cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of two-level domain decomposition preconditioners based on aggregation

In this paper we present two-level overlapping domain decomposition preconditioners for the finite-element discretisation of elliptic problems in two and three dimensions. The computational domain is partitioned into overlapping subdomains, and a coarse space correction is added. We present an algebraic way to define the coarse space, based on the concept of aggregation. This employs a (smoothed) aggregation technique and does not require the introduction of a coarse grid. We consider a set of assumptions on the coarse basis functions, to ensure bound for the resulting preconditioned system. These assumptions only involve geometrical quantities associated to the aggregates, namely their diameter and the overlap. A condition number which depends on the product of the relative overlap among the subdomains and the relative overlap among the aggregates is proved. Numerical experiments on a model problem are reported to illustrate the performance of the proposed preconditioners.
Cyclotron Resonance in Aluminum

Preliminary results of cyclotron resonance experiments at 35 kMc/sec in aluminum having a relatively long relaxation time at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K ($\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\sim}20$) are presented. Discrepancies and errors in earlier cyclotron resonance experiments are resolved. A tentative orbit identification scheme is proposed which indicates (a) that the second-zone Fermi surface is consistent with the single orthogonalized plane wave (OPW) model, and (b) that the third-zone Fermi surface is connected and that the connecting region is thicker than in the single OPW model. The effective masses obtained are compared with the values predicted by the single OPW model and with other experimental values, where pertinent. Departures of the effective mass value of orbits in the second zone from values given by the single OPW model are noted and may be attributable to electron-electron or electron-phonon effects.
Amanita poisoning: Treatment and the role of liver transplantation

Fatal mushroom poisoning has long been recognized as a major health problem in western Europe and more recently in the United States. The majority of deaths are attributable to the genus Amanita. Amanita phalloides (death cap) has been found with increasing frequency across the United States and presents a significant health hazard in this country to those who pick and consume wild mushrooms. This article discusses the pharmacologic basis and clinical manifestations of Amanita intoxication. It outlines the rationale of various treatment modalities and, from these, summarizes a protocol that the authors believe will be useful to the clinician. In addition, two patients are presented who underwent successful orthotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure secondary to Amanita poisoning. The role of liver transplantation both acutely and as treatment for chronic active hepatitis secondary to severe intoxication is discussed.
Simulation of All-Order Density-Functional Perturbation Theory, Using the Second Order and the Strong-Correlation Limit

To boost the accuracy of electronic structure calculations, the exchange-correlation energy may be constructed from the Kohn-Sham orbitals. A formally exact construction is the density-functional perturbation series, which appears to diverge for many real systems. We predict the radius of convergence and resum this series, using only exact exchange and second-order correlation plus explicit density functionals for the strong-interaction limit. Our new correlation functional, along with exact exchange, predicts atomization energies with competitive accuracy and without the usual error cancellation.
Lymphocyte phenotype and lymphokines following anti-thymocyte globulin therapy in patients with aplastic anaemia

Summary Twenty-two patients with adult onset aplastic anaemia were analysed before and after therapy with antithymocyte globulin (ATG). Lymphocyte phenotype, lymphokine levels or production, and haematopoietic progenitor cell number were measured 3 months after therapy: clinical response was determined 1 year post-therapy. By flow cytometry there was a significant reduction in both the proportion and absolute number of peripheral blood lymphocytes expressing activation antigen Tac (IL-2 receptor) and in the proportion of HLA-DR+ lymphocytes. For T cells bearing HLA-DR, there were proportional decreases in both activated helper and suppressor cells. There was no statistically significant difference pre-ATG to post-ATG in the absolute numbers of total, helper and suppressor lymphocytes. In all 10 haematologic responders the number of Tac bearing lymphocytes after ATG therapy was in the normal range, but half of 12 non-responding patients continued to have abnormally elevated numbers of Tac+ T cells. The proportion of Tac+ cells were not related to transfusion history. γ-interferon levels in serum by radioimmunoassay were elevated in almost half the aplastic patients; post-ATG. γ-interferon was detectable in only three patients. Haematologic response to ATG therapy was associated with increased numbers of haematopoietic progenitors post-treatment, but pre-treatment values were not predictive of a response. These results are consistent with a pathogenic role for activated T-cells and their lymphokine products and suggest that the target of ATG therapy may be a Tac+ lymphocyte.
Microfluidic aspects of adhesive microbial dynamics: A numerical exploration of flow-cell geometry, Brownian dynamics, and sticky boundaries

