cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data set for the genome-wide transcriptome analysis of human epidermal melanocytes

The data in this article contains data related to the research articled entitle Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of human epidermal melanocytes. This data article contains a complete list of gene and transcript isoform expression in human epidermal melanocytes. Transcript isoforms that are differentially expressed in lightly versus darkly pigmented melanocytes are identified. We also provide data showing the gene expression profiles of cell signaling gene families (receptors, ion channels, and transcription factors) in melanocytes. The raw sequencing data used to perform this transcriptome analysis is located in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive under Accession No. SRP039354 http://dx.doi.org/10.7301/Z0MW2F2N.
Identification and partial purification of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter from 3T3-L1 adipocytes

The glucose transporter in 3T3-L1 adipocytes has been identified as a polypeptied of average Mr 51 000 by means of its reaction with antibodies raised against the purified human erythrocyte glucose transporter and by photolabeling with [3H]cytochalasin B. The finding that the antibodies immunoprecipitated the photolabeled polypeptide demonstrated that both methods detected the same polypeptide. The 3T3-L1 adipocyte glucose transporter has been partially purified. The main steps in the purification procedure were the preparation of salt-washed cellular membranes, Triton X-100 solubilization, and immunoaffinity chromatography on affinity-purified antibodies against the human erythrocyte transporter. A simple method of affinity purification of these antibodies, which consists of adsorption from serum onto protein-depleted erythrocyte membranes and release with acid, and an assay for the 3T3-L1 adipocyte transporter polypeptide, which employs immunoblotting, have been developed.
Role of the bypassed proximal intestine in the anti-diabetic effects of bariatric surgery.

Among the panoply of obesity-related co-morbidities that are ameliorated by bariatric surgery, perhaps the most impressive and scientifically interesting is the rapid, dependable resolution of type 2 diabetes. Numerous studies, including a meta-analysis of 22,094 patients, confirm that 83% to 86% of patients with diabetes experience complete remission of their disease after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), subsequently manifesting normal blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels after discontinuation of all diabetes medications [1–5]. After biliopancreatic diversion (BPD), the remission rate is greater than 95% [1]. The relatively few patients whose diabetes does not completely resolve after these procedures have typically had their disease for many years [3], and the progressive β-cell failure characteristic of longstanding type 2 diabetes has presumably rendered these individuals’ pathology irreversible.
The effects of separation and reunion on the behavior of mother and infant squirrel monkeys.

Mother and infant squirrel monkeys that lived together in a socially restricted environment were separated for a period of seven days after the infants had become relatively independent, and were then reunited. Behavioral observations before, during, and after separation indicated that (1) female infants became independent of their mothers earlier than males, (2) neither mothers nor infants were severely affected by separation, and (3) an increase in attachment occurred following reunion only when the mother had a limited history of maternal experience. These results suggest that (1) certain characteristics in the maternal behavior of the squirrel monkey facilitate readjustment in mothers and infants following maternal separation, (2) maternal experience can influence the mother-infant relationship following a period of separation, and (3) the independence of infants from their mothers may be a function of both sex and species.
A method of evaluation of the effectiveness of dental operatory delivery systems.

A new technique by which a dental operation can be recorded, analyzed, and evaluated in a complete manner based on a set of work efficiency criteria is introduced. All activities and movements performed in the dental operatory are recorded during the performance of actual operations, using a specially designed chart. A typical example of a dental operatory delivery system evaluation through the utilization of the chart is described.
TE scattering by partially buried and coupled cylinders at the interface between two media

The scattering of transverse electric (TE) illumination by partially buried conducting cylinders and by coupled conducting cylinders in two media is studied. The conducting cylinders are of general cross section and of infinite extent. Data depicting far-zone scattered fields for various cylinders and media parameters of interest are presented, and the highly lobate patterns which differ significantly from those due to cylinders in homogeneous space are discussed and explained. >
Perceived intent of supervisor as a moderator of the relationships between abusive supervision and counterproductive work behaviours

This study examined the relationship between perceived intent of supervisors and subordinates' counterproductive responses to abusive supervision. Data were collected in two waves approximately one month apart from 268 full-time employees from the United States and in various occupations. Two forms of perceived intent of abusive supervision were assessed: hostile intent (i.e. abuse believed to be intended to cause harm to the subordinate) and motivational intent (i.e. abuse believed to be intended to motivate good performance from the subordinate). In general, subordinates who reported greater frequency of abusive supervision of both types at Wave 1 were more likely to engage in counterproductive work behaviours (CWBs) at Wave 2 than those who reported less abuse. As hypothesized, abusive supervision was more strongly associated with CWBs when perceived hostile intent was high rather than low. Contrary to expectations, abusive supervision was also more strongly associated with CWBs when perceived motivati...
Hydrodynamic stability of chemical equilibrium

Abstract In this article, which is partially expository, an elementary argument showing that chemical equilibrium for a model, reversible reaction is neutrally stable to small perturbations is presented. A standard hydrodynamic stability proof is given and the eigenvalues are computed using elementary asymptotics.
AGENCIES AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION OF SUBSTANCE B BY RHIZOPUS SUINUS.

