cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Inversion Spectrum of Ammonia

Ammonia gas is known to exhibit a strong absorption in the region of 0.8 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. By sweeping the frequency of a continuous wave oscillator and using a balanced wave guide system with one arm of the wave guide serving as an absorption chamber, thirty lines of the fine structure, as predicted by Sheng, Barker, and Dennison, have been observed in this region. Their intensities and frequencies have been measured for two different temperatures and an empirical expression for the frequencies of the lines in terms of their rotational quantum numbers is given. At pressures of 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ mm Hg and below, the lines are very well resolved. At pressures of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ mm Hg and below, a definite hyperfine structure appears. The Stark effect is also observed when a d.c. field is applied to the absorbing gas.
External beam irradiation alone or combined with neck dissection for base of tongue carcinoma: An alternative to primary surgery

From 1964 to 1990, 134 patients were treated at the University of Florida with continuous-course external beam irradiation, alone or followed by a planned neck dissection, for T1 (n = 17), T2 (n = 47), T3 (n = 49), or T4 (n = 21) carcinoma of the base of tongue. The 5-year rate of local control was 90% for stage T1, 92% for T2, 73% for T3, and 35% for T4. Probability of control above the clavicles at 5 years according to modified American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage was 100% for stages I and II, 75% for stage III, 84% for stage IVa, and 52% for stage IVb. Probability of relapse-free survival at 5 years was 100% for stages I and II, 68% for stage III, 81% for stage IVa, and 37% for stage IVb. Severe complications occurred in 2% of patients. Compared with surgical resection of the primary tumor, external beam radiotherapy results in similar rates of local control and survival with a lower risk of severe complications.
Distinct Distance Estimates and Low Degree Polynomial Partitioning

We give a shorter proof of a slightly weaker version of a theorem from Guth and Katz (Ann Math 181:155---190, 2015): we prove that if $$\mathfrak {L}$$L is a set of $$L$$L lines in $$\mathbb {R}^3$$R3 with at most $$L^{1/2}$$L1/2 lines in any low degree algebraic surface, then the number of $$r$$r-rich points of $$\mathfrak {L}$$L is $$\lesssim L^{(3/2) + \varepsilon } r^{-2}$$?L(3/2)+?r-2. This result is one of the main ingredients in the proof of the distinct distance estimate in Guth and Katz (2015). With our slightly weaker theorem, we get a slightly weaker distinct distance estimate: any set of $$N$$N points in $$\mathbb {R}^2$$R2 determines at least $$c_{\varepsilon } N^{1 -{\varepsilon }}$$c?N1-? distinct distances.
The Scratch Standard Is Only A Cosmetic Standard

In this paper, I present a history of the scratch-and-dig standard for optical surface quality and show that this standard has since its inception been recognized as a cosmetic standard and not as an objective or performance standard. In addition, I attempt to dispel the myth that the scratch standard was changed during the 1960's and show that scratch number cannot be related to scratch width. Finally, I describe a preliminary aging experiment that suggests that the scratch standards have not aged with time and are, in fact, extremely stable.
The calculus structure of the Hochschild homology/cohomology of preprojective algebras of Dynkin quivers

Abstract The Hochschild cohomology ring of any associative algebra, together with the Hochschild homology, forms a structure of calculus. This was proved in Daletski et al. (1990) [1] . In this paper, we compute the calculus structure for the preprojective algebras of Dynkin quivers over a field of characteristic zero, using the Batalin–Vilkovisky structure of the Hochschild cohomology. Together with the results of Crawley-Boevey et al. [2] , where the Batalin–Vilkovisky structure is computed for non-ADE quivers (and the calculus can be easily computed from that), this work gives us a complete description of the calculus for any quiver.
Prognostic Biomarkers for Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease Risk after Cyclophosphamide–Fludarabine Nonmyeloablative Allotransplantation

Abstract Five candidate plasma biomarkers (suppression of tumorogenesis 2 [ST2], regenerating islet-derived-3α [REG3α], elafin, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 [TNFR1], and soluble IL-2 receptor-alpha [sIL2Rα]) were measured at specific time points after cyclophosphamide/fludarabine-based nonmyeloablative allotransplantation (NMAT) in patients who did or did not develop acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). Plasma samples from 34 patients were analyzed at days +7, +14, +21, and +30. At a median follow-up of 358 days, 17 patients had experienced aGVHD with a median time to onset at day +36. Risk of aGVHD was associated with elevated plasma ST2 concentrations at day +7 (c-statistic = .72, P = .03), day +14 (c-statistic = .74, P = .02), and day +21 (c-statistic = .75, P = .02); elevated plasma REG3α concentrations at day +14 (c-statistic = .73, P = .03), day +21 (c-statistic = .76, P = .01), and day +30 (c-statistic = .73, P = .03); and elevated elafin at day +14 (c-statistic = .71, P = .04). Plasma concentrations of TNFR1 and sIL2Rα were not associated with aGVHD risk at any of the time points studied. This study identified ST2, REG3α, and elafin as prognostic biomarkers to evaluate risk of aGVHD after cyclophosphamide/fludarabine-based NMAT. These results need to be confirmed in an independent validation cohort.
Filaments as Possible Signatures of Magnetic Field Structure in Planetary Nebulae

