cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Adventure for Military Veterans with Mental Illness: A Conceptual Argument

In recent decades, the need for veterans' mental health treatment has increased dramatically. But while utilization of Veterans Affairs services has risen, a large number of veterans who could bene...
Breathing Behaviors in Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Abstract The respiratory system maintains homeostatic levels of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the body through rapid and efficient regulation of frequency and dept (tidal volume) of breathing. The use of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a New World non-human primate (NHP) model, in neuroscience is increasing, however, the data on their breathing is limited and their respiratory behaviors have yet to be characterized. Using Whole-body Plethysmography in room air as well as in hypoxic (low O2) and hypercapnic (high CO2) conditions, we sought to define breathing behaviors in an awake, freely behaving marmosets. Additionally, we instituted and optimized an analysis toolkit for unsupervised analysis of the respiratory activities in common marmoset. Our findings indicate that marmoset’s exposure to hypoxia decreased metabolic rate and increased sigh rate. However, the hypoxic condition did not augment the ventilatory response as reported in other animals. Hypercapnia, on the other hand, increased both the frequency and tidal volume as expected. In this study, we shed light on the breathing behaviors of common marmosets in a variety of O2 and CO2 conditions to further understand the breathing behaviors in NHPs.
Thoroughfares and Apartment Values

While the monocentric urban models were once adequate for predicting the declining rent gradients for North American cities, the advent of a transportation system with major arteries such as turnpikes, thoroughfares and commuter rails has distorted the rent gradient for many cities. In this study we examine the rent (or value) gradient for the City of Philadelphia with special reference to the impact of two major urban thoroughfares on apartment values. We find that apartment values decline by approximately 2.2% and 3.8% per block from the major thoroughfares, while holding distance to the CBD and standard variables constant. As to be expected, distance to the CBD still continues to exert adominant influence on apartment values in spite of the impacts of the thoroughfares. The findings are consistent with 'axial growth theory'.
Effect of yeast purified β-glucan in experimental treatment of pythiosis in rabbits

Purified beta glucan derived from the cell wall of yeast has important biological properties and is considered to be a potent immunomodulatory compound Pythium insidiosum is an aquatic oomycete affecting mammals and causing infections of unfavorable prognosis Treatment is difficult and therapeutic options commonly include surgery immunotherapy and antimicrobial agents This study evaluated the clinical effects and antioxidant activity of yeast purified beta glucan in the treatment of experimental pythiosis in rabbits The disease was induced in rabbits and we compared the effects of food supplementation with beta glucan with oral treatment with a combination of antifungals Results suggested that the beta glucan showed antioxidant immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory effects Although there has not been a clinical cure of the treated animals it appears that the inclusion of the beta glucan is beneficial as an adjuvant to the treatment of pythiosis via strengthening of nonspecific immunity and improvement of antioxidant status of the animal
Substrate temperature effects on the peel behavior of temporary pavement marking tapes

Temporary pavement marking (TPM) tapes are utilized In road construction to delineate temporary traffic lanes and work zones. Adhesive failure of TPM tapes can therefore remove lane and work zone d...
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Deaf and Hearing Persons with Language and Learning Challenges

Introduction. Language and Learning Challenges in the Deaf Psychiatric Population. Do You Hear Voices? Gaines, Meltzner, Glickman, Language and Learning Challenges in Adolescent Hearing Psychiatric Inpatients. Pre-treatment Strategies to Engage and Motivate Clients. Coping Skills. Conflict Resolution Skills. Relapse Prevention and Crisis Management Skills. Staff and Program Development.
Psychological Events and Constructs: An Alliance with Smith.

The distinction between constructs and events is often overlooked in the sciences, as evidenced by a number of long-standing confusions of the former with the latter. The authors propose that the distinction between constructs and events is particularly important in the science of psychology, as psychological events have a number of unique characteristics that make this confusion more likely than is the case in other sciences. The nature of psychological events and the constructs derived from them are described in this article, along with the value of maintaining the distinction between them for the science of psychology and its relations with other sciences.
Evaluating Alternative Strategies for Minimizing Unintended Fitness Consequences of Cultured Individuals on Wild Populations

Artificial propagation strategies often incur selection in captivity that leads to traits that are maladaptive in the wild. For propagation programs focused on production rather than demographic contribution to wild populations, effects on wild populations can occur through unintentional escapement or the need to release individuals into natural environments for part of their life cycle. In this case, 2 alternative management strategies might reduce unintended fitness consequences on natural populations: (1) reduce selection in captivity as much as possible to reduce fitness load (keep them similar), or (2) breed a separate population to reduce captive-wild interactions as much as possible (make them different). We quantitatively evaluate these 2 strategies with a coupled demographic-genetic model based on Pacific salmon hatcheries that incorporates a variety of relevant processes and dynamics: selection in the hatchery relative to the wild, assortative mating based on the trait under selection, and different life cycle arrangements in terms of hatchery release, density dependence, natural selection, and reproduction. Model results indicate that, if natural selection only occurs between reproduction and captive release, the similar strategy performs better. However, if natural selection occurs between captive release and reproduction, the different and similar strategies present viable alternatives to reducing unintended fitness consequences because of the greater opportunity to purge maladaptive individuals. In this case, the appropriate approach depends on the feasibility of each strategy and the demographic goal (e.g., increasing natural abundance, or ensuring that a high proportion of natural spawners are naturally produced). In addition, the fitness effects of hatchery release are much greater if hatchery release occurs before (vs. after) density-dependent interactions. Given the logistical challenges to achieving both the similar and different strategies, evaluation of not just the preferred strategy but also the consequences of failing to achieve the desired target is critical.
A muscular-like compliance control for active vehicle suspension

