cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy of MBE-grown Si p-n junctions and Si/SiGe superlattices

Abstract We have used cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy to study a Si (001) p-n junction and a Si/Si 0.76 Ge 0.24 (001) superlattice grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. The shape of the band-edge profile in the p-n junction can be seen with a spatial resolution of better than 100 aA, and features in the electronic structure of the Si/Si 0.76 Ge 0.24 superlattice have been detected with a spatial resolution of only a few nanometers. Topographic contrast between the Si and Si 0.76 Ge 0.24 layers in the superlattice has also been observed.
Invasive cancer and survival of intraductal papillary mucinous tumors of the pancreas.

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Intraductal papillary mucinous tumor (IPMT) is frequently associated with pancreatic cancer. We hypothesized that IPMT progresses to invasive cancer with K-ras mutations as an early event, and that invasive cancer affects survival. We compared survival after resection and determined whether K-ras mutations predicted survival in IPMT patients without or with invasive cancer. METHODS: Records of 47 patients with IPMT who were seen between 1983 and 1998 were reviewed retrospectively in 15 cases and prospectively in 32. All histological material was reviewed to confirm the diagnosis of IPMT and to assess invasion. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were analyzed by the log-rank test. The χ2 test was used for differences in K-ras between groups. RESULTS: There were 30 men and 17 women, with a mean age of 65 yr (range 36–90 yr). Of the patients, 26 had IPMT without invasive cancer and 19 had IPMT with invasion. Tissue diagnosis was available in 45 patients. K-ras was analyzed in 40 patients. Mutations were present in 15 of 23 patients (65%) without invasive cancer and in 14 of 17 patients (82%) with invasive cancer (p = ns). At 2.5 yr, the overall cumulative survival of IPMT patients without invasive cancer was 94% compared to 24% of patients with invasive cancer (p CONCLUSIONS: Invasive cancer in IPMT reduces the 2.5-yr survival after surgery from 93% to 24%. K-ras mutations occur before invasive cancer, and do not predict postoperative survival.
Two approaches to social support in smoking cessation: Commodity model and nondirective support☆☆☆

The commodity model of social support and features of Nondirective Support may clarify varied results of support interventions for smoking cessation. A commodity model views social support as attractive in and of itself and as an alternative to high-risk choices such as smoking. If such support is easily accessible, a would-be quitter is less likely to choose to smoke. Consistent with the commodity model, social support interventions tend to be effective as long as support remains available, but they lose their effects when support is terminated. From a second approach, Nondirective Support entails accepting recipients' goals, cooperating without taking control, and validating recipients' feelings. In contrast, Directive Support entails taking control and telling recipients what to do and feel. Review of support interventions indicates the value of the continued availability of support suggested by the commodity model and of Nondirective Support's flexibility and responsiveness to the person.
GA-facilitated classifier optimization with varying similarity measures

Genetic algorithms are powerful tools for k-nearest neighbors classification. Traditional knn classifiers employ Euclidian distance to assess neighbor similarity, though other measures may also be used. GAs can search for optimal linear weights of features to improve knn performance using both Euclidian distance and cosine similarity. GAs also optimize additive feature offsets in search of an optimal point of reference for assessing angular similarity using the cosine measure. This poster explores weight and offset optimization for knn with varying similarity measures, including Euclidian distance (weights only), cosine similarity, and Pearson correlation. The use of offset optimization here represents a novel technique for enhancing Pearson/knn classification performance. Experiments compare optimized and non-optimized classifiers using public domain datasets. While unoptimized Euclidian knn often outperforms its cosine and Pearson counterparts, optimized Pearson and cosine knn classifiers show equal or improved accuracy compared to weight-optimized Euclidian knn.
Anatomic distribution of metastases in the vertebral body and modes of hematogenous spread

Study design A retrospective review of the magnetic resonance spine examinations of 49 patients with metastatic bone disease to the spine was performed. Objectives To determine whether the pattern of metastatic distribution in the spine correlates with the type of primary tumor and theoretical mode of hematogenous spread by arterial or venous routes. Summary of background data In 1940, Batson theorized a venous plexus route by which tumors spread to the spine from pelvic tumors such as prostatic carcinoma. It this theory is true, the venous vascular anatomy of the spine would result in metastases being deposited in the central or posterior vertebral body, whereas arterial deposits would occur near the end-plates. Methods Each vertebral body was divided into 27 equal cells in the magnetic resonance images; the central and posterior cells in the midsagittal view were defined as central, and the other cells were defined as peripheral. The primary tumor was assigned to either the arterial or venous group based on Batson's proposed mode of spread. The average number of lesions per involved vertebral body in the central and peripheral regions was calculated. Results There was no statistically significant correlation between tumors with proposed arterial/venous routes of metastasis and central/peripheral location of metastatic deposits. Conclusion The mechanism by which tumors spread to the vertebral body may not be via a pure arterial or venous route. Other mechanisms such as tissue specificity, cascade system, and closed loop circulation system may be involved.
Multi-symplectic methods for generalized Schrödinger equations

