cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Glutamate-l-semialdehyde Aminotransferase Expression during Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Fruit Development

Summary A full-length clone that encodes tomato fruit tissue ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Rutgers’) glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase (GSAT; EC 5.4.3.8) was isolated and characterized. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that the tomato GSAT clone exhibited a high level of homology to the amino acid sequences of corresponding GSAT proteins from other plant species. The primary structure of GSAT consists of a 481-amino acid precursor that includes a 46.7 kilounit (kU), 437-amino acid mature protein and a transit peptide of 44 amino acids. Southern analysis showed that a single copy of the GSAT gene was present in the tomato genome. Northern analysis showed that the abundance of GSAT transcripts declined throughout tomato fruit development and ripening. GSAT protein content decreased dramatically by 25 days postanthesis, and GSAT protein was undetectable by day 45, the approximate beginning of chlorophyll loss and carotenoid synthesis. These results show that GSAT is regulated developmentally at the level of transcript accumulation. In addition, posttranscriptional regulation may occur through decreased translation or increased degradation of GSAT protein.
Benzylamine-Free, Heavy-Metal-Free Synthesis of CL-20 via Hexa(1-propenyl)hexaazaisowurtzitane

Base-catalyzed isomerization of recently reported hexaallylhexaazaisowurtzitane produced a new derivative, hexa(1-propenyl)hexaazaisowurtzitane (HPIW). Photooxygenation of this intermediate by singlet oxygen oxidized most of the 1-propenyl substituents to formyl substituents. The course of this reaction of singlet oxygen with HPIW involves peroxide intermediates, which may include relatively stable macrocyclic (tetroxocane) derivatives. The resulting nitrolyzable polyformylhexaazaisowurtzitane was found to be a promisingly efficient new precursor to CL-20 (in a single preliminary experiment without any process development). The new intermediate HPIW also underwent direct nitrolysis to form CL-20, though not as efficiently as its photooxygenation product did.
Adolescent Precocious Development and Young Adult Health Outcomes.

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the health implications of adolescent precocious transitions into young adulthood while addressing several limitations of previous studies. Data came from four waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 13,500). The analysis included the identification of seven adolescent life events, including early sexual activities, early pregnancy, early cohabitation, early marriage, dropping out of high school, leaving home at an early age, and early full-time working. These precocious events were then compared in terms of health problems in young adulthood, including smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes, hypertension, sexually transmitted diseases, and depression. Adolescents who experienced any of the precocious events showed significantly higher risks for health problems in young adulthood, even after controlling for family socioeconomic characteristics and race/ethnicity. However, differing precocious events were associated with different health problems, suggesting non-specific but unique etiological processes.
Some magnetic effects in stellar collapse and accretion

Material and magnetic pressures expected when magnetic material accretes onto a black hole are discussed. Numerical calculations are performed treating finite fields and pressures. The calculations demonstrate actual energy extraction from the black hole in the case of accretion and show heuristically how a charged black hole might form in collapse. (BJG)
A novel variable delay Go/No-Go task to study attention, motivation and working memory in the head-fixed rodent

In order to parse the causal elements underlying complex behaviors and decision-making processes, appropriate behavioral methods must be developed and used in concurrence with molecular, pharmacological, and electrophysiological approaches. Presented is a protocol for a novel Go/No-Go behavioral paradigm to study the brain attention and motivation/reward circuitry in awake, head-restrained rodents. This experimental setup allows: (1) Pharmacological and viral manipulation of various brain regions via targeted guide cannula; (2) Optogenetic cell-type specific activation and silencing with simultaneous electrophysiological recording and; (3) Repeated electrophysiological single and multiple unit recordings during ongoing behavior. The task consists of three components. The subject first makes an observing response by initiating a trial by lever pressing in response to distinctive Go or No-Go tones. Then, after a variable delay period, the subject is presented with a challenge period cued by white noise during which they must respond with a lever press for the Go condition or withhold from lever pressing for the duration of the cue in the No-Go condition. After correctly responding during the challenge period (Challenge) and a brief delay, a final reward tone of the same frequency as the initiation tone is presented and sucrose reward delivery is available and contingent upon lever pressing. Here, we provide a novel procedure and validating data set that allows researchers to study and manipulate components of behavior such as attention, motivation, impulsivity, and reward-related working memory during an ongoing operant behavioral task while limiting interference from non task-related behaviors.
Implementing self-concept in vocational choice in the Arab Middle East

Abstract Considerations for adopting self-concept theory in vocational choice for the Arab Middle East were explored examining three limitations. The extent to which these limitations (freedom to choose occupations, availability of options, and psychological readiness) operate in the Middle East was identified. It was concluded that the self-concept theory of vocational choice is not yet viable for this area of the world. However, as the process of modernity takes place, the area can be an excellent proving ground for predictions.
Monoclonal antibody identifies a 63,000 dalton antigen found in all central neuronal cell bodies but in only a subset of axons in the leech

