cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A randomized controlled trial of the web-based OurRelationship program: Effects on relationship and individual functioning.

Objective Within the United States, one third of married couples are distressed and almost half of first marriages (and more than half of unmarried cohabiting relationships) end in divorce/separation. Additionally, relationship distress has been linked to mental and physical health problems in partners and their children. Although couple therapy is effective in reducing relationship distress, it is utilized by less than one third of divorcing couples. Therefore, more accessible interventions for relationship distress are needed. Method This study tests the efficacy of the OurRelationship program, an 8-hr online program adapted from an empirically based, in-person couple therapy. In the program, couples complete online activities and have 4 15-min calls with project staff. Nationwide, 300 heterosexual couples (N = 600 participants) participated; couples were generally representative of the US in terms of race, ethnicity, and education. Couples were randomly assigned to begin the program immediately or to a 2-month waitlist control group. Results Compared to the waitlist group, intervention couples reported significant improvements in relationship satisfaction (Cohen's d = 0.69), relationship confidence (d = 0.47), and negative relationship quality (d = 0.57). Additionally, couples reported significant improvements in multiple domains of individual functioning, especially when individuals began the program with difficulties in that domain: depressive (d = 0.71) and anxious symptoms (d = 0.94), perceived health (d = 0.51), work functioning (d = 0.57), and quality of life (d = 0.44). Conclusions In a nationally representative sample of couples, the OurRelationship program was effective in significantly improving both relationship and individual functioning, suggesting it can substantially increase the reach of current interventions through its low-cost, Web-based format.
Decoupling of interaction between WBG converter and motor load for switching performance improvement

High speed switching of WBG devices causes their switching behavior to be highly susceptible to the parasitics in the circuit, including inductive loads. An inductive load consisting of a motor and power cable significantly worsens the switching speed and losses of SiC MOSFETs in a PWM inverter. This paper focuses on the motor plus power cable based inductive load, and aims at mitigating its negative influence during the switching transient. An auxiliary filter is designed and inserted between the converter and inductive load so that the parasitics of the load will not be “seen” from the converter side during the switching transient. Test results with Cree 1200-V/20-A SiC MOSFETs show that the proposed auxiliary inductor enables the switching performance with a practical inductive load (e.g., motor plus cable based inductive load) to exhibit behavior close to that when the optimally-designed double pulse test load inductor is employed.
Introduction to the Spatial Theory of Legislating

Much of congressional politics has geometric characteristics. When we speak of most Democrats as liberals, most Republicans as conservatives, and some legislators as moderates, we have in mind an ideological or policy spectrum – a line or dimension – along which we can place legislators. In recent Congresses, the parties have been sharply divided, with very little overlap between the parties. Figure A.1 illustrates this for the 109th Congress (2005–2006) for senators. Using a statistical technique, senators were scored on the basis of their overall voting record in the Congress. Democrats and Republicans were concentrated on opposite sides of the spectrum, creating one of the most polarized Senates in history. Legislators’ policy positions also can be represented in two or more dimensions, when appropriate. In Figure A.2, senators’ policy positions are identified in two dimensions for a debate on an immigration reform bill in 2006. Their locations are identified with the help of a statistical analysis of their votes on about three dozen amendments and other motions that were considered on the Senate floor. The most significant issue during the debate concerned the standards for allowing illegal immigrants to gain legal entry to the United States. Senators who opposed special arrangements for reentry lined up on the far right, while senators who favored standards that would ease reentry for work or citizenship were located on the left (the horizontal dimension). Other issues, such as the ceiling on the number of legal immigrants allowed, were debated, too, and sometimes divided senators differently than the votes related to the treatment of current illegal immigrants (the vertical dimension). Democrats tended to favor both standards that facilitated reentry and larger quotas, while Republicans were split on reentry standards and tended to favor smaller quotas.
Static Detection of Implementation Errors in Data-Centric Web Services

The experiment described in this chapter is performed to test our hypothesis that our formal model and contracting framework enables detection of programming errors at design time in data-centric Web services. Again, we use mutation testing techniques in order to measure the effectiveness of the data contract attached to services.
Toughness Affects Learning

Freud was right about some things. Therefore, usually without directly referencing him, modern researchers are dusting off a few of his previously disparaged psychoanalytic concepts. After a fall, the mighty are sometimes resurrected, or at least propped up a bit. To be sure, Freudian concepts like the unconscious, and libido, look different in the 21st century than they did a century earlier. I will not play with the unconscious here (as far as I know, but with the unconscious, who can be sure?). Instead, I focus on mental energy—a stepchild of libido.
Laparoscopic Management of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Management of inflammatory bowel disease in children is complex with multiple treatment modalities, including surgery. The use of laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of these disease processes has many advantages over standard laparotomy incisions, including faster recovery and making future operations safer and less complex due to less scarring. Described here are the evaluation, operative techniques, and outcomes related to the use of laparoscopy in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in the pediatric population.
Crossover to Fermi-Liquid Behavior at Lowest Temperatures in Pure CeNi2Ge2

