cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visual acuity and the accuracy of the accommodative response

Previous investigators have observed that some subjects show large amounts of accommodative lag. We hypothesized that less accurate accommodation might be associated with poorer visual acuity and/or smaller pupil sizes. Sixty subjects (30 emmetropes and 30 myopes) aged 20-30 years, participated. All had best-corrected visual acuity of 6/6 or better [mean = -0.10 +/- 0.07 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR)]. Subjects monocularly viewed reduced Bailey-Lovie charts through a +6.50 D Badal lens on a Canon R1 auto-refractor. Visual acuity, accommodative response and pupil diameter were measured for 0, 2 and 4 D accommodative stimuli. For accommodation measurements (N= 10) subjects were instructed to fixate the smallest letters that they could read. The mean accommodative response was +0.22 +/- 0.28, +1.83 +/- 0.23 and +3.71 +/- 0.27 D for the 0, 2 and 4 D stimuli, respectively. The mean visual acuity was -0.06 +/- 0.10, -0.11 +/- 0.07 and -0.11 +/- 0.07 logMAR for the 0, 2 and 4 D stimuli, respectively. Visual acuity for the 0 D stimulus was significantly poorer than for other conditions (p 0.17). Increased accommodative lead (0 D stimulus) and accommodative lag (4 D stimulus) are associated with decreased visual acuity. Smaller pupil diameters are not associated with increased accommodative lag.
Angiotensin II type 2 receptor effect on microvascular hydraulic permeability

Abstract Background Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a potent vasoconstrictor that modulates microvascular permeability. Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptors have been described with subsequent development of their respective antagonists. We hypothesized that the AT2 receptor modulates microvascular permeability. Materials and methods Hydraulic permeability (Lp) was measured in rat mesenteric venules using the Landis micro-occlusion technique. Following baseline Lp measurements, paired measures of microvessel Lp were obtained after perfusion with a test solution. The test solutions consisted of the AT2 receptor agonist CGP42112A at 10 μ m (n = 6), 100 μ m (n = 6), and 200 μ m (n = 6), as well as the AT2 receptor antagonist PD-123319 at 3 μ m (n = 6), 30 μ m (n = 6), 300 μ m (n = 6), and 600 μ m (n = 6). Results From mean baseline Lp of 0.99 ± 0.03, 100 μ m CGP42112A decreased Lp to 0.76 ± 0.02 (P = 0.005), and 200 μ m CGP42112A decreased Lp to 0.61 ± 0.02 (P m to 1.60 ± 0.2 (P = 0.003), at 300 μ m to 2.28 ± 0.3 (P = 0.008), and at 600 μ m to 4.30 ± 0.9 (P = 0.03). Units for Lp are mean ± SEM × 10−7 cm s−1 cmH2O−1. Conclusion AT2 activation decreased Lp, while AT2 blockade increased Lp. These changes in Lp may be explained by (1) a permeability-decreasing effect of the AT2 receptor that is induced by AT2 activation and inhibited by AT2 blockade; and/or (2) a permeability-increasing effect of the AT1 receptor observed during AT2 blockade and selective AT1 activation by endogenous locally released Ang II. These mechanisms would support the theories that the AT1 receptor increases microvascular permeability, while the AT2 receptor decreases microvascular permeability.
Pseudomorphic InP/InGaAs Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (PHBTs) Experimentally Demonstrating f T = 765 GHz at 25°C Increasing to f T = 845 GHz at -55°C

Pseudomorphic InP HBTs (PHBTs) with a vertically scaled design implementing a 12.5 nm base and 55 nm collector exhibit record current gain cutoff frequency performance of fT = 765 GHz when measured at 25°C. When cooled to -55°C, fT improves more than 10% to fT = 845 GHz due to enhanced electron transport and reduced parasitic charging delays as determined by small signal equivalent circuit parameter extraction. Peak performance current density JC = 18.7 mA/μm2 and BVCEO = 1.65 V.
Histochemical and pharmacological analysis of catecholaminergic projections to the perifornical hypothalamus in relation to feeding inhibition

Three techniques, namely, midbrain lesions, fluorescence histochemistry and brain cannulation, were used in combination to analyze catecholamine (CA) projections to the perifornical hypothalamus and their function in suppressing feeding behavior. The convergence of evidence indicates that the ventral adrenergic component of the central tegmental tract and dopaminergic projections from midbrain A8 and possibly A9 cell groups contain the crucial fibers which innervate the perifornical hypothalamus and mediate CA suppression of feeding behavior. The primary evidence for this conclusion is that ventral tegmental electrolytic or 6-OHDA lesions which damaged specifically these fibers invariably caused: (1) a marked reduction of CA varicosities in the perifornical area; (2) a strong reduction or loss of the anorectic response produced by perifornical injection of the presynaptically acting drugs amphetamine and mazindol; and (3) a potentiation of the anorectic response produced by perifornical injection of the CA receptor agonists dopamine and epinephrine. Lesions in the dorsal midbrain tegmentum, which left intact the ventral adrenergic and dopaminergic fibers but damaged the compact dorsal tegmental bundle, the dorsal fibers of the central tegmental tract and the medial and lateral tegmental CA radiations, had no apparent effect on the responsiveness of the perifornical hypothalamus to CA drug stimulation, as well as on the CA fluorescence in that region. Lesions in the area of the dopaminergic A10 cells and the midline tegmental CA radiations actually potentiated the effectiveness of the anorexigenic drugs in the perifornical hypothalamus.
The Learning Environment--Then, Now and Later: 30 Years of Teaching Information Skills.

