cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A systematic comparison of QuikSCAT and SAR ocean surface wind speeds

We performed a systematic comparison of wind speed measurements from the SeaWinds QuikSCAT scatterometer and wind speeds computed from RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) normalized radar cross section measurements. These comparisons were made over in the Gulf of Alaska and extended over a two-year period, 2000 and 2001. The SAR wind speed estimates require a wind direction to initialize the retrieval. Here, we first used wind directions from the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) model. For these retrievals, the standard deviation between the resulting SAR and QuikSCAT wind speed measurements was 1.78 m/s. When we used the QuikSCAT-measured wind directions to initialize the inversion, comparisons improve to a standard deviation of 1.36 m/s. We used these SAR-scatterometer comparisons to generate a new C-band horizontal polarization model function. With this new model function, the wind speed inversion improves to a standard deviation of 1.24 m/s with no mean bias. These results strongly suggest that SAR and QuikSCAT measurements can be combined to make better high-resolution wind measurements than either instrument could alone in coastal areas.
Molecular Requirements for T Cell Recognition by a Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II–restricted T Cell Receptor: The Involvement of the Fourth Hypervariable Loop of the Vα Domain

The role of two central residues (K68, E69) of the fourth hypervariable loop of the Vα domain (HV4α) in antigen recognition by an MHC class II–restricted T cell receptor (TCR) has been analyzed. The TCR recognizes the NH2-terminal peptide of myelin basic protein (Ac1-11, acetylated at NH2 terminus) associated with the class II MHC molecule I-Au. Lysine 68 (K68) and glutamic acid 69 (E69) of HV4α have been mutated both individually and simultaneously to alanine (K68A, E69A). The responsiveness of transfectants bearing wild-type and mutated TCRs to Ac1-11–I-Au complexes has been analyzed in the presence and absence of expression of the coreceptor CD4. The data demonstrate that in the absence of CD4 expression, K68 plays a central role in antigen responsiveness. In contrast, the effect of mutating E69 to alanine is less marked. CD4 coexpression can partially compensate for the loss of activity of the K68A mutant transfectants, resulting in responses that, relative to those of the wild-type transfectants, are highly sensitive to anti-CD4 antibody blockade. The observations support models of T cell activation in which both the affinity of the TCR for cognate ligand and the involvement of coreceptors determine the outcome of the T cell–antigen-presenting cell interaction.
Small Interfering RNA–Mediated Translation Repression Alters Ribosome Sensitivity to Inhibition by Cycloheximide in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Small RNAs (sRNAs; ∼20 to 30 nucleotides in length) play important roles in gene regulation as well as in defense responses against transposons and viruses in eukaryotes. Their biogenesis and modes of action have attracted great attention in recent years. However, many aspects of sRNA function, such as the mechanism(s) of translation repression at postinitiation steps, remain poorly characterized. In the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, sRNAs derived from genome-integrated inverted repeat transgenes, perfectly complementary to the 3′ untranslated region of a target transcript, can inhibit protein synthesis without or with only minimal mRNA destabilization. Here, we report that the sRNA-repressed transcripts are not altered in their polyadenylation status and they remain associated with polyribosomes, indicating inhibition at a postinitiation step of translation. Interestingly, ribosomes associated with sRNA-repressed transcripts show reduced sensitivity to translation inhibition by some antibiotics, such as cycloheximide, both in ribosome run-off assays and in in vivo experiments. Our results suggest that sRNA-mediated repression of protein synthesis in C. reinhardtii may involve alterations to the function/structural conformation of translating ribosomes. Additionally, sRNA-mediated translation inhibition is now known to occur in a number of phylogenetically diverse eukaryotes, suggesting that this mechanism may have been a feature of an ancestral RNA interference machinery.
Cdc25B Functions as a Novel Coactivator for the Steroid Receptors

We have previously demonstrated that overexpression of Cdc25B in transgenic mice resulted in mammary gland hyperplasia and increased steroid hormone responsiveness. To address how Cdc25B enhances the hormone responsiveness in mammary glands, we showed that Cdc25B stimulates steroid receptor-dependent transcription in transient transfection assays and in a cell-free assay with chromatin templates. Surprisingly, the effect of Cdc25B on steroid receptors is independent of its protein phosphatase activity in vitro. The direct interactions of Cdc25B with steroid receptors, on the other hand, were evidenced in in vivo and in vitro assays, suggesting the potential direct contribution of Cdc25B on the steroid receptor-mediated transcription. In addition, p300/CBP-associated factor and CREB binding protein were shown to interact and synergize with Cdc25B and further enhance its coactivation activity. Thus, we have uncovered a novel function of Cdc25B that serves as a steroid receptor coactivator in addition to its role as a regulator for cell cycle progression. This dual function might likely contribute to its oncogenic action in breast cancer.
The plastochron index: Still useful after nearly six decades

