cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of line modeling methods on neutral-to-earth voltage analysis of multi-grounded distribution feeders

Accurate determination of neutral-to-earth voltages (NEV) in multi-grounded distribution circuits can be quite important, particularly in systems where loads are highly unbalanced or have considerable triplen harmonic current content. Some commercially-available and open source software are capable of representing distribution systems in adequate detail for performing NEV analysis. However, results can vary among programs depending on how the distribution line and associated grounding systems are modeled. This paper describes ways to model distribution lines and grounding systems to perform NEV analysis focusing on the earth return model. A simple test feeder is used to show how different distribution line and grounding system models affect NEV analysis.
CREDIBILITY USING SEMIPARAMETRIC MODELS

To use Bayesian analysis to model insurance losses, one usually chooses a parametric conditional loss distribution for each risk and a parametric prior distribution to describe how the conditional distributions vary across the risks. A criticism of this method is that the prior distribution can be difficult to choose and the resulting model may not represent the loss data very well. In this paper, we apply techniques from nonparametric density estimation to estimate the prior. We use the estimated model to calculate the predictive mean of future claims given past claims. We illustrate our method with simulated data from a mixture of a lognormal conditional over a Iognormal prior and find that the estimated predictive mean is more accurate than the linear Bfihlmann credibility estimator, even when we use a conditional that is not lognormal.
Plasticity of the immunoglobulin domain in the evolution of immunity

Immune receptors are omnipresent in multicellular organisms and comprise a vast array of molecular structures that serve to detect and eliminate pathogenic threats. The immunoglobulin (Ig) domain, a central structural feature of the antigen binding receptors that mediate adaptive immunity in jawed vertebrates, appears to play a particularly widespread role in metazoan immunity. Recent reports also have implicated Ig domains in the immune responses of protostomes such as flies and snails. Our research has focused on understanding the utilization of the Ig domain in the immunity of chordates and has identified numerous multigene families of Ig domain-containing receptors that appear to serve roles distinct from the adaptive antigen-binding receptors. Three families have received particular focus: novel immune-type receptors (NITRs) of bony fish, modular domain immune-type receptors (MDIRs) of cartilaginous fish and variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins (VCBPs) of amphioxus. NITRs and MDIRs are encoded in large multigene families of highly diversified forms and exhibit a striking dichotomy of an apparently ubiquitous presence but extensive diversification of sequence both within and among the particular taxonomic groups in which they are found. Crystal structures of VCBPs and NITRs demonstrate significant similarity to those of antigen-binding receptors but at the same time exhibit key differences that imply acquisition of separate and distinct ligand-binding functions. The tremendous plasticity of the Ig domain makes it a strong focus for studies of evolutionary events that have shaped modern integrated immune systems. Current data are consistent with a model of extremely rapid emergence and divergence of immune receptors, perhaps specific to individual species, as organisms contend with environments in which pathogens are continually selected for variation of their own molecular signatures.
Putting E. coli to good use

Flagellar motor is a member of the molecular motor family that provides mechanical power at the cellular level to many living organisms. In this paper, this feature of bacteria is used to power biological nanodevices. The preliminary results indicate that the flagellar motor device is at least as sensitive as existing sensors for explosives, including the conventional electrochemical and the more portable biological-based designs.
Biodegradable materials for tricuspid valve repair in infective endocarditis

We read with interest the report by Akinosoglou et al. [1] on the surgical management of tricuspid valve infective endocarditis. We congratulate the authors for their excellent and extensive review of the literature and for providing useful management algorithms. We would like to discuss biodegradable materials in this patient group. The authors divide the surgical techniques into non-prosthetic and prosthetic. However, there exists an intermediate option, which is not mentioned: the emerging role of biodegradable materials in valve repair. Annuloplasty plays an important role in valve reconstruction, particularly if a significantly infected leaflet segment must be resected to relieve tension on the repaired leaflets. We have used a biodegradable annuloplasty ring, which is inserted subendocardially, dissolves and is replaced by autologous fibrous tissue [2]. This might represent an advantage for this specific patient population, due to the lack of blood contact and absorbable ring material. We have previously reported our experience using this ring in patients with acute infective endocarditis [3, 4]. Furthermore, the authors discuss patch reconstruction of debrided leaflets, but do not review the available materials and their relative benefits in endocarditis. We are particularly interested in extracellular matrix scaffolds (such as CorMatrix©) for the repair of large leaflet defects, as these patches are intended to be replaced by autologous tissue [5]. These evolving biodegradable devices, from annuloplasty rings to patch materials, offer the potential for valve repair with degradable materials replaced with autologous tissue, which could further improve the results of valve repair for infective endocarditis. Long-term results are lacking and further data are necessary to validate this theoretically interesting approach to infective endocarditis.
SigF, a New Sigma Factor Required for a Motility System of Myxococcus xanthus

