cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determinants of OPEC production: Implications for OPEC behavior

We estimate models that identify the economic and organizational determinants of crude oil production by individual OPEC nations. To clarify the interpretation of econometric results, we model production with specifications that resolve the statistical ordering of variables and estimate models with techniques that can cope with stochastic trends in the time series. We also analyze the short-run dynamics for asymmetries that may carry important insights about OPEC behavior. Results indicate that Quotas are an important determinant of production and their effects generally are symmetric, which implies that OPEC is an organization that influences production and ultimately prices. Real prices generally have a positive effect on production and the size of this effect may depend on spare capacity, which implies that OPEC behaviors also embody competitive elements. Finally all nations other than Saudi Arabia show some form of production sharing behavior, which may imply that OPEC shares mismatches between the call for OPEC production and OPEC quotas.
Isolation and characterization of chemically transformed pancreatic acinar cell lines from young and old mice.

To evaluate the role of animal age in chemically induced transformation, pancreatic cells were grown in culture 6 to 8 wk after injecting mice at either 6 or 22 mo. of age with a single dose ofN-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU). The cell type and the frequency with which lines were obtained from aged animals paralleled the frequency and pattern of tumor induction by NMU in vivo. Outgrowth of pancreatic explants from young animals required the presence of the tumor promoter 12-o-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate to establish continuously growing cell lines. Whereas NMU alone produced lines from aged mice, the promoter did not increase the frequency with which continuous lines were recovered from the aged animals. Of eight cloned cell lines (four young and four old), all had characteristics of transformed mouse pancreatic acinar cells when tested for lectin binding, lactate dehydrogenase isozyme pattern, chromosome number, and anchorage-independent growth. Cell lines derived from aged animals were slower growing and had higher chromosome numbers than lines derived from their younger counterparts.
Oxidation of α-tocopherol in subcellular fractions from rat brain and its possible involvement in nerve function

Abstract The turnover rate of vitamin E is slow in nerve tissue. Therefore, we have developed in vitro techniques to study the biochemical reactions of this nutrient in brain. Subcellular fractions were isolated from the cerebral hemispheres of 4-month-old, male, Fisher 344 rats. Aliquots of fractions (500 μg protein) were suspended in 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and incubated at room temperature (20–22°) or 37° for 2 hr in the presence or absence of the following oxidizing agents: 1 mM tertiary butyl hydroperoxide, 10 μM linoleic acid hydroperoxide, 0.5 to 50 mM 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAPH) or 0.1 to 2 mM 2,2'-azobis (2,4-dimethyl) valeronitrile (ABDVN). The latter two compounds generate free radicals upon heating. After oxidation, the subcellular fractions were sedimented, saponified and assayed for tocopherol by liquid chromatography. Linoleic acid hydroperoxide was the most potent oxidizing agent, suggesting that endogenous fatty acid peroxides (e.g. eicosanoid intermediates) are very powerful oxidizing agents. Vitamin E may play an important role in providing antioxidant protection for membranes against excessive oxidation induced by these peroxides. Tocopherol in mitochondria and microsomes was much more susceptible to oxidation than synaptosomal tocopherol. The possible reasons for this observation are: (a) mitochondria and microsomes may contain less of the other reducing agents such as sulfhydryl compounds than synaptosomes, and/or (b) the electron transport structures in the former two subcellular fractions may be facilitating oxidation of tocopherol induced by free radicals. A portion of tocopherol remained unoxidized in all subcellular fractions even at high concentrations of ABAPH, suggesting that tocopherol exists in labile and nonlabile biochemical compartments or complexes.
Wormy mice in a hybrid zone.

As one approach to analysing the genetic barriers between species, we studied the numbers and types of parasitic worms in two species of house mice (Mus musculus and M. domesticus) and in their natural hybrids. Where the ranges of these two species meet in southern Germany, there is a zone of hybridization less than 20 kilometres across1, in which about 98% of the mice have backcross genotypes. Fourteen of the 46 mice tested from within the zone have over 500 pinworms per gut, a number far exceeding the mean of 40 per gut for other mice inside and outside the zone. Other nematodes have a similar, non-random distribution. The number of mice bearing 9 or more tapeworms per gut is also excessive in the hybrid zone. These extraordinarily wormy mice may be unusually susceptible to parasitism; the different species may have different genes for resistance, and recombinant backcross animals may lose both2. Our findings support the view that the hybrid populations may have reduced fitness and thereby act as a genetic sink, interfering with the flow of genes between the two species1,3. The possibility that environmental or ecological peculiarities in the zone of hybridization make the mice more liable to infection is not supported.
Displacement Cascades. Dynamics and Atomic Structure

