cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining Rural-Urban Obesity Trends among Youth in the U.S.: Testing the Socioeconomic Gradient Hypothesis

Adolescent obesity has increased three-fold in the U.S. during the last three decades. While this trend is well-known, relatively little is known about differences in obesity across the rural-urban continuum. This research addresses that gap by testing for such a relationship across time while accounting for variations in familial socioeconomic status. Using 1986-2004 Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey data, we estimate recent trends in rural-urban body weight, also testing for potential differences among the rural, small town, and urban high school seniors along socioeconomic gradients. Statistically significant differences disfavoring rural high school seniors in their BMI, their risk for the onset of obesity, and obesity itself over the past decade are identified, with significant interactions between demographics and parental education levels driving the largest disparities. These findings are rich and speak directly to the allocation of public health resources aimed at addressing issues associated with the adolescent obesity epidemic.
Introduction to The Agnostic Age: Law, Religion, and the Constitution

This is the introductory chapter of my forthcoming book, The Agnostic Age: Law, Religion, and the Constitution (Oxford University Press 2011). The book argues, in short, that questions of church-state conflict, and more broadly of the relationship between religion and liberal democracy, are inseparable from questions of religious truth, and that the effort to avoid these very questions has led to much of the common dissatisfaction with the theory and doctrine of law and religion. I argue for an approach to the question of law and religion that I call "constitutional agnosticism," one that owes a good deal to a particular brand of agnosticism that is especially well-suited to what Charles Taylor has called our "secular age," and I call our "agnostic age." I use this approach to examine, reform, and hopefully provide a stronger justification for the approach of judges, public officials, and citizens to the vexing questions of church-state relations; but I also argue that even this approach cannot fully reconcile the tensions that are inherent in the relationship between religion and liberal democracy, and that the best we can hope for may be a more candid and thoughtful accounting of the interests on both sides. The introduction sets out the basic argument of the book and provides a roadmap to the ensuing discussion.
The Old English Version of Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica

"The first full-length study of the Old English version of Bede's masterwork, dealing with one of the most important texts to survive from Anglo-Saxon England. The subjects treated range from a detailed analysis of the manuscripts and the medieval use of them to a very satisfying conclusion that summarizes all the major issues related to the work, giving a compelling summary of the value and importance of this independent creation. Dr Rowley convincingly argues that the Old English version is not an inferior imitation of Bede's work, but represents an intelligent reworking of the text for a later generation. An exhaustive study and a major scholarly contribution." GEORGE HARDIN BROWN, Professor of English emeritus, Stanford University. The Old English version of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis anglorum is one of the earliest and most substantial surviving works of Old English prose. Translated anonymously around the end of the ninth or beginning of the tenth century, the text, which is substantially shorter than Bede's original, was well known and actively used in medieval England, and was highly influential. However, despite its importance, it has been little studied. In this first book on the subject, the author places the work in its manuscript context, arguing that the text was an independent, ecclesiastical translation, thoughtfully revised for its new audience. Rather than looking back on the age of Bede from the perspective of a king centralizing power and building a community by recalling a glorious English past, the Old English version of Bede's Historia transforms its source to focus on local history, key Anglo-Saxon saints, and their miracles. The author argues that its reading reflects an ecclesiastical setting more than a political one, with uses more hagiographical than royal; and that rather than being used as a class-book or crib, it functioned as a resource for vernacular preaching, as a corpus of vernacular saints' lives, for oral performance, and episcopal authority. Sharon M. Rowley is Associate Professor of English at Christopher Newport University.
Silence and Listening as Rhetorical Arts, Cheryl Glenn and Krista Ratcliffe, eds.

In Unspoken: A Rhetoric of Silence, Cheryl Glenn (re)introduced the art of silence, and in Rhetorical Listening: Identification, Gender, Whiteness, Krista Ratcliffe (re)introduced the art of listen...
Error Theory and the Concept of Morality

Error theories about morality often take as their starting point the supposed queerness of morality, and those resisting these arguments often try to argue by analogy that morality is no more queer than other unproblematic subject matters. Here, error theory (as exemplified primarily by the work of Richard Joyce) is resisted first by arguing that it assumes a common, modern, and peculiarly social conception of morality. Then error theorists point out that the social nature of morality requires one to act against one's self-interest while insisting on the categorical, inescapable, or overriding status of moral considerations: they argue that morality requires magic, then (rightly) claim that there is no such thing as magic. An alternate eudaimonist conception of morality is introduced which itself has an older provenance than the social point of view, dating to the ancient Greeks. Eudaimonism answers to the normative requirements of morality, yet does not require magic. Thus, the initial motivation for error theory is removed.
The Central Object of the 30-DORADUS Nebula - a Supermassive Star

