cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Syndrome and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients Infected with HIV

Background The present study examines the association between carotid and coronary atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected adults.
Quantifying the uncertainty of synchrotron-based lattice strain measurements

Crystallographic lattice strains - measured using diffraction techniques - are the same magnitude as typical macroscopic elastic strains. From a research perspective, the main interest is in measuring changes in lattice strains induced during in-situ loading: either from one macroscopic stress level to another or from one cycle to the next. The hope is to link these measurements to deformation-induced changes in the internal structure of crystals, possibly related to inelastic deformation and damage. These measurements are relatively new - little experimental intuition exists and it is difficult to discern whether observed differences are due to actual micromechanical evolution or to random experimental fluctuations. If the measurements are linked to material evolution on the size scale of the individual crystal, they have the potential to change the ideas about grain scale deformation partitioning processes and can be used to validate crystal-based simulation frameworks. Therefore, understanding the uncertainty associated with the lattice strain experiments is a crucial step in their continued development. If the measured lattice strains are of the same order as the random fluctuations that are part of the measurement process, documenting the strains can create more confusion than understanding. Often lattice strain error is quoted as {+-}1 xmore » 10{sup -4}. This simple value fails to account for the range of factors that contribute to the experimental uncertainty - which, if not properly accounted for, may lead to a false confidence in the measurements. The focus of this paper is the development of a lattice strain uncertainty expression that delineates the contributing factors into terms that vary independently: (i) the contribution from the instrument and (ii) the contribution from the material under investigation. These aspects of uncertainty are described, and it is then possible to employ a calibrant powder method (diffraction from an unstrained material with high-precision lattice constants) to quantify the instrument portion of the lattice strain uncertainty. In these experiments, the instrument contribution to the uncertainty has been found to be a function of the Bragg angle and the intensity of the diffracted peaks. To develop a model for the instrument portion of the lattice strain uncertainty two datasets obtained using a MAR345 online image plate at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source and a GE 41RT amorphous silicon detector at the Advanced Photon Source have been examined.« less
Quantifying solar power variability for a large central PV plant and small distributed PV plant

Photovoltaic energy is susceptible to high variability, caused by passing clouds that may affect a site's daily energy production substantially. The reduction in solar variability due to geographic diversity was compared for a large central PV plant and small distributed PV plants using a multistep approach. At short timescales, geographic smoothing offers a strong benefit, which decreases with longer timescales and increased spatial correlation. The design attributes and relative locations of individual PV systems on a distribution feeder could significantly change the geographic dispersion effects.
Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Clostridium perfringens Isolates from Darmbrand Cases in Post-World War II Germany

Clostridium perfringens type C strains are the only non-type-A isolates that cause human disease. They are responsible for enteritis necroticans, which was termed Darmbrand when occurring in post-World War II Germany. Darmbrand strains were initially classified as type F because of their exceptional heat resistance but later identified as type C strains. Since only limited information exists regarding Darmbrand strains, this study genetically and phenotypically characterized seven 1940s era Darmbrand-associated strains. Results obtained indicated the following. (i) Five of these Darmbrand isolates belong to type C, carry beta-toxin (cpb) and enterotoxin (cpe) genes on large plasmids, and express both beta-toxin and enterotoxin. The other two isolates are cpe-negative type A. (ii) All seven isolates produce highly heat-resistant spores with D(100) values (the time that a culture must be kept at 100°C to reduce its viability by 90%) of 7 to 40 min. (iii) All of the isolates surveyed produce the same variant small acid-soluble protein 4 (Ssp4) made by type A food poisoning isolates with a chromosomal cpe gene that also produce extremely heat-resistant spores. (iv) The Darmbrand isolates share a genetic background with type A chromosomal-cpe-bearing isolates. Finally, it was shown that both the cpe and cpb genes can be mobilized in Darmbrand isolates. These results suggest that C. perfringens type A and C strains that cause human food-borne illness share a spore heat resistance mechanism that likely favors their survival in temperature-abused food. They also suggest possible evolutionary relationships between Darmbrand strains and type A strains carrying a chromosomal cpe gene.
Development and Application of the Battelle Structural Stress Method for Fatigue Evaluation of Welded Automotive Structures

