cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient turbulent transport processes accompanied by first order chemical reactions or heat generations

A mathematical model of transient transport processes with homogeneous first-order chemical reactions or heat generations is developed. The analytical expressions for the local transport coefficient and the mean potential profile are derived based on the film renewal and penetration concept. Solutions are presented graphically in terms of various dimensionless parameters. From the proposed formulations, the transient, reaction and surface resistance effects to the turbulent interphase heat or mass transfer can be analyzed. On a mis au point un modele mathematique des processus de transport transitoire qui etaient accompagnes de reaction chimiques de premier ordre ou de production de chaleur. On a tire les expressions analytiques pour le coefficient de transport local, ainsi que le profil potentiel et moyen, en se basant sur le concept du renouvellement et de la penetration de la pellicule. On presente les solutions sous forme graphique, en fonction de divers parametres sans dimensions. On peut analyser, a partir des formulations suggerees, les effets de l'aspect transitoire, des reactions et de la resistance superficielle sur le transfert turbulent et inter-phases de la chaleur ou de la masse.
Insulin Resistance is a Prominent Feature of Insulin-dependent Diabetes

Tissue sensitivity to insulin was examined in 36 control subjects and 19 insulin-dependent diabetics with diabetes of long-standing duration (mean = 10 ± 3 yr) employing the insulin clamp technique (Δ plasma insulin concentration ∼100 βU/ml). Eleven of the diabetics (group I) were studied at their fasting hyperglycemic level (173 mg/dl); the remaining 8 diabetics (group II) were studied after lowering their plasma glucose concentration to euglycemic levels (90 mg/dl). Despite plasma glucose levels that were almost twice as great in the diabetics (group 1,173 versus 91 mg/dl, P < 0.001), insulin-mediated glucose metabolism, 4.77 ± 0.18 mg/kg · min, was reduced by 32% versus controls, 7.03 ± 0.22 mg/kg · min (P < 0.01). When the control subjects were restudied at plasma glucose levels (166 ± 2 mg/dl) that were comparable to those of the diabetics, insulin-mediated glucose metabolism was 12.14 ± 0.96 mg/kg · min (P < 0.01). In diabetics studied at euglycemic levels (group II) insulin-mediated glucose metabolism, 3.39 ± 0.30 mg/kg · min, was reduced even further. The metabolic clearance rate in the 19 diabetics, 3.31 ± 0.23 mg/kg · min, was reduced by 58% compared with controls, 7.83 / 0.25 (P < 0.001). These results emphasize the severe degree of insulin resistance that exists in the insulin-dependent diabetics. Basal hepatic glucose production in the diabetic group, 2.96 ± 0.24 mg/kg · min, was 26% greater than in the controls, 2.35 ± 0.04 (P < 0.001). The fasting plasma glucose concentration displayed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.857, P < 0.001) with basal hepatic glucose production and was weakly and inversely correlated (r = −0.413, P = 0.07) with the basal glucose clearance. Following hyperinsulinemia, however, suppression of hepatic glucose production was ∼ 9 5% in both diabetics and controls, suggesting that peripheral tissues are primarily responsible for the observed impairment in insulin-mediated glucose uptake. The present results indicate that impaired insulin action is a common feature of insulin-dependent diabetics, despite daily insulin requirements (35 ± 2 U/day) that would not clinically characterize them as being insulin resistant.
Human Serum Amyloid Genes — Molecular Characterization

Three clones containing human genes for serum amyloid A protein (SAA) have been isolated and characterized. Each of two clones, GSAA 1 and 2 (of 12.8 and 15.9 kilobases, respectively), contains two exons, accouting for amino acids 12–58 and 58–103 of mature SAA; the extreme 5′ termini and 5′ untranslated regions have not yet been defined but are anticipated to be close based on studies of murine SAA genes. Initial amino acid sequence comparisons show 78/89 identical residues. At 4 of the 11 discrepant residues, the amino acid specified by the codon is the same as the corresponding residue in murine SAA. Identification of regions containing coding regions has permitted use of selected subclones for blot hybridization studies of larger human SAA chromosomal gene organization. The third clone, GSAA 3 also contains SAA coding information by DNA sequence analysis but has a different organization which has not yet been fully described.
Correspondence between Pigmented Lesions Identified by Melanoma Patients Trained to Perform Partner-Assisted Skin Self-Examination and Dermatological Examination

