cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Child Development Knowledge: A Slippery Base for Practice.

Abstract The changing nature of child development theory and research, the fact that it can only approximate reality, and its reflection of particular sociocultural positions make it a slippery base for practice. Still, formal child development knowledge is necessary to teacher preparation—as is practice. They must, however, be grounded in their ambiguity and supplemented by attention to reflection on practice and self-knowledge. Finally, the process of teacher education itself is a critical element that must model a community of supportive relationships that create meaningful and transformational learning experiences.
An assessment of unprofessional behavior among surgical residents on Facebook: a warning of the dangers of social media.

Purpose Dismissal from residency is most commonly because of unprofessional conduct rather than cognitive failure. Disciplinary action by medical boards has also been associated with prior unprofessional behavior during medical school. Facebook is a social media network that has become ubiquitous in recent years and has the potential to offer an unvarnished view into the lives of residents using a public forum that is open to the public and program directors alike. The aim of this study was to evaluate the publically available Facebook profiles of surgical residents to determine the incidence and degree of unprofessional conduct. Methods The American College of Surgeons Web site was used to identify general surgery residencies located in the Midwest. Resident rosters were then obtained using departmental Web sites. Facebook was then searched to determine which residents had profiles available for viewing by the public. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education’s components of professionalism and the American Medical Association’s report on professionalism in the use of social media were used to develop the following 3 categories: professional, potentially unprofessional, or clearly unprofessional. Statistical Analysis The chi-square test was used to determine significance. Results A total of 57 residency programs were identified on the American College of Surgeons Web site, of which 40 (70.2%) provided an institutional Web site with a current resident roster. A total of 996 surgical residents were identified, of which 319 (32%) had identifiable Facebook profiles. Overall, 235 residents (73.7%) had no unprofessional content, 45 (14.1%) had potentially unprofessional content, and 39 (12.2%) had clearly unprofessional content. Binge drinking, sexually suggestive photos, and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act violations were the most commonly found variables in the clearly unprofessional group. There were no statistical differences in professionalism based on sex (p = 0.93) or postgraduate year status (p = 0.88). Conclusions Unprofessional behavior is prevalent among surgical residents who use Facebook, and this behavior does not appear to decrease as residents progress through training. This represents a risk to the reputations of hospitals and residency programs, and residents should be educated on the dangers of social media. Although it may be perceived as an invasion of privacy, this information is publically available, and program directors may benefit from monitoring these sites to identify gaps in professionalism that require correction.
The elastic strain energy of coherent ellipsoidal precipitates in anisotropic crystalline solids

The elastic strain energy of coherent ellipsoidal precipitates (ellipsoids of revolution) in anisotropic crystalline solids has been calculated as a function of ellipsoid aspect ratio using the method of Eshelby. When the precipitate is eithermuch softer or harder, elastically, than the matrix, the results are similar to those previously obtained using isotropic elasticity. When this condition is not met, however, anisotropic elasticity can yield quite different results which vary markedly with the orientation relationship between precipitate and matrix. When the precipitate has a non-cubic crystal structure, the elastic strain energy often passes through a maximum or a minimum at shapes which are neither thin discs nor spheres. During this study, the isotropic elasticity result that the strain energy associated with a disc-shaped precipitate is independent of the matrix elastic constants was also shown to hold under the conditions of anisotropic elasticity, and in such circumstances it depends only on the elastic properties of the precipitate in the direction of the principal directions of the disc. Incorporation of the anisotropic elastic strain energy into the calculation of ΔG *, the free energy of activation for the formation of a critical nucleus for the basic case of homogeneous nucleation with boundary-orientation independent interfacial energy, showed that the ratio of the strain energy to the volume free energy change must usually be somewhat larger than 3/4 in order to cause the shape of the critical nucleus to differ from that of a sphere.
Preparation of Conductive Color Powders

In this paper, we report that the experimental procedures for the preparation of conductive color powders that were aggregated from color pigment and conductive materials. We first modified the pigment and make the particles surface to have charges (ex: positive) and modified another conductive materials like ITO、Au、Ag particles or conductive polymer to be opposite charges (ex: negative). Then these two kinds of charge particles will aggregate in appropriate processing by static electricity and form a powder. After annealing treatment, the conductive color powder with ITO particles reveals good thermal stability and lower surface resistivity.
Productivity of laying pullets fed diets containing yellow peas (Pisum sativum L. var. Miranda)