The monoclonal antibody Lan3-8 binds to all the neuronal cell bodies in midbody, head, tail, and supraesophageal ganglia in the mud leech (Haemopis marmorata) and the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis). In contrast to the general distribution of the antigen in cell bodies it is only found in a subset of axons, where electron microscopy suggests that it may be associated with a cytoskeletal filament system. Immunoblotting shows that the antibody binds to a 63,000 dalton band that is protease-sensitive. The same 63 kilodalton (kd)-antigen is found in all regions of the central nervous system, in proteins isolated from connectives (axons alone), and from hand-dissected identified cell types. The molecular weight and electron microscopic localization raised the possibility that this antigen is the core neurofilament protein, but the antigen does not comigrate with 67-kd intense coomassie blue band that binds another anti-intermediate filament antibody. The supraesophageal ganglia are known to have a different developmental or origin from the other structures in the leech central nervous system. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and silver staining show that, like the 63-kd antigen, many other proteins are very similar in these developmentally distinct neural structures.
Coulomb correlations and the Wigner–Mott transition

Evidence for metal–insulator transitions in dilute 2D electron gases has sparked controversy and debate. A new model suggests such behaviour could arise from strong correlations driven by non-local Coulomb interactions, providing an alternative view to that which considers disorder to be the over-riding influence.
Prediction from expert demonstrations for safe tele-surgery

In this paper, we propose a new prediction from expert demonstration (PED) methodology to improve reliability and safety in tele-surgery. Data was collected from expert (clinician) demonstrations for the procedure of trocar insertion. We encoded a set of force, torque and penetration trajectories by using a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). A generalization of these profiles and associated parameters were retrieved by Gaussian mixture regression (GMR). We validated the proposed methodology for tele-robotic placement of the trocar in two stages. First, we tested the efficacy of the proposed PED approach for handling transmission error and latency. Our results showed that for the average case (12% packet error and 10% loss of packet), a 58.8% improvement in performance was obtained in comparison to using an extended Kalman filter. Next, we validated the methodology for surgical assistance on 15 participants. A haptic assistance mode was devised based on the proposed PED model to assist inexperienced operators to perform the procedure. The PED model was tested for instrument deviation, penetration force and penetration depth. Preliminary study results showed that participants with PED assistance performed the task with more consistency and exerted lesser penetration force than subjects without assistance.
On the positivity of symmetric polynomial functions. Part III: Extremal polynomials of degree 4

Abstract In this paper, which is a continuation of [V. Timofte, On the positivity of symmetric polynomial functions. Part I: General results, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 284 (2003) 174–190] and [V. Timofte, On the positivity of symmetric polynomial functions. Part II: Lattice general results and positivity criteria for degrees 4 and 5, J. Math. Anal. Appl., in press], we study properties of extremal polynomials of degree 4, and we give the construction of some of them. The main results are Theorems 9, 13, 15, 16, and 18.
Local functional connectivity as a pre-surgical tool for seizure focus identification in non-lesion, focal epilepsy

Successful resection of cortical tissue engendering seizure activity is efficacious for the treatment of refractory, focal epilepsy. The pre-operative localization of the seizure focus is therefore critical to yielding positive, post-operative outcomes. In a small proportion of focal epilepsy patients presenting with normal MRI, identification of the seizure focus is significantly more challenging. We examined the capacity of resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) to identify the seizure focus in a group of 4 non-lesion, focal (NLF) epilepsy individuals. We predicted that computing patterns of local functional connectivity (fc) in and around the epileptogenic zone combined with a specific reference to the corresponding region within the contralateral hemisphere would reliably predict the location of the seizure focus. We first averaged voxel-wise regional homogeneity (ReHo) across regions of interest (ROIs) from a standardized, probabilistic atlas for each NLF subject as well as 16 age and gender matched controls. To examine contralateral effects, we computed a ratio of the mean pair-wise correlations of all voxels within a ROI with the corresponding contralateral region (InterRegional Connectivity - IRC). For each subject, ROIs were ranked (from lowest to highest) on ReHo, IRC and the mean of the two values. At the group level, we observed a significant decrease in the rank for ROI harboring the seizure focus for the ReHo rankings as well as for the mean rank. At the individual level, the seizure focus ReHo rank was within bottom 10% lowest ranked ROIs for all 4 NLF epilepsy patients and 3 out of the 4 for the IRC rankings. However, when the two ranks were combined (averaging across ReHo and IRC ranks and scalars), the seizure focus ROI was either the lowest or second lowest ranked ROI for 3 out of the 4 epilepsy subjects. This suggests that rsfMRI may serve as an adjunct pre-surgical tool, facilitating the identification of the seizure focus in focal epilepsy.
Communicating during times of crises: An analysis of news releases from the federal government before, during, and after hurricanes Katrina and Rita ☆ ☆☆

Abstract This paper examines the framing of crisis communication strategies before, during, and after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita by analyzing news releases from the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Homeland Security, and U.S. Senators and Governors from Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. A qualitative content analysis found that all entities analyzed did not acknowledge their parts in the crises, placed blame on others, and tried to distance themselves from the crises. State leadership also used a unifying approach where they included themselves in the hardships affected residents were experiencing.
Stress-induced analgesia: A performance deficit or a change in pain responsiveness?

