cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prisoners' Rights Lawyers' Strategies for Preserving the Role of the Courts

This Article is part of the University of Miami Law Review’s Leading from Below Symposium. It canvasses prisoners’ lawyers’ strategies prompted by the 1996 Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”). The strategies comply with the statute’s limits yet also allow U.S. district courts to remain a forum for the vindication of the constitutional rights of at least some of the nation’s millions of prisoners. After Part I’s introduction, Part II summarizes in several charts the PLRA’s sharp impact on the prevalence and outcomes of prison litigation, but demonstrates that there are still many cases and situations in which courts continue to play a role. Part III looks at three methods by which plaintiffs and defendants can jointly obtain injunctive-type relief in prison cases—by crafting stipulations that comply with the PLRA’s constraints, by structuring the relief as a conditional dismissal, or by setting up the possibility of state-court enforcement. Part IV examines plaintiffs’ coping methods for the PLRA’s provisions that ease the path to termination of decrees, whether litigated or by consent. Two types of preparation for a termination motion have emerged: First, the parties sometimes agree to stretch out the remediation period more than the PLRA’s default two years. Second, plaintiffs have worked to ensure that they are collecting sufficient information to inform their potentially hurried response to a termination motion. It is my hope that the examples presented below can help counsel and judges in prisoners’ rights cases thread the needle that the PLRA presents. More theoretically, the examples demonstrate that litigation tactics and procedures are dynamic—that rule changes affect the parties’ bargaining positions but rarely eliminate bargaining altogether.
Two-dimensional model of electromagnetic wave propagation in the volume holographic recording using photorefractive polymer

The photorefractive polymer based holographic memories provide the alternative of achieving terabytes of digital data storage with gigabits per seconds of transfer. The stored information in the medium is in the form of electromagnetic distribution and it is governed by the second order inhomogeneous Helmholtz equations with no known exact solution. A numerical approximation using finite element method is employed to model the wave propagation in the polymer. The model is used to approximate the Helmholtz equation for a spatially varying index of refraction medium subject to input of polarized planar waves. The initial results from the mathematical formulation conform to the theoretical expectation of wave propagation on the non-conducting and non-magnetic materials. In addition, assuming periodicity of the inhomogeneous material, the reflective waves are computed and conservation of energy on the medium is verified. The model is used to simulate electromagnetic wave propagation through a two- dimensionally varying index of refraction poly (N- vynilcarbazol) (PVK) polymer. The transmitive waves are computed at various angles of incidents. The stored hologram represented as transmitive wave is reconstructed in reading process.
Profit Sharing and Public Policy: Insights for the United States

Nations differ in their approach to profit sharing, with policies ranging from nonintervention to mandatory sharing. Mounting evidence that profit sharing has a positive impact on employment and productivity has spurred some American legislators and economists to propose additional tax incentives. While this option has been effective in increasing the number of plans, a more prudent response would be the creation of a national tripartite body to accelerate and enhance the quality of profit-sharing research.
Respondent Burden: A Test of Some Common Assumptions

"RESPONDENT BURDEN" is a relatively recent concern for the survey profession, at least in the term's specific reference to the presumed hardships entailed in being a survey participant. Of course, survey researchers have long been aware that asking people to participate in surveys, through interviews in person or on the telephone, or through a self-administered questionnaire, might entail a sacrifice of time as well as some psychological discomfort, depending on the nature of the inquiry. In fact, warnings against overly long questionnaires or interviews surfaced as far back as the 1920s (e.g., Chapin, 1920), and continued to appear sporadically during the following decades (e.g., Young, 1939; Ruch, 1941). Despite these concerns, however, the profession generally felt that if a survey were competently fielded, with pleasant and tactful inter
Approximate Nearest Neighbor under edit distance via product metrics

We present a data structure for the approximate nearest neighbor problem under edit metric (which is defined as the minimum number of insertions, deletions and character substitutions needed to transform one string into another). For any l ≥ 1 and a set of n strings of length d, the data structure reports a 3l-approximate Nearest Neighbor for any given query string q in O(d) time. The space requirement of this data structure is roughly O(nd1/(l+1)), i.e., strongly subexponential. To our knowledge, this is the first data structure for this problem with both o(n) query time and storage subexponential in d.
Model calculation of oscillatory magnetic breakdown in metals with multiply degenerate bands

We present a model calculation of the oscillatory magnetoresistance in a metal with three degenerate bands. We have in mind the example of body-centered cubic iron where, in the neighborhood of the $H$ point of the Brillouin zone, three bands have multiple intersections and contacts. For magnetic fields along the [011] direction, the Fermi surface in the vicinity of $H$ exhibits a complicated three-band interferometer which leads to complex oscillations in the magnetoresistance. A Fourier analysis of this magnetoresistance reveals that frequencies corresponding to split-beam interference, closed-orbit interference, and mixed type are all present with comparable strength. The connection to the experimental situation is discussed.
Osteonecrosis Following Short-term, Low-dose Oral Corticosteroids: A Population-based Study of 24 Million Patients

