cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Development of Representation in Young Children

The research summarized here shows that young children undergo an abrupt transition in their ability to understand the relation between a scale model and a larger space. Virtually none of our 2.5-year-old subjects seemed to understand the relationship between the model and the room; almost all of the 3-year-olds did understand it. The difference seems to be that the 2.5-year-olds do not respond to the model both as a real thing and as a representation of something else. Its status as a complex, meaningful real object prevents their apprehension of its abstract relation to the room. The resistance to instruction, abrupt developmental shift, and negligible individual differences in the model task suggest the possibility of a strong maturational underpinning (Espenschade & Eckert, 1967). Further research, including a longitudinal study and cross-cultural comparisons, will be addressed to the issue of the role of experience in the development of mastery of the model task. The primary contribution of this research lies in the revelation of a hitherto undocumented abrupt developmental shift in very young children's representational flexibility--in their ability to form and coordinate multiple representations. The ability to think of one thing in two ways is an important aspect of early symbolic development. In Western cultures, where so much of a child's learning occurs via various representational media, this is a crucial step. More generally, the cognitive advance that occurs between 2.5 and 3 years of age provides a foundation for further developments in the understanding of multiple representations.
Relationship between membrane transport of methotrexate and endogenous cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate in the Ehrlich ascites tumor.

Transport of methotrexate in mammalian cells is a complex process. Although the drug is pumped uphill into cells, metabolic poisons enhance influx and transmembrane gradients for this agent. Structurally unrelated inorganic and organic anions nonspecifically depress these parameters in a variety of tumor cells. It has been suggested that cell cyclic adenosine 3′:5′-Monophosphate (cyclic AMP) plays a regulatory role in the transport of this agent. To evaluate this further, a number of different experimental approaches were used to analyze the relationship between methotrexate transport and cell cyclic AMP in the Ehrlich ascites tumor. The following results indicate that for the Ehrlich ascites tumor, at least, there is no evidence for a regulatory role for cyclic AMP in the transport of methotrexate. ( a ) A marked increase in cell cyclic AMP by cholera toxin or reduction in cyclic AMP by ascorbate was unaccompanied by changes in methotrexate influx. ( b ) Instantaneous and constant inhibition of methotrexate influx by isobutylmethylxanthine was temporally dissociated from the slower rise in cell cyclic AMP that was induced by this agent. ( c ) Although isobutylmethylxanthine and dibutyryl cyclic AMP augment cell cyclic AMP and decrease methotrexate influx, they have different effects on efflux and net transport of methotrexate. Isobutylmethylxanthine stimulates net methotrexate uptake and slows methotrexate efflux but dibutyryl cyclic AMP depresses net methotrexate uptake without an effect on methotrexate efflux. ( d ) Azide markedly stimulates methotrexate influx and net transport without a change in cell cyclic AMP. ( d ) Dinitrophenol inhibits methotrexate influx and augments net methotrexate accumulation but does not alter cell cyclic AMP.
Associations of empirically derived eating patterns with plasma lipid biomarkers: a comparison of factor and cluster analysis methods.

BACKGROUND Despite the growing use of patterning methods in nutritional epidemiology, a direct comparison of factor and cluster analysis methods has not been performed. OBJECTIVE Our main objective was to compare patterns derived from the cluster and factor analysis procedures with measures of plasma lipids. DESIGN This cross-sectional study included 459 healthy subjects who participated in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and had measures of diet and plasma lipids. Eating patterns were derived by using both factor and cluster analysis methods. RESULTS In separate multivariate-adjusted regression models, subjects in the healthy cluster had lower plasma triacylglycerols than did those not in the healthy cluster (beta = -15.97; 95% CI: -29.51, -2.43; P < 0.05), and factor 1 (reduced-fat dairy products, fruit, and fiber) was inversely related to plasma triacylglycerols (beta = -7.02 mg/dL for a one-unit increase in z score; 95% CI: -12.92, -1.12; P < 0.05). Those in the alcohol cluster had higher total cholesterol concentrations than did those not in the alcohol cluster (beta = 12.81; 95% CI: 2.74, 22.88; P < 0.05), and factor 2 (protein and alcohol) was also directly associated with total cholesterol (beta = 1.59 for a one-unit increase in z score; 95% CI: 0.55, 2.63; P < 0.05). The multivariate model containing all of the clusters was not significantly different from the model containing all of the factors in predicting each lipid outcome. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence of comparability between cluster and factor analysis methods in relation to plasma lipid biomarkers.
Evolution of Public Supply Water Withdrawal in the USA: A Network Approach

