cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of quenching of the oxidation layer in highly turbulent counterflow premixed flames

Abstract Three lean-to-stoichiometric premixed flames were studied in the opposed-jet configuration by counterflowing fresh reactants and fully burnt products of combustion at 1850 K. The study was performed experimentally under turbulent conditions and computationally under laminar ones. The flame mixtures were selected to have the same unstrained laminar flame speed. The turbulent flames were studied experimentally using simultaneous planar imaging of CO and OH laser-induced fluorescence, which, in combination, yielded a quantity proportional to the forward reaction rate for CO + OH → CO 2 + H. Since the turbulence characteristics of the feed streams were identical for all flames, the turbulent burning regime was also the same, with a turbulent Reynolds number of 1050 and a Karlovitz number of approximately 5. The oxidation layer of the stoichiometric flame was extinguished, whereas the lean flames exhibited substantial evidence of CO conversion as indicated by the CO + OH reaction rate imaging. To aid the interpretation of the experiments, we numerically investigated the extinction of strained laminar premixed flames with compositions identical to those of the experiments. The calculations corroborated the experimental results, indicating that the stoichiometric flame was the least robust and extinguished at the lowest strain rate. Furthermore, extinction occurred when the flames were very close to the gas stagnation plane and the oxidation layer extended beyond it, towards the burnt product side. The quenching of the oxidation layer is suggested as a possible reason for either local or overall extinction of highly strained premixed flames.
Arginine methylation at a glance.

Arginine methylation is a prevalent post-translational modification found on both nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. The methylation of arginine residues is catalyzed by the protein arginine N -methyltransferase (PRMT) family of enzymes. Proteins that are arginine methylated are involved in a number
Expanding demand through price advertisement

Abstract Retail stores frequently advertise prices. When consumer search is costly, advertising low prices expands the number of consumers who visit and buy. We show that this demand enhancement may offset a retailer’s loss in margins from the low price, making advertisement desirable. We further show that a multi-product monopolist may choose to advertise low prices only for select products, even when advertised and non-advertised products are substitutes. For duopolist retailers at a common location, an equilibrium exists in which (for some range of advertising costs) one store advertises and the other free-rides on its competitor.
Slow Assembly and Disassembly of λ Cro Repressor Dimers

Dimers of Cro are required to recognize operator DNA and repress transcription, but dimerization is weak compared to DNA binding. Fluorophore-conjugated, single-cysteine variants of Cro have been used to investigate the equilibria and kinetics of dimer assembly. Equilibrium distributions of mixed dimers, monitored by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), confirm that labeled variants have equilibrium dimer dissociation constants in the micromolar concentration range. Subunit exchange experiments yield first order rate constants for dimer dissociation that range from 0.02 s(-1) to 0.04 s(-1). Association rate constants calculated from the ratios of dissociation equilibrium and rate constants range from 0.7x10(4) M(-1) s(-1) to 3x10(4) M(-1) s(-1), depending on the site of the fluorescent label. At nanomolar concentrations of subunits, assembly can be driven by addition of DNA. The bimolecular association rate constants measured under these conditions are not dramatically enhanced, ranging from 7x10(4) M(-1) s(-1) to 9x10(4) M(-1) s(-1). The association rate is second order in protein but independent of DNA concentration between 10 nM and 200 nM. The association of subunits under native conditions is more than four orders of magnitude slower than the fast assembly phase measured previously in refolding experiments, and is unaffected by peptidyl-prolyl isomerases. Stabilization of the folded structure of the protein by residue substitution in Cro F58W or reduced temperature increases the ratio of dimers to monomers and decreases the rate of subunit exchange. These data suggest that native monomers have compact structures with substantial barriers to unfolding and that unfolded or partially folded monomers are the preferred substrates for dimer assembly. Cro binding in vivo may be under kinetic rather than thermodynamic control. The slow assembly of Cro dimers demonstrated here provides a new perspective on the lysis/lysogeny switch of bacteriophage lambda.
Soil Surface Fluxes of Greenhouse Gases in an Irrigated Maize-Based Agroecosystem

An understanding of the effect of fertility management on soil surface fluxes of CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 is essential in evaluating C sequestration measures that attempt to increase the amount of crop residue returned to the soil through increased fertilizer inputs. In this sludy, soil surface CO 2 flux was measured over a 27-mo sampling period in continuous maize (Zea mays L.) plots managed under either an intensive fertility regime (M2) or recommended best management (M1). Flux was significantly higher in the M2 treatment on only 2 d during the first growing season. Annual estimates of soil surface CO 2 flux, based on a modified exponential equation that incorporates leaf area index (LAI) to predict temporal changes in soil respiration, averaged 11550 kg C ha -1 yr -1 for both treatments (approximately 31.64 kg C ha -1 d -1 on average). Within row soil surface CO 2 flux was, on average, 64% higher than between row flux. Plant population did not significantly affect measured soil surface CO 2 flux. While fertility management had no significant effect on CH 4 flux, N 2 O flux as measured on 3 d during the 2000 growing season was significantly higher in the M2 treatment. In 2001, no significant differences in N 2 O flux were observed, possibly due to changes in N management and irrigation method. Electrical conductivity measured during the 2000 and 2001 growing seasons was significantly higher in the M2 treatment while pH measured during the 2001 season was significantly lower for M2.
A C-terminal Myb Extension Domain Defines a Novel Family of Double-strand Telomeric DNA-binding Proteins in Arabidopsis

