cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanometer-scale structural aspects of hydroxyaniline thin films

Abstract The nanometer-scale structural aspects of poly(hydroxyaniline) thin films have been studied using the techniques of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy. The structural differences between thin films prepared using cyclic voltammographic methods and constant current methods were examined. Constant current hydroxyaniline films were composed of small, cigar-shaped bundles with dimensions ranging from 50 A2 to over 2000 A2. AFM scans on hydroxyaniline films prepared using cyclic voltammography, however, were nearly featureless in comparison. No crystalline structure was observed on either type of film.
Signal-Averaged P Wave: Technique and Clinical Applications

BackgroundAtrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. Identification of factors predisposing to atrial fibrillation may have implications for its prevention and may facilitate the detection of patients most susceptible to atrial fibrillation and its sequelae. Prolongation of P wave duration representing intra-atrial conduction delay is inadequately visualized in a standard electrocardiogram. Accurate detection, alignment, amplification and filtering of P waves during the signal averaging process permits a better analysis of the P wave and thus atrial conduction. Signal averaged P wave electrocardiography is a noninvasive technique that has permitted the evaluation of patients at risk of developing atrial fibrillation. Several studies have correlated the abnormalities in signal averaged P wave with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and have demonstrated its utility in independently predicting patients at risk of developing atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery. New uses are likely to evolve as the technique is used clinically and as the methodology is standardized. A.N.E. 1999;4(4):401–407
Extracting environmental information from planktonic foraminiferal δ 13 C data

The oxygen isotopic composition of foraminiferal shell calcite varies as a function of temperature and the 18O/16O ratio of seawater during calcification. This relationship has provided the basis for numerous studies of past climate changes, continental glaciation and changes in oceanic current systems1. In contrast, the variables affecting the δ13C composition of foraminiferal calcite are poorly understood. It has been proposed that the δ13 C value of planktonic foraminifera is a function of the 13C/12C ratio of sea water Σ CO2 and of 'vital effects' related to metabolic processes such as respiration and symbiont photosynthesis1,2. In this paper we demonstrate that the δ13C value of Orbulina universa shell calcite is a function of symbiont photosynthetic activity and irradiance levels based on laboratory experiments with living specimens. Environmental temperature has no significant effect on the δ13C value, whereas the δ18O value of the shell varies as a function of temperature but is independent of symbiont photosynthesis. The ability to relate δ13C data with the environmental parameter of light may provide new insights into dynamic processes occurring in palaeooceanic euphotic zones.
Surface fuel loadings within mulching treatments in Colorado coniferous forests

Abstract Recent large-scale, severe wildfires in the western United States have prompted extensive mechanical fuel treatment programs to reduce potential wildfire size and severity. Fuel reduction prescriptions typically target non-merchantable material so approaches to mechanically treat and distribute residue on site are becoming increasingly common. We examined how mulch treatments alter the distribution of woody material by size class by comparing paired mulched and untreated sites in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), mixed conifer, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and pinyon pine/juniper (Pinus edulis/Juniperus sp.) forests 2–6 years after mechanical treatment. Mulching treatments reduced tree density and canopy bulk density, and increased canopy base height, potentially lowing active crown fire risk. In general, mulching increased total woody surface fuel loadings 2–3-fold, but the magnitude differed among forest types. Average total woody surface fuel loads in the untreated areas ranged between 7 and 12 Mg ha−1, but increased to 27–63 Mg ha−1 in treated areas. Large diameter fuels (>7.62 cm) represent about 35–69% of the total woody fuel load in the untreated areas, but only about 8–14% of the total fuel load in the treated areas. Woody fuels in treated areas were dominated by material
Microwave-assisted catfish liver oil extraction and FA analysis

FA profiles of catfish liver oils were analyzed after microwave-assisted (without solvent extraction) and/or conventional (with solvent extraction) preparation methods. Microwave heating of the smaples was performed at 100, 80, 60, or 40% power at 1,000 W and 2,450 MHz, each for 80, 60, 40, or 20 s. Significant differences in the content of recovered FA were observed among the microwave-heated samples, except for C20∶0 and C20∶4. Recovery of C16∶0, C20∶0, and C20∶4 from the samples analyzed by the microwave-assisted method was lower than that of the samples analyzed by the conventional method. Much greater recovery was observed for C18∶1, C18∶2, and C22∶6; however, the recovery was not different from or was only slightly lower than that of the conventional method when microwave heating was set at 40% power for 20 s. This was also observed for the total unsaturated or saturated FA. Compared to other microwave treatments, heating at 100% power for 80 s yielded the greatest recovery of C14∶0, C18∶0, C18∶1, C18∶2, C18∶3, C20∶1, C20∶2, and C22∶6.
A comparative study of 2 imaging techniques for the diagnosis of condylar fractures in children.

