cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The analysis of variance and the analysis of causes

explicitly the chief programmatic fallacy committed by those who argue so strongly for the importance of heritability measures for human traits. The fallacy is that a knowledge of the heritability of some trait in a population provides an index of the efficacy of environmental or clinical intervention in altering the trait either in individuals or in the population as a whole. This fallacy, sometimes propagated even by geneticists, who should know better, arises from the confusion between the technical meaning of heritablility and the everyday meaning of the word. A trait can have a heritability of 1.0 in a population at some time, yet this could be completely altered in the future by a simple environmental change. If this were not the case, ‘inborn errors of metabolism’ would be forever incurable, which is patently untrue. But the misunderstanding about the relationship between heritability and phenotypic plasticity is not simply the result of an ignorance of genetics on the part of psychologists and electronic engineers. It arises from the entire system of analysis of causes through linear models, embodied in the analysis of variance and covariance and in path analysis. It is indeed ironic that while Morton and his colleagues dispute the erroneous programmatic conclusions that are drawn from the analysis of human phenotypic variation, they nevertheless rely heavily for their analytic techniques on the very linear models that are responsible for the confusion. I would like to look rather closely at the problem of the analysis of causes in human genetics and to try to understand how the underlying model of this analysis moulds our view of the real world. I will begin by saying some very obvious and elementary things about causes, but I will come thereby to some very annoying conclusions.
An economic history of the English poor law, 1750-1850

Acknowledgments Introduction 1. The development and administration of the old poor law in rural areas, 1760-1834 2. The old poor law in historical perspective 3. An economic model of the English poor law 4. The old poor law and the agricultural labor market in Southern England: an empirical analysis 5. The effect of poor relief on birth rates in Southeastern England 6. The poor law, migration and economic growth 7. The new poor law and the agricultural labor market, 1834-1850 8. The economics of poor relief in industrial cities Conclusion References Index.
Maps between non-commutative spaces

Let J be a graded ideal in a not necessarily commutative graded k-algebra A = A 0 ○+ A 1 ○+... in which dim k A i < ∞ for all i. We show that the map A → A/J induces a closed immersion i: Proj nc A/J → Proj nc A between the non-commutative projective spaces with homogeneous coordinate rings A and A/J. We also examine two other kinds of maps between non-commutative spaces. First, a homomorphism Φ: A → B between not necessarily commutative N-graded rings induces an affine map Proj nc B ⊃ U → Proj nc A from a non-empty open subspace U C Proj nc B. Second, if A is a right noetherian connected graded algebra (not necessarily generated in degree one), and A (n) is a Veronese subalgebra of A, there is a map Proj nc A → Proj nc A (n) ; we identify open subspaces on which this map is an isomorphism. Applying these general results when A is (a quotient of) a weighted polynomial ring produces a non-commutative resolution of (a closed subscheme of) a weighted projective space.
Optimal detection of a jump in the intensity of a Poisson process or in a density with likelihood ratio statistics

We consider the problem of detecting a ‘bump’ in the intensity of a Poisson process or in a density. We analyze two types of likelihood ratio-based statistics, which allow for exact finite sample inference and asymptotically optimal detection: The maximum of the penalized square root of log likelihood ratios (‘penalized scan’) evaluated over a certain sparse set of intervals and a certain average of log likelihood ratios (‘condensed average likelihood ratio’). We show that penalizing the square root of the log likelihood ratio — rather than the log likelihood ratio itself — leads to a simple penalty term that yields optimal power. The thus derived penalty may prove useful for other problems that involve a Brownian bridge in the limit. The second key tool is an approximating set of intervals that is rich enough to allow for optimal detection, but which is also sparse enough to allow justifying the validity of the penalization scheme simply via the union bound. This results in a considerable simplification in the theoretical treatment compared with the usual approach for this type of penalization technique, which requires establishing an exponential inequality for the variation of the test statistic. Another advantage of using the sparse approximating set is that it allows fast computation in nearly linear time. We present a simulation study that illustrates the superior performance of the penalized scan and of the condensed average likelihood ratio compared with the standard scan statistic.
Decreased knee adduction moment does not guarantee decreased medial contact force during gait.

