cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overexplaining or underexplaining methane's role in climate change.

Methane lies at the nexus of climate and air quality, being both a major anthropogenic greenhouse gas—causing about one-half of the warming of carbon dioxide—and a precursor of tropospheric ozone pollution. Over the industrial era, atmospheric methane abundances rose from about 720 parts per billion (ppb) (10−9 mole fraction) to over 1,850 ppb today. Humans have driven this change largely through agriculture, waste, and fossil fuel emissions. The community’s regular review of the science of atmospheric methane via the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Reports [First Assessment Report (FAR), 1990 (1); Second Assessment Report (SAR), 1995 (2); Third Assessment Report (TAR), 2001 (3); Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), 2007 (4); and Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), 2013 (5)] has maintained both a scientific interest and political urgency as nations seek to mitigate near-term climate change and keep the overall warming to less than 2 °C (6⇓⇓–9). The recent history (Fig. 1), based on ref. 10, shows a complex overall growth with different rates and even a pause from 2000 to 2006. The many conflicting reports of this recent variability (11⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–23) suggest that it remains unexplained, or perhaps overexplained. Past work has separately used measurements of methane, its isotopes, and related gases to interpret the methane history. Two new publications (24, 25) combine these complementary data into a consistent Bayesian modeling framework and use advanced statistical methods to match all observations simultaneously subject to the prior constraints. Notably, they advance our understanding of what could have caused the variability. The similarities and differences of optimal solutions that emerge from both studies teach us about the information contained in present observations, as well as their limits. Fig. 1. ( A ) Timeline of the international assessments … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: mprather{at}uci.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Multiscale Modeling of Carbon Nanotube Bundle Agglomeration inside a Gas Phase Pyrolysis Reactor

Carbon nanotube (CNT) sock formation is required for the continuous synthesis of CNT thread or sheet using the gas phase pyrolysis method. Nanometer diameter CNTs form and are carried along the reactor tube by gas flow. During the flow, the CNT stick to each other and form bundles of about 10–100 nm diameter. Coupling of the CNT bundles in the flow leads to the formation of a centimeter diameter CNT sock with a wall that is hundreds of nanometers thick. Understanding the multiscale phenomena of sock formation is vital for optimizing the CNT synthesis and manufacturing process. In this work, we present a multiscale model for the CNT bundle agglomeration inside a horizontal gas phase pyrolysis reactor. The interaction between CNT bundles was analyzed by representing the attraction forces between CNTs using a discrete phase modeling method. Flow in the synthesis reactor was studied using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique with multiphase flow analysis. A model was proposed to represent the coupling between CNT bundles and the gas flow. The effect of different CNT bundles on the agglomeration phenomenon was analyzed. The modeling results were also compared with experimental observations.
Multiparticle Systems and Field Quantization

The multiparticle formalism developed in chapter 36 is based on the idea of taking as dual phase space the space of solutions to the free particle Schrodinger equation, then quantizing using the Bargmann–Fock method.
Strong Implications But Weak Evidence for Strength Training

The observation that exercise can improve health and longevity is nearly as old as medicine itself.[1][1] As early as the 1940s and 1950s, the potential benefits of exercise to prevent cancer were postulated and published by Potter, speaking on the “solutions to the cancer problem,” noting that
How innovators reframe resources in the strategy‐making process to gain innovation adoption

Research Summary: This multicompany qualitative field study combines strategy process and strategy‐as‐practice perspectives to show how innovators successfully gain adoption for their autonomous innovations by reframing the meaning and potential of the associated internal resources to create fit with their organization's strategy. Mapping the five steps involved in the resource reframing process onto the different parts of the Bower‐Burgelman process model of strategic change shows that innovators can shape the strategic context for their autonomous innovations before external market validation is available. These findings confirm the unique potential and importance of different forms of discourse in shaping the strategic innovation process. Managerial Summary: How do innovators from lower levels of an organization gain approval for their innovations especially when their ideas do not readily fit their organization's strategy? To explore this question, we conducted 138 interviews with innovators and their decision makers in 14 firms based in Silicon Valley. We find that successful innovators shape a story supporting their innovation by rethinking their firm's current and potential resources. They then use this story to convince decision makers that their innovation creates unique competitive advantage. Contrary to conventional wisdom, decision makers approved such innovations even without external validation, solely based on the innovators' success in depicting their reorganization of the firm's resources.
Kirigami-Inspired Structures for Smart Adhesion.

