cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fate of radiolabeled sodium pentachlorophenate in littoral microcosms

Degradation of PCP to CO2 has been demonstrated in several laboratory experiments in which soil or microorganisms derived from soil were used (Kaufmann 1978). In view of the final residue distribution and the detection of14C-CO2 in this experiment, it appears that microorganisms may have been responsible for the degradation and subsquent mineralization of PCP. Earlier, Knowlton (1981) found that14C-PCP added to soils used in this experiment degraded in less than 9 weeks, and that 2,3, 4,5-tetrachlorophenol was one of the main degradation products. Although14C-PCP was accumulated by macrophytes, this pathway accounted for only a small percentage of the total loss of14C-PCP from the water. The binding to or photosynthetic incorporation of14C-PCP residues into plant proteins and lignin may account for a large share of the radioactive residues observed in macrophyte samples.
STRATEGIC RENEWAL AND THE INTERACTION OF CUMULATIVE STRESS AND INERTIA

Strategic renewal is accomplished in large and small ways. This paper proposes a four phase characterization of how organizations move between state sustaining renewal and the more radical reconceptualizations that significantly alter organization activity. The argument juxtaposes inertia (or commitment to current strategy) and stress, the dissatisfactions that signal the need for renewal. To explore the details of this interaction, and its implications for the evolution of strategy over time, a formal model is developed. Quite plausible organization paths of renewal are simulated via the model which help illustrate our main theoretic arguments.
Synthesis and oxygen permeation properties of ceramic-metal dual-phase membranes

Abstract Percolative and non-percolative fluorite type Bi 1.5 Y 0.3 Sm 0.2 O 3 (BYS) and silver dual-phase membranes were prepared by mixing BYS and Ag powders. Oxygen permeation and electric conduction through these BYS/Ag dual-phase membranes were studied in the temperature range of 650–850°C. The percolative BYS/Ag 40% and non-percolative BYS/Ag 30% membranes exhibit about 50-fold and 10-fold increase, respectively, in oxygen permeation flux compared to BYS membranes. For a 1.3 mm thick BYS/Ag 40% membrane, an oxygen permeation flux of 5.8 × 10 −7 mol/cm 2 s was measured at 850°C with oxygen partial pressures at the feed and permeate sides being 0.21 and 0.009 atm, respectively. The activation energies for oxygen permeation in the temperature range of 650–850°C are 79.30 and 87.30 kJ/mol for the BYS/Ag 30% and BYS/Ag 40% membranes, respectively. For the non-percolative BYS/Ag membrane, the presence of Ag enhances the surface reaction rate for oxygen permeation. The continuous silver phase in the percolative BYS/Ag membrane increases both the electronic conductivity and surface reaction rate which result in substantial improvement of oxygen permeance.
Hydrocephalus treatment and outcome in African infants with myelomeningocele: what we have learned so far

We estimate that around 2000 infants in Uganda develop hydrocephalus (HC) each year. Post-infectious hydrocephalus (PIH) accounts for 60% of all cases, and several lines of investigation are underway to determine the pathogens and their mode of transmission. HC associated with myelomeningocele (MM) is the second most common etiology, accounting for 15% of cases. Access to treatment for hydrocephalus in Africa is inhibited by poverty, politics, poor infrastructure, and a paucity of neurosurgeons. These also present obstacles to follow up and emergency care for treatment failure, making death from future shunt malfunction a serious enduring threat. We explored the role of endoscopic treatment for hydrocephalus in African infants, and found that combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and bilateral choroid plexus cauterization (ETV/CPC) was significantly more successful than ETV alone in those less than one year of age. Infants with myelomeningocele benefitted the most from this approach, with a 76% success rate. In contrast to shunt failure, nearly all ETV/CPC failures become evident within 6 months of surgery. We have demonstrated factors that are independently predictive of ETV/CPC outcome, and have generated a new outcome prediction score (the Uganda Score) that is currently being evaluated across several centers in Africa. In addition to safety and long-term efficacy of ETV/CPC in the myelomeningocele population, we also demonstrated that those treated in this way performed as well or better on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development over the course of their early childhood development than those who were shunted. Furthermore, we found no correlation between performance and ventricle size. We recently investigated whether the presence of HC or its method of treatment affected 5 year survival in these children, and were surprised to find no difference. Importantly, the most important determinant of survival was involvement in a community-based rehabilitation program. The five year mortality for these children was close to that of their unaffected peers (16%); whereas the mortality for those with no access to such a program was more than triple (50%). Deaths were mostly from causes not directly related to the underlying neurological conditions. ETV/CPC is a safe and effective alternative to shunt-dependence in children with myelomeningocele. In Africa, any long-term survival advantage of shunt-independence may be obscured by diseases of poverty and neglect. “Life-saving surgery” in these children must be wedded to community-based support programs that promote their access to adequate health care and nutrition.
Predicting Cosolvency. 2. Correlation with Solvent Physicochemical Properties

