cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motor unit number estimation by spatial‐temporal summation of single motor unit potentials

Current techniques for motor unit number estimation (MUNE) rely on the amplitude of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) evoked by supramaximal stimulation and mean amplitude of single motor unit potentials (SMUPs). The phase cancellation during summation is not considered. We developed a technique to address this issue. Slow and fast types of motor unit potentials were collected from 5 normal subjects from their abductor pollicis brevis muscles by low-level voluntary contractions, and near-threshold nerve stimulation, respectively. Two of each type of SMUPs were used as templates for reconstructing the best fitted CMAP using a feed-forward neural network. The total number of SMUPs simulated from the four templates during the reconstruction served as MUNE. The mean MUNE was 222 ± 98. The technique is simple and noninvasive, and may be applied in the future for MUNE in patients. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve, 20, 461–468, 1997
Near-infrared (0.67–4.7 μm) optical constants estimated for montmorillonite

Abstract Optical constants are estimated from near-infrared reflectance spectra of the smectite clay montmorillonite using an iterative combination of particulate scattering theory and Kramers–Kronig analysis. The final results provide wavelength dependent imaginary indices of refraction similar to previous studies, but in addition produce wavelength dependent real indices of refraction, unlike most previous studies. A comparison of the values derived here to those previously reported for montmorillonite shows that the maxima absorption coefficient values from the two studies are in excellent agreement, and in other wavelength regions the two studies agree to within about a factor of two. This suggests that the approach presented can provide a reliable mechanism of estimating the wavelength dependence of both the real and imaginary indices for materials at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. The resulting near-infrared values are combined with mid-infrared values of the same sample to provide optical constants of montmorillonite over the 0.66–25 μm wavelength region.
Improved bounds for the chromatic index of graphs and multigraphs

We show that coloring the edges of a multigraph G in a particular order often leads to improved upper bounds for the chromatic index χ′(G). Applying this to simple graphs, we significantly generalize recent conditions based on the core of G 〈i.e., the subgraph of G induced by the vertices of degree Δ(G)〉, which insure that χ′(G) = Δ(G). Finally, we show that $\chi '(G) \leq \Delta (G) + \lceil \sqrt{\mu (G)}\rceil $ in any multigraph G in which every cycle of length larger than 2 contains a simple edge, where μ(G) is the largest edge multiplicity in G. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 32: 311–326, 1999
Synthesis of hydridotriosmium complexes containing isomeric μ-carboxamido, {μ(O, C)-OC(NHR)}, μ-formamido, {μ(O, N)-OC(H)N(R)}, and μ-iminyl, {μ(C, N)-C(OR′)=NR}, groups. Crystal and molecular structure of Os3{μ-H,μ-C(OR′)=NCH3}(CO)10, R′ = C (=O)NHCH3