Water is essential to life, and tracking trends in the withdrawal of water is paramount if we aspire to become more sustainable. Traditional statistical indicators, such as mean and standard deviation, are useful to track these trends, but they can sometimes fail to capture relevant and nontrivial properties. In this work, we first highlight the limits of these traditional statistical tools and we then offer a new network approach to study water withdrawals. Public supply water withdrawal data from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for the years 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2005 were used in gallons of water per capita per day for all U.S. counties. Essentially, a network is formed between counties when they have withdrawal values within a certain range, ± ξ, of one another. A giant cluster rapidly emerges, containing more than 80% of the nodes for a ξ of 1%. The counties with the highest number of connections are associated with the mode of distribution, and we found multimodal patterns for earlier years. Moreover, the average shortest-path length can be seen as the spread of a distribution. Overall, beyond a possible process of homogenization, water withdrawal patterns do not seem to have evolved much from 1985 to 2005, and no spatial correlation was detected. Though the methodology is yet to be formalized, it manages to give meaningful insights to supplement traditional statistical analyses.
A bioinformatic survey of RNA-binding proteins in Plasmodium

The malaria parasites in the genus Plasmodium have a very complicated life cycle involving an invertebrate vector and a vertebrate host. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are critical factors involved in every aspect of the development of these parasites. However, very few RBPs have been functionally characterized to date in the human parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Using different bioinformatic methods and tools we searched P. falciparum genome to list and annotate RBPs. A representative 3D models for each of the RBD domain identified in P. falciparum was created using I-TESSAR and SWISS-MODEL. Microarray and RNAseq data analysis pertaining PfRBPs was performed using MeV software. Finally, Cytoscape was used to create protein-protein interaction network for CITH-Dozi and Caf1-CCR4-Not complexes. We report the identification of 189 putative RBP genes belonging to 13 different families in Plasmodium, which comprise 3.5 % of all annotated genes. Almost 90 % (169/189) of these genes belong to six prominent RBP classes, namely RNA recognition motifs, DEAD/H-box RNA helicases, K homology, Zinc finger, Puf and Alba gene families. Interestingly, almost all of the identified RNA-binding helicases and KH genes have cognate homologs in model species, suggesting their evolutionary conservation. Exploration of the existing P. falciparum blood-stage transcriptomes revealed that most RBPs have peak mRNA expression levels early during the intraerythrocytic development cycle, which taper off in later stages. Nearly 27 % of RBPs have elevated expression in gametocytes, while 47 and 24 % have elevated mRNA expression in ookinete and asexual stages. Comparative interactome analyses using human and Plasmodium protein-protein interaction datasets suggest extensive conservation of the PfCITH/PfDOZI and PfCaf1-CCR4-NOT complexes. The Plasmodium parasites possess a large number of putative RBPs belonging to most of RBP families identified so far, suggesting the presence of extensive post-transcriptional regulation in these parasites. Taken together, in silico identification of these putative RBPs provides a foundation for future functional studies aimed at defining a unique network of post-transcriptional regulation in P. falciparum.
Age as a predictive factor of mental health service use among adults with depression and/or anxiety disorder receiving care through the Veterans Health Administration

Objective This study compared mental health service utilization by treatment modality and determined predictive factors of use among younger-adult (18–35 years), middle-aged adult (36–64 years), and older-adult veterans (65+ years) with a newly recognized diagnosis of depression and/or anxiety disorder. Methods This retrospective study used data from the Veterans Health Administration National Patient Care Database outpatient and inpatient treatment files during the 2010 fiscal year (N = 583,692). Results Younger adults were the most likely to use mental health services, followed by middle-aged adults and then older adults. Age was found to be one of the greatest predictors of utilization of mental health services, with odds of use being threefold among younger adults compared with older adults. Conclusions Continued efforts are needed to improve the awareness of, access to, and receipt of mental health services in veterans, particularly older adults, with depression and anxiety disorders. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Human papillomavirus cofactors by disease progression and human papillomavirus types in the study to understand cervical cancer early endpoints and determinants.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) cofactors for cervical cancer include smoking, multiparity, and oral contraceptive use, but their mechanisms of action are not fully understood. It is also unknown whether cofactors vary by HPV genotypes. The Study to Understand Cervical Cancer Early Endpoints and Determinants (SUCCEED) is a cross-sectional study comprising women referred to the University of Oklahoma from November 2003 to September 2007 for abnormal cervical screening results. Detailed questionnaire data and liquid cytology specimens were collected and the latter was genotyped for HPV using the LINEAR ARRAY HPV Genotyping Test. The present analysis includes women with both questionnaire and HPV data and diagnosed with <CIN1 ( n = 535), CIN1 ( n = 497), CIN2 ( n = 336), CIN3 ( n = 292), and cancer ( n = 80). We evaluated HPV types and cofactors among HPV-infected women by calculating odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for CIN3 and CIN2 separately compared with <CIN2 using a polytomous logistic regression model; cancers were excluded from further analysis due to the substantially higher ages of these women. We found that HPV-infected women with minor histologic or cytologic abnormalities (e.g., CIN1, ASCUS, and LSIL) were indistinguishable from those with normal histology/cytology and were thus combined to form the referent group (<CIN2). Among women positive for oncogenic HPV, current smokers had a 2.5-fold increased risk for CIN3 (95% CI, 1.8-3.6) compared with nonsmokers. Among HPV16-infected women, current smokers had elevated risk for both CIN2 (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.2) and CIN3 (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.6-4.6). Our data suggest that non-HPV16-related CIN2 likely reflects a combination of CIN1 and CIN3 diagnosis, whereas HPV16-related CIN2 may indicate a precancerous state. Investigations on the molecular distinctions along the disease continuum of cervical pathogenesis by HPV type are needed. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):113–20)
Mammary Transplantation of Stromal Cells and Carcinoma Cells in C57BL/6J Mice

