cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water solulbilities of tetradecanol and hexadecanol

Abstract The solubilities of tetradecanol and hexadecanol in water were measured at several temperatures by gas—liquid chromatography. The 25° solubilities are smaller than values obtained by extrapolating data for lower homologs. Estimation of the heat of solution of tetradecanol in water from the temperature dependence of the solubilitly suggests that the amount of water in the alcohol rich phase in equilibrium with the water rich phase is not negligible.
The effectiveness of computer graphics for decision support: meta-analytical integration of research findings

This research uses meta---analysis, a quantitative literature review technique, to integrate and combine the results fromseveral presentation format studies. The motivation behind this research is twofold: the conflicting research results found in the literature, and the lack of a cumulative body of knowledge. Meta---analysis is a research technique that provides a means for cumulating research findings across studies. In addition, meta-analysis can resolve differences found in previous studies by isolating the effect of moderator variables. This research found very strong evidence of the existence of one moderator variable, task complexity, which may have resulted in reported inconsistencies from prior presentation format research. Furthermore, an inverted "U---shaped" curve may explain the relationship between the effectiveness of graphs and task complexity. Specifically, using graphical data achieves better decision---making performance when the task is moderately complex. When the task complexity is either too low or too high, there is no performance difference between graphical and tabular presentation formats.
Dynamic modeling of microbial cell populations

Microbial cultures are comprised of heterogeneous cells that differ according to their size and intracellular concentrations of DNA, proteins and other constituents. Recent advances have been made in cell population modeling, which allow the effects of cell heterogeneity on culture dynamics and metabolite production to be predicted. If the intracellular state can be captured with a few variables, the population balance equation framework is a viable modeling approach. The cell ensemble modeling technique is better suited for the development of population models that include more detailed descriptions of cellular metabolism and/or cell-cycle progression.
Evolving the NASA Near Earth Network for the Next Generation of Human Space Flight

The purpose of this paper is to present the planned development and evolution of the NASA Near Earth Network (NEN) launch communications services in support of the next generation of human space flight programs. Following the final space shuttle mission in 2011, the two NEN launch communications stations were decommissioned. Today, NASA is developing the next generation of human space flight systems focused on exploration missions beyond low-earth orbit, and supporting the emerging market for commercial crew and cargo human space flight services. The NEN is leading a major initiative to develop a modern high data rate launch communications ground architecture with support from the Kennedy Space Center Ground Systems Development and Operations Program and in partnership with the U.S. Air Force (USAF) Eastern Range. This initiative, the NEN Launch Communications Stations (LCS) development project, successfully completed its System Requirements Review in November 2013. This paper provides an overview of the LCS project and a summary of its progress. The LCS ground architecture, concept of operations, and driving requirements to support the new heavy-lift Space Launch System and Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle for Exploration Mission-1 are presented. Finally, potential future extensions to the ground architecture beyond EM-1 are discussed.
Galvanic Cell Formation During MEMS Release Processes: Implications for Sub-Micron Device Fabrication

The addition of a noble metallization layer to doped polysilicon results in the formation of a galvanic cell when the composite is submerged in aqueous hydrofluoric acid. A corrosion current created by the galvanic cell promotes the electrochemical etching of silicon in contact with the acidic solution. Here, we demonstrate the galvanic corrosion of phosphorus-doped polysilicon when a gold metallization layer is used. As a consequence of galvanic corrosion, a number of significant changes to the polysilicon structural layers are observed including a finite polysilicon etch rate, an increase in electrical resistance (both ohmic and non-ohmic), a change in curvature (i.e. mechanical shape), and a decrease in mechanical resonant frequency. The observed change in electrical and mechanical performance on micromechanical structures necessitates more careful consideration of the post-processing procedures, as well as the choice of device metallization layer. The physical impact of corrosion becomes even more significant as device scale is decreased.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Arhinencephaly unilateralis, uveal coloboma, and lens reduplication.

This 8-year-old white girl was the fifth child born to a 23-year-old woman who had previously had four normal children by the same father. Both parents were normal, and there was no family his­ tory of congenital defects. There was no history of consanguinity. The only abnormality during the pregnancy was occasional vomiting and low back pain during the first trimester. The mother had no diagnostic or therapeutic radiation. Labor and deliv­ ery were uncomplicated and the birth weight was 2,700 g. At birth, the child had lateral displacement of the right globe with apparent enlargement com­ pared to the left; however, the horizontal corneal diameters were equal. The right side of the nose was completely absent. There was an incomplete cleft lip on the right and a midline cleft palate. No treatment was given at that time. At 3 years of age, she was hospitalized for eval­ uation. She had no specific treatment during this hospitalization, and after discharge, she was admit­ ted to the Arkansas Children's Colony for the men­ tally retarded. At age 4 years, she had her first and only surgical procedure, performed by the plastic surgery division of the Arkansas Children's Hospi­ tal. An attempt was made to provide a tract from the right nostril area into the nasopharynx. This tract was kept open with a catheter, but after its removal, the fistula closed. Thereafter, the parents refused permission for further surgical procedures or examination under anesthesia.
Analysis of Multiconductor Transmission Lines

