cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A modified reporting approach for thyroid FNA in the NIFTP era: A 1-year institutional experience.

BACKGROUND The reclassification of noninvasive follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma as noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) has created diagnostic and management issues for thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA). In response to these challenges, the authors' laboratory adopted a NIFTP policy including 1) stringent criteria (requiring pseudo-inclusions, papillae, and/or psammoma bodies) for a malignant diagnosis of papillary carcinoma to limit false-positive results due to NIFTP and 2) the use of explanatory notes in cases with cytomorphologic features suggestive of possible NIFTP to encourage lobectomy over thyroidectomy. This study examined the effects of this policy on FNA classification and subsequent surgical management. METHODS All thyroid FNAs performed at Brigham and Women's Hospital (n = 1300) during a 1-year period were evaluated for changes in the use of diagnostic categories, explanatory NIFTP notes, and surgical follow-up in comparison with historical controls. RESULTS The use of specific Bethesda categories did not significantly change. Only a single case of NIFTP was mistakenly classified as malignant. NIFTP was seldom suspected prospectively (17 of 1300; 1.3%); when NIFTP was suspected, cases were reported as suspicious for a follicular neoplasm/follicular neoplasm (n = 10) or suspicious for malignancy (SUS; n = 7). Five of the 7 SUS cases (71%) underwent partial thyroidectomy, compared to 19% of those classified as SUS without an explanatory NIFTP note (P < .02). CONCLUSIONS Thyroid FNA reporting modifications due to NIFTP affect only a small subset of specimens. When NIFTP is suspected, an explanatory note promotes limited surgical excision. More stringent criteria for malignancy affect few cases while potentially limiting false-positive diagnosis due to NIFTP. Cancer Cytopathol 2017. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Anxiety and Information Seeking: Evidence From Large-Scale Mouse Tracking

People seeking information through search engines are assumed to behave similarly, regardless of the topic which they are searching. Here we use mouse tracking, which is correlated with gaze, to show that the information seeking patterns of people differ dramatically depending on their level of anxiety at the time of the search. We investigate the behavior of people during searches for medical symptoms, ranging from benign indications, where users are not usually anxious, to ones which could harbinger life-threatening conditions, where extreme anxiety is expected. We show that for the latter, 90% of people never saw more than the top 67% of the screen, compared to over 95% scanned by people seeking information on benign symptoms, even though relevant documents are similarly distributed in the results pages to these queries. Based on this observation, we develop a model which can predict the level of anxiety experienced by a user, using attributes derived from mouse tracking data and other user interactions. The model achieves Kendall's Tau of 0.48 with the medical severity of the symptoms searched. We show the importance of using information about the users? level of anxiety as predicted by the model, when measuring search engine performance. Our results prove that ignoring this information can lead to significant over-estimation of performance. Additionally, we show the utility of the model in three special instances: where multiple symptoms are searched concurrently; where the searcher has an underlying medical condition; and when users seek information on ways to commit suicide. In the latter, our results demonstrate the importance of help-line notices, and emphasize the need to measure the effective number of results seen by the user. Our results indicate that measures of relevance which use anxiety information can lead to more accurate understanding of the quality of search results, especially when delivering potentially life-saving information to users.
Big Data and Kidney Transplantation: Basic Concepts and Initial Experiences

We live in a data-rich world that is ever expanding, and the field of medicine has become particularly enriched with data from the electronic health record (EHR) and from sensors such as EKG monitors, glucometers, and pacemakers. Big Data is a term that is now frequently encountered in both the lay press and the technical literature and is best defined by the extreme volume, variety, or velocity of data. Large relational databases alone do not equate to Big Data (Table 13.2 and see discussion that follows). The magnitude of the data explosion that we live in consciously or unconsciously is underscored, which is outlined throughout this chapter. As a specific example this ever-growing field can have, we will use our recent inquiry into predicting kidney transplant outcomes using a big data approach and discuss the applicability of big data techniques in clinical transplantation.
Ethnoracial Homogeneity and Public Outcomes: The (Non)effects of Diversity

How does ethnoracial demography relate to public goods provision? Many studies find support for the hypothesis that diversity is related to inefficient outcomes by comparing diverse and homogeneous communities. We distinguish between homogeneity of dominant and disadvantaged groups and argue that it is often impossible to identify the effects of diversity due to its collinearity with the share of disadvantaged groups. To disentangle the effects of these variables, we study new data from Brazilian municipalities. While it is possible to interpret the prima facie negative correlation between diversity and public goods as supportive of the prominent “deficit” hypothesis, a closer analysis reveals that, in fact, more homogeneous Afro-descendant communities have lower provision. While we cannot rule out that diversity is consequential in other contexts, our results cast doubt on the reliability of previous findings related to the benefits of local ethnoracial homogeneity for public outcomes.
Relative Regional Economic Growth

