cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-plane monolithic integration of scaled III-V photonic devices

In this work we will discuss the use of Template-Assisted Selective Epitaxy (TASE) for the monolithic in-plane integration of active III-V photonic devices on silicon. We will show the use for highspeed InGaAs detectors, as well as for hybrid III-V/Si photonic crystal structures.
Introduction to the 21st Ralph B. Peck Award Lecture

AbstractDr. Anand Puppala delivered the 21st Ralph B. Peck Award Lecture on February 28, 2020, at the ASCE GeoCongress event held in Minneapolis, Minnesota. This introduction briefly reviews Dr. Pu...
The Summer Match: A qualitative study exploring a two-stage residency match option.

Background The number of residency applications submitted by medical students rises annually, resulting in increased work and costs for residency programs and applicants, particularly in emergency medicine. We propose a solution to this problem: an optional, two-stage Match with a "summer match" stage, in which applicants can submit a limited number of applications early. This would be conducted similarly to the early decision process for college admissions. The study objectives were to explore stakeholder opinions on the feasibility of a summer match and to identify the ideal logistic parameters to operationalize this proposal. Methods We used exploratory qualitative methodology following a constructivist paradigm to develop an understanding of the potential impact of a summer match. We interviewed 34 key stakeholders in the U.S. residency application process identified through purposive sampling including educational administrators (program directors, designated institutional officials, medical school deans) and trainees (students, residents). We coded and thematically analyzed interview data in two stages using an inductive approach. Results We identified six themes from the participant interviews that broadly reflected issues of the residency application process, value, and equity. These themes included disrupting the status quo, logistic concerns, match strategy, differential benefits, unintended consequences, and return on investment. Most study participants supported the summer match concept, with medical students and residents most in favor. We developed a theoretical summer match protocol based on these findings. Conclusions A summer match may reduce the burdens of increasing residency applications and associated costs. Pilot testing is necessary to confirm this hypothesis and determine the impact of the proposed summer match protocol. Unintended consequences must be considered carefully during implementation.
Differentiating multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a single-centre retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Features of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) overlap with other febrile illnesses, hindering prompt and accurate diagnosis. The objectives of this study were to identify clinical and laboratory findings that distinguished MIS-C from febrile illnesses in which MIS-C was considered but ultimately excluded, and to examine the diseases that most often mimicked MIS-C in a tertiary medical centre. STUDY DESIGN: We identified all children hospitalised with fever who were evaluated for MIS-C at our centre and compared clinical signs and symptoms, SARS-CoV-2 status and laboratory studies between those with and without MIS-C. Multivariable logistic LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression was used to identify the most discriminative presenting features of MIS-C. RESULTS: We identified 50 confirmed MIS-C cases (MIS-C+) and 68 children evaluated for, but ultimately not diagnosed with, MIS-C (MIS-C-). In univariable analysis, conjunctivitis, abdominal pain, fatigue, hypoxaemia, tachypnoea and hypotension at presentation were significantly more common among MIS-C+ patients. MIS-C+ and MIS-C- patients had similar elevations in C-reactive protein (CRP), but were differentiated by thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and elevated ferritin, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, BNP and troponin. In multivariable analysis, predictors of MIS-C included age, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelets, conjunctivitis, oral mucosa changes, abdominal pain and hypotension. CONCLUSIONS: Among hospitalised children undergoing evaluation for MIS-C, children with MIS-C were older, more likely to present with conjunctivitis, oral mucosa changes, abdominal pain and hypotension, and had higher neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios and lower platelet counts. These data may be helpful for discrimination of MIS-C from other febrile illnesses, including bacterial lymphadenitis and acute viral infection, with overlapping features.
Condition Monitoring of DC-Link Capacitors Using Hidden Markov Model Supported-Convolutional Neural Network

Non-invasive condition monitoring techniques have been developed for various electrical components within different power electronic topologies in order to increase reliability and decrease maintenance costs for these systems. DC-link capacitors are a component of particular attention for these condition monitoring systems due to their outsized effect on cost, size, and failure rate for power electronic converters. A non-invasive, online condition monitoring system is proposed in this paper which estimates the health of the MPPF DC-link capacitor within a 3-phase inverter. Current measurements are collected using a current transducer (CT) on the DC-bus, and a novel condition monitoring method of time-frequency image classification is used to analyze high frequency electromagnetic interference (EMI) content around 15-43 MHz. The proposed system uses a continuous wavelet transform (CWT), convolutional neural network (CNN), and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to classify DC-link capacitor health into one of five stages with 99.9% accuracy.
Essay #6: An Agnostic Argument

