cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation Risk and Incentive Contracts for Portfolio Managers

The fiduciary relationship between portfolio managers and the investors they represent may be viewed as a principal-agent relationship, and therefore we have used the methodology from the agency literature in economics and finance to study the impact of existing compensation arrangements on the conflicts of interest between these two groups. In this paper we employ the assumptions of the Capital Asset Pricing Model and of estimation risk concerning beta to develop a model in which portfolio managers can, through effort, choose the parameters of the beta distribution. Our model entails moral hazard because the investor cannot observe the manager's action. Given certain utility functions we show that the presence of estimation risk leads the manager to choose a lower beta portfolio than otherwise and that no first best optimal contract exists. We also show that managerial divergent behavior is related to the divergence in risk preferences between the manager and the investor. By making slightly more stringent assumptions about preferences, we show that there exist some conditions under which the manager will provide more effort but also a riskier portfolio than the investor prefers. Finally we show that the investor will prefer a manager who is less risk averse than the investor.
Degradable Cyclooctadiene/Acetal Copolymers: Versatile Precursors to 1,4-Hydroxytelechelic Polybutadiene and Hydroxytelechelic Polyethylene

In addition to environmental issues associated with polymers possessing easily cleavable links, the selective degradation of copolymers at one of the monomer units is a convenient route to telechelic polymers. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) initiated by (Cy 3 P) 2 Cl 2 Ru=CHR (Cy = cyclohexyl ; Ph = phenyl ; R = CHCPh 2 or Ph) was used for the synthesis of cyclooctadiene (COD)/4,7-dihydro-1,3-dioxepin copolymers. 1,4-Hydroxytelechelic polybutadiene (HTPBD) is obtained upon fragmentation of a copolymer of COD and 4,7-dihydro-2-phenyl-1,3-dioxepin at the benzylidene acetal functionalities by stirring with acids (aqueous HCl/MeOH, aqueous H 2 SO 4 , or trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA)/MeOH in CH 2 Cl 2 ). For the benzylidene acetal the copolymerization reaction may be run in neat monomer with no additional solvent. Reaction quenching, and polymer cleavage, precipitation, and purification may be effected in one step by stirring the viscous reaction product in MeOH containing 10% HCl. A two-step procedure using trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA)/acetic acid (AcOH) in CH 2 Cl 2 followed by NaOMe/MeOH in THF was employed for the degradation of a COD/4,7-dihydro-1,3-dioxepin copolymer. Acetal incorporation and thus the molecular weights of the resulting telechelics are dependent upon the feed ratios. The percent methylene acetal incorporated into the COD/acetal copolymer is ∼60% of the amount of acetal in the feed (e.g., for COD/acetal feed = 2 :1, COD/acetal incorporation =∼4 :1). For the less reactive benzylidene acetal, incorporation is 40% of the amount of acetal in the feed. Polydispersities for 1,4-HTPBD prepared from the COD/benzylidene acetal copolymer are typically narrow (∼1.1-1.3). It was also demonstrated that the COD/benzylidene acetal copolymer may be simultaneously hydrogenated and degraded in one step using p-toluenesulfonohydrazide to produce hydroxytelechelic polyethylene (HTPE).
Microvascular and tissue oxygen distribution

Understanding of oxygen delivery by the microcirculation has been dominated by the unitary component analysis of Krogh and Erlangen focussed on oxygen transport mediated by single capillaries, oxygenation of tissue as a whole being extrapolated from findings on oxygen exchange in these vessels. This analysis is under revision since capillaries are not sole sources of oxygen. It is increasingly apparent that arterioles are a significant equivalent source, while venules may serve as sinks for capillary and arteriolar oxygen. As a consequence detailed descriptions of the architecture of the microcirculation based on the tissue cylinder conceptualization does not yield new information given the non-exclusive role of capillaries as purveyors of oxygen to tissue. In the present study we investigate how tissue is oxygenated directly from the arteriolar supply on the basis of current results with newly developed optical techniques for the measurement of local intra- and extravascular pO2 by phosphorescence decay. This methodology shows that tissue regions between arterioles and venules have essentially uniform tissue pO2. The only experimentally detectable gradients in pO2 are those present in the immediate vicinity of arterioles. Findings on vascular longitudinal gradients are used to devise a model that links convective and diffusive processes, showing how blood viscosity, blood oxygen-carrying capacity and the slope of the oxygen dissociation curve are linked in determining intravascular and tissue pO2. The integrated approach provides a numerical basis for interpreting consequences of alterations in transport properties of blood applicable to the field of blood substitutes.
Nemo is required in a subset of photoreceptors to regulate the speed of ommatidial rotation.