The seminal ideas of Seeger, in 1958 and 1962, on the nature of a displacement cascade (DC) in irradiated crystalline materials have played an important role in the field of radiation damage. This paper first reviews the early history of displacement spikes, replacement collision sequences (RCSs), “diluted” or depleted zones and thermal spikes. Then the use is discussed of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and field-ion microscopy as techniques by which one can study the dynamics of the formation of DCs and the spatial array of point defects — on an atomic scale — associated with quiescent DCs, respectively. These techniques demonstrate quantitatively that a DC consists of a vacancy-rich core surrounded by a distribution of self-interstitial atoms (SIAs) — the latter are predominately created by RCSs. Recent results on the application of MD to the behavior of 5 keV cascades in copper are presented. Some of the results of the application of field-ion microscopy to the study of DCs in tungsten are reviewed, and compared with the MD results. Les idees seminalles du M. Seeger, en 1958 et 1962, sur la nature d'une cascade de deplacement dans les materiaux crystallins irradies ont joue un rǒle important dans le domaine de dommage irradiation. Cet article fait d'abord le compte rendu de l'histoire des pointes de deplacement, des sequences de collision de remplacement, des zones “diluees” ou degarniees et des pointes thermales. Nous discutons ensuite l'utilization de la simulation par dynamiques moleculaires et de la microscopie a champ-ion en tant que techniques grǎce auxquelles on peut etudier respectivement les dynamiques de formation des cascades de deplacement et l'etalage spatial des defauts ponctuels — a une echelle atomique — associes a des cascades paisibles de deplacement. Ces techniques demon-trent de facon quantitative qu'une cascade de deplacement se compose d'un noyau riche en lacunes entoure d'une repartition d'atomes auto-interstitiels — ceux-ci sont surtout crees par des sequences de collision de remplacement. Nous exposons des resultats recents sur l'application des dynamiques moleculaires a la conduite de cascades de 5 keV dans le cuivre. Nous analysons aussi quelques resultats de l'application de la microscopie de champ-ion a l'etude des cascades de deplacement dans le tungstene, et nous les comparons aux resultats de dynamiques moleculaires.
Extension of PV Optics to include front metallization

PV Optics is an optical design package that was developed about a decade ago and has been extensively used since then for design of c-Si, and multijunction a-Si solar cells by researchers and engineers. However, this software did not have the capability to include the front metallization into the device structure. We have now developed version 3.0 of PV Optics, which overcomes this limitation and can be used for most of the current electrode designs for crystalline Si solar cells. A summary of this addition along with the results of a detailed study of the effect of front electrode architecture on the performance of (100) textured monocrystalline cells have been presented here.
Epidermal Melanin Units Melanocyte-Keratinocyte Interactions

SYNOPSIS Current concepts of melanin pigmentation in mammals, with special reference to man are explored centering on the notion that the multicellular epidermal melanin unit , rather than the melanocyte alone, serves as the focal point for melanin metabolism within rmmmalian epidermis The structural and functional organization of epidermal melanin units is described with particular attention to the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms which regulate their activities The significance of the epidermal melanin unit concept in the description and interpretation of skin color variations in man is evaluated in the light of new information
BDNF (I)rising from Exercise

Exercise produces many beneficial effects on brain health, in part by increasing hippocampal BDNF levels; however, the mechanism underlying BDNF gene regulation remains unknown. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Wrann et al. (2013) show that exercise induces hippocampal Bdnf expression by stimulating expression of FNDC5, the precursor of irisin, via the transcriptional complex PGC-1α/Errα.
Contact urticaria and allergic contact dermatitis to benzocaine gel

A 39-year-old man developed edema and vesiculation of the oral mucosa following the application of benzocaine (Hurricaine) gel. Open testing demonstrated an immediate urticarial reaction. Closed patch tests were positive after 48 hours. The contact dermatitis was consistent with a delayed-type hypersensitivity. It appears, however, that a nonimmunologic mechanism caused the contact urticaria since passive transfer was negative.
Evaluation of antihypertensive effects of S. 9-390 (2-(o-chlorobenzyl) imidazoline hydrochloride.

Abstract The evaluation of a new, orally active antihypertensive agent, S.9-390 (2-(o-chlorobenzyl) imidazoline hydrochloride), has been presented. In human beings, the drug was found to have effects suggesting both central antihypertensive and ganglionic blocking action, but no characteristic adrenolytic properties. Although toxicity was minimal, the development of drug resistance prohibits its wide clinical use in hypertensive disease. It presents, however, many desirable features of an antihypertensive agent, so that further clinical studies in this field are warranted.
Association Between the Initiation of Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy and the Risk of Herpes Zoster

