cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing a Home Vision Self-Assessment Test to Office-Based Snellen Visual Acuity

Purpose To evaluate the agreement of a home vision screening test compared to standard in-office technician-measured Snellen visual acuity to allow for remote screening and triaging of patients. Patients and methods In this prospective study, English-speaking patients with in-office ophthalmology appointments from May to August 2020 and visual acuity better than 20/125 were asked to complete a home vision test one week before their scheduled in-office appointment. The home vision test was a modified ETDRS chart displayed in a PDF document that could be printed or viewed on a monitor. The primary outcome was the mean difference between office-based and home visual acuity. Results Eighty-two eyes of 45 patients were included in the study with 45 study eyes analyzed. The mean difference between office-based and home visual acuity was -0.02 logMAR (SD 0.15, P=0.28) among study eyes. Of these eyes, 91% demonstrated agreement between the two methods within 0.2 logMAR of the mean difference, and 60% had agreement within 0.1 logMAR of the mean difference. There were no significant demographic or ocular risk factors leading to a greater difference between the tests. Conclusion There was good agreement between the home and in-office Snellen tests for patients with vision better than 20/125. The home vision test can be used to remotely determine if there is a significant vision change of >0.2 logMAR or approximately 2 lines of visual acuity.
Penyimpangan Prinsip Kerjasama dan Fungsi Tuturan dalam Gelar Wicara Mata Najwa Episode “Jokowi Diuji Pandemi”

Mata Najwa Talkshow has become one of the most popular television programs, due to its popularity of the guests, also the significance of the information that can be dig through this program. The language usage in the conversation between host and guests becomes one of the interesting aspects to be researched. The words “mudik” and “pulang kampung” in the episode of “Jokowi Diuji Pandemi” have become a hot topic in the public. Either Jokowi or Najwa have their own intention (implicature) through what they were saying. This research utilizes pragmatic study that aims to describe the violation of cooperative principle and speech function that may cause implicature. This research utilizes the observation method with recording technique. The data analysis is conducted based on the pragmatic theory of Grice (1975) and Searle (1969). After research, it is found three forms flouting the cooperative principle and four of functions of speech in Mata Najwa Talkshow Episode “Jokowi Diuji Pandemi”.
Narrow Tailoring, Compelling Interests, and Free Exercise: On ACA, RFRA and Predictability

The holding of Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Incorporated is narrow in scope — closely held corporations must be afforded a religious exemption from providing insurance for what are sincerely viewed as abortifacients. That holding is based on an interpretation of federal statute rather than constitutional guarantees. While the opinion’s narrowness might make it appear relatively inconsequential, Hobby Lobby’s import should not be underestimated. This article explains why the Hobby Lobby Court’s expositions of free exercise guarantees and federal statutes are neither plausible nor sensible, and unless Congress corrects the mischaracterization or the courts narrowly construe the opinion, Hobby Lobby will prove to be much more revolutionary than is commonly understood.
Kinetics of Electrode Reactions on Homogeneous Surfaces and Influence of Electrode Material

A review of the effect of the nature of the electrode on the kinetics of electrode reactions was given by Parsons [1] recently. The different types of electrode reactions may be grouped between two limiting cases: a) Weak interaction between reactants and electrode. b) Strong interaction.
Food Web in the Surf Zone of an Exposed Sandy Beach along the Mid-Atlantic Coast of the United States

To the casual observer it appears that the exposed sandy beach of temperate latitudes is, except for the conspicuous migrating shore birds, a rather desolate and abiotic region of the sea. We know, however, that this air-sandwater interface is also inhabited by less conspicuous shore-zone fishes and invertebrates. Each group is relatively well-known, has a low diversity and has evolved a variety of unique adaptations required for such an existence. Their interactions as parts of a distinct community, however, have been intensively studied in only a few parts of the world (e.g. in South Africa, McLachlan et al. 1981). The low diversity of the exposed beach is a factor which tends to simplify progress toward an understanding of the interactions, but the physical harshness of the region tends to impede collection of required biological information dealing with the fauna.
Age and size at maturation- and adult-stage duration for loggerhead sea turtles in the western North Atlantic

Age at maturation data are integral to understanding dynamics of threatened and endangered sea turtle populations. However, full characterization of this parameter requires information regarding variability in growth rates and both size and age at maturation potentially resulting from diverse environmental and biological influences. To address the need for these data, skeletochronological analysis was conducted for US Atlantic loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta. The influence of different covariates on back-calculated growth rates for the years 1976–2010 was investigated, and while growth decreased overall with size and age, at larger sizes, male growth rates were higher than those of females. Growth varied significantly by calendar year, increasing from 1990 to 1996/1997 and subsequently decreasing through the end of the study period. Mean sizes [cm straightline carapace length (SCL)] corresponding to the “rapprochement” skeletal growth mark associated with maturation were 90.5 for females (range 75.0–101.3) and 95.8 for males (range 80.6–103.8). Ages at maturation estimated from (1) the rapprochement skeletal growth mark; (2) back-calculated SCL-at-age data; and (3) bootstrapping and fitting Fabens modified von Bertalanffy growth curve to back-calculated growth data were very similar between approaches, but demonstrated a wide possible range. Mean age predictions associated with minimum and mean maturation SCLs were 22.5–25 and 36–38 years for females and 26–28 and 37–42 years for males. Post-maturation longevity (i.e., adult-stage duration) was similar for males and females, ranging from 4 to 46 years (mean 19 years).
The Role of Student Choice Within Adaptive Tutoring