Both dramatic and subtle morphogenetic movements are of paramount importance in molding cells and tissues into functional form. Cells move either independently or as populations and the distance traversed by cells varies greatly, but in all cases, the output is common: to organize cells into or within organs and epithelia. In the developing Drosophila eye, a highly specialized, 90° rotational movement of subsets of cells imposes order by polarizing the retinal epithelium across its dorsoventral axis. This process was proposed to take place in two 45° steps, with the second under control of the gene nemo (nmo), a serine/threonine kinase. While our analysis confirms that these subsets of cells, the ommatidial precursors, do stall at 45°, we demonstrate that nmo is also required through most of the first 45° of rotation to regulate the speed at which the ommatidial precursors move. In addition, although the precursors reach only the halfway point by the end of larval life, this work demonstrates that patterning events that occur during pupal life move the ommatidial units an additional 15°. A re-analysis of nmo mosaic clones indicates that nmo is required in photoreceptors R1, R6 and R7 for normal orientation. This work also demonstrates that two major isoforms of nmo rescue the nmoP1 phenotype. Finally, a dominant modifier screen of a nmo misexpression background identified genomic regions that potentially regulate rotation. The results presented here suggest a model in which a motor for rotation is established in a nemo-dependent fashion in a subset of cells.
Simulating and mapping agricultural land productivity: An application to Macadamia nut

Abstract A procedure for simulating and mapping land productivity was developed. The procedure used only existing data such as soil surveys based on soil taxonomy, weather records and yield either from published sources or collected from producers. It provides a means of assessing quantitatively the likelihood of introducing new crops to a region. The need to estimate benefits from crop inputs modification such as irrigation and fertilizer can also be met by this procedure. It can also be used to help select crop performance test sites for maximum extrapolation of test results to a large area.
Network application and framework for quality of information processing

To improve the effectiveness of network-centric decision making, we present a distributed network application and framework that provides users with actionable intelligence reports to support counter insurgency operations. ARL's Quality of Information (QoI) Intelligence Report Application uses QoI metrics like timeliness, accuracy, and precision combined with associated network performance data, such as throughput and latency, and mission-specific information requirements to deliver high quality data to users; that is data delivered in a manner which best supports the ability to make more informed decisions as it relates to the current mission. This application serves as a testing platform for integrated experimentation and validation of QoI processing techniques and methodologies. In this paper, we present the software-system framework and architecture, and show an example scenario that highlights how the framework aids in network integration and enables better data-to-decision.
A unified derivation of Hamiltonian and optical transition matrix elements for open shell diatomic and polyatomic molecules using transformation tools of modern quantum mechanics

In this work, we systematically derive the matrix elements of the nuclear rotation operators for open shell diatomic and polyatomic molecules in a parity adapted Hund’s case (a) basis. Our expressions are valid for an arbitrary number of electrons and arbitrary electronic configurations. The common ad hoc sign changes of angular momentum operators are shown to be equivalent to a change in phase of basis functions. We show how to relate this basis to that required for scattering calculations. We also give the expressions for Einstein A coefficients for electric dipole, electric quadrupole, and magnetic dipole transitions.
Hypotrichomonas acosta (Moskowitz) Gen. nov. from Reptiles. I. Structure and Division.

SYNOPSIS. Hypotrichomonas gen nov., with a feeble undulating membrane but lacking a costa, is placed in the family Monocercomonadidae Kirby of the order Trichomonadida Kirby. H. acosta (Moskowitz) from squamate reptiles is designated as the type species. It has 3 unequal anterior flagella. The proximal part of its recurrent flagellum is attached to the surface of the body along an accessory filament. A low membrane with typically a few undulations extends between the accessory filament and the body surface. The membrane, which varies greatly in length in relation to the length of the body among strains of the species, is not supported by a costa. The recurrent flagellum continues as a free posterior flagellum beyond the end of the undulating membrane and terminates in an acroneme. The capitulum of the axostyle, spatulate or scoop-shaped, is closely applied to the anteriorly located nucleus. The capitulum extends anteriorly into a crescent-shaped pelta. The relatively stout trunk of the axostyle is straight or twisted. It projects for some distance from the posterior body surface, and the terminal segment of the projecting part tapers gradually to a point. The parabasal apparatus consists of a rod- or shaped body and of a filament or filaments. In division, the full complement of flagella in each of the mastigonts is restored relatively late during division but before cytokinesis. One of the daughter individuals retains the parental undulating membrane; the other develops a new organelle. The development of the new membrane is first marked by the appearance of an acroneme, presumably recurrent flagellum, early in division. The proximal part of this flagellum becomes progressively attached to the body surface. The process of attachment is paralleled by differentiation of the accessory filament and is followed by the appearance of the undulating membrane. The parental axostyle is resorbed during division, and each daughter individual develops this organelle de wove. In the very early stages of division the parabasal consisted of two arms and in all more advanced stages of a single rod-shaped body applied to a single filament. The significance of Hypotrichonionas in the evolution of trichomonads is discussed. Its morphology and morphogenesis suggest that this genus may represent an important step in the evolution of Trichomonadidae from Monocercomonadidae.
Guniting the roof of open-hearth furnaces at the Zaporozhstal' plant

