cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigations of roll-over shape: implications for design, alignment, and evaluation of ankle-foot prostheses and orthoses.

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of our previous work on roll-over shapes, which are the effective rocker shapes that the lower limb systems conform to during walking.Method. This article is a summary of several recently published articles from the Northwestern University Prosthetics Research Laboratory and Rehabilitation Engineering Research Program on the topic of roll-over shapes. The roll-over shape is a measurement of centre of pressure of the ground reaction force in body-based coordinates. This measurement is interpreted as the effective rocker shape created by lower limb systems during walking.Results. Our studies have shown that roll-over shapes in able-bodied subjects do not change appreciably for conditions of level ground walking, including walking at different speeds, while carrying different amounts of weight, while wearing shoes of different heel heights, or when wearing shoes with different rocker radii. In fact, results suggest that able-bodied humans will ac...
Mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches for discovery of HIV-host interactions

ABSTRACT A molecular understanding of viral infection requires a multi-disciplinary approach. Mass spectrometry has emerged as an indispensable tool to investigate the complex and dynamic interactions between HIV-1 and its host. It has been employed to study protein associations, changes in protein abundance and post-translational modifications occurring after viral infection. Here, we review and provide examples of mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches currently used to explore virus–host interaction. Efforts in this area are certain to accelerate the discovery of the unique molecular strategies utilized by the virus to commandeer the cell as well as mechanisms of host defense.
Significance of Bile Salt Tolerant Lactobacillus reuteri

Probiotic supplements have received worldwide attention due to their health benefits. One of the most commonly used probiotics is Lactobacillus reuteri, which has known to help prevent and treat both viral and bacterial diarrhea enhancing the body’s resistance to gastrointestinal disease. In order to survive and colonize in the gastrointestinal tract, L. reuteri should express high tolerance to bile salt. This study was therefore undertaken to determine the effect of bile salt on the growth and s-galactosidase activities of L. reuteri. The effect of Tween 80 on the promotion of L. reuteri tolerance against bile salt was also determined. Five strains (CF2F, DSM20016, MM2-3, and MM7) of L. reuteri used for this study were subjected to MRS broth supplemented with various concentrations (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0%) of bile salt. Bacterial growth was then monitored using a spectrophotometer (610 nm) for 10 h at 37°C. Results showed that 0.3% bile salt significantly (P<0.05) reduced the growth of L. reuteri strains. Strain MM2-3 showed higher survival and s-galactosidase activity (800 and 1500 Miller units) than other strains tested. The addition of Tween 80 enhanced the bile salt tolerance of L. reuteri. The results of this study demonstrate that bile salt and Tween 80 has an influence on the biochemical properties of L. reuteri and should be considered for useful applications in enhancing the survival of Lactobacillus.
Propensity to Work from Home: Modeling Results from the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey

Working from home is regaining its popularity because of the advantages it presents for both employees and employers. Telecommunications technologies are enabling the new work-at-home phenomena. This study expands the existing body of work-at-home and telecommuting research by using data from the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey to consider a larger sample and to include characteristics unavailable in previous analyses. The effects of socioeconomic, household, locational, and accessibility variables on individuals' choices to work from home are estimated with ordered logit, ordered probit, and multinomial logit models, using a two-equation sample selection regression process. The three models give very similar results. They indicate that educational attainment and the presence of small children in the household encourage frequent working from home. Males and drivers choose to work from home more often than females or nondrivers, and the lack of free parking at work promotes home work. These ...
Dentofacial growth changes in subjects with untreated Class II malocclusion from late puberty through young adulthood

Introduction The purpose of this longitudinal study was to compare dentofacial growth changes in untreated subjects with Class II Division 1 malocclusion with those in subjects with normal (Class I) occlusion from late puberty through young adulthood. Methods The Class II Division 1 sample consisted of 23 subjects (10 male, 13 female). The Class I sample included 30 subjects (13 male, 17 female). The lateral cephalograms of the subjects in both groups were analyzed at 2 consecutive stages of development: T1, postpubertal observation (cervical vertebral maturation stage 6), and T2, young adulthood stage. The average time between T1 and T2 was 3.5 years. The statistical comparisons of the growth changes in the 2 groups were performed with Mann-Whitney U tests. Results From late puberty through young adulthood, dentofacial growth in subjects with untreated Class II malocclusion does not show significant differences when compared with that observed in untreated subjects with normal occlusion. Conclusions These findings show that Class II dentoskeletal disharmony does not exhibit significant growth change from late puberty through young adulthood.
Flow and transport effects of compaction bands in sandstone at scales relevant to aquifer and reservoir management

