cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential ability of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor agonists to induce and modulate expression and reinstatement of cocaine place preference in rats

D1-Like agonists are self-administered by drug-naive animals, whereas D2-like agonists reinstate cocaine-seeking behavior, but the rewarding and reinstating effects of D1- and D2-like agonists in pavlovian-based conditioned place preference are equivocal. To compare the ability of D1 and D2 agonists to produce conditioned place preference with their modulation of expression and reinstatement of an established cocaine place preference. Using an unbiased procedure, we measured the place preference induced by the D1 receptor agonist SKF 81297 and the D2/D3 receptor agonist quinpirole in drug-naive or cocaine-exposed rats. The rewarding effects of the D1 agonists SKF 82958, ABT-431, A-77636, and the D2/D3 receptor agonist 7-OH-DPAT were also tested. Additionally, we tested the ability of SKF 81297 and quinpirole to modulate expression and reinstatement of an established cocaine place preference. The D1 receptor agonists SKF 81297, SKF 82958, and ABT-431 produced dose-dependent conditioned place preferences, whereas A-77636 produced only place aversion, and the D2/D3 agonists quinpirole and 7-OH-DPAT were without effect in drug naive rats. In cocaine-treated rats, SKF-81297-induced place preference was reduced, whereas quinpirole-induced place preference was revealed. Pretreatment using either D1 or D2/D3 agonists blocked expression of an established cocaine place preference, but only the D1 agonist SKF 81297 and cocaine dose-dependently reinstated an extinguished cocaine place preference, whereas the D2/D3 agonist quinpirole induced place aversion but failed to alter cocaine-induced reinstatement. D1, but not D2/D3, agonists mediate rewarding effects and reinstatement of cocaine place preference, but the reinstating effects differ markedly from self-administration paradigms.
Nonlinear Response of the Macro Fiber Composite Actuator to Monotonically Increasing Excitation Voltage

A nonlinear model for a piezoelectric continuum subjected to a monotonic increase in electric field under constant mechanical load is investigated. A general model is derived and then specialized f...
Surface plasmon cavities for solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamics

We propose a cavity based on surface plasmon modes confined by metallic distributed Bragg reflectors and analyze the interaction of the cavity mode with quantum dots (QD). The system exhibits strong Purcell enhancement.
Cerebellar circuits and synaptic mechanisms involved in classical eyeblink conditioning

There is increasing evidence that, in addition to its major functional role in the regulation of fine motor control, the cerebellum is involved in other important functions, such as sensory–motor learning and memory. Classical conditioning of the eyeblink or nictitating membrane response (and other discrete behavioral responses) is a form of sensory–motor learning that depends crucially upon the cerebellum. Within the cerebellum, however, the relative importance of the cerebellar cortex and the deep cerebellar nuclei in eyeblink conditioning is unclear and disputed. Recent studies employing various mutant mice provide an effective approach to resolving this controversy. Eyeblink conditioning in spontaneous mutant mice deficient in Purkinje cells, the exclusive output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, indicate that both the cerebellar cortex and the interpositus nucleus are important. Furthermore, studies involving gene knockout mice suggest that long-term depression, a process of synaptic plasticity occurring in Purkinje cells, might be involved in eyeblink conditioning.
Impact of Vacuum Cooling on Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infiltration into Lettuce Tissue

Vacuum cooling is a common practice in the California leafy green industry. This study addressed the impact of vacuum cooling on the infiltration of Escherichia coli O157:H7 into lettuce as part of the risk assessment responding to the E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks associated with leafy green produce from California. Vacuum cooling significantly increased the infiltration of E. coli O157:H7 into the lettuce tissue (2.65E+06 CFU/g) compared to the nonvacuumed condition (1.98E+05 CFU/g). A stringent surface sterilization and quadruple washing could not eliminate the internalized bacteria from lettuce. It appeared that vacuuming forcibly changed the structure of lettuce tissue such as the stomata, suggesting a possible mechanism of E. coli O157:H7 internalization. Vacuuming also caused a lower reduction rate of E. coli O157:H7 in stored lettuce leaves than that for the nonvacuumed condition.
Developmental Sequel from Early Nutritional Deficiencies: Conclusive and Probability Judgements

Results from quasi-experimental longitudinal studies of children and from experimental research with animal models have led several investigators to state that early iron deficiency anemia leaves a permanent cognitive deficit. However, neither source of information provides a basis for such a claim. Some key confounders were not controlled by the quasi-experimental studies, and the external validity of the animal data is questionable. Further, three decades of research on the functional consequences of protein-energy malnutrition have shown that the social environment moderates the effects of an early nutritional insult; it can keep such effect unchanged, or increase or decrease its severity. The prediction of later life on the basis of a particular nutritional event carries a large error factor, which suggests that the search would be more fruitful if we tracked probability statements.
Benchmark Results for Hydrogen Atom Transfer between Carbon Centers and Validation of Electronic Structure Methods for Bond Energies and Barrier Heights

