cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation of lysyl oxidase by dietary copper in rats

Lysyl oxidase levels were estimated in rat tissues using an enzyme-linked immunosorption assay (ELISA) and a functional assay standardized against known amounts of purified lysyl oxidase. High concentrations of lysyl oxidase (≥150 μg/g of tissue or packed cells) were detected in connective tissues, such as tendon and skin. Values for aorta, kidney, lung and liver ranged from 30 to 150 μg/g of tissue ; values for skeletal muscle and diaphragm were (30 μg/g tissue. Purified rat skin lysyl oxidase catalyzed the release of 50-100 Bq of tritium per μg enzyme in assays that used 3 H-elastin-rich substrates. In dense connective tissues, good agreement was obtained for the values from ELISA and those derived from measurements of functional activity in aorta, lung, skin and tendon (r 2 > 0.9). When egg white-based experimental diets containing 2 or 10 μg/g added copper were fed to weanling rats, values for skin lysyl oxidase functional activity in the group fed 2 μg/g added copper were one-third to one-half the values for skin lysyl oxidase functional activity in rats fed 10 μg/g copper. This reduction in lysyl oxidase activity, however, had minimal effect on indices of collagen maturation in rat skin, e.g., collagen solubility in neutral salt and dilute acid or the levels of acid stable crosslinks. Moreover, copper deficiency did not influence the steady-state levels of lysyl oxidase specific mRNA in rat skin or the apparent amounts of lysyl oxidase in rat skin as determined by ELISA. These observations underscore that the concentration of lysyl oxidase is relatively high in dense corrective tissues, and although decreasing dietary copper influences functional activity, there is little apparent effect on the production of lysyl oxidase protein.
Analyzing anatomical structures: leveraging multiple sources of knowledge

Analysis of medical images, especially the extraction of anatomical structures, is a critical component of many medical applications: surgical planning and navigation, and population studies of anatomical shapes for tracking disease progression are two primary examples. We summarize recent trends in segmentation and analysis of shapes, highlighting how different sources of information have been factored into current approaches.
PERFORMING DOUBT: THE ART OF BELIEVING IN EARLY MODERN SPAIN = EL EJERCICIO DE LA DUDA: EL ARTE DE CREER EN LA ESPAÑA ALTO MODERNA

If it is true that works of art belong to a context, it is also important to bear in mind that they also help to define it. This dialogic relation, this complicity, as it were, between art and reality, between the object of art and their agents- patrons, potential public and censors- does not always receive the attention it deserves. The present article proposes a model of analysis for one of the most representative aspects of material and figurative culture in early modern Spain: the sacred image. The article problematizes the definition of religious imaginary as devotional, and investigates the narrative elements with which images define the religious experience. Placing the medium and not the message in the center of attention –as it is argued in this text-offers an alternative to those explanation models in which the work of art is presented as the reflection (be it spontaneous or censured) of its context.
A Calibrated Microwave Directional Bridge for Remote Network Analysis through Optical Fiber

A method of measuring the reflection coefficient of a RF device under test at a remote location is presented. By measuring the voltage magnitude and phase at two separated points along a transmission line, the ratio of reverse and forward waves on the transmission line is calculated. High-impedance, 25 GHz bandwidth reflection mode electro-absorption modulators (REAM) [1] are used to probe the voltages without perturbing the signal along the transmission line. Since the RF voltage signals are converted by each REAM to optical signals on fiber, freedom to locate the DUT far away from the test set is achieved.
Student-facilitated radiology-pathology correlation conferences: an experiential educational tool to teach multidisciplinary patient care.

Purpose The aim of this study was to provide an experiential educational activity during the fourth-year radiology clerkship through a student-facilitated radiology-pathology correlation conference held as part of the radiology departmental conference to increase students' exposure to the longitudinal, multidisciplinary care of a patient and to enhance undergraduate medical education in radiology, pathology, and oncology. Methods During July 2006, a formal radiology-pathology correlation conference held by medical students was added to the core curriculum for residents and fellows. A total of 141 students, in groups of 3 to 5, collaborated with an attending radiologist to choose an interesting case with radiology and pathology correlation and subsequently met with a fellow or attending physician in the pathology department to review the slides and pathologic diagnosis. A 1-hour departmental conference in the fourth week of the clerkship was devoted to the students' presentations. Formal evaluation was performed from March 2007 to March 2008, through completion of an anonymized questionnaire evaluating the logistics and content of this educational activity. Results One hundred seventeen students (83%) felt that the session taught them about the longitudinal care of patients. A majority of the students, 118 (84%), preferred the student-facilitated format to a resident-run conference. In addition, 124 (88%) thought that this type of activity should continue to be part of the clerkship, and 119 (84%) thought that this type of exercise would be a valuable addition to other core clerkships. Conclusion Student-facilitated radiology-pathology departmental conferences are an effective means to provide students an opportunity to integrate imaging into the longitudinal care of patients and to expose students to the multidisciplinary approach to patient care.
Crystal structure and chemical reactivity of heme phenoxide adducts

