cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-transcriptional regulation of BRCA1 through its coding sequence by the miR-15/107 group of miRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression that act by degrading their RNA targets or by repressing the translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Initially thought to primarily target the 3´ untranslated region (3´UTR) of mRNAs, miRNAs have since been shown to also target the 5´UTR and coding sequence. In this work, we focus on the post-transcriptional regulation of the BRCA1 gene, a major tumor suppressor and regulator of double-stranded break DNA repair and show that its mRNA is targeted by many members of the miR-15/107 group at a site located within the coding sequence. Ectopic expression of these miRNAs across a panel of nine cell lines demonstrated widespread suppression of BRCA1 mRNA levels. Additionally, by cloning a putative target site from BRCA1’s amino acid coding sequence into a luciferase reporter plasmid we confirmed the direct interaction of these miRNAs with this BRCA1 target. We also examined the relationship between ectopic expression of these targeting miRNAs and BRCA1 protein levels in immortalized pancreatic epithelium (hTERT-HPNE), colorectal adenocarcinoma (HCT-116) and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (MIA PaCa-2) cell lines and found protein abundance to be variably regulated in a cell-type specific manner that was not necessarily concordant with mRNA transcript availability. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized aspect of BRCA1’s miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation, namely the targeting of its amino acid coding region by the miR-15/107 group of miRNAs. The resulting regulation is apparently complex and cell-specific, an observation that may have implications for BRCA1-mediated DNA repair across tissue types.
Metabolism of the arylamide herbicide propanil: II. Effects of propanil and its derivatives on hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes in the rat

Propanil (3,4-dichloropropionanilide) is an arylamide herbicide that has been reported to be contaminated with the cytochrome P450 enzyme inducers 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB) and 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazoxybenzene (TCAOB), which are structural analogs of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). We determined if treatment of rats with TCAB, TCAOB, propanil, 3,4-dichloroaniline, TCDD, or phenobarbital induced the hepatic microsomal metabolism of propanil and 3,4-dichloroaniline. Acylamidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of propanil to 3,4-dichloroaniline was not induced by any of the pretreatments; however, hydroxylation of propanil at the 2'-position was induced by TCDD, TCAB, TCAOB, propanil, and 3,4-dichloroaniline pretreatments. Ring- and N-hydroxylations of 3,4-dichloroaniline were induced by TCDD, TCAB, TCAOB, and 3,4-dichloroaniline pretreatments. Microsomal 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and 7-benzoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (BROD) activities and electrophoretic mobility of microsomal proteins suggested that cytochromes P450c and P450d were induced by TCAB and TCAOB pretreatment. EROD, BROD, and 7-pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase activities were slightly increased in microsomes from propanil- and 3,4-dichloroaniline-pretreated rats, which suggests that these compounds may be weak inducers of cytochrome P450 isozymes.
Regulation of the POU domain gene SCIP during cerebral cortical development

The mammalian cerebral cortex is patterned into layers of neurons that share characteristic morphologies, physiological properties, and axonal connections. Neurons in the various layers are thought to acquire their lamina-specific identities shortly before the time of their final mitosis in the cortical ventricular zone. In order to investigate the molecular basis of laminar patterning in the CNS, we have performed in situ hybridization studies of the POU homeodomain gene SCIP (also known as Tst-1 or Oct-6), which is expressed in proliferating Schwann cells in the PNS and O2A progenitor cells in the developing CNS. In the CNS of adult rats, SCIP is expressed at high levels in the cerebral cortex, specifically in layer 5 pyramidal neurons that form subcortical axonal connections. SCIP is both temporally and spatially regulated during cortical development. Its initial expression in the intermediate zone and cortical plate is correlated with the early migration and differentiation of layer 5 neurons. SCIP hybridization was not, however, observed within the ventricular zone during the period of neurogenesis. SCIP is also expressed at high levels in the neurons of cortical layer 2/3, during their migration and differentiation within the cortical plate. This expression in the upper layers is apparently downregulated during postnatal periods, with the adult pattern apparent by postnatal day 30 (P30). POU domain genes are thought to play a role in cell lineage and cell fate decisions in several systems; thus, SCIP may serve a function in generating discrete laminar phenotypes in the developing cerebral cortex. In addition, since SCIP is a putative repressor of myelin gene expression, our results suggest that SCIP plays a role in regulating transcription in differentiated CNS neurons as well as in proliferating glial precursors.
A field investigation of the composing processes used by second-grade children creating original language and music pieces

