cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From the relaxivity of Gd(DTPA)2- to everything else.

We resolve the observed magnetic field-dependent relaxivity of Gd(DTPA)2- into inner and outer sphere contributions by comparison with theory. After noting that the outer sphere part, which contributes comparable to both 1/T1 and 1/T2, is identical to the "susceptibility" effect, we demonstrate the transition from the outer sphere relaxivity of small complexes, e.g., Gd(DTPA)2-, to that of large magnetic particulates, e.g., magnetite, used as T2 agents. This transition is expressed as a shift from a quantum to a classical mechanical description of relaxivity. We next show how to extrapolate the inner sphere contribution of Gd(DTPA)2- to similar small agents with greater structural symmetry, e.g., Gd(NOTA)-, by lengthening the electronic relaxation time and to ternary macromolecular complexes of small agents with protein by lengthening the rotational relaxation time. Finally, we indicate how relatively large lipid vesicles containing either small paramagnetic complexes or magnetized particulates may be considered analogs of Gd(DTPA)2-, with analogous inner and outer sphere contributions.
Gambling involvement indicative of underlying behavioral and mental health disorders

Background and Objectives In spite of increased gambling opportunities, risk factors associated with recreational gambling remain poorly understood. This study assessed behavioral risk factors associated with frequency of recreational gambling. Methods Data were derived from the 2013 Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Gambling frequency was divided into two or more times per week, 1–4 times a month, less than 10 times in total, and not at all. Health risk behaviors included smoking, drinking, obesity, seat belt use, and sleep patterns. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess relationships between overall gambling participation and gambling frequency and behavioral risk behaviors. Final analytical sample included 3,988 survey respondents. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA. Results Significant differences exist in the socio-demographic characteristics of recreational gamblers. Highest gambling frequency is associated with increased odds of alcohol consumption (ie, having at least one alcohol drink during the past 30 days) (OR 1.9; p < .05), binge drinking (ie, having five or more alcohol drinks at least once during the past 30 days) (OR 3.7; p < .001), and tobacco use (ie, having smoked at least 100 cigarettes in a lifetime) (OR 3.4; p < .001). The odds of having fourteen days of poor mental health are twofold for recreational gamblers who gamble two or more times per week (OR 2.2; p < .05). Conclusion and Scientific Significance Differing behavioral and mental health risk factors emerge among recreational gamblers by gambling frequency. Gambling frequency may be a better proxy for assessing the risk of developing gambling related behavioral disorders than overall endorsement of gambling participation. (Am J Addict 2016;XX:1–13)
A comparison of Soviet and American womens perceptions of the post-partum period.

This article reports the results of an exploratory study which examined and compared the perceptions and experiences of a sample of Soviet immigrant and American women concerning the 1st 2 months after the birth of their 1st child. While the focus of interest was on the Soviet experience an American sample was included for purposes of comparison. Women in the study were asked about their early concerns regarding newborn care about the division of household chores and about sources of emotional support advice and assistance. 33 American-born women and 30 women who had immigrated from the Soviet Union within the last 3 years participated in the study. Only women still married to their 1st childs father were included; the sample was furthermore limited to college-educated women from large cities (population-60000) in the belief that these womens experience would be most likely to reflect contemporary patterns of thinking and living. The instrument used relied on both Likert-type and open-ended short answer questions. The most striking differences between both samples were in terms of the perception of infant vulnerability and the difficulty of infant care. Soviet women reported having worried more about food clothing and infection waited longer before taking their babies outdoors were more likely to believe that women should not shoulder the responsibility for infant care alone. Soviet women recalled consulting medical personnel and their own mothers for advice more often than American women did. The former were also more likely to agree that their mothers were very helpful to them after the babys birth. There were no differences however in terms of frequency of reference to books friends or mothers-in-law. The present study supports the conclusion that the American husband is more likely to do an appreciable amount of housework than the Soviet husband at least during the postpartum periods. Reported intensity of maternal feelings did not differ between the 2 cultures but Soviet women were more likely to recall that as children they had enjoyed caring for smaller children. Compared to American women Soviet women indicated that infant care was more difficult and breast feeding more troublesome. It is hoped that future studies will include large enough samples with appropriate instruments so that relationships between the various variables can be better examined. The shortcomings of the present study intended mainly as an exploratory one are pointed out. (summaries in ENG FRE SPA)
Antibody enhanced intracellular killing of Leishmania amazonensis: the role of soluble immune complexes and their effect on autophagy

