cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jejunal transport in experimental nephrotic syndrome.

Summary: In vivo jejunal transport of amino acids, monosaccharides, sodium, and electrolytes were studied in rats made nephrotic with puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) and in pair-fed controls. Studies were performed 14 days after a single intravenous dose of PAN when rats were no longer edematous, but were still hypoproteinemic. There was decreased absorption of glucose, 3-0-methyl glucose, glycine, phenylalanine, histidine, water, and sodium in the nephrotic animals but transport of fructose, lysine and potassium was similar in the nephrotic and control animals. Enzyme kinetic studies for glucose transport showed a mixed type of inhibition affecting both V m and K m. The jejunal mucosa of nephrotic and control rats had similar ATP content and enzyme activity for lactase, sucrase, maltase and (Na-K)-ATPase and the ratios of RNA to DNA were similar in the nephrotic and control rats. No abnormality of the jejunum was detected by light or electron microscopy. The data suggest that the impairment of absorption is a result of decreased activity of jejunal membrane carrier mechanisms. The altered transport may be secondary to effects related to the metabolic consequences of nephrotic syndrome and does not appear to be related to acute purine aminonucleoside toxicity, edema or malnutrition.
Profiles in Science for Science Librarians: Profile of Geologist Walter Alvarez

Geologist Walter Alvarez is a scientist best known for his 1980 publication of evidence that a comet or large asteroid collided with the earth 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period and ultimately caused numerous mass extinctions, including that of the dinosaurs. He has made other significant contributions to science, including to the areas of European plate tectonics and to the age of reversals of the earth’s magnetic field.
Antitumor Agents. 166. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 5,6,7,8-Substituted-2-phenylthiochromen-4-ones†

As a continuation of our structure--activity relationship study of substituted 2-phenyl-4-quinolones and flavonoids as antitumor and antiviral agents, a series of 5,6,7,8-substituted-2-phenylthiochromen-4-ones has been synthesized by condensation of substituted thiophenols and ethyl benzoylacetates. Target compounds were evaluated for biological activity. Among them, compounds 7, 10, 12, and 13 displayed significant growth inhibitory action against a panel of tumor cell lines including human ileocecal carcinoma (HCT-8), murine leukemia (P-388), human melanoma (RPMI), and human central nervous system tumor (TE671) cells. Compounds 10, 12, and 19 displayed DNA topoisomerase I inhibitory activity in vitro and compound 11 was an in vitro, inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase II. Compound 11 was most active (ED50 value, 0.65 microM) against HIV in acutely infected H9 lymphocytes and had a therapeutic index of about 5.
HeartLab: a multi-mode simulation for teaching cardiac auscultation

A threaded interpretive language (TIL), Forth, was utilized to im plement HeartLab, a simulation-based program designed to teach medical students the essentials of the auscultatory cardiac exam. The simulation output, high-resolution bit-mapped graphics cou pled with realistic, computer-generated heart sounds, makes full use of the Apple Macintosh sound and graphics capabilities. Multimode simulation of this type and construction of an ap propriate patient model create a number of design challenges for which this approach proved to be particularly well suited.
Ptosis Associated with Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Strabismus and Blepharospasm

The incidence, severity, and duration of ptosis after botulinum neurotoxin type A (BAT) injections into extraocular or orbicularis muscles were reviewed retrospectively. Even though lid droop frequently complicated botulinum toxin treatment in this series, no loss of vision or permanent ptosis was encountered. Sixty-seven injections were completed in 44 patients between September 1982 and December 1983. The records were reviewed to determine the incidence of ptosis after these 67 injections. Information was not adequate to ascertain the presence or absence of ptosis after 10 injections. Some degree of ptosis developed after 30 (53%) of the 57 injections with adequate follow-up history. Marked ptosis occurred after 12 (21%) of the 57 injections. The posttreatment lid droop in these 12 cases was potentially visually significant. All cases of ptosis, which impinged on the visual axis, resolved to a level permitting undisturbed vision by eight weeks after toxin injection. The incidence of ptosis was similar in patients who received injections into their medial rectus muscles and in patients who received injections into their lateral rectus muscles. However, an increased incidence of marked ptosis may be associated with the injection of previously operated muscles. Toxin dosage, patient age, and quality of the electromyogram used to monitor the injection showed no statistically significant relationship to the ptosis.
Nano-opto-mechanically modulated plasmonic nanoantenna-integrated quantum cascade laser

