cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic evidence of mitochondrial DNA introgression among pocket gophers in New Mexico (family Geomyidae)

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in the cytochrome b gene was determined for two divergent taxa of pocket gophers, Thomomys bottae actuosus and T. b. ruidosae. These two taxa hybridize in a narrow contact zone, but introgression of nuclear markers such as allozymes or chromosomes does not extend much beyond the hybrid zone (Patton et al. 1979). We found that despite their distinctness, the two subspecies shared very similar mtDNA haplotypes. By a comparison of phylogenetic histories derived from nuclear markers (allozymes) and from mtDNA haplotypes sampled in different populations of T. bottae from New Mexico, we show that apparent similarity is due to an introgression of T. b. ruidosae mtDNA into T. b. actuosus nuclear background. Evidence of introgression is not limited to the present-day contact zone between these two taxa, but extends at least 75 km away from it. The actuosus haplotype coexists along with the ruidosae mtDNA in the Gallinas Mts., which are inhabited by otherwise pure T. b. actuosus, while further north only typical actuosus haplotypes were detected. Of several potential mechanisms which could lead to such a geographical pattern of variation, we argue that a combination of range shifts due to climatic fluctuations, and genetic drift are most likely. Horizontal gene transfers due to hybridization are historical events which seem rather common among pocket gophers. Although they can be identified with careful phylogenetic study using independent data sets, the potential for misinterpreting a gene tree as an organismal tree is great in this and other groups of animals.
Resistive and photoconductive effects in spectral response measurements

It is shown that AC spectral response measurements done under DC bias voltage and bias illumination can include nonnegligible modulation effects from the series resistance of the device under test. The modulation effects change both the shape and the magnitude of the spectral response curve as a function of bias voltage and bias illumination. It is shown how high-efficiency CuInSe/sub 2//CdS devices exhibit this kind of behavior and how to correct for it. By analyzing the spectral response of CuInSe/sub 2//CdS devices as a function of voltage bias, a value of the series resistance is extracted which agrees with that derived from I-V measurements. >
UMBmark : A benchmark test for measuring odometry errors in mobile robots

This paper introduces a method for measuring odometry errors in mobile robots and for expressing these errors quantitatively. When measuring odometry errors, one must distinguish between (1) systematic errors, which are caused by kinematic imperfections of the mobile robot (for example, unequal wheel-diameters), and (2) non-systematic errors, which may be caused by wheel slippage or irregularities of the floor. Systematic errors are a property of the robot itself, and they stay almost constant over prolonged periods of time, while non- systematic errors are a function of the properties of the floor. Our method, called the University of Michigan benchmark test (UMBmark), is especially designed to uncover certain systematic errors that are likely to compensate for each other (and thus, remain undetected) in less rigorous tests. This paper explains the rationale for the UMBmark procedure and explains the procedure in detail. Experimental results from different mobile robots are also presented and discussed. Furthermore, the paper proposes a method for measuring non-systematic errors, called extended UMBmark. Although the measurement of non-systematic errors is less useful because it depends strongly on the floor characteristics, one can use the extended UMBmark test for comparison of different robots under similar conditions.
A multisegmental foot model with bone-based referencing: Sensitivity to radiographic input parameters

We present a new kinematic model measuring the three-dimensional orientation of multiple segments of the foot and ankle. The model defines neutral alignments based on the alignments of the underlying bony segments, and indexes the orientation of skin-mounted markers to the bony anatomy using measures from weightbearing x-rays. The sensitivity of the model to these radiographic input parameters was analyzed using data from walking trials. Kinematic output in each plane was found to be most sensitive to perturbations of radiographic measurements in that same plane; however, perturbations in the coronal and transverse planes demonstrated significant carry-over into other planes. The analysis highlights the importance of accurately accounting for the underlying anatomy in measuring intersegmental kinematics.
U.S. CLS

This essay offers a brief account of the rise of cls thought in the United States and of its development within a largely hostile legal academy. As the essay suggests, cls thought has been variously deformed, arrested, normalized, and diffused – leaving the contemporary American legal academy in a state of suspended animation.
THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF OFFSHORE STRUCTURES TO TIME-DEPENDENT FORCES