Two experiments were conducted in order to determine whether a performance deficit mediated stress-induced analgesia. In the first experiment, the effects of restraint stress and task difficulty on latency to escape from a hot plate were studied in rats. Statistical analysis of escape latencies revealed that restraint and task difficulty produced significant increases in escape latencies and that the interaction of restraint × task difficulty was not significant. The second experiment examined the effects of restraint on locomotor activity in an open field. Restraint did not have an observable effect on activity counts. The results of the two experiments suggest that the observed increases in escape latencies produced by restraint reflects a change in pain responsiveness and not a performance deficit.
Goals and Learning in Microworlds

We explored the consequences for learning through interaction with an educational microworld called Electric Field Hockey (EFH). Like many microworlds, EFH is intended to help students develop a qualitative understanding of the target domain, in this case, the physics of electrical interactions. Through the development and use of a computer model that learns to play EFH, we analyzed the knowledge the model acquired as it applied the game-oriented strategies we observed physics students using. Through learning-by-doing on the standard sequence of tasks, the model substantially improved its EFH playing ability; however, it did so without acquiring any new qualitative physics knowledge. This surprising result led to an experiment that compared students’ use of EFH with standard-goal tasks against two alternative instructional conditions, specific-path and no-goal, each justified from a different learning theory. Students in the standard-goal condition learned less qualitative physics than did those in the two alternative conditions, which was consistent with the model. The implication for instructional practice is that careful selection and analysis of the tasks that frame microworld use is essential if these programs are to lead to the learning outcomes imagined for them. Theoretically, these results suggest a new interpretation for numerous empirical findings on the effectiveness of no-goal instructional tasks. The standing ‘‘reduced cognitive load’’ interpretation is contradicted by the success of the specific-path condition, and we offer an alternative knowledge-dependent interpretation.
Frequency-domain fluorescent diffusion tomography: a finite-element-based algorithm and simulations

We present a finite-element-based algorithm for reconstruction of fluorescence lifetime and yield in turbid media, using frequency-domain data. The algorithm is based on a set of coupled diffusion equations that describe the propagation of both excitation and fluorescent emission light in multiply scattering media. Centered on Newton's iterative method, we implemented our algorithm by using a synthesized scheme of Marquardt and Tikhonov regularizations. A low-pass spatial filter is also incorporated into the algorithm for enhancing image reconstruction. Simulation studies using both noise-free and noisy data have been performed with the nonzero photon density boundary conditions. Our results suggest that quantitative images can be produced in terms of fluorescent lifetime and yield values and location, size, and shape of heterogeneities within a circular background region.
Sir Antagonist 1 (San1) Is a Ubiquitin Ligase

Mutations in Sir Antagonist 1 (SAN1) suppress defects in SIR4 and SPT16 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. San1 contains a RING domain, suggesting that it functions by targeting mutant sir4 and spt16 proteins for degradation by a ubiquitin-mediated pathway. Consistent with this idea, mutant sir4 and spt16 proteins are unstable in SAN1 cells but are stabilized in san1Δ cells. We demonstrate that San1 possesses ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase activity in vitro, and the ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase activity of San1 is required for its function in vivo. Wild-type Sir4 has a half-life of about 21 min, and san1Δ increased Sir4 half-life to >90 min. In contrast, san1Δ did not affect the stability of wild-type Spt16, Sir3, Sir2, or the Spt16-associated proteins Pob3 and Nhp6. Loss of SAN1 also did not affect the stability of Ste6-166, a highly unstable protein in yeast. These results support the idea that San1 controls the turnover of a specific class of unstable nuclear proteins. Sir4 nucleates the assembly of silent chromatin at telomeres and the silent mating-type loci (HM) in S. cerevisiae. Sir4 can also affect silencing in the rDNA indirectly by sequestering limiting Sir2. Increasing the stability of wild-type Sir4 by deleting SAN1 had only subtle effects on silencing, suggesting that silent chromatin in yeast is robustly buffered against changes in Sir4 stability. Consistent with the idea that San1 participates as an accessory factor to regulate silent chromatin, including the silent mating-type loci, microarray analysis defined a small but statistically significant role for San1 in transcription of several mating pheromone-responsive genes.
T-XCO2 stability relations and phase equilibria of a calcic carbonate scapolite