Abstract Bacterial adhesion and motility are studied at the pore scale by focusing on two interrelated aspects of transport: wall attachment/detachment (reversible sorption) and the role of convection and pore geometry on adhesion. Motility is also examined through use of Brownian dynamics. Bacteria motility and reversible attachment/detachment are incorporated with a numerical laminar flow solver. Since individual bacteria are modeled, the results apply to low concentrations/coverage. Pore geometries consistent with a microflow cell of variable cross sectional area are used. This exploratory modeling work precedes an ongoing microflow cell experimental study and more detailed Levy particle models. Adsorption reactions occurring over different time scales are modeled as multimodal distributions with power law tails. Computations show the relative magnitude of bacterial motility to advection controls the average number of collisions against solid walls. Variable cross section in pore geometry changes hydrodynamic conditions for deposition (e.g., variable shear stress). In regions of reduced cross sectional area, the ratio of bacteria motility to average velocity is smaller and results in less collisions and reduced retardation. Additionally, reduced cross sectional area increases both wall shear stress and vorticity which should be considered in adhesive models. While the shear forces acting on a particle deposited at the wall work on a spatial scale of the microbe’s size, adhesive forces may be confined to tens of nanometers. Multimodal adhesion causes the first passage time distributions to have long tails.
The inhibition of oxalate biosynthesis in isolated perfused rat liver by dl-phenyllactate and n-heptanoate☆☆☆

Abstract Glycolate oxidase was isolated and partially purified from human and rat liver. The enzyme preparation readily catalyzed the oxidation of glycolate, glyoxylate, lactate, hydroxyisocaproate and α-hydroxybutyrate. The oxidation of glycolate and glyoxylate by glycolate oxidase was completely inhibited by 0.02 m dl -phenyllactate or n-heptanoate. The oxidation of glyoxylate by lactic dehydrogenase or xanthine oxidase was not inhibited by 0.067 m dl -phenyllactate or n-heptanoate. The conversion of [U-14C] glyoxylate to [14C] oxalate by isolated perfused rat liver was completely inhibited by dl -phenyllactate and n-heptanoate confirming the major contribution of glycolate oxidase in oxalate synthesis. Since the inhibition of oxalate was 100%, lactic dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase do not contribute to oxalate biosynthesis in isolated perfused rat liver. dl -Phenyllactate also inhibited [14C] oxalate synthesis from [1-14C] glycolate, [U-14C] ethylene glycol, [U-14C] glycine, [3-14C] serine, and [U-14C] ethanolamine in isolated perfused rat liver. Oxalate synthesis from ethylene glycol was inhibited by dl -phenyllactate in the intact male rat confirming the role of glycolate oxidase in oxalate synthesis in vivo and indicating the feasibility of regulating oxalate metabolism in primary hyperoxaluria, ethylene glycol poisoning, and kidney stone formation by enzyme inhibitors.
Characterization of cloned cDNA representing rat myelin basic protein: Absence of expression in brain of shiverer mutant mice

A cDNA library was constructed from mRNA isolated from the brains of 18-day-old rats, the age at which myelin biosynthesis is maximal. A synthetic DNA probe synthesized based on reverse translation of the amino acid sequence of rat myelin basic protein (MBP) was used to select two cDNA clones encoding MBP. A 1.5 kb Eco RI fragment from one clone was completely sequenced. When translated, a portion of this sequence was identical at 126 of 127 positions with the reported amino acid sequence for small MBP from the rat. Brains from mice of the homozygous shiverer genotype contained neatly reduced amounts of MBP mRNA relative to wild type. A deletion of MBP sequences in the genome of shiverer mice was also demonstrated. cDNAs for MBP will allow molecular investigation of the role this gene plays in both dysmyelinating and demyelinating diseases, as well as questions of MBP biosynthesis.
Rayleigh and Love Waves in Cladded Anistropic Medium

Early work on dispersion of Rayleigh and Love waves was by Love [1], who gave the first comprehensive treatment of the case of an elastic solid half-space covered by a single solid layer.
On the Computation of Multiphase Interactions in Transonic and Supersonic Flows

The well-known non-hyperbolic character of the two-fluid model obtains new significance in the computation of multiphase interactions at transonic and supersonic speeds, such as found in atmospheric dissemination and/or explosively-driven dispersal of liquid or solid agents. We show that previous claims (and extensive use) of remedying this ill by the addition of a volume-fraction propagation equation are not well founded, and that the soobtained 7-equation model is only an aid to numerical regularization; that is, employed along with a numerical relaxation process it can be used to obtain solution to the ill-posed, “standard” 6-equation model. On the other hand interfacial pressure (an effective physicsbased remedy in incompressible flow) fails in the transonic region; and we argue that renewed efforts are needed for such physics-based hyperbolization rather than numericsbased regularization. As a perspective of current capabilities in this area we provide results of our (AUSM-based) code for the shock-fluidization experiments of Rogue [Shock Waves, vol. 8 (1998)]
Characterizing link and path reliability in large-scale wireless sensor networks

