cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RELIABILITY OF PERFORMANCE ON A WHOLE-PART PERCEPTION TASK

Summary.-In two experiments involving 54 college undergraduates, test-retest reliability of a whole-part perception test was assessed. Results of Exp. 1 indicated that, although whole and part perceptions could be reliably classified, whole-part perception was not stable over a 2-wk. period. In Exp. 2, however, a moderately strong correlation was found for scores over a 6-day retest period. Although reliability of whole-part perception could not be discounted, resulis were interpreted with caution. In the study of perceptual disabilities, distinctions have been made between whole perceivers and part perceivers (Goins, 1958). Whole-perceivers are said to note objects in their entirety while part-perceivers focus on details and miss the concept of the whole. Part-whole perception has been considered an integral component of classroom learning (Mercer, 1979). When learners .begin to read, for example, they must integrate perception of the letters with the word as a whole. Some learners who become overreliant on part percep tion may encounter difficulties with reading. Lerner ( 1976) has reported that part-perceivers tended to color each arm of a single figure differently. To investigate whole and part perception, it is necessary to determine whether subjects can be reliably classified as whole- or part-perceivers and whether strong test-retest reliability can be demonstrated for such classifications. The following study was intended to determine whether part-whole perceivers could be reliably assessed and whether part or whole orientations to perceptual tasks would be maintained over a test-retest period.
Strontium isotopic composition of several oilfield brines from Kansas and Colorado

Abstract The 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios of several oilfield brines associated with Paleozoic dolomites, cherty dolomites and sandstones from Kansas and Colorado range from 0.7113 to 0.7341. Two brines in the Mississippian dolomites from Colorado were found to contain the most radiogenic strontium. The 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios of brines in a small oilfield in eastern Kansas are constant, and the ratios may suggest that in this field there may be only one oil pool. The isotopic composition of strontium in subsurface waters could be useful in determining hydrologic continuity among reservoirs and for obtaining additional information on the origin and migration of these fluids.
DIRAC ELECTRON IN PARALLEL ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS.

Abstract Exact solutions of a Dirac electron in constant parallel electric and magnetic fields are found and given explicity. The case of Klein-Gordon equation is shown to be a spacial case.
The Migration of Partnered Gays and Lesbians between 1995 and 2000

Abstract This research investigates the interregional migration of partnered gays and lesbians between 1995 and 2000 as the first attempt at understanding the determinants of gay and lesbian migration using data from the Public Use Microdata Sample of the 2000 U.S. Census. Briefly, the findings are as follows. Both partnered gays and lesbians are regionally distributed throughout the United States consistent with the geographical distribution of the entire U.S. population. However, the shifting location of the partnered gay and lesbian population between 1995 and 2000 demonstrates significant variability. The general conclusion to be reached from models of the net migration of the partnered gay and lesbian population in that period is as follows: Partnered gay migration is directed toward moderate-sized urban regions rich in natural amenities without regard for tolerance toward gay lifestyles or the absolute or relative size of the partnered gay community. Partnered lesbian migration is focused on less-po...
Taking Perspective: Context, Culture, and History

There are important lessons to be learned from taking a comparative perspective in considering migration. Comparative examination of immigration experiences provides a way to glean common denominators of adaptation while considering the specificity of sending and receiving contexts and cultures. Equally important is a historical perspective that provides a way for us to consider how we may have gone through similar travails in the past while recognizing that we face particular challenges in this moment.
Tribological defects in planar nanomanufacturing processes

In the manufacture of advanced semiconductor devices and MEMS, undesirable scratches are produced during such planar nanomanufacturing processes as chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP). In this paper, the upper-bound loads for scratching in CMP at single-particle contacts are estimated and validated by AFM experiments on both homogeneous and composite coatings. Additionally, the upper limits for the scratch width and depth are estimated. For a Cu surface, the maximum scratch width is about one-half and for a Cu/SiO2 composite, it is about one-fifth of the abrasive particle diameter.
Vitamin C Prevents DNA Mutation Induced by Oxidative Stress

The precise role of vitamin C in the prevention of DNA mutations is controversial. Although ascorbic acid has strong antioxidant properties, it also has pro-oxidant effects in the presence of free transition metals. Vitamin C was recently reported to induce the decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides independent of metal interactions, suggesting that it may cause DNA damage. To directly address the role of vitamin C in maintaining genomic integrity we developed a genetic system for quantifying guanine base mutations induced in human cells under oxidative stress. The assay utilized a plasmid construct encoding the cDNA for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase modified to contain an amber stop codon, which was restored to wild type by G to T transversion induced by oxidative stress. The mutation frequency was determined from the number of plasmids containing the wild type chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene rescued from oxidatively stressed cells. Cells were loaded with vitamin C by exposing them to dehydroascorbic acid, thereby avoiding transition metal-related pro-oxidant effects of ascorbic acid. We found that vitamin C loading resulted in substantially decreased mutations induced by H2O2. Depletion of glutathione led to cytotoxicity and an increase in H2O2-induced mutation frequency; however, mutation frequency was prominently decreased in depleted cells preloaded with vitamin C. The mutation results correlated with a decrease in total 8-oxo-guanine measured in genomic DNA of cells loaded with vitamin C and oxidatively stressed. These findings directly support the concept that high intracellular concentrations of vitamin C can prevent oxidation-induced mutations in human cells.
Condensed Phase Reaction Dynamics Of Molecular Halogens