Full article available online at Healio.com/Orthopedics Although the association between chronic, high-dose corticosteroid use and osteonecrosis is well known, the incidence of osteonecrosis following short-term, lowdose steroid taper packs has never been reported across a large population. The goal of this study was to report the incidence and risk of osteonecrosis after methylprednisolone taper pack (MTP) prescriptions in a multicenter electronic medical records database. A commercially available software platform was used to evaluate the records of 24,533,880 patients to determine the incidence of osteonecrosis in patients who had received single or multiple MTP over a 12-year period. This was compared with the incidence of osteonecrosis in patients who had never been prescribed an MTP. Patients with a history of osteonecrosis or prior corticosteroid use were excluded from the study. A total of 98,390 patients were identified who had received a single MTP. One hundred thirty (0.132%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.176%-0.283%) of these patients were subsequently diagnosed with osteonecrosis. The incidence of osteonecrosis in patients who had been prescribed 2 or more MTPs was 0.230% (95% CI, 0.176%-0.283%). Compared with the 0.083% incidence of osteonecrosis in the control group that had never been prescribed an MTP, the relative risk of osteonecrosis after the prescription of a single MTP or multiple MTPs was 1.591 and 2.763, respectively, with a statistically significant difference between cohorts ( P<.001). Short-term, low-dose oral corticosteroid administration may be associated with a low but statistically significant increased incidence of osteonecrosis when compared with patients who have never been prescribed a steroid product.
Optimization of nonlinear characteristics

Optimal characteristics for single-input single- output memoryless time invariant nonlinear dynamic systems
THE ANTAGONISM BETWEEN THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS

From the facts stated in this paper it is evident that the thymus gland of mammals contains a substance which is capable of producing tetany when fed to the larvae of certain species of salamanders (Ambystoma opacum and Ambystoma maculatum). As long as the larvae have not developed their own thymus glands, they are able, by means of some mechanism, to counterbalance the tetanic action of the thymus substance introduced in their food. When, however, the secretion from their own thymus glands is added to the thymus material introduced with the food, this mechanism of preventing tetany becomes inadequate and tetany ensues. In the larva of a third species of salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, this mechanism will prevent tetany even when the larvae are fed on thymus. In mammals the parathyroids are known to prevent tetany and are supposed either to absorb the tetany-producing substance and thus prevent its action or to change it into another non-toxic substance. It is at least probable that in the amphibians the parathyroids play the same role. Larvae of anuran amphibians, which develop their parathyroids soon after hatching, never show tetanic convulsions if they are fed on thymus, but in certain species of salamanders, whose parathyroids develop only during metamorphosis, the larvae invariably have tetanic convulsions upon thymus feeding, while the metamorphosed animals never show tetany. But in addition to the parathyroids the salamanders must possess still another mechanism which during the larval period inhibits the production of tetany by the animal's own thymus glands. In the larvae of Ambystoma opacum and Ambystoma maculatum this mechanism is sufficient only to prevent tetany from the animal's own thymus, while in the larvae of Ambystoma tigrinum it is capable of preventing tetany even when the larvae are fed with thymus. If the thymus is the organ by whose action tetany is produced, we can understand why tetany in human beings occurs far more frequently in children than in adults, since in the latter the thymus gland is replaced, at least to a great extent, by connective tissue. The relation of thymus to tetany may also possibly explain the occurrence of tetany during pregnancy; while the parathyroids of the mother may be sufficient to prevent tetany from her largely atrophied thymus, they may not be sufficient to prevent tetany from the excess of thymus substance furnished by the fetus to the blood of the mother.
Membrane potential and surface potential in mitochondria. Binding of a cationic spin probe

Abstract The interaction of the cationic spin probe 4-( N , N -dimethyl- N -dodecyl)-ammonium-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (Cat 12 ) with intact mitochondria and submitochondrial particles was investigated as a function of salt concentration, pH and energization by ATP. In the presence of 1 mM Fe(CN) −3 6 , which inhibits the probe reduction by the mitochondria, the probe signal is stable and shows both bound and free forms. The partition of the probe into mitochondrial membranes is decreased by various salts depending on the cation valency, indicating that the membrane is negatively charged (−10 to −15 mV at pH 7.0). The surface potential increases with pH from −3 mV at pH 5.0 to −18 mV at pH 8.0. Energization of intact mitochondria by ATP reduces the magnitude of both bound and free signals by more than 50%; the signal of the bound form slowly disappears on further incubation. The ATP effect is inhibited and also reversed by either oligomycin or CCCP. Similar effects of ATP were observed in mitoplasts but not in submitochondrial particles. In submitochondrial particles ATP has no effect on the probe signal or binding. These results suggest that the formation of membrane potential in mitochondria induces uptake and internal binding of the probe which results in broadening of the EPR signal of the internally bound probe. It is concluded that Cat 12 is not a suitable probe for measurement of surface potential in energized mitochondria.
Cytochrome P450 diversity and induction by gorgonian allelochemicals in the marine gastropod Cyphoma gibbosum