This article traces 30 years of library instruction innovation, including the creation of the first conference on Library Orientation at Eastern Michigan University in 1971 and the LOEX (Library Orientation Exchange) Clearinghouse, both of which continue to this day. Particular attention is paid to information literacy project activities in the national and international environments.
CANDID: preventing sql injection attacks using dynamic candidate evaluations

SQL injection attacks are one of the topmost threats for applications written for the Web. These attacks are launched through specially crafted user input on web applications that use low level string operations to construct SQL queries. In this work, we exhibit a novel and powerful scheme for automatically transforming web applications to render them safe against all SQL injection attacks.A characteristic diagnostic feature of SQL injection attacks is that they change the intended structure of queries issued. Our technique for detecting SQL injection is to dynamically mine the programmer-intended query structure on any input, and detect attacks by comparing it against the structure of the actual query issued. We propose a simple and novel mechanism, called CANDID, for mining programmer intended queries by dynamically evaluating runs over benign candidate inputs. This mechanism is theoretically well founded and is based on inferring intended queries by considering the symbolic query computed on a program run. Our approach has been implemented in a tool called CANDID, that retrofits Web applications written in Java to defend them against SQL injection attacks. We report extensive experimental results that show that our approach performs remarkably well in practice.
Cell-surface modification with an iodinatible imidoester to enhance radiolabeling

A procedure to enhance incorporation of radioactive iodine into cell-surface proteins is described. The effects of chemical modification of cells with the iodinatible haptens N-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (Bolton-Hunter reagent) and methyl-p-hydroxybenzimidate HC1 (Wood reagent) are compared. The Wood reagent, that does not alter the charge of the modified amino group, is superior in retention of cell viability and function. Cell-surface modification with the Wood reagent prior to radiolabeling is particularly useful for detecting antigens not readily iodinated using standard techniques.
The protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 regulates integrin-mediated adhesion of macrophages

Abstract The Src homology 2 domain phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) is a tyrosine phosphatase containing two amino-terminal SH2 domains and is expressed primarily by hematopoietic-derived cells [1]. The viable motheaten ( Hcph me-v ) mutant mice (me v ) suffer from progressive inflammation due to a deficiency of SHP-1 enzyme activity [2,3] and die at 3–4 months of age from macrophage and neutrophil accumulation in the lung [4]. The mechanism by which SHP-1 deficiency leads to inflammation is unknown. We found that macrophages from me v mice adhered and spread to a greater extent than normal macrophages through α m β 2 integrin-mediated contacts. Whereas macrophages deficient in the transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase CD45 ( CD45 −/− ) spontaneously detached from α m β 2 integrin contacts [5], cells deficient in both CD45 and SHP-1 did not. In SHP-1-deficient macrophages there was a 10–15-fold increase in D-3 phospholipid products of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase. Concomitantly, there was a 2–5-fold increase in membrane-associated PI 3-kinase activity in me v macrophages relative to normal macrophages. Treatment of macrophages with the PI 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin or LY294002 resulted in a dramatic detachment of cells, indicating that PI 3-kinase activity is required for adhesion. These data demonstrate that SHP-1 is necessary for detachment from α m β 2 integrin-mediated contacts in primary macrophages and suggest that a defect in this pathway may contribute to inflammatory disease.
Predictive factors for outcome and response in patients treated with second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors for chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase after imatinib failure

We assessed the predictive factors for outcome and response in 123 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase treated with second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) after imatinib failure. Better event-free survival rates with second-generation TKI therapy were associated with a previous cytogenetic response to imatinib (P < .001) and a performance status of 0 (P = .001). Patients with 0, 1, or 2 adverse factors had 2-year event-free survival rates of 78%, 49%, and 20% (P < .001), respectively; 2-year overall survival rates of 95%, 85%, and 40%, (P = .002), respectively; and a 12-month probability of achieving a major cytogenetic response of 64%, 36%, and 20% (P = .007), respectively. In conclusion, patients with poor performance status and no previous cytogenetic response to imatinib therapy have a low likelihood of responding to second-generation TKI with poor event-free survival and therefore should be offered additional treatment options. This scoring system could serve to advise patients of their prognosis and treatment options, as well as to evaluate the benefit of newer alternate options.
An elaboration of the structural possibilities for engaging in alignment episodes

