cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequential Tests of Multiple Hypotheses Controlling Type I and II Familywise Error Rates.

Abstract This paper addresses the following general scenario: a scientist wishes to perform a battery of experiments, each generating a sequential stream of data, to investigate some phenomenon. The scientist would like to control the overall error rate in order to draw statistically valid conclusions from each experiment, while being as efficient as possible. The between-stream data may differ in distribution and dimension but also may be highly correlated, even duplicated exactly in some cases. Treating each experiment as a hypothesis test and adopting the familywise error rate (FWER) metric, we give a procedure that sequentially tests each hypothesis while controlling both the type I and II FWERs regardless of the between-stream correlation, and only requires arbitrary sequential test statistics that control the error rates for a given stream in isolation. The proposed procedure, which we call the sequential Holm procedure because of its inspiration from Holm׳s (1979) seminal fixed-sample procedure, shows simultaneous savings in expected sample size and less conservative error control relative to fixed sample, sequential Bonferroni, and other recently proposed sequential procedures in a simulation study.
Intercalation compounds of graphite

A broad review of recent research work on the preparation and the remarkable properties of intercalation compounds of graphite, covering a wide range of topics from the basic chemistry, physics and materials science to engineering applications.
A Novel Method of Structure Control in Si Thin Film Technology

A technological method of thin film silicon growth with an unconventional structure control has been uncovered. It involves a concurrence of metal-induced crystallization with direct growth of crystalline silicon at temperatures of ca. 575°C. Thermally evaporated 5-100 nm thick Ni films were used as prelayers for magnetron sputtered Si films. The thickness of a Ni prelayer was established to significantly alter the silicon film growth, providing a large-grain columnar structure when occurring in the 25-30 nm range, and diminishing the Si grain size toward corresponding lower and higher values of the Ni thickness. The phenomenon is attributed to the silicide nucleation processes at the Ni-Si interface. A decrease in the kinetic energy of the arriving Si atoms accomplished by lowering the magnetron power led to the formation of self-organized nanostructures on the Si film surface suggesting the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode which is also induced by the Ni silicide prelayer. Theoretical aspects of Si film growth are briefly discussed.
Calculation of low Mach number reacting flows

A numerical method has been developed to calculate low Mach number and reacting flows in general and the burning and vaporization of a hydrocarbon droplet in particular. The method is time accurate and it makes use of the continuity equation to form a pressure correction. The basic transport equations have been given in finite volume form, and a predictor/corrector algorithm has been employed. The continuty equation and the pressure correction step have been solved to high numerical accuracy with the use of a direct solver technique, which also has the advantage of improved efficiency. The physical problem of the burning and vaporization of a high molecular weight hydrocarbon droplet is a very difficult one due to the very large temperature and density gradients in the flow, and also due to the complicated flow structures which develop during a droplet's lifetime. The methods used in this research have successfully solved these problems, and a detailed history of the droplet has been calculated and studied.
A new global hydrogen equation of state model

Abstract Simple statistical mechanics models have been assembled into a wide-range equation of state for the hydrogen isotopes. The solid is represented by an Einstein-Gruneisen model delimited by a Lindemann melting curve. The fluid is represented by an ideal gas plus a soft-sphere fluid configurational term. Dissociation and ionization are approximated by modifying the ideal gas chemical-equilibrium formulation. The T = 0 isotherm and dissociation models have been fitted to a new diamond-anvil isotherm and to laser-generated shock data. The main limitation of the model is in ionization at high compression.
CLOSED 3-BRAIDS ARE NEARLY FIBRED

We classify fibred closed 3-braids. In particular, given a nontrivial closed 3-braid, either it is fibred, or it differs from a fibred link by adding a crossing. The proof uses Gabai’s method of disk decomposition. The topmost term in the knot Floer homology of closed 3-braids is also computed.
Accretion powered X-ray pulsars

A unified description of the properties of 14 X-ray pulsars is presented and compared with the current theoretical understanding of these systems. The sample extends over six orders of magnitude in luminosity, with the only trend in the phase averaged spectra being that the lower luminosity systems appear to have less abrupt high energy cutoffs. There is no correlation of luminosity with power law index, high energy cutoff energy or iron line EW. Detailed pulse phase spectroscopy is given for five systems.
Redshift space 21 cm power spectra from reionization