In view of the wide distribution of growth factors1 for microorganisms, it is not surprising to find that they can be obtained from other species of fungi and from bacteria, as well as from higher organisms. For many species there is no need to supply the factors, because they have the ability to synthesize these substances rapidly enough for optimal growth. Other species, although capable of manufacturing their own growth factors, do so at a suboptimal rate. In such cases, the deficiency of these substances becomes a limiting factor and their addition to the nutrient solution results in a marked acceleration of growth. Again, an organism may be totally unable to synthesize the needed compounds, and its growth, therefore, is strictly dependent upon the presence of these substances in the substratum. The amount of precise work that has been done on the classification of microorganisms into these three categories has been relatively large during the last decade. On the other hand, the quantity of work in relation to the agencies affecting the production of a growth factor, including vitamins, by the species of the first type mentioned, is very meagre and usually incidental to a larger problem. Nielsen (5) investigated the effect of the nitrogen source on the production of heteroauxin by Bhizopus suinus. Similar, though broader, tests were performed by Bonner (1) and by Thimann (8). Boysen Jensen (2) tested the effects of substrate, of temperature, and of pH on the heteroauxin production by Aspergillus niger. These constitute the known published papers that give consideration to physiological agencies affecting the production of growth factors by fungi. They are limited not only in number, but also in scope, and are concerned with the production of substance A (i.e., heteroauxin). In no case have similar investigations been published relating to the production of substance ? (an unknown substance increasing the dry weight production of Aspergillus niger and other species of fungi).
Integrated energy-directed test suite optimization

In situ testing techniques have become an important means of ensuring the reliability of embedded systems after they are deployed in the field. However, these techniques do not help testers optimize the energy consumption of their in situ test suites, which can needlessly waste the limited battery power of these systems. In this work, we extend prior techniques for test suite minimization in such a way as to allow testers to generate energy-efficient, minimized test suites with only minimal modifications to their existing work flow. We perform an extensive empirical evaluation of our approach using the test suites provided for real world applications. The results of the evaluation show that our technique is effective at generating, in less than one second, test suites that consume up to 95% less energy while maintaining coverage of the testing requirements.
Selective permissiveness of TPA differentiated THP-1 myelomonocytic cells for human cytomegalovirus strains AD169 and Towne

Two highly passaged laboratory strains of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), AD169 and Towne, were tested for their ability to infect and replicate in THP-1 myelomonocytic cells differentiated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). TPA treatment of human THP-1 cells increased the number of cells that expressed HCMV immediate early (IE1) antigen from 0.06% prior to TPA treatment to 12% following cell differentiation. The Towne but not the AD169 strain replicated in differentiated THP-1 cells as determined by HCMV DNA replication and infectious virus production. Major early (HCMVTRL4) mRNA was present in both the abortive and productive THP-1 cell infections.
Effects of benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid on balloon-injured arteries in a swine model of restenosis

We evaluated benzoporphyrin derivative verteporfin (BPD) photodynamic therapy (PDT) and dark effect on the intima (I) and media (M) hyperplasia (H) response of swine iliac arteries to balloon dilatation (Bdil) injury. Four month old Yucatan swine received bdil at 8 ATM pressure to all four iliac arteries. Pigs were randomly assigned to groups. PDT was performed with intraluminal 690 nm, cw laser (200 milliwatts and 30 joules per cm2 tissue). Six weeks later, sites were pressure fixed, and excised at autopsy. Sections from each site were evaluated for I and M thickness, injury score (1 equals normal, 4 equals worst), and smooth muscle cell (SMC) intensity and distribution. Groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Means for each parameter were determined, and group means used for statistical analysis. Conclusions: (1) Bdil produced IH and MH. (2) PDT enhanced IH. (3) 2 mg/kg BPD reduced MH and produced a favorable trend in IH and injury. (4) No differences in SMC intensity and distribution were present.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Development of the endopiriform nucleus and the claustrum in the rat brain

Abstract Long-survival [ 3 H]thymidine autoradiography was used to quantitatively determine the time of origin of neurons in the endopiriform nucleus and the claustrum in rats killed on postnatal day 60 after their dams received two consecutive daily injections of [ 3 H]thymidine on embryonic day E13 and E14, E14 and E15, ... E21 and E22. The claustrum originates late, on E15 and E16, and has a strong gradient in the longitudinal direction, posterior (older) to anterior (younger). In contrast, the endopiriform nucleus originates early, on E14 and E15, and lacks a longitudinal gradient but has a strong one in the vertical direction, ventral (older) to dorsal (younger). Sequential-survival [ 3 H]thymidine autoradiography was used to qualitatively determine the germinal sources and settling sites of endopiriform and claustral neurons in embryonic rats. The dams received a single injection of [ 3 H]thymidine on either E14 (to heavily label older endopiriform neurons) or E16 (to heavily label younger claustral neurons) and were killed in sequential 24-h intervals. Neurons in the presumptive endopiriform nucleus settle within two to three days after their peak time of neurogenesis while those in the presumptive claustrum take approximately five days to settle after their peak. It is postulated that endopiriform neurons are generated in the palliostriatal ventricular angle, the neuroepithelium that forms a wedge between the primordia of the neocortex and the basal ganglia, and that claustral neurons are generated in the neocortical neuroepithelium. Divergent developmental patterns between the endopiriform nucleus and the claustrum support the anatomical evidence that these nuclei have different connections. Furthermore, neurogenetic gradients in the claustrum correlate with the pattern of anatomical connections between the claustrum and the neocortex.
Abstract P6-04-22: Regulation of Notch localization by endocrine therapy in Estrogen Receptor positive breast cancer cells: Clinical implications for endocrine resistance