. 구조물의 대형화와 복잡화로 인한 구조물의 안정성 평가는 재해방지뿐 아니라 경제적 고려가 필수적이다. 특히 용접구조물은 용접부의 기하학적인 불연속으로 인한 응력집중이 피로 수명에 미치는 영향이 크기 때문에 세심한 피로 설계의 고려가 요구된다. 지금까지 주로 사용된 공칭응력이나 hot spot 응력은 각 부재의 용접접합부 형상과 이에 따른 피로시험을 수행하여 피로 수명곡선을 구하여야 하는 번거로움과 유한요소 해석시 요소의 종류, 크기, 형상, 타입 이나 분포에 민감한 결과를 초래하여 실구조물의 피로평가에 어려움이 있어왔다. 이러한 단점을 보완한, 요소에 민감하지 않은 피로 평가 방법을 미국 Battelle 연구소에서 개발하였고, 이 방법을 기존의 방법과 구별하여 Battelle 구조응력법 (Structural stress method, 이하 구조응력법이라 칭함) 이라 부르게 되었다. 이 구조응력은 용접부 토우 근처의 절점에서 계산된 등가 절점력(nodal force)을 바탕으로 역학적 평형조건을 이용하여 구하며, 용접부 토우에서의 균열 진전율 등 일련의 파괴역학적 과정을 적용해 하중 모드, 두께 및 접합부 형상을 고려한 등가구조응력 (equivalent structural stress)이라는 피로 매개변수를 정의하였고, 이를 신뢰할 만한 많은 피로 데이타에 적용시켜 하나의 S-N 선도로 통합하여 용접부 피로 설계 및 평가에 효과적으로 사용할 수 있는 마스터 S-N 피로선도(master S-N curve) 를 개발하게 되었다. 따라서, 구조응력법을 적용하게 되면 CAE, FE 모델링 시간을 줄이고, 피로시험을 최소화 함으로 개발 비용과 시간을 줄일 수 있게 되며, 메쉬 둔감성의 특징을 사용함으로 기존의 피로 평가법의 불확실성과 이로 인한 과도한 보수 설계를 피할 있게 되어 구조물의 경량화 및 품질관리를 가능케 할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 이러한 개발, 적용의 타당성을 인정받음으로, Battelle 구조응력법과 이를 적용한 마스터 S-N 피로선도법이 2007년 ASME B&PV Section VIII Div 2 의 용접부 피로 설계 Codes
Identification and tracing of voltage and oscillatory stability margins

This paper provides a unified framework to identify and trace voltage as well as oscillatory stability margin boundaries. The system load margin is traced for any control configuration without tracing the entire PV curve. The eigenvalue calculation associated with Hopf bifurcation is avoided.
An enhanced SMA phenomenological model: I. The shortcomings of the existing models

This paper provides an enhanced phenomenological model for shape memory alloys (SMAs), to better model their behavior in cases where the temperature and stress states change simultaneously. The phenomenological models for SMAs, consisting of a thermodynamics-based-constitutive and a phase transformation kinetics model, are the most widely used models for engineering applications. The existing phenomenological models are formulated to qualitatively predict the behavior of SMA systems for simple loadings. In this study, we have shown that there are certain situations in which these models are either not correctly formulated, and therefore are not able, to predict the behavior of SMA wires or the formulation is not straightforward for engineering applications. Such cases most often occur when the temperature and stress of the SMA wire change simultaneously, such as the case of rotary SMA actuators. To this end, a rotary SMA-actuated robotic arm is modeled using the existing constitutive models. The model is verified against the experimental results to document that the model is not able to predict the behavior of the SMA-actuated manipulator, under certain conditions.
Computational approaches to protein inference in shotgun proteomics

Shotgun proteomics has recently emerged as a powerful approach to characterizing proteomes in biological samples. Its overall objective is to identify the form and quantity of each protein in a high-throughput manner by coupling liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. As a consequence of its high throughput nature, shotgun proteomics faces challenges with respect to the analysis and interpretation of experimental data. Among such challenges, the identification of proteins present in a sample has been recognized as an important computational task. This task generally consists of (1) assigning experimental tandem mass spectra to peptides derived from a protein database, and (2) mapping assigned peptides to proteins and quantifying the confidence of identified proteins. Protein identification is fundamentally a statistical inference problem with a number of methods proposed to address its challenges. In this review we categorize current approaches into rule-based, combinatorial optimization and probabilistic inference techniques, and present them using integer programing and Bayesian inference frameworks. We also discuss the main challenges of protein identification and propose potential solutions with the goal of spurring innovative research in this area.
Comparing natural language processing tools to extract medical problems from narrative text.

To help maintain a complete, accurate and timely Problem List, we are developing a system to automatically retrieve medical problems from free-text documents. This system uses Natural Language Processing to analyze all electronic narrative text documents in a patient’s record. Here we evaluate and compare 3 different applications of NLP technology in our system: the first using MMTx (MetaMap Transfer) with a negation detection algorithm (NegEx), the second using an alpha version of a locally developed NLP application called MPLUS2, and the third using keyword searching. They were adapted and trained to extract medical problems from a set of 80 problems of diagnosis type. The version using MMTx and NegEx was improved by adding some disambiguation and modifying the negation detection algorithm, and these modifications significantly improved recall and precision. The different versions of the NLP module were compared, and showed the following recall / precision results: standard MMTx with NegEx version 0.775 / 0.398; improved MMTx with NegEx version 0.892 / 0.753; MPLUS2 version 0.693 / 0.402; and keyword searching version 0.575 / 0.807. Average results for the reviewers were a recall of 0.788 and a precision of 0.912.
Crystal Orientation Dependence of Machning Damage–A Stress Model