The influence of stromal cells, including fibroblasts on mammary tumor progression has been well documented through the use of mouse models, in particular through transplantation of stromal cells and epithelial cells in the mammary gland of mice. Current transplantation models often involve the use of immunocompromised mice due to the different genetic backgrounds of stromal cells and epithelial cells. Extracellular matrices are often used to embed the two different cell types for consistent cell-cell interactions, but involve the use of Matrigel or rat tail collagen, which are immunogenic substrates. The lack of functional T cells from immunocompromised mice prevents accurate assessment of stromal cells on mammary tumor progression in vivo, with important implications on drug development and efficacy. Moreover, immunocompromised mice are costly, hard to breed and require special care conditions. To overcome these obstacles, we have developed an approach to orthotopically transplant stromal cell and epithelial cells into mice from the same genetic background to induce consistent tumor formation. This system involves harvesting normal, carcinoma associated fibroblasts, PyVmT mammary carcinoma cells and collagen from donor C57BL/6J mice. The cells are then embedded in collagen and transplanted in the inguinal mammary glands of female C57BL/6J mice. Transplantation of PyVmT cells alone form palpable tumors 30-40 days post transplantation. Endpoint analysis at 60 days indicates that co-transplantation with fibroblasts enhances mammary tumor growth compared to PyVmT cells transplanted alone. While cells and matrix from C57BL/6J mice were used in these studies, the isolation of cells and matrix and transplantation approach may be applied towards mice from different genetic backgrounds demonstrating versatility. In summary, this system may be used to investigate molecular interactions between stromal cells and epithelial cells, and overcomes critical limitations in immunocompromised mouse models.
Teaching Theories of Couples Counseling: The Use of Popular Movies:

This article presents a model for using Hollywood films to teach theories of couples counseling. The authors first review the literature on using motion pictures as an instructional strategy in counselor education and psychology courses in general; advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. Next, they describe how they integrate movies into a typical one-semester course that emphasizes communications, systems, and psychodynamic models. The authors discuss the films they show, how each film illustrates constructs specific to the theory being taught, the exercises they use to enhance the learning experience, and student responses. They conclude by citing the advantages of using films to teach couples counseling if the instructor uses a variety of strategies to maximize student learning.
ER Morphology: Sculpting with XendoU

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) sheet membranes are covered with ribosomes and RNAs that are involved in protein synthesis. A new study reveals that a calcium-activated endoribonuclease of the EndoU protein family promotes the formation of tubular ER networks, contributing to dynamic shaping of the ER in cells.
Scanning electron microscope measurement of width and shape of 10 nm patterned lines using a JMONSEL-modeled library

Abstract The width and shape of 10 nm to 12 nm wide lithographically patterned SiO2 lines were measured in the scanning electron microscope by fitting the measured intensity vs. position to a physics-based model in which the lines' widths and shapes are parameters. The approximately 32 nm pitch sample was patterned at Intel using a state-of-the-art pitch quartering process. Their narrow widths and asymmetrical shapes are representative of near-future generation transistor gates. These pose a challenge: the narrowness because electrons landing near one edge may scatter out of the other, so that the intensity profile at each edge becomes width-dependent, and the asymmetry because the shape requires more parameters to describe and measure. Modeling was performed by JMONSEL (Java Monte Carlo Simulation of Secondary Electrons), which produces a predicted yield vs. position for a given sample shape and composition. The simulator produces a library of predicted profiles for varying sample geometry. Shape parameter values are adjusted until interpolation of the library with those values best matches the measured image. Profiles thereby determined agreed with those determined by transmission electron microscopy and critical dimension small-angle x-ray scattering to better than 1 nm.
Home-based psychoeducational and mailed information programs for stroke-caregiving dyads post-discharge: a randomized trial

