cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neon excimer emission from pulsed high-pressure microhollow cathode discharge plasmas

Abstract Microhollow cathode discharge (MHCD) plasmas in high-pressure Ne (up to and exceeding atmospheric pressure) are known to be efficient sources of Ne2∗ excimer radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region between 75 and 90 nm. By operating the MHCD plasma in a pulsed direct current (dc) mode, we were able to increase the Ne2∗ excimer emission by up to 1 order of magnitude compared to the emission intensity obtained from the same MHCD plasma excited by a constant dc current. Time-resolved emission spectroscopic studies of the Ne2∗ excimer emission following pulsed dc excitation of an MHCD plasma in high-pressure Ne were carried out to elucidate the microscopic details of the excimer formation and destruction processes. Our studies provide direct evidence that quenching of the Ne2∗( 3 Σ u ) excimer molecules and other loss processes of the excimer molecules are important processes in high-pressure MHCD plasmas and represent, in fact, the dominant destruction channel of the Ne2∗( 3 Σ u ) excimer molecules in the MHCD plasma under a wide range of operating conditions.
WE-E-134-07: Ultrasound Image Based Measurements of Myocardial Fiber Structure Within the Left and Right Ventricular Walls of the Heart

Purpose: Previous studies from our Laboratory demonstrated that quantitative measurements of myocardial fiber structure for individual hearts at specific transverse planes can be obtained from analyses of echocardiographic images. The objective of this study was to extend these echocardiographic‐based measurements to depict the myocardial fiber structure within the ventricular walls of the entire heart. Methods: A series of 2D apical echocardiographic images were acquired from 7 excised, intact, formalin‐fixed sheep hearts using a commercially available (GE Vivid) ultrasonic imaging system. Myocardial fiber orientations were determined from analyses of the measured transmural (radial) ultrasonic backscatter profiles within the ventricular walls in conjunction with a previously determined relationship between the observed backscatter level and the angle of insonification relative to myocardial fiber orientation. These data were assembled to produce a fiber orientation image map of the entire left and right ventricular walls of each heart. In addition, 3D volumetric, apical echocardiographic images were acquired from a subset of the excised hearts for comparison. Results: Image maps depicting myocardial fiber structure throughout the ventricular walls appear consistent with the known fiber structure of the heart. Images demonstrate left‐ventricular mid‐myocardial fibers oriented within the short axis plane and gradually becoming more longitudinally oriented toward the epicardial and endocardial surfaces. Preliminary data from 3D volumetric, apical echocardiographic images suggest similar results. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that measurements of myocardial fiber structure throughout the entire heart can be successfully derived from analyses of echocardiographic images. Further development of this method may provide a method for mapping the myocardial fiber orientation in individual patients over the heart cycle and provide a means for assessing potentially altered fiber structure associated with congenital and acquired heart diseases. [NIH R01 HL040302]; Funded, in part, by NIH R01 HL040302; Dr. Kirk D. Wallace is an employee of GE Global Research
Economic Resources, Influence, and Stress among Married Couples

Resource theory has suggested that power in a relationship rests on the ability to control important resources. With power defined as a potentiality, economic power as a concept needs to incorporate both the actual economic reward of income as well as the marital partners' potential as economic providers. One way to assess potential as an economic provider is by educational attainment. This research is drawnfrom a sample of 128 individuals (64 married couples). Using the couple as the unit of analysis, we divided the sample into different groups of couples. Results indicated that husbands' stress is related to the disparity of education, while wives' stress is related to the disparity of income. Results also indicated that stress was experienced when marital partners used certain influence strategies during the process of making a recent work/family decision.
Two and three-dimensional boundary element formulations of compressible isotropic, transversely isotropic and orthotropic viscoelastic layers of arbitrary thickness, applied to the rolling resistance of rigid cylinders and spheres

Abstract New two-dimensional and three-dimensional boundary element formulations of compressible viscoelastic layers of arbitrary thickness are presented in this work. The formulations are derived in increasing order of complexity for: (i) compressible isotropic layers, (ii) transversely isotropic layers, and (iii) fully orthotropic layers. It is further shown that existing 2D and 3D models for incompressible isotropic layers may be regarded as particular instances of case (i). The proposed formulations are based on Fourier series and support any linear viscoelastic material model characterized by general frequency-domain master-curves. These approaches result in a compliance matrix for the layer's upper boundary, which includes the effects of steady-state motion. This characterization may be used as a component in various problem settings to generate sequences of high fidelity solutions for varying parameters. The proposed modeling techniques are applied, in combination with appropriate contact solvers, to the rolling resistance of rigid cylinders and spheres on compressible isotropic, transversely isotropic and orthotropic layers. The latter case reveals that the dissipated power varies with the direction of motion, which suggests new ways of optimizing the level of damping in various engineering applications of very high impact. Interesting lateral viscoelastic effects resulting from material asymmetry are unveiled. These phenomena could be harnessed to achieve smooth and ‘invisible’ guides across three-dimensional viscoelastic surfaces, and hence suggest new ways of controlling trajectories, with a broad range of potential applications.
Inventing book news, 1925–1935: “Publicity hypnosis” and the colophon

