cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum transition probabilities due to overlapping electromagnetic pulses: Persistent differences between Dirac's form and nonadiabatic perturbation theory

The probability of transition to an excited state of a quantum system in a time-dependent electromagnetic field determines the energy uptake from the field. The standard expression for the transition probability has been given by Dirac. Landau and Lifshitz suggested, instead, that the adiabatic effects of a perturbation should be excluded from the transition probability, leaving an expression in terms of the nonadiabatic response. In our previous work, we have found that these two approaches yield different results while a perturbing field is acting on the system. Here, we prove, for the first time, that differences between the two approaches may persist after the perturbing fields have been completely turned off. We have designed a pair of overlapping pulses in order to establish the possibility of lasting differences, in a case with dephasing. Our work goes beyond the analysis presented by Landau and Lifshitz, since they considered only linear response and required that a constant perturbation must remain as t → ∞. First, a "plateau" pulse populates an excited rotational state and produces coherences between the ground and excited states. Then, an infrared pulse acts while the electric field of the first pulse is constant, but after dephasing has occurred. The nonadiabatic perturbation theory permits dephasing, but dephasing of the perturbed part of the wave function cannot occur within Dirac's method. When the frequencies in both pulses are on resonance, the lasting differences in the calculated transition probabilities may exceed 35%. The predicted differences are larger for off-resonant perturbations.
Unanticipated events, perceptions, and household labor allocation in Zimbabwe

Abstract This paper investigates labor allocation as a strategy for coping with unanticipated events. We evaluate household responses to unforeseen death and rainfall shocks in Zimbabwe, during a period in which many households were already stressed due to the country’s long-term economic crisis. In this context, shocks compound existing stresses. Different types of shocks disparately affect household labor allocation. Household perceptions about the shocks experienced also shift labor use. Perceived rainfall shocks positively affect the share of labor allocated to migration-related activities and negatively affect the share of labor allocated to non-participation.
The Immediate Effect of Trunk Weighting on Balance and Functional Measures of People with Parkinson's Disease: A Feasibility Study.

Background Declines in postural control, mobility, and gait are related to negative health outcomes in Parkinson's disease (PD). The addition of small weights to the trunk has been used to increase postural stability and functional performance in persons with neurological dysfunctions but not in persons with PD. The purpose of the study was to determine if small weights applied on the torso have immediate effects on balance and mobility in people with PD. Design Randomized controlled clinical trial. Methods Forty-two subjects with PD were randomly assigned to a no weight (NW), fixed weight (FW), and variable weight (VW) placement group. Outcome measures included the instrumented modified clinical test of sensory interaction in balance (mCTSIB), Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA), timed up and go (TUG), modified timed up and go (mTUG), functional reach test (FRT), 360° turns, 10-meter walk test (10MWT), and lower extremity strength. These measures were performed at baseline and after group assignment. Weights approximately 1-1.5% of the participant's body weight were attached to the trunk using a vest garment according to group assignment. Post-testing was performed immediately after application of weights, using the same outcome measures as the pre-test. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and post hoc tests were used to determine the group with the most statistically significant improvement. Results The VW group showed significant improvement in the 10-meter walk compared with the NW group (p=0.039) and the FW group (p=0.008). All other outcome measures did not reach significant differences between all groups. Conclusions Strategic trunk weighting has the potential to improve mobility and balance in a sample of individuals with PD. The findings support existing literature on the positive effects of torso weighting. A treatment that includes the addition of small weights on the torso is a promising intervention that may improve balance and mobility.
Two cases of focal status epilepticus in pregnancy.