Laboratory analyses and industrial-scale tests resulted in the development of the technological parameters for guniting the lining of the main roof of 500-ton open-hearth furnaces operated at an accelerated melting cycle.
Enzymatic Determinants of the Substrate Specificity of CYP2C9: Role of B‘−C Loop Residues in Providing the π-Stacking Anchor Site for Warfarin Binding†

Previous modeling efforts have suggested that coumarin ligand binding to CYP2C9 is dictated by electrostatic and pi-stacking interactions with complementary amino acids of the protein. In this study, analysis of a combined CoMFA-homology model for the enzyme identified F110 and F114 as potential hydrophobic, aromatic active-site residues which could pi-stack with the nonmetabolized C-9 phenyl ring of the warfarin enantiomers. To test this hypothesis, we introduced mutations at key residues located in the putative loop region between the B' and C helices of CYP2C9. The F110L, F110Y, V113L, and F114L mutants, but not the F114Y mutant, expressed readily, and the purified proteins were each active in the metabolism of lauric acid. The V113L mutant metabolized neither (R)- nor (S)-warfarin, and the F114L mutant alone displayed altered metabolite profiles for the warfarin enantiomers. Therefore, the effect of the F110L and F114L mutants on the interaction of CYP2C9 with several of its substrates as well as the potent inhibitor sulfaphenazole was chosen for examination in further detail. For each substrate examined, the F110L mutant exhibited modest changes in its kinetic parameters and product profiles. However, the F114L mutant altered the metabolite ratios for the warfarin enantiomers such that significant metabolism occurred for the first time on the putative C-9 phenyl anchor, at the 4'-position of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. In addition, the Vmax for (S)-warfarin 7-hydroxylation decreased 4-fold and the Km was increased 13-fold by the F114L mutation, whereas kinetic parameters for lauric acid metabolism, a substrate which cannot interact with the enzyme by a pi-stacking mechanism, were not markedly affected by this mutation. Finally, the F114L mutant effected a greater than 100-fold increase in the Ki for inhibition of CYP2C9 activity by sulfaphenazole. These data support a role for B'-C helix loop residues F114 and V113 in the hydrophobic binding of warfarin to CYP2C9, and are consistent with pi-stacking to F114 for certain aromatic ligands.
Effects on Sociometric Status of Institutional Pressure to Adjust Among Retarded Children

This paper reports findings from a study of the social effects of pressures to adjust to a new group environment, as these were felt by newly arrived boys in a state hospital and training centre for mentally retarded children. Previous research reveals a correlation between cottage status and mental ability, and status and conformity to institutional norms. This study examined processes underlying these relations. For 29 retardates, mean age 9.6 years, mean I.Q. 56, group status initially correlated highly and positively with mental ability, social initiative as measured by observed frequency of attempted contacts with peers, and restriction of conduct as measured by frequency of aide discipline. In the second month of cottage life, following severe restriction by aides, these relationships changed: the abler, hence more frequently restricted boys, experienced a decline in status. Thus the effect of the institution is to control social relations by restricting activity and so modify group structure as to make relative ability, social or mental, a liability. Initially, the function of institutionalization is to conserve individual disabilities.
Fission of polonium, osmium, and erbium composite systems

Fission cross section excitation functions were measured from near threshold to \ensuremath{\sim}10 MeV/nucleon using $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{16,18}\mathrm{O}$, $^{24,26}\mathrm{Mg}$, $^{32}\mathrm{S}$, and $^{64}\mathrm{Ni}$ beams. The systems studied included $^{210}\mathrm{Po}$ formed in $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ induced reactions; $^{186}\mathrm{Os}$ formed in $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, and $^{26}\mathrm{Mg}$ reactions; and $^{158}\mathrm{Er}$ formed in $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$, $^{32}\mathrm{S}$, and $^{64}\mathrm{Ni}$ reactions. In addition, the composite systems $^{204,206,208}\mathrm{Po}$ formed with $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ projectiles were studied. In the experiment the velocities and emission angles of two coincident fission fragments were measured using position-sensitive multiwire proportional counter stop detectors and a thin (\ensuremath{\sim}200 \ensuremath{\mu}g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) gas "start" detector. The measured fission excitation functions along with previous data from $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{11}\mathrm{B}$ bombardments for the $^{186}\mathrm{Os}$ and $^{210}\mathrm{Po}$ systems and recent data on the $^{200}\mathrm{Pb}$ system are compared to statistical model calculations using recent angular momentum dependent fission barriers calculated by Sierk. Comparisons of calculated and measured fission excitation functions show good overall agreement between data and theoretical predictions. These comparisons give good agreement for both a wide range of mass of the composite system and for a wide range of mass asymmetry in the entrance channel. It is concluded that the fission barriers of Sierk give a good description of both the mass and angular momentum dependence of fission barriers in this region.
Developmental stage-specific expression of the erythropoietin gene and theα and β subunits of the HIF-1 protein. • 1289

