cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-process metrology for segmented optics UV curing control

Powerful and novel telescope design is key to pushing the available limits of astronomical sciences and a segmented primary is an attractive approach. For the Nautilus Space mission, a segmented lens has been proposed to replace large monolithic primary optics for the purpose of survey faint objects like exo-planets as well as time-domain astrophysics observations. Enabling technology for Nautilus is an ultra-lightweight multi-order diffractive engineered (MODE) lens that replaces bulky primary mirrors. The MODE lens consists of multiple, identical, molded segments. This is because the complicated optical design of both the diffractive surfaces is not easily manufacturable by traditional fabrication methods. Besides, the molding approach for identical segmented optics allows for a cost-efficient process. Conversely, the fusion of segmented optics demands high precision metrology and a delicate assembly strategy. We propose an in-process metrology technique that mitigates post-assembly process complications. This system monitors the co-phase character of the segmented optics during UV cured assembly, guiding the overall process.
The Spectrum of Hope: An Optimistic Approach and New Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias

The Spectrum of Hope: An Optinistic Approach and New Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias offers readers an insightful look into the lives of those affected by the disease process of...
Soju: A Global History

Hyunhee Park offers the first global historical study of soju, the distinctive distilled drink of Korea. Searching for soju's origins, Park leads us into the vast, complex world of premodern Eurasia. She demonstrates how the Mongol conquests of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries wove together hemispheric flows of trade, empire, scientific and technological transfer and created the conditions for the development of a singularly Korean drink. Soju's rise in Korea marked the evolution of a new material culture through ongoing interactions between the global and local and between tradition and innovation in the adaptation and localization of new technologies. Park's vivid new history shows how these cross-cultural encounters laid the foundations for the creation of a globally connected world.
Advancing Students’ Global Competency through English Language Learning in Romania: An Exploratory Qualitative Case Study of Four English Language Teachers

An exploratory case study of four 5th- to 12th-grade English language teachers in a Romanian public, competitive, bilingual high school focused on how these English language teachers taught about A...
Vessel wall MR imaging of central nervous system vasculitis: a systematic review

Beyond vessel wall enhancement, little is understood about vessel wall MR imaging (VW-MRI) features of vasculitis affecting the central nervous system (CNS). We reviewed vessel wall MR imaging patterns of inflammatory versus infectious vasculitis and also compared imaging patterns for intracranial versus extracranial arteries of the head and neck. Studies reporting vasculitis of the CNS/head and neck and included MR imaging descriptions of vessel wall features were identified by searching PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Web of Science, and EMBASE up to June 10, 2020. From 6065 publications, 115 met the inclusion criteria. Data on study characteristics, vasculitis type, MR details, and VW-MRI descriptions were extracted. Studies used VW-MRI for inflammatory (64%), infectious (17%), or both inflammatory and infectious vasculitides (19%). Vasculitis affecting intracranial versus extracranial arteries were reported in 58% and 39% of studies, respectively. Commonly reported VW-MRI features were vessel wall enhancement (89%), thickening (72%), edema (10%), and perivascular enhancement (16%). Inflammatory vasculitides affecting the intracranial arteries were less frequently reported to have vessel wall thickening (p = 0.006) and perivascular enhancement (p = 0.001) than extracranial arteries. Varicella zoster/herpes simplex vasculitis (VZV/HSV, 45%) and primary angiitis of the CNS (PACNS, 22%) were the most commonly reported CNS infectious and inflammatory vasculitides, respectively. Patients with VZV/HSV vasculitis more frequently showed decreased or resolution of vessel wall enhancement after therapy compared to PACNS (89% versus 59%). To establish imaging biomarkers of vessel wall inflammation in the CNS, VW-MRI features of vasculitis accounting for disease mechanism and anatomy should be better understood.
Micropiles Support the “Missing Link”: Understanding Load Transfer in Challenging Subgrades

Authorized by Congress in 1944, the Foothills National Parkway partly traverses the foothills of the Great Smoky Mountains in Eastern Tennessee. Large sections of the parkway cross high ridges loca...
Analysis of trends of long-term property holding, its use and impact of achieving economic result

In the present article are presented the results of analysis of the evolution of long-term property holdings and its use. For the purpos of the investigation was a sample of farms divided into categories according to altitude. The survey shows increase in value of assets in all categories. This increase is most pronounced for firms that manage at lower altitudes. The difference is also in the structure of the newly acquired property. In marginal areas constitute the majority of newly acquired assets current assets. For all observed categories it is evident, that there is the growing proportion of independent movable assets, land and production units of permanent crops and falling the share of buildings and the value of the basic herd. During the reference period was not a significant trend in changing the use of long-term assets. Fund´s efficiency, however, shows the of high variability. Given the demonstrated change in the relative age of the long-term property, we regarded, that value of fund´s efficiency should be determined alternatively through the value of assets in gross prices. The parameters this obtained shows, particularly in producing areas, occurs the transition to a fund intensive type of farming. Comparing sources of long-term sources and long-term assets can be said, that the dynamics of growth of long-term resources is more pronounced. This leads to an increase in nett working capital and higher financial stability. Positive is the high proportion of assets financed through retained earnings. It failed to demonstrate a working hypothesis of increased success of business with lower relative age of property. The contribution is part of the research project MSM 6007665806.
Criteria for improving the properties of ZnGeAs2 solar cells