Little is known about the protein composition of plant telomeres. We queried the Arabidopsis thaliana genome data base in search of genes with similarity to the human telomere proteins hTRF1 and hTRF2. hTRF1/hTRF2 are distinguished by the presence of a single Myb-like domain in their C terminus that is required for telomeric DNA binding in vitro. Twelve Arabidopsis genes fitting this criterion, dubbed TRF-like (TRFL), fell into two distinct gene families. Notably, TRFL family 1 possessed a highly conserved region C-terminal to the Myb domain called Myb-extension (Myb-ext) that is absent in TRFL family 2 and hTRF1/hTRF2. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that recombinant proteins from TRFL family 1, but not those from family 2, formed homodimers and heterodimers in vitro. DNA binding studies with isolated C-terminal fragments from TRFL family 1 proteins, but not family 2, showed specific binding to double-stranded plant telomeric DNA in vitro. Removal of the Myb-ext domain from TRFL1, a family 1 member, abolished DNA binding. However, when the Myb-ext domain was introduced into the corresponding region in TRFL3, a family 2 member, telomeric DNA binding was observed. Thus, Myb-ext is required for binding plant telomeric DNA and defines a novel class of proteins in Arabidopsis.
Golay complementary waveforms for sparse delay-Doppler radar imaging

We present a new approach to radar imaging that exploits sparsity in the matched filter domain to enable high resolution imaging of targets in delay and Doppler. We show that the vector of radar cross-ambiguity values at any fixed test delay cell has a sparse representation in a Vandermonde frame that is obtained by discretizing the Doppler axis. The expansion coefficients are given by the auto-correlation functions of the transmitted waveforms. We show that the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm can then be easily used to identify the locations of the radar targets in delay and Doppler. Unambiguous imaging in delay is enabled by alternating between a Golay pair of phase coded waveforms at the transmission to eliminate delay sidelobe effects. We then extend our work to multi-channel radar, by developing a sparse recovery approach for dually-polarimetric radar. We exploit sparsity in a bank of matched filters, each of which is matched to an entry of an Alamouti matrix of Golay waveforms to recover a co-polar or cross-polar polarization scattering component.
Comparison of negative refractive index materials with circular, elliptical and rectangular holes

Negative-index metamaterials (NIMs) at near infrared wavelengths (~2 μm) are fabricated with circular, elliptical and rectangular holes penetrating through metal/dielectric/metal films. All three NIM structures exhibit similar figures of merit; however, the transmission is higher for the NIM with rectangular holes as a result of an improved impedance match with the substrate-superstrate (air-glass) combination.
A Study of the Ozark Hellbender Cryptobranchus Alleganiensis Bishopi

A tag—recapture study of the Ozark Hellbender salamander, Cryptobranchus a. bishopi, was made on the North Fork of the White River, Ozark Co., Missouri. During the summers of 1969 and 1970, animals were tagged along a 2.67—km stretch of stream bed. Population estimates were 428 with 95% C.L. of 341—573 hellbenders/km of stream bed. Biomass estimates were 156 kg/km with 95% C.L. of 124.5—210 kg/km of stream bed. Density estimate in prime habitat was one/8—10 m2 with 95% C.L. of one/6—7 m2—one/13—16 m2. Recaptures indicated little movement. Ozark Hellbenders are one of the dominant organisms in this stream system.
POLITICAL SCIENCE IN THE UNITED STATES Past and Present

The International Political Science Review had originally planned to include an article in each issue on some aspects of the state of political science generally and also in specific countries. Severe space constraints and the sloth of the general editor have conspired to leave this intention unfulfilled, although an excellent review by Pierre Favre on the discipline in France did appear in 1981. The idea still strikes me as a good one and we shall try to include discipline reviews from time to time at least.
The Synthesis of Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Nuclear Histone of the X Chromosome of the Rehnia Spinosus Spermatocyte

The X chromosome of the Rehnia spinosus (Orthoptera) spermatocyte exists in a vesicle separate from the rest of the nucleus during its replication. This chromosome is typically heterochromatic, and late replicating. After replication the chromosome vesicle fuses with the nucleus. Cytophotometric determination of DNA and histone during replication of the chromosome revealed two types of histone. One class increases in amount in proportion to the DNA. The second class remains constant as DNA doubles, and probably increases later. Autoradiographic studies of incorporation of amino acids indicates that histone labelling occurs during chromosome replication. However, a lag in amino acid incorporation suggests that DNA replication in the X chromosome, while accompanied, or closely followed, by complexing with histone, is not necessarily coupled with its synthesis.
Water Resources and Water Developments in Alabama

