cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An integrated microparticle sorting system based on near-field optical forces and a structural perturbation

We demonstrate an integrated microparticle passive sorting system based on the near-field optical forces exerted by a 3-dB optical splitter that consists of a slot waveguide and a conventional channel waveguide. We show that 320 nm and 2 µm polystyrene particles brought into the splitter are sorted so that they exit along the slot waveguide and channel waveguide, respectively. Electromagnetic simulations and precise position tracking experiments are carried out to investigate the sorting mechanism. As the waveguides are separated by 200 nm, they provide two potential wells for the smaller particles, but only one broad potential well for the larger particles, since their diameters exceed the distance between the two field maxima. A structural perturbation consisting of a stuck bead transfers the smaller particles to the second well associated with the slot waveguide, while the larger particles are brought to the region between the two waveguides and eventually follow the channel waveguide, as it is associated with a deeper potential well. This label-free passive particle sorting system requires low guided power (20 mW in these experiments), and provides a new technique for sorting sub-micron particles.
Assessment of Learning and Its Retention in the Engineering Design Classroom: Part B — Instrument Application

This paper describes the application of the instrument developed to measure engineering design knowledge gain as a result of a course. The goal for the development of the instrument was the need for an assessment instrument that will be a stable measure of the impact of pedagogic improvements and introduction of new supporting material in the classroom environment. Our ultimate goal is to prepare the environmental conditions and course material that are most conducive for our students in teaching engineering design courses. This paper documents the application process and the results.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
LOWER EXTREMITY FRACTURES IN PATIENTS WITH SPINAL-CORD INJURY.

From experience gained from the treatment of forty-six fractures occurring in patients with spinal-cord injury, it is obvious that conventional methods of fracture care are not always applicable to fractures occurring in paraplegic patients. Pillow splints and well padded plaster casts are very useful methods of treating fractures below the mid-femoral shaft in paraplegic patients. Fractures of the hip region usually received no treatment other than positioning of the involved extremity. Treatment should strive to achieve fracture healing with minimum danger to the patient, should cause little or no interference with the patient's daily routine, and should ensure that functional capacity will be unchanged after healing occurs.
Expanding the scope of chemical vapor generation for noble and transition metals.

A modified Bergener parallel path nebulizer was used for the generation of volatile metal species of Pt, Co, Ag, Cu, Rh, Pd, Au, Ni, Ir, Ti and Mn through reaction with tetrahydroborate (III). Several physicochemical factors were identified which impact on their yield which, at present, is estimated to range from 0.02–2% absolute.
The independent association between parathyroid hormone levels and hyperuricemia: a national population study.

Introduction Increased frequencies of hyperuricemia and gout have been associated with primary hyperparathyroidism, and recent clinical trials of parathyroid hormone (PTH) have reported hyperuricemic adverse events. We evaluated the potential population impact of PTH on serum uric acid (SUA) levels by using a nationally representative sample of United States adults.
Retrieval accuracy of very large DNA-based databases of digital signals

In this paper a simulation of single query searches in very large DNA-based databases that are capable of storing and retrieving digital signals is presented. Similarly to the digital domain, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measure to assess the performance of the DNA-based retrieval scheme in terms of database size and source statistics is defined. With approximations, it is shown that the SNR of any finite size DNA-based database is upper bounded by the SNR of an infinitely large one with the same source distribution. Computer simulations are presented to validate the theoretical outcomes.
Normospermic versus teratospermic domestic cat sperm chromatin integrity evaluated by flow cytometry and intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Teratospermia (>60% of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa) is well documented in felids. Even morphologically normal spermatozoa from teratospermic ejaculates have reduced ability to undergo tyrosine phosphorylation, acrosome react, and bind and penetrate oocytes compared with normospermic ( 0.05) proportions of oocytes fertilized after ICSI using spermatozoa from normo- and teratospermic cats. Results reveal that teratospermia in the cat is expressed at the nuclear level as increased sperm chromatin heterogeneity, but ICSI showed that this does not apparently affect fertilization rates if the zona pellucida and oolemma can be bypassed.
The Visual World Of The New Contact Lens Wearer

Summary A comparison is made between the various aspects of the visual surround of patients changing over from spectacles to contact lenses. Field of view, eye movements, aberrations, magnification, accommodation and convergence are considered. Numerical values are given in the form of graphs for the magnification effects and the accommodation and convergence requirements with equivalent spectacle and contact lens prescriptions. —Journal of the American Optometric Association.
Electron Density and Energy Distributions in the Positive DC Corona: Interpretation for Corona-Enhanced Chemical Reactions