Many kinds of decisions made by both private and public units depend on analyses of past growth and estimates of future growth of subnational areas. A significant proportion of all the capital investment and service expenditure decisions made by state and local governments, as well as capital investment and production decisions of private industry, is concerned with estimates of regional changes in population, in the volume of economic activities, and in the levels of living—that is, in the key elements of relative regional growth. Because of the importance of such estimates, it seems logical that they have a central place in any system of formally organized regional economic accounts.
Organization and Delivery of Palliative Care for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Case-based Discussion

Our patient, as seen through the eyes of a palliative medicine team This 43-year-old woman presents a history that serves as a valuable foundation for discussion of need for a structured platform for delivery of palliative care for persons with pulmonary arterial hypertension and associated right heart failure; as such, her case vignette is succinctly reviewed, with emphasis placed on features relevant to this topic.
Molecular mechanism of Aquaporin 0-induced fiber cell to fiber cell adhesion in the eye lens.

Abstract Cell-to-cell adhesion (CTCA), which is key for establishing lens transparency, is a critical function of Aquaporin 0 (AQP0). The aim of this investigation was to find out the possible mechanism by which AQP0 exerts CTCA between fiber cells, since there are two proposals currently, either an AQP0-AQP0 interaction or an AQP0-lipid interaction. We studied the mechanism of AQP0-induced CTCA in intact AQP0 and C-terminally cleaved AQP0 (CTC-AQP0). Assays showed CTCA between L-cells transfected with intact AQP0 or CTC-AQP0 and parental L-cells indicating AQP0-membrane interaction. Both forms of AQP0 significantly (P l -α-phosphatidylserine lipid vesicles signifying AQP0-lipid interaction. AQP0-expressing L-cells also promoted adhesion of WT and AQP0-KO mouse lens fiber cell membrane vesicles (FCMVs) significantly (P 0.05). Ultrastructure studies of WT, AQP0-KO and transgenic lenses showed AQP0 is critical for fiber CTCA and compaction. The data collected clearly demonstrate that the positively charged amino acids in the AQP0 extracellular loop domains interact with the negatively charged lipids in the plasma membrane to promote CTCA for compaction of fiber cells.
Freshwater Sponges (Porifera: Spongillida) of Tennessee

Freshwater sponges (Porifera: Spongillida) are an understudied fauna. Many U.S. state and federal conservation agencies lack fundamental information such as species lists and distribution data. Such information is necessary for management of aquatic resources and maintaining biotic diversity. During the months of June, July, and August of 2013, 2014 and 2015 a survey was conducted in Tennessee to document species of freshwater sponges and obtain preliminary distribution data. Selected rivers and streams were sampled at two to five sites. A total of 520 sponge samples were collected. Spicules and gemmules were viewed and photographed using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Thirteen or 39% of the known species of freshwater sponges occurring in the North America have been collected from Tennessee's rivers and streams. Eunapius fragilis, Spongilla lacustris, and Trochospongilla horrida were the most abundant and widely distributed species. Corvospongilla becki and Heteromeyenia latitenta were the least frequently encountered sponges.
A Supramolecular Polymerization Approach to the Growth of the Myofibril

Extended linear structures self-assemble by the multi-stage-open-association mechanism of supramolecular polymerization (MSOA). Application of the model requires the identification of a repeating unit, the main-chain supramolecular bond, and the binding constant. The strength of the bond and the degree of polymerization become extremely large when multiple sites for non-covalent interactions occur. These expectations had been previously verified in the case of the neuronal axon, for which the above parameters were assessed from its known molecular structure. The more complex case of the myofibril is analyzed here. The specific interactions that connect neighboring sarcomers have been a matter of debate. Recent work has focused on the bond between titin and α-actinin localized at the terminal Z-zones of each sarcomer. Elaboration of literature data suggests that titin-α-actinin interactions do bridge neighboring sarcomers, promoting the polymerization of myofibrils that attain macroscopic dimensions consistently with the MSOA predictions. The rationale for the complex structuration of single sarcomers is discussed.
Post-ictal generalized EEG suppression and seizure-induced mortality are reduced by enhancing dorsal raphe serotonergic neurotransmission

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of death in patients with refractory epilepsy. A proposed risk marker for SUDEP is the duration of post-ictal generalized EEG suppression (PGES). The mechanisms underlying PGES are unknown. Serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in SUDEP pathophysiology. Seizures suppress activity of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). We hypothesized that suppression of DRN 5-HT neuron activity contributes to PGES and increasing 5-HT neurotransmission or stimulating the DRN before a seizure would decrease PGES duration. Adult C57BL/6 and Pet1-Cre mice received EEG/EMG electrodes, a bipolar stimulating/recording electrode in the right basolateral amygdala, and either a microdialysis guide cannula or an injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) allowing expression of channelrhodopsin2 plus an optic fiber into the DRN. Systemic application of the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor citalopram (20 mg/kg) decreased PGES duration from seizures induced during wake (n = 23) and NREM sleep (n = 13) whereas fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) pretreatment decreased PGES duration following seizures induced from wake (n = 11), but not NREM sleep (n = 9). Focal chemical (n = 6) or optogenetic (n = 8) stimulation of the DRN reduced PGES duration following kindled seizures and reduced morality following maximal electroshock seizures (n = 6) induced during wake. During PGES, animals exhibited immobility and suppression of EEG activity that was reduced by citalopram pretreatment. These results indicate that 5-HT and the DRN may regulate PGES and seizure-induced mortality.
The organosulfur compound dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is utilized as an osmoprotectant by Vibrio species