Abstract An experiment was conducted with 768 Dekalb XL Single Comb White Leghorn pullets from 22 to 58 weeks of age to determine their productivity when fed corn:soya-bean diets containing 0, 14.8, 29.6, 44.5, and 59% yellow pea (YP; Pisum sativum L. var. Miranda) for nine consecutive 28 day periods. The corn:soya-bean meal (0% YP) and 44.5% YP diets were supplemented with meat and bone meal (MB) and herring meal (HM) to determine the effects of these feed ingredients on layer productivity. Thinner egg shells (P ⩽ 0.05) were observed from layers fed the 59% YP diet than from layers fed either the corn:soya-bean meal or the 14.8, 29.6, or 44.5% YP diets. Decreased yolk color (P ⩽ 0.05) was observed from layers fed the YP diets compared with layers receiving the corn:soya-bean meal diet. Hen-day egg production, feed conversion, daily feed consumption, egg mass, egg size (large and over), egg weight, mortality rate, and interior egg quality were not affected (P ⩾ 0.05) by the levels of YP or the supplementation of YP diets with HM or MB. Under the conditions of this experiment, Miranda YP can be incorporated at levels of up to 44.5% in laying feeds provided the diets are supplemented with adequate levels of methionine and fat to meet the requirements of the laying pullet.
The Hidden and the Visible in British Orientalism: The Case of Lawrence of Arabia

Two provisos are necessary. First, I titled this article ‘The Hidden and the Visible’ with the intention of discussing the ‘visible’ Arabist T. E. Lawrence, and the ‘hidden’ double agent, Harry St....
Opinion Trends in World War II: Some Guides to Interpretation

FROM SEPTEMBER, I939, to V-J Day in I945 the Office of Public Opinion Research maintained a continuous survey of American public opinion regarding major wartime issues. Much of the information obtained in the course of this survey was used in preparing trend charts, presented below, showing the fluctuation of opinions in relation to events during the war. A number of generalized psychological principles applying to opinions have been formulated, treating opinion as a particular variety of perception. The author is Director of the Office of Public Opinion Research and Professor of Psychology at Princeton University. During the war he served as consultant to the White House and War Department on problems of national morale. He is currently on six months' leave from Princeton, while serving as organizer of the UNESCO Tensions Project.
Study of molecular rotations in solids and liquids by the inelastic scattering of cold neutrons

Abstract The spectra of scattered neutrons from molecular crystals and liquids containing rotating molecular groups have been obtained. The materials studied were liquid CH4, CH3I and dimethylacetylene; NH4ClO4, NH4PF6, H3OClO4 and dimethoxyazoxybenzene. The observed spectrum from liquid CH4 was used as a comparison standard for freely rotating NH4+ ions and the CH3I spectrum was used for comparison to H3O+ and CH3 groups possessing single axis rotational freedom. All measured spectra are compared to those calculated froni the Krieger-Nelkin, Sachs-Teller theory.
Optical Design And Components For A 100 kJ CO2 Laser

The optical design of a large CO2 laser for research into inertial confinement fusion is dominated by a number of physical constraints. These con-straints are described and the consequences and solutions by which the design objectives can be met are discussed.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
TRANSCULTURAL NURSING: Transforming the Curriculum:

More than three decades have passed since Leininger established the field of transcultural nursing as a research based specialty which is recognized around the world as an essential and formal area of study and practice. When the importance of culture to nursing was first articulated by Leininger in the early 1950s, knowledge and awareness of these cultural influences were largely unknown and unrecognized in nursing education. The typical 1950s nursing curricula were soundly rooted in biophysical medical content, technical skills, tasks, and practices with no mention of cultural influences. Few nursing faculty had formal academic preparation in the social sciences, and Leininger was the first professional nurse with doctoral preparation in anthropology (Leininger, 1970, 1978, 1981b, 1984a, 1984b, 1989a, 1990b, 1991).
Compact Model of Thermoelectric Coolers on a Micro-Electronic Chip

Hot spots on a microelectronic package can severely hurt the performance and long-term reliability of the chip. Thermoelectric coolers (TECs) have been shown to potentially provide efficient site-specific on-demand cooling of hot spots in microprocessors. TECs could lengthen the amount of time a processor is capable of running at full speed in the short-term and also provide long-term reliability by creating a more uniform temperature distribution across the chip. We have created a compact model for fast and accurate modeling of the TEC device integrated inside an electronic package. A 1-D compact model for TEC is first built in SPICE and has been validated for steady-state and transient behavior against a finite-volume model. The 1-D model of TEC was then incorporated into compact model of a prototype electronic package and simulations were performed to validate its steady state and transient behavior. This integrated compact model’s results are in good agreement with a finite volume based model developed for TECs integrated inside a package and confirmed the compact model’s ability to accurately model the TEC’s interaction with package. The compact model has relatively small error when compared to the finite-volume based model and obtains results in a fraction of the time, reducing run-time in a transient simulation by 430%. A simple controller was added to the electronic package and TEC model to provide an initial test of how the compact model can aid design of more complex control systems to efficiently operate the thermoelectric coolers.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Electromigration in polycrystalline and single crystal magnesium