In the preceding paper (Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1998, 37, xxxx), linear regressions of the solubility ratio σ with the solute log Kow were examined for 15 water/cosolvent systems and the slopes of the regressions, M or M0.5, were reported. In this paper, the dependence of M and M0.5 on the molecular structures and physicochemical properties of cosolvents is investigated. The octanol−water partition coefficient, interfacial tension, and solubility parameter are superior to other properties in correlating with M and M0.5. Multiple linear regression results show that the combination of log Kow and hydrogen-bond-donor density of the cosolvent is the best. Estimation equations for M developed in this study, along with the N values given in the preceding paper, will enable one to estimate the log-linear solubilization of organic chemicals in the 15 binary cosolvent−water mixtures from the chemical structure of the cosolvent and a minimal number of easily available property data which include only the Kow's of both...
Podofilox-Induced Regression of Shope Papillomas May Be Independent of Host Immunity

We tested the hypothesis that infiltrating leukocytes might contribute to papilloma destruction following podofilox treatment. New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were inoculated with cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) onto abraded areas of the dorsal skin. At 21 d after viral inoculation, 5.0% podofilox solution was applied to some papillomas, whereas others were used as controls. Three rabbits were sacrificed at each of three different periods after treatment initiation (1, 4, and 7 d). Four monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), RG-16 (for B cells), L11/135 (specific for T cells), 2C4 (specific for class II antigen), and Ki67 (specific for proliferating cells), were used in an immunohistochemical study. All positive cells and total cells in the field were counted with an ocular grid. After 1 d of treatment, proliferation of papilloma cells was strongly suppressed in treated papillomas, but leukocytic infiltration was not altered. At 4 d and 7 d of treatment, there were substantial increases (about two to three times) in the numbers of B and T cells and class II – expressing leukocytes. The upper layers of the papillomas were highly necrotic and cell proliferation was absent in an layers. These data support the view that podofilox has a direct toxic effect on papilloma tissue. Leukocyte infiltration is not strongly associated with papilloma tissue and may not contribute to papilloma destruction.
Self-Assembly, Chiroptical Properties, and Host−Guest Chemistry of Chiral Pt−Pt and Pt−Pd Tetranuclear Macrocycles. Circular Dichroism Studies on Neutral Guest Inclusion Phenomena

The synthesis, characterization, and circular dichroism (CD) spectra of optically active mixed, neutral-charged Pt/Pt and Pt/Pd macrocyclic complexes are described as well as the CD spectra of their corresponding precursors. Interaction between the chiral monomers (R(−)-DIOP or S(+)-DIOP) of cis-Pt(DIOP)(4-ethynylpyridine)2 and the bistriflates of chiral (R(+)-BINAP or S(−)BINAP)) Pt(II) or Pd(II) bisphosphines or cis-Pd(PEt3)2(OSO2CF3)2, in CH2Cl2 at room temperature results in the formation of cyclic, chiral molecular squares in 84−99% yields via self-assembly. CD studies and optical rotation of the chiral macrocycles and their corresponding precursors reveal that the chiroptical properties are mainly determined by the BINAP moiety. The host−guest chemistry of the chiral 4-ethynylpyridine tetramers with silver triflate and the capture of neutral guests via the resulting square Lewis acid/base receptors have been monitored by CD.
Probing unconventional superconducting symmetries using Josephson interferometry

Abstract We study Josephson junctions formed at grain boundary interfaces in the high- T c cuprate materials. The supercurrents in these junctions depend strongly on the phase anisotropy of the order parameter and on the electronic structure at the interface and can be used to determine the pairing symmetry as well as the physical structure of the grain boundary interface. Andreev reflection at the (1 1 0) surface in d-wave superconductors leads to the formation of zero-energy quasiparticle surface states. It is predicted that these surface states lead to a suppression of the d-wave order parameter, possibly allowing the formation of a subdominant pairing phase with a complex order parameter that is characterized by broken time-reversal symmetry. A similar phenomenon is predicted to occur in the bulk material near magnetic impurities. Calculations demonstrate that the temperature and magnetic field dependence of the critical current of 45-degree asymmetric grain boundary Josephson junctions are extremely sensitive to the onset of a complex order parameter. We have measured the critical current behavior of grain boundary junctions fabricated from pure and magnetically doped cuprate films in an effort to observe the onset of these complex order parameters. Profound departure from the usual sinusoidal current–phase relation have also been predicted for the cuprate materials. We show evidence for a second-order Josephson component in the critical current diffraction patterns of BSCCO junctions.
Perceptual scale expansion: An efficient angular coding strategy for locomotor space

