cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methodology for identifying near-optimal interdiction strategies for a power transmission system

Abstract Previous methods for assessing the vulnerability of complex systems to intentional attacks or interdiction have either not been adequate to deal with systems in which flow readjusts dynamically (such as electricity transmission systems), or have been complex and computationally difficult. We propose a relatively simple, inexpensive, and practical method (“Max Line”) for identifying promising interdiction strategies in such systems. The method is based on a greedy algorithm in which, at each iteration, the transmission line with the highest load is interdicted. We apply this method to sample electrical transmission systems from the Reliability Test System developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and compare our method and results with those of other proposed approaches for vulnerability assessment. We also study the effectiveness of protecting those transmission lines identified as promising candidates for interdiction. These comparisons shed light on the relative merits of the various vulnerability assessment methods, as well as providing insights that can help to guide the allocation of scarce resources for defensive investment.
Stitch in the side: Causes, workup, and solutions

Side stitch is an acute, localized, sharp, transient pain that occurs during exercise, most often in runners or swimmers, but also in those participating in team sports, and less often in cyclists. The pain is vexing and performance-limiting, but fleeting and benign. Three theories compete to explain it: diaphragmatic ischemia, stress on peritoneal ligaments, and irritation of the parietal peritoneum. The differential diagnosis seems broad, but the classic side stitch is so unique in its features and setting that a reasonable working diagnosis can be made from a careful history and physical examination. Practical tips, although anecdotal, offer lasting solutions.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SUBJECT IN OBJECTIVE MORALITY: DISTINGUISHING OBJECTIVE FROM INTRINSIC VALUE

This essay contends that the debate between subjectivism and objectivism in ethics is better understood as a dispute among three alternatives: subjectivism, objectivism, and intrinsicism. Ayn Rand has identified intrinsicism – the belief that certain things are good “in, by, and of” themselves – as the doctrine that is actually operative in many defenses of moral objectivity. What intrinsicism fails to appreciate, however, is the significant role of the subject, the person to whom and for whom anything can be valuable.Objective value, in Rand's view, is relational. Its existence depends on contributions of both external reality and human consciousness. Values are not reducible to psychological states, as in subjectivism, but nor are they independent of them, as in intrinsicism. Objectivity in ethics is attained neither through revelation of the intrinsic property of goodness nor through the subject's creation of goodness, but through a rational procedure of evaluation that is governed by the method of objectivity.This essay is in three parts, explaining Rand's view of exactly what intrinsicism is; elaborating on her view of the nature of moral objectivity; and highlighting certain features that make plain the differences between an intrinsicist and an objectivist account of value.
Racialization of Abilities and Disabilities in U.S. Schools: Asian American Students in Gifted and Special Education

Grounded in racial formations theory (Omi & Winant, 1994), this conceptual article sheds light onto Asian American students as both an underresearched population and an illustrative case to advance...
Dynamics of thin filopodia during sea urchin gastrulation

At gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo, a dramatic rearrangement of cells establishes the three germ layers of the organism. Experiments have revealed a number of cell interactions at this stage that transfer patterning information from cell to cell. Of particular significance, primary mesenchyme cells, which are responsible for production of the embryonic skeleton, have been shown to obtain extensive positional information from the embryonic ectoderm. In the present study, high resolution Nomarski imaging reveals the presence of very thin filopodia (02-0.4 micron in diameter) extending from primary mesenchyme cells as well as from ectodermal and secondary mesenchyme cells. These thin filopodia sometimes extend to more than 80 microns in length and show average growth and retraction rates of nearly 10 microns/minute. The filopodia are highly dynamic, rapidly changing from extension to resorption; frequently, the resorption changes to resumption of assembly. The behavior, location and timing of active thin filopodial movements does not correlate with cell locomotion; instead, there is a strong correlation suggesting their involvement in cell-cell interactions associated with signaling and patterning at gastrulation. Nickel-treatment, which is known to create a patterning defect in skeletogenesis due to alterations in the ectoderm, alters the normal position-dependent differences in the thin filopodia. The effect is present in recombinant embryos in which the ectoderm alone was treated with nickel, and is absent in recombinant embryos in which only the primary mesenchyme cells were treated, suggesting that the filopodial length is substratum dependent rather than being primary mesenchyme cell autonomous. The thin filopodia provide a means by which cells can contact others several cell diameters away, suggesting that some of the signaling previously thought to be mediated by diffusible signals may instead by the result of direct receptor-ligand interactions between cell membranes.
Static Analyses for Eliminating Unnecessary Synchronization from Java Programs

