cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TOKEN CITY: 3-D animation and multimedia installation

Summary form only given. The New York subway has becomes the site for a 3D animation simulating reality in an extraordinary environment. A sense of digital time travel is accomplished through the synthesis of 3D animation with computer graphics, real-time video and an original soundtrack. The content is a portrait of energy, both human and mechanical, where the digital architecture of the subway and trains are contrasted with real-time, videotaped New Yorkers in transit. TOKEN CITY began as a collaborative work by the authors. The content evolved from the common experience of both artists, whose aesthetic histories have been influenced by subway iconography and sounds, in the creation of an animation accompanied by an original score. The 3D computer animation was created on a Silicon Graphics Inc. (SGI) workstation using Alias Wavefront-EXPLORE software. Modeling forms, texture mapping and motion creation were accomplished on the SGI. Subway billboards, mosaics and surface textures punctuating the animation were created separately on an Apple Macintosh platform and exported to the SGI. The animation files were output to a laser videodisc.
Modeling Languages Applied to Decision Controllers for Embedded Human Systems

Embedded Human Systems are systems where components are necessarily human and computational. When these systems are heavily impacted by physical constraints, or safety requirements, a modeling approach to their design is merited, especially when certain aspects of the design can be automated, or verified, using computation methods. In this paper we review one such element of the design—the decision controller—and discuss the physical and computational methods that can be used to design and validate these controllers.
Amyris Biotechnologies: Commercializing Biofuel

In 2009, Amyris Biotechnologies was building a plant in Brazil that used synthetic biology to convert sugarcane into both renewable fuels and renewable chemicals. The Amyris' marketing team was investigating the commercial interest for both types of products, while the research and development team and the operations group were building processes that could accommodate both as well. CEO John Melo hoped to have commercial product available in 2011; however, he realized that pursuing both chemicals and fuels added even more complexity to a business that was already executing multiple development steps in parallel. The case looks at the various strategic and operational decisions facing Melo as he planned the company's optimal commercialization strategy.Learning Objective: To analyze production options and commercialization strategies for a biofuels company.
Recessed 0.25 [micro sign]m gate AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on SiC with high gate-drain breakdown voltage using ICP-RIE

Using inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE), recessed 0.25 µm gate-length AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) have been fabricated. A post-etch anneal eliminated the plasma-induced damage resulting in an improvement of the gate-drain breakdown voltage from –27 V for the as-etched to over –90 V for the annealed devices. The gate leakage current reduced from 91 to 4 µA at Vgd = –25 V, after annealing. These devices exhibited maximum drain current density of 770 mA/mm, unity gain cutoff frequency (fT) of 48 GHz, and maximum frequency of oscillation (fmax) of 108 GHz.
Paul's Aegean Network: The Strength of Strong Ties

Istvan Czachesz adapts Mark Granovetter's Social Network Analysis (SNA) view, “the strength of weak ties,” that new, innovative information spreads through a network, not through one's intimate family and friends (“strong ties”), but through more distant, hardly known acquaintances (“weak ties”); Paul, constantly on the move, did not make many strong ties, but spread his message through weak ties. This article appreciates, but counterbalances, Czachesz's thesis with the SNA theory that strong ties are necessary for reinforcing risky behavioral change (complex contagions) and with conclusions about recruitment to, and spread of, new religions. It draws attention to Paul's longer stays as an artisan and the kinds of spaces in which he might have stayed. It also develops matrices and a simple sociogram of Paul's strong tie relationships and exchanges based on Paul's Philemon letter.
The Three Representatives"and the Reform of Ideological Education in Institutions

The ideological education in higher institutions are facing serious situation and new challenge.It is essential to build up a system and an environment for this education so as to meet the need of capable students by society.
Malignant bone tumors in children: osteosarcoma.

Osteosarcoma is a rare malignant tumor of bone that produces osteoid. Most tumors arise in the metaphyses of long bones. At least 80 per cent of patients have subclini- cal metastases at diagnosis. Successful management of osteosarcoma requires surgical control of the primary tumor and chemotherapeutic control of systemic metastases. Wide resection of primary tumor is often compatible with limb-sparing surgery. Multiagent chemotherapy has significantly enhanced disease-free survival. Osteosarcoma metastasizes to lung and other bones. Aggressive surgical resection can sometimes control pulmonary metastases; bony metastases are almost always followed by death.
Lithium and Rubidium Interactions with Sodium- and Potassium-Dependent Adenosine Triphosphatase: A Molecular Basis for the Pharmacological Actions of these Ions