Spatially controlled layouts of elasticity can provide enhanced adhesion over homogeneous systems. Emerging techniques in kirigami, where designed cuts in materials impart highly tunable stiffness and geometry, offer an intriguing approach to create well-defined layouts of prescribed elastic regions. Here, we show that kirigami-inspired structures at interfaces provide a new mechanism to spatially control and enhance adhesion strength while providing directional characteristics for smart interfaces. We use kirigami-inspired cuts to define stiff and compliant regions, where above a critical, material-defined length scale, bending rigidity and contact width can be tuned to enhance adhesive force capacity by a factor of ∼100 across a spatially patterned adhesive sheet. The directional nature of these designs also imparts anisotropic responses, where peeling in different directions results in anisotropic adhesion ratios of ∼10. Experimental results are well-supported by theoretical predictions in which the be...
Corrigendum to: ¿A Disposable Biosensor for Pathogen Detection in Fresh Produce Samples¿: [Biosystems Engineering (2004), 88(2), 145¿151]

1537-5110/$32.00 119 most of the samples tested, the resistance drop was proportional to the analyte concentration from 10 to 10 or 10CFU/ml (Tables 1–3). The detection limit for the pathogenic and non-pathogenic E. coli in lettuce samples inoculated with the target bacteria were 5 570 04 10CFU/ml (number of samples n 1⁄4 3) and 6 370 1 10CFU/ml (n 1⁄4 3), respectively (Table 1). The detection limits for the pathogen and non-pathogen specific biosensors for the inoculated sprout samples were 7 870 1 10CFU/ml (number of samples n 1⁄4 3) and 8 270 4 10CFU/ml (n 1⁄4 3), respectively
Abstract 14713: Left Atrial Diameter Predicts Mortaliy in African Americans with Hypertension

Introduction: Left atrial (LA) dilatation has been shown to be a predictor of adverse outcomes in Caucasian patients with hypertension and other forms of heart disease. Less is known about the prognostic value of LA size in African Americans (AfrAm) and there is evidence that LA remodeling is relatively reduced in AfrAm with heart disease. We investigated the prognostic value of single plane LA dimension in hypertensive AfrAm. Methods: Clinical data and two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements were obtained in 583 consecutive AfrAm (mean ejection fraction = 58.6 ± 9.9%) with hypertension undergoing stress echocardiography at an urban community hospital. LA systolic diameter was measured as the maximum dimension in the parasternal long or short-axis view and indexed to body surface area (BSA). Patients were followed for mortality. ROC analysis was used to determine the best predictor of LA size for mortality and Cox regression was used to determine clinical and echocardiographic predictors of mortality. Results: LA size above normal values (≥ 2.4 cm/m 2 according to the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines) was found in 9.5% of all patients. During follow-up of 4.5 ± 1.7 years, 85 patients (14.6%) died. LA size had an area under the curve of 0.72 with the best cutoff value of 2.05 cm/m 2 . Cox analysis showed that LA size ≥ 2.05 cm/m 2 (p = 0.013, HR 1.85 [1.14–3.01]), age (p Conclusions: LA dilatation is relatively infrequent in hypertensive AfrAm patients when published normal values are used. Single plane LA dimension indexed for BSA has reasonable accuracy for prediction of mortality with the best threshold value residing well within the normal range. LA size was an independent predictor of mortality.
Secondary Social Studies Teachers’ Experiences Planning and Implementing Inquiry Using the Inquiry Design Model

AbstractWhile the use of inquiry-based instruction has been encouraged for many years, it continues to be the exception rather than the norm. The publication of the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework, as well as the Inquiry Design Model that provides structure for its implementation, offer support for teachers to use inquiry in their social studies classrooms. This phenomenological study used semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and document analyses to explore three secondary social studies teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge as they planned and implemented inquiries. Findings indicate that teachers found a structured method of designing inquiries useful and that their approaches to planning and implementing those inquiries varied with individual context and personal pedagogical stances. There is no one-size-fits-all inquiry, even when teachers used the same support tool.
Anatomical Biomarkers for Adolescent Major Depressive Disorder from Diffusion Weighted Imaging using SVM Classifier

Adolescent Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a common and serious mental illness that could lead to tragic outcomes including chronic adult disability and suicide. In this paper, we explore anatomical features and apply machine learning approaches to identify responsive biomarkers distinguishing MDD patients from healthy subjects. The features of interest include metrics in two categories: a) anatomical connectivity defined by diffusion tensor imaging measurements between a pair of brain regions, and b) topological measurements from anatomical networks. A combination of p-value based filtering and minimum redundancy maximum relevance method is performed to select features for optimal classification accuracy. A leave-one-out cross-validation method is used for the classification performance evaluation. The proposed methodology achieves an improved accuracy of 78%, 90.39% sensitivity, and 79.66% precision for 79 subjects. The most distinguishing features are the betweenness centrality of the right lingual gyrus of the ADC network at 12% sparsity, the participation coefficient of the right lateral occipital sulcus of the ADC network at 22% sparsity, the participation coefficient of the right pars opercularis of the AD network at 16% sparsity, and the participation coefficient of the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex in the ADC network at 10% sparsity. Those network measures reflect the change of connectivity between the regions and their associated anatomical subnetworks.
Reclamation is not the primary determinant of soil recovery from oil and gas development in Wyoming sagebrush systems

