cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does my patient have a pulmonary embolism? The Wells vs. PISA 2 rule in orthopedic patients

The diagnosis of venous thromboembolism is difficult in the postoperative setting because signs such as hypoxemia, leg pain, and swelling are so common. CTPA can also detect subsegmental PE (SSPE), of which the clinical significance has been widely debated. Clinical decision rules (CDR), such as the Wells and PISA 2, have been developed to identify symptomatic patients at low risk for PE who could forgo imaging. We performed this study in order to (1) compare the performance of the Wells and PISA 2 CDR in orthopedic patients; (2) compare CDR scores in patients with subsegmental PE (SSPE) versus larger clots; and (3) identify variables that improve performance of the Wells in orthopedic patients. This retrospective cohort study included all orthopedic surgery patients that underwent computerized tomographic pulmonary angiography at a single institution from 1/1/13 to 12/31/14 and had data to calculate both Wells and PISA 2 scores. CDR sensitivity, specificity and c-statistics were calculated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify variables that improved CDR performance. 402 patients were included in the study. The Wells rule (cutoff > 4) had sensitivity 74% and specificity 45%. PISA 2 (cutoff 0.6) had sensitivity 90% and specificity 11%. The Wells performed better than PISA 2: c-statistic 0.60 vs. 0.50; p = 0.007. The mean Wells score was 5.20 ± 1.68 for patients with SSPE and 5.41 ± 1.86 for patients with larger clots. Adding the variables prior smoking and varicose veins improved the performance of the Wells rule (c-statistic 0.66 vs. 0.60, p = 0.008). The Wells rule (cutoff > 4) performs better than PISA 2 in orthopedic patients. Neither can distinguish patients with SSPE from those with larger clots. Although adding past smoking and varicose veins to the Wells improves its performance, this requires validation in other populations.
Certhrax Is an Antivirulence Factor for the Anthrax-Like Organism Bacillus cereus Strain G9241.

ABSTRACT Bacillus cereus G9241 caused a life-threatening anthrax-like lung infection in a previously healthy human. This strain harbors two large virulence plasmids, pBCXO1 and pBC210, that are absent from typical B. cereus isolates. The pBCXO1 plasmid is nearly identical to pXO1 from Bacillus anthracis and carries genes ( pagA1 , lef , and cya ) for anthrax toxin components (protective antigen [called PA1 in G9241], lethal factor [LF], and edema factor [EF], respectively). The plasmid also has an intact hyaluronic acid capsule locus. The pBC210 plasmid has a tetrasaccharide capsule locus, a gene for a PA1 homolog called PA2 ( pagA2 ), and a gene ( cer ) for Certhrax, an ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin that inactivates vinculin. LF, EF, and Certhrax require PA for entry into cells. In this study, we asked what role PA1, PA2, LF, and Certhrax play in the pathogenicity of G9241. To answer this, we generated isogenic deletion mutations in the targeted toxin gene components and then assessed the strains for virulence in highly G9241-susceptible (A/J) and moderately G9241-sensitive (C57BL/6) mice. We found that full virulence of G9241 required PA1 and LF, while PA2 contributed minimally to pathogenesis of G9241 but could not functionally replace PA1 as a toxin-binding subunit in vivo . Surprisingly, we discovered that Certhrax attenuated the virulence of G9241; i.e., a Δ cer Δ lef mutant strain was more virulent than a Δ lef mutant strain following subcutaneous inoculation of A/J mice. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of Certhrax contributed to this phenotype. We concluded that Certhrax acts as an antivirulence factor in the anthrax-like organism B. cereus G9241.
Chromosome systems in the eriococcidae (Coccoidea Homoptera): II. Gossyparia spuria and Eriococcus araucariae

Spermatogenesis is described in two eriococcid species and the observations are compared to those previously reported. In Gossyparia spuria the diploid chromosome number is 28 in both males and females. In the female all the chromosomes are euchromatic. In most male tissues 14 of the chromosomes are euchromatic (E) and 14 are heterochromatic (H). Prior to the first meiotic division in males the number of H chromosomes was reduced. During prophase I all the cells showed 14 E chromosomes and from 1 to over 9 H chromosomes. The range of chromosome numbers in metaphase I was similar to that in prophase I. All the chromosomes divided in anaphase I, and, following differential uncoiling at interkinesis, the E and H groups of chromosomes segregated from each other at anaphase II. Only the E groups formed sperm. The presence of a variable number of H chromosomes and a haploid number of E chromosomes in spermatogenesis suggested the presence of the multiple-D variant of the Comstockiella chromosome system. In this system some of the H chromosomes become euchromatic prior to prophase I of spermatogenesis and pair with their E homologues. All the remaining H chromosomes are thus univalents, while among the E elements, some are univalents and the rest are bivalents. The observed reduction in the number of H chromosomes in the first meiotic division which was previously attributed to pairing among the H chromosomes, is now interpreted to be the result of the return of some of the H chromosomes to a euchromatic state and to their subsequent pairing with their E homologues. Spermatogenesis in Eriococcus araucariae was similar to that of G. spuria except that the reduction in the number of H chromosomes was not as extensive. The chromosome systems of the two species are compared to those of other eriococcids and the differences are briefly discussed.
Vasculitis: Giant Cell Arteritis