This essay defends the theological agnostic’s view that one ought to withhold judgment concerning God’s existence, by offering a justification for that belief. A distinction is made between a strong agnostic, who believes it is impossible to know that God exists, and a weak agnostic, who just takes it to be a contingent fact about herself that she does not know whether or not God exists. The concept of God being used in this paper is that expressed by J.N. Findlay and Alvin Plantinga, who understand God as possessing its various qualities in some necessary manner. The paper proceeds by constructing an antinomy, according to which it follows from innocuous assertions both that God does exist and that God does not exist. Two distinct arguments are offered, with one deriving the existence of God, and the other deriving the nonexistence of God. Having described both arguments, the agnostic appeals to the Pyrrhonistic epistemic principle which says that if a proposition is counterbalanced, then with regard to that proposition one ought to withhold belief.
The rise and fall of communism

Archie Brown, London, The Bodley Head, 2009, xv +720 pp British political scientist Archie Brown has accomplished a near-impossible project without getting bogged down and digressing into polemics....
Fertility of Turkeys Fed Thiouracil Prior to Maturity

Abstract Coturnix (Marks and Lepore, 1968) and chickens (Marks, 1969) fed thiouracil during the growing period had higher fertility than nontreated controls. While no improvement was observed in the fertility and egg production of adult chickens fed thiouracil (Shaffner and Andrews, 1948; Andrews and Schnetzler, 1945; McCartney and Shaffner, 1950), the thyroid gland has been shown to influence ovarian function and reproduction in other species (Weichert, 1930; Jones et al., 1946; Ershoff, 1945). Marks (1969) postulated that the beneficial influence of feeding thiouracil may be due to its action prior to sexual maturity. The experiment reported in this note was conducted to determine the influence of adding thiouracil to the diet of the growing turkey on subsequent fertility. Three hundred sexed Broad Breasted White turkey poults were obtained from a commercial hatchery on February 28, 1969. Day-old poults were wingbanded and randomly assigned to two treatment groups of 50 males and…
Isolation of lumenal proteins from spinach thylakoid membranes by triton X-114 phase partitioning.

Abstract The proteins present in the thylakoid lumen of higher plant chloroplasts have not been rigorously examined. In this communication we present a simple and rapid procedure for the isolation of the soluble proteins and extrinsic membrane proteins present in the thylakoid lumen from spinach. Our procedure involves extensive washing of the thylakoid membranes followed by Triton X-114 phase partitioning. When analyzed by one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), we obtain results which are very similar to those obtained by Kieselbach et al. using more classical methods [T. Kieselbach, A. Hagman, B. Andersson, W.P. Schroder, J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 6710–6716]. About 25 major proteins are observed upon Coomassie blue staining. Upon two-dimensional isoelectric focusing–sodium dodecyl sulfate–PAGE and either Coomassie blue or silver staining, however, numerous other protein components are resolved. Our findings indicate that the total number of proteins (soluble and extrinsic membrane) present in the lumen may exceed 150.
Isomorphism of graphs which are pairwise k-separable

A polynomial time algorithm for testing isomorphism of graphs which are pairwise k-separable for fixed k is given. The pairwise k-separable graphs are those graphs where each pair of distinct vertices are k-separable. This is a natural generalization of the bounded valence test of Luks. The subgroup of automorphisms of a hypergraph whose restriction to the vertices is in a given Γk group, for fixed k is constructed in polynomial time.
Use of the anaerobic threshold for evaluating various total artificial heart control algorithms in calves.

: In the total artificial heart (TAH) project, choosing the best control mode is an important factor in the design of a completely implantable TAH. Four different control modes for the TAH were evaluated in the same calf using the anaerobic threshold (AT) as an assessment of aerobic capacity, where AT was defined as the oxygen consumption (vo2) at which the relationship between blood lactate measurements and vo2 became nonlinear during progressive treadmill exercise. This new approach tests the integrated response of the central, peripheral, and metabolic regulatory mechanisms to physiological workloads. Preliminary data showed AT in the left master alternatively ejecting mode to be slightly higher than in the other three modes.
Responses of stream macroinvertebrates to Bt maize leaf detritus.

In the midwestern United States, maize detritus enters streams draining agricultural land. Genetically modified Bt maize is commonly planted along streams and can possibly affect benthic macroinvertebrates, specifically members of the order Trichoptera, which are closely related to target species of some Bt toxins and are important detritivores in streams. The significance of inputs of Bt maize to aquatic systems has only recently been recognized, and assessments of potential nontarget impacts on aquatic organisms are lacking. We conducted laboratory feeding trials and found that the leaf-shredding trichopteran, Lepidostoma liba, grew significantly slower when fed Bt maize compared to non-Bt maize, while other invertebrate taxa that we examined showed no negative effects. We also used field studies to assess the influence of Bt maize detritus on benthic macroinvertebrate abundance, diversity, biomass, and functional structure in situ in 12 streams adjacent to Bt maize or non Bt maize fields. We found no significant differences in total abundance or biomass between Bt and non-Bt streams, and trichopterans comprised only a small percentage of invertebrate biomass at all sites (0-15%). Shannon diversity did not differ among Bt and non-Bt streams and was always low (Hr range = 0.9-1.9). Highly tolerant taxa, such as oligochaetes and chironomids, were dominant in both Bt and non-Bt streams, and macroinvertebrate community composition was relatively constant across seasons. We used litterbags to examine macroinvertebrate colonization of Bt and non-Bt maize detritus and found no significant differences among litter or stream types. Our in situ findings did not support our laboratory results; this is likely because the streams we studied in this region are highly degraded and subject to multiple, persistent anthropogenic stressors (e.g., channelization, altered flow, nutrient and pesticide inputs). Invertebrate communities in these streams are a product of these degraded conditions, and thus the impact of a single stressor, such as Bt toxins, may not be readily discernable. Our results add to growing evidence that Bt toxins can have sublethal effects on nontarget aquatic taxa, but this evidence should be considered in the context of other anthropogenic impacts and alternative methods of pest control influencing streams draining agricultural regions.
Pilot study evaluating fear of falling and falls among older rolling walker users