Abstract At a total pressure of 5 kb, calcic, Cl-free scapolite (Me83) is stable relative to plagioclase-bearing assemblages at T ≧ 625°C , X CO 2 ≧ 0.12 . With decreasing temperature, scapolite breaks down to plagioclase + calcite. Scapolite is replaced by plagioclase + grossular + cancrinite + CO2 in the presence of H2O-rich fluids. The stable coexistence of scapolite and calcite, an assemblage typical of most natural occurrences of calcic scapolite, is limited by the reaction: scapolite + calcite → grossular + cancrinite + CO2, which occurs at 750°C, XCO2 = 0.46; 700°C, XCO2 = 0.33; 650°C, XCO2 = 0.18, for the chosen bulk composition. Generalization of the experimental results to encompass the complete range of fully carbonated scapolite compositions indicates that mizzonite (Me75) has the largest T-XCO2 stability field. For scapolite more calcic than mizzonite, stable growth is restricted to conditions of increasingly higher temperature and XCO2. The experimental results are consistent with various petrologic features of scapolite-bearing rocks, particularly scapolite-clinopyroxene granulites, and indicate that such rocks were formed in the presence of CO2-rich fluids.
Concentration by centrifugation for gas exchange EPR oximetry measurements with loop-gap resonators

Abstract Measurement of the bimolecular collision rate between a spin label and oxygen is conveniently carried out using a gas permeable plastic sample tube of small diameter that fits a loop–gap resonator. It is often desirable to concentrate the sample by centrifugation in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), but the deformable nature of small plastic sample tubes presents technical problems. Solutions to these problems are described. Two geometries were considered: (i) a methylpentene polymer, TPX, from Mitsui Chemicals, at X-band and (ii) Teflon tubing with 0.075 mm wall thickness at Q-band. Sample holders were fabricated from Delrin that fit the Eppendorf microcentrifuge tubes and support the sample capillaries. For TPX, pressure of the sealant at the end of the sample tube against the Delrin sample holder provided an adequate seal. For Teflon, the holder permitted introduction of water around the tube in order to equalize pressures across the sealant during centrifugation. Typically, the SNR was improved by a factor of five to eight. Oxygen accessibility applications in site-directed spin labeling studies are discussed.
Demonstration of chicken fetal antigen (CFA) on normal splenic lymphocytes, Marek's disease lymphoblastoid cell lines and other neoplasms

Chicken fetal antigen (CFA) was detected on normal splenic lymphocytes and a direct relationship was observed between the percentage of CFA-positive cells and the age of the donor. The fetal antigen was also detected on lymphoblastoid tumor cells and cell lines induced by known avian oncogenic viruses (Marek's disease virus and avian leukosis virus), and on spontaneously occurring adenocarcinoma cells. The fetal antigen appears to be distinct from Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen.
Altered Activity Patterns during Development Reduce Neural Tuning

Neonatal mice were reared in an acoustic environment that repetitively entrained activity in a large proportion of primary auditory afferents during the period when the frequency tuning of auditory neurons normally develops. The tuning curves obtained from these mice were significantly broader than those of normally reared mice of the same age. This suggests that the normal frequency tuning of neurons was prevented or delayed by synchronizing the pattern of activity imposed on the auditory pathway.
Preparation for group therapy: The effects of preparer and modality on group process and individual functioning

Abstract This study examined the effects of preparer and modality on group process and individual functioning in a group therapy preparation program.
Adaptive polynomial preconditioning for hermitian indefinite linear systems

This paper explores the use of polynomial preconditioned CG methods for hermitian indefinite linear systems,Ax=b. Polynomial preconditioning is attractive for several reasons. First, it is well-suited to vector and/or parallel architectures. It is also easy to employ, requiring only matrix-vector multiplication and vector addition. To obtain an optimum polynomial preconditioner we solve a minimax approximation problem. The preconditioning polynomial,C(λ), is optimum in that it minimizes a bound on the condition number of the preconditioned matrix,C(A)A. We also characterize the behavior of this minimax polynomial, which makes possible a thorough understanding of the associated CG methods. This characterization is also essential to the development of an adaptive procedure for dynamically determining the optimum polynomial preconditioner. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of polynomial preconditioning in a variety of numerical experiments on a Cray X-MP/48. Our results suggest that high degree (20–50) polynomials are usually best.
Fracture of porous polyethylene-bone composite.

Porous high-density polyethylene specimens were implanted in the femurs of mongrel canines. At the end of the residency period (3 or 6 months), the animals were sacrificed and the implants were retrieved. The work-of-fracture of the implant specimens was then determined using the technique of Tattersall and Tappin. The work required to fracture a specimen in three-point bending by controlled crack propagation through a triangular cross section was obtained directly from the load-deflection curve. The area of the resulting fracture surface was measured by macro-photographic techniques, and the work-of-fracture was calculated as work per unit area. The implants were subsequently sectioned and examined microradiographically to determine the extent of bone ingrowth. Bone specimens adjacent to the implants and porous high-density polyethylene controls (no ingrowth) were also tested to determine their work-of-fracture. The results showed that bone adjacent to the implant specimens had a higher work-of-fracture than normal medial, canine femoral bone and was not appreciably different from the composite. The work-of-fracture of porous high-density polyethylene was not significantly increased by an increase in bone infiltration, and this anomalous behavior was attributed to a degradation of the polyethylene during implant residence. Control studies supported this hypothesis.
Fission and complete-fusion probabilities as a function of angular momentum for $sup 170$Yb compound nuclei excited to 107 MeV