Excessive contact force is believed to contribute to the development of medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. The external knee adduction moment (KAM) has been identified as a surrogate measure for medial contact force during gait, with an abnormally large peak value being linked to increased pain and rate of disease progression. This study used in vivo gait data collected from a subject with a force-measuring knee implant to assess whether KAM decreases accurately predict corresponding decreases in medial contact force. Changes in both quantities generated via gait modification were analyzed statistically relative to the subject's normal gait. The two gait modifications were a ''medial thrust'' gait involving knee medialization during stance phase and a ''walking pole'' gait involving use of bilateral walking poles. Reductions in the first (largest) peak of the KAM (32-33%) did not correspond to reductions in the first peak of the medial contact force. In contrast, reductions in the second peak and angular impulse of the KAM (15-47%) corresponded to reductions in the second peak and impulse of the medial contact force (12-42%). Calculated reductions in both KAM peaks were highly sensitive to rotation of the shank reference frame about the superior-inferior axis of the shank. Both peaks of medial contact force were best predicted by a combination of peak values of the external KAM and peak absolute values of the external knee flexion moment (R 2 ¼ 0.93). Future studies that evaluate the effectiveness of gait modifications for offloading the medial compartment of the knee should consider the combined effect of these two knee moments. 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1348-1354, 2010
Piezoceramic hysteresis in the adaptive structural vibration control problem

Structural vibration control via passive electrical shunting and active (hybrid) actuation of a piezoceramic wafer bonded onto the surface of a simply supported beam is investigated with emphasis on modeling and understanding the effect of piezoceramic nonlinearity on system performance. A nonlinear rate-independent hysteresis model, the Ishlinskii hysteresis (IM) model, is experimentally identified for the PZT wafer by itself and then integrated into the coupled dynamic equations of the overall system consisting of the beam and electrically shunted PZT wafer. Experimental studies of the system validate the theoretical model. This model is then used to investigate the impact of PZT hysteresis on its vibration control performance in passive and hybrid scenarios that have been optimized based on a linear system assumption. A multi-term describing function representation of the IM hysteresis model is formulated to aid in computational studies.
The organizational demography of racial employment segregation

This article examines how workers respond to changes in the racial composition of their workplaces. An analysis of the job histories of new hires into multiple work groups within a single firm reveals path dependence in the effects of group composition on turnover. Exit rates are inversely related to the level of same‐race representation at the time of organizational entry and increase when workers experience declines in same‐race representation. However, turnover rates do not decline in response to increases in representation. The results suggest that initial token status can have a lasting impact on attachment and that increases in attachment in integrated groups occur through a cohort‐replacement process. The turnover dynamics also imply that any gains in the representation of minority groups are very fragile. The challenge of workplace racial integration therefore lies not simply in eliminating discrimination in hiring, but also in managing the post‐hire consequences of changes in group composition. I...
A Decoherence-Free Quantum Memory Using Trapped Ions

We demonstrate a decoherence-free quantum memory of one qubit. By encoding the qubit into the decoherence-free subspace (DFS) of a pair of trapped 9Be+ ions, we protect the qubit from environment-induced dephasing that limits the storage time of a qubit composed of a single ion. We measured the storage time under ambient conditions and under interaction with an engineered noisy environment and observed that encoding into the DFS increases the storage time by up to an order of magnitude. The encoding reversibly transfers an arbitrary qubit stored in a single ion to the DFS of two ions.
Experimental Tests of the Standard Model

The title implies an impossibly broad field, as the Standard Model includes the fermion matter states, as well as the forces and fields of SU (3) × SU (2) × U (1). For practical purposes, I will confine myself to electroweak unification, as discussed in the lectures of M. Herrero. Quarks and mixing were discussed in the lectures of R. Aleksan, and leptons and mixing were discussed in the lectures of K. Nakamura. I will essentially assume universality, that is flavor independence, rather than discussing tests of it.
Symplectic structures on right-angled Artin groups: Between the mapping class group and the symplectic group

We define a family of groups that include the mapping class group of a genus g surface with one boundary component and the integral symplectic group Sp(2g, Z). We then prove that these groups are finitely generated. These groups, which we call mapping class groups over graphs, are indexed over labeled simplicial graphs with 2g vertices. The mapping class group over the graph Γ is defined to be a subgroup of the automorphism group of the right-angled Artin group AΓ of Γ. We also prove that the kernel of AutAΓ → AutH_1(AΓ) is finitely generated, generalizing a theorem of Magnus.
Quasi-TEM Analysis of Microwave Transmission Lines by the Finite-Element Method

