cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hegel and Islam: Orientalism

This chapter offers a comprehensive treatment of Hegel’s assessment of Islam in terms of its fundamental beliefs, its philosophical traditions, its aesthetics, and its place in the history of philosophy and in world history generally. Hegel’s accounts of Islam adumbrate a long period of Western thinking about Islam that reaches into our own era. Islam, according to him, is characterized by caprice, lack of restraint, and fanaticism—all focused in an intrinsic impulse toward world conquest. Hegel did see Islam’s assertion of an utterly transcendent Divinity as an essential stage of world history but one which had to be superseded by a more dialectical conception of God as embodied in the Christian Trinity. In fact, he explicitly saw Islam as the “antithesis” of Christianity.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF FEMINIST THEORY AND PRACTICE TO HUMAN RIGHTS

While it was primarily been propertied, male, European thinkers who have advanced the idea of the individual subject worthy of rights, this essay argues that feminist theory and practice are the current driving force for the expansion of human rights. The article examines primary elements of feminist theory, particularly the intersectional approach and the critique of the public/private divide. It also examines feminist practices by taking the case example of the women’s movements in Brazil. The author calls for the recognition of feminist theory and practice as universalizing and expanding the narrow conceptions of the ‘human’ inherent in the initial writings and in jurisprudence.
Sleeping oxygen saturation, rapid eye movement sleep, and the adaptation of postprandial metabolic function in insulin sensitive and resistant individuals without diabetes.

Abstract Aims Sleeping oxygen saturation (SaO2) and sleep stage duration have been linked with prediabetic alterations but the pathogenic pathways are not well understood. This study of insulin sensitive and resistant adults examined the effect on postprandial metabolic regulation of repeated mixed-meal challenges of different carbohydrate loading. The aim was to examine whether the relationship between lower sleeping oxygen saturation (SaO2) and poorer fasting and postprandial metabolic function may be linked with reduced slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) duration, independent of age, sex and total adiposity. Methods The 24 men and women, aged 25–54 years, had no diabetes or other diagnosed conditions, were evaluated with polysomnography to derive indices of SaO2 and sleep architecture. In addition, an OGTT and two 14-h serial mixed-meal tests were administered over 3 successive in-patient days. The carbohydrate content of the mixed-meals was manipulated to compare a standard-load day with a double-load day (300 vs. 600 kcal/meal). Quantitative modeling was applied to derive β-cell glucose sensitivity (β-GS), early insulin secretion rate sensitivity (ESRS), and total postprandial insulinemia (AUCINS). Results Analyses showed that, for the 14-h tests, the SaO2 relationship with metabolic outcomes was associated significantly with percent time spent in REM but not SWS, independent of age, sex and total adiposity. Specifically, indirect pathways indicated that lower SaO2 was related to shorter REM duration, and shorter REM was respectively associated with higher β-GS, ESRS, and AUCINS for the 300- and 600-load days (300 kcal/meal: β = −8.68, p Conclusion Sleeping oxygen desaturation and diminished REM duration are associated with a metabolic pattern that reflects a compensatory adaptation of postprandial insulin metabolism accompanying preclinical diabetic risk.
OperationARIES!: aliens, spies and research methods

Operation ARIES! is an Intelligent Tutoring System that teaches research methodology in a game-like atmosphere. There is a dramatic storyline that engages and motivates students as they acquire both declarative knowledge and critical reasoning skills. ARIES has three modules in which students maintain mixed-initiative dialogue with multiple artificial agents. The internal architecture is similar to that of AutoTutor which uses natural language interaction in the tutorial dialogues. Learning as well as the engaging and motivating factors of ARIES are currently being investigated.
A balance between aerodynamic and olfactory performance during flight in Drosophila

The ability to track odor plumes to their source (food, mate, etc.) is key to the survival of many insects. During this odor-guided navigation, flapping wings could actively draw odorants to the antennae to enhance olfactory sensitivity, but it is unclear if improving olfactory function comes at a cost to aerodynamic performance. Here, we computationally quantify the odor plume features around a fruit fly in forward flight and confirm that the antenna is well positioned to receive a significant increase of odor mass flux (peak 1.8 times), induced by wing flapping, vertically from below the body but not horizontally. This anisotropic odor spatial sampling may have important implications for behavior and the algorithm during plume tracking. Further analysis also suggests that, because both aerodynamic and olfactory functions are indispensable during odor-guided navigation, the wing shape and size may be a balance between the two functions.
Role of TNFα Antagonists in Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Infection in Association with Genetic Polymorphisms in Crohn’s Disease