Importance Herpes zoster reactivation disproportionately affects patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is unclear whether anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy elevates herpes zoster risk. Objectives To ascertain whether initiation of anti-TNF therapy compared with nonbiologic comparators is associated with increased herpes zoster risk. Design, Setting, and Patients We identified new users of anti-TNF therapy among cohorts of patients with RA, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, or ankylosing spondylitis from 1998 through 2007 within a large US multi-institutional collaboration combining data from Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pharmaceutical Assistance Contract for the Elderly, Tennessee Medicaid, and national Medicaid/Medicare programs. We compared herpes zoster incidence between new anti-TNF users (n=33,324) and patients initiating nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (n=25 742) within each inflammatory disease cohort (last participant follow-up December 31, 2007). Within these cohorts, we used Cox regression models to compare propensity score−adjusted herpes zoster incidence between new anti-TNF and nonbiologic DMARD users while controlling for baseline corticosteroid use. Main Outcome Measures Incidence of herpes zoster cases occurring after initiation of new anti-TNF or nonbiologic DMARD therapy. Results Among 33 324 new users of anti-TNF therapy, we identified 310 herpes zoster cases. Crude incidence rates among anti-TNF users were 12.1 per 1000 patient-years (95% CI, 10.7-13.6) for RA, 11.3 per 1000 patient-years (95% CI, 7.7-16.7) for inflammatory bowel disease, and 4.4 per 1000 patient-years (95% CI, 2.8-7.0) for psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, or ankylosing spondylitis. Baseline use of corticosteroids of 10 mg/d or greater among all disease indications was associated with elevated risk (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.13 [95% CI, 1.64-2.75]) compared with no baseline use. For patients with RA, adjusted incidence rates were similar between anti-TNF and nonbiologic DMARD initiators (adjusted HR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.77-1.29]) and comparable between all 3 anti-TNF therapies studied. Across all disease indications, the adjusted HR was 1.09 (95% CI, 0.88-1.36). Conclusion and Relevance Among patients with RA and other inflammatory diseases, those who initiated anti-TNF therapies were not at higher risk of herpes zoster compared with patients who initiated nonbiologic treatment regimens.
Setting the farm animal welfare scene in North America; Estabelcendo o Cenário de Bem-Estar Animal NA América fo Norte

ABSTRACT The main areas of interest that this paper will address are to, set the scene on what animal welfare is, the schools that one can subscribe and how this could influence the direction that farm animal welfare could go. Second, to provide an overview on some of the critical farm animal welfare events that have occurred over the past 10 years in North America and finally to detail the legislative events; past and future that will affect farm animal welfare. Animal welfare is not a term that arose in science to express a scientific concept; rather it arose in western civilization through society to express ethical concern regarding the treatment of animals. There are three “schools of welfare”, the first school is feeling-based, the second is functioning-based and the third is nature-based. Over the past decade there has been an escalation of welfare related events in North America, ranging from agribusiness and marketing through to humane and animal rights groups. These events include under cover investigations that have been conducted on farm and in plants. There have been numerous campaigns against fast food chain restaurants and more recently humane and rights groups have purchased shares into these companies to voice their opinions and to have a vote. In addition there has been a push for assuring on farm animal welfare through a plethora of assessment, certification and third party auditing programs. More recently, successful legislative initiatives have altered the way producers are able to house farm animals in several states and in 2005 there was an update to the 28 hour rule. In conclusion, all individuals involved in keeping animals for food have a huge responsibility in making sure that their animals are housed, raised, transported and processed humanely. In addition agribusinesses will need to show increasing accountability back to their customers and consumers that farm animal welfare is of critical importance. Keywords: Farm Animal, U.S.A., Welfare.
Opioid miosis: effects of lighting intensity and monocular and binocular exposure

Opioid miosis--that is, pupillary constriction caused by opioids--is one of the most sensitive and frequently assessed objective indices of opioid effects. Pupillary size is also affected by lighting intensity and monocular or binocular exposures. This study is the first systematic examination and quantitative characterization of the effects of lighting intensity and exposure on opioid miosis. Seven patients received their usual daily dose of methadone (50-60 mg p.o.). Reflected light intensities were manipulated among 4, 16, 40, 80, 160, 240 foot-lamberts (fl). Pupil photographs of the right eye were obtained with the left eye closed and both eyes open in random counterbalanced order at each fl. Pupil photographs were obtained 15 min before methadone and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min after methadone. Peak methadone miosis was best detected under moderately dim interior lighting (4, 16 fl) 90 min after methadone. Pupil diameters were systematically larger with one eye closed than with both eyes open and the average difference was 0.35 mm. Pupil diameter decreased 1.0 mm with each log unit increase in lighting intensity.
Psychological Construction in the OCC Model of Emotion

This article presents six ideas about the construction of emotion: (a) Emotions are more readily distinguished by the situations they signify than by patterns of bodily responses; (b) emotions emerge from, rather than cause, emotional thoughts, feelings, and expressions; (c) the impact of emotions is constrained by the nature of the situations they represent; (d) in the OCC account (the model proposed by Ortony, Clore, and Collins in 1988), appraisals are psychological aspects of situations that distinguish one emotion from another, rather than triggers that elicit emotions; (e) analyses of the affective lexicon indicate that emotion words refer to internal mental states focused on affect; (f) the modularity of emotion, long sought in biology and behavior, exists as mental schemas for interpreting human experience in story, song, drama, and conversation.
Linear Dynamic Coupling in Geared Rotor Systems

