cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance-to-Power Ratio Aware Virtual Machine (VM) Allocation in Energy-Efficient Clouds

The last decade witnesses a dramatic advance of cloud computing research and techniques. One of the key faced challenges in this field is how to reduce the massive amount of energy consumption in cloud computing data centers. To address this issue, many power-aware virtual machine (VM) allocation and consolidation approaches are proposed to reduce energy consumption efficiently. However, most of those existing efficient cloud solutions save energy cost at a price of the significant performance degradation. In this paper, we present a novel VM allocation algorithm called "PPRGear", which leverages the Performance-to-Power ratios for various host types. By achieving the optimal balance between host utilization and energy consumption, PPRGear is able to guarantee that host computers run at the most power-efficient levels (i.e., the levels with highest Performance-to-Power ratios) so that the energy consumption can be tremendously reduced with little sacrifice of performance. Our extensive experiments with real world traces show that compared with three baseline energy-efficient VM allocation and selection algorithms, PPRGear is able to reduce the energy consumption up to 69.31% for various host computer types with fewer migration and shutdown times and little performance degradation for cloud computing data centers.
The combined effects of non-planarity and asymmetry on primary and secondary flows in the small bronchial tubes

The laminar flow in the small bronchial tubes is quite complex due to the presence of vortex-dominated, secondary flows. In this paper, we report the results of a numerical investigation of the simultaneous effects of asymmetric and non-planar branching on the primary and secondary flows in the small bronchial tubes, i.e. generations 6–12. We simulate steady-state inspiratory flow at a Reynolds number of 1000 in three-generation, asymmetric planar and non-planar bronchial tube models. The non-planar model was defined by applying a 90° out-of-plane rotation to the third-generation branches. A detailed mesh refinement study was performed in order to demonstrate mesh independence. Significant differences were observed between flows in the planar and non-planar models. An uneven mass flow distribution was observed in the non-planar model in contrast to the evenly distributed mass flow in the planar model. The secondary flows created symmetric vortex patterns in the planar model, whereas vortex symmetry was lost in the non-planar model. These results illustrate the importance of incorporating asymmetry in addition to non-planarity in the geometric models. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of companions in modulating stress associated with new group formation in juvenile rhesus macaques

Abstract To determine if the presence of one or more familiar peers buffers the physiological effect of a stressor, 10 juvenile rhesus monkeys were removed from their natal group and placed together to form a new peer group. Six of the 10 juveniles were from the natal group of one or more others (companion subjects) whereas four juveniles came from entirely separate natal groups (alone subjects). Moreover, six matched juveniles remained in their natal group serving as controls. Two baseline blood samples were collected from all subjects, and then at 24 h, 1 week, and 4 weeks following the peer group formation. There was a significant interaction among the three study groups and sample times for absolute numbers of helper/inducer T lymphocytes, suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes, but not cortisol concentrations. Planned post hoc comparisons found that subjects introduced to the peer group, both those alone and those with companion(s), showed a significantly greater decline from baseline in lymphocyte subsets 24 h later compared to control subjects. It is of note that the alone subjects showed a significantly greater percent decline from baseline in helper/inducer T lymphocytes than companion subjects at 24 h, but not in suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes or B lymphocytes. Planned post hoc comparisons for cortisol found that alone subjects showed significantly higher cortisol concentrations than those subjects with a companion only at the 1-week sample point. Proximity accounted for a significant portion of the variation ( R = 0.66) in percent change in helper/inducer T lymphocytes at 24 h and this was a result of the companion subjects staying together. Results of this study confirm the stressful effect of remobal from the natal group to a new social situation in juvenile rhesus monkeys and also adds to the growing body of human and nonhuman primate literature that the presence of companions can modulate the physiological effects of a stressor.
Chronicl-DOPA-pretreatment of rats: an electrophysiological and biochemical study in the basal ganglia

Treatment of rats withl-DOPA (251.25 mg as the methyl ester HCl/kg) plus benserazide (B, 50 mg/kg) (l-DOPA+B), twice daily (i.p.) for 5 days or 12 days resulted in the dopamine (DA) neurons ofthe substantia nigra pars compacta becoming subsensitive to the rate-depressing effects ofd-amphetamine (i.v.) 16 to 24 h after the last chronic drug dose. In contrast, pretreated rats were significantly less sensitive than control rats to the rate depressant effects of apomorphine (i.v.) after 12, but not 5 days ofl-DOPA+B-pretreatment. After 5, but not 12 days ofl-DOPA+B-pretreatment, a significant increase in the number of spontaneously active DA neurons was noted in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Caudate tyrosine hydroxylase was examined and a significant increase in apparent Vmax was noted after 5 days ofl-DOPA+B, with no apparent change being noted in Km for cofactor. At this time, no change was noted in caudate DA or HVA concentrations. Several distinct processes may be occuring in response to thel-DOPA+B-pretreatment: (1) the DA autoreceptors located on cell bodies in the substantia nigra have become subsensitive after 12 days ofl-DOPA+B-pretreatment; (2) the subsensitivity tod-amphetamine seen after both chronic schedules is probably unrelated to the subsensitive DA autoreceptors and may depend upon homeostatic alterations in neurotransmitter systems other than those utilising DA; (3) the activation of tyrosine hydroxylase may be a reflection of the increase in the number of spontaneously active units.
Executive functions in preschool children born preterm: application of cognitive neuroscience paradigms.