The phenomenon of concern in this paper is the alignment episode, or the discussion of the appropriateness of the conduct of one of the interlocutors when that conduct has been brought under normatively grounded challenge. Of particular concern is how it is that interlocutors are able to construct or participate in this common communication activity. The guiding research question is: What, if any, are the rules governing the sequential ordering of conversational moves? The focus, therefore, is on structural possibilities rather than distributional probabilities. In addressing these issues, a units and rules type of approach was taken, with the units and rules being sensitive to distinctions interlocutors actually make in their talk. The research results in a rule system which interlocutors tacitly use to produce and interpret acts in these episodes. These findings are followed by a discussion of their relationship with other research as well as suggestions for future research.
Drug-Drug Interactions Between Warfarin and Psychotropics: Updated Review of the Literature

As the number of psychotropics on the market expands, the likelihood increases that a patient requiring anticoagulation with warfarin will receive concurrent treatment with a psychotropic drug. Because warfarin undergoes hepatic metabolism and is highly protein bound, it is particularly prone to drug interactions; in addition, its relatively narrow therapeutic window places patients at risk of either hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications. Although warfarin's interactions with other drugs have long been studied, the most recent review of the literature of warfarin's interactions with psychotropics was over a decade ago. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of the literature documenting the interaction between warfarin and psychotropics, with a focus on interactions mediated through the cytochrome P450 system and protein binding. A search of the MEDLINE database was performed, and reports of warfarin interactions with psychotropics were identified. The results suggest that interactions between warfarin and psychotropic drugs are important and likely underrecognized. They also have notable implications for both safety and drug compliance. When certain psychotropics are started or discontinued in patients receiving warfarin therapy, or when warfarin is introduced to a patient receiving a stable dose of a psychotropic, clinicians should monitor a patient's international normalized ratio (INR) closely to ensure it remains within therapeutic range. Psychotropics that pose a particular risk of increasing the INR when used with warfarin include fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, quetiapine, and valproic acid. Psychotropics that may significantly decrease the INR when used with warfarin include trazodone, St. John's wort, carbamazepine, and the polycyclic aromatic carbons in tobacco cigarettes; however, nicotine itself, as in nicotine replacement strategies, is not known to alter warfarin's anticoagulant effect. In certain cases, the need for anticoagulation may also necessitate switching to a different psychotropic.
Initial slope of the critical magnetic field curve of yttrium thorium sesquicarbide

Abstract The initial slope of the critical magnetic field curve of yttrium thorium sesquicarbide was observed to be 2.4±0.2 × 10 4 Oe/K. Assuming no paramagnetic limitation, as was the case for lanthanum sesquicarbide, the zero temperature critical-magnetic field is estimated to be 280 ± 24 kOe.
Related base sequences in the DNA of simple and complex organisms. IV. Evolutionary divergence of base sequence in mouse L-cell cytoplasmic and nucleus-restricted RNA

Nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs of mouse L-cells were compared for base sequence relatedness between and within them. The relationship of each of these RNAs to the DNA of other rodents and the rabbit was determined. RNA restricted to the mouse L-cell nucleus is unrelated in base sequence to cytoplasmic RNA. There is less diversity of base sequence within the gene families transcribing nucleus-restricted RNA than within those transcribing cytoplasmic RNA, suggesting more recent evolutionary origin. The gene families which code for mouse L-cell unique nuclear RNA are far more divergent from those of other rodents than are cytoplasmic RNA gene families. They are unrelated in base sequence to any gene families in rabbit DNA, suggesting that these gene families evolved after the separation of the ancestors of the orders Rodentia and Lagomorpha. The known characteristics of the RNA restricted to the nucleus in eukaryotic cells are summarized.
Is "quality of care" being mislabeled or mismeasured?

Abstract According to Francis Peabody, "The secret of the care of the patient is in caring for the patient." This secret has been well guarded in current approaches to measuring "quality of care." The measurements have concentrated on performance of approved technical procedures, such as the appropriate ordering of diagnostic tests, pharmaceutical agents, or surgery, but have generally ignored traditional components of caring, such as relieving pain or other symptoms, improving functional capacity, and assuaging anxiety or distress. By ordering the pertinent technical procedures, a health care system, institution, or clinician can get excellent ratings for "quality of care," despite gross violations of human caring. Although offering desirable assurance that the best procedures are being used, the current measurements need a more accurate label, such as "quality of technical performance." If the process of caring is to be emphasized and appraised appropriately, new methods will be required. They can be developed to identify specific activities in caring and perhaps to include evaluations of accomplishment for what patients say they want done.
Intergenerational Inequalities and the Chinese Revolution: The Importance of Age-Specific Inequalities for the Creation and Maintenance of Social Strata Within a State-Socialist Society

Since 1980, Chinese leaders have moved decisively away from the egalitarian rhetoric of the Cultural Revolution.' In the past two or three years, commentators have even argued that it is necessary to tolerate increased income inequalities on the grounds that such economic "differentiation" contributes to rapid overall growth, offering appropriate rewards to the most productive and stimulating the ambition and drive of those who currently lag behind (Lu Baifu, 1983; Wang Dacheng, 1983; Decision of the Central Committee, 1984). Detailed documentation of the magnitude or character of the emerging inequalities is as yet absent; references to the issue are hidden within reports of meteoric
ATP release by mechanically loaded porcine chondrons in pellet culture.