A new sigma factor, SigF, was identified from the social and developmental bacterium Myxococcus xanthus. SigF is required for fruiting body formation during development as well as social motility during vegetative growth. Analysis of gene expression indicates that it is possible that the sigF gene is involved in regulation of an unidentified gene for social motility.
Incarceration and Living Arrangements: Findings From the National Health and Social Life Survey

The authors use data from the 1992 National Health and Social Life Survey to examine the association between incarceration and living arrangements, net of a range of sociodemographic and early life characteristics. Relative to living with a spouse and child(ren), there is evidence that a history of incarceration is strongly associated with several nonnuclear living arrangements, including living alone, as a sole adult with child(ren), with a partner and child(ren), with a partner but no child, and with other family but no spouse, partner, or child. These living arrangements may be indicative of lower levels of social integration, which have potentially serious consequences for these individuals as well as their families and communities. The authors discuss these results with reference to the decades-long, unprecedented mass incarceration that is ongoing in the United States today.
The Effect of Elections on Postconflict Peace and Reconstruction

Elections are the centerpiece of efforts to rehabilitate countries devastated by civil conflict, and they are held increasingly often and early. We argue that the inability of postconflict politicians to commit credibly to respect peace and democracy implies that elections will inflame tensions unless countries have previous democratic experience or elections are delayed to allow for institution building. We test this theoretical framework with a statistical model of economic recovery and conflict recurrence. We show that early elections, particularly in new democracies, hasten recurrence; delaying elections two years in new democracies or one year in more established democracies can help forestall renewed violence.
Ferroelectric liquid crystals: The 2004 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics presented to Robert B. Meyer of Brandeis University

In a theoretical examination of the structures of liquid crystal phases, Robert B. Meyer in 1975 creatively utilized symmetry arguments to predict that tilted, layered liquid crystal phases of chiral molecules are ferroelectric. He then engaged the help of organic chemists to synthesize a compound that might possess such a phase, and once the material was in his hands, Meyer not only verified its ferroelectricity, but also suggested how such a phase could be used for extremely fast displays. This discovery of ferroelectricity in a fluid system with the possibility for unique applications surprised the entire condensed matter research community and quickly paved the way for both increased scientific understanding and significant technological advancement. For this creative synthesis of theory and experiment, Meyer was awarded the 2004 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics.
Warmer and Wetter might not be Better-Short Review

As the climate continues to change, gaps in our understanding of how the altered environment will affect forest hosts and their pathogens widen. In some areas pathogens thought to be present for centuries are changing their behaviour. Dothistroma needle blight caused by the fungus Dothistroma septosporum in northwest British Columbia (BC), Canada, is a good example. In this area both the pathogen and the host, lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta var. latifolia ), are considered native species, but here Dothistroma has been responsible for killing mature host trees, which is unprecedented. A plausible link between warmer, wetter summers and directional climate change has been suggested as the primary driver. Those environmental conditions appear to be affecting the host/pathogen relationship for other diseases in the neighbouring central interior of BC including comandra blister rust ( Cronartium comandrae ). Disrupted host/pathogen relationships tend to favour the short-lived more adaptable pathogens rather than their long-lived hosts. These changes in forest health have not been well accounted for in fields of forest science that have been built on stability and predictability.
Hormonal responses to acute volume changes in anephric subjects.

Hormonal responses to acute volume changes in anephric subjects. The response of plasma aldosterone and cortisol concentrations to acute volume depletion was studied in 18 chronically anephric subjects and four recently nephrectomized subjects. Volume-depleting hemodialysis and hemodialysis without volume depletion produced insignificant changes in plasma aldosterone concentrations in chronically anephric subjects. Failure of volume depletion to increase plasma aldosterone concentrations in these subjects could not be attributed to reductions in plasma potassium concentrations and was in marked contrast to the effect on plasma cortisol concentrations, which increased significantly during volume depletion. Changes in plasma cortisol concentrations exhibited a negative correlation with changes in diastolic blood pressure (r = -0.712, P Reponses hormonales a des modifications aigues volemiques chez des sujets anephriques. La reponse des concentrations plasmatiques d'aldosterone et de cortisol a une depletion volemique aigue a ete etudiee chez 18 sujets anephriques chroniques et chez quatre sujets recemment nephrectomises. Une hemodialyse avec depletion volemique et une hemodialyse sans depletion volemique ont entraine des modifications non significatives des concentrations d'aldosterone plasmatique chez les sujets anephriques chroniques. L'absence d'augmentation des concentrations d'aldosterone plasmatique lors de la depletion volemique chez ces malades ne pouvait pas etre attribuee a des diminutions des concentrations potassiques plasmatiques et etait en opposition marquee avec l'effet sur la cortisolemie, qui s'est elevee significativement pendant la depletion volemique. Les modifications de la cortisolemie etaient correlees negativement avec les modifications de la pression arterielle diastolique (r = -0,712, P
Translation as techné: female sexuality and the science of social progress in colonial India