Electrons produced in atmospheric pressure corona discharges are used for a uariety of beneficial purposes including the destruction of gaseous contaminants, and surface treatment. In other applications, such as electrostatic precipitators and photocopiers, unintended reactions such as ozone production and deposition of silicon dioxide are detrimental. In both situations, a kinetic description of the electron distribution in the corona plasma is required to quantify the chemical processes. In this paper, the electron density and energy distributions are numerically determined for a positiue dc corona discharge along a wire. The electron density distribution is obtained from the 1-D charge carrier continuity equations and Maxwell’s equation. The non-Maxwellian electron kinetic energy distribution is determined from the Boltzmann equation. The effects of wire size (10-1000 µm) and current density (0.1‐100 µA/cm of wire) on number density and energy distribution of electrons are presented. With increasing current, the electron density increases, but the thickness of the plasma and the electron energy distribution are not affected. Smaller electrodes produce thinner plasmas and fewer, but more energetic electrons, than larger wires. The effect of electrode size on the electron-impact chemical reaction rate is illustrated by the rates of dissociation and ionization of oxygen and nitrogen.
Programmed Instruction and Educational Technology in the Language Field: Boon or Failure?

promise of a breakthrough, ever since the appearance of Skinner's Verbal Behavior in 1957. More outside than inside the language teaching sector, it had been hoped that programming might at last prove to be the pedagogic model which could reduce radically the vast input of time and effort needed to reach functionality in even the "easiest" second language. Previously this same hope had, of course, been lodged in phonograph discs, wire recorders, magnetic tape recorders in soundproof laboratories, dormiphonics and other technical modalities. Paradoxically, nevertheless, although a great deal has appeared in our professional literature and the general press about the subject-and "teaching machines" are still newsworthy-the actual application of programmed instruction to language instruction is extremely limited. It would be a conservative estimate to venture
What We Do When We Do Law and Popular Culture

In his book When Law Goes Pop, Richard Sherwin discusses the effects of law's permeable boundaries and its interdisciplinary nature on courtroom practice. He asks what effect popular cultural forms, like advertisements, Hollywood films, television sitcoms and dramas, have on legal practice. His answer, to this student of both law and culture, is quite startling. Sherwin contends that popular culture and law do not mix, or at least they should not mix. The fact that they will-that American audiences' appetite for legal stories in popular cultural forms seems insatiable-means for him, that we, as a society built on the rule of law, must learn how to be critical of their mixing. He begins by investigating when law goes "pop"-that is, when the line between law and popular culture is no longer distinguishable. This is the point, he says, where judgment becomes impossible and law as a justicerendering institution loses its legitimacy. He calls this point the effect of a "jurisprudence of appearances" and "it is what we see when law's need for legitimation and the media[ ] converge on the same set of images" (p. 226). As a summary of his argument, Sherwin writes
The Relationship Between Age and Bronchial Responsiveness: Evidence From a Population Survey

Objectives: Increased bronchial responsiveness is a feature of symptomatic asthma, and it predicts the onset of wheezing. We have investigated the relationship between bronchial responsiveness and age in a population sample with an age range of 45 to 86 years. Design: Cross-sectional population survey. Setting: Population of Central Manchester, UK. Participants: An age-stratified random sample of white adults aged > 45 years old and living in Central Manchester. They were recruited from their primary care physician (general practitioner) lists. Patients with confusion and patients who were housebound were excluded. Measurements: Respondents to a mail questionnaire were invited to attend a methacholine bronchial challenge performed using the Newcastle dosimeter method. Respondents with ischemic heart disease or respondents taking oral steroids, b-blockers, or anticholinergic medication were excluded. Results: Of the 783 subjects contacted, 92.3% of the subjects responded, and 508 subjects returned enough information for us to deduce their suitability for the bronchial challenge. Of the 395 suitable subjects, 247 subjects participated (62.5% of those invited; 31.5% of the study population), and 208 participants completed the bronchial challenge. Participants were slightly younger than nonparticipants, but they were otherwise representative of the population. Increased bronchial responsiveness (provocative dose of methacholine causing a 20% fall in FEV1 < 200 mg) was present in 71 (34.1%) participants. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed weak, independent, positive associations between bronchial responsiveness and age, and between bronchial responsiveness and the total immunoglobulin E level. There was an independent negative relationship between bronchial responsiveness and the airways caliber (expressed as standardized residuals; R 2 5 0.29). Conclusions: We have found a high prevalence of increased bronchial responsiveness in this inner-city population of older adults. Bronchial responsiveness showed a weak independent positive association with age. (CHEST 1999; 115:660 ‐ 665)
Commitment to Sport and Exercise: Re-examining the Literature for a Practical and Parsimonious Model