While adaptive tutoring systems have improved classroom education through individualization, few platforms offer students preference in regard to their education. In the present study, a randomized controlled trial is used to investigate the effects of student choice within ASSISTments. A problem set featuring either text feedback or matched content video feedback was assigned to a sample of 82 middle school students. Those who were able to choose their feedback medium at the start of the assignment outperformed those who were randomly assigned a medium. Results suggest that even if feedback is not ultimately observed, students average significantly higher assignment scores after voicing a choice. Findings offer evidence for enhancing intrinsic motivation through the provision of choice within adaptive tutoring systems.
Regulation of Sugar Transport in Avian Erythrocytes

Abstract Inhibition of oxidative metabolism by cyanide, dinitrophenol, arsenate, or simple anoxia accelerated the carrier-mediated transport of monosaccharides in the erythrocytes of several avian species. This conclusion was supported by demonstrations of saturation kinetics, specificity of transport, competition between pairs of sugar, and counter-transport. Accelerated transport was shown for both the entry and exit of nonmetabolized sugars. The major kinetic effect was an increase in the maximal rate of transport. Treatment of avian erythrocytes with sulfhydryl blocking agents, such as HgCl2 and N-ethylmaleimide, resulted in an increased rate of transport of nonmetabolized sugars. The accelerated transport rate observed in cells treated with these agents was competitively inhibited by the addition of glucose. The increased transport rate induced by HgCl2 was immediately reversed by the addition of sulfhydryl compounds. HgCl2 treatment did not result in an increased level of 5'-AMP in the cells, suggesting that the acceleration of transport was not the result of an inhibition of oxidative metabolism. These observations suggest that the regulation of sugar transport in these cells may involve a sulfhydryl group. A partial reversal of the anoxic stimulation of transport by dithiothreitol strengthens this possibility. Hemolysis of erythrocytes in solutions of low osmotic strength followed by restoration of membrane integrity in solutions containing 300 milliosmoles per liter resulted in increased rates of transport in aerobic cells, suggesting that some inhibitor of transport present in aerobic cells had been lost. The accelerated rate of transport observed in cells subjected to hemolysis and restoration could not be inhibited by dithiothreitol.
Relationships of the Chimaeriformes and the basal radiation of the Chondrichthyes

The origin and early evolution of the cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) has been the subject of considerably more debate than of data. The two modern groups, Chimaeriformes and Elasmobranchii, differ so radically in morphology that in the past they have often been considered unrelated -- descended from some remote and unknown common ancestor. The current consensus promotes the Chimaeriformes and Elasmobranchii as sister taxa of the Class Chondrichthyes which are linked by an assemblage of Palaeozoic fossil taxa, but no taxonomic or phylogenetic scheme has been accepted for the Class. Of the two groups, the Chimaeriformes is the less understood. The few species of Chimaeriformes existing today are enigmatic, principally deeper-water fish that are not readily accessible for study. In the past the fossil record of both groups has been relatively scanty, primarily due to the poor potential for skeletal fossilization, and so has provided little useful input into fundamental discussions of vertebrate diversification. However, these situations are changing. Chimaerids are increasingly becoming the subject of renewed biological and limited fisheries interests. Regarding extinct chondrichthyans, the last 30 or so years have entailed discoveries of new fossils that illuminate our view of Palaeozoic life and are eliciting dramatic changes in our understanding of these early fishes, their relations, and the origins of jawed conditions. Morphological examination of fossil chondrichthyans indicates that the plesiomorphous state of the gnathostome suspensorium is autodiastylic and that complex labial cartilages are primitive and likely to have been critical to the mechanical architecture of the first jaws. Analysis of cranial morphology, cranial proportions, the phyletic and developmental history of calcified tissues, and postcranial data including the evolution of the prepelvic tenaculum are now feasible. Cumulatively, when the results of these analyses are subject to cladistical evaluation, the result is one predominant cladogram supporting two monophyletic subclasses: the Elasmobranchii and the Euchondrocephali. The latter subclass contains a monophyletic group of holocephalans including the Cochliodontomorpha, and within this taxon, the restricted Chimaeriformes. Alternative cladograms of the non-holocephalan Euchondrocephali are dependent upon whether whole-body or cranial characters alone are employed in the analysis, or the additive or non-additive treatment of characters. Otherwise, only the discovery and description of additional members of this diverse assemblage are expected to alter these patterns of associations
Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina

Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina. Antonius C. G. M. Robben. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. 467 pp.
Overview of Neural Gene Expression

This overview describes issues that must be considered before attempting to express neural cDNAs in mammalian cells, including the choice of expression vector and cell type. Considerations for introducing recombinant vectors into cells are discussed along with a comparison of achieving stable or transient expression. Finally, the appropriate promoter is crucial and must be chosen to fit the design of the expression system.
Extragalactic Abundances of Hydrogen, Deuterium and Helium