The Colophon, published from 1925 through 1935 for an audience of book collectors and connoisseurs, illuminates the debate over the basis of a book's value: genuine quality or artificial scarcity. It also illustrates the distinction between genuine news about the book industry and “publicity hypnosis”—today’s “hype.” The magazine’s authors, designers, typographers, printers, and illustrators were among the finest of their day.
Waipi'o valley, a cultural kipuka in early 20th Century Hawaii

Abstract How has it been possible for Hawaiians to persist and survive as a distinct and unique people while under direct rule by the United States of America during the 20th century? Here it is argued that just as kipuka, or oases of forest in otherwise barren lava fields, are the source for continual regeneration of the volcanic rainforest, isolated rural Hawaiian communities have served as ‘cultural kipuka’ for the regeneration of Hawaiian culture in the 20th century. To introduce this new framework of examining the history of the Hawaiian people, the history of change and continuity in the remote valley of Waipi'o is described.
A revised Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire: factor structure confirmation, and invariance in a general population sample.

Objective: The alcohol expectancy construct has become prominent in contemporary psychosocial approaches to understanding alcohol use and abuse. In 1980 Brown and colleagues developed the 90-item Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire (AEQ) to assess experiences. Rohsenow modified this instrument to create the 40-item Alcohol Effects Questionnaire (AEQ-2). In the present study, we replaced the dichotomous response format of the AEQ-2 with a six-point scale to create the AEQ-3. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the AEQ-3 for factor structure confirmation and invariance across gender and race subgroups. Method: We administered the AEQ-3 to a large general population sample (N = 1,260). The instrument was self-administered during a structured interview. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test a correlated eight-factor model consisting of six positive expectancies and two negative expectancies. Fit indices revealed that the eight-factor model fit the data moderately well. Furthermore, th...
Specific Heats of Tin Alloys and Their Relation to the Superconducting Transition Temperature

The specific heat between 1.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 2.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K of a number of alloys of tin was measured. The alloys studied were Sn+Bi, Sn+In, and Sn+(InSb). These measurements enabled us to deduce the effect of alloying on the Sommerfeld $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and Debye $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ of tin. We find that the changes in the former are compatible with the simple rigid parabolic band model of alloying, and that the latter depends only on the electron per atom ratio. The expression for the superconducting transition temperature given by the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory was then used to estimate the changes in ${T}_{c}$ to be expected from the measured changes in $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $\ensuremath{\Theta}$. This accounts for only a part of the observed changes in transition temperature and we conclude that the increase in ${T}_{c}$ at high solute concentrations is mainly due to effects of alloying on the mean electron-electron interaction energy, $V$, of the theory.
The adaptation and resistance of Clostridium aminophilum F to the butyrivibriocin-like substance of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens JL5 and monensin.

When the amino acid-fermenting bacterium Clostridium aminophilum F was inoculated into media containing 1 μM monensin or a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) from Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens JL5, the cultures lagged and growth was not observed for more than 12 h. The monensin- and BLIS-treated cultures eventually grew rapidly and did not lag a second time. Because cross-resistance could not be demonstrated, it appeared that the adaptation was specific. Non-adapted cells that were incubated with monensin lost their ability to produce ammonia from amino acids, and ATP, intracellular potassium, and electrical potential (ΔΨ) were lower than untreated cells. Monensin-adapted cells regained their ability to produce ammonia, and intracellular potassium and ΔΨ increased, but ATP was still 40% lower than untreated cells. When non-adapted cells were treated with the BLIS, ammonia production did not decline. Non-adapted cells were agglutinated by lysozyme, but in each case, adapted cells were not agglutinated. Adapted cells had more cellular polysaccharide and bound less of either inhibitor. Based on these results, it appears that the adapted cells had altered cell wall characteristics that prevented the binding of either monensin or the B. fibrisolvens JL5 BLIS.
Microanalysis of oxygen isotopes in insulators by secondary ion mass spectrometry

Microanalyses for oxygen isotopes of insulating samples in polished thin sections have been achieved using a commercially available secondary ion mass spectrometer equipped with an auxiliary high voltage electron flood gun and modified to allow the detection of secondary ions sputtered with initial kinetic energies up to 4500eV. A Cs+ primary ion beam enhanced the negative secondary ion signal. Sample charging was controlled by use of the electron gun (impact energy ≈ 3.4 keV). Secondary ions with > 300 eV initial energy sputtered from a range of silicate minerals do not show detectable variations in instrumental fractionation over a range of tens of electronvolts, providing immunity to variations in sample charging. In addition, the interference of 16OH− on 17O− is effectively eliminated from the mass spectrum at these energies, allowing the measurement of all three oxygen isotopes at low mass resolution. Analytical precision is limited by counting statistics and the depth of the sputtered crater to ≈ ±1% (1σ) for 18/16 ratios. If 17/16 ratios are also desired, it is possible to select count times to achieve ≈ ±2% precision for both.
A comparison of the O2 dissociation properties of some scombrid hemoglobins