Abstract A simple phenoxide heme compound has been fully structurally characterized for the first time. The crystal structure of a 2,6-dichlorophenoxy Fe(III) 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin is reported and compared with the structure of simple aliphatic alkoxy aducts of Fe(III) porphyrins. It is further shown that phenoxy Fe porphyrins can promote regiospecific substitution (cyanation) of the bound phenol ring.
Development of the turtle carapace: Implications for the evolution of a novel bauplan

The chelonian carapace is composed of the endochondral ribs and vertebrae associated with a specialized dermis. The ribs are found in an aberrant position compared to those of all other tetrapods; they are superficial and dorsal to the limb girdles. This morphological arrangement, which constitutes the unique chelonian Bauplan, is examined from a developmental perspective. Embryos of Chelydra serpentina were studied during stages of carapace development. Tissue morphology, autoradiography, and indirect immunofluorescent localization of adhesion molecules indicate that the outgrowth of the embryonic carapace occurs as the result of an epithelial–mesenchymal interaction in the body wall. A carapacial ridge composed of mesenchyme of the dermis and overlying ectoderm is formed dorsal to the ectodermal boundary between somitic and lateral plate mesoderm. It is the anlage of the carapace margin, in which the ribs will eventually terminate. The ectoderm of the carapacial ridge is thickened into a pseudostratified columnar epithelium, which overlies a condensation in the mesenchyme of the dermis. Patterns of cell proliferation and the distribution of N-CAM and fibronectin in the carapacial ridge are consistent with patterns seen in other structures initiated by epithelial–mesenchymal interactions such as feathers and limb buds. Based on an analogy to this developmental mechanism in the development of the limb skeleton, a further analogy with the evolution of the limbs from lateral fin folds is used to form a hypothesis on the evolution of the carapace from elements of the primitive reptilian integument.
Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Disease in Pregnancy: Their Contributions to Cardiovascular Risk

More women than men die each year of cardiovascular disease, which remains the leading cause of death in the United States. Sex-specific factors, including pregnancy-related disorders, should be considered when assessing cardiovascular (CV) risk in women. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy have been associated with CV risk later in life and may identify women in whom earlier primary prevention may reduce their risk. This article reviews the physiologic changes in blood pressure during pregnancy, current definitions of hypertensive diseases of pregnancy and preeclampsia, and postulated pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to preeclampsia that might contribute to later CV risk. Also summarized are studies providing evidence on the association between hypertensive diseases of pregnancy and future CV risk.
Measurement of Nucleon Structure Function in Muon Scattering at 147 GeV/c

Results on the nucleon structure function, $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}$, are presented for $0.2l~{q}^{2}l~50$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$ and $5l~\ensuremath{\nu}l~130$ GeV. They were obtained by scattering 147-GeV positive muons inelastically from a liquid deuterium target.
Targeting the p53 signaling pathway in cancer therapy – the promises, challenges and perils

Introduction: Research over the past three decades has identified p53 as a multi-functional transcription factor. p53 influences myriad, highly diverse cellular processes, and represents one of the most important and extensively studied tumor suppressors. Activated by various stresses, p53 blocks cancer progression by provoking transient or permanent growth arrest, by enabling DNA repair, or by advancing cellular death programs. This anti-cancer activity profile, together with genomic and mutational analyses documenting inactivation of p53 in more than 50% of human cancers, motivated drug development efforts to (re-) activate p53 in established tumors. Areas covered: The complexities of p53 signaling in cancer are summarized, including current strategies and challenges to restore p53's tumor suppressive function in established tumors, to inactivate p53 inhibitors, and to restore wild type function of p53 mutant proteins. Expert opinion: p53 represents an attractive target for the development of anti-cance...
Ceramide targets autophagosomes to mitochondria and induces lethal mitophagy

Mechanisms by which autophagy promotes cell survival or death are unclear. We provide evidence that C(18)-pyridinium ceramide treatment or endogenous C(18)-ceramide generation by ceramide synthase 1 (CerS1) expression mediates autophagic cell death, independent of apoptosis in human cancer cells. C(18)-ceramide-induced lethal autophagy was regulated via microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 β-lipidation, forming LC3B-II, and selective targeting of mitochondria by LC3B-II-containing autophagolysosomes (mitophagy) through direct interaction between ceramide and LC3B-II upon Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission, leading to inhibition of mitochondrial function and oxygen consumption. Accordingly, expression of mutant LC3B with impaired ceramide binding, as predicted by molecular modeling, prevented CerS1-mediated mitochondrial targeting, recovering oxygen consumption. Moreover, knockdown of CerS1 abrogated sodium selenite-induced mitophagy, and stable LC3B knockdown protected against CerS1- and C(18)-ceramide-dependent mitophagy and blocked tumor suppression in vivo. Thus, these data suggest a new receptor function of ceramide for anchoring LC3B-II autophagolysosomes to mitochondrial membranes, defining a key mechanism for the induction of lethal mitophagy.
Rehearsal Organizational Structures Used by Successful High School Choral Directors.