The management of women with epilepsy (WWE) presents many challenges for physicians. The primary goal during pregnancy is to achieve the best possible control of seizures with the least adverse effects associated with exposure to antiseizure medications (ASMs). Even though the guidelines for managing pregnant WWE are expanding, no definitive guidelines exist for the treatment of status epilepticus (SE). Additionally, much of our data comes from the effect of generalized tonic clonic seizures on the fetus. There is very little data on the effect of focal seizures and even less on focal SE. Here we present two cases of pregnant WWE who presented in focal SE, who underwent simultaneous video-EEG monitoring and fetal heart tracing (FHT). During each focal seizure the FHT demonstrated a normal baseline heart rate with moderate variability. In the second case due to continuous seizures more aggressive treatment had to be started. This led to maternal relative autonomic instability as well as absent variability on FHT. These findings raise many questions on the management of focal SE during pregnancy including if the effect of treatment is worse than the seizures, and how do we balance our goals for both mother and fetus?
Thyroid nodules and polymorphic variants in the RET proto-oncogene, GFRA1 and DNA repair-related genes among Kazakh and Russian populations exposed as children to nuclear fallout near Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 1490 Ionizing radiation exposure during childhood is the only well-established environmental risk factor for thyroid cancer, but this exposure cannot explain more than a small fraction of the observed variation in risk, suggesting genetic variability may play a role. However, the relative rarity of thyroid cancers is problematic for accruing large numbers of cases. Because thyroid nodules represent an intermediate endpoint related to thyroid cancer risk, we evaluated nodules and several polymorphisms in pathways potentially relevant to thyroid tumorigenesis, including the RET proto-oncogene, DNA repair, and growth factor genes. The thyroid nodules were diagnosed by ultrasound screening in 1998 among 2998 persons living near the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site in Kazakhstan who were younger than 20 during the period of weapons testing (1949-1960). A total of 920 persons with thyroid nodules were found (cases). We conducted a nested case-control study within the cohort by frequency matching (1:1) those without nodules (controls) to cases by ethnicity (Kazakh or Russian), gender, and age at the time of examination in 5 year strata. Genomic DNA was obtained from stored Guthrie cards originally used for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) analysis and then anonymized. We analyzed 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 10 genes using Taqman 5′-nuclease assays. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). Elevated thyroid nodule risks were associated with RET S836S (CT vs CC, OR = 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.1), and GFRA1 193C>G (CG vs CC, OR=1.8; 95% CI, 1.0-3.2). Decreased risks of thyroid nodules were associated with RET A45A (AG vs. AA, OR = 0.8; 95% CI, 0.7-1.0 and for GG vs. AA, OR = 1.0, 95% CI, 0.7-1.3), XRCC1 R194W (RW vs RR, OR=0.9; 95% CI, 0.7-1.1 and for WW vs. RR, OR=0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9), and TGFβ1 T263I (TI vs. TT, OR=0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.8). Similar results were found for RET S836S (CT vs CC, OR = 4.4; 95% CI, 1.7-11.4) and GFRA1 193C>G (CG vs CC, OR = 4.0; 95% CI, 0.9-18.4) for the small number of prevalent thyroid cancers (n=25) compared to controls. Other factors considered, such as thyroid volume, weight, TSH level, external or internal thyroid radiation dose or the matching variables (ethnicity, age, and gender), had no effect on the genotype point estimates in multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results of this study suggest that polymorphic variants in the RET proto-oncogene or RET- related genes may play a role in the etiology of thyroid nodules and possibly thyroid cancer. This work was supported by a Charles Harkin award for research in thyroid cancer.
The Role of Exonuclease and β Protein of Phage λ in Genetic Recombination III. BINDING TO DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

Abstract The amount of λ exonuclease that binds to DNA is increased when single stranded interruptions are made in the DNA either by pancreatic DNase or by the decay of 3H label. Free ends of DNA are not required for binding, since λ exonuclease binds to the hydrogen-bonded circular form of λ DNA (Hershey circle) which has two intrinsic single stranded interruptions. The strength of binding to ends is greater than the binding to secondary sites: nicks introduced by pancreatic DNase provide neither new substrate nor sites that competitively inhibit the action of exonuclease at ends. The binding of λ exonuclease to DNA can also be shown by the trapping of DNA on nitrocellulose filters that is dependent on λ exonuclease. A preparation of β protein did not cause the trapping of DNA but appeared to augment the trapping caused by exonuclease.
Some Real Observations on Virtual Machines

Virtual machines can enhance computer systems in a number of ways, including improved security, flexibility, fault tolerance, power efficiency, and performance. Virtualization can be done at the system level and the process level. Virtual machines can support high level languages as in Java, or can be implemented using a low level co-designed paradigm as in the Transmeta Crusoe. This talk will survey the spectrum of virtual machines and discuss important design problems and research issues. Special attention will be given to co-designed VMs and their application to performance- and power-efficient microprocessor design.
Imagined interactions as a link to political talk

iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v LIST OF TABLES vi CHAPTER ONE LITERATURE REVIEW 1 Imagined Interaction Theory 2 Functions of IIs 5 Characteristics of IIs 9 Family Types 11 CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY 19 Measures 21 Data Analysis 26 CHAPTER THREE RESULTS 36 CHAPTER FOUR DISCUSSION 42 Limitations 49 Future Research 54 Practical Applications 57 APPENDIX A INFORMED CONSENT FORM 60 APPENDIX B SURVEY 62 TABLES 77 REFERENCES 82 VITA 89
Genomic Signatures of Cooperation and Conflict in the Social Amoeba

Summary Cooperative systems are susceptible to invasion by selfish individuals that profit from receiving the social benefits but fail to contribute. These so-called "cheaters" can have a fitness advantage in the laboratory, but it is unclear whether cheating provides an important selective advantage in nature. We used a population genomic approach to examine the history of genes involved in cheating behaviors in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum , testing whether these genes experience rapid evolutionary change as a result of conflict over spore-stalk fate. Candidate genes and surrounding regions showed elevated polymorphism, unusual patterns of linkage disequilibrium, and lower levels of population differentiation, but they did not show greater between-species divergence. The signatures were most consistent with frequency-dependent selection acting to maintain multiple alleles, suggesting that conflict may lead to stalemate rather than an escalating arms race. Our results reveal the evolutionary dynamics of cooperation and cheating and underscore how sequence-based approaches can be used to elucidate the history of conflicts that are difficult to observe directly.
What role does marriage play in urban Africa? : evidence from a high HIV area in Kenya