We construct a simple but self-consistent analytic ionization model for rapid exploration of 21 cm power spectrum observables in redshift space. It is fully described by the average ionization fraction xe(z) and H II patch size R(z) and has the flexibility to accommodate various reionization scenarios. The model associates ionization regions with dark matter halos of the number density required to recover xe and treats redshift space distortions self-consistently with the virial velocity of such halos. Based on this model, we study the line-of-sight structures in the brightness fluctuations, since they are the most immune to foreground contamination. We explore the degeneracy between the H II patch size and nonlinear redshift space distortion in the one-dimensional power spectrum. We also discuss the limitations experimental frequency and angular resolutions place on their distinguishability. Angular resolution dilutes even the radial signal and will be a serious limitation for resolving small bubbles before the end of reionization. Nonlinear redshift space distortions suggest that a resolution of the order of 1''-10'' and a frequency resolution of 10 kHz will ultimately be desirable to extract the full information in the radial field at z ~ 10. First-generation instruments such as LOFAR and MWA could potentially measure radial H II patches of a few comoving megaparsecs and larger at the end of reionization and are unlikely to be affected by nonlinear redshift space distortions.
Helical chiral 2,2'-bipyridine N-monoxides as catalysts in the enantioselective propargylation of aldehydes with allenyltrichlorosilane

A highly enantioselective synthesis of homopropargylic alcohols is achieved by using the new helical chiral 2,2′-bipyridine N-monoxide catalyst and allenyltrichlorosilane. This method can be further extended to the enantio- and regioselective propargylation of N-acylhydrazones.
SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF PRIVATIZATION ON OPERATING PERFORMANCE IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC

In this article I use a sample of 178 Czech firms that were in the first wave of voucher privatization to test changes in efficiency and profitability. Based on a previous study's methodology, nonparametric tests reveal that efficiency and profitability decreased immediately following privatization. This is in contrast to earlier studies that find privatization increases these measures. Changes in firms' operations do not vary significantly by size or ownership but do vary by industry type, with nonmanufacturing firms having more positive (or less negative) changes after privatization. Evidence indicates that in spite of the disappointing findings, positive operating performance changes are taking place, such as a decrease in employment. JEL classification: G32, L33, 052
Space-efficient sampling from social activity streams

In order to efficiently study the characteristics of network domains and support development of network systems (e.g. algorithms, protocols that operate on networks), it is often necessary to sample a representative subgraph from a large complex network. Although recent subgraph sampling methods have been shown to work well, they focus on sampling from memory-resident graphs and assume that the sampling algorithm can access the entire graph in order to decide which nodes/edges to select. Many large-scale network datasets, however, are too large and/or dynamic to be processed using main memory (e.g., email, tweets, wall posts). In this work, we formulate the problem of sampling from large graph streams. We propose a streaming graph sampling algorithm that dynamically maintains a representative sample in a reservoir based setting. We evaluate the efficacy of our proposed methods empirically using several real-world data sets. Across all datasets, we found that our method produce samples that preserve better the original graph distributions.
Search Profiling With Partial Knowledge of Deterrence

Consider the choice of a profiling policy where decisions to search for evidence of crime may vary with observable covariates of the persons at risk of search. I pose a planning problem whose objective is to minimise the social cost of crime and search. The consequences of a search rule depend on the extent to which search deters crime. I study the planning problem when the planner has partial knowledge of deterrence. I show how the planner can eliminate dominated search rules and how he can use the minimax or minimax-regret criterion to choose an undominated rule.
Development of the human fetal thyroid

Abstract The human fetal thyroid between the 65–80 mm crown-rump stage (73–80 gestational days) attains maturity in terms of relative weight, appearance of colloid containing central cavities, and ability to produce iodinated organic products, including thyroxine. The histogenesis of the central colloid cavities is brought about by the gradual enlargement and fusion of intracellular canaliculi. This mechanism is perhaps activated and controlled by the presence of increasing amounts of specialized cellular products, presumably thyroglobin. The strategic placement of desmosomes on the apical edges of the cells causes central containment of the individual disgorged canaliculi.
Measurements of particle dynamics in slow, dense granular Couette flow

Experimental measurements of particle dynamics on the lower surface of a three-dimensional (3D) Couette cell containing monodisperse spheres are reported. The average radial density and velocity profiles are similar to those previously measured within the bulk and on the lower surface of the 3D cell filled with mustard seeds. Observations of the evolution of particle velocities over time reveal distinct motion events, intervals where previously stationary particles move for a short duration before jamming again. The cross correlation between the velocities of two particles at a given distance r from the moving wall reveals a characteristic length scale over which the particles are correlated. The autocorrelation of a single particle's velocity reveals a characteristic time scale $\ensuremath{\tau},$ which decreases with increasing distance from the inner moving wall. This may be attributed to the increasing rarity at which the discrete motion events occur and the reduced duration of those events at large r. The relationship between the rms azimuthal velocity fluctuations, $\ensuremath{\delta}{v}_{\ensuremath{\theta}}(r),$ and average shear rate, $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}(r),$ was found to be $\ensuremath{\delta}{v}_{\ensuremath{\theta}}\ensuremath{\propto}{\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ with $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.52\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04.$ These observations are compared with other recent experiments and with the modified hydrodynamic model recently introduced by Bocquet et al.
Cutoff effects in meson spectral functions

