cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing Interstate Variation in Tooth Loss

The term for the loss of all natural permanent teeth is edentulism. In 2004, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released data on the edentulism rate by state (2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey). Measured as a percentage of state residents over 65, the edentulism rate for the average state was 22.1%. West Virginia had the highest rate of complete tooth loss at 42.8% and Connecticut had the lowest rate at 13.5%. The high edentulism rate in West Virginia is surprising given that the state has fluoridation rates well above the national average. According to the CDC, 91.5% of West Virginians live in areas with fluoridated water compared to 70% in the average state. This suggests that other factors besides access to fluoridated water must be contributing to the high rate of edentulism in West Virginia. The medical literature points to several possible reasons for tooth loss in addition to water fluoridation. Income, poverty status, limited access to dental care due to geography, poor attitudes towards dental care and smoking have all been linked to tooth loss. A review of the literature found no studies examining the determinants of interstate variation in edentulism. To better investigate the role of each of these factors in determining why some states have high rates of tooth loss and others do not, I regressed the edentulism rate by state against the following variables: the percentage of adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher, the elderly poverty rate, state per capita personal income, urban population percentage, percentage of residents that are everyday smokers, and the percentage of the population with fluoridated water (Data, sources, and results at: http://joshua.c.hall.googlepages.com/papers/). Int Adv Econ Res (2008) 14:262–263 DOI 10.1007/s11294-008-9139-x
Finite amplitude steady states of high Reynolds number 2-D channel flow

Abstract Two-dimensional steady states of plane Poiseuille flow are found by following the evolution of a two-dimensional Navier-Stokes fluid numerically for long times. Two runs are presented, one for Reynolds number R = 4000, the other for R = 15000. The Reynolds number is based on the pressure gradient and channel half-width. The final states are characterized by an array of alternating-sign vortices. The states are accurately time independent in a frame moving with the vortices. In this frame of reference the stream function and the vorticity display an interesting correlation, showing that the flow is divided into three spatially distinct regions. Theoretical understanding of the state is sought in terms of the statistical mechanics of large numbers of discrete line vortices in the mean field limit, but without great success. Attention is devoted to characterizing the relaxed state.
Measurement of imidazoleacetic acid in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract Imidazoleacetic acid (IAA), a histamine and histidine metabolite, was quantified in human urine by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC—MS). The acid was separated by ion-exchange chromatography, derivatized as the n -butyl ester with boron trifluoride—butanol and the derivative extracted with chloroform. GC—MS analysis was carried out by selected-ion monitoring of ions m/z 81 and m/z 83 corresponding, respectively, to IAA and [ 15 N, 15 N′]IAA used as internal standard. The mean IAA content in urine was about 8.02 nmol/mg of creatinine. The specificity of measurement was rigorously established by GC retention time, peak shape, ion abundance ratios, and recovery experiments. The method is capable of quantifying IAA in 0.05 ml of urine and in amounts as low as 0.20 nmol.
A multitechnique investigation of sodium-doped poly(p-phenylene vinylene)

Abstract Dopant uptake in sodium-doped poly( p -phenylene vinylene) (PPV) has been measured, and e.s.r. spectroscopy has been used to follow the changes in unpaired spin concentration as the doping reaction proceeds. 2 H n.m.r. line shapes of sodium-doped, ring-deuterated PPV (PPV-d 4 ) have also been studied to observe the effects of doping. They contain two distinct components, one of which is attributed to hydride formation. The overall pattern is insensitive to temperature changes.
Photoreflectance studies of SIMOX materials

Photoreflectance (PR) was used to study SIMOX materials produced under various fabrication conditions. The position, amplitude and shape of the 3.4 eV PR response were monitored for three different sets of samples which provided information about the crystalline quality of the top silicon layer. Each sample of the first set underwent different annealing conditions. A second set of six samples was arranged such that one sample was removed at a different step of the process involving three implantation-anneal cycles. A third set of four samples was implanted with different doses of oxygen. In the first case the PR signal improved with longer annealing times and higher temperatures; in the second case the PR signal appeared to deteriorate with each cycle undergone by the samples, while in the third case the degradation of the structure increased with the increased implantation dosage. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was also performed in the last two cases, and its results supported the PR conclusions.
Buffer Effects in the Spectrochemical Analysis of Niobium-Tantalum Mixtures

Numerous procedures (1-4, 6, 9) have been reported for the spectrochemical analysis of refractory materials, including niobium and tantalum, using buffer admixtures. Typical buffers, which have been used, include graphite, lithium carbonate, copper, silicon dioxide, zinc oxide, gallium sesquioxide, germanium dioxide, and lanthanum sesquioxide. In the development of dc arc procedures for the determination of low concentrations of niobium in tantalum and of tantalum in niobium, the study of the effect of various buffers on the precision and sensitivity of the methods was undertaken.
The influence of pH on biotite dissolution and alteration kinetics at low temperature