The 30 Doradus nebula is the brightest H II region in the local group. Radio continuum and Radio recombination line observations indicate that it is photoionized by the equivalent of ~100 05 stars. Observations of the central object R136 made at low and high spectral resolution with the IUE reveal a peculiar hot object with a massive stellar wind. An outflow speed of 3500 kilometers per second and a temperature of approximately 60,000 K are indicated by the spectra. The bulk of the observed ultraviolet radiation must come from R136a, the brightest and bluest component of R136. Its absolute visual magnitude and observed temperature imply a luminosity about 108 times that of the sun. Most of the ionizations produced in 30 Doradus are provided by this peculiar object. If R136a is a dense cluster of very hot stars, about 30 stars of classes 03 and WN3 exist in a region estimated to have a diameter of less than 0.1 parsec. This is inconsistent with the ultraviolet line spectrum and the evidence for optical variability. An alternative interpretation of the observations is that the radiation from R136a is dominated by a single super-luminous object with the following approximate properties: luminosity and temperature as given above, a radius 100 times that of the sun, a mass 2500 times that of the sun, and a loss rate of 10−3.5 solar masses per year. Model interior calculations for hydrogen-burning stars are consistent with these parameters. Such stars, however, are expected to be unstable, and this may account for the massive stellar wind.
Measurements of streaming motions of the Galactic bar with red clump giants

We report a measurement of the streaming motion of the stars in the Galactic bar with the red clump giants (RCGs) using the data of the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment II (OGLE-II). We measure the proper motion of 46961 stars and divide RCGs into bright and faint subsamples that on average will be closer to the near and far sides of the bar, respectively. We find that the far-side RCGs (4979 stars) have a proper motion of Δ (μ) ∼1.5 ′ 0.11 mas yr - 1 toward the negative I relative to the near-side RCGs (3610 stars). This result can be explained by stars in the bar rotating around the Galactic Centre in the same direction as the Sun with ν b ∼ 100 kms - 1 . In the disc star (DS) and red giant (RG) samples, we do not find significant difference between bright and faint subsamples. For those samples Δ(μ) ∼ 0.3 ′ 0.14 mas yr - 1 and ∼0.03 ′0.14 mas yr- 1 , respectively. It is likely that the average proper motion of RG stars is the same as that of the Galactic Centre. The proper motion of DSs with respect to RGs is ∼ 3.3 mas yr - 1 toward positive l. This value is consistent with the expectations for a flat rotation curve and solar motion with respect to local standard of rest. RGs have proper motion approximately equal to the average of bright and faint RCGs, which implies that they are on average near the centre of the bar. This pilot project demonstrates that OGLE-II data may be used to study streaming motions of stars in the Galactic bar. We intend to extend this work to all 49 OGLE-II fields in the Galactic bulge region.
Dissociation of hippocampal and striatal contributions to spatial navigation in the water maze

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of fornix/fimbria and caudate-putamen lesions in Long-Evans hooded rats (Rattus norvegicus) trained on two water maze tasks that differed in the type of spatial localization required for optimum solution. In Experiment 1, the lesioned rats and surgical controls were trained on the standard place task in the water maze (Morris, 1981) and given two postacquisition tests (a platform removal probe and platform relocation test). In Experiment 2, rats with similar lesions and control rats were trained on a modified cue navigation task. Fornix/fimbria lesions impaired a late stage of place task acquisition but did not impair acquisition of the cue task. Caudate-putamen lesions resulted in a severe place acquisition impairment and a transient cue acquisition impairment, both of which were characterized by an initial tendency to swim near the wall of the pool. Post-hoc analyses of the direction and angles of departure from the start points suggested that rats with fornix/fimbria lesions used non-allocentric spatial strategies to solve the place task. These rats also demonstrated a significantly weakened spatial bias for the former training quadrant on the platform removal probe and reduced flexibility in navigating to a novel platform location on the platform relocation test. In contrast, rats with caudate-putamen lesions showed a significant spatial bias for the former training quadrant but failed to cross the exact location within the quadrant where the platform was formerly positioned. The results suggest that the hippocampus mediates the allocentric spatial component of the water maze place task while the dorsomedial striatum may play an important role in the acquisition of the procedural aspects of both place and cue versions of the task.
Remanent Magnetization of Modern Tidal Flat Sediments from San Francisco Bay, California

Samples from mud flats of the upper bare zone of San Francisco Bay, California, tidal flats possess remanent magnetization uniform in intensity and direction. The uniformity of magnetization and considerations of the stability of iron species in low Eh, low pS -- environments (reducing marine conditions) indicate that the remanent magnetization is not chemical remanent magnetization. The pervasiveness of bioturbation in the tidal flat setting, a lack of inclination errors, and the consistent north-directed magnetization acquired by experimentally slurried bay sediment (simulating bioturbation) suggest that the remanent magnetization is a postdetrital remanent magnetization related to bioturbation of wet tidal flat sediments.
Dry etching of CuCrO2 thin films