This paper presents and evaluates a set of analyses designed to reduce synchronization overhead in Java programs. Monitor-based synchronization in Java often causes significant overhead, accounting for 5-10% of total execution time in our benchmark applications. To reduce this overhead, programmers often try to eliminate unnecessary lock operations by hand. Such manual optimizations are tedious, error-prone, and often result in poorly structured and less reusable programs. Our approach replaces manual optimizations with static analyses that automatically find and remove unnecessary synchronization from Java programs. These analyses optimize cases where a monitor is entered multiple times by a single thread, where one monitor is nested within another, and where a monitor is accessible by only one thread. A partial implementation of our analyses eliminates up to 70% of synchronization overhead and improves running time by up to 5% for several already hand-optimized benchmarks. Thus, our automated analyses have the potential to significantly improve the performance of Java applications while enabling programmers to design simpler and more reusable multithreaded code.
Habitat heterogeneity and disturbance influence patterns of community temporal variability in a small temperate stream

Both habitat heterogeneity and disturbance can profoundly influence ecological systems at many levels of biological and ecological organization. However, the joint influences of heterogeneity and disturbance on temporal variability in communities have received little attention despite the intense homogenizing influence of human activity. I performed a field manipulation of substrate heterogeneity in a small New England stream, and measured changes in benthic macroinvertebrate communities for 100 days—a period that included both a severe drought and a flood. Generally, community variability decreased with increasing substrate heterogeneity. However, within sampling intervals, this relationship tended to fluctuate through time, apparently tracking changes in hydrology. At the beginning of the experiment, community temporal variability clearly decreased along a gradient of increasing substrate heterogeneity—a result consistent with an observational study performed the previous year. During the subsequent weeks, droughts and flooding created exceptionally high variability in both hydrology and benthic macroinvertebrate community structure resulting in the disappearance of this relationship. However, during the last weeks of the experiment when hydrologic conditions were relatively more stable, the negatively sloped relationship between community temporal variability and habitat heterogeneity reemerged and mimicked relationships observed both early in the experiment and in the previous year’s study. High habitat heterogeneity may promote temporal stability through several mechanisms including stabilization of resources and increased refugia from minor disturbances or predation. However, the results of this experiment suggest that severe disturbance events can create large-scale environmental variability that effectively swamps the influence of habitat heterogeneity, illustrating that a thorough understanding of community temporal variability in natural systems will necessarily consider sources of environmental variability at multiple spatial and temporal scales.
"Code Switching" in Sociocultural Linguistics

This paper reviews a brief portion of the literature on code switching in sociology, linguistic anthropology, and sociolinguistics, and suggests a definition of the term for sociocultural analysis. Code switching is defined as the practice of selecting or altering linguistic elements so as to contextualize talk in interaction. This contextualization may relate to local discourse practices, such as turn selection or various forms of bracketing, or it may make relevant information beyond the current exchange, including knowledge of society and diverse identities.
Constructed Interests: The Process of Political Representation in the Global Age

Democratic governance is a process in which choices are made and compromises forged between competing interests. But where do interests come from, how are they given a voice within polities, and what effects does interest intermediation have on the decisions of governments and other organizations? This paper undertakes two analytical tasks, each with important empirical consequences. First, we question mechanistic conceptions of the process of representation that assume the interests of social groups are given by determinants prior to politics and argue that interests, though influenced by material, institutional, and cognitive factors, must instead be understood as actively constituted through inherently political processes. Second, we analyze how globalization has challenged existing systems of interest representation and initiated, in some cases, profound changes in those systems – both by posing new challenges to the groups and institutions long prominent in national systems of representation and by encouraging the development of new kinds of organizations that have provided a new institutional setting for the representation of interests.
Automated analysis of food-borne pathogens using a novel microbial cell culture, sensing and classification system

We hereby report the design and implementation of an Autonomous Microbial Cell Culture and Classification (AMC(3)) system for rapid detection of food pathogens. Traditional food testing methods require multistep procedures and long incubation period, and are thus prone to human error. AMC(3) introduces a "one click approach" to the detection and classification of pathogenic bacteria. Once the cultured materials are prepared, all operations are automatic. AMC(3) is an integrated sensor array platform in a microbial fuel cell system composed of a multi-potentiostat, an automated data collection system (Python program, Yocto Maxi-coupler electromechanical relay module) and a powerful classification program. The classification scheme consists of Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN), Support Vector Machines (SVM) and General Regression Neural Network (GRNN) oracle-based system. Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) is performed on standard samples or unknown samples. Then, using preset feature extractions and quality control, accepted data are analyzed by the intelligent classification system. In a typical use, thirty-two extracted features were analyzed to correctly classify the following pathogens: Escherichia coli ATCC#25922, Escherichia coli ATCC#11775, and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC#12228. 85.4% accuracy range was recorded for unknown samples, and within a shorter time period than the industry standard of 24 hours.
Efficient metallic carbon nanotube removal for highly-scaled technologies

While carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (CNFETs) promise to improve the performance and energy efficiency of digital systems beyond the limitations of silicon CMOS, the presence of metallic CNTs (m-CNTs) remains a major challenge. Existing techniques for removing m-CNTs are inadequate, as they face one or more of the following scalability challenges: scaling to large circuits (≥99.99% of m-CNTs must be removed without inadvertently removing semiconducting CNTs, s-CNTs), scaling to short channel lengths (for highly-scaled contacted gate pitch (CPP)), and scaling to small inter-CNT spacing (for high CNT densities required for high CNFET Ion). We demonstrate a new m-CNT removal technique that, for the first time, overcomes all of these scalability challenges, as it: (a) removes ≥99.99% of m-CNTs vs. ≤1% of s-CNTs, (b) scales to any arbitrary CPP, and (c) scales to high CNT densities (≥200 CNTs/μm).
Abstract 1477: Tumor metastasis is modulated by tissue stiffness in MMTV-PyMT breast cancer model

Tumor metastasis is the major cause of morbidity and mortality from breast cancer, yet there are no effective management strategies and treatments for metastatic breast cancer. These challenges urge us to have a better understanding of tumor metastasis. Factors in the host microenvironment, including stromal cells, cytokines, and non-cellular extracellular matrix (ECM), are known playing important roles on the dynamic process of tumor metastasis. Our and other recent studies have shown breast tumor progression is associated with ECM remodeling, increased collagen cross-linking and tissue stiffening. Tissue stiffening, in particular, promotes tumor cell invasion in MMTV-Her2/Neu mouse model by enhancing the cross talk between the focal adhesion and oncogenic signaling 1 . However, ECM is involved in many steps of tumor metastasis, we do not know explicitly if ECM and tissue stiffness would affect the final tumor metastasis, if so how. We answered our questions by investigating the effects of altered tissue stiffness on the lung metastasis in the MMTV-PyMT mouse model for breast cancer as MMTV-PyMT mice develop lung metastasis with 100% efficiency. We inhibited Lysyl oxidase mediated collagen I crosslinking (beta-aminopropion, BAPN 1 ) in MMTV-PyMT mice at different ages, measured mammary tissue stiffness with high-resolution tissue diagnostic probe, and examined the lung metastasis. We found that there was a close correlation between tissue stiffness and lung metastasis and that preventing tissue stiffening reduced lung metastasis in PyMT model without affecting primary tumor growth. In addition, we found this reduced lung metastasis was correlated with fewer circulating tumor cells. Further studies showed that BAPN inhibited tumors were less hypoxic and that the tumor cells were less migratory than their corresponding controls. These results suggest that increased collagen crosslinking and tissue stiffness contribute to breast tumor metastasis by facilitating tumor cell migration and intravasation processes. A stiffer tissue and ECM not only modulate the capability of tumor cells to migrate but also affect the substrates on which tumor cells migrate. These two major effects of tissue stiffening make tumor cells succeed in intravasation, which is required for their subsequent lung colonization. We are now investigating the underlying molecular and biomechanical mechanisms involved in this specific situation. These studies, together with our previous work on MMTV-Her2/Neu model 1 , show that tissue stiffness modulates multiple stages of breast cancer metastasis and will help us to develop novel strategies of managing metastatic breast caners. (Support by DOD.WX81XWH-05-1-0330, NIH/NCI RFA-CA-09-009) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1477. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1477
Steric and Electronic Effects in the Formation and Carbon Disulfide Reactivity of Dinuclear Nickel Complexes Supported by Bis(iminopyridine) Ligands

We are developing bimetallic platforms for the cooperative activation of heteroallenes. Toward this goal, we designed a new family of bis(iminopyridine) ((N,N′-1,1′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)methanamine) and N,N′-1,1′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(N-(1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene)methanamine)) dinickel complexes, synthesized their CS2 compounds, and studied their reactivity. Bis(iminopyridine) ligands L react with Ni(COD)2 to form Ni2(L)2 complexes or Ni2(L)(COD)2 complexes as a function of the steric and electronic properties of the ligand precursor. Product structures disclosed an anti geometry in the Ni2(L)(COD)2 species and helical (anti) structures for Ni2(L)2 complexes. Carbon disulfide adducts Ni2(L)(CS2)2 were obtained in good yields upon addition of CS2 to Ni2(L)(COD)2 or in a one-pot reaction of L with 2 equiv of both Ni(COD)2 and CS2. Ni2(L)(CS2)2 complexes are highly flexible, displaying both syn and anti conformations (shortest S- - -S separations of 5.0 and 9.5 A, respectively) in the so...
Diagnosis and Treatment of Fractures of the Talus: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature:

