cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Algorithm for the diagnosis of anaphylaxis and its validation using population-based data on emergency department visits for anaphylaxis in Florida.

Background Epidemiologic studies of anaphylaxis have been limited by significant underdiagnosis. Objective The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a method for capturing previously unidentified anaphylaxis cases by using International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) based datasets. Methods Florida emergency department data for the years 2005 and 2006 from the Florida Agency for Health Care Administration were used. Patients with anaphylaxis were identified by using ICD-9-CM codes specifically indicating anaphylaxis or an ICD-9-CM algorithm based on the definition of anaphylaxis proposed at the 2005 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease and the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. Cases ascertained with the algorithm were compared with the traditional case-ascertainment method. Comparisons included demographic and clinical risk factors, proportion of monthly visits, and age/sex-specific rates. Cases ascertained with anaphylaxis ICD-9-CM codes were excluded from those ascertained with the algorithm. Results One thousand one hundred forty-nine patients were identified by using anaphylaxis ICD-9-CM codes, and 1,602 patients were identified with the algorithm. The clinical risk factors and demographics of cases were consistent between the 2 methods. However, the algorithm was more likely to identify older subjects ( P P P Conclusion This study introduces and validates an ICD-9-CM–based diagnostic algorithm for the diagnosis of anaphylaxis to capture subjects missed by using the ICD-9-CM anaphylaxis codes. Fifty-eight percent of anaphylaxis cases would be missed without the use of the algorithm, including 88% of venom-induced cases.
The Subcellular Sites of Sulfation of Mouse Thyrotropin and Free Alpha Subunits: Studies Employing Subcellular Fractionation and Inhibitors of The Intracellular Translocation of Proteins

To determine the subcellular sites of sulfation of thyrotropin (TSH) and free α-subunits, mouse thyrotropic, tumor minces were incubated simultaneously with [3H]Met and [35S]SO4 for 1 or 3h, homogenized, and fractionated by discontinuous sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Dual-labeled TSH or free α-subunits were immunoprecipitated, and analyzed by SDS-gel electrophoresis. Endoglycosidase F released all [35S], but little [3H], from the duallabeled species, indicating that [35S]SO4, was incorporated into oligosaccharides of TSH and free α-subunits. Both [35S]TSH and [35S] free α-subunits were predominantly in Golgi fractions at 1 and 3h, but small amounts were also detected in fractions enriched in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Similar distributions of [35S]SO4-labeled species were noted in cell fractions prepared from mouse pituitaries. Pituitaries from hypothyroid mice were incubated with [3H]Met and [35S]SO4 for 2h, then chased for 4 or 16h in the absence or presence of 2uM monensin (Mon) or 10uM...
SU‐FF‐T‐122: Characterization and Use of EBT Radiochromic Film for IMRT Dose Verification

Purpose: To quantify and evaluate the use of the new EBT GafChromic film for its implementation in routine IMRT QA. Method and Materials: The new film was examined using a characterized flat‐bed scanner for several properties including polarization effects with scan angle and delivered dose, dose sensitivity, dose uniformity, OD time evolution post exposure, and dose response in comparison to water. The film high elasticity and relative insensitivity to water immersion allowed for its non conventional use in verifying dose distributions on curved surfaces. The film was wrapped into a cylindrical geometry inside an in‐house built cylindrical phantom and then immersed in water. Calculated dose distributions from the TomoTherapy treatment planning system (TPS) were then compared to the film's measured IMRT deliveries for 10 IMRT cases (5 Head and Neck, 5 prostate). Results: The film's intrinsic polarization was shown to be a function of delivered dose and could significantly affect the scanner's OD output readout. Film uniformity was shown to improve with delivered dose from ±5% for 50 cGy to nearly ±1.5% at 200 cGy. In addition, the film's OD was shown to saturate within 2 hours post exposure to a 2Gy dose, making it the fastest and least noisy RCF film so far. An excellent agreement was found between scanned water and film PDDs indicating the EBT energy response with depth is similar to water. Excellent agreement between predicted and measured isodose distributions and dose profiles were seen using the EBT film based on 10 IMRT deliveries. Conclusions: This work indicates that this new RCF film possesses unique and improved characteristics which allows for its use in routine patient‐specific IMRT QA. These encouraging results have motivated us to design an in‐house cylindrical phantom to verify dose beyond 2D planar surfaces and in water phantoms.
State anxiety as a function of skill level and proximity to competition.