First we report benchmark high-level calculations for the barrier heights of five degenerate and nearly degenerate rearrangements (CH3• + CH4 or C2H6, C2H5• + CH4 or C2H6, and n-C3H7• + n-C3H8) involving hydrogen transfer between hydrocarbon fragments. Then the performance of 11 existing and 5 new semiempirical methods based on the neglect of diatomic differential overlap (NDDO) and the intermediate neglect of differential overlap (INDO) is evaluated by comparing their predictions to those of the more accurate levels. All methods are additionally tested against a representative test suite of reactive barrier heights and a representative test suite of bond energies. Two new NDDO methods, each with one Gaussian function parametrized for reactions involving the transfer of hydrogen atoms between carbon centers, were developed to provide both accurate barrier heights and transition-state geometries. The results show that the energetic barriers for the transfer of hydrogen between carbon centers calculated by ...
The Sources of Social Power: U.S. civil rights and identity struggles

The American civil rights movement influenced globally the struggles of ethnic and religious minorities, of women, of people with disabilities, and later of people with unconventional sexual identities. These can all be viewed as identity politics, concerning rights held by people because of who they fundamentally are, not because of their position in a class structure. So the movement was important in shifting the political left away from class politics toward identity politics, and this shift was especially marked in the United States since it was the only major country in which racial oppression occurred at home rather than in colonies. Social movements theory Most sociologists have analyzed the civil rights movement as the paradigm case for other recent social movements. They have tried to generate concepts applicable to them all, including environmental, gay, sexual preference, and disability movements. The main concepts of this social movements theory are “resource mobilization” (McCarthy & Zald, 1977), “political opportunity structures” (Meyer, 2004), “framing theory” (Benford & Snow, 2000), and finally “political process” theory – a catch-all model embodying all the others. Political process involves three main components of social movement formation: the buildup of insurgent consciousness, organizational strength, and political opportunity structures. These concepts are obviously abstract and universal, applicable to all movements everywhere – at least their practitioners see them in this way. Nonetheless, this school of sociology has a certain narrowness. It tends to focus on progressive protesters, neglecting those favoring the status quo or reactionaries seeking to restore conditions as they were in the past. They also tend to see opportunity structures as only political, neglecting the economic, military, or ideological opportunities I will discuss here. Resource mobilization theorists identify the main resources as money, political influence, access to mass media, and committed militants – revealing a concern with movements in advanced democratic countries. For subsistence peasants, monetary and media resources might be less relevant, while weapons do not figure as a resource. These sociologists prefer to study rather nice pacific groups, not fascists or ethnic cleansers or peasant revolutionaries. Thus some of their accounts of the civil rights movement focus on its nonviolence, especially neglecting the violence of their segregationist opponents. This is business as usual in modern sociology, which systematically neglects the role of organized violence in society.
Information and Product Differentiation

In the uncomplicated world of the idealized competitive economy, there are really only two types of information that the consumer is presumed to need in order to make all his decisions—information as to the prices of goods and information as to the timing of receipts and payments. Less than full information on timing has long been accepted and forms one of the foundations of monetary theory. But informational deficiencies as to prices were long ignored, and the existence of uniform prices—for which there are no information problems—was a cornerstone of competitive market theory.
Construction Productivity and Job Satisfaction

This article reports a portion of the findings of a study of the relationships between job satisfaction and construction productivity. Its objective was to clarify current thinking on personal work relationships, understandings, and communication as they affect home office management, field supervisors, and workmen. Data were collected from 65 in-depth interviews of 1 hr to 5 hr each with management and labor from companies employing carpenters, electricians, plumbers, pipe fitters, and sheet metal workers primarily from St. Louis, MO, with supplemental interviewing from Los Angeles and San Francisco. The research showed that in construction satisfactions are inherent in the work itself. It follows that efforts to improve job satisfaction and productivity lie in well-planned, smooth work flow rather than in job enrichment, as is advocated by organizational behaviorists for industrial or bureaucratic work situations.
Setting Standards Under Sections 1-302 and 9-603

UCC sections 1-302 and 9-603 generally permit the parties to vary the effect of code provisions, but they then state that the parties can't vary some obligations -- except they can set standards by which the performance of those obligations is to be measured. This article explores language that parties might use to set standards and explains the extent to which the courts have enforced such agreements.
Heterogeneous ice nucleation on simulated secondary organic aerosol.