Dryland soils store approximately 10-15% of the world9s soil organic matter (SOM) to 1 m. Threats to carbon stocks in global dryland soils include cultivation, overgrazing, urbanization, and energy development. To limit loss of carbon from these soils, it is important to understand, first, how disturbances affect SOM and second, how SOM recovers after disturbance. In this study, we address current gaps in our understanding of the effects of oil and gas development and reclamation on SOM in the sagebrush steppe of Wyoming, a cold temperate shrub-dominated dryland. Most studies have found that soil disturbance, including from the respreading of topsoil during wellpad reclamation, is damaging to SOM stores; however, research on ~80 year old unreclaimed oil and gas wellpads found no difference in SOM between wellpads and undisturbed sites. Using a chronosequence approach and paired study design, we evaluated the effects of reclamation on SOM by comparing undisturbed sites to wellpads where reclamation activities either had or had not occurred. Our results suggest that the most important factor in recovery of SOM after disturbance in this area was not the presence or absence of reclamation, but time since wellpad abandonment and spatial heterogeneity of plants. Further study on the effectiveness of different reclamation techniques is warranted if the goal of reclamation is to aid SOM recovery and prevent further C loss from these systems.
Generation and Acceleration of the Trailing Positron Bunch Using a Drive- Trailing Electron Bunch Configuration

We numerically study the generation and acceleration of positron by injecting two electron bunches on thin high-Z target followed by a plasma. This concept is experimentally realizable at Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Tests (FACET) II, which is under construction at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.
Confidence Interval for RMSEA or CFI Difference Between Nonnested Models

In addition to evaluating a single model, often one also uses RMSEA and CFI to compare the fit of multiple candidate models. Model selection based on ΔRMSEA and ΔCFI can be meaningful because (a) s...
Smart handoffs: Preserving user context between tools and services related to NASA's EOSDIS data archive

NASA’s Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) is tasked with archiving and distributing Earth Observation data across a range of disciplines, including atmospheric science, oceanography, land processes, natural hazards, solar radiance and even socioeconomic aspects relating to the environment. Given the breadth of disciplines and depth of data that EOSDIS provides, the efficient and intuitive discovery and usage of data by a scientist is of paramount importance. An effective data gathering workflow may involve switching from general use discovery tools to a more bespoke services designed specifically for the scientist’s discipline. Providing concrete interoperability between such tools could vastly improve the efficiency of a scientist’s workflow.
Cost‐effectiveness of chemoradiation followed by esophagectomy versus chemoradiation alone in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus

Background Standard treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer usually includes a combination of chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. In squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), recent studies have indicated that esophagectomy after chemoradiation does not significantly improve survival but may reduce recurrence at the cost of treatment-related mortality. This study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of chemoradiation with and without esophagectomy. Methods We developed a decision tree and Markov model to compare chemoradiation therapy alone (CRT) versus chemoradiation plus surgery (CRT+S) in a cohort of 57-year-old male patients with esophageal SCC, over 25 years. We used information on survival, cancer recurrence, and side effects from a Cochrane meta-analysis of two randomized trials. Societal utility values and costs of cancer care (2017, USD) were from medical literature. To test robustness, we conducted deterministic (DSA) and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA). Results In our base scenario, CRT resulted in less cost for more quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) compared to CRT+S ($154 082 for 1.32 QALYs/patient versus $165 035 for 1.30 QALYs/patient, respectively). In DSA, changes resulted in scenarios where CRT+S is cost-effective at thresholds between $100 000-$150 000/QALY. In PSA, CRT+S was dominant 17.9% and cost-effective at willingness-to-pay of $150 000/QALY 38.9% of the time, and CRT was dominant 30.6% and cost-effective 61.1% of the time. This indicates that while CRT would be preferred most of the time, variation in parameters may change cost-effectiveness outcomes. Conclusions Our results suggest that more data is needed regarding the clinical benefits of CRT+S for treatment of localized esophageal SCC, although CRT should be cautiously preferred.
Using online self-assessment in introductory programming classes

When the Computer Science faculty changed from covering control structures before using classes to an objects-first approach in an introductory programming course, students struggled to learn the material. The end-of-semester grades were notably lower than past years. To help students understand the concepts introduced in the new format, the faculty began requiring students to use two different online self-assessment tools to enhance their learning.
Recombinant Herpes Zoster Vaccine (RZV) after Heart Transplantation: A Single Center Experience

