cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Highly reduced analogues of the pyridine nucleotide coenzymes. Synthesis of tetrahydro- and hexahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotides and certain of their derivatives.

Abstract Catalytic hydrogenation of the appropriate pyridine nucleotide coenzymes and their derivatives over palladium supported on barium carbonate in aqueous solution has yielded the following representatives of two novel series of coenzyme analogues: tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, tetrahydronicotinamide mononucleotide, 3-acetyltetrahydropyridine adenine dinucleotide, hexahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and hexahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
Demonstration That Thymine Dimers are Excised as Oligonucleotides from Specifically Incised Ultraviolet-Irradiated Deoxyribonucleic Acid

The average size of the dimer-containing acid-soluble oligonucleotides after incubation of specifically incised DNA with two dimer excising nuclease activities has been determined to be about 8 nucleotides.
Proposed interpretive criteria and quality control parameters for testing in vitro susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to ciprofloxacin.

Ciprofloxacin was subjected to a multilaboratory study designed to determine its in vitro susceptibility criteria for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its quality control parameters for both agar dilution and disk diffusion susceptibility testing for this species. All clinical isolates were susceptible, i.e., MICs were less than or equal to 0.06 microgram/ml and zones of inhibition were greater than or equal to 36 mm. A resistant category could not be defined, but in vitro-selected mutants gave zones of less than or equal to 35 mm, and MICs for these strains were greater than or equal to 0.12 microgram/ml. For quality control of ciprofloxacin agar dilution tests on supplemented GC agar, MICs for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 ranged from 0.12 to 0.5 microgram/ml. For quality control of 5-micrograms ciprofloxacin disk tests, N. gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226 and S. aureus ATCC 25923 produced acceptable zone diameter ranges of 48 to 58 mm and 22 to 26 mm, respectively.
Defining security requirements through misuse actions

An important aspect of security requirements is the understanding and listing of the possible threats to the system. Only then can we decide what specific defense mechanisms to use. We show here an approach to list all threats by considering each action in each use case and analyzing how it can be subverted by an internal or external attacker. From this list we can deduce what policies are necessary to prevent or mitigate the threats. These policies can then be used as guidelines for design. The proposed method can include formal design notations for validation and verification.
Characterization of the presynaptic calcium channels involved in glutamate exocytosis from rat hippocampal mossy fiber synaptosomes.

Abstract Calcium antagonists inhibit both the Ca 2+ -dependent and -independent release of endogenous glutamate from intact synaptosomes. In the present study, the inhibitory potency of several different classes of calcium antagonists were determined under conditions that control for an effect of these compounds on the Ca 2+ -independent component of glutamate release. The following order of inhibitory potency was derived: flunarizine and cinnarizine > diltiazem > verapamil, nifedipine and nimodipine > ω -conotoxin > amiloride, phenytoin, gadolinium and nickel. Only the diphenylpiperazine derivatives inhibited Ca 2+ -dependent glutamate release with an IC 50 value of less than 10 −5 M. This finding indicates that no one type of presynaptic calcium channel predominantly mediates Ca 2+ -dependent glutamate release from hippocampal mossy fiber terminals. It is suggested that the exocytosis of glutamate from rat hippocampal mossy fiber synaptosomes may be mediated by multiple types of calcium channels.
Photoinduced charge separation in platinum acetylide oligomers.

The series of three donor-spacer-acceptor complexes, DPAF-Ptn-NDI, has been synthesized and characterized using time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. In these complexes, the donor is a (diphenylam...
Religion and the Presence and Severity of Depression in Older Adults

Objectives To examine the associations of dimensions of religiousness with the presence and severity of depression in older adults. Design Cross-sectional analysis of clinical and interview data. Setting Private university-affiliated medical center in the Southeastern United States. Participants Four hundred seventy-six psychiatric patients with a current episode of unipolar major depression, and 167 nondepressed comparison subjects, ages 58 years or older (mean = 70 years, SD=7). Measurements Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, and Duke Depression Evaluation Schedule were used in the study. Results Presence of depression was related to less frequent worship attendance, more frequent private religious practice, and moderate subjective religiosity. Among the depressed group, less severe depression was related to more frequent worship attendance, less religiousness, and having had a born-again experience. These results were only partially explained by effects of social support and stress buffering. Conclusions Religion is related to depression diagnosis and severity via multiple pathways.
Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia in a defunctionalized colon.

Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia was found in a defunctionalized colon following ileostomy performed because of localized regional ileitis. With no evidence of dysgammaglobulinemia, ileocolic continuity was re-established with apparent success.
Privately provided public goods in a large economy: The limits of altruism

Abstract Private charity has often been modelled as a pure public good. The results reported in this paper, however, suggest that this model of altruism fails to confirm even the broadest empirical observations about charity. In particular, as the size of the economy grows, the fraction contributing to the public good diminishes to zero. This and other results imply that this approach leads to a very limited model with little, if any, predictive power. A truly descriptive model of privately provided public goods must be generalized to include other non-altruistic motives for giving.
The HIV-1 Rev response element: An RNA scaffold that directs the cooperative assembly of a homo-oligomeric ribonucleoprotein complex

The HIV-1 Rev response element (RRE) is a ~350 nucleotide, highly structured, cis-acting RNA element essential for viral replication. It is located in the env coding region of the viral genome and is extremely well conserved across different HIV-1 isolates. It is present on all partially spliced and unspliced viral mRNA transcripts, and serves as an RNA framework onto which multiple molecules of the viral protein Rev assemble. The Rev-RRE oligomeric complex mediates the export of these messages from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where they are translated to produce essential viral proteins and/or packaged as genomes for new virions.
Some Stigmatic Grating Mountings

The general conditions for the production of stigmatic images with concave or plane gratings are derived. Several practical methods of realizing these conditions have been devised using a cylindrical lens with plane mirrors, or a concave mirror alone, between the slit and the grating.
Mechanistic Evaluation of a Novel Small Molecule Targeting Mitochondria in Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Background Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers with a 5-year survival rate of 6%. Therapeutic options are very limited and there is an unmet medical need for safe and efficacious treatments. Cancer cell metabolism and mitochondria provide unexplored targets for this disease. We recently identified a novel class of triphenylphosphonium salts, TP compounds, with broad- spectrum anticancer properties. We examined the ability of our prototypical compound TP421– chosen for its fluorescent properties – to inhibit the growth of pancreatic cancer cells and further investigated the molecular mechanisms by which it exerts its anticancer effects. Methodology/Principal Findings TP421 exhibited sub-micromolar IC50 values in all the pancreatic cancer cell lines tested using MTT and colony formation assays. TP421 localized predominantly to mitochondria and induced G0/G1 arrest, ROS accumulation, and activation of several stress-regulated kinases. Caspase and PARP-1 cleavage were observed indicating an apoptotic response while LC3B-II and p62 were accumulated indicating inhibition of autophagy. Furthermore, TP421 induced de-phosphorylation of key signaling molecules involved in FAK mediated adhesion that correlated with inhibition of cell migration. Conclusions/Significance TP421 is a representative compound of a new promising class of mitochondrial-targeted agents useful for pancreatic cancer treatment. Because of their unique mechanism of action and efficacy further development is warranted.
Validating the Sedation-Agitation Scale with the Bispectral Index and Visual Analog Scale in adult ICU patients after cardiac surgery.

Objective: To validate the Sedation-Agitation Scale (SAS) with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Bispectral Index (BIS) in adult ICU patients after cardiac surgery. Design: Prospective study comparing blinded evaluations of the SAS, VAS and BIS. Setting: Forty-two-bed multidisciplinary ICU. Patients and participants: Convenience sample of 39 adults after cardiac surgery. Measurements and results: Bispectral Index 3.2 was continuously recorded using the Aspect A-1000 and evaluators were blinded to this value. The bedside nurse and a trained researcher independently rated wakefulness using a 100 mm VAS upon patient arrival on the ICU, at first awakening, when ventilator weaning was started and after extubation; the researcher also evaluated patients using SAS. Upon arrival on the ICU, the median SAS score was 2 (interquartile range =1–3), the mean VAS was 26±30 and the mean BIS was 70±16. Twenty-four patients underwent a trial of weaning from mechanical ventilation with a SAS of 4 (IQR =4), VAS of 86±12 and BIS of 87±10. SAS correlated well with VAS performed by one researcher (r=0.91, p<0.001) or by 19 different bedside nurses (r=0.43, p<0.001) and with BIS 3.2 (r=0.60, p<0.001). The correlation between SAS and BIS was reduced in patients with above average electromyogram (EMG) power. As a measure of construct validity, significant differences were noted for the BIS, SAS, VAS and EMG between ICU arrival and extubation (all p<0.001). Conclusions: Sedation-Agitation Scale and BIS are valid measures of wakefulness after cardiac surgery, but EMG interference may affect the accuracy of BIS for a small percentage of patients not receiving neuromuscular blockade.
State-value weighted entropy as a measure of investment risk

This paper explores a problem with the use of the entropy measure of investment performance. The commonly used entropy measure ignores the dispersion of security frequency classes used in the calculation of entropy. Therefore, state-value weighting of the entropy is proposed and tested using a portfolio selection heuristic algorithm. The results indicate that weighting the entropy value will increase the investment performance of the entropy risk measure.
A discrete‐continuous mixture quantile function estimator with a practical application to phase II cancer clinical trials