In this study, we have explored the phase behavior and the ice nucleation properties of secondary organic aerosol made from aqueous processing (aqSOA). AqSOA was made from the dark reactions of methylglyoxal with methylamine in simulated evaporated cloud droplets. The resulting particles were probed from 215 to 250 K using Raman spectroscopy coupled to an environmental cell. We find these particles are in a semisolid or glassy state based upon their behavior when exposed to mechanical pressure as well as their flow behavior. Further, we find that these aqSOA particles are poor depositional ice nuclei, in contrast to previous studies on simple mixtures of glassy organics. Additionally, we have studied the effect of ammonium sulfate on the phase, morphology, and ice nucleation behavior of the aqSOA. We find that the plasticizing effect of ammonium sulfate lowers the viscosity of the aqSOA, allowing the ammonium sulfate to effloresce within the aqSOA matrix. Upon humidification, the aqSOA matrix liquefies be...
Epilogue: A Strengths-Based Conceptual Framework for Understanding Families World-Wide

A positive and useful approach to conceptualizing families from a global perspective links family strengths, community strengths, and cultural strengths and demonstrates how families use these valued tools to meet the many challenges they face today in a difficult world. In this epilogue, we develop conceptual models from all three levels of strength from an analysis of the 18 countries discussed in this text, and two visual models are also presented in order to help students in family studies world-wide better understand and organize their thinking on the complexities of family life today.
Convergence of random products of compact contractions in Hilbert space

Let {T1, ..., TN} be a finite set of linear contraction mappings of a Hilbert space H into itself, and let r be a mapping from the natural numbers N to {1, ..., N}. One can form Sn=Tr(n)...Tr(1) which could be described as a random product of the Ti's. Roughly, the Sn converge strongly in the mean, but additional side conditions are necessary to ensure uniform, strong or weak convergence. We examine contractions with three such conditions. (W): ‖xn‖≤1, ‖Txn‖→1 implies (I-T)xn→0 weakly, (S): ‖xn‖≤1, ‖Txn‖→1 implies (I-T)xn→0 strongly, and (K): there exists a constant K>0 such that for all x, ‖(I-T)x‖2≤K(‖x‖2−‖Tx‖2).
Self-reported Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke Symptoms: Methods and Baseline Prevalence: The ARIC Study, 1987–1989

As part of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study assessment of the etiology and sequelae of atherosclerosis, a standardized questionnaire on transient ischemic attack (TIA) and nonfatal stroke and a computerized diagnostic algorithm simulating clinical reasoning were developed and tested at the four ARIC field centers: Forsyth County, North Carolina; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jackson, Mississippi; and Washington County, Maryland. The diagnostic algorithm used participant responses to a series of questions about six neurologic trigger symptoms to identify symptoms of TIA or stroke and their vascular distribution. Among 12,205 ARIO participants reporting their lifetime occurrence of one or more symptoms probably due to cerebrovascular causes, nearly half (47%) reported the sudden onset of at least one symptom sometime prior to their ARIC examination. Of those with at least one symptom, only 12.9% were classified by the computer algorithm as having symptoms of TIA or stroke. Dizziness/loss of balance was the most frequently reported symptom (36%); 1.2% of these persons were classified by the algorithm as having a TIA/stroke event. Positive symptoms of speech dysfunction were classified most often (77.%) as being symptoms of TIA or stroke. Symptoms suggesting TIA were reported more frequently than symptoms suggesting stroke by both sexes. TIA or stroke-like phenomena were more frequent (p < 0.001) in females (7%) than in males (5%) and increased with age in both sexes (p = 0.13 for females; p = 0.02 for males). In Forsyth County, TIA and stroke symptoms were greater in African Americans than in Caucasians (p = 0.05, controlling for sex). The association of algorithmically defined symptoms of TIA or stroke with traditional cerebrovascular risk factors is the subject of a companion paper.
Nutritional Response by Rice and Corn Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Strains to Dietary Component Substitution in Artificial Diets

Progeny from two genetically differentiated strains of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), were monitored for growth and development on constituent altered artificial diets. The effect of altered diets on larval growth and pupal weight was contingent on fall armyworm strain (rice or corn). Modified pinto bean diets deficient in vitamin supplements reduced pupal weights of individuals of the rice strain. Larval growth rates were reduced when fall armyworms were reared on a modified pinto bean diet or pinto bean diet augmented with sucrose. However, growth rates were significantly increased when larvae of the rice strain were fed a velvetbean caterpillar diet without sucrose. Strain development on a modified pinto bean diet containing torula yeast had growth rates of 90 mg/d compared with 40 mg/d on a modified pinto bean diet with brewer’s yeast. A velvetbean caterpillar diet devoid of yeast significantly increased corn strain growth rates; however, the same diet decreased development of the rice strain. Larval maturation on the modified pinto bean diet was significantly reduced compared with growth on a modified pinto bean diet without soy protein or when 70% soy protein was substituted for 90% soy protein. The addition of salt to the standard rearing diets dramatically increased larval growth rates.
An optimum NiO content in the CO2 reforming of CH4 with NiO/MgO solid solution catalysts

Reduced NiO/MgO, with a NiO content in the range 9.2–28.6 wt%, was found to be a highly effective catalyst for the CO2 reforming of CH4 to CO and H2 (at 790°C, atmospheric pressure and a space velocity of 60000 cm3g−1h−1). For smaller or higher NiO contents, the yield was smaller, being negligible for 4.9 wt%. In contrast to the other reforming catalysts, the new catalyst has high stability, since in the optimum NiO range the CO yield remained unchanged at 95% for 120 h without any carbon deposition. The formation of a solid solution between NiO and MgO, which was demonstrated by both X-ray diffraction and temperature-programmed reduction, is most likely responsible for the high selectivity and stability in a large range of compositions of NiO/MgO.
The Examination of Guinea Pig Dental Enamel Matrix by Celloidin Section.