We explore the potential utility of the II-IV-V semiconductor ZnGeAs2 as the absorber material in solar cells. As-deposited ZnGeAs2 films prepared by pulsed laser deposition are amorphous because of the limited substrate temperature that can be used without the rapid loss of volatile Zn and As. Thermal processing above 450 °C results in crystallization and improved electrical properties with hole mobilities as high as 58 cm2/V s. The annealed films were used to fabricate p-type ZnGeAs2: n-type CdS cells on SnO2-buffered borosilicate glass substrates in the so-called superstrate geometry. Light-induced currents of up to ~2 mA/cm2 and open-circuit voltages of up to 470 mV were observed using backside illumination, indicating that these nascent devices hold potential for realizing high performance solar cells from earth-abundant elements. The performance of the devices fabricated to-date is degraded by conduction through shorts resulting from the presence of micron-sized pinholes in the absorber layer. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a Fregean Dogma

Publisher Summary Professor Sommers' “Fregean dogma” is neither Fregean nor a dogma. But his method has many disadvantages: it is not general enough for it cannot deal with propositions about several subjects. If one term is truly affirmed of a second and the second is truly affirmed of the third, then the first is truly affirmed of the third. This principle that affirmative predication is transitive is the basic principle of syllogistic reasoning. All valid syllogisms are equivalent to arguments having the formal properties of the formula: X y .Y z /X z The formula has three formal properties: (1) all of its statements are affirmative, (2) it is in transitive form, and (3) it contains no more than three (recurrent) terms. These properties are applied to test the validity of any syllogism.
Reproductive Coercion and Partner Violence among College Women

ABSTRACT Objective To examine reproductive coercion and partner violence among college women. Design Cross‐sectional, descriptive. Setting A large public university in the Northeast United States. Participants Inclusion criteria were college women age 18 to 25, enrolled either full‐ or part‐time, English speaking, and screened positive for relationship. Data from 972 women were analyzed. Methods An e‐mail invitation to participate in an electronic survey was sent to undergraduate and graduate female students. A web link to the informed consent and inclusion criteria were provided. Students who affirmed they met inclusion criteria could proceed to the survey. Completion of the survey implied consent. Results Nearly 8% of participants ( n = 76) reported reproductive coercion, including pregnancy coercion, birth control sabotage, or both. Women reported more pregnancy coercion (6.8%) than birth control sabotage (3.9%). Being told not to use any birth control was the most commonly reported act (6.8%, n = 62). Of women reporting reproductive coercion ( n = 76), 57% also screened for positive relationship violence (95% confidence interval [CI] [2.74, 7.29]). Conclusion Pregnancy coercion and birth control sabotage occur among college women, and higher rates were reported among women with histories of partner violence. In addition to screening and counseling for partner violence, college health providers should assess for reproductive coercion and tailor contraceptive counseling discussions accordingly.
An Examination of the Impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on Cross-Listed Foreign Private Issuers and the Legal Bonding Hypothesis

Cross-listed foreign private issuers (FPIs) experience abnormal stock returns of -10%, on average, in both the U.S. and their home markets in response to the passage and implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), whereas Pink Sheets traded FPIs that are exempt from SOX compliance are not affected. The abnormal returns are generally more negative for better governed FPIs. Further, many more cross-listed FPIs "go dark" in the U.S., i.e., voluntarily delist and deregister to avoid SEC reporting obligations, in the post-SOX period relative to the pre-SOX period. The abnormal returns at the delisting and deregistration announcements are negative in the pre-SOX period and positive in the post-SOX period, with the difference being highly significant. Taken together, the results suggest that SOX imposes excessive compliance costs on cross-listed FPIs. These findings are also consistent with the existence of legal bonding benefits and the weakening of these benefits by SOX compliance.
The environment and the electrical engineering curriculum

According to the ECPD definition, engineering involves the use of the forces and materials of nature for the benefit of mankind. Unfortunately, in the course of their daily work engineers may forget to question whether their technological developments really will be a boon to society, and experience has shown that too often quite the reverse proves to be true. If the engineer of the future is to be more than a technical specialist and is to assume an effective and active role in dealing with the environment, then it would seem that electrical engineering curriculums should be adapted to familiarize the student with environmental problems and their relationship to his chosen profession. This article discusses the beginning that has been made at one university with the introduction of an experimental course on environmental electromagnetics.
G Protein and cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Mediate Amyloid β-Peptide Inhibition of Neuronal Glucose Uptake☆