We present a low temperature study of the nearly antiferromagnetic heavy Fermion compound CeNi2Ge2 including specific heat measurements in magnetic fields up to 13 T, resistivity, magnetization, DC- and AC- susceptibility measurements down to 30 mK. The results show that, although the system is close to a quantum critical point, CeNi2Ge2 exhibits Fermi-liquid behavior below approximately 300 mK. At higher temperatures hyperscaling indicates the existence of strong coupling spin fluctuations responsible for the observed non-Fermi-liquid properties.
Abstract P116: The Physiological Ventricular Growth Signal Can Be Determined Using Infants with Congenital Heart Disease as Models

Objectives The signal for ventricular growth has not been defined. This basic developmental question was studied using infants with congenital heart lesions as models. Our first hypothesis was that clinical ventricular hypoplasia is a developmental rather than a primarily genetic defect and, therefore, catch-up growth can be induced. Our clinical observations also led to the hypothesis that forward flow across the atrioventricular (AV) valve (mitral or tricuspid) is what generates the growth signal. To test these hypotheses we analyzed clinical data from infants with a variety of congenital defects including three groups of patients with a hypoplastic ventricle in whom a procedure was carried out to increase flow across the AV valve. Methods Infants with one of several congenital heart problems had right and left ventricular volumes (RV, LV) assessed by biplane echo and indexed to body surface area (m 2 ). The degree of hypoplasia was calculated using nomograms to determine the number of standard errors of the mean (SEM) below the expected volume (Table 1). Hypoplasia was considered significant when the SEM Results Other possible growth mechanisms were assessed. (1) High wall stress with systemic or supra-systemic pressures produced no net cavitary growth unless AV valve flow was increased. (2) Significant retrograde flow from semilunar valve regurgitation did not increase ventricular size until failure developed. Therefore, no evidence was found for other growth mechanisms. Conclusions 1) Patients with congenital heart disease have a variety of defects, some of which can serve as models to answer basic developmental questions. 2) Increased AV valve flow provides the signal which induces ventricular growth. 3) Operations which increased AV valve flow induced catch-up growth of hypoplastic ventricles and allowed beneficial two-ventricle repairs in these patients.
The semi-geostrophic system: weak-strong uniqueness under uniform convexity

We prove a weak-strong uniqueness result for the semi-geostrophic system with constant Coriolis force. The main assumptions on the strong solution are the boundedness of the velocity field as well as the uniform convexity of the Legendre-Fenchel transform of the modified pressure. We give several examples where our results apply, including some classical solutions on the 2-dimensional torus, and the “stationary” solutions for 3DSG (for which the total wind velocity is zero but the pressure may be time-dependent).
Amyloid Enhancing Factor (AEF) — Induced Amyloidosis Lacks Inflammatory Reaction

Studies were performed on sections of spleens from batches of mice that had been subjected to either of two amyloidogenic protocols: inflammatory stimulus alone or inflammatory stimulus together with AEF. Sections were stained with Congo red to verify amyloid deposition and adjacent sections stained by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against a variety of cellular markers. A striking difference was observed in the degree of inflammatory reaction exhibited by the two groups, being barely noticeable in the AEF-induced group but very strong in the inflammatory stimulus group. This was particularly noticeable using antibodies against lysozyme, α1-antichymotrypsin, CD 68 and Mac 387 which are markers for myeloid and monocytic/histiocytic cells. We conclude from these findings that AEF-induced amyloidosis lacks an inflammatory component and suggest that AEF may contain factor(s) which are produced by inflammatory cells in “classical” amyloidosis.
Fault injection attacks on emerging non-volatile memory and countermeasures

Emerging Non-Volatile Memories (NVMs) suffer from high and asymmetric read/write current and long write latency which can result in supply noise such as supply voltage droop and ground bounce. The magnitude of supply noise depends on the old data and the new data that is being written (for write operation) or on the stored data (for read operation). In this paper, we show that the adversary can write specific data pattern (that results in deterministic supply noise) in their memory space to launch, i) Denial of Service (DoS) attack (total write failure), and ii) specific polarity fault (i.e., fault injection) attack in victim's memory space sharing the same power rails with the adversary's memory space. These attacks are specifically possible if exhaustive testing of the memory for all patterns, all possible location combinations, all possible parallel read/write conditions are not performed under bit-to-bit process variations and, specified (−10°C to 90°C) and unspecified temperature ranges (i.e., less than -10°C and greater than 90°C). Simulation result indicates that adversary can launch DoS attack on victim's write operation by injecting more than 120mV of supply noise to victim's write location. The adversary can also launch 0 → 1 polarity fault injection attack on victim's write operation by injecting supply noise greater than 50mV but shorter than 120mV to victim's write location. Furthermore, the adversary can cause data '1' read failure by injecting more than 150mV of supply noise to victim's read location.
Effect of prior vaccination on carriage rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in older adults: A longitudinal surveillance study.