[1] Thin, tabular, low-porosity, low-permeability compaction bands form pervasive, subparallel, anastomosing arrays that extend over square kilometers of exposure in the Aztec Sandstone of southeastern Nevada, an exhumed analog for active aquifers and reservoirs. In order to examine the potential flow and transport effects of these band arrays at scales relevant to production and management, we performed a suite of simulations using an innovative discrete-feature modeling technique to capture the exact pattern of compaction bands mapped over some 150,000 m2 of contiguous outcrop. Significant impacts related to the presence of the bands and their dominant trend are apparent: the average pressure drop required to drive flow between wells exceeds that for band-free sandstone by a factor of three and is 10% to 50% higher across the bands versus along them; reservoir production efficiency varies up to 56% for a typical five-spot well array, depending on its orientation relative to the dominant band trend; and contaminant transport away from a point source within an aquifer tends to channel along the bands, regardless of the regional gradient direction. We conclude that accounting for the flow effects of similar compaction-band arrays would prove essential for optimal management of those sandstone aquifers and reservoirs in which they occur.
The effect of high-risk and low-risk diets on aberrant crypt and colonic tumor formation in Fischer-344 rats.

Eighty Fischer-344 male rats were divided into eight groups. Half the groups were given a high-risk diet (HRD) that was high in fat, low in fiber and low in calcium, while the remaining groups were given a low-risk diet (LRD) that was low in fat, high in fiber and high in calcium. After 4 weeks, four groups were then given two weekly s.c. injections of azoxymethane (AOM) (15 mg/kg body wt), and four groups were given saline injections. At the end of 6 weeks the rats were either continued on HRD, LRD, or crossed over from HRD to LRD, or LRD to HRD for an additional 6 weeks. The rats were then killed and the influence of different dietary regimens on the induction of foci of aberrant crypts (AC) in their colons was compared. The number of foci of AC was highest in the AOM-injected HRD/HRD dietary group (8.83 +/- 0.98), followed by the AOM-injected LRD/HRD group (5.37 +/- 0.75), the HRD/LRD group (3.32 +/- 0.36) and the LRD/LRD group (2.93 +/- 0.32). Except for the HRD/HRD control group, which developed a small but significant number of foci of AC (1.24 +/- 0.19), the other saline-injected dietary groups showed no significant numbers of foci of AC. Two groups of rats on HRD/HRD (AOM and saline-injected), and two groups of rats on HRD/LRD (AOM and saline-injected) were continued on HRD and LRD respectively for an additional 14 weeks. A continuous HRD in AOM-injected rats induced colon tumors in 92% of rats, while the crossover from HRD to LRD suppressed the tumor incidence to 33%. Neither diet induced any tumors in saline-injected rats. The results clearly show that the influence of HRD and LRD on the induction of foci of AC and their distribution in the colon, correlated with the induction and distribution of tumors in the colon.
Understanding the “Third Wave” of Democratization in Africa

Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline. Edited by Thomas M. Callaghy and John Ravenhill. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. Pp. xviii, 573. $50.00 cloth, $18.50 paper.) The Politics of Reform in Ghana, 1982-1991. By Jeffrey Herbst. (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993. Pp. xii, 180. $40.00.) Tanzania: The Limits to Development from Above. By Kjell J. Havnevik. (Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet; Trenton, NJ: Red Sea, 1993. Pp. 343. $29.95 paper.) Zaire: Continuity and Political Change in an Oppressive State. By WinsomeJ. Leslie. (Boulder, San Francisco, and Oxford: Westview, 1993. Pp. xi, 204. $46.95.)
Upstream AP1- and CREB-Binding Sites Confer High Basal Activity on the Adeno-Associated Virus Type 5 Capsid Gene Promoter

In contrast to the prototype adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2), the capsid gene P41 promoter of AAV5, within viral constructs that lack inverted terminal repeat sequences, displays a high basal level of expression in 293 cells in the absence of coinfecting adenovirus. Here we demonstrate that this was due to differences in the relative strengths of the core promoter elements and to the presence of active binding sites for the transcription factors CREB and AP1 within the upstream region of P41 that are absent from the AAV2 capsid gene promoter P40. These differences also governed the relative basal activity of the AAV capsid gene promoters within near-full-length viral genomes.
Opening the gate to working memory

In a changing and complex world, we require the ability to sustain pursuit of a goal, while also updating our goals as the need arises. For example, we are capable of rapidly shifting tasks, such as stopping work on a paper to have an involved discussion with a colleague. However, we are also able to avoid distracting cues, such as ignoring the unread e-mail messages incrementing in our inbox while we write. The mechanisms by which the brain achieves an adaptive balance between flexibility and stability remain the basis of much current investigation in cognitive neuroscience. In PNAS, D’Ardenne et al. (1) provide evidence for two key pieces to this puzzle. They demonstrate that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is necessary for flexible updating of contexts to control behavior and that activity in cells of the dopaminergic midbrain may signal an updating response.
Four Revolutions in Diamond Synthesis: The Vindication of Edisonian Chemistry