Giant cell arteritis is a systemic granulomatous large-vessel vasculitis of the aorta and its branches. The inflammatory process in giant cell arteritis may result in large-artery stenosis and tissue ischemia. While this most often involves the upper extremity arteries, in rare cases, lower extremity arterial involvement from giant cell arteritis has also been described. Clinicians should be aware of the different presenting manifestations of large-vessel vasculitis like giant cell arteritis and its evaluation and treatment.
Prolongation of murine thyroid allografts by interleukin 2 (DAB486)-toxin and RS-61443.

We evaluated the efficacy of interleukin 2 (DAB486)-toxin (IL-2-diphtheria toxin fusion protein; IL-2-toxin) in combination with RS-61443 to prolong murine thyroid allograft survival. B10.BR thyroid allografts were transplanted beneath the renal subcapsule in recipient (C57BL/10 mice and graft survival determined 21 days later. Treatment with IL-2-toxin (25 µg/day for 14 days) was unable to prolong graft survival significantly. RS-61443 treatment (21 days) achieved significant graft prolongation only at doses of 300 mg/kg daily or greater. When both drugs were used in combination (IL-2-toxin, 25µg/day for 14 days RS-61443 200 mg/kg daily for 21 days), statistically significant (P < 0.0001) graft prolongation was obtained. Our results suggest that IL-2-toxin in combination with subtherapeutic RS-61443 levels significantly prolongs murine thyroid allograft survival. IL-2-toxin and RS-61443, because of their unique and complementary mechanisms, hold promise for more selective immunosuppression.
Size and Shape of Gold and Platinum Grains

Size analyses were made of two samples of gold concentrates, one sample of gold- bearing placer gravel, and two samples of platinum-bearing concentrates. The precious metals were separated from the sized fractions by use of an elutriator. Grain-shape analyses were made from grain dimensions measured microscopically. Breadth and length of each grain were measured by ocular micrometer intercepts; grain thickness was determined from the difference between readings of the fine focusing vernier when focused on the top of the grain and on the grain substrate. These four figures were translated into grain dimensions by a computer program that also calculated various shape factors and ratios between dimensions and mechanically plotted the results in different ways. The Corey shape factor that was plotted against the breadth of the grains, the dimension that controls response to sieving, conveyed the most useful information.
24Mg nuclear moments from 24Mg(200 MeV)+208Pb scattering.

Differential cross sections for exciting the low-lying states in $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$ by heavy-ion inelastic scattering were measured with a new technique that uses a 4\ensuremath{\pi} \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray detector in coincidence with charged-particle detectors. The resulting data were subjected to a coupled-channels analysis to obtain a set of E2 and E4 matrix elements for exciting the ${2}_{1}^{+}$(1.37 MeV), ${4}_{1}^{+}$(4.12 MeV), and ${2}_{2}^{+}$(4.24 MeV) states of $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$ as well as the interconnecting and self-coupling matrix elements for these states. Our results disagree with electron scattering measurements for the charge shape of $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$. The data on the ${2}_{2}^{+}$(4.24 MeV) state is not well accounted for by the asymmetric rotor model.
The Danger of Dyslexic States: Bureaucratic Quality and the Reception of Signals in International Conflict

Although democracy may survive in Iraq and Afghanistan after the departure of American troops, the bureaucratic infrastructure of both states remains in a questionable state at best. To what extent should competent bureaucracy-building, rather than democracy promotion, figure into plans to peacefully reintegrate these and other similarly broken societies? The original American focus on democracy-building was premised on the findings of Democratic Peace theory. According to the causal logic presented by various forms of Democratic Peace theory, democracies possess unique information-generation advantages in international bargaining. This allows them to achieve bargains with other states peaceably. However, a key element has been missing from these existing theories: what explains whether the high-quality information signalled by democracies will be correctly understood? The existing literature assumes that the generation of dependable signals is problematic, while their reception is not. I construct a theory of information reception premised on the intuition that states possessing high-quality bureaucracies will be better able to read the signalled intentions of other states. I expect that states with meritocratic and efficient bureaucratic structures to read signals more accurately than states with weakly professionalized bureaucracies. The end result is that states with effective bureaucracies will be in a position to read credible signals accurately and thereby avoid the crisis bargaining deadlock associated with outbreaks of interstate violence. I explore my theory quantitatively by modeling Militarized Interstate Dispute initiation in a dataset of all Directed-Dyad Years from 1950-2000. In the end, I find that the addition of a bureaucratic "information processing" element to Oneal & Russett's (2001) canonical model of the Democratic Peace yields substantively interesting significant results. However, these results cast a dark cloud on the possible futures of post-occupation Iraq and Afghanistan.
Evaluating the broad-spectrum efficacy of the acetylcholinesterase oximes reactivators MMB4 DMS, HLö-7 DMS, and 2-PAM Cl against phorate oxon, sarin, and VX in the Hartley guinea pig