Background: Estrogen receptors occur in about two-thirds of breast tumors and endocrine therapy is probably the most important systemic therapy for hormone receptor positive breast cancer. However, after an initial response to hormonal therapy, most tumors develop resistance leading to disease progression. Central mechanisms thought to be involved in this process include: 1) alterations in tumor cell physiology causing insensitivity to drug-induced apoptosis or induction of drug-detoxifying mechanisms; 2) expression of energy-dependent transporters that eject anti-cancer drugs from cells and 3) the emergence of cancer stem-like cell clones that are estrogen-independent and/or antiestrogen resistant. We and others have shown that Notch signaling mediates survival signals in ER+ breast cancer cells; induces expression of drug transporter ABCG2 (BCRP), activates ERα in the absence of estrogen and mediates survival of breast cancer stem-like cells. Previously, we demonstrated a crosstalk between ERα and Notch signaling whereby estrogen inhibits Notch activation and estrogen withdrawal or tamoxifen re-activate Notch, a possible mechanism of resistance. The mechanism of these effects has remained elusive. Methods: we used sub-cellular fractionation and immunofluorescence staining to investigate the total expression and cellular distribution of Notch signaling components in MCF-7 cells treated with 17-β-estradiol, or estrogen-free medium. Results: Our data shows that in cells treated with estrogen-free medium, Notch1 is located in the Lipid Rafts (LR) in the plasma membrane, along with Notch signaling components such as presenilin 1 (the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase), ADAM10 and Notch negative regulator NUMB. There is published evidence that γ-secretase is most active in lipid rafts.17-β-Estradiol modifies the membrane lipid composition and change the localization of Notch and Notch regulators (such as ADAM10, presenilin-1 and NUMB) at the plasma membrane, thereby altering the activation of Notch. These observations are consistent with a model in which the lipid composition of the plasma membrane is a critical factor in regulating the rate of Notch activation. FDA-approved cholesterol lowering drugs affect Notch signaling in ways consistent with this model. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that endocrine therapy affects Notch signaling at least in part through alterations in membrane composition and lipid raft localization of Notch signaling components. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-04-22.
Elastic fields about a perturbed cylindrical inclusion

Abstract The elastic fields about an inclusion having a shape that is slightly perturbed from that of a circular cylinder are calculated. Both the inclusion and the surrounding matrix are assumed to be isotropic linear elastic materials. Two sets of boundary conditions are applied at the inclusion matrix interface. The first set, corresponding to a coherent interface, consists of balance offorces and continuity of displacement at the interface. The second set, corresponding to a “greased” or incoherent interface, consists of balance of forces, continuity of the component of displacement normal to the interface, and vanishing tangential forces at the interface. Differences between the elastic fields calculated for these two sets of boundary conditions are manifested only in terms which are first order in the amplitude of the shape perturbation. For coherent boundary conditions, the trace of the stress tensor is zero in the matrix and constant in the inclusion when the matrix and inclusion have equal shear moduli. For “greased” boundary conditions, the trace of the stress tensor is generally not constant in either the matrix or the inclusion, even when their shear moduli are equal. The importance of the perturbed elastic fields in relation to morphological stability theory is illustrated by using a constitutive relation for diffusion that depends, in part, on the gradient of the trace of the stress tensor.
The nature of the prior chemical steps in the electroreduction of Ni(II) from citrate and tartrate media

Abstract The elctroreduction of Ni(II) from acidic citrate above pH 1.5 and from tartrate above pH 7 is governed by the rate of a prior chemical step. Analysis of the dependence of the limiting current on pH and the concentration of the hydroxyacid by Koutecky's method leads to establishment of the stoichiometry of the prior chemical steps. In acidic citrate the prior chemical step is the dissociation of NiH2Cit+1 or the proton assisted dissociation of NiHCit. In alkaline tartrate the prior chemical step is the hydrolytic conversion of NiHTar−1 to NiH2Tar. Ammonia also converts the electroinactive species NiTar−2 in a prior chemical step to the electroactive mixed bis ammine-tartrate complex.
High-resolution mass spectrometry of nitrogenous compounds of the Colorado Green River Formation oil shale

