cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schoolmistresses and Headmistresses: Elites and Education in Nineteenth-Century England

Ladies who kept private schools attended by young ladies are familiar figures in Regency and Victorian novels: ridiculous ladies, such as Miss Pinkerton, who kept a rather elegant establishment in Vanity Fair, sensible ladies like Mrs. Goddard, whose more modest school was attended by Jane Austen's Emma; scheming ladies such as Mrs. Kirkpatrick, who set her cap for Molly Gibson's father in Mrs. Gaskell's Wives and Daughters. Memorable mostly for their personal quirks, their qualities of character, these ladies all fit comfortably in the framework of the domestic drama.
Networked Alliances and Innovation

Innovation and research are becoming increasingly important components of most production and service activities. The pressures introduced by global competition and rapid technological change have made it essential for many firms and organisations to engage in continuous innovation, where research and development (R&D) units are expected to successively come up with new knowledge and discoveries at a very rapid pace. In many advanced technology sectors and activities, research units have therefore taken up a central role in firm survival and in the formulation of company strategy.
A comparison of astronomical and ballistic traditions in orbit correction

In space navigation the confluence of traditions from sea and air navigation, from aerodynamics and ballistics, from guidance and control theory, and from celestial mechanics, especially in the determination of orbits, is productive both of cross–fertilization and of conflict. One area having particular interest is that of differential formulae, which are useful in the mathematical differential correction of an approximate orbit into better agreement with observation, in the physical or thrust differential correction of a non–rendezvous trajectory into one that intercepts its target, in guidance, in error analysis, and in optimization.
Microbial Biogeography of Public Restroom Surfaces

We spend the majority of our lives indoors where we are constantly exposed to bacteria residing on surfaces. However, the diversity of these surface-associated communities is largely unknown. We explored the biogeographical patterns exhibited by bacteria across ten surfaces within each of twelve public restrooms. Using high-throughput barcoded pyrosequencing of the 16 S rRNA gene, we identified 19 bacterial phyla across all surfaces. Most sequences belonged to four phyla: Actinobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The communities clustered into three general categories: those found on surfaces associated with toilets, those on the restroom floor, and those found on surfaces routinely touched with hands. On toilet surfaces, gut-associated taxa were more prevalent, suggesting fecal contamination of these surfaces. Floor surfaces were the most diverse of all communities and contained several taxa commonly found in soils. Skin-associated bacteria, especially the Propionibacteriaceae, dominated surfaces routinely touched with our hands. Certain taxa were more common in female than in male restrooms as vagina-associated Lactobacillaceae were widely distributed in female restrooms, likely from urine contamination. Use of the SourceTracker algorithm confirmed many of our taxonomic observations as human skin was the primary source of bacteria on restroom surfaces. Overall, these results demonstrate that restroom surfaces host relatively diverse microbial communities dominated by human-associated bacteria with clear linkages between communities on or in different body sites and those communities found on restroom surfaces. More generally, this work is relevant to the public health field as we show that human-associated microbes are commonly found on restroom surfaces suggesting that bacterial pathogens could readily be transmitted between individuals by the touching of surfaces. Furthermore, we demonstrate that we can use high-throughput analyses of bacterial communities to determine sources of bacteria on indoor surfaces, an approach which could be used to track pathogen transmission and test the efficacy of hygiene practices.
Effects of long-term treatment with growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 in the GHRH knockout mouse

Growth hormone (GH) secretagogues (GHS) stimulate GH secretion in vivo in humans and in animals. They act on the ghrelin receptor, expressed in both the hypothalamus and the pituitary. It is unknown whether GHSs act predominantly by increasing the release of hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) or by acting directly on the somatotroph cells. We studied whether a potent GHS could stimulate growth in the absence of endogenous GHRH. To this end, we used GHRH knockout (GHRH-KO) mice. These animals have proportionate dwarfism due to severe GH deficiency (GHD) and pituitary hypoplasia due to reduced somatotroph cell mass. We treated male GHRH-KO mice for 6 wk (from week 1 to week 7 of age) with GH-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2, 10 microg s.c. twice a day). Chronic treatment with GHRP-2 failed to stimulate somatotroph cell proliferation and GH secretion and to promote longitudinal growth. GHRP-2-treated mice showed an increase in total body weight compared with placebo-treated animals, due to worsening of the body composition alterations typical of GHD animals. These data demonstrate that GHRP-2 failed to reverse the severe GHD caused by lack of GHRH.
Toward the potential of electrowetting microprisms: High performance liquids, low voltage dielectrics, and 3D lithography

Electrowetting microprisms are projected to provide high performance for beam steering. To achieve this goal, high performance liquids, low voltage dielectrics, and 3D lithography are now in development. In this paper, we will review the operational basics of electrowetting microprisms, and the above-mentioned three key factors.
Flashbulb Memories for September 11th can be Preserved in Older Adults

Flashbulb memories (FMs) are vivid, long-lasting memories for the source of surprising, arousing news. Laboratory studies have consistently found that older adults, especially those with below-average frontal lobe (FL) function, are impaired in source memory relative to young. We tested memory for the source of news concerning the September 11th terrorist attacks in older adults with high or low frontal lobe function and in young people. We found no age differences in source memory a year after the event and no differences related to FL function. Flashbulb memories may be different from usual cases of source memory because of their emotional content, personal importance, or social relevance.
Structural studies of technetium-zirconium alloys by X-ray diffraction, high-resolution electron microscopy, and first-principles calculations.