We report mechanical frequency and amplitude modulation of a quantum cascade laser (QCL) integrated with a plasmonic antenna operating at ~6.1 μm. We have observed a shift in the lasing frequency by over 30 GHz and an intensity modulation of ~74% when an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip approaches the hot spot of a metal-dielectricmetal (MDM) bow-tie antenna integrated onto the facet of the laser. The tip diameter is ~λ/60 and in non-contact mode its amplitude of motion is ~λ/120. We have presented a theoretical model based on the rate equations for a QCL which affirms our experimental observations. Our experiment demonstrates the strong influence of the hot spot on the laser cavity modes, despite the fact that the former is many orders of magnitude smaller than the latter. We have compared our device to a previous mechanically frequency modulated QCL and calculated a figure of merit, change in frequency divided by change in distance of the mechanical component (Δf/Δd), which is an order of magnitude higher, while our design uses a volumetric change per λ3 that is five orders of magnitude smaller. Our device differs from optical gradient force actuated devices in that our device is externally mechanically actuated while those devices are self actuated through the optical force. This sensitivity of the laser cavity mode to the position of a nanometer-scale metallic absorber opens up the opportunity for modulating large amount of optical power by changing the optical properties of a miniscule volume in an integrated, chip-scale device.
Care of children with medical complexity in the hospital setting

Children with medical complexity are a subset of patients with special health care needs whose "health and quality of life depend on integrating health care between a primary care medical home, tertiary care services, and other important loci of care such as transitional care facilities, rehabilitation units, the home, the school, and other community based settings," according to Cohen et al. These children are characterized by (1) substantial health care service needs, (2) one or more severe chronic clinical condition(s), (3) severe functional limitations, and (4) high projected use of health resources that may include frequent or prolonged hospitalization, multiple surgeries, or the ongoing involvement of multiple subspecialty services and providers. Children with medical complexity are an important population for pediatric hospitalists, particularly those practicing in tertiary care settings. Recent studies describe the increasing prevalence of complex chronic conditions among all pediatric hospitalizations in the United States. This article reviews the definitions of children with medical complexity and recent studies describing the changes in hospital utilization for this group. We discuss issues in their inpatient care, including (1) intensive care coordination needs, (2) critical decision-making that occurs in the inpatient setting, (3) common clinical issues that occur with technology dependence (tracheostomies, feeding tubes, and cerebrospinal fluid shunts), and (4) common reasons for admission (eg, perioperative care, aspiration pneumonia, seizures, and feeding intolerance). Finally, we present a few important clinical questions regarding inpatient care for children with medical complexity that will require research in the coming years.
Conformational states of enzymes bound to surfaces

Abstract The process of the adsorption of proteins at the liquid/solid interface was investigated utilizing enzymes to indicate both the binding amounts and the extent of conformational alterations. Isotherms exhibiting (a) total amount bound, (b) amount bound in the inactive form, and (c) amount bound in the active form to a hydrophobic surface are given for a series of four enzymes (horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, catalase, β-galactosidase). The results demonstrate that at low relative initial enzyme concentrations, enzyme adsorbs and is subsequently altered in conformation while at relatively high intitial enzyme concentrations, enzyme tends to adsorb and remain in its native, active conformation. This suggests a partitioning of an intermediate to either an active or an inactive state. Results of temperature and time studies are included which (a) help to define the reversibility of the various steps of the interaction and (b) characterize the conformational change as endothermic. Competition and sequential-addition studies help define better the extent of these resulting structural alterations and the effects of enzyme physical properties on these changes. The adsorption of enzyme onto various hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces was investigated with the results comfirming an increased tendency toward enzyme inactivation by the lower energy surfaces.
Funding Public Health: The Public’s Willingness to Pay for Domestic Violence Prevention Programming

Objectives. The author investigated the willingness of the general public to pay for domestic violence prevention programs. Methods. An experimental design was used in a telephone survey of 522 California adults. One of 11 funding methods and one of 4 dollar amounts were randomly assigned to each respondent. Results. Most respondents (79.4%) reported support for domestic violence prevention programming. They were most willing to pay $5 or less via “user fees” (e.g., increased fines for batterers) and humanitarian “donations” (e.g., sales of special postage stamps). Conclusions. Health departments that want to increase their domestic violence prevention programming need to identify widely accepted methods by which funds can be raised. The methods used here can be applied to numerous public health activities and issues.
Poly(norbornene) block copolymer-based shell cross-linked micelles with Co(III)–salen cores

A series of poly(norbornene) based amphiphilic triblock copolymers containing covalently attached salen ligands in the hydrophobic block, a cinnamate group-containing middle block and a poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether-containing repeat unit as the hydrophilic block have been synthesized using living ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Micellar assemblies constructed of these copolymers were stabilized by cross-linking of the cinnamate-containing middle block using UV irradiation. The resulting shell cross-linked micelles (SCMs) have salen ligands selectively located within the hydrophobic core that are modified further by metal complexation with cobalt ions to produce SCMs core supported Co(III)-salen catalysts. The catalytic activities of these SCM catalysts were systematically investigated by hydrolytic kinetic resolution of epichlorohydrin. It was found that the composition of the copolymers and the size of SCM have substantial influences on the catalytic activity of SCMs catalysts.
The Mutilated Dentition: An Alternative Approach

To provide esthetic yet inexpensive restoration of severely carious anterior teeth, stainless steel posts with composite resin cores for crowns were used as interim substitutes for more costly crowns.
Isolation and properties of a glycine-rich β-glycoprotein of human serum

