cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Women, sex, hostility, power, and suspicion: Sexually aggressive men’s cognitive associations

Abstract A sequential priming paradigm examined four theories of sexually aggressive men’s cognitive associations between women and sex, women and hostility, women and power, and women and suspicion. Men with varying histories of sexually aggressive behavior viewed female images as primes (along with male image primes and baseline primes) before rendering lexical decisions about target words associated with sex, hostility, power, and suspicion. Men with a history of committing more sexually aggressive behaviors showed stronger associations in memory between women and sex and between women and hostility. Further, more sexually aggressive men also revealed greater chronicity for sex-related concepts in general, based on free recall reports. Implications of the mental representations of women underlying men’s sexually aggressive behaviors are discussed.
Time Operators, Partial Stationarity, and the Energy-Time Uncertainty Relation

The reciprocal time operator which is suggested by the notion of partial stationarity is shown to permit an unambiguous and nonsingular statement of the energy-time uncertainty relation.
Entanglement of poly(ethylene terephthalate): A reevaluation

The mass-average based critical molar mass M c = 9200 g.mol -1 and the entanglement density ν e =17,0.10 19 cm -3 of poly(ethylene terephthalate) PETP were calculated for 280°C from literature data on PETP melts, using appropriate corrections for polymolecularities
Steroidal contraceptive use update, United States, 1989-1994.

OBJECTIVE To update United States steroidal contraceptive use data for the period 1989 to 1994. STUDY DESIGN Pharmaceutical marketing data were used to examine trends in the utilization and distribution of oral contraceptives, Norplant, and Depo-Provera. RESULTS There were 56.8 million prescriptions for oral contraceptives dispensed through retail pharmacies in 1994. Estrogen and progestin doses remained fairly stable over time. The average ethinyl estradiol dose of formulations was approximately 34 microg per pill. Mentions for oral contraceptives among 35- to 44-year-old women increased. Approximately 169,000 Norplant systems were distributed from 1991 through 1994. More than 1.5 million milliliters of Depo-Provera were distributed from 1993 to 1994. CONCLUSIONS Oral contraceptives remain a popular form of contraception. Parenteral formulations have been rapidly accepted.
Corrosion behavior of chromized and/or aluminized 214Cr-1Mo steel in medium-BTU coal gasifier environments

The corrosion behavior of 214Cr-1Mo steel with various coatings was investigated in a simulated, medium-BTU, coal gasifier environment at 600 °C. Aluminized coatings were found to be unsuitable for use in coal gasifier atmospheres because they experienced severe cracking and internal sulfidation-oxidation. Chromized coatings with more than 30 wt.% Cr and a coating thickness of 120 μm provided acceptable corrosion resistance. However, further improvement in scale adherence is essential for long-term service. Sulfidation of base metal constituents at the coating surface and internal oxidation-sulfidation degraded the chrome-aluminized 214Cr-1Mo steel and breakaway corrosion occurred.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of MHPG in Affective Disorders

THE catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders1,2, which associates decreased functional catecholamines with depression, has been tested by measurement of noradrenaline (NA) in plasma or urine or the NA metabolites, normetanephrine and VMA in urine3–5. Probably only a small percentage of these compounds originate from the central nervous system6, and so it is not surprising that this has led to conflicting results.
Event Timing in High Purity Germanium Coaxial Detectors

The timing of gamma ray radiation in systems using high purity coaxial germanium detectors is analyzed and compared to that of systems using Ge(Li) detectors. The analysis takes into account the effect of the residual impurities on the electric field distribution, and hence on the rate of rise of the electrical pulses delivered to the timing module. Conditions under which the electric field distribution could lead to an improvement in timing performance, are identified. The results of the analysis confirm the experimental results published elsewhere and when compared with those for Ge(Li) detectors, which usually operate under conditions of charge carrier velocity saturation, confirm that high purity germanium detectors need not have inferior timing characteristics. A chart is given to provide a quantitative basis on which the trade-off between the radius of the detector and its time resolution may be made.
Timidity in electric utility deregulation

Abstract Reform proposals for electric power have centered around facilitating private provision of electricity. While such private provision may be desirable, its facilitation is inadequate to deal with the defects of electric power regulation. A number of economists have complained about the inherent defects of regulation. A range of suggestions has appeared. The alternatives include total deregulation, separating generation from transmission and distribution and deregulating generation, allowing competition in distribution, and reforming the existing regulatory process. Merely aiding power purchase is inadequate reform from any of the broader perspectives. Regulation has involved increased controls that have aggravated problems of maintaining profitability in a more uncertain market environment. Utility response has been to lessen greatly its commitments to continued expansion.
Applications of Vector Fields to Image Processing