The structural properties of Tc-Zr binary alloys were investigated using combined experimental and computational approaches. The Tc2Zr and Tc6Zr samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and transmission electron microscopy. Our XRD results show that Tc6Zr crystallizes in the cubic R-Mn-type structure (I43m space group) with a variable stoichiometry of Tc6.25-xZr ( 0< x < 1.45),andTc2ZrhasahexagonalcrystallatticewithaMgZn2-typestructure(P63/mmcspacegroup).Rietveldanalysis ofthepowderXRDpatternsanddensityfunctionalcalculationsofthe“Tc6Zr”phaseshowalinearincreaseofthelattice parameterwhenmovingfromTc6.25ZrtoTc4..80Zrcompositions,similartopreviousobservationsintheRe-Zrsystem. Thisvariationofthecompositionof“Tc6Zr”isexplainedbythesubstitutionofZrforTcatomsinthe2asiteoftheR-Mntype structure. These results suggest that the width of the “Tc6Zr” phase needs to be included when constructing the Tc-Zr phase diagram. The bonding character and stability of the various Tc-Zr phases were also investigated from first principles. Calculations indicate that valence and conduction bands near the Fermi level are dominated by electrons occupying the 4d orbital. In particular, the highest-lying molecular orbitals of the valence band of Tc2Zr are composed of d-d σ bonds, oriented along the normal axis of the (110) plane and linking the Zr network to the Tc framework. Strong d-d bonds stabilizing the Tc framework in the hexagonal unit cell are also in the valence band. In the cubic structures of Tc-Zr phases, only Tc 4d orbitals are found to significantly contribute near the Fermi level.
Endoscopic measurements of canine colonic mucosal blood flow using hydrogen gas clearance.

We have examined the feasibility of hydrogen (H 2 ) clearance for endoscopic measurements of colonic mucosal blood flow in anesthetized dogs. In 6 animals, measurements of H 2 clearance did not differ significantly in different regions of the sigmoid colon and they were highly reproducible (p 2 clearance correlated closely with those obtained using radioactive microspheres under resting conditions and, in 4 dogs, during infusion of vasopressin (slope = 0.94, p 2 clearance thus appears to be feasible for measuring mucosal blood flow in the colon. Serial measurements of H 2 clearance may prove useful in characterizing the role of mucosal blood flow in the pathogenesis of various forms of human colonic disease.
HABITAT-MEDIATED FORAGING LIMITATIONS DRIVE SURVIVAL BOTTLENECKS FOR JUVENILE SALMON

Realistic population models and effective conservation strategies require a thorough understanding of mechanisms driving stage-specific mortality. Mortality bottlenecks for many species occur in the juvenile stage and are thought to result from limitation on food or foraging habitat during a ''critical period'' for growth and survival. Without a way to account for maternal effects or to measure integrated consumption rates in the field, it has been virtually impossible to test these relationships directly. Hence uncertainties about mechanisms underlying such bottlenecks remain. In this study we randomize maternal effects across sites and apply a new method for measuring consumption integrated over weeks to months to test the hypothesis that food limitation drives early-season juvenile mortality bottlenecks in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Using natural signatures of geologically derived cesium ( 133 Cs), we estimated consumption rates of .400 fry stocked into six streams. Two to four weeks after stocking, consumption was extremely low across sites (0.005 gg � 1 � d � 1 ) and was predicted to be below maintenance rations (i.e., yielding negative energy balances) for the majority of individuals from five of six sites. However, consumption during this time was positively correlated with growth rates and survival (measured at the end of the growing season). In contrast, consumption rates increased in mid- (0.030 gg � 1 � d � 1 ) and late (0.035 gg � 1 � d � 1 ) seasons, but juvenile survival and consumption were not correlated, and correlations between growth and consumption were weak. These findings are consistent with predictions of a habitat-based bioenergetic model constructed using the actual stream positions of the individual fish in the present study, which indicates that habitat-based models capture important environmental determinants of juvenile growth and survival. Hence, by combining approaches, reducing maternal effects and controlling initial conditions, we offer a general framework for linking foraging with juvenile survival and present the first direct consumption-based evidence for the early season bottleneck hypothesis.
All’origine dell’uomo ideale di Leonardo

