cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fairness Beyond the Adversary System: Procedural Justice Norms for Legal Negotiation

There are far fewer trials now than ever before. The shift from a system of public, adversarial, and ordered civil dispute resolution to a set of private, negotiated, and ad hoc resolutions has raised serious concerns about our enforcement of the laws and our understanding of legal outcomes. Law and legal rules are our society’s expression of justice; if we want outcomes of legal disputes to comport with justice, what does the absence of trials tell us about the optimal nature of negotiated justice? One key component of fairness and legitimacy for our legal system is procedural justice—namely, the fairness of the process used to reach an outcome. Perceptions of procedural justice serve as important determinants of people’s satisfaction with their experience in the justice system. In the courtroom, understanding what kind of process is fair is facilitated by a set of clear norms and rules that govern behavior. Judges oversee a formalized process, parties sit in designated spaces, and the courtroom itself offers cues about the role of the rule of law. Yet when parties resolve their disputes through negotiation—in the shadow of the adversarial process but not directly within the adversary system—it is much harder to understand what process will leave participants with the perception of procedural justice. Recent research has suggested an important role for procedural justice in shaping responses to negotiated outcomes in legal disputes. But shifting the burden of fair process from a neutral third party such as a judge or arbitrator onto lawyers creates an ethical challenge for attorneys. Should lawyers be responsible for creating a fair process for negotiating parties? And, if so, how can they provide a fair process in negotiated settlement while retaining their role as zealous advocates in an adversary system? Part I of this Article provides background on procedural justice and its relationship to negotiation. Part II then discusses the results of a recent empirical study on the factors that help shape perceptions of procedural justice in the negotiation setting. Lastly, Part III explores the strategic and ethical implications of these results for the practicing lawyer in settlement negotiations.
Optical Properties of Plasmonic Ultrathin TiN Films

Overcoming the challenge of growing ultrathin metallic films is of great importance for practical applications of nanoplasmonic structures. In the present work, epitaxial, ultrathin (<10 nm) films of plasmonic TiN are grown on MgO using DC reactive magnetron sputtering. The optical properties of the films are studied through variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and Hall measurements. As the film thickness decreases, they become less metallic and exhibit higher loss while still remaining plasmonic in the optical range. These trends are related to the decreasing carrier concentration in the thinner films and increased scattering, respectively. However, all films tested (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 nm) still remain highly metallic with a carrier concentration on the order of 1022 cm−3. Based on the relationship between the plasma frequency, carrier concentration, and effective mass, it is determined that the reduction in carrier concentration plays the main role in defining the film's optical properties, as variations in the effective mass are found to be minimal for thicknesses above 4 nm. However, for the 2 nm film and below, theoretical calculations begin to deviate from experimental values.
Tensile Properties and Notch Toughness of Groove Welds in Wrought and Cast Aluminum Alloys at Cryogenic Temperatures

An impressive amount of literature has been developed to define the tensile properties and notch toughnesses of aluminum alloys at very low cryogenic temperatures [1–3], Data and service experience are consistent in indicating the suitability of many aluminum alloys for cryogenic service, since they retain their relatively high ductility and notch toughness, in addition to having useful strengths at very low temperatures. Although a fair amount of data have been presented on the tensile properties and notch toughness of welds in aluminum alloys [4,5], none have been available for liquid-helium temperature to provide a guide as to which particular combinations of parent and filler alloys might be most desirable for extremely low-temperature service.
EPDM RUBBER PLASTICIZED WITH POLYMERIC SOYBEAN OIL OF DIFFERENT MOLECULAR WEIGHTS

ABSTRACT Polymerization of soybean oil produces higher-viscosity liquids, which may serve as processing aids and plasticizers in certain rubbers as a replacement of petrochemical oils. Four polymer...
Interleukin-12. Opportunities for the treatment of bladder cancer.

Clinicians are now keenly aware of the typical sequence of events that follow the characterization of novel immunoregulatory growth factors and cytokines by the biotechnology industry and their academic collaborators. Interferons and interleukin-2 received enormous media and public attention as breakthrough drugs for the treatment of human cancer based on provocative early in vitro and laboratory animal successes; however, subsequent clinical trials with recombinant cytokines demonstrated that orchestrating a patient's immune system to fight an advanced malignancy was a challenging and often baffling process. Despite frequent and severe toxicities in human studies, the occasional dramatic and prolonged response observed in selected patients fueled continued clinical development. Perseverance by clinical investigators and corporate supporters and a willing patient population ultimately resulted in the approval of these agents for a limited range of oncologic applications. Interest in interleukin-12 (IL-12) therapy has also varied since it was identified and cloned a decade ago. 17 , 32 , 70 Enthusiam for IL-12 in the wake of dramatic anticancer properties demonstrated in rodents subsequently declined after disappointing clinical studies and the widely publicized deaths of several patients participating in trials of recombinant IL-12. 5 , 9 , 16 , 56 The accumulating experience provides a foundation for laboratory and clinical studies examining novel approaches for cancer therapy employing IL-12. Clinical research opportunities include the following: 1 Combinations with highly immunogenic peptides and proteins derived from tumor antigens 2 Combinations with highly specific antibody constructs targeting tumor antigens 3 Combinations with other cytokines and chemokines to modulate antitumor immune responses more precisely 4 Augmentation of cell-based immune therapies 5 The development of efficient vectors for localized gene therapy 6 Combinations with nonimmunologic cancer therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy This article focuses on the role of IL-12–based therapy for human bladder cancer. The application of intravesicular bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for the treatment of superficial high-grade bladder cancer has clearly demonstrated that immune-based therapies can dramatically alter the course of disease and can provide durable cures. 26 , 27 , 28 The possibility that more effective immune-based strategies for superficial bladder cancer may be developed and extended to more advanced disease provides the basis for additional studies with IL-12.
Selling whiteness? – A critical review of the literature on marketing and racism