Leishmania amazonensis is an intracellular protozoal parasite that causes cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans and other mammalian hosts. This disease affects people within tropical and subtropical countries. Generally a Th1 cell-mediated host immune response is thought to be important for the clearance of the parasite. However, throughout this work we have shown that a productive B cell response is important for the clearance of the parasite through the production of IgG2a isotype antibodies. These antibodies can form small soluble immune complexes that can stimulate the FcγR leading to the production of superoxide. Superoxide and nitric oxide are required to kill intracellular L. amazonenesis parasites. Our studies have also shown that macrophages can be activated to produce these required immune factors if they are stimulated with soluble immune complexes, IFN-γ, and Leishmania antigen (tripartite activation). We have also found that these three factors can lead to the upregulation of the autophagy pathway for the clearance of the parasite. These soluble immune complexes can be replaced by novel recombinant proteins that have similar morphology to murine IgG2a Fc. These Fc constructs have the ability to recapitulate killing of the parasite and superoxide production seen with tripartite activation. All of these factors are important for the development of a possible immunomodulating therapy that could be used to treat patients infected with this chronic, debilitating disease.
Magnetic structures in RNi2B2C (R = Ho, Er) superconductors

Single crystal neutron diffraction techniques have been employed to study the evolution of magnetic structures in RNi2B2C compounds in an attempt to understand the relationship between magnetic ordering and superconductivity in several members of this series. For HoNi2B2C, below the superconducting transition (Tc = 8 K), an incommensurate magnetic structure characterized by two wave vectors (0.585 a* and 0.915 c*) is found in a narrow temperature range between 4.7 K and 6 K. This is the same temperature range where bulk measurements find a deep minimum in the upper critical field, Hc2. Below 4.7 K, HoNi2B2C is a simple collinear antiferromagnet. ErNi2B2C (Tc = 11 K) orders in an incommensurate modulated antiferromagnetic state characterized by an ordering wave vector 0.553 ā * below 7 K, which coexists with superconductivity.
Resolving the genetic structure of striped marlin, Kajikia audax, in the Pacific Ocean through spatial and temporal sampling of adult and immature fish

Spatial genetic structure in the highly migratory striped marlin (Kajikia audax) was examined using nuclear (mi- crosatellite) and mitochondrial (control region sequences) DNA markers. While previous studies on striped marlin were lim- ited by sampling design and sample size, this study employed a multiyear concurrent sampling scheme to collect tissue from seven locations representative of the species' range in the Pacific: Japan, Hawaii, Southern California, Mexico, Central America, New Zealand, and Australia. Mature and immature specimens were analyzed separately to evaluate life-stage- specific population structure and movements. Microsatellite and sequence results revealed small but significant overall spa- tial subdivision (FST = 0.0145 and KST = 0.06995, respectively). Pairwise microsatellite analyses (n = 1199) revealed four groups: (1) Japan - Immature Hawaii - Southern California, (2) Mature Hawaii, (3) Mexico - Central America, and (4) Aus- tralia - New Zealand. Mitochondrial sequence analysis (n = 451) showed similar patterns; however, no significant differen- tiation was found between groups 1 and 2. This enhanced resolution of geographic genetic structure is important for understanding the complex migration patterns in this species. Moreover, the consistency among independent genetic studies on striped marlin provides strong support for management of at least three clearly delineated Pacific stocks. Resume : Des marqueurs nucleaires (microsatellites) et mitochondriaux (sequences de la region de controle) d'ADN nous ont servi a determiner la structure genetique spatiale du makaire strie (Kajikia audax), une espece fortement migratrice. Alors que les etudes anterieures sur le makaire strie ont ete limitees par leur plan d'echantillonnage et la taille des echantil- lons, notre etude utilise une methode d'echantillonnage concurrent sur plusieurs annees pour recolter des tissus dans sept re- gions representatives de l'aire de repartition de l'espece dans le Pacifique, soit le Japon, Hawaii, le sud de la Californie, le Mexique, l'Amerique Centrale, la Nouvelle-Zelande et l'Australie. Nous avons analyse les specimens matures et immatures separement de maniere a evaluer la structure genetique et les deplacements specifiques au stade de vie. Les resultats des analyses des microsatellites et des sequences indiquent globalement une subdivision faible mais significative (respective- ment, FST = 0,0145 et KST = 0,06995). Des analyses appariees des microsatellites (n = 1199) revelent l'existence de quatre
INFLUENCE OF AGE ON THE PROGNOSTIC PERFORMANCE OF BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES: THE AGES REYKJAVIK STUDY

The influence of age on the ability of BNP to predict incident heart failure (HF) is poorly described. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of age on the ability of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) to predict incident HF. Pro-BNP was measured in a community cohort (the AGES-
Bulk Energy Storage Increases United States Electricity System Emissions

Bulk energy storage is generally considered an important contributor for the transition toward a more flexible and sustainable electricity system. Although economically valuable, storage is not fundamentally a "green" technology, leading to reductions in emissions. We model the economic and emissions effects of bulk energy storage providing an energy arbitrage service. We calculate the profits under two scenarios (perfect and imperfect information about future electricity prices), and estimate the effect of bulk storage on net emissions of CO2, SO2, and NOx for 20 eGRID subregions in the United States. We find that net system CO2 emissions resulting from storage operation are nontrivial when compared to the emissions from electricity generation, ranging from 104 to 407 kg/MWh of delivered energy depending on location, storage operation mode, and assumptions regarding carbon intensity. Net NOx emissions range from -0.16 (i.e., producing net savings) to 0.49 kg/MWh, and are generally small when compared to average generation-related emissions. Net SO2 emissions from storage operation range from -0.01 to 1.7 kg/MWh, depending on location and storage operation mode.
The effects of prolactin in animal models of SLE.