The plastochron index (PI) introduced by Erickson and Michelini in 1957 provides a solution to a long-standing problem, of how to measure time in growing plant populations, such that the occurrence of critical developmental events can be more readily detected, compared, and analyzed, than if chronologic time is used. The PI reduces the rather large variation associated with chronologic time in measuring such events by taking advantage of the growth characteristics of stem organs that repeat at regular intervals (the plastochron) and has found widespread application in botanical research. The original formulation and derivation of the PI and associated leaf plastochron index (LPI) is reviewed. Additional formulations that have been developed to overcome some of the limitations of the original PI formulation are examined. Major advancements that have been achieved in understanding the physiology, growth, and development of agriculturally important and current model plant species are reviewed to illustrate how various researchers have used the PI in such studies. Potential uses to which the PI and LPI might be applied in emerging frontiers of plant science are suggested. A searchable bibliography of most all the primary research studies that cite the original PI article is provided.
The environmental water of the middle Eocene Arctic: evidence from δD, δ18O and δ13C within specific compounds.

Abstract The extensive vertical exposure (> 150 m) of terrestrial sediments on Axel Heiberg Island, which contain thick fossiliferous lignites, presents an exceptional opportunity to follow the establishment and re-establishment of Arctic Metasequoia forests during the middle Eocene. We compared δ D values in n -alkanes of chain length 23, 25, 27 and 29 with δ 18 O values in phenylglucosazone (P-G) derived from α-cellulose; we also analyzed %-abundance of ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms using pollen and spores isolated from each lignite. Our results showed that forest composition was altered upon uplift, as gymnosperms became more abundant within the relatively well-drained upland sediments. This was also reflected in the small (1‰), but significant, increase in the δ 13 C value of TOM from lowland to upland environments. However, neither the δ D values of n -alkanes nor the δ 18 O in P-G were statistically different in the upland sediments, as compared to the lowland sediments; from this we inferred that the oxygen isotope signature of environmental water available to the forests for plant growth was relatively uniform throughout the time of the fossil forests. The δ D value of environmental water implied by both n -alkanes and P-G ranged from − 168 to − 131% and was considerably enriched compared to all environmental water samples available from the modern Arctic region (
Prevalence of oral methicillin‐resistant Staphy/ococcus aureus in an institutionalized veterans population

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a nosocomial pathogen now of great concern in nursing homes and other institutional settings. MRSA has been well-documented to inhabit the nares, skin wounds, and respiratory tract, but little is known about its presence in the oral cavity. In this study, all patients admitted to an 80-bed VA extended care facility were cultured weekly for 12 weeks to detect the presence of MRSA in the nares, wounds, in-dwelling devices, and the oral cavity. Of a total of 107 participating subjects, 20 cultured positive for oral MRSA, yielding a prevalence of 18.7%, compared with 19.6% prevalence in the nares--the traditionally accepted screening site for MRSA. There was a 91.6% agreement between oral and nasal carriage in subjects, but four of 107 subjects (3.7%) cultured positive for oral MRSA without evidence of nasal carriage. These results suggest that oral MRSA may be more common than previously thought in high-risk settings, with a prevalence comparable with that of nasal infection. Further investigation is necessary to characterize the factors associated with the presence of MRSA in the oral cavity.
Antigen-Specific Immunity and Cross-Priming by Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma-Induced CD11b+Gr-1+ Cells

Both innate and adaptive immune systems are considered important for cancer prevention, immunosurveillance, and control of cancer progression. It is known that, although both systems initially eliminate emerging tumor cells efficiently, tumors eventually escape immune attack by a variety of mechanisms, including differentiation and recruitment of immunosuppressive CD11b + Gr-1 + myeloid suppressor cells into the tumor microenvironment. However, we show that CD11b + Gr-1 + cells found in ascites of epithelial ovarian cancer-bearing mice at advanced stages of disease are immunostimulatory rather than being immunosuppressive. These cells consist of a homogenous population of cells that morphologically resemble neutrophils. Moreover, like dendritic cells, immunostimulatory CD11b + Gr-1 + cells can strongly cross-prime, augmenting the proliferation of functional CTLs via signaling through the expression of costimulatory molecule CD80. Adoptive transfer of these immunostimulatory CD11b + Gr-1 + cells from ascites of ovarian cancer-bearing mice results in the significant regression of s.c. tumors even without being pulsed with exogenous tumor Ag prior to adoptive transfer. We now show for the first time that adaptive immune responses against cancer can be augmented by these cancer-induced granulocyte-like immunostimulatory myeloid (CD11b + Gr-1 + ) cells, thereby mediating highly effective antitumor immunity in an adoptive transfer model of immunity.
Inhibitory probes of mitochondrial ATPase and the action of DDT

