cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of isopropyl carbanilate by soybean plants

Abstract Root-treated soybean plants absorb, translocate, and metabolize isopropyl carbanilatephenyl- 14 C (propham- 14 C). After a 3-day treatment period and removal of the exogenous 14 C treating solution, only small concentrations of 14 C-labeled materials were found in newly emerging tissues. A measurable concentration of radiocarbon was found in the seed pods, but the fruit tissues were shown to be free of any dectable 14 C-labeling. Three days after removal of the exogenous propham- 14 C, the parent herbicide was completely metabolized by all tissues. Polar products and nonextractable residues were found in roots, stems, and leaves after a 3-day treatment period. The polar metabolites were not translocated once they were formed in either the roots or shoots. Conjugated polar metabolites were isolated, partially purified, and the prophamphenyl- 14 C moiety characterized. The aglycone moiety of the polar metabolites was liberated either by methanol-HCl solvolysis or by enzyme hydrolysis with β-glucosidase or hesperidinase. The aglycone from all three procedures was derivatized, purified and characterized by NMR, ir, and mass spectral analysis. The only aglycone was the derivative of isopropyl-2-hydroxycarbanilate which was at least in part conjugated as a glycoside.
Internationalism or Search for Roots: A Tension in Modern Indian Thought

The problems of internationalism often look different and require different solutions depending on one’s particular cultural standpoint. Contemporary Indian philosophers find that their philosophical efforts have long been too much oriented to the West, and that what Indian philosophy now needs is less international influence and more rootedness in their own rich tradition. This is needed for a more balanced international dialogue. The goal of internationalism in philosophy is not to bring into being a world-philosophy, but a global conversation on philosophical problems that is not inhibited by differing approaches.
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Inhibition with Rapamycin Improves Cardiac Function in Type 2 Diabetic Mice POTENTIAL ROLE OF ATTENUATED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ALTERED CONTRACTILE PROTEIN EXPRESSION

Elevated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes, with increased morbidity and mortality, mainly because of cardiovascular complications. Because mTOR inhibition with rapamycin protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury, we hypothesized that rapamycin would prevent cardiac dysfunction associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We also investigated the possible mechanisms and novel protein targets involved in rapamycin-induced preservation of cardiac function in T2D mice. Adult male leptin receptor null, homozygous db/db, or wild type mice were treated daily for 28 days with vehicle (5% DMSO) or rapamycin (0.25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Cardiac function was monitored by echocardiography, and protein targets were identified by proteomics analysis. Rapamycin treatment significantly reduced body weight, heart weight, plasma glucose, triglyceride, and insulin levels in db/db mice. Fractional shortening was improved by rapamycin treatment in db/db mice. Oxidative stress as measured by glutathione levels and lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced in rapamycin-treated db/db hearts. Rapamycin blocked the enhanced phosphorylation of mTOR and S6, but not AKT in db/db hearts. Proteomic (by two-dimensional gel and mass spectrometry) and Western blot analyses identified significant changes in several cytoskeletal/contractile proteins (myosin light chain MLY2, myosin heavy chain 6, myosin-binding protein C), glucose metabolism proteins (pyruvate dehydrogenase E1, PYGB, Pgm2), and antioxidant proteins (peroxiredoxin 5, ferritin heavy chain 1) following rapamycin treatment in db/db heart. These results show that chronic rapamycin treatment prevents cardiac dysfunction in T2D mice, possibly through attenuation of oxidative stress and alteration of antioxidants and contractile as well as glucose metabolic protein expression.
Diffuse intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma. A clinicopathologic study and comparison with small lymphocytic lymphoma and diffuse small cleaved cell lymphoma

Controversy has recently arisen as to whether diffuse intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma (ILL) should be considered a low-grade or an intermediate-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma for clinical purposes. Therefore, the authors performed a clinicopathologic study to determine the biologic course of diffuse ILL (40 cases) and compared it with small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL; 51 cases) and diffuse small cleaved cell lymphoma (DSCCL; 14 cases). They found that patients with diffuse ILL having pseudofollicular proliferation centers (PC) had a significantly longer median survival (84 months) than those without PC (46.5 months; P = 0.03). The median survival of patients with SLL was 72 months, whereas those with DSCCL had a median survival of only 18 months. Based on these findings, the authors conclude that diffuse ILL with PC should be included in the low-grade category of SLL for clinical purposes, whereas diffuse ILL without PC (true diffuse ILL) should be considered an intermediate-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. True diffuse ILL is similar to centrocytic lymphoma in the Kiel classification and should be accorded a similar status in a modified Working Formulation.
Comparison of Cardiac Computed Tomographic Angiography to Transesophageal Echocardiography for Evaluation of Patients With Native Valvular Heart Disease

