cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystal-to-glass transformation in metallic materials☆

Abstract The subject of crystal-to-glass transformations in the solid state is surveyed. It is shown that these transformations occur when a non-equilibrium state of a crystalline solid has a free energy which is greater than that of an amorphous phase. The formation of a metastable glassy phase depends on the existence of kinetic hindrances which impede the formation of more stable equilibrium crystalline phases. Examples discussed include amorphization induced by hydrogen dissolution into a crystalline phase, interdiffusion of two crystalline metals accompanied by a large negative heat of mixing, mechanical alloying and irradiation-induced amorphization. The common features of these various examples will be illustrated by comparing these processes with ordinary melting. It will be shown that, under certain conditions, both melting and the crystal-to-glass transformation can occur continuously by a massive shear instability.
Agricultural Development and Land Tenancy in a Peasant Economy: Reply

It is by now well known, particularly due to Bell and Braverman, that a model with constant returns to scale, sharecropping, and the wage-contract choice leads to a tendency for corner solution. In Bardhan (1979) I introduced a two-season production process interlinking land and credit markets and landlord monopoly power, not to avoid-as Datta and Nugent seem to imply-the problem of corner solutions, but only to introduce a dosage of realism in the model. The main problem for interior solutions in the context of the model was caused by the special assumption of constant returns to scale, which I used here, unlike in Bardhan and Srinivasan and Bardhan (1977), primarily to avoid cluttering up the equations. In any case, in peasant agricultural production functions with only land and labor as arguments and other factors suppressed (particularly managerial and animal labor input), the assumption of constant returns to scale is not very realistic. If my 1979 model is taken with diminishing returns to scale, the interior solution and most of the comparative-static results are more robust. It is not inconsistent for the landlord to be a monopolist in the land-lease market and at the same time be a competitive buyer in the labor market. In fact, I think this may be the more realistic case. As indicated in footnote 3 of Bardhan (1979), the demand for labor by others has been suppressed for convenience in equation (9); but, if one likes, one may introduce on the left-hand side of that equation a term D(W2) to represent the net demand for labor by others (say, by pure owner-cultivators) with usual properties of demand functions. None of the subsequent results in Bardhan (1979) changes. As far as I can see the empirical result reported in table 1 by Datta and Nugent on the basis of a "normalized" dependent variable is illegitimate. They combine the proportion of cultivated area under total tenancy given in Bardhan (1979) and the area under sharecropping as percentage of area under sharecropping and fixed-rental tenancy in Bardhan (1977) to get their "normalized" dependent variable, which is the percentage of land under share and "wage" contracts only. This they cannot do unless they use independent information on land under leasing arrangements other than share and fixed-rental tenancy, which in some states are significant.
Mobility of electrons in dense helium gas

Abstract We have extended the range of electron mobility measurements in dense helium gas at 77.3°K to pressures of 40 atm and at 160°K to 80 atm. Coexisting high and low mobility branches were found at both temperatures, corresponding, we believe, to free electron and “bubble” states.
Abstract ED02-01: Overview on genetic ancestry and its use in cancer disparities research.

Given the current attention on health disparities and mounting findings showing genetic variants associated with heightened disease risk or a particular treatment response that differ significantly in frequency among ethnic groups, identifying the influence of genetic ancestry on complex phenotypes may allow for the de-construction of race in most study designs. Ancestry informative markers (AIMs) and the use of genetic ancestry have been instrumental in understanding disparate disease risk and poor health outcomes. Several statistical methods are currently used to infer population structure, individual genetic ancestry, and admixture mapping. Here we provide an overview on AIMs and the use of genetic ancestry in cancer disparities studies. Examples are provided which reveal that the study of genetic ancestry and health outcomes may strongly entail both biologic and sociological factors. Citation Format: Rick A. Kittles. Overview on genetic ancestry and its use in cancer disparities research. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr ED02-01.
Virologic suppression among HIV-infected US Air Force members in a highly-structured programme with free access to care:

SummaryThe United States Air Force HIV programme has several features that may enhance antiretroviral therapy outcomes, including free access to healthcare and mandatory clinical visits every six months at a single centre. We evaluated viral load suppression (<50 copies/ml) after 12 months of initial antiretroviral therapy, with extension to 18 and 24 months. Active duty Air Force members were categorised by year of antiretroviral therapy initiation: 2000–2005 (n = 95, 36.1%) and 2006–2011 (n = 168, 63.9%). The median months from HIV diagnosis to initial antiretroviral therapy were shorter in the 2000–2005 group (2.4, IQR 1.2–5.9) compared with the 2006–2011 group (12.6, IQR 2.6–29.0; p < 0.001). Viral load suppression was greater in the 2006–2011 group compared with the 2000–2005 group at 12 months (93.2% versus 78.6%, p = 0.002) and 18 months (91.8% versus 80.3%, p = 0.03), and trended higher at 24 months (90.8% versus 82.5%; p = 0.15). Factors associated with viral load suppression at 12 months in mult...
The role of phloem loading reconsidered.