Aims Fear of falling is considered a risk factor for falls. Walkers are commonly used by older adults for enhancing mobility. This study aimed to investigate the level of fear of falling in terms of the Falls Efficacy Scale, how that level is associated with fall frequency, and how walkers were used among older walker users. Methods Forty two qualified older adults completed the Falls Efficacy Scale and a questionnaire concerning walker use and history of falls in the last 12 months. Their walkers were assessed for appropriate use and maintenance. Findings Fifteen subjects (36%) fell at least once after beginning to use a walker, but the number of falls did not correlate to the duration of walker use. A moderate positive correlation existed between Falls Efficacy Scale scores and the number of falls. Assessments of the walkers showed that the most common misuse was lack of medical consultation in obtaining a walker, followed by incorrect walker height, forward-leaning posture during ambulation. However, t...
Resilience: Analysis of the concept

Resilience describes a process whereby people bounce back from adversity and go on with their lives. It is a dynamic process highly influenced by protective factors. Protective factors are specific competencies that are necessary for the process of resilience to occur. Competencies are those healthy skills and abilities that the individual can access and may occur within the individual or the interpersonal or family environment. Psychiatric-mental health nursing has always focused on mental-health promotion and attempted to discern positive outcomes from adversity and states of wellness amidst difficult circumstances or severe illness. Defining specific protective factors that facilitate mental health in high-risk groups would enhance our position in today's health care climate.
Copper and cobalt in aquatic mosses and stream sediments from the Idaho Cobalt Belt

Abstract Samples of stream sediments and aquatic mosses were collected from nine sites across several mineralized zones at the southeasternmost extension of the Idaho Cobalt Belt. Because the steepness of the terrain and the attendant high flow rate of the streams made it difficult to obtain adequate sediment samples, mosses were considered as an alternative sampling medium. The results not only showed that the Cu and Co content of the mosses correlated almost perfectly with that of the sediments, but that the contrast between samples taken from mineralized and background areas was greater in mosses, especially for Co. Maximum concentrations of 35,000 μg/g Cu and 2000 μg/g Co were observed in the ash of mosses, compared to maximum concentrations of 1700 μg/g and 320 μg/g, respectively, in the associated sediments. Species identification was considered unimportant, which should dispel some reluctance to use mosses in mineral exploration.
The interaction of V2O5 and Nb2O5 with oxide surfaces

Abstract The interaction of vanadium oxide and niobium oxide with Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 supports is examined with Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectra of the supported metal oxides reveal that the strong interaction of the metal oxides with Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 supports results in the formation of two-dimensional surface metal oxide overlayers. The surface vanadium oxide overlayers are unstable to high calcination temperatures and readily undergo solid state transformations. The surface niobium oxide overlayers are much more stable to high-temperature calcination treatments and retard solid state transformations of the mixed oxide systems.
Drug Dosing in Patients With Impaired Renal Function

Renal function can affect disposition and response to drugs in a variety of ways. This review discusses the principles underlying such responses, with particular emphasis on how changes in disposition parameters affect dosing decisions.
Tropospheric ozone at tropical and middle latitudes derived from TOMS/MLS residual: Comparison with a global model

[1] The tropospheric ozone residual method is used to derive zonal maps of tropospheric column ozone using concurrent measurements of total column ozone from Nimbus 7 and Earth Probe (EP) Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and stratospheric column ozone from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). Our study shows that the zonal variability in TOMS total column ozone at tropical and subtropical latitudes is mostly of tropospheric origin. The seasonal and zonal variability in tropospheric column ozone (TCO), derived from the TOMS/MLS residual, is consistent with that derived from the convective cloud differential method and ozonesonde measurements in regions where these data overlap. A comparison of TCO derived from the TOMS/MLS residual and a global three-dimensional model of tropospheric chemistry (GEOS-CHEM) for 1996–1997 shows good agreement in the tropics south of the equator. Both the model and observations show similar zonal and seasonal characteristics including an enhancement of TCO in the Indonesian region associated with the 1997 El Nino. Both show the decline of the wave-1 pattern from the tropics to the extratropics as lightning activity and the Walker circulation decline. Both show enhanced ozone in the downwelling branches of the Hadley Circulation near ±30o. Model and observational differences increase with latitude during winter and spring.
MO‐D‐332‐05: Low Dose Myocardial CT Perfusion Measurements Using Prior Image Constrained Compressed Sensing (PICCS)