The pitting damage occurring along preferred crystal orientations observed after single-point diamond turning of brittle materials dictates a limiting feed rate at which the material can be machined. Using elasticity theory, the orientation dependence of the pitting can be qualitatively explained. Calculations based on a line-force stress model predict the orientation dependece of the damage symmetry. The results are in good agreement with machining tests for a series of germanium single-crystal wafers.
Closed-cup Flash Points and Flammability Properties of Selected Chemical Compounds

The closed-cup flash points of nine organic compounds and 38 organosilicon compounds are measured using a Setaflash closed-cup tester. This study demonstrates that Setaflash closed-cup tester is an effective tool for measuring the flash points of combustible liquids, especially for high-viscosity liquids. The flammability properties of these chemical compounds are determined using a cone calorimeter at a low-incident heat flux of 3 kW/m 2 . The results show that good correlations can be found between the closed-cup flash point and the time to ignition, the time to peak heat release rate, and the propensity to flashover. There is no good correlation between the closed-cup flash point and the peak heat release rate.
Cloning and Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa zwf Gene Encoding Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase, an Enzyme Important in Resistance to Methyl Viologen (Paraquat)

In this study, we cloned the Pseudomonas aeruginosa zwf gene, encoding glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), an enzyme that catalyzes the NAD+- or NADP+-dependent conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate. The predicted zwf gene product is 490 residues, which could form a tetramer with a molecular mass of approximately 220 kDa. G6PDH activity and zwf transcription were maximal in early logarithmic phase when inducing substrates such as glycerol, glucose, or gluconate were abundant. In contrast, both G6PDH activity and zwf transcription plummeted dramatically when bacteria approached stationary phase, when inducing substrate was limiting, or when the organisms were grown in a citrate-, succinate-, or acetate-containing basal salts medium. G6PDH was purified to homogeneity, and its molecular mass was estimated to be approximately 220 kDa by size exclusion chromatography. Estimated Km values of purified G6PDH acting on glucose-6-phosphate, NADP+, and NAD+ were 530, 57, and 333 microM, respectively. The specific activities with NAD+ and NADP+ were calculated to be 176 and 69 micromol/min/mg. An isogenic zwf mutant was unable to grow on minimal medium supplemented with mannitol. The mutant also demonstrated increased sensitivity to the redox-active superoxide-generating agent methyl viologen (paraquat). Since one by-product of G6PDH activity is NADPH, the latter data suggest that this cofactor is essential for the activity of enzymes critical in defense against paraquat toxicity.
Wake Alleviation Properties of Triangular-Flapped Wings

Thewakealleviationproperties of wingswith outboard, triangulareapextensionsareestimated usingdatafrom particle image velocimetry. The experiments are conducted in a towing tank at chord-based Reynolds numbers of O O(10 5). The triangular-eapped wings generate two unequal strength, counter-rotating vortex pairs that have circulation strength ratios ranging from i 0.4 to i 0.7. Introducing the oppositely signed eap vortices near the tip vortices causes arapidly growing instability to occur between the vortices on either side of the wake. The resulting nonlinear interactionsbetween thevorticesresult inawake that ishighly three-dimensional and incoherent. These effectsarereeected inamarked decreaseinboth therollingmoment and downwash on asimulated followingwing. To determine the wake alleviation properties of the triangular-eapped wings, their wakes are compared to that of a conventional, rectangular wing. For all of the experimental runs, the wakes of the triangular-eapped wings have maximum rolling moments and downwashes that are substantially less than those of the rectangular wing. The results indicate that the instability in the wake of the triangular-e apped wings offers a possible mechanism to reduce signie cantly the wake hazard problem.
Analysis of a novel four-level DC/DC boost converter

In this paper, novel two-quadrant buck/boost and one-quadrant boost four-level DC/DC power converters are introduced. The primary application for these converters is that of interfacing a low-voltage DC source, such as a fuel cell or battery, to a high-voltage four-level inverter. One important feature of the four-level DC/DC power converters proposed is the ability to perform the power conversion and balance the inverter capacitor voltages simultaneously. With the capacitor voltage balancing, it is possible to obtain the full voltage from the inverter. For the boost converter, the steady-state and nonlinear average-value (NLAM) models are developed. The NLAM is verified against a detailed simulation of a four-level converter/inverter drive system. The proposed converter is experimentally verified using an 18 kW converter/inverter system.
Efficiency of Gastric Lavage on Age‐0 Brook Trout and the Influence on Growth and Survival

Abstract Accurate knowledge of food webs is important in understanding aquatic ecology. One common way to determine the food web structure of an aquatic ecosystem is to perform stomach content analysis. Gastric lavage has developed into the preferred method for collecting dietary data from live fish. The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of gastric lavage for age-0 brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis. Also, to assess the effects on short- and long-term growth and survival, age-0 brook trout were monitored for 2 months following the gastric lavage procedure. Gastric lavage was extremely efficient (>97% of dry weight; >98% by number) at removing Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera larvae fed live to age-0 brook trout larger than 50 mm total length (TL). Neither growth nor survival was significantly influenced by gastric lavage. Long-term survival was excellent (94%) and did not differ from that of control fish. Gastric lavage is thus an efficient, safe method for stomach content a...
Models‐3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model aerosol component 1. Model description

