cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Malaria transmission-blocking immunity: Identification of epitopes and evaluation of immunogenicity

The eradication of malaria was conceived in the mid-1950s as an activity of limited duration. With the recognition in the late 1960s that eradication was not feasible, attention turned to control and newer approaches to combat this major cause of human misery. According to published estimates, malaria parasites annually infect 250 to 300 million people, cause 100-120 million clinical cases, and kill 1 to 2 million people. Including recent estimates of malaria from sub-Saharan Africa, these numbers could be as high as 500-900 million infections annually. Insecticide resistance in the mosquitoes, drug resistance in the parasites are, among many others (poverty, ignorance, social disruptions and often inadequate national resources, etc.), major causes for resurgence of malaria worldwide (Oaks et al. 1991). Over the last 20 years, major scientific advances have been made in the understanding of the immuno-biology of host-parasite interactions. The major goal of malaria research at the molecular and immunological fronts has been the identification and characterization of vaccine candidates.
Harris Lecture: Abortion and the 'Woman Question': Forty Years of Debate

For the last four decades, abortion has been the site of struggles over the woman question, just as for decades schools were the site of struggles over the race question, or today the institution of marriage is the site of struggles over the standing of gays and lesbians. This lecture commemorates Roe’s fortieth anniversary by reconstructing how the woman question became entangled in the abortion debate in the twentieth century. The abortion debate is commonly thought to concern the question of when life begins. But the question of when life begins is not the only question that makes the abortion debate explosive. I will show how the entrance of women’s rights claims into the abortion debate fatefully changed it, and led opponents of abortion to engage the woman question in terms that have changed shape over the last several decades, from the frames of “pro-family” to the more contemporary discourse associated with claims that “abortion hurts women.” Tracing the four decade arc of this conversation allows us to see more clearly the many forms in which the “woman question” can be expressed in cases that will reach the Roberts Court in the coming decade.
A Visual Interpretation of Fiber Optic Circular Vortex Modes Generated by an Acoustic Long-Period Grating

A study of fiber optic vortex modes generated by an acoustic long-period grating is done based on graphical simulations of modal field time evolutions and intensity distributions.
Computational psychotherapy research: scaling up the evaluation of patient-provider interactions.

In psychotherapy, the patient-provider interaction contains the treatment’s active ingredients. However, the technology for analyzing the content of this interaction has not fundamentally changed in decades, limiting both the scale and specificity of psychotherapy research. New methods are required in order to “scale up” to larger evaluation tasks and “drill down” into the raw linguistic data of patient-therapist interactions. In the current paper we demonstrate the utility of statistical text analysis models called topic models for discovering the underlying linguistic structure in psychotherapy. Topic models identify semantic themes (or topics) in a collection of documents (here, transcripts). We used topic models to summarize and visualize 1,553 psychotherapy and drug therapy (i.e., medication management) transcripts. Results showed that topic models identified clinically relevant content, including affective, content, and intervention related topics. In addition, topic models learned to identify specific types of therapist statements associated with treatment related codes (e.g., different treatment approaches, patient-therapist discussions about the therapeutic relationship). Visualizations of semantic similarity across sessions indicate that topic models identify content that discriminates between broad classes of therapy (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy vs. psychodynamic therapy). Finally, predictive modeling demonstrated that topic model derived features can classify therapy type with a high degree of accuracy. Computational psychotherapy research has the potential to scale up the study of psychotherapy to thousands of sessions at a time, and we conclude by discussing the implications of computational methods such as topic models for the future of psychotherapy research and practice.
Efficient Forward Second-Harmonic Generation from Planar Arrays of Archimedean Nanospirals

Subwavelength Archimedean spirals have no inversion symmetry, and efficiently generate second-harmonic light when pumped by femtosecond laser pulses, especially in the circularly polarized mode that focuses the optical near field in the nanospiral center.
Renewal Theology and the ‘Common Good’

This study investigates how an account informed by sources from the Pentecostal and Charismatic Renewal tradition is able to address the domain of public theology and in particular the concept of ‘common good’. It uses the key Renewal topic of the charismata (spiritual gifts) as expressed by Paul in 1 Cor. 12.8–10 and reflects theologically on how these gifts may be used and expressed by the church for the benefit of wider society and the ‘common good’. It argues that because the mission of the church is for the benefit of the world there is an inevitable ‘spillover’ in the use of the charismata that is rooted in the concept of redemption. By means of these gifts the church both blesses society and resists evil. This argument is given a broader framework by being placed in relation to the concepts of creation, church and the kingdom of God.
Cognitive evaluation of the AABB Uniform Donor History Questionnaire