Methodology textbooks disagree as to the most effective type of organizational structure to be used in choral rehearsal. Previous research, while supporting the use of rehearsal structure, added little support to any of the advocated designs. The author of this study sought to determine the type of rehearsal organizational structure used by successful Ohio high school choral directors. Relationships between rehearsal structure and either teaching style or student attitude were investigated. Results indicated that one rehearsal organizational structure was used predominantly. Results also indicated that a positive attitude toward chorus surfaced among students of all directors included in the sample, regardless of rehearsal structure used. In addition, some commonalities were found in perceived teaching style. Implications for both teacher training and choral rehearsal design are discussed.
Challenging the Conventional Wisdom: Recent Proposals for the Interpretive Study of Inequality

The conventional wisdom among many sociologists is (1) that it is their prerogative to define, document, and explain the inequalities that exist in society and (2) that there are two general theoretical perspectives useful for studying inequality: functionalism and conflict theory. Some scholars have recently challenged the latter portion of this view by advocating the development of more interpretive, interactionist approaches. However, these scholars' agendas often tend to perpetuate the first half of the conventional wisdom. While interactionists (and other constructionist scholars) can choose to study inequality in any number of ways, I argue that the most distinctive contribution they can make is to focus on the meanings that inequalities have for people in everyday life, as well as how those meanings are achieved.
Certification of a CFD code for high-speed civil transport design optimization

An investigation of the aerodynamlc modeling requirements for high-speed civil transport (HSCT) design was made. Studies were performed to determine the effects of including Euler/Navier-Stokes calculations for the supersonic aerodynamic performance and structural loading of HSCT designs. Accuracy, computational effort, and ease of implementation are some of the considerations which are addressed. We quantify the increase in accuracy of the CFD calculations over linear supersonic methods through comparison with experimental data. As expected, it was found that the Euler and parabolized Navier-Stokes solutions are more accurate than those from linear theory. For relatively thick bodies, significant increases in the accuracy of the zero-lift wave drag prediction can be obtained using CFD in place of slender body results. However, for more slender bodies and wings, like those for our HSCT designs, this improvement is drastically reduced. Investigation into the force and moment data for wings and wing-fuselages show several consistent patterns. For our HSCT wings, parabolized Navier-Stokes predictions on the viscous drag matched closely with those predicted from algebraic skin friction estimates. The linear supersonic theory results consistently overpredict the lift and underpredict the drag as compared to CFD. These drag differences have a large effect on the HSCT range calculations. Also, relatively small differences in the predicted center of pressure location between Euler and linear theory resulted in significant differences in wing bending stresses and structural weights. (Author)
A Rapid, High Resolution High Performance Liquid Chromatography Profiling Procedure for Plant and Microbial Aromatic Secondary Metabolites

High performance liquid chromatography protocols have been developed to allow the simultaneous analysis of a very wide range of soluble aromatic secondary metabolites in unfractionated biological extracts. The methods are simple, sensitive, and highly reproducible. They are applicable to a wide variety of natural product investigations in both plants and microorganisms. High resolution of metabolites is achieved in 25 minutes by chromatography on a reverse phase C18 column in a gradient of 0 to 55% acetonitrile in water at pH 3. For example, near-baseline resolution of over 20 phenylpropanoid metabolites and 18 naturally occurring metabolites of indole-3-acetic acid can be obtained. The methods can be applied directly to whole tissue extracts without prepurification or enrichment. Moreover, the simplicity and sensitivity of the protocols allow their application to a large number of very small tissue samples, such as those encountered in research on host-microbe interactions. Such profiles allow one to monitor simultaneously the various alternative metabolic fates of a complex array of molecules. Examination of the profiles over time thus provides one with a powerful tool to correlate many concurrent molecular events that may relate to a given biological phenomenon. The final protocol requires as little as 1 milligram of tissue, which is extracted directly in a microfuge tube in 80% ethanol. With a variable wavelength detector, as little as 100 femtomoles of a given metabolite can be analyzed. Examples of the application of the protocols to a number of plant and microbial secondary product investigations and to screening for flavonoid mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. are given.
Correlation of wingtip noise with mean flow parameters