Abstract 1. 1. Oxygen dissociation properties of red blood cell suspensions from Thunnus albacares, T. obesus, T. alalunga and Acanthocybium solandri are compared where the temperature and pH are varied independently. 2. 2. A change in the standard sigmoidal curve from of the dissociation curves was observed in low pH (⊃7·1)_treatment of each species except T. alalunga . This compares to a report on T. thynnus hemoglobin solution properties. 3. 3. Study of the blood pH of Scomber japonicus under anesthesia indicates that S. japonicus can survive a pH range from 6·8 to 7·4. Physiological values are assumed to be near but below pH 7·4. 4. 4. The effects of changes in temperature on half saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen are small compared with mammalian hemoglobin observations. The effect of temperature on curve form is marked, indicating an interaction between hemoglobins resulting in minimal shifts in P 50 as compared to other saturation levels. 5. 5. The effects of changes in pH are typical of those observed in mammalian systems.
The C. elegans hunchback Homolog, hbl-1, Controls Temporal Patterning and Is a Probable MicroRNA Target

Abstract hunchback regulates the temporal identity of neuroblasts in Drosophila. Here we show that hbl-1 , the C. elegans hunchback ortholog, also controls temporal patterning. Furthermore, hbl-1 is a probable target of microRNA regulation through its 3′UTR. hbl-1 loss-of-function causes the precocious expression of adult seam cell fates. This phenotype is similar to loss-of-function of lin-41 , a known target of the let-7 microRNA. Like lin-41 mutations, hbl-1 loss-of-function partially suppresses a let-7 mutation. The hbl-1 3′UTR is both necessary and sufficient to downregulate a reporter gene during development, and the let-7 and lin-4 microRNAs are both required for HBL-1/GFP downregulation. Multiple elements in the hbl-1 3′UTR show complementarity to regulatory microRNAs, suggesting that microRNAs directly control hbl-1 . MicroRNAs may likewise function to regulate Drosophila hunchback during temporal patterning of the nervous system.
Characterization of a new lignin peroxidase gene (GLG6) from Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Sequence analysis of a new lignin peroxidase (LIP) gene, GLG6 , from P . chrysosporium showed that it encodes a mature LIP protein with a predicted M r of 36,454. A 28 aa signal peptide precedes the mature protein. The coding region of GLG6 is interrupted by nine introns ranging in size from 50–57 bp. GLG6 encoded-LIP has 72%, 88% and 82% homology, respectively, to the LIP isozymes H2, H3, and H10. Comparison of the N -terminal sequence of GLG6 -encoded LIP to that of the LIP proteins H2, H8, H10 also showed that the former is relatively less related to the H2 protein than it is to the H8 and H10 proteins. Expression of GLG6 , similar to the other LIP genes, occurs only during secondary metabolism.
HEAP: A packet authentication scheme for mobile ad hoc networks

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs), it is easy to launch various sophisticated attacks such as wormhole, man-in-the-middle and denial of service (DoS), or to impersonate another node. To combat such attacks from outsider nodes, we study packet authentication in wireless networks and propose a hop-by-hop, efficient authentication protocol, called HEAP. HEAP authenticates packets at every hop by using a modified HMAC-based algorithm along with two keys and drops any packets that originate from outsiders. HEAP can be used with multicast, unicast or broadcast applications. We ran several simulations to compare HEAP with existing authentication schemes, such as TESLA, LHAP and Lu and Pooch's algorithm. We measured metrics such as latency, throughput, packet delivery ratio, CPU and memory utilization and show that HEAP performs very well compared to other schemes while guarding against outsider attacks.
Mechanical and electromechanical properties of calcium-modified lead titanate/poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) 0-3 composites

ABSTRACT Thin film composite sensors have been fabricated which incorporate piezoelectric ceramic particles in apolymer matrix. These composites are more compliant than pure piezoelectric ceramics and can beembedded in thick structures to monitor internal mechanical conditions, such as the evolution of damage. Composite films consisting of Ca-modified lead titanate particles in a poly(vinylidene fluoride- trifluoroethylene) matrix are examined in this paper. The viscoelastic properties of these composites (withvarious volume fractions, up to 60% ceramic) have been measured over a range of frequencies (0.01 to 100rad/sec). The complex h1 piezoelectric coefficient has also been measured for these composites for various volume fractions and over a frequency range from 5 to 100 rad/sec. The magnitudes and phase angles of thepiezoelectric coefficients are shown to be highly frequency dependent.Keywords: piezoelectric, composite, sensor, lead titanate, P(VDF-TrFE) 1. INTRODUCTION Much information regarding the mechanical status of a structure can be obtained through surface monitoringsensors such as strain gages. However, as thick polymeric composite structures become increasingly utilized,many mechanical issues (such as residual stresses and the progressive evolution of internal damage) would bebetter sensed from within the structure. Currently, embedded sensors are being used to detect stress waves in
Withdrawal of magnesium causes vasospasm while elevated magnesium produces relaxation of tone in cerebral arteries