BACKGROUND This article reports key findings of an evaluation of the AABB Uniform Donor History Questionnaire (a self-administered form completed before blood donation). The purpose of the study was to examine how respondents understand the questions and assess the nature of inaccurate responses. Another goal was to determine whether men who have sex with men (MSM) interpreted questions differently from non-MSM and whether questions were interpreted differently in various regions of the country. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Cognitive interviewing was used for the study. This is a qualitative method that investigates how survey questions perform. It consists of semistructured interviews that explore whether respondents understand questions as intended and whether they can provide accurate answers. A total of 166 interviews were conducted. RESULTS Respondents had an overwhelmingly similar understanding of the purpose of the questionnaire as assessing the safety of their blood for donation. This understanding framed respondents’ interpretations such that each question was understood as asking the same thing; that is, “Is my blood safe to donate?” This interpretation did not vary among MSM versus non-MSM or by region. CONCLUSION Respondents understood the questionnaire as assessing the safety of their blood. This interpretation served as the backdrop for the question–response process for each individual question. Specifically, rationale for answers was framed as much or more by the questionnaire's general purpose as by the specific topic of individual questions. This pattern of interpretation was the key factor responsible for both false-positive and false-negative response errors and did not vary by demographic, including in MSM.
Intermittent mechanical ventilation.

SUMMARY More than 150 years have passed since the birth of the idea of intermittent mechanical ventilation. Many types of ventilatory disorders can result in excessive loading of the respiratory muscles, thus causing them to fail. We now have several types of ventilatory assist devices to choose from so that we can select a system that fulfills the physical, physiologic, and psychological needs of patients and return them to a more satisfactory level of living in the home. This is successful when the care team and the patient and family set realistic goals and maintain close clinical supervision. Much more study is needed to determine the optimal times for respiratory muscle rest. Future technologic designs for ventilatory systems should aim to decrease cost and increase efficiency, ease of use, and durability.
Phorbol ester-stimulated phosphorylation of PU.1 : Association with leukemic cell growth inhibition

PU.1, a member of the ets transcription factor family, has been previously shown to be necessary for tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA)-induced U937 leukemic cell maturation. We examined the effects of TPA on PU.1 content and PU.1 DNA binding activity in U937 cells. Unstimulated cells expressed PU.1 mRNA transcripts and TPA did not increase these levels. However, TPA treatment induced phosphorylation of PU.1. Gel-shift analysis using a labeled PU.1 oligomer showed that TPA induced a unique PU.1 binding activity. This binding activity was phosphorylation-dependent, as indicated by the ability of phosphatase treatment to abolish its detection. The PU.1 binding activity was generated at TPA-13 concentrations stimulating growth arrest and was blocked by the PKC inhibitor GF109203X, which antagonized TPA-induced growth inhibition. Bryostatin 1, another protein kinase C activator, induced only a modest degree of U937 growth inhibition and antagonized TPA-stimulated growth arrest. Bryostatin 1 was unable to induce this TPA-generated PU.1 binding activity. High bryostatin 1 concentrations inhibited generation of this TPA-induced band shift. These data suggest that TPA-induced growth inhibition is associated with phosphorylation of PU.1 and generation of a unique PU.1 binding activity.
Aspiration pneumonia and anaerobic lung infections.

SUMMARY Anaerobic organisms play a major role in pleuropulmonary infections. The clinical spectrum of presentation may vary from simple aspiration to acute, severe necrotizing pneumonias. Chronic infections are lung abscess and empyema. Common factors in the pathogenesis of these syndromes is aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions. Predisposing factors are altered states of consciousness or swallowing problems. There are useful clinical, radiologic, and microbiologic clues in the diagnosis of anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections. Foul-smelling sputum or pleural fluid, localization of infiltrates in the dependent segments of the lung, tissue necrosis, a chronic indolent course are important points to keep in mind. Organisms commonly involved are the peptostreptococci, fusobacteria and bacteroides species. However, if the aspiration pneumonia is hospital-acquired, aerobic gram-negative rods are usually mixed with anaerobic organisms. Therapy is initiated with penicillin since it remains the most active drug against anaerobic organisms with the exception of Bacteroides fragilis. Clindamycin and chloramphenicol are the drugs of choice for infection caused by B. fragilis and also for patients allergic to penicillin. Drainage, either postural, surgical, or both, is as important as antibiotics in the treatment of these infections.
Bevel rinse optimization for reduced edge defectivity and improved edge yield

As a technology ramps up to volume manufacturing, it becomes imperative that variability in yield is reduced. One of the leading contributors to this variation is coming from the wafer edge where uniformity in film thickness significantly rolls-off. In order to widen the process margin at the edge, most advance technologies will remove the edge bead removal in lithography steps to extend the area that remains within the depth of focus. However, without the edge bead removal some photochemical residue was observed at the wafer edge and bevel. A partition inspection on the wafer bevel showed that the photoresist stack at the bevel area is not completely removed. With the process of record rinse at the lithography step, a thicker layer of patterning material is left at the bevel which downstream bevel clean processes cannot remove. By optimizing the bevel rinse, removal of the remaining organic films was improved. The film cut from the patterning layers are receded away from the bevel by tuning the wafer rotation speed during rinse and optimizing the rinse duration. With the optimized rinse it was shown that defect count at the bevel as well as the center to edge yield ratio is improved.
Uterine Artery Embolization