We use rotational and curvature properties of vector fields to identify critical features of an image. Using vector analysis and dif-ferential geometry, we establish the properties needed, and then use these properties in three ways. First, our results make it theoretically possible to identify extremal edges of an intensity function f(x, y) of two variables by considering the gradient vector field V = ?f. There is also enough information in ?f to find regions of high curvature (i.e., high curvature of the level paths of f). For color images, we use the vector field V = (I, Q). In application, the image is partitioned into a grid of squares. On the boundary of each square, V/|V| is sampled, and these unit vectors are used as the tangents of a curve ?. The rotation number (or topological degree) ?(?) and the average curvature f|??| are computed for each square. Analysis of these numbers yields infor-mation on edges and curvature. Experimental results from both simu-lated and real data are described.
A Discovery of Early Labor Organizations and the Women who Advocated Work–Life Balance: An Ethical Perspective

“Work–life balance” (WLB) is a relatively modern expression. However, there is no novelty in the core concept, as resistance to excessive incompatibility between work roles and personal roles has a history that predates contemporary struggles for a decline in unnecessary work–life conflict. The authors of this manuscript aim to convey a portion of this history by instilling, from an ethics perspective, an awareness of the efforts of early labor organizations, including labor unions, and a social organization that addressed labor issues. They will also communicate the resolve of key individuals, especially women, including labor leaders and activists, who contributed to labor reform and served as early proponents for WLB. In addition, implications and suggestions for practice and future inquiry will be provided.
The characterization of neutral species formed by electron impact on ethene, propene, isobutene, cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene☆

Abstract The principal neutral fragments observed during the bombardment of ethene, propene, isobutene, cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene with 20 eV electrons are (M-H)., (M-H2), (M-CH3)., (M-CH4), CH3. and (C3H3).. The abundance of neutral fragments generated increases with molecular weight. The neutral fragments are isomers of lowest ionization energy and most are formed in vibrationally excited states. The average appearance energy of the various neutral fragments observed is 9.2±1.4 eV which is evidence that the observed fragments are formed by dissociative excitation rather than dissociative ionization.
Estimation of an active fraction of soil nitrogen

Abstract Recent simulation models of soil organic matter and N transformations postulate several pools of soil N with differing stabilities. A nonlinear regression procedure was used with published data (Stanford and Smith for 34 soil samples to estimate the size of a pool (N1) which mineralized within four weeks, and the pool size (N1) and first order mineralization rate constant (k2) of a pool which mineralizes more slowly and which is similar to the “active”; N fraction described by Parton et al. Regression equations including all 34 samples based on total soil nitrogen, organic carbon, pH, and dummy variables for soil order, temperature and moisture regimes, texture, and presence of free calcium carbonate accounted for 55%, 86%, and 53% of the variation in N1, N2, and k2, respectively. Several simulation models of soil organic matter transformations have been developed recently (Parton et al.4, Jenkinson and Rayner5, Paul and Van Veen6. These models assume that soil organic matter exists in pools diff...
DETERMINANTS OF WELFARE POLICY ATTITUDES: A CONTEXTUAL LEVEL ANALYSIS

Using the 2008 Chicago Area Study, this article tests how residential context plays a role in welfare policy attitudes, controlling for individual level characteristics. The contextual level variables of household public assistance use and minority concentration in respondents' neighborhoods are tested using multinomial logistic regression analysis. When including controls for education, income, political party, age, employment status, gender, and race, respondents residing in neighborhoods with a higher concentration of African Americans are more likely to endorse positive attitudes toward welfare policy. Additionally, an interaction effect is found between individual level income and household public assistance use in the ZIP code when predicting welfare policy attitudes. Lower income respondents residing in neighborhoods with higher household public assistance use are more likely to endorse positive attitudes toward welfare than their higher income neighbors. Given the exploratory nature of this study,...
Birefringence Analysis of Photonic-Bandgap Fibers Using the Hexagonal Yee's Cell

A full-vectorial finite-difference scheme utilizing the hexagonal Yee's cell is used in this paper to analyze the modes of photonic-bandgap fibers with C6 v symmetry. Because it respects the fiber's native symmetry, this method is free from any numerical birefringence. We also incorporate in it techniques for reducing the memory requirement (up to 3 to 4 times) and computational time, in particular by exploiting some of the symmetry properties of these fibers. Using sub-pixel averaging, we demonstrate quadratic convergence for the fundamental mode's effective index dependence on spatial resolution. We show that this method can be used to calculate the beat length of PBFs in which a birefringence is introduced by applying a small unidirectional stretch to the fiber cross section along one of its axes. Abrupt variations of the modeled fiber geometries with spatial resolution lead to oscillatory beat length convergence behavior. We can obtain a better estimate for beat length by averaging these oscillations. We apply a strong perturbation analysis to the fiber's unperturbed mode, calculated by our finite-difference method, to perform this averaging in a rigorous way. By fitting a polynomial to the predicted beat lengths as a function of grid spacing, we obtain an accurate estimate of the beat length at zero grid spacing. Reasonable convergence for the beat length is observed using a single processor with 8 GB of memory.
Observations on the Induction of Oviposition in the Turkey Hen by Arginine Vasotocin and Manual Techniques