The objective of this paper is to outline a methodology for the computation of the response of a multiconductor transmission line terminated by linear networks. The lines are embedded in a multilayered lossy dielectric media and have arbitrary cross sections, but uniform along the length. To check the accuracy of the theoretical results, extensive experimental verification has been carried out.
Effects of using the CB05 vs. SAPRC99 vs. CB4 chemical mechanism on model predictions : Ozone and gas-phase photochemical precursor concentrations

A three-dimensional air quality model is used to examine the magnitude and spatial distribution of differences in predictions among three chemical mechanisms that are used for regulatory and research modeling. The Carbon Bond mechanism CB05 is compared to an earlier version, CB4, to assess how much changes due to an update might potentially affect previous model conclusions on ozone concentrations and behavior. SAPRC-99 is compared to identify differences that might be expected between two more recent mechanisms, namely CB05 and SAPRC-99. The predicted ozone concentrations are similar for most of the United States, but statistically significant differences occur over many urban areas and the central US. SAPRC-99 predicts higher concentrations than CB05 on average, and both predict higher ozone than CB4. The difference in ozone predictions depends on location, the VOC/NOx ratio and concentrations of precursor pollutants. We highlight where the largest differences occur, give some explanation for why they occur, and discuss the effect of differences on model applications.
The relativistic feedback discharge model of terrestrial gamma ray flashes

[1] As thunderclouds charge, the large-scale fields may approach the relativistic feedback threshold, above which the production of relativistic runaway electron avalanches becomes self-sustaining through the generation of backward propagating runaway positrons and backscattered X-rays. Positive intracloud (IC) lightning may force the large-scale electric fields inside thunderclouds above the relativistic feedback threshold, causing the number of runaway electrons, and the resulting X-ray and gamma ray emission, to grow exponentially, producing very large fluxes of energetic radiation. As the flux of runaway electrons increases, ionization eventually causes the electric field to discharge, bringing the field below the relativistic feedback threshold again and reducing the flux of runaway electrons. These processes are investigated with a new model that includes the production, propagation, diffusion, and avalanche multiplication of runaway electrons; the production and propagation of X-rays and gamma rays; and the production, propagation, and annihilation of runaway positrons. In this model, referred to as the relativistic feedback discharge model, the large-scale electric fields are calculated self-consistently from the charge motion of the drifting low-energy electrons and ions, produced from the ionization of air by the runaway electrons, including two- and three-body attachment and recombination. Simulation results show that when relativistic feedback is considered, bright gamma ray flashes are a natural consequence of upward +IC lightning propagating in large-scale thundercloud fields. Furthermore, these flashes have the same time structures, including both single and multiple pulses, intensities, angular distributions, current moments, and energy spectra as terrestrial gamma ray flashes, and produce large current moments that should be observable in radio waves.
Potential scattering as opposed to scattering associated with independent particles in the S-matrix theory of strong interactions

A definition of a relativistic generalized potential is given, suitable at arbitrary energies for a pair of particles whose elastic scattering amplitude satisfies the Mandelstam representation. It is shown that the generalized potential plays a role in the dynamics analogous to that of the ordinary nonrelativistic potential in a Schrodinger equation and determines the scattering to the same extent. Below the threshold for inelastic processes the generalized potential is real and its energy dependence in the elastic region is expected for certain particle combinations (such as the nucleon-nucleon) to be weak. In such cases one may uniquely define, for use in the Schrodinger equation, an energy-independent ordinary potential that coincides with the potential of Charap and Fubini (Abstr. 1960A01252). In general, when the potential is complex and energy-dependent the dynamical problem involves iteration of an integral equation deduced by Mandelstam (Abstr. 1959A04941). The generalized potential may be decomposed according to range and it is shown that keeping only the long-and medium-range parts, corresponding to transfer of one or two particles, is almost equivalent to the "strip approximation." Finally, a general definition is given of "pure potential scattering" as opposed to scattering associated with "independent" particles, either stable or unstable, and a variety of experimental situations are discussed with respect to this distinction, which is shown to be susceptible to experimental test.
Why Do We Ask “What If?” Reflections on the Function of Alternate History

The new prominence of alternate history in Western popular culture has increasingly prompted scholars to historicize it as a broader phenomenon. What has largely escaped notice until now, however, has been the question of the underlying function of alternate history as a genre of speculative narrative representation. In this essay, I argue that writers and scholars have long produced “allohistorical narratives” out of fundamentally presentist motives. Allohistorical tales have assumed different typological forms depending upon how their authors have viewed the present. Nightmare scenarios, for example, have depicted the alternate past as worse than the real historical record in order to vindicate the present, while fantasy scenarios have portrayed the alternate past as superior to the real historical record in order to express dissatisfaction with the present. The presentist character of alternate histories allows them to shed light upon the evolving place of various historical events in the collective memory of a given society. In this essay, I examine American alternate histories of three popular themes—the Nazis winning World War II, the South winning the Civil War, and the American Revolution failing to occur—in order to show how present–day concerns have influenced how these events have been remembered. In the process, I hope to demonstrate that alternate histories lend themselves quite well to being studied as documents of memory. By examining accounts of what never happened, we can better understand the memory of what did.
Cooperativity of the assembly process in a low concentration chromonic liquid crystal.

