cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attitudes Toward Weight and Eating in Young Women Tennis Players, Their Parents, and Their Coaches

Abstract Young women tennis players, their parents, and their coaches attending one of two tennis tournaments responded to questionnaires concerning their attitudes toward weight, eating, and tennis. Most of the players and parents appeared to have reasonable eating patterns, normal self concepts, and healthy attitudes about tennis. However, players and parents were concerned about their weight: and players, mothers, and coaches all wished to be thinner than they were. Coaches considered weight-related issues important but were not highly knowledgeable about them. Several results implied that weight concerns are more important for females than males. The findings suggest that, rather than generalizing to all women athletes, issues of weight concern and eating behaviors in women tennis players should be considered on an individual basis.
Highly Interleaved 5b 250MS/s ADC with Redundant Channels in 65nm CMOS

The 250 MS/S ADC has 36 time-interleaved 5b SAR ADC channels operating at 800 mV. Parallelism is used specifically to improve energy efficiency, and architectural solutions address the limitations of interleaving. Redundancy is used as an efficient technique to counteract the yield loss from local variation. A hierarchical top- plate sampling network reduces timing skew with extended sampling times and permits a partitioned clock network for minimum distribution requirements.
The multitasking genome.

The identification of hundreds of thousands of clusters of transcriptional start sites, many located within internal exons of protein-coding genes, indicates that promoter sites are common and that transcriptional organization is complex. This transcriptional architecture implies that most genomic regions serve multiple functions.
Regional food and the tourist imagination in Brazil

Brazilian foods are tied up with race and class, ethnicity and heritage. Particular ingredients and modes of preparation are an intrinsic part of the identity of regional foods and by association with the people who consume them. What appears to be a gastronomic distinction may obscure a value system of prejudice and bias. Are the African ingredients so valued in one cuisine seen as a liability in another? Are staple ingredients such as farinha recognized as having indigenous origins? As some of these ingredients and cuisines are exported (both to other parts of Brazil and abroad), they gain a renown (or notoriety) outside of their regions of origin. My research examines the meanings and values that such foods and dishes have in their regional context and determines if the meanings and values of the food change as the cuisines become known outside. Food styles and cuisines are also significant factors in tourism. In an increasingly global society, tourists and natives use food to overcome the distances between them in some contexts while simultaneously drawing these distinctions in others. So I further examine how food plays into the identity and attractiveness of a region as a tourist destination.
Expression for critical suspended particle size in granular media filtration processes

Abstract The critical suspended particle size is defined as the suspended particle size with a minimum collector efficiency in a packed bed filter. Identification of the critical size particles is important when a granular filtration process is designed for removal of a mixture of suspended particles with different particle sizes. This note intends to derive a simple expression from the filtration model of Rajagopalan and Tien [Rajagopalan, R. and Tien, C. (1976) Trajectory analysis of deep-bed filtration with the sphere-in-a-cell porous media model. AIChE J. 2(3), 523–533.] for the critical particle size and to investigate the effects of temperature, suspended particle density, collector diameter and approach velocity on the critical particle size and the corresponding collector efficiency.
Age, Task Complexity, and Sex as Potential Moderators of Attentional Focus Effects

The study tested whether age, sex, or task complexity moderate the effect of attentional focus on motor learning. Children (24 boys, 24 girls) and adults (24 men, 24 women) were assigned to an internal or external attentional focus, and were timed while riding either a Double Pedalo with handles (simple task) or without handles (complex task) over a distance of 7 meters. A Double Pedalo is a four-wheeled device that involves standing on two connected platforms, and alternately pushing them forward to make it move. Participants completed 20 acquisition trials, followed by a 24-hour retention test. For the simpler task, no time differences due to attentional focus emerged. With the complex task, an external focus resulted in faster times in retention than an internal focus, but only for males. These findings suggest that attentional focus affects children and adults similarly, but task complexity and sex moderate these effects.
Experimental Evaluation of the Flow Inside an Open Faced Impeller

