cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mazaa: Rethinking Fun, Pleasure and Play in South Asia

The goal of this special section of South Asia is to generate new ways to describe and theorise mazaa, a Hindi-Urdu word that can mean fun, pleasure and play. Scholarly writing often treats fun and...
Study of telomere length in men who carry a fragile X premutation or full mutation allele

The fragile X premutation is defined by the expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeat at the 5′ UTR of the FMR1 gene to between 55 and 200 repeats, while repeat tracks longer than 200 are defined as full mutations. Men carrying a premutation are at increased risk for fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS); those with > 200 repeats have fragile X syndrome, a common genetic form of intellectual disabilities. In our study, we tested the hypothesis that men carrying a fragile X premutation or full mutation are “biologically older”, as suggested by the associated age-related disorder in the presence of the fragile X premutation or the altered cellular pathology that affects both the fragile X premutation and full mutation carriers. Thus, we predicted that both groups would have shorter telomeres than men carrying the normal size repeat allele. Using linear regression models, we found that, on average, premutation carriers had shorter telomeres compared with non-carriers (n = 69 vs n = 36; p = 0.02) and that there was no difference in telomere length between full mutation carriers and non-carriers (n = 37 vs n = 29; p > 0.10). Among premutation carriers only, we also asked whether telomere length was shorter among men with vs without symptoms of FXTAS (n = 28 vs n = 38 and n = 27 vs n = 41, depending on criteria) and found no evidence for a difference (p > 0.10). Previous studies have shown that the premutation is transcribed whereas the full mutation is not, and the expanded repeat track in FMR1 transcript is thought to lead to the risk for premutation-associated disorders. Thus, our data suggest that the observed premutation-only telomere shortening may be a consequence of the toxic effect of the premutation transcript and suggest that premutation carriers are “biologically older” than men carrying the normal size allele in the same age group.
A Pariah Among Parvenus: Anne Fischer and the Politics of South Africa's New Realism(s)∗

While scholars have begun to explore the complex afterlives of “new realism” in Europe and the Americas following the collapse of Weimar democracy, its reception on the African continent has receiv...
Monogenic autoinflammatory disorders: Conceptual overview, phenotype, and clinical approach

Autoinflammatory diseases are conditions in which pathogenic inflammation arises primarily through antigen-independent hyperactivation of immune pathways. First recognized just over 2 decades ago, the autoinflammatory disease spectrum has expanded rapidly to include more than 40 distinct monogenic conditions. Related mechanisms contribute to common conditions such as gout and cardiovascular disease. Here, we review the basic concepts underlying the "autoinflammatory revolution" in the understanding of immune-mediated disease and introduce major categories of monogenic autoinflammatory disorders recognized to date, including inflammasomopathies and other IL-1-related conditions, interferonopathies, and disorders of nuclear factor kappa B and/or aberrant TNF activity. We highlight phenotypic presentation as a reflection of pathogenesis and outline a practical approach to the evaluation of patients with suspected autoinflammation.
Creation of an algorithm for clinical decision support for treatment of opioid use disorder with buprenorphine in primary care.

The treatment capacity for opioid use disorder (OUD) lags far behind the number of patients in need of treatment. Capacity is limited, in part, by the limited number of physicians who offer office based OUD treatment with buprenorphine. Measurement based care (MBC) has been proposed as a means to support primary care physicians in treating OUD. Here, we propose a set of measures and a clinical decision support algorithm to provide MBC for the treatment of OUD. We utilized literature search and expert consensus to identify measures for universal screening and symptom tracking. We used expert consensus to create the clinical decision support algorithm. The Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription medication, and other Substance use (TAPS) tool was selected as the best published measure for universal screening in primary care. No published measure was identified as appropriate for symptom tracking or medication adherence; therefore, we created the OUD Symptom Checklist from the DSM-5 criteria for OUD and the Patient Adherence Questionnaire for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment (PAQ-OUD) to assess medication adherence. We developed and present a clinical decision support algorithm to provide direct guidance regarding treatment interventions during the first 12 weeks of buprenorphine treatment. Creation of these tools is the necessary first step for implementation of MBC for the treatment of OUD with buprenorphine in primary care. Further work is needed to test the feasibility and acceptability of these tools. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT04059016; 16 August 2019; retrospectively registered; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04059016
PENAL INSTITUTIONS Correctional Institutions of State and Counties: Allow Privately-Operated Prisons to Utilize Penal Labor Following the Same Standards as State-Run Institutions

The Act provides for privately-operated prisons to utilize state inmate labor in the same way that state-run prisons utilize inmate labor. Profits from any labor or products by these inmates will go to the state. The Act also provides for an official custodian of the Department of Corrections records and provides that certified records of the Department of Corrections be admissible in civil and criminal proceedings.
Penile implants in the treatment of Peyronie's disease.