We study the lattice spacing dependence of meson spectral functions calculated in quenched QCD with domain wall fermions as well as clover Wilson fermions in quenched and partially-quenched QCD. We conclude that for lattice spacing a ⩽ 3 GeV all excited states appearing in the spectral functions are lattice artifacts.
Databases for Computational Thermodynamics and Diffusion Modeling

Databases for computational thermodynamics and diffusion modeling can be applied to the prediction of phase diagrams and microstructural evolution. These predictions can be used for alloy and process design, as well as to improve modeling capabilities that would decrease the time for new alloy and process development. Databases that are currently available to scientists, engineers, and students need to be expanded and improved. Accordingly, a workshop was held March 21–22, 2002, to identify the database and information delivery tool needs of industry and education. As a result of the workshop a roadmap was developed to show how these needs can be met during the next decade in a cost-effective way through expanded collaborative efforts in education, basic research, and database development. The workshop consisted of a series of invited talks given to the group as a whole followed by general discussions of needs and benefits, and the construction of a roadmap of future activities. A brief report of a follow-up meeting held on May 27, 2003, is given in the Appendix.
External Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures

External fixation has been used for the treatment of distal radius fractures for more than 50 years. Although the fixator configurations have undergone considerable modification over time, the type of fixator itself is not as important as the underlying principles that provide the foundation of external fixation. Although volar plate fixation is currently in vogue, the indications for external fixation remain largely unchanged. New fixator designs have also expanded hrte traditional usage to include nonbridging applications that allow early wrist motion. The following discussion focuses on the myriad uses for external fixation as well as the shortcomings and potential pitfalls.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Profiting from filesharing: A measurement study of economic incentives in cyberlockers

This short paper presented a prelimary economic analysis of incentives in cyberlockers based on measurement results from three different types of sites related to cyberlockers. We found: • The fastest growing cyberlockers in terms of links posted on FilesTube and Teh Paradox forum are those which offer incentive plans. • The end of incentive plans at Rapidshare was followed by a major drop-off in uploader activity on that site. The number of Rapidshare links on FilesTube fell by 67% in the months after the plans were terminated. Rapidshare links fell by 95% on the Teh Paradox forum. • It is possible for uploaders on FileSonic to earn sizeable amounts from their activities. The average daily earnings for those who posted screenshots on a web forum was $33.69 with one uploader reporting earnings of $226.27 per day. • FileSonic places a higher value on uploaders who can entice downloaders to buy premium memberships rather than uploaders who post popular files. The average earnings for uploaders who chose the pay-per-sale incentive scheme was $46.10 versus $21.12 for those who chose the pay-per-download scheme.
SYNTHESIS OF DIBENZOHEPTALENE BISLACTONES via A DOUBLE INTRAMOLECULAR CANNIZZARO REACTION

(1988). SYNTHESIS OF DIBENZOHEPTALENE BISLACTONES via A DOUBLE INTRAMOLECULAR CANNIZZARO REACTION. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 87-91.
Evaluation of the effects of 15(S)-HETE on corneal epithelial cells: an electrophysiological and cytochemical study.

The healthy corneal epithelium has tight junctions and forms a barrier between the environment and the inside of the eye. The tear film aids in protecting the corneal surface, and artificial tear solutions provide temporary relief of dry eye. The tear film is composed of three layers: the lipid, aqueous and mucin layers. The mucin layer, which lies adjacent to the ocular surface, provides an evenly distributed hydrophilic coating on the surface of the cornea. The conjunctival goblet cells1 and corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells continually secrete mucin over the corneal surface. When the outer epithelial layer becomes damaged, the epithelial cells below can produce mucin.2,3 A recent theory is that the secretion of mucin may serve as a method of treating dry eye.
1,2-Induction in intramolecular diene cyclozirconation: Control of relative configuration

Abstract We have observed that cyclozirconation of a diene having a substituent on the bridge connecting the two alkenes leads to a single predominant zirconacycle with control of three new stereogenic centers.
A Study of the Modal Truncation Error in the Component Mode Analysis of a Dual-Rotor System

In the component mode synthesis method, the equation of motion in the generalized coordinates is built upon the undamped eigenvalue data of the component structures. Error is inevitable when truncated modes are used. In this paper, two modal truncation schemes were evaluated with regard to the critical speed, stability, and unbalance response of a two-spool gas turbine engine. The numbers of modes required to yield acceptable accuracy in these cases were determined. Guidelines for modal truncation were derived from these results.
Measuring individual overpotentials in an operating solid-oxide electrochemical cell

We use photo-electrons as a non-contact probe to measure local electrical potentials in a solid-oxide electrochemical cell. We characterize the cell in operando at near-ambient pressure using spatially-resolved X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The overpotentials at the interfaces between the Ni and Pt electrodes and the yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte are directly measured. The method is validated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Using the overpotentials, which characterize the cell's inefficiencies, we compare without ambiguity the electro-catalytic efficiencies of Ni and Pt, finding that on Ni H2O splitting proceeds more rapidly than H2 oxidation, while on Pt, H2 oxidation proceeds more rapidly than H2O splitting.
Low-Thrust Transfers in the Earth-Moon System, Including Applications to Libration Point Orbits