The pressure distributions and forces presented in a thesis by Hossain [1] for a centrifugal pump illustrated a somewhat complex inter-relationship between various geometric and operating parameters of the pump studied. The pump had an open faced impeller of 33.65 cm diameter with 5 blades of backswept design. It was felt that the best way to resolve some of the questions related to Hossain’s results was to determine the fluid velocity field inside the pump. The flow field through the impeller passages was measured using a 1-D Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) system. The LDV was used to measure the radial and tangential velocity components over the region accessible through the two optical windows in the front of the pump housing. Five axial planes were investigated by recording measurements along two radial lines at azimuthal angles of 45° and 315° (with respect to the horizontal axis of the pump) for design operating conditions. A once per revolution signal was used to supply the LDV system with a reference for the rotor position. It was found out that a leakage flow existed near the front wall of the impeller at z/h = 0.11, which was generated by the pressure difference between the impeller exit and inlet. It was also concluded that the velocity field was not fully two-dimensional in nature. This was believed to be a result of the 90° turn that the fluid endures as it enters the impeller inlet from the suction pipe.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A Comparison of Shoulder Joint Forces During Ambulation With Crutches Versus a Walker in Persons With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Lighthall Haubert L, Gutierrez DD, Newsam CJ, Gronley JK, Mulroy SJ, Perry J. A comparison of shoulder joint forces during ambulation with crutches versus a walker in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury. Objective To compare 3-dimensional (3D) shoulder joint reaction forces and stride characteristics during bilateral forearm crutches and front-wheeled walker ambulation in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Cross-sectional cohort study. Setting Biomechanics laboratory. Participants Fourteen adult volunteers with incomplete SCI recruited from outpatient rehabilitation hospital services. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure Peak force, rate of loading, and force-time integral were compared for each component of the net 3D shoulder joint reaction force during ambulation with crutches and a walker. Stride characteristics were also compared between assistive device conditions. Results The largest weight-bearing force was superiorly directed, followed by the posterior force. The superior joint force demonstrated a significantly higher peak and rate of loading during crutch walking (48.9N and 311.6N/s, respectively, vs 45.3N and 199.8N/s, respectively). The largest non-weight-bearing force was inferiorly directed with a significantly greater peak occurring during crutch ambulation (43.2N vs 23.6N during walker gait). Walking velocity and cadence were similar; however, stride length was significantly greater during crutch walking (62% vs 58% of normal). Conclusions Shoulder joint forces during assisted ambulation were large. Crutch use increased the superior force but did not increase walking velocity.
On Classes of Exponential A-Groups

In this article, we introduce several classes of exponential A-groups. These classes include ℐ A -groups, -groups, and A-groups of type HP. We also record some known results for nilpotent R-powered groups, a thoroughly studied class of exponential A-groups. We derive a residual property of UT n (ℤ[x]) and establish the freeness of UT 3(ℤ[x]) in a class of -groups.
On the evaluation of molecular compliance constants: nonlinear XY2 molecules

Abstract An attempt is made to calculate the compliance constants, first introduced by Decius for a number of nonlinear XY2 type molecules. The results obtained by independent methods are found to be in good agreement.
Mild mental retardation with classic somatic phenotype in the Brachmann‐de Lange syndrome

Severe Mental retardation is the most handicapping disability for individuals with Brachmann-de Lange syndrome (BDLS). Reports of higher functioning patients with suspected BDLS have invariably described those with a “mild” BDLS somatic phenotype. Here we report on 2 high-functioning females, ages 3.7 and 10.6 years, with the classic BDLS somatic phenotype, i.e., all growth parameters at 4–5 standard deviations bellow the mean prenatally and postnatally. These 2 patients serve to extend the spectrum of classic BDLS to include cognitive function in the mild-to -moderate range of mental retardation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ozone pollution in the rural United States and the new NAAQS

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recently proposed a new National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone, based on an 8-hour averaged concentration of 0.08 part per million. An analysis of ozone data gathered in 1995 by the Southern Oxidants Study Spatial Ozone Network (SON) and EPA’s Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) indicates that promulgation of this new standard will bring large parts of the rural eastern United States into nonattainment. This in turn will necessitate a major change in the nation’s pollution control strategies.
Characteristics of the columnar-cell lined (Barrett's) esophagus.

During a 6-month period, endoscopy in 203 patients established a diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus in 8 (4%). Esophagitis was present in the squamous-lined segment of the esophagus in 7 of these patients. Three patients had strictures, and 3 had esophageal ulcers, 2 of which were in the columnar segment distal to the squamocolumnar junction. During endoscopic examination an iodine-containing solution was instilled to better define the areas of squamous epithelium. This technique revealed islands of squamous epithelium in the columnar segment in 2 patients which were not visible before dye instillation. In the 2 patients with ulcers in the columnar segment, squamous epithelium was identified at the ulcer edge. By manometry, lower esophageal sphincter pressure was decreased in 6 patients and motility in the body of the esophagus was abnormal in 6. Acid perfusion tests were positive in 3 of 5 patients. Acid reflux and acid clearing were abnormal in all patients tested.
Superacid polymers: Synthesis and analysis of AlCl3–sulfonic acid resin complexes

Crosslinked poly(styrenesulfonic acid) beads in contact with AlCl3 vapors at 115°C reacted to give HCl and a complex incorporating S, Al, and Cl in the ratio 2:1:2. Electron microprobe x-ray analysis showed that the complexes were distributed uniformly throughout the polymer structure, which consisted of 200 A microspheres surrounded by a labyrinth of pores. The polymer is a very strong proton donor, comparable to the superacid solution SbF5 + FSO3H. Its structural and acidic properties are inferred to be similar to those of the complex formed from AlCl3 and H2SO4.
H-Ras and Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Cooperate to Induce α(1,3)-Fucosyltransferase VII Expression in Jurkat T Cells