Picosecond transient absorption spectra and kinetics of room temperature iodine solutions following 532 nm or 683 nm excitation are presented. The results indicate that a significant amount of recombination occurs through theA'(3112u) state. Studies at high concentrations show that the A' state is quenched by ground state iodine by way of an I4 or I3 intermediate. The geminate recombination and relaxation of Br2 in CC14 solution is also reported. The similarities and differences of the Br2 and I2 results are interpreted in terms of the respective potential curves.
Spatial normalization of diffusion tensor images based on anisotropic segmentation

A comprehensive framework is proposed for the spatial normalization of diffusion tensor (DT) brain images using tensor-derived tissue attributes. In this framework, the brain tissues are first classified into three categories: the white matter (WM), the gray matter (GM), and the cerebral-spinal fluid (CSF) using the anisotropy and diffusivity information derived from the full tensor. The tissue attributes obtained from this anisotropic segmentation are then incorporated into a very-high-dimensional elastic registration method to produce a spatial deformation field. Finally, the rotational component in the deformation field, together with the estimated underlying fiber direction, is used to determine an appropriate tensor reorientation. This framework has been assessed quantitatively and qualitatively based on a sequence of experiments. A simulated experiment has been performed to evaluate the accuracy of the spatial warping by examining the variation between deformation fields. To verify the tensor reorientation, especially, in the anisotropic microstructures of WM fiber tissues, an experiment has been designed to compare the fiber tracts generated from the DT template and the normalized DT subjects in some regions of interest (ROIs). Finally, this method has been applied to spatially normalize 31 subjects to a common space, the case in which there exist large deformations between subjects and the existing approaches are normally difficult to achieve satisfactory results. The average across the individual normalized DT images shows a significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
General approach to the fractionation and class determination of complex mixtures of chlorinated aromatic compounds.

Abstract Among the ”inadvertent“ environmental pollutants are polychlorinated biphenyls, terphenyls, quadphenyls, naphthalenes, diphenyl ethers, dibenzofurans, dibenzo-p-dioxins and benzenes. Mixtures of these classes of compounds also occur in commercial products such as transformer fluids. To analyze such mixtures, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry may be combined with pre-fractionation on basic and acidic alumina columns and semi-quantitative perchlorination techniques. These procedures are illustrated for synthetic mixtures as well as for two samples of stored transformer fluid. Although the described procedure is mainly intended to be applied to the characterization of the major class components of such mixtures, it is also applicable to the determination of trace components such as the dibenzofurans in commercial polychlorinated biphenyls. The mass spectral techniques permit the simultaneous patterning, or ”fingerprinting“, of the compounds comprising each major class of chlorinated aromatics present.
Opportunity, Context, and Action: Understanding the Divergent Strategies of Two Mexican Social Movement Coalitions in a Time of Tremendous Change

Evidence suggests collective action success is aided by organizations working in conjunction. Recent scholarship has refocused attention on what factors foster or impede coalition work. This article builds on the literature to show how the context in which coalitions emerge and act may be multiple and contradictory. Using data from extended field research, we examine two Mexican NGO coalitions to analyze how the intersection of national and local opportunity structures influenced their emergence and strategic action. We find that the impact of such influences may be contradictory. Democratization posed both threats and opportunities for the coalitions, providing impetus for their emergence, but limiting strategic choices as co-optation and neoliberalism undermined the opportunities created by democratization. We argue that the coalition members' interpretation of the local political context explains the divergent paths the two coalitions took over time.
Development of the Relationship between Odor Intensity and Threshold Dilution Ratio for Swine Units

The following models of odor intensity for swine units were evaluated: the Weber-Fechner law model, the power law model, the Stevens model, and the Beidler model. Data were collected from four swine rooms (farrowing, finisher, gestation, and nursery) and odor threshold dilution ratios were measured by a panel using a dynamic forced-choice olfactometer. Odor intensity scales were determined by eight panelists using a six-point category scale method. A nonlinear parameter estimation method was used to estimate the parameters in each of the models. The widely used Weber-Fechner law did not adequately fit the data of odor intensity and threshold. Both the power law and the Beidler models described the data effectively, but the Beidler model showed the best fit of the data and was used as the model to represent the relationship between odor intensity and threshold dilution ratio for swine buildings.
Graft polymerization of acrylonitrile onto wheat straw

