cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phonons on stepped surfaces

A simple model of fcc lattice dynamics is studied in the vicinity of a clean, unreconstructed, high-Miller-index (i.e., stepped) surface. Depending on the vibrational modes' spatial extent, they are classified as either bulk phonons, surface phonons, or step phonons. The existence and characteristics of the latter class of vibrational modes are presented throughout the (one-dimensional) step Brillouin zone (BZ). Five classes of stepped surfaces are examined, each differing in the Miller indices of the terrace [(111) or (100)] and step face [(111), (100), or (110)]. All but one of the systems exhibit modes truly localized to the edge. There are many similarities to the study of surface phonons. For instance, when degenerate with the bulk- or surface-phonon bands, the step phonons acquire a finite lifetime and become step resonances. A total of seven step phonons and four step resonances are seen. Most of these are strongly localized to the edge only near the end of the step BZ. Unlike regular surface modes, the step-phonon characteristics (frequency, polarization, and amplitude) depend sensitively on the interatomic potentials near the steps. Two step-phonon measurements have yielded information about these important step parameters. Using a crude estimate of the inelastic-scattering intensity, I propose the possibility for a similar experiment with Ni(755) using existing techniques.
Resonance light scattering : a new technique for studying chromophore aggregation

Light scattering experiments are usually performed at wavelengths away from absorption bands, but for species that aggregate, enhancements in light scattering of several orders of magnitude can be observed at wavelengths characteristic of these species. Resonance light scattering is shown to be a sensitive and selective method for studying electronically coupled chromophore arrays. The approach is illustrated with several examples drawn from porphyrin and chlorin chemistry. The physical principles underlying resonance light scattering are discussed, and the advantages and limitations of the technique are reviewed.
Using voltage sources as current drivers for electrical impedance tomography

In multi-frequency electrical impedance tomography (EIT) systems it is much easier to design voltage sources than current sources. It is also at times desirable to operate a voltage driving system as if it were a current driving system. This can be done by adjusting the individual voltage sources until a desired current pattern is obtained. Questions remain regarding the form of the adjustment algorithm and the circumstances under which it will converge. Through simulation and experimentation we have developed a simple algorithm which functions satisfactorily in most practical situations. We have also investigated its theoretical limits for convergence. Simulations showed that convergence is reached in all cases with little (0.1%) or no measurement noise. With moderate noise (0.5%) our algorithm failed to converge in 17 out of 6000 runs, while more significant measurement noise (1%) resulted in convergence in only 7 out of 6000 runs. Experiments with a 16-channel EIT system converged in all cases on volunteer arms, but failed some of the time in saline, with the number of successful runs decreasing with frequency (73.3% at 10 kHz, 71.1% at 125 kHz and 15.5% at 750 kHz), suggesting a possible link to measurement error.
Can Low-income Americans Afford to Satisfy MyPyramid Fruit and Vegetable Guidelines?

Abstract Objective To estimate the costs of satisfying MyPyramid fruit and vegetable guidelines, with a focus on whether low-income households can bear these costs. Design Descriptive analysis of the 2008 National Consumer Panel with information on the food purchases of 64,440 households across the contiguous United States was used to analyze the cost of fruits and vegetables. Costs per MyPyramid cup-equivalents were calculated by accounting for cooking yields and the portion of a food item’s retail weight that is inedible. Variables Measured Costs per cup-equivalent for less expensive fruits and vegetables by MyPyramid subgroup including whole and cut fruit, fruit juice, dark green vegetables, orange vegetables, starchy vegetables, other vegetables, and legumes. Results In 2008, a variety of fruits and vegetables was available for an average cost of $0.40 to $0.50 per cup-equivalent. MyPyramid fruit and vegetable recommendations could be satisfied at this cost level. Conclusions and Implications Low-income Americans facing national average food prices can satisfy MyPyramid fruit and vegetable guidelines with a budget equal to the Thrifty Food Plan allocation to fruits and vegetables. However, many low-income households spend too much money on food that is low in fruit and vegetable content. Some money should be reallocated to fruits and vegetables.
Detecting and diagnosing mistakes in vision-based navigation

Abstract Robust mobile robot navigation is an open problem. Navigational mistakes are inevitable due to the characteristics of sensors, models, actuators, and natural environments. This paper describes how to detect and diagnose mistakes that autonomous mobile robots make while navigating through large-scale space using vision. Mistakes are perceptual, cognitive, or motor events that lead a robot astray from its intended route. Detecting and diagnosing a mistake involves realizing that this has happened and determining what the mistake was and when it happened. The approach described in this paper handles mistakes explicitly. Mistakes are detected by looking for mismatches between observations and expectations. Detailed symbolic representations of visual information support comparing observations and expectations augmented by a priori knowledge. Mistakes are diagnosed by examining knowledge from a variety of sources, including a history of the mobile robot's observations and actions. A computer program called Muckle implements this approach in simulation and provides experimental results that demonstrate the feasibility and potential of the approach.
An Energy-Efficient Differential Flip-Flop for Deeply Pipelined Systems