Abstract A protein was isolated from normal human plasma by successive fractionation with 6,9-diamino-2-ethoxyacridine lactate, (NH4)2SO4, DEAE-Sephadex and CM-Sephadex. The protein migrated as a γ-globulin on electrophoresis in agarose gel at pH 8.6 and contained 8.5% total hexoses and 1.3% N-acetylneuraminic acid. Its s20,w at a concentration of 0.6 g/100 ml was 4.3. It was shown to be antigenically unrelated to a wide variety of known plasma proteins, but a monospecific antiserum prepared against this protein reacted primarily with a β-mobility protein in fresh serum or plasma. It is probable that the γ-glycoprotein is derived from this β-globulin.
WAGE RATES, OCCUPATION STAFFING PATTERNS, AND THE LOCATION OF THE COMPUTER AND SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRIES: SOME TESTS OF A CITY-SIZE, INDUSTRIAL LOCATION SORTING MODEL

This research first develops a paradigm relating technology adoption, plant function, and location in different areas. It then examines empirically some of the paradigm's postulates dealing with occupation staffing patterns and wage rates in headquarters and production plants in different size cities and regions of the country using survey data. The research found that plants in large cities, headquarters plants, and plants in innovative regions paid higher wages than plants in small cities, production plants, and those in innovation-lagging regions. Headquarters plants and plants in large cities and innovative regions had a significantly larger number of scientists, engineers, and technicians on their staffs but few production workers. Production plants and those in small cities and towns and lagging regions had few professional workers but a significant number of production workers. For all types of plants an inverse relationship existed between plant size and city size. The postulated direct relationsh...
Inflation and eversion of functionally graded non-linear elastic incompressible circular cylinders

Abstract We study axisymmetric radial deformations of a circular cylinder composed of an inhomogeneous Mooney–Rivlin material with the two material parameters varying continuously through the cylinder thickness either by a power law or an affine relation. It is found that for the exponent of the power law function equal to 1, the hoop stress for an internally pressurized cylinder is uniform in the cylinder. One can tailor the gradation of these two material parameters to make the maximum tensile hoop stress occur either on the inner surface or on the outer surface. Also, the stress concentration in a pressurized thick cylinder strongly depends upon the value of the exponent of the power law variation of the two material parameters. For an affine through-the-thickness variation of the two elastic moduli the hoop stress at the point R = R in R ou is nearly the same as that in a cylinder composed of a homogeneous material. Here R in and R ou equal, respectively, the inner and the outer radii of the cylinder in the unstressed reference configuration, and R is the radial coordinate of a point in the reference configuration. The stress distribution in an everted cylinder strongly depends upon its thickness in the reference configuration.
Imaging and vibrational analysis with laser-feedback interferometry.

We have constructed a scanning confocal laser-feedback microscope that determines surface profiles in the range of 5 nm to 3 μm with ~200-nm lateral discrimination. A direct comparison is made with scanning electron microscopy, and an image of a silicon resolution standard with 40-nm-high structures is shown. The device is also capable of characterizing surface motion with a sensitivity of <1 pm (Hz)−1/2 across a bandwidth of several megahertz. Vibrational analysis of a miniature piezoelectric microphone is demonstrated from 50 Hz to 50 kHz. An operational description of the device is presented in addition to a generalization of laser-feedback theory that includes gas-laser dynamics.
Relationship of temperament and perceptions of nonshared environment in bulimia nervosa.

Objective: Examine the relationship between temperament variables and perceptions of nonshared environment as they relate to bulimia nervosa. Method: Fifty-seven adult women completed the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire and the Sibling Inventory of Differential Experience. These measures provided assessments of frequently studied temperament traits as well as nonshared environmental factors believed to be associated with psychopathology and temperament. Results: Bulimic subjects showed higher levels of harm avoidance than did control subjects. Also, bulimic subjects perceived their fathers as less affectionate and more controlling than control subjects. Among bulimics, high levels of harm avoidance were associated with high levels of maternal affection and low levels of maternal control. Similarly, among bulimics, high levels of novelty seeking were more likely to be associated with decreased paternal control than was true for control subjects. Discussion: These findings highlight the possible relationship between particular temperamental variables and associated family responses in bulimia nervosa.
Beyond Convergence: Toward Theoretical Relevance in Quantitative Modernization Research*

The 200 year old debate about convergence is indicted for one-sidedness in theory and lack of clarity in its propositions. A functional typology of solidarities is developed with predictions of convergence, divergence, and evolutionary invariance. Specific hypotheses for comparative survey research are presented.
The History and Evolution of Hand Transplantation

As part of the rapidly expanding vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA), hand transplantation combines the technical rigors of hand surgery and microsurgery with the complex multidisciplinary care that defines modern solid organ transplantation. Although hand transplantation and solid organ transplantation share a common history characterized by important advances in immunosuppression and surgical technique, hand transplantation has not yet been performed on a scale approaching that of solid organ transplants. The technical demands of hand transplantation, enhanced donor antigen burden of the hand allograft, and complex psychosocial issues pertaining to the recipient account for much of the discrepancy between these 2 related fields. Despite these unique challenges, hand transplantation remains a viable option today for hand amputees and the standard of care for bilateral upper extremity amputees. The early struggles and breakthroughs of hand transplantation’s past have shaped and formed its current state.
Nomenclatural Notes on Garcinia (Clusiaceae) from Madagascar and The Comoros