ABSTRACTThis article provides a critical review of the literature concerning marketing and racism, grounded in theoretical foundations drawn from critical race theory, whiteness theory and attendant models of privilege and oppression in society. The extant literature indicates a relationship between racism, marketing and social hierarchies which manifest with regard to marketing representations of people of colour and racialised groups; discriminatory practices in the marketplace and the roles of marketing professionals of colour. However, multiculturalism and anti-racism efforts attempt to counter racist practices; yet, the impacts of these efforts are unclear. Directions for future research are suggested.
Mindfulness based stress reduction and citizenship education: A systemic review of the empirical literature

Abstract Mindfulness based stress reduction has been proven effective in education on several metrics of analysis, but no quantitative research has been conducted within citizenship education. Analysis was conducted across four databases, examining the field work available within citizenship education and mindfulness based stress reduction. A comprehensive and systematic review of the research base was conducted to identify the existing empirical evidence of mindfulness based stress education's impact on citizenship education ( American Psychological Association Survey Shows Teen Stress Rivals That of Adults, 2014 ).
Atmospheric Circulation and Climatic Change II. Case Studies

Two examples of regional paleoclimatic reconstruction are discussed. The first deals with the problem of the steppetundra environment of Beringia during Late Glacial time. The most likely scenario is a mosaic of topoclimates and landscape elements. The second concerns the mechanisms for glacial inception in North America. The role of a warm ocean and albedo feedback are suggested as critical.
Flint Patina as an Aspect of "Flaked Stone Taphonomy": a case study from the loess terrain of the Netherlands and Belgium

This paper describes recent research into variable patinas observed on lithic artifacts from the loessmantled region of Southern Limburg, The Netherlands and Belgian Limburg. There, patina intensity and artifact typology and technology have long been used as indicators of the relative age of surface finds. Though it is true that Neolithic and later flint surface finds never possess the intensity of patina observed on Paleolithic artifacts, this study indicates that sub-aerial exposure likely plays a marginal role in flint patination. Rather, type and degree of patina development appear more closely related to depositional context. We consider data from local surface sites, inferences about the geochemical influence of plant roots, humic acids, soil pH, temperature, and site aspect; and microscopic analysis of thin sections produced from a small sample of artifacts. Finally, we propose a simple model of the flint patination process based on empirical and experimental research on glass hydration. This is a preliminary, conceptual study aimed at developing a working protocol for more extensive flaked stone taphonomy research. Excavations, lithic artifact assemblage analyses, and geochemical studies are currently ongoing, and continue to build on the results of this preliminary research.
History of the Use of AVHRR Data for Land Applications

Changes made to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) TIROS-N satellite series Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor’s channel 1, narrowing it from 0.55–0.90 µm to 0.55–0.70 µm on the NOAA–6 satellite in 1979, made possible coarse–resolution time–series monitoring of green vegetation at regional, continental, and global scales for the first time. Since 1980, an ever-increasing use of NOAA AVHRR data for land applications has resulted. The principal use of AVHRR data for terrestrial applications has been for vegetation index studies at local, regional, and global scales; secondary use has made use of the 3.5–3.9 µm channel for monitoring biomass burning and detection of large-scale tropical deforestation and disturbance.
The Likelihood of Cyberwar between the United States and China: A Neorealism and Power Transition Theory Perspective

The studies addressing cyberwar and depicting electronic doomsday scenarios, such as cyber version of 9/11, are immensely policy-driven. They lack a theoretical rigor in their explanations, causing a theory-policy gap in the study of cyberwar. This gap is more acute in the discussion on cyberwar scenarios between China and the United States (U.S). Additionally, while some used neorealist frameworks to understand the nature of U.S-China relations in cyberspace, they did so mostly with no systematic analysis of the likelihood of cyberwar between the two. I intend to bridge this theory-policy gap by examining the prospect of cyberwar between the U.S. and China using Neorealism and Power Transition Theory (PTT). I argue that PTT offers a more useful framework. Applying PTT indicates that while cyberwar currently seems unlikely, China will become cyberwar-prone to switch the status quo in cyberspace to its favor, especially if it achieves offensive cyberwar capability parity with the U.S. while simultaneously remaining dissatisfied with the cyber order. I utilized secondary empirical sources in the relevant literature in conducting this study.
Improving Shoestring Surveys for Off-Grid Humanitarian Power Projects: Kilowatts for Humanity and KoboCollect

