cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF MULTIATTRIBUTE ALTERNATIVES: ADDITIVE VERSUS CONFIGURAL UTILITY MEASUREMENT

A model for measuring subjective evaluations of multiple component alternatives is developed and tested in the context of business students' evaluations of professorial candidates for tenured positions. The model is based on a type of ANOVA formulation in which the response variable need only be rank ordered. That is, arbitrary monotonic functions of subjective responses can be made that optimize a well-defined badness of fit measure. Application of the model indicates that metric analysis of the response data can exhibit a large number of configural (interaction) effects that may be a reflection of how subjects use rating scales rather than anything more basic in their combination of multiple component cues. Implications of these findings for the modeling of multiple component choices are discussed.
Privatization and Citizen Preferences A Cross-National Analysis of Demand for Private Versus Public Provision of Services in Three Industries

Privatization has been championed as a means for improving accountability in the public sector. Yet, relatively little is known empirically about how citizens from different countries evaluate private versus public provision of services. Using a framework established by Durant and Legge (2001, 2002), the research here furthers their country-specific findings by employing an initial empirical model to examine the formation of citizen preferences in a multinational context. Citizens in developed market economies (DMEs) are examined by utilizing a heteroskedastic probit analysis to measure opinion direction, certainty, and indecision for conflicted respondents. The results suggest that both industry and national contexts are important in explaining the choice between private or public provision of services. In addition, individuals are influenced by utilitarian concerns, party preferences, and value orientations. In terms of political interest, respondents expressing greater levels are more certain in their ...
Ethics of Wisdom and Compassion in the Novels by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni

In a variety of her writings, Indian-born Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni who currently resides in Houston, Texas, provides new perspectives to contemporary women’s literature in the United States. Positioned at the interface of various cultures, Divakaruni draws from her Bengali heritage to combine history, myth and magic, together with the respect for diversity that underscores ethics as the foundation of human interactions. Among Divakaruni’s novels, The Mistress of Spices, The Palace of Illusions, The Brotherhood of the Conch trilogy and One Amazing Thing all propose new paradigms of wisdom and compassion that may bring about a better understanding among all.
Regulators of G-Protein Signaling in the Heart and Their Potential as Therapeutic Targets

Signal transduction through G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is central for the regulation of virtually all cellular functions and has been widely implicated in human disease. Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS proteins) belong to a diverse protein family that was originally discovered for their ability to accelerate signal termination in response to GPCR stimulation, thereby reducing the amplitude and duration of GPCR effects. All RGS proteins share a common RGS domain that interacts with G protein α subunits and mediates their biological regulation of GPCR signaling. However, RGS proteins differ widely in size and the organization of their sequences flanking the RGS domain, which contain several additional functional domains that facilitate protein-protein (or protein-lipid) interactions. RGS proteins are subject to posttranslational modifications, and, in addition, their expression, activity, and subcellular localization can be dynamically regulated. Thus, there exists a wide array of mechanisms that facilitate their proper function as modulators and integrators of G-protein signaling. Several RGS proteins have been implicated in the cardiac remodeling response and heart rate regulation, and changes in RGS protein expression and/or function are believed to participate in the pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy, failure and arrhythmias as well as hypertension. This review is based on recent advances in our understanding of the expression pattern, regulation, and functional role of canonical RGS proteins, with a special focus on the healthy heart and the diseased heart. In addition, we discuss their potential and promise as therapeutic targets as well as strategies to modulate their expression and function.
Tuberculosis drug resistance in Europe: sunny days, but clouds on the horizon?

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) has now emerged as a public health concern of major proportions. Although drug resistance was recognised in the British Medical Research Council's landmark streptomycin trial 1, there was little evidence that widespread resistance to multiple anti-TB drugs was a significant public health concern until New York City (NY, USA) reported that nearly 12% of all its cases in 1992 were resistant to at least isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin 2. Such cases were termed multidrug resistant (MDR). Many of these cases occurred in persons infected with HIV, and there was evidence that many of the infected patients acquired the infection in hospitals or other congregate settings, including prisons 3. Mortality associated with these cases was extremely high 4. In 1998, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the results of a global survey of drug-resistant TB, conducted from 1994–1997 5. Overall, among patients with no previous treatment for TB, INH resistance had a prevalence of 7.3%, and the overall prevalence of MDR-TB was 1.4%. Among previously treated patients, the prevalence of multidrug resistance was 13%. Resistance was present in all regions of the globe, although there were particular concentrations of cases in Russia and the countries of the former Soviet Union, Asia, the Dominican Republic and Argentina. In some of these countries, MDR-TB rates exceeded 10%, even in previously untreated patients. The response to the emergence of MDR-TB was mostly focused on using the DOTS (directly observed therapy, short-course) strategy, largely as a means of preventing the emergence of new cases of MDR-TB. The DOTS strategy, the key component of WHO's global TB control efforts, seeks to assure that, in addition to the provision of medication to patients under direct observation, there is a steady and reliable availability of …
Molecular Biology and Genetics of Lung Cancer

