cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial and temporal variation in dissolved oxygen in natural egg pockets of chum salmon, in Kennedy Creek, Washington

The effects of dissolved oxygen (DO) on incubating salmonid embryos have been studied extensively in the laboratory but there is little information on levels experienced by salmon embryos in complex natural channels. We monitored 33 natural egg pockets of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta, from shortly after spawning until emergence, and found that DO levels varied considerably among and within egg pockets over time. Egg pocket DO levels varied from 2–10 mg l−1 at the time of spawning and generally declined during incubation but the declines did not occur in all pockets and were not always steady. Much of the variability may be attributed to local channel topography. Pool tailouts had the highest and least variable DO levels whereas levels in lateral bars were generally lower and more variable. Levels in glides and riffles tended to be intermediate between those in pool tailouts and lateral bars. In spite of the variation in DO levels and habitats used by chum salmon, DO levels were not correlated with egg pocket sediment composition (per cent of the sample<1.0 or 4.0 mm diameter) or with the egg pocket's depth.
The Transformation of the Soviet Military and the August Coup

This article argues that the Soviet military during the reform period (between 1985-1991) expanded its participation in politics in terms of both the scope of issues involved and the means employed. In addition, the Soviet army during the same period also ended its years of relative insulation from society and underwent a process of civilianization, manifested in increased interactions with civilian society and unprecedented civilian intrustion in military affairs traditionally reserved exclusively for the military. These two developments provide crucial clues to the failed coup attempt in August 1991 in the former Soviet Union.
Genetically Engineered Phage Fibers and Coatings for Antibacterial Applications

Multifunctionality can be imparted to protein-based fibers and coatings via either synthetic or biological approaches. Here, potent antimicrobial functionality ofgenetically engineered, phage-based fibers and fiber coatings, processed at room temperature, is demonstrated. Facile genetic engineering of the M1 3 virus (bacteriophage) genome leverages the well-known antibacterial properties of silver ions to kill bacteria. Predominant expression of negatively charged glutamic acid (E3) peptides on the pVIII major coat proteins of M13 bacteriophage enables solution-based, electrostatic binding of silver ions and subsequent reduction to metallic silver along the virus length. Antibacterial fibers of micrometer-scale diameters are constructed from such an E3-modified phage via wet-spinning and glutaraldehyde-crosslinking of the E3-modified viruses. Silverization of the free-standing fibers is confirmed via energy dispersive spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, showing ∼0.61 μg cm -1 of silver on E3-Ag fibers. This degree of silverization is threefold greater than that attainable for the unmodified M13-Ag fibers. Conferred bactericidal functionality is determined via live-dead staining and a modified disk-diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) measure of zone of inhibition (Zol) against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli bacterial strains. Live-dead staining and Zol distance measurements indicate increased bactericidal activity in the genetically engineered, silverized phage fibers. Coating of Kevlar fibers with silverized E3 phage exhibits antibacterial effects as well, with relatively smaller Zols attributable to the lower degree of silver loading attainable in these coatings. Such antimicrobial functionality is amenable to rapid incorporation within fiber-based textiles to reduce risks of infection, biofilm formation, or odor-based detection, with the potential to exploit the additional electronic and thermal conductivity of fully silverized phage fibers and coatings.
Pathogens being replaced with allergens or immunogens: a theoretical perspective

In a recent article, Silverberg et al (1) reinstated the skewed epidemiology of allergic diseases across the continents by documenting in their study that compared to children born in United States, foreign-born children have significantly low incidence of allergic diseases; however this favorable allergic disease profile among children born outside United States is lost after living in United States for a decade and over. Though these results bring to attention the hygiene hypothesis (2-4) as the underlying mechanism, it is important to realize how the hygiene hypothesis evolves into this observed transcontinental skew. First of all, the human cells have evolved to counter biological pathogens wherein sometimes these cells fail to adequately counter these pathogens resulting in self-limiting diseases or complicated illnesses. Secondly, these same human cells become confused when dealing with the abundance of chemical “pathogens” (allergens or immunogens) because the cidal (killer) activity that is stimulated by living biological pathogens to eventually annihilate the inciting stimulants, cannot direct its killing power to non-living chemical “pathogens”. Therefore, this induced-killing power is often misdirected to the invaded human body itself resulting in allergy or auto-immunity. This does not mean that we should revert back to pre-hygiene era with rampant epidemics caused by the biological pathogens.
Upregulation of hepatic LDL receptor-related protein in nephrotic syndrome: response to statin therapy.