AbstractThe treatment of Peyronie’s disease remains controversial. Patients who fail conservative therapy may require surgical intervention to restore the ability to have sexual intercourse. Plaque excision and dermal grafting have not been universally successful, and alternate procedures that rely on the placement of a penile prosthesis have gained in popularity. We reviewed our experience with 35 patients with advanced Peyronie’s disease treated with a penile prosthesis. Preoperatively, 55% of the patients were unable to engage in intercourse due to pain or angulation of the penis and 25% were unable to achieve any erection at all. Postoperatively, with a mean followup of 6.9 years, 88% of the patients were able to engage in intercourse and were satisfied with the results obtained. In selected patients with advanced disease the implantation of a penile prosthesis remains a highly successful and satisfying alternative for the treatment of Peyronie’s disease.
Architecture for Office Automation

The development of architecture which will facilitate office automation by enabling various office machines to cooperate in performing office system functions is examined. The goals and objectives for the initial steps toward an automated office system are related to an enumeration of the specific architectures which will be required. A general description of the capability of each architecture is given along with a discussion of specific architectural requirements and key problem areas. Some examples of architectural solutions to key problems are given. Specifically the approaches taken to the problem of precise architectural definition as it relates to text architecture are discussed. Finally some thoughts on future office system requirements and their architectural implications are given. This paper attempts to enumerate considerations and in some cases approaches to solutions for the office systems architecture problem. The contents are based on approximately three years of office systems architecture development work involving a variety of actual office products.
A Formal Venture into Reliable Multicast Territory

In this paper, we present a formal model of the reliable multicast service that ensures eventual packet delivery with, possibly, some timeliness guarantees. This model dictates precisely what it means to be a member of the reliable multicast group and which packets are guaranteed delivery to which members of the group. Moreover, it is reasonable, implementable, and broad; that is, it captures the intended behavior of numerous reliable multicast protocols. We also present a formal model of the Scalable Reliable Multicast (SRM) protocol [1]. We show that our model of SRM is safe, in the sense that it is a faithful implementation of our model of the reliable multicast service; that is, it may only deliver appropriate packets to each member of the reliable multicast group. We also show that, under certain constraints, the implementation is live, in the sense that it guarantees the timely delivery of the appropriate packets to the appropriate members of the reliable multicast group.
Efficient symbolic signatures for classifying craniosynostosis skull deformities

Craniosynostosis is a serious and common pediatric disease caused by the premature fusion of the sutures of the skull. Early fusion results in severe deformities in skull shape due to the restriction of bone growth perpendicular to the fused suture and compensatory growth in unfused skull plates. Calvarial (skull) abnormalities are frequently associated with severe impaired central nervous system functions due to brain abnormalities, increased intra-cranial pressure and abnormal build-up of cerebrospinal fluid. In this work, we develop a novel approach to efficiently classify skull deformities caused by metopic and sagittal synostoses using our newly introduced symbolic shape descriptors. We demonstrate the efficacy of our methodology in a series of large-scale classification experiments that compare the performance of our symbolic-signature-based approach to those of traditional numeric descriptors that are frequently used in clinical research. We also demonstrate an application of our symbolic descriptors in shape-based retrieval of skull morphologies.
A belated randomized control trial.

When medical scientists and/or practitioners are asked to comment on an article that may have already created a controversy of both a scientific and ethical nature in the public press, the temptation is irresistible to abandon the language of scientific articles and to call a spade a spade. I bow to that irresistible temptation. A plague on all houses except those who reported and conducted the study in this issue of Pediatrics.1 When the study in question was designed and executed (1985 to 1988), an extremely difficult situation had been created by others. An elaborate, expensive, and potentially both effective and dangerous new technology had been allowed to proliferate without the gathering of reliable information about its relative efficacy and safety.
Thermal stability of freeze-dried mammalian interferons. Analysis of freeze-drying conditions and accelerated storage tests for murine interferon.

Conditions of Interferon processing were analyzed to select those that promote stability after freeze-drying. The effects of various preparative methods and treatment conditions were assessed by measuring the retention of biological activity by lyophilized interferon samples in two kinds of accelerated storage tests: the linear nonisothermal stability (LNS) test, a rapid method used for direct comparison of two or more preparations of interferon, and the multiple isothermal storage (MIS) test, a slow method requiring weeks to months to obtain data for the prediction of stability of a given preparation stored under various conditions. The most stable preparations of Newcastle-disease-virus-induced mouse L cell interferon were obtained using the following conditions: 1) perchlorate treatment to inactivate residual inducing virus, 2) nonspecific adsorption using zeolite for partial purification, 3) suspending medium of 0.5% bovine serum albumin in 0.1 m sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7, and 4) sublimation of ice in vacuo with a starting temperature of −30 °C to a final residual moisture of about 3%. The final product, reference reagent G002-904-511, was stable throughout the course of the LNS test. From an extensive MIS test, this reference interferon was predicted to lose 1000 units of activity in 110 years at 4 °C and 1000 units in 100 days at 37 °C. After 6 years of storage at 37 °C when the predicted residual activity would be about 20% of the original potency, 35% of initial interferon activity remained, confirming the usefulness of the short-term predictive test.
Theory-Based Negotiation Frameworks for Supporting Group Work