Abstract Highly conducting films of p -type CuCrO 2 are attractive as hole-injectors in oxide-based light emitters. In this paper, we report on the development of dry etch patterning of CuCrO 2 thin films. The only plasma chemistry that provided some chemical enhancement was Cl 2 /Ar under inductively coupled plasma conditions. Etch rates of ∼500 A min −1 were obtained at chuck voltages around −300 V and moderate source powers. In all cases, the etched surface morphologies were improved relative to un-etched control samples due to the smoothing effect of the physical component of the etching. The threshold ion energy for the onset of etching was determined to be 34 eV. Very low concentrations (≤1 at.%) of residual chlorine were detected on the etched surfaces but could be removed by simple water rinsing.
The least squares AMG Solver for the one-dimensional Helmholtz operator

The paper introduces a new adaptive method for solving the one-dimensional Helmholtz equation. It is implemented in algebraic multigrid framework and combines techniques from the wave-ray geometric solver and from the adaptive Bootstrap algebraic approach. The solver exhibits optimal efficiency for different, including discontinuous, wave numbers, as confirmed by numerical experiments. The approach is extendable, though not straightforwardly, to higher dimensions as briefly discussed in the concluding section.
Drawing a line in the sand: border/boundary theories and games

Game play, however brief, monopolizes a player's time, physical engagement, cognition, and even identity. How best to understand, describe and explain how people navigate between these worlds, cross social boundaries while maintaining a sense of identity? Border and Boundary theories seek to understand and explain the transitions between the interdependent domains of work and family. Boundary theory even admits the possibility of "third places" which suggests that these theories may be a useful analytical tool to study activities such as gaming, instant messaging or more broadly social networking. However, the work of select authors [Bateson 1972; Bogost 2006; Gee 2003; Goffman 1974; Jenkins 2004; Juul 2005; Salen & Zimmerman 2003; Suits 1990 etc.] suggest that border and boundaries theories as currently formulated are inadequate to explain the full dynamic of immersion in game play or engagement in social networking. This paper introduces some additional concepts listed as a Dictionary of Terms that may address some of the shortcomings of border and boundary theories, thereby providing greater analytical power to the consideration of gaming as a subset of what Thomas Vander Wal calls the "info cloud."
Constraint-driven bus matrix synthesis for MPSoC

Modern multi-processor system-on-chip (MPSoC) designs have high bandwidth constraints which must be satisfied by the underlying communication architecture. Bus matrix based communication architectures consist of several parallel buses which provide a suitable backbone to support high bandwidth systems, but suffer from high cost overhead due to extensive bus wiring inside the matrix. Manual traversal of the vast exploration space to synthesize a minimal cost bus matrix that also satisfies performance constraints is practically infeasible. In this paper, we address this problem by proposing an automated approach for synthesizing a bus matrix communication architecture which satisfies all performance constraints in the design and minimizes wire congestion in the matrix. To validate our approach, we consider several industrial strength applications from the networking domain and show that our approach results in up to 9/spl times/ component savings when compared to a full bus matrix and up to 3.2/spl times/ savings when compared to a maximally connected reduced bus matrix.
Nuclear-induced electrical conductivity in 3He

The results of a computational and experimental investigation of nuclear-induced electrical conductivity enhancement in 3He is discussed with application to magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) energy conversion. Calculations based on the standard model of interactions and conductivity in a gas of partially ionized 3He suggest a region of conditions not previously considered may provide significant conductivity enhancement. Specifically, at densities less than standard atmospheric density and neutron flux greater than 1×1012/cm2 s, conductivity greater than 10 mho/m may be achievable. These calculations also suggest conductivities of several hundred mho/m may be possible for an achievable range of conditions. Additionally, the calculations show that nuclear-induced conductivity is strongly density dependent and weakly temperature dependent. Therefore, higher flow velocities, and hence higher power densities than those typical in traditional MHD channels utilizing thermal ionization would be possible. Experiments wer...
Injectors of locally soluble FC-groups

For a Fitting setF of a locally soluble FC-group, the existence and local conjugacy ofF is established. In particular, the locally nilpotent injectors are described. Normally embedded subgroups of locally soluble FC-groups are characterized in terms of Fischer sets.
Antimicrobial activity and spectrum of ceftibuten (7432-S, SCH 39720)--a review of United States and Canadian results

Preliminary in vitro studies of ceftibuten in the United States and Canada have demonstrated a potent activity against enteric bacilli (greater than 90% of routine clinical isolates), Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria spp., most B-hemolytic streptocci, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Ceftibuten was demonstrated to be bactericidal, minimally influenced by high inocula, beta-lactamase stable, an inhibitor of type Ia beta-lactamase, and potentially usable against some Enterobacteriaceae strains capable of destroying other newer cephalosporins (ceftazidime and cefixime). In vitro test methods have been standardized, and preliminary quality control guidelines have been proposed for clinical trials. The ceftibuten spectrum seems best suited for therapy of urinary tract, respiratory, and genital tract infections as an alternative to older oral cephalosporins, recently marketed esters (cefuroxime axetil), and cefixime.
Near-real-time volcanic ash cloud detection: Experiences from the Alaska Volcano Observatory