Basic nitrogenous compounds isolated from extracts of Green River Formation oil shale were analyzed. The major homologous constituents found were the compositional types - namely, quinolines, tetrahydrequinolines with minor amounts of pyridines and indoles series and traces of more aromatized nitrogen compounds. These results are correlated with nitrogen compounds isolated from Green River Formation retort oil and are a survey of the unaltered nitrogen compounds indigeneous to the shale.
Host range of Tetramesa romana Walker (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), a potential biological control of giant reed, Arundo donax L. in North America

The eurytomid wasp, Tetramesa romana Walker was evaluated as a potential biological control agent of the invasive reed grass, Arundo donax in North America. No-choice tests and timed behavioral studies were used to determine the fundamental host range of two genotypes of the wasp collected from Granada, Spain and Perpignan, France. Thirty-five species, including two genotypes of A. donax and seven ecotypes of Phragmites australis, along with closely related grasses, economic grasses and habitat associates were tested. Complete development of both T. romana genotypes was restricted to A. donax and Arundo formosana. The mean number of offspring produced from individual females was significantly greater on the A. donax genotype from Laredo, TX (12.8 ± 3.2) as compared to the genotype from San Juan, TX (3.9 ± 1.0) and A. formosana (0.8 ± 0.4). In behavioral studies, ovipositor probing was observed on 15 of the 35 species but development only occurred on A. donax and A. formosana. Based on our results, the wasp T. romana appears to be specific to the genus Arundo and is unlikely to harm native or cultivated plants in the Americas.
Synthesis and characterization of a poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) with β‐cyclodextrin as pendant groups

A novel linear poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) with β-cylodextrin (β-CD) moiety (PNIPA-β-CD) was synthesized by the conjugation of β-CD carrying amino groups (EDA-β-CD) onto PNIPA with epoxy groups (P(NIPA-co-GMA), M n = 3.86 x 10 4 ), and the related reaction conditions are investigated. PNIPA-β-CD was characterized by means of IR, NMR and UV spectroscopes, element analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The number-average molecular weight (M n ) and the β-CD content of the obtained PNIPA-β-CD are 4.87 x 10 4 and 18.8 wt %, respectively. PNIPA-β-CD can not only respond to temperature stimuli but also include guest molecules. Lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of aqueous PNIPA-β-CD solution is similar to that of PNIPA. The association constant (K a ) for PNIPA-β-CD with methyl orange (MO) is 2.4 x 10 3 L mol -1 at pH 1.4, which is comparable to that of EDA-β-CD (K a = 2.9 x 10 3 L mol -1 ).
A Comparison of the Behavioral Effects of DOM Homologs

Twenty-four rats, trained to discriminate 1.0 mg/kg of (±)-DOM, i.e., (±)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenylisopropylamine, from saline under a VI-15 schedule of reinforcement, were challenged with a series of DOM homologs. The agents examined included the 4-ethyl (DOET), -propyl (DOPR), -butyl (DOBU), -tertiary butyl (DOTB) and -amyl (DOAM) derivatives as well as the R(−)- and S(+)-isomers of DOET. The (±)-DOM stimulus was found to generalize to all of the agents, except DOTB and DOAM, where only partial generalization occurred. The results suggest that the stimulus properties produced by the latter two compounds may differ from those of the remainder of the series. Furthermore, the ED50 values obtained, for those compounds to which the DOM-stimulus generalized, correlated significantly (r2=0.94) with the human hallucinogenic potencies of these agents.
Developmental Toxicity of Dimethylacetamide by Inhalation in the Rat

Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) is a widely used industrial solvent. It has been reported to be teratogenic when given to rats by injection or following dermal application. Most of these studies employed large single doses and did not examine both the fetal and the maternal response. In this study, groups of pregnant Crl:CD rats were exposed to 32, 100, or 282 ppm DMAC by inhalation for 6 hr/day from Days 6 through 15 of gestation (day on which copulation plug was detected was termed Day 1G). A control group of chambered pregnant rats was exposed simultaneously to air only. All female rats were euthanized on Day 21G. At 282 ppm, both maternal weight gain during the exposure period and fetal weight were significantly decreased and accompanied by a significant dose-response trend. These effects were not seen in rats inhaling either 32 or 100 ppm. Fetal resorptions were not increased in any of the groups exposed to DMAC. Fetal incidences of external, visceral, or skeletal variations and malformations were similar between the test and control groups. Therefore, both fetal and maternal toxicity were noted at 282 ppm and the no-observed adverse-effect level under these experimental conditions was 100 ppm for both the dam and the conceptus. DMAC was not demonstrated to produce malformations in the rat fetus even at a level that was toxic to the dam.
Teacher Self-Assessment: Potential and Barriers

(1994). Teacher Self-Assessment: Potential and Barriers. Kappa Delta Pi Record: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 6-10.
Family Therapy, You Make Me Feel Like Dancing