It is generally assumed that the primary role of phloem loading is to drive long-distance transport by elevating hydrostatic pressure in sieve elements. This concept is consistent with the fact that, in many plants, energy is used to increase the concentrations of photoassimilates in the leaf phloem
Chromium status of the rat as affected by phytate

Abstract Interactions involving phytate and trace element absorption have largely dealt with iron and zinc. The purpose of this study was to explore the interaction of phytate as found in soy protein with Cr status. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to 5 groups, 10 rats per group. The 5 groups had either ground beef (GB), textured soy protein (TSP), a combination of GB and TSP (GB:TSP), Torula yeast (TY), or TY with added Cr (TY+CR) as the protein source. At wk 4, 7, and 10, an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was conducted, while at wk 13 or 15 lipoprotein lipase activity (LPL), total plasma cholesterol and insulin were determined. All 5 groups had a glucose removal rate (GRR) of 2.7%/min or lower during wk 7 of the experiment. By wk 10, the GRR improved in TSP fed rats (p
Measures of aggression in questionnaire ratings and stories from the Apperceptive Personality Test.

The present study investigated relationships between judges' ratings of hostility from the content of eight TAT-like stories and scores on Hostile Feelings and Hostile Actions scales of the Apperce...
An intramolecular association between two domains of the protein kinase fused is necessary for hedgehog signaling

The protein kinase Fused (Fu) is an integral member of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Although genetic studies demonstrate that Fu is required for the regulation of the Hh pathway, the mechanistic role that it plays remains largely unknown. Given our difficulty in developing an in vitro kinase assay for Fu, we reasoned that the catalytic activity of Fu might be highly regulated. Several mechanisms are known to regulate protein kinases, including self-association in either an intra- or an intermolecular fashion. Here, we provide evidence that Hh regulates Fu through intramolecular association between its kinase domain (DeltaFu) and its carboxyl-terminal domain (Fu-tail). We show that DeltaFu and Fu-tail can interact in trans, with or without the kinesin-related protein Costal 2 (Cos2). However, since the majority of Fu is found associated with Cos2 in vivo, we hypothesized that Fu-tail, which binds Cos2 directly, would be able to tether DeltaFu to Cos2. We demonstrate that DeltaFu colocalizes with Cos2 in the presence of Fu-tail and that this colocalization occurs on a subset of membrane vesicles previously characterized to be important for Hh signal transduction. Additionally, expression of Fu-tail in fu mutant flies that normally express only the kinase domain rescues the fu wing phenotype. Therefore, reestablishing the association between these two domains of Fu in trans is sufficient to restore Hh signal transduction in vivo. In such a manner we validate our hypothesis, demonstrating that Fu self-associates and is functional in an Hh-dependent manner. Our results here enhance our understanding of one of the least characterized, yet critical, components of Hh signal transduction.
CHANGES OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERN IN FERROELECTRICS DUE TO THE FIELD-INDUCED PHASE TRANSITION

Recently the remarkable discovery of field-induced phase transition from antiferroelectric (AFE) to Ferroelectric (FE) in ferroelectrics excited the scientific community in this field. This finding has both scientific and technological implications to us. In this paper, we studied the changes of the crystal structure when an electrical field is applied to it. The X-ray diffraction pattern reflecting these changes was discussed by theoretical calculation.
A CMOS adaptive continuous-time forward equalizer, LPF, and RAM-DFE for magnetic recording

A continuous-time forward equalizer with one adaptive zero and a seventh-order linear-phase low-pass filter are described. The forward equalizer cancels precursor intersymbol interference (ISI). A mixed-signal four-tap RAM decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) is also included on the prototype to cancel the postcursor ISI. Both precursor and postcursor ISI are canceled in the analog domain. The adaption is done digitally. The low-pass filter and forward equalizer together occupy 6.7 mm/sup 2/ in a 1 /spl mu/m CMOS process. They dissipate 280 mW from a 5 V supply when operating at 80 Mb/s. Including the RAM-DFE, the entire chip occupies 11.2 mm/sup 2/ and dissipates 630 mW.
Nonlinear changes in brain electrical activity due to cell phone radiation.