(1998). The effects of prolactin in animal models of SLE. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology: Vol. 27, Second International Conference on Sex Hormones and Pregnancy in Rheumatic Diseases, pp. 31-32.
Consideration in non-clinical safety evaluation of monoclonal antibody products

The monoclonal antibody(mAb) includes intact immunoglobulins produced by hybridomas and immunoconjugates as well as appropriate products like immunoglobulin fragments and recombinant proteins derived from immunoglobulins.For non-clinical safety evaluation,conventional approaches to toxicity testing of pharmaceuticals may not be appropriate for biopharmaceuticals due to the unique and diverse structural and biological properties of the latter.Here,we summarized the experience of mAb evaluation in our professional works,and suggested some key points for non-clinical safety evaluation of monoclonal antibody products for human use.
Autotoxicity Effect of Ginseng Root Exudates on Seeds Germination

By seeds soaking cultivation method,aqueous solution containing 1.00 mg/L,0.10 mg/L and 0.01 mg/L ginseng root exudates benzoic acid,diisobutyl succinate,1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid bis(2-methylpropyl) ester,palmitic acid and 2,2-bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl) propane respectively were used to cultivate ginseng seeds in petri dish.After a period of time,radicle and hypocotyl length of ginseng seeds were measured to estimate the autotoxicity of allelochemicals on the germination of ginseng seeds.Results showed that,benzoic acid and 2,2-bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl) propane at 1.00 mg/L inhibited the growth of radicles significantly,palmitic acid inhibited the growth of hypocotyls very significantly.1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid bis(2-methylpropyl) ester accelerated the growth of radicles at 0.10 mg/L,and except for 2,2-bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl) propane,other four root exudates inhibited the growth of hypocotyls at the same concentration.Benzoic acid and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid bis(2-methylpropyl) ester accelerated the growth of radicles at 0.01 mg/L,palmitic acid and 2,2-bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl) propane showed inhibitory effects.Results indicated that autotoxicity of root exudates correlated to the chemical type and its concentration significantly,the autotoxicity of benzoic acid,2,2-bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl) propane and palmitic acid on the growth of radicles or hypocotyls more stronger,which concluded that phenolic acids and organic acids which exudated by roots of ginseng accelerated the development of continuously cropping obstacle.
Assessment of the Critical Components of a Transformative Self-Regulated Learning Assistant

In order to understand the role of metacognition and self-regulation in student learning, 35 college students were asked to solve problems in college linear algebra and in remedial math using Cognitive Constructor. Results reveal the predominance of forward chaining in problem solving.
Intraocular pressure study using monitored forced-infusion system phacoemulsification technology

Purpose To optimize phacoemulsification efficiency by varying the intraocular pressure (IOP) using the Centurion Vision System, a monitored forced-infusion system. Setting John A. Moran Eye Center Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Design Laboratory investigation. Methods Porcine lenses were soaked in formalin and divided into 2.0 mm cubes; 0.9 mm balanced tips were used. Intraocular pressure levels were tested from 30 to 110 mm Hg at 10 mm Hg intervals. Vacuum was set at 500 mm Hg, aspiration at 35 mL/min, and torsional power at 60%. Efficiency (time to lens removal) and chatter (number of lens fragment repulsions from the tip) were measured. Results There was a linear relationship between efficiency and IOP. Increasing IOP led to an increase in efficiency (ie, to a decrease in time necessary to remove the lens fragment) (R2 = .5769, P = .0176). Chatter correlated with IOP in the range of 30 to 50 mm Hg (R2 = .4506, P = .0448) and was minimal at higher IOPs. Conclusions Increasing IOP in the monitored forced-infusion system improved efficiency. Chatter was also decreased or eliminated with increasing IOP. Additional studies will be required to understand the reasons for these findings. Financial Disclosure None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Adaptive MD-FEC over multilink video distribution network

Multiple description coding has been shown to provide flexible and distortion-rate optimal video streaming transmission over lossy links. In this paper, we provide an adaptive MD-FEC algorithm for point-to-multipoint video streaming that approximately minimizes the average distortion of the multicast video. Our new algorithm accomplishes this by adapting both the packet lengths and their number to fit heterogeneous link conditions.
Cellular and Functional Characterization of Microparticles in Sepsis-Associated Coagulopathy