Background: Skin self-examination (SSE) training interventions can increase understanding of melanoma early detection criteria and promote SSE. However, there remains a need to evaluate whether intervention participants can apply such early detection skills to accurately identify concerning, or potentially malignant, pigmented lesions during full body SSE. Methods: We assessed SSE accuracy using data from a randomized control trial of a SSE skills training intervention designed to promote partner-assisted SSE among melanoma patients. In the trial, patient–partner pairs were administered the training intervention and performed monthly SSE to identify, evaluate, and track concerning pigmented skin lesions. Patients received a total body skin examination by a dermatologist approximately 4-months postintervention. SSE accuracy was assessed as the correspondence between the specific concerning pigmented lesions identified by 274 study pairs during SSE with those identified during dermatological examination. We also examined whether lesions that were biopsied during the study were identified prior to biopsy during SSE. Results: Approximately three in four of the concerning lesions identified by pairs during SSE were also identified during the dermatological exam. There were 81 biopsies performed during the study and pairs had identified 73% of the corresponding lesions during SSE. Of the five melanoma detected, three were identified during SSE. Conclusion: Melanoma patients and partner taught to do SSE using an evidence-based program developed a high degree of correspondence with the study dermatologist in identifying concerning lesions. Impact: This study provides novel evidence that supports the accuracy of full-body SSE for the patient identification of concerning lesions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(8); 1–7. ©2015 AACR.
Elastic Scattering of 10-Mev Deuterons by H 3 and He 3

The $d\ensuremath{-}t$ and $d\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ differential elastic scattering cross sections have been measured for the 10-Mev deuteron bombarding energy of the external beam of the Los Alamos cyclotron. Nuclear plates detected the charged particles in the angular region 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 140\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the c.m. coordinate system. Although the cross section as a function of angle shows marked asymmetries, indicative of scattering contributions from partial waves of high angular momentum, the two curves are identical above 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the c.m. system.
Phase I clinical pharmacokinetics of RTA 744 (berubicin(B)), a blood-brain barrier penetrating anthracycline active against high grade glioma, and evaluation of its 13-hydroxy metabolite, berubicinol (B-ol)

B101 Preclinical studies demonstrated that Berubicin (B), a 4’-O-benzyl-doxorubicin designed to effectively cross the BBB by circumventing P-gp and MRP1-mediated efflux, is retained in brain & brain tumor tissue for >24 hrs, and has demonstrated in vivo activity against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) in an orthotopic model. Berubicinol (B-ol) is the 13-hydroxy derivative, determined as the primary metabolite. A multicenter, phase I dose-escalation study of B, administered as a short IV infusion, designed as 2 arms: 3 consecutive days, every 3 weeks, or weekly x 4, every 5 weeks. Patients enrolled in the study were adult patients with recurrent or refractory GBM, anaplastic astrocytoma, or other primary brain tumors. Peripheral blood samples for PK analysis were collected prior to and at selected timepoints after drug administration with parent and B-ol quantified by LC/MS/MS. PK parameters describing B disposition were determined by fitting compartmental models to individual patient plasma concentration-time data. An integrative parent-metabolite PK model is being developed to explain the clinical pharmacokinetics of B-ol. Thirty-four patients have been enrolled at daily x 3 doses of B ranging from 1.2 to 9.6 mg/m2,with the MTD for this dosing schema determined to be 7.5 mg/m2. Mean (range) population terminal half-life is 31.9 (11.0-89.2) hrs, plasma drug clearance is 49.7 (22.3-107.5) L/hr/m2, and Vss is 1842 (583-4722) L/m2 for the daily arm; and terminal half-life is 44.0 (34.9-52.2) hrs, plasma drug clearance is 26.9 (13.8-35.8) L/hr/m2, and Vss is 1473 (661-1800) L/m2 for six patients enrolled on the weekly regimen, with doses ranging from 7.5 to 10.0 mg/m2. Regimen related toxicity has been minimal with the most common adverse event being myelosuppression. Percentage of unchanged parent drug renally eliminated was 3.8% (0.4-14.9%). Several partial responses and one complete response have been noted, even at dose levels below the observed MTD of 7.5 mg/m2/day for the daily arm. The results of B are similar to what we have observed in our preclinical studies, demonstrating increased lipophillicity and enhanced biodistribution of drug when compared to doxorubicin. Direct confirmation of drug penetration into the CNS is the focus of an ongoing trial in patients with leptomenigeal malignancies. In mice, B-ol has shown poor bioavailability after oral administration, and 30 to 50-fold lower brain tissue penetrance than the parent drug, when each were given as 40 mg/kg IV injections. Parent-metabolite studies are ongoing to adequately determine the in vivo conversion rate, thus far, based on clinical comparisons of AUC, exposures of metabolite range from 14-37% of that of the parent. With in vitro evidence suggesting metabolite cytotoxicity to be 40% and 49% that of B in U87 and D54 glioma cell lines, respectively, further study of the clinical role of B-ol is warranted.
Multivariate failure time data

The term multivariate usually refers to multiple explanatory variables in clinical literature and to multiple response variables in statistics. In this chapter, the latter interpretation is taken. By multivariate failure time data, we thus mean that each patient may experience several events of clinical interest, or that there exists some natural or artificial clustering of observational units that induces dependence among failure times of the same cluster; we shall refer to the former as multiple events data and the latter as clustered data. Examples of multivariate failure time data include the sequence of tumor recurrences or infection episodes, the developments of physical symptoms or diseases in several organ systems, the experiences of visual loss in the left and right eyes, the onsets of a genetic disease among family members, and the appearances of tumors in littermates exposed to a carcinogen. We describe below three clinical trials and one epidemiologic study that involve multivariate failure times.
Developmental programming: interaction between prenatal BPA exposure and postnatal adiposity on metabolic variables in female sheep