Chemical inhibitors were used as probes of mitochondrial ATPase to determine the site of action of DDT on oligomycin-sensitive mitochondrial ATPase (OS-ATPase) using whole mitochondria isolated from red coxal muscle of the American cockroach. Several plotting procedures were employed to delineate the form of inhibition. Relative potency and joint action were used to detect similar action, synergism, and antagonism between DDT and the inhibitory probes DCCD, Nbf-CI, and oligomycin. DDT demonstrated not (strictly) competitive kinetics and may be acting as an uncompetitive inhibitor. DDT and DCCD produced similar additive action. At limiting concentrations of DCCD, inhibition was reduced in the presence of DDT. Effects shown by oligomycin were not altered by DDT. DDT enhanced the effects of Nbf-CI. These interactions, together with the demonstration of not (strictly) competitive kinetics, indicate that DDT may be acting on the membrane sector as an allosteric modifier.
Calibration, parameter estimation, and accuracy enhancement of a 4DI camera turntable system

The four-dimensional imager (4DI) system, a real-time threedimensional (3-D) imager, is a laser range data sensing system for making continuous geometric measurements of 3-D surfaces. We concentrate on the objective of improving the resolution and accuracy of this system using a camera-turntable arrangement. A fast and inexpensive method to capture dense range data for 360-deg viewing of an object is provided. After the system calibration procedure and parameter estimation operations, the method to improve the data resolution by object rotation is derived. By oversampling the object surface and then using a 3-D smoothing and resampling operation, the accuracy of the data can be improved while maintaining a given spatial resolution. The method of removing the low credibility data points is also discussed.
APPLIED BIODIVERSITY SCIENCE: BRIDGING ECOLOGY, CULTURE, AND GOVERNANCE FOR EFFECTIVE CONSERVATION

SUMMARY Solutions to the biodiversity crisis will ultimately come from biological scientists and social scientists working in tandem, yet disconnects among scientific disciplines, conservation institutions, and practical implementation hinder effective conservation. The vision of Applied Biodiversity Science (ABS) is to achieve integration between biodiversity research and on-the-ground conservation practices. Three pillars support ABS: 1) integrated social and biological research; 2) cross-disciplinary collaboration with local conservation institutions and actors; and 3) application of conservation theory to practice. Our ABS program, including a doctoral training program, is focused on two cross-cutting themes: Ecological Functions and Biodiversity; and Communities and Governance. The research integration matrix matches causes of biodiversity loss against research approaches, and is thus a useful tool for defining integrative questions and building inter disciplinary research teams. Case studies from Western Amazon and Gran Chaco illustrate how the ABS model has been implemented in the Americas. The intention is that ABS approaches will produce conservation scientists who communicate effectively across disciplines, and make their research relevant to ongoing programs. The ABS approach helps elucidate how and why ecosystem functions, biodiversity, human communities and governance systems are interconnected.
Redox Signals in Wound Healing

Physical trauma represents one of the most primitive challenges that threatened survival. Healing a problem wound requires a multi-faceted comprehensive approach. First and foremost, the wound environment will have to be made receptive to therapies. Second, the appropriate therapeutic regimen needs to be identified and provided while managing systemic limitations that could secondarily limit the healing response. Unfortunately, most current solutions seem to aim at designing therapeutic regimen with little or no consideration of the specific details of the wound environment and systemic limitations. One factor that is centrally important in making the wound environment receptive is correction of wound hypoxia. Recent work have identified that oxygen is not only required to disinfect wounds and fuel healing but that oxygen-dependent redox-sensitive signaling processes represent an integral component of the healing cascade. Over a decade ago, it was proposed that in biological systems oxidants are not necessarily always the triggers for oxidative damage and that oxidants such as H2O2 could actually serve as signaling messengers and drive several aspects of cellular signaling. Today, that concept is much more developed and mature. Evidence supporting the role of oxidants such as H2O2 as signaling messenger is compelling. A complete understanding of the continuum between the classical and emergent roles of oxygen requires a thorough consideration of current concepts in redox biology. The objective of this review is to describe our current understanding of how redox-sensitive processes may drive dermal tissue repair.
Urbanization and Political Demand Making: Political Participation Among the Migrant Poor in Latin American Cities.

This paper investigates the proposition that rapid urbanization produces significant changes in the kinds, volume, and intensity of demand making aimed at local and national governments, leading to political system “overload” and pressure for major shifts in resource allocation. Drawing upon data gathered among low-income migrants to Mexico City and other Latin American cities, the paper analyzes the process through which objective needs are converted into demands upon government. The findings indicate that there are often major lags in the process of demand creation among cityward migrants, and that many kinds of felt needs are viewed by migrants as needs to be satisfied primarily through individual rather than governmental action. Data are presented on the incidence of demand making among the migrant population and the substantive nature of the demands they make upon government. Strategies used in attempting to influence government decisions are described, and the attitudes and perceptions underlying the migrant's preference among alternative strategies are analyzed. The long-term propensity of migrants and their offspring to engage in demand making with regard to broad social and economic issues rather than individual or community-related needs is assessed.
Further evidence of association between amphetamine response and SLC6A2 gene variants.

