cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic Processes and Data for Fusion Edge Plasmas

In this review of atomic structure data, all atomic species relevant to current and future fusion research facilities as compiled by Janev et al. 1,2 are included. His lists contain the following chemical elements, in order of increasing atomic number: H, D, He, Li, Be, B, C, O, Mg, Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Ga, Kr, Nb, Mo, Xe, Ta, and W. Data for the spectra of neutral atoms and ions up to about the 10th stage of ionization will be covered.
Explaining Variation in Takeover Defenses: Failure in the Corporate Law Market

Companies adopt varying takeover defenses prior to IPOs, contrary to simple agency-cost models. Variation in defenses is explained in large part by the quality of legal services provided to entrepreneurs and pre-IPO managers. Data from 320 IPOs in 1991-92 and 1998 show that companies advised by larger law firms with more takeover experience adopt more defenses. In 1991-92, companies with Silicon Valley lawyers adopted almost no defenses; by 1998, Silicon Valley lawyer clients were as likely to use defenses as other lawyers. Companies with high-quality underwriters and venture capital backing are more likely to adopt defenses, and the overall rate of defense adoption increased in the 1990s. Dual class capital structures appear to be distinct, and motivated by non-pecuniary private benefits of control. Together, these findings suggest that, except for dual class structures, defenses are generally optimal at the IPO stage, but not all clients receive that advice from their lawyers.
Sparse Long-Range Random Field and Its Application to Image Denoising

Many recent techniques for low-level vision problems such as image denoising are formulated in terms of Markov random field (MRF) or conditional random field (CRF) models. Nonetheless, the role of the underlying graph structure is still not well understood. On the one hand there are pairwise structures where each node is connected to its local neighbors. These models tend to allow for fast algorithms but do not capture important higher-order statistics of natural scenes. On the other hand there are more powerful models such as Field of Experts (FoE) that consider joint distributions over larger cliques in order to capture image statistics but are computationally challenging. In this paper we consider a graph structure with longer range connections that is designed to both capture important image statistics and be computationally efficient. This structure incorporates long-range connections in a manner that limits the cliques to size 3, thereby capturing important second-order image statistics while still allowing efficient optimization due to the small clique size. We evaluate our approach by testing the models on widely used datasets. The results show that our method is comparable to the current state-of-the-art in terms of PSNR, is better at preserving fine-scale detail and producing natural-looking output, and is more than an order of magnitude faster.
To spread or not to spread, this is the question

TDMA and DS-CDMA are two access methods proposed for digital cellular systems and given the status of standard in the U.S. It is shown in this paper that a capacity comparison between them is scenario specific. In the case of terrestrial cellular CDMA is the winner, whereas in the scenario of a single isolated cell, or for a satellite based cellular system, TDMA appears to be superior. Lastly, there can be a regulatory reason which can prevent the implementation of DS-CDMA like in the Private Land Mobile case, where spectrum is usually licensed on the basis of single narrowband channels and thus a contiguous wide band spectrum is not available. >
Transcriptome-Facilitated Development of SNPs for the Sonoran Desert Rock Fig, Ficus petiolaris (Moraceae)

Premise of the study: Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) primers were developed for a native North American desert fig, Ficus petiolaris (Moraceae), to provide markers for population genetic studies designed to quantify patterns of gene flow across a complex landscape. Methods and Results: Transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatic protocols were implemented to discover SNPs in single-copy protein-coding genes. Multiplexes of 30 nuclear and 24 organellar (chloroplast and mitochondrial) SNPs were selected for primer development and genotyping on the Sequenom MASSArray System. Of these 54 loci, 49 reliably amplified across a panel of 96 F. petiolaris individuals. Conclusions: This study has provided SNP primers that can be applied in future studies investigating population genetics of F. petiolaris and its coevolution with associated pollinating and nonpollinating fig wasps.
MHD considerations for a self-cooled liquid lithium blanket

The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects can present a feasibility issue for a self-cooled liquid metal blanket of magnetically confined fusion reactors, especially inboard regime of a tokamak. This pressure drop can be significantly reduced by using insulated wall structure. A self-healing insulating coating has been identified, which will reduce the pressure drop by more than a factor of 10. The future research direction to further quantify the performance of this coating is also outlined.
Identifying reading strategies using latent semantic analysis: comparing semantic benchmarks.

