cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Second Prototype of the Development of a Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Based Instructional Design Model: An Implementation Study in a Technology Integration Course.

This study presents a refined technological pedagogical content knowledge (also known as TPACK) based instructional design model, which was revised using findings from the implementation study of a prior model. The refined model was applied in a technology integration course with 38 preservice teachers. A case study approach was used in this implementation study. Data were collected from the participants’ discussion worksheets and lesson plans, along with associated artifacts and the researchers’ field observation notes. Data analysis results revealed that (a) preservice teachers’ had an entry-level understanding of TPACK through discussions on the meaning of TPACK and evaluations of technologyintegrated teaching examples; (b) designing several technology-integrated lesson plans improved preservice teachers’ teaching-related knowledge and facilitated their TPACK learning; and (c) preservice teachers’ use of technology was more teacher centered than student centered. Findings, suggestions, and future research possibilities are also discussed.
Resolve, Satisfaction and Peaceful Coercion

States attempting to peacefully coerce an adversary by building military power face a dilemma. Build too little and the adversary may challenge because the state is too weak. Build too much and the adversary may challenge because it thinks the state is bent on aggression and will attack no matter what the adversary does. We develop a model of this dilemma and show under what conditions it makes peaceful coercion impossible. We then extend the model to show how threats and assurances can help commit a state to fight challenges but not attack in the absence of a challenge, ameliorating the dilemma. We discuss insights from the model in the context of the 1930's appeasement crises, Cold War Europe, and the Gulf War.
The Effect of Anchor Tenant Loss on Shopping Center Rents

This paper examines the effect that the loss of a shopping center anchor tenant has on the rental rates of the remaining tenants. Using data from smaller and moderately sized centers located in Flo...
Isolation and sequencing of cDNA clones encoding the Dictyostelium discoideum 30,000-dalton actin-bundling protein

The Dictyostelium 30,000-dalton protein is a calcium-regulated actin filament-bundling protein which has been suggested to contribute to the structure and reorganization of filopodia and pseudopodia accompanying cell movements. cDNAs encoding this protein were isolated using antibody and oligonucleotide probes to screen cDNA libraries in phage lambda. The sequence of the cDNA predicts a protein of 295 amino acids with a molecular weight of 33,355. The sequence reveals two EF-hand calcium-binding regions that provide a structural explanation for calcium regulation of the activity of this protein. The putative calcium-binding region of the 30,000-dalton protein has similarity to sequences of other calcium-regulated actin-binding proteins such as alpha-actin and fimbrin. One region of the sequence with similarity to both Dictyostelium gelation factor (ABP 120) and fructose bisphosphate aldolase is a potential actin-binding sequence. A highly charged region of the protein is similar to a sequence in human cytovillin that is repeated eight times in chicken gizzard caldesmon. No strong homology to previously identified actin-binding sequences of other actin-binding proteins is apparent. Results from Southern blot experiments indicate that the 30,000-dalton protein is encoded by a single gene in the Dictyostelium genome.
Skew Reinforcement in Slabs

In this paper, Wood and Armer.s equation have been further modified to improve their physical interpretation and application. Also, it is shown that the formulas for the skew reinforcement can also be used for the TEM method.
Alteration of vitronectin. Characterization of changes induced by treatment with urea.

Vitronectin circulates in blood as a 70-kDa monomer that interacts with complexes generated in the terminal steps of the coagulation and complement cascades. Vitronectin complexed to thrombin-antithrombin or C5b-9 is conformationally altered as evidenced by enhanced reactivity with monoclonal antibody 8E6 and binding to heparin; these same alterations also occur when vitronectin is treated with urea (Tomasini, B. R., and Mosher, D.F. (1988) Blood 72, 903-912; Hogasenk, K., Molnes, T.E., and Harboe, M. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 23076-23082). We have modified the purifications of native and urea-treated vitronectin to better control conformational state and characterized the alterations induced by urea. After treatment with N-ethylmaleimide to prevent formation of disulfide-linked multimers, purification in 8 M urea, and dialysis against physiological saline, vitronectin was largely oligomeric (approximately 800 kDa) as assessed by gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Oligomeric urea-treated vitronectin reacted more strongly with the 8E6 antibody, bound biotinylated heparin more strongly, and neutralized the anticoagulant activity of heparin better than monomeric altered vitronectin or native vitronectin. After incubation with urea at 25 degrees C, native vitronectin, treated during purification with dithionitrobenzoic acid to force free sulfhydryls to intramolecular disulfides, exhibited increased reactivity with antibody 8E6, increased binding to heparin, and oligomerization. In addition, incubation in urea caused rearrangement of disulfides as assessed by loss of the light chain of two-chain vitronectin. The transition for these effects occurred between 2 and 4 M urea. Thus, an irreversible conformational alteration occurs upon treatment of vitronectin with urea, resulting in oligomers that bind avidly to heparin.
Medication Adherence in Ulcerative Colitis

While literature on other chronic diseases such as coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and diabetes has tried to address the issue of medication non-adherence and its effect on disease outcomes, the impact of medication adherence on specific inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) outcomes has just recently become of interest. The published literature of the efficacy of IBD maintenance medications underestimates the extent of the problem, as patients often conceal their failure to take medications as directed once outside of controlled clinical trial environments. The remainder of this chapter will discuss the state of knowledge regarding the issues surrounding non-adherence in the management of ulcerative colitis (UC).
No moment wasted: the primary-care visit for adults with diabetes and low socio-economic status.