Among potential contributors for the increased incidence of metabolic diseases is the developmental exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA). BPA is an estrogenic chemic...
New Flexible Channels for Room Temperature Tunneling Field Effect Transistors

Tunneling field effect transistors (TFETs) have been proposed to overcome the fundamental issues of Si based transistors, such as short channel effect, finite leakage current, and high contact resistance. Unfortunately, most if not all TFETs are operational only at cryogenic temperatures. Here we report that iron (Fe) quantum dots functionalized boron nitride nanotubes (QDs-BNNTs) can be used as the flexible tunneling channels of TFETs at room temperatures. The electrical insulating BNNTs are used as the one-dimensional (1D) substrates to confine the uniform formation of Fe QDs on their surface as the flexible tunneling channel. Consistent semiconductor-like transport behaviors under various bending conditions are detected by scanning tunneling spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscopy system (in-situ STM-TEM). As suggested by computer simulation, the uniform distribution of Fe QDs enable an averaging effect on the possible electron tunneling pathways, which is responsible for the consistent transport properties that are not sensitive to bending.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery as Part of Multimodal Treatment in a Bulky Leptomeningeal Recurrence of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer metastatic to the brain and/or leptomeningeal spread of disease is a frequently encountered clinical situation, especially given the extended course of disease in these patients. Systemic therapies can often effectively prolong extracranial disease control, making effective strategies to control central nervous system-based disease even more critical. We present a case of bulky leptomeningeal relapse of breast cancer in the setting of prior whole brain radiation therapy. In order to treat the patient's bulky disease and leptomeningeal spread while avoiding the potential toxicities of repeat whole brain radiation, the patient was treated with frameless stereotactic radiosurgery and intrathecal chemotherapy. This is the first report of this treatment approach for leptomeningeal relapse of breast cancer. The patient had an excellent response to treatment and durable intracranial control.
The multichip module as a board-level package

Leading-edge packaging applications are demanding some combination of greater interconnect density, smaller size, higher system performance, and lower cost. The elimination of the chip-level package in favor of the direct attachment of chips to a substrate or board is an alternative that is being actively developed for many prospective applications and commercially implemented in specific situations. This multichip module (MCM) approach takes many forms depending on both the system requirements and the ever-present cost constraints. The cost/performance trade-off drives the selection of materials system: laminate board (MCM-L), multilayer ceramic (MCM-C), or deposited thin films (MCM-D). The shift to MCM technology will continue selectively, where the needs and the benefits are compelling.
Great Power Arms Transfers: Modeling the Decision-Making Processes of Hegemonic, Industrial, and Restrictive Exporters

This paper develops and tests a fuzzy multi-criteria model of arms transfer decision-making. The model is adapted to SIPRI's three main arms export patterns-hegemonic, industrial, and restrictive-and tested for its ability to predict the arms transfer strategies of the United States, France, and West Germany for importers of the Third World during the years 19501976. Ninety strategies are predicted, with an overall success rate of 87%. The model outperforms several naive models (including an autoregressive model) and an expected-utility model. The multi-criteria versus expectedutility tests center on the U.S.'s hegemonic pattern and indicate that the strategies chosen by the U.S. for importers of Central America were guided by geostrategic and regional stability considerations. Other analyses reveal that the differences between the success rates of the multi-criteria submodels (one submodel per exporter) are not statistically significant and that the best predictor for an exporter is the submodel prepared specifically for that exporter. It has been almost two decades since the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) published its pathbreaking study of arms transfers. The Arms Trade with the Third World (1971), was then and certainly remains today the most comprehensive account of the motivations and practices of countries that deliver and receive arms. It also represents one of the earliest attempts to theorize, if ever so modestly, about the arms transfer phenomenon. Of particular relevance, in this respect, is SIPRI's designation of three general arms export patterns based on what the researchers believe are the main goals of various exporting states. These are the industrial pattern, which pertains to countries that deliver weapons either for profit or to support their arms industries; the restrictive pattern, which indicates the practice of exporting arms only when such deliveries improve the chances of regional stability and reduce the chances of regional conflict; and the hegemonic pattern, which describes countries that supply arms in order to improve their political and strategic positions in the import region. This simple classification scheme is the focal point of the present study. The objective here is to build upon recent formal and empirical analyses of hegemonic Author's note: Earlier versions of this paper were presented before the annual meetings of the International Studies Association (1988, St. Louis) and the Midwest Political Science Association (1989, Chicago). The author wishes to thank three anonymous referees and the editors of ISQ for their helpful comments.
Adherence to Medical Therapy and the Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease.

Ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease account for >20% of worldwide mortality and are the 2 leading causes of death on a global basis [(1)][1]. Although mortality from ischemic heart disease is greater than that from stroke worldwide, the mortality from stroke is actually higher than
Yellowstone: The Creation and Selling of an American Landscape, 1870-1903

Magoc (history, Mercyhurst College, Erie, Pennsylvania) explores the conflicted creation of Yellowstone National Park in late 19th-century America. He examines American myths and values behind the movement to preserve the Yellowstone wilderness and extract its natural resources, and introduces the s
The Optical Fiber Grating Temperature On-line Monitoring System of Power Cable

The present status of on-line monitoring system for temperature of power cable,the rationale of optical fiber grating temperature on-line monitoring system(OFGTOMS),and actual application of it are introduced. The application result indicates that on-line monitoring system for temperature of power cable based on OFGTOMS is reliable in operation,accurate in temperature data acquisition and fit for popularization.
Unscented Kalman Filter and 3D vision to improve cable driven surgical robot joint angle estimation

Cable driven manipulators are popular in surgical robots due to compact design, low inertia, and remote actuation. In these manipulators, encoders are usually mounted on the motor, and joint angles are estimated based on transmission kinematics. However, due to non-linear properties of cables such as cable stretch, lower stiffness, and uncertainties in kinematic model parameters, the precision of joint angle estimation is limited with transmission kinematics approach. To improve the positioning of these manipulators, we use a pair of low cost stereo camera as the observation for joint angles and we input these noisy measurements into an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) for state estimation. We use the dual UKF to estimate cable parameters and states offline. We evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed method on a Raven-II experimental surgical research platform. Additional encoders at the joint output were employed as a reference system. From the experiments, the UKF improved the accuracy of joint angle estimation by 33– 72%. Also, we tested the reliability of state estimation under camera occlusion. We found that when the system dynamics is tuned with offline UKF parameter estimation, the camera occlusion has no effect on the online state estimation.
Epigenetic Control in Human Normal Follicular Thyroid Cells and in Thyroid Carcinoma

Thyroid cancers are the most frequent endocrine malignancies in the world. Although these cancers present an indolent nature most of the times, the ones that present aggressive features have very poor prognosis and are incurable.
Grapes and Inflammation

Diet may play a role in the regulation of inflammation and inflammation-related pathologies. Inflammation is correlated with oxidative stress, and grape and grape phytochemicals can affect both inflammation and oxidative stress in cell, animal, and clinical models. The most effective constituents in grape are unknown, but grape, grape extracts, and grape phytochemicals can affect cell signaling, transcription, and translation related to inflammation. These effects are likely more impactful than any direct oxidative species scavenging effects of antioxidant phytochemicals in grape. As discussed here, in vivo preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate that intake of grape products can modify both the mechanisms and degree of local and systemic inflammation. Studies discussed here include grape effects upon inflammation in the organs of metabolism and elimination as well as those involved in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. This chapter will discuss some potential mechanisms of effect as well as future challenges and potential research directions for grapes and inflammation.
Störungen, Falten und andere Zeugen der Gesteinsdeformation

Wenn Gesteine an Plattengrenzen gelangen, konnen – wie schon in Kap. 6 gezeigt wurde – ihre Gefuge und ihr Mineralbestand durch die Prozesse der Metamorphose verandert werden. Unter den Prozessen, die auf den Kontinenten zur Regionalmetamorphose fuhren, ist die Deformation der wichtigste Vorgang: die Verformung der Gesteine durch Einengung (Kompression), Dehnung (Extension), Faltung und Bruchtektonik. Bezogen auf einzelne Gesteinstypen kann ein Granit durch Deformation in Gneis und ein Schieferton in einen kristallinen Schiefer ubergehen. Im regionalen Rahmen konnen als Folge der Deformation ursprunglich horizontal abgelagerte Schichten in sehr vielfaltige Strukturen ubergefuhrt werden.
ICE Concentration Linked with Extractive Stirrer (ICECLES)

Trace and ultra-trace analysis can be difficult to achieve, especially for polar, more volatile, and/or thermally unstable analytes. A novel technique, coined ICE Concentration Linked with Extractive Stirrer (ICECLES), may help address this problem. The implementation of ICECLES described here combines stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) with freeze concentration (FC), where an aqueous solution is frozen during SBSE in order to concentrate analytes into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated stir bar. Five test probe molecules with a range of log Kows (2-butanol, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, dimethyl trisulfide and bromobenzene) were prepared from aqueous solutions using ICECLES. Thermal desorption gas–chromatography mass–spectrometry was then used to quantify these analytes. Parameters affecting the performance of ICECLES (e.g., freeze rate) were evaluated, with extraction at lower speeds resulting in higher extraction efficiencies, whereas the freeze rate and initial analyte concentration only had a minor effect. ICECLES produced much higher extraction efficiencies than SBSE alone, with signal enhancements of up to 474× SBSE. ICECLES also provided excellent reproducibility and lower LODs than SBSE for all compounds tested. ICECLES performed well when used to analyze multiple triazine pesticides and breakdown products in environmental surface waters. Overall, the ICECLES technique was excellent at preparing aqueous samples for trace analysis and shows promise as a novel analytical sample preparation technology.
Exercise cardiac MR assessment of diastolic function

