cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperspectral image processing: a direct image simplification method

We describe a novel approach to produce color composite images from hyperspectral data using weighted spectra averages. The weighted average is based on a sequence of numbers (weights) selected using pixel value information and interband distance. Separate sequences of weights are generated for each of the three color bands forming the color composite image. Tuning of the weighting parameters and emphasis on different spectral areas allows for emphasis of one or other feature in the image. The produced image is a distinct approach from a regular color composite result, since all the bands provide information to the final result. The algorithm was implemented in high level programming language and provided with a user friendly graphical interface. The current design allows for stand-alone usage or for further modifications into a real time visualization module. Experimental results show that the weighted color composition is an extremely fast visualization tool.
Sedimentology and stratigraphic architecture of the Late Permian Betts Creek Beds, Queensland, Australia

Abstract The Late Permian Betts Creek Beds form a succession of coal-bearing alluvial-coastal plain sediments in a basin marginal setting within the northeastern Galilee Basin, Queensland, Australia. The unit is ∼ 50–60 m in thickness at Porcupine Creek National Park where outcrop is laterally continuous for several kilometers. Eight facies have been identified within the formation and can be grouped into 2 facies associations: (A) channel deposits and (B) floodbasin deposits. The channel association consists of conglomerate (A1) and trough cross-bedded multistorey sandstone facies (A2), both interpreted as deposits of low-sinuosity river systems, tidally influenced fluvial channels (A3), interbedded sandstone and siltstone (A4) interpreted as the abandonment fill of the alluvial systems, and diamictite (A5) interpreted as debris flows. The floodbasin facies association is composed of sandy siltstone (B1; proximal–distal floodbasin), carbonaceous siltstone (B2; mire), and bioturbated siltstone (B3; estuarine) facies. The overall sediment body architecture can be resolved into 6 unconformity-bounded cycles interpreted as sequences in the genetic sense, which are sheet-like in geometry and, in general, consist of amalgamated multistorey, multilateral braided fluvial deposits at the base overlain by extensive sheet-like overbank mudstones, carbonaceous shales, and coals. Sea-level change is interpreted as the primary control on the sequence architecture of the formation, while the internal stratigraphic architecture, however, varies between sequences and is a function of a combination of sea level, tectonic, and autogenic controls.
Safety of imipenem/cilastatin in neurocritical care patients.

Background Infection in the intensive care unit (ICU) empirically requires broad-spectrum antibiotics. Imipenem/cilastatin, often reserved for more serious hospital-acquired infections, is thought to be associated with a higher risk of seizures than other penicillins and carbapenems. We sought to evaluate the safety of imipenem/cilastatin in the treatment of infections, including meningitis, in neurocritical care patients.
Preparation and characterization of a bis-galvinoxyl-disulfide

Abstract The synthesis of a biradical disulfide is described. This biradical exhibits an EPR spectrum consistent with ¦ J ¦>> a . Cyclic voltammetry of monolayers of this biradical shows that the radical monolayer exhibits less pH-dependence than its phenol counterpart.
INFECTION AND INTOXICATION : THEIR INFLUENCE UPON HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION IN EXPERIMENTAL ANEMIA.

Infection in human cases is often believed to be responsible for anemia. It is generally believed that lack of absorption and definite blood destruction are responsible for the anemia. Accelerated metabolism due to thyroid or dinitrophenol does not modify hemoglobin production in these standard anemic dogs. Endometritis lasting over many weeks will profoundly reduce the production of hemoglobin in the standard anemic dog. A sterile abscessalso will diminish the production of new hemoglobin in the anemic dog when liver is being fed but particularly during fasting periods when the usual abundant production of new hemoglobin is reduced to zero. Impaired absorption can be excluded as a factor of any significance in certain experiments given above. Destruction of red cells can likewise be excluded as of any significance in certain experiments given above. These experiments point to a disturbance of internal metabolism related to hemoglobin building in the body as responsible for the inhibition of hemoglobin production under these conditions. We believe this same factor is often of importance in human disease.
Ethosuximide pharmacokinetics in a pregnant patient and her newborn.