This paper describes a finite-element approach to the quasi-TEM analysis of several different types of isolated and coupled microwave transmission lines. Both the first- and higher order ordinary elements, as well as singular and infinite elements, are used to solve for the potential and field distributions in the cross section of the line. Next, the cross-sectional field distribution is inserted in a variational expression to compute the capacitance per unit length of the line, and the effective permittivity and characteristic impedance of the line are obtained from the capacitance value. A perturbational approach is developed for estimating the losses due to conductor and dielectric dissipation and computing the attenuation constant. Both the upper and lower bounds for the capacitance and the characteristic impedance are found by solving the original and the corresponding dual problem. Lines treatable by this method may contain an arbitrary number of arbitrarily shaped conductors, including a system of conductors placed either above a single ground plane or between two parallel ground planes, and inhomogeneous dielectric regions that can be approximated Iocally by a number of homogeneous subregions. The results obtained using the finite-element procedure have been compared for various types of microwave transmission lines and have been found to agree well with available theoretical and measured data.
Orthogonal Winding Structures and Design for Planar Integrated Magnetics

This paper presents a new winding design and implementation method for planar integrated magnetics (IM) to achieve high efficiency and high power density. The proposed design uses transformer and inductor windings that are orthogonal to each other in their plane orientations to minimize the capacitive coupling between them, as well as to reduce the thickness and the number of layers of the printed circuit board that hosts the windings. The orthogonal winding structures also result in lower dc resistance of the vertical winding and significantly reduce its eddy current losses. Applications of the proposed concept are demonstrated by an IM design for a 48-V-input 3.3-V-output 100-W half-bridge dc-dc converter with an integrated current-doubler rectifier. Finite-element analysis and prototype experimental results are presented to validate the proposed concept and its benefits.
Local Distance Functions: A Taxonomy, New Algorithms, and an Evaluation

We present a taxonomy for local distance functions where most existing algorithms can be regarded as approximations of the geodesic distance defined by a metric tensor. We categorize existing algorithms by how, where, and when they estimate the metric tensor. We also extend the taxonomy along each axis. How: We introduce hybrid algorithms that use a combination of techniques to ameliorate overfitting. Where: We present an exact polynomial-time algorithm to integrate the metric tensor along the lines between the test and training points under the assumption that the metric tensor is piecewise constant. When: We propose an interpolation algorithm where the metric tensor is sampled at a number of references points during the offline phase. The reference points are then interpolated during the online classification phase. We also present a comprehensive evaluation on tasks in face recognition, object recognition, and digit recognition.
The reverse greedy algorithm for the metric k-median problem

The Reverse Greedy algorithm (RGREEDY) for the k-median problem works as follows. It starts by placing facilities on all nodes. At each step, it removes a facility to minimize the total distance to the remaining facilities. It stops when k facilities remain. We prove that, if the distance function is metric, then the approximation ratio of RGREEDY is between Ω(log n/log log n) and O(log n).
Novel treatment approaches for refractory anxiety disorders

The Anxiety Disorders Association of America convened a conference of experts to address treatment-resistant anxiety disorders and review promising novel approaches to the treatment of refractory anxiety disorders. Workgroup leaders and other participants reviewed the literature and considered the presentations and discussions from the conference. Authors placed the emerging literature on new therapeutic approaches into clinical perspective and identified unmet needs and priority areas for future research. There is a relative paucity of efforts addressing inadequate response to anxiety disorder treatment. Systematic efforts to exhaust all therapeutic options and overcome barriers to effective treatment delivery are needed before patients can be considered treatment refractory. Cognitive behavioral therapy, especially in combination with pharmacotherapy, must be tailored to accommodate the effects of clinical context on treatment response. The literature on pharmacologic treatment of refractory anxiety disorders is small but growing and includes studies of augmentation strategies and non-traditional anxiolytics. Research efforts to discover new pharmacologic targets are focusing on neuronal systems that mediate responses to stress and fear. A number of clinical and basic science studies were proposed that would advance the research agenda and improve treatment of patients with anxiety disorders. Significant advances have been made in the development of psychotherapeutic and pharmacologic treatments for anxiety disorders. Unfortunately, many patients remain symptomatic and functionally impaired. Progress in the development of new treatments has great promise, but will only succeed through a concerted research effort that systematically evaluates potential areas of importance and properly uses scarce resources.
Intelligence and security informatics: an information economics perspective

An intelligence and security information system must meet the challengeof processing vast volume of information that come from diverse sourceswith distinctive incentives and credibility and providing actionable intelligencebased on the processed information. We focus on solving the problem of analyzingthe incentives and credibility of information sources and propose an informationeconomics perspective to investigate the incentives of the informationproviders in the intelligence and security domain.
A simple scheme for adapting time-frequency representations