The marriage institution, which plays an important role in regulating sexual activity in most societies, traditionally placed few restrictions on male extra-marital relationships in sub-Saharan Africa. If this traditional pattern continues to remain in place today, then it may help explain the relatively high levels of HIV/AIDS in that region of the world. We test the link between marriage and sexual activity on a sample of migrants in the town of Kisumu, Western Kenya, which reported HIV prevalence of 26 percent in 1997. A preliminary regression shows that married men have significantly fewer non-marital partners than single men, but this regression does not account for selective entry into marriage. Indeed, the marriage effect disappears completely when we instrument for marriage. In contrast, marriage has a strong influence on employment, income, and remittances among the migrants (after instrumenting), consistent with the view that marriage improves labor market outcomes and facilitates reciprocal exchange in this network-based economy. Sexual activity appears to lie outside the range of influence of the marriage institution due to historical circumstance, not because the institution per se is ineffective.
Extension of the aggregate beamformer to filter-and-sum beamforming

The extension of delay and sum aggregate beamformer to filter and sum beamforming is discussed. It is observed that the aggregate beamformer differs from conventional beamforming in which it converts off-beam signals to noise that can be filtered. It is also observed that the conventional and the aggregate F&S beamformers are equivalent in the mean. The results shows that extending the D&S aggregate beamforming to F&S does not incur additional computation and the residual noise is increased.
A Review of “Subprime cities: The political economy of mortgage markets”

Subprime cities: The political economy of mortgage markets Edited by Manuel Aalbers, Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell, UK, 2012, ISBN 978-1444-33777-8 This book is an edited volume of 10 articles relating t...
Evidence for Proteotoxicity in β Cells in Type 2 Diabetes: Toxic Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Oligomers Form Intracellularly in the Secretory Pathway

The islet in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by a deficit in β cells and islet amyloid derived from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), a protein co-expressed with insulin by β cells. It is increasingly appreciated that the toxic form of amyloidogenic proteins is not amyloid but smaller membrane-permeant oligomers. Using an antibody specific for toxic oligomers and cryo-immunogold labeling in human IAPP transgenic mice, human insulinoma and pancreas from humans with and without T2DM, we sought to establish the abundance and sites of formation of IAPP toxic oligomers. We conclude that IAPP toxic oligomers are formed intracellularly within the secretory pathway in T2DM. Most striking, IAPP toxic oligomers appear to disrupt membranes of the secretory pathway, and then when adjacent to mitochondria, disrupt mitochondrial membranes. Toxic oligomer-induced secretory pathway and mitochondrial membrane disruption is a novel mechanism to account for cellular dysfunction and apoptosis in T2DM.
A generalization of the Auslander-Nagata purity theorem

Let B -+ A be a module finite extension of normal domains. We show that if B -+ A is unramified in codimension one and if A has finite projective dimension over B, then A is tale over B. Our proof makes use of P. Roberts' New Intersection Theorem.
ETIOCHOLANOLONE FEVER. REPORT OF A CASE IN CHILDHOOD WITH PERIODIC PERITONITIS ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED SERUM ETIOCHOLANOLONE.

A 16-year-old girl with the clinical syndrome of periodic peritonitis since early infancy was found to have elevated serum levels of unconjugated etiocholanolone during an acute attack. Biopsy of her peritoneum at that time revealed peritonitis and an abundance of mast cells. The recently described entity of Etiocholanolone Fever was briefly reviewed.
Evaluation of Bactericidal Activities of LY333328, Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, Ampicillin-Sulbactam, Trovafloxacin, and RP59500 Alone or in Combination with Rifampin or Gentamicin against Different Strains of Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus by Time-Kill Curve Methods

This in vitro study evaluated the activities of vancomycin, LY333328, and teicoplanin alone and in combination with gentamicin, rifampin, and RP59500 against Staphylococcus aureus isolates with intermediate susceptibilities to vancomycin. Ampicillin-sulbactam and trovafloxacin were also evaluated. LY333328 and ampicillin-sulbactam resulted in bactericidal activity against all isolates. The combination of gentamicin with glycopeptides showed synergistic activity, while rifampin had no added benefit.
You must be joking...: believes

The proof is in the pudding. Never have truer words been spoken. If only research was a lavish meal that concluded with a pudding. But now, what is a researcher to do?
Non-linear 3D piping analysis under stochastic dynamic loads

Abstract A new analytical method is presented for non-linear 3D piping systems subjected to stochastic dynamic loadings. First, the paper describes the development of an empirical formulation for the strength and deformation characteristics of piping systems based on a detailed finite-element shell analysis of various pipebends. Five structural parameters are selected to characterize a typical nuclear power piping design in the formulation. Second, the use of a simplified plastic hinge model is proposed in which the non-linear behavior of pipebends under stochastic loadings is accounted for by using an orthotropic biaxial hysteretic model. A numerical example and comparison with other methods are illustrated in terms of computational time and practicality of the method.
History of Hollenhorst Plaques