Primary or secondary aliphatic amines are observed to react with Os3(CO)12 in excess amine or other polar solvents at temperatures in the range −10 to 25 ° C. One mole of CO is evolved and a μ(O,C)-carboxamido complex (1) is isolated in high yield: Os3{μ-H,μ-OCNR′R}(CO)10 (1a, R = Me, R′= H; 1b, R = R′ = Me; 1c, R = n-Pr, R′ = H, 1d, R = n-Bu, R′ = H; 1e, R = Et, R′ = H). The 1H NMR spectrum of 1e indicates the existence of two isomers due to the restricted rotation around the CN bond of the μ-carboxamido group. Reaction of methyl or ethyl isocyanate with Os3{μ-H}2(CO)10 at room temperature under N2 gives three principal products: a μ(O,N)-formamido complex, Os3{μ-H,μ-OC(H)NR}(CO)10 (2), the μ(O,C)-carboxamido complex, 1, and a μ(C,N)-iminylurethane complex, Os3{μ-H,μ-C(OR′)=NR}(CO)10, (4, R′ = C(=O)NHR). Product 1 in this reaction arises from isomerization of an intermediate μ(C,N)-hydroxyiminyl complex, Os3{μ-H,μ-C(OH)=NR)(CO)10 (3). This complex is isolated upon initial chromatography of the reaction mixture. For the isomerization of 3 to 1, t12 17.5 d in CDCl3 solution, Ea 92 kJ/mol. Spectroscopic data indicate that 3 is a mixture of tautomers in ratio of 191 in CDCl3: Os3{μ-H,μ-C(OH)NCH3}(CO)10 (3-enol) and Os3{μ-H,μ-C(=O)N(H)CH3}(CO)10 (3-keto). The structure of 4 has been determined at −158 °C using a Syntex P1 computer-automated diffractometer and graphite-monochromatized Mo-Kα radiation. Some 2936 unique reflections with I > 3σ(I) were used in the refinement to give final discrepancy indices of R = 0.030 and Rw = 0.037. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c in a cell having the dimensions of a 13.413(3) A, b 16.712(3) A, c 9.400(3) A, and β 95.01(2)°. The calculated density is 3.06 g cm−3. The location of the three Os atoms was determined from the Patterson map. All other nonhydrogen atoms were then located by difference maps. The two hydrogen atoms, one bridging the edge of the cluster and the other attached to the nitrogen atom, were located after all but the two methyl carbon atoms were refined anisotropically; the latter two atoms were included in the refinement as members of rigid methyl groups. The crystal consists of discrete molecules. Three osmium atoms form a nearly isosceles triangle (Os(1)-Os(2) 2.882(1) A, Os(1)-Os(3) 2.881(1) A, Os(2)-Os(3) 2.923(1) A). An N-methyl-iminyl group with a urethane derivative on the carbon atom is bridging across Os(2) and Os(3) through the carbon and nitrogen atoms, respectively. The two metal atoms Os(2) and Os(3) are also bridged by a hydrogen atom outside the trimetal plane and away from the bridging iminyl group. The metal bonded carbonyl groups are all terminal.
Precision of Echocardiographic Estimates of Right Atrial Pressure in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Background Several methods that estimate right atrial pressure (RAP) from echocardiographic parameters have been proposed. However, their precision (i.e., how much they decrease RAP estimation uncertainty) is unknown. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate and compare the precision of previously proposed RAP estimates in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Methods Echocardiographic and invasive hemodynamic data were acquired in 75 patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Measurements were made at the start and 48 to 72 hours after the beginning of treatment. RAP was estimated by method 1, using the cutoffs defined by inferior vena cava diameter (IVCd) and IVCd percentage change (IVCd%change) during inspiration, and by method 2, using IVCd%change and systolic to diastolic hepatic flow ratio (S/D hep ). Method 3 was used in patients with sinus rhythm, using the ratio of early tricuspid inflow and early diastolic tissue Doppler tricuspid annular velocities (E/E′ ta ). RAP was also estimated by resting IVCd, IVCd during inspiration, IVCd%change, right ventricular regional isovolumetric relaxation time, E/E′ ta , right atrial volume index, S/D hep , right ventricular Tei index, right ventricular E/A, and right atrial emptying fraction. Precision gain was measured as the difference between the standard deviation of RAP and the standard error of the estimate of RAP. Results Method 1 ( r = 0.48, P r = 0.49, P r = 0.41, P r = 0.40, P Conclusion In patients with advanced heart failure, echocardiographic RAP prediction methods showed only modest precision. Furthermore, none of the tested methods resulted in clinically relevant improvements of RAP estimates. Estimating RAP from a single IVCd measurement is at least as precise as using complex prediction methods.
Non-stoichiometry, electrical properties, and cation diffusion in highly non-stoichiometric Co1−xO—I. Experimental†☆

Abstract Non-stoichiometry and mass and electrical transport properties were measured in pure, single crystal Co 1− x O with 0.003 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.044. Electrical conductivity and thermopower were measured at temperatures from 1000°C to 1200°C in a range of oxygen partial pressures, P o 2 , of 0.21 to 32atm. The cation tracer diffusion coefficient was measured at 1200°C in the same pressure range, and at 3.7 atm from 1064°C to 1200°C. Electrical properties were used to locate the Co 1− x O/Co 3 O 4 phase boundary. All properties show a stronger p o 2 , dependence than predicted by a point defect theory based on ideal solutions. Analysis of the temperature dependence of hole mobility produced an activation energy for small polaron hopping of 0.37 ± 0.04 eV.
The Effect of Noncontingent Positive Versus Negative Reinforcement on Multiply Controlled Behavior During Discrete Trial Training

Challenging behaviors with multiple functions are often difficult to treat as function-based treatments may interfere with one another. Noncontingent reinforcement may be one efficient and effective means of treating multiply controlled behavior. The purposes of this study were to compare the use of noncontingent tangible reinforcement (NCT) to noncontingent escape (NCE) with two young children with autism who engaged in multiply controlled challenging behavior. Second, we wished to examine the effect of NCT and NCE on compliance during discrete trial training. A reversal design with an embedded alternating treatment design was used to compare NCT and NCE. The NCT treatment resulted in greater reductions of challenging behavior than the NCE treatment for both participants. Compliance during discrete trial training increased under both NCT and NCE treatments.
Identification of N-linked glycosylation sites using glycoprotein digestion with pronase prior to MALDI tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Glycopeptides are typically prepared by cleaving the proteins with specific proteolytic enzymes, such as trypsin. The resulting glycopeptides tend to have weak mass spectrometry ion signals (ESI or MALDI) due to their relatively large molecular weight. The identification of glycosylation sites with tandem mass spectrometry is further complicated by fragmentation of both the peptide backbone and the glycan moiety. We explored a method using a nonspecific enzyme, pronase, to generate small glycopeptides (between two and six amino acids). These glycopeptides were enriched and desalted using a microscale hydrophilic interaction chromatography extraction device prior to MALDI QTof MS analysis. MALDI matrix, 2, 5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, doped with ammonium triscitrate, was utilized for analysis. Sodiated ions were observed as minor ions, while protonated ions were enhanced dramatically with this matrix. Collision-induced dissociation was performed on both the protonated and sodiated ions. MS/MS fragmentation spe...
Cerebral ventricular size in panic disorder

