cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural basis for topoisomerase VI inhibition by the anti-Hsp90 drug radicicol

Members of the GHL ATPase superfamily, including type II topoisomerases, Hsp90-class chaperones, and MutL, all share a common GHKL-type ATP-binding fold and act as nucleotide-controlled 'molecular clamps'. These enzymes' ATP-binding sites have proven to be rich drug targets, and certain inhibitors of type II topoisomerases and Hsp90 bind to this region and competitively inhibit these enzymes. Recently, it was found that radicicol, a drug known to block Hsp90 function, also inhibits the archaeal type IIB topoisomerase topo VI. Here, we use X-ray crystallography to show that despite low sequence identity ( approximately 10-12%) between topo VI and Hsp90, radicicol binds to the ATPase sites of these two enzymes in an equivalent manner. We further demonstrate that radicicol inhibits both the dimerization of the topo VI ATPase domains and ATP hydrolysis, two critical steps in the enzyme's strand passage reaction. This work contributes to a growing set of structures detailing the interactions between GHL-family proteins and various drugs, and reveals radicicol as a versatile scaffold for targeting distantly related GHL enzymes.
Nonenzymatic glycation of type IV collagen and matrix metalloproteinase susceptibility

Nonenzymatic glycation of type IV collagen and matrix metalloproteinase susceptibility. The glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is damaged in diabetes through complex mechanisms that are not fully understood. Prominent among them is nonenzymatic protein glycation leading to the formation of so-called advanced glycation end products (AGEs). We examined the effects of in vitro glycation of intact collagen type IV in bovine lens capsule (LBM) and kidney glomerular (GBM) basement membranes on their susceptibility to matrix metalloproteinases, using stromelysin 1 (MMP-3) and gelatinase B (MMP-9). Sites of cleavage of unmodified LBM collagen were located in the triple helical region. In vitro glycation by glucose severely inhibited the release of soluble collagen cleavage peptides by MMP-3 and MMP-9. The distribution of AGEs within the three domains of collagen IV (7S, triple helical, and non-collagenous NC1) were compared for LBM glycation using AGE fluorescence, pentosidine quantitation, and immunoreactivity towards anti-AGE antibodies that recognize the AGE carboxymethyllysine (CML). Marked asymmetry was observed, with the flexible triple helical domain having the most pentosidine and fluorescent AGEs but the least CML. The in vivo relevance of these findings is supported by preliminary studies of AGE distribution in renal basement membrane (RBM) collagen IV domains from human kidneys of two insulin-dependent diabetics and one normal subject. Pentosidine and fluorescent AGE distributions of diabetic RBM were similar to LBM, but the CML AGE in diabetic kidney was less in the triple helical domain than in NCI. Our results support the hypothesis that nonenzymatic glycation of collagen IV contributes to the thickening of basement membranes, a hallmark of diabetic nephropathy.
Mechanisms of spallation of solution precursor plasma spray thermal barrier coatings

The durability and failure mechanisms of solution precursor plasma spray (SPPS) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are investigated. SPPS TBCs exhibit an average life of 1018 cycles in a 1-h 1121 °C cycle furnace test, that is more than 2.5 times of that of a commercial APS TBC in the same test. Failure of the SPPS TBC starts with crack initiation along the unmelted particles in the ceramic top coat and the non-alumina oxides. The cracks propagate and coalesce with thermal cycling. The extensive cracking of the rapidly formed non-alumina oxides, resulting from the depletion of aluminum in the bond coat, leads to the development of a large separation between the TBC and substrate. When a crack of sufficient size emerges, the TBC separates from the metal substrate by large scale buckling. The greatly improved durability of the SPPS TBCs compared to APS TBCs on the same substrate and bond coat is attributed to the reduced stress near the bond coat-SPPS ceramic interface as a result of the vertical microcracks in the SPPS microstructure.
Core-Shell Latex Particles Consisting of Polysiloxane-Poly(styrene-methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid): Preparation and Pore Generation

Latexes with a poly(dimethyl siloxane) core and a poly(styrene-methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid) [poly(St-MMA-AA)] shell have been prepared in two steps in order to generate particles that have a core with a very low glass transition temperature. In the first step, poly(dimethyl siloxane) particles were obtained via the ring-opening emulsion polymerization of octamethyl tetracyclosiloxane (D4). The polymerization was carried out using either an anionic or a cationic catalyst. In the first case, sodium hydroxide was used as catalyst and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate as surfactant, while in the second, the alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (ABSA) was used both as catalyst and surfactant. Using a PD4 latex as seed, a seeded emulsion polymerization of St-MMA-AA was conducted to obtain PD4–P(St-MMA-AA) core–shell particles. Numerous recipes were attempted and the most successful were those in which the seed was prepared with a cationic catalyst (ABSA) at a relatively low temperature (75°C). The core–shell structure of the particles was identified by transmission electron microscopy, but also via wetting angle, water absorption, and Tg measurements. Finally, pores were generated in the core–shell particles via an alkali–acid treatment. Because PD4 has a very low glass transition temperature, it cannot be easily handled. However, protected by a shell, it could be used as a constituent of composite materials with enhanced impact strength, even at very low temperatures. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 2235–2245, 1999
Selective and differential avoidance learning in the feeding and withdrawal behavior ofPleuobranchaea californica