N. E. Martin, MD Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, 2 Donner, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA S. M. Hahn, MD Associate Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St., 2 Donner, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA W. G. McKenna, MD, PhD Chairman and Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St., 2 Donner, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA CONTENTS
Characterization of the Effects of Silver Content on the Aging Resistance of SAC Solder Joints

In the current study, we have extended our previous work on nanoindentation of joints to examine a full test matrix of SAC solder alloys. The effects of silver content on SAC solder aging has been evaluated by testing joints from SACN05 (SAC105, SAC205, SAC305, and SAC405) test boards assembled with the same reflow profile. In all cases, the tested joints were extracted from 14 × 14 mm PBGA assemblies (0.8 mm ball pitch, 0.46 mm ball diameter) that are part of the iNEMI Characterization of Pb-Free Alloy Alternatives Project (16 different solder joint alloys available). After extraction, the joints were subjected to various aging conditions (0 to 12 months of aging at T = 125 C), and then tested via nanoindentation techniques to evaluate the stress-strain and creep behavior of the four aged SAC solder alloy materials at the joint scale.The observed aging effects in the SACN05 solder joints have been quantified and correlated with the magnitudes observed in tensile testing of miniature bulk specimens performed in prior studies. The results show that the aging induced degradations of the mechanical properties (modulus, hardness) in the SAC joints were of similar order (30–40%) as those seen previously in the testing of larger “bulk” uniaxial solder specimens. The creep rates of the various tested SACN05 joints were found to increase by 8–50X due to aging. These degradations, while significant, were much less than those observed in larger bulk solder uniaxial tensile specimens with several hundred grains, where the increases ranged from 200X to 10000X for the various SACN05 alloys. Additional testing has been performed on very small tensile specimens with approximately 10 grains, and the aging-induced creep rate degradations found in these specimens were on the same order of magnitude as those observed in the single grain joints. Thus, the lack of the grain boundary sliding creep mechanism in the single grain joints is an important factor in avoiding the extremely large creep rate degradations (up to 10,000X) occurring in larger bulk SAC samples. All of the aging effects observed in the SACN05 joints were found to be exacerbated as the silver content in the alloy was reduced. In addition, the test results for all of the alloys show that the elastic, plastic, and creep properties of the solder joints and their sensitivities to aging are highly dependent on the crystal orientation.Due to the variety of crystal orientations realized during solidification, it was important to identify the grain structure and crystal orientations in the tested joints. Cross-polarized light microscopy and Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) techniques have been utilized for this purpose. The test results show that the elastic, plastic, and creep properties of the solder joints and their sensitivities to aging are highly dependent on the crystal orientation. In addition, an approach has been developed to predict tensile creep strain rates for low stress levels using nanoindentation creep data measured at very high compressive stress levels.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The Dark Box: A Secret History of Confession. By John Cornwell. (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2014. Pp. xxvii, 288. $27.99.)

The author of this study has written a readable, if at times harrowing, book on what he calls the “secret history of confession”: Its role in the sexual abuse of children by priests. As a largely i...
Two-pion exchange current contributions to the form factors of3H and3He

Two-pion exchange current contributions to the form factors of3H and3He have been calculated using the method of the previous paper. Further pion-pion rescattering correction has been taken into account to enhance this contribution. As full unitarity condition has not been imposed on the amplitudes, the results of calculations depend upon a cut-off parameter, which has been fixed arbitrarily. The calculated (magnetic moment) form factors have been compared with those obtained from the analysis of the experimental results.
Abstract 302: Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction Is Associated With Increased Risk of Venous Thromboembolism

Introduction: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality. The vascular endothelium may be involved in the pathogenesis of both VTE and arterial thrombosis, as endothelial injury and dysfunction may disrupt normal anticoagulation mechanisms. We aimed to test the hypothesis that coronary endothelial dysfunction (CED) is associated with development of VTE in prospective follow-up. Methods: Coronary vascular reactivity was evaluated in 502 patients with non-obstructive coronary artery disease by administration of intracoronary acetylcholine during diagnostic angiography. Microvascular CED was defined as ≤50% increase in coronary blood flow (CBF) from baseline in response to maximal dose of acetylcholine. After median follow-up of 6.3 years (IQR 3.5, 10.7), patients were assessed by standardized questionnaire, phone-call and review of medical records for development of VTE. Results: Median age of the population was 53 years (IQR 45, 62); 68% were females. Hypertension was prevalent in 40.8%, diabetes in 8.4%, and hyperlipidemia in 58.3% of patients. Of 502 patients, 279 had CED. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics including cardiovascular and VTE risk factors between patients with and without CED (p>0.05). Eighty-nine percents of patients who developed VTE had CED. Patients who developed spontaneous or provoked VTE both had significantly lower % change in CBF than patients who did not develop VTE (p<0.05) (Figure 1). In univariate analysis, microvascular dysfunction was associated with increased risk of VTE (OR 6.55 (95% confidence interval (0.81, 52.79); p=0.04). Conclusion: We found a seven-fold increased risk of VTE with CED, suggesting a link between the two. Endothelial injury disrupting vascular homeostasis may predispose patients to VTE. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Imipenem resistance in Enterobacter.

