cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning and Memory in Isolated Insect Ganglia

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses and restates a formulation of learning and reviews a variety of behavioral, physiological, histological, and chemical studies on insect systems, which bear directly on the question of site and changes associated with learning and memory storage. It raises questions about the nature and site of the learning process and to propose certain experimental approaches to the problem. The traditional concept of learning has been redefined in terms more amenable to molecular investigations in simpler systems. A survey was undertaken of behavioral, histological, electrophysiological, and molecular studies of learning and memory storage in isolated insect ganglia, principally the cockroach. Methodological problems in establishing the molecular bases of learning and memory are discussed and solutions are suggested. A conceptual model for studying the comparative learning and retention abilities of different ganglia within a given nervous system and among nervous systems at different phylogenetic levels is proposed in the chapter. Electrophysiological studies of habituation, instrumental learning and classical conditioning in isolated systems are also discussed in the chapter. It is suggested that isolated insect ganglia could be most useful in elaborating the molecular bases of such phenomena.
Enhancing Satisfaction in Later Life

Enhancement of later life satisfaction of long-term care residents is the purpose of this study. Seventy-eight men, residents of two Veterans Affairs nursing home units, completed a survey measuring personal characteristics, relationships with family and friends, and levels of life satisfaction. Findings show that the "the realization of expectations" is what mattered most for the later life satisfaction of these veterans. Continuity of respect from the past, and feeling needed were also significant. These findings point to the importance of identifying the institutionalized resident's past roles and current values in order to help them meet their expectations for later life. Implications for social work practice with institutionalized elders are presented.
The structure of the set of idempotents in a Banach algebra

We study here the algebraic, geometric, and analytic structure of the set of idempotent elements in a real or complex Banach algebra. A neighborhood of each idempotent in the set of idempotents forms the set of idempotents in a Rees product subsemigroup of the Banach algebra. Each nontrivial connected component of the set of idempotents is shown to be a generalized saddle, a type of analytic manifold. Each component is also shown to be the quotient of a (possibly infinite dimensional) Lie group by a Lie subgroup.
Symbolic software model validation

Modeling is the crucial first step in formal verification. Some models are constructed by humans from source code, while others are extracted automatically by tools. Regardless of how a model is constructed, verification is only as good as the model; therefore, it is essential to validate the model against the implementation it represents. In this paper we present two complementary approaches to software model validation. The first, data-centric model validation, checks that, for data structures relevant to the property being verified, all operations that update these data structures are captured in the model. The second, operation-centric model validation, checks that each operation being modeled is correctly simulated by the model. Both techniques are based on a combination of symbolic execution and satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solving. We demonstrate the application of our methods on several case studies, including the address translation logic in the Bochs x86 emulator, the Berkeley Packet Filter, a TCAS benchmark suite, the FTP server from GNU Inetutils, and a component of the XMHF hypervisor.
MO-FG-303-06: Evaluation of the Performance of Very High-Energy Electron (VHEE) Beams in Radiotherapy: Five Clinical Cases

Purpose: To evaluate the performance of 100–120 MeV very-high energy electron (VHEE) scanning pencil beams to radiotherapy by means of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Methods: We selected five clinical cases with target sizes of 1.2 cm3 to 990.4 cm3. We calculated VHEE treatment plans using the MC EGSnrc code implemented in a MATLAB-based graphical user interface developed by our group. We generated phase space data for beam energies: 100 and 120 MeV and pencil beam spot sizes of 1, 3, and 5 mm at FWHM. The number of equidistant beams considered in this work was 16 or 32. Dose was calculated and then imported into a research version of RayStation where treatment plan optimization was performed. We compared the VHEE plans with the clinically delivered volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plan to evaluate VHEE plans performance. Results: VHEE plans provided the same PTV coverage and dose homogeneity than VMAT plans for all the cases. In average, the mean dose to organs at risk (OARs) was 24% lower for the VHEE plans. The structures that benefited the most from using VHEE were: large bowel for the esophagus case, chest wall for the liver case, brainstem for the acoustic case, carina for the lung case, and genitalia for the anal case, with 23.7–34.6% lower dose. VHEE dose distributions were more conformal than VMAT solution as confirmed by conformity indices CI100 and CI50. Integral dose to the body was in average 19.6% (9.2%–36.5%) lower for the VHEE plans. Conclusion: We have shown that VHEE plans resulted in similar or superior dose distributions compared to clinical VMAT plans for five different cases and a wide range of target volumes, including a case with a small target (1.2 cm3), which represents a challenge for VMAT planning and might require the use of more complex non-coplanar VMAT plans. B Palma: None. M Bazalova: None. B Hardemark: Employee, RaySearch Laboratories AB. E Hynning: Employee, RaySearch Laboratories AB. B Qu: None. B Loo Jr.: Research support, RaySearch, Varian. P Maxim: Research support, RaySearch, Varian
FISH ASSEMBLAGES RESPOND TO HABITAT AND HYDROLOGY IN THE WABASH RIVER, INDIANA