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), a key component of the global geochemical sulfur cycle, is a secondary metabolite produced in large quantities by marine phytoplankton and utilized as an osmoprotectant, thermoprotectant and antioxidant. Marine bacteria can use two pathways to degrade and catabolize DMSP, a demethylation pathway and a cleavage pathway that produces the climate active gas dimethylsulfide (DMS). Whether marine bacteria can also accumulate DMSP as an osmoprotectant to maintain the turgor pressure of the cell in response to changes in external osmolarity has received little attention. The marine halophile Vibrio parahaemolyticus, contains at least six osmolyte transporters, four betaine carnitine choline transport (BCCT) carriers BccT1-BccT4 and two ABC-family ProU transporters. In this study, we showed that DMSP is used as an osmoprotectant by V. parahaemolyticus and several other Vibrio species including V. cholerae and V. vulnificus Using a V. parahaemolyticus proU double mutant, we demonstrated that these ABC transporters are not required for DMSP uptake. However, a bccT null mutant lacking all four BCCTs had a growth defect compared to wild type in high salinity media supplemented with DMSP. Using mutants possessing only one functional BCCT in growth pattern assays, we identified two BCCT-family transporters, BccT1 and BccT2, which are carriers of DMSP. The only V. parahaemolyticus BccT homolog that V. cholerae and V. vulnificus possess is BccT3 and functional complementation in Escherichia coli MKH13 showed V. cholerae VcBccT3 could transport DMSP. In V. vulnificus strains, we identified and characterized an additional BCCT family transporter, which we named BccT5 that was also a carrier for DMSP.Importance DMSP is present in the marine environment, produced in large quantities by marine phytoplankton as an osmoprotectant, and is an important component of the global geochemical sulfur cycle. This algal osmolyte has not been previously investigated for its role in marine heterotrophic bacterial osmotic stress response. Vibrionaceae are marine species, many of which are halophiles exemplified by V. parahaemolyticus, a species that possesses at least six transporters for the uptake of osmolytes. Here, we demonstrated that V. parahaemolyticus and other Vibrio species can accumulate DMSP as an osmoprotectant and show that several BCCT family transporters uptake DMSP. These studies suggest that DMSP is a significant bacterial osmoprotectant, which may be important for understanding the fate of DMSP in the environment. DMSP is produced and present in coral mucus and Vibrio species form part of the microbial communities associated with them. The function of DMSP in these interactions is unclear, but could be an important driver for these associations allowing Vibrio proliferation. This work suggests that DMSP likely has an important role in heterotrophic bacteria ecology than previously appreciated.
Leo Strauss and Emmanuel Levinas: Philosophy and the Politics of Revelation

Leo Strauss and Emmanuel Levinas, two twentieth-century Jewish philosophers and two extremely provocative thinkers whose reputations have grown considerably, are rarely studied together. This is due to the disparate interests of many of their intellectual heirs. Strauss has influenced political theorists and policy makers on the right while Levinas has been championed in the humanities by different cadres associated with postmodernist thought. In Leo Strauss and Emmanuel Levinas: Philosophy and the Politics of Revelation, first published in 2006, Leora Batnitzky brings together these two seemingly incongruous contemporaries, demonstrating that they often had the same philosophical sources and their projects had many formal parallels. While such a comparison is valuable in itself for better understanding each figure, it also raises profound questions in the debate on the definitions of 'religion', suggesting ways that religion makes claims on both philosophy and politics.
Trends in Breast Cancer Survival by Race-Ethnicity in Florida, 1990-2015.

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate trends in survival, by race-ethnicity, for women diagnosed with breast cancer in Florida over a 26-year period. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in Florida between 1990 and 2015. Data were obtained from the Florida Cancer Data System. Women in the study were categorized according to race (white/black) and Hispanic ethnicity (yes/no). Cumulative incidence estimates of 5- and 10-year breast cancer–related death with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained by race-ethnicity, according to diagnosis year. Subdistribution hazard models were used to obtain subdistribution HRs (sHR) for the relative rate of breast cancer death accounting for competing causes. Results: Breast cancer mortality decreased for all racial-ethnic groups, and racial-ethnic minorities had greater absolute and relative improvement for nearly all metrics compared with non-Hispanic white (NHW) women. However, for the most recent time period (2010–2015), black women still experienced significant survival disparities with non-Hispanic black (NHB) women, having twice the rate of 5-year [sHR = 2.04; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.91–2.19] and 10-year (sHR = 2.02; 95% CI, 1.89–2.16) breast cancer–related death. Adjustment for covariates substantially reduced the excess rate of breast cancer–related death for black women. Conclusions: Despite efforts to improve disparities in breast cancer outcomes for underserved women in Florida, black women continue to experience significant survival disparities. Impact: These results highlight the need for targeted approaches to eliminate disparities in breast cancer survival for black women.
A deployable articulated mechanism enabled in-flight morphing aerial gripper