Oftentimes in biological and clinical settings an underlying continuous variable or discrete-continuous mixture is dichotomized in order to interpret the results in a simpler fashion. Tests of interest are then typically based on exact binomial tests. In this article, we illustrate the utility of a new quantile-based approach towards testing the same basic scientific question in terms of improved relative efficiency and similar ease of interpretation when compared with the binomial test. We illustrate the utility of our approach with an eye towards mixtures of discrete-continuous data commonly found in phase II cancer clinical trial data.
PARASITES AND PREDATORS OF PYRRHOCOROIDEA (HEMIPTERA), AND POSSIBLE CONTROL OF COTTON STAINERS BY PHONOCTONUS SPP. (HEMIPTERA : REDUVIIDAE)

Parasites and predators of the hemipteran superfamily Pyrrhocoroidea are compiled from the literature, and their relationship with their hosts discussed. The impact of the predacious bugs,Phonoctonus spp., on populations of cotton stainers (Dysdercus spp.) is evaluated; a rearing and release program is recommended.
Equidistribution questions for universal extensions

We discuss in detail some equidistribution questions arising from the study of the universal extension of an elliptic curve by a vector group. We will also indicate analogous questions in the case of the universal extension of a Jacobian by a vector group.
Embedded real-time classifier for profiling sensors and custom detector configuration

A profiling sensor has been realized using a vertical column of sparse detectors with the sensor's optical axis configured perpendicular to the plane of the vertical column of detectors. Traditionally, detectors of the profiling sensor are placed in a sparse vertical column configuration. A subset of the detectors may be removed from the vertical column and placed at arbitrary locations along the anticipated path of the objects of interest, forming a custom detector array configuration. Objects passing through the profiling sensor's field of view have traditionally been classified via algorithms processed off-line. However, reconstruction of the object profile is impossible unless the detectors are placed at a known location relative to each other. Measuring these detector locations relative to each other can be particularly time consuming, making this process impractical for custom detector configuration in the field. This paper describes a method that can be used to determine a detector's relative location to other detectors by passing a known profile through the sensor's field of view as part of the configuration process. Real-time classification results produced by the embedded controller for a variety of objects of interest are also described in the paper.
TAJ/TROY, an Orphan TNF Receptor Family Member, Binds Nogo-66 Receptor 1 and Regulates Axonal Regeneration

Myelin-associated inhibitory factors (MAIFs) are inhibitors of CNS axonal regeneration following injury. The Nogo receptor complex, composed of the Nogo-66 receptor 1 (NgR1), neurotrophin p75 receptor (p75), and LINGO-1, represses axon regeneration upon binding to these myelin components. The limited expression of p75 to certain types of neurons and its temporal expression during development prompted speculation that other receptors are involved in the NgR1 complex. Here, we show that an orphan receptor in the TNF family called TAJ, broadly expressed in postnatal and adult neurons, binds to NgR1 and can replace p75 in the p75/NgR1/LINGO-1 complex to activate RhoA in the presence of myelin inhibitors. In vitro exogenously added TAJ reversed neurite outgrowth caused by MAIFs. Neurons from Taj-deficient mice were more resistant to the suppressive action of the myelin inhibitors. Given the limited expression of p75, the discovery of TAJ function is an important step for understanding the regulation of axonal regeneration.
Overcharge Study in Li4Ti5O12 Based Lithium-Ion Pouch Cell: I. Quantitative Diagnosis of Degradation Modes

Overcharge tolerance has often been studied from a safety standpoint (e.g. thermal runaway), but rarely from a durability standpoint. A quantitative battery diagnosis was developed to analyze an overcharge event in a commercial Li4Ti5O12 || LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 lithium-ion pouch cell and the subsequent cycle aging behavior. Using an electrochemical inference technique and the degradation emulation ‘alawa toolbox, quantitative diagnoses of two cells enduring the same cycle aging conditions, with or without the overcharge event respectively, were performed. The baseline cell, which suffered from loss of active material in the positive electrode along with loss of lithium inventory in side-reactions, demonstrated excellent capacity retention (with 99.6% after 700 cycles). In contrast, the overcharged cell suffered from a larger capacity fade (15% immediately after the overcharge, and 23% after 700 cycles). We identified the loss of active material in the negative electrode as the culprit for capacity fade by the overcharge. Loss of active material in the positive electrode as well as loss of lithium inventory were also identified but did not contribute to the capacity fade. A hypothesis of localized blockage of the ionic conduction pathway due to gas accumulation was proposed as the mechanism driving the observed degradation. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0941506jes] All rights reserved.
On determination of the high-Tc pairing symmetry by ultrasonics

Abstract Interesting predictions have recently been made for an anisotropy of the electron-phonon ultrasonic attenuation as an indicator of the pairing symmetry in high- T c superconductivity. We point out that, except at particular orientations, lattice symmetry prevents the unambiguos determination of the predicted angular dependence for the electron-phonon attenuation, but that the angular windows remaining available should permit useful insights into the question of pairing symmetry. At present, formidable experimental obstacles to the observation of single-particle ultrasonic phonon-electron absorption in high- T c superconductors stand in the way of a proper test of these predictions.
Renal, perirenal, and pararenal abscesses: percutaneous drainage.

