cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptation of the NIDA Standard for delivery via Facebook with justice-involved women in rural Appalachia:

Background:Rising rates of intravenous drug use (IDU) in Appalachia have necessitated new approaches to providing risk-reduction interventions in a manner which will be acceptable and accessible to...
Human Limb Biomechanics

This chapter shows common movements of human limbs and describes the action of muscles to move or position the joints and the actions of forces, including gravity, to cause pressure distribution on soft tissue.
Rethinking the Asian American Movement

Although it is one of the least-known social movements of the 1960s and 1970s, the Asian American movement drew upon some of the most powerful currents of the era, and had a wide-ranging impact on the political landscape of Asian America, and more generally, the United States. Using the racial discourse of the black power and other movements, as well as antiwar activist and the global decolonization movements, the Asian American movement succeeded in creating a multi-ethnic alliance of Asians in the United States and gave them a voice in their own destinies. Rethinking the Asian American Movement provides a short, accessible overview of this important social and political movement, highlighting key events and key figures, the movement's strengths and weaknesses, how it intersected with other social and political movements of the time, and its lasting effect on the country. It is perfect for anyone wanting to obtain an introduction to the Asian American movement of the twentieth century.
Reactions of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in calcareous soils

Abstract Iron chlorosis is frequently associated with crops grown on calcareous soils. In this paper, the reactions between dissolved Fe salts and CaCO3, and the role of these reactions in influencing the subsequent availability of Fe to plants, is discussed. The reaction between Fe salt and calcite is stoichiometric, i.e., 2 and 3 equivalents of calcite are consumed per mole of Fe(2+) and Fe(3+), respectively. Therefore, calcite serves as a proton sink during the immobilization reaction as summarized below: ferrihydrite > lepidocrocite ≥ magnetite > hematite > goethite. Rate of reaction is related to the reactive surface area of the calcite. Ferrous salts tend to favor formation of lepidocrocite and/or goethite, whereas ferric salts favor formation of poorly crystalline ferrihydrite. Conditions which favor a fast reaction, e.g., high pH, high CaCO3 surface area, high concentration of solution phase Fe and high partial pressure of O2, generally favor formation of a less crystalline product. The equilibriu...
SU-E-T-184: Clinical VMAT QA Practice Using LINAC Delivery Log Files

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatment delivery dose clouds by comparing linac log data to doses measured using an ionization chamber and film. Methods: A commercial IMRT quality assurance (QA) process utilizing a DICOM-RT framework was tested for clinical practice using 30 prostate and 30 head and neck VMAT plans. Delivered 3D VMAT dose distributions were independently checked using a PinPoint ionization chamber and radiographic film in a solid water phantom. DICOM RT coordinates were used to extract the corresponding point and planar doses from 3D log file dose distributions. Point doses were evaluated by computing the percent error between log file and chamber measured values. A planar dose evaluation was performed for each plan using a 2D gamma analysis with 3% global dose difference and 3 mm isodose point distance criteria. The same analysis was performed to compare treatment planning system (TPS) doses to measured values to establish a baseline assessment of agreement. Results: The mean percent error between log file and ionization chamber dose was 1.0%±2.1% for prostate VMAT plans and −0.2%±1.4% for head and neck plans. The corresponding TPS calculated and measured ionization chamber values agree within 1.7%±1.6%. The average 2D gamma passing rates for the log file comparison to film are 98.8%±1.0% and 96.2%±4.2% for the prostate and head and neck plans, respectively. The corresponding passing rates for the TPS comparison to film are 99.4%±0.5% and 93.9%±5.1%. Overall, the point dose and film data indicate that log file determined doses are in excellent agreement with measured values. Conclusion: Clinical VMAT QA practice using LINAC treatment log files is a fast and reliable method for patient-specific plan evaluation.
Popularity and Resource Control Goals as Predictors of Adolescent Indirect Aggression.

ABSTRACTResource Control Theory conceptualizes aggression as a behavior that allows access to, and control of, limited resources (P. H. Hawley, 1999). This study investigated the associations of adolescents' indirect aggression with their resource control goals, or goals related to controlling social resources such as dating opportunities and peer status, and with their levels of popularity and social intelligence. Participants were 109 seventh-graders (52% girls) who completed a resource control goals measure, the Tromso Social Intelligence Scale, and peer nominations of popularity and indirect aggression. Results indicated positive associations between resource control goals and peer-nominated indirect aggression, with popularity further moderating these associations. These findings suggest that the resource control goals of adolescents can be a motivating force to engage in hurtful behaviors. They provide a context from which peer relations researchers can improve their understanding and prevention of ...
More than Fit: Brand Extension Authenticity (Web Appendix)

This article introduces a new determinant of brand extension success, brand extension authenticity (BEA), as a complement to fit. The authors develop the BEA construct and a scale to measure it and then demonstrate that BEA captures consumer perceptions of brand extension legitimacy and cultural contiguity along four interrelated but distinct dimensions: maintaining brand standards and style, honoring brand heritage, preserving brand essence, and avoiding brand exploitation. They demonstrate the power of BEA in predicting consumer reactions to brand extensions, particularly among consumers with strong self–brand connections. Not only is BEA distinct from two conceptualizations of fit in brand extension literature — fit as similarity and fit as relevance — but it also moderates the effects of both fit dimensions on brand extension responses. By capturing a cultural and consumer relational perspective that shapes reactions to brand extensions, BEA provides an important, complementary construct for predicting brand extension success and enhancing brand value. Brand managers attentive to BEA may be able to stretch brands further than assessments of fit alone would suggest, but they risk failure in otherwise well-fitting extensions perceived as inauthentic.The paper "More than Fit: Brand Extension Authenticity" to which these Appendices apply is available at the following URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2389639
Maize meiocytes in culture.