In this article we use our experience with ballroom dancing to revisit three central systemic/relational ideas—summativity, pragmatics/aesthetics, and communication—in order to reaffirm our theoretical grounding in family therapy and to connect that grounding to community-mindedness in therapy. Community-mindedness consists of deliberate attention to the socially constructed grand narratives that dominate clients and therapists in the process of therapy. A detailed example is provided.
Falling apart: A process integral to the remodeling of male incest offenders

This article describes the falling apart component of a theoretical framework for incest offenders, the remodeling process. Methodology included 20 audiotaped interviews, 65 direct observations during group therapy, and record analysis of a theoretical sampling of adult male incest offenders currently in, graduates of, and dropouts from a community sexual abuse treatment program. Constant comparative analysis was used to collect and analyze data concurrently. Falling apart, a dynamic multifaceted process, occurs first when offenders are discovered, can be life-threatening, and few resources are presently available. Dimensions, properties, strategies, and contexts are discussed.
Influence of dietary fish oil concentration and finishing duration on beneficial fatty acid profile restoration in sunshine bass Morone chrysops ♀ x M. saxatilis ♂

Considerable feed savings may be realized by reducing the fish oil (FO) content of aquafeeds used during grow-out, but fatty acid (FA) profile of the resultant seafood will be altered. By feeding a FO-rich finishing feed prior to harvest, fillet levels of beneficial long-chain polyunsaturated FA (LC-PUFA) can be partially or completely restored. We evaluated the use of linseed oil (LO) as a partial substitute for FO, and assessed the relative impacts of grow-out feed FO concentration and finishing duration on production performance and fillet fatty acid (FA) composition of sunshine bass. Fish were raised on feeds containing 33 or 67% FO during the grow-out period, and then finished with a 100% FO finishing feed for 4 or 8 weeks before harvest; for comparison, a control group was fed the 100% FO feed throughout the entire 20-week trial. Production performance was unaffected by the dietary formulations or feeding schemes, however, fillet FA varied among treatment groups. Increased consumption of LO, whether by increased dietary concentrations or longer feeding periods, resulted in elevated levels of LO-associated medium-chain polyunsaturated FA, specifically 18:3n-3; increased consumption of FO had the same effect on tissue levels of FO-associated LC-PUFA such as 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. Finishing had a significant restorative effect on fillet LC-PUFA content (LC-PUFA in finished groups ranged from 64-87% of control levels compared to 50-71% in unfinished groups), however, with the exception of 22:6n-3, 8 weeks of finishing was still insufficient to completely restore fillet LC-PUFA content to control levels, regardless of grow-out feed. We observed fillet levels of LC-PUFA to be essentially a function of total FO consumption, and FA profile change to be relatively well-described by simple dilution modeling. However, further research is needed to unequivocally demonstrate the relative merits of continuous vs. periodic provision of FO-rich aquafeeds.
A preface to accountability in the professions

This preface answers the following questions: What is accountability in scientific research? Why is it important? How does research in the professions resemble scientific research? What might scientific researchers learn from the professions about maintaining accountability? What might scientific researchers learn from the six articles in this issue?
Gender Differences in Economic Well-Being Among the Elderly of Java*

With populations aging rapidly in many developing nations, issues of economic dependency among the elderly are of increasing importance. Using data from a 1986 survey of the elderly on Java, Indonesia, I describe gender differences in economic well-being and identify characteristics associated with economic disadvantage. At both the individual and the household level, older women have fewer resources than older men. Even within categories of support (work income and remittances), women have lower levels of well-being. Gender differences in household-level economic well-being are due primarily to differences in household structure and in levels of skills. Gender differences in individual receipts (from all sources) are more complicated, but can be understood more clearly with reference to gender differences in skills levels (literacy, language, job skills), current work status and authority, and domestic authority.
Universal Screening of Cholesterol in Children

Atherosclerosis begins in childhood, and these early lesions are related to cardiovascular risk factors, including non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Genetic disorders of lipid metabolism, principally familial hypercholesterolemia, have a high frequency in the population (about 1:300–1:500), and cause cardiovascular morbidity beginning in the third decade of life. The current obesity epidemic in children has worsened cardiovascular risk status. Cardiovascular risk factors present in youth often track into adulthood and are more predictive of future subclinical atherosclerosis than risk factors measured in young adulthood. Further, modification of risk factors beginning in childhood and young adulthood can lead to restoration to normal or improvement in measures of subclinical atherosclerosis measures both in those with genetic dyslipidemias and those with dyslipidemia secondary to obesity. Prior recommended selective lipid screening strategies based on family history or presence of other cardiovascular risk factors have failed to capture many with genetic dyslipidemia. Medium-term clinical trials of statin therapy for inherited dyslipidemias are safe and effective in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Cholesterol screening in childhood is necessary to prevent cardiovascular morbidity in those with genetic dyslipidemias and to increase awareness of the need for behavioral intervention in those with multiple cardiovascular risk factors, often a result of the obesity epidemic. Peter O. Kwiterovich, MD has received a research grants from Pfizer and is on the advisory board at Merck. The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Ion channel voltage sensors: structure, function, and pathophysiology.