(1981). State Anxiety as a Function of Skill Level and Proximity to Competition. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 31-34.
Progress and accountability in family literacy: Lessons from a collaborative approach

Abstract This study examined the implementation of a collaborative evaluation approach for evaluating family literacy programs. Two questions were studied. First, is such an evaluation approach better for practitioners? Second, by using a collaborative evaluation, do practitioners change how they view the evaluation process? Like the concept of collaboration, collaborative evaluation is grounded in the notion that conducting useful and meaningful program evaluations involve sharing power, authority, expertise, resources and cannot be “… accomplished by a single individual or organization independently” (Kagan, 1991; p. 3). Similar to the participatory and empowerment evaluation models (Cousins & Earl, 1992; Fetterman, 1994), the evaluator served in a consultant capacity, technical assistance was provided by literacy professionals, and the practitioners conducted all phases of the evaluation themselves. Practitioners learned some basic principles and practices of evaluation with this approach. Further, the practitioners made program plans based on their evaluation findings. The evidence also suggests there was a shift in how practitioners viewed evaluation. Practitioners saw that information collected from reporting activities like completing intake forms could be used to develop curriculum, not just for reporting to funding agencies. The collaborative approach also benefitted the technical assistance staff and the evaluator by providing a realistic perspective on program life. However, addressing student progress through traditional methods such as standardized tests continues to be problematic.
Investigating Influences on Managers' Moral Reasoning The Impact of Context and Personal and Organizational Factors

Managers often face situations that challenge their ability to reason morally. Avariety of factors, including the issue itself and personal and organizational influences, may affect their responses...
Warning: You Have an E-Mail Message.

CERTAINLY AN EFFICIENT AND ACCURATE MEDIUM, e-mail is a welcome means of communication on campus, allowing faculty immediate access to staff, students, and each other. As a vehicle of the written word, however, how does e-mail affect faculty’s writing and reading of these messages? The following study questions faculty about their attitudes when creating and receiving e-mail messages. The results show that faculty do not give much writerly attention to the creation of e-mail messages, nor are they bothered much when receiving messages that contain mechanical or composition errors. These attitudes suggest that faculty, who are by definition writers and critical readers, should be cautious about how they use and view mail.
On the Origin of Head Pain

SYNOPSIS Clinical, pharmacological and biochemical evidence converge upon perturbed serotonergic neurotransmission as a putative mechanism of headache. The evidence is reviewed, drawing upon the clinical examples of cerebral infarction, arteriovenous malformation, migraine and cluster headache. Ordinary, periodic headache may be the “noise” of serotonergic neurotransmission.
“Control of Sanitary Standards”: Julius Henry Cohen's Recommendations for Enforcing Occupational Health and Safety in the Progressive Era

The recent fires, building collapses, and other industrial accidents in the Third World bring to mind the campaign for safe working conditions in the United States following the Triangle Shirtwaist...
Hepatic microvascular regulatory mechanisms. I. Adrenergic mechanisms

Abstract The neural and pharmacologic responses of the hepatic microvasculature were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with urethane or pentobarbital. Various concentrations of several potential vasoactive substances alone or in combination with appropriate blocking agents were administered topically to the livers of these rats while changes in the microvasculature were measured using in vivo microscopic methods. The results provided logarithmic dose-response data for these substances in order to establish the relative sensitivity of various segments of the microvasculature and demonstrated adrenergic receptors in the microvasculature. Alpha receptors were demonstrated on all segments of the microvasculature while beta receptors (beta2) were isolated on portal venules and sinusoids. In the sinusoids, the lining cells were the site responsive to adrenergic substances. These cells appear to be the primary site for locally regulating flow through the sinusoids. Electrical stimulation of the celiac ganglion and the nerves associated with the celiac artery elicited alpha-mediated constriction of portal venules, hepatic arterioles, and sinusoids while stimulation of the nerves associated with the portal vein elicited responses of a lesser magnitude in these vessels. The constriction of hepatic arterioles was of a much larger magnitude than that of portal venules. All of the microvascular responses to neural stimulation were antagonized by alpha-receptor blockade.
Determination of the Si-conducting polymer interfacial properties using A C impedanc techniques

A study was made of the interfacial properties of poly(pyrrole) (PP) deposited electrochemically onto single crystal p-Si surfaces. The interfacial properties are dependent upon the counterions. The formation of 'quasi-ohmic' and 'nonohmic' contacts, respectively, of PP(ClO4) and PP films doped with other counterions (BF4 and para-toluene sulfonate) with p-Si, are explained in terms of the conductivity of these films and the flat band potential, V(fb), of PP relative to that of p-Si. The PP film seems to passivate or block intrinsic surface states present on the p-Si surface. The differences in the impedance behavior of para-toluene sulfonate doped and ClO4 doped PP are compared.
Cavitands with introverted functionality stabilize tetrahedral intermediates.

The synthesis and characterization of two deepened cavitand hosts with introverted functionalityfunctional groups directed into the cavityis described. Two functions can be introverted, alcohol and aldehyde, and they show the formation of hemiacetals and hemiketals on binding small guests with complementary functional groups. The structures of the bound hemiacetals are determined by 1D and 2D NMR studies. The arrangements of the guests in the cavitands enhance the equilibrium constants of carbonyl additions, K/Kctrl, between 13- and 105-fold, compared to their counterparts in solution. The stabilization of the addition products is due to the prior complexation of the guests and the organized solvation provided to the tetrahedral intermediates by a network of secondary amides at the cavitand rim.
Impairment compensation for unrepeatered fiber transmission with distributed Raman amplification

We propose and numerically demonstrate impairment compensation via digital backward propagation (DBP) for fiber transmission with distributed Raman amplification. In contrast to EDFA-based systems, signal power evolution in the distributed amplified system has to be obtained prior to DBP by solving the differential equations for Raman amplification. The optimum launching power of an unrepeatered Raman link is significantly increased by nonlinearity compensation.
Heterotrophic bacterial guild structure: Relationship to biodegradative populations.