We explored methods of using latent semantic analysis (LSA) to identify reading strategies in students’ self-explanations that are collected as part of a Web-based reading trainer. In this study, college students self-explained scientific texts, one sentence at a time. LSA was used to measure the similarity between the self-explanations andsemantic benchmarks (groups of words and sentences that together represent reading strategies). Three types of semantic benchmarks were compared: content words, exemplars, and strategies. Discriminant analyses were used to classify global and specific reading strategies using the LSA cosines. All benchmarks contributed to the classification of general reading strategies, but the exemplars did the best in distinguishing subtle semantic differences between reading strategies. Pragmatic and theoretical concerns of using LSA are discussed.
Insensitivity of Phytochrome Decay in vivo to Respiratory Uncoupling by 2,4-Dinitrophenol

PHYTOCHROME, the red, far-red photo-reversible chromo-protein that controls much of higher plant growth and development, undergoes two changes in the dark following an initial red light exposure. One change, reversion, is the transformation of the far-red absorbing form, PFR, into the red absorbing form PR. A second change, which we will call decay, is the loss of total photo-reversible phytochrome as a result of the apparent destruction of PFR (ref. 1). Since there is considerable indirect evidence that PFR is the active form of phytochrome, the interactions between PFR decay and metabolism may be of significance in elucidating the mechanism of phytochrome action.
Learning to Succeed at Scale

Dynamic new ventures like the Knowledge is Power Program, Teach For America, and New Leaders for New Schools, are increasingly being asked to step in to assist struggling school districts. While promising, these ventures have thus far typically been characterized by “one-off” examples of success that are extraordinarily reliant on talent and passion, philanthropic funding, and exhausting work schedules. For many funders, practitioners, and policymakers, scaling up the most successful ventures has become the sine non qua of successful reform. The appeal of growth by “best practice” imitation is undeniable, but narrowly following such a course is unlikely to deliver large-scale educational reform. Markets are local, clienteles differ dramatically from one place to the next, and the challenges and availability of facilities, staff, and other resources vary enormously. A primary reason these organizations initially “work” is the uniformity of their approach to organizational systems and culture or their “orga...
Calculation of Hammett Equation parameters for some N,N′-bis (substituted-phenyl)-1,4-quinonediimines by density functional theory

Abstract Hammett parameters σ ′ were determined from vertical ionization potentials, vertical electron affinities, adiabatic ionization potentials, adiabatic electron affinities, HOMO, and LUMO energies of a series of N , N ′ - bis (3′,4′-substituted-phenyl)-1,4-quinonediimines computed at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) level on B3LYP/6-31G ∗ molecular geometries. These parameters were then least squares fit as a function of literature Hammett parameters. For N , N ′ - bis (4′-substituted-phenyl)-1,4-quinonediimines, the least squares fits demonstrated excellent linearity, with the square of Pearson’s correlation coefficient ( r 2 ) greater than 0.98 for all isomers. For N , N ′ - bis (3′-substituted-3′-aminophenyl)-1,4-quinonediimines, the least squares fits were less nearly linear, with r 2 approximately 0.70 for all isomers when derived from calculated vertical ionization potentials, but those from calculated vertical electron affinities usually greater than 0.90.
Combined-modality therapy in locally advanced primary rectal cancer.

PURPOSE: Patients with unresectable, locally advanced rectal cancer are reported to have a dismal prognosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of combined-modality therapy on clinical outcome. METHODS: From March 1990 to December 1997, 43 patients (28 males; median age, 62 years; median follow-up, 74 months) with locally advanced (T4 and/or N3) nonmetastatic rectal cancer received external-beam radiation (23.6 plus 23.6 Gy (split course), 8 patients; 45 Gy, 35 patients) plus 5-fluorouracil (96-hour continuous infusion, Days 1–4, at 1,000 mg/m2/day) and mitomycin C (10 mg/m2, intravenous bolus, Day 1). Concomitant chemotherapy was repeated at the beginning of the second course (split-course group) or in the last week of radiotherapy (continuous-course group). After 6 to 8 weeks, patients were evaluated for surgical resection and intraoperative radiation therapy (10 to 15 Gy). Thereafter, adjuvant chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin, 6–9 courses) was prescribed. RESULTS: During chemoradiation, 5 patients (11.6 percent) developed Grade 3 to 4 hematologic toxicity. After chemoradiation, 29 patients (67.4 percent) had an objective clinical response (complete response, 2.3 percent; partial response, 65.1 percent). Thirty-eight patients underwent radical surgery (anterior resection, 24 patients; abdominoperineal resection, 14 patients; intraoperative radiation therapy boost on the tumor bed, 19 patients), and 2 patients had partial tumor resection. No perioperative deaths occurred in the patient group. Five-year survival and local control rates were 59.9 and 69.1 percent, respectively. Distant metastasis occurred in 44.2 percent of patients. Statistically significant relationships between intraoperative radiation therapy and local control (P = 0.0104), radical surgery and survival (P = 0.0120), and adjuvant chemotherapy and disease-free survival (P = 0.0112) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that combined-modality therapy was relatively well tolerated and resulted in good local control and survival. With regard to the impact of surgical resection on survival, additional studies aimed at improving the local response rate are necessary, whereas the positive impact of intraoperative radiotherapy on local control appears to justify the inclusion of this therapeutic modality in prospective multi-institutional trials.
Lexical morphology and verb use in child first language loss: A preliminary case study investigation:

In this paper, preliminary longitudinal data on the effects of first language loss on verb inflection and use by two Spanish-speaking siblings who were in an English-speaking environment were gathered. Both children were followed for approximately two years and were video-recorded while interacting with a familiar Spanish-speaking adult. Spontaneous Spanish speech samples were used to monitor patterns of L1 loss in the children’ s use of verbal lexemes and inflections. Bybee’ s (1985, 1995) lexical morphology model was followed to predict the course of L1 loss. In particular, the concepts of semantic relevancy and input frequency, and their effects on verbal inflection in a child L1 loss context were examined. Results in general follow the predictions made by Bybee’ s model. Specifically, less semantically relevant distinctions, such as person/number inflection, appear to be more vulnerable to loss. Frequency of use also appears to impact the relative strength of verbal schemas. Nevertheless, individual differences were noted in the degree of loss observed. Directions for future research in the area of verbal morphology and language loss in children are suggested .
Further studies of phosphine adducts of niobium(IV) and tantalum(IV) chlorides: New seven- and eight-coordinate compounds with trimethylphosphine: NbCl4(PMe3)3 and Ta2Cl8(PMe3)4

Abstract The reaction of NbCl 4 (THF) 2 with an excess of PMe 3 in toluene solution afforded a 70% isolated yield of green NbCl 4 (PMe 3 ) 3 . When a slurry of TaCl 5 in toluene containing a slight excess of PMe 3 was reduced with sodium amalgam overnight, a 60% yield of orange to red (depending on crystal size) Ta 2 Cl 8 (PMe 3 ) 4 was obtained. Both compounds have been fully characterized by X-ray crystallography. NbCl 4 (PMe 3 ) 3 forms monoclinic crystals ( P 2 1 / c ) with unit cell dimensions a = 15.061(3) A, b = 11.677(4) A, c = 11.583(4) A, β = 91.71(3)°, V = 2036(2) A 3 , and Z = 4. It is isomorphous with its TaCl 4 (PMe 3 ) 3 homolog, and the bond lengths and angles are very similar. Ta 2 Cl 8 (PMe 3 ) 4 forms cubic crystals ( Im 3) with a = 16.377(2), V = 4392(2) A 3 and Z = 6. It is thus isomorphous with its niobium homolog, and the internal dimensions are quite comparable. The Ta-Ta distance is 2.830(1) A, consistent with the existence of a single bond.
Photoluminescence of Si-rich Si-Ge alloys

A detailed study of the photoluminescence spectrum of ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}$ is presented for $x\ensuremath{\approx}0.1$. Undoped and In-doped alloy samples are investigated. Spectral features are identified, and the effects of the disordered nature of the alloy on the luminescence spectrum are discussed. In particular, mechanisms for the observed broadening of bound-exciton luminescence are discussed, and the shift in alloy luminescence energy is obtained. At low temperatures a luminescence feature is observed which may result from recombination of excitons bound to local fluctuations in alloy composition.
The Normative Impact of CPA Firms, Professional Organizations, and State Boards on Accounting Ethics Education.

Accounting educators are in the midst of creating new opportunities for students to enhance their abilities to recognize ethical dilemmas, establish criteria by which to make ethical decisions, and establish support mechanisms and strategies to facilitate their ethical decision-making. CPA firms, professional organizations and state boards of accountancy are co-operating to increase requirements for ethics education for candidates taking the CPA exam. The current situation is confusing and sub-optimal regarding the use of precious learning time in college programs. A new dialogue between the three stakeholders, creative learning approaches, and additional resources can lead to a more consistent and optimal learning paradigm regarding the ethics education of accountants. Research evaluating the effectiveness of various approaches is needed to effectively apply limited resources in an area critical to the reputation capital of the accounting profession.
Turnover of photosynthetically fixed carbon in reef corals

Siderastrea siderea and Montastrea annularis were labeled in situ with NaH14CO3. The corals were sampled over a period of 11 days and the radioactivity remaining in the ethanolsoluble and ammonia-soluble fractions measured. Total radioactivity in the corals fell to about 1/3 after one night and then to about 1/3 in the next 10 days. The ethanol-soluble radioactivity is probably converted to the less soluble, ammonia-extractable, material in the dark.
Pretreatment with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides directed against the NMDA-R1 receptor enhances survival and behavioral recovery following traumatic brain injury in rats

Treatment with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists limits tissue damage following CNS ischemia or trauma, supporting the hypothesis that NMDA receptors participate in the pathophysiology of such injuries. An alternative approach for evaluating this hypothesis is to examine the effects of selective inhibition of NMDA receptor synthesis, using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. In the present studies, the effects of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides directed at NMDA-R1 receptor subunit, administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) prior to injury, were evaluated in a well-defined traumatic brain injury model in rats. Outcome measures included survival, motor recovery, and histological changes. Administration of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (15 nmol/ml twice daily x 2 days) did not alter physiological variables or motor function prior to trauma. However, such treatment significantly decreased mortality and improved behavioral recovery at 2 weeks after trauma as compared to animals treated with the corresponding sense oligodeoxynucleotides. Although cell counts in hippocampus did not differ between treatment groups, astrocyte activation as reflected by glial fibrillary astrocytic protein (GFAP) immunocytochemistry was significantly reduced in antisense treated animals. These findings provide additional evidence that NMDA receptors contribute to secondary injury after brain trauma and may suggest an alternative treatment approach.
A reevaluation of the Harrodsburg Crevice fauna (late Pleistocene of Indiana, U.S.A.) and the climatic implications of its mammals