Hollenhorst plaques (Figure 1) refer to yellow, orange refractile cholesterol emboli which occur at retinal arteriole bifurcations arising from carotid or aortic arch atheromatous disease. Independently, Hollenhorst1 and German investigators,2 Witmer and Schmid, described these retinal plaques in 1958. Hollenhorst’s later work established the clinical significance of the plaques as markers of cerebrovascular disease3 and increased mortality.4 His observations and experimental work demonstrated that the plaques contained cholesterol.5 Figure 1. A and B , Left retina on November 20, 1959. A fresh orange plaque is seen at the first fork above the optic disc; 2 emboli are noted in the superior macular arteriole and one in the inferior macular arteriole. C , Left retina on November 23. Note the additional plaque at the second fork of the superior temporal arteriole. D , Left retina on November 25. The second plaque has moved to the third fork of the superior temporal arteriole. This figure is taken from an article entitled, “Significance of Bright Plaques in the Retinal Arterioles” in the Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc . 1961;59:252–273 and republished with permission of the American Ophthalmological Society. Reprinted from the Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society. Robert W. Hollenhorst (Figure 2) was born in St. Cloud, MN, on August 12, 1913. Although singing was his first career interest (“it paid a good bit of my way through school”), he eventually attended the University of Minnesota Medical School. He subsequently served in the US Army Medical Corps during World War II and was awarded a Bronze Star for keeping his division’s scrub typhus death rate significantly …
Calculation of chemical reaction rate constants using on-the-fly high level electronic structure computations with account of multidimensional tunneling

The semiclassical instanton approach to the calculation of reaction rate constants at arbitrary temperatures in multiatomic systems is combined with high-level ab initio calculations of reactive potential energy surface (PES). The number of required ab initio calculations weakly depends on system size and allows on-the-fly evaluations of PES with high accuracy. The approach can be efficiently parallelized and provides a practical way of calculating quantum reaction rate constants with account of nuclear quantum effects such as multidimensional tunneling and zero point energies, which are rigorously incorporated in the theory. An algorithm for the search of instanton trajectories is explained. Application of the approach is illustrated for H + H(2) → H(2) + H and D + D(2) → D(2) + D bimolecular reactions in the wide temperature range with on-the-fly evaluation of PES at the ab initio full configuration interaction (FCI), coupled-cluster single double (CCSD), and single and double excitation configuration interaction (CISD) levels.
Inelastic Bending Capacity of Cold-Formed Steel Members

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to provide and verify a general design method for prediction of inelastic bending capacity in cold-formed steel members potentially subject to local, distortional, and/or lateral-torsional buckling modes. An extensive experimental database of tested cold-formed steel beams is collected and indicates that inelastic reserve in the bending capacity of thin-walled cold-formed steel members is more common than typically assumed. Elementary mechanics for inelastic reserve are reviewed and simplified expressions provided for connecting the strain demand to the inelastic bending capacity in the range between the yield moment and the fully plastic moment. The strain capacity that can be sustained in inelastic local and inelastic distortional buckling is investigated through existing experiments coupled with nonlinear finite-element (FE) analysis. The nonlinear FE models provide a comprehensive means to investigate the relationship between cross-section slenderness, normalized...
Successive Circulatory Support Stages: A Triple Bridge to Recovery from Fulminant Myocarditis

Fulminant myocarditis with rapid onset of symptoms and hemodynamic compromise is a rare indication for mechanical support. Because of the potentially reversible nature of this illness, advanced mechanical circulatory support is warranted to achieve recovery or as a bridge to transplantation. Circulatory device options currently available allow for a phased implementation of support modalities in a manner that reduces costs and patient risk. We present a patient with fulminant myocarditis where extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support escalated to short-term Levitronix CentriMag (Levitronix, Waltham, MA) biventricular assist devices (BiVADs). These in turn were exchanged, without major surgery, to long-term paracorporeal VADs (Thoratec, Pleasanton, CA). After rehabilitation and nearly total recovery, the patient was weaned from mechanical circulatory support after 104 cumulative days.
Leaf Response to Water Deficits in Soybeans

Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv. Wayne] plants were subjected to an extended drying cycle in the field to investigate the leaf sensitivity to water deficits. Soybeans in irrigated plots were superior to those in non-irrigated plots in the average size and number of leaflets per plant. Apparent differences in the leaf area distributions in the canopy seemed to be mediated by moisture stress effects associated with leaf senescence and light penetration in the lower depths of the canopy. A major decrease in leaf enlargement occurred near a leaf-water potential of -8 bars, and at - 12 bars, the growth was completely halted. Similar decreases were observed at a stomatal conductance of 0.4 cm/s and at 0.2 cm/s no enlargement was observed
Nearly Recurrent Components in 3D Piecewise Constant Vector Fields