AbstractIn this article, I analyze processes of translation that shaped the science of sex in eastern India between the 1880s and the 1930s. I trace the impact of translation – the rendering of words between the language of English and Bengali as well as the travel and transformation of concepts – through close textual analysis of influential Bengali-language medical and scientific textbooks on nymphomania, female sexual excesses, and the evolution of Indian society. The translation of sexual categories was a techne by which Bengali intellectuals produced categories of social behavior and identity as equivalent and homogenous. Through claims of equivalence in translation, Bengali scientists argued for the commensurability of Indian social practices with universalist schemes of social evolution and civilizational progress. This process of exchange pivoted on the figure of the sexually deviant woman, who became a key site of translation and categorical equivalence. In thinking translation through techne, I ...
A case for distributed work-stealing in regular applications

This paper presents a dynamically heterogeneous architecture use-case that is both realistic and favorable for distributed work-stealing in regular parallel applications. Using a straightforward implementation of distributed dense matrix multiplication in X10's Global Load Balancing (GLB) library, we show that moderate differences in node processing power allow work-stealing to significantly outperform a standard static schedule such as SUMMA. It also scales comparably on up to 128 cores.
Paths to Inclusive Political Institutions

In this paper we present a new approach to thinking about the circumstances under which inclusive political institutions, consisting of a state with capacity and a broad distribution of political power, emerge. Different scholars have emphasized different paths towards such institutions, with some emphasizing modernization, and others emphasizing the necessity of state building as a prerequisite for democracy. We argue however, using the examples of Ancient Athens and Early Modern England, that inclusive political institutions emerge from a balanced increase in state capacity and the distribution of power. This path emerges in a particular basin of attraction. Though this basin depends on many parameters, we emphasize the crucial nature of informal institutions and social norms which put Athens and England onto this path. Outside of this basin a number of things may occur; social norms may be such as to stop a state forming, an outcome we illustrate with the Tiv of pre-colonial Nigeria; or when society is weaker a form of state formation can occur which creates a ‘Paper Leviathan’ which we illustrate with Colombia; finally when civil society is prostrate ‘Despotic Leviathans’ can be created, an outcome we illustrate with contemporary Rwanda. None of these latter paths lead to inclusive institutions or sustained prosperity.
On nearest-neighbor Gaussian process models for massive spatial data

Gaussian Process GP models provide a very flexible nonparametric approach to modeling location-and-time indexed datasets. However, the storage and computational requirements for GP models are infeasible for large spatial datasets. Nearest Neighbor Gaussian Processes Datta A, Banerjee S, Finley AO, Gelfand AE. Hierarchical nearest-neighbor gaussian process models for large geostatistical datasets. J Am Stat Assoc 2016., JASA provide a scalable alternative by using local information from few nearest neighbors. Scalability is achieved by using the neighbor sets in a conditional specification of the model. We show how this is equivalent to sparse modeling of Cholesky factors of large covariance matrices. We also discuss a general approach to construct scalable Gaussian Processes using sparse local kriging. We present a multivariate data analysis which demonstrates how the nearest neighbor approach yields inference indistinguishable from the full rank GP despite being several times faster. Finally, we also propose a variant of the NNGP model for automating the selection of the neighbor set size. WIREs Comput Stat 2016, 8:162-171. doi: 10.1002/wics.1383
Intellectual Capital in the Context of STEM Assessment.

What the Taking Stock article by Alonzo and Ke brought to mind for me was the idea of intellectual capital. Educators are taking stock as aspirations continue to grow for science, technology, engin...
Renal Allograft Survival in Nonhuman Primates Infused with Donor Antigen‐Pulsed Autologous Regulatory Dendritic Cells

Systemic administration of autologous regulatory dendritic cells (DCreg; unpulsed or pulsed with donor antigen [Ag]), prolongs allograft survival and promotes transplant tolerance in rodents. Here, we demonstrate that nonhuman primate (NHP) monocyte-derived DCreg preloaded with cell membrane vesicles from allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells induce T cell hyporesponsiveness to donor alloantigen (alloAg) in vitro. These donor alloAg-pulsed autologous DCreg (1.4-3.6 × 106 /kg) were administered intravenously, 1 day before MHC-mismatched renal transplantation to rhesus monkeys treated with costimulation blockade (cytotoxic T lymphocyte Ag 4 immunoglobulin [CTLA4] Ig) and tapered rapamycin. Prolongation of graft median survival time from 39.5 days (no DCreg infusion; n = 6 historical controls) and 29 days with control unpulsed DCreg (n = 2), to 56 days with donor Ag-pulsed DCreg (n = 5) was associated with evidence of modulated host CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to donor Ag and attenuation of systemic IL-17 production. Circulating anti-donor antibody (Ab) was not detected until CTLA4 Ig withdrawal. One monkey treated with donor Ag-pulsed DCreg rejected its graft in association with progressively elevated anti-donor Ab, 525 days posttransplant (160 days after withdrawal of immunosuppression). These findings indicate a modest but not statistically significant beneficial effect of donor Ag-pulsed autologous DCreg infusion on NHP graft survival when administered with a minimal immunosuppressive drug regimen.
Rule of Law Inside Out in Myanmar

