cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor Suppression by the Mammalian Period Genes

The Period (Per) genes are key circadian rhythm regulators in mammals. Expression of the mouse Per (mPer) genes have diurnal pattern in the suprachiamstic nuclei and in peripheral tissues. Genetic ablation mPER1 and mPER2 function results in a complete loss of circadian rhythm control based on wheel running activity in mice. In addition, these animals also display apparent premature aging and significant increase in neoplastic and hyperplastic phenotypes. When challenged by gamma-radiation, mPer2 deficient mice response by rapid hair graying, are deficient in p53-mediated apoptosis in thymocytes and have robust tumor occurrences. Our studies have demonstrated that the circadian clock function is very important for cell cycle, DNA damage response and tumor suppression in vivo. Temporal expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and tumor suppression, such as c-Myc, Cyclin D1, Cyclin A, Mdm-2 and Gadd45alpha is deregulated in mPer2 mutant mice. In addition, genetic studies have demonstrated that many key regulators of cell cycle and growth control are also important circadian clock regulators confirming the critical role of circadian function in organismal homeostasis. Recently studies of human breast and endometrial cancers revealed that the loss and deregulation of PERIOD proteins is common in the tumor cells.
Abscisic acid synergizes with rosiglitazone to improve glucose tolerance and down-modulate macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue: possible action of the cAMP/PKA/PPAR γ axis.

Summary Background & aims Abscisic acid (ABA) is effective in preventing insulin resistance and obesity-related inflammation through a PPAR γ-dependent mechanism. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy ABA in improving glucose homeostasis and suppress inflammation when administered in combination with rosiglitazone (Ros) and to determine whether PPAR γ activation by ABA is initiated via cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. Methods Obese db/db mice were fed high-fat diets containing 0, 10, or 70 mg/kg Ros with and without racemic ABA (100 mg/kg) for 60 days. Glucose tolerance and fasting insulin levels were assessed at 6 and 8 weeks, respectively, and adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) infiltration was examined by flow cytometry. Gene expression was examined on white adipose tissue (WAT) and stromal vascular cells (SVCs) cultured with ABA, Ros, or an ABA/Ros combination. Results Both Ros and ABA improved glucose tolerance, and ABA decreased plasma insulin levels while having no effect on Ros-induced weight gain. ABA in combination with low-dose Ros (10 mg/kg; Roslo) synergistically inhibited ATM infiltration. Treatment of SVCs with Ros, ABA or ABA/Ros suppressed expression of the M1 marker CCL17. ABA and Ros synergistically increased PPAR γ activity and pretreatment with a cAMP-inhibitor or a PKA-inhibitor abrogated ABA-induced PPAR γ activation. Conclusions ABA and Ros act synergistically to modulate PPAR γ activity and macrophage accumulation in WAT and ABA enhances PPAR γ activity through a membrane-initiated mechanism dependent on cAMP/PKA signaling.
Transit temperatures and quality maintenance in export shipments of kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.)

Resume Les temperatures de transport de kiwis tardifs expedies en conteneurs routiers suivant trois itineraires differents (voir Tableau 1) de Californie en Europe etaient generalement acceptables (0 a 1.7°C) lorsque les conteneurs etaient a bord du navire, mais elles etaient quelquefois plus elevees que souhaitable au cours du transport a terre. Des chargements achemines par voie ferree a Houston, Texas, etaient en moyenne a 4.4°C pendant cette section de transport. Les chargements achemines par Panama presentaient en moyenne des temperatures de transport de 2.8 a 4.4°C au debut de la periode de transport, c'est-a-dire quand les conteneurs se trouvaient au port ou quand ils etaient transportes d'Oakland a Long Beach. Les chargements achemines par voie terrestre au New Jersey etaient a une temperature acceptable, bien qu'un chargement en camionremorque de type courant presentât une variation considerable de la temperatures a l'interieur du chargement. Les temperatures s'uniformiserent lorsque, au New-Jersey, ce chargement a ete transferea un conteneur routier. La perte de fermeteetait le defaut le plus grave de ces fruits d'arriere-saison. Cependant il s'etait produit le plus de ramollissement pendant l'entreposage avant l'expedition et il se produisait tres peu de ramollissement pendant le transport. Bien que le ramollissement fut stimule par des teneurs en ethylene superieures a 20 parties par milliard, l'ethylene ne depassait pas cette teneur dans les chargements lors de l'expedition.
Cultural implications of a corporation in decline

While management research on organizational decline has been notably limited during the past three decades, consideration of an independent variable - cultural diversity- has been even further removed from discussion. Existing frameworks on recognizing and mitigating decline are not complete without further consideration of cultural diversity. How does it affect a firm's propensity for decline? What role does it play in mitigating or obviating decline? How does cultural diversity impact the decision-making capability of the firm during a time of crisis? This paper examines cultural diversity as an independent variable for organizational decline ; and present a propensity of decline model, for consideration of cultural diversity as a potential enabler for the observation, understanding, analysis, decision-making, and execution of a strategy to mitigate or obviate corporate decline. Keywords: organizational decline, organizational culture, cultural diversity
Distribution and elimination of hexachlorocyclopentadiene in rats and mice.