In this paper we begin by presenting a taxonomy of impasses in group work situations. The taxonomy includes factors such as goal conflicts and resource limitations. We then present a prescriptive theoretical framework designed to support negotiation during these impasses. We also describe NegotiationLens, a system which embodies the framework by supporting the actions prescribed by the theory. We then analyze the adequacy of the framework which stresses a collaborative form of negotiation. From this analysis we suggest a line of research which would lead to an expanded taxonomy. We hypothesize the expanded taxonomy would include interpersonal factors such as inequalities in the power of negotiating parties. We then discuss the framework and tools which would be useful given this expanded view of causes of group work impasses. Lastly we suggest the relevance of these factors to other classes of groupware.
Tunable photonic-bandgap microcavity waveguides at 1.55 /spl mu/m

We have designed and fabricated tunable photonic-bandgap microcavities in optical waveguides, with strain modulation via thin-film piezoelectric actuators on deformable membranes. Cavity resonance tunability, with nanometer lattice control, is designed through perturbation on FDTD computations. Device fabrication integrates X-ray nanolithography, piezoelectric microactuators and bulk micromachining.
Spontaneous rupture during labor of a presacral benign cystic teratoma.

Abstract 1. 1. Extragenital tumors complicating pregnancy and labor have been discussed. 2. 2. A case of spontaneous rupture of a presacral benign cystic teratoma occurring during labor has been presented.
A look ahead scheme for adaptive spectrum utilization

With the proliferation of wireless multimedia terminals and services, the demand for spectrum has been growing. Yet, there is widespread perception that the spectrum that has been assigned by the FCC for the various commercial and military applications is not being efficiently utilized. As a result there is several efforts underway that are dealing with the sensing of unused spectrum at a given time, and utilizing it for voice and/or data communications. In this paper, we consider spectrum opportunistic systems where the currently assigned spectrum is monitored in real time for idle bands and propose a new method to use any unutilized spectral opportunities, thereby enhancing the spectrum reuse efficiency. This new approach assigns packets to the sensed spectrum opportunities in the downlink of a cellular network.
Dynamics of Link Failure Events in Network Markets

We present a computational model and simulation results on the dynamics of local link failures in markets with network structure. Bandwidth markets are inherently networked, so we focus on telecommunications here. The objective of this paper is to test whether or not network failures will have serious economic consequences. We measure economic consequences by looking at changes in expected bandwidth prices, changes in value-at-risk (VAR) and in conditional-value-at-risk (CVAR). Bandwidth markets may be particularly sensitive to network failures because bandwidth is a non-storable commodity. On the other hand alternative paths with equivalent quality of service (QoS) are perfect substitutes so this may limit sensitivity. Non-storability has contributed to enormous volatility in deregulated electricity prices and observations of enormous price spikes. Bandwidth is a true network commodity in that links in the network itself are the traded commodities. Thus a local failure can affect alternative equivalent paths and this can have a knock-on effect in turn. We used a spot market model incorporating non-storability and alternative path selection on price grounds and limited by QoS-equivalence. Spike models are incorporated based on empirical data. We found that for a realistic large-scale market topology if there are, say, four failures per link per year, half of which are long enough to affect the market, then: expected link prices are increased 12%; VAR is increased by 30%; and CVAR by 40%. This is even with a spike size (×3) that is modest compared to observations in electricity markets (×10–×100). For market participants with capacity positions in such a market these consequences are likely to be serious. Thus if failures occur at this rate their consequence must be included in planning. Furthermore, whilst at low failure intensities the network acts as a dampening factor, at higher intensities it acts as an amplifier and thus cannot be neglected. We believe this amplification to be an emergent phenomenon of any market with network structure, although clearly more important for markets with no storage.
χ c 0 ω production in e + e − annihilation through ψ ( 4160 )

We argue that the recent BESIII data on the cross section for the process ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c0}\ensuremath{\omega}$ in the center-of-mass energy range 4.21--4.42 GeV can be described by the contribution of the known charmoniumlike resonance $\ensuremath{\psi}(4160)$ with the mass of about 4190 MeV. The value of the coupling in the transition $\ensuremath{\psi}(4160)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c0}\ensuremath{\omega}$ needed for this mechanism is comparable to that in another known similar transition, ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c0}(2P)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\omega}$. The suggested mechanism also naturally explains the relatively small reported value of the cross section for the final states ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c1}\ensuremath{\omega}$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c2}\ensuremath{\omega}$ above their respective thresholds.
Plenary talk II: Control and optimization in cyberphysical systems: From sensor networks to “smart parking” apps