Objective To determine whether ATP is released from chondrocytes during mechanical stimulation and whether degradation of ATP generates inorganic pyrophosphate in chondron pellet cultures. Methods Chondron pellets were formed from 1.6 × 106 cells that had been enzymatically isolated from porcine articular cartilage. ATP was measured in media from cultures at rest and during fluid movement and cyclic compression. ATP hydrolysis was examined by high-performance liquid chromatography following the addition of γ32P-ATP to resting cultures. Results Pellet cultures at rest maintained a steady-state concentration of 2–4 nM ATP in 2 ml of medium. The ATP concentration increased 5–12-fold with cyclic compression (7.5 and 15 kPa at 0.5 Hz), then decreased to preloading levels within 60 minutes despite continued loading. A subsequent increase in pressure stimulated a further increase in ATP release, suggesting that chondrocytes desensitize to load. Cell viability was similar for pellets at rest and up to 24 hours after compression. ATP released in response to mechanical stimulation was inhibited 50% by 0.5 mM octanol, suggesting a regulated mechanism for ATP release. Exogenous ATP was rapidly hydrolyzed to pyrophosphate in resting cultures. Conclusion The occurrence of basal levels of extracellular ATP in the presence of pyrophosphohydrolase activity indicates that ATP was continuously released by chondrocytes at rest. Considering that chondrocytes express purinoceptors that respond to ATP, we suggest a role for ATP in extracellular signaling by chondrocytes in response to mechanical load. ATP released by chondrocytes in response to mechanical load is a likely source of pyrophosphate in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition diseases.
The use of nilotinib or dasatinib after failure to 2 prior tyrosine kinase inhibitors: long-term follow-up

Responses can be achieved with dasatinib or nilotinib after failure of 2 prior tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). We report on 48 chronic myeloid leukemia patients sequentially treated with 3 TKIs: 34 with dasatinib after imatinib/nilotinib failure and 14 with nilotinib after imatinib/dasatinib failure. Before the third TKI, 25 patients were in chronic phase (CP), 10 in accelerated phase (AP), and 13 in blast phase (BP). Best response to third TKI in CP was 5 major molecular responses (MMR), 3 complete cytogenetic (CCyR), 2 partial cytogenetic (PCyR), 3 minor cytogenetic (mCyR), 6 complete hematologic responses (CHR), and 6 with no response (NR). In AP, 1 patient achieved MMR, 1 CCyR, 2 PCyR, 1 mCyR, 4 CHR, and 1 NR. In BP, 1 achieved MMR, 2 CCyR, 1 PCyR, 1 mCyR, 2 returned to CP, and 6 NR. Median CCyR duration was 16.3 months; 3 CP patients achieving CCyR had a response more than 12 months. Median failure-free survival was 20 months for patients in CP, 5 months in AP, and 3 months in BP. Use of second-generation TKI after failure to 2 TKIs may induce responses, but these are usually not durable except in some CP patients. New treatment options are needed.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the vulva and groin: detection of COL1A1-PDGFB fusion transcripts by RT-PCR.

Background: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an uncommon infiltrative tumor of the dermis with characteristic cytogenetic features, specifically the translocation t(17;22)(q22;q13) which often manifests as a supernumerary ring chromosome r(17;22). The translocation results in the fusion of two genes, collagen type I alpha 1(COL1A1) and platelet-derived growth factor B-chain (PDGFB). The trunk and extremities are the anatomic sites of predilection for DFSP, whereas the vulva and groin are quite uncommon sites of involvement. Methods: This investigation evaluated seven DFSPs (four vulvar and three groin) for the presence of COL1A1-PDGFB fusion transcripts by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Results: Six of seven cases (three vulvar, three groin) contained a COL1A1-PDGFB fusion transcript. Sequence analysis of the PCR products revealed that the break-point of the COL1A1 gene was located after exon 40 in two patients, after exon 42 in one patient, after exon 44 in one patient, and after exon 47 in two patients; the break-point in the PDGFB gene was before exon 2 in all cases. No fusion transcript could be amplified in one case. Conclusions: As in DFSP at other sites, COL1A1- PDGFB chimeric fusion transcripts are present in vulvar and groin DFSP. The transcripts can be detected in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissues, and have the same general pattern of exon boundaries as in DFSP at other sites.
Role of glia in the organization and function of the visual nervous system of Drosophila