ABSTRACT The mammal fauna from Harrodsburg Crevice, a late Pleistocene site from southern Indiana, U.S.A., has several notable features, including one of the most northerly occurrences of Panthera onca augusta (Pleistocene jaguar) and a putatively late occurrence of Platygonus vetus (Pleistocene American peccary). The fauna contains 1050 specimens distributed among 21 identifiable species, including members of Canidae, Felidae, Mephitidae, Equidae, Tayassuidae, Talpidae, Geomyidae, Scuiridae, and Cricetidae. Two previously published radiocarbon dates (25,050 and 34,460 years before present [ybp]) suggested that the Harrodsburg fauna belonged to an interstadial of the Wisconsinan (marine isotope stage [MIS] 2 or 3), which if true would make the occurrence of P. onca the northernmost of the Rancholabrean and the occurrence of P. vetus the only one in the Rancholabrean. Based on biostratigraphic and environmental analysis of the mammals, we argue that the Harrodsburg fauna is older, likely from the last full...
Some factors affecting the extraction of global resource information from remotely sensed data

Abstract Analysis of remotely sensed data at one time or another requires the data to be at the limits of attainability of each of the parameters such as resolution, coverage, quantization, and spectral bands. But this leads to data rate requirements beyond the data link capabilities. Consideration of the potential tradeoffs between the parameters may lead to a workable compromise.
A food restriction protocol that increases drug reward decreases tropomyosin receptor kinase B in the ventral tegmental area, with no effect on brain-derived neurotrophic factor or tropomyosin receptor kinase B protein levels in dopaminergic forebrain regions

Food restriction (FR) decreases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in hypothalamic and hindbrain regions that regulate feeding and metabolic efficiency, while increasing expression in hippocampal and neocortical regions. Drugs of abuse alter BDNF expression within the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway, and modifications of BDNF expression within this pathway alter drug-directed behavior. Although FR produces a variety of striatal neuroadaptations and potentiates the rewarding effects of abused drugs, the effects of FR on BDNF expression and function within the DA pathway are unknown. The primary purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of FR on protein levels of BDNF and its tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptor in component structures of the mesocorticolimbic pathway. Three to four weeks of FR, with stabilization of rats at 80% of initial body weight, did not alter BDNF or TrkB levels in nucleus accumbens, caudate-putamen, or medial prefrontal cortex. However, FR decreased TrkB levels in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), without change in levels of BDNF protein or mRNA. The finding that FR also decreased TrkB levels in substantia nigra, with elevation of BDNF protein, suggests that decreased TrkB in VTA could be a residual effect of increased BDNF during an earlier phase of FR. Voltage-clamp recordings in VTA DA neurons indicated decreased glutamate receptor transmission. These data might predict lower average firing rates in FR relative to ad libitum fed subjects, which would be consistent with previous evidence of decreased striatal DA transmission and upregulation of postsynaptic DA receptor signaling. However, FR subjects also displayed elevated VTA levels of phospho-ERK1/2, which is an established mediator of synaptic plasticity. Because VTA neurons are heterogeneous with regard to neurochemistry, function, and target projections, the relationship(s) between the three changes observed in VTA, and their involvement in the augmented striatal and behavioral responsiveness of FR subjects to drugs of abuse, remains speculative.
Production of Mesons by the 184-Inch Berkeley Cyclotron

The authors have observed tracks which they believe to be due to mesons in photographic plates placed near a target bombarded by 380 Mev alpha particles. For a 10-minute exposure in the cyclotron, about 50 meson tracks are found along the 3-inch edge of a photographic plate. The mass has been determined by measuring the bending in the magnetic field and the range in emulsion. From the first 50 meson tracks measured they find a mass of 313 {+-} 16 electron masses. It is highly probable that these mesons are the heavy mesons described by Lattes, Occhialini, and Powell.
IETF: The Next Generation - what is a generation, anyway?