This section provides a comprehensive procedural report for uterine artery embolization procedure with up-to-date explanatory notes, synopsis of the indications and contraindications, and potential complications in an organized and practical format.
The location of gender features in the syntax

The goal of this paper is to critically review the results of linguistic research on the syntactic location of gender features. It has become relatively clear that gender features do not project their own phrase “GenP” and they are not located on the Num(ber) head that hosts number features. Instead, the field mostly agrees that gender features are located on the nominal—either on N or, in approaches that decompose lexical categories, on the nominalizing head n. Additional gender features have been proposed higher in the structure in order to capture certain processes that impose their own gender (e.g., diminutives are always feminine in the Semitic language Amharic) and to capture patterns of hybrid agreement (e.g., Russian nouns that are grammatically masculine but may trigger feminine agreement when referring to a woman).
In Vitro Protection of Human Endothelial Cells from Adenovirus Vector Toxicity by Activated Protein C.

Abstract High dose adenovirus vector administration in vivo has been associated with toxicity toward many cell types, including endothelial cells. Some of the prominent pathological features of an adenovirus vector death in a gene therapy trial included capillary leak syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). We investigated the hypothesis that activated protein C (APC) might have a protective effect on primary human microvascular endothelial cells exposed to a first-generation adenovirus vector. We exposed primary human endothelial cells to a first-generation (E1, E3 deleted) adenovirus vector, AVC3FIX5 at concentrations ranging from 103 to 105 vector particles per cell and showed dose-dependent cell death as early as 6 hours (40% cell death at the highest dose). Phase contrast and immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that some cells died rapidly by primary necrosis while others died by apoptosis over a longer time course. By 40 hours, only 40% of the cells were viable. We then tested the effect of pretreatment of endothelial cells with APC concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 100 nM. Dose-dependent protection was seen in which cell death was reduced to 9 and 2 % at APC concentrations of 50 and 100 nM, respectively. We also tested the effect of timing of the APC treatment and showed that 1 hour pre-treatment or concurrent APC treatment were protective, but APC administered one hour after the adenovirus exposure was substantially less protective. This suggested that APC exerts its protective actions on endothelial cells either by interfering with early steps in the interaction of the vector with the cells, (e.g., vector entry) or by modulating death signaling pathways. It has been proposed that APC protects against cell damage in sepsis by interaction with the endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) and protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) on the endothelial cell surface to induce MCP-1 and other immunomodulatory genes by proteolytic signaling (Riewald et al., Science 296:1880–1882, 2002). Other investigators have shown protective effects of APC for endothelial cells subjected to hypoxia through normalization of levels of p53, Bax, and Bcl-2 gene expression (Cheng et al., Nat Med 9:338–342, 2003). The APC concentrations in our experiments that were maximally protective (50–100 nM) were of the same order of magnitude as was shown to be protective in vitro by these investigators. If APC can be shown to have a protective effect against adenovirus-induced endothelial cell toxicity and DIC in vivo, this may be a useful therapeutic strategy to explore as treatement of gene therapy vector toxicity. Download : Download high-res image (101KB) Download : Download full-size image
[18F]Fluoro-Hydroxyphenethylguanidines: Efficient Synthesis and Comparison of Two Structural Isomers as Radiotracers of Cardiac Sympathetic Innervation.

Fluorine-18 labeled phenethylguanidines are currently under development in our laboratory as radiotracers for quantifying regional cardiac sympathetic nerve density using PET imaging techniques. In this study, we report an efficient synthesis of 18F-hydroxyphenethylguanidines consisting of nucleophilic aromatic [18F]fluorination of a protected diaryliodonium salt precursor followed by a single deprotection step to afford the desired radiolabeled compound. This approach has been shown to reliably produce 4-[18F]fluoro-m-hydroxyphenethylguanidine ([18F]4F-MHPG, [18F]1) and its structural isomer 3-[18F]fluoro-p-hydroxyphenethylguanidine ([18F]3F-PHPG, [18F]2) with good radiochemical yields. Preclinical evaluations of [18F]2 in nonhuman primates were performed to compare its imaging properties, metabolism, and myocardial kinetics with those obtained previously with [18F]1. The results of these studies have demonstrated that [18F]2 exhibits imaging properties comparable to those of [18F]1. Myocardial tracer ki...
An analytical approach to locate evolving faults on transmission lines based on sparse wide area measurements