A method for culturing isolated maize meiocytes has been developed to study dynamic meiotic processes. This culture method was used to monitor spindle formation and function in vitro using polarization, epifluorescence, and differential-interference contrast optics. It was found that before nuclear envelope breakdown, there are no obvious bipolar spindles; instead, they form during prometaphase, as chromosomes move to the metaphase plate.
Cosmic Ray Energy Determination by the Reduced-Opening Angle Method

The reduced opening angle technique offers a simple way with minimal model dependence to measure cosmic ray energies over a broad range with out any normalization uncertainties. The emulsion film and CR39 detectors proposed are well established techniques and should perform adequately. The analysis method depends on accurate automatic scanning of the CR39 plates. UAH have developed such a capability. With the proposed geometry energy measurements to approx. 5 TeV/a can be made. The expected iron event rate (E greater than or equal to 500 GeV/a) is 10/sq m day. The expected energy resolution, from accelerator calibrations at 200 GeV/a, is -50% to +80%. Since the absolute flux has some sensitivity to the assumed power law index it is essential that good energy resolution is obtained. The expected charge resolution is approx. 0.3 charge units for the CNO group falling to approx. 1 charge unit for the iron group. A suitable event trigger would be a measurable (greater than 2 micrometer) deflected heavy (Z greater than 2) fragment. One potential background is electromagnetic dissociation that predominantly couples to individual protons or alphas. Although the cross- sections can be appreciable such events will not pass the event trigger.
Unidirectional spiral antenna with improved gain and WoW

Spiral antennas are widely used for applications that require broadband performance with a high quality circular polarization and consistent radiation pattern. We investigate several cavity backing configurations that enhance the radiation from the active regions over a 9:1 band. Specifically, co- and cross-wound spirals are proposed as a cavity backing. It is shown that the spiral with a co-wound backing has a more than 1 dB increase in nominal gain and a 3 dB wobble-of-the-wave (WoW) bandwidth that is over 25% wider than a traditional absorber backed antenna. Besides improved pattern symmetry and gain, the proposed configurations contribute to a significant reduction in cavity depth and the overall weight of the entire antenna, issues important for space borne applications.
Depressive Symptoms Among Same-Sex Oriented Young Men: Importance of Reference Group

A recent meta-analysis indicated strong support for the commonly observed finding that, in contrast to heterosexual men, same-sex oriented men are at greater risk for mental health problems, especially affective disorders (King et al., 2008). The most common explanations for these findings are the increased prevalence of societal prejudice, stigma, and violence that allegedly generate "minority-stress" effects (King et al., 2008; Meyer, 2003; Saewyc, 2007). Hatzenbuehler (2009, p. 707) noted that stigma-related stress "gets under the skin" by inducing elevations in emotional dysregulation, which, in turn, confers risk for increased psychopathology among nonheterosexual populations. Although this explanation is reasonable, few other hypotheses have been proposed for the apparent elevation of depressive symptoms among same-sex attracted individuals.The alternative considered here is that mental health discrepancies among male sexual orientation groups are illusory because they are derive... Language: en
How to handle mortality when investigating length of hospital stay and time to clinical stability

Hospital length of stay (LOS) and time for a patient to reach clinical stability (TCS) have increasingly become important outcomes when investigating ways in which to combat Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP). Difficulties arise when deciding how to handle in-hospital mortality. Ad-hoc approaches that are commonly used to handle time to event outcomes with mortality can give disparate results and provide conflicting conclusions based on the same data. To ensure compatibility among studies investigating these outcomes, this type of data should be handled in a consistent and appropriate fashion. Using both simulated data and data from the international Community Acquired Pneumonia Organization (CAPO) database, we evaluate two ad-hoc approaches for handling mortality when estimating the probability of hospital discharge and clinical stability: 1) restricting analysis to those patients who lived, and 2) assigning individuals who die the "worst" outcome (right-censoring them at the longest recorded LOS or TCS). Estimated probability distributions based on these approaches are compared with right-censoring the individuals who died at time of death (the complement of the Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimator), and treating death as a competing risk (the cumulative incidence estimator). Tests for differences in probability distributions based on the four methods are also contrasted. The two ad-hoc approaches give different estimates of the probability of discharge and clinical stability. Analysis restricted to patients who survived is conceptually problematic, as estimation is conditioned on events that happen at a future time. Estimation based on assigning those patients who died the worst outcome (longest LOS and TCS) coincides with the complement of the KM estimator based on the subdistribution hazard, which has been previously shown to be equivalent to the cumulative incidence estimator. However, in either case the time to in-hospital mortality is ignored, preventing simultaneous assessment of patient mortality in addition to LOS and/or TCS. The power to detect differences in underlying hazards of discharge between patient populations differs for test statistics based on the four approaches, and depends on the underlying hazard ratio of mortality between the patient groups. Treating death as a competing risk gives estimators which address the clinical questions of interest, and allows for simultaneous modelling of both in-hospital mortality and TCS / LOS. This article advocates treating mortality as a competing risk when investigating other time related outcomes.
Progress towards the integration of optical proximity correction and directed self-assembly of block copolymers with graphoepitaxy

