cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separation of Hydroxylated Metabolites of Fatty Acids (C10-C18) on a μPorasil Silica Column Using an Isocratic HPLC System

Abstract A simple, versatile, and rapid normal-phase isocratic HLPC system is described for the analysis of the major (omega and omega-1) metabolites of C10-C18 chain length fatty acids formed upon incubation with rat liver microsomes and NADPH. Quantitation was achieved by radiometric detection. Chromatographic separation was performed by elution of the fatty acids and their omega and omega-1 metabolites from a 10μ silica column (μPorasil) with hexane:2-propanol:acetic acid (96.5:2.5:1.0). Retention times for these metabolites ranged from 10 to 13 minutes for stearic acid and from 16 to 21 minutes for capric acid. Recovery of the fatty acids and their metabolites from the column was greater than 95 percent. Relative quantitative conversion of the fatty acid substrates to omega and omega-1 metabolites was in the following order: myristic acid > capric acid=lauric acid=palmitic acid ≫ stearic acid. The omega products were formed preferentially over the omega-1 products of all the fatty acids except lauric ...
Growth of epitaxial Y2O3 buffer layers on biaxially textured Ni–W substrates for YBCO coated conductors by MOD approach

Abstract We have grown epitaxial Y2O3 buffer layers on biaxially textured Ni–W substrates for YBCO coated conductors using a newly developed metal organic decomposition (MOD) approach. Y2O3 precursor solution of 0.25 M concentration was spin coated on short samples of Ni-3 at.%W (Ni–W) substrates and heat-treated at 1150 °C in a gas mixture of Ar–4% H2 for an hour. Detailed X-ray studies indicate that Y2O3 films have good out-of-plane and in-plane textures with full-width-half-maximum values of 6.22° and 7.51°, respectively. SEM and AFM investigations of Y2O3 films reveal a fairly dense and smooth microstructure without cracks and porosity. Highly textured YSZ barrier layers and CeO2 cap layers were deposited on MOD Y2O3-buffered Ni–W substrates using rf-magnetron sputtering. Pulsed laser deposition was used to grow YBCO films on these substrates. A critical current, Jc, of about 1.21 MA/cm2 at 77 K and self-field was obtained on YBCO (PLD)/CeO2 (sputtered)/YSZ (sputtered)/Y2O3 (spin-coated)/Ni–W.
Strategic defence for the 1990s

Self-reliant defensive missiles for boost-phase interception seem to be cost-effective. Deployment would benefit all nations by decreasing the danger of rocket attack.
Efficacy and tolerability of a large scale change in regimen from latanoprost to travoprost in glaucoma patients at the Manhattan Veterans Administration Hospital.

Objective This retrospective study was designed to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of travoprost 0.004% substituted for latanoprost 0.005% in glaucoma patients at the Manhattan Veterans Administration Hospital. Research design and methods We conducted a chart review of patients with stable intraocular pressure (IOP) undergoing a formulary change in regimen from latanoprost 0.005% to travoprost 0.004%. Diagnoses included primary open angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension, pigment dispersion glaucoma, and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. Main outcome measures The primary outcome measures were IOP change between baseline and 6 months and patient-reported adverse events throughout the study. Results In the single therapy group (N = 60 eyes), the mean baseline IOP on latanoprost was 15.8 mmHg; after 6 months on travoprost, it was 14.9 mmHg (p /= 3 mmHg occurred in 28 eyes of 21 patients at 6 months. An increase of IOP >/= 3 mmHg occurred in 5 eyes of 4 patients at 6 months. One patient was switched back to latanoprost due to irritation at 3 months. No other patient-reported adverse events, including increased hyperemia, were observed throughout the follow-up period. Conclusions A change in therapeutic regimen from latanoprost 0.005% to travoprost 0.004% maintained IOP control in stable patients, and in some produced a further reduction in IOP. A change in therapy from latanoprost to travoprost was effective and well-tolerated for the glaucoma patients in this study.
Unsaponifiable matter of crude and processed coconut oil

Coconut oil samples were taken prior to and during processing. Hydrocarbons, alcohols and sterols were separated from unsaponifiable matter (UNS) by column chromatography (c.c.) on Florisil and characterised by gas-liquid chromatography (g.l.c.) Hydrocarbons ranged from the C-17 to C-32 straight chain homologs and squalene. Small amounts of iso- and/or anteiso and branched chain hydrocarbons were found. Straight chain, iso- and/or anteiso-aliphatic alcohols, and four triterpenoid alcohols were identified. The UNS contained cycloartenol, α- and β-amyrin and 24-methylenecyloartenol. Campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were found, with the latter comprising as much as 69.0% of the total sterol fraction. Some minor changes were noted in relative distribution of certain components at various stages in oil processing.
Drosophila as an emerging model to study metastasis

