cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-Frequency Variability in the Midlatitude Baroclinic Atmosphere Induced by an Oceanic Thermal Front

Abstract This study examines the flow induced by an east–west-oriented oceanic thermal front in a highly idealized baroclinic model. Previous work showed that thermal fronts could produce energetic midlatitude jets in an equivalent-barotropic atmosphere and that barotropic instabilities of this jet had dominant periods of 25–30 and 65–75 days. The present study extends this work to a two-mode baroclinic free atmosphere. The baroclinic jet produced in this case is subject to both barotropic and baroclinic instabilities. A barotropic symmetric instability propagates westward with periods of roughly 30 days and is similar to those found in the equivalent-barotropic model. A baroclinic instability results in standing-dipole anomalies and oscillates with a period of 6–8 months. A mixed barotropic–baroclinic instability results in anomalies that propagate northward, perpendicular to the jet, with a period of 2–3 months. The later anomalies are reminiscent of the 70-day oscillation found over the North Atlantic ...
Day- and nighttime injection of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor elicits opposite sleep responses in rats

Previous studies suggest that nitric oxide (NO) may play a role in sleep regulation, particularly in the homeostatic process. The present studies were undertaken to compare the sleep effects of inj...
Accumulation and toxicokinetics of fluoranthene in sediment bioassays with freshwater amphipods

Two freshwater amphipods, Hyalella azreca and Diporeia sp., were exposed to sediment spiked with radiolabeled fluoranthene at nomtnal c~ncentrattons of 0.1 (trace) to 1.270 nmol fluoranthenc/g dry weighl. In two experiments. uptake kinetics and mortaluy were determtned over 30-d exposures. Concentrations of fluoranthene in ,cdiment and pore water were also measured. Mean 'urvtval of H. azreca was generally high, greater than 90% after I 0 or 16 d. and greater than 74% after 30 d. Mean survival wa'. lower for Diporeia, _14% .after _a 30-d expo~ure to the highest sediment concentration in experiment 1. and 53% in experiment 2. 1tssuc conce?trattons tn Dtporeu~ were as htgh as 2 to 4 j.Lmollg wet weight, a body burden that could be expected to result in death by narcO\tS. Hya/el/a azreca dtd not typtcally accumulate more than I IJ.rnol/g wet weight, which is consistent with the lower ob,erved mortaltty. ~pparent steady-state biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs, lipid- and organic-carbon-normalized) for scdtmcnt conccntrauons other than trace level tended to be higher for Diporeia (0.345 0.818) than for H. a::.reca (0.161-0.612). ~he BSAF'> fo~ trace lc~els tended to be l.owcr for both species (0.045 -0.436) in companson to higher sediment concentrations. for bothorgantsms. the tnternal concentration based on body residue was a more reliable mdicator of toxtcity than were equilibrium paruuontng prcdtcttOns.
MRI study of cerebral, retinal and choroidal blood flow responses to acute hypertension

Blood flow (BF) in many tissues is stable during significant fluctuations in systemic arterial blood pressure or perfusion pressure under normal conditions. The regulatory mechanisms responsible for this non-passive BF behavior include both local and neural control mechanisms. This study evaluated cerebral BF (CBF), retinal BF (RBF) and choroidal BF (ChBF) responses to acute blood pressure increases in rats using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A transient increase in blood pressure inside the MRI scanner was achieved by mechanically inflating a balloon catheter to occlude the descending aorta near the diaphragm. We verified the rat model of mechanical occlusion and MRI approach by first measuring blood-flow regulatory responses to changing BP in the brain under normoxia and hypercapnia where the phenomenon is well documented. Retinal and choroidal blood-flow responses to transient increased arterial pressure were then investigated. In response to an acute increase in blood pressure, RBF exhibited autoregulatory behavior and ChBF exhibited baroregulation similar to that seen in the cerebral circulation. This approach may prove useful to investigate retinal and choroidal vascular dysregulation in rat models of retinal diseases with suspected vascular etiology.
Beyond Globalism: Remaking American Foreign Economic Policy

