cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of lung volume reduction surgery followed by lung transplantation: a matched cohort study.

Abstract Background . Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) has been demonstrated to provide symptomatic relief and to improve lung function in patients with end-stage emphysema. The goal of this study was to assess the additional morbidity associated with lung transplantation after LVRS for end-stage emphysema with regard to immediate postoperative outcomes, longitudinal spirometry, and survival rates compared to an age-, gender-, procedure-matched, and transplant time-matched cohort that had lung transplantation alone. Methods . We compared the postoperative and long-term outcomes of a sequential procedure cohort to a matched cohort to assess the possible added post-transplant morbidity. Results . Fifteen patients who underwent sequential LVRS (including 11 unilateral LVRS, 4 bilateral LVRS) and lung transplantation (ipsilateral in 7 and contralateral in 8) on average 28.1 ± 17.2 months (median, 27.4 months; range, 3.7 to 61.7 months) later were assessed. No significant differences were noted in pretransplant demographics, post-transplant variables, longitudinal spirometric indices, or survival. A trend toward a lower pretransplant arterial carbon dioxide tension was apparent in the sequential procedure cohort. Group analysis revealed a significant increase in the number of patients requiring transfusion and in the total number of units transfused in patients undergoing ispsilateral transplantation after LVRS; a significant increase in the length of intensive care unit stay; and a trend toward an increase in the duration of hospital stay in patients undergoing lung transplantation within 18 months of LVRS. Conclusions . In appropriate candidates, LVRS bridged the time to transplantation by an average of 28.1 ± 17.2 months (median, 27.4 months; range, 3.7 to 61.7 months) without significantly increasing post-transplant morbidity or mortality. Furthermore, bilateral LVRS bridged the time to transplantation to a greater extent than unilateral LVRS (34.9 ± 29.8 months; median, 32.1 months versus 25.4 ± 16.3 months; median, 22.3 months; p = 0.23).
Fatty acid composition as influenced by dietary fatty acids and vitamin E status in the rabbit.

SUMMARY Weanling New Zealand rabbits received a semipurified diet containing either semipurified oleic acid or semipurified linoleic acid, both with and without vitamin E. Rabbits receiving the oleic acid without vitamin E failed to develop skeletal muscle degeneration at 12 weeks, in comparison to marked degeneration at 8 weeks in the comparable group receiving linoleic acid. This would indicate that vitamin E requirements were very low when oleic acid was in the diet. Gallstones, composed largely of cholesterol, were plentiful in rabbits receiving oleic acid at 12 weeks, and a few were noted in rabbits receiving linoleic acid at 8 weeks. The gallstones were slightly more plentiful in females than males, but were not greatly influenced by the vitamin E status. The influence of the dietary fatty acid upon the fatty acid composition of the liver, kidneys, heart, adipose deposits, skeletal muscle, and thoracic aorta was profound. The liver of rabbits receiving oleic acid was slightly less affected than the other organs, while the heart and adipose deposits of rabbits receiving linoleic acid were affected slightly more than the other organs. The sex did not appreciably influence the organ fatty acid percentages. Minor differences in fatty acid percentages were noted between rabbits receiving vitamin E and their deficient counterparts.
Noise and crosstalk in two quorum-sensing inputs of Vibrio fischeri

One of the puzzles in bacterial quorum sensing is understanding how an organism integrates the information gained from multiple input signals. The marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri regulates its bioluminescence through a quorum sensing mechanism that receives input from three pheromone signals, including two acyl homoserine lactone (HSL) signals. While the role of the 3-oxo-C6 homoserine lactone (3OC6HSL) signal in activating the lux genes has been extensively studied and modeled, the role of the C8 homoserine lactone (C8HSL) is less obvious, as it can either activate luminescence or block its activation. It remains unclear how crosstalk between C8HSL and 3OC6HSL affects the information that the bacterium obtains through quorum sensing. We have used microfluidic methods to measure the response of individual V.fischeri cells to combinations of C8HSL and 3OC6HSL. By measuring the fluorescence of individual V.fischeri cells containing a chromosomal gfp-reporter for the lux genes, we study how combinations of exogenous HSLs affect both the population average and the cell-to-cell variability of lux activation levels. At the level of a population average, the crosstalk between the C8HSL and 3OC6HSL inputs is well-described by a competitive inhibition model. At the level of individual cells, the heterogeneity in the lux response depends only on the average degree of activation, so that the noise in the output is not reduced by the presence of the second HSL signal. Overall we find that the mutual information between the signal inputs and the lux output is less than one bit. A nonlinear correlation between fluorescence and bioluminescence outputs from lux leads to different noise properties for these reporters. The lux genes in V.fischeri do not appear to distinguish between the two HSL inputs, and even with two signal inputs the regulation of lux is extremely noisy. Hence the role of crosstalk from the C8HSL input may not be to improve sensing precision, but rather to suppress the sensitivity of the switch for as long as possible during colony growth.
Inducible expression of Na+/myo-inositol cotransporter mRNA in anterior epithelium of bovine lens: affiliation with hypertonicity and cell proliferation.