The mechanism by which amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) inhibits glucose uptake in cultured cells is not known. Here we demonstrated a signaling pathway in which Abeta25-35, a neurotoxic portion of the Abeta peptide corresponding to amino acids 25-35, inhibits neuronal glucose uptake by hippocampal neurons. The GP antagonist-2, which blocks Gs, prevented the inhibitory effect of Abeta on the glucose uptake. Exposure of cells to Abeta resulted in a transitory increase in intracellular levels of cAMP. To assess the role of cAMP in neuronal glucose uptake, cultured neurons were exposed to dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2cAMP) or an adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin. Both Bt2cAMP and forskolin inhibited neuronal glucose uptake, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor KT5720 blocked the Abeta-mediated inhibition of glucose uptake. Cholera toxin, which stimulates adenylyl cyclase by activating Gs protein, also inhibited neuronal glucose uptake, and Abeta potentiated this inhibitory effect of cholera toxin on glucose uptake. Thus, our findings suggest that Abeta inhibits glucose uptake by activating the Gs-coupled receptors and involves the cAMP-PKA system.
An itinerant electron model with crystalline or magnetic long range order

Abstract A quantum mechanical lattice model of fermionic electrons interacting with infinitely massive nuclei is considered. (It can be viewed as a modified Hubbard model in which the spin-up electrons are not allowed to hop.) The electron-nucleus potential is “on-site” only. Neither this potential alone nor the kinetic energy alone can produce long range order. Thus, if long range order exists in this model it must come from an exchange mechanism. N , the electron plus nucleus number, is taken to be less than or equal to the number of lattice sites. We prove the following: (i) For all dimensions, d, the ground state has long range order; in fact it is a perfect crystal with spacing √2 times the lattice spacing. A gap in the ground state energy always exists at the half-filled band point ( N = number of lattice sites). (ii) For small, positive temperature, T, the ordering persists when d ⩾ 2. If T is large there is no long range order and there is exponential clustering of all correlation functions.
Clojure for Number Crunching on Multicore Machines

Clojure is a Lisp language designed to run on a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and interoperate automatically with all Java libraries. However, compared to Java, Clojure has a concurrency API that encourages programmers to take advantage of multicore architectures through multithreading, but Clojure doesn't burden programmers with low-level thread-coordination tasks.
Evaluation and treatment of male pelvic pain syndromes and sexual dysfunction

Male pelvic pain syndrome (MPPS) is marked by chronic pain in the genitoanal and lower abdominal areas, often involving chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, pain upon ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, and painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis. Studies of chronic pain patients have shown that the objective assessment of progress and resolution of symptoms rely on evaluation focused on complete physical examination and history taking with standardized and validated questionnaires. Because MPPS and sexual dysfunction are not life-threatening conditions, bother score of symptoms, global impairment of function, and underlying diagnosis should direct therapy. Furthermore, treatment should be multimodal, escalating, and aimed at decreasing recurrence rates. This article reviews the evaluation and treatment of MPPS and sexual dysfunction in men.
Human Ubc9 Contributes to Production of Fully Infectious Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virions

Ubc9 was identified as a cellular protein that interacts with the Gag protein of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. We show here that Ubc9 also interacts with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag protein and that their interaction is important for virus replication. Gag was found to colocalize with Ubc9 predominantly at perinuclear puncta. While cells in which Ubc9 expression was suppressed with RNA interference produced normal numbers of virions, these particles were 8- to 10-fold less infectious than those produced in the presence of Ubc9. The nature of this defect was assayed for dependence on Ubc9 during viral assembly, trafficking, and Env incorporation. The Gag-mediated assembly of virus particles and protease-mediated processing of Gag and Gag-Pol were unchanged in the absence of Ubc9. However, the stability of the cell-associated Env glycoprotein was decreased and Env incorporation into released virions was altered. Interestingly, overexpression of the Ubc9 trans-dominant-negative mutant C93A, which is a defective E2-SUMO-1 conjugase, suggests that this activity may not be required for interaction with Gag, virion assembly, or infectivity. This finding demonstrates that Ubc9 plays an important role in the production of infectious HIV-1 virions.
Computing the convex hull of line intersections

Abstract We give an O(n log n) time algorithm for computing the convex hull of the n(n − 1) 2 points determined by the pairwise intersections of n lines in the plane.
Methodologic considerations in measuring glycosylated hemoglobin in epidemiologic studies.

Abstract Multiple linear regression was used to predict an incubated glycosylated hemoglobin value from the unincubated value and blood glucose. Hemoglobin A 1 (HbA 1 ) was measured by a disposable microcolumn technique in a large, geographically defined population of diabetic persons in southern Wisconsin. During the study, incubation of blood samples to remove pre-A 1c was implemented. Multiple linear regression using data from a group of 788 patients yielded the equation: incubated HbA 1 = 0.897 (non-incubated HbA 1 ) - 0.00332 (blood glucose) + 0.388. This equation was “validated” by substituting the calculated value of incubated HbA, for the actual value in a multinomial logistic regression with diabetic retinopathy as the dependent variable. Little change in the model resulted from the substitution. Further validation was obtained from an independent sample of diabetic persons. Calculated values of incubated HbA 1 were an average of 0.4% lower than the actual values.
A review of research on psychosocial adjustment to impairment among persons with epilepsy