Estimates of the deuterium abundance in quasar absorbers are reviewed, including a brief account of incorrect claims published by the author and a brief review of the problem of hydrogen contamination. It is concluded that the primordial abundance may be universal with a value (D/H)p ≈ 10−4, within about a factor of two, corresponding to ΩB h 0.7 2 ≈0.02 or η10 ≈ 2.7 in the Standard Big Bang. This agrees with current limits on primordial helium, Yp ≤ 0.243, which are shown to be surprisingly insensitive to models of stellar enrichment. It also agrees with a tabulated sum of the total density of baryons in observed components. Much lower primordial deuterium (≈ 2 × 10−5) is also possible but disagrees with currently estimated helium abundances; the larger baryon density in this case fits better with current models of the Lyman-α forest but requires the bulk of the baryons to be in some currently uncounted form.
Dynamic Integration of Value Information into a Common Probability Currency as a Theory for Flexible Decision Making

Decisions involve two fundamental problems, selecting goals and generating actions to pursue those goals. While simple decisions involve choosing a goal and pursuing it, humans evolved to survive in hostile dynamic environments where goal availability and value can change with time and previous actions, entangling goal decisions with action selection. Recent studies suggest the brain generates concurrent action-plans for competing goals, using online information to bias the competition until a single goal is pursued. This creates a challenging problem of integrating information across diverse types, including both the dynamic value of the goal and the costs of action. We model the computations underlying dynamic decision-making with disparate value types, using the probability of getting the highest pay-off with the least effort as a common currency that supports goal competition. This framework predicts many aspects of decision behavior that have eluded a common explanation.
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Predictive Value of Pretransplant Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Bone Marrow Evaluations for Outcomes

Abstract Background The prognostic roles of 18F-fludeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging and marrow involvement evaluation on outcomes following autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) are uncertain and require more data. Patients and Methods We categorized 66 patients with MCL who received HCT (38 autologous and 28 allogeneic) on the basis of pre-HCT residual disease (RD) status as assessed by marrow MCL morphology and flow/molecular analysis and PET/CT imaging to RD positive (RD + ) (either or both measures positive) and RD − (both negative). We analyzed the predictive value of these RD detection methods on transplant outcomes. Results The 2-year relapse rate after autograft was significantly higher in pre-HCT RD + patients (46% [95% CI 16-77%]) than in patients who were RD − (19% [95% CI 0-42%]; P = .02), leading to worse 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) in RD + patients (46% [95% CI 14%-73%] vs. 68% [95% CI 33-87%], P = .04). In multivariate analysis, RD + status was associated with a reduction in DFS (hazard ratio, 5.6; P = .02). Most allogeneic HCT recipients had advanced disease and most were RD + (12 PET/CT + ; 5 marrow-positive). The 5-year DFS and relapse rates after allogeneic HCT were 34% and 25% for all patients and 40% and 33% for RD + recipients, suggesting that active disease at the time of allograft does not preclude long-term remissions in advanced MCL. Conclusion Both autologous and allogeneic HCT lead to promising long-term survival. RD detected prior to autograft was associated with increased relapse and worse 5 year DFS. Allograft recipients had favorable long-term outcomes even in presence of pre-HCT detectable disease.
Diseases of the thoracic aorta in women

Women have now equaled or surpassed men in the number of cardiovascular deaths per year in published statistics. In 2006, according to the National Center for Health Statistics and the Center for Disease Control, cardiovascular disease was the cause of death in 428,906 women (35% of all deaths in women) and in 394,840 men (33% of all deaths in men). Of those numbers, it was estimated that 5506 women (0.4% of all deaths in women) and 7732 men (0.6%) died because of aortic aneurysm or dissection. Currently, aortic disease ranks as the 19th leading cause of death with reported increases in incidence. Historically, aortic disease is thought to affect men more frequently than women with a varying reported gender ratio. Gender bias has long been implicated as an important factor, but often overlooked, in the analysis and interpretation of cardiovascular diseases outcome, in part, because of the under-representation of women in clinical trials and studies. In this section, we provide an up-to-date review of the epidemiology and management of common diseases of the thoracic aorta, focusing on the differences and similarities in women and men.
miR-124, miR-125b, let-7 and Vesicle Transport Proteins in Squid Lenses in L. pealei

Purpose: Studies over the past several decades identified parallels between neuron and lens fiber cell morphology, development, and physiology. Consistent with this, mammalian lens fiber cells were shown to express a substantial complement of genes that cluster with respect to synaptic vesicle transport and exocytosis. Expression of these genes in these two cell types also appears consistent with similarities described between lens fiber cell lateral protrusions and neuronal dendrites. Recently, we showed vertebrate neurons and lens fiber cells share expression of a core set of factors that form an interlocking regulatory network which has a fundamental role in determining neural cell identity. These included the REST/NRSF transcription factor, neural RNA binding proteins and miR-124. In addition, we identified miR-125 and let-7 in mammalian lenses that have been shown to regulate dendrite formation in neurons. The present study examined expression of miR-124, miR-125, and let-7 as well as genes involved ...
Coordinate and Kähler σ-model anomalies and their cancellation in string effective field theories