The α(1,3)-fucosyltransferase FucT-VII is essential for the biosynthesis of selectin ligands, but the signaling pathways mediating FucT-VII induction in T cells and other lymphocytes are poorly understood. We have shown previously that sustained activation of Ras in Jurkat T cells induces FucT-VII transcription, which requires the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway. In this study we report that FucT-VII induction is specific to the H-Ras isoform. Jurkat T cells retrovirally transduced with constitutively active H-Ras but not N- or K-Ras up-regulated expression of FucT-VII. Pharmacological inhibition studies also revealed that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity is required for H-Ras-mediated FucT-VII induction. However, the ability of H-Ras to selectively induce FucT-VII is not a function of the inability of the N- or K-Ras isoforms to activate Raf or PI3K pathways. The use of effector-loop domain mutants of H-Ras, which are impaired for their ability to interact selectively with individual effectors alone or in combination with active Raf, indicated that induction of FucT-VII requires the concomitant activation of at least three signaling pathways. These studies show that H-Ras mediates FucT-VII induction in Jurkat T cells via the activation of the Raf, PI3K, and a distinct, H-Ras-specific effector signaling pathway.
TGF-β induces Wnt10b in osteoclasts from female mice to enhance coupling to osteoblasts.

In young adults, bone lost through osteoclast-mediated resorption is precisely replaced in both location and amount. Understanding how these two processes are coupled is crucial to advancing treatments for osteoporosis, a disease that progresses when the processes become uncoupled. We documented that osteoclasts secrete the mammalian integration 1 gene that is the homolog of Drosophila Wngless (Wnt) 10b, bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6), and the chemokine sphingosin 1 phosphate (S1P) to promote mesenchymal cell mineralization in vitro. During bone resorption, TGF-β1 is released from the bone extracellular matrix and activated by osteoclasts. Thus, TGF-β1 levels are elevated during the resorption phase of bone turnover. We therefore investigated the influences of TGF-β1 on osteoclast-mediated support of mineralization. TGF-β1 increased osteoclast production of Wnt10b, but not BMP6 or S1P. Blocking Wnt10b activity with the Wnt signaling inhibitor Dickkoph-related protein 1 suppressed the ability of TGF-β–treated osteoclast-conditioned media to promote osteoblast mineralization. Examination of TGF-β signaling in osteoclasts revealed that induction of Wnt10b expression was dependent on Smad2/3 activation and independent from TGF-β1 stimulation of protein kinase B (AKT) or MAPK kinase. TGF-β1–treated osteoclast-conditioned media from cells with blocked Smad signaling exhibited a reduced ability to support mineralization, demonstrating the importance of Smad signaling in this response. Parallel cultures with suppressed TGF-β activation of AKT or MAPK kinase signaling retained their ability to elevate mineralization. These results demonstrate that TGF-β1 stimulates Wnt10b production in osteoclasts, which may enhance restoration of the bone lost during the resorptive phase of bone turnover.
Three digestive tract endocrine peptides and the circannual cycle of body weight in Spermophilus lateralis

1. 1. Thirty-one male golden-mantled ground squirrels were divided into four physiological groups: low wt summer, medium wt summer, high wt summer and hibernation period. A second group of 10 females was divided into two groups: hibernation period at low Tb and hibernation period during a periodic arousal. 2. 2. Blood serum, pancreas and antral stomach region were collected from each animal. 3. 3. The serum was analysed by radioimmunoassay for pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactivity, the pancreas for pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin immunoreactivity and the antral region of the stomach for gastrin immunoreactivity. 4. 4. Significant between-stage differences (P < 0.05) were found in serum pancreatic polypeptide concentration and in pancreatic somatostatin content.
Template synthesized gold nanotube membranes for chemical separations and sensing

We have developed a new class of synthetic membranes that consist of a porous polymeric support that contains an ensemble of gold nanotubes that span the thickness of the support membrane. The support is a commercially-available microporous polycarbonate filter with cylindrical nanoscopic pores. The gold nanotubes are prepared via electroless deposition of Au onto the pore walls; i.e., the pores acts as templates for the nanotubes. We have shown that by controlling the Au deposition time, Au nanotubes that have effective inside diameters of molecular dimensions (<1 nm) can be prepared. These membranes are a new class of molecular sieves and can be used to separate both small molecules and proteins on the basis of molecular size. In addition, the use of these membranes in new approaches to electrochemical sensing is reviewed here. In this case, a current is forced through the nanotubes, and analyte molecules present in a contacting solution phase modulate the value of this transmembrane current.
Phylogenetic interrelationships of the barbets (Aves: Capitonidae) and toucans (Aves: Ramphastidae) based on morphology with comparisons to DNA‐DNA hybridization