AIM To better understand the type and range of health issues initiated by patients and providers in 'high-quality' primary-care for adults with diabetes and low socio-economic status (SES). BACKGROUND Although quality of care guidelines are straightforward, diabetes visits in primary care are often more complex than adhering to guidelines, especially in adults with low SES who experience many financial and environmental barriers to good care. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study using direct observation of primary-care diabetes visits at an exemplar safety net practice in 2009-2010. Findings In a mainly African American (93%) low-income population with fair cardiovascular control (mean A1c 7.5%, BP 134/81 mmHg, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 100 mg/dL), visits addressed a variety of bio-psychosocial health issues [median: 25 problems/visit (range 13-32)]. Physicians most frequently initiated discussions about chronic diseases, prevention, and health behavior. Patients most frequently initiated discussions about social environment and acute symptoms followed by prevention and health behavior. CONCLUSIONS Primary-care visits by diabetes patients with low SES address a surprising number and diversity of problems. Emerging new models of primary-care delivery and quality measurement should allow adequate time and resources to address the range of tasks necessary for integrating biomedical and psychosocial concerns to improve the health of socio-economically disadvantaged patients.
Does cardiac SPECT using attenuation and scatter correction accurately predict coronary artery disease in a minority women population

Background: Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a well-established diagnostic method for evaluation and risk stratification of coronary artery disease (CAD) .We undertook this study to validate both the positive predictive value (when compared to cardiac catheterization) and the prognosis afforded by MPI in a group of minority women patients. Material/Methods: The database of our Nuclear imaging and Catheterization Laboratory was retrospectively queried for consecutive minority (African-American, Hispanic and Asian) women patients who underwent MPI arid cardiac catheterization within 90 days of each other: Patients with recent revascularization were excluded. Attenuation/scatter correction was utilized in the final interpretation of the study. Results: Of the 54 women patients who underwent MPI, 7 underwent exercise stress testing, 26 had stress testing with adenosine, 18 with dipyridamole and 3 with dobutamine. Eighteen patients (53%) had same number of vessels predicted by MPI and coronary angiography (7 patients with triple vessel disease, 7 with 2-vessel disease and 4 with single vessel disease). Five (3 with intermediate and 2 with high risk scans) out of the 54 patients (9.3%) were dead at 2 years. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of MPI as compared to angiography were 87.2%, 26.7%, 75.6% and 44.4% respectively. Conclusions: The sensitivity of MPI in this group of patients is comparable to the general population though the specificity is lower in spite of using attenuation and scatter correction. Low risk perfusion scan signifies favorable prognosis at 2 years with regards to mortality.
PHOTOREDUCTION OF NAD AND NADP BY CHLOROPHYLLIN A IN THE PRESENCE OF ASCORBATE: REQUIREMENT FOR NADP REDUCTASE.

Abstract Chlorophyllin a catalyzes the photoreduction of NADP (and NAD to a lesser extent) in the presence of ascorbate as electron donor and NADP reductase as the coupling enzyme. Photosynthetic pyridine nucleotide reductase is inactive in the reaction and does not stimulate the reaction observed with NADP reductase. The presence of deoxycholate (0.6%) and methanol (30%) serves to stimulate markedly the NADP reaction, with rates as high as 615 μmoles reduced per hour per μmole chlorophyllin being observed in their presence. Removal of magnesium somewhat increases the activity of chlorophyllin a for this reaction. An aggregated form of chlorophyllin a, which is retained by a dialysis membrane, is the most active form for the photocatalyst. The reaction does not saturate at light intensities up to 20,000 foot candles, proceeds best under anaerobic conditions, and is inhibited by the addition of phenazine methosulfate, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol or reduced trimethyl benzoquinone. The reaction is a Krasnovsky-type reaction in which the activated chlorophyll couples with the enzyme NADP reductase to transfer electrons to NADP from ascorbate.
Full-duplex wireless communication based on backscatter amplifier

In this paper, we propose a full-duplex wireless communication system by means of reflected power. Our concept is based on backscatter modulation (BM), where electromagnetic waves are modulated, amplified and reflected by the same antenna that receives them. We consider two nodes that wish to exchange data over wireless additive white Gaussian noise with Rayleigh fading channel. Within this framework the end-user receives self-interference free signal. The proposed system includes negative resistances to guarantee sufficient power for the demodulator while exhibiting maximal difference in the backscattered field. We analyze the performance of the proposed system and evaluate its ergodic capacity.
Design allocation of multistate series-parallel systems for power systems planning: A multiple objective evolutionary approach