Blood cultures obtained on two separate occasions from a 37-year-old male who received multiple antibiotics (including imipenem) for treatment of repeated episodes of intraabdominal abscesses and bacteremia yielded two isolates ofEnterobacter with reduced susceptibility to imipenem, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, penicillins and aztreonam. Both isolates were unstable, giving rise to different colony types, each of which produced a single, non-inducible Bush group 1 β-lactamase (pI=9.6) that hydrolyzed imipenem. Outer membrane proteins were analyzed but no differences were detected between strains with different levels of imipenem resistance. Three-dimensional tests performed in conjunction with disk diffusion susceptibility tests provided a rapid and convenient means of detecting the production of imipenem-hydrolyzing enzymes by theEnterobacter strains. These isolates provided additional evidence that overproduction of the group 1 cephalosporinase ofEnterobacter can contribute to resistance to imipenem.
Large Eddy Simulation of Pulverized Coal Jet Flame Ignition Using the Direct Quadrature Method of Moments

The goal of this study is to show that large eddy simulation (LES) combined with the direct quadrature method of moments (DQMOM) can accurately predict coal flame ignition mechanisms and more generally be a valuable tool for predicting and understanding coal flame characteristics. A validation study of the ARCHES LES tool is performed. LES is applied to a pulverized coal jet flame ignited by a preheated gas flow. A DQMOM has been developed to track the particle phase in an Eulerian framework. The simulation results are compared qualitatively and quantitatively to experimental observations for different inlet stoichiometric ratios. LESs are able to capture the various combustion regimes observed during flame ignition and to accurately model the flame stand-off distance sensitivity to the stoichiometric ratio. The gas temperature and coal burnout predictions are also examined and show good agreement with experimental data. Overall, this study shows that high-fidelity LESs combined with DQMOM can yield a dee...
Examining the Onscreen Legibility of the Number ‘0’ and Number ‘1’

This article reports on the features that influence the legibility of the numbers ‘0’ and ‘1’ using classification tree analysis. These numbers were reported to be two of the most confused characters in a larger study examining the legibility of lowercase letters, digits, and symbols across 20 different typefaces. Classification tree results suggested that the most influential feature for the ‘0’ was height, and the most influential feature for ‘1’ was perimeter. These results can be used to help typographers design characters that optimize legibility. Optimal legibility for onscreen numbers is important in situations that include reading online identifiers, such as user names and passwords, or deciphering alphanumeric codes onscreen, such as air traffic control.
ROLE OF MMTV INTEGRATION LOCUS CELLULAR GENES IN BREAST CANCER

Mouse mammary tumorigenesis as a result of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) integrations has helped to identify a wide variety of interesting genes that play a role in mammary development and tumorigenesis. Several such genes int1/wnt1, wnt3, wnt 10B, int2/fgf3, fgf4, int3/notch and int6 have been shown to be genetically altered in naturally formed mammary tumors as a consequence of MMTV integration. Some of these genes have been well characterised and examined in in vivo breast cancer transgenic models for their potential for tumorigenesis. Overexpression of one or more of these genes have resulted in a striking proliferation of mammary gland epithelium of both female and male transgenic mice. Our own studies have demonstrated overexpression of int5/aromatase in mammary glands of virgin and postlactational females leads to the induction of various preneoplastic and neoplastic changes that are similar to early breast cancer, that may, in turn, increase the risks for developing breast cancer. Therefore, further understanding of these genes should provide new insights to their involvement and mechanism of action in breast cancer.
Vexatious Pro Se Civil Litigants in the Massachusetts Courts

The paper considers the problem of imposing sanctions against vexatious litigants. Self-represented litigants are not sensitive to the sanctions normally applied to counsel for bringing frivolous actions, and indigent litigants are not sensitive to fee-shifting or fines. I examine the tension between due process and the need for the smooth operation of the courts, look at some of the individual litigants' histories, and collect every extant order in two Massachusetts counties. I then turn to a comparison of various statutory solutions and close by recommending a Model Rule for the Massachusetts courts that avoids the pitfalls of the statutes and also finds a balance between the competing interests.
Na+ alters the affinity for glucose and phosphate in rat renal brush-border membranes: a study of NMR relaxation rates.