Retrospectively gated helical cardiac computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) has been reported accurate in the evaluation of isolated valvular abnormalities, but its ability to provide comprehensive assessment of common valvular lesions is not established. We evaluated 56 consecutive patients undergoing 64-detector retrospective electrocardiogram-gated CCTA and transesophageal echocardiography for the presence of aortic and mitral stenoses, aortic and mitral regurgitations, mitral valve prolapse, and tricuspid regurgitation. Two cardiac computed tomographic angiographic readers measured maximum aortic and mitral valve opening areas, assessed for aortic or mitral valve regurgitant area, and evaluated for mitral valve prolapse. Tricuspid regurgitation was assessed by the contrast ratio of the inferior vena cava to the right heart. After excluding nondiagnostic valves on CCTA (mitral valve n = 4, aortic valve n = 2), the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values of CCTA compared to transesophageal echocardiography were 100%, 96%, 50%, and 100% for aortic stenosis, 44%, 96%, 67%, and 90% for aortic regurgitation, 100% each for mitral stenosis, 13%, 95%, 80%, and 45% for mitral regurgitation, and 50%, 98%, 80%, and 91% for mitral valve prolapse. There was no relation between tricuspid regurgitation grade and contrast ratio (p = 0.53). There was excellent interobserver agreement for aortic and mitral stenoses (kappa = 1.0 for each), and good agreement for aortic regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, and mitral valve prolapse (kappa = 0.81, 0.78, and 0.88, respectively). In conclusion, CCTA exhibited high diagnostic performance for detection of aortic and mitral stenoses and limited diagnostic performance for aortic regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, and mitral valve prolapse; tricuspid regurgitation could not be evaluated. The ability of CCTA to provide comprehensive assessment of valvular function is variable.
Marital violence: An integrated systems approach

A review of current issues and approaches to the problem of marital violence is presented. In order to understand volatile relationships, these attachments are discussed within the context of the normal progression of events in the formation and development of a marriage. A systems model that integrates current conceptual thinking is presented. The article concludes with a paradigm for therapeutic decision-making and strategies that flow from the integrated systems model.
Risk Communication During Screening for Genomic Breast Cancer Susceptibility

Screening for genomic predisposition to diseases of adulthood is emerging in standard medical practice. Breast cancer predisposition testing provides a useful example for understanding the potential implications of risk-related screening in practice. Risk is an important and complex psychological construct that is understood differently both between scientific disciplines and between medical and lay persons. The process of establishing thresholds for classifying whether one's risk reaches levels warranting departure from standard preventive strategies is an important predictor of both physician feedback and patient interpretation of their risk. Messages about genomic breast cancer risk arising during the pedigree screening context are conveyed via explicit and implicit modes of communication. Best practices for communicating about genomic risk and the implications for health disparities related to screening for genomic susceptibility remain unknown. More work is urgently needed given the societal forces t...
Primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the breast: The Mayo Clinic Experience.

Background and Objectives To retrospectively evaluate the characteristics, natural history, results of treatment, and prognostic factors for patients diagnosed with primary breast lymphoma. Methods Between 1973 and 1998, 25 women and 1 man with the diagnosis of primary breast non-Hodgkin lymphoma (PNHLB) were seen at Mayo Clinic Rochester and Mayo Clinic Scottsdale. Patient characteristics, treatment methods, and outcome were analyzed. Results The median follow-up for surviving patients was 6.6 years (range: 1.8–22.1 years). There were 11 low-grade NHL, 13 intermediate-grade NHL, and 2 high-grade NHL. Three patients underwent mastectomy while 23 had local excision. The Ann Arbor stage of disease included: Stage I—21 patients, Stage II—5 patients. Sixteen patients received radiation after surgery (15 after biopsy, 1 after mastectomy). Chemotherapy was given to 10 patients as part of the initial treatment. Four patients with low-grade disease were treated with excision only. The 5-year overall survival rate was 70% and relapse-free survival rate 42%, while local control rate was 75% and distant control rate 51%. Five-year survival and relapse-free survival rates for patients with low-grade disease were 91 and 61%, respectively. Three of four patients with low-grade disease treated with excision alone were free of local recurrence. For intermediate- and high-grade PNHLB, 5-year survival rate was 61% for those treated with chemotherapy, compared to 31% for those without chemotherapy (P = 0.35), and the 5-year relapse-free survival rates were 49%, compared to 0%, respectively (P = 0.0017). Three patients with intermediate- or high-grade disease developed central nervous system (CNS) dissemination. On univariate analysis, Ann Arbor stage was the only significant prognostic factor for survival (P = 0.0021). Conclusions The management of PNHLB should be based on histologic grade. Patients with low-grade disease may be managed with local therapy alone. The role of chemotherapy in this group is unclear. Patients with intermediate- or high-grade disease have better outcome if chemotherapy is included. An unusual site of distant dissemination for these patients is the CNS. The only significant prognostic factor for survival is Ann Arbor stage. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;80:19–25. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Directed assembly of carbon nanotubes at liquid-liquid interfaces: nanoscale conveyors for interfacial biocatalysis.