Nephrotic syndrome (N-S) is associated with elevated plasma concentration and impaired clearance of VLDL, chylomicrons (CM), and their atherogenic remnants. These abnormalities are largely due to l...
Undergraduate research and intellectual property rights

Most universities today have developed intellectual property policies which clearly establish ownership rights in any commercially valuable process developed by professors and graduate students in a university laboratory. Increasingly, undergraduates are also being encouraged to take an active part in research since this often encourages them to go on to graduate school. It is also, in itself, a valuable learning experience. However, little thought has been given to the ownership rights of these undergraduate researchers. Universities must recognize that undergraduates may have ownership rights in research and must deal with this fact. A number of strategies for doing so are presented.
Human & robotics technology space exploration communication scenarios: characteristics, challenges & scenarios for developing intelligent Internet protocols

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive view of current and future space communications systems, and scenarios in relation with intelligent Internet protocol (IIP). IIP is an innovative network layer protocol developed to meet the shortcomings of existing Internet protocol (IP) in an adverse space networking environment and provide future communication support for NASA space exploration activities. IIP distinguishes itself from other existing/proposed protocols with six signature functionalities: a) multiple criteria routing, b) reconfigurability, c) automatic routing and tracking, d) dynamic routing, e) human-in-space routing, and f) intelligent routing. Each of these functionalities provides unique capabilities to overcome constraints of space networks. To demonstrate the applicability of the IIP six functionalities, we present a comprehensive scenario for each of surface, orbital, and backbone networks where each scenario closely resembles the actual operations and problems encountered in space. In each scenario, we provide network characteristics, requirements, and applications of IIP functionalities.
Walkabout Revisited: The Runabout

We present a variation of the visitor pattern which allows programmers to write visitor-like code in a concise way. The Runabout is a library extension that adds a limited form of multi-dispatch to Java. While the Runabout is not as expressive as a general multiple dispatching facility, the Runabout can be significantly faster than existing implementations of multiple dispatch for Java, such as MultiJava. Unlike MultiJava, the Runabout does not require changes to the syntax and the compiler.
Undocumented migration, use wear, and the materiality of habitual suffering in the Sonoran Desert

Since the late 1990s, unauthorized migrants attempting to cross the Sonoran Desert of Arizona have been relying on a unique set of material culture to evade Border Patrol, as well as prevent and treat injuries during the crossing process. Some media and academic attention has focused on the hundreds of migrants who die each year during desert border crossings, but little focus has been paid to the non-lethal injuries (e.g. blisters and dehydration) that hundreds of thousands of people sustain annually. Using a combination of ethnographic and archaeological data, the author argues that border-crossing artifacts both reflect and shape a way of being that is specific to the desert migration process. Expanding upon the archaeological concept of use wear, he demonstrates that modifications made to migrant goods provide evidence of border-crossing body techniques that are connected to widespread and routinized forms of corporeal suffering.
Regulation of human endometrial stromal proliferation and differentiation by C/EBPβ involves cyclin E-cdk2 and STAT3

During each menstrual cycle, the human uterus undergoes a unique transformation, known as decidualization, which involves endometrial stromal proliferation and differentiation. During this process, the stromal cells are transformed into decidual cells, which produce factors that prepare the uterus for potential embryo implantation. We previously identified the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)β as a regulator of endometrial stromal proliferation and differentiation in mice. In this study, we addressed the role of C/EBPβ in human endometrial decidualization. Using small interfering RNA targeted to C/EBPβ mRNA, we demonstrated that C/EBPβ controls the proliferation of primary human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) by regulating the expression of several key cell cycle-regulatory factors during the G1-S phase transition. Additionally, loss of C/EBPβ expression blocked the differentiation of HESCs in response to estrogen, progesterone, and cyclic AMP. Gene expression profiling of normal and C/EBPβ-deficient HESCs revealed that the receptor for the cytokine IL-11 and its downstream signal transducer signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) are targets of regulation by C/EBPβ. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that C/EBPβ controls the expression of STAT3 gene by directly interacting with a distinct regulatory sequence in its 5′-flanking region. Attenuation of STAT3 mRNA expression in HESCs resulted in markedly reduced differentiation of these cells, indicating an important role for STAT3 in decidualization. Gene expression profiling, using STAT3-deficient HESCs, showed an extensive overlap of pathways downstream of STAT3 and C/EBPβ during stromal cell differentiation. Collectively, these findings revealed a novel functional link between C/EBPβ and STAT3 that is a critical regulator of endometrial differentiation in women.
Including Nanoscale Investigations in Undergraduate Physics Laboratories at all Levels of the Curriculum

A series of laboratory modules were developed to introduce atomic force microscope (AFM) applications into undergraduate physics courses. The goal is to elucidate fundamental physics concepts at the nanoscale that will complement existing investigations at the macroscale, and to expose students to advanced instrumentation at an early level. The experiments allow students to experience the full range of scanning probe modes available, which include contact, intermittent contact, lateral force, and magnetic force microscopy as well as force distance spectroscopy. The course levels span the range from freshman introductory to advanced senior level and allow students to experience AFM applications at successive levels of complexity.
High-monounsaturated fatty acid diets lower both plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations.