Sensor networks are multi-agent systems consisting of distributed nodes that cooperate to meet a common objective, often in an uncertain environment. Viewed as a cyberphysical control system, a sensor network encompasses three interconnected functionalities: coverage, data source detection, and data collection. We will describe an optimization framework for controlling the location and movement of nodes so as to combine these functionalities. We also address the issue of information exchange among nodes aiming to minimize inter-node communication. We show that event-driven, rather than synchronous, communication can guarantee convergence to optimal solutions while drastically reducing the need for inter-node communication, thus also reducing energy consumption and extending the network's lifetime. Despite significant advances, these systems remain largely used for data collection from physical sources. There has been limited progress on the processing of data to drive actuation and form a complete closed-loop cyberphysical control system. We describe one such system recently developed for dynamic resource allocation in an urban environment. Te r m e d a “smart parking” system, it dynamically assigns and reserves an optimal resource (parking space) for a user (driver) based on an objective function that combines proximity to destination and parking cost, while also ensuring that the overall parking capacity is efficiently utilized. When an optimal allocation is updated, it is guaranteed to avoid reservation conflicts and to preserve a monotonically nonincreasing cost for every user relative to current assignment. We will describe an implementation of this system at a Boston University parking facility based on driver requests entered through a smartphone app.
Welsh Furniture 1250–1950: A Cultural History of Craftsmanship and Design (2 vols.)

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Richard Bebb Year: 2007 Pages: 822 Publisher: Saer Books in association with National Museum Wales and the National Library of Wales ISBN: 978-0-9553-7731-0 (hard cover). Prices: 150 GBP(hard cover).
PU.1 recruits a second nuclear factor to a site important for immunoglobulin kappa 3' enhancer activity.

Abstract PU.1 is a B-cell- and macrophage-specific transcription factor. By an electrophoretic mobility shift assay and dimethyl sulfate methylation interference assays, we show that PU.1 binds to DNA sequences within the immunoglobulin kappa 3' enhancer (kappa E3'). Binding of PU.1 to the kappa E3' enhancer assists the binding of a second tissue-restricted factor, NF-EM5, to an adjacent site. Binding of NF-EM5 to kappa E3' DNA sequences requires protein-protein interaction with PU.1 as well as specific protein-DNA interactions. This is the first known instance of PU.1 interacting with another cellular protein. NF-EM5 does not cofractionate with PU.1, suggesting that it is a distinct protein and is not a posttranslational modification of PU.1. UV-crosslinking studies and elution from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels indicate that NF-EM5 is a protein of approximately 46 kDa. Site-directed mutagenesis studies of the PU.1- and EM5-binding sites indicate that these sites play important roles in kappa E3' enhancer activity. By using a series of PU.1 deletion constructs, we have identified a region in PU.1 that is necessary for interaction with NF-EM5. This segment encompasses a 43-amino-acid region with PEST sequence homology, i.e., one that is rich in proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S), and threonine (T).
Primary Care Providers’ Views Regarding Assessing and Treating Suicidal Patients

Primary care providers (PCPs) usually do not explore patient suicidality during routine visits. Factors that predict PCP attitudes toward the assessment and treatment of suicidality were examined via an online survey of 195 practicing PCPs affiliated with medical schools in the United States. PCPs who perceived themselves as competent to work with suicidal patients were more willing to assess and more willing to treat suicidal patients, with the perception of competency fully explaining the relationship between training and willingness to treat. Female gender predicted lower self-perceived competency, while in-office access to professional mental health (MH) consultation predicted greater self-perceived competency. Higher self-perceived general competence predicted lower subjective valuation of access to MH consultation. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated a three-way interaction between training, gender, and valuation of MH consultation as predictors of perceived competency, with training generally being associated with greater perceived competency to treat suicidality. Relative to their male counterparts, female PCPs have lower confidence in assessing and treating suicidality. Perceived competence in risk assessment should be given more attention in medical training because of its role in PCPs' willingness to treat suicidality. Language: en
Formulating the request for survey participation in relation to the interactional environment

In this article, we analyze the practices of requesting participation in telephone survey interviews. Recent conversation analytic work on requests has focused on the interactional functions of req...
Increasing the Photocatalytic Activity of Anatase TiO2 through B, C, and N Doping