This paper is addressed to the problem of structural behavior in an offshore environment, and the application of a more rigorous analysis for time-dependent forces than is currently used. Design of pile supported structures subjected to wave forces has, in the past, been treated in two parts; (1) a static analysis based on the loading of a single wave, and (2) a dynamic analysis which sought to determine the resonant frequency by assuming that the structure could be approximated as a single-degree-of-freedom system. (Ref. 4 and 6) The behavior of these structures would be better understood if the dynamic nature of the loading and the many degrees of freedom of the system were included. A structure which is built in the open ocean is subjected to periodic forces due to wind, waves, floating objects, and due occasionally to machinery mounted on the structure. To resist motion, the structure relies on the stiffness of the elements from which it is built and the restraints of the ocean bottom into which the supporting legs are driven.
Adam Smith, Advisor on the Russian Transition

﻿Adam Smith defeats Karl Marx: this shorthand summary of the collapse of socialism in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union was not uncommon during the early years of reform. But would Adam Smith approve of the nature of the economic transition in Russia? This essay, drawing intensively upon Smith's writings, purports to reveal the advice that Adam Smith provides to policymakers in Russia and other post-socialist transitional countries. Smith argues that: economic reform can precede and even enhance political reform; protection of private property rights and contractual enforcement are necessary for long-run growth; industrial policy is to be avoided, although existing sectoral preferences should be gradually eliminated; and, the judicial branch of government should be independent of the executive, if investment is to be promoted.
PS3 - 1. Validation of Cardiovascular Risk Scores Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Several cardiovascular prediction models have been developed for application in patients with type 2 diabetes. Their predictive performance in a new set of patients is mostly not established. All available cardiovascular prediction models, identified by a systematic review, were validated in three different cohorts of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Design Decision Making: Adapting Mathematical Paradigms to fit Designers' Actual Needs

When designing products, designers follow a process in which they compare complex alternatives and select one for further development. Because of the complexity and uncertainty involved in comparing and ranking design alternatives, and the high cost of making bad decisions, mathematical decision methods have long held much theoretical appeal for use in design decision making. However, designers do not use them in most practical design work. Why does this discrepancy between theory and practice exist? This paper is a follow-on to a study presented by the authors last year assessing the costs and benefits of various mathematically-based decision support tools. This work aims to provide insights into the results of that study by presenting ethnographic observations of designer's decision making processes, a description of how the assumptions of mathematical decision methods are not well matched to designer's needs. However, by understanding these needs better we are several steps closer to being able to crea...
Adaptive methods for realistic and intuitive human-robot interaction

Due to the advancement in robotics and computer technology, having access to sophisticated robot hardware is becoming common. An increase in the number of robots allows one to achieve different kind of tasks by exploiting cooperation, such as: robot swarms, object manipulation using multiple degrees of freedom of different robots. It is quite challenging for the human operator to coordinate multiple robots to achieve a task in an efficient manner. The channels available to receive feedback information from the robot system can vary from simple encoder reading to video stream acquisition of the robot system performing tasks. It is important for us to make use of and coordinate as many sensing modalities as it is required to perform necessary tasks. On the other hand, we would want to keep the number of modalities utilized optimal just to maintain usage intuitiveness for human operators and efficiency. In this dissertation, we have investigated 3 different modalities of interaction with robots. Physical sensing: we present a novel approach to enhance human-robot interactivity through the use of artificial skin and the Extended Kalman filter. Visual sensing: we present a novel approach to enhance interaction of humanoid robot actor through the use of pose estimation and visual servoing. Interface devices: we present a work on combining dynamic gestures based commands from an interface device to improve the intuitiveness of control / planning of multiple degrees of freedom robot system through reinforcement learning. We propose an efficient way to coordinate multiple modalities sensing as generalized interface for multiple robots manipulation / planning. In addition, performance metrics are proposed so that we have the quantitative way to identify our interaction efficiency. Eventually, the outcome of this research is a reconfigurable multiple interfaces system that can be used with different multiple robots system in a way that it is easy and intuitive for the human operator to learn to operate.
Management of gynecologic tumors during pregnancy.