This review begins with a general discussion of the concept of psychosocial adjustment to impairment among persons with epilepsy. The research literature is then reviewed in three areas: (a) research subsuming adjustment within the domain of psychopathology, (b) research focusing on specific psychosocial reactions, and (c) investigations of the characteristics associated with adjustment (e.g., age at onset, seizure type and frequency, societal attitudes). The next sections review the research concerning (a) comparison of adjustment to epilepsy with adjustment to other impairments (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, closed head injury), (b) the roots of the poor psychosocial adjustment among persons with epilepsy, and (c) two measures of adjustment specific to epilepsy. Research problems identified in this review are then listed and suggestions for future investigations provided.
A simulation‐based decision support system for a pharmaceuticals manufacturing plant

A drive to achieve manufacturing excellence is underway within the speciality chemicals industry. Components of this objective include improving capabilities for efficient technical and market information processes; responding quickly to changes in market demands and to the introduction of new product; reducing the time-consuming and costly overhead associated with documentation, recordkeeping, and safety; and coordinating the activities of operating and management personnel, scientists and engineers, and management information specialists to create a fully integrated smoothly functioning organization [1].
Rejuvenation and physical ageing of a polycarbonate film subjected to finite tensile strains

Abstract Differential storage and loss tensile moduli, E′ and E″, were determined intermittently at 10 Hz on specimens of an annealed polycarbonate film during stress relaxation at static tensile strains from 1.2 to 6.25% at 50°C. It was found that E′ and 1 E″ decrease when a static strain is applied but thereafter they increase progressively with time. These changes, which increase with the applied strain until it becomes 4%, are attributed primarily to a rejuvenation of a specimen (an increase in segmental mobility) followed by physical ageing (a progressive decrease in segmental mobility). Measurements at a static strain of 3% at six temperatures from 30°C to 130°C showed, among other things, that the rates of increase of E′ and decrease of E″ are sensibly independent of temperature up to 110°C.
Studies on the role of the metK gene product of Escherichia coli K-12

Summary We show here that the metK gene is essential to the growth of Escherichia coli K-12 and can be deleted only in the presence of a rescue plasmid carrying a functional metK gene. When metK expression was limited, genomic DNA methylation decreased and cell division was hampered. Through primer exten- sion, the transcription start site of metK was located at 140 bp upstream of the translation start site. The frequently used metK84 mutant has been shown to carry an A(r)G transition in the -10 region of the metK promoter. This accounts for its low level of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthetase and SAM deficiency.
Coping with contraception: cognitive and behavioral methods with adolescents.

Exploratory and survey research indicate that effective contraception requires specific cognitive and behavioral skills. Adolescents often lack these critical skills. Previous research documents an increase in adolescents' use of contraception following a skills-training program presented in intensive small-group format. The present study evaluated cognitive and behavioral skills training methods implemented with large groups (N> 20) in the natural environment. Findings support the feasibility of large-group procedures for helping adolescents cope with sexuality and, in particular, with contraception.
Ab initio insight on the interaction of ascorbate with Li+, Na+, K+, Be2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ metal cations

The structures and interactions of different possible ascorbic acid anions (ascorbates) with Li+, Na+, K+, Be2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ metal cations were studied at the density functional theory level employing the B3LYP exchange correlation functional and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The interactions of the metal cations at the different basic sites of ascorbate were considered. The single-point energy calculations were also performed at the MP2/6-311++G(d,p) level. Tomasi's polarized continuum model (PCM) was used to evaluate the influence of aqueous solvent on the relative stability of different complexes. The interaction energies for the complexes were corrected for the basis set superposition error (BSSE) using the counterpoise method. The AIM theory was used to characterize the electron density distribution involved in the coordination of studied metal cations with ascorbate. In water, the most preferred position for the interaction of Li+, Na+, and K+ cations is through bicoordination with the O2 and O3 sites of the AAO anion, while all divalent cations Be2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ prefer bicoordination with the O1 and O2 sites of AAO anion of ascorbic acid. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
T CELL SIGNALS IN TOLERANCE

In contact sensitivity (and other forms of T cell sensitivities), T cell activation and priming of the system requires at least two signals. Signal 1 includes specific antigen and signal 2 is a nonspecific stimulus. Ordinarily, the signals are invoked in an associative manner, but they can be delivered separately. The physiocochemical nature of the antigen and the manner of host processing are critical to the delivery of signal 2. Tolerance in unprimed systems is induced by the presentation of signal 1 (antigen) in forms and by routes that do not activate signal 2. This seems to invoke suppressor mechanisms and to directly inactivate TDH cells. In primed systems where contact sensitivity is present, signals 1 and 2 boost the response. In primed systems, "off signals" (desensitization) may be provided by some anti-id antibodies, which act by stimulating suppressor mechanisms that finally work to down regulate TDH. Antigen alone (signal 1) also appears to be capable of directly down regulating TDH, but so far it has not proved a powerful tool in desensitizing primed T cells.
Immunodominant neutralizing antigens depend on the virus strain during a primary immune response in calves to bovine rotaviruses.

