cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Latinizing the ‘national pastime’

The recent surge of baseball players emanating from Latin America is generally viewed as indicative of global currents in the sport. This view represents an overly shallow understanding of global processes. Based on intensive study of the sport –primarily in the Dominican Republic– this study presents new data and paradigms for looking at the relationship between Latin American and North American influences in the game. Understanding the growing labor presence of Latin Americans requires an assessment of the economic health of the game domestically. Despite robust economic figures a crisis exists, and going abroad represents one important solution. In the wake of these developments, there is growing evidence of a shift in political and economic influence: away from American dominance, toward a Latin American impact within the sport. The study builds a political-economic model from which to understand this emerging trend.
Body Form, Locomotion and Foraging in Aquatic Vertebrates

Four functional categories are denned to embrace the range of locomotor diversity of aquatic vertebrates; (1) body/caudal fin (BCF) periodic propulsion where locomotor movements repeat, as occurs in cruising and sprint swimming; (2) BCF transient propulsion where kinematics are brief and non-cylic, as occurs in fast-starts and powered turns; (3) median and paired fin (MPF) propulsion, with very diverse fin kinematics, used in slow swimming and precise maneuver; (4) occasional propulsion or “non-swimming.” Specialization in any one of these categories compromises performance in one or more of the others, thereby reducing locomotor diversity and hence behavioral options. Food characteristics influencing the role of locomotion in search and capture are; (1) distribution in space and/or time and (2) evasive capabilities. BCF periodic swimmers take food that is widely dispersed in space/time; BCF transient swimmers consume locally abundant evasive items and MPF swimmers consume non-evasive food in structurally complex habitats. Locomotor specialists under-utilize smaller food items in exposed habitats. This resource is exploited by smaller fish, which are locomotor generalists because of predation pressures. For such locomotor generalists, locomotor adaptations for food capture are of diminished importance and other adaptations such as suction and protrusible jaws in fish are common.
Oxidation states of copper during reduction of cupric oxide in methanol catalysts

In a current study of a copper oxide/zinc oxide/alumina methanol catalyst, in situ x-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to study the reduction of CuO/ZnO/Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/(60/30/10 wt %) and CuO/ZnO(67/33 wt %). XRD supplied information on relative reaction rates and direct determination of chemical structure throughout the reduction process. Reductions was performed in 2 or 5% hydrogen in nitrogen at 250 C. A flow of 70 cm/sup 3//min was maintained, thus providing a convenient time frame for analysis. The experimental apparatus was determined to be air tight because reoxidation did not occur after extended periods under reaction conditions. XRD peaks were used to monitor the course of the reaction at 15 min intervals. The intensities were converted to respective wt % by a direct comparison method. Experimental conversion factors were determined from intensity ratios of standard mixtures of Cu, Cu/sub 2/O and CuO. The reduction of CuO by hydrogen has been observed to go through an intermediate Cu/sub 2/O phase. The mechanism appears to be independent of crystallite size or dispersion, but the reaction rate is strongly dependent upon these factors. (The intensity of the ZnO reflection is a constant throughout the reduction.) 3 figures.
Precision mapping of electrostatic fields using interference-narrowed Stark resonances.

We have exploited the interference narrowing of Stark resonances to map electrostatic fields to a previously unattained level of accuracy and spatial resolution. The technique involves stepwise excitation with tightly focused laser light, an atomic beam, and temporal observation of ionization over a region of interference narrowing. Field inhomogeneities as small as 70 ppm have been detected with spatial resolution of 250 \ensuremath{\mu}m in three dimensions. The method is used here with rubidium atoms at fields of 3--4 kV/cm, but any alkali-metal atom over a range from a few tens of V/cm to a few tens of kV/cm is appropriate. Ionization rates may be calculated with the WKB quantum-defect method, but the field-mapping results are independent of the theory. Here this mapping technique is used to evaluate two electrode configurations for precision Stark spectroscopy. Field inhomogeneities produced by an electrode with a narrow slit, when properly constructed, are found to be in good agreement with detailed electrostatic calculations. However, discrepancies between field measurements and calculations for a metal mesh over an aperture indicate the presence of unavoidable crinkles of the mesh. We conclude that the slot is the preferred arrangement, and we present calculations that give the field inhomogeneity as a function of the slot size.
Evaluation of anti-activated protein C antibody development in patients with severe sepsis from four clinical studies with drotrecogin alpha (activated).

