cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of New Copper(I) β-Diketonate Compounds for CVD of Copper

A series of (0β-diketonate) copper(l) trimethylphosphine compounds has been prepared. These species exist either as liquids or low-melting solids at room temperature. The utility of these compounds as precursors for Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) of copper has been examined under a variety of conditions. High purity films with low resistivities have been deposited under a variety of conditions. Selective copper deposition was observed as a function of the substrate, precursor and substrate temperature. Evidence consistent with thermallyinduced disproportionation of the title compounds to form copper metal and copper(II) (β-diketonate) 2 during deposition was observed.
Screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Case study: MP is a 16-year-old male who presents to your office for his annual health assessment and sports physical. During the course of his examination, you note a mild convexity in the thoracic region of his spine with forward flexion at the hips. Based on your clinical examination, you estimate a lateral spinal curvature of about 5 degrees.
Detecting the presence of an indwelling urinary catheter and urinary symptoms in hospitalized patients using natural language processing.

Abstract Objective To develop a natural language processing pipeline to extract positively asserted concepts related to the presence of an indwelling urinary catheter in hospitalized patients from the free text of the electronic medical note. The goal is to assist infection preventionists and other healthcare professionals in determining whether a patient has an indwelling urinary catheter when a catheter-associated urinary tract infection is suspected. Currently, data on indwelling urinary catheters is not consistently captured in the electronic medical record in structured format and thus cannot be reliably extracted for clinical and research purposes. Materials and methods We developed a lexicon of terms related to indwelling urinary catheters and urinary symptoms based on domain knowledge, prior experience in the field, and review of medical notes. A reference standard of 1595 randomly selected documents from inpatient admissions was annotated by human reviewers to identify all positively and negatively asserted concepts related to indwelling urinary catheters. We trained a natural language processing pipeline based on the V3NLP framework using 1050 documents and tested on 545 documents to determine agreement with the human reference standard. Metrics reported are positive predictive value and recall. Results The lexicon contained 590 terms related to the presence of an indwelling urinary catheter in various categories including insertion, care, change, and removal of urinary catheters and 67 terms for urinary symptoms. Nursing notes were the most frequent inpatient note titles in the reference standard document corpus; these also yielded the highest number of positively asserted concepts with respect to urinary catheters. Comparing the performance of the natural language processing pipeline against the human reference standard, the overall recall was 75% and positive predictive value was 99% on the training set; on the testing set, the recall was 72% and positive predictive value was 98%. The performance on extracting urinary symptoms (including fever) was high with recall and precision greater than 90%. Conclusions We have shown that it is possible to identify the presence of an indwelling urinary catheter and urinary symptoms from the free text of electronic medical notes from inpatients using natural language processing. These are two key steps in developing automated protocols to assist humans in large-scale review of patient charts for catheter-associated urinary tract infection. The challenges associated with extracting indwelling urinary catheter-related concepts also inform the design of electronic medical record templates to reliably and consistently capture data on indwelling urinary catheters.
Identification and Characterization of Fibronectin Isoforms from Zebrafish

Zebrafish synthesize a conserved form of fibronectin (FN1) that possesses 12 type I, 2 type II, 17 type III repeats including two alternative splice sites (EIIIA and EIIIB) and a variable region (V). As in other vertebrate fibronectins, zebrafish FNI contains an RGD cell adhesion site in type III10 and a second cell-binding site (LDV) in the V region. Analysis of FN cDNAs indicate that a second form of fibronectin is produced in zebrafish (FN2) that exhibits a truncated structure possessing 9 type 1, 2 type II and the first three type III repeats. Following 11I3, FN2 contains a unique 20 amino acid C-terminal tail that is different from the C-terminus of FNI, lacking the two cysteines that are usually involved in the formation of interchain disulfide bonds. FN2 is generated by a novel alternative RNA splicing pattern and FN2 mRNA is present in the zebrafish embryo throughout development as well as in liver cell cultures. In vitro experiments conducted with recombinant FN2 demonstrate that the protein promotes the attachment and spreading of fish embryo cells in culture.
Population Dynamics of Bark Beetles

Bark beetles colonize virtually all plant tissue types but are typically the most important pests of timber, tree fruit and seed crops, and ecologically important disturbance agents of forested landscapes around the world. For these reasons, scientists have been engaged for decades in elucidating the forces that affect their population dynamics. In this chapter, we review the population ecology of species exploiting seeds, herbaceous plants, and woody plants. We then examine the role that host tree resistance has played on life history trait evolution of conifer-feeding bark beetles and the patterns we observe in their population dynamics. The most important strategies for overcoming host plant resistance are: (1) adult aggregation capacity, (2) capacity to overwhelm tree defense, and (3) ability to tolerate host defenses. Variation in the presence of these traits among species influences their ability to access dead, weakened, or living trees (aggression) with corresponding effects on equilibrium population abundance and the influence of stochastic processes in their population dynamics. Stochastic processes that reinforce the traits listed above may generate positive feedback in aggressive species, permitting mass attack of healthy trees and the existence of an upper equilibrium, or outbreak density. Although stochastic factors influence variance in population abundance of less aggressive taxa, demographic constraints due to host resistance strongly regulate their populations near a low abundance equilibrium.
Alternative Times: Temporal Perceptions, Processes, and Practices Defining the Nonstandard Work Relationship