Background and rationale We previously found that the intronic norepinephrine transporter gene (SLC6A2) polymorphism rs36017 modulates feelings of elation after administration of 20 mg d-amphetamine in healthy volunteers.
V-BLAST outage probability: analytical analysis

An analytical approach to the performance analysis of the V-BLAST algorithm is discussed in this paper. It is based on closed-form analytical models of the three key algorithm components: interference cancellation, interference nulling and optimal ordering. The closed-form analytical model of the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process is a key component of the proposed analysis method. It allows us to derive closed-form expressions for the signal at each detection step, to perform analytically statistical analysis for a Rayleigh-fading channel (i.e., diversity order etc.) and to obtain closed-form expressions for outage probabilities in the case of two Tx antennas. In particular, it is demonstrated that the optimal ordering does not result in increased diversity order, but only in a fixed SNR gain. Generalized versions of the V-BLAST algorithm proposed recently can be analyzed in a similar way.
Calibrations of Resistance Welding Equipment With High Pulsed Currents

Rogowski coils are widely used as high pulsed current sensors in resistance welding applications. The operating conditions of the coils determine the requirements for their calibration. A new calibration system has been developed at National Research Council (NRC) Canada for calibrating current sensing coils and weld current monitors (WCMs) used in AC resistance welding. The calibration system, which includes a high-current source and a coaxial copper cage, has been evaluated at peak pulsed currents of up to 80 kA at 60 Hz. The expanded measurement uncertainties ( $k=2$ ) have been estimated to be less than 350 $\mu \text{A}$ /A for magnitude. A method for the calibration of WCMs separately from their Rogowski coils at conditions that correspond to those obtained at high pulsed currents but without the need to use actual high pulsed currents has also been developed.
What's Next in the Section 6501(E) Overstated Basis Controversy?

Section 650l(e) is among the exceptions to the normal three-year statute of limitations on assessment. Under section 650l(e)(1), a six-year limitations period applies "[i]f the taxpayer omits from gross income an amount properly includible therein which is in excess of 25 percent of the amount of gross income stated in the return." The six-year period clearly applies when the taxpayer fails to report taxable receipts surpassing the 25% threshold. Does it also apply when overstatement of basis sufficiently reduces reported gain on the sale of assets, particularly when the sale is not incident to conduct of a trade or business?
Networked Technologies and Exploded Context: The Case of Facebook Activism

This poster examines the Facebook presence of two grassroots political movements as two distinct information worlds. Upon examining Facebook pages that supported and decried the Tea Party and Occupy Wall Street movements, it was found that while there were some clear differences in ideology and information values, there was also a considerable amount of overlap in rhetorical approach and “positioning.” Situating this behavior within Erdelez’ (Burnett & Erdelez, 2010) idea of “exploded context,” which conceptualizes context as always multiple, this research also offers the opportunity to explore barriers between the groups, and whether these are surmountable or an innate part of the groups’ information worlds.
Myths of Coal's Clean Future: The Story of Methylmercury

The EPA's failure to regulate mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants causes significant environmental degradation and harm to public health. Unless and until the Agency regulates mercury under the Clean Air Act, the EPA should regulate emissions those emissions under the Clean Water Act.
Studies on Conidia Release by the Entomogenous Fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) from Adult Pecan Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Cadavers

Conidia release by Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae from diseased adult pecan weevils was studied under controlled conditions of relative humidity (RH), temperature, vegetative wetness (VW), and red-infrared radiation (lR). Decreasing RH, from near saturation to 50%, induced only minimal conidia release by both fungi; further lowering of RH below 50% stimulated considerable release. Under conditions of low RH, conidia release by B. bassiana was further enhanced by exposure of specimens to IR, whereas IR had an inconsistent effect on conidia release by M. anisopliae . Sustained periods of constant RH <40% also favored some conidia release but always less than that accompanying RH changes. Conidia release was only recorded during periods of low VW (<5%). Vibration triggered massive conidia release by both fungi which was further enhanced at lower RH levels and by darkness. B. bassiana consistently released 10 to 200 times more conidia than M. anisopliae from an equivalent number of infected weevils.
Department of Entomology Administration at the University of California, Davis

In order to provide the reader with a clear perspective of how the Department of Entomology at Davis interrelates with the Campus and the University of California system, it is appropriate that we briefly discuss the structure and governance of these organizations before addressing the administration of the Department of Entomology.
Index to the Helicosporae

Linder (8), in 1929, published his monograph of the Helicosporae, which included all species known up to that time. Linder delimited the genera more precisely than had previous students of the group and this necessarily involved the rearrangement of many species in the gen? era as he delimited them. He also proposed a number of new species. In his treatment, however, he placed Helicostilbe helicina, the type spe? cies of Helicostilbe Hohnel, in synonymy with Helicomyces scandens Morgan, and designated Helicostilbe simplex Petch as the type of the emended genus. Since, according to the International Code of Nomen? clature, a genus cannot be emended so as to exclude its type, Helicostilbe Linder is invalid. I therefore propose the new name Trochophora (from the Greek Tpoxbs, wheel and <?6pos, bearer) to replace it.
Suicide attempt with a kitchen knife

Penetrating trauma to the abdomen can be a potential diagnostic dilemma for the trauma surgeon, and a formal exploratory laparotomy may result in the detection of occult injuries. We report a very unusual case of penetrating trauma to the abdomen resulting in pericardio-diagphragmatic rupture. We have also highlighted the technical aspects of clinical care in this specific scenario.
A Public Health of Consequence: Review of the September 2016 Issue of AJPH.