Recent results on spectral and finite difference multi-symplectic schemes for one- and two-dimensional PDEs are discussed. Multi-symplectic schemes for the one-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation and the two-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation are developed. The new schemes exactly preserve a discrete multi-symplectic conservation law. The conservation of local energy and momentum is examined as well as preservation of several global invariants.
Comparison of enzyme immunoassay with radioimmunoassay for the detection of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen as the only marker of hepatitis B infection in a population with a high prevalence of hepatitis B.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the detection of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) were compared using serum specimens from Alaska Natives screened during a hepatitis B control program that were initially positive by EIA for only anti-HBc. Of 36 specimens from persons previously HBsAg positive but who were now only anti-HBc positive by EIA, 94.4% were anti-HBc positive by both assays, with anti-HBc levels exceeding 93% inhibition. Low-level antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) ( 70% inhibition the anti-HBc was a reproducible finding frequently accompanied by either low-level anti-HBs or anti-HBe.
A computational analysis of some diaryl ureas in relation to their observed crystalline hydrogen bonding patterns

We have carried out anab initio self-consistent-field molecular orbital analysis of the structures, atomic charges and electrostatic potentials of 1,3-bisphenylurea, 1,3-bis(m-nitrophenyl)urea and 1,3-bis(p-nitrophenyl)urea. Our results provide insight into the contrasting hydrogen bond patterns and preferences of these molecules in crystalline environments. The tendency for 1,3-bisphenylurea to form homomeric rather than heteromeric (i.e. host-guest) crystals is attributed to a relatively strong and extended homomeric attractive electrostatic interaction between two like molecules. Our calculated internuclear distances and atomic charges indicate that these molecules have some degree of H...O intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl oxygen and the nearest aromatic hydrogens when the aromatic and the urea portions of the molecules are coplanar. This interaction is strongest for the meta nitro derivative, consistent with the latter remaining very nearly planar in its cocrystal structures. Our surface electrostatic potentials for the three diaryl ureas are used to interpret their differing crystallization properties and tendencies to form cocrystals with guest molecules.
Physical telepresence: shape capture and display for embodied, computer-mediated remote collaboration

We propose a new approach to Physical Telepresence, based on shared workspaces with the ability to capture and remotely render the shapes of people and objects. In this paper, we describe the concept of shape transmission, and propose interaction techniques to manipulate remote physical objects and physical renderings of shared digital content. We investigate how the representation of user's body parts can be altered to amplify their capabilities for teleoperation. We also describe the details of building and testing prototype Physical Telepresence workspaces based on shape displays. A preliminary evaluation shows how users are able to manipulate remote objects, and we report on our observations of several different manipulation techniques that highlight the expressive nature of our system.
A neural network simulating human reach grasp coordination by continuous updating of vector positioning commands

We developed a neural network model to simulate temporal coordination of human reaching and grasping under variable initial grip apertures and perturbations of object size and object location/orientation. The proposed model computes reach-grasp trajectories by continuously updating vector positioning commands. The model hypotheses are (1) hand/wrist transport, grip aperture, and hand orientation control modules are coupled by a gating signal that fosters synchronous completion of the three sub-goals. (2) Coupling from transport and orientation velocities to aperture control causes maximum grip apertures that scale with these velocities and exceed object size. (3) Part of the aperture trajectory is attributable to an aperture-reducing passive biomechanical effect that is stronger for larger apertures. (4) Discrepancies between internal representations of targets partially inhibit the gating signal, leading to movement time increases that compensate for perturbations. Simulations of the model replicate key features of human reach-grasp kinematics observed under three experimental protocols. Our results indicate that no precomputation of component movement times is necessary for online temporal coordination of the components of reaching and grasping.
Influence of the number of alcohol and water bottles on murine alcohol intake.