Field surveys are commonplace and essential for off-grid power projects in developing countries where availability of data may be scarce. Critical decisions such as site selection, technology choice, business models employed, and approach to community engagement are all greatly assisted by data that can be gathered through field surveys. Paper-based field surveys, the de facto standard approach, are prone to error, slow to deploy and adjust, and have other practical challenges despite the obvious advantage of having fewer technological dependencies. Over recent years, improvement in freely available surveying software, smartphones and tablets, as well as good cellular coverage throughout the world offers humanitarian organizations an opportunity to implement digital field surveys with relative ease. This article presents the experience implementing KoboCollect by Kilowatts for Humanity (KWH), a non-profit that implements sustainable energy kiosks in developing countries. KoboCollect is an open-source data collection software platform designed to support humanitarian and research organizations. In this paper, limitations of paper-based field surveys from previous KWH projects, as well as from the extant literature, are considered with respect to their ultimate impact on the implementation of the development project. A new approach is presented in which survey questions are refined based on past experience and are directly related to pre-defined project indicators. Key benefits and challenges are identified from the adoption of the new approach and methodological questions around sampling and decision-making following data collection are discussed. The new method is discussed in the context of a KWH survey project being conducted in the summer of 2018 in three locations in the Philippines. A major goal of this work is to open a discussion about the successes and failures of the shoestring, paper-based survey methodology and point to current best practices.
Geothermal energy recovery from deep flooded copper mines for heating

Abstract Geothermal energy recovery from abandoned flooded mines provides a viable high-tech solution to reuse the abandoned mines for meeting humanity’s energy needs worldwide in an environmental, economic, and reliable way. This unique energy application with mine water in the U.S., however, has not been reported. This study reports on a real geothermal energy application in the U.S. for the use of water in flooded mines for house heating. First, the site exploration of a typical flooded copper mine in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan is presented to discuss three essential components of the proposed large-scale energy application, i.e., bedrock geology, mining background, and energy reserve analyses. Then, the key technical details and data monitoring of a demonstration project for the use of mine water for heating a 15,000 ft2 (1394 m2) building are introduced. For the energy reserve, energy reserve analyses were conducted considering the renewability of the thermal energy in the natural system, which was usually neglected in the literature. The analyses revealed that the annual extractable energy from the explored flooded mine with the energy replenishment is comparable to the annual energy generated by a small-scale power station, which can support over 82,000 households. The results from the demonstration project indicated that house heating with geothermal energy via the mine water is the most efficient and the second most economical heating option in very unfavorable conditions with a high electricity price and a low annual average air temperature. The intention of this study is to share the background and practical knowledge that has been learned from this ongoing project to guide future real installations in other mining areas with deep flooded mines in the U.S. and around the world.
Persistently Elevated Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Levels among Critically Ill Surgical Patients after Sepsis and Development of Chronic Critical Illness and Dismal Long-Term Outcomes.

Background Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a gut-derived incretin hormone that stimulates insulin secretion, cellular glucose uptake, and has immune-regulatory functions. Glucagon-like peptide-1 is markedly altered after trauma and sepsis, but the implications remain unclear. Study design We performed an analysis of a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of critically ill surgical patients with sepsis. Patient characteristics and clinical data were collected, as well as peripheral blood sampling for biomarker analysis, out to 28 days after sepsis onset. We prospectively adjudicated sepsis diagnosis, severity, clinical outcomes, and 6-month follow-up. Results The cohort included 157 septic surgical patients with significant physiologic derangement (Maximum Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [SOFA] score 8, interquartile range [IQR] 4 to 11), a high rate of multiple organ failure (50.3%), and septic shock (24.2%). Despite high disease severity, both early death ( Conclusions Elevated GLP-1 within 24 hours of sepsis is a predictor of early death or persistent organ dysfunction. Among early survivors, persistently elevated GLP-1 levels at day 14 are strongly predictive of death or severe functional disability at 6 months. Persistently elevated GLP-1 levels may be a marker of a nonresolving catabolic state that is associated with muscle wasting and dismal outcomes after sepsis and chronic critical illness.
Workplace homicides committed by firearm: recent trends and narrative text analysis

Firearm workplace homicides are a significant problem in the United States. We sought to provide a current, national-level examination of these crimes and examine how perpetrators accessed firearms used in workplace homicides. We abstracted information on all firearm workplace homicides from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries from 2011 to 2015. We classified deaths by perpetrator’s relationship to the workplace/victim, motive (robbery v. non-robbery), circumstance (argument v. other circumstances), and firearm access points using narrative text fields. There were 1553 firearm workplace homicides during the study period. Robbery crime trended downward from 2011 to 2015. In contrast, non-robbery crimes constituted almost 50% of the homicides and trended upward in recent years. Customers and co-workers were the most frequent perpetrators of non-robbery crimes, most after an argument. While customers and co-workers who commit these crimes were often armed at the time of the argument, some were not and retrieved a firearm from an unspecified location before committing a homicide. Thus, immediate and ready firearm access was commonly observed in argumentative workplace deaths. Limiting firearm access in the workplace is a possible measure for preventing deadly workplace violence and should be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy for addressing this reemerging public health concern.
Drug Treatment in Child Psychiatry