Acrylonitrile was graft polymerized onto ground, water-washed wheat straw using Fe2+-H2O2 as initiator. Reaction conditions were selected to minimize homopolymer formation and maximize the amount of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) grafted to straw. Polymerizations typically yielded straw-g-PAN containing 30–35% PAN. A two-step fractionation scheme was developed for determining the relative amounts of PAN grafted to cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This scheme involved (1) delignification of straw-g-PAN with sodium chlorite followed by removal of lignin-grafted PAN by extraction with dimethylformamide (DMF), and (2) hydrolysis of the hemicellulose component with 1 N trifluoroacetic acid followed by DMF extraction of hemicellulose-grafted PAN. Product remaining after these two treatments was assumed to be cellulose-g-PAN. When relative amounts of PAN grafted to cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were compared with relative percentages of these components present in wheat straw, the percentage of total PAN grafted to lignin was less than its relative percentage in straw, whereas that grafted to hemicellulose was considerably more. Although the use of Ce4+ as initiator gave little or no polymer with whole, water-washed straw, grafted polymerization occurred when delignified straw was used as substrate. Relative amounts of PAN grafted to cellulose and hemicellulose were not greatly different from those observed with Fe2+-H2O2 initiation onto whole straw.
Effect of dirithromycin on human CYP3A in vitro and on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of terfenadine in vivo.

Terfenadine is metabolized by the cytochrome P-450 3A subfamily of enzymes (CYP3A). Certain macrolide antibiotic agents inhibit CYP3A and, when coadministered with terfenadine, result in a drug interaction. The authors compared the abilities of dirithromycin (a new macrolide antibiotic agent), its major metabolite erythromycylamine, and the known CYP3A substrate terfenadine to inhibit CYP3A in vitro. The hydroxylation of midazolam in human liver microsomes was used as a probe for CYP3A activity. Dirithromycin and erythromycylamine were low affinity inhibitors of CYP3A (inhibitory binding affinities of 493 μmol/L and 701 μmol/L, respectively); conversely, terfenadine was a moderate affinity inhibitor (inhibitory binding affinity of 28 μmol/L). Based on these data, the authors tested the hypothesis that dirithromycin would not interact with terfenadine in humans. Six healthy men received terfenadine alone (60 mg twice daily) for 8 days, after which dirithromycin (500 mg once daily) was added to the terfenadine regimen for an additional 10 days. The pharmacokinetics of terfenadine (and its acid metabolite) and the QTc interval were measured during both treatments, and it was found that neither parameter was affected. In this study, dirithromycin was found to have low affinity for human CYP3A in vitro, which is in accordance with the study's finding that in vivo dirithromycin has no major effect on the metabolism of the CYP3A substrate terfenadine in humans.
A note on hydrogen isotope fractionation involving acidic and basic solutions

Abstract The dissociation constant of D2O is significantly lower than that of H2O, hence hydroxyl and hydronium ions have very much lower deuterium contents than the water from which they form. If the concentration of either of these ions becomes significant, its presence will effect the hydrogen isotope fractionation between any hydrogen bearing phase and the total solution.
Origins of defects in self assembled GaP islands grown on Si(001) and Si(111)

Abstract Microstructures of GaP epitaxial islands grown on Si(001) and Si(111) by chemical beam epitaxy have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results indicate that planar-defect free GaP islands of sizes
Management of late-diagnosed scaphoid fractures.

Abstract Background Scaphoid fractures are among the most common types of carpal bone injury; they can be easily overlooked in the acute stage. Scaphoid fractures detected in the subacute stage require a more meticulous and prompt approach, to prevent chronicity and regain wrist function. Methods The records of 30 patients were selected from 97 with scaphoid fractures surgically treated between 1994 and 2002. Fractures that were diagnosed between 2 weeks and 5 months (average, 2.2 months) after the injury were included. We report the fracture patterns and locations, as determined from radiographs, as well as the surgical methods used. The mean follow-up was 2.5 years. Results Oblique fractures (60%) were the most commonly overlooked fractures. Twenty-six patients (87%) underwent open surgery, and 23 (77%) required bone grafts. Percutaneous fixation was indicated for only four patients, whose fractures were reducible via either fluoroscopic or arthroscopic guidance. Osseous unions were achieved for 29 (97%) patients; these patients returned to their pre-injury level of activity. The average union time was 10.6 weeks. Conclusion Oblique-type scaphoid fractures are potentially unstable and may result in detrimental sequelae if overlooked in the acute stage. Accurate diagnosis is possible through critical skepticism and the meticulous scrutiny of radiographs. Prompt surgical intervention is associated with promising outcomes.
The kinetics of hemolytic plaque formation V. The influence of geometry on plaque growth