The term "generation" is used heavily, usually with the idea that there can be fundamental changes to the way in which things work. Some fundamental changes have happened, and caused great upheavals in the way we manage our daily lives - other things that have been labelled "next generation" have vanished without a trace. This talk focuses on how standards processes interact with the concept of radical change, and aims to show some of the mechanisms that act to enable, encourage or discourage radical changes in technology.
Single molecule studies of physiologically relevant telomeric tails reveal POT1 mechanism for promoting G-quadruplex unfolding

Human telomeres are composed of duplex TTAGGG repeats and a 3′ single-stranded DNA tail. The telomeric DNA is protected and regulated by the shelterin proteins, including the protection of telomeres 1 (POT1) protein that binds telomeric single-stranded DNA. The single-stranded tail can fold into G-quadruplex (G4) DNA. Both POT1 and G4 DNA play important roles in regulating telomere length homeostasis. To date, most studies have focused on individual quadruplexes formed by four TTAGGG repeats. Telomeric tails in human cells have on average six times as many repeats, and no structural studies have examined POT1 binding in competition with G4 DNA folding. Using single molecule atomic force microscopy imaging, we observed that the majority of the telomeric tails of 16 repeats formed two quadruplexes even though four were possible. The result that physiological telomeric tails rarely form the maximum potential number of G4 units provides a structural basis for the coexistence of G4 and POT1 on the same DNA molecule, which is observed directly in the captured atomic force microscopy images. We further observed that POT1 is significantly more effective in disrupting quadruplex DNA on long telomeric tails than an antisense oligonucleotide, indicating a novel POT1 activity beyond simply preventing quadruplex folding.
Serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 by inhibitor κB kinase complex

Insulin resistance contributes importantly to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. One mechanism mediating insulin resistance may involve the phosphorylation of serine residues in insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), leading to impairment in the ability of IRS-1 to activate downstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathways. Insulin-resistant states and serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 are associated with the activation of the inhibitor κB kinase (IKK) complex. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which IKK may contribute to the development of insulin resistance are not well understood. In this study, using phosphospecific antibodies against rat IRS-1 phosphorylated at Ser307 (equivalent to Ser312 in human IRS-1), we observed serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 in response to TNF-α or calyculin A treatment that paralleled surrogate markers for IKK activation. The phosphorylation of human IRS-1 at Ser312 in response to tumor necrosis factor-α was significantly reduced in cells pretreated with the IKK inhibitor 15 deoxy-prostaglandin J2 as well as in cells derived from IKK knock-out mice. We observed interactions between endogenous IRS-1 and IKK in intact cells using a co-immunoprecipitation approach. Moreover, this interaction between IRS-1 and IKK in the basal state was reduced upon IKK activation and increased serine phosphorylation of IRS-1. Data from in vitro kinase assays using recombinant IRS-1 as a substrate were consistent with the ability of IRS-1 to function as a direct substrate for IKK with multiple serine phosphorylation sites in addition to Ser312. Taken together, our data suggest that IRS-1 is a novel direct substrate for IKK and that phosphorylation of IRS-1 at Ser312 (and other sites) by IKK may contribute to the insulin resistance mediated by activation of inflammatory pathways.
Geochemistry: pathways and processes, 2nd ed., by Harry Y. McSween, Steven M. Richardson, and Maria E. Uhle

Book Review: Geochemistry: Pathways and Processes, 2nd Edition, Harry Y. McSween. Columbia University Press (2003).
Protection from ototoxicity of intraperitoneal gentamicin in guinea pig

Protection from ototoxicity of intraperitoneal gentamicin in guinea pig. Background Aminoglycoside antibiotics are common to treat peritonitis and exit-site infections in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Ototoxicity (loss of hearing or balance) is a well-documented adverse effect of aminoglycosides, and severe ototoxic reactions have been noted in patients receiving these drugs by intraperitoneal lavage. We have proposed a free-radical hypothesis for the mechanism of aminoglycoside ototoxicity and suggested a therapeutic prevention by the concomitant administration of antioxidants or iron chelators. Here we investigate whether 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate can prevent the ototoxicity of intraperitoneal gentamicin. Methods Two strains of pigmented guinea pigs received daily intraperitoneal injections of gentamicin. Both strains developed ototoxicity, although different dosages were needed to produce similar auditory deficits (120 mg gentamicin base/kg body weight daily for 19 days vs. 135 mg/kg for 14 days). Dihydroxybenzoate was administered intraperitoneally once or twice daily. Auditory thresholds were measured by evoked brain stem response. Pathology was assessed as a loss of sensory cells in surface preparations of the organ of Corti. Results The auditory threshold shifts and hair cell loss were similar to the pathology observed following subcutaneous injections of gentamicin. Animals sustained almost complete loss of outer hair cells in the basal cochlea and a progressive hearing loss with threshold shifts of 60 dB at 18 kHz. The concomitant administration of dihydroxybenzoate significantly attenuated the threshold shift to less than 30 dB and reduced the loss of hair cells. The treatment with dihydroxybenzoate did not affect serum gentamicin levels. Conclusions Antioxidant therapy is a promising approach to prevent aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss following intraperitoneal application.
Technology, memory, and collective knowing

New social and spatial media and other modes of pervasive computing are altering ways of knowing, remembering, and engaging across time and space. This collection explores how the digital, interactive, and collaborative nature of these technologies contributes to transformations in the nature of knowledge and memory. In particular, the contributions focus on theorizing the collective or social subjectivities and impacts of these technologically mediated rememberings. What are the processes and relationships through which shared knowledge and memory can be transmitted and transformed across time and space? How does memory become socially and politically meaningful? The contributing authors consider how new social and spatial technologies transform space/time connections, reconfigure the forms and practices through which collective memory is transmitted or attention is paid, and impact social relations.
Measurement of ammonia concentrations in horse stalls