Background Dyspnea with exertion is a common symptom in patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Assessing changes in systolic and diastolic hemodynamic parameters with exercise is necessary to thoroughly characterize these patients. Evaluation of changes in LV systolic function with exercise stress cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) has been demonstrated previously [1,2]. In this study we assessed the feasibility of assessing LV diastolic function with exercise cardiac magnetic resonance. Methods
American schools and the uses of shame: an ambiguous history

AbstractThis article traces the uses of and attacks on shame in classroom discipline, in the United States, from the nineteenth century to the present. Shame was once routinely used in the classroom. In American society generally, the emotion came under new attack from the early nineteenth century onwards, as demeaning and contrary to human dignity; the attack played out particularly in penology and in childrearing advice. In the classroom, however, shame’s disciplinary role if anything increased for several decades, in part as an alternative to corporal punishment. The larger cultural disapprovals of shame began to be applied to the schools by the late nineteenth century, but with inconsistent results. A more consistent attack emerged after the Second World War, and several traditional disciplinary ploys were dropped as a result. Parental disapproval of shaming rose as well. However, milder forms of shaming persist to this day, as shame continues to be a rather contested emotion in the school setting.
The Developmental Origins of False-Belief Understanding

Understanding that individuals can be mistaken, or hold false beliefs, about the world is an important human ability that plays a vital role in social interactions. When and how does this ability develop? Traditional investigations using elicited-response tasks suggested that false-belief understanding did not emerge until at least age 4. However, more recent studies have shown that children demonstrate false-belief understanding much earlier when tested via other means. In the present article, I summarize recent evidence that a robust, flexible understanding of false belief emerges in infancy and discuss why older children fail elicited-response tasks despite their ability to represent beliefs.
Neither Deterrence nor Defense: The Failure of the French High Command May 1940

Few events of the astonishing Twentieth century have caused as much conjecture and controversy as the Fall of France in 1940. The humiliating rapid collapse of a great European power, who at the time saw itself as preeminent in many respects, including military prowess, strategy, and expertise, shocked the world and promised to enable Nazi Germany to conquer the Soviet Union, completing the domination of Europe. My paper does not plan to plow through the millions of words written on this melancholy episode. Rather, I plan to follow the suggestion of Marc Bloch, who in Strange Defeat said: "But how was it that on many of us, and particularly, I gather, on regimental officers, the staff formation produced an undeniable impression of disorder as soon as the war entered its active phase? The explanation seems to be that the plan to stop the Germans in Belgium was an extension of the objective of the ‘Maginot Line’ to prevent German invasion of France. Casualties in Belgium were to be the functional equivalent of the impenetrable fortifications of the Maginot Line.
ENERGY SOURCES FOR TUMOR GROWTH

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses tumor metabolism and the energy sources for tumor growth. A theory by Wallach presents that the problem in tumors may be a defect in membranes and that what is seen in mitochondria may be one of the reflections of a defect in the synthesis of some common membrane protein and such a defect would be reflected in the plasma membrane. If there are alterations in the nuclear membrane, as DNA synthesis is supposed to be membrane-associated, many of the chromosomal aberrations would be secondary to a membrane defect. If the assumption is valid that tumor mitochondria are defective, it is not unreasonable to think that their respiration may be selectively inhibited and that such selective inhibition, combined with glycolytic inhibitors, might be useful in cancer chemotherapy. In the case of rapidly growing tumors, there is a marked decrease in respiration and a marked increase in glycolysis.
Dimensions of Interpersonal Relationships: Corpus and Experiments

This paper presents a corpus and experiments to determine dimensions of interpersonal relationships. We define a set of dimensions heavily inspired by work in social science. We create a corpus by retrieving pairs of people, and then annotating dimensions for their relationships. A corpus analysis shows that dimensions can be annotated reliably. Experimental results show that given a pair of people, values to dimensions can be assigned automatically.
Regulating Polygamy: Intimacy, Default Rules, and Bargaining for Equality