This paper presents an extension and application of a recent developed multiple objective evolutionary algorithm to solve design allocation problems commonly found in the power systems area. The evolutionary algorithm introduced is called MOMS-GA, a multiobjective genetic algorithm developed to solve multistate design allocation problems. MOMS-GA works under the assumption that both the system and its components can experience more than two possible states of performance. MOMS-GA uses the universal moment generating function (UMGF) approach to evaluate the different reliability indices of the system. Therefore, system availability is represented by a multistate availability function which extends the traditional binary state availability. Three different design allocation problems commonly found in power systems planning are solved to show the performance of the algorithm. The multiobjective formulation considered in the first two examples corresponds to the maximization of system availability, minimizati...
Cranial nerve preservation and outcomes after stereotactic radiosurgery for jugular foramen schwannomas.

OBJECTIVE: Jugular foramen region schwannomas are rare intracranial tumors that usually present with multiple lower cranial nerve deficits. For some patients, complete surgical resection is possible but may be associated with significant morbidity. Stereotactic radiosurgery is a minimally invasive alternative or adjunct to microsurgery for such tumors. We reviewed our clinical and imaging outcomes after patients underwent gamma knife radiosurgery for management of jugular foramen schwannomas. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with 35 tumors (one patient had bilateral tumors) underwent radiosurgery between May 1990 and December 2005. Twenty-two patients had previous microsurgical resection and all patients experienced various cranial neuropathies. A median of six isocenters were used. Median marginal and maximum doses were 14 and 28 Gy, respectively. RESULTS: None of the patients were lost to evaluation and the mean duration of follow-up was 83 months. Tumors regressed in 17 patients, remained stable in 16, and progressed in two. Five- and 10-year actuarial control rates were 97 and 94%, respectively. Preexisting cranial neuropathies improved in 20% and remained stable in 77% after radiosurgery. One patient worsened. The function of all previous intact nerves was preserved after radiosurgery. CONCLUSION: Stereotactic radiosurgery proved to be a safe and effective management for newly diagnosed or residual jugular foramen schwannomas. Long-term tumor control rates and stability or improvement in cranial nerve function was confirmed.
Patient compliance limits the efforts of quality improvement initiatives on arteriovenous fistula maturation.

Objective Our institutional quality-improvement (QI) initiative instituted a well-defined office follow-up schedule after arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation, including an office visit within 30 days, fistulogram within 40 days, if indicated, and a second office visit within 55 days. In addition, a patient liaison contacted patients and dialysis units to improve follow-up. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the QI initiative on patient compliance and overall time to AVF permission to cannulate. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing first-time radiocephalic, brachiocephalic, and basilic vein transposition creation before the QI initiative (pre-QI group: January to April 2012) and during the QI period (QI group: January to April 2013). Categoric data were compared using χ 2 analysis, and nominal data were compared using the Student t -test. Results We reviewed 198 first-time AVF creations in patients (57% male) with a mean age of 61 years. Demographics and comorbidities between the pre-QI and QI groups were similar. Compliance with the first 30-day postoperative appointment increased significantly after the QI initiative, from 48% in the pre-QI group to 65% in the QI group ( P = .015). Yet, the QI initiative did not maintain an effect on the subsequent follow-up checkpoints. No statistical difference was identified for compliance with fistulogram within 40 days of access creation (pre-QI, 12% vs QI, 25%; P = .093) or for compliance with the 55-day postoperative appointment (pre-QI, 33% vs QI, 23%; P = .457). Both checkpoints demonstrated a very high noncompliance rate. Accordingly, the mean time to permission to cannulate was 88 days for both the pre-QI and QI groups, with a failure to mature rate of 22% for the pre-QI group and 21% for the QI group ( P = .816). Conclusions The QI initiative significantly increased the number of patients complying with the first 30-day follow-up appointment after AVF access creation. However, patient compliance with a timely fistulogram and the second follow-up appointment was poor and not influenced by the QI initiative, limiting the functional effect of the QI initiative on the time to AVF permission to cannulate.
Chronic Severe Periorbital Edema

To the Editor.— The 25-year-old man cited by Stanley Marcus, MD (235:2019, 1976) as having chronic recurrent bilateral periorbital edema since 5 years of age may indeed have true blepharochalosis, 1 an autosomal dominant condition in which recurrent temporary lid swelling leads to loose folds of violaceous, somewhat atrophic eyelid skin. The recurring attacks of edema often cause attenuation and disinsertion of the levator aponeurosis from the upper tarsus, resulting in ptosis. Moderate or large levator resections by conventional techniques, without regard for the fact that the muscle is intact and of normal strength, will often result in severe overcorrection of the ptosis. Lid surgery should be directed at reinsertion of the levator aponeurosis in a controlled fashion under local anesthesia, as advocated by Drs Jones and Wobig. 2
Brain-stem auditory and visual evoked potentials in children with Krabbe disease.