Transport of D-glucose (Glc) and Pi across renal microvilli brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) is coupled to Na+.Na+ may alter substrate binding and dissociation or the mobility of the translocator and its complexes. To evaluate substrate binding in NaCl or KCl solutions containing BBMV, we measured nuclear magnetic resonance transverse relaxation rates (1/T2) of [1-13C]Glc and 31P(i), as well as their temperature, magnetic field, and pH dependencies. The data indicate the following: 1) the alpha-anomer, but not the beta-anomer, of Glc binds to BBMV, more in the presence of Na+ than of K+; 2) interactions of P(i) with BBMV that increase its 1/T2 are significant in the presence of K+ but not of Na+; 3) temperature and magnetic field dependencies of the 1/T2 of P(i) bound to BBMV are consistent with more rapid exchange with free P(i) in the presence of Na+ than of K+; and 4) in the presence of Na+, [H+] promoted interactions of P(i) with BBMV that increase its 1/T2, probably by interfering with formation of rapidly dissociating Na(+)-P(i)-carrier complexes. In conclusion, Na+ promotes association of alpha-Glc to BBMV but promotes rapid exchange and dissociation of P(i) from BBMV. In both cases, Na+ effects coupling by altering the affinity of the cotransporters for the substrate.
Hobbes on Sovereignty and Law

Sir Robert Filmer found much to criticise in Hobbes’ account of how government arose. But he was far more happy with Hobbes’ treatment of the powers which rulers held once it had arisen: ‘[w]ith no small content I read Mr. Hobbes’s book De Cive, and his Leviathan, about the rights of sovereignty, which no man, that I know, hath so amply and judiciously handled. I consent with him about the rights of exercising government, but I cannot agree to his means of acquiring it’. As we have seen, Filmer was an absolutist who welcomed many of Hobbes’ doctrines on the power of sovereigns. Both men set down their thoughts on this subject before Civil War broke out in England, for Filmer had completed a version of his Patriarcha by 1632, and Hobbes finished the Elements of Law by 1640. In Leviathan, Hobbes did indeed add to his discussion a number of references to events and debates that took place in the 1640s. But the broad contours of his argument are much the same as in the Elements. The immediate historical context of Hobbes’ central teachings on the powers of sovereigns is to be sought in the disputes on the royal prerogative which took place in England before the Long Parliament met in November 1640.1
The Implicit Dimensions of Public Procurement Contracts: African History and Debates

This chapter explores the frontier of political power and sovereignty in contractual schemes. Nyeck brings politics and history back in the study of public procurement noting that a commodity-focused approach to government outsourcing fails to explain the ways in which sovereignty is at times constructed, inflated, or transformed in procurement agreements. Drawing insight from the activities of the Crown Agents in colonial Africa the author demonstrates that “sovereign powers can unintentionally be alienated or threatened as a result of adverse action by its agents, or strategically contracted out to evade democratic accountability.”
Molecular and Neural Functions of Rai1, the Causal Gene for Smith-Magenis Syndrome.

Haploinsufficiency of Retinoic Acid Induced 1 (RAI1) causes Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), which is associated with diverse neurodevelopmental and behavioral symptoms as well as obesity. RAI1 encodes a nuclear protein but little is known about its molecular function or the cell types responsible for SMS symptoms. Using genetically engineered mice, we found that Rai1 preferentially occupies DNA regions near active promoters and promotes the expression of a group of genes involved in circuit assembly and neuronal communication. Behavioral analyses demonstrated that pan-neural loss of Rai1 causes deficits in motor function, learning, and food intake. These SMS-like phenotypes are produced by loss of Rai1 function in distinct neuronal types: Rai1 loss in inhibitory neurons or subcortical glutamatergic neurons causes learning deficits, while Rai1 loss in Sim1+ or SF1+ cells causes obesity. By integrating molecular and organismal analyses, our study suggests potential therapeutic avenues for a complex neurodevelopmental disorder.
Chapter 13 - Gastrointestinal Involvement in Systemic Sclerosis

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract involvement affects ∼90% of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and can effect every part of the GI tract. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the GI involvement in SSc, including pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of different manifestations of SSc-GI tract.
Utility of Angle Correction for Hemodynamic Measurements with Doppler Echocardiography.