Intense consumer pressure strongly affects the structural organization and function of marine ecosystems, while also having a profound effect on the phenotype of both predator and prey. Allelochemicals produced by prey often render their tissues unpalatable or toxic to a majority of potential consumers, yet some marine consumers have evolved resistance to host chemical defenses. A key challenge facing marine ecologists seeking to explain the vast differences in consumer tolerance of dietary allelochemicals is understanding the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying diet choice. The ability of marine consumers to tolerate toxin-laden prey may involve the cooperative action of biotransformation enzymes, including the inducible cytochrome P450s (CYPs), which have received little attention in marine invertebrates despite the importance of allelochemicals in their evolution. Here, we investigated the diversity, transcriptional response, and enzymatic activity of CYPs possibly involved in allelochemical detoxification in the generalist gastropod Cyphoma gibbosum, which feeds exclusively on chemically defended gorgonians. Twelve new genes in CYP family 4 were identified from the digestive gland of C. gibbosum. Laboratory-based feeding studies demonstrated a 2.7- to 5.1-fold induction of Cyphoma CYP4BK and CYP4BL transcripts following dietary exposure to the gorgonian Plexaura homomalla, which contains high concentrations of anti-predatory prostaglandins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that C. gibbosum CYP4BK and CYP4BL were most closely related to vertebrate CYP4A and CYP4F, which metabolize pathophysiologically important fatty acids, including prostaglandins. Experiments involving heterologous expression of selected allelochemically-responsive C. gibbosum CYP4s indicated a possible role of one or more CYP4BL forms in eicosanoid metabolism. Sequence analysis further demonstrated that Cyphoma CYP4BK/4BL and vertebrate CYP4A/4F forms share identical amino acid residues at key positions within fatty acid substrate recognition sites. These results demonstrate differential regulation of CYP transcripts in a marine consumer feeding on an allelochemical-rich diet, and significantly advance our understanding of both the adaptive molecular mechanisms that marine consumers use to cope with environmental chemical pressures and the evolutionary history of allelochemical-metabolizing enzymes in the CYP superfamily.
Raman determination of layer stresses and strains for heterostructures and its application to the cubic SiC/Si system

A set of formulas for a generalized axial stress in diamond and zinc-blende semiconductors under axial stress is derived to calculate stress-related Raman shifts. By analyzing known Raman data on cubic SiC under hydrostatic pressures, one of the Raman-stress coefficients was obtained, and the existing elastic stiffness constants of cubic SiC were optimized. A method for calculating the stress and strain in SiC films on (100) Si is proposed. It is suggested that the stress and strain expressions and the method of the stress and strain determinations in heterostructures are quite general and may be used for other systems.
Long-Term Effects of Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Exposure in Adolescent and Adult Rats: Radial-Arm Maze Performance and Operant Food Reinforced Responding

Background Adolescence is not only a critical period of late-stage neurological development in humans, but is also a period in which ethanol consumption is often at its highest. Given the prevalence of ethanol use during this vulnerable developmental period we assessed the long-term effects of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure during adolescence, compared to adulthood, on performance in the radial-arm maze (RAM) and operant food-reinforced responding in male rats. Methodology/Principal Findings Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to CIE (or saline) and then allowed to recover. Animals were then trained in either the RAM task or an operant task using fixed- and progressive- ratio schedules. After baseline testing was completed all animals received an acute ethanol challenge while blood ethanol levels (BECs) were monitored in a subset of animals. CIE exposure during adolescence, but not adulthood decreased the amount of time that animals spent in the open portions of the RAM arms (reminiscent of deficits in risk-reward integration) and rendered animals more susceptible to the acute effects of an ethanol challenge on working memory tasks. The operant food reinforced task showed that these effects were not due to altered food motivation or to differential sensitivity to the nonspecific performance-disrupting effects of ethanol. However, CIE pre-treated animals had lower BEC levels than controls during the acute ethanol challenges indicating persistent pharmacokinetic tolerance to ethanol after the CIE treatment. There was little evidence of enduring effects of CIE alone on traditional measures of spatial and working memory. Conclusions/Significance These effects indicate that adolescence is a time of selective vulnerability to the long-term effects of repeated ethanol exposure on neurobehavioral function and acute ethanol sensitivity. The positive and negative findings reported here help to further define the nature and extent of the impairments observed after adolescent CIE and provide direction for future research.
Human clathrin heavy chain (CLTC): partial molecular cloning, expression, and mapping of the gene to human chromosome 17q11-qter.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of a 916-bp human cDNA clone isolated from a human colon λgt11 cDNA library was determined. Sequence analysis showed this cDNA to have 88% homology to the nucleotide sequence of the heavy chain of rat clathrin. The deduced amino acid sequence was 98.7% identical to the rat sequence, a change of only four amino acids. The mRNA identified in both human and rat cells with the human clathrin clone revealed transcripts of approximately 6.5 kb, which is consistent with the predicted 180 kDa molecular weight of the clathrin heavy chain. Southern analysis of human/rodent somatic cell hybrids localized the human clathrin heavy chain gene (CLTC) to chromosome 17. Additional analyses using panels of human/rodent somatic cell hybrids with specific chromosomal translocations and deletions mapped the human clathrin heavy chain gene locus to 17q11-qter.
A search for the process K+ → μ+ + ν + ν + ν