Abstract Objective There are few reports in the literature detailing brain-stem auditory and visual evoked potentials (BAEP and VEP) in children with Krabbe disease (KD). The purpose of this study was to provide a descriptive analysis of the BAEP and VEP findings in these children. Methods Charts of children with KD were reviewed. BAEP and VEP studies performed on these children were reviewed; findings in the early infantile and late onset KD (EIKD, LOKD, respectively) groups were also examined. Likelihood ratios (LR) for the neurophysiologic tests being abnormal in the various groups were also determined. Results BAEP abnormalities were seen in 15/17 (88%) children with EIKD and 2/5 (40%) children with LOKD, LR statistically significant. In the EIKD group, all 13 symptomatic children had an abnormal BAEP, whereas 2/4 (50%) of the pre-symptomatic children had similar findings, LR statistically significant. VEP abnormalities were noted in 8/15 (53%) children with EIKD and none of the children with LOKD, LR statistically significant. In the EIKD group, the 8/12 (67%) symptomatic children had an abnormal VEP, whereas none of the pre-symptomatic children did, LR statistically significant. Subgroup analyses of the LOKD subgroups did not yield significant findings. Conclusions BAEP abnormalities are among the first objective indications of central nervous system disease in children with EIKD. VEP abnormalities occur later in the course of the illness. Both tests are less helpful in children with LOKD. Significance BAEP and VEP testing is helpful in objective evaluation of children with KD.
Thermodynamic Efficiency of Brittle Frictional Mountain Building

An active fold-and-thrust belt in unchanging tectonic and climatic conditions attains a dynamic steady-state in which the influx of accreted material at the toe is balanced by the erosive efflux off the top. The overall balance of energy in such a steady-state fold-and-thrust belt is described by the equation Ė = WG + Q, where Ė is the rate at which both mechanical and heat energy are added from external sources, WG is the rate of work performed against gravitational body forces, and Q is the rate at which waste heat flows out of the upper and lower boundaries. The total amount of power being supplied to the active Taiwan fold-and-thrust belt by the subducting Eurasian plate and in situ radioactivity is 4.2 gigawatts. Because only 0.5 gigawatts are expended in doing useful work against gravity and the remaining 3.7 gigawatts are ejected as heat, the efficiency of brittle frictional mountain building in Taiwan is 11 percent.
Organization of a natural resources data bank system

The growing dependence on electronic computers for analysis of geophysical and other environmental data, brings an increasing awareness that the organization of these data in storage and retrieval systems is intimately connected with the acquisition systems and analytic transformations the data are to undergo. Current computer technology is almost totally dominated by serial storage and processing mechanisms. This peculiarity of available hardware dictates a design of data structures oriented toward the storage, retrieval and analysis of time series.
Reading computer-presented text

This experiment compared self-paced reading time and comprehension for subjects who read both paper-and computer-displayed passages. Reading time was longer and comprehension was less accurate for computer presentation than for paper presentation, but only when subjects were tested on the computer-presented texts first. These data raise the possibility that the processes involved in reading video text may not be comparable to traditional reading, especially without extensive practice on a given task. It is suggested that data from computer-controlled reading experiments that use relatively brief testing sessions should be viewed with caution.
Density-operator description of foil-excited atomic beams: Zero-field quantum beats in L-S coupling without cascades

The decay curve of a spectral line with unresolved structure produced by a foil-excited atomic beam is considered in terms of a spherical tensor analysis of the density operator. In the case of L-S coupling, no external field and no cascades, the general expression is displayed and the necessary conditions for the appearance of quantum beats are discussed. By considering a series of special cases, some observable implications of the commonly assumed properties of the beam–foil excitation process are derived.
Detection of lymphoid leukemia colony-forming cells in Abelson virus infected mice: differences in inbred strains.

