cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tariff-Jumping Antidumping Duties

Abstract This paper examines the tariff-jumping response of all firm and product combinations subject to US antidumping investigations from 1980 to 1990 using a newly constructed database. Previous studies have focused only on Japanese FDI responses to antidumping protection and found large tariff-jumping responses. In contrast, this paper finds quite modest tariff-jumping responses and the evidence suggests that tariff-jumping is only a realistic option for multinational firms from industrialized countries. This may partially explain developing countries’ concerns about addressing AD protection in the WTO. Despite high tariff-jumping responses, there is no evidence of a Japanese-specific propensity to tariff-jump, holding other economic factors constant.
The limiting distribution of the least-squares estimator in nearly integrated seasonal models

We consider the least-squares estimator of the autoregressive parameter in a nearly integrated seasonal model. Building on the study by Chan (1989), who obtained the limiting distribution, we derive a closed-form expression for the appropriate limiting joint moment generating function. We use this function to tabulate percentage points of the asymptotic distribution for various seasonal periods via numerical integration. The results are extended by deriving a stochastic asymptotic expansion to order Op(T-l), whose percentage points are also obtained by numerically integrating the appropriate limiting joint moment generating function. The adequacy of the approximation to the finite-sample distribution is discussed. Nous considerons l'estimateur des moindres carres du parametre autoregressif dans un modele saisonnier quasi-integre. En se basant sur l'etude de Chan (1989) qui a obtenu la distribution limite, nous donnons une expression explicite pour la fonction generatrice de moments limite appropriee. Nous utilisons cette fonction pour calculer, par integration numerique, les valeurs critiques de la distribution asymptotique pour diverses periodes saisonnieres. Ces resultats sont generalises en considerant le developpement asymptotique stochastique d'ordre Op(T-1). Les valeurs critiques de cette distribution sont aussi calculees a partir de la fonction generatrice de moments correspondante. Nous discutons aussi la qualite de ces approximations pour des echantillons finis.
Parenting stress and child behavior problems within families of children with developmental disabilities: Transactional relations across 15 years.

Abstract Parents of children with developmental disabilities (DD) are at increased risk of experiencing psychological stress compared to other parents. Children's high levels of internalizing and externalizing problems have been found to contribute to this elevated level of stress. Few studies have considered the reverse direction of effects, however, in families where a child has a DD. The present study investigated transactional relations between child behavior problems and maternal stress within 176 families raising a child with early diagnosed DD. There was evidence of both child-driven and parent-driven effects over the 15-year study period, spanning from early childhood (age 3) to adolescence (age 18), consistent with transactional models of development. Parent–child transactions were found to vary across different life phases and with different domains of behavior problems.
Real-Time Computerized Annotation of Pictures

Developing effective methods for automated annotation of digital pictures continues to challenge computer scientists. The capability of annotating pictures by computers can lead to breakthroughs in a wide range of applications, including Web image search, online picture-sharing communities, and scientific experiments. In this work, the authors developed new optimization and estimation techniques to address two fundamental problems in machine learning. These new techniques serve as the basis for the automatic linguistic indexing of pictures - real time (ALIPR) system of fully automatic and high-speed annotation for online pictures. In particular, the D2-clustering method, in the same spirit as K-Means for vectors, is developed to group objects represented by bags of weighted vectors. Moreover, a generalized mixture modeling technique (kernel smoothing as a special case) for nonvector data is developed using the novel concept of hypothetical local mapping (HLM). ALIPR has been tested by thousands of pictures from an Internet photo-sharing site, unrelated to the source of those pictures used in the training process. Its performance has also been studied at an online demonstration site, where arbitrary users provide pictures of their choices and indicate the correctness of each annotation word. The experimental results show that a single computer processor can suggest annotation terms in real time and with good accuracy.
VOLUNTARY RESTRUCTURING: THE CASE OF GENERAL MILLS

Abstract This paper presents a detailed case history of voluntary restructuring by General Mills. During the 1980s the company reversed the extensive diversification of the two preceding decades by returning to its traditional core of packaged foods and food-related services. Drawing extensively on field interviews with the parties directly involved in the decision process, the paper explains the rationale behind both the structuring and the restructuring process. It highlights the role of the internal corporate governance process, the internal and external forces for change, and the consequences for financial performance and shareholder value.
An optimal control approach to terminal area air traffic control.