In this issue, we celebrate two interconnected themes: an editorial by Barbara Rimer1 and a host of articles produced from the rich Nurses’ Health Study data sets.
Oncogenes and the Initiation and Maintenance of Tumorigenesis

Cancer is a complex and multistep process whereby an individual cell acquires a series of mutant gene products culminating in a spectrum of pathophysiologic features including relentless proliferation, growth, blocked differentiation, the inappropriate induction of angiogenesis, tissue invasion, and loss of genomic stability. Given the genetic and biologic complexity of tumorigenesis, it is perhaps surprising that there are circumstances when cancer can be reversed through the repair or inactivation of individual mutant genes. However, recent experiments in transgenic mouse models and clinical results using new pharmacological agents demonstrate that cancer can be treated through the targeted repair and/or inactivation of specific oncogenes. Hence, cancers appear to be dependent upon particular oncogenes to maintain their neoplastic properties, thus exhibiting the phenomena tumor maintenance or oncogene addiction.
Acute and spontaneous seizure onset zones in the intraperitoneal kainic acid model

Abstract Objective Hippocampal monitoring is often used in the intraperitoneal kainic acid (KA) seizure model for detection and quantification of early ictal activity. Here, we investigated extra-hippocampal seizure onset zones (SOZs) in this model. Methods Eight male Sprague Dawley rats implanted with depth electrodes were continuously recorded during intraperitoneal KA injections until status epilepticus (SE) was induced. Another group of four rats was monitored chronically up to two weeks after emergence of spontaneous recurrent seizures. All rats had hippocampal electrodes. Other sampled brain regions included, among others, the claustrum, piriform cortex, and orbital cortex. Seizures recorded with video-EEG were visually analyzed. Results In the 58 seizures recorded during KA injections, the SOZ was extrahippocampal in 7 (12%), diffuse in 29 (50%), and hippocampal in 22 (38%). Of the 14 spontaneous seizures recorded, none were solely extrahippocampal, 10 (71%) were diffuse, and 4 (29%) were of hippocampal onset. All extra-hippocampal seizures propagated to the hippocampus within 4 to 50 s (mean = 14, n = 7). No distinctive semiological manifestations correlated with the SOZs. Significance We conclude that seizures can have multifocal SOZs in the KA model. This finding is important to consider when using this model, among other purposes, to screen for new therapies, study pharmacoresistance, or investigate comorbidities of epilepsy.
Mutual Information and Parameter Estimation in the Generalized Inverse Gaussian Diffusion Model of Cortical Neurons

We propose a novel model of postsynaptic potential buildup and action potential upswing of cortical neurons using the generalized inverse Gaussian (GIG) diffusion of Barndorff-Nielsen, Blaesild, and Halgreen. A certain subset of GIG diffusions exhibit attraction to a threshold, a phenomenon widely observed in biological neurons. The parameters in this model control the variance, components of the drift, and the height of threshold. These parameters can be estimated from a sample path of the GIG diffusion using a modification of the maximum likelihood estimator from the Euler method approximation. The input intensity of the cortical neuron is also estimated using similar methods. We use Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the effectiveness of the estimators. Of interest to information theorists and neuroscientists is the mutual information between the input intensity of a cortical neuron and the time of firing of its output spike in response to that input intensity. We determine said mutual information for the GIG diffusion model of the neuron.
Experimental Failure Analysis of a Rear Door Heat Exchanger With Localized Containment

The accelerated growth of heat load in high-density data centers presents challenges to the design of effective cooling solutions. Both energy efficiency and the information technology (IT) equipment reliability are key requirements. Localized hybrid air-water cooling systems such as Rear Door Heat eXchangers (RDHXs) are an effective means to achieve these requirements. In this paper, the transient aerodynamic and thermal performance of a commercial RDHX was investigated experimentally. The RDHX was attached to an isolated server cabinet with a controllable heat load. A localized containment system was used to direct the airflow to the equipment in the cabinet that emanates from a single perforated tile within the enclosure. The water flow rate and supply water temperature to the RDHX was controlled, and a grid of 36 air velocity/temperature sensors was employed to monitor the airside of the cooling system. The cooling performance of the RDHX in an air blower failure scenario was investigated. The failure scenario was designed to diminish different parts of the overall system. The impact on the IT equipment and the cabinet outlet temperatures was assessed. Also, there was a significant reduction in the airflow to the IT equipment. The impact of the reduced airflow on different parts of the cabinet as well as the cooling performance of the heat exchanger was characterized during both failure and recovery.
Belarusian National Philosophy: an Attempt of the Genealogy of its Subject