Voltage-gated ion channels generate electrical signals in species from bacteria to man. Their voltage-sensing modules are responsible for initiation of action potentials and graded membrane potential changes in response to synaptic input and other physiological stimuli. Extensive structure-function studies, structure determination, and molecular modeling are now converging on a sliding-helix mechanism for electromechanical coupling in which outward movement of gating charges in the S4 transmembrane segments catalyzed by sequential formation of ion pairs pulls the S4-S5 linker, bends the S6 segment, and opens the pore. Impairment of voltage-sensor function by mutations in Na + channels contributes to several ion channelopathies, and gating pore current conducted by mutant voltage sensors in Na V 1.4 channels is the primary pathophysiological mechanism in hypokalemic periodic paralysis. The emerging structural model for voltage sensor function opens the way to development of a new generation of ion-channel drugs that act on voltage sensors rather than blocking the pore.
Cervical arthroplasty: a critical review of the literature

Abstract Background context Cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) is a motion-preserving procedure that is an alternative to fusion. Proponents of arthroplasty assert that it will maintain cervical motion and prevent or reduce adjacent segment degeneration. Accordingly, CDA, compared with fusion, would have the potential to improve clinical outcomes. Published studies have varying conclusions on whether CDA reduces complications and/or improves outcomes. As many of these previous studies have been funded by CDA manufacturers, we wanted to ascertain whether there was a greater likelihood for these studies to report positive results. Purpose To critically assess the available literature on cervical arthroplasty with a focus on the time of publication and conflict of interest (COI). Study design/setting Review of the literature. Methods All clinical articles about CDA published in English through August 1, 2013 were identified on Medline. Any article that presented CDA clinical results was included. Study design, sample size, type of disc, length of follow-up, use of statistical analysis, quality-of-life (QOL) outcome scores, COI, and complications were recorded. A meta-analysis was conducted stratifying studies by COI and publication date to identify differences in complication rates reported. Results Seventy-four studies were included that investigated 8 types of disc prosthesis and 22 met the criteria for a randomized controlled trial (RCT). All Level Ib RCTs reported superior quality-of-life outcomes for CDA versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) at 24 months. Fifty of the 74 articles (68%) had a disclosure section, including all Level Ib RCTs, which had significant COIs related to the respective studies. Those studies without a COI reported mean weighted average adjacent segment disease rates of 6.3% with CDA and 6.2% with ACDF. In contrast, the reverse was reported by studies with a COI, for which the averages were 2.5% with CDA and 6.3% with ACDF. Those studies with a COI (n=31) had an overall weighted average heterotopic ossification rate of 22%, whereas those studies with no COI (n=43) had a rate of 46%. Conclusions Associated COIs did not influence QOL outcomes. Conflicts of interest were more likely to be present in studies published after 2008, and those with a COI reported greater adjacent segment disease rates for ACDF than CDA. In addition, heterotopic ossification rates were much lower in studies with COI versus those without COI. Thus, COIs did not affect QOL outcomes but were associated with lower complication rates.
Martingale Measures For A Class of Right‐Continuous Processes

The subject of the present paper is the following. Suppose that W is a class of adapted, right-continuous processes on the continuous time horizon [0, 1], and for every stopping time and W, () is bounded below. A necessary and sufficient condition will be given for the existence of a probability measure Q which is equivalent to the original measure and such that each process in W is a martingale under Q. If the processes in W represent the discounted prices of available securities, then the condition given here for the existence of a martingale measure can be interpreted as absence of “free lunch” in the securities market. This is a familiar kind of theorem from the finance literature; the novelty of this paper is that the security prices are not required to be in LP for some 1 p, nor are they assumed to be continuous. Also, the concept of free lunch is invariant under the substitution of the original probability measure by an equivalent probability measure. the assumption that () is bounded below for every W and stopping time is quite natural since prices are nonnegative. We shall define a class of admissible subjective probability measures and assume that each agent in the economy has selected a subjective probability measure from (hat class. Subjective free lunch for an agent will be defined using his or her subjective probability measure. It will be shown that under an additional condition the existence of free lunch is equivalent to the existence of a common subjective free lunch simultaneously for all possible agents in the economy.
IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to ondansetron and safe use of palonosetron

TO THE EDITOR: Selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (5-HT3-RAs) are the cornerstone for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapyinduced nausea and vomiting. Therapeutic options are limited in patients with 5-HT3-RA hypersensitivity because there is a concern for cross-reactivity between different 5-HT3-RAs. Palonosetron is the newest 5-HT3-RA, and its chemical structure is different from the other 5-HT3-RAs (tropisetron, ondansetron, granisetron, and ondansetron). We describe a patient with ondansetron hypersensitivity who tolerated palonosetron. A 38-year-old woman was undergoing chemotherapy for advanced lung cancer. Seven days after she received her second cycle of Alimta/cisplatin, she noted periorbital and hand swelling, as well as urticaria on her upper and lower extremities, 20
Compact two-photon laser-scanning microscope made from minimally modified commercial components