Careless claims by scientists are often expanded further by journalists and grossly distort the scientific ‘truths’ passed on to the public and policy maker. Recently, such overclaims have invaded the field of materials synthesis. The real first principles of materials synthesis, based on the work of V.M. Goldschmidt (and Linus Pauling), have proved to be, and continue to be, very successful. By combining such principles with Edison’s methodology of careful observation, precise experimentation and rapid feedback, thousands of new (inorganic) phases have been, and continue to be made (since 1948, several hundred from our own laboratory), producing dozens of useful, widely commercialized materials. In contrast, in spite of seventy years of trying, the so-called ‘first principles’ calculations (from the quantum mechanics of cores and electrons) have utterly failed to actually predict and synthesize a single new material or add anything to the deep and reliable insights of well known chemical theories. It is clear that what students and researchers in contemporary materials synthesis need most is a thorough grounding in crystal chemistry and phase equilibria (including metastable equilibria). The history of the ‘C3N4’ failure, as a harder than diamond candidate, is prototypical of the‘calculating’ approach to synthesis. It is contrasted with short summaries on four recent real advances into completely new processes for diamond synthesis.
Meaningful Review and Process Due: How Guantanamo Detention Is Changing the Battlefield

This Article examines the failure of the Executive Branch to defend successfully its position of holding Guantanamo Bay (GTMO) detainees indefinitely without hearings in civilian courts, and the resulting operational and policy consequences. After exploring why the United States applied the legal paradigms associated with armed conflict, rather than criminal law, after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the Article traces the precedents of military detention law and habeas corpus jurisprudence upon which President Bush relied when deciding to hold the terror suspects without habeas review. It then summarizes how the legal landscape changed after 9/11, eventually allowing GTMO detainees to challenge the bases of their detention in federal court, and assesses how their habeas litigation has had consequences on military tactics and resource allocation on the battlefield. It also analyzes some of the efforts of the international legal community, arguably motivated by U.S. detention policies and practices, to amend some principles of international humanitarian law related to detention operations.This article is the first in a series. It was followed by GQ: The Guantanamo Quagmire, Stanford Law & Policy Review (2016), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2792512.
Accelerating Ab Initio Path Integral Simulations via Imaginary Multiple-Timestepping

This work investigates the use of multiple-timestep schemes in imaginary time for computationally efficient ab initio equilibrium path integral simulations of quantum molecular motion. In the simplest formulation, only every nth path integral replica is computed at the target level of electronic structure theory, whereas the remaining low-level replicas still account for nuclear motion quantum effects with a more computationally economical theory. Motivated by recent developments for multiple-timestep techniques in real-time classical molecular dynamics, both 1-electron (atomic-orbital basis set) and 2-electron (electron correlation) truncations are shown to be effective. Structural distributions and thermodynamic averages are tested for representative analytic potentials and ab initio molecular examples. Target quantum chemistry methods include density functional theory and second-order Moller–Plesset perturbation theory, although any level of theory is formally amenable to this framework. For a standard...
The effect of noncontingent fixed- and variable-interval reinforcement upon subsequent acquisition of the fixed-interval scallop

Groups of rats received either no pretraining (Group N), pretraining with noncontingent FI-2 min. reinforcement (Group FI), or pretraining with noncontingent VI-2 min. reinforcement (Group VI) prior to learning to bar press on a FI-2 min. reinforcement schedule. The FI scallop was acquired most rapidly by Group FI and least rapidly by Group VI. Moreover, FI pretraining led to faster acquisition of both low post-reinforcement response rates and high pre-reinforcement response rates than VI pretraining.
A clinical evaluation of the triple-isotope double-antibody radioimmunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen.

The authors evaluated the triple-isotope double-antibody (TIDA) method for direct determination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in human serum. The normal range for CEA (x ± 2 SD) in the sera of healthy nonsmoking adults was 5.6–12.6 ng/ml. The upper limit of normal for smokers was 17.6 ng/ml. A comparison study between the TIDA assay and a perchloric acid (PCA) extraction method showed agreement between the methods in 76% of the cases studied. In some patients, CEA values determined by the TIDA method were less markedly elevated than values determined by the PCA method. This caused some CEA values that were significantly elevated by the PCA method to be only borderline-elevated by the TIDA method. The TIDA method, however, did not report any CEA values as normal for patients who had significantly elevated values as determined by the PCA method. Conversely, the TIDA method did not report any CEA values as significantly elevated when they were determined to be normal by the PCA method. Also, direct TIDA values of CEA correlated well with clinical findings in cases of cancers of the breast, colon, and lung. The results indicate that the TIDA direct assay is a reliable method for monitoring CEA levels in patients with cancer. While the TIDA assay may measure background substances that may be present in serum, these substances do not appear to alter the clinical significance of the data greatly. The use of the direct method for measuring CEA levels in the sera of patients with nonneoplastic disease, however, is not recommended until further studies can be made to assess the false-positive rate of the direct assay for these disorders.
PBRM1 Regulates the Expression of Genes Involved in Metabolism and Cell Adhesion in Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma

Polybromo-1 (PBRM1) is a component of the PBAF (Polybromo-associated-BRG1- or BRM-associated factors) chromatin remodeling complex and is the second most frequently mutated gene in clear-cell renal cell Carcinoma (ccRCC). Mutation of PBRM1 is believed to be an early event in carcinogenesis, however its function as a tumor suppressor is not understood. In this study, we have employed Next Generation Sequencing to profile the differentially expressed genes upon PBRM1 re-expression in a cellular model of ccRCC. PBRM1 re-expression led to upregulation of genes involved in cellular adhesion, carbohydrate metabolism, apoptotic process and response to hypoxia, and a downregulation of genes involved in different stages of cell division. The decrease in cellular proliferation upon PBRM1 re-expression was confirmed, validating the functional role of PBRM1 as a tumor suppressor in a cell-based model. In addition, we identified a role for PBRM1 in regulating metabolic pathways known to be important for driving ccRCC, including the regulation of hypoxia response genes, PI3K signaling, glucose uptake, and cholesterol homeostasis. Of particular novelty is the identification of cell adhesion as a major downstream process uniquely regulated by PBRM1 expression. Cytoskeletal reorganization was induced upon PBRM1 reexpression as evidenced from the increase in the number of cells displaying cortical actin, a hallmark of epithelial cells. Genes involved in cell adhesion featured prominently in our transcriptional dataset and overlapped with genes uniquely regulated by PBRM1 in clinical specimens of ccRCC. Genes involved in cell adhesion serve as tumor suppressor and maybe involved in inhibiting cell migration. Here we report for the first time genes linked to cell adhesion serve as downstream targets of PBRM1, and hope to lay the foundation of future studies focusing on the role of chromatin remodelers in bringing about these alterations during malignancies.
Optimal Algorithms for Graphs and Images on a Shared Memory Mesh

In this paper we combine aspects of the PRAM and mesh models to achieve the benefits of each. Many fast algorithms are known for the PRAM, but it is unrealistic to build. Another well-known model is the 2-dimensional mesh, of which many have been built, but the algorithms are constrained by the mesh's diameter and bisection bandwidth, forcing algorithms for nontrivial problems to take time which is at least the square root of the number of processors. Here we use a minuscule amount of shared memory to make a practical design which is significantly faster than the standard mesh. We call this the shared memory mesh. We give several algorithms which show that a small amount of shared memory can significantly reduce the time for problems such as finding the median, labeling the connected components of an image, and labeling the connected components of a graph. Further, we show that many of these algorithms are optimal.
Reflexiones en torno a la fotografía informativa: del papel del editor gráfico y la foto icono a la era digital

0 0 1 83 457 UCM 3 1 539 14.0 96 800x600 Normal 0 21 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE A traves del siguiente articulo repasaremos algunos debates que la fotografia ha suscitado en los ultimos anos en ocasiones relacionados con la digitalizacion y la posible manipulacion gracias a un software cada vez mas accesible, pero tambien la posibilidad de una informacion grafica inmediata gracias a los smartphones, posibles sustitutos de la camara fotografica; y como no el papel del fotoperiodista ciudadano. Ademas, se vera el mecanismo por el cual una foto llega a convertirse en un icono aceptado por consenso social.
Abstract 5080: Amylase overexpression promotes ovarian cancer invasion

Introduction: Hyperamylasemia is an overexpression of amylase. Hyperamylasemia is associated with poor clinical outcome in ovarian cancer and reportedly serves as a prognostic biomarker for ovarian cancer. However, the function of hyperamylasemia in ovarian cancer is thus far unknown. Since amylase cleaves α1, 4-glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates, hyperamylasemia may play an active role in the etiology of ovarian cancer. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize amylase expression in ovarian cancer cell lines and establish an active role for hyperamylasemia in ovarian cancer. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that secreted amylase enzymes cleave α1, 4-glycosidic bonds found in the carbohydrate shell which may result in a modified glycocalyx structure facilitating ovarian cancer cell invasion. Consequently, inhibiting amylase expression could abrogate ovarian cancer cell invasion/metastasis. Methods: To characterize amylase isozyme expression, we assayed amylase expression in normal and cancerous ovarian epithelial cell lines by western immunoblot, qPCR, amylase assays and computational analyses. We measured the ability of amylase to promote cellular proliferation by MTS assays. We assayed invasive capacity of cultured cells using collagen coated Boyden chambers and abrogated amylase expression with either amylase siRNA or treatment with the blue-green algae, Spriulina. Results: It was found that the amylase genes have identical or similar biochemical and bioinformatics properties: similar molecular weights, theoretical isoelectric points, disorder and hydropathy profiles, secondary structure and posttranslational modifications. In contrast to normal cell lines, ovarian cancer cell lines overexpress amylase at the messenger and protein levels and secrete high levels of metabolically active amylase. Amylase isozymes 1 and 2B were preferentially overexpressed in ovarian cancer cell lines. Inhibition of amylase abrogated ovarian cancer cell migration/invasion through collagen coated Boyden chambers which was associated with amylase-dependent alteration of extracellular carbohydrates. Further, the blue-green algae, Spirulina, was found to be a novel inhibitor of amylase. Conclusion: Herein, we describe for the first time an active function of amylase to promote ovarian cancer cell invasion potentially mediated by amylase-dependent alteration of extracellular carbohydrates. Further, transcriptional inhibition of amylase by Spirulina demonstrates its clinical potential as an adjuvant nutraceutical therapy. Citation Format: Mai Mohamed, Patricia Kruk. Amylase overexpression promotes ovarian cancer invasion. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 5080.
Spectum sharing as congestion games