Abstract Sera obtained from gnotobiotic calves (GC antisera) infected with bovine rotavirus strain NCDV or B223 from a previous study (Woode et al., 1987), which have different G (G6 and G10 respectively) and P serotypes, were compared for their neutralization (NT) properties to a number of human and animal rotaviruses (representing G serotype 1–6, 8–10). Two distinct patterns of neutralization were identified from these GC antisera. Of all the serotypes tested, NCDV GC antisera neutralized only B641 to a relatively high titer compared with the homologous titer, implying a narrow pattern of NT response. Analysis with reassortants indicated that the response was primarily to VP4. In contrast, B223 GC antisera neutralized most of the G serotypes tested to titers within 3–7 fold of the homologous titer, demonstrating a broad pattern of NT response. In the earlier study B223 was shown to induce a heterotypic protection against bovine rotavirus B641 (G serotype 6), and the serologic data obtained from this study indicates that a B223 vaccine might provide broad protection against several different serotypes of human and animal rotaviruses.
In Human Skin, UVB Initiates Early Induction of IL-10 Over IL-12 Preferentially in the Expanding Dermal Monocytic/Macrophagic Population

In contrast to Langerhans cells, which make interleukin (IL)-12, differentiated macrophages that infiltrate the epidermis 72 h after ultraviolet B (UV) irradiation potently produce IL-10 mRNA and secrete IL-10 protein. We asked whether differentiated UV macrophages in the epidermis acquired their activated, IL-10 hi status as a result of entering the epidermis or as a result of encountering UV-induced changes in the dermal microenvironment. In this study, sequential section immunostaining directly showed dynamic and reciprocal changes of infiltrating CD11b + macrophages and CD1a + Langerhans cell loss in human epidermis and dermis after in vivo UV exposure in relation to the microanatomic localization of newly appearing dermal cells that stain for IL-10 mRNA by in situ hybridization. Using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on purified dermal cell subsets, the first significant rise in IL-10 mRNA occurred 6 h after UV in the dermal CD11b + (CD1 – , 3 – , 24 – , 56 – ) monocytic/macrophagic population. Significant induction of IL-10 mRNA 24 h post-UV was limited to the CD11b + CD1 – subset (p = 0.006). The fold increase of IL-10 mRNA relative to 0 h by the CD11b + dermal monocytic/macrophagic population peaked at 24–48 h and tapered thereafter. Intense IL-10 production by macrophages in the epidermis appeared to follow dermal changes, with maximum production at 72 h, indicating migration/activation of this population from the dermis, and the remainder of dermal cells, depleted of monocyte/macrophages and Langerhans cell-like antigen-presenting cells, showed no increase in IL-10 at any time point post-UV. IL-10 protein-producing CD11b + macrophages in the dermis were also documented by flow cytometry. IL-12 mRNA was differentially regulated from IL-10 after UV, in that IL-12 was consistently downregulated in the CD11b + monocytic/macrophagic population (p
Active-site models of bacterial nitric oxide reductase featuring tris-histidyl and glutamic acid mimics: influence of a carboxylate ligand on Fe(B) binding and the heme Fe/Fe(B) redox potential.

Active-site models of bacterial nitric oxide reductase (NOR) featuring a heme iron and a trisimidazole and a glutaric acid-bound non-heme iron (FeB) have been synthesized. These models closely replicate the proposed active site of native NORs. Examination of these models shows that the glutamic acid mimic is required for both FeB retention in the distal binding site and proper modulation of the redox potentials of both the heme and non-heme irons.
Comparison of Kinetic Models for Gas Damping of Moving Microbeams

Numerical investigations of the gas o w structure and the gas-damping force on moving and heated microbeams are carried out using the Navier-Stokes equations with rst-order velocity-slip and temperature-jump boundary conditions (the NSSJ method) and two kinetic numerical techniques: the particle-based direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, and a deterministic discrete-ordinate solution of the ellipsoidal statistical (ES) kinetic model equation. The gas-damping coecien ts on a moving microbeam for quasi-static isothermal conditions are estimated by the three numerical methods for Kn = 0.1-1.0. The NSSJ simulations tend to overestimate the gas-damping coecien t for Knudsen numbers larger than 0.1, whereas the DSMC and ES kinetic approaches are in good agreement for the slip and transitional o w regimes. The o w structure and the Knudsen force are calculated using the ES kinetic model for a heated microbeam over a wide range of Knudsen numbers. The Knudsen force peaks in the transitional regime (Kn 2), and the numerically predicted variation of the force with Knudsen number is consistent with experimentally observed displacements of the heated microbeam.
Indacaterol: A Novel Long-Acting β2-Agonist