Computed axial brain tomography was studied in 25 patients with panic disorder. Patients had normal ventricular-brain ratio (VBR) compared to published norms. There was a significant association between VBR and duration of benzodiazepine use.
The Application of an Asthma Severity Index in Patients With Potentially Fatal Asthma

The asthma severity index (ASI) is proposed as a tool to monitor the course of patients with increased risk of asthma-related morbidity and mortality. The ASI is a weighted summary of the diagnostic features of potentially fatal asthma (PFA). Fifteen patients with PFA were evaluated with ASIs calculated for the intervals 1 year prior to and 1 year following management by our allergy-immunology service. In each patient, a reduction was noted in the ASI following management, which corresponded to a reduction in asthma events. The ASI will have utility in the evaluation of chronic asthma treatment and in patient education.
Spontaneous growth and bone age development in a patient with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency: Evidence of the role of sexual steroids in prepubertal bone maturation

A male pseudohermaphrodite with 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency and complete nonvirilization was monitored for excessive weight from the age of 3.5 to 11.5 years before the absence of sex steroids was detected. The retrospective analysis of growth data showed retarded bone age development despite adequate growth, which led to a remarkable increase in final height prognosis.
Nonlinear dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete shear wall structures

Abstract During strong ground motions, structural members made of reinforced concrete undergo cyclic deformations and experience permanent damage. Members may lose their initial stiffness as well as strength. Recently, Los Alamos National Laboratory has performed experiments on scale models of shear wall structures subjected to recorded earthquake signals. In general, the results indicated that the measured structural stiffnesses decreased with increased levels of excitation in the linear response region. Furthermore, a significant reduction in strength as well as in stiffness is also observed in the inelastic range. Since the in-structure floor response spectra which are used to design and qualify safety equipment have been based on calculated structural stiffness and frequencies, it is possible that certain safety equipment could experience greater seismic loads than were specified for qualification due to stiffness reduction. In this research, a hysteresis model based on the concept of accumulated damage has been developed to account for this stiffness degradation both in the linear and inelastic ranges. Single and three-degrees-of-freedom seismic Category I structures were analysed and compared with equivalent linear stiffness degradation models in terms of maximum displacement responses, permanent displacement, and floor response spectra. The results indicate significant differences in response between the hysteresis model and equivalent linear stiffness degradation model at PGA levels of greater than 0.8 g. The hysteresis model is used in the analysis of reinforced concrete shear-wall structures to obtain the in-structure response spectra. Results of both cumulative and one shot tests are compared.
Genital tract abnormalities in female rats exposed todiethylstilbestrol in utero

Abstract Genital tract morphology in 14-month old female rats exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol (DES) was analyzed as part of an examination of the effects of transplacental exposure to DES on estrogen sensitive tissues. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with sesame oil alone or with DES in sesame oil on days 10 and 13 of gestation (total dose 1.2 μg DES) or on days 15 and 18 (total dose 1.2μg or 120 μg DES). Female offspring (9–15 per group) were sacrificed at 14 months of age. Effects of DES exposure varied with the dose given and with the stage of differentiation of the fetal tissues. In the ovaries of rats exposed to 120 μg of DES on days 15 and 18 of gestation, follicular elements were reduced and replaced by dense sheets of stromal cells; oophoritis was noted in five of nine rats. Hypercellularity of oviductal stroma was another common feature, as was suppurative salpingitis. Ovaries of rats exposed to 1.2 μg DES on days 10 and 13 of gestation were more likely to contain numerous corpora lutea than the other DES-exposed groups or controls. An increased incidence of benign uterine abnormalities was observed in DES-exposed offspring, including squamous metaplasia and suppurative endometritis. In the cervices of all nine rats exposed to 120 μg DES on days 15 and 18 of gestation, the epithelial surface showed a convoluted pattern, lined by stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal cells. Thus, prenatal exposure to DES, especially at the higher dose used, has long-term consequences on reproductive tract morphology in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Role of the Seed Bank in the Development of Vegetation on a Freshwater Marsh Created from Dredge Spoil

The contribution of the seed bank to the early serai flora of a wetland created in Sandusky Bay, Ohio, using dredge spoil was evaluated by comparing results from greenhouse germination experiments with those from field surveys. Germinable seeds were patchily distributed both among and within the three dredge spoil-filled marsh areas and the unfilled control area. The unfilled control had the most diverse seed bank (22 species), though not the densest (1,029 germinable seeds/m2 of marsh bottom down to 10 cm). The seed banks of the spoil-filled areas averaged 13 species (range 7–15) and 980 germinable seeds/m2 (range 300–1,711). Total seed bank density was 1/6 to 1/20 of those of natural wetlands. Germination conditions were the most important factor governing seedling emergence, with more germination occurring in mudflat conditions than submerged conditions. Approximately 18% of the total early seral flora and 28% of the early wetland species flora were represented in the seed bank, though again the proportions were higher in the unfilled control area than in the dredge-spoil filled cells. The seed bank and early seral floras differed little from species lists in historical records of the area. Many of the early seral species cited as important as wildlife or waterfowl food sources originated in the seed bank whereas the major pest species dispersed into the study site from outside the marsh. The above findings are useful for predicting vegetation dynamics of dredge-spoil wetlands suitable for waterfowl and other wildlife.
The design exemplar: A new data structure for embodiment design automation