The effects of high frequency oscillations caused by the gear mesh, on components of a geared system that can be modeled as rigid discs are analyzed using linear dynamic coupling terms. The coupled, nonlinear equations of motion for a disc attached to a rotating shaft are presented. The results of a trial problem analysis show that the inclusion of the linear dynamic coupling terms can produce significant changes in the predicted response of geared rotor systems, and that the produced sideband responses are greater than the unbalanced response. The method is useful in designing gear drives for heavy-lift helicopters, industrial speed reducers, naval propulsion systems, and heavy off-road equipment.
Singlet-triplet energy gap in methylene using many-body methods☆

Abstract Many-body methods are applied to the singlet-triplet energy gap in: CH 2 in a variety of basis sets. The best result obtained with a coupled-cluster method that includes effects of triple excitations is 10.1 kcal/mol in a basis set of 74 contracted Gaussian orbitals. The best full fourth-order MBPT result is 11.5 kcal/mol, demonstrating a residual infinite-order effect of 1.4 kcal/mol.
Thickness dependent electrical resistivity of ultrathin (<40 nm) Cu films

Ultrathin Cu films with thicknesses d between ∼10 and 40 nm were thermally evaporated onto ∼500-nm thick SiO2 on Si(100) substrates in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) chamber with a base pressure of 5×10−10 torr. The sheet resistance R (Ω/□), was measured in situ at different film thicknesses by a collinear four-point probe. The infinite R at d<10 nm suggested that the film consisted of discontinuous islands at these thicknesses. The R-value dropped rapidly by more than an order of magnitude when the thickness was increased from 10 to 15 nm, indicating the coalescence of islands. Further increases in d resulted in the R value gradually leveling off at 0.65±0.01 Ω/□, corresponding to a resistivity ρ of 2.67 μΩ cm at d∼41 nm. The ρ–d data were fitted by models that assume surface, interface and grain boundary scattering to be dominant mechanisms for the thickness dependence on resistivity. Models that do not include surface roughness do not fit our data in the sub-15-nm thick Cu films regime. The surface roughness was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our analysis shows that Namba's model that uses the measured surface roughness provides the best description of the resistivity-thickness behavior in sub-40-nm thick Cu films.
Young people's lives and sexual relationships in rural Africa: Findings from a large qualitative study in Tanzania

Young people's lives and sexual relationships in rural Africa: Findings from a large qualitative study in Tanzania, by Mary Louisa Plummer and Daniel Wight, Plymouth, Lexington Books, 2011, 464 pp....
PS2-48: De-duping the VDW: A Protocol for a Identifying Common Enrollees Across Sites Without Sending PHI

Background/Aims Early on in VDW history, the sheer geographical distribution of HMORN member sites made it exceedingly unlikely that the same person would be found in more than one site’s data. Thus our multi-site research has proceeded without much fear of double-counting anyone. But as the HMORN expands its membership to new organizations, this assumption becomes harder to justify. We now have 3 sites operating in Minnesota, for instance, and 2 each in Massachusetts, Northern California, Idaho, and Washington.
An inference-finite element model for field problems

Abstract A semi-stochastic model for field problems is presented. The model uses a correlative scheme for the estimation of physical parameters and an uncertainty finite element analysis to estimate the statistical properties of the solution process. A comparison is made with a regression-finite element model which indicates the superiority of the introduced correlative-finite element uncertainty analysis.
Simulation study for gaseous fluxes from an area source using computed tomography and optical remote sensing

This paper presents a new approach to quantify emissions from fugitive gaseous air pollution sources. We combine Computed Tomography (CT) with Path-Integrated Optical Remote Sensing (PI-ORS) concentration data in a new field beam geometry. Path integrated concentrations are sampled in a vertical plane downwind from the source along several radial beam paths. An innovative CT technique, which applies the Smooth Basis Function Minimization (SBFM) method to the beam data in conjunction with measured wind data, is used to estimate the total flux from an area source. We conducted simulation study to evaluate the proposed methodology under two beam geometry and configurations. This approach was found to be robust for a wide range of fluctuating wind directions. In the very sparse beam geometry we examined (5 beam paths), successful emission rates were retrieved over a 70 degree range of wind directions.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The unintended consequences of metrics in technology evaluation

Abstract This paper describes science and technology (ST (2) metrics can influence ST (3) incorrect selection and implementation of metrics can have negative unintended consequences on the research and research documentation generated and (4) before implementing metrics, an organization should identify and evaluate the intended and unintended consequences of the specific metrics’ implementation, and identify the impact of these consequences on the organization's core mission.
Development of mental rotation: A speed-accuracy study