ABSTRACT14C-Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HEX, C56) was administered to adult rats and mice as a single oral dose (2.5 and 25 mg/kg) and as a component of the diet (1, 5 and 25 ppm) for a maximum of 30 days. The primary route of excretion was via the feces (-70% of dose) with low elimination in the urine (-15%). Biliary excretion of only 16% with 66% still voided in the feces of bile duct cannulated rats suggested that the majority of orally consumed HEX was not absorbed. However, extensive degradation apparently occurred in the gut since little of the fecal material was of an apolar nature. The kidney, liver, ovaries and fat were the major sites of deposition of 14C-HEX equivalents. In rats, the kidney contained the highest levels of residues, whereas in mice the residues in the liver exceeded those in the kidney. Other than this difference, the fate of HEX in rats and mice, both male and female, was quite similar and in each case the tissue residues reached a plateau after about two weeks on the HEX-contai...
A method for detecting water in organic solvents.

The potent dehydrating ability of difluoro(aryl)-λ3-iodanes is exploited to develop a convenient 19F-NMR-based aquametry method that is more sensitive than coulometric Karl Fischer titration. The key difluoro(aryl)-λ3-iodane reagents are synthesized readily from commercially available and inexpensive precursors.
Some notes on a volume fraction mixture theory and a comparison with the kinetic theory of gases

Abstract This paper is primarily concerned with the development of a modern mixture theory based on a volume fraction definition of velocity. This definition may be contrasted to that of classical mixture theory which bases the mixture velocity on dispersed densities. The volume fraction theory leads to fundamentally different restrictions for the supply terms governing constituent interactions. An accurate representation of the mass, momentum, and energy supplies is critical to the success of virtually all mixture theory applications. Hence, the differences between the volume fraction theory and the classical theory are substantial and a closer scrutiny of the implications of each is warranted. The two theories are compared with results from the kinetic theory of gases for the case of a diffusing mixture of gases. The results indicate the volume fraction theory is consistent with kinetic theory while the classical theory is not.
Regulation of transcription and DNA replication of bacteriophage 80

Transcriptional mapping and DNA replication measurements have been used to characterizea series of 80 suppressor-sensitive mutants which are defective in genes 15, 14, 16 , and 17 . These genes are localized within the inner right arm of the vegetative 80 DNA genome. The sus 326 mutation in gene 15 leads to a decrease in major leftward ( p L - att 80) RNA levels and to a marked pleiotropic reduction in major rightward RNA synthesis; however, 80 DNA, synthesis is reduced only moderately (about two-fold). These findings are consistent with the gene 15 product being a positive control regulator that is essential for normal transcriptional development, in particular, beyond a termination signal(s) ( t R ) located between genes 16 and 17 . The sus 8 and sus 258 mutations (in genes 14 and 16 , respectively) lead to severe blockage of both major rightward RNA transcription and 80 DNA synthesis. The products of genes 14 and 16 appear to be required for both autonomous 80 DNA replication and the “late” transcriptional development. The sus 121 mutation in gene 17 reduces the level of “late” major rightward transcription (gene 17-1-13-att '80 segment) by about 10-fold but does not have any apparent effect on the levels of 80 DNA synthesis. These profiles identify the product of gene 17 as a “ Q -type” positive control regulator for the “late” major rightwart RNA. These studies reveal the functional characterization of four genes, the products of which are necessary for the efficient expression of the “early” RNA transcribed segments, autonomous DNA replication, and the production of normal levels of “late” ( 17-1-13-att '80) RNA synthesis.
Damage in gamma titanium aluminides due to small particle impacts

Abstract Initiation of cracking due to small particle impacts on low ductility intermetallics is investigated experimentally and theoretically. The gamma titanium aluminide alloys of interest which are being considered for elevated temperature structural applications in aircraft engines exhibit tensile ductilities on the order of 1–2%. Cracking due to any source, including small particle impacts, is of concern given the rapid growth of cracks in fatigue. This investigation focuses on a model geometry which reproduces the rear face cracking that is induced by a small particle impinging on an air foil leading edge. Small steel spheres are projected onto thin plates at velocities ranging from 76 to 305 m\s ; cracking is thereby induced on the rear surface of the plates. Through finite element analyses of the dynamic impact event and some analytical estimates, we examine the hypothesis that crack initiation due to small particle impacts can be correlated with material ductility and with the severity and spatial extent of the straining during the impact event. In addition, with the use of static indentation tests in which similar strain distributions are present, some insight is gained into the difference in ductility between high and low strain rates. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Stochastic Theory of Molecule Formation on Dust