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a relapsing inflammatory bowel disease that has been associated with bacterial triggers such as Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Overreactive immune response in CD patients involves a significant elevation in Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα), which causes upregulation in multiple cytokine levels, leading to formation and maintenance of granuloma. Standard CD treatment includes immunomodulators and biologics such as Anti-TNFα. We hypothesize that blocking TNFα promotes MAP survival which worsens the disease condition. Therefore, CD treatment plan should include MAP-specific antibiotics and novel cytokine targets based on personalized medicinal approach. RHB-104, a triple antibiotics formulation ((63.3 %) clarithromycin, (6.7 %) clofazimine, and (30 %) rifabutin), recombinant TNFα, adalimumab (Humira ® ), and certolizumab pegol (Cimzia ® ) were evaluated in vitro for effect on MAP culture and macrophages infected with MAP. As expected, RHB-104 was detrmintal to MAP (MIC superfamily 1(A/B ) in 54 CD patients compared to 50 healthy subjects by using TaqMan TM genotyping assay. This study should provide i) data about the safety of Anti-TNFα biologics in CD patients-associated with MAP infection and ii) predictions toward response to treatment plan based on patient’s pharmacogenomics.
Buffered or impaired: Maternal anemia, inflammation and breast milk macronutrients in northern Kenya.

Background Maternal anemia has adverse consequences for the mother-infant dyad. To evaluate whether and how milk nutrient content may change in ways that could "buffer" infants against the conditions underlying maternal anemia, this study assessed associations between milk macronutrients and maternal iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), non-iron-deficiency anemia (NIDA), and inflammation. Methods A secondary analysis of cross-sectional data and milk from northern Kenya was conducted (n = 204). The combination of hemoglobin and transferrin receptor defined IDA/NIDA. Elevated serum C-reactive protein defined acute inflammation. The effects of IDA, NIDA, and inflammation on milk macronutrients were evaluated in regression models. Results IDA (β = 0.077, p = .022) and NIDA (β = 0.083, p = .100) predicted higher total protein (ln). IDA (β = -0.293, p = .002), NIDA (β = -0.313, p = .047), and inflammation (β = -0.269, p = .007) each predicted lower fat (ln); however, anemia accompanying inflammation predicted higher fat (β = 0.655, p = .007 for IDA and β = 0.468, p = .092 for NIDA). NIDA predicted higher lactose (β = 1.020, p = .003). Conclusions Milk macronutrient content both increases and decreases in the presence of maternal anemia and inflammation, suggesting a more complicated and dynamic change than simple impairment of nutrient delivery during maternal stress. Maternal fat delivery to milk may be impaired under anemia. Mothers may buffer infant nutrition against adverse conditions or poor maternal health by elevating milk protein (mothers with IDA/NIDA), lactose (mothers with NIDA), or fat (mothers with anemia and inflammation). This study demonstrates the foundational importance of maternal micronutrient health and inflammation or infection for advancing the ecological understanding of human milk nutrient variation.
257 Residential exposures are associated with increased odds of SLE diagnosis

Background Environmental exposures, such as pesticides, silica, and asbestos have been associated with risk of SLE. In this study, we assessed the association between different residential exposures and SLE diagnosis in a diverse cohort of lupus participants and healthy controls. Methods Data were from the California Lupus Epidemiology Study (CLUES), a racially/ethnically diverse cohort of SLE patients, and healthy controls with no history of autoimmune systematic diseases who resided in the San Francisco Bay Area. SLE diagnoses were confirmed through medical records and rheumatologist clinical examination. All participants completed a structured interview that included demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity and education) and residential exposures (frequent exterminator use, other home insecticide use, kerosene for heating, and living in an agricultural area), and for SLE, disease damage (Brief Index of Lupus Damage, BILD) score and age of lupus diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed the association of each exposure with SLE status, and linear regression models to examine the association of each exposure with disease damage (i.e. BILD score) for SLE patients, both adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity and education. Results We included 359 SLE patients with an average diagnosis age of 32±11 years and 106 healthy controls. Ninety-one percent of SLE patients and 89% of controls were female. SLE patients were older than controls, with a mean age of 49±14 vs. 41±16 (p Conclusions SLE diagnosis was associated with increased odds of residential exposures, but this study is under powered to fully examine individual exposures. Lack of information on timing of exposures is another study limitation. While this study demonstrates the prevalence of exposures, the observed trend warrants further investigation with assessments of exposure timing relative to age and SLE diagnosis. Funding Source(s): Centers for Disease Control (U01DP005120)
The Role of Organic Synthesis in the Emergence and Development of Antibody-Drug Conjugates as Targeted Cancer Therapies.