Abstract Bovine lenses were pretreated with physiological (314±6 mosm) or hypertonic medium (>450 mosm) for 20 hours prior to introduction of the lenses into modified Ussing chambers (providing a leakproof seal at the lens equator). The anterior (epithelial-containing) and posterior (cell-free) aspects of the mounted intact lens could thus be independently bathed with myo-[3H]inositol. Myo-inositol uptake as a function of concentration across the anterior aspect was indicative of an active carrier-mediated component and at high concentration, significant myo-inositol influx due to passive diffusion. Myo-inositol uptake was markedly stimulated across the anterior aspect and inhibitable by ouabain but not stimulated across the posterior aspect, when lenses were exposed to hyperosmotic medium by the addition of raffinose or sodium chloride. Myo-inositol rapidly desaturates across both aspects of the lens consistent with its efflux being largely a function of passive diffusional leakout from the extracellular space. In order to corroborate the apparent hypertonic-induced upregulation of gene expression inferred by kinetic analysis, the level of Na+/myo-inositol cotransporter mRNA was determined by reverse transcription and quantitative PCR using harvested anterior epithelial cells from intact lenses exposed to physiologic or hypertonic medium for 20 hours. RNA samples were microextracted from both the central and equatorial regions of the lenticular epithelium of the anterior lens capsule. The abundance of Na+/myo-inositol cotransporter mRNA was similar from epithelium of the central zone irrespective of medium tonicity but was markedly elevated from the equatorial zone of osmotically-stressed lenses. While both the quiescent epithelial cells of the central region and actively dividing epithelial cells of the equatorial zone of the intact lens express Na+/myo-inositol cotransporter mRNA, only the equatorial epithelium responds to hypertonic insult with enhanced uptake of myo-inositol due to increased transcription of the Na+/myo-inositol cotransporter gene, suggesting a possible role for the state of cell proliferation.
The Present State of Romanian Studies in the United States and Canada

6) "Coordination" finally would be that process by which elements, on the phrase or sentence level, that are syntactically equivalent and semantically not exclusive of each other, can be joined into larger units, for example "Jean, Marie et moi .. .," "une maison rouge et blanche . . .," "I1 lit et ecrit tres bien," "Paul aime chanter, et Marie tricoter." The different types of coordination are illustrated by a treediagram:
“Girls don't talk about garages!”: Perceptions of conversation in same‐ and cross‐sex friendships

This investigation examined respondents’perceptions of differences in the conversational behavior of same-sex friends and cross-sex friends. Respondents read brief transcripts of conversations from which all obvious gender identifiers had been removed and then were asked to indicate whether the conversations were between male friends, female friends, or cross-sex friends and to specify what features of the conversations had led them to their judgment. Respondents were better than expected by chance at accurately distinguishing the cone and by far the most common feature that respondents used in making their discriminations was the topic being discussed. However, other important discriminating features included the use of profanity and certain slang terms and expressions, the occurrence of dysfluencies, how certain topics were discussed the presence of gossip, the tone of the discussion, the openness of the Conversation, and how much the conversants seemed to know about what they were discussing. Based on the respondents’observations, a number of propositions were then formulated representing beliefs that many individuals apparently hold in their relational schemata about conversational behavior in same-sex and cross friendships.
Parameter Selection for a Robust Tracking Signal

Tracking signals use past forecast errors to monitor and control a forecasting process. In this study, the cumulative-sum tracking signal and the smoothed-error tracking signal are evaluated on their ability to aid in shift (process upset) detection. The moving-centerline EWMA control chart technique is coupled with these tracking signals to enhance the monitoring of autocorrelated processes. The analysis characterizes two prevalent time series models: AR(1) and ARMA(1,1). The goal of this paper is to explore the capabilities of the tracking signals and the moving-centerline EWMA when the smoothing constants are varied and a shift is introduced into the process. The tracking signals are evaluated based on average run length (ARL) and false alarm rate (FA). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of radiation on satellite cell activity and protein expression in overloaded mammalian skeletal muscle.

Background To gain insight into the role of satellite cells in skeletal muscle hypertrophy, the effect of radiation on small fiber formation, embryonic myosin heavy chain (embryonic MHC) production, and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) production in overloaded adult rat soleus muscle was examined. Methods Adult rat soleus muscle was overloaded by ablation of the synergistic gastrocnemius, plantaris, and flexor digitorum profundus muscles of the right hindlimb. Half of the rats were subjected to gamma irradiation of the right hindlimb prior to ablation in an attempt to prevent satellite cell proliferation. Results Wet weight of the non-irradiated overloaded soleus muscle increased almost 40% compared to contralateral control muscle following 4 weeks of overload. Small fibers, which were rare in control muscle, accounted for 6.76±5.08% to 12.74±7.76% of the total fiber number of the non-irradiated soleus following 1 to 4 weeks of overload. Although usually absent in control muscle, IGF-I or embryonic MHC was immunolocalized in a small percentage (<11%) of the mature fibers in the non-irradiated overloaded soleus. Irradiation prevented compensatory hypertrophy and nearly abolished small fiber formation in the overloaded soleus. However, irradiation did not diminish the percentage of mature fibers producing immunocytochemically detectable levels of embryonic MHC or IGF-I. Conclusions Irradiation may prevent hypertrophy by impairing activation, proliferation, and/or differentiation of satellite cells. Small fibers in overloaded muscle appear to be new fibers arising from satellite cells. IGF-I may have a role in muscle hypertrophy involving satellite cell activation, or perhaps a more direct role that requires additional factors. Anat. Rec. 247:179-188, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Controlling the discourse: interviews with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice

Iran's nuclear program has garnered a great deal of media attention for nearly a decade, yet critical discourse scholars have been relatively silent on the matter. To spur more scholarship on the nuclear controversy, this study examines the language of nine interviews with former US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. Analyzing the opening questions of topic shifts, the relationship of scope and topic, and Secretary Rice's portrayal of the US and Iran, I argue that Rice used her media access as a platform to encourage audiences to see Iran's nuclear program as a nuclear weapons program, often with the complicity of her interviewers and always without evidence. In the wake of the unilateralist American invasion of Iraq, Secretary Rice also worked to rebuild a positive image of the White House as she presented the US as a proponent of multilateral diplomacy as opposed to her portrayal of the Islamic Republic as a rogue state.
Generalized classification of the rotational—vibrational wavefunctions of C3v and D3h symmetric tops according to their respective molecular point groups

Abstract The rotational and the rotational—vibrational wavefunctions of a series of symmetric top molecules are classified according to the irreducible representations of their respective molecular point groups. This is done by applying the work of Hougen to three molecular configurations: pyramidal BA 3 (C 3v , pyramidal C-BA 3 (C 3v ) and planar BA 3 (D 3h ). It is shown that the classification depends on the even or odd values of the rotational angular momentum J , on the even or odd as well as the specific values of K (the projection of J along the figure axis) and on the specific values of the vibrational angular momentum Λ of the degerenate modes. Some of the implicit assumptions in Hougen's work are elaborated on. The relationships between the rovibronic operators of Hougen and the permutation—inversion operators of Longuet-Higgins are briefly discussed.
Stream renovation: An alternative to channelization

Channelization is one of the most common solutions to urban drainage problems, despite the fact that channelized streams are frequently morphologically unstable, biologically unproductive, and aesthetically displeasing. There is increasing empirical and theoretical evidence to suggest that channelization may be counterproductive unless channels are designed to prevent the bank erosion and channel silting that often accompanies stream dredging. Many of the detrimental effects of channelization can be avoided, with little compromise in channel efficiency, by employing channel design guidelines that do not destroy the hydraulic and morphologic equilibria that natural streams possess. These guidelines include minimal straightening; promoting bank stability by leaving trees, minimizing channel reshaping, and employing bank stabilization techniques; and, emulating the morphology of natural stream channels. This approach, called stream restoration or stream renovation, is being successfully employed to reduce flooding and control erosion and sedimentation problems on streams in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Copper(I) Cyanide Networks with 1-Phenylpiperazine

Aqueous reactions of copper(I) cyanide with 1-phenylpiperazine (PhPip) in the presence of KCN produce network compounds having CuCN:PhPip stoichiometries of 1:1, 3:2, and 4:1 depending on the mixing ratio used. In addition to these phases, hydrothermal synthesis yields a 5:3 network. Crystal structures of these four compounds are reported herein. The (CuCN)(PhPip) network (1) forms sheets consisting of Cu centers that coordinate all PhPip via NH only, and are linked together by μ3-cyano bridges. The (CuCN)3(PhPip)2 network (2) exists as a series of dual-chain ladders. All Cu centers are 3-coordinate and half of the PhPip ligands bridge pairs of chains using both NH and NPh, while the other PhPip are only NH bound. The (CuCN)5(PhPip)3 network (3) forms three independent sets of 1D chains: 2[(CuCN)(PhPip)]·(CuCN)3(PhPip). Both 2- and 3-coordinate copper atoms are present and all PhPip ligands bond only through NH. The (CuCN)4(PhPip) network (4) forms identical, but orthogonal, interpenetrating sheets consisting of 2- and 3-coordinate CuCN chains linked by bridging PhPip ligands. Pairwise cuprophilic interactions are seen in the 5:3 and 4:1 networks. The 3:2 compound shows visible photoluminescence associated with Cu-CN MLCT. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/c space group with cell parameters: a = 17.6123(3) A, b = 6.89480(10) A, c = 8.6154(2) A, β = 96.1460(10), V = 1040.18(3) A3, and Z = 4. Compound 2 crystallizes in the triclinic P − 1 space group with cell parameters: a = 9.93710(10) A, b = 10.6359(2) A, c = 12.1230(2) A, α = 105.7110(10), β = 100.6110(10), γ = 97.7230(10), V = 1189.11(3) A3, and Z = 2. Compound 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/n space group with cell parameters: a = 15.9018(2) A, b = 9.38850(10) A, c = 26.1864(3) A, β = 104.5110(10), V = 3784.76(8) A3, and Z = 4. Compound 4 crystallizes in the monoclinic P21 space group with cell parameters: a = 13.4773(3) A, b = 7.8460(2) A, c = 8.5527(2) A, β = 105.1820(10), V = 872.82(4) A3, and Z = 2. The aqueous hydrothermal and non-hydrothermal reactions of copper(I) cyanide with 1-phenylpiperazine (PhPip) in the presence of KCN was studied. The structures of (CuCN)(PhPip)·(CuCN)3(PhPip)2, (CuCN)5(PhPip)3, and (CuCN)4(PhPip) are reported.
New Regime of Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence: Cascade below the Viscous Cutoff