Alternative notions of temporality are the defining quality of nonstandard work relationships such as temporary jobs, contract labor, part-time employment, and various forms of telework. These arrangements challenge traditional boundaries of personal versus work time, call into question unlimited versus conditional time limits for membership, and highlight seasonal versus steady-state orientations toward production. This chapter focuses on the unique temporal perceptions, processes, and practices associated with nonstandard work arrangements that shape and are shaped by communication in local and global circumstances, spanning multiple levels of organizational analysis and, indeed, diverse areas of our discipline. Given the position of time as a constitutive communication construct, examining the intersection of time and nonstandard work relationships lends value to investigations on a wide variety of important “life” issues. For instance, contemporary stakeholder conversations surrounding issues of work-...
The universe of activity that is bioengineering research

What is bioengineering? A concise and meaningful answer to this question is important for pedagogy. This paper demonstrates that research activity within 'bioengineering' resides in a multidimensional space. A specific study can be characterized by an area into which it falls, a problem that it attacks, a specific level of analysis, a species of focus, pertinent disciplines, relevant tools that are employed, and temporal features. Each represents a dimension of the universe and each dimension may be shown to be largely orthogonal to every other dimension. The universe thus defined is sparsely populated. Accordingly, bioengineering is a field of rich opportunity within which frontiers lie almost everywhere.
Validated age-specific reference values for CSF total protein levels in children.

Abstract Objective To define age-specific reference values for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total protein levels for children and validate these values in children with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods Reference values for CSF total protein levels were determined in an extensive cohort of diagnostic samples from children ( Results The test results of 6145 diagnostic CSF samples from 3623 children were used to define reference values. The reference values based on the upper limit of the 95% CI (i.e. upper limit of normal) were for 6 months–2 years 0.25 g/L, 2–6 years 0.25 g/L, 6–12 years 0.28 g/L, 12–18 years 0.34 g/L. These reference values were confirmed in a subgroup of 378 children diagnosed with disorders that are not typically associated with increased CSF total protein. In addition, the CSF total protein levels in these children in the first 6 months after birth were highly variable (median 0.47 g/L, IQR 0.26–0.65). According to these new reference values, CSF total protein level was elevated in 85% of children with GBS, 66% with ADEM and 23% with MS. Conclusion More accurate age-specific reference values for CSF total protein levels in children were determined. These new reference values are more sensitive than currently used values for diagnosing GBS and ADEM in children.
Willingness to pay a premium for produce at direct marketing outlets: an ordered probit analysis

The concept of farm to consumer direct marketing has been popularly known to create opportunities for farmer-consumer relationship and enhance the sustainability of the local farming business. The objective of the present study was to predict the consumers’ willingness to pay for fresh produce in the direct marketing outlets and agritourism activities. An Internet survey relating to direct marketing and agritourism was conducted to understand the characteristics of consumers. A total of 1,134 participants completed the survey from Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Based on their responses, an ordered probit model was developed at a low premium (1-5 percent), medium premium (6-10 percent) and high premium (11percent and above) to predict respondents’ willingness to pay a premium for produce sold at direct marketing outlets. The estimated results show that consumers’ willingness to pay more to help preserve farmland or local business is highly significant. However, we discovered an inverse relationship for the Mid-Atlantic fresh greens shoppers. On average, as the travel distance increases, the likelihood of paying a higher premium decrease based on each additional mile they travel. The results of the ordered probit model will help all relevant stakeholders from the Mid-Atlantic States to promote direct marketing and agritourism industry in the region and enhance their knowledge of the industry. SAARC J. Agri., 15(2): 19-30 (2017)
Adjuvant Therapy in Childhood Neoplasms — An Overview

Dr. Frank M. Schabel, Jr. has outlined the fascinating fundamental concepts of neoplastic cell growth and cell kill based on data that have emerged from his studies in the laboratory in collaboration with Howard E. Skipper and colleagues (1).
Congenital Skin Abnormalities

Genetic skin disorders may be limited to skin, but may also beindicative of underlying multidiscipline disorders that may lead death or destruction of affected animals. Skin abnormalitiesof current concern are discussed. When a genetic skin disease issuspected, biopsy specimens of typically affected areas shouldbe submitted for diagnosis.
Abstract 120: Persistence in Antihypertensive Therapy - The Chicago Heart Association Detection Project Industry Study