Abstract The electromigration of magnesium single and polycrystal samples was measured under the influence of a d.c. current density of approximately 6×10 3 A cm 2 using the vacancy flux technique. The single crystal data were taken on samples with the c-axis of the metal making angles of 22° and 63° respectively with the cylindrical axis of the specimen. Accurate measurements of the longitudinal and transverse motion were made over a period of several weeks and used to calculate a value for the atom drift velocity, Va. The atom drift velocity is used to calculate Z∗, the effective eiectromigration charge on the ion. All of the observed motion was directed toward the anode. The polycrystal runs yielded an average value of Z ∗ ƒ = −2.03 ±0.33 . The single crystal runs resulted in an anisotropic drift velocity ratio of V a⊥ V a∥ = 1.4 . However, the product of diffusivity times resistivity is anisotropic by the same ratio as the atom drift velocity and the correlation factor f is nearly isotropic for magnesium. As a result Z∗ is isotropic and turns out to be −1.6.
A direct calculation of the S-matrix of the chiral invariant gross-neveu model☆

Abstract Starting from the exact eigenstates of the hamiltonian we calculate the S-matrix for various two-body processes. The result is in accord with the S-matrix proposed by Kurak and Swieca on the basis of factorizaiblity.
Intranasal Absorption of Oxymorphone

The nasal bioavailability of oxymorphone HCl was determined. Rats were surgically prepared to isolate the nasal cavity, into which a solution of oxymorphone was administered. A reference group of rats was administered oxymorphone HCl intravenously. Plasma oxymorphone concentrations were determined by HPLC. Nasal absorption was rapid, nasal bioavailability was 43%, and the iv and nasal elimination profiles were similar. Oxymorphone HCl appears to have the solubility, potency, and absorption properties required for efficient nasal delivery, which is an alternative to injections.
Ptomaine Poisons as Clues to Chemical Neurotransmission

Invoking the terms “nicotinic” and “muscarinic,” Sir Henry Dale named important biochemical components of the animal nervous system after vegetable alkaloids (Figure 1).1,2 The vegetable alkaloids, such as nicotine and muscarine, are bioactive amines that have evolved in the plant world to function, in many cases, as chemical weapons attacking the cholinergic nervous systems of insects. Indeed, the name muscarine indicates that the amine kills flies (genus Musca). Dale used many botanical defense molecules to help establish acetylcholine as a chemical neurotransmitter. A few others of his tools from plants included the well-known drugs atropine, physostigmine, and scopolamine. It is less appreciated that important “animal alkaloids” also facilitated the discovery of chemical neurotransmission.
Diversity in the immune system: “Preconceived ideas” or ideas preconceived?

Resume Deux conceptions de l'evolution et du controle de l'expression du repertoire des sites combinants du systeme immunitaire sont comparees. L'une est basee sur la theorie de l'association cognitive proposee par l'auteur et l'autre sur l'idee d'un reseau idiotypique selon l'interpretation de Jerne. Les deux concepts sont analyses du point de vue de leur logique, de leur coherence interne et des observations a leur appui.
Dose-escalated radiotherapy for high-risk prostate cancer: outcomes in modern era with short-term androgen deprivation therapy.

Purpose Randomized data have supported the use of long-term androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) combined with radiotherapy (RT) for men with high-risk prostate cancer. The present study reviewed the outcomes of intermediate- and high-risk men treated with RT and short-term ADT. Materials and Methods A total of 184 men with any single risk factor of prostate-specific antigen ≥10 ng/mL, clinical Stage T2b or greater, or Gleason score ≥7 were treated with primary external beam RT for nonmetastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The median radiation dose was 74 Gy; 55% were treated with intensity-modulated RT. All patients received ADT for 1 to 6 months (median, 4), consisting of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed for risk factors, including T stage, Gleason score, radiation dose, and prostate-specific antigen level. Results With a median follow-up of 51 months, the 4-year freedom from biochemical failure (FFBF) using the nadir plus 2 ng/mL definition was 83% for all patients. Clinical Stage T3 disease was the only variable tested associated with FFBF on univariate (4-year FFBF rate, 46% vs. 87% for Stage T1-T2c disease; p = .0303) and multivariable analysis (hazard ratio, 3.9; p = .0016). On a subset analysis of high-risk patients (National Comprehensive Cancer Network criteria), those with clinical Stage T3 disease (4-year FFBF rate, 46% vs. 80%; p = .0303) and a radiation dose p = .0650 and p = .0597, respectively). Conclusion Short-term ADT and RT might be acceptable for men with intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer, especially for clinically localized disease treated with doses of ≥74 Gy.
Metropolitan Retail Nucleation

We argue that U.S. metropolitan retail nucleation, as represented by sales in the Central Business District and in retail centers, is a consequence of population growth in at least three transportation epochs, the walking and horse era, the electric streetcar era, and the automobile period. Population growth in each epoch has had a different effect on retail nucleation, with the most recent growth having had a pronounced positive effect on development of retail centers and a slight negative effect on the sales of the Central Business District.
Advances in the Laboratory Evaluation of Peripheral Neuropathies