Summary The effect of treating stall floors with an ammonia-absorbingcompound (AAC) on aerial ammonia levels was tested during two 14-day periods in a four-stall barn. In the first period, two stalls were treated with the AAC and the other two stalls remained as the non-treated controls. In the second period, the stalls were switched. Four geldings were used in each period and were randomly assigned to the stalls. The horses remained in the stalls at all times except for 30 min of turn-out per day at which time the stalls were cleaned. Ammonia levels at the stall floor were measured by a Bruel and Kjacr 1302 gas monitor on day 0 before the horses were admitted to the barn and on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14. Ammonia diffusion tubes were attached to the horses' halters on days 1, 7, 11 and 13 for 8 hours to determine the level of ammonia exposed to the horse. On day 14, ammonia concentrations near the stall floor were 25% lower in treated stalls than in control stalls (P
Depth distributions and range parameters for elements implanted into single-crystal diamonds and chemically vapor-deposited polycrystal diamond films

Abstract We have implanted many elements, including hydrogen, lithium, boron, nitrogen, oxygen, sodium and phosphorus into diamond single crystals in random and channeling orientations, and into polycrystal diamond films obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), at energies from 30 to 600 keV, and fluences from 10 13 to 10 15 cm -2 . The resulting depth distributions were measured using secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) with both oxygen and cesium primary ion beams. The rarer isotopes 2 H, 15 N and 18 O were used to enhance the SIMS detection limits and therefore the profile dynamic range. We report experimental values of peak depth or mode range R m , projected average range R p , range straggle or standard deviation Δ R p and skewness or third moment γ 1 for the implanted elements. Agreement between the experimental values of range and the Lindhard-Scharff-Schiott (LSS) calculations of Gibbons et al. is excellent for single-crystal diamond, but calculated values of the range straggle are about 50% of the experimental values. For the CVD films, the LSS calculated ranges are 40% greater than for single-crystal diamond, and the range straggles are 40–50% of the experimental values.
Alterations of tRNA modification in mammalian systems: the effect of ethionine

The relationship between the modification of tRNA and its ability to act as a substrate for homologous tRNA modification enzymes in vitro was studied. The tRNA extracted from the livers of rats was active as a substrate for in vitro methylation with extracts from normal rat liver 19 h after treatment with L-ethionine (35 mg/100 g/24 h). After 4 weeks of feeding a diet containing o.25% DL-ethionine, the tRNA was a poor substrate for methylation in vitro, even though it was deficient in methylated nucleosides. Only 18% and 7% of the available sites could be methylated after 67 h and 4 weeks, respectively, of ethionine treatment. 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine, a nucleoside that is also synthesized from S-adenosylmethionine, was assayed in individual tRNAs by their reactivity with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of phenoxyacetic acid. The reactivity of tRNAIle, tRNAAsn, and tRNAThr was decreased by treatment with ethionine at 67 h as well as at 2 and 4 weeks, although no difference could be detected at 19 h.
Interpretation of alkyl diselenide and selenosulfenate mass spectra

The mass spectral fragmentation of aliphatic diselenides and selenosulfenates is analyzed to gain a better understanding of the behavior of these species. The main fragmentation pathways of these species include the fragmentation along the Se-C bond, fragmentation along the Se-Se or Se-S bonds and intra-molecular rearrangements. In general, negative ionization favors the fragmentation along the Se-Se or Se-S bonds while positive ionization leads to stable molecular ions. Density functional theory calculations of bond dissociation energies and molecular orbital analysis was undertaken to explain the observed trends in molecular fragmentation. Besides the analysis of molecular fragmentation, a phenomenon of molecular association in negative electron impact and positive chemical ionization conditions was observed and investigated using a high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Molecular association that occurs during the ionization of species includes the formation of symmetrical diselenides from asymmetrical selenosulfenates and formation of alkylseleno adducts from the corresponding diselenides. For species which is hard to resolve by mass analysis, such as isobars of CHSe, CH2Se, and CH3Se, the isotope pattern superimposition procedure was applied to define the overlapping clusters.
The relationship between periodontitis and alcohol use is not clear.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information The relationship of alcohol dependence and alcohol consumption with periodontitis: a systematic review. Amaral Cda S, Vettore MV, Leao A. J Dent 2009;37:643-51. Reviewer Bruce A. Dye, DDS, MPH Purpose/Question Is alcohol use or dependence associated with periodontitis? Source of Funding Government: authors received partial support from Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) Ministry of Education, Brazil Type of Study/Design Systematic review Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
Calcium-channel blockers in postmyocardial infarction patients with special notation to the Danish verapamil infarction trial II