Abstract To further increase the adaptability and versatility of aerial vehicles, this paper presents a novel deployable quad-rotor enabled aerial gripper without integrating extra manipulators. In specific, the quad-rotor can morph/deploy in flight by actuating a simple but effective articulated rigid-elements based morphing mechanism, and the function of the gripper can be simultaneously achieved by following the extension/contraction of the deployable articulated mechanism. The proposed mechanism not only endows the quad-rotor with mechanical advantages such as high stiffness but also forms a morph-driven aerial gripper, which helps materialize a novel, compact yet efficient, and dual functional aerial vehicle. In addition, in order to control the morphing quad-rotor system, a morph-independent dynamic model and the corresponding control strategy are developed and presented. Extensive simulations and experiments on the proposed in-flight morphing mechanism and grasping functions of the gripper are performed. The results verify the effectiveness of the deployment/morphing mechanism and simultaneously enabled grasping functions, including handling different objects with various sizes, shapes, and textures. The results also validate that our deployment/morphing mechanism has less effect on flight behavior, but does own advantages of multi-maneuverability and morphological adaptation.
Rehumanizing Mathematics Education and Building Community for Online Learning

Our chapter draws upon illustrative examples that conceptualize and problematize mathematics instructional practices for online spaces that are rehumanizing and build a sense of community. We focus on these practices for teacher candidates (TC) within the formal learning space of methods courses. As mathematics teacher educators (MTEs), we must reexamine and constantly reflect upon our positionality, our intentionality, our beliefs, and our community if we are to work towards dismantling and disrupting oppressive structures (Jessup et al. Math. Teach. Learn. Teach. Pre-K–12 113, e58–e59, 2020b). In this chapter, we describe rehumanizing mathematics education and considerations of online mathematics instructional design. We discuss teaching practices and institutional policies that further exacerbate inequities, describe humanizing practices for building community online, and provide considerations for attending to competence, status, participation, and social-emotional learning in online learning spaces.
Multiscale profiling of enzyme activity in cancer

Diverse processes in cancer are mediated by enzymes, which most proximally exert their function through their activity. Methods to quantify enzyme activity, rather than just expression, are therefore critical to our ability to understand the pathological roles of enzymes in cancer and to harness this class of biomolecules as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Here we present an integrated set of methods for measuring specific enzyme activities across the organism, tissue, and cellular levels, which we unify into a methodological hierarchy to facilitate biological discovery. We focus on proteases for method development and validate our approach through the study of tumor progression and treatment response in an autochthonous model of Alk-mutant lung cancer. To quantitatively measure activity dynamics over time, we engineered multiplexed, peptide-based nanosensors to query protease activity in vivo. Machine learning analysis of sensor measurements revealed dramatic protease dysregulation in lung cancer, including significantly enhanced proteolytic cleavage of one peptide, S1 (Padj < 0.0001), which returned to healthy levels within three days after initiation of targeted therapy. Next, to link these organism-level observations to the in situ context, we established a multiplexed assay for on-tissue localization of enzyme activity and pinpointed S1 cleavage to endothelial cells and pericytes of the tumor vasculature. Lastly, to directly link enzyme activity measurements to cellular phenotype, we designed a high-throughput method to isolate and characterize proteolytically active cells, uncovering profound upregulation of pro-angiogenic transcriptional programs in S1-positive cells. Together, these methods allowed us to discover that protease production by angiogenic vasculature responds rapidly to targeted therapy against oncogene-addicted tumor cells, identifying a highly dynamic interplay between tumor cells and their microenvironment. This work provides a generalizable framework to functionally characterize enzyme activity in cancer.
Examining the Mindfulness – Stress Resistance Relation: The Mediational Role of Autonomy

