cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Mentoring Faculty Members of Color in Schools of Social Work

Mentoring has received little attention in the social work literature. The career advancement needs, and the importance of mentoring faculty members of color, have not been adequately addressed, nor have mentoring strategies. This article includes a review of the literature, a definition of mentoring, benefits of mentoring for mentors and mentees, and discussion of the need and importance of mentoring junior faculty members of color in schools and departments of social work, along with strategies to achieve this goal.
Rational Design, Synthesis and Application of a New Receptor for the Molecular Recognition of Tricarboxylate Salts in Aqueous Media

A rational design of a tripodal receptor for the molecular recognition of tricarboxylate salts in aqueous media, based on squaramide, has been performed using high-level DFT calculations (RI-BP86/SVP level of theory) in solution using the COSMO treatment, including some preliminary ab initio calculations at the higher RI-MP2/TZVP level of theory, comparing the ability of squaramide to bind carboxylate salts with two widely used guanidinium salts. The tripodal receptor has been synthesized using a new methodology that has been recently reported by some of us, and its capability of recognizing several mono-, di-, and tricarboxylate salts has been studied experimentally by means of microcalorimetry experiments in a very high competitive media, H2O:EtOH 1:3. These experiments give enthalpic and entropic data, which are unfortunately scarce in the literature of molecular recognition of anions. Finally, a fluorimetric ensemble of the receptor with fluorescein has been found to be useful for the fluorimetric det...
An interpretive solution to the problem of humoral medicine in Latin America.

Abstract The hot-cold categorization of humoral medicine has been referred to as the ‘basic cognitive principle’ of traditional medicine (TM) in Latin America, and it has been suggested that this ‘dichotomy,’ ‘pathology,’ or ‘syndrome’ could interfere with the delivery of western health care. Such reification and medicalization of humoral ideology and practice is the result of field methodology. By designing eliciting-frames with but two terms along the hot-cold continuum, investigators have produced lists of hot or cold foods, medicines, and illnesses. Behind the use of these reductive techniques is a belief that individuals in a culture—regardless of life experience or special training—share underlying ‘emic’ or ‘native’ taxonomies. This premise blinds researchers to differences between the medical epistemologies of lay persons and curers. Inconsistent categorizations from community to community, consultant to consultant, and even from day to day with the same consultant result from the reduction of a continuum to a dichotomy which native consultants then consciously use in a keying-out process. But ‘native etic’ categorizations are unproductive in constructing ‘native emic’ taxonomies. These difficulties can be avoided by considering medicine as a local cultural system of symbolic meanings anchored in institutions and interpersonal interactions, and by separating the medical beliefs and activities of laypersons from those of curers. The author, who combines depth interviewing in highland Guatemala, elicitation of curing texts, participation in medical contexts, and formal training in healing, demonstrates that healers do not include hot-cold categories in their explanatory models of illness etiology, and that their treatments are based on empirical knowledge of herbs rather than on humoral reasoning. The use of such reasoning, ranged along an eight-term hot-cold continuum, takes place when individuals engaged in self-treatment are uncertain concerning proper diagnosis or treatment, or when anthropologists ask questions couched in humoral terms.
Septal myectomy for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in pediatric patients: early and late results.

Background Symptomatic pediatric patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) have a higher death rate (6% annually) compared with adults. Transaortic left ventricular septal myectomy provides excellent outcomes for adults with obstructive HCM. We sought to assess the effect of septal myectomy on late survival and outcome in pediatric patients with obstructive HCM. Methods From 1975 to 2003, 56 pediatric patients underwent septal myectomy for obstructive HCM. Mean age at diagnosis was 6.3 ± 5.4 years. Ages at operation ranged from 2 months to 20 years (mean 11 ± 5.6 years). Concomitant procedures included mitral valve repair (n = 7), closure of atrial septal defect (n = 3), and other (n = 5). Results After myectomy, mean left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient decreased from 103 ± 34 to 16 ± 12 mm Hg and mean degree of mitral regurgitation decreased from 2.0 ± 1.0 to 1.0 ± 0.3 (both p p = 0.017). Two patients died late; one suddenly without residual LVOT obstruction and one from chronic rejection after heart transplantation. Ninety-six percent of surviving patients were in New York Heart Association functional class I or II. Survival estimates at 5 and 10 years were 97% and 93%, respectively. Conclusions Septal myectomy is safe and effective in symptomatic pediatric patients with obstructive HCM. Late survivorship compares very favorably with the natural history of this disease.
The Work of 9/11: Myth, History and the Contradictions of the Post-fiscal Crisis Consensus

9/11 has been used in New York City politics to both explain the current fiscal crisis and justify certain economic development policies. Such use of 9/11 obscures the long-term historical roots of the current fiscal crisis, which in fact lie in the contradictions of the set of economic development policies implemented in the years since the city’s last major fiscal crisis in the mid-1970s.
The Effect of Clickers in University Science Courses