Abstract Introduction Pneumococcus is a commensal of the upper respiratory tract and colonization is common in young children. Carriage studies have provided insights on vaccine effects in children and may also be useful for assessing vaccines in adults. However, culture based prevalence studies in older adults describe low colonization rates. Therefore, we assessed cumulative incidence of pneumococcal colonization in older adults using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the lytA gene and risk factors for carriage. Methods 100 community-dwelling adults ≥65 years were enrolled the winter of 2015 and followed biweekly for 12 months. Medical, vaccination and illness history as well as nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) samples were collected. Combined OP and NP were incubated in enrichment broth and screened using real-time lytA PCR. Samples from new colonization events (lytA PCR+) were cultured on gentamicin blood agar plates. Isolates identified by colony morphology as S. pneumoniae were serotyped using a multiplex combined immunoassay-PCR platform which classifies 96 serotypes. Cumulative incidence of pneumococcal carriage was calculated and risk factors for carriage assessed. Results The cumulative incidence of colonization was 41% by PCR and 14% by culture. Monthly prevalence ranged from 0 to 17% by PCR and 1 to 4% by culture with peaks in the spring and fall. Demographics were similar between colonized and never colonized subjects although colonized were younger (72.4 vs. 75.0 years, P = 0.06). Vaccination with any pneumococcal vaccine before or during study period was associated with decreased risk of becoming colonized (p Conclusion Pneumococcal colonization in older adults as detected by lytA PCR is frequent and pneumococcal vaccination appears to be associated with decreased risk of carriage. Further study is needed to understand the biological significance of molecular detection of pneumococcus in adults.
Unusual Presentation of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) (P6.403)

Objective: NA Background: NMOSD is an inflammatory disorder affecting the central nervous system and considered a distinct entity associated with antibodies to aquaporin-4. It presents as several distinct clinical syndromes. We describe a 36-year-old woman who presented with mild manifestations not hitherto described as part of the spectrum. Design/Methods: NA Results: Case: A 36-year-old woman presented to the neurology clinic with 1-1/2 month history of paresthesias in the legs described as an electric shock like sensation worsened by neck movement especially flexion. She also had painful spasms of low and mid back. Neurological examination was normal except for hyperreflexia in the lower extremities. MRI cervical thoracic and lumbar spine with and without contrast were normal. MRI brain showed non-specific non enhancing white matter lesions on T2/FLAIR images in the frontal lobes. CSF examination revealed elevated protein, elevation of IgG index and IgG synthesis rate, oligoclonal bands were negative. NMO antibody was elevated at 28.7 (N Discussion: Diagnostic criteria for NMOSD in a patient with positive antibodies requires the presence of at least one core clinical syndrome including optic neuritis, myelitis, brainstem syndrome, area postrema syndrome, narcolepsy or cerebral syndrome. However our patient manifested only with mild neurological symptoms in the form of a Lhermitte’s phenomenon and tonic spasms in the trunk. Over a period of 15 months the patient has not developed any progression of disease and is not on treatment. Our patient suggests that NMOSD may include mild disease without progression and that more clinical syndromes will likely be added to the current list of core syndromes Conclusions: NA Disclosure: Dr. Paul has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pirzada has nothing to disclose.
Efficient Traffic Load-Balancing via Incremental Expansion of Routing Choices

Routing policies play a major role in the performance of communication networks. Backpressure-based adaptive routing algorithms where traffic is load balanced along different routing paths on a per-packet basis have been studied extensively in the literature. Although backpressure-based algorithms have been shown to be networkwide throughput optimal, they typically have poor delay performance under light or moderate loads, because packets may be sent over unnecessarily long routes. Further, backpressure-based algorithms have required every node to compute differential backlogs for every per-destination queue with the corresponding per-destination queue at every adjacent node, which is expensive given the large number of possible pairwise differential backlogs between neighbor nodes. In this article, we propose new backpressure-based adaptive routing algorithms that only use shortest-path routes to destinations when they are sufficient to accommodate the given traffic load, but the proposed algorithms will incrementally expand routing choices as needed to accommodate increasing traffic loads. We show analytically by means of fluid analysis that the proposed algorithms retain networkwide throughput optimality, and we show empirically by means of simulations that our proposed algorithms provide substantial improvements in delay performance. Our evaluations further show that, in practice, our approach dramatically reduces the number of pairwise differential backlogs that have to be computed and the amount of corresponding backlog information that has to be exchanged, because routing choices are only incrementally expanded as needed.
Wrestling with Angels, Searching for Ghosts: Toward a Critical Pedagogy of Visual Culture