This paper presents a fault location algorithm which can accurately locate evolving faults on transmission lines. Evolving faults are types of faults such that the faulted phases change over time. Although locating commonly occurring shunt faults have been widely studied, there is a need for reseach on estimating locations of evolving faults. Locating evolving faults is quite challenging due to rapid fault type transition after fault inception. This paper proposes an analytical method to locate evolving faults on transmission lines. The proposed algorithm is based on sparse wide area measurements which may be taken far away from the faulted line. The method is applicable to both single- and double-circuit lines, which can be either transposed or untransposed. Distributed parameter line model is adopted to consider long line effects accurately. The proposed algorithm has been evaluated on a 27-bus transmission system developed in Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) and promising results are achieved.
Comparison of Two Methods in Labor Induction in Nulliparous Women with Unfavorable Cervix at Term: Oxytocin Alone Versus Dinoprostone Vaginal Slow-Release System (Propess®) + Oxytocin

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the efficacy of two labor induction protocols. STUDY DESIGN: In this retrospective study, pregnancy records of 50 nulliparous singletons at term with intact membranes and Bishop score ≤ 6, delivered vaginally with one of the two induction methods were reviewed. Subjects were divided into 2 groups. Group 1; labor induction with oxytocin alone (n=20), Group 2; labor induction with dinoprostone + oxytocin (n=30). RESULTS: Maternal age, time of amniotomy, labor induction to active labor interval, birth weights, pre and post-labor hemoglobin levels and uterine hyperactivity did not show any statistical difference between groups. Oxytocin use was significantly lower and labor induction to delivery interval was found statistically shorter in group 2 (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The use of dinoprostone vaginal slow-release system plus oxytocin for labor induction in nulliparous women with unfavorable cervix at term seems to be more effective than oxytocin alone.
A comparative study on the effectiveness of TiN, TiCN, and AlTiN coated carbide tools for dry micro-milling of aluminium, copper and brass at low spindle speed

The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of titanium nitride (TiN), titanium carbo-nitride (TiCN), and aluminium titanium nitride (AlTiN) coatings on the tungsten carbide (WC) cutting tool for minimising the tool wear and tool breakage during dry micro-milling of aluminium, copper and brass at lower spindle speed. A comparative analysis on the machining speed, surface finish and tool wear were carried out for machining three materials using uncoated and coated carbide tools. The TiN coated tools were found to produce comparatively smoother surface finish in all three materials. The TiN coating was effective in the reduction of tool wear during micro-milling at higher feed rate and depth of cut, making it suitable for faster machining. Among three materials, brass produced superior surface finish, followed by aluminium and copper. Considering all the performance indicators, brass exhibited superior machinability than copper and aluminium in micro-milling for both coated and uncoated carbide tools.
Radiomics-guided therapy for bladder cancer: Using an optimal biomarker approach to determine extent of bladder cancer invasion from t2-weighted magnetic resonance images

Abstract Background Current clinical staging methods are unable to accurately define the extent of invasion of localized bladder cancer, which affects the proper use of systemic therapy, surgery, and radiation. Our purpose was to test a novel radiomics approach to identify optimal imaging biomarkers from T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans that accurately classify localized bladder cancer into 2 tumor stage groups (≤T2 vs >T2) at both the patient level and within bladder subsectors. Method and Materials Preoperative T2-weighted MRI scans of 65 consecutive patients followed by radical cystectomy were identified. A 3-layer, shell-like volume of interest (VOI) was defined on each MRI slice: Inner (lumen), middle (bladder wall), and outer (perivesical tissue). An optimal biomarker method was used to identify features from 15,834 intensity and texture properties that maximized the classification of patients into ≤T2 versus >T2 groups. A leave-one-out strategy was used to cross-validate the performance of the identified biomarker feature set at the patient level. The performance of the feature set was then evaluated at the subsector level of the bladder by dividing the VOIs into 8 radial sectors. Results A total of 9 optimal biomarker features were derived and demonstrated a sensitivity, specificity, accuracy of prediction, and area under a receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.742, 0.824, 0.785, and 0.806, respectively, at the patient level and 0.681, 0.788, 0.763, and 0.813, respectively, at the radial sector level. All 9 selected features were extracted from the middle shell of the VOI and based on texture properties. Conclusions An approach to select a small, highly independent feature set that is derived from T2-weighted MRI scans that separate patients with bladder cancer into ≤T2 versus >T2 groups at both the patient level and within subsectors of the bladder has been developed and tested. With external validation, this radiomics approach could improve the clinical staging of bladder cancer and optimize therapeutic management.
Isolation and profiling of plasma microRNAs: Biomarkers for asthma and allergic rhinitis

Chronic inflammatory diseases can be particularly challenging to diagnose and characterize, as inflammatory changes in tissue may not be present in blood. There is a crucial need to develop non-invasive biomarkers that would be useful in diagnosing disease and selecting medical therapies. For example, there are no blood tests to diagnose asthma, a common inflammatory lung disease. MicroRNA (miRNA) expression profiling in blood is emerging as a potentially sensitive and useful biomarker of many diseases. In particular, we have characterized a cost-effective PCR-based array technology to measure and profile circulating miRNAs in the plasma of patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma. Here, we describe the methods to isolate, quantify, and analyze miRNAs in the plasma of human subjects as well as ways to determine their diagnostic utility.
Legal and Ethical Considerations Regarding the Integration of Assistive and Educational Technology for Students with Disabilities: Perspectives from the United States of America