Metastasis is the primary cause of human cancer-related deaths. Two recent studies describe a system for testing how multiple genetic events synergize to promote neoplastic growth and metastasis in Drosophila, paving the way for systematic approaches to understanding metastasis using the powerful tools of Drosophila genetics.
Evidence gathering and projection devices using new technology for the New Denver International Airport

A discussion is presented of the evidence gathering and protection devices integrated into the security design standards, the preliminary security design, and the design development phase of the New Denver International Airport. The security analysis and design include evidence gathering and protection devices, analysis security operations, as well as lessons learned from the Stapleton International Airport in Denver, CO. The purpose of the security design standards document is to present an integrated security system design criteria for the Denver International Airport that would result in security design features and operations capable of delivering maximum protection. >
Comparing Financial Distress and Bankruptcy

For the most part, research purporting to address the issue of financial distress has actually studied samples of bankrupt companies. Financial distress and bankruptcy are different. In contrast, this paper starts with a sample of companies that are financially distressed but not yet bankrupt. The sample was obtained by screening the Compustat industry database with a three-tiered identification system. The screen bifurcated companies into financially and non-financially distressed groups. A multi-tiered screen reduces the incidence of mistakenly identifying a non-distressed company as financially distressed. The paper then compares factors indicating the likelihood of future bankruptcies to those indicating future financial distress. To do this, an early warning financial-distress model was developed and compared to a methodologically similar existent model of bankruptcy. The final financial distress model included only one variable present in the bankruptcy model and four new variables. The limited overlap of explanatory factors between the models questions the similarity of financial distress and bankruptcy. Statistical tests lend support to the notion that the bankruptcy process is not just a continuation of a downward spiraling cycle of financial distress. Our hypothesis is that financial distress is something that happens to companies as a consequence of operating decisions or external forces while bankruptcy is something that companies choose to do to protect their assets from creditors.
Small Amounts of α-Myosin Heavy Chain Isoform Expression Significantly Increase Power Output of Rat Cardiac Myocyte Fragments

Myocardial performance is likely affected by the relative expression of the two myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms, namely α-MyHC and β-MyHC. The relative expression of each isoform is regulated developmentally and in pathophysiological states. Many pathophysiological states are associated with small shifts in the relative expression of each MyHC isoform, yet the functional consequence of these shifts remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the functional effect of a small shift in the relative expression of α-MyHC. To this end, power output was measured in rat cardiac myocyte fragments that expressed ≈12% α-MyHC and in myocyte fragments that expressed ≈0% α-MyHC, as determined in the same cells by SDS-PAGE analysis after mechanical experiments. Myocyte fragments expressing ≈12% α-MyHC developed ≈52% greater peak normalized power output than myocyte fragments expressing ≈0% α-MyHC. These results indicate that small amounts of α-MyHC expression significantly augment myocyte power output.
Reciprocal congenics defining individual quantitative trait Loci for sedative/hypnotic sensitivity to ethanol.

Background: We have identified four major genes or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that determine duration of loss of righting reflex (LORR), induced by sedative doses of ethanol:Lore1, Lore2, Lore4, and Lore5. Together these genes explain more than 50% of the phenotypic variance for sensitivity to the sedative/hypnotic effects of ethanol between the Inbred Long Sleep (ILS) and Inbred Short Sleep (ISS) strains of mice. The derivation of these strains is reviewed here. Methods: Each QTL has been bred onto the opposite background (ILS or ISS) through 10 rounds of backcrossing by using QTL-marker-assisted counter selection to produce reciprocal congenic strains. Mice were genotyped for markers that flanked each of the QTLs. Selection for the donor at the desired QTL, and against donor markers at the other four QTLs, allowed rapid fixation of the genetic background. Phenotypic assessment in the ISS-recipient congenic strains was conducted throughout the backcross. Results: By the N5 generation, phenotypic assessments failed to detect significant effects in some sublines; these sublines were discarded and positive lines split to create new replicate sublines. In the N10, all sublines retained the phenotypic difference between heterozygotes and ISS homozygotes; however, the expected additive effect was not found in the Lore1 congenics. On the ILS background, each Lore was captured, as shown by the expected differential LORR. Two strains on the ILS background, and one on the ISS, exhibited the differential effect on blood ethanol concentration associated with the donor strain. Conclusions: Congenic strains represent an important resource for confirmation of previously identified QTLs, for identification and mapping of additional phenotypes, and for exclusion of candidate genes. QTL-marker-assisted selection rapidly stabilized the genetic background within four generations (based on phenotypic assessments); however, phenotypic selection during the backcrossing to generate congenic strains did not contribute to the successful capture of the ISS QTLs.
Test–retest reliability and discriminant validity of the SWAP‐200 in a psychoanalytic treatment sample