Preliminary designs of low-thrust transfer trajectories are developed in the Earth-moon three-body problem with variable specific impulse engines and fixed engine power. The solution for a complete time history of the thrust magnitude and direction is initially approached as a calculus of variations problem to locally maximize the final spacecraft mass. The problem is then solved directly by sequential quadratic programming, using either single or multiple shooting. The coasting phase along the transfer exploits invariant manifolds and, when possible, considers locations along the entire manifold surface for insertion. Such an approach allows for a nearly propellant-free final coasting phase along an arc selected from a family of known trajectories that contract to the periodic libration point orbit. This investigation includes transfer trajectories from an Earth parking orbit to some sample libration point trajectories, including L 1 halo orbits, L 1 and L 2 vertical orbits, and L 2 butterfly orbits. Given the availability of variable specific impulse engines in the future, this study indicates that fuel-efficient transfer trajectories could be used in future lunar missions, such as south pole communications satellite architectures.
Kiyoo Wadati and early research on deep focus earthquakes: Introduction to Special Section on Deep and Intermediate Focus Earthquakes

This special section of the Journal of Geophysical Research is dedicated to Kiyoo Wadati. This paper evaluates his contribution to our knowledge of geophysics and, especially, deep earthquake phenomena. In at least three areas, Wadati wrote several papers before 1936 which profoundly influenced modern geophysics. First, his work provided the first convincing evidence that deep earthquakes existed. Second, he was a leader in the construction of travel time tables and the determination of mantle velocity structure. Finally, he published the first accurate description of the inclined planar zone of deep earthquakes which extends from trenches beneath volcanic island arcs. Wadati's work strongly influenced research of many other scientists both before and after World War II, particularly, Jeffreys, Gutenberg, and Benioff. Several of the questions raised by the research of Wadati and others before 1940 are still unanswered today.
A perturbation technique for gyroscopic systems with small internal and external damping

Abstract The response of linear damped gyroscopic systems can be obtained by means of techniques of linear systems theory, which involves the computation of the transition matrix. The response is in terms of complex quantities, which is likely to cause computational difficulties as the order of the system increases. In the absence of damping, it is possible to derive the response of a linear gyroscopic system with relative ease by working with real quantities alone. When damping is small, one can use a perturbation approach to produce the response by regarding the undamped gyroscopic system as the unperturbed system. In a previous paper, a perturbation analysis was used to derive the response of a gyroscopic system with small internal damping. This paper extends the approach to the case of external damping, which is characterized not only by symmetric coefficients multiplying velocities but also by skew symmetric coefficients multiplying displacements, where the latter terms are known as circulatory. A numerical example is presented.
Preparation of functionalized hydroindol-3-ols via tandem aza-Cope rearrangement-Mannich cyclizations. Formal total synthesis of (±)-6a-epipretazettine and related alkaloids

Abstract Key steps in this approach to amaryllidaceae alkaloids containing oxidation at the β-position of the pyrroline ring are (a) copper(II)-promoted rearrangement of aminocyclopentanol 11 to afford the 3-silylhydroindole 12, and (b) oxidation of 12 by the general procedures of Kumada and Fleming to give the cis -3a-aryl-3-hydroxyhexahydroindolone 13 in 71% overall yield from 11.
Thermodynamics of Mg and Ca complexation with AMP, ADP, ATP

Abstract The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH, ΔS) of complexation have been measured by potentiometric and calorimetric titration for formation of ML and MHL (M  Mg2+, Ca2+; L  AMP2−, ADP3−, ATP4−). The parameters are interpreted to support a model of inner sphere complexation of the metal cations to the phosphate groups with no evidence of metal-ring interaction in the ML complexes. In the MHL complexes, the protonation (of a ring nitrogen) seemingly leads to ‘backfolding’ interaction between the metal and the ring system in addition to the interaction between the metal and the phosphate groups.
Role of microstructures on the growth of long fatigue cracks

Abstract An analysis is presented to understand the role of microstructures on the two crack growth driving force parameters, K ∗ max and Δ K ∗ th , without invoking the extrinsic crack closure concepts. Microstructural variables considered are: grain size, precipitates and stacking fault energy. It is shown that K ∗ max is strongly affected by the scale of the microstructure, such as grain size or precipitate spacing. For each case, the mode of slip deformation and environment affects the fatigue resistance as represented by K ∗ max . However, the microstructures seem to have a smaller effect on Δ K ∗ th . Also, the enhanced planarity of slip from the reduction in stacking fault energy has a pronounced effect on K ∗ max when compared with the materials deforming under homogeneous slip.
WARD IDENTITIES IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRING THEORY

