cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ion transport across the frog olfactory mucosa: the basal and odorant-stimulated states

The Ussing method was adapted to study the basal electrolyte transfer as well as the events that occur upon odorant stimulation in frog olfactory mucosa. The unstimulated short-circuit current was due mainly to a furosemide-sensitive ion transport system on the apical side of the olfactory mucosa. This current was not amiloride sensitive. The current-voltage relationship of the unstimulated state was linear. That of the odorant-evoked current was non-linear and amiloride-sensitive. Ouabain caused collapse of both the unstimulated and odorant-stimulated short-circuit current. In this case, voltage-clamping the tissue to non-zero values restored the odorant-evoked current with polarity depending on that of the clamping voltage. This suggested that the direction of the current is determined by that of the sodium electrochemical potential difference. Our results indicate that the unstimulated short-circuit current occurs through an apical sodium cotransport system, while the odorant-evoked current is due to odorant-activated, passive sodium channels that are amiloride sensitive.
Influence of potassium on the steady-state redox potential of the electron transport chain in slices of rat cerebral cortex and the effect of ouabain.

— The concentration dependence of the modifications by potassium of the respiratory intermediates in incubated slices of rat cerebral cortex has been examined in the presence and absence of calcium. In addition to the immediate increase in respiration and the concomitant oxidation of the respiratory intermediates, longer term increases in the steady-state redox potential were observed at higher potassium concentrations. Addition of calcium to the system did not appreciably alter the immediate effects of potassium, but shifted the redox state of the respiratory intermediates; these changes involved a decrease in reduced intermediate at low concentrations of potassium and a relatively higher level of reduced carriers at high concentrations of potassium. Ouabain (50 μm) inhibited both the initial responses to added potassium and modified the changes in steady-state levels of reduced intermediate in the absence of calcium. In the presence of calcium, ouabain (50 μm) inhibited the initial oxidation of NAD(P)H observed upon addition of potassium but had no effect on the respiratory response to the addition of low concentrations of potassium. The disassociation of these responses resulted in a large decrease in the steady-state levels of reduced cytochrome. At 30 mm potassium an oxidation of NAD(P)H was observed which accompanied by an increase in levels of reduced cytochromes. These changes in redox state of the respiratory carriers have been discussed in relation to previous reports dealing with the effects of potassium on aerobic glycolysis and oxygen consumption by brain slices.
Some observations on the fine structure of planarian protonephridia and gastrodermal phagocytes

The paper contains a description of some of the fine structural features of protonephridial tubular cells and gastrodermal phagocytes in a flatworm, Dugesia tigrina (= Planaria maculata). Special emphasis has been given to the morphological features suggesting pinocytotic and phagocytotic activities.
Electronic correlations and transient effects in disordered systems

Abstract The effects of disorder on the electronic structure of materials are analyzed from a chemical point of view. In particular, the localized states in the gap originating from defect configurations are investigated using a tight-binding approach. The effects of both positive and negative effective correlation energies are discussed in detail and the modifications necessary when spatially close oppositely charged centers are present are pointed out. The overall shape of the electronic density of states at equilibrium, the statistics at finite temperature, the effects of carrier generation and trapping, and the kinetics of re-equilibrium are analyzed using the same general picture.
The effectiveness of a clinical practice guideline for the management of presumed uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women.

Abstract PURPOSE: Acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection is a common and costly disorder in women. To reduce potentially unnecessary expense and inconvenience, a large staff–model health maintenance organization instituted a telephone-based clinical practice guideline for managing presumed cystitis in which women 18 to 55 years of age who met specific criteria were managed without a clinic visit or laboratory testing. We sought to evaluate the effects of the guideline. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We performed a population-based, before-and-after study with concurrent control groups at 24 primary care clinics to assess the effect of guideline implementation on resource utilization and on the occurrence of potential adverse outcomes. We measured the proportion of patients with presumed uncomplicated cystitis who had a return office visit for cystitis or sexually transmitted disease or who developed pyelonephritis within 60 days of the initial diagnosis. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated, adjusting for the effects of clustering within clinics. RESULTS: A total of 3,889 eligible patients with presumed acute uncomplicated cystitis were evaluated. As compared with baseline, guideline implementation significantly decreased the proportion of patients with presumed cystitis who received urinalysis (RR = 0.75; CI, 0.70 to 0.80), urine culture (RR = 0.73; CI, 0.68 to 0.79), and an initial office visit (RR = 0.67; CI, 0.62 to 0.73), while increasing the proportion who received a guideline-recommended antibiotic 2.9-fold (CI, 2.4 to 3.7-fold). In the prospective comparison of the 22 intervention and two control clinics, the guideline decreased the proportion of patients who had urinalyses performed (RR = 0.80; CI, 0.65 to 0.98) and increased the proportion of patients who were prescribed a guideline-recommended antibiotic (RR = 1.53; CI, 1.01 to 2.33). Adverse outcomes did not increase significantly in either comparison. CONCLUSION: Guideline use decreased laboratory utilization and overall costs while maintaining or improving the quality of care for patients who were presumptively treated for acute uncomplicated cystitis.
Lead toxicity associated with a gunshot-induced femoral fracture. A case report.