We studied the effect of an electromagnetic field from a cellular telephone on brain electrical activity, using a novel analytical method based on a nonlinear model. The electroencephalogram (EEG) from rabbits was embedded in phase space and local recurrence plots were calculated and quantified using recurrence quantitation analysis to permit statistical comparisons between filtered segments of exposed and control epochs from individual rabbits. When the rabbits were exposed to the radiation from a standard cellular telephone (800 MHz band, 600 mW maximum radiated power) under conditionsthatsimulatednormalhumanuse,theEEGwassignificantlyaffectedinnineoftenanimals studied. The effect occurred beginning about 100 ms after initiation of application of the field and lasted � 300 ms. In each case, the fields increased the randomness in the EEG. A control procedure ruledoutthepossibilitythat theobservationswerea productof themethod ofanalysis. Nodifferences werefoundbetweenexposedandcontrolepochsinanyanimalwhentheexperimentwasrepeatedafter therabbitshadbeensacrificed,indicatingthatabsorptionofradiationbytheEEGelectrodescouldnot account for the observed effect. No effect was seen when deposition of energy in the brain was minimized by repositioning the radiating antenna from the head to the chest, showing that the type of tissue that absorbed the energy determined the observed changes in the EEG. We conclude that, in normal use, the fields from a standard cellular telephone can alter brain function as a consequence of absorption of energy by the brain. Bioelectromagnetics 24:339‐346, 2003. � 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Phylogeny of the genus Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) inferred from DNA sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II.

Abstract Despite a considerable literature describing the biology of flies in the tephritid genusRhagoletis,the phylogenetic relationships of the more than 60 species classified within the genus are not well resolved. Knowledge of these relationships is important, not only in terms of obtaining information that will be useful for the control ofRhagoletiswhere it is an agricultural pest, but also in determining what role host plant shifts have played in the generation ofRhagoletisspecies diversity, a focal point in debate over the role of sympatric speciation in the evolutionary process. In this paper, the phylogenetic history of 28Rhagoletisspecies and 6 species in related tephritid genera is inferred from nucleotide sequences of subunit II of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COII) gene and the adjacent tRNALeu/COII intergenic region. Analyses of the data using distance and character-state approaches suggest the following: (i) the genusRhagoletisas currently defined is not monophyletic; (ii) the 5 predominantly North AmericanRhagoletisspecies groups do constitute a monophyletic assemblage; (iii) the North American species groups form 2 clades, 1 consisting of taxa in theR. pomonellaandR. tabellariaspecies groups (plusR. fausta), and the other consisting of taxa in theR. ribicola, R. cingulata,andR. suavisspecies groups; and (iv) the origin(s) of the North American species groups is obscure, as evidenced by the recovery of clades containing both Palearctic and Neotropical taxa. Areas of congruence and conflict with published phylogenies ofRhagoletisare examined and, while many areas of conflict may be due to an insufficient number of characters or incomplete taxon sampling, we cannot discount the possibility that real differences exist between theRhagoletismitochondrial DNA gene tree and theRhagoletisspecies tree.
How Trustworthy Is the Scientific Literature in Industrial and Organizational Psychology

The trustworthiness of research findings has been questioned in many domains of science. This article calls for a review of the trustworthiness of the scientific literature in industrial–organizational (I–O) psychology and a reconsideration of common practices that may harm the credibility of our literature. We note that most hypotheses in I–O psychology journals are confirmed. Thus, we are either approaching omniscience or our journals are publishing an unrepresentative sample of completed research. We view the latter explanation as more likely. We review structural problems in the publication process and in the conduct of research that is likely to promote a distortion of scientific knowledge. We then offer recommendations to make the I–O literature more accurate and trustworthy.
Automating phishing website identification through deep MD5 matching

The timeliness of phishing incident response is hindered by the need for human verification of whether suspicious URLs are actually phishing sites. This paper presents a method for automating the determination, and demonstrates the effectiveness of this method in reducing the number of suspicious URLs that need human review through a method of comparing new URLs and their associated Web content with previously archived content of confirmed phishing sites. The results can be used to automate shutdown requests, to supplement traditional ldquoURL black listrdquo toolbars allowing blocking of previously unreported URLs, or to indicate dominant phishing site patterns which can be used to prioritize limited investigative resources.
13-Month-Olds’ Understanding of Social Interactions

In the present research, we investigated how 13-month-olds use their emergent theory-of-mind understanding (i.e., understanding about other people’s mental states, such as their intentions, perceptions, and beliefs) and social-evaluation skills to make sense of social interactions. The infants watched three puppets (A, B, and C) interact. The results showed that after seeing Agents A and B interact in a positive manner, infants expected them to continue doing so, even after they saw B hit another agent, C, while A was absent. When A was present to witness B’s harmful action, however, infants expected A to change his or her behavior and ignore B. Therefore, infants seemed to consider A’s perspectives when predicting A’s actions. Furthermore, if B accidentally hit C when A was present, infants seemed to accept that A could interact or not interact with B, which suggests that they had taken into account B’s intention in their interpretations of the agents’ interactions.
False Increase of Cardiac Troponin I with Heterophilic Antibodies

