cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parallel graph partitioning on multicore architectures

Graph partitioning is a common and frequent preprocessing step in many high-performance parallel applications on distributed-and shared-memory architectures. It is used to distribute graphs across memory and to improve spatial locality. There are several parallel implementations of graph partitioning for distributed-memory architectures. In this paper, we present a parallel graph partitioner that implements a variation of the Metis partitioner for shared-memory, multicore architectures. We show that (1) the parallelism in this algorithm is an instance of the general amorphous data-parallelism pattern, and (2) a parallel implementation can be derived systematically from a sequential specification of the algorithm. The resulting program can be executed in parallel using the Galois system for optimistic parallelization. The scalability of this parallel implementation compares favorably with that of a publicly available, hand-parallelized C implementation of the algorithm, ParMetis, but absolute performance is lower because of missing sequential optimizations in our system. On a set of 15 large, publicly available graphs, we achieve an average scalability of 2.98X on 8 cores with our implementation, compared with 1.77X for ParMetis, and we achieve an average speedup of 2.80X over Metis, compared with 3.60X for ParMetis. These results show that our systematic approach for parallelizing irregular algorithms on multicore architectures is promising.
New baryons in the {Delta}{eta} and {Delta}{omega} channels

The decays of excited nonstrange baryons into the final states {Delta}{eta} and {Delta}{omega} are examined in a relativized quark pair creation model. The wavefunctions and parameters of the model are fixed by previous calculations of N{pi} and N{pi}{pi}, etc., decays through various quasi-two body channels including N{eta} and N{omega}. The results show that the combination of thresholds just below the region of interest and the isospin selectivity of these channels should allow the discovery of several new baryons in such experiments.
The Physics of the Parallel Machines

I argue that architectures for massively parallel computers must be designed to go beyond supporting a particular class of algorithms to supporting the underlying physical processes being modelled. I shall discuss specifically physical processes modelled by partial differential equations (PDEs) and argue that an efficient architecture must go beyond nearest neighbor mesh interconnections and support global and hierarchical communications.
On the Dynamics of Laguerre’s Iteration Method for Finding the nth Roots of Unity

Previous analyses of Laguerre’s iteration method have provided results on the behavior of this popular method when applied to the polynomials , . In this paper, we summarize known analytical results and provide new results. In particular, we study symmetry properties of the Laguerre iteration function and clarify the dynamics of the method. We show analytically and demonstrate computationally that for each the basin of attraction to the roots is a subset of an annulus that contains the unit circle and whose Lebesgue measure shrinks to zero as . We obtain a good estimate of the size of the bounding annulus. We show that the boundary of the basin of convergence exhibits fractal nature and quasi self-similarity. We also discuss the connectedness of the basin for large values of . We also numerically find some short finite cycles on the boundary of the basin of convergence for . Finally, we demonstrate that when using the floating point arithmetic and the general formulation of the method, convergence occurs even from starting values outside of the basin of convergence due to the loss of significance during the evaluation of the iteration function.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MEMBERS OF A MARKETING-PRODUCTION CHANNEL UNDER SEASONAL DEMAND

Abstract Key decisions in a marketing-production channel faced with a seasonal demand include production and pricing decisions for the manufacturer, and processing and pricing decisions for the retailer. In such situations, a variety of contracts are possible, including contracts under which the manufacturer charges a constant price throughout the season, or the retailer processes at a constant rate throughout the season. Also possible are channel structures in which the manufacturer and retailer cooperate to make decisions jointly. The main objective of the present paper is to compare optimal policies under all the situations described above. We show that having a constant manufacturer's price, or a constant processing rate does not have a significant impact upon the retailer's price or inventory decisions. However, if the demand is not highly seasonal, a constant processing rate contract will result in higher production and processing rates, and a lower manufacturer's price, compared to a constant manufacturer's price contract. Also, a centralized channel involving joint decision making will lead to a lower price at the retail level, and higher production and processing rates. Hence, issues such as channel coordination and contracts between manufacturers and retailers, which have received significant attention in the marketing literature, have implications for the production area as well.
Estimation of Meridional Heat Flux in the North Atlantic by Inverse Methods

Abstract Hydrographic sections spanning the Atlantic Ocean at 24, 36 and 48°N are used to make an estimate of meridional heat flux in the ocean. An inverse method provides reference level velocities for geostrophic calculations, consistent with assumptions of conservation of mass and salt in a multilayered ocean. The heat-flux calculation is made on the total geostrophic velocity together with observed temperature. It is found that the dominant mechanism for heat transport in the North Atlantic is a meridional cell of northward flowing surface water balanced by deep southward flow. The strength of the meridional cell is determined best by the data at 24°N. This is attributed to higher information content and lower noise, from topographic roughness, in the southern transect. An ageostrophic correction to the heat flux is estimated, and the resulting total northward heat flux is 120×1013 W at 24°N and about 80×1013 W at 36°N. The heat flux was poorly determined at 48°N. It is concluded that the technique co...
Molecular basis for induction of ocular dominance plasticity.