We present an algorithm for computing nearly recurrent components, that represent areas of close to circulating or stagnant flow, for 3D piecewise constant (PC) vector fields defined on regular grids. Using a number of analytical and simulated data sets, we demonstrate that nearly recurrent components can provide interesting insight into the topological structure of 3D vector fields. Our approach is based on prior work on Morse decompositions for PC vector fields on surfaces and extends concepts previously developed with this goal in mind to the case of 3D vector fields defined on regular grids. Our contributions include a description of trajectories of 3D piecewise constant vector fields and an extension of the transition graph, a finite directed graph that represents all trajectories, to the 3D case. Nearly recurrent components are defined by strongly connected components of the transition graph. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A model for GRB jets

By using relativistic, axisymmetric, ideal MHD, we examine the motion of the baryon/e±/ photon fluid that emanates from a stellar-mass compact object/debris-disk system (a common outcome of many progenitor models). We prove that the motion can be described as a frozen pulse, which permits the study of each shell of the pancake-shaped outflow using steady-state equations. The ejected energy flux is dominated by the electromagnetic (Poynting) contribution, but it can also have a nonnegligible e±;/radiation (thermal fireball) component. We demonstrate, through exact selfsimilar solutions, that the flow is first thermally and subsequently magnetically accelerated up to equipartition between kinetic and Poynting fluxes, i.e., ∼ 50% of the total energy is converted into baryonic kinetic energy. The electromagnetic forces also collimate the flow, reaching a cylindrical structure asymptotically.
New English Firsthand Plus: Expanding Communicative Language Skills

A sequel to New English Firsthand, this American English language course consists of 12 units, each with sections on listening, conversation, pairwork, task-based reading and writing and groupwork. The course comprises a student's book, teacher's manual and cassette.
Mass spectrometry in structural and stereochemical problems. CCXXXVII—Electron-impact-induced hydrogen losses and migrations in some aromatic amides†

The mass spectra of a series of benzamides and naphthamides have been investigated with respect to their propensity to lose an aromatic hydrogen atom from their molecular ions. Deuterium labeling and a study of model compounds have led to a plausible mechanistic rationalization for the formation of the [M — 1] ions. The other principal fragmentation processes observed with these compounds are discussed, including the specificity of a previously uninvestigated rearrangement process.
Dynamic behavior of PEM fuel cell and microturbine power plants

Abstract This paper presents a comparison between the dynamic behavior of a 250 kW stand-alone proton exchange membrane fuel cell power plant (PEM FCPP) and a 250 kW stand-alone microturbine (MT). Dynamic models for the two are introduced. To control the voltage and the power output of the PEM FCPP, voltage and power control loops are added to the model. For the MT, voltage, speed, and power control are used. Dynamic models are used to determine the response of the PEM FCPP and MT to a load step change. Simulation results indicate that the response of the MT to reach a steady state is about twice as fast as the PEM FCPP. For stand-alone operation of a PEM FCPP, a set of batteries or ultracapacitors is needed in order to satisfy the power mismatch during transient periods. Software simulation results are obtained by using MATLAB®, Simulink®, and SimPowerSystems®.
Metabolism of monoterpenes: Lactonization of (+)-camphor and conversion of the corresponding hydroxy acid to the glucoside-glucose ester in sage (Salvia officinalis)

Abstract The bicyclic monoterpene ketone (+)-camphor is a major constituent (up to 26%) of the volatile oil of immature sage ( Salvia officinalis L.) leaves; however, as the plant matures the content of this ketone declines in the fully expanded leaves (to about 65% of maximum) as does the overall yield of oil (to roughly 60% of maximum). Examination of the metabolism of (+)-[G- 3 H]camphor in discs prepared from mature leaves of flowering sage plants revealed that this ketone was converted to a water-soluble metabolite which on chromatographic analysis proved to be considerably more polar than a simple monoterpenyl glycoside. Mass spectral analysis of several derivatives of the terpenoid moiety of the metabolite obtained from large-scale incubations allowed identification of the aglycone, while degradative studies and detailed radiochromatographic analyses indicated that the metabolite contained two glucose residues; one glycosidically linked and the other in ester linkage. All of the evidence was consistent with the initial lactonization of camphor to 1,2-campholide followed by conversion to the β- d -glucoside-6- O -glucose ester of the corresponding hydroxy acid (1-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxy-2,2,3-trimethyl cyclopentane). Direct evidence for the intermediacy of 1,2-campholide was also obtained through isotopic dilution experiments and by direct testing of the labeled lactone. The lactonization of camphor in sage resembles a similar step in the catabolism of camphor by microorganisms, but appears to be the first report of this reaction type in higher plants.
Continuous noninvasive hemoglobin monitoring during complex spine surgery.