Water resources of Alabama are evaluated and increasing demands on supply made by growth and development of state are described; problems of supply in dry years and for future can be overcome by greater use of storage.
GMTI Direction of Arrival Measurements from Multiple Phase Centers

Ground Moving Target Indicator (GMTI) radar attempts to detect and locate targets with unknown motion. Very slow-moving targets are difficult to locate in the presence of surrounding clutter. This necessitates multiple antenna phase centers (or equivalent) to offer independent Direction of Arrival (DOA) measurements. DOA accuracy and precision generally remains dependent on target Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), Clutter-toNoise Ratio (CNR), scene topography, interfering signals, and a number of antenna parameters. This is true even for adaptive techniques like Space-Time-AdaptiveProcessing (STAP) algorithms.
Impulsive Singularity in a Stratified Fluid; Diffraction by a Vertical Half-Plane

The anisotropy created by stratification places severe restrictions, as in rotating fluids, on the construction of analytic solutions to wave-scattering problems. With emphasis on the time evolution, this paper considers a fundamental disturbance, an impulsive dipolar mass singularity in the presence of a semi-infinite vertical rigid wall. The initial Laplacian response is subsequently modified by internal waves that everywhere propagate within the local St Andrew's double cone. But the edge diffraction is found to propagate outside this cone.
Formation of TiSi2 During Rapid Thermal Annealing: In Situ Resistance Measurements at Heating Rates From 1°C/S to 100°C/S.

In VLSI technology, there is interest in monitoring the sequence of phase formation of TiSi2 (c-Ti ⇒ a-TiSi ⇒ C49 TiSi2 ⇒ C54 TiSi2), with the prospect of reducing the temperature of formation of the stable C54 TiSi2 phase. In this study, phase formation characteristics of TiSi2 during rapid thermal annealing(RTA) of Ti-Si bilayers are investigated by means of in situ four point probe resistance measurements. Ex situ X-ray diffraction(XRD) was used for phase identification and characterization. Results indicate that the same multi-step sequence of transformations precede the formation of the C54 TiSi2 phase for heating rates from 1°C/s to 100°C/s. Also, all intermediate and metastable phases which occur at l°C/s also occur at 100°C/s. Temperature dependence and kinetics of the C49 TiSi2 and the C54 TiSi2 phase formation were studied over a wide range of heating rates. Activation energies estimated for the two processes were ∼2eV and ∼5eV respectively. Finally, a new Electrical Thermal Annealing(ETA) technique for heating at rates up to 30000°C/s is introduced. Preliminary in situ resistivity measurement results of TiSi2 formation at these high heating rates are also presented.
Entomology in the Pacific Branch—Plus and Minus Fifty Years: Biological Control

The title of this symposium limits the discussion of subjects by the speakers to plus or minus 50 years, but dealing properly with biological control in the Pacific area necessitates some mention of the earlier work, which goes back roughly some 75 years.
The Impact of the Number of Dyads on Estimation of Dyadic Data Analysis Using Multilevel Modeling

Abstract. Dyadic data often appear in social and behavioral research, and multilevel models (MLMs) can be used to analyze them. For dyadic data, the group size is 2, which is the minimum group size we could have for fitting a multilevel model. This Monte Carlo study examines the effects of the number of dyads, the intraclass correlation (ICC), the proportion of singletons, and the missingness mechanism on convergence, bias, coverage rates, and Type I error rates of parameter estimates of dyadic data analysis using MLMs. Results showed that the estimation of variance components could have nonconvergence problems, nonignorable bias, and deviated coverage rates from nominal values when ICC is low, the proportion of singletons is high, and/or the number of dyads is small. More dyads helped obtain more reliable and valid estimates. Sample size guidelines based on the simulation model are given and discussed.
Distal posterior cerebral artery revascularization for a fusiform PCA aneurysm: A lesson learned

The need for revascularization with proximal posterior cerebral artery occlusion in the treatment of giant and fusiform aneurysms is unclear. While early series demonstrated only about a 10% chance of infarction following posterior cerebral artery occlusion, recently several authors have advocated a bypass prior to parent vessel sacrifice in all cases. We present the case of an adult man with a fusiform aneurysm of the right posterior cerebral artery at the P2-P3 junction. He clinically failed a balloon test occlusion preoperatively and therefore underwent an occipital artery to distal posterior cerebral artery bypass with subsequent endovascular occlusion of the parent vessel and aneurysm. Despite the fact that the immediate and 6 month follow up cerebral angiography confirmed a patent bypass, the patient still developed a posterior cerebral artery territory stroke. We believe this case demonstrates that successful distal revascularization in the setting of proximal posterior cerebral artery occlusion does not guarantee against cerebral ischemia and infarction even in those patients that fail a test occlusion.
Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms as Mediators of Trait Mindfulness and Sleep Quality in Emerging Adults