Although children born preterm are at risk for neuropsychological impairments at school age and adolescence, including difficulties with visual motor integration, spatial/constructional skills, attention, arithmetic, and nonverbal executive functions, specific neuropsychological outcome has not been investigated adequately in preschoolers. Application of cognitive neuroscience tasks offers the opportunity to characterize early executive functions in young children born preterm. In a preliminary sample of 29 preschool children born preterm (M birth gestational age = 32.4 weeks), executive function outcome was compared to that of fullterm controls by contrasting performance on two prototypic delayed-response-type paradigms, Delayed Alternation and Spatial Reversal. Preschoolers born preterm correctly retrieved the reward on fewer trials on Delayed Alternation than did matched controls. Furthermore, preschool children born preterm used problem-solving strategies that included more perseverative errors than c...
Fluorescence studies on a red alga, Porphyridium cruentum.

Abstract Fluorescence intensities ( F ) as a function of exciting light intensities ( I ) were measured under steady-state conditions in the red alga Porphyridium cruentum . They show an increase in differential fluorescence yield (d F /d I ) upon exictation with 544-mμ light (System II), but not with blue light (System I). On the basis of these results and the difference excitation spectra between excitation with and without green background light, it is shown that this change, showing extra fluorescence at “high” light intensities, is essentially due to light absorbed in System II. Upon addition of 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, a difference emission band at 692 mμ was observed (at low intensities) between the emission spectra of poisoned and unpoisoned cells in Porphyridium. This band is suggested to originate in the reaction center in System II. Low-temperature (—196°) emission spectra were measured in Porphyridium upon excitation in Systems I and II. Three clearly distinguishable peaks at 685 mμ, 696 mμ and 712 mμ (and a shoulder at 740 mμ) were observed upon excitation with green light (System II). However, excitation with blue light (System I) produced a dominant peak at 712 mμ, whereas the 685-, 696- and 740-mμ bands appeared only as shoulders. Since the 696-mμ peak is more pronounced in the case of excitation in System II, and the 712-mμ peak for excitation in System I, it is suggested that the 696-mμ band originates in System II and the 712-mμ band in System I. That the 696-mμ band and the 712-mμ band belong to different molecular species is also suggested by their different rate of decrease in fluorescence intensity with increasing temperature. In the —196° to —185° range, the rate of decrease of fluorescence intensity of the 696-mμ band is several times higher than that for the 712-mμ band.
Pumping of confined water in carbon nanotubes by rotation-translation coupling

Bidirectional single file water transport in a carbon nanotube is known to occur in "bursts" in short nanotubes. Here we show that in long carbon nanotubes, when the orientation of the water molecules is maintained along one direction, a net water transport along that direction can be attained due to coupling between rotational and translational motions. The rotations of the water molecules are correlated more with the translation of the neighboring water molecule with the acceptor oxygen than the neighbor with the donor hydrogen. This mechanism can be used to pump water through nanotubes.
Analysis of niobium alloys

An ion-exchange method was applied to the analysis of synthetic mixtures representing various niobium-base alloys. The alloying elements which were separated and determined include vanadium, zirconium, hafnium, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten and tantalum. Mixtures containing zirconium or hafnium, tungsten, tantalum and niobium were separated by means of a single short column. Coupled columns were employed for the resolution of mixtures containing vanadium, zirconium or titanium, molybdenum, tungsten and niobium. The separation procedures and the methods employed for the determination of the alloying elements in their separate fractions are described.
Prosodically constrained syntactic changes in Early Archaic Chinese

In diachronic studies of Chinese syntax, an interesting question is why the two SOV structures, [wh-object V] and [Neg Pro-object V] in Early Archaic Chinese (EAC, 1000–500 B.C.), disappeared after the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.). This paper proposes that these two notable OV orders in EAC are structurally distinct and that the structure of [wh V] is also different from that of [wh Neg/Aux V]. Furthermore, it is argued that Proto-Chinese is an SOV language and that the change from SOV (Proto-Chinese) to SVO (EAC) caused a stress shift from preverbal to postverbal position. According to the theory developed here, some problems that have remained in the syntax of Classical Chinese cease to exist, including the following: Why did the two OV structures remain in EAC? Why did the [wh-object V] order disappear later than the [Neg Pro-object V] order? Why did monosyllabicwh-words (e.g.,he ‘what’) but not disyllabicwh-expressions (e.g.,he-shi ‘what thing’) immediately precede the verb? And why was the disappearance of the [wh-object V] structure followed by a development of disyllabicwh-words (e.g.,he wu ‘what thing’ >hewu ‘what’)? Each of these questions is answered in terms of prosody. The arguments made here claim that prosody is very important in resolving questions of how syntactic changes take place.
Educational Content and Health Literacy Issues in Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Pharmaceuticals