It is common practice to assess the alcohol intake of mice and rats by providing them with a choice between a bottle of alcohol and a bottle of water. Because the rodent is not forced to drink the alcohol to assuage hunger or thirst, this method provides a measure of “voluntary” or “spontaneous” consumption, and the ratio of alcohol intake to total intake provides a measure of alcohol preference that is relatively free of nonspecific effects, such as body size, customary fluid intake, or minor motor dysfunctions (Bachmanov et al., 1996a, 2002). Intakes during two-bottle choice tests are believed to reflect the physiologic status of the animal. This notion, called nutritional wisdom, is based primarily on findings that animals select a balanced diet and grow rapidly when allowed to choose from separate sources of macronutrients (e.g., Richter, 1942–1943–1956). However, we recently showed that macronutrient selection and intake are strongly dependent on the number of sources of each macronutrient available (Tordoff, 2002). In one study, we compared rats given to drink five bottles of 32% sucrose and one bottle of water with those given one bottle of 32% sucrose and five bottles of water. The group with five bottles of sucrose drank approximately twice the volume of sucrose, gained significantly more weight, and accrued significantly more fat than did the group with only one bottle of sucrose. In another study, we found that mice given any of four archetypical taste solutions (saccharin, citric acid, quinine hydrochloride, or NaCl) drank more of the taste solution when given two bottles of it and one of water than when given either a standard two-bottle test or a test with one bottle of taste solution and two of water (Tordoff and Bachmanov, 2003). These experiments indicate that simple manipulations of the availability of nutrients or taste solutions can have profound effects on intake and preference. Alcohol, of course, is both a nutrient and a taste solution. In the work reported here, we sought to expand our findings with other nutrients by examining the extent to which alcohol intake was influenced by the number of sources available. In experiments 1 and 2, we examined the behavior of C57BL6/J (B6) and 129X1/SvJ (129) mice and Sprague-Dawley rats given access to various combinations of 10% alcohol and water in short-term tests, using a within-subject design. In experiments 3 and 4, we examined the response of separate groups of B6 mice given various numbers of alcohol and water bottles for 16 or 24 days.
Review: The Animal Research War by P. Michael Conn and James V. Parker

Biomedical researchers who test on animals have long been targeted by animal-rights activists. Now they've decided it's time to fight back
Multiphoton absorption by alkali-metal atoms above the ionization threshold. II. Further results on Cs and Rb ionization

We describe further a method we recently introduced for calculating cross sections for multiphoton ionization of alkali-metal atoms in the regime where the laser field can be treated as a perturbation. We present numerical results, some of which we compare with experimental data.
Sequencing, mapping, and analysis of 27,455 maize full-length cDNAs.

Full-length cDNA (FLcDNA) sequencing establishes the precise primary structure of individual gene transcripts. From two libraries representing 27 B73 tissues and abiotic stress treatments, 27,455 high-quality FLcDNAs were sequenced. The average transcript length was 1.44 kb including 218 bases and 321 bases of 5′ and 3′ UTR, respectively, with 8.6% of the FLcDNAs encoding predicted proteins of fewer than 100 amino acids. Approximately 94% of the FLcDNAs were stringently mapped to the maize genome. Although nearly two-thirds of this genome is composed of transposable elements (TEs), only 5.6% of the FLcDNAs contained TE sequences in coding or UTR regions. Approximately 7.2% of the FLcDNAs are putative transcription factors, suggesting that rare transcripts are well-enriched in our FLcDNA set. Protein similarity searching identified 1,737 maize transcripts not present in rice, sorghum, Arabidopsis, or poplar annotated genes. A strict FLcDNA assembly generated 24,467 non-redundant sequences, of which 88% have non-maize protein matches. The FLcDNAs were also assembled with 41,759 FLcDNAs in GenBank from other projects, where semi-strict parameters were used to identify 13,368 potentially unique non-redundant sequences from this project. The libraries, ESTs, and FLcDNA sequences produced from this project are publicly available. The annotated EST and FLcDNA assemblies are available through the maize FLcDNA web resource (www.maizecdna.org).
Transesophageal echocardiography detects thrombus formation not identified by transthoracic echocardiography after the Fontan operation.

Abstract Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated six instances of venous thrombus formation in the inferior vena cava, right atrium and caval-pulmonary anastomosis region in four children after a modified Fontan operation. Transthoracic surface echocardiography failed to identify these thrombi in five of the six cases because of the posterior location of the thrombus or imaging interference from surgical hardware. These thrombotic episodes occurred 2 days to 5 years after the Fontan operation in children 25 to 168 months of age. Clinical features of compromised cardiac performance with cyanosis or inadequate perfusion were present during four of the six episodes. In two patients, thrombi occurred around transvenous permanent atrial pacing leads. Therapy to eliminate thrombus included surgery (two cases), anticoagulation with warfarin (three cases) and streptokinase thrombolysis (one case). Disappearance of the thrombus was confirmed by transesophageal study in three of the four cases with follow-up echocardiography. Transesophageal echocardiographic demonstration of atrial and pulmonary thrombi that could not be seen by transthoracic imaging suggests that these thrombi occur with greater frequency in patients who have undergone the Fontan operation than was previously suspected.
An optimum die profile for axisymmetric extrusion

Abstract A die profile which eliminates as much redundant work as possible was obtained in frictionless axisymmetric extrusion by the use of the slip line technique. For a rigid, perfectly plastic material obeying the von Mises yield criterion, the stress and velocity solutions for the die profile obtained were interpreted as bounds to the actual redundant work involved. For an area reduction ratio of 4 : 1, the elimination of redundant work was found to be within 1 per cent of complete efficiency. The grid distortion obtained experimentally for a curved die, using commercially pure lead, was compared with the distortion obtained with theoretical values. Furthermore, the redundant work involved for a curved die was compared experimentally with that involved for a conical die of the same axial length, to determine the relative advantages of using a curved die to reduce the total work of deformation. The curved die was approximately 97 per cent efficient, whereas the conical die had an efficiency of 43 per cent.
SU‐C‐BRC‐05: RT Analytics: Prior‐Knowledge Treatment Planning Using Image‐ Based Database Mining