Erythropoietin (Epo) is a glycoprotein hormone that is the primary regulator of erythropoiesis. Transcription of the Epo gene increases in response to hypoxia or anemia. Epo is synthesized in the liver in fetal life and in the kidney later in gestation. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1) is a DNA binding protein that binds to a hypoxia inducible enhancer in the 3′ region of the Epo gene. HIF-1 is a heterodimer consisting of a α andβ sub-unit. HIF-1 α and β mRNA is present in all tissues in adult mice. HIF-1β transcripts were detected in various tissues of 9.5 day fetal mice by in situ hybridization. Epo mRNA is present in only fetal mouse liver at day 14 and in kidney by day 19 of gestation. In the human fetus Epo mRNA is present in fetal kidney by 11 weeks gestation. In order to determine if there is a relationship between the expression of HIF-1 α and β sub-units with the shift in expression of the Epo gene from the liver to the kidney we analyzed the expression of these mRNA's in mouse and human fetuses. Total RNA was extracted from mouse brain, heart, kidney, liver and lung at day 15, 17 and 19 of gestation in the mouse and 12-22 weeks of gestation in the human fetus. RNA was analyzed by northern blot and dot blot hybridization using appropriate cDNA probes. HIF-1α and β were expressed in all tissues tested and at all stages of gestation in mouse and human. Expression of mouse HIF-1α in the heart and kidney was mildly in excess of other organs, and expression in the brain was minimal. Expression of human HIF-1α in the kidney and lung was several-fold higher than in other organs. In the human, increased expression of HIF-1β was present in the lung, and expression in the brain was minimal. Human Epo mRNA was expressed in the kidney and liver from 12-22 weeks of gestation. In summary, both HIF-1α and β sub-units are expressed ubiquitously at the various stages of gestation tested. Our studies indicate that either sub-unit of the transcription factor HIF-1 probably does not play a major role in either tissue-specific expression or in the switch of Epo gene expression from the fetal liver to the kidney. However, other unidentified members of this family of transcription factors may play a part in this mechanism.
Dictation and Speech Recognition Technology as Test Accommodations

This study addressed the feasibility and validity of dictation using speech recognition software and dictation to a scribe as accommodations for tests involving extended writing. On the issue of feasibility, high school students with and without learning disabilities (LD) learned to use speech recognition software with acceptable accuracy. Total word errors with speech recognition were under 10%, and there were few unreadable words. On the issue of writing quality, for students with LD, essays dictated using speech recognition were better than handwritten essays, and essays dictated to a scribe were even better. No differences in quality were found for students without LD. The results provide support for the validity of dictation as a test accommodation.
Emperic risks for genetic counseling in families with allergy.

The incidence of allergic symptoms was studied in 7,000 pairs of adult twins. Eighteen per cent of this population gave a history of either asthma, eczema, or hay fever at some time in life. The concordance rate in the monozygotic twin group was only 15 to 20 per cent for the different diagnoses, indicating a much lower genetic influence in the etiology of allergy than has been reported in the literature in previous twin studies on small samples. Several types of empiric risks were calculated from these data. For an individual with asthma or eczema the risk of having an additional allergic diagnosis was increased 2 to 3.5 times over the general population; and for a first degree relative of an allergic individual the risk of occurrence of allergy was increased 1.5 to 2.0 times. If the proband was severely allergic, the risk for first degree relatives was further increased. Since these empiric risks were calculated from a relatively unbiased sample, they can be used for genetic counseling.
Charitable Giving: Noblesse Oblige, “The Gospel of Wealth,” and Other Shibboleths

The author starts with the observation that charitable giving is a big business, especially in the United States, where as much as $120 billion a year is estimated as the total of charitable contributions by individuals. She then questions what really motivates wealthy families to give to charities at all. Listing and discussing the various motivations frequently offered, she begs to disagree and submits that the true motivation for most family giving programs is instinctive and sympathetic. She concludes that, at the heart or foundation of charitable giving, we see an urge to help others to whom we can relate—whether in the neighborhood or around the globe—and suggests that this urge is instinctive and emotional. When we give in the best sense we give from a love of mankind.
Rational selection of antimicrobials for pediatric upper respiratory infections

Antibiotic selection is complicated by both emerging resistance to traditional antimicrobials in common community-acquired pathogens and increasing numbers of high potency or extended spectrum antimicrobials. This overview outlines a multistep process for antibiotic choice based on antimicrobial activity and patient acceptance. Understanding the infection (the natural history and most likely pathogens) is necessary for choosing a specific antimicrobial. Choices should be based on knowledge of local trends in and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. Candidate drugs should also exceed (at the site of infection) the minimum inhibitory concentration for 90% of strains of each most likely pathogen. Ideally the narrowest spectrum drug satisfying this pharmacodynamic requirement is used. However, inadequate compliance dooms even the most potent antibiotic. Therefore infrequent dosing, palatable taste or form, minimal side effects or lower cost may dictate choosing lower potency or narrower spectrum drugs to gain patient acceptance and thereby reasonable compliance.
Organizing a network of computers to meet deadlines