The term “calcium-channel blocking agent” or “calcium antagonist” is used to describe a group of drugs that share the common pharmacological property of blocking the entrance of calcium into striated cardiac and smooth vascular muscle. These compounds are structurally and mechanistically heterogeneous but share the ability to produce selective blockade of the slow inward calcium current characteristic to the action potential of both muscle types. As such, these compounds are potent vasodilators and have been approved for use in the treatment of hypertension, exertional angina, and vasospastic angina. At present, four compounds (diltiazem, nicardipine, nifedipine, and verapamil) are approved for use in the United States.
Dispenser Printing of Solid Polymer-Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium Ion Cells

Microfabrication of on-chip solid state electrochemical cells has provided a robust challenge to industry for the past decade. Previous efforts include RF Sputtering, screen-printing, and laser printing. All have merit in the laboratory but have proven difficult to scale due a combination of equipment cost and proper isolation from water and oxygen. We present a promising method for printing additively all structures necessary for a working lithium polymer battery that is both small enough to fit in a compact glovebox, yet scaleable for industrial production.
Contribution of ring strain and the stereoelectronic effect to the hydrolysis of cyclic five-membered ring phosphorus esters

Abstract The rate of base catalyzed hydrolysis of cyclic five-membered ring 2-oxo-2-phenyl-1,2-oxaphospholan, 1, and 2-oxo-2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholan, 2 , and their acyclic analogues ethyl ethylphenylphosphinate, 3 , and diethyl phenylphosphonate, 4 , were measured. The cyclic ester 1 hydrolyzes 6.2 × 103 times faster than 3, corresponding to an activation free energy difference of 5.2 kcal Mol . This provides a good estimate of the magnitude of ring strain in these cyclic esters. In contrast, cyclic ester 2 hydrolyzes 1.5 × 106 times faster than its acyclic analog 4 , corresponding to an activation free energy difference of 8.4 kcal mol . This later energy difference is thought to be derived from both a ring strain effect (~ 5.2 kcal mol ) and a stereoelectronic effect (~3.2 kcal mol ).
PHASE TRANSITIONS IN THE SYMMETRIC KONDO-LATTICE MODEL IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS

We present an application of high-order series expansion in the coupling constants for the ground-state properties of correlated lattice fermion systems. Expansions have been generated up to order (t/J${)}^{14}$ for d=1 and (t/J${)}^{8}$ for d=2,3 for certain properties of the symmetric Kondo-lattice model. Analyzing the susceptibility series, we find evidence for a continuous phase transition from the spin-liquid phase characteristic of a Kondo insulator to an antiferromagnetically ordered phase in dimensions d\ensuremath{\ge}2 as the antiferromagnetic Kondo coupling is decreased. The critical point is estimated to be at (t/J${)}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.7 for a square lattice and (t/J${)}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.5 for a simple-cubic lattice.
Bridging gaps in laser transmission welding of thermoplastics

Gaps at part interfaces pose a major challenge for laser transmission welding (LTW) of thermoplastics due to the reliance on contact conduction between the absorptive and transmissive parts. In industrial applications, gaps between parts can occur for a variety of tolerance and process control reasons. Previous experimental and modeling work in LTW has focused on gap-free joints, with little attention to bridging a gap with thermal expansion of the absorbing material. A two-dimensional comprehensive numerical model simulated bridging gaps in LTW. Using the model, operating parameters were selected for welding across a 12.7 μm gap and a 25.4 μm gap by creating sufficient thermal strain to bridge the gap and form a weld. Using these operating parameters, PVC samples were welded in a T-joint geometry with a designed gap. The quality of the welds was assessed visually, by destructive force testing and by measuring the weld size to quantify the weld strength. All the experimental samples, for the two gap sizes, bridged the gap and formed welds. The average weld strength of the 12.7 μm gap samples was 16.1 MPa, while the 25.4 μm gap samples had an average strength of 10.0 MPa. Gaps were successfully bridged with LTW by using a two-dimensional model to design the operating parameters. To achieve higher modeling accuracy, a three-dimensional model might better simulate the thermal diffusion in the direction of laser travel.
Portable fuel cell systems for America’s army: technology transition to the field

Abstract The US Army Communications, Electronics Research Development and Engineering Center (CERDEC) envisions three thrust areas for portable fuel cell systems for military applications. These areas include soldier power ( The Army’s research and development efforts are focusing on methods of either storing or generating hydrogen on the battlefield. Hydrogen storage technology is considered critical to small military and/or commercial fuel cell systems, and is being pursued in a host of commercial and government programs. CERDEC, in a joint effort with the Army Research Office (ARO) and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), is developing several promising hydrogen generating technologies. The goal of this program is a safe, reliable hydrogen source that can provide rates up to 100 W with an energy density of greater than 1000 Wh/kg. For larger fuel cell units (>500 W), it is imperative that the fuel cell power units be able to operate on fuels within the military logistics chain [DOD 4140.25-M, DOD Directive 4140.25 (1993)]. CERDEC is currently conducting research on catalysts and microchannel fuel reformers that offer great promise for the reforming of diesel and JP-8 fuels into hydrogen. In addition to research work on PEM fuel cells and enabling technologies, the Army is also conducting research on direct methanol and solid oxide fuel cells, and combined heat and power applications utilizing new high temperature fuel cells.
Structure of the human respiratory acinus