We report that single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) can be directed to aqueous−organic interfaces with the aid of surfactants. This phenomenon can also be used to transport enzymes to the interface to effect biphasic biotransformations. Consequently, SWNT−enzyme conjugates enhance the rate of catalysis by up to 3 orders of magnitude relative to the rates obtained with native enzymes in similar biphasic systems. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this concept can be extended to other nanomaterials and other enzymes, thereby providing a general strategy for efficient interfacial biocatalysis. The ability to direct the assembly of nanotubes at the interface also provides an attractive route to organizing these nanomaterials into 2D architectures.
Suffer the restless children: the evolution of ADHD and paediatric stimulant use, 1900-80.

This article traces the historical evolution of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the controversial use of stimulants as a treatment for children diagnosed with the disorder in North America. While the children in question have exhibited similar behaviour over the last century, the diagnostic labels used to identify them have changed due largely to cultural, medical and scientific changes and discoveries. For decades, children’s treatment with psychotropic drugs was sufficiently controversial that pharmaceutical companies would not finance research in the area. The only substantial source of research funding for paediatric psychopharmacol ogy in the USA from the 1950s to the 1970s was the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). In 1970, the first in a long-running series of controversies erupted over children’s treatment with stimulants.
Improved floor-planning of graphs via adjacency-preserving transformations

Let G=(V,E) and G?=(V?,E?) be two graphs, an adjacency-preserving transformation from G to G? is a one-to-many and onto mapping from V to V? satisfying the following: (1) Each vertex v?V in G is mapped to a non-empty subset $\mathcal{A}(v)\subset V'$ in G?. The subgraph induced by $\mathcal{A}(v)$ is a connected subgraph of G?; (2) if u?v?V, then $\mathcal{A}(u)\cap\mathcal{A}(v)=\emptyset$ ; and (3) two vertices u and v are adjacent to each other in G if and only if subgraphs induced by $\mathcal{A}(u)$ and $\mathcal{A}(v)$ are connected in G?. In this paper, we study adjacency-preserving transformations from plane triangulations to irreducible triangulations (which are internally triangulated, with four exterior vertices and no separating triangles). As one shall see, our transformations not only preserve adjacency well, but also preserve the endowed realizers of plane triangulations well in the endowed transversal structures of the image irreducible triangulations, which may be desirable in some applications. We then present such an application in floor-planning of plane graphs. The expected grid size of the floor-plan of our linear time algorithm is improved to $(\frac{5n}{8}+O(1))\times (\frac{23n}{24}+O(1))$ , though the worst case grid size bound of the algorithm remains $\lfloor\frac{2n+1}{3}\rfloor\times(n-1)$ , which is the same as the algorithm presented in Liao et al. (J. Algorithms 48:441---451, 2003).
A framework for the functional identification of joint centers using markerless motion capture, validation for the hip joint.

Abstract The objective of the study was to develop a framework for the accurate identification of joint centers to be used for the calculation of human body kinematics and kinetics. The present work introduces a method for the functional identification of joint centers using markerless motion capture (MMC). The MMC system used 8 color VGA cameras. An automatic segmentation-registration algorithm was developed to identify the optimal joint center in a least-square sense. The method was applied to the hip joint center with a validation study conducted in a virtual environment. The results had an accuracy (6 mm mean absolute error) below the current MMC system resolution (1 cm voxel resolution). Direct experimental comparison with marker-based methods was carried out showing mean absolute deviations over the three anatomical directions of 11.9 and 15.3 mm if compared with either a full leg or only thigh markers protocol, respectively. Those experimental results were presented only in terms of deviations between the two systems (marker-based and markerless) as no real gold standard was available. The methods presented in this paper provide an important enabling step towards the biomechanical and clinical applications of markerless motion capture.
Mutation rates and mechanisms of resistance to etoposide determined from fluctuation analysis.

Background The major known mechanisms of resistance to etoposide include altered expression of its target enzyme, topoisomerase II (Topo II), and the multidrug-resistant phenotypes encoded by the mdr1 and MRP (multidrug resistance-associated protein) genes. There is little information regarding the distribution, frequency, and origin of these mechanisms in cancer cells. Purpose We performed fluctuation analysis experiments with the human sarcoma cell line, MES-SA, to assess 1) if selection or induction mechanisms are involved in resistance to etoposide, 2) mutation rates for cellular resistance to etoposide, and 3) the nature of the single-step selected surviving clones. Methods Three groups of 10 flasks were seeded with more than 2000 cells each and allowed to grow to near confluence (approximately 3 x 10(6) cells per flask). After reseeding, each group received etoposide for 1 week at a final concentration of 0.5 microM (group A), 1.0 microM (group B), and 5.0 microM (group C). Surviving colonies in each of the 30 populations were scored and individually harvested. Results Mutation rates were estimated at 2.9 x 10(-6) (group A), 5.7 x 10(-7) (group B), and 1.7 x 10(-7) (group C) per cell generation. Of 61 propagated colonies, four of 26 from group A, five of 19 from group B, and none of 16 from group C were stably resistant. Analysis of variance supported the hypothesis of spontaneous mutations rather than induction, conferring etoposide resistance in groups A and B. Five of the stably resistant clones were cross-resistant to doxorubicin. Analysis by polymerase chain reaction failed to detect the expression of the multidrug-resistant gene mdr1 messenger RNA (mRNA) in any of the clones. No increase in expression of the MRP gene was observed. However, a significant decrease in both Topo II alpha and II beta mRNA (30%-70%) was found in six of seven stably resistant and six of six unstably resistant mutants. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that resistance to etoposide arises spontaneously, with most clones surviving either stochastically or through very labile mechanisms of resistance. The experimental design has derived a set of resistant mutants from a single-step selection. In those clones, decreased expression of Topo II is the predominant mechanism selected. Implications These findings suggest that stable resistance to etoposide chemotherapy may be acquired by selection of spontaneously arising mutants rather than induction by drug exposure. The stably resistant clones may represent descendants from a single mutational event in each population.
Are early myoclonic encephalopathy (EME) and the Ohtahara syndrome (EIEE) independent of each other