To assess the test–retest reliability of the Shedler–Westen Assessment Procedure-200 (SWAP-200) personality disorder, high functioning, and Q-factor (trait/symptom) scales, we correlated the reports of 47 psychoanalysts describing a patient at the beginning of analysis and at 6 months of analysis. Since the length of psychoanalysis averages almost 6 years, and since personality disorders change slowly, we hypothesized that the test–retest reliabilities of the personality disorder scale scores would be higher than those of the Q-factor scales, which should change more quickly. The average personality disorder scale test–retest reliability was r= .82 and the average Q-factor scale test–retest reliability was r= .64. The values for mismatched cases were .02 and −.05, respectively. Analysts also provided a clinical Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) diagnosis for each of 77 patients. The SWAP-200 scores for patients with an Axis I diagnosis of depression and for four of the five Axis II diagnoses with four or more cases provide support for the validity of the SWAP-200.
Enzymatic hydrolysis, extraction, and quantitation of retinol and major carotenoids in mature human milk 1

Abstract An improved method for enzymatic hydrolysis, extraction, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation of major carotenoids and retinol of mature human milk is described. After pretreatment with bile salts and protease, carotenoids and retinol are released by lipase treatment followed with brief chemical saponification. The HPLC method provides enhanced peak resolution and improved elution profiles. The procedure is nondestructive to provitamin-A carotenoids while effectively hydrolyzing retinyl esters. Using this method, we were able to significantly increase the recovery of both β-carotene and retinol from human milk over previously published procedures. The method is sensitive to picomolar quantities of carotenoids and retinol. Retinol, lutein/zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, α-carotene, and β-carotene are effectively recovered and quantitated from a single 1-mL sample of milk.
Non-linear effects in the RHIC interaction regions: measurement and correction

A technique for measuring and correcting locally non-linear effects arising from field errors and feed-down from the interaction region (IR) triplets has been developed at RHIC. After a brief review of the method, we will compare measurements taken with different IR optics configurations, with beta at the interaction point ranging from 3 to 1 m. The beam data are compared with results from a realistic RHIC model, which includes measured field errors in the magnets, and simulates operational effects and corrections. A control room application has been developed for the RHIC run 2003 that allows faster measurements of non-linear effects, online plotting and fitting of non-linear terms from measurements of tune shift as a function of orbit bump amplitude. Results for local non-linear correction during run 2003 are presented.
Short-term activity cycles in ants: a phase-response curve and phase resetting in worker activity

Single, isolated worker ants are known to become spontaneously active and to respond to interactions with other, active ants. Here I explore the consequences of an interaction between two worker ants on the timing of activity. Isolated worker ants become active after an interval that is characteristic for each individual. The effect of an interaction between two worker ants is strongly dependent on when the interaction takes place. The effect of an interaction is always to decrease the expected interval until the onset of activity. By studying the effect of an interaction on subsequent intervals of activity, it is possible to reject the hypothesis that the change in timing of activity is due to a change in the characteristic period of activity. Rather, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that an interaction causes a phase shift in the normal activity oscillation. The phase-response curve is derived from the observational data. A knowledge of the dynamics of the interactions of individual ants is necessary in order to begin to reconstruct the patterns of colony behavioral activity.
How Psychological Science Informs the Teaching of Reading

This monograph discusses research, theory, and prac- tice relevant to how children learn to read English. After an initial overview of writing systems, the discussion summarizes research from developmental psychology on children's lan- guage competency when they enter school and on the nature of early reading development. Subsequent sections review theo- ries of learning to read, the characteristics of children who do not learn to read (i.e., who have developmental dyslexia), re- search from cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience on skilled reading, and connectionist models of learning to read. The implications of the research findings for learning to read and teaching reading are discussed. Next, the primary methods used to teach reading (phonics and whole language) are summarized. The final section reviews laboratory and classroom studies on teaching reading. From these different sources of evidence, two inescapable conclusions emerge: (a) Mastering the alphabetic principle (that written symbols are associated with phonemes) is essential to becoming proficient in the skill of reading, and (b) methods that teach this principle directly are more effective than those that do not (especially for children who are at risk in some way for having difficulty learning to read). Using whole-language activities to supple- ment phonics instruction does help make reading fun and meaningful for children, but ultimately, phonics instruction is critically important because it helps beginning readers under- stand the alphabetic principle and learn new words. Thus, ele- mentary-school teachers who make the alphabetic principle explicit are most effective in helping their students become skilled, independent readers.
Prepare for a major disaster: the laboratory and beyond.