Numerical taxonomic analysis of a freshwater bacterial guild demonstrated that the bacteria capable of growth on phenanthrene and polychlorinated biphenyl media were representative of the taxa obtained from low nutrient oligotrophic media. The diversity of heterotrophic bacteria and members of new taxa recovered from the guild followed a poisson distribution relative to the number of isolation media used. Moderately high nutrient, yeast extract peptone and glucose agar was found to be the most selective isolation medium relative to the total number of taxa recovered whereas low nutrient, lake water agar was the least selective medium used. Carbon source utilization patterns of the isolated taxa indicated that taxa within the guild had broad niche ranges and could potentially occupy many niches within a dynamic environment. The structure of the bacterial guild was dominated by mesophilic oligotrophs.
Teratogenic drugs inhibit tumour cell attachment to lectin-coated surfaces

Interactions between embryonic cells are generally thought to have a central role in the control of development1. When these morphogenic interactions are interrupted by either physical intervention2 or genetic defects3, normal development is impaired. In accord with these experiments, specific interactions between embryonic cells have been demonstrated in several in vitro systems. Many investigators have described homotypic aggregation of chick embryo cells4–8, and heterotypic specificity has also been described9. Because of the importance of morphogenic cell–cell interactions in development it follows that agents that interfere with these interactions, regardless of the interference mechanism, are potential teratogens. Here we have used a simple in vitro cell to surface recognition system in an attempt to screen for potential teratogens. We have found a very high correlation between inhibitory activity in the in vitro assay and reported teratogenic activity in human or animal studies. This suggests that many teratogenic agents may act by interfering, in an as yet unknown way, in normal cell to cell interactions.
Circadian rhythms of dopamine-ß-hydroxylase and c-AMP in plasma of controls and patients with affective disorders

In normals, dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity in plasma follows a circadian rhythm with maximal values at 8 a.m. and minimal at 2 a.m. This pattern does not exist in affective patients in the phase of mania or normothymia, while it is present in the depressive phase. Plasma c-AMP has its maximal concentrations in plasma at 2 p.m. and its minimal at 2 a.m. in normals. In affective patients the minimum occurs at 2 a.m., as in normals, while the maximum is shifted 6 hours earlier, at 8 a.m., independently of the phase of the illness. During the depressive phase, the circadian rhythms of dopamine-β-hydroxylase and c-AMP in plasma are synchronized.
Model system evaluations of the effects of different levels of K2HPO4 NaCl and oil temperature on emulsion stability and viscosity of fresh and frozen turkish style meat emulsions

The effects of different levels of K(2)HPO(4), NaCl, and the effects of oil temperature used in the evaluation of emulsion stability and viscosity of fresh and frozen beef (fat level adjusted with tail fat from sheep) was studied by utilizing a model system. Emulsion stability (ES) and emulsion viscosity (EV) of frozen meat tissue were both decreased, by 3·6% and 10·5% respectively, when compared to fresh meat. ES was decreased by 4·0% and 3·7% at 5°C and 11°C oil temperature respectively when compared to 21°C. While EV decreased 12·2% at 11°C compared to 21°C, it did not show any statistically significant (P < 0·01) change at 5°C oil temperature. ES and EV were elevated with the addition of phosphate and increasing phosphate levels. These increases for ES were 3·9% and 3·7% with 0·50% and 0·75% phosphate levels respectively, when compared to the 0·00% phosphate control group. Also, the increases for EV were 22·3% and 27·0% with 0·50% and 0·75% phosphate levels respectively, compared to the 0·00% phosphate control group. The alteration of the ES was not statistically P < 0·01) significant for the 0·50% phosphate level when compared to the 0·75% phosphate level. The ES decreased 1·1% for a 3·0% salt level when compared to a 2·5% salt level, and there was statistically (P < 0·05) no effect on the EV.
Maximizing flexure jointed hexapod vibration isolation using a modified genetic algorithm

In this paper we propose the use of the genetic algorithm (GA) as a tool to solve multi-objective optimization problems in flexure jointed hexapods. Using the concept of heuristic mutation, a modified GA-based multi-objective optimization technique is proposed and the passive parameters' optimization problems in a flexure jointed hexapod system are solved. The passive parameters found include the spring and the damping parameters in each strut of the hexapod. The results produced by this new approach are compared to those produced by other practical selection techniques, proving that this technique is more flexible. Thus, the genetic algorithm can be used as a reliable numerical optimization tool in such problems.
Priorities for the Economy of Postcommunist Georgia in the Context of the World Financial Crisis