Deeply pipelined systems require flip-flops with low latency and power consumption. Often, the flip-flop must supply both inverted and non-inverted signals to subsequent logic. Generating both outputs at the same time improves performance by equalizing the worst-case delays. In this paper, we present a novel differential flip-flop for deeply pipelined systems. The circuit uses cross-coupled p-transistors as pull-up devices to achieve high energy efficiency. We simulated the design in 90-nm CMOS technology to determine the delay and power consumption. We then repeated the analysis with four other differential flip-flops that produce symmetric outputs. The proposed design achieves the best power-delay product of the five alternatives.
A Model To Determine Local, Microscopic Flux Profiles within Composites from the Measured, Macroscopic Flux: Application to Poly(4-vinylpyridine) Composites

For any heterogeneous matrix with a parametrizable geometry, a model is provided to determine a microscopic, local flux profile within the matrix from the macroscopic, experimentally measured flux ...
A MEMS Sensor for Continuous Monitoring of Glucose in Subcutaneous Tissue

We present a MEMS sensor for continuous glucose monitoring for diabetes management. The device consists of a microcantilever, which is driven by remote magnetic field and situated in a microchamber separated from the sensing environment by a semi-permeable membrane. As glucose concentration varies, viscosity changes induced by glucose/copolymer binding in a poly(acrylamide-ran-3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid) (PAA-ran-PAAPBA) copolymer solution produce a measurable change in cantilever vibration. The device has been used to measure physiologically relevant glucose concentrations from 0 to 324 mg/dL. The response time of the sensor to glucose concentration changes was 3 minutes and can be further improved with optimized device designs.
Successful Repair of Spontaneous Iliac Artery- Iliac Vein Fistula

This is the first reported case of an iliac artery-iliac vein arteriovenous fistula secondary to rupture of an iso lated atherosclerotic iliac artery aneurysm. The patient presented with systemic and local signs of a large fistula. The operative treatment of fistulas between large vessels has been associated with a high mortality rate because of massive, uncontrolla ble hemorrhage. For this reason an autotransfuser was used. The opera tion was performed with only 1 to 2 minutes of hypotension, and the post operative result was excellent.
Optical Effects of Energy Terms Linear in Wave Vector

Energy terms linear in wave vector are allowed in the second valence band of CdS. Perturbation theory shows that excition states formed with holes from this band will also have a linear splitting. The effect of such terms on the optical properties are discussed using a spatial dispersion approach. Previous reflectivity experiments have some anomalous structure which is shown to be caused by the linear term. Comparing theory with these experiments provides an estimate of these linear terms, which have not been previously measured.
Dirichlet quotients and 2D periodic Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract We show that for the periodic 2D Navier-Stokes equations (NSE) the set of initial data for which the solution exists for all negative times and has exponential growth is rather rich. We study this set and show that it is dense in the phase space of the NSE. This yields to a positive answer to a question in [BT]. After an appropriate rescaling the large Reynolds limit dynamics on this set is Eulerian.
Potentiation of myocardial salvage by tissue type plasminogen activator in combination with a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor in ischemic cat myocardium.

We studied the effects of a thrombolytic agent (t-PA) and a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor (CGS-13080) in a model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 2 hours followed by 4 hours of reperfusion in anesthetized cats results in a large washout of creatine kinase into the blood (32 +/- 7 IU/mg protein) and an area of necrotic tissue comprising 52 +/- 5% of the area at risk and 9 +/- 0.6% of the left ventricle. Intravenous administration of t-PA (500 IU/kg.min) for 30 minutes alone at reperfusion or infusion of CGS-13080 (500 micrograms/kg.hr) had no effect on washout of creatine kinase or extent of necrotic tissue development. Administration of the same doses of both t-PA and CGS-13080 together markedly attenuated creatine kinase release to 10 +/- 2 IU/mg protein (p less than 0.01) and reduced the area of necrotic tissue to 9 +/- 2% of the area at risk and only 1.3 +/- 0.3% of the left ventricle (p less than 0.001). No significant sustained effects of these agents were observed on mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, or the pressure rate index in these experiments. Thus, t-PA and CGS-13080 exert synergistic effects in preserving myocardial integrity in cats subjected to acute myocardial ischemia followed by reperfusion. The mechanism of this beneficial effect does not appear to be via reduced myocardial oxygen demand, increased myocardial oxygen supply, or enhanced inhibition of thromboxane A2 formation. The mechanism of this anti-ischemic effect is not clear but may involve a metabolic or a cytoprotective effect.
A Man An Autoethnographic Analysis of Black Male Identity Negotiation

“A Man” is an original text created by the author that deals with the struggles that Black men experience when confronted by White privilege. By using autoethnographic analysis, the author critique...
Light assimilation curves of some tropical macroscopic marine plants