We draw attention to the extreme filamentary structures seen in high-resolution optical images of certain planetary nebulae. We determine the physical properties of the filaments in the nebulae IC 418, NGC 3132, and NGC 6537, and based on their large length-to-width ratios, longitudinal coherence, and morphology, we suggest that they may be signatures of the underlying magnetic field. The fields needed for the coherence of the filaments are probably consistent with those measured in the precursor circumstellar envelopes. The filaments suggest that magnetic fields in planetary nebulae may have a localized and threadlike geometry.
Complexiton solutions to integrable equations

Abstract Complexiton solutions (or complexitons for short) are exact solutions newly introduced to integrable equations are newly introduced. Starting with the solution classification for a linear differential equation, the Korteweg–de Vries equation and the Toda lattice equation are considered as examples to exhibit complexiton structures of nonlinear integrable equations. The crucial step in the solution process is to apply the Wronskian and Casoratian techniques for Hirota's bilinear equations. Correspondence between complexitons of the Korteweg–de Vries equation and complexitons of the Toda lattice equation is provided.
Effects of soil moisture on the responses of soil temperatures to climate change in cold regions

AbstractAt high latitudes, changes in soil moisture could alter soil temperatures independently of air temperature changes by interacting with the snow thermal rectifier. The authors investigated this mechanism with model experiments in the Community Land Model 4 (CLM4) with prescribed atmospheric forcing and vegetation state. Under equilibrium historical conditions, increasing CO2 concentrations experienced by plants from 285 to 857 ppm caused local increases in soil water-filled pore space of 0.1–0.2 in some regions throughout the globe. In permafrost regions that experienced this moistening, vertical- and annual- mean soil temperatures increased by up to 3°C (0.27°C averaged over all permafrost areas). A similar pattern of moistening and consequent warming occurred in simulations with prescribed June–September (JJAS) rainfall increases of 25% over historical values, a level of increase commensurate with projected future rainfall increases. There was a strong sensitivity of the moistening responses to t...
LHC Signals for a SuperUnified Theory of Dark Matter

A new theory of WIMP Dark Matter has been proposed, motivated directly by striking Data from the PAMELA and ATIC collaborations. The WIMP is taken to be charged under a hidden gauge symmetry GDark, broken near the GeV scale; this also provides the necessary ingredients for the ``exciting and ``inelastic Dark Matter interpretations of the INTEGRAL and DAMA signals. In this short note we point out the consequences of the most straightforward embedding of this simple picture within low-energy SUSY, in which GDark breaking at the GeV scale arises naturally through radiative corrections, or Planck-suppressed operators. The theory predicts major additions to SUSY signals at the LHC. A completely generic prediction is that GDark particles can be produced in cascade decays of MSSM superpartners, since these end with pairs of MSSM LSP's that in turn decay into the true LSP and other particles in the dark sector. In turn, the lightest GeV-scale dark Higgses and gauge bosons eventually decay back into light SM states, and dominantly into leptons. Therefore, a large fraction of all SUSY events will contain at least two ``lepton jets'': collections of n ≥ 2 leptons, with small angular separations and GeV scale invariant masses. Furthermore, if the Dark Matter sector is directly charged under the Standard Model, the success of gauge coupling unification implies the presence of new long-lived colored particles that can be copiously produced at the LHC.
The histologic differentiation of oral condyloma acuminatum from its mimics.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to determine which histologic features could enable one to distinguish oral condyloma, as defined by the detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA through in situ hybridization, from its mimics. Study design Thirty-two paraffin-embedded specimens from 28 patients that were clinically suggestive of oral condyloma were analyzed histologically and through in situ hybridization with a consensus HPV probe. Results HPV DNA was detected in 17/32 (53%) of the lesions; no additional positive cases were detected after polymerase chain reaction amplification. Only 5 of the 17 virus-positive cases were considered to be histopathologically unequivocal for condyloma. The histologic features significantly associated with HPV detection were nonuniform perinuclear halos, often in association with epithelial crevices (P = .02), and papillomatosis (P = .02). Each of the 17 patients who were HPV-positive had either HPV-6 or HPV-11, a finding that is similar to those for condyloma involving the penis and vulva/vagina. Conclusion Differentiation between oral condyloma and its mimics is best accomplished by using a combination of histologic, clinical, and in situ viral studies.
Ferulic acid enhances IgE binding to peanut allergens in Western blots