A mathematical model is presented for the growth of hemolytic plaques formed against antibodies. The antibodies are emitted by a point source lymphocyte, embedded in an infinite, isotropic n-dimensional (n = 1, 2, 3) medium. Also in the medium are immobile red blood cells, each possessing a number of sites to which the diffusing antibodies may bind. The model leads in general to a non-linear diffusion reaction scheme. However, since the linear regime is highly relevant for this particular problem, attention is confined only to the linearized equations. Two limiting solutions are derived in accordance with time scales required by different reaction possibilities. In one limit reactions are reversible and occur rapidly compared to concentration changes arising from diffusion. This leads to a local equilibrium assumption. In the other, binding is irreversible. The experimental conditions which are expected to favor each are indicated and the type of information experimentalists can expect to obtain discussed.
Offshoring in the core: Russian software firms onshoring in the USA

Offshoring and outsourcing have become the buzzwords of the IT community and the popular media discourse about the current era of globalization in services. Acknowledging the geographic perspective expressed in these dominant terms, in this article I examine the processes and activities that are oriented in the opposite direction. Capturing this inversion, I develop the concept of ‘onshoring’ and use research material from fieldwork conducted with IT firms in St Petersburg, Russia and their affiliates, agents and clients in the USA to provide an empirical case study. Onshoring encompasses the corporeal, representational, material and legal practices of offshore firms developing a presence onshore, with Russia as offshore and the USA as onshore in this case. The lack of an established Russian professional diaspora in the USA created a context in which developing a recognizable onshore presence was necessary for firms based in Russia. By explicitly recognizing that the efforts, risk-taking and experimental strategies of offshore firms to create connections, networks and contacts onshore in the USA are a constitutive part of offshore outsourcing, I document and examine the less acknowledged complex flows and practices of onshoring. I argue that although these actors and processes may seem marginal to the widely recognized narrative of offshore outsourcing, in fact, they are creative and strategic compensations that reveal how the globalization of services is enacted at the micro-level.
The functional neuroanatomy of anxiety: a study of three disorders using positron emission tomography and symptom provocation

Previous neuroimaging research has contributed insights regarding the neural substrates of specific psychiatric disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine the shared mediating neuroanatomy of anxiety symptoms across three different anxiety disorders. Data were pooled from 23 right-handed adult outpatients meeting criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder, simple phobia, or posttraumatic stress disorder. Relative regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured using positron emission tomography in the context of symptom provocation paradigms. Symptom severity was measured via self-reports. The analysis of pooled imaging data indicated activation in right inferior frontal cortex, right posterior medial orbitofrontal cortex, bilateral insular cortex, bilateral lenticulate nuclei, and bilateral brain stem foci during the symptomatic versus control conditions. A positive correlation was found between rCBF at one brain stem locus and subjective anxiety scores (r = .744, p < .001). These findings suggest that elements of the paralimbic belt together with right inferior frontal cortex and subcortical nuclei mediate symptoms across different anxiety disorders. In addition, activation at one brain stem locus appears to be associated with the subjective severity of anxiety. Further studies are warranted to determine whether these same brain systems mediate normal anxiety states as well.
Passage of bacteriophage phi X 174 across the placenta in guinea pigs.

Discussion and summaryThese studies indicate that a virus particle, bacteriophage φX 174, incapable of infecting mammalian cells, can cross the placenta and gain access to the foetal circulation. The possibility of in vitro contamination of foetal blood samples during cardiac puncture of the foetus can be excluded since: a) the washing procedure of the foetus was shown to be effective after deliberate contamination of the foetus's skin; b) after injection of phage into pregnant guinea pigs, separate bleedings of 0.5 ml and 0.1 ml from the foetal heart usually showed a 5-fold difference in amount of φX in the 2 samples; this difference was not observed in deliberately contaminated foetuses from pregnant guinea pigs not injected with φX. It is unlikely that endotoxin contamination of phage preparations was responsible for the transplacental passage of virus because of virtual absence of biologically detectable endotoxin in the preparations of phage employed and the failure of an injection of endotoxin with ...
Incremental Accessibility Benefits and Choice of Subscriptions for High-Occupancy Toll Lanes

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the factors contributing to toll lane subscription choice by using data from the MnPASS high-occupancy toll lane system operated by the Minnesota Department of Transportation. The paper estimates a binomial logit model that predicts, on the basis of aggregate characteristics of the surrounding area, the likelihood of a household having a subscription to MnPASS systems. Variables in this model include demographic factors as well as an estimate of the incremental accessibility benefit provided by the MnPASS system. This benefit is estimated with the use of detailed accessibility calculations and represents the degree to which a location's accessibility to jobs is improved if HOT lanes are available. The model achieves a ρ2 value of .634, and analysis of the results suggests that incremental accessibility benefits play a statistically and practically significant role in determining how likely households are to hold a toll lane subscription.
Transdifferentiation of tadpole pancreatic acinar cells to duct cells mediated by Notch and stromelysin-3