Abstract We discuss the complete set of one-loop triangle graphs involving the Yang-Mills gauge connection, the Kahler connection and the σ-model coordinate connection in the effective field theory of (2, 2) symmetric Z N orbifolds. That is, we discuss pure gauge, pure Kahler and pure σ-model coordinate anomalies as well as the mixed anomalies, such as Kahler-gauge, some of which have been discussed elsewhere. We propose a mechanism for restoring both Kahler and σ-model coordinate symmetry based upon the introduction of two types of counterterms. Finally, we enlarge the σ-model generalization of the Green-Schwarz mechanism to allow the removal of the universal parts of a wider class of anomalies than those previously discussed.
Analysis and Discrimination of Single-Layer White Architectural Paint Samples,†‡

Comparative analyses of 50 single-layer white architectural paints were conducted to determine the discrimination power using standard techniques and to provide a basis for assessing significance when paints with limited features are not discriminated. Utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 68 undifferentiated pairs resulted, yielding a discrimination of 94.45%. Adding stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and backscatter electron (BSE) imaging, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), the overall discrimination was 99.35%. The study included blind verification replicates, which resulted in the only pairs without indications of physical or chemical differences. The remaining groups of undifferentiated samples contained subtle differences by at least one technique, but were considered undifferentiated for the discrimination power evaluations. This study demonstrates a high degree of discrimination of single-layer white architectural paints using methods of analysis often encountered in forensic science laboratories.
Preparation of labelled compounds by tritioboration procedures I. cyclohexene‐1‐3H

Cyclohexene-1-3H has been synthesized with a yield of 88% by tritioboration of 1-(N-piperidino)-cyclohexene followed by heating with n-valeric acid. Other unsaturated compounds can be labelled at one olefinic carbon atom with tritium by this method.
Ring Strain Perturbation of the Equilibria between Hydroxycarbene Complexes and Metal Acyl Hydride Complexes

The acyl anion complex [(CO)2ReC(O)CH2CH2(η5-C5H4)]-Li+ (7) in which a two-carbon tether links the cyclopentadienyl ring to the acyl carbon was synthesized by attachment of a 2-lithioethyl side chain to the cyclopentadiene ring of CpRe(CO)3 followed by intramolecular attack of the lithium reagent on a carbonyl group. Alkylation of 7 with (CH3)3O+BF4- occurred at oxygen to give the methoxycarbene complex (CO)2ReC(OCH3)CH2CH2(η5-C5H4)(9), which was shown by X-ray crystallography to have significant strain associated with the tethered ring. Protonation of 7 gave a mixture of hydroxycarbene complex (CO)2ReC(OH)CH2CH2(η5-C5H4) (2) and the metal acyl hydride complex trans-(CO)2HReC(O)CH2CH2(η5-C5H4) (3). The unusual observation of the metal acyl hydride is attributed to the two-carbon tether introducing strain into the three-legged piano stool geometry of 2 but leaving the four-legged piano stool geometry of 3 relatively unstrained. In agreement with this hypothesis, no strain was apparent in the X-ray structur...
Gallbladder Infarction Complicating Infective Endocarditis

Infective endocarditis with systemic embolization of the gallbladder vasculature is very rare. We describe a case of subacute infective endocarditis in an adult complicated by embolization of the right hepatic artery with subsequent gallbladder infarction. In these cases, appropriate antibiotic therapy should be given before and after cholecystectomy. Gallbladder resection should be performed before valve replacement to decrease the potential seeding of a prosthetic valve.
Citric acid enhancement of copper solubility and toxicity in bicarbonate solutions

Abstract Copper solubility and cupric ion toxicity to photosynthesis of isolated chloroplasts and algal cells in bicarbonate solutions were enhanced by the addition of citric acid. The toxicity of cupric ions to algal growth during the first 2 days of incubation was increased by the presence of citric acid in the growth medium. No adverse effects of citric acid on cupric sulfate as an algicide were detected. Sulfhydryls were oxidized in the presence of cupric ions to disulfides with one mole of oxygen taken up for every 4 mol of sulfhydryls oxidized. In bicarbonate solutions, this reaction was stimulated by the addition of citric acid. A four to one ratio of citric acid to cupric sulfate pentahydrate on a weight to weight basis, 5.2 mol citric acid per mol copper, appeared to be the most efficient ratio. The citric acid influence on copper solubility and cupric ion toxicity was not due to a pH effect.
Engineering Aspects of Bivalve Molluscan Mariculture: Culture System Configurations

The University of Delaware Mariculture Project is working toward development of commercial, closed-cycle, controlled environment shellfish mariculture. Thus far, three principal controlled environment system configurations have been designed and utilized. Each of these systems served a specific purpose. The technical feasibility of raising bivalve mollusks from egg to market size in a recirculating system with a diet of cultured algae has been demonstrated. Currently system optimization and cost reduction efforts are working toward achievement of an economically feasible system. Each of the principal system configurations is described and the essential differences among them discussed.
Contrasting effects of autonomic agents and prostaglandins on 22Na uptake in rat submandibular salivary acini