Abstract Pairs of letters and numbers were shown to 11-, 14-, and 19-year-olds. One stimulus in a pair was presented upright. The second, which was either identical to the first or a mirror image of it, was rotated 0 to 150° from the vertical. Individuals judged if the stimuli in a pair would be identical or mirror images if presented at the same orientation. They did so under instructions that emphasized accurate responses, fast responses, or fast and accurate responses. Typically, responses were (1) most accurate and slowest when accuracy was emphasized, and (2) least accurate but fastest when speed was emphasized. The data from the three instructional conditions were used to derive measures of response times in which accuracy of response was equated for the three age groups. At 95% accuracy 14- and 19-year-olds mentally rotated stimuli at the same rate, which was faster than 11-year-olds' rate. At 100% accuracy, 19-year-olds mentally rotated stimuli more rapidly than both 11- and 14-year-olds, who did not differ from one another.
The density of liquid bismuth from its melting point to its normal boiling point and an estimate of its critical constants

The density of liquid bismuth was determined by the immersed sinker method from its melting point 544·5°K to its normal boiling point 1832°K with a probable error of 0·013 g/cm3. The density vs. temperature relationship may be expressed by the linear equation Dg/cm3 = 10·665 - 11·820 × 10−4T where T is in °K. The density of liquid bismuth is 10·022 g/cm3 at its melting point and 8·498 g/cm3 at its normal boiling point. The change in volume on melting was found to be −3·29 per cent of the solid volume. Molar volumes, atomic volumes and cubical expansion coefficients were calculated. The critical constants of bismuth are estimated to be as follows: Tcrit. = 4620 ± 460°K Dcrit. = 2·60 ± 0·3 gm/cm3 At. Vol.crit. = 80 ± 8 cm3/gm
Time course of neurofilament protein loss following depolarization-induced injury in CNS culture.

Abstract In septo-hippocampal cell cultures, brief potassium depolarization produces calcium-dependent decreases in neurofilament proteins and loss of fine neuritic processes within 24 h. It is not known whether neurons later exhibit delayed degeneration and die, live with enduring neurofilament loss, or restore neurofilament protein levels. Therefore, we exposed septohippocampal cultures to 6 min potassium depolarization (60 mM) with 2.8–11.8 mM extracellular Ca 2+ and evaluated immunoreactivity for low, medium and heavy neurofilament proteins, neuronal number, and neuronal morphology for 10 days. Neuronal number remained unchanged; neurofilament protein levels recovered to between 31% and 99% of control levels, and fine neuritic processes reappeared.
Reduction in segmental flexibility because of disc degeneration is accompanied by higher changes in facet loads than changes in disc pressure: a poroelastic C5–C6 finite element investigation

Abstract Background context Nerve fiber growth inside the degenerative intervertebral discs and facets is thought to be a source of pain, although there may be several other pathological and clinical reasons for the neck pain. It, however, remains difficult to decipher how much disc and facet joints contribute to overall degenerative segmental responses. Although the biomechanical effects of disc degeneration (DD) on segmental flexibility and posterior facets have been reported in the lumbar spine, a clear understanding of the pathways of degenerative progression is still lacking in the cervical spine. Purpose To test the hypothesis that after an occurrence of degenerative disease in a cervical disc, changes in the facet loads will be higher than changes in the disc pressure. Study design To understand the biomechanical relationships between segmental flexibility, disc pressure, and facet loads when the C5–C6 disc degenerates. Methods A poroelastic, three-dimensional finite element (FE) model of a normal C5–C6 segment was developed and validated. Two degenerated disc models (moderate and severe) were built from the normal disc model. Biomechanical responses of the three FE models (normal, moderate, and severe) were further studied under diurnal compression (at the end of the daytime activity period) and moment loads (at the end of 5 seconds) in terms of disc height loss, angular motions, disc pressure, and facet loads (average of right and left facets). Results Disc deformation under compression and segmental rotational motions under moment loads for the normal disc model agreed well with the corresponding in vivo studies. A decrease in segmental flexibility because of DD is accompanied by a decrease in disc pressure and an increase in facet loads. Biomechanical effects of degenerative disc changes are least in flexion. Segmental flexibility changes are higher in extension, whereas changes in disc pressure and facet loads are higher in lateral bending and axial rotation, respectively. Conclusions The results of the present study confirmed the hypothesis of higher changes in facet loads than in disc pressure, suggesting posterior facets are more affected than discs because of a decrease in degenerative segmental flexibility. Therefore, a degenerated disc may increase the risk of overloading the posterior facet joints. It should be clearly noted that only after degeneration simulation in the disc, we recorded the biomechanical responses of the facets and disc. Therefore, our hypothesis does not suggest that facet joint osteoarthritis may occur before degeneration in the disc. Future cervical spine–based experiments are warranted to verify the conclusions presented in this study.
THE NEED FOR MULTISENSORY INTERFACES IN SUPPORT OF EFFECTIVE ATTENTION ALLOCATION IN HIGHLY DYNAMIC EVENT-DRIVEN DOMAINS: THE CASE OF COCKPIT AUTOMATION