EXAMINING THE MINDFULNESS – STRESS RESISTANCE RELATION: THE MEDIATIONAL ROLE OF AUTONOMY By Melissa P. Holt, B.S. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2009 Major Director: Kirk Warren Brown, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology Mindfulness – a receptive attentiveness to present experience – has been shown to promote more adaptive emotion regulation (Brown, et al. 2007) and predict autonomy motivation to behave in a self-directed manner. In turn, autonomy has been shown to predict self-regulation (Ryan & Deci, 2000). This suggests a psychological pathway from mindfulness to autonomy to emotion regulation. To better understand the regulatory potential of a mindful disposition and the possible mediating role of autonomy in healthy adult participants (N = 69), a laboratory social evaluative threat was used called the Trier Social Stress Task (Kirschbaum, et al., 1993). Results showed that mindfulness predicted lower self-reported anxiety but not lower negative affect or endocrine levels. State autonomy during the stressor fully mediated the inverse relation between mindfulness and anxiety. These results support the theory of the emotion regulatory potential of mindfulness, and suggest one means by which this quality may improve well-being. Introduction Stress, a psychological and physiological reaction to challenging or threatening stimuli, has become ubiquitous in the modern world. While stress serves the important purpose of alerting individuals to potential harm or threats in the environment (Selye, 1936) the evolved human capacity to ruminate, worry, and plan for future events can heighten and prolong stress in the face of – or even the absence of – environmental challenges and threats. There is general consensus that stress manifests both psychologically and physiologically (Chida & Hamer, 2008). There is also now widespread recognition that cognitive appraisals, or interpretations of potentially stressful events (as most basically, good, bad, or neutral), are key to determining whether stress and the consequences of it will accrue (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004). This current understanding of the importance of cognitive appraisals is based on Lazarus and Folkman’s (1984) influential research detailing the differences between primary and secondary appraisals of stressful events. Primary appraisals are defined as how individuals initially interpret a stimulus as either a threat or a challenge (or as benign). Secondary appraisals involve self-assessments concerning the adequacy of physical, social, and psychological resources at hand to cope with a primary appraised stressor. Research on coping is now well established (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004). A currently active area of stress research seeks to uncover key factors, such as social support (Harvey, Burns, Fahy, et al, 2001) and personality (O'Brien & DeLongis, 1996), that influence whether events are
A Strategy for Increasing Gill-Net Catch Rates and Minimizing Sampling Mortality of Alligator Gars

AbstractManagement of the Alligator Gar Atractosteus spatula has been hampered by the lack of sampling methods that can efficiently reveal population characteristics or minimize incidental sampling mortality. In a 3-year evaluation of the Alligator Gar population in Choke Canyon Reservoir, Texas, we documented changes in sampling methodology that produced an eightfold increase in multifilament gill-net catch rates (from 0.66 to 5.10 fish/h). The increased sampling efficiency was attributed to the development of an aggressive-predator sampling strategy over the study period; our highest catch rates were achieved by (1) observing surfacing fish before net deployment and (2) relocating to a new sampling site when catch rates were less than 1 fish/h. This aggressive strategy resulted in shorter net soak times, which reduced incidental net mortalities; nets soaking less than 30 min produced zero mortalities. Our results suggest that the aggressive-predator strategy is suitable for the majority of Alligator Gar...
Neurohormonal Control of Fluid and Electrolyte Transport in Intestinal Mucosa

The sections in this article are: 1 Regulation By Amine Neurotransmitter Substances 1.1 Acetylcholine 1.2 Norepinephrine and Other Catecholamines 1.3 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1.4 Histamine 2 Regulation by Purines 3 Regulation by Circulating Hormones Involved in Fluid and Ion Homeostasis 3.1 Angiotensin 3.2 Vasopressin 3.3 Atrial Natriuretic Peptides 4 Regulation by Neurogastrointestinal Peptides 4.1 Background 4.2 Substances Having Proabsorptive or Antisecretory Action 4.3 Substances Having Secretory or Antiabsorptive Action 5 Intrinsic Neural Control of Mucosal Ion Transport 6 Regulation by Central Nervous System 7 Summary and Future Directions
A Technique For Comparing Solar Wind Structures Observed By ACE And Ulysses

Comparison of solar wind observations from the ACE spacecraft, in the ecliptic plane at ∼1 AU, and the Ulysses spacecraft as it orbits over the Sun’s poles, may provide valuable information about the latitudinal extent and variation of solar wind structures in the heliosphere. While qualitative comparisons can be made using average properties observed at these two locations, comparison of specific, individual structures requires a procedure to determine if a given structure has been observed by both spacecraft. Before addressing the challenge of comparing such structures at different latitudes, we seek to benckmark our procedure by comparing solar wind structures observed when both spacecraft were near the ecliptic plane. In this paper we assess the use of a 1‐D hydrodynamic code to propagate ACE plasma measurements out to the distance of Ulysses and develop a procedure for compensating for the differing longitudes of the ACE and Ulysses spacecraft. In addition to comparing the plasma parameters and their...
Cardiomyopathy, cirrhosis of the liver and deposits of a fibrillar polysaccharide

Abstract Carbohydrate deposits were found in cardiac and smooth muscle fibers, liver, adrenal medulla, sweat gland epithelium and kidneys of a young girl who presented clinical evidence of cardiomyopathy and cirrhosis of the liver. Histochemical and electron microscopic study of the heart showed that the carbohydrate deposits consisted of fine fibrils of a weakly acid polysaccharide. These findings are discussed in relation to the various types of glycogen storage disease and other disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Polysaccharide storage disease should be considered in atypical cases of glycogen storage disease. Histochemical and electron microscopic study may be necessary to classify properly the diseases associated with the storage of carbohydrate material in the heart and other organs.
The Three Levels of Ownership