1. The marine gastropod molluskPleurobranchaea was avoidance conditioned by pairing food stimuli with conditional aversive electric shock. Yoked control specimens received explicitly unpaired food and shock in similar quantities to experimentals. All specimens were tested blind. 2. Experimental animals (N = 7) trained against squid homogenate (conditioned stimulus or CS) acquired an aversion to the squid, as evidenced by withdrawal from the CS (active avoidance learning; Fig. 1) and suppression of feeding behavior (passive avoidance learning; Figs. 2 and 3). The acquired aversion persisted for longer than 1 week, and was not displayed by control animals (N = 7). Statistically significant differences between experimentals and controls tested with squid were obtained in ten out of fifteen post-conditioning comparisons. 3. Experimental animals trained against squid homogenate, as well as control specimens in the same paradigm, showed a weak aversion to a homogenate of the sea anemoneCorynactis (Figs. 1–3). The difference between experimentals and controls when tested withCorynactis was statistically significant in only two out of fifteen comparisons, however. It may be concluded that the learned aversion was specific to the CS associated with shock (squid). 4. 42 specimens were subjected to modified differential avoidance conditioning, using various combinations of squid,Corynactis and shrimp as the CS+ (the food stimulus paired conditionally with shock) and CS− (the food stimulus not paired with shock). Differential avoidance learning, evidenced by a statiscally significant difference between responses to the CS+ and CS−, was evident in the withdrawal and feeding behaviors of individual animals, individual experiments on small groups of animals and in the aggregate data from all experiments (Figs. 4 and 5). 5. When data were categorized by the combination of stimuli used as the CS+ and CS−, the strongest differential learning was exhibited by the group in whichCorynactis served as the CS+ and squid as the CS− (Figs. 6–10). For certain combinations of food stimuli, differential learning was not obtained. 6. We conclude that the behavioral modification induced by avoidance conditioning ofPleurobran chaea's feeding and withdrawal behaviors is representative of genuine associative learning, and that the learned aversion is specific to the stimulus with which punishment is associated.
Graded repair of cranial base defects and cerebrospinal fluid leaks in transsphenoidal surgery.

Objective A graded approach to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak repair after transsphenoidal surgery is presented. Methods Patients undergoing endonasal tumor removal during an 8-year period were reviewed. Intraoperative CSF leaks were classified as Grade 0, no leak observed; Grade 1, small leak without obvious diaphragmatic defect; Grade 2, moderate leak; or Grade 3, large diaphragmatic/dural defect. Cranial base repair was tailored to the leak grade as Grade 0, collagen sponge; Grade 1, two-layered collagen sponge repair with intrasellar titanium mesh buttress; Grade 2, intrasellar and sphenoid sinus fat grafts with collagen sponge overlay and titanium buttress; and Grade 3, same as Grade 2 with CSF diversion in most cases. A provocative tilt test was performed before patient discharge to assess the integrity of the CSF leak repair. Protocol modifications adopted in 2003 included an intrasellar fat graft in Grade 1 leaks with a large intrasellar dead space, frequent use of BioGlue (CryoLife, Inc., Atlanta, GA) in Grade 1, 2, and 3 leaks, and CSF diversion for all Grade 3 leaks. Results Among 668 cases in 620 patients (475 pituitary adenomas and 145 other lesions), an intraoperative CSF leak was observed in 57% of the cases: 32.5% Grade 1, 15% Grade 2, and 8.7% Grade 3. Postoperative repair failures occurred in 17 cases (2.5%), including 0.7, 3, 1, and 12% of Grade 0, 1, 2, and 3 CSF leaks, respectively. Bacterial meningitis occurred in three patients (0.45%). After protocol modifications in 2003, repair failures decreased from 4 to 1.2% (P = 0.02). Conclusion A graded repair approach to CSF leaks in transsphenoidal surgery avoids tissue grafts and CSF diversion in more than 60% of patients. Protocol modifications adopted in the last 340 cases have reduced the failure rate to 1% overall and 7% for Grade 3 leaks. Provocative tilt testing before patient discharge is helpful in the timely diagnosis of postoperative CSF leaks.
Frequency and patterns of psychiatric comorbidity in a sample of primary care patients with anxiety disorders

The current report examines the rates of psychiatric comorbidity in a sample of 539 primary care patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV). Though not a typical psychiatric sample, rates of comorbidity were found to be as high or higher than those reported in studies conducted in traditional mental health settings. Multiple anxiety disorders were diagnosed in over 60% of participants and over 70% of participants had more than one current axis I diagnosis. Rates of current and lifetime comorbid major depression were also very high. Patterns of diagnostic comorbidity were also examined, with significantly elevated risks for the co-occurrence of several specific pairings of disorders being found. The study results are discussed in context of a recently published, large-scale study of anxiety disorder comorbidity in psychiatric patients (Brown et al., 2001). Implications of these results for both the mental health and primary care fields are also discussed.
Four methods for the analysis of time-variable circuits