With a number of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) approved for clinical use as targeted cancer therapies and numerous candidates in clinical trials, the field of ADCs is emerging as one of the frontiers in biomedical research, particularly in the area of cancer treatment. Chemists, biologists and clinicians, among other scientists, are partnering their expertise to improve their design, synthesis, efficacy and precision as they strive to advance this paradigm of personalized and targeted medicine to treat cancer patients more effectively and to expand its scope to other indications. Just as Alexander Fleming's penicillin, and the myriad other bioactive natural products that followed its discovery and success in the clinic, ignited a revolution in medicine after the Second World War, so did calicheamicin γ1 I , and other highly potent naturally occurring antitumor agents, play a pivotal role in enabling the advent of this new paradigm of "biological-small molecule hybrid" medical intervention. Today there are four clinically approved drugs from the ADC paradigm, Mylotarg, Adcetris, Kadcyla and Besponsa, in order of approval, the first and the last of which carry the same calicheamicin γ1 I -derived payload. Covering oncological applications, and after a brief history of the emergence of the field of antibody-drug conjugates triggered more than a century ago by Paul Ehrlich's "magic bullet" concept, this Review is primarily focusing on the chemical synthesis aspects of the ADCs multidisciplinary research enterprise.
The “Manic Pixie Dream Girl of the Synth-Pop World” and Her “Baby Doll Lisp”: Grimes and the Disabling Logics of the Feminization and Infantilization of Lisping

Audible in speech and song, electro-pop singer Grimes’s so-called “baby doll” lisp generates endless buzz online, ranging from light-hearted adoration, to infantilization, to sexual fetish and even to ableist, misogynist anti-fandom. This article uses the reception of her lisp to build an intersectional theory of lisping across its medical and socio-cultural constructions, bridging work in disability studies, dysfluency studies, voice studies, and popular music studies in the process. I situate the slippage between adoring, infantilizing, fetishistic, and violent characterizations of Grimes’s lisp as reflective of the infantilization of “communicative disorders” in speech language pathology, and the dysfunction associated with feminine coded-speech patterns (e.g. vocal fry and up talk) in the popular imaginary. Lisping is profitably understood as an audible form of “liminal” difference relative to visible physical disabilities (St. Pierre), and to certain ableist, gendered, and racialized conceptions of normative vocality. Ultimately, in the English-speaking world, the lisp is symbolically-coded feminine while exceeding the norms of female vocality, thereby giving rise to a polarizing set of associations that work against female authority and, by extension in Grimes’s case, female musical authorship. Grimes’s reception thus offers a valuable case study for interrogating how misogynist fantasies regarding femininity are thought localized in the female voice, and the symbolic ties between disability and femininity.
Modal analyses of lunar soils by quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis

Abstract We used X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement to determine the modal mineralogy of 118 lunar regolith samples (
MEDICATION RELATED OSTEONECROSIS OF THE JAW CO-EXISTENT WITH OTHER LESIONS

Background Medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a severe adverse drug reaction, consisting of progressive bone destruction in the maxillofacial region. Although its pathophysiology is not completely understood, 2 pharmacologic agents can cause MRONJ: antiresorptive agents, such as bisphosphonates (BP) and denosumab; and antiangiogenic agents. The diagnosis and staging of MRONJ is based on clinical and radiographic findings. Discussion/Conclusions We present 2 cases of MRONJ overlapped with 2 different lesions in the mandible. The first case is of a 63-year-old female patient undergoing intravenous bisphosphonate therapy for multiple myeloma. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) showed an ill-defined osteolytic lesion in the right ramus with diffuse sclerosis. The case was confirmed as multiple myeloma overlapping with MRONJ. The second case is of a 74-year-old female patient with a history of MRONJ in the right retromolar area 9 years ago, and managed with surgery as well as extraction of teeth #31 in 2012, which resulted in complete healing. The patient presented last month with pain in tooth #30, for which endodontic treatment was planned. However, CBCT showed a periapical lesion around the tooth, with severe sclerosis and a sequestrum in the adjacent area of previous MRONJ lesion. Endodontic treatment was accomplished, and surgical debridement of the necrotic bone and adjacent area was planned. MRONJ can coexist with other lesions, including malignant neoplasms and periapical pathoses. Overlapping of these lesions with MRONJ might lead to misdiagnosis and inadequate management. Correlation of medical history, clinical findings, and careful radiographic interpretation can lead to the appropriate diagnosis and management of patients with these lesions.
The Great Unfulfilled Promise of Tinker