Abstract Background Early myoclonic encephalopathy (EME) and the Ohtahara syndrome are currently listed as two separate syndromes in the classification of epilepsies. The most prominent differentiating points are the observations that patients with Ohtahara syndrome experience predominantly tonic seizures; their seizures evolve to infantile spasms and the prognosis is often worse than patients with EME. Summary points We performed a literature review of published cases. Although syndromes may have distinct courses, the differentiation early on may be impossible as both myoclonus and tonic seizures may coexist. There is also an overlap in the etiologies. Tonic seizures are considered a manifestation of brainstem dysfunction and it is possible that this is more prominent in Ohtahara syndrome. To date, there are 17 autopsy cases (12 presumed to be Ohtahara cases and 5 EME). Evidence of hindbrain pathology was present in all. Tonic seizures or tonic posturing was a feature of all cases. We suggest that the two syndromes may represent a continuum and that the prominence of tonic seizures in the Ohtahara syndrome may be an indication of brainstem dysfunction which may play an important role in the subsequent transition to infantile spasms.
Bio-inspired supramolecular self-assembly towards soft nanomaterials

Supramolecular self-assembly has proven to be a reliable approach towards versatile nanomaterials based on multiple weak intermolecular forces. In this review, the development of bio-inspired supramolecular self-assembly into soft materials and their applications are summarized. Molecular systems used in bio-inspired “bottom-up self-assembly” involve small organic molecules, peptides or proteins, nucleic acids, and viruses. Self-assembled soft nanomaterials have been exploited in various applications such as inorganic nanomaterial synthesis, drug or gene delivery, tissue engineering, and so on.
Estimating test-retest reliability in functional MR imaging. I: Statistical methodology.

A common problem in the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data is quantifying the statistical reliability of an estimated activation map. While visual com- parison of the classified active regions across replications of an experiment can sometimes be informative, it is typically difficult to draw firm conclusions by inspection; noise and complex patterns in the estimated map make it easy to be misled. Here, several statistical models, of increasing com- plexity, are developed, under which “test-retest” reliability can be meaningfully defined and quantified. The method yields global measures of reliability that apply uniformly to a speci- fied set of brain voxels. The estimates of these reliability measures and their associated uncertainties under these models can be used to compare statistical methods, to set thresholds for detecting activation, and to optimize the num- ber of images that need to be acquired during an experiment. Key words: functional MRI; reliability; statistical methods; maximum likelihood.
Effects of morphine and methadone on serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels and on the secondary sex organs of the male rat.

The effects of morphine and methadone on the endocrine control of the male rat's sexual function were examined. The results indicate that these narcotics markedly reduce the structural and functional integrity of the secondary sex organs by producing a pronounced reduction in serum testosterone levels. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) were not detectable in narcotic-treated animals, whereas serum levels of the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were unaltered. On the basis of these observations, it seems reasonable to conclude that the narcotics inhibit the secretion of LH, by an action either in the hypothalamus (e.g., suppression of LH-releasing hormone) or directly in the pituitary gland, which leads to a reduction in serum testosterone levels and a subsequent reduction in the wet-tissue weight and secretory activity of the secondary sex organs.
Virulence of Verticillium lecanii and an Aphid-Derived Isolate of Beauveria bassiana (Fungi: Hyphomycetes) for Six Species of Cereal-Infesting Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)