Most legal scholarship about polygamy has approached it in one of two ways. Some have framed it as a question of how far constitutional protection for religious freedom and privacy rights extends, including what we might think of as “intimacy liberty,” particularly in light of Lawrence v. Texas. Others have debated decriminalization, based on the contested effects of polygamy on matters ranging from women’s subordination to fraudulent behavior to democracy. This Essay shifts attention from the constitutionality and decriminalization debates to a new set of questions: whether and how polygamy might be effectively recognized and regulated, consistent with contemporary social norms. It argues that the gay marriage analogy, invoked on both the “left” and the “right,” is a red herring, a distraction from the real challenge polygamy raises for law - how plural marriage transforms the conventional marital dyad and whether law is up to regulating marital multiplicity. Both of the gay analogies, the slippery slope invocation and the alternative lifestyles defense, distract us from the fact that polygamy’s distinctive feature lies not in the spouses’ gender (as is the case for same-sex couples marriage) but rather in its departures from the two-person marital model. Polygamy’s defining feature, marital multiplicity, generates specific costs and vulnerabilities, as well as opportunities for exploitative and opportunistic behavior, some of which we have seen played out in distressing fashion in recent high-profile conflicts. Hence, this paper approaches polygamy as a problem of bargaining, cooperation, strategic behavior, and, forgive the pun, the problems it engenders. No one, including others who have considered polygamy from a bargaining perspective such as Gary Becker and Richard Posner, has confronted polygamy as a regulatory matter, instead assuming it is merely dyadic marriage multiplied. Is the law up to regulating marital multiplicity? This Essay contends that, in contemplating the design of a plural marriage regime, we are not starting from scratch. While conventional family law, with its assumptions of the marital dyad, may not be up to the task, other legal regimes have addressed polygamy’s central conundrum: ensuring fairness and establishing baseline behavior in contexts characterized by multiple partners, on-going entrances and exits, and life-defining economic and personal stakes. In particular, commercial partnership law has addressed precisely these concerns through a robust set of off-the-rack rules. The Essay contrasts polygamy with aspects of partnership law to derive a set of default rules that might accommodate polygamy’s marital multiplicity, while addressing some of the costs and power disparities that polygamy has engendered. The point is not to use partnership law as a “map,” but rather to make the point that there are already conceptual models for what might be thought of as plural marital associations.
Introduction: Communications Law, Technological Change, and the New Normal

The current process- and power-related debates we have about communications law and policy would have been unrecognizable to us 20 years ago. Not many predicted in 1993 that in just two decades, the functions of a word processor, camcorder, telephone, camera, music player, pager, and watch could all fit within a single, palm-sized device — or especially that the same device could be connected to millions of other devices and distribute text, photographs, or even video in a split second. Prognostications are thus a risky business, but it is the academy’s role to engage in critical observations, and to make recommendations for the future based on trends as we view them. This Article argues that over the next twenty years, the most visible effects of communications-related technological change will be found in two areas that have long been the province of state tort law: reputation and privacy.
VASCULITIS | Microscopic Polyangiitis

Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is a rare disease of unknown etiology. It is characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small blood vessels (arterioles, capillaries, and venules) in the absence of immune deposits and granulomatous inflammation. Antibodies against the content of azurophilic granules in neutrophilic granulocytes (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)), most commonly targeting myeloperoxidase (MPO-ANCA), are present in the majority of patients. Although the etiology of MPA remains unknown, clinical observations and animal models suggest a causal association with MPO-ANCA. Clinically, MPA commonly presents with systemic symptoms, palpable purpura, renal dysfunction, pulmonary hemorrhage, and mononeuritis multiplex. If larger arteries are involved, patients may display disease manifestations historically attributed to panarteritis nodosa. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage represent the most frequent life-threatening complications. The combination of glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide is typically used for remission induction therapy. Despite aggressive therapy, relapses occur commonly and treatment-associated morbidity and mortality are frequently encountered.
YOU’VE GOT A FRIEND. EXPLORING THE ROLE OF FRIENDSHIPS IN THE LIVES OF MEN 80 AND OVER

A 2005 study found that friendships increased life expectancy by as much a 20% (Komaroff, 2016). However, elder men are less likely to utilize friendships and report few if any friendships during late life (Brody, 2016; Olds and Schwartz, 2009). In fact, there is limited information on how men in their eighth and ninth decade of life think and feel about friendships. This paper will report on the findings from interviews with ten men ages 80 to 94 living in a Continuing Care Community that explored the role of friendships in their lives.Consistent with previous research, all of the men identified their wives as their “Best Friends”. However, most men reported that their use of friends at this time in their lives met a set of unique and unknown developmental needs of elder men not formerly recognized by gerontologists. These developmental needs met through “friendly relationships”(Matthews, 1986) include: helping men to recognize their own aging, helping them to feel that they are liked and helping them to trust in someone (although not always being able to find that person). Based upon the findings of this study, recommendations for enhancing a “Buddy System” (Greif, 2009) to meet the special unacknowledged needs of men 80 and older will be offered.
Patient Dose Comparison for Intraoperative Imaging Devices Used in Orthopaedic Lumbar Spinal Surgery.