The tadpole pancreas has differentiated acinar cells but an underdeveloped ductal system. At the climax of metamorphosis thyroid hormone (TH) induces the tadpole acinar cells to dedifferentiate to a progenitor state. After metamorphosis is complete the exocrine pancreas redifferentiates in the growing frog forming a typical vertebrate pancreas including a complex ductal system. A micro array analysis found that TH up regulates stromelysin 3 (ST3, matrix metalloproteinase 11) in the exocrine pancreas at metamorphic climax. Transgenic tadpoles were prepared with an elastase promoter driving either the ST3 gene or the constitutively active form of Notch (IC). Expression of the transgenes was controlled by the tetracycline system. A few days after either of these transgenes is activated by doxycycline the pancreatic acinar cells turn into duct-like cells. This transdetermination occurs without cell division since both acinar and ductal markers can be visualized transiently in the same cell. We propose that remodeling of the tadpole acinar cells is initiated when ST3 is up regulated by TH. Stromelysin-3 then cleaves and activates Notch.
The microscopic structure of the adult raccoon (Procyon lotor) and woodchuck (Marmota monax) spleens

Histological serial sections of spleens from the adult raccoon (Procyon lotor) and woodchuck (Marmota monax) were processed for microscopic examination. Observations related to various aspects of the internal vascular pattern in the spleen of the raccoon and woodchuck demonstrated features that were characteristic of the respective animal. The spleen of the raccoon possess well-developed ellipsoid sheaths, whereas these same structures were not as prominent in the spleen of the woodchuck. The spleen of both mammals examined demonstrated the presence of an anastomosing series of venous sinuses within the red pulp tissue and may be classified as sinusal in nature.
Involvement of 85-kd cytosolic phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase-2 in the proliferation of human cholangiocarcinoma cells

Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) are the crucial rate-limiting enzymes in prostaglandin (PG) metabolism that show increased expression in a number of human cancers, including cholangiocarcinomas; and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines with COX-2 inhibitors can decrease proliferation. Cholangiocarcinomas also produce and proliferate in response to nonneoplastic biliary epithelial cell mitogens, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). This study was designed to determine whether there is any relationship between eicosanoid metabolism and growth stimulation by IL-6 and HGF, two important biliary epithelial cell and cholangiocarcinoma mitogens. Incubation of SG231, a well-characterized human cholangiocarcinoma cell line, with HGF, IL-6, PGE(2), or PGF(2)alpha resulted in significantly increased cell growth. HGF and IL-6 also induced a rapid release of arachidonic acid (AA) from SG231 and increased the synthesis of PGE(2) and PGF(2)alpha. The cPLA(2) inhibitor arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP) and the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 significantly inhibited HGF- and IL-6-induced release of AA, PG synthesis, and proliferation in SG231 cells as well as two other human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines, HuCCT1 and CC-LP-1 cells. Thus, PGs alone can induce cholangiocarcinoma growth, and the HGF- and IL-6-induced proliferation is mediated, at least in part, by PGs. HGF and IL-6 also induced a rapid phosphorylation of cPLA(2) (within 1 minute) but did not alter cPLA(2) and COX-2 protein expression. The HGF- and IL-6-induced cPLA(2) phosphorylation was blocked by the inhibitors of p38 and p42/44 MAP kinases, protein kinase C, calmodulin kinase, and tyrosine kinase, showing that HGF- and IL-6-induced AA release and PG production are mediated by phosphorylation of cPLA(2). In conclusion, molecular pathways link classic biliary epithelial cell mitogens to PG metabolism constituents in cholangiocarcinoma growth, which may be exploited as potential therapeutic targets.
Synthetic approaches to bicyclomycin I. Prepration of monocylic intermediates by retrograde Michael cleavage of 6-alkyl-6-methoxyhexahydro-3H-thiazolo [3,4-a]pyrazine-5,8-diones.

Abstract The syntheses of N-protected-3-(hydroxypropyl)-3-methoxy-6-alkylidine piperazine-2,5-diones are described, in relation to an approach to bicyclomycin. A chemoselective Grignard reaction and a novel diastereoselective retrograde Michael cleavage highlight the sequence.
Stress associated with onset of recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

Randomised controlled trial (RCT). One hundred and sixty patients participating in a RCT in which they were randomised to multivitamins (n=81) or placebo (n=79) completed ulcer diaries and a weekly telephone survey by calling an automated interactive voice response (IVR) system. Stressful events were quantified using the validated Recent Life Changes Questionnaire (RLCQ) and were classified as mental or physical stressors. Onset and duration of RAS episodes Stressful life events were significantly associated with the onset of RAS episodes (P < 0.001), but not with the duration of the RAS episodes. Experiencing a stressful life event increased the odds of an RAS episode by almost three times (OR = 2.72; 95% CI = 2.04–3.62). When controlled for each other, mental stressors had a larger effect (OR = 3.46, 95% CI = 2.54– 4.72) than physical stressors (OR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.04– 1.99) on the occurrence of RAS episodes. RAS episodes did not occur more frequently or last longer with increasing stress severity. In patients with a history of RAS, stressful events may mediate changes involved in the initiation of new RAS episodes. Mental stressors are more strongly associated with RAS episodes than physical stressors.
Changes in Students' Problem-Solving Strategies in a Course that Includes Context-Rich, Multifaceted Problems.