Purpose Herpes zoster (HZ) results from reactivation of latent varicella zoster virus (VZV) presenting as a dermatomal rash. Diminished cellular immunity to VZV increases HZ risk and incidence in solid organ transplant (SOT) is higher than the general population. Immunogenicity and safety of the inactivated varicella vaccine (RZV, Shingrix) has been demonstrated in renal transplant (KT) but data in heart transplant (HT) are lacking. Methods Retrospective single center observational study of 65 HT patients vaccinated with RZV between Sept 2018 and Jul 2019. RZV 0.5 mL was administered IM in two doses 2 to 6 months apart. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results Mean age was 66 +/- 12.7 y, 65% (n=41) male, and 75% (n=49) Caucasian. Mean time from HT to RZV was 11.4 +/- 6.6 y. The majority were HT alone, 7.7% (n=5) heart-kidney, and 4.6% (n=3) heart retransplant. Most (95%, n=62) were on calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) for immunosuppression, 54% (n=35) on antiproliferatives (mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)), 46% (n=30) on steroids, and 20% (n=13) on mTOR inhibitors. At the time of RZV, mean tacrolimus trough (t): 6.8 +/- 2.3 ng/mL, everolimus t: 6.5 +/- 1 ng/mL, sirolimus t: 7.5 +/- 2.9 ng/mL, prednisone dose: 4.2 +/- 1.3 mg, and MMF dose: 977.9 +/- 462 mg. Vaccination was well tolerated in all patients. 36 patients (55%) received both doses of RZV 4 +/- 1.4 mo apart. Adverse events (AE) occurred in 34% (n=22) after the first dose. The majority (83%, n=19) were injection site reactions (arm soreness, swelling), 1 with vomiting, 1 with fever, 1 with headache, 2 with fatigue. One developed HZ 2 months after vaccination and was a 65 yo F with heart retransplant, KT, and stem-cell transplant, received the vaccine 3.3 y from the second HT, and on tacrolimus, MMF, and prednisone. There was no allograft rejection following immunization. 16 patients are awaiting the second dose. After the second dose, 36% (n=13), had AE due to 13 injection site reactions and 1 fever. 12 patients did not receive the second dose due to cost (n=1), unavailability of the vaccine (n=3), treatment for PTLD (n=1), viral syndrome (n=4), development of HZ (n=1), and patient refusal (n=2). Conclusion HT patients who received RZV tolerated it well with the most common AE being injection site soreness. Only one patient (1.5%) developed HZ 2 months following the vaccination. There was no evidence of increased allograft rejection.
Soft Tissue Reconstruction of the Thigh

Goals of reconstruction for proximal lower extremity wounds vary according to the specific location, involved structures, and etiology of the index lesion. Commonly, the plastic surgeon is tasked with providing soft tissue for a traumatic or iatrogenic wound to cover vital vascular structures, fill large dead space, protect implants or hardware, or resurface areas prone to chronic pressure. Thankfully, the proximal lower extremity is uniquely suited to local tissue harvest, owing to several composite flap options with well-established vascular patterns and functional redundancy.
Chemical Ordering in Bi1–xSbx Nanostructures: Alloy, Janus, or Core–Shell

Bismuth antimonide is an important material in nanoelectronics as a topological insulator and thermoelectric material. However, some of its thermal properties are still mostly unknown at the nanosc...
The end(s) of regeneration: naturalist frontier chronotopes and the time of US settler colonial biopolitics

This article reads naturalist portrayals of “post-frontier” frontiers by Frank Norris and Jack London, two key turn-of-the-twentieth-century US literary naturalists, for their chronotopic engagemen...
Comparison of Short-Duration and Chronic Premenarchal Vulvar Complaints

Abstract Study Objective To compare clinical characteristics, treatment histories, and microbiology of premenarchal girls who presented to a pediatric gynecology specialty clinic with short-duration and chronic vulvar symptoms. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Pediatric and adolescent gynecology clinic at a tertiary care children's hospital. Participants One hundred eighty-two premenarchal patients ages 2-14 years who presented to a pediatric gynecology specialty clinic with vulvar complaints and who were evaluated with a yeast and/or bacterial culture. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Chronic and short-duration vulvar symptoms, microbiology, and diagnosis. Results Patients with chronic symptoms were more likely to present with itching (59/102 (57.8%) vs 34/80 (42.5%); P = .04), redness or rash (53/102 (52.0%) vs 22/80 (27.5%); P = .0009), and discomfort (59/102 (57.8%) vs 30/80 (37.5%); P = .006), compared with patients with short-duration symptoms. Overall, 44.5% of patients had a history of antifungal treatment, with a greater proportion of patients with chronic symptoms having received antifungal treatment compared with those with short-duration symptoms (53/102 (52.0%) vs 28/80 (35.0%); P = .02). Despite a history of antifungal treatment in nearly half of the patients, Candida albicans was isolated in only 3/144 (2.1%) yeast cultures. Bacterial vulvar cultures were positive in 75/159 (47.2%), and there was no difference among the symptom duration groups (38/71 (53.5%) vs 37/88 (42.1%); P = .15). Conclusion Vulvovaginitis is a common gynecological diagnosis among premenarchal girls with short-duration and chronic vulvar symptoms. Regardless of symptom duration, yeast cultures are rarely positive. Antifungal treatment should be avoided in toilet-trained prepubertal girls.
Acute Stroke Presenting as Unilateral Lower Extremity Monochorea.

Stroke is a common condition that can present with a wide range of signs and symptoms based on the region of the brain experiencing impaired perfusion. As the diagnosis and treatment of acute strokes is frequently initiated in the emergency department (ED), early recognition by emergency providers is essential in providing patients with the best chance of recovery and symptom resolution while attempting to minimize the risk of disability. While lateralizing weakness, numbness, and speech changes are among the most common symptoms of a stroke, in rare cases, patients may present with subtle or atypical symptoms, necessitating a high index of suspicion as well as a thorough history and physical examination. We present a case of acute ischemic stroke presenting with isolated choreiform movement.
A review of child sexual abuse cases presenting to a paediatric emergency department.