Summary. Background: Drotrecogin alfa (activated) (DAA) is a recombinant human activated protein C (APC), which is an antithrombotic protein. Objectives: To evaluate the development of anti-APC antibodies in severe sepsis patients in DAA clinical studies. Patients and methods: Serum and plasma samples were collected in placebo-controlled studies (PROWESS, ADDRESS) and studies where all patients were DAA-treated (ENHANCE, XPRESS). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detecting anti-APC IgA/IgG/IgM antibodies was used. IgG isolated from plasma of positive samples was tested for neutralizing activity against DAA-induced prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time. Results: The proportions of patients with negative baseline but positive postbaseline anti-APC antibodies were 1.5% (27/1855) and 1.6% (24/1493) in the DAA and placebo cohorts, respectively (P = 0.72 for the difference). Of the 27 DAA and 24 placebo patients with positive anti-APC antibodies, all but one (DAA) were alive at day 28, and all but seven (four DAA and three placebo) were alive at hospital discharge, including eight (five DAA and three placebo) patients who tested positive for anti-APC neutralizing antibodies. Two of the 51 patients who tested positive for the development of anti-APC antibodies experienced a thrombotic event (one DAA, one placebo). In ADDRESS, no anti-APC antibody was detected in the six DAA-treated patients who had received a previous course of DAA therapy. Conclusions: The proportion of patients with anti-APC antibodies was low and was similar between DAA-treated and placebo-treated patients. No relationship between anti-APC antibody development and adverse reactions was observed. There was no evidence that the anti-APC antibodies detected represented a specific immune response to DAA therapy.
Modeling and Validation of a Large Scale, Multiphase Carbon Capture System

As the effects of climate change continue to rise with increasing carbon dioxide emission rates, it is imperative that we develop an efficient method for carbon capture. This paper outlines the framework used to break down a large, complex carbon capture system into smaller unit problems for model validation, and uncertainty quantification. We use this framework to investigate the uncertainty and sensitivity of the hydrodynamics of a bubbling fluidized bed. Using the open-source computational fluid dynamics code MFIX we simulate a bubbling fluidized bed with an immersed horizontal tube bank. Mesh resolution and statistical steady state studies are conducted to identify the optimal operating conditions. The preliminary results show good agreement with experimental data from literature. Employing statistical sampling and analysis techniques we designed a set of simulations to quantify the sensitivity of the model to model parameters that are difficult to measure, including: coefficients of restitution, friction angles, packed bed void fraction, and drag models. Initial sensitivity analysis results indicate that no parameters may be omitted. Further uncertainty quantification analysis is underway to investigate and quantify the effects of model parameters on the simulations results.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Membrane and Receptor Modifications of Oxidative Stress Vulnerability in Aging: Nutritional Considerations

Evidence suggests that oxidative stress (OS) may contribute to the pathogenesis of age-related decrements in neuronal function and that OS vulnerability increases as a function of age. In addition to decreased endogenous protection, increases in OS vulnerability may result from changes in membrane lipids and distribution of receptor subtype. Using a PC-12 cell model system, we have shown that H2O2 or dopamine (DA) exposure induced deficits in the cell's ability to clear (extrude/sequester, E/S) Ca2+ that are similar to those seen in aging. When plasma membrane concentrations of sphingomyelin (SPM) were used, the SPM metabolite, sphingosine-1-phosphate was increased to the same levels as those seen in aging, and enhancement of OS-induced decreases in calcium E/S following KCL depolarization was observed. Differential decreases in CA2+ E/S were also seen following DA-induced OS in COS-7 cells transfected with one of five muscarinic receptor subtypes. Cells transfected with either M1, M2, or M4 receptors showed significantly greater vulnerability to OS (as expressed by greater decrements in calcium E/S and cell death) than those transfected with M3 or M5 receptors. The vitamin E analogue, Trolox, and the nitrone-trapping agent, PBN, were not effective in altering E/S decrements but were effective in preventing cell death 24 h after OS exposure. These findings suggest that putative regional (e.g., striatum and hippocampus) increases in OS vulnerability and loss of neuronal function in aging may be dependent upon membrane SPM concentration and receptor subtype. In related studies, attempts were made to determine whether increased OS protection via nutritional increases in antioxidant levels in rats [using diets supplemented with vitamin E (500IU/kg), strawberry extracts (9.4 g/kg dried aqueous extract, DAE), spinach (6.7 g/kg DAE), or blueberry extracts (10 g/kg DEA for six weeks)] would protect against exposure to 100% O2 (a model of accelerated neuronal aging). Results indicated that these diets were effective in preventing OS-induced decrements in several parameters (e.g., nerve growth factor decreases), suggesting that although there may be increases in OS vulnerability in aging, phytochemicals present in antioxidant-rich foods may be beneficial in reducing or retarding the functional central nervous system deficits seen in aging or oxidative insult.
Ligand Trapping by Cytochrome c Oxidase IMPLICATIONS FOR GATING AT THE CATALYTIC CENTER

Cytochrome c oxidase is a member of the heme-copper family of oxygen reductases in which electron transfer is linked to the pumping of protons across the membrane. Neither the redox center(s) associated with proton pumping nor the pumping mechanism presumably common to all heme-copper oxidases has been established. A possible conformational coupling between the catalytic center (Fea33+–CuB2+) and a protein site has been identified earlier from ligand binding studies, whereas a structural change initiated by azide binding to the protein has been proposed to facilitate the access of cyanide to the catalytic center of the oxidized bovine enzyme. Here we show that cytochrome oxidase pretreated with a low concentration of azide exhibits a significant increase in the apparent rate of cyanide binding relative to that of free enzyme. However, this increase in rate does not reflect a conformational change enhancing the rapid formation of a Fea33+–CN–CuB2+ complex. Instead the cyanide-induced transition of a preformed Fea33+–N3–CuB2+ to the ternary complex of Fea33+–N3 CuB2+–CN is the most likely reason for the observed acceleration. Significantly, the slow rate of azide release from the ternary complex indicates that cyanide ligated to CuB blocks a channel between the catalytic site and the solvent. The results suggest that there is a pathway that originates at CuB and that, during catalysis, ligands present at this copper center control access to the iron of heme a3 from the bulk medium.
Dynamic Fracture Simulation of Concrete Using a Virtual Internal Bond Model