A fundamental problem in wireless networking is efficient spectrum sharing. In this paper we study this problem in the context of decentralized multi-user frequency adaptation, with the objective of designing protocols that are efficient, agile, robust, and incentive-compatible. Our approach is based on the theory of congestion games, a class of games that models the competition for resources among multiple selfish players. In a congestion game, when a player unilaterally switches her strategy, the change in her own payoff is the same as the change in a global objective known as the potential function. Hence any sequence of unilateral improvements results in a pure strategy Nash equilibrium. In other words, the game is such that selfish behaviors collectively result in a socially desirable outcome. Motivated by the attractive properties of congestion games, this paper sets out to understand how this framework can be used to construct efficient spectrum sharing protocols. The key challenge in casting spectrum sharing as a congestion game lies in the proper definition of resources. Simply treating wireless channels as resources fails to capture the effect of spatial reuse. We first show how to reformulate two existing distributed spectrum sharing protocols as congestion games. Such reformulation is done by introducing virtual resources that model pair-wise interference. We then provide a new formulation by treating frequency-space blocks as resources. We use this formulation to construct practical protocols for spectrum sharing between multiple base stations/access points. Different implementation methods based on different signaling assumptions are discussed. We further demonstrate that the proposed approach can be readily extended in several aspects, including the modeling of channel bundling and fractional frequency reuse.
Comparative Cognition: Action Imitation Using Episodic Memory

Humans encounter a myriad of actions or events and later recall some of these events using episodic memory. New research suggests that dogs can imitate recently encountered actions using episodic memory.
Survival Is Poorer in Patients with Secondary Core Binding Factor Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Compared with De Novo Core Binding Factor Leukemia.

Translocation (8;21)(q22;q22) and inversion of chromosome 16 [inv(16) (p13q22)] are considered good-risk cytogenetic abnormalities in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounting for 15% of primary AML cases (Blood. 2002 Dec 15;100(13):4325–36) and are characterized at the molecular level by disruption of genes encoding subunits of core binding factor (CBF). Increasing age, increasing peripheral blast percentage and complex cytogenetics are associated with poor overall survival in these patients (Br J Haematol. 2006 Oct;135(2):165–73). Here we assess differences in patient characteristics and outcomes between the primary and secondary core binding factor AML. One hundred eighty nine CBF AML patients treated at our institution were studied; 18 (9.5%) had secondary AML. Patients with secondary CBF AML were older (p= 0.02, median ages 57 vs. 44 years) and had lower WBC counts (p=0.03) (Table1). Overall survival (OS) was worse in the secondary AML patients (94 weeks versus 621 weeks, p=0.0016) (Figure 1). Age, hemoglobin, platelet count, and bilirubin were significantly associated with OS in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, after adjusting for age, hemoglobin, WBC, and bilirubin, secondary CBF AML was marginally significantly associated with worse OS (hazard ratio 1.884, CI95% 0.979–3.625, p=0.058) but not worse PFS (p= 0.15) (Table 2). These data suggest that the secondary CBF AML has much poorer prognosis than the primary CBF AML, further indicating that “CBF AML” is not a homogeneous entity with a uniformly good prognosis.
Patterns of Bullying and Sexual Harassment: Connections with Parents and Teachers as Direct Protective Factors

Involvement in bullying and sexual harassment in adolescence is associated with a variety of internalizing, externalizing, and health-risk behaviors. Yet, the two behaviors are often studied independently. The current study examined how bullying and sexual harassment co-occur and whether social connections protected youth from risk patterns. The data for this study come from the 2013 Minnesota Student Survey (N = 121,311; 50% female, 74% White, 26% received free or reduced-price lunch; M age = 14.9, SD = 1.3). Students reported on bullying and sexual harassment victimization and perpetration. Using latent class analysis, youth were classified into five patterns: High-Risk of All Forms of Victimization and Perpetration (7%), Relational and Cyberbullying Victimization (17%), Sexual Harassment Victimization and Perpetration (8%), Physical Bullying Perpetration (6%), and Low-Risk (62%). Compared to the low-risk class, the four other classes had lower levels of social connections, particularly with teachers and parents. Older youth (9th and 11th grade students) were at greater risk for the sexual harassment pattern, while younger youth (8th grade students) were at greater risk for bullying patterns. The results indicate that efforts to reduce bullying should also address sexual harassment and social connections with adults.
Abstract 059: Developing a Mobile Application for Cardiac Rehabilitation

