cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Germination of Cereal, Sorghum, and Small Legume Seeds After Fumigation with Hydrogen Phosphide

Tolerance of seeds of cereals, sorghums, and small legumes to hydrogen phosphide fumigation was tested under various conditions of moisture content of seeds, temperatures during fumigation, and dosages of fumigant. Representative seeds used were: cereals—California Mariout barley, DeKalb 459 corn, Kanota oats, Calrose rice, and Ramona 50 wheat; sorghums—Double Dwarf No. 38 milo, and Piper Sudan grass; small legumes—Ranger alfalfa, alsike clover, ladino clover, Kenland red clover, and Viking Birdsfoot trefoil. The moisture content of seeds approached the desired graded range of 9%, 11%, 13%, and 15% for cereals and milo; 8%, 10%, 12%, and 14% for Sudan grass; and 6%, 9%, and 12% for small legumes. Two dosages of fumigant, 9.0 and 18.0 mg. hydrogen phosphide per liter, were applied by placing weighed portions of aluminum phosphide tablets (Phostoxin) on top of cloth sample-bags of seeds in 28-liter fumigation chambers. Fumigation chambers were held in temperature-controlled cabinets at 50°, 70°, and 90°±2° F. for an exposure period of 7 days. One-half of the fumigated samples of seed received one fumigation; the others were fumigated twice. Germination of seeds was not impaired under the conditions of the study. It was concluded that it should be possible to use hydrogen phosphide for the control of storage pests in seeds of cereal grains, sorghums, and small legumes without injury to the germinative capacity of the seeds.
Mutual incomprehension: U.S.‐German value gaps beyond Iraq

Differences over Iraq policy have revealed deep U.S. German value gaps over multilateralism, nationalism, and the role of force in international relations. Cooperation in four areas of mutual importance can help compensate for them.
Effects of phenothiazines on the surface pressures, potentials and viscosities of monolayers of lecithin and/or cholesterol1

The effects of four phenothiazines at 10−4 M concentration on monolayers of lecithin, cholesterol and mixed monolayers of lecithin and cholesterol were examined using surface chemical techniques. These phenothiazines produced expansion of the area per monolayer molecule at low surface pressure, facilitated the disruption of the monolayers from the water substrate at high surface pressures, increased the surface viscosity of the monolayers, and decreased the surface potentials. The data suggest that the site of action of these agents is immediately beneath the monolayers.
Radio-wave detection and estimation of sub-surface hydraulic fractures at MF band

In this paper we present a radio technique for detecting and measuring the extent of hydraulic fractures in subsurface rock layers using MF band. The method is based on transmission measurements among elements of vertical and horizontal arrays in the borehole before and after fracking process. To realize this system a novel super-miniaturized borehole antenna operating at 2MHz is also presented. The proposed antenna is based on a ferrite-loaded helical dipole antenna optimized to fit a volume λ0/1337 × λ0/1337 × λ0/80 while maintain a high radiation efficiency of about 10%.
CODIFICATION OF SEMI-HEURISTIC GLOBAL PROCESSING OF OPTIMAL DESIGN MODELS

Processing of global information (or knowledge) in optimal design models is usually heuristic, although it may be based on rigorous principles. These semi-heuristic procedures depend on the skill and expertise of the designer-analyst and tend to be difficult to codify in forms suitable for computer processing. The present article offers several suggestions about how some global knowledge may be obtained, organized, and used in the development of mathematical models and active set strategies. A design example motivates and illustrates these suggestions.
Sentimental Structure: Tsimihety Migration and Descent

Patrilineal descent is deployed by the Tsimihety of Madagascar as a criterion for the definition of sentiments of social identity and adhesion, counter-balancing the dispersal brought about by migration. Patrilineality provides Tsimihety with a rationale for the determination of general rights of access to certain resources, in contrast to other criteria such as cognatic kinship, through which specific rights may be claimed.
Oncologic Outcomes After Surgical Resection of Subcentimeter Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Background The recent initiation of screening protocols and greater utilization of computed tomography has led to an increasing proportion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients presenting with subcentimeter stage IA tumors. The aim of this study was to compare the oncologic outcomes of lobectomy, segmentectomy, and wedge resection in patients with NSCLC tumors 1 cm or less in diameter. Methods Data were extracted from medical records of patients undergoing surgical resection for stage IA NSCLC and a pathologically confirmed tumor diameter measuring 1 cm or less. Primary oncologic outcomes were disease recurrence and disease-free survival. Statistical comparisons were performed using Fisher's exact test and unpaired t test. Kaplan-Meier curves were compared using the log rank test. Significance was defined as a two-tailed p value less than 0.05. Results A total of 107 patients underwent complete (R0) surgical resection for stage IA NSCLC 1 cm or less in diameter (lobectomy, 32; segmentectomy, 40; wedge, 35). Age, sex distribution, tumor size, and histology were similar between groups. There was 1 perioperative mortality in the lobectomy group (3%). At a mean follow-up of 42.5 months, overall disease recurrence was equivalent, occurring in 3 lobectomy patients (9%), 4 segmentectomy patients (10%), and 3 wedge resection patients (9%; p = 0.99). Estimated 5-year disease-free survival was comparable among cohorts (lobectomy, 87%; segmentectomy, 89%; wedge, 89%; p >0.402). Conclusions Sublobar resections are associated with oncologic outcomes that are comparable to those of lobectomy for subcentimeter stage IA NSCLC, suggesting that they may be appropriate surgical interventions in this patient cohort. The validity of these observations needs to be assessed in a prospective setting.
DENSITY DEPENDENCE IN MARINE FISH POPULATIONS REVEALED AT SMALL AND LARGE SPATIAL SCALES