Inspired by the natural suspension capabilities in the biological limb system, a design of an active suspension system is developed for damping the undesired forces and displacements caused to vehicles by the irregularity on the road surface. The proposed controller for suspension is based on a muscular-like model fitted from the responses of different voluntary and involuntary limb movements. Because the muscular-like model emulates the property of biological damping behavior, the proposed active suspension controller has a very unique feature that will enable the controlled vehicle to adapt to varying loads and sudden impacting forces. This is in contrast to the conventional linear controller that has sensitivity and stability problems when the dynamic system is subjected to varying loads. To realize our controller, a small-scale, quarter-car model was built for our experiments on active suspension.
Developmental Verbal Dyspraxia: The Expectant Pattern

Five specific characteristics of developmental verbal dyspraxia were selected and reviewed from the research literature of the 70s, related to recent descriptive findings in adult apraxia of speech, and placed into a pattern of expectant dysfunction. Other forms of motor and linguistic breakdown that reportedly often occur along with verbal dyspraxic features are also reviewed, and speculation is offered for the integrative interrelationship between a developmental verbal dyspraxic component and other components of breakdown in the total expressive communication performance of the child.
Atp11p and Atp12p are chaperones for F1-ATPase biogenesis in mitochondria

The bioenergetic needs of aerobic cells are met principally through the action of the F(1)F(0) ATP synthase, which catalyzes ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation. The catalytic unit of the enzyme (F(1)) is a multimeric protein of the subunit composition alpha(3)beta(3)(gamma)(delta) epsilon. Our work, which employs the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system for studies of mitochondrial function, has provided evidence that assembly of the mitochondrial alpha and beta subunits into the F(1) oligomer requires two molecular chaperone proteins called Atp11p and Atp12p. Comprehensive knowledge of Atp11p and Atp12p activities in mitochondria bears relevance to human physiology and disease as these chaperone actions are now known to exist in mitochondria of human cells.
Energy levels of Nd3+ ions in GaN

We report the Stark energy sublevels of Nd3+ ions in GaN grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy as determined by luminescence spectra. The photoluminescence spectra is correlated with transitions from the 4F3/2 doublet state to the 4I9/2, 4I11/2, and 4I13/2 multiplets of the Nd3+ ion for above and below bandgap excitation, with the strongest emission occurring at 1.12 eV (1106 nm). A splitting of the 4F3/2 excited state is determined to be 4.1 meV. From photoluminescence excitation spectra, we also identify the Stark sub-levels of the excited states 4F5/2, 2H9/2, 4F7/2, 4S3/2, 2G7/2, and 4G5/2. Photoluminescence excitation spectra exhibit an optimal excitation energy of 1.48 eV (836 nm). Site-selective spectroscopy studies using combined excitation-emission spectroscopy with confocal microscopy imply enhanced substantial doping at the Ga site. In addition, optical loss and gain measurements of a GaN:Nd waveguide excited above bandgap indicate an internal loss coefficient of ∼6.5 +/– 2 cm–1 and a net gain of ∼ –2 +/– 2 cm–1. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Poor mixing of microdrops with the tear fluid reduces the accuracy of tear flow estimates by fluorometry.

The initial rapid fall in tear film fluorescence after instilling a 1 μl drop of fluorophore could be a result of stimulated tear flow or of distribution of the dye throughout the tear fluid present in the conjunctival sac. An attempt was made to decide this by comparing the fall in fluorescence of two different fluorophores instilled at an interval of several minutes. In fact, very few patterns of initial rapid loss were found, but it was noted that there was usually a strong gradient of fluorescence from side to side across the cornea that took several minutes to dissipate. It seems that lateral mixing of a microdrop with the tear fluid is not instantaneous and that caution should be exercised in interpreting such measurements to estimate the total volume of tear fluid.
A FINITE ELEMENT TIME DOMAIN MODAL FORMULATION FOR LARGE AMPLITUDE FREE VIBRATIONS OF BEAMS AND PLATES