Abstract Excised middle cerebral and basilar arteries from dogs were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution and exposed to normal, high and low concentrations of magnesium [Mg] in the medium. Sudden withdrawal of extracellular Mg 2+ ([Mg 2+ ] o ) from the medium produced contraction of arterial smooth muscle, whereas elevated concentrations of [Mg 2+ ] o decreased the basal tensions in a concentration-dependent manner.
Growth of Fe(110)/bcc Ni(110) superlattices by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract We have grown a series of Fe(110)/bcc Ni(110) superlattices by MBE. RHEED and X-ray analysis indicated that even for Fe thicknesses of only 2 ML, the subsequent Ni layer could be grown in a pseudomorphic phase with a structure resembling that of the Fe template up to a thickness of 8 ML. Magnetometry determined that this distorted bcc phase is ferromagnetic at room temperature. Transmission Mossbauer spectroscopy implied the existence of two magnetic Fe sites, one we associate with Fe atoms that have diffused into the Ni layers and the other with Fe atoms that mainly coordinate other Fe atoms. The diffused site showed no magnetic splitting at 300 K in an Fe(110)/Ag(111) film that was grown for comparison to the Fe(110)/Ni films, implying that the distorted bcc Ni(110) is magnetic.
The Equate Project: An Introduction to Islamic Project Finance

With more than one billion Muslims living primarily in regions with enormous infrastructure needs - the Middle East, Asia, and Africa - there is a growing need to understand Islamic culture, financial systems, and commercial practices. Toward that end, this case study is an attempt to explain the basic tenets of Islamic finance as they pertain to project finance and infrastructure development. The Equate petrochemical project, a joint venture between Union Carbide and a subsidiary of Kuwait9s National Oil Company, shows that co-financed structures can work and creates a template for future deals across the Islamic world.
Activation of a Central Noradrenergic Projection to Cerebellum

RECENT histochemical studies have demonstrated abundant nerve fibres containing noradrenaline in rat cerebellar cortex1,2 terminating predominantly on Purkinje cells2. An inhibitory function for these fibres is suggested by the uniform inhibition of the spontaneous discharge3 and hyperpolarization of Purkinje cells (P cells) produced by microelectrophoretic application of noradrenaline (NA)4. Furthermore, the firing rate of Purkinje cells is generally increased after destruction by 6-hydroxy-dopamine of fibres containing NA5. Further characterization of the natural endogenous transmitter and its effect on P cells requires experimental activation of the proposed adrener-gic pathway, and identification of the origin of the NA projection to the cerebellum thus assumes critical importance. It has been suggested that the nerves containing catecholamine in rat cerebellar cortex arise largely from discrete bilateral nuclei of fluorescent cells in the dorsal medullary brain stem (the locus coeruleus, LC)6,7. We have reported that electrical stimulation in the area of the LC inhibits P cells8. We now report that this inhibitory response is evoked selectively from the NA-contain-ing cells of the LC, that the inhibitory effects are widespread and that the response closely resembles the electrophysiological effects produced by exogenous NA.
Permeability of the bovine red cell to glycerol in hyperosmotic solutions at various temperatures.

A central tenet in cryobiology is that low-molecular-weight protective solutes such as glycerol must permeate cells in high concentration in order to protect them from freezing injury. To test this supposition, it is necessary to estimate the amount of solute that has permeated a cell prior to freezing. The amount in bovine red cells was estimated from the flux equation $${{ds} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{ds} {dt}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {dt}} = P_\gamma A[(activity external solute) - (activity internal solute)].$$ Solving the equation required estimates ofPγ, the permeability constant for the solute. Estimates for glycerol in bovine red cells were made in two ways: (1) by measuring the time to 50% hemolysis of red cells suspended in isosmotic or hyperosmotic (1 to 3m) solutions of glycerol that were hypotonic with respect to NaCl, and (2) by measuring the time required for red cells in hyperosmotic solutions of glycerol in isotonic salinebuffer to become susceptible to osmotic shock upon 10-fold dilution with isotonic saline-buffer. The measurements were made at 0, 10, 15 and 20°C. The values by the second technique ranged from 2.3×10−6 cm/min to 2.7×10−6 cm/min at 20°C, depending on the concentration of glycerol. The values by the first technique were 0 to 30% lower. Both techniques yielded about the same activation energy for permeation between 0 and 20°C, 21 kcal/mole. This is equivalent to a halving of the permeation rate for every 5° drop in temperature.
Committing to a Hairy Fate: Epigenetic Regulation of Hair Follicle Stem Cells

Chromatin modifications are important for embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency, but their functions in adult stem cells are less clear. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Lien et al. (2011) delineate histone methylation patterns in hair follicle stem cells and show that these marks differ from those of ESCs.
An intracellular calcium store regulates protein synthesis in HeLa cells, but it is not the hormone-sensitive store.