SUMMARY Ethosuximide concentration in serum was monitored during the last trimester of pregnancy in a patient. After delivery, the decline in serum concentration of ethosuximide was observed in the nonnursing neonate. The half-life of elimination of transplacentally acquired ethosuximide in this neonate was 41.3 hr. The ratio of breast milk to maternal serum concentration of ethosuximide was approximately 1. A total daily exposure to ethosuximide of 12.8 to 38.4 mg (3.6 to 11.0 mg/kg) as a result of nursing was predicted. RESUME La concentration serique de l'ethosuccimide a eteetudiee pendant le dernier trimestre de sa grossesse chez une patiente. Apres la delivrance la diminution de la concentration serique de l'ethosuccimide a ete observee chez le nouveau-ne non allaite. La demi-vie de l'elimination de l'ethosuccimide acquise par voie transplacentaire chez le nouveau-ne a ete de 41.3 heures. Le rapport de la concentration en ethosuccimide du lait matemel et du serum maternel est approximativement de 1. A partir de ces donnees, il fut prevu pour le nouveau-ne allaite une absorption d'ethosuccimide de l'ordre de 12.8 a 38.4 mg (de 3.6 a 11 mg/kg). RESUMEN Durante el ultimo trimestre del embarazo de una enferma se ha monitorizado la concentracion de etosuximida en suero. Despues del parto se observo una reduccion gradual de la etosuximida en el suero del recien nacido con lactancia artificial. En este nino la vida media de eliminacion de la etosuximida adquirida transplacentariamente fue de 41.3 horas. La relacion entre las concentraciones de etosuximida de la leche y el suero materno fue de 1 aproximadamente. Se calcula una administracion diaria de etosuximida de 12.8 a 38.4 mg (3.6 a 11,0 mg/kg) si el recion nacido es alimentado con leche materna. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Ethosuximidkonzentration im Serum wurde bei einer Patientin wahrend des letzten Drittels ihrer Schwangerschaft verfolgt. Nach der Geburt wurde ein Abfall der Serum-Konzentration von Ethosuximid beim nicht gestillten Neugeborenen beobachtet. Die Halbwertszeit der Elimination des transplacentar ubernommenen Ethosuximids betrug bei diesem Neugeborenen 41.3 Stunden. Das Verhaltnis der Konzentration in der Muttermilch, verglichen mit dem miitterlichen Serum, betrug etwa 1. Eine tagliche Gesamtexposition gegenuber Ethosuximid von 12.8 bis 38.4 mg (3.6 bis 11.0 mg/kg) wurde als Ergebnis des Stillens vorhergesagt.
CW radar output spectrum

Raven has analyzed the CW radar output assuming a low-level sinusoidal phase disturbance. The radar output is herein analyzed for arbitrary amplitude sinusoidal phase disturbance. Also, the output amplitude spectrum is shown to be related in a particularly simple way to the local oscillator amplitude spectrum.
Climbing as an avoidance behaviour in the salt marsh periwinkle, Littorina irrorata (Say)

Abstract In salt marshes from New York to Texas, Littorina irrorata (Say) occurs on stalks of tall grass, moves onto the substratum to feed during low tide and climbs above the water during high tide. To determine if climbing leads to reduced mortality from predation or other causes, snails were tethered to grass stalks either near, or well above, the substratum, in caged, open and roofed treatments at Wakulla Beach in northwestern Florida. Rates of injury and mortality were significantly greater in snails restricted near the substratum in open and roofed sites. Rates of mortality varied seasonally, with greatest rates from late spring to early autumn. Injuries and deaths declined to nearly zero from mid-November to April, the period during which two important predators, the blue crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun and the crown conch Melongena corona Gmelin, move offshore or bury in the inter- or subtidal mud. Mortality from attacks by conchs and crabs was greatest in late spring, and least in winter. Mortality of snails in cages (i.e. mortality from causes other than predation by conchs and crabs) was greatest in summer, less in spring and autumn, and least in winter. Regardless of season, more snails were attacked by conchs than by crabs. By remaining above water during high tide Littorina irrorata suffered significantly less predation by conchs and crabs and may have also been subject to less mortality from other inter- or subtidal carnivores or osmotic stress. It is therefore concluded that the circatidal climbing behaviour of marsh periwinkles reduces the risk of injury and mortality from predation in addition to that from other sources.
Pulmonary Vascular Complications of Liver Disease

Hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension are two pulmonary vascular complications of liver disease. The pathophysiology underlying each disorder is distinct, but patients with either condition may be limited by dyspnea. A careful evaluation of concomitant symptoms, the physical examination, pulmonary function testing and arterial blood gas analysis, and echocardiographic, imaging, and hemodynamic studies is crucial to establishing (and distinguishing) these diagnoses. Our understanding of the pathobiology, natural history, and treatment of these disorders has advanced considerably over the past decade; however, the presence of either still increases the risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with underlying liver disease. There is no effective medical treatment for hepatopulmonary syndrome. Although liver transplantation can resolve hepatopulmonary syndrome, there appears to be worse survival even with transplantation. Liver transplantation poses a very high risk of death in those with significant portopulmonary hypertension, where targeted medical therapies may improve functional status and allow successful transplantation in a small number of select patients.
Regulation of the Rat Glutathione S-Transferase A2 Gene by Glucocorticoids: Crosstalk Through C/EBPs

Regulation of the rat glutathione S-transferase A2 (GSTA2) gene by glucocorticoids is biphasic in its concentration dependence to glucocorticoids, with concentrations of 10–100 nM repressing gene activity (GR-dependent), and concentrations above 1 μM increasing transactivation (PXR-dependent) in adult rat hepatocytes or transient transfection assays. Over-expression of either C/EBPα or β negatively regulates basal and inducible expression of a 1.65 Kb GSTA2 luciferase reporter, and synergizes the response to glucocorticoids (GC). C/EBP responsive elements have been identified in the GSTA2 5′-flanking sequence, associated with the palindrominic Glucocorticoid Responsive Element (GRE), the Ah receptor response elements, and the antioxidant response element. In reporters lacking the palindromic GRE, negative regulation by GC is observed only when C/EBPα is co-expressed. Co-transfection of C/EBPα/β induced gene expression of the GSTA2 XRE reporter, but negatively regulated the GSTA2 ARE-reporter. In contrast,...
Orthopedic pitfalls in the ED: osteomyelitis.