Much discussion has taken place regarding the organic matter found in dental enamel. Certain workers1 have endeavored to show that calcification in this structure is so complete that no organic matrix remains. Williams2 could not find any material in enamel which is stainable. Evans,3 however, has shown that the organic matter in this tissue lies between one and two per cent in the human tooth. Bodecker and Gies4 lately have demonstrated the presence of protein within the enamel by microchemi-cal methods. That sections may be prepared showing certain points of morphology of this small amount of organic material within enamel has been stated recently.5Celloidin sections of enamel matrix of the tooth of the guinea pig may be prepared. Methods have been elaborated by one of us (A. W.) whereby decalcification may be carried on through a supporting structure of celloidin placed about the tooth. This procedure will be described at a future time. It is somewhat different from that described briefly by Bodecker a...
Effect of Boundary Layer Thickness on Jet Mixing in a Supersonic Turbulent Crossflow

The upstream injection surface boundary layer is shown to have a significant effect on the mixing characteristics of a sonic jet in supersonic cross flow. A circular, high-pressure, sonic jet is injected into a M=3.5 supersonic crossflow through different boundary layer thicknesses (δ /D = 6.2 and 0.6), with variable momentum ratios (J = 2, 5, and 10). Planar Laser Mie Scattering of condensed ethanol droplets is used to quantitatively image the injected fluid concentration in both side and end-views. Jet fluid concentrations probability distribution functions are constructed to better understand the mixing dynamics. These PDFs are integrated to create mixed fluid fraction profiles and determine the total amount of mixed fluid. Mixing quantities are computed on different spanwise planes to determine if centerline mixing efficiencies are characteristic of the entire three-dimensional flow. Through these analyses, thick boundary layers are shown to significantly enhance the jet penetration and spread, but do not alter the jet mixing capabilities, regardless of momentum ratio or position within the jet.
Bone mineral densitometry measurement

Bone mineral densitometry (BMD) can be performed in any age group. Originally, BMD was utilized in elderly postmenopausal women for whom World Health Organization criteria for diagnosis of osteoporosis were determined. With the proliferation of treatment options for low bone mass, the utilization of BMD measurement has increased. In the premenopausal female BMD use and interpretation must be judicious and correlated to clinical findings. Children present a number of problems in the use and interpretation of BMD. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry remains the gold standard for measurement of BMD.
Abstract LB-C11: HTLV-1 Tax-induced apoptosis to counteract tumor drug resistance

p53 mutations have been identified in over 50% of human cancers. As p53-mutant tumor cells have an inherent resistance to therapy-induced apoptosis, such a mechanism of resistance is an important problem in cancer therapy. Interestingly, Tax, a protein expressed by the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), increases the sensitivity of p53-mutant and p53-null cells to DNA-damaging drugs. Tax-induced chemosensitivity presents therefore a novel strategy that can be exploited to counteract p53-mutant tumor resistance. The objective of this work is to harness the chemosensitizing property of Tax and use it to develop a chemotherapeutic approach that can overcome the drug resistance observed in p53-mutant/p53-null cancers. We hypothesize that Tax initiates a proapoptotic response in cancer cells by modulating cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) activity. We use a combination of in vitro and in silico analyses to determine the mechanism of Tax-induced chemosensitivity and to identify small molecules that can phenocopy the CDK4-activating and the proapoptotic effects of Tax. Immunoblot analyses and in vitro kinase assays reveal that Tax alters CDK4 expression and activity. In addition, flow cytometry and gene expression studies respectively indicate that Tax expression promotes G1-to-S phase transition and leads to increased expression of the TP73 gene, a known homolog of TP53. Moreover, our in silico analyses, using an N-terminal construct of Tax and a published structure of CDK4 (PDB 3G33), reveal that CDK4 interacts with the Tax construct via a C-terminal domain that is distinct from its nucleotide-binding and D-type cyclin-binding sites. Further analyses identify ten small molecule mimics of Tax and putative CDK4 activators, which we show have a proliferative effect on treated cells. Although the focus of ongoing studies in the field has been the development of kinase inhibitors, several tumors develop strategies allowing them to override the effect of those inhibitors. Our work adopts a different strategy that will maximize the cytotoxic effect of anticancer drugs to overcome acquired drug resistance. Citation Format: Vanessa C. Ducas, Gary M. Kupfer. HTLV-1 Tax-induced apoptosis to counteract tumor drug resistance. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr LB-C11.
Recent Developments in Multiscale Thermomechanical Analysis of Nanocomposites