A phylogenetic analysis of the interrelationships of the barbets (Capitonidae) and the toucans (Aves: Ramphastidae, Superfamily Ramphastoidea) is presented. Thirty-two morphological characters from the literature and independent osteological observations were analysed. Character polarity was determined by outgroup comparison to the Picidae, Indicatoridae, Galbulidae, Bucconidae and Coraciiformes. Four alternative phylogenetic hypotheses were compared: (1) the overall most parsimonious morphological phylogeny, (2) the most parsimonious morphological phylogeny in which the capitonids and ramphastids were hypothesized as monophyletic sister groups, and (3) and (4) the most parsimonious hypotheses for the evolution of the morphological characters within two proposed DNA-DNA hybridization phylogenies of the ramphastoids. The analysis focused on the higher level relationships of ramphastids and capitonids and interrelationships among capitonid genera. Two cladistic analyses were performed using 26 phylogenetically informative characters, and the PAUP and CONTREE computer alogorithms. The most parsimonious morphological phylogeny required fewer character changes and had a lower consistency index than any of the alternative hypotheses but congruence between the most parsimonious phylogeny and the second, revised DNA-DNA hybridization hypothesis was very high. Based on these results the monophyly of the Capitonidae is rejected. The ramphastids and the Neotropical capitonids form a well corroborated clade within the pantropical ramphastoid radiation. Neither the African, Asian nor New World capitonids is monophyletic. The genus Trachyphonus is the sister group to all other capitonids and ramphastids. The sister group to the ramphastids is the genus Semnornis. The interrelationships of the Old World capitonids excluding Trachyphonus are not completely resolved by these morphological data but one of the alternative phylogenetic resolutions is presented as a preliminary hypothesis. The clades in this resolved phylogeny are diagnosed and the palaeontology and biogeography of the ramphastoids arc-reviewed in light of this new evidence. A phylogenetic classification is proposed in which the Capitonidae is rejected and the capitonids and ramphastids are placed in seven subfamilies of the Ramphastidae.
TARDBP mutations in Parkinson's disease.

Mutations of the TARDBP gene encoding TDP-43 protein have been shown to cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and have been reported to present with clinical heterogeneity including parkinsonism. In addition, TDP-43 pathology has been observed across a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Herein we report the presence of a TDP-43 mutation in a patient with a clinical diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. The TDP-43 p.N267S substitution has been previously implicated in both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Our findings widen the phenotypic presentation for the TDP-43 p.N267S substitution and support a possible role for rare TDP-43 mutations presenting with Parkinson’s disease.
Social Interactions in the Solitary Wasp Cerceris Simplex (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) by

The solitary wasp Cerceris simplex exhibits a variety of social interactions. In a nesting aggregation of this species females often abandoned old nests (voluntarily and involuntarily) and attempted to usurp burrows occupied by other females. These attempts were sometimes successful although they often failed forcing the searching female to hunt for still another burrow. Alternatively two or more wasps might provision the same nest for varying periods of time. It may be that nest-stealing behaviour has been, in some cases, a preliminary stage to the evolution of semi-social colonies in the Hymenoptera. This behaviour increases the probability that a female will try to enter and provision an already occupied nest; if the would-be parasite and the original occupant tolerate one another they could enjoy a variety of advantages through mutual occupation of a nest, including a reduction of the incidence of nest usurpation by other conspecifics.
Model-based estimation techniques for 3-D reconstruction from projections

A parametric estimation approach to reconstruction from projections with incomplete and very noisy data is described. Embedding prior knowledge about “objects” in the probed domain and about the data acquisition process into stochastic dynamic models, we transform the reconstruction problem into a computationally challenging nonlinear state-estimation problem, where the objects' parametrized descriptions are to be directly estimated from the projection data. This paper is a review in a common framework and a comparative study of two distinct algorithms which were developed recently for the solution of this problem. The first, is an approximate, globally optimal minimum-meansquare-error recursive algorithm. The second is a hierarchical suboptimal Bayesian algorithm. Simulation examples demonstrate accurate reconstructions with as few as four views in a 135∘ sector, at an average signal to noise ratio of 0.6.
Glutamate receptor antagonists block cocaine-induced convulsions and death

Abstract The involvement of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors in mediation of the toxic effects of cocaine was studied in male ICR mice. Cocaine HCl (90 mg/kg, IP) induced seizures in 95% and death within 24 h in 68% (n = 135) of the animals. There was a significant correlation (r = 54) between the time to onset of convulsions and the time to death in mice which died within 30 min of injection (n = 84). Pretreatment with selected EAA receptor antagonists 15 min prior to cocaine differentially blocked cocaine toxicity. Selective N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonists (MK-801, dextrorphan, CPP) decreased both the incidence of seizures and mortality. A nonselective EAA antagonist, kynurenic acid, decreased lethality in doses which did not reduce convulsions. A similar action was observed following pretreatment with the selective kainic acid/AMPA receptor antagonist, GDEE. Antagonists at EAA receptors can provide significant protection against cocaine-induced toxicity. Moreover, the data provide evidence for the involvement of both NMDA and non-NMDA receptor subtypes in aspects of cocaine toxicity.
The management of pain in long-term care.