After the discovery and the research developed in the last twenty years, it has been possible to announce, in 2010, a convincing attribution for the manuscript brought to the attention of the public as Vitruvio Ferrarese . The author is Giacomo Andrea da Ferrara. Luca Pacioli defined him a great expert on Vitruvius and a very close friend of Leonardo da Vinci (“ suo quanto fratello ”). The discovery of the author was possible just because of the profound relationships between the drawings of Giacomo Andrea and Leonardo in the creation of the famous Vitruvian Man. The reconstructed phases of the drawing process show that the beginning of the formation of the images took place on the folios of the manuscript by Giacomo Andrea with an intense collaboration with Leonardo. Notwithstanding the creative team work, taking place between the two artists in Milan at the end of XV century, Giacomo and Leonardo ended up representing rather different ideal men. The tragic death of Giacomo Andrea in 1500 has obscured his role in the culture of the Renaissance.
Validating “value added” in the primary grades: one district’s attempts to increase fairness and inclusivity in its teacher evaluation system

One urban district in the state of Arizona sought to use an alternative achievement test (i.e., the Northwest Evaluation Association’s (NWEA) Measures of Academic Progress for Primary Grades (MAP)) to include more value-added ineligible teachers in the districts’ growth and merit pay system. The goal was to allow for its K-2 teachers to be more fairly and inclusively eligible for individual, teacher-level value-added scores and the differential merit pay bonuses that were to come along with growth. At the request of district administrators, researchers examined whether the different tests to be used, along with their growth estimates, yielded similar output (i.e., concurrent-related evidence of validity). Researchers found results to be (disappointingly for the district) chaotic, without underlying trend or order. Using the K-2 test for increased fairness and inclusivity was therefore deemed inappropriate. Research findings might be used to inform other districts’ examinations, particularly in terms of this early childhood test.
Comparison of Two Techniques for Assessing Invertebrate Availability for Wild Turkeys in Texas

Although the importance of invertebrates to young galliforms has been demonstrated by numerous researchers, few comparisons of techniques designed to assess invertebrate availability for these species have been published. Our objective was to compare suction sampling and sweep-netting as methods for evaluating invertebrates available for Rio Grande wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) poults on the Edwards Plateau of Texas, USA. We collected invertebrates via sweep-netting (n = 102) and suction sampling (n = 100) during summers 2002 and 2003 at brood locations. Suction sampling collected the same orders of invertebrates as sweep-netting, but invertebrate dry mass and frequency of occurrence were lower for nearly every order compared to sweep-netting. Suction sampling provided no additional information to that obtained by sweep-netting in the broken grasslands where our study was conducted. For this reason, we believe the additional cost and time required to implement this technique was not warranted for our study areas.
Choice Of Entity For The Family Business

Choice of entity has long been one of the central issues in applied business planning. The family business often has special characteristics and needs that may differ from other businesses. These different characteristics and needs will affect the determination of which entity is best for a particular business enterprise. To give some examples, the owners of a family business may want to maintain long-term control in the hands of one or two family members while still providing fairness for minority owners, may need to deal with attribution rules and other statutory provisions that make income tax planning more complicated, and may have the desire to take estate taxes into account as well as income taxes. Tax legislation enacted in the years 2003 through 2006, as well as evolving case law, have made choice of entity for the family business more complicated than before, warranting a new look at this special topic.
Effects of Levothyroxine Replacement or Suppressive Therapy on Energy Expenditure and Body Composition.

Background: Thyrotropin (TSH)-suppressive doses of levothyroxine (LT4) have adverse effects on bone and cardiac function, but it is unclear whether metabolic function is also affected. The objective of this study was to determine whether women receiving TSH-suppressive LT4 doses have alterations in energy expenditure or body composition. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional comparison between three groups of women: 26 women receiving chronic TSH-suppressive LT4 doses, 80 women receiving chronic replacement LT4 doses, and 16 untreated euthyroid control women. Subjects underwent measurements of resting energy expenditure (REE), substrate oxidation, and thermic effect of food by indirect calorimetry; physical activity energy expenditure by accelerometer; caloric intake by 24-hour diet recall; and body composition by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Results: REE per kilogram lean body mass in the LT4 euthyroid women was 6% lower than that of the LT4-suppressed group, and 4% lower than that of the healthy contr...
Negative magnetoresistance in (In, Mn)As semiconductors

The magnetotransport properties of an ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.95}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{0.05}\mathrm{As}$ thin film grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy were measured. Resistivity was measured over the temperature range of 5 to $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The resistivity decreased with increasing temperature from 90 to $0.05\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\Omega}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{cm}$. The field dependence of the low temperature magnetoresistance was measured. A negative magnetoresistance was observed below $17\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ with a hysteresis in the magnetoresistance observed at $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The magnetoresistance as a function of applied field was described by the Khosla\char21{}Fischer model for spin scattering of carriers in an impurity band.
Progress in Predicting Chronic Total Occlusion Recanalization.