INTRODUCTION Child sexual abuse (CSA) adversely affects a child's growth and well-being. This study aimed to describe the profile of children presenting to a tertiary paediatric emergency department(ED) with CSA. METHODS Children 0-16 years old presenting to KK Women's and Children's Hospital ED from June 2016 to August 2020 with sexual abuse were retrospectively reviewed. We performed a secondary analysis on girls and stratified them by age <13 and ≥13 years old. RESULTS There were 790 patients who made 833 visits for CSA. Victims were predominantly girls (747, 94.8%) and perpetrators were predominantly men (763, 96.6%). The abuse first occurred before the age of 13 years in 315 victims (39.9%). For 468 (59.2%), more than one incident occurred before presentation. Compared to girls ≥13 years old, girls <13 years old were more frequently abused by a family member (47.7% versus 8.0%, P<0.001) and abused in their own home (55.7% vs 21.0%, P<0.001). Among all children, parental divorce and the absence of one or both biological parents in the household were prevalent, with 287/783 (36.7%) having divorced parents, and only 374/784 (47.8%) residing with both biological parents. CONCLUSION The findings highlight common characteristics of CSA cases, and can aid the future identification and protection of vulnerable children. The fact that most children presented after more than one incident suggests the need to more closely monitor and protect potentially at-risk children.
Surface Roughness Prevents Radar Penetration of Some Martian Debris-Covered Glaciers

Buried ice in the Martian mid-latitudes is of high interest for In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) by future crewed missions, as well as for its scientific value as a record of climate history on another planet. ``Lobate debris aprons,'' widely considered to be debris-covered glaciers, constitute a large reservoir of such ice. Many have been probed by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's Shallow Radar (SHARAD) sounder, which imaged their base and constrained their internal composition to >80% water ice. The basal contact is not imaged by SHARAD for all aprons, however, which introduces the possibility that these features contain significantly less ice. In this study, we used SHARAD survey results in tandem with high-resolution digital terrain models to show that these ``non-detections'' can be attributed to surface roughness, which through scattering reduces the coherent signal that penetrates the aprons. We quantified this effect using a fractal backscattering model and found that the roughest surfaces coincided with the location of basal non-detections. There is thus no need for reduced ice content to explain nondetection of lobate debris apron bases with SHARAD. This result leads us to interpret all lobate debris aprons as likely debris-covered glaciers, due to the similarities in their gross morphology and surface textures to aprons with basal detections.
Productivity Dispersion and Persistence Among the WorldAS Most Numerous Firms

A vast firm productivity literature finds that otherwise similar firms differ widely in their productivity and that these differences persist through time, with important implications for the broader macroeconomy. These stylized facts derive largely from studies of manufacturing firms in wealthy countries, and thus have unknown relevance for the world's most common firm type, the smallholder farm. We use detailed micro data from over 12,000 smallholder farms and nearly 100,000 agricultural plots across four countries in Africa to study the size, source, and persistence of productivity dispersion among smallholder farmers. Applying standard regression-based approaches to measuring productivity residuals, we find much larger dispersion but less persistence than benchmark estimates from manufacturing. We then show, using a novel framework that combines physical output measurement, estimates from satellites, and machine learning, that about half of this discrepancy can be accounted for by measurement error in output. After correcting for measurement error, productivity differences across firms and over time in our smallholder agricultural setting closely match benchmark estimates for non-agricultural firms. These results question some common implications of observed dispersion, such as the importance of misallocation of factors of production. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Means and Averageable Functions