Background: Low-fat diets increase plasma triacylglycerol and decrease HDL-cholesterol concentrations, thereby potentially adversely affecting cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. High‐monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), cholesterol-lowering diets do not raise triacylglycerol or lower HDL cholesterol, but little is known about how peanut products, a rich source of MUFAs, affect CVD risk. Objective: The present study compared the CVD risk profile of an Average American diet (AAD) with those of 4 cholesterol-lowering diets: an American Heart Association/National Cholesterol Education Program Step II diet and 3 high-MUFA diets [olive oil (OO), peanut oil (PO), and peanuts and peanut butter (PPB)]. Design: A randomized, double-blind, 5-period crossover study design (n = 22) was used to examine the effects of the diets on serum lipids and lipoproteins: AAD [34% fat; 16% saturated fatty acids (SFAs), 11% MUFAs], Step II (25% fat; 7% SFAs, 12% MUFAs), OO (34% fat; 7% SFAs, 21% MUFAs), PO (34% fat; 7% SFAs, 17% MUFAs), and PPB (36% fat; 8% SFAs, 18% MUFAs). Results: The high-MUFA diets lowered total cholesterol by 10% and LDL cholesterol by 14%. This response was comparable with that observed for the Step II diet. Triacylglycerol concentrations were 13% lower in subjects consuming the high-MUFA diets and were 11% higher with the Step II diet than with the AAD. The high-MUFA diets did not lower HDL cholesterol whereas the Step II diet lowered it by 4% compared with the AAD. The OO, PO, and PPB diets decreased CVD risk by an estimated 25%, 16%, and 21%, respectively, whereas the Step II diet lowered CVD risk by 12%. Conclusion: A high-MUFA, cholesterol-lowering diet may be preferable to a low-fat diet because of more favorable effects on the CVD risk profile. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:1009‐15.
Methyl dynamics in crystalline amino acids: MD and NMR.

Correlation times for rotation of deuterated methyls in crystalline leucine, valine, and cyclo-L-alanyl-L-alanine are calculated with molecular dynamics and compared with NMR data. The simulations distinguish between methyls having different steric environments in the crystal, yielding correlation times differing by a factor of up to 30 for methyls within a given crystal. MD and NMR correlation times agree to within a factor of 2. However, averaging over nonequivalent methyls can yield correlation functions that, although actually multiexponential, are well fit by single exponentials. This may have significance for interpreting NMR data; previous NMR data did not distinguish between the methyls in these crystals. Adiabatic rotational barriers calculated with the X-ray structure differ from effective barriers during simulation by up to +/-1 kcal/mol; the difference indicates that dynamical effects have a significant role in determining rotational correlation times.
Accepting a helping hand can be the right thing to do.

The underappreciated moral theorist Benjamin Franklin in his youth made up a list of virtues he felt ought to be followed as sound guides for living one's life. Some of the virtues he prescribed relate to personal behaviour: temperance, order, resolution, frugality, moderation, industry, cleanliness and tranquillity. The rest are social character traits: sincerity, justice, silence, chastity and humility. He never abandoned his faith in those values, teaching them to his son and anyone who cared to read his Poor Richard's Almanack . In his autobiography, Franklin tells us that he kept a diary in which he evaluated, on a daily basis, his success in living up to each virtue.1 That Franklin enjoyed a life in which the virtues he extolled were not omnipresent is well known. He would be the first to confess that there were more than a few occasions when he failed to live up to his own moral teaching.1 What is interesting about his virtue ethic is not his personal struggle to conform to it but his belief that moral character is made …
Factored state-space realisation of two-dimensional systems

An algorithm is presented for the factored state-space realisation of two-dimensional (2D) systems. The algorithm is based in the application of the node precedence or ordering concept, used in the synthesis of one-dimensional digital filters, to the 2-D systems. It involves the determination of the continued fraction and its associated signal flow graph from the 2D transfer function. The signal flow graph representation is then used to determine a factored state-space description of the 2D system, and a formula for computing the output roundoff noise of this realisation is given
S-RARE; a Simplified Receiver Assisted Routing Protocol for Ad-Hoc Networks

A simplified receiver assisted routing enhancement (S-RARE) protocol is proposed. The S-RARE technique is a generic add-on middleware to MANET routing algorithms. A simplified mathematical model is presented using the probabilistic technique. In this paper, we used the principle of the biologically inspired ant routing technique as example to implement the S- RARE algorithm. The similarities and differences between S-RARE and the traditional ant technique have been highlighted. The S-RARE quickly finds a path between the source and destination with low overhead. S-RARE technique performs better in highly dynamic network topology. The performance of the proposed S-RARE is simulated and compared to the traditional ant in radio network model (random graph model). The simulation results show the significant improvement when S-RARE technique is set up as add-on module on top of traditional ant work.
pH- and Flow-Rate-Independent Release of Drug from Uncoated Slow-Release Tablets