Ferulic acid, a phenolic compound, is known to complex with proteins and peanut allergens. Preliminary studies indicated that ferulic acid could also complex with and inhibit IgE antibodies to peanut allergens in ELISA. However, results from Western blots were quite different. The objective of this study was to report the unexpected finding of IgE binding being enhanced rather than reduced by ferulic acid in Western blot. Ferulic acid, at various concentrations (0–10 mg/ml), was mixed with a pooled plasma (containing IgE antibodies) from peanut-allergic individuals before incubation with a peanut allergen-bound membrane and colorimetric detection of IgE. Results showed that an enhancement of allergen bands or IgE binding, compared to the control, was observed at a ferulic concentration of 10 mg/ml. Compounds with a similar structure, such as caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, at the same concentration, did not have an enhancing effect on IgE binding. Tests with ferulic acid alone or soy proteins indicated that the enhanced IgE binding was due to the IgE–ferulic complexes and not ferulic acid itself. It was concluded that ferulic acid (10 mg/ml), in combination with IgE, enhanced IgE binding to peanut allergens in Western blots. The finding indicated that ferulic acid can help reduce the time for colour development of protein bands in Western blots. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Do managers make takeover financing decisions that circumvent more effective outside blockholders

Abstract Consistent with agency theory, we find that bidder managers make takeover financing decisions in ways that circumvent more effective monitors. Bidder managers are more likely to use cash rather than stock when targets have aggressive outside blockholders. We also find that the likelihood of a cash offer decreases when aggressive outside bidder block ownership is relatively low. However, the likelihood of a cash offer increases when aggressive outside bidder blockholding is in the intermediate range, a range of ownership where their continued influence over managerial decisions is threatened by a stock offer. Furthermore, we find that bidder management tends to use cash when its outside bidder blockholders are less aggressive. Overall, our findings indicate that managerial decisions on financing takeovers are motivated to prevent aggressive outside blockholders from gaining more control.
MEASURED WAKE-VORTEX CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRCRAFT IN GROUND EFFECT

In support of the NASA wake vortex alleviation program, measurements were made of the influences of a ground plane on vortex trajectories and velocity profiles within lift-generated wakes. The wakes were generated by towing 0. 61-m (2-ft) span models of a B-747 and DC-10-30 under water in a ship model basin. The models were configured with landing flaps and flight spoilers to investigate the wake characteristics of these aircraft in ground effect at simulated full-scale distances of 19-116 m (62-380 ft) above the ground. The ground plane caused modifications in the vortex trajectories but did not alter vortex interactions and merging patterns in these multiple vortex wakes. Some distortions in vortex vertical (tangential) velocity profiles were recorded as a result of vortex lateral motions and vortex interactions with the viscous boundary layer on the ground plane; however, maximum tangential velocities remained unchanged.
Dimensionality reduction and polynomial chaos acceleration of Bayesian inference in inverse problems

We consider a Bayesian approach to nonlinear inverse problems in which the unknown quantity is a spatial or temporal field, endowed with a hierarchical Gaussian process prior. Computational challenges in this construction arise from the need for repeated evaluations of the forward model (e.g., in the context of Markov chain Monte Carlo) and are compounded by high dimensionality of the posterior. We address these challenges by introducing truncated Karhunen-Loeve expansions, based on the prior distribution, to efficiently parameterize the unknown field and to specify a stochastic forward problem whose solution captures that of the deterministic forward model over the support of the prior. We seek a solution of this problem using Galerkin projection on a polynomial chaos basis, and use the solution to construct a reduced-dimensionality surrogate posterior density that is inexpensive to evaluate. We demonstrate the formulation on a transient diffusion equation with prescribed source terms, inferring the spatially-varying diffusivity of the medium from limited and noisy data.
Therapeutic promise of embryonic kidney transplantation.

One novel solution to the shortage of human kidneys available for transplantation envisions ‘growing’ new kidneys in situ via xenotransplantation of renal anlagen. We and others have shown that developing metanephroi transplanted into animal hosts undergo differentiation and growth, become vascularized by blood vessels of host origin and exhibit excretory function. Metanephroi can be stored for up to 3 days in vitro prior to transplantation with no impairment in growth or function post-implantation. Metanephroi can be transplanted across both concordant (rat to mouse) and discordant/highly disparate (pig to rodent) xenogeneic barriers. Here we review studies exploring the potential therapeutic use of embryonic kidney transplantation.
Analysis of directional wave fields with strong current

A Directional Hybrid Wave Model (DHWM) developed recently is able to deterministically predict a directional wave field based on at least three fixed-point wave records. In this study, it was extended to consider the Doppler effects of steady and uniform currents on a directional wave field. The extended DHWM was then used to analyze three cases of field measurements recording directional waves in the presence of currents selected from the WACSIS (Wave Crest Sensor Inter-comparison Study) database. The comparison between the corresponding results of wave decomposition obtained, respectively, using the original DHWM and extended DHWM shows the advantages of using the latter. The superiority of the latter mainly originates from the use of the intrinsic frequency instead of the apparent frequency to determine the corresponding wavenumber and transfer functions relating wave pressure and velocities to elevation.
Type 2 Counterparts of Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies

Unified models based on viewing angle successfully explain the observed differences between type 1 and type 2 Seyfert galaxies. The existence of a range in accretion rates ( ~ 0.001-1) relative to the Eddington rate (from broad-line Seyfert 1's to narrow-line Seyfert 1's, or NLS1's) and the unification of Seyfert galaxies imply that there must be type 2 counterparts of NLS1's, that is, Seyfert 2's with high accretion rates or small black hole masses. One such Seyfert 2, NGC 5506, has already been unmasked based on near-infrared spectroscopy. Here we confirm the above result and present evidence for two additional type 2 counterparts of NLS1's based on XMM-Newton observations. The three active galactic nuclei NGC 7314, 7582, and 5506, with type 1.9/2 optical spectra, show extremely rapid variability, by factors of greater than 2.4, ~1.3, and ~1.7 over 200, 350, and 300 s, respectively, and steep 2-12 keV spectra (Γ 2) in their intrinsic X-ray emission, characteristic of NLS1's. These observations establish the "obscured NLS1 galaxies" as a subclass of Seyfert 2 galaxies.
Space from string bits

We develop superstring bit models, in which the lightcone transverse coordinates in D spacetime dimensions are replaced with d = D −2 double-valued “flavor” indices x k → f k = 1, 2; k = 2, . . . , d + 1. In such models the string bits have no space to move. Let-ting each string bit be an adjoint of a “color” group U(N), we then analyze the physics of ’t Hooft’s limit N → ∞, in which closed chains of many string bits behave like free lightcone IIB superstrings with d compact coordinate bosonic worldsheet fields x k , and s pairs of Grassmann fermionic fields θ , , a = 1, . . . , s. The coordinates x k emerge because, on the long chains, flavor fluctuations enjoy the dynamics of d anisotropic Heisenberg spin chains. It is well-known that the low energy excitations of a many-spin Heisenberg chain are identical to those of a string worldsheet coordinate compactified on a circle of radius R k , which is related to the anisotropy parameter −1 ≤ Δ k ≤ 1 of the corresponding Heisenberg system. Furthermore there is a limit of this parameter, Δ k → ±1, in which R k → ∞. As noted in earlier work [Phys. Rev. D 89 (2014) 105002], these multi-string-bit chains are strictly stable at N = ∞ when d < s and only marginally stable when d = s. (Poincare supersymmetry requires d = s = 8, which is on the boundary between stability and instability.)
Total Synthesis of (+)-Phomactin A Using a B-Alkyl Suzuki Macrocyclization

A total synthesis of (+)-phomactin A is described using a B-alkyl Suzuki macrocyclization to incorporate the isolated trisubstituted olefin. This macrocyclization was accomplished with the sensitive hydrated furan ring in place. (R)-(+)-pulegone was used to establish the highly substituted cyclohexene core of the molecule.
Rain measurement with SIR-C/X-SAR

Abstract Rain measurement is needed over many parts of the world: oceans and less-developed areas without ground-based radars and extensive rain-gauge networks. The presence of several synthetic-aperture radars (SARs) imaging the Earth suggests that these may be used to get an idea of the rainfall in the needed areas. An experiment was conducted using SIR-C/X-SAR that flew in 1994 to determine how well we can measure rain with such systems. The experiment reported here involved measurements over the southwest Pacific Ocean and the Amazon rain forest. In the former case, a method was developed to measure the rain rate using the strength of the backscatter from rain. In the latter, we used estimates of the attenuation through the rain. Backscatter methods suffer from lack of knowledge of the appropriate ZR relations. In addition, for SARs one must estimate independently the rain height and turbulent velocity. Furthermore, some method must provide information on the back-ground “clutter” from the surface. Other problems arise in dealing with attenuation through the rain cell. Here we found reasonable rain rates from 10 mm/h to 200 mm/h in convective cells over the ocean. Without correction of the C-band calibration, an unreasonable peak rain rate of 375 m/s appeared, but we believe a correction is necessary. We present results in terms of two ZR relations and both with and without correction for C-band calibration. Some discrepancies between C-band and X-band measurements remain to be explained. The attenuation method can be used where obvious rain shadows occur, as over the Amazon. Here the difference between echo in the shadow and in the unshadowed background can be used to estimate rain from the attenuation. Fewer assumptions are needed for this method than for the backscatter method, and results appear more consistent between C-band and X-band. Rates from 77 mm/h to 128 mm/h were measured in storm cells. The results show that spaceborne SARs can measure rain, but the accuracy of the measurements is unknown. Accurate absolute calibration is necessary for the backscatter method, as well as sound estimates of surface clutter, storm height, and turbulent velocities. Further study is needed, particularly for the backscatter method.
Quantifying the extent of recrossing flux for quantum systems

We present arguments demonstrating that the Miller, Schwartz, and Tromp (MST) correlation function is the only computationally reasonable choice with regard to minimizing the extent of recrossing flux. However, using accurate numerical results, we point out that the MST flux-flux correlation function almost always exhibits non-vanishing negative parts, even for the simplest physical systems. We argue that, in order to best handle the residual recrossing flux, one must not rely on the ''no recrossing'' assumption in the development of quantum transition state theories. To provide accurate numerical examples, we derive the analytical expressions for the flux-flux correlation and spectral functions for the symmetric Eckart and rectangular potential barriers.
Self-self-dual spaces of polynomials