Introduction: There is limited evidence on the long-term persistence of antihypertensive therapy. Methods: We linked Medicare Part D Event data (2006 - 2012) for participants of the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project Industry Study (1967 - 1972) who were diagnosed with essential hypertension and had at least one drug (any drug) event (N = 5,578). Antihypertensive medications and therapeutic classes were identified using the Medi-Span Electronic Drug File v2. The adherence rate was defined by the proportion of days covered (PDC) in 6-month intervals from the first fill of antihypertensive medication and was calculated separately for each therapeutic class. Additionally, to identify adherence patterns as the number of medications an individual used increased, we calculated adherence rates for time intervals after each subsequent medication was filled. Fractional response generalized linear models were used to identify predictors of the adherence patterns. Results: At 6 months from the first fill, the median adherence rate was 0.72 and the mean was 0.56. Roughly 30% of the individuals in the sample did not fill any antihypertensive medication for the duration of the study. Adherence rates declined substantially over time, but the largest drop occurred within the first 12 months. Compared to individuals with a high school degree or less, individuals with more than a high school degree were on average 8.6% more adherent (p-value Conclusion: Adherence to antihypertensive therapy decreased significantly over time and with greater medication burden. Interventions are needed to improve persistence in antihypertensive therapy, particularly among those taking multiple medications.
New Dangers In the New World: Cyber Attacks in the Healthcare Industry

The Internet of Things, IoT, is one of the developments in the new world that has impacted humanity in an unbelievable way. Most noticeably by the connections it has created between devices and the information-sharing network it has established. The implementation of this revolutionary technology, while creating many positive outcomes, also has the threat of privacy invasion by hacking, making individuals vulnerable to loss of private data. The greatest impact of this invasion is experienced by the healthcare industry. A hacking attack on medical records, or on biomedical devices can have lifelong implications, and in the case of implantable devices, have the potential to be fatal. Since there is the involvement of several persons in the maintenance and sharing of medical records as well as in the invention, design, development, and utilization of a medical device, preserving the security of data that is shared presents an enormous challenge. Additionally, the cyber security of devices and records in the healthcare industry comes under the purview of many agencies, and thus, no one department has been held responsible for their protection. The government has initiated several actionable items and the cyber security experts have suggested techniques for cyber defense. Regulatory protocols, safety measures and emergency procedures have not yet been developed and instituted, but much work has begun and is being sustained by the interaction of the biomedical industry, cyber defense experts, government agencies, and healthcare providers. The future of cyber security in the healthcare industry looks promising even as investment, infrastructure, and regulations have commenced in all the interconnected agencies.
The developmental parameters of the minute brown scavenger beetle Dienerella argus (Coleoptera: Latridiidae)

Adult and larva Dienerella argus (Reitter) (Coleoptera: Latridiidae) feed on fungi and are frequently found in indoor, moldy areas. The basic biology of this species, other than its feeding habits, has not been determined. In this study, the developmental parameters of the beetle were investigated using dried hyphae and conidia from three fungi that are common in living areas. The developmental periods of the beetle on Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium citrinum, and P. decumbens were examined at 15.5 ± 0.1, 19.4 ± 0.6, 23.5 ± 0.4, 27.3 ± 1.0, and 31.7 ± 2.4 °C (mean ± SD) under dark conditions. The lower developmental temperature threshold (T0 ± SE) and thermal constants (K ± SE) calculated from egg to adult emergence were 9.6 ± 1.15 °C and 545.5 ± 43.3 degree days (DD), 9.1 ± 0.35 °C and 483.1 ± 12.3 DD, and 10.7 ± 0.35 °C and 378.5 ± 9.3 DD on C. cladosporioides, P. citrinum, and P. decumbens, respectively. These developmental parameters indicate that this beetle can breed year-round in indoor areas that are in air-conditioned facilities. Based on the accumulated daily mean temperature above T0 (=10.7 °C on P. decumbens) in the garret, where the outbreak of D. argus had occurred, the number of generations per year was estimated at approximately eight.
The C-terminal WD40 repeats on the TOPLESS co-repressor function as a protein–protein interaction surface

The two predicted WD40 propellers on TOPLESS function as protein–protein interaction domains. The 1st WD40 propeller mediates interaction with RAV1, and the 2nd WD40 propeller mediates interaction with VRN5. The TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED (TPL/TPR) co-repressor family proteins are known to interact with a wide variety of proteins including transcription factors, Mediator subunits, histone deacetylases, and histone tails. Through these interactions, TPL/TPR act to repress transcription in an increasingly diverse array of plant pathways. Proteins that bind TPL/TPR typically contain one or more Repression Domains (RDs) that mediate the interaction. For example, the well-characterized Ethylene response factor-associated Amphiphilic Repression (EAR) motif is known to facilitate interaction by binding the TOPLESS Domain (TPD) located in the N-terminus. Here we show that in yeast two-hybrid assays, the non-EAR protein, Related to ABI3/VP1-1 (RAV1), binds a novel region located within the first nine WD40-repeats of TPL. Protein modeling and in silico analysis suggest that these nine WD40 repeats may form the first of two WD40 propellers located on C-terminus of TPL. The interaction between RAV1 and the 1st WD40 propeller is conserved with another RAV family member, TEMPRANILLO1 (TEM1) and is mediated by the B3 Repression Domain (BRD) located on both RAV1 and TEM1. Also, the predicted 2nd WD40 propeller was shown in yeast cells to bind Vernalization 5 (VRN5), which contains several unconfirmed partial RDs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the 1st WD40 propeller of TPL can form a complex with RAV1 both in yeast and in Arabidopsis protoplasts.
The Relationship Between Biological and Imaging Characteristics in Enhancing and Nonenhancing Glioma