Multifunctional nanocomposite materials have been used extensively in aerospace, mechanical, civil engineering industries, and other engineering applications. This is mainly due to the enhanced mechanical characteristics such as high strength-to-weight ratio and the unique thermal and physiochemical properties of these nanostructures. It has been reported that there are significant improvements in the thermal conductivity of composite structures with the addition of low volume fractions of graphene. To understand and develop efficient composite systems with desired thermal characteristics, it is necessary to develop accurate thermal transport models of these advanced composite systems. In this chapter, the authors discuss some of the recent developments in multiscale modeling of the thermal and mechanical properties of advanced nanocomposite systems. To enhance the theoretical model development discussed in this chapter, the authors have also included some relevant works from the literature.
Quantitative Measurement of Lactose Absorption

The quantity of lactose not absorbed by 4 normal and 6 lactase-deficient subjects was determined by three indirect methods which involved: (1) measurement of pulmonary hydrogen (H2) excretion, (2) pulmonary (14)CO2 excretion, and (3) stool (14)C excretion, after ingestion of 12.5 g of 1-(14)C-lactose and 4 g of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Results were compared with absorption determined directly from the (14)C:PEG ratio of multiple terminal ileal aspirates. The fraction of lactose not absorbed determined by ileal aspiration ranged from 0 to 8% in normals and 42 to 75% in mild-intolerant subjects. Whereas all three indirect methods were useful in qualitatively separating normal from deficient subjects, the quantity of lactose absorbed as determined by H2 excretion correlated most closely with ileal measurements (r = 0.94). Pulmonary (14)CO2 excretion for 24 hr after (14)C-lactose ingestion did not distinguish normal (17 +/- 4% (SEM) of ingested (14)C per 24 hr) from lactase-deficient subjects (21.1 +/- 3%). Likewise, stool (14)C:PEG ratios grossly underestimated malabsorption with less than one-quarter of the nonabsorbed (14)C appearing in the stool. This study suggests that individual differences in susceptibility to diarrhea after milk ingestion by lactase-deficient subjects may be due to differences in the quantity of lactose not absorbed and/or differences in the rate of bacterial metabolism of lactose in the colon. Analysis of ileal fluid collected during passage of the lactose meal indicated that about two-thirds of the osmotic load delivered to the colon consists of endogenous electrolytes. Thus the water load delivered to the colon is about 3 times that calculated to be osmotically held by the nonabsorbed sugar.
Characterization of porous nickel oxide base hydrogen gas sensor

Porous nickel oxide (NiO) thin films with different thicknesses were grown on alkali-free glass substrates by sol-gel method. Crystallinity and surface morphology of NiO thin films as a function of thickness were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hydrogen gas sensing was measured to investigate the effect of thickness on the gas sensing property of thin film. Low thickness samples showed better gas sensing behavior. This behavior can be attributed to higher surface to volume ratio. This study demonstrated the importance of the thickness and porosity of the thin film for gas sensing applications and it showed that by increasing the thickness and decreasing the porosity in the film, the sensitivity of the thin film decreased significantly.
Bioprinters in Use Today

Bioprinting can be defined as a “computer-aided transfer processes for patterning and assembling living and nonliving materials with a prescribed layer-by-layer stacking organization in order to produce bio-engineered structures serving in regenerative medicine and other biological studies.”
Cyclic nucleotide metabolism of reticuloendothelial cells.

There are a number of levels at which cyclic AMP might and apparently does function in the modulation of immunologic inflammation (30,33): 1. In the response of lymphocytic cells to antigen, both in the stimulation of primary and secondary immune responses, and in the induction of lymphocyte mediated cytolysis; 2. In the release of mediators of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity (histamine, SRS-A, serotonin, ECF-A, heparin, MIF, prostaglandins, lysosomal enzymes, lymphotoxin) from mast cells, lymphocytes and professional phagocytes; 3. In responses of leukocytes, monocytes and other cells to phagocytic and chemotactic stimuli; 4. In the responses of smooth muscles, small blood vessels and lymphoid cells to mediators of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity; 5. In the differentiation of immunologically immature precursor cells to immunocompetent cells capable of being stimulated by antigen; 6. In secondary events in immunological inflammation such as platelet aggregation or in interactions of lymphocytes with one another and with other cell types.
On the dynamics of the Mouth of the Columbia River: Results from a three-dimensional fully coupled wave-current interaction model