Abstract Biotite dissolution rates in acidic solutions were determined in fluidized-bed reactors and flowthrough columns. Biotite dissolution rates increased inversely as a linear function of pH in the pH range 3–7, where the rate order n = −0.34. Biotite dissolved incongruently over this pH range, with preferential release of magnesium and iron from the octahedral layer. Release of tetrahedral silicon was much greater at pH 3 than at higher pH. Iron release was significantly enhanced by low pH conditions. Solution compositions from a continuous exposure flow-through column of biotite indicated biotite dissolves incongruently at pH 4, consistent with alteration to a vermiculite-type product. Solution compositions from a second intermittent-flow column exhibited elevated cation release rates upon the initiation of each exposure to solution. The presence of strong oxidizing agents, the mineral surface area, and sample preparation methodology also influenced the dissolution or alteration kinetics of biotite.
[14C]Deoxyglucose mapping of first-order projections activated by stimulation of lateral hypothalamic sites eliciting gnawing, eating, and drinking in rats.

Rats having hypothalamic electrodes that elicited gnawing, eating, and drinking in free-moving tests received intermittent electrical stimulation for 45 min following i.v. injection of [14C] deoxyglucose. Autoradiographs of regional brain glucose utilization were made by the method of Sokoloff et al. ('77). To maximize the detectability of first-order neuronal effects and minimize potentially complex transsynaptic effects, baseline metabolism and synaptic transmission were reduced by light barbiturate anesthesia. Laterally asymmetrical increases in glucose utilization indicative of elicited activity were largely coterminous with the known projections of the lateral hypothalamus and some projections of adjoining areas, indicating that most first-order efferents were above threshold for deoxyglucose visualization, while most transsynaptic effects were subthreshold. Although the majority of hypothalamic projections were similarly affected in control rats that received hypothalamic stimulation that elicited other responses, a number were activated significantly less than in the rats whose electrodes induced gnawing, eating, and drinking. Chief among these areas was a continuous descending pathway from the ventral tegmental area through the lateral tegmentum to the cuneiform and parabrachial nuclei. Smaller and/or less reliable increases above controls were found in the dorsomedial caudate-putamen, the posterolateral zona incerta, the anterior lateral central gray, the caudal linear nucleus, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, the pontine tegmental nucleus, and a previously undescribed pathway lying medially between the pontine medial lemniscus and cerebral peduncle. These areas, especially the lateral tegmental and parabrachial zone, are the most likely candidates for the pathways and/or destinations of the directly excited efferents or fibers of passage that constitute the first link in the elicitation of gnawing, eating, and drinking by lateral hypothalamic stimulation. Since self-stimulation and exploratory activity were elicited by control as well as experimental electrodes, they are probably dependent on other projections among those affected similarly in both groups.
Earth Feature Identification And Tracking Technology Development

The paper discusses needs for smart sensing in terrestrial and atmospheric remote sensing as related to current technology and a scheduled Shuttle experiment. An approach is outlined involving Shuttle-borne experiments to develop earth feature identification and tracking technology including a Feature Identification and Location Experiment (FILE) scheduled for flight on the NASA Shuttle with an objective of classifying earth features into categories of bare land, water, vegetation, and clouds, snow, and ice. The plan for evolution of the FILE-related technology leads to capabilities for pointing instruments to predetermined sites, reacquiring earth features or landmarks, and tracking features such as coastlines and rivers. Technology concepts relative to an overall system transfer function is discussed, and the development status outlined.
Aurin tricarboxylic acid, the anti-AIDS compound, prevents the binding of interferon-α to its receptor

Binding of HIV to its receptor, the CD4 molecule of lymphocytes, can be prevented by chemical agents. These agents could be considered as potential anti-AIDS drugs. We have shown that aurin tricarboxylic acid (ATA, 3 microM) specifically blocks the binding of gp120, the HIV coat protein, to the CD4 molecule. We have also found that ATA prevents the binding of interferon-alpha to its receptor in a dose-dependent manner (12-50 microM range). Membrane potential shift, associated with binding of interferon-alpha to its receptor, was also blocked by ATA in a dose-dependent fashion. Our results indicate that potential anti-AIDS drugs should be screened for such undesired side effects.
Characteristics of Microstrip Lines through a Metalized EBG Substrate

This paper presents the analysis of a microstrip line surrounded by metalized substrates. The metalized substrates are dielectric substrates with vias through and either with or without patch covers. The guided-wave characteristics are investigated by full-wave electromagnetic simulations with experimental verification. It is found that the metalized substrate would increase the phase constant (slow-wave factor) and decrease the characteristic impedance of a microstrip line. When a microstrip line is in contact with the surrounding vias, the structure is in analogy to a metallic waveguide with a cut-off frequency. The mode properties are also characterized.
Desarrollo tecnológico actual de la cirugía endoscópica transluminal a través de orificios naturales