IR-806 is a near-infrared cyanine dye that undergoes a two-step assembly process in aqueous solutions. The final assemblies orientationally order into a liquid crystal at a very low concentration (∼0.6 wt % at room temperature). While the first step of the assembly process is continuous as the dye concentration or temperature is varied (isodesmic), the second step is more abrupt (cooperative). Because the absorption spectrum of IR-806 changes dramatically during the assembly process, careful equilibrium and kinetic absorption experiments are utilized to examine the details of the cooperative second step. These experiments involve changes in both concentration and temperature, allowing a close thermodynamic analysis of the assembly process. Both equilibrium and kinetic investigations reveal that the assembly process is highly cooperative and can be described by multiple models (for example, nucleation and growth) in the highly cooperative limit. The enthalpy associated with the growth process and the activ...
Increased statistics and observation of the gT, gT′, and gT′' 2++resonances in the Glueball enhanced channel π−p→φφn

Abstract In a new experiment we have obtained 3006 new events in the reaction π − p → φφ n, approximately doubling the statistics which now total 6658. A refined partial wave analysis of the φφ system again reveals three resonances (g T , g T′ , g T′' ) with I G J PC =0 + 2 ++ . The absence of the OZI suppression, and the observation of only three J PC =2 ++ states (g T , g T′ , g T′' ) which comprise virtually all the cross section are unusual characteristics of the data. The large φφn signal occurs over a mostly structureless and incoherent φK + K − n background. All these unusual characteristics are well explained if these states are produced by 1–3 glueballs (multigluon resonances).
Phenolic aminosulfonate surfactants

A series of new phenolic amino sulfonates has been prepared from mono- and dialkylphenols, formaldehyde, and N-methyltaurine by the Mannich condensation. From monoalkylphenols either mixtures of mono-and disubstituted products or completely disubstituted materials were obtained. Surface-active properties, of which lime soap dispersant activity is notable, were summarized for these products.
Between two worlds: Yamanouchi Shigeo and eugenics in early twentieth-century Japan.

This paper explores the eugenic thought of Yamanouchi Shigeo (1876–1973), who was trained in plant cytology under the tutelage of botanist and eugenicist John Coulter (1851–1928) in the USA, and later became one of the early and important popularizers of eugenic ideas in Japan. His career demonstrates a direct link between Japanese and US eugenics. Despite his academic training and research at various internationally renowned institutions, numerous publications, and longevity, his life has received little scholarly attention. By the early twentieth century, most biologists in Japan, as in the USA, began accepting Mendelian evolutionary theory and rejecting the Lamarckian notion of inheritance of acquired characteristics. However, Yamanouchi Shigeo's eugenic view represents a paradox: he was a Mendelian cytologist sympathetic to Lamarckism. Was his ‘nurture’‐oriented eugenic view unscientific? Is that why he was largely ignored in the history of botany in Japan? This study attempts to answer these question...
Composition of water and suspended sediment in streams of urbanized subtropical watersheds in Hawaii

Abstract Urbanization on the small subtropical island of Oahu, Hawaii provides an opportunity to examine how anthropogenic activity affects the composition of material transferred from land to ocean by streams. This paper investigates the variability in concentrations of trace elements (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ba, Co, As, Ni, V and Cr) in streams of watersheds on Oahu, Hawaii. The focus is on water and suspended particulate matter collected from the Ala Wai Canal watershed in Honolulu and also the Kaneohe Stream watershed. As predicted, suspended particulate matter controls most trace element transport. Elements such as Pb, Zn, Cu, Ba and Co exhibit increased concentrations within urbanized portions of the watersheds. Particulate concentrations of these elements vary temporally during storms owing to input of road runoff containing elevated concentrations of elements associated with vehicular traffic and other anthropogenic activities. Enrichments of As in samples from predominantly conservation areas are interpreted as reflecting agricultural use of fertilizers at the boundaries of urban and conservation lands. Particulate Ni, V and Cr exhibit distributions during storm events that suggest a mineralogical control. Principal component analysis of particulate trace element concentrations establishes eigenvalues that account for nearly 80% of the total variance and separates trace elements into 3 factors. Factor 1 includes Pb, Zn, Cu, Ba and Co, interpreted to represent metals with an urban anthropogenic enrichment. Factor 2 includes Ni, V and Cr, elements whose concentrations do not appear to derive from anthropogenic activity and is interpreted to reflect mineralogical control. Another, albeit less significant, anthropogenic factor includes As, Cd and U and is thought to represent agricultural inputs. Samples collected during a storm derived from an offshore low-pressure system suggest that downstream transport of upper watershed material during tradewind-derived rains results in a 2-3-fold dilution of the particulate concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cu in the Ala Wai canal watershed.
Effects of size on the strength and deformation mechanism in Zr-based metallic glasses