The effects on immunoassays of heterophilic antibodies (HAs) in the plasma and serum have been well documented (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). The use of monoclonal mouse antibodies for radioimaging of tumors as well as in the treatment of some cancers often gives rise to human anti-mouse antibodies. HAs can also arise as a result of incidental or occupational exposure to foreign proteins, as in the case of veterinarians, farm workers, and food preparers, or by the presence of domestic animals in the home environment. The prevalence of HAs in the general population has been estimated to be as high as 40% (1). Typically, these antibodies are of the IgG class and recognize epitopes on the Fc portion of the foreign immunoglobulin, although instances where the epitope is located in the Fab region have been reported (6)(7). Additionally, the binding of these antibodies is not always species-specific, making it possible that antigens from two different species can be cross-linked. Although usually not clinically significant, the presence of high titers of these antibodies can lead to analytical errors in commonly used “sandwich” immunoassays by cross-linking the capture and label antibodies in the absence of specific analyte. Such cross-linking by HAs has been shown to lead to falsely increased CK-MB and CA125 (6)(7)(8). Most modern immunoassays contain nonspecific, “blocker” immunoglobulins originating from the same species as the analyte-specific antibodies in an attempt to limit the effect of HAs; however, the problem persists. We report here a 69-year-old man whose plasma and serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations were falsely increased when measured using the Abbott AxSYM® cTnI assay. We demonstrate that HAs accounted for the falsely increased cTnI, and we suggest how to resolve such situations. A 69-year-old Caucasian man …
On Benign and Disastrous State Action

Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed, James C. Scott (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998). 464 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-300-07016-0), $37.50; paper (ISBN: 0-300-07815-3), $16.95. Book reviewed: Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed , James C. Scott
Bankruptcy and Corporate Governance: The Impact of Board Composition and Structure

In this study, we examined the relationships among governance structures and corporate bankruptcy. A logistic regression analysis of bankrupt major corporations and a matched group of survivor firm...
The Pharmacology of Vertebrate Spinal Central Pattern Generators

Central pattern generators are networks of neurons capable of generating an output pattern of spike activity in a relatively stereotyped, rhythmic pattern that has been found to underlie vital functions like respiration and locomotion. The central pattern generator for locomotion in vertebrates seems to share some basic building blocks. Activation and excitation of activity is driven by descending, sensory, and intraspinal glutamatergic neurons. NMDA receptor activation may also lead to the activation of oscillatory properties in individual neurons that depend on an array of ion channels situated in those neurons. Coordination across joints or the midline of the animal is driven primarily by glycinergic inhibition. In addition to these processes, numerous modulatory mechanisms alter the function of the central pattern generator. These include metabotropic amino acid receptors activated by rhythmic release of glutamate and GABA as well as monoamines, ACh, and peptides. Function and stability of the central pattern generator is also critically dependent on the array of ion channels found in neurons that compose these oscillators, including Ca2+ and voltage-gated K+ channels and Ca2+ channels.
Effector and memory T-cell differentiation: implications for vaccine development

Recent work shows that after stimulation with antigen, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells embark on a programme of proliferation that is closely linked with the acquisition of effector functions and leads ultimately to memory-cell formation. Here, we discuss the signals required for commitment to this programme of development and the factors that might influence its progression. Models of the pathways of effector and memory T-cell differentiation are discussed, and we highlight the implications of this new understanding for the optimization of vaccine strategies.
Decoding of a quasi-cyclic LDPC code on a stream processor

The TDMP layered belief-propagation algorithm is investigated for decoding a quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check code on a stream processor using fixed-point arithmetic. The effect of the processor's fixed-point resolution on the decoder performance is determined, and a simple technique is described for minimizing the performance penalty incurred when using the (highest throughput) lowest-resolution arithmetic mode of the processor. A reordering of the decoder schedule and a modification of the parity checks are also considered which permit increased software pipelining and improved latency hiding, with a corresponding increase in the data throughput. The fixed-point Storm-1 stream processor is used for comparative throughput results.
A novel thread scheduler design for polymorphic embedded systems

The complexity of current day embedded systems is steadily on the rise due to innovative content consumption applications. Embedded systems have to be adaptable and scalable to meet the unique resource demands of such applications to deliver satisfactory performance. Effective sharing of system resources by content consumption applications is imperative for user satisfaction. In this paper, we address the challenge of coming up with a design for an efficient scheduler for Multiple Application and Multi-threaded polymorphic embedded system with user satisfaction as its objective function. Randomly generated application graphs serve as benchmarks to evaluate the performance of the proposed polymorphic scheduler framework. We also discuss the impact of our scheduler on the user satisfaction of a multimedia application as a real world case study. The performance enhancements obtained using the proposed greedy polymorphic thread scheduling algorithm are demonstrated by comparison against classical approaches such as First Come First Serve(FCFS) and priority scheduling schemes.
Confounding Due to Cluster in Multicenter Studies—Causes and Cures