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to create prospective treatment plans based on anatomical feature matching to previously treated cases from the institution database. This tool recommends ideal treatment plans to clinicians and provides quality control (QC) of the plan generation process to ensure best practices based on past planning experiences. Methods: An image‐based and feature‐selection search engine (RT‐Analytics) was implemented that explores previously treated cases of similar anatomy, returning a list of suggested plan configurations and corresponding DVHs. The search is based on a multi‐modality image registration to match isocenters and with the dose matrix used as mask to focus the registration on the tumor and surrounding tissue only. Plans ordered by anatomical similarity, are presented to the clinician and are exported to the treatment planning system to be used as a starting point in the treatment planning process.Results: RT‐Analytics is demonstrated on ten clinical cases of breast carcinomas. Using an institutional database of 317 previously treated cases, the search procedure finds anatomical matches at a value of 0.9 or higher as measured by a mutual information metric computed over 30 histogram bins. Without re‐optimizing the treatment plan, dose homogeneity in the breast was within 12%. Minor changes needed to further decrease this inhomogeneity, and the previous optimization constraints and attained DVH can be used as a starting solution in the optimization process. Suggested solutions are also used for quality assurance purposes, to investigate if the attained DVH on new cases meet the quality of previous cases using a population‐based plan assessment Conclusions: RT‐Analytics represents a unique approach to plan generation by using prior planning solutions, and it allows quality control of the plan development process.
Postmortem Diagnosis of Fusarium Panophthalmitis by the Polymerase Chain Reaction

Purpose We undertook this study to determine if a polymerase chain reaction-based test that we developed for the filamentary fungus, Fusarium , could be used to detect the organism in postmortem ocular tissues. Methods We applied the polymerase chain reaction to amplify a target fragment of Fusarium DNA from formalin-fixed ocular tissues from a patient with endogenous Fusarium panophthalmitis. Results By using the polymerase chain reaction-based test, we were able to amplify the target fragment of DNA from the infected eyes, but not from uninfected control eyes. Conclusions The technique appears to hold promise to be a sensitive, specific, and rapid method of diagnosing Fusarium infections.
Photoactive metal carbonyl complexes as potential agents for targeted CO delivery.

Abstract The surprising discovery of carbon monoxide (CO) as a signaling molecule in mammalian physiology has recently raised interest in this toxic gas among researchers in biochemical and pharmaceutical community. CO is endogenously produced mainly from catabolism of heme by the enzyme heme oxygenase (HO) and participates in a myriad of anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and vasoregulatory pathways. In animal models, low doses of CO have exhibited beneficial effects in suppression of organ graft rejection and safeguarding the heart during reperfusion after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. The salutary effects of CO have naturally drawn attention of the pharmaceutical industry for its use as a cytoprotective agent. Safety-related concerns of the use of this noxious gas have prompted research in the area of syntheses of CO-releasing molecules (CORMs) and to date, several metal carbonyls (metal complexes of CO) have been employed as CORMs in promoting prolonged (and safe) delivery of low doses of CO to cellular targets. Because many carbonyl complexes release CO upon illumination, investigators have recently began to explore the possibility of “controlled CO delivery” through the use of light. During the past few years, a number of photoactive CORMs or “photoCORMs” have been synthesized that release CO upon illumination with UV or visible light. The utility of these photoCORMs in CO delivery has also been confirmed. Novel design principles for isolation of photoCORMs have started to appear in recent reports. Scrutiny of the literature reveals the emergence of a new exciting area of drug development in such efforts. The potential of photoCORMs as CO-donating pharmaceuticals along with a brief overview of the physiological roles of CO is presented in this review.
Regge Poles in High-Energy Electron Scattering

The possibility that the photon is described by a Regge trajectory is considered, and the effect of this assumption on the analysis of electron-pion, electron-nucleon, and electron-helium scattering is examined in some detail. Partial-wave projections for the various amplitudes are made in the annihilation channel, and a multiparticle unitarity condition is formally imposed by use of the N/D matrix formulation. Since the photon does not have a fixed spin of one, the spin matrix structure is considerably more complicated than in the conventional theory. The amplitudes are written in terms of the Regge poles corresponding to the photon, ρ-ω meson, etc., and the resulting cross sections are given in the interesting high-energy limit. In contrast to the usual analysis, where form factors depend only on the momentum transfer, we find a larger number of independent functions which depend on the energy as well, however, in a characteristic manner. That is, the essential change due to the Regge behavior of the photon is an over-all nonintegral power of the energy occurring in the cross section. The effect of this factor can be experimentally tested and this possibility is discussed.
Copyright protection for the artfully sweaty: Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., Inc.