The article reviews the book “Beyond Globalism: Remaking American Foreign Economic Policy,” by Raymond Vernon and Deborah L. Spar.
The existence of geometrical density—image transformations corresponding to object motion

Proofs are presented which show that under a few, easily realizable restrictions, there exists a geometrical image transformation that produces a change in a density image that is identical to the change that would be produced in the image by the motion of the objects being imaged. Both two and three-dimensional images of three-dimensional scenes are considered subject to restrictions that are appropriate to conventional radiography, computerized axial tomography, gamma-ray scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. There is no restriction on the motion of the objects being imaged except that they behave as a conserved medium. There is no restriction on formation of the image except that it include convolution with a differentiable point-function. The convolution can be the result of blurring inherent in the acquisition of the image or of explicit image processing. The results have special significance with regard to the problem of motion artifacts in digital subtraction angiography. The case of incompressible flow is considered and comparisons are made with problems in optical flow.
Unopsonized Candida albicans Hyphae Stimulate a Neutrophil Respiratory Burst and a Cytosolic Calcium Flux Without Membrane Depolarization

We have defined major differences between events elicited during activation of human neutrophils by opsonized Candida hyphae (noningestible) or zymosan (ingestible) and by unopsonized Candida hyphae (also noningestible). In response to opsonized particles, a transient increase in cytosolic free calcium was initially observed, followed by depolarization in the transmembrane potential and a respiratory burst. Without opsonins, zymosan did not elicit a response from neutrophils. In contrast, unopsonized Candida hyphae elicited a transient increase in cytosolic calcium, as well as triggered a respiratory burst; they did not, however, elicit a depolarization of the neutrophil membrane. Furthermore, the rate of superoxide generation decreased after a prolonged lag period. The calcium flux was also delayed and coincided with the onset of superoxide generation. Thus, our data demonstrate that Candida albicans hyphae activate neutrophils in the absence of added serum components and initiate a neutrophil respiratory burst without an antecedent membrane depolarization.
Southeast Asia. Powers of exclusion: Land dilemmas in Southeast Asia . By Derek Hall, Philip Hirsch and Tania Murray Li. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 2011. Pp. 257. Figures, Maps, Bibliography, Index.

Powers of exclusion: Land dilemmas in Southeast Asia By DEREK HALL, PHILIP HIRSCH and TANIA MURRAY LI Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 2011. Pp. 257. Figures, Maps, Bibliography, Index. This wide-ranging book looks at one of the greatest ongoing transformations in Southeast Asia: rapid processes of rural and agrarian change, which have led to land cover modification, transformations in the use of land, and land conflicts. This work, which comes out of the 'Challenges of the agrarian transition in Southeast Asia' programme led by several Canadian universities, and which fits squarely in the important field of research on agrarian differentiation, specifically 'focuses on the changing ways in which people are excluded from access to land' (p. 4). As the authors note, exclusion is a double-edged sword, as it is both a necessary condition for land use as well as a source of conflict; in this, 'exclusion creates both security and insecurity' (p. 8). The authors choose to focus on four major factors that have led to land exclusions in Southeast Asia: regulations, force, the market, and legitimation. In the realm of regulation, the book points out the diffuse informal and formal rules that govern access to land, from traditional local usufruct rights to national zoning laws. Force is used to expropriate land from users, either in conjunction with or sometimes in violation of, regulations, although the book points out clearly that it is not always the state that is the wielder of force. The market is a dominant pressure as well, since 'most obviously, the price of land is a primary determinant of who can gain access to land and who cannot' (p. 17). Finally, legitimation is a process of justifying who has moral and social rights to land, and can be mobilised by actors claiming indigenous rights to land or by states asserting that modernising nations require large-scale land expropriation for hydropower development and other schemes. The challenge for those trying to manage land, whether states, local communities or individual families, is to deal with these competing claims and processes of exclusion. In other words, 'People want the right to exclude, but don't want to be excluded' themselves from claims on land (p. 188). Each of the six main chapters explores a different practice of land transformation, often involving more than one of these processes of exclusion, ranging from formalisation of land rights through state land titling and redistribution, to the preservation of designated conservation areas, to shifts in landownership that have come about from boom crops such as coffee, rubber and shrimp, to urbanisation and deagrarianisation, to local exclusions between kin and between communities, often on the basis of ethnic differences. …
A remote in situ monitor based on continuous flow analysis for the quantitation of sub-micromolar levels of hexavalent chromium in natural waters