A commitment to physical activity is necessary for personal health, and is a primary goal of physical activity practitioners. Effective practitioners rely on theory and research as a guide to best practices. Thus, sound theory, which is both practical and parsimonious, is a key to effective practice. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature in search of such a theory - one that applies to and explains commitment to physical activity in the form of sport and exercise for youths and adults. The Sport Commitment Model has been commonly used to study commitment to sport and has more recently been applied to the exercise context. In this paper, research using the Sport Commitment Model is reviewed relative to its utility in both the sport and exercise contexts. Through this process, the relevance of the Investment Model for study of physical activity commitment emerged, and a more parsimonious framework for studying of commitment to physical activity is suggested. Lastly, links between the models of commitment and individuals' participation motives in physical activity are suggested and practical implications forwarded.
Adhesion of Copper to Polytetrafluoroethylene

An enhancement of the adhesion between copper and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been studied. Thin-films of copper were electron-beam deposited on the surface of the polymer substrates. Peel test measurements showed that, without any treatment of the substrates, the adhesion was poor with a peel strength of 1–2 g/mm. A pronounced enhancement of the adhesion has been obtained when the fluorocarbon substrates were treated by either an ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, an ion-beam presputtering prior to the metal deposition, or heat treatments after the deposition. Among the treatments employed, the ion-beam sputtering was the most effective in improving the adhesion. The roles of the treatments and possible reasons for the enhanced adhesion are discussed in conjunction with the studies of interface morphology and chemistry using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.
Characteristics of Behavior Rating Scales: Implications for Practice in Assessment and Behavioral Support

This study examined the structure of items on commonly used behavior rating scales in order to determine their usefulness in planning and monitoring positive interventions. Fourteen forms from 9 published behavior rating scales commonly used in research and practice were selected. The items on each scale were categorized as addressing a positive action, a negative action, a lack of positive action, or a lack of negative action. Ten of the 14 scales were composed of a majority of negative action questions, which are not useful for assessing positive behaviors. Thirteen included lack-of-action questions, which indicates they do not address observable, measurable behaviors. Implications for the selection and use of behavior rating scales within the context of a proactive model of social intervention, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.
Contemporary trends in procedural volume for adult facial trauma, 1996-2006.

Objectives. To determine how rates of operative facial fractures may have changed between 1996 and 2006 and to determine the potential impact of such change on otolaryngology residency surgical key indicator cases.Study Design. Historical cohort study.Setting. Academic medical center.Subjects and Methods. The National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) and National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery (NSAS) 1996 and 2006 cases were reviewed, extracting all cases of adult nasal, malar/zygomatic, maxillary, and mandibular fracture reductions in inpatient and outpatient settings, respectively. Procedure rates for each facial fracture were tabulated and compared between 1996 and 2006.Results. Overall in 1996, there were an estimated 113,041 ± 3740 operative facial fracture repairs performed. Among the 3 key indicator fracture repairs most relevant to otolaryngologists, there were 15,810 ± 2143 open nasal fracture reductions, 9360 ± 1742 open zygomaticomaxillary (ZMC) fracture reductions, and 20,214 ± 2585 open mandibu...
Temperature dependence of rotational relaxation in shock waves of nitrogen

Computations are carried out for one-dimensional shock waves of diatomic nitrogen, using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. It was found that the reciprocal shock thickness varies with the upstream temperature condition. This variation was also observed in the experimental data and was simulated numerically by using the temperature-dependent expression for the rotational collision number.
Optical properties of ice particles in young contrails

The single-scattering properties of four types of ice crystals (pure ice crystals, ice crystals with an internal mixture of ice and black carbon, ice crystals coated with black carbon, and soot coated with ice) in young contrails are investigated at wavelengths 0.65 and 2.13mm using Mie codes for coated spheres. The four types of ice crystals show differences in their single-scattering properties because of the embedded black carbon whose volume ratio is assumed to be 5%. The bulk-scattering properties of young contrails consisting of the four types of ice crystals are further investigated by averaging their single-scattering properties over a typical ice particle size distribution found in young contrails. The effect of the radiative properties of the four types of ice particles on the Stokes parameters I, Q, U, and V is also investigated for different viewing zenith angles and relative azimuth angles with a solar zenith angle of 301 using a vector radiative transfer model based on the adding-doubling technique. The Stokes parameters at a wavelength of 0.65 mm show pronounced differences for the four types of ice crystals, whereas the counterparts at a wavelength of 2.13mm show similar variations with the viewing zenith angle and relative azimuth angle. However, the values of the results for the two wavelengths are noticeably different.
Fan activists and the politics of race in The Last Airbender

When the producers of the film The Last Airbender announced their casting decisions, a large collective of fans became irate – they argued that the original cartoon was set in an Asian world, so all four lead roles should go to Asian American actors. Instead, producers cast three white actors as the heroes, and an actor of South Asian descent as the villain. This article investigates the fan-activists who organized to protest the casting and utilized the skills they developed as fans to participate in larger conversations about politics and race. Within their demand for changes in the representation of Asian Americans in entertainment media, these politicized fans offer new ways of considering the potential impacts of ‘racebending’ and the politics of minority representation.
Nanostructural Characterization of Silicon Oxycarbide Glasses and Glass-Ceramics