Purpose: To describe a method of low dose CT myocardial perfusion imaging based on an angularly under‐sampled projection acquisition and PICCS image reconstruction, and evaluate its performance in a preliminary porcine study. Method and Materials: Recently an extension to compressed sensing has been proposed in which a prior image is utilized as a constraint in the image reconstruction (i.e. Prior Image Constrained Compressed Sensing — PICCS). In this case the prior image is reconstructed with a short scan about 3 seconds before contrast arrives. Using the PICCS algorithm significant under‐sampling of the subsequent time frames is feasible, which would yield a direct dose savings if a pulsed x‐ray tube is used. In order to demonstrate the potential dose savings, a contrast enhanced porcine scan was performed on a 64 slice MDCT system. Results: Three regions‐of‐interest were identified in the myocardium adjacent to the left ventricle. The ability of the under‐sampled PICCS acquisitions to portray the temporal enhancement dynamics seen in full‐dose, fully‐sampled dynamic CTimaging was assessed by comparing quantitative perfusion parameters derived from time‐density curves. For dose reduction factors from 4.3 to 12.8, the average error in the time to peak ranged from −3% to 2.5%, and the average error in upslope parameter ranged from −14% to 7.5%. Conclusion: The results of a single porcine study indicate the potential for significant dose reduction (e.g. an order of magnitude) using a gated pulsed acquisition with respect to myocardial perfusion measurements.
Fast and Efficient Parallel Inversion of Toeplitz and Block Toeplitz Matrices

We call an n×n matrix A well-conditioned if log(cond A) = O(log n). We compute the inverse of any n×n well-conditioned and diagonally dominant Hermitian Toeplitz matrix A (with errors 1/2N, N = nc for a constant c) by a numerically stable algorithm using O(log2 log log n) parallel arithmetic steps and n log2n/log log n processors. This dramatically improves the previous results. We also compute the inverse and all the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial of any n×n nonsingular Toeplitz matrix A filled with integers (and possibly ill-conditioned) by a distinct algorithm using O(log2n) parallel arithmetic steps, O(n2) processors, and the precision of O(n log(n∥A∥1) binary digits. The results have several modifications, extensions, and further applications.
Asymmetric synthesis using enantiomerically pure 2-(p-anisylsulfinyl)-2-cycloalkenones

Abstract Conjugate additions of many organometallic reagents to 2-(p-anisylsulfinyl)-2-cycloalkenones, 2 proceed with much greater diastereoselectivity than additions to the corresponding 2-(p-tolylsulfinyl)-2-cycloalkenones, 7. Complexation of 2 with zinc dibromide followed by addition of various Grignard reagents lead, after reductive removal of the sulfoxide, to 3-substituted cycloalkanones of higher optical purity than those obtained from 7. Addition of methyltitanium triisopropoxide to 2-(p-anisylsulfnyl)-2-cyclohexenone, 2b, in the absence of zinc dibromide, proceeds with virtually complete asymmetric induction.
Binding activity of norovirus and sapovirus to histo-blood group antigens

Noroviruses (NoVs) and sapoviruses (SaVs) are causative agents of human gastroenteritis. There is increasing evidence that certain human NoV strains bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). We found that several NoV virus-like particles (VLPs) showed binding activity to HBGAs, while neither SaV genogroup I (GI) VLP nor SaV GV VLP showed such activity.
A novel enolic β-ketoaldehyde in the defense secretion of the termite Rhinotermes hispidus

Abstract The identity of 3-oxo-13-tetradecenal as a major component of the Rhinotermes hispidus defense secretion is established by MS, 1H and 13C-NMR, and total synthesis.
The response of the alanine detector after charged-particle and neutron irradiations

Abstract Radiosensitivity parameters of track structure theory, representing alanine as a one-hit detector, have been fitted for this free-radical amino-acid system on the basis of the available experimental data on the relative effectiveness of alanine after charged particle and neutron irradiations. The experimental data set can be reproduced by theoretical calculations, roughly to within experimental accuracy. A charged-particle “equivalent radiation” is introduced which can mimic the response of alanine to neutron irradiations. Implications of the results of model calculations for alanine on the shape of the radial distribution of σ-ray dose postulated by track theory, are discussed.
Multiphoton ionization of molecules in selectively excited rovibrational states

Abstract Reported are observations of multiphoton ionization of a molecule (NO) due to sequential excitation by a tunable infrared laser and a tunable dye laser. These double-resonance experiments yield multiphoton ionization spectra of specific rotational levels, selectively populated by direct IR absorption. This technique simplifies complex multiphoton ionization spectra and offers a means of sensitively and selectively detecting IR absorption of molecules.
Behavioral effects of cyclic changes in serotonin during the human menstrual cycle