This study attempted to identify, describe, and compare components of the composing process. The subjects were 6 second grade students who were given multiple opportunities to compose using both musical and written language sign systems. A working model of the "Composing Process" was developed to serve as a framework for analysis of data. This study was guided by a number of research questions: Given a working model of the composing process, can specific phases be identified through the observation of young composers at work? What specific behaviors characterize each phase? Are these behaviors similar for language and music composition? What different behaviors are specific to each sign system? The social nature of the creative process was acknowledged in the design of the study. The subjects were observed over a 7-week period while working in the context of their classroom. They wrote stories on topics of their own choosing and composed original musical compositions on Orff xylophones. No time limitations were set for completion of pieces. Student work on individual pieces extended over multiple composing sessions. Several data gathering techniques were used that are consistent with the design of naturalistic studies. All composin g sessions were videotaped and the researcher reviewed each tape using a flexible observation form. Subjects were interviewed following each session. The children were asked to describe accomplishments, problems encountered, and solution strategies used during the composing period while also indicating plans for their pieces. The manuscripts created by the subjects were also analyzed. Results of this exploratory study indicated that the phases of the composing process can be described in both the language and music domains. The model was refined to reflect the data. It describes five similar, recursive phases between which students moved while creating their pieces in both domains. These phases are exploration, focus, rehearsal, composing, and editing. Students consistently approached composition work purposely and responded reflectively to interview questions. Study results provided an initial attempt to describe composing behaviors and to make comparisons across disciplines.
Verifying equivalence of functions with unknown input correspondence

It is pointed out by the authors that most of the methods that tackle the problem of verifying equivalence of two Boolean functions assume that the correspondence of input variables is known. A method that does not require this assumption is proposed. The key to the method is to associate a new signature with each input variable, thereby effectively establishing partial (sometimes total) correspondence between the sets of input variables. The descriptive power of the new signature appears to be very effective. >
Stability Margins for Multilinear Interval Systems via Phase Conditions: A Unified Approach

This paper gives a simple way of checking the stability with respect to an arbitrary stability region of a family of polynomials containing a vector of parameters varying within prescribed intervals. It is assumed that the parameters appear affine multilinearly in the characteristic polynomial coefficients. The condition proposed here is simply to check the phase difference of the vertex polynomial. This test based on the mapping theorem significantly reduces computational complexity. We omit mathematical proofs in this version. The results can be used to determine various stability margins of control systems containing interconnected interval subsystems. These include the gain, phase, time-delay, H? and nonlinear sector bounded stability margins of multilinear interval systems.
Structure of Bacillus subtilis Bacteriophage φ29 and the Length of φ29 Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Anderson, D. L. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis), D. D. Hickman, and B. E. Reilly. Structure of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage φ29 and the length of φ29 deoxyribonucleic acid. J. Bacteriol. 91:2081–2089. 1966—Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage φ29 were negatively stained with phosphotungstic acid. The head of φ29 has a hexagonal outline with a flattened base, and is about 315 A wide and 415 A in length. The virus has an intricate tail about 325 A in length. Twelve spindle-shaped appendages are attached to the lower of two collars which comprise the proximal portion of the tail. The distal 130 A of the tail axis has a diameter of about 60 A and is larger in diameter than the axis of the upper portion of the tail. Comparison of electron microscopic counts of φ29 with plaque-forming units indicated that about 50% of the microscopic entities were infective. Phenol-extracted φ29 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules were prepared for electron microscopy by the cytochrome c film technique of Kleinschmidt et al. Measurement of contour lengths of DNA molecules from three preparations gave skewed distributions of lengths with observed modal class values ranging from 5.7 to 5.9 μ. Assuming that φ29 DNA is a double helix in the B form, the corresponding molecular weights would be 10.9 × 106 to 11.3 × 106 daltons. The largest DNA molecules would have a volume of 1.9 × 107 A3 which is about 25% greater than the estimated 1.4 × 107 A3 internal volume of the phage head. Images
Reducing versus stopping antiepileptic medications after temporal lobe surgery.

Objective To study the safety of antiepileptic drug (AED) withdrawal after temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) surgery. Methods We reviewed patients who underwent TLE surgery from 1995 to 2011, collecting data on doses, dates of AED initiation, reduction, and discontinuation. Predictors of seizure outcome were defined using Cox-proportional hazard modeling and adjusted for, while comparing longitudinal seizure-freedom in patients for whom AEDs were unchanged after resection as opposed to reduced or stopped. Results A total of 609 patients (86% adults) were analyzed. Follow-up ranged from 0.5 to 16.7 years. Most (64%) had hippocampal sclerosis. Overall, 229 patients had remained on their same baseline AEDs, while 380 patients stopped (127 cases) or reduced (253 cases) their AEDs. Mean timing of the earliest AED change was shorter in patients with recurrent seizures (1.04 years) compared to those seizure-free at last follow-up (1.44 years; P-value 0.03). Whether AEDs were withdrawn 12 or 24 months after surgery, there was a 10–25% higher risk of breakthrough seizures within the subsequent 2 years. However, 70% of patients with seizure recurrence after AED discontinuation reachieved remission, as opposed to 50% of those whose seizures recurred while reducing AEDs (P = 0.0001). Long-term remission rates were similar in both AED discontinuation and “unchanged” groups (82% remission for AEDs withdrawn after 1 year and 90% for AEDs withdrawn after 2 years), while only 65% of patients whose recurrences started during AED reduction achieved a 2-year remission by last follow-up. Interpretation AED withdrawal increases the short-term risk of breakthrough seizures after TLE surgery, and may alter the long-term disease course in some patients.
T Group for a Work Team