In this chapter we use the following notations: X is a semigroup with identity e; B is a Banach space; ¦µ B is the Banach space of all bounded functions f: X 1 ↦ B with the norm ||f ||¦µB:=supxiEX ||f£¨x£©||B, f iE ¦µB; \(\tilde P$% MathType!End!2!1!\) is the set of all discrete probability measures with finite carriers (it is well known that \(\tilde P$% MathType!End!2!1!\) is a_semigroup with respect to convolution). We associate with any ¦E iE \(\tilde P$% MathType!End!2!1!\) two averaging operators “with weight ¦E ”: the right one, R¦E, and the left one, L¦E: $$\left( {{R_\lambda }f} \right)\left( x \right) = \smallint f\left( {xy} \right)\lambda \left( {dy} \right) = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^k {{\alpha _i}} f\left( {x{x_i}} \right)$$ (1) $$\left( {f{L_\lambda }} \right)\left( x \right) = \smallint f\left( {yx} \right)\lambda \left( {dy} \right) = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^k {{\alpha _i}} f\left( {{x_i}x} \right)$$ (2) where {x1,i­,xk} = c(¦E), the carrier of ¦E, and ¦Ai = ¦E({xi}). In particular, if ¦E = ¦Axo is the measure concentrated at the point x0, then the operators \({R_{xo}}: = {R_{{\delta _{xo}}}}\) and \({L_{xo}}: = {L_{{\delta _{xo}}}}\) are the right and the left translation in ¦µ B , respectively, that is, (R xo )(x) = f(xx o ) and (f L x0 )(x) = f (x 0 x). It is very easy to verify the following properties: (i) R ¦E (f) = L ¦E (f)= f if f(x)=b,biEB; (ii) R ¦E and L ¦E are linear contractions in ¦µB£¬¦EiE \(\tilde P$% MathType!End!2!1!\); (iii) R ¦E1 R ¦E2 = R¦E1 *¦E2, L ¦E1 L ¦E2 = L ¦E1 * ¦E2 , that is, both R: ¦E iu R¦E and L: ¦Eiu L ¦E are representations of \(\tilde P$% MathType!End!2!1!\) in ¦µ B , R ¦E being a left one and L¦E being a right one; (iv) the operators R¦E1, and L ¦E2 commute, i.e. R ¦E 1,L ¥»2 = L¦E2,R¦E1 ¦E1 ¦E2 iE \(\tilde P$% MathType!End!2!1!\).
Analytic Modeling of Insurgencies

Legacy force-on-force models are symmetrical; they reflect the fact that the dynamics of both sides in the conflict is governed by similar rules. These models have also traditionally focused on the physical aspects of armed conflicts—fire, attrition, detection, movement, logistics, and so on. Insurgency models are different in two key aspects: (i) they are asymmetrical and (ii) they contain, in addition to the physical aspects, significant cognitive, social, cultural, political, and economic factors. The reason for the asymmetry is the way insurgents evolve and operate, and the emergence of nonphysical factors is due to the major role of civilians in such conflicts. This article focuses on analytic modeling of insurgencies and counterinsurgency operations, describing both the physical and nonphysical components of such armed conflicts. Keywords: insurgency; counterinsurgency; situational awareness; civilians; Lanchester
Health literacy in adolescents: an integrative review.

Purpose. To determine the state of the science of health literacy instruments and interventions for use in adolescents. Conclusions. There is a scarcity of literature regarding health literacy instruments and interventions for adolescents. Ten studies were included in the final table for analysis. One instrument shows high validity and reliabilityinEnglish.Mostinterventionsareexploratory,withtwostudiesshowing significant outcomes. Practice Implications. More research is needed to establish the appropriate evaluation of and effective interventions for health literacy in adolescents.
Psychology as a Science

A scientific psychology emerged from the intellectual awakenings of the Reformation of the 16th century and of the Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries. The methods of the science of that era emphasized observation, classification of phenomena, and induction; in the 19th century, psychologists adapted laboratory experiments to the study of mind. The laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt, founded in 1879 at the University of Leipzig, symbolized the new psychology. Experimental methods of physiology and psychophysics were employed to pursue traditional philosophical questions about mental life. Early laboratory experiments measured the time course of mental operations, sensory thresholds, the span of attention, and, in time, more complex cognitive processes. Introspection under controlled laboratory conditions replaced philosophical introspection of conscious experience, but its importance waned as the emphasis shifted to more measurable aspects of behavior. Psychologists came to embrace a wider range of normal and abnormal mental and behavioral phenomena in adults, children, and animals. Over time, the definition of the psychological experiment, the methods appropriate to it, and the statistical treatment of data changed to meet evolving conceptions of scientific psychology and the diverse subject matter that contemporary psychology came to encompass. Technological advances, such as the computer and neural-imaging techniques, have influenced the possibilities of research and have helped to advance research in cognition, neuroscience, and the rapidly developing field of cognitive neuroscience. Keywords: experimental psychology; systems of psychology; Ramism; introspection; British empiricism; associationism
Maximum Likelihood Techniques for Pwa of Two-Pion Photoproduction

A great deal has been learned about the non-strange baryon spectrum by studying final states containing a single pion, produced either with a pion or photon beam. Multi-pion final states such as pππ have been investigated far less thoroughly, partly due to additional complexities in the analysis not present in single pion production. The acceptance is a more complicated function of much higher dimension (4 instead of 1), for instance. Also the interference of isobars in the final state makes the interpretation of projections such as two body mass plots and angular distributions much more difficult. So why pursue such an analysis? Quark model calculations predict baryon states that have not been observed experimentally, a situation sometimes referred to as the “Missing Baryon Problem”. One possible explanation for not seeing these states is simply that previous searches have been in the wrong place. If these missing states have a small coupling to pπ they would be found in neither experiments with a pion beam nor experiments looking in the pπ or nπ decay channels. We must look in reactions such as γp! pππ, with no Nπ system in either the initial or final state.
A new collaborative teaching model applied to digital music and 3D computer animation

There is growing consensus that multimedia authoring should be an important component of a liberal arts curriculum because it represents a new and growing form of literacy. Unfortunately, it can be daunting to teach given the extensive interdisciplinary expertise required. Our solution has been to develop a new model of collaborative teaching that offers greater flexibility than traditional team teaching. We illustrate this model in the context of 3D animation and digital music.
Polarization of the endomembrane system is an early event in fucoid zygote development.