This article examines critical pedagogy and visual culture as transdisciplinary discourses and practices that focus on the realm of the everyday—popular culture—as a site of struggle. Critical pedagogy is explored as a political practice that critiques popular culture in order to promote human agency and democratic public spheres. Visual culture is examined as field of study that analyzes and interprets how visual experiences are constructed within social systems, practices, and structures. The article investigates how both areas share theoretical allegiances to the study of popular visual culture in order to understand and challenge the way subjectivities are constituted through images and the social imagination. The article concludes with a synergistic framework that provides support for art education practice that addresses issues in everyday life—outside the classroom and beyond the museum realm.
Emotional Development and Anxiety

Emotion processes are related to anxiety symptoms and disorders across the lifespan. This chapter uses emotional development as an explicit framework for understanding these associations, focusing mainly on child and adolescent populations. We begin by reviewing empirical studies of emotion reactivity, emotion regulation, and associated constructs as they relate to clinically relevant anxiety. These emotion processes are then reviewed from the developmental literature, highlighting how individual differences in temperament and attachment may steer some children along trajectories of emotion development that put them at risk for anxiety. Factors that contextualize or provide mechanisms of the shift from typical development to clinically relevant anxiety outcomes include gender, attention biases and information processing, parenting, and culture. Finally, we review how emotion development has currently been incorporated into anxiety treatment and prevention. We offer suggestions for further incorporation of emotional development into the study of anxiety and the development of appropriate interventions.
Cognitive/Affective Empathy, Pro-Bullying Beliefs, and Willingness to Intervene on Behalf of a Bullied Peer:

The purpose of this study was to determine whether pro-bullying attitudes mediate the relation between affective and cognitive empathy and a student’s willingness to intervene in support of a bulli...
Robust CD4+ T-cell recovery in adults transplanted with cord blood and no antithymocyte globulin

Quality of immune reconstitution after cord blood transplantation (CBT) without antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in adults is not established. We analyzed immune recovery in 106 engrafted adult CBT recipients (median age 50 years [range 22-70]) transplanted for hematologic malignancies with cyclosporine/mycophenolate mofetil immunoprophylaxis and no ATG. Patients were treated predominantly for acute leukemia (66%), and almost all (96%) underwent myeloablation. Recovery of CD4+ T cells was faster than CD8+ T cells with median CD4+ T-cell counts exceeding 200/mm3 at 4 months. Early post-CBT, effector memory (EM), and central memory cells were the most common CD4+ subsets, whereas effector and EM were the most common CD8+ T-cell subsets. Naive T-cell subsets increased gradually after 6 to 9 months post-CBT. A higher engrafting CB unit infused viable CD3+ cell dose was associated with improved CD4+ and CD4+CD45RA+ T-cell recovery. Cytomegalovirus reactivation by day 60 was associated with an expansion of total, EM, and effector CD8+ T cells, but lower CD4+ T-cell counts. Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) did not significantly compromise T-cell reconstitution. In serial landmark analyses, higher CD4+ T-cell counts and phytohemagglutinin responses were associated with reduced overall mortality. In contrast, CD8+ T-cell counts were not significant. Recovery of natural killer and B cells was prompt, reaching medians of 252/mm3 and 150/mm3 by 4 months, respectively, although B-cell recovery was delayed by aGVHD. Neither subset was significantly associated with mortality. ATG-free adult CBT is associated with robust thymus-independent CD4+ T-cell recovery, and CD4+ recovery reduced mortality risk.
Rufino Blanco Fombona: An Exile in Spain

Rufino Blanco Fombona, an arch critic of Juan Vicente Gomez who was briefly a supporter of his when he took power from Cipriano Castro in 1908, would have nothing to do with the positivist visions of Jose Gil Fortoul or Laureano Vallenilla Lanz. Throughout his career, this major writer from the Venezuelan oligarchy who opted in the early 1890s for military school rather than law school, the decision a sign of the times in a country of sporadic insurrections where arms were more valuable than letters and who participated in the Revolucion Legalista (The Legalist Revolution) in 1892, the year after he entered the military academy, presented Bolivar as standing for the liberal Enlightenment principles his rivals attacked.
Quality Improvement in the Perioperative Orthopedic Setting

Evidence-based medicine, patient safety, and development of characteristics that define high-quality care are foundational elements of the quality–safety movement. The surgical setting is an important focal point for these considerations. This chapter provides an overview of this important national effort and introduces such key concepts as effectiveness, patient centeredness, efficiency, and never events.
GDE2 expression in oligodendroglia regulates the pace of oligodendrocyte maturation