A key issue in developing new intelligent computer aided design and manufacturing tools (CAD/CAM) is knowledge representation. Engineering knowledge has been represented in many forms, such as rule sets, design procedures, features, frames, and semantic networks. Some of these are domain dependent, some are query dependent, and some require specialized inferencing engines or solving algorithms, thus providing a severe limitation for exchange and re-use of design knowledge. A standard representation structure that is capable of encapsulating different types of knowledge would be a useful tool. The design exemplar provides a standard representation of mechanical engineering design problem knowledge based upon a canonically derived set of entities and relationships. The data structure of the design exemplar facilitates four basic design tasks: pattern matching, property extraction, design validation, and change propagation. This paper shows that it is possible to map the design exemplar to other representations (procedures, rules, and features). The concept of integrating atomic design exemplars into composite networks for performing complex design tasks is also introduced as a tool for developing and applying the design exemplar in engineering design automation.
A Sequence of Unique Quaternary Griesmer Codes

This paper establishes that there is no [98,5,72]_{4} code. Such a code would meet the Griesmer bound and the weights of its codewords would all be divisible by 4. The proof of nonexistence uses the uniqueness of codes with parameters [n,4,n - 5]4,14 ≤ n ≤ 17. The uniqueness of these codes for n ≥ 15 had been established geometrically by others; but it is rederived here, along with that of the [14,4,9]4 code, by exploiting the Hermitian form obtained when the weight function is read modulo 2.
Patterns of ubiquitylation and SUMOylation associated with exposure to anoxia in embryos of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus

Embryos of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus acquire extreme tolerance to anoxia during embryonic development. These embryos can survive environmental and cellular conditions that would likely result in death in the majority of vertebrate cells, despite experiencing a massive loss of ATP. It is highly likely that the initial response to anoxia must quickly alter cellular physiology to reprogram cell signaling and metabolic pathways to support anaerobiosis. Covalent protein modifications are a mechanism that can quickly act to effect large-scale changes in protein structure and function and have been suggested by others to play a key role in mammalian ischemia tolerance. Using Western blot analysis, we explored patterns of protein ubiquitylation and SUMOylation in embryos of A. limnaeus exposed to anoxia and anoxic preconditioning. Surprisingly, we report stage-specific protein ubiquitylation patterns that suggest different mechanisms for altering protein turnover in dormant and actively developing embryos that both survive long-term anoxia. Anoxic preconditioning does not appear to alter levels of ubiquitin conjugates in a unique manner. Global SUMOylation of proteins does not change in response to anoxia, but there are stage-specific changes in SUMOylation of specific protein bands. Contrary to other systems, global changes in protein SUMOylation may not be required to support long-term tolerance to anoxia in embryos of A. limnaeus. These data lead us to conclude that embryos of A. limnaeus respond to anoxia in a unique manner compared to other vertebrate models of anoxia tolerance and may provide novel mechanisms for engineering vertebrate tissues to survive long-term anoxia.
Characterization of fully 2′-modified oligoribonucleotide hetero- and homoduplex hybridization and nuclease sensitivity

The nuclease stability and melting temperatures (Tm) were compared for fully modified oligoribonucleotide sequences containing 2'-fluoro, 2'-O-methyl, 2'-O-propyl and 2'-O-pentyl nucleotides. Duplexes formed between 2' modified oligoribonucleotides and RNA have typical A-form geometry as observed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Modifications, with the exception of 2'-O-pentyl, were observed to increase the Tm of duplexes formed with complementary RNA. Modified homoduplexes showed significantly higher Tms, with the following Tm order: 2'-fluoro:2'fluoro > 2'-O-propyl:2'-O-propyl > 2'-O-methyl:2'-O- methyl > RNA:RNA > DNA:DNA. The nuclease stability of 2'-modified oligoribonucleotides was examined using snake venom phosphodiesterase (SVPD) and nuclease S1. The stability imparted by 2' modifications was observed to correlate with the size of the modification. An additional level of nuclease stability was present in oligoribonucleotides having the potential for forming secondary structure, but only for 2' modified oligoribonucleotides and not for 2'-deoxy oligoribonucleotides.
A Republic of Men: The American Founders, Gendered Language, and Patriarchal Politics

What role did manhood play in early American Politics? In A Republic of Men, Mark E. Kann argues that the American founders aspired to create a "republic of men" but feared that "disorderly men" threatened its birth, health, and longevity. Kann demonstrates how hegemonic norms of manhood-exemplified by "the Family Man," for instance--were deployed as a means of stigmatizing unworthy men, rewarding responsible men with citizenship, and empowering exceptional men with positions of leadership and authority, while excluding women from public life. Kann suggests that the founders committed themselves in theory to the democratic proposition that all men were created free and equal and could not be governed without their own consent, but that they in no way believed that "all men" could be trusted with equal liberty, equal citizenship, or equal authority. The founders developed a "grammar of manhood" to address some difficult questions about public order. Were America's disorderly men qualified for citizenship? Were they likely to recognize manly leaders, consent to their authority, and defer to their wisdom? A Republic of Men compellingly analyzes the ways in which the founders used a rhetoric of manhood to stabilize American politics.
Effect of nanoclay on shrinkage control of low profile unsaturated polyester (UP) resin cured at room temperature