The availability of assistive and educational technology to support the academic, behavioural, and social-emotional outcomes of students with disabilities in United States public schools continues to increase. As such, educational professionals are seeking evidence-based methods for providing students with disabilities increased access to information and learning using these technologies. As the proliferation of these technologies continues, it is important that school leaders consider both the legal and ethical requirements for technology use with culturally and linguistically diverse students with disabilities. This chapter will review these legal and ethical principles as they apply to public education in the United States, and will discuss a conceptual framework for ensuring culturally relevant and appropriate assistive and educational technology integration. Implications for practice will be discussed.
Substance and Shadow

While no subject deserves closer attention than that of war, an important component phenomenon of the mentality needed to wage war has gone largely undiscussed—enmification.l Though it is possible to think of war in terms of purely objective aims, as the continuation of diplomacy by other means, as Clausewitz’s famous phrase has it, “War is inconceivable without a clearly defined image of the enemy.” States at war may justify their strategic interests with rationales derived from current social and historical conditions. But the sheer aggressiveness of war, the use of unlimited force in the pursuit of those strategic objectives, both requires and engenders a deep-seated sense of enmity between participants. A battlefield without enemies cannot exist.
Experimental Laboratories: Psychological

Abstract Experimental laboratories in psychology are a bit different from the typical hard-science lab; in fact, to the casual visitor, they look a lot like ordinary office space. Nevertheless, these labs generally need certain features to be viable, including dedicated research space, reliable access to participants, and equipment for participant testing. The precise needs vary from investigator to investigator, and this article does not attempt to cover them all; rather, it seeks to provide a sense of the key issues that arise when investigators, department chairs, and administrators set out to build a new psychology lab.
Economics of Coal Mine Degasification

Abstract Proper coal mine degasification minimizes, if not eliminates, the danger of mine explosion and the loss of lives. It also cuts down the cost of coal production. These two advantages alone justify degasification of all moderately and highly gassy coal seams. Moreover, the recovered gases can be gathered, processed, and sold for added revenues. Each large coal lease is a potential gas field. Methane from coal seams can be recovered many years ahead of mining. In fact, it can be a stand-alone project yielding $50 to $60 million/year net profit. A typical project producing 100 MMCFD using both vertical wells and horizontal drilling of a net pay zone, 40 ft thick, is discussed in detail. Investment costs are estimated. Profits are calculated using three methods: (1) cash flow, (2) net present value, and (3) discounted cash flow rate of return. A coalbed methane project is very profitable in all three analyses. Improved safety and coal productivity makes it indispensable.
Stephen Crane: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1896)

Henry Edward Rood. “Stephen Crane's ‘Maggie.’” New York Mail and Express , May 30, 1896, p. 18 Several years ago Stephen Crane wrote a story of slum life in New York and printed it himself in brown paper covers with the title “Maggie, a Girl of the Streets.” During the last six months he has rewritten the tale, and soon it will be published by Messrs. D. Appleton & Co., through whose courtesy advance sheets have been carefully examined. And the conviction is forced upon one that by writing “Maggie” Mr. Crane has made for himself a permanent place in literature. It matters not if he continues to grind out grotesque verse and slipshod short stories. These may injure him temporarily so far as money returns are concerned. But it is enough that he has written “Maggie”—one of the most powerful, terrible and hideous studies of the dregs of humanity that have been produced in the English language. There will be discussion as to the advisability of writing for perusal by the general public such a book as “Maggie.” Some will say it is unfit for reading by decent people; others that its masterful presentation of existing barbarism in the chief of American cities will result in renewed effort to better the condition of those miserable, bestial creatures in human form who reside in certain portions of the East side.
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lymphocytosis in 104 dogs (2006-2016).

Author(s): Johnson, Lynelle R; Vernau, William | Abstract: BackgroundBronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cytology and culture are used to characterize respiratory diseases in dogs. Little is known about disorders associated with increased numbers of lymphocytes in BAL fluid.ObjectiveTo evaluate duration of clinical signs and detection of specific respiratory diagnoses in dogs with BAL lymphocytosis.AnimalsOne-hundred four client-owned dogs evaluated for respiratory signs.MethodsMedical records of dogs that had g300 cells/μL and g20% lymphocytes on a differential cell count of BAL fluid between January 1, 2006, and January 1, 2016, were reviewed retrospectively. Cases were evaluated for the duration of clinical signs and respiratory diagnoses, including aspiration injury, infectious or inflammatory respiratory disease, and airway collapse.ResultsDogs ranged in age from 0.5 to 16 years (median, 7.9 years) and had a median body weight of 11.4 kg (range, 2.0-42.7 kg). Eosinophilic lung disease was documented in 13 of 104 dogs (Group 1) and airway neutrophilia associated with infectious or inflammatory disease was found in 59 of 104 dogs (Group 2). Lymphocytosis alone in BAL fluid was described in 32 dogs (Group 3). Duration of cough did not differ among groups, but airway collapse was significantly more common in dogs with solitary lymphocytosis than in those with other types of inflammation.Conclusions and clinical importanceLymphocytosis in BAL fluid is common in dogs and, in many cases, likely represents a common response to airway injury, independent of the type or duration of insult. It is unknown whether airway collapse leads to lymphocytosis or if the inflammatory process causes airway collapse.
Response of two forcing azalea cultivars to Bonzi and B-nine applications.