This case history tells of the use of T-Group training to improve interpersonal competence in a small manufacturing company. The beneficial effects enabled the company to accomplish specific and ge...
Developmental Counseling in the Elementary School

Some of the fundamentals basic to a theory and practice of developmental counseling with the elementary school child are set forth. Pertinent child development research is cited that implies the need for developmental counseling with normal children. The value of this counseling in the elementary school setting is in facilitating the total learning process. Unique factors of this counseling, including short-term service, focus on developmental problems, and the establishment of goals, are described. Principles for working with children in the counseling process are discussed.
Surfactant protein-A inhibits lavage-induced surfactant secretion in newborn rabbits.

In vitro experiments with granular pneumocytes suggest that surfactant protein-A (SP-A) inhibits secretion of pulmonary surfactant. We examined whether SP-A inhibits surfactant secretion induced by lung distention during lung lavage. Human SP-A was obtained by lung lavage in a patient with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. After centrifugation of the lavagate, the pellet was repeatedly washed with saline and then extracted with chloroform:methanol. The methanol:saline phase was separated and lyophilized to yield the SP-A product. SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analysis indicated that our preparation of SPA had only minor contamination with human plasma proteins. To examine secretion, we used freshly killed newborn rabbit pups of 29.5 days gestation and lavaged the lungs by 10 sequential, fresh saline washes. Littermate neighbor pairs were lavaged with SP-A or human plasma protein at concentrations of 1, 6, 10, and 50 μg/ml, and disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) was analyzed as a marker for surfactant. The inhibition of surfactant secretion was maximal at a concentration of 10 μg/ml; the average yield by the last two pairs of washes, an index of surfactant secretion, was 286 ± 41 fig/g dry lung weight for SP-A, compared to 405 ± 37 pg/g dry lung weight for controls, an inhibition of 30% (p < 0.005). There were no changes in the volumes of returned lavage or in the concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase or DNA. To test whether SP-A increased cellular uptake of DSPC in the lungs, we prepared radioactive exogenous surfactant, lavaged it into the lungs, and monitored recovery of radioactivity by continued lavage. Recovery was the same in treated and control lungs. We conclude that SP-A may inhibit surfactant secretion stimulated by lung distention.
Real-Time Watershed Delineation System Using Web-GIS

A Web-based geographic information system (GIS) that can delineate watersheds in real time was developed for use in hydrologic analysis and to support hydrologic model operation on the Internet. The system integrates a watershed delineation (WD) engine, common gateway interfaces, a Web-GIS user interface, and supports digital spatial data including vector and grid formats. The WD program utilizes a double-seed array-replacement algorithm to obtain a watershed boundary from point coordinates. The system provides a user interface for the selection of an outlet point from a map display in the Web browser using MapServer Web-GIS capability. The WD and data extraction system has been implemented for all of Indiana, with extensive verification conducted in the 2,082.7 km2 Wildcat Creek watershed in Indiana. The time to obtain results and the quality of results are acceptable for use as a real-time system for WD via the Web.
Density functional theory computational study of the four-centered elimination CH2OH+ → CHO+ + H2 reaction

Abstract The reactant, transition state, and product of the CH 2 OH + → CHO + + H 2 reaction were computed with HF, QCISD(T), G1, G2, and G2MP2 ab initio methods as well as with 21 density functional theory (DFT) methods. In all calculations the large 6-311++G(3df,3pd) basis set was used. With the same theory models, the activation barrier and heat of reaction was estimated. On the basis of geometry, intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculations support that the reaction is a concerted 1,2-elimination and proceeds through a product-like transition state structure. It was determined that HF and QCISD(T) methods have the problem of correctly computing the energy reaction profile. On the contrary, B3LYP, B3PW91, BPW91, and BVWN for reactant's geometries reproduce experimental results quite well.
Stimulated Compton conversion of Langmuir waves by relativistic electron beams

Stimulated inverse Compton conversion in which a Langmuir wave scatters off a relativistic electron while converting into a transversely polarized electromagnetic wave is considered as a means for producing amplified electromagnetic radiation from a beam‐plasma system at frequencies well above the electron plasma frequency. The stimulated emission growth rates of the radiation produced by a monoenergetic ultrarelativistic electron beam are determined as a functional of the Langmuir turbulence spectrum in the background plasma and are numerically evaluated for a range of model Langmuir spectra. Stimulated inverse Compton conversion can play a role in emission from astrophysical beam‐plasma systems if the electron beam is highly relativistic and sufficiently narrow. However, it is found that the growth rates for this process are too small in all cases studied to account for the intense high‐frequency radiation observed in the laboratory experiments of G. Benford et al. [G. Benford, D. Tzach, K. Kato, and D....
TORNADO-WARNING PERFORMANCE IN THE PAST AND FUTURE: A Perspective from Signal Detection Theory

Changes over the years in tornado-warning performance in the United States can be modeled from the perspective of signal detection theory. From this view, it can be seen that there have been distinct periods of change in performance, most likely associated with deployment of radars, and changes in scientific understanding and training. The model also makes it clear that improvements in the false alarm ratio can only occur at the cost of large decreases in the probability of detection, or with large improvements in the overall quality of the warning system.
Retrograde fractional flow reserve and recanalization of a chronic total occlusion of a saphenous venous graft.

Chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the coronary artery represents a difficult group of lesions for percutaneous interventions. Conventionally, antegrade approach has been used to open these lesions, but recent literature provides evidence for the utility of retrograde approach in cases where initial antegrade approach is either not feasible or fails to recanalize the target vessel. This report illustrates retrograde CTO recanalization of saphenous vein graft (SVG) with fractional flow reserve utilization to determine ischemia in the territory of occluded SVG. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Survey Research Methods

This article presents an overview of the important stages and inherent problems of survey research and defines survey-related terminology. Particularly emphasized are the characteristic elements of survey research: survey designs, sampling theory, questionnaire development, and data collection procedures.
Impact properties and rheological behavior of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet-filled impact modified polypropylene nanocomposites

Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP)-filled impact modified polypropylene (IMPP) composites were prepared at 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt% xGnP with and without the addition of a coupling agent and manufactured using melt mixing followed by injection molding. The coupling agent used in this study was polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride. The nanoparticles used were xGnP with three different sizes: xGnP5 has an average thickness of 10 nm, and an average platelet diameter of 5 μm, whereas xGnP15 and xGnP25 have the same thickness but average diameters are 15 and 25 μm, respectively. Test results show that nanocomposites with smaller xGnP diameter exhibited better impact properties for both neat and compatibilized composites. However, unnotched and notched impact strengths as well as fracture initiation resistance were dramatically deteriorated with the introduction of xGnP. Explanation of this brittle behavior in a nanoplatelet-filled IMPP is presented using melt flow index and transmission electron microscopy.
Deuterium in comets—and AGB stars?

Abstract We discuss the deuterium chemistry of cometary comae, and show how the fractionation observed in coma molecules relates to the D/H ratios in the nuclear ices. For most molecules, we find that the fractionation is unchanged in the coma. In addition, we calculate the potential effects of degradation of D-rich polymers/organic refractory material on selected gas-phase fractionation ratios. We demonstrate that for molecules known to have an extended coma source, the observed D/H ratios may not necessarily reflect those in the nuclear ice. The recent detection of water vapour in the stellar wind of the carbon-rich red giant IRC+10°216 has been attributed to the vaporization of a remnant population of comets surrounding this evolved star. This theory would be confirmed by the detection of deuterated molecules in this object: as deuterium is destroyed in stars, any D-bearing molecules must originate from cometary or planetary objects. We quantitatively assess the possibility of detecting HDO in this source if such comets contain similar D/H ratios to those in our solar system, and show that the 1 11 –0 00 transition at 894 GHz is the most promising candidate for detection.
In vivo and in vitro hormonal effects on the metabolism of immature oocytes of Xenopus laevis.

Abstract The rate of in vitro amino acid uptake by Xenopus laevis ovarian follicles from hormonally (HCG) stimulated females was compared to that of ovarian follicles from nonstimulated females. An increased rate of uptake was found in HCG-stimulated ovarian follicles. Evidence is presented that indicates that oocytes from HCG-stimulated females have higher protein synthetic rates relative to oocytes from nonstimulated females. When ovarian follicles from unstimulated females were treated with HCG in vitro, it was found that the response obtained mimics the in vivo stimulation both in terms of its effect on amino acid uptake by the ovarian follicles and on the metabolism of the oocyte itself as indicated by increased protein synthetic rates and changes in ribosome metabolism. In order to demonstrate these HCG-mediated changes in oocyte metabolism in vitro, the presence of the entire ovarian follicle was required.
The Role of Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor and Growth Hormone in Young, Neonatal and Fetal Somatic Growth