Abstract A finite element time domain modal fomulation is presented for the large amplitude free vibration of plates. The procedure of deriving the non-linear modal equations of motion is simple and general. Accurate frequency—maximum deflection relations can be obtained for the fundamental and higher non-linear modes. The percentage of participation from each linear mode determines the number of modes to be included for accurate frequency results. Numerical examples on beams and square plates are given and compared with classical continuum analytical solutions. A plate of complex planform and boundary conditions is also given to show the versatility of the presented modal formulation.
Sudden death in hemochromatosis after closed-chest catheter ablation of the atrioventricular junction

5. Howard RE. Hueter DC, Davis GJ. Acute myocardial infarction foJJowing cocaine abuse in o young woman with normal coronary arteries. rAMA 1985;254:95-96. 6. Pasternack PF. Calvin SB. Bauman FG. Cocaine-induced angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction in patients younger than 40 years. Am / Cardiol 1985;55:847. 7. Wilkins CE, Mathur VS, Ty RC, Hall RI. Myocardial infarction associated with cocaine abuse. Texas Heart Inst \ 1985:12:385-387. 6. Isner JM, Estes NAM, Thompson PD, Costanzo-Nordin MR, Subramanian R, Miller G. Katsas G, Sweeney K. Sturner WQ. Acute cardiac events temporally related to cocaine abuse. N Engl 1 Med 1986;315:1438-1443, 9. Weiss RJ. Recurrent myocardial infarction caused by cocaine abuse. Am Heart 1 1986;111:793. 10. Zimmerman FH. Gustafson GM, Kemp HG. Recurrent myocardial infarction associated with cocaine abuse in a young man with normal coronary arteries: evidence for coronary artery spasm culminating in thrombosis. IACC 1987;9:964-968. 11. Smith HWB, Liberman HA, Brody SL, Battey LL. Donohue BC. Morris DC. Acute myocardial infarction temporarily related to cocaine use. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:13-18. 12. DePasquale NP. Burch GE, Phillips JH. Electrocardiographic alterations associated with electrically “silent” areas of myocardium. Am Heart \ 1964;68:697-709. 13. Braunwald E, Kloner RA. The stunned myocordium: prolonged, postischemic ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 1982;66:1146-1149. 14. Braunwald E, Rutherford JD. Reversible ischemic left ventricular dysfunction: evidence for the “hibernating myocardium.” [ACC 1986:8:14671470.
Implanted functional electrical stimulation: an alternative for standing and walking in pediatric spinal cord injury.

Study design: Post intervention, repeated measures design, comparing two interventions. Setting: Orthopedic pediatric hospital specializing in spinal cord injury. Methods: Nine subjects, ages 7–20 years, received an eight-channel implanted lower extremity functional electrical stimulation (FES) system for standing and walking. Electrodes were placed to stimulate hip and knee extension, and hip abduction and adduction. Standing and walking were achieved through constant stimulation to the implanted muscles, allowing a swing through gait pattern with an assistive device. After training with FES and long leg braces (LLB), subjects were tested in eight upright mobility activities, which were scored based upon completion time and level of independence. Results: Seven subjects completed data collection. These subjects completed four activities faster (P<0.02) and five activities more independently (P<0.025) with FES as compared to LLB. Transitions between sitting and standing, which were scored in isolation for two mobility activities, were achieved faster and with more independence with FES. In addition, subjects reported preferring FES for the majority of activities. No activity required more time or more assistance to complete with FES as compared to LLB. Conclusion: The implanted FES system provided these subjects with enhanced functional abilities over traditional LLB and decreased the need for physical assistance by a caregiver, suggesting that it is a realistic alternative for upright mobility in a pediatric population with spinal cord injury. Sponsorship: This study was funded by Shriners Hospitals for Children, Grant #8530.
Tetracarbon Metallacarboranes 10 On the Thermodynamically Favored Geometry of Large Nido Cages. Structure of the Thermal Rearrangement Product (Isomer III) of (n5-C5H5)CO(CH3)4C4B7H7.

Abstract : The preferred structure of 12-vertex, 28-electron (nido) polyhedral cages, which contain two skeletal electrons beyond the 26 required for a regular closo icosahedral system, and which have thus far been found in at least 7 different structural classes, was the focus of this investigation. The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound, which was formed by thermal rearrangement of isomer I at 140 C, were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Isomer III has an open cage geometry in which all four carbon atoms and two borons reside on a 6-membered open face, with one of the carbons isolated from the other three. The cage is isostructural with the previously characterized metallacarboranes (eta 5-C5H5)Fe(CH3)4C4B7H8 and (eta 5-C5H5)2CO2C4B6H10, isomer VII; however, the structures of the three isomers of (eta 5-C5H5)CO(CH3)4C4B7H7 are grossly different from each other. The observed geometry of isomer III implies a thermodynamic preference of skeletal carbon atoms for low-coordinate vertices on the open rim, even though this requires three of the four carbons to remain adjacent. The adoption of a high-coordinate vertex by cobalt is also significant. The 7 established classes of 12-vertex, 28-electron cage systems are discussed in light of the present study. Crystal data: mol wt 314.9, space group C2/c, Z = 8; a = 25.944(8), b = 8.686(3), c = 15.410(5) A; beta = 108.47(3) deg.; V = 3294 A3; R = 0.052 for 1542 independent reflections having F sub 0 squared 3 sigma (F sub 0) square. (Author)
An analytical solution for thermocapillary-driven convection of superimposed fluids at zero Reynolds and Marangoni numbers