A photomask design flow for generating guiding patterns used in graphoepitaxial DSA processes is proposed and tested. In this flow, a new fast DSA model is employed for DSA structure verification. The execution speed and accuracy of the fast model were benchmarked with our previously reported Monte Carlo method. We demonstrated the process window verification using the OPC/DSA flow with the fast DSA model and compared this with experimental results in the guiding patterns simulated by e-beam lithography.
OCT-based elastography for large and small deformations

We present two approaches to speckle tracking for optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based elastography, one appropriate for small speckle motions and the other for large, rapid speckle motions. Both approaches have certain advantages over traditional cross-correlation based motion algorithms. We apply our algorithms to quantifying the strain response of a mechanically inhomogeneous, bi-layered polyvinyl alcohol tissue phantom that is subjected to either small or large dynamic compressive forces while being imaged with a spectral domain OCT system. In both the small and large deformation scenarios, the algorithms performed well, clearly identifying the two mechanically disparate regions of the phantom. The stiffness ratio between the two regions was estimated to be the same for the two scenarios and both estimates agreed with the expected stiffness ratio based on earlier mechanical testing. No single numerical approach is appropriate for all cases and the experimental conditions dictate the proper choice of speckle shift algorithm for OCT-based elastography studies.
Progress in silicon-to-silicon direct bonding and its application to synchrotron x-ray optics

X-ray optical elements (such as single-crystal silicon monochromators) illuminated with high-power synchrotron-radiation beams produced by insertion devices and, to a lesser extent bending magnets, require cooling, When operating a silicon crystal at room temperature, channels for the coolant are often fabricated directly beneath the diffracting surface. Then a separate silicon distribution manifold/plenum is manufactured, and the components are bonded together using an adhesive or some intermediate material. In many cases, such monochromators suffer from strains induced by the bond. A silicon-to-silicon direct-bonding technique (i.e., without any intermediate material) has been developed that appears to be an attractive method for creating a bond with less strain between two pieces of silicon. This technique is well understood for the case of thin wafers ({approximately}0.5 mm thickness) and is used by the semiconductor industry. Recently, bonding of 16-mm-thick 10-cm-diameter silicon crystals has been successfully performed inducing very little strain. A short review of the silicon-to-silicon crystals has been successfully performed inducing very little strain. A short review of the silicon-to-silicon direct-bonding process will be presented with an emphasis on its application to room temperature high-heat-load x-ray optics with the present status of direct bonding efforts at the APS.
Electrochemical Rectification Using Mixed Monolayers of Redox-Active Ferrocenyl Dendrimers and n-Alkanethiols

A strategy for constructing a dendrimer-based electrochemical current rectifier that permits current flow in only one direction is described. This approach is based on the insulating properties of n-alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers and the ability of redox-active ferrocenyl dendrimers to mediate electron transfer. The dendrimer-based rectifying layer is prepared by direct adsorption of second-, third-, or fourth-generation ferrocene-functionalized poly(propylene imine) dendrimers onto Au surfaces, followed by adsorption of n-hexadecanethiol. Reflection infrared spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and electrochemical measurements are used to characterize the resulting two-component monolayers. The surface coverage of ferrocenyl dendrimers in the two-component monolayers is estimated to be about 50% of maximum coverage. Cyclic voltammetry in electrolyte solutions containing the redox-active probes Fe(CN)64-, Fe(bpy)32+, and Co(bpy)32+ reveals that the ferrocenyl dendrimer/n-alkanethiol-modified electrodes exhi...
Acute toxic dilatation limited to the ileum in Crohn's disease

Two patients are presented with a previously undescribed grave complication of Crohn's disease, which we have termed “toxic dilatation of the ileum” because of its resemblance both clinically and radiographically to toxic dilatation of the colon. This entity is characterized clinically by the rapid onset of marked toxicity, fever and severe abdominal distention with pain, tenderness and diarrhea, occurring during the course of Crohn's disease. Radiographically, these patients showed severe ulceration, edema and marked dilatation, limited to the ileum in the absence of any similar alterations in the colon, distal mechanical obstruction, electrolyte disturbance or other obvious precipitating cause. Prompt and vigorous treatment with small bowel intubation, high doses of parenteral steroids and antibiotics, plus appropriate fluid and electrolyte therapy, produced clinical and radiographic improvement with restoration of the small bowel to its former state in both instances.
Analysis of normalized difference and surface temperature observations over southeastern Australia