Introduction: Although the effect of clustering on variance estimates from multicenter studies is well known and computational solutions are standard, the potential for bias due to confounding by center arises frequently and is often overlooked. Common health-care questions in which confounding by cluster should be anticipated, tested, and adjusted are the association of access or outcome with patient ethnicity, age, and insurance status. Methods: Simulations were performed for 1080 combinations of number of centers, center size, the baseline risk of outcome, the relative risk of exposure and outcome, and the degree of association between center and exposure, and between center and outcome. Datasets were analyzed using five commonly-used methods of logistic regression for multicenter studies: conditional regression, random effects models, generalized estimating equations (GEE), survey sampling methods, and fixed effects regression. In addition, within- and among-cluster effects were decomposed using the random effects and GEE analysis options. Results: The direction and size of the bias caused by confounding are unpredictable when the primary research interest lies in the within-center effects. Bias can be in either direction, depending not only on the degree and direction of association among exposure, outcome, and center, but also on the method (population averaged or center-specific) employed to adjust for the effects of clustering of patients within centers. Only conditional regression and some strategies for decomposing within- and among-center effects of the exposure avoid bias of the within-center effect due to confounding by center. Discussion: Investigators should anticipate the potential for bias from confounding by center when they employ common statistical methods for the analysis of multi-center studies.
Functional Morphology of Nonsucculent Leaves

Aboveground green organs harvest sunlight and house all metabolic steps of photosynthesis, and they resist stresses with mechanisms to manage the energy budget and water relations of the entire plant. For many species of desert plants, where water is a major limiting factor, heat resistance is generally achieved by avoidance, which is largely morphological-anatomical in nature (Levitt 1980).
Symptom clusters in irradiated brain tumor survivors

8581 Background: Symptom clusters, whereby ≥2 symptoms coexist within patients, occur with cancer and its treatment. Identification and treatment of symptom clusters may improve functional status a...
A graphene security blanket

Stem cells become “homesick” and undergo apoptosis after detachment from the extracellular matrix (ECM), a phenomenon known as anoikis. For instance, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are unsettled by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), which degrade cell-matrix attachments. These inhospitable conditions can arise after the restoration of blood flow to infarcted heart tissue, curbing the survival, engraftment, and therapeutic efficacy of MSCs. Park et al . hypothesized that anoikis could be thwarted by substituting cellular adhesion for a nanomaterial “security blanket” that would present familiar ECM-like cues and resist ROS damage. The authors used graphene oxide (GO), a carbon-based nanomaterial with hydrophilic surface groups that promote protein adsorption. GO was prepared in the form of sheet-like flakes with a thickness of 1.5 nm. In serum, GO flakes became coated with ECM proteins such as fibronectin and wrapped conformably around stem cells. GO-adherent MSCs implanted into a rat model of heart ischemia and reperfusion survived much longer than unwrapped MSCs, with sevenfold more MSCs engrafted after 14 days. Consequently, GO-adherent MSC secreted greater quantities of reparative paracrine factors, which curbed apoptosis in damaged cardiac tissue, encouraged new blood vessel growth, and improved overall heart function. Overall, GO promoted MSC engraftment by increasing survival, which is more efficient than simply administering greater numbers of MSCs. Such GO security blankets could be used more generally to reduce anoikis in cell-based therapies for treating inflammation and regenerating damaged tissues. Further work will be needed to characterize the long-term biocompatibility and biodegradation of these dispersed carbon nanomaterials, which will vary with size, geometry, and surface chemistry. J. Park et al ., Graphene oxide flakes as a cellular adhesive: Prevention of reactive oxygen species mediated death of implanted cells for cardiac repair. ACS Nano. 10.1021/nn507149w (2015). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn507149w
Regulating Physician Behavior: Taking Doctors’ 'Bad Law' Claims Seriously

Physician behavior is a key target of government regulation intended to improve the efficiency, quality, and accessibility of health care. Yet according to physicians’ “bad law” claims, the legal effort to promote patient health and well-being has actually caused significant harm. These “bad law” claims - that malpractice litigation prompts defensive medicine, that patients’ rights policies prompt doctors to provide futile care, that controlled substance laws cause physicians to undertreat patients in pain - have diminished in significance due to the deconstruction of professionalism. Claims are often discarded as the cries of “bad apple” doctors or in the interest of creating a more egalitarian or consumer-oriented model of medicine. This article argues that physicians’ “bad law” claims should be taken seriously. The way physicians react to legal requirements can negatively impact the effectiveness of the law and the quality of patient care. Thus physician behavior must be included as an important factor in the effort to evaluate and improve the performance of the law. Taking seriously physicians’ “bad law” claims is a first step to understanding how physicians react to legal risks and consequently, how well laws perform.This article begins by addressing the dynamic relationship between the health law reform agenda and the medical profession. Part II considers categories of physicians’ “bad law” claims, recognizing that some may be dishonest or misinformed but arguing that many claims have credence as legitimate responses to extralegal shadow systems or truly harmful legal standards. Part III assesses common responses to physicians’ “bad law” claims. Providing specific examples, the article argues that current responses - e.g. educating doctors on the law; immunity statutes; safe harbor provisions - are inadequate because they fail to account for the realities of the medical professional or the nature of the lawFinally, Part IV makes two recommendations for taking physicians “bad law” claims seriously and thereby effectively evaluating and improving the reform effort. First, it advocates evaluating the law through its population-based effects on physician behavior. Second, it recommends tailored monitoring and investigative processes that allow formal legal standards rather than policy decisions to govern the regulatory process.
Opportunistic conspecific brood parasitism in a box-nesting population of Prothonotary Warblers (Protonotaria citrea)