A difficult situation has emerged in the economy of postcommunist Georgia as a result of both the world financial crisis and the war with Russia (August 2008) and also of internal causes, including insufficient use of national resources. In order to improve socioeconomic conditions it is necessary to mobilize national resources to the utmost and activate government support for the production facilities that rely on them. At present only a small part of the rich potential that exists in Georgia's industrial and agricultural sectors is being used, while the country's foreign debt and dependence on imports are growing rapidly. At the same time, simplification of the procedure for the registration of businesses and a significant rise in their number have not found adequate reflection in productivity. The Georgian government has no real long-term program for the development of the economy. The conduct of a correct economic policy will enable Georgia to overcome the grave socioeconomic situation and attain aver...
The effect of prolonged practice of pursuit eye movement

Prolonged exposure to a reciprocating motion that is tracked by the eyes results in diminished extent of perceived motion. Investigation of this effect showed that it becomes manifest only in perceived motion that is caused by ocular pursuit, but that it is not an eye muscle effect. It may consist in a changed evaluation of eye movements. The results throw some light on the relations between the processes that are caused by different stimuli for motion.
The metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), one of the major secretory products of the adrenal glands, is cleared very slowly from the circulation with a t1/2 of 13.7 h and a metabolic clearance rate of 15.5 1/day. This slow metabolism is due, largely, to its strong binding to serum albumin, and its renal tubular reabsorption. It is metabolized mainly by hydrolysis to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and is also converted to androstenedione and testosterone in peripheral tissues. In contrast, DHEA is metabolized much more rapidly with a t1/2 of 60 min, and a metabolic clearance rate of 2050 1/day. Dehydroepiandrosterone is bound to albumin less strongly than is DHEAS. There is conversion of DHEA back to DHEAS as well as conversion to androstenedione and testosterone. When DHEA is given orally, there is a marked increase in circulating DHEAS, greater than the increase in DHEA, and a lesser increase in circulating androgens.
Time of onset and ovarian state prior to entry into winter anestrus

Abstract The reproductive activity of 18 light horse mares was followed from September to May, 1989 and 1991. Five mares were evaluated from July to August, 1991. All mares were teased three times per week. Ovarian size, follicular growth, ovulation and corpus luteum development was followed by ultrasonography daily during estrus and once weekly during diestrus/anestrus. Progesterone (P4) was measured by RIA on plasma drawn daily or weekly. Entry into anestrus was considered complete if a mare did not exhibit cyclic estrous behavior, had no follicles > 25 mm, and maintained P4
Monte Carlo Experiments: Design and Implementation

The use of Monte Carlo simulations for the empirical assessment of statistical estimators is becoming more common in structural equation modeling research. Yet, there is little guidance for the researcher interested in using the technique. In this article we illustrate both the design and implementation of Monte Carlo simulations. We present 9 steps in planning and performing a Monte Carlo analysis: (1) developing a theoretically derived research question of interest, (2) creating a valid model, (3) designing specific experimental conditions, (4) choosing values of population parameters, (5) choosing an appropriate software package, (6) executing the simulations, (7) file storage, (8) troubleshooting and verification, and (9) summarizing results. Throughout the article, we use as a running example a Monte Carlo simulation that we performed to illustrate many of the relevant points with concrete information and detail.
The Artistic Posterity of Joachim of Fiore in Latin America

‭It has long been recognized that Joachim of Fiore (d. 1202), the Calabrian abbot, prophet, and artist, had a profound effect on the mendicant friars, particularly on the Franciscans and Dominicans who recognized their respective founders in his eschatological prophecies. Both orders made use of Joachim’s prognostications in their self-defense and in their world mission, especially when the New World was discovered. Franciscan art in the Andes and Mexico employed Joachimite references, and included the portrait of the Calabrian abbot in paintings depicting a flying Saint Francis of Assisi. There is evidence that native peoples saw and understood this unique New World iconography, with its utopian and apocalyptic messages, within their own cultural constructs and values. The end result suggests that Joachim of Fiore was better known in the Spanish colonial world than in the medieval European world of his own day, and that the visual arts had much to do with this.‬
Leg edema as complication of bladder overdistention

A case of massive leg edema resulting from overdistention is described. Remission of symptoms followed bladder decompression. Venous obstruction as the etiologic factor is supported by impedance plethysmography data before and after bladder decompression.
Recoiling alpha-emitting nuclei. Mechanisms for uranium-series disequilibrium☆

Abstract High-sensitivity experiments with particles that are strongly enriched in alpha-emitting nuclei show that damaged regions are produced that can be eroded by subsequent exposure to water. Direct ejection of recoil nuclei from solid grains is also observed. These observations appear to supply a basis for understanding disequilibria between 238 U and 234 U in natural samples that have been exposed to water. The two mechanisms observed are expected to act under different natural conditions.
Our genetic future

UnZipped Genes: Taking Charge of Baby-making in the New Millennium by Marline Rothblatt. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA, 1997, pp. 201, $18.95 (paperback).
PRECISION INSTRUMENTATION FOR AN ELECTRON ACCELERATOR