A multiscale virtual internal bond (VIB) model for isotropic materials has been recently proposed to describe material deformation and fracture under quasi-static and dynamic loading situations. Fracture simulation using an isotropic VIB model is made possible by incorporating a cohesive type law, inspired by atomistic-level interaction among particles into a hyperelastic framework at the continuum level. Thus, fracture is built directly into the constitutive formulation. The numerical implementation of the material model for brittle materials into a finite-element scheme and the determination of model parameters has been previously researched. In this paper, the VIB model is applied to the dynamic fracture simulation of plain concrete. The experimental study on the dynamic tensile failure of concrete by Gran et al. is used to determine the VIB model material parameters for plain concrete. Simulations and results of comparisons with the concrete — VIB model with the experimental results are presented in this paper.
Data analysis for the NASA EOS aura microwave limb sounder instrument

The microwave limb sounder is one of four instruments on the NASA Earth Observing System Aura spacecraft, launched 15 July 2004 into a near-polar sun-synchronous ~705 km altitude orbit, which gives global coverage, day and night, with ~13 orbits per day. The instrument passively views thermal emission from the limb of the Earth’s atmosphere in ~1,000 microwave channels, viewing forward in the satellite flight direction. The antenna scans in the orbit plane from the surface to ~100 km altitude at the limb every ~25 s, a total of ~3,500 scans per day with 148 integration periods per scan, giving >500 million measurements per day. We solve for ~20 quantities that characterize the upper atmosphere at each of ~70 levels on each scan, or ~5 million results per day.
David M. Gordon: Radical political economist and activist (1944–1996)

Abstract David Gordon, a pioneer of radical political economics and an activist of the U.S. left, died of congestive heart failure on March 16, 1996, at th age of fifty-one. At the time of his death he was Professor of Economics at the New School for Social Research and Director of the Center for Economic Policy Analysis in New York. As economists we will remember best his historically and institutionally based contributions to our understanding of poverty and segmented labor markets and to our analysis of long-run capitalist development. As friends and political associates we will remember his indefatigable commitment to reshaping the economic thinking of the democratic left in an era in which many progressives despaired at the unraveling of the leftKeyneslan policy paradigm and the rise of right-wing dogma.
HABITAT QUALITY AND HETEROGENEITY INFLUENCE DISTRIBUTION AND BEHAVIOR IN AFRICAN BUFFALO (SYNCERUS CAFFER)

Top-down effects of predators on prey behavior and population dynamics have been extensively studied. However, some populations of very large herbivores appear to be regulated primarily from the bottom up. Given the importance of food resources to these large herbivores, it is reasonable to expect that forage heterogeneity (variation in quality and quantity) affects individual and group behaviors as well as distribution on the landscape. Forage heterogeneity is often strongly driven by underlying soils, so substrate characteristics may indirectly drive herbivore behavior and distribution. Forage heterogeneity may further interact with predation risk to influence prey behavior and distribution. Here we examine differences in spatial distribution, home range size, and grouping behaviors of African buffalo as they relate to geologic substrate (granite and basalt) and variation in food quality and quantity. In this study, we use satellite imagery, forage quantity data, and three years of radio-tracking data to assess how forage quality, quantity, and heterogeneity affect the distribution and individual and herd behavior of African buffalo. We found that buffalo in an overall poorer foraging environment keyed-in on exceptionally high-quality areas, whereas those foraging in a more uniform, higher-quality area used areas of below-average quality. Buffalo foraging in the poorer-quality environment had smaller home range sizes, were in smaller groups, and tended to be farther from water sources than those foraging in the higher-quality environment. These differences may be due to buffalo creating or maintaining nutrient hotspots (small, high-quality foraging areas) in otherwise low-quality foraging areas, and the location of these hotspots may in part be determined by patterns of predation risk.
Metabolic Changes in Glucose Transporter-deficient Leishmania mexicana and Parasite Virulence

Leishmania mexicana are parasitic protozoa that express a variety of glycoconjugates that play important roles in their biology as well as the storage carbohydrate β-mannan, which is an essential virulence factor for survival of intracellular amastigote forms in the mammalian host. Glucose transporter null mutants, which are viable as insect form promastigotes but not as amastigotes, do not take up glucose and other hexoses but are still able to synthesize these glycoconjugates and β-mannan, although at reduced levels. Synthesis of these carbohydrate-containing macromolecules could be accounted for by incorporation of non-carbohydrate precursors into carbohydrates by gluconeogenesis. However, the significantly reduced level of the virulence factor β-mannan in the glucose transporter null mutants compared with wild-type parasites may contribute to the non-viability of these null mutants in the disease-causing amastigote stage of the life cycle.
Skew thoughts on parallelism