Adeadline requirement on a data-processing job usually implies a high over-all problem-solving speed. When the basic computing components available at any time have inadequate top-speed limits, the system designer must attempt to produce the required problem-solving speed by organizing the components together in more powerful logical combinations.
Fourth-order poisson solver for the simulation of bounded plasmas

The solution of the two-dimensional Poisson equation in a rectangle with periodic boundaries in one direction and Dirichlet or Neumann boundaries in the other can be handled by a Fast Fourier Transform in one dimension and a fast nonperiodic procedure such as splines in the other. Such a solution is necessary for the simulation of semiperiodic plasma systems. A method is presented which is direct and of fourth order in both the electric potential and the electric fields.
Multifunctional chitosan magnetic-graphene (CMG) nanoparticles: a theranostic platform for tumor-targeted co-delivery of drugs, genes and MRI contrast agents

Combing chemotherapy with gene therapy has been one of the most promising strategies for the treatment of cancer. The noninvasive MRI with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) as contrast agent is one of the most effecitve techniques for evaluating the antitumor therapy. However, to construct a single system that can deliver efficiently gene, drug and SPIO to the cancer site remains a challenge. Herein, we report a chitosan functionalized magnetic graphene nanoparticle (CMG) platform for simultaneous gene/drug and SPIO delivery to tumor. The phantom and ex vivo MRI images suggest CMG as a strong T2 contrast-enhancing agent. The CMGs are biocompatible as evaluated by the WST assay and predominantly accumulate in tumors as shown by biodistribution studies and MRI. The anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) loaded CMGs (DOX-CMGs) release DOX faster at pH 5.1 than at pH 7.4, and more effective (IC50 = 2 μM) in killing A549 lung cancer cells than free DOX (IC50 = 4 μM). CMGs efficiently deliver DNA into A549 lung cancer cells and C42b prostate cancer cells. In addition, i.v. administration of GFP-plasmid encapsulated within DOX-CMGs into tumor-bearing mice has showed both GFP expression and DOX accumulation at the tumor site at 24 and 48 hrs after administration. These results indicate CMGs provide a robust and safe theranostic platform, which integrates targeted delivery of both gene medicine and chemotherapeutic drug(s), and enhanced MR imaging of tumors. The integrated chemo- and gene- therapeutic and diagnostic design of CMG nanoparticles shows promise for simultaneous targeted imaging, drug delivery and real -time monitoring of therapeutic effect for cancer.
The Impact of Cultural Competence on the Moral Development of Student Affairs Professionals

AbstractAs student affairs professionals, we are expected to meet students where they are developmentally and challenge and support them as they learn, develop, and grow into productive citizens. Since our institutions, and society as a whole, are becoming increasingly diverse, it is imperative that we acknowledge the numerous ways cultural background influences the ways in which one interacts with and responds to the campus environment (e.g., people, places, things). First, we encourage our colleagues to consider how their own cultural background has impacted their lives and the decisions they make on a daily basis. Next, we discuss multiculturalism in a personal context and how the lenses through which we view the world can be similar to or different from others depending on environmental influences. Finally, we talk about the impact culture has on moral development and values. This section includes dialogue on Pope, Reynolds, and Mueller’s (2004) description of the awareness, knowledge, and skills nece...
Individualization of neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer according to molecular tumor characteristics.

Development of therapies directed to specific molecular abnormalities within cancer cells, as exemplified by human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), can be a very rewarding strategy in cancer treatment. The integration of genomic and proteomic approaches into the search for therapeutic targets will be more fruitful than either approach alone and allow further individualization of breast cancer therapy.
The Validity of Choice Dilemma Response Scales

Most choice shift research uses choice dilemma items as stimuli with an “odds of success” response scale. This research shows that the odds scale produces substantial measurement error while a Likert response scale for choice dilemma items does not. The implications of these findings for past and future choice shift research is discussed.
Critical Choices in Energy: Discussion

The energy problem has been recognized for several years. Yet, our profession has delayed in making serious efforts to identify and address energy realities. Part of this reluctance stems from an inability to see clearly our energy future. It is generally recognized, however, that we have reached a turning point. A long history of declining relative energy costs and a perceived abundance of oil has been reversed. Now, new sources of energy and new energy use patterns must be developed. Past experience is of limited value in determining the environment within which these critical choices in energy are to be made. It is difficult, for example, to make demand projections without a valid historical base. The rela-
The use of hand gestures and smiles in the inaugural addresses of presidents of the United States.