Abstract Organophosphorus (OP) compounds, including pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNA), are threats to the general population as possible weapons of terrorism or by accidental exposure whether through inadvertent release from manufacturing facilities or during transport. To mitigate the toxicities posed by these threats, a therapeutic regimen that is quick-acting and efficacious against a broad spectrum of OPs is highly desired. The work described herein sought to assess the protective ratio (PR), median effective doses (ED50), and therapeutic index (TI = oxime 24-h LD50/oxime ED50) of MMB4 DMS, HLo-7 DMS, and 2-PAM Cl against the OPs sarin (GB), VX, and phorate-oxon (PHO). All OPs are representative of the broader classes of G and V chemical warfare nerve agents and persistent pesticides. MMB4 DMS and HLo-7 DMS were previously identified as comparative efficacy leads warranting further evaluations. 2-PAM Cl is the U.S. FDA-approved standard-of-care oxime therapy for OP intoxication. Briefly, PRs were determined in male guinea pigs by varying the subcutaneously (SC) delivered OP dose followed then by therapy with fixed levels of the oxime and atropine (0.4 mg/kg; administered intramuscularly [IM]). ED50s were determined using a similar approach except the OP dose was held constant at twice the median lethal dose (2 × LD50) while the oxime treatment levels were varied. The ED50 information was then used to calculate the TI for each OP/oxime combination. Both MMB4 DMS and HLo-7 DMS provided significant protection, i.e., higher PR against GB, VX, and PHO when compared to atropine controls, but significance was not readily demonstrated across the board when compared against 2-PAM Cl. The ED50 values of MMB4 DMS was consistently lower than that of the other oximes against all three OPs. Furthermore, based on those ED50s, the TI trend of the various oximes against both GB and VX was MMB4 DMS > HLo-7 DMS > 2-PAM Cl, while against PHO, MMB4 DMS > 2-PAM Cl > HLo-7 DMS.
Feminized Disability and Disabled Femininity in Fair Em and The Pilgrim

This chapter analyzes plays where women counterfeit disability. Unlike their male counterparts, female dissemblers avoid punishment and achieve the ends for which they feigned disability. Specifically, dissembling disability allows them to marry on their own terms. Focusing on the anonymous comedy Fair Em (c. 1590) and John Fletcher’s tragicomedy The Pilgrim (1621), Row-Heyveld asserts that these plays reveal the mutually constitutive relationship between disability and femininity in the English Renaissance, in particular, the way in which performances of disability were simultaneously performances of femininity. This dual performance mode granted female dissemblers a freedom from suspicion not available to male dissemblers. It also allowed women a unique opportunity to reshape their own feminine identities by exposing both femininity and disability as culturally crafted constructs. However, these plays ultimately encode complications in their ambivalent endings—where feminine and disabled identities suddenly diverge and issues of charity trouble easy resolution.
Effects of exercise on dyspnea and cancer-related fatigue in patients with prostate cancer.

e16580Background: Dyspnea and fatigue are two of the most common symptoms reported by patients with advanced cancer. Patients with dyspnea report an inability to complete activities of daily living...
Electromagnetic field visualization in virtual reality

We developed two virtual reality demonstrations for electromagnetism. For statics, we use spherical building blocks and superposition to calculate the electric field of a user-generated configuration of charge. The electric field information is displayed on a three-dimensional grid using vector arrows. A second demonstration displays field information for electromagnetic fields generated by a particle moving along a user-generated path (at arbitrary speed). We used the Unity game creation engine to efficiently develop the demonstrations, and tested them on an HTC Vive VR headset with handheld controllers.
Microglia, Lifestyle Stress, and Neurodegeneration.

Recent years have witnessed a revolution in our understanding of microglia biology, including their major role in the etiology and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Technological advances have enabled the identification of microglial signatures in health and disease, including the development of new models to investigate and manipulate human microglia in vivo in the context of disease. In parallel, genetic association studies have identified several gene risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease that are specifically or highly expressed by microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we discuss evidence for the effect of stress, diet, sleep patterns, physical activity, and microbiota composition on microglia biology and consider how lifestyle might influence an individual's predisposition to neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss how different lifestyles and environmental factors might regulate microglia, potentially leading to increased susceptibility to neurodegenerative disease, and we highlight the need to investigate the contribution of modern environmental factors on microglia modulation in neurodegeneration.
On the stability of numerical integration routines

Numerical integration methods for the solution of initial value problems for ordinary vector differential equations may be modelled as discrete time feedback systems. The stability criteria discovered in modern control theory are applied to these systems and criteria involving the routine, the step size and the differential equation are derived. Linear multistep, Runge-Kutta, and predictor-corrector methods are all investigated.
SIGNAL PROPAGATION VIA OPEN-LOOP INTRATHALAMIC ARCHITECTURES: A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL

Propagation of signals across the cerebral cortex is a core component of many cognitive processes and is generally thought to be mediated by direct intracortical connectivity. The thalamus, by contrast, is considered to be devoid of internal connections and organized as a collection of parallel inputs to the cortex. Here, we provide evidence that "open-loop" intrathalamic pathways involving the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) can support propagation of oscillatory activity across the cortex. Recent studies support the existence of open-loop thalamo-reticulo-thalamic (TC-TRN-TC) synaptic motifs in addition to traditional closed-loop architectures. We hypothesized that open-loop structural modules, when connected in series, might underlie thalamic and, therefore cortical, signal propagation. Using a supercomputing platform to simulate thousands of permutations of a thalamocortical network based on physiological data collected in mice, rats, ferrets, and cats and in which select synapses were allowed to vary both by class and individually, we evaluated the relative capacities of closed-loop and open-loop TC-TRN-TC synaptic configurations to support both propagation and oscillation. We observed that (1) signal propagation was best supported in networks possessing strong open-loop TC-TRN-TC connectivity; (2) intrareticular synapses were neither primary substrates of propagation nor oscillation; and (3) heterogeneous synaptic networks supported more robust propagation of oscillation than their homogeneous counterparts. These findings suggest that open-loop, heterogeneous intrathalamic architectures might complement direct intracortical connectivity to facilitate cortical signal propagation.
Probabilistic modeling and simulation of wave speeds in random composites

Abstract Investigations of wave propagation in composite materials have been used both to experimentally measure material properties and to validate material property model characterizations. For continuous fiber reinforced composites, these characterizations often have relied on a bulk description of the effective behavior of a Representative Volume Element (RVE) and assumed ideal conditions of transverse isotropy and a well defined direction of the fibers. Analytic models, based on these composite properties and fiber directions, can then be used to predict the speeds of waves propagating through the material. The goal of this work is to develop a probabilistic simulation to examine how variations in the composite properties and small angles of mis-alignment of the fibers affect wave speed. To achieve this, a joint probability function is constructed where a dominant material property and the angle of fiber orientation are considered independent random variables. Sampling from this joint distribution produces pairs of parameters that can be input into wave speed analysis. The resulting wave speed distributions can be used to characterize the joint effects of randomness in material property and fiber angle.
Changing Perspective: Building Creative Mindsets.

The search for new ideas often frustratingly cycles back to old ones, a phenomenon known as fixation. Recent research has shown ways to kick-start finding new uses for familiar objects, a prototypical creativity task: wandering in the mind or the world or working on a messy desk. Those techniques seem to succeed by helping break fixation, but do not guide the search for new ideas. The perspective-taking or human-centric or empathic mindset championed by many in HCI and in design firms does provide a search strategy. We compared the mind-wandering mindset to a perspective-taking mindset, the latter priming thinking of ways that people in different roles (gardener, artist, etc.) might use the objects. In two studies, the Perspective-Taking mindset yielded more ideas and more original ideas than Mind-Wandering, which did not differ from a No-Mindset control. Original ideas came late, rewarding persistence. The perspective-taking mindset is productive for problem-solving, forecasting, and social interactions as well as innovation.
Ex vivo expansion of tumor-draining lymph node cells using compounds which activate intracellular signal transduction. I. Characterization and in vivo anti-tumor activity of glioma-sensitized lymphocytes

It has been shown that adoptive immunotherapy can be curative for established malignant tumors. The key to this treatment lies in obtaining sufficient numbers of lymphocytes which are sensitized to recognize tumor antigens and carry out immunological reactions to destroy tumor cells. Reported here are the results of experiments to: 1) sensitize lymphocytes to the antigens of rat glioma cells and expand them ex vivo for use in adoptive immunotherapy, 2) characterize the cells of the expanded population, and 3) evaluate antitumor activity in a cohort of rats with well-established intracranial gliomas.Viable RT-2 glioma cells were injected into the hind foot pads of syngeneic Fischer 344 rats. After 10 days, the tumor draining lymph nodes (DLN) were harvested from the injected limbs and mechanically dissociated. The cells of the DLN were then suspendedin culture medium supplemented with low dose interleukin-2 (IL-2)and incubated for 18 hours with Bryostatin-1 and ionomycin (Bryo/Io)to stimulate expansion. The cells were next washed to remove the Bryo/Io and resuspended in culture medium and IL-2. Population expansions of 40- to 100-fold were seen after 8 days. Flow cytometric analysis showed these cells to be a nearly pure population of T lymphocytes of the CD3+CD8+ phenotype. Intravenous injection of the ex vivo expanded DLN cells didnot significantly improve survival of rats with a seven-day intracerebral RT-2 glioma, although, compared to untreated controls, the tumors of the treated animals were smaller, showed no necrosis, and appeared to be less infiltrative. Furthermore, the treated animals had a pronounced lymphocytic infiltration of their tumors with greater associated degrees of hemorrhagic change and peritumoral edema. When the ex vivo expanded DLN cells were intravenously injected into three-day intracerebral RT-2 gliomamodels, tumors were almost always eliminated and the animals survived their tumor challenge. We conclude that successful expansion of glioma-sensitized DLN lymphocytes is possible and that adoptive immunotherapy using these cells is capable of effectively limiting the progression of large gliomas, while totally eradicating small ones.
Submitting Formal Proposals to NASA on the “PHM for Astronauts” Project to Run on the ISS