Given its historically low procedural success rate, chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has long been considered the Achilles’ heel of percutaneous revascularization. Recent years, however, have witnessed significant progress in the field. Indeed, the adoption of
Attentional Focus Effects in Standing Long Jump Performance: Influence of a Broad and Narrow Internal Focus

The content of instructions that strength coaches give can have a significant impact on how an athlete or client performs. Research on motor learning has shown an advantage of instructions focusing on the effects of movements (external focus) over those focusing on the movements themselves (internal focus) in the performance of motor skills. Internally focused cues are abundant in coaching, therefore the purpose of this study was to test whether some internally focused cues might be more helpful than others. Participants (68) were randomly assigned to either an external focus (EX), broad internal focus (B-IN), narrow internal focus (N-IN), or a control group (CON), and performed 5 standing long jumps. All groups were instructed that the goal was to jump as far as possible. In addition, the EX group was told to "jump as far past the start line as possible." The B-IN group was told to "use your legs." The N-IN group was told to "extend your knees as rapidly as possible," and the CON group received no additional instruction. An analysis of covariance showed that the EX group (198.09 ± 31.89 cm) jumped significantly farther than both the B-IN group (173.74 ± 35.36 cm), p = 0.010 and the N-IN group (178.53 ± 31.17 cm), p = 0.049, with no group different from the CON group. The results suggest that a broad internal focus is no more effective than a narrow internal focus, and that an external focus leads to the greatest jump distance. Strength and conditioning professionals should carefully word their instructions to induce an external focus of attention whenever possible.
Development and implementation of the first set of flow-diagnostic techniques for cryogenic wind tunnels

Since 1989, the author led the development and implementation of the first set of flow diagnostic techniques for the cryogenic wind tunnels at NASA Langley Research Center. This set includes infrared imaging for global boundary-layer transition, deposited hot films for local / temporal measurement of the boundarylayer instability, and focusing schlieren for large fieldof-view flow visualization. This triad provides a complete picture of the flow around a configuration of interest, at Mach and Reynolds numbers combinations matching the values encountered in flight.
The yield of subsequent radiographs during nonoperative treatment of radial head and neck fractures

Objectives After diagnosis of an isolated radial head or neck fracture and selection of nonoperative treatment, the value of subsequent radiographs is uncertain. This study tested the null hypothesis that there are no patient, surgeon, or injury factors associated with alteration in patient management based on subsequent radiographs. Secondarily, we tested the null hypothesis that the use of subsequent radiographs is not associated with patient, surgeon, and fracture characteristics. Methods We identified 415 adult patients with nonoperative treatment for isolated Broberg and Morrey modified Mason type 1 or 2 fractures at a large urban hospital system during years 2013 and 2014. Patient demographics, fracture characteristics, provider characteristics, and treatment details were obtained from a hospital database. Bivariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression modeling were performed. Results One of 255 patients with 262 fractures that had subsequent radiographs (0.4%) was offered surgery but declined. In multivariable analysis, displaced fractures were more likely to have subsequent radiographs, but surgeon-to-surgeon variation was a far more influential factor. Conclusions Radiographs subsequent to diagnosis do not alter treatment of radial head fractures with no associated ligament injuries or fractures. The substantial surgeon-to-surgeon variation in the use of subsequent radiographs suggests that this may be a good focus for quality improvement initiatives.
Low resistivity ZnO-GO electron transport layer based CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells

Perovskite based solar cells have demonstrated impressive performances. Controlled environment synthesis and expensive hole transport material impede their potential commercialization. We report ambient air synthesis of hole transport layer free devices using ZnO-GO as electron selective contacts. Solar cells fabricated with hole transport layer free architecture under ambient air conditions with ZnO as electron selective contact achieved an efficiency of 3.02%. We have demonstrated that by incorporating GO in ZnO matrix, low resistivity electron selective contacts, critical to improve the performance, can be achieved. We could achieve max efficiency of 4.52% with our completed devices for ZnO: GO composite. Impedance spectroscopy confirmed the decrease in series resistance and an increase in recombination resistance with inclusion of GO in ZnO matrix. Effect of temperature on completed devices was investigated by recording impedance spectra at 40 and 60 oC, providing indirect evidence of the performance of solar cells at elevated temperatures.
Expanding Theoretical Complexity

I introduce psychological and neuroscientific approaches to visual perception, delving further into these perspectives in an attempt to broaden my outlook on visual perception. From within visual neuroscience research, I look at research that has investigated the activities and functions of single neural cells as well as that into larger neural regions. Gestalt psychology is next considered and integrated with understandings from visual neuroscience. I also seek to broaden the consideration of visual perception prior to Chaps. 4 and 5 in which I focus upon more specific notions of perceiving abstract fine art. I conclude this chapter by stating my position thus far and by posing a series of questions that I will answer in the remaining chapters of this book.
Programmed Frameshifting in Budding Yeast