A compact two-photon laser-scanning microscope (TPLSM) was constructed using a diode-pumped, mode-locked Nd:YLF laser (Biolight 1000, Coherent Laser Group) and a small confocal laser scan-head (PCM2000, Nikon Bioscience). The laser emits at 1047nm and is fiber-coupled to a compact compressor unit producing a pulse-width of ~175fsec. Both the pulse compressor and confocal scan head were interfaced on a small optical breadboard that was directly attached to an upright research microscope (Eclipse E600FN, Nikon Bioscience). Two-photon fluorescence emitted from the specimen was collected into a multimode fiber and transmitted directly to an external PMT supplied with the Nikon confocal system. The modifications to the scanhead were minimal (a single mirror replacement) and did not interfere with its confocal function. The resulting system offers several advantages: compact size, turnkey operation, and the ability to translate the microscope rather than an often delicate specimen. In addition, it is possible to switch between confocal and two-photon operation, allowing for straightforward comparison. Using this compact TPLSM, we obtained structural and functional images from hippocampal neurons in living brain slices using commonly available fluorophores.
The subpopulations and isolated cell types of freshly resected high grade human gliomas: their influence on the tumor's evolution in vivo and behavior and therapy in vitro.

Human malignant gliomas are karyotypically heterogeneous, composed of many cellular populations and isolated cell types identifiable by cytogenetic techniques. The distributions of cell types vary in high grade tumors. Some tumors are primarily near-diploid (35–57 chromosomes per cell), while others are hyperdiploid with chromosome numbers ranging from 58 to several hundred chromosomes per cell. Regional studies of several tumors suggest that the heterogeneity is not random. Anatomically different regions result from the combination of cellular distribution and their evolution over time. The karyotypic pattern of gliomas also reflects the tumor's evolution from a relatively homogeneous population of near-diploid cells to the hyperdiploid tumor that is removed by the neurosurgeon. The in vitro studies also suggest that there are phenotypic correlates to the karyotypic pattern of the tumor cells. Hyperdiploid cells are unstable in culture, tend to grow rapidly with short doubling times, and are often sensitive to such chemotherapeutic agents as BCNU. In contrast, the near-diploid cells are more normal in appearance, are stable in culture, grow slowly with long doubling times, are more likely to be resistant to the nitrosoureas and ultimately are the ‘stem’ cells that repopulate the tumor mass.
High temperature stressing of SiC JFETs at 300/spl deg/C

Silicon carbide is an important emerging semiconductor technology for high power and high temperature applications. Although many papers in the literature report some of the characteristics and advantages of various SiC devices, very little information is available on the test and operation of these devices for an extended period of time. For our study a special lot of SiC JFETs was fabricated and packaged by CREE Research Inc. These devices were delivered to the Army Research Laboratory where they have been electrically characterized, radiation tested and, as reported here, subjected to thermal stress at 300/spl deg/C for 1000 hours under various bias conditions. >
The reaction of HOCl and cyanocobalamin: Corrin destruction and the liberation of cyanogen chloride

Abstract Overproduction of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has been associated with the development of a variety of disorders such as inflammation, heart disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and cancer through its ability to modify various biomolecules. HOCl is a potent oxidant generated by the myeloperoxidase–hydrogen peroxide–chloride system. Recently, we have provided evidence to support the important link between higher levels of HOCl and heme destruction and free iron release from hemoglobin and RBCs. Our current findings extend this work and show the ability of HOCl to mediate the destruction of metal-ion derivatives of tetrapyrrole macrocyclic rings, such as cyanocobalamin (Cobl), a common pharmacological form of vitamin B12. Cyanocobalamin is a water-soluble vitamin that plays an essential role as an enzyme cofactor and antioxidant, modulating nucleic acid metabolism and gene regulation. It is widely used as a therapeutic agent and supplement, because of its efficacy and stability. In this report, we demonstrate that although Cobl can be an excellent antioxidant, exposure to high levels of HOCl can overcome the beneficial effects of Cobl and generate proinflammatory reaction products. Our rapid kinetic, HPLC, and mass spectrometric analyses showed that HOCl can mediate corrin ring destruction and liberate cyanogen chloride (CNCl) through a mechanism that initially involves α-axial ligand replacement in Cobl to form a chlorinated derivative, hydrolysis, and cleavage of the phosphonucleotide moiety. Additionally, it can liberate free Co, which can perpetuate metal-ion-induced oxidant stress. Taken together, these results are the first report of the generation of toxic molecular products through the interaction of Cobl with HOCl.
Application of advanced cytometric and molecular technologies to minimal residual disease monitoring