he world has changed. The Oklahoma City bombing, the World Trade Center attacks, and the proliferation of terrorist organizations intent upon inflicting massive innocent loss of life have heightened the level of emergency preparedness we must achieve. A practical perspective is that while terrorist threats have driven enhanced emergency planning worldwide, the payoffs of preparedness for most of us will more likely accrue for a natural, nonterroristic disaster caused by incidents of nature or accidents of man. If the worst happens, we must respond as a team to best preserve lives and livelihoods: first responders; local, county and state governmental agencies; public health and humanitarian entities; and healthcare facilities and laboratories. This article highlights generic relationships within this team and promotes preparedness for selected nonanalytic challenges a laboratory may experience during a major emergency. The purpose of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, formerly NCCLS) Report X4-R, Planning for Challenges to Clinical Laboratory Operations During a Disaster, is to fill a perceived gap in readily available information geared specifically to logistical, nonanalytic challenges to laboratory operations during a major emergency. The focus of this article is the challenges faced by hospital-associated laboratories, and it draws upon X4-R to help laboratory leadership appraise the preparedness level in their community, facility, and laboratory. It should be noted that preparedness plans for hospital-associated and independent laboratories are different. The emergency universe
Epidemiological risk factors for isolation of ceftriaxone-resistant versus -susceptible citrobacter freundii in hospitalized patients.

Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging problem among nosocomial bacteria. Risk factors for the recovery of ceftriaxone-resistant (CRCF) or -susceptible (CSCF) Citrobacter freundii in clinical cultures from hospitalized patients were determined by using a case-case-control study design. CRCF was isolated from 43 patients (case group 1) and CSCF was isolated from 87 patients (case group 2) over a 3-year period. Risk factors for CRCF were exposure to imipenem (odds ratio [OR], 7.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 45.4), broad-spectrum cephalosporins (OR, 6.9; 95% CI, 1.8 to 26.7), vancomycin (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.2 to 7.4), or piperacillin-tazobactam (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1 to 6.2), as well as hospital length of stay ≥1 week (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.3 to 10.2) and intensive care unit (ICU) stay (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1 to 6.2). Risk factors for CSCF were peripheral vascular disease (OR, 23.2; 95% CI, 4.3 to 124.6), AIDS (OR, 9.5; 95% CI, 1.6 to 55.5), cerebrovascular disease (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.6 to 10.8), and ICU stay (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.8 to 5.4).
Influence of different methods of synchronized mechanical ventilation on ventilation, gas exchange, patient effort, and blood pressure fluctuations in premature neonates

We studied the effects of two methods of synchronized mechanical ventilation [synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) and assist/control (A/C)] on ventilation, gas exchange, patient effort, and arterial blood pressure (ABP) fluctuations. SIMV and A/C were applied in random order in 12 preterm neonates (gestational age, 29.7 +/- 2.3 weeks; birth weight, 1,217 +/- 402 g). We measured total (Vetot) and mechanical (Vemech) minute ventilation, spontaneous (Vtspont) and ventilator supported (Vtmech) tidal volume, transcutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2), transcutaneous PO2 (TcPO2), and PCO2, (TcPCO2), mean airway pressure (Paw), phasic esophageal pressure deflections (Pe) as an estimate of inspiratory effort, mean arterial blood pressure (ABP), and beat-to-beat ABP fluctuations. The measurements obtained during conventional intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) were compared with the recordings during SIMV and A/C. To make the measurement conditions comparable and to prevent hyperventilation, peak inspiratory pressure was reduced during the A/C mode so that Vetot remained in the same range as during the IMV mode. Whereas Vetot was similar in all three conditions by study design, Vemech was larger during SIMV and A/C than during IMV. Vtmech increased during SIMV and by study design was smaller during A/C than during IMV. Pe decreased during SIMV and A/C compared with IMV, and Paw was higher during A/C than during IMV or SIMV. Beat-to-beat ABP fluctuations were reduced during SIMV and A/C compared with IMV and showed a close positive correlation with Pe changes. We conclude that SIMV increases Vemech and reduces Pe compared with IMV, resulting in smaller intrathoracic and ABP fluctuations. During A/C, a substantial portion of the spontaneous respiratory effort is shifted to the ventilator, resulting in a further decrease in Pe and ABP fluctuations.
Lateral motion of bubbles from surfaces with mini ratchet topography modifications during pool boiling- experiments and preliminary model

A means to passively effect liquid motion parallel to the surface through surface modifications is presented. The geometry considered is that of repeated array of silicon ratchets with reentrant cavities located on the shallow face of each ratchet. The surface is heated on the bottom side using a thin-film serpentine heater. Experiments were performed using deionized water at atmospheric pressures and subcoolings of 5°C and 20°C. High-speed videos were used to resolve bubble behavior near the surface. A preferential non-vertical bubble growth and departure direction was observed for both subcooling conditions. Tracking of bubbles was accomplished using a custom algorithm, which resolved instantaneous component of velocity of bubbles parallel to the surface in excess of 600 mm/s immediately following departure in the high subcooling condition. Mean horizontal component of velocities of bubbles farther from the surface, which were tracking the liquid velocity, were resolved in the range of 25 and 35 mm/s. A semi-empirical model based on bubble growth is presented to predict the observed liquid velocities.
Work in Progress: Creating an Interdisciplinary Research Agenda on the Social Dynamics of Campus Change