Sleep quality tends to be poor among emerging adults (ages 18–25). Poor sleep quality has short- and long-term health consequences, including decreases in cognitive function and mood and reductions in immune function. Trait mindfulness, or observing experiences without becoming emotionally aroused or passing judgment, has been linked to increased sleep quality in emerging adults, but little research attention has examined mechanisms that may explain this relationship. Because mindfulness has been associated with reductions in both anxiety and depression, and anxiety and depression are associated with more sleep disturbances, it is possible that mindfulness may operate on sleep quality through reductions in both anxiety and depressive symptoms. This study examined the links between mindfulness, depressive symptoms, anxiety, and sleep quality in 283 emerging adults. Results indicated that higher levels of mindfulness were related to better sleep quality through lower levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Post hoc analyses indicated that mindfulness was also associated with fewer sleep disturbances and less daytime sleep dysfunction through lower levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. However, higher levels of mindfulness were associated with longer sleep duration, better sleep efficiency, and better subjective sleep quality only through fewer depressive symptoms and higher levels of mindfulness were associated with shorter sleep latency only through anxiety. Results suggest that mindfulness may be an effective tool for increasing sleep quality in emerging adults.
Hardware security through chain assurance

This paper examines the current issues pertaining to the hardware security and how they could affect the overall security of applications such as the internet of things. Specifically, we review the ongoing industry-led activities aimed at mitigating the hardware threats through supply chain assurance. The impact of emerging technologies on hardware-based needs, and the need for technical standards are discussed from brand owners' perspectives. The paper is illustrated with the ongoing work of the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) Emerging Research Devices (ERD) hardware security working group, the counterfeit risk mitigation efforts from iNEMI, and the High-Density Package User Group (HDPUG), as well as published standards from SEMI and the Open Group. All these efforts are aimed at mitigating counterfeits in the electronics supply chain through product traceability and authentication. Finally, we will discuss how existing and emerging technologies can be used for product authentication throughout the supply chain.
Stochastic Finite Element Method: Response Representation

Recent analytical methods for addressing the problem of system stochasticity in the context of structural mechanics have involved either solving for the second order statistics of the response or implementing a First-Order or a Second-Order (FORM/SORM) (Der-Kiureghian et.al, 1987a) algorithm in conjunction with a finite element code. Monte Carlo simulation methods have also been investigated towards improving their efficiency and versatility (Shinozuka and Astill, 1972; Shinozuka and Lenoe, 1976; Polhemus and Cakmak, 1981; Cakmak and Sherif, 1984; Shinozuka, 1987; Spanos and Mignolet, 1987). However, due to the substantial requisite computational effort, the Monte Carlo simulation method is still used mainly to verify other approaches. The perturbation method (Nakagiri and Hisada, 1982; Liu, Besterfield and Belytschko, 1988) and the Neumann expansion method (Shinozuka and Nomoto, 1980; Adomian and Malakian, 1980; Benaroya and Rehak, 1987; Shinozuka, 1987) have been developed and shown to provide acceptable results for small random fluctuations in the material properties. Typical results from these two methods have been restricted to second order statistics of the response quantities. Obviously, this information does not suffice for a meaningful risk assessment and failure analysis.
Legitimation of hybrid cultural products: The case of American Yoga

Cultural hybridization indicates mixing, intermingling, and fusion of cultures that the globalized world enables and produces. Adopting an institutional theoretic framework, this article examines h...
Reconciling change blindness with long-term memory for objects

How can we reconcile remarkably precise long-term memory for thousands of images with failures to detect changes to similar images? We explored whether people can use detailed, long-term memory to improve change detection performance. Subjects studied a set of images of objects and then performed recognition and change detection tasks with those images. Recognition memory performance exceeded change detection performance, even when a single familiar object in the postchange display consistently indicated the change location. In fact, participants were no better when a familiar object predicted the change location than when the displays consisted of unfamiliar objects. When given an explicit strategy to search for a familiar object as a way to improve performance on the change detection task, they performed no better than in a 6-alternative recognition memory task. Subjects only benefited from the presence of familiar objects in the change detection task when they had more time to view the prechange array before it switched. Once the cost to using the change detection information decreased, subjects made use of it in conjunction with memory to boost performance on the familiar-item change detection task. This suggests that even useful information will go unused if it is sufficiently difficult to extract.
Fully CMOS-compatible integrated distributed feedback laser with 250 °C fabricated Al 2 O 3 :Er 3+ gain medium

We demonstrate a DFB laser with a record low temperature (250 °C) fabrication process of low-loss (>0.1 dB/cm) amorphous Al 2 O 3 :Er3+ gain medium by utilizing the substrate bias, facilitating laser integration in a fully CMOS-compatible platform.
Algae Farming and Its Bio-Products