A family of single-element, NACA 0012 wings was computationally studied to find a correlation between mean flow parameters and the noise produced by the wingtip. An incompressible NavierStokes flow solver was used to compute the flowfleld. Dimensional analysis suggested combinations of mean flow parameters that could consistently scale with the wingtip noise. Correlations were formed between the computed flow variables and experimentally measured sound pressure levels. The results suggest that wingtip noise scales with an appropriate integral of the eighth power of the velocity multiplied by the thickness of the wing. Combinations of two freestream flow velocities (39.6 and 78.1 m/s), three angles of attack (5.4, 10.8, and 14.4 deg.), and five aspect ratios (2, 2.67, 4, 6, 12) defined the regime investigated. To further validate the correlations, an additional wing was experimentally and computationally investigated at four angles of attack (0, 4, 8, and 12 deg.) and three freestream velocities (30, 40, and 50 m/s). The eighth power of velocity correlation held for the second configuration as well.
All Algebraic Functions Can Be Computed Fast

Abstract : The expansions of algebraic functions can be computed 'fast' using the Newton Polygon Process and any 'normal' iteration. Let M(j) be the number of operations sufficient to multiply two jth degree polynomials. It is shown that the first N terms of an expansion of any algebraic function defined by an nth degree polynomial can be computed in O(n(M(N)) operations, while the classical method needs O(N sup n) operations. Among the numerous applications of algebraic functions are symbolic mathematics and combinatorial analysis. Reversion, reciprocation, and nth root of a polynomial are all special cases of algebraic functions.
Comparative study of the forelimbs of the semifossorial prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni, and the scansorial fox squirrel, Sciurus nlger

A comparative study of the forelimbs of the semifossorial prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni , and the scansorial tree squirrel, Sciurus niger, was focused on the musculoskeletal design for digging in the former and climbing in the latter. Based on lever arm mechanics, it was expected that the forelimb of the prairie dog would show features appropriate to the production of relatively large forces and that of the fox squirrel to relatively great velocity. Force and lever arm measurements were made of select forelimb muscles at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints for a series of angles in both species. Contraction time and fatigue indexes were determined for the same forelimb muscles. Contrary to expectation, in the few cases in which significant (P less than .05) differences were found, the forces, lever arms, and torques (force times its lever arm) were greater in the smaller fox squirrel. The observed variation in the torques produced fits the demands on the forelimb during climbing and digging as estimated from films. Several forelimb muscles of the fox squirrel show significantly higher mean contraction times than do the homologous muscles of the prairie dog. There were no significant differences between the two species in the fatigability of the selected forelimb muscles, although the mean fatigue index was always higher (less fatigable muscle) in the prairie dog. Similarities in the forelimbs of these two sciurids suggest that only minor modifications may have been required of the ancestral forelimb in order for descendent forms to operate successfully as climbers and diggers .
The role of halide-cycle reactions in the growth of nickel whiskers

Abstract The growth of nickel whiskers on nickel oxide crystals and of wustite crystals on magnesium oxide substrate crystals was examined by methods described in earlier publications. It was found that nickel oxide reduction in a near-equilibrium atmosphere, in the presence of halide and freshly reduced nickel, occurred by a halide-cycle mechanism. A similar finding resulted from the study of reduction of magnetite to wustite in the presence of iron halide. Evidence is presented which shows that halide-cycle reactions acting upon oxide play a critical role in the formation of nickel whiskers.
Equity, Access, and Participation in Community Networks The Case for Human-Computer Interaction

Concerned as it is with the design and development of safe, effective, and efficient technologies, the field of human-computer interaction (HCI) brings a powerful, multidisciplinary approach to issues surrounding individual and collective use of information systems. Dedicated to bringing computer access and literacy to heterogeneous communities, the community networking movement shares many of these concerns: namely, making these systems not only functional but also relevant to a diverse user population. Informed by several pertinent themes—usability, participatory design, and sociotechnical systems theory—this article illustrates the benefits HCI offers to community networking. The author suggests that community network advocates should explore HCI's potential for enhancing equity, access, and participation in community computer networks.
Age dependent endothelin contribution to NOC/oFQ induced impairment of NMDA cerebrovasodilation after brain injury.