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is a novel concept which combines aspects of flexible endoscopy with laparoscopic surgery with the aim of creating a new field of patient friendly "incisionless" surgery. This will require novel advanced technologies to be developed specifically for NOTES. We discuss the technical requirements and the process of creating NOTES instrumentation and illustrate the process with some current enabling devices. The development process is outlined, including the requirements for NOTES, the current technology that can be used, and some prototype devices for access, retraction, and tissue approximation. Endoscopes for NOTES must have high resolution, large instrument channels, some degree of triangulation, and the ability to lock into position inside the abdominal cavity. Instrumentation should echo the capabilities of current laparoscopic tools. They should be large and sturdy, torque-able, and offer the full spectrum of end-effectors. Finally, NOTES technology must permit secure, tailorable tissue approximation. The "R" scope from Olympus and the Transport scope from USGI Medical are possible solutions to the design requirements for access and visualization. Eagle Claw (Olympus), The Swain system (Ethicon), and the G-prox (USGI) are current tissue approximation systems under development and investigation in clinical trials. NOTES is a potential advance in surgical care. This new approach requires the development of new platform devices, tailored to allow the safe and effective practice of this advanced endoscopic approach.
Histochemical and immunochemical localization of tyrosinase in whole tissue sections of mushrooms

Abstract Vertical and cross-sectional slices of live mushrooms were blotted onto nitrocellulose. The blotted membranes were stained for tyrosinase activity using l -DOPA in the presence and absence of tyrosinase inhibitors. Histochemically stained areas of tyrosinase were present throughout the entire tissue, but the gills, stalk, and cap epidermis showed darker staining reactions. These staining reactions were eliminated if the blots were preincubated or incubated in tropolone or diethyldithiocarbamate. Immunostaining patterns of cross-sectional slices were similar to that of staining with l -DOPA.
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in cod (Gadus morhua) from the Northwest Atlantic

There is limited information available on the levels of polychlorinated dibzenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in major fish populations removed from local sources of contamination including populations from the Northwest Atlantic. Muscle, liver and ovaries of 7–9 year old female cod (Gadus morhua) caught in the Northwest Atlantic, off Labrador, Canada were analyzed for congeners and selected isomers of PCDDs and PCDFs. PCDDs and PCDFs were not detected in either muscle or ovaries (< 0·1 to 0·8 pg/g, wet weight), while the congener T4CDF predominated in liver (9·7 ng/g lipid), followed by P5CDF and O8CDD (1·6 ng/g lipid), H6CDD (0·6 ng/g lipid) and T4CDD (0·2 ng/g lipid). The total concentrations observed in cod from the Northwest Atlantic were lower than those observed in cod from waters around Norway and Finland and are well below levels associated with adverse effects on animal or human health. The area of fish collection in the Labrador Sea is far removed from industrial (effluent) sources of pollution and urban associated plastic garbage incineration. The dioxins and furans in major fish populations in the Northwest Atlantic could be fossil fuel combustion byproducts a significant proportion of which may originate from trawler fleets on the surrounding fishing banks.
Values underlying personnel/human resource management: Implications of the bishops' economic pastoral letter

The economic pastoral letter states that employees have rights to employment, non-discriminatory treatment, adequate wages, health care, old age and disability insurance, healthy working conditions, rest and holidays, reasonable protection from arbitrary dismissal, notice of plant closings, unionization and collective bargaining. In addition, the bishops call for better cooperation between labor and management. This paper discusses how these rights can be protected by good personnel/human resource policies and procedures.
A direct comparison of exogenous and endogenous inhibition of return and selective attention mechanisms in the somatosensory system

The interaction of excitation and inhibition in responses due to attentional mechanisms in the visual system has been investigated. The studies reported herein use the tactile system of humans to test a specific hypothesis about the processes of attention that have never been directly addressed. Both exogenous and endogenous Inhibition of Return (IOR) reaction-time paradigms with a 100 Hz, 35 µm of peak displacement amplitude were used. In these experiments multiple Stimulus Onset Asynchronies were tested which made it difficult for subjects to learn timing patterns. We tested whether a detection time to a target which is to be attended to is a composite of at least two underlying mechanisms. These mechanisms were explored using exogenous and endogenous IOR experiments. It is hypothesized that these mechanisms work in a push–pull fashion: one deploying attention when new events occur, and the other withdrawing attention (“Disengagement”) after it has been deployed. Based on the results, a new hypothesis i...
ASYMMETRIC CARBON-CARBON BOND FORMING REACTIONS

Abstract Enantioselective alkylations using chiral nucleophiles and electrophiles have been shown to be approaching useful levels of efficiency. Lithio oxazolines and lithio enamines containing chiral centers have been alkylated to give α-substituted carboxylic acids, ketones, and aldehydes. Chiral electrophilic oxazolines react with organolithium reagents to produce very high enantiomeric excesses of α-substituted carboxylic acids and α-hydroxy acids. Studies of the important parameters have been made and some understanding of the mechanistic aspects are in hand.
Immunity at the surface: Homeostatic mechanisms of the skin immune system