Reliable data transfer (RDT) is one of the key issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and can be achieved by using link-level re-transmissions and multi-path routing. Another key issue is the scalability of WSNs. In this paper, we try to better understand and characterize/quantify the relationships between reliability and scalability, and identify possible design options for the future RDT protocols in large-scale WSNs. With this in mind, we first conducted actual experiments to characterize link reliability measures in an actual sensor network setting. We then used these measures and analyze how commonly used RDT mechanisms impact overall path reliability. In general, our analysis shows that the combination of link-level re-transmissions and multi-path routing is a viable solution in small-scale WSNs. However, due to the increased length of paths between sensor nodes and sinks in large-scale WSNs, it becomes costly to sustain the overall reliability at an acceptable level. Therefore, the future RDT protocols should focus on minimizing the path lengths using hierarchical structures in large-scale WSNs. It is also necessary to couple RDT protocols with routing protocols that can take link reliability measures into account.
Variations in red blood cell proton T1 relaxation times that correspond to menstrual cycle changes

A study was made of the relationship of proton T1 relaxation times and stage of the menstrual cycle. Preliminary data show that these indicators of red blood cell hydration status may be useful as objective markers of premenstrual tension.
Modeling unstructured decision problems — the theory of analytical hierarchies

Abstract Quantitative modeling of unstructured decision problems with social implications is new and challenging and has pressing needs. A new approach to scaling using largest eigenvalues and reciprocal matrices and the effect of inconsistent judgment are introduced and relevant theory discussed. In this approach inconsistency is accepted as a fact but measured to determine how bad it is. Since most decision problems are hierarchical in form as they fulfill higher and still higher objectives, the appropriate structure for representation is a hierarchy. A new formal definition of a hierarchy is given and the notion of measurement with eigenvalues is extended to hierarchies. Both the eigenvalue approach to measurement and the hierarchical approach are illustrated with examples. Finally, unstructured problems are illustrated through applications of forward-backward planning, a two-point boundary value problem.
Nonfunctioning islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas: survival results in a contemporary series of 163 patients.

Background. The natural history of nonfunctioning islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas is poorly defined. We therefore reviewed our institutional experience during a period of 12 years to define more clearly the natural history of this disease as a basis for individual therapeutic recommendations. Methods. The records of all patients who had histologically or cytologically confirmed nonfunctioning islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were grouped by extent of disease at diagnosis and by initial treatment. Survival distributions were estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results. One hundred sixty-three patients with nonfunctioning islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas were identified. The overall median survival duration was 3.2 years. The median survival was 7.1 years in patients with localized disease who underwent a potentially curative resection and 5.2 years in those with locally advanced, unresectable, nonmetastatic disease (P =.04). Patients with metastatic disease that could not be resected had a median survival of 2.1 years. Conclusions. Patients with completely resected localized disease had a long median survival. Patients with nonmetastatic but unresectable locally advanced disease also had a surprisingly long median survival; major treatment-related morbidity may be hard to justify in this subgroup. The short median survival in patients with metastatic disease suggests that the frequent practice of observation in this patient subgroup needs to be reexamined and that continued investigation of regional and systemic therapies with novel agents is warranted. (Surgery 2001;130:1078-85.)
Collaborative attacks in WiMAX networks

Summary In this paper, we discuss security problems, with a focus on collaborative attacks, in the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) scenario. The WiMAX protocol suite, which includes but is not limited to DOCSIS, DES, and AES, consists of a large number of protocols. We present briefly the WiMAX standard and its vulnerabilities. We pinpoint the problems with individual protocols in the WiMAX protocol suite, and discuss collaborative attacks on WiMAX systems. We present several typical WiMAX attack scenarios, including: bringing a large number of attackers to increase their computation power and break WiMAX protocols; assembling a sufficient number of attackers to influence the decision-making of core machines, which includes routing attacks and Sybil attacks; and exploiting implementations that do not conform to the WiMAX specification completely, causing interoperability problems among various protocols, including the ones in typical WiMAX/WiFi/LAN deployment scenarios. We present theoretical models and practical solutions to profile, model, and analyze collaborative attacks in WiMAX. We employ attack graphs to do vulnerability analysis. Experimental results verify our models and validate our analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An introduction to sensor signal validation in redundant measurement systems

Some of the key concepts of sensor redundancy management are discussed and illustrated by simple examples. The focus is on redundancy management in fault detection and isolation with the emphasis on the parity space. A model of a multiply redundant measurement system is presented. The generation of residuals is considered, and the concept of parity space is explained. Failure detection, including sequential testing, is then addressed. >
Developmental comparisons of murine secretory amelogenesis in vivo, as xenografts on the chick chorio-allantoic membrane, and in vitro