We describe the design, optimization, and application of a small, lightweight, deployable monitoring instrument for accurately measuring parts-per-billion levels of hexavalent Cr in surface waters at hourly intervals. The monitor quantifies Cr(VI) using a standard molecular absorbance spectroscopic method, i.e. by formation of a complex with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC). The continuous flow analysis (CFA) design uses narrow conduits (0.90 mm) that are hot-forged onto poly(methyl methacrylate) (‘Plexiglas’) plates based on the method of Jannasch et al. (Anal. Chem., 1994, 66, 3352). The sample stream is drawn through the manifold at 25 μl min−1 using a mini-peristaltic pump; osmotic pumps (10 μl h−1) are used to continuously inject reagent (2.0 mM DPC, 0.60 M HNO3, 5.0% w/v acetone, and 0.10% w/v Brij-35) and to periodically introduce quality control standards and a cleaning solution (0.50 M HNO3). The ‘Z-type’ optical cell uses a liquid-core waveguide (10 mm) to collimate the light-emitting diode source beam (λmax 574 nm) to a broadband photodiode detector. Figures of merit are: 7 min cycle time, response within 28 min and clear-down within 31 min, low waste generation ( 0.21% w/v) of total particulate matter. Using a test chamber containing Milwaukee Harbor water that was periodically fortified with Cr(VI) standards, continuous testing over a 15 day period (354 h) yielded results that were in excellent agreement (<5% variation) with measurements made using an ICP-MS reference method. Drift in the calibration model over the test period was 1.23% and the variation in a 0.50 mg l−1 Cr(VI) standard was 3.8% (n = 11). Known interferences to the DPC chemistry (Mo, V, and Hg at >5 mg l−1) were undetected in the harbor water by ICP-MS.
Elastic electron - Proton Scattering at Large Four Momentum Transfer

Electron-proton elastic-scattering cross sections have been measured at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center for four-momentum transfers squared q^2 from 1.0 to 25.0 (GeV/c)^2. The electric (GEp) and magnetic (GMp) form factors of the proton were not separated, since angular distributions were not measured at each q^2. However, values for GMp were derived assuming various relations between GEp and GMp. Several theoretical models for the behavior of the proton magnetic form factor at high values of q^2 are compared with the data.
Lateral accretion packages (LAPs): an important reservoir element in deep water sinuous channels

The Lower Miocene Green Channel Complex from the Dalia M9 Upper Field, Block 17, offshore Angola is an excellent example of a deepwater sinuous channel. This sinuous Channel Complex is located in the upper portion of a Confined Channel System, which is approximately 150 m deep, 2 km wide, and tens of kilometers long. The Green Channel Complex itself is approximately 40 m deep and 2 km wide and was formed by the lateral migration and local avulsion of a single channel that was approximately 300 m wide and 40 m deep. An important characteristic of the Green Channel Complex is the presence of shingled seismic reflections at channel margins. These shingled reflections tend to be parallel to the channel, dipping toward the channel in most cases and sometimes dipping down flow. The shingled reflections form well-defined packages always in the inner side of the channel bends. They are interpreted to be associated to continuous lateral migration during channel evolution, resulting in the deposition of accretion packages in the inner side of the channel and erosion at the outer side of the channel. These accretion packages are named in this paper Lateral Accretion Packages (LAPs). Typically, lateral migration of individual sinuous channels produces laterally amalgamated Channel Complexes that have varying degrees of internal amalgamation depending on the nature of the channel-fill. Integration of high-resolution 3D seismic and well data from Block 17, offshore Angola with outcrop analogs of interpreted sinuous channels has even further improved the understanding of these types of deepwater channels. Dominating the fill of many sinuous channels observed in outcrops are inclined sandbodies that dip toward the channel axis, perpendicular to the paleoflow direction. These inclined sandbodies are interpreted to be analogous to the LAPs described on seismic data. Lithologic composition of LAPs described from outcrop and core data is variable. They tend, however, to be dominated by a mixture of coarse- and fine-grained sandstones at the base and finer grained, less amalgamated beds towards the top. Importantly, LAPs can form sizable reservoir elements in the subsurface, with an individual LAP reaching a thickness of 45 m over as much as 0.75 km 2 in the Green Channel Complex.
Synthesis and Fragmentation of DNA in Phytohaemagglutinin-Stimulated Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

In phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes, pulse labelled with tritiated thymidine for one minute, the acid-precipitable radioactivity was in the form of fragments that banded at the top of an alkaline sucrose gradient. When the radioactivity was chased with unlabelled thymidine for 2 hrs, most of the acid-precipitable radioactivity banded with the bulk of the DNA in the lower half of the gradient. On further chasing from 5 to 24 hrs, the radioactive DNA was fragmented and could be located on the lighter side of the gradients. This later fragmentation of radioactive DNA was associated with a loss of acid-precipi table radioactivity from the cells and appearance of DNA in the medium. After 24 hrs, approximately 67% of the acid-precipitable radioactivity was present in the medium. 60 to 70% of the radioactivity put out into the medium was acid precipitable, alkali resistant and DNase sensitive.
The Submaximal Clinical Exercise Tolerance Test (SXTT) to Establish Safe Exercise Prescription Parameters for Patients with Chronic Disease and Disability

Purpose To describe how to perform a Submaximal Clinical Exercise Tolerance Test (SXTT) as part of an exercise evaluation in the physical therapy clinic to determine an appropriate exercise prescription and to establish safety of exercise for physical therapy clients. Summary of key points Physical activity is crucial for general health maintenance. An exercise evaluation includes a comprehensive patient history, physical examination, exercise testing, and exercise prescription. The SXTT provides important clinical data that form the foundation for an effective and safe exercise prescription. Observations obtained during the exercise evaluation will identify at-risk patients who should undergo further medical evaluation before starting an exercise program. Two case examples of SXTTs administered to individuals with multiple sclerosis are presented to demonstrate the application of these principles. Statement of recommendations Due to their unique qualifications, physical therapists shall assume responsibility to design and monitor safe and effective physical activity programs for all clients and especially for individuals with chronic disease and disability. To ensure safety and efficacy of prescribed exercise interventions, physical therapists need to perform an appropriate exercise evaluation including exercise testing before starting their clients on an exercise program.
Diversity and prevalence of ectoparasites on backyard chicken flocks in California.

Peridomestic ("backyard") chicken flocks are gaining popularity in the developed world (e.g., North America or Europe), yet little is known regarding prevalence or severity of their ectoparasites. Therefore, five birds on each of 20 properties throughout southern California were surveyed in summer for on-host (permanent) and off-host dwelling (temporary) ectoparasites. Only four premises (20%) were entirely free of ectoparasites. In declining order of prevalence (% of premises), permanent ectoparasites included six chicken louse species: Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch) (50%), Goniocotes gallinae (De Geer) (35%), Lipeurus caponis (L.) (20%), Menopon gallinae (L.) (15%), Menacanthus cornutus (Schommer) (5%), and Cuclotogaster heterographus (Nitzsch) (5%). Only one flea species, Echidnophaga gallinacea (Westwood) (20%), was found. Three parasitic mite species were observed: Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini & Fanzago) (15%), Knemidocoptes mutans (Robin & Lanquetin) (10%), and Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) (5%). Many infestations consisted of a few to a dozen individuals per bird, but M. stramineus, G. gallinae, M. cornutus, and E. gallinacea were abundant (dozens to hundreds of individuals) on some birds, and damage by K. mutans was severe on two premises. Off-host dwelling ectoparasites were rare (D. gallinae) or absent (Cimex lectularius L., Argasidae). Parasite diversity in peridomestic flocks greatly exceeds that is routinely observed on commercial chicken flocks and highlights a need for increased biosecurity and development of ectoparasite control options for homeowners.
Species of Taphrina on North American Ferns