Fractures of the head, neck, and body of the talus present difficult treatment challenges. The vulnerable blood supply and abundant articular surfaces may lead to long-term problems with osteonecrosis and osteoarthrosis. Previous studies of these relatively rare injuries have been mostly small, inconsistent, or anecdotal, leading to confusion and controversy regarding the optimum treatment of various types of talus fractures. The surgeon who treats these injuries must be prepared to address meticulous reduction and fixation, maintain attentive follow-up, and manage the complications that may result despite appropriate treatment. This review summarizes the findings of the literature on each type of talus fracture to provide a clearer picture of their recommended management.
Analysis on 6726 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis patients′ sputum

Objective:Primary laboratory of how to improve sputum smear-positive rate of specific practices.Methods:The introduction of direct thick smear luxuriant-Nepal′ s resistance to acid dyeing to the years 2001 to 2008 6726 tuberculosis cases of prosecution and concrete results of operation and summing up review of statistical analysis.Results:2001 to 2005,smear positive rate has increased annually;pus nature of positive rategutsy process positive rate mucus of positive rateWater samples of positive rate;Chen of positive rateNight of positive rateimmediate short positive rate;the process number positive rates three times more thanthree persons2 persons1;observer 300 vision positive rateobservation 200 Visionobservation 100 vision.Conclusion: Qualified sputum specimens,multiple submissions,morning sputum,microscopic view of more than 300 the number of good laboratory and strict quality control is to increase the rate of sputum smear-positive key.
The Study on the Origin of Allusion Words

The origin,form and meaning are the three most important essentials to the allusion words.But by now,the systematic study on the origin of allusion words has not been occurred.To study the origin and sum its characters will be very important to the study about the form and the meaning of allusion words.
Analysis of Cytolytic Clones Directed at Class I and Class II Antigens Using HLA Loss Mutants of a Lymphoblastoid Cell Line

One useful approach to analysis of the human major histocompatibility complex is to generate somatic cell variants with altered expression of HLA gene products. It is possible to generate not only a single HLA antigen loss, but also variants with simultaneous loss of two or three HLA antigens, by gamma ray irradiation. These HLA loss variants have enabled us to study the antigenic specificities detected by alloreactive responses in man.
Totally analytical closure of space filtered Navier–Stokes for arbitrary Reynolds number: Part I. Theory, resolutions

ABSTRACTRigorously space filtering the thermal, multispecies Navier–Stokes (NS) conservation principle partial differential equation (PDE) system embeds a priori undefined tensor and vector quadruples. Large eddy simulation (LES) computational fluid dynamics algorithm resolutions replace the tensor quadruple with a single tensor then secures closure through “physics-based” modeling, assuming the velocity field is turbulent, i.e., the Reynolds number (Re) is large. In complete distinction, a totally analytical closure is derived for the rigorously generated tensor/vector quadruples, achieved totally absent any modeling component or Re assumption. For Gaussian filter of uniform measure δ, derived analytical filtered Navier–Stokes (aFNS) theory PDE system state variable is significance scaled O(1; δ2; δ3) through classic fluid mechanics perturbation theory. That uniform measure δ filter penetrates domain boundaries requires O(1) resolved scale PDE system inclusion of boundary commutation error (BCE) integral...
A Note on Marginal Valuation of Underpriced Facilities

This article points out that in a number of previous works on public investment criteria for underpriced facilities there is an implicit assumption that individuals demand either zero units or one unit of facility capacity. It is shown that if this assumption does not hold, previously identified investment criteria may at times be in error, because within-individual ordering of consumption units is not accounted for. Several different nonprice rationing schemes are discussed in which this assumption is not made, and solutions are presented that account for within-individual ordering of consumption units.
Feminist Approaches to Cognitive Disability

This essay explores various philosophical approaches to cognitive disability within feminist philosophy. In doing so, it addresses three broad questions: What positive contributions can feminist philosophy make to the philosophy of cognitive disability? How have feminist philosophers critiqued the presence and absence of cognitive disability in philosophy? And what challenges does cognitive disability pose to feminist philosophy itself? The essay begins with definitions and models of disability and then turns to feminist work on cognitive disability in moral and political philosophy, bioethics, and epistemology. It concludes with some methodological considerations.
Sinusoidally modulated reactance surface approach for spoof plasmon radiation

In this paper we employ the theory of sinusoidally modulated reactance surfaces (SMRSs) to enable leaky wave antennas (LWAs) capable of converting spoof plasmons (SPs) to radiating modes. SPs are surface waves excited along engineered metallic corrugated surfaces and their dispersion properties closely resemble those of the well-known optical surface plasmon polaritons. By judiciously modifying the depth of the grooves along a corrugated metallic surface the structure is engineered such that it exhibits a sinusoidally modulated reactance profile. In this way, the guided SPs can efficiently couple into free-space radiating modes under the proper conditions.
Suffering as Formation: The Hard Road to Glory