Silicon oxycarbide glasses were synthesized by the sol-gel process using precursors such as methyl-, propyl-, and phenyltrimethoxysilanes. The final products contained 14–38 wt% carbon. A TEM study on the nanometer scale revealed that all of the materials were amorphous and monophasic, and that it was not possible to detect any crystalline or otherwise distinct carbon phases. Hot-pressing the glasses led to the crystallization of graphite and silicon carbide within the amorphous matrix. X-ray and electron diffraction showed increasing crystallinity at the higher hot-pressing temperatures. Hot pressing at 1400°C resulted in the appearance of fine-grained silicon carbide, whereas at the highest temperature (1650°C), graphite and both hexagonal and cubic silicon carbide were produced. Subsequent heat treatment of the hot-pressed glasses under an argon atmosphere at 1400°C resulted in the formation of cristobalite. The glass-ceramics produced at the highest hot-pressing temperatures were more resistant to the crystallization of cristobalite during subsequent heat treatments.
Automatic detection of rapid eye movements (REMs): A machine learning approach.

Abstract Background Rapid eye movements (REMs) are a defining feature of REM sleep. The number of discrete REMs over time, or REM density, has been investigated as a marker of clinical psychopathology and memory consolidation. However, human detection of REMs is a time-consuming and subjective process. Therefore, reliable, automated REM detection software is a valuable research tool. New method We developed an automatic REM detection algorithm combining a novel set of extracted features and the ‘AdaBoost’ classification algorithm to detect the presence of REMs in Electrooculogram data collected from the right and left outer canthi (ROC/LOC). Algorithm performance measures of Recall (percentage of REMs detected) and Precision (percentage of REMs detected that are true REMs) were calculated and compared to the gold standard of human detection by three expert sleep scorers. REM detection by four non-experts were also investigated and compared to expert raters and the algorithm. Results The algorithm performance (78.1% Recall, 82.6% Precision) surpassed that of the average (expert & non-expert) single human detection performance (76% Recall, 83% Precision). Agreement between non-experts (Cronbach Alpha = 0.65) is markedly lower than experts (Cronbach Alpha = 0.80). Comparison with existing method(s) By following reported methods, we implemented all previously published LOC and ROC based detection algorithms on our dataset. Our algorithm performance exceeded all others. Conclusions The automatic detection algorithm presented is a viable and efficient method of REM detection as it reliably matches the performance of human scorers and outperforms all other known LOC- and ROC-based detection algorithms.
Systematic Assessment of the Influence of Mo Concentration on the Oxygen Ingress in Ti–Mo System During High Temperature Oxidation

To understand the role of composition in the oxidation behavior of Ti–Mo system and to evaluate the extent of oxygen ingress into the metal substrate during high temperature exposure, a compositionally graded Ti–xMo specimen (0 ≤ x ≤ 12 wt% Mo) was prepared using an additive manufacturing technique, solutionized and then subjected to oxidation tests at 650 °C for different exposure times. The depth of oxygen diffusion, across the composition range, was assessed via change in the local hardness and the results were coupled with quantitative measurement of the oxygen concentration. The concentration of O in the α phase was reduced by 90 % after a short distance of 16 μm from the metal/oxide interface while it remained more or less the same in β phase. The solubility of Mo in α phase also approached zero near the surface as O changed the partition coefficient of this element between α and β phases. It was shown that the addition of Mo reduces the solubility of O in the metal substrate which in turn retards the transition point from parabolic to the linear oxidation stage.
Distal femoral physeal implications of an anatomic ACL reconstruction in a skeletally immature soccer player: a case report.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are increasing in frequency in skeletally immature patients1. A nonoperative treatment approach places the meniscus and articular cartilage at risk for future injury because of the ongoing knee instability2,3. Consequently, a variety of techniques have been developed to reconstruct the ACL in patients with open physes, thereby restoring joint stability and reducing the risk of iatrogenic growth disturbance1-13. Kocher et al. and Guzzanti et al. have quantified the amount of injury the physis can tolerate during ACL reconstruction before a growth disturbance is likely. This is often referred to as the “threshold of physeal injury,” and is thought to be approximately 6% to 7% of the total area of the physis1,4-6. Additional precautions include avoiding any form of graft fixation that crosses the physis, using soft-tissue grafts when possible, and limiting the tensioning of grafts that cross the physis1,4,7. In addition, any transphyseal tunnel should be located centrally, with a small diameter, to minimize the volumetric injury to the physis1,4,7. Anatomic ACL reconstruction, with placement of tunnels in the center of the femoral and tibial footprints, has become a popular method of ACL reconstruction14,15. Advocates of this technique emphasize improvements in rotational stability as well as elimination of anterior translation of the tibia. A variety of techniques for anatomic ACL reconstruction have been published, including the use of an accessory medial portal to create the appropriate trajectory for reaming of the femoral tunnel8,9. Although well described in adults, this technique has not been evaluated in the skeletally immature population. We present the case of a fifteen-year-old male soccer player …
A Solution-Focused Supervision Stance