The role of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) in regulating somatic growth was studied in rats by passively immunizing animals with antisera raised against rat GRF. GRF antibody (GRF-ab) treatment caused a 30% inhibition in the normal increase in body weight in both young female and male rats. Similar studies conducted in neonatal rats during their first 3 weeks of life also demonstrated that GRF is critical in regulating neonatal growth. Passive immunization of pregnant female rats with GRF-ab suppressed the normal pattern and concentrations of growth hormone (GH) observed during gestation. However, these changes in maternal GH levels did not effect the length of gestation, litter size or pup weight. The results illustrate that hypothalamic GRF is critical in regulating somatic growth in young and neonatal animals. They further suggest that maternal GH and GRF play an insignificant role in fetal development.
Extracapsular extension is a poor predictor of disease recurrence in surgically treated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Extracapsular extension in squamous cell carcinoma nodal metastases usually predicts worse outcome. However, there are no standard histologic grading criteria for extracapsular extension, and there have been few studies on oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma alone. We studied the extent of extracapsular extension utilizing a novel grading system and correlated grades with outcomes while controlling for p16 status. A cohort of surgically treated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma cases were reviewed and metastases graded as 0 (within substance of node), 1 (filling subcapsular sinus with thickened capsule/pseudocapsule, but no irregular peripheral extension), 2 (≤1 mm beyond capsule), 3 (>1 mm beyond capsule), or 4 (no residual nodal tissue or architecture; ‘soft tissue metastasis’). There were 101 cases, for which p16 was positive in 90 (89%). Extracapsular extension grades did not correlate with nodal size (P=0.28) or p16 status (P=0.8). In follow up, 10 patients (10%) had disease recurrence with only 3 of 64 (5%) grade 0–3 cases and 7 of 37 (19%) with grade 4 recurring (P=0.04). Grade 4 extracapsular extension was associated with poorer survival (P<0.01). However, grade 4 extracapsular extension correlated with higher T-stage (P=0.02), and in multivariate analysis, was not significantly associated with poorer overall (P=0.14) disease-free (P=0.2), or disease-specific survival (P=0.09). The impact of extracapsular extension in nodal metastases is limited in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Only extracapsular extension grade 4 associates with poorer outcomes, but not independently of T-stage and other variables.
The ATP-depleting reagent iodoacetamide induces the degradation of protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) in LLC-PK1 pig kidney cells

Abstract The alkylating reagent iodoacetamide, a potent inhibitor of sulfhydryl proteases, was found to stimulate the selective degradation of protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) isoform (80 KDa). Treatment of LLC-PK 1 cells with iodoacetamide (0.5–15 mM) for 30–90 minutes at room temperature followed by western blotting on total cell homogenate, revealed the appearance of an 50 KDa band that was still recognized with the antibody. However, iodoacetamide (15 mM) resulted in the total disappearance of the 80 KDa protein. Serine protease inhibitors, metalloprotease inhibitors and leupeptin failed to prevent the degradation of PKCα. The degradation persisted at 4 °C and in the absence of Ca 2+ . Iodoacetamide had no direct effect on purified PKCα. PKC activities in iodoacetamide-treated cells were also inhibited. In conclusion, the degradation of PKCα is a novel phenomenon. The degradation process could not be prevented by known protease inhibitors or in the absence of Ca 2+ or by incubation at 4 °C and appears to involve interactions with unknown cellular intermediates.
Accuracy of radionuclide ventriculography for estimation of left ventricular volume changes and end-systolic pressure-volume relations.

Estimation of left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relations depends on the accurate measurement of small changes in ventricular volume. To study the accuracy of radionuclide ventriculography, paired radionuclide and contrast ventriculograms were obtained in seven dogs during a control period and when blood pressure was increased in increments of 30 mm Hg by phenylephrine infusion. The heart rate was held constant by atropine infusion. The correlation between radionuclide and contrast ventriculography was excellent. In the individual animals, the average r value for left ventricular volume was 0.96 ± 0.03 (± SD) (p = 0.001, n = 7) and the mean r value for end-systolic volume changes was 0.90 ± 0.08 (n = 7, range 0.76 to 0.99). For the entire series, there were 33 end-systolic volume changes, and there was an equally strong radionuclide-contrast correlation (r = 0.89, p The systolic pressure-volume relations were linear for both radionuclide and contrast ventriculography (r = 0.98 and 0.97, respectively, n = 7). The mean slope for radionuclide ventriculography (2.9 ± 1.4) was lower than the mean slope for contrast ventriculography (4.8 ± 1.7) (p = 0.004); however, the slopes correlated well (r = 0.81, n = 7, p = 0.026). The radionuclide-contrast volume relation was compared using background subtraction, attenuation correction, neither of these or both. By each method, radionuclide ventriculography was valid for measuring small changes in left ventricular volume and for defining endsystolic pressure-volume relations.
Detection of prostate cancer in males with prostatism.