Many expect algae to contribute to food, feed, health, and fuel, as well as to remove or transform pollutants in water or air. But what did we really achieve after several decades of research and development? What ended up being commercialized and consumed in large volumes? We try and shed light on these questions by surveying and assessing the current state of algae uses.
Mass Murder: American Unexceptionalism, D.C. v Heller, and 'Reasonableness'

Is mass murder exceptionally American? If so, can America’s relatively laissez-faire gun control laws be the cause? Could a narrow reading of the Second Amendment qualify as “reasonable” or “rational” because of the social costs of this apparent American exceptionalism?
Drivers' avoidance strategies when using a forward collision warning (FCW) system

Forward collision warning (FCW) systems help prevent rear-end collisions by identifying and alerting drivers of threats ahead. Understanding drivers’ avoidance strategies i.e. the tendency to brake...
The first delinquency prevention experiment: a socio-historical review of the origins of the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study’s research design

Begun in 1939, the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study (CSYS) is recognized as the first delinquency prevention experiment and the earliest example of a longitudinal–experimental study with criminological outcomes. This paper aims to develop a historical understanding of the origins of the study’s research design. The present study is guided by the socio-historical approach and informed by past historical research in criminology. It draws upon a wide array of archival records and published works from the late nineteenth century to the present day. Richard Clarke Cabot designed and directed the CSYS. Major influences on the study’s research design can be traced to Cabot’s medical practice and research, his advocacy for social work practice and research, and his professional relationship with the Gluecks. The beginnings of experimentation in the social sciences during the early twentieth century may have also played a role. Joan McCord’s early involvement in the study proved instrumental to its longitudinal component. The rigorous and innovative research design of the CSYS marks an important chapter in the history of experimental criminology, and its influence continues to this day. New experimental studies on the prevention of crime and delinquency must continue to strive to advance scientific knowledge and improve public policy.
Novel oncolytic chimeric orthopoxvirus causes regression of pancreatic cancer xenografts and exhibits abscopal effect at a single low dose.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has been increasing by 0.5% per year in the United States. PDAC portends a dismal prognosis and novel therapies are needed. This study describes the generation and characterization of a novel oncolytic chimeric orthopoxvirus for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. After chimerization and high-throughput screening, CF33 was chosen from 100 new chimeric orthopoxvirus isolates for its ability to kill pancreatic cancer cells. In vitro cytotoxicity was assayed in six pancreatic cancer cell lines. In vivo efficacy and toxicity were evaluated in PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 xenograft models. CF33 caused rapid killing of six pancreatic cancer cells lines in vitro, releasing damage-associated molecular patterns, and regression of PANC-1 injected and non-injected distant xenografts in vivo after a single low intratumoral dose of 103 plaque-forming units. Using luciferase imaging, CF33 was noted to preferentially replicate in tumors which corresponds to the low viral titers found in solid organs. The low dose of CF33 required to treat pancreatic cancer in this preclinical study may ease the manufacturing and dosing challenges currently facing oncolytic viral therapy.
Aerobic and Anaerobic Biotransformations and Treatment of Chlorinated Pulp Bleach Waste Constituents

Biotransformations and treatment of several chlorinated, hydroxylated and methoxylated monoaromatic compounds were studied in batch bottle bioassays and continuous-flow fluidized-bed reactors. With the aerobic enrichment, polychlorinated phenols were biodegraded with simultaneous release of inorganic chloride in amounts equal to mineralization stoichiometrics. Aerobic removal of 4,5-dichlorocatechol and 4,5- dichlorovanillin were associated with the release of inorganic chlorine. The aerobic enrichment showed no activity against mono- or di-O-methylated phenols. With the anaerobic enrichment, reductive transformations of these compounds were observed. These transformations included reductive dechlorinations, de-O-methylations and dehydroxylations. High-rate operation of an aerobic fluidized-bed reactor resulted in over 99.7% biodegradation of polychlorophenols. In the anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor, over 95% removal of chlorophenols with no apparent accumulation of lower chlorinated phenols indicated complete dechlorination.
Counseling, Psychological, and Social Services Staffing: Policies in U.S. School Districts.

Introduction Schools are in a unique position to meet the mental and behavioral health needs of children and adolescents because approximately 95% of young people aged 7–17 years attend school. Little is known, however, about policies related to counseling, psychological, and social services staffing in school districts. This study analyzed the prevalence of such policies in public school districts in the U.S. Methods Data from four cycles (2000, 2006, 2012, and 2016) of the School Health Policies and Practices Study, a national survey periodically conducted to assess policies and practices for ten components of school health, were analyzed in 2017. The survey collected data related to counseling, psychological, and social services among nationally representative samples of school districts using online or mailed questionnaires. Sampled districts identified respondents responsible for or most knowledgeable about the content of each questionnaire. Results The percentage of districts with a district-level counseling, psychological, and social services coordinator increased significantly from 62.6% in 2000 to 79.5% in 2016. In 2016, 56.3% of districts required each school to have someone to coordinate counseling, psychological, and social services at the school. Fewer districts required schools at each level to have a specified ratio of counselors to students (16.2% for elementary schools, 16.8% for middle schools, and 19.8% for high schools), and the percentage of districts with these requirements has decreased significantly since 2012. Conclusions Increases in the prevalence of district-level staffing policies could help increase the quantity and quality of counseling, psychological, and social services staff in schools nationwide, which in turn could improve mental and behavioral health outcomes for students. Supplement information This article is part of a supplement entitled The Behavioral Health Workforce: Planning, Practice, and Preparation, which is sponsored by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and the Health Resources and Services Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
The Challenge of Political and Economic Change in Poland and Central and Eastern Europe