Ten species of Taphrina are known on American ferns, as follows: 1. Taphrina lutescens Rostr. on Thelypteris thelypteris (L.) Nieuwl. Minnesota (?). Maine, New York.2. Taphrina californica on Dryop...
The United Nations as an Influence on United States Policy

The United Nations is important in the international system primarily as it serves to modify state behavior. Yet, all too seldom have students addressed systematic inquiry to the questions of how, and in what ways, national conduct is modified by exposure to UN processes. In the case of the United States, the scholarly study of UN influence upon national policy is practically a void. The object of this paper is not, in any practical sense, to fill the gap but to call attention to it and to suggest a number of promising areas into which the search for UN influence upon United States policy might be directed.
Short-term and long-term effects of methamidophos on brood rearing in honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies

Within 7 d, small honey bee ( Apis mellifera L.) colonies that consumed low levels of methamidophos in sugar syrup lost more eggs and larvae than control colonies, without conspicuous loss of adult worker bees. Youngest brood and brood at the transition between developmental stages were most sensitive. Development of surviving brood was not slowed appreciably by colony consumption of methamidophos. Environmental variables affected the sensitivity of brood to the pesticide. Colonies observed over a 13-wk period recovered rapidly and completely from a single 2.0 mg/liter treatment, without residual effect on uncapped brood, capped brood, honey storage, or queen survival. Larvae were more sensitive than queens, and adult workers were least sensitive. Brood and queens were less sensitive in small colonies than in large colonies. Implications for the mechanisms of pesticide damage to brood rearing and for remedial actions by beekeepers are discussed. The techniques described are effective for short-term and long-term studies of pesticide consumption on brood rearing and queen survival.
Toward empirical behavior laws: II. Effectiveness of a conditioned reinforcer paired with food and shock

A buzzer was paired with food in control rats and with food and shock in experimentals. (1) Baseline bar pressing in experimentais was depressed. (2) Both groups pressed equally often, on the average, to produce the buzzer. (3) Behavior change was greater in experimentals. The data are consistent with a totality-of-reaction theory of conditioned reinforcement.
Research on Key Technologies of Medical Image Diagnosis Resource Platform

Some key technologies of platform are studied.Text processing technology is used to extract text features.Image processing technology is used to extract grey,texture and shape features.Text and image processing technology are combined to identify and quantify lesions characteristic in medical image.High-dimensional index is used to organize these features.Semantic Web is used to fuse all kinds of resource together.A prototype system provides users with a high accuracy and high efficiency of the resources retrieval platform to study and communicate with each other.Result shows that the performance of system is highly improved after using above technologies.
Adaptations to plant pro-oxidants in a phytophagous insect model: enzymatic protection from oxidative stress.

Adaptations in antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPOX) and glutathione reductase (GR) against superoxide free radicals (•O2-) and prevention of their cascade into cytotoxic H2O2 and hydroxyl radical (•OH) have been demonstrated in prokaryotes and vertebrates,1–3 but not yet in insects.4
Surface Mobility of Amorphous o-Terphenyl: A Strong Inhibitory Effect of Low-Concentration Polystyrene.