The temporal, spatial, and cytological characteristics of secretory amelogenesis in developing mouse mandibular first molar tooth organs have been compared during in vivo odontogenesis (from the Cap Stage in Theiler stage 25 C57BL/6 embryos to 10-day-old postnatal mice), as xenografts on the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) for periods up to 7 days, and as explants in chemically defined medium without serum or antibiotics for periods up to 21 days in vitro. Tooth morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation proceeded in each environmental condition in the same sequence albeit at different rates of development. In vivo and CAM xenografts were remarkably comparable in their respective expressions of dentinogenesis and amelogenesis, whereas those explants cultured in a chemically defined medium without serum or antibiotics developed at a much slower rate (e.g., 0.5 days in vivo is equivalent to 1 day in vitro). In each experimental group, secretory amelogenesis was typically first detected along the mesial-buccal cusp of the molar organ independent of which environment was evaluated. Tooth morphogenesis in vitro and as xenografts on the CAM was routinely smaller than in situ odontogenesis. In each environmental condition a “stippled” precursor ultrastructural form of enamel matrix preceded mineralization, except during in vitro cultures of tooth organs. In vitro secretory amelogenesis or dentinogenesis did not indicate morphological characteristics of mineralization; both dentine and enamel matrices did not mineralize under the permissive environmental conditions used in these experiments. Calcium hydroxyapatite crystal formations within dentine and along the dentinoenamel junction during initial enamel matrix formation were not observed during in vitro tooth organogenesis, even for periods up to 21 days in vitro. We conclude that cap stage mandibular first molar tooth organs (enamel organ epithelium and adjacent dental papilla mesenchyme) from Theiler stage 25 embryos contain all of the necessary developmental instructions to express morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation except cues for the serum-containing factors for mineralization.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS : VI. THE SYNTHESIS OFp-AMINOPHENOLalpha-GLUCOSIDE AND ITS COUPLING WITH PROTEIN.

1. The synthesis of p-aminophenol alpha-glucoside has been described. This glucoside can be coupled to any protein to yield a synthetic alpha-glucoside-protein complex. 2. A synthetic beta-glucoside-protein complex has also been prepared. 3. These synthetic sugar-protein complexes have been used as immunizing antigens in order to ascertain whether alpha- and beta-glucosidic unions influence the specificity of the immune response in animals. The results of the immunological studies are presented in the following paper.
DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS FOR OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN WATER AT 25°C BY UNSTEADY STATE DESORPTION FROM A QUIESCENT LIQUID

(1979). DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS FOR OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN WATER AT 25°C BY UNSTEADY STATE DESORPTION FROM A QUIESCENT LIQUID. Chemical Engineering Communications: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 147-153.
Keratan sulfate (KS) analysis in patients with Morquio syndrome type A: LC-MS/MS analysis of KS disaccharides demonstrates that urine is a better source than plasma to monitor dynamic change in KS

Fabry disease is a life-threatening X-linked genetic disorder caused by deficient activity of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A. As a result of the enzyme deficiency, glycosphingolipids (GSLs)with terminal α-D-galactosyl moieties, primarily globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), accumulate leading to dysfunction of multiple cell/organ systems. Arrhythmias and left ventricle hypertrophy are the most prominent cardiac manifestations of Fabry disease, and can precipitate heart failure and cause the early death of the patients. The pathogenesis of the arrhythmias and cardiac hypertrophy in Fabry disease is unclear. The only available specific treatment for Fabry disease, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has limited effect on preventing or reversing cardiac manifestations, especially arrhythmias. Therefore, there is a demand for developing new therapeutic approaches. We generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) from classic male hemizygous Fabry patients and differentiated them into functional cardiomyocytes. These Fabry disease patient-derived cardiac cells showed slow spontaneous beating, mimicking bradycardia in the donor patients. Molecular analysis revealed upregulated expression of the membrane Ca2+ sensor L-type calcium channels (LTCC), hyperphosphorylation of ryanodine receptor (RyR2) and decreased expression of phospholamban in Fabry patient iPSCderived cardiomyocytes. Ca2+ imaging showed abnormal sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release and uptake in the Fabry patient cardiomyocytes. In addition, a LTCC inhibitor, verapamil improved the beating rate of Fabry disease patient cardiac clusters in vitro. We conclude that abnormal calcium (Ca2+) handing/homeostasis contributes to cardiac arrhythmia and possibly cardiac hypertrophy in Fabry disease and targeting the Ca2+ cycling pathway may be an effective treatment of heart disease in Fabry patients.
Effects of Delay in Administration of Potassium Cardioplegia to the Isolated Rat Heart

Abstract Ischemic injury to the heart in the period between aortic cross-clamping and administration of cardioplegic solution was evaluated in the normothermic rat heart model. After isolation and control perfusion with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer, the hearts were given lactated Ringer's cardioplegic solution (30 mEq of K + per liter) for 2 minutes at three different intervals following aortic clamping: no delay, 2-minute delay, and 5-minute delay. Thereafter, the hearts were left unper-fused and the time to initiation of ischemic contracture was recorded. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate levels were measured in all groups prior to and at the conclusion of cardioplegia administration. A 2-minute delay in the administration of cardioplegic solution resulted in significantly lower ( p p p The fate of the myocardium may be insensitive to events that occur during the earliest moments of ischemia provided that rapid administration of oxygenated potassium cardioplegia follows the ischemic period and restores preischemic high-energy phosphate stores. However, there is a critical ischemic time during the initial interval before cardioplegia that is associated with an impaired ability of the myocardium to tolerate subsequent ischemia.
PROGRAMMED REPLICATION OF IN SITU (WHOLE-BODY) LOADING CONDITIONS DURING IN VITRO (SUBSTRUCTURE) TESTING OF A VERTEBRAL COLUMN SEGMENT