Objective The purpose of this paper is to present salient principles of pain management in nursing homes and other long-term care settings. Methods Review and author opinion. Results Pain is a common problem in nursing homes and other long-term care facilities. Often unrecognized and under-treated, pain is a major source of suffering and functional impairment. These patients present substantial barriers to pain assessment and management. Multiple concurrent disease processes, cognitive impairment and communication difficulties, and limited access to diagnostic technologies make assessment more difficult. Multiple medications, altered physiology and pharmacology and limited access to a variety of drug and non-drug interventions make treatment strategies more difficult to implement. Discussion Clinicians who care for patients receiving long-term care services must help establish a treatment plan that is reasonable given the limited resources and skills available in nursing homes and other long-term care facilities. Medication regimens should be simplified as much as possible. Contingency plans for pain management must be anticipated and made available so that delays do not occur during medication changes or dosage adjustments. Long-term care facilities need substantial support from physicians and other pain experts for education to continuously update their skills and knowledge. As the need for health systems for frail elderly persons continues to grow, it is important to provide comfort and effective pain control appropriate for these new settings.
In vitro induction of somatic cell hybridization by the local anesthetic chloroprocaine.

Chloroprocaine, an aminoester local anesthetic commonly used for epidural block, has been found to induce interspecies somatic cell hybrids in vitro. Mixed cultures of human amniocytes and mouse hepatoma cells, deficient in hypoxathine phosphoribosyl transferase, were exposed to 1.6, 0.8, or 0.4 × 10−3 m chloroprocaine for 3 hr at 37°C, then maintained for 3 weeks in a double-selective medium of hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT) and ouabain to eliminate the unfused parental cells. Clones of actively multiplying cells appeared in cultures exposed to 1.6 and 0.8 × 10−3 m chloroprocaine. Chromosome analysis confirmed they were hybrids. Cultures treated with 0.8 × 10−3 m chloroprocaine exhibited the highest frequency of cell hybridization (8.8 × 10−5). The hybrid clones bore the morphologic characteristics of both parents although their growth pattern closely resembled the mouse parent. Procaine, sodium bisulfite (the antioxidant present in the commercial solutions of chloroprocaine), and the two chloroprocaine metabolites, chloroaminobenzoic acid and diethylaminoethanol, were nonfusogenic. The hybridogenic effect of chloroprocaine has not been previously described with other local anesthetics.
MASS TRANSFER FROM A SINGLE MICRO-DROPLET TO A GAS FLOWING AT LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER

Using an electrodynamic balance to suspend stably a charged micro-droplet in a laminar jet flow of either nitrogen or helium, droplet evaporation rates were measured for various flow rates and temperatures. Droplets diameters in the range 1-100 μm were measured precisely during the evaporation process by means of light scattering. For low Peclet numbers (Pe <1.5) the theoretical results of Kronig and Bmijsten (1951) and Acrivos and Taylor (1962) are in good agreement with the data. Levich's (1962) interpolation formula based on asymptotic solutions is in poor agreement with data at intermediate Peclet numbers [Pe = 0(1)]. A correlating equation was developed based on the asymptotic solutions of Kronig and Bniijsten and Levich, and it is shown to be in very good agreement with the data over the whole range of Peclet numbers studied. Gas phase diffusivities determined from the diffusion-controlled evaporation data at low flow rates are somewhat lower than the diffusivities calculated from empirical correlat...
Elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity and calculated risk of coronary heart disease in the United States.

In the United States, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in the absence of viral hepatitis or excessive alcohol consumption is most commonly attributed to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is related to predictors of coronary heart disease (CHD) such as insulin resistance and central obesity. We examined the association between elevated serum ALT activity and the 10-year risk of CHD as estimated using the Framingham risk score (FRS). We performed a cross-sectional analysis comparing participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with normal and elevated ALT activity (>43 IU/L), examining the mean levels of FRS. Among participants without viral hepatitis or excessive alcohol consumption, those with elevated ALT activity (n = 267) had a higher FRS than those with normal ALT activity (n = 7,259), both among men (mean difference in FRS 0.25, 95% CI 0.07-0.4; hazard ratio for CHD 1.28, 95% CI 1.07-1.5) and women (mean difference in FRS 0.76, 95% CI 0.4-1.1; hazard ratio for CHD 2.14, 95% CI 1.5-3.0). The ALT threshold for increased risk of CHD was higher in men (>43 IU/L) than in women (>30 IU/L). Elevated ALT activity was not associated with higher FRS among nonobese participants with viral hepatitis or excessive alcohol consumption. In conclusion, individuals with elevated serum ALT activity in the absence of viral hepatitis or excessive alcohol consumption, most of whom have NAFLD, have an increased calculated risk of CHD. This association is more prominent in women. (HEPATOLOGY 2006;43:1145–1151.)
A retrospective assessment of inhalant abuse in the barrio: implications for prevention.