In four studies on the use of student response systems, clickers, we sought to understand whether the use of clickers would impact students’ attitudes toward the use of technology for instruction and achievement on examinations. While the results varied some by study, overall, the results revealed no significant changes in the already positive student attitude toward the use of instructional technology. In all four studies, the majority of the students reported that they learned more when clickers were used in class. The use of clickers did not serve as useful predictor of student achievement in science classes. The findings of this study are similar to others which suggest that some classroom technologies (like clickers) may not necessarily have a direct connection with student achievement, despite positive student feedback regarding their experience using these technologies. Further studies are needed to better understand the true nature of the relationship between these technologies and classroom outcomes.
Mechanical and metabolic functions in pig hearts after 4 days of chronic coronary stenosis.

Objectives This study sought to evaluate the functional and metabolic consequences of imposing a chronic external coronary stenosis around the left anterior descending coronary artery for 4 days in an intact pig model. Background A clinical condition termed hibernating myocardium has been described wherein as a result of chronic sustained or intermittent coronary hypoperfusion, heart muscle minimizes energy demands by decreasing mechanical function and thus avoids cell death. The use of chronic animal models to simulate this disorder may assist in establishing causative associations among determinants to explain this phenomenon. Methods A hydraulic cuff occluder was placed around the left anterior descending coronary artery in eight pigs. Coronary flow velocity was reduced by a mean (±SE) of 49 ± 5% of prestenotic values, as estimated by a Doppler velocity probe. After 4 days the pigs were prepared with extracorporeal coronary circulation and evaluated at flow conditions dictated by the cuff occluder. Substrate utilizations were described using equilibrium labeling with [U-14C]palmitate and [5-3H]glucose. Results were compared with a combined group of 21 acute and chronic (4 day) sham animals. Results Four days of partial coronary stenosis significantly decreased regional systolic shortening by 54%. Myocardial oxygen consumption was maintained at aerobic levels, and rest coronary flows were normal. Fatty acid oxidation was decreased by 43% below composite sham values, and exogenous glucose utilization was increased severalfold. Alterations in myocardial metabolism were accompanied by a decline in tissue content of adenosine triphosphate. Conclusions These data suggest that chronic coronary stenosis in the absence of macroscarring imparts an impairment in mechanical function, whereas coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption are preserved at rest. The increases in glycolytic flux of exogenous glucose are similar to observations on glucose uptake assessed by fluorine-18 2-deoxy-2-fluoro- d -glucose in patients with advanced coronary artery disease. We speculate that intermittent episodes of ischemia and reperfusion are the cause of this phenomenon.
Shock Hugoniot of H2O ice

The outcome of impacts onto and between icy planetary bodies is controlled by the material response defined by the shock Hugoniot. New Lagrangian shock wave profile measurements in H_2O ice at initial temperatures (T_0) of 100 K, together with previous T_0 = 263 K data, define five distinct regions on the ice Hugoniot: elastic shocks in ice Ih, ice Ih deformation shocks, and shock transformation to ices VI, VII and liquid water. The critical pressures required to induce incipient melting (0.6, 4.5 GPa) and complete melting (3.7, >5.5 GPa) upon isentropic release from the shock state (for T_0 = 263, 100 K) were revised using calculated shock temperatures and entropy. On account of the >40% density increase upon transformation from ice Ih to ices VI and VII, the critical shock pressures required for melting are factors of 2 to 5 lower than earlier predicted. Consequently, hypervelocity impact cratering on planetary surfaces and mutual collisions between porous cometesimals will result in abundant shock-induced melting throughout the solar system.
Evidence for Factorization and Coupling Constant Determination in Neutral Current Processes

Abstract A combined analysis of recent neutral-current results-neutrino-hadron, neutrino-electron, polarized-electron-deuteron, heavy atoms-provides, for the first time, confirming evidence for factorization in the neutral-current interactions. The factorization hypothesis is then used to determine uniquely various coupling parameters.
MAIN ROOT-LATERAL ROOT JUNCTIONS OF TWO DESERT SUCCULENTS: CHANGES IN AXIAL AND RADIAL COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY DURING DRYING

The influence of junctions between main roots and lateral roots on water flow was investigated for the desert succulents Agave deserti and Ferocactus acanthodes during 21 d of drying in soil. Under wet conditions, the junctions did not restrict xylem water flow from lateral roots to main roots, consistent with predictions of axial conductance based on vessel diameters. Embolism caused by drying reduced such axial conductance more at the junctions than in adjoining root regions. Connective tracheary elements at the junctions were abundantly pitted and had large areas of unlignified primary wall, apparently making them more susceptible to embolism than vessels or tracheids elsewhere in the roots. Unlike the decrease in axial conductance, the overall hydraulic conductivity of the junction increased during drying because of an increase in the conductivity of the radial pathway. Despite such increases, main roots may not lose substantial amounts of water to a dry soil during drought, initially because embolism at the junctions can limit xylem flow and later because soil hydraulic conductivity decreases. Moreover, the increased root hydraulic conductivity and a potentially rapid recovery from embolism by connective tracheary elements may favor water uptake near the junctions upon soil rewetting.
Steroid feedback regulation of luteinizing hormone and follicle‐stimulating hormone secretion rates in male and female rats