The most famous line from Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District is that “[i]t can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.” People who know only this line from Tinker—and the victory it gave to the Vietnam-war protesting students—likely think of it as an incredibly speech-protective decision. It turns out that although Tinker contains lofty language about the importance of student speech rights, it sowed the seeds for the erosion of those very same rights. In the past fifty years, First Amendment protection for student speech rights in K-12 public schools has diminished substantially. The Tinker decision contained three main weaknesses that have undermined student speech rights. First, it erroneously assumed that it was clear that minors had speech rights outside of school. Fifty years later, it still remains unclear what rights minors have. This uncertainty has made it easier for the Court (and lower courts) to chip away at their First Amendment rights in subsequent decisions and has left students particularly vulnerable in this digital age to online speech restrictions. Second, Tinker held that the speech rights of students—whatever they might be—can be restricted based on considerations of “the special characteristics of the school environment.” With this qualification, the Court essentially announced that student speech rights are not subject to the same standards that normally apply when the government regulates speech. Most disturbingly, relying on the “special characteristics” standard, the Court’s post-Tinker decisions have implicitly assumed that the toleration of student speech at school means that the school endorses that speech. The third weakness of Tinker is that the Court embraced a standard permitting the restriction of student speech whenever school officials reasonably forecast that the speech would cause “material and substantial interference with schoolwork or discipline.” This standard is unnecessarily deferential to school administrators and poses precisely the sort of censorship that the Court would never tolerate outside of the school setting. As a result, student speech rights rest less on a judicially enforceable First Amendment right and more on the willingness of school administrators to tolerate speech.
Management of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage

Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage is a frequent indication for admission to the intensive care unit. This chapter reviews evidence-based guidelines for management of these patients, specifically related to restrictive transfusion strategies, the use of acid suppression, and timing of endoscopy. Areas of uncertainty are also discussed, notably indications for platelet transfusion among patients taking antiplatelet agents and prophylactic intubation for endoscopic procedures.
Benthic Resuspension by Internal Wave Stimulated Global Instability

Abstract : Long-Term Goal: The goal of this work is to contribute toward an understanding of how long internal waves on the shelf region affect the optical properties of the water column and issues related to remote sensing of the coastal ocean. Objective: Our work is directed toward providing a mechanistic understanding of and a predictive basis for processes whereby long internal waves interact with and stimulate resuspension from the bottom boundary. We also seek to provide insight regarding the effect of long internal waves on the vertical distribution of sedimentary and biological particles in the water column, and how the distribution of these particles impact remote sensing of motions and processes on the shelf region. Approach: Our approach is to develop an understanding of resuspension and particulate transport processes by means of theoretical modeling and numerical simulation. We also interact with field and laboratory investigators and collaborate on data analysis, model validation, and interpretation of results.
Response of Regulatory Genetic Variation in Gene Expression to Environmental Change in Drosophila melanogaster

The genetics of phenotypic responses to changing environments remains elusive. Using whole genome quantitative gene expression as a model, we studied how the genetic architecture of regulatory variation in gene expression changed in a population of fully sequenced inbred Drosophila melanogaster strains when flies developed at different environments (25 °C and 18 °C). We found a substantial fraction of the transcriptome exhibited genotype by environment interaction, implicating environmentally plastic genetic architecture of gene expression. Genetic variance in expression increased at 18 °C relative to 25 °C for most genes that had a change in genetic variance. Although the majority of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for the gene expression traits in the two environments were shared and had similar effects, analysis of the environment-specific eQTLs revealed enrichment of binding sites for two transcription factors. Finally, although genotype by environment interaction in gene expression could potentially disrupt genetic networks, the co-expression networks were highly conserved across environments. Genes with higher network connectivity were under stronger stabilizing selection, suggesting that stabilizing selection on expression plays an important role in promoting network robustness.
MRI features of pyoderma gangrenosum in a diabetic patient with ulcerative colitis: A case report and review of the literature.

Abstract Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare noninfectious skin condition which clinical picture can overlap with that of the diabetic foot. Meticulous physical examination along with biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can make the distinction easier, saving the patients from undergoing a debilitating intervention. We report a case of pathologically proven PG in the right ankle region of a 55-year old male with known uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel disease. Radiographs revealed increased soft tissue density overlying the lateral melleolus of the right ankle. MRI showed a well-defined soft tissue mass with heterogeneously intrinsically high signal intensity on T1- and on T2-weighted images, and heterogeneous peripheral enhancement on fat-suppressed, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. Histologically, diffuse neutrophilic infiltrate throughout the dermis was present without micro-organisms. This is the first report of MRI findings of PG in the ankle. We also summarize the findings of previously reported cases of PG.
Wrist weight-bearing tolerance in healthy adults.