I study the Ward identities of the w∞ symmetry of the two-dimensional string theory. It is found that, not just an isolated vertex operator, but also a number of vertex operators colliding at a point can produce local charge non-conservation. The structure of all such contact terms is determined. As an application, I calculate all the non-vanishing bulk tachyon amplitudes directly through the Ward identities for a Virasoro subalgebra of the w∞.
Microbial stimulation fully differentiates monocytes to DC-SIGN/CD209+ dendritic cells for immune T cell areas

Dendritic cells (DCs), critical antigen-presenting cells for immune control, normally derive from bone marrow precursors distinct from monocytes. It is not yet established if the large reservoir of monocytes can develop into cells with critical features of DCs in vivo. We now show that fully differentiated monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs) develop in mice and DC-SIGN/CD209a marks the cells. Mo-DCs are recruited from blood monocytes into lymph nodes by lipopolysaccharide and live or dead gram-negative bacteria. Mobilization requires TLR4 and its CD14 coreceptor and Trif. When tested for antigen-presenting function, Mo-DCs are as active as classical DCs, including cross-presentation of proteins and live gram-negative bacteria on MHC I in vivo. Fully differentiated Mo-DCs acquire DC morphology and localize to T cell areas via L-selectin and CCR7. Thus the blood monocyte reservoir becomes the dominant presenting cell in response to select microbes, yielding DC-SIGN(+) cells with critical functions of DCs.
Stationary solutions of stochastic recursions describing discrete event systems

Abstract We consider recursions of the form xn + 1 = ϕn[xn], where {ϕn, n ≥ 0} is a stationary ergodic sequence of maps from a Polish space (E, E ) into itself, and {xn, n ≥ 0} are random variables taking values in (E, E ). Questions of existence and uniqueness of stationary solutions are of considerable interest in discrete event system applications. Currently available techniques use simplifying assumptions on the statistics of {ϕn}n (such as Markov assumptions), or on the nature of these maps (such as monotonicity). We introduce a new technique, without such simplifying assumptions, by weakening the solution concept: instead of a pathwise solution, we construct a probability measure on another sample space and families of random variables on this space whose law gives a stationary solution. The existence of a stationary solution is then translated into tightness of a sequence of probability distributions. Uniqueness questions can be addressed using techniques familiar from the ergodic theory of positive Markov operators
Oxygen adsorption on a Si(100) substrate : effects on secondary emission properties

Abstract Secondary anion and electron yields resulting from low-energy (50–500 eV) Na + bombardment of an oxygen-adsorbed Si(1 0 0) substrate have been measured as a function of oxygen exposure and of Na + impact energy. Adsorbate coverage ranges from none to over half a monolayer. The dominant sputtered anion was found to be O − with SiO 2 − being a minor constituent. Kinetic energy distributions of the secondary anions and electrons were also measured. The presence of an adsorbate was observed to enhance secondary anion emission to a significant degree whereas secondary electron emission was minor, in sharp contrast to what has been observed for metallic substrates. The mechanism for secondary emission appears to involve electronic excitation of Si x O − ; it is suggested that electron emission is governed by a process similar to Penning ionization, in which a vacancy created by the excitation of Si x O − may be filled by an electron from the valence band. The variation in the work function as oxygen accumulated on the surface was observed to be small.
Solitons, superpotentials and calibrations

In this paper we study several issues related to the generation of the superpotential induced by background Ramond–Ramond fluxes in compactification of Type IIA string theory on Calabi–Yau four-folds. Identifying BPS solitons with D-branes wrapped over calibrated submanifolds in a Calabi–Yau space, we propose a general formula for the superpotential and justify it comparing the supersymmetry conditions in D=2 and D=10 supergravity theories. We also suggest a geometric interpretation to the supersymmetric index in the two-dimensional effective theory in terms of topological invariants of the Calabi–Yau four-fold, and estimate the asymptotic growth of these invariants from BTZ black hole entropy. Finally, we explicitly construct new supersymmetric vacua for Type IIA string theory compactification on a Calabi–Yau four-fold with Ramond–Ramond fluxes.
Relative anion stabilities and transition state energies regarding vinylic vs allylic deprotonation of cyclic vinyl ethers by organolithium reagents: An ab initio study

Abstract The relative energies of allylic and vinylic anions of several vinyl ethers were determined by ab initio calculations at the Hartree-Fock and second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (single point) levels using basis set 6–31++G(d,p) in an attempt at explaining experimental results concerning allylic vs vinylic deprotonation. A general trend with cyclic vinyl ethers has been discovered where the stability of the allyl anion over the vinyl anion in terms of ring size is 8≈7>6>5≈4. In general, optimized vinyl anions exhibit a vinyl angle compression whereas optimized allyl anions exhibit an allyl angle expansion. Additionally, transition state structures are examined that invoke a pre-equilibrium complexation of lithium to the electron rich vinyl ether oxygens prior to the formation of the deprotonation products. These transition states are suggestive of multi-center processes, precluding the formation of free ions during these deprotonation reactions. In many cases, the stabilization energy of the appropriate transition state is in agreement with the experimentally observed product.
Ureteroscopic Evaluation in Renal Transplant Recipients

