cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The application of a zero wear model to metal/ polyethylene sliding pairs

Abstract The application of a zero wear model to polyethylene/metal pairs has been examined using a rider-on-a-flat geometry. It was found that the model enabled the number of passes to reach the zero wear limit to be predicted but that deviation between the theory and experiment occurred for large numbers of passes. It was found that both high density polyethylene and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene gave the same behavior in the zero wear region. This is in contrast to the non-zero wear region in which high density polyethylene wears much faster than ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. The sources of difficulty in predicting the non-zero wear behavior from the behavior in the zero wear region are examined.
Portable real-time coherent optical correlator

A real-time coherent optical correlator is mounted inside a 15- × 23- × 38-cm enclosure and features laser diode light sources and a liquid crystal incoherent-to-coherent image converter. Each of four reference filters is illuminated by a separate laser diode, real-time operation is achieved by the image converter, and a zoom lens forming the incoherent image allows a scale search. The correlator can be mounted on a tripod and performs correlations indoors or outdoors.
Classical Biological Control of Scapteriscus spp. (Orthoptera: GrylIotalpidae) in Florida

The effects of classical biological control on pest mole crickets, Scapteriscus spp., in Florida were examined. Incidence of infection of sound-trapped Scapteriscus spp. by the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema scapterisci Nguyen & Smart ranged from 0 to 4.5.3% for collections made near Gainesville and Bradenton during 1991, 1992, and 1994. Twelve of 49 mole cricket collections from 15 counties made from November 1992 to April 1995 contained individuals parasitized by the tachinid Ormia depleta (Wiedemann). Parasitism levels from 0 to 25.0% and from 0 to 24.1% were observed for female and male Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder, respectively. Mean total yearly sound trap catch of S. vicinus was reduced 36 and 25% at 2 sites near Gainesville after establishment of the 2 natural enemies; catches of Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos were reduced 70 and 64%. At Bradenton, catches of S. vicinus and S. boreliii were reduced 81 and 5%, respectively, since the beneficial species were established. However, catches of S. borellii have declined by 81% in the last 3 yr. Results indicate that classical biological control of pest mole crickets in Florida is succeeding.
Voltage reference design using 1 V power supply in 0.13 µm CMOS technology

There is a critical need for low supply voltage reference circuits in portable and implantable device applications as due to low power requirement. Several voltage references are proposed and available but a good understanding is important to select the right circuit topology for a given specification. This work compares and contrasts two major voltage reference topologies: Threshold voltage (VT0)-based and (VG0) Bandgap voltage-based reference circuits. Two voltage-references with 1-V supply were designed and fabricated using 130 nm CMOS process. Monte Carlo analysis was performed and the results show that the threshold voltage-based references are more susceptible to the effects of fabrication process, due to its strong correlation to substrate doping.
Absolute quantitation of protein therapeutics in biological matrices by enzymatic digestion and LC–MS

The advancement of biotechnology has led to an increase in biotherapeutic drugs, especially recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies. Ligand-binding assays or immunoassays are the standard methods of choice in pharmacokinetic studies in support of drug discovery and development for protein therapeutics. LC–MS-based methodologies are increasingly used as alternatives to immunoassays for absolute protein quantitation in biological samples. We review recent advancements in absolute quantitation of protein therapeutics in biological matrices by enzymatic digestion and LC–MS.
Transitions in a postural task: do the recruitment and suppression of degrees of freedom stabilize posture?

In this study, we examined flexibility in postural coordination by inducing transitions between postural patterns. Previous work demonstrated that the postural control system produces two task-specific postural patterns as a function of the frequency of support surface translation. For slow translation frequencies (<0.5 Hz), subjects ride on the platform reminiscent of upright stance (ride pattern), and for fast frequencies (≥0.75 Hz) subjects actively fixed the head and trunk in space (head fixed pattern) during anterior-posterior platform motion. To study the adaptation of the postural control system, we had subjects stand on a support surface undergoing increases (from 0.2 to 1.0 Hz in 0.1-Hz steps) and decreases (from 1.0 to 0.2 Hz in 0.1-Hz steps) in translation frequency with the eyes open and closed. Kinematic measures of sagittal plane body motion revealed a gradual transition between these two postural patterns as a function of frequency scaling. In both the increasing and decreasing frequency conditions with visual input, center of mass displacements gradually decreased and increased, respectively, whereas upper-trunk (and head) displacement decreased gradually within the ride pattern until a head fixed pattern was observed without any significant changes in displacement for translation frequencies at and above 0.6 Hz. Without visual input, the scaling of the ride pattern was similar except the transition to the head fixed pattern never emerged with increasing frequency; instead, a less stable pattern exhibiting slow drift in head-trunk anterior-posterior motion (drift pattern) was observed at and above 0.5 Hz oscillations. The stability of the head fixed pattern at fast frequencies was clearly dependent on visual input suggesting that vision was more critical for trunk and head control in space at high than low translation frequencies. Head velocity was kept constant, and lower with vision, as translation frequency (and velocity) changed suggesting a head velocity threshold constraint across postural patterns. The gradual transition from the ride to the head fixed pattern was made possible by the recruitment of available degrees of freedom in the form of ankle, then knee, and then hip joint motion. In turn, the transition from the head fixed or drift pattern was made possible by the gradual suppression of available degrees of freedom in the form of reducing hip, then knee, and then ankle motion. The gradual change in postural kinematics without instabilities and hysteresis suggests that the ability to recruit and suppress biomechanical degrees of freedom allows the postural control system to gradually change postural strategies without suffering a loss of stability. The results are discussed in light of possible self-organizing mechanisms in the multisensory control of posture.
Regional variability in age-related loss of neurons from the primary visual cortex and medial prefrontal cortex of male and female rats