Relations between radiative surface temperature (TR) and visible and near-IR reflectances expressed as the normalized difference (ND) from a Landsat Thematic Mapper scene are analyzed to examine the heat balance of agriculture and native evergreen forests in southeastern Australia. Factors determining the residual scatter about, and slope of, the TR/ND relationships were analyzed using a coupled two-layer soil-vegetation model of the surface heat balance. Inverse linear relationships were observed between TR and ND for agriculture, but not for forests. This was due to a wide range of ND and TR values in agricultural regions caused by wide variations in fractional vegetation cover.
Reticuloendothelial Cell Function in a‐Methyldopa‐Induced Hemolytic Anemia

2 patients having alpha-methyldopa-induced hemolytic anemia were followed sequentially using an in vitro assay of autologous monocyte-macrophage activity to determine if their reticuloendothelial system (RES) function was abnormal and thus could be related to the mechanism of lysis. RES function was evaluated while the patients were actively hemolyzing and during remission, following discontinuance of the drug. The results indicated that RES activity is normal in patients having hemolytic anemia due to alpha-methyldopa administration. Also, following cessation of drug therapy, the patients' IgG-coated red cells interacted significantly for a prolonged period (4-5 months) with autologous or normal allogeneic monocyte-macrophages. This was associated with a concurrent reticulocytosis and indicates a persistent low-level hemolytic phase throughout this period, even though hemoglobin and hematocrit values remained within the normal ranges. Although levels of IgG sensitizing the patients' red cells were essentially constant during the hemolytic phase and when the patients were in complete remission, significant monocyte-macrophage activity was only evident during the hemolytic period. In an attempt to explain this phenomenon, it is postulated that hemolysis in patients receiving alpha-methyldopa is related to the interaction of drug with red cell membrane proteins which results in a variably expressed 'altered' antigen which is recognized by 'autoantibody'. The proper expression of the Fc portion of the immunoglobin molecule to result in specific recognition by receptors on monocyte-macrophages depends upon the extent of the antigen alteration by alpha-methyldopa. If the drug does not result in appropriate antigen alteration, then, although 'autoantibody' may still bind to the red blood cell, its Fc region is not readily recognized by monocyte-macrophages and little or no erythrophagocytosis occurs.
Using a ubiquitin ligase as an unfolded protein sensor.

A significant fraction of all proteins are misfolded and must be degraded. The ubiquitin–proteasome pathway provides an essential protein quality control function necessary for normal cellular homeostasis. Substrate specificity is mediated by proteins called ubiquitin ligases. In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) a specialized pathway, the endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) pathway provides means to eliminate misfolded proteins from the ER. One marker used by the ER to identify misfolded glycoproteins is the presence of a high-mannose (Man5-8GlcNAc2) glycan. Recently, FBXO2 was shown to bind high mannose glycans and participate in ERAD. Using glycan arrays, immobilized glycoprotein pulldowns, and glycan competition assays we demonstrate that FBXO2 preferentially binds unfolded glycoproteins. Using recombinant, bacterially expressed GST-FBXO2 as an unfolded protein sensor we demonstrate it can be used to monitor increases in misfolded glycoproteins after physiological or pharmaceutical stressors.
The Spontaneously Diabetic Wistar Rat: Metabolic and Morphologic Studies

A new, spontaneously diabetic syndrome has been recognized in nonobese outbred Wistar rats of both sexes. The age at detection of first glycosuria has varied from 48 to 120 days, with a mean of 67 days. Eighteen rats have been studied, 14 untreated and four during and after cessation of insulin treatment. The affected animals have demonstrated a spectrum of severity, with hyperglycemia (252-732 mg./dl.), hypoinsulinemia (0-1 ng./ml.), and hyperketonemia. The severely ketotic rats, with total blood ketone body levels between 6 and 13 mM, showed rapid loss in weight and dehydration over one to six days. The moderately ketotic (1-5 mM) declined gradually in weight over 15 days, with marked polyuria and glycosuria. The stable rats, with ketonemia less than 1 mM, sustained their weights, polyuria, and glycosuria for longer than 40 days. A relative or absolute increase in plasma immunoreactive glucagon and elevated levels of free fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids were observed in relation to the severity of the syndrome. Intraperitoneal arginine or tolbutamide elicited no insulin response, but the glucagon response to arginine was exaggerated. Pancreatic insulin content was normal or moderately decreased. Light-microscopic examination of pancreases of ketotic animals at the end stage of the disease showed islets to be very small and rare, consisting virtually of non-beta cells. In stable and earlier ketotic rats, the islets were small, with reduction in beta-cell number and a striking inflammatory cell infiltration. Surviving beta cells showed variable degranulation. This model of spontaneous diabetes in nonobese rats displays insulin deficiency, glucagon excess, and ketosis, with a dramatic inflammatory lesion during active beta-cell destruction.
Lingua Esoterica Obnox (ad nauseum); or, The Critics' and Editors' Snow-Jobs?