We utilized density functional theory (DFT) to systematically investigate the ability of B, C, and N interstitial and O substitutional surface and near-surface dopants in TiO2 to facilitate O2 reduction and adsorption. Periodic boundary condition calculations based on the PBE+U DFT functional show that dopants that create filled band gap states with energies higher than that of the near surface O2 πz* molecular orbital enable O2 adsorption and reduction. Sites that create unoccupied band gap states with energies below that of the O2 πz* orbital reduce TiO2’s reduction ability as these states result in photoexcited electrons with insufficient reduction potential to reduce O2. B dopants in interstitial and relaxed substitutional sites, whose gap states lie >1.5 eV above the valence band maximum (VBM) and hence above O2’s πz* level, facilitate the reduction of O2 to the peroxide state with adsorption energies on TiO2 of −1.22 to −2.77 eV. However, N dopants, whose gap states lie less than ∼1 eV above the VBM...
Mitogenic action of hydrochlorothiazide on human osteoblasts In vitro : Requirement for platelet-derived growth factor

Long-term use of hydrochlorothizide (HCTZ), a common diuretic agent for hypertension, has been associated with increased bone density and reduced hip fracture rates in patients. In this study, we sought to examine whether HCTZ has an anabolic effect on the proliferation of human osteoblasts (derived from either vertebrate or rib bone samples) in vitro. Cell proliferation was determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell number counting. In medium supplemented with 1% bovine calf serum, HCTZ significantly and reproducibly increased [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell number. The stimulatory effect was dose dependent in a biphasic manner, with the maximal stimulation (approximately 60% above control, P<0.001) seen at 1 μM HCTZ. In fresh serum-free medium, HCTZ was ineffective as a bone cell mitogen, indicating that the bone cell mitogenic activity of HCTZ required a serum growth factor (GF). HCTZ at doses greater than 10 μM was inhibitory in the presence or the absence of serum, presumably because of the cytotoxic effects. The serum requirement for the bone cell mitogenic activity of HCTZ could be replaced with a conditioned medium (conditioned with normal human osteoblasts for 24 hours), or with a mitogenic dose (1 ng/ml) of PDGF. The GF requirement was specific for PDGF, because other bone cell-derived growth factors (i.e., TGFβ, IGF-I, IGF-II, and bFGF) were unable to replace serum for the bone cell mitogenic activity of HCTZ. In summary, this study shows that (1) HCTZ stimulated the proliferation of normal, untrasformed, human osteoblasts in vitro; (2) the bone cell mitogenic effect of HCTZ required the presence of a serum GF; (3) the serum requirement could be replaced with a bone cell GF in conditioned medium; (4) the GF requirement was specific for PDGF. In conclusion, we have demonstrated for the first time that HCTZ has a direct anabolic effect on human osteoblasts in vitro, and that the mitogenic activity is dependent on the presence of PDGF. Because increased bone cell proliferation is a key determinant of bone formation, these observations raise the interesting possibility that HCTZ could act directly on bone cells to stimulate bone formation in patients.
The Cosmological Evolution Models of Active Galaxies and the Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background

The source spectra and angular fluctuations produced by various possible models of AGN evolution derived from observations in other wavelength bands are investigated. It is found that the sizes of the angular fluctuations are roughly constant between 10 and 100 MeV, independent of the models chosen. None of the models produce the spectral 'shelf' observed at a few MeV, and from the simulation, the AGN mechanism is only a minor contributor to the extragalactic gamma-ray background (EGB), with its flux only about 10 percent of what is observed. These evolution-independent effects imply that the EGB is not solely produced by the AGN mechanism.
Influence of crystallization conditions on the tensile properties of radiation crosslinked, vitamin E stabilized UHMWPE.

Abstract Radiation crosslinking for ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene results in improved wear resistance but a reduction in mechanical properties. Incorporation of vitamin E has been known to decrease the rate of oxidative degradation occurring through radiation crosslinking and prevents the need for post-irradiation melting with subsequent loss of crystallinity. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of thermal treatments prior to crosslinking on the morphology and tensile properties of vitamin-E-containing polyethylene. Vitamin-E-blended polyethylene was melted and subsequently quenched in ice water in order to induce high rate crystallization. A second group was additionally annealed at 126 °C following quenching and all samples were irradiated using electron beam radiation to a dose of 100 kGy. The morphology of control, quenched and quench-annealed polyethylene was characterized using small angle x-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry. Tensile properties of these polyethylenes were measured before and after radiation crosslinking with equilibrium swelling experiments performed to assess the crosslink density of irradiated samples. This study shows how the tensile properties of polyethylene can be enhanced by varying thermal treatments prior to crosslinking; and thus how it may be possible to offset the reduction in tensile properties afforded by the crosslinking process.
Response of early chick embryos to busulfan

Busulfan, suspended in peanut oil, was injected into the yolk sac of white Leghorn chick embryos in dosages of 0.1 mg, 0.5 mg, or 1.0 mg. Embryos received a single injection of busulfan either prior to incubation, at 24, 48, 72, or 96 hours of incubation. Surviving embryos were sacrificed when they reached five days of incubation. Some embryos exposed to busulfan at 96 hours were allowed to develop to nine days of incubation to determine whether the time of initial exposure or the length of exposure to busulfan was more critical. The embryo required 48 hours to manifest the deleterious effects of busulfan. Abnormalities such as defects in the formation of the limb buds and cephalic hematomas were commonly seen in survivors no matter when exposed to busulfan. Some embryos injected at 96 hours and allowed to develop to nine days displayed edema of the body cavities. The role of busulfan in eliciting these malfomations is discussed.
Evaluation of Cube and Data Manipulator Networks