Abstract There is considerable evidence, reviewed by Brostrom and Brostrom [1], that Ca2+ stores are involved in the regulation of protein synthesis. We provide evidence in HeLa cells that is consistent with their findings that depletion of Ca2+ stores and not changes in cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) inhibit protein synthesis, but we also show that the mechanism leading to depletion is critical. Specifically, depletion of stores by the Ca2+-mobilizing hormone histamine does not inhibit protein synthesis. In assessing the role of Ca2+ stores in protein synthesis, experiments in certain cell types have been complicated by the use of Ca2+ ionophores, which simultaneously elevate [Ca2+]i and deplete Ca2+ stores. We have measured total cell Ca2+, [Ca2+]i and protein synthesis in HeLa cells under conditions that allowed evaluation of the separate contributions of stores and [Ca2+]i. Using 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxyethane)-N,N,N′N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) as an intracellular Ca2+, chelator and thapsigargin, which inhibits the membrane Ca2+-ATPase of storage vesicles, total cell Ca2+ can be depleted and this depletion is enhanced by extracellular EGTA which blocks Ca2+ influx; [Ca2+]i is actually lowered by BAPTA under these conditions. Protein synthesis is inhibited by BAPTA in the presence of EGTA and by thapsigargin with or without EGTA. However, histamine which with EGTA, affects an equal degree of Ca2+ depletion does not inhibit protein synthesis. Thus, it is suggested that Ca2+ stores are not homogeneous, and that the hormone-sensitive store specifically does not play a role in the regulation of protein synthesis. In this respect, the hormone-sensitive and insensitive stores do not functionally communicate and may be separately regulated.
Replicated item level factor structure of the MMPI: Racial and sexual differences

Item-level factor studies of the MMPI date back to the work of Comrey (1957). Surprisingly, there are no extant studies of the items that clinicians use most in the course of daily MMPI interpretive reporting, namely, the 399 x 399 matrix that represents all of the items that comprise the traditional clinical and validity scales. Furthermore, there are no prior studies with adequate Ns that have examined the replicability of MMPI factor structure via available factor comparison techniques (Harman, 1976). In this study, 20,000 MMPIs were factored by the principal components method, followed by Varimax rotations of 6 through 25 factors. The coefficient of congruence was used to compare the factor structures of randomly divided subsamples, as well as males vs. females and Blacks vs. Whites. Differences in factor structure were found, and suggestions are made with regard to the significance of these findings in clinical and applied settings.
Isolation of functionally active murine follicular dendritic cells

Biochemical, genetic, and immunological studies of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) have been hampered by difficulty in obtaining adequate numbers of purified cells in a functional state. To address this obstacle, we enriched FDCs by irradiating mice to destroy most lymphocytes, excised the lymph nodes, and gently digested the nodes with an enzyme cocktail to form single cell suspensions. The FDCs in suspension were selected using the specific mAb FDC-M1 with magnetic cell separation technology. We were able to get nearly a million viable lymph node FDCs per mouse at about 90% purity. When examined under light and transmission electron microscopy, the cytological features were characteristic of FDCs. Furthermore, the cells were able to trap and retain immune complexes and were positive for important phenotypic markers including FDC-M1, CD21/35, CD32, CD40, and CD54. Moreover, the purified FDCs exhibited classical FDC accessory activities including: the ability to co-stimulate B cell proliferation, augment antibody responses induced by mitogens or antigens, maintain B cell viability for weeks, and protect B lymphocytes from anti-FAS induced apoptosis. In short, this combination of methods made it possible to obtain a substantial number of highly enriched functional murine FDCs.
A map of urine proteins based on one-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting using one microliter of unconcentrated urine.

Abstract A sensitive one-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic system was devised whereby the proteins in 1 μl of unconcentrated urine could be visualized by silver staining over the range 9 000–900 000 molecular weight. Identification of urine proteins was confirmed by Western blotting using peroxidase labelled antibodies. A map of the major proteins visualized in urine from individuals with renal disease was constructed. We conclude that the information available from the simple analysis of proteins according to their size is limited to general conclusions regarding whether proteinuria is likely to be of tubular or glomerular or mixed origin. More specific identification of individual proteins is not feasible because simple protein staining is not sufficiently reliable to identify individual proteins. The reasons for this conclusion are as follows: (a) many proteins in urine migrate with similar apparent molecular weights, (b) some proteins are not visualized by silver staining, and (c) albumin polymeric complexes and fragments can be present at almost any molecular weight. However, one-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis together with Western blotting does provide reliable information which might be clinically and experimentally useful.
Rank tests for matched pair experiments with censored data

Abstract We consider the problem of testing bivariate symmetry in matched pair experiments where ( X 1 , X 2 ) are time measurements such as failure or survival times. The observations are subject to random right censoring so that what is observed is Y j = min( X j , Z j ) and δ j = I ( X j = Y j ), j = 1, 2, where ( Z 1 , Z 2 ) is a pair of censoring times independent of ( X 1 , X 2 ). Tests that generalize the conditional Wilcoxon and the log-rank tests are considered as well as general linear rank statistics. It is shown that suitably standardized versions of these statistics are asymptotically normal under fixed and converging alternatives and they are consistent against the alternative of ordered hazards.
Magnetometry of Ingested Particles in Pulmonary Macrophages