Abstract Purpose: We sought to compare the sensitivity and specificity of panoramic radiographs with those of coronal computed tomography (CT) scans in the diagnosis of mandibular condylar fractures in the pediatric population. Methods: Medical, dental, and radiographic records of patients who presented between 1995 and 2000 were evaluated for injuries involving the mandibular condyle. The sample included 22 males and 15 females with ages ranging from 2 to 15 years (mean, 8 years). Control subjects were added and matched by age and gender. The panoramic radiographs were blocked to allow separate evaluation of each condyle. Representative images from the CT scans were selected and individually photographed for projection. Both sets of images were evaluated by 4 groups of examiners: oral and maxillofacial (OMF) surgeons who regularly deal with pediatric trauma (n = 2), community OMF surgeons who had been out of training for at least 5 years (n = 6), OMF radiologists (n = 3), and OMF surgery residents (n = 6). Each image was shown for 20 seconds and the examiners were given 3 options to choose: 1) fracture, 2) no fracture, and 3) uncertain. Results: The overall diagnostic accuracy of CT scanning was 90% (sensitivity, 92%; specificity, 87%), and that of panoramic radiographs was 73% (sensitivity, 70%; specificity, 77%). Of interest, the most experienced clinicians were also those most likely to respond that panoramic films were not diagnostic. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using χ2 analysis. The differences for sensitivity measurements using the CT scan were not statistically significant (P >.1). However, the differences in sensitivity measurements using the panoramic radiographs and the specificity measurements using both the CT and panoramic radiographs were statistically significant (P
Self‐segregation or self‐preservation? A critical race theory and Latina/o critical theory analysis of a study of Chicana/o college students

This article uses critical race theory (CRT) and Latina/o critical theory (LatCrit) to analyze the main findings of a longitudinal study of Chicana/o college students. Having found that when Chicana/o college students associate with other Chicano/as, their socially conscious values are reinforced, they increase their likelihood of pursuing careers in service of their communities, and they are more inclined to become involved in community service activities after college, this article adopts CRT and LatCrit to analyze the relationship between Chicano/a college students and their Chicana/o peers, within the broader racialized context of higher education. It examines how the arguments supporting the “racial balkanization” myth are framed by institutional racism, and reveals how and why Chicana/o college students benefit from associating with their Chicana/o student peer groups by drawing from their cultural resources to mitigate the racialized barriers erected by universities. The analysis argues for utilizi...
A model of the ion wake of Mars

Observations from the Phobos spacecraft suggest that, for the most part, the Martian magnetotail is induced instead of intrinsic. Test particle techniques are used to determine how the associated ion wake might appear to detectors behind Mars if it is produced primarily by planetary ions picked up by the solar wind in the dayside exosphere. The results suggest that low energy pickup ions populate the inner wake, while a more energetic component is present in the outer magnetosheath and adjacent solar wind.
Growth of normal male and female mice and of female mice bearing ovarian grafts.

SummaryGrafts of ovaries in female mice which are androgenically active do not affect the growth weights of the host animal.
Y145Stop is sufficient to induce de novo generation prions using protein misfolding cyclic amplification

A point mutation in Prnp that converts tyrosine (Y) at position 145 into a stop codon leading to a truncated prion molecule as found in an inherited transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), Gertsmann-Straussler-Scheincker syndrome, suggests that the N-terminus of the molecule (spanning amino acids 23–144) likely plays a critical role in prion misfolding as well as in protein-protein interactions. We hypothesized that Y145Stop molecule represents an unstable part of the prion protein that is prone to spontaneous misfolding. Utilizing protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) we show that the recombinant polypeptide corresponding to the Y145Stop of sheep and deer PRNP can be in vitro converted to PK-resistant PrPSc in presence or absence of preexisting prions. In contrast, recombinant protein full-length PrPC did not show a propensity for spontaneous conformational conversion to protease resistant isoforms. Further, we show that seeded or spontaneously misfolded Y145Stop molecules can efficiently...
Interrelationships Between α and β Anomers of Glucose Affecting both Insulin and Glucagon Secretion in the Perfused Rat Pancreas. II.

Temporal and quantitative relationships between the α and β anomers of glucose on insulin and glucagon secretion were studied in two surgical preparations of the in vitro perfused rat pancreas. α-Glucose was a more effective stimulator of insulin release. β-Glucose, however, though less effective, was a positive modulator when admixed with α-glucose. Dose-response studies showed that α-glucose probably had a smaller apparent Km for insulin secretion, while the Vmax for the two anomers was the same—the effects of the two anomers being indistinguishable at high glucose concentrations (300 mg⁄dl). α-Anomeric stereospecificity was demonstrable equally on both phases of insulin release and was maintained throughout 60-min perfusions. Spontaneous or arginine-stimulated glucagon release was also preferentially inhibited by α-glucose. Since others have shown that glucose uptake and phosphorylation in islets are not α-stereospecific, the data suggest that the initial signal for the first and second phases of insul...
Understanding Youth's Health-Compromising Behaviors in Germany: An Application of the Risk-Behavior Framework