From the editor: When you enter the parlor of “unending conversation” that Kenneth Burke dramatizes in Philosophy of Literary Form, you “listen for a while, until you decide that you have caught th...
Exploration of ground and excited electronic states of aromatic and quinoid S,S-dioxide terthiophenes. Complementary systems for enhanced electronic organic materials.

We analyze the electronic and molecular structures for the ground and excited electronic states of aromatic terthiophene (3T), the quinodimethane 3‘,4‘-dibutyl-5,5‘ ‘-bis(dicyanomethylene)-5,5‘ ‘-dihydro-2,2‘:5‘,2‘ ‘-terthiophene (3Q), and isologues with the middle ring S-oxidized (3TO2, 3QO2). These represent extremes of electron rich and deficient ground states, often exhibiting complementary properties. Oxidizing the central sulfur atom affects the molecular structure, electron affinity, and photophysical properties of both π systems. The consequences for 3T include de-aromatization of the central thiophene, red-shifting of the electronic absorption spectrum, and lowering of the reduction potential. The electron deficient quinoid 3QO2 shows an enhancement of electron affinity from reducing the electron-donor ability of sulfur, and a blue-shifting of its electronic absorption spectrum was seen. Fluorescence emission is quenched in the sulfonated terthiophene, and the contrary effect again would be expec...
Flow cytometric analysis of the DNA content of thymomas

In this study, the prognostic value of determining the nuclear DNA content of thymomas by flow cytometry was evaluated. Of a total 31 resected thymomas, 10 (32%) showed DNA aneuploidy, the presence of which was significantly correlated with an advanced clinical stage of disease. The patients with an aneuploid tumor had a poorer prognosis than those with a diploid tumor, demonstrating a survival rate of 50% at 7 postoperative years, which was considerably less favorable than that of the patients with a diploid tumor, being 100% in the same period (p or= 1.5, tended to have a poorer prognosis than those with a low DI. These findings indicated that the DNA content can be an important prognostic index in patients with thymomas.
The layered, asymmetric structure of the plasma membrane in the exocrine pancreas cells of the cat.

The plasma membrane of the exocrine pancreas cell has an asymmetric triple-layered structure which after fixation with osmium tetroxide as well as potassium permanganate and embedding in Vestopal is about 90–100 A thick. The membrane consists of a cytoplasmic opaque component which is 35–40 A thick and which is separated from a peripheral opaque component, about 25 A thick, by a light layer measuring about 30 A in width. This pattern is revealed after section staining with lead hydroxide or uranyl acetate. At all boundaries between closely packed cells the plasma membranes are either separated by a light interspace, with an average width of 60 A, or the peripheral plasma membrane components are fused, forming a single opaque middle layer. The cell boundaries may accordingly appear as a seven-layered or a five-layered structure. The cell boundaries form attachment zones of two different types. One type is always located close to the excretory ducts and has a five- or seven-layered appearance. The second type of attachment zone is characterized by a slight widening of the cell boundaries and the presence of opaque material in the interspace between the plasma membranes. The cytoplasmic components of the plasma membranes are closely associated with opaque material in the cytoplasm in the attachment zones.
Apparent molar volumes and apparent molar heat capacities of aqueous D-glucose and D-galactose at temperatures from 278.15 K to 393.15 K and at the pressure 0.35 MPa

Abstract Apparent molar heat capacities C p , φ and apparent molar volumes V φ were determined for aqueous solutions of d-glucose and d-galactose at temperatures from 278.15 K to 393.15 K and at the pressure 0.35 MPa. The molalities m investigated ranged from 0.05 mol · kg − 1 to 0.5 mol · kg − 1 . A vibrating tube densimeter (DMA 512P, Anton PAAR, Austria) was used to investigate the densities and volumetric properties. Heat capacities were obtained using a twin fixed-cell, power-compensation, differential-output, temperature-scanning calorimeter (NanoDSC 6100, Calorimetry Sciences Corporation, Provo, UT, U.S.A.). The calculated V φ and C p , φ of the solutions were fit to equations that describe the surfaces ( V φ , T , m ) and ( C p , φ , T , m ). These surfaces showed no dependence of V φ or C p , φ on M . Infinite dilution partial molar volumes V 2 o and heat capacities C p ,2 o were obtained over the range of temperature. The C p ,2 o and V 2 o values were found to be large, positive, and to increase with increasing temperature.
Are cervical spine radiograph examinations useful in patients with low clinical suspicion of cervical spine fracture? An experience with 254 cases