The coexistence of a gynecologic tumor and pregnancy presents the obstetrician with a situation that requires an alteration in the care of the patient. Since this involves a host of diverse conditions and since any one of these conditions occurs with some rarity, no single clinician has extensive experience in managing these patients. A review of the literature is presented in an effort to help define a clinical plan of action when such a patient presents for care.
Surgery for Ulcerative Colitis

Ileal pouch–anal anstomosis is a relatively new surgical alternative to conventional ileostomy in patients with chronic ulcerative colitis. The rationale for the operation is that the disease is cured by the colectomy, proximal proctectomy, and distal endorectal mucosal resection, but enteric continence is maintained because the anal sphincters are preserved and the reservoir capacity is restored by incorporating an ileal pouch. This article describes the criteria for selecting appropriate patients, the surgical technique, the shortand long-term clinical results, and the physiologic consequences of the operation. The possible implications of this new procedure on the future management of patients with chronic ulcerative colitis are also presented.
Abstract 1700: Novel microfluidic blood-brain niche to study breast cancer metastasis to the brain

Metastasis from the primary tumor site to the brain is the most lethal complication of advanced cancer. Once a patient has developed brain metastasis, treatment involves surgical resection or radiation and is often only palliative. Poor prognosis following these therapies as well as the presence of concurrent disease outside of the nervous system emphasize the need for new systemic therapies that can reach and are active within the brain. In order to study the process of brain metastasis and develop potential therapies, models that mimic the human blood-brain niche must be used. Models currently utilized are murine in vivo models and various in vitro methods that do not accommodate all the biophysical characteristics of a blood-brain barrier. In vivo murine models are costly, time intensive, very slow to manifest metastases, and the metastatic process is seldom amenable to monitoring in real time. Current in vitro models are faster and more cost effective; however the models currently used do not have the same micro-environment complexity as “live” models. Here we describe a novel microfluidic device that accurately mimics the physical and cellular components of the human blood-brain niche to study the brain metastatic process. This device is composed of two chambers separated by a porous membrane. The top chamber and apical side of the membrane is seeded with human brain endothelial cells with and uses flow to mimic shear stress encountered within the vasculature. Cancer cells are introduced into this chamber in which they adhere to and migrate through the endothelium into the bottom chamber. The bottom chamber contains astrocytes suspended in a collagen gel to mimic the brain stroma and provide room for invading cancer cells to colonize and grow. Barrier integrity is monitored using TEER (trans-endothelial electrical resistance), and fluctuates as the tight junctions of the endothelium are compromised by invading cancer cells. Throughout all time points, from introduction into the flow chamber, adherence to the endothelium, extravasation through the barrier, migration into the stroma, and proliferation the cancer cells can be monitored via microscopy or TEER. This device provides a powerful novel tool to study the brain metastatic process and can be used to determine differences in brain metastatic potential of various cell lines or patient derived material, study the molecular mechanisms that promote brain metastasis, and test potential new therapies. Citation Format: Megan Altemus, Brendan Leung, Aki Morikawa, Michele Dziubinski, Maria Castro, Sofia Merajver. Novel microfluidic blood-brain niche to study breast cancer metastasis to the brain. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1700.
Fighting Fire with Water: Nonviolent Alternatives to Militarism

Given the huge impact of militarism on the climate, it is clear that drastically reducing or even eliminating militarism is a vital ingredient in environmental sustainability. The inevitable questions, however, which arise from this proposal are: How should countries defend themselves? How can dictators be removed from power, or repressive regimes ended? After examining the rhetorical underpinnings of those questions, this chapter argues that nonviolence can fill both those needs.
The Structured `Low Temperature' Phase of the Retinal Population Code

Recent advances in experimental techniques have allowed the simultaneous recordings of populations of hundreds of neurons, fostering a debate about the nature of the collective structure of population neural activity. Much of this debate has focused on the empirical findings of a phase transition in the parameter space of maximum entropy models describing the measured neural probability distributions, interpreting this phase transition to indicate a critical tuning of the neural code. Here, we instead focus on the possibility that this is a first-order phase transition which provides evidence that the real neural population is in a 'structured', collective state. We show that this collective state is robust to changes in stimulus ensemble and adaptive state. We find that the pattern of pairwise correlations between neurons has a strength that is well within the strongly correlated regime and does not require fine tuning, suggesting that this state is generic for populations of 100+ neurons. We find a clear correspondence between the emergence of a phase transition, and the emergence of attractor-like structure in the inferred energy landscape. A collective state in the neural population, in which neural activity patterns naturally form clusters, provides a consistent interpretation for our results.
The establishment and growth of Math Circles in America

Originating in Eastern Europe, Math Circles spread to the USA in the 1990s. They emerged approximately at the same time on both the east and west coast, and have spread to almost each state, numbering around 200 today. While the first wave of Math Circles in the USA started with a focus on preparing mathematically talented high school age youth for advanced mathematical competitions, their focus has now broadened. Math Circles for now serve a range of ages (preschool through high school) as well as teachers. Some still focus on preparing students for local or national competitions; others provide non-competitive, mathematical enrichment experiences for all interested students. We provide an overview of the history of Math Circles in America. We begin with a discussion of their origins in Eastern Europe and spread to the USA, then turn our focus to how these few pioneering circles combined with a confluence of events and people to catalyze the growth of the Math Circle community in the USA.
Proteome and Secretome Analysis Reveals Differential Post-transcriptional Regulation of Toll-like Receptor Responses