The efficacy of percutaneous drainage of renal, perirenal, and pararenal abscesses was assessed in 33 patients. The method eradicated the abscess in 31 patients and was palliative in two patients who were subsequently cured by surgery. Prompt defervescence was attributed to reduction of bacterial flora and institution of appropriate antibiotic treatment based on culture of the aspirate and sensitivity studies of organisms. Antibiotic changes or additions were necessary in 10 of the 33 patients, reflecting a lack of agreement with results of urine and blood cultures. The progress of percutaneous drainage was monitored with computed tomography after diffusion of dilute contrast medium in the abscess cavity. Catheter adjustments (in all patients) or additions (in 11 patients) were made necessary by the presence of demonstrated loculated compartments. Only one major complication (a pyopneumothorax) and four minor complications (bacteremias) were attributed to the percutaneous drainage procedure. The mean time...
Antiproton-impact ionization of H2

Ionization processes in antiproton collisions with H2 are studied by direct solution of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation. A time-dependent close-coupling method based on an expansion of a one-electron 3D wavefunction in the field of H+2 is used to calculate single-ionization cross sections at incident energies ranging from 50 keV to 1.5 MeV. Averaging over the molecular orientations, the single-ionization cross sections are in reasonable agreement with time-dependent basis set calculations and experiment. A time-dependent close-coupling method based on an expansion of a two-electron 6D wavefunction in the field of H2 +2 is used to calculate single- and double-ionization cross sections at an incident energy of 100 keV. Initiatory 6D results for the H+2 production cross section range are somewhat lower than experiment, while the H+ production cross section range brackets experiment.
Proinflammatory agents, IL-8 and IL-10, upregulate inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production in avian osteoclast-like cells

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoenzymes generate nitric oxide (NO), a sensitive multifunctional intercellular signal molecule. High NO levels are produced by an inducible NOS (iNOS) in activated macrophages in response to proinflammatory agents, many of which also regulate local bone metabolism. NO is a potent inhibitor of osteoclast bone resorption, whereas inhibitors of NOS promote bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo. The possibility that osteoclasts, like macrophages, express a regulated iNOS and produce NO as a potential autocrine signal following inflammatory stimulation was investigated in well-characterized avian marrow-derived osteoclast-like cells. NO production (reflected by medium nitrite levels) was markedly elevated in these cells by the proinflammatory agents lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the synergistic action of IL-1 alpha, TNF alpha, and IFN gama. inhibitors of NOS activity (aminoguanidine, L-NAME) or iNOS induction (dexamethasone, TGF beta) reduced LPS-stimulated nitrite production. LPS also increased the NOS-associated diaphorase activity of these cells and their reactivity with anti-iNOS antibodies. RT-PCR cloning, using avian osteoclast-like cell RNA and human iNOS primers, yielded a novel 900 bp cDNA with high sequence homology (76%) to human, rat, and mouse iNOS genes. In probing osteoclast-like cell RNA with the PCR-derived iNOS cDNA, a 4.8 kb mRNA species was detected whose levels were greatly increased by LPS. Induction of iNOS mRNA by LPS, or by proinflammatory cytokines, occurred prior to the rise of medium nitrite in time course studies and was diminished by dexamethasone. Moreover, osteoclast-like cells demonstrated an upregulation of NO production and iNOS mRNA by IL-8 and IL-10, regulatory mechanism's not previously described. It is concluded that osteoclast-like cells express a novel iNOS that is upregulated by inflammatory mediators, leading to NO production. Therefore, NO may serve as both a paracrine and autocrine signal for modulating osteoclast bone resorption.
Control of isoleucine, valine and leucine biosynthesis VIII. Mechanism of growth inhibition by leucine in relaxed and stringent strains of Escherichia coli K-12

Abstract 1. 1. Leucine was found to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli K-12 and stringent strains after downshift transfer from nutrient broth to minimal medium. Leucine had little or no effect on the growth of E. coli W or relaxed and stringent strains of Salmonella typhimurium. 2. 2. Leucine inhibition was overcome by isoleucine or any isoleucine precursor formed after acetohydroxy acid synthetase. The lag in growth caused by leucine was correlated with repression of acetohydroxy acid synthetase. 3. 3. The growth of a mutant of E. coli K-12 that is genetically derepressed for acetohydroxy acid synthetase was not inhibited by leucine. 4. 4. The major factor in leucine inhibition appears to be the altered pattern of multivalent repression found in E. coli K-12 manifested primarily in the inability of isoleucine to regulate the formation of acetohydroxy acid synthetase.
Involvement of the retinoblastoma (pRb)-E2F/DP pathway during antiproliferative effects of resveratrol in human epidermoid carcinoma (A431) cells.