We live our lives in the context of the “already but not yet,” seeking God’s Kingdom in the broken present while anticipating its fulfillment in the future. This fallen context is often occasion for suffering, which God redeems in repurposing suffering for our good. This chapter explores this redemptive repurposing in our formation. Theologically, the emphasis is on the need for a Trinitarian understanding of suffering. The suffering Christ provides a necessary foundation for increasing movement toward glorification. The Holy Spirit prepares individuals for suffering through coming alongside us in our suffering, while also comforting and forming us. Psychological literature draws on post-traumatic growth to explore how suffering of various kinds can lead to character change and reorientation.
Effect of psychotropic drug treatment on sterol metabolism

Cholesterol metabolism is vital for brain function. Previous work in cultured cells has shown that a number of psychotropic drugs inhibit the activity of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), an enzyme that catalyzes the final steps in cholesterol biosynthesis. This leads to the accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC), a molecule that gives rise to oxysterols, vitamin D, and atypical neurosteroids. We examined levels of cholesterol and the cholesterol precursors desmosterol, lanosterol, 7DHC and its isomer 8-dehydrocholesterol (8DHC), in blood samples of 123 psychiatric patients on various antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs, and 85 healthy controls, to see if the observations in cell lines hold true for patients as well. Three drugs, aripiprazole, haloperidol and trazodone increased circulating 7DHC and 8DHC levels, while five other drugs, clozapine, escitalopram/citalopram, lamotrigine, olanzapine, and risperidone, did not. Studies in rat brain verified that haloperidol dose-dependently increased 7DHC and 8DHC levels, while clozapine had no effect. We conclude that further studies should investigate the role of 7DHC and 8DHC metabolites, such as oxysterols, vitamin D, and atypical neurosteroids, in the deleterious and therapeutic effects of psychotropic drugs. Finally, we recommend that drugs that increase 7DHC levels should not be prescribed during pregnancy, as children born with DHCR7 deficiency have multiple congenital malformations.
Open-Trial Pilot of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

ABSTRACTIn this pilot study, the effectiveness and feasibility of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for decreasing disruptive behavior was evaluated in 17 young children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). PCIT is a behaviorally based play therapy which targets the parent-child relationship through live coaching of play interactions and the implementation of consistent discipline techniques. Following an average of 19 sessions, disruptive behavior as measured by multiple indices significantly decreased. Congruently, parents increased positive parental following skills and decreased negative parental leading skills across the course of treatment. In addition, parents reported increased levels of child functional communication and prosocial behavior. High levels of parent acceptability of the intervention were also noted. Effect sizes were medium to large across measured dependent variables, including parent report and behavioral observations. Implications for the clinical use of PCIT within an ASD p...
A Fully Customized Baseline Removal Framework for Spectroscopic Applications

The task of proper baseline or continuum removal is common to nearly all types of spectroscopy. Its goal is to remove any portion of a signal that is irrelevant to features of interest while preserving any predictive information. Despite the importance of baseline removal, median or guessed default parameters are commonly employed, often using commercially available software supplied with instruments. Several published baseline removal algorithms have been shown to be useful for particular spectroscopic applications but their generalizability is ambiguous. The new Custom Baseline Removal (Custom BLR) method presented here generalizes the problem of baseline removal by combining operations from previously proposed methods to synthesize new correction algorithms. It creates novel methods for each technique, application, and training set, discovering new algorithms that maximize the predictive accuracy of the resulting spectroscopic models. In most cases, these learned methods either match or improve on the performance of the best alternative. Examples of these advantages are shown for three different scenarios: quantification of components in near-infrared spectra of corn and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy data of rocks, and classification/matching of minerals using Raman spectroscopy. Software to implement this optimization is available from the authors. By removing subjectivity from this commonly encountered task, Custom BLR is a significant step toward completely automatic and general baseline removal in spectroscopic and other applications.
Recommended Health Care Personnel Immunization: Exploring Immunization Rates, Motivators, and Barriers to Immunization in Health Care Personnel

Immunization rates among health care personnel (HCP) have remained low despite advances in vaccine development with reported rates ranging from 27% to 72% for commonly recommended vaccines. Within the United States, HCP are placing patients, families, and themselves at considerable risk for vaccine-preventable diseases. A significant source of infection, HCP are carriers of infectious agents and often unknowingly transmit these contagious diseases while experiencing minimal or no symptoms. This study examined the current immunization rates of HCP for influenza, tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap), and hepatitis B in Nebraska, as well as identified motivators and barriers to vaccination. Nebraska HCP surveyed included physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, medical assistants, nursing assistants, and clerical or administrative staff of nonrestricted ethnic backgrounds age 19 years and older. Nebraska HCP immunization rates were statistically above the national rates. Motivators and barriers were also identified for each vaccine.
Phenotypic characterisation of cell populations in the brains of horses experimentally infected with West Nile virus.