I paused, thinking about what he’d said. “Let’s start with something different then,” I finally replied. “Stand up for a second.” Mitch complied, still slouched but now looking at me with curiosity. I rummaged through the middle drawer of my desk. (It’s the one that usually has all the junk in it, right?) I found what I was looking for and slipped it into my pocket.
Periodontal disease and risk of all cancers among male never smokers: an updated analysis of the Health Professionals Follow-up Study

BACKGROUND Periodontal disease has a direct impact on the immune response and has been linked to several chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis and stroke. Few studies have examined the association between periodontal disease and cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 19 933 men reported being never smokers (of cigarette, pipes or cigars) in the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. Periodontal disease status and teeth number were self-reported at baseline and during follow-up. All cancers were ascertained during 26 years of follow-up. Cox's proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) adjusting for risk factors. RESULTS A 13% increase in total cancer was observed among men reporting periodontitis at baseline, and a 45% increase in risk was observed among men with advanced periodontitis (periodontitis with <17 remaining teeth). Periodontitis was not associated with prostate cancer, colorectal cancer or melanoma, the three most common cancers in this cohort of never smokers, but a 33% increase in risk was observed for smoking-related cancers (lung, bladder, oropharnygeal, esophageal, kidney, stomach and liver cancers; HR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.07-1.65). Men with advanced periodontitis had an HR of 2.57 (95% CI 1.56-4.21; P = 0.0002) for smoking-related cancers, compared with men who did not have periodontitis and had 17 teeth or more. Advanced periodontitis was associated with elevated risks of esophageal and head and neck cancers (HR = 6.29, 95% CI 2.13-18.6; based on five cases with advanced periodontitis) and bladder cancer (HR = 5.06, 95% CI 2.32-11.0; based on nine cases with advanced periodontitis). CONCLUSIONS Advanced periodontitis was associated with a 2.5-fold increase in smoking-related cancers among never smokers. Periodontitis may impact cancer risk through system immune dysregulation. Further studies need to examine the immune impact of advanced periodontitis on cancer, especially for cancers known to be caused by smoking.
Ion Implantation Through Surface Layers: A Truncated Gaussian Model

An analysis of the effects of surface layers, used to obtain modified ion-implanted profiles, is presented as an extension of the LSS-approach. The results obtained from the APL analysis, which combines a truncated Gaussian model with a simple iteration scheme, are in substantial agreement with Furukawa and Ishiwara’s quasi-Monte Carlo results as well as with the published experimental data. These findings are contrary to the previously published opinion that the LSS approach is not applicable to multi-layer implantation problems.
Testing the Effects of Tax Increment Financing in Springfield, Illinois: The Assessor's Role in Determining Policy Outcomes

In 1981, Springfield, Illinois, implemented a tax increment financing (TIF) plan to stem the decline of the downtown business area. Local officials claim this TIF district has been extremely successful, based on an increase of $11.8 million in aggregated assessed values from 1981 through 1987. However, this study finds the data inadequate for such claims and, based on an assessment-sales price ratio study of 1985-87 figures, argues that local assessors are doing poorly in estimating the market values of parcels located within the TIF district. The policy implications of these findings are discussed, including suggestions on how to improve data collection procedures for TIP districts in Illinois.
What drives technological breakthroughs? The role of exploitation and network advantages

What kind of inventive effort and external influence affect a firm's production of breakthrough technological innovations? The literature points to both exploratory and exploitative invention as po...
Tetrafluorothiophene S,S-Dioxide: A Perfluorinated Building Block

Tetrafluorothiophene S,S-dioxide, a highly reactive diene and dienophile, has been synthesized. A new route to 3,4-difluoro- and tetrafluorothiophene has been realized, and the previously unknown 2,3,4-trifluorothiophene has been obtained. The reactivity of tetrafluorothiophene S-oxide has been compared with that of the S,S-dioxide.
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of pteridine dione and trione monocarboxylate transporter 1 inhibitors

Novel substituted pteridine-derived inhibitors of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), an emerging target for cancer therapy, are reported. The activity of these compounds as inhibitors of lactate transport was confirmed using a 14C-lactate transport assay, and their potency against MCT1-expressing human tumor cells was established using MTT assays. The four most potent compounds showed substantial anticancer activity (EC50 37–150 nM) vs MCT1-expressing human Raji lymphoma cells.
QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN HUMAN BODY SIZE