In this article, we analyze German youth's health-compromising behaviors from the perspective of risk-taking behaviors. As with American youth, peer influence is found to be important not only on smoking and drinking behavior, but also on the perception of these behaviors as socially appealing (an opposite measure of risks) among German youth. Moreover, association with friends who smoke leads to less concern about one's own health and an over-assessment of one's own control over health behaviors, both of which contribute to other health-compromising behaviors—alcohol consumption, unhealthy nutrition, and lack of physical exercise. Concern about one's own health, though directly preventing unhealthy nutrition and low level of physical activity, does not have significant effects on smoking and drinking behavior. It reflects the fact that smoking and drinking are not considered by German youth as healththreatening behaviors; rather, these behaviors are seen as socially appealing and desirable. Implications ...
Hardness measurements of accumulative roll-bonded Mo foils

The hardness of accumulative roll bonding (ARB)-processed multilayers has been measured in the past with microindentation studies. In some cases the lateral indent size of microindenters, however, is too large. For example, if multilayers are ARB-processed that consist of arrays of different elemental foils the hardness ratio of the layers has been reported as a key factor for the development of diffuse necking. To predict diffuse necking during ARB processing, flow stress data are usually taken from tensile tests. Flow stresses can be estimated of individual layers based on hardness measurements. In this work results are compared between hardness measurements on ARB-processed Mo multilayers with micro- and nanoindentation. Two sets of Mo multilayers were examined, one with as-received Mo foils and a second set with annealed Mo foils as starting material. The microhardness measurements show an increase in hardness with the first two passes before the hardness reaches a near plateau for the annealed Mo foils. The as-received foils that appear to be cold-worked yield a constant hardness for the first five passes that approaches the hardness of the annealed samples after four passes. The nanoindentation measurements were conducted at the center of Mo grains. If the indentation size effect (ISE) is taken into account the nanoindentation-based hardness measurements of the annealed Mo foil multilayers agree with the microhardness measurements. For the multilayer comprised of as-received Mo foils, agreement is obtained with the microhardness measurements even without taking into account an ISE. These observations are discussed with respect to the changes in microstructural length scales during ARB processing and the indent sizes. A main conclusion is that nanoindentation measurements yield reliable hardness data if the ISE is considered.
A Commentary on ‘Publish or Perish: Is this Really a Viable Set of Options?’

Publish or perish is a phrase that is used by almost all accounting faculty at one time or another. For some it is a casual term while it has been demonized by others as the source of many problems...
Building a secure and feature-rich mobile mapping service app using HTML5: challenges and best practices

Managing a wide variety of mobile devices across multiple mobile operating systems is a security challenge for any organization [1, 2]. With the wide adoption of mobile devices to access work-related apps, there is an increase in third-party apps that might either misuse or improperly handle user's personal or sensitive data [3]. HTML5 has been receiving wide attention for developing cross-platform mobile apps. According to International Data Corporation (IDC), by 2015, 80% of all mobile apps will be based in part or wholly upon HTML5 [4]. Though HTML5 provides a rich set of features for building an app, it is a challenge for organizations to deploy and manage HTML5 apps on wide variety of devices while keeping security policies intact. In this paper, we will describe an upcoming secure mobile environment for HTML5 apps, called Sencha Space that addresses these issues and discuss how it will be used to design and build a secure and cross-platform mobile mapping service app. We will also describe how HTML5 and a new set of related technologies such as Geolocation API, WebGL, Open Layers 3, and Local Storage, can be used to provide a high end and high performance experience for users of the mapping service app.
Natural killer cell activity is reduced in association with oral contraceptive use

Oral contraceptive (OC) use has been associated with increased incidence of a number of infections, but the mechanisms behind these changes is unclear. The present study compared OC users and nonusers in natural killer (NK) cell activity, NK phenotype, and illness frequency. Subjects were 55 female medical students (19 OC users, 36 nonusers). Three blood samples were obtained, 1 mo apart. Natural cytotoxicity was tested with a 51Cr assay. Self reports of illness symptoms during the previous week were collected at each blood sampling. NK phenotype number was assessed by flow cytometry. Oral contraceptive users had lower natural cytotoxicity and increased frequency of sneezing, gastrointestinal distress, runny nose, sore throat, coughing, and total illness symptoms, relative to nonusers. No differences were found between OC users and nonusers in NK phenotype number. These findings support the hypothesis that differences between users and nonusers in infection rates might be due to alterations in NK activity.
Metatraits and cognitive assessment: application to attributional style and depressive symptoms