Whereas most sensory information is coded on a logarithmic scale, linear expansion of a limited range may provide a more efficient coding for the angular variables important to precise motor control. In four experiments, we show that the perceived declination of gaze, like the perceived orientation of surfaces, is coded on a distorted scale. The distortion seems to arise from a nearly linear expansion of the angular range close to horizontal/straight ahead and is evident in explicit verbal and nonverbal measures (Experiments 1 and 2), as well as in implicit measures of perceived gaze direction (Experiment 4). The theory is advanced that this scale expansion (by a factor of about 1.5) may serve a functional goal of coding efficiency for angular perceptual variables. The scale expansion of perceived gaze declination is accompanied by a corresponding expansion of perceived optical slants in the same range (Experiments 3 and 4). These dual distortions can account for the explicit misperception of distance typically obtained by direct report and exocentric matching, while allowing for accurate spatial action to be understood as the result of calibration.
Cyclic-AMP-induced differentiation in neuroblastoma is independent of cell division rate.

CLONED, cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells, when grown in conditions which restrict cell division, extend neurites1–6 and increase the activity of neurotransmitter-related enzymes7–9. Treatments that can induce this differentiation include lowered serum concentrations3, prostaglandins4, phosphodiesterase inhibitors5 and analogues of cyclic-3′,5′-AMP (cyclic-AMP)6,10–11. These treatments have been proposed to act by elevating intracellular cyclic-AMP levels, but because they also inhibit cell division it has been difficult to determine whether their effects are due directly to cyclic-AMP or indirectly to inhibition of cell division12. As neurite growth and enzyme elevation occur during the interphase portion of the cell cycle (and are retarded during cell division), cyclic-AMP may simply allow differentiation by stopping the cell cycle in interphase3. The butyryl analogues of cyclic-AMP, in particular, markedly restrict cell division (ref. 10; see also Fig. 1a). Because butyrate, which can dissociate from the dibutyryl analogue of cyclic-AMP, can itself markedly inhibit cell division we reasoned that other analogues may exist which are not inhibitors of cell division but which effectively mimic the action of cyclic-AMP. We report here that 8-bromo-cyclic-3′,5′-AMP (8Br-cyclic-AMP) effects biochemical and morphological changes in the neuroblastoma clone NBD-2 (ref. 9) without concomitant inhibition of cell division.
Special relativity: Understanding experimental tests and formulations.

The two major proposed first-order test theories for special relativity are shown to be equivalent. The results of many experimental tests of special relativity are given in terms of the free parameters of this unified test theory.
Altering "motivational" variables alters induction produced by upcoming food-pellet reinforcement

Previous research has demonstrated that rats will increase their rates of lever pressing for sucrose rewards in the first half of an experimental session when food pellets, rather than the same sucrose, continually serve as the reward in the second half of the session. This effect has been coined induction, and the present study investigated whether it could be altered by altering "motivational" variables. Experiment 1 manipulated subjects' motivation by altering, across conditions, their level of food deprivation. Predictably, the size of induction varied directly with level of deprivation. Experiments 2 and 3 manipulated subjects' motivation by feeding them food pellets and sucrose, respectively, prior to their responding in the experimental session. These pre-session feedings decreased the size of the observed induction in both experiments. The results from the present study indicate that the size of induction is correlated with subjects' motivation to respond for the available reinforcers. They are also consistent with the idea that operant processes underlie the effect. The notion that induction might encompass the concept of "anticipation" is also discussed.
The behaviour of the bicarbonate ion at biological membranes

I am indebted to Dr. D. H. Barron for permission to publish these results and for reading the manuscript. The experimental work was cerried out during the tenure of a U.S. P.H.S. Postdoctoral Research Fellowship.
A network simulation for budgeting

Abstract One problem with budgeting is the deterministic nature of the tool, even for flexible budgets, that is being used to provide forecasts of a stochastic process. Budget simulation provides not only expected values but anticipated dispersion of budget data as well. The network model may provide the best framework for such a simulation.
The effect of monetary incentives on backward digit span performance

Abstract In order to determine if monetary-incentive effects, particularly the detrimental effects of such incentives on human learning and performance, might be mediated by anxiety, 52 college students were administered six backward digit trials in a preexperimental, baseline phase and six trials in an experimental, test phase. Of the 52 subjects, 26 were paid 50 cents following each correct recitation of a backward digit series during the test phase. The remaining 26 were unpaid control subjects. Results showed that the rationale for the study was correct because state anxiety was indeed negatively related to backward digit span performance as previous research had shown, but the offer of reward did not elevate state anxiety scores and, more importantly, the offer of reward led to a significant improvement in backward digit span performance—an effect which is the opposite of what would be predicted by the anxiety hypothesis. The reward effects of theoretical interest in planning this research were those facilitating and detrimental effects that are produced by offering elementary, high school, or college students small amounts of money (typically from $1 to $3) as a superfluous inducement to participate in a study of human learning or performance. The results of this study discredit any explanation of such reward effects which attributes the effects to reward-induced anxiety.
Analyzing retrospective data with time-varying exposure: A cautionary tale of H2 blockers in ELBW neonates