Lead toxicity due to a bullet or bullet fragment is a rare complication of gunshot wounds1-17. Surgeons who manage patients with these injuries are aware of lead toxicity in association with lead arthropathy4,11,18-26, but cases that involve lead toxicity due to extra-articular lead fragments in the extremities are unusual. The presence of bullet fragments in tissue can increase the serum concentration of lead to above average, but not to the levels seen in patients with lead toxicity15,16,27. Cysts associated with a gunshot wound to bone28,29, the joints19,30-32, or the spine8,33 have been described. We describe the case of a patient with lead toxicity due to an extra-articular cyst associated with retained lead fragments after a gunshot-induced fracture of the femoral shaft. The cyst encasing the bullet fragments developed by twenty-one months after the injury. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication and he consented. A forty-four-year-old African-American male sustained a gunshot wound to the right thigh in December 2005. The resulting injuries included a fracture of the mid-diaphysis of the femur. The entrance wound was on the lateral side of the thigh, with the projectile fracturing the femur and then fragmenting in the soft tissues. There were no vascular or nerve injuries documented during the initial admission. The initial hemoglobin level was 9.8 g/dL (98 g/L) (normal range, 14 to 18 g/dL [140 to 180 g/L]) after the intravenous administration of two liters of normal saline solution in the emergency department. The ankle-brachial systolic blood-pressure indices were symmetric at 1.0 each. The bullet wound was treated with irrigation and minor debridement of …
A Study of Internal Standardization in Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry:

Internal standardization is employed to compensate for ionization suppression in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). By examination of the response of over 50 elements to a sodium matrix under different operating conditions, it is apparent that an internal standard is most effective when it is close in mass and ionization energy to the analyte. The extent of suppression and the relative order of suppression of various analyte elements can differ for various matrix elements. Generally, precision was improved by the use of internal standardization; the extent of improvement differed for different analyte elements and operating conditions. A comparison between ICP-MS with ultrasonic and pneumatic nebulization is described. The ultrasonic nebulizer usually exhibits better sensitivity and detection limits for analyte elements, unless the extent of suppression induced by the concomitant matrix is very high.
Vibrational Dynamics, Mode Coupling, and Structural Constraints for Acetylproline-NH2

Vibrational relaxation, mode coupling, and peptide structural constraints were obtained by femtosecond two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy of an acetylproline-NH2 model dipeptide. Three high-frequency vibrational modes were examined, two amide-I modes (1693 and 1633 cm-1) and the amide-II amino end mode (1580 cm-1). Efficient vibrational energy transfer between amide-I and amide-II bands located on the same amide has been clearly observed (τ ∼ 3.1 ps), which accounts for ∼36% of all deactivation pathways of the excited amide-I mode. The evolution of the transient spectral shape (cross-peak) as a result of vibrational energy transfer has been observed for the first time. The ET from the amide-I (acetyl end) band to the amide-II (amino end) band was detected (∼10 ps). However, no clear energy transfer between two amide-I bands was seen, yielding an upper limit for the rate constant of (20 ps)-1. A switch of the transient signal from a transition of the pumped state to an overtone (diagonal peak) to one...
TEACHERS' PERCEPTIONS OF LEVELS OF PERFORMANCES OF STUDENTS FROM AN ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED URBAN AREA

Summasy.-The hypothesis tested whether teachers' perceived levels of performance by grade (fifth and second) and subject area (language arts and mathematics) would be independent of performances on the Coloured Progressive Matrices by 175 fifth-grade and 216 second-grade students. Significant chi-squares suggested a direct relationship between perceptions and Matrices scores. Two persistent patterns began to appear among sets of data as they were being ordered for preliminary analysis in connection with a larger project. The relationships in these patterns are the subject of this report. The data were organized to study the consistency of the observation that teachers' perceptions of levels of performance in language arts and mathematics by a sample of public elementary school students from an economically disadvantaged urban area were independent of performances of these students on a non-verbal test of general intelligence, Coloured Progressive Matrices (Raven, 1963 ) . The sample included 175 fifth-grade and 216 second-grade students attending a Special Service public elementary school in New York City. A public elementary school was designated Special Service if it was located in an economically disadvantaged area and additional personnel and curriculum materials were allocated to such a school. The instructional staff of the school was made up of teachers regularly licensed by the Board of Education. The ethnic group membership of the total student population in the school, and Grades 5 and 2 (from New York City Board of Education census figures) at the time the data for this report were collected was: Puerto Rican, 396, Negro, 94%; Other, 3%. The Coloured Progressive Matrices (Raven, 1963) is a group test of general intelligence, non-verbal in content. The test includes 36 incomplete matrices or figural patterns each designed to represent a system of relations. The testee is asked to discern the nature of the relationship underlying a matrix and complete the pattern by selecting one of six alternatives given with each. ' In November of the school year, the Coloured Progressive Matrices was administered by the investigator as a small-group test to the total school population. Means and standard deviations on the Matrices for students in Grades 5 and 2 were 21.1 -t- 2.58 and 16.8 + 2.05, respectively; medians were 22.5 and 16.6. No significant differences were found at either grade level between mean performances of boys and girls (ts = 0.559, df = 173; t, = 1.364, df = 214). The teachers in Grades 5 and 2 were asked, independently of the administration of the Matrices, for their perceptions of levels of performance of the students in these grades in language arts and in mathematics. The request was made so that some general descriptive data on level of students' functioning could be obtained for each grade. A decile-type scale was used; "1" was high mark. The teachers were asked to complete the scale in terms of how they perceived the levels of performance of these students as compared to expected
Formal analysis and modeling for communications in interactive systems