ABSTRACT Conspecific brood parasitism (CBP), although prevalent in some avian taxa, is easily overlooked when it occurs in low frequencies, and therefore the ecology of this behavior has only occasionally been described in passerines. We describe the occurrence of CBP in a population of Prothonotary Warblers (Protonotaria citrea) breeding in nest boxes, demonstrate associated fitness costs, and investigate parasite strategy. We genotyped individuals at 6 microsatellite loci and used Cervus software to determine log-likelihood of maternity (LOD scores) for offspring and social mothers. We set critical cutoff LOD scores at 95% confidence for exclusion of the social mother and assignment of a parasite mother from the breeding population. Of 805 nestlings (233 family groups during 2009–2013), we found that 12.7% had genotypes that were incompatible with their social mother. Females with unrelated nestlings (hosts) fledged fewer biological offspring within the host year than nonhost females despite fledging mo...
Rhenium-osmium isotope systematics and platinum group element concentrations in oceanic crust

Knowledge of the 187 Os/ 188 Os ratio as well as the inventories of rhenium and platinum group elements (PGE) in oceanic crust allows quantification of the proportion of recycled oceanic crust in oceanic basalt sources. Our knowledge is limited by the availability of well-characterized sections of oceanic crust, specifically of the plutonic, lower portion that has not been drilled in situ to the Moho. Here we report new data for plutonic rocks that compose the bottom 4680 m of an ocean crust section from the Oman ophiolite. Major and trace element data as well as mineral analyses indicate that Oman gabbros are primitive cumulates from melts similar to typical mid-oceanic ridge basalt. The mean weighted composition of this section (Re: 427 pg/g; Os: 55 pg/g; Ir: 182 pg/g; Pd: 2846 pg/g; Pt: 4151 pg/g; initial 187 Os/ 188 Os: 0.142) indicates significantly higher Os and lower Re concentrations than previously analyzed partial sections of ocean crust that lack cumulate lower crust [Deep Sea Drilling Project–Ocean Drilling Program (DSDP-ODP) Hole 504B, ODP Hole 735B], emphasizing that the lower, cumulate oceanic crust dominates the Os budget of oceanic crust. Analyses of mineral grain size fractions indicate that rhenium, PGE, and lead are enriched in the sulfur-rich, fine fraction. This corroborates the notion that small accessory phases, and the melt migration processes affecting them, control these elements’ budgets, distributions, and susceptibilities to alteration. The Re-Os-PGE inventories of a hypothetical 6.5-km-thick composite section that consists of 1825 m of DSDP Hole 504B−like upper oceanic crust and 4680 m of Oman-like lower ocean crust (Re: 736 pg/g; Os: 45 pg/g; Ir: 133 pg/g; Pd: 2122 pg/g; Pt: 2072 pg/g; initial 187 Os/ 188 Os: 0.146) provide a new comprehensive assessment of oceanic crust composition. Upon recycling and mixing with reasonable proportions of mantle peridotite, this composite requires at least 2 G.y. to develop sufficiently radiogenic 187 Os/ 188 Os to generate high μ (HIMU: μ = 238 U/ 204 Pb) basalts.
The Clinical Significance of Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6) Dnaemia in 68 Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients (HSCT)

s / Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 20 (2014) S211eS256 S219 regimen, immunosuppressive regimen, stem cell source, time to engraftment, and underlying disease) predicted for HHV-6 reactivation. Comparing HSCTs with HHV-6 reactivation and those without, survival at 100 days (77% v. 73%, p1⁄40.706) and development of aGVHD (57% v. 32%, p1⁄40.062) were not significantly different. HHV-6 reactivation with > 1000 copies/mL trended towards increased development of aGVHD (63% v. 36%, p1⁄40.051). Notably, aGVHD developed significantly less often in Haplo-Cord HSCTs compared to HSCTs only using UCB (31% v. 61%, p1⁄40.022). Based on preliminary analysis, early HHV-6 reactivation after UCB HSCT occurs indiscriminately and does not influence survival or incidence of aGVHD at 100 days post-transplantation.
165 Breast and cervical cancer screening utilisation among insured female employees at a large US company