The light assimilation curves of 10 Cuban macroscopic marine plants presented assimilation plateaus except for those few cases with photoinhibition due to excess light, high temperature, or water stagnation inside unshaken incubation bottles. The studied brown algae had an average compensation irradiance (Ik) value lower than the Ik for both green algae and seagrasses. As bottles cannot be adequately agitated during in situ experiments at different depths, this type of field work should be designed only to determine relative photosynthesis values. Because of temperature increments due to artificial lighting, laboratory experiments should provide temperature control during incubations.
Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transitioned Circulating Tumor Cells Capture for Detecting Tumor Progression

Purpose: This study aimed to detect cell-surface vimentin (CSV) on the surface of epithelial–mesenchymal transitioned (EMT) circulating tumor cells (CTC) from blood of patients with epithelial cancers. Experimental Design: In this study, 101 patients undergoing postsurgery adjuvant chemotherapy for metastatic colon cancer were recruited. EMT CTCs were detected from blood of patients using the 84-1 monoclonal antibody against CSV as a marker. EMT CTCs isolated were characterized further using EMT-specific markers, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and single-cell mutation analysis. Results: Using the 84-1 antibody, we detected CSV exclusively on EMT CTCs from a variety of tumor types but not in the surrounding normal cells in the blood. The antibody exhibited very high specificity and sensitivity toward different epithelial cancer cells. With this antibody, we detected and enumerated EMT CTCs from patients. From our observations, we defined a cutoff of Conclusion: Taken together, the number of EMT CTCs detected correlated with the therapeutic outcome of the disease. These results establish CSV as a universal marker for EMT CTCs from a wide variety of tumor types and thus provide the foundation for emerging CTC detection technologies and for studying the molecular regulation of these EMT CTCs. Clin Cancer Res; 21(4); 899–906. ©2014 AACR .
The influence of various types of control on psychophysiological stress reactions

Abstract The influence of personal control on reactions to shock was found to differ not only as a function of the type of control, but also as a function of the combination of control conditions. For example, behavioral control in the presence of information (cognitive control) reduced stress, whereas behavioral control in the absence of information augmented stress. These results are discussed with regard to the appropriateness of two different models, a “substitutive” versus an “interactive” model, for understanding the effects of personal control.
Selective feeding of the polychaete Hermodice carunculata Pallas on Caribbean gorgonians

Abstract Feeding preferences of the errant polychaete Hermodice carunculata Pallas for the gorgonian prey species Plexaura flexuosa Lamouroux, Pseudoplexaura spp., Briareum asbestinum Pallas and Plexaura A (an undescribed species) were assessed in laboratory feeding experiments. Feeding was measured as the number of branch tips fed on and the amount of tissue consumed. H. carunculata preferred the gorgonians in the order: B. asbestinum > P. flexuosa > Pseudoplexaura spp. > Plexaura A in controlled experiments. In situ feeding on gorgonians was monitored within marked areas on reefs in the San Blas Islands, Panama, and a reef at La Parguera, Puerto Rico. In the San Blas, Pseudoplexaura spp. and P.flexuosa were grazed more often than predicted by species-specific colony abundance. P. flexuosa and Plexaura homomalla were the most preferred species at La Parguera. Data comparing species abundance based on colony height with frequency of damage at the La Parguera site suggest that H. carunculata preferred B. asbestinum, Eunicea spp.,P. flexuosa and P. homomalla. H. carunculata preferences do not correlate with differences in gorgonian ash-free dry weight nor with known differences in gorgonian secondary chemistry.
The stability of spiral flow between rotating cylinders

The effect of an axial pressure gradient on the stability of viscous flow between rotating cylinders is discussed on the basis of the narrow gap approximation, the assumption of axisymmetric disturbances, and the assumption that the cylinders rotate in the same direction. The onset of instability then depends on both the Taylor number (T) and the axial Reynolds number (R). For large values of R, the dominant mechanism of instability is of the Tollmien-Schlichting type and the present theory is based therefore on a generalization of the asymptotic methods of analysis that have been developed for the Orr-Sommerfeld equation. The present results, when combined with previous results for small values of R, give the complete stability boundary in the (R, T)-plane. Only limited agreement is found with existing experimental data and it is suggested therefore that it may be necessary to consider either non-axisymmetric disturbances or nonlinear effects.
Ensuring finite moments in Monte Carlo simulations via iterated ex post facto sampling

Monte Carlo simulations may involve skewed, heavy-tailed distributions. When variances of those distributions exist, statistically valid confidence intervals can be obtained using the central limit theorem, providing that the simulation is run ''long enough.'' If variances do not exist, however, valid confidence intervals are difficult or impossible to obtain. The main result in this paper establishes that upon replacing ordinary Monte Carlo sampling of such heavy-tailed distributions with ex post facto sampling, estimates having finite moments of all orders are ensured for the most common class of infinite variance distributions. We conjecture that this phenomenon applies to all distributions (having finite means) when the ex post facto process is iterated.
Tinea capitis in Cleveland: survey of elementary school students.