The long‐accepted dogma of feedback control of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion by gonadal steroids is reconsidered in this article in light of recent investigations in the rat, using radioimmunoassay measurements of both the steroids and the gonadotropins. The negative feedback control of gonadotropin secretion in the female rat has been studied by many approaches; in every case, LH and FSH appear to respond differently to either removal or administration of gonadal steroids. Serum FSH increases rapidly after removal of one or both ovaries, but its secretion cannot be completely suppressed by any combination of exogenous gonadal steroids. LH secretion shows a delayed increase after ovariectomy or hemiovariectomy, but serum levels are readily suppressed by estradiol administration. Furthermore, the delayed increase in LH after ovariectomy corresponds more closely to the delayed drop in estradiol levels than does the rapid increase in FSH. Serum FSH secretion in the...
Chemoselective sequential "click" ligation using unsymmetrical bisazides.

Unsymmetrical bisazides containing chelating and nonchelating azido groups undergo chemoselective three-component copper(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne conjugation reactions with two different alkyne molecules. In conjunction with the reactivity gap between aromatic and aliphatic alkynes, a bistriazole molecule can be generated with excellent regioselectivity by mixing two alkynes and a bisazide in a single reaction container. This method is applicable in aqueous solutions at neutral pH, which may lend utilities in bioconjugation applications.
Model for high field conduction in doped polymers

M.M. Perlmann (1989) has published models for conduction with "traps" (potential wells in the range of 0.8 eV) and with a combination of "traps" and "hopping sites" (potential wells in the range of 0.3 eV). However, the model for the latter does not extrapolate into the former as the number of hopping sites goes to zero. As a result, the conductivity cannot be computed for arbitrary densities of traps and hopping sites. A model has been developed based on quantum tunneling between the nearest neighbor and next nearest neighbor "traps" and "hopping sites" to calculate the hopping-induced conductivity, especially at high electric fields. The results are compared with Perlman's data.
Effective Work Practices for FLOSS Development: A Model and Propositions

We review the literature on Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development and on software development, distributed work and teams more generally to develop a theoretical model to explain the performance of FLOSS teams. The proposed model is based on Hackman's model of effectiveness of work teams, with coordination theory and collective mind to extend Hackman's model by elaborating team practices relevant to effectiveness in software development. We propose a set of propositions to guide further research.
Probing the AlxGa1−xN Atomic Distribution via UV-Photoluminescence and Raman at Sub-νm Scale

The spatial dependence of the band-gap light-emission energy of AlxGa1-xN alloys at composition 0≤ × ≤1 was studied via deep UV-photoluminescence (PL) and Raman microscopy. The data were acquired in a random fashion from an area of ∼ 1mm2 on the sample at steps of ∼1 νm - 200 νm utilizing the 244 nm laser line of probing spot size ∼300 nm radius. Our study indicates that the PL emission energy exhibits random type variations depending on locality: the alloys of composition x=0.12, x=0.22, and x=0.70 exhibit variations of ∼ 10 meV, 30 meV, and 25 meV respectively. The PL of the pure GaN exhibits no spatial dependence while the alloy of x=0.50 exhibits a variation around ∼ 45 meV. Moreover, the functional dependence of the band-gap Eg, on the composition was found to be Eg(x)=3.4(1-x)+6.2x-1.2x(1-x) from which the compositional variation, δx, can be computed for a given variation in the PL emission energy after accounting for the stress effect in the alloys.
Local and systemic changes in squash gene expression in response to silverleaf whitefly feeding

Squash genes (SLW1 and SLW3) induced systemically after silverleaf whitefly feeding were identified. Differences in the local and systemic expression of SLW1 and SLW3 after feeding by the closely related silverleaf and sweetpotato whiteflies were observed. Temporal and spatial studies showed that SLW1 and SLW3 were induced when second, third, and fourth nymphal instars were feeding. Although only barely detected after wounding and bacterial infection, SLW1 and SLW3 RNAs were abundant during water-deficit stress. Treatments with wound/defense signal molecules showed that SLW1 RNAs accumulated in response to methyl jasmonate and ethylene, whereas SLW3 was not regulated by known wound/defense signals, suggesting utilization of a novel mechanism for defense signal transduction. SLW1 RNAs accumulated during floral and fruit development, whereas SLW3 RNAs were not detected during vegetative or reproductive development. The potential roles of SLW1, an M20b peptidase–like protein, and SLW3, a β-glucosidase–like protein, in defense and the leaf-silvering disorder are discussed.
Cardiac tissue and erythrocyte separation in bright-field microscopy images of the embryonic zebrafish heart for motion estimation