There are now over 20 review articles in pediatric psychopharmacology and they appear to be increasing in the 1970s (Sprague and Werry, 1971; Di Mascio et al., 1970; Renshaw, 1975; Freeman, 1970; Blackwell and Currah, 1973; Conners, 1972; Campbell, 1975b,c; Eisenberg and Conners, 1971; Greenberg and Lourie, 1972; Eveloff, 1970; Kornetsky, 1975). They function to simplify the process of keeping up with the ever-expanding number of papers in the field and to organize the numerous findings of separate studies.
Mechanical and thermal properties of polyolefin thermoplastic elastomer blends

Polyolefin thermoplastic elastomers (POEs) are a class of thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) that can be easily processed. POEs have broad applications from automobiles to footwear and it is desirable t...
A Sequential and Scalable Approach to Community Detection in Dynamic Graphs

We study a sequential sketch-based approach for the clustering of time-evolving graphs. We present a dynamic extension to the static Stochastic Block Model, which accommo- dates growing and shrinking graphs, as well as the movement of nodes between clusters. We then propose an online algorithm which constructs and maintains a small sketch consisting of nodes sampled from the full graph. The sketch is clustered and a retrieval algorithm is used to infer cluster membership of nodes in each successive graph snapshot. We demonstrate that the use of a small sketch not only improves computational complexity, but also improves the success rate when sketches are properly proportioned. We present a sampling method which chooses nodes according to node degree, whereby very small clusters can be successfully tracked.
Assessing distribution network sensitivity to voltage rise and flicker under high penetration of behind-the-meter solar

Abstract Behind-the-meter solar photovoltaics (PV) have the ability to impact the distribution system due to the significant fluctuations in energy production and potential reverse power flow. While these phenomena are well understood, this research will investigate the level of solar penetration at which voltage rise and flicker are observed on a real-world distribution network. Using solar power data measured at four second intervals from the Renewable Energy and Smart Grid Laboratory at Louisiana State University alongside detailed feeder data provided by a local utility, we investigate the impact of increasing levels of solar PV penetration on voltage rise and long-term flicker. Results suggest that feeders can handle up to 10% of customers installing 7-kW behind-the-meter solar systems before voltage rise and flicker are observed. For levels above 30% penetration, feeders experience significant power quality issues. We find that the safe penetration level of a specific feeder depends on the system’s topology.
"Worthy of Interest": Scholarships and the Strategies of "New Métis" Families in Senegal, 1900-1920

In the 1870s, the colonial state in Senegal formally organized a scholarship program to fund study in the colony and in France. Although Senegal's established metis (mixed race) community held a near monopoly on these grants at first, by the early twentieth century, applicants included larger numbers of black and "new metis" children. These "new metis," who are the focus of this paper, were the sons and daughters of African women and lower class French men who had come to Senegal some years before as employees of commercial firms or as small independent merchants. Officials expressed great concern about the educational prospects of these children who challenged the racial boundaries on which colonial power depended. This paper builds on the work of Ann Laura Stoler, Emmanuelle Saada, Owen White, and Hilary Jones, and explores how schooling became central to the economic and political strategies of "new metis" families in Senegal at the turn of the twentieth century. Paying particular attention to rhetoric about race and empire, this paper makes the case that in their correspondence about how best to educate these children, fathers and officials negotiated children's relationship to the colonial state, to Senegalese society, and to French citizenship.
同性婚姻、性少数权益与“道德滑坡”论 (Same-Sex Marriage, Sexual Minority Rights and the 'Moral Slippery Slope' Argument)

Chinese Abstract: 在性少数权益的支持者所遭遇的种种诘难中，最常见的是“道德滑坡”论。对道德滑坡论的辨析，不仅仅是为了更有效地回应性少数权益反对者的质疑，也有助于澄清“性少数”及“性少数权益”这些概念本身的涵义。本文以同性婚姻合法化为例，从正反两个方面反驳道德滑坡论者。正面的办法是：论证同性婚姻和所有在道德上不可接受的性模式之间均存在关键区别，从而直接拒斥类比、阻断滑坡。反面的办法是：将举证责任转移到反同人士头上，首先要求其给出上述前提中的类比所依赖的原则，而后“以彼之道还施彼身”，通过构建相反方向的滑坡，论证这些原则将使反同人士自身陷入道德困境。最后结果表明，反同人士试图在同性亲密关系与某些道德上不可接受的性模式之间建立滑坡、从而在道德上拒绝前者的努力是失败的。 English Abstract: The argument from "moral slippery slope" is the most common type of objections to sexual minority rights. A thorough analysis of the moral slippery slope argument would not only rebut those objections but also help us explicate the very notions of "sexual minorities" and "sexual minority rights". Taking same-sex marriage as an example, this paper illustrates the two general strategies of rebutting the moral slippery slope argument and defending sexual minority rights. The "defensive strategy" is to highlight the crucial differences between certain morally acceptable patters of sexual interaction, including same-sex marriage, and certain morally unacceptable ones, so as to block the moral slippery slope against the former. The "counteroffensive strategy" is to shift the burden of proof, subjecting those who oppose same-sex marriage to various "moral slippery slopes" of their own, and forcing them to acknowledge the lack of morally justifiable objections to same-sex marriage and to adequately defined sexual minority rights in general.
Evidence for α-1,6 and α-1,4-glucosidic bond cleavage in highly branched glycogen by amylopullulanase from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus

Activity of amylopullulanase from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus 39E on α-1,6 and α-1,4-glucosidic linkages in highly branched mammalian glycogen was analyzed by paper chromatography and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Paper chromatography analysis showed that the glycogen hydrolysate consisted of glucose, maltose, maltotriose and maltotetraose. NMR spectroscopy confirmed that no hydrolysate products of α-1,6 linkage were present resulting from treatment with the amylopullulanase. Therefore, the amylopullulanase efficiently hydrolyzed glycogen both at α-1,6- and at α-1,4-glucosidic linkages into oligosaccharides.
Minimax-Optimal Policy Learning Under Unobserved Confounding

We study the problem of learning personalized decision policies from observational data while accounting for possible unobserved confounding. Previous approaches, which assume unconfoundedness, tha...
AWD: Best Paper Competition (AWD) Enabling Next Generation Video Applications on Consumer Integrated and Discrete Client GPUs

This "success story" panel illustrates how next generation video applications are enabled on PCs today using consumer integrated and discrete GPUs launched in 2020. Intel's XeLP graphics technology with dedicated media hardware powers the integrated graphics in Intel's latest client processor, Tiger Lake, and Intel's first entry-level mainstream discrete graphics card, DG1. XeLP graphics in Tiger Lake and DG1 has democratized access to high performance implementations of the latest emerging video codec standards. Three topics will be covered: (i) 8K HEVC/AV1 Playback with Content Adaptive Power Optimization; (ii) Ludicrous Speed HEVC Encoding with Integrated + Discrete GPU; and (iii) MPEG Immersive Video (MIV) Playback on DG1.
LY2928057, An Antibody Targeting Ferroportin, Is a Potent Inhibitor Of Hepcidin Activity and Increases Iron Mobilization In Normal Cynomolgus Monkeys

Hepcidin, a 25-amino acid peptide hormone which is primarily synthesized and secreted from the liver, is a key regulator of iron homeostasis. It regulates dietary iron absorption, plasma iron concentrations, and tissue iron distribution through interactions with ferroportin, the only known mammalian cellular iron exporter. Hepcidin induces the internalization and subsequent degradation of ferroportin. The reduction in iron release caused by the loss of ferroportin, combined with the continuing demand for iron by erythropoietic precursors, results in a decrease in circulating iron levels. Dysregulation of the hepcidin-ferroportin axis contributes to the pathogenesis of different anemias. Decreased synthesis of hepcidin may cause systemic iron overload in iron-loading anemias such as beta-thalassemia; whereas overproduction of hepcidin may contribute to the development of anemia in inflammatory disorders, malignancies, and chronic kidney disease. LY2928057 is a novel humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody that binds to human ferroportin with a high affinity, blocks the binding of human hepcidin to ferroportin, and is a potent inhibitor of hepcidin activity in a recombinant ferroportin expressing HEK 293 cell-based assay. In addition, this antibody was able to significantly inhibit hepcidin-induced increase in ferritin levels using Caco-2 cells, a human enterocyte cell line that naturally expresses ferroportin. LY2928057 does not block the efflux of iron from ferroportin, nor does this antibody cause the internalization of this transporter in vitro . Administration of LY2928057 results in a dose dependent increase in serum iron and hepcidin in normal cynomolgus monkeys. LY2928057 may provide therapeutic benefit for patients with hepcidin-related anemia by stabilizing ferroportin located on the cell surface, thus restoring iron export and erythropoiesis. LY2928057 is currently in clinical evaluation. Disclosures: Witcher: Eli Lilly and Company: Employment, Equity Ownership. Leung: Eli Lilly and Company: Employment, Equity Ownership. Hill: Eli Lilly and Company: Employment, Equity Ownership. De Rosa: Eli Lilly and Company: Employment, Equity Ownership. Xu: Eli Lilly and Company: Employment, Equity Ownership. Manetta: Eli Lilly and Company: Employment, Equity Ownership. Wroblewski: Eli Lilly and Company: Employment, Equity Ownership. Benschop: Eli Lilly and Company: Employment, Equity Ownership.
Theoretical Methods for Creep and Stress Relaxation Studies of SSC Coil