The supporting instrumentation necessary for an electron Van de Graaff accelerator is described. This includes a beam current integrator, a capacitor divider voltmeter, and an electron beam calorimeter, all with a precision of approximately ± 0.05%; plus a cavity ion chamber for X-ray measurements, an extrapolation chamber for electron absorbed dose measurements, and an automated gold target.
Enzymatic determination of glucose in marine environments: Improvement and note of caution

Abstract Microheterotrophic glucose uptake kinetics ( V max and [ K + S n ] value ) and uptake velocities ( v ) based on natural glucose concentrations ( S n ) suggested that glucose concentrations in the Sapelo Island estuary were overestimated by published enzymatic techniques. Glucose oxidase treatment of water samples before glucose measurement yielded results as much as 50% lower than when this step was omitted. Thin layer chromatography shows that glucose must be separated from other carbohydrates (e.g., fructose) which interfere with the glucose assay.
Caffeine enhances doxorubicin cardiac toxicity in an animal model

Abstract Based on in vitro data suggesting an interaction between methylxanthines and doxorubicin in regulating Ca2+ across muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, this study was designed to test the hypothesis that a commonly used methylxanthine, caffeine, might influence the cardiac toxicity of doxorubicin. Three days following doxorubicin treatment, in vivo intracardiac pressures, cardiac outputs, in vitro cardiac weights, and cardiac electron microscopy were performed. Guinea pigs were treated with doxorubicin alone, doxorubicin plus caffeine, caffeine alone, and sterile saline as a control measure. Animals treated with doxorubicin had no significant differences in in vivo hemodynamics compared to the control animals. The average histology score was slightly but not statistically greater than the control animals, score (1.19 ± 0.36 vs 1.60 ± 0.34, respectively, P = NS). Animals receiving both doxorubicin and caffeine compared to the control animals had important differences in left ventricular systolic pressure (67 ± 10 vs 92 ± 7 mmHg; P = .003), cardiac output (154 ± 35 vs 217 ± 41 mL/min; P = .0174), stroke volume (.59 ± 12 vs .79 ± .07 mL; P = .0045), and histology score (2.36 ± 0.21 vs 1.19 ± 0.36; P = .028). There were no differences in left or right heart filling pressures between treatment groups. As an independent confirmation, there was a weak but statistically significant negative correlation between the biopsy score and cardiac output or stroke volume for all four groups of animals (r = .44, P = .031 and r = −.42, P = .040, respectively). These data are consistent with caffeine and doxorubicin having additive or potentiating effects on cardiac toxicity in this animal model.
Manipulations of cold atoms on a chip: double well potential and 1D Bose gas

We report on progress for a couple of experiments on manipulating cold atoms on a chip for quantum sensing. The first experiments are directed towards developing a compact atom interferometer on an atom chip using a double-well potential. The interferometer uses 87Rb atoms magnetically confined in an atomic waveguide produced by wires on the surface of a lithographically patterned chip. Finite element modeling of combinations of different current configurations with various external bias fields indicated a means of coherently splitting the atomic cloud through dynamically adjusting the currents and bias fields. In these experiments we investigate real-time transformations between different double-well configurations adiabatically and non-adiabatically, and study their effects on the initially trapped atoms. Coherence properties of the two atomic wavepackets are examined. In another set of experiments we investigate the properties of bosons confined to (quasi) one dimension in our magnetic waveguide. When the atom-atom repulsive interaction becomes much larger than the kinetic energy, bosons confined in one dimension can enter a new state of matter, the Tonks-Girardeau gas, in which they behave like non-interacting fermions. However, the bosons can still occupy the same momentum state and therefore the gas cannot be fully described by either Bose-Einstein or Fermi-Dirac statistics. This transition has been observed in optical lattices but not in magnetic atom chip waveguides. We discuss the conditions for obtaining a Tonks-Girardeau gas with 87Rb atoms in our atom chip waveguide as well as a novel signature for observing the transition in our system.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Usefulness of Electron Microscopy in the Diagnosis of Tumors

Summary There are no pathognomonic characteristics of tumor cells per se. Recognition and classification of tumors is part of the art of pathology. Electron microscopy can assist the pathologist in solving diagnostic problems by better resolving the light microscopic characteristics of tumors as well as by identifying structures in poorly differentiated neoplastic cells characteristic of the cell line from which they arose. We have attempted to illustrate the ultrastructural representation of tumor cells in general, correlating it with the light microscopic picture and with cell function, and have characterized carcinomas including squamous and adeno-varieties as well as those with squamous metaplasia and specific secretory granules and tumors of mesenchymal origin. Small, clear and spindle cell carcinomas have been described and their differentiation from lymphomas, melanoma, sarcomas, and tumors with epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics such as meningioma, mesothelioma and thymoma has been discussed. The usefulness of semithin plastic sections and the value of electron microscopy as a quality control in surgical pathology has been illustrated. While optimal fixation of tissues processed for electron microscopy assures best results, ordinary formalin fixed material (frequently after long periods on the shelf) and paraffin material can often provide useful information.
Aluminum Beam Leaded Chips, Substrates and Crossovers: a Single Metal System