THE GENERAL theory of electric circuits whose component parameters are linear and constant has been extensively developed and is well understood. In recent years, considerable attention and effort has been directed to the analysis and performance of circuits whose parameters vary with the time. Many of the most important and interesting problems of circuit theory involve variable. parameters. For example, the equivalent circuits of the microphone transmitter, the condenser microphone, the induction generator, the superregenerator and of many other practical devices contain parameters that are time-varying. Many systems in mechanical and acoustical engineering in which the compliance or the inertia parameters vary with the time lead to the same mathematical formulation of their behavior as do the time-varying circuit problems.
A mutant of escherichia coli K12 energy-uncoupled for lactose transport

A mutant (X71-54), isolated from X71 (i−z+y+a−), was found to be defective in the accumulation of thiogalactosides but showed no loss of membrane carrier activity. An increased rate of exit from the mutant accounted for its inability to accumulate normally. This exit pathway was confined to lactose analogs as normal accumulation was observed for d-fucose, α-methyl glucoside, l-leucine, l-lysine and α-aminoisobutyric acid. The contransduction of the lactose operon and the energy uncoupled property into a lactose-deleted strain indicates that the defect is in or near the lactose operon. The probability that the defect resides in the y gene was strengthened by the observation that the transport activity of the mutant was abnormally sensitive to sulfhydryl-group reagents such as N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that energy coupling reduces the exit rate of galactosides from the cell by reducing the affinity of the carrier for the substrate at the inner border of the plasma membrane, having no effect on entry.
Lipovitellin and lipid droplet accumulation in oocytes during ovarian maturation in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus

Blue crab ovaries rapidly increased in weight during the 30 days after the terminal molt into adulthood. Oocytes isolated from ovaries during this period increased in diameter from 40 to 201 μm. The concentrations of lipovitellin, a high density lipoprotein found in oocytes, were determined by a competitive ELISA procedure using a monoclonal antibody against one of the lipovitellin peptides. Lipovitellin and lipid droplets were minor components in the immature ovaries and oocytes but increased in concentration to become the major components of the mature ovaries and oocytes. In mature oocytes (201 μm diameter) lipovitellin concentrations accounted for 35 and 95% of the total oocyte protein and soluble oocyte protein, respectively. In mature oocytes the total lipid, lipovitellin lipid, and lipid droplet concentrations were 510, 240, and 140 ng/oocyte, respectively. Sections of ovaries and hepatopancreas at different stages of maturation were probed with the anti-lipovitellin antibody. In small immature oocytes, where no yolk was present, the immunoreactivity was confined to perinuclear yolk complexes. The immunoreactivity of more mature oocytes was associated with globular structures in the cytoplasm. Neither ovarian follicle cells nor hepatopancreas cells showed immunoreactivity. Our results suggest that in blue crabs the lipovitellin components are primarily synthesized in the developing oocytes with perinuclear yolk complexes playing an important role in the formation of lipovitellin-rich yolk granules. Scattered collections of presumed phagocytic hemocytes contained immunoreactive granular material in their cytoplasm. We suggest that these hemocytes remove debris from oocytes which fail to reach maturation and carry this debris to the hepatopancreas. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Is there an industrial future for phytopharmaceutical drugs? An outline of UNIDO programmes in the Sector

Although a substantial proportion of the health-care expenditure of developing countries is spent on the acquisition of drugs, this is only sufficient to serve about a quarter of their population. Therefore it is inconceivable that WHO's goal of HEALTH FOR ALL by the year 2000 could even be approached without consideration being given to the role in health care systems of herbal medicines. In this endeavour, traditional herbal medicines must perforce be granted the benefits of modern science and technology to serve future global needs. Here we are addressing both a contigency situation as well as a long term one. In developing nations there is a dire need for an improved supply of therapeutic agents for a variety of diseases that are characteristic of deprivation and poverty. In addition herbal medicines promise to provide both concepts of therapy, as well as therapeutic agents in areas where modern medicine has few answers. UNIDO's programmes for technical assistance to developing nations aim at the fullest utilisation of traditional herbal-based pharmacopoeias in addressing both these situations. They have employed a multi-disciplinary approach to the industrial production of herbal medicines. The projects endeavour to utilise the natural flora, judiciously, for selection, domestication and crop-wise cultivation of medicinal plant species for industrial processing. National R & D efforts have been strengthened to include the development of expertise in several areas such as instrumental analyses, biological assessment of raw materials as well as products. Process technology development has received special attention. A versatile poly-functional pilot plant has been developed to enable the production of herbal preparations as well as extracts and phytochemicals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sodium hypochlorite as a tissue solubilizing agent compatible with liquid scintillation counting.