Osteomyelitis can present to the emergency department as an acute, subacute, or chronic orthopedic concern. The presentation can range from subtle, as with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in the pediatric patient population, to obvious, as with the diabetic patient who presents with a foot ulcer overlying exposed bone. Accurate early diagnosis and prompt treatment, whether with antibiotics, debridement, or both, are important in helping determine the ultimate outcome in this potential orthopedic pitfall. We review here the clinical presentation, diagnostic techniques, and management options for osteomyelitis that are applicable to the emergency practitioner.
A self-driven p/n-Fe2O3 tandem photoelectrochemical cell for water splitting

It is desirable to fabricate self-driven photoelectrochemical cells (PECs) utilizing low cost, low bandgap, and stable materials for efficient splitting of water into hydrogen. We report here the spray pyrolytically fabricated self-driven tandem p/n-Fe 2 O 3 PECs for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The combination of p-Fe 2 O 3 synthesized by zinc doping using ethanol as the spray solvent and the undoped n-Fe 2 O 3 synthesized using 1-pentanol as the spray solvent generated the self-driven photoelectrochemical cell for water splitting.
Redefining Spirometry Hesitating Start Criteria Based on the Ratio of Extrapolated Volume to Timed FEVs

Background The primary purpose of this study was to investigate alternative hesitating start criteria for spirometry maneuvers that do not achieve an acceptable plateau. The current hesitating start criterion that has been in use for 30 years is based on clinical opinion from expert users; it was not established based on information from peer-reviewed scientific studies. Methods A total of 1,719 workers met the eligibility criteria for this study and contributed 24,945 trials. The fitted lines obtained from linear regressions of each dependent variable, volume of air calculated at time zero using the back extrapolation method (extrapolated volume [EV])/FEV1, EV/FEV in 3 s (FEV3), and EV/FEV in 6 s (FEV6) on EV/FVC were determined. The 95th percentile of the prediction interval of each dependent variable corresponding to EV/FVC = 5% was calculated. Results The values for EV/FEV1, EV/FEV3, and EV/FEV6 corresponding to the 5% EV/FVC value were determined to be 6.62%, 5.59%, and 5.25%, respectively. Conclusions A new hesitating start criterion using EV/FEV6 of 5.25% is recommended for tracings that do not achieve a plateau or when an FEV6 is performed. An EV/FEV3 of 5.59% could be incorporated into spirometry software as an early warning signal that could help operators identify trials with potential hesitating starts.
Predictors of dyadic friendship quality in adolescence.

Five dimensions of friendship quality (conflict, closeness, companionship, helping, and security) were predicted from self-reports and peer reports of physical aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behaviour, using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (Kenny & Acitelli, 2001). Participants were 224 adolescents aged 15-17 years (142 girls, 82 boys) who formed 112 unique same-sex best friend dyads. Significant actor and partner effects were found for both self-ratings and peer nominations of social behaviour and the five friendship qualities. Aggression was associated with self and partner perceptions of friendship conflict and low positive friendship qualities. Prosocial behaviour was associated with self and partner perceptions of positive friendship qualities and low conflict. The findings of this study were mostly consistent between male and female dyads. The importance of examining dependence due to dyads in peer relations research was discussed.
Synthesis enables identification of the cellular target of leucascandrolide A and neopeltolide

Leucascandrolide A and neopeltolide are structurally homologous marine natural products that elicit potent antiproliferative profiles in mammalian cells and yeast. The scarcity of naturally available material has been a significant barrier to their biochemical and pharmacological evaluation. We developed practical synthetic access to this class of natural products that enabled the determination of their mechanism of action. We demonstrated effective cellular growth inhibition in yeast, which was substantially enhanced by substituting glucose with galactose or glycerol. These results, along with genetic analysis of determinants of drug sensitivity, suggested that leucascandrolide A and neopeltolide may inhibit mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Evaluation of the activity of the four mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes in yeast and mammalian cells revealed cytochrome bc1 complex as the principal cellular target. This result provided the molecular basis for the potent antiproliferative activity of this class of marine macrolides, thus identifying them as new biochemical tools for investigation of eukaryotic energy metabolism.
Publication productivity and professional position: Cross-national evidence on the role of organizations