Abstract The effectiveness of arginine vasotocin (AVT) in the induction of oviposition in the turkey hen was studied. One-half microgram of AVT given intravenously to Large White turkey hens induced oviposition in 10 of 12 birds tested. One microgram induced lay in three of nine birds tested and 10 micrograms induced lay in one of eight birds tested. Oviposition of turkey eggs can also be induced by manual force. Four of sixteen turkey hens induced to oviposit by this method produced soft-shelled eggs following the treatment. One of the sixteen birds developed a prolapse of the oviduct.
Single-pixel polarimeter: dielectric-gratings model and fabrication progress

Abstract The single-pixel polarimeter design has been described in earlier work. The device consists of four (or more) multi-quantum-wells and gratings stacked above each other, and it measures instantaneously the incident light’s polarization for a narrow wavelength band. The four active regions of the quantum-wells are separated by linear gratings at different orientations. Electrical contact is made to each grating and to a bottom contact layer to measure four photocurrents. The device uses interference among the many light paths formed from multiple diffractions to encode in the four photocurrents the polarization state of the incident light. My previously reported computational model assumes the single-pixel polarimeter is fabricated with perfectly conducting gratings. Here, I present results from a model of the polarimeter with more realistic dielectric gratings. The model of the dielectric-grating polarimeter is compared to the model of the perfectly conducting grating polarimeter. Fabrication of the device may be accomplished by the etching of gratings followed by regrowth, or regrowth and chemical–mechanical polishing, or wafer-fusion. The different approaches to fabrication of this polarimeter will be compared, and our construction progress will be reviewed.
A phase II trial of dose-intensive interleukin-2 in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Purpose: High-dose bolus interleukin-2 (IL-2) is currently the sole agent approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. This phase II study was designed to evaluate the clinical activity and toxicity spectrum of a regime consisting of dose-intensive IL-2 in both previously treated and untreated patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Patients and methods: Twenty eligible, sequential patients received IL-2 at a dose of 24 mIU m−2 dose−1 (1.33 mg m−2 dose−1) every 8 h on days 1–5 and 15–19, for a maximum of 28 boluses. Patients achieving stable disease or a response were treated every 10 weeks for a maximum of five cycles/year. Results: Out of 20 study participants 8 patients (40%; 95% confidence interval, 18.5%–61.4%) demonstrated a response. Three of these responses were complete (CR; 15%) while 5 were partial (PR; 25%) and about 75% of the responses occurred in patients with extensive tumor burdens. All 3 CR continue to respond after 28+ to 30+ months. With a median follow-up time of 26 months, the median overall survival duration for all patients is 18.0 months (95% confidence interval 12–24 months). Response was observed to correlate significantly with the IL-2 dose intensity. A dose intensity below 1440 mIU m−2 year−1 and at least 1440 mIU m−2 year−1 correlated highly with failure to achieve CR and the successful achieving of CR respectively (P < 0.01). An analysis of the present study database in the context of five previous similar trials demonstrated a significant correlation between IL-2 dose intensity and response rate by regression analysis (r 2 = 0.89; P < 0.019). Finally, all toxicities were reversible once the dosing had concluded. Conclusions: IL-2 dose intensity appears to represent a significant determinant of successful clinical outcomes. This dose-intensive approach led to a high proportion of durable responses. Further evaluation of this regimen is warranted.
Science policy mechanism and technology development strategy in the developing countries

Abstract The strengthening of science and technology is essential for economic growth in the developing countries. Effective science policy mechanisms do not suffice. An adequate infrastructure must be established—one that is conducive to this task. The paper focuses on the roles of government and industry in creating a favorable environment.
What Factors other than Age Predict Performance on An Information Search Task

The number of workers aged 55+ will increase significantly in the next few decades. This paper examines factors such as cognitive abilities and prior computer experience that influence performance and job satisfaction on a simulated email-based customer service task among a sample of older adults. Fifty-two persons ranging in age from 50–80 performed the task for four days post-training. The participants also completed a cognitive battery, computer experience questionnaire, and measures of workload, intrinsic job satisfaction and intrinsic job motivation. The data indicated performance was influenced by prior computer experience, cognitive abilities and age such that those with less experience, lower abilities and who were older performed the task at lower levels. Job satisfaction was influenced by perceptions of workload, interest in computers and intrinsic job motivation. Generally people who rated workload higher and who had higher intrinsic motivation and greater interest in computers were more satisf...
Measuring public policy: The case of beer keg registration laws