In a variety of domains, automation technology has evolved from passive tools to highly autonomous agents that can initiate actions independent of user input and without explicit operator consent. This evolution brings with it an increased need for effective human-automation communication and coordination to ensure that both agents stay informed about each others' goals, activities, and limitations. Yet, most modern systems are not equipped with the skills required to contribute effectively and in a timely manner to the exchange of information on commitments and actions. In particular, systems fail to provide external attentional guidance to their operators in the case of uncommanded changes and events, which can lead to automation surprises and, sometimes, incidents and accidents. To a large extent, these problems can be explained by designers' increasing reliance on automation feedback that requires focal visual attention. This article explores the potential of multisensory displays to better support at...
At Face(book) value: uses of Facebook in hiring processes and the role of identity in social networks

This study conducted 19 semi-structured in-depth interviews with employers from over six industries who use job candidate Facebook information in hiring processes. The results generated seven key findings, with three contextual themes (economy and timing, weight of Facebook, and employee curiosity) preceding four dominant thematic employer preferences (importance of online personal appearance/portrayal, lifestyle image, wall posts likes and interests and privacy settings). A number of important employer assumptions derivative of the themes are also discussed in relation to social network user on and offline identities. In terms of theoretical contributions, our findings expand conceptions of employee branding, contest the freedom affiliated with virtual identity, and create a new form of digital divide.
Splitting touching-cell clusters on histopathological images

In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for splitting touching/overlappingcells in histopathological images. Given a binary segmentation map by which the cell nuclei have been delineated and separated from the other regions, for each connected component, we differentiate whether it is a touching-cell clump or a single non-touching cell after we smooth out its boundary by Fourier shape descriptor. The differentiation is mainly based on the distance between the most likely radial-symmetry center and the geometrical center of the connected component. Finally a new iterative splitting algorithm is only applied to the touching-cell clumps based on detected concave point and radial-symmetric center. We tested our splitting framework on 21 challenging Follicle Lymphoma images and get an average error rate of 5.2%.
Triggers of most embarrassing moment recollections in a college sample

Sabini, Siepmann, Stein, and Meyerowitz (2000) identified three types of situations which trigger embarrassment and created a subscale of each subtype of trigger. The three subtypes include faux pas (making a social mistake), center of attention, and sticky situations (threatening another’s social identity). Faux pas scenarios were rated as more embarrassing than the other subtypes. Consistent with this finding, we predicted faux pas would be the most prevalent mostembarrassing moment recalled in our free response study.
Time-resolved chiroptical luminescence spectra of UO22+ in cubic Na[UO2(CH3COO)3] crystals: evidence for circular dichroic self-absorption

Abstract Time-resolved chiroptical luminescence (TR-CL) measurements are reported for cubic crystals of Na[UO 2 (CH 3 COO) 3 ]. These crystals belong to the enantiomorphic space group P 2 1 3, and they exhibit strong chiroptical activity within the Σ g + ← Π g emission spectrum of UO 2 2+ . Circular polarization is observed in the origin line of this spectrum, as well as in a vibronic progression from the origin based on the symmetric stretching mode ( ν S ) of UO 2 2+ . The TR-CL results are used to confirm the presence of circular dichroic self-absorption within the origin transition.
Novel PEO-based dendronized polymers for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract A new family of dendronized polymers has been synthesized by functionalizing ethylene oxide–epichlorohydrin copolymer with aromatic ether dendrons based on 3,5-dibenzyl ether. The polymers were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and tested for possible application as an electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries. The polymer with increased size of dendritic residue exhibited improved ionic conductivity and excellent thermal stability. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were performed to determine the thermal stability and crystallinity of the polymeric material. Incorporation of bulky dendritic pendent moieties into the polymer backbone effectively breaks down the crystallinity of these polymers.
Cw velocity selection by dye laser optical pumping

Abstract A technique is presented by which a thermal atomic beam of sodium was prepared with one narrow velocity component of the beam selectively pumped to a particular ground state hyperfine level, and the remainder of the velocity components pumped into another ground state level. The technique uses a single cw dye laser.
Japanese Equity Market Response to U.S. Administered Protection Decisions

The standard capital market event study is used to measure Japanese firm-specific effects resulting from action taken by the US in response to alleged dumping of Japanese imports in US markets. Empirical findings are that winners and losers in the process differ predictably from each other and from the market in the way that Japanese investors view them, with differences being most pronounced at the petition filing date and the final stages of both the ITC and Department of Commerce decisions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hole mobility enhancement in MOS-gated Ge/sub x/Si/sub 1-x//Si heterostructure inversion layers

Effective hole mobility enhancements of 50% at room temperature and over 100% at 90 K, compared to all-Si controlled devices, are demonstrated by placing a buried epitaxial Ge/sub x/Si/sub 1-x/ layer 7.5 to 10.0 nm beneath the gate oxide of a PMOS transistor. Mobility degradation caused by misfit dislocations in the inversion region is seen in structures with GeSi/sub 1-x/ layers that exceed the equilibrium critical thickness. >
New Transcatheter Aortic Valve Prosthesis Sets a New Standard