Abstract The addition of a small amount of nanoclay (1–3 wt%) can provide excellent volume shrinkage control of unsaturated polyester (UP)/styrene (St)/poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) systems cured at room temperature. PVAc serves as the low profile additive (LPA). In this study, both temperature-induced phase separation of the uncured resin mixture and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the cured sample revealed that nanoclay resided in the LPA-rich phase, leading to a higher reaction rate and earlier onset of micro-cracking in the LPA-rich phase or at the interface of the LPA-rich and UP-rich phases. Consequently, an earlier volume expansion during curing was observed in reactive dilatometry, resulting in better shrinkage control. On-line measurement of the composite thickness change during vacuum-infusion liquid composite molding [e.g. the Seemann Composite Resin Infusion Molding Process (SCRIMP)] further proved excellent volume shrinkage control of nanoclay filled systems, leading to a smoother composite surface.
Polynucleotides. VII. Interaction of polyriboadenylic and polyribouridylic acids.

Abstract The ordered complex formed by the interaction of polyriboadenylic acid and polyribouridylic acid has been found to dissociate at pH's 〈4.5 and 〉10. The dissociation is in many ways analogous to the denaturation of desoxyribonucleic acid at acid and alkaline pH's. The interaction of polyriboadenylic and polyribouridylic acid has been shown to be reversible.
High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for melanotan-1 ([Nle4-DPhe7]α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone) in biological matrices

Abstract The overall objective of this research was to develop a sensitive, specific, and stability-indicating HPLC assay for the determination of the [Nle4-DPhe7]α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog known as Melanotan-1 (MT-1) in biological matrices, i.e., cell culture transport media and human plasma. Separation was accomplished isocratically within 8.0 min using a C8 reversed-phase column. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1 M phosphate buffer-acetonitrile (80:20, v/v) with 18 μl/l triethylamine at pH 2.50. The flow-rate was 1 ml/min with detection at 214 nm. Standard curves (n = 5) were linear over the concentration range 100–1000 ng/ml. The precision, accuracy, intra- and inter-day variations were good with C.V.s typically within 8.7% for concentrations greater than 100 ng/ml. This method was applied to a study of the transport of MT-1 in the Caco-2 cell monolayer model.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Outcomes Associated with Abciximab and Eptifibatide in a Consecutive Series of 3074 Percutaneous Coronary Interventions

Abstract Background Although the efficacy of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (GPIIb/IIIa) in reducing complication rates during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is well established, comparative studies assessing currently approved agents as administered in current practice are limited. We studied the clinical and length of stay (LOS) outcomes of patients undergoing PCI who received either abciximab or eptifibatide. Methods All patients undergoing elective, urgent, or emergency PCI at Mayo Clinic Rochester between November 17, 2000 and August 31, 2004 who received either abciximab or eptifibatide were included. Clinical, angiographic, and follow-up data were prospectively recorded in the Mayo Clinic PCI Registry; administrative data recorded LOS. We used logistic and Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the risk of adverse events and generalized linear modeling to predict LOS. Propensity score and standard risk adjustments were used to account for baseline differences. Results A total of 2123 PCI patients received eptifibatide and 951 received abciximab. The adjusted odds ratio for in-hospital death and myocardial infarction (MI) with eptifibatide was 0.80 (95% CI 0.56–1.14, P = 0.21) versus abciximab. Adjusted hazard ratios for death and MI and for death, MI, or target vessel revascularization during a median follow-up of 24.6 months were 0.84 (95% CI 0.68–1.02, P = 0.08) and 0.95 (95% CI 0.81–1.11, P = 0.53), respectively. Adjusted postprocedural LOS was similar at 3.4 days. Conclusion This large observational study found no evidence of a clinical or LOS advantage to physician choice of either abciximab or eptifibatide during PCI in contemporary practice.
Termination of the U.S. trusteeship in Micronesia

(1986). Termination of the U.S. trusteeship in Micronesia. The Journal of Pacific History: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 127-138.
Direct measurement of thermal emission from a Fabry-Perot cavity resonator

There have been growing interests in selective control of thermal emission by using micro/nanostructures. The present study describes direct measurements of infrared thermal emission at elevated temperatures of an asymmetric Fabry–Perot resonator at variable angles for each polarization. The multilayered structure mainly contains a SiO2 optical cavity sandwiched between a thick (opaque) Au film and a thin Au film. Metallic adhesive and diffusion-barrier layers were deposited on a Si substrate before depositing the thick Au film. A dielectric protection layer was deposited atop the thin Au film to prevent oxidation at high temperatures. A SiC wafer was used as the reference to test the emittance measurement facility, which includes a heated sample holder, a blackbody source, mirror assembly, a polarizer, and a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer with different detectors. The measured emittance spectra of the Fabry–Perot structure exhibit peak broadening and shifting as temperature increases; the mechanisms are elucidated by comparison with theoretical modeling. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4006088]
High-level calculations of the enthalpy of formation of diazomethane