AbstractPurpose: This randomized trial compared 6- and 12-month outcomes of a home-based psychoeducational program to mailed information provided to 159 survivors of stroke (SS) and their spousal caregivers (CG). Methods: SS (age 50+) and CG were recruited as dyads post-discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. All dyads received mailed information for 12 months. Dyads randomized to the home-based group received an average of 36.7 h of psychoeducation over 6 months. Health status, depression, stress, burden, coping, support, mutuality and function were obtained on all dyads. Repeated measures analysis with linear mixed models was used to compare the groups for change over time in the outcome variables. Results: Both groups demonstrated less depression and stress over time. Compared to the mailed information group, SS in the home-based group demonstrated significantly improved self-reported health and cognitive function; CG demonstrated significantly improved self-reported health and coping strategies. Mutu...
Measurement of opioid-induced sedation.

Abstract One of the major side effects of opioid analgesics is sedation. Despite the fact that neither a universal definition nor a gold standard for the measurement of opioid-induced sedation exists, various neurophysiologic and psychomotor measures are used to quantify the sedative effects of opioids. This report reviews the strengths and weaknesses of various approaches that are used to measure opioid-induced sedation. The first section summarizes various neurophysiologic measures (i.e., electroencephalogram, autonomic reflexes, and evoked responses), and the second section reviews psychomotor measures (i.e., visual analog scales, observer assessments, motor performance tests, tests of perceptual processes, tests of information processing, tests of memory, and composite tests) that are used to evaluate the sedative effects of opioids. Implications for future research on opioid-induced sedation are discussed. © 2001 by the American Society of Pain Management Nurses
The Design Of Kalman Smoothers For Global Positioning Data

Measurements of clocks aboard Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites as well as GPS system time are made many times per day at time standards laboratories around the world according to a tracking schedule issued by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures). We compute Kalman smoothed estimates of clocks in the standards labs to define a global time base, then compute Kalman smoothed estimates of GPS clocks against this time base. Biases in measurements repeated once per sidereal day produce apparent diurnal effects in the data. A composite time and frequency Kalman estimator is used here. This allows updates of clocks at time intervals less than one day while aliasing diurnal variations.
An Age-Structured Bioeconomic Simulation of U.S. Silver Hake Fisheries

Abstract We present a bioeconomic simulation of the U.S. fisheries for silver hake Merluccius bilinearis, an abundant species distributed over the northwest Atlantic continental shelf and historically important to both U.S. and foreign fishing fleets. The model combines elements of agestructured population and harvest yield models with a two-equation price response model. The analysis evaluates biological benefits of interest to managers, such as future yields or rebuilding of parental stock, as well as future revenues and net present value of interest to harvesters. In one set of simulations, yield and revenue response surfaces were generated for varying levels of fishing mortality (F) and selection at age under constant annual recruitment. In another, a stochastic stock–recruitment function permitted assessment of yield and revenue trajectories over time given variable annual recruitment. Under equilibrium conditions, response surfaces for both total fishery yield and revenue are asymptotic with increas...
Minimizing the geographical risk of foreign direct investment

Abstract Increasingly, it has been recognized that the location decision of multinational firms (MNFs) is the direct result of investment decisions. While MNFs can geographically distribute their products through export diversification and productlicensing agreements, evidence indicates that foreign direct investment (FDI) insures greater profit stability. Although a number of theories have been advanced to explain the global pattern of FDI by a MNF, none have considered the interdependence of production environments in the MNF's investment decision. This paper presents a mean-variance portfolio model as a method of risk aversion that an MNF can use when planning a locational strategy. In this approach, risk is measured by the covariance of production return over a given time. It is hypothesized here that production correlation and hence risk is a distance-decay function. Thus, a covariance risk aversion strategy would result in a global distribution of investment for a given commodity rather than being concentrated in a single country. An empirical example of automobile production supports this risk-distance hypothesis and demonstrates that international cross-investment is a logically consistent mode of firm behavior.
The case for induced bond scission during coal pyrolysis

Abstract Bond scissions during coal pyrolysis are generally considered to result solely from the thermolysis of weak bonds in coal structures. Evidence is presented from published data showing that a significant amount of bond scission under pyrolysis cannot be due to simple thermolysis and must be induced by some other means. The evidence includes the following observations: 1, polymeric models consisting of no weak linkages are volatilized in the 450 to 550 °C range; 2, polymeric coal models designed specifically to degrade by thermolysis of weak bibenzylic linkages show nonetheless a significant fraction of the cleavage of strong CarCal linkage; 3, under pyrolysis conditions bibenzyl type structures immobilized on silica yield benzene and ethylbenzene in addition to the expected toluene; 4, pyrolysis of O-benzylated coals shows besides the expected cleavage of the benzyl ether linkage products from the scission of the strong phenyl-C bond. By analogy with coal liquefaction, the scission of strong bonds results from β-scission of radical intermediates, and from hydrogenolysis engendered by either free H-atoms or cyclohexadienyl radicals. These reactive cyclohexadienyl radicals themselves may be formed from the scavenging of radicals (produced by weak-bond thermolysis) by dihydroaromatic structures or from reverse radical-disproportionation between aromatic and hydroaromatic structures. Finally, the importance of induced bond scissions was illustrated by showing how they help rationalize the observed selective production of oils as opposed to gas in the hydropyrolysis of coals when the pyrolysis temperature is maintained below a certain threshold.
Divided Government, Interest Representation, and Policy Differences: Competing Explanations of Gridlock in the Fifty States