Objectives The routine application angle correction (AnC) in hemodynamic measurements with transesophageal echocardiography currently is not recommended but potentially could be beneficial. The authors hypothesized that AnC can be applied reliably and may change grading of aortic stenosis (AS). Design Retrospective analysis. Setting Single institution, university hospital. Participants During phase I, use of AnC was assessed in 60 consecutive patients with intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. During phase II, 129 images from a retrospective cohort of 117 cases were used to quantify AS by mean pressure gradient. Interventions A panel of observers used custom-written software in Java to measure intra-individual and inter-individual correlation in AnC application, correlation with preoperative transthoracic echocardiography gradients, and regrading of AS after AnC. Measurements and Main Results For phase I, the median AnC was 21 (16-35) degrees, and 17% of patients required no AnC. For phase II, the median AnC was 7 (0-15) degrees, and 37% of assessed images required no AnC. The mean inter-individual and intra-individual correlation for AnC was 0.50 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49-0.52) and 0.87 (95% CI 0.82-0.92), respectively. AnC did not improve agreement with the transthoracic echocardiography mean pressure gradient. The mean inter-rater and intra-rater agreement for grading AS severity was 0.82 (95% CI 0.81-0.83) and 0.95 (95% CI 0.91-0.95), respectively. A total of 241 (7%) AS gradings were reclassified after AnC was applied, mostly when the uncorrected mean gradient was within 5 mmHg of the severity classification cutoff. Conclusions AnC can be performed with a modest inter-rater and intra-rater correlation and high degree of inter-rater and intra-rater agreement for AS severity grading.
Computing Fixed Points, with Applications to Economic Equilibrium Models

The basic problem considered is how to compute fixed points of a given continuous function dermed on the standard unit n-simplex S n , using algorithms based on those of Scarf and Hansen [12], Kuhn [6], Eaves [5], and Kuhn and Mackinnon [8]. Basic references on this problem are Scarf and Hansen [12] and Todd [14].
Accessibility of the pores in highly porous alumina films synthesized via sequential infiltration synthesis

Inorganic nanoporous materials with highly accessible pores are of great interest for the design of efficient catalytic, purification and detection systems. Limited access to the pores is a common problem associated with traditional approaches for the synthesis of porous materials, affecting the functionality of the low-density structure. Recently, infiltration of a nanoporous polymer template with inorganic precursors followed by oxidative annealing was proposed as a new and efficient approach to creating porous inorganic structures with controlled thickness, composition and pore sizes. Here, we report an ultra-high accessibility of the pores in porous films prepared via polymer-swelling-assisted sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS). Using a quartz crystal microbalance technique, we show the increased solvent adsorbing capabilities of highly porous alumina films as a result of high interconnectivity of the pores in such structures. The directionality and highly interconnected nature of the pores are demonstrated in experiments with the partial blocking of pore access by the deposition of a single-layer graphene that is not transparent to solvent. 60% of the pores remain accessible when only 20% of the surface is exposed to solvent. Using humidity detection as an example, we also show that highly porous alumina produced by polymer-swelling-assisted SIS is a promising candidate for sensing applications.
Perseverant Grit and Self-Efficacy: Are Both Essential for Children's Academic Success?.

Psychological factors such as grit and self-efficacy have been heralded as powerful predictors of performance. Their joint contribution to the prediction of early adolescents’ school success has not been fully investigated, however. The purpose of this study was to examine U.S. elementary and middle school students’ (N = 2,430) grit (assessed as perseverance of effort) and self-efficacy, and their predictive relationship with achievement and teacher-rated motivation and competence in reading and math across one school year. Scalar invariance was found for grit and self-efficacy measures across school level, gender, and SES. Older students and students from lower SES reported significantly lower grit and self-efficacy. Girls reported higher grit and reading self-efficacy. Grit was correlated positively with self-efficacy (.37 ≤ r ≤ .66), modestly with teacher ratings in reading and math (.14 ≤ r ≤ .25), and weakly or uncorrelated with achievement (.03 ≤ r ≤ .13). Self-efficacy was positively related to all outcomes (.21 ≤ r ≤ .36). SEM indicated that subject-specific self-efficacy was positively related, and grit weakly or unrelated, to reading and math achievement, controlling for grade level, gender, SES, and prior achievement. An examination of competing mediation models revealed that self-efficacy partially or fully mediated the relationship between grit and school outcomes. Conversely, little evidence supported grit as a mediator of self-efficacy’s relationship to outcomes. Time-lagged models across one school year confirmed these conclusions. Findings imply that, to improve student performance, teachers should target students’ self-efficacy rather than grit. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Chinese L2 users as active social agents: Sentence final particles variation and identities

Abstract This study investigated the sociolinguistic pragmatic performance of eight advanced Chinese learners from a variationist sociolinguistic perspective, focusing on the variable appearance versus absence of Mandarin sentence final particles (SFPs) in non-interrogative sentences. These learners participated in a Chinese TV talk show and have become popular on social media platforms. The speech data from the talk show (400 tokens) and online data from Chinese social media platform Weibo (400 tokens) were collected and analyzed. These Chinese L2 users productively demonstrated variation in their use of SFPs in non-interrogative sentences, in that they added SFPs to a sentence in around 20% of variable contexts. Rbrul (logistic regression) analyses revealed that the variable presence of SFPs was conditioned by their duration of time spent in China and gender-related personalities. Follow-up case analyses explored how they made use of SFPs in different situations and how they were received by other participants. The study found that these Chinese L2 users became active social agents who made decisions to shift styles in different contexts or to strengthen their identities. The results are discussed within a broader context of identity, language socialization, and L2 social agency. This study also attempts to offer pedagogical implications for the acquisition of Chinese SFPs.
Context-dependent architecture of brain state dynamics is explained by white matter connectivity and theories of network control