Abstract The non-parallelism introduced by the spiraling of electrons in the objective lens has greatly complicated the task of producing parallel illumination in the transmission electron microscope. This paper addresses the understanding and the techniques for minimizing the effects of the primary sources of non-parallelism: beam convergence/divergence (controlled by the excitation of the condenser lenses), the rotational divergence caused by the magnetic field in the objective lens and the angular spread introduced by the finite size of the electron source. The results are relevant to channeling and diffraction experiments and high-resolution images.
Group size and foraging efficiency in yellow baboons

I studied the foraging behaviour of adults in three different-sized groups of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) at Amboseli National Park in Kenya to assess the relationship between group size and foraging efficiency in this species. Study groups ranged in size from 8 to 44 members; within each group, I collected feeding data for the dominant adult male, the highest ranking pregnant female, and the highest ranking female with a young infant. There were no significant differences between groups during the study in either the mean estimated energy value of the food ingested per day for each individual (385±27 kJ kg-1 day-1) or in the estimated energy expended to obtain that food (114±3 kJ kg-1 day-1). Mean foraging efficiency ratios, which reflect net energy gain per unit of foraging time, also did not vary as a function of the size of the group in which the baboons were living. There was substantial variation between days in the efficiency ratios of all animals; this was the result of large differences in energy intake rather than in the energy expended during foraging itself. The members of the smallest group spent on the average only one-half as much time feeding each day as did individuals in the two larger groups. However, they obtained almost as much energy while foraging, primarily because their rate of food intake while actually eating tended to be higher than the rate in the other groups. The baboons in the small group were observed closer to trees that they could climb to escape ground predators, and they also were more likely to sit in locations elevated above the ground while resting. Such differences would be expected if the members of the small group were less able to detect approaching predators than individuals that lived in the larger groups. The results of this study suggest that predator detection or avoidance, rather than increased foraging efficiency, may be the primary benefit of living in larger groups in this population.
Longitudinal Associations Between Fathers’ Heavy Drinking Patterns and Children’s Psychosocial Adjustment

Psychosocial adjustment in children of alcoholics (N = 114) was examined in the year before and at three follow-ups in the 15 months after their alcoholic fathers entered alcoholism treatment, testing the hypothesis that children's adjustment problems will vary over time as a function of their fathers' heavy drinking patterns. Three unique patterns of heavy drinking in alcoholic fathers were identified through cluster analysis. The results demonstrated significant and meaningful associations between these drinking patterns in fathers and adjustment problems in children over time. Overall, children whose fathers remained mostly abstinent following their treatment showed lowest and decreasing adjustment problems, while children whose fathers continued and increased heavy drinking following their treatment showed greatest and increasing adjustment problems over time.
Imaging of Myocardial Perfusion with SonoVue™ in Patients with a Prior Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) is an evolving noninvasive imaging technique that can be used to assess regional myocardial perfusion. MCE relies upon the detection of nonlinear ultrasound signal from gas-filled microbubbles during their microvascular transit, resulting in tissue opacification. Provided that the relation between myocardial microbubble concentration and video intensity (VI) is within the linear range, VI measured from any myocardial region reflects the relative tissue concentration of microbubbles, which is influenced by three factors: (1) microbubble concentration in blood; (2) the myocardial blood volume fraction; and (3) microbubble destruction that occurs within the ultrasound beam. In this article, we discuss how these three factors may influence myocardial perfusion information provided by MCE and highlight the importance of image processing. In order to illustrate these concepts, we examine data obtained during perfusion imaging in patients with prior myocardial infarction using intermittent harmonic imaging at various ultrasound pulsing intervals (PIs) during bolus and continuous venous infusions of a second-generation microbubble agent (SonoVue(trade mark)). Our results suggest that evaluation of resting perfusion is most accurate when both myocardial blood volume and blood velocity are assessed. This information is provided only with continuous infusions of microbubbles during imaging protocols that vary the ultrasound PI.
Computer-aided detection of breast masses on mammograms: performance improvement using a dual system

We have developed a computer-aided detection (CAD) system for breast masses on mammograms. In this study, our purpose was to improve the performance of our mass detection system by using a new dual system approach which combines a CAD system optimized with "average" masses with another CAD system optimized with subtle masses. The latter system is trained to provide high sensitivity in detecting subtle masses. For an unknown mammogram, the two systems are used in parallel to detect suspicious objects. A feed-forward backpropagation neural network trained to merge the scores of the two linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifiers from the two systems makes the final decision in differentiation of true masses from normal tissue. A data set of 86 patients containing 172 mammograms with biopsy-proven masses was partitioned into a training set and an independent test set. This data set is referred to as the average data set. A second data set of 214 prior mammograms was used for training the second CAD system for detection of subtle masses. When the single CAD system trained on the average data set was applied to the test set, the A z for false positive (FP) classification was 0.81 and the FP rates were 2.1, 1.5 and 1.3 FPs/image at the case-based sensitivities of 95%, 90% and 85%, respectively. With the dual CAD system, the A z was 0.85 and the FP rates were improved to 1.7, 1.2 and 0.8 FPs/image at the same case-based sensitivities. Our results indicate that the dual CAD system can improve the performance of mass detection on mammograms.
Dynamics of Boreal Birds at the Edge of their Range in the Adirondack Park, NY