Abstract An experimental technique has been developed to simulate dynamic whole-body loading of a spinal segment in a testing machine. During whole-body caudocephalad acceleration of a cadaveric subject, an intervertebral load cell (IVLC) was used to measure the load sustained by a vertebral body. The excised segment containing the IVLC was then placed in an MTS testing machine which was commanded to load the segment so that the IVLC output matched the pre-recorded whole-body IVLC signal. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the load bearing role of the articular facets and to monitor extensively the strain distribution on the surface of the vertebra. There was conclusive evidence that the facets were capable of transmitting both tensile and compressive loads.
Lipid Hydroperoxide-Induced Endogenous DNA Adducts in Hamsters: Possible Mechanism of Lipid Hydroperoxide-Mediated Carcinogenesis

DNA of livers or kidneys of rodents contain endogenously modified nucleotides of as yet unknown structure or function. As part of our examination of the origin of endogenous DNA modifications, we examined polar adducts of hamster liver and kidney DNA by 32P-postlabeling analysis (central and upper cuts) and compared them to adducts generated by incubation of DNA with [9Z,11E,(13S)]-13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid or with malondialdehyde. The central and upper cuts of DNA adduct maps of intact female retired breeder hamsters contained one and three adducts called C1, U1, U2, and U3, respectively, which cochromatographed with similar adducts in DNA incubated with the hydroperoxide or with malondialdehyde. Concentrations of adducts C1, U1, and U2 in organs of 1-month-old hamsters were lower than those in the 5-month-old female retired breeder hamsters. Adduct concentrations increased in tandem with lipid peroxide concentrations in livers and kidneys of hamsters treated with carbon tetrachloride compared to controls. A linear dependence of the concentrations of adducts on those of lipid peroxides was demonstrated independent of the treatment conditions or the organ examined. The polar endogenous adducts U1, U2, and U3 were identified by cochromatography in five different chromatographic systems with adducts induced by linoleic hydroperoxide or malondialdehyde. Adducts U1, U2, or U3 were also formed by incubating malondialdehyde with dAMP or with dGMP, respectively. The dependence of adduct concentrations in vivo on lipid peroxide levels are taken as evidence that decomposition products of lipid peroxides such as malondialdehyde induced endogenous DNA adducts in intact animals. Moreover, these adducts may mediate carcinogenic processes induced by chemicals which raise lipid peroxide levels.
A comparative study of in vitro 3H-17B estradiol binding in gingiva, skeletal muscle and uterus of ovariectomized rabbits.

The 3H-17B-estradiol binding capacity of gingiva was compared, by in vitromethods, to those of uterus and skeletal muscle of ovariectomized. New Zealand strain rabbits. The estrogen binding kinetics and partial characterization of the uterine macro-molecular receptor substance are presented. Neither gingiva nor skeletal muscle bound significantly more 3H-17B-estradiol than the buffer blank. The gingiva of this species probably can not be considered an estrogen sensitive tissue.
Kinetics of Release of Heparin from Alginate Hydrogel

PURPOSE Injected sodium alginate may be a useful perivascular drug delivery vehicle. This study was performed to determine the release rates of heparin from sodium alginate hydrogels cross- linked with varying amounts of calcium gluconate. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six hydrogels, composed of 0.16 mEq sodium alginate and 4,000 units unfractionated heparin, were cross-linked with calcium gluconate to yield ion equivalence (IE) ratios (calcium:alginate) of 0.2, 0.4, 0.58, 0.8, 1.0, or 1.2. Two milliliters of normal saline was placed on top of each gel and allowed to remain in contact for up to 10 days. At set time intervals, the amount of heparin in the eluent was determined with use of high- performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Gels with 0.2 and 0.4 IE were partially liquid at 24 hours; the other gels solidified within 10 minutes. The 0.58 IE gel was slowest to solidify but immobilized the most heparin and released heparin slowest over 10 days. At 10 days, between 5.5% and 9.8% of the heparin immobilized was retained in the gel. CONCLUSION This hydrogel shows promise as a vehicle for in vivo perivascular heparin delivery. The 0.58:1 IE ratio hydrogel has slowest release rate and the greatest immobilization despite its longer cross-linking time.
Au nanoparticles target cancer

Nanoparticles with unique optical properties, facile surface chemistry, and appropriate size scale are generating much enthusiasm in molecular biology and medicine. Noble metal, especially Au, nanoparticles have immense potential for cancer diagnosis and therapy on account of their surface plasmon resonance (SPR) enhanced light scattering and absorption. Conjugation of Au nanoparticles to ligands specifically targeted to biomarkers on cancer cells allows molecular-specific imaging and detection of cancer. Additionally, Au nanoparticles efficiently convert the strongly absorbed light into localized heat, which can be exploited for the selective laser photothermal therapy of cancer. We discuss recent advances in the study and use of selectively targeted Au nanospheres in cancer photodiagnostics and photothermal therapy. By changing the shape or composition of Au nanoparticles, the SPR can be tuned to the near-infrared region, allowing in vivo imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer. The use of Au nanorods and silica-Au core-shell nanoparticles for in vivo cancer detection and therapy is discussed.
Using theoretical descriptions in quantitative structure activity relationships: Application to partition properties of alkyl (1-phenylsulfonyl)cycloalkane-carboxylates