Abstract Study Design Cross-sectional. Introduction No information is available in the literature regarding the amount of weight-bearing tolerance in a normal human wrist. Purpose of the Study To establish the normal limits of human wrist weight-bearing tolerance and to determine if gender, age and height are predictors of this weight-bearing tolerance. Methods A sample (N = 465) of healthy adults ages 18-64 completed a questionnaire indicating their gender, age range and height. Subjects were instructed in performing a wrist weight-bearing tolerance test using a calibrated analog scale. The amount of pressure that the subject was able to apply to the scale in 3 independent trials was recorded and analyzed. Results A strong positive correlation was found between average weight- bearing values achieved through the right and left hands for the subjects of this study, r(463)= .97, P Discussion These results establish normal wrist weight-bearing tolerance values and demonstrate that gender, age and height are predictors of this weight-bearing tolerance. Conclusion These results could allow identification of pathologies associated with wrist instability.
"Let us be small": a case study on the necessity for intentionally small producers

Ran-Lew Dairy quickly adapted during the COVID-19 pandemic, a time when many grocers suddenly faced shortages due to disruptions in their supply chains. Ran-Lew expanded into the direct retail market and increased its in-store sales to stay viable. Due to its small scale, vertical integration, and community connections, it was able to pivot models and react rapidly to the changing needs of its community. This case study highlights the importance of small-scale producers in developing food system resilience.
Globalization of the Washington Apple Industry: Its Evolution and Impacts

A major challenge in the study of commodity systems is to discern the various local impacts of globalization. The objective of this paper is to do this by presenting evidence from the development of Washington's apple industry. Washington State, which for years has been the leading producer of apples within the United States, is also a dominant player in global apple markets. In general, the Washington apple industry has followed a Fordist path to success by producing in ever increasing quantity and quality a comparatively inexpensive and undifferentiated commodity, i.e. red and golden delicious apples. Evidence presented in this paper shows that steadily growing global sales of apples produced in Washington are associated with increasing vertical integration of packing with production and the partial replacement of family with waged migrant labor. The benefits of economies of size in warehousing and production are causing the production base to expand into nontraditional growing areas where large orchards are being planted. Local labor supplies are inadequate and larger numbers of low-income migrant and settled (first generation migrant) laborers are being employed in orchards and warehouses. These changes are occurring at a time when there is heightened labor and community conflict in apple growing areas. Our analysis of this industry demonstrates that globalization is not a recent phenomenon, that the "state" continues to play an important role in the process, that globalization is firmly embedded in local dynamics and processes, and that an associated element of globalization is an increased reliance on wage labor.
Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Infants: Not Simply an Acute Event with Complete Recovery

ABSTRACT Background Pneumonia in infancy has been linked to long-term consequences for the rapidly developing lung. We examined the impact of hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) on subsequent respiratory health. Methods We conducted a retrospective matched-cohort study using the Optum® de-identified Electronic Health Record Dataset (2009-2018). Study population comprised healthy infants hospitalized for CAP (“CAP patients”), and matched comparators without pneumonia (“comparison patients”), before age 2 years. Study outcomes included any chronic respiratory disorder, reactive airway disease (asthma, hyperactive airway disease, recurrent wheezing), and CAP hospitalization occurring between age 2 to 5 years, and were evaluated overall as well as by age and etiology at first CAP hospitalization. Results Study population totaled 1,343 CAP patients and 6,715 comparison patients. Rates per 100 patient-years and relative rates (RR) of study outcomes from age 2 to 5 years for CAP patients versus comparison patients were: any chronic respiratory disorder, 11.6 vs. 4.9 (RR=2.4 [95% CI: 2.1-2.6]); reactive airway disease, 6.1 vs 1.9 (RR=3.2 [2.6-3.8]); and CAP hospitalization, 1.0 vs 0.2 (RR=6.3 [3.6-10.9]). Rates of study outcomes were highest among CAP patients who had their initial hospitalization in the second year of life. Conclusions Infant CAP foreshadows an increased risk of subsequent chronic respiratory disorders, which may be elevated when CAP occurs closer to pre-school age (i.e., age 2 to 5 years). These findings are most consistent with the hypothesis that inflammation persists beyond the acute stage of pneumonia and plays a role in the development of chronic respiratory sequelae.
Confronting Poverty: Weak States and U.S. National Security

Former Brookings Senior Fellow Susan E. Rice spearheads an investigation of the connections between poverty and fragile states and the implications for American security. Coedited by Rice and former Brookings colleagues Corinne Graff and Carlos Pascual, Confronting Poverty is a timely reminder that alleviating global poverty and shoring up weak states are not only humanitarian and economic imperatives, but key components of a more balanced and sustainable U.S. national security strategy. Rice elucidates the relationship between poverty, state weakness, and transnational security threats, and Graff and Pascual offer policy recommendations. The book's overarching conclusions highlight the need to invest in poverty alleviation and capacity building in weak states in order to break the vicious cycle of poverty, fragility, and transnational threats. Confronting Poverty grows out of a project on global poverty and U.S. national security that Rice directed at Brookings from 2002 through January 2009, before she became U.S. permanent representative to the United Nations.
Light and electron microscopic observations on a human placenta 2 weeks after fetal death