Abstract High-level calculational methods (G2, G3, and several CBS methods) are used to determine the enthalpy of formation of diazomethane, CH 2 N 2 . The results are compared to sparse experimental data.
Simulation of Millisecond Laser Anneal on SOI: A Study of Dopant Activation and Mobility and its Application to Scaled FinFET Thermal Processing

This work investigates scanning laser annealing used for ultra-shallow junction (USJ) activation. We investigate the laser system via simulation to determine the peak temperature achieved in the active area during processing. We employed the Sentaurus TCAD software by Synopsys to perform a 2D simulation of a laser scans across the active area of the device, solving the heat equation in both time and space. An absorber layer is deposited on the wafer surface to enhance the absorption of incident energy and reduce SOI reflectivity. An effective absorption coefficient of α=8000cm-1 was calculated for the absorber layer, calibrated with the experimental laser intensity. This absorption coefficient correctly predicts the silicon temperature as a function of power with any arbitrarily defined scan speed. To investigate the role of dopant activation, an SOI wafer was implanted with arsenic 25 keV, dose 3e15 /1.5e15 cm-2 and laser annealed in areas of target temperatures ranging from 850-1300°C. The sheet resistance was measured using 4-point probe showing sheet resistance improvement with increasing laser temperature. The extracted temperature cycle from the 2D heat simulation was used as an equivalent millisecond RTA in a full 3D process simulation to study dopant distribution and activation using Sentaurus Process Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC), considering the effect of dopants, dopant clusters, and point defects. The results of this simulation demonstrate deactivation of arsenic above 1050°C, which is inconsistent with Hall measurements that suggest increasing laser temperature will increase mobility and activation. The results are analyzed versus the expected trends and suggest future improvements needed to the KMC model or the laser temperature profiles in order to describe activation kinetics in millisecond anneals within SOI.
Excited state absorption cross-sections of an asymmetric pentaazadentate porphyrin-like Cadmium complex

Absorption cross-sections of the first excited singlet and triplet states of an asymmetric pentaazadentate porphyrin-like cadmium complex have been measured using Z-scans employing both 7.1-ns and 30-ps pulse widths, each at multiple pulse energies.
Exclusionary policies in urban development: Under-servicing migrant households in Brazilian cities

Localities in developed countries often enact regulations to deter low-income households from moving in. In developing countries, such restrictions lead to the emergence of informal housing sectors. To deter low-income migrants, localities in developing countries withhold public services to the informal housing sector. Using a large sample of Brazilian localities, we examine migration and exclusion, focusing on the public provision of water to small houses where low-income migrants are likely to live. Withholding water connections reduces the locality growth rate, particularly of low-education households. In terms of service provision, during dictatorship in Brazil, we find evidence of strategic exclusion, where localities appear to withhold services to deter in-migration. We also find evidence of strategic interactions among localities within metro areas in their setting of service levels: if one locality provides more services to migrant households, other localities respond by withholding service.
Simultaneous heat and mass transfer with liquid film vacuum distillation

Abstract The problem of simultaneous heat and mass transfer associated with the vacuum distillation of a thin liquid film is solved by analyzing the system as a conjugated boundary value problem. The solution is developed in terms of well-known tabulated functions using a Green's function approach. The effects of heat transfer, liquid phase diffusion and effusion at the surface on the rate processes are elucidated, and separation efficiencies are predicted as functions of the length of the heated wall over which the film flows. The theoretical analysis is applied to calculate mass transfer rates for the separation of fatty acids from tall oil.
Prosthetic Material in Inguinal Hernia Repair: How Do I Choose?

With numerous prosthetic options and a changing landscape of prosthetic development, a systematic approach to choosing a prosthetic is more sensible than trying to memorize all the details of each prosthetic. The surgeon should hone a single technique for the vast majority of inguinal hernia repairs to maximize proficiency. This limits the number of prosthetics to those suitable for that technique. Narrowing the choice further should be based on the likelihood that a given prosthetic will achieve the preoperative goals of the hernia repair. For alternative clinical scenarios, the surgeon should know one to two additional techniques, which may require a different prosthetic. The surgeon should use existing experimental and clinical data to estimate long-term benefits of any new prosthetic.
The effect of fluorine on MOSFET channel length

The effect of fluorine on MOS device channel length has been evaluated. Fluorine has been introduced into the transistor by self-aligned ion implantation after the lightly doped drain (LDD) implant. The impact of fluorine in the LDD region, and its effect on the electrically determined channel length (L/sub eff/), has been examined. Measurements taken from 0.6- mu m LDD MOSFETs show a significant dependence of the L/sub eff/ on fluorine implant dose. The n/sup +/ resistor also shows more width reduction compared to unfluorinated samples. The decrease in channel length reduction by adding fluorine in the LDD region may yield way to relieve short-channel effects for the continuous scaling of CMOS devices into the deep-submicrometer region. >
ZnO nanobelt/nanowire Schottky diodes formed by dielectrophoresis alignment across au electrodes.