We report results of uniaxial compression tests on Zr_(35)Ti_(30)Co_(6)Be_(29) metallic glass nano-pillars with diameters ranging from ~1.6 μm to ~100 nm. The tested pillars have nearly vertical sidewalls, with the tapering angle lower than ~1° (diameter >200 nm) or ~2° (diameter ~100 nm), and with a flat pillar top to minimize the artifacts due to imperfect geometry. We report that highly-localized-to-homogeneous deformation mode change occurs at 100 nm diameter, without any change in the yield strength. We also find that yield strength depends on size only down to 800 nm, below which it remains at its maximum value of 2.6 GPa. Quantitative Weibull analysis suggests that the increase in strength cannot be solely attributed to the lower probability of having weak flaws in small samples – most likely there is an additional influence of the sample size on the plastic deformation mechanism.
Chiral bimetallic complexes from chiral salen metal complexes and mercury (II) halides and acetates: the anionic groups interact with Cu(II) in apical position

Abstract A series of chiral bimetallic complexes have been prepared containing both Cu(II) and Hg(II) metal centers. The complexes possess chiral salen ligands which host Cu(II) in the center of the cis-N2O2 chromophore and Hg(II) via two oxygen atoms of the chromophore. Halogen and acetate groups from mercury salts interact with the Cu(II) center. The X-ray crystallographic data of 11 reveals a short distance of Cl⋯Cu (3.22–3.26 A). EPR study also discloses a strong interaction, in particular, of acetate group with Cu.
Polyethylene Prodrugs Using Precisely Placed Pharmaceutical Agents

Polyethylene-based polymeric prodrugs have been prepared by acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization; this condensation type, step growth polymerization, affords controlled polymer architectures via exact methylene run lengths between drug branches. Polyethylene was synthesized with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) branches ibuprofen and naproxen attached at every 21st backbone carbon through a hydrolysable ester linkage. These ester linkages can have their reactivity tuned by using a variety of spacers that link the drug to the polymer backbone. Two types of spacers, tetraethylene glycol (TEG, hydrophilic) and decanediol (hydrophobic), were incorporated between the drugs and the polymer backbone to observe the effect of spacer properties on the rate of drug release. The rate of hydrolysis and subsequent release of drug was monitored as a direct effect of the spacer and type of reactive linker. With the primary structure of the polymers perfectly known, making such subtle changes to these structures has a dramatic influence on their physical properties. The polymers discussed herein are characterized with NMR, IR, TGA, and DSC. The rate at which these materials hydrolyze and release their pharmaceutical species via enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis was monitored by UV-vis. Tailoring the type of spacer and hydrolysable linker to a particular drug offers a new class of polyethylene with controllable features that can be used in the application of a new drug delivery material.
Molecular Cloning of the Chicken Progesterone Receptor

To define the functional domains of the progesterone receptor required for gene regulation, complementary DNA (cDNA) clones encoding the chicken progesterone receptor have been isolated from a chicken oviduct lambda gt11 cDNA expression library. Positive clones expressed antigenic determinants that cross-reacted with six monospecific antibodies derived from two independent sources. A 36-amino acid peptide sequence obtained by microsequencing of purified progesterone receptor was encoded by nucleotide sequences in the longest cDNA clone. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the progesterone receptor deduced from the cDNA clones revealed a cysteine-rich region that was homologous to a region found in the estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors and to the avian erythroblastosis virus gag-erb-A fusion protein. Northern blot analysis with chicken progesterone receptor cDNA's indicated the existence of at least three messenger RNA species. These messages were found only in oviduct and could be induced by estrogens.
Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease diagnostic criteria

Several different sets of criteria have been proposed to establish the diagnosis of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH). Various investigators have used the criteria proposed by Sugiura, those proposed by by the American Uveitis Society as well as the revised diagnostic criteria proposed by the First VKH International Workshop group. These three sets of criteria share several clinical features that are considered to be essential for establishing the diagnosis of VKH, including bilateral uveitis, meningismus, and other extraocular changes. The detection of cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis is considered to be an absolute in the criteria proposed by Sugiura but is not required for the diagnosis of VKH by the revised diagnostic criteria. We applied the latter diagnostic criteria to 28 well-documented patients with early phase VKH and to 88 patients examined during the late phase of VKH. All of these early and late phase patients fulfilled the criteria of the revised diagnostic criteria proposed by the workshop group, indicating 100% concurrence. However, none of the above proposed criteria were prospectively validated to show the positive and negative predictive value of the proposed criteria. Such a prospective study should be undertaken to address the validity of any one or all of the above sets of VKH diagnostic criteria.
For home and country? Engendering nationalism in the workplace