This research examined whether attributional style is more closely related to depressive symptoms for some people than for others. In Study 1, depressed patients voicing more explanations for negative events showed (nonsignificantly) higher correlations between attributional style and depressive symptoms. In Study 2, subjects reporting a tendency to ruminate about the causes of events showed stronger relations between attributional style and depressive symptoms. Conversely, subjectslow in attributional complexity exhibited stronger relations of depressive symptoms with positive-event attributional style. We speculated that by asking for ratings of only the single most important cause of events attributional style measures might provide a less adequate sample of the causal thinking of attributionally complex subjects. Study 3 partially supported this reasoning; attributional complexity was not significantly correlated with seeing events as having multiple causes, but it was associated with rating second-most-important causes as distinct from first causes on attributional dimensions. Thus, current attributional style measures and theories might be best-suited to subjects who (a) tend to ponder causes of events but (b) arrive at uniform conclusions about the nature of these causes.
An osteopontin fragment is essential for tumor cell invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma

Tumor cell invasion is a primary event in the metastatic progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our recent results indicate a concordant elevated expression of osteopontin (OPN) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in primary metastatic HCC. This study hypothesizes an MMP-9-directed cleavage of OPN that biologically contributes to HCC metastasis. We found that MMP-9 cleaved OPN into specific fragments in vitro, of which three could be identified by Edman degradation amino-acid sequencing. One of these fragments (OPN-5 kDa, residues 167-210) induced low-metastatic HCC cellular invasion via CD44 receptors, which was effectively blocked by the addition of small peptides within the region of OPN-5 kDa. Increased expression of an OPN splice variant (OPN-c) was associated with clinical metastatic HCC. Overexpression of OPN-c with physiological levels of MMP-9 enhanced cellular invasion and coincided with elevated OPN-5 kDa levels. Our data suggest that an alternative splicing event (OPN-c) promotes extracellular cleavage of OPN by MMP-9, thus releasing a distinct region of OPN (OPN-5 kDa) that is essential for HCC cellular invasion and appears to correlate with metastatic potential. The findings of this study may help to improve advanced-stage HCC prognosis and suggest the utility of small peptides for novel therapies.
Should software hold data hostage

Software tools have become an indispensable part of modern biology, but issues surrounding propriety file formats and closed software architectures threaten to stunt the growth of this rapidly expanding area of research. In an effort to ensure continuous software upgrades to provide a continuous income stream, some software companies have resorted to holding the user?s data hostage by locking them into proprietary file and data formats. Although this might make sense from a business perspective, it violates fundamental principles of data ownership and control. Such tactics should not be tolerated by the scientific community. The future of data-intensive biology depends on ensuring open data standards and freely exchangeable file formats. Compared to the engineering and chemistry fields, computers are a relatively recent addition to the arsenal of biological tools. Thus the pool of potential users of biology-oriented software is comparatively small. Biology itself is a broad field with many sub-disciplines, such as neurobiology, biochemistry, genomics and cell biology. This creates the need for task-oriented software tools that necessarily have a small user base. Simultaneously, the task of developing software has become more complex with the need for multi-platform software and increasing user expectations of sophisticated interfaces and a high degreemore » of usability. Writing successful software in such an environment is very challenging, but progress in biology will increasingly depend on the success of companies and individuals in creating powerful new software tools. The trend to open source software could have an enormous impact on biology by providing the large number of specialized analysis tools that are required. Indeed, in the field of bioinformatics, open source software has become pervasive, largely because of the high degree of computer skill necessary for workers in this field. For these tools to be usable by non-specialists, however, requires the development of facile user interfaces and robust environments. This is where some companies have provided real value to the community, building on the foundation of open source software. Outside of genomics and bioinformatics, there is still a critical need for software tools, particularly in areas such as imaging, biochemistry and cell signaling. The computer skills of investigators in these fields is generally more rudimentary, and thus the open source options are much more limited. Commercial software dominates these areas, but open source has the potential to contribute more in the future.« less
Multidecadal Climate-induced Variability in Microseisms

Microseisms are the most ubiquitous continuous seismic signals on Earth at periods between approximately 5 and 25 s (Peterson 1993; Kedar and Webb 2005). They arise from atmospheric energy converted to (primarily) Rayleigh waves via the intermediary of wind-driven oceanic swell and occupy a period band that is uninfluenced by common anthropogenic and wind-coupled noise processes on land (Wilson et al. 2002; de la Torre et al. 2005). “Primary” microseisms (near 8-s period) are generated in shallow water by breaking waves near the shore and/or the nonlinear interaction of the ocean wave pressure signal with the sloping sea floor (Hasselmann 1963). Secondary microseisms occur at half of the primary period and are especially strongly radiated in source regions where opposing wave components interfere (Longuett-Higgins 1950; Tanimoto 2007), which principally occurs due to the interaction of incident swell and reflected/scattered wave energy from coasts (Bromirski and Duennebier 2002; Bromirski, Duennebier, and Stephen 2005). Coastal regions having a narrow shelf with irregular and rocky coastlines are known to be especially efficient at radiating secondary microseisms (Bromirski, Duennebier, and Stephen 2005; Shulte-Pelkum et al. 2004). The secondary microseism is globally dominant, and its amplitudes proportional to the square of the standing wave height (Longuett-Higgins 1950), which amplifies its sensitivity to large swell events (Astiz and Creager 1994; Webb 2006). Microseisms have long been recognized as an indicator of large-storm intensity (Gilmore 1946; Gutenberg 1947; Gilmore and Hubert 1948). However, contributions from deep-water open-ocean storms are not generally significant in records from land-based seismometers (Bromirski and Duennebier 2002; Haubrich and McCamy 1969). Rather, microseism levels predominantly measure spatially distributed wave activity associated with wave interactions along coasts. The efficient propagation and ubiquity of short-period microseism Rayleigh waves (Bromirski, Duennebier, and Stephen 2005; Schulte-Pelkum …
A low blood volume LC-MS/MS assay for the quantification of fentanyl and its major metabolites norfentanyl and despropionyl fentanyl in children.