Introduction: Cardiac rehabilitation improves outcomes for patients with ischemic heart disease or heart failure, but is underused. New strategies to improve delivery of cardiac rehabilitation are needed. We developed a mobile application for technology-facilitated home cardiac rehabilitation and sought to determine its usability. Methods: We recruited patients eligible for cardiac rehabilitation who had access to a smartphone, tablet, or computer with internet access to participate in usability testing of the mobile application. The mobile application includes physical activity goal setting, logs for physical activity and health measures, health education, reminders, and feedback (Figure). Participants were introduced to the mobile application and then observed while completing pre-specified tasks with the mobile application. Participants completed the System Usability Scale (0-100), rated likelihood to use the mobile application (0-100), and participated in a semi-structured interview. Based on participant feedback, we made iterative revisions to the mobile application. Results: We conducted usability testing in 13 participants. The first version of the mobile application was used by the first 5 participants, and revised versions were used by the final 8 participants. From the first version to revised versions, task completion success rate improved from 44% to 78% (p=0.05), System Usability Scale improved from 54% to 76% (p=0.04), and rated likelihood of using the mobile application remained high at 76% and 87% (p = 0.30). Interview responses revealed a need for introductory training ( “Initially, training with a technical person, instead of me relying on myself”) and on-demand help (“ If I had problems I’d try to find out how to fix it on this or call you” ). Additionally, many participants were interested in sharing data with providers (“ I can show my doctor what I’ve been working on ”). Conclusions: With participant feedback and iterative revisions, we significantly improved the usability of a mobile application for cardiac rehabilitation. Patient expectations for using a mobile application for cardiac rehabilitation include introductory training, on-demand help, and sharing data with providers. Iterative mixed-method evaluation may be useful for improving the usability of health technology.
Clinicopathologic discrepancies in a population-based incidence study of parkinsonism in olmsted county: 1991-2010

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the discrepancies between the clinical diagnosis of parkinsonism and neuropathological findings in a population-based cohort with parkinsonian disorders. Background: The specific clinical diagnosis of parkinsonism is challenging, and definite confirmation requires neuropathological evaluation. Currently, autopsies are seldom performed, and most brain autopsies represent atypical or diagnostically unresolved cases. Methods: We used a defined population-based incidence cohort with clinical parkinsonism (n = 669) from the Rochester Epidemiology Project in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1991-2010. We reviewed reports of all patients who underwent neuropathologic examination at autopsy (n = 60; 9%) and applied consensus pathologic guidelines for neurodegenerative disease diagnosis. Results: Among the 60 patients examined pathologically, the median time from the last recorded clinical diagnosis to death was 7 years (range from 2 to 17 years). Clinical–pathological concordance was found in 52 cases (86.7%), whereas 8 (13.3%) had a clinical-pathological discrepancy. Four patients with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease had no pathological evidence of Lewy bodies or α-synucleinopathy; of these, pathological diagnoses were Alzheimer's disease (2 cases), progressive supranuclear palsy (1 case), and vascular parkinsonism (1 case). Two patients with clinical diagnoses of "dementia with Lewy bodies" and one patient with an "unspecified parkinsonism" had a pathological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease without concomitant α-synuclein lesions. One patient with clinically diagnosed "progressive supranuclear palsy" had indeterminate pathological findings without α-synuclein or Aβ- or tau-immunoreactive lesions at autopsy. Conclusions: Overall, the clinical diagnoses of parkinsonian subtypes had good concordance with pathological confirmation (86.7%). However, clinical–pathological discrepancies were documented in 13.3%. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Machined cervical interfacet allograft spacers for the management of atlantoaxial instability.

Background: The use of cervical interfacet spacers (CISs) to augment stability and provide solid arthrodesis at the atlantoaxial joint has not been studied in detail. The aim of this work is to report the outcomes with the use of machined allograft CISs at C1-2. Methods: A retrospective review of 19 patients who underwent an atlantoaxial fusion with the use of CISs was performed. All patients had instability documented with flexion and extension lateral radiographs. This instability was due to trauma, degenerative stenosis, symptomatic C1-2 arthropathy, and os odontoideum. Clinical and radiological outcomes were assessed. Fusion was determined based on a lack of hardware failure, absence of motion on flexion and extension plain X-ray films, and presence of bridging trabecular bone which was most often demonstrated by a computed tomography. Results: The mean age was 69.1 ± 12.9 years. Eight patients had traumatic fractures, six patients had degenerative stenosis, two patients had C2 neuralgia due to C1-2 arthropathy, two patients had C1-2 ligamentous subluxation, and one patient had an unstable os odontoideum. The occiput or subaxial spine was included in the arthrodesis in 10 patients. Rib autograft was utilized in most patients. No patient had postoperative neurological worsening, malposition of hardware, or vertebral artery injury and there were no mortalities. The fusion rate was 95%. The mean follow-up was 12.1 ± 5.5 months. Conclusions: CIS is a promising adjuvant for the treatment of atlantoaxial instability.
Building One Health through School-Community-University Model in Sierra Leone