Abstract Background: Tinea capitis, a fungal infection of the scalp, is of increasing public health importance, and Trichophyton tonsurans has become the primary causative agent in North America. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of dermatophyte-positive scalp cultures among elementary schoolchildren in Cleveland, Ohio, describe predisposing factors, and measure the antifungal susceptibility of isolates collected. Observations: A total of 937 children from 8 Cleveland elementary schools were cultured for the presence of dermatophytes; 122 children (13%), all of whom were African American, had dermatophyte-positive cultures of the scalp. Sixty percent of cases were asymptomatic, indicating a carrier state. Race, scaling, and the use of antidandruff shampoo were associated with increased likelihood of infection. T tonsurans was the only organism isolated (except 1 Microsporum canis isolate). All isolates were susceptible to fluconazole, griseofulvin, itraconazole, and terbinafine. Conclusions: T tonsurans was the predominant dermatophyte isolated. Further multicenter studies are needed to confirm the predominance of dermatophyte-positive scalp cultures among African American children and to determine modifiable and preventable risk factors. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:189-93.)
Nonopsonic Phagocytosis of Group C Neisseria meningitidis by Human Neutrophils

Although complement-mediated bactericidal activity in serum has long been known to be very important in host defense against Neisseria meningitidis, recent studies have shown that opsonic phagocytosis by neutrophils is also important. The purpose of this study was to determine if endemic group C N. meningitidis strains were susceptible to nonopsonic (complement- and antibody-independent) phagocytosis by human neutrophils, which is a well-described phenomenon for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gonococci that possess one or more of a group of heat-modifiable outer membrane proteins (called opacity-associated [Opa] proteins) are phagocytosed by neutrophils in the absence of serum. We found that four serogroup C meningococcal strains bearing the lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) structure on lipooligosaccharide (LOS) were phagocytosed by neutrophils in the absence of antibody and active complement. Confocal microscopy confirmed that the organisms were internalized by neutrophils. This susceptibility was not restricted to carrier isolates, since two of the strains were cultured from blood or cerebrospinal fluid. All four strains expressed Opa protein and had relatively less endogenous LOS and capsule sialylation compared to six strains that were resistant to this type of phagocytosis. Nonopsonic phagocytosis of two of the four strains was inhibited by exogenous sialylation of LOS LNnT and the binding of monoclonal antibody to LNnT. However, an isogenic mutant that lacked the LNnT structure was fully susceptible to nonopsonic phagocytosis. We conclude that group C meningococci can be phagocytosed by neutrophils in the absence of antibody and active complement possibly by two different mechanisms. Expression of Opa protein and downregulation of endogenous surface sialic acids analogous to what is seen for N. gonorrhoeae might be necessary for N. meningitidis as well.
An analysis technique for optimization based control applied to quasi-LPV plants

We consider the problem of analyzing the stability of a discrete time nonlinear system in quasi-LPV form under an optimization based controller subject to constraints. We show that by representing the control law, which is computed online as the solution to a constrained optimization problem, by the Kuhn-Tucker conditions, stability questions can be reformulated as implications. A technique from robust control, the so-called S-procedure, reduces the implication to a sufficient condition, which can be written as an infinite dimensional linear matrix inequality (LMI) due to the quasi-LPV description of the plant. Finally, standard LPV gridding techniques are applied to obtain finite dimensional LMIs. This unique new framework lies at the intersection of three methodologies: linear parameter varying (LPV) control, model predictive control, and robust control, and handles the analysis of constrained nonlinear systems in a unified framework. A simple example is used to illustrate the methodology.
Sustained ingestion of methadone and the sleep of monkeys

Methadone HCl was administered daily to four stump-tailed macaques. The animals' sleep was periodically examined throughout a year of methadone maintenance and, in two animals, during eight months of withdrawal. REM sleep was substantially decreased by methadone treatment and gradually returned to predrug values over a 6-to 8-month period of maintenance. Measures of non-REM sleep and awakenings showed similar disruption with no return to predrug values. These changes were not correlated with alterations in plasma-methadone concentrations. REM sleep rebound occurred temporarily upon drug with-drawal in two animals, but no consistent sleep disruption was apparent during the subsequent eight months. Contrary to some suggestions, therefore, tolerance to the sleep-disruptive effects of the drug may be specific and incomplete, and extended REM rebound upon withdrawal is not a universal response.
Development of an Instrument to Measure the Unintended Consequences of EHRs

This article augments the existing body of literature through examining the creation and design of an instrument measuring unintended consequences (UCs) of electronic health records (EHRs). Data from a previous qualitative study that explored nurses' perceptions of EHR effectiveness as a communication system were analyzed using a theoretical model focused on decision making. The qualitative data, informed by the model, were then organized into an instrument seeking to quantitatively measure nurses' experiences with UCs of EHRs. The model assisted in revealing patterns in nurses' perceptions of the effectiveness of the EHR as a communication system that ultimately strengthened the development of the instrument. Instrumentation from qualitative data has long been considered an acceptable and positive approach to scale development. The process for accomplishing this goal has often been omitted from the literature. We contend that other researchers will find this methods article informative for similar undertakings.
Improved Techniques for the Fabrication of Frisch Collar CdZnTe Gamma Ray Spectrometers