The innate immune system is the organism's first line of defense against pathogens. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are responsible for sensing the presence of pathogen-associated molecules. The prototypic PRRs, the membrane-bound receptors of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate an innate immune response through signaling pathways that depend on the adaptor molecules MyD88 and TRIF. Deciphering the differences in the complex signaling events that lead to pathogen recognition and initiation of the correct response remains challenging. Here we report the discovery of temporal changes in the protein signaling components involved in innate immunity. Using an integrated strategy combining unbiased proteomics, transcriptomics and macrophage stimulations with three different PAMPs, we identified differences in signaling between individual TLRs and revealed specifics of pathway regulation at the protein level.
Brent technique for microtia reconstruction

The Brent technique for microtia repair was first published in 1974 and developed from principles espoused by Tanzer. This process involves careful meticulous planning with creation of preoperative templates. The surgical reconstruction involves 4 stages. Stage 1 is started as early as 6 years of age with harvest of a contralateral costal cartilage and subdermal placement through an anterior auricular incision. Additional stages involved creation and inset of a lobule, elevation of the auricle and creation of a posterior sulcus and grafting of a tragus and deepening of the conchal bowl. Long-term outcomes are successful with this technique with minimal incidence of infection, extrusion, and hematoma. These cartilage constructs grow simultaneously with the patient and the unaffected ear.
An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice

Olfaction is the predominant sensory modality in mice and influences many important behaviors, including foraging, predator detection, mating, and parenting. Importantly, mice can be trained to associate novel odors with specific behavioral responses to provide insight into olfactory circuit function. This protocol details the procedure for training mice on a Go/No-Go operant learning task. In this approach, mice are trained on hundreds of automated trials daily for 2-4 weeks and can then be tested on novel Go/No-Go odor pairs to assess olfactory discrimination, or be used for studies on how odor learning alters the structure or function of the olfactory circuit. Additionally, the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) features ongoing integration of adult-born neurons. Interestingly, olfactory learning increases both the survival and synaptic connections of these adult-born neurons. Therefore, this protocol can be combined with other biochemical, electrophysiological, and imaging techniques to study learning and activity-dependent factors that mediate neuronal survival and plasticity.
Animal Studies in the Language Sciences

This paper explains how recent changes in the ways we study other animals to better understand the human faculty of language are indicative of changing narratives concerning the intelligence of other animals. Uexkull’s concept of Umwelt as a species-specific model of the world is essential to understanding the semiotic abilities of all organisms, including humans. From this follows the view that human language is primarily a cognitive tool for making models of the world. This view is consistent with the basic premises of cognitive linguistics. The rejection of behaviorism in linguistics represents a turning point in the history of animal studies. The resulting criticism of long-term studies with primates illustrates this shift concerning the study of wild animals within the language sciences and beyond. New insights in dog cognition and research on the processing of human language in canines are reflective of a change in focus away from anthropocentrism towards the species-specific semiotic abilities of animals in the twenty-first century. This new orientation away from comparing animal sign-systems to human language and the importance of studying intelligent wild animals in the wild instead of in captivity have lead to an important re-evaluation of our relationship with other animals and our views of their cognitive and semiotic profiles. This leads to questions such as what role non-human organisms can play in the language sciences, and what our limitations are of studying the sign systems of other animals. Recent research on the signifying abilities of wild dolphins, for instance, has identified a new set of characteristics by which to study intelligence in other species.
Sustainability metrics for assessing manufacturing systems: a distance-to-target methodology

Recognizing the importance of sustainability, manufacturers are pursuing the well-being of society by addressing all three dimensions of sustainability: environmental, economic, and societal aspects. Sustainability metrics can measure the progress toward sustainability. However, the existing metrics that assess manufacturing systems’ sustainability patterns suffer from repetitive or subjective measurements, inefficiency in information dissemination, and partial consideration of sustainability. This research created an improved sustainability assessment framework. A comprehensive set of sustainability indicators covering various patterns of manufacturing systems are developed. The distance-to-target methodology is adopted and tailored to aggregate and compute the values of all sustainability indicators. The evaluation results from example cases indicate that the distance-to-target-based sustainability assessment framework is unbiased and reproducible with transparent computation processes and efficient interpretation of the results.
Simulation and Analysis of Electric Field for the Disconnector Switch Incomplete Opening Position Based on 220kV GIS