Studies of strafication in science have increasingly accepted the idea that science is a highly stratified and elitist system with skewed distributions of productivity and rewards. Attempts to explain the higher productivity of higher status scientists by pointing to their greater ease of publication as far as acceptance of their work by journals and publishers is concerned were not supported by the data in some recent studies. If status in general does not confer greater ease of publication the present paper argues that position within a research organization does confer greater ease of author — or co-authorship — and this is the major explanatory variable accounting for productivity differences within research laboratories as far as quantity of articles (and books) is concerned. upward moves in a laboratory's formal or informal position hierarchy are associated with a change of a scientist's research involvement from goal executing to goal setting functions as well as with an increasing access to scientific manpower and project money. Goal setting tasks provide for a significant reduction of time-expenditures in research necessary to assure that the scientist is identified with the research results; consequently, they allow for an involvement in more research tasks than originally. Equivalently, resources in scientific manpower and project money act as a multiplying element as far as quantity of output is concerned.
The electrochemical synthesis of aminonitriles I. H-cell studies with adiponitrile and azelanitrile

Adiponitrile and azelanitrile were electrochemically hydrogenated to their corresponding aminonitriles in a divided H-cell using Raney nickel powder as the cathode material. The effects of current, temperature, and solvent/supporting electrolyte composition on product selectivities were investigated. Syntheses of the fully hydrogenated diamine by-product increased with increasing current and solution temperature. When a 0.8 M adiponitrile/alcohol/water/ammonium actetate electrolyte was hydrogenated at temperatures of 35–45°C, 6-aminocapronitrile selectivities in the range of 79–97% and current efficiencies of 50–60% were obtained. The optimum applied current was 60 mA for each 2.5 g of catalyst (an apparent current density of 4.8 mA cm−2). For the case of azelanitrile, reaction selectivities for the partially hydrogenated 9-aminononanenitrile product ranged from 80–93%.
Failure to return for HIV test results: a pilot study of three community testing sites.

Background: Individuals at elevated risk of contracting HIV frequently fail to return for their test result. Because rapid HIV antibody testing is still not widely implemented, failure to return for test results under conditions of standard testing remains a problem.Methods:Direct field observation and semistructured interviews with clients (N = 16) and test counselors (N = 16) of 3 community HIV testing sites were conducted.Results: Clients faced 5 barriers to receiving their result: (1) fear, (2) busyness, (3) apathy,(4) inebriation at the time of testing, and (5) testing “on a whim.” Motivators that encouraged clients to receive their results were (1) positive counselor/client interactions, (2) client-friendly policies regarding picking up the test result, (3) clients’ psychological “need to know,” (4) incentives for picking up the result, and (5) established protocols for contacting clients who fail to return.Conclusion: Findings highlight the need for interventions to improve the return rate for HIV ...
Bone Related Events in High Risk Prostate Cancer

Purpose: We provide recommendations for defining and treating bone related events in high risk prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: A focused literature review was done.Results: Men with prostate cancer often have osteoporosis and osteopenia even before initiating androgen deprivation therapy. After starting androgen deprivation therapy they experience accelerated bone loss. Bone mineral density is the most common tool to assess the degree of bone loss, although the use of bone turnover markers for this purpose is being actively explored. Bisphosphonates are effective for increasing bone mineral density and treating osteoporosis. The benefits derived from bisphosphonates should be weighed against the adverse effects, including the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw. Treatment is indicated in patients with prostate cancer with osteoporosis and it may be considered in patients with osteopenia and/or additional risk factors. The time of initiation of therapy and duration of treatment have not been conclusive...
Urban regeneration and democratization of information access: CitiStat experience in Baltimore

This article explores the potential of a GIS-based approach to city management - Baltimore's CitiStat e-government program - for meeting the goals of sustainable urban regeneration. The argument advocated here builds on the widely held recognition that the application of ICTs in general can lead to both new forms of inclusion and exclusion of citizens. Therefore attending to the 'digital divide' is a relevant issue because cities are complex environments where outcomes of interventions are uncertain and widening participative arenas to different actors can increase the possibilities to regenerate declining urban areas in a more democratic way.
Adjustment after spinal cord injury: A 9-Year longitudinal study

Abstract Objective: To generate longitudinal data on the stability of life adjustment over a 9-year period among a sample of participants with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design: A field study was conducted by surveying the adjustment of a sample of participants with SCI in 1985 and again in 1994. Setting: Outpatient files of a large, university hospital in the Midwest. Participants: All 235 participants had traumatic onset SCI, were a minimum of 18 years of age at the time of first testing, and were no less than 2 years postinjury. The average age was 46.7yrs at the time of the 1994 study, with an average of 23.4yrs having passed since injury. Main Outcome Measures: The Life Situation Questionnaire (LSQ) was the outcome measure used. It was developed in 1973 to measure mostly objective information on adjustment and quality of life after SCI. It contains 7 scales and 40 individual items that were of interest in the current study. Results: Declines were identified over the 9-year period in several aspects of subjective well-being, even though there were no declines in overall activity level and some limited increases in participation in employment related activities. Conclusions: The results of this study were in contrast to previous longitudinal follow-ups that identified positive changes over time in both subjective and objective aspects of quality of life. These changes suggest that participants had a less optimistic outlook in 1994 than they did in 1985.
PET/CT Imaging in Gynecologic Malignancies Other than Ovarian and Cervical Cancer

Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) is an imaging modality used for staging, assessing response to therapy, and diagnosis of recurrent cervical and ovarian cancer. The potential role of FDG-PET/CT in other gynecologic malignancies such as endometrial cancer, uterine sarcomas, vaginal, and vulvar cancer has not been fully explored.
Enhancing job satisfaction perspectives: Combining Holland themes and basic interests

Investigations addressing the match between vocational interests and satisfaction have emphasized higher-order dimensions (e.g., Holland themes) and specific occupational scales. Although support exists at these levels of analysis for the hypothesis that congruence between interests and work environments yields satisfaction, limitations of these perspectives frequently result in small effect sizes or inconclusive results. This study examined the capacity of content scales of the 2005 Strong Interest Inventory, including the General Occupational Themes (GOTs) and Basic Interest Scales (BISs), in predicting job satisfaction across 22 samples comprising 9647 working adults. Hypothesized multivariate sets of content scales, and predicted individual GOTs and BISs demonstrated significant group differences. Sequential discriminant function analyses demonstrated that sets of hypothesized BISs significantly distinguished between satisfied and dissatisfied workers beyond the six Holland themes in 17 of the 22 occupational samples. The authors discuss practical implications of interpreting BISs to augment Holland themes related to job satisfaction.
Phase I trial of sorafenib in patients with recurrent or progressive malignant glioma.

Sorafenib is an inhibitor of multiple kinases that has demonstrated antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activity in a number of in vitro and in vivo model systems. A phase I study was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of sorafenib in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Sorafenib was given orally, twice a day (BID), continuously in 28-day cycles. The dose was escalated in 2 groups of patients stratified by use of enzyme-inducing antiseizure drugs (±EIASDs). Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was defined as any grades 3–4 nonhematological toxicity, grade 4 hematological toxicity, and febrile neutropenia. The number of evaluable patients enrolled in the +EIASD and −EIASD arms were 23 and 24, respectively. DLTs were predominantly dermatological and gastrointestinal effects, as observed in previous clinical trials of sorafenib. The MTD was 600 mg BID for patients receiving EIASDs and 800 mg BID for those who were not. The plasma pharmacokinetics of sorafenib were not significantly affected by the concurrent administration of EIASDs. The MTD of sorafenib given orally BID on a continuous basis was established as 600 mg BID in patients with malignant glioma who were concurrently receiving EIASDs and 800 mg BID in those who were not. Further evaluation is warranted of sorafenib at the recommended MTD against recurrent or progressive malignant glioma in combination with other molecularly targeted drugs or in the newly diagnosed setting concurrent with chemoradiation.
On the date, provenance and relationship of the ‘Solomon and Saturn’ dialogues

Although recently the object of renewed scholarly interest, the ‘Solomon and Saturn’ dialogues remain among the most enigmatic of Old English works. To some extent the problem resides in their strange subject-matter and hyperbolic style, exemplified by grotesque personifications of the letters of the Pater noster, endless enumerations of its extraordinary attributes, and the esoteric, Middle-Eastern background attributed to the speakers Solomon and Saturn. But hardly less daunting are the textual difficulties posed by the primary surviving manuscript, and the manner in which modern editors have handled them. Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 422 is composite, the first two quires of which (pp. 1–26), dating from the mid-tenth century, contain the Old English. Within these two quires the sequence of texts is as follows: a poetic dialogue of 169 lines on the Pater noster (pp. 1–6); followed without a break by a prose dialogue on the same subject, ending abruptly at the end of p. 12 (coinciding with the loss of a leaf); and another poetic dialogue of 335 lines on various aspects of time, nature, good and evil, also ending abruptly, at the end of p. 26. Yet in the editions of Menner and Dobbie the arrangement of texts is altogether different: the prose section is removed and labelled a separate work; and the verse is divided into two discrete poems. The effect, almost inevitably, has been to create a perception of three independent, even unrelated, works.
Understanding academic medical centers: Simone's Maxims.