In astrophysical situations, e.g., in the interstellar medium (ISM), neutrals can provide viscous damping on scales much larger than the magnetic diffusion scale. Through numerical simulations, we have found that the magnetic field can have a rich structure below the dissipation cutoff scale. This implies that magnetic fields in the ISM can have structures on scales much smaller than parsec scales. Our results show that the magnetic energy contained in a wavenumber band is independent of the wavenumber and that magnetic structures are intermittent and extremely anisotropic. We discuss the relation between our results and the formation of the tiny-scale atomic structure.
Is caring a moral trap

The preponderance of theorizing and research related to the phenomenon of caring is important and has been positive for the practice of nursing. But there are several significant qualifications of this concept.
Development of a cryogenic system for the VIRUS array of 150 spectrographs for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope

The upcoming Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX) has provided motivation for upgrading the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) at the McDonald Observatory. This upgrade includes an increase in the field-of-view to accommodate the new and revolutionary Visible Integral-field Replicable Unit Spectrograph (VIRUS). VIRUS is the instrument designed to conduct the HETDEX survey and consists of 150 individual integral-field spectrographs fed by 33,600 total optical fibers covering the 22 arc-minute field-of-view of the upgraded HET. The spectrographs are mounted in four enclosures, each 6.0×3.0×1.4 meters in size. Each spectrograph contains a CCD detector that must be cryogenically cooled, presenting an interesting cryogenic and vacuum challenge within the distribution system. In this paper, we review the proposed vacuum jacketed, thermal siphon, liquid nitrogen distribution system used to cool the array of detectors and discuss recent developments. We focus on the design, prototyping, and testing of a novel “make-break” thermal connector, built from a modified cryogenic bayonet, that is used to quickly detach a single spectrograph pair from the system.
922 MAJOR MALFORMATIONS AMONG AUTOPSIED TWINS

The increased frequency of malformations among nonozygous (MZ) twins has been attributed in part to the occurrence of the Duhamel spectrum of malformations, which ranges from sirenomelia to the VATER association and its component parts (Smith, D. W., Bartlett, C., and Harrah, L.M., in Birth Defects Original Article Series, Vol. XII, No. 5, p. 53-63, 1976). Among 2715 newborns autopsied at the Boston Hospital for Women from 1965 to 1977, including 146 twins from 97 twin pairs, malformations were more common among MZ than dizygous (DZ) twins: 23.7% to 13.6%. However, the greater frequency was due to conjoined twins, acardiac fetus, and anencephaly, all of which have been attributed to the twinning process. None of the 58 MZ twins had the Duhamel pattern of malformations. However, 10 of 292 (3.4%) singleton controls and 4 of 88 (4.5%) DZ twins had the Duhamel anomalad. Hone of these 4 twin pairs was concordant. Most (86%) MZ non-conjoined twin pairs were discordant for all malformations, except for ventricular septal defect. Zygosity was determined by examination of placentas; only monochorionic twins were considered monozygous.
A simple test for erythropoietin in deproteinized plasma extract.

Summary and ConclusionsA simple test for erythropoietin in deproteinized plasma extract is described. A total of 3 or 4 days is required for subcutaneous injection of the plasma extract and only one intravenous injection of Fe59 is necessary. When concentrated plasma extracts are given to hypophy-sectomized rats, 6 to 9 fold differences in response between anemic and control groups are achieved. The deproteinized nature of the material enables cross-species examination of the erythropoietic factor.
A kinetics study of the reactions of OH with several aromatic and olefinic compounds

The reactions of hydroxyl radicals with eight substituted aromatic hydrocarbons and four olefins were studied utilizing the flash photolysis–resonance fluorescence technique. The rate constants were measured at 298°K using either Ar or He as the diluent gas. The values of the rate constants (k × 1012) in the units of cm3/molec. sec are (a) OH + o-xylene products: (12.9±3.8), 20 torr He; (13.0±0.3), 20 torr Ar; (12.4±0.1), 200 torr He; (b) OH + m-xylene products: (15.6±1.4), 3 torr Ar; (19.4±0.8), 20 torr Ar; (21.4±0.2), 20 torr He; (20.3±1.9), 200 torr Ar; (20.6±1.3), 200 Torr He; (c) OH + p-xylene products: (8.8±1.2), 3 torr Ar; (10.1±1.0), 20 torr He; (10.5±0.6), 200 torr He; (d) OH + ethyl benzene products: (7.50±0.38), 3 torr He; (7.06±0.26), 20 torr He; (7.95±0.28), 200 torr He; (e) OH + n-propylbenzene products: (6.40±0.36), 20 torr He; (5.86±0.16), 200 torr He; (f) OH + isopropylbenzene products: (7.79±0.40), 200 torr He; (g) OH + hexafluorobenzene products: (0.221±0.020), 20 torr He; (0.219±0.016) 200 torr He; (h) OH + n-propyl pentafluorobenzene products: (2.52±0.54), 3 torr He; (3.01±0.76), 20 torr He; (3.06±0.24), 200 torr He; (i) OH + propylene products: (25.6±1.2), 20 torr He; (26.3±1.2), 200 torr He; (j) OH + 1-butene products: (29.6±1.9), 3 torr He; (29.4±1.4), 20 torr He; (k) OH + cis-2-butene products: (43.2±4.1), 3 torr He; (42.6±2.5), 20 torr He; (l) OH + tetramethylethylene products: (56.9±1.3), 20 torr He.
A planar process for microfabrication of a scanning tunneling microscope