Abstract A space of polynomials V of dimension 7 is called self-dual if the divided Wronskian of any 6-subspace is in V. A self-dual space V has a natural inner product. The divided Wronskian of any isotropic 3-subspace of V is a square of a polynomial. We call V self–self-dual if the square root of the divided Wronskian of any isotropic 3-subspace is again in V. We show that the self–self-dual spaces have a natural non-degenerate skew-symmetric 3-form defined in terms of Wronskians. We show that the self–self-dual spaces correspond to G2-populations related to the Bethe Ansatz of the Gaudin model of type G2 and prove that a G2-population is isomorphic to the G2 flag variety.
A lot-sizing problem on trees, related to network design

We describe a capacity expansion problem on trees, which arises in the design of certain communications networks, and is related to the knapsack and the economic lot-sizing problems. One of the main features is that production takes place in fixed and possibly large batch sizes. Another feature is that there may be various commodities competing for capacity resources. We present various exact and e-approximate algorithms for this problem.
The multicast capacity of large multihop wireless networks

We consider wireless ad hoc networks with a large number of users. Subsets of users might be interested in identical information, and so we have a regime in which several multicast sessions may coexist. We first calculate an upper bound on the achievable transmission rate per multicast flow as a function of the number of multicast sources in such a network. We then propose a simple comb-based architecture for multicast routing, which achieves the upper bound in an order sense under certain constraints. Compared to the approach of constructing a Steiner tree to decide multicast paths, our construction achieves the same order-optimal results while requiring little location information and no computational overhead.
Combinatorial Optimization: What is the State of the Art

Dedicated to E. J. McShane for his seventy-fifth birthday. This survey attempts, without including many details of algorithms or of the underlying theory, to answer the following questions: What is combinatorial optimization? What are the landmarks of the theory? What are the most exciting recent advances? What are the most promising directions for research? What are the best sources of further information?
Hot-electron luminescence: A comparison of GaAs and InP.

A detailed study of the properties of hot-electron luminescence at T=2 K in lightly p-type GaAs and InP is presented. First, substantial changes are observed in the spectra as the angle between the incident laser electric field and the crystal axes are varied. The combination of the spherical nature of the acceptor wave function (i.e., the wave function of the hole bound at the acceptor) and the strong anisotropy of the heavy-hole valence band are shown to be the causes of the changes. Second, hot luminescence spectra in GaAs and InP are compared as a function of laser energy. The relative changes in the intensity of these spectra give a detailed picture of the k-space dependence of the acceptor wave function, and further provide a determination of intervalley scattering times in GaAs. This last measurement is compared with previous measurements and calculations of intervalley scattering times.
A scaling relation between proton–nucleus and nucleus–nucleus collisions

Abstract It is recently discovered that at high multiplicity, the proton–nucleus ( pA ) collisions give rise to two particle correlations that are strikingly similar to those of nucleus–nucleus ( AA ) collisions at the same multiplicity, although the system size is smaller in pA . Using an independent cluster model and a simple conformal scaling argument, where the ratio of the mean free path to the system size stays constant at fixed multiplicity, we argue that flow in pA emerges as a collective response to the fluctuations in the position of clusters, just like in AA collisions. With several physically motivated and parameter free rescalings of the recent LHC data, we show that this simple model captures the essential physics of elliptic and triangular flow in pA collisions.
Intramolecular Schmidt reactions of alkyl azides with ketals and enol ethers

Abstract The ketals or enol ethers of 1,5-azidoketones were converted into lactams using a two-stage process. Treatment of the ketals and enol ethers with acid (trifluoroacetic acid, triflic acid, or trimethylsilyl triflate) afforded an oxonium ion which reacted with the tethered azide to give a 1,1-azido-alkoxy intermediate. Bond reorganization led to an iminium ether that was reacted with sodium iodide in acetone to expose the amide products. Seven intramolecular examples proceeding in yields of 68 to ≥95% are reported using dimethyl or diethyl ketals. Attempts using 1,3-dioxolanes and an intermolecular example are also described.
L 2 -rigidity in von Neumann algebras

We introduce the notion of L 2-rigidity for von Neumann algebras, a generalization of property (T) which can be viewed as an analogue for the vanishing of 1-cohomology into the left regular representation of a group. We show that L 2-rigidity passes to normalizers and is satisfied by nonamenable II1 factors which are non-prime, have property Γ, or are weakly rigid. As a consequence we obtain that if M is a free product of diffuse von Neumann algebras, or if M=LΓ where Γ is a finitely generated group with β1 (2)(Γ)>0, then any nonamenable regular subfactor of M is prime and does not have properties Γ or (T). In particular this gives a new approach for showing solidity for a free group factor thus recovering a well known recent result of N. Ozawa.
Fabrication and electromechanical characterization of a piezoelectric structural fiber for multifunctional composites