Slow-release tablets were prepared using a polyvinyl chloride–polyethylene matrix and sodium salicylate as a model drug. The in vitro release of salicylate was described adequately by a previously published equation. The release rate constant was independent of the pH of the dissolution fluid and the flow rate of the fluid past the tablet. Accordingly, the procedures used to test the in vitro drug release from this type of matrix tablet are not as critical as for conventional tablets. It may therefore be postulated that the in vivo performance of the tablet may be less subject to variations in the physiological parameters of the GI tract.
Autonomic nervous system control of the cerebral circulation

The classic view of cerebrovascular physiology has been that blood flow and cerebral metabolism are tightly coupled under the influence of substances, such as H(+), adenosine, nitric oxide, and K(+), which ensure a rapid and matched supply of blood. In part driven by the use of cerebral blood flow measurements in functional brain imaging, it has become clear that astrocytes also play a role in modulating functionally associated changes in cerebral blood flow. The concept of neural control or neurogenically mediated changes in cerebral blood flow is relatively newer, although the presence of such nerves was probably identified anatomically more than 500 years ago. The autonomic innervation of the cranial circulation has both a sympathetic component that arises predominantly from the superior cervical ganglion and a cranial parasympathetic component that traverses the pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) and otic ganglion. Neuropeptide transmitters such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), helodermin, and helospectin have each been identified in components of the system. Clinical problems such as migraine, cluster headache, and stroke likely involve the autonomic innervation of the cerebral circulation in terms of disorder expression and ultimately with an eye to novel therapies.
The American Archivist: The Voice of a Profession

founders of the Society of American Archivists believed that they could render important service through professional publications." Consequently, a quarterly was the first enterprise of the kind decided on ; it remains to date the Society's major venture in the field of professional publication. But the founders did not consider the new magazine as merely a house organ of the Society. Governed by the same broad vision that guided them in opening membership in the Society to all uwho are or have been engaged in the custody or administration of archives and historical manuscripts or who, because of their special experience or other qualifications, are recognized as competent in archival economy," they christened their quarterly the American Archivist, and expressed its editorial policy in these simple words: "to be useful as possible to members of the profession." Your program chairman has asked me to discuss briefly the relationship between the American Archivist and the archival profession. Had he asked me for a title descriptive of the remarks I propose to make, I might have replied that I would discuss "The American Archivist : The Voice of a Profession." But, on second thought, I probably would have insisted that the title ought to be expressed in the style of Horatio Alger, namely "The American Archivist: The Voice of a Profession; or, The Tie That Binds." I have determined to treat this topic, first, by setting forth the opportunities for professional service available to our journal; and, second, by indicating some measures that must be taken if it is to meet these opportunities for service to the fullest extent. In dealing with the latter, it will be necessary to present for your consideration some of the operational problems faced by your editor in publishing our quarterly. Every profession, including our own, must have some vehicle for
The American College of Cardiology's Board of Governors: Overcoming Obstacles to Providing Care.

![Figure][1] I think we collectively strive to continue to learn and grow as a profession. Lifelong learning is woven into the very fabric of what we do. I remember when I first began training, beta-blockers were contraindicated in systolic heart failure, we did not call it “heart failure
Identifying counterfeit cigarette packs using ultraviolet irradiation and light microscopy

Objectives Develop a method that yields high rates of sensitivity and specificity for determination of counterfeit cigarette packs for three popular brands: Newport, Marlboro (‘Red’) and Marlboro Gold. Methods Using systematic keyword searches, we identified industry documents from the University of California, San Francisco9s Legacy Tobacco Documents Library that describe the use of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and close examination of printing quality to distinguish between counterfeit and genuine cigarette packs. Guided by these documents, we identified six markers for counterfeit cigarettes across three popular brands using counterfeit cigarette packs (N=68) seized by law enforcement agencies in the USA. We assessed the diagnostic test accuracy of these markers and tested it against genuine packs (N=22) using receiver operating characteristic curves analysis. Results We find that counterfeit cigarette packs fluoresce to long-wave UV irradiation and display poor printing quality. The optimal cut-off value varies among the three brands. For example, counterfeit Newport and Marlboro packaging can be reliably classified with two of six characteristics, while Marlboro Gold requires four. Conclusions Researchers who conduct littered pack and pack swap studies are urged to include this method to assess the share of counterfeit cigarettes, and compare the result against tobacco industry figures.
Molecular drivers of the non-T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment in urothelial bladder cancer.