The objective of our study was to alert researchers to potential pitfalls involved in analysis of a potential association between risk factors and development of disease. We applied three different analytic methods -- retrospective cohort study analyzed using logistic regression, case-control analysis, and survival analysis with time-dependent exposure -- to retrospective data showing a correlation between histamine 2 (H(2)) blocker exposure and the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis in extremely low birthweight neonates. Using case-control and survival analysis methods, there was an apparent increase in necrotizing enterocolitis following exposure to H(2) blocker treatment. The retrospective cohort method led to the opposite conclusion because it failed to account appropriately for exposure. We concluded that the choice of the analytic methodology used in a retrospective study is critical and should take into account the timing and characteristics of the risk factors and condition under investigation. Erroneous conclusions may be reached if inappropriate statistical methods are used.
Errors in auditory direction-finding after compensation for visual re-arrangement

Ss walked about out of doors wearing laterally displacing prisms, and sound-attenuating muffs. Errors occurred in an auditory localization task during exposure to visual displacement. With continued exposure these errors tended to disappear after about 108 min. The errors disappeared earlier when muffs were not worn.
Concocting Viral Apocalypse: Catastrophic Risk and the Production of Bio(in)security

The post-9/11 era featured an unprecedented expansion of global biodefense initiatives. This essay chronicles the rise of biodefense by tracking biological risk construction across political, scientific, and cultural rhetoric from the late 1990s to the present. It maintains that the production of bio(in)security entails two interlocking rhetorical operations—framing biological threats as catastrophic risk and enlisting the specter of viral apocalypse—that license technological solutions to imagined vulnerabilities. The essay concludes by considering the implications of such rhetoric for public health and national security.
Adsorption of both components from binary solution on porous adsorbents

Abstract The treatment of adsorption from binary liquid solution proposed by Kipling and Tester (4) is criticized for its application of a unimolecular adsorption mechanism to porous adsorbents. It is shown that results of Kipling and Tester and others for adsorption by porous adsorbents from solution can be interpreted in a more consistent way through a pore-filling mechanism. It is pointed out that adsorption from solution should be comparable to adsorption from saturated vapors only if the area of liquid-vapor interface in the latter case is negligible compared to the surface area of the adsorbent—a condition generally satisfied by porous adsorbents.
Service liberalization, endogenous industrial composition and modernization

This paper presents a simple two-sector two-factor model with endogenously determined industrial composition. It is shown that by shrinking the cone of diversification, service liberalization may enable the economy to switch from equilibrium where both traditional and modern goods are produced to another where specialization in the modern good takes place.
Hand hygiene training through a serious game: New ways of improving Safe Practices

The Andalusian Patient Safety Observatory (Spain) has developed a serious game to promote hand hygiene among health care professionals and citizens. We have used this new methodology, based on simulation and interaction, to create a non-risk environment, where users have to decide when and how must perform hand hygiene, with no adverse effect from their actions. Prior to the ludic part, there is a theoretical introduction with contents from the World Health Organization, specially the “5 Moments for Hand Hygiene”. This methodology keeps easily users' interest and reinforces their knowledge without a big effort by them. This ludic approach allows us to attract also patients. After some successful preliminary results (25.000 visits in one month), we have started to work on a second serious game, focused on Safe Medication Practices.
Changing managers′ defensive reasoning about work/family conflicts

Describes a management development process based on action science which was designed to surface and examine deeply‐held beliefs about the role of the manager or supervisor in handling work/family conflicts. The process enabled individuals to examine their reasoning about work and family conflicts and led to the identification of a number of defensive reasoning patterns among managers in dealing with work/family conflicts, particularly the use of bypass and threats. The management development process is most effective when focused on first getting managers to state what they would think and do in a given situation, making typical responses problematic, and then pushing managers to generate more creative alternatives. This is the essence of genuine dialogue.
Software process validation: quantitatively measuring the correspondence of a process to a model

To a great extent, the usefulness of a formal model of a software process lies in its ability to accurately predict the behavior of the executing process. Similarly, the usefulness of an executing process lies largely in its ability to fulfill the requirements embodied in a formal model of the process. When process models and process executions diverge, something significant is happening. We have developed techniques for uncovering and measuring the discrepancies between models and executions, which we call process validation. Process validation takes a process execution and a process model, and measures the level of correspondence between the two. Our metrics are tailorable and give process engineers control over determining the severity of different types of discrepancies. The techniques provide detailed information once a high-level measurement indicates the presence of a problem. We have applied our processes validation methods in an industrial case study, of which a portion is described in this article.
Hierarchical control of aircraft propulsion systems : Discrete event supervisor approach