Abstract This study was designed to characterize the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOC/oFQ) induced impairment of NMDA cerebrovasodilation after fluid percussion brain injury (FPI) as a function of age in newborn (1–5 days old) and juvenile (3–4 weeks old) pigs equipped with a closed cranial window. Previous studies have observed that NOC/oFQ is released into CSF and contributes to impaired NMDA induced pial artery dilation following FPI to a greater extent in newborn vs juvenile pigs. Topical ET-1 (10 −10 M), a concentration approximating that observed in CSF following FPI in the newborn, increased CSF NOC/oFQ from 67 ± 4 to 119 ± 7 pg/ml under non FPI conditions. CSF NOC/oFQ was elevated within 60 min of FPI (70 ± 3 to 444 ± 51 pg/ml) but such release was attenuated by the ET-1 antagonist BQ123 in the newborn (66 ± 3 to 145 ± 10 pg/ml). CSF ET-1 and NOC/oFQ were not elevated as greatly in the juvenile following FPI and BQ123 correspondingly did not attenuate CSF NOC/oFQ release as much as in the newborn. Under non injury conditions, ET-1 (10 −10 M) coadministered with NMDA attenuated pial dilation to this excitatory amino acid. Following FPI in the newborn, NMDA (10 −8 , 10 −6 M) induced pial artery dilation was reversed to vasoconstriction and both NOC/oFQ and ET-1 receptor antagonists partially prevented such alterations (9 ± 1 and 16 ± 1, sham control; −7 ± 1 and −12 ± 1, FPI; −2 ± 1 and −3 ± 1, FPI-NOC/oFQ antagonist; and 2 ± 1 and 5 ± 1%, FPI-ET-1 antagonist). NMDA induced pial dilation was only attenuated following FPI in the juvenile and modestly restored by NOC/oFQ and ET-1 receptor antagonists. These data show that ET-1, in concentrations present in CSF following FPI, contributes to the release of CSF NOC/oFQ following such an insult. The greater release of such ET-1 following FPI in the newborn contributes to the corresponding greater release of NOC/oFQ in the newborn vs the juvenile. Moreover, ET-1 also contributes to the impairment of NMDA cerebrovasodilation after brain injury to a greater extent in newborns vs juveniles. These data suggest that ET-1 contributes to NOC/oFQ induced impairment of NMDA cerebrovasodilation after brain injury in an age dependent manner.
Geostrophic comparisons using measurements from a moored current and temperature meter

THE vertical shear of horizontal current, calculated from moored current meters, can be compared with the geostrophic shear calculated from moored temperature measurements. The results of this comparison show good agreement in sign and magnitude and indicate the validity of the geostrophic balance in the conservation of momentum.
Bigger is not always better: Offspring size does not predict growth or survival for seven ascidian species

The presumed trade-off between offspring size and quality predicted by life history theory is often invoked to explain the wide range of propagule sizes observed in animals and plants. This trade-off is broadly supported by intraspecific studies but has been difficult to test in an interspecific context, particularly in animals. We tested the fitness consequences of offspring size both intra- and interspecifically for seven species of ascidians (sessile, suspension-feeding, marine invertebrates) whose offspring volumes varied over three orders of magnitude. We measured two major components of fitness, juvenile growth rates and survival, in laboratory and field experiments encompassing several food conditions. Contrary to the predictions of life history theory, larger offspring size did not result in higher rates of growth or survival, and large offspring did not perform better under nutritional stress, either intraspecifically or interspecifically. In fact, two of the four species with small offspring grew rapidly enough to catch up in size to the species with large offspring in as little as eight weeks, under wild-type food conditions. Trade-offs between growth potential and defense may overwhelm and obscure any trade-offs between offspring size and survival or growth rate. While large initial size may still confer a competitive advantage, we failed to detect any consequences of interspecific variation in initial size. This implies that larger offspring in these species, far from being inherently superior in growth or survival, require compensation in other aspects of life history if reproductive effort is to be efficient. Our results suggest that the importance of initial offspring size is context dependent and often overestimated relative to other life history traits.
Order reduction for models of space structures using modal cost analysis

Modal cost analysis furnishes a promising methodology for developing dynamical models of space structures for use in control systems analysis. Economy and accuracy can be attained by only retaining vibration modes that contribute significantly to an appropriately defined cost function. Expressions for modal costs (especially simple for 'lightly damped' structures) are derived for attitude control, vibration suppression, and shape control. These techniques are illustrated through application to a high-order finite element model of a large platform-type structure.
Influence of landscape position and vegetation on long-term weathering rates at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA

The spatial variability of long-term chemical weathering in a small watershed was examined to determine the effect of landscape position and vegetation. We sampled soils from forty-five soil pits within an 11.8-hectare watershed at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. The soil parent material is a relatively homogeneous glacial till deposited ∼14,000 years ago and is derived predominantly from granodiorite and pelitic schist. Conifers are abundant in the upper third of the watershed while the remaining portion is dominated by hardwoods. The average long-term chemical weathering rate in the watershed, calculated by the loss of base cations integrated over the soil profile, is 35 meq m−2 yr−1—similar to rates in other ∼10 to 15 ka old soils developed on granitic till in temperate climates. The present-day loss of base cations from the watershed, calculated by watershed mass balance, exceeds the long-term weathering rate, suggesting that the pool of exchangeable base cations in the soil is being diminished. Despite the homogeneity of the soil parent material in the watershed, long-term weathering rates decrease by a factor of two over a 260 m decrease in elevation. Estimated weathering rates of plagioclase, potassium feldspar and apatite are greater in the upper part of the watershed where conifers are abundant and glacial till is thin. The intra-watershed variability across this small area demonstrates the need for extensive sampling to obtain accurate watershed-wide estimates of long-term weathering rates.
Hyperconjugation: A More Coherent Approach

This article is a discussion of hyperconjugation and a proposal for introducing the idea within the framework of other important concepts such as conjugation and resonance.
Is exercise used as medicine? Association of meeting strength training guidelines and functional limitations among older US adults.