With decreasing size, a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) becomes less sensitive to vibrations and thermal drift and easier to manufacture by batch fabrication techniques. An integrated-circuit-compatible planar process has been developed to fabricate arrays of STMs on Si wafers. Using planar technology, it is possible to integrate the tunneling tip, the actuation mechanism and (if desired) the counter electrode on a Si ‘chip’. The actuator mechanism is a cantilevered bimorph consisting of alternating layers of metal and piezoelectric zinc oxide. Each metal layer is divided into two electrodes that can be individually addressed, thereby enabling the cantilever to move in three orthogonal directions. The thin (3 μm) piezoelectric layers allow low voltage (< 30 V) operation. The theoretical response of the actuator is 2500 A/V in z, 104 A/V in y and 14 A/V in x. The device has been successfully fabricated and its operation has been demonstrated by imaging the surface of graphite with atomic resolution. A planar process for microfabrication of an integrated STM has been developed and operation of this ‘STM on a chip’ has been demonstrated by imaging the surface of graphite with atomic resolution. The devices are small (typically 8 × 200 × 1000 μm) and are fabricated in large batches of over 200 cantilevers per wafer. By utilizing the bimorph action of a cantilever made of metal and piezoelectric ZnO, it is possible to achieve three-dimensional scanning motions using low-voltage feedback circuits. Initial results show a z-sensitivity of up to 2500 A/V for the cantilever, which is sufficient to use the device as an STM and obtain atomic resolution images. Processes for growing a sharp tunneling tip on the cantilever are being prepared and we envision integrating onboard signal-processing circuitry with the device. The piezoelectric bimorph cantilever with three-dimensional motion is likely to have numerous and diverse applications in the field of microfabrication.
Flash Memory: Photochemical Imprinting of Neuronal Action Potentials onto a Microbial Rhodopsin

We developed a technique, “flash memory”, to record a photochemical imprint of the activity state—firing or not firing—of a neuron at a user-selected moment in time. The key element is an engineered microbial rhodopsin protein with three states. Two nonfluorescent states, D1 and D2, exist in a voltage-dependent equilibrium. A stable fluorescent state, F, is reached by a photochemical conversion from D2. When exposed to light of a wavelength λwrite, population transfers from D2 to F, at a rate determined by the D1 ⇌ D2 equilibrium. The population of F maintains a record of membrane voltage which persists in the dark. Illumination at a later time at a wavelength λread excites fluorescence of F, probing this record. An optional third flash at a wavelength λreset converts F back to D2, for a subsequent write–read cycle. The flash memory method offers the promise to decouple the recording of neural activity from its readout. In principle, the technique may enable one to generate snapshots of neural activity in...
The Salinity Tolerance Limits of the Adults and Early-Stage Embryos of Balanus Glandula Darwin, 1854 (Cirripedia, Thoracica)

[Balanus glandula verfugt uber eine erstaunlich hohe Toleranz gegenuber extremen Salzgehalten. Die adulten Seepocken sind in der Lage, Salzgehalte zwischen 0% und 300% Meerwasser zu ertragen, wahrend Embryonen eine etwas geringere Toleranzspanne aufweisen; sie nehmen Schaden in Salinitaten unter 50% oder uber 200% Meerwasser. Aber Embryonen werden moglicherweise niemals geringen Salinitaten ausgesetzt sein, weil die Eier in der Mantelhohle adulter Tiere erbrutet werden und diese das Umgebungswasser in Salzgehalten unter 50% Meerwasser durch Operculumverschlus fernhalten. Eine von Barnes & Barnes berichtete Ausstosung von Mantelhohlenwasser wurde nicht beobachtet., Balanus glandula verfugt uber eine erstaunlich hohe Toleranz gegenuber extremen Salzgehalten. Die adulten Seepocken sind in der Lage, Salzgehalte zwischen 0% und 300% Meerwasser zu ertragen, wahrend Embryonen eine etwas geringere Toleranzspanne aufweisen; sie nehmen Schaden in Salinitaten unter 50% oder uber 200% Meerwasser. Aber Embryonen werden moglicherweise niemals geringen Salinitaten ausgesetzt sein, weil die Eier in der Mantelhohle adulter Tiere erbrutet werden und diese das Umgebungswasser in Salzgehalten unter 50% Meerwasser durch Operculumverschlus fernhalten. Eine von Barnes & Barnes berichtete Ausstosung von Mantelhohlenwasser wurde nicht beobachtet.]
INSTITUTIONAL EXPENDITURES AND STUDENT ENGAGEMENT: A Role for Financial Resources in Enhancing Student Learning and Development?