Recent research has focused on divided government and interest representation as sources of legislative gridlock. We hypothesize that these two factors will differentially affect the legislative process in eight different policy areas even if they do not affect the overall output of legislation. Using data from the 50 states, we found that when a governor faced a legislature controlled by the opposition party, divided government did make passage of conflictual policy more difficult, When the control of the legislature itself was split, divided government had a positive (or insignificant) effect in less conflictual policy areas. Previous scholars have failed to detect the negative effects of divided government because the effects differed across policy areas. Interest group proliferation also decreased the odds of bill passage in some policy areas but increased the odds in other arenas. It is important to examine interest groups and divided government in tandem to understand their relative impacts upon the...
THE MARGINAL-EFFICIENCY-OF-CAPITAL FUNCTION OF THE FIRM

In this paper, the author points out that over a decade ago E. Norman Bailey identified the marginal-efficiency-of-capital (MEC) function as erroneous and argued that revisions in capital budgeting theory and teaching were necessary. The author develops more fully the arguments against the function and offers the theoretically correct MEC function. The development of the correct MEC function is a straightforward application of basic price theory; however, this application requires that the capital of the firm be viewed as a collection of complementary resources, in addition to its role as an income-producing investment.
From Hunting Magic to Shamanism: Interpretations of Native American Rock Art and the Contemporary Crisis in Masculinity

This essay examines two prominent models for the interpretation of Native American rock art, highlighting projections of Euro-American gender ideologies and tensions over masculinity onto (pre)historic cultures. Specifically, the figure of the Native American shaman models masculine power as symbolic and spiritual, not physical, yet linked to a virile heterosexuality. By identifying discursive homologies, this centering of a primitive, spiritual masculinity is understood as a response to the Euro-American “crisis of masculinity.”
Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) species diversity in the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, Northern Gulf of Mexico, USA §

Abstract Globally, ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is the principal cause of non-bacterial illness associated with seafood consumption. The toxins (ciguatoxins) responsible for CFP are produced by dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus, which are endemic to tropical and sub-tropical areas. Ciguatoxins are lipophilic and bioaccumulate in marine food webs, typically reaching their highest concentrations in fish. Following a CFP event in 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) issued a ciguatera toxin alert that included fish harvested in the northern Gulf of Mexico in and near the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS). The East Flower Garden Bank (EFGB) and West Flower Garden Bank (WFGB) are characterized by thriving coral communities that support Gambierdiscus growth. This study was undertaken specifically to document the diversity of Gambierdiscus species present in the sanctuary that may be sources of ciguatoxins entering the food web. Samples collected from the FGBNMS over a three year period were screened using species-specific polymerase chain reaction assays. A diverse assemblage of Gambierdiscus species was distributed to depths of >45 m, a new depth record for Gambierdiscus. Gambierdiscus belizeanus, Gambierdiscus caribaeus, Gambierdiscus carolinianus, Gambierdiscus carpenteri and Gambierdiscus ribotype 2 were all found on both East and West FGB with Gambierdiscus ruetzleri also recorded from the WFGB. The most common species was G. carolinianus, originally identified from samples collected between 35 and 40 m off the coast of NC, USA. Our findings are consistent with recent physiological studies showing that some Gambierdiscus species can grow year round at the temperatures and salinities at the FGBNMS and at light levels as low as 10 μmol photons m−2 s−1. Such irradiances are estimated to occur in the FGBNMS at depths of ∼70–80 m. The consistent recovery of Gambierdiscus species from deep sampling sites in areas known to produce ciguatoxic fish signals a substantial change in our concept of suitable habitats for Gambierdiscus to include depths greater than 50 m.
Comparison of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and Ga-67 scintigraphy in evaluation of lymphoma.