Abstract The use of hypochlorite to prepare biological samples, containing incorporated radiolabeled molecules, for liquid scintillation counting was investigated. Hypochlorite both solubilized and decolorized a variety of animal tissues, but fat aggregates, cartilagenous tissue, and plant material resisted digestion. Although hypochlorite induced chemiluminescence, addition of acidified stannous chlorite to the counting cocktail alleviated the spurious counts. The reported procedure, modified to suit particular experiments, may be applicable in a variety of situations where quantitation of biologically incorporated radiolabeled molecules is desired.
Erica Jong’s Sappho and the classical tradition

“I do believe that in every age there are people whose consciousness transcends their own time and that these people, whether fictional or historical, are those with whom we most closely identify and those about whom we most enjoy reading. I have tried to write an interesting and entertaining novel, not an historical treatise, so the development of my heroine's character has always been more important to me than the setting in which we find her.”
Bacterial attachment as related to cellular recognition in the rhizobium‐legume symbiosis

Bacterial attachment is viewed as a cellular recognition event during the infection of legumes by the nitrogen-fixing symbiont, Rhizobium. Studies on the biochemical basis of selective attachment are reviewed, and suggest that this recognition process is accomplished by specific glycoprotein lectin-polysaccharide interactions on the surfaces of the symbionts. An understanding of host specificity may lead to ways to broaden the host range of nitrogen-fixing symbioses.
Thermal energetics of torpid silver-haired bats Lasionycteris noctivagans

Heterothermic endotherms can reduce energy expenditure by using controlled reductions in various physiological processes, collectively called torpor. Torpor is an important mechanism which allows many small endotherms to survive seasonal periods of inactivity, but there are few data on metabolic rate during torpor (TMR) for small, tree-living bats during winter. Therefore, I report TMR of silver-haired batsLasionycteris noctivagans (LeConte, 1831) measured at various ambient temperatures (Ta). Bats were captured in October 2004 in southwestern Missouri, USA. NoL. noctivagans had been captured at this time in this area previously. Mean body mass of 3 individuals was 10.49 g±0.3 SE. TMR varied with Ta and mean TMR was lowest at 5°C at 0.363 ml O2/h (2.03 mW). These data indicate that the TMR ofL. noctivagans is similar to another migratory, tree-roosting bat (the eastern red batLasiurus borealis; Muller, 1776), and suggest that Ta near 5°C is energetically optimal for hibernatingL. noctivagans in this area.
Motion times, hand forces, and trunk kinematics when using material handling manipulators in short-distance transfers of moderate mass objects

The risk of musculoskeletal injury associated with manual materials handling tasks has led in part to the use of material handling manipulators, yet there is limited empirical data to facilitate selection, design, and evaluation of these devices. A laboratory study of two types of mechanical manipulators (articulated arm and overhead hoist) was conducted of short-distance transfers of moderate loads, and the influence of various task parameters and transfer method on motion times, peak hand forces, and torso kinematics was obtained. Use of manipulators increased elemental motion times for symmetric sagittal plane transfers by 36-63%, and asymmetric transfers (in the frontal plane) by 62-115%, compared to similar transfers performed manually. Peak hand forces were significantly lower with both manipulators (40-50%), and approximately 10% higher for asymmetric versus symmetric transfers. Overall torso kinematics were grossly similar with and without a manipulator. These results suggest that for self-paced job tasks, moderate mass objects will be transferred slower over short distances and with lower levels of external (hand) forces when using mechanical aids. These simple effects, however, were influenced by object mass and transfer height.
Use of 2-3H-d,l-tyrosine in a rapid and sensitive isotopic assay for tyrosine aminotransferase

Abstract Recent studies on the tyrosine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.5) mechanism in this laboratory involved experiments with 2- 3 H- d,l -tyrosine. In the complete forward reaction in the direction of p -hydroxyphenylpyruvate formation using the purified enzyme from rat liver, the tritium from 2- 3 H- d,l -tyrosine was found in the water of the medium (1). It appeared that the tritiation of water by this reaction could provide a rapid and very sensitive enzymic assay.
The Role of Violent Video Game Content in Adolescent Development Boys' Perspectives

Numerous policies have been proposed at the local, state, and national level to restrict youth access to violent video and computer games. Although studies are cited to support policies, there is n...
Understanding the Influence of Educational Attainment on Kidney Health and Opportunities for Improved Care

Educational attainment is an important but often overlooked contributor to health outcomes in patients with kidney disease. Those with lower levels of education have an increased risk of ESRD, complications of peritoneal dialysis, worse transplant outcomes, and mortality. Mediators of these associations are poorly understood but involve a complex interplay between health knowledge, behaviors, and socioeconomic and psychosocial factors. Interventions targeting these aspects of care have the potential to reduce disparities related to educational attainment; however, few programs have been described that specifically address this issue. Future research efforts should not only systematically assess level of educational attainment but also report the differential impact of interventions across educational strata. In addition, routine measurement of health literacy may be useful to identify high-risk patients independent of years of schooling. A better understanding of the influence of educational attainment on kidney health provides an opportunity to improve the care and outcomes of vulnerable patients with kidney disease.
ASSOCIATIVE CONES AND INTEGRABLE SYSTEMS