Although there are many valuable evaluations of alcohol control policies, most do not account for the complexities of the policies, such as variability across jurisdictions, conceptual multi-dimensionality, implementation procedures and enforcement mechanisms. We conducted a detailed analysis of state beer keg registration policies in US. Based on reviews of keg registration statutes and regulations and surveys of alcohol beverage control agency officials in each of the 21 states with a keg registration law, three independent coders examined seven core conceptual components. Laws varied considerably in statutory and regulatory provisions and implementation procedures. No state specifically provided for enforcement, education or training regarding keg registration laws, and most did not fully specify penalty or benefit provisions. Future policy evaluation studies should include reliable coding of multiple policy dimensions and characteristics, and incorporate continuous measures of policy quality, not a simple dichotomy indicating presence or absence of a policy.
Design and technology interaction beyond 32nm

This paper will discuss the challenges that continued technology scaling present to circuit designers and how the close interaction between the development of technology, design automation (EDA) tools and the circuit designer can overcome these challenges and enable designs that deliver the benefits customers expect from continued technology scaling.
Is It OK to Be a Fan and a Team Physician

The patient population we serve in sports medicine is much different than that of other branches of medicine. Physicians express empathy (understanding, sympathy, and compassion) toward those with disease and illness. Empathy is considered an essential virtue of the ethical medical care provider, along with veracity and fidelity. Empathy provides a healthy balance between anxiety and coldness, intimacy and detachment, subjectivity and objectivity. Each physician seeks the line that separates these qualities.
Helmholtz decomposition revisited: Vorticity generation and trailing edge condition. I - Incompressible flows

The use of the Helmholtz decomposition for exterior incompressible viscous flows is examined, with special emphasis on the issue of the boundary conditions for the vorticity. The problem is addressed by using the decomposition for the infinite space; that is, by using a representation for the velocity that is valid for both the fluid region and the region inside the boundary surface. The motion of the boundary is described as the limiting case of a sequence of impulsive accelerations. It is shown that at each instant of velocity discontinuity, vorticity is generated by the boundary condition on the normal component of the velocity, for both inviscid and viscous flows. In viscous flows, the vorticity is then diffused into the surroundings: this yields that the no-slip conditions are thus automatically satisfied (since the presence of a vortex layer on the surface is required to obtain a velocity slip at the boundary). This result is then used to show that in order for the solution to the Euler equations to be the limit of the solution to the Navier-Stokes equations, a trailing-edge condition (that the vortices be shed as soon as they are formed) must be satisfied. The use of the results for a computational scheme is also discussed. Finally, Lighthill's transpiration velocity is interpreted in terms of Helmholtz decomposition, and extended to unsteady compressible flows.
Cardiac complications in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): a review

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become an increasingly important health problem worldwide. This review focuses on its cardiac complications. The key elements in the clinical syndrome are the opportunistic infections and the cancer that occur as a by-product of the immunodeficiency process. However, as early diagnosis, aggressive therapy and better supportive care become increasingly available, with consequently longer survival rates, cardiac lesions other than those due to opportunistic infections or malignancy should be seen. Cardiac complications are described in terms of the pathologic lesions, the clinical manifestations that ensue as a result of the pathologic lesions and the cardiac abnormalities that can occur from administration of the various therapeutic agents in the syndrome.
A phase II study of oxaliplatin, pemetrexed, and bevacizumab in previously treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

Introduction Single agent chemotherapy is standard for second and third line treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Combination therapy to date has not proven to be superior to single agents in this setting, often adding toxicity without any additional efficacy. We investigated the activity and tolerability of the combination of oxaliplatin, pemetrexed, and bevacizumab in patients with previously treated advanced NSCLC. Methods This multicenter phase II trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of the combination of pemetrexed (500 mg/m 2 ), oxaliplatin (120 mg/m 2 ), and bevacizumab (15 mg/kg), given every 21 days, in patients with previously treated advanced NSCLC. Eligibility criteria included performance status 0 to 1, nonsquamous histology, and at least one prior chemotherapy regimen. Patients with treated brain metastases were allowed. The primary end point was response rate, with secondary endpoints of progression-free survival and overall survival. Results Thirty-six patients were enrolled on this study. Treatment was well tolerated; the most common grade 3 toxicity was hypertension, which was easily managed with oral medications. The nine (25%) patients with treated brain metastases had no episodes of cerebral hemorrhage. Of the 34 patients evaluable for tumor response, none had complete response, nine (27%) had partial response, 15 (44%) had stable disease, and 10 (29%) had progressive disease. Median progression-free survival was 5.8 months (95% confidence interval 4.1–7.8 months) and median overall survival was 12.5 months (95% confidence interval 7.3–17 months). Conclusions Treatment with oxaliplatin and pemetrexed in combination with the targeted antiangiogenic agent bevacizumab yielded promising efficacy with manageable toxicity in the previously treated advanced NSCLC population.
Periodic and aperiodic phases of circulatory mixing.