Abstract This study aims to investigate thermocapillary-driven convection in two superimposed fluids in zero gravity. The fluids occupy the space between the walls of a horizontal microchannel which is heated from below by imposing the top wall to a uniform temperature and the bottom wall to a sinusoidal temperature that is higher (on the average) than the temperature of the top wall. The goal is to mimic thermocapillary convection as a result of the variation of the heights of the fluids along the microchannel and to explore the parameters that affect the fluid flow and interface deformation. This is achieved by solving the equations of conservation of mass and momentum and the balance of thermal energy and negligible analytically in both fluids, in the limit of creeping flow regime and negligible convection of heat. It is shown that the induced flow is characterized by periodic convection cells whose period is the same as the period of the imposed temperature field and extend from the interface to the walls in the vertical direction. The flow strength depends on the relative thicknesses of the fluid layers and the ratio of material properties. The maximum flow strength is achieved at a relative thickness that is set by the competition between the thermal and hydrodynamic effects. An estimate of the interface deformation is provided and it is shown that the sense of interface deformation is set by the relative thickness of the fluid layers and the viscosity ratio.
Design of a built-in health monitoring system for bolted thermal protection panels

Space vehicles require high performance thermal protection systems (TPS) that provide high temperature insulation capability with lower weight, high strength, and reliable integration with the existing system. Carbon-carbon panels mounted with bracket joints are potential future thermal protection systems with light weight, low creep, and high stiffness at high temperatures. However, the thermal protection system experiences a very harsh high-temperature and aerodynamic environment in addition to foreign object impacts. Damage or failure of panels without being detected can lead to catastrophe. Therefore, knowledge of the integrity of the thermal protection system before each launch and reentry is essential to the success of the mission. The objective of the study is to develop a built-in diagnostic system to assess the integrity of TPS panels as well as to lower inspection and maintenance time and costs. An integrated structural health monitoring system is being developed to monitor the TPS panels. The technology includes investigation of the loosening of bolts which connects TPS panels to the supporting structure, and potentially, identifying the location of damage on the panel caused by external impacts from micrometeorites and other objects. The first generation prototype was manufactured and tested in an acoustic chamber which simulated a re-entry environment to investigate the feasibility of the health monitoring system focusing on its survivability and sensitivity. The preliminary results were very promising. Based on the test results, the second generation design was proposed to improve the performance of the first generation design. To put a reliable and accurate decision on the diagnostics of the TPS panels, an advanced algorithm was developed with the aid of a wavelet transform technique.
Children's strategies for coping with adverse home environments : An interpretation using attachment theory

The coping strategies of four groups of maltreated children were compared with those of adequately reared children. The children were videotaped in a brief play session with their mothers, then in the Strange Situation, and finally during free play while the parent(s) were being interviewed. The coded videotapes of mother-child interaction yielded four scores for the children: cooperation, compulsive compliance, difficultness, and passivity. The coded videotapes of the Strange Situation yielded ten patterns of child attachment to the mother. The coded observations of play during the interview were analyzed in terms of seven child behaviors. The results indicated that abused, and abused-and-neglected children were difficult or compliant in interaction with their mothers, avoidant under stress, and aggressive with siblings; neglected children were cooperative in play with the mother, anxious under stress, and aggressive with siblings; adequately reared children were cooperative with both their mothers and siblings and secure under stress. Older children who had experienced abuse were less difficult and more compulsively compliant. Both marginally maltreated and adequately reared 1-year-olds were more difficult than either older or younger children from those groups but at all ages cooperation was the dominant pattern. The coherencies in the children's coping strategies were interpreted in terms of underlying internal representational models of relationships.
Ocular hypertensive response to alkali burns in the monkey.

Abstract Application of 20 μl 2 n -NaOH to the cornea of anesthetized monkeys caused a biphasic rise in intraocular pressure: an initial rapid increase, which quickly subsided, followed by a slower and sustained rise. The first rise is principally due to alkali-induced shrinkage of the outer coat of the eye. The second response was significantly reduced by pretreatment with the prostaglandin-inhibitor polyphloretin phosphate. This would suggest that the second response is mediated in part by prostaglandins.
Antidepressant drug use and risk of venous thromboembolism.