Abstract The interconnection of a large number of processors and other devices to form a parallel/distributed computing system is a research area receiving a great deal of attention. One method is to use a multistage network. This paper compares two classes of multistage networks by examining two representative networks: the Generalized Cube and the Augmented Data Manipulator. The two topologies are compared using a graph model. By interpreting the graphical representations of the networks in different ways, different but functionally equivalent implementations result. The costs of the various implementations are compared taking VLSI considerations into account. Finally, the robustness (fault tolerance) of the different networks is measured and contrasted.
Student teachers' growth toward independence: An analysis of their changing concerns

Abstract A year-long study was conducted to address questions concerning student teachers' concerns and the development of those concerns over time. Journals kept by 19 elementary student teachers during their 1-year education program showed that these students: (a) evidenced a broad range of concerns, (b) developed toward independence from student to teacher as they progressed through their education program, and (c) reflected over educational aims and practices when given opportunities and support to do so. This study suggests that teacher educators may enhance student teachers' learning and professional development by encouraging their inquiry and reflection.
Synthesis and Temperature-Dependence of Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon Clusters

A novel laser photolysis source has been used to synthesize hydrogen-terminated silicon clusters SinHx+, where n ≤ 50. Using mass spectrometry, the hydrogen content of the SinHx+ clusters with n = 10−30 was measured as a function of temperature from 300 to 950 K. For n = 10−22 at the lower temperatures, there is a broad distribution of [H]/[Si] ratios which peak around compositions expected for clusters with bulklike silicon cores (x/n > 1). SinHx+ clusters with x/n ≅ 1 appear to be favored at intermediate temperatures. This stoichiometric composition suggests three-dimensional, SinHn+ cage-like structures built from Si−H units. The stability of the cage geometries is supported by density functional calculations. For cluster cations with n ≥ 23 an abrupt transition occurs and there is a sharp drop in the hydrogen content at the lower temperatures. For these clusters, SinH(n-y)+ (y = 1−5) compositions are prominent at the higher temperatures. These compositions suggest cage-like geometries with one or more...
Intestinal disaccharidase activity of non-human primates. I. Tupaiidae, Cebidae and Cercopithecidae.

Abstract 1. 1. Disaccharidase activities in general were the highest in the jejunum of the Tupaiidae, Cebidae and Cercopithecidae studied. 2. 2. In the proximal jejunum of the Cebidae and Cercopithecidae, the disaccharidases increased in activity in the following order: cellobiase, lactase, palatinase, trehalase, sucrase and maltase. In the Tupaiidae, however, cellobiase activity was slightly higher than lactase. 3. 3. Trehalase, palatinase, sucrase and maltase activities were greater in the Tupaiidae than the Cebidae and Cercopithecidae. 4. 4. In contrast to man, trehalase activity was higher in all the non-human primates surveyed than lactase activity.
Cryogenic microcracking of rubber toughened composites

This study investigated the influence of carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN) liquid rubbers on the microcracking response of polymeric composite materials to cryogenic cycling. Matrices of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs were modified with different concentrations of two CTBN liquid rubbers. The glass transition temperature and the interlaminar shear strength of the laminate systems were depressed as a result of the presence of CTBN in the epoxy phase. An increase in total rubber concentration with the continuous phase was found to decrease and in some cases eliminate microcracking in laminates exposed to cryogenic cycling.
Cell cycle-dependent association of Arabidopsis actin-related proteins AtARP4 and AtARP7 with the nucleus

Arabidopsis encodes at least eight actin-related proteins (ARPs) most of which have orthologs in other distant organisms. To gain insight into the role of ARPs in plants, we have examined the spatial expression and subcellular distribution of two highly divergent Arabidopsis ARPs, AtARP4 and AtARP7. AtARP4 is a homolog of human BAF53 and yeast Arp4, and AtARP7 is a novel, ancient and plant-specific actin-related protein that is not distinctly related to any known ARPs from other kingdoms. Analysis of both these proteins with AtARP4- and AtARP7-specific antibodies revealed that they were most abundant in young meristematic and floral tissues, but were expressed constitutively in all organs and cell types irrespective of their developmental stage. Immunofluorescence studies showed that both AtARP4 and AtARP7 were localized predominantly to the nucleus during interphase. In mitotic cells lacking a nuclear envelope (e.g. metaphase, anaphase, and early telophase stages), these ARPs were excluded from the condensed chromosomes and dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. In contrast, a putative Arabidopsis histone H2B protein remained associated with the interphase nuclei as well as chromosomes throughout the cell cycle. Based on our results and data on the yeast ortholog of AtARP4, these two nuclear plant ARPs may be involved in the modulation of chromatin structure and transcriptional regulation mainly in interphase cells.
Solar system geometry and ephemeris processing for the HST