Peripheral neuropathy is a common clinical problem in neurology and laboratory testing is an integral part of diagnosis. In the past few years, practice parameters have been published to establish an evidence-based guide to neuropathy testing. There are many tests that are common and accepted in practice, but there is no clear mandate on which tests are necessary. This article reviews recent practice parameter publications as well as other updates in laboratory testing for peripheral neuropathy, including the roles of lipid profile, genetic testing, antibody titers, and B(12) testing in a specific dopamine-treated Parkinson's patients. These can serve as recommendations to help guide laboratory testing.
A variable frequency, variable selectivity filter for electroencephalography

Abstract An instrument is described which consists of simple revision of an inexpensive commercially available oscillator kit to allow its use both as an oscillator and a tunable frequency analyzer. These minor revisions, indicated in the electrical diagram, allow it to be coupled in the circuit of the EEG machine to accept single ended inputs of 1.5 V. or higher and deliver an output as high as 35 V. peak to peak, push-pull. Range of selectivity extends to a Q of about 35. Write-out is direct on the EEG channel, where it provides an indication of the amount or amplitude of the chosen frequency.
Compiler and tool support for debugging object protocols

We describe an extension to the Java programming language that supports static conformance checking and dynamic debugging of object “protocols,” i.e., sequencing constraints on the order in which methods may be called. Our Java protocols have a statically checkable subset embedded in richer descriptions that can be checked at run time. The statically checkable subtype conformance relation is based on Nierstrasz' proposal for regular (finite-state) process types, and is also very close to the conformance relation for architectural connectors in the Wright architectural description language by Allen and Garlan. Richer sequencing properties, which cannot be expressed by regular types alone, can be specified and checked at run time by associating predicates with object states. We describe the language extensions and their rationale, and the design of tool support for static and dynamic checking and debugging.
The Binding Site of NK Receptors on HLA-C Molecules

The protection of cells expressing class I HLA molecules from NK lysis is mediated by natural killer cell inhibitory receptors (NKIR). Using site-directed mutagenesis, residues on HLA-C that determine the locus specificity (alphaVal-76), allotype group specificity (a dimorphism alphaAsn-80/Lys-80), and affinity of NKIR binding (a second pair of dimorphisms, alphaAla-73, Asp-90 or alphaThr-73, Ala-90) have been identified. Thus the "footprint" of the NKIR on the alpha1 helix of the class I MHC molecule HLA-C and its associated beta strands are similar in position to the site occupied by superantigens on and behind the alpha1 helix of the class II MHC molecule HLA-DR1, but further toward its C-terminus. The intermediate affinity binding of NKIR to HLA-C, determined by alpha73 and alpha90, has an essential role in preventing cross-reactivity and ensuring the availability of NK cells for immunosurveillance; low affinity and high affinity mutants are both physiologically impaired.
Fluorination reactions of UF6

Abstract Uranium hexafluoride is known to be an oxidative fluorinating agent, frequently breaking CC bonds and oxidizing many elements to a higher oxidation state. This work will compare the behavior of UF 6 to that of two other fluorinating agents, WF 6 and SF 4 , which are for the most part non-oxidative. The reactions of UF 6 with a number of quite simple organic compounds have been studied; alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, acid halides, ethers, olefins, and alkanes are included. The reactions of WF 6 and SF 4 with these compounds were investigated also when no data existed in the literature. The primary tool was 19 F NMR, assisted by 1 H NMR, infrared, powder diffraction, thermogravimetry and elemental analysis when needed. The differences in behavior of the three agents with respect to the same compounds will be emphasized.
Breast Imaging in Coronal Planes with Simultaneous Pulse Echo and Transmission Ultrasound

Clear delineation of breast architecture was achieved with compound pulse echo ultrasound imaging in which the images were acquired in the coronal planes used for quantitative transmission ultrasonic computed tomography. Since most connective tissue planes in the breast radiate toward the nipple, compound scans from the sides of the breast record normal interfaces more consistently and reveal greater symmetries in normal portions of relatively full breasts than do conventional scans in sagittal or transverse planes. Simultaneous acquisition of the pulse echo images and images representing the local ultrasound attenuation coefficient and speed of ultrasound suggested complementary role for reflection and through-transmission images in breast cancer detection. The high quality of pulse echo images in coronal planes provides the potential for more complete pulse echo diagnosis and the basis for spatial correlation of lesions viewed in pulse echo and ultrasonic computed tomograms. These observations may permit routine ultrasonic computed tomography of the breast in the clinical setting.
Further studies on the protective power of adrenal extract and steroids against toxic agents.