Resveratrol (trans-3,4′,5-trihydroxystilbene), a polyphenolic phytoalexin found in grapes, nuts, many other fruits, and red wine, is a potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory and cancer-preventive properties. The mechanism(s) by which resveratrol imparts cancer chemopreventive effects has not been clearly defined. Earlier, we have shown that resveratrol treatment results in an induction of the cyclin kinase inhibitor WAF1/CIP1/p21 which, by inhibiting cyclin (E, D1, and D2) and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk2, cdk4, and cdk6), results in a G0/G1-phase arrest followed by apoptosis of A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells (Ahmad et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 7, 1466–1473, 2001). Retinoblastoma (pRb) and the E2F family of transcription factors are important proteins, which regulate the progression of the cell cycle at and near the G1→S phase transition. Here we provide evidence for the involvement of the pRb–E2F/DP pathway as an important contributor of resveratrol-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that resveratrol treatment of A431 cells results in a dose- as well as time-dependent decrease in the hyperphosphorylated form of pRb with a relative increase in hypophosphorylated pRb. This response was accompanied by downregulation of protein expression of all five E2F (1–5) family members of transcription factors studied and their heterodimeric partners DP1 and DP2. This suggests that resveratrol causes a downregulation of hyperphosphorylated pRb protein with a relative increase in hypophosphorylated pRb that, in turn, compromises with the availability of free E2F. We suggest that this series of events results in a stoppage of the cell cycle progression at the G1→S phase transition thereby leading to a G0/G1 arrest and subsequent apoptotic cell death. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing the involvement of the pRb–E2F/DP pathway as a mechanism of the cancer-chemopreventive effects of resveratrol.
More greenhouse gases needed to explain warm Archean Earth

Figure 1 During the Archean eon, from 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago, life on Earth was thriving for the first time, growing in a world with much less land and a faster planetary rotation than today. At the same time, the energy flowing to the early Earth from the Sun was just three quarters of what it is now. Despite the drastically lower levels of solar irradiance, previous research has suggested that the Archean Earth was not a planet encased in ice but instead remained a watery world. To explain this seeming inconsistency, a dilemma known as the “faint young Sun paradox,” researchers have suggested that the planetary greenhouse effect must have been much more potent than today. Previous research suggested that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels would need to have had a partial pressure of approximately 0.06 bar, equivalent to an atmospheric concentration 200 times that of the pre-Industrial modern era.
D2 dopamine receptor-induced sensitization of adenylyl cyclase type 1 is G alpha(s) independent

Acute activation of D2 dopamine receptors inhibits adenylyl cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1), whereas persistent activation of these inhibitory receptors results in a compensatory increase in cyclic AMP accumulation. This sensitization of adenylyl cyclase is thought to involve enhanced Galpha(s)-adenylyl cyclase interactions; however, the absolute requirement of Galpha(s) has not been determined. The present study used a Galpha(s)-deficient cell line to examine directly the role of Galpha(s) in D2 dopamine receptor-induced sensitization of recombinant adenylyl cyclase type 1 (AC1) and 5 (AC5). In acute experiments, quinpirole activation of the D2 dopamine receptor inhibited AC1 and AC5 activity, indicating that the acute regulatory properties of AC1 and AC5 were retained in the absence of Galpha(s). Subsequent experiments revealed that short-term (2 h) activation of the D2 dopamine receptor resulted in significantly enhanced forskolin-stimulated AC1 activity in the absence of Galpha(s), whereas sensitization of forskolin-stimulated AC5 activity appeared to require Galpha(s). The Galpha(s)-independent sensitization of AC1 was explored further using AC1-selective activation protocols (A23187 and CCE) following short- and long-term agonist treatment. These studies revealed that persistent activation of D2 dopamine receptors sensitized AC1 activity to Ca2+ stimulation in cells devoid of endogenous Galpha(s) and demonstrate directly that sensitization of AC1 is Galpha(s)-independent.
Effect of seed size and plant growth on nodulation and nodule development in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.)

Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) cultivars vary widely in their growth habit and seed size. Preliminary experiments indicated that a large-seeded pole cultivar (King of the Garden) formed many more nodules than a small-seeded bush cultivar (Henderson). The relative importance of seed size and shoot mass in determining nodule number and mass was assessed in five lima bean cultivars differing in seed size and growth habit. Between cultivars, significant positive correlations between initial seed mass, plant weight and nodule number and mass were observed during the first four weeks after planting. Comparisons within cultivars indicated a strong correlation between nodule mass and shoot dry weight. The influence of plant morphology on nodule formation and mass was secondary to the effects of seed and shoot mass. As plants matured, the increase in nodule mass paralleled the increase in plant mass, while nodule number was relatively stable after day 18. These results suggest that the highly regulated process of nodule formation was under the influence of seed derived factors, while the continued accumulation of nodule tissue was related to shoot growth.
Shear-wave splitting near Guam