The coordinated function of multiple epidermal and dermal cell populations allows the skin immune system to respond rapidly and effectively to a wide variety of insults occurring at the interface of the organism and its environment. Keratinocytes are the first line of defense in the skin immune system, and keratinocyte-derived cytokines are pivotal in mobilizing leukocytes from blood and signaling other cutaneous cells. Cytokine-mediated cellular communication also enables dermal fibroblasts and endothelial cells lining the cutaneous vasculature to participate in immune and inflammatory responses. Skin is an important site for antigen presentation, and both epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells play pivotal roles in T cell-mediated immune responses to antigens encountered in skin. Proinflammatory signaling pathways are necessarily balanced by a variety of regulatory pathways that help maintain the homeostatic functioning of the skin immune system.
Quantitation of T‐cell receptor Vβ chain expression on lymphocytes from blood, brain, and spinal fluid in patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in which large numbers of T cells enter the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). To determine whether these cells represent restricted populations, we studied expression of T-cell receptor Vβ chains on paired samples from the central nervous system and blood of patients with MS or other neurological diseases (OND) using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The distribution of Vβ chain expression in blood was skewed, with a significant preponderance of message from Vβ genes 1 through 8 (p = 0.0001). Such skewing was not present in samples from the CSF and brain. Patterns of Vβ gene expression were different among paired samples from spinal fluid and blood and were relatively heterogeneous. Blood and CSF samples from a patient with acute meningitis were studied on two separate occasions. The patterns of Vβ expression changed over 72 hours in both the blood and the CSF. With one exception, no oligoclonal populations of T cells were observed nor were there disease-specific patterns of Vβ gene expression in the blood or CSF. Samples from 2 MS brains and 1 OND brain expressed patterns of Vβ genes that were different and less heterogeneous than those in paired blood. In addition, expression of Vβ 12 was remarkably increased in the 2 MS brains, suggesting a selective recruitment or expansion of T cells expressing this gene. These data demonstrate that populations of T cells from blood, spinal fluid, and brain differ from one another and can fluctuate during periods of acute inflammation. In addition, studies of brain T cells may be more informative in terms of defining oligoclonal populations of potentially pathogenic T cells than will studies of nonselected CSF T cells.
Validity of surrogates for determination of 30-1000 Hz magnetic field exposure for video display terminal users in office settings

In studies investigating adverse reproductive outcomes associated with video display terminal (VDT) usage, amounts of time spent in front of a VDT or magnetic field (MF) levels in front of the VDT are used as surrogate measures of subject's MF exposure. However, the relevance of such surrogates to actual exposures has not been demonstrated, and the validity of the use of such measures as a surrogate for the actual MF exposure is only speculative. This study examines 1) measurements of MFs at frequencies of approximately 30-1000 Hz at a fixed distance from the VDTs, 2) reported hours of VDT use, and 3) reported distance between the VDT and the subject's waist as surrogate measures for the average MF exposure level of a VDT user during one 8 h workday. The results showed a weak correlation between the average exposure level of a VDT user and the MF 46 cm from a VDT (R = 0.52, n = 67, P < 0.001). This study showed no association between self-reported hours of VDT usage, or self-reported distance between waist and VDT, and the average MF exposures. Moreover, individuals' average MF exposures did not seem to be affected by other variables, such as position of a VDT on the desk, hours of desk use, and the VDT type (color vs. monochrome). These findings indicate that VDT exposures within office settings are complex and cannot be easily predicted by surrogates.
New forms of state equations for helium

Abstract Accurate helium properties must be measured to develop refrigeration systems for superconducting motors and generators. Normally when measuring these properties a double iteration is necessary on the equation of state to find density and temperature. In this paper new state equations are developed which eliminate iterative procedures. These equations are subsets of three overlapping sets of reference equations. They are thermodynamically inconsistent to the reference equations by a small degree of error, but have been found useful for many calculations.
Vitamin E dietary supplementation significantly affects multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease in baboons

BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is a widely accepted risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the CVD benefit of dietary antioxidants, such as vitamin E, is controversial. OBJECTIVE Therefore, we have investigated, in the baboon model, the effects of dietary vitamin E supplementation on risk factors for CVD. DESIGN Pedigreed baboons (n = 251) were fed 2 atherogenic diets, high in fat and cholesterol, that differed in vitamin E concentrations. After 7 wk on each diet, blood samples were taken, and a panel of CVD risk factor traits (ie, indicators of lipoprotein metabolism and oxidative stress) were measured. RESULTS Vitamin E supplementation caused significantly higher total antioxidant status (TAS) and lower oxidized LDL as expected. In addition, vitamin E caused 2 paradoxical effects on HDL metabolism: higher apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) concentrations and lower HDL sizes. We calculated a difference (Delta) variable for each trait as the value on the high-vitamin E diet minus that on the low-vitamin E diet and determined that several HDL concentration Delta variables were significantly correlated with Delta TAS, but only one, Delta apo A-I, was independently correlated. Genetic analyses showed that 2 Delta variables, Delta paraoxonase and Delta HDL(2), were significantly heritable, but that neither Delta TAS nor Delta apo A-I were heritable. CONCLUSIONS Thus, our data show that dietary vitamin E improves TAS and LDL quality. They also show 2 apparently paradoxical effects on HDL metabolism: lower HDL(2), which is mediated by genes, and higher apo A-I, which is not. These effects have contrasting associations with CVD risk and may help account for the mixed results from clinical trials of dietary vitamin E.
Experimental Meal Pattern Requirements and School Lunch Participation