This article discusses political and economic changes in Poland, Central and Eastern Europe emerging since the demise of the ‘closed system’ in 1989. The presentation explores the range of change, the method and the sequence of change. General lessons in economic transition as identified by Polish Finance Minister Lezak Balcerowicz are discussed. The challenges involved in macroeconomic stabilization, radical liberalization, currency convertibility, subsidy reduction and conversion of state-owned enterprises are reviewed. Despite their complexity, economic and political reforms proved necessary and inevitable.
The Factorable Random Field Model

“One of the peculiar difficulties in Probability Theory is that its difficulties sometimes are not seen.”
Theory of Gas Chromatography

This chapter provides an overview of the current state of GC theory with emphasis on general performance of temperature-programmed GC. The chapter starts with a brief examination of the key theoretical aspects of such factors affecting operation of GC analysis as interaction of organic compounds with liquid polymers, properties of an ideal gas, and flow of an ideal gas. This provides a necessary foundation for the review of the theory of retention times and other parameters of eluting solutes; formation of peak spacing, and factors affecting reversal of peak order; and formation of peak widths. Also considered is column optimization. This includes optimal flow rate, optimal heating rate, and optimal tradeoff between column separation performance, analysis time, and detection limits.
Heart-healthy and stroke-free, 2008.

To celebrate the first decade of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) support to states for heart disease and stroke prevention, it is fitting to begin with the U.S. congressional action that launched the program in 1998. The immediate antecedents of that action, its major consequences, and certain parallel developments help to put this event in perspective and make clear the pressing tasks from 2008 forward.
Prevention of Postsurgical Adhesions: A Biomaterials Perspective

One of the most common complications following abdominal surgery is the formation of postsurgical adhesions (PSAs). While often asymptomatic, these formations can result in numerous complications, including pain, infertility, and bowel obstructions, and can increase the difficulty of future surgeries. Various strategies have been developed to reduce the incidence of these adhesions, yet the most successful to date have been the use of physical barriers composed of biocompatible materials. Yet, despite the success of these materials, PSAs remain a significant clinical challenge.
Characterization of Creatinine Error in Ketotic Patients: A Prospective Comparison of Alkaline Picrate Methods with an Enzymatic Method

Creatinine measurement by alkaline picrate reagents is subject to positive interference by acetoacetate. Enzymatic reagents avoid this interference and have been adapted to instruments such as the Ektachem-400 (Kodak). By documenting the discrepancy between alkaline picrate and Ektachem determinations for creatinine, the authors prospectively identified ketotic patients in whom the presence of ketones was responsible for a significant creatinine error. During their three-month survey, they identified 50 such ketotic inpatients. Those admitted to the medicine service represented almost 5% of all medicine admissions over this time. Of the total specimens, the mean discrepancy was 14 +/- 8 mg/L with a range of 4-44 mg/L. The greater the ketosis, the greater the discrepancy. Two-thirds of the samples were normal on the Ektachem but greater than normal by picrate methods. In addition to diabetes or ethanol abuse, 17% of the ketotic patients had severe or terminal illness that was generally associated with malnutrition.
Dendritic Signal Integration

Neurons integrate inputs from a large number of synapses in a process called synaptic integration. The term ‘dendritic integration’ refers to aspects of synaptic integration that occur in dendrites. To understand dendritic integration, it is necessary to understand basic principles of synaptic integration, as well as the ways in which branching dendrites affect synaptic integration. This article reviews what is known about these processes, beginning with simple examples of interactions between excitatory synapses and progressing to more complex cases, including dendritically localized excitatory and inhibitory synapses and the influence of dendritic voltage-gated channels on dendritic integration.
Mastoiditis with concomitant Lemierre's syndrome.