The most dramatic example of experience-dependent cortical plasticity is the shift in ocular dominance that occurs in visual cortex as a consequence of monocular deprivation during early postnatal life. Many of the basic properties of this type of synaptic plasticity have been described in detail. The important challenge that remains is to understand the molecular basis for these properties. By combining theoretical analysis with experiments in vivo and in vitro, some of the elementary molecular mechanisms for visual cortical plasticity have now been uncovered.
Moving out: transition policies for youth with serious emotional disabilities.

Moving from the children’s service system to the adult service system is a difficult process for youth with serious emotional disabilities. The fragmentation of services and entrance criteria-based age makes this transition difficult. This article examines how state-level policy can facilitate the orderly planning and delivery of transition services. Several types of transition policies currently in use by states are described, and nine important components of transition policy are identified. These components represent content which needs to be present in order for state level policy to adequately address the needs of transitioning adolescents with serious emotional disabilities. Mental health planners, state administrators and policy analysts can play an important role in initiating, reviewing, and coordinating state policy regarding transition.
Expression of supreoxide dismutase and catalase in rat brain as a function of age

Active oxygen species have been proposed to be involved in the aging process of the brain, therefore alterations of the levels of enzymes involved in the defence system against free radicals and other active species could substantially influence the aging process. In this study the enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn) and catalase as well as the relative levels of their mRNA were measured in the brain of Fischer F344 rats of various ages (5-37 months old). A gradual decrease in the activity of these enzymes (21-27%) was observed with increasing age. The alterations were paralleled by a decrease (39-40%) in the relative levels of these mRNA species. Thus the decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase appears to be due to an age-dependent change in the expression of these genes.
Determination of hydraulic conductivity from auger holes and pits — An approximation

Abstract A steady-state solution is developed which relates saturated hydraulic conductivity to rate of rise in auger holes and pits of arbitrary geometries. The analysis assumes axial symmetric cavities and steady-state conditions and uses the solution for a disc source in infinite space together with the method of images. Numerical results and a table are presented for “arc” and “trapezoidal” shaped pits.
New Cluster Phases AIZr6Cl14Mn and Zr6Cl14Fe: A Second Structure Type with Small Cations

Abstract The new compounds Zr 6 Cl 14 Z, Z = Mn, Fe, and A Zr 6 Cl 14 Mn, A = Li-Cs, have been synthesized by reactions of Zr, ZrCl 4 , MnCl 2 , or FeCl 3 , and ACl where necessary in sealed Ta tubes at 750 to 850°C. All exist in stuffed versions of the orthorhombic Nb 6 Cl 14 ( Cmca ) structure. Single crystal studies were completed on Zr 6 Cl 14 Fe and LiZr 6 Cl 14 Mn ( R w = 5.5, 5.3%, respectively). The lithium cation occupies 25% of a set of distorted octahedral chlorine sites within the cluster network, in contrast to 12-coordinate site occupied by K, Rb, or Cs. The cations in NaZr 6 Cl 14 Mn and LiZr 6 Cl 14 B are also assigned to the octahedral site based on distinctive volume effects with small (or no) cations in both the Mn and B series.
A shock-tube and theory study of the dissociation of acetone and subsequent recombination of methyl radicals

Abstract The dissociation of acetone: CH 3 C OCH 3 → CH 3 C O + CH 3 , quickly followed by CH 3 CO → CH 3 + CO, has been examined with Laser-Schlieren measurements in incident shock waves over 32–717 Torr and 1429–1936 K using 5% acetone dilute in krypton. A few very low pressure experiments (∼10 Torr) were used in a marginal effort to resolve the extremely fast vibrational relaxation of this molecule. This effort was partly motivated as a test for molecular, “roaming methyl” reactions, and also as a source of methyl radicals to test the application of a recent high-temperature mechanism for ethane decomposition [J.H. Kiefer, S. Santhanam, N.K. Srinivasan, R.S. Tranter, S.J. Klippenstein, M.A. Oehlschlaeger, Proc. Combust. Inst. 30 (2005) 1129–1135] on the reverse methyl combination. The gradient profiles show strong initial positive gradients and following negative values fully consistent with methyl radical formation and its following recombination. Thus C–C fission is certainly a large part of the process and molecular channels cannot be responsible for more than 30% of the dissociation. Rates obtained for the C–C fission show strong falloff well fit by variable reaction coordinate transition state theory when combined with a master equation. The calculated barrier is 82.8 kcal/mol, the fitted 〈Δ E 〉 down = 400 (T/298) cm −1 , similar to what was found in a recent study of C–C fission in acetaldehyde, and the extrapolated k ∞ = 10 25.86 T −2.72 exp(−87.7 (kcal/mol)/ RT ), which agrees with the literature rate for CH 3 + CH 3 CO. Large negative (exothermic) gradients appearing late from methyl combination are accurately fit in both time of onset and magnitude by the earlier ethane dissociation mechanism. The measured dissociation rates are in close accord with one earlier shock-tube study [K. Sato, Y. Hidaka, Combust. Flame 122 (2000) 291–311], but show much less falloff than the high pressure experiments of Ernst et al. [J. Ernst, K. Spindler, H.Gg. Wagner, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 80 (1976) 645–650].
The role of intermediate shocks in magnetic reconnection