New methods, designed for the commercial-scale production of Frisch collar CdZnTe gamma ray spectrometers, are described in detail in the following work. Past methods required considerable skilled labor, were not readily automatable, and batch processing was only supported through a portion of the fabrication process. Advances in dielectric materials technology allow for new processes that readily apply the required dielectric film between the CdZnTe crystal and the conductive collar. The processes use spray or chemical vapor deposition methods to accurately achieve a specific thickness. Furthermore, application of the conductive collar was improved to facilitate commercial manufacturing. Comparisons in device performance are presented between the previous and new methods to illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of the new fabrication method. Parylene N performed well as the dielectric layer, while nickel-based paint, high-purity silver-based paint, and a silver-suspension Electrodag all performed well as the conductive layer, each maintaining spectral performance.
Community Resources and Strategies for Association Mapping in Sorghum

Association mapping is a powerful strategy for identifying genes underlying quantitative traits in plants. We have assembled and characterized genetic and phenotypic diversity of a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) panel suitable for association mapping, comprised of 377 acces- sions representing all major cultivated races (tropical lines from diverse geographic and cli- matic regions), and important U.S. breeding lines and their progenitors. Accessions were pheno- typed for eight traits, and levels of population structure and familial relatedness were assessed with 47 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. The panel exhibited substantial morphological variation and little genotypic differentiation was observed between the converted tropical and breeding lines. The phenotypic and genotypic data were used to evaluate the performance of several association models in controlling for spurious associations. Our analysis indicated that association models that accounted for both population structure and kinship performed bet- ter than those that did not. In addition, we found that the optimal number of subpopulations used to correct for population structure was trait dependent. Although augmentation of the geno- typic data with additional SSR loci may be nec- essary, the association models, genotypic data, and germplasm panel described here provide a starting point for sorghum researchers to begin association studies of traits and markers or can- didate genes of interest.
The cost of safety: Refuges increase the impact of predation risk in aquatic systems

Although use of refuge habitats by prey can reduce their risk of predation, refuge use may also involve costs such as increased within-refuge competition for resources. Despite the ubiquity of refuge use by prey, it is unknown whether predator-induced use of refuges has widespread, negative nonconsumptive effects on prey growth, survival, and fecundity. We performed a meta-analysis of 204 studies of aquatic taxa containing data on 271 distinct predator–prey pairs and found strong evidence that the negative effect of predation risk on prey activity, growth, and fecundity increases when prey have access to refuge habitats. Moreover, the effect of refuge habitats on growth and activity depends upon whether the refuge provides partial or total protection from predators. These results suggest that prey choosing whether to use refuges face a trade-off between lowering the immediate risk of being consumed and increased nonconsumptive costs of refuge use. Our results suggest that changes in nonconsumptive effects...
Does compassion for a family justify providing futile CPR

The purpose of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is the prevention of sudden, unexpected death. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is not indicated in certain situations, such as in cases of terminal irreversible illness where death is not unexpected or where prolonged cardiac arrest dictates the futility of resuscitation efforts. Resuscitation in these circumstances may represent a positive violation of an individual's right to die with dignity. American Heart Association Report on CPR (1974)
Hype and Internet Stocks

Between March 30 and April 14 of 1999, the stock price of a small Internet-only thrift, Netbank, jumped from $63 per share to a peak of $249 (from a low of under $11 in October 1998). The authors find that 14 “brick and mortar” banks hat made Internet announcements between April 5 and 16 of that year temporarily jumped an average of 80.2% during the middle of the month on trading volumes that average over 100 times normal levels. The analysis suggests that hype plays an important role in Internet stock pricing, and that investor and corporate hype have somewhat different effects.
Analysis of a nonautonomous Nicholson Blowfly model

Abstract Most dynamic models describing population evolution contain one or more parameters. The parameters are treated as fixed constants and qualitative results, such as stability of equilibria, are calculated using this assumption. In reality, however, the parameters are mathematically evaluated by statistical methods in which the error is decreased over a number of calculations. Therefore, the parameter is a sequence converging to the actual parameter value as time goes to infinity. In this article we consider the k th-order discrete Nicholson Blowfly model, N n +1 = F ( P , δ , N n ,…, N n − k ) where δ and P are parameters. For a particular range of parameter values, global stability results are well known. The general form of the discrete dynamical system is now rewritten as N n +1 = F ( P n , δ n , N n ,…, N n − k ) where P n and δ n converge to the parametric values P and δ . We show that when the parameters are replaced by sequences, the stability results of the original system still hold. This technique may be of general interest to those studying evolutionary systems in which the parameters are not fundamental constants but sequences.
Reply to Marquis: how things stand with the ‘future like ours’ argument