In this investigation, the problem addressed is the specification of the curved approach paths and landing sequence for a group of aircraft desiring to land in a terminal area such that the terminalarea system performance is maximized. The multiple-aircraft problem includes the aspect of competition or cooperation between the vehicles by formulating the problem as a set of disconnected optimal trajectories. The flight paths are governed by kinematic equations of motion while in-flight and terminal-time separation inequality constraints between trajectories are imposed. The performance criterion for the system is the sum of the flight durations plus the integrated weighted accelerations of the aircraft. The solution approach employs penalty functions for the treatment of the inequality constraints and is based on the steepest descent algorithm. A num'ber of examples are presented which involve interactions between two and three aircraft. Parametric results are also included for some single-aircraft examples. The basic approach assumes the initial conditions are known for all aircraft before the solution process begins. In addition, a sequential solution algorithm is also demonstrated which allows the initial conditions to be made known to the system only a short time before arrival into the terminal area. A comparison between the two algorithms is presented.
QUANTUM GRAVITY AT THE PLANCK LENGTH

I describe our understanding of physics near the Planck length, in particular the great progress of the last four years in string theory. The lectures were presented at the 1998 SLAC Summer Institute.
A geometric interpretation of hyperbolic grid generation

Abstract A new geometric presentation of hyperbolic grid generation has been given, and the basic concepts of hyperbolic grid generation have been extended by controlling the transverse grid are length. The new presentation is based on vector analysis, and the nonlinear equations of grid generation are obtained with the use of vector operations. The solution of the equations is based on Newton's method, and some of the iteration strategies have followed previous work in hyperbolic grid generation. A new method for generation of mesh of constant are length has been developed, and this method has been used both separately and in conjunction with orthogonal grid generation. The best results have been obtained when the are length method is combined with the orthogonal technique, and it is our opinion that this is the preferred method for future use. The arc length method can be shown to play a role similar to artificial viscosity in a rigorous way, and there is a direct tradeoff between constant arc length and orthogonality. The arc length method also gives geometrical insight into the previous use of numerical smoothing techniques, and it also increases our understanding of the use and structure of hyperbolic grid generation. The results in the paper show that the arc length method overcomes the problems that occur in hyperbolic grid generation when an initial surface with a strong concave region is encountered.
Distributed estimation in multi-agent networks

A problem of distributed state estimation at multiple agents that are physically connected and have competitive interests is mapped to a distributed source coding problem with additional privacy constraints. The agents interact to estimate their own states to a desired fidelity from their (sensor) measurements which are functions of both the local state and the states at the other agents. For a Gaussian state and measurement model, it is shown that the sum-rate achieved by a distributed protocol in which the agents broadcast to one another is a lower bound on that of a centralized protocol in which the agents broadcast as if to a virtual CEO converging only in the limit of a large number of agents. The sufficiency of encoding using local measurements is also proved for both protocols.
Nondeterministic Control for Hybrid Search

Hybrid algorithms combining local and systematic search often use nondeterminism in fundamentally different ways. They may differ in the strategy to explore the search tree and/or in how computation states are represented. This paper presents nondeterministic control structures to express a variety of hybrid search algorithms concisely and elegantly. These nondeterministic abstractions describe the search tree and are compiled in terms of first-class continuations. They are also parameterized by search controllers that are under user control and specify the state representation and the exploration strategy. The resulting search language is thus high-level, flexible, and directly extensible. The abstractions are illustrated on a jobshop scheduling algorithm that combines tabu search and a limited form of backtracking. Preliminary experimental results indicate that the control structures induce small, often negligible, overheads.
Chandra Observation of Abell 2065: An Unequal Mass Merger?

We present an analysis of a 41 ks Chandra ACIS-I observation of the merging cluster Abell 2065. Previous ROSAT and ASCA observations provided evidence for an ongoing merger and suggested that there were two surviving cooling cores, which were associated with the two cD galaxies at the center of the cluster. The Chandra observation reveals only one X-ray surface brightness peak. Its gas is cool and displaced slightly from the more luminous, southern cD galaxy. Combined with the surface brightness profile, this suggests that this cool material has formed a cold front. In the higher spatial resolution Chandra image, the second feature to the north is not associated with the second cD; rather, it appears to be a trial of gas behind the main cD. We argue that only one of the two cooling cores has survived the merger. The survival of the cool core constrains the merger kinematics, placing an upper limit of 1900 km s-1 on the relative merger velocity. A surface brightness discontinuity, found at ~140 kpc from the southern cD, has a Mach number of 1.66; the nature of the discontinuity (shock or cold front) is not clear fron the data. We argue that Abell 2065 is an unequal mass merger. The more massive southern cluster has driven a shock into the ICM of the infalling northern cluster, which has disrupted the cool core of the latter. We estimate that core crossing occurred a few hundred Myr ago, probably for the first time.
Direct Carbocyclizations of Benzoic Acids: Catalyst‐Controlled Synthesis of Cyclic Ketones and the Development of Tandem aHH (acyl Heck–Heck) Reactions

The formation of exo-methylene indanones and indenones from simple ortho-allyl benzoic acid derivatives has been developed. Selective formation of the indanone or indenone products in these reactions is controlled by choice of ancillary ligand. This new process has a low environmental footprint as the products are formed in high yields using low catalyst loadings, while the only stoichiometric chemical waste generated from the reactants in the transformation is acetic acid. The conversion of the active cyclization catalyst into the Hermman–Beller palladacycle was exploited in a one-pot tandem acyl Heck–Heck (aHH) reaction, and utilized in the synthesis of donepezil.
A probabilistic similarity metric for Medline records: A model for author name disambiguation