Experimental manipulation of population density has frequently been used to demonstrate demographic density dependence. However, such studies are usually small scale and typically provide evidence of spatial (within-generation) density dependence. It is often unclear whether small-scale, experimental tests of spatial density dependence will accurately describe temporal (between-generation) density dependence required for population regulation. Understanding the mechanisms generating density dependence may provide a link between spatial experiments and temporal regulation of populations. In this study, I manipulated the density of recently settled kelp rockfish (Sebastes atrovirens) in both the presence and absence of predators to test for density-dependent mortality and whether predation was the mechanism responsible. I also examined mortality of rockfish cohorts within kelp beds throughout central California to evaluate temporal (between-generation) density dependence in mortality. Experiments suggested that short-term behavioral responses of predators and/or a shortage of prey refuges caused spatial density dependence. Temporal density dependence in mortality was also detected at larger spatial scales for several species of rockfish. It is likely that short-term responses of predators generated both spatial and temporal density dependence in mortality. Spatial experiments that describe the causal mechanisms generating density dependence may therefore be valuable in describing temporal density dependence and population regulation.
Attachment style and respiratory sinus arrhythmia predict post-treatment quality of life in breast cancer survivors.

Objective Breast cancer is the most frequent malignant tumor among women in the industrialized world. The vast majority of these tumors can now be successfully treated. A subset of breast cancer survivors report quality of life (QOL) difficulties well after treatment is completed. The current study examined how individual differences in attachment style and self-regulatory capacity (as indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)) were associated QOL among post-treatment breast cancer survivors. Methods Women who had completed treatment for stage 0–IIIA breast cancer within the past 2 years participated in the study (N = 96). RSA was assessed using electrocardiography data that was continuously measured non-invasively for 10 min. Attachment orientation was measured using a modified version of the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale and overall QOL by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast scale. Results Breast cancer survivors with more attachment anxiety reported poorer QOL than those with less attachment anxiety. Women who were more avoidantly attached also reported poorer QOL compared with those who were less avoidantly attached. Furthermore, attachment avoidance interacted with RSA to predict QOL such that those with higher attachment avoidance were only vulnerable to poorer QOL if they also had lower self-regulatory capacity, as indexed by lower RSA. Conclusion A better understanding of how attachment style and RSA contribute to breast cancer survivors QOL will help identify people at risk for QOL problems after treatment completion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety and Dependability Analysis of Self-Adaptive Systems

In this paper we present a technique for safety analysis of self-adaptive systems with formal methods. Self- adaptive systems are characterized by the ability to dynamically (self-)adapt and reorganize. The aim of this approach is to make the systems more dependable. But in general it is unclear how big the benefit is - compared to a traditional design. We propose a dependability analysis based on the results of safety analysis to measure the quality of self-x capabilities of an adaptive system with formal methods. This is important for unbiased and evidence-based decision making in early design phases. To illustrate the results we show the application of the method to a case study from the domain of production automation.
Observer error, dental wear, and the inference of new world sundadonty.

Dental morphology provides important information on human evolution and interpopulation relationships. Dental wear is one of the major limitations of morphological data analysis. Wear figures heavily in existing debates about patterns of New World dental variation with some scholars finding evidence for a more generalized dentition in early New World populations (Powell: Doctoral Dissertation, Texas AM Turner: Am J Phys Anthropol 130 (2006) 455-461; Turner and Scott, Handbook of paleoanthropology, Vol. III: Phylogeny of Hominids. New York: Springer (2007) 1901-1941). Here we evaluate these competing claims using data from the Early Archaic Windover sample. Results confirm the dental distinctiveness of Windover with respect to other Old World Asian (i.e., sinodont/sundadont) populations. However, comparison of our results to those of Powell (1995) also highlights significant interobserver error. Statistical analysis of matched wear and morphology scores suggests trait downgrading for some traits. Patterns of missing data present a more challenging (and potentially serious) problem. Use of Little's MCAR test for missing data mechanisms indicates a complex process of data collection in which incidental and opportunistic recording of both highly worn and unerupted teeth introduce a "missing not at random" mechanism into our dataset that biases dental trait frequencies. We conclude that patterns of missingness and formal research designs for "planned missingness" are needed to help mitigate this bias.
Use of the Optogalvanic Effect to Examine the Laser Power Dependency of Several Excitation/Ionization Mechanisms in a Hollow Cathode Discharge