Advanced MR imaging offers insights into the biological processes underpinning the enhancing and nonenhancing signal abnormality characteristic of glioma seen on routine MR imaging. Here we focus on physiologic and metabolic MR imaging techniques including diffusion, perfusion, and spectroscopy, as they relate to histopathology and molecular features of gliomas. The utility of these advanced techniques in evaluating glioma treatment response is also discussed.
Mitigating effects of osmolytes on the interactions between nanoparticles and supported lipid bilayer

To maintain osmotic balance, cells usually produce neutral solutes (i.e., osmolytes), together with charged species to cope with salinity stress. Osmolytes are known to be important in stabilizing/destabilizing macromolecules (e.g., proteins) via depletion /accumulation around their surfaces. To better understand the physiological fate of nanoparticles (NPs), we investigated the effect of osmolytes [(urea and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)] and specific anions (NO3- and F-) on the interactions between NPs and supported lipid bilayers (SLBs). Carboxylated polystyrene NPs (60 nm) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) were chosen as model NPs and lipid. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) was used to quantify NP deposition dynamics. Microscale thermophoresis (MST) was used to characterize the affinity between DOPC vesicles (or NPs) and osmolytes. Our results show that osmolytes are capable of protecting SLBs from NP-induced disruption. Upon NP deposition onto supported vesicle layers (SVLs), the leakage of encapsulated dyes decreased with the addition of osmolytes. The combination of kosmotropes (TMAO and F-) are more efficient than that of chaotropes (urea and NO3-) in weakening the hydrophobic interaction between NPs and SLBs by preferential binding to NPs and/or SLBs.
Genetic characteristics of echovirus 11 among healthy children in Shifang city, Sichuan province

Objective To analyze the genetic characteristics of echovirus 11 (E11) in Shifang city, Sichuan province. Methods Stool specimens were collected from the healthy children in one urban kindergarten of Shifang city. Enterovirus (EV) nucleic acid detection, virus isolation and sequencing of full length VP1 gene were carried out. Phylogenetic tree was constructed and genogroup/subgenogroup was identified according to phylogenetic clustering. Results Of the 69 stool specimens detected, 32 were EV nucleic acid positive. Twenty stool specimens (Ct≤33) were selected for virus isolation, and 14 strains were harvested, including eight E11 strains. The identities of VP1 gene sequences and deduced amino acid sequences among E11 strains were ≥99.4% and ≥98.9%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed all Shifang E11 were clustered with reference strains of subgenogroup D5. Conclusions The E11 strains isolated from healthy children in Shifang city belonged to subgenogroup D5 and was different from previously reported circulating genogroups (A and C) in China. The E11 strains of subgenogroup D5 may cause encephalitis, meningitis, hand, foot, and mouth disease and other diseases. The surveillance is needed concerning the extent and duration of its circulation. Key words: Healthy children; Echovirus 11; VP1 sequencing; Genetic characteristics
Tools of the astrophysicist

The Physics of Astrophysics. Volume 1: Radiation. Volume 2: Gas Dynamics. By Frank H. Shu. University Science Books/W. H. Freeman: 1991. Pp. 429 (vol. l)/476 (vol. 2). $46.50, £29.95 each.
Earthquake-Driven Coastal Change: Ghost Forests, Graveyards and “Komodo Dragons”

Like Indonesia prior to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, much of the west coast of North America (northern California through Vancouver Island BC) has had no instrumentally or historically recorded great earthquakes and tsunamis. This lack of events is a veil of safety that the geologic record indicates is false. Analysis of sediments deposited by these events provides important information about prior and potential earthquake and tsunami characteristics (magnitude, frequency, runup, etc.) fundamental to having an informed population and hazard preparation and mitigation. Collecting these sediments requires fieldwork, my favorite part of the job, which often provides some unique experiences. In this chapter, ghost forests and a graveyard bookend paleoearthquake fieldwork in coastal Oregon and a dance with a ‘Komodo Dragon’ in coastal Malaysia makes sampling the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami an experience I will never forget.
The Hom–Yang–Baxter equation, Hom–Lie algebras, and quasi-triangular bialgebras

We study a twisted version of the Yang–Baxter equation, called the Hom–Yang–Baxter equation (HYBE), which is motivated by Hom–Lie algebras. Three classes of solutions of the HYBE are constructed, one from Hom–Lie algebras and the others from Drinfeld's (dual) quasi-triangular bialgebras. Each solution of the HYBE can be extended to operators that satisfy the braid relations. Assuming an invertibility condition, these operators give a representation of the braid group.
A hybrid nasal intubation technique for the head and neck surgical patient: a case series and review of the literature