Sensitive magnetometry has shown that, after inhalation of airborne magnetic dust by humans or animals, particles retained within the lungs rotate. A number of mechanisms for this rotation have been proposed, including motions of breathing, particle thermal energy, cardiac pulsations, surface fluid flows, and macrophage cytoplasmic movements. In this study the cellular mechanism was examined by magnetometry and videomicroscopy of pulmonary macrophages removed from hamster lungs 1 day after inhalation of a maghemite (gamma-Fe2O3) aerosol. The field remaining after magnetization was measured in adherent cells and was found to decay rapidly to 30 percent of its initial magnitude within 12 minutes. The remanent-field decay rate was slowed by inhibitors of cytoplasmic motion. Videomicroscopy of pulmonary macrophages with phagocytized gamma-Fe2O3 showed amoeboid motions that rotated the particles away from their original direction of magnetization. The results confirm that macrophage cytoplasmic movement is a primary cause of remanent-field decay in lungs and that magnetometry can be used to quantify intracellular contractile activity.
Augmentation of inviscid airfoil theory to predict and model 2D unsteady vortex dominated flows

A criterion for predicting flow separation and reattachment at the leading-edge using a Leading-Edge Suction Parameter (LESP) is presented. Stemming from inviscid theory, the LESP serves to predict the onset of separation or reattachment at the leading-edge for any unsteady motion using a critical value which is defined by the airfoil shape and Reynolds number of operation. This criterion is applied to a flat plate and an SD7003 airfoil undergoing various pitch and plunge motions and the critical LESP values for these airfoils are seen to predict the onset of separation or reattachment at the leading-edge, on both upper and lower surfaces. Separation at the leading-edge and subsequent formation of a leading-edge vortex (LEV) is accompanied by a loss in the leading-edge suction force resulting in increased drag. However, formation of LEV also serves to prevent separation at the trailing-edge and keeps the bound circulation intact, thus yielding high lift even at large angles of attack where the flow would have been fully separated otherwise. Using the criterion presented in this paper, it is possible to design kinematics which promote or suppress LEV formation by moving the LESP above or below its critical value.
LOCAL STABILITIES OF HORSE CYTOCHROME C METALLODERIVATIVES AS PROBED BY TRYPTIC DIGESTION AND ELECTROSPRAY MASS SPECTROMETRY

Abstract The porphyrin, Co III , Mn III and Zn II derivatives of horse heart cytochrome c (cyt c) were characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry. The results reveal that the primary structure of the polypeptide is unaltered following the procedures used to prepare the derivatives. Together with the native Fe II and Fem forms and the cyanide adduct of the latter, the derivatives were subjected to time-dependent tryptic digestion, and reversed phase HPLC analysis of the digests was carried out. Since protease susceptibility requires local conformational instability, the results indicate that the local stabilities of the proteins follow the order: FeII-cyt c > Com-cyt c > Fe III -cyt c > Mnm-cyt c > Zn II -cyt c > CN-Fe III -cyt c > por-cyt c. Large, partially digested fragments were observed by LC-MS in the digests of Co III -cyt c (residues 1–53/55 + Co-porphyrin and 56–104) and Fe III -cyt c (residues 8–86 + heme). No such fragments were observed in the derivatives with lower local stabilities. It is proposed that the strength of the Met80 ligand is important in controlling the initial site(s) of tryptic attack and the local stability of the horse cyt c polypepdde.
Responses of temperate woody seedlings to shade and drought: do trade‐offs limit potential niche differentiation?

Diversity in seedling responses to combined shade and drought can drive species niche differences, and thus natural forest and scrub establishment dynamics and diversity. However, inherent trade-offs between shade tolerance and drought tolerance, as hypothesized in the literature, would constrain potential niche differentiation. For thirteen species of European trees and shrubs the impacts were determined of moderate and extreme drought on the growth and survival of first-year seedlings in a given soil volume, in irradiances in the range typical for temperate forest and scrub understories (3% daylight) and large gaps (30% daylight). Pots were watered differentially each second day to equalize soil water content across species and irradiances. Comparisons within and across species supported independent tolerances of shade and drought rather than trade-offs. For all species, drought reduced relative growth rate in dry mass by the same proportion in 3% daylight and in 30% daylight. Consequently, drought generally reduced final dry mass significantly more strongly in 30% daylight than in 3% daylight. Extreme drought led to earlier mortality in 30% daylight than in 3% daylight for nine of the eleven species tested, to earlier mortality in 3% daylight for one species, and to equal mortality rate in both irradiances for one species. For each species, growth-based shade tolerance was quantified as the ratio of absolute growth in low irradiance to that in high irradiance, and growth-based drought tolerance as the ratio of absolute growth in low water supply to that in high water supply. Across species, growth-based shade tolerance varied ≈9-fold, and growth-based drought tolerance ≈2-fold; species’ tolerances correlated respectively with indices of field establishment in shade and drought. Growth-based drought tolerance correlated with survival time in extreme drought. Experimentally quantified shade and drought tolerances varied independently for the 13 species tested, indicating the potential for extensive species niche differentiation in combinations of irradiance and water supply.
Oscillating spatial dependence of domain memory in ferromagnetic films mapped via x-ray speckle correlation