The formation of interstellar molecules on the surfaces of dust grains is calculated in the framework of stochastic reaction kinetics. The master equation and the state transition probabilities are defined, and the growth of grain mantles following accretion and reaction of gas-phase species is computed. The results are compared to the observed composition and structure of interstellar ices. The differences between this approach to gas-grain kinetics and previous work is discussed, and possible extensions of the theory are outlined.
Titanium in silicon as a deep level impurity

Titanium inserted in silicon by diffusion or during Czochralski ingot growth is electrically active to a concentration level of about 4 x 10 to the 14th per cu cm. It is reported that Hall measurements after diffusion show conversion of lightly doped p-type Si to n-type due to a Ti donor level at E sub c -0.22 eV. In addition, in DLTS measurements of n(+)p structures this level shows as an electron (minority carrier) trap at E sub c -0.26 eV with an electron capture cross section of about 3 x 10 to the -15th per sq cm at 300 K. Finally, a Ti electrically active concentration of about 1.35 x 10 to the 13th per cu cm in p type Si results in a minority carrier (electron) lifetime of 50 nsec at 300 K.
Genetics of Hirschsprung disease and anorectal malformations

Hirschsprung disease (HD) and anorectal malformations (ARMs) result from alterations in hindgut development. It has long been recognized that both recur in families and thus result, at least in part, from genetic factors. Progress in the understanding of the genetic basis of HD has been made by the application of findings from genetic animal models of altered enteric nervous system development to human beings. Several genes have been shown to be important for human enteric nervous system development, and current work is progressing to identify genetic interactions that may explain the variable phenotype of HD. By contrast, understanding of the genetic factors underlying ARMs is much less developed. We and others have shown that genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of ARMs, and many mouse genetic models suggest molecular pathways that may be altered in ARMs.
Wavefront Aberration Correction Using Zernike Polynomial Parameterizations of Optical Phased Arrays (PREPRINT)

Abstract : High performance laser communication systems require adaptive optics based wavefront correction systems to correct aberrations that result from imperfections in optical hardware and atmospheric conditions. Traditionally, deformable membrane mirrors are used for wavefront correction. These mirrors are bulky and require excessive amounts of power, both of which can be detrimental to a space application. Liquid crystal based optical phased arrays (OPAs) offer an attractive alternative to these traditional devices. This paper presents a method of correcting wavefront aberrations with an OPA device by utilizing phase reconstruction of point-source images and Zernike polynomial parameterizations of the OPA. Limitations of common OPA architectures that reduce the effectiveness of the proposed wavefront correction method will be discussed. A simulation will demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Receptor-associated Protein Is a Folding Chaperone for Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein

The 39-kDa receptor-associated protein (RAP) is a receptor antagonist that inhibits ligand interactions with the receptors that belong to the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. Our previous studies have demonstrated that RAP interacts with the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) within the endoplasmic reticulum and prevents premature interaction of ligands with the receptor. To analyze whether RAP is also involved in the folding of LRP during receptor biosynthesis, we generated anchor-free, soluble minireceptors that represent each of the four putative ligand-binding domains of LRP (SLRP1, -2, -3, and -4, corresponding to the clusters with 2, 8, 10, and 11 cysteine-rich complement-type repeats, respectively). When these SLRPs were overexpressed by cell transfection, only SLRP1 was secreted. Little or no secretion was observed for SLRP2, -3, and -4. However, when RAP cDNA was cotransfected with SLRP2, -3, and -4 cDNAs, each of these SLRPs was secreted. The cellular retention of SLRPs in the absence of RAP coexpression appeared to be a result of the formation of SDS-resistant, oligomeric aggregates observed under nonreducing conditions. Such oligomers of the SLRPs likely resulted from formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds since they were reduced to monomers when analyzed under reducing conditions. The oligomers were formed not only among molecules of a given SLRP, but also between different SLRPs. The role of RAP in the process of LRP folding was shown by the reduction in aggregated SLRP oligomers upon RAP coexpression. A similar role of RAP in preventing the aggregation of newly synthesized receptor was also observed using membrane-containing minireceptor of LRP. Coimmunoprecipitation and ligand binding studies demonstrated that RAP binds avidly to SLRP2, -3, and -4, but not to SLRP1. These results suggest that these interactions may be important for proper folding of LRP by ensuring the formation of proper intradomain, but not intermolecular or interdomain, disulfide bonds. Thus, our results strongly suggest that, in addition to the prevention of premature binding of ligands to LRP, RAP also plays an important role in receptor folding.
Filipino Personality Structure and the Big Five Model: A Lexical Approach