Abstract This paper presents an application of the recently developed theory of language-measure-based discrete event supervisory (DES) control to aircraft propulsion systems. A two-layer hierarchical architecture is proposed to coordinate the operations of a twin-engine propulsion system. The two engines are individually controlled to achieve enhanced performance and reliability, as necessary for fulfilling the mission objectives. Each engine, together with its continuously varying control system, is operated at the lower level under the supervision of a local discrete-event controller for condition monitoring and life extension; the gain-scheduled feedback controller that is used to maintain the specified performance of the turbofan engine is kept unaltered. A global DES controller at the upper level coordinates the local DES controllers for load balancing and health management of the propulsion system.
Peripheral venous scintillation angiocardiography in determination of left ventricular volume in man

Left ventricular end-diastolic volume was determined by cardiac visualization after peripheral venous injection of a gamma-emitting isotope in 10 patients with organic heart disease. The left ventricular end-diastolic volume measured by the isotope method consistently averaged 9% less than that determined by the X-ray method. The mean difference in left ventricular end-diastolic volume was 21 ml. Excellent correlation between the two methods was observed. It is pointed out that peripheral venous scintillation angiocardiography compares well with left ventriculography in the determination of left ventricular end-diastolic volume in man.
Isarithmic analysis of forest fire fuelbed arrays

Abstract Isarithmic analysis, a cartographic technique, was used for mapping two structurally distinct forest fire fuelbeds. Method-produced errors and statistical validity of isarithmically-created surfaces for fuel loadings and depths were determined and analyzed. The isarithmic method-produced error is a function of data sampling scheme, spatial interpolation model, and spatial variability of the phenomenon mapped. Using an unaligned stratified random design and kriging interpolation, error produced by the isarithmic method was proportional to (sample size) −0.20 times an intercept coefficient that directly reflected variance of each fuel parameter interpolated. As a result, the magnitude of error decreased, at a decreasing rate, with increasing sample size; fuel parameters that exhibited high spatial variability also had higher magnitudes of error due to larger intercept values. Four or nine sample points were too few for use in the isarithmic mapping of the fuel types examined and a minimum of sixteen points was required. The analytical scheme presented here could yield more reliable information on the elements that compose the forest fire environment.
Electromagnetic Corrections to Nucleon Transitions of the Vector and Axial-Vector Currents

We examine the matrix elements of the divergences of the vector and axial-vector current between nucleon states. These matrix elements are related to the nucleon mass difference and the corrections to the Goldberger-Treiman relation, respectively. For the nucleon mass difference we indicate that for the sign of this quantity to be understood in terms of the electromagnetic interaction requires (i) comparable longitudinal and transverse virtual photon-nucleon cross sections, or (ii) ${{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{t}}^{P}({q}^{2},\ensuremath{\nu})\ensuremath{-}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{t}}^{n}({q}^{2},\ensuremath{\nu})l0$ over a large region of the ($|{q}^{2}|,\ensuremath{\nu}$) plane, where ${q}^{2}$ is the spacelike virtual-photon mass and $\ensuremath{\nu}$ is the photon energy (this requirement is contraindicated by experimental data at ${q}^{2}=0$), or (iii) fixed $J$-plane poles at $J=0$, $I=1$ in the virtual Compton amplitude. We also estimate the electromagnetic correction to the Goldberger-Treiman relation, and it is shown to be very small.
Loss of Baroreflex Bradycardia in Renal Hypertensive Rabbits

The degree of reflex bradycardia elicited by a sudden, brief rise in arterial pressure was used as an index of sino-aortic reflex activity in conscious rabbits with early renal hypertension. Change in heart rate was measured every 6 seconds after injected angiotensin which caused a rise in blood pressure of 15 to 60 mm Hg. Ninety-one tests for reflex bradycardia were made in 30 normal rabbits; 14 of them were tested intermittently during the 1 to 40 day period following unilateral nephrectomy and latex encapsulation of the opposite kidney. A total of 62 tests were made after arterial pressure had risen 10 to 80 mm Hg, average 35, above control values. Average decrease in heart rate was significantly less and frequency of negligible reflex bradycardia was much higher in hypertensives than controls. Individual rabbits showed no tendency for reflex bradycardia to return toward normal magnitude. However, the vasomotor component of the sino-aortic reflex mechanism in renal hypertensive rabbits buffered the pressor response to angiotensin in a normal manner. Resetting of sino-aortic reflex activity under hypertensive conditions is discussed.
Alice Hudson: New York Public Library's Treasure Among Maps

This is the third in a trilogy of interviews I have undertaken on behalf of the Journal of Map and Geography Libraries. The first was of David Cobb, formerly of Harvard University; the second was o...
Live 3D Imaging of HIV-1 Transfer through the Virological Synapse