Magnetic domain memory (MDM) is observed in a Co/Pd ferromagnetic film when subject to exchange couplings with an IrMn antiferromagnetic layer. Our study uncovers the spatial and field dependence of the MDM at the nanoscopic scale. We found the degree of MDM to be extremely high (over 92%) at the scale of the domain periodicity, about 400 nm, and in the coercive region of the magnetization cycle, at about 1000 Oe. Furthermore, we observed an unusual spatial oscillation in the MDM, revealing a superstructure in the memory correlation at about 1.5 \ensuremath{\mu}m.
Perinatal and neonatal palliative care: targeting the underserved

Most of the pediatric deaths which occur annually occur among newborns and infants. Significant disparities exist in perinatal and infant mortality rates, with African-American women at highest risk of complicated pregnancies and African-American infants most likely to die. And while race is a risk factor for pregnancy complications regardless of socioeconomic status, minority women who also suffer from poverty, limited education, and barriers to health care have the highest risk pregnancies. It is imperative that perinatal and neonatal palliative care services directly address the needs of these families. This study reviews what we know about the populations of families who are most likely to experience perinatal and neonatal complications, highlighting opportunities for palliative care delivery to target the underserved.
Units of observation and perspectives on the psychoanalytic process

Over the past quarter century, brief segments of tape-recorded psychotherapy have become the most widely employed unit for the empirical investigation of the psychotherapeutic process. Our aim was to see how judgements based upon brief segments of tape-recorded psychoanalysis corresponded with judgements based upon the hours from which they were taken. Seven experienced psychoanalysts independently made clinical and quantitative judgements about 29 treatment-related variables on 24 five-minute segments excerpted from psychoanalytic sessions and on the 12 whole sessions from which they were taken. It was found that judgements about the major dimensions of the therapeutic relationship, i.e. transference, based upon segments did not correlate with judgements based upon entire sessions. Judgements based upon segments were less reliable and tended to isolate one participant from another. Judgements based upon sessions were more reliable and captured the basic dimensions of the treatment process, particularly as related to the transference and therapeutic relationship. These findings confirm the results of the only other reported study (Mintz & Luborsky, 1971) in which such comparisons were made and suggest that brief segments cannot be naively substituted for entire sessions for the study of the psychotherapeutic process.
The Death of Treatment as Usual: An Excellent First Step on a Long Road

The failure of system reforms to affect child and family outcomes and the lack of positive findings concerning treatment as usual has led to pressure to reform treatment in the community through the adoption of evidence-based treatments. While this is generally a positive direction for the future, reformers should also consider the quality of evidence supporting these treatments and the dependence on traditional diagnostic approaches as limitations to this approach. Moreover, reformers should recognize the importance of learning from clinicians and consumers, the inclusion of a common factors approach and the critical role of measurement in the reform process.
Rigid body constraints realized in massively-parallel molecular dynamics on graphics processing units

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) methods compute the trajectory of a system of point particles in response to a potential function by numerically integrating Newtonʼs equations of motion. Extending these basic methods with rigid body constraints enables composite particles with complex shapes such as anisotropic nanoparticles, grains, molecules, and rigid proteins to be modeled. Rigid body constraints are added to the GPU-accelerated MD package, HOOMD-blue, version 0.10.0. The software can now simulate systems of particles, rigid bodies, or mixed systems in microcanonical (NVE), canonical (NVT), and isothermal-isobaric (NPT) ensembles. It can also apply the FIRE energy minimization technique to these systems. In this paper, we detail the massively parallel scheme that implements these algorithms and discuss how our design is tuned for the maximum possible performance. Two different case studies are included to demonstrate the performance attained, patchy spheres and tethered nanorods. In typical cases, HOOMD-blue on a single GTX 480 executes 2.5–3.6 times faster than LAMMPS executing the same simulation on any number of CPU cores in parallel. Simulations with rigid bodies may now be run with larger systems and for longer time scales on a single workstation than was previously even possible on large clusters.
Statistical Regularization of Inverse Problems

In experimental sciences we often need to solve inverse problems. That is, we want to obtain information about the internal structure of a physical system from indirect noisy observations. Often the problem is not whether a solution exists; on the contrary, there are too many solutions that fit the data to a chosen tolerance level. The goal is to use prior information to determine a physically meaningful solution. Here, we present some of the basic questions that arise. We describe methods that can be used to find inversion estimates as well as ways to assess their performance.
My Formula for Extension Teaching