4511 Background: A T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment is linked to response to immunotherapies and survival in malignancies including urothelial bladder cancer (UBC). We recently identified tum...
Conduction of heat in solids

Heat transfer is an area of thermal engineering the focuses on the transport, exchange, and redistribution of thermal energy. The three modes or ways that heat can be transferred have been termed conduction, convection, and radiation. In this chapter, the basic physics associated with conduction heat transfer will be elaborated, and it will be shown through examples how the tools and analysis typically used for conduction problems can be applied to design and analysis when fire occurs.
Effect of Non-Ergodic Channels on Wireless Fading-Based Key Generation

Physical layer key generation techniques based on wireless channel fading are widely considered to be secure as long as any eavesdroppers are separated from the terminals by a distance greater than the channel correlation length. This short paper discusses how this definition of the minimum secure distance is based on only a lower bound on the eavesdropper's mutual information. The non-ergodic channel is a deterministic function of unknown channel parameters that can be estimated from multiple observations. The Cramer-Rao lower bound for the variance of an eavesdropper's estimated channel is presented.
Acid–Base Bifunctional Shell Cross-Linked Micelle Nanoreactor for One-Pot Tandem Reaction

Shell cross-linked micelles (SCMs) containing acid sites in the shell and base sites in the core are prepared from amphiphilic poly(2-oxazoline) triblock copolymers. The materials are utilized as two-chamber nanoreactors for a prototypical acid–base bifunctional tandem deacetalization–nitroaldol reaction. The acid and base sites are localized in different regions of the micelle, allowing the two steps in the reaction sequence to largely proceed in separate compartments, akin to the compartmentalization that occurs in biological systems.
Feature Matching With an Adaptive Optical Sensor in a Ground Target Tracking System

We consider methods to address the optical feature-aided remote sensing tracking problem for vehicles in a challenging environment. Our approach is to apply the dynamic data driven application systems computing paradigm to implement control of an adaptive sensor. This adaptive sensor acquires a panchromatic image while simultaneously allowing the collection of visible-near infrared spectral data at specified pixels. This sensor holds the promise of delivering the increased accuracy of targeted spectral sensing without the enormous data volume of full spectral images. The target of interest is optimally imaged by the sensor based on the target's forecasted location and motion relative to the extracted content of the background. Background context is both extracted from the image and created from the OpenStreetMap road network. We describe the implementation of the tracking framework and testing of some of the components using simulated imagery created with the digital imaging and remote sensing image generation model. The Gaussian sum filter is employed to solve the data assimilation problem by forming a multimodel forecasting set that is used to increase the robustness and flexibility of tracking. For feature matching, we create an efficient sampling strategy that is informed by the viewing conditions to adaptively determine which pixels to measure spectrally in order to distinguish between different targets using a spectral distance measure.
Enhanced optical discrimination system based on switchable retroreflective films

Reported herein is the design, characterization, and demonstration of a laser interrogation and response optical discrimination system based on large-area corner-cube retroreflective films. The switchable retroreflective films use light-scattering liquid crystal to modulate retroreflected intensity. The system can operate with multiple wavelengths (visible to infrared) and includes variable divergence optics for irradiance adjustments and ease of system alignment. The electronic receiver and switchable retroreflector offer low-power operation (<4 mW standby) on coin cell batteries with rapid interrogation to retroreflected signal reception response times (<15 ms). The entire switchable retroreflector film is <1 mm thick and is flexible for optimal placement and increased angular response. The system was demonstrated in high ambient lighting conditions (daylight, 18k lux) with a visible 10-mW output 635-nm source out to a distance of 400 m (naked eye detection). Nighttime demonstrations were performed using a 1.5-mW, 850-nm infrared laser diode out to a distance of 400 m using a night vision camera. This system could have tagging and conspicuity applications in commercial or military settings.
Yb-Doped Sesquioxide Ceramics: Temperature Dependent Laser Performance and Spectroscopy

We observe that laser performance improves far more upon cooling to liquid nitrogen temperature in ceramic Yb:Y2O3 than in Yb:Sc2O3. Differences in the temperature dependence of their spectra suggest a possible reason for this difference.
Peripheral Inflammatory Pain Induces c-fos Expression in Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus and Its Mechanism

Objective To study the activation of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus neurons in inflammatory hyperagesia and the role of NMDA receptor.Methods The inflammatory hyperalgesia model was induced by complete Freund's adjuvant in rats.Pain threshold was measured by radiant heat-withdrawal method.The neuronal activation in arcuate nucleus was evaluated by c-fos expression.The immunoreactive positive cells were counted using unbiased stereological method.The role of NMDA receptor was tested by using its antagonist MK-801.Results 7,14 and 21 days after model made the pain threshold decreased significantly(P0.05),at the same time the number of Fos-positive neurons in arcuate nucleus was up-regulated significantly(P0.05).Intracerebroventricular microinjection of NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 could reverse the decrease of pain threshold,as well as the up-regulation of Fos-positive neurons in arcuate nucleus.No significant changes were observed in pain threshold as well as in number of Fos-positive cells in the saline control group.Conclusion Neuronal activation in arcuate nucleus plays an important role in the production and maintenance of inflammatory hyperalgesia.This activation is mediated by NMDA receptor.Central sensitization may be produced as well in the supraspinal higher pain-modulatory centers.
Application of Electric Power Energy Efficiency Evaluation in Cement Enterprise