Objectives Female employees enrolled in a company-sponsored health insurance plan are eligible to receive preventive care benefits. We examined the utilisation of recommended screening tests for breast and cervical cancer among female employees of a large U. S. company. Methods Using health insurance claims data, we identified female employees who were continuously enrolled from 2009 through 2011. The prevalence of biennial screening mammography among employees aged 40 to 64 years and the prevalence of Pap tests in the past three years among employees aged 21 to 64 years were calculated for groups defined by demographic and work characteristics. Results Among 3,972 female employees aged 40 to 64 years, 62% had at least one screening mammography in 2010 or 2011. Screening mammography utilisation did not differ substantially by race, marital status, pay-type or work location. Screening mammography utilisation was higher among employees aged 50 to 64 years (65%) compared to those aged 40 to 49 years (57%) and was higher among employees with day work schedules (64%) compared to those with rotating work schedules (51%). Among 4,972 female employees aged 21 to 64 years, 74% had at least one Pap test within the past three years. Pap test utilisation was higher among employees aged 21 to 39 years (84%) compared to employees aged 40 to 49 years (76%) and 50 to 64 years (70%). Pap test utilisation was higher among employees with day work schedules (75%) compared to those with rotating work schedules (62%). Conclusion More than one-half of female employees utilised recommended breast and cervical cancer screening tests; however, in the US population, the prevalence of screening mammography and Pap tests was 72% and 83%, respectively. Breast and cervical cancer screening for this insured employee cohort was slightly lower relative to the general US female population.
Metabolic abnormalities in acute renal failure, influence on nutritional management

Recurrent renal stones occur in ± 7.5% of Caucasian men and ± 3% of all women. Even with increasing urbanisation, renal calculi are reported in less than 1% of black South African men and women. Four hundred recurrent stone formers were studied at the metabolic stone clinic using routine and special tests. The appropriate therapy for each subgroup is outlined and studies on various different treatments are presented. In addition, lithogenic risk factors were studied in normal black and white subjects and in black stone formers, in order to clarify the low incidence in the black population. Patients were classified according to dietary and metabolic lithogenic risk factors. 10% of stone formers had pure dietary factors. The percentage of stone formers in each of the various metabolic subgroups was as follows: Renal hypercalciuria 12%, Absorptive hypercalciuria 10%, Mild metabolic hyperoxaluria 20%, Hypocitraturia 50%. Successful therapy in terms of preventing further stone formation was reported using Indapamide, calcium carbonate and potassium citrate in renal hypercalciuria, mild metabolic hyperoxaluria and hypocitraturia respectively. Black volunteer subjects had significantly higher 24hr urinary sodium excretion and significantly lower 24 hr. urinary calcium, citrate and cystine excretion than white volunteer subjects. Twenty-four hours urinary values in black stone formers were found to be approaching those levels found in white. -------------------Correspondence and offprint requests to: A M Meyers, Chief Physician, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa. As urbanisation occurs in the black population, the incidence of urolithiasis would be expected to increase. We conclude that a detailed metabolic work-up is essential in the elucidation of the various metabolic risk factors in so-called ―idiopathic‖ CaOx stone formers. It allows appropriate, specific and highly cost-effective therapy aimed at the prevention of recurrence.
401 A HUMANIZED PEGYLATED SINGLE CHAIN FRAGMENT VARIABLE (SCFV) TARGETING CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 6 REDUCES TUMOR BURDEN IN A SCID MOUSE MODEL BOTH ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH GEMCITABINE BY INCREASING APOPTOSIS AND DECREASING PROLIFERATION.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer and death in North America. In the year 2002, adenocarcinoma of the exocrine pancreas accounted for ≈30,300 new ases and 29,700 deaths. The current treatment strategy for localized pancreatic cancer is multimodality therapy combining pancreaticoduodenectomy with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and external beam radiation therapy, which results in a median overall survival of 12 to 24 months. For locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer, the median survival is 6 to 12 months with currently available palliative chemotherapy. CEACAM6 (carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 6 [CD66c]) is an oncogene expressed on the cell surface as a GPI-linked glycoprotein comprised of 3 Ig-like domains capable of homophilic and heterophilic (CEACAM 5 and 8) interactions. It is highly expressed in > 90% of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Deregulated expression of CEACAM6 inhibits differentiation and apoptosis of cells deprived of their anchorage to the extracellular matrix. We have previously demonstrated that CEACAM6-expressing pancreatic cancer cell lines treated with a murine monoclonal antibody (13-1) display reduced cellular viability by MTS assay, an indication of cytotoxicity. A murine scFv based on mAb (13-1) as well as a humanized form of the murine scFv also showed in vitro activity in CEACAM6-expressing cancer cell lines. In vivo studies using an SCID mouse model xenograft with BXPC-3 cells indicated a significant decrease in tumor burden as a result of treatment with a PEGylated form of the previously mentioned humanized scFv. The humanized scFv drug reduced the tumor burden as a stand-alone agent and in combination with gemcitabine compared with the control animal groups. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumors excised from animals treated with the humanized scFv and untreated animals indicated a marked increase in apoptosis (H&E) as well as a marked decrease in proliferation (Ki67) in the treated group relative to the untreated group. This observed in vivo effect on proliferation and apoptosis is currently being confirmed in vitro using CEACAM6-expressing cancer cell lines.
From “Junk Food ” to “Treats”: How Poverty Shapes Family Food Practices