Direct-to-consumer (DTC) pharmaceutical advertisements have been analyzed in many ways, but richer conceptualizations of health literacy have been largely absent from this research. With approximately half of U.S. adults struggling to understand health information, it is important to consider consumers' health literacy when analyzing DTC advertisements. This project, framed by the health belief model, analyzed 82 advertisements. Advertisements provided some kinds of educational content (e.g., drugs' medical benefits) but typically failed to offer other useful information (e.g., other strategies for dealing with conditions). Issues likely to be barriers to low health literate consumers, such as nonstandard text formatting, are common.
Electrocatalysis and flow detection at a glassy carbon electrode modified with a thin film of oxymanganese species

A modified electrode prepared by dipping a glassy carbon substrate into a 0.027 M MnCl2/1.4 M NaOH solution and cycling the potential between −0.5 and +0.4 V(vs. AA/AgCl) greatly reduces the overvoltage for the oxidation of various hydrazines and hydrogen peroxide. The new electrocatalytic surfaces facilitate the amperometric detection of these compounds in flowing streams. Effects of pH, flow rate, operating potential, film thickness, concentration, and other variable on the catalytic response are explored. The electrode response is very stable. Detection limits at the femto- and picomole levels and relative standard deviations less than 1.3% are reported.
Drawing Theoretical Implications from Descriptive Empirical Findings on Dream Content

The theoretical implications of four firmly established descriptive empirical findings concerning dream content are spelled out. The four established findings are: (1) the undeveloped nature of dream content in very young children; (2) the several similarities between dreaming and waking cognition; (3) the continuity of dream content with waking emotional concerns; and (4) the consistency of dream content over years and even decades in adults. It is concluded that these descriptive empirical findings contradict aspects of the Freudian, Jungian, and activation-synthesis theories, but that all of them are compatible with the cognitive theory of dreams formulated by Hall (1953b) and Foulkes (1985, 1999).
Survey of commercial airline pilots' hearing loss

64 commercial airline pilots (ages 35-64 yr, Mdn: 53) were surveyed regarding hearing loss and tinnitus. Within specific age groups, the proportions responding positively exceed the corresponding proportions in the general population reported by the National Center for Health Statistics.
Reinvestigation of the structure of the trimethyltin chloride 2,2′-bipyridine adduct

Abstract The structure of the complex, (CH 3 ) 3 SnCl·bipy, was determined in the solid state using infrared and Mossbauer spectroscopies and in solution using the proton magnetic resonance spectrum recorded in CCl 4 . The infrared and Mossbauer spectra indicated that, in the solid, the complex is a trigonal bipyramidal structure with coplanar methyl groups based on the quadrupole splitting values and the absence of the SnC symmetric vibration in the infrared spectrum. Upon dissolving in CCl 4 , the structure is altered. The 1 H NMR spectrum indicated that dissociation occurred upon dissolution based on the low value of the tin methyl hydrogen coupling constant.
Distinguishing high and low anopheline-producing rice fields using remote sensing and GIS technologies

Abstract Worldwide, 140 million ha are devoted to rice cultivation, mostly in developing countries of the tropics and subtropics where malaria still constitutes a serious human health problem. Because rice fields are flood-irrigated on a semi-permanent basis during each growing season, they provide an ideal breeding habitat for a number of potential mosquito vectors of malaria. One of these vectors, Anopheles freeborni, is distributed throughout nearly 240 000 ha of irrigated rice in northern and central California, and may serve as a model for the study of rice field mosquito population dynamics using spectral and spatial information. Analysis of field data revealed that rice fields with rapid early season vegetation canopy development, located near livestock pastures (i.e. bloodmeal sources), had greater mosquito larval populations than fields with more slowly developing vegetation canopies located further from pastures. Remote sensing reflectance measurements of early season rice canopy development and geographic information system (GIS) measurements of distance to livestock pasture were combined to distinguish between high and low mosquito-producing rice fields. These distinctions were made with 90% accuracy nearly 2 months before anopheline larval populations peaked.
Drowning of the Mississippi Delta due to insufficient sediment supply and global sea-level rise

Global sea-level rise, reduced sediment supply and subsidence threaten the stability of the Mississippi Delta. Calculations of riverine sediment load and storage indicate that 10,000–13,500 km2 of the delta could be submerged by AD 2100.
Statistical parameter estimation and uncertainty quantification for macro fiber composite actuators operating in nonlinear and hysteretic regimes