New results from phylogenetic analyses utilizing chloroplast and nuclear DNA markers agree with morphology in support of the unification of all of Rheedia L. and part of Ochrocarpos Thouars with Garcinia L. and show that species occurring in Madagascar and the Comoros fall into four separate lineages, which are designated here as informal species groups. An examination of Garcinia from these areas results in the recognition of 32 currently described species, all but one of which are endemic. The widespread African species, G. livingstonei T. Anderson, is noted for the first time to occur in Mayotte. Eleven new combinations are published here: G. ambrensis (H. Perrier) P. Sweeney & Z. S. Rogers, G. anjouanensis (H. Perrier) P. Sweeney & Z. S. Rogers, G. arenicola (Jumelle & H. Perrier) P. Sweeney & Z. S. Rogers, G. calcicola (Jumelle & H. Perrier) P. Sweeney & Z. S. Rogers, G. dalleizettei (H. Perrier) P. Sweeney & Z. S. Rogers, G. mangorensis (R. Viguier & Humbert) P. Sweeney & Z. S. Rogers, G. multifida (H. Perrier) P. Sweeney & Z. S. Rogers, G. parvula (H. Perrier) P. Sweeney & Z. S. Rogers, G. thouvenotii (H. Perrier) P. Sweeney & Z. S. Rogers, G. tsaratananensis (H. Perrier) P. Sweeney & Z. S. Rogers), and G. urschii (H. Perrier) P. Sweeney & Z. S. Rogers. Three new names, G. dauphinensis P. Sweeney & Z. S. Rogers, G. megistophylla P. Sweeney & Z. S. Rogers, and G. tsimatimia P. Sweeney & Z. S. Rogers, are provided for O. parvifolius Scott-Elliot, R. megaphylla H. Perrier, and R. pedicellata (Jumelle & H. Perrier) H. Perrier, respectively. Lectotypes are designated for 12 names: G. crassiflora Jumelle & H. Perrier, G. disepala Vesque, G. melleri Baker, G. polyphlebia Baker, G. verrucosa Jumelle & H. Perrier, O. ambrensis H. Perrier, O. macrophyllus O. Hoffmann, O. parvifolius, O. parvulus H. Perrier, O. tsaratananae H. Perrier, R. arenicola Jumelle & H. Perrier, and R. calcicola Jumelle & H. Perrier.
Interdomain but not intermolecular interactions observed in CFTR channels.

Gating of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channels requires interdomain and/or intermolecular interactions involving different parts of the protein, yet the exact nature of those interactions remains unclear. In this study we report that treating wild type CFTR-expressing cells with oxidizing agents results in a significant reduction in the gel mobility of the protein indicative of the formation of disulfide bonds. In contrast, mutant CFTR channels in which cysteine residues in both nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) were mutated to serine, showed little change in gel mobility in oxidizing conditions. Mutation of the two cysteine residues in either the first or the second NBD alone also eliminates the change in gel mobility in oxidizing conditions. Wild type channels treated with oxidizing agents did not appear to form disulfide bonds with other proteins, suggesting that the close association that allows the formation of disulfide bonds occurs only within single proteins and not between separate channels interacting in a multimer.
Electrical properties of polyunsaturated natural products: field effect mobility of carotenoid polyenes

Abstract Carotenoids are polyacetylene-like natural products with substituents that enhance stability, solubility, and processing. Measurements on a set of five carotenoids show bixin and β-carotene to be active as field effect semiconductors, with p-type mobilities in the range of 10−6 to 10−7 cm2/V s. The structural characteristics responsible for distinguishing between active and inactive compounds are not apparent at this time. However, biosynthetic means of making carotenoids may make available a large number of carotenoids, both natural and unnatural, suggesting that carotenoids could be a rich source of different field effect semiconductors.
Improving Transformation of Staphylococcus aureus Belonging to the CC1, CC5 and CC8 Clonal Complexes

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an opportunistic pathogen found in hospital and community environments that can cause serious infections. A major barrier to genetic manipulations of clinical isolates has been the considerable difficulty in transforming these strains with foreign plasmids, such as those from E. coli, in part due to the type I and IV Restriction Modification (R-M) barriers. Here we combine a Plasmid Artificial Modification (PAM) system with DC10B E. coli cells (dcm mutants) to bypass the barriers of both type I and IV R-M of S. aureus, thus allowing E. coli plasmid DNA to be transformed directly into clinical MRSA strains MW2, N315 and LAC, representing three of the most common clonal complexes. Successful transformation of clinical S. aureus isolates with E. coli-derived plasmids should greatly increase the ability to genetically modify relevant S. aureus strains and advance our understanding of S. aureus pathogenesis.
Case study: use of a library of antisense inhibitors for gene functionalization and drug target validation

Abstract The genomics revolution of the past decade has allowed the sequences of all human genes to be determined. The challenge for the future is to establish the functions of all of these genes. Antisense technology is a powerful tool for gene functionalization. This review describes a system used to test antisense oligonucleotides to over 2000 genes in multiple cell-based assays. These assays were designed to help assign gene function. The data generated from these assays is subsequently added to a searchable database that allows potential drug targets to be identified.
Wall Pressure Fluctuations during Transition on a Flat Plate.