An aphid-derived isolate of Beauveria bassiana (SGBB8601) and Verticillium lecanii (DNVL8701) were bioassayed against six species of globally distributed cereal-infesting aphids under controlled conditions. Aphids were immersed in conidial suspensions at concentrations ranging from 104 to 108 conidia/ml, each concentration being replicated six times with 20 aphids treated per replicate. Pathogenicity of both fungal species was confirmed on all the aphids tested, but in most cases, B. bassiana was more virulent than V. lecanii . The LC50 values for B. bassiana and V. lecanii were 8.2 × 104 and 4.1 × 105 conidia/ml, respectively, on Diuraphis noxia ; 2.1 × 105 and 9.8 × 105 on Schizaphis graminum ; 3.3 × 105 and 7.0 × 105 on Metapolophium dirhodum ; 1.1 × 105 and 1.3 × 106 on Sitobion avenae ; 2.1 × 106 and 8.9 × 105 on Rhopalosiphum maidis ; and 3.3 × 106 and 6.9 × 106 on R. padi . Statistical analysis indicated that there were substantial differences in susceptibility to the two pathogens and in virulence of each fungus to different aphid species. The LT50 values at all concentrations varied between the pathogens and among the aphid hosts with B. bassiana tending to kill aphids more rapidly. The mortality data were probit transformed, and a third-order polynomial model was fit to the data to describe responses of each host to conidial concentration and time after treatment. The potential for use of B. bassiana for aphid control is discussed.
Comparison of DIMBOA concentrations among wheat isolines and corresponding plant introduction lines

The concentration of a hydroxamic acid, also known as DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1, 4-benzoxazin-3-one), in 6-d old wheat seedlings was examined using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Wheat plant introduction (PI) lines PI 137739 (Dn1 gene), PI 262660 (Dn2 gene), and PI 294994 (Dn5 gene), the corresponding near-isogenic lines‘Betta’-Dn1, Betta-Dn2 and Betta-Dn5, and susceptible Betta wheat were used in the study. The Dn2 gene conferring Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), tolerance was not related to DIMBOA concentration in wheat. Of the lines with Dn1 and Dn5 genes that confer antibiosis to D. noxia, only lines with the Dn5 gene showed increased DIMBOA accumulation. However, the Dn5 and the DIMBOA biosynthesis genes are not located in the same chromosome group. Possible relationship between the Dn5 gene and DIMBOA accumulation was discussed. This study indicates that DIMBOA concentration does not completely explain D. noxia resistance in the wheat lines examined and a comprehensive examination of other allelochemicals (e.g., phenolics) is necessary.
Conceptual machines that demonstrate intuitively the existence of Brouwer fixed points

This note gives a proof of the Brouwer fixed point theorem by appeal to mechanical intuition. A sequence of machines is described for each real dimension greater than unity. As a sufficiently large force is applied to this mechanism, the coordinates of certain components can be made arbitrarily close to positions which are analogs of a fixed point.
Isomeric fatty acids: evaluating status and implications for maternal and child health.

“Isomeric fatty acids” is a term that refers to the trans- and positional isomers formed during hydrogenation of naturally occurring oils. The purposes of this paper are as follows: (i) to summarize potential exposure of infants to isomeric fatty acids by reviewing estimates of isomeric fatty acids in the maternal diet, in human milk, and in infant formula/infant foods, and (ii) to evaluate the evidence for adverse effects of isomeric fatty acids on infant development with respect to growth and essential fatty acid status. Estimates of the intake of trans-fatty acids vary widely both within and across populations. Current estimates of trans-fatty acids in the North American population are 4–11% of total fatty acids or 3–13 g/(person·d), whereas in Mediterranean countries in which olive oil is the primary fat and in Far Eastern countries in which little commercially hydrogenated fat is consumed, per capita consumption of trans-fatty acids is <1–2 g/d. The trans-fatty acid content of human milk reflects the cross-cultural variation in the maternal diet, with trans-fatty acids in human milk samples ranging from 6 to 7% in North America to <0.5% in Hong Kong. Trans-fatty acids are transferred from the maternal diet through the placenta to the developing fetus or through milk to the breast-fed infant. In some studies, plasma trans-fatty acids are inversely related to birth weight and head circumference. The hypothesis that dietary trans-fatty acids could inhibit biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 and 22 carbon atoms and thus affect infant development is supported by studies demonstrating an inverse correlation of plasma trans-fatty acids with n−3 and n−6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infants. However, no such relationship has been observed in human milk. A definitive answer concerning a potentially adverse effect of dietary trans-fatty acids on infant development awaits future studies.
Supraglacial Stream Dynamics on the Juneau Icefield

ABSTRACT Measurements of discharge, reach morphology, and cross-section morphology in supraglacial streams on the Juneau Icefield reveal controlling variables that have analogous counterparts in alluvial streams. Downward sky radiation imparts a strong diurnal pattern to supraglacial runoff generated by saturated slush flows, precipitation and melting, channel erossion, and spillover from water-filled moulins, crevasses, and supraglacial lakes. Supraglacial streams are generated when runoff is concentrated on glacier slopes and rates of incision exceed rates of glacier surface ablation. Streams leave the surface via moulins and crevasses where the water becomes part of the englacial and subglacial drainage systems. Meander systems develop and migrate downstream, driven by thermal erosion with heat supplied by climatic and hydrologic sources. Sinuosity attains a maximum value, in the absence of other roughness factors, when high stream power is imposed from an adjacent upstream reach. Form-process relation...
Error-rate performance of optical amplifiers with Fabry-Perot filters