We identify ℝ7 as the pure imaginary part of octonions. Then the multiplication in octonions gives a natural almost complex structure for the unit sphere S6. It is known that a cone over a surface M in S6 is an associative submanifold of ℝ7 if and only if M is almost complex in S6. In this paper, we show that the Gauss-Codazzi equation for almost complex curves in S6 are the equation for primitive maps associated to the 6-symmetric space G2=T2, and use this to explain some of the known results. Moreover, the equation for S1-symmetric almost complex curves in S6 is the periodic Toda lattice, and a discussion of periodic solutions is given.
Changing Sex Roles and Worklife Flexibility

It has been hypothesized that the rise of women workers and nontraditional sex roles have fostered pressures for realignments of the amount and scheduling of work time. Data from exploratory survey research on a sample of 791 county employees supports and elaborates the existence of relationships between changing sex roles and preferences for alternative work patterns. Speculations are made about future sex roles and work time arrangements.
MOCVD of Aluminum Oxide Barrier Coating

High temperature materials such as nickel superalloys require the development of corrosion resistant coatings. These coatings must be thermally stable and chemically inert in order to protect the substrate material. Aluminum oxide is one such candidate. Aluminum acetylacetonate was used as the precursor for metal-organic chemical vapor deposition at atmospheric pressure. Uniform, amorphous, and multi-colored protective coatings were deposited onto nickel substrates at 400 to 500°C and dark gray, and powdery coatings were obtained at higher temperatures of 550 to 600°C. The coating was free from cracks when higher carrier gas flow rate were used.
Bayesian estimation of multidimensional item response theory model using gibbs sampling

We propose Bayesian parameter estimation in a multidimensional item response theory model using the Gibbs sampling algorithm. We apply this approach to dichotomous responses to a questionnaire on sleep quality. The analysis helps determine the underlying dimensions.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM RELAPSE IN UNFAVOURABLE-HISTOLOGY NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA: IS PROPHYLAXIS INDICATED?

Abstract In 2 randomised, prospective Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trials, the frequency of central nervous system (CNS) involvement after chemotherapy in 347 adults with stage III and IV unfavourable-histology, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was 8·4%. The frequency varied from 0% in diffuse mixed lymphoma to >30% in lymphoblastic and diffuse-undifferentiated lymphoma. Of the 42% of patients who achieved complete remission after chemotherapy, CNS involvement developed in 5·4% during relapse, but in only 2·7% was the CNS the sole site of relapse. CNS lymphoma arose in 6·6% of 197 patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma, but in only 1 subject (1%) was the CNS the sole site of relapse. Therefore, CNS prophylaxis is not indicated for the common diffuse-histology subtypes of adult non-Hodgkin's lymphoma including diffuse-histiocytic, diffusemixed and diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. The relatively high frequency of CNS lymphoma in lymphoblastic and diffuse undifferentiated lymphoma justify further studies of CNS prophylaxis.
Cyclic fatigue analysis of a new generation of nickel titanium rotary instruments.

Recently, a new generation of nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments including the Twisted File (TF; Sybron Dental Specialties, Orange, CA) and ProFile GT Series X (GTX; Denstply, Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK) was introduced to the market. The purpose of this study was to determine if these new NiTi instruments were more resistant to cyclic fatigue compared with traditionally ground NiTi rotary instruments such as EndoSequence (ES; Brasseler, Savannah, GA) and ProFile (PF; Dentsply, Tulsa Dental Specialties). Size #25 TF, ES, and PF and size #20 GTX with .04 and .06 tapers were tested in a simulated canal with 60 degrees angle of curvature and a 3-mm radius. The number of rotations until fracture was recorded for each instrument. Among both .04 and .06 tapered files, #20 GTX files performed significantly better than all other files tested with tip sizes of #25 (p 0.05) with the same tip size. The new manufacturing processes appeared to offer greater resistance to cyclic fatigue in a simulated canal model.
CREATING NEW TECHNOLOGY‐BASED ORGANIZATIONS: A SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL

While the study of mature organizations and bureaucracies is well established, there has been comparatively little examination of the creation and development of new organizations. What work has been done is highly fragmented, primarily by discipline, and concentrates on different facets of a complex phenomenon. Following a literature review and classification this article attempts a conceptual integration; it proposes a system dynamics model for the creation and development of one particular organizational type: new, technology based organizations. Drawing upon concepts from ecology, the central concept of the model is that new venture creation takes place within, and is thus dependent upon, a larger context of “ecosystem” consisting of environmental resources (technical expertise, capital, services) and existing inhabitants (individuals, firms, and institutions). Intraorganizational factors are also discussed including a set of proposed measures for new venture success. The article closes with some suggestions for the direction of future research and describes a research project the authors have recently begun.
Age of Gambling Initiation and Severity of Gambling and Health Problems Among Older Adult Problem Gamblers