Abstract Background: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a complex pathology characterized by microvascular thrombosis, dysregulated fibrinolysis, endothelial activation, and endothelial disruption. It is the endpoint of the coagulopathy commonly associated with sepsis and is clinically associated with multi-organ failure and/or significant bleeding. Inflammatory processes mediated by chemokines and cytokines including soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), interleukin 6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), endocan, and tissue factor play an important role in DIC pathogenesis; and in turn, dysregulation of coagulation factors effects further inflammation. Cellular damage and apoptotic processes result in the generation of microparticles, a diverse population of small, cell-derived phospholipid vesicles displaying characteristic surface proteins. Microparticles are associated with inflammation and coagulation in sepsis; however, the precise role they play remains unclear. Methods: Plasma samples from 75 patients with confirmed DIC were included in this study. 50 plasma samples from normal healthy individuals were obtained from a commercial source (George King Biomedical, Overland Park, KS). Endocan, VEGF, sCD40L, and IL-6 were measured using commercially available sandwich ELISA assays (Lunginnov, Lillie, France/RD N-0.39.6±0.2 pg/ml, p 740 pg/ml; N-32.6±50.9 pg/ml, p=0.007), endocan (DIC-10.6 ng/ml±10.9; N-1.81±0.36 ng/ml, p Discussion: The correlation between microparticles, sCD40L and VEGF found in these patients strongly supports the widespread activation of platelets in DIC. It is possible that this process contributes to the thrombocytopenia often seen in sepsis. In addition there was an elevation in both endocan and VEGF suggesting that, while endocan may have an effect on the level of VEGF in vivo, platelets appear to be the major source. Interestingly, microparticles specifically carrying tissue factor did not show correlation with any of the other biomarkers. This may be because these microparticles may be shed from multiple sources, particularly both activated monocytes and endothelial cells, and this may have been a confounding factor. Thus, these results provide further evidence of the widespread inflammatory milieu present in patients with DIC, particularly elucidating possible cross-talk between platelets and endothelium. Profiling of these biomarkers may be helpful in the risk stratification of patients with sepsis associated coagulopathy and following their clinical progress. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Attosecond transient-absorption dynamics of xenon core-excited states in a strong driving field

Attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of xenon atoms is performed using near-infrared fields well into the tunneling region, providing insight into the ultrafast control of material optical properties in the strongly driven regime.
Pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies and Fc-fusion proteins

There are many factors that can influence the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a mAb or Fc-fusion molecule with the primary determinant being FcRn-mediated recycling. Through Fab or Fc engineering, IgG-FcRn interaction can be used to generate a variety of therapeutic antibodies with significantly enhanced half-life or ability to remove unwanted antigen from circulation. Glycosylation of a mAb or Fc-fusion protein can have a significant impact on the PK of these molecules. mAb charge can be important and variants with pI values of 1–2 unit difference are likely to impact PK with lower pI values being favorable for a longer half-life. Most mAbs display target mediated drug disposition (TMDD), which can have significant consequences on the study designs of preclinical and clinical studies. The PK of mAb can also be influenced by anti-drug antibody (ADA) response and off-target binding, which require careful consideration during the discovery stage. mAbs are primarily absorbed through the lymphatics via convection and can be conveniently administered by the subcutaneous (sc) route in large doses/volumes with co-formulation of hyaluronidase. The human PK of a mAb can be reasonably estimated using cynomolgus monkey data and allometric scaling methods.
Abstract 121: Early Mobilization of Ischemic Stroke Patients post Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Background/Purpose: Research about mobilization of patients who receive IV-tPA is scarce. Patients are routinely kept on bed rest for 24-48 hours after tPA for monitoring despite a lack of evidence justifying this lengthy immobilization. Several stroke rehabilitation studies report mobilizing patients within 24 hours of stroke. However, none of these studies included patients who received tPA and there are no published recommendations for safe timeframes for initiating mobilization of these patients. We completed a preliminary study to assess the hypothesis that adverse safety outcomes of early mobilization of this patient population are minor. Methods: We conducted a study between June 2011 and July 2012 involving early mobilization (i.e. PT/OT between 13 and 24 hours) of patients administered tPA. A safety screen was performed before mobilization occurred to verify hemodynamic stability of patients. Mobilization may have included sitting, standing, transferring to a chair, and ambulation. Results: Nearly 97% (30/31) of patients provided consent (12 female, 18 male; mean age: 66.8, range: 32-89; mean admission NIHSS 5.37, range 0 - 27). All consented patients were screened and 23/30 were mobilized without adverse response. Eighty-six percent (70/81) of activity events had no adverse response. The adverse events that were observed were transient and minor: 2 subjects reported “dizziness” (without a corresponding drop in BP), 3 subjects had an increase in DBP to > 105 (with resting DBPs as follows: 93, 104, and 62 mmHg), 1 subject had a HR > 100 bpm (resting HR was 96 bpm), and 1 had new-onset of neurological signs (transient L hemiparesis that resolved within an hour). Analysis is currently being performed Biostatistician. Conclusion: Early mobilization of patients post ischemic stroke 13-24 hours after IV-tPA infusion appears safe for 76.7% of patients and during 86.4% of activity events. In conclusion, adverse responses were largely minor with no sustained worsening of neurologic deficits. Study investigators recommend larger-powered studies for validation of safety findings to develop evidenced-based guidelines for early mobilization of this patient population.
White spot lesions: Does etching really matter?