An attempt is made to establish a continuum of thought with respect to what has been done over a span of over three decades to achieve a goal of understanding and improving communications in interactive systems based on fundamental principles. The underlying theories are presented, and the broad concepts and the mathematics used for the analysis and modeling are indicated. Also indicated are the methods and procedures of implementation for storing knowledge, associating knowledge, communicating stored knowledge, and for establishing intelligent features. Furthermore, the methods and procedures are said to accommodate expanding knowledge bases, parallel processing, a variety of languages, language translation, new languages, and cryptographic systems.
“To eat the flesh of his dead mother'’: Hunger, Masculinity, and nationalism in Frank Chin's Donald Duk

Throughout Asian American literature, the acts of eating and cooking have been productive metaphors for the poetic process. These acts associated with food reveal a complex and sometimes contradictory cultural economy that links identity politics to the production of labor and the exchange of commodities for social values. Implicit in the roles of the cook and the eater is their embodiment of cultural enterprise: they are not only symbolic bodies that assign meaning and value to their work, they also bear information for developing personal and communal identities. For Asian Pacific Americans who have been historically deprived of the symbolic value of their history and their subjectivity, constructing meaningful labor as identity represents a popular avenue for seeking self-affirmation. For example, many Asian Pacific American texts incorporate the metaphor of culinary activity as positive social work that produces a cultural nationalist vision of an Asian American subjectivity. However, the affinity between eating and ethnic subject formation, noted by Asian American literary scholar Sau-Ling Wong, elicits other concerns about gender, class, and sexuality. “Eating is one of the most biologically determin-istic and, at the same time, socially adaptable human acts” (18) through which cultural and sexual agendas are repeatedly inscribed. Frank Chin’s Donald Duk offers some of the most lucid material for exploring the problematics of constructing a cultural hero through the language of cooking and eating. Chin’s story, a bildungsroman of a Chinese American boy learning about his ethnicity through his father’s participation in food preparation, festivity, and storytelling in San Francisco’s Chinatown, is explicit in the author’s intent to create a positive masculine identity. In his narrative, Chin manipulates cultural signs of culinary productivity to define a cultural nationalist hero who, consequently, also signifies a “rebirth” of an Asian American masculinity. While I sympathize with Chin’s frustration and understand the urgency to assert Chinese American visibility, I am concerned about his chosen avenue for reaching his goal: why is his project inflated within a capitalistic economy which animates a consumerist desire where one’s gain is exchanged for another’s loss?
Electrostatic effect on the flow behavior of a dilute gas/cohesive particle flow system

Cohesive (Group C) particles have been widely used in various industries. To handle and process such fine particles, a clear understanding of the flow behavior and interparticle force, is needed. To achieve that objective, a Laser Doppler Anemometer system was used to measure particle velocity, fluctuating velocity, and size and extent of agglomeration or cluster formation of particles in a dilute gas/fine oil shale particle flow system with particle density of 2,082 kg/m3, average particle volumetric concentration of 1.5%, and average particle mass flux of about 100 kg/m2·s in a controlled-moisture environment. The flow behavior of the particles was also studied for a mixture of 99% shale particles and 1% antistatic agent (Larostat powder, a quaternary ammonium compound) to examine the role of electrostatic force in gas/cohesive particle flow behavior. The addition of Larostat powder significantly reduced the electrostatic force and, in turn, made Group C particles behave similar to Group A or in some cases to Group B particles. In addition, our experimental data showed that the Maxwellian distribution function is a reasonable assumption to describe the velocity probability density function of the shale particles with or without antistatic agents.
Improved Volume Conservation in the Computation of Flows with Immersed Elastic Boundaries

This paper introduces a recipe for the construction of a finite-difference divergence operator the coefficients of which are completely determined once an interpolation scheme has been chosen. Substitution of this divergence operator for the previously used divergence based on central differences makes a dramatic improvement in the overall volume conservation that is observed in an immersed-boundary computation. This improvement is particularly important for computations in which an elastic boundary separates chambers containing fluid at substantially different pressures, a situation which is prominent in cardiac fluid dynamics during the contraction of the ventricles.
Benzodiazepines: electron affinity, receptors and cell signaling – a multifaceted approach