ABSTRACT Percutaneous access and antegrade intervention have been the gold standard for the management of renal and ureteral complications in the renal transplant patient. We reviewed 540 consecuti...
Obtaining the large angle MSW solution to the solar neutrino problem in models

Abstract The large mixing angle (LMA) MSW solution to the solar neutrino problem seems favored by the data at the moment over the small mixing angle (SMA) MSW solution and the vacuum (VAC) solution. In this paper the various main types of models of neutrino masses and mixings are studied from the point of view of how naturally they can give the LMA solution. Special attention is given to a very simple type of “lopsided” SU(5) model.
Saturation of Magnetorotational Instability Through Magnetic Field Generation

The saturation mechanism of magnetorotational instability (MRI) is examined through analytical quasi-linear theory and through nonlinear computation of a single mode in a rotating disk. We find that large-scale magnetic field is generated through the α-effect (the correlated product of velocity and magnetic field fluctuations) and causes the MRI mode to saturate. If the large-scale plasma flow is allowed to evolve, the mode can also saturate through its flow relaxation. In astrophysical plasmas, for which the flow cannot relax because of gravitational constraints, the mode saturates through field generation only.
An efficient one-pot synthesis of tethered cyclohexadiene enaminonitriles from methyl-ketones: An effective route to quinazolines

The quinazolines represent a useful natural product scaffold with demonstrated activities against disorders such as high blood pressure and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Here we report on the synthesis and biological activity of a series of quinazolines that were prepared by a one-pot synthesis of substituted cyclohexadiene enaminonitriles from methyl-ketones. The approach, which employs NaH, complements published procedures where LDA is utilized. While the NaH catalyzed reaction generates the cyclohexadiene enaminonitriles in high yields with heterocyclic substrates, the reaction fails to promote product formation of aliphatic alkyl substrates. On the contrary, the LDA mediated synthesis favors the long chain alkyl substituents while reactions involving the aromatic substrates result in low yields. The final conversion to the quinazolines is also a modification on literature protocols. In cellular assays, the quinazolines showed the most promising activity against Jurkat with CC(50) values in the low micromolar range. Weak activity was observed against microbial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The substituted enaminonitrile intermediates also exhibited weak anti-microbial activity and cytotoxicity against human T-cell leukemia.
Intraday trade in dealership markets

We develop and test a structural asymmetric information transaction model to characterize the price impact of information when markets are thin. Since orders are accepted individually, the model allows for transaction costs and brokerage fees. Equilibrium demands mixed entry strategies on the part of potentially informed traders. Estimation of the structural parameters is performed using a maximum likelihood procedure on NYSE data. The structural model is rejected primarily because the nonlinear restrictions do not allow for sufficient correlation between price movements and pricing errors. This leads to unreasonably low estimates of the probability of informed trade relative to an unrestricted alternative. The price impact of information is found to be positive and significant, but economically small. This is because although the amount of private information is substantial, the quality of the information signals is poor, particularly in the middle of the trading day. Informed agents do not trade small quantities, which suggests that their ability to divide orders is limited by transaction costs.
Dichlorocyclopropanation and ring cleavage of bridgehead enol lactones. A stereocontrolled ring expansion sequence

Abstract Sequential dichlorocyclopropanation and ethoxide induced lactone cleavage of bridgehead enol lactones affords a stereocontrolled synthesis of 2-chlorocycloheptenones.
A Unified Model for the Evolution of Nonlinear Water Waves

Abstract Details of a new model of water waves that describes wave propagation over long distances accurately, at low cost, and for a wide variety of physical situations are given. The analysis and numerical methods selected for computer solution are given in some detail. The model uses exact prognostic equations, and a high-order expansion to relate variables at each time step. The accuracy of the model is demonstrated most completely for solitary wave propagation, where model results are compared to exact results. It is found that the model results are much more accurate for high solitary waves than are earlier, Boussinesq-type theories, and give good results for waves so high that they are almost breaking. The capability of the model to treat a variety of situations is demonstrated for colliding solitary waves, nonlinear dispersive wave trains, waves in channels of varying breadth, and undular bores. Formally, the model incorporates nonlinear long wave theory exactly, incorporates enough dispersion to describe linear waves with fourth-order precision, so that both shallow water waves and deep water waves are included, and describes accurately waves for which dispersive and nonlinear effects are both important.
Inert gas thruster technology