A classical data set is used to predict the effect of selection on sexual dimorphism and on the population means of three characters-stature, span, and cubit-in humans. Given selection of equal intensity, the population means of stature and of cubit should respond more than 60 times as fast as dimorphism in these characters. The population mean of span should also respond far more rapidly than dimorphism, but no numerical estimate of the ratio of these rates was possible. These results imply that sexual dimorphism in these characters can evolve only very slowly. Consequently, hypotheses about the causes of sexual dimorphism cannot be tested by comparing the dimorphism of different human societies. It has been suggested that primate sexual dimorphism may be an allometric response to selection for larger body size. We show that such selection can indeed generate sexual dimorphism, but that this effect is too weak to account for the observed relationship between dimorphism and body size in primates.
Impact of Urbanization in Watersheds on Stream Stability and Flooding

To meet the demands of growing populations, there has been increasing urbanization and associated developments in the watersheds of a number of streams. Urbanization in watersheds involves denudation by removal of trees and vegetation, alterations in land use due to construction of buildings, streets, and associated infrastructure, and rerouting of surface runoff by storm sewers and detention/retention basins. Most of the impacts of these developments occur on the hydrologic regimes of relatively small streams where the resulting increases in flooding and stream erosion may be significant. In general, there is reduction in infiltration and soil erosion and increase in volumes and peaks of surface runoff of the stream. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of the surface runoff hydrographs, sediment yield of the watershed, and patterns of degradation/aggradation of the stream before and after a portion of the contributing watershed has been urbanized with and without detention basins.
Two-Way Analysis of Variance

One-way ANOVAs are always jealous of two-way ANOVAs because they can have interactions with their variables.
Characteristic study of impedance of Li-ion battery based on wavelet mix model

Power storage system is the most important supporting part of energy bidirectional flowing of smart grid,and large-scale group technology is the development bottleneck of large-scale power storage system.By combining Li-ion battery equivalent circuit model with wavelet analysis on the basis of discharging characteristic of Li-ion battery,analyzing the 3-D relationship among resistance of battery,SOC and time of discharge,the conclusion that the trend of resistance of battery was different in different phase was presented.It was also the basic theory judgement for single battery removing of batteries manages system.And it might also provide a reference for precise estimate of SOC.
Unstable Vibration Phenomenon Caused by Bolts Breaking of Steam Turbine's Coupling

The vibration malfunction was diagnosed through the analysis of unstable vibration in the operation of a unit and the field data.After confirming that the vibration was caused by the bolts breaking of steam turbine's coupling mainly,the bolts were replaced so that the vibration was eliminated.It's a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of similar malfunction.
FREQUENCY DOMAIN 4-WAVE MIXING SPECTROSCOPY IN SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM WELLS AHD MICROCRYSTALLITES

This paper describes frequency domain 4-wave mixing spectroscopy (4WM) studies in CdSSe and CdSe microcrystallite doped glasses and GaAs/AlGaAa multiple quantum wells using low intensity (≈ 100mW/cm2) cw dye lasers. The results show the presence of ultranarrow resonances with widths ranging from approximately 100 Hz to 100 kHz. In addition, there are indications of contributions to the nonlinear response which represent much faster relaxation processes.
Con La Vara que Midas… National Identity and Attitudes toward Immigration and Emigration in Mexico

Not surprisingly, a vast amount of research has focused on the psychological and economic factors that influence attitudes toward immigration. These studies, primarily done in the United States and Western Europe, have found that strong national identities, more so than economic concerns, are associated with more negative attitudes toward immigrants and immigration. Our paper takes a novel approach by examining attitudes about migration in a country known for emigration rather than immigration. Using Mexico as our case, we examine the impact of Mexican identity and economic considerations on attitudes about immigration and emigration and on the likelihood of emigrating to the United States. Mexico provides a unique setting as a sizeable proportion of the population has friends or relatives who have migrated to another country yet it also experiences in-migration and transmigration. How do national identity and economic considerations, found to be key factors explaining immigration attitudes in “receiving” countries, affect attitudes on immigration in this “sending” country? We find that migration attitudes in Mexico are better explained by national identity than by economic considerations and that national identity is a strong predictor of both anti-immigration attitudes and the belief that emigration is a major problem in Mexico. We also find, however, that national identity does not predict the intention to emigrate. We conclude by arguing that more work needs to be done on migration attitudes in “sending” countries to get a more complete understanding of the factors that influence migration attitudes.
Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Administration in Extremely Low Birthweight Infants: A Review