Bronchodilator drugs are the foundation for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The principal inhaled bronchodilator treatments used are β(2) -agonists and anticholinergics, either alone or in combination. Currently available β(2) -agonists are of either short duration and used multiple times/day, or of long duration, which requires twice-daily administration. Indacaterol is considered an ultra-long-acting β(2) -agonist and was recently approved for use in the United States. Its duration of action is approximately 24 hours, allowing for once-daily administration. Cough was the most commonly reported adverse effect with use of indacaterol. Cough usually occurred within 15 seconds of inhalation of the drug, lasted around 6 seconds, was not associated with bronchospasm, and did not cause discontinuation of the drug. Otherwise, the drug's safety profile was similar to that of other bronchodilators. Based on similar improvement in spirometric measurements compared with other bronchodilator drugs and the convenience of its once-daily dosing, indacaterol may be beneficial in the management of mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, either alone or in combination with anticholinergic drugs administered once/day.
The properties of infrared galaxies in the local universe

The 60 µm selected IRAS Bright Galaxy Sample is used as a starting point to derive additional complete flux-limited samples of extragalactic objects at 12, 25, and 100 µm. With these complete samples the luminosity functions at all IRAS wavelengths are derived for the local Universe. These luminosity functions are used to determine the infrared emission of the local Universe. The maximum in the energy output of galaxies occurs at 100 µm. The infrared emission of galaxies at 12 and 25 µm represents ~30% of the total infrared luminosity in the local Universe. The mean infrared colors of infrared selected galaxies vary systematically with infrared luminosity; the ratio S^v(60 µm)/S_v( 100 µm) increases and S_v(12 µm)/Sv(25 µm) decreases with increasing infrared luminosity.
Ventilatory dynamics and control of blood gases after maximal exercise in the Thoroughbred horse.

Despite enormous rates of minute ventilation (Ve) in the galloping Thoroughbred (TB) horse, the energetic demands of exercise conspire to raise arterial Pco2 (i.e., induce hypercapnia). If locomot...
Heterotaxy Syndrome: Defining Contemporary Disease Trends

The purpose of this study was to define a population of visceral heterotaxy and to investigate the incidence of bacterial sepsis in the current era of universal pediatric pneumococcal immunization. Pediatric echocardiography and radiology databases, along with electronic medical records, were searched for patients followed-up since birth between 1999 and 2009 with either asplenia or polysplenia and cardiac anatomy consistent with heterotaxy syndrome. A total of 29 patients were identified. Seven patients (24%) had a total of 8 sepsis events, and 6 patients (86%) developed sepsis while taking appropriately prescribed antibiotic prophylaxis. Of the patients with sepsis, 5 had polysplenia and 2 had asplenia. Sixty-two percent of sepsis events were nosocomially acquired. No cases of pneumococcal sepsis occurred after the introduction of the conjugated pneumococcal vaccination to the pediatric vaccination schedule. Bacterial sepsis was associated with a 44% mortality rate. An unexpected finding in 3 patients with visceral heterotaxy, asplenia, and an interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC) as the only anomaly on echocardiography was associated intestinal malrotation. Children with visceral heterotaxy remain at significant risk of life-threatening bacterial infection. In addition, the finding of interrupted IVC on echocardiography should prompt screening for intestinal malrotation, even in the absence of additional structural heart disease.
Nucleate boiling heat transfer of liquid nitrogen from plasma deposited polymer coated surfaces

Abstract In certain cases, nucleate boiling heat transfer from polymerized tetrafluoroethylene coated surfaces was more than five times the rate of heat transfer found for uncoated surfaces at a given temperature difference. It was also found that for the polymer coated surfaces the transition from nucleate to film boiling was much slower than for uncoated surfaces.
Chemical applications of topology and group theory 28. Carbonyl polyhedra in metal carbonyl clusters

Abstract The n carbonyl groups in a metal cluster carbonyl M m (CO) n form a polyhedron which represents the most favorable way of packing these carbonyl groups on the surface of a sphere. Such polyhedra for 12 ≦ n ≦ 16 include the four Frank-Kasper polyhedra, which have only degree 5 and 6 vertices with no adjacent pairs of degree 6 vertices.
Evaluating relative efficiencies of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers using data envelopment, ratio, and multiple regression analysis

Several forms of analysis are used to evaluate the efficiency of acute care Veterans Affairs hospitals. The smaller hospitals with fewer than 100 beds and hospitals not in operation a full year have been excluded. The types of analysis used are input ratio analysis and productivity analysis of three outputs consisting of surgeries, discharges and emergency and outpatient visits. Also used is data envelopment analysis (DEA) of two subsamples segmented by whether the hospital is a member or not of the Council of Teaching Hospitals. Finally, multiple regression is used to find indicators of the relative efficiencies generated by the DEA. Results show that about one half of all hospitals are relatively inefficient. Also promising indicators of efficiency are hospital size, inpatient surgeries, outpatient surgeries, and the aggregate emergency room and outpatient visits.
Metal and ligand K-edge XAS of organotitanium complexes: metal 4p and 3d contributions to pre-edge intensity and their contributions to bonding.