Macro Fiber Composites (MFC) are planar actuators comprised of PZT fibers embedded in an epoxy matrix that is sandwiched between electrodes. Due to their construction, they exhibit significant durability and flexibility in addition to being lightweight and providing broadband inputs. They are presently being considered for a range of applications including positioning and control of membrane mirrors and configurable aerospace structures. However, due to the noncentrosymmetric nature of PZT, MFC also exhibit hysteresis and constitutive nonlinearities that must be incorporated in models and control designs to achieve their full potential. In this paper, we discuss issues associated with the estimation of parameters and uncertainty quantification (UQ) for a distributed model that quantifies the hysteretic dynamics of the devices. Statistical parameter estimation techniques are used to construct densities for model parameters. These uncertainties are subsequently propagated though the model to construct error bounds.
Patients' self-treatment with alternative treatment before presenting to the ED.

Abstract This study examined the frequency of patients using alternative medicine to treat their condition before presenting to an emergency department (ED). This was a prospective randomized, consecutive survey conducted at a level I 24-bed inner-city trauma center. Patients were eligible for enrollment if they were at least 18 years old and able to consent. Exclusion criteria included patients delivered by an ambulance and patients unable or unwilling to consent. The questionnaire collected information about sociodemographic variables, alternative treatment used, why was it used, who prescribed the treatment, route, treatment satisfaction, and past history of alternative treatment and medication use. A total of 189 patients were surveyed. Of these, 10.6% of the surveyed patients used alternative treatment. The most common reason for using alternative medicine was “I wanted to try the simplest treatment first” (55%). These treatment options were self-prescribed by 55%, advice from a friend or family member by 40% and other health professional in 5%. The alternative medicines included massage (35%), home remedies (20%), prayer (20%), chiropractor (15%), herbal medicines (5%) and other methods (5%). The treatment was administered orally (20%) or topically (80%). Most said that the alternative therapy was helpful (60%). The use of alternative therapy versus no use of alternative therapy was correlated with gender (P =.05), treatment (P =.025) and how it was administered (P =.021). A small but significant number of inner-city patients use alternative treatments before presenting to an ED. Emergency physicians need to consider the use of alternative treatment and medicine by patients presenting to the ED for treatment. (Am J Emerg Med 2002;20:473-475. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.)
Headache assessment and management.

THE LIFETIME PREVALENCE OF headache is more than 90%. In recent population-based surveys of US adults, nearly 25% annually report recurrent episodes of severe headache and 4% daily or neardaily headache. Prescription or nonprescription products are used by 9% of US adults each week to treat headache, matching hypertension as the primary reason for medication use. The majority of patients presenting to physicians will have primary headache syndromes such as tension-type, cluster, and migraine. Less than 2% of patients in office and 4% of patients in emergency department settings will be found to have headaches secondary to significant pathology.
Semileptonic decays on the D meson

The electron energy spectrum in the process ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}(3770)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}+(g2 \mathrm{charged}\mathrm{particles})$ has been used to determine the $D(56%{D}^{0}+44%{D}^{+})$ semileptonic branching ratio. Assuming the Glashow-Iliopoulos-Maiani model, it is found that the inclusive branching ratio is $b(D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{Xe}\ensuremath{\nu})=0.080\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015$ and the state $X$ is dominated by $K$ and $K\ensuremath{\pi}$. The fraction of $K\ensuremath{\pi}e\ensuremath{\nu}$ is (37 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 16)% if the $K\ensuremath{\pi}$ system is entirely ${K}^{*}(890)$, or (55 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 21)% if the $K\ensuremath{\pi}$ system is nonresonant. Within the assumptions of the analysis, the $D$ lifetime is calculated to be (2.5 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.6) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ sec.
Atomic and electronic structures of lattice mismatched Cu2O/TiO2 interfaces

Heterojunction interfaces between metal oxides are often highly lattice mismatched. The atomic and electronic structures of such interfaces, however, are not well understood. We have synthesized Cu 2O/TiO2 heterojunction thin films with 13% lattice mismatch and studied the interface via experimental methods and large-scale density function theory calculations of supercells containing ∼1300 atoms. We find that an interface of epitaxial quality is formed via a coincidence site lattice of 8 Cu 2O unit cells matching 9 TiO2 unit cells. Calculations reveal the existence of a dislocation core of the O sublattices at the interface and a random arrangement of one layer of interfacial Cu atoms. The interfacial electronic structure is found to be mostly determined by the interfacial Cu distribution, rather than by the O dislocation core. The conduction band minimum and valence band maximum states are spatially separated, and there is no strongly localized state near the core.
Circuit partitioning for dynamically reconfigurable FPGAs