The U.S. Supreme Court’s 1991 decision in the Feist case wiped away the idea that “sweat of the brow” is adequate for a copyright claim. The history of the relevant issues is discussed and the Court’s decision is examined. The decision has a number of implications for publishers but leaves many questions unanswered.
"Microaggressions" in engineering education: Climate for Asian, Latina and White women

How do women experience the climate of engineering undergraduate education? How is this shaped by race/ethnicity? Using a focus group methodology, we interviewed women who self-identify as Asian, Latina and White at a large public institution in the southeastern United States. Their narratives are analyzed using the interdisciplinary theoretical framework of “microaggressions” from the social sciences. Microaggressions arise from subtle and covert racist and sexist acts which occur frequently in the lives of marginalized groups. Women of all races, who remain severely underrepresented in engineering, may be considered a marginalized group. For women of color, stereotypes of the “model minority” or “affirmative action baby” also overlay their experiences. Microaggressions occur at multiple levels: at the institutional level, at the interpersonal level, and as jokes or humor that subtly deride women's place in engineering. In this paper, we provide examples of each of these types of microaggressions in the experiences of women majoring in engineering and how these are processed differently depending on race/ethnicity. Our findings provide a nuanced perspective on how these microaggressions help shape the academic and social aspects of the climate of undergraduate engineering education.
Assessment of viability of human fat injection into nude mice with micro-computed tomography.

Lipotransfer is a vital tool in the surgeon’s armamentarium for the treatment of soft tissue deficits of throughout the body. Fat is the ideal soft tissue filler as it is readily available, easily obtained, inexpensive, and inherently biocompatible.1 However, despite its burgeoning popularity, fat grafting is hampered by unpredictable results and variable graft survival, with published retention rates ranging anywhere from 10-80%. 1-3 To facilitate investigations on fat grafting, we have therefore developed an animal model that allows for real-time analysis of injected fat volume retention. Briefly, a small cut is made in the scalp of a CD-1 nude mouse and 200-400 µl of processed lipoaspirate is placed over the skull. The scalp is chosen as the recipient site because of its absence of native subcutaneous fat, and because of the excellent background contrast provided by the calvarium, which aids in the analysis process. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is used to scan the graft at baseline and every two weeks thereafter. The CT images are reconstructed, and an imaging software is used to quantify graft volumes. Traditionally, techniques to assess fat graft volume have necessitated euthanizing the study animal to provide just a single assessment of graft weight and volume by physical measurement ex vivo. Biochemical and histological comparisons have likewise required the study animal to be euthanized. This described imaging technique offers the advantage of visualizing and objectively quantifying volume at multiple time points after initial grafting without having to sacrifice the study animal. The technique is limited by the size of the graft able to be injected as larger grafts risk skin and fat necrosis. This method has utility for all studies evaluating fat graft viability and volume retention. It is particularly well-suited to providing a visual representation of fat grafts and following changes in volume over time.
Whole-Genome Sequencing and Assembly with High-Throughput, Short-Read Technologies

While recently developed short-read sequencing technologies may dramatically reduce the sequencing cost and eventually achieve the $1000 goal for re-sequencing, their limitations prevent the de novo sequencing of eukaryotic genomes with the standard shotgun sequencing protocol. We present SHRAP (SHort Read Assembly Protocol), a sequencing protocol and assembly methodology that utilizes high-throughput short-read technologies. We describe a variation on hierarchical sequencing with two crucial differences: (1) we select a clone library from the genome randomly rather than as a tiling path and (2) we sample clones from the genome at high coverage and reads from the clones at low coverage. We assume that 200 bp read lengths with a 1% error rate and inexpensive random fragment cloning on whole mammalian genomes is feasible. Our assembly methodology is based on first ordering the clones and subsequently performing read assembly in three stages: (1) local assemblies of regions significantly smaller than a clone size, (2) clone-sized assemblies of the results of stage 1, and (3) chromosome-sized assemblies. By aggressively localizing the assembly problem during the first stage, our method succeeds in assembling short, unpaired reads sampled from repetitive genomes. We tested our assembler using simulated reads from D. melanogaster and human chromosomes 1, 11, and 21, and produced assemblies with large sets of contiguous sequence and a misassembly rate comparable to other draft assemblies. Tested on D. melanogaster and the entire human genome, our clone-ordering method produces accurate maps, thereby localizing fragment assembly and enabling the parallelization of the subsequent steps of our pipeline. Thus, we have demonstrated that truly inexpensive de novo sequencing of mammalian genomes will soon be possible with high-throughput, short-read technologies using our methodology.
Effective monitoring of isotretinoin safety in a pediatric dermatology population: A novel “patient symptom survey” approach