BALB/c or DBA/2 mice were infected with Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV), pseudotype Molony murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV). Infection of these mice with 104 focus-forming units of A-MuLV (M-MuLV) induced overt leukemia, detectable grossly or microscopically in 90% of the mice at 20–38 days. However, these methods did not detect leukemia at 17 days or before. Bone marrow cells from A-MuLV-infected leukemic or preleukemic mice were placed in tissue culture in a soft agarose gel. Cells from leukemic or preleukemic BALB/c mice grew to form colonies of 103 cells or more, composed of lymphoblasts, whereas marrow cells from normal uninfected mice did not. Cells from these colonies grew to form ascitic tumors after intraperitoneal inoculation into pristane-primed BALB/c recipient. Colony-forming leukemia cells could be detected in the marrow of A-MuLV-infected mice as early as 8 days after virus incoluation. The number of colony-forming leukemia cells increased as a function of time after virus inoculation. Colony-forming leukemia cells require other cells in order to replicate in tissue culture. Normal bone marrow cells, untreated or after treatment with mitomycin-C, provide this “helper” function. Only in the presence of untreated or mitomycin-C treated helper cells was the number of colonies approximately proportional to the number of leukemia cells plated. Marrow cells from leukemic BALB/c mice form more colonies than those from leukemic DBA/2 mice. The number of colonies formed per 103 microscopically identifiable leukemia cells plated was determined to be 2–3 for leukemic BALB/c mice and 0.3 for DBA/2 mice. Cocultivation of leukemic DBA/2 marrow cells with mitomycin-C treated normal BALB/c cells did not increase the number of colonies formed by the DBA/2 leukemic cells. Thus, the decreased ability of DBA/2 leukemia cells to form colonies appears to be a property of the leukemia cell population.
Cloning and comparative sequence analysis of TP53 in Xiphophorus fish hybrid melanoma models.

Abstract We have cloned and sequenced the p53-encoding cDNA of green swordtail ( X. helleri ) and southern platyfish ( X . maculatus ). These two fish species are often used to produce hybrids that develop melanomas after genetic crossing. Computer translation of derived cDNA sequences revealed that p53 polypeptides from these two species are virtually identical, exhibiting only two conservative amino acid substitutions. TP53 mRNA expression was detected in virtually all tissues tested. Comparison of these fish p53 polypeptide sequences with those of other vertebrates, including other fishes, amphibians, and mammals, revealed that conservation is especially high in several previously defined protein domains. In addition, sequencing of the 3′ TP53 genomic region of X. maculatus reveals similarity to the human TP53 locus in overall organization. Knowledge of the Xiphophorus TP53 sequences will allow assessment of mutational alterations within tumors generated from numerous fish genetic crosses.
Identification of a Potential Role for the Adventitia in Vascular Lesion Formation After Balloon Overstretch Injury of Porcine Coronary Arteries

Background In the present series of experiments, we examined the onset of cell proliferation and growth factor expression after balloon overstretch injury to porcine coronary arteries. Methods and Results Domestic juvenile swine underwent balloon overstretch injury to the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries with standard percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty balloon catheters. To identify proliferating cells, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrDU) was administered over a period of 24 hours before the animals were killed at either 1, 3, 7, or 14 days after injury. Immunohistochemistry was performed with monoclonal antibodies to BrDU and smooth muscle cell markers. Three days after injury, a large number of proliferating cells were located in the adventitia, with significantly fewer positive cells found in the media and lumen. Seven days after injury, proliferating cells were found primarily in the neointima, extending along the luminal surface. In situ hybridization for PDGF A-chain a...
Design of codes for multicode CDMA based on correlation feedback from receiver

The multi-code CDMA problem, and the corresponding data and noise model is discussed. The problem of "crosstalk", which occurs when using an MMSE receiver in colored noise, is addressed. A method to avoid "cross-talk", by choosing the eigenvectors of the interference plus noise matrix as codes, is introduced. This approach is shown to produce codes that are orthogonal not only in the conventional sense, but also with respect to the interference plus noise matrix. The gain on the codes is shown to be inversely proportional to the corresponding eigenvalue. Simulation results demonstrate that the codes corresponding to the smallest eigenvalues dramatically out-perform the MMSE receiver for Walsh-Hadamard codes in terms of mean-square error (MSE).
2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CDA) for the treatment of refractory or recurrent Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) in pediatric patients.

Background Pediatric patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) may become refractory to conventional therapy or present with repeated recurrences over several years. Current therapeutic options such as prednisone, vinblastine, etoposide, and cyclosporine are associated with significant acute toxicities and late effects. Recent reports suggested that 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CDA) may be an effective agent in adults with LCH. The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of 2-CDA in children with LCH. Methods This report presents the data collected from the first three patients that have completed this trial. Patients were enrolled in a prospective study after informed consent was obtained. Patients had a confirmed diagnosis of LCH that had recurred several times or not responded to standard therapy. Patients were given a starting dose of 5 mg/M2 of daily continuous infusion for three days duration. Two patients had their dose increased to 6.5 mg/M2/day. A total of 4–6 courses were given, and courses were repeated every 3–4 weeks. Thirteen of fifteen courses were given as outpatients at home. Results Each patient completed therapy with myelosuppression the primary toxicity. Pt. 1 initially received a higher dose of 2-CDA and developed sepsis. The dose was reduced to current study levels and no other incidence of infection, fever, and neutropenia, or blood product transfusion was required. All three patients are free of active disease 10–18 months after completing 2-CDA. Conclusion Three patients with LCH refractory to standard therapy had CR to 2-CDA, given at 5–6.5 mg/M2/day for 3 days, without significant toxicity. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 29:288–292, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Development of tiled imaging CZT detectors for sensitive wide-field hard X-ray surveys to EXIST