Abstract Bonzi (paclobutrazol) sprays of 50, 100, and 150 ppm applied either 1 day before or 1 day after cooling reduced bypass shoot number and length of Dorothy Gish White and Roadrunner azaleas (Rhododendron × ‘Dorothy Gish White’ and R. × ‘Roadrunner’) compared to the control. Flowering was delayed 3 to 8 days depending upon cultivar, rate, and time of application, while bloom diameter was reduced slightly (Dorothy Gish White) or not affected (Roadrunner) by paclobutrazol. B-nine (daminozide) had little effect on either bypass shoot development or flowering of Roadrunner, but reduced flower diameter and· delayed flowering of Dorothy Gish White azalea relative to the control.
Concept Development of Fixed Geometry Tactile Display using Granular Jamming

Palpation plays a significant role in medical diagnosis and treatment. It enables the ability to perceive tissue stiffness and reactive characteristics necessary for the first stage examination and routine inspection to detect malignant lumps located under the skin. Several attempts have been made to design palpation simulators but lack of realistic tactile/haptic feedback has been one of the major concerns. To overcome the limitation, we designed a new mechanism for a tactile display. It utilizes granular jamming technology using pneumatic actuation to control a display nodule that maintains its shape while allowing the modulation in stiffness. To achieve our goal, we designed a hemispherically combined display nodule having different thickness and material for the contact and actuation portions of the sphere. This design can provide a controllable tactile display while maintaining its dimension.
Values, Bias, and Stressors Affect Intentions to Adapt to Coastal Flood Risk: A Case Study from New York City

AbstractSea level rise amplifies flooding from tides and storms for coastal communities around the globe. Although the characterization of these physical hazards has improved, it is people’s behavi...
Temporal Trends in Imaging Utilization for Suspected Substance Use Disorder in an Academic Emergency Radiology Department.

Abstract Purpose To assess temporal trends and utilization patterns of diagnostic imaging performed for substance use disorder (SUD)-related indications in an academic radiology emergency department (ED). Methods Retrospective analyses of ED imaging examinations acquired from 2005 to 2015 were performed. Imaging examinations performed for suspected SUD-related indications, based on the order history, were compared with those without a SUD-related indication. Unadjusted analyses comparing demographic and imaging characteristics between SUD-related versus non-SUD-related indications used Wilcoxon and Pearson’s χ2 tests. Multivariable logistic regression models, within each imaging modality subgroup and combined, were employed to examine the odds of imaging examinations having an SUD-related indication as a function of demographic and imaging characteristics. Results Among 938,245 examinations, 0.17% had an SUD-related indication. Patients with SUD-related indications were younger (mean 37.2 ± 11.1 versus 53.5 ± 22.4, P Conclusion Imaging performed for an SUD-related indication represented a small but increasing subset of overall ED imaging. Utilization of MR for SUD-related indications significantly outpaced growth of MR without SUD-related indications.
Heightened Standard of Care in Physical Education Classes

A high school student filed suit after being struck in the nose with a hockey stick swung by a classmate during physical education class. The court's decision reinforces the public policy supportin...
How to teach machines to read human rights reports and identify judgments at scale

The accelerating availability of information from human rights monitors such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the US State Department has led to new opportunities to measure repres...
Assessing the Utility of Post-Mastectomy Imaging after Breast Reconstruction.

Background Few guidelines exist regarding surveillance and diagnostic imaging after breast reconstruction. This study investigated the influence of breast reconstruction on the frequency of post-mastectomy imaging, the relative utility of imaging, and its effect on overall and locoregional recurrence-free survival. Study design A retrospective review identified breast cancer patients (n = 1,216) who underwent mastectomy with or without reconstruction. Logistic regression identified surgical and oncologic predictors of post-reconstruction imaging. Kaplan-Meier method determined the impact of post-reconstruction imaging on overall and locoregional recurrence-free survival. Results Overall, 662 (54.4%) patients underwent mastectomy only and 554 (45.6%) underwent breast reconstruction. Patients undergoing reconstruction were more likely to receive imaging compared with patients undergoing mastectomy only (n = 205, 37.0% vs n = 168, 25.4%; p Conclusions The limited utility of routine post-reconstruction imaging should be reinforced when evaluating breast reconstruction patients. Multidisciplinary collaboration should be emphasized when attempting to distinguish benign postoperative findings from a malignant process to reduce unnecessary imaging and biopsy after breast reconstruction.
2 – Visual Search

A look at eye-tracking studies that examine how people visually search websites for information is found in Chapter 2. This chapter also discusses research that examines why and when people turn a blind eye to information that looks like advertisements. It concludes with a list of take-away points for designing positive visual search experiences.
Effects of an Academic Half Day in a Residency Program on Perceived Educational Value, Resident Satisfaction and Wellness.