Titanium cyclopentadienyl (Cp) complexes play important roles as homogeneous polymerization catalysts and have recently received attention as potential anticancer agents. To systematically probe the contribution of the Cp to bonding in organotitanium complexes, Ti K-edge XAS has been applied to TiCl4 and then to the mono- and bis-Cp complexes, TiCpCl3 and TiCp2Cl2. Ti K-edge XAS is used as a direct probe of metal 3d−4p mixing and provides insight into the contribution of the Cp to bonding. These data are complimented by Cl K-edge XAS data, which provide a direct probe of the effect of the Cp on the bonding to the spectator chloride ligand. The experimental results are correlated to DFT calculations. A model for metal 3d−4p mixing is proposed, which is based on covalent interactions with the ligands and demonstrates that metal K-pre-edge intensities may be used as a measure of ligand−metal covalency in molecular Ti(IV) systems in noncentrosymmetric environments.
Phospholipid sources of metabolically elongated gammalinolenic acid: Conversion to prostaglandin E1 in stimulated mouse macrophages

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that macrophages possess an active long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid elongase capable of converting (>85%) gammalinolenic acid (18:3n-6, GLA) to dihomogammalinolenic acid (20:3n-6, DGLA), which, following cell stimulation, is converted to prostaglandin E 1 (PGE 1 ) (Chapkin, R.S. and Coble, K.J. (1991). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1085, 365–370). This is noteworthy because PGE 1 is an eicosanoid with anti-aggregatory and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, mouse peritoneal macrophages were incubated with [ 14 C]GLA and [ 3 H]-glycerol for 20 hr and subsequently stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 (phospholipase A 2 activator), phorbol ester (PMA, protein kinase C activator), PMA + A23187, merthiolate (lysophospharide acyltransferase inhibitor) + A23187, or nothing. Following stimulation, PMA + A23187 and merthiolate + A23187 treated cells had significantly ( P 14 C-(PGE 1 ) and [ 14 C]-prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) biosynthesis compared with A23187, PMA, and nonstimulated treatments. [ 14 C]-fatty acid (primarily DGLA) was primarily incorporated into phosphatidylcholine (PC) (64.8 ± 1.3%, in nonstimulated cells). A23187, PMA, PMA + A23187, and merthiolate + A23187 treatments had significantly ( P 14 C]-PC and increased ( P 3 H]-lyso-PC relative to nonstimulated cells. Therefore, in vitro activation of phospholipase A 2 and inhibition of [ 14 C]DGLA (derived from [ 14 C]GLA) reacylation can significantly ( P 14 C]-(PGE 1 ) biosynthesis. These data indicate the regulatory importance of [ 14 C]DGLA reacylation relative to phospholipase A 2 activity in mouse peritoneal macrophage PGE 1 biosynthesis.
Analysis of a nucleic-acid-binding antibody fragment: construction and characterization of heavy-chain complementarity-determining region switch variants

Abstract The display of antibody (Ab) fragments (Fab) on the surface of filamentous bacteriophage (phage) and selection of phage that interact with a particular antigen (Ag) has enabled the isolation of Fab that bind nucleic acids. Nucleic acid (NA) binding Ab occur in vivo in connective tissue disease patients and certain inbred strains of mice and are thought to be pathogenic. Although there is ample data concerning the amino acid (aa) sequence of murine monoclonal Ab (mAb) reactive with DNA, significantly less is known about how autoAb interact with NA. The complementarity-determining regions (CDR) contained in the Fab contribute the most to Ag binding, especially through heavy (H)-chain CDR 3. We have examined the role of individual H-chain CDR of a previously isolated recombinant single-stranded DNA-binding Fab (DNA-1) in nucleic acid interaction using a combination of H-chain CDR switching and solution-binding experiments. The three H-chain CDR of DNA-1 Fab were independently switched with the H-chain CDR of a Fab (D5) with very similar sequence and framework (FR) that binds DNA poorly in order to create all possible H-chain CDR combinations. The chimeric Fab genes were bacterially expressed, and their products were purified and analyzed. Results indicated that the H-chain CDR 3 of DNA-1 Fab, in the context of the remainder of the H-chain of D5 Fab, restored binding to oligo(dT)15 to 60% of DNA-1 levels, whereas H-chain CDR 1 and 3 of DNA-1 with CDR 2 of D5 Fab restored binding to 100%. A combination of H-chain CDR 2 and 3 of DNA-1 Fab with H-chain CDR 1 of D5, unexpectedly resulted in the ability of the chimeric Fab to bind RNA preferentially over DNA. These studies demonstrate the importance of both H-chain CDR 1 and 3 in DNA recognition and further suggest that the specificity of the type of NA recognized by a particular Fab can be drastically altered by exchanging CDR.
Introduction of the Deputy Editor-in-Chief and Associate Editors

The Editor-in-Chief (EiC) introduces the new Deputy EiC, Dr. Shipeng Li, and the 25 new Associate Editors of the IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology. This is an outstanding group of world-renowned scholars in all areas of video technology and video systems. Dr. Li and the Associate Editors also serve as members of the Editorial Board of the IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology. Short professional biographies are presented for all.
Evaluation of three sorbents for retention of PCBs in a natural gas stream.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been found in some pipeline condensates by the natural gas pipeline companies. Polyurethane foam Florisil and Amberlite XAD-2 have been used by US EPA to determine PCBs in air and stack gases. However, it was not known whether natural gas, which contains several impurities including hexane, the solvent normally used to extract the media prior to analysis, would elute the trapped PCBs from the collection media. To resolve this question, retention efficiency studies were conducted for each trapping medium using natural gas in place of air.
Seeing into the sun: True intelligence