Uptake of this isotopic tracer by the acini occurred in a time-dependent manner and was increased by 1 microM concentrations of acetylcholine and of isoproterenol, but not of prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2 alpha. The lack of effect of prostaglandins on Na transport in salivary acini contrasts with their inhibitory effect on salivation in vivo, suggesting that in vivo the effects are independent of the ion-transport mechanisms underlying saliva formation.
THE WARBURG EFFECT AND BEYOND

BACKGROUND: Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is highly expressed in multiple cancer types and contributes to the Warburg effect. METHODS: We have used various approaches including animal studies, human GBM specimen analyses, and biochemical studies, to understand the cellular functions of PKM2. RESULTS: We have uncovered the mechanisms underlying the upregulation of PKM2, nuclear translocation of PKM2, and metabolic and non-metabolic functions of PKM2 in promoting cancer cell metabolism, proliferation, and cell cycle progression. CONCLUSIONS: We have concluded that the nuclear function of PKM2 is essential for the Warburg effect and brain tumor development. SECONDARY CATEGORY: n/a.
Physical characteristic of herpesvirions: low-temperature and osmotic-shock studies.

Abstract Two approaches were used to study physical characteristics of the herpes virion: sensitivity to rapid changes in osmotic pressure and susceptibility to freeze damage at specific rates of cooling and warming. Virus suspended in 3 M NaCl or CsCl was sensitive to osmotic shock when diluted rapidly in distilled water whereas virus diluted slowly was not inactivated. The rapid change in osmotic pressure resulted in 95–99% inactivation of virus infectivity. Low-temperature studies employing defined rates of cooling and warming demonstrated the inactivation of virus suspended in distilled water with slow cooling rates (1°/min). Rapidly cooled (250°/min) virus was less sensitive to freeze damage. There was an inverse relationship between subzero inactivation and the rate of warming (i.e., thawing). Slow rates of warming (1°/min) resulted in more damage than fast warming rates (800°/min). The temperatures at which virion damage occurred during slow cooling were studied. Most of the inactivation of infectivity occurred between +20C and −15C. Between −15C and −45C the level of damage remained constant. A second decrease in infectivity occurred between −45C and −50C. Collectively, these data suggest that the herpes virus envelope is relatively permeable to certain molecules and that internal water plays a critical role in virion integrity.
Thin-film ratiometric fluorescent chemosensors with tunable performance characteristics

A simple method for tuning the performance characteristics of fluorescent ratiometric sensors based on surface-immobilized monolayers of π-conjugated molecules enabled gradual adjustment of the sensitivity and the analyte detection range of the sensor. This approach has been applied to fine-tune the sensing performance of a prototype ratiometric chemosensor for fluoride ions.
Effect of Silibinin in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells: Targeting the Activation of NF-κB Signaling

Chronic inflammation is one of the primary causes of colorectal cancer (CRC), and major inflammatory pathways implicated in CRC are cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and iNOS; both regulated by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) suggesting that inhibitors of these pathways could be ideal against CRC. Silibinin has shown promising efficacy against various malignancies including CRC, and therefore here we assessed whether silibinin targets NF-κB activation and associated signaling as a mechanism of its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects in CRC. Our results indicated that silibinin treatment (50-200 µM) of human CRC SW480, LoVo, and HT29 cells strongly inhibits tumor necrosis factor α-induced NF-κB activation together with decreased nuclear levels of both p65 and p50 sub-units. Silibinin also significantly increased IκBα level with a concomitant decrease in phospho-IκBα, without any effect on TNFR1, TRADD, and RIP2, indicating its inhibitory effect on IκB kinase α activity. Next we assessed the effect of oral silibinin feeding on NF-κB pathway in SW480 (COX-2 negative) and LoVo (COX-2 positive) tumor xenografts in nude mice. Together with its inhibitory efficacy on tumor growth and progression, silibinin inhibited NF-κB activation in both xenografts. The protein levels of various NF-κB-regulated molecules such as Bcl-2, COX-2, iNOS, VEGF, and MMPs were also decreased by silibinin in both cell culture studies and xenograft analyses, suggesting its potential to alter NF-κB transcriptional activity. Together, these findings are highly significant in establishing for the first time that silibinin suppresses CRC growth and progression possibly through its anti-inflammatory activity by interfering with NF-κB activation and thus has potential against human CRC.
Double Indemnity or Double Delight? The Health Consequences of Shared Housing and “Doubling Up”

With “doubling up” and shared housing increasing in the United States, it is time to revisit and reconsider the research literature on the physical, psychological, social, and economic health consequences of these living conditions; and to consider how specific social and physical environmental factors of shared housing may foster or deter healthy living situations for various household arrangements. In this light, this article examines the existing research in order to identify critical constructs and factors, and to craft research questions that can best guide future investigations of homesharing in a direction that points towards viable and healthy housing solutions, particularly for those in transitional life stages.
An Object-Relations Approach to Psychotherapy with Marital Couples, Families, and Children†