Opposing the Rule of Law is an exemplary ethnographic and historical study of rule of law in Myanmar from the “inside out”. Employing historical documents, court records, extensive observation and interviews, this research examines jurisprudence at the core of the Myanmar junta’s governance. Authoritarian governance has rules and a logic of its own, presenting itself at times as a rule of law but one thoroughly conflated with law and order, demonstrating, Cheesman reminds us that contemporary studies of legal development have too often focused on elements of the West’s ideal rule of law that are missing, rather than on understanding the systems that actually animate governance. Several important lines of inquiry for future research in Myanmar and elsewhere are suggested by this study, and a profound tension is apparent between Western rule of law ideals and actual practices of governance in Myanmar, with global implications—for governance in the West as well as in emerging societies of the developing world.
El cuerpo y la nación: Sobre la muerte y el devenir

El cuerpo es maleable, pero es percibido como el primer espacio que define nuestra identidad de forma fija, permanente, ya sin la posibilidad de imaginarnos un futuro fuera de los limites demarcados por esta identidad. Sin embargo, como lo senala Deleuze, una vida, antes de ser marcada por la subjetividad y definida como la vida de alguien, conlleva todas las posibilidades en el plano de inmanencia. En este sentido, es posible imaginarnos que el cuerpo tambien es la medida de nuestras posibilidades y es lo que nos permite involucrarnos en el proceso de transformacion, movimiento, potencialidad, en el devenir. De forma paralela, desde el discurso nacionalista, la nacion se define de forma rigida y permanente como una entidad ligada al territorio nacional. Sin embargo, el cuerpo es una metafora de la nacion. Asi como devenir en otro es un proceso que nunca se completa pero que nos permite imaginarnos multiples versiones de nosotros mismos, otras potencialidades en nuestros cuerpos, otros posibles futuros, asi, el proceso de devenir en otra nacion nunca esta completo. Imaginarnos una nacion que ya no este definida de forma rigida nos podria permitir esbozar otros posibles futuros, otras posibles naciones en nuestro proceso colectivo del devenir.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No.145-146, 2015: 35-46
Freestanding Metallic 1T MoS2 with Dual Ion Diffusion Paths as High Rate Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries

This work studies for the first time the metallic 1T MoS2 sandwich grown on graphene tube as a freestanding intercalation anode for promising sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Sodium is earth-abundant and readily accessible. Compared to lithium, the main challenge of sodium-ion batteries is its sluggish ion diffusion kinetic. The freestanding, porous, hollow structure of the electrode allows maximum electrolyte accessibility to benefit the transportation of Na+ ions. Meanwhile, the metallic MoS2 provides excellent electron conductivity. The obtained 1T MoS2 electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance: a high reversible capacity of 313 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.05 A g−1 after 200 cycles and a high rate capability of 175 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1. The underlying mechanism of high rate performance of 1T MoS2 for SIBs is the high electrical conductivity and excellent ion accessibility. This study sheds light on using the 1T MoS2 as a novel anode for SIBs.
When Corruption Gets in the Way: Befriending Diaspora and EU-nionizing Bosnia's Higher Education.

This article investigates the encounter of EU-unionization with a domesticated practice of corruption in Bosnian higher education. Relying on primary data collected in Bosnia's public higher education system, the study finds that the country's corrupt higher education is in conflict with the Bologna-themed reforms that would arguably help harmonize Bosnia's fragmented higher education. As it delineates factors that perpetuate corruption, the study, somewhat surprisingly, finds that the Bologna process—despite its partly failed adaptation in Bosnia—is still perceived as potentially transformative for the country's corruption-prone higher education system. The study further looks into why that may be the case and explores a possibility of leveraging Bosnia's intelligentsia abroad to lessen corruption in higher education.
Laissez-Faire Leadership and Informal Leadership Behavior

Little is known about the functioning of informal leadership in teams whose formal leaders engage in laissez-faire behavior by shirking their leadership responsibilities. Drawing on social learning...
Empirical data demonstrates risk-tradeoffs between landscapes for herbivorous fish may promote reef resilience