Abstract Objective To determine the association between meeting strength training guidelines (≥ 2 times per week) and the presence of functional limitations among older adults. Methods This cross-sectional study used data from older adult participants (N = 6763) of the National Health Interview Survey conducted in 2011 in the United States. Results Overall, 16.1% of older adults reported meeting strength training guidelines. For each of nine functional limitations, those with the limitation were less likely to meet strength training recommendations than those without the limitation. For example, 20.0% of those who reported no difficulty walking one-quarter mile met strength training guidelines, versus only 10.1% of those who reported difficulty (p Conclusion Strength training is uncommon among older adults and even less common among those who need it the most. The potential for strength training to improve the public's health is therefore substantial, as those who have the most to gain from strength training participate the least.
A convenient synthesis of 1‐methyl‐4‐oxopiṕecolic acid methyl ester

An efficient and convenient synthesis of the title compond 1 is described. The approach to the synthesis is based on hydride reduction of the 4-methoxypyridinium salt 5, followed by acid hydrolysis of the resulting vinyl ether intermediate 6.
Adler-Weisberger sum rules for higher spin particles

Abstract It is pointed out that, for particles of spin J or J+ 1 2 (J an integer), there are J + 1 independent Adler-Weisberger sum rules. The case of πϱ scattering is treated as an example to show that more useful information can be obtained by considering all of them.
Viral Infection: A Potent Barrier to Transplantation Tolerance

Transplantation of allogeneic organs has proven to be an effective therapeutic for a large variety of disease states, but the chronic immunosuppression that is required for organ allograft survival increases the risk for infection and neoplasia and has direct organ toxicity. The establishment of transplantation tolerance, which obviates the need for chronic immunosuppression, is the ultimate goal in the field of transplantation. Many experimental approaches have been developed in animal models that permit long-term allograft survival in the absence of chronic immunosuppression. These approaches function by inducing peripheral or central tolerance to the allograft. Emerging as some of the most promising approaches for the induction of tolerance are protocols based on costimulation blockade. However, as these protocols move into the clinic, there is recognition that little is known as to their safety and efficacy when confronted with environmental perturbants such as virus infection. In animal models, it has been reported that virus infection can prevent the induction of tolerance by costimulation blockade and, in at least one experimental protocol, can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. In this review, we discuss how viruses modulate the induction and maintenance of transplantation tolerance.
Modulation of Decoding Fidelity by Ribosomal Proteins S4 and S5

Ribosomal proteins S4 and S5 participate in the decoding and assembly processes on the ribosome and the interaction with specific antibiotic inhibitors of translation. Many of the characterized mutations affecting these proteins decrease the accuracy of translation, leading to a ribosomal-ambiguity phenotype. Structural analyses of ribosomal complexes indicate that the tRNA selection pathway involves a transition between the closed and open conformations of the 30S ribosomal subunit and requires disruption of the interface between the S4 and S5 proteins. In agreement with this observation, several of the mutations that promote miscoding alter residues located at the S4-S5 interface. Here, the Escherichia coli rpsD and rpsE genes encoding the S4 and S5 proteins were targeted for mutagenesis and screened for accuracy-altering mutations. While a majority of the 38 mutant proteins recovered decrease the accuracy of translation, error-restrictive mutations were also recovered; only a minority of the mutant proteins affected rRNA processing, ribosome assembly, or interactions with antibiotics. Several of the mutations affect residues at the S4-S5 interface. These include five nonsense mutations that generate C-terminal truncations of S4. These truncations are predicted to destabilize the S4-S5 interface and, consistent with the domain closure model, all have ribosomal-ambiguity phenotypes. A substantial number of the mutations alter distant locations and conceivably affect tRNA selection through indirect effects on the S4-S5 interface or by altering interactions with adjacent ribosomal proteins and 16S rRNA.
Inner cutoff scale of flame surface wrinkling in turbulent premixed flames

The inner cutoff represents the smallest scale for the interaction of turbulent eddies with the premixed flame front. The nondimensional inner cutoff has been shown to scale with Karlovitz number, Kaβ, where β is −12. Three experimental data sets, with available statistical information, strongly agree with this scaling. However, the five data sets, two without experimental error statistic, seem to favor β = −13, in accordance with the direct numerical simulation results. The inner cutoff expressions reported in literature, obtained through experimental data, numerical data, or physical reasoning, have been evaluated by comparing with five experimental data sets reported recently. It has been shown that the Gibson scale, which was proposed as the inner cutoff and asserts an inverse square dependence on Karlovitz number, does not show any agreement with the experimental data or direct numerical simulation results.
Accelerating comparative genomics workflows in a distributed environment with optimized data partitioning