Background Oligodendrocytes generate specialized lipid-rich sheaths called myelin that wrap axons and facilitate the rapid, saltatory transmission of action potentials. Extrinsic signals and surface-mediated pathways coordinate oligodendrocyte development to ensure appropriate axonal myelination, but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 2 (GDE2 or GDPD5) is a six-transmembrane enzyme that regulates the activity of surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins by cleavage of the GPI-anchor. GDE2 is expressed in neurons where it promotes oligodendrocyte maturation through the release of neuronally-derived soluble factors. GDE2 is also expressed in oligodendrocytes but the function of oligodendroglial GDE2 is not known. Results Using Cre-lox technology, we generated mice that lack GDE2 expression in oligodendrocytes (O-Gde2KO). O-Gde2KOs show normal production and proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. However, oligodendrocyte maturation is accelerated leading to the robust increase of myelin proteins and increased myelination during development. These in vivo observations are recapitulated in vitro using purified primary oligodendrocytes, supporting cell-autonomous functions for GDE2 in oligodendrocyte maturation. Conclusions These studies reveal that oligodendroglial GDE2 expression is required for controlling the pace of oligodendrocyte maturation. Thus, the cell-type specific expression of GDE2 is important for the coordination of oligodendrocyte maturation and axonal myelination during neural development.
The annexation threat: local government boundary changes, race, and the formation of new cities

One prominent explanation for municipal incorporation – i.e., the formation of new cities – is that it is a defensive response to the threat of annexation posed by neighboring cities. In this paper...
Teacher praise to reprimand ratios during small and large group instruction: a video pilot study

Few studies have examined teachers’ natural use of praise and reprimand in the absence of training, possibly due to the challenges of live data collection. This study sought to determine the feasib...
Steady-State Operation of the Idealized Vuilleumier Refrigerator

A heat-driven refrigerator was first patented by Vullteumier in 1913. Related designs were patented by Vannevar Bush in 1938 and K. W. Taconis in 1951. While all of these involve different physical apparatus, they are similar in principle of operation. All produce refrigeration at a low temperature, with power being supplied by a heat source at a high temperature and heat rejected at an intermediate temperature. These processes are accomplished by forcing gas to flow between three variable volumes at three different temperatures by the motion of two regenerators (displacers), the total volume of the refrigerator remaining constant.
Neuromuscular metamorphosis in the moth Manduca sexta: hormonal regulation of synapses loss and remodeling

The motor system of the moth Manduca sexta is completely remodeled during the pupal-adult transformation (PAT). It is stable until the formation of the pupal stage (0% PAT), but larval motor end plates become disrupted by 5% PAT and are lost by 10% PAT, at the time that the muscle has begun to degenerate. Most of the axonal arbor is retracted by 15% with the first signs of adult sprouts appearing by 20% PAT, coinciding with proliferative activity in the remains of the larval muscle. Extensive growth of the axonal arbor begins after 30% PAT, with an initial phase of rapid longitudinal growth (35–50% PAT) and then the production of short transverse branches that then form sprays of end plates (50–70% PAT). Growth and maturation of the end plates occupies the remainder of metamorphosis. Neuromuscular metamorphosis was interfered with by systemic or local treatment with a mimic of the insect juvenile hormone. The results of these treatments suggest that some aspects of the removal of larval axonal branches requires cues from the target. For the sprouting response, the rapid longitudinal growth over the muscle appears to be due to ecdysteroids acting directly on the cell body of the motoneuron. By contrast, the subsequent production and maintenance of transverse sprouts and the corresponding end plates may be an indirect response to stimulation of muscle growth and differentiation by ecdysteroids.
Investment adviser regulation

The Dodd-Frank Act and SEC implementation rules have changed investment adviser regulation. This book chapter summarizes the most pertinent rules for investment advisers, emphasizes recent changes in the law, and shows how the updated rules have been implemented into the existing regulatory framework for investment advisers.
Bismuth dimercaptopropanol (BisBAL) inhibits formation of multispecies wastewater flocs.

Aims: To determine the ability of a bismuth thiol to control floc formation in a multispecies population of micro-organisms obtained from the activated sludge unit of a wastewater treatment plant. The molecular level mechanisms by which bismuth-2-3-dimercapto-1-propanol (BisBAL) inhibits bioaggregation are also elucidated. Methods and Results: Micro-organisms were grown over a 3-day period in a batch system by adding glucose as an electron donor to stimulate short-term heterotrophic activity. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by activated sludge micro-organisms during exponential and stationary growth phases in the presence and absence of BisBAL were characterized using colorimetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. BisBAL at its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, 10 μmol l−1) was most effective in suppressing microbial floc formation. The principal effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of BisBAL was to decrease total EPS production while largely preserving homology. Conclusions: Antifouling and bactericidal properties of BisBAL arise from its ability to reduce EPS expression and preferentially suppressing acidic and O-acetylated carbohydrates and certain protein secondary structures viz. β-structures, random coils, and α-and 3-turn helices. As micro-organisms exhibited a much weaker tendency to aggregate at lower concentrations of these specific EPS components, they also appear to be important for the formation of microbial flocs and bioaggregates. Significance and Impact of the Study: BisBAL was shown to be highly effective against multispecies microbial aggregation. Novel bismuth-based biocides could also be potentially employed to control excess sludge production in wastewater treatment systems by inhibiting EPS expression.
Augmented Threaded Index Method For Network Optimization