The article advocates the application of the «theoretical philosophy» or meta-theory as an integrated methodology for the analysis of philosophical structures of diverse complexity. With this view it makes an attempt to reconstruct (on the example of Belarus) the genealogy of the subject of national philosophy as a complex and multifaceted dynamic object. It is pro-posed to consider the national philosophy of Belarus in three ways. First, it is the totality of the works of the philosophers who lived and worked in the territory of the contemporary Belarus. Secondly, it is the reflection on the destiny of this country. Thirdly, it is the history of the phi-losophy of Belarus as a scientific discipline. In the last narrow sense, the national philosophy is the structured (in many aspects artificially) discourse of the philosophical development of Belarus. The most important components of the national historical and philosophical process’ meta-theory are (1) the grasp of its essence, (2) the understanding of the structure, (3) the ge-neralization of practices and (4) the conceptual description of the process of the development of the national spirit.
Chemokines in the cancer microenvironment and their relevance in cancer immunotherapy

The tumour microenvironment is the primary location in which tumour cells and the host immune system interact. Different immune cell subsets are recruited into the tumour microenvironment via interactions between chemokines and chemokine receptors, and these populations have distinct effects on tumour progression and therapeutic outcomes. In this Review, we focus on the main chemokines that are found in the human tumour microenvironment; we elaborate on their patterns of expression, their regulation and their roles in immune cell recruitment and in cancer and stromal cell biology, and we consider how they affect cancer immunity and tumorigenesis. We also discuss the potential of targeting chemokine networks, in combination with other immunotherapies, for the treatment of cancer.
Desmethyldiazepam kinetics after intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration of clorazepate dipotassium.

The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of desmethyldiazepam (DMDZ), formed from its precursor clorazepate (CZP) dipotassium, were assessed in a series of 17 healthy volunteers aged 21–66 years. After a single 20-mg intravenous dose of CZP, mean kinetic variables for DMDZ were: volume of distribution, 1.24 l/kg; elimination half-life, 65 h; total clearance, 0.24 ml/min/kg. Among males, DMDZ half-life tended to be prolonged and clearance reduced with age, but this was not true for females. After oral administration of 20 mg CZP, appearance of DMDZ in the circulation was rapid; the mean peak plasma level was 356 ng/ml, reached an average of 0.9 h after dosage. Based on comparison with IV dosage, systemic availability of DMDZ was complete (100% absorption). Ten of the subjects also received a single 20-mg intramuscular dose of CZP. Mean peak DMDZ levels were 290 ng/ml, reaching an average of 2.7 h after dosage. Systemic availability of DMDZ was complete. Elimination half-life of DMDZ for a given individual was highly replicable from trial to trial regardless of the route of CZP administration.
Cellular and Genetic Programs Underlying Cerebellum Development

The cerebellum is a late developing structure compared to the rest of the central nervous system (CNS) and houses more cells than the entire rest of the brain in a complex set of folds. To accommodate production of the large number of cells, the cerebellum has not only a ventricular progenitor zone that produces all the glia and inhibitory neurons but also a unique progenitor zone, the rhombic lip, dedicated to excitatory neuron production. In this chapter we discuss how the inhibitory Purkinje cells, which integrate the incoming information and moderate the output neurons of the cerebellar nuclei, play a key role during development in ensuring appropriate production of the other neurons/astrocytes of the cerebellar cortex. Key transcription factors that regulate development of the two progenitor populations and the lineage relationships of the neurons and astrocytes produced by each are described, followed by a discussion of cerebellar foliation.
Commonsense Psychology and Language

By the time we have become fluent speakers of our native languages, we have learned to use thousands of words and phrases to refer to mental states and processes of ourselves and others. This richness in vocabulary parallels the complexity of the commonsense psychological model that defines the deep lexical semantics of these linguistic expressions. By studying the richness of psychological language, we learn about the various facets of the knowledge representation challenge, and its overall breadth of scope. In this chapter, we attempt to catalog the full breadth of English words and phrases related to commonsense psychology. We organize this vocabulary into twenty-nine representational areas, and group words and phrases into lists of entries that we consider to be conceptually synonymous. Undoubtedly we have missed quite a few expressions, and we have not attempted to list every synonym or morphological variation. Instead, our goal is specifically about breadth of coverage and granularity of conceptual distinctions. In creating these word lists, we are defining the target of our knowledge representation efforts. Our task is to develop a set of formal theories of commonsense psychology in which all of these words have a referent, and in which the theories themselves are rich enough to distinguish between each enumerated concept. We concede that there are subtle differences between words and phrases that we have grouped into a single enumerated concept. However, we believe that the concept categories capture much of the meaning of each group of expressions, and give us a good starting point for future efforts to articulate (formally) subtle differences in meaning. In offering this (long) catalog here, we hope to achieve several goals. First and foremost, we can think of no better way to show readers the enormous breadth of commonsense psychology in terms that are already well understood. Second, we see these list as a non-technical index to the topics that are formalized in Part III of this book. Where readers are interested only in certain topics of commonsense psychology, one need only to find the relevant concepts in these lists and consult the corresponding logical formalization. Third, these lists invite alternative formalizations of commonsense psychology, providing a starting point for those that want to pursue radically different approaches with identical conceptual breadth.
Optimizing Functional Outcomes in Mandibular Condyle Reconstruction With the Free Fibula Flap Using Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Technology