BACKGROUND The accuracy of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET; dual-head camera with attenuation correction) and Ga-67 scintigraphy was compared to identify disease sites in patients with Hodgkin disease (HD) and intermediate and high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) at initial diagnosis or clinical recurrence. METHODS Fifty-one contemporaneous FDG-PET and Ga-67 scintigraphies were performed on patients with NHL (35 intermediate grade, 3 high grade) or HD (13 patients). Sites of disease were correlated on a site-by-site basis on FDG-PET and Ga-67 images. Tumor-to-background (T/B) ratios were obtained for both techniques. Discordant FDG-PET and Ga-67 findings were correlated with computed tomography findings or clinical evaluation including repeat FDG-PET scans obtained after therapy. RESULTS Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography was positive at all 158 sites in 51 patients compared with 113 sites in 41 positive studies with Ga-67 scintigraphy (single positron emission computed tomography [SPECT] and/or planar images). In 44 patients who had complete Ga-67 SPECT data on all tumor sites, FDG-PET was positive at 126 sites and Ga-67 SPECT was positive at 81 sites. Ga-67 SPECT failed to demonstrate disease at 45 sites (35.7%). In 10 of 44 patients, Ga-67 SPECT completely failed to detect any disease at 22 of 45 sites (17.5%) and partially identified disease sites at 23 of 45 sites (18.2%) in 11 patients regardless of the tumor site and histology. In these patients, the lesions measured between 0.6 and 14.0 cm by CT. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography revealed higher stage disease in 13 patients compared with Ga-67 imaging. Tumor-to-background ratios were statistically different between the two techniques with higher ratios obtained with FDG-PET (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In imaging aggressive lymphoma and HD before therapy, FDG-PET has significantly higher site and patient sensitivity than Ga-67 scintigraphy (100% vs. 71.5% and 100% vs. 80.3%, respectively). The change in disease stage by FDG-PET may result in a change in therapy strategy. Cancer 2002;94:879–88. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10336
Network Television’s Coverage of the 2008 Presidential Election

Content analysis of network evening news coverage of the 2008 presidential election revealed a slight increase in the amount of coverage and a decline in the coverage of policy matters compared to 4 years earlier. Barack Obama received the most positive coverage recorded for any major party nominee on network television since the Center for Media and Public Affairs started analyzing election news content in 1988. The tonal gap between the Democratic and Republican nominees was also the largest recorded over the past six presidential elections. The one-sided coverage on ABC, CBS, and NBC was in sharp contrast to the more uniformly negative coverage of the two candidates during the evening newscasts on Fox News.
Quantitative Analysis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticle Composition and Structure by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Quantitative determination of oxide nanoparticle composition and structure by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has proven difficult for metal oxides because of three factors: some oxide nanoparticles are prone to reduction in the XPS instrument under X-ray illumination in the ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) environment; the nanoparticle structure and integral nature of the XPS technique complicate the data analysis; and the composition is not constant during the finite sampling time required for the XPS experiment. In this report, a method for XPS analysis of core−shell nanoparticle composition and structure is developed to account for these factors quantitatively. The method is applied to characterize the copper(II) oxide (CuO) surface layer on copper(I) oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles as well as the reduction kinetics of Cu2+ when held under X-ray irradiation in the XPS chamber. The XPS analysis is aided by the availability of copper oxide nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution. When corrected for the f...
A preconditioned method for rotating flows at arbitrary mach number

An improved preconditioning is proposed for viscous flow computations in rotating and nonrotating frames at arbitrary Mach numbers. The key to the current method is the use of both free stream Mach number and rotating Mach number to construct a preconditioning matrix, which is applied to the compressible governing equations written in terms of primitive variables. A Fourier analysis is conducted that reveals the efficacy of the modified preconditioning. Numerical approximations for the convective and diffusive fluxes are detailed based on the preconditioned system of equations. A set of boundary conditions using characteristic variables are described for internal and external flow computations. Numerical validations are performed on four realistic viscous flows in both fixed and rotating frames. The results indicated that the modified preconditioning has a superior performance compared to the original method to predict flows from extremely low to supersonic Mach numbers.
Evolving the Banded Radial Tire

Abstract Development of the banded radial tire is discussed. A major contribution of this tire design is a reliable run‐flat capability over distances exceeding 160 km (100 mi). Experimental tire designs and materials are considered; a brief theoretical discussion of the mechanics of operation is given based on initial two‐dimensional studies and later on more complete finite element modeling. Results of laboratory tests for cornering, rolling resistance, and braking are presented. Low rolling resistance, good cornering and braking properties, and low tread wear rate along with good puncture resistance are among the advantages of the banded radial tire designs.
BODY WORLDS: choosing to be immortalized as an educational specimen.