Study Objective.: To evaluate the risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism associated with antidepressant use and to further assess the risk by class of antidepressant and by individual antidepressant drug. Design.: Nested case-control study. Data Source.: United Kingdom General Practice Research Database. Subjects.: Seven hundred eighty-two case patients with a confirmed diagnosis of venous thromboembolism who were taking an antidepressant drug and 3085 matched control subjects. Measurements and Main Results.: We identified all people in the database aged 70 years or younger with venous thromboembolism who had filled at least one prescription for an antidepressant drug between 1990 and 2005; up to four control subjects were matched to each case patient by age, sex, practice attended, index date, and duration of computerized medical record. We compared the risks of current and recent use of antidepressant drugs with nonuse of an antidepressant before the index date (date of diagnosis of venous thromboembolism) by using conditional logistic regression. Current exposure to tricyclic antidepressants was associated with a small increased risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism compared with nonuse (odds ratio [OR] 1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-1.8), whereas we found no increased risk among users of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or other antidepressant drugs. When we evaluated individual drugs, we found that amitriptyline conferred an increased risk of thromboembolism (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.4) that increased with increasing dose (> 25 mg/day). No other individual antidepressant drug was associated with an increase in risk of venous thromboembolism. Conclusion. Current exposure to amitriptyline, particularly at high doses, was associated with an increased risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism. Current exposure to amitriptyline, particularly at high doses, was associated with an increased risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism.
Sodium chloride ion pair interaction in water: computer simulation

Abstract The thermodynamics and structure of a sodium chloride ion pair in liquid water are studied as a function of the ion pair separation. Distinct minima in the free energy of the system are found for contact and solvent separated ion geometries.
The turbulent particle propagator in a magnetic field

The authors examine qualitatively the requirement that field-particle interactions in turbulence be diffusive. The basic assumption necessary for turbulently dissipative (resonantly broadened) models is that the field-particle correlation time viewed along the particle orbit be much smaller than the field-field correlation time in the laboratory. They assume the orbit variables x(t) and v(t) are normally distribution, but the electric fields need not be. They then use simple arguments from probability theory to derive the particle propagator for a weakly turbulent plasma in a strong magnetic field. They use this propagator to find the effects of cross field diffusion on single wave pulses and plasma echoes.
BendCad: a design system for concurrent multiple representations of parts

Concurrency in product design and manufacturing process planning is supported in a recently developed sheet metal design system that incorporates preliminary process design at the detail product design stage. This new ‘design with process features’ approach represents the evolving part form to the designer in multiple process domains and at multiple stages of a sequential process. Each set of part form representations defines the conceptualized process that transforms it from one to the other. At this modeling level, processes are reversible so that design activity can take place in any of the domains and be transferred to the others. We have fully implemented this concept in a sheet metal design/manufacturing system in which preliminary process design occurs concurrently with product design and the normal representational ambiguities of wireframe and flat panel models are eliminated.
Efficacy of allergy immunotherapy as a treatment for patients with chronic otitis media with effusion

Summary Objective Controversy persists over the significance of allergy as it might relate to chronic middle-ear disease as no controlled study of the efficacy of allergy immunotherapy has been published. The aim of this study was (1) to evaluate the atopic status of patients with intractable chronic otitis media with effusion or drainage from their middle ear and (2) to determine in this select population the efficacy of specific allergy immunotherapy in preventing or limiting the duration of their chronic middle-ear disease. Methods This was a prospective, cohort study of patients cared for in a private community practice. History, examination, audiogram, tympanometry and recurrence of effusion/infection were recorded on 89 patients (52 children Results All 89 OME patients proved to be atopic. Most were allergic to dust (94%), animals (44%) and molds (88%) while 9% were allergic only to seasonal pollens. Associated allergic diseases included asthma (21%) and allergic rhinitis/sinusitis (63%). Otitis was the sole symptom among 37%. Immunotherapy provided complete resolution of effusion or drainage in 85% of 127 ears. Conclusion Intradermal testing proved all 89 patients with intractable middle-ear disease in this study who presented with chronic effusion or chronic draining perforations or tubes to be atopic. Specific allergy immunotherapy significantly improved 5.5% and completely resolved 85% of chronic otitis media with effusion in these ears. None of the controls resolved spontaneously ( p
Differential sperm priming by male sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna): Effects of female and male size

Recent interest in sperm competition has led to a re-evaluation of the ‘cheap sperm’ assumption inherent in many studies of sexual selection. In particular, mounting evidence suggests that male sperm availability can be increased by the presence of females. However, there is little information on how this interacts with male traits presumably affected by female mate choice, such as larger size. This study examines the effects on male sperm availability of female presence, male body size, and female body size in the sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna. Individual males of variable body sizes were isolated in divided tanks for 3 d, after which time either a female or no female was added to the other side of the tank. Prior to the treatments, larger males had more stripped sperm than smaller males. Female presence significantly increased the amount of sperm males primed, but this effect was strongest in small males. Furthermore, males showed a greater priming response in the presence of larger females than in the presence of smaller females. These results demonstrate that the presence of sexually mature females increases the amount of sperm males have for insemination. Furthermore, traits that indicate female fecundity may be used by males as cues in male mate choice.
Concerted evolution of a tandemly arrayed family of mating-specific genes in Phytophthora analyzed through inter- and intraspecific comparisons