Detailed relationships between fish assemblages and habitat and hydrology variation are largely unknown for large rivers. We evaluated hydrology, habitat variation and fish assemblages at 28 sites on the Wabash River, Indiana, USA, during 2005–2008. We calculated hydrologic variation with the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration software and tested for temporal hydrologic effects on habitat variation of substrate particle size, water depth and water velocity by reducing data into principal component axes that were tested for differences among years with ANOVAs. We then tested for effects of habitat and hydrology variation on fish assemblages with canonical correspondence analysis. These analyses showed significant relationships between hydrologic variation and local habitats, and hydrology and habitat variables had significant relationships with fish assemblage structure. Our Mantel tests resulted in significant concordance among hydrology, local habitat variation and fish assemblage structure, suggesting associations of these variables. These results supported strong connections for hydraulic control over habitat variation and subsequent effects on fish assemblages. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interventions and Causal Inference

The literature on causal discovery has focused on interventions that involve randomly assigning values to a single variable. But such a randomized intervention is not the only possibility, nor is it always optimal. In some cases it is impossible or it would be unethical to perform such an intervention. We provide an account of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ interventions and discuss what they can contribute to causal discovery. We also describe how the choice of the optimal intervention(s) depends heavily on the particular experimental setup and the assumptions that can be made.
PERCEIVED DISCRIMINATION AND WORK‐TO‐LIFE CONFLICT AMONG WORKERS IN THE UNITED STATES

Following scholarship that highlights the importance of negative workplace relationships in predicting conflict between work and nonwork domains, this study examines whether perceptions of sex, rac...
Brain abscess in hepatopulmonary syndrome associated with biliary atresia

The first-choice therapy for biliary atresia (BA) is Kasai hepatoportoenterostomy, which has been shown to greatly improve outcome. Various long-term complications, however, such as portal hypertension and hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), can occur in patients with native liver. A rare case of brain abscess in an 11-year-old girl with HPS associated with BA is reported. The patient underwent hepatoportoenterostomy for BA at 53 days of age, with resolution of hyperbilirubinemia. At 10 years of age, she was diagnosed with severe HPS with right-to-left shunting, and preparations for liver transplantation proceeded. Three months after the diagnosis, she had a right parietal brain abscess. Given that the brain abscess enlarged in size, surgical drainage of the brain abscess was performed. The postoperative course was uneventful, but a slight left hemiplegia remained at discharge. The presumed mechanism of abscess formation in HPS may be right-to-left bacterial transit through intrapulmonary vascular dilatations and/or arteriovenous fistulae.
CO Observations of Spiral Structure and the Lifetime of Giant Molecular Clouds

Observations of CO emission at l=0 to 70°, |b| ≤ 1° are analyzed to give a map of the molecular cloud distribution in the galaxy as viewed from the galactic pole. From the fact that this distribution shows no obvious spiral pattern we conclude that the giant molecular clouds sampled in the CO line are situated in both arm and interarm regions and they must last more than 10 8 years. A similar age estimate is deduced from the large mass fraction of H 2 in the interstellar medium in the interior of the galaxy. An implication of this longevity is that the great masses of these clouds may be accumulated through cloud-cloud collisions of originally smaller clouds.
Modern Porous Coatings in Orthopaedic Applications

The development of porous metals and coatings for orthopaedic applications has revolutionized the medical field. The ability to bond metallic implants to bone has spawned the advancements in total joint arthroplasty we have experienced over the last 4 decades. Early success was obtained as factors (pore size, coefficient of friction, modulus of elasticity) necessary for osseointegration were just being discovered. Despite good results, initial implant designs were fabricated utilizing traditional coatings (i.e. sintered beads, fiber metal, plasma spray), which have several inherent limitations, including relatively high moduli of elasticity, low coefficient of frictions and intermediate porosity. In order to improve upon these limitations and capitalize on modern techniques for implant fabrication several new porous metals have been recently introduced in orthopaedics. Tritanium (Stryker, Mahwah, NJ), Regenerex (Biomet, Warsaw, IN), StikTite (Smith and Nephew, Memphis, TN), Gription (Depuy, Warsaw, IN), Biofoam (Wright Medical, Arlington, TX), and Trabecular Metal (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) are currently available for orthopaedic surgery applications. These materials have moved us into the era metallic foams that possess a characteristic appearance similar to cancellous bone. The open-cell internal structure of these metals afford several interesting biomaterial properties, including; high volumetric porosity (60–80 %), low modulus of elasticity and high surface frictional characteristics. The following chapter reviews the mode of fabrication, properties and applications in orthopaedic surgery for this new class of highly porous metals.
Further Evidence of Venous Outflow Restriction During Erection