In an earlier essay in this journal I critiqued Don Marquis's well-known argument against abortion. I distinguished two versions of Marquis's argument, which I refer to as 'the essence argument' and 'the sufficient condition argument'. I presented two counterexamples showing that the essence argument was mistaken, and I argued that the sufficient condition argument should be rejected because Marquis had not adequately responded to an important objection to it. In response to my critique, Marquis put forward in this journal a revised version of his argument. In his modified approach he no longer advocates the essence argument and he offers a new version of the sufficient condition argument. In the current essay, I discuss how Marquis's revised argument deals with my original objections, and I argue that his new sufficient condition argument is unsuccessful.
Editorial Commentary: The Methadone Menace

be questioned. Because significant curbing of methadone use is not likely in the near future, clinical awareness of methadone’s proarrhythmic risk is currently the most effective means to prevent treatment-related sudden death. Vallecillo and coworkers [1] have made an important contribution by demonstrating the dose-relatedness of QT prolongation in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected cohort, and by showing an additive effect of concomitant QT prolonging drugs and concurrent hepatitis C–induced cirrhosis in this group. The clinician should recognize the importance of reducing the dose of methadone as much as possible and avoiding concomitant use of other QT prolongers and should take special precautions, including electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring and, ideally, use of an alternative drug, in patients who require a higher methadone dose or have liver dysfunction. Apparent shortening of QT in patients receiving antiretroviral drugs is a curious finding in this study, given their known QT-prolonging effects. As the authors suggest [1], this might be a result of treatment-related improvement in the patient’s HIV status, but it may also be related to unknown study-related biases, which makes clinical application of this observation questionable. Review of electrocardiographic methods in this study may be helpful. The authors used the Bazett correction [2 ]t o mitigate the effect of heart rate on QT duration (increased heart rate reduces the QT interval). The Bazett formula (QTcB = QT/√RR) is known to overcorrect at higher heart rates. In other words, in patients with heart rates substantially greater than 60 beats per minute, a likely condition in HIV-infected patients, QTcB exaggerates the duration of the corrected QT interval. Thus, if they had used the Fridericia [3] or other formulae that correct more accurately at higher heart rates, they would have observed lower QTc
Development and plasticity of endangered shrub Lindera melissifolia (Lauraceae) seedlings under contrasting light regimes

Lindera melissifolia (Walt.) Blume seedlings were raised in a growth chamber to determine the effects of light availability on shoot growth pattern, and basic leaf and stem growth. Lindera melissifolia seedlings exhibited a sympodial shoot growth pattern for 3 months following emergence from the soil medium, but this pattern was characterized by a reduction in leaf blade area approximately 30 days after emergence, followed by increases in leaf blade area. Seedlings receiving low light were 76% taller than seedlings receiving high light. Seedlings receiving low light also had larger leaf blade dimensions, blade area, seedling leaf area, and greater mass. Seedlings raised in high light had a greater proportional distribution of biomass in the roots, suggesting possible water stress from greater vapor pressure deficits. Furthermore, these seedlings displayed sharp angles of blade inclination and blade folding ‐ acclimation that reduces exposure to light and subsequent higher leaf temperatures in open environments. These differences in morphological response to light resulted in high phenotypic variability in L. melissifolia seedlings. Lindera melissifolia seedling development showed a brief period of phenotypic plasticity, followed by ontogenetic plasticity. The short period of phenotypic plasticity may, however, have profound ecological implications for the conservation and recovery of this federally endangered shrub. Further experimentation should take into account the development of ontogenetic standards for comparisons of plant traits in addition to temporal standards.
Statin-associated incident diabetes: a literature review.

Objective To evaluate available evidence for incident diabetes associated with statin use and offer some practical management considerations. Data sources A literature search was performed using MEDLINE from 2000 to October 2013. The following MESH terms and text key words alone or in combination were included: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, statins, incident diabetes, new-onset diabetes, insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, meta-analysis, cohort study, and observational study. Study selection Analyzed studies were published in English and investigated incident diabetes associated with statin use. Data extraction Author consensus determined study inclusion in this review, focusing on observational studies and meta-analyses. Data synthesis Since the report of incident diabetes associated with rosuvastatin, an unexpected finding in the Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin, safety concerns with statins have emerged. Results of observational studies and meta-analyses show association of incident diabetes with statin use in patients with concomitant risk factors for diabetes. A pharmacodynamic mechanism has yet to be delineated, and individual statins may behave differently. Whether cardiovascular (CV) risk will increase with statin-associated incident diabetes remains unclear. Conclusion Review of current, available clinical data suggest a possible association between statin use and incident diabetes in patients with underlying diabetes risk factors. Although study data may be insufficient to change the current practice paradigm, clinicians should vigilantly monitor for incident diabetes in patients on statins. Patients with a low risk of CV disease and high risk of diabetes should reconsider statin use and focus on lifestyle management.
Internet resource discovery services