Abstract Background The academic half day (AHD) has emerged in recent years as an alternative to the traditional noon conference model of didactic teaching in graduate medical education. However, the effects of this change on learners are not fully understood. This study aimed to assess the effects of the AHD on attendance, satisfaction, perceived value and wellness of resident physicians. Methods A survey aimed to assess housestaff satisfaction, perceived value and relevance to medical literature of the core educational curriculum was developed and validated. This, along with a wellness assessment survey, was distributed to residents electronically prior to the implementation of the AHD and again at the end of the academic year. Attendance was tracked for all conferences. Results The survey was administered to residents before and after implementation of the AHD (response rates were 100% and 83%, respectively at these time points [n = 95]). Implementation of the AHD lead to a significant increase in average time spent in the core conference series per week (29.7 versus 64.8 minutes). It additionally led to a statistically significant improvement of resident satisfaction with the core curriculum, perceived value of the core conference series, understanding of medical literature and promotion of reading outside of work. Conclusions The AHD significantly improved resident time in conference, resident satisfaction and perceived educational value of the core conference series compared to a noon conference model. While challenges will exist with any educational conference model, the AHD appears to be a highly attractive approach to medical resident education.
Physical Activity and the Acute Hemodynamic Response to ACE Inhibition in Hypertension

Introduction. Physical activity (PA) can reduce blood pressure (BP) in hypertensives through possibly interacting with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). We conducted a nested-cohort ...
Nrf2 inhibition induces oxidative stress, renal inflammation and hypertension in mice

Oxidative stress and renal inflammation play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The redox-sensitive transcription factor, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is the master re...
Gravity-Driven Flow and Clogging in the Presence of an Intruder

We present experimental results of the clogging and flow of monodisperse spheres in a silo geometry, with a fixed intruder placed near the exit. Prior work has shown that the placement of such an obstacle can suppress clogging. We extend these observations for a wider array of intruder size and location. Using particle tracking and high-speed video, we analyze the local particle motions and packings to better understand the causes of the clog suppression. We find the mechanisms of clog suppression depend on the intruder size and placement: while the granular temperature appears to be important in all cases, large intruders create spatial disorder that percolates through the system.
Maternal plasma soluble neuropilin-1 is downregulated in fetal growth restriction complicated by abnormal umbilical artery Doppler: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVES Placental expression of neuropilin-1 (NRP1), a proangiogenic member of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor family involved in sprouting angiogenesis, was recently discovered to be downregulated in pregnancies with fetal growth restriction (FGR) and abnormal umbilical artery (UA) Doppler. Soluble NRP1 (sNRP1) is an antagonist to NRP1; however, little is known about its role in normal and FGR pregnancies. This study tested the hypotheses that, first, sNRP1 would be detectable in maternal circulation and, second, its concentration would be upregulated in FGR pregnancies compared to those with normal fetal growth and this would correlate with the severity of the disease as assessed by UA Doppler. METHODS This was a prospective case-control pilot study of 40 singleton pregnancies (20 FGR cases and 20 uncomplicated controls) between 24 + 0 and 40 + 0 weeks' gestation followed in an academic perinatal center from January 2015 to May 2017. FGR was defined as an ultrasound-estimated fetal weight < 10th percentile for gestational age. The control group was matched to the FGR group for maternal age and gestational age at assessment. Fetal ultrasound biometry and UA Doppler were performed using standard protocols. Maternal plasma sNRP1 measurements were performed using a commercially available ELISA. RESULTS Contrary to the study hypothesis, maternal plasma sNRP1 levels were significantly decreased in FGR pregnancies as compared to those with normal fetal growth (137.4 ± 44.8 pg/mL vs 166.7 ± 36.9 pg/mL; P = 0.03). However, there was no significant difference in sNRP1 concentration between the control group and FGR pregnancies that had normal UA Doppler. Plasma sNRP1 was downregulated in FGR pregnancies with elevated UA systolic/diastolic ratio (P = 0.023) and those with UA absent or reversed end-diastolic flow (P = 0.005) in comparison to FGR pregnancies with normal UA Doppler. This suggests that biometrically small fetuses without hemodynamic compromise are small-for-gestational age rather than FGR. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated a significant decrease in maternal plasma sNRP1 concentration in growth-restricted pregnancies with fetoplacental circulatory compromise. These findings suggest a possible role of sNRP1 in modulating fetal growth and its potential as a biomarker for FGR. © 2021 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Prediction of eating disorder treatment response trajectories via machine learning does not improve performance versus a simpler regression approach.