Several examples of the relationship between resonant and nonresonant collisional ionization and photoionization, laser intensity, and the ability to saturate both resonant and nonresonant transitions are illustrated. The effects of energy deficit and effective energy overshoot in determining the dominant ionization pathway are also discussed. An approximation of the lifetime of the virtual level is made, and its relationship to the probability of two-photon nonresonant absorption is discussed. Finally, the theoretical model described above is fitted to the optogalvanic data for two single-step resonance transitions of Ne to determine the applicability of the model developed for flame LEI to the hollow cathode discharge environment (under our experimental conditions) and to obtain estimates of the collisional ionization rate constant, κ2i, and photoionization cross section, σ2i.
Generalized Phase Change Memory Scaling Rule Analysis

In this paper, we present a generalized scaling analysis for phase change memory in analytical forms which are verified by 3D finite-element electrothermal modeling. Our analytical solutions provide insights into the key device parameters that control the maximum temperature of the phase change memory cell and the minimum required programming voltage
Unplanned reoperations after vascular surgery.

Objective Existing literature on unplanned reoperation (UR) after vascular surgery is limited. The frequency of 30-day UR and its association with other adverse outcomes was analyzed. Methods Patients who underwent vascular procedures in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (2012) were abstracted. UR, captured by a distinct variable now available in the data set, and its association with complications, readmissions, mortality, and failure to rescue (FTR) were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate methods. Results Among 35,106 patients, 3545 URs were performed on 2874 patients. The overall UR rate was 10.1%. Among patients who underwent URs, approximately 80.4%, 15.8%, and 3.8% had one, two, and three or more reoperations, respectively; 39.4% of URs occurred after initial discharge. Median time to UR was 7 days but varied by procedure. Procedures with the highest UR rates were embolectomy (18.2%), abdominal bypass (14.4%), and open procedures for peripheral vascular disease (13.8%). Common indications for UR were hemorrhage, graft failure or infection, thromboembolic events, and wound complications. Patients with URs had higher rates of subsequent complications (49.9% vs 19.9%; P P P P Conclusions URs within 30 days are frequent among patients undergoing vascular surgery and are associated with worse outcomes, including mortality and FTR.
Energy Balancing Routing Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks Connected as Grids

In this paper, we discuss energy balancing routing algorithms for wireless sensor networks connected as grids. The scarcest resource in a sensor network is the energy in each sensor. We deploy the sensors in a grid where environment allows to maximize the lifetime, robustness and fault tolerance of the sensor network by taking advantage of the topology. To the best of our knowledge, no other paper has addressed this so far. We design several routing algorithms to achieve energy balance in the network, which directly influences the lifetime of sensor networks. Through simulations, we discover that the best algorithm takes dynamic traffic into account and uses local information for routing guidance.
Spatial distribution of the red sunflower seed weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on sunflower

Knowledge of the distribution of counts of an insect is an essential element for development of a sequential sampling plan. The objectives of this study were to determine the spatial distribution of red sunflower seed weevil, Smicronyx fulvus Le-Conte, counts in sunflower, and to determine the effect of plant stage on the density. Taylor's power law, Iwao's patchiness regression, and the negative binomial probability model were used to analyze the data. All three indices ( b , β, and k ) indicated an aggregated distribution of the weevil. Taylor's power law provided a better description than Iwao's patchiness regression. The negative binomial distribution parameter k was not dependent with mean density, indicating the presence of a common k ( kc ). The estimates of kc ranged from 0.4587 to 0.5255. Plant growth stage had a significant effect on the density of the weevil. When most plants were in the bud stages, more weevils were always found in the blooming sunflower heads (>R5.0 stage). When plants were in the anthesis stage (R5.0–6.0), the adult weevils preferred plants of stage R5.4–6.0, which were suitable for oviposition.
Reading With the Mind's Ear: Listening to Text as a Mental Action

If reading is understood as consisting of multiple kinds of thinking, then listening is one of the most important forms of mental action in which readers engage. Readers must hear sentences in order to make sense of nested syntactic relationships. They also must hear sounds that occur within the text in order to participate in its world, and they must attend to the voice(s) of the text or narrator. This article explores the forms of listening that expert readers engage in and suggests ways in which listening connects to fluency and the syntactic cueing system. Using a passage of a short story, it analyzes the text's demands on readers' thinking about sound. It goes on to describe specific pedagogical practices through which a group of teachers supported students' mediation of listening in independent reading workshops. Minilessons and individual conferences are discussed as sites of intervention and teaching.
SAW noise-like coded reflector structures