The advent of new sequencing technology has generated massive amounts of biological data at unprecedented rates. High-throughput bioinformatics tools are required to keep pace with this. Here, we implement a workflow-based model for parallelizing the data intensive task of genome alignment and variant calling with BWA and GATK's HaplotypeCaller. We explore different approaches of partitioning data and how each affect the run time. We observe granularity-based partitioning for BWA and alignment-based partitioning for HalotypeCaller to be the optimal choices for the pipeline. We identify the various challenges encountered while developing such an application and provide an insight into addressing them. We report significant performance improvements, from 12 days to 4 hours, while running the BWA-GATK pipeline using 100 nodes for analyzing high-coverage oak tree data.
The AF4-mimetic peptide, PFWT, induces necrotic cell death in MV4-11 leukemia cells

Despite ongoing success in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, patients harboring translocations involving the MLL gene at chromosome 11q23 remain resistant to treatment. To improve outcomes, novel therapeutics designed to target the unusual biology of these leukemias need to be developed. Previously, we identified an interaction between the two most common MLL fusion proteins, AF4 and AF9, and designed a synthetic peptide (PFWT) capable of disrupting this interaction. PFWT induced cell death in leukemia cells expressing MLL-AF4 with little effect on the colony forming potential of hematopoietic progenitor cells, suggesting the AF4-AF9 complex is an important pharmacological target for leukemia therapy and PFWT is a promising chemotherapeutic prototype. In these studies, we demonstrate that PFWT induces death by necrosis in MV4-11 cells. Cell death is characterized by rapid loss of plasma membrane integrity with maintenance of nuclear membrane integrity, and is independent of caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. PFWT-mediated necrosis is inhibited by the serine protease inhibitor TLCK, suggesting this death pathway is regulated. Given the resistance of t(4;11) leukemias to conventional chemotherapeutic agents that induce apoptosis, further identification of the molecular events mediating this death process should uncover new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Development and evaluation of an interactive Web-based breast imaging game for medical students.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate by student survey an interactive computer tool for teaching breast imaging to 4th-year medical students. Materials and Methods An interactive computer game was designed for competitive play between two students or between one student and one of two cyber players. Content was determined from a survey of faculty members in breast imaging, and the survey results were grouped into 10 learning objectives. Pre-existing knowledge of these objectives in 16 4th-year medical students was tested by a quiz. On the basis of the learning objectives, case scenarios and questions were incorporated into the game, which was programmed in JavaScript and available on a Web site. Preliminary and final versions of the game were used for teaching 55 4th-year medical students. A subgroup of 42 students received an informational handout. Student surveys were performed. Results Mean quiz score for pre-existing knowledge of the learning objectives was 45% (range, 13%–67%). Survey results showed that images contributed to educational value (92%), the Web site was more interesting to students than the handout (93.6%), and the Web site provided additional reinforcement of learning beyond that of the handout or lecture (88.8%). Students liked the Web site accessibility (96%), and more than 70% agreed the Web site was also appropriate for other medical specialties. An Internet search identified no other Web-based computer games for medical students. Conclusion Students surveyed found the Web site to be worthwhile, convenient, and applicable to other specialties.
Depth distortion in color-interlaced stereoscopic 3D displays

In the conventional temporally interlaced S3D protocol, red, green, and blue are presented simultaneously to one eye and then to the other eye. Thus, images are presented in alternating fashion to the two eyes. Moving objects presented with this protocol are often perceived at incorrect depth relative to stationary parts of the scene. We implemented a colorinterlaced protocol that could in principle minimize or even eliminate such depth distortions. In this protocol, green is presented to one eye and red and blue to the other eye at the same time. Then red and blue are presented to the first eye and green to the second. Using a stereoscope, we emulated the color-interlaced protocol and measured the magnitude of depth distortions as a function of object speed. The results showed that color interlacing yields smaller depth distortions than temporal interlacing in most cases and never yields larger distortions. Indeed, when color interlacing produces no brightness change within sub-frames, the distortions are eliminated altogether. The results also show that the visual system’s calculation of depth from disparity is based on luminance, not chromatic signals. In conclusion, color interlacing provides great potential for improved stereo presentation.
ϵ beyond the naive mass spectrum

Abstract We study the physics of SU(3) gauge configurations on a 63 × 14 lattice obtained by a real space renormalization group transformation from configurations generated at β = 6.2 on a 183 × 42 lattice. We give results for Wilson loops and for hadron properties using Susskind fermions. These include a measurement of the hadron masses, the ϵ → ππ coupling constant and the matrix element 〈π| ψ ψ|π〉 which is related to ƒ π . We suggest an improved method of obtaining 〈 ψ ψ〉 . We also show that non-local operators in the Susskind formulation yield a cleaner signal for the ρ and π correlators and the corresponding masses are estimated more reliably.
Theoretical Analysis of Fracture Healing Monitoring with External Fixators