Background Assessment of adverse effects in pediatric patients on oral isotretinoin has not been standardized and the exact incidence is unknown. Objective Our goal was to determine the usefulness of an isotretinoin symptom survey as a screening tool for assessment and quantification of adverse effects, including psychiatric symptoms, during isotretinoin treatment in a pediatric population of different age groups. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review on a random sample of patients treated with isotretinoin at a tertiary pediatric dermatology clinic where patients completed an isotretinoin symptom survey at each visit. Responses were stratified by age group and psychiatric history. Results The charts of 102 patients, representing 123 courses of isotretinoin and 760 treatment-months, were reviewed. A total of 722 (95.0%) symptom surveys were complete and 38 (5.0%) were incomplete/missing. Recorded side effects were similar to published adult data; dry lips/dry skin were reported in 94.25% and 72.13% of treatment-months of isotretinoin, respectively. Psychiatric symptoms were reported in 1.65%, with no statistical difference between patients with or without a mental health history. Patients aged 11 to 15 years had similar side-effect profiles to those aged 16 to 21 years. Impaired night vision, nosebleeds, and dry/bloodshot eyes were more common in the older age group. Limitations This was a retrospective chart review, with known limitations. The study was performed at a tertiary referral center for pediatric dermatology, possibly allowing patient selection bias. Conclusions The isotretinoin symptom survey appears to be an effective screening tool to standardize monitoring of isotretinoin side effects in the pediatric population.
Environmentally Mediated Seasonal Variation in Mosquito Body Size

The mean adult body size of male and nonblood-fed female Culex nigripalpus Theobald mosquitoes showed a highly significant negative correlation with water temperature in the field. Large females were more successful in obtaining blood and developing eggs during an extended period of drought from March through September 1987. Small females emerged from field-collected pupae but were less successful in blood feeding and developing eggs in the field during the period of drought.
Use of four Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates of different aggressiveness, three inoculations per plant, and delayed multiple evaluations to select common beans with high levels of white mold resistance

White mold is a severe disease of common bean worldwide. Partial resistance occurs in the primary and secondary gene pools. Factors essential for identifying high levels of resistance that is effective throughout the growing season are not known. Our objectives were to determine which factors are most essential for identifying high levels of resistance including: (i) pathogen isolates screened, (ii) inoculations/plant, (iii) evaluation dates, (iv) area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), and (v) the SCAR markers linked with WM2.2, WM6.1, WM7.1, WM7.3, and WM8.3 resistance QTL. Thirty-one genotypes were inoculated one to three times/plant with ARS12D and ND710 isolates in the greenhouse in Idaho, and CO467 and NY133 in Colorado. Evaluations were made from 7 to 35 days post-inoculation. Disease severity and AUDPC increased until 21 days in Colorado and 35 days in Idaho. Correlations were positive among isolates at each evaluation date. The presence or absence of white mold resistance QTL was not indicative of resistance response. ‘Othello’ was susceptible to all isolates with one inoculation, and VC13-5 was resistant to three isolates and intermediate to ND710 after three inoculations per plant; both of these genotypes lacked the five resistance QTL. SE155-9 with WM2.2, WM7.1, and WM8.3 QTL was resistant to CO467 and NY133. However, SE152-6 with the same QTL was resistant and possessed lower AUDPC values to all isolates after three inoculations. Thus, screening with four isolates, three inoculations/plant, and disease evaluations delayed until 21 days or longer helped identify genotypes with high levels of broad-spectrum resistance.
788-4 Does Low Level Training Increase Peak Aerobic Capacity in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure?

Conventional high level exercise training at a workload consistent with 75% of peak oxygen consumption (pVO 2 , ml/min/kg) in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) improves peak aerobic capacity and limb vasodilatory capacity. However, training at this workload may promote left ventricular dilatation in patients with CHF by prolonged exposure to substantially elevated filling pressure (PCWP). Whether training at low level, I.e., at a workload consistent with l50% pVO 2 , would result in limited increases in PCWP while still improving peak aerobic capacity and peripheral vasodilatory function is unknown. Accordingly, 15 patients with stable advanced CHF underwent measurement of 1) the PCWP response to low vs high level exercise, and 2) the change in peak aerobic capacity and limb vasodilatory capacity resulting from participation in a low level training program. PCWP was measured by right heart catheterization at rest, and during low and high level exercise. Patients then performed 12 weeks of low level training, utilizing a semi-recumbent bicycle. Pre- and post-training evaluations included pVO 2 , calf and forearm peak hyperemic blood flow (PHBF, ml/min/100 ml), and resting heart rate (HR, b/min). Results 1)PCWP rose to 20 mmHg during low level exercise (Δ54% vs rest), and 34 mmHg during high level exercise (Δ162% vs rest). 2)Pre- and post-training data are as follows: pVO 2 calf PHBF forearm PHBF HR pre-train 99 18 23 99 post-train 14.1 36 20 80 p value 0.02 l0.01 NS 0.02 Conclusions 1) The rise in PCWP is significantly less during low level exercise than during high level exercise. 2) Training at a workload consistent with ≤50% of pVO 2 significantly improves peak aerobic capacity. 3) PHBF in the trained calf increases 100% from baseline, while it does not change in the untrained forearm. Enhanced vasodilatory responses in exercising muscle may be an important contributor to improved peak aerobic capacity. Thus, low level training produces benefits similar to high level training with only a moderate rise in PCWP, and may therefore provide less of a stimulus for ventricular dilatation.
Comparison of detritus dynamics in two tidal freshwater wetlands