This paper will present theory, analysis and experimental work on new and novel SAW noise-like-reflector (NLR) structures for use in SAW coded reflectors. The NLR structures produce a very wideband, noise like reflectivity. This reflectivity is very different than that produced from typical single frequency CDMA coded reflectors or orthogonal frequency coded (OFC) reflectors. CDMA and OFC structures are designed based on a standard communication approach where the time information is divided into chips. These chips then provide both the processing gain and also limit the sidelobe level of the auto-correlated reflected pulse. The processing gain is defined by the number of chips and operation bandwidth, and the correlation peak-to-sidelobe ratio is increased by increasing the chip count. The NLR structure has no chips; it is designed using a random sequence of varying width and pitch electrodes. The very wideband nature of the NLR yields very different auto- and cross-correlation properties, compared to CDMA and OFC approaches. Work presented will discuss basic theory that was used to predict the performance of the NLR structures and devices. A simple analytic mathematical model was used as a first order approach, which allows both insight and synthesis. The unit cell for each reflector is determined and an ideal time and frequency response is predicted. A random code generator is used to pick the phase and unit cell design. The composite reflector bank is synthesized and the overall performance evaluated. This model provides both the reflector characteristics as well as the auto-correlation properties. Next, a coupling of modes (COM) model was developed to simulate the complex structure, and predict the overall frequency dependent reflectance or transmittance of the structure. Two types of structures: random and random with pulse position modulation (PPM) were examined. The PPM provides another level of possible coding to the NLR. The analytic model and COM model results are compared and show remarkably good correlation, which confirms that the analytic model provides a good synthesis tool. Both models confirmed the performance and expected advantages of NLR structures. Experimental SAW NLR devices were built at approximately 250 MHz on YZ LiNbO3. Several different device designs were fabricated and the measured reflector and correlator results agreed well with both the analytic and COM models. The paper will present the design and layout principles, the basic theory, and several designed NLR structures. It will be shown that this new NLR structure will provide unique methods for device coding, as well as other applications.
Some Aspects of the Action of Tylosin on Clostridium Species PA 3679

SUMMARY Spores of PA 3679 were derived from vegetative cells made resistant to an initial 4.0 ppm tylosin. Rate of germination of PA 3679 spores, either from the original sensitive stock or from a resistant stock, is not affected by tylosin. Vegetative cells of PA 3679 arising from germination and subsequent outgrowth of the resistant cells are killed by 0.8–0.9 ppm of residual tylosin. This is to he compared with 0.05–0.25 ppm initial tylosin required to kill sensitive cells. The residual level of tylosin in sterile spore-recovery media is dependent on the initial tylosin concentration and the medium.
The immunosuppressive agent tacrolimus induces p21WAF/CIP1WAF1/CIP1 via TGF-β secretion

Abstract Tacrolimus (Tac) is more immunosuppressive drug compared to cyclosporine (CsA). Our previous studies have demonstrated that CsA induces the expression of p21WAF/CIP1 expression. In this study we explored if like CsA, Tac also induces expression of p21WAF/CIP1. We also determined if induction of p21WAF/CIP1 by Tac is dependent on TGF-β. Using RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, we studied the induction of p21WAF/CIP1 mRNA and protein in human T cells and A-549 cells (human lung adenocarcinoma cells) by Tac. The stimulation of p21WAF/CIP1 promoter activity was studied by luciferase assay using p21WAF/CIP1-luc, chimeric plasmid DNA containing a p21WAF/CIP1 promoter segment and luciferase reporter gene. Using anti-TGF-β antibody, we studied if induction of p21WAF/CIP1 by tacrolimus is dependent on TGF-β. The results demonstrate that Tac induced p21WAF/CIP1 mRNA and protein expression as well as stimulated its promoter activity in T cells and A-549 cells. The induction of p21WAF/CIP1 expression by tacrolimus was dependent on TGF-β since a neutralizing anti-TGF-β antibody inhibited induction of p21WAF/CIP1in A-549 cells. These data support the hypothesis that cyclin inhibitor p21WAF/CIP1 might represent a unified mediator of the anti-proliferative effects of Tac and other immunosuppressive agents. Strategies involving p21WAF/CIP1 induction should be considered a viable alternative strategy to achieve immunosuppression possibly with reduced toxicity associated with current immunosuppression.
Observations of Wall Cloud Formation in Supercell Thunderstorms during VORTEX2

AbstractThis study presents an integrated analysis of dual-Doppler, cloud photogrammetry, surface mobile mesonet, and sounding data to examine wall cloud formation in two supercells observed during the Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment II (VORTEX2). One of the wall clouds contained significant rotation and spawned an (enhanced Fujita) EF2 tornado, while the other was clearly displaced horizontally from the mesocyclone and exhibited little rotation at the time of data collection. Backward parcel trajectories show that the majority of the air entering the wall cloud base originates in the forward-flank region. A small fraction of the parcels enter the wall cloud base from the inflow. Some rear-flank downdraft parcels descend into the strongly rotating wall cloud. For both wall clouds, much of the observed wall cloud lowering is attributed to evaporatively cooled parcels in the forward-flank region being ingested into the low-level updraft. Additional wall cloud-base lowering is...
Integrated drought causality, hazard, and vulnerability assessment for future socioeconomic scenarios: an information theory perspective.