Although lithium ion substitutes poorly for potassium ion in the reaction cycle of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC [3.6.1.3][1]), it consistently activated this enzyme in the presence of sodium and potassium. In contrast, rubidium ion, a much more effective substitute for potassium than lithium, was generally inhibitory in the presence of sodium and potassium. Li+ did not appear to activate the enzyme by stimulating its phosphorylation from ATP. Rather, Na+ was required for Li+ to stimulate ATPase activity, and Li+ directly (though weakly) stimulated dephosphorylation. Under conditions such that increasing concentrations of K+ and Rb+ inhibited turnover of the enzyme, Li+ stimulated its activity above values observed with K+ or Rb+. It appears that Li+ stimulates the turnover of the ATPase by triggering its dephosphorylation and dissociating rapidly from the dephospho-enzyme, thus allowing the enzyme to rephosphorylate readily. With Rb+ the stability of the dephospho-enzyme[unknown]rubidium complex hinders subsequent rephosphorylation of the enzyme and thus inhibits its turnover. Because Li+ and Rb+ respectively stimulate and inhibit (Na+ + K+)-ATPase relative to its activity in the presence of Na+ and K+, they may hyperpolarize or depolarize nerve cells in corresponding fashion. It is suggested that these actions of lithium and rubidium on the turnover of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase may be involved in their pharmacological actions. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors thank Mrs. Marilyn Turnbow for excellent technical assistance. [1]: pending:yes
Why Aristotle Was Not a Feminist

Prudence Allen subtitles the first volume of her mammoth history of the concept of woman, covering 750 BC to AD 1250, “The Aristotelian Revolution.” Aristotle’s works came to dominate the universities in the high Middle Ages and early Renaissance periods, and his account of women “crushed,” as Allen puts it, alternative Western understandings of women, some of which were more amenable to the full equality of women. Aristotle and the dominance of Aristotelian ideas surely contributed much to the development of the West, not the least of which was the critical, although not uncomplicated, role of his thought in the rise of the empirical sciences. His influence on views of women, however, has been less sanguine. Aristotle not only describes women as (as it were) deformed and misbegotten males; he also understands women as incapable of fully actualizing that feature most distinctive to human beings: our rationality.
Adapting to closed-list proportional representation: lessons from Ukraine

This paper examines the implications of Ukraine’s move from a mixed electoral system to one of proportional representation in the 2006 parliamentary elections. In particular, it seeks to understand...
Grain-Boundary-Diffused Magnets: The challenges in obtaining reliable and representative BH curves for electromagnetic motor design

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) frequently have interior permanent magnet-type motors where the permanent magnets are embedded inside the rotor in one or more layers with V-shaped poles. In general, the permanent magnets in an EV motor are subjected to high levels of a demagnetizing field (large motor current with high control angle). To protect the magnets from being permanently demagnetized due to this high demagnetizing field, it is essential that they exhibit high coercivity. Thus, the permanent magnets most commonly used in these cases are neodymium iron boron (main phase: Nd2Fe14B), as these provide a superior combination of high remanence (Br) and high coercivity (Hcj) under typical motor operating conditions. However, to ensure high magnetic properties at high temperatures, these magnets traditionally need to be heavily alloyed with heavy rare-earth (HRE) elements such as dysprosium (Dy) or terbium (Tb). Depending on the application, as much as 10% of Dy and Tb by weight can be required to ensure high magnetic properties at the desired temperature. It is desirable to reduce and even eliminate the use of HRE elements in NdFeB magnets to decrease cost and avoid price fluctuations or supply uncertainties, which are of major concern to the automotive industry.
Regulation and Competition in Health Care

In nearly all industries, the goverment has been or is a regulatory presence. Regulation of electric utility rates, size of agricultural output, tariffs and quotas on imported goods and services, and licensing of taxicabs are just a few of the many government regulations in the American economy. Government regulation also pervades the health care sector.
Hylemorphic Animalism and the Incarnational Problem of Identity

In this paper, I argue that adherents of Patrick Toner’s (2011b) hylemorphic animalism who also assent to orthodox Christology and a thesis about the necessity of identity must reject a prima facie plausible theological possibility held by Ockham, entertained in one form by St. Thomas Aquinas, and recently held by Richard Cross (1989), Thomas Flint (2001a), (2001b), and (2011), and Timothy Pawl (2016) and (forthcoming) concerning which individual concrete human natures an omnipotent God could assume (viz. any of them).
Radiation oncology advances: an introduction.

Radiation therapy remains a mainstay of cancer treatment: it is estimated that around half of all cancer patients in Europe, in the US probably close to two-thirds, receive radiation therapy as part of their initial therapy, for salvage or for palliation. There are good reasons to expect the role of radiation therapy in the management of cancer to expand in the next decade. This is partly because of changing demographics: the aging of the population means that an increasing fraction of cancer patients will be elderly and may present with comorbidities making nonsurgical management of their disease an attractive option. At the same time, more widespread implementation of cancer screening programs in the coming years means that more patients will present with early disease where persistent tumor control with organ and functional preservation are realistic treatment aims. But most of all, the role of radiation therapy is likely to expand as a result of a number of recent technological and biological advances that are rapidly changing the way we prescribe, plan and deliver radiation therapy alone or in combination with other modalities and these could potentially widen the indications for combination therapies involving ionizing radiation as one component. These advances are the topic of the current volume. Naturally, a volume like the current one can only highlight some selected areas of progress and we have chosen to organize these thematically under four broad, partly overlapping headings: Imaging and Theragnostic Radiation Oncology, Molecular Biology and Targeted Therapies, Treatment Delivery and Planning, and finally, Clinical Advances.
Some Continuum Percolation Results