Abstract Otalgia with mastoiditis is an infrequently encountered complication of acute otitis media (Pfaff and Moore, 2018). Even more rare is the development of infected jugular venous thrombosis, Lemierre's disease. We present a case of a six year-old girl with otalgia for over two months who presented to our Emergency Department (ED) with clinical mastoiditis, confirmed on CT scan, as well as an incidental diagnosis of complete thrombosis of the internal jugular (IJ) vein, Lemierre's syndrome. The true prevalence of Lemierre's from mastoiditis is difficult to discern. This clinical case highlights the importance of the consideration of these pathologies by the emergency physician.
Toward Long-Distance Subdiffraction Imaging Using Coherent Camera Arrays

In this work, we propose using camera arrays coupled with coherent illumination as an effective method of improving spatial resolution in long distance images by a factor of ten and beyond. Recent advances in ptychography have demonstrated that one can image beyond the diffraction limit of the objective lens in a microscope. We demonstrate a similar imaging system to image beyond the diffraction limit in long range imaging. We emulate a camera array with a single camera attached to an $XY$ translation stage. We show that an appropriate phase retrieval based reconstruction algorithm can be used to effectively recover the lost high resolution details from the multiple low resolution acquired images. We analyze the effects of noise, required degree of image overlap, and the effect of increasing synthetic aperture size on the reconstructed image quality. We show that coherent camera arrays have the potential to greatly improve imaging performance. Our simulations show resolution gains of $10\times$ and more are achievable. Furthermore, experimental results from our proof-of-concept systems show resolution gains of $4\times - 7\times$ for real scenes. All experimental data and code is made publicly available on the project webpage. Finally, we introduce and analyze in simulation a new strategy to capture macroscopic Fourier Ptychography images in a single snapshot, albeit using a camera array.
The effect of heparin infusion intensity on outcomes for bridging hospitalized patients with atrial fibrillation

Background Perioperative bridging in atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with low thromboembolic rates but high bleeding rates. Recent guidance cautions the practice of bridging except in high risk patients. However, the practice of bridging varies widely and little data exist regarding appropriate anticoagulation intensity when using intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH). Hypothesis To determine if high intensity UFH infusion regimens are associated with increased bleeding rates compared to low intensity regimens for bridging patients with AF. Methods We conducted a single center retrospective cohort study of admitted patients with non-valvular AF receiving UFH for ≥24 hours. UFH intensities were chosen at the providers' discretion. The primary endpoint was the rate of bleeding defined by the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis during UFH infusion or within 24 hours of discontinuation. The secondary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular events, arterial thromboembolism, venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarctions and death during UFH infusion. Results A total of 497 patients were included in this analysis. Warfarin was used in 82.1% and direct acting oral anticoagulants in 14.1% of patients. The rate of any bleed was higher among high intensity compared to low intensity UFH regimens (10.5% vs 4.9%, odds ratio = 2.29, 95% confidence interval = 1.07-4.90). Major bleeding was significantly higher among high intensity compared to low intensity UFH regimens. There was no difference in composite thrombotic events or death. Conclusions Low intensity UFH infusions, targeting lower anticoagulation targets, were associated with decreased bleeding rates without a signal of increased thromboembolic events in hospitalized AF patients.
Magnetic cholecysto-duodenal anastomosis.

Introduction: There is a growing interest in minimally invasive endoscopic gallbladder drainage therapies. Unlike stenting, a technology based on magnetic compression could theoretically produce a ...
Parental involvement in their adolescents’ organized youth programs: Perspectives from parent-adolescent dyads

AbstractThe current study explored how parents and their adolescent children describe parents’ involvement in the adolescent’s organized youth program. As part of a larger study of youth programs, ...
Understanding Car-Speak: Replacing Humans in Dealerships.

A large portion of the car-buying experience in the United States involves interactions at a car dealership. At the dealership, the car-buyer relays their needs to a sales representative. However, most car-buyers are only have an abstract description of the vehicle they need. Therefore, they are only able to describe their ideal car in "car-speak". Car-speak is abstract language that pertains to a car's physical attributes. In this paper, we define car-speak. We also aim to curate a reasonable data set of car-speak language. Finally, we train several classifiers in order to classify car-speak.
Abstract A20: Cancer cell-intrinsic expression of MHCII regulates the immune microenvironment and response to immune therapy in lung adenocarcinoma

Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1/PD-L1 interactions have shown clinical efficacy in the treatment of multiple cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the factors determining the extent and duration of therapy are incompletely understood. While antigen presentation via MHC class I interacting with CD8+ T cells has been characterized, the role of MHC class II (MHCII) interacting with CD4+ T cells is less well defined. MHCII expression is usually restricted to antigen-presenting cells, but can be expressed by cancer cells. We examined the effect of cancer cell-intrinsic MHC class II (csMHCII) expression in lung adenocarcinoma on T-cell recruitment to tumors and response to anti-PD-1 therapy. The functional significance of altering csMHCII expression was explored using two orthotopic immunocompetent murine models of non-small cell lung cancer: CMT167 (CMT) and Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC). We previously showed that CMT167 tumors are eradicated by anti-PD1 therapy, while LLC tumors are resistant. RNA-seq analysis of cancer cells recovered from tumors revealed that csMHCII correlated with response to anti-PD1 therapy, with immunotherapy-sensitive CMT167 cells being csMHCII positive, while resistant LLC cells were csMHCII negative. To test the functional effects of csMHCII, MHCII expression was altered on the cancer cells through loss and gain of function of CIITA, a master regulator of the MHCII pathway. Loss of CIITA in CMT167 decreased csMHCII and converted tumors from immunotherapy sensitive to immunotherapy resistant. This was associated with decreased T-cell infiltration and lower levels of Th1 cytokines. Conversely, overexpression of CIITA in LLC cells resulted in csMHCII in vitro and in vivo. Enforced expression of CIITA increased T-cell infiltration and sensitized tumors to anti-PD-1 therapy. csMHCII expression was also examined in a subset of surgically resected human lung adenocarcinomas by multispectral imaging, and positively correlated with T-cell infiltration. These studies demonstrate a functional role for csMHCII in regulating T-cell infiltration and sensitivity to anti-PD-1. Citation Format: Amber M. Johnson, Bonnie L. Bulock, Alexander J. Neuwelt, Erin L. Schenk, Eric T. Clambey, Raphael A. Nemenoff. Cancer cell-intrinsic expression of MHCII regulates the immune microenvironment and response to immune therapy in lung adenocarcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2019 Nov 17-20; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A20.
Summarizing 2019 in Cardiovascular Prevention Using the Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease's 'ABC's Approach.