The present study examines the structure of discontinuity layers associated with magnetic reconnection by numerically solving the Riemann problem for the evolution of an initial current sheet which separates two plasma regions with antiparallel magnetic field components in the z direction and a common guide magnetic field in the y direction. In the presence of a nonzero normal component of the magnetic field, the initial current sheet evolves into a system of MHD discontinuities. For the initial current sheet with a zero guide field, steady intermediate shocks, slow shocks, slow expansion waves, or contact discontinuity are observed to develop. For the current sheet with a nonzero guide field, time-dependent intermediate shocks, instead of steady intermediate shocks, are observed to bound the reconnection layer.
Plume expansion and stoichiometry in the growth of multi-component thin films using dual-laser ablation

Abstract The application of dual-laser ablation for the growth of ZnO and multi-component films of CuIn0.75.Ga0.25Se2 is presented. Comparison of the optical emission from the ZnO plume under dual-laser and single excimer laser ablation reveals that the coupling of the CO2 laser into the excimer laser-ablated plume causes both significant ionic excitation as well as lateral plume expansion. The cos21(θ) thickness profile of the single laser film transforms to a more uniform cos6(θ) for dual-laser ablation. A comparison of the enhancement of film uniformity at different CO2 laser fluences shows that increasing the CO2 laser energy leads to greater film uniformity in dual-laser ablation. The advantages of the growth of multi-component materials using dual-laser ablation are demonstrated by optical plume analysis and the deposition of CuIn0.75Ga0.25Se2 films.
Investigation of secondary jets on a cone at a Mach number of 6.

Secondary jets investigated on sharp nosed 9 degree half-angle cone at Mach 6, noting effect on ratio of jet interaction normal force coefficient to jet reaction normal force coefficient
Intraocular penetration of topical tissue plasminogen activator.

• Fifty-eight eyes of 31 anesthetized rabbits received one drop of proparacaine hydrochloride, 0.05%, and two drops of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) separated by 5 minutes. Four eyes of two additional rabbits had epithelial defects created before drug delivery. Tissue plasminogen activator in multiple doses was given to eight eyes of four other rabbits. We used this dosing regimen to investigate the effect of topical tPA on anterior chamber fibrin clots in three rabbits. A two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test was used to measure tPA levels in the aqueous samples, obtained by paracentesis in each eye. Of 53 eyes treated with the original dosing regimen, 21 (40%) had detectable tPA aqueous levels. Blood and aqueous from eyes of untreated control rabbits, contralateral control eyes of treated rabbits, and eyes with epithelial defects had nondetectable tPA. Multiple tPA drop dosing resulted in 75% of aqueous samples with detectable tPA and a higher average tPA concentration than the original dosing regimen. Eyes treated with tPA showed a significantly faster resolution of anterior chamber fibrin clots than did control eyes.
Pulmonary Edema After Freebase Cocaine Smoking—Not Due to an Adulterant

A case of pulmonary edema following smoking freebase cocaine is described. We did not clearly establish the mechanism, but this case is unique since adulterants and contaminants were excluded unlike all previously reported patients.
Attribution of control and teenage pregnancy.

Abstract Previous tests of the hypothesis that external attributions of control characterize girls who experience pregnancy in adolescence yielded diverse findings. Here this hypothesis was tested with pregnancy-experienced and pregnancy-inexperienced girls closely matched for age, race, residential region, and subculture, and using the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children. Pregnancy-experienced girls more often manifested an external attributional orientation than their pregnancy- inexperienced peers. The findings were discussed in terms of external attributional orientations as a causal factor for pregnancy early in adolescence, and as a risk factor in maternal vulnerability to depression with implications for development of infants and children reared by adolescent mothers.
207 THE DYNAMICS OF VASOPRESSIN RESPONSE TO BLOOD VOLUME DEPLETION IN THE LAMB FETUS

Plasma arginine vasopressin (pAVP) release was measured before and during fetal hemorrhage (H) and 3 hours after fetal blood replacement (T) in 11 chronic fetal lamb preparations (103-138 days gestation). During H there were significant decreases (p<0.05) in fetal hematocrit (34.7±2.5 to 27±1.5%), arterial blood pressure (BP)(58.1±2.5 to 52.2±2.5 mmHg) and fetal pH (7.38±0.01 to 7.35±0.01), but no changes were seen in arterial blood gases (PCO2 − PO2), plasma electrolytes (Na+, K+, C1−) nor osmolality. After T all values returned to baseline levels. Fetal pAVP was measured at various levels of H until ∼30% of the total feto-placental blood volume (T-FPV) was removed. Fetal pAVP increased significantly (p<0.01) in all fetuses from mean basal values of 0.73±0.21 to mean peak values of 34.9±10.04 μU/ml. pAVP was returned to baseline values (1.77±0.67 μU/ml) 3 hours after T. No change in maternal pAVP was seen during H. When fetal pAVP was plotted against the percent of T-FPV removed, the correlation coefficient was 0.65; however, when the log of fetal pAVP was plotted against the percent of T-FPV removed, a correlation coefficient of 0.82 was observed. A multiple regression analysis showed that the decrease in fetal BP was not the primary factor explaining the increase in pAVP during T-FPV depletion. These data show that H is a potent stimulus for fetall pAVP release and suggest that this release is an exponential function of the degree to which T-FPV is depleted.
Beat averaging alternatives for transmitral Doppler flow velocity images