A modification is presented of an earlier theory of the mixing of dye following injection into the circulation. Approximate theoretical relations are given for the concentration of dye in the right heart and in the aorta following right atrial injection. It is shown that when the probability distribution of transit times around the circulation has a prolonged tail, mixing waves are now inscribed about a quasi-exponential relation. Later in time the relation levels off to a uniform asymptotic concentration corresponding to an equilibrium volume of dilution.
Genetic determinants of UV-susceptibility in non-melanoma skin cancer.

A milieu of cytokines and signaling molecules are involved in the induction of UV-induced immune suppression and thus the etiology of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Targeting the UV-induced immunosuppression pathway, and using a large population based study of NMSC, we have investigated the risk associated with functional variants in 10 genes (IL10, IL4, IL4R, TNF, TNFR2, HTR2A, HRH2, IL12B, PTGS2, and HAL). The most prominent single genetic effect was observed for IL10. There was increasing risk for both basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with increasing number of variant IL10 haplotypes (BCC: ptrend = 0.0048; SCC: ptrend = 0.031). Having two IL10 GC haplotypes was associated with increased odds ratios of BCC and SCC (ORBCC = 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–1.9; ORSCC = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0–1.9), and these associations were largely confined to women (ORBCC = 2.2, 95% CI 1.4–3.4; SCC: ORSCC = 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–3.0). To examine how combinations of these variants contribute to risk of BCC and SCC, we used multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) and classification and regression trees (CART). Results from both of these methods found that in men, a combination of skin type, burns, IL10, IL4R, and possibly TNFR2 were important in both BCC and SCC. In women, skin type, burns, and IL10 were the most critical risk factors in SCC, with risk of BCC involving these same factors plus genetic variants in HTR2A, IL12B and IL4R. These data suggest differential genetic susceptibility to UV-induced immune suppression and skin cancer risk by gender.
Black Race as a Predictor of Poor Health Outcomes Among a National Cohort of HIV/AIDS Patients Admitted to US Hospitals: A Cohort Study

In general, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) population has begun to experience the benefits of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); unfortunately, these benefits have not extended equally to Blacks in the United States, possibly due to differences in patient comorbidities and demographics. These differences include rates of hepatitis B and C infection, substance use, and socioeconomic status. To investigate the impact of these factors, we compared hospital mortality and length of stay (LOS) between Blacks and Whites with HIV/AIDS while adjusting for differences in these key characteristics. The 1996–2006 National Hospital Discharge Surveys were used to identify HIV/AIDS patients admitted to US hospitals. Survey weights were incorporated to provide national estimates. Patients 10 days) as the dependent variables. Factors that were significantly different between Blacks and Whites at baseline via bivariable statistical tests were included as covariates. In the general US population, there are approximately 5 times fewer Blacks than Whites. In the present study, 1.5 million HIV/AIDS hospital discharges were identified and Blacks were 6 times more likely to be hospitalized than Whites. Notably, Blacks had higher rates of substance use (30% vs. 24%; P 10 days (21% vs. 19%; P 10 days (OR, 95% CI = 1.20 [1.10–1.30]), but was not significantly correlated with a higher odds of mortality (OR, 95% CI = 1.07 [0.93–1.25]). Black race is a predictor of LOS > 10 days, but not mortality, among HIV/AIDS patients admitted to US hospitals. It is possible that racial disparities in hospital outcomes may be closing with time.
Is Childhood Oppositional Defiant Disorder a Precursor to Adolescent Conduct Disorder? Findings from a Four-Year Follow-up Study of Children with ADHD

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the overlap between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), addressing whether ODD is a subsyndromal form of conduct disorder (CD) and, if so, whether it is a precursor or prodrome syndrome of CD. Method Assessments from multiple domains were used to examine 140 children with ADHD and 120 normal controls at baseline and 4 years later. Results Of children who had ADHD at baseline, 65% had comorbid ODD and 22% had CD. Among those with ODD, 32% had comorbid CD. All but one child with CD also had ODD that preceded the onset of CD by several years. ODD+CD children had more severe symptoms of ODD, more comorbid psychiatric disorders, lower Global Assessment of Functioning Scale scores, more bipolar disorder, and more abnormal Child Behavior Checklist clinical scale scores compared with ADHD children with nonCD ODD and those without ODD or CD. In addition, ODD without CD at baseline assessment in childhood did not increase the risk for CD at the 4-year follow-up, by midadolescence. Conclusions Conclusions: Two subtypes of ODD associated with ADHD were identified: one that is prodromal to CD and another that is subsyndromal to CD but not likely to progress into CD in later years. These ODD subtypes have different correlates, course, and outcome.
Transient Heat Transfer in a Partially Cooled Cylindrical Rod