The intent of the present chapter is to derive and discuss some basic results and specific developments in continuum percolation theory. We will begin with a discussion of exact results for cluster statistics and other percolation descriptors for a prototypical model of continuum percolation, namely, identical overlapping spheres in d dimensions. Subsequently, we will describe an Ornstein-Zernike formalism to find the pair-connectedness function P 2(r) for general isotropic models of continuum percolation. The reader should note the beautiful correspondence of this theory to the Ornstein-Zernike formalism for the total correlation function h(r) of equilibrium (or thermal) systems discussed in Chapter 3. This will be followed by a discussion of various approximation schemes to close the resulting integral equation, including the Percus-Yevick approximation. The next topic will be the two-point cluster function C 2(r). First we will present an exact series representation of C 2(r) for dispersions and then discuss its analytical evaluation for certain models. The chapter will conclude with a presentation of percolation thresholds for overlapping sphere systems, overlapping particles of nonspherical shape, and interacting particle systems. The reader is referred to Meester and Roy (1996) for a more mathematical treatment of continuum percolation.
Primitive Australian Mammals

Monotremata is the first or most primitive order of living mammals. They are found in the Australian area. The two major species are: Ornithorhynchus anatinus,the duck-billed platypus, and Tachyglossus aculeatus, the echidna or spiny anteater. Both lay one to three eggs with large yolks and soft shells. When the young hatch, they cling to the mother’s abdomen and lap up the milk that aexudes from primitive teats. The echidna is covered with spiny, scruffy hair and has a long beak suited to catching ants and termites. They are thought to have arisen about 100 mya from basic mammalian stock or a small mammal-like reptile.
Performance Comparison of Extended Kalman Filter and Unscented Kalman Filter for the Control Moment Gyroscope Inverted Pendulum

This paper investigates the problem of nonlinear state estimation for control moment gyroscope (CMG) inverted pendulum. The dynamics of CMG inverted pendulum result into stiff nonlinearities and are included here. Both Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) algorithms are utilized for state estimation to investigate their effectiveness. The computer simulations are included for comparison of the two algorithms. There are inherent difficulties in state estimation for systems with stiff nonlinearities. In this research, the results show that EKF performs far better than UKF in most cases for this system. However, this is an attempt to explore the nonlinear estimation problem for this challenging system.
Assessing Psychopathy Among Male and Female Alcoholic Offenders: Gender Specific Treatment Considerations

Alcohol dependence continues to be an escalating problem among the U.S. male and female criminal offender population, many of whom carry a concurrent diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (psychopathy). Accurate diagnosis of psychopathy is a difficult task among alcoholic offenders because of their antisocial behavior while intoxicated. In this study, 128 male and female alcoholic offenders were assessed for psychopathy using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised diagnostic instrument. Results show significant differences between the psychopathic (n = 26) and nonpsychopathic (n = 102) groups which have implications for applying gender specific interventions to generic substance abuse treatment programs. Female psychopathic alcoholic offenders would benefit from interventions aimed at: violence prevention, vocational training, safe sex education, emotional abuse, and escape risks. Male psychopathic alcoholic offenders would benefit from interventions aimed at: relapse prevention, sexual abuse, violence prevention, parole failures, and escape risks.
Wideband directions of arrival estimation of chirp sources using compressive sensing

Classical Directions of Arrival (DoA) algorithms estimate the time delays associated with the signal received at an array of sensors through phase information. Most existing wideband algorithms decompose the signals received by an antenna array into multiple narrowband frequencies, and then the wideband DOAs are estimated by coherent or incoherent combination of signal and noise subspace information at multiple source frequencies. A novel algorithm for finding the direction of arrival (DoA) for wide-band chirp sources is introduced in this study, where frequency shift rather than phase shift is utilized to estimate the signal time delays between sensors, eliminating many limitations due to phase ambiguity like spatial sampling, leading to finer angular resolution between multiple sources. The proposed algorithm processes the data using Discrete Chirp Fourier Transform (DCFT) that invokes the exact chirp model in the signal leading to more precise estimates compared to general wideband DoA methods that do not exploit the chirp model. Use of Compressed Sensing (CS) enables exploitation of the sparsity in the DCFT-domain data for highly accurate DoA estimation. Reduced number of measurements are required for CS optimization processing by making use of the sparsity of the DCFT coefficients. The proposed approach eliminates the need for correlation, iterations, and time-frequency analysis needed by many classical chirp signal parameter estimation algorithms. Theoretical derivation is given and simulation results of the new algorithm for single and multiple wide-band chirp sources show significant performance enhancement even in highly noisy environment.
Degradation of surfactant lipids and surfactant protein A by alveolar macrophages in vitro