In 1977 the Department of Agriculture proposed regulations to vary minimum meal portion sizes for children of different age grades and to effect other changes to improve the nutritional adequacy of the Type-A meal pattern requirements in the National School Lunch Program. The impact of these regulations on student participation in school lunch was analyzed. Previous research on school lunch participation has not examined the influence of meal quality variations. The Food and Nutrition Service obtained data from 352 experimental schools that implemented interim meal pattern requirements during the 1978–79 school year, and from 28 control schools. School food service manager reports and meal portion quantities were collected prior to and during the interim regulation period. Pre- and post- implementation comparisons of experimental and control school average participation rates revealed no significant participation differences. However, some experimental schools may not have implemented the requirements as well as others. Therefore variables that indicate the degree of compliance were also used in multivariate analyses of participation after implementation. There were no significant effects for the meal pattern compliance indicators. Apparently student participation would not be affected by the proposed regulations.
Artiste or coquette? Les petits rats of the Paris Opera ballet:

This paper concerns the young female members of the corps de ballet (petits rats) of the Paris Opera from the period of the end of the July Monarchy to the fin de siecle. These ballerinas in training were not daughters of the haute bourgeoisie who lived in the elegant quartiers of Paris. Rather, many were children of the working classes who inhabited a vastly different world in those marginal districts of the capital untouched by Haussmann’s elaborate renovation projects during the Second Empire. They joined the Opera between the ages of six and eight to help support their families and worked six-day weeks like factory workers.A substantial body of literature suggests that the dancers supplemented their income and advanced in the ranks at the Opera by offering sexual favours to the abonnes (ballet subscribers) and dismisses them as frivolous, superficial adventurers out to better their social position by capturing the heart (and wallet) of a wealthy patron. Gossip columns satisfied the public’s appetite f...
Polymer-supported and chemoenzymatic synthesis of the Neisseria meningitidis pentasaccharide: a methodological comparison

Abstract Neisseria meningitidis trisaccharide [GlcNAcβ(1→3)Galβ(1→4)Glc-R], tetrasaccharide [Galβ(1→4)GlcNAcβ(1→3)Galβ(1→4)Glc-R], and a pentasaccharide [Neu5Acα(2→3)Galβ(1→4)GlcNAcβ(1→3)Galβ(1→4)Glc-SPh] were prepared via conventional chemical synthesis, polymer-supported synthesis, and chemoenzymatic methods, starting from d -lactose. The polymer polyethyleneglycol monomethylether (MPEG) and the linker dioxyxylene (DOX) were used with a lactose-bound acceptor to improve the purification process. Several enzymes ( LgtA , GalE - LgtB fusion, and CMP-Neu5Ac synthetase/sialyltransferase fusion) were used for syntheses of these oligosaccharides. Excellent stereo- and regioselectivities as well as high yield (>90% from Galβ(1→4)Glc-SPh) of the pentasaccharide were obtained. Both of the convenient processes are suitable for efficient preparation of target oligosaccharides.
Grain boundary conductivity and microstructure study of 4% Y2O3 doped CeO2 thin films

The thin films of 4% Y2O3 doped CeO2 have been deposited on different substrates of Pd film/(001) LaAlO3, Pd film/r-cut sapphire, and Pd film/Quartz using an e-beam deposition technique. The microstructures and electrical properties of the films were investigated by means of x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and ac impedance spectroscopy. Both textured and polycrystalline films were produced on different substrates. A brick layer model was adopted to correlate the micro structure and electrical property of the films. Only the grain boundary arc was observed in the film complex impedance plots. The conductivities of the films were similar to the conductivity of 6% Y2O3 doped CeO2 bulk grain boundary because of lower preexponential factor, although the activation energies were smaller than that of bulk grain boundary. The resistive gram boundaries were found to dominate the conductivities of the films.
Reduction of oil absorption in deep-fried, battered, and breaded chicken patties using whey protein isolate as a postbreading dip: effect on lipid and moisture content.