Summary— To elucidate the effect of venous outflow restriction during erection, we studied eight dogs during artificial saline perfusion of the penis with and without neurostimulation to induce erection. With the infrarenal aorta clamped temporarily, saline infusion rates of 0.9 and 1.9 ml/min raised the mean intracorporeal pressure to 34 and 42 cm H2O, respectively, before stabilisation or return to baseline. When cavernous nerve stimulation was initiated, the mean intracorporeal pressure rose to 124 and 184 cm H2O (with infusion rates of 0.9 and 1.9 ml/min respectively) to induce full erection. Our results show that venous outflow restriction takes place during erection and that it is necessary not only to induce full erection but also to maintain it. Evaluation of venous competence is therefore essential during the investigation of impotence.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE MECHANISM OF RETICULOENDOTHELIAL BLOCKADE

The mechanism of the reticuloendothelial "blockade" which followed injection of large quantities of chromic phosphate without exogenous stabilizing material was investigated in Wistar rats. The RE blockade observed for several hours after induction appeared related to the continuing circulation of the chromic phosphate-blockading dose, and a reduction in the size of the particles used enhanced blockade. RE blockade appeared to be particles specific and was not related to a generalized depression of RE-phagocytic cell function. Studies in isolated perfused rat livers appeared to eliminate saturation of particle-specific macrophage clones as a likely explanation of blockade, and blockade could not be explained on the basis of depletion of serum opsonins. In the system employed, it is postulated that blockade occurs when large numbers of circulating particles saturate specific macrophage cell membrane-binding sites rather than from physical stuffing of RE-phagocytic cells.
Cui Bono? A Review of Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon by Daniel C. Dennett

The three requirements for a Darwinian evolutionary process are replication, variation and selection. Dennett (2006) discusses various theories of how these three processes, especially selection, may have operated in the evolution of religion. He believes that the origins of religion, like the origins of language and music, may be approached scientifically. He hopes that such investigations will open a dialog between science and religion leading to moderation of current religious extremism. One problem with Dennett's program, illustrating the difficulty of breaking away from creationist thinking, is Dennett's own failure to consider how Darwinian methods may be used to study evolution of behavioral patterns over the lifetime of individual organisms.
Synthesis, biological evaluation and 3D-QSAR studies of 3-keto salicylic acid chalcones and related amides as novel HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.

Abstract HIV-1 integrase is one of the three most important enzymes required for viral replication and is therefore an attractive target for anti retroviral therapy. We herein report the design and synthesis of 3-keto salicylic acid chalcone derivatives as novel HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. The most active compound, 5-bromo-2-hydroxy-3-[3-(2,3,6-trichlorophenyl)acryloyl]benzoic acid ( 25 ) was selectively active against integrase strand transfer, with an IC 50 of 3.7 μM. While most of the compounds exhibited strand transfer selectivity, a few were nonselective, such as 5-bromo-3-[3-(4-bromophenyl)acryloyl]-2-hydroxybenzoic acid ( 15 ), which was active against both 3′-processing and strand transfer with IC 50 values of 11 ± 4 and 5 ± 2 μM, respectively. The compounds also inhibited HIV replication with potencies comparable with their integrase inhibitory potencies. Thus, 5-bromo-2-hydroxy-3-[3-(2,3,6-trichlorophenyl)acryloyl]benzoic acid ( 25 ) and 5-bromo-3-[3-(4-bromophenyl)acryloyl]-2-hydroxybenzoic acid ( 15 ) inhibited HIV-1 replication with EC 50 values of 7.3 and 8.7 μM, respectively. A PHASE pharmacophore hypothesis was developed and validated by 3D-QSAR, which gave a predictive r 2 of 0.57 for an external test set of ten compounds. Phamacophore derived molecular alignments were used for CoMFA and CoMSIA 3D-QSAR modeling. CoMSIA afforded the best model with q 2 and r 2 values of 0.54 and 0.94, respectively. This model predicted all the ten compounds of the test set within 0.56 log units of the actual pIC 50 values; and can be used to guide the rational design of more potent novel 3-keto salicylic acid integrase inhibitors
Distinctive patterns on the surface of slowly rotating stars whose oscillations are nonlinearly coupled

Slowly rotating stars which are oscillating at small amplitude in a broad spectrum of g-modes should display strong surface nonuniformities if even weak nonlinear coupling exists between the modes. Oscillatory power will be concentrated into distinctive patterns which rotate rigidly in spite of differential rotation in the outer stellar layers. Each pattern rotates at a constant rate slower than the star as a whole according to a very simple law of rotation. Virtually all the rotation rates are within 9 per cent of the stellar rate. Evidence is cited that the sun may be oscillating, so other stars along the main sequence may be oscillating, also. If zones obeying the predicted rotation law can be detected in a star, then the rotation rate of the stellar interior becomes known, and differential rotation is negligible over most of the stellar mass.
A THEORY FOR PREDICTING THE ROTATIONAL NOISE OF LIFTING ROTORS IN FORWARD FLIGHT, INCLUDING A COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENT

Abstract The lifting rotor is considered as a swept surface, area segments of which are subjected to oscillating pressures, expressed as a Fourier series in time, as was done for the propeller in axial flow by Garrick and Watkins (1). In this case, of course, the theory is extended to include in-plane components of forward speed and azimuthal asymmetry. The sound pressure at any field point is then found by a straightforward numerical integration which uses as inputs: (i) lift per unit span as a function of radius and azimuth; (ii) forward speed; (iii) rate of descent or climb; (iv) rev/min; (v) rotor geometry, including non-linear compressible airfoil section characteristics; and (vi) first harmonic and steady blade root angles of flapping and pitching. This approach has the advantage of calculating either near or far field noise, including all effects other than “thickness pressure” (i), that due to the “white” components attributable to random turbulence in the boundary layer or the wake, and doppler and refraction effects caused by the non-uniform velocity field around the rotor, through which the sound must pass. Impulsive changes in load around the azimuth, due either to compressibility or to vortex interactions are therefore easily investigated. Radiation patterns were, in fact, investigated for the H-34 and HU-1A helicopters both around the azimuth and in the shaft direction, for several forward speeds. Sound spectra were compared with measurements for the first 20 harmonics for selected cases. The influence of chord, number of blades, rotor rev/min, and other changes on rotor noise were also investigated.
Structure of human ornithine decarboxylase antizyme 2 gene.

Abstract Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme 1, a negative regulator of polyamine levels, acts by destabilizing the first enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway (ODC) and by inhibiting uptake of polyamines. Recently, a second mammalian antizyme was discovered. Here, we report the genomic organization and chromosomal position of the new human gene, HuAZ2, and make a comparison with its antizyme 1 homologue. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) localized the sequences from a bacterial artificial chromosomal (BAC) clone containing HuAZ2 at band 22 of the long arm of chromosome 15. This gene spans at least 15 kb and contains five exons. No CAAT or TATA sequences could be identified within 800 bp upstream of the translation initiation codon, but the 5′-flanking region contains several putative binding sites for other transcription factors. Transcription initiation of this gene appears to be heterogeneous.
Resistance of liver polysomes to ATP deficiency in the male rat.

Abstract 1. 1. Mature male and female rats respond in a similar fashion to a single dose of ethionine by the following changes in the liver: (a) marked depression of ATP concentration, (b) large accumulation of S- adenosylethionine and (c) severe inhibition of radioactive orotate incorporation into nuclear and microsomal RNA. 2. 2. However, a divergence in the response between the sexes is seen in hepatic protein synthesis. In the female rat, there is a rapid and marked inhibition of protein synthesis both in vivo and in vitro accompanied by a breakup of polysomes into monomers. In contrast, in male rats there is much less inhibition of protein synthesis in vivo , no inhibition in vitro and only a slight loss of polysomes. The unusual resistance of the polysomes from the male to the ATP deficiency lasts for at least 24 h. At that time, the male shows less depression of ATP concentration and a decrease in S- adenosylethionine content of the liver when compared to the female. The possible usefulness of this model for the analysis of some aspects of polysome metabolism in the intact cell is briefly discussed.
Conceptual and perceptual novelty effects in human medial temporal cortex.

Medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures often respond to stimulus repetition with a reduction in neural activity. Such novelty/ familiarity responses reflect the mnemonic consequences of initial stim- ulus encounter, although the aspects of initial processing that lead to novelty/familiarity responses remain unspecified. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment examined the sensitivity of MTL to changes in the semantic representations/processes engaged across stimulus repetitions. During initial study blocks, words were visu- ally presented, and participants made size, shape, or composition judg- ments about the named referents. During repeated study blocks, the initial words were visually re-presented along with novel words, and partici- pants made size judgments for all items. Behaviorally, responses were faster to repeated words in which the same task was performed at initial and repeated exposure (i.e., size3size) relative to repeated words in which the tasks differed (i.e., composition3size and shape3size). fMRI measures revealed activation reductions in left parahippocampal cortex following same-task and different-task repetition; numerically, the effect was larger in the same-task condition. Accordingly, left parahippocampal cortex demonstrates sensitivity to perceptual novelty/familiarity, and it remains unclear whether this region also is sensitive to novelty/familiarity in the conceptual domain. In left perirhinal cortex, a novelty/familiarity effect was observed in the same-task condition but not in the different- task condition, thus revealing sensitivity to the degree of semantic overlap across exposures but insensitivity to perceptual repetition of the visual word form. Perirhinal sensitivity to semantic repetition and insensitivity to perceptual repetition suggests that human perirhinal cortex receives con- ceptual inputs, with perirhinal contributions to declarative memory per- haps partially stemming from its role in processing semantic aspects of experiences. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Discovery of a Low Redshift, Red Quasar in the 2MASS Prototype Survey

A prototype camera designed to test the observing and data reduction techniques for the 2 Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) has been used to search for extremely red objects. Selection criteria based on the combination of near-IR and visible light observations help separate the vast majority of ordinary stars from more exotic objects. Visible spectroscopic observations for objects selected using these criteria in an area of just a few tenths of a square degree has resulted in the discovery of a quasar with a redshift of 0.147. The number of quasars expected at Ks in the 2MASS survey based on typical quasar colors and on the surface density of optically selected samples is ~0.17 deg–2. The 2MASS survey will result in a sample of quasars relatively unbiased by the presence of dust and will allow a reliable determination of whether there is a significant population of quasars with internal dust absorption.
Economic development in the 1990s