It has accounted for a large proportion of GIS equipment defects, which cause the disconnector switches to incomplete open-close position. Once opening operation is not in place, it will arouse continuous arcing between contacts to reduce insulation strength. Otherwise, the intense heat give rise to burn the contact, which has a severe effect on the safe operation of power grid. This paper analyzes some typical defection cases about the opening operation incomplete for disconnector switches of GIS. The COMSOL Multiphysics is applied to verify the influence on electric field distribution. The results show that moving contact out shield is 20 mm, the electric field distribution of the moving contact surface is uneven, and the maximum electric field value can reach 9.74 kV/mm.
Marketing strategy: A key leverage point for dietitians

The time is right for planned change in the profession of dietetics. The concept of the nutrition support team offers the clinical dietitian a means of increasing the visibility and effectiveness of dietetic services. Dietitians must take advantage of the renewed interest in nutrition and intervene assertively to improve nutritional care through role expansion. By focusing on a systematic marketing strategy to expand their current role, dietitians can become proactive participants in role change, rather than reactive victims to changes dictated by others. When goals, objectives, and plans are made explicit, definite progress toward desired role changes can be recognized. This case study demonstrates that this change in role is possible within the present state of health case systems and that physicians are willing and even eager to allow dietitians to assume a high degree of responsibility for nutritional care.
Uniform Designs for Highly Constrained Mixture Experiments

Two number-theoretic methods are introduced for generating space-filling designs for constrained mixture experiments defined by single- and multiple-component constraints. The methods are illustrated for a simple 3-component mixture problem and a more c..
Neuroimaging Studies of Alzheimer’s Disease

To a large extent in vivo structural brain studies of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been restricted to estimates of dilation of the cerebral ventricles and the cortical sulci. While there are consistently reported increases in these areas in normal aging and in AD patients, when compared with age matched normal controls there is considerable overlap. As a result, these estimates are of limited diagnostic value (de Leon and George, 1983).
PARTITIONING FOR HOMOGENEITY

SUMMARY Several statistical problems are introduced that are interrelated by the common goal of decomposing a population into homogeneous parts. This goal leads to an optimal partitioning problem. Its analysis yields precise characterizations of optimal partitions of univariate and bivariate populations. The characterizations can be used for computation of approximately optimal partitions.
Dynamic Responses of Floating Structures

Theoretical and experimental studies were conducted to investigate wave loadings on, and structural responses of, floating platforms. Strip theory is applied to calculate wave forces on the structure. The wave forces, the interaction between waves and the structure, and the resulting inertia forces are then applied to the structure, as external forces, to calculate member stresses. The structure is treated as a space frame for stress calculations. Typical characteristics of dynamic stresses resulting from wave loading are considered. A wave tank model test program was conducted to collect strain data. The model test program, measurements, and correlation of measured data with theoretical calculations are considered. Satisfactory agreement was found between theoretical stress calculation and measured data.
Stability, Performance Evaluation, and Optimization

The theme of this chapter is stability and performance approximation for MDPs on an infinite state space. The main results are centered around stochastic Lyapunov functions for verifying stability and bounding performance. An operator-theoretic framework is used to reduce the analytic arguments to the level of the finite state-space case.
The Business Impact of Learning: A Healthcare Case Study

Using an embedded, single-case study, this paper explores learning opportunities in a worksite healthcare services firm and how the business impact of employee learning is measured. We applied grounded theory analytical procedures, with an eye to developing a theoretical model of the impact measurement process. The resulting model illustrates how practical issues created a fixed focus on clinical and regulatory requirements, inhibiting consensus about what constitutes learning impact measurement and the extent to which non-technical learning is valued in identifying employees for development and advancement. Lastly, we discuss implications for decision-makers in similar organizations.
Spatial variability in retail gasoline markets