Abstract In a counter experiment at the Bevatron we have searched for the process K + → μ + + ν + ν + ν . We have found no evidence which implies the existence of this decay mode. We obtain an upper limit on the branching ratio of 7 × 10−6 (90% confidence).
The determination of commercial bank reserve requirements

Abstract Excess reserve ratios have been studied extensively and are believed to be endogenously determined. In contrast, required reserve ratios are conventionally treated as exogenous. However, there are public policy reasons for a positive response of reserve requirements to interest rates. These are opposed by private incentives to secure lower requirements when their cost rises with interest rates. Several kinds of evidence support the hypothesis that reserve requirements are inverse functions of interest rates, sometimes with long lags that reflect the political process. The results also suggest that banks are not passive creatures of regulation but mold their environment.
Secure complex event processing in a heterogeneous and dynamic network

Battlefield monitoring involves collecting streaming data from different sources, transmitting the data over a heterogeneous network, and processing queries in real-time in order to respond to events in a timely manner. Nodes in these networks differ with respect to their trustworthiness, processing, storage, and communication capabilities. Links in the network differ with respect to their communication bandwidth. The topology of the network itself is subject to change, as the nodes and links may become unavailable. Continuous queries executed in such environments must also meet some quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as, response time and throughput. Data streams generated from the various nodes in the network belong to different security levels; consequently, these must be processed in a secure manner without causing unauthorized leakage or modification. Towards this end, we demonstrate how an existing complex event processing system can be extended to execute queries and events in a secure manner in such a dynamic and heterogeneous environment.
Health Perceptions and Demographic Characteristics Associated With Underassessment of Body Weight

Objectives: To describe the relationship between BMI and perceived weight status and to determine how underassessment of weight status is associated with demographic characteristics, self-reported general health, and perceived health risk in relation to one's body weight. Methods and Procedures: In the 2004 Styles surveys, 3,888 US adult participants described their current weight status (underweight, about right, slightly overweight, very overweight), which we compared with self-reported BMI in order to determine concordance. We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate associations between underassessment of body weight and characteristics of interest. Results: Among persons with a BMI ≥25, women were more likely than men to recognize their overweight status (slightly or very overweight; 93.0% of women vs. 73.5% of men) and the extent to which they were overweight: 70.4% of obese women vs. 49.5% of obese men described themselves as very overweight. Among the overweight and obese of both sexes, disagreement with regard to current weight as a health risk was associated with underassessment of weight. Additional factors associated with underassessment were education and race/ethnicity among overweight women; race/ethnicity among overweight men; household income and self-rated health among obese women; and self-rated health among obese men (P < 0.05). Discussion: While most of the obese participants recognized that they were overweight, many of them, particularly among the men, did not realize the extent to which they were overweight. Public health messages may be more effective if they are specifically tailored to target audiences, besides emphasizing the health risks associated with excess body weight.
Incorporation and metabolism of 2′-fluoro-5-substituted arabinosyl pyrimidines and their selective inhibition of viral DNA synthesis in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-infected and mock-infected Vero cells

Abstract The incorporation and metabolism of 2′-fluoro-5-substituted arabinosyl pyrimidine analogs, and their selective inhibition of viral DNA synthesis in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-infected and mock-infected Vero cells were studied by HPLC and CsCl isopycnic density gradient analysis of isolated DNAs. The amounts of radiolabeled analogs incorporated as parent compound following 10 μM exposure for 4 h were 10-fold higher in HSV-1-infected vs mock-infected cells for 2′-fluoro-5-difluoromethyl-Ara-U (F 2 FMAU); 4.3-fold higher for 5-ethyl deoxyuridine (EdU); 2.6-fold higher for 2′-fluoro-5-methyl-Ara-U (FMAU) and 1.7-fold higher for dThd. For 2′-fluoro-5-ethyl-Ara-U (FEAU), 3.0 pmole of unchanged moiety was incorporated per 10 6 HSV-1-infected cells but no incorporation was detected in mock-infected cells. HPLC profiles showed that the percentages of radiolabeled analogs incorporated as parent compound in the DNA extracted from HSV-1-infected cells were 31.0% for F 2 FMAU, 99.6% for EdU, 83.5% for FEAU and 98.3% for FMAU; from mock-infected cells, they were 63.6% for F 2 FMAU, 96.7% for EdU, 97.3% for FMAU and no incorporation into DNA for FEAU was detected. CsCl density gradient analyses of isolated DNA showed that viral DNA synthesis was inhibited 98% by 10 μM FEAU, 92% by 10 μM F 2 FMAU, 90% by 2 μM FMAU and 80% by 50 μM EdU, whereas cellular DNA synthesis was inhibited by 53, 44, 61, 66 and 54%, respectively. We conclude that: (a) FEAU incorporation into host-cell DNA was not detectable but FEAU was selectively incorporated into HSV-infected cells; (b) FMAU and FEAU were metabolically stable; however, F 2 FMAU was extensively metabolized; (c) FEAU and F 2 FMAU were among the most selective inhibitors of HSV-1 DNA synthesis while allowing cellular DNA synthesis to continue.
The para-substituent effect and pH-dependence of the organometallic Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of rhenium–carbon bonds