Energy efficiency test and evaluation are very important to the guide of energy saving diagnosis and service to enterprises.A certain cement enterprise whose production situation,technological process and electric power system was introduced and taken as an example to emphasisly describe the method and process of energy efficiency test and evaluation.Suggestions for its energy saving diagnosis and modification were proposed which has been achieved about 10 Gwh electric energy saving per year.
Analysis of Correlation Between Cloud-to-ground Flash Density Map Using LLS and Lightning Flashover

In order to test the validity and availability of the cloud-to-ground flash density(GFD) map from the lighting location systems(LLS) for the application of lightning protection of transmission lines,we studied on the correlation between the GFD and the practical operating experience of lines,taking some regions such as south of Hebei province and Yunnan province as the analytical examples.Based on the GFD distribution from LLS and records of lightning flashovers in the corresponding regions,the lightning grades were classified,and the lightning trip-out rate or the lightning faulted towers' rate in each grade was obtained from the statistical operating data.Then through analyzing the correlations between the lightning grades and the lightning trip-out rate or the lightning faulted towers' rate,as well as the correlations between the GFD values and the position distribution of lightning flashovers,we find that there is a positive correlation between the GFD and the lightning flashovers,and the GFD map based on the LLS is effective and applicable to describe the lightning distribution.
Heart failure in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: Epidemiology and management disparities.

Abstract Background Persons living with HIV are at a higher risk of cardiovascular disease despite effective antiretroviral therapy and dramatic reductions in AIDS-related conditions. We sought to identify the epidemiology of heart failure (HF) among persons living with HIV in the United States in an era of contemporary antiretroviral therapy. Methods Explorys is an electronic healthcare database that aggregates medical records from 23 healthcare systems nationwide. Using systemized nomenclature of medicine—clinical terms (SNOMED—CT), we identified adult patients (age>18), who had active records over the past year (September 2014–September 2015). We described the prevalence of HF in HIV patients by demographics and treatment and compared them to HIV-uninfected controls. Results Overall, there were 36,400 patients with HIV and 12,208,430 controls. The overall prevalence of HF was 7.2% in HIV and 4.4% in controls (RR 1.66 [1.60–1.72], p Conclusions Persons with HIV are at higher risk for HF in this large contemporary sample that includes both men and women. Although the prevalence of heart failure is higher in older HIV patients, the relative risk associated with HIV is highest in young people and in women. HIV patients are less likely to have HF optimally treated, but cardiology referral was associated with higher treatment rates.
Two visual strategies for solving the raven's progressive matrices intelligence test

We present two visual algorithms, called the affine and fractal methods, which each solve a considerable portion of the Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) test. The RPM is considered to be one of the premier psychometric measures of general intelligence. Current computational accounts of the RPM assume that visual test inputs are translated into propositional representations before further reasoning takes place. We propose that visual strategies can also solve RPM problems, in line with behavioral evidence showing that humans do use visual strategies to some extent on the RPM. Our two visual methods currently solve RPM problems at the level of typical 9-to 10-year-olds.
Thromboembolic complications of hip fractures.

Summary Thromboembolic complications after hip fracture occur in over 50 per cent of untreated patients, leading to a mortality of up to 10 percent. The pathogenesis of these thrombotic lesions appears to be related mostly to venous stasis and an as-yet poorly defined “hypercoagulable state.” Since the clinical diagnosis of thromboembolism is accurate for only half of such patients, special techniques such as venography, lung scans, pulmonary angiography, and especially 125-iodine labeled fibrinogen scans are needed for reliable detection. In the absence of contraindications, therapeutic doses of heparin should be administered intravenously, preferably by continuous infusion, followed by long term treatment with oral doses of coumarin drugs. Prophylactic therapy with these coumarin drugs is effective in preventing venous thrombosis, and studies of other agents that may have prophylactic use, such as low doses of heparin and antiplatelet agents, are still being evaluated.
Anatomic temporal lobe resections for temporal lobe epilepsy.