Abstract Polarities of shear waves from intermediate-focus events underneath Guam are studied. For records from a group of ten events, shear-wave splitting with faster-arriving E-W components are observed. This event group occurred within, or above, one geographic portion of the Wadati-Benioff zone, with depths ranging between 57 and 148 km. Ray tracing calculations were performed for 3-D and 1-D velocity models constructed for the region to determine expected S-wave polarities and ray patterns, as well as their sensitivities to variations in velocity structure. These were used to infer the probable existence of intrinsic anisotropy at depth and to determine the location and magnitude of anisotropy which can explain the observed shear-wave splitting. The most probable location of the anisotropy is beneath the crust and above, or partially within, the subducting slab. Assuming a maximum depth range of 10–120 km for the location of the anisotropy, its amount is about 1%, which may be viewed as a lower bound. Plausible causes of the anisotropy include mantle flow and thin, sheet-like channels filled with lava, or water vapor migrating upward from the subducting slab.
Mechanical Canopy and Crop-Load Management of Pinot gris in a Warm Climate

The interactive effects of mechanical canopy management on the optimum cropping level and Ravaz index of Pinot gris in a warm growing region were determined. The study examined two pruning methods, three shoot thinning treatments, and two leaf removal treatments arranged factorially in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The pruning methods were applied by either hand pruning to 23 nodes/m or mechanically hedging and retaining a 100 mm spur height. The shoot thinning treatments were applied mechanically at modified E-L stage 17 to retain 23 (low), 33 (medium), or 45 (high, not thinned) shoots/m of row. The leaf removal treatments removed leaves on the east side of the canopy in a 450 mm zone in the fruiting zone, 20 days postbloom with a mechanical deleafer or no leaf removal was done. The interaction of mechanical hedging and medium shoot thinning treatments reduced the contribution of noncount shoots to total shoots. Percent canopy gaps and photosynthetically active radiation increased, while canopy leaf layers decreased with the application of leaf removal regardless of pruning or shoot thinning regime in both years. Yield increased and berry and cluster weight decreased in both years with the application of mechanical hedging and medium shoot thinning compared to hand-pruned vines without any detrimental effects on fruit composition. To achieve the economic crop level threshold of 8.15 kg/m, a Ravaz index of 10.2 to 12.0 kg/kg was needed. This Ravaz index corresponded to a pruning weight of 0.82 to 0.92 kg/m. The study identified a mechanical hedging and shoot thinning method where a 100 mm spur height was retained during the dormant season and 35 shoots/m of row was retained at E-L stage 17 to optimize crop load without adversely affecting pruning weight or fruit composition in a warm climate. The identified method provided 79% labor operations cost savings compared to hand pruning alone.
Threshold limits for cover times

Under a natural hypothesis, the cover time for a finite Markov chain can be approximated by its expectation, as the size of state space tends to infinity. This result is deduced from an abstract result concerning covering, an unstructured set by i.i.d. arbitrarily distributed random subsets.
Tectonic implications of post–30 Ma Pacific and North American relative plate motions

The Pacific plate moved northwest relative to North America since 42 Ma. The rapid half rate of Pacific-Farallon spreading allowed the ridge to approach the continent at about 29 Ma. Extinct spreading ridges that occur offshore along 65% of the margin (Lonsdale, 1991) document that fragments of the subducted Farallon slab became captured by the Pacific plate and assumed its motion prior to the actual subduction of the spreading ridge. This plate-capture process can be used to explain much of the post–29 Ma Cordilleran North America extension, strike slip, and the inland jump of oceanic spreading in the Gulf of California. The Pacific and North American contact zone lengthened with each successive plate capture event, underpinning the parts of western North America directly inland with a strong plate undergoing Pacific relative motion. We suggest that much of the post–29 Ma continental tectonism is the result of the strong traction imposed on the deep part of the continental crust by the gently inclined slab of subducted oceanic lithosphere as it moved to the northwest relative to the overlying continent. The plate-capture hypothesis is distinctly different from theories involving shallow slab gaps. Kinematic problems associated with shallow slab-gap models cause us to question them. This conclusion is consistent with seismic refraction interpretations that suggest there is an inclined layer with high velocities like that of basalt or gabbro at the base of the continental crust beneath much of the Californian margin and the documented reduction of slab-pull forces and density associated with young subducting slabs. Thermal and rheologic modeling suggests that coastal California was a strong zone at all depths allowing it to be firmly linked to Pacific motion. Our model shows that deformed regions such as the basin and range and borderland provinces developed in predicted weak parts of the crustal section, but they have been incompletely linked to the deep plate across the ductile middle and lower crustal layer.
The effect of Mycoplasma contamination on the in vitro assay of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in cultured fibroblasts.