This report entails a multifaceted approach to benzodiazepine (BZ) action, involving electron affinity, receptors, cell signaling and other aspects. Computations of the electron affinities (EAs) of different BZs have been carried out to establish the effect of various substituents on their EA. These computations were undertaken to serve as a first step in determining what role electron transfer (ET) plays in BZ activity. The calculations were conducted on the premise that the nature of the substituent will either decrease or increase the electron density of the benzene ring, thus altering the ability of the molecule to accept an electron. Investigations were performed on the effect of drug protonation on EA. Similarities involving substituent effects in prior electrochemical studies are also discussed. As part of the multifaceted approach, EA is linked to ET, which appears to play a role in therapeutic activity and toxicity. There is extensive literature dealing with the role of receptors in BZ activity. Significant information on receptor involvement was reported more than 40 years ago. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known to be importantly involved. GABA is a probable mediator of BZ effects. BZ and GABA receptors, although not identical, are physiologically linked. Cell signaling is known to play a part in the biochemistry of BZ action. Various factors participated, such as gene expression, allosteric influence, toxic effects and therapeutic action. Evidence points to involvement of EA and ET in the mode of action in cell signaling. Oxidative stress and antioxidant effects are also addressed.
Angiographic studies in cardiorespiratory diseases. Special reference to thromboembolism.

In 47 patients with pulmonary thromboembolism, selective pulmonary arteriograms disclosed complete or incomplete obstructions of various arterial branches, intra-arterial filling defects, decrease in volume of affected lung segments, and changes in caliber of involved arteries. In 76 other patients with a variety of disorders including left ventricular failure, pneumonia, pulmonary tumor, abscess, bulla, fibrosis, or pulmonary emphysema, the pulmonary arteries were patent to the subsegmental level, showing neither filling defects nor obstructive lesions. Selective pulmonary arteriography has proved practical and relatively safe in our hands. We recommend it as a useful means of establishing the presence and extent of pulmonary thromboemboli, and of determining their location.
Ogo 5 magnetopause structure and classical reconnection

The observations made during one unusual crossing of the magnetopause by the satellite Ogo 5 are compared with the classical reconnection model developed by Levy, Petschek, and Siscoe. The magnetic field observations appear to be generally consistent with this MHD model, although allowance must be made for the fact that the estimated magnetopause thickness was no more than 3.5 ion gyrodiameters. The nature of the finite gyroradius effects in such thin structures is discussed.
Occlusion and ion exchange in the molten (lithium chloride-potassium chloride-alkali metal chloride) salt + zeolite 4A system with alkali metal chlorides of sodium, rubidium, and cesium

Interaction between molten salts of the type LiCl-KCl-MeCl (Me = Na, Rb, Cs, xMeCl = 0 to 0.5, xKCl/xLiCl = 0.69) and zeolite 4A have been studied at 823 K. The main interactions between these salts and zeolite are molten salt occlusion to form salt-loaded zeolite and ion exchange between the molten salt and salt-loaded zeolite. No chemical reaction has been observed. The extent of occlusion is a function of the concentration of MeCl in the zeolite and is equal to 11±1 Cl− per zeolite unit cell, (AlSiO4)12, at infinite MeCl dilution. The ion-exchange mole fraction equilibrium constants (separation factors) with respect to Li are decreasing functions of concentration of MeCl in the zeolite. At infinite MeCl dilution, they are equal to 0.84, 0.87, and 2.31 for NaCl, RbCl, and CsCl, respectively, and increase in the order Na<Rb<Cs at identical MeCl concentrations. The standard ion-exchange chemical potentials are equal to −(0.0±0.5) kJ·mol−1, −(0.4±0.3) kJ·mol−1, and −(6.5±0.5) kJ·mol−1 for Na−, Rb−1, and Cs+, respectively.
Regulation of K+/Rb+ selectivity and internal TEA blockade by mutations at a single site in K+ pores.

A conservative reversion at position 374 in a chimeric K+ pore, CHM, switched the preferred ionic conductance from K+ to Rb+. To understand how selectivity was switched, codons for 18 different amino acids were substituted at position 374 in each of two different K+ channels CHM and Kv2.1, the host channel for CHM. After injection of cRNA into Xenopus oocytes, less than half of the substituted mutants expressed functional channels. In both CHM and Kv2.1, channels with the substituted hydrophobic residues Val or Ile expressed Rb+-preferring pores while channels with the substituted polar residues Thr or Ser expressed K+-preferring pores. Val or Ile stabilized while Thr or Ser destabilized blockade by internal tetraethylammonium (TEA) confirming the importance of hydrophobic interactions for blockade. TEA blockade was dependent upon the charge carrier and was more effective in the presence of the ion having the larger conductance. The results are consistent with a model in which the side chains at position 374 form a filter for K+ and Rb+ ions and a site for blockade by internal TEA.
Courbet and Assyrian Sculpture