Retail gasoline prices continue to be of much interest to the public, with significant economic implications. Of course, pricing too has considerable influence on human behavioral patterns of movement, particularly travel. While national and state gasoline prices may vary, they are largely tied to fairly predictable factors, including the price of crude oil, weather, political stability, and refinery production capabilities, among others. However, local and regional gasoline prices can vary considerably. Capabilities for better understanding and predicting variation in gasoline retail prices are both informative and necessary, particularly with respect to spatial factors. This paper explores characteristics related to gasoline price differences across a region. Of particular interest is assessing price gouging behavior, especially the targeting of disadvantaged groups. A spatial analytic framework that incorporates exploratory spatial data analysis, remote sensing, geographic information systems and spatial statistics is proposed to investigate the impact of local market conditions on regional retail prices of gasoline.
Tuning Track-based NVM Caches for Low-Power IoT Devices

Track-based non-volatile memories, such as Domain Wall Memory (DWM) and Skyrmion, are promising candidates to be used as CPU caches due to their ultra-high density and low-static power. However, the access latency and energy of these devices are highly affected by the number of shift operation performed. Existing track-based NVM cache designs place logically-adjacent blocks close to each other, resulting in extra shift operations performed to access the data. This paper makes the observation that the block access pattern in cache is typically repetitive with a stride of N. Such pattern motivates us to propose a new cache block placement for track-based NVMs, aiming at reducing the number of shift operations throughout program execution.
Affect-based and personality-based trust and risk in social commerce

This paper examines the affect (emotional) and personality factors that impact consumers' trust, risk and intention to purchase in a social electronic commerce context. It is the first part of a broader study which examines the impact of different antecedents or types of trust and risk on consumers' intention to purchase online. The empirical findings discussed in this study offer novel insights for academic researchers and businesses on how trust is built and risk is perceived. The study argues that affect-based factors have stronger impacts on trust and intention to buy than personality. The study also shows that building trust and perceiving risk are different, yet interrelated processes. The study relies on the findings of a survey that was sponsored by three Egyptian electronic vendors. A sample of 599 online shoppers responded to the survey. Egypt is a significant emerging market for electronic commerce, which makes it representative for Middle East and North African markets.
Santos: An integrated human modeling and simulation platform

Abstract The Santos human simulation environment has been in development since 2003 at the University of Iowa's Virtual Soldier Research Program with extensive funding from the U.S. military (U.S. Marines, U.S. Army, Naval Health Research Center, Office of Naval Research, Tank Automotive Command (TACOM), Army Medical Command, etc.) and industry partners (Ford, GM, Chrysler, Honda, Rockwell Collins, Caterpillar, etc.). The Santos environment was developed from the ground up based on a physics-based approach using a new methodology called human predictive dynamics. The 215-degree-of-freedom human model allows for direct interaction and variation in body dimensions, body type, strength, and fatigue. Most unique to the Santos model is its ability to conduct dynamic tasks, showing cause and effect. A user of the simulation environment can define a task, design a digital human model, and execute the motion. The result is Santos attempting the task and reporting back to the user whether or not the task can be done (Abdel-Malek, Arora et al., 2006; Abdel-Malek et al., 2007; Abdel-Malek et al., 2008; Abdel-Malek, Yang, Marler, Beck, Kim et al., 2006; Yang, Rahmatalla, Marler, Abdel-Malek, & Harrison, 2007). Santos has been used in many military applications, from designing vehicles, weapons, and systems to studying the extended load carriage capabilities for the U.S. Marines (Abdel-Malek, 2007; Chung, Xiang, Arora, and Abdel-Malek,Abdel-Malek 2015; Chung, Arora, Abdel-Malek and Xiang 2015; Hariri, Arora, & Abdel-Malek, 2012; Kwon, Hariri, Bhatt, Arora, & Abdel-Malek, 2011; Kwon et al., 2014; Xiang, Arora, & Abdel-Malek, 2012b; Xiang et al., 2012; Xiang, Rahmatalla, Arora, & Abdel-Malek 2011; Yang & Abdel-Malek, 2009; Yang, Abdel-Malek, & Nebel, 2004; Yang, et al., 2007). The model now has a comprehensive physiology system that includes strength, fatigue, and cardiovascular parameters, as well as a complete musculoskeletal model. Artificial intelligence and deep learning approaches have also been used in the simulation environment to study injury prediction for athletics and the military. This chapter describes the Santos development story and emphasizes its unique attributes.
Lessons from Hawaii's health care system.

Hawaii has 20 years of experience with employer mandates and universal access. With the U.S. Congress considering the controversial issue of whether to require companies to provide health insurance for employees, Hawaii's approach to health care has some valuable lessons.
Molecular, Evolutionary, and Structural Analysis of the Terminal Protein Domain of Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase, a Potential Drug Target.