Finite element and finite difference solutions are obtained for transient temperature distribution in a partially cooled cylindrical rod that generates heat at a uniform rate. A portion of the rod is immersed in a coolant reservoir that is maintained at constant temperature, and the exposed portion of the rod is cooled by convective heat transfer. Because thermal conductivity of the rod is temperature dependent, the governing partial differential equation is nonlinear. The analytical techniques utilized in solving the problem could be applied to analyzing the cooling of spent nuclear fuel rods. The finite difference method used to solve the problem utilizes an implicit formulation of the governing equation, and a numerical technique for handling the nonlinear terms. Validation of the numerical solution is obtained by comparing the results at a specified time against those generated by a commercial finite element software package. The computer model for the problem was used to estimate heat generation rates that could initiate meltdown of a fuel rod.
On-line state and model parameter identification of the positive optical photoresist development process

The development phase of the optical photolithography process has long been considered the most crucial, as it is the final image-forming step. Process monitoring methods have focused primarily on end point detection, and have not used other inferable on-line information. This paper examines the use ofinathematical models in conjunction with on-line development penetration data to determine process changes. An on-line sequential parameter identification scheme is used to calculate a current rate parameter value for the development model, and a Kalman filter is used to reduce erroneous observations caused by measurement noise. A powerful development monitor system results from the combination of real-time data and on-line parameter and state estimation theory.
Fractal mechanisms in the electrophysiology of the heart

Fractals are defined, and the fractal-like anatomy of the heart is described. The concept of the healthy heartbeat as a temporal fractal is examined at two specific levels of cardiac function: ventricular depolarization and heart rate regulation. It is suggested that complex fluctuations in healthy heart rate may be due in part to deterministic chaos in the neuroautonomic control system. Furthermore, perturbations of this control system, such as those seen in heart failure and in sudden cardiac death syndromes, may lead to a loss of complexity of heart rate dynamics. >
Spatial representations for action in parietal cortex

Parietal cortex contains multiple representations of visual space. Single neurons in area LIP encode attended locations relative to the fovea, while some VIP neurons encode stimulus location relative to the head and some MIP neurons may encode location relative to the arm. These multiple representations are tailored to guide specific kinds of actions: eye movements, head movements and arm movements, respectively. The function of parietal cortex is to signal the location of attended objects relative to the observer. It does so in order to allow the organism to act on its environment. The many different kinds of actions that can be performed are likely to be supported by these very different kinds of spatial representations.
Nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation of titanium: Oxide growth and effects on underlying metal

Abstract Titanium oxide/oxynitride coatings were created on the polished surface of commercially pure, grade 2 titanium substrates by irradiating samples in air using a nanosecond-pulsed, infrared (1064 nm) fiber laser. Coatings consist of three distinct layers, including a thin TiO2 rutile cap, a TiO middle layer, and an inhomogeneous bottom layer that is composed of TiOxN1 − x and possibly oxygen-intercalated phases such as Ti6O. The combined thickness of TiO2 and TiO layers was varied from ~ 10 to 120 nm by increasing the accumulated laser fluence. Laser-grown coatings exhibit different colors, which vary with oxide thickness. The observed color is attributed to the interference of incident white light reflected from the upper and lower boundaries of the TiO2 capping layer.
On the problem of computational time and complexity of arithmetic functions

The time and incremental complexity required to perform two-operand addition using logical circuitry are compared for nonredundant and minimally redundant encodings of the operands. The comparison is extended to multi-operand addition and two-operand multiplication.
Patient transplant survival not influenced by type of liver graft.

Background We studied patient and graft survival rates in adult liver transplant recipients, analyzing outcomes based on donor source (deceased donor [DD] vs. living donor [LD]) and graft type (whole liver vs. partial liver). Methods A retrospective database analysis of all adult liver transplants performed at our center over a 7-year period of time. Results Between 1999 and 2005, 384 liver transplants were performed in adult recipients, either as a whole liver from a deceased donor (DD-WL, n=284), split liver from a DD (DD-SL, n=31), or a partial transplant from a living donor (LD, n=69). DD-SL transplants were performed with a full right or left lobe graft, while LD transplants used the right lobe. Demographic differences in the three groups were most noticeable for lower model for end-stage liver disease scores in LD recipients (P<0.001) and younger donor age in DD-SL recipients (P<0.001). Superior graft survival results were seen in LD recipients versus either DD-WL recipients or DD-SL recipients (P=0.02 and P=0.05, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed hepatitis C (HR=1.53, P=0.05) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HR=1.74, P=0.03) to be significant risk factors for patient survival. Hepatitis C (HR=1.61, P=0.03) and donor age more than 50 (HR=1.64, P=0.04) were significant risk factors for graft survival. However, neither graft type nor donor source were significant independent risk factors for patient or graft survival. Conclusions Our data suggests that the status of the recipient is probably a more important determinant of outcome than graft type or donor source.
Nanoparticle Engineering of Complex Fluid Behavior