We present a model for estimating the probability that a pair of author names (sharing last name and first initial), appearing on two different Medline articles, refer to the same individual. The model uses a simple yet powerful similarity profile between a pair of articles, based on title, journal name, coauthor names, medical subject headings (MeSH), language, affiliation, and name attributes (prevalence in the literature, middle initial, and suffix). The similarity profile distribution is computed from reference sets consisting of pairs of articles containing almost exclusively author matches versus nonmatches, generated in an unbiased manner. Although the match set is generated automatically and might contain a small proportion of nonmatches, the model is quite robust against contamination with nonmatches. We have created a free, public service (“Author-ity”: http://arrowsmith.psych.uic.edu) that takes as input an author’s name given on a specific article, and gives as output a list of all articles with that (last name, first initial) ranked by decreasing similarity, with match probability indicated.
A systematic study of power corrections from world deep inelastic scattering measurements

Abstract By performing an analysis in moment space using high statistics DIS world data, we extract the values of both the QCD parameter Λ (4) MS up to NLO and of the power corrections to the proton structure function, F2. At variance with previous analyses, the use of moments allows us to extend the kinematical range to larger values of χ, where we find that power corrections are quantitatively more important. Our results are consistent with the n dependence predicted by IR renormalon calculations. We discuss preliminary results on nuclear targets with the intent of illustrating a possible strategy to disentangle power corrections ascribed to IR renormalons from the one generated dynamically e.g. from rescattering in the final state. The latter appear to be modified in nuclear targets.
Patterns of compact cardinals

Abstract We show relative to strong hypotheses that patterns of compact cardinals in the universe, where a compact cardinal is one which is either strongly compact or supercompact, can be virtually arbitrary. Specifically, we prove if V ⊨ “ZFC + Ω is the least inaccessible limit of measurable limits of supercompact cardinals + ƒ : Ω → 2 is a function”, then there is a partial ordering P ∈ V so that for V = V P , V Ω ⊨ “ZFC + There is a proper class of compact cardinals + If ƒ(α) = 0 , then the αth compact cardinal is not supercompact + If ƒ(α) = 1 , then the αth compact cardinal is supercompact”. We then prove a generalized version of this theorem assuming κ is a supercompact limit of supercompact cardinals and ƒ : κ → 2 is a function, and we derive as corollaries of the generalized version of the theorem the consistency of the least measurable limit of supercompact cardinals being the same as the least measurable limit of nonsupercompact strongly compact cardinals and the consistency of the least supercompact cardinal being a limit of strongly compact cardinals.
Evidence from Quasi-Periodic Oscillations for a Millisecond Pulsar in the Low Mass X-Ray Binary 4U 0614+091

We have detected quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) near 1 kHz from the low mass X-ray binary 4U 0614+091 in observations with RXTE. The observations span several months and sample the source over a large range of X-ray luminosity. In every interval QPOs are present above 400 Hz with fractional RMS amplitudes from 3 to 12% over the full PCA band. At high count rates, two high frequency QPOs are detected simultaneously. The difference of their frequency centroids is consistent with a constant value of 323 Hz in all observations. During one interval a third signal is detected at 328 +/- 2 Hz. This suggests the system has a stable 'clock' which is most likely the neutron star with spin period 3.1 msec. Thus, our observations of 4U 0614+091 and those of 4U 1728-34 provide the first evidence for millisecond pulsars within low-mass X-ray binary systems and reveal the 'missing-link' between millisecond radiopulsars and the late stages of binary evolution in low mass X-ray binaries. The constant difference of the high frequency QPOs sug,,ests a beat-frequency interpretation. In this model, the high frequency QPO is associated with the Keplerian frequency of the inner accretion disk and the lower frequency QPO is a 'beat' between the differential rotation frequency of the inner disk and the spinning neutron star. Assuming the high frequency QPO is a Keplerian orbital frequency for the accretion disk, we find a maximum mass of 1.9 solar mass and a maximum radius of 17 km for the neutron star.
The Lifetime of Ice on Main Belt Asteroids

We theoretically estimate the loss rate of buried ice from spherical bodies 2-3.3 AU from the Sun. The loss rate is explored as a function of about a dozen parameters. We introduce the concept of a "buried snow line," where the loss of ice is sufficiently slow over the age of the solar system. For a dusty surface layer, ice can persist within the top few meters of the surface over billions of years, if the mean surface temperature is less than about 145 K. Variations in surface layer properties within a plausible range are unlikely to change this threshold temperature by more than 10 K. Longevity of ice in the shallow subsurface of asteroid 7968 Elst-Pizarro is plausible. Parameter regions for ice to survive over the age of the solar system exist for all of the main asteroid belt, but preferentially for large distances from the Sun and slowly rotating bodies with surfaces consisting of small particles, leading to low thermal conductivity and short molecular free paths. Rocky surfaces, in contrast to dusty surfaces, are rarely able to retain ice in the shallow subsurface.
Internal stresses and the creep resistance of the directionally solidified ceramic eutectics