“Itraveled through tradition,” said Courbet, “as a good swimmer would cross a river; the academicians all drowned in it.”1 Although taunting officialdom with this quip, the painter at the same time revealed a full awareness of his own debt to the art of the past. It is well known that Courbet studied Renaissance and Baroque painting of the Northern countries, Italy, and Spain, and that he did not hesitate to use figures and compositions that appealed to him. As late as 1853, for example, he drew heavily upon a work by Guido Reni for his painting Wrestlers.2 It was not in this practice that he differed from academicians, but in the choice and variety of his sources and in his adaptation of borrowed motifs to common scenes from daily life. Courbet profited from the rediscovery of the Le Nain brothers, the straightforward symbolism of children's drawings and popular prints, and the mechanical realism of the still novel photography.3 Almost any form of visual representation would seem to have served as a stim...
Leukocyte-connective tissue cell interaction. I. Stimulation of hyaluronate synthesis by live and dead leukocytes

During the interaction of fibroblasts and leukocytes in vitro, there was a two- to sixfold increase in the total amount of hyaluronate formed, and a corresponding increase in the rate (pg./cell/day) of hyaluronate synthesis. Increased glucose uptake from the culture medium (two- to fourfold) was associated with stimulation of hyaluronate formation. Cultures receiving leukocytes suffered an 8 to 33 per cent decrement in the fibroblast population. Leukocytes themselves conWFWRODUCTION of joint fluid hyaluronic 0 acid by rheumatoid synovial tissue can be visualized as a consequence of altered synthetic activity of specialized connective tissue cells functioning in an abnormal milieu of infiltrating lymphoid cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes ( PMN) . To explore the nature of possible interactions between such diverse cell types, we established monolayer cultures of human fibroblasts from normal and rheumatoid articular tissue and incubated these cultures with isolated leukocytes. The peripheral blood leukocytes were isolated from normal persons and rheumatoid patients, and the lymphocyte-rich fractions and PMN-rich fractions which were prepared were added to monolayer fibroblast CUE tures to simulate the cell mixtures found in the inflamed synovial membrane.
POLLUTED URBAN AIR AND RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PULMONARY CANCER.

The most ubiquitous carcinogens are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (e.g., benzpyrene). Sources are heating and power production and internal-combustion engines, which are major sources in some communities. PAH are adsorbed on particulates, so particulate size influences residence in lung. Respiratory irritants interfere with lung ciliary activity and cleansing of particulate matter; smog decreased movement of soot in rabbit lung. This may provide environment for tumor induction.
Suppression of lymphocyte blastogenesis by Candida albicans

Abstract Mice systemically challenged with Candida albicans exhibit suppression of in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis in response to concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) 7 but not 14 days after challenge. Such suppression is also evident with specific antigen (PPD) in mice vaccinated with BCG 14, 28, or 42 days prior to systemic challenge with C. albicans. These results indicate that systemic Candida infection is associated with a suppression of lymphocyte blastogenesis.
Multidimensional mass spectrometry methods for the structural characterization of cyclic polymers

Abstract Several synthetic methods have been developed for the tailored preparation of cyclic macromolecules due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Unequivocal characterization of the macrocyclic architectures has remained challenging, however, because isomeric linear structures often exist, or the spectral features of linear vs. cyclic chains are similar. To address this problem, multidimensional mass spectrometry (MS) techniques have been evaluated for the separation and identification of polymeric macrocycles. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS 2 ) is found to be ideally suitable for the differentiation of linear and cyclic architectures whose molecular ions exhibit distinct fragmentation characteristics. Conversely, differences in macromolecular sizes and shapes can be exploited to identify the correct architecture by ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS). A third option, chromatographic separation (LC) before MS analysis, is available for the detection of cyclics in complex mixtures. The capabilities of these techniques and combinations thereof are demonstrated with specific covalent or supramolecular (co)polymers.
Severe Silver Nitrate Injury to the Eye

A 35-year-old housewife had a chalazion re­ moved from the left upper eyelid, and at the com­ pletion of the procedure the base of the surgical bed was cauterized with a silver nitrate applicator stick. The eye was then patched. The patient was referred to one of us (M.G.) four days following the injury and at that time the eyelids and conjunctiva were markedly inflamed. The cornea was completely opaque except for a nar­ row limbal ring of clear cornea (Fig. 1). The opac­ ity appeared to extend the full thickness of the cor­ nea and the visual acuity at this time was faulty light perception. After six months, considerable clearing had taken place (Fig. 2), but a central brown corneal opacity remained which contributed to the marked impairment of her central vision. It was also noted that the lens was grayish-brown and densely opaque. A single large blood vessel traversed the
MICROAUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE MARINE PHYCOBIONTS RHIZOSOLENIA AND RICHELIA1