Extrapolation of laboratory measurements of SSC coil properties to the actual construction of SSC magnets requires mathematical models of the experimental data. A variety of models were used to approximate the data collected from creep and stress relaxation experiments performed on Kapton film and SSC coil samples. The coefficients for these mathematical models were found by performing a least-squares fit via the program MINUIT.
Effect of chronic disease-related symptoms and impairments on universal health outcomes in older adults.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which disease-related symptoms and impairments, which constitute measures of disease severity or targets of therapy, account for the associations between chronic diseases and universal health outcomes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) and the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study (Health ABC). PARTICIPANTS: Five thousand six hundred fifty-four CHS members and 2,706 Health ABC members. MEASUREMENTS: Diseases included heart failure (HF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), osteoarthritis, and cognitive impairment. The universal health outcomes included self-rated health, basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs and IADLs), and death. Disease-related symptoms and impairments included HF symptoms and ejection fraction (EF) for HF, Dyspnea Scale and forced expiratory volume in 1 second for COPD, joint pain for osteoarthritis, and executive function for cognitive impairment. RESULTS: The diseases were associated with the universal health outcomes (P<.001) except osteoarthritis with death (both cohorts) and cognitive impairment with self-rated health (Health ABC). Symptoms and impairments accounted for 30% or more of each disease's effect on the universal health outcomes. In CHS, for example, HF was associated with one fewer (0.918) ADL and IADL performed without difficulty than no HF; HF symptoms accounted for 27% of this effect and EF for only 5%. The hazard ratio for death with HF was 6.5 (95% confidence interval=4.7�8.9) with EF accounting for 40% and HF symptoms for only 14%. CONCLUSION: Disease-related symptoms and impairments accounted for much of the significant associations between the four chronic diseases and the universal health outcomes. Results support considering universal health outcomes as common metrics across diseases in clinical decision-making, perhaps by targeting the disease-related symptoms and impairments that contribute most strongly to the effect of the disease on the universal health outcomes.
On accurately tracking the harmonic components' parameters in voiced-speech segments and subsequent modeling by a transfer function

An improved method for modeling voiced speech signals is proposed. First, a method to accurately model the signals using a linear combination of harmonically related sinewaves is described. The method fits a linear combination of sines and cosines whose frequencies are integer multiples of the unknown fundamental (pitch) frequency to the speech data in the least-square sense. The amplitudes of the sinewaves and the fundamental frequency are the unknowns and are determined simultaneously using the least-squares fit. It is shown how one can obtain smoothly varying frequency and amplitude tracks for all the harmonics and thus model the speech signal parsimoniously. >
Hidden Broad-Line Seyfert 2 Galaxies in the CfA and 12 μm Samples

We report the results of a spectropolarimetric survey of the CfA and 12 μm samples of Seyfert 2 (S2) galaxies. Polarized (hidden) broad-line regions (HBLRs) are confirmed in a number of galaxies, and several new cases (F02581-1136, MCG -3-58-7, NGC 5995, NGC 6552, NGC 7682) are reported. The 12 μm S2 galaxy sample shows a significantly higher incidence of HBLRs (50%) than its CfA counterpart (30%), suggesting that the latter may be incomplete in hidden active galactic nuclei. Compared to the non-HBLR S2 galaxies, the HBLR S2 galaxies display distinctly higher radio power relative to their far-infrared output and hotter dust temperature as indicated by the f25/f60 color. However, the level of obscuration is indistinguishable between the two types of S2 galaxies. These results strongly support the existence of two intrinsically different populations of S2 galaxies: one harboring an energetic, hidden S1 nucleus with a broad-line region and the other a "pure" S2 galaxy, with a weak or absent S1 nucleus and a strong, perhaps dominating starburst component. Thus, the simple purely orientation-based unification model is not applicable to all Seyfert galaxies.
Orofacial manifestations of child abuse and neglect

About one-half of all child abuse cases involve some form of orofacial injury. Common signs of physical abuse include fractures of the teeth or the maxilla, mandible and other facial bones, facial burns, lacerations of the lips and lingual frenum, and bite marks on the face and neck. Sexual abuse should be suspected if erythematous, ulcerative, vesiculopustular, pseudomembranous and condylomatous lesions are present on the lips, tongue, palate, face or pharynx. Dental neglect, a common form of child maltreatment, should be suspected if rampant caries and oral infection, bleeding and trauma persist despite the elimination of financial and transportation obstacles. Questioning the child and parents separately may help uncover an obvious discrepancy between the clinical findings and the history. Reporting suspected child abuse to the appropriate agency may protect the child from further injury and help the family obtain assistance to correct abusive practices and minimize the recurrence of abuse.
Insulin secretion and clearance during low-dose graded glucose infusion