Abstract : Detailed measurements of wall pressure fluctuations have been made in the intermittent region of a flat plate boundary layer. Digital sampling and processing were used. The properties of these pressure fluctuations were found to be similar to the previous measurements made in the fully turbulent region. The measurements were repeated with a single two dimensional surface roughness on the plate. The only changes in the results were a decrease in the transition Reynolds number from 2.0 to 1.2 million per foot and an increase in the decay rate of the longitudinal cross-spectral density magnitude by a factor of about 1.5. Emmons' analytical model of the burst rate in the transition region was found to be inaccurate. His model treats the sources of the turbulent spots as independent random events with prescribed probability density functions. Both a delta function and a constant were used as the source density functions and in each case the burst rate was about two times higher than the present measurements. (Author)
A PC-based ultrasound scanning system for imaging a residual limb

In lower limb prosthetic socket design, lack of information about the internal structure of the residual limb often contribute to the difficulties in achieving the desired weight bearing characteristics of the prosthesis. The authors describe a PC-based ultrasound scanning system which uses compound imaging technique to reconstruct cross sectional images of the limb, showing bones and other soft tissues within the limb. With such a visualization of the internal structure, a prosthetist is able to perform socket design more objectively and consistently. The relatively low cost and non-invasive nature of the system should make it a practical tool for prosthetic socket design. >
On unordered codes

By extending the results obtained by D. E. Knuth (1986), a parallel unordered coding scheme with 2/sup r/ information bits is described. Balanced codes in which each codeword contains equal amounts of zeros and ones, with r check bits and up to 2/sup r+1/-(r+2) information bits, are constructed. Unordered codes with r check bits and up to 2/sup r/+2/sup r-1/-1 information bits are designed. Codes capable of detecting 2/sup r-1/+(2/sup r//2)-1 unidirectional errors using r check bits are also described. A review of previous work is presented. >
The Art and Science in Nursing Diagnosis Development

There is both an art and a science to nursing diagnosis. Art is a creative force, whereas science is a systematic force. Each is necessary for diagnosis development. This paper examines issues confronting nurse clinicians, educators, and scientists interested in continued efforts to generate and validate diagnoses. It concludes with suggestions of tasks necessary for sound diagnosis development.
High serum leptin levels in infancy can potentially predict obesity in childhood, especially in formula-fed infants.

Aim To investigate serum leptin levels in breast-fed and formula-fed infants in infancy and their possible relationship to body mass index (BMI) in childhood. Methods We enrolled 237 healthy term infants between September 2000 and April 2004 and tested their serum leptin levels, took anthropometric measurements and calculated BMI. A follow-up study was carried out to evaluate the BMI of 89 of these infants in childhood, in relation to their serum leptin levels in infancy, at a median (interquartile range) age of 8.8 years (7.8–10.2). The statistical significance of this multivariate analysis was set at p < 0.05. Results Breast-fed infants had significantly higher serum leptin levels than formula-fed ones (p < 0.05). Children who were formula-fed in infancy had a significantly higher BMI, at follow-up, than those who were breast-fed (p < 0.001). Furthermore, we identified a leptin cut-off value of 2.7 ng/mL, below which infants had a higher BMI in childhood. Conclusion A higher leptin level in infancy may be inversely associated with BMI in childhood, suggesting that this hormone in infancy is a potential predictor of obesity in later life. Further investigation is required to be conclusive and to confirm our empirical evidence.
"With the Aid of God and the F.S.A.": The Louisiana Farmers' Union and the African American Freedom Struggle in the New Deal Era

This article examines African Americans' participation in the Louisiana Farmers' Union, a communist-led, interracial organization of tenant farmers and farm laborers that was active in the cotton and sugar plantation regions of Louisiana in the New Deal era. It argues that rural black people saw the union as an ally in their ongoing struggles for economic justice, access to education, political participation, and protection from violence, and used their union locals to further those goals. The author suggests links between the rural unions of the 1930s and the civil rights movement of the 1960s by pointing out continuities in the objectives of African American activists in both decades.
First Report of Colletotrichum higginsianum Causing Anthracnose of Arugula (Eruca sativa) in Florida.