This study examined the relationship between age at first gambling experience and severity of gambling and related problems among older adult problem gamblers. Fifty-two problem gamblers over the age of 65 years completed self-report instruments that assessed gambling problems as well as the Short Form 36 health survey. The median age at first gambling experience was 21 years. Compared with gamblers who had a late onset of gambling, those with an early onset wagered more frequently and had more severe medical and psychiatric problems. These data suggest that gambling that begins in adolescence may be associated with an elevated severity of problems throughout the life span among older adult problem gamblers.
Chronic Fibrosing Conditions in Abdominal Imaging

Chronic fibrosing conditions of the abdomen and pelvis are discussed in terms of their nomenclature, pathophysiology and associations, imaging findings, and differential diagnoses.
A second polymorph of 4,5-di­phenyl-1H-imidazole

The title compound, C15H12N2, (II)(499), contains two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit and is a polymorphic form of a previously reported structure, (I)(495), of the same mol­ecule. The mol­ecules in both polymorphs exhibit nearly identical bond distances, but show significantly different phenyl/imidazole dihedral angles and pack differently in the crystalline state. In each polymorph, strong hydrogen-bonded polymer chains, involving the N atoms of the imidazole fragments in adjacent mol­ecules, are formed.
Microwave Breast Cancer Hyperthermia using Deformable Mirror

In recent years, hyperthermia has been suggested as an alternate adjuvant therapy to radiation and chemotherapy treatment of breast cancer. Clinical prototypes developed for RF hyperthermia often employ a phased array or multiple antenna arrangement to elevate the temperature at the tumor site for selective tissue heating. We propose in this paper, an alternative mode of hyperthermia treatment using a deformable membrane mirror. The deformable mirror with reflective coating functions as an adaptive focusing mirror and delivers preferential energy deposition at the tumor site in the breast. The proposed hyperthermia technique is devoid of the complexities associated with other RF approaches such as the need for the control of amplitude and phase of the antenna array elements for regional focusing
Pauli Matrix Based Formulation of Classical Spin Wave Dispersion Theory

Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) analyses are typically based on magnetostatic spin wave theory. In this approximation, only the moderate wave number (k) dipole-exchange spin wave band is taken into account, while the low k and other bands are ignored. Such an incomplete treatment leads to problems when, for example, one analyzes the FMR response in metals or attempts to explain off resonance losses. The full theory can be done classically through the use of the magnetic torque equation and the Maxwell equations, but a full treatment that includes conductivity, damping, and a general anisotropy is generally tedious and complicated. In this work, a new approach to the classical theory of electromagnetic spin wave excitations has been developed, based on the use of Pauli matrices sigmax, sigmay, and sigmaz. One can analyze the low k propagation region and the high k exchange region, without approximation, and obtain relatively simple working equations in closed form. Based on this Pauli matrix formulation, one can write down simple expressions for the spin wave dispersion and mode polarizations, and solve the requisite boundary value problems for finite geometry problems in a simple way.
Energized membrane regulates cell pole formation in Bacillus subtilis

The pole of the Gram-positive rod Bacillus subtilis is formed by the construction of a crosswall which is then split. The newly exteriorized wall comes under stress and stretches to form the developing pole. A model is proposed to account for the even bisection of the septum. It is based on an extension of our previous finding that autolysin action on living cells is increased when the protonmotive force is dissipated in any of a number of ways. The first site of enzymatic attack is that region of the peripheral wall that has become farther removed from the cytoplasmic membrane as the result of the envagination of the developing septum. Later, enzymatic action lead to the cleavage midway between the portions of cytoplasmic membrane delimiting the septum as this region is farthest removed from the source of protonmotive force.
The mitochondrial genomes of two nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans and Ascaris suum

The nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules of two nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans [13,794 nucleotide pairs (ntp)], and Ascaris suum (14,284 ntp) are presented and compared. Each molecule contains the genes for two ribosomal RNAs (s-rRNA and l-rRNA), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and 12 proteins, all of which are transcribed in the same direction. The protein genes are the same as 12 of the 13 protein genes found in other metazoan mtDNAs: Cyt b, cytochrome b; COI-III, cytochrome c oxidase subunits I-III; ATPase6, Fo ATPase subunit 6; ND1-6 and 4L, NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1-6 and 4L: a gene for ATPase subunit 8, common to other metazoan mtDNAs, has not been identified in nematode mtDNAs. The C. elegans and A. suum mtDNA molecules both include an apparently noncoding sequence that contains runs of AT dinucleotides, and direct and inverted repeats (the AT region: 466 and 886 ntp, respectively). A second, apparently noncoding sequence in the C. elegans and A. suum mtDNA molecules (109 and 117 ntp, respectively) includes a single, hairpin-forming structure. There are only 38 and 89 other intergenic nucleotides in the C. elegans and A. suum mtDNAs, and no introns. Gene arrangements are identical in the C. elegans and A. suum mtDNA molecules except that the AT regions have different relative locations. However, the arrangement of genes in the two nematode mtDNAs differs extensively from gene arrangements in all other sequenced metazoan mtDNAs. Unusual features regarding nematode mitochondrial tRNA genes and mitochondrial protein gene initiation codons, previously described by us, are reviewed. In the C. elegans and A. suum mt-genetic codes, AGA and AGG specify serine, TGA specifies tryptophan and ATA specifies methionine. From considerations of amino acid and nucleotide sequence similarities it appears likely that the C. elegans and A. suum ancestral lines diverged close to the time of divergence of the cow and human ancestral lines, about 80 million years ago.
Selecting a Method of Case Identification to Estimate the Involvement of People With Mental Illnesses in the Criminal Justice System: A Research Note