Most students struggle when faced with complex and open-ended tasks because the strategies taught in schools and universities simply require finding and applying the correct formulae or strategy to answer well-structured, algorithmic problems. For students to develop their ability to solve ill-structured problems, they must first believe that standardized procedural approaches will not always be sufficient for solving engineering and scientific challenges. In this paper we document the range of beliefs university students have about problem solving. Students enrolled in a physics course submitted a written reflection both at the start and the end of the course on how they solve problems. We coded approximately 500 of these reflections for the presence of different problem-solving approaches. At the start of the semester over 50% of the students mention in written reflections that they use Rolodex equation matching, i.e., they solve problems by searching for equations that have the same variables as the knowns and unknowns. We then describe the extent to which students' beliefs about physics problem solving change by the end of a semester-long course that emphasized problem solving via context-rich, multifaceted problems. The frequency of strategies such as the Rolodex method reduces only slightly by the end of the semester. However, there is an increase in students describing more expansive strategies within their reflections. In particular there is a large increase in describing the use of diagrams, and thinking about concepts first.
Inactivation of erythropoietin by neuraminidase and by mild substitution reactions.

ERYTHROPOIETIC activity in the plasma of rabbits made anaemic with phenylhydrazine is associated with mucoproteins1–4. It has been shown that the activity is destroyed by proteolyfcic enzymes1,3,5. Rambach et al. 6 have found as well as us that heating at 100°, pH 2, for 1 hr. destroys the activity, a treatment which, in the case of guinea pig α1-acid glycoprotein7, selectively removed sialic acid. In spite of the mildness of this treatment it is possible that other bonds (sugar, amino-acid) were broken. We have now been able to show that exposure to neuraminidase8 completely inactivates the mucoprotein.
Molecular Biology of KSHV Lytic Reactivation

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) primarily persists as a latent episome in infected cells. During latent infection, only a limited number of viral genes are expressed that help to maintain the viral episome and prevent lytic reactivation. The latent KSHV genome persists as a highly ordered chromatin structure with bivalent chromatin marks at the promoter-regulatory region of the major immediate-early gene promoter. Various stimuli can induce chromatin modifications to an active euchromatic epigenetic mark, leading to the expression of genes required for the transition from the latent to the lytic phase of KSHV life cycle. Enhanced replication and transcription activator (RTA) gene expression triggers a cascade of events, resulting in the modulation of various cellular pathways to support viral DNA synthesis. RTA also binds to the origin of lytic DNA replication to recruit viral, as well as cellular, proteins for the initiation of the lytic DNA replication of KSHV. In this review we will discuss some of the pivotal genetic and epigenetic factors that control KSHV reactivation from the transcriptionally restricted latent program.
Orthogonal Base Pairs Continue to Evolve

Abstract Recent developments in the design and construction of unusual analogs of the natural nucleic acid bases have reached a milestone with the report (in this issue of Chemistry & Biology [1]) of a new orthogonal base pair that allows site-specific introduction of a photo-crosslinkable modified base into an RNA molecule by T7 RNA polymerase-mediated transcription of DNA containing the base-pairing partner.
New Materials: Non‐Equilibrium Synthesis by Laser

Synthesis of nonequilibrium phases provides an opportunity to engineer new materials with novel properties. The technique of laser surface modification (LSM) provides a unique means of synthesizing novel non‐equilibrium materials by taking advantage of the inherent rapid heating and cooling rate of the process. LSM can be used to obtain specific surface properties significantly different from bulk properties. Also, by depositing multiple layers by LSM, nonequilibrium materials with specific properties can also be synthesized in near net shape. This approach is now pursued for various applications, including aerospace engine and structural components for high temperature service and wear and corrosion resistant components for chemical and engineering industries. This paper describes a synthesis of Ni‐Al‐Cr‐Hf alloys with extended solid solution of Hf by laser cladding techniques. A 10 kW CW CO2 laser with mixed powder feed was used for the cladding process. Microstructural studies reveal the formation of dendrites with about 11–14 wt % Hf along with eutectic structure in the interdendritic zones. Isothermal oxidation tests revealed improved oxidation resistance at 1200°C compared to conventional nickel superalloys. A mathematical model is also reported for the prediction of the effect of laser process parameters on non‐equilibrium phase diagram.
Partitioning Variance in Regression Analyses for Developing Policy Impact Models: The Case of the Federal Medicaid Program