Volcanic eruptions produce ash clouds, which are a major hazard to population centers and the aviation community. Within the North Pacific (NOPAC) region, there have been numerous volcanic ash clouds that have reached aviation routes. Others have closed airports and traveled for thousands of kilometers. Being able to detect these ash clouds and then provide an assessment of their potential movement is essential for hazard assessment and mitigation. Remote sensing satellite data, through the reverse absorption or split window method, is used to detect these volcanic ash clouds, with a negative signal produced from spectrally semi-transparent ash clouds. Single channel satellite is used to detect the early eruption spectrally opaque ash clouds. Volcanic Ash Transport and Dispersion (VATD) models are used to provide a forecast of the ash clouds' future location. The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) remote sensing ash detection system automatically analyzes satellite data of volcanic ash clouds, detecting new ash clouds and also providing alerts, both email and text, to those with AVO. However, there are also non-volcanic related features across the NOPAC region that can produce a negative signal. These can complicate alerts and warning of impending ash clouds. Discussions and examples are shown of these non-volcanic features and some analysis is provided on how these features can be discriminated from volcanic ash clouds. Finally, there is discussion on how information of the ash cloud such as location, particle size and concentrations, could be used as VATD model initialization. These model forecasts could then provide an improved assessment of the clouds' future movement.
Kant's Taxonomy of the Emotions

If there is to be any progress in the debate about what sort of positive moral status Kant can give the emotions, we need a taxonomy of the terms Kant uses for these concepts. It used to be thought that Kant had little room for emotions in his ethics. In the past three decades, Marcia Baron, Paul Guyer, Barbara Herman, Nancy Sherman, Allen Wood and others have argued otherwise. Contrary to what a cursory reading of the Groundwork may indicate, Kant thinks the emotions play an important role in the moral life. I want to extend the work of Baron, Guyer, Herman, Sherman and Wood in three ways. First, I will set out in a diagram Kant's taxonomy of feelings and emotions. Agreement on such a taxonomy should make it easier to evaluate debates about Kant and the emotions. Second, I will focus on a certain subclass of emotions – reason-caused affects – that have previously received little attention, even from these Kant scholars. Third, these scholars base much of their defence of Kant on his later works – especially the Metaphysics of Morals (1797) and the Anthropology (1798) – but Kant's fairly rich taxonomy of the emotions, including reason-caused affects, is clearly in place at least as early as the Critique of Judgment (1790). I believe that the Critique of Judgment is an importantly ignored resource for understanding the moral role of the emotions for Kant. The third Critique makes positive, philosophically interesting claims about the emotions and morality. Kant emphasizes certain roles for emotions in this work that he develops to the same extent nowhere else. Nevertheless, the Critique of Judgment goes all but unmentioned by many who write on these issues. In what follows, I will defend as many of my claims as possible using the third Critique.
Calculation of impact transition temperature of low density polyethylene from shift factor via a free volume approach

A relationship between the impact transition temperatureTi and the stress concentration factorKs is derived. The relationship involves the temperature shift factoraT; in turn,aT depends on the free volume. In earlier work in this problem Zewi and Corneliussen [6] utilized the W-L-F equation. Here a more direct relationship betweenaT and the free volume is applied. Satisfactory values ofKs corresponding to givenTi are obtained for a wide temperature range; the range also includes temperatures below the glass transition pointTg. The opinion that a free volume exists between 0 K andTg is upheld.
Prospective Exploratory Analysis of the Association Between Tumor Response, Quality of Life, and Expenditures Among Patients Receiving Paclitaxel Monotherapy for Refractory Metastatic Breast Cancer

PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the association between tumor response, change in quality of life (QoL), and hospital expenditures in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) receiving single-agent paclitaxel. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients had bidimensionally measurable MBC and any number of previous therapies, excluding taxane chemotherapy. Paclitaxel was administered by various different infusion schedules. QoL measures were evaluated for each patient at baseline and serially using the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS)-Global Distress Index (GDI) and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Breast (FACT-B) instruments. Patients were assessed for early (first 6 weeks) and ever changes in QoL parameters. Charges were monitored through the hospital’s centralized computer billing system and converted to cost ratios for the analysis. Correlations between response and improvement in QoL were assessed by Fisher’s exact test statistic. Associations between improvements in QoL with cost ra...
Association between factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T mutations and events of the arterial circulatory system: a meta-analysis of published studies.