Abstract Morphologic evidence for the viability of the placenta 2 weeks after fetal death at the twenty-seventh week of gestation was obtained using light and electron microscopy. The syncytial trophoblast appeared normal for this stage of gestation. There was an abundance of cytotrophoblastic elements, which showed many intermediate stages in cytoplasmic complexity from simple cells with little endoplasmic reticulum and an abundance of ribosomal and glycogen granules to cells with the cytoplasmic characteristics of syncytial trophoblast. The fetal mesenchyme was devascularized and showed a marked de position of collagen and basement membrane-like material. Follicles in the ovary showed evidence of luteinizing influence. The single corpus luteum appeared nonfunctional as judged by light and electron microscopic criteria.
Language comprehension, methodologies for studying

Language comprehension processes are those by which people extract meaning from texts, whether written or spoken. Researchers have developed a variety of experimental methodologies in order to study these processes. Keywords: experimental methodologies; response times; eye-tracking; physiological measures; processing time; task effects
The Sociology of Innovation: Organizational, Environmental, and Relative Perspectives

Innovation is risky. New products and firms are subject to high failure rates. To minimize the risk associated with innovation, most scholars agree that firms should engage simultaneously in two types of activities: exploring new alternatives and exploiting existing competencies. Firms that simultaneously engage in explorative and exploitative activities are called ambidextrous organizations. Research on ambidextrous organizations, however, inadequately considers the importance of the environment in which organizations operate for innovation success. The sociological view of innovation fills this gap by emphasizing the importance of social context for explaining innovative outcomes. The sociology of innovation highlights, first, the structural arrangements – characteristics of social networks, organizations, and institutions – that influence innovation and, second, the relative nature of innovation – whether an object is considered novel depends on one’s vantage point. Drawing on the relative view of innovation, I develop a typology that outlines several paths to innovation with respect to two vantage points: the organization and the environment. I argue that minimizing the risks associated with innovation is most likely to occur when firms follow the path of innovation that consists of generating novel solutions that simultaneously exploit knowledge and resources that are both available to the firm and in the firm’s environment.
“You Can’t Play a Sad Song on the Banjo:” Acoustic Factors in the Judgment of Instrument Capacity to Convey Sadness

Forty-four Western-enculturated musicians completed two studies. The first group was asked to judge the relative sadness of forty-four familiar Western instruments. An independent group was asked to assess a number of acoustical properties for those same instruments. Using the estimated acoustical properties as predictor variables in a multiple regression analysis, a significant correlation was found between those properties known to contribute to sad prosody in speech and the judged sadness of the instruments. The best predictor variable was the ability of the instrument to make small pitch movements. Other variables investigated included the darkness of the timbre, the ability to play low pitches, the ability to play quietly, and the capacity of the instrument to “mumble.” Four of the acoustical factors were found to exhibit a considerable amount of shared variance, suggesting that they may originate in a common underlying factor. It is suggested that the shared proximal cause of these acoustical features may be low physical energy.
Spatial and Temporal (RAPCOM) Visual Display Formats and the Proximity Compatibility Principle

RAPCOM (rapid communication) displays involve temporal presentation of information in the same spatial location and have been suggested to have useful potential for human-computer interactions involving high information transfer rates (cf., Matin and Boff, 1988). An experiment was conducted to evaluate the relative effectiveness of various spatial and temporal display formats for presenting information pertaining to the likelihood of aircraft stall using the simulated dynamics of a light aircraft. Specific spatial and temporal characteristics of the display formats were based on the proximity compatibility principle (PCP) which attempts to integrate findings regarding the benefits and limitations of displaying multiple sources of information in similar or “proximal” ways (Wickens and Andre, 1990; Carswell and Wickens, 1990).The effectiveness of these display formats were compared for judgments which required the integration of three display parameters (airspeed, bank, and flap angle) to determine stall pr...
Effects of butter flavoring vapor exposure on cultured primary human tracheal/bronchial epithelial cell ion transport (660.11)

In the microwave popcorn industry, inhalation of butter flavoring may result in “popcorn workers’ lung,” a disease resembling bronchiolitis obliterans. Rats exposed for 6 h to vapor from butter fla...
Synthesis of Nucleic Acid and Protein in L Cells Infected with the Agent of Meningopneumonitis

