effective therapy for immune complex glomerulonephritis in the dog. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1988; 2:192–200)
Modulation of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition by postsynaptic calcium in epileptic hippocampal neurons.

Visualization of neurons during patch clamp recordings from slices provides concurrent neuroanatomical information for physiological studies. Although, the technique becomes increasingly popular in immature brains, it has not been fully utilized in aged/adult and diseased brains including post-surgical human specimen. In the present study, glutamatergic modulation of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition was investigated by whole-cell patch clamp recordings from visualized hippocampal dentate granule cells (DGCs) in slices that were prepared from surgically-removed human medial temporal lobe specimens and the rat pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic inhibition was recorded by isolating inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) at a membrane potential of 0 mV where glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents are near equilibrium. Peak amplitude of GABAA IPSC was not different between epileptic DGCs of both human and pilocarpine-treated rat hippocampi and those in the control rat DGCs. However, when high frequency stimulation (30 Hz for 10 s) preceded immediately before the generation of a GABAA IPSC, its peak amplitude was significantly reduced in epileptic DGCs. The application of an NMDA receptor antagonist prevented this decrease indicating that the high frequency stimulation activated the NMDA receptor and that this activation is involved in the induction of response-decrement of GABAA IPSCs in epileptic DGCs. In addition, intracellular application of a calcium chelator, BAPTA through a patch pipette was found effective in preventing the response-decrement of GABAA IPSCs suggesting that postsynaptic calcium-increase is also involved in this process. It is proposed that activation of the NMDA receptor in epileptic DGC may trigger an epileptogenic increase of intracellular free calcium, and this calcium-increase plays a crucial role for the induction of the response-decrement of GABAA IPSCs in epileptic hippocampus, which possibly leads to the initiation of epileptic seizures and ictal events.
Implementing educational language policy in Arizona: legal, historical and current practices in SEI

In 2000, Arizona voters passed Proposition 203, which made Arizona one of three states in the USA (besides California and Massachusetts) to effectively restrict the use of non-English languages for...
Mentoring surgeons for the 21st century.

Effective mentoring is especially critical in the training of surgeons. The practice of surgery in the 21st century is changing rapidly at every level, requiring a more complex approach to mentoring young surgeons. This article draws on the author’s own experiences in mentoring surgeons at a large tertiary care cancer treatment center and on published reports of successful mentoring strategies at other institutions. Besides clinical and surgical skills, surgical trainees must acquire a broad range of technical, interpersonal, administrative, and research skills. The 21st century brings special demands, including changing treatment patterns, increased diversity in trainees and in patient populations, restrictions on how we train our students, increased concerns about patient privacy, and an aging population. Besides the classic mentor/mentee relationship, different models of mentoring, including mosaic mentoring and collaborative mentoring, are being used to address these issues. Successful mentoring programs occur in institutions that maintain a culture that actively supports mentoring. New approaches to mentoring can successfully meet the diverse needs of surgical trainees in the 21st century.
Large-telescope natural guide star adaptive optics system

This paper presents an adaptive optics (AO) system for a large IR telescope. The Keck Telescope on Mauna Kea is used as a case study. The system is designed to provide low-order wavefront correction using faint natural guide stars. It is shown that two innovations, namely the use of an AO-optimized CCD detector, and use of a variable control bandwidth, result in correction to a Strehl ratio of about 0.1 using guide stars of visual magnitude 18. Sky coverage is approximately 20% at this level of performance. Sky coverage rises to 100% at a Strehl ratio of 0.05.
Resveratrol modifies risk factors for coronary artery disease in swine with metabolic syndrome and myocardial ischemia.

Resveratrol has been purported to modify risk factors for obesity and cardiovascular disease. We sought to examine the effects of resveratrol in a porcine model of metabolic syndrome and chronic myocardial ischemia. Yorkshire swine were fed either a normal diet (control), a high cholesterol diet (HCD), or a high cholesterol diet with supplemental resveratrol (HCD-R; 100 mg/kg/day) for 11 weeks. After 4 weeks of diet modification a baseline cardiovascular MRI was performed and an ameroid constrictor was placed on the left circumflex coronary artery of each animal to induce chronic myocardial ischemia. At 7 weeks, a second cardiovascular MRI was performed and swine were sacrificed and myocardial tissue harvested. Resveratrol supplementation resulted in lower body mass indices, serum cholesterol, and C-reactive protein levels, improved glucose tolerance and endothelial function, and favorably augmented signaling pathways associated with myocardial metabolism. Interestingly, serum tumor necrosis factor-α levels were not influenced by resveratrol treatment. Immunoblotting for markers of metabolism demonstrated that insulin receptor substrate-1, glucose transporters 1 and 4, and phospho-AMPK were increased in the HCD-R group. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and retinol binding protein 4 were downregulated in the HCD-R group as compared to the HCD group. Myocardial perfusion and function at rest as assessed with magnetic resonance imaging were not different between groups. By favorably influencing risk factors, resveratrol may decrease the burden of chronic metabolic disease and improve cardiovascular health.
Studies of Surface Composition and Phase Transition of Mo-5%Re(1O0)

Surface composition of a clean Mo-5%Re(100) alloy was determined quantitatively by Auger Electron Spectroscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. A slight enrichment of Re on the alloy surface was found at and below room temperatures and the result is consistent with the prediction by a graphical approach for segregation. The change of surface composition due to gas contamination and sputtering were also studied. In contrast to the pure Mo(100) surface where a structural phase transition occurs below room temperature, low energy electron diffraction showed no structural change down to 160 K. However, for H, CO, N chemisorptions and C segregation on the alloy surface, LEED patterns similar to the ones observed from a pure Mo(100) surface were observed.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of metastatic carcinoid tumor: report of a case and review of the literature.

While carcinoid tumor is a relatively common neoplasm in surgical pathology, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology as a method of primary diagnosis has only been reported in the literature a few times. We report on the case of a 42-yr-old female with multiple large metastatic tumor deposits in her liver, pelvic adnexae, bones, and lungs, with an unknown primary. FNA was performed on one of the liver masses, and was diagnosed using routine histochemical and immunohistochemical stains as carcinoid tumor. No follow-up tissue diagnosis has been obtained. However, the patient is still alive with her tumor 1 yr later. Fine-needle aspiration cytology can be a useful and safe tool in the diagnosis of metastatic carcinoid tumors, avoiding the need for surgery which would not otherwise be indicated for treatment.