This paper explores how poverty and social inequality become institutionalized and embodied through food practices. Using qualitative data collected from four cities in the United States, this paper focuses on how low-income mothers make sense of family food provisioning in the age of intensive mothering expectations. The findings show that while low-income mothers aspire to provide their children high-quality diets in ways that are similar to their higher-income counterparts, poor mothers have to recalibrate their desired food choices according to the constraints of poverty. Findings from this paper further our understanding of how poverty shapes food behaviors and have practical implications for those working to improve the health of low-income populations.
TU-D-204-02: The Linear No-Threshold Model (LNT): Made to Be Tested, Made to Be Questioned

Making of the Atomic Bomb 2015 is the 70th anniversary of the detonation of the first atomic bomb. Since then, few scientific issues have aroused so much public controversy as the effects of radiation. This lecture will present the extraordinary historical genesis and the thoughts of great men and women in the development of the atomic bomb. In addition, the difficult military and political decisions will be covered such as: target selection, the debate over whether to give the Japanese government a demonstration of its power and whether to use it at all. Also, were the German and Japanese scientists developing there own bomb? Declassified top secret documents now help in answering some of these questions.
Models of stimulation artifacts applied to integrated circuit design

The goal of this research is to develop a monolithic stimulation and recording system capable of simultaneous, multichannel stimulation and recording. Monolithic systems are advantageous for large numbers of recording sites because they scale better than systems composed of discrete amplifiers. A major problem in recording systems is the stimulation artifact, a transient distortion present after stimulation. In order to improve recording systems, we analyze models of the stimulation artifact. Comparisons between model predictions and physical measurements verify the models. We show that the linear model, suitable for inclusion in circuit simulators, can assist in the design of an integrated recording system capable of artifact removal. The proposed design occupies 18,000 /spl mu//sup 2/ and is suitable for monolithic integration.
Mechanisms for Surges in Vertical Shafts in Stormwater Tunnels

Transient analyses of filling stormwater or combined sewer systems are often conducted to determine the potential for water returning to grade through vertical…
Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): fruit fly or outlier in organic solar cell research?

Regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is used as a model polymer for research in organic solar cells. It is popular despite its dissimilarity in many respects to the high-performing class of polymers based on the donor–acceptor (DA) motif. For example, P3HT has a low glass-transition temperature, is highly crystalline for a semiconducting polymer, is made by a living polymerization, and contains no fused rings along the conjugated backbone; these characteristics stand in contrast to most DA polymers. These differences in structure and morphology suggest that many of the results obtained for P3HT are not directly transferable to the design and processing of new materials. This highlight proposes that focusing on a few examples of conjugated polymers based in part on the way these materials assemble in the solid state would enable greater transferability of the results from one study to another. That is, the field would benefit from having more than one “fruit fly.”
Extraction of metazoan meiofauna from muddy deep-sea samples: Operator and taxon effects on efficiency

Abstract Deep-sea metazoan meiofaunal specimens are usually extracted from muddy samples by centrifugation in a fluid in which meiofauna tend to float and sediment particles tend to sink. Although the procedure is in common use, its efficiency has seldom been examined. The study reported here showed that well-trained operators extracted metazoan meiofauna with efficiencies that were different enough to be a concern in quantitative studies. Therefore, samples should be assigned to operators in a stratified-random manner. In the course of these studies, both operators also extracted individuals of the common nematode family Desmoscolecidae significantly less efficiently than other nematode families, a bias that could interfere with studies that compared relative abundances of nematode families.
Theorizing Elder Abuse

Development and identification of the theoretical underpinnings of elder abuse research and practice has lagged behind the empirical output. Without well-articulated theories, the processes and dynamics of elder abuse and the influence that outcomes of abuse have on the quality of older adults’ lives and the lives of affected others cannot be explored or explained adequately. To address the importance of theory and theorizing for enhancing the study of elder abuse, we draw upon multiple literatures including key theories from the child abuse and intimate partner violence literature as well as broader theoretical perspectives and models that have the potential to inform work on elder abuse. We then propose and explain a new approach for theorizing about elder abuse, The Contextual Theory of Elder Abuse. We conclude the chapter by highlighting opportunities for continued development and use of theory in future elder abuse research and practice.