A workshop was held that brought together researchers from the fields of engineering education and sociology in order to examine what is known, and what needs to be known, about the social dynamics of campus change, specifically within engineering colleges. The goal of the cross-disciplinary working group was to develop a research agenda that will provide a context for examining the social and organizational processes that affect the diffusion and acceptance of new engineering curricula and pedagogy. Workshop attendees participated in sessions related to one of three topic areas: organizational context and faculty behavior, faculty rewards, and diffusing innovations. This paper will examine how well these two communities of researchers worked together, what the outcomes of the workshop were, and what the next steps are for the project.
A Few Precautionary Words Concerning Terminology

The terms “replication” and “reproduction” are often used interchangeably in referring to processes of numerical increase in and of molecular systems. But because the processes to which they refer take place at different levels of system operation, the two terms have different meanings and different logical consequences. “Replication” is a phenomenon of individual system components and concerns multiplication of the molecules and molecular structures that are discrete elements of the system (e.g., RNAs, phospholipids, ribosomes, centrioles). “Reproduction” is a phenomenon of the system as a whole and concerns multiplication of the entire supramolecular assembly as a single entity (e.g., a micelle, liposome, or cell). These meanings differ in ways that are crucial to any discussion concerning chemical evolution and origins and early evolution of life. If as biologists, chemists, and philosophers of science we wish to share discussion of these matters, it is important that we know the different implications of these term and that we use them with clarity.
From Psychoanalyst to Psychoanalyst/Researcher

This letter is to all the readers of this book and especially to psychoanalysts. I was asked to share my recent journey as an evidence-based researcher and practicing psychoanalyst. I have had a hidden demon on my unconscious for a very long time, inaccessible to me over the last 25 years. Having worked hard for many years at my institute and at the American Psychoanalytic Association as a teacher, administrator, and supervisor of candidates while serving as a training analyst, there remained a part of me that envied the empirical researcher. The world of research grants, statistical analysis, and evidenced-based treatment was essentially off limits to most psychoanalysts due to the culture of relative isolation from typical scientific methods thought not to apply to our field.
Biomarkers of post-deployment resilience among military service members

The development of PTSD after military deployment is influenced by a combination of biopsychosocial risk and resilience factors. In particular, physiological factors may mark risk for symptom progression or resiliency. Research in civilian populations suggests elevated catecholamines after trauma are associated with PTSD months following the trauma. However, less is known regarding physiological markers of PTSD resilience among post-deployment service members (SM). We therefore assessed whether catecholamines obtained shortly after deployment were associated with combat-related PTSD symptoms three months later. Eighty-seven SMs completed the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV and blood draws within two months after return from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan (“Time 1” or “T1”) and three months later (“Time 2” or “T2”). Linear regression analyses demonstrated that lower norepinephrine at T1 was associated with lower PTSD symptoms at T2. In particular, T1 norepinephrine was positively associated with T2 symptom intensity and avoidance symptoms. The present findings represent a biologically-informed method of assessing PTSD resilience after deployment, which may aid clinicians in providing tailored treatments for those in the greatest need. Further research is needed to validate these findings and incorporate physiological measures within an assessment battery.
Feocromocitoma adrenal metastático para a coluna torácica

Relato de caso de feocromocitoma adrenal com metastase para a coluna que ocorreu ha mais de 20 anos apos o diagnostico inicial. Mulher de 34 anos com historia de feocromocitoma metastatico diagnosticado na idade de 12 anos, apresentando fraqueza, palpitacoes do coracao e dor nas costas circunferencial ha cinco meses. A paciente tinha realizado laparotomia para metastases abdominal e hepatica. Durante o procedimento revelou uma lesao destrutiva em T9. Apos duas semanas de fenoxibenzamina pre-operatorios para controlar sua hipertensao, submeteu-se a descompressao, fixacao e posterior fusao. A intervencao cirurgica foi seguida por terapia de radiacao, acido zoledronico e apenas um ciclo de quimioterapia, devido a intolerância e aos efeitos colaterais. A paciente sobreviveu 25 anos apos o diagnostico original, o que excede em muito a sobrevida media de menos de 15 anos. A paciente morreu 26 meses apos o pos-operatorio, devido a progressao da doenca. Feocromocitoma com metastases para coluna ocorrida ha mais de 20 anos apos o diagnostico e muito raro, devendo ser considerada no diagnostico diferencial de um paciente com uma historia de feocromocitoma.
The Nanoscale Ordered MAterials Diffractometer NOMAD at the Spallation Neutron Source SNS