It has been shown that the protective power of adrenal extracts and steroids against the action of a toxic agent, typhoid vaccine, in adrenalectomized rats, can be accurately measured (Lewis and Page 1946). This investigation has now been extended to determine the protective power of adrenal hormone against diphtheria, tetanus and botulinus toxins. Studies were also made to ascertain whether compound A acetate (11-dehydrocorticosterone acetate) and desoxycorticosterone acetate acting together gave greater protection against typhoid vaccine than either one alone. It also seemed of interest to determine the temporal relationship between presence of hormone and protective power against typhoid vaccine. Because the question must inevitably arise as to whether results with vaccines or toxins in adrenalectomized animals are also related to active infections in normal animals, a study was undertaken of the protective power of adrenal extract in normal mice infected with pneumococci type I and type III.
Infestation Rates of Argulus Africanus Thiele, 1900 and Dolops Ranarum (Stuhlmann, 1891) (Branchiura) On Bagrus Docmac (Forskal, 1775) in Kavirondo Gulf, Lake Victoria

gespieen wurde (etwas, das jeder kennt, der einmal Holothurien fixiert hat!). Dadurch m?ssen die Exemplare von Exspina typica in die Coelomh?hle gelangt sein. Der einzige R?ckschlu?, der somit ziehbar ist, ist derjenige, da? diese Tanai daceen-Art Bestandteil der Nahrung der Holothurie ist! Es zeigt sich auch hier wiederum, da? Angaben zum Parasitismus nur mit ?u?erster Vorsicht zu machen sind. Der Fund war aus anderer Sicht aber ebenso bedeutend, denn die Art war bis jetzt noch nicht aus dem Atlantik nachgewiesen. Mit diesem Neufund ergibt sich somit folgendes Verbreitungsbild (Fig. 1): Pazifik-Kermadec-Trench (36?43/S 178?57'W, 36?31/S 178?38'W, 36?23'S 177?4l'W; Lang, 1968) und zentral amerikanische K?ste (Gulf of Panama: 5?49'N 78?52'W; Acapulco/Panama: 9?23'N 89?32,W; Lang, 1968); Antarktis: Gauss-Station (Vanh?ffen, 1914; Lang, 1971) und 57?10,1'S 26?37'W (Kudinova-Pasternak, 1975); Atlantik: 48?19'N 15?l6'W. Die vertikale Verbreitung erstreckt sich von 1687-4830 m; der Nach weis aus dem Atlantik ist somit auch gleichzeitig derjenige aus der gr??ten Tiefe.
When predators become prey: flight decisions in jumping spiders

Current optimal escape theory focuses on economic distance-based models that predict that animals will flee at greater distances when risk of capture is greater. Although these models have been tested extensively on vertebrate prey animals using large approaching stimuli (e.g., humans), it has never been tested on an invertebrate generalist predator with a stimulus that is in the size range of potential prey. I presented adult jumping spiders, Phidippus princeps, with a small black model to test flight decisions when physically handicapped, under different levels of threat, and on surfaces that potentially hindered escape. Predator approach speed, running surface texture, and leg autotomy had no effect on flight decisions. I also measured running distance and speed under different levels of hunger and energy state to test how these variables affect the decision to flee or to turn and defend oneself against a predator. When prodded, larger spiders fled shorter distances before switching to a defensive posture, hungry spiders fled longer distances than sated spiders, and rested spiders ran faster than tired spiders. There is likely a trade-off between body size and energy stores when deciding to flee from a threat or turning to defend oneself. These findings 1) reflect differences in how predators and prey assess risk in their environment and the distances at which they treat an approaching object as threatening and 2) suggest that future studies should focus on how animals optimize escape decisions in ways other than traditional distance-based economic models (e.g., relying absolutely on crypsis). Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.
Histamine Formation and Bacterial Spoilage of Albacore Harvested off the U.S. Northwest Coast

Iced and previously frozen albacore were monitored for histamine formation and bacterial growth during storage at 0–37°C. The optimum temperature for histamine formation in albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) was 25°C, and whole fish were more susceptible to histamine formation than dressed fish at that temperature. Storage at 25°C resulted in the highest histamine level, 60.4 mg/100g in whole fish stored for 7 days. When albacore were frozen prior to storage, reduced amount of histamine was found at 7.14 mg/100 g after 7 day storage at 25°C, only after decomposition became obvious. No histamine was found in any of the albacore samples stored in ice for 18 days.
Large-scale Breit-Pauli R-matrix Calculations for Transition Probabilities of Fe V

Ab initio theoretical calculations are reported for the electric (E1) dipole allowed and intercombination fine structure transitions in Fe V using the Breit–Pauli R-matrix (BPRM) method. We obtain 3865 bound fine structure levels of Fe V and 1.46 × 106 oscillator strengths, Einstein A-coefficients and line strengths. In addition to the relativistic effects, the intermediate coupling calculations include extensive electron correlation effects that represent the complex configuration interaction (CI). For bound-bound transitions the BPRM method, based on atomic collision theory, entails the computation of the CI wavefunctions of the atomic system as an (electron+target ion) complex. The target ion Fe VI is represented by an eigenfunction expansion of 19 fine structure levels dominated by the spectroscopic configuration 3d3, and a number of correlation configurations. Fe V bound levels are obtained with angular and spin symmetries SLπ and Jπ of the (e + Fe VI) system such that 2S + 1 = 5,3,1, L ≤ 10, J ≤ 8. The bound levels are obtained as solutions of the Breit-Pauli (e + ion) Hamiltonian for each Jπ, and are designated according to the 'collision' channel quantum numbers. A major task has been the identification of these large number of bound fine structure levels in terms of standard spectroscopic designations. A new scheme, based on the analysis of quantum defects and channel wavefunctions, has been developed. The identification scheme aims particularly to determine the completeness of the results in terms of all possible bound levels with n ≤ 10, l ≤ n - 1, for applications to analysis of experimental measurements and plasma modeling. Sample results are presented and the accuracy of the results is discussed. A comparison of the dipole length and velocity oscillator strengths is presented, indicating an uncertainty of 10–20% for most transitions.
Non-Gaussian Test Models for Prediction and State Estimation with Model Errors