The use of piezoceramic materials for structural sensing and actuation is a fairly well developed practice that has found use in a wide variety of applications. However, just as advanced composites offer numerous benefits over traditional engineering materials for structural design, actuators that utilize the active properties of piezoelectric fibers can improve upon many of the limitations encountered when using monolithic piezoceramic devices. Several new piezoelectric fiber composites have been developed; however, almost all studies have implemented these devices such that they are surface-bonded patches used for sensing or actuation. This paper will introduce a novel active piezoelectric structural fiber that can be laid up in a composite material to perform sensing and actuation, in addition to providing load bearing functionality. The sensing and actuation aspects of this multifunctional material will allow composites to be designed with numerous embedded functions, including structural health monitoring, power generation, vibration sensing and control, damping, and shape control through anisotropic actuation. This effort has developed a set of manufacturing techniques to fabricate the multifunctional fiber using a SiC fiber core and a BaTiO 3 piezoelectric shell. The electromechanical coupling of the fiber is characterized using an atomic force microscope for various aspect ratios and is compared to predictions made using finite element modeling in ABAQUS. The results show good agreement between the finite element analysis model and indicate that the fibers could have coupling values as high as 68% of the active constituent used.
Electrochemistry of vanadium electrodes Part 2. Anodic and cathodic polarization over a wide range of pH and temperature

Abstract The anodic behavior and hydrogen evolution at vanadium electrodes in aqueous solutions was studied over a wide range of pH and temperature. Over most of the temperature range investigated, Tafel plots contain two linear regions. In alkaline media the slope of the lower linear region decreased systematically with increasing temperature. This behavior was consistent with the adsorption of OH−. The upper linear region displayed a conventional temperature variation, where the transfer coefficient is a temperature-independent parameter. In acidic solutions the behavior in both regions was unconventional. A reaction scheme, fitting the kinetic parameters obtained in the present work, was proposed for anodic dissolution of vanadium in alkaline solutions. It is characterized by a chemically controlled rate-determining step involving the addition of OH−, preceded by a transfer of a single electron. Transfer coefficients and orders of the reaction with respect to H+ were determined at room temperature. Four distinct types of Tafel behavior characterize the hydrogen evolution reaction at rotating vanadium electrodes in the pH range 1–10.
The Juridical Coup d'Etat and the Problem of Authority

This essay is a true working paper, a work-in-progress that raises a set of questions that I am not yet sure how to answer. The questions are not unknown; indeed, they lurk in the shadows of scholarly discourse on the three systems I will examine. They are, however, often ignored in research and commentary on the constitutional law, and they have never been the focus of comparative inquiry. I nonetheless will argue that the answers one gives to them will bear directly on how we should understand the nature, evolution, and political (i.e., normative) legitimacy of legal systems.
Motion in a Bose condensate: IX. Crow instability of antiparallel vortex pairs

The Gross–Pitaevskii (GP) equation admits a two-dimensional solitary wave solution representing two mutually self-propelled, antiparallel straight line vortices. The complete sequence of such solitary wave solutions has been computed by Jones and Roberts (Jones C A and Roberts P H 1982 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 15 2599). These solutions are unstable with respect to threedimensional perturbations (the Crow instability). The most unstable mode has a wavelength along the direction of the vortices of the same order as their separation. The growth rate associated with this mode is evaluated here and it is found to increase very rapidly with decreasing separation. It is shown, through numerical integrations of the GP equation that, as the perturbations grow to finite amplitude, the lines reconnect to produce a sequence of almost circular vortex rings.
Obesity, Salt Intake, and Renal Perfusion in Healthy Humans

Renal perfusion rises as obesity develops during short-term overfeeding in animal studies. In humans, the assessment is complicated by the need to normalize renal perfusion for body size. We made use of the fact that radioactive xenon washout measures renal perfusion per unit of tissue mass to address this issue by comparing 45 moderately obese and 147 lean healthy potential kidney donors. All were disease free. The rationale for involving kidney donors reflects the fact that the xenon method for measuring renal perfusion demands injection of the xenon directly into the renal artery, which can be accomplished during the arteriogram that is a necessary part of potential kidney donor evaluation. In 21 obese subjects (body mass index [BMI], 29.1+/-0.9) in balance on a 10-mmol sodium intake, renal perfusion (352+/-16 mL x 100 g(-1) x min(-1)) was significantly higher than predicted from findings in the 95 lean control subjects (313+/-3 mL x 100 g(-1) x min(-1); P=0.035) after adjustment for age. With a high sodium intake (200 mmol), however, renal perfusion was not significantly different in 24 obese subjects (BMI, 28.8+/-0.7; 323+/-13 mL x 100 g(-1) x min(-1)) in comparison to 52 lean controls (341+/-10 mL x 100 g(-1) x min(-1) after adjustment for age. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were similar in obese and age- and gender-matched lean control subjects. Renal vasodilation was seen in association with sustained obesity in humans. While the mechanisms of obesity-related vasodilation are unclear, the dependence on sodium intake in this study is consistent with a role for the renin-angiotensin system. The findings are not in accordance with a reduction in renal perfusion reported in healthy obese humans in whom measured renal perfusion was indexed for body size.
Displaying Content, Media, and Carrier Types in the OPAC: Questions and Considerations