Temporal lobe epilepsy may be viewed as a group of several discrete syndromes that can be identified before surgery. A surgical plan may be formulated preoperatively, designed to resect specific anatomic structures.
Danazol treatment increases serum enzyme levels

Six of seven women treated for endometriosis with daily administrations of 800 mg of danazol over 4.7 to 9 months developed one or more mildly abnormal serum enzyme levels. All seven patients had normal pretreatment enzyme levels and were evaluated after 2.5 to 5 months of drug therapy and again 1 to 2.5 months following completion of drug therapy. Danazol therapy was associated with statistically significant increases in the following serum enzyme levels: creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase. Mean serum enzyme increases ranged from 25% to 86% greater than the mean pre-drug-therapy level. Alkaline phosphatase levels were not altered by the danazol treatment. Following completion of danazol therapy, all enzyme levels were within the normal range except serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, which was approaching normal. High-dose danazol treatment (800 mg daily) is associated with mild elevations of specific serum enzymes, and these changes appear to resolve spontaneously after cessation of treatment.
GIFT Cloud Improving Usability of Adaptive Tutor Authoring Tools within a Web-based Application

GIFT Cloud is the recently released web-based application version of GIFT, an open-source computer-based tutoring architecture that supports authoring, deployment, and evaluation of intelligent tut...
Membrane processes in nanoparticle production

Abstract With the development of the scanning tunneling microscope, and other high resolution “microscopies”, researchers could examine and adapt synthetic processes to control particles on the nanometer scale. Since then there have been an explosion of techniques for fabricating nanoparticles. So called “top-down” synthetic techniques start with large particles and make them smaller via grinding, spraying or pyrolysis while “bottom-up” techniques start with precursors and build up to nanoparticles (NPs) using deposition techniques or self-assembly of molecules. An ideal process for fabricating NPs would be tunable to a specific size or shape, using few industrially-available, nontoxic reagents, and the produced-NPs should be shelf-stable and in a concentrated suspension, with a narrow size distribution. In this work, we provide a summary meta-review of how membranes have been used to produce ~100 nm entities and provide observations that membranes could be used to enable rational processes for industrially-friendly, continuous production of NPs. Our meta-review focuses on nano-sized entities created in a suspension versus using the membrane as a potentially “sacrificial” template, thus, we consider three nominal, membrane device operating modes: dispersion, emulsion, and contactor.
Navigating the Mainstream: Key to Survival

My assignment is to give you an academic library director’s view of special collections. Should special collections be in the mainstream or on the margin of a university library’s programs and priorities? In my view, special collections in a research library must be in the mainstream. As collections become more homogenized because of serials cancellations and decreased monographic purchases, it is in our special collections that the distinctiveness of our research libraries will be maintained. Research libraries have an obligation through our special collections to collect and preserve some part of our intellectual heritage. But I also think that because . . .
An input catalog and target selection for the transiting exoplanet survey satellite

The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) will be conducting a nearly all-sky, photometric survey over the course of two years, with a core mission goal to discover small transiting exoplanets orbiting nearby, bright stars. The satellite will obtain 30-minute cadence observations of all objects in the 26 TESS fields of view and 2-minute cadence observations of 200,000 to 400,000 selected stars. The choice of which stars to observe at the 2-min cadence is driven by the need to detect small, transiting planets, leading to the selection of primarily bright, cool dwarfs. We describe the integration of numerous astronomical catalogs and the algorithms used to assemble the TESS Input Catalog. We have created a preliminary Candidate Target List using a ranking system for all stars in the sky, according to the smallest transiting planet detectable. We also discuss additional factors that affect the ability to photometrically detect and dynamically confirm small planets.
Exploring Strategies That Influence Children’s Physical Activity Self-Efficacy

Insufficient physical activity during the elementary school years has been associated with a number of health problems (Strong et al., 2006). During the school day, the recess period provides the greatest opportunity for children to engage in physical activity (Robert Wood Johnson, 2007). Nonetheless, most children spend the majority of their recess time in active. One strategy for increased physical activity during recess is to develop related interventions that reinforce physical activity from the school itself. While some research studies have identified modifiable factors, research suggests that a greater level of physical activity self-efficacy is the strongest predictor of increased physical activity among elementary-aged children (Coakley, & White, 1992; Mulvihill, Rivers, & Aggleton, 2000; Trost, Pate, Saunders, Ward, Dowda, & Felton, 1997; Trost, 1999; Zakarian et al., 1994). Research suggests that strong influences on this age group include a teacher’s encouragement and competent adult modeling (Chase 1995, Lirgg & Feltz, 1991; Trost et al. 2003). The purpose of this study is to compare whether a teacher’s encouragement alone and modeling by a competent adult alone influence children’s recess time physical activity self-efficacy. In our study, this construct is measured through barrier self-efficacy (adult encouragement and other) and task self-efficacy (light, moderate, and vigorous). One hundred sixty-one students were assigned randomly to one of three groups: 1) modeling 2) encouragement, and 3) comparison. We collected pretreatment and posttreatment self-efficacy data as well. There was no significant interaction between the treatment and gender on self-efficacy. However, there was a significant main effect detected for treatment on adult encouragement barrier self-efficacy. Findings suggest that when teachers encourage children to be active, they may internalize the encouragement and become less dependent on external sources of encouragement to motivate them to be active during recess.
Disparities in US Healthcare Provider Screening and Advice for Cessation Across Chronic Medical Conditions and Tobacco Products