We propose a simple, efficient technique for continuously adapting time-frequency and time-scale representations over time. The procedure computes a short-time quality measure of the representation for a range of values of a free parameter and estimates the optimal parameter value maximizing the quality measure via interpolation. >
Flexible Rate Filing Insurance Rate Regulation as Alternative to Incentive Incompatibility in Prior-Approval

Competition can be an effective regulator of rates in property-casualty insurance markets. While many states have moved to file-and-use or use-and-file provisions, some have adopted flexible rate-filing regulations (flex-rating) as a means of combining competitive forces with prior-approval regulation. This short note proposes a change to flex-rating so that it can be used to gradually transition a state from prior-approval to file-and-use or use-and-file.
A single source for all flavor violation

In a model proposed in 2012, all flavor mixing has a single source and is governed by a single “master matrix.” This model was shown to give several predictions for quark and lepton masses and mixing angles and for mixing angles within SU(5) multiplets that are observable in proton decay. Here it is shown that the same master matrix controls the flavor-changing processes mediated by a singlet scalar that exists in the model, giving predictions for τ → μγ, τ → eγ, and μ → eγ.
Constitutional Agreements without Constitutional Theories

How is constitution-making possible, when people disagree on so many questions about what is good and what is right? The answer lies in the existence of incompletely theorized agreements–agreements on abstract formulations (freedom of speech, equality under the law) and on particular practices, amidst disagreement about the largest issues in social life. Such agreements help make constitutions and constitutional law possible, even within nations whose citizens cannot concur on the most fundamental matters. Incompletely theorized agreements thus help illuminate an enduring constitutional puzzle: how members of diverse societies can work together on terms of mutual respect amidst intense disagreements about both the right and the good.
Global threats and the domestic struggle for power

Abstract This paper considers an economy where groups compete in a contest for power to redistribute future income in their favor. An increased external threat of terrorism—either an increase in the likelihood of a successful terrorist attack or a greater loss of income in the event of a successful attack—would tend to reduce the expected value of the contest prize and thus lessen the severity of the conflict at home. However, unless the marginal return from guarding against terrorism is not too large or diminishes at a sufficiently fast rate, such a shock could imply, in equilibrium, both a greater sense of security among the groups against external threats and a greater conflict between them in the domestic struggle for power.
Update-Efficiency and Local Repairability Limits for Capacity Approaching Codes

Motivated by distributed storage applications, we investigate the degree to which capacity achieving codes can be efficiently updated when a single information symbol changes, and the degree to which such codes can be efficiently repaired when a single encoded symbol is lost. Specifically, we first develop conditions under which optimum error-correction and update-efficiency are possible. We establish that the number of encoded bits that should change in response to a change in a single information bit must scale logarithmically in the block-length of the code, if we are to achieve any nontrivial rate with vanishing probability of error over the binary erasure or binary symmetric channels. Moreover, we show that there exist capacity-achieving codes with this scaling. With respect to local repairability, we develop tight upper and lower bounds on the number of remaining encoded bits that are needed to recover a single lost encoded bit. In particular, we show that when the rate of an optimal code is e below capacity, the maximum number of codeword symbols required to recover one lost symbol must scale as log1/e. Several variations on—and extensions of—these results are also developed, including to the problem of rate-distortion coding.
Development and Evaluation of Porous Materials for Carbon Dioxide Separation and Capture

The development of new microporous materials for adsorption separation processes is a rapidly growing field because of potential applications such as carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) and purification of clean-burning natural gas. In particular, new metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and other porous coordination polymers are being generated at a rapid and growing pace. Herein, we address the question of how this large number of materials can be quickly evaluated for their practical application in carbon dioxide separation processes. Five adsorbent evaluation criteria from the chemical engineering literature are described and used to assess over 40 MOFs for their potential in CO2 separation processes for natural gas purification, landfill gas separation, and capture of CO2 from power-plant flue gas. Comparisons with other materials such as zeolites are made, and the relationships between MOF properties and CO2 separation potential are investigated from the large data set. In addition, strategies for tailoring and designing MOFs to enhance CO2 adsorption are briefly reviewed.
INTER-LANDAU-LEVEL TRANSITIONS AND ULTRAFAST DYNAMICS OF 2D MAGNETOEXCITONS

We study the role of many-body correlations in the ultrafast dynamics of quantum well magnetoexcitons. In linear response, inter-Landau level transitions are suppressed if magnetic field is stronger than magnetoexciton binding energy. However, in nonlinear response, two-electron Auger processes remain unsuppressed even at very strong field. We show that Auger scattering plays a dominant role in the coherent exciton dynamics in strong magnetic field. We perform numerical calculations of four-wave-mixing (FWM) polarization which incorporate Auger processes nonperturbatively, and find a strong amplitude enhancement of the FWM signal accompanied with polarization oscillations at negative time delays. We identify these oscillations as quantum beats between dark two-exciton states related to each other via Auger processes.
The Role of Infrastructure Investment Location in China's Western Development