During aging, changes in the structure of the cerebral cortex of the rat have been seen, but potential changes in neuron number remain largely unexplored. In the present study, stereological methods were used to examine neuron number in the medial prefrontal cortex and primary visual cortex of young adult (85-90 days of age) and aged (19-22 months old) male and female rats in order to investigate any age-related losses. Possible sex differences in aging were also examined since sexually dimorphic patterns of aging have been seen in other measures. An age-related loss of neurons (18-20%), which was mirrored in volume losses, was found to occur in the primary visual cortex in both sexes in all layers except IV. Males, but not females, also lost neurons (15%) from layer V/VI of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex and showed an overall decrease in volume of this region. In contrast, dorsal medial prefrontal cortex showed no age-related changes. The effects of aging clearly differ among regions of the rat brain and to some degree, between the sexes.
Combination of 2D Sensitivity Encoding and 2D Partial Fourier Techniques for Improved Acceleration in 3D Contrast-Enhanced MR Angiography

Sensitivity encoding (SENSE) and partial Fourier (PF) techniques both reduce MRI acquisition time. Two-dimensional SENSE uses coil sensitivities to unfold aliasing in the phase/ slice-encoding plane. One-dimensional PF and homodyne reconstruction are routinely applied in the frequency/phase-encoding plane to compensate for nonsampled k-space of the presumed real magnetization. Recently, a modified 3D elliptical centric acquisition was proposed to facilitate 2D-PF and homodyne reconstruction on an undersampled phase/slice-encoding plane. In this work we hypothesized that this 2D-PF technique can be combined with 2D-SENSE to achieve a greater acceleration factor than what each method can provide separately. Reconstruction of data whereby SENSE and PF are applied along the same axes is described. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA) results from experiments using four receiver coils in phantom and volunteer studies are shown. In 11 volunteer studies, the SENSE-PF-homodyne technique using sevenfold acceleration (4× SENSE, 1.7× PF) consistently provided high-diagnostic-quality images with near 1-mm isotropic resolution in acquisition times of <20 s.
Food sharing in albino rat pups: Does familiarity breed contempt?

The present experiment investigated the effects of kinship and familiarity upon food sharing in pairs of albino rat pups. Five pairs of rats from each of the following groups were tested: (1) familiar siblings, (2) nonfamiliar siblings, (3) familiar nonsiblings, and (4) nonfamiliar non-siblings. A small food portion was used, necessitating not only close physical contact, but also cooperation in the sense that both pups were required to remain relatively immobile in order for both to feed simultaneously. Results indicated more frequent sharing among unfamiliar pups, whether related or not. Results also indicated that food sharing increased in frequency among all four groups over the 5-day testing period, suggesting that cooperation in the form of food sharing can develop, or increase in frequency, over time in albino rat pups.
Verbal effects in the intermediate-size transportation problem☆

Abstract Preschool children were given an intermediate-size discrimination problem, and 1- and 3-step transposition tests. During training, Group I was told before each response that the reward was under the “medium” stimulus: Group II was told that it was “not under the big or little one”; and Group III was not told anything. The verbalizations were not given during the tests. Groups I and II learned the initial discrimination faster than Group III, and transposed more than Group III, but there was a distance effect in all three groups. These results, and other data, suggest that the deficiency in the verbal control over motor behavior in young children arises from deficiencies in both the decoding and encoding processes.
Modeling the magnetospheres of luminous stars: Interactions between supersonic radiation-driven winds and stellar magnetic fields

Hot, luminous stars (spectral types O and B) lack the hydrogen recombination convection zones that drive magnetic dynamo generation in the sun and other cool stars. Nonetheless, observed rotational modulation of spectral lines formed in the strong, radiatively driven winds of hot stars suggests magnetic perturbations analogous to those that induce “co-rotating interaction regions” in the solar wind. Indeed, recent advances in spectropolarimetric techniques have now led to direct detection of moderate to strong (100–10 000G), tilted dipole magnetic fields in several hot stars. Using a combination of analytic and numerical magnetohydrodynamic models, this paper focuses on the role of such magnetic fields in channeling, and sometimes confining, the radiatively driven mass outflows from such stars. The results show how “magnetically confined wind shocks” can explain the moderately hard x-ray emission seen from the O7V star Theta-1 Ori C, and how the trapping of material in a “rigidly rotating magnetosphere” c...
PAC-1 Activates Procaspase-3 in Vitro through Relief of Zinc-Mediated Inhibition