Abstract Schechter, Esther M. (The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.). Synthesis of nucleic acid and protein in L cells infected with the agent of meningopneumonitis. J. Bacteriol. 91:2069–2080. 1966.—Synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein in uninfected L cells and in L cells infected with the meningopneumonitis agent was compared by measuring rates of incorporation of H3-cytidine and C14-lysine into nuclear, cytoplasmic, and agent fractions in successive 5-hr periods during the meningopneumonitis growth cycle. Synthesis of meningopneumonitis DNA, RNA, and protein was first clearly evident in the labeling period 15 to 20 hr after infection, soon after initiation of agent multiplication. The rates of synthesis of agent DNA, RNA, and protein increased logarithmically for a brief period and then declined. However, rates of isotope incorporation into all three meningopneumonitis macromolecules were sustained at near maximal values throughout the remainder of the meningopneumonitis growth cycle. These data are most readily interpreted in terms of multiplication of the meningopneumonitis agent by binary fission. The L cell response to infection was a decreased rate of DNA and RNA synthesis and an accelerated rate of cell death. Host protein synthesis was unaffected. The inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis in infected L cells probably involved competition between host and parasite for nucleic acid precursors. Different sublines of L cells varied greatly in the degree to which their nucleic acid-synthesizing mechanisms were damaged by infection. The cytoplasm of infected L cells contained newly synthesized DNA and RNA that could not be accounted for as intact meningopneumonitis cells. This nucleic acid probably arose from disintegration of the fragile intracellular forms of the meningopneumonitis agent.
Contextualizing psychotherapy as a healing practice: Culture, history, and methods

Abstract The histories of modern medicine and psychotherapy are examined to situate psychotherapy in the array of healing practices. Although modern medicine relies on specificity as its central organizing concept, psychotherapy has consistently produced results that are not consistent with a medical model. Moreover, the development of research methodologies used to validate treatments, although useful in the medical context, ignores the experience of the patients as well as the provider of services. It is demonstrated that psychotherapy is a culturally imbedded healing practice and shares similarities with healing practices other than modern medicine. Psychotherapy shares one important feature with modern medicine, however: empirical support for efficacy. Various theories of placebo effects are examined to propose explanations for the effects of psychotherapy. Finally, issues and paradoxes are presented for future consideration.
Inter-class testing of O-O software in the presence of polymorphism

This paper describes an algorithm for testing polymorphic interactions between classes in object-oriented (O-O) software. We propose an Augmented Object Relationship Diagram (AORD), which is an extension of a previously reported ORD representation, to facilitate the algorithm. AORD is a graph representation of the class structure augmented with additional information about the methods defined in each class. This additional information consists of call-graph of all the methods in that class. Information on redefined or new attributes in derived classes is also retained. AORD also contains a dynamic model of class behavior in the form of a state diagram. AORD representation is used to derive an order of integration for the classes involved. This integration order is an improvement over the ordering algorithm reported previously. We also use this information to test polymorphic interaction between classes. We propose heuristics to further refine and prune the list of state-message combinations that need to be tested. Our approach provides significant improvement over exhaustive testing of all subclass interactions.
Dialectical Principlism: An Approach to Finding the Most Ethical Action

Most forensic psychiatrists occasionally face complex situations in forensic work in which ethics dilemmas cause discomfort. They want to determine the most ethical action, but the best choice is unclear. Fostering justice is primary in forensic roles, but secondary duties such as traditional biomedical ethics and personal values like helping society, combating racism, and being sensitive to cultural issues can impinge on or even outweigh the presumptive primary duty in extreme cases. Similarly, in treatment the psychiatrists' primary duty is to patients, but that can be outweighed by secondary duties such as protecting children and the elderly or maintaining security. The implications of one's actions matter. In forensic work, if the psychiatrist determines that he should not assist the party who wants to hire him, despite evidence clearly supporting its side, the only ethical option becomes not to accept the case at all, because the evidence does not support the better side. Sometimes it can be ethical to accept cases only for one side. In ethics-related dilemmas, I call the method of prioritizing and balancing all types of conflicting principles, duties, and personal and societal values in a dialectic to resolve conflicts among them dialectical principlism. This approach is designed to help determine the most ethical action. It is aspirational and is not intended to get the psychiatrist into trouble.
Hierarchical timing-driven floorplanning and place and route using a timing budgeter

This paper describes a method to design large high-performance circuits using a tool called the Timing Budgeter to perform timing-driven hierarchical design. Present approaches to hierarchical timing-driven design are inadequate. Hierarchical design with considerations of timing typically requires the help of a timing expert to allocate and reallocate budgets of timing constraints to the blocks of a hierarchical design, as the design progresses. This approach is characterized by non-optimal timing budget allocations and tedious manual intervention. Another proposed method requires expensive iterations between physical layout and timing analysis. The hierarchical timing-driven methodology using the timing budgeter provides an automated method to allocate and reallocate high quality budgets to blocks of a hierarchical design. The methodology vastly improves the chance of satisfying the timing constraints of a large hierarchical design in one iteration of physical layout and timing analysis.
Phosphorus mineralization and microbial biomass in a Florida Spodosol: effects of water potential, temperature and fertilizer application