Abstract The Adirondack Park in northern New York is located at the southern range extent for several bird species that inhabit lowland boreal forest habitats, which in the Adirondacks are naturally fragmented and intermixed with eastern temperate forest types. I examined occupancy dynamics of 8 bird species in lowland boreal forest wetlands, evaluating the influence of variables associated with climate change and habitat fragmentation, including wetland size and connectivity, on colonization and extinction dynamics for the period 2007–2011. Occurrence data from point-count surveys conformed to predictions of metapopulation theory with respect to extinction, with most species more likely to experience local extinction from smaller, more isolated wetlands. Responses to latitude and elevation were variable. Proximity of human infrastructure was the most consistent driver of short-term dynamics across species, with two-thirds more likely to colonize low-impact sites and become locally extinct from more-impac...
Reframing the Issue: AIDS as a Global Workforce Crisis and the Emerging Role of Multinational Corporations

[Another page, another headline.] “Car plant expansion. 1·5 million rand plan.” Ja. I’ll tell you what that means . . . more machines, bigger buildings . . . never any expansion to the pay-packet. Makes me fedup. I know what I’m talking about. I worked at Ford one time. We used to read in the newspaper . . . big headlines! . . . “So and so from America or London made a big speech: ‘ . . . going to see to it that the conditions of their non-white workers in Southern Africa were substantially improved.’” The talk ended in the bloody newspaper. Never in the pay-packet.
Critical care nurses' workload estimates for managing patients during induced hypothermia.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to provide an initial foundation for exploring how induced hypothermia impacts nursing workload in an intensive care unit setting. Methods: This descriptive study used a questionnaire to obtain input from critical care nurses. Results: The results represent 107 returned surveys from 120 surveys distributed to seven different critical care units. Nurses estimate a mean time of 9·27 min (95% CI = 5·63–12·92 min) per shift for each intervention. Nurses indicate that they typically consider employing over 10 interventions to reduce temperature or induce hypothermia (95% CI = 9·67–10·81). Conclusions: Nurses are open to using a variety of different interventions to manage temperature in critically ill patients. The time required to complete any one intervention varies significantly, but the combination of interventions most certainly has a significant impact on the workload for bedside nurses.
Non-tame Lorentz actions of semisimple Lie groups

We show that if G is a connected semisimple Lie group with finite center, and if G admits a locally faithful, non-tame action by isometries of a connected Lorentz manifold, then $\mathfrak{g}$ has an ideal which is Lie algebra isomorphic to $\mathfrak{sl}_2(\mathbb{R})$ . We also analyze the collection of connected Lie groups G admitting a free action by isometries of a connected Lorentz manifold such that the action is properly ergodic with respect to the Lorentz volume form.
Decomposition of the intercept of a regge trajectory according to multiplicities of produced particles: Comparison with pp data at ISR energies

The average multiplicities of the panticles produced through pionization are related directly to how the intercept of the pomeranchuk Regge pole is composed of different hadrons. Comparison with the pp collision data at ISR energies indicates, with some additional dynamical assumptions, that the pomeron intercept at t = 0 is made mainly of pions ( approx equal 67%) and of KK and NN pairs ( approx equal 17% each within large errors). The sharply rising NN pair component may raise the intercept above unity so as to cause superficial violation of the Froissart bound transiently. (auth)
A Three Pool Model of DNA Digest Gels

The purpose of the project is to determine the effectiveness and to clarify the mechanism of action of potential antibiotic compounds to interfere with the mechanisms of DNA repair in bacteria. After treating the bacteria with the compounds of interest (norfloxacin, novobiocin, and a novel antibiotic, peptide wrwycr), the DNA, now broken into many fragments, was separated based on size using pulse field gel electrophoresis. Preliminary analysis of the gels reveals three pools of DNA fragments: (1) unbroken, (2) broken at a few random spots into fragments larger than about 30 kb and described by a Poisson distribution, and (3) digested into fragments smaller than 30 kb, probably with help of the exonuclease RecBCD. Fits to these three pools are presented and the implications for antibiotic activity are discussed.
MODEL TWO-DIMENSIONAL DIFFRACTION PROFILES FROM DISORDERED VICINAL SURFACES AND RANDOM ISLAND CONFIGURATIONS