Abstract The creep resistance of the directionally solidified (DS) ceramic eutectic of Al 2 O 3 /c-ZrO 2 (Y 2 O 3 ) was studied in the temperature range of 1200–1520 °C. The DS eutectic morphology consists of a topologically continuous majority phase of Al 2 O 3 , with a growth texture of [0 0 0 1] and an encapsulated minority c-ZrO 2 (Y 2 O 3 ) phase in a variety of morphologies having a nearly 〈1 1 2〉 texture. The two phases are separated by well-structured but incoherent interfaces. The creep of the eutectic in its growth direction exhibits an initial transient that is attributed to stress relaxation in the c-ZrO 2 phase that also allows relaxation of large initial thermal misfit stresses between phases. In steady state creep, the DS eutectic shows many of the same characteristics of creep in sapphire single crystals with c -axis orientation. The creep strain rate of the eutectic has stress exponents in the range of 4.5–5.0 and a temperature dependence suggesting a rate mechanism governed by oxygen ion diffusion in the Al 2 O 3 . A finite element analysis of distribution of internal misfit stresses and those resulting from applied stresses in the two phases, together with a detailed dislocation model of the creep rate indicate that much of the nearly nano-scale encapsulated c-ZrO 2 is too small to deform by creep so that the major contribution to the recorded creep strain is derived from the diffusion-controlled climb of pyramidal edge dislocations in the Al 2 O 3 phase. The evidence suggests that the climbing dislocations in Al 2 O 3 must repeatly circumvent the c-ZrO 2 domains acting like dispersoids resulting in the stress exponents larger than 3. The creep model is in good agreement with the experiments, and is generally supported by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of dislocations in crept samples.
Sample-size-optimal sequential testing

Abstract Sequential sampling schemes have traditionally used ad hoc rules for sample size. The variable-sample-size sequential probability ratio test (VPRT), developed by Cressie and Morgan ( Proc. 4th Purdue Symp. on Decision Theory and Related Topics , IV Vol. 2, Springer, New York (1988), 107–118), generalizes the classical one-at-a-time and group-sequential procedures to an optimal procedure that maximizes the expected net gain of sampling, conditional on the accumulated observations on the stochastic process. In this paper, we apply the VPRT to the problem of sequential testing of a Gaussian mean.
Finite fault inversion of the September 25, 1999 (Mw = 6.4) Taiwan earthquake: Implications for GPS displacements of Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake sequence

[1] The September 25, 1999 Chi-Chi Taiwan aftershock (Mw = 6.4) occurred on a down dip extension of the fault ruptured in the mainshock. Strong motion data were used to invert for the finite-source process and test for the causative fault plane. We performed a grid-search over a range of focal mechanisms and found a preferred model (strike = 5°, dip = 30°, slip = 100°) different from teleseismic studies (strike = 28±10°, dip = 27±5°, slip = 106±9°) but similar to the mainshock (strike = 5°, dip = 34°, slip = 65°). The aftershock asperity has a dimension of 10 km × 10 km with a maximum slip of ∼1.8 m and a static stress drop of 8 MPa. We forward-predict the GPS displacements and found up to 0.033 m of surface horizontal displacements at some GPS sites, indicating that studies of post-seismic deformation may need to account for the effects of large aftershocks.
Shape-selective isopropylation of naphthalene over mordenite catalysts: Computational analysis using MOPAC

Abstract In our experimental work on shape-selective isopropylation of naphthalene, the selectivity for 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (2,6-DIPN) and the ratio of 2,6-DIPN to 2,7-DIPN were increased by mordenite catalyst dealumination. However, it was not clear whether the differentiation between the two isomers was caused by their differences in molecular dimensions or in electronic properties. In this work we performed a computational analysis of the molecular dimensions and frontier electron density f r ( E ) using MOPAC program for naphthalene, isopropyl- and diisopropylnaphthalene. The f r ( E ) value for electrophilic substitution reaction represents the density of electrons in the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). According to the frontier molecular orbital theory, the most reactive position (the carbon atom on which electrophilic attack occurs most likely) has the highest frontier electron density. The calculation shows that 2,6-DIPN has a slightly smaller critical diameter. More importantly, position 6 in 2-IPN has higher f r ( E ) value than that of position 7 in 2-IPN. This suggests that during 2-IPN isopropylation inside a mordenite channel, the formation of 2,6-DIPN is electronically more favored than that of 2,7-DIPN.
Getting Citizens Involved: How Controversial Policy Debates Stimulate Issue Participation during a Political Campaign