Academic medical centers today represent a unique fusion of traditional academia, hospital functions, several levels of education, and, above all, patients. They are complex organizations trying to discharge an often conflicting melange of responsibilities. This complexity has grown in recent years
A Technique to Measure Ice Nuclei in the Contact Mode

AbstractThis study presents a new technique to study ice nucleation by aerosols in the contact mode. Contact freezing depends upon the interaction of a supercooled droplet of water and an aerosol particle, with the caveat that the particle must be at the air–water interface. To measure nucleation catalyzed in this mode, the technique employs water droplets that are supercooled via a temperature-controlled copper stage, then pulls aerosol-laden air past them. Particles deposit out of the airstream and come into contact with the surface of the droplet. The probability that a particle–droplet collision initiates a freezing event, necessitating knowledge of the total number of particles that collide with the droplet, is reported. In tests of the technique, ice nucleation by the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae is found to be more efficient in the contact mode than in the immersion mode by two orders of magnitude at −3°C with the difference diminishing by −8°C.
Validation of Cross-Sectional Time Series and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines Models for the Prediction of Energy Expenditure in Children and Adolescents Using Doubly Labeled Water

Accurate, nonintrusive, and inexpensive techniques are needed to measure energy expenditure (EE) in free-living populations. Our primary aim in this study was to validate cross-sectional time series (CSTS) and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) models based on observable participant characteristics, heart rate (HR), and accelerometer counts (AC) for prediction of minute-by-minute EE, and hence 24-h total EE (TEE), against a 7-d doubly labeled water (DLW) method in children and adolescents. Our secondary aim was to demonstrate the utility of CSTS and MARS to predict awake EE, sleep EE, and activity EE (AEE) from 7-d HR and AC records, because these shorter periods are not verifiable by DLW, which provides an estimate of the individual's mean TEE over a 7-d interval. CSTS and MARS models were validated in 60 normal-weight and overweight participants (ages 5–18 y). The Actiheart monitor was used to simultaneously measure HR and AC. For prediction of TEE, mean absolute errors were 10.7 ± 307 kcal/d and 18.7 ± 252 kcal/d for CSTS and MARS models, respectively, relative to DLW. Corresponding root mean square error values were 305 and 251 kcal/d for CSTS and MARS models, respectively. Bland-Altman plots indicated that the predicted values were in good agreement with the DLW-derived TEE values. Validation of CSTS and MARS models based on participant characteristics, HR monitoring, and accelerometry for the prediction of minute-by-minute EE, and hence 24-h TEE, against the DLW method indicated no systematic bias and acceptable limits of agreement for pediatric groups and individuals under free-living conditions.
A microfabricated electrical differential counter for the selective enumeration of CD4+ T lymphocytes

We have developed a microfabricated biochip that enumerates CD4+ T lymphocytes from leukocyte populations obtained from human blood samples using electrical impedance sensing and immunoaffinity chromatography. T cell counts are found by obtaining the difference between the number of leukocytes before and after depleting CD4+ T cells with immobilized antibodies in a capture chamber. This differential counting technique has been validated to analyze physiological concentrations of leukocytes with an accuracy of ∼9 cells per µL by passivating the capture chamber with bovine serum albumin. In addition, the counter provided T cell counts which correlated closely with an optical control (R2 = 0.997) for CD4 cell concentrations ranging from approximately 100 to 700 cells per µL. We believe that this approach can be a promising method for bringing quantitative HIV/AIDS diagnostics to resource-poor regions in the world.
Daily Simulation of Ozone and Fine Particulates over New York State: Findings and Challenges

Abstract This study investigates the potential utility of the application of a photochemical modeling system in providing simultaneous forecasts of ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) over New York State. To this end, daily simulations from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model for three extended time periods during 2004 and 2005 have been performed, and predictions were compared with observations of ozone and total and speciated PM2.5. Model performance for 8-h daily maximum O3 was found to be similar to other forecasting systems and to be better than that for the 24-h-averaged total PM2.5. Both pollutants exhibited no seasonal differences in model performance. CMAQ simulations successfully captured the urban–rural and seasonal differences evident in observed total and speciated PM2.5 concentrations. However, total PM2.5 mass was strongly overestimated in the New York City metropolitan area, and further analysis of speciated observations and model predictions showed that most of th...
Reusable hybride CoFe2O4-ZnO hollow nanosphere photocatalysts

Magnetically separable and reusable core-shell CoFe2O4-ZnO photocatalyst nanospheres were prepared via hydrothermal synthesis technique using glucose derived carbon nanospheres as template. The morphology and phase of core-shell hybrid structure of CoFe2O4-ZnO was assessed via TEM, and XRD. The UV-vis photocatalytic activity of the composite was assessed via measuring the degradation rate of modeled pollutant methylene blue in water. The magnetic composite showed high UV photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue. The photocatalytic activity was found to be ZnO shell thickness dependent. Thicker ZnO shells lead to higher rate of photocatalytic activity. Hybrid nanospheres recovered using external magnetic field demonstrated good repeatability of photocatalytic activity. These results promise the reusability of hybrid nanospheres for photocatalytic activity.
Geographic patterns of seed mass are associated with climate factors, but relationships vary between species