Dynamically recon gurable FPGAs have the potential to dramatically improve logic density by time-sharing a physical FPGA device. This paper presents a networkow based partitioning algorithm for dynamically recon gurable FPGAs based on the architecture in [2]. Experiments show that our approach outperforms the enhanced force-directed scheduling method in [2] in terms of communication cost.
Competing Values Framework Application to Organizational Effectiveness in Voluntary Organizations A Case Study

Although the widely used Competing Values Framework (CVF) has attracted considerable attention in the literature and has proven useful as an approach to organizational effectiveness, we know little about how it applies to voluntary organizations. We therefore combined CVF with rigorous action research methodology to analyze the organizational effectiveness of Right in the Community (RitC), a voluntary agency serving the developmentally disabled. As our results show, CVF’s three dimensions of organizational focus, structural preference, and managerial concern helped us improve the organization’s management of scarce resources, organizational structure and governance, and innovative capabilities. During the collaboration, we also observed tensions between heart and head that were particularly relevant for improving organizational effectiveness at RitC. We therefore propose extending CVF for voluntary organizations with a fourth dimension: motivational trait.
Reactions of some food additives during storage

Abstract The effectiveness of preservatives and antioxidants relies upon their chemical reactivity but these additives and those which are used for their physical effects (e.g. colours, flavours, vitamins) may also participate in reactions unrelated to their role as food additives. Examples of the situations in which changes can be encountered during storage are used to illustrate the factors involved and the three major experimental approaches which may be adopted in studying them.
Functional assessment of children with cerebral palsy following limited (L4-S1) selective posterior rhizotomy--a preliminary report.

Objective Selective Posterior Rhizotomy (SPR) is effective for reducing spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Nonetheless, extensive sensory deafferentation associated with this procedure can lead to prolonged postoperative hypotonia that delays the functional recovery of the patient. As lumbar rhizotomy provokes suprasegmental hypotonia, we hypothesized that reducing the extent of the deafferentation to the roots of L4-S1 levels would reduce the risk of postoperative hypotonia. Methods and results Five patients with spastic cerebral palsy (4 males and 1 females, age range: 4-12 years) underwent limited selective dorsal rhizotomy (LSDR) of three (L4-S1) dorsal roots. All patients were able to walk independently prior to surgery. Functional assessments of these patients were performed pre and post operatively. Assessments included spasticity evaluation, passive range of motion, and sagittal plane kinematics of the hip, knee, and ankle during walking. Following surgery, reduced spasticity, increased passive range of motion and improved joint motion during walking was observed. Specifically, peak hip and knee extension and peak ankle dorsiflexion increased while peak plantarflexion decreased. Conclusions Strength and motor control were not adversely affected by this procedure in any of the subjects and all patients actually demonstrated improvements. Previous studies have demonstrated that LSDR is highly effective in reducing spasticity and achieving functional outcome in spastic children. The results of this study demonstrated improved function during walking as assessed using gait analysis techniques.
Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for the Differential Effects of ApoE3 and ApoE4 on Plasma Lipoprotein–Cholesterol Levels

Objective— The goal of this study was to understand the molecular basis of how the amino acid substitution C112R that distinguishes human apolipoprotein (apo) E4 from apoE3 causes the more proatherogenic plasma lipoprotein–cholesterol distribution that is known to be associated with the expression of apoE4. Approach and Results— Adeno-associated viruses, serotype 8 (AAV8), were used to express different levels of human apoE3, apoE4, and several C-terminal truncation and internal deletion variants in C57BL/6 apoE-null mice, which exhibit marked dysbetalipoproteinemia. Plasma obtained from these mice 2 weeks after the AAV8 treatment was analyzed for cholesterol and triglyceride levels, as well as for the distribution of cholesterol between the lipoprotein fractions. Hepatic expression of apoE3 and apoE4 induced similar dose-dependent decreases in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride to the levels seen in control C57BL/6 mice. Importantly, at the same reduction in plasma total cholesterol, expression of apoE4 gave rise to higher very low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol (VLDL-C) and lower high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol levels relative to the apoE3 situation. The C-terminal domain and residues 261 to 272 in particular play a critical role, because deleting them markedly affected the performance of both isoforms. Conclusions— ApoE4 possesses enhanced lipid and VLDL-binding ability relative to apoE3, which gives rise to impaired lipolytic processing of VLDL in apoE4-expressing mice. These effects reduce VLDL remnant clearance from the plasma compartment and decrease the amount of VLDL surface components available for incorporation into the high-density lipoprotein pool, accounting for the more proatherogenic lipoprotein profile (higher VLDL-C/high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol ratio) occurring in apoE4-expressing animals compared with their apoE3 counterparts. # Significance {#article-title-37}
Solidification points of binary mixtures of caprylic and capric acids

Clearly defined inflections characterize the solidification point diagram of binary mixtures of caprylic and capric acids. These diagrams have been presented together with pertinent data and a description of a tested procedure for preparing these acids from readily available raw material.
Problems and aspects of energy-driven wave-function collapse models