The concept of student engagement is receiving increased attention from researchers, higher education leaders, and the general public in recent years. This increased attention represents a shift from the more traditional “resource and reputation” model of academic quality to a model that emphasizes institutional best practices and student experiences that enhance student learning and development. At the same time, institutions face rising operating costs and the public faces rising costs of attendance. However, relatively little effort has been made to explore the potential relationship between these two important research and policy areas. This study examined the relationship between institutional expenditures and student engagement based on data from 142 colleges and universities. The results of an OLS multiple regression model, including a factor for student engagement as the dependent variable, suggest that administrative expenditures are negatively related to student engagement. These results support further exploration of potential complex causal links between expenditures and engagement and may provide support for initiatives to reverse historical trends and adjust institutional spending.
A Computational Model Library for publishing model documentation and code

We present a repository for disseminating the computational models associated with publications in the social and life sciences. The number of research projects using computational models has been steadily increasing but the resulting publications often lack model code and documentation which hinders replication, verification of results and accumulation of knowledge. We have developed an open repository, the CoMSES Net Computational Model Library, to address this problem. Submissions to the library can be original models accompanying publications or replications of previous studies. Researchers can request that their models undergo a certification process that verifies that the model code successfully compiles and runs and that it follows documentation best practices. Models that pass the certification process are assigned persistent URLs and identifiers. We present the basic components of our repository, discuss our initial experiences with the library, and elaborate on future steps in the development of this cyberinfrastructure.
Two-year evaluation of telepathology

We evaluated a dynamic telepathology system in routine use after a two-year developmental phase. In two three-month studies, two years apart, all intraoperative frozen sections were examined by one pathologist via the telepathology system. Laboratory technicians sampled tissues at gross examination and were connected with the pathologist by videoconference. Specimens were immediately reviewed after the telepathology diagnosis by the same diagnostician. In the second study there were 342 cases. The mean time required to diagnose small specimens such as biopsies was 8 min (range 4-14); for specimens with extensive gross examination it was 22 min (range 10-45). The telepathology and traditional frozen-section diagnoses agreed in 99.4% of cases, but telepathology took two to four times longer for gross and histological examinations, and up to 10 times longer for histological examination only. There were five false diagnoses (1.5%), two of which originated from telepathology (0.6%) and were recognized in the subsequent light microscopy review. Telepathology is not a replacement for light microscopy, but should be regarded as a complementary technique.
Neural network classification of wheat using single kernel near-infrared transmittance spectra

To investigate an accurate, rapid, and nondestructive method for wheat classification in inspection terminals, backpropagation neural network models were developed, based on single wheat kernel near-infrared transmittance spectra. Six classes of wheat were studied. Neural network models were optimized for two-class and six-class classification. The wavelength range of the spectra was 850 to 1049 nm. For two-class models with 200 input nodes, the average classification accuracy was 97% to 100%. For the six-class model with 200 input nodes, the average accuracy was 94.7%. The classification between hard red winter (HRW) and hard red spring (HRS) was least accurate among the six classes. For rapid classification, a narrower wavelength range, 899 to 1049 nm, with an interval of 2 nm, was proposed and shown to have little loss in accuracy. The most time-consuming two-class (HRW-HRS) model could be calibrated and validated in less than 7 mm. Prediction for new data was nearly instantaneous. A backpropagation neural network model with a learning coefficient of 0.6 to 0.65 and momentum of 0.4 to 0.45, without a hidden layer, was effective for wheat classification.
Multichannel processes of H2O in the 18 eV region

Measurements were made of: (1) the fluorescence cross sections of OH(A 2Sigma+) fragments; (2) the absolute cross sections producing H atoms in the n = 2, 3, and 4 states; (3) the cross section for producing excited O atoms which has an upper limit of 5 x 10 to the -21 sq cm; and (4) the fluorescence cross section for producing H2(a 3Sigma g +) fragments. It is shown that, in the 16-20 eV region, there are excellent correspondences in the peak positions and spacings among the photoabsorption, photoionization spectra, and fluorescence functions of OH(A) and H(n).
The photochemistry of manganese and the origin of banded iron formations

The origin of the deposition of superior-type Precambrian banded iron formations (BIFs) is investigated in experiments where the effect of UV radiation on dissolved manganese was studied to determine if the commonly accepted photochemical model for BIF formation is consistent with the distribution of Mn in BIFs. Solutions containing 0.56 M NaCl and about 180 microM MnCl2, with or without 3 to 200 microM FeCl2 were irradiated with filtered and unfiltered UV light for up to 8 hrs; the solutions were deaerated and buffered to a pH of 7, and the experiments were conducted under oxygen-free atmosphere. Data on the rate of manganese photooxidation confirmed that a photochemical model for the origin of oxide facies BIFs is consistent with field observations.
Structured Autonomy or Guided Participation? Constructing Interest and Understanding in a Lab Activity