This study tests the relative mobilizing effects of predispositional factors and attention to media content during a gubernatorial race that focused heavily on stem cell research as a salient campaign issue. Our analyses are based on a statewide telephone survey (N = 508 in June–July 2006) conducted prior to the midterm and gubernatorial elections in the U.S. State of Wisconsin. Results show that ideological predispositions and attention to both newspaper and online media best explain issue participation. In contrast with prior research, our findings show that religiosity did not influence issue participation on the stem cell controversy in Wisconsin. Implications of these findings and the importance of research on issue participation for the field of public opinion research and the future of political campaigns are discussed.
Dbrane phase transitions and monodromy in K-theory

Majumder and Sen have given an explicit construction of a first order phase transition in a non-supersymmetric system of Dbranes that occurs when the B-field is varied. We show that the description of this transition in terms of K-theory involves a bundle of K groups of non-commutative algebras over the Kahler cone with nontrivial monodromy. Thus the study of monodromy in K groups associated with quantized algebras can be used to predict the phase structure of systems of (non-supersymmetric) Dbranes.
A Shrinking Compact Symmetric Object: J11584+2450?

We present multifrequency, multiepoch, Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations of J11584+2450. These observations clearly show this source, previously classified as a core jet, to be a compact symmetric object (CSO). Comparisons between these new data and data taken over the last 11 years shows the edge-brightened hot spots retreating toward the core (and slightly to the west) at approximately 0.3c. Whether this motion is strictly apparent or actually physical in nature is discussed, as well as possible explanations, and what implications a physical contraction of J11584+2450 would have for current CSO models.
Chromium and the genesis of diamond

Abstract Several of the mineral inclusions that occur in natural diamond are major chromian phases, or contain unusually high chromium concentrations. Forsterite olivine inclusions contain ten times as much chromium as ordinary forsteritic olivine. Diopsides are commonly Cr-rich and some contain up to 12 wt.% Cr2O3. Chrome-pyrope garnets occur characteristically as inclusions in diamond and rarely in kimberlite. Chromite inclusions are the most magnesian and chromian of terrestrial chromites. Without further experimental studies of Cr-bearing systems at high pressure the significance of these observations remain somewhat enigmatic.
Pt-Doped α-Fe2O3 Thin Films Active for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting

In an attempt to improve photoelectrochemical (PEC) processes that is important in solar-to-chemical energy conversion, various materials have been proposed that have the potential for hydrogen production. For instance, hematite has many advantages for hydrogen production since it is somehow stable, has a relatively narrow bandgap, inexpensive, abundant and environmentally responsible. However, their use in PEC devices have been limited by several factors like poor conductivity and high electron-hole pair recombination rates. Strategies to overcome this limitation have been produced such as designing the hematite structure to permit more efficient transport and collection of photogenerated charge carriers. Others include the addition of surface electrocatalysts on iron oxide photoelectrodes, and doping the iron oxide with heteroatoms. Dopant species have also been introduced in the literature. However, there have been few reports on the synthesis of hematite films by electrodeposition and virtually no reports of electrodeposition of doped hematite. As such, an electrochemical route to prepare thin film photoanodes of nanocrystalline Pt-doped iron oxide has been proposed. It showed improvements in the performance of PEC when compared to pure iron oxide thin films.
Low temperature physics at room temperature in water: Charge inversion in chemical and biological systems

We review recent advances in the physics of strongly interacting charged systems functioning in water at room temperature. We concentrate on the phenomena which go beyond the framework of mean field theories, whether linear Debye-Huckel or non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann. We place major emphasis on charge inversion - a counterintuitive phenomenon in which a strongly charged particle, called macroion, binds so many counterions that its net charge changes sign. We discuss the universal theory of charge inversion based on the idea of a strongly correlated liquid of adsorbed counterions, similar to a Wigner crystal. This theory has a vast array of applications, particularly in biology and chemistry; for example, the DNA double helix in the presence of positive multivalent ions (e.g., polycations) acquires a net positive charge and drifts as a positive particle in electric field. This simplifies DNA uptake by the cell as needed for gene therapy, because the cell membrane is negatively charged. We discuss also the analogies of charge inversion in other fields of physics.
Migrating, Morphing, and Vanishing: The Empirical and Normative Puzzles of Declining Trial Rates in Courts