Drought properties and the socioeconomic impact it makes are expected to increase in the coming years due to climate change. Here we review the possible impacts of changes in climate variability on the properties of different drought types. The downscaled and bias-corrected data from five general circulation models (GCMs) were used to produce an ensemble of precipitation, temperature, and wind speed, through a relative entropy approach and were used for drought analysis. A novel Multivariate Drought Index was then employed for an integrated quantification of all physical forms of drought. We studied the spatial patterns of drought properties and performed multivariate frequency analysis for each planning region in Texas to recognize the distribution of potential drought hazard areas under climate change impact by formulating a Drought Hazard Index. A drought vulnerability assessment was also carried out by taking into consideration various socioeconomic factors, leading to the development of socioeconomic Drought Vulnerability Index. A set of composite drought risk maps that combines hazard and vulnerability analysis were developed. This study also explored the cause-effect relationship between the drought events and several hydroclimatic triggers. A transfer entropy measure was used to quantify the causal relationships, thus indicating the predominant future drought triggers. Overall, the findings are expected to help achieve an effective drought mitigation strategy for the state of Texas.
Steady contemporary deformation of the central Basin and Range Province, western United States

We use data from western U.S. GPS networks to estimate the rate, pattern, and style of tectonic deformation of the central Basin and Range Province (BRP). Previous geodetic investigations have found the crust of eastern Nevada and western Utah to act as a rigid microplate, with zero deformation rates to within measurement uncertainty. Observed transients in GPS time series have led others to propose a megadetachment model, predicting that the central BRP behaves as a microplate, but with time-varying translation. Here we reassess these hypotheses, benefiting from a significant increase in GPS stations and time span, and innovations in analysis techniques. Our results show that the BRP crust deforms everywhere and all the time. In a group of 24 stations between longitude −113.5° and −116.8°, we find strain rates of 1.9 ± 0.2 × 10−9 yr−1 extension directed N55°W and 2.2 ± 0.2 × 10−9 yr−1 contraction directed N35°E, inconsistent with microplate behavior. The linearity of time series of strain from GPS station triplets is inconsistent with episodic translation of quasi-rigid domains. One exception is station EGAN that exhibits nonlinear motion not found in adjacent stations. The dominant signal in Nevada is distributed shear consistent with Pacific/North America relative plate motion, suggesting that stresses are transmitted through the lithosphere at least 800 km from the plate boundary. The observed active extension is consistent with earthquake focal mechanisms and is in agreement with integrated rates estimated from earthquake geology. Our results do not support the proposed megadetachment in the BRP.
The Episcopal Exemption of Savigny, 1112–1184

The congregation of Savigny deserves recognition as a notable expression of the monastic revival which characterized the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Savigny itself was founded around 1112 in the forests which join Normandy, Maine, and Brittany by Vital of Mortain, a former hermit and itinerant preacher. Within 35 years, the congregation which developed from the monastery included more than 30 houses in France and England. These Savigniacs were praised effusively by contemporaries as models to be followed. In spite of Savigny's acknowledged importance, however, many aspects of its early history remain relatively unstudied. The only comprehensive treatment of the congregation is a largely hagiographical account compiled by Dom Claude Auvry, prior to Savigny from 1698 to 1712, which finally was edited and published in the late nineteenth century. The paucity of research on Savigny is explained partially by the fact that in 1147 the congregation was absorbed into the Cistercian order and thereby lost its distinctive identity. However, the study of early Savigniac history is valuable not only because of its intrinsic importance but also because an accurate assessment of the effects of the union on the order of Citeaux will be possible only through an understanding of the congregation prior to 1147.
Animate Beings: Their Nature and Identity

Drawing inspiration from Aristotle's biological writings, I attempt to elucidate what it is for something to be alive by providing illuminating logically necessary and sufficient conditions for something's being a living thing in the broadest sense. I then propose a related account of identity conditions for carbon-based living organisms.
The Lived Experience of Native Americans with Diabetes within a Transcultural Nursing Perspective

The purpose of this study was to advance transcultural nursing knowledge based on the lived experiences of Native Americans with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The phenomenological qualitative research method was used to discover Native Americans lived experiences. Data was gathered in rural Oklahoma through non-structured interviews and clinical observations of Native Americans with NIDDM. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed for themes and patterns of similar statements among informants. Six major thematic categories were identified: reactions to NIDDM, responses to loss of health, identification with others, fear associated with the disease process, peace related to the diagnosis of NIDDM, and grieving associated with the diagnosis of NIDDM. The informants' experiences were reconstructed into transformed meanings that characterized the lifeworld of Native Americans with NIDDM.
Diel Changes in Habitat Use by Two Tidepool Fishes