This observational study examines the classroom dynamics occurring in a collaborative math lab activity in a third-grade classroom. Specific classroom interactions are identified as resources for cultivating children's interest and understanding of mathematical knowledge. Dialogic interchange and physical positioning of teacher and students is explained in terms of promoting interest and understanding. Eisner's evaluation model of Educational Connoisseurship and Criticism is adopted as a means of illustrating the dialogic forces that operate within classroom activity which structure children's learning and motivation.
Accessible web automation interface: a user study

With the growth of the Web as a platform for performing many useful daily tasks, such as shopping and paying bills, and as an important vehicle for doing business, the Web's potential to improve the quality of life of blind and low-vision users is greater than ever. However, the growth of sophistication of Web applications continues to outpace the capabilities of tools that help make the Web more accessible. Web automation has the potential to bridge the divide between the ways visually impaired users and sighted users access the Web, and enable visually impaired users to breeze through Web browsing tasks that beforehand were slow, hard, or even impossible to achieve. Typical automation interfaces require that the user record a macro, a useful sequence of browsing steps, so that these steps can be replayed in the future. In this paper, I present the results of evaluation of two web automation user interfaces that enable web automation without having to record macros. The experiments suggest that the approach has the potential to significantly increase accessibility and usability of web pages by reducing interaction time, and by enhancing user experience.
A weighted Nitsche stabilized method for small-sliding contact on frictional surfaces

Abstract We propose a weighted Nitsche framework for small-sliding frictional contact problems on three-dimensional interfaces. The proposed method inherits the advantages of both augmented Lagrange multiplier and penalty methods while also addressing their shortcomings. Algorithmic details of the traction update and consistent linearization in the presence of Nitsche terms are provided. Several benchmark numerical experiments are conducted and the results are compared with existing studies. The results are encouraging and indicate accurate satisfaction of the non-interpenetration constraint, stable tractions and asymptotic quadratic convergence of the Newton–Raphson method.
Die-Based Electromigration Characterization For Copper/Low-K Dual Damascene Interconnects

We demonstrate that electromigration (EM) failure distributions can be determined from multi ? link via ? chain test structures by the analysis of successive failures of in the chain. Failure distributions from one multi ? link structure are consistent with that of conventional single link structure. This approach to testing results in improved defect sensitivity and allows the variation of EM failure characteristics across wafers to be determined.
Social Skills Training for Students With Learning Disabilities

This article describes an intervention, developed at a midwestern community college, that was designed to provide social skills training for students with learning disabilities. Results and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Discourse Structure of Direction Giving: Effects of Native/Nonnative Speaker Status and Gender

This article tests the effects of native/nonnative (NS/NNS) English-speaker status and gender on the structure of directions issued by native speakers of English. By extending the scope of earlier studies, this paper confirms that direction giving on the U.S. university campus is highly conventionalized (Scotton & Bernsten, 1988). At the same time, it argues that NS/NNS status and gender systematically influence a small range of linguistic choices in the exchange. Specifically, direction givers do make coordinated speech modifications, i.e., use certain features of foreigner register to NNSs in this conversation type, but these adjustments do not match earlier findings (Varonis & Gass, 1982). In addition, gender of both the direction giver (Scotton & Bernsten, 1988) and the direction seeker influence the structure and content of the discourse. The joint effects of these variables also play a relevant role. ESOL instruction can benefit, it is argued, by understanding the components of this discourse patterning. Emphasis on developing the communicative proficiency (Taylor, 1988) of ESL learners has been steadily reflected in the growing number of empirical analyses of speech behavior. Both word-level investigations such as those concerning forms of address (as summarized in Philipsen & Huspek's, 1985, extensive bibliography on personal address usage) as well as speech act studies involving, among other acts, apologies (Olshtain & Cohen, 1983), invitations (Wolfson, D'Amico-Reisner, & Huber, 1983) or compliments (Holmes, 1987) increasingly provide models for teaching situationally appropriate communicative behavior. In fact, attention to sociolinguistic features of language use (e.g., status, gender, setting) is now considered a crucial requisite to a well-designed ESL syllabus. As a result, classroom materials based on authentic language data are gradually replacing the more limiting artificial
Adaptive Regression Kernels for Image/Video Restoration and Recognition

I present a nonparametric framework for locally-adaptive signal processing and analysis. Without making strong assumptions about noise/signal models, the framework is applicable to many problems including denoising, upscaling, and object detection in images and video.
EFFECTS OF DIET AND SIZE ON GROWTH, FEED DIGESTIBILITY AND DIGESTIVE ENZYME ACTIVITIES OF THE MARINE SHRIMP, Penaeus setiferus LINNAEUS