HALL (1966) delineated four distance zones that people keep between themselves and others: intimate, personal, social, and public. Hall suggested that, as the distance changes, there are corresponding changes in verbal and nonverbal communication. The adjustments in interpersonal communication in public distance include loss of details of facial expression and an increase in hand gestures. On the basis of that analysis, we proposed that, in public distance, speakers use hand gestures more than smiles as the primary form of nonverbal communication. To test that proposition, we analyzed the televised inaugural addresses of several presidents of the United States. Researchers have observed that nonverbal behavior (a) served a number of functions in social interactions (Ekman & Friesan, 1969) and (b) was affected by self-presentational motivation (Riess & Rosenfeld, 1980). Therefore, we expected some smiling behavior from the presidents because presidents engage in ingratiation in their inaugural addresses (Whitehead & Smith, 1999). People smile more when they are ingratiating (e.g., Godfrey, Jones, & Lord, 1986; Lefebvre, 1975) and seeking approval (e.g., Rosenfeld, 1966a, 1966b). However, we predicted that the presidents would use more hand gestures than
Bladder Neck Transection for Intractable Pediatric Urinary Incontinence

Purpose: We report the indications, technique and outcome of a large series of children who underwent bladder neck transection for intractable urinary incontinence.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed demographics, operative details, complications and outcomes of 76 patients (47 males, 29 females) who underwent bladder neck closure at our institution between 1996 and 2006. Mean patient age at the time of the procedure was 12 years, 10 months. The most common diagnosis was bladder exstrophy. Of the patients 31 had undergone prior bladder neck reconstruction (30) or sling repair (1). All patients underwent concomitant augmentation and creation of a catheterizable stoma.Results: A total of 50 patients had more than 12 months of followup (mean 44, range 12 to 128). Continence was achieved initially in 86% of the patients (43 of 50). Of the 7 primary failures 2 leaked via the urethra and 5 via the stoma. Six of these patients achieved dryness with revision, for a final continence rate of 98%. A s...
Videogame Distraction using Virtual Reality Technology for Children Experiencing Cold Pressor Pain: The Role of Cognitive Processing

Objective This study examined whether increasing the demand for central cognitive processing involved in a distraction task, by involving the child in ongoing, effortful interaction with the distraction stimulus, would increase children’s tolerance for cold pressor pain. Methods Seventy-nine children ages 6–15 years underwent a baseline cold pressor trial followed by two cold pressor trials in which they received interactive distraction (i.e., used voice commands to play a videogame) or passive distraction (in which they merely watched the output from the same videogame segment) in counterbalanced order. Both distraction conditions were presented via a virtual reality-type helmet. Results As expected, children demonstrated significant improvement in pain tolerance during distraction relative to baseline. Children showed the greatest improvement during the interactive distraction task. Conclusion The effects of distraction on children’s cold pressor pain tolerance are significantly enhanced when the distraction task also includes greater demands for central cognitive processing.
COMPUTATIONS ON METRIC MAPS IN MAMMALS: GETTING ORIENTED AND CHOOSING A MULTI-DESTINATION ROUTE

The capacity to construct a cognitive map is hypothesized to rest on two foundations: (1) dead reckoning (path integration); (2) the perception of the direction and distance of terrain features relative to the animal. A map may be constructed by combining these two sources of positional information, with the result that the positions of all terrain features are represented in the coordinate framework used for dead reckoning. When animals need to become reoriented in a mapped space, results from rats and human toddlers indicate that they focus exclusively on the shape of the perceived environment, ignoring non-geometric features such as surface colors. As a result, in a rectangular space, they are misoriented half the time even when the two ends of the space differ strikingly in their appearance. In searching for a hidden object after becoming reoriented, both kinds of subjects search on the basis of the object's mapped position in the space rather than on the basis of its relationship to a goal sign (e.g. a distinctive container or nearby marker), even though they have demonstrably noted the relationship between the goal and the goal sign. When choosing a multidestination foraging route, vervet monkeys look at least three destinations ahead, even though they are only capable of keeping a maximum of six destinations in mind at once.
Bounds for OFDM ranging accuracy in multipath channels

The performance of wireless ranging depends on both the transmission technique and the propagation channel. Understanding such dependencies is critical to the design of high-accuracy ranging algorithms for multipath propagation environments. In this paper, we focus on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems and derive the bounds for OFDM ranging accuracy in multipath channels based on Fisher information analysis. In particular, we obtain the equivalent Fisher information (EFI) for ranging and quantify the effects of signal and channel parameters on the ranging accuracy. We then evaluate the ranging performance through numerical examples.
High efficiency cross‐linked polyacrylamide coating for capillary electrophoresis of proteins

A highly efficient cross-linked polyacrylamide capillary coating has been developed for capillary electrophoresis of proteins. The fused silica capillary tubing was pretreated with 7-oct-1-enyltrimethoxysilane and then statically coated with the polymerization reagents. The copolymerization reaction was performed at 120°C when using a free-radical initiator. Coated columns were evaluated for the separation of both basic and acidic proteins. Methylene bisacrylamide was added in the preparation of the cross-linked polyacrylamide coating, and the cross-linking effects on column performance were evaluated. Both linear and cross-linked columns gave high separation efficiencies and good reproducibilities for proteins, and electroosmotic flow was eliminated. It was found that the cross-linked polyacrylamide coatings produced nearly double the efficiencies and only one third the relative standard deviations in migration times for proteins when compared to linear polyacrylamide coatings. Highly efficient and reproducible separations of proteins in human serum samples were achieved using the cross-linked column.
Hypertension in Response to Chronic Reductions in Uterine Perfusion in Pregnant Rats Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Blockade