Project 1808, Inc. is a multi-generational and multi-layered One Health based school-community-university partnership model for sustainable development in Sierra Leone. The country, Sierra Leone has faced successive years of war, a deadly Ebola outbreak, and in 2017 severe environmental disasters in the form of floods and landslides. It was precisely for these reasons that Project 1808, Inc. was conceived in 2011 to help break these logjam of community challenges and build sustained health by engaging, exciting, empowering youths with tools that foster community well-being in Sierra Leone. Building resilient and thriving communities in Sierra Leone is central to the Project 1808 Model and embodies the One Health concept of the interdependence of health (and disease) among humans, domestic and free ranging animals, and our shared ecosystems. Our One Health concept further embodies an integrated, holistic, multidisciplinary life cycle of programs from school to university that aims to tackle significant global or public health problems. We draw upon the global thinking and local action akin to a World Without Borders, where our collective thoughts and efforts are used to develop tools that enables the individuals, families, and their local communities to empower themselves, sustainably manage and utilize their natural resources, and at the same time ability to adapt, anticipate, and better respond to changes in their environment. To this end, we engage and connect students, teachers, community members through small pointed and targeted projects that address disconnects between learning and community problem solving in Kabala, Koinadugu Districts and Freetown, Western Area of Sierra Leone.
Generating a mass gap using Feynman diagrams in an asymptotically free theory

Using the example of a two dimensional four-fermion lattice field theory, we show that Feynman diagrams can generate a mass gap in a theory with massless fermions that interact via a marginally relevant coupling. We show this by introducing an infrared cutoff that makes the perturbation series for the partition function convergent. We use a Monte Carlo approach to sample sufficiently high orders of diagrams and thus expose the presence of the mass gap.
Effective leg stiffness of animal running and the co-optimization of energetic cost and stability.

The relative leg stiffness of most running animals falls in a small range between 7 and 27. Here we present a theoretical study of an established running model, an actuated Spring Loaded Inverted Pendulum model, to determine if the energetic cost and stability of running might be co-optimized over this range of leg stiffness values. The energetic cost of the model is quantified as the energy spent to move a unit mass a unit distance. The stability of the model is based on the system response to perturbations with respect to periodic locomotion solutions, and uses the linearized dynamics of Poincare return maps and the resulting maximum eigenvalue and singular value decomposition in order to analyze asymptotic stability and the overall system response to perturbations, respectively. We find that there exists a tradeoff between stability and energetic cost in the model with respect to variation in forcing (actuation) level: For a given leg stiffness, the energetic cost tends to be more optimal with smaller forcing, and the opposite for stability. We find that intermediate levels of forcing can achieve near asymptotic stability or complete asymptotic stability while remaining small enough to yield a relatively low energetic cost consistent with human-like values. We demonstrate that this outcome can be achieved in the model with a simple optimization function that balances stability and energetic cost. We then investigate the stability and energetic cost when both leg stiffness and forcing are varied. Overall, the analysis shows that leg stiffness values in or near the biological range offers a good chance of simultaneously achieving both reasonable energetic cost and stability in the model. The results of this study suggest that stability and energetic cost may be interacting factors that have a combined influence on the effective leg stiffness and actuation (forcing) used by running animals.
Nanotechnology-based advanced coatings and functional finishes for textiles

Abstract In this chapter, concepts and techniques to develop successful applications of nanotechnology in functional textile coatings and structures are discussed. The challenges for developing new successful products are: (1) finding suitable nanoadditives for intended performance; (2) forming stable nanoformulation by dispersing the selected nanoparticles in solvents; and (3) the integration of these “nanostructures” at micron-length and macroscopic scales in a form of new and improved functional nanocomposite fiber, film, coating, or laminate.
A Variation-Tolerant In-Memory Machine Learning Classifier via On-Chip Training

This paper presents a robust deep in-memory machine learning classifier with a stochastic gradient descent (SGD)-based on-chip trainer using a standard 16-kB 6T SRAM array. The deep in-memory architecture (DIMA) enhances both energy efficiency and throughput over conventional digital architectures by reading multiple bits per bit line (BL) per read cycle and by employing mixed-signal processing in the periphery of the bit-cell array. Though these techniques improve the energy efficiency and latency, DIMA’s analog nature makes it sensitive to process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations, especially under reduced BL swings. On-chip training enables DIMA to adapt to chip-specific variations in PVT as well as data statistics, thereby further enhancing its energy efficiency. The 65-nm CMOS prototype IC demonstrates this improvement by realizing an on-chip trainable support vector machine. By learning chip-specific weights, on-chip training enables robust operation under reduced BL swing leading to a 2.4 times reduction in energy over an off-chip trained DIMA. The prototype IC in 65-nm CMOS consumes 42 pJ/decision at 32 M decisions/s, corresponding to 3.12 TOPS/W (1 OP = one $8{-}b\times 8{-}b$ MAC) during inference, thereby achieving a reduction of 21 times in energy and 100 times in energy-delay product as compared with a conventional digital architecture. The energy overhead of training is <26% per decision for SGD batch sizes of 128 and higher.
Human, AGV or AIV? An integrated framework for material handling system selection with real-world application in an injection molding facility