We studied the Baeyer–Villiger (BV) type oxidation of phenylrhenium trioxide (PTO) by H2O2 in the aqueous phase using Quantum Mechanics (density functional theory with the M06 functional) focusing on how the solution pH and the para-substituent affect the Gibbs free energy surfaces. For both PTO and MTO (methylrhenium trioxide) cases, we find that for pH > 1 the BV pathway having OH− as the leaving group is lower in energy than the one involving simultaneous protonation of hydroxide. We also find that during this organometallic BV oxidation, the migrating phenyl is a nucleophile so that substituting functional groups in the para-position of phenyl with increased electron-donating character lowers the migration barrier, just as in organic BV reactions. However, this substituent effect also pushes electron density to Re, impeding HOO− coordination and slowing down the reaction. This is in direct contrast to the organic analog, in which para-substitution has an insignificant influence on 1,2-addition of peracids. Due to the competition of the two opposing effects and the dependence of the resting state on pH and concentration, the reaction rate of the organometallic BV oxidation is surprisingly unaffected by para-substitution.
The Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community in a Neotropical Forest Dominated by the Endemic Dipterocarp Pakaraimaea dipterocarpacea

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) plants and fungi can be diverse and abundant in certain tropical ecosystems. For example, the primarily paleotropical ECM plant family Dipterocarpaceae is one of the most speciose and ecologically important tree families in Southeast Asia. Pakaraimaea dipterocarpacea is one of two species of dipterocarp known from the Neotropics, and is also the only known member of the monotypic Dipterocarpaceae subfamily Pakaraimoideae. This Guiana Shield endemic is only known from the sandstone highlands of Guyana and Venezuela. Despite its unique phylogenetic position and unusual geographical distribution, the ECM fungal associations of P. dipterocarpacea are understudied throughout the tree’s range. In December 2010 we sampled ECM fungi on roots of P. dipterocarpacea and the co-occurring ECM tree Dicymbe jenmanii (Fabaceae subfamily Caesalpinioideae) in the Upper Mazaruni River Basin of Guyana. Based on ITS rDNA sequencing we documented 52 ECM species from 11 independent fungal lineages. Due to the phylogenetic distance between the two host tree species, we hypothesized that P. dipterocarpacea would harbor unique ECM fungi not found on the roots of D. jenmanii. Although statistical tests suggested that several ECM fungal species did exhibit host preferences for either P. dipterocarpacea or D. jenmanii, most of the ECM fungi were multi-host generalists. We also detected several ECM fungi that have never been found in long-term studies of nearby rainforests dominated by other Dicymbe species. One particular mushroom-forming fungus appears to be unique and may represent a new ECM lineage of Agaricales that is endemic to the Neotropics.
Observations of cosmic gamma-ray bursts

The occasional occurrence of brief but intense bursts of cosmic gamma-rays was disclosed through a systematic search of data acquired from the Vela satellites. Confirmation of the nature of the events and additional detail of their characteristics has subsequently been provided by 15 other groups of experimenters with instruments on 13 spacecraft. Thirty-nine such events have been identified from data spanning a period of four and a half years. The record of intensity as a function of time varies considerably for different events, with total durations ranging from 0.1 to ∼ 60s. Time-integrated flux density ranges from ∼10−6 to 10−3 erg cm−2. Spectral measurements have been accomplished by several groups of experimenters, showing a broad maximum in the energy distribution at about 150 keV. The distribution of source directions implies either near galactic or extragalactic locations. The existing data are not sufficient to distinguish between the various models proposed to explain the phenomenon; no model is completely consistent with all observed characteristics.
Effects of a haplosporidian parasite, Haplosporidium sp., on species of the molluscan woodborer Teredo in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey

Abstract Abundance of the molluscan woodborer, Teredo navalis , in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, was reduced in breeding seasons following levels of infection of 40% or more by a haplosporidian parasite of the genus Haplosporidium . Infections also occurred in T. bartschi and T. furcifera , subtropical species which have been introduced into Barnegat Bay, and which may have originally introduced the parasite. Infections were not observed in Bankia gouldi , the most common molluscan woodborer in the bay.
Intrinsic Optical Bistability In Systems Of Spacially Distributed Two-Level Atoms: Conditions Of Stability And Instability

We use a fully quantum, many-body treatment to show mirrorless optical bistability in terms of the spacial properties of interacting two-level systems. The bistability effects are related to the coherent dipole-dipole interactions which introduce an inversion-dependent renormalization of the frequency (or relaxation). Conditions of stability and instability are discussed for a thin sample of two-level atoms with a width smaller than a wavelength. For a long sample of two-level atoms, we find that the two phases of high transmissivity and low transmissivity may coexist spacially in the material.
Intergeneric somatic hybrid plants of Citrus sinensis cv. Hamlin and Poncirus trifoliata cv. Flying Dragon.