An overview of resource discovery services currently available on the Internet is presented. The authors concentrate on the following discovery tools: the Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS) project, Archie, Prospero, Gopher. The World-Wide Web (WWW), Netfind, the X.500 directory, Indie, the Knowbot Information Service (KIS), Alex, Semantic File Systems, and Nomenclator. The authors summarize the surveyed tools by presenting a taxonomy of their characteristics and design decisions. They also describe where to find and how to access several of the surveyed discovery services. They conclude with a discussion of future directions in the area of resource discovery and retrieval. >
Interrelationship between environmental temperature and dietary nonphytate phosphorus in laying hens

Abstract Four levels of nonphytate P (NPP; 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5%; total P = 0.46, 0.56, 0.66, and 0.76%) and two temperatures (25 and 37 degrees C) were evaluated in chicks from 8 to 22 d. In experiment 1, crossbred male chicks (New Hampshire × Columbian) housed at 25 degrees C increased weight gain at all increasing NPP levels, but chicks exposed to 37 degrees C did not show increased weight gain beyond 0.3% NPP. In experiment 2, environmental temperature was not increased until d 15. Weight gain of crossbred male chicks fed the 0.2% NPP diet was similar at both temperatures, but chicks exposed to 37 degrees C had lower weight gains than chicks housed at 25 degrees C for all other NPP levels. On d 22 to 24, chicks that had been housed at 25 degrees C and fed 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5% NPP were moved to the 37 degrees C chamber to evaluate heat stress on older chicks. Chicks fed the 0.2% NPP diet showed 35% mortality within 6 h. In experiment 3, both male commercial (Ross × Ross) and crossbred chicks that had been housed at 25 degrees C and fed 0.2% NPP from 8 to 22 d showed increased signs of severe heat distress when exposed to 37 degrees C on d 22. Our results suggest that the NPP requirement for growth of 8-to-22-d-old chicks may be reduced by high temperature. However, a NPP deficiency may result in increased mortality or severe heat distress in older chicks that are exposed to an acute increase in temperature.
Job scheduling for grid computing on metacomputers

Scheduling is a fundamental issue in achieving high performance on metacomputers and computational grids. For the first time, the job scheduling problem for grid computing on metacomputers is studied as a combinatorial optimization problem. It is proven that the list scheduling algorithm can achieve reasonable worst-case performance bound in grid environments supporting distributed super computing with large applications. It is also observed that communication heterogeneity does have significant impact on schedule lengths.
Electric machinery parameters and torques by current and energy perturbations from field computations. I. Theory and formulation

In this first of a two-part article, the well-established energy/current (E/C) perturbation method of computation of machine winding inductances is reviewed. The method's efficacy in machine performance calculations is delineated and verified in a companion paper by comparison to experimental results. The critical role that winding inductance parameters have in modeling and simulation of the nonsinusoidal steady state time-domain (forced response) performance of electric machinery is demonstrated using state models in both the winding flux linkage and current-based frames of reference. The computed machine performance characteristics include profiles of winding inductances, induced terminal voltage waveforms, and instantaneous torque profiles that contain all the ripples due to the significant space harmonics in a machine. The method and associated formulations and techniques are shown to be very effective in both 2D-FE and 3D-FE electric machinery field solutions involving substantial degrees of saturation and complexity of construction. The machines analyzed in the comparison paper include a 15-HP permanent magnet brushless DC motor, a 1.2-HP three-phase induction motor, and a 14.3 kVA three-phase modified Lundell alternator possessing very complex magnetic circuit geometries. The well-posedness of the method held true for all these cases, as well as many other case-studies briefly reviewed here.
Phosphorus(III) Bromide

[7789-60-8] Br3P (MW 270.67) InChI = 1S/Br3P/c1-4(2)3 InChIKey = IPNPIHIZVLFAFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (brominating agent for conversion of alcohols to bromides) Alternate Name: phosphorus tribromide. Physical Data: mp 41.5 °C; bp 168–170 °C/725 mmHg; d 2.85 g cm−3. Solubility: sol acetone, CH2Cl2, CS2. Form Supplied in: widely available as liquid and 1.0 M solution in CH2Cl2. Preparative Method: from Bromine and red phosphorus.1 Purification: generally used without purification; can be distilled under N2 at atmospheric pressure. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: corrosive. The colorless, fuming liquid has a very penetrating odor. It has a vapor pressure of 10 mmHg at 48 °C. The reagent is stable if kept dry, but reacts violently with water. It is extremely destructive to tissue of mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, eyes, and skin. This reagent should only be used in a fume hood.
Efficient nonlinear DTI registration using DCT basis functions