[1] An initial evaluation of the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model aerosol component reveals CMAQ's varying ability to simulate observed visibility indices and aerosol species concentrations. The visibility evaluation, using National Weather Service observations from 139 airports for 11–15 July 1995, shows that CMAQ reasonably captured the general spatial and temporal patterns of visibility degradation, including major gradients, maxima and minima. However, CMAQ's two visibility prediction methods, Mie theory approximation and mass reconstruction, both underpredict visibility degradation (i.e., overpredict visibility). The mean bias, normalized mean bias (NMB), mean error and normalized mean error (NME) for the Mie calculations are −5.9 dv, −21.7%, 7.0 dv and 25.4%, respectively. For the reconstruction simulations, these statistics are −9.8 dv, −35.5%, 10.0 dv and 36.2%, respectively. Most simulated values (∼90% Mie and ∼85% reconstruction) fall within a factor of two of the observations, although r2 = 0.25 (Mie) and r2 = 0.24 (reconstruction). The speciated aerosol evaluation uses observations of sulfate, nitrate, PM2.5, PM10 and organic carbon obtained from 18 stations of the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network in June 1995. This evaluation reveals that, with the exception of sulfate (mean bias: 0.15 μg/m3, NMB: 3.1%), the model consistently underpredicts aerosol concentrations of nitrate (−0.10 μg/m3, −33.1%), PM2.5 (−3.9 μg/m3, −30.1%), PM10 (−5.66 μg/m3, −29.2%) and organic carbon (−0.78 μg/m3, −33.7%). Sulfate was simulated best by the model (r2 = 0.63, mean error = 1.75 μg/m3, NME = 36.2%), followed by PM2.5 (0.55, 5.00 μg/m3, 38.5%), organic carbon (0.25, 0.94 μg/m3, 40.6%), PM10 (0.13, 9.85 μg/m3, 50.8%) and nitrate (0.01, 0.33 μg/m3, 104.3%). Except for nitrate, 75–80% of simulated concentrations fall within a factor of two of the IMPROVE observations.
Electrocardiographic observations in professional football players.

Left ventricular hypertrophy 9 (0.7%) 8 (1.0%) 1 (0.2%) Right ventricular hypertrophy 8 (0.6%) 7 (0.8%) 1 (0.2%) Q wave 12 (0.9%) 6 (0.7%) 6 (1.4%) Sinus bradycardia 316 (24.6%) 212 (25.4%) 96 (23.5%) Sinus arrhythmia 214 (16.7%) 142 (17.0%) 68 (16.7%) First-degree AV block 33 (2.6%) 25 (3.0%) 7 (1.7%) AV atrioventricular.
Financial Services That Clients Need: The 3.0 Business Models, Reconciling Outreach with Sustainability

Formal financial services hold the potential to improve the lives of the general population, including low-income families, as well as contribute to general economic progress. The development of the finance function in an economy is linked to overall economic growth. Countries with more private lending to private enterprises and liquid stock exchanges grow faster than countries with less developed banking systems. Well functioning financial systems ease financial constraints that hold back development of industries and productive sectors.
Use of Kidneys with Small Renal Tumors for Transplantation

Population of patients with end-stage renal disease increases every day. There is a vast difference in the number of patients on the waiting list for a kidney transplant, and the number of donors and the gap increases every year. The use of more marginal organs can increase the donor pool. These organs include the kidneys with small renal cell carcinomas (RCTC). There has been a number of reports in the literature about the use of these grafts for renal transplant after tumor excision and reconstruction. These grafts have been reported to be used with good renal function outcomes without an increased risk for malignancy recurrences. We present the collection of evidence for the use of kidneys with RCC for transplantation, technique used for surgical resection, and reconstruction as well as insights on the recommendations for the use of these grafts.
Public knowledge about white-collar crime: an exploratory study

A growing body of research has revealed that the financial cost and physical harmfulness of white-collar crime overshadow the impact of street crime on society. To date, scholarly efforts that have investigated societal response to crimes of the powerful have limited their field of inquiry to public opinions about white-collar crime. Although these studies have provided valuable empirical evidence of a growing concern among U.S. citizens regarding the danger posed by elite offenses, their failure to include a valid measure of lay knowledge about white-collar crime significantly limits our ability to infer the extent to which the public is familiar with the scope and magnitude of this social issue. The present study seeks to address such limitations by providing the first measure of public knowledge about white-collar crime. Four hundred and eight participants completed an online questionnaire that measured their knowledge about white-collar crime. Results revealed that participants were not sufficiently informed about it and suggest the existence of popular “myths” about crimes of the powerful. These findings have important implications insofar as white-collar crime awareness programs are concerned. Hypothetically, public demand for tougher sanctions against high-status offenders could result from exposure to relevant information about white-collar crime. Nevertheless, “myth” adherence might also undermine the effect of increased awareness on prosecutorial efforts against upper-class criminality.
Making your undergraduate compiler course: interesting, relevant and passable: conference workshop