This paper discusses an unsolicited proposal to NASA to implement the “Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) for Astronauts” project, the first international collaborative project to run on the International Space Station (ISS). The collaborative project is to validate the “PHM for Human Health and Performance (HH&P)” concept that the author introduced in his “System Health Management and Space Medicine Predictive Diagnostics. Common Concepts and Approaches.” paper in 2012. Since then the concept has been elaborated, refined, and further evolved in a dozen papers published by the author and his coauthors from the PHM Society and universities of United States and Canada. Following the NASA language for unsolicited proposals and discussing the project on validation of the advanced concept and corresponding technology candidates with predictive screening capability the paper articulates both the novelty of and need in implementing the to-be-validated concept on crew health maintenance in terms of recommendations by experienced astronauts and healthcare professionals on crewed space programs. The proposal particularly suggests NASA to employ PHM -based solutions with predictive screening capability, providing early and actionable real-time warnings of impending health issues that otherwise would have gone undetected unless a symptom is manifested or a sign is detected at a relatively late stage.
The Future Application of Organ-on-a-Chip Technologies as Proving Grounds for MicroBioRobots

An evolving understanding of disease pathogenesis has compelled the development of new drug delivery approaches. Recently, bioinspired microrobots have gained traction as drug delivery systems. By leveraging the microscale phenomena found in physiological systems, these microrobots can be designed with greater maneuverability, which enables more precise, controlled drug release. Their function could be further improved by testing their efficacy in physiologically relevant model systems as part of their development. In parallel with the emergence of microscale robots, organ-on-a-chip technologies have become important in drug discovery and physiological modeling. These systems reproduce organ-level functions in microfluidic devices, and can also incorporate specific biological, chemical, and physical aspects of a disease. This review highlights recent developments in both microrobotics and organ-on-a-chip technologies and envisions their combined use for developing future drug delivery systems.
Renal Stent Complications and Impact on Renal Function after Standard Fenestrated Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

Background To report renal outcomes including long-term patency, secondary interventions, and related renal function after fenestrated endovascular aortic repair (fEVAR). Methods Single-center retrospective review of patients undergoing fEVAR between 2012 and 2018 using the Cook ZFEN device. Renal stent complications, defined as any stenosis, occlusion, kink, renal stent–related endoleak, and reinterventions were tabulated. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. Results During the study period, 114 patients underwent elective fEVAR. Of 329 total target vessels, 193 renal arteries were stented (133 Atrium iCAST, 60 Gore VBX). Technical success was achieved in 97.4%, and the mean follow-up was 23.3 months. Seventeen renal complications occurred in 14 patients (12.3%), including 4 occlusions, 9 stenosis, 3 dislocations, and 1 type III endoleak. All stent complications underwent endovascular reintervention with a median hospital stay of 1 day (0–10) and a technical success of 94.2%. One patient suffered renal hemorrhage that warranted embolization. Patients with occlusion were treated the day of diagnosis, and mean time from diagnosis to intervention for stenosis was 21.5 days. Estimated primary patency was 92.1 % and 81.5% at 24 and 48 months, respectively. On multivariate analysis, larger native renal artery diameter was the only independent protective factor against patency loss (HR 0.23 (0.09–0.59)). Secondary patency at latest follow-up was 99.4%. Mean eGFR was not significantly different at latest follow-up between patients with renal complications versus those without (43.75 vs. 55.58 mL/min/1.73 m2, P = 0.09). Comparing patients with and without renal stent complications, 81.4% and 72.7% of patients had stable or improved renal disease by chronic kidney disease staging compared with baseline (P = 0.51). Conclusions fEVAR is a durable option for the treatment of juxtarenal aortic aneurysms and is associated with excellent secondary patency. Renal stent complications have no significant impact on renal function, but smaller native renal arteries are at higher risk of stent-graft complications.
Rejoinder: Optimal Individualized Decision Rules Using Instrumental Variable Methods

We would like to thank the editors for soliciting a discussion of our article and for giving us the opportunity to respond to the discussants’ insightful and inspiring comments. We are also honored...
Systemic Racism in EEG Research: Considerations and Potential Solutions