Abstract The widespread application of computational techniques to studies in biology, chemistry and environmental sciences has led to a quest for important, characteristic molecular parameters that may be directly derived from these computational methods. Theoretical linear solvation energy relationships (TLSER) combine computational molecular orbital parameters with the linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) of Kamlet and Taft to characterize, understand, and protect biological, chemical, and physical properties of chemical compounds. This paper describes the derivation ofTLSERs for three properties, octanol/water partition coefficient, water solubility, and soil adsorption coefficient, for a series of 28 alklyl (1-phenylsulfonyl)cycloalkane-carboxylates. TLSER molecular parameters obtained with both the MNDO and AM1 Hamiltonians are compared, furthermore, these are compared with TLSER descriptions recently proposed by other researchers.
The influence of anti-inflammatory therapy on bacterial clearance following intramammary Escherichia coli challenge in goats

Coliform mastitis in dairy cattle frequently results in systemic disease with occasional deaths in association with endotoxic shock. Systemic anti-inflammatory therapy has been used to alter the course of endotoxic shock in severe cases. Use of anti-inflammatory therapy has been questioned on the basis that such treatment may compromise immune function and decrease clearance of bacteria from infected mammary glands. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether anti-inflammatory therapy influenced bacterial clearance following intramammary challenge of lactating goats with Escherichia coli. Standardized quantities of a pathogenic coliform culture were infused through the teat canal into one half of the mammary gland in 18 goat does. The does were then randomly assigned to receive one of three intravenous treatments: saline (controls), one dose of steroid (dexamethasone), or two doses of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (flunixin meglumine). The clinical signs, milk production, complete blood counts, serum clinical chemistry values, milk bacterial cultures and milk somatic cell concentrations were monitored sequentially. Goats treated with anti-inflammatory agents exhibited some improvement in clinical response to challenge with E. coli (e.g. rectal temperature, degree of appetite suppression) as compared to saline controls. There were no significant differences between treatments in the degree of inflammation present in the mammary glands or supramammary lymph nodes examined at necropsy. The most important finding was that anti-inflammatory therapy did not adversely influence the clearance of E. coli from challenged glands.
Kinetic and Chemical Mechanism of Malate Synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Malate synthase catalyzes the Claisen-like condensation of acetyl-coenzyme A (AcCoA) and glyoxylate in the glyoxylate shunt of the citric acid cycle. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis malate synthase G gene, glcB, was cloned, and the N-terminal His6-tagged 80 kDa protein was expressed in soluble form and purified by metal affinity chromatography. A chromogenic 4,4′-dithiodipyridine assay did not yield linear kinetics, but the generation of an active site-directed mutant, C619S, gave an active enzyme and linear kinetics. The resulting mutant exhibited kinetics comparable to those of the wild type and was used for the full kinetic analysis. Initial velocity studies were intersecting, suggesting a sequential mechanism, which was confirmed by product and dead-end inhibition. The inhibition studies delineated the ordered binding of glyoxylate followed by AcCoA and the ordered release of CoA followed by malate. The pH dependencies of kcat and kcat/Kgly are both bell-shaped, and catalysis depends on a general base ...
Fiddling with the Neural Code

Li, W.-H., Molecular Evolution, 1997, Sinauer Associates, Inc, London, 487, $52.95Mai, J.K., Assheuer, J., Paxinos, G., Atlas of the Human Brain, 1997, Academic Press, New York, 328, $89.95Torre, V., Conti, F., Neurobiology of Ionic Channels, Neurons, and the Brain, 1996, Plenum Press, New York, 393, $125.00Welch K.M.A., Caplan L.R. Reis, D.J. Siesjo, B.K. Weir B., Primer on Cerebrobascular Diseases, 1997, Academic Press, New York, 823, $79.00
U73122 inhibits phospholipase C-dependent calcium mobilization in neuronal cells