Multigene families are features of most eukaryotic genomes, which evolve through a variety of mechanisms. This study describes the structure, expression, and evolution of a novel family in the oomycete Phytophthora. In the heterothallic species P. infestans, M96 is expressed specifically during sexual sporogenesis, and encodes a low-complexity extracellular protein that may be a component of oospore walls. Intriguingly, M96 exists in P. infestans as 22 relatively homogeneous loci tandemly repeated at a single site, which is partitioned by inversions and retroelements into subclusters exhibiting semi-independent evolution. M96 relatives were detected in other heterothallic and homothallic oomycetes including species closely (P. mirabilis, P. phaseoli) or distantly (P. ramorum, P. sojae) related to P. infestans. Those M96 relatives also exhibit oosporogenesis-specific expression and are arrayed multigene families. Nucleotide changes and repeat expansion diversify M96 in each species, however, paralogues are more related than orthologues. Concerted evolution through gene conversion and not strong purifying selection appears to be the major contributor to intraspecific homogenization. Divergence and concerted evolution was also detected between isolates of P. infestans. The divergence of M96 proteins between P. infestans, P. ramorum, and P. sojae exceeds that of typical proteins, reflecting trends in reproductive proteins from other kingdoms.
Phenobarbital and methylcholanthrene stimulation of rat liver chromatin template activity.

Abstract Both phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene increase the activity of liver microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes, as discussed by Conney (1967) . This increased enzyme activity is due to de novo protein synthesis, as indicated by the studies of Von der Decken and Hultin (1960) , Gelboin and Sokoloff (1961) , and Conney and Gilman (1963) . Madix and Bresnick (1967) have shown that chromatin isolated at 7 and 16 hours after administration of the carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene is a more effective template for in vitro RNA synthesis than chromatin from control animals. The results presented in the present report indicate that chromatin isolated from rat liver 12 hours after administration of phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene is a more effective template for RNA synthesis when compared to controls, and that differences in template activity are abolished when basic proteins are removed from the chromatin preparations.
Functional and Genetic Characterization of Neuropeptide Y-Like Receptors in Aedes aegypti

Background Female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the principal vector for dengue fever, causing 50–100 million infections per year, transmitted between human and mosquito by blood feeding. Ae. aegypti host-seeking behavior is known to be inhibited for three days following a blood meal by a hemolymph-borne humoral factor. Head Peptide-I is a candidate peptide mediating this suppression, but the mechanism by which this peptide alters mosquito behavior and the receptor through which it signals are unknown.
Multivariate Association and Dimension Reduction: A Generalization of Canonical Correlation Analysis

Summary In this article, we propose a new generalized index to recover relationships between two sets of random vectors by finding the vector projections that minimize an L 2 distance between each projected vector and an unknown function of the other. The unknown functions are estimated using the Nadaraya–Watson smoother. Extensions to multiple sets and groups of multiple sets are also discussed, and a bootstrap procedure is developed to detect the number of significant relationships. All the proposed methods are assessed through extensive simulations and real data analyses. In particular, for environmental data from Los Angeles County, we apply our multiple-set methodology to study relationships between mortality, weather, and pollutants vectors. Here, we detect existence of both linear and nonlinear relationships between the dimension-reduced vectors, which are then used to build nonlinear time-series regression models for the dimension-reduced mortality vector. These findings also illustrate potential use of our method in many other applications. A comprehensive assessment of our methodologies along with their theoretical properties are given in a Web Appendix.
Role of gp91phox (Nox2)-Containing NAD(P)H Oxidase in Angiogenesis in Response to Hindlimb Ischemia

Background— Neovascularization is potentially important for the treatment of ischemic heart and limb disease. We reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from gp91phox (Nox2)-containing NAD(P)H oxidase are involved in angiogenesis in mouse sponge models as well as in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in cultured endothelial cells. The role of gp91phox-derived ROS in neovascularization in response to tissue ischemia is unknown, however. Methods and Results— Here, we show that neovascularization in the ischemic hindlimb is significantly impaired in gp91phox−/− mice as compared with wild-type (WT) mice as evaluated by laser Doppler flow, capillary density, and microsphere measurements. In WT mice, inflammatory cell infiltration in the ischemic hindlimb was maximal at 3 days, whereas capillary formation was prominent at 7 days when inflammatory cells were no longer detectable. Increased O2·− production and gp91phox expression were present at both time points. The dihydroethidium s...
Home-Human-Environment System and its Contribution to Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions Reduction