Many cyclic changes during the menstrual cycle (temperature, depression, motor activity, pain sensitivity, etc.) are closely paralleled by changes in brain serotonin level. These changes, in turn, are associated with peripheral hormone levels which are comparatively regular and easily measured. Their measurement may be useful both in predicting behavior and in accounting for atypical menstrual-related behavior.
Abdominal Muscle Performance as Measured by the Double Leg-Lowering Test

Abstract Krause DA, Youdas JW, Hollman JH, Smith J. Abdominal muscle performance as measured by the double leg-lowering test. Objective To describe abdominal muscle performance as measured by the double leg-lowering test (DLLT) in healthy subjects. Design Repeated measures. Setting Academic laboratory. Participants A sample of 100 healthy volunteers (50 men, 50 women; age range, 18–29y). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Repeat measurements of the DLLT to determine reliability and performance standards and to identify variables that predict performance. Results The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC3,1) for repeated measures of the DLLT was .98. The mean value ± standard error of the mean for abdominal performance for men was 15.4°±2.3° from a horizontal reference, and for women it was 36.9°±3.4°. A significant difference was found between men and women on performance of the DLLT (t98=−5.3, P Conclusions The DLLT has excellent intratester reliability. We also found a sex difference in the performance of the DLLT.
The Effects of Race and Gender on the Judicial Ambitions of State Trial Court Judges

The intersection of gender—and to a lesser extent, race—and political ambition has been the subject of considerable research. To date, however, analyses of the intersection of political ambition, race, and gender in the context of the judiciary have been limited. The authors seek to remedy this deficiency with the use of data from a recent survey of justices of the New York State Supreme Court, the major trial court in the State of New York. They find that female and nonwhite justices have a greater desire to move up in a judicial career than do their white male counterparts.
Characterization of an Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor and Chloride Ion Selective Electrodes for pH Measurements in Seawater

Characterization of several potentiometric cells without a liquid junction has been carried out in universal buffer, aqueous HCl, and artificial seawater media. The electrodes studied include Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) pH electrodes, and Chloride-Ion Selective Electrodes (Cl-ISE) directly exposed to the solution. These electrodes were compared directly to the conventional hydrogen electrode and silver–silver chloride electrode in order to report the degree to which they obey ideal Nernstian laws. These data provide a foundation for operating the ISFET|Cl-ISE pair in seawater as a pH sensor. In order to obtain the highest quality pH measurements from this sensor, its response to changes in pH and salinity must be properly characterized. Our results indicate near-ideal Nernstian response for both electrodes over a wide range of pH (2–12) and Cl– molality (0.01–1). We conclude that the error due to sub-Nernstian response of the cell ISFET|seawater|Cl-ISE over the range of seawater pH and s...
A randomized pilot clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of Community Reinforcement and Family Training for Treatment Retention (CRAFT-T) for improving outcomes for patients completing opioid detoxification.

Abstract Background Detoxification with psychosocial counseling remains a standard opioid-use disorder treatment practice but is associated with poor outcomes. This study tested the efficacy of a newly developed psychosocial intervention, Community Reinforcement Approach and Family Training for Treatment Retention (CRAFT-T), relative to psychosocial treatment as usual (TAU), for improving treatment outcomes. Methods A randomized, 14-week trial with follow-up visits at 6 and 9 months post-randomization conducted at two substance use disorder (SUD) treatment programs. Opioid-dependent adults (i.e., identified patient – IP) enrolled in a residential buprenorphine-detoxification program and their identified concerned significant other (CSO) was randomized to CRAFT-T ( n = 28 dyads) or TAU ( n = 24 dyads). CRAFT-T consisted of two sessions with the IP and CSO together and 10 with the CSO alone, over 14 weeks. TAU for the CSOs was primarily educational and referral to self-help. All IPs received treatment as usually provided by the SUD program in which they were enrolled. The primary outcome was time to first IP drop from treatment lasting 30 days or more. Opioid and other drug use were key secondary outcomes. Results CRAFT-T resulted in a moderate but non-significant effect on treatment retention ( p = 0.058, hazard ratio = 0.57). When the CSO was parental family, CRAFT-T had a large and significant effect on treatment retention ( p p Conclusion CRAFT-T is a promising treatment for opioid use disorder but replication is needed to confirm these results.
A comparison of the influence of heat losses and three-dimensional effects on flammability limits

Abstract Measurements of the temperature profiles of a number of flames on porous plug burners have been made to test the one-dimensional theory of flammability limits. The prediction that the fraction of the heat of combustion lost in the downstream direction should increase as the flow velocity is reduced has been found to be true. The consequent prediction that the loss in the upstream direction should pass through a maximum and decrease to zero at a finite velocity, thereby defining an intrinsic flammability limit, has not been confirmed at atmospheric pressure. Instead, three-dimensional instabilities intervene and extinguish the flame when the upstream loss reaches a maximum value. Three distinct types of instability have been observed.
The Flavonoids of Oenothera Sect. Megapterium (Onagraceae)