Motivated by the proposed EXIST mission, a "medium-class" space observatory to survey black holes and the Early Universe proposed to the 2010 NAS/NRC Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey, we have developed the first "large" area 256 sq cm close-tiled (0.6 mm gaps) hard X-ray (20-600 keV) imaging detector employing pixelated (2.5 mm) CdZnTe (CZT) detectors, each 2 x 2 x 0.5 cubic cm. We summarize the design, development and operation of this detector array (8 x 8 CZTs) and its performance as the imager for a coded aperture telescope on a high altitude (40 km) balloon flight in October. 2009, as the ProtoEX1STl payload. We then outline our current development of a second-generation imager, ProtcEXIST2. with 0.6 mm pixels on a 32 x 32 array on each CZT, and how it will lead to the ultimate imaging system needed for EXIST. Other applications of this technology will also be mentioned.
Vision-based UAV navigation using 3D GIS data

In this paper, we describe a novel approach to vision based navigation. In this approach, an airplane's position at each sampling time is estimated through a two-step process. In the first step, the plane's 3D motion is estimated from the current and previous image frames to produce an initial estimate of the plane's position. In the second step, the error in the initial position estimate is corrected by using a test image generated from a digital elevation map of the flight area and the previous frame. Experimental results demonstrated the efficacy of this approach--the correction step reduces position estimation error and with it, the error does not increase with time.
The comprehensive flood‐control plan for the Ohio River basin

The severe flood-losses experienced in the Ohio River Basin during the great floods of 1936 and 1937 aroused the citizens of the affected localities as never before to the realization that comprehensive measures must be undertaken to avoid in the future similar demoralization of the economic life of the region. This manifested interest led to the enactment of legislation by Congress approving the general comprehensive flood-control plan for the Ohio River Basin as submitted by the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, in Flood Control Committee Document No. 1, 75th Congress, 1st Session.
PURE SUBMODULES AND TORSION FREE IMAGES OF COMPLETELY DECOMPOSABLE TORSION FREE MODULES

ABSTRACT Prebalanced and precobalanced sequences play an important role in the investigation of Butler Modules. For Butler groups (modules over the integers), they are equivalent conditions. This is not the case for modules over integral domains in general. We investigate conditions when one type of exactness would imply the other. We show that for analytically unramified domains, the equivalence of prebalanced and precobalanced exactness will hold if and only if every maximal ideal has a unique maximal ideal lying over it in the domain's integral closure.
Progress In Bistable Optical Devices

This paper describes the bistable optical device and its uses in optical communication and optical signal processing. Recent results on the transient response of these devices is reviewed.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Physical electronic phenomena in ion propulsion engines

The ion engine offers one of the most promising techniques for long-duration space propulsion, for missions ranging from the prime propulsion of manned interplanetary vehicles to the control of earth satellites As we look ahead to the more ambitious missions that man will wish to accomplish in space — the missions requiring longer times and therefore greatest propulsion energy — we seek a reaction rocket with a high propellant exhaust velocity. This high velocity allows the generation of thrust with relatively less consumption of propellant, with significant advantage to the mission in the additional payload capability of the spacecraft as less propellant is required. The only way presently known to obtain propellant exhaust velocities significantly higher (by a factor of 10 to 100) than those of current chemical rockets is by means of the acceleration of charged particles. In principle, electrical acceleration can provide essentially any exhaust velocity, by proper choice of the particle mass and the accelerating voltage. In practice, however, the engines that have reached the highest state of development and currently show the greatest promise use heavy ions (having atomic masses of approximately 100 to 200) as the propellant, accelerated through 3000 to 10 000 volts.
Commitment, Exchange Autonomy, and the Boundary of the Hierarchical Firm

In this article, I present a theory of the boundary of the firm that accounts for some important characteristics of real-world multidivisional firms: operative decisions are in the hands of middle managers who are rewarded based on the performance of their units, managers' decisions are subject to approval and intervention by the top management of the firm, and managers are better informed regarding the affairs of their divisions. In this setup, the integration of an intermediate input supplier and its buyer as separate divisions within a single firm is desirable, as long as the choice of trading partners can be credibly delegated to the divisions' managers. I show that this is satisfied not only under the assumption of full commitment by the general office of the firm but also, remarkably, if it has no commitment power whatsoever. An explanation of the boundary of the firm emerges only if the general office retains some limited commitment power. I show that the general office mandates internal trades in more instances than would have been optimal with full commitment, adversely affecting the levels of investment undertaken by the divisions' managers. In such cases, it can be optimal to have the trade conducted between nonintegrated parties.
Gender Quotas, Norms, and Politics