Herbivores balance resource requirements with predation risk, which can differ among landscapes; hence, landscape can shape these trade-offs, influencing herbivore distribution and behavior. While this paradigm has been well established on coral-dominated reefs, tropical reefs worldwide are shifting to algal dominance. If herbivores avoid algae due to higher risk and forage in coral, these algal states may be stabilized. However, if herbivores forage more in resource-rich algal states, this may promote coral recovery. We assessed the distribution and behavior of herbivorous fishes in Moorea, French Polynesia in coral and algal turf-dominated fringing reef sites. Acanthuridae were more abundant in coral states and Labridae, tribe Scarinae, in algal turf states, though total fish abundances were equivalent in the two states. Fish in both families spent more time feeding in algal states and hiding/swimming in coral states. Thus, behavior reflects the trade-off between resource acquisition and refuge in these two landscapes and may promote recovery to coral.
Bidirectional associations between emotions and school adjustment.

Objective We examined the relations of children's (N = 301) observed expression of negative and positive emotion in classes or nonclassroom school contexts (i.e., lunch and recess) to school adjustment from kindergarten to first grade. Method Naturalistic observations of children's emotional expressivity were collected, as were teachers' reports of children's school engagement and relationship quality with teachers and peers. Results In longitudinal panel models, greater teacher-student conflict and lower student engagement in kindergarten predicted greater negative expressivity in both school contexts. School engagement and peer acceptance in kindergarten positively predicted first grade positive emotion in the classroom. Suggestive of possible bidirectional relations, there was also small unique prediction (near significant) from negative expressivity at lunch and recess to higher teacher-student conflict, from negative expressivity in the classroom to low peer acceptance, and from positive expressivity in the classroom to higher peer acceptance. Conclusions The pattern of findings suggests that the quality of experience at school uniquely predicts children's emotional expressivity at school more consistently than vice versa-a finding that highlights the important role of school context in young children's emotionality at school.
Update on Diabetic Nephropathy: Core Curriculum 2018

Diabetic kidney disease and diabetic nephropathy are the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in the United States and most developed countries. Diabetes accounts for 30% to 50% of the incident cases of end-stage kidney disease in the United States. Although this represents a significant public health concern, it is important to note that only 30% to 40% of patients with diabetes develop diabetic nephropathy. Specific treatment of patients with diabetic nephropathy can be divided into 4 major arenas: cardiovascular risk reduction, glycemic control, blood pressure control, and inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Recommendations for therapy include targeting a hemoglobin A1c concentration
Clinical Chemistry Views and Policy on Preprints.

Recently, funders including the National Institutes of Health, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Wellcome Trust, Cancer Research UK, French National Alliance for Life Sciences and Health, and the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative have encouraged the practice of using preprints to speed up the dissemination of scientific findings, capitalize on the use of crowd sourcing to evaluate the merit of the presented work, and broaden the availability of reported findings to other than journal subscribers. This approach, however, has not been universally accepted by scientists, particularly in cases of potential commercial applications from the work or in very competitive disciplines. For example, the repository ChemRxiv for organic chemistry is poorly used because of the highly competitive nature of that field (1). Furthermore, only 11% of posted papers receive comments from the scientific community (1); thus, feedback appears to be minimal and certainly not equivalent or comparable to the peer-review process. The policies of journals for preprints fall into 4 categories4: 1. Outright rejection: If a paper is posted on either a commercial or noncommercial archival server, it will be considered as a duplicate publication and therefore rejected without evaluation. Currently, a majority of biology journals refuse to consider manuscripts posted as preprints (1) (e.g., New England Journal of Medicine ). 2. Rejection unless the …
Regulation of Cell Growth and Transformation by Tyrosine-Specific Protein Kinases: The Search for Important Cellular Substrate Proteins

It is now well established that post-translational modification of vertebrate cell proteins can occur by phosphorylation at serine, threonine, and tyrosine. Many serine- and threonine-speciflc protein kinases and their substrates have been extensively characterized, and in several instances protein phosphorylation has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of cell metabolism through alteration of the properties of specific enzymes. Historically, evidence that modulation of protein function led to a significant change in metabolism often predated the discovery that the protein in question was a phosphoprotein and the isolation of the regulatory protein kinase. For example, increased glycogenolysis in liver slices, under conditions of adrenaline or glucagon treatment, was correlated with activation of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. The active form of glycogen phosphorylase was subsequently found to be a phosphoprotein, and the protein kinase responsible, phosphorylase kinase, was characterized (Krebs and Fischer 1956). The regulation of phosphorylase kinase itself by phosphorylation has since been elucidated in great detail (Cohen 1978).
Generational Differences and the Integration of Technology in Learning, Instruction, and Performance