Fission and complete-fusion cross sections are presented for four entrance channels leading to $^{170}\mathrm{Yb}$ compound nuclei excited to 107 MeV: $^{11}\mathrm{B}$ + $^{159}\mathrm{Tb}$, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ + $^{158}\mathrm{Gd}$, $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ + $^{154}\mathrm{Sm}$, and $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ + $^{150}\mathrm{Nd}$. The measured fission cross sections are 5.9 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.6, 16. \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2., 40. \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 4., and 89. \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 9. mb for the $^{11}\mathrm{B}$, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, and $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ entrance channels, respectively. The completefusion cross sections for these same entrance channels are 980 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 150, 1100 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 160, 1260 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 190, and 1450 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 220 mb. The data are combined using a technique which yields the dependence of fission probability over three relatively narrow ranges of angular momentum. The results of the analysis just described are compared to a calculation based on the Bohr-Wheeler formalism for fission widths and the Weisskopf formalism for neutron and charged-particle widths. The calculations include the effects of multiple chance fission but assume that second and higher chance fission is nonnegligible only if preceded by neutron emission rather than charged particle emission. Agreement between the experimental results and the theoretical calculations is found for a ratio of level density parameters for the compound nucleus and the saddle point equal to 1.2 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.1. Fission-fragment angular distributions for the four entrance channels are presented and compared to calculationsNUCLEAR REACTIONS, COMPLETE FUSION, FISSION $^{159}\mathrm{Tb}$($^{11}\mathrm{B}$, $^{170}\mathrm{Yb}$*), $E=115$ MeV; $^{158}\mathrm{Gd}$($^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{170}\mathrm{Yb}$*), $E=126$ MeV; $^{154}\mathrm{Sm}$($^{16}\mathrm{O}$, $^{170}\mathrm{Yb}$*), $E=137$ MeV; $^{150}\mathrm{Nd}$($^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$, $^{170}\mathrm{Yb}$*), $E=144$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ for evaporation residues and fission fragments, deduced ${J}_{\mathrm{CRIT}}$, ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{f}$.
Size-Analysis of Retinal Images by Orientation Detectors

A model for the determination of retinal-image size is presented. The size-analysis is based upon the range of orientation detectors activated by a stimulus. The model is applied to size aftereffects and is also used to predict changes in perceived size in configurations which may be expected to affect the range of orientation detectors activated. The relevance of the model to illusions of direction and the perceived length of lines forming angles is also discussed.
Dual enzyme electrochemical coding for detecting DNA hybridization

Enzyme-based hybridization assays for the simultaneous electrochemical measurements of two DNA targets are described. Two encoding enzymes, alkaline phosphatase and β-galactosidase, are used to differentiate the signals of two DNA targets in connection to chronopotentiometric measurements of their electroactive phenol and α-naphthol products. These products yield well-defined and resolved peaks at +0.31 V (α-naphthol) and +0.63 V (phenol) at the graphite working electrode (vs. Ag/AgCl reference). The position and size of these peaks reflect the identity and level of the corresponding target. The dual target detection capability is coupled to the amplification feature of enzyme tags (to yield fmol detection limits) and with an efficient magnetic removal of non-hybridized nucleic acids. Proper attention is given to the choice of the substrates (for attaining well resolved peaks), to the activity of the enzymes (for obtaining similar sensitivities), and to the selection of the enzymes (for minimizing cross interferences). The new bioassay is illustrated for the simultaneous detection of two DNA sequences related to the BCRA1 breast-cancer gene in a single sample in connection to magnetic beads bearing the corresponding oligonucleotide probes. Prospects for electrochemical coding of multiple DNA targets are discussed.
Marine Microbes See a Sea of Gradients

Marine bacteria influence Earth’s environmental dynamics in fundamental ways by controlling the biogeochemistry and productivity of the oceans. These large-scale consequences result from the combined effect of countless interactions occurring at the level of the individual cells. At these small scales, the ocean is surprisingly heterogeneous, and microbes experience an environment of pervasive and dynamic chemical and physical gradients. Many species actively exploit this heterogeneity, while others rely on gradient-independent adaptations. This is an exciting time to explore this frontier of oceanography, but understanding microbial behavior and competition in the context of the water column’s microarchitecture calls for new ecological frameworks, such as a microbial optimal foraging theory, to determine the relevant trade-offs and global consequences of microbial life in a sea of gradients.
A Survey of H I Narrow Self-absorption in Molecular Cores