Abstract This article reviews the World Bank World Development Report (WDR) of 1991, which sets forth a new “market-friendly” strategy to be followed by developing countries. It focuses on three broad subject areas where further discussion and debate seem required: internal policy, external strategy and the role of government. In the first, the lack of Bank attention to reduced investment, a consequence in part of the debt crisis, is emphasized. In the second, three points are made: the importance of imports as a factor driving growth; the role of industrial policy; and the need to pay more attention to the larger role of direct foreign investment in the future. In the final section on the role of the state, some questions are raised regarding the new consensus of minimal governmental intervention. But, overall, the WDR does offer signs of progress and hope of strong leadership in tackling the ever greater problems of development and inequality in the 1990s.
Laser Vaporization: A Novel Treatment of Botryomycosis

Botryomycosis is an uncommon, chronic infection of the skin most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It has been successfully treated using carbon dioxide laser vaporization in a case in which antibiotic therapy failed, and surgical excision was not feasible.
Extracorporeal Life Support: Gibbon Fulfilled

In December 1992, a young woman was brought to the emergency room at University of Michigan Hospital with acute shortness of breath and shock. She was stabilized and sent to the radiology suite with a presumptive diagnosis of massive pulmonary embolism. A CT scan demonstrated a very large saddle pulmonary embolism. She arrested in radiology and the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) team was called during CPR. She was placed on venoarterial extracorporeal life support (ECLS) and was supported with that device for the next 5 days. During that time the clot lysed, her right ventricular failure resolved, her gas exchange improved, and she was ultimately discharged with good heart and lung function. Twenty-one years later, she was in attendance at the American College of Surgeons Gibbon Lecture and met the surgeons assembled for that presentation. At Michigan, we managed 16 cases of massive pulmonary embolism with ECLS between 1992 and 2006, thirteen had a healthy survival (80%). In February 1931, a young woman suffered a massive pulmonary embolism at the Massachusetts General Hospital. The resident on duty was a 26-year-old research fellow in Dr Edward Churchill’s laboratory named John Gibbon. Dr Gibbon was pursuing a research year during his surgical residency at the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia. Like many residents in the laboratory, he was pressed into clinical service and was responsible for the care of that young woman. Young Dr Gibbon is shown with Dr Churchill’s laboratory technician in Figure 1. Dr Gibbon attended to that patient throughout a long night, but her vital signs deteriorated and she died early in the morning. Dr Gibbon’s description of the events of that night is an eloquent example of what would now be described as the beginning of translational surgical research (Fig. 2). Dr Gibbon recorded “.the idea naturally occurred to me ‘that extracorporeal circulation should be possible.’” Every surgeon sees unsolved clinical problems every day, and every surgeon thinks “it naturally occurred to me” that there should be a solution to the
Nursing mother and articulating absence

This essay and performance script poetically explore the similar politics of women's experience in Western health care (particularly in the transitional moments of birth and death) and a performer's complicity with the deadening force of textualizing what was once enfleshed, visceral enactment.
A technique for nonsuture repair of veins.

Summary Nonsuture repair of 120 major venous channels has been performed over the past nine months in 40 animals. No deaths in this group were due to hemorrhage, thrombosis, infection or luminal stenosis at the site of repair. Reestablishment of luminal endothelium was observed within 48 hours, and in sections taken after three months it was difficult to determine the location of the incision in the vessel wall.
Average error rate for coherent MPSK signals in Nakagami fading channels

The error rate performance of coherent M-ary phase shift keyed signals in slow nonselective Nakagami fading and additive white Gaussian noise channel is analysed. For real values of the Nakagami fading parameter m, a simple formula is presented for the symbol error rate that can be easily evaluated via numerical integration. A closed-form expression is derived for integer values of m. The effect of N-order MRC diversity reception is also considered.
Congenital heart defects and maternal genetic, metabolic, and lifestyle factors

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to identify metabolic, genetic, and lifestyle factors that discriminate between women who have pregnancies affected by congenital heart defects (CHDs) from those who have unaffected pregnancies. METHODS We analyzed the concentrations of 13 serum biomarkers, 3 functional genetic variants, and 4 lifestyle factors among 417 women with CHD-affected pregnancies and 250 controls. To identify risk factors that discriminated between cases and controls, we used logistic regression followed by recursive partitioning to identify non-linear interactions. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to evaluate the discriminatory accuracy of the final model. RESULTS A combination of risk factors discriminated women who had pregnancies affected by CHDs from those who had unaffected pregnancies. Among 21 possible determinants, serum concentrations of homocysteine and methionine, and reduced:oxidized glutathione ratios (GSH:GSSG) had the greatest discriminatory power. Recursive partition modeling resulted in five terminal nodes each illustrating the interplay of these three biomarkers. Women with elevated homocysteine and low GSH:GSSG had the highest risk of having CHD-affected pregnancy, whereas women with low homocysteine, high methionine, and high GSH:GSSG had the lowest risk. The corresponding area under the ROC curve was 81.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 78.1-85.2%), indicating high ability to discriminate between cases and controls. CONCLUSION High homocysteine, low methionine, and a reduced GSH:GSSG ratio were the strongest discriminating factors between cases and controls. Measurement of total homocysteine, methionine, and total and reduced glutathione in reproductive aged women may play a role in primary prevention strategies targeted at CHDs.
Crystal structure refinements of rhombohedral symmetry materials containing boron-rich icosahedra