Abstract Oenothera sect. Megapteriumconsists of four species of the tribe Onagreae (Onagraceae) from the Great Plains and western North America. Three glycoflavones, one flavone, and 10 flavonols were found in the methanolic leaf extracts of the sampled populations of the four species of sect. Megapterium. Glycoflavones are found in Oenothera only in this section and in O. canescens. This is the first report of flavones for the genus. This class of compounds has been previously reported from Circaea and Fuchsia within the family. In context of the relationships suggested by morphological data, it appears that the presence of glycoflavones in sect. Megapterium and O. canescens (sect. Gauropsis) should not be considered an indication of relationship, but rather retention of a plesiomorphic feature.
HaLoop: efficient iterative data processing on large clusters

The growing demand for large-scale data mining and data analysis applications has led both industry and academia to design new types of highly scalable data-intensive computing platforms. MapReduce and Dryad are two popular platforms in which the dataflow takes the form of a directed acyclic graph of operators. These platforms lack built-in support for iterative programs, which arise naturally in many applications including data mining, web ranking, graph analysis, model fitting, and so on. This paper presents HaLoop, a modified version of the Hadoop MapReduce framework that is designed to serve these applications. HaLoop not only extends MapReduce with programming support for iterative applications, it also dramatically improves their efficiency by making the task scheduler loop-aware and by adding various caching mechanisms. We evaluated HaLoop on real queries and real datasets. Compared with Hadoop, on average, HaLoop reduces query runtimes by 1.85, and shuffles only 4% of the data between mappers and reducers.
Opening black boxes: using semantic information to combat virtual machine image sprawl

Virtual-machine images are currently distributed as disk-image files, which are files that mirror the content of physical disks. This format is convenient for the virtual machine monitors that execute these images. However, it is not well-suited for administering images because storing images as disk-image files forces administrators to maintain the software on images with the same tools that they use to maintain the software on physical machines. Already, these tools cannot cope with "physical server sprawl"; in the future, because images can be snapshotted and cloned easily, enterprises that migrate from physical machines to images will need tools that scale to cope with the larger problem of "virtual-machine image sprawl.To address this problem, this paper proposes the Mirage image format (MIF), a new storage format that exposes the rich semantic information currently buried in disk-image files. Disk-image files contain a mapping from file name to file content (and file metadata). MIF decouples this mapping into a manifest that maps file names to content descriptors (and file metadata) and a store that holds the content. Each image has its own manifest and a store may contain content for many images. As with disk-image files, images in MIF fully encapsulate application state including all software dependences. In addition, conversion between MIF and traditional disk-image formats is easy.This paper shows, through examples, that MIF makes some typical software management tasks--inventory control, customized deployment, and image update--faster and easier. The general technique is to operate on manifests instead of on content whenever possible. These tasks can be performed without starting images and, because manifests are simpler and orders of magnitude smaller than disk-image files, without accessing large amounts of data.
Rules and Television Viewing

Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were analyzed to examine whether amount of television viewing varied based on whether there were viewing rules. Analyses suggest differences in viewing based on presence or absence of rules on weekdays but not on weekend days.
Domain-domain communication for tRNA aminoacylation: the importance of covalent connectivity.

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases form complexes with tRNA to catalyze transfer of activated amino acids to the 3‘ end of tRNA. The tRNA synthetase complexes are roughly divided into the activation and tRNA-binding domains of synthetases, which interact with the acceptor and anticodon ends of tRNAs, respectively. Efficient aminoacylation of tRNA by Escherichia coli cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CysRS) requires both domains, although the pathways for the long-range domain−domain communication are not well understood. Previous studies show that dissection of tRNACys into acceptor and anticodon helices seriously reduces the efficiency of aminoacylation, suggesting that communication requires covalent continuity of the tRNA backbone. Here we tested if communication requires the continuity of the synthetase backbone. Two N-terminal fragments and one C-terminal fragment of E. coli CysRS were generated. While the N-terminal fragments were active in adenylate synthesis, they were severely defective in the catalytic efficie...
Trends in the incidence, treatment, and outcomes of acute lower extremity ischemia in the United States Medicare population

Objective Acute lower extremity ischemia (ALI) is a common vascular surgery emergency associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to assess contemporary trends in the incidence of ALI, the methods of treatment, and the associated mortality and amputation rates in the U.S. Medicare population. Methods This was an observational study using Medicare claims data between 1998 and 2009. Outcomes examined included trends in the incidence of ALI; trends in interventions for ALI; and trends in amputation, mortality, and amputation-free survival rates. Results Between 1998 and 2009, the incidence of hospitalization for ALI decreased from 45.7 per 100,000 to 26.0 per 100,000 ( P for trend P for trend P for trend P for trend P for trend not significant). In-hospital amputation rates remained stable at 8.1% and 6.4% ( P for trend not significant), whereas 1-year amputation rates decreased from 14.8% to 11.0% ( P for trend P for trend Conclusions Between 1998 and 2009, the incidence of ALI among the U.S. Medicare population declined significantly, and the percentage of patients treated with endovascular techniques markedly increased. During this time, 1-year amputation rates declined. Furthermore, although in-hospital mortality rates declined after presentation with ALI, 1-year mortality rates remained unchanged.
Gulick's efficiency the administrative management view