The study of cold atomic hydrogen (H I) in molecular clouds has the potential to significantly improve our understanding of the formation of molecular clouds, the atomic to molecular hydrogen conversion process, and star formation. Results from the first large survey of H I Narrow Self Absorption (HINSA) features outside of the Taurus Molecular Cloud Complex are presented. Previous hypotheses that cold atomic hydrogen represents the third largest constituent of molecular clouds are confirmed with a mean abundance of 10–2.8 in comparison with the total proton column density. HINSA features are observed in over 80% of the observed clouds, accompanied by indications that cold H I probably exists in all clouds. We find that HINSA features are observable to distances of at least 700 pc. Nine clouds have been mapped in detail revealing that HINSA abundances can vary significantly within a cloud both spatially and in an individual velocity component. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are briefly discussed.
Interaction of Fluorinated Alcohols with the β-Cyclodextrin/Acridine Complex

Abstract The role of hydrogen bonding vs. hydrophobic interactions are evaluated with respect to the driving forces for alcohol complexation with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Simultaneous information is gathered regarding these considerations in the binding of acridine to the β-CD molecule.
Where is the vitamin D receptor

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and plays a central role in the biological actions of vitamin D. VDR regulates the expression of numerous genes involved in calcium/phosphate homeostasis, cellular proliferation and differentiation, and immune response, largely in a ligand-dependent manner. To understand the global function of the vitamin D system in physiopathological processes, great effort has been devoted to the detection of VDR in various tissues and cells, many of which have been identified as vitamin D targets. This review focuses on the tissue- and cell type-specific distribution of VDR throughout the body.
Determination of Trace Elements in Lignite Ashes

Two spectrographic methods for the quantitative determination of trace elements in lignite ashes and shales are described. The involatile elements are determined in a controlled atmospher of carbon dioxide gas that suppresses cyanogen bands, improves line to background ratio, and provides a more precise technique for the simultaneous determination of a large number of elements. Lutecium oxide in calcium carbonate and fused potassium sulfate (1 + 1) is used as the internal standard. The volatile elements are determined in an ordinary d.c. arc, using a pellet technique to increase the limit of detection and rate of volatilization. Antimony and cadmium potassium sulfate are used as internal standards. Analyses of U. S. Geological Survey standard rock samples G1 and W1 show that the method can be extended to other silicate rocks. An additional application of the controlled carbon dioxide atmosphere is the determination of boron and gallium.
A simulation-based mult-objective genetic algorithm (SMOGA) for transportation network design problem

In the conventional transportation network design problem, travel demand is assumed to be known exactly in the future. However, there is no guarantee that the travel demand forecast would be precisely materialized under uncertainty. This is because travel demand forecast is affected by many factors such as economic growth, land use pattern, socioeconomic characteristics, etc. All these factors cannot be measured accurately, but can only be roughly estimated. Another issue in many existing transportation network design problems considers only one objective or a composite objective with a priori weights. It may be more realistic to explicitly consider multiple objectives in the transportation network design problem. We incorporate both travel demand uncertainty and multiple objectives into the transportation network design problem. It is formulated as a stochastic bi-level programming problem (SBLPP) where the upper level represents the traffic manager and the lower level represents the road users. To solve this SBLPP, a simulation-based multiobjective genetic algorithm (SMOGA) is developed. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate the feasibility of SMOGA
A Study of the Effect of Deformation on Optical Absorption of MgO Single Crystals

The concentration of V centers, produced by a hole trapped at a magnesium vacancy, has been found to increase linearly with deformation in single crystals of magnesium oxide, When one slip system is operative in the deformation process an anisotropic defect is produced whose axis is 〈100〉 perpendicular to both the {110} slip plane and 〈110〉 slip direction. This defect produces optical absorption bands at 4.07 and 5.17 eV when the deformed crystal is X-irradiated. These bands are attributed to vacancy complexes which have trapped one or more electrons. Bleaching experiments are reported in which these bands are annihilated by electron release or the capture of holes released from the V band. Die Konzentration von V-Zentren, die durch den Einfang von Defektelektronen an Magnesium-Leerstellen erzeugt werden, wachst in Magnesiumoxyd-Einkristallen linear mit der Deformation an. 1st ein Gleitsystem im Deformationsprozes wirksam, so wird ein ansiotroper Defekt in Richtung der 〈110〉 Achse erzeugt, senkrecht sowohl zu der {110} Gleitebene als auch zu der 〈110〉 Gleitrichtung. Wird der so deformierte Kristall mit Rontgenstrahlen bestrahlt, dann erzeugt dieser Defekt optische Absorptionsbanden bei 4,07 und 5,17 eV. Diese Banden sind auf Leerstellenkomplexe zuruckzufahren, die ein oder mehrere Elektronen eingefangen haben. Experimente werden beschrieben, durch die diese Banden zum Verschwinden gebracht werden, entweder durch Elektronenfreigabe oder durch den Einfang von Defektelektronen, die von der V-Bande abgegeben werden.
A Linguistic Analysis of How People Describe Software Problems