Though geographers have taken seriously the ways in which representations of place, race, sexuality and gender are woven into narratives of nationalism through experiences of conflict, spaces of memorialization and the practice of ‘heritage’, less attention has been paid to theways nationalism is constituted in and through day-to-day space and spatial practice in times of peace. This paper examines how nationalism is produced in and through the workplace. In particular, I focus on how narratives of nationalism were constituted within the early twentieth-century Canadian financial services sector. Through an analysis of archival materials from six Canadian financial institutions, I compare how narratives of nationalismwere employed strategically bywomen and men in efforts to win employment in this sector after the FirstWorldWar. I argue that theworkplace constitutes and important site for the production and deployment of nationalist feeling, and suggest that nationalism has long been used strategically to reach multiple, sometimes competing, goals.
Effect of Pinealectomy on Broodiness of Turkey Hens

Large White breeder hens with a history of broody behavior were recycled into a second reproductive cycle following pinealectomy. Pinealectomy did not alter the performance of broody hens with respect to time to first egg, duration of egg production, eggs per hen, number and duration of egg sequences, number and duration of pauses, time to onset of broody nesting behavior, or persistency of nesting. It was concluded that the pineal gland does not play an essential role in the onset or maintenance of broodiness in turkey hens.
Successful extubation of infants with respiratory distress syndrome using aminophylline

METHYLXANTHINES (aminophylline, theophylline, and caffeine) have been demonstrated to be effective in the therapy of respiratory insufficiency resulting from apnea of prematurity). 2 Theophylline has been shown to improve lung compliance and to reduce expiratory resistance in infants during the early phase of evolving bronchopulmonary dysplasia. 3 In these infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, four of five patients younger than 1 month were successfully weaned to endotracheal continuous end expiratory pressure within 72 hours of theophylline administration? To date, there have been no controlled studies to evaluate the use of aminophylline for extubating infants with respiratory distress syndrome from mechanical venti
Field Induced Crystal Nucleation in Chalcogenide Phase Change Memory

A summary is presented of our theoretical and experimental work over more than two years related to switching in chalcogenide glass phase change memory. As a significant addition to the well known experiments, we have studied switching under considerably lower voltages and elevated temperatures, as well as the statistics of switching events and relaxation oscillations. Our analytical theory, based on field induced crystal nucleation, predicts all of our observed features and their dependencies on material parameters.
Stability for semilinear parabolic equations with noninvertible linear operator

Suppose that x'(t)+Ax(ί) = /(*,*( 0, is a semϋinear parabolic equation, e~Al is bounded and / satisfies the usual continuity condition. If for some 0 1, γ>i, ||/"^e- / "|| 1, whenever ||Λαjt|| 4- ||x|| is small enough, then for small initial data there exist stable global solutions. Moreover, if the space is reflexive then their limit states exist. Some theorems that are useful for obtaining the above bounds and some examples are also presented.
Changes in mitochondrial density and succinic dehydrogenase activity in Euglena gracilis as a function of the dependency on light for growth

Mitochondria from Euglena gracilis strain z grown under strictly heterotrophic conditions have higher equilibrium densities and higher succinate dehydrogenase activities than those grown in the presence of light. There is a consistent trend toward lower mitochondrial density with increasing time of exposure to light. Experiments reported here indicate that the development of dependency upon light for the provision of energy results in the repression of mitochondrial development with respect to both density and enzymatic activity.
PBSCs Sphingoling along S1P/S1P1 axis

In this issue of Blood , Juarez and colleagues reveal a need for the Sphingosine-1-Phosphate/S1P receptor 1 (S1P/S1P1) axis in the egress of hematopoietic stem cells/hematopoietic progenitor cells (HSCs/HPCs) from the bone marrow after CXCR4 antagonist mediated mobilization in mice.[1][1] The
Slow-dissociation effect of common signaling subunit β on IL5 and GM-CSF receptor assembly

Abstract Receptor activation by IL5 and GM-CSF is a sequential process that depends on their interaction with a cytokine-specific subunit α and recruitment of a common signaling subunit β (βc). In order to elucidate the assembly dynamics of these receptor subunits, we performed kinetic interaction analysis of the cytokine–receptor complex formation by a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Using the extracellular domains of receptor fused with C-terminal V5-tag, we developed an assay method to co-anchor α and βc subunits on the biosensor surface. We demonstrated that dissociation of the cytokine–receptor complexes was slower when both subunits were co-anchored on the biosensor surface than when α subunit alone was anchored. The slow-dissociation effect of βc had a similar impact on GM-CSF receptor stabilization to that of IL5. The effects were abolished by alanine replacement of either Tyr18 or Tyr344 residue in βc, which together constitute key parts of a cytokine binding epitope. The data argue that βc plays an important role in preventing the ligand–receptor complexes from rapidly dissociating. This slow-dissociation effect of βc explains how, when multiple βc cytokine receptor α subunits are present on the same cell surface, selective βc usage can be controlled by sequestration in stabilized cytokine–α–βc complexes.
Space applications of superconductivity