This essay identifies "three levels of ownership" of land – private ownership, local ownership, and global ownership. American law has placed great emphasis on a supposed clash between the first two, as local governments attempt to regulate against the wishes of private owners. But recent political and economic research highlights the extent to which homeowners use local law to benefit their interests at the expense of outsiders, including potential migrants. A greater emphasis on global ownership, perhaps paired with private ownership, would lessen the adverse impact of this local protectionism.
The Contingency Model and the Dynamics of the Leadership Process1

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the contingency model and the dynamics of the leadership process. The Contingency Model provides a conceptual framework which enables to explain the effects of such change-inducing conditions as organizational turbulence, leadership experience, training, and job rotation. The integrating concept in the dynamic interpretation of this theory is the leader's situational control and influence, which, as it changes, brings about a corresponding change in the leader's behavior and performance. The Contingency Model has a number of shortcomings that need to be remedied as new research data become available. Specifically, there is need of a conceptually cleaner definition and a better metric of the situational control dimension, and it is necessary to continue research on personality and behavioral correlates of LPC, and on the effect of this variable on interpersonal encounters outside the leadership context. In addition, it is important to seek concepts which integrate different leadership theories of proven worth. The interpretation of the situational control dimension as a correlate of uncertainty and anxiety is a promising development in this direction. Leadership, and the authority relationship of which it is a part, is a central and important phenomenon in our everyday life. It plays a powerful role in the governance of our institutions and our society, and it makes obvious the critical need for understanding, developing, and improving the leadership resources at our disposal.
Drug-Drug Interaction Alerts: Emphasizing the Evidence

Many analysts and users of contemporary clinical decision support ("CDS") systems have expressed grave concerns about the technology’s efficacy and functionality. Alerts generated by CDS systems are often inaccurate, and an excess of alerts leads some physicians to experience "alert fatigue" and to turn off CDS altogether. This article formulates recommendations to improve drug-drug interaction (DDI) alerts. The paper comments upon a proposal by Susan Ridgely and Michael Greenberg, who call for the development of a consensus-based "clinically significant drug-drug interaction list" that could generate limited liability protection for users. We argue that instead of creating a list of always-contraindicated DDIs, experts should develop DDI alerts that offer essential information about DDI risks, supporting evidence, mitigating factors, and appropriate courses of action. Thus, DDI warnings should provide users with concise but comprehensive information. They should not deprive clinicians of discretion, but rather, enable them to make more knowledgeable and effective prescribing decisions. In addition, the article analyzes several other DDI-related issues. It details a process for determining which DDIs should generate alerts in CDS systems. It also examines the extent to which DDI alerts should serve as a basis for liability protection and suggests how data about DDI alert accuracy could be used as evidence in malpractice litigation.
Destined to Receive: The Impact of Remittances on Household Decisions in Armenia

The paper uses data from Armenia to test the implications of remittance flows on behavior of receiving households. We find that remittance-receiving households work fewer hours and spend less on the education of their children. While saving more, these households are not leveraging their savings to borrow from the banking system to expand their business activities. This evidence suggests that the benefits of remittances might be overstated and emphasizes the importance of measuring their impact in a general- rather than a partial-equilibrium context
Dispersion of the Raman depolarization ratio of HDO in water and heavy water from 295to368K, and from concentrated NaClO4∕D2O∕H2O

The dispersion of the Raman depolarization ratio ρL was measured for HDO in H2O and in D2O. ρL for the decoupled OD stretch displays a maximum at 2575±15cm−1 at 296K and a minimum at 2675±15cm−1, in agreement with the isosbestic point 2570±10cm−1, and the enthalpy dispersion maximum, 2650–2675cm−1, respectively. However, three extrema were uncovered in ρL for the OH stretch of HDO in D2O, and their positions agree with the frequencies of a minimum and a maximum in the enthalpy dispersion and with the isosbestic frequency. The frequency of the ρL maximum (OH stretch) lies just above the frequency corresponding to the joint angle-frequency probability maximum. [Lawrence and Skinner, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 264 (2003)]. The low- and high-frequency minima in ρL (OH stretch), correspond, respectively, to very strong H-bonds, and extremely weak, long, bent H bonds. The frequencies of the maxima and minima in ρL for the decoupled OH and OD stretches are independent of temperature within experimental error between 29...
A PROMOÇÃO DO ALEITAMENTO MATERNO NA ESTRATÉGIA DE SAÚDE DA FAMÍLIA – REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA

Objetivo: Demonstrar os aspectos relacionados a promocao do aleitamento materno na Estrategia de Saude da Familia (ESF). Metodologia: esta e uma revisao sistematica de literatura realizada em meio eletronico em fevereiro 2012, utilizando-se as bases Biblioteca Virtual em Saude (BVS), BVS – Enfermagem, LILACS e SciELO no periodo de 2000 a 2012. Resultados: Constatou-se que, apesar de a ESF ter uma situacao privilegiada para a realizacao de acoes e atividades de promocao do aleitamento materno e de ser fundamental nesse processo, que visa a garantir a adesao e continuidade desse ato tao essencial para a reducao da mortalidade infantil, entre tantos outros beneficios, ainda existem variadas lacunas no que diz respeito a acoes de promocao da amamentacao. Conclusao: faz-se necessario que, concomitante a capacitacoes e treinamentos dos profissionais, haja o compromisso de gestores, profissionais e usuarios na promocao do aleitamento materno e novos estudos devem ser realizados, a fim de verificar se essas acoes estao sendo realizadas de forma efetiva, dada a relevância do tema para a promocao da saude materno-infantil.
Unveiling Sexual Identity in the Face of Marianismo

Marianismo illustrates a gender role phenomenon common in Latina women, which implicitly socializes embodiment of virtues of the Virgin Mary, including caretaking, self-sacrifice, honor, passivity, and sexual morality. The authors suggest that problems may arise regarding sexual satisfaction, as sexual pleasure may conflict with the expectation of sexual morality. Integration of transgenerational and narrative therapies to facilitate sexual exploration throughout the acculturation process are proposed. Suggestions on facilitation of sexual exploration for Latinas experiencing conflict with contradicting cultural attitudes about their sexuality are discussed.
Coil sensitivity estimation for optimal SNR reconstruction and intensity inhomogeneity correction in phased array MR imaging

Magnetic resonance (MR) images can be acquired by multiple receiver coil systems to improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and to decrease acquisition time. The optimal SNR images can be reconstructed from the coil data when the coil sensitivities are known. In typical MR imaging studies, the information about coil sensitivity profiles is not available. In such cases the sum-of-squares (SoS) reconstruction algorithm is usually applied. The intensity of the SoS reconstructed image is modulated by a spatially variable function due to the non-uniformity of coil sensitivities. Additionally, the SoS images also have sub-optimal SNR and bias in image intensity. All these effects might introduce errors when quantitative analysis and/or tissue segmentation are performed on the SoS reconstructed images. In this paper, we present an iterative algorithm for coil sensitivity estimation and demonstrate its applicability for optimal SNR reconstruction and intensity inhomogeneity correction in phased array MR imaging.
Superconductivity: Squeezing out the current.

In spite of their promise, practical applications of high-temperature cuprate superconductors have been hard to come by. The development of a method to fabricate round wires of the cuprate system Bi-2212 may begin to change this.
MONTHLY VARIATIONS OF THE PRECIPITATION-ALTITUDE RELATION IN THE CENTRAL SIERRA NEVADA OF CALIFORNIA

Abstract SYNOPSIS Study of the precipitation data for a series of stations across the central Sierra Nevada of California indicates that the rate of increase of precipitation with altitude throughout the year in a well-defined progression from smallest rate in summer to greatest in winter. Similarly, the rates of decrease in the zone above the level of maximum precipitation, and in the zone from the summit down the leeward slope are smallest in midsummer and greatest in midwinter. It is suggested that the observed seasonal variations are probably the result of seasonal differences in the relative humidity of the air currents involved and that, if this be true, well marked seasonal variations in the precipitation-altitude relation may be a general characteristic of regions having pronounced wet and dry seasons.
Changing Emphases in the Seminary Curriculum

M ANY years ago the late Chancellor Kirkland of Vanderbilt quoted the old negro preacher as saying, "Education is the palladium of our liberties and the pandemonium of our civilization." In higher education generally times have changed since the days of both the preacher and the chancellor, but palladium and pandemonium still mix together in puzzling proportions on the college campus. At one moment colleges and universities seem to be lost, wandering, chaotic in purposes, organization and program. Woodrow Wilson's famous comment, made when he was president of Princeton, is still pertinent: "Our sideshows are so numerous, so diverting, so all-important if you will, that they have swallowed up the circus, and the performers in the main tent must often whistle for their audience, discouraged and humiliated."
Real-time thresholding technique

A real-time thresholding technique is presented. The technique depends on a simple RC integrator circuit where the input is a pulse train representing the image's grey level values and the output is the approximated estimate of the threshold values. The technique can handle noise-free and noisy images.
Pattern recognition analysis for the prediction of adverse effects by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using 1H NMR-based metabolomics in rats.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, acute pain, and fever. However, NSAIDs have side effects that include gastric erosions, ulceration, bleeding, and perforation, etc. Selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors have been developed to avoid the adverse drug reaction of traditional NSAIDs. The COX-2 inhibitors have a different mechanism of action from nonselective COX inhibitors. In this study, pattern recognition analysis of the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of urine was performed to develop surrogate biomarkers related to the gastrointestinal (GI) damage induced by NSAIDs in rats. Urine was collected for 5 h after administering the following NSAIDs at high doses: celecoxib (133 mg kg−1, po), a COX-2-selective inhibitor; and indomethacin (25 mg kg−1, po) or ibuprofen (800 mg kg−1, po), nonselective COX inhibitors. The urine was analyzed using 600 M 1H NMR for spectral binning and targeted profiling. The level of gastr...
Choosing an operating policy for seeded batch crystallization