BACKGROUND:Monitoring hemoglobin levels in the operating room currently requires repeated blood draws, several steps, and a variable time delay to receive results. Consequently, blood transfusion management decisions may be delayed or made before hemoglobin results become available. The ability to m
The Odyssey of K-Ras

A mechanism that regulates K-Ras signaling specificity by altering its subcellular location is presented by Bivona et al. (2006). Phosphorylation of its membrane-anchoring domain by PKC drives K-Ras off of the plasma membrane and onto the outer mitochondrial membrane where it induces cell death.
Tungsten in biological systems

Tungsten (atomic number 74) and the chemically analogous and very similar metal molybdenum (atomic number 42) are minor yet equally abundant elements on this planet. The essential role of molybdenum in biology has been known for decades and molybdoenzymes are ubiquitous. Yet, it is only recently that a biological role for tungsten has been established in prokaryotes, although not as yet in eukaryotes. The best characterized organisms with regard to their metabolism of tungsten are certain species of hyperthermophilic archaea (Pyrococcus furiosus and Thermococcus litoralis), methanogens (Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum and Mb. wolfei), Gram-positive bacteria (Clostridium thermoaceticum, C. formicoaceticum and Eubacterium acidaminophilum), Gram-negative anaerobes (Desulfovibrio gigas and Pelobacter acetylenicus) and Gram-negative aerobes (Methylobacterium sp. RXM). Of these, only the hyperthermophilic archaea appear to be obligately tungsten-dependent. Four different types of tungstoenzyme have been purified: formate dehydrogenase, formyl methanufuran dehydrogenase, acetylene hydratase, and a class of phylogenetically related oxidoreductases that catalyze the reversible oxidation of aldehydes. These are carboxylic reductase, and three ferredoxin-dependent oxidoreductases which oxidize various aldehydes, formaldehyde and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. All tungstoenzymes catalyze redox tungsten in these enzymes is bound by a pterin moiety similar to that found in molybdoenzymes. The first crystal structure of a tungsten- or pterin-containing enzyme, that of aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase from P. furiosus, has revealed a catalytic site with one W atom coordinated to two pterin molecules which are themselves bridged by a magnesium ion. The geochemical, ecological, biochemical and phylogenetic basis for W- vs. Mo-dependent organisms is discussed.
Delboeuf “illusions” of circle size induced via photoflash-generated afterimages

Generating an inducing figure by photoflash led to underestimation of the size of a luminous outline test circle in a nonluminous surround. As the afterimage of the inducing circle decayed, judged size of the test circle attained true size. The more intense inducing flash produced a longer lasting perceptible afterimage but no alteration in amount of test-circle underestimation as a function of time. The type of inducing configuration (outer concentric circle, nonconcentric circles, arcs) proved to have no differential effect. In the absence of an inducing figure, subjects make veridical judgments.
Incremental update of computer-generated holograms

We describe the incremental computing method for making localized changes to a computer-generated hologram to rapidly modify the 3-D image it reconstructs. The method populates a scene with holo- graphic primitives, tracks scene-based changes, and updates the diffrac- tive contributions of only affected primitives. Changes are rapidly incor- porated into the hologram via simple arithmetic operations, and only affected regions of the hologram are updated at each simulation time step. The method can accommodate different holographic primitive rep- resentations, is designed to be suitable for hardware assistance, and is also compatible with computer-graphics-style techniques for smooth shading, texture mapping, and reflections. © 2003 Society of Photo-Optical In-
PSITTACOSIS IV. EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED INFECTIONS IN MONKEYS

The virus of psittacosis inoculated intratracheally or intranasally in monkeys produces a pneumonia similar to that caused by the same active agent in man. Intracerebral inoculation of the virus induces a meningo-encephalitis characterized principally by a mononuclear reaction in the meninges. Indirect evidence has been adduced to show that the portal of entry of the virus in man is the upper respiratory tract.
Aging: Its influence on vitamin a intestinal absorption in vivo by the rat

VITAMIN A is a lipid soluble micronutrient necessary for support of growth, differentiation of epithelial tissue, and preservation of vision (DeLuca, 1978). Vitamin A has been shown to counteract the effect of some carcinogenic agents (Sporn et al., 1976), enhance antitumor chemotherapy (Cohen, 1972) and decrease tumor incidence after exposure to specific viruses (Seifter et aL, 1976). Since mammals cannot synthesize vitamin A, they depend on intestinal absorption of either carotenoid compounds from vegetables or ester forms of vitamin A from animal sources for maintaining adequate supplies of the vitamin. Intestinal absorption of vitamin A in vivo in the rat has been found to be mediated by a saturable, carrier-mediated passive absorption mechanism which can be modified by variations in the intestinal pH and the presence of fatty acids or bile salts (Hollander and Muralidhara, 1977). The rat's intestinal cell cytosol has been demonstrated to contain a binding component for retinol which may be the carrier involved in a trans-cytosol transport of vitamin A from the cell membrane to the intracellular organelles (Hollander et al., 1978). It has been generally assumed that aging influences the nutritional status of animals or man in an adverse fashion. Specifically, aging has been demonstrated to be associated with decreased fat absorption in individuals without obvious gastrointestinal disorders (Ryder, 1963). Moreover, the serum levels of vitamin A have been found to be abnormally low in older women, despite apparent adequate nutritional intake of the vitamin (Harril and Cervone, 1977). We therefore, decided to investigate the influence of aging on the intestinal absorption of vitamin A in the unanesthetized rat by using methods and procedures which are well established in our laboratory (Hollander and Muralidhara, 1977).
MRI Utilization in Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer: A Survey of Practicing Surgeons