Four problematic circumstances are considered, involving models which describe dynamical wave-function collapse toward energy eigenstates, for which it is shown that wave-function collapse of macroscopic objects does not work properly. In one case, a common particle position measuring situation, the apparatus evolves to a superposition of macroscopically distinguishable states (does not collapse to one of them as it should) because each such particle∕apparatus∕environment state has precisely the same energy spectrum. Second, assuming an experiment takes place involving collapse to one of two possible outcomes which is permanently recorded, it is shown in general that this can only happen in the unlikely case that the two apparatus states corresponding to the two outcomes have disjoint energy spectra. Next, the progressive narrowing of the energy spectrum due to the collapse mechanism is considered. This has the effect of broadening the time evolution of objects as the universe evolves. Two examples, one involving a precessing spin, the other involving creation of an excited state followed by its decay, are presented in the form of paradoxes. In both examples, the microscopic behavior predicted by standard quantum theory is significantly altered under energy-driven collapse, but this alteration is not observed by an apparatus when it is included in the quantum description. The resolution involves recognition that the state vector describing the apparatus does not collapse, but evolves to a superposition of macroscopically different states.
Entrepreneurs or Conservators? Contractarian Principles of Bureaucratic Performance

There remains a continuing debate as to whether administrative leaders and bureaucrats in the public sector should operate as private sector entrepreneurs or should be seen as the conservators of our constitutional values and the principles on which this country is based. The ideational discourse between the reinventing government movement and the conservator-ship paradigm continues to resonate a yet-unresolved intellectual crisis in public administration. The real conservators of American constitutional and administrative values are not the individuals who man her offices; rather, it is society in general that must assimilate and articulate these values. Bureaucrats come and go, but society remains essentially what it is. Rather than conservators or entrepreneurs, bureaucrats are “contracted” custodians of our administrative values but not the repository of those values. By drawing on the principal-agency thesis, this paper offers an alternate premise—the contractarian approach—for assessing bureaucratic...
Initial Attempts to Actively Manage Recreational Fishery Harvest in Minnesota

Abstract The theories and management style of commercial fisheries management have recently been applied to recreational fisheries. Several Minnesota recreational fisheries are now managed with target harvest levels based on sustainable yield predictors or quotas based on constant fishing mortality rate strategies. Creel limits and length-based regulations are being used to meet established targets or quotas. Three case histories are described. Both benefits and shortcomings have resulted from applying commercial fisheries management programs directly to recreational fisheries. However, recreational fisheries managers may not be controlling total fish harvest. To effectively manage recreational fisheries for “safe satisfaction returns,” fisheries managers may need to adopt conservative, robust harvest regulations, kill quotas, or aggressive regulations on how people fish. The distribution and mix of those options can be determined by good social science, but the efficacy of managing for safe satisfaction ...
An Evaluation of Existing Criteria for Judging the Quality of Science Exhibits1

INTRODUCTION Scientific and technical exhibits exist in a profusion of types, styles, sizes, and designs. However, their underlying purpose is generally the same--to impart knowledge about various technical subjects and/or to change the attitudes of the viewers in a favorable direction toward science, its people, and its institutions. Such exhibits are considered by many to be a uniquely appropriate and effective means of narrowing the gap between the sophisticated world of modern science and technology and the "everyday" world of that abstraction we call the general public.
Conformational analyses of somatostatin-related cyclic hexapeptides containing peptoid residues

We report the conformational analysis by 1H NMR in DMSO and computer simulations involving distance geometry and molecular dynamics simulations of a series of peptoid analogues of the cyclic hexape...
The spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients with factor IX deficiency (Christmas Disease)

Early reports suggested that hemophiliacs with factor IX deficiency (Christmas Disease) may be at less risk for developing the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) than patients with classic hemophilia. We evaluated 12 factor IX deficient patients for clinical and immunologic abnormalities related to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Antibody to HIV was not detected in these patients prior to 1982. By 1985, 66 percent (eight of 12) patients were seropositive. All three concentrates available commercially before 1985 were associated with seropositivity. Furthermore, seropositive hemophiliacs had received on average significantly more factor IX concentrate than seronegative hemophiliacs (27,825 +/- 17,976 (S.D.) versus 1,250 +/- 1,500 factor units/year, (p less than 0.02). Half of the seropositive individuals had generalized lymphadenopathy with splenomegaly. Two seropositive patients have developed AIDS, one with cryptococcal meningitis and another with a large cell immunoblastic lymphoma. Infection with HIV has occurred with high frequency in hemophiliacs who received unmodified factor IX concentrates.
Immediate-early gene expression and gene mapping comparisons among isolates of bovine herpesvirus 1 and 5.