Development of the western region is vital to the balanced growth of China. The author studies the impacts of infrastructure investment that may most efficiently alleviate the burden of geographical remoteness of the West. Having constructed the �adjusted distance� to approximate the transport cost, which takes into account the effects of real distance and infrastructure development, the author defines the �peripheral degree� to measure the effective remoteness of a province to an economic center. Using panel data for 1979�99 from the Chinese provinces, she shows that geographic attractiveness plays a significant role in a Solow-type growth determination model. Given the invariability of pure geographic position, progress in transportation facilities is essential to reduce the geographic handicap and to encourage the catching-up of the western region. The author�s simulation results show that the central transportation hubs (Hubei, Henan, and Hunan) merit most infrastructure investments, for they favor the development of many provinces, if regional balanced growth is considered as the prime objective. In particular, improvement in the transportation facilities in central hubs will have greater effects on western development than that in the western region by itself. Improvements in the transportation facilities of the central hubs substantially improves the geographic attractiveness of the western region by reducing the transport cost from the West to the Coast and by promoting the emergence of new economic centers in such hubs, which tends to modify the national economic geographic structure.
edgeRun: an R package for sensitive, functionally relevant differential expression discovery using an unconditional exact test

Summary: Next-generation sequencing platforms for measuring digital expression such as RNASeq are displacing traditional microarray-based methods in biological experiments. The detection of differentially expressed genes between groups of biological conditions has led to the development of numerous bioinformatics tools, but so far, few exploit the expanded dynamic range afforded by the new technologies. We present edgeRun, an R package that implements an unconditional exact test that is a more powerful version of the exact test in edgeR. This increase in power is especially pronounced for experiments with as few as two replicates per condition, for genes with low total expression and with large biological coefficient of variation. In comparison with a panel of other tools, edgeRun consistently captures functionally similar differentially expressed genes. Availability and implementation: The package is freely available under the MIT license from CRAN
Computing Linear Functions by Linear Coding Over Networks

We consider the scenario in which a set of sources generates messages in a network and a receiver node demands an arbitrary linear function of these messages. We formulate an algebraic test to determine whether an arbitrary network can compute linear functions using linear codes. We identify a class of linear functions that can be computed using linear codes in every network that satisfies a natural cut-based condition. Conversely, for another class of linear functions, we show that the cut-based condition does not guarantee the existence of a linear coding solution. For linear functions over the binary field, the two classes are complements of each other.
Exploiting hypertext valuation links for business decision making: a portfolio management illustration

This paper discusses the application of hypertext valuation links to decision support for business problems. Valuation links enable one to relate hypertext link traversal to computation in a way that affects the contents of a hypertext node while retaining the 'browsing metaphor' of hypertext. This helps to support quantitative or qualitative reasoning about business problems when described in terms of hypertext nodes that are computational in nature. It illustrates these ideas in the domain of securities analysis and portfolio management, where a 'buy side' portfolio manager may need to clarify his understanding of the basis of a 'sell side' securities analyst's recommendations about securities that are candidates for inclusion in a portfolio. >
Antiparallel Control Logic

This paper proposes a method, termed antiparallel control logic, for the control and efficient utilization of computer networks that exhibit substantial propagation delays on the lines interconnecting the logical elements, as well as in the elements themselves. The discussion encompasses the basic behavior of antiparallel stages that realize this method of control, including their logical realization and their extension to other useful network logic structures. In a strictly feedforward line, where the stored data are indexed forward by control pulses moving in a direction away from the data source, the existence of time variations in the delays of successive stages implies a nonzero probability that two successive control pulses will eventually appear at the inputs to a given stage so closely spaced that the basic reaction time of the stage is violated. The result is a failure of the transfer mechanism and a consequent loss of information. If feedback control is provided such that control pulses move in a direction opposite to the flow of information, that is, if the control and information flows are antiparallel, then the failure of the transfer mechanism does not cause an overlap in the information stored on the line, but rather leaves a void, or hole, which does not imply necessary information loss nor physically unrealizable storage requirements on the individual stages.
Existence of optimal auctions in general environments