AN APPROACH to object relations is presented here that conceptualizes the dynamics of interpersonal relationships. Although it is beyond the scope of this paper to provide a thorough review of the object-relations school of thought, the concepts introduced here have direct clinical implications for understanding and influencing the dynamics of the patient-therapist dyad, of the marital pair, and of the family unit. Included are the following concepts: (a) Couples in conflict are viewed as more similar than dissimilar despite apparent differences; (b) The therapist's countertransference reactions are seen as not irrational but a valid reflection of the patient's struggle; (c) The adult or child who is the identified patient is often a carrier or container of the split-off, unacceptable impulses of the other(s); (d) The individual is perceived as part of a unit in which even the more obvious pathological traits have an inherent healthy reparative function.
Chlorogenic Acid of Lettuce Seeds

THE high concentration of chlorogenic acid in lettuce seed has not previously been reported. Fig. 1 compares the ultra-violet absorption spectrum of a methanol solution of chlorogenic acid, 0.02 gm./l., with that of a methanol extract of 1 gm. of lettuce seed made up to 1 litre. The lettuce seed had been extracted continuously with methanol for 16 hr. in a Soxhlet apparatus. Paper chromatography of the extract showed the predominant fluorescent component to be chlorogenic acid. Several other fluorescent components which after elution show the same ultra-violet absorption spectra as chlorogenic acid are also present on the chromatograms. These are probably isomers of chlorogenic acid, but could be other depsides of caffeic acid. Caffeic acid itself is not a major component. Assuming that the compounds which have the same absorption spectrum as chlorogenic acid are isomers and have the same molecular extinction coefficient at 330 mμ, 2 per cent of the weight of the dry seed is chlorogenic acid and its isomers.
Temperature dependence of collisional deactivation of Tl(62P32)

Abstract The rate coefficients for the collisional deactivation of Tl(6 2 P 3 2 ) by several gases has been determined at 300°K. This data is compared with that previously obtained at higher temperatures and the Arrhenius parameters calculated. Both the overall rate coefficients and temperature effects display trends similar to those observed for 1(5 2 P 1 2 ) relaxation. The deactivation of Tl(6 2 P 3 2 ) by O 2 is shown to proceed by a process involving an equilibrium with Tl(6 2 P 1 2 ) and electronically excited oxygen, probably O 2 ( 1 Δ g ).
Angioscopy in vascular surgery: The state of the art

Although angioscopy is considered by many vascular surgeons to be a valuable clinical tool, others view it as expensive and unnecessary. To better define the appropriate role for angioscopy in vascular surgery, a critical review of the recent literature was undertaken. Angioscopy allows more complete valvulotomies with fewer endothelial injuries when preparing autogenous veins to be used as arterial conduits, and results in more complete thromboembolectomy of native arteries and grafts. Angioscopy can replace completion arteriography in infrainguinal arterial reconstructions with an equivalent clinical outcome. Angioscopy may be useful in the assessment of carotid endarterectomy, femoral vein valve repair, and pulmonary embolectomy. It has been useful in various research applications. The rate of complications is less than 1%. Angioscopy is of benefit in preparing veins to be used as arterial conduits and in performing thromboembolectomy. In some circumstances it can replace intraoperative arteriography. Other applications await further validation. The risks of angioscopy are acceptably low.
Measurement of mRNA Decay Rates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using rpb1-1 Strains

mRNA steady state levels vary depending on environmental conditions. Regulation of the steady state accumulation levels of an mRNA ensures that the correct amount of protein is synthesized for the cell’s specific growth conditions. One approach for measuring mRNA decay rates is inhibiting transcription and subsequently monitoring the disappearance of the already present mRNA. The rate of mRNA decay can then be quantified, and an accurate half-life can be determined utilizing several techniques. In S. cerevisiae, protocols that measure mRNA half-lives have been developed and include inhibiting transcription of mRNA using strains that harbor a temperature sensitive allele of RNA polymerase II, rpb1-1. Other techniques for measuring mRNA half-lives include inhibiting transcription with transcriptional inhibitors such as thiolutin or 1,10-phenanthroline, or alternatively, by utilizing mRNAs that are under the control of a regulatable promoter such as the galactose inducible promoter and the TET-off system. Here, we describe measurement of S. cerevisiae mRNA decay rates using the temperature sensitive allele of RNA polymerase II. This technique can be used to measure mRNA decay rates of individual mRNAs or genome-wide.
An Elastic‐Modulus Effect Calculation of the Interaction of Point Defects with Extended Dislocations in F.C.C. Metals