The direct induction of apoptosis has emerged as a powerful anticancer strategy, and small molecules that either inhibit or activate certain proteins in the apoptotic pathway have great potential as novel chemotherapeutic agents. Central to apoptosis is the activation of the zymogen procaspase-3 to caspase-3. Caspase-3 is the key "executioner" caspase, catalyzing the hydrolysis of a multitude of protein substrates within the cell. Interestingly, procaspase-3 levels are often elevated in cancer cells, suggesting a compound that directly stimulates the activation of procaspase-3 to caspase-3 could selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells. We recently reported the discovery of a compound, PAC-1, which enhances procaspase-3 activity in vitro and induces apoptotic death in cancer cells in culture and in mouse xenograft models. Described herein is the mechanism by which PAC-1 activates procaspase-3 in vitro. We show that zinc inhibits the enzymatic activity of procaspase-3 and that PAC-1 strongly activates procaspase-3 in buffers that contain zinc. PAC-1 and zinc form a tight complex with one another, with a dissociation constant of approximately 42 nM. The combined data indicate that PAC-1 activates procaspase-3 in vitro by sequestering inhibitory zinc ions, thus allowing procaspase-3 to autoactivate itself to caspase-3. The small-molecule-mediated activation of procaspases has great therapeutic potential and thus this discovery of the in vitro mechanism of action of PAC-1 is critical to the development and optimization of other procaspase-activating compounds.
The impact of a leadership development course for junior academic medical faculty

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of a new leadership development course for academic medical faculty.Design/methodology/approach – In October 2006, a survey was electronically sent to the 55 faculty attending the Leadership Course for Junior Faculty.Findings – A total of 29 women and 26 men attended a course; 85.5 percent responded to the survey. The course was reported to be beneficial personally and professionally to 88.0 percent and 84.0 percent of women, motivated 47.8 percent of women to seek a leadership position, and helped to secure a leadership position for 30.4 percent. This was comparable with the survey responses of men. Women were significantly more likely than men to seek academic career advancement (83.3 percent versus 55.0 percent, p=0.04) as a result of attending the course. However, women were significantly less likely to have secured a new leadership position since attending the course in comparison with men (4.2 percent versus 18.2 percent, p=0.04). This cour...
Effects of Pentanol Isomers on the Growth of SDS Micelles in 0.5 M NaCl

Static and dynamic light scattering and surface tension measurements were used to study the effects of various pentanol isomers on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles in 0.5 M NaCl. The addition of any of the pentanol isomers increased both the average hydrodynamic radius, 〈Rh〉, and the average radius of gyration, 〈Rg〉; however, the magnitude of the effect depended on both temperature and pentanol isomer. By comparing the ratio of these two measures of micellar size, it was found that the addition of pentanol promotes an elongation of the rodlike micelles. The effects of the pentanol isomers on the critical micellar concentration also were determined. Once more the various isomers did not all behave identically. Last, the effect of temperature on micellar size in the presence of the various isomers was determined. In all cases an increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in mean micellar size; once more the overall effect depended on the isomer in solution.
Superconsistent estimation and inference in structural econometric models using extreme order statistics

Abstract Data-generating processes whose distributions’ supports depend on unknown parameters arise naturally in empirical applications. In such situations the maximum-likelihood estimator is often difficult to calculate and usually has a nonstandard limiting distribution that depends on nuisance parameters. We propose an alternative estimation strategy that is typically simpler to implement than the likelihood approach and allows one to conduct inference using simulation methods. Our proposed estimators are based on the analog estimation principle and bear a striking resemblance to generalized method-of-moments estimators, although here the estimators are generally parameter consistent at rate T rather than the usual rate T .
Global existence for quasi-linear dissipative wave equations with large data and small parameter

On considere le probleme aux valeurs initiales pour les equations d'onde quasi lineaires: eu t +ωu-σ(ν) x =0, ν t -u x =0, u(x,0)=u 0 (x), ν(x,0)=ν 0 (x) ou e>0, ω>0, t∈R + , x∈R; u et ν sont des fonctions scalaires de (x,t), et σ est une fonction donnee croissante lisse sur R. On etudie le comportement des solutions classiques pour t grand
Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in pediatric patients after oral administration of multiple doses of suspension.