SummaryBackground West Nile Virus (WNV), a mosquito borne member of the Flaviviridae, is one of the most commonly diagnosed agents of viral encephalitis in horses and people worldwide. Objective A cassette of markers for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue and an archive of tissues from experimental infections in the horse were used to investigate the equine neuroimmune response to WNV meningoencephalomyelitis to phenotype the early response to WNV infection in the horse. Study design Quantitative analysis using archived tissue from experimentally infected horses. Methods The thalamus and hindbrain from two groups of six horses were compared and consisted of a culture positive tissues from WNV experimentally horses, in the other, normal horses. FFPE from the thalamus and hindbrain were immunolabeled for microglia, astrocytes, B cells, macrophages/neutrophils, CD3+ T cells. Fresh frozen tissues were immunolabeled for CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte cell markers. Cell counts were obtained using a computer software program. Differences, after meeting assumptions of abnormality, were computed using a general linear model with a Tukey test (p<0.05) for pairwise comparisons. Results In WNV-challenged horses, Iba-1+ microglia, CD3+ T lymphocyte, and MAC387+ macrophage staining were significantly increased. The T cell response for the WNV-challenged horses was mixed, composed of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. A limited astrocyte response was also observed in WNV-challenged horses, and MAC387+ and B cells were the least abundant cell populations. Main limitations The results of this study were limited by a single collection time post-infection. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of cellular phenotypes is needed for naturally infected horses. Unfortunately, in clinical horses, there is high variability of sampling in terms of days post infection and tissue handling. Conclusions The data show that WNV-challenged horses recruit a mixed T cell population at the onset of neurologic disease. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Promising Interventions Are Great, but Are They Enough?.

These three articles present different perspectives on the urgent challenge of improving the educational experiences and academic outcomes of primary school students in sub-Saharan Africa. As all t...
Roles of Mentoring for Novice Athletic Training Faculty Members

Context: Mentorship is a valuable resource for athletic trainers who are transitioning to new roles such as a student, preceptor, or autonomous clinician. While mentorship has been identified as an...
Anxiety about anxiety: a survey of emergency department provider beliefs and practices regarding anxiety-associated low risk chest pain

Approximately 80% of patients presenting to emergency departments (ED) with chest pain do not have any true cardiopulmonary emergency such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, psychological contributors such as anxiety are thought to be present in up to 58%, but often remain undiagnosed leading to chronic chest pain and ED recidivism. To evaluate ED provider beliefs and their usual practices regarding the approach and disposition of patients with low risk chest pain associated with anxiety, we constructed a 22-item survey using a modified Delphi technique. The survey was administered to a convenience sample of ED providers attending the 2016 American College of Emergency Physicians Scientific Assembly in Las Vegas. Surveys were completed by 409 emergency medicine providers from 46 states and 7 countries with a wide range of years of experience and primary practice environment (academic versus community centers). Respondents estimated that 30% of patients presenting to the ED with chest pain thought to be low risk for ACS have anxiety or panic as the primary cause but they directly communicate this belief to only 42% of these patients and provide discharge instructions to 48%. Only 39% of respondents reported adequate hospital resources to ensure follow-up. Community-based providers reported more adequate follow-up for these patients than their academic center colleagues (46% vs. 34%; p = 0.015). Most providers (82%) indicated that they wanted to have referral resources available to a specific clinic for further outpatient evaluation. Emergency Department providers believe approximately 30% of patients seeking emergency care for chest pain at low risk for ACS have anxiety as a primary problem, yet fewer than half discuss this concern or provide information to help the patient manage anxiety. This highlights an opportunity for patient centered communication.
Abstract 381: Ex vivo Heart Function Analysis in Adult Zebrafish

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an efficient vertebrate model of human cardiomyopathy which is amenable to the medium throughput screening approaches opening opportunities to search new genetic modifier...
An Exemplar Model for Expanding Development Reach

What makes an exemplar? How do exemplars become noted for their creative works and innovative methods? This chapter offers a model of how programme or materials development can benefit from a research base and contribute back to that base. Publication of programme descriptions, products and evaluation results, while not always a priority for marine science educators or their employers, extends the reach of the work and fosters new developments among others in the field. Samples from the author’s efforts and the works of others illustrate how the model can result in exemplary work through publication.
Atrophic Vaginitis in the Menopause