Generational differences have been widely discussed; attention to and speculation on the ­characteristics of the Millennial Generation are especially abundant as they pertain to the use of educational technology for education and training. A careful review of the current popular and academic literature reveals several trends. First, whether based on speculation or research findings, discussion has focused on traits of the newer generations of students and workers and how their needs, interests and learning preferences can be met using new media, innovative instructional design and digital technologies. Second, generally speaking, although in the past few years there have been more critical and diverse perspectives on the characteristics of the Millennial Generation reported in the literature than before, more substantive studies in this area are still necessary. This chapter discusses trends and findings based upon the past 10 years’ literature on generational differences, the Millennial Generation, and studies and speculations regarding school and workplace technology integration that is intended to accommodate generational differences. There is still a lack of consensus on the characteristics of the newer generation sufficient to be used as a solid conceptual framework or as a variable in research studies; thus, research in this area demands an ongoing, rigorous examination. Instead of using speculative assumptions to justify the adoption of popular Web 2.0 tools, serious games and the latest high tech gear to teach the Millennial Generation, approaches to integrating technology in instruction, learning, and performance should be determined by considering the potential pedagogical effectiveness of a technology in relation to specific teaching, learning and work contexts. Clearly, today’s higher education institutions and workplaces have highly diverse student bodies and work forces, and it is as important to consider the needs of older participants in learning with technology as it is to consider those of the younger participants. Recommendations for future research and practices in this area conclude the chapter.
A Pre-history of the Federal Reserve

While economists have generally quite favorable views of market-oriented solutions to the provisions of goods and services, there is one common exception: money (Rothbard 1991: 2; Huerta de Soto 2012: xxx). This seeming paradox brings with it three unfortunate results. First, since the supply of money is assumed to be produced optimally by a central bank, monetary economics commonly treats it as an exogenous variable. Second, and as a consequence of this point, is that any change to central bank controlled monetary policy is seen as a panacea for economic disequilibria. Finally, since the central bank is in control of the panacea it is raised to the lofty position of “doctor” of the economy, a highly respected and necessary role to correct for imbalances caused by entrepreneurs and investors.
Filaments of Lewy bodies contain insoluble cytoskeletal elements.

Abstract The Lewy body is an intraneuronal inclusion body that is one of the histologic hallmarks of Parkinson's disease, a degenerative disease of the brain. Ultrastructural analysis has shown that the Lewy body is composed of straight 7-20 nm filaments and amorphous elements. Previous light microscopic, immunocytochemical studies have suggested the presence of neurofilament, microtubule, ubiquitin, and paired helical filament-related epitopes in Lewy bodies. Yet the biochemical composition of the Lewy body remains incompletely elucidated. The ultrastructural and immunocytochemical similarities and differences between the Lewy body and the neurofibrillary tangle of Alzheimer's disease raise questions as to their relation to each other and possible shared mechanisms of formation. In this study the authors examine whether ultrastructural immunocytochemical analysis of Lewy bodies confirms the light microscopic data, whether the structures and epitopes of Lewy bodies share with Alzheimer's disease neurofibrillary tangles the property of insolubility in sodium dodecyl sulfate, and speculate about the subunit composition of Lewy body filaments.
A Visualization Approach to Addressing Reviewer Bias in Holistic College Admissions

Expert intuition plays a significant role in decision making in professional domains such as medical diagnostics and holistic reviews in admissions. Every case or application encountered is viewed as unique and human assessments are considered indispensable in their discernment. However, these domains can be representative of environments referred to as low-validity environments, which are those that do not offer adequate opportunity to observe regularities and develop the right intuitions. As a consequence, the experts can be susceptible to cognitive biases. One example of a low-validity environment is the holistic review process in college admissions where every student application is individually reviewed and subjectively evaluated in its entirety by at least one reviewer. We conducted interviews and observations to study the holistic review process at a university in the United States with the goal of designing information visualization tools to support the process. We list examples of potential reviewer biases identified and present theoretical ideas on how the biases can be mitigated through visualization tools. These ideas include employing strategies that conflict with the conventional principles of interface and visualization design. This chapter is intended as a discussion of the likely occurrence of biases in a domain where subjective evaluations are the norm and how these biases can be countered using visualizations by understanding the bias manifestations.
Gender quotas increase the equality and effectiveness of climate policy interventions

Interventions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions strive to promote gender balance so that men and women have equal rights to participate in, and benefit from, decision-making about such interventions. One conventional way to achieve gender balance is to introduce gender quotas. Here we show that gender quotas make interventions more effective and lead to more equal sharing of intervention benefits. We conducted a randomized ‘lab’-in-the-field experiment in which 440 forest users from Indonesia, Peru and Tanzania made decisions about extraction and conservation in a forest common. We randomly assigned a gender quota to half of the participating groups, requiring that at least 50% of group members were women. Groups with the gender quota conserved more trees as a response to a ‘payment for ecosystem services’ intervention and shared the payment more equally. We attribute this effect to the gender composition of the group, not the presence of female leaders. Decision-making structures in forest-user communities often exclude women. This lab-in-field experiment shows that groups in which at least 50% of members were women conserved more trees, and distributed benefits more equally, in a payment for ecosystem services intervention.
Protecting Security and Privacy: An Analytical Framework for Airborne Domestic Imagery