Reductions in uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) in pregnant rats is associated with increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). This study was designed to determine the role of endogenous TNF-alpha in mediating changes in arterial pressure and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in RUPP rats. To achieve this goal we examined the effect of RUPP in the presence and absence of a TNF-alpha-soluble receptor, etanerecept (0.4 mg/kg). Mean arterial pressure increased from 102+/-1 mm Hg in normal pregnant (NP) rats to 134+/-3 mm Hg (P<0.05) in RUPP rats. Serum TNF-alpha increased to 40+/-7.6 pg/mL in RUPP rats (n=24) versus 14.8+/-3.3 pg/mL (n=16; P<0.05) in NP rats. Administration of etanerecept decreased TNF-alpha in RUPP rats (n=20) to 17.2+/-3 pg/mL and mean arterial pressure to 118+/-2 mm Hg (P<0.05). Tissue ET-1 decreased in etanerecept-treated RUPP rats compared with control RUPP rats. The direct effect of TNF-alpha blockade on endothelial activation in response to placental ischemia was examined in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. ET-1 secreted from human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with RUPP serum was 59.2+16 pg/mg and decreased when etanerecept was added to the medium with RUPP serum (7.60+/-0.77 pg/mg), as well as in response to serum from etanerecept-treated RUPP rats (7.30+/-0.55 pg/mg; P<0.001). ET-1 secreted from human umbilical vein endothelial cells was 15.6+/-2 pg/mg when treated with NP serum. These data support the hypothesis that endogenous TNF-alpha is an important stimulus for ET-1 in response to placental ischemia and is important in mediating endothelial cell activation and hypertension during pregnancy.
Parent Involvement as a Predictor of Teacher–Child Relationship Quality in Third Grade

Research Findings: Research on teacher–child relationships is important, as the quality of this relationship is linked to numerous child outcomes in the areas of academic and social functioning. In addition, parent involvement has been identified as a significant factor in the successful development of a child. This study attempted to join these two lines of research by assessing the extent to which teacher–child relationship quality varies as a function of parent involvement. We used a sample of 894 third-grade children, mothers, and teachers from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the relation between teacher–child relationships and parent involvement while controlling for known determinants of teacher–child relationship quality (i.e., gender and income). All variables were significantly related to teacher–child relationship quality. Parent involvement was negatively related to conflict. Furthermor...
ESTIMATED AREAL EXTENT OF COLONIES OF BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOGS IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS

During 1997-1998, we undertook an aerial survey, with an aerial line-intercept technique, to estimate the extent of colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) in the northern Great Plains states of Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming. We stratified the survey based on knowledge of colony locations, computed 2 types of estimates for each stratum, and combined ratio estimates for high-density strata with average density estimates for low-density strata. Estimates of colony areas for black-tailed prairie dogs were derived from the average percentages of lines intercepting prairie dog colonies and ratio estimators. We selected the best estimator based on the correlation between length of transect line and length of intercepted colonies. Active colonies of blacktailed prairie dogs occupied 2,377.8 km2 + 186.4 SE, whereas inactive colonies occupied 560.4 ? 89.2 km2. These data represent the 1st quantitative assessment of black-tailed prairie dog colonies in the northern Great Plains. The survey dispels popular notions that millions of hectares of colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs exist in the northern Great Plains and can form the basis for future survey efforts.
Calculation of higher-order wave-mixing spectra.

Using diagrammatic perturbation theory, we calculate the higher-order susceptibility for the n-wave process, ω0 = (n/2 − 1)(ω1 − ω2) + ω1, in a phase-matched n-wave-mixing geometry. We include the 16 Zeeman and hyperfine levels of the sodium ground (3S1/2) and excited (3P1/2) states, finding resonances at subharmonics [±1/2, ±1/3,…, ±1(n/2 − 1)] of the ground-level transition frequencies. The computed spectrum for eight-wave mixing is in satisfactory agreement with experiment. In addition, a theoretical twelve-wave-mixing spectrum predicts a new higher-order selection rule.
Pan's Labyrinth (2006) and the Use of Fantasy as an Alternative Interpreta-tion of the History of Spain under Franco's Regime

Following the death of Francisco Franco in 1975, Spain transitioned into a democratic form of government that exhibited a similar polarization that lead to the Civil War in that country in June 1936. An example of this division is the question of what to do with the memories of abuses committed by Franco from 1939 until his death. Guiller-mo del Toro explores this issue in his movie Pan’s Labyrinth (2006). The film tells the story of a young girl, Ofelia, who employs her imagination in order to envision a past without the oppressive Francoist step-father, Captain Vidal. This paper analyzes Del To-ro’s use of fantasy as a resource to showcase an alternative interpretation of the history of Spain that challenges and subverts in most of the cases Franco’s official version of the war.
A substrate for in-network sensor data integration