Arugula (Eruca sativa) is grown in Florida and is an important component in packaged salad products. During spring 2013, leaf lesions on arugula caused significant economic losses in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Symptoms initially appeared as small water-soaked lesions that later became circular, sunken, and white in the center with a dark brown to black halo, up to 4 mm in diameter. Acervuli were found under a dissecting microscope on infected leaf lesions with black spines or setae. Occasionally, small, circular, often longitudinal dark brown spots appeared on leaf branches. Leaf tissues (5 × 5 mm) from lesion margins were surface sterilized in 0.9% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min, rinsed with sterile distilled water, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). PDA plates were incubated at 21°C under 24-h fluorescent lights for 4 to 6 days. The fungus initially produced gray mycelium followed by orange conidial mass. Hyphae of the fungus were septate and hyaline. After 5 to 7 days, the fungus produced acerv...
Some Exact Results and New Asymptotics for Hypergraph Turán Numbers

Given a family F of r-graphs, let ex(n, F) be the maximum number of edges in an n-vertex r-graph containing no member of F. Let C(r) 4 denote the family of r-graphs with distinct edges A, B, C, D, such that A ∩ B = C ∩ D = O and A ∪ B = C ∪ D. For s1 l … l sr, let K(r) (s1,…,sr) be the complete r-partite r-graph with parts of sizes s1,…,sr.Furedi conjectured over 15 years ago that ex(n,C(3)4) l (n2) for sufficiently large n. We prove the weaker resultex(n, {C(3)4, K(3)(1,2,4)}) l (n2).Generalizing a well-known conjecture for the Turan number of bipartite graphs, we conjecture thatex(n, K(r)(s1,…,sr)) = Θ(nr−1/s),where s = Πr−1i=1 si. We prove this conjecture when s1 = … = sr−2 = 1 and(i) sr−1 = 2, (ii) sr−1 = sr = 3, (iii)sr > (sr−1−1)!.In cases (i) and (ii), we determine the asymptotic value of ex(n,K(r)(s1,…,sr)).We also provide an explicit construction givingex(n,K(3)(2,2,3)) > (1/6−o(1))n8/3.This improves upon the previous best lower bound of O(n29/11) obtained by probabilistic methods. Several related open problems are also presented.
Difference-based estimation of support friction

Human perception is based on differences. After all, nobody will ask you to hold an object and measure its weight to three significant figures and expect you to succeed. But comparing the weight of the object to another object (say, an apple) would be an easy task and an everyday occurrence. In this paper we explore support friction estimation for pushing operations. We present two difference-based techniques for measuring friction (a transition-based method and a work-based method) and test each using two different force sensors (a commercial sensor and an estimation method based on motor torque). Our results show that low-cost, noisy force sensors perform just as well as highly accurate sensors when used with our difference-based friction estimation techniques. Finally, we present an algorithm which determines if two objects have statistically similar support friction coefficients using a modified version of studentpsilas t-test.
The effect of unmodeled flexible dynamics in discrete-time model reference adaptive control of a flexible single-link robot

This paper addresses the feasibility of applying discrete-time model reference adaptive control (MRAC) techniques to the flexible link of robot mechanisms. The method of separation of variables is used to represent the deflection of the link. The nonlinear model is obtained using a Lagrangian equation, and the candidate frequencies and the associated mode functions are obtained using Bernoulli-Euler beam theory. By considering the effect of flexibility as an internal disturbance torque acting on the rigid body motion of the system, a discrete-time MRAC is determined for a single non-rigid link. Considering the effect of unmodeled flexible dynamics, this approach is investigated by computer simulation.
Guiding belief propagation using domain knowledge for protein-structure determination

A major bottleneck in high-throughput protein crystallography is producing protein-structure models from an electron-density map. In previous work, we developed Acmi, a probabilistic framework for sampling all-atom protein-structure models. Acmi uses a fully connected, pairwise Markov random field to model the 3D location of each non-hydrogen atom in a protein. Since exact inference in this model is intractable, Acmi uses loopy belief propagation (BP) to calculate marginal probability distributions. In cases of approximation, BP's message-passing protocol becomes a crucial design decision. Previously, Acmi took a naive, round-robin protocol to sequentially process messages. Others have proposed informed methods for message scheduling by ranking messages based on the amount of new information they contain. These information-theoretic measures, however, fail in the highly connected, large output space domain of protein-structure inference. In this work, we develop a framework for using domain knowledge as a criterion for prioritizing messages in BP. Specifically, we show that using predictions of protein-disorder regions effectively guides BP in our task. Our results show that guiding BP using protein-disorder prediction improves the accuracy of marginal probability distributions and also produces more accurate, complete protein-structure models.
A passenger vehicle onboard computer system for engine fault diagnosis, performance measurement and control

This paper describes a microprocessor based on-board instrumentation system with applications to engine fault diagnosis, performance measurement and control. A non contacting measurement of engine angular position, taken at the flywheel by means of a magnetic sensor, provides a signal proportional to crankshaft angular velocity. The signal is then appropriately digitized and interfaced to a microprocessor, along with timing information regarding engine position. Suitable processing of the signal by the microprocessor provides information in real time regarding crankshaft speed and torque nonuniformity, which is employed to detect engine faults and to yield a measure of engine performance. Experimental verification of a prototype instrument has been carried out on the road in a number of vehicles, with very successful results. A variety of experiments have confirmed the usefulness of the system for applications in fault diagnosis and performance measurement, and the potential of the system for some aspects of engine control.
Sexual Attitudes Mediate the Relationship Between Sexual Victimization History and Women’s Response Effectiveness