Burns (2007) invokes both Kantian definitions and more modern conceptions of dignity, positing that the dignity of BODY WORLDS subjects is violated because they are presented anonymously. Burns rai...
Squamous cell carcinoma arising in ovarian endometriosis

Abstract Adenocarcinoma and sarcoma arising from ovarian endometriosis have been reported in isolated instances. There have been a few cases with endometrioid adenocarcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma, and papillary adenocarcinoma [R. E. Scully, G. S. Richardson, and J. J. Barlow. The development of malignancy in endometriosis. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 9 , 384 (1966)] but only one case reported with squamous cell carcinoma arising in ovarian endometriosis [K. McCullough, E. R. Froats, and H. C. Falk. Endometrioid carcinoma arising in an endometrial cyst of the ovary. Arch. Pathol. 41 , 335 (1946)]. We are reporting the second case of squamous cell carcinoma arising in an ovarian endometriotic cyst.
Evaluation of NARR and CLM3.5 outputs for surface water and energy budgets in the Mississippi River Basin

[1] The North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and Community Land Model (CLM, version 3.5) outputs are analyzed to characterize the surface water and energy budgets in the Mississippi River Basin (MRB). NARR and CLM performance are evaluated with reference to energy flux observations from 16 AmeriFlux sites in MRB. The issue of point-scale observations versus climate model grid cell outputs is addressed by analyzing the spatial variability in long-term monthly precipitation and temperature observations from 71 United States Historical Climatology Network stations in Indiana and Illinois. The model outputs are also evaluated for their ability to capture spatial and temporal variability in total runoff. Compared to average values at 11 AmeriFlux sites in MRB, NARR show higher biases (compared to CLM) in incoming solar radiation (24%), sensible heat flux (27%), and latent heat flux (59%), whereas CLM show smaller biases (compared to NARR) in incoming solar radiation (0.5%), sensible heat flux (−2%), and latent heat flux (11%). Seasonal cycle of observed sensible heat flux in the crop region shows two peaks (bimodal pattern), which is captured by NARR, but CLM do not show any bimodal pattern. Based on 25 years (1980–2004) monthly climatology in MRB, NARR has 11% energy balance closing error (latent + sensible + ground heat flux = 1.11 net radiation) and 12% water balance closing error (evapotranspiration + runoff = 1.12 precipitation), whereas CLM does not have water and energy balance closing errors, primarily due to model design. In comparison to the observed mean annual runoff of 237 mm/yr based on 1988–1999 data in MRB, NARR and CLM mean annual runoff values are 89 mm/yr and 281 mm/yr, respectively. Overall, CLM provides relatively better characterization of surface water and energy fluxes in the MRB compared to NARR.
Environmental Chemicals and Type 2 Diabetes: An Updated Systematic Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence

The burden of diabetes is increasing globally. Identifying novel preventable risk factors is an urgent need. In 2011, the U.S. National Toxicological Program (NTP) conducted a workshop to evaluate the epidemiologic and experimental evidence on the relationship of environmental chemicals with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Although the evidence was insufficient to establish causality, the NTP workshop review identified an overall positive association between some environmental chemicals and diabetes. In the present systematic review, our objective was to summarize the epidemiological research published since the NTP workshop. We identified a total of 29 articles (7 on arsenic, 3 on cadmium, 2 on mercury, 11 on persistent organic pollutants, 3 on phthalates, and 4 on bisphenol A), including 7 prospective studies. Considering consistency, temporality, strength, dose–response relationship, and biological plausibility (confounding), we concluded that the evidence is suggestive but not sufficient for a relationship between arsenic and persistent organic pollutants and is insufficient for mercury, phthalates, and bisphenol A. For cadmium, the epidemiologic evidence does not seem to suggest an association with diabetes. Important research questions include the need for additional prospective studies and the evaluation of the dose–response relationship, the role of joint exposures, and effect modification with other comorbidities and genetic variants.
MR fluoroscopy: technical feasibility.

A method of magnetic resonance image acquisition and reconstruction is described in which high imaging rates and fast reconstruction times are allowed. The acquisition is a modification of the basic FLASH sequence but with a restricted number N of phase encodings. The encodings are applied sequentially, periodically, and continuously. Images are formed by sliding a window of width N encodings along the acquired data and reconstructing an image for each position of the window. In general the acquisition time per image exceeds the time between successive images, and the method thus has a temporal lag. Experimental studies were performed with a dynamic phantom using 48 phase encodings and a TR of 20 ms, for an image acquisition time of about 1 s. The image display rate in the reconstructed sequence was 12.5 images/s, and the image sequence portrayed the motion of the phantom. Additional studies were done with 24 encodings. It is shown how the sliding window technique lends itself to high-speed reconstruction, with each newly acquired echo used to quickly update the image on display. The combination of the acquisition technique described and a hardware implementation of the reconstruction algorithm can result in realtime MR image acquisition and reconstruction. © 1988 Academic Press, Inc.
Immune complex glomerulonephritis in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus.