Purpose The inherent morbidity associated with intubation, especially nasal intubation, is well documented in the literature. Risks include vocal cord trauma, arytenoid dislocation, and trauma throughout the nasopharynx and the larynx. Furthermore, repeated intubation attempts are associated with increased patient morbidity and mortality. The head and neck surgical patient poses a unique challenge to the anesthesiologist, presenting with a difficult airway in addition to often requiring nasal intubation for surgical access. This case report series evaluates a hybrid technique that applies existing difficult airway strategies as a standard combined approach in the head and neck surgical patient without trismus. Nasal intubation is achieved with direct laryngoscopy, with or without the assistance of Magill forceps, fiberoptic scopes, and video laryngoscopes, to minimize nasopharyngeal trauma. Our method combines the standard armamentarium for rescue techniques into a hybrid approach. Methods Once anesthesia is induced and after topicalization with lidocaine and oxymetazoline, a nasal Ring-Adair-Elwyn (RAE) endotracheal tube is passed through the favorable nostril and into the nasopharynx. The video laryngoscope is next used to visualize the glottis. Once the tip of the nasal RAE is advanced and visualized near the glottic opening, a fiberoptic scope is passed through the nasal RAE. Two video screens are used simultaneously to guide the fiberoptic scope and subsequently the endotracheal tube through the glottis. Results The 3 patients described in this article were successfully intubated by using this approach, without the use of Magill forceps. This resulted in minimal trauma, fewer intubation attempts, and comparable intubation time. Conclusions Although neither the constituents nor the techniques are unique, they are usually reserved as mutually exclusive rescue measures for managing the difficult airway. We believe this hybrid technique may become the standard of care for the majority of head and neck surgical patients requiring nasal intubation. This decreases the risk of nasopharyngeal and laryngeal trauma and does not increase cost because the video laryngoscope and the fiberoptic scope are standard equipment available in most hospitals. This approach may decrease patient morbidity and reduce total intubation time.
SARS-CoV-2 Transmission From People Without COVID-19 Symptoms.

Importance Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is readily transmitted person to person. Optimal control of COVID-19 depends on directing resources and health messaging to mitigation efforts that are most likely to prevent transmission, but the relative importance of such measures has been disputed. Objective To assess the proportion of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions in the community that likely occur from persons without symptoms. Design, Setting, and Participants This decision analytical model assessed the relative amount of transmission from presymptomatic, never symptomatic, and symptomatic individuals across a range of scenarios in which the proportion of transmission from people who never develop symptoms (ie, remain asymptomatic) and the infectious period were varied according to published best estimates. For all estimates, data from a meta-analysis was used to set the incubation period at a median of 5 days. The infectious period duration was maintained at 10 days, and peak infectiousness was varied between 3 and 7 days (−2 and +2 days relative to the median incubation period). The overall proportion of SARS-CoV-2 was varied between 0% and 70% to assess a wide range of possible proportions. Main Outcomes and Measures Level of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from presymptomatic, never symptomatic, and symptomatic individuals. Results The baseline assumptions for the model were that peak infectiousness occurred at the median of symptom onset and that 30% of individuals with infection never develop symptoms and are 75% as infectious as those who do develop symptoms. Combined, these baseline assumptions imply that persons with infection who never develop symptoms may account for approximately 24% of all transmission. In this base case, 59% of all transmission came from asymptomatic transmission, comprising 35% from presymptomatic individuals and 24% from individuals who never develop symptoms. Under a broad range of values for each of these assumptions, at least 50% of new SARS-CoV-2 infections was estimated to have originated from exposure to individuals with infection but without symptoms. Conclusions and Relevance In this decision analytical model of multiple scenarios of proportions of asymptomatic individuals with COVID-19 and infectious periods, transmission from asymptomatic individuals was estimated to account for more than half of all transmissions. In addition to identification and isolation of persons with symptomatic COVID-19, effective control of spread will require reducing the risk of transmission from people with infection who do not have symptoms. These findings suggest that measures such as wearing masks, hand hygiene, social distancing, and strategic testing of people who are not ill will be foundational to slowing the spread of COVID-19 until safe and effective vaccines are available and widely used.
Effect of Polymer Removal on the Morphology and Phase of the Nanoparticles in All-Inorganic Heterostructures Synthesized via Two-Step Polymer Infiltration

Polymer templates play an essential role in the robust infiltration-based synthesis of functional multicomponent heterostructures with controlled structure, porosity, and composition. Such heterostructures are be used as hybrid organic–inorganic composites or as all-inorganic systems once the polymer templates are removed. Using iron oxide/alumina heterostructures formed by two-step infiltration of polystyrene-block-polyvinyl pyridine block copolymer with iron and aluminum precursors from the solution and vapor-phases, respectively, we show that the phase and morphology of iron oxide nanoparticles dramatically depend on the approach used to remove the polymer. We demonstrate that thermal and plasma oxidative treatments result in iron oxide nanoparticles with either solid or hollow morphologies, respectively, that lead to different magnetic properties of the resulting materials. Our study extends the boundaries of structure manipulations in multicomponent heterostructures synthesized using polymer infiltration synthesis, and hence their properties.
Measurement of labile and protein-bound heme in fixed prostate cancer cells and in cellular fractions.