This article examines the new MAchine-Readable Cataloging (MARC) 336, 337 and 338 (Content, Media, and Carrier Type) fields and how libraries are choosing to display the new fields in their Online Public Access Catalogs, with a specific focus on current practices for libraries using Innovative Interfaces, Inc. (III) integrated library systems. Format descriptors in the MARC record under Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, second edition (AACR2) rules are discussed along with the emergence of the Content, Media, and Carrier Type fields under Resource Description and Access. A survey was sent to III libraries inquiring how the libraries were displaying the new fields. The results are discussed with future possibilities presented.
The two-user deterministic interference channel with rate-limited feedback

In this paper we study the effect of rate-limited feedback on the sum-rate capacity of the deterministic interference channel. We characterize the sum-rate capacity of this channel in the symmetric case and show that having feedback links can increase the sum-rate capacity by at most the rate of the available feedback. Our proof includes a novel upper-bound on the sum-rate capacity and a set of new achievability strategies.
An evaluation of the sulfate resistance of cements in a controlled environment

Abstract It was initially established that the maintenance of the pH of a sulfate solution, in which mortar specimens were immersed, at a constant and predetermined value through controlled sulfuric acid additions ensured that the sulfate ion concentration in solution remained invariant with time. The rates of sulfate attack of mortar specimens exposed under typical immersion and environmentally controlled conditions were then compared. It was observed that environmental control significantly increased the rate of sulfate attack as measured either by strength loss or linear expansion. However, the strength changes and the expansions observed occurred in a manner consistent with the severity of the test conditions imposed.
Adequacy of Urinary Tract Infection Management Among Minority Underserved Children

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the common bacterial infections in children and may lead to substantial morbidity. This study examines (1) the frequency of the performance of follow-up urine cultures and imaging studies for children diagnosed with UTI and (2) the relationship of the demographic and insurance status of patients with the management and follow-up of UTI. We conducted a retrospective chart review of children with first-time documented UTI at six different county medical center satellite outpatient clinics and hospital-based pediatric outpatient walk-in clinics, serving an indigent minority community, from January 1998 to December 2000. We identified 144 children with confirmed UTI. Of 144 subjects in our study, 44% had follow-up urine cultures and 43% of these children showed continued infection after a full course of antibiotics. Renal ultrasonography and voiding cystourethrogram were performed in 53% and 39% of children, respectively. Of those patients who did not receive follow-up imaging, 67% had no documentation for follow-up appointments. However, in 29% of cases attempts had been made to contact patients who were scheduled for follow-up, but they did not return for the studies. These data suggest there is a significant failure rate for the follow-up of pediatric UTI. There is need for educational intervention among pediatricians who provide medical care to ethnically diverse underserved, often uninsured, minority children. This intervention should reinforce compliance with the standard recommendations for appropriate UTI follow-up studies and imaging and provide realistic strategies for achieving recommended outcomes in these high-risk populations.
Munchausen by proxy.

M unchausen by proxy (MBP) is a baffling condition that can wreak havoc not only on the body and mind of a child but also on the professionals who encounter it. The abuse in MBP by definition consists of interpersonal dynamics that frequently involve the physician as a necessary agent in the harm that befalls a child. This can occur through needless surgeries, procedures, and medications, but not infrequently by the pediatricians being so taken in by the mother that they defend her against suspicions, thus prolonging the “illnesses” the child suffers. Two of the most common findings are that despite their very convincing presentation of caring deeply for their children, these mothers, when observed for many hours (even days), on surreptitious videotaped surveillance, do not relate or are directly cruel to their children and that even when they leave glaring clues of their harming behavior, it often takes physicians a long time to suspect the mother and act to separate and protect the child. Dr David Southall and his colleagues in London evaluated 39 families in which a parent was suspected of suffocating a child. In 33 of the 39 cases, the parent (38 were women, 1 was a man) was seen on camera trying to suffocate or do grave bodily harm to the child, and 3 of the other 6 cases were later shown to be correctly diagnosed as abuse. In some instances, 3 days of videotaping passed before the parent engaged in the abusive behavior. Of the 42 siblings of these children, 12 had died previously of suspicious causes; 11 of these were classified as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Two mothers, one grandmother, and the lone father admitted to killing 8 siblings of the index child in the hospital. An additional 15 siblings were abused. In the 46 control children with true apnea there were two deaths; one child had an aplastic ventricle. On more than one occasion, the family doctor had warned the parents about the surreptitious video recording. The three women convicted of murder received suspended sentences, but the man is in an institution for the criminally insane. Southall’s study succinctly captures other of the characteristics of MBP: the potential severity of the abuse, the difficulty of diagnosis, the trouble people have believing the condition exists even in the face of powerful evidence, the gender breakdown of the perpetrators, and at least in some cases, a compulsive need to repeat the process of abuse involving doctors as active participants. The abuse as witnessed on camera invariably involved a peaceably sleeping infant and was inflicted without provocation.
Weak Lensing and Cosmology