This article explores competing explanations of the data on declining rates of trials in the federal courts of the United States. One possibility is that while trials have declined in courts, trials have migrated elsewhere, resulting in a proliferation of adjudicatory processes. The proliferation thesis has plausibility because of the positive political significance now attached to trials and the adjudicatory processes for which they stand. Conversely, a second analysis of the data focuses instead on the rarity of trials in courts and the negative rhetoric and rules stemming from courts about trials. The data could mark the privatization of disputing processes, whether located in or out of courts. The available data also reveal the political and economic incentives and capabilities of the legal profession. The gaps in data on adjudication in state courts and within agencies reflect the lower priority paid to those kinds of claims. The disparity between the federal system and the others (which provide adjudicatory mechanisms for most complainants in the United States) illustrates the impoverishment of public provisions for dispute resolution. History, law, and tradition also support public access to courts, making them more transparent than more recently invented decision-making centers. But one should not assume the stability of either the equation of courts with public access or the equation of administrative agencies and private providers with secrecy. Courts’ processes are increasingly private, prompting the question of whether to insist (as some judges and state legislators now do) on public access to information about outcomes (settlements included) that are generated through courts, or to permit invisible and sometimes secret resolutions. Whether trials are migrating, morphing, or vanishing, the normative questions now pending are whether a role ought to be preserved for public participation in dispute resolution in either courts or their alternatives and how public resources will be distributed to support either sector.
Asymmetric construction of quaternary centers by enantioselective allylation: application to the synthesis of the serotonin antagonist LY426965.

Catalytic enantioselective allylation with a chiral bisphosphoramide was applied to the synthesis of LY426965, a serotonin antagonist. The key step, addition of a 3,3-disubstituted allyltrichlorosilane to benzaldehyde, provided the adduct containing a stereogenic quaternary center with excellent diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity.
Dual activation in asymmetric allylsilane addition to chiral N-acylhydrazones: method development, mechanistic studies, and elaboration of homoallylic amine adducts.

Chiral N-acylhydrazones derived from commercially available 4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone provide a rigid, conformationally restricted template to impart facial selectivity in additions to CN bonds. In the presence of indium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate [In(OTf)3], N-acylhydrazones undergo highly diastereoselective fluoride-initiated additions of allylsilanes (aza-Sakurai reaction). Mechanistic studies including control experiments and comparisons with allyltributylstannane, allylmagnesium bromide, and allylindium species implicate a dual activation mechanism involving addition of an allylfluorosilicate species to a chelate formed from In(OTf)3 and the chiral N-acylhydrazone. The N−N bonds of the adducts are readily cleaved in a two-step protocol to provide synthetically useful homoallylic N-trifluoroacetamides. Further elaboration of the latter compounds through Wacker oxidation and olefin metathesis provides diversely functionalized building blocks and expands the potential applications of this C−C bond co...
A Distributed Cooperative Agents Architecture for Software Development

This paper presents a distributed cooperative agents architecture for software development using a frame-and-rule oriented requirements language (FRORL). FRORL is a logic-based requirements specification language and serves as multiple roles for representing knowledge, for interface language between cooperative agents and knowledge and data bases, and for knowledge communications among distributed cooperative intelligent agents. The distributed cooperative agents environment includes a frame-and-rule oriented requirements specifications language, an object-oriented specification acquisition methodology, the knowledge bases for software development using the paradigm of intelligent and cooperative information systems, and intelligent agents for all phases of software life cycle. All the software agents for software development are either logically or geographically distributed over network environment. The specifications acquisition methodology is used to guide software developers in performing object-oriented modeling of application problem domains. The system is designed to support rapid prototyping for validation of specifications in multiple abstraction layers through frame hierarchies. The specifications represented in FRORL can be transformed into various kinds of traditional or object-oriented programming languages.
Linear Tail-Biting Trellises: Characteristic Generators and the BCJR-Construction

This paper investigates the constructions of tail-biting trellises for linear block codes as introduced by Koetter and Vardy (2003) and Nori and Shankar (2006). For a given code, the sets of characteristic generators are defined slightly more generally than by Koetter and Vardy. In particular, they are not uniquely determined by the code. The effect of the choice of characteristic generators on the resulting product trellises, called KV-trellises, is discussed in detail. It is shown that each KV-trellis is a span-based BCJR-trellis and that the latter are always nonmergeable. Finally, a duality conjecture posed by Koetter and Vardy is addressed by making use of a dualization technique of BCJR-trellises. The conjecture is proven for minimal trellises.
NON-VANISHING COMPLEX VECTOR FIELDS AND THE EULER CHARACTERISTIC

Every manifold admits a nowhere vanishing complex vector field. If, however, the manifold is compact and orientable and the complex bilinear form associated to a Riemannian metric is never zero when evaluated on the vector field, then the manifold must have zero Euler characteristic.
Liquid Calcium Chloride Solar Storage: Concept and Analysis