Some recent advances in component technology for inert gas thrusters are described. The maximum electron emission of a hollow cathode with argon can be increased 60-70% by the use of an enclosed keeper configuration. Operation with argon, but without emissive oxide, has also been obtained. A 30-cm thruster operated with argon at moderate discharge voltages gave double-ion measurements consistent with a double-ion correlation developed previously using 15-cm thruster data. An attempt was made to reduce discharge losses by biasing anodes positive of the discharge plasma. The reason this attempt was unsuccessful is not yet clear. The performance of a single-grid ion-optics configuration was evaluated. The ion impingement on the single-grid accelerator was found to approach the value expected from the projected blockage when the sheath thickness next to the accelerator was 2-3 times the aperture diameter.
A comment on the Nash program and the theory of implementation

Abstract The Nash program for cooperative games is made compatible with the framework of the theory of implementation. It is shown that the core is the only major cooperative solution that is Maskin monotonic. The mechanisms in the Nash program are adapted into our model, closer to that of the theory of implementation.
High-Temperature Thermodynamics of the Strongly Correlated Hubbard Model at Arbitrary Electron Density

We consider the Hubbard model for electron correlations in solids in the narrow-band regime where the intra-atomic Coulomb repulsion is large compared to the bandwidth. A high-temperature pertubation expansion in the bandwidth is performed to lowest order for the grand partition function. This procedure is carried out both for one-dimensional systems, of interest for the tetracyanoquinodimethan (TCNQ) charge-transfer salts, and for a three-dimensional cubic lattice. Both the specific heat and magnetic susceptibility are computed as functions of temperature and electron density.
A Martingale Proof of Dobrushin's Theorem for Non-Homogeneous Markov Chains

In 1956, Dobrushin proved an important central limit theorem for non-homogeneous Markov chains. In this note, a shorter and different proof elucidating more the assumptions is given through martingale approximation.
The economic contribution of information technology: Towards comparative and user studies

By what process does technical change in information technology (IT) increase economic welfare? How does this process result in increases in welfare at different rates in different countries and regions? This paper considers existing literature on measuring the economic benefits from information technology, emphasizing comparative issues and user studies. Following Bresnahan and Trajtenberg (1995), we call the invention associated with customizing the technological frontier to the unique needs of users in particular regions “co-invention”, placing emphasis on understanding how its determinants vary across users in different regions. We develop a framework for understanding the processes behind valuecreation, demand-side heterogeneity and co-inventive activity. Then we discuss why these processes make measuring the welfare benefits from advances in information technology particularly difficult. We highlight the metrics currently available for measuring the economic pay-out of the IT revolution and identify which of these vary meaningfully in a comparative regional context. Finally, we finish with observations about further areas of research.
Intrarenal Use of the Holmium Laser

Background and Objective We investigated the safety, effectiveness, and techniques of the holmium (Ho:YAG) laser intrarenally. Data are presented on 52 patients who were treated with the Ho:YAG laser intrarenally for urinary calculi or neoplasms. Study Design/Materials and Methods The Ho:YAG laser has a wavelength of 2,100 nm, which is delivered in pulsed fashion via a small flexible quartz fiber (365 μm), which is placed through a working channel (>;2.2 Fr) of a small diameter endoscope. Results Sixty-three intrarenal procedures were performed with the Ho:YAG laser for calculi and neoplasms. Twenty-four procedures were performed for intrarenal neoplasms. Average total energy used in these patients was 2.61 kilojoules (kJ) with a maximum of 15.28 kJ. Thirty-nine procedures were performed for intrarenal calculi; 7/39 procedures were approached percutaneously. Average total energy in stone patients was 5.41 kJ with a maximum of 37.77 kJ. Conclusion The Ho:YAG laser can be used safely and effectively to treat intrarenal calculi or neoplasms. All types of calculi were fragmented and all patients with intrarenal tumor were treated successfully. There were no vascular or renal injuries and there was no evidence of renal loss. No intrarenal strictures were seen on follow-up. The Ho:YAG laser energy can be delivered through a small flexible quartz fiber passed through a small diameter endoscope. The techniques and applications of the Ho:YAG laser make it well suited for urologic application. Lasers Surg. Med. 21:198–202, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Central computer vs separate subsystems for interplanetary spacecraft functions

Digital computers for interplanetary spacecraft, comparing centralized and decentralized approaches for implementing onboard functions
LINEAR FIBROBLAST ALIGNMENT ON SINUSOIDAL WAVE MICROPATTERNS