Intergeneric somatic hybrid plants between ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] and ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.) were regenerated following protoplast fusion. ‘Hamlin’ protoplasts, isolated from an habituated embryogenic suspension culture, were fused chemically with ‘Flying Dragon’ protoplasts isolated from juvenile leaf tissue. The hybrid selection scheme was based on complementation of the regenerative ability of the ‘Hamlin’ protoplasts with the subsequent expression of the trifoliate leaf character of ‘Flying Dragon.’ Hybrid plants were regenerated via somatic embryogenesis and multiplied organogenically. Hybrid morphology was intermediate to that of the parents. Chromosome counts indicated that the hybrids were allotetraploids (2n=4x=36). Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) isozyme patterns confirmed the hybrid nature of the regenerated plants. These genetically unique somatic hybrid plants will be evaluated for citrus rootstock potential. The cell fusion, selection, and regeneration scheme developed herein should provide a general means to expand the germplasm base of cultivated Citrus by intergeneric hybridization with related sexually incompatible genera.
Varicella virus vaccine

Abstract Varivax® is a live, attenuated vaccine against varicella (chickenpox). The vaccine is highly immunogenic in immunocompetent patients and produces long-lasting immunity. Varicella vaccine should be administered to all susceptible immunocompetent persons older than one year. Children one to 12 years of age should receive one subcutaneous dose of the vaccine; persons older than 12 years require two doses, four to eight weeks apart. The approximate wholesale cost of the vaccine is $50.00. The vaccine is contraindicated in patients who are pregnant, who have severe systemic diseases, who are allergic to any of the vaccine components, or who are receiving systemic corticosteroids. It also should not be administered to immunosuppressed patients outside of a controlled research protocol. Minimal information is available concerning the safety of the vaccine in lactating women.
Is Serum Albumin an Independent Predictor of Survival in Ovarian Cancer

Abstract Background The medical literature shows several examples of an inverse relationship between serum albumin and mortality in patients with advanced cancer. Because malnutrition can be a frequent manifestation in ovarian cancer, we investigated the prognostic role of serum albumin in patients with ovarian cancer treated in an integrative cancer treatment setting. Materials and Methods We evaluated 213 histologically confirmed case series of ovarian cancer patients treated at Cancer Treatment Centers of America® between January 2001 and May 2006. Serum albumin was divided into 2 categories of ≥ 3.6 g/dL and ≤ 3.5 g/dL. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival. Cox proportional hazard models were constructed to evaluate the prognostic effect of serum albumin independent of other prognostic factors. Results Of 213 patients, 41 were newly diagnosed at our hospital, and 172 had received previous treatment elsewhere. Thirty had stage I disease at diagnosis, 17 stage II, 128 stage III, and 24 stage IV. A total of 135 patients had a serum albumin score of ≥ 3.6 g/dL, and 78 patients had a score of ≤ 3.5 g/dL. Patients with ≥ 3.6 g/dL scores had a median survival of 23.3 months (95% CI, 16.5–30.1 months), whereas those with ≤ 3.5 g/dL scores had a median survival of 7.3 months (95% CI, 4.8–9.8 months); P Conclusion Univariate and multivariate survival analysis found that low levels of serum albumin adversely affected survival by a statistically significant level across all stages of ovarian cancer independent of stage at diagnosis, serum cancer antigen-125, and previous treatment history.
Service approaches and issues in Hispanic agencies

This paper reports the findings of an exploratory qualitative study of Mexican-American social service agencies, their treatment approaches and service barriers. Using the grounded theory approach, the perceptions of chief executive officers and clinical directors were compared in order to find common themes about cross-cultural practice with Hispanic clients. Implications of this study are discussed with emphasis on issues of cross-cultural competency in practice.
Non-Boolean derived logics for classical systems.

Birkhoff and von Neumann [Ann. Math. 37, 823 (1936)] proposed a nonstandard logic to describe quantum mechanics, in which the distributive laws of Boolean logic do not hold. In this paper we develop two algebras of propositions for classical mechanics that, like the quantum logical algebra, are based on a measurement theory. We adopt a simple classical measurement theory that allows the determination of any continuous phase-space function to any finite precision. Surprisingly, the resulting ``classical logics'' are non-Boolean, though the distributive laws hold. It appears that any physical theory with a mathematical space of physical states and an adequate description of measurement naturally yields a logiclike structure of experimental propositions, and that this ``derived logic'' can be non-Boolean even for theories much less radical than quantum theory.
Modeling and performance analysis for security aspects