Abstract Cultured fibroblasts contaminated with mycoplasma were shown to have increased levels of apparent pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzyme activity. The apparent pyruvate dehydrogenase specific activity was about 1000-fold greater in cultured Mycoplasma pneumoniae than in cultured fibroblasts. Several acid hydrolytic enzyme activities were also shown to be present in M. pneumoniae though at lower apparent specific activity than in cultured fibroblasts.
Quantum treatment of the capture of an atom by a fast nucleus incident on a molecule

The classical double-scattering model of Thomas for the capture of electrons from atoms by fast ions yields a cross section $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ which dominates over the single scattering contribution for sufficiently fast ions. The magnitude of the classical double-scattering $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ differs, however, from its quantum-mechanical (second-Born) analog by an order of magnitude. Further, a "fast ion" means an ion of some MeV, and at those energies the cross sections are very low. On the other hand, as noted by Bates, Cook, and Smith, the double-scattering cross section for the capture of atoms from molecules by fast ions dominates over the single-scattering contribution for incident ions of very much lower energy; roughly, one must have the velocity of the incident projectile much larger than a characteristic internal velocity of the particles in the target. It follows that we are in the asymptotic domain not at about 10 MeV but at about 100 eV. For the reaction ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ + C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ + C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ with incident proton energies of 70 to 150 eV, the peak in the angular distribution as determined experimentally is at almost precisely the value predicted by the classical model, but the theoretical total cross section is about 30 times too large. Using a quantum version of the classical model, which involves the same kinematics and therefore preserves the agreement with the angular distribution, we obtain somewhat better agreement with the experimental total cross section, by a factor of about 5. (To obtain very good agreement, one may have to perform a really accurate calculation of large-angle elastic scattering of protons and H atoms by C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$, and take into account interference effects.) In the center-of-mass frame, for sufficiently high incident energy, the first of the two scatterings involves the scattering of ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ by H through an angle of very close to 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and it follows that the nuclei of the emergent ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ ion will almost all be in the singlet state. We have also calculated the cross section for the reaction ${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ + C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${(\mathrm{HD})}^{+}$ + C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$.
A silicon track trigger for the DØ experiment

Abstract The design of a processor to trigger on long-lived particles (e.g. b-quarks) for the DO experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron is presented. This device reconstructs the trajectory of the charged particles in the DO tracking system, which consists of a central fiber tracker and a silicon microstrip tracker. The r-φ impact parameter resolution of the fitted tracks is about 40 μm. This enables the identification of the long-lived b-quarks produced in the decays of various particles, e.g. the top quarks, Higgs Boson, techni-particles and other exotic particles produced in p p collisions at the Tevatron. In this report we describe the design of the architecture and algorithms for the Silicon Track Trigger.
Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples by selective fluorescence quenching

Abstract Selective fluorescence quenching is used to profile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in samples of environmental origin. After separation by high-efficiency capillary liquid chromatography, the PAHs are detected by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. Nitromethane is added to selectively quench the fluorescence of alternant PAHs, whereas diisopropylamine is added to quench nonalternant PAHs. The chromatograms in the absence and presence of fluorescence quenching are evaluated by means of the product moment correlation method to quantify the statistical similarities and differences. This method is demonstrated by application to three samples: a standard mixture of 16 priority pollutants, a coal-derived fluid, and a contaminated soil. The correlation coefficients ( r ) are typically 0.99 or higher for samples that are identical in origin, 0.90–0.50 for closely related samples, and less than 0.50 for samples that are distinctly unrelated. This method can be used to confirm with high statistical confidence the cause or source of an event with environmental impact, such as an oil leak or spill, contamination or waste by-products from petroleum fuel production and processing, etc.
G2, G3, and complete basis set calculations of the thermodynamic properties of two isomers of diazadiboretidine, cyclo-B2N2H4

Abstract Following a recent study of boron-containing compounds for use as fuels, we follow up here with calculations of the thermodynamic properties of mixed boron–nitrogen compounds; specifically, two isomers of diazadiboretidine, cyclo -B 2 N 2 H 4 . The 1,2-isomer has similar atoms adjacent in the ring, while the 1,3-isomer alternates boron and nitrogen atoms in the ring. Our results indicate that the combustion energies are about 31–38 kJ/g, making these compounds better than many small ringed compounds but still less than methane on a per-gram basis.
The effect of a standardized premedication on oxygen saturation in the cardiac patient before transfer to the operating room.

The effect of premedication with morphine and scopolamine on arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2) was measured continuously in 26 undisturbed patients in their hospital rooms before coronary artery bypass surgery. Two hours preoperatively each patient received morphine, 0.1 mg/kg, and scopolamine, 0.2 or 0.4 mg. SaO2 was continuously recorded using pulse oximetry from one-half hour before premedication until 112 hours after premedication. The lowest SaO2 measured both the evening before surgery and one-half hour before premedication was 95% ± 0.5% (mean ± SEM). After administration of premedication, the lowest SaO2 for the patient population decreased to 93% ± 0.4% (P < 0.001 compared with that before premedication), and occurred 52 ± 2 minutes after premedication was given. Two patients (8%) had an SaO2 < 90% (lowest SaO2 for both was 88%). It is concluded that the dose of morphine/ scopolamine premeditation used was associated with a low risk of clinically important hypoxemia in the patient population studied.
Assessment of Alzheimer's disease symptom recognition in Korean Americans and psychometric analysis of Alzheimer's Disease Symptom Recognition Scale (ADSRS).