Azithromycin is an azalide antibiotic. On the basis of data in adults, azithromycin appears to have a greater distribution into tissues, a longer elimination half-life, and a lower incidence of adverse effects than the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin. However, little about the pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in children is known. The objective of our study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of azithromycin after oral administration of multiple doses of suspension to children with streptococcal pharyngitis. Fourteen children (6 to 15 years of age) received a single oral dose of 10 mg of azithromycin per kg of body weight on day 1 followed by single daily doses of 5 mg/kg on days 2 to 5. Each child fasted overnight before receiving the final dose on day 5. Blood samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after this last dose. Concentrations of azithromycin in serum were measured by a specific high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. The mean +/- standard deviation for maximum concentration of drug in serum, time to maximum concentration of drug in serum, and area under the curve (0 to 24 h) were 383 +/- 142 ng/ml, 2.4 +/- 1.1 h, and 3,109 +/- 1,033 ng.h/ml, respectively. Concentrations in serum at 0 h (predose) and at 24, 48, and 72 h after the final dose were 67 +/- 31, 64 +/- 24, 41 +/- 17, and 29 +/- 14 ng/ml, respectively. Thus, once-daily administration of azithromycin resulted in sustained systemic exposure to the drug.
The agricultural transition in New York State : markets and migration in mid-nineteenth-century America

This addition to the Henry A. Wallace series focuses on the transformation of the US agricultural economy in the mid-19th century and its impact on farming families. It examines class formation, migration and family structure in the context of the growing availability of cheap consumer goods.
Extension of the UNFOLD method to include free breathing

Unaliasing by Fourier-encoding the overlaps using the temporal dimension (UNFOLD) is a method to reduce the data acquisition burden in dynamic MRI. The method works by forcing aliased signals to behave in specific ways through time, so that these unwanted signals can be detected and removed. Unexpected events in time, such as displacements caused by breathing, have the potential to disturb the temporal strategy and may affect UNFOLD's ability to suppress aliasing artifacts. This work presents an extension of the UNFOLD method to accommodate temporal encoding disruptions. While the main type of disruption considered here comes from respiratory motion, other types of disruption can be envisioned, such as departures from the usual UNFOLD k-space sampling scheme. This extended version of UNFOLD was incorporated into UNFOLD-sensitivity encoding (UNFOLD-SENSE), and should also be applicable to closely related methods such as temporal SENSE (TSENSE), k-t Broaduse Linear Acquisition Speed up Technique (k-t BLAST), and k-t SENSE. Five patients were imaged with a modified version of a myocardial-perfusion sequence, and UNFOLD was used either alone or in conjunction with SENSE to obtain an acceleration of 2.0 (in three patients) or 3.0 (in two patients). In both cases this extended version of UNFOLD was able to suppress artifacts caused by the presence of breathing motion.
Probit Analysis and Economic Education

Spector and Mazzeo assert that ordinary least squares regression analysis has been misused by many economics education researchers. They explain that OLS is inappropriate for the analysis of discrete dependent variables, and they suggest the use of probit analysis instead. They then show how probit analysis can be employed in an economics education research project and compare the results of this approach with the results obtained by using OLS. (Those who want to know more about probit analysis might be interested in a new book, Carlos Daganzo's Multinomial Probit: The Theory and Its Application to Demand Forecasting, published in 1979 by Academic Press, Inc. Also see the bibliography provided by Spector and Mazzeo.)
The thermal conductivity and viscosity of acetic acid-water mixtures

The viscosity and thermal conductivity of acetic acid water mixtures were measured over the entire composition range and at temperatures ranging from 293 to 453 K. Viscosity measurements were performed with a high-pressure viscometer and thermal conductivity was measured using a modified transient hot-wire technique. A mercury filled. glass capillary was used as the insulated hot wire in the measurements. The l iscosity data showed unusual trends with respect to composition. At it given temperature. the viscosity was seen to increase with increasing acid concentration, attain a maximum. and then decrease. The thermal conductivity, on the other hand, decreased monotonically with acid concentration. A generalized corresponding-states principle using water and acetic acid as the reference fluids was used to predict both viscosity and thermal conductivity with considerable sucres.
Chiropractors for and against vaccines

The publications of philosophically conservative chiropractors document their allegiance to a posture of hostile opposition to health prevention based upon immunization procedures. The challenge to medical anthropology is to make sense of what seems scientifically senseless. This paper attempts to come to an understanding of this position by tracing professional attitudes which are derived from a history of political and economic conflict with the American medical establishment, which emanate from an explanatory model of disease causation that preserves a nineteenth century monocausal theory, and which reflect a process of cultural schizmogenesis. In preserving these heretical medical beliefs, conservative chiropractors, who are trained in the basic medical sciences, defend themselves by basing their opposition to immunization upon imperfections in vaccines that relate to the efficacy, safety and necessity of immunizations. Further, they persist in a belief that chiropractic spinal manipulation provides an alternative method for achieving immune status. This belief has not been subjected to testing in clinical trials or laboratory experiments, and thus becomes a matter of belief rather than of scientific verity. A refusal to advocate or submit to vaccines serves conservative chiropractors as an understandable cultural symbol, but it is a symbol with sinister health costs to those who translate it into non-immune status in a world otherwise still hostage to disease-producing organisms.
Finitely generated simple algebras: A question of B. I. Plotkin