Bright-field (BF) microscopy enables imaging the beating embryonic zebrafish heart at high frame rates, thereby revealing motion of both tissues that form the heart and red blood cells (RBCs). However, single-channel BF images lack the specificity seen in multi-color fluorescence microscopy since all structures in the field of view contribute similarly to image contrast. We discuss an algorithm that overcomes this limitation by separating a BF sequence of the beating heart into two distinct image sequences: one showing only the heart and surrounding tissues and the other showing only the transient structures such as RBCs. These sequences can be analyzed separately to characterize heart wall and RBCs motion using common optical flow techniques (e.g. Lucas-Kanade method). We validate our technique on a synthetically generated image sequence and show its potential for facilitating quantitative characterization of heart function during cardiac morphogenesis by examining experimental BF images of the beating embryonic zebrafish heart.
Investigation of a Cellulosic Polymer—Polyhydroxyl Polymer Interacted Polyelectrolyte System II. Polyhydroxyl Compound Binding and Preservative (Paraben Ester) Solubilization in CMHEC 43l–Polyethylene Glycol Systems

A dialysis study of carboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose and polyethylene glycol 200 and 400 in aqueous solutions with subsequent assay of the polyethylene glycol, showed substantial binding of the polyethylene glycol to the CMHEC, which increased with increasing concentrations of both components. A large increase in the solubility of the paraben esters determined by a solubility method and spectrophotometric assay was noted with CMHEC and polyethylene glycol 200, 400, and 4000. A bacteriological study of CMHEC and polyethylene glycol 200 and 400 with Aspergillis niger and Rhizopus nigricans showed that the increases in the solubility of the paraben esters affected the bacteriostatic properties of the systems studied. Adequate preservation of these systems with the paraben esters was obtained readily with concentrations of the paraben esters slightly above the total solubility in distilled water at 25° and much below the total solubility in the combination systems.
Nucleic Acid Metabolism in the Developing Primary Leaf and Senescing Coleoptile of Germinating Oats

Nucleic acid metabolism in the coleoptile and primary leaf tissues of the germinating oat (Avena sativa L.) seedling was studied. The concentrations of the different species of nucleic acid present at various stages of development were determined and the amounts of each compared. All species of nucleic acid in the coleaptile increased as the tissue elongated; but, with the onset of senescence all species decreased, especially rRNA. Exposing dark grown coleoptiles to light did not modify their capacity to synthesize nucleic acids. In the rapidly developing leaf, all species of nucleic. acid increased throughout early germination. A general enhancement in the synthesis of all species of nucleic acids resulted when dark-grown-leaves were exposed to light. Furthermore, the tRNA/DNA ratio remained constant in both tissues during development, whereas the rRNA/DNA ratio changed.
Humans and process frameworks: some critical process elements

Successful engineering of complex software systems require humans to engage collaboratively in multiple critical process elements. This paper identifies those necessary process elements and defines WinWin, a collaborative process model that addresses the process elements. It briefly describes a process support system for the WinWin model.
The Role of Design in Research: The Integrative Learning Design Framework

In this article, a general model is proposed for design research in education that grows out of the author’s research and work in related design fields. The model emphasizes the stage sensitivity of (a) research questions, (b) data and methods, and (c) the need for researchers to design artifacts, processes, and analyses at earlier stages in their research that can then be profitably used (perhaps by different researchers) in later stages.
Remodeling of aortic aneurysm and aortic neck on follow-up after endovascular repair with suprarenal fixation

Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the remodeling of abdominal aortic aneurysms after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) with the Zenith (Cook Medical, Bloomington, Ind) device. Methods This was a retrospective study of anatomic data related to characteristics of the aortic neck diameter, iliac artery diameter, and aneurysm sac diameter collected during a clinical study of the Zenith device. Results In this study, 739 patients were observed for 2 years and 158 of them were observed for 5 years. The monthly rate of change for the neck diameter was more rapid in the early postoperative period (postoperative–30 days), with an expansion of 0.7 ± 0.09 mm/month, and during the third year of follow-up (24-36 months), with a monthly expansion rate of 0.10 ± 0.24 mm. The iliac arteries were also more prone to expansion during the first postoperative month (right iliac, 0.95 ± 0.08 mm/month; left iliac, 0.91 ± 0.08 mm/month) and in the next 6 months with a monthly expansion rate of 0.18 ± 0.02 mm and 0.21 ± 0.02 mm for the right and left iliac arteries, respectively. Remodeling of the aneurysm sac occurred mainly in the first postoperative year with a regression rate of 0.89 ± 0.05 mm/month between 1 and 6 months and 0.44 ± 0.04 mm/month for the second half of the year. The aneurysm sac regression rate dropped to 0.2 mm/month in the second postoperative year. Changes in the aortic neck diameter were statistically significant ( P P Conclusions Expansion of the aortic neck after EVAR for the Zenith endograft occurs mainly between 24 and 36 months; aortic aneurysm sac regression occurs more obviously at 1 to 12 months. Iliac arteries at the landing zone expand more rapidly in the first postoperative year. Late surveillance of EVAR patients is essential to avoid late complications after aortic remodeling.
A Study of Malcode-Bearing Documents