Live, 3D, multicolor imaging of cell-to-cell HIV-1 transmission using spinning disk confocal microscopy and a replication-competent fluorescent clone of the virus reveals clues to HIV’s evasion of the human immune system.
Anomalous effects in hydrogen-charged palladium — A review

There are more than 10 groups world wide that have reported the measurement of excess heat in 1/3 of their experiments in open and/or closed electrochemical cells with a Pd solid metal cathode and deuterium containing electrolyte, or D2 gas loading of Pd powders (see Table 1 of the main text). Most of these groups have occasionally experienced significant events lasting for time periods of hours to days with 50–200% excess heat measured as the ratio between electrical input energy and heat output energy. Moreover, these experimenters have improved their methods over time and it is to be noted that the reported excess heat effect has not diminished in frequency or magnitude. This paper cites selected data generated over the past 15 years to briefly summarize what has been reported about the production of excess heat in Pd cathodes charged with deuterium. A set of new materials experiments is suggested that, if performed, may help to reveal the underlying mechanism(s) responsible for the reported excess heat. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Handoff Communication: Implications For Design

Handoff communication is one of the most typical clinical communication mechanisms in a healthcare setting to transfer information and responsibilities of the care provider. Handoff communication i...
Effects of packaging systems and fat concentrations on microbiology, sensory and physical properties of ground beef stored at 4±1°C for 25 days.

Abstract This study evaluated effects of modified atmosphere (MAP, 0.4% carbon monoxide [CO], 30% carbon dioxide, and 69.6% nitrogen), vacuum (VP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) packaging systems and fat levels (10, 20 and 30% fat) on ground beef stored at 4 ± 1 °C for 25 days for microbiology, sensory, pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), objective color, headspace and residual CO. As storage time increased, pH decreased (P
Pseudomicrofossils and altered microfossils from a middle proterozoic shale, belt supergroup, Montana

Abstract Pseudomicrofossils and authentic microfossils occur in the approximately 1.3 Ga-old Appekunny Argillite, lower Belt Supergroup, Glacier National Park, Montana. These microstructures occur in finely-laminated, dark gray and black mudstones that were deposited in an offshore environment and were subsequently subjected to moderate burial metamorphism. The pseudomicrofossils consist of 0.1–0.3 μm thick organic envelopes that encapsulate 1–20 μm diameter authigenic crystals. These crystals, petrographically identified as apatite (Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH, F, Cl) occur isolated, in clusters, and in filiform aggregates up to 200 μm long. The organic envelopes apparently originated through the accretion, around these crystals, of organic matter which was finely disseminated throughout the sedimentary matrix. The authentic microfossils are poorly preserved sphaeromorphs which, unlike the pseudomicrofossils, are highly compressed parallel to lamination. These microfossils are several tenths of a micrometer to ca. 1 μm thick and range from 22–82 μm long and 17–71 μm wide. They commonly exhibit tears and folds that evidently were produced during compaction of the enclosing argillaceous matrix. Due to poor preservation, these specimens cannot be assigned to known Proterozoic sphaeromorph genera. Inasmuch as the pseudofossils could be misinterpreted as microfossils, they well illustrate the need to exercise caution when interpreting organic microstructures preserved in Precambrian strata. Not being compressed parallel to lamination, the pseudomicrofossils are readily distinguished from the authentic microfossils which are strongly compressed parallel to lamination. The authentic microfossils demonstrate that organic-walled microfossils can be preserved in strata subjected to moderate burial metamorphism, and they provide information useful for recognizing and interpreting microfossils in similarly metamorphosed argillaceous strata.
Photolithography simulation on nonplanar substrates

A iod1 of oJ. )tica. I hthograpliy suitable for certain types of onedimensional 1)eriOdic tOpogra)hy including birds beaks afl(L reflowed BISC4 structures is described. it is based on a formalism of diffraction grating theory which uses a. coordinate t. raiisforna. tiou to iap all the nonpla. uar surfaces oiit. o parallel planes a. iid it ca. ii be used for the rigorous simulation of photoresist. latent images of oiiedimensional mask patterns with periodicity fuller j)a. ra. lleI or I)(rI)e11(Iicu1a. r to that of the topogra)hy. Effects of t. opogra)11y scattering 1)111k illiaging and )11otob1eachu1Ig are fully ta. keii into a. ccounl. for both types of mask patterns. Simulation results illustrate the combined effects of topography scattering and I) ulk iiiaging in iioiipla. na. r pliotoli tliogra. phiy using high iiuinerical aperture optics.
An easily implemented static condensation method for structural sensitivity analysis