Some potential applications of superconductivity in space are summarized, e.g., the use of high field magnets for cosmic ray analysis or energy storage and generation, space applications of digital superconducting devices, such as the Josephson switch and, in the future, a superconducting computer. Other superconducting instrumentation which could be used in space includes: low frequency superconducting sensors, microwave and infrared detectors, instruments for gravitational studies, and high-Q cavities for use as stabilizing elements in clocks and oscillators.
Hes1 Potentiates T Cell Lymphomagenesis by Up-Regulating a Subset of Notch Target Genes

Background Hairy/Enhancer of Split (Hes) proteins are targets of the Notch signaling pathway and make up a class of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins that function to repress transcription. Data from Hes1 deficient mice suggested that Hes1, like Notch1, is necessary for the progression of early T cell progenitors. Constitutive activation of Notch is known to cause T cell leukemia or lymphoma but whether Hes1 has any oncogenic activity is not known. Methodology/Principal Findings We generated mice carrying a Hes1 transgene under control of the proximal promote of the lck gene. Hes1 expression led to a reduction in numbers of total thymocytes, concomitant with the increased percentage and number of immature CD8+ (ISP) T cells and sustained CD25 expression in CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) thymocytes. Hes1 transgenic mice develop thymic lymphomas at about 20 weeks of age with a low penetrance. However, expression of Hes1 significantly shortens the latency of T cell lymphoma developed in Id1 transgenic mice, where the function of bHLH E proteins is inhibited. Interestingly, Hes1 increased expression of a subset of Notch target genes in pre-malignant ISP and DP thymocytes, which include Notch1, Notch3 and c-myc, thus suggesting a possible mechanism for lymphomagenesis. Conclusions/Significance We have demonstrated for the first time that Hes1 potentiates T cell lymphomagenesis, by up-regulating a subset of Notch target genes and by causing an accumulation of ISP thymocytes particularly vulnerable to oncogenic transformation.
PROTOCOL FOR THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ROOT CARIES

This critical appraisal deviates from our standard format to address a timely topic of particular interest to clinicians.
Longitudinal Investigation of Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Elderly Human Subjects

Eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC) is an important tool in the study of learning, memory, and aging, but few longitudinal data have been collected on EBCC in humans of any age. Our aim was to determine if EBCC would remain stable across time. Fifteen subjects with an initial mean age of 83.2 years ("old-old") were tested three times in just over 2 years, and a subset of 8 of these subjects were tested a fourth time after the third year. Fifteen additional subjects with a mean age of 69.1 years ("young-old") were tested two times in just over one year. Subjects were tested with identical procedures in the 400 msec delay EBCC paradigm. Cognitively normal young-old and old-old adults showed stability in EBCC. In the old-old group, poor EBCC (< 25% conditioned responses; CRs) predicted significantly poorer Blessed Information Memory Concentration scores. Old-old subjects with poor initial EBCC were more likely to become demented or die than were old-old subjects producing over 25% CRs.
Does it pay to pay people to share information? Using financial incentives to promote peer referral for mammography among the underinsured

Abstract Purpose. Efforts to screen underinsured women for breast cancer face challenges in reaching desired audiences. One option is viral marketing through peer referral. We sought the optimal way to solicit nominations of peers. Design. An experiment (N = 2968) compared impact of incentives on peer nomination. Women were offered a $20 incentive each time someone they referred was screened, a $5 incentive for each name and valid address or phone number (regardless of screening completion), or no financial incentive for nomination. Setting. Study sample was drawn from free mammography program participants in Minnesota. Analysis. Post hoc Scheffe t-tests compared conditions on nominees per invitation card sent (N = 2968), mean number of nominees scheduling mammogram per referrer (n = 107), and proportion of total nominees (N = 1041) scheduling a mammogram for each incentive condition. Results. Offering $5 per nomination yielded .52 nominations per referral invitation sent, compared to .36 nominati...
Cross-cultural differences in dementia: the Sociocultural Health Belief Model.