The error-rate performance of an ON-OFF keyed lightwave receiver having an optical amplifier followed by a Fabry-Perot filter is analysed. Receivers with sampling and with integrate-and-dump threshold comparison are compared with the well known result for a matched optical filter. The Fabry-Perot filter decreases the sensitivity at 10/sup -9/error rate from 76 to 89 photon/bit (peak) with optimum optical filter bandwidth and postdetection integration time. >
NASAL LYMPHOID TISSUE, INTRANASAL IMMUNIZATION, AND COMPARTMENTALIZATION OF THE COMMON MUCOSAL IMMUNE SYSTEM

Mucosal application of vaccines with an appropriate adjuvant can induce immune responses at both systemic and mucosal sites, and therefore may prevent not only infectious disease, but also colonization at mucosal surfaces. Intranasal is more effective than intragastric immunization at generating earlier and stronger mucosal immune responses. Nasal lymphoid tissue (NALT) and its local draining lymph nodes may retain long-term immune memory. IgA isotype switching, and the differentiation and maturation of IgA antibody-secreting cells (ASC) may occur before these cells migrate out of NALT, whereas IgG ASC responses require passage of the cells through draining lymph nodes of the NALT. Knowledge of whether immune memory cells can recirculate to and reside in the inductive sites other than their origin after encountering antigen will be helpful for understanding the compartmentalization of the common mucosal immune system as well as for determining the best route for delivering a mucosal vaccine against a particular pathogen.
A Markov model of solar energy space and hot water heating systems

Abstract This paper presents a Markov model approach to the generalized solar energy space heating performance analysis problem. Specifically, Markov chain models are developed to represent ambient temperature, insolation, hot water load and system performance. From the Markov transition probability matrices for these variables, long-term expected performance is calculated. The theoretical development is implemented in FORTRAN IV on a Control Data 6400 Computer System. Computational experience gained, using STOLAR 3.1 (STOchastic soLAR energy systems model), indicates the stochastic approach requires approximately five per cent of the time necessary for standard dynamic simulation approaches with comparable performance results. The method also compared favorably with FCHART, a simplified design procedure.
MENTAL CAUSATION FROM THE TOP-DOWN

Dual-attribute theories are alleged to face a problem with mental causation which commits them to either epiphenomenalism or overdetermination – neither of which is attractive. The problem, however, is predicated on assumptions about psychophysical relations that dual-attribute theorists are not obliged to accept. I explore one way they can solve the problem by rejecting those assumptions.
Increased Levetiracetam Clearance Associated with a Breakthrough Seizure in a Pregnant Patient Receiving Once/Day Extended-Release Levetiracetam

The use of levetiracetam for the treatment of epilepsy in women of childbearing age has increased as more evidence of teratogenicity of other broad-spectrum antiepileptic medications becomes available. Levetiracetam appears to be associated with a low incidence of major congenital malformations based on data from pregnancy registries. Major pregnancy-related changes in the pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam have been described in several case series, demonstrating a role for careful therapeutic drug monitoring of levetiracetam in pregnant patients. Extended-release levetiracetam provides a way to improve medication adherence in adults with epilepsy by allowing once/day dosing and may be considered for use in pregnancy to minimize the fluctuation of levetiracetam levels throughout the day, thus potentially minimizing dose-related adverse effects. In this case report, we describe a 16-year-old, compliant, pregnant patient who experienced subtherapeutic levetiracetam blood concentrations that occurred with use of extended-release levetiracetam. She experienced a breakthrough seizure with once/day dosing during her third trimester with low subsequent trough levels despite multiple dose increases. After changing to twice/day dosing of extended-release levetiracetam at delivery, the patient experienced no seizures and delivered a healthy infant without complications. This is the first case report, to our knowledge, to describe seizure breakthrough during pregnancy with an extended-release formulation of an antiepileptic medication. Pharmacokinetic changes associated with pregnancy may increase apparent clearance of extended-release formulations of levetiracetam, leading to periods of subtherapeutic blood or central nervous system concentrations. These changes support the important role of therapeutic monitoring of levetiracetam plasma concentrations to help maintain seizure control in women with epilepsy during pregnancy.
An Investigation of Metrics for the In Situ Detection of Software Expertise

Task-based analysis is a common and effective way to measure expertise levels of software users. However, such assessments typically require in-person laboratory studies and inherently require knowledge of the user's task. Today, there is no accepted method for assessing a user's expertise levels outside of a lab, during a user's own home or work environment activities. In this article, we explore the feasibility of software applications automatically inferring a user's expertise levels, based on the user's in situ usage patterns. We outline the potential usage metrics that may be indicative of expertise levels and then perform a study, where we capture such metrics, by installing logging software in the participants' own workplace environments. We then invite those participants into a laboratory study and perform a more traditional task-based assessment of expertise. Our analysis of the study examines if metrics captured in situ, without any task knowledge, can be indicative of user expertise levels. The...
A skeleton of Mesoscalops (Mammalia, Insectivora) from the Miocene Deep River Formation, Montana, and a review of the proscalopid moles: evolutionary, functional, and stratigraphic relationships