Turbulent dynamical systems involve dynamics with both a large dimensional phase space and a large number of positive Lyapunov exponents. Such systems are ubiquitous in applications in contemporary science and engineering where the statistical ensemble prediction and the real time filtering/state estimation are needed despite the underlying complexity of the system. Statistically exactly solvable test models have a crucial role to provide firm mathematical underpinning or new algorithms for vastly more complex scientific phenomena. Here, a class of statistically exactly solvable non-Gaussian test models is introduced, where a generalized Feynman-Kac formulation reduces the exact behavior of conditional statistical moments to the solution to inhomogeneous Fokker-Planck equations modified by linear lower order coupling and source terms. This procedure is applied to a test model with hidden instabilities and is combined with information theory to address two important issues in the contemporary statistical prediction of turbulent dynamical systems: the coarse-grained ensemble prediction in a perfect model and the improving long range forecasting in imperfect models. The models discussed here should be useful for many other applications and algorithms for the real time prediction and the state estimation.
Inequalities in De Morgan systems. II

For pt.I see ibid., p.607-9(2002). Turksen (1986) looked at the Boolean-disjunctive normal form of a term in two variables and the Boolean-conjunctive normal form of that term. He concluded that "for some cases of certain families," when these forms are interpreted in a De Morgan system by replacing the meet by a t-norm and the join by the dual t-conorm, the disjunctive normal form is contained in the conjunctive normal form. We give examples where some of these inequalities fail to hold for a large class of t-norms, and also give examples where they do hold.
Identification of urinary metabolites of orally administered N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine in male F344 rats.

The metabolism of orally administered N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT) in male F344 rats was investigated. The rat urinary metabolite profile was determined by analytical reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four radiolabeled peaks were observed, isolated, and purified by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and preparative HPLC methods. The 4 peaks were identified as p-(N-acetylhydroxyamino)hippuric acid (M1), DMPT N-oxide (M2), N-methyl-p-toluidine (M3), and parent DMPT. Metabolites M1 and M2 were identified by spectrometric and spectroscopic methods, including mass fragmentation pattern identification from both liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and from chemical analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Structural confirmation of metabolite M2 was accomplished by comparison with a synthetic standard. Peaks M3 and the peak suspected to be DMPT were identified by comparison of their HPLC retention times and mass fragmentation patterns w...
Accuracy assessment of noninvasive hematocrit measurement based on partial least squares and NIR reflectance spectroscopy

Hematocrit (Hct) is one of the most important parameters to monitor when the patient has large blood loss or blood dilution. The current standard method for measuring hematocrit is off-line and invasive. An accurate, continuous, and noninvasive method of measuring hematocrit is highly desired for physicians to respond rapidly in life-threatening situations. A set of instrumental characterization experiments was performed to assess the effects of spectrometer drift and probe placement on patient's forearm. Several factors were investigated in order to minimize the patient-dependent offset encountered in a previous study. Key factors were corrected and tested on ten randomly selected Caucasian patients undergoing cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). A fiber optic probe was attached to the patient's forearm and NIR spectra in the 575-1100 nm region were continuously collected with a spectrograph during the surgery. Blood samples were collected before, during, and after the patient was on CPB. Hct was determined by taking the average of ten spun capillary measurements for each blood sample and paired with spectrum by time. Partial least-squares (PLS) analysis was applied to establish the relationship between spectral changes and Hct changes. The accuracy and sources of measurement errors were assessed by developing calibration models using modified instrumental conditions. Under modified experimental conditions, the improvement in patient-dependent offset was greater than 30%. The optimal models for multiple patients required 8 factors in the region of 581-1000 nm with average standard error of prediction (SEP) of 2.16 and R 2 of 0.594.
A point explosion in a cold exponential atmosphere. Part 2. Radiating flow