In lexically based studies, we derived Filipino personality dimensions and related them to the Big Five model. In Study 1, Filipino high-school and college students (N = 629) rated themselves on a near-comprehensive list of 861 Filipino (Tagalog) trait adjectives. In Study 2, Filipino high-school and college students (N = 1,531) rated 280 markers of dimensions identified in Study 1. Some students (n = 473) also completed the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Seven comparable Filipino dimensions were identified in factor analyses in the two studies. We concluded that the dimensions we labeled Concern for Others (vs. Egotism), Conscientiousness, Gregariousness, and Intellect were quite similar to Big Five Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, and Intellect, respectively. The Filipino Self-Assurance dimension was most similar to Big Five Neuroticism. The Filipino Temperamentalness dimension was more complex in Big Five terms, overlapping Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism. A final Filipino factor resembled a Negative Valence or Infrequency dimension. More than five factors had to be extracted to obtain Philippine dimensions resembling all of the Big Five.
Evaluating Southern Ocean biological production in two ocean biogeochemical models on daily to seasonal timescales using satellite chlorophyll and O 2 / Ar observations

Abstract. We assess the ability of ocean biogeochemical models to represent seasonal structures in biomass and net community production (NCP) in the Southern Ocean. Two models are compared to observations on daily to seasonal timescales in four different sections of the region. We use daily satellite fields of chlorophyll (Chl) as a proxy for biomass and in situ observations of O2 and Ar supersaturation (ΔO2 / Ar) to estimate NCP. ΔO2 / Ar is converted to the flux of biologically generated O2 from sea to air (O2 bioflux). All data are aggregated to a climatological year with a daily resolution. To account for potential regional differences within the Southern Ocean, we conduct separate analyses of sections south of South Africa, around the Drake Passage, south of Australia, and south of New Zealand. We find that the models simulate the upper range of Chl concentrations well, underestimate spring levels significantly, and show differences in skill between early and late parts of the growing season. While there is a great deal of scatter in the bioflux observations in general, the four sectors each have distinct patterns that the models pick up. Neither model exhibits a significant distinction between the Australian and New Zealand sectors and between the Drake Passage and African sectors. South of 60° S, the models fail to predict the observed extent of biological O2 undersaturation. We suggest that this shortcoming may be due either to problems with the ecosystem dynamics or problems with the vertical transport of oxygen.
Decoding the spectra of low-finesse extrinsic optical fiber Fabry-Perot interferometers

A theoretical model is developed to address the fringe visibility and additional phase in the interference spectra of low-finesse extrinsic optical fiber excited Fabry-Perot interferometers. The model described in the paper applies to both single-mode and multimode fiber excitations; according to the theory, the fringe visibility and additional phase term are primarily determined by the working wavelength and angular power density distribution outputting from the excitation fiber, rather than based on spatial and temporal degree of coherence. Under certain approximations, the output interference intensity and the spatial power density distribution projected onto the fiber axis form a Fourier-transform pair, which potentially provides a tool for spatial density distribution analysis of fiber output. With excellent agreement with experiments, the theory presented in this paper leads to design guidelines for Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors and insightful physical understanding of such devices.
Conditional dependence and decomposition strategies in diagnostic inference systems

Abstract This paper discusses the application of decomposition rules to Bayesian man—machine diagnostic inference systems. An experiment is reported which investigates the use of such decomposition rules in dealing with conditionally dependent data. The experiment, unlike its predecessors, employs an intuitive inference task where the veridical odds can be closely estimated. One major conclusion of this research is that logically equivalent decomposition rules are not necessarily of equal difficulty. Consequently, recommendations as to the superority of a particular decomposition rule should not be made; the systems designer's choice of a particular decision rule should be based on the types of data and conditional dependencies encountered in his particular situation. Such considerations may lead to the adoption of hybrid decomposition rules of a type not previously used.
The increased incidence of anesthetic adverse events in late afternoon surgeries.

ABSTRACT ANESTHETIC ADVERSE EVENTS have been found to occur more frequently in surgical procedures performed after 4 PM. THE MAJOR FACTORS that contribute to increased anesthetic adverse events include fatigue, circadian rhythm lows or dips, and administrative delays. AN INCREASED SHORTAGE of anesthesia care providers is likely to create longer work hours, thus increasing fatigue, which can lead to more anesthetic adverse events. Awareness of and education about adverse events and solutions are imperative. AORN J 88 (July 2008) 79–87. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Chemistry and the challenge of sustainability

Sustainability poses a set of unique challenges for chemistry, challenges that need to be brought into the chemistry curriculum. Doing so will provide unique opportunities to connect learning chemistry to the broad goals of education as well as provide a more fully rounded professional education for chemistry majors. The steady growth in recent years of resources for supporting the incorporation of sustainability into chemistry education makes this goal much more realistic and achievable.
Ejecta patterns diagnostic of planetary rotations

A new scheme for determining a body's rotational history from the geological record is presented. Trajectories of ejecta on a rotating object are affected by the Coriolis effect in a manner characteristic of the direction and speed of the object's spin. This information is registered on the surface in the form of debris deposits and ray patterns, and can be interpreted by comparing photographs of the planet's surface with specified paradigms. This approach has the advantage of being independent of the body's internal structure and of relating its rotational history directly to its cratering chronology. This approach could be used, for example, to date the despinning of Mercury relative to its latest bombardment.
Interpolation methods for economical pulse-echo signal synthesis