The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, provided two of the earliest analyzed examples of programmed translational frameshifting. The Ty family of retrotransposons uses +1 programmed frameshifting in the expression of their pol homologue, resulting in the production of a gag–pol fusion protein. The pol gene product encodes the enzymatic activities necessary for reverse transcription of the Ty mRNA. Similarly, the endogenous L-A virus uses −1 frameshifting in expression of the protein responsible for catalyzing replication of L-A, a double-stranded RNA virus. Subsequently, three chromosomal genes were shown to use +1 frameshifting in their expression: ABP140, EST3, and OAZ1. Their frameshifting strongly resembles the Ty event. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that many genes may employ −1 frameshifting although the function of the frameshift in those genes remains controversial. This review will discuss the mechanisms of these frameshift events, the evolution of programmed frameshifting in budding yeast, and the lessons to be learned about programmed alternative decoding events based on frameshifting in yeast.
Stem Cell Pathways in Brain Tumors

Malignant brain tumors (including medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and high-grade gliomas) are among the most lethal cancers and are associated with poor survival rates despite advances in basic science and clinical management. These tumors are surgically removed when possible and treated with radiation and chemotherapy, however they often recur due to their infiltrative nature and a fraction of cells that is refractory to therapy. These resistant cells have self-renewal properties along with the ability to propagate a heterogeneous tumor upon transplantation in a mouse model and have been termed cancer stem cells. Cancer stem cells within the brain have been shown to be resistant to therapies including radiation and chemotherapy and rely on stem cell signaling pathways to promote their self-renewal. In addition to brain tumors, cancer stem cells have been identified in a variety of other solid tumors and provide an additional conceptual link between cancer and developmental biology that is likely to generate insight into both fields. Here we will discuss the basic biology of cancer stem cells within malignant brain tumors, provide an update on intrinsic and extrinsic pathways that regulate cancer stem cell maintenance, and outline the technology associated with enrichment strategies for cancer stem cells and the use of genetic animal models.
Third branchial cleft anomalies

Third branchial cleft anomalies are rare congenital abnormalities with a complicated anatomical course. The traditional standard of treatment is complete open excision of the entire tract, but newer endoscopic and combined approaches are becoming more common. We summarize the anatomy, presentation, and evaluation of these anomalies. A review of the literature regarding the various surgical options and their associated risks and benefits is discussed. We then review the details of open excision, endoscopic treatment, and combined open or endoscopic surgical options. Given the higher risk of complications with open excision and the similar rates of recurrence with open and endoscopic procedures, we recommend endoscopic management of third branchial cleft anomalies as the first-line treatment.
A Unified Correlation-based Approach to Sampling Over Joins

Supporting sampling in the presence of joins is an important problem in data analysis, but is inherently challenging due to the need to avoid correlation between output tuples. Current solutions provide either correlated or non-correlated samples. Sampling might not always be feasible in the non-correlated sampling-based approaches -- the sample size or intermediate data size might be exceedingly large. On the other hand, a correlated sample may not be representative of the join. This paper presents a unified strategy towards join sampling, while considering sample correlation every step of the way. We provide two key contributions. First, in the case where a correlated sample is acceptable, we provide techniques, for all join types, to sample base relations so that their join is as random as possible. Second, in the case where a correlated sample is not acceptable, we provide enhancements to the state-of-the-art algorithms to reduce their execution time and intermediate data size.
Clinical and Pathological Risk Factors Associated with Liver Fibrosis and Steatosis in African-Americans with Chronic Hepatitis C

Several factors involved in the development of liver fibrosis in African-American patients with chronic hepatitis C have not been well studied. We aimed to evaluate some of these risk factors. We reviewed pathology and medical records of 603 African-Americans with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection at Howard University Hospital from January 2004 to December 2013. Among the clinical and pathological data collected were HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), HCV genotype, hepatitis B virus (HBV), diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), body mass index (BMI), and hepatic steatosis. The frequency of DM, HTN, HIV, and HBV was 22, 16, 11, and 4%, respectively. Median BMI was 27.3 kg/m2. The frequency of fibrosis stages 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 2, 48, 28, 11, and 11%, respectively. In multivariate logistic regression, we found a significant association between liver fibrosis stage (3–4 vs. 0–2) and HIV infection (OR 2.4, P = 0.026), HTN (OR 3.0, P = 0.001), age (OR 2.6 for every 10 years, P < 0.001), weight (OR 1.1 for every 10 lb increase, P = 0.002), and steatosis grade (OR 1.6, P = 0.002). The frequency of liver steatosis was 73%. In an ordinal logistic regression, significant risk factors for steatosis were female gender (OR 1.5, P = 0.034) and inflammation grade (P = 0.001). This study shows that steatosis is independently associated with fibrosis in African-American patients with HCV infection. Female patients were at higher risk of steatosis.
Applications of Combined Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Chemistry