Abstract I examined the effects of low-tide timing on tidepool use by two southern California fishes, Clinocottus analis and Girella nigricans. Abundance of these fishes in middle and upper intertidal pools was higher when low tides occurred at night or in the early morning (4.4–9.7 fish per pool) than in the afternoon (1.3–3.4 fish per pool). Mean fish size was also higher during nighttime low tides than daytime low tides. Tidepools higher in the intertidal zone generally displayed greater differences in fish abundance between early morning and afternoon low tides than lower pools. In addition, these upper tidepools reached higher temperatures during afternoon low tides (up to 30 C) than lower tidepools, often exceeding or nearing the preferred and lethal maximum temperatures reported for the two study species. Diel vertical habitat shifts by middle and upper tidepool fishes indicate that their partitioning of rocky intertidal habitat occurs on short-term temporal as well as spatial scales.
Evidence for Broad-Scale Conservation of Linkage Map Relationships Between Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Abstract Recent advances in molecular genetic techniques have made it possible to conduct broad-scale comparisons of genome organization, structure and function among taxa. Here, we test for synteny (conservation of linkage relationships) between Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) and Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) flies in different superfamilies of Schizophora estimated to have diverged ≈50–55 mya. Our strategy involved searching GenBank to identify Drosophila homologues to sequenced and mapped Rhagoletis clones isolated from a cDNA library. Linkage maps for the homologues were compared between the flies using release I (CD-ROM version) of the D. melanogaster genome project. We report evidence for broad-scale synteny between Drosophila and Rhagoletis. The entire right arm of chromosome 3 in Drosophila was comprised of genes mapping to linkage group II in Rhagoletis, while the left arm contained only Rhagoletis linkage group I markers. In addition, five of the six homologues identified on the Drosophila X ch...
The evolution of arsenic in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia and other myeloid neoplasms: Moving toward an effective oral, outpatient therapy

The therapeutic potential of arsenic derivatives has long been recognized and was recently rediscovered in modern literature. Early studies demonstrated impressive activity of this compound in patients with relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Over the last 2 decades, intravenous arsenic trioxide has been used successfully, both alone and in combination with other agents, for the treatment of APL and, with some success, of other myeloid neoplasms. Arsenic trioxide is currently part the standard of care for patients with APL. More recently, oral formulations of this compound have been developed and are entering clinical practice. In this review, the authors discuss the evolution of arsenic in the treatment of APL and other myeloid neoplasms.
Use of growth hormone in the treatment of short stature: boon or abuse?

Growth hormone (GH) was isolated approximately 30 years ago. Since then, we have witnessed major advances in understanding the regulation and pattern of GH secretion and its many metabolic actions.1 With the advent of recombinant DNA-generated growth hormone (rhGH) in 1985, the opportunities to treat children who have organic or idiopathic GH deficiencies are now, for the first time, unlimited. DEFINITION OF GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY Although a role for GH in the treatment of certain children deficient in GH is established, the definition of GH deficiency remains controversial. The controversy surrounding the diagnosis of GH deficiency was highlighted recently when it was shown that, among the many commercial assay kits available, the same serum sample yielded GH concentrations that differed by as much as 100% for the same sample. Using different GH assay kits, a child who has short stature could be determined to be deficient in GH in the view of one endocrinologist but to have sufficient GH (ie, to be normal) by another endocrinologist.2,3 Despite these obvious limitations, GH testing has an important role in the clinical evaluation of the child who is short. When a child fails a simple screening test (ie, serum GH level of
THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF RHUS INTEGRIFOLIA AND RHUS OVATA (ANACARDIACEAE).

Rhus integrifolia (Nutt. ex. T. & G.) Benth. and Hook. ex. Rothr. and Rhus ovata Wats. are perennial shrubs of the coastal sage scrub and chaparral communities of coastal southern and Baja California (Munz, 1949). Rhus ovata occurs also in western and central Arizona. Usually the two species are described as polygamodioecious (Barkley, 1937; Munz and Keck, 1959). However, several populations of the two taxa have been found which more closely approach a gynodioecious breeding system. Gynodioecism is characterized by the presence of female plants (often called male steriles) together with hermaphrodites (Darwin, 1889; Mathers, 1940), and is an outbreeding mechanism, since male steriles must be pollinated by hermaphrodites to produce seed. Several mechanisms have been established for maintaining male steriles in a population. Ross and Shaw (1971) indicated that male steriles, under monogenic or digenic inheritance, are maintained in a population only when they are at least twice as seed-fertile as hermaphrodites. In the case of cytoplasmic inheritance, only a slight difference in seed-fertility is required to maintain male steriles (Lewis, 1941). In Origanumn vulgare (Labiatae) a completely different mechanism, heterozygote advantage, has been shown to maintain male steriles (Lewis and Crowe, 1956). The objective of this study was to determine if the reproductive biology of R. integrifolia and R. ovata fits the models of Ross and Shaw and others for the maintenance of gynodioecism in natural plant populations.
Phase Transformation Behaviors of Boron-Vanadium Microalloyed Steels During the Continuous Cooling