Background: Many minority ethnic (ME) older adults face several culturally associated and systemic barriers to timely dementia diagnoses that may result in delays to dementia care-seeking. We aimed to develop and propose a model illustrating variables that influence dementia care-seeking among ME older adults. Methods: We conducted a literature review on the effects of these barriers on diagnostic delays and impairment levels at initial evaluation. We also strived to provide a basis for the Sociocultural Health Belief Model (SHBM) to guide future research and service planning pertaining to culture and dementia care-seeking. Results: There was consistent evidence that ME older adults with dementia tended to have greater diagnostic delays and higher levels of cognitive impairment and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia at initial evaluation than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. We also found several barriers to dementia care-seeking among ME groups. These barriers included lower levels of acculturation and accurate knowledge about dementia, more culturally associated beliefs about dementia, such as the perception of memory loss as normal aging and stigma associated with dementia, and health system barriers. Conclusions: The SHBM provides an empirically based conceptual framework for examining cross-cultural differences in dementia care-seeking among diverse groups. We provide recommendations for future research, such as the need for research with more diverse ethnic subgroups and the examination of group-specific cultural values. We conclude with a discussion of the clinical and service implications of our review, including potential interventions aimed at facilitating timely dementia diagnoses among ME older adults.
Conjugated Polymers That Respond to Oxidation with Increased Emission

Thioether-containing poly(para-phenylene-ethynylene) (PPE) copolymers show a strong fluorescence turn-on response when exposed to oxidants in solution as a result of the selective conversion of thioether substituents into sulfoxides and sulfones. We propose that the increase in fluorescence quantum yield (Phi(F)) upon oxidation is the result of both an increase in the rate of fluorescence (k(F)), as a result of greater spatial overlap of the frontier molecular orbitals in the oxidized materials, and an increase in the fluorescence lifetime (tau(F)), due to a decrease in the rate of nonradiative decay. Contrary to established literature, the reported sulfoxides do not always act as fluorescence quenchers. The oxidation is accompanied by spectral changes in the absorption and emission of the polymers, which are dramatic when oxidation causes the copolymer to acquire a donor-acceptor interaction. The oxidized polymers have high fluorescence quantum yields in the solid state, with some having increased photostability. A turn-on fluorescence response to hydrogen peroxide in organic solvents in the presence of an oxidation catalyst indicates the potential of thioether-containing materials for oxidant sensing. The reported polymers show promise as new materials in applications where photostability is important, where tunability of emission across the visible spectrum is desired, and where efficient emission is an advantage.
Design and control of Series DC Active Filter (SDAF) for shipboard Medium-Voltage DC power system

Shipboard power system (SPS) can have either ac or dc distribution systems, or a combination of both ac and dc distribution systems. However, the Navy has identified Medium-Voltage DC (MVDC) as a long-term solution for electric power distribution to meet the high power density requirements in future shipboard power systems. Thyristor bridges are a viable front-end converter topology due to its mature technology, high efficiency, and high current capacity. In such medium-voltage dc systems providing a highly stabilized low-ripple dc-bus is crucial for the reliable operation of entire system. In this paper, a 7.5kV Medium-Voltage DC (MVDC) system based on a twelve-pulse thyristor-bridge configuration is proposed. The system incorporates a Series DC Active Filter (SDAF) to smooth out DC link ripples and improves overall system damping. Detailed design, system components and control, and simulation results for the series DC active filter system are presented in the paper.
Effects of investigator disturbance on corticosterone concentrations of Black‐legged Kittiwake chicks

Recent studies indicate that young seabird chicks exposed to relatively short periods of elevated levels of plasma corticosterone may suffer lifelong cognitive impairment that is detrimental to their survivorship and fitness as adults. We examined the chronic effects of investigator disturbance on the baseline and acute stress-induced levels of plasma corticosterone of Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) chicks in Chiniak Bay, Kodiak Island, Alaska, in 2005. Kittiwake chicks were assigned to one of three disturbance treatments: (1) routine handling, (2) exposure to investigator presence, but not handled, and (3) neither handled nor exposed to investigator presence prior to sampling. At 12-15 d posthatching, blood samples were collected to determine baseline and stress- induced concentrations of corticosterone. We found no significant differences in baseline or stress-induced levels of corticosterone among the three disturbance treatments. Our results suggest that Black-legged Kittiwake chicks do not perceive investigator presence as a stressor. However, investigators studying kittiwakes at other locations should proceed with caution because sampling protocols and environmental conditions may differ, potentially causing chicks to perceive disturbances differently as well. SINOPSIS. Efecto del disturbio causado por el investigador en la concentraci´ on de corti- costerona en Rissa tridactyla Estudios recientes indican que las aves marinas jovenes expuestas a cortos periodos de niveles elevados de corticosterona en el plasma, pudieran sufrir de impedimentos cognitivos a travde su vida, que es detrimental para su supervivencia y adaptabilidad como adultos. Examinamos los efectos cr´ onicos causados por el disturbio de investigadores, en los estresores by agudos, inducidos por altos niveles de corticosteronas en el plasma de pichones de Rissa tridactyla. El estudio se lleva cabo en la bah´ oa Chiniak, Isla Kodiak, Alaska durante el 2005. Los pichones objeto del estudio, fueron asignados a tres tratamientos de disturbio: (1) manejo rutinario, (2) exposici´ on a la presencia del investigador, pero en donde no hubo manipulaci´
RIBOSOME-MEMBRANE INTERACTION : Nondestructive Disassembly of Rat Liver Rough Microsomes into Ribosomal and Membranous Components