The combination of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, together with computerization, has created a highly efficient tool for the multicomponent analysis of very low concentrations of a variety of constituents in physiological fluids and tissues. Gas chromatography is used to separate and quantify the compounds of interest, and spectrometry is used to confirm the identity of known or suspected constituents and to determine the identity and structure of unexpected constituents when encountered. The computer provides rapid and accurate acquisition and reduction of data, and may eventually also be used for interpretation and translation of chemical information into biological information.
Abstract 25: Angiotensin AT1A Receptors on Leptin Receptor-Expressing Cells are Required for the Blood Pressure and Metabolic Rate Effects of Leptin

Circulating leptin and the local brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) both contribute to the control of food intake (FI), resting metabolic rate (RMR) and blood pressure (BP), and both have been postulated to contribute to obesity-hypertension. Here we examined the provocative hypothesis that the brain RAS is required for (or mediates) the RMR- and BP-stimulating effects of leptin. To create animals lacking the AT 1A receptor specifically in cells expressing the leptin receptor (“KO”), mice with a flox’ed version of the endogenous angiotensin AT 1A receptor gene (AT 1A flox ) were crossed with mice expressing cre-recombinase via the leptin receptor promoter (ObR-Cre). Body mass, body composition, blood chemistry, glucose tolerance, and FI behaviors were essentially unchanged through 34 weeks of age in mice maintained on standard chow (Teklad 7013). In contrast, anesthetized BP (MAP; control n=9, 91.6 ± 4.1, vs KO n=8, 78.0 ± 3.7 mmHg) and heart rate (351 ± 13, vs 308 ± 11 BPM) were reduced in KO mice (both P 1A receptors on leptin-sensitive cells is required for the metabolic rate and cardiovascular effects of leptin. Ongoing studies are focused on identifying the brain regions and subsets of leptin receptor-expressing cells in which this RAS-leptin cross-talk occurs, and the directionality and molecular mediators of this interaction. We hypothesize that uncontrolled or pathological activity of the brain RAS may thus help explain the clinically variable effects of leptin, and contribute to the mechanism(s) of selective leptin resistance and obesity-hypertension.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Conceptual, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Considerations in the Context of Co-Occurrence

The events leading to traumatic brain injury (TBI) are often psychologically traumatic (e.g., motor vehicle accidents) or occur within a broader context of psychological trauma, such as military combat or recurrent interpersonal violence. In such cases, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop and serve to complicate TBI recovery. Likewise, brain trauma may impede emotional resolution following psychological trauma exposure. This article addresses comorbid PTSD and TBI, including the epidemiology of PTSD following TBI; the clinical presentation of the comorbidity; potential mechanisms that complicate recovery from psychological trauma and TBI when they co-occur; and considerations for the clinical management of PTSD in the context of TBI, including implications for both psychosocial and psychopharmacological PTSD treatments. Although the authors address the full spectrum of TBI severity, because PTSD more commonly co-occurs with mild TBI, compared with moderate and severe TBI, the authors focus in...
Southern Transatlantic Flows: Silver Bullets

Using colonial silver trade across the transatlantic, this chapter validates an earlier argument of how much was happening across the ocean far before the World War II starting point in the relevant literatures. This temporal transition exposes a geographical counterpart: the heavier central Atlantic flows overshadowing the north Atlantic counterparts, necessitating an analytical shift. All three Pollack-Shaffer-Peterson indicators measuring transatlantic flows profited from this: even with their intimate global interlinks, transnational actors began facing newer governance forms; though an inter-governmental presence was absent, capturing how they evolved reinforces our analytical usage of the term, while trans-governmental action was also captured in many of its prototype forms. Ultimately, a transatlantic sequence transgressing the Atlantic revealed (a) the invisible impacts of visible flows, (b) state genesis, (c) a rationale for delayed Latin democratization, and (d) the growth of intra-American relations.
Time Dependent Properties

As described in earlier papers, wood is an oriented composite of remarkable complexity. Connections between the structural components range from the numerous strong hydrogen bonds in the crystalline regions of the microfibrils through a limited number of covalent bonds between the many-branched lignin and adjacent carbohydrate polymers (probably hemicellulose) to the relatively sparse hydrogen bonds in the amorphous regions.
NONOSMOTIC RELEASE AND VASCULAR EFFECTS OF VASOPRESSIN