Relationships between protein level, size, apparent feed digestibility, digestive enzyme activities and growth of Penaeus setiferus were investigated during a 30-day growth trial. Small (3.7 g), medium (9.5 g), and large (14.7 g) shrimp were fed four isocaloric diets with varying protein levels. Apparent total dry matter digestibilities and apparent protein digestibilities were determined for small and medium shrimp. General and acid protease, trypsin, carboxypeptidase A and B, amylase, chitinase, non-specific esterase and lipase activities were also assayed for small and medium shrimp. Shrimp survival was unrelated to diet or size. Instantaneous growth rate, total dry matter and protein digestibilities decreased as shrimp size increased. Small shrimp fed the 22% protein diet grew the least but exhibited the highest enzyme activities, especially carbohydrases. Small shrimp fed the 38% protein diet displayed the highest dry matter digestibility. Medium shrimp fed the 30% protein diet exhibited the lowest survival and growth while medium shrimp fed the 22% protein diet exhibited the highest enzyme activities. Higher digestive enzyme activities on the 22% protein diet may be evidence of an adaptation to a diet containing less digestible proteins.
Generation of Terahertz Emission Based on Intersubband Transitions

In this chapter, we present our work on the development of coherent THz sources based on intersubband transition in quantum-well structures. The main focus is on electrically pumped or quantum-cascade structures, which have been quite successful in generating coherent radiation at mid-infrared frequencies. Relevant issues, such as various depopulation intersubband scattering rates, the role of complex phonon spectra, and coherent vs. incoherent tunneling are discussed in details. Optically pumped sources, including optical parametric amplifiers, and both intersubband and interband pumped THz emitters, are also investigated for their feasibility in generating coherent THz radiations.
Self-Diffusion of Gold

The self-diffusion of gold was measured in single crystalline specimens of 99.8 and 99.999% purity in the temperature range from 600-954\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, by using ${\mathrm{Au}}^{198}$ as tracer and applying the sectioning technique. The temperature dependence of the self-diffusion coefficient is given by $D=(0.031\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004)\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{(39360\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}280)}{\mathrm{RT}}] {\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/sec.$ Together with recently reported data on self-diffusion of copper, silver, and lead, this result is compared with empirical and theoretical predictions.
Effect of tween 80 on certain strains of C. diphtheriae.

SummaryIt has been observed that the addition of Tween 80 to solid and liquid media markedly stimulates the growth of minimus type diphtheria bacilli. This suggests a relationship between this wetting agent and the lipid-rich minimus organisms analogous to the relationship of the same agent to the lipid-rich tubercle bacilli, demonstrated by Dubos et al. There is also evidence that Tween 80 enhances the virulence of the minimus strains.
Minimum energy regulator for a linear discrete system

The study of optimal control theory has been of prime interest in the past decade. Its application has been impeded because of the optimal controller implementation problem which one often encounters in optimal control situations. In many cases, it is possible to formulate a control problem so that the resultant control law is relatively easy to implement (e.g., quadratic performance indices). Such a problem will be treated in this short paper.
New orally administered antihyperglycemic agents for the management of patients with type ii diabetes and the syndrome of insulin resistance.

Objective: To describe several newly developed orally administered antidiabetic drugs, which are effective for type II diabetes. Methods: Detailed clinical information about three types of antihype...
The development of collective personality: the ontogenetic drivers of behavioral variation across groups

For the past decade, the study of personality has become a topic on the frontier of behavioral ecology. However, most studies have focused on exploring inter-individual behavioral variation in solitary animals, and few account for the role that social interactions may have on the development of an individual’s personality. Moreover, a social group may exhibit collective personality: an emergent behavioral phenotype displayed at the group-level, which is not necessarily the sum or average of individual personalities within that group. The social environment, in many cases, can determine group success, which then influences the relative success of all the individuals in that group. In addition, group-level personality may itself evolve, subject to the same selection pressures as individual-level behavioral variation, when the group is a unit under selection. Therefore, we reason that understanding how collective personalities emerge and change over time will be imperative to understanding individual- and group-level behavioral evolution. Personality is considered to be fixed over an individual’s lifetime. However, behavior may shift throughout development, particularly during adolescence. Therefore, juvenile behavior should not be compared with adult behavior when assessing personality. Similarly, as conditions within a group and/or the local environment can shift, group behavior may similarly fluctuate as it matures. We discuss potential within-group factors, such as group initiation, group maturation, genetic make-up of the group, and the internal social environment, and external factors, such as well as how local environment may play a role in generating group-level personalities. There are a variety of studies that explore group development or quantify group personality, but few that integrate both processes. Therefore, we conclude by discussing potential ways to evaluate development of collective personality, and propose several focal areas for future research.
NUTSHELL SUMMARY OF EPA'S NATIONAL SURVEY OF OIL STORAGE FACILITIES

ABSTRACT In April 1995, EPA conducted a national survey of oil storage facilities potentially subject to its Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures (SPCC) regulation (40 CFR Part 112). The purpose of the survey was to answer five specific questions: (1) How many facilities are regulated by EPA's SPCC program? (2) What types of facilities does the SPCC program regulate? (3) What do these facilities look like? (4) Which facilities pose the greatest oil spill risk? And (5) How effective is the SPCC program in reducing oil spill risk? This nutshell summary briefly discusses EPA's analysis of the survey data.