A single metal system for beam-leaded chips, substrates and crossovers has been shown to be feasible using aluminum. Beams were formed on both ceramic substrates with holes tented with Riston (a sheet photoresist) and on silicon wafers by vacuum evaporation of aluminum from multiple tungsten filaments, and subsequent delineation and etching using photolithographic techniques. The chips with beams were separated from the wafer by anisotropic etching, and the tenting material removed from the ceramic by dissolution in appropriate solvents or an oxygen plasma. Beams were formed on polyimide sheet by photolithographically etching an adhesiveless laminate of aluminum on polyimide. Actual working samples have been fabricated of aluminum beam leads on ceramic and plastic substrates, aluminum beam leaded crossovers on ceramic, aluminum crossovers on plastic using multilayers and aluminum beam leaded silicon chips. Standard integrated circuit chips have been ultrasonically bonded into these substrates and the beam leaded chips have been ultrasonically bonded to an aluminum coated substrate. Environmental physical tests have shown the beam leads and crossovers to be rugged.
Roughness effects on radiant heat transfer between interacting surfaces.

The radiative transfer between interacting plates with rough surfaces is analyzed on the basis of Beckman's (1963) rough-surface bidirectional reflectance model and, for comparison, on the basis of a direction-dependent specular reflection property model and an approximate rough surface model which assumes a diffuse distribution of the scattered energy. It is found that the overall heat transfer obtained with the Beckman model is only slightly (1.5%) less than that obtained with the direction-dependent specular reflection model. Furthermore, constant property specular reflection analysis gave results within 3% of the rough surface values. The region of uncertainty for the rough surface flux increases, however, as optical roughness increases.
Disgust and biological descriptions bias logical reasoning during legal decision-making

Legal decisions often require logical reasoning about the mental states of people who perform gruesome behaviors. We use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine how brain regions implicated in logical reasoning are modulated by emotion and social cognition during legal decision-making. Participants read vignettes describing crimes that elicit strong or weak disgust matched on punishment severity using the US Federal Sentencing Guidelines. An extraneous sentence at the end of each vignette described the perpetrator's personality using traits or biological language, mimicking the increased use of scientific evidence presented in courts. Behavioral results indicate that crimes weak in disgust receive significantly less punishment than the guidelines recommend. Neuroimaging results indicate that brain regions active during logical reasoning respond less to crimes weak in disgust and biological descriptions of personality, demonstrating the impact of emotion and social cognition on logical reasoning mechanisms necessary for legal decision-making.
Extracorporeal life support for adults with malignancy and respiratory or cardiac failure: The Extracorporeal Life Support experience.

Abstract Background Adults with cancer may be considered for extracorporeal life support (ECLS) as a means of support if failing conventional therapy. Methods The Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry was queried for patients aged ≥21 years with diagnoses of malignancy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Results Seventy-two adults met inclusion criteria: 47 with solid tumors, 21 with hematologic malignancies, and 4 with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Patients required ECLS primarily for pulmonary support (n = 54). The median duration of ECLS was 4.1 days. Overall, 44 patients (61%) died on ECLS, 23 (32%) survived to hospital discharge, and 5 (7%) survived ECLS but died before discharge. Risk factors for death include pulmonary support as reason for ECLS, impaired lung function before ECLS, and development of infection. Conclusions Adults with cancer can be offered ECLS with a small but real expectation for survival. Impaired pulmonary status and the development of infections are associated with death.
Variable Delay Transmission Lines in advanced CMOS SOI technology

Variable (Delay) Transmission Lines (VTL) offer digital tuning of fabricated transmission lines to compensate for process variation in active and passive devices of RF silicon design enabling self-healing and post- production circuit tuning. A novel compact semi-analytic single ended VTL model, enabling accurate RFIC circuit level simulation to enhance design flow, was developed. VTL structures were fabricated and measured in IBM 32nm CMOS SOI technology. The 30,50,80 Ohm VTL structures, consisting of metal crossing lines between the signal line and ground plane that are connected to ground through CMOS switches, exhibit over 11%, 15%, 18% delay tuning range respectively with low insertion loss and good agreement between measured results and developed model simulations. Index Terms — Transmission lines, Compact model, Variable delay lines, Self-healing.
Effects of different protein supplements on mitogen responses of human peripheral blood lymphocytes