Programming Language Popularity "langpop.com" provides information on 33 different programming languages. Glancing at this website reveals that old programming languages never die and new programming languages continue to be created. Many of the most popular languages are object-oriented, from C++ to Java and C# to Python. With new programming languages continuing to evolve and even more applications being developed with special purpose scripting languages, it is more important than ever for students in Computer Science to be well versed in Compiler construction. Yet, running a successful Undergraduate Compiler course is difficult.
Salespersons Commitment To The Organization: Associations With Performance, Motivation, Conflict, Satisfaction, and Relationship With The Manager

A salespersons commitment to the organization is an important variable to study because of the proposed relationship with performance and other factors. In this study, organizational commitment was positively correlated with performance (whether measured objectively or subjectively), intrinsic motivation, job satisfaction, and the type of relationship with the sales manager. Role conflict and role ambiguity were negatively correlated with commitment. A discussion of the findings and suggestions for future research are offered.
Changes in health status and frequency of attending religious services among medical inpatients with repeat admissions

ABSTRACTAlthough frequent attendance at religious services is associated with healthier behaviors and improved health outcomes, this relationship is confounded to the extent that attending religious services requires and displays a certain degree of health. This study surveyed patients over multiple hospitalizations at a large urban academic medical center to test the hypothesis that changes in health status would be accompanied by parallel changes in religious attendance but not with self-rated religiosity and spirituality. Study data confirmed the hypothesis, suggesting that cross-sectional associations between religious attendance and good health outcomes reflect, to some degree, the way changes in health status impact one’s ability to attend religious services.
Cyborg hoaxes: Disability, deception, and critical studies of digital media

This article examines academic and popular examples of a “cyborg hoax”—an articulation of gender, dis/ability, and technology that is deceptive, reinforces an ideology of ability, and prevents users and scholars alike from seeing the value of disability for digital media cultures. The article uses cyborg theory, cyberculture studies, literature on online deception, and critical disability studies to argue that cyborg hoaxes are a dominant but stereotypical representation. This is contrasted with ethnographic data about disabled peoples’ online experiences, which suggest that alternative linkages of disability, gender, and technology can provide valuable insights into the critical study of online cultures.
Changes in carpal tunnel compliance with incremental flexor retinaculum release

Flexor retinaculum transection is a routine surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome, yet the biomechanical and clinical sequelae of the procedure remain unclear. We investigated the effects of flexor retinaculum release on carpal tunnel structural compliance using cadaveric hands. The flexor retinaculum was incrementally and sequentially released with transections of 25, 50, 75, and 100 % of the transverse carpal ligament, followed by the distal aponeurosis and then the antebrachial fascia. Paired outward 10 N forces were applied to the insertion sites of the transverse carpal ligament at the distal (hamate-trapezium) and proximal (pisiform-scaphoid) levels of the carpal tunnel. Carpal tunnel compliance was defined as the change in carpal arch width normalized to the constant 10 N force. With the flexor retinaculum intact, carpal tunnel compliance at the proximal level, 0.696 ± 0.128 mm/N, was 13.6 times greater than that at the distal level, 0.056 ± 0.020 mm/N. Complete release of the transverse carpal ligament was required to achieve a significant gain in compliance at the distal level (p < 0.05). Subsequent release of the distal aponeurosis resulted in an appreciable additional increase in compliance (43.0 %, p = 0.052) at the distal level, but a minimal increase (1.7 %, p = 0.987) at the proximal level. Complete flexor retinaculum release provided a significant gain in compliance relative to transverse carpal ligament release alone at both proximal and distal levels (p < 0.05). Overall, complete flexor retinaculum release increased proximal compliance by 52 % and distal compliance by 332 %. The increase in carpal tunnel compliance with complete flexor retinaculum release helps explain the benefit of carpal tunnel release surgery for patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.
Change Is Inevitable

Understanding the inevitability of change is a requirement for success in healthcare leadership. It is important not to just adapt to change but to evolve with change. Physicians and hospital executives no longer have control of the health dictionary. Quality care and satisfaction are now defined by persons who are not providers.
Diagnoses and treatment of the core multipoint grounding fault in power transformer

Introduces the types,causes and harms of the core multipoint grounding fault in power transformer,based on the practical example of the core multipoint grounding fault in the No.1 transformer of Shaqu Substation,discusses the methods of diagnoses and simple treatment of the core multipoint grounding fault in power transformer.
Analysis on epidemic situation of A and B category infectious diseases in Haimen City from 2005-2012