A diverse white matter network and finely tuned neuronal membrane properties allow the brain to transition seamlessly between cognitive states. However, it remains unclear how static structural connections guide the temporal progression of large-scale brain activity patterns in different cognitive states. Here, we deploy an unsupervised machine learning algorithm to define brain states as time point level activity patterns from functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired during passive visual fixation (rest) and an n-back working memory task. We find that brain states are composed of interdigitated functional networks and exhibit context-dependent dynamics. Using diffusion-weighted imaging acquired from the same subjects, we show that structural connectivity constrains the temporal progression of brain states. We also combine tools from network control theory with geometrically conservative null models to demonstrate that brains are wired to support states of high activity in default mode areas, while requiring relatively low energy. Finally, we show that brain state dynamics change throughout development and explain working memory performance. Overall, these results elucidate the structural underpinnings of cognitively and developmentally relevant spatiotemporal brain dynamics.
Parent and Provider Perspectives on Recently Incarcerated Youths' Access to Healthcare During Community Reentry

Incarcerated youth have numerous healthcare needs, yet access to healthcare following community reentry is limited. Healthcare and juvenile justice providers, along with parents, strongly influence access to care for youth undergoing reentry. However, their perspectives are often missing from the literature. We examined parent and provider perspectives on youths' access to healthcare during community reentry. We conducted 72 longitudinal interviews with parents of youth undergoing reentry (n= 34 parents) and cross-sectional interviews with health and juvenile justice providers (n=20 providers). We performed inductive analysis of interview transcripts to identify the major themes related to access to healthcare during reentry. Respondents identified key leverage points that influence access to healthcare along the spectrum of individual, community, and policy-level factors. Parent and provider perspectives demonstrated substantial overlap, strongly concurring on the essential role of parents in linking youth to care and the external factors that limit parents' ability to connect youth to care. However, providers discussed parents not buying-in to treatment plans as a barrier to care, and parents uniquely described feeling powerless when their children were not motivated to receive care. Parents and providers agreed on priority solutions for improving care access during reentry. Immediate solutions centered on: 1) increasing reliability and continuity of providers, 2) providing free or low-cost transportation to healthcare visits, and 3) eliminating gaps in Medicaid coverage post-incarceration. Findings also signal the broader need to pursue strategies that increase family engagement in healthcare during reentry. In doing so, health and juvenile justice providers can partner with parents to overcome barriers to healthcare for youth during reentry.
Validation of the Applicability of In-Cell Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins across Multiple Eukaryotic Cell Lines.

Fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP), a hydroxyl radical-based protein footprinting method, coupled to mass spectrometry has been extensively used to study protein structure and protein–...
Improving Mentoring Program Fidelity through Ecological Consultation: A Community-University Partnership

This article describes the process of ecological school consultation within a university’s place-based community engagement initiative. Within higher education, place-based initiatives are geograph...
Fast Internet Packet and Flow Classification Based on Artificial Neural Networks

Internet traffic classification is an increasingly important task for enhancing security, quality of service and management. However, there are challenges to accurate classification, tool selection/configuration and leveraging available information. This paper presents the study and design of neural network structures for the classification of Internet packet and flow traffic. The usually challenging task of determining an effective architecture for artificial neural networks is exacerbated in this case by the fact that traditionally relied upon techniques such as principal component analysis show reduced effectiveness. Presented here are the techniques and experimentation for preprocessing datasets and selecting input traffic features for the multi-layer perceptron architecture. The neural network architecture is also determined via experimentation. We show that this methodology can achieve aggregate traffic classification accuracy above 99% and individual protocol and flow recognition above 98%. Significantly, these recognition rates are for contemporary traffic types tested on several recently constructed datasets. We also compare the results for manual feature selection against principal component analysis.
Bone Marrow Involvement by Metastases and Granulomatous Conditions