Hubble Space Telescope (HST) moving target observations are planned using the 'Percy' interactive computer program. Percy provides ephemeris and geometrical even information about solar system objects including the Sun, major planets and their natural satellites, comets, and asteroids. While Percy contains some HST specific feature, it should be useful for almost nay ground or spacecraft based observing system. Percy was originally developed by JPL, but the Space Telescope Science Institute took-over all Percy development in 1992. Since then, extensive modifications and many new features have been added. This paper reflects the current state of Percy.
A partial correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination for multivariate normal repeated measures data

In a regression setting, the partial correlation coefficient is often used as a measure of 'standardized' partial association between the outcome y and each of the covariates in X' = (x 1 ,., x k ). In a linear regression model estimated by using ordinary least squares, with y as the response, the estimated partial correlation coefficient between y and x k can be shown to be a monotone function of the z-statistic for testing whether the regression coefficient of x k is 0; it can also be shown to be a monotone function of the likelihood ratio statistic. When y is normal but the data are clustered so that y and x are obtained from each member of a cluster, maximum likelihood using a multivariate normal distribution is often used to estimate the regression parameters of the model for y given x. For clustered data, we propose two measures of partial association: the exact same monotone function of the repeated measures' z-statistic that is used to form the partial correlation coefficient in the normal linear regression setting and the exact same monotone function of the likelihood ratio statistic that is used to form the partial correlation coefficient in the normal linear regression setting. We also propose an R 2 -like measure which can be used to measure the overall predictive ability of the model. To illustrate the method, we use a longitudinal study concerning the stress on the wall of the heart from chemotherapy in children with leukaemia.
Electron microscopy of membrane-associated folded chromosomes of Escherichia coli

Membrane-associated folded chromosomes were purified from log-phase cultures of Escherichia coli 15 TAU-bar and prepared for electron microscopy by aqueous spreading techniques. A spectrum of structures was observed, ranging from condensed structures with no DNA fibers visible, to extended structures with DNA fibers. In the extended structures, loops of DNA radiated from residual envelope, the loops sometimes appeared super-coiled, and both their number and apparent contour length approximated previous estimates from physical and biochemical data. It is proposed that the structures with free DNA arose from the condensed structures.
SPECT perfusion patterns distinguish psychogenic from essential tremor.

Abstract Background Psychogenic movement disorders pose formidable challenges to diagnosis and treatment reflecting our limited understanding of the basic brain mechanisms that cause them. Recently, functional brain imaging has been utilized to study psychogenic movement disorders. Objectives To identify characteristic patterns of cerebral perfusion distinguishing psychogenic tremor (PT) from essential tremor (ET). Methods We studied five patients each with PT, ET and normal controls. SPECT imaging was performed at rest and during a tremor-inducing motor task. Results In ET, rest imaging revealed increased rCBF (relative cerebral blood flow) in cerebellar hemispheres and left inferior frontal gyrus. During the motor task, ET patients demonstrated increased rCBF in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and contralateral motor cortex and reduced rCBF in the cerebellum and visual cortex. In contrast, PT images at rest revealed increased rCBF in left inferior frontal gyrus and left insula. Motor task imaging revealed increased rCBF in the cerebellum and reduced rCBF in anterior regions of the default mode network. Conclusions Our study revealed distinct patterns of cerebral perfusion during rest and motor task that distinguish PT from ET. Deactivation of the default mode network may serve as a marker for psychogenic movement disorders.
Skin: a constructive approach to modeling free-form shapes

We present a new particle-based surface representation with which a user can interactively sculpt free-form surfaces. The particles maintain mesh connectivity and operate under rules that lead them to form triangulations with properties that make them suitable for use in subdivision. A user interactively guides the particles, which we call skin, to grow over a given collection of polyhedral elements (or skeletons), yielding a smooth surface (through subdivision) that approximates the underlying skeletal shapes. Skin resembles blobby modeling in the constructive approach to modeling it supports, but allows a richer vocabulary of skeleton shapes, supports sharp creases where desired, and provides a convenient mechanism for adding multiresolution surface detail. CR
Distributed control in ecological networks