Easily manipulated list structures for recording the basis tree for adjacent extreme point (“simplex type”) network algorithms are paramount to the development of computationally efficient network ...
Interferon Production by Inactivated Newcastle Disease Virus in Cell Cultures and in Mice

Youngner, Julius S. (University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.), Anne W. Scott, Jules V. Hallum, and Warren R. Stinebring. Interferon production by inactivated Newcastle disease virus in cell cultures and in mice. J. Bacteriol. 92:862–868. 1966.—A comparison was made of the effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or heating at 56 C on the interferon-stimulating capacity of Newcastle disease virus in primary chick embryo fibroblast (CE) cultures, in L-cell cultures, and in the intact mouse. The data obtained indicated the critical importance of the host cell system used for interferon production. Virus inactivated by UV irradiation, as well as infective virus, was an effective stimulus of interferon production in L cells and in mice, and this property persisted on continued irradiation. In contrast, in CE cell cultures, infective virus produced no interferon, whereas UV-irradiated virus produced maximal interferon titers when all infectivity was destroyed; continued irradiation resulted in a rapid loss of the interferon-stimulating capacity of the virus. Virus inactivated at 56 C did not produce interferon in CE or L-cell cultures. In the intact mouse, on the other hand, heat-inactivated virus was capable of stimulating the release of significant levels of circulating interferon.
Analysis and Logic

This volume comprises articles from four outstanding researchers who work at the cusp of analysis and logic. The emphasis is on active research topics; many results are presented that have not been published before and open problems are formulated. Considerable effort has been made by the authors to integrate their articles and make them accessible to mathematicians new to the area.
GRATIFICATIONS SOUGHT AND MEDIA EXPOSURE An Expectancy Value Model

The results of this investigation of television news support an expectancy value conceptualization that gratifications sought from a media object are a function of a person's beliefs that the object possesses certain attributes mediated by the subjective evaluations of these attributes. The findings parallel those in the expectancy value literature in that the addition of attribute importance to the model adds little to its predictive power. The data also support a prediction (derived from Fishbein's theory) that a belief x evaluation index will have an indirect impact (through gratifications sought) on media exposure. Implications for a uses and gratifications theory of media consumption are discussed.
Erratum to “Boolean neural nets are observable,” [Theoret. Comput. Sci. 134 (1994) 51–61] ☆

The main result in [l] purporting to show that discrete dynamical systems defined by cellular automata and discrete neural nets have the shadowing property isfalse, i.e., the true behavior of their orbits cannot always be inferred to arbitrary precision by observing orbits corrupted by appropriately bounded noise. The gap has been traced to the last statement in the proof of Proposition 4.1, which is invalid. The i-toggleness at site
Integration of a New Column-Parallel ADC Technology on CMOS Image Sensor

A new analog-to-digital converter (ADC) technology called Single-slope look ahead ramp (SSLAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) was proposed for column-parallel CMOS image sensors. Additionally, a corresponding programmable ramp generator for SSLAR ADC was also designed in such a way that it only allows flexible code hopping (between 0 and 127 least significant bit (LSB)), code fall back and look-ahead operations in column-parallel ramp ADC. This new ADC technology is able to provide conversion speed improvement depending on individual image information with less than 1.0% image quality degradation. Simulation demonstrated that the conversion speed of this new ADC technology is 4-5x higher than a traditional single-slope ADC with minimal circuitry for processing 8-bit standard gray images as well as 3-4x for standard CIF videos. For processing higher resolution images, the conversion speed may further increase. A prototype chip using the 8-bit SSLAR ADC architecture was realized in a 0.5&#61549;m, 2P3M, CMOS process with a layout area of 8.2mm2.
Ratio of ST-Segment and myoglobin slopes to estimate myocardial salvage during thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction

Abstract The use of intravenous thrombolytic therapy to achieve myocardial salvage has become common practice in patients presenting during the early hours of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). 1–3 A prompt, noninvasive estimation of salvage would be useful in determining further therapy for each patient. Clinical indexes of salvage should be accurate, easy to perform, inexpensive, and yield rapid results. Standard electrocardiographic and serum biochemical methods have been shown to indicate myocardial reperfusion. 4–9 Electrocardiographic ST-segment elevation tends to partially resolve immediately after reperfusion, but only 50% of patients have as much as 50% resolution within 90 minutes. 4 Plasma levels of intracellular macromolecules increase early owing to washout through the lymph and blood, but only if irreversible damage has already occurred. 5–9 The present study of patients with AMI was designed to observe serial changes in both the ST segments, and serum levels of creatine kinase-MB and myoglobin after angiographically documented reperfusion; it tests the hypothesis that the ratio of ST-segment decrease to serum macromolecular increase can predict salvage of the jeopardized myocardium.
Late Cenozoic palynology in the south-central United States; cases of post-depositional pollen destruction