Phosphorus mineralization and microbial biomass were measured in the surface 5 cm of a Spodosol (sandy, siliceous hyperthermic Ultic Alaquod) from north-central Florida. Soils from fertilized and unfertilized plantations of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were incubated at a range of water potentials (∼0, –3, –8, –10 and –1500 kPa) and temperatures (15 °C, 25 °C and 38 °C) for 14 days and 42 days. Increasing water potential and temperature increased specific P mineralization (mineralization expressed as a percentage of total P) regardless of fertilizer treatment. An increase in water potential from –10 kPa to –0.1 kPa resulted in an increase of between 38% and 239% in the concentration of KCl-extractable inorganic P, depending on incubation temperature and time. An increase in incubation temperature from 15 °C to 38 °C resulted in an increase of between 13% and 53% in KCl-extractable inorganic P. Changes in specific P mineralization with change in water potential or temperature were not affected by fertilizer application. This suggests that, although specific P mineralization was greater in the fertilized soils, environmental control of P mineralization was the same for both treatments. Specific P mineralization was most sensitive when soils were at higher water potentials, and decreased logarithmically to water potentials of between –3 kPa and –8 kPa. Specific P mineralization was relatively insensitive to changes in water potential when water potential was lower than –8 kPa. Microbial biomass C showed no consistent responses to changes of temperature or water potential and was not significantly correlated with specific P mineralization. Our results suggest that field estimates of P mineralization in these Spodosols may be improved by accounting for changes in soil water potential and temperature.
DEVELOPMENT OF ACIDIFICATION PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE COLOR AND REDUCE THERMOPHILIC SPOILAGE OF CANNED MUSHROOMS

An acid vacuum hydration process followed by canning in EDTA/brine was evaluated for improving color and reducing thermophilic spoilage of canned mushrooms. Blanching in citric, fumaric or phosphoric acids and vacuum hydration in 0.05 M citric acid (pH 3.5) improved the color of the canned product significantly over untreated controls. EDTA (500 ppm) in the canning brine further improved color. Application of the citric acid vacuum hydration process to 227 kg quantities of fresh mushroom tissue in a commercial cannery resulted in no loss in canned product yield, significantly improved product color, greatly minimized thermophilic spoilage and did not significantly influence flavor and texture.
Effects of glucose-saccharin preloads on schedule- and deprivation-induced drinking in rats.

The present series of experiments found that high volumes of a glucose–saccharin solution consumed by rats prior to testing (i.e., a preload) produced a small, but significant suppression of established schedule-induced drinking (Experiment 2). This reduction in polydipsic drinking did not appear to be due to the caloric value of the preload (Experiment 1) or to any changes in food motivation, since Experiment 2 showed that there were no changes in lever pressing on a fixed-interval 1-min food schedule. In Experiment 3, the glucose–saccharin preloads produced a complete suppression of water deprivation-induced drinking. While schedule-induced drinking does appear to be a nonhomeostatic form of drinking, under certain testing conditions, it is sensitive to manipulations which affect homeostatic thirst mechanisms.
The Auction System in the Port of New York, 1817–1837

Professor Cohen recounts the operations of the famed auction system in New York, suggesting reasons for its success in the years after the War of 1812 and its decline in the decade of the 1830's.
In the Shadow of Stone Mountain: Identity Development, Structured Inequality, and the Education of Spanish-Speaking Children.

In this article, we draw from cultural historical theory to examine the assimilationist forces embodied by English as a Second Language (ESOL) identification and programming practices in and outside of Georgia. We argue that the categorization of Spanish-speaking schoolchildren as Limited English Proficient is an extension of historical subtractive practices grounded in monolithic assumptions of what it means to be “American.” Along the way, U.S. Latino/as' exceptionality and potential for additive bilingualism are ignored, and generations are routed into remediation tracks that leave most of them behind others academically and otherwise. We conclude by conceptualizing how a Cultural Identity Plus (CID+) policy as a key component in a broader lifespan strategy for dismantling “Group Based Inequality” (Portes, 2005) might counteract the harm caused by current practices.
Combustion of polyvinyl chloride studied by a low-pressure moving-wire technique

Abstract The low-pressure moving-wire technique (MWT) provides a means of achieving steady-state polymer combustion. For charring polymers, the steady state is not controlled by the rate of char combustion, as is the case for the opposed-flow diffusion flame technique. At low pressure, the polymer flame is expanded to a size that is convenient for microprobe sampling. It is then possible to identify the flammable gases evolving under actual combustion conditions, thereby avoiding the common extrapolation from nonflame pyrolysis studies. As a demonstration of the technique, we made measurements of the structure of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flame at reduced pressure (0.10 bar). The material evolving from the burning polymer was estimated to be ≅0.4% benzene and ≅14% pentene isomers (and/or butenal). Butene isomers (and/or propenal) and lower-molecular-weight species accounted for the remainder. The total mass flux from the burning surface was 0.17 kg m −2 sec −1 . The surface temperature at ignition was ≅660°K.