SUMMARY Microautoradiography was used to study photosynthetic and heterotrophic activities in cells of the diatom Rhizosolenia styliformis var. longispina containing the nitrogen-fixing, endophytic, blue-green alga Richelia intracellularis. In field studies with 14C-labeled bicarbonate, the blue-green alga appeared to be actively photosynthesizing but the diatom did not. Neither Richelia nor Rhizosolenia assimilated, 3H-labeled acetate, glucose, or an amino acid mixture. The diatom lacked cytoplasmic streaming and appeared, to be in a senescent condition. Implications of these observations for the nature of this algal association are discussed.
5-HT1A receptor expression is modulated by corticosteroid receptor agonists in primary rat hippocampal culture

Abstract The effects of corticosteroid receptor agonists on the expression of 5-HT 1A receptor mRNA were measured in rat hippocampal cultures using in situ hybridization histochemistry. In our normal culture system, grown in serum and steroid-free media, moderate to heavy signal for 5-HT 1A mRNA transcripts were detected in hippocampal neurons and glial cells. Aldosterone, α 1 type I corticosteroid receptor agonist (10 −9 M), significantly reduced the expression of 5-HT 1A mRNA both in neurons and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive (IR) cells. The type II corticosteroid receptor agonist, Ru28362 (10 −8 M), also significantly decreased neuronal 5-HT 1A mRNA expression. However, it was not as effective as aldosterone in reducing the label over GFAP-IR cells. These data indicate that corticosteroids may directly regulate the expression of hippocampal 5-HT 1A receptors at the mRNA level in cultured hippocampal cells.
Higher Education Administration Students’ Perception of Establishing a Community College

The recency of the community college movement has prevented large scale organization and dissemination of knowledge concerning the processes and steps required to establish a community college. There is, therefore, a need for means to incorporate contemporary evidence into the curriculum of prospective administrators of higher education. The purpose of this study was to compare Higher Education Administration students’ peceptions of a logical sequence of events for establishing a community college with a sequence of events for establishing a community college as determined by practice. The Edwards’ matched-pair technique was used to rank the perceptions of the students. A sequence of twenty-nine events was selected from the literature. Each event was matched with every other, thus providing 406 decision situations. From these decisions an ordering was obtained. Using the Spearman rho correlation technique, a coefficient of 0.82 was found between the sequence of events taken from the literature and rank or...
Ion-transporting ATPases and matrix mineralization in cultured osteoblastlike cells.

Cultures of osteoblastlike cells obtained from the endosteal surfaces of rabbit long bones formed and mineralized an extracellular matrix when they were supplied daily with medium containing fresh ascorbate. No matrix formed without this supplementation. The matrix mineralized whether or not beta-glycerophosphate, a substrate of alkaline phosphatase, was added to the medium. The ion-transporting ATPase activities of untreated, ascorbate-treated, and ascorbate plus beta-glycerophosphate-treated cells were measured. Ascorbate-treated and ascorbate plus beta-glycerophosphate-treated cells had similar enzyme activities. The activities of the Ca2+-ATPase; Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase; and alkaline phosphatase in treated cells were elevated over the activities in untreated cells. Na+,K+-ATPase activity was lower in treated than in untreated cells. HCO3 −-ATPase activity was not changed by treatment. Alkaline phosphatase activity was 20 times higher in freshly isolated osteoblastlike cells than in cells grown to confluence in primary culture. In addition, subculturing further reduced the activity of this osteoblast-marker enzyme. The activities of the ion-transporting ATPases and alkaline phosphatase in second passage cells were similar to the activities of these enzymes in fresh, noncalcifying tissues. Nevertheless, second passage cells retain the ability to mineralize an extracellular matrix, and their ion-transporting ATPase and alkaline phosphatase activities are altered when the cells mineralize a matrix.
Research productivity and gender disparities: a look at academic plastic surgery.

Objectives The h-index has utility in examining the contributions of faculty members by quantifying both the amount and the quality of research output and as such is a metric in approximating academic productivity. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the relationship between h-index and academic rank in plastic surgery and (2) to describe the current gender representation in academic plastic surgery to assess whether there are any gender disparities in academic productivity. Design The h-index was used to evaluate the research contributions of plastic surgeons from academic departments in the United States. Results There were 426 (84%) men and 79 (16%) women in our sample. Those in higher academic ranks had higher h-index scores (p h-index by gender, where the mean scores were 9.0 and 6.0 for men and women, respectively (p = 0.0005). When analyzed by academic rank, there was a significant difference in academic productivity between men and women in assistant and associate professor positions (6.4 vs 5.1, respectively; p=0.04). Conclusions The h-index is able to objectively and reliably quantify academic productivity in plastic surgery. We found that h-indices increased with higher academic rank, and men had overall higher scores than their female colleagues. Adoption of this metric as an adjunct to other objective and subjective measures by promotions committees may provide a more reliable measure of research relevance and academic productivity in academic plastic surgery.
Age-related concerns of male veteran callers to a suicide crisis line