There is little understanding of how people describe software problems, but a variety of tools solicit, manage, and analyze these descriptions in order to streamline software development. To inform the design of these tools and generate ideas for new ones, an study of nearly 200,000 bug report titles was performed. The titles of the reports generally described a software entity or behavior, its inadequacy, and an execution context, suggesting new designs for more structured report forms. About 95% of noun phrases referred to visible software entities, physical devices, or user actions, suggesting the feasibility of allowing users to select these entities in debuggers and other tools. Also, the structure of the titles exhibited sufficient regularity to parse with an accuracy of 89%, enabling a number of new automated analyses. These findings and others have many implications for tool design and software engineering
A Method to Measure Packet Processing Time of Hosts Using High-Speed Transmission Lines

In this paper, we propose a scheme to measure the packet processing time of a host using Internet Control Message Protocol packets and a packet-capture line card in the same network segment. The proposed scheme is not affected by clock synchronization, the packet generation time, and the transmission speeds of the host under measurement. We show the experimental results of the proposed scheme tested on different hosts and under different transmission speeds, including 1000 Mb/s.
Higher Energy Expenditure in Humans Predicts Natural Mortality

Energy expenditure measured by two methods on different days predicts natural mortality in Pima Indians.
Robust flight control design with handling qualities constraints using scheduled linear dynamic inversion and loop-shaping

A technique for obtaining a full-envelope decoupled linear flight control design is presented. The methodology begins with a reduced-order linear dynamic-inversion technique that is scheduled over the flight envelope. The reduced order dynamic inverter can offer a significant reduction in the number of state variables to be sensed or estimated as compared to typical applications of inverse dynamic control. The technique can provide desired input-output characteristics including control decoupling. The required gain scheduling of the reduced order dynamic inversion is straightforward. Uncertainty is introduced by perturbing the stability derivatives in the vehicle model at each of the flight conditions considered. The effects of uncertainty are then reduced by additional feedback loops involving a diagonal compensation matrix obtained through application of a loop shaping procedure based upon a quantitative feedback theory predesign technique. The tendency of quantitative feedback theory to produce high-bandwidth conservative designs is mitigated by the scheduling and decoupling associated with the dynamic inversion. Finally, handling qualities and pilot-induced oscillation tendencies are evaluated using a structural model of the human pilot implemented in an interactive computer program that can include the effects of nuisance nonlinearities such as actuator saturation. The proposed methodology is applied to the design of a lateral-directional flight control system for a piloted supermaneuvarable fighter aircraft.
Emerging Roles of the EBF Family of Transcription Factors in Tumor Suppression

Alterations in various developmental pathways are common themes in cancer. The early B-cell factors (EBF) are a family of four highly conserved DNA-binding transcription factors with an atypical zinc-finger and helix-loop-helix motif. They are involved in the differentiation and maturation of several cell lineages including B-progenitor lymphoblasts, neuronal precursors, and osteoblast progenitors. During B-cell development, EBF1 is required for the expression of Pax5, an essential factor for the production of antibody-secreting cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that genomic deletion of the EBF1 gene contributes to the pathogenesis, drug resistance, and relapse of B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Epigenetic silencing and genomic deletion of the EBF3 locus in chromosome 10q are very frequent in glioblastoma (GBM). Strikingly, the frequency of EBF3 loss in GBM is similar to that of the loss of Pten, a key suppressor of gliomagenesis. Cancer-specific somatic mutations were detected in EBF3 in GBM and in both EBF1 and EBF3 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. These missense mutations occur in the DNA-binding domain or the conserved IPT/TIG domain, suggesting that they might disrupt the functions of these two proteins. Functional studies revealed that EBF3 represses the expression of genes required for cell proliferation [e.g., cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)] and survival (e.g., Mcl-1 and Daxx) but activates those involved in cell cycle arrest (e.g., p21 and p27), leading to growth suppression and apoptosis. Therefore, EBFs represent new tumor suppressors whose inactivation blocks normal development and contributes to tumorigenesis of diverse types of human cancer.
RATES AND PATTERNS IN THE EVOLUTION OF SNAKE-LIKE BODY FORM IN SQUAMATE REPTILES : EVIDENCE FOR REPEATED RE-EVOLUTION OF LOST DIGITS AND LONG-TERM PERSISTENCE OF INTERMEDIATE BODY FORMS

An important challenge in evolutionary biology is to understand how major changes in body form arise. The dramatic transition from a lizard-like to snake-like body form in squamate reptiles offers an exciting system for such research because this change is replicated dozens of times. Here, we use morphometric data for 258 species and a time-calibrated phylogeny to explore rates and patterns of body-form evolution across squamates. We also demonstrate how time-calibrated phylogenies may be used to make inferences about the time frame over which major morphological transitions occur. Using the morphometric data, we find that the transition from lizard-like to snake-like body form involves concerted evolution of limb reduction, digit loss, and body elongation. These correlations are similar across squamate clades, despite very different ecologies and >180 million years (My) of divergence. Using the time-calibrated phylogeny and ancestral reconstructions, we find that the dramatic transition between these body forms can occur in 20 My or less, but that seemingly intermediate morphologies can also persist for tens of millions of years. Finally, although loss of digits is common, we find statistically significant support for at least six examples of the re-evolution of lost digits in the forelimb and hind limb.
A Learning Theory Framework for Sustainability Education in Tourism