Models for pulse-echo simulations use a distribution of point scatterers to generate realistic computer phantoms. In these simulations, the contribution from a pair of transmit-receive transducer elements evaluated at a single scatterer produces the same signal on each A-line with different time delays and amplitude scale factors. Instead of re-calculating the pressure signals for each A-line, a much more efficient approach delays and scales the pressure signals before superposing the contributions from different transducer elements to obtain each simulated A-line.
A nonlocal theory of an electrostatic sinusoidal density drift instability

The stability of space plasmas in which the macroscopic variables vary in the direction x perpendicular to the magnetic field is usually studied by means of the local approximation, in which the fluctuating potential is assumed to be independent of x. To remove this approximation, a nonlocal problem is studied in which the background density, and hence the fluctuating potentials, are periodic in x. From the linear Vlasov/Poisson equations, a set of coupled, linear, homogeneous, algebraic equations relating the Fourier amplitudes of the eigensolution is derived. The equations are solved numerically and a hierarchy of exact eigenmodes characterized by different growth rates and spatial structures is found. At points where the density gradient is locally zero, the mode amplitude is generally several orders of magnitude lower than the peak amplitude. The dependence of these solutions on the parameters which define the background density perturbation is studied and a correspondence between these nonlocal results and those obtained with the local approximation is demonstrated.
Secondary-Flow Phenomena in Stator and Rotor-Blade Rows and Their Effect on Turbine Performance

Secondary-flow phenomena in stator and rotor-blade rows and their effect on turbine performance
Clinical aspects of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

The association of malignant lymphoma with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been recognized since early in the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic. Important clues regarding the etiology of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (AIDS-NHL) and estimates of the future incidence of AIDS-NHL have been derived from epidemiologic studies. Recent epidemiologic and cohort studies reviewed in this article have confirmed that the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is high in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, and increase with the duration of severe immunodeficiency in patients receiving antiretroviral therapies. A recent retrospective analysis of clinical features associated with AIDS-NHL described two groups of patients possessing distinct prognostic features. Finally, a number of new observations relating to the molecular and pathogenic mechanism underlying the development of AIDS-NHL have recently been described. The role of Epstein-Barr virus in the pathogenesis of AIDS-NHL continues to be enigmatic, and there may be multiple mechanisms contributing to the development of lymphoma, even in an individual patient.
Augmentation of radiation response by panitumumab in models of upper aerodigestive tract cancer

Purpose To examine the interaction between panitumumab, a fully human anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody, and radiation in head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma and non–small-cell lung cancer cell lines and xenografts. Methods and Materials The head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma lines UM-SCC1 and SCC-1483, as well as the non–small-cell lung cancer line H226, were studied. Tumor xenografts in athymic nude mice were used to assess the in vivo activity of panitumumab alone and combined with radiation. In vitro assays were performed to assess the effect of panitumumab on radiation-induced cell signaling, apoptosis, and DNA damage. Results Panitumumab increased the radiosensitivity as measured by the clonogenic survival assay. Radiation-induced epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation and downstream signaling through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was inhibited by panitumumab. Panitumumab augmented radiation-induced DNA damage by 1.2–1.6-fold in each of the cell lines studied as assessed by residual γ-H 2 AX foci after radiation. Radiation-induced apoptosis was increased 1.4–1.9-fold by panitumumab, as evidenced by Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate staining and flow cytometry. In vivo, the combination therapy of panitumumab and radiation was superior to panitumumab or radiation alone in the H226 xenografts ( p = 0.01) and showed a similar trend in the SCC-1483 xenografts ( p = 0.08). In vivo, immunohistochemistry demonstrated the ability of panitumumab to augment the antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects of radiation. Conclusion These studies have identified a favorable interaction in the combination of radiation and panitumumab in upper aerodigestive tract tumor models, both in vitro and in vivo . These data suggest that clinical investigations examining the combination of radiation and panitumumab in the treatment of epithelial tumors warrant additional pursuit.
Some differential characters of the morphs of cymatia coleoptrata (Fabr.) (heteroptera: Corixidae)

The differential characters (body length; pronotal shape; shape, claval apparatus and coloration of forewings; shape and venation of hindwings) of both brachy‐ and macropterous adults of Cymatia coleoptrata (Fabricius, 1776) from Central Europe are described, figured and compared with available literature. The variability of these characters is also discussed.
Comparing cognitive maps using graph algorithms.