An interview questionnaire was administered to a group of primarily Hispanic identified inhalant users (N = 40) and a comparison group of neighborhood youths (N = 17) in the barrio of Phoenix, Arizona. This retrospective assessment revealed that inhalant abusers (1) had a history of multiple problems, stressors, and difficulty with school and the criminal justice system; (2) initiated drug use between the ages of 10 and 15; (3) confined their drug use primarily to marijuana, alcohol, and inhalants; and (4) often came from families with drug problems. Inhalant abusers from drug-involved families experienced more poverty and family disruption, perceived their friends as being more favorable to the use of drugs and inhalants, and were less involved in conventional youth activities (e.g., sports, school, church, hobbies) than were inhalant abusers from drug-free families. The results are discussed in terms of developing preventative programs for this population.
Vital Human Milk: Implementing a Donor Milk Program

Newborn Care Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program Preterm infants are at considerable risk of increased morbidity and mortality. They have a higher risk of learning disabilities, cerebral palsy, sensory deficits, respiratory illnesses, and gastrointestinal illnesses. Providing mother's own milk to the preterm infant has nutritional, gastrointestinal, immunological, developmental, and psychological benefits. Breastfed preterm infants have a lower rate of ear infections, respiratory infections, or infection‐related events. They have lower rates of gastrointestinal infections, necrotizing enterocolitis, and mortality. Breastfed preterm infants are discharged earlier from the neonatal intensive care unit than formula‐fed preterm infants. In this vulnerable preterm infant population, the rate of mothers who provide their own milk is less than mothers who delivered healthy newborns. When a mother's own milk is unavailable, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends pasteurized human donor milk. Proposed Change To provide premature infants with the access to pasteurized human donor milk when their mother's own milk is unavailable. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation The pasteurized donor milk program was instituted in conjunction with other lactation support interventions to increase the amount of mother's own milk as the primary source of infant nutrition. New York State requires a tissue license for infants to receive pasteurized human donor milk. The tissue bank compliance officer was contacted and the application form C, viewing section 405.25 organ and tissue donation, was submitted. Policies and procedures were implemented according to the regulations. A Human Milk Banking Association of North America was identified as donor human milk bank. Informed consent is obtained from the parents. Frozen milk is shipped in dry ice. Upon arrival to the unit, the milk is inspected and placed in bins in the freezer. A donor milk utilization log with the patient's identification, number of bottles and ounces, batch number of donor milk, and signature/print of the nurse removing the milk from the freezer is initiated when milk is removed from the freezer. This information is kept for 7 years. To date 27 infants have received pasteurized human donor milk. Implications for Nursing Practice Mothers of premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit are encouraged and supported with lactation interventions to provide their infants with their own milk. When a mother's own milk is unavailable pasteurized human donor milk is available.
VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY IN RETICULOCAULIS GEN. NOV. AND NACCARIA HAWAIIANA SP. NOV. (RHODOPHYTA, NACCARIACEAE)1

A secondarily formed reticulum of cells that encloses axial strands and a carposporophyte that is almost entirely converted to sporangia are the diagnostic features of a new genus, Reticulocaulis (Naccariaceae, Nemaliales), with R. mucosissimus as the type species. A new species of Naccaria, N. hawaiiana permits close comparison with the new genus and other previously described species of Naccaria. Until now, no Naccariaceae were known in the Pacific, and these new taxa are part of the sketchily known subtidal marine flora of Hawaii.
Laser studies of the dynamics of photodissociation

Abstract One of the simplest dynamic processes that occurs in chemistry is the photodissociation of a molecule. Molecules are prepared on an excited potential energy surface by a Franck—Condon transition where they then evolve to products. In the process of evolving to products, predissociation can occur so that a new excited state is formed before the dissociation products appear. Other molecules will undergo direct dissociation so that the nascent energy distributions of the products reflect tha characteristics of the original potential energy surface. By measuring the nascent energy distributions of the products and the branching ratios for the production of molecules in different excited states, we can unravel the processes that are occuring within a given system. From these measurements detailed mechanisms can be postulated that explain the photodissociation results. These mechanisms are discussed in terms of kinematic models which illustrate the various types of interactions that occur as excited states evolve toward complete dissociation on a potential energy surface.
Team Conflict Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectancy of Business Students