Trauma patients with low clinical suspicion of cervical spine fracture are often examined with a plain X-ray cervical spine series rather than with cervical spine computed tomography (CT). The authors have been concerned by the absence of fractures in the group of patients examined with plain X-ray. The objective of this investigation was to determine the usefulness of plain X-ray examinations in suspected cases of cervical spine fracture compared to CT. A retrospective review was performed of all trauma patients undergoing imaging for suspected cervical spine fracture in our Emergency Department over a one-year period (January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2007). During the study period, 254 cervical spine plain X-ray and 3,080 cervical spine CT examinations were performed. Of the 254 plain X-ray examinations, 237 were interpreted as negative for fracture, 11 were suboptimal examinations, and six were interpreted as possible fractures (later ruled out by further imaging). Of the 3,080 CT examinations, 2,884 were interpreted as negative for fracture and 196 as positive. The overall positivity rates for acute cervical spine fracture were 0.0% in plain X-ray and 6.4% in CT examinations. These data confirm the authors’ concern that plain X-ray imaging for patients with low clinical suspicion for cervical spine trauma in our hospital may have too low a yield to justify its use. However, the 6.4% positivity rate in the group of patients selected for CT examination justifies its use in this group.
The receptor occupation theory of drug responses

Abstract Using a stochastic model the distribution of complexes of r drugs on N independent receptor sites is derived. It is assumed that the contribution to the total response made by a single kind of receptor depends on the number of receptor sites occupied in a manner that can be expressed as a power series. The previously derived distribution together with the power series are used to express the expected response to the drug. Special cases are discussed in detail. Statistical procedures for estimating parameters of the model and testing various hypotheses concerning mechanisms of action are outlined.
Prediction of Flatband Potentials at Semiconductor‐Electrolyte Interfaces from Atomic Electronegativities

The electron affinities of several metal oxide semiconductors that have been used as anodes in photoelectrochemical cells are calculated using the atomic electronegativities of the constituent atoms. These electron affinities are quantitatively related to the measured flatband potentials by considering the effects of specific adsorption of potential‐determining ions (for metal oxides used in photoelectrolysis, these are usually OH− and H+). Methods are discussed for determining the pH at which net adsorbed surface charge and thus potential across the Helmholtz layer is zero (point of zero zeta potential, pzzp). This pH value is shown to correlate with the electronegativity of the metal oxides. The application of these ideas to other semiconductor‐electrolyte systems is discussed.
Effect of the data sampling rate on accuracy of indices for heart rate and blood pressure variability and baroreflex function in resting rats and mice

The aim of this study was to determine the minimal sampling rate (SR) required for blood pressure (BP) waveform recordings to accurately determine BP and heart rate (HR) variability indices and baroreceptor reflex sensitivity in rats and mice. We also determined if an 8-bit (versus 12-bit) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) resolution is sufficient to accurately determine these hemodynamic parameters and if spline interpolation to 1000 Hz of BP waveforms sampled at lower SRs can improve accuracy. BP and ECG recordings (1000 Hz SR, 12-bit ADC resolution) from two strains of rats and BP recordings (1000 Hz SR, 12-bit ADC resolution) from two strains of mice were mathematically converted to lower SRs and/or 8-bit ADC resolution. Time-domain HR variability and frequency-domain HR and BP variability indices and baroreflex sensitivity (using the sequence technique) were determined and the results obtained from the original files were compared to the results obtained from the mathematically altered files. Our results demonstrate that an ADC resolution of 8 bit is not sufficient to determine HR and BP variability in rats and mice and baroreceptor reflex sensitivity in mice. Average values for systolic, mean and diastolic BP and HR can be accurately derived from BP waveforms recorded at a minimal SR of 200 Hz in rats and mice. Spline interpolation of BP waveforms to 1000 Hz prior to extracting derived parameters reduces this minimal SR to 50 Hz in rats but still requires 200 Hz in mice. Frequency-domain BP variability (very low and low frequency spectral powers) can be estimated accurately at a minimum SR of 100 Hz in rats and mice and spline interpolation of BP waveforms to 1000 Hz reduces this minimal SR to 50 Hz in rats but does not reduce the minimal SR in mice. Time- and frequency-domain HR variability parameters require at least a SR of 1000 Hz in rats and mice. Spline interpolation of BP waveforms to 1000 Hz reduces this minimal SR to 100 Hz in rats and to 200 Hz in mice. Estimation of baroreflex sensitivity using the sequence technique requires a SR of at least 1000 Hz in rats and mice. Spline interpolation of BP waveforms to 1000 Hz reduces this minimal SR to 100 Hz in rats but does not reduce the minimum SR in mice. Finally, our results indicate that HR time series derived from BP waveforms are not totally consistent with HR time series derived from the ECG in rats. In conclusion, accurate assessment of HR variability and baroreflex sensitivity from BP waveform recordings requires a SR of at least 1000 Hz in rats and mice. If lower SRs are used for BP waveform recordings, a cubic spline interpolation to 1000 Hz (or an even higher SR) prior to extracting derived parameters significantly improves accuracy.
A-GHSOM: An adaptive growing hierarchical self organizing map for network anomaly detection