[Objective]To investigate the epidemic trend of A and B category infectious diseases in Haimen City,provide the scientific basis for formulating the strategies and measures of infectious disease prevention.[Methods]The epidemic data of A and B category infectious diseases in Haimen City from 2005-2012 were analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method.[Results]The average annual incidence rate of A and B category infectious diseases in Haimen City from 2005-2012 was 152. 27 / lakh,and the mortality rate was 1. 05 / lakh. The incidence rates of blood borne disease and sexually transmitted disease showed fluctuations,while the incidence rates of intestinal infectious diseases,respiratory infectious diseases,natural source diseases and insect-borne diseases decreased. The top 5 infectious diseases were tuberculosis,viral hepatitis,syphilis,gonorrhea and bacterial dysentery.[Conclusion]The incidence rates of A and B category infectious diseases have decreased year by year in Haimen City. It is necessary to further strengthen the monitoring and prevention of major infectious diseases,to avoid the epidemic outbreak.
Stability Robustness and Fault-Tolerant Capability of Generalized Intelligent Control

To the problem that there is more difficulty for adopting single control theory or method to solving infection of failure or local lapse to control system,the stability robustness and fault-tolerant of generalized intelligent control system are explored by mathematical analysis and logic consequence.Generalized intelligent control system tolerate there are some type of errors in the system.The opening design thought is adopted to hold the distillates of multiple control theories and methods concurrently to improve the dynamic performance of closed-loop control systems and restrict blight for the system by failure or local lapse.The stronger stability robustness and faulttolerant are testified by salience effect of control engineering practice at thermal power units.
The Promise of Nuclear Anxieties in Earth Day 1970 and the Problem of Quick-Fix Solutions

ABSTRACTWhile the first Earth Day amplified the perceived importance of environmental regulations during the early 1970s, it had less success in altering the public’s relationship to the planet. To better understand these mixed outcomes, this article traces rhetorics of anxiety from discourses of the nuclear arms race to their appropriation in service of Earth Day 1970. Although these anxieties could have produced a reconsideration of environmental values, Earth Day’s coupling of these rhetorics with calls for civic engagements to immediately resolve audience concerns dissipated their critical energy. The conclusion argues that the success of the first environmental holiday’s anxious rhetorics points to the potential for using social media to agitate against the causes of climate change.
Vertical migration of Karenia brevis in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico observed from glider measurements.

Abstract The toxic marine dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis (the species responsible for most of red tides or harmful algal blooms in the Gulf of Mexico), is known to be able to swim vertically to adapt to the light and nutrient environments, nearly all such observations have been made through controlled experiments using cultures. Here, using continuous 3-dimensional measurements by an ocean glider across a K. brevis bloom in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico between 1 and 8 August 2014, we show the vertical migration behavior of K. brevis. Within the bloom where K. brevis concentration is between 100,000 and 1,000,000 cells L−1, the stratified water shows a two-layer system with the depth of pycnocline ranging between 14–20 m and salinity and temperature in the surface layer being 28 °C, respectively. The bottom layer shows the salinity of >36 and temperature of
Sublinear estimation of a single element in sparse linear systems

We present a fast bidirectional algorithm for estimating a single element of the product of a matrix power and vector. This is an important primitive in many applications; in particular, we describe how it can be used to estimate a single element in the solution of a linear system Ax = b, with sublinear average-case running time guarantees for sparse systems. Our work combines the von Neumann-Ulam MCMC scheme for matrix multiplication with recent developments in bidirectional algorithms for estimating random-walk metrics. In particular, given a target additive-error threshold, we show how to combine a reverse local-variational technique with forward MCMC sampling, such that the resulting algorithm is order-wise faster than each individual approach.
Effect of Medications and Substances on Parasomnias

Sleepwalking has long been noted to follow the introduction of a new medication or increase in dosage in psychiatric patients. It was not until the publication of reports of new parasomnia behaviors in connection with newly developed medications for the treatment of insomnia that this sleep disorder became a focus of attention. As increased numbers of nonpsychiatric adults reported episodes of sleep-related aggression, dangerous driving, sleep eating, and sexual behaviors in response to a prescribed sleep medicine, new investigations began. The original explanatory model that sleepwalking occurred when slow-wave sleep was stimulated to increase in response to medications, such as lithium, or a period of sleep deprivation, was clearly not sufficient to account for a range of behaviors that occurred when slow-wave sleep was decreased following the consumption of benzodiazepine, imidazopyridine, or excessive caffeine. Progress toward an improved understanding of medication effect upon the parasomnias will require better techniques to identify heritable predisposing factors, standardization of the diagnostic protocol including power density scoring of sleep studies, and studies of both short-term and long-term effects of medications and substances such as alcohol and caffeine.
Neprilysin Inhibition and the Treatment of Heart Failure: Recent Steps in the Right Direction

Numerous investigators have attempted to target the natriuretic peptide system in the treatment of heart failure since it was first described over 30 years ago. The history of neprilysin inhibition as a treatment for heart failure has been characterized by numerous setbacks. Recently, the PARADIGM-HF trial has shown favorable results, which may bring neprilysin inhibition into the mainstream of clinical practice. This article will review the history of the natriuretic peptide system and the investigations into it as a target for heart failure treatment, culminating in the positive results of the PARADIGM-HF trial, as well as planned and potential future directions for research.
Doing Special Things to Special People in Special Places: Psychologists in the CIA Torture Program:

Since 2014, detailed correspondence between the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) reveal the extent to which operational psychologists coordinated with the Bush administration’s enhanced interrogation program. Key revelations expose the ethical maneuvering intended to defend the participation of certain psychologists in interrogation, abuse, and torture, including waterboarding. This critique takes aim at the controversy over the psychological planning and subsequent practice of torture during the Bush administration. Analysis is informed by Robert Jay Lifton and his book The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide.
Postharvest Quality Maintenance of Fruits and Vegetables in Developing Countries

Quality of fruits and vegetables is a combination of attributes or properties that give them value in terms of human food. Components of quality include appearance, texture, flavor, and nutritive value (Table 1). Growers and shippers are concerned that their commodities have good appearance and few visual defects. But to them a useful cultivar of a given commodity must score high on yield, disease resistance, ease of harvest, and shipping quality. Plant breeders have given these characteristics higher priority over flavor and nutritional quality. To receivers and market distributors, quality of appearance is most important; they are also keenly interested in firmness and long storage life. Traditionally, postharvest biology and technology research has concentrated on using appearance and texture as parameters for quality evaluation (28). Consumers see quality fruits as ones that look good, are firm, and offer good flavor and nutritive value. Although they buy on the basis of appearance and feel, their satisfaction is dependent upon good eating quality.
Effects of uniaxial strain on polar optical phonon scattering and electron transport in monolayer MoS 2 FETs

In this work, we first calculate the effects of uniaxial strain on polar optical phonon (POP) scattering rates in monolayer M0S2. We then study the effects of strain on electron transport in a monolayer MoS 2 based FET device employing a fully 3-D particle based quantum-corrected Monte Carlo device simulator. Our results show that, for both E+ and E Raman modes, the current first increases for up to 4% of applied strain, then it drops as the strain is further increased.
Impact of Medicaid expansion on diagnosis and management of patients with testicular cancer.

551Background: One crucial aspect of the Affordable Care Act is the optional Medicaid expansion, which started in 2014. Patients with testicular cancer may derive particular benefit from Medicaid e...
Discovery Learning, Cognitive Psychology of

‘Discovery learning’ is a broad term for a philosophy of education in which students discover ideas and knowledge via exploration, projects, and play. Although the idea has an extensive (and impressive) pedigree in educational philosophy, it is difficult to implement in practice and remains controversial in debates among educators. This entry summarizes the major historical literature on discovery learning; sketches the current debates on the topic; describes several ways in which current work in cognitive science may be relevant to these debates; and outlines promising areas of future research and development in discovery learning.
Virtual Currencies & Federal Law

The rise of virtual currencies, like many innovations, poses legal questions. Most existing laws do not contemplate the existence of virtual currencies. Can existing U.S. criminal law, tax law, banking law, securities law, and consumer protection law nevertheless be applied to virtual currencies? This article provides an update on federal regulators' recent attempts to tackle these questions. Because virtual currencies are new, the law is still developing. There are unanswered questions and the current answers are subject to change. Nevertheless, we must start somewhere.
Importance of firearms research

The US is an outlier compared with other high-income countries in terms of firearms and the problems they cause. While we have average rates of non-firearm crime and violence, we have by far the most guns per capita (particularly handguns) and the weakest gun laws.1 For example, in most US states, there is no licensure law for firearm owners, no registration of handguns and no training requirements for gun ownership. Not surprisingly, our firearm homicide, firearm suicide and unintentional firearm death rates are much higher than rates in other high-income countries.2 For most documented injury prevention success stories, data and research played an important role.3 Unfortunately, gun lobby groups have helped to prevent much of the data collection and funding for research that could have shed light on how to reduce our firearm-related public health and safety problems.4 5 One estimate is that, compared with other leading causes of death, gun violence had less than 5% of the volume of scientific publications predicted.6 Research is important for many reasons. It provides foundational knowledge about the various aspects of the problem, suggests what policies and …
A Data-Driven Metric of Incentive Compatibility

An incentive-compatible auction incentivizes buyers to truthfully reveal their private valuations. However, many ad auction mechanisms deployed in practice are not incentive-compatible, such as first-price auctions (for display advertising) and the generalized second-price auction (for search advertising). We introduce a new metric to quantify incentive compatibility in both static and dynamic environments. Our metric is data-driven and can be computed directly through black-box auction simulations without relying on reference mechanisms or complex optimizations. We provide interpretable characterizations of our metric and prove that it is monotone in auction parameters for several mechanisms used in practice, such as soft floors and dynamic reserve prices. We empirically evaluate our metric on ad auction data from a major ad exchange and a major search engine to demonstrate its broad applicability in practice.
A Host of Contradictions: State Compulsion and the Educational Experience of Soviet Russia's Youth, 1931-1945.