Motivated by a real-world material handling system selection problem, this paper proposes a framework that allows for quantifying safety and incorporating it in multi-criteria decision-making processes that involve both quantitative and qualitative measures. In the proposed framework, the results of failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) for each alternative are converted into a quantitative measure of total safety and reliability associated with that alternative. A modified analytic hierarchy process (AHP) that differentiates between subjective and objective measures is then used to compare the alternatives at hand. In this modified AHP, experts’ judgments are used for pairwise comparison of alternatives with respect to qualitative measures, while for quantitative criteria, measured or estimated performance is directly used to obtain the required pairwise comparisons. An Excel-based decision support tool that implements the proposed framework is developed and made available online for researchers and practitioners. An application based on a real-world problem in an injection molding facility is also presented.
Asymptotic Behavior of Attack Graph Games

This paper presents and analyzes an attack graph optimization problem that arises in modeling certain adversarial cyber attack and defend scenarios. The problem formulation is based on representing attacks againt a system as a finite, weighted, directed graph in which the directed edges represent transitions between states in an attack and edge weights represent the estimated cost to an attacker for traversing the edge. An attacker strives to traverse the graph from a specified start node to a specified end node using the least weight cost directed path between those nodes. On the other hand, the defender seeks to allocate defensive measures in such a way as to maximize the attacker’s minimal cost attack path. We study the role that minimal cut sets play in hardening the attack graph and prove that under this simple model minimal cut sets are optimal defensive investments in the limit even though minimal cut sets may not play a role in hardening a system initially. Viewing attackers and defenders as players in a two person, non-zero sum game, the results in this paper describe the asyptotic behavior of optimal solutions to the game under certain conditions.
Dietary Chitin Particles Called Mimetic Fungi Ameliorate Colitis in Toll-Like Receptor 2/CD14- and Sex-Dependent Manners

ABSTRACT Chitin is a natural N-acetylglucosamine polymer and a major structural component of fungal cell walls. Dietary chitin is mucoadhesive; anti-inflammatory effects of chitin microparticles (CMPs; 1- to 10-μm diameters) have been demonstrated in models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The goals of this study were to assess (i) whether CMPs among various chitin preparations are the most effective against colitis in male and female mice and (ii) whether host chitin-binding Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and CD14 are required for the anti-inflammatory effect of chitin. We found that colitis in male mice was ameliorated by CMPs and large chitin beads (LCBs; 40 to 70 μm) but not by chitosan (deacetylated chitin) microparticles, oligosaccharide chitin, or glucosamine. In fact, LCBs were more effective than CMPs. In female colitis, on the other hand, CMPs and LCBs were equally and highly effective. Neither sex of TLR2-deficient mice showed anti-inflammatory effects when treated with LCBs. No anti-inflammatory effect of LCBs was seen in either CD14-deficient males or females. Furthermore, an in vitro study indicated that when LCBs and CMPs were digested with stomach acidic mammalian chitinase (AMC), their size-dependent macrophage activations were modified, at least in part, suggesting reduced particle sizes of dietary chitin in the stomach. Interestingly, stomach AMC activity was greater in males than females. Our results indicated that dietary LCBs were the most effective preparation for treating colitis in both sexes; these anti-inflammatory effects of LCBs were dependent on host TLR2 and CD14.
Serving self or serving others? Close relations' perspectives on ethics and calling

Abstract Research on calling reflects a shared value that work as a calling can be an ethical good, an integral part of a life well-lived. However, scholarship is unsettled on whether calling is primarily for the personal fulfillment of the worker who experiences it, or whether it must be socially valuable, serving the interests of others. This paper explores whether and how primarily self-oriented callings can be seen as having ethical value by studying third-person accounts of calling in the Portraits of Grief, memorials of 9/11 victims. We found that callings were attributed to people working in multiple occupations but were more likely for first responders than financiers. Further, we compared portraits in which callings were depicted as self-oriented with those that emphasized service to others across the same two occupations. We use ethical theory to confirm why other-oriented callings are seen to have ethical value but also to explain how self-oriented callings may be ethically valuable in the eyes of others. These insights advance research on calling and also have practical implications for workers' pursuit of careers. We also introduce other-reported, archival data as a rich source for inquiry into calling.
Characteristics of the modern-day physician house call.

AbstractMany barriers to primary healthcare accessibility in the United States exist including an increased opportunity cost associated with seeking primary care. New models of healthcare delivery aimed at addressing these problems are emerging. The potential impact that on-demand primary care physi