depends on activation of the tyrosine kinase receptor, Sevenless (Sev), in the R7. Prior to Sev signaling, Pros is equally expressed in all five R7 equivalence cells. Sev activation increases Pros expression specifically in the presumptive R7, suggesting that differences in Pros levels affect cell fate specification. Here, we tested whether changing Pros levels in the R7 equivalence group controls R7 vs. CC development. Indeed, genetic increase and/or decrease of pros leads to defects in the adult lens. Moreover, we found genetic interactors for Pros that affect lens formation, further supporting a dosedependent requirement for Pros during differentiation. Ongoing studies are aimed at examine how Pros controls the development and/or maintenance of the fly lens using a variety of molecular and morphological criteria. Interestingly, the vertebrate homologue of Pros, Prox1, has been shown to be important during lens development. Moreover, removal of one copy of mouse prox1 causes cataracts. Together, these data suggest that fly and vertebrate lens formation relies on evolutionarily conserved developmental pathways. Thus, we propose to use the fly eye as a new genetic system for uncovering fundamental processes necessary for vertebrate lens formation and maintenance. Support from Research Preventing Blindness and Ziegler Fdn for the Blind.
Streambank fish-shelter structures help stabilize tributary streams in Wisconsin

A significant proportion of stream sediment yield in North America comes from stream channel and bank erosion. One method used for stream stabilization is the bank installation of timber and stone fish-shelter structures, but there is little evidence for their potential effectiveness. Nine to nineteen years of precise survey data from Coon Creek, Wisconsin, however, show that fish structures enhance sediment deposition along the stream and may retard lateral migration of channels. Such structures have greater utility for sediment control when streams are eroding away a high bank and replacing it with a lower bank.
P2.162 Health-Related Quality of Life and Biological Test Results as Predictors of Adverse Adolescent Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Outcomes

Background Adolescents who experience pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are highly likely to experience adverse reproductive health outcomes. Some adolescents might benefit from intensive clinical services to prevent recurrent disease and/or associated sequelae such as chronic pelvic pain (CPP). The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between health-related quality of life (HRQL) and baseline biological outcomes with subsequent reproductive health outcomes. Methods We conducted secondary analysis of longitudinal data from the 386 young women ≤ 21 years of age enrolled in the Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Clinical Evaluation and Health (PEACH) Trial. Demographic and reproductive health histories, SF-12 HRQL assessments, and biological samples for sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing (Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC)) were provided at baseline and follow-up research visits. Stepwise linear regression analyses were conducted to assess differences in HRQL over time, baseline HRQL and reproductive health outcomes, and baseline STI status and 32-month HRQL outcomes. Results There were significant improvements in mean physical health (PH) and mental health (MH) HRQL scores from 5-days to 32 months (PH: 61.7 vs. 79.4, MH: 58.3 vs. 68.6, p Conclusions Lower baseline HRQL scores are associated with recurrent STI/PID and non-GC/CT PID is associated with lower HRQL at 32 months. Additional work exploring the potential use of baseline biological STI outcomes and HRQL to enhance risk delineation during service delivery for vulnerable young women with mild-moderate PID is warranted.
Choline stimulates nicotinic receptors on adrenal medullary chromaffin cells to induce catecholamine secretion

Choline stimulated secretion of catecholamines from primary dissociated cultures of bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells by interacting with nicotinic receptors. Secretion was readily detected at a choline concentration of 1 millimole per liter and was maximal at 3 to 10 millimoles per liter; it was completely calcium-dependent. Further analysis suggested that choline acts as a partial nicotinic agonist.
Deep Belief Network based state classification for structural health diagnosis

Effective health diagnosis provides multifarious benefits such as improved safety, improved reliability and reduced costs for the operation and maintenance of complex engineered systems. This paper presents a novel multi-sensor health diagnosis method using Deep Belief Networks (DBN). The DBN has recently become a popular approach in machine learning for its promised advantages such as fast inference and the ability to encode richer and higher order network structures. The DBN employs a hierarchical structure with multiple stacked Restricted Boltzmann Machines and works through a layer by layer successive learning process. The proposed multi-sensor health diagnosis methodology using the DBN based state classification can be structured in three consecutive stages: first, defining health states and preprocessing the sensory data for DBN training and testing; second, developing DBN based classification models for the diagnosis of predefined health states; third, validating DBN classification models with testing sensory dataset. The performance of health diagnosis using DBN based health state classification is compared with support vector machine technique and demonstrated with aircraft wing structure health diagnostics and aircraft engine health diagnosis using 2008 PHM challenge data.
The reduction of sensory pleasure to desire

One of the leading approaches to the nature of sensory pleasure reduces it to desire: roughly, a sensation qualifies as a sensation of pleasure just in case its subject wants to be feeling it. This approach is, in my view, correct, but it has never been formulated quite right; and it needs to defended against some compelling arguments. Thus the purpose of this paper is to discover the most defensible formulation of this rough idea, and to defend it against the most interesting objections.
Multisensory plasticity in congenitally deaf mice : How are cortical areas functionally specified?