Background Fucoid zygotes are excellent experimental organisms for investigating mechanisms that establish cell polarity and determine the site of tip growth. A common feature of polarity establishment is targeting endocytosis and exocytosis (secretion) to localized cortical domains. We have investigated the spatiotemporal development of endomembrane asymmetry in photopolarizing zygotes, and examined the underlying cellular physiology.
A retrospective look at the discovery of the genetic role of DNA.

In this 1944 article that was prepared to mark the fiftieth anniversary of McCarty's article with Avery and MacLeod, the only survivor of the trio recalled the laborious research that went in to the article, and the excitement that each man exhibited after it was published.
Transitioning children with chronic diseases to adult care: current knowledge, practices, and directions.

ith recent improvements in health care, many children diagnosed with life-threatening illnesses often live well into adulthood. As such, the leaders in the health care system are struggling to determine who should provide care to these individuals, how such care should be delivered, and the most appropriate methods to finance such care once hey become young adults. This report synthesizes the existing knowledge surrounding transition of care efforts. Overall, the iterature includes theoretical descriptions of transition models as well as program characteristics, provider and parent concerns, nd transition experiences. Few published articles focus on clinical outcomes. Most of the available literature concentrates on hronically ill patients in general, although a few target specific illnesses such as sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, and diabetes. e provide an overview of nearly 60 articles pertaining to this topic, classified into five areas: (1) policy statements/guidelines, 2) case reports, (3) research, (4) literature reviews, and (5) commentaries. A link is provided to a comprehensive review matrix or detail on each of the individual articles: (www.abp.org/jpeds/transcare/transcare2006.pdf).
Personality dimensions and memory as measured by signal detection

Abstract This study examined the effect of anxiety, extraversion/introversion, and neuroticism on recognition memory using signal detection measures. Subjects were either observed or not observed while performing a recognition memory task. Observation was intended to make subjects more anxious, but the State-Trait Anxiety Scale showed that the manipulation failed to do so.Task difficulty was the same for various personality types, but extraversion and neuroticism were found to be related to using a more lax decision criterion on the recognition memory task.
An experiment in table driven code generation

We have constructed a local code generator for the VAX-112 using a parser-like instruction pattern matcher. The code generator replaces the second pass of the UNIX3 Portable “Crdquo; compiler. This paper describes the design of the code generator and the special considerations imposed by the pattern matching process. We summarize the structure of the machine description grammar and its associated semantic actions, as well as the tools we developed to manipulate the large VAX description. In our experience, this approach makes the instruction selection phase of the compiler easier and faster to implement, and more likely to be correct than traditional techniques.
Rheo-optical studies of polyurethane block polymers

Stress and birefringence relaxation have been measured for two polyurethane block polymers at several temperatures to 140°C. Superposition of the stress curves is possible, but the existence of multiple relaxation mechanisms makes such a process of questionable validity. Simple superposition of the birefringence relaxation was not possible. The time and temperature dependence of the stress-optical coefficient implies different mechanisms for mechanical and optical relaxation process. Analysis of the birefringence data requires consideration of nonorientational sources of birefringence.
Sampling Boolean Functions over Abelian Groups and Applications

We obtain efficient sampling methods for recovering or compressing functions over finite Abelian groups with few Fourier coefficients, i.e., functions that are (approximable by) linear combinations of few, possibly unknown Fourier basis functions or characters. Furthermore, our emphasis is on efficiently and deterministically finding small, uniform sample sets, which can be used for sampling all functions in natural approximation classes of Boolean functions. Due to this requirement, even the simplest versions of this problem (say, when the set of approximating characters is known) require somewhat different techniques from the character theory of finite Abelian groups that are commonly used in other discrete Fourier transform applications. We briefly discuss applications of our efficient, uniform sampling methods in computational learning theory, efficient generation of pseudorandom strings, and testing linearity; we also state highly related open problems that are not only applicable in these contexts, but are also of independent mathematical interest.
A spatial-color layout feature for representing galaxy images

We propose a spatial-color layout feature specially designed for galaxy images. Inspired by findings on galaxy formation and evolution from Astronomy, the proposed feature captures both global and local morphological information of galaxies. In addition, our feature is scale and rotation invariant. By developing a hashing-based approach with the proposed feature, we implemented an efficient galaxy image retrieval system on a dataset with more than 280 thousand galaxy images from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey project. Given a query image, the proposed system can rank-order all galaxies from the dataset according to relevance in only 35 milliseconds on a single PC. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first works on galaxy-specific feature design and large-scale galaxy image retrieval. We evaluated the performance of the proposed feature and the galaxy image retrieval system using web user annotations, showing that the proposed feature outperforms other classic features, including HOG, Gist, LBP, and Color-histograms. The success of our retrieval system demonstrates the advantages of leveraging computer vision techniques in Astronomy problems.
Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome: mechanisms and consequences.