A new mechanism for regulating the stability of colloidal suspensions has been discovered, known as nanoparticle haloing.1 Colloidal microspheres suspended under conditions near their isoelectric point were stabilized by the addition of highly charged nanoparticles. Such species segregated to regions near negligibly charged microspheres leading to their effective charge buildup. At even higher nanoparticle volume fractions, system stability was reversed due to attractive depletion interactions. By engineering the strength of energetic and entropic interactions via nanoparticle additions, we have assembled colloidal fluid, gel, and crystalline phases from binary mixtures of colloidal silica microspheres and hydrous zirconia nanoparticles whose structure and flow behavior vary dramatically.
Characterization of Phycoerythrin Genes in the Chlorophyll A 2 / B 2 -Containing Prokaryote, Prochlorococcus SP. MIT9303

Prochlorococcus is responsible for a significant fraction of the photosynthesis in the open ocean. This marine prokaryote often thrives in deep waters where irradiance levels are 0.1% to 1% of surface values. The ability of Prochlorococcus to flourish in low light environments may be due to unique functional and structural characteristics of its photosynthetic apparatus. Molecular phylogenies based on 16S rRNA gene analyses indicate that Prochlorococcus is a member of the cyanobacterial lineage (1). However, unlike its cyanobacterial counterparts, Prochlorococcus has a chlorophyll a2/b2, light-harvesting complex (2), and evidence has not been obtained for the presence of functional phycobilisomes. Hess et al. (3) have reported that genes encoding the α- and β-subunits of phycoerythrin (PE) are present in two (SS120, TATL2) of the six Prochlorococcus isolates which they examined. Both SS120 (120 m, Sargasso Sea) and TATL2 (30 m, Tropical Atlantic) were isolated from the Atlantic. Three other isolates were also from the Atlantic (10-30 m), and one was from the Mediterranean (5 m) (3). Although the PE genes are expressed at low levels in SS120 and the gene products appear to bind chromophores (3), the function of PE in this organism remains unknown. Furthermore, it has not been determined if the unique characteristics of the SS 120 PE sequence (3) are conserved between Prochlorococcus isolates.
Variation in false-positive rates of mammography reading among 1067 radiologists: a population-based assessment

The accuracy of mammography reading varies among radiologists. We conducted a population-based assessment on radiologist variation in false- positive rates of screening mammography and its associated radiologist characteristics. About 27,394 screening mammograms interpreted by 1067 radiologists were identified from a 5% non-cancer sample of Medicare claims during 1998–1999. The data were linked to the American Medical Association Masterfile to obtain radiologist characteristics. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to examine the radiologist variation in false-positive rates of screening mammography and the associated radiologist characteristics. Radiologists varied substantially in the false-positive rates of screening mammography (ranging from 1.5 to 24.1%, adjusting for patient characteristics). A longer time period since graduation is associated with lower false-positive rates (odds ratio [OR] for every 10 years increase: 0.87, 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 0.81–0.94) and female radiologists had higher false-positive rates than male radiologists (OR = 1.25, 95% CI, 1.05–1.49), adjusting for patient and other radiologist characteristics. The unmeasured factors contributed to about 90% of the between-radiologist variance. Radiologists varied greatly in accuracy of mammography reading. Female and more recently trained radiologists had higher false-positive rates. The variation among radiologists was largely due to unmeasured factors, especially unmeasured radiologist factors. If our results are confirmed in further studies, they suggest that system-level interventions would be required to reduce variation in mammography interpretation.
The effect of conditional inactivation of beta 1 integrins using twist 2 Cre, Osterix Cre and osteocalcin Cre lines on skeletal phenotype