The growing hierarchical self organizing map (GHSOM) has been shown to be an effective technique to facilitate anomaly detection. However, existing approaches based on GHSOM are not able to adapt online to the ever-changing anomaly detection. This results in low accuracy in identifying intrusions, particularly ''unknown'' attacks. In this paper, we propose an adaptive GHSOM based approach (A-GHSOM) to network anomaly detection. It consists of four significant enhancements: enhanced threshold-based training, dynamic input normalization, feedback-based quantization error threshold adaptation, and prediction confidence filtering and forwarding. We first evaluate the A-GHSOM approach for intrusion detection using the KDD'99 dataset. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that compared with eight representative intrusion detection approaches, A-GHSOM achieves significant overall accuracy improvement and significant improvement in identifying ''unknown'' attacks while maintaining low false-positive rates. It achieves an overall accuracy of 99.63%, and 94.04% accuracy in identifying ''unknown'' attacks while the false positive rate is 1.8%. To avoid drawing research results and conclusions solely based on experiments with the KDD dataset, we have also built a dataset (TD-Sim) that consists of a mixture of live trace data from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and simulated traffic based on our testbed network, ensuring adequate coverage of a variety of attacks. Performance evaluation with the TD-Sim dataset shows that A-GHSOM adapts to live traffic and achieves an overall accuracy rate of 97.12% while maintaining the false positive rate of 2.6%.
Preparation of the Patient for Awake Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy

Since the introduction of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) technology the ability to actually visualize and selectively perform a biopsy ofthe entire upper airway, as well as much of the lower airway, has established this technique as an invaluable diagnostic tool. FFB is usually performed in procedure rooms without the use of an endotracheal tube and without the assistance of an anesthesiologist. Most FFBs are assisted by sedation and local anesthesia. They are often performed using the transnasal approach”#{176}; however, the oral approach is also commonly employed . The transnasal approach precludes damage to the instrument from closure of the teeth and offers optimal anatomic alignment for entrance into the larynx and trachea.3 Although FFB is considered a relatively safe procedure when performed by a knowledgeable, experienced operator, it is not without risk. Obstruction of the airway, hypoxia, arrhythmias, local anesthetic toxic reactions, and oversedation are some of the possible complications that may occur.’249 The best way to identify hypoxemia and arrhythmias when they manifest is to rely on pulse oximeters and continuous cardiac rhythm monitors. Patient acceptance is predicated on the individual’s comfort during such an experience. Repeated episodes ofpain, coughing, retching, and vomiting detract from the efficient application ofthis method. Such episodes predispose to ill will between patient and physician. Fortunately, these side effects are usually avoidable with proper preparation, which actually begins with an explanation of the patient’s condition and the specific indication for FFB in the particular case. A brief discussion of the procedure and its possible complications, including discomfort, should then en-
Energy: Boosting biofuel yields

Biofuels could be an important energy source, but they compete with food for cropland. An analysis of current crop production suggests that increasing yields of biofuel crops on existing cropland could avoid agricultural expansion and its associated impacts.
A subcellular localization of the gene product of the DNase-1 locus in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract A study was undertaken to determine the subcellular location of DNase-1, a major acid deoxyribonuclease in Drosophila melanogaster . Embryonic tissue used in these experiments was derived from a wild type strain and from a strain homozygous at the DNase-1 locus (3–61.8) for the null activity allele, DNase-1 n324 . The majority of total acid DNase and DNase-1 activity is found in the small particulate fraction of tissue homogenates fractionated by differential centrifugation. The activity exhibits latency in these extracts indicating that it is membrane delimited. DNase-1 activity also co-equilibrates in sucrose density gradients with acid phosphatase activity which, in D. melanogaster , is known to be lysosomal. These results suggest that DNase-1 is localized largely within the lysosomes of embryonic tissue. Functional implications of a lysosomal location for DNase-1 are discussed.
Ray tracing as a design tool for radio networks

Efficient radio ray tracing programs developed particularly for reflector-rich environments are described. These image-based, dual-grid, scalar, coherent, ray tracing programs generate maps, (two-dimensional slices) of three-dimensional standing wave patterns for continuous wave illumination. The calculated maps are used to estimate system coverage quality in a macroscopic sense and to investigate design alternatives regarding antenna beamwidths, boresight orientations, spatially averaged signal strengths, and so forth. The programs run fast enough on engineering workstation to support indoor radio system design, but not fast enough for interactive use. Examples are given to illustrate the use of the programs. >
Spherical harmonic representation of the gravity field of Mars using a short-arc technique

Planetary gravity fields are primarily determined from Doppler tracking of orbiting spacecraft which are typically in high eccentricity orbits. Thus, the non-central gravitational components perturb the orbit primarily in the vicinity of periapsis. To find a computationally efficient technique and to reduce the influence of unmodeled forces on the spacecraft, an analysis has been performed of the effectiveness of processing only data in the vicinity of periapsis using multiple short arcs. Mariner 9 data are processed for the study, using 1, 2, 3 and 4 hour arcs and estimating gravity fields from 4th through 7th degree. The resulting gravity fields are inter-compared and also compared with previously published results.
Ultrastructural epithelial zonation of the primate endometrium (rhesus monkey).