On the basis of a selfefficacy framework, the authors present a theoretically sound model explaining the behavioral intentions of students to apply teamwork skills they learn in business courses. The model links variables at least partially controllable by faculty in a classroom setting to students' behavioral intentions to use teamwork skills. The authors empirically tested the theoretical model. The results show that vicarious team experience and team member support significantly affected team conflict self-efficacy. Team conflict self-efficacy influenced career outcome expectancy and current team outcome expectancy. Both outcome expectancies affected behavioral intentions to use team skills in a significant way. The authors also discussed the pedagogical implications of the results.
Examining the multifactorial nature of a cognitive process using Bayesian brain-behavior modeling

Abstract Establishing relationships among brain structures and cognitive functions is a central task in cognitive neuroscience. Existing methods to establish associations among a set of function variables and a set of brain regions, such as dissociation logic and conjunction analysis, are hypothesis-driven. We propose a new data-driven approach to structure–function association analysis. We validated it by analyzing a simulated atrophy study. We applied the proposed method to a study of aging and dementia. We found that the most significant age-related and dementia-related volume reductions were in the hippocampal formation and the supramarginal gyrus, respectively. These findings suggest a multi-component brain-aging model.
Transport of uncompressed audio through MPEG systems

Due to concerns about multi-generation capabilities of MPEG audio, Tektronix has made a proposal to SMPTE for standardization of an uncompressed audio stream which can be carried within an MPEG-2 transport stream. This proposal defines an uncompressed audio elementary stream which is high quality (up to 24 bit/sample), multichannel (up to 8 channels) and which has very little overhead beyond the actual audio data.
Comment on Fujikawa's path-integral derivation of the chiral anomaly

It is shown that the path-integral derivation of the axial anomaly, when generalized correctly to the case of parity-violating gauge theories, gives the same result as the use of standard gauge-invariant regulators.
A symbiotic relationship between HST and JWST operations software systems development

The Space Telescope Science Institute's development of the James Webb Space Telescope's science operations systems has benefitted from and has been a benefit to the current operations for the Hubble Space Telescope. Changes and improvements to systems shared by both missions have helped the HST mission keep up with newer technologies, while providing a free, live testbed for further JWST development.
Theoretical models for the combustion of alloyable materials

The purpose of this work is to extend a theoretical model of layered (laminar) media for SHS combustion presented in an earlier article [1] to explore possible mechanisms for after-burning in SHS (i.e., gasless) combustion. As before, our particular interest is how the microscopic geometry of the solid reactants is reflected in the combustion wave and in the reaction product. The model is constructed from alternating lamina of two pure reactants that interdiffuse exothermically to form a product. Here, the laminar model is extended to contain layers of differing thicknesses. Using asymptotic theory, it was found that under certain conditions, the combustion wave can become “detached,” and an initial thin flame propagates through the media, leaving a slower, thicker flame following behind (i.e., afterburning). Thin laminae are consumed in the initial flame and are thick in the secondary. The thin flame has a width determined by the inverse of the activation energy of diffusion, as found previously. The width of the afterburning zone, however, is determined by the absolute time of diffusion for the thicker laminae. Naturally, when the laminae are all the same thickness, there is only one thin flame. The condition for the appearance of afterburning is found to be contingent on the square of the ratio of smallestto-largest thicknesses being considerably less than unity.
Operative treatment of medical epicondylitis. Influence of concomitant ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.

We performed a retrospective review of the long-term results of operative treatment of medial epicondylitis in thirty elbows (twenty-six patients). Sixteen elbows had concomitant ulnar neuropathy. All of the patients had tenderness over the medial epicondyle. The most sensitive provocative maneuver was resisted pronation of the forearm (a positive result for twenty-eight elbows), followed by resisted flexion of the wrist (a positive result for twelve elbows). The operative findings included an inflammatory focus in seventeen elbows and focal ulnar-nerve compression in nine. Debridement of the origin of the flexor-pronator tendon mass, with decompression or transposition of the ulnar nerve when indicated, was associated with an 87 per cent rate (twenty-six elbows) of good or excellent results at an average of seven years (range, two to fifteen years) after the operation. Twenty-four of the twenty-five elbows that had no or mild associated ulnar neuropathy (type-IA or IB medial epicondylitis) had a good or excellent result, while two of the five elbows that had moderate or severe associated ulnar neuropathy (type-II medial epicondylitis) had a good or excellent result. This difference was significant (p = 0.009). Nine patients (nine elbows) needed more than six months before maximum improvement was obtained.
Idiopathic neutropenia in very low birthweight infants

We employed a standardized investigative approach to evaluate four cases of "idiopathic neutropenia" in very low birthweight infants. The evaluation included maternal anti-neutrophil antibodies, a marrow aspiration, and a three-day trial of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rG-CSF). All patients had neutropenia at or shortly following delivery, and remained neutropenic (generally <500/microl) for 1-9 weeks until rG-CSF was administered. Blood and bone marrow studies in all 4 indicated that the neutropenia was: (i) the kinetic result of diminished neutrophil production; (ii) not alloimmune; (iii) not cyclic; and (iv) not associated with recognized inborn errors, bacterial or viral infections, or medications. All responded to rG-CSF by transiently increasing their blood neutrophils to normal, and the neutropenia resolved in all cases with time. It is likely that "idiopathic neutropenia" in this population represents a common phenotype of several different causes, rather than a single entity. Some cases, perhaps the majority, will respond to a short course of rG-CSF administration.
Isotherms of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) Monolayers: Features Revealed and Features Obscured