Abstract Background The association between the inherited gene mutations of factor V, prothrombin, and homocysteine metabolism and venous thromboembolic events is accepted widely; however, their influence on the arterial circulatory system remains controversial. Methods We performed a MEDLINE search to identify published case-control and cohort studies correlating the factor V Leiden, prothrombin (PT) G20210A, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T (TT genotype) mutations with myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or peripheral vascular disease. Studies were included only when they adhered to specific diagnostic criteria for ischemic events and met the published methodological criteria. Odds ratios (ORs) with accompanying 95% CIs were calculated for each mutation and clinical end points with a random-effects model (DerSimonian and Laird method). Results The association between inherited gene mutations and arterial ischemic events was modest: factor V Leiden mutation (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.99–1.49), PT G20210A mutation (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.03–1.69), and MTHFR TT mutation (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.02–1.41). Subgroup analyses of younger patients ( Conclusions Genetic abnormalities specific to factor V, prothrombin ,and homocysteine metabolism increase the risk for myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, particularly among younger patients and women. Because the overall association is only modest, screening studies should be limited to carefully selected patient populations. The individual propensity for arterial and venous thrombosis is likely influenced by differing local mechanisms, systemic mechanisms, or both.
Presenting ADAMTS13 on a TTP-associated MHC.

In this issue of Blood , Sorvillo et al investigate possible molecular triggers leading to idiopathic, autoimmune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) by identifying naturally processed ADisintegrin And Metalloprotease with ThromboSpondin type 1 motif 13 (ADAMTS13)-derived peptides presented on human dendritic cells. 1
Relationship between nuclear and polysomal RNA populations of Achlya: a simple eucaryotic system

Abstract The relationship between hnRNA and mRNA in the water mold Achlya has been investigated in several ways. Analysis of the nuclear and polysomal poly(A) RNA by sucrose density gradient centrifugation under denaturing and nondenaturing conditions showed that the populations have indistinguishable size distributions. The number average sizes were calculated to be 1150 nucleotides for nuclear and 1140 nucleotides for polysomal poly(A) RNA. Selective inhibition of rRNA synthesis was used to investigate the size distribution of hnRNA without regard to poly(A) content. Very little hnRNA was observed which sedimented more rapidly than polysomal poly(A) RNA. Hybridization experiments in which an excess of nuclear DNA was reacted with H-poly(A) hnRNA or 3 H-poly(A) mRNA showed that both populations contain repetitive transcripts (9–10%) as well as single-copy transcripts (44%). Analysis of hybrids on hydroxyapatite in the presence of 8 M urea demonstrated that the poly(A) RNA complementary to repetitive DNA sequence components represented a population of molecules distinct from the population complementary to single-copy DNA. The complexity of whole cell, nuclear and polysomal RNA was determined by saturation hybridization to single-copy 3 H-DNA. All three populations were complementary to essentially the same fraction of the DNA. Terminal hybridization values were 3.84, 3.76 and 3.76% for whole cell, nuclear and polysomal RNA, respectively, representing a complexity of 2.1 × 10 6 nucleotides. These data suggest that the composition of the hnRNA and mRNA populations are essentially identical. No evidence for selective turnover of any sequence component or size class within the nucleus was observed.
Sinusoidal endothelial cell repopulation following ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat liver transplantation.

We evaluated the kinetics by which rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are repopulated in the reperfused transplanted liver after 18 hours of cold ischemic storage. We found that the majority of LSECs in livers cold-stored for 18 hours in University of Wisconsin solution are seriously compromised and often are retracted before transplantation. Sinusoids rapidly re-endothelialize within 48 hours of transplantation, and repopulation is coincident with up-regulation of hepatocyte vascular endothelial growth factor expression and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 expression on large vessel endothelial cells and repopulating LSECs. Although re-endothelialization occurs rapidly, we show here, using several high-resolution imaging techniques and 2 different rat liver transplantation models, that engraftment of bone marrow–derived cells into functioning LSECs is routinely between 1% and 5%. Conclusion: Bone marrow plays a measurable but surprisingly limited role in the rapid repopulation and functional engraftment of bone marrow–derived LSECs after cold ischemia and warm reperfusion. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Flow electrolysis at a porous tubular electrode with internal stirring

Abstract The design and characteristics of a porous tubular electrode in which effective mass transport is ensured by a stirrer rotating inside the tube are described. The electrode provides high analytical currents owing to the combination of the high surface area with high mass-transport rates. The dependence of the limiting current and the degree of conversion on stirring rate, flow rate, and electrode length are described. The completeness of the electrolytic process is as high as 100%. A new hydrodynamic modulation mode, based on measuring the current difference while switching the stirring on and off, is used to correct background contributions. Analytical utility of the cell is demonstrated by application to flow injection and continuous flow analyses. Caffeic acid, p-acetylaminophenol, dopamine, and hexacyanoferrate(II) were used as test systems to give detection limits at the nanomolar concentration level.
Maximal cardiac output during upright exercise: Approximate normal standards and variations with coronary heart disease☆