: The effectiveness of whey protein isolate (WPI) solution as a postbreading dip to reduce oil absorption in deep-fried, battered, and breaded chicken patties was investigated. Chicken patties were battered, breaded with either crackermeal or Japanese breadcrumbs, and dipped in WPI solutions prepared at 4 different protein concentrations (0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%, w/w WPI) that were adjusted to pHs 2, 3, and 8 before being deep fried. Undipped chicken patties served as the control. Overall, the most effective treatment was observed for WPI solutions made at high concentrations (5% and 10% WPI) at low pH levels (pHs 2 and 3). The highest lipid reduction observed for crackermeal patties (CMP) was 31.2% for patties treated with 5% protein solutions at pH 2 while the highest lipid reduction for Japanese breadcrumb patties (JBP) was 37.5% for patties treated with 10% protein solutions at pH 2. Oil degradation and batter, breading, and whey pickup did not significantly affect final lipid and moisture content. Moisture content was generally lower in patties treated at low pH levels (pHs 2 and 3). The results indicate that the usage of WPI as a postbreading dip is a promising alternative in reducing fat content in fried foods since it could simultaneously fulfill the steady demand for fried foods and contribute to the growing effort of Americans to consume less fat.
Postanoxic Burst Suppression Electroencephalogram in a Comatose Child Associated with Spontaneous Eyelid Opening

Spontaneous eye opening associated with burst suppression electroencephalogram has been reported in adults following postanoxic injury. Previous reports have correlated the onset of epileptiform bursts with the eye opening and attribute it to a brainstem-release phenomenon associated with poor prognosis. The author presents a case of a 12-year-old boy with burst suppression electroencephalogram following severe anoxic injury where the eye opening occurred at the conclusion of the bursts that has never been previously reported. These electroencephalographic findings are important for intensive care physicians to recognize and may provide further insight into the pathophysiological mechanism of this rare phenomenon.
The Effect of the PROSPER Partnership Model on Cultivating Local Stakeholder Knowledge of Evidence-Based Programs: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study of 28 Communities

A substantial challenge in improving public health is how to facilitate the local adoption of evidence-based interventions (EBIs). To do so, an important step is to build local stakeholders’ knowledge and decision-making skills regarding the adoption and implementation of EBIs. One EBI delivery system, called PROSPER (PROmoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience), has effectively mobilized community prevention efforts, implemented prevention programming with quality, and consequently decreased youth substance abuse. While these results are encouraging, another objective is to increase local stakeholder knowledge of best practices for adoption, implementation and evaluation of EBIs. Using a mixed methods approach, we assessed local stakeholder knowledge of these best practices over 5 years, in 28 intervention and control communities. Results indicated that the PROSPER partnership model led to significant increases in expert knowledge regarding the selection, implementation, and evaluation of evidence-based interventions. Findings illustrate the limited programming knowledge possessed by members of local prevention efforts, the difficulty of complete knowledge transfer, and highlight one method for cultivating that knowledge.
A Test for Evaluation of the Serum Separation Potential of Tomato Ketchup

The tendency of tomato ketchup to separate into a structural solids phase and a serum phase was measured by placing a small amount of ketchup on a wire screen mounted at the bottom of a plexiglass tube. The screen retained structural solids along with “bound” serum while “unbound” serum drained through and collected in a holder tube below the screen. Rate and degree of separation were particularly applicable to study separation potential of single serving ketchup pouches. Although reducing storage temperature decreased initial rate of serum separation, final amount of serum loss was independent of temperature.
Putting home users in charge of their network

Policy-makers, ISPs and content providers are locked in a debate about who can control the Internet traffic that flows into our homes. In this paper we argue that the user, not the ISP or the content provider, should decide how traffic is prioritized to and from the home. Home users know most about their preferences, and if they can express them well to the ISP, then both the ISP and user are better off. To test the idea we built a prototype that lets users express highlevel preferences that are translated to low-level semantics and used to control the network.
Structural design for management and visualization of information for simulation models applied to a regional scale.

A Modeling Applications System Integrative Framework (MASIF) was developed to facilitate regional-scale long-term simulations. MASIF links an array of existing visualization, analytical, and data management software to manage large volumes of model inputs and outputs as well as model execution to facilitate model development and analysis. Information from MASIF is shown in visual form, an approach that we believe is preferable for comprehending information contained in large datasets associated with models that simulate processes and patterns at regional scales. As an example, MASIF was used to manage and visualize daily simulations of maize growth, development, and yield from 1055 Midwestern locations in the United States.
Effect of light exposure on the accumulation and depletion of retinyl ester in the chicken retina