Summary Labile heme is present in the cells at very low concentrations, either unbound or loosely bound to molecules, and accessible for signaling as alarmin. Our recent work suggests that extracellular heme can be taken up and detected in the nuclei of cancer cells. Here, we describe the detailed protocol for detection of labile and total heme in prostate cancer cells and its measurement in subcellular compartments in vitro. The protocol can be adapted to be used for other cell types. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Canesin et al. (2020) .
Rethinking learning games: why they must evolve in order to survive

Play has no agenda. Children play for their own reasons, and even though their play can exhibit fierce determination, persistence, and a will to mastery, it does so only in the service of goals that children set for themselves. Play is a private entertainment space. It is distinct from school, where some learning goals may be set by the child, but where more commonly they are set externally, and where success is often met with extrinsic rewards.
The Performance of Nationalism : India, Pakistan, and the Memory of Partition

1. Introduction 2. Bordering on drama: the performance of politics and the politics of performance 3. Ghatak's cinema and the discoherence of the Bengal partition 4. The poetics and politics of accommodation 5. Somatic texts and the gender of partition 6. Kashmir: hospitality and the 'unfinished business' of partition.
Comparative toxicology of the pyrethroid insecticides.

Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are photostable analogs of the natural pyrethrins of botanical origin. Their structures range from very similar to the original (e.g., allethrin, Fig. 1) to highly dissimilar compounds (e.g., flucythrinate, Fig. 1). Directed synthesis by groups in Japan (Sumitomo Chemical Co.) and England (NRDC) resulted in very potent insecticides and a commercial success for the synthetic pyrethroids.
Measurement of corner-cube polarization

Photographs of corner cube retroreflectors using a polarimeter and collimated laser illumination have verified their polarization properties.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Global Competition: Law, Markets and Globalization

1. Law, Competition, and Global Markets PART I SOVEREIGNTY AS THE FRAMEWORK FOR GLOBAL COMPETITION 2. Global Competition Law: A Project Conceived and Abandoned 3. Sovereignty as a Solution: Extending the Reach of National Laws 4. Globalization and Competition Law: Conflict, Uncertainty, and the Promise of Convergence PART II DOMESTIC EXPERIENCE AND GLOBAL COMPETITION LAW 5. US Antitrust Law: Model and Lens 6. Competition Law in Europe: Market, Community, and Integration 7. Globalization, Development, and 'Other Players': Widening the Lens PART III COMPETITION LAW AS A TRANSNATIONAL PROJECT 8. Convergence as Strategy: Scope and Limits 9. Reconceiving Competition Law for Global Markets: Agreements, Commitments, and Pathways 10. Global Competition and Law: Trajectories and Promises
How I Use Multicultural Education to Impact Student Learning and Develop Critical Thinking Skills

I work at an elementary school along the United States and Mexican border. The school is located in a small town outside of the city's limits. It is in a low socio-economic neighborhood and serves ...
Diel light:dark cycles significantly reduce FFA accumulation in FFA producing mutants of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 compared to continuous light

Abstract We examine the effect of diel light:dark cycles (12:12 LD) on the production of free fatty acids (FFAs) in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Our results show that FFA titers in FFA producing strains of Synechocystis were significantly reduced in 12:12 LD compared to continuous light. On the transcriptional level, we saw no significant changes of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway as a result of increased FFA production. In addition, we describe our efforts in increasing FFA production by introducing 'tesA from Escherichia coli. Despite evidence of 'tesA mRNA transcript abundance, no measurable TesA enzymatic activity was observed in our Synechocystis mutants. Overall, our work demonstrates the importance of considering the effects of diel light:dark cycles in the metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria.
A conduit dilation model of methane venting from lake sediments