Preterm and term neonates often require surgical procedures and analgesia. However, our knowledge about neonatal pharmacokinetics of fentanyl, the most commonly used drug for these procedures, and its metabolites is still incomplete. To facilitate pharmacokinetic studies of fentanyl and its metabolites in neonates and other children, we developed and validated an LC-MS/MS method based on minimally invasive, low blood volume sampling. LC-MS/MS was used for the simultaneous analysis of fentanyl, despropionyl fentanyl (DPF), and norfentanyl from dried blood samples (DBS) collected on filter paper. Positive ions were monitored using multiple reaction monitoring. Since the standard matrix for measuring fentanyl blood concentrations is plasma, the assay was developed and validated in plasma, whole blood, and then DBS. Our method was able to measure clinically relevant levels of fentanyl and its metabolites. In DBS, the lower limits of quantification were 100 pg/mL for fentanyl with a range of reliable response from 0.1 to 100 ng/mL (r 2 40.99) and 250 pg/mL for both DPF and norfentanyl with a range of reliable response from 0.25 to 100 ng/mL (r 2 40.99). In plasma and in DBS inter-day accuracy and precisions of fentanyl met predefined acceptance criteria and also indicated comparable assay performance in both matrices.
Closure and Growth of Fatigue Cracks at Notches

The closure behavior of fatigue cracks growing out of notches is studied with an elastic-plastic finite element model. Crack opening stresses are shown to change significantly as the crack extends. Opening stresses are low at first and then gradually rise to stable values as the crack tip moves away from the notch field. These transient changes are not limited to the region of the original inelastic notch field. The rate of change of opening stresses with increasing crack length is a function of both nominal maximum stress and nominal stress ratio. Stable levels are reached more quickly at higher stress ratios and lower maximum stresses. These transient changes in Sopen have been emulated with a simple model which considers only changes in Sopen due to changes in the local stress field. The numerical results are quantitatively consistent with observed trends in experimental crack growth data, which show that accelerated crack growth can occur beyond the original notch plastic boundary. Finite element results and experimental data also both suggest that the accelerated short crack growth effect for cracks near notches is much less pronounced at higher stress ratios.
Pressure coefficients of band gaps of diamond

Ab initio pseudopotential calculations of the pressure dependence of the direct and indirect band gaps in diamond using a plane-wave and a local-orbital method are presented. The pressure derivative of the fundamental gap is found to be positive, in contrast with the negative derivative usually observed near the X point in the diamond- and zinc-blende-structure semiconductors. Its value is found to be 0.53 meV/kbar for the local-orbital method and 0.58 meV/kbar for the plane-wave method, as compared to the measured value of 0.5 meV/kbar. The anomalous sign of the pressure derivative of the fundamental gap is understood in terms of the absence of d states with the same principal quantum number as the low-lying s and p valence states of the carbon atom.
Self-conjugate vectors of immersed 3-manifolds in R6

Abstract This paper generalizes the notion of asymptotic vectors, parabolic curves, and inflection points on surfaces in R 4 to n-manifolds in R 2 n . Because the dimension and codimension are the same in both cases, most of the interesting properties of these objects still exist when we move to the higher dimension. In particular, we study in detail the case of 3-manifolds immersed in R 6 . We classify the possible generic algebraic structures of the asymptotic vectors at a parabolic point or an inflection point, and we classify the generic topological structures of the parabolic surface.
Relation of suprarenal hemorrhage to loss of vitamin C in experimental diphtherial intoxication.

Summary and ConclusionsAn inverse correlation was demonstrated between the hemorrhage occurring in the suprarenals of guinea pigs injected with a fatal dose of diphtherial toxin and the total vitamin C remaining in these glands at death. When diphtherial toxin was administered simultaneously with a large dose of vitamin C., the hemorrhage of the suprarenals which customarily follows the injection of the toxin, was greatly reduced. These findings suggest that such hemorrhages follow the reduction in the vitamin-C concentration in this gland as they do elsewhere in the body, and thus result only indirectly from the action of the toxin.
The direct effect of insulin on canalicular bile flow.