Abstract Pressure–area isotherms of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) exhibit a two-phase region wherein domains of a liquid-condensed (LC) phase are dispersed in the less ordered liquid-expanded (LE) phase. Fluorescence microscopy has been used over the past years to visualize the shapes displayed by DPPC domains throughout the coexistence region; characteristic domain shapes include those resembling dimpled beans and S-like figures. In this paper we show that the types and distributions of domain shapes formed throughout the coexistence region depend sensitively on the rate of monolayer compression. Additionally, by comparing the relative proportion of LE and LC phases observed to that which is predicted by the isotherm, we find apparent violations of the lever rule. Most importantly, we find that if the monolayer is allowed to age in a state of two-phase coexistence for long times (approx. 12 h), the DPPC domains all become nearly circular. Finally, isotherms generated by compressing very slowly, or those generated at quick speeds but only after the film was left stagnant for a few hours, are markedly different from isotherms produced if the film was compressed within an hour after it was spread. One likely explanation for this behavior is the accumulation of air-borne impurities.
Dermatologic manifestations of lithium: a review.

This paper summarizes the major dermatologic and immunologic complications associated with lithium carbonate ingestion. This drug has demonstrated proven efficacy in the treatment of bipolar affective disorder. This fact, the authors believe, outweighs its dermatologic complications, and only exacerbation of psoriasis warrants termination of therapy.
ESR of exchange coupled Cr3+ pairs in the dimer Di-μ-Diphenylphosphinatoacetyl-Acetonatochromium(III) (DPACr)

Abstract DPACr is a dimeric phosphinate in which the pairs of Cr 3+ ions are superexchange coupled via -OPO- bridges. The consequences of site anisotropy and inequivalence are demonstrated in the ESR spectra and can be derived using a perturbation scheme on the appropriate Hamiltonian. First and second order fine structure, multiplet shifts, g -shifts and g -anisotropies are discussed. This dimeric system is the simplest member of a class of poly(chromium phosphinates).
Robust adaptive beamformer with feasibility constraint on the steering vector

The standard MVDR beamformer has high resolution and interference rejection capability when the array steering vector is accurately known. However, it is known to degrade if steering vector error exists. Motivated by recent work in robust adaptive beamforming, we develop variants of the constrained robust adaptive beamformer that attempt to limit the search in the underlying optimization problem to a feasible set of steering vectors thereby achieving improved performance. The robustness against steering vector error is provided through a spherical uncertainty set constraint, while a set of magnitude constraints is enforced on each element of the steering vector to better constrain the search in the space of feasible steering vectors. By appropriately changing the variables, the optimization problem is modified such that the need for the magnitude constraints are avoided. The developed algorithm is tested in the context of speech enhancement using a microphone array and shown to be superior to existing algorithms.
Electrolyte Disturbances and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) annually affects 400 to 460,000 individuals in the United States, accounting for half the mortality rate as a result of coronary heart disease. SCD remains a major unresolved public health problem. Pathophysiologically, SCD arises from a harmful interplay of myocardial structure, and function. Structural abnormalities furnish the anatomic substrate for SCD and include the myocardial repercussions of coronary artery disease (CAD), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and/or dilation, and specific electrophysiological anatomic abnormalities. The functional issues capable of destabilizing a chronic electrophysiological abnormality include transient ischemia and reperfusion, systemic issues (e.g., electrolyte disturbances, pH changes, and hemodynamic dysfunction), autonomic fluctuations (both at a systemic and a tissue level), and proarrhythmic effects of various drugs. We center the discussion in this chapter on two aspects of electrolyte abnormalities; first, the role they play in the origin of SCD and second how the therapies employed during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can result in specific electrolyte abnormalities. Cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) can occur in a wide spectrum of patient types, some with underlying cardiac abnormalities receiving active treatment others without any obvious cardiovascular (CVR) malady. It is in the instance of the former that electrolyte disturbances can precede and on occasion incite a CPA (1). Such electrolyte abnormalities can have multiple origins, relating to either intercurrent illnesses or administered medications. In most cases those circumstances impacting potassium (K+) and magnesium (Mg++) homeostasis are of most importance. The electrophysiologic basis of CPA can be quite complex and a detailed discussion of the electrophysiologic effects of electrolyte abnormalities extends beyond the scope of this chapter. The reader is directed to several excellent discussions on this topic (1, 2, 3, 4).