Abstract Understanding how “control” is exercised in ecological systems, even giving a more appropriate definition or meaning to the word “control” in this context, is an important theoretical issue and would increase our ability to manage ecosystems. Conventionally, in food web ecology, the distinction is drawn between bottom-up and top-down control. In that literature, the bottom-up hypothesis asserts that the primary producers are the source of system regulation and the top-down hypothesis states that keystone species at a higher trophic level can regulate the system. However, we know that in reality control of system behavior is much more complex and distributed than this dichotomy would suggest. Indeed, there is an urgent need for a succinct, yet more complete and comprehensive conceptual framework for thinking about control and for deriving insights into what governs ecosystem organization. In an ecosystem, each element contributes to the overall flow-storage pattern observed in the system through its interactions with the other elements; in this sense, control is distributed among the system elements. Those pair-wise system interactions can be identified and quantified using network analysis. Since the network analysis methodology accounts for both the input (recipient-oriented) and output (donor-oriented) influences from each element, it is possible to use this methodology to move beyond the simple top-down and bottom-up perspective of control. Here, I connect the network analysis methodology to traditional control theory, reintroduce a network-based control parameter using flow analysis and extend the methodology to network storage analysis. Model ecosystems are constructed and used to investigate these properties.
The mechanism of material removal in fretting

Abstract The fretting of annealed 4130 steel in air at room temperature was studied to determine the mechanisms of material removal and debris formation in fretting. On the basis of information developed by examination of the fretted surfaces, cross sections of the fretted surfaces and the fretting debris it was found that metallic debris was generated by the break up of the fretted surfaces into metal particles with a flake-like morphology. The abrasion or adhesive metal transfer mechanisms proposed to explain metal removal in fretting do not account for the morphology and surface features of the metallic debris, while the delamination theory of wear proposed by Suh accounts for both. It is concluded that a delamination mechanism is the most suitable model for the metal removal process in fretting under the conditions studied.
Effect of montelukast on peripheral airflow obstruction in children with asthma

Background Montelukast is a widely used controller agent in childhood asthma. It is modestly effective in reducing symptoms, decreasing the need for rescue albuterol, and improving forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ). Objective To determine whether montelukast therapy improves peripheral airway obstruction as measured by lung volumes, air trapping, airway resistance (Raw), and specific conductance (Sgaw). Methods Twenty-one children aged 9 to 18 years with mild-to-moderate asthma were randomized into a double-blind, placebo-controlled study to receive montelukast (5 or 10 mg) or matching placebo daily for 8 weeks. Symptoms and albuterol use were recorded twice daily, and exhaled nitric oxide measurement, forced oscillometry, spirometry, and body box plethysmography (before and after β-agonist use) were performed at randomization and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Circulating eosinophil counts and serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels were obtained at randomization and at 8 weeks. Results Montelukast-treated patients had lower residual volume ( P = .05), residual volume-total lung capacity ratio ( P = .04), Raw ( P = .02), Sgaw ( P = .03), and serum ECP levels ( P = .02) at 8 weeks compared with those treated with placebo. There was a trend toward reduced daytime and nighttime albuterol use, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. There were no significant differences in FEV 1 , FEV 1 -forced vital capacity ratio, exhaled nitric oxide levels, or daytime and nighttime symptom scores between the 2 groups. Conclusions Montelukast therapy was associated with less air trapping, hyperinflation, and Raw and better Sgaw compared with placebo. Lower serum ECP levels, a surrogate measure of airway inflammation, were associated with improvements in lung function.
35Cl NQR as a method of detecting possible chlorine—metal coordination in organomercury derivatives of chlorocarbons☆

Abstract The 35Cl NQR spectra of trans-2-chlorovinylmercuric chloride, four trichloromethylmercurials and several pentachlorocyclopentadienylmercurials have been studied as a function of temperature. The NQR spectra of these compounds show several unexpectedly low frequencies, which usually are less shifted by temperature changes than the corresponding normal frequencies in the same compounds. Such phenomena were previously observed in inorganic compounds such as SbCl3 and shown to be associated with intermolecular metal—chlorine coordination. As X-ray studies have also shown relatively close organochlorine—mercury contacts indicating probable coordination in four of the organomercurials studied, it is proposed that organochlorine coordination may explain the low NQR frequencies observed in these four and many of the other compounds studied. Hence under certain circumstances, it is suggested that low NQR frequencies and small temperature effects may be used to predict the presence of organochlorine coordination in organomercury compounds.
The Modes of Participation Revisited, 1980-2004:

In a series of publications, Verba and Nie and their coauthors argued that participatory acts vary along a number of dimensions, and that acts having similar dimensional profiles would constitute distinct modes of participation (Verba and Nie 1972; Verba, Nie, and Kim 1971, 1978; Verba, et al., 1973). In the realm of electoral participation, these investigators postulated two modes, voting and campaigning. Campaigning was thought to encompass a variety of behaviors, including working for a candidate or party, trying to persuade someone how to vote, and making a campaign contribution. A new dimensional typology, presented here, predicts that working in a campaign and contributing to political actors constitute separate modes of participation. We confirm these predictions by performing confirmatory factor analyses of participation items from the 1980-2004 American National Election Studies. We also find that vote persuasion is best modeled as a measure of political discussion.