Arrest and incarceration are a pervasive reality for people with mental illnesses. Wide variation, however, exists in the estimates of the percentage of people with mental illnesses who become involved in the criminal justice system. Researchers and practitioners need a variety of methods in their toolbox to maximize their ability to identify mental illness depending on available resources and needs. Yet, the benefits and costs of utilizing these different approaches have yet to be explored in the criminal justice literature. To begin exploring the utility of the different methods of case identification, we review the most commonly used approaches to identifying people with mental illnesses and end with a detailed examination of the use of behavior health records. The use of behavioral health records is a case identification method that has gained emerging support in criminal justice research in recent years.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Renal Cancer Brain Metastasis: Prognostic Factors and the Role of Whole-Brain Radiation and Surgical Resection.

Background. Renal cell carcinoma is a frequent source of brain metastasis. We present our consecutive series of patients treated with Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) and analyse prognostic factors and the interplay of WBRT and surgical resection. Methods. This is a retrospective study of 66 patients with 207 lesions treated with the Cyberknife radiosurgery system in our institution. The patients were followed up with imaging and clinical examination 1 month and 2-3 months thereafter for the brain metastasis. Patient, treatment, and outcomes characteristics were analysed. Results. 51 male (77.3%) and 15 female (22.7%) patients, with a mean age of 58.9 years (range of 31–85 years) and a median Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) of 90 (range of 60–100), were included in the study. The overall survival was 13.9 months, 21.9 months, and 5.9 months for the patients treated with SRS only, additional surgery, and WBRT, respectively. The actuarial 1-year Local Control rates were 84%, 94%, and 88% for SRS only, for surgery and SRS, and for WBRT and additional SRS, respectively. Conclusions. Stereotactic radiosurgery is a safe and effective treatment option in patients with brain metastases from RCC. In case of a limited number of brain metastases, surgery and SRS might be appropriate.
Primary Headache and Rheumatic Disease

Investigators at Istanbul University and Mersin University School of Medicine, Turkey, assessed the occurrence, prevalence and clinical characteristics of primary headache in pediatric patients, aged <16 years, with chronic rheumatic diseases such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and familial Mediterranean fever (FMF).
Recent advances in the design of tailored nanomaterials for efficient oxygen reduction reaction

Abstract In the past decade, polymer electrolyte membrane fuels (PEMFCs) have been evaluated for both automotive and stationary applications. One of the main obstacles for large scale commercialization of this technology is related to the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction that takes place on the cathode side of fuel cell. Consequently, ongoing research efforts are focused on the design of cathode materials that could improve the kinetics and durability. Majority of these efforts rely on novel synthetic approaches that provide control over the structure, size, shape and composition of catalytically active materials. This article highlights the most recent advances that have been made to tailor critical parameters of the nanoscale materials in order to achieve more efficient performance of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
From Competition to Cooperation A Dyadic Approach to Interlocal Developmental Agreements

This paper explores the conditions under which local governments are likely to engage in formalized intergovernmental developmental cooperation. The author theorizes that policy competition, informational and divisional transaction costs, and resources condition the likelihood of institutional collective action. Data from a variety of sources—including a unique author-conducted survey of local officials in Colorado—are used to test hypotheses in a dyadic model of local cooperation. Results indicate that agreements are more likely in competitive policymaking environments and when jurisdictions have more informational resources.
An Investigation of Twin Supersonic Jet Coupling

The closely spaced twin-jet configuration often seen in military aircraft is distinct from the single jet in both the flow and acoustic fields. The twin-jet plumes interact with each other weakly or strongly varying with the jet operating flow regime and Mach number. The interaction mechanisms of the supersonic twin-jet exhausting from bi-conical convergingdiverging nozzles with design Mach number of 1.23 at a separation distance of two nozzle exit diameters are investigated using near-field pressure measurements and phase-locked flow visualization to explore the twin-jet coupling. Across a series of jet operating Mach numbers, the twin-jet plumes feature three major jet motions: axisymmetric, helical, and flapping modes. The jet flapping motion is strongly augmented in the twin-jet configuration compared to the single jet case. Along the twin-jet plane, which is also the jet flapping direction, the coherent flow structures are observed to displace back and forth laterally. Because of the nature of the jet flapping motion, the near-field pressure fluctuations are markedly amplified at low Strouhal numbers, particularly along the twin-jet plane for far downstream locations. Localized arc filament plasma actuators were implemented as an active flow control tool on the twin-jet plumes to explore the coupling mechanisms. The results show that decoupling and coupling of twin-jet plumes can both be achieved, depending on the jet operating condition and the excitation parameters employed.
Novel Plasmonic Structures Based on Gold Nanobelts