Silicone rubber corrosion casts of the human lung in a state of end inspiration were used to study several specimens of the human pulmonary acinus. Four of the acini were measured in detail with respect to duct length and diameter, the number of alveoli per duct, and the branching pattern of the ducts. The acini were found to have irregular branching patterns, including dichotomous, trichotomous, and side branches. There were, on the average, eight to 12 duct generations and about 7.1 X 10(3) alveoli per acinus. The polygonal alveoli had an average diameter of 250 micrometers. The lengths and diameters of the ducts varied considerably; however, the dimensions tended to decrease in the more proximal portions of the acini. The number of alveoli per duct also varied, with an average of ten alveoli per duct. On the basis of measurements, two models, a "surrogate path" model and an model being more useful for calculations such as particle deposition in the airways, and the average path model being most illustrative of the anatomical structures.
Natural water losses in mountain drainage areas of southern California

For twenty-five small mountain drainage areas of Southern California, natural water losses are shown to vary with basin altitude, and with estimated absorptive and retentive characteristics of the drainage areas. Among other relationships demonstrated is the increase of the annual natural water loss with increased annual precipitation to an optimum, beyond which the loss is about uniform regardless of increased precipitation.
How many sexually-acquired HIV infections in the USA are due to acute-phase HIV transmission?

Objective: To estimate the number of persons in the USA who acquire HIV as a consequence of risky sexual activities with an acutely-infected sex partner. Methods: Estimates of the number of incident infections in the USA that are due to acute-phase HIV transmission were derived from a simple mathematical model that combined epidemiological data with information regarding the relative transmission rates for acutely-infected, nonacutely infected but serostatus-unaware, and serostatus-aware persons living with HIV. Results Approximately 2760 (8.6%) of the estimated 32000 sexually-acquired HIV infections in the USA each year are due to acute-phase transmission of the virus. Multivariate sensitivity analyses with a liberal range of values for key parameters produced an upper bound of 5537 infections, representing 17.3% of the total number of sexually-acquired infections. Conclusions Acute-phase HIV transmission accounts for fewer sexually-acquired infections in the USA than is generally assumed.
An equity approach to contractor assignment in post-disaster debris disposal operations

Disaster debris cleanup typically accounts for nearly one-third of the total cost of post-disaster recovery. In the USA, state and local municipalities rely on federal financial assistance administered by the US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Ineffective decision-making and allocation of resources can severely strain financial resources and cause social and political unrest. In addition to obvious objectives such as cost minimisation and FEMA suggestions related to contractor logistics, Disaster Management Coordinators (DMCs) should consider equitable cleanup across regions as an important objective when deciding how to allocate resources. This paper presents a multiple objective mixed-integer decision model for assisting decision makers in allocating resources in support of disaster debris cleanup operations. The model incorporates the unique assumptions, objectives, and constraints of post-disaster debris cleanup. The effectiveness of the proposed model is demonstrated using data from debris cleanup operations in Chesapeake, Virginia, following Hurricane Isabel in 2003.
Neutral forces acting on intragenomic variability shape the Escherichia coli regulatory network topology

Cis-regulatory networks (CRNs) play a central role in cellular decision making. Like every other biological system, CRNs undergo evolution, which shapes their properties by a combination of adaptive and nonadaptive evolutionary forces. Teasing apart these forces is an important step toward functional analyses of the different components of CRNs, designing regulatory perturbation experiments, and constructing synthetic networks. Although tests of neutrality and selection based on molecular sequence data exist, no such tests are currently available based on CRNs. In this work, we present a unique genotype model of CRNs that is grounded in a genomic context and demonstrate its use in identifying portions of the CRN with properties explainable by neutral evolutionary forces at the system, subsystem, and operon levels. We leverage our model against experimentally derived data from Escherichia coli. The results of this analysis show statistically significant and substantial neutral trends in properties previously identified as adaptive in origin—degree distribution, clustering coefficient, and motifs—within the E. coli CRN. Our model captures the tightly coupled genome–interactome of an organism and enables analyses of how evolutionary events acting at the genome level, such as mutation, and at the population level, such as genetic drift, give rise to neutral patterns that we can quantify in CRNs.
Directing the assembly of spatially organized multicomponent tissues from the bottom up

The complexity of the human body derives from numerous modular building blocks assembled hierarchically across multiple length scales. These building blocks, spanning sizes ranging from single cells to organs, interact to regulate development and normal organismal function but become disorganized during disease. Here, we review methods for the bottom-up and directed assembly of modular, multicellular, and tissue-like constructs in vitro. These engineered tissues will help refine our understanding of the relationship between form and function in the human body, provide new models for the breakdown in tissue architecture that accompanies disease, and serve as building blocks for the field of regenerative medicine.