Abstract The Nanoscale Ordered MAterials Diffractometer (NOMAD) is neutron time-of-flight diffractometer designed to determine pair distribution functions of a wide range of materials ranging from short range ordered liquids to long range ordered crystals. Due to a large neutron flux provided by the Spallation Neutron Source SNS and a large detector coverage neutron count-rates exceed comparable instruments by one to two orders of magnitude. This is achieved while maintaining a relatively high momentum transfer resolution of a δ Q / Q ∼ 0.8 % FWHM (typical), and a possible δ Q / Q of 0.24 % FWHM (best). The real space resolution is related to the maximum momentum transfer; a maximum momentum transfer of 50 A−1 can be obtained routinely and the maximum momentum transfer given by the detector configuration and the incident neutron spectrum is 125 A - 1 . High stability of the source and the detector allow small contrast isotope experiments to be performed. A detailed description of the instrument is given and the results of experiments with standard samples are discussed.
Justice Matthew O. Tobriner Memorial Lecture - 'Here Come De Judge': The Role of Faith in Progressive Decision-Making

In this year's Tobriner Memorial Lecture, "Here Come de Judge: The Role of Faith in Progressive Decision-Making," Professor Bell examines the role of minority judges (and the criticisms lodged against them) in judicial efforts to eliminate discrimination and exploitation. Professor Bell argues that decisions that help correct past abuses, such as those upholding affirmative action, are temporary at best because society quickly renders them ineffectual and marginal. Professor Bell further argues that even the minorities who occupy positions of stature within the legal system, such as judges and scholars, are used against the larger minority population because they are held up as living proof that there is no color bar in America. Given this, Professor Bell questions whether the struggle is worth the effort. Concluding that there is no cure for racism, he concludes, nonetheless, that minority judges must continue to struggle for its own sake and rely on faith to go on and, as the slave singers urged, "see what the end will be."
Positive Behavior Support A Proposal for Updating and Refining the Definition

Positive behavior support (PBS) has been a dynamic and growing enterprise for more than 25 years. During this period, PBS has expanded applications across a wide range of populations and multiple l...
Using Multitemporal Imagery to Improve Mapping and Inventory of Forested Roads in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula

Although a road network provides transportation for people and goods, several negative ecological impacts stem from a road network. Significant effects of concern for rural roads include an increase in the number of road–stream crossings, which can potentially cause fish passage problems, in-stream habitat impacts, increased stream sedimentation, and an increase in potentially affected wetlands through hydrologic alteration. Although several studies have examined and quantified the effects that roads have on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, many studies may have been made on the basis of incomplete road network data sets. An updated and improved road network data set is needed before researchers can draw inferences that quantify the total ecological impact that a road network has on an ecosystem. The purpose of this work was to develop an updated and improved regional road network data layer through interpretation of existing multitemporal aerial imagery, with the resulting geographic information syste...
Local deformation rigidity of reinforced concrete beam under low velocity impact

Sectional rigidity of reinforced concrete beam under low velocity impact and flexible stiffness of contact region between the impact body and structure were mainly studied.The beam was divided into two stages before and after the oblique crack.The beam was considered an elastic body,the deflection of the contact region was composed of deflections of the concrete in press and tension, and the rigidity of contact region in this stage was deduced according to the definition of the deflection.The rigidity of contact region was constrained with bending-shearing beam element of xw,tension steel bar and the concrete column between the impact body and the inferior steel bar,and the deflection of this stage was deduced.With the formula for flexible stiffness of the two stages, the contacting stiffness of the beam under low velocity impact were computed and analyzed by way of example,and the conclusion was obtained that the stage before the oblique crack can be ignored.
Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior of SA508-III Steel

The gas phase thermal charging method was performed for SA508-Ⅲ steel with H charging at high temperature and high pressure. The interaction between H and the tensile deformation behavior was studied at room temperature to clarify the hydrogen-induced brittleness mechanism and provide the basic data for the steel design of nuclear power plant. The results showed that the yield strength of the steel with H charged slightly increases,and the reduction area obviously decreases. The fracture morphology changes from normal micro-void coalescence fracture to mixture of river pattern and dimple fracture due to H charging. The increase of the yield strength ascribes to the pinning effect of H on dislocation,thus the initiation of dislocation can be resisted. During the plastic deformation process, H moves following the moving dislocations and concentrates at the interfaces between the carbides and matrix. Once H concentration reaches the critical value, the bonding force between the carbides and matrix decreases,resulting that the ductility of the steel decreases.
Public Health Concerns Associated with the New York City Blackout of 1977