The aim of this review was to evaluate the beneficial effects of probiotic supplementation on extremely low birthweight infants (birthweight <1000 g). Extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants are the most vulnerable population in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). They are at the highest risk for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), sepsis, and inadequate nutrition due to their immature gastrointestinal (GI) function. Nutrition plays an important role in the future neurodevelopmental outcomes of these infants. Research methods for the review were conducted using PubMed and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). In total, eight research studies evaluated the effect of probiotic use in ELBW infants: three studies assessed GI colonization, five studies assessed enteral feeding and GI tolerance, one study assessed growth, five studies assessed NEC, five studies assessed sepsis, and two studies assessed length of hospital stay. This review found the use of probiotics improved GI tolerance, weight gain and length of hospital stay in ELBW infants, but was unable to make conclusions on the effect of probiotic use on incidences of NEC and sepsis. More research is needed in ELBW infants before making probiotic supplementation a standard of care in this population.
Update on Postsurgical Scar Management

Postoperative scar appearance is often a significant concern among patients, with many seeking advice from their surgeons regarding scar minimization. Numerous products are available that claim to decrease postoperative scar formation and improve wound healing. These products attempt to create an ideal environment for wound healing by targeting the three phases of wound healing: inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. With that said, preoperative interventions, such as lifestyle modifications and optimization of medical comorbidities, and intraoperative interventions, such as adherence to meticulous operative techniques, are equally important for ideal scarring. In this article, the authors review the available options in postoperative scar management, addressing the benefits of multimodal perioperative intervention. Although numerous treatments exist, no single modality has been proven superior over others. Therefore, each patient should receive a personalized treatment regimen to optimize scar management.
Epilogue: Legacies of an Agrarian Insurgency

We shed blood all these years in order to buy land at market prices? Campesino activist, Tierra Blanca, 1992 In the course of El Salvador's civil war, insurgent campesinos redrew boundaries of class, culture, and citizenship. By the end of the war, insurgent cooperatives occupied about a third of Usulutan's farmland. While desperately poor, insurgent campesinos in most of the case-study areas enjoyed an unprecedented autonomy from landlords and traditional authorities. They participated in a dense network of insurgent organizations that defended land occupations against the return of the landlords. The settlement that ended the civil war between the two parties was a democratic political bargain: in exchange for laying down their arms and abandoning their socialist objectives, the insurgent organization joined the polity, which was to be reformed along liberal democratic lines. Over the next several years, the provisions of the agreement were generally carried out, despite resistance on the part of the government to the implementation of some aspects of the agreement. That positive outcome required an extended process of negotiation and ongoing pressure on government officials (and to a lesser extent on the FMLN) by the United Nations in its role as observer and verifier of the peace agreement and by donor countries in their capacity as funders of reforms. Since 1994, elections have been held regularly and the FMLN has garnered an increasing share of political power, becoming the leading party in the national legislature in the 2000 elections.
Size, Shape, and Stress in Tortoise Shell Evolution

Abstract: Testudinid turtles, comprising a single family with a fairly uniform shell morphology but a wide range of body sizes, present a unique opportunity for testing hypotheses regarding the evolution of shell size, shape, and functional performance. Here, we apply geometric morphometric methods and finite element models to test two hypotheses regarding the coevolution of size, shape, and mechanical performance (shell strength). First, we predicted that larger turtles will tend to have shell shapes distinct from those of smaller turtles. Second, we predicted that the shell shapes (independent of size) of smaller turtles will be stronger than those of larger turtles to compensate for the reduction in strength that accompanies a decrease in size. We used multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods to assess the significance of the relationship between shell size and shell shape, and used finite element analysis to assess the mechanical behavior of tortoise shells. We detected a relationship between she...
Writing It Up: The Art and Importance of Science Papers

One week after Dave Lorence, Tim Flynn, and I completed our fieldwork at the Ka‘upulehu Dry Forest Preserve, I finished entering the last of our census data into the computer. Before leaving the office, I saved it on the hard drive, backed up the file on two disks (one of which I’d keep at home in case the office burned down), e-mailed copies to myself and Steve Weller, and stowed the original field data sheets, along with a printout of the computer spreadsheet—162 rows by 96 columns—in a carefully labeled folder. I had learned the hard way in graduate school that it was always wise to be meticulous and paranoid with scientific data and computers.
Accumulation, elimination, sequestration, and genetic variation of lead (Pb2+) loads within and between generations of Drosophila melanogaster