The neocortex of congenitally deaf mice was examined using electrophysiological recording techniques combined with cortical myeloarchitecture. Our results indicate that relative activity patterns across sensory systems during development contribute to modality assignment of cortical fields as well as the size of cortical fields. In congenitally deaf mice, "auditory cortex" contained neurons that responded to somatosensory, visual, or both somatosensory and visual stimulation; the primary visual area contained a larger proportion of neurons that responded to somatosensory stimulation than in normal animals, and the primary visual area had significantly increased in size. Thus, cortical architecture and functional specification were de-correlated. When results are considered in the light of molecular studies and studies in which peripheral activity is altered in development, it becomes clear that similar types of changes to the neocortex, such as alterations in cortical field size, can be achieved in more than one way in the developing and evolving neocortex.
In-situ observation of inhomogeneous degradation in large format Li-ion cells by neutron diffraction

This work presents a non-destructive in-situ method for probing degradation mechanisms in large format, operating, commercial lithium-ion batteries by neutron diffraction. A fresh battery (15 Ah capacity) was shown to have a uniform (homogeneous) local state of charge (SOC) at 4.0 V (9 Ah SOC) and 4.2 V (15 Ah SOC), with 1.33 C and 2.67 C charging rates, respectively. This battery was then aggressively cycled until it retained only a 9 Ah capacity, 60% of its original value. Inhomogeneous deterioration in the battery was observed: near the edges, both the graphite anode and the spinel-based cathode showed a significant loss of capacity, while near the central area, both electrodes functioned properly. An SOC mapping measurement of the degraded battery in the fully charged state (4.2 V) indicated that the loss of local capacity of the anode and cathode is coupled.
Spiral CT of the thorax

Spiral CT represents a major advance in CT technology. While the patient is advanced through the scanner gantry, continuous data acquisition occurs during suspended respiration eliminating many of the limitations associated with conventional thoracic CT. By eliminating respiratory misregistration and by offering the ability to reconstruct overlapping images at small intervals, spiral CT is advantageous for pulmonary nodule detection. Airway pathology and lesions adjacent to the diaphragm are better visualized with spiral CT and can be displayed in multiplanar or three-dimensional formats. Vascular imaging, including pulmonary embolus detection, is improved by spiral CT because scanning occurs rapidly at the peak of vascular enhancement.
Reoperation for Recurrent Glioblastoma and Anaplastic Astrocytoma

The advisability of a second operation for recurrent glioblastoma multiforme or anaplastic astrocytoma depends on the expected duration and quality of subsequent survival. We reviewed the results in 70 consecutive patients who underwent reoperation for supratentorial glioblastoma multiforme (n = 39) or anaplastic astrocytoma (n = 31) between 1975 and 1984. The operative morbidity rate was 5.7% (4 of 70 patients); the 6-week postoperative mortality rate was 4.3% (3 of 70 patients). The median duration of survival after reoperation was 36 weeks in patients with glioblastoma multiforme and 88 weeks in those with anaplastic astrocytoma. The median duration of high quality survival (defined as the period during which the patient had a Karnofsky performance score of at least 70) after reoperation was 10 weeks for patients with glioblastoma multiforme and 83 weeks for patients with anaplastic astrocytoma. Age and preoperative Karnofsky score in patients with glioblastoma multiforme and age in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma had statistically significant effects on the duration of high quality survival after reoperation, but not on postoperative survival independent of quality. Although age and functional status do not significantly affect the duration of survival after reoperation, they do have a significant effect on the quality of life after reoperation. Frequently, a patient can expect to spend a greater portion of his life at a higher level of function than he would have without reoperation. As adjunctive forms of therapy improve, reoperation will play an increasingly prominent role in the management of recurrent malignant astrocytic tumors.
Cyberspace as a new arena for terroristic propaganda: an updated examination

This paper analyzes the role of propaganda use in cyberterrorism. The main premise is that cyberterrorists display various semiotic gestures (e.g., the use of images and Internet videos) to communicate their intents to the public at large. In doing so, they communicate themes—these themes range from hate to anger. Cyberterrorism, then, is a form of theater or spectacle in which terrorists exploit cyberspace to trigger feelings of panic and overreaction in the target population. In many cases, this form of propaganda is the primary means of communication for various cyberterrorist groups to convey their intents. Internet sites also produce numerous opportunities for in-group communication and publicity.
Seismological observations on quarry-blasting

The work reported here represents the first step in a seismological investigation which may be considered as intermediate between seismic prospecting and the study of earthquakes. The vibrations studied were from blasts in limestone-quarries operated cement and crushed-stone manufacturers. These vibrations have been recorded at distances ranging up to 13 miles. Most of the observations have been taken in Lehigh and Northampton counties in eastern Pennsylvania.
Laminar Distribution of the Multiple Opioid Receptors in the Human Cerebral Cortex

Quantitative autoradiographic assessment of cerebral cortical laminar distribution of μ, δ and κ opioid receptors was carried out in coronal sections of five post-mortem human brains obtained at autopsy. The cortical areas studied were: cingulate, frontal, insular, parietal, parahippocampal, temporal, occipitotemporal, occipital and striate area. In general, the laminar patterns of distribution for the three types of receptors are distinctive. Peak levels of δ opioid binding are in laminae I, II, and IIa. μ-Receptors are located in lamina III followed by I and II in cingulate, frontal, insular and parietal cortices and lamina IV in temporal and occiptotemporal cortices. κ-Receptors are found concentrated in laminae V and VI. The patterns of opioid binding in cortical laminae showed remarkable consistency in all five brains examined. In contrast to other cortical areas, the parahippocampal gyrus, at the level of the amygdaloid formation, demonstrated peak κ receptor density in laminae I, II and III. μ-Opioid binding was undetectable in the lateral occipital cortex and in the striate area.
The Remote Sensing Of Eye Disorders Utilizing The Retinal Reflex Photometer