Vulvovaginal atrophy and atrophic vaginitis are extremely common variants of lower genital tract states of estrogen deficiency affecting women of all socioepidemiologic strata worldwide. Recent molecular studies have emerged linking vaginal microbiota to vulvovaginal atrophy. Unfortunately these clinical conditions are under-recognized, underappreciated, and untreated, resulting in unnecessary suffering. Clinical manifestations are highly variable and are described here together with differential diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment modalities. Multiple therapeutic options are now available although regrettably often unaffordable. Treatments are described together with local and systemic adverse effects and complications with particular reference to symptomatic postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Additional safer, inexpensive treatment regimens are needed.
Endometrial brush biopsy: An accurate outpatient method of detecting endometrial malignancy

Objective To describe 633 cases using the Tao Brush for endometrial biopsy (EBB) in an outpatient setting. Study design Histologic follow-up specimens within six months of EBB in an outpatient setting were evaluated over a two-year period. Diagnosis by EBB relied mainly on histologic evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections and was complemented by additional cytologic smear examination in our laboratory. Diagnostic categories included the following: nondiagnostic (ND), benign endometrium (BE), hyperplasia without atypia (H), atypia (AT) and atypical hyperplasia (AH)/carcinoma (CA). The correlation between EBB and follow-up histology was analyzed. Results A total of 633 EBBs were evaluated. Diagnoses were rendered in 569 cases, with a diagnostic rate of 90%. Histologic follow-up was evailable for 156 patients. Twelve AH/CA diagnosed by EBB were confirmed by histologic follow-up as CA. However, there was one false positive case, in which EBB showed AH/CA and dilatation and curettage (DC the EBB diagnoses were atrophic endometrium and weakly proliferative endometrium, while D&C showed focal AH in both cases. Among the ND cases, 18 of 64 had tissue follow-up and disclosed 4 CA, 1 H, 12 BE and 1 ND. Conclusion EBB is a reliable diagnostic tool for endometrial sampling in an outpatient setting. The sensitivity and specificity in identifying CA among satisfactory specimens is 100% and 96%, respectively, when AT or a more severe diagnosis is made by EBB. Assessment of specimen adequacy is important for pathologists interpreting EBB. In our study, four cases of adenocarcinoma were identified in the follow-up D&C in patients with nondiagnostic EBB.
Nodal Staging of Cancer Using Diagnostic Optical Imaging Techniques

In 2007, approximately 1.5 million Americans were diagnosed with invasive carcinomas (American Cancer Society Cancer Facts & Figures, 2007). For the majority of these patients, their disease was staged using the TNM disease classification approved by the American Joint Committee on Cancer whereby Tumor extent, regional lymph Node involvement, and presence or absence of distant Metastases are determined. Anatomical imaging with computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), or ultrasound (US) typically provides a measurement of the size and extent of the locoregional disease while distant metastases in advanced disease are detected through whole-body nuclear bone scanning or positron emission tomography (PET).
A comparison of cesarean section morbidity in urban and rural hospitals: A three-year retrospective review of 1,177 charts

Abstract To determine whether there was a significant difference in morbidity rates from cesarean section between urban and rural hospitals, we reviewed 742 maternal records from three urban hospitals and 435 records from 11 rural hospitals, along with the corresponding infant charts. When a comparison was made of advance in diet, day of discharge, elevations of temperature, number of positive cultures, use of two or more antibiotics, use of blood transfusions, and incidence of major complications, significant differences were found only in the number of positive cultures and use of antibiotics, which occurred more frequently in rural hospitals. Pediatric morbidity was evaluated by comparing Apgar scores, temperatures less than 36° C, use of oxygen for longer than 15 minutes, number of infants intubated, use of intravenous fluids and antibiotics, incidence of respiratory distress syndrome and transient tachypnea, number of neonatal transfers, and major complications. Urban hospitals had significantly more Apgar scores of 4 to 6 at 5 minutes (p
Intel® Xeon Phi™ Coprocessors

Intel recently launched the Intel® Xeon Phi™ Coprocessor to enhance the performance of the growing category of highly parallel scientific applications. This chapter provides an overview of the Intel Xeon Phi Coprocessor including its hardware and software architecture and the key usages that enable these highly parallel applications, like many in Geoscience to achieve new levels of performance while using familiar, standard programming models.
Impact of primary payer status on outcomes among patients with burn injury: A nationwide analysis