Pulmonary surfactant is synthesized and secreted into the airspaces by the alveolar type II cell. After it is secreted, surfactant undergoes a series of poorly understood transformations resulting in formation of a surface tension-reducing surface at the air-liquid interface. The by-products of the surface film and/or other products of surfactant metabolism are eventually cleared from the alveolar space. Both the alveolar type II cell and the macrophage are thought to be involved in surfactant clearance and have been shown to internalize surfactant lipid in vitro. The goal of the current investigation was to characterize further and to quantitate the role of the macrophage in surfactant clearance by investigating the uptake and metabolism of surfactant lipids and surfactant protein A (SP-A) by macrophages in vitro. SP-A enhanced the uptake of lipids by macrophages in a time-, temperature-, and concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, neither of the collagen-like proteins SP-D or C1q enhanced the uptake. Phosphatidylcholine was rapidly degraded by macrophages and the degradation occurred both in the presence and absence of SP-A. In addition, macrophages degrade SP-A by a process that is time- and temperature-dependent. These results and calculations of uptake and degradation rates suggest that macrophages may contribute significantly to the process of surfactant clearance.
Pharmacology of Opioid Drugs

Extracts of the opium poppy have been used for the relief of pain since antiquity. The active principle, morphine, continues to this day to be one of the most effective ways of alleviating moderate and severe pain. It is also one of the most addicting drugs known to man. This chapter describes the history of research on opium and the pharmacologic properties of morphine and related drugs. It briefly summarizes critical studies in the development of current knowledge of their antinociceptive actions; their effects on arousal, respiration, locomotor activity, and behavioral reinforcement; endocrine effects; and actions on peripheral tissues including the gastrointestinal tract, the genital tract, and the heart and circulatory system. The last section provides an overview of the absorption, metabolism, and distribution of morphine and other major opiate drugs.
Scale-Out vs Scale-Up: A Study of ARM-based SoCs on Server-Class Workloads

ARM 64-bit processing has generated enthusiasm to develop ARM-based servers that are targeted for both data centers and supercomputers. In addition to the server-class components and hardware advancements, the ARM software environment has grown substantially over the past decade. Major development ecosystems and libraries have been ported and optimized to run on ARM, making ARM suitable for server-class workloads. There are two trends in available ARM SoCs: mobile-class ARM SoCs that rely on the heterogeneous integration of a mix of CPU cores, GPGPU streaming multiprocessors (SMs), and other accelerators, and the server-class SoCs that instead rely on integrating a larger number of CPU cores with no GPGPU support and a number of IO accelerators. For scaling the number of processing cores, there are two different paradigms: mobile-class SoCs that use scale-out architecture in the form of a cluster of simpler systems connected over a network, and server-class ARM SoCs that use the scale-up solution and leverage symmetric multiprocessing to pack a large number of cores on the chip. In this article, we present ScaleSoC cluster, which is a scale-out solution based on mobile class ARM SoCs. ScaleSoC leverages fast network connectivity and GPGPU acceleration to improve performance and energy efficiency compared to previous ARM scale-out clusters. We consider a wide range of modern server-class parallel workloads to study both scaling paradigms, including latency-sensitive transactional workloads, MPI-based CPU and GPGPU-accelerated scientific applications, and emerging artificial intelligence workloads. We study the performance and energy efficiency of ScaleSoC compared to server-class ARM SoCs and discrete GPGPUs in depth. We quantify the network overhead on the performance of ScaleSoC and show that packing a large number of ARM cores on a single chip does not necessarily guarantee better performance, due to the fact that shared resources, such as last-level cache, become performance bottlenecks. We characterize the GPGPU accelerated workloads and demonstrate that for applications that can leverage the better CPU-GPGPU balance of the ScaleSoC cluster, performance and energy efficiency improve compared to discrete GPGPUs.
Atomic-level based non-ionizing energy loss: an application to GaAs and GaN semiconductor materials

Large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, along with bond-order interatomic potentials, have been employed to study defect production, clustering and their evolution within high energy displacement cascades in semiconductors. Based on the MD results, the damage density within a cascade core is evaluated, and used to describe a new energy partition function. In addition, we have further developed a model to determine the non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL) for semiconductors, which can be used to predict the displacement damage degradation induced by space radiation on electronic components. The atomic-level based NIEL model has been applied to GaAs and GaN. At low energies, the most surviving defects are single interstitials and vacancies, and only 20% of the interstitial population is contained in clusters in GaAs, but a direct-impact amorphization in GaAs occurs with a high degree of probability during the cascade lifetime for Ga PKAs (primary knock-on atoms) with energies higher than 2 keV. However, a large number of atoms will be displaced during the collisional phase with a compacted cascade volume in GaN, and consequently, a great number of displaced atoms recombine significantly with vacancies at the same time, i.e., a pseudo-metallic behavior (PMB). This leads to the result that the majority of surviving defects are just single interstitials or vacancies for all recoil energies considered with only a small number of defects forming clusters. The total number of defects simulated in GaN can be very well predicted by the simplied Norgett, Robison and Torrens (NRT) formula due to the PMB, in contrast to GaAs where the defect number becomes much larger than the NRT value. The calculated NIEL in GaN is often found smaller than that predicted by a model based on the simple Kinchin-Pease formula. The comparisons of defect creation, density and effective NIEL in GaN to those of GaAs suggest that GaN may be much more resistant to displacement damage than GaAs, and therefore, very suitable for use in high-power space-energy systems and space-probe applications.
PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF NON-ISCHEMIC FFR (>0.80) IN LAD VERSUS NON-LAD LESIONS