Rectifying diodes of single nanobelt/nanowire-based devices have been fabricated by aligning single ZnO nanobelts/nanowires across paired Au electrodes using dielectrophoresis. A current of 0.5 μA at 1.5 V forward bias has been received, and the diode can bear an applied voltage of up to 10 V. The ideality factor of the diode is ∼3, and the on-to-off current ratio is as high as 2000. The detailed IV characteristics of the Schottky diodes have been investigated at low temperatures. The formation of the Schottky diodes is suggested due to the asymmetric contacts formed in the dielectrophoresis aligning process.
Trust and Understanding in Participatory Policy Analysis: The Case of the Vermont Forest Resources Advisory Council

Participatory policy analysis (PPA) has been recommended as a means for better informing the policy process and reinvigorating citizen participation in government decisionmaking. This study analyzes the Vermont Forest Resources Advisory Council (FRAC), a stakeholder form of PPA, to assess trust and understanding, which PPA proponents suggest is important for democratic governance. Findings indicate that process design and the roles of science and social values in decisionmaking affected trust and understanding among participants and in the FRAC process. This case highlights challenges in making PPA operational and in addressing positivist and postpositivist perspectives within PPA.
Lipoprotein effects of incretin analogs and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors

Elevated post-prandial lipoprotein levels are common in patients with type 2 diabetes. Post-prandial lipoprotein alterations in type 2 diabetics are widely believed to drive inflammation and are considered a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients. The incretins glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose insulinotropic peptide (GIP) modulate post-prandial lipoproteins through a multitude of pathways that are independent of insulin and weight loss. Evidence from both animal models and humans seems to suggest an important effect on triglyceride rich lipoproteins (Apo48 containing) with little to no effects on other lipoproteins at least in humans. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors also appear to share these effects suggesting an important role for incretins in these effects. In this review, we will summarize lipid modulating effects of incretin analogs and DPP-4 inhibitors in both animal models and human studies and provide an overview of mechanisms responsible for these effects.
Effects of dietary cation-anion balance on blood PH, acid base parameters, serum and urine mineral levels, and parathyroidhormone (PTH) in weanling horses.

Summary This study demonstrated that the feeding of treatment diets with calculated dietary cation-anion balances (DCAB) of +370.43 (H) and -25.69 (L) did not have significant effects on blood pH, pCO 2 , and HCO 3 -. Serum Ca 2+ , P, Na + , and Cl - as well as plasma PTH did not differ (P > .05) between the two treatment groups. Serum K + was higher (P 2+ , P, Na + , K + , and Cl - excretion in the young growing horse. Urine Ca 2+ and Cl- levels were higher (P + , and K + in the urine were higher (P
Improvement in Myocardial Delayed Enhancement After Autologous Stem Cell Transplant in a Patient With Light Chain Amyloidosis

A 55-year-old woman presented with progressive heart failure symptoms and was diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy with light chain amyloidosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline showed slightly increased wall thickness of the right and left ventricles and abnormal nulling of the myocardium with a dark blood pool (Figure A) on postgadolinium images, consistent with amyloidosis. Baseline N-terminal prohormone …
Optical components for WDM lightwave networks

Recently, there has been growing interest in developing optical fiber networks to support the increasing bandwidth demands of multimedia applications, such as video conferencing and World Wide Web browsing. One technique for accessing the huge bandwidth available in an optical fiber is wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). Under WDM, the optical fiber bandwidth is divided into a number of nonoverlapping wavelength bands, each of which may be accessed at peak electronic rates by an end user. By utilizing WDM in optical networks, we can achieve link capacities on the order of 50 THz. The success of WDM networks depends heavily on the available optical device technology. This paper is intended as a tutorial on some of the optical device issues in WDM networks. It discusses the basic principles of optical transmission in fiber and reviews the current state of the art in optical device technology. It introduces some of the basic components in WDM networks, discusses various implementations of these components, and provides insights into their capabilities and limitations. Then, this paper demonstrates how various optical components can be incorporated into WDM optical networks for both local and wide-area applications. Finally, the paper provides a brief review of experimental WDM networks that have been implemented.
Cytologic and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) examination of metanephric adenoma

Metanephric adenoma is a recently described benign renal neoplasm with distinctive histologic features. The cytologic appearance and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies of this tumor have not been described. We present a case from a 48-yr-old woman. Cytologically, the cells were arranged in tight, short papillae and loose sheets. The cells had scant cytoplasma, round monotonous nuclei with fine even chromatin and rare small nucleoli. Immunohistochemistry revealed no reactivity for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), keratins (AE1/AE3, callus, 34BE12), or carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). FISH showed a disomic pattern for chromosomes 7, 17, and for the chromosome 3 short arm. The differential diagnosis includes Wilms' tumor, renal adenoma, papillary renal cell carcinoma, and metastatic tumors. Both immunohistochemistry and FISH may be of help in distinguishing some of these lesions.
Ventilator-Associated Problems Related to Obstructive Lung Disease