This paper extends the usual regression analysis to include the partition of the variance to examine the possible secondary and higher order impact of policy variables in a policy impact model. The federal Medicaid program is analyzed using the methodology to assess the impact of the policy variable-differential federal matching ratio-on the per capita expenditure from state and local sources. Our result shows that the policy is ineffectual on its own but modestly effective with others when all important factors are considered simultaneously.
Mixed-Integer Linear Programming Model for Refinery Short-Term Scheduling of Crude Oil Unloading with Inventory Management

This paper addresses the problem of inventory management of a refinery that imports several types of crude oil which are delivered by different vessels. This problem involves optimal operation of crude oil unloading, its transfer from storage tanks to charging tanks, and the charging schedule for each crude oil distillation unit. A mixed-integer optimization model is developed which relies on time discretization. The problem involves bilinear equations due to mixing operations. However, the linearity in the form of a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) is maintained by replacing bilinear terms with individual component flows. The LP-based branch and bound method is applied to solve the model, and several techniques, such as priority branching and bounding, and special ordered sets are implemented to reduce the computation time. This formulation and solution method was applied to an industrial-size problem involving 3 vessels, 6 storage tanks, 4 charging tanks, and 3 crude oil distillation units over 15 time intervals. The MILP model contained 105 binary variables, 991 continuous variables, and 2154 constraints and was effectively solved with the proposed solution approach.
Femtosecond pulse S on 1 LIDT in dielectric materials: Comparison of Experiment and Theory

The multiple-pulse laser-induced breakdown behavior of dielectrics is modeled. The model is based on a critical conduction band (CB) electron density leading to dielectric breakdown. The evolution of the CB electron density during the pulse train is calculated using rate equations for the occupation and ionization of band and midgap states (native and laser induced). Using realistic estimations for the trap density and ionization cross-section, the model is able to reproduce the experimentally observed drop in the multiple-pulse damage threshold relative to the single-pulse value, as long as the CB electron density is controlled primarily by avalanche ionization seeded by multiphoton ionization of the traps and the valence band. The model shows that at long pulse duration, the breakdown threshold becomes more sensitive to presence of traps close (within one photon energy) to the conduction band. The effect of native and laser-induced defects can be distinguished by their saturation behavior. The model explains the principal behavior of the LIDT of a pair of pulses as a function of the temporal separation. Using the model, the observed transients can be related to rate constants of electrons leaving the CB and midgap states.
Relative Emphasis on Nine Values by a Group of College Students

The problems were the following: (a) the relative degree to which Ss emphasize 9 values and (b) the relationship between the emphases and demographic data pertaining to Ss. A questionnaire with paired comparisons of the values and demographic questions was administered to 139 students at Duke University. The results indicate the values were emphasized in the following order from high to low with significant differences (p = .05): Self-interpretation; Self-actualization; Humanistic Support, Relationship as a homogeneous subset; Positive Evaluation of Suffering, Dedication, Support, Achievement as a homogeneous subset; Conformity. The relationships of demographic data to the choices were reported. One conclusion was that values which focus on Ss themselves received the highest emphases.
Media Use and Protest: The Role of Mainstream and Alternative Media Use in Predicting Traditional and Protest Participation

Much research has explored the role media use plays in political participation. A limitation of this work is that alternative forms of media (e.g., protest Web sites) and participation (e.g., protests) have largely been ignored. Research shows that news media treat protest activity critically, suggesting mainstream media use might discourage alternative participation. This study employs a Random Digit Dialing survey (N = 476) of a large Midwestern community to examine the role mainstream and alternative media play in influencing both traditional political participation and protest forms of participation. The findings suggest that alternative media are positively related to alternative participation and underscore the emerging importance of Web-based media.
Endovascular Management of Superior Mesenteric Artery Pseudoaneurysm and Fistula

The uncommon presentation of an arterioportal fistula (APF) involving the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) associated with a pseudoaneurysm represents a therapeutic challenge. We present the case of a 24-year-old female admitted to the hospital after multiple gunshot wounds to the abdomen; the patient underwent multiple surgeries and, in the process, developed a SMA pseudoaneurysm and fistula. The vascular interventional radiology team was consulted for treatment of the pseudoaneurysm and fistula. A covered stent was inserted percutaneously to exclude the APF and the pseudoaneurysm in a single procedure. The patient returned to our service after 21 months for a follow-up CT scan, which demonstrated the stent and the distal vasculature to be patent.
Game development documentation and institutional collection development policy

Videogames and other new media artifacts constitute an important part of our cultural and economic landscape and collecting institutions have a responsibility to collect and preserve these materials for future access. Unfortunately, these kinds of materials present unique challenges for collecting institutions including problems of collection development, technological preservation, and access. This paper presents findings from a grant-funded project focused on examining documentation of the creative process in game development. Data includes twelve qualitative interviews conducted with individuals involved in the game development process, spanning a number of different roles and institution types. The most pressing findings are related to the nature of documentation in the videogame industry: project interviews indicate that the game development process does produce significant and important documentation as traditionally conceived by collecting institutions, ranging from game design documents to email correspondence and business reports. However, while it does exist, traditional documentation does not adequately, or even, at times, truthfully represent the project or the game creation process as a whole. In order to adequately represent the development process, collecting institutions also need to seek out and procure numerous versions of games and game assets as well as those game assets that are natural byproducts of the design process like gamma and beta versions of the game, for example, vertical slices, or different renderings of graphical elements.
Quantum cosmology in 2+1 and 3+1 dimensions