Whereas guidelines supporting breast MRI in high-risk screening exist, guidelines for MRI use in newly diagnosed breast cancer are lacking. We, therefore, conducted a study of breast surgeons to determine practice beliefs surrounding MRI use in newly diagnosed breast cancer. A survey sent to 2,274 American Society of Breast Surgeons members in December 2010 queried routine MRI use (defined as >75 % of time) in specific clinical scenarios. Analyses were performed by respondent practice setting, practice volume, and practice specialization. Descriptive statistics and subgroup analysis using a χ2 and logistic regression were used. Responses from 1,012 surgeons (45.5 % response rate) were eligible for analysis. Respondents represented diverse practice settings (20 % academic, 72 % private practice) and volume (≤50 new breast cancer patients, 36 %; 51–100, 26 %; 101–200, 25 %; >200, 13 %). Also, 41 % of surgeons indicated routine MRI use for newly diagnosed patients, with higher rates of use among surgeons from high-volume practices, high specialization, and private practice. Greater consensus in routine MRI use was seen in the setting of extreme mammographic density (87.9 %), strong family history of breast cancer (73.4 %), and invasive lobular carcinoma (69.4 %). Responses were increasingly discordant in setting of pursuing breast conservation (47.4 %), invasive ductal carcinoma (41.8 %), and ductal carcinoma in situ (37.2 %). Personal experience was the most commonly cited influence on MRI use. Divergent responses in MRI use in newly diagnosed breast cancer reflect clinical uncertainty and variable practice beliefs among breast surgeons. Such diverging practice patterns highlight areas where clinical research and guidelines may be most helpful.
Group Divisible Designs with Two Associate Classes

In this paper we find necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a group divisible design GDD(n, m) of index (?1, ?2) in whichn=2 orm=2, thereby completing the solution of the existence problem for alln,m,?1, and?2. In the process, necessary and sufficient conditions are found for the existence of anx-regular partial triple system whose complement in?Knhas a 1-factorization.
X-ray irradiation of pregnant rats: attempts to produce congenital cardiac anomalies in offspring.

SummaryPregnant rats were treated with single doses of x-ray irradiation. The heart and great vessels in thorax of offspring were investigated when the rats had reached at least 10 days of age. The method of dissection is described. In 46 young rats that survived 10 days no cardiac abnormalities were found. Examination of young rats that died before 10 days was not carried out.
Host Pathogen Relations: Exploring Animal Models for Fungal Pathogens

Pathogenic fungi cause superficial infections but pose a significant public health risk when infections spread to deeper tissues, such as the lung. Within the last three decades, fungi have been identified as the leading cause of nosocomial infections making them the focus of research. This review outlines the model systems such as the mouse, zebrafish larvae, flies, and nematodes, as well as ex vivo and in vitro systems available to study common fungal pathogens.
A New Approach to the Characterization of Subtle Errors in Everyday Action: Implications for Mild Cognitive Impairment

Mild functional difficulties have been associated with early cognitive decline in older adults and increased risk for conversion to dementia in mild cognitive impairment, but our understanding of this decline has been limited by a dearth of objective methods. This study evaluated the reliability and validity of a new system to code subtle errors on an established performance-based measure of everyday action and described preliminary findings within the context of a theoretical model of action disruption. Here 45 older adults completed the Naturalistic Action Test (NAT) and neuropsychological measures. NAT performance was coded for overt errors, and subtle action difficulties were scored using a novel coding system. An inter-rater reliability coefficient was calculated. Validity of the coding system was assessed using a repeated-measures ANOVA with NAT task (simple versus complex) and error type (overt versus subtle) as within-group factors. Correlation/regression analyses were conducted among overt NAT er...
Combined Inhibition of the BMP pathway and the RANK-RANKL axis in a Mixed Lytic/blastic Prostate Cancer Lesion

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of combined inhibition of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) activity in a mixed lytic/blastic prostate cancer lesion in bone. Human prostate cancer cells (C4 2b) were injected into immunocompromised mice using an intratibial injection model to create mixed lytic/blastic lesions. RANK-Fc, a recombinant RANKL antagonist, was injected subcutaneously three times a week (10 mg/kg) to inhibit RANKL and subsequent formation, function and survival of osteoclasts. Inhibition of BMP activity was achieved by transducing prostate cancer cells ex vivo with a retroviral vector expressing noggin (retronoggin; RN). There were three treatment groups (RANK-Fc treatment, RN treatment and combined RN and RANK-Fc treatment) and two control groups (untreated control and empty vector control for the RN treatment group). The progression of bone lesion and tumor growth was evaluated using plain radiographs, hindlimb tumor size, 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose and 18F-fluoride micro PET-CT, histology and histomorphometry. Treatment with RANK-Fc alone inhibited osteolysis and transformed a mixed lytic/blastic lesion into an osteoblastic phenotype. Treatment with RN alone inhibited the osteoblastic component in a mixed lytic/blastic lesion and resulted in formation of smaller osteolytic bone lesion with smaller soft tissue size. The animals treated with both RN and RANK-Fc demonstrated delayed development of bone lesions, inhibition of osteolysis, small soft tissue tumors and preservation of bone architecture with less tumor induced new bone formation. This study suggests that combined inhibition of the RANKL and the BMP pathway may be an effective biologic therapy to inhibit the progression of established mixed lytic/blastic prostate cancer lesions in bone.
VIEWS OF THE AAG: RESULTS OF THE LONG RANGE PLANNING MEMBERSHIP SURVEY