The bone marrow (BM) can be involved by a variety of non-hematopoietic processes, such as malignancy and granulomatous conditions. Both aspiration and trephine biopsies are valuable in the evaluation of these non-hematopoietic conditions, and bilateral sampling may increase the diagnostic yield in metastatic disease. Almost any malignant tumor has the potential to metastasize to the marrow, including carcinomas, sarcomas, and melanomas. The clinical presentation is nonspecific and peripheral blood findings are variable. Metastatic non-hematopoietic malignancies can sometimes mimic hematologic tumors; by integrating morphology and immunohistochemistry (IHC), the primary origin can often be determined. BM granulomas are an infrequent finding. The differential diagnosis is wide, and clinical findings should direct the majority of the work-up.
Introduction and History of Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. Its two primary forms are: type 1, in which no insulin is secreted by the pancreas, and type 2, in which the body can no longer normally produce or utilize insulin. Diabetes has been studied since the 5th century BC, though it was named in 1674, based on the sweetness of urine in diabetics. Both type 1 and 2 diabetes originate from autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells. There are also other less common forms, including gestational diabetes, which develop during pregnancy. The three primary signs of diabetes are: polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria. Diabetes may cause many different conditions. These include diabetic foot and ketoacidosis, eye damage, heart disease, kidney and nerve damage, nonketotic hyperosmolarity, poor wound healing, and infections of various body tissues. Over time, excellent methods of diagnosis of diabetes have been developed. Unfortunately, prevalence of the disease has greatly increased in the United States, as well as in other countries. In the early 20th century, treatment for diabetes became more effective when insulin was first isolated. As a result, the lives of many diabetic patients are longer and more fulfilling than in previous years.
Low Energy Conformations for Endogenous Mu-Receptor-Specific Peptides

We have computed the low energy minima for the two endomorphin peptides, N-acetyl-Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NHCH3 (endomorphin 1) and Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NHCH3 (endomorphin 2) in aqueous solution. These peptides block pain without inducing the harmful side effects of the opiates that bind to the same mu opiate receptor but have short half lives. From over 1000 starting conformations for each peptide, we find less than 200 low energy structures whose conformational energies were ≤ 5 kcal/mole of the energy of the global minimum. The most probable conformations calculated using the Boltzmann distribution for both peptides were similar to one another. Using the letter representation for backbone conformational states, these most probable structures were D A E E for endomorphin 1 and E A E E for endomorphin 2. Both of these structures form reverse turns at Pro 2-Trp (Phe) 3 resulting in the juxtaposition of the aromatic rings of Tyr 1 and Phe 4. The Trp residue of endomorphin 1 points to the back of the reverse turn. These features may be useful in the design of non-peptide analogues that will have longer half-lives than the peptides.
The impacts of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) on epifaunal community structure and eastern oyster recruitment: Implication of using RCA as bottom conditioning material for oyster restoration and aquaculture

Abstract The eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) is a keystone species in the estuaries of the mid-Atlantic of the United States. Its population experienced drastic declines in the last century due to overfishing, habitat loss, and disease. Much interest has been focused on restoring this important commercial and ecological species. This research focused on evaluating the suitability of using recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) from road projects as an alternative bottom conditioning material for oyster restoration and aquaculture in the Chesapeake Bay. Three types of substrate (RCA, natural oyster shell, and RCA with a veneer of oyster shell) were used as bottom conditioning materials and tested their impacts on benthic epifaunal community and oyster recruitment at two sites in the Chesapeake Bay over the summer and fall of 2013. The diversity and abundance of the epifaunal community, and oyster spat density associated with these bottom conditioning materials were sampled. The results showed there was no significant difference across substrate type (RCA, oyster shell, and RCA with oyster shell) in terms of their impacts on benthic community diversity and oyster recruitment, demonstrating that RCA, as an alternative material, was generally similar to natural oyster shell with regards to ecosystem services provided, and could be a potential source for much needed bottom substrate for oyster restoration and aquaculture.
Calciphylaxis: The potential diagnostic role of radiologists

Calciphylaxis is a deadly disease that is currently diagnosed through a skin biopsy of resultant necrotic lesions despite many cases lacking this characteristic finding. Recently, research has demonstrated the ability of various radiologic techniques to detect calciphylaxis and have promoted their capabilities in earlier diagnosis without tissue invasion. In this case, an obese 55-year-old female with end stage renal disease, and a long history of dialysis, complained of weeks of persistent abdominal pain that was accompanied by a mottled, lacey, net-like rash that resembled livedo reticularis. Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed extensive arterial calcification and subcutaneous calcium deposition. These radiologic findings, coupled to a high clinical suspicion, prompted treatment for suspected calciphylaxis. Remarkably, after 1 week the patient reported substantial improvement. Hopefully, this publication in conjunction with previous and future research will raise awareness on the role Radiologists can play in expediting the diagnostic process for a lethal disease, especially when a tissue biopsy is not a feasible option.
Assessing the impact of agricultural field traffic on corn grain yield using remote sensing and machine learning