Global warming by way of CO2 emissions is a complex system of societal values, technological means and environmental requirements. Conventionally, the ordinary citizen responds to global warming with the indirect method of societal response to problems by authorizing others to take care of “our” problem and supporting experts, scientists and community advocates to address it. This paper proposes to use the direct method, which focuses on individual response and endeavors to show that in certain cases action by many individuals in addition to the few experts will promote environmental solutions pro-actively and efficiently. This study provides details of the method and applies it in an effort to reverse an undeniable energy wasting feature of daily home routine: energy consumed because home occupants do not turn out lights in unoccupied rooms.A three stage study was performed. The first stage of the study used information from a preliminary survey to determine the sample size required to assess the energy wasted and CO2 emitted when occupants leave lights on in unoccupied rooms. The second stage used a guide of issues to discuss with each resident; the intend of this stage is to collect pertinent data and introduce the potential use of a motion detector in homes to reduce energy waste. During the last stage and over a twelve month period two additional contacts were made with subjects who gave the investigators their telephone number and permission to discuss their follow up action. A random sample of 100 subjects established that 64 percent of urban residents leave rooms but do not turn the lights off. This home routine wastes energy and unnecessarily increases CO2 emissions. The direct method employed brief and interactive telephone conversations with a representative of each household to convince 44 percent of the families that waste energy by not turning out lights in unoccupied rooms install one or more motion sensors that stop lighting unoccupied rooms and conserve energy. The study also estimated the energy wasted and the decarbonization levels potentially accomplished under several scenarios of implementation of the proposed device in Chicago, USA. Cognizant of uncertainty increases, this study used the Chicago database to estimate energy savings and decarbonization in Illinois and the USA.All estimates of energy savings and CO2 reduction are small but measurable and are likely to increase in the near future because population growth will continue and fossil fuel use will remain the main source of energy. Subjects of this study were cognizant of the minor impact of their effort, yet 44 percent of them implemented the recommended strategy for protecting the environment. The method motivates individuals by granting them knowledge that motivates them to act and emotional satisfaction for becoming active players in reducing unnecessary energy consumption and positively affecting global conditions.
Specificity of activation of glycogen synthase I from skeletal muscle and heart

Abstract The activation specificity for rabbit skeletal muscle and bovine heart glycogen synthase I (UDPglucose:glycogen α-4-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.11) has been investigated. It is shown that both enzymes may be fully activated by divalent in organic anions and several organic phosphate compounds. The activation constant was lowest for glucose 6-phosphate (5 μM), but millimolar concentrations of several other compounds could also completely activate the enzyme. Na 2 SO 4 (concentration required to give 50% activation = 0.2 mM) is shown to activate glycogen synthase I with no effect on the D form of the enzyme. Assays in the presence of millimolar concentrations of Na 2 SO 4 , 5 mM UDPglucose, and pH 7.8 are proposed as a measure of the amount of glycogen synthase I in any enzyme preparation.
Hydrolyse des Zeise‐Salzes

Es wurde gezeigt, das bei der Reaktion von Zeise-Salz mit Wasser unter verschiedenen Bedingungen Athylen, Acetaldehyd und Spuren von Athanol entstehen. Die Annahme, das Athanol als Zwischenprodukt bei der Bildung von Acetaldehyd auftritt, konnte nicht belegt werden. Zeisesalt, K(C2H4PtCl3), is hydrolyzed to ethylene, acetaldehyde, and traces of ethanol. The assumption that ethanol is an intermediate product being necessary for the formation of acetaldehyde has not been proved.
Determining the Action Tendency Emotions Associated with Mothers’ Intentions to Encourage Their Preadolescent Daughters to Eat Healthfully: A Mixed Methods Study

Overweight and obese children have an increased risk of becoming overweight and obese adults with myriad health problems. This risk is heightened in girls whose diets are strongly influenced by their mothers. Using an action tendency emotion framework, I investigated what influences mothers to encourage daughters to eat healthfully. I conducted a focus-group study and a web survey with mothers of preadolescent daughters. In my findings, emotion elicitation varied by source. Furthermore, negative emotions were associated with problem solving, positive emotions were associated with maintenance or helping, and sadness and guilt significantly predicted mothers' intent to encourage a healthy diet.
Photophysics, photochemistry and kinetics of indolinospiropyran derivatives and an indolinothiospiropyran

Abstract Three indolinospiropyran derivatives and an indolinothiospiropyran were studied in solution using nanosecond and microsecond laser flash techniques. A fluorescence lifetime was also obtained for the indolinothiospiropyran. All these compounds showed photochromism under laser flash conditions. No triplet transients were observed and oxygen (versus nitrogen) had no effect on the spectra, the kinetics of formation (shorter than 1 ns) or the disappearance (longer than 400 μs) of the colored photoproduct. The transients were in the transoid opened form (merocyanine) existing in several trans conformations coming exclusively from the singlet excited state on the picosecond time scale. No cisoid form was observed down to 1 ns. No evidence of aggregation of the species in hexane was observed in contrast to 6′-nitroindolinospiropyran.
Can we approximate zeros of functions with nonzero topological degree

Abstract The bisection method provides an affirmative answer for scalar functions. We show that the answer is negative for bivariate functions. This means, in particular, that an arbitrary continuation method cannot approximate a zero of every smooth bivariate function with nonzero topological degree.
Satellite cells in mature, uninjured skeletal muscle of the lizard tail.