Abstract The observed normal ranges for age- and weight-adjusted maximal oxygen uptake and age-adjusted maximal heart rate measured during the Bruce protocol are shown for 99 normal sedentary men. On the basis of observations in 10 normal men, the relation between oxygen uptake and cardiac output (measured with the direct Fick principle) was used to estimate normal limits of maximal cardiac output and stroke volume for the 99 normal sedentary men. These normal standards were then used to evaluate the results of 77 studies in patients with coronary heart disease who had various clinical and angiographic findings and who performed symptom-limited upright exercise while cardiac output was measured using the direct Fick principle. Patients with angina and infarction showed the greatest impairment of age- and weight-adjusted maximal oxygen uptake and age-adjusted maximal cardiac output, maximal heart rate and maximal stroke volume when compared with patients with angina or healed infarction alone. Arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference at maximal exercise was comparable in the three groups. The surgical cohort (studled after aortocoronary vein bypass grafting) had significantly higher maximal heart rates. Patients with an ejection fraction of less than 50 percent had significantly impaired age-adjusted maximal cardiac output and stroke volume.
Interstrand dipole-dipole interactions can stabilize the collagen triple helix

The amino acid sequence of collagen is composed of GlyXaaYaa repeats. A prevailing paradigm maintains that stable collagen triple helices form when (2S)-proline (Pro) or Pro derivatives that prefer the Cγ-endo ring pucker are in the Xaa position and Pro derivatives that prefer the Cγ-exo ring pucker are in the Yaa position. Anomalously, an amino acid sequence in an invertebrate collagen has (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyproline (Hyp), a Cγ-exo-puckered Pro derivative, in the Xaa position. In certain contexts, triple helices with Hyp in the Xaa position are now known to be hyperstable. Most intriguingly, the sequence (GlyHypHyp)n forms a more stable triple helix than does the sequence (GlyProHyp)n. Competing theories exist for the physicochemical basis of the hyperstability of (GlyHypHyp)n triple helices. By synthesizing and analyzing triple helices with different Cγ-exo-puckered proline derivatives in the Xaa and Yaa positions, we conclude that interstrand dipole-dipole interactions are the primary determinant of their additional stability. These findings provide a new framework for understanding collagen stability.
The source of alluvium in large rivers of the lower coastal plain of North Carolina

Summary Despite high erosion rates in the North Carolina Piedmont and extensive sediment delivery to Coastal Plain reaches of Piedmont-draining streams, sediment budget studies and estuarine sedimentology suggest that relatively little Piedmont-derived sediment reaches the lower Coastal Plain. Dominant sources of alluvium in the lower Coastal Plain reaches of Piedmont-draining rivers were inferred from alluvial floodplain soils. Piedmont-derived alluvial soils are characterized by mixed mineralogy and presence of mica flakes. Alluvial soils derived from erosion of Coastal Plain uplands are characterized by siliceous mineralogy and an absence of mica flakes. The Coastal alluvial soils which occur in fluvial/estuarine transition zones being drowned by rising sea level are organic or buried organic soils. The distribution of these soils along the Tar and Neuse Rivers in the lower Coastal Plain shows almost complete domination of fluvial-estuarine transition zones by soils of the Coastal group, and by soils of the Coastal Plain and Coastal groups for 40 km or more inland of the upper estuaries. No soils of the Piedmont group were found in fluvial-estuarine transition zones or lowermost fluvial reaches. This suggests that the Piedmont is a relatively insignificant source of alluvium in the lower reaches of the rivers. The absence of Piedmont sediment in the lower Coastal Plain is attributed to extensive sediment storage upstream, dilution by Coastal Plain sediments, and Coastal Plain erosion rates which may be higher than was previously believed.
Site-Differentiated Hexanuclear Rhenium(III) Cyanide Clusters [Re6Se8(PEt3)n(CN)6-n]n-4 (n = 4, 5) and Kinetics of Solvate Ligand Exchange on the Cubic [Re6Se8]2+ Core

The site-differentiated, cyanide-substituted hexanuclear rhenium(III) selenide clusters cis- and trans-[Re6Se8(PEt3)4(CN)2] and [Re6Se8(PEt3)5(CN)]+ have been prepared from heterogeneous reactions of the corresponding iodo clusters with AgCN in refluxing chloroform. Isolated yields are 68%, 46%, and 64% for cis-[Re6Se8(PEt3)4(CN)2], trans-[Re6Se8(PEt3)4(CN)2], and [Re6Se8(PEt3)5(CN)]+, respectively. The new compounds are air- and water-stable and are characterized by X-ray diffraction crystallography, 31P NMR and IR spectroscopies, and FAB mass spectrometry. In related work, the solvent exchange rates of two site-differentiated monosolvate clusters, [Re6Se8(PEt3)5(MeCN)](SbF6)2 and [Re6Se8(PEt3)5(Me2SO)](SbF6)2, in neat solvents were measured by 1H NMR. These clusters are substitutionally inert; k ≈ 10-5−10-6 s-1 at 318 K. Activation parameters indicate a dissociative ligand exchange mechanism; ΔH⧧ values obtained from least-squares fitting of temperature-dependent kinetics data exceed RT by a factor of c...
Optimal Money Burning: Theory and Application to Corporate Dividends