In his recent series of lectures, Prof. B. I. Plotkin discussed geometrical properties of the variety of associativeK-algebras. In particular, he studied geometrically noetherian and logically noetherian algebras and, in this connection, he asked whether there exist uncountably many simpleK-algebras with a fixed finite number of generators. We answer this question in the affirmative using both crossed product constructions and HNN extensions of division rings. Specifically, we show that there exist uncountably many nonisomorphic 4-generator simple Ore domains, and also uncountably many nonisomorphic division algebras having 2 generators as a division algebra.
ATP converts necrosis to apoptosis in oxidant-injured endothelial cells

Cell death due to necrosis results in acute inflammation, while death by apoptosis generally does not. The effect of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) on the pattern of cell death induced by oxidants was examined in bovine endothelial cells. ATP levels were altered by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), glutamine (Gln), and metabolic inhibition (MI), to determine if necrosis can be shifted to apoptosis during oxidant injury. The form of cell death was determined by fluorescence microscopic techniques and the pattern of DNA degradation on agarose gels. ATP levels were measured using the luciferase–luciferin assay. Apoptosis occurred with 100 μM H2O2 without an alteration in ATP levels. ATP was significantly lowered with 5 mM H2O2, and necrosis occurred. MI, in combination with 100 μM H2O2, decreased ATP and resulted in necrosis. MI alone, however, did not cause cell death. Gln partially restored ATP levels in cells injured with 5 mM H2O2 and resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis. DNA laddering on agarose gels confirmed the apoptotic changes seen by fluorescence microscopy. In summary, a threshold level of ATP 25% of basal levels is required for apoptosis to proceed after oxidant stress, otherwise necrosis occurs. Agents like glutamine that enhance ATP levels in oxidant-stressed cells may be potent means of shifting cell death during inflammation to the noninflammatory form of death—apoptosis.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Ibuprofen in Bulk Drug and Tablets

AbstractA simple and rapid HPLC procedure is described for the assay of ibuprofen in bulk drug and tablets and for dosage uniformity testing. HPLC was carried out on a stainless steel octadecylsilane (5 urn) column (150 × 4.6 mm) using 25% 0.25M glacial acetic acid in acetonitrile as the mobile phase, with UV detection at 254 nm. Results obtained with this procedure compared favorably with those obtained using the USP procedures.
Magnet-free non-reciprocity demonstrated with Brillouin Scattering Induced Transparency

We provide the first experimental evidence of Brillouin scattering induced transparency and an associated optically switchable non-reciprocity in microresonators. The technique is applicable for ultra-low-power chip-scale isolators in any optical material.
An Assessment of the Lasting Effects of a Stand-Alone Information Literacy Course: The Students' Perspective

Abstract The authors wished to measure the degree to which a library information literacy course establishes a foundation for life-long learning. A web-based survey was administered to 2147 currently-matriculating Louisiana State University students who had taken the one-credit information literacy course, Library and Information Science (LIS) 1001 (Research Methods and Materials). Though the response rate was relatively low, the survey revealed clear evidence that students continue to use the materials and skills taught in the course throughout their college careers for both course work and personal research.
Physicochemical and immunological properties of canine factor X and activated factor X.

Abstract Canine Factor X(FX) was purified and its molecular weight was first determined by the use of SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). Its average value was 57,800 ± 2,500 (SD) in 3 measurements. It was also found that FX was split into a heavy chain and a light chain upon reduction with beta-mercaptoethanol, the molecular weight of which was 40,167 ± 764 (SD) and 17,200 ± 200 (SD) in 2 measurements. FX was then activated with Russell's viper venom in the presence of phospholipids and Ca ++ , and generation of activation products with time was examined by SDS PAGE. It was found that an intermediary product was formed in addition to activated FX (FXa). The molecular weight was 56,800 ± 1,700 (SD) for the former and 55,700 ± 1,600 (SD) for the latter in 3 measurements. FXa was then purified by Sephadex G-75 chromatography, and electrophoretic and immunological properties of both FX and FXa were studied, using PAGE, SDS PAGE, agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE), immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) and Ouchterlony analysis. It was found that the mobility of FX was less than that of FXa by SDS PAGE, whereas it was reversed by PAGE, AGE or IEP. Ouchterlony analysis of FX and FXa by the use of anti-FX and anti-FXa antibodies showed the reaction of complete identity between FX and FXa against the two antibodies. These results indicate that FXa is immunologically inseperable from FX, but that the electrophoretic methods offer some promiss for quantitative separation of FXa from FX.
Kalman filtering and time-frequency distribution of random signals

A new method to estimate the energy distribution over the time-frequency plane of time-varying stochastic signals is presented. A state space modeling approach is used to represent the signal. A Kalman-smoothing algorithm is used to estimate the states from which the so-called `Kalman- smoothed time frequency distribution (KS-TFD)' is obtained. The KS-TFD estimate is positive, has good cross-term properties and high temporal resolution. The Kalman smoother-based estimates are optimal in the mean square sense and therefore the KS-TFD estimate has excellent noise performance. We demonstrate the `localizing' property of KS- TFD using deterministic signals such as impulses and Gabor logons. Minimum interference is seen with multi component signals. For Gabor logons buried in white noise at various signal-to-noise ratios, we show the excellent performance of the KS-TFD estimate in comparison to the non-causal spectrogram using quantitative performance indices.
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION AND URBAN ADMINISTRATION: FROM ENEMIES TO ALLIES?