Determination of the optimal temperature (or supersaturation) trajectory for a seeded batch crystallizer is a well studied problem. The majority of researchers find that the optimal trajectory has a greater supersaturation at the end of the batch. A significant minority of researchers, however, using very similar models and different but equally justifiable objective functions, find that the optimal trajectory has the greatest supersaturation at the beginning of the batch. Still other researchers have suggested that crystallization processes should be operated with constant supersaturation. These apparent conflicts are resolved into different equivalence classes of objectives and corresponding operating policies. It is shown that the equivalence classes arise as a result of an inherent tradeoff for seeded batch crystallizers involving secondary nucleation: Early growth operating policies tend to minimize the number of nuclei formed because supersaturation is greatest when the mass of crystals is least. However, those nuclei which are formed early have an opportunity to grow to a larger size and compete with the growth of the seed crystals. By contrast, late growth operating policies tend to produce more nuclei because supersaturation is greatest when the mass of crystals is greatest. However, nuclei formed late in the batch do not have a chance to grow as large, and the total mass of nucleus-grown crystals is small. Which of these outcomes is preferred depends on the particular application. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
The Variation with Temperature of the Thermoelectric Power of Nickel and Some Copper-Nickel Alloys

The thermoelectric power of pure nickel against platinum has been measured between 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C; similar measurements have been made on two nickel-copper alloys containing respectively 94 and 79 percent nickel. A differential method was used in which the change in thermoelectric force $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ corresponding to a small temperature change $\ensuremath{\Delta}T$ was observed. The results are discussed in relation to Stoner's theory. Although the experimental results have the same general characteristics as those calculated, factors not considered in the simple theory are involved, even at temperatures at which the assumption that the magnetization is due to spin moments only is approximately valid.
Collection, storage, and filtration of in vivo study samples using 96-well filter plates to facilitate automated sample preparation and LC/MS/MS analysis.

The benefits of high-throughput bioanalysis within the pharmaceutical industry are well established. One of the most significant bottlenecks in bioanalysis is transferring in vivo-generated study samples from their collection tubes during sample preparation and extraction. In most cases, the plasma samples must be stored frozen prior to analysis, and the freeze/thaw (F/T) process introduces thrombin clots that are capable of plugging pipets and automated liquid-transfer systems. A new approach to dealing with this problem involves the use of Ansys Captiva 96-well 20-μm polypropylene filter plates to collect, store frozen, and filter plasma samples prior to bioanalysis. The samples are collected from the test subjects, and the corresponding plasma samples are placed directly into the wells of the filter plate. Two Duo-seal (patent pending) covers are used to seal the top and bottom of the plate, and the plate is stored at down to −70 °C. Prior to sample analysis, the seals are removed and the plate is plac...
Locating and bypassing holes in sensor networks

In real sensor network deployments, spatial distributions of sensors are usually far from being uniform. Such networks often contain regions without enough sensor nodes, which we call holes. In this paper, we show that holes are important topological features that need to be studied. In routing, holes are communication voids that cause greedy forwarding to fail. Holes can also be defined to denote regions of interest, such as the "hot spots" created by traffic congestion or sensor power shortage. In this paper, we define holes to be the regions enclosed by a polygonal cycle which contains all the nodes where local minima can appear. We also propose simple and distributed algorithms, the TENT rule and BOUNDHOLE, to identify and build routes around holes. We show that the boundaries of holes marked using BOUNDHOLE can be used in many applications such as geographic routing, path migration, information storage mechanisms and identification of regions of interest.
Validation of the Couples Resource Map Scales

This article describes an examination of the concurrent and criterion-related validity of the Couples Resource Map Scales (CRMS), a 63-item assessment instrument designed to assess the levels of support available to couples from various personal, relationship, and contextual resources. The sample of 1,103 participants included representatives of a nonclinical population and clients in therapy. The results supported the validity of the CRMS (a) by demonstrating statistically significant relationships between the three Resource Area Scales and other measures of related constructs, (b) through a regression analysis linking the CRMS Resource Area Scales to relationship satisfaction, and (c) by examining the differences in scores between the clinical and nonclinical samples. Implications for using the CRMS with clients are outlined.
Design and analysis of groupware for large displays

Despite the proliferation of large-scale displays in the workplace, creating groupware applications that take advantage of their potential for collaboration and communication remains challenging. Interactions with large displays yield user experiences that are different from interaction with conventional desktop groupware. Thus, unique hurdles exist for designing large display groupware applications (LDGAs) that are integrated into actual work practice. Our research addresses these challenges through experimental design based on studies of workgroup practices, the formation of a framework of heuristics for LDGA adoption, and its application to the design and analysis of LDGAs.