Based on oral and written testimony of pupils and teachers, this essay examines the lived educational experience of the school-age cohort of children in Stalin’s Russia from 1931 to 1945. The state...
Space Flight Diet-Induced Deficiency and Response to Gravity-Free Resistive Exercise

Immune system dysregulation is among the many adverse effects incurred by astronauts during space flights. Omega-3 fatty acids, β-alanine, and carnosine are among the many nutrients that contribute to immune system health. For space flight, crewmembers are prescribed a diet with a macronutrient composition of 55% carbohydrate, 30% fat, and 15% protein. To quantify omega-3 fatty acid, β-alanine and carnosine intakes from such a diet, and to examine each nutrient's impact on exercise performance, 21 participants adhered to the aforementioned macronutrient ratio for 14 days which was immediately followed by a workout performed on gravity-independent resistive exercise hardware. Results included daily omega-3 fatty acid intakes below the suggested dietary intake. Daily omega-3 fatty acid, β-alanine and carnosine intakes each correlated with non-significant amounts of variance from the workout's volume of work. Given the nutritional requirements to maintain immune system function and the demands of in-flight exercise countermeasures for missions of increasingly longer durations current results, in combination with previously published works, imply in-flight supplementation may be a prudent approach to help address the physiological and mental challenges incurred by astronauts on future space flights.
Anticoagulation with warfarin compared to novel oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation in adults with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis: comparison of thromboembolic events and major bleeding.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common in patients with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA). The optimal strategy to prevent strokes in patients with ATTR-CA and AF is unknown. To compare outco...
A Quality Improvement Intervention to Reduce 30-Day Hospital Readmission Rates among Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has one of the highest 30-day hospital readmission rates among chronic diseases in the United States. This quality improvement initiative developed and assessed the feasibility of a multidisciplinary post-discharge intervention to reduce 30-day readmission rates among SLE patients. METHODS A retrospective study was performed using electronic health records of patients with SLE admitted to a university hospital prior to (non-intervention group) and after initiation of the study intervention (intervention group). The study population included patients with a diagnosis of SLE who were admitted to the hospital for any reason during an eight month time period. The intervention involved sending a templated message at the time of discharge to the rheumatology clinic nurses which prompted the nurses to call the patient to coordinate future visits and provide education. The primary outcome was the 30-day hospital readmission rate. Data was analyzed using a multivariate mixed binomial regression model. RESULTS There were 59 hospitalizations in the non-intervention group and 73 hospitalizations in the intervention group during the eight-month study period. The 30-day readmission rate was 29% in the non-intervention group and 19% in the intervention group. The difference in readmission rates between the two groups was not statistically significant based on the multivariate model. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates the feasibility of implementing a multi-disciplinary post-discharge intervention to reduce readmission rates for patients with SLE in a large academic medical center. Further investigation is warranted to determine if this approach reduces the unacceptably high hospital readmission rates among SLE patients.
The influence of alloying in stabilizing a faceted grain boundary structure

Abstract Grain boundary structures have long been known to depend on factors such as solutes and temperature. In this work, in-situ atomic scale imaging was used to observe the faceting of a Σ21a [1 1 1]-tilt-axis boundary at 600 ∘C and 800 ∘C in a Pt-5Au (at. %) nanocrystalline alloy. With an increase in temperature, we observe an evolution from many, shorter facets to fewer, longer facets. The preferred facets are shown to be symmetrically equivalent tilt boundaries, via the fundamental zone formalism. Simulation of Pt bicrystals reveals that these preferred facets do not lie in an energy minimum (of the tilt boundaries that the grain boundary misorientation could access); however, calculation of the segregation enthalpy of Au to these grain boundary lattice sites indicates a greater preference of Au, reducing the grain boundary energy, and explaining the facet stabilization observed.
Climate Change, Migration, and Civil Strife.

In this article, we examine the intersection of human migration and climate change. Growing evidence that changing environmental and climate conditions are triggers for displacement, whether voluntary or forced, adds a powerful argument for profound anticipatory engagement. Climate change is expected to displace vast populations from rural to urban areas, and when life in the urban centers becomes untenable, many will continue their onward migration elsewhere (Wennersten and Robbins 2017; Rigaud et al. 2018). It is now accepted that the changing climate will be a threat multiplier, will exacerbate the need or decision to migrate, and will disproportionately affect large already vulnerable sections of humanity. Worst-case scenario models that assume business-as-usual approaches to climate change predict that nearly one-third of the global population will live in extremely hot (uninhabitable) climates, currently found in less than 1% of the earth’s surface mainly in the Sahara. We find that the post–World War II regime designed to receive European migrants has failed to address population movement in the latter half of the twentieth century fueled by economic want, globalization, opening (and then closing) borders, civil strife, and war. Key stakeholders are in favor of using existing instruments to support a series of local, regional, and international arrangements to protect environmental migrants, most of whom will not cross international borders. The proposal for a dedicated UN agency and a new Convention has largely come from academia and NGOs. Migration is now recognized not only as a consequence of instability but as an adaptation strategy to the changing climate. Migration must be anticipated as a certainty, and thereby planned for and supported.