Aim The clinical significance of acid etching prior to orthodontic bonding is controversial. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of 15 seconds of acid etching on enamel demineralization. Methods Twenty-seven human molars were sectioned and assigned to two groups. Under standardized conditions, the enamel surfaces were imaged using FluoreCam to obtain baseline data. Group 1 was etched using 37% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds, rinsed with water, and then imaged again; group 2 was only rinsed with water. Water rinse was collected for calcium chemical analysis using inductively-coupled plasma auger electron spectrometry. Both groups were subjected to 9 days of pH cycling, after which final FluoreCam images were obtained. Results Group 1 showed a significant increase in lesion area (P=.012), decrease in light intensity (P=.009), and decrease in impact (P=.007) after acid etching. The amount of calcium that leached out over the 15 seconds was 14 ppm ±2.4 (0.35 mmol/L±0.06). Following pH cycling, there was no statistically-significant between-group difference in overall enamel demineralization. Conclusion Initial demineralization caused by 15 seconds of acid etching does not increase enamel susceptibility to further demineralization. This suggests that acid etching does not increase the risk of developing white spot lesions during orthodontics.
Summary of Session III: Juvenile Hormone Effects at the Cellular Level

Most of the papers in this next section focus on the inter­action between juvenile hormone and ecdysone. They deal with a number of questions, but three are recurrent themes. When and how do epidermal cells change their commitment from secreting larval cuticle to synthesizing pupal cuticle? Is mitosis or DNA replica­tion necessary for this reprogramming? What is the nature of the interactions between juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysone at the cellular level and at the level of the whole organism?
Terrestrial Fauna in the Greenbrier Karst

The West Virginia cave fauna includes species that leave caves periodically to forage (cave crickets and bats) as well as permanent inhabitants (both species that are limited to caves [troglobionts] and ones that occur elsewhere [troglophiles]). Troglobionts are the best studied, but troglophiles predominate in many caves. Major sources of food for the terrestrial cave communities are transitory organic matter brought in by bats and cave crickets, and riparian deposits along streams. A total of 40 troglobionts are known, 19 of which are endemic to the Greenbrier karst. The highest species richness is in the contact caves and Buckeye Creek drainage in Greenbrier County. Greenbrier County is a hotspot of troglobionts in the USA.
Eruptive xanthoma in the setting of hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis.

Abstract Background Undifferentiated dermatologic complaints are often encountered in the emergency department. While a patient's exposures, risk factors, and comorbidities may help guide emergency department evaluation, the accurate diagnosis of dermatologic findings is critical to allowing rapid identification and treatment of disease. Case In this vignette we discuss a case of eruptive xanthoma in a 33-year-old male with diabetic ketoacidosis and pancreatitis. Discussion Dermatologic complaints pose a unique challenge to the emergency physician. Many dermatologic findings are benign; however, some may represent underlying serious disease even in young, otherwise healthy appearing patients. Eruptive xanthomas are cutaneous lesions often indicating severe hypertriglyceridemia and uncontrolled diabetes. Likely presentations and risk factors for eruptive xanthomas will be discussed as well as ED evaluation and management.
Ethics in the age of medical device technologies.

The infiltration of technology into all aspects of daily living was both rapid and pervasive during the latter part of the 20th century, and it changed the world in which we live. Medicine was not immune to this extraordinary revolution [1]. CT, PET and MRI scanners are now found in many hospitals around the country and have become important imaging modalities for most specialties.
Advanced HTML Examples

Advanced HTML is an oxymoron. HTML is too young and simple to be particularly advanced. Obscure is about it. In this chapter we include some chocolaty HTML examples; these are examples that use commonly unused attributes, examples that mix several types of elements, or examples that contain Netscape Navigator extensions or HTML 3. This chapter is aimed at the learn-by-example sort of person. People who prefer to read about HTML elements should refer to Chapter 7.
Microbial Translocation and B Cell Dysfunction in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease

The gut mucosal barrier disrupted in HIV disease, resulting in increased systemic exposure to microbial products such as Lipo Polys Accharide (LPS). The association of enhanced microbial translocation and B cell dysfunction in HIV disease is not fully understood. High dose and short term exposure of microbial Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) agonists were used as vaccine adjuvants, however, low dose and long term exposure of TLR agonists could be harmful. The characteristics of B cell dysfunction in HIV disease included B cell, especially memory B cell depletion, enhanced levels of autoimmune antibodies and impaired vaccine or antigen responsiveness. This review discusses and explores the possibility of the effect of microbial translocation on memory B cell depletion and impaired vaccine responses in HIV infection. By determining the mechanisms of B cell depletion and perturbations in HIV disease, it may be possible to design interventions that can improve immune responses to vaccines, reduce selected opportunistic infections and perhaps slow disease progression.
Treating Patients Who Threaten Violence

The problem of violence in contemporary American society is both complex and compelling.1 Interpersonal violence can occur in many forms, with death due to intentional injury being the most serious, though not the most common violent crime. In 1980 the United States homicide rate reached 10.6/100,000—the highest rate recorded this century. The lifetime risk for being a victim of homicide is 1/240 for whites and 1/47 for blacks. Further, the prevalence of nonfatal assault is about 100 times greater.2
Data Monitoring for the Aspirin Component of the Physicians’ Health Study: Issues in Early Termination for a Major Secondary Endpoint

The Physicians’ Health Study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, 2 #x00D7; 2 factorial primary prevention trial whose primary aims were to test whether aspirin reduces risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and beta-carotene decreases the incidence of cancer. The trial was conducted among 22,071 apparently healthy U.S. male physicians aged 40–84 years at entry. After five years of treatment and follow-up, on December 17, 1987, the independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) recommended unanimously the early termination of the aspirin component due principally to the emergence of a statistically extreme (p < 0.00001) 47% reduction in risk of a first myocardial infarction (MI), the major secondary endpoint, in the context of a far lower than anticipated CVD mortality as well as use of aspirin among the vast majority of individuals who experienced a non-fatal event. Several additional factors were involved, including little or no trend in either CVD mortality or stroke, although the numbers of events were too low to distinguish between small benefit, no effect, and small harm. These circumstances suggested clear evidence for aspirin in preventing a first MI, a major outcome of clinical and public health importance in the context of inadequate power to test the primary endpoint of CVD mortality.
Blood donor testing for hepatitis B virus in the United States: is there a case for continuation of hepatitis B surface antigen detection?

Background In the United States, blood donor testing for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was initiated in the early 1970s. More recently, testing for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA have been added. The incidence of hepatitis B has been declining. This study reviews the current status of testing and questions the need for continuation of HBsAg testing. Study design and methods From July 2011 to June 2015, a total of 22.4 million donations were serologically tested for HBsAg and anti-HBc and for HBV-DNA by nucleic acid testing (NAT). All reactive results were evaluated and a subset of donations that were either potential NAT yield (seronegative) or serologically positive but nonreactive by HBV NAT in minipools (MPs) of 16 were further evaluated by individual donation (ID)-NAT. Samples with detectable HBV DNA were defined as actively infected and considered potentially infectious. Results Routine testing plus supplemental ID-NAT identified 2035 samples representing active infection including 1965 with anti-HBc, 1602 with HBsAg, and 1453 with HBV DNA by MP-NAT, for respective rates per hundred-thousand donations of 9.10, 8.78, 7.16, and 6.50, continuing the downward trend previously observed. There were 29 HBV DNA-yield samples (1:771,389), 35 HBsAg-yield samples (anti-HBc nonreactive), and 404 with occult hepatitis B infection. There were six samples with HBsAg and HBV DNA detectable only by ID-NAT in the absence of anti-HBc; additional testing was consistent with extremely low or negligible levels of DNA. Conclusions Point estimates of HBV infection rates among blood donors continue to decline, as do those for incidence and residual risk. Elimination of HBsAg screening would have negligible impact, with a risk less than 1 per 4 million donations.
Medical Management of Rib Fractures

Rib fractures are reported in at least 10% of all trauma admissions. The associated morbidity and mortality worsen with advanced age and increasing number of rib fractures. In this population, the risk of nosocomial pneumonia has been documented to be as high as 29%. The utilization of clinical care pathways results in favorable outcomes. Despite this evidence, the medical management of rib fractures is yet to be truly standardized. At the core of recommended clinical care pathways is the identification of high-risk patients, appropriate patient disposition, multimodal pain control, aggressive pulmonary care, nutritional support, and early mobilization.
On the (Racial) Border: Expressed Race, Reflected Race, and the U.S.-Mexico Border Context:

In this era of growing immigration and debates about the U.S.-Mexico Border, the authors tackle a question that is growing in importance as the Border is at the forefront of national debate: Do peo...
Content development, accessibility and feasibility of a self-report tool for use in programmes serving youth with cognitive disabilities: The Participatory Experience Survey.