Revascularization or deferral of PCI based on coronary hemodynamics is paramount in left anterior descending artery (LAD) lesions. A recent post hoc analysis from a randomized study has suggested non-hyperemic pressure ratio (NHPR) based deferral may be associated with lower one year event rates
Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorder in High-Risk Younger Siblings.

Objective Most autism spectrum disorder (ASD) screening measures have been developed for use with low-risk (LR) children; however, measures may perform differently in high-risk (HR) younger sibling populations. The current study sought to investigate the performance of an ASD screening measure, the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised with Follow-Up (M-CHAT-R/F), in a sample of HR younger siblings and directly compared its performance with that in an LR sample. Methods High-risk younger siblings (n = 187) and LR children (n = 15,848) were screened using the M-CHAT-R/F. Screen-positive children completed comprehensive evaluations. The M-CHAT-R/F psychometric properties and clinical characteristics were compared across the samples. Results The M-CHAT-R/F demonstrated a significantly higher screen-positive rate and ASD detection rate in the HR sample compared with the LR sample. Children with ASD in the HR sample had stronger verbal, nonverbal, and overall cognitive abilities compared with children with ASD in the LR sample despite comparable ASD severity and adaptive functioning. High positive predictive value of the M-CHAT-R at initial screen, with only incremental change after Follow-Up, suggests that Follow-Up is less critical in HR than LR samples. A significantly lower number of changed responses during Follow-Up further supports improved reporting accuracy of parents with ASD experience compared with parents less familiar with ASD. Conclusion The findings suggest that the M-CHAT-R/F can distinguish between ASD and non-ASD at 18 to 24 months in an HR sibling sample, with performance comparable with or better than its performance in the general population.
Operative Surgical Oncology in the Elderly: Epidemiology, Opportunity, Outcome, and Ethical Issues

With the expected rise in the geriatric patient population, delivery of healthcare for elderly patients will require more resources in the next several decades. The development of cancer is more common in the geriatric population since two-thirds of cancers are typically discovered in the elderly. The elderly often have associated medical comorbidities. Treatment of the geriatric patient population will encompass more personalized approaches based on their functional status. Surgical management of elderly cancer patients is complex. Not only does it require incorporation of multimodality care, the treating physician needs to balance risks and benefits from options available due to patient medical comorbidities leading to posttreatment debilitation and side effect profiles. Furthermore, there are also insufficient studies in the elderly population in terms of long-term oncologic follow-up as many studies frequently exclude the elderly in their study designs. With the development of newer modalities of treatment such as ablative procedures, minimally invasive approaches, and immunotherapy, the selection of treatment methods will need to balance optimal oncologic outcome with expected patient survival.
Food Assistance Deserts in Central Florida: Identifying Service Gaps Using Spatial Analysis:

Food assistance works to relieve food insecurity, a persistent problem in the United States disproportionately affecting marginalized communities. In this study, we take a closer look at geographic...
Geography of World Hop Production 1990–2019

Described in the article is the territorial distribution of the area of cultivated hops and hop production by the countries of the world, including the development and the grounds for their distrib...
115 Development of a statewide educational program for the Ohio 4-H horse program

Across the US, 4-H members enrolled in market livestock projects are required to participate in educational Quality Assurance (QA) programs which provide information on animal care, management, and safety. However, few 4-H programs have similar requirements for youth enrolled in horse projects. Without a QA or similar educational requirement, members may not receive appropriate project information, potentially decreasing the educational value of their experiences. The objectives of this study were to utilize stakeholder input to evaluate the need for a statewide educational program, identify important educational topics, and develop a standardized educational program to meet this need. An electronic survey was distributed to county 4-H educators and horse club advisors (n = 109) to evaluate the content and delivery method of information provided to members. Respondents represented 61 of 88 Ohio counties (69.3%). Only 53% of the respondents noted a requirement for annual in-person educational programming. Among counties represented by multiple respondents, 54% demonstrated conflicting responses to the same survey question. This inconsistency in programming across and within counties indicated a need for a statewide educational program. Survey participants were also asked to rank several educational topics in order of their importance. Simple statistics (mean ± SD) and consensus (A) analysis identified safety (1.48 ± 1.07; A = 0.73), handling (3.56 ± 1.64; A = 0.60), nutrition (4.27 ± 1.32; A = 0.60), and healthcare (4.27 ± 1.32; A = 0.67) as the most important topics for members. These topics were refined and included in a subsequent survey distributed to horse club advisors and parents (n = 188). Topics with a minimum rating of 4.5 and consensus (A) value of 0.60 were included in the new Equine Safety Training and Educational Program (EquiSTEP). The curriculum was presented to Ohio 4-H horse advisors (n = 157) for evaluation. Statements evaluating the program's effectiveness produced an average rating of ≥4.5 with a group consensus of A ≥0.60. Value statements produced an average rating of ≥4.0 with a group consensus of A ≥0.60. The program was made available to Ohio 4-H members as an optional curriculum in 2020. To date, 950 individuals have enrolled in EquiSTEP with 434 participants completing an optional 10-question summative assessment, scoring an average of 94%. EquiSTEP will become an annual requirement for all Ohio 4-H horse club members in 2023. This novel program can serve as a model for other 4-H equine programs without a QA component to provide consistency in curriculum for members, thus promoting youth success.
Conformal Wavefunctions for Graviton Amplitudes