Abstract Previous experimental studies in dogs have demonstrated the choleretic effects of insulin administered in physiologic doses. In our experiment the isolated perfused rat liver was used as an in situ model for demonstrating the direct effects of insulin on bile salt independent canalicular bile flow. Livers were initially perfused with oxygenated Krebs-Ringer buffer solution of 20% hematocrit after which sodium taurocholate (18.3 mg hr −1 ) was infused to stabilize bile flow. Insulin (0.5 unit kg −1 hr −1 ) or saline was then given for a 90-min test period. Control (C) and experimental (E) rats were perfused simulataneously ( n = 11). Bile flow was significantly greater in the experimental (21.76 ± 2.16 μl g liver −1 15 min −1 ) than the control (16.87 ± 2.08 μl g liver −1 15 min −1 ) group ( P P M ml −1 ) and stable bile salt outputs (E = 1.68 ± .14, C = 1.33 ± .13 m M 15 min −1 ) for both groups. Biliary cholesterol outputs did not differ between groups (E = 42.6 ± 4.8, C = 38.2 ± 7.4 μg 15 min −1 ), nor did phospholipid outputs (E = 3.56 ± .63, C = 2.71 ± .57 mg 15 min −1 ). These data support the hypothesis that the choleretic action of insulin is a direct one on the hepatocyte, requiring no intermediate step or mediator.
RLE-1, an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase, Regulates C. elegans Aging by Catalyzing DAF-16 Polyubiquitination

Summary The forkhead transcription factor, DAF-16, a downstream target of the insulin/IGF-I signaling pathway in C. elegans , is indispensable both for lifespan regulation and stress resistance. The molecular mechanisms involved in regulating DAF-16 transcriptional activation remain undefined. Here, we have identified an E3 ubiquitin ligase, RLE-1 (regulation of longevity by E3), which regulates aging in C. elegans . Disruption of RLE-1 expression in C. elegans increases lifespan; this extension of lifespan is due to elevated DAF-16 protein but not to changes of daf-16 mRNA levels. We have also found that RLE-1 catalyzes DAF-16 ubiquitination, leading to degradation by the proteasome. Elimination of RLE-1 expression in C. elegans causes increased transcriptional activation and sustained nuclear localization of DAF-16. Overexpression of DAF-16 in rle-1 mutants increases worm lifespan, while disruption of DAF-16 expression in rle-1 mutants reverses their longevity. Thus, RLE-1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase of DAF-16 that regulates C. elegans aging.
Correlation between the depth profiles of the implantation-induced carriers and the lattice strains in high-energy implanted and annealed InP

We have investigated the effect of ion bombardment on the electrical properties and on the lattice parameter of InP. The depth positions of the defects formed after high-energy implantation at room temperature were determined. The evolution of the defects' distributions was investigated by annealing up to 750°C. There are two distinct types of defects seen. The implantation induces n-type carriers up to the projected range, Rp. Negative strain is observed in the same region. Behind the negatively strained region is a region with positive strain. Three annealing stages have been established. These are related to the strains and removal of carriers.
Instability of oscillatory Stokes-Stewartson layers in a rotating fluid

A cylinder rotating about its vertical axis is filled with homogeneous liquid and subjected to oscillatory mechanical forcing. Depending on the ratio, T, of the forcing period to the spin-down time, the flow adjacent to the sidewall resembles either a classic Stokes layer (small T), or a modulated Stewartson layer (large T). Laboratory experiments show that the flow becomes unstable to columnar disturbances that are aligned with the axis of rotation. This azimuthally wavy instability can lead to the formation of strong vertical vortices which penetrate into the interior. Quasi-geostrophic depth-invariant linear instability theory is compared with the experiments. The theory is much too stable and grossly overestimates the experimental critical points. An inertial adjustment model, which in a crude way takes account of observed small-scale (ageostrophic) instability and turbulence in the near-wall region, is in much better agreement with the laboratory measurements of the onset of the columnar vortices. Thus, the origin of the vertically coherent structures appears to be crucially related to alterations of the laminar Stokes-Stewartson profiles by fine structure in the boundary layer.
Lessons from the development and operation of the Chandra x-ray observatory

Genuine teamwork was a key ingredient of the success of the Chandra x-ray observatory mission. Examples are the science center personnel working as part of the instrument principal investigators (IPI) teams during pre-launch development, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) supporting NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) by directly working with the prime contractor, TRW (now Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems), and TRW acceptance of outside scientists performing the data reduction and analysis for qualification of the aspect camera. An end-to-end thread was defined early on, based on the MSFC/SAO operation of the Einstein observatory x-ray telescope, and covered the cycle from solicitation and peer review of observation proposals through scheduling to data processing and delivery. An open science working group chaired by MSFC included instrument principal investigators and interdisciplinary scientists spanning diverse astrophysical and instrumental expertise.
Chemical studies of H chondrites 11. Cosmogenic radionuclides in falls