An optical device capable of detecting ocular disease states by remote sensing is described. Photometric analysis of images is explained. The clinical implications are noted for management of ocular disease in man.
Posterolateral exposure for renal artery reconstruction

Abstract Anterior approaches to the renal arteries are complicated by the intervening renal veins, inferior vena cava, and abdominal viscera. We describe techniques of direct posterolateral access to both right and left renal arteries by use of an extended retroperitoneal exposure. This approach allows for grafting from the aorta or iliac artery on either side and is particularly suitable on the left side for direct retropancreatic splenorenal artery anastomosis, which is described in detail. It is also useful for distal reconstruction of branch renal arteries, renal artery embolectomy, and autotransplantation "bench surgery." We have used this approach in 28 patients with no operative deaths and two reconstructive occlusions. (J Vasc Surg 1989;9:416–21.)
TUBE88 — A code which computes magnetic field lines

Abstract TUBE88 computes magnetic field lines in cylindrical or toroidal geometry (using cylindrical coordinates ( r , φ, z )) and calculates the intersections of those field lines with specified planes. It is an outgrowth of a code first written in 1967. A fourth-order predictor-corrector method is used to integrate the field line coordinates. The magnetic field may be computed in several ways: (a) through specification of currents flowing in very specific helical and circular elements together with a “1/ r ” field and a vertical field, (b) as a Fourier series in the angular variale or (c) in a specific coordinate system suited to a toroidally helical domain. Extensive graphics are provided for users of the Cray Time-Sharing System (CTSS). Applications of the code have included analysis of vacuum magnetic field configurations and post processing magnetic field data produced by MHD codes, for example.
Who’s in Charge Here?: Reply to Neil Levy

In his response to my essay “Out of Control,” Neil Levy contests my claims that (1) we are often responsible for acts that we do not consciously choose to perform, and that (2) despite the absence of conscious choice, there remains a relevant sense in which these actions are within our control. In this reply to Levy, I concede that claim (2) is linguistically awkward but defend the thought that it expresses, and I clarify my defense of claim (1) by distinguishing my position from attributionism.
Characterization of Ultraviolet Upper Room Air Disinfection Devices

Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is one method currently used to reduce transmission of airborne infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. UVGI is defined as optical radiation in the shortwave UV-C spectrum capable of killing microorganisms and has been demonstrated to be effective against certain airborne bacteria. Because prolonged direct exposure to low intensity UVGI can cause skin and eye irritation, fixtures appropriate for upper room air disinfection are installed above eye level and designed to limit the vertical emission spread to prevent excessive exposure to occupants. Accurate UVGI fixture emission profiles, in combination with appropriate room ventilation measurements, are needed to calculate the dose to airborne microorganisms and estimate the effectiveness of these air disinfection devices in preventing disease transmission in susceptible populations. Manufacturers of fixtures usually provide nominal wattage and horizontal centerplane intensity levels, but to quantify the dose to e...
Integrating optical waveguides for display and sensing on pneumatic soft shape changing interfaces

We introduce the design and fabrication process of integrating optical fiber into pneumatically driven soft composite shape changing interfaces. Embedded optical waveguides can provide both sensing and illumination, and add one more building block to the design of designing soft pneumatic shape changing interfaces.
Bandwagon Effect in Facebook Discussion Groups

A core issue in online social networks is identifying content that will result in greater traffic and interaction. In this paper we use a large Facebook dataset and the concepts of bandwagon effect and information cascade from the field of communications to predict a post's life cycle without analyzing its content. Results from two models indicate evidence of (a) both factors being found on most discussion pages and (b) both factors having predictive power regarding the final number of participants in a post. To test for the bandwagon effect, we designed a system to predict article lifecycles, and found that for most Facebook pages, such predictions can be made within 30 minutes. We offer our data and analysis in support of a better understanding of the linkage between online social media research and journalism/information science theory, one that facilitates accurate predictions regarding posts that attract strong interest.
Resource-aware multi-format network security data storage

Internet security systems like intrusion detection and intrusion prevention systems are based on a simple input-output principle: they receive a high-bandwidth stream of input data and produce summaries of suspicious events. This simple model has serious drawbacks, including the inability to attach context to security alerts, a lack of detailed historical information for anomaly detection baselines, and a lack of detailed forensics information. Together these problems highlight a need for fine-grained security data in the shortterm, and coarse-grained security data in the long-term. To address these limitations we propose resource-aware multi-format security data storage. Our approach is to develop an architecture for recording different granularities of security data simultaneously. To explore this idea we present a novel framework for analyzing security data as a spectrum of information and a set of algorithms for collecting and storing multi-format data. We construct a prototype system and deploy it on darknets at academic, Fortune 100 enterprise, and ISP networks. We demonstrate how a hybrid algorithm that provides guarantees on time and space satisfies the short and long-term goals across a four month deployment period and during a series of large-scale denial of service attacks.
Culture and the Interaction of Student Ethnicity with Reward Structure in Group Learning.