Abstract A previous study has shown that in the cone-rich chicken retina, 11-cis retinyl ester increases with light exposure and decreases in subsequent dark adaptation. The purpose of this research is to study how light exposure (intensity and duration) determine the rate of accumulation and utilization as well as the size of this 11-cis retinyl ester pool in the chicken retina. Chickens were dark-adapted overnight before exposure to different light intensities and durations. Animals were sampled at regular time intervals. 11-cis retinal and 11-cis retinyl ester were extracted from the retina and analyzed by HPLC. An increase in light intensity from 1000 and 2000 Lux (for a 20 min exposure) increased the amount of 11-cis retinyl ester from 0.38 to 0.75 nmol/mg. An increase in the duration of light exposure from 10 to 20 min (at 2000 Lux) also increased the amount of 11-cis retinyl ester in the chicken retina (from 0.37 to 0.75 nmol/mg). This 11-cis retinyl ester pool in the chicken retina was rapidly reduced to baseline level (∼0.20 nmol/mg) upon dark adaptation. The rate of accumulation of 11-cis retinyl ester was dependent on light intensity and duration of exposure and the maximum rate was ∼0.03 nmol/mg/min. In comparison, dark adaptation was associated with a significantly higher rate of 11-cis retinyl ester depletion (∼0.05), indicating that light exposure and dark adaptation were associated with different biochemical steps of retinoid storage and utilization. Results from this study are the first to show that the size of the 11-cis retinyl ester pool, as well as the rate of its accumulation and depletion in the cone-rich chicken retina, are determined by the intensity and duration of light exposure. These data support the suggestion that a light-driven cone cycle exists in the chicken retina.
Discontinuing Bevacizumab in Patients with Glioblastoma: An Ethical Analysis

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly lethal malignant brain tumor that expresses proangiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Bevacizumab (Avastin®; Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA), a monoclonal antibody against VEGF, is routinely used in the U.S. to treat GBM patients whose tumors have progressed following initial therapy. The Ethics Advisory Committee at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute was asked to provide consultation on two cases involving patients with recurrent GBM who were receiving bevacizumab. Despite evidence of disease progression, family members advocated for the continued use of bevacizumab because of its mild toxicity profile and concern that discontinuation would impair quality of life. However, continuing bevacizumab in this setting posed physical and financial risks to the patients and raised ethical concerns about resource allocation and justice. We analyze the ethical questions regarding bevacizumab discontinuation in the setting of progressive GBM. We articulate the potential benefits and harms of continuing the drug and identify guiding principles for drug discontinuation that should be made transparent to patients and families. With the increasing availability of new, modestly toxic, expensive drugs for patients with advanced cancer, questions of when to stop these drugs will become increasingly relevant.
Synthesis and characterization of crosslinked polydiacetylene and its two‐component interpenetrating polymer networks

The synthesis of crosslinked polydiacetylenes and its two-component interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) was carried out utilizing its polar and flexible substituent groups. Polydiacetylenes were crosslinked by the formation of allophanate linkages utilizing urethane groups in the substituent groups of the polydiacetylenes. Elemental analysis, DSC, TMA, solvent resistance, and IR spectra are presented as evidence for the formation of crosslinked polydiacetylenes. IPNs of polydiacetylenes and an epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) were synthesized by using simultaneous and sequential methods of synthesis. A study of phase morphology of the simultaneous and sequential IPNs was carried out using electron microscopy, TMA, and DSC.
Activity detection in a spread spectrum network

Early detection of entrance of a new user in a multiuser communication channel is considered. Multi-hypothesis quickest detection algorithms based on the generalized cumulative sum (CUSUM) test are investigated and then applied to this scenario. Finally some simulations are provided to show the general behavior of the algorithms and also to justify some analytical results obtained.
Potential implications of US healthcare reform for American children

Approximately 47 million Americans – 16% of the total US population – lack health insurance.1 An additional 25 million have insurance plans that limit their access to services, or cover only a small percentage of expenses.2 The USA spends $7026 per capita on healthcare, which amounts to 16% of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP).1 2 By contrast, the UK, which covers all of its citizens, spends 8.3% of its GDP on healthcare, and Japan, 8.0%. Despite these high expenditures, US health outcomes, reflected in measures of infant mortality and life expectancy, lag behind those of most other developed nations.1 Many in the USA, therefore, consider healthcare reform long overdue, and such reform is one of President Obama's principal domestic initiatives. The Obama administration's vision for reform is based on three pillars: (1) expansion of coverage, (2) containment of costs and (3) improvement of quality. Although we discuss these tenets of healthcare reform specifically as they relate to children's health, we acknowledge that Obama's vision for healthcare reform is less focused on children's health than on other issues. Additionally, we recognise that his proposals have been victim to ideological pressures (specifically regarding reproductive rights and abortion), misinformation (many people believed Obama's reforms would establish death panels to force the elderly to proactively decline resuscitative efforts) and over-dramatisation of the government's control over the healthcare system. With regard to children, the goal of expanding coverage must be viewed in historical context. In 1997, under President Clinton, the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) was established to provide coverage for children who did not qualify for Medicaid (the US government insurance programme for the poor) but whose families could not afford private insurance. This legislation reduced the rate of uninsured low-income children by almost one third, from 23% (7.6 …
T145: Comprehensive flow cytometry tracking of regulatory T cells and other lymphocyte subsets during HD IL-2 therapy for melanoma