Abstract Skeletal development and growth are complex processes regulated by multiple microenvironmental cues, including integrin–ECM interactions. The β1 sub-family of integrins is the largest integrin sub-family and constitutes the main integrin binding partners of collagen I, the major ECM component of bone. As complete β1 integrin knockout results in embryonic lethality, studies of β1 integrin function in vivo rely on tissue-specific gene deletions. While multiple in vitro studies indicate that β1 integrins are crucial regulators of osteogenesis and mineralization, in vivo osteoblast-specific perturbations of β1 integrins have resulted in mild and sometimes contradictory skeletal phenotypes. To further investigate the role of β1 integrins on skeletal phenotype, we used the Twist2-Cre, Osterix-Cre and osteocalcin-Cre lines to generate conditional β1 integrin deletions, where Cre is expressed primarily in mesenchymal condensation, pre-osteoblast, and mature osteoblast lineage cells respectively within these lines. Mice with Twist2-specific β1 integrin disruption were smaller, had impaired skeletal development, especially in the craniofacial and vertebral tissues at E19.5, and did not survive beyond birth. Osterix-specific β1 integrin deficiency resulted in viable mice which were normal at birth but displayed early defects in calvarial ossification, incisor eruption and growth as well as femoral bone mineral density, structure, and mechanical properties. Although these defects persisted into adulthood, they became milder with age. Finally, a lack of β1 integrins in mature osteoblasts and osteocytes resulted in minor alterations to femur structure but had no effect on mineral density, biomechanics or fracture healing. Taken together, our data indicate that β1 integrin expression in early mesenchymal condensations play an important role in skeletal ossification, while β1 integrin-ECM interactions in pre-osteoblast, odontoblast- and hypertrophic chondryocyte-lineage cells regulate incisor eruption and perinatal bone formation in both intramembranously and endochondrally formed bones in young, rapidly growing mice. In contrast, the osteocalcin-specific β1 integrin deletion had only minor effects on skeletal phenotype.
Saccharomyces Genome Database provides mutant phenotype data.

The Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD; http:// www.yeastgenome.org) is a scientific database for the molecular biology and genetics of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is commonly known as baker’s or budding yeast. The information in SGD includes functional annotations, mapping and sequence information, protein domains and structure, expression data, mutant phenotypes, physical and genetic interactions and the primary literature from which these data are derived. Here we describe how published phenotypes and genetic interaction data are annotated and displayed in SGD.
Acute Effects of Competitive Exercise on Risk-Taking in a Sample of Adolescent Male Athletes

Exercise acutely reduces cravings for tobacco and alcohol, but the mechanism accounting for this relationship is not fully understood. To explore exercise's effects on general risk-taking, we compared the performances of 20 adolescent male athletes on the balloon analog risk task (BART) immediately after periods of exercise (playing tennis) and rest. Statistically significant risk-taking effects were observed post-exercise. The established attenuating effect of exercise on desire for substance use did not extend to impulses for other risk behaviors in this study. In future studies, the moderating effects of participant characteristics and type of risk behavior should be considered.
Five second helium neutral beam injection using argon-frost cryopumping techniques

High power helium neutral beams for the heating of tokamak discharges can now be provided for 5 s by using argon cryopumping (of the helium gas) in the beamlines. The DIII-D neutral beam system has routinely provided up to 20 MW of deuterium neutral beam heating in support of experiments on the DIII-D tokamak. During normal operation each of the eight DIII-D neutral beams produces from 20-30 Torr/spl middot/l/s of deuterium gas for periods of up to 8 s per discharge. This gas is effectively pumped by the 4.3 K cryopanels present in each beamline, and only a small fraction is conducted into the DIII-D tokamak. Operation of neutral beams with helium has historically presented a problem in that pulse lengths have been limited to 500 ms due to reliance solely on volume pumping of the helium gas. Helium is not condensed on the cryopanels. A system has now been installed to deposit a layer of argon frost on the DIII-D neutral beam cryopanels, between tokamak injection pulses. The layer serves to trap helium on the cryopanels providing sufficient pumping speed for 5 s helium beam extraction. The argon frosting hardware is now present on two of four DIII-D neutral beamlines, allowing injection of up to 6 MW of helium neutral beams per discharge, with pulse lengths of up to 5 s. The argon frosting system is described, along with experimental results demonstrating its effectiveness as a method of economically extending the capabilities of cryogenic pumping panels to allow multi-second helium neutral beam injection.
Classroom Discourse as a Tool to Enhance Formative Assessment and Practise in Science

This study details an innovative approach to coordinating and enhancing multiple levels of assessment and discursive feedback around an existing multi‐media curricular environment called Astronomy Village®. As part of a broader design‐based research programme, the study analysed small group interactions in feedback activities across two design cycles. The goal of this analysis is to develop an understanding of the ways that a situative approach to assessment and practise supports learning. Findings demonstrate ways that student and teacher engagement in collaborative activities support and constrain meaningful understanding, which we consider in terms of a trajectory of participation in and across conversations and written assessments, as well as individual learning gains on formal classroom examinations and standards‐oriented external tests. Analyses of complementary formulations of domain concepts—discourse practises and assessment performance—suggest that participation in social forms of scientific eng...