The present study was designed to compare the prostate cancer detection rate, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of digital rectal examination (DRE) and serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA) in a consecutive cohort of males presenting to a single institution with clinically significant prostatism. The study population was comprised of 224 consecutive males with clinically significant prostatism referred to the Prostate Center at the Medical College of Wisconsin between June 1990 and December 1991. Subjects were considered to have clinically significant prostatism if they elected to pursue medical or surgical therapy following exclusion of carcinoma of the prostate. The initial examination consisted of a Boyarsky symptom score assessment, DRE, uroflowmetry, postvoid residual determination, serum PSA level, and transrectal prostatic ultrasonography. Subjects with an abnormality on DRE or serum PSA > 4 ng/dl were advised to undergo transrectal prostatic biopsy. Of the 224 subjects, 40 (17.9%) had an abnormal DRE and 57 (25.4%) had an elevated serum PSA > 4 ng/dl. The overall detection rate of prostate cancer in the study population was 6.7%. The prostate cancer detection rates for PSA alone and DRE alone were 5.8% and 5.3%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values of PSA alone were 86.7%, 80.9%, and 25.0% and of DRE alone 80.0%, 86.3%, and 30.0%, respectively. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed for the entire study population in order to compare the screening measures serum PSA and PSA density. The area under the curves was 0.88 for both tests, indicating that these screening tests for prostate cancer were not significantly different. The present study demonstrated that males with clinically significant prostatism represent a high risk cohort for detecting prostate cancer. DRE and PSA are equally effective measures for detecting prostate cancer. PSA density does not offer any advantage over serum PSA in screening for prostate cancer, except in the subset of patients with a normal DRE and serum PSA levels between 4.0 and 9.9 ng/dl. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interpreting police use of force and the construction of reality

David Klinger and Rod Brunson (2009, this issue) have raised criticalquestions about the ways police officers report events when they use forceand deadly force. One of the difficult aspects about reconstructing theseevents is that each party has a vested interest in the official version andwhat is reported may be fabricated, recalled incorrectly, or biased. As welearn more about these events, how they unfold, and how they are per-ceived, we should be better able to reduce negative outcomes to theindividuals, communities, and society. However, police use of force willalways be controversial.Klinger and Brunson (2009) help us understand many of the complexi-ties of reporting the use of force in general and the specific reporting offirearm use by the police. They report that 94% of the officers they inter-viewed admitted a distortion in their perception of the events leading upto or during the discharge of their weapons. Their main finding: Officerswho fired their weapons were likely to experience multiple distortions,and officers’ recall may be based on an altered or constructed reality.Their main conclusion: Those persons responsible for evaluating policeshootings should consider the possibility of these problems with recall.Three policy essays were written in response to Klinger and Brunson(2009), and they add considerable focus to the arguments they make. Eachessay includes themes that integrate complex discussions of reasonable-ness and the “reasonable man,” as well as perceptions of police actionsfrom diverse audiences, including the public, but with different degreesand from different perspectives. In addition, each essay makes its owncontributions. Engel and Smith (2009, this issue) acknowledge that police
Microbial community structure and sulfur biogeochemistry in mildly‐acidic sulfidic geothermal springs in Yellowstone National Park

Geothermal and hydrothermal waters often contain high concentrations of dissolved sulfide, which reacts with oxygen (abiotically or biotically) to yield elemental sulfur and other sulfur species that may support microbial metabolism. The primary goal of this study was to elucidate predominant biogeochemical processes important in sulfur biogeochemistry by identifying predominant sulfur species and describing microbial community structure within high-temperature, hypoxic, sulfur sediments ranging in pH from 4.2 to 6.1. Detailed analysis of aqueous species and solid phases present in hypoxic sulfur sediments revealed unique habitats containing high concentrations of dissolved sulfide, thiosulfate, and arsenite, as well as rhombohedral and spherical elemental sulfur and/or sulfide phases such as orpiment, stibnite, and pyrite, as well as alunite and quartz. Results from 16S rRNA gene sequencing show that these sediments are dominated by Crenarchaeota of the orders Desulfurococcales and Thermoproteales. Numerous cultivated representatives of these lineages, as well as the Thermoproteales strain (WP30) isolated in this study, require complex sources of carbon and respire elemental sulfur. We describe a new archaeal isolate (strain WP30) belonging to the order Thermoproteales (phylum Crenarchaeota, 98% identity to Pyrobaculum/Thermoproteus spp. 16S rRNA genes), which was obtained from sulfur sediments using in situ geochemical composition to design cultivation medium. This isolate produces sulfide during growth, which further promotes the formation of sulfide phases including orpiment, stibnite, or pyrite, depending on solution conditions. Geochemical, molecular, and physiological data were integrated to suggest primary factors controlling microbial community structure and function in high-temperature sulfur sediments.
Tuberculosis of the cecum simulating carcinoma

A case is described of tuberculosis of the cecum mimicking carcinoma so closely that a conventional cancer operation was carried out. Ileocecal tuberculosis, reported in the literature, is briefly reviewed with special attention to its incidence, clinical manifestations, clinical investigation, and treatment.
Social entrepreneurship among Kenyan farmers: A case example of acculturation challenges and program successes

Abstract In this paper we address the issues in this case study by examining the role of social entrepreneurship, servant leadership, and acculturation in reducing the problems of poverty in Kenya. Specifically, we describe a social entrepreneur, Horace Tipton, and his ‘servant leadership’ approach to cultural learning and to building sustainable farming communities. By engaging in cultural learning of local norms in Kenya Horace Tipton has provided a model case for increasing the standard of living in this economically poor part of the world. However, both Horace and the Kenya farmers faced acculturation-related challenges in enacting and benefitting from the program. In this paper, we use excerpts from interviews and blog sites to illustrate that the success of the programs may be attributed, in part, to individual and group cultural learning and the appropriateness of the servant leader approach to the Kenyan context.
The effect of a vinyl substituent on the ring opening of a substituted tetrahydrothiophene at a triosmium center