We evaluated the effects of 6 supplements often used in human lymphocyte cultures, including fetal calf serum, autologous human serum, pooled human AB serum, hypogammaglobulinemic human serum, bovine serum albumin and human serum albumin. Lymphocyte proliferation of unstimulated and mitogen activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. The response of cells stimulated with the T-cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin-P were significantly lower when cultured in bovine serum albumin supplemented media, but were otherwise not supplement dependent. In contrast, responses of cells stimulated with the B-cell mitogens Cowan I strain of S. aureus and antisera against the mu or delta chain of human immunoglobulin were significantly effected by supplement. Cultures containing fetal calf serum and bovine serum albumin had high background responses without a proportional rise in cellular proliferation when B-lymphocyte-specific mitogens were utilized. Autologous human serum and pooled human AB serum contained immunoglobulin which interacted with each of the B cell mitogens, thus limiting their usefulness as in vitro supplements. Cells grown in human serum albumin supplemented media had minimal background and high stimulated responses to B-cell mitogens. These results indicate that human serum albumin is an optimal supplement for in vitro human lymphocyte proliferative assays since it supports high stimulated cell responses with low background activity, is devoid of immunoglobulin and had minimal variability among lots.
Presenilins regulate the cellular activity of ryanodine receptors differentially through isotype-specific N-terminal cysteines.

Abstract Presenilins (PS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transmembrane proteins, form the catalytic core of γ-secretase, an amyloid precursor protein processing enzyme. Mutations in PS lead to Alzheimer's disease (AD) by altering γ-secretase activity to generate pathologic amyloid beta and amyloid plaques in the brain. Here, we identified a novel mechanism where binding of a soluble, cytosolic N-terminal domain fragment (NTF) of PS to intracellular Ca 2 + release channels, ryanodine receptors (RyR), controls Ca 2 + release from the ER. While PS1NTF decreased total RyR-mediated Ca 2 + release, PS2NTF had no effect at physiological Ca 2 + concentrations. This differential function and isotype-specificity is due to four cysteines absent in PS1NTF, present, however, in PS2NTF. Site-directed mutagenesis targeting these cysteines converted PS1NTF to PS2NTF function and vice versa, indicating differential RyR binding. This novel mechanism of intracellular Ca 2 + regulation through the PS–RyR interaction represents a novel target for AD drug development and the treatment of other neurodegenerative disorders that critically depend on RyR and PS signaling.
Cosmogenic 36Cl and 10Be ages of Quaternary glacial and fluvial deposits of the Wind River Range, Wyoming

We measured cosmogenic 36 Cl in 56 samples from boulders on moraines and fluvial terraces in the vicinity of the Wind River Range, Wyoming. We also measured 10 Be in 10 of the same samples. Most of the 10 Be ages were in good agreement with the 36 Cl ages, indicating that rock-surface erosion rates were very low. The oldest moraine investigated, the type Sacagewea Ridge site, yielded only a limiting minimum age of >232 ka. The oldest moraines in the type Bull Lake complex also could be constrained only to >130 ka. The main sequence of type Bull Lake moraines yielded age distributions indicating deposition within the intervals 130 to 100 ka and 120 to 100 ka; the best estimates are closer to the upper limits of these ranges, and associated uncertainties are in the range of 10% to 15%. These uncertainties could permit deposition in either marine isotope stage 6 or stage 5d. We found no evidence of glacial deposits dating to marine isotope stage 4. Both Bull Lake–age moraines from Fremont Lake, on the opposite side of the Wind River Range, and boulders on a fluvial terrace above the Wind River, gave age distributions very similar to that of the second oldest Bull Lake advance (ca. 130 to 100 ka). The distribution of boulder ages for Pinedale moraines at Bull Lake indicated deposition between 23 and 16 ka, nearly identical to the distribution of 10 Be ages previously reported for the type Pinedale moraines at Fremont Lake.
Solubility Solvation, and Stabilization of αs1 - and β-Caseins

Abstract α s1 -Casein has been observed to differ from α s1 -B by its solubility in CaCl 2 solutions at 1 and 37C, and by its stabilization profile in the presence of κ-casein and calcium ions. The different characteristics of the protein α s1 -A have been attributed to the deletion of a segment of nonpolar amino acids resulting in decreased hydrophobic interactions among α s1 -A molecules. The deletion also has impaired the formation of α s1 -κ-casein micelles under conditions of normal formation.
A general theory of cartesian clarity and distinctness based on the theory of enumeration in the Rules

Le «clair» et le «distinct» comptent parmi les concepts les plus importants de la theorie cartesienne de la connaissance. Il n'est pas etonnant des lors qu'il se soit trouve quelques divergences quant a la facon dont ces concepts doivent etre compris. Mais jusqu'a tout recemment, les chercheurs ne se sont guere attardes sur ces divergences, alors pourtant que certaines d'entre elles sont fort remarquables. Ainsi certaines interpretations de la theorie soutiennent que le fait de contraindre la volonte est la marque des idees claires et distinctes, tandis que cela est rejete par d'autres. Certaines encore soutiennent que le clair et le distinct sont susceptibles de degres, tandis que d'autres ne sont pas d'accord. Mon objectif dans cet article est d'esquisser une theorie generale capable de rendre compte, dans ces cas comme dans un certain nombre d'autres, de cette variete d'interpretations du clair et du distinct qui est enracinee dans le corpus cartesien meme. J'appelle cette theorie «generale» dans la mesure ou les diverses interpretations evoquees sont par rapport a elle comme des especes par rapport a un genre. Ma reconstruction de la theorie generale trouve son appui textuel dans l'ensemble du corpus cartesien. Le gros de mes efforts, cependant, consiste a retracer la theorie dans un texte qui fut l'un des premiers ecrits de Descartes (meme s'il le laissa inedit): les Regies pour la direction de l'esprit.
A Novel Role of Transforming Growth Factor β1 in Transcriptional Repression of Human Cholesterol 7α-Hydroxylase Gene