The crystal structures of several icosahedral boron-containing compounds have been refined using MoKα intensity data. Preparation of crystals differs from previous procedures, with boron carbide grown from molten copper and boron arsenide by arsenic vapor transport. The structures consist of icosahedral units bonded together with direct B-B bonds as well as other linkage units (B-C-B and As-As chains).
Singlet excited states of silicon-containing anions relevant to interstellar chemistry.

As the number of anions detected in the interstellar medium (ISM) increases, knowledge of their chemical properties is crucial in expanding our understanding of the chemistry of space. In this work we build on a previous study done in our group to examine the excited-state properties of five anions likely to exist in the ISM: SiCCN–, CSiCN–, CCSiN–, SiCN–, and SiNC–. Our coupled cluster results indicate that SiCCN– and SiNC– possess dipole-bound singlet excited states while SiCCN– also has one valence state and CCSiN– potentially has two. Nearly all of the associated transition energies fall within the visible to near-IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum, making them applicable to the study of phenomena such as the diffuse interstellar bands.
The Effects of Experience and Strategy on Visual Attention Allocation in an Automated Multiple-Task Environment

Operators and users interacting with computer environments often have to deal with multiple tasks at once, responding to each in series. Diagnostic automation, that is, automation that alerts users when and where to look, has been suggested to support the unique challenges of multiple task environments: activating tasks, switching between tasks, and tasks interfering with each other. Automation is not always reliable, however. Because of the common interaction with novel systems and the importance of training, the Simultaneous Task Environment Platform program—a multiple-task environment—was developed to understand the effects of experience on interaction with these automation-supported systems, as well as what strategies were developed. It was found that participants became more efficient with experience only when they interacted with higher reliability automation. Furthermore, the strategies participants developed focused on the differences between tasks and patterns across those tasks. Automated system...
Topochemical oxygen deintercalation in oxides using butyllithium

Abstract Topochemical oxygen deintercalation in oxides has been carried out using n-butyllithium as a mild reducing agent. Compounds such as La2CuO4+δ and Tl2Ba2CuO6+δ can be conveniently reduced to a desirable oxygen content phase. However, n-butyllithium does not remove the strongly bound lattice oxygen from the structure maintaining the integrity of the structure. The results of the various oxide phases studied are reported in this paper.
Countryside scenic assessment: Tools and an application

Abstract Technology, policy, and economic forces insure that major changes will continue to occur on the American agricultural landscape. As a result, the appearance of the countryside has become a concern. Many localities preserve farmland by allowing farmers to transfer development rights or contribute easements thus enhancing their personal tax situation. In some cases, the agricultural value of the land is not high enough to be used as a base for an easement donation even when continuation of farming is locally desirable. In these cases, local scenic values become the base for scenic easements or the transfer of development rights. This paper discusses a study done for the U.S. Soil Conservation Service to develop a theoretical basis for a practical scenic assessment procedure and the application of this procedure. The study reviewed all scenic studies of agricultural lands and proposed scenic evaluation indicators, the integration of expert and public opinion and a classification system for agricultural landscapes to be used in an interactive planning process. The process was field tested in several locations and became the basis for designating scenic easement areas in Whatcom County, Washington. The application involving public groups and the data resulting from testing public opinion as to these scenic indicators is described.
Fatty acid and prostaglandin composition of left ventricular myocardium from dexamethasone-treated dogs with severe low output syndrome (LOS).