The problem of effectively designing and analyzing software to realize non-functional requirements is an important research topic. The significant benefits of such work include detecting and removing defects earlier, reducing development time and cost while improving the system's quality. The Formal Design Analysis Framework (FDAF) is an aspect-oriented approach that supports the design and analysis of multiple non-functional properties for distributed, real-time systems. In this paper, a security attribute, data origin authentication, is defined as a reusable aspect based on its security pattern definition. The FDAF provides a UML extension to weave the security aspect into a UML architecture design. This is accomplished by abstracting Aspect-Oriented Programming concepts join point and advice up to the design level. The FDAF supports the automated translation of a UML architecture design into Rapide [D.C. Luckham, J.J. Kenney, L.M. Augustin, J. Vera, D. Bryan, W. Mann, Specification and analysis of system architecture using Rapide, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 21 (4) (1995) 336-354], a formal architecture description language, allowing the simulation of a system's response time. Thus, the response time of a design with and without the security aspect can be respectively analyzed, and the performance cost of this aspect can be predicted. One of the translation algorithms, which have been implemented in the FDAF tool support, and its proof are presented. The FDAF approach is illustrated using a Domain Name System example.
THE FALL-HAMMER, CHRONOSCOPE AND CHRONOGRAPH

Criticisms on the Wundt fall-hammer.—Defects in the Zimmermann model and their correction.—Reliability of the break spark in chronograph records.—Latency of magnetic markers shown by spark method. —Timing fall-hammer from break to break of current.—Timing from break of current through supporting magnet.—Effect of occasional reversal of current on Hipp chronoscope.—Spark method of recording movements of chronoscope armature.—Effects of unreversed current on chronoscope.—Advisability of never reversing.—Lower winding for Magnets.
Modulation of the Extratropical Circulation by Combined Activity of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and Equatorial Rossby Waves during Boreal Winter

AbstractTime indices of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) are often used to generate empirical forecasts of the global atmospheric circulation. Moist deep convection associated with the MJO initiates eastward-propagating Rossby waves that disperse into the midlatitudes. The background circulation then guides extratropical waves back into the tropics of the eastern Pacific Ocean. Previous works have shown that equatorial Rossby (ER) waves occur following intrusion of extratropical Rossby waves into the tropics. Westward-propagating ER waves and the MJO modulate the total convection. This convection modulates the zonal wind, which influences the location and existence of westerly wind ducts. These wind ducts, in turn, guide extratropical waves into the tropics. This paper demonstrates through a simple composite analysis that a simultaneous assessment of MJO and ER waves yields more information about the extratropical circulation during boreal winter than can be obtained based on either type of disturbance...
Fast Time Resolution Spectroscopy Of A Pulsating β Cep Star Using A Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) System

An experimental Fairchild CCD-211 was placed in the 2.1 m coude spectrograph at the Kitt Peak National Observatory and used to record an 87 A spectral band centered on Hα. On the night of 1979 July 11 UT date, this system was used to observe continuously the extreme 8 Cephei variable BW Vulpeculae throughout one of its 4h49m cycles with an average exposure of 13 minutes per observation. A total of 18 observations was secured. The results show dramatic profile variations of Hα, including features not previously reported, and extreme variations of the C II λλ6578, 6582 lines, including variations of equivalent width. The fast time resolution capability and the photometric linearity of the CCD has permitted the detection of subtle effects which have been missed by photographic observations, and has led directly to important new interpretations of the complex atmospheric pulsations in this star.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The BSW Social Work Curriculum: Teaching Strategies, Case Material, and Assignments for Teaching Group Work

This article is a companion piece to another article appearing in this special edition of Social Work with Groups on group work content for the generalist practice curriculum. In this article, techniques that assist the instructor in presenting the material on group work in the classroom are identified. These techniques, which include case material and classroom exercises, also help students connect their field and classroom learning about group work. The activities discussed in this article derive from the core group work content discussed in the previous article.
RELATIONSHIPS OF SERUM, MUSCLE AND SUBCUTANEOUS LIPIDS TO BEEF CARCASS TRAITS AND FLAVOR

— An examination of the means and range coefficients of the total serum, intramuscular (longissimus) and subcutaneous lipids, the major lipid classes and fatty acid compositions of the 3 tissue sites from 30 heifers and 31 bulls of the Hereford breed revealed some interesting aspects of lipid metabolism. When placed on a concentration (percent of tissue) basis, significant differences due to sex, environment and sires were shown by an analysis of variance for many of the lipid components. Phenotypic correlations, also computed on a concentration basis, gave indications of the growth and development of the animals, in addition to showing the associations of various lipid components of the 3 tissue sites to various carcass cutout traits and flavor. With a few exceptions, low positive correlations were shown for the serum lipid components with flavor, whereas, most of the marbling and subcutaneous fat components exhibited low negative correlations with flavor.
Agonistic postures in the rat: Reliability of human observations