Approximately 250 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, which claim nearly a million lives annually. The target of all current HBV drug therapies (except interferon) is the viral polymerase; specifically, the reverse transcriptase domain. Although no high-resolution structure exists for the HBV polymerase, several recent advances have helped to map its functions to specific domains. The terminal protein (TP) domain, unique to hepadnaviruses such as HBV, has been implicated in the binding and packaging of the viral RNA, as well as the initial priming of and downstream synthesis of viral DNA—all of which make the TP domain an attractive novel drug target. This review encompasses three types of analysis: sequence conservation analysis, secondary structure prediction, and the results from mutational studies. It is concluded that the TP domain of HBV polymerase is comprised of seven subdomains (three unstructured loops and four helical regions) and that all three loop subdomains and Helix 5 are the major determinants of HBV function within the TP domain. Further studies, such as modeling inhibitors of these critical TP subdomains, will advance the TP domain of HBV polymerase as a therapeutic drug target in the progression towards a cure.
P4KxSpotify: A Dataset of Pitchfork Music Reviews and Spotify Musical Features

Algorithmically driven curation and recommendation systems like those employed by Spotify have become more ubiquitous for surfacing content that people might want hear. However, expert reviews continue to have a measurable impact on what people choose to listen to and the subsequent commercial success and cultural staying power of those artists. One such site, Pitchfork, is particularly known in the music community for its ability to catapult an artist to stardom based on the review that an album receives. In this paper, we present P4KxSpotify: a dataset of Pitchfork album reviews with the corresponding Spotify audio features for those albums. We describe our data collection and dataset creation process, including the ethics of such a collection. We present basic information and descriptive statistics about the dataset. Finally, we offer several possible avenues for research that might utilize this new dataset.
Rapid Scaling Up of Telehealth Treatment for Tobacco-Dependent Cancer Patients During the COVID-19 Outbreak in New York City.

Background: The (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in sudden disruption of routine clinical care necessitating rapid transformation to maintain clinical care while safely reducing virus contagion. Introduction: Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) experienced a rapid evolution from delivery of in-person cessation counseling services to virtual telehealth treatments for our tobacco-dependent cancer patients. Aim: To examine the effect of rapid scaling of tobacco treatment telehealth on patient engagement, as measured by attendance rates for in-person counseling visits versus remote telehealth counseling visits. We also describe the patient, clinician, and health care system challenges encountered in rapid expansion of individual and group tobacco telehealth services. Methods: Data collected from the electronic medical record during the first 4 months of the COVID-19 pandemic were examined for tobacco treatment counseling. Results: From January 1, 2020 to March 30, 2020, markedly improved patient engagement was observed in ambulatory tobacco treatment services with greater attendance at scheduled telehealth visits than in-person visits, 75% versus 60.3%, odds ratio 1.84 (confidence interval: 1.26-2.71; p < 0.001). In addition, bedside hospital counseling visits were transformed into inpatient telephone visits with high levels of sustained patient engagement. Lastly, group telehealth services were launched rapidly to increase capacity and provide greater psychosocial support for cancer patients struggling with tobacco dependence. Discussion: Clinical, Information Technology (IT), and hospital system barriers were successfully addressed for most cancer patients seeking individual telehealth treatment. Group telehealth services were found to be feasible and acceptable. Conclusions: MSK's rapid leap into virtual care delivery mitigated disruption of tobacco treatment services and demonstrated strong feasibility and acceptance for managing complex tobacco-dependent patients.
Adaptation: Evolution of island lizards remains a mystery

Lizards that live in the Greater Antilles exploit a large range of skeletal variations to adapt to similar habitats, in defiance of the theory of plasticity-led evolution.
Post-Secondary Institution Level and Control: Effect on Women’s Proportion of Entrepreneurship Degrees:

This study examines the influence U.S. college/university level (2-year/4-year) and control (public/private) have on the female-awarded proportion of their entrepreneurship degrees and certificates...
New England Coastal Cities: The Struggle for a Resilient Future

This chapter will summarize the multi-decade socioeconomic decline that Providence, New Bedford, and Bridgeport have experienced throughout the latter half of the twentieth century. These cities were chosen because, as the three largest cities in SNE, they formerly experienced the highest levels of prosperity in the region but are now facing some of the highest levels of poverty. With each city, we will consider how emerging holistic concepts of resilience are being applied to address this climate adaptation challenge. Located in the three states that define SNE—Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts—we will gain insights about emerging state resilience initiatives. The discussion that follows describes the socio-ecological foundation for these resilience initiatives and the prospects for this work going forward.
Evaluating wastewater treatment infrastructure systems based on UN Sustainable Development Goals and targets