INTRODUCTION Participation in community-based recreation and leisure activities may afford valuable opportunities to young people with cognitive disabilities (CD) to develop important self-determination skills needed for success in adulthood. To evaluate whether these programmes are achieving their intended impact, it is important to have a tool that captures the perspective of the participants using an accessible method. This article describes the content development and evaluation of accessibility and feasibility of the Participatory Experience Survey (PES). METHOD Participant observation and focus group sessions were conducted in conjunction with a summer youth programme hosted by a special education advocacy organisation. Photos were used to guide identification of factors influencing both negative and positive experiences. Findings informed question content. Three groups of stakeholders, parents of youth with CD (Group 1), service providers (Group 2), and experts in cognitive disability and/or programme planning (Group 3) reviewed the PES to provide feedback on the relevance and accessibility of the measure. After stakeholder feedback was incorporated, cognitive interviewing was conducted with young people with CD to assess instrument accessibility and appropriateness for use in context. RESULTS Youth described their participation in three categories: personal, social and environmental. Stakeholder Groups 1 and 2 identified 15 questions as needing revisions. Seven additional questions were added based on suggestions from stakeholder Group 3. Cognitive interviewing led to revision of 13 questions and removal of 16 questions due to issues related to vocabulary, item meaning, response bias, repetitiveness and length. CONCLUSION The PES has the potential to offer programmes a means to more fully include young people with disabilities in programme evaluations, leading to better-structured, more supportive programmes. Additional validity and feasibility work is needed to confirm these initial findings.
Correlative hierarchical clustering-based low-rank dimensionality reduction of radiomics-driven phenotype in non-small cell lung cancer

Background: Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the United States and the most fatal, with 142,670 deaths in 2019. Accurately determining tumor response is critical to clinical treatment decisions, ultimately impacting patient survival. To better differentiate between non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) responders and non-responders to therapy, radiomic analysis is emerging as a promising approach to identify associated imaging features undetectable by the human eye. However, the plethora of variables extracted from an image may actually undermine the performance of computer-aided prognostic assessment, known as the curse of dimensionality. In the present study, we show that correlative-driven hierarchical clustering improves high-dimensional radiomics-based feature selection and dimensionality reduction, ultimately predicting overall survival in NSCLC patients. Methods: To select features for high-dimensional radiomics data, a correlation-incorporated hierarchical clustering algorithm automatically categorizes features into several groups. The truncation distance in the resulting dendrogram graph is used to control the categorization of the features, initiating low-rank dimensionality reduction in each cluster, and providing descriptive features for Cox proportional hazards (CPH)-based survival analysis. Using a publicly available non- NSCLC radiogenomic dataset of 204 patients’ CT images, 429 established radiomics features were extracted. Low-rank dimensionality reduction via principal component analysis (PCA) was employed (𝒌 = 𝟏, 𝒏 < 𝟏) to find the representative components of each cluster of features and calculate cluster robustness using the relative weighted consistency metric. Results: Hierarchical clustering categorized radiomic features into several groups without primary initialization of cluster numbers using the correlation distance metric (as a function) to truncate the resulting dendrogram into different distances. The dimensionality was reduced from 429 to 67 features (for truncation distance of 0.1). The robustness within the features in clusters was varied from -1.12 to -30.02 for truncation distances of 0.1 to 1.8, respectively, which indicated that the robustness decreases with increasing truncation distance when smaller number of feature classes (i.e., clusters) are selected. The best multivariate CPH survival model had a C-statistic of 0.71 for truncation distance of 0.1, outperforming conventional PCA approaches by 0.04, even when the same number of principal components was considered for feature dimensionality. Conclusions: Correlative hierarchical clustering algorithm truncation distance is directly associated with robustness of the clusters of features selected and can effectively reduce feature dimensionality while improving outcome prediction.
The effect of implant prosthesis complications on patient satisfaction.

Abstract Statement of problem How complications regarding implant prostheses affect patient satisfaction and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) is unclear. Purpose The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare patient satisfaction with implant restorations in patients with or without a history of complications. These data were used to determine whether implant prosthesis complications affected self-reported OHRQoL. Material and methods Data were gathered from 176 edentulous and partially dentate patients who had received implant prostheses consisting of implant-supported crowns, implant-supported overdentures, and screw-retained fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) in predoctoral and postdoctoral clinics between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2014. Demographics and complications were self-reported by means of a survey. Patients rated their OHRQoL using the Quality of Life with Implant-Prostheses (QoLIP-10) questionnaire. Means were compared by using a 1-way ANOVA to compare the variables of prosthesis complications, sociodemographic data, and patient satisfaction. Significantly different variables were further evaluated using a post hoc Tukey-Kramer Honestly Significant Different (HSD) test (α=.05). Results Statistically significant differences in patient satisfaction were found related to prosthesis complications, gender, and marital status. The most common complication for implant-supported crowns was screw loosening. For implant-supported overdentures and screw-retained FDPs, the most common complication was repair of the prosthesis. Those who had experienced complications reported lower OHRQoL scores than those who had not. Women and widows/widowers overall reported lower OHRQoL scores. The OHRQoL scores of women with and without prosthesis complications were not statistically different (P=.073). No significant differences were found relative to age (P=.937) or education (P=.302). Patients without complications with implant-supported crowns reported the lowest satisfaction because of oral hygiene difficulties. The lowest satisfaction in patients with complications of implant-supported overdentures and screw-retained FDPs was related to worry/concern because of problems with the implant prosthesis. Conclusions The results of this survey suggest that patients who experience complications with an implant prosthesis report a lower OHRQoL score than those who do not. Future studies are needed to evaluate patient satisfaction by comparing prosthesis complications with and without implants to determine whether patients who have had complications with implant prostheses are more satisfied than those who have experienced complications with conventional prostheses.
An Analysis of Statutes Criminalizing Correctional Officer Sexual Misconduct With Inmates