A generalized calculation was carried out on the interaction energy and interaction force of point defects with extended dislocations due to the elastic-modulus effect. It was shown that the maximum interaction does not occur at the middle of two partials. The results obtained were used to estimate the maximum interaction energy between a vacancy and an extended dislocation and the hardening coefficient, αv, for vacancy-dislocation interaction. These results were examined in the light of experimental results in gold. Further, it was noted that asymmetry in the sign of the interaction above and below the slip plane will not occur when the interaction between an edge dislocation and a point defect is predominantly of the elastic-modulus type rather than an elastic-misfit type. Es wird eine verallgemeinerte Berechnung der Wechselwirkungsenergie and der Wechsel-wirkungskrafte von Punktdefekten mit ausgedehnten Versetzungen, die durch den Einflus des Elastizitatsmoduls verursacht werden, durchgefuhrt. Es wird gezeigt, das die maxi-male Wechselwirkung nicht in der Mitte zweier Anteile auftritt. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse wurden benutzt, um die maximale Wechselwirkungsenergie zwischen einer Leerstelle und einer ausgedehnten Versetzung und den Verfestigungskoeffizienten α fur Leerstellen-Ver-setzungs-Wechselwirkung zu berechnen. Diese Ergebnisse werden an Hand experi-menteller Ergebnisse an Gold uberpruft. Weiterhin wurde bemerkt, das Asymmetrie im Vorzeichen der Wechselwirkung oberhalb und unterhalb der Gleitebene nicht auftritt, wenn die Wechselwirkung zwischen einer Stufenversetzung und einer Punktfehlstelle uber-wiegend vom Elastizitatsmodultyp ist — gegenuber einer Wechselwirkung vom elastischen „misfit”-Typ.
Reply to Reviews of Awakening the Dreamer: Clinical Journeys by Philip M. Bromberg

I reply here to reviews by three inspiring thinkers, Ethel Person, Susan Sands, and Allan Schore who, though uniquely different from one another in their conceptual frames of reference, share a sensibility as clinicians and creative scholars that has led them to engage and appreciate my work in depth while enriching it with their individual perspectives. Ethel Person's review is meaningful to me for many reasons, not the least of which is the fact that we think very much alike about “how we are” with patients despite the diversity in our families of origin. Her thinking, which extends the boundaries established by any one school of thought, transcends doctrine, especially that of “technique.” I am equally grateful to Susan Sands, whose review stimulated a dialogue between us about the similarities and differences in our views of the analyst's personal role in enactments with severe trauma survivors and whether there is reason to distinguish between life-threatening and developmental trauma. My reply to Al...
The Challenges of Globalization for Northern International Relief and Development NGOs

This article begins by describing the process and effects of globalization over the past 20 years. With the decline in state capacity, changes in the global economy, and the end of the cold war, the environment within which NGOs operate has been much changed. As a result, NGOs have been forced to face the challenges of globalization of the NGO sector. The authors detail how relief and development organizations have responded to these challenges, both internally and externally, and also propose new possibilities for global NGO cooperation and network building.
Use of radioactive iodine in the treatment of angina pectoris.

T HE CONCEPT of the treatment of intractable angina pectoris by the deliberate induction of a myxedematous or hypothyroid state was first proposed in 1933 by Blumgart, Levine and Berlin.’ The treatment is symptomatic and does not affect the underlying disease process. The basic pathology remains. The improvement in cardiac symptomatology is, at least in part, due to the physiologic changes accompanying a lowered metabolic level, which result in lowered demands on the heart and coronary circulation.’ s2 Treatment is restricted to that small percentage of patients with angina pectoris who develop incapacitating angina1 pain, not relieved by all the usual therapeutic measures properly applied. Even in a large clinic such patients are relatively infrequent.3
Assessment of rainwater volatile organic carbon in southeastern North Carolina, USA

Abstract Extensive production of ethanol and vehicular use of this biofuel have recently been suggested as possible sources of elevated volatile organic carbon (VOC) in rain in Brazil (Campos, M.L.A.M., Nogueira, R.F.P., Dametto, P.R., Francisco, J.G., Coelho, C.H., 2007. Dissolved organic carbon in rainwater: glassware decontamination and sample preservation and volatile organic carbon. Atmos. Environ. 41, 8924–8931; Coelho, C.H., Francisco, J.G., Nogueira, R.F.P., Campos, M.L.A.M., 2008. Dissolved organic carbon in rainwater from areas heavily impacted by sugar cane burning. Atmos. Environ. 42, 7115–7121). Furthermore, these studies suggested that the global flux of rainwater dissolved organic carbon (DOC) may be underestimated since most DOC analytical methods do not measure VOC. The current study examined rain VOC in Wilmington, North Carolina USA in order to assess the importance of rain VOC in a location that does not have the unique conditions of ethanol production and usage found in Brazil. VOC was observed in one of six whole rain events analyzed in the current study. This event had an air mass back trajectory that originated over the Midwestern USA, the primary region where ethanol is produced and used as fuel. The other five storms which had no influence from the central US prior to arrival at the rain collection site had non-detectable VOC suggesting that air mass back trajectory has a dramatic impact on the VOC content of rainwater. VOC was also observed in the initial 1 mm of rain from two of these events but was not detectable in the whole event samples suggesting VOC is efficiently washed out of the atmosphere and is not rapidly resupplied in rainwater at this location. Considering the results of the previous Brazilian studies and the current study, and the likelihood of increased global production and consumption of ethanol based biofuels, it is imperative that future measurements of rainwater DOC include measurement of VOC. Monitoring changes in the VOC contribution to rain DOC will provide an assessment of the impact of increased ethanol biofuel usage on rainwater composition and allow for future refinements of global rainwater DOC flux estimates.
Identification of the enzymatic active site of CD38 by site-directed mutagenesis.