The purpose of this project is two-fold: (1) to examine researchers' knowledge structures on research topics; (2) to compare knowledge structures of experts with those of non-experts. Expert is defined as the researcher who had conducted in-depth research and published on the topic and whose vocabulary used to describe the topic for online searching was the basis for constructing maps. Non-experts are also researchers in the same field but had not done any in-depth work on the topics when they were asked to make a map using the given vocabulary. Both experts and non-experts were allowed to add new terms to or drop original terms from the given vocabulary. The finished cognitive map is a structured layout of the terms on a two-dimensional plane. During the mapping process, subjects also provided thinking-aloud protocols, which revealed additional information on how they saw the relationships of the concepts represented by the terms. Preliminary analyses of ten sets of cognitive maps for ten research topics revealed differences in final vocabulary (after adding and dropping terms), configuration (topdown, left-right, radial, etc.), and foci (focusing on problems, issues or processes). These results were reported at the 1999 ASIS Annual Meeting. Work has just been completed to advance the comparison of semantic closeness using graph theory to convert maps into matrices and to calculate similarities. The following algorithms have been developed for the conversion and calculation of cognitive maps.
Real-time imaging in interfacial engineering

In this paper we present an overview of the Real-time Imaging effort at the Center of Interfacial Engineering. Our approach to Real-time imaging in the context of interfacial engineering is presented first. We distinguish visualization and analysis of interfacial processes and products. Novel uses for Real-time Imaging are mentioned, including real-time analysis of images from the newest Near-field microscopes. The potentials of real- time image analysis applied to the understanding of process evolution is discussed next, with an example pertaining to the coating industry. Two examples of current applications of Real- time image processing are presented next: The first is a detailed discussion of the use of normalized cross-correlation to stabilize the video stream from a camera subject to vibration. A procedure for maximizing the precision of the image processing operations within the fixed 8-bit hardware architecture is presented. The second example pertains to the growth of thin films via Chemical Beam Epitaxy and the analysis of RHEED patterns, which aims at optimizing the growth process.
The wave nature of megagauss field production

The traveling wave nature of implosive megagauss magnetic field production is analyzed. It is shown that the magnitude of the magnetic field can be increased orders of magnitude by the use of relativistic implosion velocities.
Superfluid properties of excited nuclei arising from a δ-force residual interaction

The statistical functions describing excited nuclei are calculated on the basis of the Nilsson shell model and of a delta -force matrix elements. A comparison is made with calculations performed on the basis of a constant pairing strength.
VoIP Security: Not an Afterthought: DDOS takes on a whole new meaning.

Voice over IP (VoIP) promises to up-end a century-old model of voice telephony by breaking the traditional monolithic service model of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and changing the point of control and provision from the central office switch to the end user’s device. Placing intelligence at the edge, in the Internet tradition, has a number of consequences: a wider community of developers - in particular the large community of Web service developers - can work on voice applications; open interfaces and decomposable functionality facilitate multi-vendor and homegrown solutions; and open source and nonproprietary software development can facilitate innovation and experimentation.
Vinylsilane-mediated polyene cyclization. Synthesis of the octahydronaphthalenol portion of dihydrocompactin.

Abstract A synthesis of the octahydronaphthalenol portion 12 of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor dihydrocompactin (1) is described wherein a vinylsilane-terminated polyene cyclization and variants of the Claisen rearrangement provide key elements of regio- and stereocontrol.
Noncardiac pathology on clinical cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

Objectives We sought to determine the prevalence of noncardiac pathology in a large consecutive series of patients referred for clinical cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) studies. Background The imaging field for many CMR sequences extends outside of the heart border. As a result, noncardiac pathology may be identified. These noncardiac findings have clinical significance because they often lead to subsequent imaging/testing and intervention. The prevalence of noncardiac findings on clinical CMR studies has not been well described. Methods The reports of all 1,534 (62% male, age 50 ± 15 years) clinical CMR studies performed at an academic medical center during calendar years 2002 to 2006 were reviewed. All studies had been interpreted by both a staff cardiologist (level III trained in CMR) and a board-certified radiologist (with fellowship training in CMR). For each study, sex, age, indication for CMR study, and reported noncardiac pathology were extracted. Follow-up for each major noncardiac pathology was evaluated by reviewing the patient's medical center electronic medical record. These noncardiac pathologies were then categorized as significant if an intervention or change in the patient's management ensued. Results A total of 116 (7.6%) studies had at least one noncardiac finding. These findings included 55 major findings (e.g., lymphadenopathy, lung abnormalities, mediastinal masses) in 48 distinct reports (prevalence of 3.1%) and 74 minor findings (e.g., small pleural effusions, liver cysts, renal cysts) in 70 distinct reports (prevalence of 4.6%). The majority (62%) of major findings were previously known, with only 8 findings in 6 (0.4%) of 1,534 reports ultimately deemed to be new and clinically important/significant. The age of those with noncardiac pathology was greater (54 ± 16 years vs. 49 ± 16 years, p Conclusions In this large series of consecutive clinical CMR studies interpreted by both staff cardiologists and radiologists, noncardiac pathology is uncommonly reported. When reported, the majority of major findings are previously known. New major findings were detected in
Multiwafer zinc diffusion in an OMVPE reactor