Abstract We provide a unified approach to the problem of existence of optimal auctions for a wide variety of auction environments. We accomplish this by first establishing a general existence result for a particular Stackelberg revelation game. By systematically specializing our revelation game to cover various types of auctions, we are able to deduce the existence of optimal Bayesian auction mechanisms for single and multiple unit auctions, as well as for contract auctions with moral hazard and adverse selection. In all cases, we allow for risk aversion and multidimensional, stochastically dependent types.
Real-time optical image subtraction using dynamic holographic interference in photorefractive media

A method of optical image subtraction is proposed. It provides parallel and real-time amplitude subtraction of two images by using holographic interference in photorefractive media. This new method provides an automatic phase shift of 180 deg between the two images and may be viewed as a real-time implementation of Gabor’s image-subtraction technique. Some experimental results are presented and discussed.
Antitrust, intellectual property and standard setting organizations

Standard-setting organizations (SSOs) regularly encounter situations in which one or more companies claim to own proprietary rights that cover a proposed industry standard. The industry cannot adopt the standard without the permission of the intellectual property owner (or owners). Given the importance of SSO rules governing intellectual property rights, there has been surprisingly little treatment of SSOs or their intellectual property rules in the legal literature. My aim is to fill that void. SSO rules governing intellectual property fundamentally change the way in which we must approach the study of intellectual property. It is not enough to consider IP rights in a vacuum; we must consider them as they are actually used in practice. And that means considering how SSO rules affect IP incentives. Second, there is a remarkable diversity among SSOs in how they treat IP rights. This diversity is largely accidental, and does not reflect conscious competition between different policies. Third, antitrust law is not well designed to take account of the modern role of SSOs. Antitrust rules may unduly restrict SSOs even when those organizations are serving procompetitive ends. Fourth, the enforcement of SSO IP rules presents a number of important but unresolved problems of contract and intellectual property law.
The Role of the Corporation in Society: An Alternative View and Opportunities for Future Research

A long-standing ideology in business education has been that a corporation is run for the sole interest of its shareholders. I present an alternative view where increasing concentration of economic activity and power in the world’s largest corporations, the Global 1000, has opened the way for managers to consider the interests of a broader set of stakeholders rather than only shareholders. Having documented that this alternative view better fits actual corporate conduct, I discuss opportunities for future research. Specifically, I call for research on the materiality of environmental and social issues for the future financial performance of corporations, the design of incentive and control systems to guide strategy execution, corporate reporting, and the role of investors in this new paradigm.
Induced Resistance to 6-Methylpurine and Cycloheximide in Tetrahymena. II. Variation within Vegetative Cultures of Micronucleate T. THERMOPHILA and Amicronucleate T. PYRIFORMIS

Resistance to 6-methylpurine and cycloheximide has been induced in both the micronucleate species Tetrahymena thermophila and the amicronucleate species T. pyriformis. Resistance follows only after mutagen treatment and vegetative growth. The frequencies with which resistant variants are induced and the independence of mutagenesis and selection are demonstrated. All evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that macronuclear subunits are assorting in both species during vegetative growth to produce new phenotypes among subclones.
Identification of 2-Aminobenzimidazole dimers as antibacterial agents

The preparation and evaluation of 2-aminobenzimidazole dimers as antibacterial agents is described. Biological screening of the dimers indicated that compounds with multiple chloro substituents possessed optimal antibacterial activity.
Welfare Implications of Washington Wheat Breeding Programs

We calculate the welfare effects of the Washington State University (WSU) wheat breeding programs for producers and consumers in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and the United States, and for importers of U.S. wheat. We develop a partial equilibrium multiregion, multiproduct, multivariety trade model for wheat that provides consumer, producer, and total surplus for each wheat class and region. Our results provide evidence suggesting that WSU wheat breeding programs have increased welfare for the state of Washington, the United States, and importers of U.S. wheat.
NTL with complementary emitter-follower driver: a high-speed low-power push-pull logic circuit

A high-speed low-power nonthreshold-logic (NTL)-based push-pull logic circuit, featuring a complementary emitter-follower driver is presented. Compared with the standard NTL circuit, the circuit offers a much better balance between the pull-up and pull-down delay, improved scalability, and superior load driving capability. Simulation results based on a 0.8- mu m double-poly. self-aligned complementary bipolar technology indicate that at a power consumption of 1.22 mW/gate, the circuit offers 2.4* improvement in the pull-down delay of a loaded gate and 4.0* improvement in the load driving capability over the standard NTL circuit. The design and scaling considerations of the circuit are discussed. >
No Excuses Charter Schools: A Meta-Analysis of the Experimental Evidence on Student Achievement