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), characterized by heavy proteinuria, rapidly progressive renal failure, "collapsing" glomerulopathy, and tubulointerstitial abnormalities, is the most common finding in HIV-infected patients undergoing a renal biopsy and predominantly affects blacks. We describe the clinical features and renal pathologic findings of 12 intravenous drug users (IVDUs) coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) who were selected for renal biopsy because they presented with features different from typical HIVAN, including hypertension, microscopic hematuria, and cryoglobulinemia. There were seven black and five Hispanic patients. Eleven patients had immune complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN); one had glomerulosclerosis with immune complex deposits. Ten individuals had evidence of past hepatitis B viral infection, but none had persistent hepatitis B surface antigenemia. No other underlying cause for immune complex glomerulonephritis was identified. Renal biopsy showed membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in five patients, mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in five, membranous nephropathy in one, and "collapsing" glomerulopathy with immune complex deposits in one. Hepatitis C virus RNA was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) in the renal tissue and/or serum of nine of the 11 patients tested, and also in the renal biopsy tissue of four of eight patients with clinical and pathologic features of typical HIVAN without immunofluorescence evidence of immune complex deposits. One patient presented with renal failure, five patients developed end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring hemodialysis (mean time, 6.5 months), and six had stable renal function after a mean follow-up of 29.1 months (range, 2 to 72 months). Liver function abnormalities were present in seven of the 12 individuals, including four of the six patients who developed renal failure. These findings indicate that in some patients coinfected with HIV and HCV, the development of ICGN may dominate the clinical course of the disease. The occurrence of ICGN among black patients at risk for HIVAN may be related to the relatively high prevalence of HCV infection among IVDUs in this group.
Behavioral effects of low-level exposure to Hg∘ among dentists

Exposure thresholds for health effects associated with elemental mercury (Hg degree) exposure were examined by comparing behavioral test scores of 19 exposed (mean urinary Hg = 36 micrograms/l) with those of 20 unexposed dentists. Thirty-six micrograms Hg/l is 7 times greater than the 5 micrograms Hg/l mean level measured in a national sample of dentists. To improve the distinction between recent and cumulative effects, the study also evaluated porphyrin concentrations in urine, which are correlated with renal Hg content (a measure of cumulative body burden). Subjects provided an on-site spot urine sample, were administered a 1-h assessment consisting of a consent form, the Profile of Mood Scales, a symptom and medical questionnaire, and 6 behavioral tests: digit-span, symbol-digit substitution, simple reaction time, the ability to switch between tasks, vocabulary, and the One Hole Test. Multivariate regression techniques were used to evaluate dose-effects controlling for the effects of age, race, gender and alcohol consumption. A dose-effect was considered statistically significant below a p value of 0.05. Significant urinary Hg dose-effects were found for poor mental concentration, emotional lability, somatosensory irritation, and mood scores. Individual tests evaluating cognitive and motor function changed in the expected directions but were not significantly associated with urinary Hg. However, the pooled sum of rank scores for combinations of tests within domains were significantly associated with urinary Hg, providing evidence of subtle preclinical changes in behavior associated with Hg exposure. Coproporphyrin, one of three urinary porphyrins altered by mercury exposure, was significantly associated with deficits in digit span and simple reaction time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Edge behaviour in a minute parasitic wasp

Summary 1. Changes in the density of an organism near a boundary elements (edge effects) are often thought to be generated by changes in movement behaviour, but in most cases the mechanism underlying these effects is unknown. 2. We quantified the movement behaviour of a minute parasitic wasp, Anagrus columbi, in relation to edges in its habitat. This wasp attacks eggs of the planthopper Prokelisia crocea, which inhabits a wet prairie ecosystem composed of patches of its host plant prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata) interspersed within a matrix of mudflat, smooth brome (Bromus inermis) and native grasses. Two edge types are common in this system, cordgrass-mudflat and cordgrass-brome. 3. We conducted mark–recapture experiments in which wasps were released at the cordgrass-matrix edge and 50 cm within cordgrass or matrix, for both edge types. The marked wasps were recaptured using a grid of sticky traps. We fitted an advection-diffusion model to these data, yielding estimates of the diffusion rate and advection coefficient for cordgrass and matrix, for each release position and edge type. 4. The spatial distribution of wasps was well-described by the advection-diffusion model. The pattern suggests that marked wasps strongly biased their movements towards the edge when released in matrix, and to a lesser extent when released in cordgrass, while edge releases showed little bias. The advection coefficients were similar for the two edge types, as were the diffusion rates for the three substrates (cordgrass, brome, mudflat). The diffusive and advective components of movement were of comparable magnitude for matrix and cordgrass releases, suggesting equal amounts of directed and random movement. 5. Our results suggest the wasps are attracted to cordgrass patches across short distances, and that bias in their movements may concentrate them at the patch edge. Their edge behaviour is qualitatively different from that of the host insect. 6. The methodology described here could be readily adapted to other systems, where direct observations of movement are difficult but mark–recapture studies are feasible.