Abstract The Late Cenozoic lacustrine and fine‐grained sediments from the south‐central United States should contain abundant, well‐preserved pollen assemblages; unfortunately, many are entirely devoid of pollen, while others contain only corroded pollen in low concentrations. The absence of pollen in the southern Great Plains is widespread, encompassing many lacustrine and alluvial deposits. This absence or poor preservation of pollen and other organic matter within these materials is probably the result of post‐depositional biotic or chemical oxidation, perhaps related to drying out of the deposits and subsequent movement of meteoric or ground water through the sediments. Among southern Plains localities barren of pollen are the type sections of the Clarendonian, Hemphillian, and Blancan North American Land Mammal ages in Texas. Other localities barren of pollen or containing low concentrations of poorly preserved grains include the Laverne (Miocene), Camp Rice (early Pleistocene), and Tule (early‐middl...
Fractal fluctuations in transcranial Doppler signals

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) velocity measured using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) is not strictly constant, but has both a systematic and random component. This behavior may indicate that the axial blood flow in the middle cerebral artery is a chaotic process. Herein we use the relative dispersion, the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean, to show by systematically aggregating the data that the correlation in the beat-to-beat CBF time series is a modulated inverse power law. This scaling of the CBF time series indicates the existence of long-time memory in the underlying control process. We argue herein that the control system has allometric properties that enable it to maintain a relatively constant brain perfusion.
Building a bioinformatics community of practice through library education programs.

Abstract This paper addresses the following questions: What makes the community of practice concept an intriguing framework for developing library services for bioinformatics? What is the campus context and setting? What has been the Health Sciences Library's role in bio-informatics at the University of North Carolina (UNC) Chapel Hill? What are the Health Sciences Library's goals? What services are currently offered? How will these services be evaluated and developed? How can libraries demonstrate their value? Providing library services for an emerging community such as bioinformatics and computational biology presents special challenges for libraries including understanding needs, defining and communicating the library's role, building relationships within the community, preparing staff, and securing funding. Like many academic health sciences libraries, the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill Health Sciences Library is addressing these challenges in the context of its overall mission and ...
Effective viscosity of foam in periodically constricted tubes

Abstract The mobility of gas in foam in porous media depends both on an effective yield stress and on the drag of moving bubbles on pore walls. Previous modeling has split the effective gas viscosity into those two parts and solved for them separately. For the first time we present a dynamic model for the movement of bubbles through constricted tubes in 2D, accounting for the drag on lamellae along pore walls and the capillary forces that govern bubble shape in periodically constricted tubes. In the limit of slow flow rate, lamellae jump to asymmetric shapes even in radially symmetric pores, in agreement with Rossen [J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 136 (1990) 1; J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 136 (1990) 17; J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 136 (1990) 38; J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 139 (1990) 457]. The drag on the lamella increases the pressure gradient above the quasi-static limit by a factor scaling roughly as the 2/3 power of velocity, in agreement with Hirasaki and Lawson [SPE J. 25 (1985) 176]. At sufficiently high velocities, however, a symmetric jump replaces the asymmetric jump. In such cases unstable perturbations away from the symmetric shape have insufficient time to grow before the lamella settles into a symmetric shape on the other side of pore body. A lamella moving at a fast rate may require a lower pressure gradient than one moving more slowly, due to the disappearance of the asymmetric jump. Observations of lamella movement in glass pores support these predictions.
Brønsted βNu Values and Leaving Group Effects in SN2 Reactions. Tests of the Reactivity—Selectivity Postulate

The rate constants for reactions of a family of 19 carbanions, ArCHSO2Ph− (derived from benzyl phenyl sulfones) with n-butyl chloride have been measured in Me2SO solution. A plot of log k vs. the pKa of the conjugate acids for 12 of these carbanions give a linear plot (R2 = 0.999) with a Bronsted coefficient of βNu = 0.402. Points for para electron-withdrawing substituents, SPh, SOPh, SO2Ph. COPh, CN and NO2, deviate substantially from the plot. The deviations are attributed to the enhanced solvation of these remote substituents in the anion which leads to rate retardation. A curved Bronsted plot can be drawn through all the points, which would be consistent with the predictions of the Hammond–Leffler postulate (HLP) and the reactivity–selectivity postulate (RSP), but this interpretation is rejected. Instead, it is suggested that the apparent curvature in Bronsted plots for acid–base reactions – upon which HLP and RSP are based – is also caused by deviations due to solvent effects, donor atom effects in the bases, mechanistic changes and/or the failure to keep electronic and steric effects constant. A reactivity–selectivity plot for reactions of 9 ArCHSO2Ph− ions with n-butyl bromide and n-butyl chloride indicated constant selectivity. A similar plot for 4 carbanions derived from α-methylbenzyl phenyl sulfones reacting with n-butyl bromide and n-butyl chloride also showed constant selectivity. Based on these results and an examination of the literature, it is concluded that there is no firm experimental basis for HLP and RSP.
Low-lying excitations in amorphous solids