The extended-BMS algebra of asymptotically flat spacetime contains an SO(3,1) subgroup that acts by conformal transformations on the celestial sphere. It is of interest to study the representations of this subgroup associated with gravitons. To reduce the equation of motion to a Schrodinger-like equation it is necessary to impose a non-covariant gauge condition. Using these solutions, leading-order gauge invariant Weyl scalars are then computed and decomposed into families of unitary principal series representations. An invertible holographic mapping is constructed between these unitary principal series operators and massless spin-2 perturbations of flat spacetime.
When disaster management agencies create disaster risk: a case study of the US's Federal Emergency Management Agency

Purpose Disaster management agencies are mandated to reduce risk for the populations that they serve. Yet, inequities in how they function may result in their activities creating disaster risk, particularly for already vulnerable and marginalized populations. In this article, how disaster management agencies create disaster risk for vulnerable and marginalized groups is examined, seeking to show the ways existing policies affect communities, and provide recommendations on policy and future research. Design/methodology/approach The authors undertook a systematic review of the US disaster management agency, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), examining its programs through a lens of equity to understand how they shape disaster risk. Findings Despite a growing commitment to equity within FEMA, procedural, distributive, and contextual inequities result in interventions that perpetuate and amplify disaster risk for vulnerable and marginalized populations. Some of these inequities could be remediated by shifting toward a more bottom-up approach to disaster management, such as community-based disaster risk reduction approaches. Practical implications Disaster management agencies and other organizations can use the results of this study to better understand how to devise interventions in ways that limit risk creation for vulnerable populations, including through community-based approaches. Originality/value This study is the first to examine disaster risk creation from an organizational perspective, and the first to focus explicitly on how disaster management agencies can shape risk creation. This helps understand the linkages between disaster risk creation, equity and organizations.
ES-Based Jacobian Enables Faster Bilevel Optimization

Bilevel optimization (BO) has arisen as a powerful tool for solving many modern machine learning problems. However, due to the nested structure of BO, existing gradient-based methods require second-order derivative approximations via Jacobian- or/and Hessian-vector computations, which can be very costly in practice, especially with large neural network models. In this work, we propose a novel BO algorithm, which adopts Evolution Strategies (ES) based method to approximate the response Jacobian matrix in the hypergradient of BO, and hence fully eliminates all second-order computations. We call our algorithm as ESJ (which stands for the ES-based Jacobian method) and further extend it to the stochastic setting as ESJ-S. Theoretically, we characterize the convergence guarantee and computational complexity for our algorithms. Experimentally, we demonstrate the superiority of our proposed algorithms compared to the state of the art methods on various bilevel problems. Particularly, in our experiment in the few-shot meta-learning problem, we meta-learn the twelve millions parameters of a ResNet-12 network over the miniImageNet dataset, which evidently demonstrates the scalability of our ES-based bilevel approach and its feasibility in the large-scale setting.
Trusting What You're Told: How Children Learn from Others

If children were little scientists who learn best through firsthand observations and mini-experiments, as conventional wisdom holds, how would a child discover that the earth is round - never mind conceive of heaven as a place someone might go after death? Overturning both cognitive and commonplace theories about how children learn, "Trusting What You're Told" begins by reminding us of a basic truth: Most of what we know we learned from others. Children recognize early on that other people are an excellent source of information. And so they ask questions. But youngsters are also remarkably discriminating as they weigh the responses they elicit. And how much they trust what they are told has a lot to do with their assessment of its source. "Trusting What You're Told" opens a window into the moral reasoning of elementary school vegetarians, the preschooler's ability to distinguish historical narrative from fiction, and the six-year-old's nuanced stance toward magic: skeptical, while still open to miracles. Paul Harris shares striking cross-cultural findings, too, such as that children in religious communities in rural Central America resemble Bostonian children in being more confident about the existence of germs and oxygen than they are about souls and God. We are biologically designed to learn from one another, Harris demonstrates, and this greediness for explanation marks a key difference between human beings and our primate cousins. Even Kanzi, a genius among bonobos, never uses his keyboard to ask for information: he only asks for treats.
Keynesian Business Cycles