In a medium of high ionic strength, rat liver rough microsomes can be nondestructively disassembled into ribosomes and stripped membranes if nascent polypeptides are discharged from the bound ribosomes by reaction with puromycin. At 750 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM Tris·HCl, pH 7 5, up to 85% of all bound ribosomes are released from the membranes after incubation at room temperature with 1 mM puromycin. The ribosomes are released as subunits which are active in peptide synthesis if programmed with polyuridylic acid. The ribosome-denuded, or stripped, rough microsomes (RM) can be recovered as intact, essentially unaltered membranous vesicles Judging from the incorporation of [3H]puromycin into hot acid-insoluble material and from the release of [3H]leucine-labeled nascent polypeptide chains from bound ribosomes, puromycin coupling occurs almost as well at low (25–100 mM) as at high (500–1000 mM) KCl concentrations. Since puromycin-dependent ribosome release only occurs at high ionic strength, it appears that ribosomes are bound to membranes via two types of interactions: a direct one between the membrane and the large ribosomal subunit (labile at high KCl concentration) and an indirect one in which the nascent chain anchors the ribosome to the membrane (puromycin labile). The nascent chains of ribosomes specifically released by puromycin remain tightly associated with the stripped membranes. Some membrane-bound ribosomes (up to 40%) can be nondestructively released in high ionic strength media without puromycin; these appear to consist of a mixture of inactive ribosomes and ribosomes containing relatively short nascent chains. A fraction (∼15%) of the bound ribosomes can only be released from membranes by exposure of RM to ionic conditions which cause extensive unfolding of ribosomal subunits, the nature and significance of these ribosomes is not clear.
Evolutionary Medicine: Semen Sampling and Seminal Plasma Hypersensitivity:

Evidence suggests that each male may have a unique semen signature, and there are reasons to consider the possibility that semen sampling (i.e., being inseminated by different prospective mates during courtship) may be part of an evolved female mate assessment strategy. Here we theorize that seminal plasma hypersensitivity represents the extreme negative end of this continuum and functions as a deterrent to mating with genetically incompatible suitors.
Dancing in the Dark: A Cultural History of the Great Depression

Dancing in the Dark: A Cultural History of the Great Depression MORRIS DICKSTEIN, 2009 New York and London: Norton 532 pp. Notes Bibliography and Index. $37.50. As we hear daily that the economic d...
Coronary anatomy and arteriography in patients with unstable angina pectoris.

Abstract A prospective series of 188 patients with the syndrome of unstable angina pectoris undergoing coronary arteriography was reviewed to determine the spectrum of anatomic coronary artery disease, suitability for coronary revascularization and in-hospital morbidity and mortality. Thirty-two patients demonstrated normal to moderately diseased coronary arteries. None of these patients sustained myocardial infarction or died. Twenty patients (10.6 percent) had normal coronary arteriograms. Of the 156 patients having severe coronary artery disease (greater than 70 percent stenosis), 20 patients (13 percent) had left main coronary artery disease. One hundred forty-two patients (91 percent) were potential candidates for coronary surgery; 14 were not candidates because of distal vessel disease or poor left ventricular function. During cardiac angiography or in the subsequent hospital period 12 patients sustained a myocardial infarction and 7 of these died. Of these seven, six had left main coronary artery disease and one had three vessel disease. In three patients who died (1.9 percent of those with severe coronary artery disease) the death may have been related to cardiac catheterization because evidence of myocardial necrosis began within 24 hours of study. Thus, patients with the syndrome of unstable angina pectoris usually presented with severe coronary artery disease and were candidates for coronary revascularization. The anatomic severity of coronary artery disease appeared to be the most important factor contributing to myocardlal infarction or death after cardiac catheterization. Mortality after catheterization was primarily associated with left main coronary artery disease.
Patterns of denitrification associated with land use in 9 midwestern headwater streams

AbstractThe effects of land use on the relationships among denitrification, NO3−-N, dissolved organic C (DOC), and other environmental parameters were examined in 9 headwater streams (3 each in forested, agricultural, and urban-dominated subwatersheds) in the Kalamazoo River Watershed, Michigan. Sediment denitrification rates were determined using the chloramphenicol-amended acetylene inhibition technique. Agricultural streams had high concentrations of NO3−-N, DOC, soluble reactive P, and NH4+-N, whereas forested streams had the lowest concentrations of these nutrients, and urban streams generally exhibited intermediate concentrations. Sediment denitrification rates were highest in agricultural streams and lowest in forested streams throughout the study period. Availability of NO3−-N was the dominant environmental predictor of sediment denitrification rates, limiting denitrification when NO3−-N concentrations were below a calculated threshold of 0.4 mg NO3−-N/L. Other potential controlling variables (e.g...