Aqueous calcium chloride has a number of potential advantages as a compact and long-term solar storage medium compared with sensibly heated water. The combination of sensible and chemical binding energy of the liquid desiccant provides higher energy densities and lower thermal losses, as well as a temperature lift during discharge via an absorption heat pump. Calcium chloride is an excellent choice among desiccant materials because it is relatively inexpensive, nontoxic, and environmentally safe. This paper provides an overview of its application for solar storage and presents a novel concept for storing the liquid desiccant in a single storage vessel. The storage system uses an internal heat exchanger to add and discharge thermal energy and to help manage the mass, momentum, and energy transfer in the tank. The feasibility of the proposed concept is demonstrated via a computational fluid dynamic study of heat and mass transfer in the system over a range of Rayleigh, Lewis, Prandtl, and buoyancy ratio numbers expected in practice.
Thermal and flammability properties of polypropylene/carbon nanotube nanocomposites

The thermal and flammability properties of polypropylene/multi-walled carbon nanotube, (PP/MWNT) nanocomposites were measured with the MWNT content varied from 0.5 to 4% by mass. Dispersion of MWNTs in these nanocomposites was characterized by SEM and optical microscopy. Flammability properties were measured with a cone calorimeter in air and a gasification device in a nitrogen atmosphere. A significant reduction in the peak heat release rate was observed; the greatest reduction was obtained with a MWNT content of 1% by mass. Since the addition of carbon black powder to PP did not reduce the heat release rate as much as with the PP/MWNT nanocomposites, the size and shape of carbon particles appear to be important for effectively reducing the flammability of PP. The radiative ignition delay time of a nanocomposite having less than 2% by mass of MWNT was shorter than that of PP due to an increase in the radiation in-depth absorption coefficient by the addition of carbon nanotubes. The effects of residual iron particles and of defects in the MWNTs on the heat release rate of the nanocomposite were not significant. The flame retardant performance was achieved through the formation of a relatively uniform network-structured floccule layer covering the entire sample surface without any cracks or gaps. This layer re-emitted much of the incident radiation back into the gas phase from its hot surface and thus reduced the transmitted flux to the receding PP layers below it, slowing the PP pyrolysis rate. To gain insight into this phenomena, thermal conductivities of the nanocomposites were measured as a function of temperature while the thermal conductivity of the nanocomposite increases with an increase in MWNT content, the effect being particularly large above 160 °C, this increase is not as dramatic as the increase in electrical conductivity, however.
Current Resources for Evidence‐Based Practice May/June, 2011

Institute of Medicine Revises Recommended Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D The last decade has seen a dramatic increase in the number of studies examining the role of vitamin D in humanhealth. Studies exploring the implications of abnormally low vitamin D levels point to the possibility of numerous poor health outcomes ranging from preeclampsia to cancer.While vitamin D de¢ciency (serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D below 10 ng per milliliter) has long been associated with muscle weakness, bone pain, and fragility fractures, vitamin D insu⁄ciency is not well understood. This increased interest in the role of vitamin D in health outcomes and disease prevention has resulted in an uptake in the number of tests ordered tomeasure vitamin D levels in patients’ blood as well as confusion regarding the appropriate amount of Vitamin D needed to prevent de¢ciency.
A McKay-like correspondence for $(0,2)$-deformations

We present a local computation of deformations of the tangent bundle for a resolved orbifold singularity C d =G. These correspond to (0; 2)-deformations of (2; 2)-theories. A McKay-like correspondence is found predicting the dimension of the space of rst-order deformations from simple calculations involving the group. This is conrmed in two dimensions using the Kronheimer{Nakajima quiver construction. In higher dimensions such a computation is subject to nontrivial worldsheet instanton corrections and some examples are given where this happens. However, we conjecture that the special crepant resolution given by the GHilbert scheme is never subject to such corrections, and show this is true in an innite number of cases. Amusingly, for three-dimensional examples where G is abelian, the moduli space is associated to a quiver given by the toric fan of the blow-up. It is shown that an orbifold of the form C 3 =Z7 has a nontrivial superpotential and thus an obstructed moduli space.
Teaching compliant motion strategies

A description is given of a robot teaching system for compliant motion strategies, based on recent research in compliant motion planning. The teaching system accepts robot motion commands from a user, and attempts to build a compliant motion strategy from the specified motions. The teaching system has several advantages over previous robot teaching systems. The user is spared many low-level details, such as the specification of conditional tests, compliance parameters, and motion termination conditions. A compliant motion strategy, if found, is guaranteed to work despite uncertainty in the starting configuration of the robot and in robot sensing and control. >
A Re-examination of Density Effects in Eddy Covariance Measurements of CO2 Fluxes