For more than a decade citizen participation and urban administration have been viewed as opposing camps in the city. This essay argues that their traditional enmity may be eroding, to be replaced by an alliance. The essay first traces the history of citizen participation, and then explains how the recent evolution of urban administrators, and citizen groups may have caused both to see increasing advantages in cooperation over confrontation. The essay briefly considers those advantages, as well as some disadvantages, before concluding with a survey of the other symposium articles.
Invariant chain made in Escherichia coli has an exposed N-terminal segment that blocks antigen binding to HLA-DR1 and a trimeric C-terminal segment that binds empty HLA-DR1.

Abstract Invariant chain (Ii), a membrane glycoprotein, binds class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoproteins, probably via its class II-associated Ii peptide (CLIP) segment, and escorts them toward antigen-containing endosomal compartments. We find that a soluble, trimeric ectodomain of Ii expressed and purified from Escherichia coli blocks peptide binding to soluble HLA-DR1. Proteolysis indicates that Ii contains two structural domains. The C-terminal two-thirds forms an alpha-helical domain that trimerizes and interacts with empty HLA-DR1 molecules, augmenting rather than blocking peptide binding. The N-terminal one-third, which inhibits peptide binding, is proteolytically susceptible over its entire length. In the trimer, the N-terminal domains act independently with each CLIP segment exposed and free to bind an MHC class II molecule, while the C-terminal domains act as a trimeric unit.
A Strategy for Improving Forensic Anthropology Research Opportunities

Recent discussions about future developments of forensic anthropology have inspired this proposal about how small forensic anthropology programs may increase research capacity by utilizing a collaborative research protocol and establishing a deeded body program. Forensic anthropologists would benefit from developing collaborative research groups and protocols, such as that illustrated by the integrative measurement protocol produced by the Bones and Behavior Group. These research networks would make better use of the skills of forensic anthropologists based in small anthropology departments, especially if anthropological deeded body programs could be developed. Deeded body programs provide access to life history data that would support research into the environmental effects on skeletal variation. In addition to providing better access to skeletal material, following this model will improve educational training for future forensic anthropologists.
Quality Assessment And Consistency Evaluation Of Hydrocarbon PVT Data

Hydrocarbon PVT data are used for a wide range of reservoir engineering applications including early volumetric assessment, well test evaluation, material balance calculations, and equation of state fluid characterization. High quality, accurate PVT data can reduce uncertainty in reservoir fluid properties, provide a sound foundation for reservoir engineering studies, and improve investment efficiency. Poor quality PVT data can result in lost time due to rework and additional studies, inadequate or overly aggressive development plans, and inefficient investment.
Investigating the limits of chemical complexity in sagittarius B2(N): A rigorous attempt to confirm 1,3-dihydroxyacetone

A search for confirming transitions of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone, (CH2OH)2CO (hereafter DHA), has been made toward Sgr B2(N) using the Arizona Radio Observatory Submillimeter Telescope (SMT) and 12 m telescope at millimeter wavelengths. In addition, data for this species have been obtained at the Green Bank Telescope. In all, 63 new transitions of DHA were sought; no plausible emission was detected at 97% of these frequencies. Typical peak-to-peak limits of 10-30 mK were achieved, indicating that DHA is not present in Sgr B2(N) at the level reported by Widicus Weaver & Blake in 2005, by at least a factor of 300. The upper limit to the DHA column density is Ntot < 5 × 1013 cm-2, suggesting that this species, a three-carbon keto sugar, is less abundant than the two-carbon aldehyde sugar, glycolaldehyde (CH2OHCHO), by a factor of at least 4. If sugars of higher complexity are formed in interstellar clouds, their synthesis may proceed one carbon atom at a time, possibly through aldehyde intermediates.
Vortex-vacancy interactions in two-dimensional easy-plane magnets

For a model with isotropic nearest-neighbor exchange combined with easy-plane exchange or single-ion anisotropies, the static effects of a magnetic vacancy site on a nearby magnetic vortex are analyzed on square, hexagonal, and triangular lattices. Numerical energy minimization and linear stability analysis using the vortex instability mode are employed. When the vortex is centered on a vacancy, the critical anisotropies where the stable vortex structure switches from out-of-plane to planar form are determined, and the vortex energies and magnetizations are found as functions of anisotropy. Consistent with square lattice calculations by Zaspel et al., the strength of anisotropy needed to stabilize a vortex in the planar form is reduced when the vortex is centered on a vacancy, for all three lattices studied. The vortex-on-vacancy energy is found to be smaller than the typical energy of a vortex centered between lattice sites in a system without vacancies. For a vortex separated from a vacancy, the energy found as a function of separation demonstrates an attractive potential between the two.
Adrenal calcification and congenital nephrotic syndrome in three American Indians