ABSTRACT Minimal residual disease monitoring presents a number oftheoretical and practical challenges. Recently it has beenpossible to meet some ofthese challenges by combining a number ofnew advanced biotechnologies. To monitor thenumber ofresidual tumor cells requires complex cocktails ofmolecular probes that collectively provide sensitivities ofdetection on the order ofone residual tumor cell per million total cells.Ultra-high speed, multiparameter flow cytometry is capable ofanalyzing cells at rates in excess of 100,000 cells/sec.Residual tumor selection marker cocktails can be optimized by use of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.New data mining techniques when combined with multivariate statistical or neural network classifications oftumor cellscan more accurately predict residual tumor cell frequencies. The combination ofthese techniques can, under at least somecircumstances, detect frequencies of tumor cells as low as one cell in a million with an accuracy of over 98 percent correctclassification.Detection ofmutations in tumor suppressor genes requires isolation ofthese rare tumor cells and single-cell DNAsequencing. Rare residual tumor cells can be isolated at single cell level by high-resolution single-cell cell sorting.Molecular characterization of tumor suppressor gene mutations can be accomplished using a combination of single-cellpolymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of specific gene sequences followed by TA cloning techniques and DNAsequencing. Mutations as small as a single base pair in a tumor suppressor gene of a single sorted tumor cell have beendetected using these methods. Using new amplification procedures and DNA microarrays it should be possible to extendthe capabilities shown in this paper to screening of multiple DNA mutations in tumor suppressor and other genes on smallnumbers of sorted metastatic tumor cells.Keywords: flow cytometry; cell sorting; minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring; rare-event analysis; single-cellDNA sequencing
The Iraq Survey Group: From Weapons of Mass Destruction to Counterinsurgency

Abstract The discovery and elimination of Iraq's alleged weapons of mass destruction (WMD) was a focal point of the Coalition's strategy and operations in the aftermath of Operation ‘Iraqi Freedom’. Despite the failure of the WMD mission to meet expectations after almost two years of intensive operations, the Iraq Survey Group (ISG) was able to integrate multinational and multi-agency forces to provide detailed intelligence regarding the history of Iraq's WMD programs and to assist in the battle against insurgents. The ISG's experience raises the question of whether a standing intelligence force could become a key component in future counterproliferation and counterterrorism efforts around the world.1 1The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Defense Intelligence Agency, the Dept. of Defense, or the US Government.
Reductive Coupling Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with a Low-Valent Titanium(II) Porphyrin Complex

The reactions of a low-valent titanium(II) tetratolylporphyrin complex, (TTP)Ti(η2-PhC⋮CPh) (1), with various aromatic aldehydes or aryl ketones afforded the reductive coupling products Ti(IV) diolato complexes (2a−c, 3a−d). Treatment of 1 with two different carbonyl compounds selectively produced cross-coupled diolato complexes (4a−d). Interestingly, unreactive aliphatic aldehydes or ketones could be cross-coupled with aryl ketones. Reaction of 1 with benzil produced the enediolato complex (TTP)Ti[OC(Ph)C(Ph)O] (5). Putative η2-carbonyl complexes were observed in the reactions of 1 with benzaldehyde and p-chlorobenzaldehyde, and their implication in reaction mechanisms is discussed.
Anterior intraocular lens dislocation after combined cataract extraction and trabeculectomy

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the incidence, cause, and effect of intraocular lens (IOL) dislocation after combined cataract extraction and trabeculectomy. Setting: An ophthalmic ambulatory surgery center in Lynwood, California. Methods: This retrospective study comprised 150 patients with open-angle glaucoma who had either planned extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) (n = 96) or phacoemulsification (n = 54) combined with IOL implantation and trabeculectomy. I reviewed type of cataract extraction, preoperative glaucoma medications, axial length, and amount of filtration achieved postoperatively. Results: The lens dislocated in 20 eyes (13.3%), with the highest incidence after planned ECCE (18.7%) and the lowest after phacoemulsification with capsulorhexis (3.7%). Eighteen of 30 eyes (60%) that had excessive filtration also had IOL dislocation. Mean induced postoperative myopia in eyes with lens dislocation was −2.25 diopters (D) ± 0.55 (SD). Conclusions: Anterior IOL dislocation was related to increased postoperative filtration and was more common after planned ECCE. In all cases, it caused a distorted pupil, posterior synechias, and induced myopia of over −1.00 D.
Autoantibodies and circulating immune complexes in subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

We wish to report the results of a retrospective study of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex (ARC) as well as a group of asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, in whom we examined markers of systemic autoimmune disease including anti-cell antibodies, immunoglobulin (Ig) and complement (C3 and C4) profiles as well as circulating immune complexes (CIC). Antibodies to cytoplasmic (but not nuclear) antigens were significantly elevated in the AIDS and ARC groups when compared with a population of normal individuals (for AIDS, P = 0.0002 vs. control; for ARC, P = 0.0004 vs. control). The non-AIDS/ARC, HIV+ group did not demonstrate significance (P = 0.054). Each of the three study groups also demonstrated increased Ig (P 0.05), but C4 did demonstrate a significant (P = 0.01) inverse correlation with CIC. These findings strengthen the hypothesized autoimmune aspect of AIDS and ARC, and extend this concept to include HIV-infected individuals without frank disease.