Background & Aims: Inhibition of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) by bile acids and inflammatory cytokines provides an important mechanism to protect hepatocytes from bile acid toxicity during cholestasis. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) released by hepatic stellate cells during chronic liver injury plays a critical role in liver inflammation and fibrogenesis. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of TGFβ1 in hepatic bile acid synthesis. Methods: mRNA expressions in primary human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Reporter assay, glutathione-S-transferase pull-down assay, adenovirus-mediated gene transduction, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were used to study the mechanism of TGFβ1 regulation of CYP7A1 gene transcription. Results: TGFβ1 inhibited the mRNA expression of CYP7A1 and bile acid synthesis in HepG2 cells and primary human hepatocytes. Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (Smad3) inhibited both CYP7A1 promoter activity and mRNA expression by inhibiting DNA-binding activity of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4alpha). The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor Tricostatin A partially blocked the TGFβ1 inhibition of CYP7A1 mRNA expression, whereas TGFβ1 decreased histone 3 acetylation in the CYP7A1 chromatin. TGFβ1 treatment and adenovirus Smad3 reduced HNF4α binding but increased the recruitment of Smad3, HDAC1, and a repressor mSin3A to the CYP7A1 chromatin. Conclusions: This study provides the first evidence that TGFβ1 represses CYP7A1 gene transcription in human hepatocytes by a mechanism involving Smad3-dependent inhibition of HNF4α and HDAC remodeling of CYP7A1 chromatin. The TGFβ1/Smad3 signaling may reduce bile acid synthesis in the liver and prevent hepatocyte injury in cholestatic liver disease.
A GLOBAL PERIOD-1 MOTION OF A PERIODICALLY EXCITED, PIECEWISE-LINEAR SYSTEM

The period-1 motion of a piecewise-linear system under a periodic excitation is predicted analytically through the Poincare mapping and the corresponding mapping sections formed by the switch planes pertaining to the two constraints. The mapping relationship generates a set of nonlinear algebraic equations from which the period-1 motion is determined analytically. The stability and bifurcation of the period-1 motion are determined, and numerical simulations are carried out for confirmation of the analytical prediction of period-1 motion. An unsymmetrical stable period-1 motion is observed. This investigation helps us understand the dynamical behavior of period-1 motion in the piecewise-linear system and more efficiently obtain other periodic motions and chaos through numerical simulations. The similar methodology presented in this paper can be used for other nonsmooth dynamical systems.
Environmental Reporting of Global Corporations: A Content Analysis based on Website Disclosures

Today, more corporations disclose information about their environmental performance in response to stakeholder demands of environmental responsibility and accountability. What information do corporations disclose on their websites? This paper investigates the environmental management policies and practices of the 200 largest corporations in the world. Based on a content analysis of the environmental reports of Fortune’s Global 200 companies, this research analyzes the content of corporate environmental disclosures with respect to the following seven areas: environmental planning considerations, top management support to the institutionalization of environmental concerns, environmental structures and organizing specifics, environmental leadership activities, environmental control, external validations or certifications of environmental programs, and forms of corporate environmental disclosures.
Case Report Emergence of multiple antibiotic resistance during the therapy of Klebsiella pneumoniae meningitis

A patient is described in whom multiple antibiotic resistance developed during the course of therapy of Klebsiella pneumoniae meningitis. Sequential resistance developed to chloramphenicol, gentamicin and eventually amikacin. As previously reported, the use of the chloramphenicol alone in the therapy of gram-negative bacillary meningitis can result in rapid emergence of resistance and treatment failure. In this patient, the subsequent emergence of gentamicin and amikacin resistance may have been related to the omission of intrathecal aminoglycoside. A short review of the literature is presented and recommendations are made for the therapy of gram-negative bacillary meningitis.
Inclusions and inhomogeneities in transversely isotropic piezoelectric solids

Abstract We analyse the electroelastic fields in and around inclusions and inhomogeneities in transversely isotropic piezoelectric solids using Eshelby’s pioneering approach. Following a brief review of the general theory, we obtain explicit, closed-form expressions for the four tensors that are the piezoelectric analog of Eshelby’s tensor for spheroidal inclusions in a transversely isotropic piezoelectric medium. We focus on no specific problem pertaining to piezoelectric inclusions and inhomogeneities, but instead provide an easily-used general solution. The explicit expressions for the four tensors can be used, in the same manner as Eshelby’s tensor for elastic inclusions, to solve a wide range of problems in the mechanics and physics of heterogeneous piezoelectrics.