Background The aim of this study was to determine the amount of radiation exposure from intraoperative imaging during two-level and four-level lumbar fusions. Methods Five imaging systems were studied: multidetector CT (MDCT) scanner (CT A); two mobile CT units (CT B and CT C); a C-arm (D); and fluoroscopy (E). Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor dosimeters measured doses at 25 organ locations using an anthropomorphic phantom. A fat-equivalent phantom was used to simulate an obese body mass index (BMI). Results The effective dose (ED) for C-arm D was estimated using commercial software. The ED for others was computed from the measured mean organ doses. EDs for a normal BMI patient, receiving a four-level fusion, are as follows: CT A (12.00 ± 0.30 mSv), CT B (5.90 ± 0.25 mSv), CT C (2.35 ± 0.44 mSv), C-arm D (0.44 mSv), and fluoroscopy E (0.30 ± 0.3 mSv). The rankings are consistent across all three BMI values except CT C and fluoroscopy E, which peaked in the overweight size because of system limitations. The other machines' ED trended with patient BMI. Conclusion The dose reduction protocols were confirmed according to the manufacturer's specifications. The results of this study emphasize the need for the appropriate selection of the imaging system, especially because the type of device could have a substantial effect on patient radiation risk.
Multiscale homogenization and localization of materials with hierarchical porous microstructures

Abstract Using an efficient, elasticity-based homogenization theory, we investigated the effect of porosity redistribution at different microstructural scales on the homogenized moduli and local stress fields of periodic materials with hierarchical porosities. A recursive algorithm was developed wherein homogenized moduli and local stress fields obtained from the homogenization and localization analysis at one scale are used in the calculation of homogenized moduli at the next scale. This recursive algorithm is employed until the largest scale is reached. We illustrate the developed computational capability for a two-scale periodic material by generating homogenized moduli and stress concentrations during the process of porosity redistribution between the scales. Results of extensive parametric studies, enabled by the elasticity-based hierarchical homogenization algorithm, show that largest homogenized moduli and lowest stress concentration may be obtained through proper choice of relevant parameters. The algorithm is also applicable to hierarchical materials with nanoscale porosities with surface-elasticity effects taken into account using the Gurtin-Murdoch model. Coupling the integrated homogenization/localization framework with the Particle Swarm Optimization facilitates direct identification of multiscale porous microstructures with the lowest stress concentration for a given targeted homogenized modulus, verified upon comparison with the parametric study results. The present work provides guidelines for the design of multiscale porous materials.
Mapping the Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy:Combined Analysis of QMAP Flights

We present results from the QMAP balloon experiment, which maps the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and probes its angular power spectrum on degree scales. In two separate flights, data were taken in six channels at two frequency bands between 26 and 46 GHz. We describe our method for mapmaking (removal of 1/f-noise and scan-synchronous offsets) and power spectrum estimation as well as the results of a joint analysis of the data from both flights. This produces a 527 deg2 map of the CMB around the north celestial pole, allowing a wide variety of systematic cross-checks. The frequency dependence of the fluctuations is consistent with CMB and inconsistent with Galactic foreground emission. The anisotropy is measured in three multipole bands from l~40 to l~200, and the angular power spectrum shows a distinct rise that is consistent with the Saskatoon results.
Design and optimization of a fused-silica microfluidic device for separation of trivalent lanthanides by isotachophoresis.

Elemental analysis of rare earth elements is essential in a variety of fields including environmental monitoring and nuclear safeguards; however, current techniques are often labor intensive, time consuming, and/or costly to perform. The difficulty arises in preparing samples, which requires separating the chemically and physically similar lanthanides. However, by transitioning these separations to the microscale, the speed, cost, and simplicity of sample preparation can be drastically improved. Here, all fourteen non-radioactive lanthanides (lanthanum through lutetium minus promethium) are separated by ITP for the first time in a serpentine fused-silica microchannel (70 µm wide × 70 µm tall × 33 cm long) in <10 min at voltages ≤8 kV with limits of detection on the order of picomoles. This time includes the 2 min electrokinetic injection time at 2 kV to load sample into the microchannel. The final leading electrolyte consisted of 10 mM ammonium acetate, 7 mM α-hydroxyisobutyric acid, 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone, and the final terminating electrolyte consisted of 10 mM acetic acid, 7 mM α-hydroxyisobutyric acid, and 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone. Electrophoretic electrodes are embedded in the microchip reservoirs so that voltages can be quickly applied and switched during operation. The limits of detection are quantified using a commercial capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (C4 D) to calculate ITP zone lengths in combination with ITP theory. Optimization of experimental procedures and reproducibility based on statistical analysis of subsequent experimental results are addressed. Percent error values in band length and conductivity are ≤8.1 and 0.37%, respectively.
Open Communication Science: A Primer on Why and Some Recommendations for How

Communication scientists devote large amounts of resources to conducting studies to improve our understanding of the social world, in hopes that our efforts contribute to improving people’s life ou...
A Pax Pedagogica