When Cribier et al. [(1)][1] first described transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for aortic stenosis (AS) in 2002, few envisioned the current widespread utilization of this novel technique. Initial randomized studies provided evidence for efficacy in patients not suitable for open
Literacy and depressive symptomatology among pregnant Latinas with limited English proficiency

Latina immigrants with limited English proficiency face significant obstacles to using maternal health services. Using a measure of reading skill and problem solving in the health context (the Spanish version of the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults), the authors assessed the association between literacy in Spanish and depressive symptomatology among 99 Latinas receiving prenatal care who had limited English proficiency. After adjusting for potential confounds, women with inadequate literacy were found to be more than twice as likely to have Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale scores greater than 16 (the standard clinical threshold) than women with adequate literacy. The association between low literacy and depressive symptomatology among pregnant Latinas deserves further investigation and should be considered when designing health services for this vulnerable and growing population.
Discourse Style, Classroom Interaction and Differential Treatment

The implications of ability-tracking for educational inequality are well known and controversial. Few studies, however, have been successful in capturing the interplay between students' discourse style, teacher expectations in particular classroom tasks and achievement outcomes. In what follows I will discuss the apparent influence of tracking on the kind of reading instruction students receive in urban school systems. The discussion will focus on how the discriminatory treatment reported by various researchers is perpetuated in face-to-face classroom interaction. Two schools are reported upon in which differential treatment assumes different forms, but always entails, for one group, a denial of access to practice in comprehending texts. In ethnographic studies seeking to identify the ways in which the structure of public schooling contributes to the perpetuation of social inequality, one of the most provocative findings has been that larger patterns of stratification in terms of race and class are reproduced in the organization of school environments. Research conducted during the last decade has shown that teachers consistently differ in their treatment of students in inner-city versus suburban schools (Leacock, 1969), and further, that within the same school, social class plays an important role in the assignment of students to ability groups (Rist, 1971; and Rist, 1977, and citations therein). Additionally, detailed study of classroom reading groups has shown that much less time is devoted to the actual task of reading in low-ranked groups; that non-verbal interaction in these groups is tightly structured; and, most important, that the process of successful and unsuccessful learning is collaborative (McDermott, 1976). Because all learning results in part from social interaction, a major goal in the studies reported on was to see whether methods of conversational analysis could be profitably applied to the study of classroom interaction. One reason for the focus on conversation was that several recent studies of early language learning have shown that mothers' conversational strategies with children affects the rate of initial language acquisition; that is, social interaction influences the acquisition of basic linguistic
Brain dysfunction as one cause of CFS symptoms including difficulty with attention and concentration

We have been able to reduce substantially patient pool heterogeneity by identifying phenotypic markers that allow the researcher to stratify chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients into subgroups. To date, we have shown that stratifying based on the presence or absence of comorbid psychiatric diagnosis leads to a group with evidence of neurological dysfunction across a number of spheres. We have also found that stratifying based on the presence or absence of comorbid fibromyalgia leads to information that would not have been found on analyzing the entire, unstratified patient group. Objective evidence of orthostatic intolerance (OI) may be another important variable for stratification and may define a group with episodic cerebral hypoxia leading to symptoms. We hope that this review will encourage other researchers to collect data on discrete phenotypes in CFS to allow this work to continue more broadly. Finding subgroups of CFS suggests different underlying pathophysiological processes responsible for the symptoms seen. Understanding those processes is the first step toward developing discrete treatments for each.
The Influence of Partial and Full Thickness Tears on Infraspinatus Tendon Strain Patterns

Tears on the bursal and articular sides of the rotator cuff tendons are known to behave differently and strain is thought to play a role in this difference. This study investigates the effect of tear location on the changes in three strain measurements (grip-to-grip, insertion, and mid-substance tissue) in a sheep infraspinatus tendon model during axial loading. We introduced a 14 mm wide defect near the insertion from either the articular or bursal side of the tendon to three depths (3 mm, 7 mm & full) progressively. For each condition, tendons were sinusoidally stretched (4% at 0.5 Hz) while insertion and mid-substance strains were tracked with surface markers. For a fixed load, grip-to-grip strain increased significantly compared to intact for both cuts. Insertion strain increased significantly for the bursal-side defect immediately but not for the articular-side until the 66% cut. Mid-substance tissue strain showed no significant change for partial thickness articular-side defects and a significant decrease for bursal-side defects after the 66% cut. All full thickness cuts exhibited negligible mid-substance tissue strain change. Our results suggest that the tendon strain patterns are more sensitive to defects on the bursal side, and that partial thickness tears tend to induce localized strain concentrations in regions adjacent to the damaged tissue.
Political Controversies in Brazilian TV Fiction Viewers’ Interpretations of the Telenovela Terra Nostra