The 1977 New York City blackout began at 9:36 p.m. on 13 July and lasted some 25 h until 10:39 p.m. on 14 July. The New York City Department of Health rapidly set up a Blackout Contingency Plan, established priorities, and mobilized its staff to address remedial interventions. Top priorities included water supplies, sewage disposal, perishable food supplies, hospital and emergency room services, solid waste disposal, beach contamination with untreated sewage , and assisting those on electrically powered home life support systems. The 1977 blackout occurred during an extended heat wave. An analysis of total deaths and deaths due to pulmonary and cardiovascular/renal diseases by day correlated with temperatures. However, there was no direct correlation with the blackout itself, in part perhaps because of the confounding influence of high temperatures. The increase of deaths on very hot days outside of the blackout period lends strong support to the relationship between increased deaths and high ambient temperatures. The 1977 New York City blackout was distinguished from those of 1965 and 2003 by violence, arson, and looting that occurred in several areas. These acts resulted in 204 civilian injuries, 436 police injuries, 80 firefighter injuries, and 1037 fires. The violence, arson, and looting caused extensive long-term physical and functional damage to certain areas of two boroughs of the city, Brooklyn and the Bronx. Although the New York City Department of Health had not previously established a disaster preparedness plan, its professionals quickly rose to the occasion because they were able to draw upon vast public health practice experience and ingenuity.
The Silvicultural Implications of Age Patterns in Two Southern Pine Stands After 72 Years of Uneven-Aged Management

A randomized sample of 250 loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.) pine ring counts was collected from the Good and Poor Farm Forestry compartments on the Crossett Experimental Forest. These mature, pine-dominated stands have been managed using uneven-aged silviculture since 1937. Our sample shows that both of these compartments have many different age classes although few distinct cohorts. Over the decades, pine recruitment followed the dozens of timber harvests and occasional natural mortality events (e.g., lightning strikes, ice storms, windthrow, insects, and disease). After more than 70 years of active management, only 5% of the overstory pines are shortleaf and about 6% of all pines originated before the imposition of uneven-aged silviculture. The age structure of these stands can be used to adapt conventional silvicultural treatments. For example, a wide range of ages was found in the sawtimber size classes, indicating that productivity improvements are still possible. The data also suggest that it may be possible to modify current practices to alter the age structure to favor other kinds of ecosystem services (e.g., wildlife habitat).
Modeling vector-borne disease risk in migratory animals under climate change

Recent theory suggests that animals that migrate to breed at higher latitudes may benefit from reduced pressure from natural enemies, including pathogens ("migratory escape"), and that migration itself weeds out infected individuals and lowers infection prevalence ("migratory culling"). The distribution and activity period of arthropod disease vectors in temperate regions is expected to respond rapidly to climate change, which could reduce the potential for migratory escape. However, climate change could have the opposite effect of reducing transmission if differential responses in the phenology and distribution of migrants and disease vectors reduce their overlap in space and time. Here we outline a simple modeling framework for exploring the influence of climate change on vector-borne disease dynamics in a migratory host. We investigate two scenarios under which pathogen transmission dynamics might be mediated by climate change: (1) vectors respond more rapidly than migrants to advancing phenology at temperate breeding sites, causing peak susceptible host density and vector emergence to diverge ("migratory mismatch") and (2) reduced migratory propensity allows increased nonbreeding survival of infected hosts and larger breeding-site epidemics (loss of migratory culling, here referred to as "sedentary amplification"). Our results highlight the need for continued surveillance of climate-induced changes to migratory behavior and vector activity to predict pathogen prevalence and its impacts on migratory animals.
Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma and Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) is a neoplasm composed of B-cells that show a spectrum of plasmacytoid differentiation. The definition of LPL and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) underwent extensive revision between the 2001 and 2008 versions of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. The definition of WM is both clear and well accepted by clinicians, defined as LPL involving the bone marrow and is associated with a serum IgM paraprotein of any level. The definition of the category of LPL is more broad; it includes all cases of WM as well as patients who do not have bone marrow involvement. In addition, although most patients with LPL have a serum IgM paraprotein, the paraprotein can be of any type (IgG or IgA most common non-IgM type) or entirely absent.
Use of Diuretics in Disorders of Calcium Metabolism