Gender quotas have become an increasingly prominent solution in recent years to the underrepresentation of women in electoral politics. As research on these policies has grown, scholars have primarily sought to explain how and why quotas are adopted and, more recently, why some quota policies are more effective than others in facilitating women's access to political office. Most studies, however, also consider—often in a less systematic fashion—the normative aspects of quota reform, usually by detailing the various objections leveled against gender quotas and their impact on efforts to adopt and implement quota measures. Integrating insights from a wide range of case studies, I outline these arguments but note that quotas also generate a host of positive implications that remain largely undertheorized in this literature. I observe, further, that more and more countries are adopting gender quotas despite these well-versed normative objections. These developments indicate greater scope for political initiatives to increase women's representation—despite assumed social and economic “prerequisites” for change—and, indeed, signal a broader shift in international norms in support of projects to promote gender-balanced decision making. One of the few countries seemingly unaffected by these global trends is the United States, where proposals for gender quotas have simply not entered into the realm of public debate. After offering several possible explanations for this state of affairs, I draw on this case to emphasize the pivotal role of politics in opening and closing opportunities to pursue gender quotas, as well as to point to a new set of questions for future research.
Dissociative effects of orthographic distinctiveness in pure and mixed lists: an item-order account

We apply the item-order theory of list composition effects in free recall to the orthographic distinctiveness effect. The item-order account assumes that orthographically distinct items advantage item-specific encoding in both mixed and pure lists, but at the expense of exploiting relational information present in the list. Experiment 1 replicated the typical free recall advantage of orthographically distinct items in mixed lists and the elimination of that advantage in pure lists. Supporting the item-order account, recognition performances indicated that orthographically distinct items received greater item-specific encoding than did orthographically common items in mixed and pure lists (Experiments 1 and 2). Furthermore, order memory (input–output correspondence and sequential contiguity effects) was evident in recall of pure unstructured common lists, but not in recall of unstructured distinct lists (Experiment 1). These combined patterns, although not anticipated by prevailing views, are consistent with an item-order account.
IQGAP1 and IQGAP3 Serve Individually Essential Roles in Normal Epidermal Homeostasis and Tumor Progression

IQ motif–containing GTPase-activating protein (IQGAP) scaffolding proteins regulate many essential cellular processes including growth factor receptor signaling, cytoskeletal rearrangement, adhesion, and proliferation and are highly expressed in many cancers. Using genetically engineered human skin tissue in vivo, we demonstrate that diminished, sub-physiologic expression of IQGAP1 or IQGAP3 is sufficient to maintain normal epidermal homeostasis, whereas significantly higher levels are required to support tumorigenesis. To target this tumor-specific IQGAP requirement in vivo, we engineered epidermal keratinocytes to express individual IQGAP protein domains designed to compete with endogenous IQGAPs for effector protein binding. Expression of the IQGAP1-IQ motif decoy domain in epidermal tissue in vivo inhibits oncogenic Ras-driven mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and antagonizes tumorigenesis, without disrupting normal epidermal proliferation or differentiation. These findings define essential non-redundant roles for IQGAP1 and IQGAP3 in the epidermis and demonstrate the potential of IQGAP antagonism for cancer therapy.
Multienzyme complexes of eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.

The high-molecular-mass aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complexes in higher eukaryotes are discrete non-artifactual multienzyme complexes of similar composition which can be purified from different tissues of different species by different techniques. These high-Mr complexes are composed of synthetases in simple stoichiometric ratios. The synthetases most often found in high-Mr complex are those specific for Arg, Gln, Glu, Ile, Leu, Lys, and Met. Several synthetases are shown to contain carbohydrates suggesting a major difference between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic enzymes and the possibility that carbohydrates may be involved in complex formation. The functional significance of the high-Mr complexes is unclear but reduction of thermolability of the synthetases by complex formation appears well established. The activation and inactivation of synthetase activities in high-Mr complex by dephosphorylation and phosphorylation and the ability of the synthetases to synthesize Ap4A suggest that synthetases in complexes may be intricately involved in control of DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Localization of Met-tRNA synthetase to the endoplasmic reticulum by immunfluorescence microscopy suggests that part of the protein synthesis machinery is highly organized on intracellular membranes and that this may provide for compartmentation of intracellular amino acid and aminoacyl-tRNA pools.
NMR characterization of copper and lipid interactions of the C2B domain of synaptotagmin I-relevance to the non-classical secretion of the human acidic fibroblast growth factor (hFGF-1).

Abstract Human fibroblast growth factor (hFGF-1) is a ∼ 17 kDa heparin binding cytokine. It lacks the conventional hydrophobic N-terminal signal sequence and is secreted through non-classical secretion routes. Under stress, hFGF-1 is released as a multiprotein complex consisting of hFGF-1, S100A13 (a calcium binding protein), and p40 synaptotagmin (Syt1). Copper (Cu2+) is shown to be required for the formation of the multiprotein hFGF-1 release complex (Landriscina et al. ,2001; Di Serio et al., 2008). Syt1, containing the lipid binding C2B domain, is believed to play an important role in the eventual export of the hFGF-1 across the lipid bilayer. In this study, we characterize Cu2+ and lipid interactions of the C2B domain of Syt1 using multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. The results highlight how Cu2+ appears to stabilize the protein bound to pS vesicles. Cu2+ and lipid binding interface mapped using 2D 1H–15N heteronuclear single quantum coherence experiments reveal that residues in β-strand I contributes to the unique Cu2+ binding site in the C2B domain. In the absence of metal ions, residues located in Loop II and β-strand IV contribute to binding to unilamelar pS vesicles. In the presence of Cu2+, additional residues located in Loops I and III appear to stabilize the protein-lipid interactions. The results of this study provide valuable information towards understanding the molecular mechanism of the Cu2+-induced non-classical secretion of hFGF-1.
Evaluation of cue reactivity in the natural environment of smokers using ecological momentary assessment.