Abstract Methods for calculating model diffraction profiles of vicinal surfaces and distributions of islands are described. Modeling of rough terrace edges, and of island structures on terraces, has been performed using phenomenological Hamiltonians. The methods are developed for calculating diffraction profiles in all components, s x , s z , and s y , of the momentum transfer. It is s of step structure irregularities is related to profile shape. Qualitative comparison with experiment is made based on the observed characteristics of terraces obtained from STM and LEED data of vicinal Si(OO1).
Simple Indicators of Adaptation versus Rigidity in History-dependent Firm Activities and Decision Rules

Evolutionary theory suggests that firms' activities and decision rules are history-dependent: firms tend to do what they have done in the past. This paper proposes some simple indicators of adaptation versus rigidity in the amount of effort that a firm devotes to a history-dependent activity, as well as in a decision rule that specifies alterations in the amount of activity. Without requiring complex statistical procedures, runs tests in combination with some simple arithmetic measures of changes in firm behavior over time can help distinguish between rigidity and adaptation in firm behavior. As an illustration, the procedures are applied to data on oil industry R&D activities. Copyright 1998 by Oxford University Press.
Comparison of flex-center, center, and corner methods of corneal endothelial cell analysis.

PURPOSE The center method of corneal endothelial cell analysis is rapid but excludes the outermost digitized cells of a contiguous group from analysis; the flex-center method (Konan, Inc) is a modification that includes analysis of the outermost cells, which is advantageous in images with few cells. In this study, we examined agreement among the flex-center, center, and corner (standard) methods of endothelial analysis. METHODS Identical cells in endothelial images of 10 normal corneas and 10 corneas after penetrating keratoplasty (PK) were analyzed by each method. Agreement among methods for endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation of cell area (CV), and the percentage of hexagonal cells (HEX) was assessed by using a Student-Newman-Keuls procedure. RESULTS In normal corneas, there were small (clinically insignificant) differences among methods for ECD (P < 0.001) (mean +/- SD: flex center, 2846 +/- 248 cells/mm; center, 2870 +/- 253 cells/mm; and corner, 2892 +/- 254 cells/mm), CV (P < 0.001) (flex center, 33% +/- 3%; center, 30% +/- 3%; and corner, 30% +/- 3%), and HEX (P = 0.004) (flex center, 60% +/- 6%; center, 60% +/- 8%; and corner, 58% +/- 7%). In PK corneas, the methods agreed for ECD (P = 0.06) (flex center, 908 +/- 319 cells/mm; center, 912 +/- 307 cells/mm; and corner, 929 +/- 333 cells/mm) but disagreed for CV (P = 0.02) (flex center, 35% +/- 13%; center, 30% +/- 10%; and corner, 35% +/- 15%) and HEX (P = 0.02) (flex center, 56% +/- 19%; center, 54% +/- 17%; and corner, 43% +/- 23%). CONCLUSION ECD agreed among methods in normal and PK corneas, whereas morphometric data agreed poorly in PK corneas.
Tutorial on large deviations for the binomial distribution

We present, in an easy to use form, the large deviation theory of the binomial distribution: how to approximate the probability ofk or more successes inn independent trials, each with success probabilityp, when the specified fraction of successes,a≡k/n, satisfies 0<p<a<1.
DNA replication in the autonomous parvoviruses

Abstract Both ends of the linear single-stranded parvoviral DNA genome contain short palindromic sequences which form duplex hairpins containing cis -acting information required for replication and encapsidation. DNA synthesis is primed directly by the 3′ end, and genomes are replicated through multimeric duplex intermediates by unidirectional, leading-strand synthesis. Unit-length genomes are excised from these concatemers, and their telomeres replicated, by the viral NS1 protein, which introduces a single-strand nick into specific origin sequences, becoming covalently attached to the 5′ end at the nick and providing a 3′ hydroxyl which primes synthesis of a new copy of the telomere. Progeny DNA synthesis requires ongoing replication and is dependent upon packaging.
Photoionization and photoabsorption cross sections of He, O, N2 and O2 for aeronomic calculations

Abstract A compilation of experimental and theoretical photoionization and photoabsorption cross sections is presented for He, O, N 2 , and O 2 for use in studies of ion and photoelectron production in the terrestrial ionosphere. In wavelength regions where rapid variations occur in the cross sections, averaged cross sections are calculated. When necessary the cross sections have been extrapolated to shorter wavelengths. The cross sections are tabulated at the wavelengths of the solar lines and continua given in the solar reference spectrum of Hinteregger from ∼1030 to ∼34 A. For the molecules N 2 and O 2 , branching ratios are given for ionization into the ground and electronic states of the molecular ions and for dissociative ionization.
Strong stability of nonlinear semigroups with weak dissipation and non-compact resolvent–applications to structural acoustics

We consider asymptotic stability, in the strong topology, of a nonlinear coupled system of partial differential equations (PDEs) arising in structural–acoustic interactions. The coupling involves parabolic and hyperbolic dynamics with interaction on an interface–a manifold of lower dimension. The distinctive feature of the model is that the resolvent associated with the generator governing the evolution is not compact and the dissipation considered is ‘weak’. Thus, strong stability is not to be generally expected. In linear problems this difficulty is circumvented by the use of Taubrien theorems and spectral analysis [W. Arendt and C.J.K. Batty, Tauberian theorems and stability of one-parameter semi-groups, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 306(8) (1988), pp. 837–852, Y.I. Lyubich and V.Q. Phong, Asymptotic stability of linear differential equations ain Banach spaces, Studia Math., LXXXXVII, (1988), pp. 37–42, G.M. Sklyar, On the maximal asymptotica for linear equations in Banach spaces, 2009]. However these method...
Melting and convection of phase change materials in different shape containers: A review