The present study was undertaken in normal volunteers to define the alterations in beta-cell responsiveness to glucose associated with different physiological states, including fasting and refeeding, and after prolonged intravenous glucose infusion. A low-dose graded glucose infusion protocol was used to explore the dose-response relationship between glucose and insulin secretion. Studies were performed in 10 normal volunteers, and insulin secretion rates (ISR) were calculated by deconvolution of peripheral C-peptide levels using a two-compartment model utilizing individual kinetic parameters. From 5 to 9 mmol/l glucose, the relationship between glucose and ISR was linear. After a 42-h glucose infusion at a rate of 4 mg.kg-1.min-1, the ISR increased by 53% over the same glucose concentration range (P < 0.002), resulting in a shift of the dose-response curve to the left. Insulin clearance rates decreased 27% after the 42-h glucose infusion (P < 0.001). After a 72-h fast, ISR decreased by 32% from baseline over the 5-8 mmol/l glucose range (P = 0.056), resulting in a shift of the dose-response curve to the right. This shift was reversed by a 42-h period of refeeding, after which ISR was increased by 77% compared with the fasting study (P < 0.02). Refeeding enhanced the beta-cell responsiveness, and ISR increased by 31% after refeeding compared with the baseline study (P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Relationship of Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) Landing Rates to the Field Spread of Soybean Mosaic Virus

The spread of soybean mosaic virus (SMV) by aphid vectors was studied in central Illinois in 1978 and 1979 by monitoring sequentially planted plots of soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr. Aphids transmitted SMV from about the third week in June until early September, with maximum spread of the virus occurring at times of greatest aphid abundance. The highest disease incidence (94%) was reached between 3 and 17 August 1978 during heavy flights of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), a vector of the virus. Field observations and aphid incidence monitored with a Johnson-Taylor suction trap showed that R. maidis settled on soybean plants and remained there overnight. Twelve of the 30 aphid species collected by horizontal ermine lime traps were known vectors of SMV. Two other species collected, Aphis helianthi Monell and Capitophorus hippophaes (Walker), are reported here for the first time as vectors of the virus. Vector species composed 78.0 and 67.2% of all specimens collected in 1978 and 1979, respectively. Myzocallis punctatus (Monell), which composed 9.0% of the aphid specimens collected both years, and Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), which represented 13.8% of all aphids caught in 1979, did not transmit SMV in laboratory tests. The vector status of 16 other collected taxa is unknown. Aphids in this group represented 6.1 and 14.7% of the specimens collected in 1978 and 1979, respectively.
Interactions between the NR2B Receptor and CaMKII Modulate Synaptic Plasticity and Spatial Learning

The NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor interacts with several prominent proteins in the postsynaptic density, including calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). To determine the function of these interactions, we derived transgenic mice expressing a ligand-activated carboxy-terminal NR2B fragment (cNR2B) by fusing this fragment to a tamoxifen (TAM)-dependent mutant of the estrogen receptor ligand-binding domain LBD(G521R). Here, we show that induction by TAM allows the transgenic cNR2B fragment to bind to endogenous CaMKII in neurons. Activation of the LBD(G521R)-cNR2B transgenic protein in mice leads to the disruption of CaMKII/NR2B interactions at synapses. The disruption decreases Thr286 phosphorylation of alphaCaMKII, lowers phosphorylation of a key CaMKII substrate in the postsynaptic membrane (AMPA receptor subunit glutamate receptor 1), and produces deficits in hippocampal long-term potentiation and spatial learning. Together our results demonstrate the importance of interactions between CaMKII and NR2B for CaMKII activity, synaptic plasticity, and learning.
Two confidence interval approaches on the dependability coefficient in a two-factor crossed design.

For decisions based on the absolute level of performance among individuals, the dependability coefficient—a ratio of variance components—is used as a measure of reliability. Two methods developed for a two-factor random effects crossed (or one-facet) design—the Arteaga, Jeyaratnam, and Graybill (AJG) approach and the Cappelleri and Ting (CT) approach—are applied to construct confidence intervals on the dependability coefficient. A simulation study is conducted to investigate and compare the confidence interval coverage on the dependability coefficient based on AJG and CT. Both methods generally meet at least the nominal coverage. Both methods are illustrated with examples.
The Mark of the Cognitive: Reply to Elpidorou

In a recent paper, Adams and Garrison (Minds Mach 23:339–352, 2013) offer an hypothesis about what constitutes the mark of the cognitive. In an even more recent paper, Elpidorou (Minds Mach, 2013) offers criticisms of our account. In this paper, we respond to Elpidourou’s criticisms and defend our account of the mark of the cognitive.
Histological studies on mussels from dredge spoil dumpsites

Abstract Experimental field populations of mussels (either Mytilus edulis L. or Modiolus modiolus L.) were deployed and maintained on or near open water dredge spoil dumpsites for up to thirteen months. The reproductive tissues of the experimental animals were compared with those of reference mussels by means of a quantitative assay based on measurements of numbers and sizes of ova. The reproductive development of the experimental populations generally was not impaired, and data analyses showed that the dates of sample collection were more important influences on reproductive condition than either station types or locations. The gonadal condition of M. modiolus varied seasonally; however, the changes were not so pronounced as those evident in the tissues of M. edulis .
Dislocation structures in deformed CoO and MnO