Two Pima and one Papago Indian infants with congenital nephrosis and adrenal calcifications are described. All developed anasarca early and none had an explanation for the adrenal calcification.
Teaching Heterodox Economics: Introduction to the Special Issue

This introduction to the special issue of the Forum for Social Economics on teaching heterodox economics provides an overview of the papers in this volume. The papers demonstrate that heterodox economists are particularly gifted at explaining the dynamics of the real world economy; therefore, heterodox economics instruction often specializes in, and benefits from, immersing students into real world situations. Heterodox economists push pedagogic boundaries by directly confronting students with real-world data and situations. In the process, students achieve a rich understanding of the world as it is and not as a hypothetical myth. The overview of papers is followed by suggestions for future work on teaching heterodox economics, and acknowledgments of those who made this special issue possible.
En face morphology of endothelial junctions

Silver-stained preparations of vascular endothelium exhibit small structures called stomas whose origin is unclear. In this study non-silver-stained preparations of rat aorta were examined by scanning electron microscopy and stoma-like structures were formed by extensive membrane overlap of one cell over another at the cell junction. In some circumstances the degree of overlap was so extensive that large flaps appeared almost isolated from the cytoplasm of the main cell body. These structures were identical in size and their location to stomas seen in silver-stained preparations. Stomas may therefore be simply large membrane flaps.
The role of the family therapist in supportive services to families with handicapped children

The family therapist can play a critical role in assisting families of handicapped children develop positive functioning patterns. In this paper the author identifies a number of typical interactional difficulties found in these families together with the unique challenges they place before the family therapist and strategies that she has found to be effective in working with them on their relationship problems.
On-line prediction of motor shaft misalignment using fast fourier transform generated spectra data and support vector regression

Shaft alignment prediction is essential for the development of effective coupling and rotating equipment maintenance systems. In this paper, we present a modified support vector regression (SVR) approach for shaft alignment predictions based on fast Fourier transform generated spectra data. The modified SVR approach uses data-dependent parameters in order to reduce computation time and achieve better predictions. The spectra data used is characterized by a large number of descriptors and very few data points. The strengths of SVR for shaft misalignment prediction include its ability to represent data in high-dimensional space through kernel functions. We reduce the dimension of the data using a multivariate AIC criterion in order to guarantee that the selected spectra are response dependent. We compare the performance of SVR with two of the most popular techniques used in condition monitoring, partial least squares, and principal components regression. Our results show that we can improve the performance of shaft misalignment prediction using SVR and the approach compares very favorably with partial least squares and principal components regression approaches. Also, we present a quantitative measure, shaft misalignment monitoring index, which can be used to facilitate easy identification of the alignment condition and as input to maintenance systems design.
Evidence that a human β -tubulin pseudogene is derived from its corresponding mRNA

Pseudogenes—sequences which are homologous to functional genes but which contain mutational changes precluding the formation of a functional product—seem to be a common feature of eukaryotic genomes. Such sequences were first described in the 5S gene of Xenopus laevis1 and have since been found in several gene families including those of the α- and β-globins of several species2–10, immunoglobulin Vκ genes11, the actin genes of Dictyostelium12 and the small nuclear RNA genes of man13. Among the globin pseudogenes, there appear to be two kinds of structural organization: genes that have retained their intervening sequences4–7 and those that have lost them completely2,3. A possible explanation for the generation of such intron-lacking genes involves the reverse transcription of a processed mRNA to form cDNA, and the introduction of this cDNA copy into the genome either by recombinant heteroduplex formation2, insertion into a staggered chromosomal break3, or via a retrovirus intermediate14. Here we report the complete sequence of a human β-tubulin pseudogene. The sequence data reveal the absence of any intervening sequences, and the presence, in the genome, of an uninterrupted 17 base-pair (bp) tract of A residues 14 base-pairs 3′ to a poly(A) signal (AATAAA)15. This sequence organization corresponds closely to the sequence organization of the poly(A) signal and poly (A) tract in a β-tubulin mRNA16.
Combinatorial algorithms for the maximum k-plex problem

The maximum clique problem provides a classic framework for detecting cohesive subgraphs. However, this approach can fail to detect much of the cohesive structure in a graph. To address this issue, Seidman and Foster introduced k-plexes as a degree-based clique relaxation. More recently, Balasundaram et al. formulated the maximum k-plex problem as an integer program and designed a branch-and-cut algorithm. This paper derives a new upper bound on the cardinality of k-plexes and adapts combinatorial clique algorithms to find maximum k-plexes.
A colorimetric assay method to measure acetyl-CoA synthetase activity: application to woodchuck model of hepatitis virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma.