High dose IL-2 (HD IL-2) has been extensively used as an immunotherapy against metastatic melanoma However, why HD IL-2 is effective only in a subset of patients and whether predictive biomarkers, before or early during the course of therapy, can be used to improve response rates remain unresolved. In addition, it has been found that IL-2 therapy potently expands CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells (Tregs) but how Treg cell levels, phenotype, and function change and whether specific subsets of Tregs are activated and expanded during HD IL-2 therapy is remain unclear. In this study, we performed comprehensive multi-parameter FACS analysis of patient blood before and two days after the last bolus of IL-2 infusion during cycle 1 of HD IL-2 therapy. Two lymphocyte subsets were found to expand the most during the first cycle of IL-2 therapy: CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs expressing an activation marker, inducible costimulator (ICOS), and CD3-CD56hiCD16loPerforin+ NK cells. ICOS+ Tregs expressed significantly higher levels of CD25, Foxp3 and had a more activated phenotype than ICOS− Tregs as indicated by lower levels of CD45RA and CD127 expression. Further phenotypic characterization revealed a more suppressive phenotype on ICOS+ Treg with higher expression levels of CD39, CD73, and TGF-β/LAP than ICOS− Treg. ICOS+ Tregs were also the predominant Treg cells that secreted IL-10 and have potent T-cell suppressor function. Majority of ICOS+ Tregs from HD IL-2-treated patients were Ki67+ and exhibited an enhanced proliferative response to IL-2 ex vivo relative to ICOS− Tregs. Functional analysis revealed that ICOS+ Tregs secreted little IFN- and IL-2 in comparison to CD4+Foxp3 – cells. Furthermore, analysis on 38 IL-2-treated patients at MD Anderson, we found that non-responders had a significantly higher degree of ICOS+ Treg expansion than responders during the first cycle of IL-2 therapy, while no significant changes in the ICOS− or bulk Treg population. In conclusion, our data suggests that tracking changes in ICOS+ Tregs early during the course of HD IL-2 therapy may be a new predictive biomarker of clinical outcome.
Major depression and antidepressant treatment: impact on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.

Objective: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use during pregnancy incurs a low absolute risk for major malformations; however, other adverse outcomes have been reported. Major depression also affects reproductive outcomes. This study examined whether 1) minor physical anomalies, 2) maternal weight gain and infant birth weight, 3) preterm birth, and 4) neonatal adaptation are affected by SSRI or depression exposure. Method: This prospective observational investigation included maternal assessments at 20, 30, and 36 weeks of gestation. Neonatal outcomes were obtained by blinded review of delivery records and infant examinations. Pregnant women (N=238) were categorized into three mutually exclusive exposure groups: 1) no SSRI, no depression (N=131); 2) SSRI exposure (N=71), either continuous (N=48) or partial (N=23); and 3) major depressive disorder (N=36), either continuous (N=14) or partial (N=22). The mean depressive symptom level of the group with continuous depression and no SSRI exposure wa...
Management Buyouts: Boon Or Bane?

In the present research a theoretical model of corporate divestitures is developed in which the wealth effects for divesting firms shareholders is examined for the case in which the acquirer is an incumbent management team and for the case when the acquirer is an outside buyer. Using an asymmetric information framework in which management enjoys specific utility from continued control of the operations, the model demonstrates that shareholders of the divesting firm should earn higher expected returns when the unit is sold to an incumbent management team rather than to an outside buyer. The subsequent empirical analysis reveals that this is in fact the case. While the announcement day ARs are statistically significant and positive for divestitures to both incumbent management teams and outside buyers, they are significantly larger when the buyer of the unit is the former. A similar and stronger results are observed for the 6 day period (t=-5 through 0) CARs. The policy implications of the theoretical model and empirical results reported above is that the divesting firms shareholders are not harmed, but receive higher returns when the units are purchased by an incumbent management team. Moreover, legislation to prevent or deter MBOs is not in the best interest of shareholders.
Significance of the P210 Versus P190 Molecular Abnormalities in Adults With Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Acute Leukemia

We investigated the significance of p210 and p190 molecular abnormalities in 32 adults with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive acute leukemia. p210 was detected in 15 patients (47%), p190 in 16 (50%), and both in one (3%). p210 was noted in 11 of 24 patients (46%) with acute lymphocytic leukemia, and in four of eight patients (50%) with acute myelogenous or undifferentiated leukemia. Among 29 patients with untreated disease (p210, 14 patients; p190, 15 patients), no significant differences in the two molecularly distinct groups were observed by pretreatment characteristics including age, degree of organomegaly, anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, occurrence of karyotypic abnormalities in addition to Ph, or residual diploid metaphases. Complete response (CR) rates were also similar. Although the remission duration tended to be longer with p190 (P = .08), the differences were minor (median duration 29 v 20 weeks) and not paralleled by differences in survival rate. In 10 patients studied by karyotypic analysis in remission, two of four patients with p190 and two of six patients with p210 showed 100% normal metaphases. One of the seven patients (14%) with p210 who achieved CR manifested a morphologic picture of second chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia lasting for 1 month. We conclude that the molecular studies in Ph-positive acute leukemia are not associated with significantly different clinico-laboratory, karyotypic, or prognostic implications.