In the 5V2 thousand years of recorded history there have been 14 Vi thousand wars. In the last 30 years nations have fought some 30 times nowadays by forms of military intervention without formal declaration of war which nevertheless mount the most awesome armaments of conventional weaponry in human history. As the Pax Britannica is succeeded by the Pax Americana, the Pax Ballistica continues to masquerade as society's chief political stabilizer. International education therefore arises in our time as a reach for a Pax Pedagogica, which in a thermonuclear age may be mankind's last hope of averting a global holocaust which would indeed be a war to end our civilization. Whether the universalizing of education for peaceful development will succeed in mollifying mankind will depend upon its being seen as the court of final appeal for rational man in irrational society. The United States is the first paramount nation to have set about secondary education for all its people. It is customary to boast that a quarter of the total American population is now under formal instruction of one kind or another; that there are 2,337 universities, colleges and junior colleges, both public and private, now offering higher education of some kind to almost 7,000,000 students, with 500,000 teachers plus 85,000 administrative and service staff. The full magnitude of the American educational enterprise appears when to all this is added the basic structure of school systems 93,000 elementary and 31,000 secondary schools with a total enrollment of 51,000,000 pupils, with some 2,104,000 teachers and about 120,000 superintendents, principals and supervisors. The annual expenditure on schools is $35 billion, and on higher education $20 billion (a massive total which is nevertheless only 5.5 per cent of the gross national product).1 In grand total, the United States provides for 57V2 million educands,
A comparison of staff and patient perceptions of the causes and cures of physical aggression on a psychiatric unit.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to compare staff versus patient perceptions of the causes and emotional impact of verbal and physical aggression on a psychiatric inpatient unit, and the corrective measures each group would endorse. Methods: Fifty-four patients and 32 nursing staff members responded to similar questions about physical and verbal aggression. They also reported their emotional responses to aggression and steps they would endorse to reduce aggression at the medical center. Data was analyzed by chi-square tests for proportion comparisons between groups. Results: “Verbal Abuse” was viewed an important contributor to physical aggression. Staff stressed patient substance abuse and violent lifestyles. Patients focused on the use of involuntary procedures and cultural differences between patients and staff. Conclusions: Patients endorsed more restrictive safety measures as long as the measures such as metal detectors and searches were applied to staff and visitors, as well as patients. Patients requested more input into decision-making processes through patient-staff workgroups.
Use of ENDS and Cigarettes During Pregnancy.

Introduction Although the use of alternative tobacco products has been increasing among women and adolescents, research on the use of ENDS during pregnancy has been limited. This study examines the prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics of ENDS and cigarette use during pregnancy. Methods This cross-sectional analysis of the 2016 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System used data on self-reported use of ENDS and cigarettes during the last 3 months of pregnancy among 33,964 women from 29 states and New York City. Data were analyzed in 2019. Results The overall prevalence of prenatal ENDS use was 1.2% and cigarette use was 7.7%, varying from 0.6% and 1.8% in New York City to 4.4% and 22.7% in West Virginia. In adjusted models, white women were more likely to use ENDS (AOR=4.68, 95% CI=2.91, 7.54) than black women. Women with increasing years of education were also less likely to use ENDS. Women who used cigarettes during pregnancy were 11.05 times (95% CI=7.40, 16.48) more likely to also use ENDS prenatally. Associations between sociodemographic characteristics and cigarette use during pregnancy were consistent with the findings for ENDS. Conclusions Pregnant women across the U.S. are using ENDS and cigarettes. Surveillance is essential to continue monitoring trends in prenatal use of tobacco products and understand the implications on pregnancy and infant outcomes.
Transcriptional regulation of androgen receptor gene expression in prostate cancer

970 Prostate cancer (CaP) cells are typically androgen dependent and androgen ablation is the standard systemic therapy for this disease. Virtually all CaP patients treated with androgen ablation eventually develop resistance to therapy, an ominous clinical state for which no consistently effective therapy exists. The mechanisms and biochemical pathways that contribute to the development of androgen independent prostate cancer (AIPC) are not well understood. Abnormal activation of androgen receptor (AR) has been proposed as one important mechanism. We have performed DNA microarray analysis of 11 noncancerous prostatic tissues and 86 CaP specimens in different clinical states. Therapy resistance has associated with a marked increase in AR transcripts without gene amplification, which suggests that upregulation of AR transcript is a critical event. Based on a correlation with AR transcript level, several transcription factors (NF-κB, Ets-2, AP-1) were identified as potential regulators of AR expression and signaling during progression to hormone therapy resistance. Transient transfection data indicated that NF-κB, Ets-2 could upregulate the AR expression in LNCaP cells. Gel mobility shift assay indicated that NF-κB p65 and p50 subunits specifically bind to the consensus NF-κB binding sites within the human AR promoter. Our data suggest that the transcriptional activation of AR gene represents a novel mechanism involved in the development of AIPC. The identification and characterization of these transcriptional regulators may provide therapeutic opportunities for this disease.