Abstract The reaction of Os3(CO)10(NCMe)2 with 2-vinyltetrahydrothiophene (VTHT) at 25°C yielded two products: Os3(CO)10[μ-SCH2CH2C(H)C(H)C(H)CH2](μ-H), 1 (38% yield) and Os2(CO)6[μ-η4-S(CH2)3CHCHCH2](μ-H), 2 (27% yield) after 48 h. Both products were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1 contains a triangular triosmium cluster with ten linear terminal carbonyl ligands, a hydride ligand and a hexadienethiolate ligand. Compound 2 contains only two mutually bonded osmium atoms, six linear terminal carbonyl ligands and a hexenylthiolate ligand that bridges the two osmium atoms via a bridging sulfur atom and three of the carbon atoms at the C-terminus of the hexenyl group. Ring opening of VTHT by a triosmium cluster occurs exclusively at the vinyl-substituted carbon atom.
Sodium laser guide star system at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: system description and experimental results

The architecture and major system components of the sodium-layer laser guide star system at LLNL will be described, and experimental results reported. The subsystems include the laser system, the beam delivery system including a pulse stretcher and beam pointing control, the beam director, and the telescope with its adaptive-optics package.
Estrogen Receptor Expression and Function in Long- Term Estrogen-Deprived Human Breast Cancer Cells*

Hormone-dependent breast cancer responds to primary therapies that block estrogen production or action, but tumor regrowth often occurs 12-18 months later. Additional hormonal treatments that further reduce estrogen synthesis or more effectively block its action cause additional remissions, but the mechanisms responsible for these secondary responses are not well understood. As a working hypothesis, we postulated that primary hormonal therapy induces adaptive changes, resulting in enhanced estrogen receptor (ER) expression and target gene activation and, further, that secondary treatment modalities interfere with these receptor-mediated transcriptional pathways. To test this hypothesis, we used an MCF-7 breast cancer model system involving deprivation of estradiol in culture for a prolonged period. These long-term estradiol-deprived (LTED) cells adapt by acquiring the ability to regrow in the absence of added estradiol. The experimental paradigm involved the comparison of wild-type cells with LTED cells. As endpoints, we directly assessed ER expression at the messenger RNA-, protein-, and ligand-binding levels and ER functionality by quantitating reporter gene activation and expression of endogenous estrogen target gene messenger RNA, as well as ER coactivator levels. Our data demonstrated an adaptive increase in ER expression and in basal ER functionality, as assessed by read-out of three different transfected reporters in LTED, as opposed to wild-type MCF-7 cells. Increased reporter gene read-out was dramatically inhibited by the pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780. As verification that endogenous (as well as transfected) estrogen target genes had enhanced transcription, we found that the basal levels of c-myb and c-myc message were substantially increased in LTED cells and could be inhibited by antiestrogen. Interestingly, the levels of c-myb and c-myc message in the LTED cells seemed to be increased out of proportion to the degree of ER reporter gene activation and were similar to those in wild-type cells maximally stimulated with estradiol. In addition, not all estrogen-responsive genes were activated, because transforming growth factor-alpha message level was not increased in LTED cells. Up-regulation of the steroid receptor coactivator SRC-1 did not seem to mediate the process of enhanced ER-induced transcription. Considering these observations together, we suggest that long-term estradiol deprivation causes adaptive processes that not only involve up-regulation of the ER but also influence the specificity and magnitude of activation of estrogen-responsive genes.
Modeling surface temperature distributions in forest landscapes

A model of the frequency distributions of the spatial variability in surface temperature is presented. Surface temperature data are obtained from two daytime and two nighttime flights of the Thermal IR Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) over forest land in western Oregon in August, 1985. The temperature values are corrected for atmospheric attenuation and thermal radiation emission with the LOWTRAN-6 algorithm. The temperature distributions were modeled with a two-parameter beta probability density distribution and the fit of the model was evaluated by comparison with the TIMS data set. Use of the model's parameters to identify and classify surface types shows good discrimination among various surfaces for the daytime images, with less distinct discrimination for the nighttime images.
Effect of Folate on Cervical Cancer

Folate deficiency appears to play a crucial role early in cervical carcinogenesis by facilitating the incorporation of HPV genomes at a fragile chromosomal site. Thereafter, multiple nutritional, hormonal, and immunologic factors probably interact in a synergistic manner to determine whether the cell line becomes immortalized and invasive.
Of science and scientists in QTP

Aspects of the science and the ways of doing science characteristic of the two senior scientists of Quantum Theory Project (QTP) in the period 1969–1985 are discussed from the perspective of the only QTP faculty member of that era who did not grow up in either the Lowdin or Slater schools.
Thalamic connectivity of rat somatic motor cortex