The current theoretical paper discusses the unintended systemic racism and racial biases that impact neuroscience, specifically in research utilizing electroencephalography (EEG). As a popular technique in affective science research, EEG requires adherence between the electrode and scalp to measure brain activity. To obtain high-quality data, various factors such as hair length, hair type, body movement, and/or extraneous noise from the environment are taken into consideration. As EEG researchers attempt to gather good-quality data, the recruitment and retention of Black American participants is challenging due to hairstyles commonly worn by Black American participants (e.g., cornrows, braids) and hair type. Taken together, the systemic lack of data from Black American participants renders research findings less generalizable and causes disparities in theoretical knowledge applicable to this population. To address this disparity, innovative solutions invented by bioengineers are discussed.
Racialized Emotional Labor: An Unseen Burden in the Public Sector:

Discussions of race have often been on the periphery emotional labor scholarship. This piece considers the link between race and emotional labor, arguing that racial bias in public organizations cr...
Approach to Resectable Biliary Cancers

Biliary malignancies, although rare, can be some of the most challenging to manage surgically. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas are resectable if there is no evidence of metastatic disease. These tumors are managed with anatomic resection and portal lymphadenectomy when centrally located or multiple in a single lobe. Non-anatomic resection can be performed for solitary peripheral tumors with minimally invasive techniques. It is not our practice to routinely employ neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to resection of these tumors. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy is utilized at our institution in highly selected patients in the context of an ongoing clinical trial for unresectable tumors. Hilar cholangiocarcinomas, when resectable (i.e., ipsilateral arterial involvement or lack of vascular involvement), are managed with right or left (extended) hepatectomy, caudate resection, and portal lymphadenectomy. Distal cholangiocarcinomas are managed with pancreaticoduodenectomy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is not routinely used in our treatment algorithm of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. Nodal involvement and positive margin (R1) resection necessitates adjuvant chemotherapy. Finally, gallbladder carcinoma is managed with radical cholecystectomy, anatomic segment IVb/V resection, and portal lymphadenectomy. Adjuvant chemotherapy is employed routinely amongst patients with T2 or higher tumors and those with positive lymph nodes.
Non-kin Cooperation in Ants

Eusociality represents an extreme form of social behavior characterized by a reproductive division of labor. Eusociality necessarily evolved through kin selection, which requires interactions among related individuals. However, many eusocial taxa also show cooperation between non-kin groups, challenging the idea that intraspecific cooperative actions should only occur among relatives. This review explores the causes and consequences of non-kin cooperation in ants. Ants display a diversity of behaviors that lead to non-kin cooperation within and between species. These interactions occur among both reproductive and non-reproductive individuals. The proximate and ultimate mechanisms leading to non-kin cooperative interactions differ substantially depending on the biotic and abiotic environment. We end this review with directions for future research and suggest that the investigation of non-kin cooperative actions provides insight into processes leading to social evolution.
Probabilistic Forecasts of Arctic Sea Ice Thickness

In recent decades, warming temperatures have caused sharp reductions in the volume of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. Predicting changes in Arctic sea ice thickness is vital in a changing Arctic for making decisions about shipping and resource management in the region. We propose a statistical spatio-temporal two-stage model for sea ice thickness and use it to generate probabilistic forecasts up to three months into the future. Our approach combines a contour model to predict the ice-covered region with a Gaussian random field to model ice thickness conditional on the ice-covered region. Using the most complete estimates of sea ice thickness currently available, we apply our method to forecast Arctic sea ice thickness. Point predictions and prediction intervals from our model offer comparable accuracy and improved calibration compared with existing forecasts. We show that existing forecasts produced by ensembles of deterministic dynamic models can have large errors and poor calibration. We also show that our statistical model can generate good forecasts of aggregate quantities such as overall and regional sea ice volume. Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear on-line.
Gaetano Donizetti: A Research and Information Guide

Acknowledgments Preface Introduction Part I. Access Points for Research in Piano Pedagogy 1. Indexes and Databases 2. Bibliographies Part II. Sources of Information for Research and Learning 3. Encyclopedias and Dictionaries 4. Journals and Magazines 5. Dissertations and Theses 6. Tests and Measurements 7. Monographs Subject Index Author Index Title Index
Suspension “click” polymerizations: thiol-ene polymer particles prepared with natural gum stabilizers

The impact of different natural gum species employed as stabilizers in the suspension photopolymerization of water-borne thiol-ene polymer particles is reported. The focus of analysis was on how hydrocolloids impact the synthesis of polymer particles prepared using a “click” thiol-ene polymerization approach. The use of renewable and naturally occurring gums as particle stabilizers provide a shift toward greener methods of polymer particle synthesis. The natural gum species examined include gum Arabic, guar gum, and xanthan gum. In particular, gum Arabic was examined in thiol-ene particle synthesis due to inherent colloidal stabilizing properties that allow it to be utilized at concentrations comparable to synthetic stabilizers (1 wt% or greater). The use of these naturally occurring polysaccharides led to the development of spherical, cross-linked thiol-ene polymer particles in the size range of several micrometers to hundreds of micrometers. Polymer particle synthesis was completed within minutes via photopolymerization. Parameters examined include variation of natural gum species, natural gum concentration, monomer content, and stabilizer solution viscosity. Thiol-ene polymer particles can be successfully developed at very low stabilizer concentrations (0.005–0.5 wt%) due to the unique viscosity-enhancing properties of natural gum solutions compared to reactions stabilized by synthetic surfactant stabilizers.
Flow cytometric cell-kinetic analysis by simultaneously staining nuclei with propidium iodide and fluorescein isothiocyanate.