Corrections of density effects resulting from air-parcel expansion/compression are important in interpreting eddy covariance fluxes of water vapor and CO2 when open-path systems are used. To account for these effects, mean vertical velocity and perturbation of the density of dry air are two critical parameters in treating those physical processes responsible for density variations. Based on various underlying assumptions, different studies have obtained different formulas for the mean vertical velocity and perturbation of the density of dry air, leading to a number of approaches to correct density effects. In this study, we reexamine physical processes related to different assumptions that are made to formulate the density effects. Specifically, we re-examine the assumptions of a zero dry air flux and a zero moist air flux in the surface layer, used for treating density variations, and their implications for correcting density effects. It is found that physical processes in relation to the assumption of a zero dry air flux account for the influence of dry air expansion/compression on density variations. Meanwhile, physical processes in relation to the assumption of a zero moist air flux account for the influence of moist air expansion/compression on density variations. In this study, we also re-examine mixing ratio issues. Our results indicate that the assumption of a zero dry air flux favors the use of the mixing ratio relative to dry air, while the assumption of a zero moist air flux favors the use of the mixing ratio relative to the total moist air. Additionally, we compare different formula for the mean vertical velocity, generated by air-parcel expansion/compression, and for density effect corrections using eddy covariance data measured over three boreal ecosystems.
Wireless transceivers in CMOS IC technology. The new wave

Starting from a topic initially confined to academic research the field of RF-CMOS integrated circuits has now progressed to the point that it is on the threshold of important commercial deployment. Progress is on several fronts. New MOS-appropriate circuit techniques have been discovered for many of the RF, IF, and baseband blocks required in state-of-the-art wireless transceivers. Transceiver architectures have evolved to take advantage of the strengths of CMOS, and to circumvent its weaknesses. Recent CMOS implementations of RF and IF blocks combine analog circuits with switched and digital functions in unprecedented ways. The object of this paper is to summarize the important concepts underlying good practice in the design of RF-CMOS circuits, and to summarize the experience to date in integrating transceivers.
Is hardware innovation over

My colleagues, promotion committees, research funding agencies and business people often wonder if there is need for any architecture research. There seems to be no room to dislodge Intel IA-32. Even the number of new Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) seems to be declining each year, because of the ever-increasing development cost.This viewpoint ignores another reality which is that the future will be dominated by mobile devices such as smart phones and the infrastructure needed to support consumer services on these devices. This is already restructuring the IT industry. To the first-order, in the mobile world functionality is determined by what can be supported within a 3W power budget. The only way to reduce power by one to two orders of magnitude is via functionally specialized hardware blocks. A fundamental shift is needed in the current design flow of systems-on-a-chip (SoCs) to produce them in a less-risky and cost-effective manner.In this talk we will present, via examples, a method of designing systems that facilitates the synthesis of complex SoCs from reusable "IP" modules. The technical challenge is to provide a method for connecting modules in a parallel setting so that the functionality and the performance of the composite are predictable.
Detecting Reflected Light from Close-in Extrasolar Giant Planets with the Kepler Photometer

NASA's Kepler mission promises to detect transiting Earth-sized planets in the habitable zones of solar-like stars. In addition, it will be poised to detect the reflected light component from close-in extrasolar giant planets (CEGPs) similar to 51 Peg b. Here we use the Dual Irradiance Absolute Radiometer aboard the Solar Heliospheric Observatory time series along with models for the reflected light signatures of CEGPs to evaluate Kepler's ability to detect such planets. We examine the detectability as a function of stellar brightness, stellar rotation period, planetary orbital inclination angle, and planetary orbital period and then estimate the total number of CEGPs that Kepler will detect over its four-year mission. The analysis shows that intrinsic stellar variability of solar-like stars is a major obstacle to detecting the reflected light from CEGPs. Monte Carlo trials are used to estimate the detection threshold required to limit the total number of expected false alarms to no more than one for a survey of 100,000 stellar light curves. Kepler will likely detect 100-760 51 Peg b-like planets by reflected light with orbital periods up to 7 days.
Order in the concordance group and Heegaard Floer homology

We use the Heegaard‐Floer homology correction terms defined by Ozsvath‐Szabo to formulate a new obstruction for a knot to be of finite order in the smooth concordance group. This obstruction bears a formal resemblance to that of Casson and Gordon but is sensitive to the difference between the smooth versus topological category. As an application we obtain new lower bounds for the concordance order of small crossing knots.
Reducing the toxicity of the combined modality therapy of favourable stage Hodgkin's disease

Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women’s Hospital experience Acknowledgements-We thank the Finnish National Mesothelioma over 2 decades 1%5-198S.J Clin Oncoll988,6,147-153. Pathology Panel (Eero Taskinen, Sisko Anttila and Tauno Ekfors) and 29. Spirtas R, Connelly RR, Tucker MA. Survival patterns for maligthe EORTC Lung Cancer Cooperation Group Mesothelioma Pathology nant mesothelioma: The SEER experience. ZntJ Cancer 1988,41, Panel (Dr H. Planteydt) for classifying the tumours and Anne Hand for 525-530. linguistic revision. Supported by the Finnish Cancer Society. 30. Law MR, Ward FG, Hodson ME, Heard BE. Evidence for longer survival of patients with pleural mesothelioma withour asbestos exposure. Thorax 1983,38,744-746.