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the central mechanism of vasopressin release in response to osmotic and non-osmotic stimuli and the role of non-osmotic release of vasopressin in circulatory homeostasis. The nonosmotic release of vasopressin is mediated by alterations in low pressure atrial and high pressure carotid sinus baroreceptors via changes in afferent parathymathetic tone to central nervous system. Neurophysiological studies have shown that a single supraoptic neuron increase its electrical discharge activity, an effect associated with vasopressin release, in response to either osmotic or non-osmotic stimulation. Osmotic release of vasopressin causes maximal concentration of the urine at plasma vasopressin levels of 5–10 pg/ml while levels in excess of those achieved with rise in plasma osmolality are achieved during non-osmotic stimulation of vasopressin. The suppression of vasopressin release during alpha-adrenergic stimulation with intravenous norepinephrine and the stimulation of vasopressin release during beta adrenergic stimulation with intravenous isoproterenol is dependent on the integrity of the high pressure baroreceptors in the carotid sinus. The chapter also discusses the effect of central catecholamine depletion with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on .osmotic and non-osmotic release of vasopressin.
Design of a single capillary-parenchymal co-culture bioreactor using a self-assembling peptide membrane

Publisher Summary A bio-reactor is designed and fabricated for the co-culture of endothelial and hepatic parenchymal cells. The device provides a structured environment mimicking the in vivo characteristics of a single capillary and the adjacent tissue. The bio-reactor consists of two cell-scale fluid channels separated by a bio-compatible thin porous membrane made of self-assembling oligopeptide gel. Analytic and computational modeling techniques were used to investigate the fluid flow and mass transfer characteristics and aid in design of the bioreactor. The device concept was to form a peptide gel membrane between two cell-sized channels by first flowing peptide solution between the two channels, then flowing saline in the two side channels to cause the peptide solution to gel. Channel dimensions were chosen based on the material properties of the peptide gel and on typical dimensions of hepatocytes and capillaries. When forming the peptide membrane in the bioreactor, the composition and flow rates of the peptide and saline solutions are closely regulated.
Chapter 14 Repetitive nerve stimulation

Publisher Summary A repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) test is the most commonly used clinical neurophysiological test of neuromuscular transmission. RNS is relatively simple in concept, but in practice, it takes great attention to detail to avoid artifacts that can lead to erroneous or misleading conclusions. This chapter discusses the techniques and clinical role of RNS testing. The ways in which compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) change in response to nerve stimulation and activation form the basis of an RNS test. The CMAP size may increase during high frequency nerve stimulation or after voluntary activation. This is called “potentiation,” which may result from an increase in the number of activated muscle fibers or from an increase in the amplitude or summation of individual muscle fiber action potentials. In the electrode placement technique, surface recording electrodes are placed so that supramaximal nerve stimulation produces an initial sharp negative deflection of the CMAP, thereby indicating that the active electrode is over the motor point of the muscle. The reference recording electrode should be placed at a distance where electrical activity from the muscle is minimal.
Examining the relationship between hospital ownership and population health efforts.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between ownership type and population health initiatives adopted by hospitals using the 2015 American Hospital Association data. Design/methodology/approach Hospitals of various sizes, ownership structures and geographic locations are represented in the survey. The outcome variables of interest include measures of hospital population health activities. Findings Findings indicate that nonprofit hospitals are most likely to express commitment to population health and participate in population health activities, with for-profit hospitals being least likely. Implications for policy and practice are discussed. Research limitations/implications This study demonstrates that discrepancies in population health approaches exist across ownership status – particularly, nonprofit hospitals appear to be the most likely to be involved in population health efforts. Practical implications As we continue to push for population health management in the hospital setting, grappling with the definition and purpose of population health management will be essential. Social implications Overall, these results suggest that nonprofit hospitals are more likely to be implementing population health efforts than for-profit or government-owned hospitals. Originality/value Although there are several studies on population health in hospitals, this study is the first to investigate the relationship between ownership type and population health initiatives adopted by hospitals.
Learning from laboratory mistakes: How policy entrepreneurs catalyze city ordinance repeals in the United States:

Public policies are not static; rather, they change with the context and as consequences become known. We ask how city councils learn about the negative consequences of laws by evaluating the polic...
Arachnoid web of the spine: a systematic literature review