CD38 is a ubiquitous protein originally identified as a lymphocyte antigen and recently also found to be a multifunctional enzyme participating in the synthesis and metabolism of two Ca2+ messengers, cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate. It is homologous toAplysia ADP-ribosyl cyclase, where the crystal structure has been determined. Residues of CD38 corresponding to those at the active site of the Aplysia cyclase were mutagenized. Changing Glu-226, which corresponded to the catalytic residue of the cyclase, to Asp, Asn, Gln, Leu, or Gly eliminated essentially all enzymatic activities of CD38, indicating it is most likely the catalytic residue. Photoaffinity labeling showed that E226G, nevertheless, retained substantial NAD binding activity. The secondary structures of these inactive mutants as measured by circular dichroism were essentially unperturbed as compared with the wild type. Other nearby residues were also investigated. The mutants D147V and E146L showed 7- and 19-fold reduction in NADase activity, respectively. The cADPR hydrolase activity of the two mutants was similarly reduced. Asp-155, on the other hand, was crucial for the GDP-ribosyl cyclase activity since its substitution with either Glu, Asn, or Gln stimulated the activity 3–15-fold, whereas other activities remained essentially unchanged. In addition to these acidic residues, two tryptophans were also important, since all enzyme activities of W125F, W125Y, W189G and W189Y were substantially reduced. This is consistent with the two tryptophans serving a substrate positioning function. A good correlation was observed when the NADase activity of all the mutants was plotted against the cADPR hydrolase activity. Homology modeling revealed all these critical residues are clustered in a pocket near the center of the CD38 molecule. The results indicate a strong structural homology between the active sites of CD38 and the Aplysiacyclase.
Experimental study of mass transfer limitations in Fe- and Cu-zeolite-based NH3-SCR monolithic catalysts

Abstract An experimental study of steady-state selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO x with NH 3 on both Fe-ZSM-5 and Cu-ZSM-5 monolithic catalysts was carried out to investigate the extent of mass transfer limitations in various SCR reactions. Catalysts with different washcoat loadings, washcoat thicknesses and lengths were synthesized for this purpose. SCR system reactions examined included NO oxidation, NH 3 oxidation, standard SCR, fast SCR and NO 2 SCR. Comparisons of conversions obtained on catalysts with the same washcoat volumes but different washcoat thicknesses indicated the presence of washcoat diffusion limitations. NH 3 oxidation, an important side reaction in SCR system, showed the presence of washcoat diffusion limitations starting at 350 °C on Fe-zeolite and 300 °C on Cu-zeolite catalysts. Washcoat diffusion limitations were observed for the standard SCR reaction (NH 3 +NO+O 2 ) on both Fe-zeolite (≥350 °C) and Cu-zeolite (≥250 °C). For the fast (NH 3 +NO+NO 2 ) and NO 2 SCR (NH 3 +NO 2 ) reactions, diffusion limitations were observed throughout the temperature range explored (200–550 °C). The experimental findings are corroborated by theoretical analyses. Even though the experimentally observed differences in conversions clearly indicate the presence of washcoat diffusion limitations, the contribution of external mass transfer was also found to be important under certain conditions. The transition temperatures for shifts in controlling regimes from kinetic to washcoat diffusion to external mass transfer are determined using simplified kinetics. The findings indicate the necessity of inclusion of mass transfer limitations in SCR modeling, catalyst design and optimization.
Reduction of Model Complexity by Orthogonalization with Respect to Non-Relevant Spectral Changes

A method is presented to remove changes in the calibration spectra that are known to be not related to the property of interest. This can lead to multivariate calibration models that require fewer latent variables and are easier to interpret. This method requires the spectra of a sample to be measured under the different conditions that modify the spectra (for example, at different temperatures). These variations are not related to the concentration of the analyte and can therefore be removed before modeling with an orthogonalization step. The method has been used to remove the effect of temperature in the determination of NaOH in aqueous solutions by using near-infrared (NIR) spectra and partial least-squares (PLS) regression. This approach reduced the number of latent variables of the final model and made the interpretation of the PLS scores simpler.
Theoretical and numerical studies of non-equilibrium slip effects on a catalytic surface

A new concentration slip model to describe the rarefied gas effect on the species transport in microscale chemical reactors was derived from the approximate solution of the Boltzmann equation. The present model is more general and recovers the existing models in the limiting cases. The analytical results showed that the concentration slip is dominated by two different mechanisms, the reaction induced concentration slip (RIC) and the temperature slip induced concentration slip (TIC). The magnitude of RIC slip is proportional to the product of the Damkohler number and Knudsen number. The impact of the velocity, concentration and temperature slips on the coupling between the surface catalytic reactions and the homogeneous gas phase reactions was examined using the detailed chemistry of hydrogen and methane within a wide range of accommodation coefficients in a two-dimensional microscale chemical reactor. The results showed that the impact of reaction induced concentration slip (RIC) effects on catalytic reac...