A review of analytical, numerical and experimental investigations of melting and ensuing convection of phase change materials within enclosures with different shapes commonly used for thermal energy storage is presented. The common shapes of the containers being rectangular cavities, spherical capsules, tubes or cylinders (vertical and horizontal depending on orientation of gravity) and annular cavities are covered. Studies focusing on melting within rectangular cavities are categorized into two groups. The first one is melting due to isothermal heating on one or more boundaries, whereas the second is the constant heat flux-assisted melting. Moreover, constrained and unconstrained melting in both spherical and horizontal cylindrical containers were discussed. The effects of the concentric geometry and location of the heating source on melting in horizontal annular spaces are presented. The review concentrated on elucidating the heat transfer mechanisms (conduction and convection) during the multiple stages of the melting process and the effects of these mechanisms on the liquid–solid interface shape and its progress, melting rate, charging time of the storage system, etc. The strength of buoyancy driven-convection varies greatly with the dimensionless Rayleigh or Stefan numbers and depends somewhat on the location of heat source and imposed boundary condition. High dimensionless numbers and/or side position of the heat source ensure the dominant role of natural convection melting, otherwise conduction will be responsible for major melting within the container. Furthermore, the geometrical parameters such as the aspect ratio in rectangular containers and vertical cylindrical ones, diameter or radius in spherical capsules and horizontal cylindrical vessels, and eccentricity in annular cavities are reviewed. In addition, the parameters affecting the thermal behavior of the melting process in various enclosures, i.e. the Nusselt, Rayleigh, Stefan, Prandtl and Fourier numbers and are reviewed.
Alveolar Protein Oxidation in Hyperoxic Lung Injury in Rats † 1091

Hyperoxia is an important therapy for pulmonary insufficiency, but can cause lung damage, presumably through the actions of reactive oxygen species. In the course of injury, the influx of plasma proteins into the alveolar spaces results in an accumulation of proteinaceous materials in the alveoli. The purpose of the present study was to investigate oxidized proteins present in the alveolar lining fluids of rats exposed to hyperoxia, to identify biomarkers for hyperoxic lung injury. Male Fischer-344 rats were exposed to>95% O2 or room air for 48 h, and proteins in BAL fluids were analyzed. Derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), separation by gel electrophoresis, and western analysis using an anti-DNP antibody revealed DNPH-reactive protein oxidation products. In both the control and hyperoxic rats, several lavage proteins were DNPH-reactive, but the amounts were greater in the hyperoxic animals. Previously, we found oxidized rat beta-casein in BAL fluids of rats exposed to hyperoxia. Two other DNPH-reactive proteins have now been identified by N-terminal sequencing to be (1) alpha-1-antitrypsin precursor, and (2) glycoprotein pp63, which is a 59 kDa bone sialic acid-containing fetuin precursor. Inactivation of alpha-1-antitrypsin by oxidation of a methionine residue to the sulfoxide is a mechanism for de-inhibition of trypsin, resulting in increased proteolytic activity. However, methionine sulfoxides are not reactive with DNPH, so the oxidation we observe is not identical to the physiological mechanisms for activation of trypsin. Nonetheless, oxidants that are capable of producing DNPH-reactive sites on proteins also oxidize methionine residues [Free Rad Biol Med 22:1235]. Phosphorylated rat hepatic glycoprotein (pp63), which is homologous to human alpha 2-Heremans Scmid-glycoprotein, is an inhibitor of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity, essential in insulin signaling. Levels of mRNA for pp63 were not detectable in rat lungs [Matrix 13:331], suggesting that the protein we observed results from filtration of plasma into broncho-alveolar spaces. The significance of the DNPH-reactivity of pp63 is not known at this time, although the reaction could be linked to the oxidation of oligosaccharide side chains or of the protein. Further studies into the specific chemical modifications these proteins incur are needed to determine the specific mechanisms responsible for the oxidations, whether the oxidations result in loss of protein function, and whether accumulation of these oxidized proteins is affected by decreased clearance of these modified proteins.
Descriptive Epidemiology of Primary Tumors of the Brain, Cranial Nerves and Cranial Meninges in Los Angeles County