ABSTRACTMany most well-known charter schools in the United States use a “No Excuses” approach. We conduct the first meta-analysis of the achievement impacts of No Excuses charter schools, focusing on experimental, lottery-based studies. We estimate that No Excuses charter schools increase student math and literacy achievement by 0.25 and 0.17, respectively, for approximately each year of attendance. These are large and meaningful gains. Moreover, these effects are substantially larger than those of attending other kinds of charter schools. We discuss policy implications and offer necessary caveats.
FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS AS DYNAMIC FARSIGHTED NETWORKS

In the presence of multilateral negotiations, are Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) necessary for, or will they prevent, global free trade? I answer this question using a dynamic farsighted model of network formation among asymmetric countries. Ultimately, FTAs prevent global free trade when there are two larger countries and one smaller country but FTAs can be necessary for global free trade when there are two smaller countries and one larger country. The model provides insights into the dynamics of recent real-world negotiations and recent results in the literature on the empirical determinants of trade agreements. (JEL C71, F12, F13)
Paul Poiret's Minaret Style: Originality, Reproduction, and Art in Fashion

(2002). Paul Poiret's Minaret Style: Originality, Reproduction, and Art in Fashion. Fashion Theory: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 117-143.
Parity proofs of the Kochen–Specker theorem based on the Lie algebra E8

The 240 root vectors of the Lie algebra E8 lead to a system of 120 rays in a real eight-dimensional Hilbert space that contains a large number of parity proofs of the Kochen–Specker (KS) theorem. After introducing the rays in a triacontagonal representation due to Coxeter, we present their KS diagram in the form of a ‘basis table’ showing all 2025 bases (i.e., sets of eight mutually orthogonal rays) formed by the rays. Only a few of the bases are actually listed, but simple rules are given, based on the symmetries of E8, for obtaining all the other bases from the ones shown. The basis table is an object of great interest because all the parity proofs of E8 can be exhibited as subsets of it. We show how the triacontagonal representation of E8 facilitates the identification of substructures that are more easily searched for their parity proofs. We have found hundreds of different types of parity proofs, ranging from 9 bases (or contexts) at the low end to 35 bases at the high end, and involving projectors of various ranks and multiplicities. After giving an overview of the proofs we found, we present a few concrete examples of the proofs that illustrate both their generic features as well as some of their more unusual properties. In particular, we present a proof involving 34 rays and 9 bases that appears to provide the most compact proof of the KS theorem found to date in eight-dimensions.
Creating Birds of Similar Feathers: Leveraging Similarity to Improve Teacher-Student Relationships and Academic Achievement.

When people perceive themselves as similar to others, greater liking and closer relationships typically result. In the first randomized field experiment that leverages actual similarities to improve real-world relationships, we examined the affiliations between 315 9th grade students and their 25 teachers. Students in the treatment condition received feedback on 5 similarities that they shared with their teachers; each teacher received parallel feedback regarding about half of his or her 9th grade students. Five weeks after our intervention, those in the treatment conditions perceived greater similarity with their counterparts. Furthermore, when teachers received feedback about their similarities with specific students, they perceived better relationships with those students, and those students earned higher course grades. Exploratory analyses suggest that these effects are concentrated within relationships between teachers and their “underserved” students. This brief intervention appears to close the achievement gap at this school by over 60%. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
LA DECISIÓN QUE AMENAZA LA DEMOCRACIA

espanolEste texto analiza el caso Citizens United v. fec (2010) en el que la Suprema Corte de los Estados Unidos, en decision dividida, reconocio un derecho constitucional de las corporaciones a gastar de manera ilimitada en comerciales televisivos electorales. Por un lado, se revisan los precedentes judiciales mas importantes respecto a los limites de la participacion financiera e ideologica de las empresas en el contexto electoral. Por el otro, tambien da cuenta del contexto conservador existente en la Suprema Corte norteamericana al momento de dictarse la sentencia y del impacto que tiene, en terminos practicos, el hecho de que las corporaciones cuenten ahora con semejante derecho. El autor sostiene que la citada resolucion judicial no fomenta ninguno de los principales objetivos de la Primera Enmienda: la garantia de la libertad de expresion y la contribucion a la honestidad y transparencia del gobierno, ni coadyuva en el incremento de la equidad electoral por si misma, o en la proteccion de la integridad del debate politico EnglishThis text analyzes the case Citizens United v. fec (2010) in two ways: first, it reviews the most important legal precedents regarding the limits of participation of the financial and ideological corporate businesses in the electoral context. On the other hand, it also realizes the conservative context that existed in the U.S. Supreme Court at the time of the ruling and the impact it has, in practical terms, due to the fact that judicial corporations have a constitutional right to spend unlimited resources in electoral television advertisements. In this vein, the author also argues that the judicial resolution did not promote two of the prinicpal objectives of the First Amendment: the guarantee of freedom of expression and the contribution to honesty and transparency in government. Neither contributes to increasing electoral equity by itself or in protecting the integrity of political debate
Aza-Wittig Rearrangements of N-Benzyl and N-Allyl Glycine Methyl Esters. Discovery of a Surprising Cascade Aza-Wittig Rearrangement/Hydroboration Reaction.