Abstract A multi-criteria comparison of algal-based and activated sludge-based wastewater infrastructure systems based on 30 process parameters derived from the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is presented to assess their environmental, economic, social, and overall sustainability. The classical high-rate algal ponds (HRAP) and an emerging mixotrophic algal system (A-WWT) were selected as algal-based systems; and the conventional activated sludge (CAS) system and the membrane bioreactor (MBR) system, as activated sludge-based systems. Visual PROMETHEE outranking software was adopted to determine the preference scores and ranking of the four systems under twelve distinct scenarios/priorities. The mixotrophic A-WWT emerged as the preferred technology in environmental, economic, and overall sustainability aspects resulting in net positive preference scores (0.40, 0.53, and 0.36, respectively). The MBR system outperformed all the other technologies from the social sustainability perspective due to its lower footprint and better-quality effluent including significant pathogen removal. Even though HRAP was preferred over the CAS system in the context of environmental sustainability (preference scores of −0.22 in HRAP vs −0.27 in CAS), preference scores for them were similar in the context of economic sustainability (−0.33 for HRAP and CAS), and lower from social (−0.14 in CAS vs −0.67 in HRAP) and overall sustainability (−0.22 in CAS vs −0.34 in HRAP) perspectives. Scenario-based assessments indicated that preference ranking is strongly dependent on the decision maker’s priorities. Good agreement between the findings from this study with literature reports adds credence to the validity of the proposed process parameters. Parameters and the method proposed herein could be useful in evaluating wastewater treatment technologies from a sustainability perspective.
Reply to discussion of ‘new insights on Franciscan complex geology, architecture, depositional age, and provenance for the western Mt. Tamalpais area, Marin County, California’ by Graymer et al. (2021): part 1

For western Mt. Tamalpais, we incorrectly reported the Dmax value of Kfu3 as 114 Ma and correct it to 96 Ma. Initially, we used a conservative method of calculating maximum depositional age, but we...
¿Por qué el ensayo de Sellars se llama “El empirismo y la filosofía de la mente”?

‘Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind’ (EPM) is sometimes read as attacking empiricism in general. But Sellars’s announced target is traditional empiricism. In traditional empiricism, experience yields knowledge in a way that does not presuppose other empirical knowledge, so that the knowledge provided by experience can serve as foundations, in a straightforward sense, for other empirical knowledge. To accept this conception is to fall into a form of the Myth of the Given. In EPM Sellars works out a different conception of experience, according to which it is a kind of inner episode that, in the best kind of case, yields knowledge, but in a way that presupposes other empirical knowledge. The knowledge provided by experience can still serve as foundations for other empirical knowledge, but now only in a nuanced sense. The article concludes that so far from rejecting empiricism altogether, EPM rehabilitates empiricism, but in a non-traditional form.
Exercise 11: Protein-A Affinity Purification of Rabbit IgG

In experiments where other serum proteins may interfere with antibody reactivity, having purified immunoglobulins is important. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most commonly used isotype in the laboratory. In this exercise, rabbit IgG will be purified from rabbit antiserum using affinity binding. The Fc region of lgG binds to a number of molecules most notably protein A which is found in certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus. We will use affinity methods to remove lgG from whole antiserum. Incubation of antiserum with sepharose beads previously complexed with protein A will allow IgG to bind the beads. IgG will then be eluted from the beads using low pH. Glycine (0.1 M) at pH of 2 or 0.58% acetic acid is used for elution of IgG. Once lgG is purified, the antibody molecule can be fractionated with papain or pepsin to obtain the antibody binding regions. The specificity of the antibodies can then be evaluated using different immunoassays. Magnetic beads conjugated to protein A or secondary antibodies may also be used to isolate IgG from antiserum. After incubating magnetic beads conjugated to protein A with antiserum, a magnetic separator is used to remove IgG-bound beads. Unbound proteins are washed off and the bound IgG is eluted from the beads. Affinity purification of IgG can be performed using columns packed with protein A-sepharose or a batch method can be used where the protein A beads are contained in centrifuge tubes. Large volumes of beads such as 1 mL of beads in 15 mL centrifuge tubes can be used or volumes as little as 100 μL can be used. The first objective of this exercise is to isolate IgG from rabbit antiserum using affinity purification. The second objective is to fractionate IgG using pepsin to obtain the F(ab′)2 region of the antibody.