In this issue THE PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER presents the first two reports in a series on the Association's long-range planning process, which was described by Past President Marcus in May. David Morgan outlines here the results of a survey of members' attitudes on a number of important questions.
Response and collapse of foam-supported sheet metal beams and shallow arches

Abstract This paper considers the response and failure characteristics of beams and arches constructed by bonding a layer of foam to a single metal sheet, thus creating a “Foam-Supported Sheet Metal,” or FSSM composite. The investigation was conducted from experimental and analytical/numerical perspectives. In the experiments, strips of Rohacell foam were bonded to straight or curved aluminum 2024 strips to construct the composites. The specimens were then supported at the ends and bent under a central load such that the foam was in tension. The results showed that significant increases in stiffness and failure loads could be achieved using this concept with relatively small weight penalty. Catastrophic failure occurred when the foam reached its tensile failure stress. Formulas to predict the bending stiffness and moment at failure of the composite sections were derived from beam theory and are presented. To predict the response of arches, a nonlinear finite element model was developed. The numerical results showed good agreement with the load-deflection responses and failure loads measured experimentally.
Carbidocarbonyl Clusters of Iron

Under reducing conditions, at elevated temperatures, coordinated carbon monoxide in transition metal carbonyls may disproportionate to CO 2 and a carbon atom. The carbon atom is trapped in a cage of metal atoms, shielded from further reaction in the core of the resulting carbidocarbonyl clusters. This class of compounds, which has been known for some time, bears some structural resemblance to the binary carbides and may therefore be relevant to Fischer-Tropsch catalysis, in which carbide phases and surface carbon atoms are implicated. The chemical, structural and physical properties of the iron carbidocarbonyIs have been investigated. Reactions are described that lead to C-H and C-C bond formation at the carbide carbon, and these are discussed with regard to the nature of this carbon atom. 13 C n.m.r. spectroscopy reveals large downfield chemical shifts for the carbide carbon, which may be interpreted as either a reflexion of low electron density at the carbon or the influence of paramagnetic contributions to the shift. Reactions of [Fe 4 (CO) 12 C CO 2 CH 3 ]-, [Fe 4 (CO) 12 C C(O)CH 3 ]- and [Fe 4 (CO) 12 C CHO]- with trimethyloxonium fluoborate yield the corresponding vinylidene clusters Fe 4 (CO) 12 - C = C (OCH 3 )R (R = OCH 3 , CH 3 , H).
How much feedback is enough?: Instructor practices and student attitudes toward error treatment in second language writing

Abstract Among second language writing scholars who believe that error treatment is an effective means of improving accuracy in second language writing, most advocate that instructors take a selective approach to marking errors. However, to what extent do instructors of second language writing implement this “best practice”? What are student perceptions of their instructors’ approaches? The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate (1) what percentage of errors instructors of second language writing marked in student work and why and (2) student attitudes toward selective versus comprehensive error treatment. The participants included three instructors and 19 students of a first-year composition course for international students at a large U.S. university. Interviews revealed that the three instructor participants each differed in how much feedback they provided but that their approaches were flexible and context-dependent. Reflecting previous studies, the student participants also preferred comprehensive error treatment but reported being satisfied with the approach of an instructor who marked errors selectively. Additional findings show that there were discrepancies in how instructors and students of the same class describe the instructor's approach to error treatment and that students relied overwhelmingly on instructor feedback when editing. Pedagogical implications are included.
LOWE'S DEFENCE OF CONSTITUTION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF WEAK EXTENSIONALITY

E.J. Lowe is one of the few philosophers who defend both the existence of spatially coincident entities and the Principle of Weak Extensionality that no two objects which have proper parts have exactly the same proper parts at the same time. Lowe maintains that when spatially coincident things like the statue and the lump of bronze are in a constitution relation, the constituted entity (the statue) has parts that the constituting entity (the lump) doesn't, hence the compatibility with Weak Extensionality. My contention is that his argument for why the statue has parts the lump of bronze lacks can also be used to show that the lump of bronze has parts the statue doesn't. This will mean that there is no basis for saying the statue and the lump are in a constitution relation. I argue for accepting a modified account of constitution and abandoning the Principle of Weak Extensionality.