By exploiting the object-oriented dynamic composability of modern document applications and formats, malcode hidden in otherwise inconspicuous documents can reach third-party applications that may harbor exploitable vulnerabilities otherwise unreachable by network-level service attacks. Such attacks can be very selective and difficult to detect compared to the typical network worm threat, owing to the complexity of these applications and data formats, as well as the multitude of document-exchange vectors. As a case study, this paper focuses on Microsoft Word documents as malcode carriers. We investigate the possibility of detecting embedded malcode in Word documents using two techniques: static content analysis using statistical models of typical document content, and run-time dynamic tests on diverse platforms. The experiments demonstrate these approaches can not only detect known malware, but also most zero-day attacks. We identify several problems with both approaches, representing both challenges in addressing the problem and opportunities for future research.
Cruise passengers' perceptions of safety and security while Cruising the Western Caribbean.

Each year millions of people vacation aboard cruise ships, some carrying thousands of passengers and crew members. These ships are small, floating cities that offer many options for food and entertainment. However, just as in life ashore, passengers can be exposed to dangerous situations involving their safety and security. Despite lots of bad publicity about the cruise industry especially after the Costa Concordia disaster, the results of this study indicated that cruise passengers were not overly concerned about their safety and security while on a cruise. Cruise ship operators have the obligation to protect all passengers on board, this paper examines passengers perceptions of safety and security while on a Western Caribbean cruise.
Changes in Electrical Activity in the Rat Hypothalamus Related to Electrochemical Stimulation of Adenohypophyseal Function

In the median eminence-arcuate nuclear region of the rat hypothalamus, a study has been made of the effects on multiple unit activity evoked by the application of ovulationinducing anodal DC electrochemical stimuli to the medial preoptic area. During the critical period of proestrus, with spontaneous ovulation blocked by pentobarbital, electrochemical stimulation (30 μA DC, 1–3 min) which was effective in releasing an ovulating amount of pituitary gonadotrophin (presumably largely LH) always caused an elevation in integrated multiple unit activity. The rise in activity started immediately, reached a peak around 9 min and lasted about 30 min. No elevation in multiunit activity appeared in a group of 4 rats which failed to ovulate in response to the electrochemical stimulus. Positive responses were also observed before and after the pentobarbital-blocked critical period, invariably related to induction of ovulation, and failure to respond to the stimulus with a rise in multiunit activity was again generally...
Measuring dimensions of manufacturing flexibility

Abstract Even though many managers and academics have cited flexibility as a key competitive capability, efforts to measure and understand this complex construct continue. Consequently in this paper, we address the issue of manufacturing flexibility measurement, and then use these measures to better understand flexibility. Churchill’s [J. Market. Res. 16 (1979) 64] paradigm is used to develop psychometrically sound measures for six oft-used dimensions of manufacturing flexibility: machine, labor, material handling, mix, new product, and modification. Previous research shows that each of these dimensions, in turn, is comprised of four elements. The resulting 24 scales (6 dimensions×4 elements) demonstrate the desired properties of unidimensionality, reliability, and validity. We show further that the four elements of any given manufacturing flexibility dimension can be grouped into two conceptually separate factors representing “Scope” and “Achievability” of flexible responses. Scope and achievability factor scores can be used to compare a subset of firms with respect to their flexibility choices, and observe the trade-offs firms make both within and across flexibility dimensions. Along with scale development, establishing scope versus achievability relationships between flexibility elements provides a better basis for measuring and creating a holistic understanding of this complex concept.
A new Lampadosocrinus from the Upper Carboniferous of Oklahoma, U.S.A.

The rare cladid inadunate crinoid genus Lampadosocrinus is presently known from 2 species, L. minutus (Peck) and L. obtusus Strimple and Koenig, of lower and middle Mississippian age (Tournaisian, Lower Carboniferous). Lampadosocrinus frustulum sp.nov. is described from the Lower Pennsylvanian (Namurian B or C. Upper Carboniferous) of Oklahoma, U.S.A. Some difficulties encountered in orientation of the theca of microcrinoids presently classified as cladid inadunates are discussed.
Molecular basis of trait correlations

Trait correlations are common phenomena in biology. Plant breeders need to consider trait correlations to either improve correlated traits simultaneously or to reduce undesirable side effects when improving only one of the correlated traits. Pleiotropy or close linkage are the two major reasons for genetic trait correlations and are often confounded at the level of quantitative trait loci or genes. With the progress of genetic and genomic approaches, discrimination of intragenic linkage from true pleiotropy is increasingly possible. This will substantially impact breeding strategies and will be helpful to understand the nature of trait correlations.
Parkinson's disease: A role for the immune system