This study examined recognition of Alzheimer’s disease symptoms among Korean Americans (KAs) and assessed psychometric properties of the Alzheimer’s Disease Symptom Recognition Scale (ADSRS). A cross-sectional survey collected data from 209 KAs, using a self-administered questionnaire. Results show that KAs recognized symptoms related to memory and cognitive functioning well, but had very limited recognition of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Psychometric analysis of ADSRS identified 4 factors in their symptom recognition. Findings suggest a need to raise awareness of Alzheimer’s symptoms over the course of the disease. Assessment using ADSRS can be incorporated in communication in the practice context and public outreach.
Basic experiments in TLC/FT-Raman spectrometry

In some basic experiments, the feasibility is demonstrated of getting artifact and fluorescence free spectra by in-situ FT-Raman spectrometry of TLC spots. In addition, the high sensitivity enhancement by using TLC/FT-SERS of silver colloid activated chromatographic spots is shown.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Metal-insulator transition in an Hubbard-like model with degeneracy in one dimension

We consider the SU(N) generalization of the one-dimensional Hubbard model with arbitrary degeneracy N (spin and orbital degrees of freedom). This model is integrable and has several unusual properties at low temperatures. The Bethe-Ansatz equations at T=0 are analyzed in the thermodynamic limit in the absence of external fields. In the continuum limit, the effective interaction between the charge degrees of freedom corresponds to a potential of the form [sinh(ax)${]}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$, where x is the distance between the particles involved and a is an inverse length scale. In the limit N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty} and in the continuum limit, the charges reduce to a Bose gas interacting via a \ensuremath{\delta}-function potential. We further address here the properties of the charge degrees of freedom for a band filling close to one electron per site. The charge excitations obey Fermi statistics. We find a Mott metal-insulator transition at a critical value ${\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{c}}$ of the Coulomb repulsion. ${\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{c}}$ depends on N (${\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{c}}$=0 for N=2). A qualitative change in the charge-rapidity distribution is found at ${\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The Fermi velocity is finite for U${\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{c}}$, diverges as U\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{c}}$, and vanishes for Ug${\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{c}}$.
Fatty acids of fungi mutualistic with Xyleborus ferrugineus

Abstract Neutral lipids of ambrosial fungi, nutritionally important to development of Xyleborus ferrugineus beetle, were analyzed for fatty acid composition. Predominant components were 16:0, 18:0, 18:1 and 18:2 in all three mutualistic fungi, Fusarium solani , Cephalosporium sp. and Graphium sp. F. solani had nearly twice the total content of the other two species; age of mycelia did not significantly affect the qualitative composition and total yield.
Robust fault detection and estimation for turbofan engines subject to adaptive controllers via observer and ToMFIR techniques

This paper provides a new design of robust fault detection and estimation for turbofan engines with adaptive controllers, the Fully-automatic Digital Engine Controllers (FaDEC). The critical issue is that the FaDEC can depress the faulty effects such that the actual system outputs maintain the pre-specified performance. In addition, observer-based fault-detection strategies are not always reliable because the observer gain may be selected large due to the consideration of stability, robustness or performance, making the magnitude of the fault-detection alarm small. To solve this problem, a Total Measurable Fault Information Residual (ToMFIR) technique is suggested to detect faults in turbofan engines with adaptive controllers. With the aid of system transformation, ToMFIRs and reduced-order Luenberger and learning observers are designed such that reliable fault detection and estimation can be accomplished together. The convergence and stability of the observers are proved. An uncertain model of a turbofan engine is used to verify the proposed ToMFIR and observer techniques for effective and reliable fault detection and estimation.
The contemporary approach to ischemic brain injury: applying existing knowledge of circulation, temperature, and glucose management to improve clinical outcomes.

In the United States, ischemic brain injury is the fourth leading cause of death, and persistent neurologic deficits in stroke survivors account for the single largest cause of serious, long-term disability.1,2 Origins of ischemic brain injury are diverse and include classic thrombotic or embolic stroke (ie, focal brain ischemia), prolonged systemic hypotension (ie, incomplete global ischemia), and cardiac arrest before resuscitation (ie, complete brain ischemia). These insults may occur spontaneously and unpredictably, or they may be related to clinical interventions (eg, surgery on the heart or cerebral vasculature). The prevention and treatment of brain ischemia depend on the nature of the insult.