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Seed size is a critical life history attribute with fitness effects that cascade throughout the lifespan of plants. Interspecific studies repeatedly report a negative correlation between seed mass and latitude. Yet, despite its importance, little is known about geographic variation in seed size within species' ranges. METHODS To improve our understanding of intraspecific geographic variation in seed size, we collected and weighed seeds by maternal line from 8 to 17 populations of seven herbaceous plant species spanning large geographic areas, and measured a dispersal trait, awn length, for two grass species. We examined the overall relationship between seed mass and latitude, then divided the data into species-specific subsets to compare the fit of three models to explain seed mass and awn length: (1) latitude and longitude, (2) long-term climate, and (3) collection-year weather. KEY RESULTS Like previous work, we found a negative relationship between interspecific seed mass and latitude. However, the best-fit models explaining seed size and awn length differed between individual species and often included significant interaction terms. For all species, the best model was either long-term or collection-year climate data instead of latitude and longitude. CONCLUSIONS Intraspecific geographic patterns for seed traits were remarkably inconsistent, covarying both negatively and positively with temperature and precipitation. The only apparent generalization is that annual species' seed mass corresponded more with collection-year weather while perennial species covaried more with long-term climate. Overall, this study suggests that the scale of climate variation that molds seed traits is highly species-specific.
Superdense teleportation and quantum key distribution for space applications

The transfer of quantum information over long distances has long been a goal of quantum information science and is required for many important quantum communication and computing protocols. When these channels are lossy and noisy, it is often impossible to directly transmit quantum states between two distant parties. We use a new technique called superdense teleportation to communicate quantum information deterministically with greatly reduced resources, simplified measurements, and decreased classical communication cost. These advantages make this technique ideal for communicating quantum information for space applications. We are currently implementing an superdense teleportation lab demonstration, using photons hyperentangled in polarization and temporal mode to communicate a special set of two-qubit, single-photon states between two remote parties. A slight modification of the system readily allows it to be used to implement quantum cryptography as well. We investigate the possibility of implementation from an Earth’s orbit to ground. We will discuss our current experimental progress and the design challenges facing a practical demonstration of satellite-to-Earth SDT.
Action of Parathyroid Extracts on Stable Bone Mineral Using Radiocalcium as Tracer.

SummaryThe effect of Parathormone injections causing mobilization of radiocalcium from incarceration in stable bone mineral of rat, has been studied by observing specific activities of bones and amounts of radiocalcium appearing in urine prior to and following subcutaneous injections of bovine parathyroid extracts. From the greatly increased renal excretion of Ca45 following injection of parathyroid extracts it can be reasonably concluded that these extracts are able to produce mobilization of stable bone mineral from the rat skeleton.
Drastic differences between the local and the average structures of Sr2MSbO5.5 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) oxygen-deficient double perovskites.

For many disordered materials, knowing their average crystal structure is insufficient for explaining and predicting their macroscopic properties. It has been found that a description of the short-range atomic arrangements is needed to understand such materials. In order to understand the conduction pathways in ionic conductors which have random distributions of vacancies it is imperative to know the local structures which are present. In this study the local structures of three oxygen-deficient double perovskites, Sr2MSbO5.5 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba), have been investigated by neutron pair distribution function analysis. The ions in these compounds are all found to have local coordination environments which are radically different than those given by their average structures. While there is no long-range ordering of the oxygen vacancies in these compounds, a considerable amount of short-range order does exist. The conditions which drive the short-range ordering are discussed as are the possible mechanisms for ach...
Producing thin strips by twin-roll casting—part I: Process aspects and quality issues

This two-part paper discusses recent advances in research and development for the direct production of coilable thin strips by twin-roll casting in both the aluminum and steel industries. While the former is empowering the casters to approach the theoretical productivity limit, the latter is striving to put pilot casters into commercial operation. These intensive R&D efforts are derived from the advantages, both economic and metallurgical, offered by the process. As twin-roll casting combines solidification and hot rolling into a single operation, the process requires low capital investment and low operational cost. Also, because of the high solidification rate attained in the process, the thin strips produced have a refined metallurgical structure, characterized by columnar and equiaxed zones with fine intermetallic particles. The enthusiasm about twin-roll casting is now being spread worldwide. This paper focuses on the process aspects and quality control of twin-roll casting. Part II, which will appear in the August issue, will review process modeling and pilot-plant development activities.
Active Flow Control of Sprays with Synthetic Jets