Abstract Bovine herpesviruses (BHV) are associated with a variety of clinical syndromes. Bovine herpesvirus 1 isolates were placed into three genome subtypes based on restriction endonuclease analyses, which were loosely associated by clinical manifestation as BHV1.1 (respiratory), BHV1.2 (genital), and BHV1.3 (encephalitic). More recently the encephalitic isolate has been classified BHV5. A comparison of the cytopathic effect (CPE) in fetal bovine lung cell cultures in the presence of cycloheximide showed that BHV1.1 and 1.2 isolates produced elongated, spindle-shaped CPE, whereas BHV5 produced more syncytial-like CPE. Each BHV-1 subtype synthesized four immediate-early transcripts. The sizes in kb were: 1.6, 3.4, 5.8, 7.5 (BHV1.1); 1.8, 3.6, 5.8, 7.5 (BHV1.2); and 1.8, 3.6, 5.8, 8.6 (BHV5). These transcripts were mapped to the inverted repeat region of each islate by Southern blot hybridization using cDNA prepared from cycloheximide-treated BHV1-infected cellular polyA RNA. A possible unique immediate-early RNA may be produced by the BHV5 encephalitic isolate from an area of the internal repeat region unique to this isolate. Hybridization analysis using BHV1.1 cloned probes of the immediate-early protein gene, thymidine kinase gene, DNA binding/DNA polymerase gene, and glycoprotein III gene provided information for mapping of these genes to the BHV5 encephalitic isolate.
Methyl tert-butyl ether biodegradation by indigenous aquifer microorganisms under natural and artificial oxic conditions.

Microbial communities indigenous to a shallow groundwater system near Beaufort, SC, degraded milligram per liter concentrations of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) under natural and artificial oxic conditions. Significant MTBE biodegradation was observed where anoxic, MTBE-contaminated groundwater discharged to a concrete-lined ditch. In the anoxic groundwater adjacent to the ditch, concentrations of MTBE were >1 mg/L. Where groundwater discharge occurs, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations beneath the ditch exceeded 1.0 mg/L to a depth of 1.5 m, and MTBE concentrations decreased to <1 μg/L prior to discharge. MTBE mass flux calculations indicate that 96% of MTBE mass loss occurs in the relatively small oxic zone prior to discharge. Samples of a natural microbial biofilm present in the oxic zone beneath the ditch completely degraded [U-14C]MTBE to [14C]CO2 in laboratory liquid culture studies, with no accumulation of intermediate compounds. Upgradient of the ditch in the anoxic, MTBE- and BTEX-contaminated ...
Hospice medical directors: a survey of one state.

Abstract Introduction Little research exists regarding hospice medical directors (HMD). This project describes the HMD’s background and training, clinical roles, and current function within the hospice organization and their interdisciplinary groups. Methods A survey was mailed to each licensed hospice that was also a member of the state hospice association in one state. Thirty-one HMDs from 31 hospice programs (40% response rate) in one state responded. Results Findings show that the role of the HMD in this state is primarily part-time and filled by primary care physicians. Most HMDs report being satisfied with their positions. No more than one third belong to any one professional association and no physician in this survey was certified in palliative care by the American Board of Medical Specialties. The role for most of these HMDs centers around their clinical contribution to the team. Discussion Despite the 2008 revisions in the regulations, the HMD roles still vary across hospices, and requirements regarding the specialty, training, and education for physicians are not specified. Professional associations for HMDs should target these part-time physicians in an effort to build a comprehensive organization represented by all types of HMDs. Conclusion The part-time nature of HMDs has important implications for professional organizations and policy makers. Palliative care certification and continuing education opportunities need to be made available to these physicians. Additionally, new changes requiring face-to-face visits for recertification should consider the part-time nature of HMD work and the difficulties that the requirement will have in both cost for the hospice and access to primary care in rural areas.
Tolerance to ethanol-induced contractions of vascular smooth muscle: Role of endothelium

Ethanol, at high concentrations, produced a dose-dependent contraction of male rat aortic rings, in vitro. Mechanical removal of endothelial cells from aortic rings of control rats resulted in a small, but significant, shift of the ethanol dose-response curve to the right without a change in the maximal contraction. Removing the endothelial cells of aortic rings obtained from rats intoxicated with ethanol for two days significantly shifted the ethanol dose-response curve to the left and significantly increased the maximal contraction induced by ethanol. A comparison of the ethanol dose-response curves in aortic rings with endothelium obtained from control rats with those obtained from intoxicated rats indicated a significant shift to the right with no change in maximal response. No significant changes were observed when the responses of aortic rings without endothelium obtained from control and intoxicated rats were compared. These observations confirm that tolerance to ethanol can be demonstrated in vascular smooth muscle. In addition, they demonstrate that the endothelium is required for the development of tolerance to ethanol in the aorta.
The structure of chain end-grafted nanoparticle/homopolymer nanocomposites