Abstract The uninjured caudal skeletal muscle of two lizards, Lygosoma and Anolis , contains satellite cells. The satellite cell nuclei constitute 7.5% and 4.8% of the combined satellite and muscle nuclei, in Lygosoma and Anolis , respectively.
Responses of guinea pigs to brain stimulation during isolation: Examining the transition from ``protest'' to depressive-like behavior

a b s t r a c t It has been known for over 60 years that social isolation of children and the young of some non-human primate species elicits agitated vocalizing and other active behavior, which eventually segues into a second, passive stage of depressive-like responding. How this transition occurs remains obscure. A leading hypothesis proposes that continued activation of the neural substrates underlying the vocalization response drives the onset of the passive stage. Guinea pigs also exhibit a 2-stage, active/passive response during isolation, and much of the identification of neural structures underlying the separation vocalization was based on studies of electrical brain stimulation in guinea pigs. We, therefore, asked whether repeated electrical stimulation of brain sites subserving the isolation vocalization would increase later depressive-like responding in guinea pigs. In Experiments 1 and 2, female guinea pigs with stimulating electrodes placed in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and periaqueductal gray, respectively, were tested over 10 daily, 30-min trials. Stimulation of either site produced elevated levels of vocalizing, which diminished over repeated isolation trials. However, there was no increase in depressive-like responding either before or after subsequent trials, or during probe trials in which no stimulation was administered. In Experiment 3, stimulation of the BNST increased vocalizing during the first 30-min of the 3-h isolation period, but produced no increase in depressive-like behavior during the remainder of the trial. In sum, continued activation of brain sites underlying isolation vocalizations was not sufficient, in and of itself, to induce later depressive-like responding.
An experimental approach to optimise and test perturbative QCD toO(α s 2 )

Production rates of multijet hadronic final states observed ine+e− annihilation are compared with recent QCD calculations using renormalisation group improved perturbation theory toO(α s 2 ). The scale parameter\(\Lambda _{\overline {MS} } \) and the renormalisation scaleμ2 are adjusted in order to reproduce the observed 2-,3-, and 4-jet event production rates. Small scales ofμ2≈0.002·E cm 2 provide a significantly better description of the overall 4-jet production rates and of 2-and 3-jet rates at small jet pair masses than calculations usingμ2=E cm 2 . The adjusted value of\(\Lambda _{\overline {MS} } \) depends on the choice ofμ2. It decreases by a factor of two when going fromμ2=E cm 2 toμ2=0.002·E cm 2 and results in\(\Lambda _{\overline {MS} } = 95 MeV \pm 30 MeV\) MeV±30 MeV for 0.001≦μ2/E cm 2 ≦0.020. The predictions of an Abelian vector theory complete toO(α s 2 ) are not compatible with the observed dynamics of jet production. The experimental evidence for the energy dependence of α s , obtained from 3-jet event production rates observed in the center of mass energy range between 22 GeV and 56 GeV, does not depend on the detailed choice ofμ2.
Metastable phases in amorphous metals with emphasis on Fe3B

The amorphous metallic state may be obtained by a number of methods such as vapour deposition, ion-beam implantation and mixing, and by rapid solidification of liquid metals. New metastable phases may be derived from the amorphous state. This paper reviews the type and nature of some of these metastable phases. In particular, it will be shown that the metastable bc tetragonal Fe3B phase may be related to the presence of simple unit cells in the amorphous phase. Fe3B may also be found in a conventionally cast material.
Growth failure, risk of hospitalization and death for children with end-stage renal disease

Growth failure remains a significant problem for children with chronic renal insufficiency and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We examined whether growth failure is associated with more-frequent hospitalizations or higher mortality in children with kidney disease. We studied data on prevalent United States pediatric patients with ESRD in 1990 who were followed through 1995. Patients were categorized according to the standard deviation score (SDS) of their incremental growth during 1990: severe ( –3 and –2 SDS). Among 1,112 prevalent pediatric dialysis and transplant patients (<17 years, Tanner I–IV), those with severe and moderate growth failure had higher hospitalization rates {relative risk (RR) 1.14 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1, 1.2] and 1.24 [95% CI 1.2, 1.3]} respectively than those with normal growth after adjustment for age, gender, race, cause and duration of ESRD, and treatment modality (dialysis or transplant) in 1990. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed 5-year survival of 85% and 90% for patients with severe and moderate growth failure, respectively, compared with 96% for patients with normal growth (P<0.001, log-rank). Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that those with severe (RR 2.9, 95% CI 1.6, 5.3) and moderate growth failure (RR 2.01, 95% CI 1.1, 3.6) had an increased risk of death compared with youths with normal growth, after adjustment. A higher proportion of deaths in the severe and moderate growth failure groups were attributed to infectious causes (22% and 18.7%, respectively) than in the normal growth group (15.6%). We conclude that growth failure is associated with a more-complicated clinical course and increased risk of death for children with kidney failure.