ABSTRACT A nearly complete and partially articulated skeleton of Mesoscalops, a genus of fossorial insectivore hitherto known only by isolated teeth and some bones of the forelimb, is described and compared with other proscalopids, talpids, and chrysochlorids. The skeleton (UWBM 54708) is more complete than that of any proscalopid known to date, and provides a basis for description of the previously unknown vertebral column, ribs, articulated forelimb including the scapula, clavicle, manubrium, pelvis, femur, fibula, astragalus, and metatarsals. UWBM 54708, from the Hemingfordian or Barstovian Deep River Formation, Meagher County, Montana, represents a new species, M. montanensis. The skull of M. montanensis more closely resembles Whitneyan than late Arikareean proscalopids, suggesting that Mesoscalops was derived from a Whitneyan form of Proscalops. The morphology of proscalopids, as exemplified by Mesoscalops montanensis, reflects a unique digging stroke and differs from that of talpids to a greater deg...
Fabrication of submicron titanium-alloy particles for biological response studies

Biologic response to generated wear particles and subsequent aseptic loosening is a critical factor limiting the long-term survival of total hip replacements. To better understand the sequence of events leading to aseptic loosening and the role of the individual material components, fabricating metal particles similar to those present clinically is very important. We describe a simple milling technique to generate significant amounts of fine titanium-alloy (TiAlV) debris. A TiAlV rod was milled against a TiAlV plate in distilled water supplemented with antibiotics. The resulting debris were sedimented in alcohol and the fine debris were separated. Scanning electron microscopy analysis and particle size analysis demonstrated that the mean size of particles was 1.1 ± 0.9 μm (range 0.2–4.2 μm). Sixty-two percent were smaller than 1.0 μm, and 85% were smaller than 2.0 μm. The particles generated had varying shapes, including angular or shardlike shapes with jagged and irregular outlines. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 48: 220–223, 1999
AN ULTRADEEP SURVEY FOR IRREGULAR SATELLITES OF URANUS: LIMITS TO COMPLETENESS

We present a deep optical survey of Uranus's Hill sphere for small satellites. The 8 m Subaru Telescope was used to survey about 3.5 square degrees with a 50% detection efficiency at limiting red magnitude mR = 26.1. This magnitude corresponds to objects that are about 7 km in radius (assuming an albedo of 0.04). We detected (without prior knowledge of their positions) all previously known outer satellites and discovered two new irregular satellites (S/2001 U2 and S/2003 U3). The two inner satellites Titania and Oberon were also detected. One of the newly discovered bodies (S/2003 U3) is the first known irregular prograde satellite of the planet. The population, size distribution, and orbital parameters of Uranus's irregular satellites are remarkably similar to those of the irregular satellites of gas giant Jupiter. Both have shallow size distributions (power-law indices q ~ 2 for radii larger than 7 km) with no correlation between the sizes of the satellites and their orbital parameters. However, unlike those of Jupiter, Uranus's irregular satellites do not appear to occupy tight, distinct dynamical groups in semimajor-axis versus inclination phase space. Two groupings in semimajor-axis versus eccentricity phase space appear to be statistically significant.
Studies on the mechanism of action of calciferol III. Vitamin D-mediated increase of intestinal brush border alkaline phosphatase activity

Abstract 1. 1. Experiments were carried out to elucidate some of the biochemical consequences of vitamin D administration, in vivo, in its target organ, the intestinal mucosa. Oral administration of 500 I.U. of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) to vitamin D-deficient chicks causes the level of alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.1) of intestinal mucosal homogenates to increase 2–3-fold. The increased level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity is maximal 60 h after the administration of the vitamin. 2. 2. The intestinal alkaline phosphatase(s) of both vitamin D-deficient and vitamin D-treated chicks is localized exclusively in the brush border or microvilli fraction, the site of many intestinal absorption activities. Also the brush border levels of Ca2+-stimulated ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) are elevated after vitamin D administration; however, vitamin D treatment causes no change in the levels of investase (δ- d -fructofuranoside fructohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.26) and other related disaccharidases which are localized in the intestinal brush border fraction. 3. 3. The rise in intestinal brush border alkaline phosphatase mediated by vitamin D can be prevented by the administration in vivo of cycloheximide. This suggests that the vitamin induces the de novo synthesis of this enzyme. 4. 4. The simultaneous time-course of appearance of (a) increased levels of brush border alkaline phosphatase and (b) the increased rate of transport of calcium, measured in vivo across intact segments of ileal tissue after oral vitamin D3 administration, suggests a functional involvement of alkaline phosphatase in vitamin D-mediated calcium transport.
ECM Compliance Regulates Osteogenesis by Influencing MAPK Signaling Downstream of RhoA and ROCK