The employment of Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) assets, including Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA), has been battle-tested in the overseas environment for more than ten years of war. However, employing these same assets to acquire airborne imagery during operations in the United States, such as during training or in support of civil authorities, requires an entirely different analysis to ensure compliance with Intelligence Oversight rules, the Posse Comitatus Act and other laws and policies which ensure mission accomplishment while protecting personal privacy. While the guidance is plentiful, determining the appropriate level of approval authority and applicable operational constraints for a particular mission sometimes remains a challenge.In this article, I review the spectrum of capability-based and mission-focused guidance applicable to U.S. military operations involving airborne domestic imagery and propose a comprehensive analytical framework to determine the approval authority and constraints on action. I suggest utilizing a common-sense approach that cross-references the guidance based on (1) which capability is to be used: intelligence capability (IC); RPA; or non-IC/non-RPA and (2) what mission, or what “like-mission,” is to be performed: Defense Support to Civil Authorities; support to law enforcement activities; civil search and rescue; force protection; civil disturbance operations, counter-drug missions, training and exercise; and other authorized Department of Defense (DoD) missions. This work is the first of its kind to integrate the full range of guidance across disparate disciplines to form a cohesive approval authorities framework for DoD domestic imagery operations, missions and training in the United States.
Human Rights and Transitional Justice: Taiwan’s Adoption of the ICCPR and the Redress of 2/28 and Martial-Law-Era Injustices

Article 2(3) of the ICCPR obligates States Parties to “ensure that any person whose rights or freedoms as herein recognized are violated shall have an effective remedy,” which shall be “determined by competent judicial, administrative or legislative authorities, or by any other competent authority provided for by the legal system of the State,” and enforced by “the competent authorities.” Taiwan’s adoption of the ICCPR therefore raises issues about appropriate redress for injustices associated with the authoritarian period of Kuomintang rule, including most prominently the atrocities committed in the aftermath of the 28 February 1947 uprising. Coming to terms with the past is an indispensable component of the consolidation of a political order predicated on the irreducible dignity of the human person. This human rights obligation can be fulfilled even when too much time has passed for criminal prosecutions to be undertaken and even when the political party associated with the perpetrators retains a substantial political role.
Latest clinical evidence of maintenance therapy in ovarian cancer.

Purpose of reviewTo summarize the data supporting the use of maintenance therapy in ovarian cancer treatment.Recent findingsSince December 2016, the United States Food and Drug Administration has approved four drugs for six different ovarian cancer maintenance indications based on the results of cli
The Double Accusative Construction

In Chapter 2 intransitive clauses whose subjects determine accusative agreement are analyzed as unaccusatives, which is to say their subjects bear the 2-relation in an intransitive stratum and the 1-relation in the final stratum. Choctaw also contains clauses that have accusative agreement determined by both the subject and an object. Throughout this chapter I will use the term subject in a pretheoretical sense to refer to the cognizer (since the predicates in question are predicates of cognition) and the term object to refer to the argument that is the object of cognition. In (1), the subject ‘I’ determines a first person singular accusative agreement marker, si-, and the object ‘you’ determines a second person singular accusative agreement marker, chi-.
Minimally invasive keyhole temporal lobectomy approach for supramaximal glioma resection: A safety and feasibility study

With a recent trend towards supra-maximal resection for gliomas and minimally invasive techniques, keyhole temporal lobectomies may serve an important role in neurosurgical oncology. Due to their location and proximity to eloquent brain, temporal lobe gliomas offer unique challenges that may limit the extent of resection. Here we describe a modified technique using mini-craniotomies through a keyhole approach for temporal lobectomies in glioma patients. We retrospectively reviewed data from consecutive patients who underwent temporal lobectomies for resection of gliomas from 2012 to 2018. Demographic data, extent of tumor resection, pre and post-op KPS, short term and long term complications, as well as other relevant data were collected. We identified 57 patients who underwent keyhole-mini craniotomy for temporal lobectomies for glioma. Surgical procedures were performed in 12 patients for low-grade glioma (LGG) and 45 patients for high-grade glioma (HGG). Awake craniotomies were performed in 15 of the cases, and 13 cases were for tumor recurrence. Supra-maximal resection (SMR) was achieved in 15 patients, while gross total resection (GTR) and near total resection (NTR) achieved in 32 patients and 10 patients, respectively. Average pre- and post-op KPS were equivalent, and post-operative complications requiring surgical intervention were experienced in 4 patients. Here we show that our modified keyhole craniotomy is both safe and effective in achieving SMR or GTR in glioma patients, with minimal morbidity. This minimally-invasive temporal lobectomy may be an instrumental tool for neurosurgical oncologists transitioning to less invasive techniques.
Recent advances in electrochemical and optical biosensors designed for detection of interleukin 6