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and etch-pitting techniques have been used to examine dislocation structures of CoO and MnO single crystals deformed into steady state from 1000 to 1400° C. In this temperature range, studies have shown that there are low- and high-temperature activation energies (Q) and stress exponents (n). No change was observed in the structures of samples deformed within this temperature range. It is concluded, therefore, that any change inQ andn values is due to a change in oxygen diffusion path from the bulk at higher temperatures to along dislocation cores at lower temperatures, rather than being due to a change in the rate-controlling mechanism of deformation
On an Application of Dynamic Programming to the Synthesis of Logical Systems

In this paper we wish to initiate the study of the application of dynamic programming to the domain of problems arising in the synthesis of logical systems.In a number of fields one encounters the problem of converting a system in one state into another state in a most efficient fashion—in mathematical economics, in the theory of control processes, in network theory, and in trajectory processes. Here we wish to consider a type of question which arises in the design of computers and switching circuits.We shall first treat the problem in general terms, and then consider a special example to illustrate the methods.
The association of Staphylococcus schleiferi with canine pyoderma

Staphylococcus schleiferi is a recently recognized organism with potential pathogenic implications in human and veterinary medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of S. schleiferi in canine pyodermas and see if methicillin resistance (MR) is associated with this organism. Cultures were obtained from dogs with pyoderma over a 1-year period. It was determined if the pyoderma was a first-time or recurrent one, and if the dog was receiving antibiotics at the time of culture. Of 15 dogs with first-time pyoderma, four dogs were receiving antibiotics at the time of culture: S. schleiferi was not cultured from any dog in this group. Cultures were obtained from 27 dogs with recurrent infection that were not receiving antibiotics: S. schleiferi was cultured from five of these dogs; three of the five S. schleiferi-cultured isolates were MR. Cultures were obtained from 12 dogs with recurrent pyoderma while receiving antibiotics: S. schleiferi was cultured from nine of these dogs; eight of the nine S. schleiferi-cultured isolates were MR. Five of the 12 dogs had been cultured previously while not receiving antibiotics. Three of these dogs cultured positive for S. intermedius initially, and then -cultured; one dog cultured S. schleiferi positive both times; and one dog cultured S. schleiferi positive, then S. intermedius positive. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of S. schleiferi associated with canine pyoderma. Results indicate that S. schleiferi is cultured more often from dogs with recurrent pyodermas while receiving antibiotics. MR is frequently associated with S. schleiferi. Funded by the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and a grant from the Center of Excellence.
Numerical Simulations of Plasma Based Flow Control Applications

A mathematical model was developed to simulate flow control applications using plasma actuators. The effects of the plasma actuators on the external flow are incorporated into Navier Stokes computations as a body force vector. In order to compute this body force vector, the model solves two additional equations: one for the electric field due to the applied AC voltage at the electrodes and the other for the charge density representing the ionized air. The model is calibrated against an experiment having plasma-driven flow in a quiescent environment and is then applied to simulate a low pressure turbine flow with large flow separation. The effects of the plasma actuator on control of flow separation are demonstrated numerically.
In-vivo confocal microscopy based on the Texas Instruments digital micromirror device

ABSTRACT Confocal microscopy is used widely for 3D biological imaging, but can be too slow for many applications. The limitationsarise from scanning a single spot across the specimen at high speeds. Single-spot confocal imaging usually works at a 1-2 Hzframe rate and faster systems tend to be signal/noise (SNR) limited. Many live cellular events require both high speed andhigh SNR. Some parallel confocal systems have been developed to collect light from many points simultaneously to obtainhigh SNR and/or speed. Nipkow disks are composed ofmany pinholes, but have a fixed pattern and low light efficiency. Slit scanning systems collect an entire video line at a time, but compromise resolution. The Texas Instruments Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) offers an alternative via large arrays of rapidly re-configurable micromirrors (up to 1024x768 16x16 2 mirrors) that can form arrays of reflection "pinholes". The prototype presented here exhibited O.4x0.4x0.8 jimaresolution with a 100X 0.90 NA objective. An array of 10,000 or more neighborhoods, each comprising a single ON mirrorin a group of OFF mirrors, creates the confocal parallelism. Alternating the ON mirror in each neighborhood until the imageis completely formed on the CCD sensor enables transverse (x,y) scanning. With 10,000-fold parallelism, for example, lightcollection efficiency and frame rate can both be 100X higher than in typical spot scanning. The high sensitivity allows high-speed confocal imaging at intensities below the cellular fluorotoxicity threshold. This was demonstrated in a hamster windowpreparation scanned daily in one-week longitudinal studies. Vessel geometry and localized blood flow were reconstructed tomeasure perfusion. High frame rate and sensitivity allowed real-time visualization ofDil stained intravascular red blood cells(RBCs) with no apparent tissue damage, supporting the tremendous potential advantages over current confocal technologies.Keywords: Digital micromirror device, rapid parallel spot scanning, 3D microvasculature perfusion measurement.