To characterize diastolic function from transmitral Doppler data, the image's maximum velocity envelope (MVE) is fit by a model for flow velocity. To reduce the physiologic beat-to-beat variability of best-fit determined model parameters, averaging of multiple cardiac cycles is indicated. To assess variability mathematically, we modeled physiologic noise as a random (normally-distributed) process and evaluated three methods of averaging (1, averaging model parameters from single images; 2, averaging images; and 3, averaging MVEs) using clinical datasets (50 continuous beats from 5 subjects). Method 2 generates a positive bias because low-velocity beats will not contribute to the composite MVE. The difference between Methods 3 and 1 is less than 2.0 E-5 (m/s)2 for uncorrelated model parameters. Input having 10% beat-to-beat variation yields a bias of <4% for model parameter mean. Hence, Method 1 was, in general, more robust than Method 3.
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Iron Atoms with Nitrogen Atoms and Molecules. Matrix Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations of Novel Iron Nitride Molecules

Matrix infrared spectra of the Fe + N2 system show that laser-ablated Fe atoms react with nitrogen atoms and molecules to give the FeN and NFeN molecules and Fe(N2)x complexes. The iron nitride mol...
Biological aspects of themal pollution II. Scientific basis for water temperature standards at power plants

(1973). Biological aspects of themal pollution II. Scientific basis for water temperature standards at power plants. C R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control: Vol. 3, No. 1-4, pp. 1-24.
Steps Towards a Modular Theory of Disease

Systems biology has shown great promise in providing a better understanding of human disease, and in identifying new disease targets. Nonetheless, it remains extraordinarily difficult to identify causal genes in most genetic diseases, in particular highly polygenic disorders, such as, for example, coronary artery disease, diabetes, and autism, for which current approaches are most limited. I’ll discuss our progress on this problem, which builds upon the tendency for many genetic disorders to relate to disfunction of specific biological modules, such as protein complexes or pathways. Our strategies include computational and experimental methods for mapping disease-relevant protein complexes, and an unusual computational approach for identifying candidate genes for diseases, based on identifying suprising disease models, including a yeast model for angiogenesis defects. These studies reveal functionally coherent, evolutionarily conserved gene networks--many predating the plant-animal divergence–capable of identifying candidate disease genes.
The use of ultrasonic standing waves to enhance optical particle sizing equipment

Abstract Fluid dynamics modelling augmented with routines to simulate acoustic forces on aerosol particles has been used to investigate the potential of combining ultrasonic standing wave fields with optical particle analysis equipment. Simulations of particle dynamics in airstreams incorporating acoustic forces predict that particles in the 1–10 μm diameter range may be effectively focused to the velocity nodes of the standing wave field. Particles move to the velocity nodes within tens of milliseconds for acoustic frequencies of 10–100 kHz and at an acoustic energy density of 100 J m −3 . Larger particles are predicted to move to the velocity antinodes within similar times; however, there is a crossover region at approximately 15–20 μm particle diameter where longer times are predicted due to the competing forces driving particles to the vibration node and antinode. With sufficient transverse flow velocities the models predict that disturbances due to acoustic streaming can be overcome and a useful degree of focusing achieved for the aerosol particles. Results from a model demonstrating sampling and acoustic focusing of 3–9 μm aerosol particles to a 200 μm wide analysis area are presented.
Serotonin induces EPSCs preferentially in layer V pyramidal neurons of the frontal cortex in the rat

The effect of serotonin (5-HT) on the release of glutamate was examined in pyramidal cells in layers II-VI of the frontal cortex. The intracellular recording electrode contained 1% biocytin so the neurons could later be visualized with an avidin-biotin peroxidase method. Pyramidal cells in layer V of the frontal cortex showed the greatest 5-HT-induced increase in both the frequency and amplitude of 'spontaneous' (non-electrically evoked) excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs). A small proportion of neurons in layer II/III showed an increase in EPSC frequency, whereas cells in layer VI showed no significant change in either EPSC frequency or amplitude. The physiological response to 5-HT mirrors the high density of 5-HT(2A) receptors in layer V, as well as the pattern of thalamic projections in frontal cortex. The specific induction of EPSCs in layer V neurons suggests that 5-HT preferentially modulates the output neurons of the frontal cortex.
Survey of soybean oil and meal qualities produced by different processes