[1] We measured the long-lived cosmogenic radionuclides 10Be, 26Al, and 36Cl in 47 H chondrite falls: 13 “Cluster 1” members, 9 “Cluster 5” members, and 25 random falls. From the date and time of fall, Clusters 1 and 5 were previously identified as possible coorbital meteoroid streams with distinctive thermal histories being confirmed by contents of volatile trace elements. Here, we use model data, including a three-radionuclide plot (10Bebulk/26Albulk versus 36Clmetal/26Albulk) and the multivariate statistical techniques of logistic regression and linear discriminant analysis to compare radionuclide levels and their utility to differentiate specific suites from other H chondrites. From our radionuclide results and from noble gas data from other workers, we identified 35 falls with simple irradiation histories and cosmic ray exposure ages >4 Ma. Eight others exhibit evidence for shorter (≤4 Ma) exposure, three of which had complex exposure histories (two having been reported by others previously); three others may have had such a history. In any event, the small proportion of H chondrite falls with complex exposure histories supports recent suggestions that they are not commonly encountered, as earlier workers suggested. Although cosmogenic radionuclides do not differentiate between Cluster 1 and a random set of H chondrites, H chondrites that lost 3He from solar heating are distinguishable from those with normal 3He levels.
Comparison of supraannular and subannular pledgeted sutures in mitral valve replacement

Ten fresh canine hearts were used to compare the peak left ventricular pressure required to disrupt prosthetic mitral valves sutured in place with horizontal mattress sutures with either subannular or supraannular pledgets. Each group consisted of 5 animals. A 29-mm Medtronic mitral valve was secured in the mitral position with ten pledgeted sutures. The aorta was cannulated and normal saline solution was infused into the left ventricle until valvar disruption occurred. The peak pressure and the location and mechanism of disruption were then noted. At the peak left ventricular pressure required for valvar disruption, no individual sutures were broken. Instead, in all specimens a subannular myocardial rupture occurred in the posterior portion of the mitral annulus along the extent of the atrioventricular groove. In addition, the posterior wall of the left atrium dissected upward subsequently. Significantly greater pressures were required in the group with subannular suture placement as compared with the supraannular group (354 +/- 37 versus 236 +/- 33 mm Hg; p less than 0.0007). These data suggest that placement of horizontal mattress sutures with pledgets in the subannular position is superior to the currently recommended method of supraannular suture placement in mechanical valves.
Immunohistochemical Margin Control Applied to Mohs Micrographic Surgical Excision of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans

background. Surgical treatment of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans has a high rate of recurrence presumably secondary to persistent residual tumor. Recently an antigenic marker, CD34, has demonstrated specificity for this tumor. objective. To improve the microscopic detection of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans tumor elements in Mohs micrographic surgical sections by incorporating immunohistologic staining. methods. Standard Mohs micrographic surgical technique was used, coupled with standard immunohistochemical procedures using an antibody to the CD34 antigen. results. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-CD34 of Mohs micrographic sections clearly delineated the extent of the tumor elements. conclusions. We anticipate that the application of this immunohistochemical-modified Mohs surgical technique will further enhance the detection of insidious portions of tumor thereby enhancing removal and reducing recurrence.
Myocardial perfusion in apical ballooning syndrome: Correlate of myocardial injury

Background The pathophysiology of the apical ballooning syndrome (ABS) is poorly understood. This study evaluated myocardial perfusion abnormalities at the time of presentation in patients with ABS and examined whether abnormal microvascular blood flow predicts the extent of myocardial injury. Methods We evaluated 42 consecutive patients, all women, with a diagnosis of ABS and technically adequate angiograms for the assessment of the TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG), an index of myocardial perfusion. Results Abnormal myocardial perfusion was present in 29 (69%) patients. There were no differences in age, frequency of conventional coronary atherosclerosis risk factors, left ventricular ejection fraction at either presentation or follow-up, congestive heart failure at presentation, or length of hospital stay between patients with normal versus those with abnormal TMPG. Patients with abnormal TMPG had higher peak troponin level compared with patients with normal TMPG (0.84 ± 0.68 vs 0.42 ± 0.33 ng/mL, P = .047). Similarly, ST elevation or deep T-wave inversion on the electrocardiogram was more common in patients with abnormal perfusion (86% vs 46%, P = .006). Conclusion Impaired myocardial perfusion due to abnormal microvascular blood flow is frequently present in patients with ABS and correlates with the extent of myocardial injury. Microvascular dysfunction likely play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of myocardial stunning in ABS.
Does Transinstitutionalization Explain the Overrepresentation of People with Serious Mental Illnesses in the Criminal Justice System

Although there is broad consensus that people with serious mental illnesses (SMI) are overrepresented in correctional settings, there is less agreement about the policy trends that may have created this situation. Some researchers and policymakers posit a direct link between deinstitutionalization and increased rates of SMI in jails and prisons, a phenomenon described as transinstitutionalization. Others offer evidence that challenges this hypothesis and suggest that it may be a reductionist explanation. This paper reviews claims from both sides of the debate, and concludes that merely increasing access to state psychiatric hospital beds would likely not reduce the number of people with SMI in jails and prisons. A more nuanced approach is recommended for explaining why people with SMI become involved in the criminal justice system and why developing effective strategies to divert them out of jails and prisons and into community-based treatment is needed to improve both their mental health and criminal justice outcomes.
A Signaling Model of Informative and Manipulative Political Action.