Abstract : The problem considered is that of a strong shock propagating from a point energy source into a cold exponential atmosphere with radiative heat transfer in the flow behind the shock. The radiation mean free path is taken to be small compared to the shock radius so that the shock may be treated as discontinuous and the radiative heat flux represented by the Rosseland diffusion approximation. The solution obtained is an approximate one based upon the 'local radiality' assumption and integral method previously utilized by the authors for the case of adiabatic flow. A radiation parameter is developed which provides an index as to when the effects of radiation may be neglected and the flow taken to be adiabatic. The physical interpretation of this parameter is that of the ratio of a characteristic radiation energy flux to a characteristic kinetic energy flux. It is shown that when the radiation mean free path varies as a power of the temperature (T to the nth power), where n = - 17/6, the infinity of solutions for various polar angles can be transformed into two distinct solutions thereby essentially eliminating the parametric dependence on the polar angle and the atmospheric scale height. (Author)
Software engineering education: a roadmap

Software’s increasingly critical role in systems of widespread significance presents new challenges for the education of software engineers. Not only is our dependence on software increasing, but the character of software production is itself changing ‐ and with it the demands on the software developers. Four challenges for educators of software developers help identify aspirations for software engineering education.
Retroperitoneal hemorrhage after percutaneous coronary intervention in the current practice era: Clinical outcomes and prognostic value of abdominal/pelvic computed tomography

Background Retroperitoneal hemorrhage (RPH) is a serious but infrequent complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This study aimed to describe the clinical outcomes of patients who developed RPH following PCI in the current practice era, with particular focus on treatment strategies and the related prognostic value of abdominal/pelvic computed tomography (CT). Methods Among 20,904 patients undergoing PCI, we identified 93 RPH (0.45%) confirmed by CT or by unequivocal surgical findings. We identified three groups with RPH for comparison: patients who developed refractory shock (systolic blood pressure Results Baseline clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics were similar among the three groups. Patients who developed refractory shock had significantly more bleeding quantified by abdominal/pelvic CT (P Conclusions RPH remains as a serious complication of PCI and is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity independently of the therapeutic strategy. In patients who were hemodynamically stable, RPH volume as quantified by non-contrast abdominal/pelvic CT did not contribute to prognosis.
Thoracic periaortic lymphoma mimicking aortic dissection.

Tumors adjacent to the descending thoracic aorta are unusual, and can mimic aortic disease, specifically aneurysm or dissection, both clinically and radiologically. Isolated tumors have been reported to mimic aortic dissection or aneurysm on chest radiographs and angiograms, and a single case of oat cell carcinoma has been reported to mimic aortic dissection on CT scans. We present a case of limited periaortic thoracic non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma surrounding the lumen of the aorta and mimicking aortic dissection on CT, MR, angiography, and intravascular sonography.
THE VALIDITY OF THE INDEPENDENT INCREMENTS ASSUMPTION FOR PRODUCTION: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF AN AUTOMOTIVE ASSEMBLY PLANT

In assembly plants, random line stoppages cause production variability. For analytic tractability and data availability, researchers commonly assume that the production process possesses the independent increments property (necessary for a process to be Poisson). If the production process has independent increments, then the production in any interval is independent of the production in any other nonoverlapping interval. This property means, for one thing, that the current period's production is never influenced by previous production periods. Intuition, however, suggests that current production could be correlated to past production-violating this assumption of independence. If production problems persist from one period to the next, then one would expect the production in adjacent time periods to be correlated. Although the independent increments property is oflen assumed, its validity has not been demonstrated in practice. We analyze data from an automotive assembly plant to assess the validity of the independent increments assumption for its production.
Nicotine Dependence and Alcoholism Epidemiology and Treatment

Nicotine dependence in alcohol-involved adults is a long-ignored treatment problem. The absence of its discussion in the literature is difficult to defend in light of medical and epidemiological data on the cost and prevalence of this dual addition. Most descriptive studies of alcohol abusers published in the past 20 years have reported tobacco use rates of at least 90%. There is a crucial need to educate treatment professionals and their clients about the additional health risks associated with joint nicotine dependence and alcoholism. Historically, certain barriers to active intervention have existed in drug abuse treatment facilities, including (1) concerns that urging clients to quit smoking might have an adverse effect on their maintenance of sobriety, (2) a tendency to minimize the strength and severity of nicotine addition, (3) a lack of informative data on how best to treat smoking in recovering alcoholics, and (4) financial issues related to marketing and insurance compensation. Recent data obtained from recovering alcoholics who have tried to quit smoking and anecdotal reports from alcoholism treatment centers that have begun addressing nicotine addiction are now challenging these barriers. Education, role modeling, environmental control, and development of staff expertise can be incorporated into standard alcoholism treatment programs to jointly treat these paired addictions.
Simple and complex memory spans and their relation to fluid abilities: Evidence from list-length effects

Complex (working memory) span tasks have generally shown larger and more consistent correlations with higherorder cognition than have simple (or short-term memory) span tasks. The relation between verbal complex and simple verbal span tasks to Xuid abilities as a function of list-length was examined. The results suggest that the simple spanXuid abilities correlation changes as a function of list-length, but that the complex span-Xuid abilities correlation remains constant across list-lengths from lists as short as two items. Furthermore, regression and factor analytic results suggested that the longest simple span list-lengths and all of the complex span list-lengths had both unique and shared variability in predicting Xuid abilities, but that estimates of primary memory did not uniquely predict Xuid abilities. It is suggested that complex spans, generally, predict higher-order cognition to a greater extent than do simple spans because complex spans require retrieval of items that have been displaced from primary memory due to the processing component of these tasks. Items in simple spans will also be displaced from primary memory but only after primary memory has become overloaded.
Yellow fever: an update