Purpose Mandibular defects involving the condyle represent a complex reconstructive challenge for restoring proper function of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) because it requires precise bone graft alignment for full restoration of joint function. The use of computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology can aid in accurate reconstruction of mandibular condyle defects with a vascularized free fibula flap without the need for additional adjuncts. The purpose of this study was to analyze clinical and functional outcomes after reconstruction of mandibular condyle defects using only a free fibula graft with the help of virtual surgery techniques. Materials and Methods A retrospective review was performed to identify all patients who underwent mandibular reconstruction with only a free fibula flap without any TMJ adjuncts after a total condylectomy. Three-dimensional modeling software was used to plan and execute reconstruction for all patients. Results From 2009 through 2014, 14 patients underwent reconstruction of mandibular defects involving the condyle with the aid of virtual surgery technology. The average age was 38.7 years (range, 11 to 77 yr). The average follow-up period was 2.6 years (range, 0.8 to 4.2 yr). Flap survival was 100% (N = 14). All patients reported improved facial symmetry, adequate jaw opening, and normal dental occlusion. In addition, they achieved good functional outcomes, including normal intelligible speech and the tolerance of a regular diet with solid foods. Maximal interincisal opening range for all patients was 25 to 38 mm with no lateral deviation or subjective joint pain. No patient had progressive joint hypomobility or condylar migration. One patient had ankylosis, which required release. Conclusion TMJ reconstruction poses considerable challenges in bone graft alignment for full restoration of joint function. The use of CAD/CAM technology can aid in accurate reconstruction of mandibular condyle defects with a vascularized free fibula flap through precise planning and intraoperative manipulation with optimal functional outcomes.
The effect of coumaryl alcohol incorporation on the structure and composition of lignin dehydrogenation polymers.

Lignin dehydrogenation polymers (DHPs) are polymers generated from phenolic precursors for the purpose of studying lignin structure and polymerization processes Here, DHPs were synthesized using a Zutropfverfahren method with horseradish peroxidase and three lignin monomers, sinapyl (S), coumaryl (H), and coniferyl (G) alcohols, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The H monomer was reacted with G and a 1:1 molar mixture of S:G monomers at H molar compositions of 0, 5, 10, and 20 mol% to study how the presence of the H monomer affected the structure and composition of the recovered polymers. At low H concentrations, solid-state NMR spectra suggest that the H and G monomers interact to form G:H polymers that have a lower average molecular weight than the solely G-based polymer or the G:H polymer produced at higher H concentrations. Solid-state NMR and pyrolysis–MBMS analyses suggest that at higher H concentrations, the H monomer primarily self-polymerizes to produce clusters of H-based polymer that are segregated from clusters of G- or S:G-based polymers. Thioacidolysis generally showed higher recoveries of thioethylated products from S:G or S:G:H polymers made with higher H content, indicating an increase in the linear ether linkages. Overall, the experimental results support theoretical predictions for the reactivity and structural influences of the H monomer on the formation of lignin-like polymers.
Optimizing the Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Lutein from Corn Gluten Meal

Supercritical CO2 was used to extract xanthophylls from corn gluten meal (CGM). Data from a Box-Behnken experimental design was used to model optimal lutein extraction based on extraction temperature (40–80 °C), pressure (5500–7500 psi), and fraction of ethanol co-solvent added (5–15% by volume of total solvent). Lutein extraction was also strongly correlated with zeaxanthin extraction with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.995. The response surface model for lutein extraction indicated that the amount of co-solvent had the largest impact (p < 0.001) on lutein extraction yield. Influence of temperature and pressure were limited to quadratic or interaction effects (p < 0.15). The optimal lutein extraction conditions predicted with the model were a temperature of 40 °C, pressure of 6820 psi, and co-solvent (ethanol) addition of 15% by volume. At these conditions, lutein recovery from CGM was 2.6 times higher than the amount recovered with a quintuple extraction using ethanol and chloroform/dichloromethane (2:1). The strong linear effect of co-solvent addition suggests the possibility of further increasing lutein extraction with the addition of more co-solvent. CGM protein loss during extraction was also calculated and determined to be negligible.
MetaSymploit: day-one defense against script-based attacks with security-enhanced symbolic analysis