I develop a signaling model of mass political action. I establish that rational, self-interested individuals may have incentives to engage in costly political action despite a free-rider problem. Their political actions are informative for a political leader who rationally takes a cue from the size of the protest movement. However, some information is trapped in extremist and rationally apathetic pockets of the society. Some extremists take political action regardless of their private information, to manipulate the political leader's decision. Others abstain hoping to benefit if the leader makes an uninformed decision. Rationally apathetic moderates abstain because, being nearly indifferent between the policy alternatives, they do not find it worthwhile to incur the cost of taking action. Only activist moderates take informative political action. The political leader discounts the observed turnout for extremist political action and shifts policy if the estimated number of activist moderates exceeds a critical threshold.
The problems with the subject categories schema in the EigenFactor database from the perspective of ranking journals by their prestige and impact

Purpose – EigenFactor service went through some changes in 2011 before issuing the most current edition (EF‐2010) following the release of the 2010 edition of the Journal Citation Reports (JCR‐2010) in mid‐2011. Ranking journals by the EigenFactor Score (EFS) and the Article Influence Score (AIS) offered an additional pair of bibliometric indicators to assess the impact of journals in the (sub)disciplinary fields of the sciences and social sciences. In evaluating the clout, importance, and impact of journals it is essential to compare apples to apples, i.e. limiting the assessments to journals belonging to the same (sub)disciplinary areas. This paper aims to examine the quality of the subject categories created for EF‐2010 and of the JCR‐2010 subject categories as implemented within the EigenFactor services.Design/methodology/approach – The paper compares the adequacy of the subject categories in the JCR‐2010 and EF‐2010, examining the assignment of 77 information and library science journals and 50 busin...
Minority Threat, Crime Control, and Police Resource Allocation in the Southwestern United States

Numerous studies have examined political influences on communities' allocations of fiscal and personnel resources to policing. Rational choice theory maintains that these resources are distributed in accordance with the need for crime control, whereas conflict theory argues that they are allocated with the aim of controlling racial and ethnic minorities. Existing research more consistently supports the conflict argument, but important issues remain unaddressed. The authors tested that approach by examining allocations of police resources in large cities in the Southwest, the yet-to-be-studied region in which the majority of Hispanics reside. The analyses included the key variables from the rational choice and conflict perspectives, as well as proximity to the border between the United States and Mexico. Minimal effects existed for percent Hispanic, an important conflict theory variable. However, Anglo-Hispanic income inequality and proximity to the border had effects consistent with that perspective. Clas...
Psychological messages from the physical environment: the drug and alcohol treatment center environment.

The physical environment of drug and alcohol treatment centers provides a rich source for both subtle and obvious messages to clients. Photographs were taken in a sample of typical treatment centers, showing how different elements of the environment communicate messages to clients. Many of the messages from the physical environment prove to be inappropriate, confusing, or inconsistent with espoused treatment philosophy. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts Section of this issue.]
Fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap for mandible reconstruction

The fibula free flap has become an established flap for mandible reconstruction when vascularized bone is desirable. Recreating mandibular contour, providing soft tissue coverage, and restoring masticatory function are equally important in mandible reconstruction, and these can be provided by the fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap. This article is a summary of the anatomy, indications, and operative technique of the fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap accumulated from 49 consecutive mandible reconstructions.
Digital Education Service Chain: Model and Architecture

Digital Education Service (DES) or Digital Education Service Chain (DESC) is also a brand-new field of the modern service industry. This paper aims to prepare theoretical foundation and technological basis for DES and DESC. In this paper, the concept of DESC is discussed. From the perspective of service chain, a variety of DESCpsilas models are given and analyzed in figure and formal mode. According to SaaS (Software-as-a-Service), the service architecture of DESC is figured out. At the same time, the IT architecture for DESC is designed based on SOA. Finally, the further research directions are put forward.
Combined Coronary Bypass and Liver Transplantation: Technical Considerations

Combined coronary artery bypass grafting and orthotopic liver transplantation was carried out successfully in a 58-year-old man with angina pectoris and end-stage liver disease. To date, only 2 similar cases have been documented worldwide whereby the transplantation was performed either during cardiopulmonary bypass or with femoral-to-axillary venovenous bypass initiated at the termination of cardiopulmonary bypass. In this report we describe our experience with a simplified one-exposure approach for the combined operation using cardiopulmonary bypass in tandem with percutaneous femoral-to-right atrial venovenous bypass.