The compliance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) regulates osteogenic differentiation by modulating extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity. However, the molecular mechanism linking ECM compliance to the ERK-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway remains unclear. Furthermore, RhoA has been widely implicated in integrin-mediated signaling and mechanotransduction. We studied the relationship between RhoA and ERK-MAPK signaling to determine their roles in the regulation of osteogenesis by ECM compliance. Inhibition of RhoA and ROCK in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts cultured on substrates of varying compliance reduced ERK activity, whereas constitutively active RhoA enhanced it. The expression of RUNX2, a potent osteogenic transcription factor, was increased on stiffer matrices and correlated with elevated ERK activity. Inhibition of RhoA, ROCK, or the MAPK pathway diminished RUNX2 activity and delayed the onset of osteogenesis as shown by altered osteocalcin (OCN) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) gene expression, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and matrix mineralization. These data establish that one possible mechanism by which ECM rigidity regulates osteogenic differentiation involves MAPK activation downstream of the RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway.
The concentration of metallic constituents by volcanic emanations

This paper discusses the concentration of metallic constituents by means of the vapor-phase activity of an igneous body. Many geologists and geochemists have considered the possibility of such concentration; and its probability became apparent after studying the incrustations found in the volcanic area of Alaska known as the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. In this Valley, approximately a cubic mile of a rhyolitic pumice was deposited after having been blown through the old floor of the Valley. Many fumaroles are located in the pumiceous area. The persistence of relatively high temperatures (97° to 650°) and great volumes of steam since the eruption in 1912 indicate that the emanations derive their heat from a fairly deep-seated igneous body.
A stabilized conforming nodal integration for Galerkin mesh-free methods

Domain integration by Gauss quadrature in the Galerkin mesh-free methods adds considerable complexity to solution procedures. Direct nodal integration, on the other hand, leads to a numerical instability due to under integration and vanishing derivatives of shape functions at the nodes. A strain smoothing stabilization for nodal integration is proposed to eliminate spatial instability in nodal integration. For convergence, an integration constraint (IC) is introduced as a necessary condition for a linear exactness in the mesh-free Galerkin approximation. The gradient matrix of strain smoothing is shown to satisfy IC using a divergence theorem. No numerical control parameter is involved in the proposed strain smoothing stabilization. The numerical results show that the accuracy and convergent rates in the mesh-free method with a direct nodal integration are improved considerably by the proposed stabilized conforming nodal integration method. It is also demonstrated that the Gauss integration method fails to meet IC in mesh-free discretization. For this reason the proposed method provides even better accuracy than Gauss integration for Galerkin mesh-free method as presented in several numerical examples. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Altered Biodistribution and Incidental Findings on Myocardial Perfusion Imaging

Myocardial perfusion studies routinely are performed to evaluate for the presence and extent of coronary artery disease. The findings have prognostic and therapeutic implications. Routine display of the raw projection images allows visualization of regions adjacent to the heart in which there may be incidental findings that are nonsignificant but in other instances are clinically important. Such incidental findings may cause artifacts and therefore need to be considered when interpreting the perfusion images. These findings may also indicate other cardiovascular conditions and sometimes show important noncardiac pathology. To properly interpret these findings, one must be familiar with normal uptake and kinetics of the cardiac perfusion tracers and have a solid understanding of image acquisition, reconstruction, and processing techniques. Thus, on single-photon emission computed tomography radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging, raw projection images must be reviewed routinely and systematically for any incidental findings that might affect image interpretation and/or could indicate other disease.
The phenomenon of nonclinical panic: Parameters of panic, fear, and avoidance

Abstract Despite an emerging body of research that reveals many similarities between nonclinical and clinical panickers, little research has examined theoretically relevant parameters of panic, fear, and avoidance among nonclinical panickers. Accordingly, the present investigation administered the Panic Attack Questionnaire to 188 college students who also completed an extensive battery to assess anxiety sensitivity, fear-of-fear cognitions, self-focused and body-focused attentional dispositions, coping strategies, trait anxiety, and depression. Conservative DSM-III-R panic criteria produced 26.6% past-year panickers and 13.8% past-month panickers. Substantial panic phenomenology similarities were evident between these nonclinical panickers and other studies' samples of clinical and nonclinical panickers. Relative to nonpanickers, panickers reported higher levels of anxiety sensitivity, fear-of-fear cognitions, trait anxiety, depression, and emotion-oriented coping, as well as body-focused (but not generally self-focused) attention. Results are considered in the contexts of a continuity perspective on panic and its biopsyhosocial mediation.
Detention Decision-Making in a Predominantly Hispanic Region: Rural and Non-Rural Differences

This study examines the implementation of juvenile detention policy by comparing decision making in two jurisdictions where Hispanics represent the numerical majority of the population. One jurisdiction is rural and the other is a jurisdiction with over 1000,000 population. Interviews with juvenile justice probation and parole officers and judges are combined with a quantitative analysis of official records from 1994. Detention decision making is different in these jurisdictions. There is more formal processing and detention of juveniles in the rural jurisdiction. This is attributable to a perception of the community as heterogeneous rather than homogeneous, and a lack of alternatives as compared to the non-rural jurisdiction.