Abstract We study diffusion of zinc into InP in a multiwafer OMVPE reactor using dimethylzinc as the diffusant source. The resulting diffusion profiles are measured by electrochemical capacitance–voltage profiling and by secondary ion mass spectrometry and compared with cleaved cross-sections imaged by scanning electron microscopy. Very good uniformity of the diffusion profile is achieved, with variation across a 3 in. wafer as little as 5%. The dependence of the diffusion depth and Zn concentration on the diffusion temperature, partial pressure of dimethylzinc, and diffusion time are reported. We observe an enhancement of the diffusion depth in area-selective diffusion of planar devices, compared to the depth obtained for blanket diffusion.
SU‐GG‐T‐101: Validation of Collapse Cone Convolution Superposition Algorithm Using Ion Chamber and Field Measurements

Purpose: To validate the collapse cone convolution superposition (CCCS) algorithm using ion chamber and field measurements for small lung lesions subject to electronic disequilibrium. Method and Materials:IMRT plans for several lung patients were created using Pinnacle 8.0 planning system. The lung lesions measured less than 3 cm diameter and less than 27 cm3 and were treated in our institution with SBRT. For each patient seven optimized plans were produced by changing the minimum segment size in the IMRT optimization parameters. The minimum segment size varied from 0.25cm2 to 6cm2. The optimized intensity maps for each plan were then used to calculate the dose distributions using the CCCS algorithm. For each clinical plan, a corresponding quality assurance (QA) plan was created. The intensity maps for each of the QA plans was calculated in a plexiglass phantom where there is an insert for an ion chamber (PTW 0.125 cc) and a film (Kodak EDR2). The ion chamber measurements were then converted to dose and the films were scanned using a VIDAR scanner and analyzed using the RIT software. The dose calculated from Pinnacle for the ion chamber point and the planar dose at the location of the film were then exported and compared against measurements. Results There was good agreement (0–5%) between the calculated values and the measurements. The agreement was independent of the segment size used during IMRT optimization. The plans with small segment sizes had more monitor units which resulted in higher doses to the lung.Conclusion: The CCCS can accurately predict the dose delivered to the target. Films and ion chamber measurements can be used for evaluating the delivered plan with accuracy of 5%.
The Triggering of Orographic Rainbands by Small-Scale Topography

Abstract The triggering of convective orographic rainbands by small-scale topographic features is investigated through observations of a banded precipitation event over the Oregon Coastal Range and simulations using a cloud-resolving numerical model. A quasi-idealized simulation of the observed event reproduces the bands in the radar observations, indicating the model’s ability to capture the physics of the band-formation process. Additional idealized simulations reinforce that the bands are triggered by lee waves past small-scale topographic obstacles just upstream of the nominal leading edge of the orographic cloud. Whether a topographic obstacle in this region is able to trigger a strong rainband depends on the phase of its lee wave at cloud entry. Convective growth only occurs downstream of obstacles that give rise to lee-wave-induced displacements that create positive vertical velocity anomalies wc and nearly zero buoyancy anomalies bc as air parcels undergo saturation. This relationship is quantifie...
Response to Intervention in Mathematics: Critical Elements.

While implementation efforts using a Response to Intervention (RtI) model to increase reading instruction are becoming widely used, more administrators and teachers are looking to learn effective RtI practices to support learning in mathematics. This article explores some of the key elements of RtI practices in mathematics, including screening for identification of struggling learners and progress monitoring for gauging instructional effectiveness. In addition, several of the pressing needs regarding the importance of mathematics proficiency for all students are discussed. We describe some of the similarities and differences between RtI processes in reading and mathematics. The article addresses the use of diagnostic data and details the importance of “core” instructional practices that reflect the standards included in the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics standards and Common Core Mathematics standards, among others. The article concludes with a discussion of some evidence-based interventions in mathematics, and we provide an implementation checklist to assist educators as they begin to implement RtI in mathematics. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of Space in Public Capital Research

The role of public capital in the economy is an emerging research area with theoretical significance and societal and policy relevance. Several academic disciplines and public institutions are regular contributors to this research field. The range of findings of these studies extends from virtually no role to a very strong role for public capital in the economy. Reconciling the varied and sometimes contradictory results has not been a high priority among researchers. The lack of attention to spatial forces, an issue gaining attention only relatively recently, also has been troublesome. This article reviews public capital research along three primary dimensions: the dependent variable, scale of analysis, and attention to spatial processes. The authors emphasize scale and space as among the most important but least discussed differences among public capital studies and then focus on the nature of the economic processes at work and detectable at different scales of analysis.
Local trajectories in the global economy

This article offers a framework for conceptualizing local development, specifically in the context of foreign direct investment (FDI). I establish my conceptual framework through a critique of thre...
Hidden diversity in a hyperdiverse gastropod genus: Discovery of previously unidentified members of a Conus species complex