We examined accumulation, sequestration, elimination, and genetic variation for lead (Pb) loads within and between generations of Drosophila melanogaster. Flies were reared in control or leaded medium at various doses and tested for their Pb loads at different stages of development (larvae, eclosion, newly-eclosed adults, and mature adults). Pb loads were tested using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). We found that D. melanogaster readily accumulated Pb throughout their lifespan and the levels of accumulation increased with Pb exposure in the medium. Wandering third-instar larvae accumulated more Pb than mature adults; this phenomenon may be due to elimination of Pb in the pupal cases during eclosion and/or depuration in adults post-eclosion. The accumulated Pb in mature adults was not transferred to F1 mature adult offspring. Using a set of recombinant inbred strains, we identified a quantitative trait locus for adult Pb loads and found that genetic variation accounted for 34% of the variance in Pb load. We concluded that D. melanogaster is a useful model organism for evaluating changes in Pb loads during development, as well as between generations. Furthermore, we found that genetic factors can influence Pb loads; this provides an essential foundation for evaluating phenotypic variation induced by the toxic effects of Pb.
Textile Frequency Selective Surface

Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are ubiquitous on rigid substrates and increasingly on flexible polymeric substrates. Here, we developed a FSS on a textile which is neither rigid nor smooth. We fabricate a textile capable of rejecting the millimeter-wave radiation in a narrowband, while retaining desirable textile properties such as flexibility and breathability. The resonators and resonant wavelength are on the order of the weave pitch. Durability tests are performed and spectral response is measured.
Complications Related to Intrathecal Pump Catheter Infection

Intrathecal pumps offer tremendous utility in treating chronic pain. Patients with intractable pain, mental status changes, or inability to tolerate oral opiate medication often see their lives transformed after placement of an intrathecal pump (ITP). It wasn’t until 1981 when the first intrathecal opiate delivery system was clinically tested for management of chronic cancer-related pain. As of 2013, more than 300,000 intrathecal pumps have been implanted for chronic pain or spasticity. While intractable chronic pain and cancer pain are frequent indications for ITPs, the most common indication is failed back surgical syndrome (Hayek SM, Deer TR, Pope JE, Panchal SJ, Patel V. Intrathecal therapy for cancer and non-cancer pain. Pain Physician. 2011;14:219–48). The ultimate success of an intrathecal pump rests in proper patient selection. Complications related to ITP are divided into four main categories: device malfunction, medication error, procedural mishaps, or catheter related. The leading source of complications involves catheter infections or catheter migration. Meningitis is the most devastating of all the complications. Good surgical technique and hypervigilance may significantly reduce these risks. Cancer patients are especially susceptible to infectious complications as they are often immunocompromised and malnourished and are exposed to cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents.
Correction to: Associations Between Maternal Gatekeeping and Fathers’ Parenting Quality

The original version of this article unfortunately contained two mistakes. The sentence on page 6 should read “Finally, fathers’ perceptions of greater infant negative affectivity at 3-months postpartum were associated with higher levels of gate closing at 9-months postpartum (r = .18, p < .05).” The words “gate opening” should read as “gate closing” and the p-value as less than .05.
Open Systems Software Standards in Concurrent Engineering

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an introduction to open systems, explains important open system standards, and discusses how to use open system products effectively in concurrent engineering. Products based on open systems standards—particularly, the ISO Open System Interconnection (OSI), and IEEE POSIX—are beginning to replace reliance on proprietary computing platforms. Engineers who develop products that incorporate embedded computers and software are thus faced with the challenge of understanding two technological developments that will change the way they do their jobs: concurrent engineering and open systems. Software development and integration are often the weak links in product development because of incompatibilities among embedded software components. A principal objective of open systems standards is to make systems integration easier. Open system standards will make it possible to develop standard software components that can be implemented on a wide variety of hardware, making a software components industry economically practical. However, open system standards do not solve all problems associated with building interchangeable software components. Software designers need to understand the capabilities and limitations of software standards, and how to deal with these limitations.
On a Class of Performance-Adaptive Self-Organizing Control Systems

The purpose of this article is twofold: first to define rigorously the discipline called Self-Organizing Control which deals mainly with the on-line control of systems with completely or partially unknown dynamics operating in an unknown stochastic environment; second to propose a solution to a class of performance-adaptive self-organizing controls which presents a mathematical interpretation of a “behavioral” approach to the problem. Self-organizing control is a discipline of the class of “adaptive and learning” control systems which deals on-line with systems with inherent uncertainties which are either impossible or too costly to be measured directly. The performance-adaptive self-organizing control attempts to control the system and at the same time reduce on-line the uncertainties pertaining to the improvement of the performance of the system by subsequent observations. The performance-adaptive self-organizing procedure proposed here is defined as follows. A “subgoal” criterion is defined over a sequence of expanding intervals of time, the improvement of which renders a “global” random search to converge in the limit to the min. value of a given “overall” performance criterion. The random search updates the coefficients of a specific controller formed by a linear combination of independent properly chosen functions of the measurable output. A special case of the method has been successfully applied by the author to the stochastic fuel regulator problem to yield an asymptotically optimal controller [1]. Definite advantages over other existing approximations to the optimal solution are discussed.