OBJECTIVEAn arachnoid web of the spine (AWS) is a rare and oftentimes challenging lesion to diagnose, given its subtle radiographic findings. However, when left untreated, this lesion can have devastating effects on a patient's neurological function. To date, only limited case reports and series have been published on this topic. In this study, the authors sought to better describe this lesion, performing a systematic literature review and including 2 cases from their institution's experience.METHODSA systematic literature search was performed in September 2018 that queried Ovid MEDLINE (1946-2018), PubMed (1946-2018), Wiley Cochrane Library: Central Register of Controlled Trials (1898-2018), and Thompson Reuters Web of Science: Citation Index (1900-2018), per PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria specified all studies and case reports of patients with an AWS in which any relevant surgery types were considered and applied. Studies on arachnoid cysts and nonhuman populations, and those that did not report patient treatments or outcomes were excluded from the focus review.RESULTSA total of 19 records and 2 patients treated by the senior authors were included in the systematic review, providing a total of 43 patients with AWS. The mean age was 52 years (range 28-77 years), and the majority of patients were male (72%, 31/43). A syrinx was present in 67% (29/43) of the cases. All AWSs were located in the thoracic spine, and all but 2 (95%) were located dorsally (1 ventrally and 1 circumferentially). Weakness was the most frequently reported symptom (67%, 29/43), followed by numbness and/or sensory loss (65%, 28/43). Symptoms predominated in the lower extremities (81%, 35/43). It was found that nearly half (47%, 20/43) of patients had been experiencing symptoms for 1 year or longer before surgical intervention was performed, and 35% (15/43) of reports stated that symptoms were progressive in nature. The most commonly used surgical technique was a laminectomy with intradural excision of the arachnoid web (86%, 36/42). Following surgery, 91% (39/43) of patients had reported improvement in their neurological symptoms. The mean follow-up was 9.2 months (range 0-51 months).CONCLUSIONSAWS of the spine can be a debilitating disease of the spine with no more than an indentation of the spinal cord found on advanced imaging studies. The authors found this lesion to be reported in twice as many males than females, to be associated with a syrinx more than two-thirds of the time, and to only have been reported in the thoracic spine; over 90% of patients experienced improvement in their neurological function following surgery.
Stone Skipping Physics

As a boy I spent many hours skipping stones across the surface of the water on the shore of Lake Michigan. The challenge was to get as many skips or as much distance as possible. Zero skips was a bust. One or two skips was disappointing, three or four skips was mediocre, and six or more skips was exhilarating. The angle of the stone with respect to the surface of the water seemed to be critical. A large angle approaching 45° produced one large jump and perhaps one or two more after that. A smaller angle produced more skips and a longer run. However, too small an angle would cause immediate sinking. Fine tuning the skill of stone skipping was a captivating pastime. Today stone skipping has become both a recreational and a competitive sport.
Exploring the Association between Procedural Justice in Jails and Incarcerated People’s Commitment to Institutional Rules

The process-based model of self-regulation has been evaluated throughout various agencies of the criminal justice system. However, the model has yet to be tested within jails. The goal of the curre...
Epistemic akrasia and higher-order beliefs

According to the Fragmentation Analysis, epistemic akrasia is a state of conflict between beliefs formed by the linguistic and non-linguistic belief-formation systems, and epistemic akrasia is irrational because it is a state of conflict between beliefs so formed. I argue that there are cases of higher-order epistemic akrasia, where both beliefs are formed by the linguistic belief-formation system. Because the Fragmentation Analysis cannot accommodate this possibility, the Fragmentation Analysis is incorrect. I consider three objections to the possibility of higher-order epistemic akrasia. Along the way, I offer a revision of the Fragmentation Analysis that can allow for the possibility of higher-order akrasia while avoiding the problems I point out for the original view.
Are we performing ultrasound measurements of the wall thickness in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis studies the same way

To retrospectively review imaging planes, number of visible pyloric layers and location of measurements, in infants with suspected (HPS). 103 pyloric ultrasound studies for suspected HPS were included. For each study, we recorded whether longitudinal or transverse views were performed, the layers visualized (a schematic was developed for two pediatric radiologists to categorize the interfaces of the anatomic layers a–e) and position of the internal measurement cursor. Categories for the anterior (superficial wall) layers were from external to internal: (a) internal aspect of the muscularis propria; (b) external aspect of the muscularis mucosa; (c) internal aspect of the muscularis mucosa; (d) internal aspect of the mucosa interfacing with a mucosal fold (e) deep aspect of the mucosal fold. Median differences between HPS groups were calculated and inter-reader agreement (kappa score) was performed between both readers. In 100 studies (97 patients), longitudinal (99%) and transverse (69%) views of the pylorus were recorded. For longitudinal views, measurements included muscle thickness (95%), length (97%) and no pyloric diameter. For the transverse view, measurements included muscle thickness (16%) and the diameter (3%). Pyloric layer interfaces were visible: (a) in 64% (b) in 64% (c) in 66% (d) in 30% and (e) in 26%. The internal reference point of cursor placement for measuring the muscle wall thickness in the longitudinal view for one reader was as follows: (a) 46% (b) 27% (c) 30% (d) 1% and (e) 2% of studies. Surgically proven HPS group had a median thickness measurement 0.17 mm greater than the non-HPS studies (CI 95% 0.12–0.21, p < 0.05), and inter-reader agreement was considered as moderate (Kappa 0.5). We found a variety of thickness measurements performed predominantly in the longitudinal view and a largely abandoned diameter measurement. The latter might offer a solution as it is not defined by any internal interfaces.