This study evaluated the effects of a sexual victimization history, sexual attitudes, and psychopathology on the effectiveness of women's responses to high- and low-risk dating and social situations. Two hundred fifteen undergraduate women listened to a description of each situation, viewed a clip of an actor making a verbal request, and provided a videotaped, verbal response to each situation. Participants then completed measures assessing their victimization history, sexual attitudes, and symptoms of psychopathology. Finally, participants viewed their responses and rated how effective each response was at decreasing their risk for having an unwanted sexual experience, defined as one in which they would be verbally or physically coerced into having sexual contact of any kind with a man. Experts in the sexual violence research area also rated the effectiveness of participants' responses using the same instructions. Results revealed that sexual attitudes mediated the relationship between victimization history and the effectiveness of participants' responses to high- and low-risk situations. Specifically, more severe victimization experiences were linked to more liberal sexual attitudes, which, in turn, were related to responses that were rated by experts as less effective in decreasing risk of sexual victimization.
Monitoring Heterotrophic Bacteria in Potable Water

Measurements of bacterial populations in water have been used since the beginning of sanitary bacteriology (see Chapter 21), and interest in the interpretation of the results has occupied many researchers over the intervening years. In addition to the coliform count, a more generalized bacterial counting procedure has also been used. In the United States, standardization of the methodology for general bacterial counts using a plate-counting procedure began with the activities of the Committee of Bacteriologists of the American Water Works Association from 1895 to 1898 (Prescott et al., 1950). Continued work on standardization of methods for detection of bacteria led to the inclusion of those methods in the first edition (1905) of what is now known as Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (Standard Methods, hereafter).
401(k)-Type Plan and IRA Ownership

This paper begins with an examination of the contributions of workers ages 21-64 to 401(k)-type plans. Next, it discusses ownership and average and median account balances of 401(k)-type plans and IRAs. The ownership of a combination of 401(k)-type plans and IRAs is then investigated across various demographic groups. The analysis is based on recent U.S. Census Bureau data. The PDF for the above title, published in the January 2005 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another January 2005 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: "Income of the Elderly Population: 2003."
Tourism, performance, and place: a geographic perspective

In recent years, scholarship in the social sciences has shifted toward a closer focus on mobility and global interconnectivity. Middle-ground perspectives that attempt to move beyond the reductive ...
Dust Grain Carriers and the Diffuse Band Profiles

The optical properties of dust grains containing resonant impurities are discussed. Such grains are candidates for explaining the diffuse interstellar bands. The embedded cavity model of Purcell and Shapiro has been used to derive scattering and absorption cross sections, extinction profiles, and anomalous linear and circular polarization for such grains, as well as the effective bulk dielectric constant for the composite material. The results are briefly summarized and conclusions are drawn based upon a comparison of these theoretical extinction profiles with the observed profiles of diffuse interstellar bands.
Isolation and Immunological Characterization of a Carotenoid-Binding Protein from the Cyanobacteria Synechocystis Sp. PCC6714 and Anacystis Nidulans R2

Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophic prokaryotes which contain external and internal membrane systems which are structurally and functionally distinct. The cyanobacterial cell is delimited by a Gram-negative double-membrane envelope (1,2); within the cytoplasm are concentric layers of chlorophyll-binding thylakoid membranes which serve as the site for photosynthetic electron transport and ATP synthesis (3). Recent work on Anacystis nidulans and Synechocystis sp. PCC6714 described methods for the separation of the cytoplasmic membrane from both the cell wall and the thylakoids (2,4). Purified cyanobacterial cytoplasmic membranes are yellow-orange due to the presence of carotenes and xanthophylls (2,4,5). in this study, we have identified a carotenoid-binding protein which is a major component of the Synechocystis sp. PCC6714 cytoplasmic membrane. This strain is capable of photoheterotrophic growth; under these conditions, the cells grow in the presence of glucose and atrazine, a Photosystem II inhibitor. Photoheterotrophic cells, which are incapable of producing oxygen, utilize glucose as a carbon source and light as an energy source driving cyclic photophosphorylation around PSI (4). in this report we show that the carotenoid-protein accumulates only in autotrophically grown, oxygen-evolving Synechocystis sp. cultures.
Improved Thermal Stability of Gmr Spin Valve Films