The cue reactivity (CR) paradigm has been used extensively to assess smokers’ craving responses to smoking-related stimuli. To date, nearly all CR research has been conducted in laboratory settings; there has been no experimental research of the impact of smoking cues on smokers’ craving in their natural environment. The present research combined CR procedures with ecological momentary assessment (CREMA); the latter has been used successfully to monitor a variety of behaviors in real time using handheld personal digital assistants (PDAs). Participants were 43 daily, heavy smokers ages 18 and older. PDAs were sent home with participants over an 8-day CREMA period. PDAs were used to record each cigarette smoked and to administer daily CR trials. CR stimuli consisted of photographs and imagery scripts that were either smoking related or neutral. CR trials were also administered in the laboratory, by means of PDAs, at the beginning and end of the CREMA period. Results from CREMA trials indicated that smoking-related cues significantly increased craving, compared with neutral cues for both photographs and imagery scripts. This pattern was also observed in the laboratory-based trials. Findings indicate that CREMA is well suited for the investigation of cue-elicited craving under real-world conditions.
ECONOMICS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Abstract n an information-processing chain, only the initial inputs (“environment”) and the terminal outputs (“actions”) affect directly the benefit to the user who maximizes its expected excess over cost. All intermediate flows (“symbols”) affect directly only costs and delays. Delays affect benefit non-additively, through “impatience” and, possibly, “obsolescence.” Traditionally, statistical theory disregards delays, and communication theory treats them as costs. A more complete, unifying approach is proposed, and it is asked whether convexity conditions (e.g., “decreasing marginal returns”) required for competitive market equilibrium are satisfied.
Dominated estimates of convex combinations of commuting isometries

The principal result of this paper is that the convex combination of two positive, invertible, commuting isometries ofL p(X,F, μ) 1 O, there exists a periodic non-singular point transformation σ′ such that σ′ commutes with τ and μ(x:σ′x≠σx}<e. Byan approximation argument, the principal result is applied to the convex combination of two isometries ofL p (0, 1) induced by point transformations of the form τx=x k,k>0 to show that such convex combinations admit a dominated estimate with constantp/p−1.
Extraction of Implantable Cardiac Electronic Devices

With the increasing numbers of cardiac implantable devices in use, lead extraction has become a critical procedure in remedying device-related infections and complications. Lead extraction technology has grown considerably over the past two decades from simple traction maneuvers to the use of powered, telescoping sheaths equipped with laser technology. Data from single center experiences and randomized control trials have continued to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the most current lead extraction technology. Still, major complications occur in less than 1% of patients. Patient preparation and in-place laboratory protocols are important for the prevention of complications and the rapid diagnosis and treatment of life-threatening complications should they arise.
High-Resolution Capacitance Measurement By Force Microscopy: Application To Sample Characterization And Potentiometry

We demonstrate the usefulness and high sensitivity of the atomic force microscope (AFM) for imaging surface dielectric properties and for potentiometry through the detection of electrostatic forces. The attractive force with an applied voltage between tip and sample is generally much larger than the van der Waals force. On the other hand, electric forces as small as 10 -10 N have been measured, corresponding to a capacitance of 10 -19 farad. The sensitivity of our AFM should ultimately allow us to detect capacitances as low as 8 x 10 -22 farad. We have used this technique to detect the presence of dielectric material over Si, and have made measure-ments of the voltage over a p-n junction with sub-micron spatial resolution.
Conflict, health care and professional perseverance: a qualitative study in the West Bank.

Abstract The past three decades have been a time of considerable global conflict, affecting over 50 countries and causing substantial impacts on civilian health. While many effects are direct results of violence, conflict also impinges on health through indirect means. The restricted mobility of health care staff and patients, targeting of health care workers, and stressful working conditions disrupt the ability of health care workers in conflict zones to function effectively. This paper explores the challenges experienced by health care workers in West Bank, Palestine, as well as their strategies of persistence. Research activities included participant observation and interviews with health care providers, which were then analysed for common themes. Results demonstrated that the Israeli military occupation of the West Bank considerably impacts civilians’ access to both urgent and preventive care. While attempting to deliver care, providers encountered disruptions, harassment and violence, which interrupt...