The uterine endometrium of menstruating primates (rhesus monkey, human) consists of a germinal basalis that regenerates a transient func-tionalis during each menstrual cycle. The endometrium is further subdivided into 4 zones that differ histologi-cally and in epithelial mitotic rate along the longitudinal axes of the uterine glands and microvasculature (Bartelmez et al: Contrib. Embryol. Carnegie Inst., 34:99-146, 1951; Bartelmez: Am. J. Obstet. GynecoL, 74:931–955,1957; Padykula et al.: Biol. Reprod., 32:1103–1118, 1984; Biol. Reprod., in press, 1988). The zones are defined as follows: functionalis I, luminal epithelium; functionalis II (upper straight gland segments); basalis III (middle gland segments), and basalis IV (bottoms of the glands). The surrounding stroma and microvasculature also differ zonally. Ultrastructural epithelial differences are evident among the 4 zones during 3 distinct functional states during natural menstrual cycles and after ovariectomy: (1) basal level after ovariectomy and (2) estrogen dominance and (3) progesterone dominance. Zonal structural differences persist at a minimal level of differentiation after ovariectomy and thus zonation is an inherent property. During estrogen dominance, distinctive ultra-structural differences are evident among the 4 zones, such as epithelial cell heterogeneity in functionalis I and homogeneity in functionalis II. Also a distinctive glandular cell type occurs in basalis III and IV that is recognized by a highly irregular cisternal rough endo-plasmic reticulum that permeates the cytoplasm. During progesterone dominance, ultrastructural differences exist among the 4 zones except for similarity between the epithelial cells of functionalis II and basalis III. Postovulatory epithelial cells of functionalis I and II and basalis III become postmitotic via progesterone inhibition but intracellular differentiation continues progressively. Postovulatory epithelial mitotic activity in basalis IV escapes progesterone inhibition as the [3H]thymidine labeling index continues to increase from 1 to 12% during the menstrual cycle (Padykula et al.: Reprod., 30(Suppl. l).-92 (Abstr. 123), 1984). This post-ovulatory proliferation coupled with progressive differentiation in basalis IV may represent a stem-progenitor set of cells for postmenstrual endometrial regeneration or alternatively for creation of the maternal placenta.
Osteoporosis: how long should we treat?

Purpose of review Bisphosphonates are the most commonly used treatment for osteoporosis. The pharmacology of bisphosphonates suggests the possibility of discontinuing treatment for a period, and patients frequently ask about this. In an attempt to help answer these questions, this review will consider recent data relevant to continuing and discontinuing long-term bisphoshonate therapy and other osteoporosis therapy. Recent findings Morphometric vertebral fracture protection continues for 1 year after discontinuation of risedronate for 3 years and there are now similar bishosphonate data for hip fractures. Nonvertebral fractures -in high-risk women - and perhaps clinical vertebral fractures may be reduced in women treated for 10 years with alendronate compared with those who stopped treatment after 5 years. After discontinuing bisphosphonates, bone mineral density appears to deplete more rapidly in the spine than in the hip and biochemical markers appear to increase. These changes occur very rapidly after discontinuing denosumab. Fractures at unusual sites have been reported with long-term bisphosphonate use. Summary It appears that a drug holiday can be considered in many patients, although high-risk patients may benefit from continued bisphosphonate therapy. Recent unusual fracture cases need to be considered in making long-term treatment decisions.
Characterisation and optimisation of physical and oxidative stability of structured lipid-based infant formula emulsion: Effects of emulsifiers and biopolymer thickeners

Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to investigate the effects of lecithin (0-0.4 g/100 ml), monoacylglycerol (0-0.4 g/100 ml), locust bean gum (LBG; 0-0.1 g/100 ml), and carrageenan (0-0.02 g/100 ml) on the physical and oxidative properties of structured lipid-based infant formula emulsion containing dairy proteins, lactose, vitamins, minerals and other micronutrients. Particle size, optical stability, viscosity, relative content of docosahexaenoic acid, stearidonic acid and total oxidation value were assessed during 28-day storage. ANOVA results showed that the experimental data were satisfactorily fitted to second-order polynomial models by multiple linear regression. The contour plots illustrated that lecithin and monoacylglycerol played a dominant role in controlling the emulsion stability compared to LBG and carrageenan. Lecithin content significantly affected all the responses measured, particularly lipid oxidation. Increasing monoacylglycerol concentration led to an increase in particle size and emulsion viscosity. The optimal condition to achieve the highest stability was predicted to be 0.2, 0.4, 0.045, and 0.015 g/100 ml lecithin, monoacylglycerol, LBG and carrageenan, respectively. The verification data further demonstrated the suitability of the models explored by RSM. Overall, the findings obtained in this study have important implications for the successful incorporation of structured lipid into infant formula emulsion for better infant nutrition and health.
Bicyclist risks and helmet usage patterns: An analysis of compensatory behavior in a risky recreational activity

This article evaluates the risk- and safety-related behavior of adult bicyclists. Probit regression models are applied to national survey data to determine the relationship between accident risks and helmet use. Compensatory behavior, measured in the form of changes in the likelihood of helmet use, is quantified for discrete changes in risk factors. The results are supportive of the risk compensation hypothesis: changes in the risk of head injury tend to be offset by changes in helmet use. However, the analysis provides no evidence that the magnitude of the compensatory response overwhelms the direct impacts of changes in the risk environment.