Soybean oil and meal produced by extruding-expelling (E-E) are believed to have unique characteristics compared with products produced by solvent extraction (SE). A survey was conducted to compare quality characteristics of the oils and meals produced from different types of soybean processing methods. Soybean oil and meal samples were collected three different times within a 1-yr period from 13 E-E mills, 8 SE plants, and 1 continuous screwpress (SP) plant. Properties of oil and meal varied considerably between different types of plants and among plants of the same type and sampling times. In general, settled crude E-E and SP oils had significantly greater peroxide values than those of SE oils. E-E oils contained less free fatty acid and phosphorus than did SE and SP oils. The oxidative stability (AOM) of E-E oil was less than that of SE oil, and that of SP oil was intermediate. E-E and SP meals had higher oil and lower protein and moisture contents than those of SE meals. Protein dispersibility indices were lower for E-E and SP meals. Protein solubilities in KOH were similar for E-E and SE meal, but higher than that of SP meal (62%). Rumen bypass protein values were higher for the SP meal.
Two-dimensional vocal tracts with three-dimensional behavior in the numerical generation of vowels

Two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulations of vocal tract acoustics may provide a good balance between the high quality of three-dimensional (3D) finite element approaches and the low computational cost of one-dimensional (1D) techniques. However, 2D models are usually generated by considering the 2D vocal tract as a midsagittal cut of a 3D version, i.e., using the same radius function, wall impedance, glottal flow, and radiation losses as in 3D, which leads to strong discrepancies in the resulting vocal tract transfer functions. In this work, a four step methodology is proposed to match the behavior of 2D simulations with that of 3D vocal tracts with circular cross-sections. First, the 2D vocal tract profile becomes modified to tune the formant locations. Second, the 2D wall impedance is adjusted to fit the formant bandwidths. Third, the 2D glottal flow gets scaled to recover 3D pressure levels. Fourth and last, the 2D radiation model is tuned to match the 3D model following an optimization process. The procedure is tested for vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/ and the obtained results are compared with those of a full 3D simulation, a conventional 2D approach, and a 1D chain matrix model.
Through-mold electrodeposition using the uniform injection cell (UIC): Workpiece and pattern scale uniformity

We report on the operation of an electroplating device based on the uniform injection cell (UIC) concept. Workpiece scale mass transfer characteristics are explored using limiting current measurements and are related to theoretical predictions. Results show that the device delivers predictable and controlled average mass transfer rates at the workpiece length scale. Pattern scale uniformity is explored by electrodeposition of NiFe microgears on to a patterned substrate. Statistical analysis of compositional differences between an electroplated NiFe film and electrodeposited NiFe microgears is used to explore mass transfer on the pattern scale. Results illustrate that the presence of a patterned mold influences the average mass transfer rate compared to the unpatterned electrode, but does not create additional variability in electrolyte mixing across the substrate. Implications for using the device in through-mold plating are discussed and future improvements to the device are suggested.
Passive avoidance and amygdala lesions: relationship with pituitary-adrenal system.

Abstract The present study was designed to determine whether or not passive avoidance learning deficits produced by amygdala lesions are related to a lesion produced abnormality in the response of the pituitary-adrenal system to footshock induced stress during conditioning. Rats with amygdala lesions demonstrated significant learning deficits for 1 trial passive avoidance conditioning when compared with unoperated or surgical control rats. The deficits were not a function of altered footshock sensitivity nor increased activity in the animals with lesions. Injections of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) either prior to or immediately following the conditioning footshock did not significantly attenuate the learning deficits in animals with lesions and had no effect on learning in control animals. No significant alterations in plasma corticosterone levels were found in rats with amygdala lesions in response to the footshock induced stress of conditioning. The results suggest that passive avoidance learning deficits in rats with amygdala lesions are not related to an abnormal pituitary-adrenal response to the stress of avoidance conditioning.
RETROVIRAL ANTIGENEMIA IN CHILDREN WITH HIV INFECTION

A selected group of 16 children with suspected or documented infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) were tested for HIV antigen using an ELISA antigen capture assay. Fifteen were antigen positive at some time in their life. Two of these 15 children had immunologic abnormalities but were consistently HIV antibody negative (HIV Ab−). Five of the children were tested during the neonatal period and subsequently for 4-10 months. All 5 are HIV Ab+ but immunologically and clinically well to date. Three of the 5 were HIV antigen negative (HIV Ag−) at birth but 2 have since become HIV antigen positive (HIV Ag+). Two of the 5 were HIV Ag+ at birth but one is HIV Ag− after 8 months. Two HIV Ab+ Ag− mothers produced children who were HIV Ag+ at birth. Two HIV Ab+ Ag+ mothers produced children who were HIV Ag− at birth. Thus HIV antigen need not passively cross the placenta as does HIV antibody. Two sets of HIV Ab+ twins were also HIV Ag+. One of each set of twins developed severe HIV-related illness in the 1st 4 months of life. Within each set, the affected twin had the higher titre of antigen. Measurement of HIV antigen may be useful in evaluating the presence of HIV infection in the first months of life, irrespective of their HIV antibody status, particularly when repeated at regular intervals.
Electronic structure, energy transport, and optical properties of halide scintillators