In order to develop a lowcost and high performance boron-vanadium microalloyed steel and establish its TMCP process, the transformation mechanism of the test steel under continuous cooling was studied and the static and dynamic CCT curves of the test steel were also obtained by means of MMS-200 thermo-mechanical simulator. The results showed that, by addition of the trace boron,the stability of overcooling austenite of the vananium microalloyed steel was increased,and the formation of acicular ferrite was promoted,while the bainite can be obtained under wider cooling rates. Compared to the deformed steel,bainite was the major microstructure which obtained in the undeformed steel under the very slowcooling rate even only0. 5 ℃ / s,but when the cooling rate was higher than 5 ℃ / s,fully bainite was obtained in both the deformed and undeformed steels. The stability of austenite was reduced and the formation of the ferrite was promoted by deformation,thus ferrite transformation proceeded under cooling rate lower than 2 ℃ / s and 15 ℃ / s in the boron steel and non-boron steel,respectively. For vanadium microalloyed steel,boron is beneficial to obtaining high strength bainite,therefore when the cooling rate is higher than 5 ℃ / s,Vickers hardness of boron steel is higher than that of non-boron steel under deformed and undeformed status.
Age, worksite location, neuromodulators, and task performance in the ant Pheidole dentata

Social insect workers modify task performance according to age-related schedules of behavioral development, and/or changing colony labor requirements based on flexible responses that may be independent of age. Using known-age minor workers of the ant Pheidole dentata throughout 68 % of their 140-day laboratory lifespan, we asked whether workers found inside or outside the nest differed in task performance and if behaviors were correlated with and/or causally linked to changes in brain serotonin (5HT) and dopamine (DA). Our results suggest that task performance patterns of individually assayed minors collected at these two spatially different worksites were independent of age. Outside-nest minors displayed significantly higher levels of predatory behavior and greater activity than inside-nest minors, but these groups did not differ in brood care or phototaxis. We examined the relationship of 5HT and DA to these behaviors in known-age minors by quantifying individual brain titers. Both monoamines did not increase significantly from 20 to 95 days of age. DA did not appear to directly regulate worksite location, although titers were significantly higher in outside-nest than inside-nest workers. Pharmacological depletion of 5HT did not affect nursing, predation, phototaxis, or activity. Our results suggest that worker task capabilities are independent of age beyond 20 days, and only predatory behavior can be consistently predicted by spatial location. This could reflect worker flexibility or variability in the behavior of individuals collected at each location, which could be influenced by complex interactions between age, worksite location, social interactions, neuromodulators, and other environmental and internal regulators of behavior.
Limb ischemia during intra-aortic balloon pumping: Indication for femorofemoral crossover graft

Catheter insertion for intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) was successful in 91% of 332 candidates. Fifty-three patients (16.5%) had significant catheter-associated vascular complications, of which lower extremity ischemia with threatened limb loss was the most prevalent (70%). Thirty-six of these patients required an angioplastic repair or vascular grafting. Of the 36, 19 patients with ischemia who needed continued balloon support received femorofemoral (F-F) grafts to restore and maintain adequate limb perfusion. Wound infection occurred in six of the patients but there was no limb loss. F-F grafting is a simple procedure that requires little time and allows one to maintain IABP for prolonged periods without concern for critical obstruction to limb perfusion.
The Discrete Nonlinear Schroedinger Equation: Nonadiabatic Effects, Finite Temperature Consequences, and Experimental Manifestations

Exciting and powerful new ways of describing quasiparticle transport in solids have recently appeared in the literature1, 2. Thus, strong interactions of moving quasiparticles with vibrations can give rise to the discrete nonlinear Schroedinger equation which, in other physical contexts has gone under the name of the discrete self-trapping equation. Our recent theoretical work3, 4 has shown that the nonlinearity in such an equation can have profound effects, some expected and others novel, in the evolution of experimental observables. That work, which has been based on exact solutions for the time evolution for small systems and on numerical solutions for large systems, is described with reference to observables such as fluorescence depolarization in molecular dimers and chains, muon spin relaxation and the neutron scattering function. The rotational polaron and the random nonlinear dimer are also described. Going beyond the usual adiabatic limit, striking effects of slow vibrational relaxation5, 6 are pointed out, and a simple theory of the Brownian motion in the nonadiabatic limit7, 8, 9 is presented in the context of the discrete nonlinear Schroedinger equation. The temperature behaviour of the Kramers escape rate and the stability of nonlinear excitations are discussed. Comments are also made concerning the interesting problem of the microscopic derivation of these equations.
Premedication, Sedation, and Pain Medication in Dermatologic Surgery