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reported that diabetes mellitus affected 8.3% of the United States population in 2011. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is insidious; of the 25.8 million persons affected, the CDC indicated that ≈7 million were undiagnosed subjects.1 The health care costs and burden of diabetes mellitus are substantial; although cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, other complications such as those in the eye, kidney, and nervous system may greatly …
Direct observations of a flare related coronal and solar wind disturbance

Numerous mass ejections from the Sun have been detected with orbiting coronagraphs. Here for the first time we document and discuss the direct association of a coronagraph observed mass ejection, which followed a 2B flare, with a large interplanetary shock wave disturbance observed at 1 AU. Estimates of the mass (2.4 × 1016 g) and energy content (1.1 × 1032 erg) of the coronal disturbance are in reasonably good agreement with estimates of the mass and energy content of the solar wind disturbance at 1 AU. The energy estimates as well as the transit time of the disturbance are also in good agreement with numerical models of shock wave propagation in the solar wind.
Indoor localization using pedestrian dead reckoning updated with RFID-based fiducials

We describe a low-cost wearable system that tracks the location of individuals indoors using commonly available inertial navigation sensors fused with radio frequency identification (RFID) tags placed around the smart environment. While conventional pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) calculated with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) is susceptible to sensor drift inaccuracies, the proposed wearable prototype fuses the drift-sensitive IMU with a RFID tag reader. Passive RFID tags placed throughout the smart-building then act as fiducial markers that update the physical locations of each user, thereby correcting positional errors and sensor inaccuracy. Experimental measurements taken for a 55 m × 20 m 2D floor space indicate an over 1200% improvement in average error rate of the proposed RFID-fused system over dead reckoning alone.
A static mode mass spectrometer for the measurement of noble gases

Abstract A “static” mode mass spectrometer has been developed for measuring the fission product gases Xe and Kr in the determination of nuclear fuel burnup. Accurate and reproducible results from samples of less than 10 10 atoms have been demonstrated. The all metal spectrometer system was designed to operate without dynamic pumping during an analysis so that the noble gas present is not depleted. System pressure from all sources during a run may vary from 10 −10 torr to 10 −6 torr. Quantitative gas samples were obtained from low level burnup of 93% enriched 235 U, irradiated in a known neutron flux. This method appears feasible for samples as small as 10 7 atoms or even less with the experimental modifications suggested in the text.
Polycystic kidney and liver disease in Springbok: I. Morphology of the lesions

Spontaneous polycystic kidney and liver disease in an inbred herd of Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) was studied by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and microdissection. Springbok are a small species of gazelle of the family Bovidae native to South Africa. Since 1976, 18% of all live calves born have had nephromegaly and died within 2 weeks of birth. Examination of kidney and liver from ten calves which had died or were sacrifices since 1978 revealed bilateral, symmetrical nephromegaly due to moderate to marked focal dilatation of tubules predominately in the outer zone of the medulla. Microdissection of renal tissue from three affected calves indicated polycystic kidneys had cysts in all of the bends of Henle's loops, over half of the ascending limbs, and about one fourth of the collecting ducts. All of these calves had proliferation and cystic dilatation of bile ducts in most hepatic portal areas. The bile ducts were irregularly dilated and confluent with only a slight increase in periductular connective tissue. Ultrastructural studies revealed no consistent changes in the basement membranes of either the renal or hepatic cysts. This disease has several features similar to the autosomal recessive form of polycystic kidney disease in man and may prove a useful animal model.
Phagocyte cell migration is mediated by phospholipases PLD1 and PLD2

We have investigated whether the signaling protein phospholipase D is implicated in leukocyte cell motility. Treating differentiated HL-60 cells with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), to deplete endogenous expression of the PLD1 isoform, led to an abolishment of basal chemokinesis that could not be rescued with chemoattractants ENA-78, FMLP, and IL-8. Transient overexpression of PLD1 increased both chemokinesis and chemotaxis toward IL-8 and FMLP but not toward ENA-78. Chemokinesis was not mediated by the enzymatic activity of PLD1, but the chemotactic response was, because a lipase-inactive mutant (PLD1-K830R) negated all chemokine-induced potentiating actions and because IL-8 and FMLP increased activity in vitro. Gene expression silencing of the other mammalian isoform, PLD2, also led to cell migration arrest, whereas ENA-78 selectively increased endogenous PLD2 activity and chemotaxis of HL-60 cells overexpressing a myc-pcDNA-PLD2 construct. Thus, PLD1 is differentially activated by CXCR-1, whereas CXCR-2 (and possibly CXCR-1) mediates PLD2 activation. Finally, immunofluorescence microscopy showed that both isoforms were associated with cell polarity and directionality concomitantly with adhesion and F-actin polymerization in response to IL-8. These data represent the first demonstration of the involvement of PLD and its enzymatic activity toward chemokines in the key physiologic process of leukocyte migration.