[1] Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, but its effects on Earth's climate remain poorly constrained, in part due to uncertainties in global methane fluxes to the atmosphere. An important source of atmospheric methane is the methane generated in organic-rich sediments underlying surface water bodies, including lakes, wetlands, and the ocean. The fraction of the methane that reaches the atmosphere depends critically on the mode and spatiotemporal characteristics of free-gas venting from the underlying sediments. Here we propose that methane transport in lake sediments is controlled by dynamic conduits, which dilate and release gas as the falling hydrostatic pressure reduces the effective stress below the tensile strength of the sediments. We test our model against a four-month record of hydrostatic load and methane flux in Upper Mystic Lake, Mass., USA, and show that it captures the complex episodicity of methane ebullition. Our quantitative conceptualization opens the door to integrated modeling of methane transport to constrain global methane release from lakes and other shallow-water, organic-rich sediment systems, and to assess its climate feedbacks.
Antiphase domain annihilation during growth of GaP on Si by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Growing high-quality GaP on Si typically requires a two-step growth process in which the nucleation and overgrowth processes are decoupled. However, even under ideal circumstances, antiphase domains inevitably form during the nucleation step and thus need to be annihilated during the overgrowth step to achieve smooth, single-orientation GaP films. We investigated the effects of V/III flux ratio and growth rate on the propagation and annihilation of antiphase boundaries during the overgrowth step. By enhancing Ga-adatom orientation-dependent surface diffusion, the growth of existing antiphase domains was suppressed by the surrounding film such that the antiphase domains annihilated and yielded a single-orientation film. Characterization of GaP films by atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and reflection high-energy electron diffraction shows that certain conditions promoted the annihilation of antiphase boundaries and resulted in smoother films.
Lethal GVHD across minor histocompatibility barriers: nature of the effector cells and role of the H-2 complex

Transfer of T-cells to heavily irradiated, H-2-compatible mice frequently leads to a high incidence of lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Lymphoid cells depleted of Thy1+ cells fail to cause GVHD. Studies with a variety of different, H-2-compatible, strain-combinations suggest that minor, histocompatibility antigens (minor HA) are the main targets for eliciting lethal GVHD. Experiments in which T-cells are negatively selected to minor HA by acute blood-to-lymph recirculation through irradiated hosts have indicated that the T-cells eliciting GVHD to minor HA, are H-2-restricted. In H-2-compatible hosts, the donor T-cells recognize the minor HA of the host and become temporarily trapped in the lymphoid tissues for 1-2 days; during this stage of negative selection, the donor T-cells entering the lymph are specifically devoid of cells able to elicit GVHD against the host, minor HA on further transfer. When the selection host is H-2-different with respect to the donor T-cells, by contrast, the T-cells ignore the host, minor HA and negative selection fails to occur. The T-cells recirculate normally and are unimpaired in their capacity to elicit GVHD on further transfer. By the use of various H-2-recombinant mice as selection hosts it has been shown that, as for T-cells exerting cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) to minor HA in vitro, the T-cells which elicit lethal GVHD to minor HA comprise two distinct subsets of H-2-restricted cells. One subset recognizes minor HA in the context of H-2K (or K end) molecules whereas the other is specific for minor HA-plus-H-2D. Curiously, in marked contrast to the findings on CML responses in vitro, no evidence has been found that H-2I-restricted T-cells contribute to GVHD, either as effector cells or as helper cells. Purified populations of Lyt 1-2+ T-cells have potent GVHD activity, whereas Lyt 1+2- cells fail to cause GVHD. Studies with various types of bone-marrow chimeras suggest that in the induction phase, T-cells recognize minor HA only on lymphohematopoietic cells. In the effector phase, by contrast, non-marrow-derived cells appear to be the main targets of attack. Although the pathogenesis of GVHD is poorly understood, the lethal form of the disease probably reflects the penetration of mucosal surfaces by pathogenic organisms, perhaps as the result of direct destruction of epithelial cells by minor HA-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Direct support for this notion has yet to be obtained.
Asymptotic optimal control of uncertain nonlinear Euler-Lagrange systems

A sufficient condition to solve an optimal control problem is to solve the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation. However, finding a value function that satisfies the HJB equation for a nonlinear system is challenging. For an optimal control problem when a cost function is provided a priori, previous efforts have utilized feedback linearization methods which assume exact model knowledge, or have developed neural network (NN) approximations of the HJB value function. The result in this paper uses the implicit learning capabilities of the RISE control structure to learn the dynamics asymptotically. Specifically, a Lyapunov stability analysis is performed to show that the RISE feedback term asymptotically identifies the unknown dynamics, yielding semi-global asymptotic tracking. In addition, it is shown that the system converges to a state space system that has a quadratic performance index which has been optimized by an additional control element. An extension is included to illustrate how a NN can be combined with the previous results. Experimental results are given to demonstrate the proposed controllers.
Placing Our Assumptions at Risk: Pathway to Changing the Culture of the Community College.