Abstract In 2019, Preventive Cardiology welcomed many exciting discoveries that improve our ability to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) nationwide. Not only did 2019 further clarify how various environmental exposures and innate and acquired risk factors contribute to the development of CVD, but it also provided new guidelines and therapeutics to more effectively manage existing CVD. Cardiovascular disease prevention requires the prioritization of early and effective detection of CVD in order to implement aggressive lifestyle and pharmacologic therapies, which can slow, halt, or even reverse the progression of the disease. To help streamline and simplify the process of CVD prevention, The Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease has historically adopted an ‘ABC’ approach, which focuses on optimizing individual CVD risk through lifestyle, behavioral, and pharmacologic interventions. Given the practice changing research and innovation from the past year, this article intends to summarize the Ciccarone Center’s key takeaways from CVD prevention in 2019 utilizing our expanded ‘ABC’ approach.
Designing a Collaborative Game-Based Learning Environment for AI-Infused Inquiry Learning in Elementary School Classrooms

Recent years have seen growing recognition of the importance of enabling K-12 students to learn computer science. Meanwhile, artificial intelligence has emerged as a technology with the potential to profoundly reshape society. This has generated increasing demand for fostering an AI-literate populace. However, there is little work exploring how to introduce K-12 students to AI and how to support K-12 teachers in integrating AI into their classrooms. In this work, we explore introducing AI learning experiences into upper elementary classrooms (student ages 8 to 11). With a focus on integrating AI and life science, we present initial work on a collaborative game-based learning environment that features rich problem-based learning scenarios. This will enable students to gain experience with AI as it applies to solving real-world life-science problems.
A fentanyl test strip intervention to reduce overdose risk among female sex workers who use drugs in Baltimore: Results from a pilot study.

Abstract Background In 2018, there were over 67,000 drug overdose deaths in the United States, with almost half involving illicit fentanyl and other synthetic opioids. While overall age-adjusted drug overdose deaths decreased by 4.6% from 2017 to 2018, synthetic opioid deaths increased 10.0%. This pilot study evaluates the impact of a brief fentanyl test strip (FTS) intervention to increase fentanyl awareness and reduce overdose risk. Methods Female sex workers (FSW) reporting past month illicit opioid use were recruited between April 2018 through February 2019 in Baltimore City, Maryland. At baseline, they completed a baseline survey, and received tailored harm reduction messaging, 5 FTS and training, and a naloxone kit, then completed a survey after one month. McNemar's test was used to compare repeated measures. Results Among N = 103, 54% were Conclusions We found high FTS acceptability and reductions in drug use frequency and solitary drug use following FTS use among FSW who use drugs in Baltimore. These findings demonstrate that FTS-based interventions hold potential in reducing overdose risk.
The moderating role of socioeconomic status on level of responsibility, executive functioning, and cortical thinning during adolescence

Brain development is exquisitely sensitive to psychosocial experiences, with implications for neurodevelopmental trajectories, for better or worse. The premise of this investigation was that the level of responsibility in adolescence may relate to brain structure and higher-order cognitive functions. In a sample of 108 adolescents, we focused on cortical thickness (using FreeSurfer) as an indicator of neurodevelopment in regions previously implicated in executive functioning (EF) and examined performance on an EF task outside of the scanner, in the context of level of responsibility. We further investigated whether socioeconomic status (SES) and family stress moderated the relationship between responsibility and brain structure or EF. Findings revealed that greater responsibility was related to thinner left precuneus and right middle frontal cortex. In lower SES adolescents, greater responsibility predicted thinner left precuneus and right middle frontal cortex, which have been consistently implicated in EF. Higher SES adolescents did not show structural differences related to responsibility, however, they did exhibit better EF performance. It may be that circumstances surrounding the need for greater responsibility in lower SES households are detrimental to neurodevelopment compared to higher SES households. Alternatively, responsibility may act as a protective factor that bolsters cortical thinning in regions related to EF.