We have examined the generation and persistence of detritus in two con- trasting tidal freshwater wetlands on the Hudson River. These wetlands offer a difference in vegetation, with Tivoli South Bay dominated by a floating-leafed macrophyte (water- chestnut, Trapa natans) and North Bay a typical Typha marsh. In South Bay, there was a large amount of water-chestnut dry biomass (400 g/m2) available to enter the detritus pool, but there was no increase in the standing stock of benthic organic matter following senescence of water-chestnut. Our estimates show that mineralization plus leaching of dissolved material are sufficient to remove much of this detritus. In the Typha marsh, there is a large amount of detritus generated (_25% of annual primary production) and this material persists as a thick litter layer. Decomposition of this litter is very slow (0.3/yr). A portion of the litter may be exported because decomposition alone cannot account for the observed rate of disappearance from the marsh surface. Microbial abundance was used to estimate the amount of heterotrophic biomass sup- ported by these different types of detritus. Bacterial growth on water-chestnut detritus is relatively slow (106 cells mg-I d-l), resulting in a turnover of bacterial biomass in 10-36 d. Bacterial and fungal biomass associated with Typha were low, and could not account for the observed increase in nitrogen content.
Quantifying short-term wind power variability

Quantifying wind power generation variability is essential to power system operators, since wind variability has a significant effect on the system operating reserve requirements. An underestimation of these requirements can severely affect the reliability of the system. Moreover, quantifying wind power generation variability, regardless of its uncertainty, can provide important characteristics a generator must have so as to accommodate wind fluctuations. The purpose of this paper is to provide a new metric to characterize short-term variability of wind power generation or any other source. The new metric estimates the size of the interval within which the variable source's output values lie over a desired time frame, irrespective of the output's forecasting error levels. A case study exposes the shortcomings of the prevalent variability metric used in power systems, which is based on the spread of the variable source's output step-changes over various time frames. The comparison of the two metrics using real wind generation and demand data reveals that the proposed metric can effectively capture wind variability, and is capable of accommodating demand variability for up to 20.87% more instances.
Richter's syndrome mimicking chronic colitis

A 62-year-old woman developed diffuse histiocytic lymphoma in the couse of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and manifested symptoms mimicking chronic ulcerative colitis. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia may be complicated by the development of lymphoma designated Richter's syndrome. These lymphomas may present in the gastrointestinal tract with signs and symptoms suggestive of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Initial diagnostic studies, especially barium studies, may yield similar findings. However, histologic findings and clinical course are particularly important in differentiating the disorders.
Augmentation genioplasty: When bone is not enough

Abstract Purpose: Augmentation genioplasty is indicated to correct microgenia. When a large defect must be corrected, the additional use of a soft alloplastic implant may be indicated. Methods: A 22-year-old patient is presented who required correction of microgenia. A 15-mm advancement of the chin was required to obtain an acceptable cosmetic result. Results: An augmentation genioplasty achieved an 8-mm correction. This was supplemented by a silicone gel-filled implant inserted subperiosteally. This resulted in an out-standing cosmetic result. Conclusions: Chin contour is an important aspect of facial aesthetics. The sliding genioplasty is ideally suited for correcting most chin deformities; however, the insertion of an alloplast may augment patients with severe microgenia. Avoidance of the donor-site morbidity associated with the use of autogenous bone is a major benefit of this procedure.
Utility functions for simple games

Abstract This note characterizes the Shapley-Shubik index and the Banzhaf index on the class of simple games as utility functions which reflect different postures toward risk.
Development of the atrioventricular valve region in the human embryo