A black-box approach to static condensation for sensitivity analysis is presented with illustrative examples of a cube and a car structure. The sensitivity of the structural response with respect to joint stiffness parameter is calculated using the direct method, forward-difference, and central-difference schemes. The efficiency of the various methods for identifying joint stiffness parameters from measured static deflections of these structures is compared. The results indicate that the use of static condensation can reduce computation times significantly and the black-box approach is only slightly less efficient than the standard implementation of static condensation. The ease of implementation of the black-box approach recommends it for use with general-purpose finite element codes that do not have a built-in facility for static condensation.
WE-E-108-03: Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of Protons in Pristine Bragg Peaks

Purpose: Quantify spatial variations in proton RBE in the plateau region and near the distal edge of pristine Bragg peaks. Methods: The linear energy transfer (LET) and dosimetric characteristics of pristine Bragg peaks were simulated for 30 and 200 MeV proton beams using MCNPX Version 2.7.0. To assess proton RBE, the Monte Carlo Damage Simulation (MCDS) was used to determine the double strand break (DSB) yield as a function of proton energy. To model reproductive cell death, mechanistic formulas derived from the Repair‐Misrepair‐Fixation (RMF) model were used to explicitly link DSB induction to estimates of linear‐quadratic (LQ) model parameters α and β. These formulas were input into MCNPX (DE/DF tally modifier) and used to compute dose‐averaged estimates of α and β at selected locations in pristine Bragg Peaks. The modified MCNPX dose tallies provide all of the information needed to compute the RBE‐weighted dose (RWD) for the endpoints of reproductive cell death and DSB induction. Results: The RBE for reproductive cell death is greater than or equal to the RBE for DSB induction, regardless of location within the Bragg Peak. RBE and RWD are predicted to decrease as α/β increases. The ratio of the maximum RWD (distal edge of peak) to minimum RWD (plateau region) is 12.1 for a 30 MeV beam and 3.7 for a 200 MeV beam (α/β = 1.5 Gy). The lateral spread in RWD is much more significant for the degraded clinical beam than for the 30 MeV beam. Conclusion: A low‐energy proton beam has attractive physical and biological characteristics for the precise delivery of a wide range of RWD in vitro and in vivo. However, models are needed to translate the results of preclinical studies with low‐energy protons to the more clinically relevant proton beam energies used on human patients.
Determination of surface-wave phase velocities across USArray from noise and Aki's spectral formulation

[1] We use expressions for the cross-correlation of stochastic surface waves originally derived by Aki (1957) to develop an algorithm for determining inter-station phase-velocity measurements from continuous seismic data. In the frequency domain, the cross correlation of azimuthally isotropic noise is described by a Bessel function, and we associate zeros in the observed spectrum with zeros of the Bessel function to obtain phase-velocity estimates at discrete frequencies. Phase velocities derived in this way at several frequencies are joined to form a dispersion curve, which is then sampled to obtain phase-velocity estimates at arbitrary frequencies. We collect a set of dispersion curves for more than 30,000 station pairs of the transportable component of USArray, and derive Rayleigh wave phase-velocity maps at periods of 12 and 24 s for the western United States. The spectral method lends itself well to automation, and avoids limitations at short inter-station distances associated with time-domain methods.
GENDER AND IMPRISONMENT DECISIONS

Guidelines sentencing data from Pennsylvania for the years 1985–1987 are analyzed to assess the influence of gender on judges' imprisonment decisions. These data provide detailed information on offense severity and prior record, permit statistical controls for other variables thought to affect imprisonment decisions, cover a fairly comprehensive list of common-law offenses (with adequate sample size), and contain judges' dispositional-departure reasons for sentences outside the guidelines schema. The data—analyzed with additive and interactive models–indicate that gender (net of other factors) has a small effect on the likelihood of imprisonment toward lesser jailing of female defendants but has a negligible effect on the length-of-imprisonment decision. Observations and interview responses from selected judges help to clarify the ways in which judges' sentencing practices are gender linked. Together, the statistical and the qualitative data suggest that the sentencing practices of judges are driven by two main concerns, blameworthiness (e.g., as indicated by prior record, type of involvement, remorse) and practicality (e.g., as indicated by child-care responsibility, pregnancy, emotional or physical problems, availability of adequate jail space). Based on our findings, we suspect that when men and women appear in (contemporary) criminal court in similar circumstances and are charged with similar offenses, they receive similar treatment. A major question from a policy perspective is, when gender disparities in sentence outcomes do arise, are the disparities warranted or unwarranted?
Stable silicate glasses containing up to 10 weight percent of water