With the ultimate goal of extending the data integration paradigm and query processing capabilities to ad hoc wireless networks, sensors, and stream systems, we consider how to support communication between sets of nodes performing distributed joins in sensor networks. We develop a communication model that enables in-network join at a variety of locations, and which facilitates coordination among nodes in order to make optimization decisions. While we defer a discussion of the optimizer to future work, we experimentally compare a variety of strategies, including at-base and in-network joins. Results show significant performance gains versus prior work, as well as opportunities for optimization.
Current Concepts on the Evolution of the Neurosecretory Neuron

Neurosecretory neurons can be defined as nerve cells that engage in secretory activity to a degree which greatly surpasses that of conventional neurons, and which is comparable to that of gland cells. The capacity of these specialized neuronal elements for controlling effector cells by means of neurohormonal signalling and the absence, at least in classic neurosecretory neurons, of contacts with postsynaptic cells represent significant deviations from the norm as formulated by the neuron doctrine. What is the rationale for the phenomenon of neurosecretion, and what is its place within the spectrum of neurochemical mediation?
Abstract W P120: Patterns of Vessel Involvement of Intracranial Stenosis in the Young

Introduction: Intracranial stenosis in the young has various etiologies. We sought to identify patterns of vessel involvement of intracranial stenosis. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of young patients (≤50 years old) with intracranial stenosis seen in the stroke clinic of a tertiary center from 2008-2013. Patients were grouped by clinical diagnosis of 1. atherosclerosis (≥ 3 traditional risk factors ) 2. vasculitis ; 3. RCVS; 4. unknown etiology. Stenosis location and severity were compared among these groups based on cerebral angiography, CTA, or MRA. Results: A total of 128 patients were identified in this cohort. Of this cohort, presumed atherosclerosis (56%) was the most common etiology followed by unknown etiology (21%). Distinct patterns of stenosis were noted among these categories (see table). Atherosclerosis was more commonly identified in the anterior circulation (68.1%, p=.036). Moyamoya disease and the vasculitides had high predilection for MCA stenosis. RCVS showed a more diffuse vessel involvement which includes posterior circulation. Conclusion: Distinct of patterns of vessel involvement are seen among different etiologies of intracranial stenosis in the young. These patterns may help in determining the etiology of intracranial stenosis in this population. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Abstract T P278: HASTe: A Team Approach to Improving Pre-Hospital and ED Delays in Stroke Care

Background: Despite an array of available guidelines and research, many organizations continue to seek innovative ways to decrease time delays and enhance their stroke care delivery systems. After dissecting the case of an acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patient cared for in our facility, many delays were noted from onset of symptoms until admission to ED. Purpose: The purpose of the HASTe (Hyper Acute Stroke Team) initiative is to utilize a case-study approach to discover pre-hospital and ED delays, and offer quality improvement project ideas that can be used to enhance stroke-care delivery systems. Methods: With leadership from the Stroke Program Director, 15 neuro-critical care nurses formed the HASTe to ameliorate delays noted in AIS care. A case-study review of an AIS patient led to a schematic timeline map which demonstrated minutes lost at each area of delay. Identified areas of delay included lack of community knowledge on stroke, preventative delays in Emergency Medical System (EMS) on-scene time, lack of updated AHA/ASA guideline knowledge at an outside facility ED, inefficient transfer processes to our facility for endovascular intervention, and technical delays in electronic medical record entry. All of these factors contributed to time lost for reperfusion therapy. Results: Pre-hospital and ED delays contributed to approximately 120 minutes lost. After analyzing these delays, the HASTe initiated several performance improvement projects to address the delays. Community and EMS presentations covering the urgency of stroke were created. Connections were made with outside facility ED educators to offer in-services on AHA/ASA updates. Improved transfer processes were coordinated with local EMS administration and private ambulances. A pre-admitted “John Doe-Stroke” medical record was created for potential stroke patients coming in to our ED. Conclusions: A team approach such as the HASTe is an innovative way to integrate knowledge gleaned from individual case studies to induce coordinated performance improvement projects that affect the community, EMS, and ED. Further case study reviews can reveal other areas in which the HASTe can positively affect change in the continuum of stroke care.
Introducing the Doxastically Centered Approach to Formalizing Relevance Bonds in Conditionals

Conditional reasoning is an important part of sophisticated cognition. Such reasoning is systematically studied in the sub-discipline of conditional logic, where the focus has been on the objects over which conditional reasoning operates (formulae, and the internals thereof). We introduce herein a new approach: one marked by a focus on the mental attitudes of the agents engaged in conditional reasoning. We specifically present our approach in connection with the challenge of rigorously capturing what seems to many to be a requirement for an adequate formalization of conditional reasoning: viz., that the antecedent and consequent in conditionals be relevant to each other.