Publisher Summary The mechanism of action of the different classes of diuretics on renal calcium (Ca) transport is reviewed in this chapter together with the order of the respective sites of action in the tubule. Osmotic diuretics, such as mannitol, increase both sodium (Na) and Ca excretion in urine. The mechanism probably involves parallel inhibition of sodium and calcium reabsorption in both the proximal tubule and the loop of Henle, overwhelming the more distal calcium reabsorptive mechanisms. Although acetazolamide inhibits both Na and Ca reabsorption in the proximal tubule, in the final urine, only Na excretion is increased, while Ca excretion is either unchanged or reduced. This observation clearly suggests a preferential reabsorption of Ca in the distal nephron. Postulated mechanisms include a direct thiazide-like effect on distal Ca reabsorption, or a distal inhibitory effect on Na reabsorption with consequent reduction in lumen electronegativity and parallel reduction in potential difference driven Ca reabsorption. Since acetazolamide also inhibits proximal bicarbonate reabsorption, the consequent increase in distal delivery of this molecule may increase Ca reabsorption similar to that observed in metabolic alkalosis.
Antibody Synthesis in Vitro

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines discussions held in a workshop on study of antibody synthesis in vitro. The workshop was divided into two parts, the first involving presentations previously offered by prospective participants and the second, a more free-wheeling discussion from the floor. The discussions generally involved the roles of various fractions of spleen cell suspensions, the roles and interactions of cells of the thymus and bone marrow, and their presumed derivatives in the spleen, and macrophages. Evidence for a role of carrier sensitivity even among some B cells was offered in one study in which heavily irradiated mice were reconstituted with T and B cells of donor mice which had received. The adequacy of native thymus cells to serve a T-cell function was examined in a study in which heterologous ALS was used for a selective suppression of T cells. The second part of the workshop attempted to examine the potential role of in vitro systems for providing unique insights into the mechanisms of immune responses.
Chapter 41 – Clinically useful information

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the clinical significance of some alloantibodies to blood group antigens, and the characteristics of some blood group alloantibodies. The chapter presents antigen-negative incidence for common polymorphic antigens. To calculate the incidence of compatible donors, the incidences of antigen-negative donors are multiplied for each antibody. The chapter presents potentially useful information for problem-solving in immunohematology. Alloantibodies that may have in vitro hemolytic properties are discussed. Conditions associated with suppression (sometimes total) or with alteration of antigen expression are presented. The chapter presents causes of apparent in vivo hemolysis. The normal ranges of hematology values in adults are also discussed.
Optimal shape and location of piezoelectric materials for topology optimization of flextensional actuators

Piezoelectric actuator has been increasingly used in MEMS system due to its advantage of generality and flexibility. A flextensional actuator consist of a piezoceramic device, which can convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa, and a flexible mechanical structure, which can convert and amplify the output piezoceramic displacement in the desired direction and magnitude. A recent research in this area is optimizing the topology of the mechanical part while fixing the electrical part. In this research, the location and shape of the piezoelectrical component is optimization as an discrete problem. The mixed optimization problem has been solved by two-layer optimization procedure combining SLP and GA. The obtained optimal result is presented and discussed.
Pricing for the Optimal Coordination of Opportunistic Agents

We consider a system where a load aggregator (LA) serves a large number of small-sized, economically-driven consumers with deferrable demand, as envisioned in the smart electricity grid and data networks. In these systems, consumers can behave opportunistically by deferring their demand in response to the prices, to obtain economic gains. However, if not controlled properly, such opportunistic behavior can be detrimental to the system by creating aggregate effects that lead to undesirable fluctuations in price and total load. To avoid the unwanted effects of demand-side flexibilities and to reap system-wide benefits from them, we propose two novel real-time dynamic pricing algorithms. The first algorithm communicates individual prices to consumers by adding small random perturbations to a common price. The second algorithm introduces a secondary price that penalizes the change in users' consumption in time. The common feature of both algorithms is creating differentiation among consumers and, thus, regulating the aggregate load. We conduct comprehensive numerical investigations and show that the LA and consumers economically benefit under the proposed pricing schemes.
Changes in Soil Organic Carbon After Five Years of Biowaste Compost Application in a Mediterranean Vegetable Cropping System

Abstract Biowaste compost can influence soil organic matter accumulation directly or indirectly. A 5-year experiment was conducted to assess the influence of biowaste compost on the process of soil aggregation and soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation in a Mediterranean vegetable cropping system. The study involved four treatments: biowaste compost (COM), mineral NPK fertilizers (MIN), biowaste compost with half-dose N fertilizer (COMN), and unfertilized control (CK). The SOC stocks were increased in COM, COMN, and MIN by 20.2, 14.9, and 2.4 Mg ha−1 over CK, respectively. The SOC concentration was significantly related to mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWD) (P 250 μm) by 2.7 and 0.6 g kg−1 soil, respectively, while MIN showed a loss of 0.4 g kg−1 soil. The SOC amount in free microaggregates (53–250 μm) increased by 0.9, 1.6, and 1.0 g kg−1 soil for COM, COMN, and MIN, respectively, while those in the free silt plus clay aggregates ( 250 μm. Therefore, we consider that biowaste compost could be effective in improving soil structure and long-term C sequestration as more stable MOM-C.