Trained observers independently observed and recorded several preselected agonistic and other social postures in one experiment studying spontaneous aggression and three experiments involving shock-elicited aggression. Phi coefficients were calculated for each posture, based on agreement vs. nonagreement between observers. These reliability coefficients were significant for all postures in all four experiments. However, the strength of the relationship was consistently greater for different postures. Agreement for individual postures was also somewhat lower than has been reported for a fight vs. no-fight dichotomy, but was considered to be useful for many experimental purposes.
Mechanisms underlying the anti-epileptic efficacy of the ketogenic diet

Abstract The clinical efficacy of the ketogenic diet (KD) has now been well-documented. However, the underlying bases of KD antiepileptic efficacy are still a matter of speculation. A number of suggestions regarding underlying mechanisms have been offered, but all require rigorous testing. Development of appropriate animal model systems, and clear statement of experimentally testable hypotheses, are needed. Among the general hypotheses of interest are the following: (1) the KD alters the nature, and/or degree, of energy metabolism in the brain — therefore altering brain excitability; (2) the KD leads to changes in cell (neuronal and perhaps glial) properties, which decrease excitability and dampen epileptiform discharge; (3) the KD induces changes in neurotransmitter function and synaptic transmission — thus altering inhibitory-excitatory balance and discouraging hyper-synchronization; (4) the KD is associated with changes in a variety of circulating factors which act as neuromodulators that can regulate CNS excitability; and (5) the KD gives rise to alterations in brain extracellular milieu, which serve to depress excitability and synchrony. An understanding of the mechanism underlying KD antiepileptic efficacy will help us not only to optimize the clinical use of the ketogenic diet, but also to develop novel antiepileptic treatments.
Analysis of the τ-meson decay

Stacks of Ilfords G.5 emulsions were exposed to secondary particles from a target bombarded by 4.8 to 5.7 Bev protons. A re-entrant well permitted placement of the emulsions at 90 to the beam direction and within 10 inches of the hombarded target. With this geometry the proper flight time for 125-Mev K- particles to be brought to rest in the emulsion was about 1.5 x 10-2 sec. Some of the results obtained from two such exposures are described. (A.C.)
Advances in examining preferences for similarity in seating: Revisiting the aggregation index

Past research finds that people prefer to sit next to others who are similar to them in a variety of dimensions such as race, sex, and physical appearance. This preference for similarity in seating arrangements is called aggregation and is most commonly measured with the aggregation index (Campbell, Kruskal, & Wallace, Sociometry 29, 1–15, 1966). The aggregation index compares the observed dissimilarity in seating with the amount of dissimilarity that would be expected if seats were chosen randomly. However, the current closed-form equations for this method limit the ease, flexibility, and inferences that researchers have. This paper presents a new approach for studying aggregation that uses bootstrapped resampling of the seating environment to estimate the aggregation index parameters. This method, compiled as an executable program, SocialAggregation, reads a seating chart matrix provided by the researcher and automatically computes the observed number of dissimilar adjacencies, and simulates random seating preferences. The current method’s estimates not only converge with those of the original method, but it also handles a wider variety of situations and also allows for more precise hypothesis testing by directly modeling the distribution of the seating arrangements. Developing a better measure of aggregation opens new possibilities for understanding intergroup biases, and allows researchers to examine aggregation more efficiently.
Self-dual gauge fields

Self-dual solutions of massless Yang-Mills gauge fields are constructed from a two-parameter family of elements G (x/sup ..mu../,zeta,zeta-tilde) of a gauge group G. The construction uses the existence of a one-parameter family of anti-self-dual totally null two-surfaces through each point of complex Minkowski space. These surfaces allow one to introduce coordinates on the projective twistor space PT. Then G (x/sup ..mu../,zeta,zeta-tilde) is used to construct a fiber bundle over PT giving Ward's encoding of the gauge field in the transition functions.
University of Michigan MHD results of the Geospace Global Circulation Model metrics challenge

[1] We present University of Michigan MHD code results of the “metrics challenge.” We have simulated the magnetospheric and ionospheric configuration during the 16–17 April 1999 CME, the 10–11 December 1998 time period, and the 5–6 November 1998 time period. The simulation results were compared to the DMSP cross-track velocities, and the RMS differences were examined. We have found that the code reproduces the DMSP data quite accurately except for the sharpness of the gradients and the transients which were observed. The cross polar cap potential was well matched, as was the location of the convection reversal boundary. In addition, the code reproduced features of statistical models of the ionospheric electric potential.
Comparison of reversed-phase and ion-pair chromatography for the determination of strychnine in animal tissues

Ion-pair and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were evaluated for quantification of strychnine in mountain beaver tissues. Retention time shifts hindered strychnine quantification with both HPLC systems. Co-extracted free fatty acids released during storage formed ion-pairs with strychnine, resulting in increased retention by reversed-phase HPLC. Competition with co-extracted basic compounds is likely responsible for the decreased retention of strychnine by ion-pair HPLC. Following an acid-base clean-up, optimal results were obtained with reversed-phase HPLC. Ion-pair chromatography was then used for qualitative confirmation of strychnine residues.