Numerical simulations were performed using a 3D ocean circulation model (ROMS) two-way coupled to a phase-averaged wave propagation model (SWAN), in order to expand our understanding of the dynamics of wave-current interactions at the Mouth of the Columbia River (MCR). First, model results are compared with water elevations, currents, temperature, salinity and wave measurements obtained by the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers during the Mega-Transect Experiment in 2005. We then discuss the effects of the currents on the waves and vice versa. Results show that wave heights are intensified notably at the entrance of the mouth in the presence of the tidal currents, especially in ebb flows. We also find non-local modifications to the wave field because of wave focusing processes that re-direct wave energy towards the inlet mouth from adjacent areas, resulting in the presence of a tidal signatures in areas where local currents are weak. The model also suggests significant wave amplification at the edge of the expanding plume in the later stages of ebb, some tens of kilometers offshore of the inlet mouth, with potential implications for navigation safety. The effect of waves on the location of the plume is also analyzed, and results suggest that the plume is shifted in the down-wave direction when wave effects are considered, and that this shift is more pronounced for larger waves, and consistent with the presence of alongshore advection terms in the salt advection equation, which are related to the Stokes velocities associated with waves.
Determination of tiamulin in type C medicated swine feeds using high throughput extraction with liquid chromatography.

An improved method for extraction and analysis of tiamulin is presented to address issues that arose during routine analysis of Type C medicated swine feeds under the current U.S. Food and Drug Administration-Center for Veterinary Medicine (FDA-CVM) approved method. The issues included the need for higher sample throughput and the ability to accommodate a wider variety of feed matrixes. Changes to the FDA-CVM approved method include reduced sample size and solvent volumes, phosphate buffering of tartaric acid, centrifugation, and use of a new liquid chromatography column and adjusted mobile phase composition. A paired sample study was performed to compare performance of the new and existing methods. The paired sample study showed no statistical difference between sample means of paired sets of 17 samples analyzed by both methods (t = 1.95 at 0.05 significance level, p = 0.068). A recovery study showed the method precision to be 2.06% (coefficient of variation) with an average standard recovery of 95.8%. Ruggedness test results indicated good overall ruggedness of the method.
Treatment of chronic, stable slipped capital femoral epiphysis via surgical hip dislocation with combined osteochondroplasty and Imhauser osteotomy

PurposeTreatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), including the modified Dunn procedure, restores anatomy with significant risk for avascular necrosis (AVN), if performed in the setting of moderate to severe, stable SCFE. The Imhauser osteotomy has been shown to be an effective way to correct residual deformity without the risk of AVN. We sought to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a combined Imhauser osteotomy and osteochondroplasty, performed via a surgical hip dislocation approach for the acute and delayed treatment of stable SCFE.MethodsA retrospective review was performed on a series of patients who underwent Imhauser osteotomy and osteochondroplasty via surgical hip dislocation for treatment of chronic, stable SCFE. Patients were divided into acute or delayed treatment groups based on whether osteotomy was performed as the initial slip treatment.ResultsIn total 19 patients (15 male, four female, average age 13.7 years) were reviewed. Six osteotomies were performed acutely in combi...
Wear resistance and solid lubricity of molybdenum-containing nitride coatings deposited by cathodic arc evaporation

Abstract Molybdenum-containing MoTiN, MoAlTiN, MoCrN and MoZrN coatings were deposited on the 17-4 PH stainless steel substrate by the cathodic arc evaporation technique. Pin-on-disc dry sliding tests were performed to investigate their wear resistance and the solid lubricity of the coatings. All of these coatings, with MoTiN and MoAlTiN in particular, demonstrated superior wear resistance and a significantly lower coefficient of friction against WC-6Co ball material when compared to their corresponding Mo-free TiN, AlTiN, CrN and ZrN monolithic coatings. For example, the specific wear rate of the MoAlTiN coating is only 0.14% of the wear rate of the AlTiN coating, and its coefficient of friction is only 0.28 compared to 0.60 of AlTiN. The excellent tribological performance of the Mo-containing coatings is attributed to the formation of a MoO 3 surface layer on the wear tracks through the tribo-oxidation process. Further wear tests of the MoTiN and MoAlTiN coatings against Al 2 O 3 ball material revealed less improvement in wear resistance and reduction of the coefficient of friction. When tested against Si 3 N 4 ball material, both coatings, though still showing noticeably better wear resistance than their corresponding Mo-free coatings, did not demonstrate any beneficial effect of Mo on lowing the coefficient of friction. The scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses of the wear track surfaces illustrated the importance of retaining a stable and sufficiently thick MoO 3 surface layer in order to maintain the beneficial effect of Mo on the tribological performance of the coatings.
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF NIGERIA – CHINA BILATERAL RELATIONS