The effects of active flow control using a single synthetic jet on an air atomized solid cone spray were investigated experimentally for several spray flow rate ratios and momentum coefficients. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used to assess the effect of the synthetic jet actuation on global spray behavior, while the Shadowgraphy was used at 45 locations throughout the 3-D spray flow field to measure its microscopic characteristics in order to understand the influence of the synthetic jet on droplet size, distribution, and concentration. The synthetic jet was shown to provide vectoring of the spray up to about 18 away from the control jet with increased vectoring, spray width, and RMS for low flow rate ratio spray and high momentum coefficients. Shadowgraphy measurements indicate that for the low flow rates ratio, small droplets are pushed away and are moved across the spray, resulting in increased concentration of small droplets on the side away from the synthetic jet. For high flow rate ratios, the number of large droplets is increased along the centerline of the spray, indicating coalescence of small droplets, as they are vectored by the flow control. The feasibility of using two opposing synthetic jets for flapping motion of the spray was demonstrated, as well, indicating that synthetic jets are a potentially powerful tool for active flow control of sprays.
On the ultra-"Left" interference to the logic research

View of world and methodology are identical in some aspects and are not identical in others. Metaphysical method is a scientific method, and formal logic should be reformed by dialectical method as it is the outcome of metaphysical method. Influenced by the ultra-"Left"trend of thought of the Soviet Union, dialectical logic and formal logic are purely man-made separated. The research of logic in China has been misled for more than fifty years by the ultra-"Left" trend of thought. The logic thought of Hegel, Marx, Engles and Lennin, which are guided by dialectical , are the generality of formal logic according to the cognitive process. Acturally, dialectical logic is cognitive logic.
Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Basic Psychological Needs Scale

Objective:To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Basic Psychological Needs Scale(BPNS)in primary and junior high school students.Methods:Totally 526 students in grade 4-8in Shanghai were selected and assessed with the BPNS.The item analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were employed to test the discrimination of items and structure validity.The Children' s Sense of Coherence Scale(CSOC)and Brief Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale(BMSLSS)were used as criterions to test criterion validity.A sample of 55 junior high school students was retested 2 weeks later for the test-retest reliability.Results:Item analysis showed that the BPNS had satisfactory item discrimination(r = 0.40-0.72).Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the whole scale had one three-order factor construct and good construct validity,and the factor loadings ranged from 0.42 to 0.79.The BPNS had an ideal criterion validity,which ranged from 0.32 to 0.59.The Cronbach' s coefficient was 0.84 for the total scale,0.57 for autonomy,0.62 competence and 0.72 for relatedness,respectively.The test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.84 for the total scale,0.68 to 0.83 for the three sub-scales,respectively.Conclusion:The Chinese version of the BPNS has better reliability and validity,which could be used as a tool for measuring children' s basic needs.
Generalized k-level cutset sampling and reconstruction

We propose a family of cutset sampling schemes and a generalized k-level image reconstruction approach formulated under a minimum mean squared error (MMSE) framework. The k-level reconstruction approach is a direct generalization of the recently proposed pattern-based approach, and can be applied to periodic samples either on a cutset or on a grid. Our experimental results indicate that the generalization of the k-level reconstruction approach results in only a small performance loss. For rectangular cutsets, we show that the proposed approach outperforms the cutset-MRF approach as well as two inpainting approaches. Moreover, we show that combining the cutset sampling with an additional point sample inside the periodic structure outperforms k-level reconstruction from cutset sampling and point sampling under comparable sampling densities.
Neural mechanisms of cardiac pain

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the underlying neural mechanisms that can be used to explain the pain, associated with heart disease and gallbladder disease. An assessment of the stimuli that can be used to generate the activity of the system, transmitting noxious information is also described in the chapter. The chapter also discusses the neural mechanisms to explain the similarity in cardiac pain, and in some cases of gallbladder disease. Cardiac pain often manifests itself as deep, diffuse, aching, somatic sensations arising from the chest, the left arm, and, sometimes, the right arm and jaw. This form of visceral pain can originate during ischemia of the heart, but can also be associated with diseases of the esophagus, the lungs, and even the gallbladder.
Lifestyle Change and Maintenance in Obesity Treatment and Prevention: A Self-determination Theory Perspective

Publisher Summary The key to obesity prevention is lifestyle change: improving dietary intake and increasing physical activity. To date, several interventions have been developed to target these behaviors and increase weight-loss success. Behavioral weight control, consisting of education about nutrition and physical activity and instruction in key behavioral techniques (e.g., self-monitoring and problem-solving), is the treatment of choice for overweight to moderately obese individuals (BMI 25–40 kg/m2). Self-determination theory (SDT) is a general theory of human motivation that addresses the importance of motivation in behavior change and its maintenance. This chapter aims to describe the general tenets of SDT, to discuss applications of SDT to the lifestyle changes relevant to weight loss, and to provide suggestions for future research and interventions to prevent obesity. One of the key assumptions of self-determination theory is that human beings are naturally oriented toward growth, health, and development. However, social-contextual circumstances may facilitate or impede this natural process of motivation and self-governance. Thus, self-determination theory offers an organismic dialectic perspective on human motivation, which acknowledges the interplay between the person and the situation in various behavioral contexts. SDT posits that all humans possess three basic psychological needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy. The need for competence involves the need to feel optimally challenged in one's endeavors and to feel capable of achieving desired outcomes.