The 2003 Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) mandates that U.S. state correctional systems regulate and reduce staff-on-inmate sexual misconduct in state correctional facilities. As data on correcti...
Boundary conditions and Berry phase in magnetic nanostructures

The effect of micromagnetic boundary conditions on the Berry curvature and topological Hall effect in granular nanostructures is investigated by model calculations. Both free surfaces and grain boundaries between interacting particles or grains affect the spin structure. The Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions yield corrections to the Erdmann-Weierstrass boundary conditions, but the Berry curvature remains an exclusive functional of the local spin structure, which greatly simplifies the treatment of nanostructures. An explicit example is a model nanostructure with cylindrical symmetry whose spin structure is described by Bessel function and which yields a mean-field-type Hall-effect contribution that can be related to magnetic-force-microscopy images.
Identifying thermo-mechanical induced microstructural changes

Robust engineering of geomaterials for energy applications requires a clear understanding of the impacts of temperatures and pressures applied to the soil on their microstructures. Such understandings will facilitate better designs of new geomaterials and technologies via ensuring accurate assessments of the performance of the existing ones. In this study, we assess the changes in the microstructure—specific surface area and pore size distribution—of a saturated clay subjected to stress and temperature cycle. Clay specimens were subjected to the desired mechanical stresses and thermal cycles in a triaxial system. Then, the specimens were swiftly extracted from the triaxial, flush frozen in liquid nitrogen, then freeze-dried to preserve their microstructure. The preserved specimens were then used for specific surface area and pore size distribution assessments using nitrogen (N2)-gas adsorption and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The results established qualitative explanations of the expected microstructural changes in geomaterials under operational conditions, which facilitate the development of new geomaterials that can overcome such alternations.
Not All Errors Are Created Equal: Exploring Human Responses to Robot Errors with Varying Severity

Robot errors occurring during situated interactions with humans are inevitable and elicit social responses. While prior research has suggested how social signals may indicate errors produced by anthropomorphic robots, most have not explored Programming by Demonstration (PbD) scenarios or non-humanoid robots. Additionally, how human social signals may help characterize error severity, which is important to determine appropriate strategies for error mitigation, has been subjected to limited exploration. We report an exploratory study that investigates how people may react to technical errors with varying severity produced by a non-humanoid robotic arm in a PbD scenario. Our results indicate that more severe robot errors may prompt faster, more intense human responses and that multimodal responses tend to escalate as the error unfolds. This provides initial evidence suggesting temporal modeling of multimodal social signals may enable early detection and classification of robot errors, thereby minimizing unwanted consequences.
Cultivating an Engaged Art History from Interdisciplinary Roots

If engaged art history is to grow into an enduring practice, it should blend the discipline of art history with the powerful foundation of public scholarship theory and practice that has already been developed, tested, critiqued, and revised by those in other fields. To support that process, this chapter proposes a theoretical and practical framework for engaged art history that is anchored in scholarship outside of the discipline. It articulates key characteristics of public scholarship in art history as well as specific approaches that publicly engaged art historians can incorporate into their work. A selective literature review with a particular emphasis on sources from anthropology and history provides a manageable introduction to the vast body of interdisciplinary work on engaged scholarship.
Highly scaled measurements of C. elegans development suggest that physical constraints guide growth trajectories and animal shape

Growth control establishes organism size, requiring mechanisms to sense and adjust growth. Studies of single cells revealed that size homeostasis uses distinct control methods: Size, Timer, and Adder. In multicellular organisms, mechanisms that regulate single cell growth must integrate control across organs and tissues during development to generate adult size and shape. We leveraged the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a scalable and tractable model to collect precise growth measurements of thousands of individuals, measure feeding behavior, and quantify changes in animal size and shape. Using quantitative measurements and mathematical modeling, we propose two models of physical mechanisms by which C. elegans can control growth. First, constraints on cuticle stretch generate mechanical signals through which animals sense body size and initiate larval-stage transitions. Second, mechanical control of food intake drives growth rate within larval stages. These results suggest how physical constraints control developmental timing and growth rate in C. elegans.