In order to improve the thermal stability of magnetic multilayer “spin valve” structures, we have measured the magnetic and magnetoresistive properties of a number of samples with the general structure of NiO/Co/Cu/Co/Cu/Co/NiO as a function of annealing time at 250 °C. The magnetoresistance (MR) of the samples annealed in air decreases proportionally to the square root of the annealing time. For samples annealed in a vacuum, the decrease in magnetoresistance is reduced, but not eliminated. Magnetometry of a vacuum annealed NiO/Co/NiO sample shows a magnetization reduction and a coercivity increase which suggest oxidation of the NiO-biased “outer” Co layers of the spin valve structure. For increasing NiObiased Co layer thickness, we show enhanced thermal stability and even increasing MR with annealing time for samples with the thickest outer Co layers.
The Mystery of Fuel Wood Marketing In the United States

Although fuel wood still supplied 70 per cent of the total energy requirements of the United States in 1900, a marketing mechanism for the millions of cords consumed each year is not evident. Professor Cole concludes that no other commodity of such importance had such little effect on distributive institutions.
Involvement of the Bufodienolides in Disorders of Inflammation, Body Volume, Tissue Injury, and Ischemia

The bufodienolides are a group of circulating steroid hormones which, along with the cardenolides, compose the compounds referred to as the “cardiotonic steroids” or “cardiac glycosides.” The most extensively studied of the bufodienolides is marinobufogenin (MBG). Recent evidence indicates that at least some of the effects of MBG are mediated by alterations in the MAPK signaling cascade. Previous investigations have largely been directed towards the involvement of the bufodienolides in changes in body volume and hypertension, including volume expansion-mediated essential hypertension, as well as the pregnancy-specific hypertensive disorder, preeclampsia. However, it is now clear that MBG and its antagonist, resibufogenin (RBG), are implicated in disorders characterized by the generation and maintenance of inflammation. Therefore, evidence has been presented in this review which implicates MBG in traumatic brain injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Furthermore, not only does RBG prevent preeclampsia in a rat model of the disturbance, but it is also effective in ameliorating the abnormalities in traumatic brain injury. Efforts are currently underway to determine if, as is the case in the latter two disorders, it is also effective in modifying the course of the disease in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Thus, the investigative future seems bright with regard to the potential activity of these and other bufodienolides in medicine.
Hirschsprung Disease:Comparative Efficacy of Modified Soave Operation Through the Anus and Abdominal Treatment

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of modified Soave operation through the anus and abdomen in the treatment of Hirschsprung Disease(HD).Methods: 41 patients who underwent operation for HD(transanal approach,n=20;transabdominal approach,n=21) were reviewed between1995-2003.clinical outcome was assessed retrospectively.Results: Complications were lower in the transanal approach group than transabdominal approach.The continence and thestool pattern were better in the transanal approach group than transabdominal approach group.Conclutions: The transanal endorectal pull-through for HD is a feasible and safe procedure.But there were still some complications especially for stool continent,so careful long-term follow-up is required to assess the clinical outcome.
Comparison of three indirect immunoassay formats on a common paper-based microfluidic device architecture

The ability to detect antibodies that are generated during an immune response is integral to the diagnosis and monitoring of infections. Assays that have been applied to the detection of antibodies are classically referred to as indirect immunoassays, which include three different formats: indirect, double-antigen sandwich, and total IgG capture. Each of these three approaches relies on a unique pair of reagents to capture the target antibody and transduce a detectable signal, which permits assays to be tuned for ideal performance based on the availability and quality of reagents, the resources available to the operator, and the complexity of the sample (e.g., serum vs. saliva). This flexibility, however, can complicate the development of diagnostic tests and increase the complexity of the devices required to perform them. A general platform that can enable the rapid development of inexpensive and simple diagnostic assays would be highly desirable, particularly for those assays intended for use in limited-resource settings. In this manuscript, we describe a paper-based microfluidic device architecture that is capable of supporting these three indirect immunoassay formats by simply changing reagents and without requiring significant alterations to the design or manufacture of the device. We compare the performances of these indirect immunoassays by developing assays for HIV antibodies in human serum. These results suggest that this device format has broad potential for the development of paper-based immunoassays.
Third-party vendorship: an imperative for the 1980s.

The question of third-party vendor status for clinical social workers raises important issues about equal client access to mental health services and about the continued viability of the clinical s...
Rational diagnosis in phlebologic practice

Venous diseases are of extraordinary sociomedical and socioeconomic relevance. They are a daily problem in general practice and require careful diagnostic clarification and exact definition with regard to differential diagnosis. In the diagnosis of important venous diseases Doppler sonography must always be carried out after the case history has been taken and a physical examination has been performed. It allows a relatively fast, functionally orientated and differentiated assessment of all venous diseases of the lower and upper extremities and does not involve any risk. At present, it cannot be replaced by any other method either in general or in clinical practice, and also serves as an indication for phlebography for example. Duplex sonography can supplement Doppler ultrasonography significantly, but this examination is still very expensive. There are fundamental sources of error in photoplethysmography and this technique has considerable limitations. It never can replace Doppler ultrasonography. Its only well-founded application - besides a general determination of a more pronounced venous transport disturbance - is to test the haemodynamic effect of eliminating important venous insufficiency points as preparation for invasive forms of therapy. The kind of examination shown here offers the best prerequisites for rational diagnosis in phlebological practice.