Business cycles were a central feature of capitalist economies long before the coining of the word “macroeconomics.” Available evidence suggests that many countries experienced a succession of recessions during the reign of laissez faire in the nineteenth century. Some historians focus on external shocks; and booms and recessions have certainly associated with shocks such as wars, or oil price rises. Some economists believe that the term “cycle” is a misnomer, that these events would be more accurately described as economywide manifestations of external shocks to a fundamentally stable equilibrium. At the other extreme is the view that there is something about the recurring booms and busts which is endogenous, or inherent, in the market economy. Many have noticed cyclical dynamics in the historical record. As illustrated by Fig. 7.1, counterclockwise cyclical trajectories are evident in the postwar US economy. But with so few points it is hard to distinguish the equilibrium with shocks hypothesis from endogenous cycles
Regulation of Cardiopharyngeal Fate Specification in a Simple Chordate

In vertebrates, the pharyngeal subset of head muscles shares a common clonal origin with cardiomyocytes in early embryos. The ascidian Ciona intestinalis offers an opportunity to study cardiopharyngeal fate specification with cellular resolution in a simple chordate model. In embryos, bipotent cardiopharyngeal progenitors undergo asymmetric cell divisions to produce first and second heart precursors and pharyngeal muscle precursors following a stereotyped clonal pattern. Targeted perturbations, Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS), transcriptome profiling and fluorescent in situ hybridization showed that multipotent cardiopharyngeal progenitors express a mixture of early cardiac and pharyngeal muscle regulators. This multilineage transcriptional priming is resolved through regulatory cross-antagonisms, whereby Tbx1/10 inhibits Gata4/5/6 and heart specification in the pharyngeal muscle precursors, thus promoting Ebf expression and muscle fate specification; while, in the heart precursors, Nk4/Nkx2-5 ...
A high performance 0.35 /spl mu/m 3.3 V BiCMOS technology optimized for product porting from a 0.6 /spl mu/m 3.3 V BiCMOS technology

A 0.35 /spl mu/m logic technology has been developed with high performance transistors and four layers of planarized metal interconnect. A 2.5 V version offers lower power and higher performance. A 3.3 V BiCMOS version has been optimized for compatibility with previous designs implemented in a 0.6 /spl mu/m 3.3 V BiCMOS process. The design process for converting an existing production worthy 0.6 /spl mu/m 3.3 V BiCMOS design is described. The silicon results are described.
Postnatal Pancreas of Mice Contains Tripotent Progenitors Capable of Giving Rise to Duct, Acinar, and Endocrine Cells In Vitro.

Postnatal pancreas is a potential source for progenitor cells to generate endocrine β-cells for treating type 1 diabetes. However, it remains unclear whether young (1-week-old) pancreas harbors multipotent progenitors capable of differentiating into duct, acinar, and endocrine cells. Laminin is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein important for β-cells' survival and function. We established an artificial extracellular matrix (aECM) protein that contains the functional IKVAV (Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val) sequence derived from laminin (designated aECM-lam). Whether IKVAV is necessary for endocrine differentiation in vitro is unknown. To answer these questions, we cultured single cells from 1-week-old pancreas in semi-solid media supplemented with aECM-lam, aECM-scr (which contains a scrambled sequence instead of IKVAV), or Matrigel. We found that colonies were generated in all materials. Individual colonies were examined by microfluidic reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunostaining, and electron microscopy analyses. The majority of the colonies expressed markers for endocrine, acinar, and ductal lineages, demonstrating tri-lineage potential of individual colony-forming progenitors. Colonies grown in aECM-lam expressed higher levels of endocrine markers Insulin1, Insulin2, and Glucagon compared with those grown in aECM-scr and Matrigel, indicating that the IKVAV sequence enhances endocrine differentiation. In contrast, Matrigel was inhibitory for endocrine gene expression. Colonies grown in aECM-lam displayed the hallmarks of functional β-cells: mature insulin granules and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Colony-forming progenitors were enriched in the CD133^(high) fraction and among 230 micro-manipulated single CD133^(high) cells, four gave rise to colonies that expressed tri-lineage markers. We conclude that young postnatal pancreas contains multipotent progenitor cells and that aECM-lam promotes differentiation of β-like cells in vitro.
Now That You Are a Professional in the Classroom, What Do You Need to Know?