This report presents data on the distribution of 8,612 cases of primary tumors of the brain, cranial nerves and cranial meninges (both benign and malignant) diagnosed among residents of Los Angeles County from 1972 to 1985. Incidence rates of gliomas, meningiomas, nerve sheath tumors and all histologic types combined are presented for specific age, sex and ethnic groups. At all ages, the highest incidence is seen for gliomas among men. Meningioma rates are higher among women than men in every ethnic group. In both sexes, glioma rates are highest among whites, and meningioma rates are highest among blacks. Asians have the lowest rates of both types of tumors. Proportional incidence ratios are elevated among those born in Eastern Europe, Southern Europe and the Middle East and among Jewish residents of Los Angeles County. A clear trend of increasing glioma incidence with increasing social class is seen among males. An analysis among white men aged 25–64 by occupation and industry at the time of diagnosis supports several previously published findings. A glioma excess is evident among workers in the aircraft industry. Workers in the petroleum industry and the rubber and plastics industry have an excess of meningiomas. Occupational groups at excess risk include dentists who have an increased risk of all types of brain tumors and electricians whose excess risk is limited to gliomas.
Origin of waters in warm-core ring 82-B

Abstract Warm-core ring 82-B (WCR 82-B) formed from a Gulf Stream meander in the winter of 1982. The T/S properties of the thermostad of the ring in April were different than the surrounding Slope Water and the possible source water, the Gulf Stream or the Sargasso Sea. A convective mixing model was applied to the formation of the thermostad of WCR 82-B. The T/S relationships derived using Gulf Stream source water were more consistent with the field observations in March and April than those obtained using the Sargasso Sea as the source water. Chemical data provided further support for distinguishing Gulf Stream rather than Sargasso Sea as the source. Contrary to earlier notions the source water for WCR 82-B was the Gulf Stream. The thermostad was not modified 18-degree water from the Sargasso Sea.
T Helper Cell-Independent Antibody Responses to the Transgene Product of an E1-Deleted Adenoviral Vaccine Require NK1.1 T Cells

Mice lacking CD4(+) T cells due to a knock-out mutation respond to vaccination with a replication-defective adenoviral recombinant expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus with a long-lasting virus-neutralizing antibody response. The vaccine-induced B cells secrete antibodies that are mainly of IgG isotypes. The response can be enhanced upon booster immunization, indicating the induction of B cell memory in the absence of CD4(+) T cells. The antibody response is independent of CD8(+) T cells but requires the presence of CD3(+) cells carrying the NK1.1 markers.
Rethinking diversity: Hybridity and hybrid language practices in the third space

In this article we provide a perspective on hybridity both as a theoretical lens for understanding diversity and a method for organizing learning. We argue that the use of multiple, diverse, and even conflicting mediational tools promotes the emergence of Third Spaces, or zones of development, thus expanding learning. Using examples from our ethnographic study of the literacy practices of one dual immersion elementary school classroom, we illustrate through an analysis of the discourse and literacy practices of the teacher and students in this culture of collaboration, how hybrid activities, roles, and practices can lead to productive contexts of development.
Mechanical power output of bird flight

Aerodynamic theory predicts that the power required for an animal to fly over a range of speeds is represented by a ‘U’-shaped curve, with the greatest power required at the slowest and fastest speeds, and minimum power at an intermediate speed1,2,3,4,5,6. Tests of these predictions, based on oxygen consumption measurements of metabolic power in birds7,8,9,10,11,12 and insects13, support a different interpretation, generating either flat or ‘J’-shaped power profiles, implying little additional demand between hovering and intermediate flight speeds14. However, respirometric techniques represent only an indirect assessment of the mechanical power requirements of flight and no previous avian study has investigated an animal's full range of attainable level flight speeds. Here we present data from in vivo bone-strain measurements of pectoralis muscle force coupled with wing kinematics in black-billed magpies (Pica pica ), which we use to calculate mechanical power directly. As these birds flew over their full range of speeds, we offer a complete profile of mechanical power output during level flapping flight for this species. Values of mechanical power output are statistically indistinguishable (that is, the power curve is flat) over most forward-flight speeds but are significantly higher during hovering and flight at very low speeds.
Cantilever Beam Vibration Suppression Using Modal Energy Redistribution

Modal energy redistribution is utilized to suppress vibrations of a cantilever beam. The energy redistribution between the modes of the beam is achieved by switching on/off an end force which causes varying stiffness of the beam. The control methodology to suppress all the modes relies on continuously funneling the energy from the higher to the lower modes with the end force and dissipating the energy associated with the fundamental mode. We present an analytical framework for control design exploiting the modal energy redistribution and verify the results through simulations and experiments.
Solution of linear equations by a profile solver

The solution of linear algebraic equations using a profile solver is discussed and a set of subprograms written in FORTRAN 77 are presented which can be used to solve symmetric and non‐symmetric problems.
A partnership for community-based nursing experience: Head Start/Harper College

In an effort to provide a meaningful community-based nursing experience for the students of William Rainey Harper College, a project was developed with the Community Economic Development Association of Cook County, Illinois to link second-year nursing students and clients in a Head Start program. The goals were designed to meet the needs of both the students and the Head Start clients. The students provided a portion of the health service plan for the Head Start families, and at the same time they received a comprehensive community/family learning experience. Throughout the second year of the nursing program the students followed their assigned family utilizing a unique integration of pediatric and psychiatric nursing concepts. The article will outline the project from development to completion of the first year of student involvement. It will address successes, failures, and changes made in the second year of the program.