This paper interrogated Nigeria – China bilateral relations. China’s relation with Nigeria has recently become a burning issue. This has to do with China’s seemingly interest or quest to dominate the Nigerian market and economy. Accordingly, scholars and commentators alike have expressed various opinions on the issue without any meaningful conclusions. While some view the relationship as beneficial to China and detrimental to the overall development of Nigeria, others see it as the spring post or opportunity that Nigeria needs to develop and compete in the world market. This study which adopted the political economy approach as its theoretical framework made a meaningful contribution to this all important issue. The paper adopted the secondary sources of data collection from textbooks, journals, newspapers, magazines, government publications, internet materials, and other relevant works related to the study. The study revealed that Nigeria – China bilateral relations have benefited China more than Nigeria and that the engagement is booming but at the expense of the Nigerian state. Overall, Chinese engagement with Nigeria is better for the Chinese than it is for Nigeria. This according to the study is evident in the fact that the balance of trade has remained in favour of China beginning from the era of informal ties till date. While Nigeria is in fact benefiting, the country seems to be merely riding the coattails of the Chinese who are making the most money. Accordingly, the paper argues that Nigeria must do more than sell oil or depend on China for trade guarantees. Nigeria should as a matter of urgency and necessity use her ongoing bilateral ties to leverage on the Chinese success and adapt the lessons to her own circumstances. The relationship must add to the basis for long term investment in education, research and technology. The implication here is that Nigeria must improve on governance and democracy in the country so as to be in a better position to identify and pursue policies that will readily respond to emerging changes and trends in its engagement with China and in economic relationships around the globe.
Beyond Abstinence: Changes in Indices of Quality of Life with Time in Recovery in a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Adults.

Background Alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment and recovery research typically have focused narrowly on changes in alcohol/drug use (e.g., "percent days abstinent") with little attention on changes in functioning or well-being. Furthermore, little is known about whether and when such changes may occur, and for whom, as people progress in recovery. Greater knowledge would improve understanding of recovery milestones and points of vulnerability and growth. Methods National, probability-based, cross-sectional sample of U.S. adults who screened positive to the question, "Did you used to have a problem with alcohol or drugs but no longer do?" (Response = 63.4% from 39,809; final weighted sample n = 2,002). Linear, spline, and quadratic regressions tested relationships between time in recovery and 5 measures of well-being: quality of life, happiness, self-esteem, recovery capital, and psychological distress, over 2 temporal horizons: the first 40 years and the first 5 years, after resolving an AOD problem and tested moderators (sex, race, primary substance) of effects. Locally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing regression was used to explore turning points. Results In general, in the 40-year horizon there were initially steep increases in indices of well-being (and steep drops in distress), during the first 6 years, followed by shallower increases. In the 5-year horizon, significant drops in self-esteem and happiness were observed initially during the first year followed by increases. Moderator analyses examining primary substance found that compared to alcohol and cannabis, those with opioid or other drugs (e.g., stimulants) had substantially lower recovery capital in the early years; mixed race/native Americans tended to exhibit poorer well-being compared to White people; and women consistently reported lower indices of well-being over time than men. Conclusions Recovery from AOD problems is associated with dynamic monotonic improvements in indices of well-being with the exception of the first year where self-esteem and happiness initially decrease, before improving. In early recovery, women, certain racial/ethnic groups, and those suffering from opioid and stimulant-related problems appear to face ongoing challenges that suggest a need for greater assistance.
Qualitative simulation modeling and analysis

Recently there has been considerable interest in qualitative methods in simulation and mathematical modelling. This book reviews fundamental concepts in the field of qualitative simulation and will appeal to readers in a variety of disciplines including research in simulation methodology, artificial intelligence and engineering.
Screening for colorectal cancer by primary-care physicians in Long Island (New York) and Connecticut.

Postal questionnaires on colorectal cancer screening practices were received from samples of primary-care physicians in Long Island, New York (LI-NY) (N = 190, 66.4% response rate), and in Connecticut (N = 215, 71.7% response rate). About 90% reported ever screening asymptomatic patients 50 years of age or older by fecal occult-blood test (FOBT), and 76-86% reported generally recommending such screening annually. Proportions who generally recommended screening by proctoscopy, 48% in LI-NY and 54% in CT, were higher than those reported in a 1984 survey by the American Cancer Society. About 40-43% of physicians, however, reported using proctoscopy (i.e., flexible sigmoidoscopy [FS]) only if the FOBT was positive. The major factors influencing screening by FS were the low probability of finding a lesion, cost to the patient, and patient fear or discomfort. Training in the use of FS, reported by 25-35% of physicians, was significantly more frequent in younger physicians (i.e., less than 50 vs. 50+ years of age). Differences in responses between physicians in LI-NY and CT were generally small. Over 90% of physicians reportedly obtained information on family history of cancer and 77-80% on family history of colorectal cancer for asymptomatic patients 40 years of age and older. A pragmatic approach to increasing screening for colorectal cancer is discussed, emphasizing higher-risk patients as defined by family history of cancer and personal medical history.
Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis: A clinicopathologic study of a distinct entity with supporting evidence of a role for Corynebacterium-targeted therapy