A new spectrophotometric method for quantitation of acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACAS) activity is developed. It has been applied for ACAS assay in the liver tissues of a woodchuck model of hepatitis virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The assay is based on the established pyrophosphate (PPi) detection system. ACAS activity is indexed by the amount of PPi, the product of ACAS reaction system of activated form of acetate (acetyl-CoA) with ACAS catalysis. PPi is determined quantitatively as the amount of chromophore formed with molybdate reagent, 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid in bisulfite and 2-mercaptoethanol. PPi reacts with molybdate reagent to produce phosphomolybdate and PPi-molybdate complexes. 2-mercaptoethanol is responsible for color formation which has the peak absorption at 580nm. This method was sensitive from 1 to 20 nmol of PPi in a 380-μl sample (1-cm cuvette). A ten-fold excess of Pi did not interfere with the determination of PPi. To study the major metabolic pathways of imaging tracer [1-11C]-acetate in tumors for detection of HCC by Positron Emission Tomography (PET), the activity of one of the key enzymes involved in acetate or [1-11C]-acetate metabolism, ACAS was assayed by this newly developed assay in the tissue samples of woodchuck HCCs. An significant increase of ACAS activity was observed in the liver tissues of woodchuck HCCs as compared with neighboring regions surrounding the tumors (P < 0.01). The respective ACAS activities in the subcellular locations were also significantly higher in HCCs than in the surrounding tissues (P < 0.01) (total soluble fraction: 876.61 ± 34.64 vs. 361.62 ± 49.97 mU/g tissue; cytoplasmic fraction: 1122.02 ± 112.39 vs. 732.32 ± 84.44 mU/g tissue; organelle content: 815.79 ± 491.5 vs. 547.91 ± 97.05 mU/ g tissue; sedimentable fragment: 251.92 ± 143.7 vs. 90.94 ± 18.98 mU/ g tissue). The finding suggests an increase in ACAS activity in the liver cancer of woodchuck models of HCC as compared to that in the normal woodchuck liver. The developed assay is rapid, simple and accurate and is suitable for the investigation of ACAS activity under physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions.
Counter-Chronicling and Alternative Mapping in Memoria del fuego and Almanac of the Dead

Recent definitions of nationalism amount to a charge that Eurocentric narratives of economic development and hierarchical racial classification accrue around the very idea of "nation." At the same time, descriptions of late twentieth-century global restructuring suggest that nation-states are less determining of lived realities than we might have been lead to believe. Both these claims raise questions about using nationalism as an anti-colonial or antiimperial strategy for liberation: can one invent a nation and a national history without replicating the European model and its problematic consequences? Is nationalism useful in the face of what some call the "imperial" power of global corporations? (Bamet and Cavanagh 13-18). Yet the deployment of anti-colonial and anti-imperial nationalism in some cases constitutes a strategy of survival. U.S. American Indian communities' usage of the word "nations" to refer to political and kinship systems modified by colonial encounters (and not easily translated into English) and to assert sovereignty over reservation territory is a strategic dismantling of the cultural symbols of U.S. nationalism and state control. Indigenous movements in other parts of the Americas are sometimes similar in this regard, though not necessarily linked to reservation systems. African American or black nationalism and terms such as "Queer Nation" point to historic moments in which inventing some sort of nationalism is necessary for survival in the face of no territorial sovereignty at all. As an exploration of the dilemma of whether to deploy the strategy of nationalism, this paper offers a comparison of two recent publications that re-write the history of the Western hemi
Numerical Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations for a Three-Dimensional Corner

A three-dimensional, time dependent Navier-Stokes code employing MacCormack's finite-difference scheme has been developed. Successful comparisons were performed for analytic solutions first to validate the numerical procedure. The strong inviscid-viscous interacting flow field for a three-dimensional compression corner at a Mach number of 12.5 and a Reynolds number of 1.21 x 10 was then computed and compared with experiment. The computed result nearly duplicated the experimental observations, including wall pressure, heat transfer, oil flow streamline pattern, and impact pressure flowfield survey. The numerical result not only verified the experimental finding of an extensive penetrating inviscid stream (inviscid finger) in the corner region as the source of the extremely high local rate of heat transfer, but also revealed an embedded crossflow supersonic region in the viscous vortex. The present result tends to substantiate the separation criterion established by the limiting line theory, in which the separation line is defined as an envelope of limiting streamlines. This investigation demonstrated that numerical methods may be used to determine the general features of complex threedimensional flows.
Wear behavior of high-pressure melamine-formaldehyde laminates

Abstract The wear process of melamine-formaldehyde resin reinforced with α-cellulose paper was studied using a ball and disc apparatus. The wear behavior was followed optically and the various stages were photographed. Three stages of wear were noted: 1. (1) the initial failure consisted of cracking and chipping most often above the point of intersection of the paper fibers with the laminate surface. Lines which formed the envelope of these failure points defined the boundaries of the wear track in stage 2. (2) which consisted of continued chip ejection until the entire surface of the track had been pitted. At that point the ball was seated in the track and in stage 3. (3) continued to cut a groove.