Intelligence is explored from the perspective of an ecological understanding of mind and consciousness. Consciousness itself is seen in terms of a hierarchical organization ofstates of mind, states of consciousness, and structures of consciousness. In this framework, intelligence is viewed as the product both of the constructive building up of powerful and flexible schemata, and of the clearing away of impediments to the expression of a more spontaneous natural creative intelligence.
Adorno and Heidegger on language and the inexpressible

I argue that the reflections on language in Adorno and Heidegger have their common root in a modernist problematic that dissected experience into ordinary experience, and transfiguring experiences that are beyond the capacity for expression of our language. I argue that Adorno’s solution to this problem is the more resolutely “modernist” one, in that Adorno is more rigorous about preserving the distinction between what can be said, and what strives for expression in language. After outlining the definitive statement of this problematic in Nietzsche’s early epistemological writings, I outline Heidegger’s solution and subsequently Adorno’s critique of Heidegger. Finally, I argue that situating Adorno within the modernist problem of language and expression is crucial for making sense of his philosophy as a form of critical theory.
Children versus Childhood: Writing Children into the Historical Record, or Reflections on Paula Fass's Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society

A couple of years ago I was asked to contribute to a new encyclopedia to be entitled Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society. Earlier I had determined to bring my brief career as a writer for reference volumes to a halt. Why waste my precious writing time for a type of scholarship that I would not even trust as a source for my own students? I held distinct prejudices against encyclopedias, grounded in fairly limited experiences with the genre. Similar to my prejudices against textbooks, I believed encyclopedias to be notoriously uneven and to deliver fast-food versions of history, lightly garnished with facts but lacking the subtlety and complexity of serious historical scholarship. After some prodding from various folks, including history of childhood superstar Paula Fass, I managed to cough up an entry that may, I confess, sin in the aforementioned ways. When asked by the History of Education Quarterly to assess this encyclopedia I was again at a loss, in part because of my authorial status and in part because of my misgivings about encyclopedias. One answer to this quandary was to use the three-volume series as an opportunity to reflect on the current state of the art of the history of childhood, children, and youth rather than assess the quality of the individual entries, which is how I have approached this essay.
Proton MR spectroscopy in children with acute brain injury: comparison of short and long echo time acquisitions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate comparatively the information given by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) with short echo time (TE 20 msec) stimulated echo acquisition mode and long TE (270 msec) point-resolved spectroscopy in predicting long-term outcome in children suffering from acute brain injury. At 1.5 T, we performed single-voxel proton MRS with both methods in occipital gray matter of 70 children. A linear discriminant analysis used to predict outcomes based on MRS variables was compared with actual neurologic outcome assigned at least 6 months after injury by a pediatric neurologist. Using peak area metabolite ratios and lactate presence, the short and long TE methods were equally predictive in children over 1 month of age. In neonates less than 1 month of age, the long TE method produced a higher percentage of correct outcome predictions (91%) than the short TE method (79%). The long TE method detected lactate more often in all age groups. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2000;11:9–19. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison of methods to detect visual field progression in glaucoma .

Objective: The purpose of the study is to develop alternative statistical approaches for evaluating the trend of visual field series over time and to compare the results to human observers. Design: Retrospective analysis of visual field results. Participants: Eighty-three eyes of 83 patients (phakic or pseudophakic) with openangle glaucoma and 5 or more eligible fields were included in the study. Intervention: Three experienced observers independently reviewed the field series to determine stability or progression. Main Outcome Measures: The following additional methods to determine progression of visual field loss were used: (1) pointwise univariate regression analysis and a glaucoma change analysis; (2) univariate regression analysis on visual field indices mean deviation, corrected loss variance, and glaucoma pattern index; (3) pointwise multivariate regression analysis with fixed effects on panel data; and (4) clusterwise multivariate regression analysis with fixed effects on panel data. The results of different statistical methods were compared by determining the pairwise agreement (Cohen's weighted kappa) between each technique and three experienced observers. Results: Patients were observed for a mean (±standard deviation) of 5.6 (±1.4) years. The visual fields of 27 (33%) and 56 (67%) eyes were considered to have progressed or remained stable, respectively, based on agreement of at least 2 of 3 observers. Univariate regression analysis on visual field indices was not useful for detection of visual field progression. Pointwise and clusterwise regression analyses with fixed effects on panel data performed as well as pointwise univariate regression analysis compared with human observers (κ = 0.52, 0.53, and 0.55, respectively). Both methods showed better agreement with human observers than with glaucoma change analysis (κ = 0.41). Conclusions: A new statistical model, multivariate regression analyses with fixed effects on panel data, is an appropriate method to evaluate the course of visual field series over time and shows reasonable agreement with experienced observers and pointwise univariate regression analysis.