Changing the culture of the community college is central in the journey to become learning institutions. The culture of an organization is made up of the assumptions held by its members, and some of these have to change if the necessary transformation is to occur. Recent research on change suggests this can best be achieved if the people in the organization deepen their ability to surface, suspend, and evaluate their present assumptions. A Curriculum Guide for Professional Development, included in the article, describes steps community college educators can take in this process.
Whole Genome Expression Profiling Shows that BRG1 Transcriptionally Regulates UV Inducible Genes and Other Novel Targets in Human Cells

UV irradiation is known to cause cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs), and plays a large role in the development of cancer. Tumor suppression, through DNA repair and proper cell cycle regulation, is an integral factor in maintaining healthy cells and preventing development of cancer. Transcriptional regulation of the genes involved in the various tumor suppression pathways is essential for them to be expressed when needed and to function properly. BRG1, an ATPase catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, has been identified as a tumor suppressor protein, as it has been shown to play a role in Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) of CPDs, suppress apoptosis, and restore checkpoint deficiency, in response to UV exposure. Although BRG1 has been shown to regulate transcription of some genes that are instrumental in proper DNA damage repair and cell cycle maintenance in response to UV, its role in transcriptional regulation of the whole genome in response to UV has not yet been elucidated. With whole genome expression profiling in SW13 cells, we show that upon UV induction, BRG1 regulates transcriptional expression of many genes involved in cell stress response. Additionally, our results also highlight BRG1's general role as a master regulator of the genome, as it transcriptionally regulates approximately 4.8% of the human genome, including expression of genes involved in many pathways. RT-PCR and ChIP were used to validate our genome expression analysis. Importantly, our study identifies several novel transcriptional targets of BRG1, such as ATF3. Thus, BRG1 has a larger impact on human genome expression than previously thought, and our studies will provide inroads for future analysis of BRG1's role in gene regulation.
Biological Activities of Conjugated Fatty Acids: Conjugated Eicosadienoic (conj. 20:2Δc11,t13/ t12,c14), Eicosatrienoic (conj. 20:3Δc8,t12,c14), and Heneicosadienoic (conj. 21:2Δc12,t14/ c13,t15) Acids and Other Metabolites of Conjugated Linoleic Acid

The elongated form of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), conjugated eicosadienoic acid (CEA, conj. 20:2delta(c11,t13/t12,c14)), was generated from CLA by liver microsomal fractions. Subsequent testing showed that dietary CEA significantly reduced body fat, and increased lean mass similar to CLA when compared to controls. CEA also decreased lipoprotein lipase activity and triacylglyceride, and increased glycerol release in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, correlated with the trans-12,cis-14 isomer, but CEA required a longer incubation period than cells treated with CLA. Based on the fact that CEA fed animals had CLA in tissue, we suggest that the effect of CEA is due to the CLA converted from CEA in the system. The delta-6 desaturated and elongated form of trans-10,cis-12 CLA (conjugated eicosatrienoic acid, CETA, conj. 20:3delta(c8,t12,c14)) inhibited LPL activity and increased glycerol release but was less active than trans-10,cis-12 CLA or CEA. The 21-carbon conjugated fatty acid, conjugated heneicosadienoic acid (CHDA, conj. 21:2delta(c12,t14/c13,t15)), was not active on LPL inhibition, triacylglyceride, or glycerol release in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We also provide evidence that CLA was metabolized to conjugated dodecadienoic acid (conj. 12:2delta(c3,t5/t4,c6)). In addition, there were indications of the presence of conjugated tetradecadienoic acid (conj. 14:2delta(c5,t7/t6,c8)), suggesting that CLA can be metabolized through fatty acid beta-oxidation. This is the first work to report the presence of conjugated 12 and 14 carbon fatty acids, originated from CLA, and the biological activities of CEA, CETA and CHDA.
Complexities of the San Andreas fault near San Gorgonio Pass: Implications for large earthquakes

[1] Geologic relationships and patterns of crustal seismicity constrain the three-dimensional geometry of the active portions of San Andreas fault zone near San Gorgonio Pass, southern California. Within a 20-km-wide contractional stepover between two segments of the fault zone, the San Bernardino and Coachella Valley segments, folds, and dextral-reverse and dextral-normal faults form an east-west belt of active structures. The dominant active structure within the stepover is the San Gorgonio Pass-Garnet Hill faults, a dextral-reverse fault system that dips moderately northward. Within the hanging wall block of the San Gorgonio Pass-Garnet Hill fault system are subsidiary active dextral and dextral-normal faults. These faults relate in complex but understandable ways to the strike-slip faults that bound the stepover. The pattern of crustal seismicity beneath these structures includes a 5–8 km high east-west striking step in the base of crustal seismicity, which corresponds to the downdip limit of rupture of the 1986 North Palm Springs earthquake. We infer that this step has been produced by slip on the linked San Gorgonio Pass-Garnet Hill-Coachella Valley Banning (SGP-GH-CVB) fault. This association enables us to construct a structure contour map of the fault plane. The large step in the base of seismicity downdip from the SGP-GH-CVB fault system probably reflects a several kilometers offset of the midcrustal brittle-plastic transition. (U/Th)/He thermochronometry supports our interpretation that this south-under-north thickening of the crust has created the region's 3 km of topographic relief. We conclude that future large earthquakes generated along the San Andreas fault in this region will have a multiplicity of mostly specifiable sources having dimensions of 1–20 km. Two tasks in seismic hazard evaluation may now be attempted with greater confidence: first, the construction of synthetic seismograms that make useful predictions of ground shaking, and second, theoretical investigations of the role of this complexity in retarding the propagation of future seismic ruptures.