The purpose of this study was to investigate certain organizational features regarding the connectional relationships between the somatic motor cortex (SMI) and dorsal thalamus in the rat. This was accomplished by applying microiontophoretically horseradish peroxidase and tritiated amino acids into low threshold stimulation sites within hindlimb, forelimb and face representations of the SMI as defined by intracortical microstimulation. Injections into the SMI produced labeling in distinct sets of specific and non-specific thalamic nuclei. The former included the ventrolateral (VL), ventromedial (VM), posteromedial (Pom) and posterior (Po) nuclei, and the latter included the centrolateral (CL), paracentral (PC), centromedial (CeM) and parafascicular (PF) nuclei. The densest labeling, both retrograde and anterograde, was found in the VL, and to a slightly lesser extent, in the Pom nuclei. Labeling of specific nuclei was more extensive than in non-specific groups. Thalamic-SMI projections were reciprocal in nature with the exception of the reticular thalamic nucleus (R). The ventrobasal (VB) nucleus was labeled only after injections into the SMI representations of the hindlimb and forelimb. A topographic organization between the SMI and dorsal thalamic nuclei was indicated by the varied position of label following injections into different cortical representations. Injections into the hindlimb representation resulted in labeling in the rostrodorsolateral VL, ventrolateral VM, rostrodorsomedial Pom, dorsal Po, rostrodorsolateral R, dorsolateral PF, CL and PC. In contrast, injections into the face representation resulted in labeling in the caudoventromedial VL, dorsolateral VM, caudoventrolateral Pom, ventral Po, caudoventromedial R, ventrolateral PF, the PC, CeM and ventral CL. The position of thalamic labeling following injections into the forelimb representation was intermediate between that for hindlimb and face representations. In coronal section, distinct patterns of labeling were identified in all specific thalamic nuclei following injections into each topographic region of the SMI. In the VL, labeling appeared as an obliquely-oriented, longitudinal strip or band (more C-shaped following injections of the hindlimb representation); in the VM as a horizontal strip; in the Pom as an irregular V-shaped band; and in the Po as a circular-to-ovoid cluster. No distinct patterns of labeling were discerned in non-specific nuclei. Labeling in the anterior grouping of non-specific nuclei overlapped to a large extent, but this was not the case in either the specific thalamic nuclei or the PF nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Hydrogen bond stereochemistry in protein structure and function

Fifty high resolution protein structures from the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank have been analyzed for recurring motifs in hydrogen bond stereochemistry. Although an exhaustive analysis of hydrogen bond statistics has been presented by Baker & Hubbard, a detailed stereochemical analysis of classical donor (N−H, O−H, or S−H) and acceptor (N:, O:, or S:) structure within proteins is lacking. Here, we describe the preferential hydrogen bond stereochemistry for the side-chains of glutamate and aspartate (carboxylate), glutamine and asparagine (carboxamide), arginine (guanidinium), histidine (imidazole/imidazolium), tryptophan (indole), tyrosine (phenolic hydroxyl), lysine (ammonium), serine and threonine (alkyl hydroxyl), cysteine (thiol), methionine (thioether) and cystine (disulfide). Preferential hydrogen bond stereochemistry is governed by (1) the electronic configuration of acceptor atoms, (2) the steric accessibility of donor atoms and (3) the conformation of amino acid side-chains. Applications of hydrogen bond stereochemistry are useful in the interpretation of protein structure, function and stability. Additionally, this stereochemistry is a prerequisite to the interpretation of protein-other molecule recognition and biological catalysis.
Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells

Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells constitute a recently identified lymphocyte lineage that occupies tissues without recirculating. They provide a first response against infections reencountered at body surfaces, where they accelerate pathogen clearance. Because Trm cells are not present within peripheral blood, they have not yet been well characterized, but are transcriptionally, phenotypically, and functionally distinct from recirculating central and effector memory T cells. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge of Trm cell ontogeny, regulation, maintenance, and function and will highlight technical considerations for studying this population.
Effect of Imagery on Children's Pain and Anxiety During Cardiac Catheterization

Children who undergo cardiac catheterization present pain management challenges to nurses. In this experimental study, the investigator examined the effect of imagery on children's pain and anxiety during cardiac catheterization. Twenty-four children, aged 9 to 17 years were randomly assigned to a control, presence, or imagery condition. Physiological, psychological, and behavioral data were used to rate children's pain and anxiety during cardiac catheterization. Children in the imagery condition displayed fewer distress behaviors during cardiac catheterization. Children in the presence condition reported the lowest levels of pain. Cortisol elevation over baseline was lowest in the control group, a result consistent with findings in previous studies. Several correlations of interest are reported. Implications for nursing practice and research are discussed.
On connectivity of triangulations of manifolds

An edge of a k-graph is ''separating'' if there is a k-coloring of the vertices assigning all colors to that edge only. We prove that no edge of any triangulation of any manifold of any dimension is separating.