The works of Luther Gulick rank prominently among the contributors who influenced the modern administrative state's development. This paper examines how Gulick played a significant role during the New Deal Era in promoting administrative management in government operations. His commitment to administrative management is further explicated by how he structured efficiency of operations into his now classic organizational perspective so as to make managerial priorities inevitable. While Gulick's efficiency therefore illuminates the supremacy of management purposes, it is also critically elucidated as limiting human development and general participation among organizational employees.
The effect of recombinant human hyaluronidase on dexamethasone penetration into the posterior segment of the eye after sub-Tenon's injection.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the extent if recombinant human hyaluronidase (rhuPH20) can enhance trans-scleral penetration of sub-Tenon's dexamethasone (DM) into the posterior segment of the eye. Methods: rhuPH20 was purified from conditioned media through a series of ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, aminophenylboronate, and hydroxyapatite chromatography to greater than 90% purity based upon specific activity. Only the right eye of each rabbit was injected. The first group (n = 16) received an injection of DM and rhuPH20, whereas the second group (n = 16) received DM only. The eyes were enucleated 1, 2, 3, and 6 h after the injection, and the choroid, retina, vitreous, aqueous, and serum were harvested. DM concentration was assessed by mass spectrometry. Histology (n = 2) and immunohistochemistry (n = 2) was performed to detect toxicity and the presence of the rHuPH20, respectively. Results: We observed no histopathologic damage to ocular tissues after sub-Tenon's injection. Thi...
Parent-Adolescent Relationships and Delinquent Behavior: A Cross-National Comparison*

(1967). Parent-Adolescent Relationships and Delinquent Behavior: A Cross-National Comparison. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 505-513.
Electron Microscopic Study of Extraocular Muscles in Myotonic Dystrophy

The extraocular muscles of two middle-aged men with ophthalmoplegia secondary to myotonic dystrophy were studied by electron microscopy. The main change was disorganization in the arrangement of myofibrils rather than degeneration of the cells. Diseased muscle cells contained randomly distributed, short and irregular myofibrils and individual myofilaments. The cytologic appearance of these muscle cells was similar to that of developing muscle cells. The pathogenesis of the myopathy in myotonic dystrophy may be related to myofibrillogenesis and its maintenance.
Inference and segmentation in cortical processing

We present a modelling framework for cortical processing aimed at understanding how, maintaining biological plausibility, neural network models can: (a) approximate general inference algorithms like belief propagation, combining bottom-up and top-down information, (b) solve Rosenblatt's classical superposition problem, which we link to the binding problem, and (c) do so based on an unsupervised learning approach. The framework leads to two related models: the first model shows that the use of top-down feedback significantly improves the network's ability to perform inference of corrupted inputs; the second model, including oscillatory behavior in the processing units, shows that the superposition problem can be efficiently solved based on the unit's phases.
Effects of clomiphene citrate and leuprolide acetate on luteal-phase hyperprolactinemia during ovarian stimulation with menopausal gonadotropins.

Hyperprolactinemia, a known modulator of reproductive function, occurs commonly in women undergoing ovarian stimulation with human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG). Clomiphene citrate (CC) and gonadotropin releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa), when administered during the luteal phase, attenuate the hyperprolactinemic response to hMG. We asked whether follicular-phase administration of CC and GnRHa, as employed clinically in women undergoing ovarian stimulation forin vitro fertilization or gamete intrafallopian transfer, would alter the incidence and severity of hMG-induced luteal-phase hyperprolactinemia. Seventy-five percent of all patients had at least one luteal prolactin level >25 ng/ml, and 40% had mean luteal-phase prolactin levels >25 ng/ml. The incidence of hyperprolactinemia was similar in pregnant and nonpregnant cycles. The incidence of hyperprolactinemia was similar for both the GnRH agonist-treated group and those given clomiphene citrate. The increase in mean luteal prolactin levels over the follicular-phase baseline level was significantly greater in the CC-treated group (P=0.03). This was due to the significant suppression of follicular-phase baseline prolactin levels in patients receiving CC. We conclude that neither CC nor GnRHa administration in the follicular phase prevents lutealphase hyperprolactinemia in women undergoing ovarian stimulation with hMG.
Technical efficiency estimation with multiple inputs and multiple outputs using regression analysis