The morphological structure of mixtures of homopolymers with inorganic nanoparticles, onto which polymer chain ends are grafted, is described herein. In the bulk, at very low grafting densities, Σ, the morphology of these polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) is largely determined by the attractive enthalpic interactions between the nanoparticle cores, mediated by entropic interactions with the grafted polymer chains. These competing interactions have been shown to be responsible for the anisotropic organization of the nanoparticles within polymer hosts. At high grafting densities, however, even in cases where the host chains and the grafted chains are of identical chemical structure, the entropic brush layer/free host chain interactions are dominant, leading to miscibility (isotropic dispersion of the nanoparticles within the polymer host) or to microscopic and macroscopic phase separation. In the limit of very small nanoparticles, radii R ≈ 1 nm, the brush/melt interactions are not important yet the nanoparticles exhibit a high tendency toward miscibility within homopolymer hosts. This paper begins with a discussion of the bulk morphology of PNCs in order to provide a context for the subsequent description of the morphological structure of thin film brush coated nanoparticle–homopolymer mixtures. A fundamental difference between these bulk and thin film PNCs is that a preferential attraction of grafted nanoparticles to interfaces renders thin film PNCs thermodynamically less stable than their bulk analogs. Morphological phase diagrams, which delineate regimes where the PNCs are miscible, incompatible or partially miscible, are parameterized in terms of the nanoparticle curvature, the chain grafting density, the grafting chain degree of polymerization, N, that of the free host chains, P, and the thermodynamic (Flory–Huggins) interaction parameter, χ, between the host and grafted chains.
Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Thru-Silicon-Via Based High Density Compliant Interconnect

In this paper, detailed 3D FEM thermo-mechanical analysis is performed on a chip stack that utilizes the smart three axis compliant (STAC) interconnect, a TSV based ultra-high density compliant interconnect. These interconnects are microstructurally engineered to accommodate relative displacements between ultra-thin TSV based silicon chips and substrates to which they are bonded without transferring significant stress to the die itself. The paper will first cover 3D numerical model of the TiW bi-metal layer compliant beam built with opposing stresses to establish z-axis lift-height that compares well with analytical results. With this validated model, a force-deflection curve is established for a 125 mumtimes25 mumtimes0.8 mum TiW free beam with 1 GPa stress built into its two metal layers (-500 MPa in the bottom layer and +500 MPa in the top layer). This enables numerical characterization of the compliancy of a single interconnect. This analysis is followed by thermo-mechanical analysis of a unit cell STAC interconnect (TSV, copper bond pad and the compliant beam) built on a 50 mum thick silicon die. Particular attention is given to stresses formed in the TSV copper column when temperature is varied from -40degC to 150degC. Finally experimental results performed on a successfully fabricated STAC interconnect based Si-Glass stacked die is presented and a numerical model of this chip stack is built to capture the top ultra-thin glass die deformation when temperature is varied from 20degC to 130degC.
Varietal Differences of Wheat and Triticale to Water Stress

Six wheat (Triticurn aestivum L.) and ten triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivars were screened for water stress tolerance during germination and seedling stages in the laboratory and growth chamber, respectively. Germinating seeds and hydroponically-grown seedlings were subjected to osmotic stresses of –0.3 and –0.6 MPa using polyethylene glycol M. W. 8000. Both species and cultivar differences were found among the tested genotypes for all the parameters analyzed in both germination and seedling tests. Germination stress index was lower for seed exposed to -0.6 MPa than for -0.3 MPa osmotic stress. A significant relationship was found among plant height, fresh weight and dry weight stress indices evaluated during the seedling test. The cultivars that grew taller under stress conditions had greater dry matter accumulation, as well as higher germination and water uptake stress indices indicating the reliability of height to predict cultivar performance under such conditions. The cultivars Stacy (wheat) and Eu 14/15 (triticale) had higher dry matter accumulation, higher water uptake and leaf water potential, greater height and better germination under stress conditions than the other cultivars tested. Conversely, the cultivars GA 781014 (wheat) and Am 4147 (triticale) performed poorly with respect to all the parameters analyzed. Based on results from germination and seedling tests, the cultivars Stacy and Eu 14/15 were selected for more stress studies in the greenhouse and field.
On the role of weak interfaces in blocking slip in nanoscale layered composites

Layered composites of Cu/Nb achieve very high strength levels when the individual layer thicknesses are 1–10 nm, attributable to the interfaces acting as barriers to slip. Atomistic models of Cu/Nb bilayers were used to explore the origins of this resistance. The models clearly show that dislocations placed near an interface experience an attraction toward the interface, regardless of the sign of the Burgers vector or the material in which it is placed. This attraction is caused by shear of the interface induced by the stress field of the dislocation. Furthermore, the dislocation, upon reaching the interface, is absorbed by it in the sense that the core spreads within the interface. We develop a model, using a fractional dislocation approach, which provides an estimate of the strength of the attraction as a function of distance from the interface and also the dependence of the interaction on the type of dislocation. A screw dislocation is much more effective in shearing the interface, and the resulting at...