Relatively little attention has been directed toward damage inflicted upon the airway network that connects the alveoli, or toward the problems caused by invasive ventilation for patients with severe airflow obstruction. Mechanical ventilation with positive pressure can cause non-edematous barotrauma, inflict airway injury, and promote lung remodeling. Interactions between patient and ventilator, largely mediated through dynamic hyperinflation, include functional consequences for hemodynamics, respiratory muscle function, breathing work load, and patient-ventilator synchrony. Awareness of such associations not only helps to avoid complications during and after the critical phase of obstructive illness, but also opens a window to improved patient comfort and safety. The purpose of this review is to survey the range of structural damages and functional impairments that occur in an "obstructive" context.
Regularity-constrained pre- and post-filtering for block DCT-based systems

It is well known that the traditional block transform can only have at most one degree of regularity. In other words, by retaining only one subband, these transforms, including the popular discrete cosine transform (DCT), can only capture the constant signal. The ability to capture polynomials of higher orders is critical in smooth signal approximation, minimizing blocking effects. This paper presents the theory, design, and fast implementation of regularity constrained pre-/post-filters for block-based decomposition systems. We demonstrate that simple pre-/post-filtering modules added to the current block-based infrastructure can help the block transform capture not only the constant signal but the ramp signal as well. Moreover, our proposed framework can be used to generate various fast symmetric M-band wavelets with up to two degrees of regularity.
The effects of excimer laser irradiation at 248 nm on the surface mass loss and thermal properties of PS, ABS, PA6, and PC polymers

Excimer laser irradiation provides a new and important method for polymer surface treatment. In this work, the weight loss of engineering polymers PC, ABS, PS, and nylon 6 were investigated following irradiation by KrF excimer laser. The experimental results revealed that the polymeric weight loss is nonlinearly related to the laser energy and laser frequency for most of the materials tested. The effects of laser irradiation on the thermal properties (Tg or Tm) of the polymers were investigated using DSC. It was found that the Tg and Tm of these materials decreased as a result of laser treatment, indicating the degradation effect of the laser irradiation procedure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1024–1037, 2006
An engineering teaching assistant orientation program: Guidelines, reactions, and lessons learned from a one day intensive training program

At Purdue University, an all-campus one day intensive training orientation for new teaching assistants has been in place since 2001 under the supervision of the university's Center for Instructional Excellence. At Purdue, engineering teaching assistants serve a fundamentally different role than those in other disciplines. Recognizing these differences, in 2005 the training was divided into separate engineering and non- engineering training sessions. This was done to better meet the roles, responsibilities and needs that are unique to engineering teaching assistants. The work presented in this paper describes the all-campus and engineering training programs at Purdue and demonstrates, through attitudinal and follow-up survey responses, that the separate engineering specific training program elicits a more positive reaction from engineering teaching assistants towards their training.
Kinetics of persistent photoconductivity in Al0.3Ga0.7As and Zn0.3Cd0.7Se semiconductor alloys.

tions and are shown to be very different. These results have shown that the PPC-buildup transients contain information not only about electron excitation but also electron recapture. The photoionization cross section of DX centers, o», in A1Q 3GaQ7As has been obtained from the PPC-buildup-transient measurements. The experimental results indicate that the transport properties in AlQ 3GaQ 7As are controlled by DX centers as expected, but in II-VI semiconductor alloys in the low-electron-concentration region they are governed nonetheless by tail states induced by compositional fluctuations.
In silico selection of RNA aptamers.

In vitro selection of RNA aptamers that bind to a specific ligand usually begins with a random pool of RNA sequences. We propose a computational approach for designing a starting pool of RNA sequences for the selection of RNA aptamers for specific analyte binding. Our approach consists of three steps: (i) selection of RNA sequences based on their secondary structure, (ii) generating a library of three-dimensional (3D) structures of RNA molecules and (iii) high-throughput virtual screening of this library to select aptamers with binding affinity to a desired small molecule. We developed a set of criteria that allows one to select a sequence with potential binding affinity from a pool of random sequences and developed a protocol for RNA 3D structure prediction. As verification, we tested the performance of in silico selection on a set of six known aptamer–ligand complexes. The structures of the native sequences for the ligands in the testing set were among the top 5% of the selected structures. The proposed approach reduces the RNA sequences search space by four to five orders of magnitude—significantly accelerating the experimental screening and selection of high-affinity aptamers.
m‐Trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonyl Chloride

m-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonyl chloride product: m-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonyl chloride unknown: m-CF3 unknown: p-NO2 unknown: m-NO2 unknown: p-Cl unknown: p-CO2CH3 unknown: 3,5-di-NO2 unknown: m-CH3 unknown: H unknown: p-OCH3 Keywords: diazotization, preparation of diazonium salts; replacement reactions, miscellaneous; trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonyl chloride