We study the Wheeler-DeWitt equations for the wave function of the universe in 2+1 and 3+1 dimensions. Perturbation methods are developed and the first few orders areexplicitly calculated for the case of an inflating universe. We find that early quantum fluctuation can produce large-scale inhomogenities in the global structure of the universe at later times.
Downstream Processing of Lactic Acid-Whey Permeate Fermentation Broths by Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration

Membrane filtration is a suitable method for cell harvesting and clarification of fermentation broths. Hollow fiber ultrafilters gave essentially 100% rejection ofL. bulgaricus cells from a whey permeate fermentation broth. A combination of low pressures and high velocity generally gave the best permeate flux. Fermentation media components (in this case, from the whey permeate) contributed significantly to fouling. Considering the pressure limitations of the current generation of asymmetric hollow fiber modules and the changes in physical properties of the fermentation broths, a cell concentration of 100–150 g/L could be obtained with the flux still relatively high (above 20LMH), although the chemical compatibility of the membrane module itself under long-term exposure to high acid conditions should be considered.
RAGE, LRP-1, and amyloid-beta protein in Alzheimer’s disease

The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is thought to be a primary transporter of β-amyloid across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) into the brain from the systemic circulation, while the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)-1 mediates transport of β-amyloid out of the brain. To determine whether there are Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related changes in these BBB-associated β-amyloid receptors, we studied RAGE, LRP-1, and β-amyloid in human elderly control and AD hippocampi. In control hippocampi, there was robust RAGE immunoreactivity in neurons, whereas microvascular staining was barely detectable. LRP-1 staining, in contrast, was clearly evident within microvessels but only weakly stained neurons. In AD cases, neuronal RAGE immunoreactivity was significantly decreased. An unexpected finding was the strongly positive microvascular RAGE immunoreactivity. No evidence for colocalization of RAGE and β-amyloid was seen within either microvessels or senile plaques. A reversed pattern was evident for LRP-1 in AD. There was very strong staining for LRP-1 in neurons, with minimal microvascular staining. Unlike RAGE, colocalization of LRP-1 and β-amyloid was clearly present within senile plaques but not microvessels. Western blot analysis revealed a much higher concentration of RAGE protein in AD hippocampi as compared with controls. Concentration of LRP-1 was increased in AD hippocampi, likely secondary to its colocalization with senile plaques. These data confirm that AD is associated with changes in the relative distribution of RAGE and LRP-1 receptors in human hippocampus. They also suggest that the proportion of amyloid within the brains of AD patients that is derived from the systemic circulation may be significant.
Who Participates in Collective Petitions in Rural China

This article examines the question of why the risks posed by collective petitioning in China deter some villagers from participating but not others. Based on the statistical analysis of an original dataset and an ethnographic study of one case, this article finds that higher household income is the only significant factor that increases a villager’s probability to participate in collective petitions. Economic security empowers a peasant’s political participation. Contrary to the existing literature, being a demobilized soldier does not significantly increase a villager’s probability to participate in collective petitions. The implication of this finding is that petitioning as a form of “managed participation” in Chinese politics may face more and more challenges if the average Chinese household income continues to grow.
A Machine Organization for a General Purpose List Processor

A general purpose list processor organized machine is postulated that: 1) carries out directly the basic processes involved in list processing, 2) includes arithmetic and other features needed for a general purpose machine and 3) adapts to operation in a wide variety of programming languages. The power of the machine is achieved by using a small fast scratch pad memory for manipulating address fields and by including an automatic symbol table in the form of a search memory. Two basic list orders, a transmit order and a structure tracing order, determine the fundamental organization of the machine and are summarized.
Insights and Practical Strategies for Health Research Among Haitian Immigrants: Lessons Learned From the Miami-Dade Picuriste Study

Useful health research is foundational to disease prevention and treatment, especially when conducted among understudied populations for whom hidden cultural health beliefs and norms may result in disease. Lessons learned from field experiences during an exploratory mixed-method study of Haitian picuristes (injectionists) in Florida reveal the usefulness of knowledge and application of formal and informal protocols that demonstrate awareness and respect of Haitian norms, and the importance of fostering relationships of trust as complements to clear and relevant research objectives. These facilitate entree, engagement, rapport, management of discursiveness and environmental interruptions, and modification of research instruments. Health researchers in U.S. Haitian enclaves should be process-oriented, flexible, and transparent from recruitment to dissemination phases of research.