Regression and linear programming provide the basis for popular techniques for estimating technical efficiency. Regression-based approaches are typically parametric and can be both deterministic or stochastic where the later allows for measurement error. In contrast, linear programming models are nonparametric and allow multiple inputs and outputs. The purported disadvantage of the regression-based models is the inability to allow multiple outputs without additional data on input prices. In this paper, deterministic cross-sectional and stochastic panel data regression models that allow multiple inputs and outputs are developed. Notably, technical efficiency can be estimated using regression models characterized by multiple input, multiple output environments without input price data. We provide multiple examples including a Monte Carlo analysis.
A Frequency Domain Selection Criterion for Regression with Autocorrelated Errors

Abstract We consider the regression model yt = η t + e t , t = 0, 1, …, n − 1, where y t are scalar observations, η t is the unknown regression function, and e t are unobservable errors generated by a zero-mean weakly stationary process, independent of η t and with completely unknown autocorrelation structure. We propose a data-driven method for selecting a parametric or nonparametric estimator of η t . The method is based on cross-validation in the frequency domain and requires no assumptions about the form of the estimator or the error correlations. It does, however, require the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the signal η t to be a smooth complex function of frequency, as is the case, for example, with transient signals or growth and decay curves. After giving some general motivations for the method, we focus on the special case of linear estimators of a nonparametric regression function, including both kernel and spline estimators. For these estimators, we develop efficient methods of evaluating t...
Competition and protease sensitivity assays provide evidence for the existence of a hydrogenosomal protein import machinery in Trichomonas vaginalis

Hydrogenosomes are double membrane bounded redox organelles found in a number of amitochondriate protists and fungi. They are involved in carbohydrate metabolism and ATP synthesis and thus resemble mitochondria. Molecular analysis of the hydrogenosomal heat shock proteins Hsp70, Hsp60 and Hsp10 in Trichomonas vaginalis, one of the deepest-branching eukaryotes known to date, has revealed that these group exclusively with mitochondrial heat shock proteins. This finding indicates strongly that a progenitor organelle which gave rise to contemporary mitochondria and hydrogenosomes existed early in eukaryotic life. This hypothesis is further supported by similarities of hydrogenosomal and mitochondrial biogenesis. It was shown that T. vaginalis hydrogenosomal proteins are synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytosol with an N-terminal presequence that carries targeting information and is cleaved upon import into the organelle. Furthermore, as in mitochondrial import, hydrogenosomal protein import requires ATP, an electrochemical transmembrane potential and cytosolic protein factor(s). Here we demonstrate that inhibition of hydrogenosomal protein import occurs (i) in the presence of a synthetic presequence peptide and (ii) after pretreatment of hydrogenosomes with the protease trypsin. Trypsin pretreatment affects two hydrogenosomal membrane proteins of 31 and 70 kDa, respectively. Thus, we present evidence that import is saturable and that proteinaceous hydrogenosomal import receptor(s) exist. These results are a first step towards a characterization of the hydrogenosomal import machinery which should provide further insights into the relationship of hydrogenosomes and mitochondria and the evolution of protein targeting into organelles of endosymbiotic origin.
A design optimization approach of vehicle hood for pedestrian protection

Abstract Head injuries are the most common cause of fatality in vehicle-to-pedestrian collisions. To reduce the incidence and severity of such injuries, subsystem tests are used in which headform impactors are impacted upon the vehicle hood. The development and validation of an adult headform impactor finite element (FE) model are presented in the study. The geometry was obtained from a drawing of a physical headform while the skin material model was modeled as viscoelastic material with parameters identified by FE optimization to match quasi-static and dynamic test data reported in literature. Overall, it was shown that the geometrical and inertial characteristics of the headform FE model developed in this study satisfy compliance and certification regulations. Then, the results from a hood design optimization using simulations of a headform-to-hood impact test are presented. The baseline design was a generic hood design consisting of two plates connected by buckling structures. Minimization of the under...
Nitric oxide in CsA-induced hypertension: role of β -adrenoceptor antagonist and thromboxane A2

Abstract Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive agent, which also causes hypertension. The effect of CsA on vascular responses was determined in Sprague-–Dawley rats and rat aortic rings. Male rats weighing 250-–300 g were given either CsA (25 mg/kg/day) in olive oil or vehicle by intraperitoneal (ip) injection for 7 days. CsA administration produced a 42% increase ( P 2 /NO 3 ), metabolites of nitric oxide (NO), decreased by 50% ( P 2- (TBXA 2 ) increased by 75% ( P −9 M of CsA was added acutely to intact aortic rings from untreated rats, NO 2 /NO 3 production decreased by 83% ( P 2- production increased by 86% ( P β -adrenoceptor antagonist. There were no changes in MAP and tension in rats treated with prop alone. In addition, in aorta of rats that were treated with CsA ip for 7 days, CsA significantly activated protein kinase C (PKC) translocation. This suggests that PKC mediate, in part, CsA-induced hypertension. In summary, CsA inhibits endothelial NO formation, activate PKC, and increase TBXA 2 production, with resulting increase in MAP, and this changes can be overcome by pretreatment with propranolol.