Abstract Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis (CNGM) is a distinct histopathologic entity characterized by neutrophilic and granulomatous inflammation surrounding clear cystic spaces. Rare gram-positive bacilli are sometimes identified within these cystic spaces. Studies in the literature have identified these gram-positive bacilli to be Corynebacterium species. We describe the clinicopathologic features of 7 cases of CNGM, including a case with evidence of Corynebacterium amycolatum. Patients were young to middle aged parous women ranging in age from 28 to 53 years (median age: 41 years). Gram-positive bacilli were identified in 4 cases, all within cystic spaces. Microbial culture from a 41-year old Hispanic woman grew Corynebacterium species on multiple occasions and Corynebacterium amycolatum was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) on two separate occasions. Antibiotic susceptibility testing performed both times showed resistance to multiple antibiotics and susceptibility to vancomycin. Follow-up of all patients (range 3–12 months, median 6 months) showed a widely variable clinical course and varying response to a variety of treatment modalities. Five of the seven CNGM patients were parous, reproductive-aged Hispanic women who were born outside of the United States. Our findings further support the association of CNGM with corynebacteria and gram-positive bacilli. Furthermore, this study shows that Corynebacterium amycolatum, a nonlipophilic and multidrug-resistant corynebacterium can be associated with CNGM, hence the need for targeted antibiotic therapy. We propose identifying corynebacteria to the species level and performing antibiotic susceptibility testing in patients with CNGM because of the varied susceptibility testing profile that has been reported among different species of corynebacteria.
Single ventricle, many arrhythmias

As the wheels of progress churn forward in cardiovascular care and cardiac surgical technique, the survival rate for infants born with single ventricle physiology, once a universally fatal disease, has improved dramatically. The single ventricle reconstruction (SVR) trial recently reported an overall survival in these patients of 62% at 6 years of follow up (1,2).
Detecting and Correcting False Transients in Calcium Imaging

Population recordings of calcium activity are a major source of insight into neural function. Large dataset sizes often require automated methods, but automation can introduce errors that are difficult to detect. Here we show that automatic time course estimation can sometimes lead to significant misattribution errors, in which fluorescence is ascribed to the wrong cell. Misattribution arises when the shapes of overlapping cells are imperfectly defined, or when entire cells or processes are not identified, and misattribution can even be produced by methods specifically designed to handle overlap. To diagnose this problem, we develop a transient-by-transient metric and a visualization tool that allow users to quickly assess the degree of misattribution in large populations. To filter out misattribution, we also design a robust estimator that explicitly accounts for contaminating signals in a generative model. Our methods can be combined with essentially any cell finding technique, empowering users to diagnose and correct at large scale a problem that has the potential to significantly alter scientific conclusions.
Protective ventilation for lung cancer surgery, the truth likely lies somewhere in the middle.

Pulmonary complications are the most frequently occurring morbidity following pulmonary resection (1). It is no wonder then, that thoracic surgeons have constantly searched for ways to reduce this number. The use of lung protective strategies with low tidal volume ventilation has been shown to reduce mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (2). Whether or not these strategies also provide benefit for patients undergoing single lung ventilation during lung cancer surgery is the focus of the randomized trial presented by Marret et al . (3).
Comprehension across mediums: the case of text and video

Despite the prevalence of educational videos in today’s schools and classrooms, limited work has examined the strategies students use when comprehending videos. The aim of this study is to compare pre-service teachers’ strategy use when they are presented with information via text vis-a-vis via video. The study used a 2 × 2 experimental design with students assigned either to read or view each of two information sources. The study found strategy use to differ across mediums of information presentation, as determined through both self-report and log data. Additionally, comprehension was found to differ according to medium of information presentation, with text conferring an advantage. At the same time, students were found to have limited integration of multiple sources of information, across mediums of information presentation. Conclusions and implications for instruction and future work are discussed.
Power handling capabilities of transmission systems using a temperature-dependent power flow

Abstract The paper presents an approach to determine the maximum power transfer capabilities of electric transmission systems by coupling dynamic line ratings with temperature-dependent line modeling. This approach avoids using a set of predefined, conservative weather conditions often assumed uniform along lines. Specifically, a temperature-dependent power flow algorithm was been developed to account for weather conditions, their effects on conductor temperature, line parameters and line models. Moreover, coupling temperature-dependent line model structures within the temperature-dependent power flow, captures longitudinal variations in weather conditions (and the subsequent non-uniform distribution of electrical parameters) into the steady-state analysis of the power system. This enables determination of the transmission system loadability in terms of both thermal and voltage stability limits. The proposed methodology is applied to the IEEE 4-bus and 39-bus systems; computational impacts and quantifiable differences in maximum power transfer capabilities determined using the proposed approach and a conventional approach are discussed.
Probability Problems in Seismic Risk and Load Combinations for Power Plants

This paper describes seismic risk, load combination, and probabilistic risk problems in power plant reliability, and it suggests applications of extreme value theory.