Severe cardiac malformations may involve the atrioventricular valve region, but the sequence of embryonic development of this important area has been little studied. In particular, the basis of atrioventricular muscular discontinuity, except at the conduction system, has remained unexplained. To examine this question, serial histologic sections of human embryos from the Carnegie Embryo-logical Collection and from the Hopkins Pathology Collection were studied and six embryos were reconstructed. The atrioventricular sulcus can be identified in Carnegie stage 10 as an indentation or crease on the right side separating the heart tube from the umbilical vein. By stage 12 the sulcus has deepened and rotated anteriorly as the atria appear and the heart tube elongates rapidly within the confining pericardial space. Selective accumulation of cardiac jelly on the endocardial aspect of the constriction of the heart tube produced by the atrioventricular sulcus is pronounced by stage 14. By stage 16 the separation of the atrioventricular orifice into right and left components is well advanced, and by stage 18 the septation of the atria and ventricles is largely complete. The muscular connection between the atria and the ventricles becomes interrupted around most of the artioventricular sulcus, except for the His bundle, during the latter part of the embryonic period. The topography of the original sulcus assumes a catenoidal or saddle-shaped configuration, i.e., convex in one plane and concave in the perpendicular plane. The tension and pressure relationships in such a structure would favor cardiac jelly accumulation and the eventual disintegration of lines of myocyte connections passing across the groove. The preservation of the His bundle connection is explained by the failure of the sulcus to completely encircle the heart.
INVESTIGATING RACIAL PROFILING BY THE MIAMI‐DADE POLICE DEPARTMENT: A MULTIMETHOD APPROACH

Research Summary The perception and existence of biased policing or racial profiling is one of the most difficult issues facing contemporary American society. Citizens from minority communities have focused their concerns on the improper use of race by law enforcement officers. The current research uses a complex methodological approach to investigate claims that the Miami-Dade, Florida Police Department uses race improperly for the purposes of making traffic stops and conducting post-stop activities. The results are mixed in that the officer's aggregate actions do not show a pattern of discriminatory actions toward minority citizens when making a traffic stop, but results of post-stop activities do show some disparate treatment of minorities. Policy Implications Five specific policy recommendations are made to reduce the perception or reality of racial profiling by the police. First, police departments must have clear policies and directives explaining the proper use of race in decision making. Second, officers must be trained and educated in the overall impact of using race as a factor in deciding how to respond to a citizen. Third, the department must maintain a data-collection and analytic system to monitor the activities of their officers as it pertains to the race of the citizen. The fourth police recommendation involves the use of record checks in the field that can set in motion a process that results in the detention and arrest of citizens. Fifth, the completion of a record of interrogation for later intelligence has implications for the citizen. The use of this intelligence tool must depend on suspicion rather than on the race of the citizen.
Anatase TiO2 Nanowires, Thin Films, and Surfaces: Ab initio Studies of Electronic Properties and Non-adiabatic Excited State Dynamics

We analyze and compare optoelectronic properties and hot carrier relaxation dynamics in different forms of TiO2 anatase materials: nanowires and thin films. The models are chosen in such way that the same crystallographic surfaces are exposed and any difference in properties is attributed to the change of the dimensionality of the nanostructure. Specifically, we give a brief review of the electronic properties and non-adiabatic excited state dynamics of anatase TiO2 nanowire as well as (100) and (001) anatase TiO2 surfaces. The calculated band gap of nanowire is larger than the ones of surfaces. The hole relaxation rate is higher than the electron relaxation rate for both the surfaces and nanowire, and the electron and hole relaxation rates of surfaces are larger than the ones of nanowire.
Realism, nonstandard set theory, and large cardinals

Abstract Mathematicians justify axioms of set theory “intrinsically”, by reference to the universe of sets of their intuition, and “extrinsically”, for example, by considerations of simplicity or usefullness for mathematical practice. Here we apply the same kind of justifications to Nonstandard Analysis and argue for acceptance of BNST + (Basic Nonstandard Set Theory plus additional Idealization axioms). BNST + has nontrivial consequences for standard set theory; for example, it implies existence of inner models with measurable cardinals. We also consider how to practice Nonstandard Analysis in BNST + , and compare it with other existing nonstandard set theories.
[3 + 2]-annulation reactions of chiral allylsilanes and chiral aldehydes. studies on the synthesis of bis-tetrahydrofuran substructures of annonaceous acetogenins

Double asymmetric [3 + 2]-annulation reactions of chiral β-silyloxyallylsilanes with chiral 2-tetrahydrofuranyl carboxaldehydes have been studied, leading to the stereocontrolled synthesis of six diastereomeric bis-tetrahydrofuran structures corresponding to the core subunits of members of the Annonaceous acetogenin family of natural products. Transition-state models are proposed to account for the stereoselectivity of the double-stereodifferentiating [3 + 2]-annulation reactions.
The Political Economy of Burke&s Analysis of the French Revolution

There are, perhaps, in the end only two ways in which a historian may undertake the study of a document in the history of political thought. One may consider it as a text, supposed to have been intended by its author and understood by its reader with the maximum coherence and unity possible; the historian's aim now becomes the reconstitution of the fullest possible interpretation available to intelligent readers at the relevant time. Alternatively, one may consider it as a tissue of statements, organized by its writer into a single document, but accessible and intelligible whether or not they have been harmonized into a single structure of meaning. The historian's aim is now the recovery of these statements, the establishment of the patterns of speech and thought forming the various contexts in which they become intelligible, and the pursuit of any changes in the normal employment of these patterns which may have occurred in consequence of the statements’ being made.