In this paper a nonlinear registration algorithm for diffusion tensor (DT) MR images is proposed. The nonlinear deformation is modeled using a combination of Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) basis functions thus reducing the number of parameters that need to be estimated. This approach was demonstrated to be an effective method for scalar image registration via SPM, and we show here how it can be extended to tensor images. The proposed approach employs the full tensor information via a Euclidean distance metric. Tensor reorientation is explicitly determined from the nonlinear deformation model and applied during the optimization process. We evaluate the proposed approach both quantitatively and qualitatively and show that it results in improved performance in terms of trace error and Euclidean distance error when compared to a tensor registration method (DTI-TK). The computational efficiency of the proposed approach is also evaluated and compared.
Slow compression crushing of single particles of glass

Glass cylinders and spheres were crushed by slow compression in a hydraulic press. In all experiments the elastic energy stored in the specimen prior to fracture was measured. In some experiments the surface area of the resultant powder was measured by gas adsorption; in others the heat generation upon fracture was measured. The latter experiments show that considerable additional energy is fed into the fracturing specimen from the press. Local stress concentrations, and hence energy level at fracture, varied widely with particle shape. Calorimetric experiments suggest that real differences in crushing effectiveness, that is new surface per unit actual work done on the specimen, do occur. These differences are not due directly to the magnitude of the energy fed in from the press but rather to the effectiveness with which the stored or feed-in energy is used.
A dynamic programming model for optimal planning of aquifer storage and recovery facility operations

Aquifer storage recovery (ASR) is an innovative technology with the potential to augment dwindling water resources in regions experiencing rapid growth and development. Planning and design of ASR systems requires quantifying how much water should be stored and appropriate times for storage and withdrawals within a planning period. A monthly scale planning model has been developed in this study to derive optimal (least cost) long-term policies for operating ASR systems and is solved using a recursive deterministic dynamic programming approach. The outputs of the model include annual costs of operation, the amount of water to be imported each month as well as the schedule for storage and extraction. A case study modeled after a proposed ASR system for Mustang Island and Padre Island service areas of the city of Corpus Christi is used to illustrate the utility of the developed model. The results indicate that for the assumed baseline demands, the ASR system is to be kept operational for a period of 4 months starting from May through August. Model sensitivity analysis indicated that increased seasonal shortages can be met using ASR with little additional costs. For the assumed cost structure, a 16% shortage increased the costs by 1.6%. However, the operation time of ASR increased from 4 to 8 months. The developed dynamic programming model is a useful tool to assess the feasibility of evaluating the use of ASR systems during regional-scale water resources planning endeavors.
Book Review: Shobna Nijhawan, Women and Girls in the Hindi Public Sphere: Periodical Literature in Colonial North India

Shobna Nijhawan, Women and Girls in the Hindi Public Sphere: Periodical Literature in Colonial North India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 358.
Long-Wavelength Density Fluctuations Resolved in Pluto's High Atmosphere

Near-infrared measurements of the occultation of star P445.3 by Pluto on 2007 March 18 reveal that Pluto’s upper atmosphere (∼200–400 km altitude) is unexpectedly dynamic. At a wavelength of 1.6 μm, numerous vertical fluctuations (8–20 km) of density are detected with unprecedented signal-to-noise ratio. These fluctuations are achromatic, nearly limb-aligned, and fully resolved along a ∼1000 km path over a pressure range of ∼0.1– 0.7 μbar (0.01 to 0.07 Pa). Vertical wavelength increases with altitude indicating a high-frequency cutoff operating on a broad-band spectrum of buoyancy (“gravity”) waves generated deeper in Pluto’s atmosphere.
Breast Cancer Genes

: The identification of familial breast cancer genes heralds an era of directed breast cancer treatment. Currently, two hereditary breast cancer genes have been identified, BRCA-1 and BRCA-2. Although accounting for only approximately 5% of all breast cancers, they are being used to identify women with germ-line alterations that are at high risk of developing breast or ovarian cancer. With the identification of such genes comes a need for consideration of the ethical issues associated with testing. These genes are also being examined from a biochemical standpoint encompassing both their biological roles and biochemical pathways in which they reside. Such studies are likely to lead to novel breast cancer therapies.
Resident training in a teaching hospital: How do attendings teach in the real operative environment?

Abstract Background The study aim was to explore the nature of intraoperative education and its interaction with the environment where surgical education occurs. Methods Video- and audio-recording captured teaching interactions between colorectal surgeons and general surgery residents during laparoscopic segmental colectomies. Cases and collected data were analyzed for teaching behaviors and workflow disruptions. Flow disruptions (FDs) are considered deviations from natural case progression. Results Across ten cases (20.4 operative hours), attendings spent 11.2 hours (54.7%) teaching, using directing ( M= 250.1), and confirming ( M= 236.1) most. Flow disruptions occurred 410 times, accounting for 4.4 hours of case time (21.57%). Teaching occurred with FD events for 2.4 hours (22.2%), while 77.8% of teaching happened outside of FD occurrence. Teaching methods shifted from active to passive during FD events to compensate for patient safety. Conclusions Understanding how FDs impact operative learning will inform faculty development in managing interruptions and improve its integration into resident education.