As efforts abound across tourism educator networks to craft plans for guiding educational responses to the threats of tourism to people and the planet, it is worth exploring areas in which such labors might be made more efficient, and thus more timely and productive. In this article, we examine how the concept of learning systems can serve as a useful tool for identifying opportunities to improve sustainability education planning in tourism. We provide a conceptual framework for sustainability education that moves beyond current models by incorporating additional concepts from learning theory and from a 2-year curricular revision process.
An Educational Psychology Success Story: Social Interdependence Theory and Cooperative Learning

The widespread and increasing use of cooperative learning is one of the great success stories of social and educational psychology. Its success largely rests on the relationships among theory, research, and practice. Social interdependence theory provides a foundation on which cooperative learning is built. More than 1,200 research studies have been conducted in the past 11 decades on cooperative, competitive, and individualistic efforts. Findings from these studies have validated, modified, refined, and extended the theory. From the theory, procedures for the teacher’s role in using formal and informal cooperative learning and cooperative base groups have been operationalized. Those procedures are widely used by educators throughout the world. The applications have resulted in revisions of the theory and the generation of new research.
Salts of aliphatic carboxylic acids: Raman spectra and ion pairing in hydrothermal solutions containing sodium and calcium acetates

Abstract A 2.0 molal solution of sodium acetate and 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 molal solutions of calcium acetate were investigated by Raman spectroscopy from 22 to 400°C at 1000 and 2000 bar. Experiments were performed in a special hydrothermal pressure vessel fitted with conical diamond windows. In the case of the sodium acetate solution, perturbations of the internal vibrational modes of the acetate ligand resulting from the formation of sodium acetate ion pairs were undetectable. In the case of calcium acetate, however, the OCO bending mode, the C–C symmetric stretching mode, and the C–O symmetric stretching mode all showed evidence of ion pairing between calcium and acetate. The degree of formation of the ion pairs increased with increasing temperature, increasing concentration, and decreasing pressure. Mass action constants were calculated for the reaction involving Ca2+, CH3COO−, and CaCH3COO+ which compare favorably with theoretically derived constants and with values derived from solubility experiments. The solutions existed metastably until temperatures approaching 480°C at which the acetate ligands underwent decarboxylation resulting in the formation of bicarbonate and methane. Combining mass action constants derived from this study with constants derived from the literature, distributions of the aqueous species were computed for the experimental conditions of the spectral measurements.
Flow to a horizontal well in an aquitard aquifer system

A horizontal well is sometime installed in an aquifer beneath a water reservoir to get significant amount of groundwater with better quality. An aquitard often separates the surface water body from the underneath aquifer. Previous studies in vertical wells related to this subject treated leakage from the aquitard as a volumetric source term in the governing equation of flow in the main aquifer, a hypothesis termed ‘Hantush’s approximation for partially penetrating wells’. In this study, flow in the aquitard and aquifer is treated as two systems which are linked through the continuity of flux and head at the aquitard–aquifer boundary. In particular, we treat leakage as a boundary at the aquitard–aquifer interface, not as a volumetric source. The leakage induced by the pumping horizontal well depends on several parameters such as the aquitard thickness, the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the aquitard, the aquitard specific storage, the well location, and the well length. In general, we find that the solution based on the Hantush’s approximation to some extent deviates from that obtained based on the actual scenario of leakage through the interface during the transient flow condition, particularly at the early time. For steady-state flow, the Hantush’s approximation works reasonably well under realistic conditions of aquitard thickness and hydraulic conductivity as long as the aquitard thickness is relatively thick (aquitard–aquifer ratio greater than 0.001). This approximation also works reasonably well under realistic horizontal well length and well location as long as the well is not too close to the aquitard– aquifer boundary. q 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resource conflict and ethnic peace in northern Thailand

Although northern Thailand has experienced both ethnic discrimination and resource conflicts, neither has produced significant organised violence. The relative absence of ethnically mobilised natural resource conflict in northern Thailand is due in part to the historical pattern of state formation, and in part to the Thai state's capacity to deter and mediate conflicts before they escalate into organised violence.
Imperfect Mileage Information and Changing Utility: A Model and Survey Results

This paper extends work which integrates misinformation into consumer utility theory. It provides a framework for measuring the cost of misinformation or the value of improved information. If automobile purchases are based on imperfect gasoline mileage information, a discrepancy results between consumers' expected and actual fuel expenditures. Based on a survey of new car buyers, the empirical analysis yields estimates of the private and social cost of inaccuracies in automobile buyers' pre-purchase gasoline mileage estimates. The reliability of mileage information varied from different sources, but many consumers found the EPA fuel-economy ratings relatively unreliable.