Gold nanobelts are elongated nanostructures that exhibit plasmon resonant scattering that is tunable with the cross-sectional aspect ratio. Their surfactant-directed chemical synthesis produces uniform nanobelts as well as similar, yet more complex, structures. Tapered gold nanobelts have a shift in their cross-sectional aspect ratio along their length and, therefore, a shift in plasmon resonance wavelength. The tapered nanobelts are shown to act as mesoscale plasmonic spectrometers to probe enhanced emission from nearby quantum dots. Nanobelts also form dimers, either because of bifurcation during growth or because of alignment during deposition, that run side by side with sub-10 nm gaps which create large volumes of electromagnetic enhancement for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
Physicians' Duty to Inform Patients of New Medical Discoveries: The Effect of Health Information Technology

Physicians' duties to their patients traditionally have been construed narrowly in time and scope to focus on the specific episode of care or clinical encounter. Physicians generally have had no ethical or legal duty to notify patients about new medical information discovered after a visit, notwithstanding the health care benefits to patients that might flow from receiving the information.
BACK TO BASICS: Diagnostic Tests of Lung Function

Objective measurements of a wide variety of aspects of respiratory function can be useful in the evaluation and management of children and adolescents who have respiratory symptoms or disorders. Many of the tests described in this article can be performed reasonably in the pediatrician's office. Pediatricians can be comfortable in measuring and interpreting pulse oximetry, blood gas analysis, spirometry, and peak flow. They also should be familiar with the indications for the less common tests of pulmonary function that now are widely available.
The Restricted Problem

In the restricted circular planar problem of three bodies, two bodies (assumed to be point masses and calles primaries) revolve around their center of mass in circular orbits under the influence of their mutual gravitational attraction. A third body (attracted by the previous two but not influencing their motion) moves in the plane defined by the two revolving bodies. The problem is to determine the motion of this third body, (Szebehely, 1967).
Why Do Experiments

Abstract Laboratory experiments in social science developed most rapidly in the years since the end of World War II, fostered by the growth of technology for observation and recording. Experiments offer powerful advantages for testing predictions, although their advantages and proper uses, and relations to other kinds of research designs, still are not well understood by many social scientists. Experiments are most useful when investigating predictions derived from explicit theories, and it is theories, rather than experimental results, that are properly used to explain features of natural settings. Theoretical foundations, concrete and theoretical concepts, abstract design, operations, and interpretation of outcomes all are parts of experimental research programs. Although not every ­research question lends itself well to experimental research, when questions are formulated abstractly, the range of experimental usefulness is much broader than many people appreciate.
Intraluminal Meckel’s Duplication Cyst Causing Bowel Obstruction in an Infant: A Role for Laparotomy

This report describes a two-month-old girl who presented with signs and symptoms of a distal small bowel obstruction. She underwent an abdominal ultrasound that revealed a right lower quadrant cystic mass. A Technetium-99 scan revealed increased activity in the right lower quadrant consistent with a Meckel's diverticulum. Following a nondiagnostic laparoscopic evaluation, a laparotomy was performed to allow direct palpation of the small bowel and colon. Direct palpation of the ileum revealed a soft intraluminal mass at the ileocecal valve. The child underwent an ileocecectomy and anastomosis incorporating the intraluminal mass. Pathologic analysis revealed an intraluminal enteric duplication cyst containing ectopic gastric mucosa. This case represents the first report of such an entity in an infant. A discussion of the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of the case and enteric duplication cysts is provided.
Agent-based parallel Particle swarm optimization based on group collaboration

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a population-based evolutionary computation technique. The standard parallel Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a promising scheme for solving NP-complete problems due to its fast convergence, fewer parameter settings and ability to fit dynamic environmental characteristics. A modified version of standard parallel particle swarm optimization algorithm named Agent-based Parallel PSO (PPSO) is presented to solve the large-scale optimization problem at a faster convergence rate. The new algorithm provides the information exchange among the particle sets which aims to accelerate the rate of convergence. Parallelization is based on the client-server model in which the particle set with global best value acts as a server and others are clients with agents in a single iteration. The agents contain the worst value information of respective particle set which they have to exchange with the global best value among particle sets in the swarm. The server is the center of data exchange, which deals with agents and manages the sharing of global best position among the individual clients by the replacement of worst position with global best position. The information exchange in particle sets has been done so that the new result will be the better as compared to previous result.