This study tests the hypothesis that cultural differences in group orientation predict an interaction between the student variable—ethnicity—and a learning context variable—reward structure—on math performance after group learning. One hundred and thirty-two African-American and European-American female and male fourth and fifth grade students studied math estimation in one of three group learning contexts. The learning contexts operationalized were: intergroup competitive, interpersonally competitive, and communal-no reward. ANCOVA confirmed a predicted interaction of ethnicity with learning context on post study session performance. Although there was no difference overall, African-American and European-American students performed best in the aggregate in different contexts. Independent ratings of students' group-positive behaviors mirrored the two-way interaction between learning context and ethnicity. The findings suggest that important student variables interact with the variable elements of group le...
Association between anti-TNF-α therapy and all-cause mortality.

Purpose To compare mortality among patients with selected autoimmune diseases treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) agents with similar patients treated with non-biologic therapies. Methods Cohort study set within several large health care programs, 1998–2007. Autoimmune disease patients were identified using diagnoses from computerized healthcare data. Use of anti-TNF-α agents and comparison of non-biologic therapies were identified from pharmacy data, and mortality was identified from vital records and other sources. We compared new users of anti-TNF-α agents to new users of non-biologic therapies using propensity scores and Cox proportional hazards analysis to adjust for baseline differences. We also made head-to-head comparisons among anti-TNF-α agents. Results Among the 46 424 persons included in the analysis, 2924 (6.3%) had died by the end of follow-up, including 1754 (6.1%) of the 28 941 with a dispensing of anti-TNF-α agent and 1170 (6.7%) of the 17 483 who used non-biologic treatment alone. Compared to use of non-biologic therapies, use of anti-TNF-α therapy was not associated with an increased mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.93 with 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.85–1.03); psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, or ankylosing spondylitis (combined aHR 0.81 with CI 0.61–1.06; or inflammatory bowel disease (aHR 1.12 with CI 0.85–1.46). Mortality rates did not differ to an important degree between patients treated with etanercept, adalimumab, or infliximab. Conclusion Anti-TNF-α therapy was not associated with increased mortality among patients with autoimmune diseases. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative evaluation of silicified microcrystalline cellulose II as a direct compression vehicle.

Abstract The powder flow and tableting properties of novel silicified microcrystalline cellulose II (SMCCII) were evaluated and compared with current silicified cellulosic I excipients such as ProSolv ® SMCC50 and ProSolv ® SMCC90. This excipient was prepared by coprocessing cellulose II and silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) at a 95:5 ratio by spray drying. The novel SMCCII yielded more benefits in terms of functionality as compared with the parent cellulose II material. SMCCII had higher bulk and tap densities, better powder packing ability, reduced porosity, increased surface area, and increased flowability. This silicified excipient had the highest brittleness behavior as given by the Heckel, Leuenberger and brittle fracture index analyses. The mechanical properties of SMCCII, such as toughness and Young's modulus were comparable to those of commercial products. SMCCII was the least sensitive material to magnesium stearate, and blending time or reprocessing did not affect its compactibility. It also provided for the fastest compact disintegration and release of griseofulvin. This new material has the potential for use as a direct compression excipient.
Concerning the Addition of Calcium Chloride to Milk for Cheese Making

The experiments whose results are given in this report are a continuation of work begun by Georges Knaysi and J. D. Nelson (1). These workers reported an increase in the yield of cheese obtained from a given A~mount of milk by the addition of CaCI2. They believed that this increase in yield might be due to the retention of more of the milk fat, solids-not-fat, and moisture in the cheese. Their experiments were few in number but pointed out the possibility of producing cheese more economically through the use of CaC12. They have reviewed the nnportant literature on the subject so that it is necessary here to merely call attention to their report. The experiments in cheesema~ng of the present study have been conducted under carefully controlled conditions which approximate commercial methods of manufacturer accompanied by careful and exact observations and measurements. The milk used to make the cheese was of varying quality. At least 600 pounds was thoroughly mixed in an ice cream batch mixer after adding starter in amounts sufficient to produce the desired development of acidity during the cheesem~king process. Two portions of exactly 300 pounds each of this mixture of milk and starter were drawn from the mixing tank and placed in two 50-gallon jacketed cheese vats. Each portion was sampled and tested for fat and total solids as a check upon the identity of the milk in each vat. One-tenth of one per cent or 4.6 ounces of anhydrous CaCI2 was dissolved in 2 pounds of water and added to the test vat of milk. Two pounds of water were added to the check vat to insure the same moisture content in both lots of curd at the time of cutting.