Publisher Summary The simultaneous staining of DNA with propidium iodide (PI) and nuclear protein with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) provides information analogous to the acridine orange (AO) staining of partially denatured DNA in whole cells. In the procedure described, nonionic detergent is used to strip the nuclei of cytoplasm and the nuclei are then stained without washing. The technique is rapid and allows for the discrimination of multiple cell cycle compartments. The analysis is readily applied to solid tumors. Propidium iodide fluorescence of stained nuclei is proportional to the DNA content under most conditions. The addition of FITC staining provides a degree of separation of overlapping cell populations and cell cycle compartments. The preparation of nuclei that are free of cytoplasmic tags is important for the accurate measurement of both DNA and nuclear protein. Because PI stains double-stranded nucleic acid, including RNA, the presence of cytoplasmic tags will cause an increase in the coefficient of variation (CV).
Complete Independence in the Multivariate Normal Distribution.

Testing complete independence is one of the simplest problems concerning the covariance structure of a set of measurements. A stepwise procedure proposed by Roy and Bargmann (1958) and a trace criterion due to Nagao (1973) are two well-known competitors of the likelihood ratio test of the hypothesis derived assuming the multivariate normality. We consider some modifications of the Roy-Bargmann procedure based on combinations of independent tests and find them to be asymptotically equivalent to the likelihood ratio test, which is optimal in terms of the exact slopes. The operating characteristics of various tests with samples of moderate size are examined empirically.
Catalyst Regeneration, Metal Catalysts

The regeneration of deactivated heterogeneous noble metal catalysts, such as promoted platinum-alumina reforming catalyst, can be successfully achieved by the removal of carbonaceous deposits from the catalyst surface using a carefully controlled combustion procedure followed by platinum redispersion and rechloriding of the catalyst support. Three regeneration techniques are in common commercial practice for noble metal catalysts. The continuous catalyst regeneration system used in the CCR Platforming process continuously circulates spherical catalyst between the regeneration vessel and the process reactors. The regeneration methods used for fixed catalyst-bed reforming processes are also discussed. Regeneration of non-noble or base metal catalysts such as those used in hydrocracking processes can also successfully restore catalyst performance to near that of fresh catalyst. Catalysts containing base metal hydrogenation components, such as nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, and tungsten, and an acidic support, such as alumina, silica-alumina, or zeolites, are used in a variety of refining processes. If catalyst deactivation in this service is a result of carbonaceous deposits, the catalytic performance can be substantially improved by a regenerative oxidation treatment to remove this deposit. The ex situ regeneration is performed in moving-bed belt calciners or conical-shaped rotating drum calciners.
Anisotropic thermal properties of solid polymers

This paper discusses the thermal conduction anisotropy in polymers by reviewing currently available theories and experimental methods for studying oriented polymers. The anisotropic thermal conductivity and diffusivity of oriented polymers originate from the difference between the thermal energy transport mechanisms parallel and perpendicular to their molecules. Recent progress in the development of experimental techniques for studying the thermal conduction anisotropy of polymer films with thicknesses near 1 +m is discussed in connection with modern microelectronics applications. The data obtained from these techniques are expected to serve for developing sophisticated thermal conduction theories that account for the polymer anisotropy and for performing precise thermal design of organic electronic devices that incorporate highly oriented polymer structures.
Spatial regression methods capture prediction uncertainty in species distribution model projections through time

Aim The uncertainty associated with species distribution model (SDM) projections is poorly characterized, despite its potential value to decision makers. Error estimates from most modelling techniques have been shown to be biased due to their failure to account for spatial autocorrelation (SAC) of residual error. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) have the ability to account for SAC through the inclusion of a spatially structured random intercept, interpreted to account for the effect of missing predictors. This framework promises a more realistic characterization of parameter and prediction uncertainty. Our aim is to assess the ability of GLMMs and a conventional SDM approach, generalized linear models (GLM), to produce accurate projections and estimates of prediction uncertainty. Innovation We employ a unique historical dataset to assess the accuracy of projections and uncertainty estimates from GLMMs and GLMs. Models were trained using historical (1928–1940) observations for 99 woody plant species in California, USA, and assessed using temporally independent validation data (2000–2005). Main conclusions GLMMs provided a closer fit to historic data, had fewer significant covariates, were better able to eliminate spatial autocorrelation of residual error, and had larger credible intervals for projections than GLMs. The accuracy of projections was similar between methods but GLMMs better quantified projection uncertainty. Additionally, GLMMs produced more conservative estimates of species range size and range size change than GLMs. We conclude that the GLMM error structure allows for a more realistic characterization of SDM uncertainty. This is critical for conservation applications that rely on honest assessments of projection uncertainty.
Oltmans Receives 2013 Yoram J. Kaufman Unselfish Cooperation in Research Award: Citation

Samuel “Sam” Oltmans, an AGU Fellow since 2007, was head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Global Monitoring Division Ozone and Water Vapor group for more than 30 years. He is currently a senior research scientist at the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (CIRES) of the University of Colorado at Boulder.
Further characterization of a reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent aldehyde reductase from bovine brain. Inhibition by phenothiazine derivatives.