Abstract The effects of dexamethasone (DEX) administration on the left ventricular myocardial content of fatty acids and prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2α were studied. Following a complete right and left cardiac catheterization, either DEX (8 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of its vehicle was given intravenously 30 minutes prior to low output syndrome (LOS induction, and supplemental doses of DEX (4 mg/kg) or vehicle administered at 15 and 75 minutes post-LOS induction. Low output syndrome was induced by intravenous administration of a myocardial depressor protein (MDP) which has been isolated from the venom of the Western diamondback rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox . Neither DEX nor its vehicle had a significant effect during the entire experiment, that is, in the normal or low cardiac output state in most of the hemodynamic parameters investigated. The three hour mortality rate for the DEX-treated animals was 22% (n=10) while that of the control group was 41% (n=26) indicating that the beneficial effects of this corticosteroid are not really apparent from hemodynamic evaluation alone. Since DEX only had a significant post-LOS induction effect in maintaining a lower left ventricular end-diastolic and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, a higher arterio-venous oxygen saturation difference, and a more efficient contractile state of myocardial fibers (Vmax), an indirect correlation to coronary arterial blood flow at the subcellular level was sought. To this effect, prostaglandins and specific lipid classes of left ventricular myocardium (LVM) from control and LOS animals receiving either vehicle or DEX were analyzed. Low output state induction alone raised myocardial PG levels above those of sham-catheterized animals; on the other hand, dexamethasone induced a significant decrease in the three prostaglandins studied when administered to control (no LOS) animals. In the presence of LOS, however, dexamethasone overrode in part the increase in PGE1 and PGE2 brought about by LOS while in the case of PGE2α the LOS effect was totally prevented and its concentration was not significantly higher than in control animals receiving dexamethasone. LOS induction led to an increase in myristic and arachidonic acids and a decrease in palmitic and linolenic acids. Dexamethasone administration to control animals increased the concentration of stearic acid above all the other groups but decreased the concentration of linolenic acid when compared to DEX-treated animals with LOS or sham-catheterized animals. There were no significant differences in the total myocardial lipid among the four groups of animals studied. It is suggested that the potentially beneficial effects of corticosteroid administration to animals with low output syndrome are related to their effects on fatty acid and prostaglandin content of myocardium.
Singular and plural objects: Thoughts on object relations theory

Object relations theory has been dominated by the concept of the mother as the primary and most influential object in infancy. New considerations of the role of the father are questioning this premise and raising issues about the influence of multi-object relationships in very early life. Illustrations are drawn from different cultures with a wide variety of child rearing practices. Implications for theory, assessment, and treatment are illustrated through case material.
Outcome of adults with acute lymphocytic leukemia in second or subsequent complete remission

The outcome of adults with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) who achieve a complete response (CR) on salvage therapy is thought to be poor, but not previously analyzed. To define the course of adult ALL post CR on salvage therapy and the effects of pretreatment factors on prognosis. One hundred seventy-two adults with ALL who achieved a second or third CR on salvage therapy were reviewed. Prognostic factors affecting survival were analyzed by multivariate analysis. The median survival post achieving CR for the entire group was 10 months. The estimated 1-year survival rate was 42%. Forty-three patients underwent stem cell transplant in subsequent CR: their median survival was 12 months and the 3-year survival rate was 25%. Independent poor prognostic factors for survival were age >55 years, duration of first CR 1000 IU/L. This analysis defines the outcome of adult ALL in CR post salvage therapy and the prognostic factors influencing survival. These results could...
Mineral catalysis of the formation of the phosphodiester bond in aqueous solution: The possible role of montmorillonite clays

The possible role of montmorillonite clays in the spontaneous formation on the primitive earth of the phosphodiester bond in the presence of water was investigated in experiments measuring the binding of various nucleosides and nucleotides with Na(+)-montmorillonite 22A and the reactions of these compounds with a water-soluble carbodiimide. It was found that, at neutral pH, adenine derivatives bind stronger than the corresponding uracil derivatives, consistent with the protonation of the adenine by the acidic clay surface and a cationic binding of the protonated ring to the anionic clay surface. The reaction of the 5-prime-AMP with carbodiimide resulted in the formation of 2-prime,5-prime-pApA (18.9 percent), 3-prime,5-prime-pApA (11 percent), and AppA (4.8 percent). The yields of these oligomers obtained when poly(U) was used in place of the clay were 15.5 percent, 3.7 percent, and 14.9 percent AppA, respectively.
A discrete Gauss-Green identity for unbounded Laplace operators, and the transience of random walks

On a finite network (connected weighted undirected graph), the relationship between the natural Dirichlet form E and the discrete Laplace operator Δ is given by $$\varepsilon (u,v) = {\langle u,\Delta v\rangle _{{\ell ^2}}}$$ , where the latter is the usual l 2 inner product. This formula is not generally true for infinite networks; earlier authors have given various conditions under which this formula remains valid. Instead, we extend this formula to arbitrary infinite networks (including the case when Δ is unbounded) by including a new (boundary) term, in parallel with the classical Gauss-Green identity. This tool allows for detailed study of the boundary of the network. We construct a reproducing kernel for the space of functions of finite energy which allows us to specify a dense domain for Δ and give several criteria for the transience of the random walk on the network. The extended Gauss-Green identity and the reproducing kernel also yield a boundary integral representation for harmonic functions of finite energy. The boundary representation is developed further in [24].
Preparation and characterization of In(I)-β″-alumina