We explore signaling behavior in settings with a discriminating activity and several costly nondiscriminating (“money-burning”) activities. Existing theory provides no basis for selecting one method of burning money over another. When senders have better information about activity costs than receivers, each sender's indifference is resolved, the taxation of a money-burning signal is potentially Pareto-improving, and the use of the taxed activity becomes more widespread as the tax rate rises. We apply this theory to dividend signaling. Its central testable implication—that an increase in the dividend tax increases the likelihood of dividend payout—is verified empirically.
Osseous metastases: drugs that enhance bone integrity and prevent adverse skeletal events

More than 400,000 cancer patients in the USA contend with bone metastases on an annual basis. These patients often suffer pain, a decline in quality of life, and a shortened survival. As a result, over the past several years, efforts to enhance bone integrity in patients with osseus metastases have become a major research priority. This review discusses the evolving role of bisphosphonates and their side effects, highlights other pharmacological interventions aimed at enhancing bone integrity, and reviews other pragmatic approaches to prevent worsening pain and fractures, as derived from a single institution case series of patients with problematic rib metastases.
Education in a Restoration Democracy: The Case of Estonia

Estonia regained its independence in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union, into which it was annexed in 1939. The renewal of education as the centerpiece of a revived civic culture became a national priority with the principles of human rights and participatory democracy driving the process. Important strides have been achieved but many obstacles and problems remain to be addressed and resolved. As Estonia consolidates its democracy, an educational system which supports democratic values and principles, including that of multiculturalism to reflect demographic realities, has emerged. Pursuing the development of ‘critical thinking’ skills and also the development of a new national narrative are understood to be essential for full national development.
Regulatory effects of interleukin-7 on renal tumor infiltrating lymphocytes

Biological therapy using a combination of lymphokine and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is a new approach to the treatment of patients with advanced cancer. To improve the potency of TILs, new cytokines with T-cell stimulatory effects used alone or in combination with interleukin-2 (IL-2) are currently being investigated. We have studied the effect of interleukin-7 (IL-7) on TILs derived from renal cell carcinoma. Our data demonstrated that five of ten TILs proliferated in response to IL-7 alone. This proliferative response was 73–90% less than that obtained with IL-2 alone. The use of IL-7 plus IL-2 resulted in a 1.2- to 4.7-fold increase in proliferation of six of ten TILs compared with IL-2 alone. IL-7-driven TIL growth was consistently blocked by anti-IL-2, anti-IL-2R and anti-IL-7 antibodies (37.2%, 41.6% and 82.2% suppression, respectively). The expression of IL-2 receptors was also significantly increased in the presence of IL-7 or IL-7 phytohemagglutinin (40.6+3.8 and 72.5+1.5). In comparison with IL-2, IL-7 treatment was associated with a decrease in CD56 (46.3%±19 vs 10%±4.9) and increase in CD3 (29.3%±12 vs 73%±6.4) and CD 4 (19.3%±15 vs 58%±10). These studies suggest that in some renal TILs, IL-7 and IL-2 can have a synergistic proliferative effect. The IL-7 stimulatory effect appears to be mediated via both an IL-2 pathway and an IL-7-independent pathway.
Stimulation of respiration by carbon monoxide

Abstract Carbon monoxide has been found to increase, rather than inhibit, gas uptake in wild plum ( Prunus americana ) leaf tissue. By means of isotopic carbon monoxide it has been possible to show that the increase results from higher respiratory rates rather than oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. The implications with respect to the Pasteur reaction are discussed briefly.
A case for direct-mapped caches

Direct-mapped caches are defined, and it is shown that trends toward larger cache sizes and faster hit times favor their use. The arguments are restricted initially to single-level caches in uniprocessors. They are then extended to two-level cache hierarchies. How and when these arguments for caches in uniprocessors apply to caches in multiprocessors are also discussed. >
Comparative immunology of sipunculid coelomic fluid

Abstract The coelomic fluid of the sipunculid Dendrostomum zostericolum has been shown to rapidly immobilize the marine dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dorsum and other similar motile organisms. Some of the properties of this activity are reported, together with observations on the results of injecting T4 phage into Dendrostomum , and the discovery of a hemolytic action of sipunculid coelomic fluid on human red cells.
The ecological genetics of conditional strategies.

Abstract: We develop a quantitative genetic model for conditional strategies that incorporates the ecological realism of previous strategic models. Similar to strategic models, the results show that environmental heterogeneity, cue reliability, and environment‐dependent fitness trade‐offs for the alternative tactics of the conditional strategy interact to determine when conditional strategies will be favored and that conditional strategies should be a common form of adaptive variation in nature. The results also show that conditional and unconditional development can be maintained in one of two ways: by frequency‐dependent selection or by the maintenance of genetic variation that exceeds the threshold for induction. We then modified the model to take into account variance in exposures to the environmental cue as well as variance in response to the cue, which allows a derivation of a dose‐response curve. Here the results showed that increasing the genetic variance for response both flattens and shifts the ...
Technical program overview

The American Control Conference is made possible each year by the volunteers who invest their time each year. The Society Review Chairs and Associate Editors that serve under them, the Program and Operating Committees, the reviewers, the organizers of invited sessions and workshops, the session chairs and co-chairs, and the authors deserve the credit for the technical quality of this conference.
Toll signaling: the enigma variations

Experiments reported in the past year have revealed considerable diversity in Toll-mediated pathways for signal transduction in development and innate immunity. Rather than function as a well conserved signaling cassette, Toll receptors and associated factors have apparently evolved as a diverse set of configurations to defend against microbial infection in species ranging from plants to humans.
Esterification of fatty acids by bovine intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues.