Abstract The catalytic activity of partially purified NADPH-linked aldehyde reductase (alcohol: NADP oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.2) from bovine brain was inhibited by certain phenothiazines. The inhibition was competitive with respect to either NADPH or aldehyde as substrate and was found to vary with the pH of the reaction mixture. At pH 7.4 the inhibitor constants ( K l values) for chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, and thioridazine were 7.0 × 10 −4 M, 3.3 × 10 −4 M, and 8.0 × 10 −4 M respectively. Promethazine ( K l value of 45.8 × 10 −4 M) was approximately 10 times less effective than chlorpromazine in producing inhibition of enzyme activity. In addition, chlorpromazine sulfoxide did not inhibit the rate of aldehyde reduction at concentrations as high as 10 −3 M. When the K l values for the various phenothiazines were compared with the reported ability of these compounds to abolish the unconditioned avoidance response in rats, it was observed that compounds with the lowest K l values had the lowest ED 50 for abolition of this response. Studies of product inhibition of bovine brain aldehyde reductase showed that either NADP or p -nitrobenzylalcohol were competitive inhibitors with NADPH or aldehyde as the variable substrate. These observations, together with the nature of inhibition produced by the phenothiazine compounds, strongly indicate a random order of addition of substrates to the enzyme.
Ethnic Differences in the Frequency and Circumstances of Falling in Older Community-Dwelling Women

OBJECTIVES: To examine ethnic differences in fall rates and fall circumstances in older community-dwelling Caucasian and African-American women. DESIGN: Prospective analysis of incident falls and a nested retrospective analysis of fall circumstances over 5.7 years. SETTING: Monongahela Valley, Pennsylvania. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1,821 Caucasian and African-American women (mean age ± standard deviation 76 ± 5) enrolled in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures and participating in 1993/94. Circumstances of 338 falls were collected on a subsample of 197 women who fell. MEASUREMENTS: Fall rates and fall circumstances. RESULTS: Women reported 4,547 falls in 9,508 person-years, averaging 0.48 falls per woman annually (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.43-0.53). Age-adjusted fall rates were nonsignificantly higher in Caucasians than African Americans (relative risk (RR) = 1.30, 95% CI = 0.93-1.83%). In women younger than 75, fall rates were similar in Caucasians and African Americans (RR 1.17, P = .46). In women aged 75 and older, fall rates were 50% higher in Caucasians than in African Americans (RR = 1.50, 95%, CI = 0.90-2.49), although this difference was not significant (P=.12). Fall circumstances differed by ethnicity. Caucasian women were significantly more likely than African Americans to fall outdoors versus indoors (odds ratio (OR) = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.0-2.7) and laterally versus forward (OR = 2.0, 95%, CI = 1.1-3.4) but less likely to fall on the hand/wrist (OR = 0.6, 95%, CI = 0.3-1.0). Ninety-eight percent of individuals falling on their hand/wrist reported that they extended their hand to attempt to break their fall. CONCLUSION: Although the circumstances of falling differed for older Caucasian and African-American women, there were no differences in the frequencies of falling. These findings suggest that ethnic differences in fracture risk in older women may be due in part to the different ways in which older Caucasian and African-American women fall, rather than how often they fall. More information will be needed on fall circumstances to determine whether interventions need to be tailored by ethnic group.
The Speech Code and the Physiology of Language

To the physiologist who would study language in terms of the interests represented at this symposium, the most obvious linguistic processes—the selection of words to convey meaning and the arrangement of words in sentences—must seem far removed from familiar concepts and methods. Surely, he would prefer to study processes that are physiologically more accessible, but are yet linguistic. We believe that the production and perception of speech, in the narrow sense, is one such process; we suggest, therefore, that the physiologist might do well to start there. The questions we would have him ask can be put very simply: How does a speaker convert the phonetic units—the consonants and vowels—to a stream of sound? On hearing that stream, how does a listener recover the phonetic units?
Methodology for automated layout migration for 90nm Itanium/spl reg/2 processor design

Unlike past semiconductor manufacturing processes, nanometer technology has seen an exponential growth of complex design rules and constraints. As a result, direct optical shrink of products between process nodes is becoming less feasible. To facilitate aggressive time-to-market requirements by re-using designs under new process technology, new CAD automation tools and methodologies have been developed. This paper describes a process shifting flow of 130nm custom layout to 90nm. Design challenges at the new process will first be overviewed, followed by EDA-assisted layout migration. Finally, productivity gains together with the design qualities will be shown on the implementation of a next generation Itanium@2 server chip.