There are thousands of halides that are potentially useful as scintillator hosts. Establishing understanding of trends and fundamental mechanisms for energy transport is important for identifying those that are most likely to be useful. We report calculations of electronic structures in relation to energy transport and optical properties in halide scintillators. These include hybrid functional studies of rare earth activator energy levels, calculations of self-trapping energies of carriers, and electronic structures in relation to energy transport in elpasolites. We use the relationship between electronic structure and energy transport to suggest a path for identifying new high light output elpasolite scintillators. We also present the electronic structure for TlPbI3, which with activation is a potential low band gap scintillator.
Study of lattice QED with dynamical fermions

Abstract We discuss some recent results about QED on a lattice with light fermions. Compact and noncompact formulations are analyzed. Both show a transition between a strong coupling phase (where chiral symmetry is broken) and a weak coupling phase. The influence of the number of flavors on the phase diagram is discussed. In the noncompact formulation we also analyze the possiblity of recovering a nontrivial continuum limit at the critical point.
Rearrangement of cyclopropylborane into boretane

Previously unknown boron-containing four-membered unsaturated heterocycle boretane was obtained via novel thermal rearrangement of cyclopropylborane and investigated by NMR and IR spectroscopy. Formation of boretane was also confirmed through its chemical transformation into more stable derivatives.
Antioxidant Sulforaphane and Sensitizer Trinitrobenzene Sulfonate Induce Carboxylesterase-1 Through a Novel Element Transactivated by Nuclear Factor-E2 Related Factor-2

Carboxylesterase-1 (CES1), the most versatile human carboxylesterase, plays critical roles in drug metabolism and lipid mobilization. This enzyme is highly induced by antioxidants and sensitizers in various cell lines. These compounds are known to activate nuclear factor-E2 related factor-2 (Nrf2) by reacting to kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1). The aims of this study were to determine whether antioxidant sulforaphane (SFN) and sensitizer trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS) target Keap1 similarly and whether they use the same element for CES1 induction. Cells over-expressing Keap1 were treated with TNBS or SFN and the formation of disulfide bonds among Keap1 molecules were determined. SFN promoted intramolecular disulfide formation whereas TNBS promoted intermolecular disulfide formation of Keap1. Two elements, sensitizing/antioxidant response element (S/ARE) and ARE4, were identified to support Nrf2 in the regulated expression of CES1A1. Both elements were bound by Nrf2, however, the S/ARE element supported, whereas the ARE4 element repressed Nrf2 transactivation. The repression required higher amounts of Nrf2, suggesting that the transactivation through the S/ARE element dominates the trans-repression through the ARE4 element under normal antioxidative condition. These findings conclude that compounds, although triggering the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, may differ in the mode of reacting with Keap1. These findings also conclude that both positive and negative Nrf2 elements exist even within the same gene, and such opposing mechanisms provide fine-tuning in transcriptional regulation by the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. High levels of CES1 are linked to lipid retention. Excessive induction of CES1 by antioxidants and sensitizers likely provides a mechanism for potential detrimental effect on human health.
Heparin potentiation of 3T3-adipocyte stimulated angiogenesis: Mechanisms of action on endothelial cells

We have examined the cellular mechanisms by which heparin potentiates the ability of 3T3-adipocytes to stimulate the formation of new blood vessels. Both anticoagulant and non-anticoagulant heparin species enhanced the angiogenic activity of adipocyte-secreted products in the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay, indicating that the angiotropic effect of this glycosaminoglycan is independent of its effect on the coagulation cascade. Heparin alone was unable to produce a neovascular response. The ability of heparin to modulate three endothelial functions in vitro thought to be related to angiogenesis were examined: protease activity, motility, and mitogenesis. Heparin caused a 100% increase in the adipocyte-induced stimulation of endothelial cell plasminogen activator activity and motility, but had no effect on proliferation. The enhancement of plasminogen activator and chemoattractant activities had a similar ED50 (1-2 micrograms/ml) and optimum dose (10-30 micrograms/ml). When we examined the direct effect of heparin on the activity of two distinct plasminogen activator enzymes--urokinase and tissue-type--a dual action of heparin was observed: tissue-type enzyme activity was stimulated 100% by heparin at 10 micrograms/ml, whereas urokinase activity was inhibited by 77% at this dose. These data suggest that heparin potentiates angiogenesis in vivo by stimulating endothelial cell plasminogen activator, motility, or both. Our results further suggest that for adipocyte-induced blood vessel formation, in contrast to other angiogenesis systems, heparin does not appear to affect the mitogenic activity.
Social Consequences of Equalizing Irrigation Access

It is now recognized that the social relationships between men and between communities are conditioned by their technological relationship to water. This is especially clear in studies dealing with the social concomitants of irrigation at the state level. Karl Wittfogel, for example, argues that particular techno-environmental settings are associated with specific socio-political correlates. Agricultural systems predicated upon integrated irrigation networks, according to him, tend to generate despotic states and elaborate bureaucracies. Yet irrigation systems vary greatly in space and time, and it seems reasonable to expect that the specific local form of irrigation agriculture will affect social and political patterns as well as cropping patterns and associated economic potentialities. As local irrigation systems shift, we may anticipate associated adaptations of a sociocultural sort. Prediction of the probable direction and character of such adaptations depends ultimately upon an awareness of which fea...
Isolation and properties of somatic and testicular cytochromes c from rat tissues.