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with the loss of catecholaminergic neurons in several brain regions. The motor symptoms of the disease are related to degeneration of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which occurs some time after the disease has begun. Both the innate and adaptive immune systems appear to play a role in the neurodegenerative process, and may contribute to disease progression. Here we review the neuropathology of PD with attention focused on the involvement of the innate immune cells (microglia) and the adaptive immune cells (T lymphocytes). In addition, we discuss animal models of the disease with emphasis on a progressive rat model which allows a detailed analysis of how the immune system contributes to neurodegeneration both during early and late stages of degeneration. Finally, for the early detection and treatment of PD, we discuss immunotherapy approaches.
Radiographic Evaluation of the Oral/Preparatory and Pharyngeal Phases of Swallowing Including the UES: Comprehensive Modified Barium Swallow Studies

The normal oropharyngeal swallow involves rapid neuromuscular actions to move food or liquid through the mouth and pharynx and into the esophagus in two seconds or less. Evaluation of the normal or abnormal swallow is most often completed using a radiographic videofluoroscopic procedure known as the modified barium swallow (MBS) procedure described in detail in this chapter. The MBS has 3 purposes: 1) To identify the presence and the cause of any aspiration; 2) To identify the presence and cause of any oral or oropharyngeal residue after the swallow; 3) To identify treatment strategies that can improve the patient’s swallow. During the MBS various volumes of thin liquids from 1 ml to cup drinking, measured viscosities from thin liquid to nectar, puree, and solid food, voluntary controls including timing and effort of airway closure, increasing muscular effort, etc. and sensory stimulation techniques including boluses of various tastes and carbonation can be introduced as described in the chapter. These procedures are assessed for their effectiveness in improving the oropharyngeal swallow and returning the patient to full oral intake as quickly and safely as possible.
System integration of Elliptic Curve Cryptography on an OMAP platform

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is popular for digital signatures and other public-key crypto-applications in embedded contexts. However, ECC is computationally intensive, and in particular the performance of the underlying modular arithmetic remains a concern. We investigate the design space of ECC on TI's OMAP 3530 platform, with a focus on using OMAP's DSP core to accelerate ECC computations for the ARM Cortex A8 core. We examine the opportunities of the heterogeneous platform for efficient ECC, including the efficient implementation of the underlying field multiplication on the DSP, and the design partitioning to minimize the communications overhead between ARM and DSP. By migrating the computations to the DSP, we demonstrate a significant speedup for the underlying modular arithmetic with up to 9.24x reduction in execution time, compared to the implementation executing on the ARM Cortex processor. Prototype measurements show an energy reduction of up to 5.3 times. We conclude that a heterogeneous platform offers substantial improvements in performance and energy, but we also point out that the cost of inter-processor communication cannot be ignored.
Microprocessor systems and architectures for applications to the control and protection of electric power systems

Some design concepts for microprocessor applications to the control and protection of electric power systems are presented. A formal design methodology is outlined. Present microprocessor applications to the control and protection of the electric power generation, transmission and distribution systems are summarized. These applications are generalized to provide a basis for identifying a set of "standardized application modules." A projection is made of probable future developments in microprocessor applications to the electric power industry. A probable development is believed to be the use of hierarchically structured networks of microprocessors to provide, through distributed processing, more cost-effective and reliable control and protection than is possible through centralized processing.
The asymptotic efficiency of the kruskal-wallis test and the median test in contingency tables with ordered categories

In a contingency table one classification often corresponds to samples from different populations and the other classification to ordered categories. Methods for analyzing data of this type may be compared using recent extensions in the theory of rank tests by Conover (1973) and Vorlickova (1970) to non-continuous distributions. In this paper the Kruskal-Wallis Test and the Median Test are compared in those situations where the data are given in a contingency table with ordered categoriesf and where one test or the other is optimal. Some comparisons with the Pearson chi-square statistic are given.
Axiomatic test sequence generation for extended finite state machines

A test suite generation method is proposed for conformance testing of communication protocols to solve the problem of generating test sequences for protocol specification models that have memories. A program verification technique called axiomatic semantics, is used to test protocols specified by extended finite state machines (EFSMs). While an EFSM is verified by the technique, observable events are recorded. By carefully manipulating the execution path in EFSM, the observed events can be used to examine the correctness of the protocol implementations. >
The fabrication of p-Ge/n-Si photodetectors, compatible with back-end Si CMOS processing, by low temperature (< 400 °C) molecular beam epitaxy and electron-beam evaporation

We report on the low temperature growth, by molecular beam epitaxy (375 °C) and electron-beam evaporation (300 °C), of p-Ge films on n-Si substrates for fabricating p-n junction photodetectors, aimed at the integration of opto-electronic components with back-end Si CMOS processing. Various surface hydrogen and hydrocarbon removal treatments were attempted to improve device properties. We invoke Ge diffusion and growth modes as a function of deposition temperature and rate to correlate structural analysis with the device performance.
Role of RhoA and its effectors ROCK and mDia1 in the modulation of deformation-induced FAK, ERK, p38, and MLC motogenic signals in human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells

Repetitive deformation enhances intestinal epithelial migration across tissue fibronectin. We evaluated the contribution of RhoA and its effectors Rho-associated kinase (ROK/ROCK) and mammalian diaphanous formins (mDia1) to deformation-induced intestinal epithelial motility across fibronectin and the responsible focal adhesion kinase (FAK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and myosin light chain (MLC) signaling. We reduced RhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2, and mDia1 by smart-pool double-stranded short-interfering RNAs (siRNA) and pharmacologically inhibited RhoA, ROCK, and FAK in human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial monolayers on fibronectin-coated membranes subjected to 10% repetitive deformation at 10 cycles/min. Migration was measured by wound closure. Stimulation of migration by deformation was prevented by exoenzyme C3, Y27632, or selective RhoA, ROCK1, and ROCK2 or mDia1 siRNAs. RhoA, ROCK inhibition, or RhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2, mDia1, and FAK reduction by siRNA blocked deformation-induced nuclear ERK phosphorylation without preventing ERK phosphorylation in the cytoplasmic protein fraction. Furthermore, RhoA, ROCK inhibition or RhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2, and mDia1 reduction by siRNA also blocked strain-induced FAK-Tyr925, p38, and MLC phosphorylation. These results suggest that RhoA, ROCK, mDia1, FAK, ERK, p38, and MLC all mediate the stimulation of intestinal epithelial migration by repetitive deformation. This pathway may be an important target for interventions to promote mechanotransduced mucosal healing during inflammation.
Medicine, Eugenics and the Supreme Court: From Coercive Sterilization to Reproductive Freedom

This article shows how the current language of reproductive rights including the determination of US constitutional protections can be traced to three cases heard by the US Supreme Court that challenged eugenic state legislation written between 1924 and 1935. The introduction defines "eugenics" as the notion that the human race can be improved and social ills gradually eliminated by selective procreation and notes that eugenicists were extremely effective in using the law as their ally and effected the adoption of nearly 100 eugenic statutes by the states between 1900 and 1970. Part 2 examines the classification of social deviance as a social ill that could be overcome by the application of eugenic principles bolstered by scientific explanations about defective "germ-plasm." The third part of the article illustrates the legal impact of US eugenicists in 1924 when the Federal Immigration Restriction Act was adopted with national origin quotas that remained in place until 1965. This year also saw adoption of two eugenic laws enacted in Virginia that would be later challenged in the Supreme Court. Part 4 details one of these cases Buck vs. Bell that challenged Virginias Eugenical Sterilization Act. In upholding the Virginia statute the Supreme Court allowed the forced sterilization of a young woman in the first and only instance in which the Court allowed a physician to act as an agent of state government in the performance of an undesired and unnecessary operation. Part 5 describes how the Supreme Court overturned Oklahomas law mandating the sterilization of "hereditary criminals" in Skinner vs. Oklahoma. The 1967 ruling in Loving vs. Virginia overturning Virginias Racial Integrity Act preventing interracial marriage is presented in part 6. The article ends by tracing the impact of these cases on the constitutionalization of reproductive rights in the US.
Evolution: One Penis After All

Amniote penises come in many shapes but are missing from the basal tuatara. This has been taken as evidence for multiple evolutionary origins of the penis. Now, genital swellings have been found in tuatara embryos, arguing for a single origin.
Development of a Realistic 3-D Scramjet Flowpath for MGD Energy Bypass

Computational models of a ∞ight-scale, Mach 10, scramjet engine ∞owpath were designed and analyzed to identify areas where magnetogasdynamics (MGD) may be employed to improve performance. Initial efiorts resulted in the development of a quasi-1D design tool that allowed for generalized engine sizing and thermodynamic constraints. From this, it was found that best performance occurred when average combustor inlet and exit temperatures where held at 1300K and 2850K, respectively. Based on the quasi-1D results, low and high compression 3D geometries were created and analyzed for both laminar and turbulent ∞ows. The high compression inlet was found to be 4{7% more e‐cient than the low compression one. Shock-shock interaction at the cowl lip and inlet vortices due to sidewall interactions were identifled as potential areas for control with MGD. The low compression geometry produced greater thrust due to less thermal choking, but this result is qualifled by the simple model employed for combustion.
Interactions of cellular proteins with the positive strand of 3'-untranslated region RNA and the nucleoprotein gene of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a member of the Arteriviridae family, which includes enveloped and positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses (Meulenberg et al., 1993). The size of the viral genome is approximately 15 kb, and eight functional genes have been identified, five of which encode viral structural proteins (Meulenberg et al., 1997). The organization, structure, and replication strategies of the viral genome are similar to those of coronaviruses (Snijder and Spaan, 1995). Interaction of the N protein with the 3’-end of the viral genome suggests that the N protein may regulate viral RNA synthesis. Several cellular proteins have been reported to bind to the 3’-untranslated region (UTR) of RNA viruses (Nakhasi et al., 1991; Pardigon and Strauss, 1992).
Juggling the five dimensions of food access: Perceptions of rural low income residents