In July 2007, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) partnered with the Department of Health and Human Services' Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA) to create the Veterans Crisis Line (VCL) in order to meet the unique needs of Veterans in distress. The current study utilized a mixed methods design to examine characteristics of male callers to the VCL. Results from qualitative analyses demonstrated that the majority of callers between April 1 and August 31, 2008 contacted the VCL with concerns related to mental health issues, suicide ideation, and substance abuse issues. Quantitative analyses demonstrated age differences associated with concerns presented by callers such that middle-aged and older callers were more likely to present with loneliness and younger callers were more likely to present with mental health concerns. The results of this study will help to inform future research designed to optimize the effectiveness of the VCL for suicide prevention in Veterans.
The development of cognitive mapping of the large-scale environment

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the development of children's cognitive maps of large-scale environments. Kindergarten (Mean Age = 5−7), second (Mean Age = 7−7), and fifth (Mean Age = 10−7) graders walked through a large model town and were then required to construct the layout of building in that model from memory. Accuracy of construction increased as a function both of developmental level and repeated encounters with the layout. In Experiment 1, the separate effects of repeatedly walking through the town and repeatedly constructing it both increased the accuracy of the children's reconstructions. In Experiment 2, walking through the environment was no more effective than merely viewing it repeatedly. Young children's accuracy in bounded space (Experiment 1) was far more accurate than their performance in unbounded space (Experiment 2), while older children's accuracy was relatively unaffected by this variable.
Ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulation by nutrient‐stressed tomato plants

Abstract Environmentally stressed plants frequently have elevated rates of ethylene evolution and high accumulation of free ammonium by their foliage. The objective of this study was to investigate ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulation by nutrient‐deficient and ammonium‐stressed tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Heinz 1350’ and neglecta‐1) grown in a greenhouse. In soil culture, ‘Heinz 1350’ was more sensitive to ammonium toxicity and had higher ethylene evolution than neglecta‐1. High ethylene evolution corresponded with appearance of ammonium toxicity symptoms in both lines. In sand culture, ‘Heinz 1350’ and neglecta‐1 grown with K, Ca, or Mg deficiency in NO3 ‐‐based nutrient solutions had higher ammonium accumulation and higher ethylene evolution than plants grown with complete nutrition. P‐deficient plants had elevated ammonium accumulation but low ethylene evolution. Plants grown on NH4 +‐based nutrition with pH buffering by CaCO3 had lower ethylene evolution and lower ammonium ac...
Identification and characterization of triosephosphate isomerase that specifically interacts with the integrin αIIb cytoplasmic domain

Integrin alphaIIb/beta3 (IIb/IIIa), a platelet fibrinogen receptor, has been shown to play a critical role in thrombosis and hemostasis. However, the mechanisms by which ligands interact with the alphaIIb/beta3 receptor is not very clear at this time. The interaction between the ligand, the receptor and the transmission of extracellular signals may involve the cytoplasmic domains of these integrins. The objective of this investigation was to identify novel proteins that interact with the cytoplasmic tail of alphaIIb. Using alphaIIb cytoplasmic tail as the bait and a yeast two-hybrid system, we have identified three separate clones containing inserts that encoded the same protein with different truncated N-terminals. Sequence analysis showed that the inserts of the three clones encoded a previously identified enzyme: triose phosphate isomerase (TPI). In addition, we demonstrated that TPI failed to interact with the integrin alpha2 tail, beta3 tail and lamin, but showed a weak binding to the alphaV tail which shares the highest homology with alphaIIb tail among the integrin alpha family. Site-directed mutagenesis studies around the homology region indicated that the critical peptide sequence necessary for the interaction between TPI and alphaIIb tail is GFFKRNRPPLEE. Using RT-PCR, we have demonstrated the presence of TPI mRNA in platelets. In addition, experiments were also performed to demonstrate specific binding of TPI to alphaIIb using an ELISA and fusion protein. Taken together, these data suggest that TPI specifically interacts with alphaIIb and may play a critical role in alphaIIb/beta3-mediated platelet function.
Panax notoginseng attenuates LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 cells.