Abstract Somatic (cs) and a testis-specific (ct I) cytochromes c were purified to homogeneity from rat tissues (heart, liver, kidney, and testis). The purification procedure involved (1) homogenization of tissues at pH 4.5, (2) treatment with methanol-chloroform solvents, (3) hydroxylapatite column chromatography, (4) carboxymethyl-cellulose column chromatography, and (5) Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration. The isolated cytochromes c were free from polymeric and other “modified” forms, and did not bind CO, azide, or cyanide. The absorption maxima and the molecular weights of both cytochromes cs and ct I were identical. The ratio of A 549.5 nm ( reduced ) A 280 nm ( oxidized ) for cytochromes cs averaged 1.28. The unique properties of cytochrome ct I, compared to somatic cytochrome c, were as follows: (1) different elution profiles from hydroxylapatite and carboxymethyl-cellulose column chromatography experiments, (2) less basic intrinsic molecular charge shown by the slow mobility in native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, (3) probable asymmetric molecular shape as evidenced from gel filtration experiments, (4) significantly higher millimolar extinction coefficient values (33.6 at 549.5 nm), (5) a low ratio (1.04) of A 549.5 nm ( reduced ) A 280 nm ( oxidized ) , and (6) difference of about 20 amino acid residues per mole.
Modeling and Measuring Extravascular Hemoglobin: Aging Contusions

Extravascular contusions or skin bruises are extremely common in children and adults and may be indicative of other internal injuries after trauma. They may also be hallmarks of inflicted injury. Identifying the timing and mechanisms of injury of bruised skin is therefore of great importance for directing medical care and safety interventions.
Nanotechnology for biomaterials engineering: structural characterization of amphiphilic polymeric nanoparticles by 1H NMR spectroscopy

Nanoparticles composed of diblock poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG) or a branched, multiblock PLA-(PEG)3 were prepared by the single emulsion technique. Results of previous studies of these nanoparticles suggested that their structure is of the core-corona type with a polyester core and an outer PEG coating. In the present study, 1H NMR spectroscopy was utilized to provide direct evidence of the structure of these nanoparticles suspended in an aqueous environment. The results confirm the existence of the core-corona structure under these conditions, and show that the PEG moieties extend out from the nanoparticle core into the aqueous environment, and exhibit chain mobility similar to that of PEG in solution.
New classification of the family Sejidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) based on morphological analyses

Relationships in the family Sejidae are examined based on analysis of 74 morphological characters. Synonymy of Willmannia Balogh and Liroaspis Banks with Sejus Koch is supported, while synonymy of Epicroseius Berlese is not. Nine species of Sejus are transferred to Epicroseius, and Sejus congoensis and S. solaris are transferred to Africasejus n. gen. A total of five genera is recognized in Sejidae: Sejus, Epicroseius, Adenosejus Lekveishvili and Krantz, Africasejus, and Zuluacarus Tragardh. New diagnoses are proposed for the family and its genera.
Fouling of enhanced tubes for condensers used in cooling tower systems: A literature review

Abstract A literature review on the fouling of enhanced tubes in cooling tower systems is presented, including experimental studies and model development. Enhanced tubes have been used widely in the HVAC&R industry, because of their superior heat transfer performance. However, fouling on the heat transfer surface affects the performance significantly. Fouling in a condenser cooled by water circulating through a cooling tower, at typical cooling tower operating temperatures, is dominated by precipitation and particulate fouling mechanisms. The geometry of tubes, the fouling potential of the cooling water, and the water velocity are the dominant parameters that affect these fouling mechanisms. Experimental studies of particulate and precipitation fouling are summarized and analyzed in detail, including the effects of geometries of enhanced tubes, and a method to create the test cooling water at required water quality in the laboratory. Current particulate and precipitation fouling models for enhanced tubes in the application of cooling water tower systems are discussed and summarized. Further requirements are identified in this paper in order to develop a reliable fouling model to predict the fouling thermal resistance on the enhanced tubes in the application of cooling water towers.
20 MATERNAL PREPREGNANCY WEIGHT