Summary Yellow fever, the original viral haemorrhagic fever, was one of the most feared lethal diseases before the development of an effective vaccine. Today the disease still affects as many as 200 000 persons annually in tropical regions of Africa and South America, and poses a significant hazard to unvaccinated travellers to these areas. Yellow fever is transmitted in a cycle involving monkeys and mosquitoes, but human beings can also serve as the viraemic host for mosquito infection. Recent increases in the density and distribution of the urban mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti , as well as the rise in air travel increase the risk of introduction and spread of yellow fever to North and Central America, the Caribbean and Asia. Here I review the clinical features of the disease, its pathogenesis and pathophysiology. The disease mechanisms are poorly understood and have not been the subject of modern clinical research. Since there is no specific treatment, and management of patients with the disease is extremely problematic, the emphasis is on preventative vaccination. As a zoonosis, yellow fever cannot be eradicated, but reduction of the human disease burden is achievable through routine childhood vaccination in endemic countries, with a low cost for the benefits obtained. The biological characteristics, safety, and efficacy of live attenuated, yellow fever 17D vaccine are reviewed. New applications of yellow fever 17D virus as a vector for foreign genes hold considerable promise as a means of developing new vaccines against other viruses, and possibly against cancers.
Creative Projects: A Less Routine Approach Toward Getting New Things Done

This paper presents a framework for action that accounts for both how organizations get routine things done and how they pursue markedly new things through “creative projects.” Based on this framework, organizational routines and creative projects are viewed as two types of action trajectories differing with respect to their repetitiveness. An ethnographic case study of an automotive prototype-purchasing process and two initiatives to redesign that process is used to compare an organizational routine with creative projects occurring within the same organizational setting and to further explicate the framework. Case analysis reveals how projection and planning, as well as combinatorial action, knowledge articulation, and contingency management, unfold differentially in organizational routines and creative projects. This paper contributes to our understanding of different forms of organizational change and innovation. It also provides a framework to examine the role of nonroutine organizing at several levels of organizational analysis and its relationship to more routine forms of organizing.
Live Cells Exert 3-Dimensional Traction Forces on Their Substrata.

The traction forces exerted by an adherent cell on a substrate have been studied only in the two-dimensions (2D) tangential to substrate surface (Txy). We developed a novel technique to measure the three-dimensional (3D) traction forces exerted by live bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) on polyacrylamide deformable substrate. On 3D images acquired by confocal microscopy, displacements were determined with image-processing programs, and traction forces in tangential (XY) and normal (Z) directions were computed by finite element method (FEM). BAECs generated traction force in normal direction (Tz) with an order of magnitude comparable to Txy. Tz is upward at the cell edge and downward under the nucleus, changing continuously with a sign reversal between cell edge and nucleus edge. The method was evaluated regarding accuracy and precision of displacement measurements, effects of FE mesh size, displacement noises, and simple bootstrapping. These results provide new insights into cell-matrix interactions in terms of spatial and temporal variations in traction forces in 3D. This technique can be applied to study live cells to assess their biomechanical dynamics in conjunction with biochemical and functional activities, for investigating cellular functions in health and disease.
Quantifying Persistence in ENSO

The seasonal dependence of predictability in ENSO manifests itself in the so-called spring barrier found in the cyclostationary lag autocorrelations, or persistence. This work examines the statistics of persistence, with particular focus on the phase-of-year-dependent pattern found in ENSO data, the barrier. Simple time series of one sine wave produce a barrier if the frequency is a biennial cycle or one of its harmonics. Time series of two sine waves produce a barrier if one frequency is a biennial cycle or a harmonic thereof. They additionally produce a barrier if their frequencies sum to unity. Time series with continuous but narrow spectral peaks at barrier-producing frequencies produce barriers only if the phase angles vary slowly or coherently across the peaks. The shape of the barrier seen in these simple time series is used to construct a model persistence map, which is a combination of an idealized barrier and the persistence of a red-noise process. A nonlinear least squares fit of the persistence of a time series to the model persistence provides a quantitative measure of the properties of the persistence barrier in any time series. Application of the measure to the Southern Oscillation index and sea surface temperature in the NINO3 region of the equatorial Pacific indicates that the ENSO persistence barrier is a feature that is statistically distinguishable from the theoretical persistence of a red-noise process. The ENSO barrier results from phase coherency of the continuum of interannual modes near the biennial frequency. Measuring the barrier on windowed data shows that there was a weak persistence barrier from approximately 1915 to 1945, a strong barrier during the 1960s and early 1970s, and a weakening barrier in the late 1970s.