In(I)-{beta}''-alumina has been prepared by ion exchange from Na-{beta}''-alumina. It is stable on heating in air up to 400 deg. C. Its structure was determined by Rietveld analysis using high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction data [R-3m, a = 5.6044(1) A, c = 34.4807(1) A, Z = 3]. The coordination of In(I) in this material is asymmetric, as indicated by the distortion index for this cation, suggesting some stereochemical activity for the lone pair on the cation. However, the distortion is not as pronounced as that seen in the Ga(I) analogue.
Growth and characterization of Ga1−xInxAs by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Conditions for growth at 550°C of high structural quality GaInAs by LPMOCVD are presented. The sensitivity of compositional grading to changes in the V/III molar ratio, growth rate and inclusion of InP buffer layers is discussed. Crystalline uniformity is indicated by double crystal x-ray rocking curves with FWHM (GaInAs) = 0.017°. By careful control of the V/III molar ratio, epitaxial GaInAs/InP heterostructures with δa/a ≤ 10−4 can be grown. Quantitative data for the TEIn-AsH3 elimination reaction rate is presented. The composition of Ga1−xInxAs which is expected in the presence of this reaction is calculated; evaluation of the corresponding rate constant shows that the adduct formation reaction proceeds at a modest but detectable rate. The problems associated with the purity of electronic grade triethylindium (TEIn) are addressed. Impurities in commercial TEIn have been determined by low resolution mass spectroscopy.
Psychopathic personality traits and delinquent careers: An empirical examination

PURPOSE: Few studies have simultaneously investigated psychopathic traits in relation to assorted dimensions of a delinquent career. The current study examined the role that psychopathy might play in facilitating research on the small subset of youth at risk for persistent antisocial behavior. METHOD: This study examined psychopathic personality scores using the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) and the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Short Version (PPI-SV) in a statewide population of 723 juvenile offenders. RESULTS: Psychopathy scores revealed a linear score-response such that higher psychopathy scores were associated with increases in general delinquency (including violent and non-violent forms), hostile aggression, and three forms of early onset delinquency, including offending, police contact, and juvenile court referral. Moreover, negative binomial regression, hierarchical linear regression, and logistic regression models revealed that psychopathy factors possessed utility in predicting all dimensions of the delinquent career net the effects of demographic and available risk factors. CONCLUSION: Psychopathy should be fully incorporated into criminological investigations of delinquent and criminal careers. Language: en
Hybrid mixed media nonwovens composed of macrofibers and microfibers. Part I: three-layer segmented pie configuration

Nonwoven fabrics, composed of microdenier fibers, can be easily created by using splittable bicomponents such as segmented pie. Hydroentangling has been shown as a very effective method for mechanically splitting these fibers. Such structures are known to form a densely packed nonwoven fabric with concomitant consequences in low porosity and tear strength. It is not, therefore, uncommon to insert a reinforcing scrim as a “rip-stop” mechanism in the middle of such structures to improve their properties, especially tear resistance. Instead, we propose a hybrid structure where the middle portion consists of solid homocomponent fibers, made from the same polymer as one of the components used in the bicomponent fibers, produced simultaneously during web formation, without causing noticeable changes in the fabrics’ overall texture. We report on the production and properties of fabrics composed entirely of bicomponent segmented pie fibers as well as our hybrid fabrics arranged in a three-layer configuration.
Endothelium-derived relaxing factor: evidence that it regulates pulmonary vascular resistance in the isolated neonatal guinea pig lung.

ABSTRACT: Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), believed to be nitric oxide or a compound that releases nitric oxide, has been previously identified in the pulmonary and systemic vasculature of the new born guinea pig using isolated arterial rings. The aim of our study was to determine if EDRF regulates vasomotor tone at the level of resistance vessels in the neonatal pulmonary circulation. Isolated lungs from guinea pigs (1–3 d old, n = 4–8/protocol) were ventilated with room air and perfused with a Krebs-Henseleit solution containing albumin at a constant flow. Angiotensin II (AII, 6 nM) was added to the perfusate to give a stable elevation in mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) from 7.0 ± 1.1 to 19.7 ± 1.5 torr, a 182 ± 32% (mean ± SEM) increase above baseline. Addition of bradykinin (BK, 10 nM) or L-arginine (2 mM) markedly reduced the All-induced elevation in PAP. At the steady state response to BK (33% above baseline), addition of Hb (10 μM, binds EDRF), NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMA, 100 μM, blocks EDRF production), NMA (200 μM), or NMA + Hb, reversed the effect of BK to the following levels of PAP above baseline: 77 ± 5, 94 ± 24, 163 ± 20, or 246± 25%, respectively (p < 0.05). Indomethacin had no effect on BK-induced vasodilation. In separate studies, NMA (200 μM) increased baseline PAP by 46 ± 13% and NMA pretreatment raised the AII-pressor response (AII 6 nM) from 133 ± 49 to 306 ± 65% above baseline PAP. NMA (200 μM) pretreatment also inhibited the dilator action of submaximal doses of BK on the AII-induced elevation of PAP. We conclude that, in the isolated neonatal guinea pig lung, EDRF plays an important role in the: l) control of baseline PAP, 2) vasoreactivity of AII. and 3) dilator mechanism of BK, EDRF may play an important role in the pulmonary hemo-dynamick adjustments at birth.