Herbals or dietary supplements are not regulated as drugs by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) although many may have associated therapeutic effects and toxicities. Therefore, the immunomodulatory effects of the herbal extract Panax notoginseng on cultured macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) were investigated to address potential therapeutic or toxic effects. Cells were stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml) and treated with notoginseng at 5, 25 and 50 μg/ml. Notoginseng inhibited the LPS-induced production of TNF-α and IL-6 by the cultured macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. The expression of COX-2 and IL-1β mRNA was also attenuated by notoginseng. TNF-α production was inhibited in samples treated with notoginseng 24 h before, or at the same time as LPS stimulation, but not in samples treated 8 h after LPS stimulation. Notoginseng reduced expression of the accessory molecules CD40 and CD86 on the RAW264.7 cells while CD14 and TLR4 expression remained unaffected. Furthermore, Rb1 and Rg1 ginsenosides also inhibited macrophage production of TNF-α, but to a lesser extent than did the whole notoginseng extract. Collectively, these results indicate that notoginseng inhibits LPS-induced activation of RAW264.7 macrophages and demonstrates that notoginseng possesses anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties in vitro.
New stereology for the recovery of grain-boundary plane distributions in the crystal frame

A new experimental method is given for recovering the probability-distribution function S v ( $$\hat n_A $$ |Δg). The function S v ( $$\hat n_A $$ |Δg) is the grain-boundary area per unit volume as a function of grain-boundary plane orientation ( $$\hat n_A $$ ), given a lattice misorientation (Δg) between the adjoining grains. The grain-boundary normal ( $$\hat n_A $$ ) is expressed in the crystal frame in which the misorientation Δg originates. The proposed method recovers the three-dimensional S v ( $$\hat n_A $$ |Δg) function using data taken from two-dimensional section planes. The method requires the measurement of many grain-boundary trace (in-plane) angles and lengths associated with grain boundaries of lattice misorientation. All such boundary traces may be observed from a single section plane if the crystallographic texture is sufficiently random. In heavily textured microstructures, the method requires the researcher to observe traces from multiple oblique section planes cut through the material. A method of quantitatively estimating whether the texture is sufficiently random is given. Simulations on both textured and nontextured microstructures demonstrate the validity of the method. Experimentally, the new method is used to analyze boundaries of misorientation (Σ3) observed in 304 stainless steel. Calculated grain-boundary plane-probability functions are shown to be consistent with what is already known.
Effects of jasmonate‐induced defenses in tomato on the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Jasmonates such as jasmonic acid (JA) are plant-signaling compounds that trigger induced resistance (IR) to a broad range of arthropod herbivores. JA-dependent defenses are known to reduce the growth and survivorship of many chewing insects, but their impact on piercing‐sucking insects such as aphids has not been extensively investigated. In this study, induced resistance was activated in tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) (Solanaceae) using a foliar application of synthetic JA, and control plants were treated with carrier solution. The life parameters of individual potato aphids and their progeny ( Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were evaluated on the unsprayed leaves of plants in order to access the systemic effects of the foliar treatments. IR significantly reduced the longevity and net reproduction of adult aphids, as well as the percentage of juveniles to survive to maturity. These results indicate that JA application induces systemic defenses in tomato that have a direct negative impact on aphid survivorship. This study also examined aphid honeydew excretion, in order to evaluate the potential influence of induced resistance on aphid feeding behavior. The average honeydew production per aphid was comparable on plants with or without JA treatment, indicating that JA-dependent defenses did not deter feeding. This suggests that the observed effects of JA on aphid survivorship were due to antibiotic rather than antixenotic factors. In addition to studying the effects of JA treatment on a tomato cultivar that is susceptible to aphids, this study also examined the effects of exogenous application of JA on tomato plants that carry the aphid resistance gene, Mi-1.2 . JA application did not significantly enhance or inhibit aphid control on resistant tomato. These findings expand our understanding of the effects of JA-dependent defenses on piercing‐sucking insects, and of the potential interactions between induced resistance and R-gene mediated aphid resistance in tomato.
Interaction between the transcription factor AtTIFY4B and begomovirus AL2 protein impacts pathogenicity

The begomovirus AL2 protein is a transcriptional activator, a silencing suppressor, and inhibitor of basal defense. AL2 forms a complex at the CP promoter, through interaction with a plant-specific DNA-binding protein, Arabidopsis PEAPOD2 (also known as TIFY4B). AtTIFY4B has three domains (PPD, TIFY and CCT_2) conserved between homologs from different plant species. We confirmed that the AL2 protein from Tomato golden mosaic virus and Cabbage leaf curl virus interacts with TIFY4B from Arabidopsis, tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana in the nucleus of plant cells. Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation demonstrated that the interaction involves both the TIFY and CCT_2 domains. Surprisingly, amino acids 84–150 can prevent AtTIFY4B from localizing to the nucleus, and interaction with AL2 results in some of the protein re-entering the nucleus. When AtTIFY4B is over-expressed, we observe an increase in mean latent period, where systemic symptoms are detected on average, 4 days later than in mock treated plants. This appears to be a consequence of reduced viral DNA titers, possibly related to the role of TIFY4B in cell cycle arrest. Our results point to a potential role for TIFY4B in host defense against geminiviruses. Expression of TIFY4B in N. benthamiana increases in response to geminivirus infection, which would result in suppression of proliferation, reducing viral replication. Geminiviruses may counter this defense response through an interaction between AL2 and TIFY4B, which would inhibit TIY4B function. The consequence of this inhibition would be failure to arrest the cell cycle, providing an environment conducive for geminivirus replication.