The accurate measurement of maternal prepregnancy weight is critical since it is used to calculate gestational weight gain and to study the relationship between maternal body size, gestational weight gain, and infant birthweight. The prepregnancy weights recorded in prenatal records are usually historical information obtained by patient interview. The accuracy of this recall information is questionable. This study compares the accuracy of the historical prepregnancy weight, reported by a group of 66 young women ranging in age from 13 years to 17 years 7 months, to the actual prepregnancy weight recorded in the medical record by health professionals 6 months before to 2 weeks after the last menstrual period (LMP). Information concerning historical and actual prepregnancy weight was obtained by review of 140 medical records. Simple correlations and linear regression analysis were used to determine a correlation between historical and actual prepregnancy weight of 0.97. The significance of this correlation was not altered by controlling for maternal age, site of prenatal care, number of prenatal visits prior to LMP, or proximity of the last visit to the LHP. A tendency for heavy girls to underestimate their prepregnancy weight was noted. These findings suggest that as a group, adolescents in Rochester, New York who have an identifiable source of medical care, are able to accurately estimate their prepregnancy weight.
Fantastic Futures and Three American Energy Transitions

At the turn of the twentieth century, many commentators believed that electricity would facilitate a future age of utopian dimensions. Electric lighting would make streets safer to walk, not only b...
Lessons of welfare: Policy design, political learning, and political action

This article explores the links between welfare participation and broader forms of political involvement. Adopting a political learning perspective, I present evidence that policy designs structure clients' program experiences in ways that teach alternative lessons about the nature of government. Through their experiences under a given policy design, welfare clients develop program-specific beliefs about the wisdom and efficacy of asserting themselves. Because clients interpret their experiences with welfare bureaucracies as evidence of how government works more generally, beliefs about the welfare agency and client involvement become the basis for broader political orientations. I conclude that the views of government that citizens develop through program participation help explain broader patterns of political action and quiescence.
Latchkey children and school-age child care: A review of programming needs

Latchkey children, those children left at home alone when not in school, are increasingly gaining the attention of youth service professionals. Unfortunately, little consistent latchkey research is available by which to guide school-age child care (SACC) program development. In this paper, the authors build upon their research and applied work in the latchkey/SACC field to address issues on which researchers and SACC programmers can work together to increase our understanding of the latchkey phenomenon and contribute to the development of research-based SACC programs.
Heterogeneous integration of semiconducting and carbide nanowires on Si substrates

Integration of nanowires onto foreign substrates, and in functional devices, is widely recognized as a significant hurdle to further development of nanosystems based on quasi-one dimensional nanostructures. We describe methods for directly integrating relevant nanostructures on technologically relevant Si substrates using vapor phase synthesis of the nanowires. It is shown that ZnO nanowires may be directly integrated onto Si substrates containing patterned metal lines. Preferential growth from the edge of the metal lines has been achieved. We also show that growth of refractory transition metal carbides is also possible using catalytic growth. The electrical properties of such systems are also discussed. Finally, methods of integrating nanowires vertically on a Si substrate are also described.
Theory of electrophoretic separations. Part II: Construction of a numerical simulation scheme and its applications

The implementation of a previously derived model describing electrophoretic transport processes is reformulated, and its usefulness is demonstrated by simulating moving boundary electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing with immobilized species. The resulting solution is stable, evolves smoothly when suitable small step sizes are used, and has a loosely defined convergence as the step sizes are made smaller. The major computational problem involves a need to use small spatial step sizes at high current levels.
Reducing Hospital Readmissions by Integrating Empirical Prediction with Resource Optimization

Hospital readmissions present an increasingly important challenge for health-care organizations. Readmissions are expensive and often unnecessary, putting patients at risk and costing $15 billion annually in the United States alone. Currently, 17% of Medicare patients are readmitted to a hospital within 30 days of initial discharge with readmissions typically being more expensive than the original visit to the hospital. Recent legislation penalizes organizations with a high readmission rate. The medical literature conjectures that many readmissions can be avoided or mitigated by post-discharge monitoring. To develop a good monitoring plan it is critical to anticipate the timing of a potential readmission and to effectively monitor the patient for readmission causing conditions based on that knowledge. This research develops new methods to empirically generate an individualized estimate of the time to readmission density function and then uses this density to optimize a post-discharge monitoring schedule and staffing plan to support monitoring needs. Our approach integrates classical prediction models with machine learning and transfer learning to develop an empirical density that is personalized to each patient. We then transform an intractable monitoring plan optimization with stochastic discharges and health state evolution based on delay-time models into a weakly coupled network flow model with tractable subproblems after applying a new pruning method that leverages the problem structure. Using this multi-methodologic approach on two large inpatient datasets, we show that optimal readmission prediction and monitoring plans can identify and mitigate 40–70% of readmissions before they generate an emergency readmission.
A simultaneous method for detection and quantitation of T- and B-lymphocytes.

Abstract Assay for quantitation of B- and T-lymphocytes from small volumes of heparinized human blood has been developed by simultaneously reacting Ficoll-Hypaque purified mononuclear cells with antibody-coated chicken erythrocytes to form rosettes with B-lymphocytes, and sheep erythrocytes which formed non-immune rosettes with T-lymphocytes. Distribution of various lymphocytes populations in normals are T-cells, 60.6 ± 7%, B-cells 16.4 ± 4%, and lymphocytes with both receptors, 1.6 ± 0.8%.