Abstract Objective To study the relationship between insurance provider and important outcomes among patients with burn injury. Methods Adults with burn injury were selected from the National Inpatient Sample. The primary outcome was inpatient mortality. Secondary outcomes were morbidity (septic shock and prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV)), treatment metrics (time to surgery and parenteral or enteral nutrition (P/E-nutrition)) and resource utilization (length of stay (LOS) and total hospitalization costs and charges). Confounders were adjusted for using multivariate regression analysis. Results Insurance did not affect in-hospital mortality rate. Compared with private insurance, Medicaid was associated with higher septic shock rate (aOR: 2.14 (1.04–4.39), longer LOS (adjusted mean difference (aMD): 2.79 (0.50–5.08) days) and higher costs (aMD: $16,161 ($4789–$27,534) while uninsured patients has shorter LOS (aMD: −2.57 (−4.59–−0.55) days), lower charges (aMD: $−37,792 $(−65,550–$−10,034) and costs (aMD: $−8563 ($15,581–$−1544)). Insurance did not affect PMV rates or time to surgery or P/E-nutrition. Conclusions Primary payer does not affect in-hospital mortality or treatment metrics among patients admitted for burn injury. However, compared with private insurance, Medicaid was associated with both higher morbidity and resource utilization, whereas uninsured patients had lower resource utilization.
Transoral Robotic Surgery

Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) refers to surgery that is performed on the upper aerodigestive tract through the mouth, assisted by robotic instruments. The arms of the robot can reach previously inaccessible areas of the pharynx and larynx through the mouth, allowing for a minimally invasive approach through the natural oral cavity orifice. Prior to the advent of robotic technology, open techniques requiring mandible splitting often were necessary to surgically access cancers in these anatomic areas, and radiation with or without chemotherapy was often relied upon to treat these tumors, in order to avoid this morbid type of approach. Therefore, TORS has enabled the head and neck surgeon to surgically remove tumors that not only were difficult to access but also were often treated nonsurgically.
NICE's rejection of pembrolizumab for platinum-refractory urothelial carcinoma: is there a greater good?

Anti-PD1 and anti-PDL1 immunotherapy has transformed urothelial carcinoma treatment. Pembrolizumab is the only immunotherapy agent shown to have survival benefit compared with standard chemotherapy after progression on platinum-containing chemotherapy. Initial National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) approval was based on efficacy data, but the final appraisal report rejected use of pembrolizumab owing to treatment cost.
Thriving in the New Normal: How COVID-19 has Affected Alternative Learners and Their Families and Implementing Effective, Creative Therapeutic Interventions

COVID shelter-in-place directives have increased stress families of kids who are alternative learners–those with ADHD, ASD and LD. Already struggling to manage emotions, to begin and finish home an...
Sulfur oxides formation and control

Sulfur dioxide is one of the most abundant air pollutants emitted in the United States, totaling about 5 million short tons in 2013 with stationary fuel combustion accounting for approximately 84% of the total anthropogenic emissions. It is associated with a variety of hazards. Electric generating utilities are the largest source of SO2 emissions, compared to industry with electric utilities accounting for 83% of all SO2 emissions. Sulfur dioxide emissions have, however, decreased 80% and 79% for the periods from 1980 to 2013 and from 1990 to 2013, respectively, primarily due to controls implemented under the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Acid Rain Program beginning in 1995. The chemistry of sulfur dioxide formation is reviewed in this chapter, followed by technologies used to control SO2 emissions. Control technologies focus on commercially available and commercially used systems. Emerging technologies are not discussed. Industry deployment of SO2 removal processes in the U.S. is discussed, as are the economics of flue gas desulfurization.
Chapter 2 Patterns and Processes of Circulation over the Washington Continental Shelf and Slope

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the patterns and processes of circulation over the Washington continental shelf and slope. It discusses a physical oceanography research program conducted by the University of Washington for two decades. The research included direct current measurements, hydrographic measurements, and in situ as well as coastal wind measurements. The historical progression of these field experiments was dictated by three time-dependent factors: agency responsibility, state of physical oceanographic knowledge, and types and numbers of equipment available. The chapter illustrates the extensive data set that was generated by the research program. This data set is sufficient to establish coherence scales of the fluctuating flow field over the shelf and to determine the principal forcing mechanisms of the coastal circulation. The research program also included the development of both analytical and numerical models of shelf circulation. The chapter focuses on the contributions to the variance by higher-order effects, such as buoyancy flux driving (e.g., river inflow) and higher mode, coastal-trapped waves. It examines the near-shore frictional zone and the offshore zone, where boundary-current instabilities may be important.
Assessment and treatment of PTSD after a motor vehicle collision: Empirical findings and clinical observations

Individuals who experience a serious motor vehicle accident (MVA) are at increased risk for psychological problems, particularly Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In this article, we review the literature on PTSD among MVA survivors, with particular attention to available instruments to screen for and assess symptomatology of the disorder. Approaches to the treatment of PTSD in this population are reviewed, separated into interventions designed to prevent PTSD in unselected samples, treatment targeting individuals with Acute Stress Disorder that are designed to prevent subsequent development of PTSD, and therapy for individuals with chronic PTSD. Treatment process issues are discussed, in an effort to integrate empirical findings with clinical observations. The empirical literature suggests several approaches to treatment that have good potential outcomes, although continued work is needed to identify factors that predict treatment response, as well as augment individual-based treatment formats.