Abstract Alkali silicate glasses containing other metal oxides such as PbO, ZnO, Al2O3, BaO, MgO, P2O5, B2O3, and ZrO2 in amounts of 0–20 mol% total are hydrated in a steam atmosphere at elevated temperatures resulting in a water content of 3–30% by weight. Various species of water are shown to exist in the hydrated glasses. They consist of the free silanol groups, hydrogen-bonded silanol groups, monomeric molecular water and polymeric species of molecular water up to hexamer. These species of water are in true solution in the homogeneously hydrated silicate glasses. Four types of hydration kinetics are distinguished among the silicate glasses of various compositions. The properties of the resulting products are compared and the origin of the differences is discussed. The properties of hydrated glasses are studied with measurements of infrared absorption spectra, thermogravimetric analysis, durability, viscosity and stress-strain behavior. The relative polarizing power of cations in silicate glasses are calculable from infrared spectra. The overall polarizing power of all the cations in a silicate glass is proportional to the fraction of free silanol groups in the glass and is a function of the glass composition. If reflects the extent of the chemical reaction and chemical binding of the various species of water in the glass, and offers a clue in synthesizing hydrated glasses with no loosely bonded molecular water. Theories are proposed to explain various observed phenomena and properties of the hydrated glasses. The structure cohesion of hydrated glasses is distinguished from those of the anhydrous glasses, invert glasses and organic polymers. A flow mechanism is proposed to explain the lowering of viscosity due to the presence of water in glass. A dynamic structure of the bonding of water in glass is deduced from the combined data (infrared and others) of the present study. With this model, the unusual combination of properties may be understood.
Sidgwick's Epistemology

This article concerns two themes in Bart Schultz's recent biography of Henry Sidgwick, Henry Sidgwick: Eye of the Universe. The first is the importance of Sidgwick's conflict over his religious beliefs to the development of his thinking in The Methods of Ethics. I suggest that, in addition to the characteristics of Methods that Schulz highlights, the work's epistemology, specifically, Sidgwick's program of presenting ethics as an axiomatic system on the traditional understanding of such systems, is due to the conflict. The second is the relative neglect into which Methods fell in the first part of the twentieth century, neglect Schultz attributes to changes in philosophical fashions and to the undue influence of the Bloomsbury literati on British intellectual culture. I suggest that there is a deeper explanation, which lies in Sidgwick's program of presenting ethics as an axiomatic system on the traditional understanding of such systems. Such programs, I argue, became obsolete in analytic philosophy owing to changes in how axiomatization in mathematics was understood that resulted initially from the rise of non-Euclidean geometries and ultimately from the collapse of Frege's and Russell's logicism.
Emission spectroscopy of cw CO2 laser‐sustained argon plasma: Effects of gas‐flow speed

The effects of elevated gas‐flow speed were studied for the cw CO2 laser‐sustained argon plasma in a chamber of 1‐atm pressure using the argon emission spectrum. Electron temperature distribution was obtained from the 415.8‐nm Ari line‐to‐continuum intensity ratio. This temperature distribution was further utilized to calculate the fraction of laser power absorbed by the plasma, and the amount of radiation loss from the plasma. The experiments were performed for laser powers of 2.5 and 5 kW with an f/7 lens focusing scheme, and gas‐flow speeds of 2–10 m/s. The results show that as high as 86% of incident laser energy can be absorbed by the plasma. Accounting for the plasma radiation loss, 41%–62% of the laser energy can still be retained as the gas thermal energy, which is a significant increase over the previously reported results for lower flow speed and smaller focusing f number.
Efficient hybrid algorithms for finding zeros of convex functions

Abstract We consider two hybrid algorithms for finding an ϵ-approximation of a root of a convex real function that is twice differentiable and satisfies a certain growth condition on the intervial [0, R]. The first algorithm combines a binary search procedure with Newton′s method. The binary search produces an interval contained in the region of quadratic convergence of Newton′s method. The computational cost of the binary search, as well as the computational cost of Newton′s method, is of order O(log log(R/ϵ)). The second algorithm combines a binary search with the secant method in a similar fashion. This results in a lower overall computational cost when the cost of evaluating the derivative is more than .44042 of the cost of evaluating the function. Our results generalize same recent results of Ye.
The relationship among flow rate, chamber volume and calculated rate of metabolism in vertebrate respirometry

A relationship exists among the calculated rate of metabolism of an animal enclosed in a chamber, chamber volume and air flow rate. A "critical" flow rate, defined as the minimal flow rate that produces a complete mixture of chamber gases, characterizes each chamber/animal combination. At flow rates below the critical flow rate, calculated rates of metabolism decrease with flow rate and approach zero as flow rate approaches zero. These calculated rates are unreliable estimates of rate of metabolism. At flow rates greater than the critical flow rate, calculated rates of metabolism are independent of flow rate because a reciprocal relationship exists between flow rate and the differential in oxygen content found between the air entering and exiting the chamber; they represent an accurate estimate of the animal's rate of metabolism under the conditions to which the animal is exposed. The critical flow rate increases with chamber volume, the animal's rate of metabolism and with any factor that increases rate of metabolism, including body mass, activity and in endotherms ambient temperatures below thermoneutrality, although chamber volume is its single most important determinant. Some evasions of the critical flow rate are discussed.