Abstract In crystalline solids, all low-energy vibrational excitations can be described as waves, i.e. collective excitations. In amorphous solids, i.e. solids lacking long-range order, this picture is inadequate. At intermediate temperatures, around 10 K, evidence for additional excitations has been found in all amorphous solids, and below 1 K the vibrational density of states is completely dominated by Non-Debye-like excitations, often referred to as two-level systems or tunneling states. In this paper, we review some of the evidence for these additional excitations observed in specific heat measurements. We concentrate on those observed above 1 K.
The foundations of conceptual thought in infancy

Abstract An overview of a theory of the foundation of conceptual thought in infancy is presented. The theory proposes that perceptual analysis redescribes perceptual information into meanings that form the basis of an accessible conceptual system. These early meanings are represented in the form of image-schemas that abstract certain aspects of the spatial structure of objects and their movements in space. Image-schemas allow infants to form concepts such as animate and inanimate objects, agents, and containers. It is proposed that this form of representation serves a number of functions, including providing a vehicle for simple inferential and analogical thought, enabling the imitation of actions of others, and providing a conceptual basis for the acquisition of the relational aspects of language.
A Drazin inverse for rectangular matrices

Abstract The definition of the Drazin inverse of a square matrix with complex elements is extended to rectangular matrices by showing that for any B and W,m by n and n by m , respectively, there exists a unique matrix, X , such that (BW) k =(BW) k+1 XW for some positive integer k, XWBWX = X , and BWX = XWB . Various expressions satisfied by B, W,X and related matrices are developed.
Gas-Sampling Glow Discharge for Optical Emission Spectrometry. Part II: Optimization and Evaluation for the Determination of Nonmetals in Gas-Phase Samples:

A new gas-sampling glow discharge (GSGD) is evaluated for the continuous determination of C, F, Cl, and S in molecular gases and organic vapors by optical emission spectrometry, with the use of helium as the discharge gas. Discrete aliquots of the sample are introduced into an exponential dilutor and carried by the support gas through a silica capillary tube and into the glow discharge. Radiation from the plasma source is viewed axially. The effects of plasma operating parameters such as power and pressure are studied, and emission lines of C, F, Cl, and S measured. Analytical performance is evaluated under conditions found to be optimal for each element, as well as under compromise conditions chosen for the simultaneous detection of all four elements. In both cases, detection limits in the low ng/s range, good precision (RSD < 5%), and dynamic ranges of 2-3 decades were observed for the four elements. The utility of this He-GSGD for the determination of elemental ratios in organic compounds is also investigated.
Effect of a Murine Leukaemia Virus on “Background” Antibody Plaque-forming Cells to Sheep Erythrocytes and E. coli Antigen

INJECTION of susceptible mice with a marine leukaemia virus markedly affects the immune response. A number of recent studies have demonstrated that mice infected with either Friend or Rauscher leukaemia disease viruses have a marked immunological deficiency, as demonstrated by challenge immunization with a variety of antigens1–16. Many of these studies have been concerned with individual antibody-forming cells and have shown that the number of haemolysin-producing cells in spleens of infected mice is markedly reduced6–14. Similarly, the number of antibody-forming cells to Escherichia coli is also suppressed in spleens of infected mice15,16. A direct relationship exists between the time of infection and the degree of such immuno-depression.
Further Contrasts Between Self-Reflectiveness and Internal State Awareness Factors of Private Self-Consciousness

Although widely used as a unitary measure of self-focused attention, the Private Self-Consciousness subscale (Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss, 1975) contains two factors. In the present study, this subscale and its self-reflectiveness (SR) factor predicted greater shame, guilt, other-directedness, and social anxiety; but the internal state awareness (ISA) factor displayed relationships that were in the opposite direction. Contrasts between SR and ISA often became more obvious in partial correlations, when one factor was examined while controlling for the other. In relationships with personal and social identity, SR appeared to reflect public as much as private self-consciousness. These data support recent suggestions that it may be necessary to construct more adequate measures of private self-consciousness.
Overexploitation of Rays and Sharks in the Mediterranean Sea

Mediterranean basin is one of the first 25 Global Biodiversity Hotspots; there are several species of Elasmobranchs (49 sharks and 36 rays). Unfortunately, the overexploitation of these fish in Mediterranean together with a lack of the biology and their biological characteristic (low growth rate, late sexual maturity and low fecundity, low rates of biomass turnover) has meant that many species are now threatened with extinction. Today many sharks and rays are listed on the Red List of threatened species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and several European convention are trying to ensure the conservation of endangered and vulnerable species. Further multifocal studies are necessaries to define the criteria for protection and prevention on endangered Mediterranean species.