Dermatologists and providers of dermatologic care perform a wide array of cutaneous procedures including biopsies, cryotherapy, curettage, excisions, flaps, grafts, chemical peels, ablative lasers, as well as many other invasive and non-invasive procedures. Patient management beyond the actual procedure continues to be an important aspect of patient care that impacts disease outcomes, patient outcomes, and patient satisfaction. With the potential morbidity involved with inadequate management of perioperative factors, a reminder of the need to be intentional and effective is necessary when it comes to the administration of antibiotics, pain control, and sedation. Here we discuss and review the selection and use of premedication, sedation, and pain medication when providing care for dermatologic surgery patients. We also discuss potential gaps regarding perioperative care and the ensuing research needs in this area.
The Problem of History

Once Hegel, Marx, Darwin, and Maine, as representative figures of the 19th century, proffered a historical analysis of Enlightenment era concepts, the question of history itself became, at least potentially, either silent and opaque to the historian or open to explicit philosophical investigation. Thus, when we use historical analysis, we do better to make more transparent what we think the meaning and purpose of historical analysis is.
The central role of tRNA in genetic code expansion

Abstract Background The development of orthogonal translation systems (OTSs) for genetic code expansion (GCE) has allowed for the incorporation of a diverse array of non-canonical amino acids (ncAA) into proteins. Transfer RNA, the central molecule in the translation of the genetic message into proteins, plays a significant role in the efficiency of ncAA incorporation. Scope of review Here we review the biochemical basis of OTSs for genetic code expansion. We focus on the role of tRNA and discuss strategies used to engineer tRNA for the improvement of ncAA incorporation into proteins. Major conclusions The engineering of orthogonal tRNAs for GCE has significantly improved the incorporation of ncAAs. However, there are numerous unintended consequences of orthogonal tRNA engineering that cannot be predicted ab initio . General significance Genetic code expansion has allowed for the incorporation of a great diversity of ncAAs and novel chemistries into proteins, making significant contributions to our understanding of biological molecules and interactions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “Biochemistry of Synthetic Biology - Recent Developments” Guest Editor: Dr. Ilka Heinemann and Dr. Patrick O'Donoghue.
Stability of Three-Dimensional Boundary Layers on Swept Wings at Transonic Speeds

Linear, compressible, quasi-parallel, spatial stability theory is applied to the boundary layer on the upper surface of an infinite-span transonic swept wing. The stability theory is formulated for a class of standing and travelling waves that is suitable for comparison with experiment. Results of new calculations are presented for the wing without suction to demonstrate the principal instabilities. There is standing and travelling-wave crossflow instability, viscous instability, inflectional streamwise instability and a combination of the latter with crossflow instability. A discussion is given of the relation of these instabilities to the crossflow and streamwise boundary-layer profiles.
Immediate early gene expression in axotomized and regenerating retinal ganglion cells of the adult rat

To determine if axotomy-induced immediate early gene (IEG) expression accompanies regenerative efforts in central nervous system (CNS) neurons, immunohistochemistry using antibodies to c-Jun, JunD, JunB, c-Fos, FosB and Krox-24 proteins was used to examine gene expression in identified adult rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) under two conditions: (1) after axotomy alone, and (2) 1 month after replacement of the optic nerve with an autologous peripheral nerve graft to allow axonal regrowth. Strong RGC c-Jun expression was induced 1 day, but not 3 h, after axotomy in most RGCs and was maintained in surviving cells throughout the 3-week study period. Axotomy also induced a limited number of RGCs to express Krox-24, but only transiently. c-Fos expression was also seen in a limited number of control RGCs, however, it was not induced by axotomy. Nucleolar FosB immunoreactivity in axotomized RGCs persisted 1 day after axotomy, but was subsequently lost. One month after axotomy and peripheral nerve graft placement, identified RGCs with regrown axons showed only nuclear c-Jun and nucleolar FosB expression. These findings support a role for IEG expression in the regeneration process of CNS neurons.
John Collins Warren, Surgeon of Ether Day, Entered Sulphuric Ether into The Pharmacopoeia of the Massachusetts Medical Society in 1808.

Abstract John Collins Warren, the surgeon of Ether Day in 1846 at Massachusetts General Hospital, entered sulphuric ether into the nationally recognized Massachusetts pharmacopeia of 1808.
Assessing Collaboration between Autistic Players: An Engagement Metric

We developed an engagement metric that is embedded in a two-player Kinect game. The game is designed to help autistic people interact and collaborate with each other and others. Each level has two phases - initially the players work on a task independently. In order to complete the task they must collaborate and agree. We added a component to assess the level of in-game cooperation. Using face tracking we developed a metric to automatically quantify collaboration based on the amount of time each player individually and together engage with one another. This can replace the time-consuming hand-coded evaluations. We also designed collaborative reward games including one that encourages players to interact with each other.