A script-based attack framework is a new type of cyber-attack tool written in scripting languages. It carries various attack scripts targeting vulnerabilities across different systems. It also supports fast development of new attack scripts that can even exploit zero-day vulnerabilities. Such mechanisms pose a big challenge to the defense side since traditional malware analysis cannot catch up with the emerging speed of new attack scripts. In this paper, we propose MetaSymploit, the first system of fast attack script analysis and automatic signature generation for a network Intrusion Detection System (IDS). As soon as a new attack script is developed and distributed, Meta-Symploit uses security-enhanced symbolic execution to quickly analyze the script and automatically generate specific IDS signatures to defend against all possible attacks launched by this new script from Day One. We implement a prototype of MetaSymploit targeting Metasploit, the most popular penetration framework. In the experiments on 45 real attack scripts, MetaSymploit automatically generates Snort IDS rules as signatures that effectively detect the attacks launched by the 45 scripts. Furthermore, the results show that MetaSymploit substantially complements and improves existing Snort rules that are manually written by the official Snort team.
Additional Results for BSDE

This chapter uses many ideas of P. Briand, Y. Hu, F. Da Lio, O. Ley, M. Kobylanski, N. El Karoui, S. Hamadene, and A. Matoussi. The presentation is slightly innovative. We try to present the basic concepts, and we do so for PDEs first. Parabolic quasilinear equations have been, of course, at the foundation of functional analysis and its development. However, in physics and in mechanics, one deals mostly with boundary value problems. The boundary is often taken to be bounded, and the solution is bounded. Stochastic control leads mostly to problems in R n . Moreover, the functions are unbounded, and the Hamiltonian may have quadratic growth. There may be conflicts that prevent solutions from existing.
When Hegemony Fails: British Imperialism in India and Brazil from the Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries

This paper argues that empires in the age of nations are beset by cultural contradictions that undermine attempts to create a cohesive social bloc able to achieve hegemonic rule. The proposition is tested through an examination of the British Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, more specifically, its formal colonial rule in India and its informal role in Brazil. The consequences of this rule, it is argued, are the routine use of violence to instill a healthy terror in the subject population and political alliances that are unable to refashion themselves in keeping with the new class structures engendered by capitalist development.
The Structure of Louisiana Creole

Arguably, Louisiana offers the most complex linguistic situation found in the Caribbean rim.1 In the so-called “Francophone Triangle,” one finds a finely meshed continuum in which it is possible to delineate two idealized speech norms: Standard French (SF) and Louisiana Creole (LC). During particular speech events, however, speakers modify their linguistic behavior according to various factors in the communicative situation, for example, participants, location, topic, and it is difficult for the external observer to assign particular features to any one of the speech varieties in contact.2 The reintroduction of SF through the French revival program of the Council for the Development of French in Louisiana (CODOFIL) has complexified the linguistic situation. Moreover, English, which has already eliminated Louisiana French from its main focal centers in New Orleans and along the Mississipi coasts, is exercising strong pressures on the only two varieties that show any signs of vitality, Cajun French (CF) and LC.
Social Support and Work Family Conflict: A Test of Indirect and Moderated Models

Most work family research on social support is based on domain specificity hypothesis, that is, social support at work is related to work interfering with family conflict (WIF) and social support i...
Étude d’une application de l’effet Hall la réalisation d’éléments de circuits logiques

Le travail present porte sur l’etude des possibilites d’utilisation de l’effet Hall dans les machines a calculer numeriques et dans les automatismes a sequences ou le fonctionnement repose essentiellement sur la manipulation d’impulsions. Le premier chapitre de cette etude est consacre a des rappels sur l’effet Hall et a la description du dispositif envisage pour son application dans les circuits logiques. Dans le chapitre II, nous etudions les energies mises en jeu dans ce dispositif, en fonction des parametres electriques et geometriques qui le caracterisent. Le chapitre III est consacre a l’etude experimentale de ces parametres, et le chapitre IV a quelques procedes technologiques de realisation. Enfin, le chapitre V traite du fonctionnement en impulsions de dispositifs realises avec les methodes exposees precedemment.
Determinants of nutrient limitation in cancer

Proliferation requires that cells accumulate sufficient biomass to grow and divide. Cancer cells within tumors must acquire a variety of nutrients, and tumor growth slows or stops if necessary metabolites are not obtained in sufficient quantities. Importantly, the metabolic demands of cancer cells can be different from those of untransformed cells, and nutrient accessibility in tumors is different than in many normal tissues. Thus, cancer cell survival and proliferation may be limited by different metabolic factors than those that are necessary to maintain noncancerous cells. Understanding the variables that dictate which nutrients are critical to sustain tumor growth may identify vulnerabilities that could be used to treat cancer. This review examines the various cell-autonomous, local, and systemic factors that determine which nutrients are limiting for tumor growth.
Survival Outcomes Associated with Clinical and Pathological Response Following Neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX or Gemcitabine/Nab-Paclitaxel Chemotherapy in Resected Pancreatic Cancer

Objective:To compare the survival outcomes associated with clinical and pathological response in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) with FOLFIRINOX (FLX) or gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel (GNP) followed by curative-intent pancreatectomy.Background:N