We explore the dependence of weak lensing phenomena on the background cosmology. We first generalize the relation between Pψ(ω), the angular power spectrum of the distortion, and the power spectrum of density fluctuations to nonflat cosmologies. We then compute Pψ for various illustrative models. A useful cosmological discriminator is the growth of Pψ with source redshift, which is much stronger in low-matter density models and especially in Λ-dominated models. With even crude redshift information (say from broadband colors), it should be possible to constrain the cosmological world model. The amplitude of Pψ(ω) is also quite sensitive to the cosmology, but requires a reliable external normalization for the mass fluctuations. If one normalizes to galaxy clustering, with M/L fixed by small-scale galaxy dynamics, then low-density models predict a much stronger distortion. If, however, one normalizes to large-scale bulk flows, the predicted distortion for sources at redshifts Zs ~ 1-3 is rather insensitive to the background cosmology. The signals predicted here can be detected at a very high level of significance with a photometric survey covering, say, 10 deg2, but sparse sampling is needed to avoid large sampling variance. We discuss the factors influencing the design of an optimum survey. Turning to weak lensing by clusters, we find that for high lens redshifts (Zl 1) the critical density is substantially reduced in Λ-models, but that the ratio of the shear or convergence to the velocity dispersions or X-ray temperature of clusters is only very weakly dependent on the cosmology.
Search for Supermassive Magnetic Monopoles Using Mica Crystals

The observed absence of monopole tracks in large, ancient mica crystals enables us to set an upper limit less than approx.10/sup -18/ cm/sup -2/ sr/sup -1/ s/sup -1/ on the flux of supermassive monopoles with 0.0004c
Installation of hybrid ion source on the 1-MV LLNL BioAMS spectrometer

Abstract A second ion source was recently installed onto the LLNL 1-MV AMS spectrometer, which is dedicated to the quantification of 14 C and 3 H within biochemical samples. This source is unique among the other LLNL cesium sputter ion sources in that it can ionize both gaseous and solid samples. Also, the injection beam line has been designed to directly measure 14 C/ 12 C isotope ratios without the need for electrostatic bouncing. Preliminary tests show that this source can ionize transient CO 2 gas pulses containing less than 1 μg carbon with approximately 1.5% efficiency. We demonstrate that the measured 14 C/ 12 C isotope ratio is largely unaffected by small drifts in the argon stripper gas density. We also determine that a tandem accelerating voltage of 670 kV enables the highest 14 C transmission through the system. Finally, we describe a series of performance tests using solid graphite targets spanning nearly 3 orders in magnitude dynamic range and compare the results to our other ion source.
Perfluoroalkyl esters of sterols and bile acids

Abstract A series of mono-, bis-, and tris-perfluorooctanoyloxy derivatives of sterols and bile acids were synthesized. To synthesize tris(perfluoro- octanoyloxy) steroids it was necessary to use 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) as a catalyst. Without DMAP catalyst the hydroxyl group at C-12 remained unreacted. The compounds obtained are intended for testing as co-emulsifying agents for synthetic blood formulations.
Prediction in financial markets: The case for small disjuncts

Predictive models in regression and classification problems typically have a single model that covers most, if not all, cases in the data. At the opposite end of the spectrum is a collection of models, each of which covers a very small subset of the decision space. These are referred to as “small disjuncts.” The trade-offs between the two types of models have been well documented. Single models, especially linear ones, are easy to interpret and explain. In contrast, small disjuncts do not provides as clean or as simple an interpretation of the data, and have been shown by several researchers to be responsible for a disproportionately large number of errors when applied to out-of-sample data. This research provides a counterpoint, demonstrating that a portfolio of “simple” small disjuncts provides a credible model for financial market prediction, a problem with a high degree of noise. A related novel contribution of this article is a simple method for measuring the “yield” of a learning system, which is the percentage of in-sample performance that the learned model can be expected to realize on out-of-sample data. Curiously, such a measure is missing from the literature on regression learning algorithms. Pragmatically, the results suggest that for problems characterized by a high degree of noise and lack of a stable knowledge base it makes sense to reconstruct the portfolio of small rules periodically.
On the Correction of Anomalous Phase Oscillation in Entanglement Witnesses Using Quantum Neural Networks

Entanglement of a quantum system depends upon relative phase in complicated ways, which no single measurement can reflect. Because of this, entanglement witnesses are necessarily limited in applicability and/or utility. We propose here a solution to the problem using quantum neural networks. A quantum system contains the information of its entanglement; thus, if we are clever, we can extract that information efficiently. As proof of concept, we show how this can be done for the case of pure states of a two-qubit system, using an entanglement indicator corrected for the anomalous phase oscillation. Both the entanglement indicator and the phase correction are calculated by the quantum system itself acting as a neural network.
Numerical integration methods of the Vlasov equation

Abstract The methods of integrating the nonlinear Vlasov equation are reviewed, compared and interrelations are investigated. Another method is given which allows a truncation of the resulting infinite matrix without causing numerical instabilities. Its application to the linear and nonlinear Vlasov equation is discussed. It is shown that the cause for numerical instability is based on approximating a continuous eigenvalue spectrum by a discrete spectrum.