The aminosteroid U73122 inhibited phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated intracellular Ca2+ release in differentiated and undifferentiated NG108-15 cells, as well as rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons grown in primary culture. 1 microM U73122 blocked bradykinin (BK)-induced increases in the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) measured in single cells with indo-1-based dual emission microfluorimetry. A close structural analog, U73343, was without effect. The effects of U73122 were time and concentration-dependent. 1 microM drug produced half maximal inhibition in approximately 3 min. The IC50 for a 20-min exposure was approximately 200 nM. The effects of the compound were irreversible for the duration of experiments as long as 1 h. Treatment with 1 microM U73122, but not U73343 produced a small but significant increase in [Ca2+]i which resulted from Ca2+ release from an intracellular store. It is not clear whether this [Ca2+]i increase resulted from inhibition of PLC or an action on the store directly. In differentiated NG108-15 cells U73122 blocked completely depolarization-induced Ca2+ influx. In contrast, in DRG neurons U73122 inhibited only slightly voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. Thus, we caution that U73122 may not be selective at concentrations required for maximal block of PLC and that the selectivity of U73122 is dependent on cell type. Overall, our results are consistent with U73122 inhibiting PLC in neuronal cells and indicate that under the appropriate conditions, this compound is a useful tool for studying inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-mediated Ca2+ mobilization.
Management of temporomandibular disorders: Concepts and controversies

Abstract Statement of problem. Controversy continues in the area of epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The field is replete with testimonials and clinical opinion, but it has been lacking in scientific foundation. Purpose. This article reviews the recent temporomandibular disorder and orofacial pain literature and summarizes the concepts published in the 1993 and 1996 American Academy of Orofacial Pain guidelines. Temporomandibular disorders rarely occur as single entities but rather as multiple problems with overlapping symptoms. Clinical significance. The multicausal nature of these problems and the number of conditions with similar signs and symptoms demand an effective differential diagnostic process. Diagnostic criteria are used from an operational standpoint to establish specific diagnoses based on a multiaxial diagnostic model. Conclusion. Because little is known about the natural course of the various classifications of temporomandibular disorders, and because most treatment approaches are reported to be equally effective, a conservative, noninvasive management program is endorsed. The emphasis is on a medical multidisciplinary model similar to ones used for other musculoskeletal disorders that involve the patient in the physical and behavioral management of his or her own problem. This article concludes that a majority of temporomandibular disorder patients achieve good relief of symptoms with noninvasive reversible therapy. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:510-22.)
China’s Economic Policy in the Context of the Current Asian Financial Crisis

This paper is based closely on the author’s Y. C. Jao lecture presented to the Hong Kong Economic Association in November 1998.
Outer membrane of Salmonella XIV. Reduced transmembrane diffusion rates in porin-deficient mutants

Abstract Rates of diffusion of a β-lactam antibiotic, cephaloridine, across the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium cells were measured by determining the rates of its hydrolysis by β-lactamases located in the periplasmic space. It was shown that the permeability coefficient of the outer membrane toward cephaloridine decreased to about one-tenth of that in the wild type, in mutant strains deficient in two “porin” proteins, previously shown to produce transmembrane pores in in vitro reconstitution experiments. In contrast, the loss of the 33,000 dalton outer membrane protein did not have any noticeable effect on the permeability coefficient.
High-temperature desulfurization using zinc ferrite: Reduction and sulfidation kinetics

The reduction and subsequent sulfidation of single cylindrical pellets of ZnFe2O4 have been studied in a microbalance reactor. Reduced zinc ferrite in the form of ZnO plus Fe3O4 is capable of rapid and complete reaction with H2S in the temperature range of 500–700°C. In strongly reducing atmospheres at the highest temperature, further reduction of Fe3O4 to FeO occurs and produces a negative effect on sulfidation kinetics. Time-conversion results during sulfidation are consistent with the unreacted core model assuming the global kinetics are controlled by mass transfer and pore diffusion. Values of the mass transfer coefficient and effective diffusivity determined from the experimental data are considerably larger than values obtained from literature correlations. Possible reasons for these deviations are discussed.
Social Class and Orientation to Change: Some Relevant Variables in a Bogota Sample

Discussion has focused on the significance of the middle class in Latin America, particularly its relation to social change. In the present study certain hypotheses were tested by interviews in.a lowerand middle-class sample of 229 Bogota residents. These hypotheses were concerned with social participation, traditionalism versus rationality, pastversus future-orientation, ancl mobility and adjustment indices. The findings suggest that aspects of change-orientation are found more with the middle than with the lower class, although not always to the same degree. T he complexities of social class in Latin America have led to various analyses in recent years.1 A number of studies describe patterns of stratification and the dynamics of social class within a given community.2 Moreover, attention has focused on the attitudes associated with members of given * The author gratefully acknowledges the collaboration of the Facultad de Sociologia of the National University of Colombia in this project. Particularly he wishes to thank Alonso Tabon for his coordination of the interviews, James S. Green for the data processing, and Roy C. Herrenkohl, Jr., Jeffrey A. Lamia, and James R. McIntosh for their critical reading of the article. 1 Two representative statements are Ralph L. Beals, "Social Stratification in Latin America," Amnerican Journal of Sociology, 58 (January 1953), pp. 327-339; and Sugiyama Iutaka, "Social Stratification Research in Latin America," Latin America Research Reviewze, 1 (Fall 1965), pp. 7-34. 2 An especially complete investigation is Andrew H. Whiteford, Two Cities of Latin America: A, Comparative Description of Social Classes (Beloit, Wisconsin: Logan Museum of Anthropology, Beloit College, 1960), pp. 53-55. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.111 on Mon, 08 Aug 2016 05:14:47 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Hydrogen bonding: A molecular orbital treatment by the EHT and the CNDO/2 methods of methanol and of formic acid