Exogenous fatty acid esterification in intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues from 72-hr fasted orad libitum fed Angus cattle was investigated. Intramuscular (interfascicular) and subcutaneous adipose tissue snips were obtained from the longissimus dorsi muscle and were incubated with radioisotopically labeled fatty acids (palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate or linolenate) at three different concentrations (0.3 mM, 0.6 mM and 2.0 mM) to assess rates of fatty acid incorporation into glycerolipids. Rates of fatty acid esterificationin vitro increased with fatty acid concentration in both intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues. For all of the fatty acids investigated, triglycerides were the predominant products (60–85%). Subcutaneous adipose tissue had larger adipocytes and more actively (P linolenate > linoleate > stearate. In general, 72-hr fasting did not significantly reduce the rates of fatty acid incorporation in bovine adipose tissues. Results of this study revealed that: i) rates of exogenous fatty acid incorporation into adipose tissue lipids were dependent on the medium fatty acid concentration and adipose tissue depot; and ii) the relative esterification rates of the various fatty acidsin vitro did not necessarily reflect the proportion of these fatty acids in bovine adipose tissues.
Control of human hemoglobin synthesis: Translation of globin chains in heterozygotes with hemoglobin Riverdale-Bronx

Abstract Hemoglobin Riverdale-Bronx (Hb RB) is an unstable hemoglobin containing an abnormal β RB chain ( β 24 Gly → Arg ) present as only 30 % of the total hemoglobin in heterozygotes. The rate of translation of the mRNA for the β A and β RB chains in a patient heterozygous for HbRB has been measured. The times required to assemble β A chains and the β RB chains are almost identical in the same cells. Thus the lesser amount of HbRB compared to HbA in heterozygotes cannot be ascribed to slow translation of the mutant β RB chains from N-terminal to C-terminal labelling kinetics.
Peptide ligands that use a novel binding site to target both TGF-β receptors

The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway plays myriad roles in development and disease. TGF-β isoforms initiate signaling by organizing their cell surface receptors TβRI and TβRII. Exploration and exploitation of the versatility of TGF-β signaling requires an enhanced understanding of structure–function relationships in this pathway. To this end, small molecule, peptide, and antibody effectors that bind key signaling components would serve as valuable probes. We focused on the extracellular domain of TβR1 (TβRI-ED) as a target for effector screening. The observation that TβRI-ED can bind to a TGF-β coreceptor (endoglin) suggests that the TβRI-ED may have multiple interaction sites. Using phage display, we identified two peptides LTGKNFPMFHRN (Pep1) and MHRMPSFLPTTL (Pep2) that bind the TβRI-ED (Kd ≈ 10−5 M). Although our screen focused on TβRI-ED, the hit peptides interact with the TβRII-ED with similar affinities. The peptide ligands occupy the same binding sites on TβRI and TβRII, as demonstrated by their ability to compete with each other for receptor binding. Moreover, neither interferes with TGF-β binding. These results indicate that both TβRI and TβRII possess hot spots for protein–protein interactions that are distinct from those used by their known ligand TGF-β. To convert these compounds into high affinity probes, we exploited the observation that TβRI and TβRII exist as dimers on the cell surface; therefore, we assembled a multivalent ligand. Specifically, we displayed one of our receptor-binding peptides on a dendrimer scaffold. We anticipate that the potent multivalent ligand that resulted can be used to probe the role of receptor assembly in TGF-β function.
Attachment Site, Seasonality, and Effects of the Parasitic Copepod Lernaeenicus radiatus on Two Estuarine Fishes in the Cape Fear River, North Carolina

Abstract Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, and Atlantic croaker, Micropogon undulatus, captured in the lower Cape Fear River, North Carolina in 1977 were examined for body site preference, seasonality, abundance, and incidence of the parasite Lernaeenicus radiatus in relation to water temperature and salinity variations. On three size groups of Atlantic menhaden and of Atlantic croakers studied, body regions extending from nape to anal fin and including the dorsal and pectoral fins were preferred attachment sites. Fins were preferred attachment sites in Atlantic croakers regardless of fish size. Mean number of parasites/fish increased with size of host. Atlantic menhaden condition factors were slightly lower with high parasite incidence. Highest incidences of L. radiatus on each species occurred in April. Parasite abundance increased inversely to water temperature and salinity with highest incidences occurring in fish from lower saline and colder waters.