Using focus groups (n = 6) from six West Virginia counties we assessed how low income, rural women (n = 30) enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program perceived the food environment and the ability to access healthy food. For WIC clients who are at risk for nutrition problems and live at or below 185% of poverty, challenges with food access threaten the positive aspects and impacts of the WIC program. We undertook a qualitative analysis by coding the focus group data on rural food access, into three themes. Our analysis demonstrated how the three major themes interact with five dimensions of food access and underscores the issues with food access that decrease the effectiveness of the food packages and nutrition education that low income WIC participants receive. To increase food access we recommend creating a formal structure where vendors and low income clients may discuss concerns; encouraging greater investment in rural communities through state issued incentives to build full service grocery stores or informal transportation networks; and additional research on the status of low income clients as social change agents capable of addressing issues that act as barriers to their shopping experiences. However, even with the data and prior literature, the pathways by which these environmental factors shape nutrition remain unclear-entangled - much like the issues that low income, rural residents must juggle when they make grocery shopping and nutrition decisions.
What is the role of concentrated insulin in diabetes management

Two concentrated analog insulins, long-acting insulin glargine U-300 (Toujeo) and rapid-acting insulin lispro (Humalog U-200), were recently approved by the FDA. Providers must be aware of clinical differences in these new product formulations compared with their nonconcentrated formulations, so that they can select appropriate patients for these products and minimize drug errors.
Same-session endourological removal of upper and impacted lower urinary tract stones with the aid of prone flexible cystoscopy.

AbstractCalculi were removed from the upper urinary tracts and the distal ureter in single sessions in 2 patients with the aid of prone flexible cystoscopy and a through-and-through stone basket.
Volunteer burnout and dropout: issues in AIDS service organizations.

Few epidemics in modern history have simultaneously challenged health care, social, and governmental systems as inclusively as the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). At present, there is neither a cure for AIDS nor a proven vaccine to prevent infection. The number of Americans infected with the HIV virus, believed to be the cause of AIDS, is estimated by the Centers of Disease Con trol (CDC) in Atlanta to be in excess of 1.5 million (Public Health Service, 1986). Other estimates are closer to 4 million (McAuliffe, 1987; Steinbrook, 1990; Taylor, 1989). By the end of September 1992, there had been 242,146 cumulative cases and 160,372 deaths due to AIDS in the United States (Centers for Disease Control, 1992).
Interpreting Your Reviews

I remember all too well sitting in a large lecture hall in college, anxiously awaiting my midterm exam to be returned. The teaching assistants would gradually wend their way through the classroom, my heart beating ever more strongly. And then one would approach and place the exam face down on the little table that extended from the arm of my lecture room chair. There it lay: several seemingly innocuous pages of paper stapled together. Before daring to turn it over, I would try to read the assistant’s facial expression. Was it stone cold? Was there a hint of a smile? Did they just slightly nod their head in silent approval? And I, taking in a deep breath, usually without another moment’s hesitation, desperately wanting to end the misery as quickly as possible, would flip over the document and read the red scrawl. When an A was bestowed, a sense of jubilation immediately erupted within me. To have achieved such greatness! I was brilliant, the best! But when it was a C, my heart sank and I could feel this sudden warmth of shame immediately envelop me. I was an idiot, a goofball. What in the world gave me the right to even think I belonged at this fine institution or even more could one day lead to a medical school acceptance and a career as a physician?
Bobble-Head Doll and Dandy-Walker Syndromes

A female infant with macrocephaly (head circumference >95th%), hydrocephalus, and Dandy-Walker syndrome, who developed horizontal head movements of the 'no-no' type at 1 year of age, is reported from Federal University of Minas Gerais, and other centers in Brazil.
Diagnostic suite of the C-2U advanced beam-driven field-reversed configuration plasma experiment

The C-2U experiment at Tri Alpha Energy studies the evolution of field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasmas sustained by neutral beam injection. Data on the FRC plasma performance are provided by a comprehensive suite of diagnostics that includes magnetic sensors, interferometry, Thomson scattering, spectroscopy, bolometry, reflectometry, neutral particle analyzers, and fusion product detectors. While many of these diagnostic systems were inherited from the preceding experiment C-2, C-2U has a variety of new and upgraded diagnostic systems: multi-chord far-infrared polarimetry, multiple fast imaging cameras with selectable atomic line filters, proton detector arrays, and 100 channel bolometer units capable of observing multiple regions of the spectrum simultaneously. In addition, extensive ongoing work focuses on advanced methods of measuring separatrix shape and plasma current profile that will facilitate equilibrium reconstruction and active control of the FRC plasma.