This article discusses the Brazilian telenovela Terra Nostra, a prime-time production of TV Globo. The telenovela presented a complex picture of nineteenth-century Brazilian politics and of the saga of Italian immigrants, with a plurality of perspectives about these themes. A series of focus group discussions with viewers of different social backgrounds, concentrating on the political messages of the telenovela, reveals the complexity of audience responses. The author finds that the telenovela played an “orientation role,” providing interpretive frames that were often applied by viewers to current political issues. Even though they are frequently looked at with disdain, telenovelas have become key to understanding the dilemmas and perspectives of democratic politics in Brazil.
Convergence of the Single-Pass and Online Fuzzy C-Means Algorithms

Scalable versions of the widely used fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm called single-pass fuzzy c-means and online fuzzy c-means have been recently introduced. Both algorithms facilitate scaling to very large numbers of examples while providing partitions that very closely approximate those one would obtain using fuzzy c-means. Both algorithms have been successfully applied to a number of datasets, most notably, magnetic resonance image volumes of the human brain. In this letter, we show that weighting examples in the fuzzy c-means algorithm does not cause a violation in its convergence proof, and we provide a separate proof of convergence that holds for any dataset.
Measuring the organization of cardiac rhythms using the magnitude-squared coherence function

The application of the magnitude-squared coherence (MSC) spectrum as a measure of the degree of organization of the cardiac electrical activity is explored. The MSC spectrum is a frequency-domain measure of the linear relationship between two signals. In the work described the two signals are two bipolar electrograms from either acutely placed catheter(s) or automatic implantable cardioverter/defibrillator electrodes. It is shown that the MSC is a dimensionless (no units), real-valued spectrum that is always in the range of zero to unity. The case of zero is found at frequencies where there is no linear relationship between the signals, and the case of unity implies a linear, noise-free relationship. The way the MSC spectrum is normalized makes it insensitive to gain or gain differences between the two signals. Example MSC spectra are presented and discussed. Striking differences in the spectra for fibrillatory and nonfibrillatory rhythms are seen. >
Combinatorial Analysis for Sequence and Spatial Motif Discovery in Short Sequence Fragments

Motifs are overrepresented sequence or spatial patterns appearing in proteins. They often play important roles in maintaining protein stability and in facilitating protein function. When motifs are located in short sequence fragments, as in transmembrane domains that are only 6-20 residues in length, and when there is only very limited data, it is difficult to identify motifs. In this study, we introduce combinatorial models based on permutation for assessing statistically significant sequence and spatial patterns in short sequences. We show that our method can uncover previously unknown sequence and spatial motifs in β-beta-barrel membrane proteins and that our method outperforms existing methods in detecting statistically significant motifs in this data set. Last, we discuss implications of motif analysis for problems involving short sequences in other families of proteins.
The ground state and zero‐field splitting of the GdO molecule

The X‐band ESR spectrum of GdO was obtained in an argon matrix at 4 °K as a series of 16 fine‐structure lines between 0 and 12 000 G. Analysis proved that most of these lines were due to off‐principal‐axis transitions and established the ground state as 9Σ. An accurate fit to the data required the inclusion of a small b40 term (quartic in Sz) besides the usual b20 = D term in the spin Hamiltonian. The derived parameters in an argon matrix are g∥ = 1.990(9), g⊥ = 1.986(5), ‖ b20 ‖ = ‖ D ‖ = 0.2078(3) cm−1, and ‖ b40 ‖ = 0.000 40(5) cm−1. The two strongest lines were also observed in a neon matrix.
Impacto de la descentralización de la educación básica y normal en México sobre el gasto en nómina magisterial de los estados, 1999-2004

The education decentralization in 1992 modified the negotiation struc- ture of teachers' salaries between government authorities and the teachers' unions. In 1998 a federal fund called faeb was created to help the states finance education. This document explores the effects of the new negotiation structure and the effects of the distribution of faeb among the states on expenditures on teachers' salaries. It is found that states with a high percentage of state teachers previous to decentralization provide teachers with lower salary increases. This is mainly because such states face higher education costs, due to the distribution rules of faeb.
Evidence that Luteinizing Hormone from the Maternal Pituitary Gland May Promote Antepartum Release of Relaxin, Luteolysis, and Birth in Rats*

The role of the maternal pituitary gland and LH in the regulation of the release of relaxin from the onset of the light phase on day 21 of pregnancy (day 21) until delivery (herein designated the antepartum period) was examined in rats. Serum relaxin levels were determined in rats hypophysectomized (HYPOX) or sham hypophysectomized (SHAM) on day 14. In SHAM rats, the elevated serum relaxin levels that occurred during the light phase of days 21 and 22 coincided with a rapid decline in serum progesterone to basal levels, and relaxin levels then declined markedly throughout the 18- to 24-h before delivery. During the antepartum period HYPOX rats differed from SHAM rats in the following ways: 1) mean serum relaxin levels were higher immediately before the antepartum period (day 20) and remained at the maximal levels the sham-operated animals experienced throughout the ensuing antepartum period; 2) elevations in relaxin levels generally occurred in individual rats; however, they usually occurred later than day...