By both the EHT and the CNDO/2 calculations, the linear dimer of methanol is found to be more stable than the cyclic dimer. The hydrogen bonds in the trimer are stronger than those in linear dimers. The proton potential function, charge densities, and overlap populations in the linear dimer of methanol have been obtained. The CNDO/2 calculations show that the cis-form of formic acid is more stable than the trans-form, in agreement with experimental data. The cyclic dimer of formic acid is more stable than the open dimer. The β-form of formic acid trimer is more stable than the α-form. The proton potential function and the charge densities in the cyclic dimer of formic acid have been obtained. The CNDO/2 method gives more realistic proton potential functions for the dimers of methanol and formic acid. The O ... O stretching force constant in the dimers of methanol and formic acid have been estimated to be 0.13 × 105 dynes/cm and 0.27 × 105 dynes/cm, respectively, in agreement with experimental data.
One-boson-exchange models and the nucleon-nucleon problem

Abstract The four-pole boson exchange model is fit to nucleon-nucleon data, using a matrix representation for the data. The coupling parameters thus obtained do not depend markedly on unitarity corrections applied to the model.
Functional Studies of the Luteinizing Hormone-Leydig Cell-Androgen Axis: Exaggerated Response in C-18 and C-21 Testicular Steroids to Various Modes of Luteinizing Hormone Stimulation

Serial studies were conducted in five adult men to determine the testicular steroidogenic responsiveness to different modes of LH/hCG stimulation during 12- to 24-h periods of observation. Sustained 5- to 40-fold increments in circulating LH levels were achieved by the administration of hCG (2000 IU, im), pulses of LH (500 IU at 90-min intervals for four doses, iv), or LH as a constant infusion (2000 IU/6 h). Responses of circulating levels of androgens, estrogens, and their C-21 biosynthetic precursors were analyzed and compared with levels during saline control experiments. Regardless of the mode of delivery of LH/hCG or the incremental rise in serum LH observed, circulating steroids exhibited a biphasic pattern of response: a small initial rise followed by a fall to basal levels within 4 h and a secondary rise plateauing 12–24 h after initiation of LH/hCG administration. The initial rise of all steroids ranged from 130–170% of basal levels. The secondary increases (mean ± SE) of testosterone and Δ4-and...
Central antihypertensive effects of propranolol in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Abstract Propranolol and (+)-propranolol, injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle of the unanaesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rat produced a transient increase in arterial pressure. Both the racemate and (+)-isomer of propranolol significantly lowered arterial pressure 24 hr after injection. No comparable antihypertensive effect was observed when propranolol was injected into the peripheral circulation. Propranolol glycol injected intracerebroventriculariy did not lower arterial pressure. Intracerebroventricular procaine HCl was also not antihypertensive. These results suggest that the hypotensive effect of intracerebroventricular propranolol in the spontaneously hypertensive rat is apparently not due to β-adrenergic blockade since hypotension was observed with the racemate and the (+)-isomer. Furthermore, it is unlikely that the local anaesthetic property of propranolol could have contributed to the effects of intracerebroventricular propranolol, since procaine HCl was inactive in lowering arterial pressure.
Gonadal steroids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and mood disorders in women

That gonadal steroids influence the limbic system and that they affect neurotransmitter activity is undisputed. Because of these known actions, and because ET and HT alleviate hot flushes and resultant sleep disturbances, they may improve mood and sense of well-being in healthy climacteric women. However, estrogen plus progestin did not decrease depressive symptoms in the WHI, the largest double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of hormone replacement yet performed. In addition, although several studies have suggested efficacy in this regard, neither ET nor HT has been proved to be therapeutic for major depression in perimenopausal and menopausal women. Certainly, further studies are needed on the potential of estrogen as an antidepressant. Based on current evidence, however, one cannot prescribe ET or HT as primary treatment for major depression in good conscience. When treating patients far this serious problem, one cannot rely on theory and the desire that it be borne out. As Sigmund Freud wrote: "Thus we call a belief an illusion when a wish-fulfillment is a prominent factor in its motivation, and in doing so we disregard its relation to reality, just as the illusion itself set, no store by verification". Since the initial publication of the results of the WHI, clinicians have learned to be cautious when making decisions about therapy that has not been proved in randomized controlled trials. In addition, attention has shifted away from potential global effects of ET and HT toward more specific management of each specific clinical sequela of menopause. If major depression is to be addressed in this way, SSRIs become first-line therapy, with TCAs considered second-line because of reduced tolerability. ET and HT may be added separately as appropriate, and may be helpful on an individual basis. Indeed, treatment for major depression in any person, male or female, at any age, is best chosen based on life situation and the neuropsychology of the condition, and not based on gender alone.