Interleukin 6 (IL-6), being a major component of homeostasis, immunomodulation, and hematopoiesis, manifests multiple pathological conditions when upregulated in response to viral, microbial, carcinogenic, or autoimmune stimuli. High fidelity immunosensors offer real-time monitoring of IL-6 and facilitate early prognosis of life-threatening diseases. Different approaches to augment robustness and enhance overall performance of biosensors have been demonstrated over the past few years. Electrochemical- and fluorescence-based detection methods with integrated electronics have been subjects of intensive research due to their ability to offer a better signal-to-noise ratio, high specificity, ultra-sensitivity, and wide dynamic range. In this review, the pleiotropic role of IL-6 and its clinical significance is discussed in detail, followed by detection schemes devised so far for their quantitative analysis. A critical review on underlying signal amplification strategies and performance of electrochemical and optical biosensors is presented. In conclusion, we discuss the reliability and feasibility of the proposed detection technologies for commercial applications.
Beyond the Numbers: A Demand for A Post-Rape Age

In this narrative inquiry/reflexivity piece, the author discusses their own emotions, thoughts, feelings, and relationships as related to dominant patriarchy and related rape culture in the context...
Experiencing the Bakery: Training, Status, Labor, and Exploitation

This chapter uses the modes of production deployed in Chap. 3 to explore how various types of people would have experienced the bakery differently. Previous investigations into how different types of people experienced the ancient bakery were mostly rooted in Latin literature, which presents a confusing and at points contradictory narrative about what life was like inside bakeries. The purpose of this chapter is to provide context to that body of evidence. The workshop and factory modes of production allow one to begin giving context and meaning to such anecdotes by providing a broad conceptualization of production, one that includes not only production, but also powerstructures. How one experienced the bakery was very much predicated on one’s social status and place in the bakery hierarchy. Moreover, the type of producer dictated the nature of social interaction within bakeries, whether it be the impersonal and systemic exploitation of a businessman or the very personal brutality of a cruel master craftsman.
The Predicted Mannosyltransferase GT69-2 Antagonizes RFW-1 To Regulate Cell Fusion in Neurospora crassa.

Filamentous fungi undergo somatic cell fusion to create a syncytial, interconnected hyphal network which confers a fitness benefit during colony establishment. However, barriers to somatic cell fusion between genetically different cells have evolved that reduce invasion by parasites or exploitation by maladapted genetic entities (cheaters). Here, we identified a predicted mannosyltransferase, glycosyltransferase family 69 protein (GT69-2) that was required for somatic cell fusion in Neurospora crassa Cells lacking GT69-2 prematurely ceased chemotropic signaling and failed to complete cell wall dissolution and membrane merger in pairings with wild-type cells or between Δgt69-2 cells (self fusion). However, loss-of-function mutations in the linked regulator of cell fusion and cell wall remodeling-1 (rfw-1) locus suppressed the self-cell-fusion defects of Δgt69-2 cells, although Δgt69-2 Δrfw-1 double mutants still failed to undergo fusion with wild-type cells. Both GT69-2 and RFW-1 localized to the Golgi apparatus. Genetic analyses indicated that RFW-1 negatively regulates cell wall remodeling-dependent processes, including cell wall dissolution during cell fusion, separation of conidia during asexual sporulation, and conidial germination. GT69-2 acts as an antagonizer to relieve or prevent negative functions on cell fusion by RFW-1. In Neurospora species and N. crassa populations, alleles of gt69-2 were highly polymorphic and fell into two discrete haplogroups. In all isolates within haplogroup I, rfw-1 was conserved and linked to gt69-2 All isolates within haplogroup II lacked rfw-1. These data indicated that gt69-2/rfw-1 are under balancing selection and provide new mechanisms regulating cell wall remodeling during cell fusion and conidial separation.IMPORTANCE Cell wall remodeling is a dynamic process that balances cell wall integrity versus cell wall dissolution. In filamentous fungi, cell wall dissolution is required for somatic cell fusion and conidial separation during asexual sporulation. In the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, allorecognition checkpoints regulate the cell fusion process between genetically different cells. Our study revealed two linked loci with transspecies polymorphisms and under coevolution, rfw-1 and gt69-2, which form a coordinated system to regulate cell wall remodeling during somatic cell fusion, conidial separation, and asexual spore germination. RFW-1 acts as a negative regulator of these three processes, while GT69-2 functions antagonistically to RFW-1. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanisms involved in regulation of fungal cell wall remodeling during growth and development.