Abstract With the increase in the physical size of agricultural field machinery, producers can experience negative effects of machinery-induced soil compaction on soil health and crop productivity. Traditionally, the impact of compaction from machinery traffic on crop yield has been examined either by hand harvesting of crops or by using yield maps generated using yield monitors mounted on combines at the time of harvest. While a hand harvesting approach is time consuming, laborious and subjective, yield maps generated from yield monitors are too coarse in resolution to truly assess the yield differences between individual crop rows. Remote sensing technology offers a cost- and time-effective approach to generate high-resolution yield maps that can be used to assess crop yields of individual rows or areas within a row and, thus, the impacts of field traffic on crop yield. The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a framework to predict crop grain yield at both the centimeter scale and individual row level by integrating remote sensing and field collected data, and (2) use the predicted yield map to assess the impact of field traffic during planting on corn grain yield. Field experiments were conducted in three corn fields, each in 2016, 2017, and 2018, at the Molly Caren Agricultural Center, London, Ohio, to evaluate yield impact of field traffic at planting. Data collected included corn grain yield based on yield monitors and hand-harvesting, and aerial (i.e., visible and multispectral) imagery collected during the corn growing season. Corn grain yield was predicted using six machine learning algorithms (i.e., linear regression, random forest regression, support vector machine, stochastic gradient boosting model, neural network, and cubist). The results from the high-resolution yield maps were consistent with hand-harvest and yield-monitor data. Models using a cubist algorithm predicted corn grain yield with R2 of 0.76, 0.61 and 0.88 for fields F11, F8A and F7, respectively. Based on high-resolution corn grain yield maps, yield differences between rows that were most impacted by tires (i.e., pinch rows) and least impacted (i.e., non-pinch rows) at the time of planting were less than 0.1 t ha−1 and not significant. Corn grain yield varied based on the soil landscape in the field, with 39–75 % of the field showing higher corn grain yield in non-pinch rows than pinch rows. The developed framework could also be applied to assess the effect of other field management practices on crop yield with higher accuracy and resolution.
Descriptive Report of Individual State Responses to Personal Protective Equipment Shortages for Pharmacy Practice During the Covid-10 Pandemic

The objective of this study was to describe the response by state boards of pharmacy pertaining to personal protective equipment shortages during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. All webpages of state boards of pharmacy were independently reviewed for written guidance pertaining to personal protective equipment conservation strategies in sterile compounding and deviations from United States Pharmacopeia General Chapter standards; each guidance was then reviewed for referenced sources. Of 52 state pharmacy regulatory bodies, 38 (73.08%) provided guidance to modifying personal protective equipment use during sterile compounding activities to mitigate supply shortages. The references for each guidance varied, however, most referenced CriticalPoint, LLC or the United States Pharmacopeia. A few of the guidance documents from boards also permitted other deviations from United States Pharmacopeia Chapter standards. Early in the pandemic, pharmacists within sterile compounding practices had to conserve personal protective equipment while mitigating contamination risk. Pharmacists looked to state boards of pharmacy for guidance. This report shows a high level of state response to the personal protective equipment shortage induced by the pandemic.
Patent Law: An Open-Source Casebook (Chapter 5: Anticipation)

Less than a handful of casebooks are truly open source, in the sense of being fully modifiable. Patent Law: An Open-Source Casebook is the first patent law casebook that provides adopting professors, students, and others the ability to fully modify its contents. This chapter of the casebook covers anticipation and the application of 35 U.S.C. § 102 both pre- and post-AIA. The chapter introduces the concept of anticipation (including the single-source test, inherency, and the enabling reference standard), the loss-of-right doctrines (including those based on documentary prior art, public use, and the on-sale bar), prior art based on prior-filed patent applications, and other forms of patent-defeating prior art (including the concept of derivation and the pre-AIA novelty provisions).
Immersion learning at an aphasia camp: Analysing student video reflections.

PURPOSE Aphasia camps provide a learning context where students can gain knowledge and skills for clinical practise and regarding the lived experience of individuals affected by aphasia. The aim was to examine student learning experiences at a rustic, residential aphasia camp and explore the potential utility of video reflections. METHOD Twenty-two student participants, who served as volunteer staff at an aphasia camp, reflected daily on their learning experiences. Manual, qualitative coding was used to characterise individual, verbal reflections conducted through video modality. RESULT Three overarching themes were identified: applied learning, service, and clinical experience. Categories within applied learning included increased application of content knowledge, an evolving perspective of living with aphasia, and collaborative learning. Within service, students identified a commitment to making a meaningful impact, interpersonal relationships, and meeting the challenge. The clinical experience theme included increased confidence/self-efficacy and inspirational/rewarding categories. CONCLUSION Aphasia camp is a unique learning environment where hands-on experiences influence students' knowledge, sense of civic responsibility, and developing clinical skills. Being immersed in a remote environment alongside individuals affected by aphasia fosters insights into the lived experience of aphasia and may enhance empathy. Video reflections appear to be a viable means of capturing authentic, organic, and emotional reflections.
Alternative To Morse's Dalton Settlement Pattern Hypothesis

Morse’s Dalton settlement hypothesis of virtually sedentary bands occupying distinct drainages in northeast Arkansas is shown to be unsatisfactory in several respects. An alternative model is gener...