OBJECTIVE Patterns of response to eating disorder (ED) treatment are heterogeneous. Advance knowledge of a patient's expected course may inform precision medicine for ED treatment. This study explored the feasibility of applying machine learning to generate personalized predictions of symptom trajectories among patients receiving treatment for EDs, and compared model performance to a simpler logistic regression prediction model. METHOD Participants were adolescent girls and adult women (N = 333) presenting for residential ED treatment. Self-report progress assessments were completed at admission, discharge, and weekly throughout treatment. Latent growth mixture modeling previously identified three latent treatment response trajectories (Rapid Response, Gradual Response, and Low-Symptom Static Response) and assigned a trajectory type to each patient. Machine learning models (support vector, k-nearest neighbors) and logistic regression were applied to these data to predict a patient's response trajectory using data from the first 2 weeks of treatment. RESULTS The best-performing machine learning model (evaluated via area under the receiver operating characteristics curve [AUC]) was the radial-kernel support vector machine (AUCRADIAL = 0.94). However, the more computationally-intensive machine learning models did not improve predictive power beyond that achieved by logistic regression (AUCLOGIT = 0.93). Logistic regression significantly improved upon chance prediction (MAUC[NULL] = 0.50, SD = .01; p <.001). DISCUSSION Prediction of ED treatment response trajectories is feasible and achieves excellent performance, however, machine learning added little benefit. We discuss the need to explore how advance knowledge of expected trajectories may be used to plan treatment and deliver individualized interventions to maximize treatment effects.
Hyperbolic cosine ratio and hyperbolic sine ratio random fields

Abstract This paper introduces several vector random fields whose finite-dimensional characteristic functions are of hyperbolic type, including generalized logistic, hyperbolic secant, hyperbolic tangent, hyperbolic cosine ratio, and hyperbolic sine ratio vector random fields. They are elliptically contoured vector random fields with all orders of moments, and are infinitely divisible. In the scalar case, we make the peakedness comparison among these random fields. Hyperbolic cosine ratio and hyperbolic since ratio Levy processes are formulated as well.
Selectivity in atomically precise etching: Thermal atomic layer etching of a CoFeB alloy and its protection by MgO

Absract The central unit in an integrated memory device is a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) consisting of two ferromagnetic layers, often using complex alloys such as CoFeB, separated by an insulating barrier such as MgO. Atomic level precision is required to miniaturize these components, and atomic layer etching (ALE) is one of the most promising methods to do this. However, at the nanoscale, it is imperative to maintain the concentration of each element in an alloy during etching, and it is important to not affect the insulating barrier, i.e. the etching process should stop at MgO. Here we use thermal dry etching of CoFeB alloy thin films with sequential doses of chlorine and 2,4-pentanedione (acetylacetone, acacH). Patterned samples are modified with atomic level precision, and the process is completely selective to the removal of CoFeB alloy in ALE regime without changing the alloy composition and without etching MgO that is used as a protecting layer. The etching process was investigating by comparing the film thickness on a patterned surface before and after ALE process using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The viable key features of the reaction mechanism were proposed following by detection of key desorbing fragments during a heating ramp via temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments. Ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed to characterize the surface during ALE process.
7 – PLANT GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, LONGEVITY

Plant development is regulated by species, available water, soil nutrients, and ambient temperatures. Because of the importance of temperature in plant growth and development, forages are classified as cool- or warm- season crops. If planted at the proper time, over a period of time, crops develop a canopy that provides the factory for optimum photosynthesis to occur. Development of this canopy is much slower in perennial forage crops (alfalfa, orchard grass, clover, and smooth brome grass) than in annual forage crops such as corn or sorghum. However, if properly planted and cultured, a full canopy develops within 30 to 45 days. When a nurse or companion crop is used in the establishment of a forage crop, the rate and extent of development of the forage crop in the first season is delayed until the late summer or until the fall. Thus, it may be that a full canopy is not developed until the next growing season.
Chapter 1 Recent progress in the chemistry of 2,1-benzothiazines

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the progress of synthetic procedures and applications of 2,1-benzothiazines and related compounds. Togo's group reported the preparation of the 2,1-benzothiazines via an ionic pathway with hypervalent iodine compounds. Using this method, it was found to be far easier to synthesize five- or seven-membered benzosultams and avoid the difficult deprotection of the N-alkyl group in the six-membered benzosultams to give the free NH group. The reaction of N-methoxy 2-(aryl)ethanesulfonamides with various hypervalent iodine reagents produced the cyclization products in various yields that were dependent on the dielectric constant of solvents. A reductive, intramolecular, free radical arylation using tributyltin hydride/AIBN was introduced by the Motherwell group. Cyclic sulfilimines are considered useful reagents in organic synthesis. The chemistry of cyclic sulfilimines has been studied extensively since the 1970s.