Treatment of N-(arylmethyl)-N-aryl or N-allyl-N-aryl glycine methyl ester derivatives with nBu2BOTf and iPr2NEt effects an aza-Wittig rearrangement that provides N-aryl phenylalanine methyl ester derivatives and N-aryl allylglycine methyl ester derivatives, respectively, in good yield with moderate to good diastereoselectivity. Under similar conditions, analogous substrates bearing N-carbonyl groups are converted to 1,4,2-oxazaborole derivatives. Additionally, N-allyl-N-aryl glycine methyl ester derivatives subjected to similar conditions at elevated temperatures undergo an aza-[2,3]-Wittig rearrangement, followed by a subsequent hydroboration oxidation reaction, to afford substituted amino alcohol products.
Machine Translation: its History, Current Status, and Future Prospects

Elements of the history, state of the art, and probable future of Machine Translation (MT) are discussed. The treatment is largely tutorial, based on the assumption that this audience is, for the most part, ignorant of matters pertaining to translation in general, and MT in particular. The paper covers some of the major MT R&D groups, the general techniques they employ(ed), and the roles they play(ed) in the development of the field. The conclusions concern the seeming permanence of the translation problem, and potential re-integration of MT with mainstream Computational Linguistics.
Disagreement and asset prices.

Abstract How do differences of opinion affect asset prices? Do investors earn a risk premium when disagreement arises in the market? Despite their fundamental importance, these questions are among the most controversial issues in finance. In this paper, we use a novel data set that allows us to directly measure the level of disagreement among Wall Street mortgage dealers about prepayment speeds. We examine how disagreement evolves over time and study its effects on expected returns, return volatility, and trading volume in the mortgage-backed security market. We find that increased disagreement is associated with higher expected returns, higher return volatility, and larger trading volume. These results imply that there is a positive risk premium for disagreement in asset prices. We also show that volatility in and of itself does not lead to higher trading volume. Instead, only when disagreement arises in the market is higher uncertainty associated with more trading. Finally, we are able to distinguish empirically between two competing hypotheses regarding how information in markets gets incorporated into asset prices. We find that sophisticated investors appear to update their beliefs through a rational expectations mechanism when disagreement arises.
Pre-birth cohort study of atopic dermatitis and severe bronchiolitis during infancy.

BACKGROUND Infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis (i.e. severe bronchiolitis) are at increased risk of childhood asthma. There are many known risk factors for severe bronchiolitis, including cardiac and pulmonary diseases. Less is known about the association between atopic diseases and risk of severe bronchiolitis. We sought to further examine risk factors for severe bronchiolitis, focusing on atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODS We conducted a nested cohort study within the Massachusetts General Hospital Obstetric Maternal Study (MOMS), a prospective cohort of pregnant women enrolled during 1998-2006. Children of mothers enrolled in MOMS were included in the analysis if they received care within our health system (n = 5407). Potential risk factors for bronchiolitis and hospitalization data were extracted from the children's electronic health records; we also examined pregnancy and perinatal risk factors collected from the underlying MOMS data. RESULTS During the first year of life, 125 infants (2.3%) had severe bronchiolitis. Eighteen of these patients had AD; 11 (61%) were diagnosed with AD prior to bronchiolitis hospitalization. In unadjusted analyses, AD was associated with severe bronchiolitis (χ(2) 14.6; p < 0.001). In multivariable analyses adjusting for nine known risk factors for severe bronchiolitis, including demographics, birth season, disposition at birth, cardiac disease, maternal parity, and delivery mode, AD was associated with increased odds of severe bronchiolitis (odds ratio 2.72, 95% confidence interval 1.60-4.63). CONCLUSIONS Atopic dermatitis is significantly associated with severe bronchiolitis in infancy. The mechanism of the AD-bronchiolitis association is unclear and merits further study; this research may shed light on the pathogenesis of asthma.