Molecular sequence data are a powerful tool for delimiting species, particularly in cases where morphological differences are obscure. Distinguishing species in the Conus sponsalis complex of tropical marine gastropods has long been difficult, because descriptions and identification has relied exclusively on shell characters, primarily color patterns, and these often appear to intergrade among putative species. Here we use molecular sequence data from two mitochondrial gene regions (16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and one nuclear locus (a four-loop conotoxin gene) to characterize the genetic discontinuity of the nominal species of this group currently accepted as valid: the Indo-West Pacific C. sponsalis, C. nanus, C. ceylanensis, C. musicus and C. parvatus, and the eastern Pacific C. nux. In these analyses C. nanus and C. sponsalis resolve quite well and appear to represent distinct evolutionary units that are mostly congruent with morphology-based distinctions. We also identified several cryptic entities whose genetic uniqueness suggests species-level distinctions. Two of these fit the original description of C. sponsalis; three forms appear to represent C. nanus but differ in adult shell size or possess a unique shell color pattern.
Synthesis of Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene Complexes That Contain Siloxides

Monosiloxide and disiloxide complexes have been prepared through the addition of silanols to Mo(NR)(CHCMe2Ph)(pyrrolyl)2 species [R = 1-adamantyl (Ad) or 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3 (Ar)]. The silanols employed ...
Simulation studies of the response of deeply towed vehicle to various towing ship maneuvers

Abstract The behavior of a long cable towed at slow speeds through the ocean depends in a complex fashion on the path followed by the towing ship relative to the water. A cable simulation program was used to characterize the response of the cable by using idealized towing ship maneuvers as input to the program. The response of the cable was noted and it was found that the behavior of the cable was strongly dependent on the fundamental period of the towing vessel maneuvers. Sinusoidal deviations of the towing ship from a straight towing track resulted in delayed and reduced excursions of the towed vehicle from the tract; the estimated response ratio varied from 0·002 to 0·800, depending both on the period of the deviations (periods ranged from 5·5 to 4·0 hr) and on the towing depth (2 or 6 km). The ship's speed was 3 km/hr. The time lag between ship motion and vehicle response was approximately 0·5 hr for the shallow case and 1·3 hr for the deep case. Simulations runs of a low dragk (faired) cable showed that the behavior of the vehicle when towed at a depth of 6 km was similar to that obtained with a conventional cable at 2 km depth. The response of the towed vehicle to a right-angle turn of the towing ship was investigated and a generalized model of the response developed. The effects of a controllable side force on the towed vehicle were also simulated and it was noted that a deviation (2-hr period) of the towed vehicle from a straight-line track could be reduced from 40 to 2 m by impressing a side force on the vehicle with an average magnitude of 150 newtons (30 lb).
Cutaneous vascular deposition of C5b-9 and its role as a diagnostic adjunct in the setting of diabetes mellitus and porphyria cutanea tarda.

Background The cutaneous lesions of diabetes mellitus (DM) and porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) exhibit distinctive microvascular changes including basement membrane zone thickening and lamellation, morphologically appearing as hyaline-like alterations of the vessel wall. Immunofluorescence demonstrates homogeneous mantles of immunoglobulin in the microvasculature. The staining intensity is variable and in some cases can closely approximate those immunofluorescent changes seen in photoaged skin. Objective The purpose of this study was to establish an association between the microvascular changes seen in the skin from patients with DM and PCT and the presence of C5b-9 deposition, potentially defining the C5b-9 assay as an additional diagnostic adjunct. Methods Routine light microscopy and immunofluorescence studies were conducted on skin biopsy specimens from 14 patients with cutaneous manifestations of DM and 17 patients with PCT. The immunofluorescence profile included IgG, IgM, IgA, C3, C3d, C4d, and C5b-9. Results Fourteen of 14 DM and 17 of 17 PCT skin biopsy specimens revealed extensive granular and homogeneous vascular deposition of C5b-9; a similar pattern was observed for C3d and C4d. Control specimens from patients without DM and PCT, where C5b-9 was not an expected immunoreactant, were negative. Positive controls were cases of vasculitis, scleroderma, and dermatomyositis without DM and PCT where C5b-9 deposition was expected. C5b-9 deposition was observed and was of lesser magnitude than that encountered in patients with PCT or DM. Limitations We were unable to obtain detailed clinical information on some of the diabetic patients in regards to significant extracutaneous vascular complications. In addition, a correlation between hemoglobin 1 Ac levels and the extent of C5b-9 deposition could not be ascertained as the serum levels for hemoglobulin 1 Ac were unknown. Conclusion Granular and homogeneous deposits of C5b-9 in vessels, along with homogeneous deposits of immunoglobulin within the blood vessels, are characteristic immunofluorescence findings in patients with DM and PCT. In regards to potential mechanisms of C5b-9 deposition, decreased metabolism of C5b-9 due to glycosylation of CD59 in the setting of DM and activation of complement by irradiated porphyrins in PCT are proposed. The extent of C5b-9 deposition suggests that this complex may play a pathogenetic role in the evolution of microvascular injury in patients with DM and PCT.