Abstract This article provides pre- and new in-service teachers, cooperating teachers, mentors, and student teacher supervisors with some suggestions to make beginning teaching easier and more productive. It also helps teachers feel less overwhelmed by the demands of a new career.
Customer Satisfaction, Competition, and Firm Performance: An Empirical Investigation

We conduct two empirical studies to test two hypotheses: (1) rivals' customer satisfaction increases a firm's own customer satisfaction; and (2) rivals' customer satisfaction reduces a firm's sales. Study One uses a panel dataset of annual store-level customer satisfaction data from a supermarket chain for the periods 1998–2001. Study Two considers a range of industries by using a panel dataset of brand-level customer satisfaction ratings from the American Customer Satisfaction Index spanning the periods 1994–2003. Results from both studies provide support for our hypotheses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties of Deoxyribonuclease III from Mammalian Tissues

A DNA exonuclease, DNase III, has been purified 680-fold from normal rabbit bone marrow. The enzyme has a pH optimum at 8.5, requires Mg++ or Mn++ as a cofactor, and has a molecular weight of 52,000 ± 5,000. It hydrolyzes denatured DNA four times more rapidly than native DNA with no apparent base specificity, but it does not attack RNA. DNA is degraded from the 3′ end with the release of 5′-mononucleotides and dinucleotides. DNase III is localized in the cell nucleus, and it appears to be the predominant DNA exonuclease in many different mammalian tissues.
Spin excitations in BaFe 1.84 Co 0.16 As 2 superconductor observed by inelastic neutron scattering

Superconductivity appears to compete against the spin-density wave in Fe pnictides. However, optimally cobalt-doped samples show a quasi-two-dimensional spin excitation centered at the (0.5, 0.5, $L$) wave vector, ``the spin-resonance peak,'' which is strongly tied to the onset of superconductivity. By inelastic neutron scattering on single crystals we show the similarities and differences of the spin excitations in ${\text{BaFe}}_{1.84}{\text{Co}}_{0.16}{\text{As}}_{2}$ with respect to the spin excitations in the high-temperature superconducting cuprates. As in the cuprates, the resonance occurs as an enhancement to a part of the spin-excitation spectrum, which extends to higher-energy transfer and higher temperature. However, unlike in the cuprates, the resonance peak in this compound is asymmetric in energy.
Indium Tin Oxide Film Characterization at 0.1–20 GHz Using Coaxial Probe Method

Indium tin oxide (ITO) is one of the most commonly used optically transparent conductors in applications, such as electro-optic antennas, displays, and optical coatings. However, their RF frequency-dependent electrical properties have not been reported in the literature. In this paper, we present measurements of the electrical properties (permittivity and conductivity) of ITO films in the 0.1–20-GHz frequency range. Measurements were carried out using an in-house open-ended coaxial probe technique employing a one-port reflection coefficient. As usual, calibration and numerical post-processing is needed to extract the electrical properties of the ITO film placed on a 0.5-mm-thick Eagle glass. The measured conductivity was on the order of $10^{5}$ throughout the frequency range, and the real and imaginary parts of the permittivity were on the order of $10^{6}$ at lower frequencies and $10^{5}$ at higher frequencies.
Locking plate fixation of periprosthetic femur fractures with and without cerclage wires

Objective The number of patients requiring knee and hip arthroplasty has been steadily increasing, and periprosthetic fractures are on the rise. Locking plates are the most common treatment for periprosthetic fractures, but the use of cerclage wires with locking plate fixation has been controversial. Methods Forty-seven patients with periprosthetic femur fractures were reviewed retrospectively. Twenty-four patients received locking plate alone and twenty-three patients were treated with locking plate and cerclage wires. Patients were evaluated for clinical and radiographic signs of union at two, six, twelve, twenty-four, and forty-eight weeks postoperatively. Results The average follow-up time in the plate group was 9.4 ± 6.7 months, while it was 6.0 ± 4.2 months in the cerclage wire group. The time to union in the cerclage wire group (3.6 ± 1.0 months) was significantly less than the plate group (4.8 ± 2.6 months). The group with the cerclage wires had a significantly lower revision rate of 0% compared to 20.8%. There was no statistical significance of union rate and complication rate between the two groups. Conclusion Cerclage wires used with locking plate fixation successfully treats periprosthetic fractures of the femur with faster time to union, less complication, and fewer revisions.
Teaching Students to Write Book Reviews

This teaching note argues that one value associated with preparing book reviews for publication is the increased capacity to develop this skill in undergraduate and MSW-level social work students. A book review assignment is presented that has been effective in developing student authors. After graduation, student authors ( N = 21) agreed that acceptance for publication improved their self-confidence, increased attention to their studies, and enhanced their practice.
Electro-optic studies of single-crystal films of 4'-N,N-dimethylamino-4-N-methylstilbazollum tosylate (DAST)

Summary form only given. Organic crystals exhibit very large optical nonlinearities. This originates from the large hyperpolarizabilities of the individual molecules. The very high values of SHG efficiency (1000 times that of urea powder) and electro-optic coefficients of DAST makes it potentially useful for many applications in electro-optics. This has generated a genuine interest in the thin-film crystal growth of DAST.
Evaporation of dew

Abstract Portions of a corn crop were wetted to simulate dewfall. The evaporation from the wetted and unwetted areas was measured simultaneously with a pair of accurate weighing lysimeters. The rate of evaporation from the wetted crop was at least twice that from the unwetted. Thus, while transpiration losses are reduced when dew is evaporating, dewfall does not save an equivalent amount of water loss from a crop surface.