A fracture healing monitoring system with external fixators was analysed using the finite element method. Pin displacement and side bar strain under axial and side loading were evaluated at various stages of simulated fracture healing. In general, a recovery of rigidity at the fracture site of up of 25 percent of intact bone could be sensitively predicted. Effects of cross-sectional distribution and length of callus at the fracture site on pin displacement and side bar strain were studied. Alterations of fixation configuration, such as component failure during the healing process, were found to have relatively little effect on pin displacement but a rather larger effect on side bar strain. In general, the assessment of fracture healing by monitoring the deformation of external fixation devices is a useful idea. However, in practice, great care must be taken to fully understand the implication of the monitoring system before drawing conclusions on such measurements.
The Glycosaminoglycan Attachment Regions of Human Aggrecan

Aggrecan possesses both chondroitin sulfate (CS) and keratan sulfate (KS) chains attached to its core protein, which reside mainly in the central region of the molecule termed the glycosaminoglycan-attachment region. This region is further subdivided into the KS-rich domain and two adjacent CS-rich domains (CS1 and CS2). The CS1 domain of the human is unique in exhibiting length polymorphism due to a variable number of tandem amino acid repeats. The focus of this work was to determine how length polymorphism affects the structure of the CS1 domain and whether CS and KS chains can coexist in the different glycosaminoglycan-attachment domains. The CS1 domain possesses several amino acid repeat sequences that divide it into three subdomains. Variation in repeat number may occur in any of these domains, with the consequence that CS1 domains of the same length may possess different amino acid sequences. There was no evidence to support the presence of KS in either the CS1 or the CS2 domains nor the presence of CS in the KS-rich domain. The structure of the CS chains was shown to vary between the CS1 and CS2 domains, particularly in the adult, with variation occurring in chain length and the sulfation of the non-reducing terminal N-acetyl galactosamine residue. CS chains in the adult CS2 domain were shorter than those in the CS1 domain and possessed disulfated terminal residues in addition to monosulfated residues. There was, however, no change in the sulfation pattern of the disaccharide repeats in the CS chains from the two domains.
Validity issues in teacher licensure tests

It seems so simple• We do not want incompetent teachers• Tests should be able to weed out teachers with skills at a level such as that demonstrated in the first quote above• Why should we be concerned whether the deity of validity has done good works in teacher competency tests? But things are not always as simple as they seem. What is "teacher competency?" How do we know whether tests really measure it? Such questions should be, and have been, asked. This article is intended to take a close look at several issues regarding the validity of teacher competency tests• A general conclusion of the article is that such tests are valid for a delimited set of inferences•
Efficient Private Publish-Subscribe Systems

We address the problem of privacy in publish-subscribe(pub-sub) systems that typically expose some form of published content and subscriber interest, at least to the infrastructure responsible for subscription matching and content delivery. In our recent work, we proposed P3S, a pub-sub middleware designed to protect the privacy of subscriber interest and confidentiality of published content. P3S combined Cipher text Policy Attribute Based Encryption(CP-ABE) with Predicate Based Encryption (PBE) in its novel system architecture to achieve the desired level of content (payload and metadata) confidentiality, and subscription privacy. In this work, we build upon P3S to achieve the strongest possible subscription privacy where clear text subscription is visible only to the subscriber. Furthermore, we add support for subscription policy enforcement, improve the expressiveness of predicates by allowing disjunctions of conjunction, and improve the efficiency of the underlying cryptography through enhanced cryptographic construction and optimized implementation of cryptographic primitives. To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents the first comprehensive and practical implementation of a real-time privacy preserving pub-sub system, demonstrated on a large-scale test bed featuring up to 90 subscribers with robust, scalable and efficient performance. Our code and test bed specifications are freely available for research and experimentation purposes.
Sequential outliers: the role of spoilers in comic book reading

Although many disparage ‘spoilers’ as ruining reading experiences by revealing plot details prematurely, comics readers commonly experience texts in ways that reveal story information out of order: eager readers will flip through a comic and catch glimpses of future narrative events, wandering eyes will scan panels out of order, etc. Upon closer inspection, ‘sequential’ art is often experienced in decidedly ‘non-sequential’ ways. While scholars in literary and media studies have analysed the role of spoilers in reception of books and television, the topic remains marginalized and under-explored in comics studies. This article argues that non-sequentiality and spoilers are historically and aesthetically central to comic narration, and that they facilitate, rather than impede, the pleasures we receive when engaging with such texts. Specifically, I show how non-sequential reading complicates any formal analysis of graphic storytelling, even as it increases the potential enjoyment readers may receive from com...