Micrometer and nanometer grooved surfaces have been determined to influence cellular orientation, morphology, and migration through contact guidance. Cells typically elongate along the direction of an underlying groove and often migrate with guidance provided by constraints of the pattern. This phenomenon has been studied primarily using linear grooves, post, or well patterns. We investigated the behavior of mouse embryonic fibroblasts on non-linear, sinusoidal wave grooves created via electron beam lithography on a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) substrate that was spin-coated onto a positively charged glass surface. Three different wave patterns, with varying wavelengths and amplitudes, and two different line patterns were created. Cell orientation and adhesion was examined after 4, 24, and 48 h after cell seeding. Attachment strength was studied via subjecting cells on substrates to centrifugal force following a 24-h incubation period. For all wave patterns studied, it was noted that cells did not reside within the groove, rather they were observed to cross over each groove, residing both inside and outside of each wave pattern, aligning linearly along the long axis of the pattern. For the linear patterns, we observed that cells tended to reside within the grooves, consistent with previous observations. The ability to add texture to a surface to manipulate cell adhesion strength and growth with only localized attachment, maintaining free space in curvilinear microtopography underlying the cell, may be a useful addition for tissue engineering and the fabrication of novel biomedical devices.
Concept mining for indexing medical literature

This article addresses the task of mining concepts from biomedical literature to index and search through a documents base. This research takes place within the Telemakus project, which has for goal to support and facilitate the knowledge discovery process by providing retrieval, visual, and interaction tools to mine and map research findings from research literature in the field of aging. A concept mining component automating research findings extraction such as the one presented here, would permit Telemakus to be efficiently applied to other domains. The main strategy that has been followed in this project has been to mine from the legends of the documents the research findings as relationships between concepts from the medical literature. The concept mining proceeds through stages of syntactic analysis, semantic analysis, relationships building, and ranking. Evaluation results are presented at the end and show that the system learns concepts and relationships between them with good recall, and that these concepts can be used for indexing the documents. Future improvements of the system are also presented.
A parametrization of bipartite systems based on SU(4) Euler angles

In this paper we give an explicit parametrization for all two-qubit density matrices. This is important for calculations involving entanglement and many other types of quantum information processing. To accomplish this we present a generalized Euler angle parametrization for SU(4) and all possible two-qubit density matrices. The important group-theoretical properties of such a description are then manifest. We thus obtain the correct Haar (Hurwitz) measure and volume element for SU(4) which follows from this parametrization. In addition, we study the role of this parametrization in the Peres-Horodecki criteria for separability and its corresponding usefulness in calculating entangled two-qubit states as represented through the parametrization.
Translation of nanoantenna hot spots by a metal-dielectric composite superlens

We employ numerical simulations to show that highly localized, enhanced electromagnetic fields, also known as “hot spots,” produced by a periodic array of silver nanoantennas can be spatially translated to the other side of a metal-dielectric composite superlens. The proposed translation of the hot spots enables surface-enhanced optical spectroscopy without the undesirable contact of molecules with metal, and thus it broadens and reinforces the potential applications of sensing based on field-enhanced fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering.
Decomposable Probabilistic Influence Diagrams

Probabilistic influence diagrams are a useful stochastic modeling tool. To calculate probabilities of interest relative to a probabilistic influence diagram efficiently, it will be helpful for us to use an associated decomposable-directed graph. We first explore and discuss some graph-theoretic and conditional independence properties of decomposable probabilistic influence diagrams. These properties are helpful in providing an efficient algorithm for obtaining a posterior decomposable probabilistic influence diagram given the state of one or more observed nodes. The connection between Shachter's “sequential creation of conditionally barren nodes” concept and Lauritzen and Spiegeihalter's “moralization and triangulation” algorithm for calculating probabilities relative to a probabilistic influence diagram is made explicit. We also discuss how to use wisely the concepts of “sequential creation of conditionally barren nodes” and “merging nodes” together with the graph-theoretic properties of decomposable directed graphs to compute probabilities relative to probabilistic influence diagrams.
Slotting Fees for Organic Retail Products: Evidence From a Survey of U.S. Food Retailers

Based on a survey of U.S. food retailers, our study finds that almost one third of U.S. food retailers charge slotting fees for certified organic food products, a retailing area where slotting fees had not previously been well documented. Econometric results from both ordered response and binary response models suggest that a number of firm-level attributes do influence the presence and/or relative size of organic slotting fees in a manner that is mostly consistent with an economic efficiency rationale and partly consistent with a market power/strategic behavior rationale for slotting fees.
Coupled multi-phase thermo-poromechanical effects. Case study: CO2 injection at In Salah, Algeria

Abstract Coupled simulations of fluid injection and extraction in porous media are an important tool for assessing feasibility, safety and productivity of such operations. Different methods for coupling the fluid flow with geomechanics are currently used. In this paper we compare one-way and iterative coupling with full coupling. With the fully coupled two-phase thermo-poromechanical model we simulate the CO 2 injection operation, which is ongoing at In Salah, Algeria. The results suggest that pressure increase in the well and ground uplift for a given data set can accurately be modeled using our method. Finally, we illustrate the crucial effect of the temperature difference between injected fluid and reservoir on the possibility of creating and/or re-opening fractures perpendicular to the well in the cap rock that were observed in the field.