Abstract Why do extension teachers sometimes fail to teach? Why do excellent programs fail or fall on deaf ears? Several things are necessary for a successful program. The program must be carefully planned and delivered to a receptive audience. The clientele, their needs, and interests must be known, and frequently the first step for a successful program is adequate promotion to create demand and interest for your information. Some extension people are most effective at writing, others at speaking, and still others have most success with individual counseling. Likewise, specific programs or ideas are suited especially to specific teaching methods. Personal experiences, suggestions and help of coworkers, and available assistance from related industries are often effective. No formula works for everyone and every program. Each extension worker must find the formula for a successful program.
Speculations on the origin of the North American Midcontinent rift

Abstract The Midcontinent rift is an example of lithospheric extension and flood basalt volcanism induced when a new mantle plume arrived near the base of the lithosphere. Very large volumes of basaltic magma were generated and partly erupted before substantial lithospheric extension began. Volcanism continued, along with extension and deep rift subsidence, for the ensuing 15 m.y. Much of the basaltic magma, including some of the earliest flows, was formed by partial melting of isotopically primitive asthenosphere contained in the plume head. The intense but relatively short duration of rifting and magmatism is a result of the dissipation of thermal and mechanical energy in the plume head. As the plume head spread beneath the lithosphere, it stretched the overlying lithosphere radially away from the Lake Superior region, the triple junction of the rift system, and partially melted to form the great volume of basalt and related intrusive rocks of the region. The plume arrived beneath a continent that was under compression as a result of the ongoing Grenville orogeny that affected a large region east of the rift. That compression prevented full continental separation and eventually returned the region to compressional tectonics as the energy of the plume head waned.
Histopathology of the tropical fire ant, Solenopsis geminata, infected with Burenella dimorpha (Microspora: Microsporida)

Abstract Pupae of the tropical and fire ant, Solenopsis geminata, infected by the microspordium Burenella dimorpha develop clear, blister-like areas in the vertex of the head and in the petiole. In sexual pupae, clearing may also develop in the dorsal thorax. The developing eyes of both worker and sexual pupae appear sunken and irregular in outline, with deranged facits. These pathognomonic signs are the result of destruction or inhibition of development of the cuticle. The clear areas results from tissue fluids seeping into the space between the denuded hypodermal tissue and the pupal sheath (old larval integrument). The fact body is progressively diminished and the brain shrinks as the disease progresses. These organs, which are covered by a layer of hypodermal tissues, decrease in mass and recede from the pupal sheath, which is kept extended by tissue fluids. The malformation of the eyes is also the results of destruction of the cuticle. The lenses, which are cuticular, are destroyed, leaving the ommatidia unanchored distally. In advanced infection, the pupae rupture and are cannibalized by adult workers. The workers do not ingest the spores into the crop, but divert them (with other particulate matter) to the infrabuccal cavity. An infrabuccal pellet is formed which is subsequently expelled and fed to fourth instar larvae only. The intracolonial dissemination of spores is thus facilitated by the destruction of the cuticle of infected pupae.
Understanding calcium waves and sparks in central neurons

All cells use changes in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) to regulate cell signalling events. In neurons, with their elaborate dendritic and axonal arborizations, there are clear examples of both localized and widespread Ca(2+) signals. [Ca(2+)](i) changes that are generated by Ca(2+) entry through voltage- and ligand-gated channels are the best characterized. In addition, the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores can result in increased [Ca(2+)](i); the signals that trigger this release have been less well-studied, in part because they are not usually associated with specific changes in membrane potential. However, recent experiments have revealed dramatic widespread Ca(2+) waves and localized spark-like events, particularly in dendrites. Here we review emerging data on the nature of these signals and their functions.
Intuition-based computing: a new kind of “virtual reality”

Abstract It is helpful to consider the mind and the computer as two separate information domains. Each has a separate system of rules that guide behavior. The interaction between the two is characterized as an interplay between rule systems. In this view, there should be interactions which are optimal and others which are not. To understand this, the first task is to identify the rules that operate in each domain. The next is to see how they interact. It is concluded that rules of the mind which give rise to what is generally termed ‘intuition’ is altogether compatible with rules of computation. This, in turn, suggests computational systems capable of independent ‘intuitive’ processing on the one hand, and other computational systems which can serve to augment human intuition.
The antifungal activity of alkyl benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamates and related compounds†

The fungistatic activity against Penicillium digitatum and Diplodia natalensis decreased slightly in ascending a homologous series of alkyl esters of benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamic acid from the methyl ester (carbendazim) to the pentyl ester; the hexyl and octyl esters were inactive. 2-(Acylamino)benzimidazoles were slightly less active than the analogous alkyl benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamates. Introduction of a methylene bridge between the benzimidazole ring and the 2-methoxycarbonylamino group abolished antifungal activity. Methylation of either the carbamate nitrogen or an imidazole nitrogen of carbendazim produced inactive compounds. Replacement of the benzimidazole ring of carbendazim with various other ring systems was accompanied by marked reduction in antifungal activity.
Bounds on ATE with discrete outcomes

Abstract The bounds on ATE by Chesher (2007) and Kitagawa (2009b) are compared. The difference between them is attributed to the scalar error assumption imposed by Chesher (2007).