Background Disparities in tobacco use are worsening in the United States, disproportionately affecting those with chronic medical conditions. One possible contributor is that physicians may not screen and advise cessation uniformly across patients and/or tobacco products.
Effect of Attendance of the Child on Body Weight, Energy Intake, and Physical Activity in Childhood Obesity Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Family-based weight loss treatment (FBT) is considered the gold-standard treatment for childhood obesity and is provided to the parent and child. However, parent-based treatment (PBT), which is provided to the parent without the child, could be similarly effective and easier to disseminate. Objective To determine whether PBT is similarly effective as FBT on child weight loss over 24 months. Secondary aims evaluated the effect of these 2 treatments on parent weight loss, child and parent dietary intake, child and parent physical activity, parenting style, and parent feeding behaviors. Design, Setting, and Participants Randomized 2-arm noninferiority trial conducted at an academic medical center, University of California, San Diego, between July 2011 and July 2015. Participants included 150 overweight and obese 8- to 12-year-old children and their parents. Interventions Both PBT and FBT were delivered in 20 one-hour group meetings with 30-minute individualized behavioral coaching sessions over 6 months. Treatments were similar in content; the only difference was the attendance of the child. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome measure was child weight loss (body mass index [BMI] and BMI z score) at 6, 12, and 18 months post treatment. Secondary outcomes were parent weight loss (BMI), child and parent energy intake, child and parent physical activity (moderate to vigorous physical activity minutes), parenting style, and parent feeding behaviors. Results One hundred fifty children (mean BMI, 26.4; mean BMI z score, 2.0; mean age, 10.4 years; 66.4% girls) and their parent (mean BMI, 31.9; mean age, 42.9 years; 87.3% women; and 31% Hispanic, 49% non-Hispanic white, and 20% other race/ethnicity) were randomly assigned to either FBT or PBT. Child weight loss after 6 months was −0.25 BMI z scores in both PBT and FBT. Intention-to-treat analysis using mixed linear models showed that PBT was noninferior to FBT on all outcomes at 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-up with a mean difference in child weight loss of 0.001 (95% CI, −0.06 to 0.06). Conclusions and Relevance Parent-based treatment was as effective on child weight loss and several secondary outcomes (parent weight loss, parent and child energy intake, and parent and child physical activity). Parent-based treatment is a viable model to provide weight loss treatment to children. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01197443
Application of enhanced gas chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for monitoring petroleum weathering and forensic source fingerprinting in samples impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

Accurate characterization of petroleum hydrocarbons in complex and weathered oil residues is analytically challenging. This is primarily due to chemical compositional complexity of both the oil residues and environmental matrices, and the lack of instrumental selectivity due to co-elution of interferences with the target analytes. To overcome these analytical selectivity issues, we used an enhanced resolution gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode (GC/MS/MS-MRM) to eliminate interferences within the ion chromatograms of target analytes found in environmental samples. This new GC/MS/MS-MRM method was developed and used for forensic fingerprinting of deep-water and marsh sediment samples containing oily residues from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The results showed that the GC/MS/MS-MRM method increases selectivity, eliminates interferences, and provides more accurate quantitation and characterization of trace levels of alkyl-PAHs and biomarker compounds, from weathered oil residues in complex sample matrices. The higher selectivity of the new method, even at low detection limits, provides greater insights on isomer and homolog compositional patterns and the extent of oil weathering under various environmental conditions. The method also provides flat chromatographic baselines for accurate and unambiguous calculation of petroleum forensic biomarker compound ratios. Thus, this GC/MS/MS-MRM method can be a reliable analytical strategy for more accurate and selective trace level analyses in petroleum forensic studies, and for tacking continuous weathering of oil residues.
Induction of X-chromosome Inactivation by the Histone Demethylase SMCX/KDM5C

XY male and XX female mammals equalize X-linked gene expression through the mitotically-stable transcriptional inactivation of an X-chromosome in females. Although most genes are silent on the inactive-X, some escape silencing and are expressed at higher levels in females vs. males. Here, we show that the escapee Smcx/Kdm5c, encoding a histone H3K4me2/3 demethylase, underlies the female-specific induction of X-inactivation. Mouse embryonic epiblast cells and differentiating embryonic stem cells (ESCs) lacking SMCX show reduced expression of Xist RNA, which is required for X-inactivation. Smcx-heterozygous epiblast cells do not silence X-linked genes efficiently, despite robust Xist expression. Overexpression of mouse or human SMCX, but not a catalytically-inactive SMCX or the Y-chromosome homolog SMCY, is sufficient to induce Xist and, separately, to silence X-linked genes in male ESCs. Finally, SMCX dose is inversely correlated with H3K4me2 at X-linked loci. Thus, X-inactivation initiates through the evolutionarily conserved, dose-dependent function of the histone demethylase SMCX.