Previous work has shown that a surface wave on amorphous o-terphenyl (OTP) decays by viscous flow at high temperatures and by surface diffusion at low temperatures. We report that the surface mass transport can be efficiently suppressed by low-concentration polymers. Surface-grating decay has been measured for OTP containing 1 wt % polystyrene (PS, Mw = 1–8 kg/mol), which is miscible with OTP. The additive has no significant effect on the decay kinetics in the viscous-flow regime, but a significant effect in the surface-diffusion regime. In the latter case, surface evolution slows down and becomes nonexponential (decelerating over time). The effect increases with falling temperature and the molecular weight of PS. These results are attributed to the very different mobility of PS (slow) and OTP (fast) and their segregation during surface evolution, and relevant for understanding the surface mobility of multicomponent amorphous materials.
Race and Belonging in School: How Anticipated and Experienced Belonging Affect Choice, Persistence, and Performance:

Background/ContextA sense of belonging in school is a complex construct that relies heavily on students’ perceptions of the educational environment, especially their relationships with other studen...
Solution Structure of a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Carrier Protein Loaded with Its Substrate Reveals Transient, Well-Defined Contacts

Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are microbial enzymes that produce a wealth of important natural products by condensing substrates in an assembly line manner. The proper sequence of substrates is obtained by tethering them to phosphopantetheinyl arms of holo carrier proteins (CPs) via a thioester bond. CPs in holo and substrate-loaded forms visit NRPS catalytic domains in a series of transient interactions. A lack of structural information on substrate-loaded carrier proteins has hindered our understanding of NRPS synthesis. Here, we present the first structure of an NRPS aryl carrier protein loaded with its substrate via a native thioester bond, together with the structure of its holo form. We also present the first quantification of NRPS CP backbone dynamics. Our results indicate that prosthetic moieties in both holo and loaded forms are in contact with the protein core, but they also sample states in which they are disordered and extend in solution. We observe that substrate loading induces a ...
AAV Natural Infection Induces Broad Cross-Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Multiple AAV Serotypes in Chimpanzees

Cross-sectional studies of primates have revealed that natural neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses to adeno-associated viruses (AAV) span multiple serotypes. This differs from the phenotype of the NAb response to an AAV vector delivered to seronegative nonhuman primates that is typically restricted to the administered AAV serotype. To better understand the mechanism by which natural AAV infections result in broad NAb responses, we conducted a longitudinal study spanning 10 years in which we evaluated serum-circulating AAV NAb levels in captive-housed chimpanzees. In a cohort of 25 chimpanzees we identified 3 distinct groups of animals: those that never seroconverted to AAV (naive), those that were persistently seropositive (chronic), and those that seroconverted during the 10-year period (acute). For the chronic group we found a broad seroresponse characterized by NAbs reacting to multiple AAV serotypes. A similar cross-neutralization pattern of NAbs was observed in the acute group. These data support our hypothesis that a single natural infection with AAV induces a broadly cross-reactive NAb response to multiple AAV serotypes.
Synthesis and characterization of thorium ansa-cyclopentadienyl-amido complexes

Two new thorium complexes, a tetramer (1) of C5Me4Si(Me)2NPhThCl2, and a dimer (2) of Li(Et2O)2[C5Me4Si(Me)2N-t-BuThCl3], have been synthesized and characterized. In both cases, structural studies ...
Tampon Taxes, Discrimination, and Human Rights

In recent months, activists around the globe have harnessed the power of the Internet to raise awareness of the so-called “tampon tax,” an umbrella term to describe sales, VAT and similar “luxury” taxes imposed on menstrual hygiene products. In response to pressure from constituents, five U.S. states and Canada have repealed their tampon tax. Active campaigns are underway in Australia, the United Kingdom and several other countries. Where public pressure has not been an effective technique, those seeking to challenge the tampon tax in the United States have turned to litigation. In four U.S. states, class action lawsuits have been filed seeking repeal of the tax and a refund for back taxes paid, alleging equal protection violations. In the international context, human rights law provides a promising foundation for similar legal challenges to the tampon tax because human rights law takes a capacious approach to gender equality. In the European Court of Human Rights, for example, there are several tax cases that recognize gender-differentiated taxes as a form of impermissible discrimination. This Article explains how the tampon tax violates equal protection and human rights norms. The tax also shows how deeply embedded gender is in matters of tax policy. Full realization of gender equality will require revision of tax laws. Girls and women use tampons and sanitary napkins for multiple days every month for at least 30 years because of their biology. At first glance, the tampon tax might appear to be the result of a misclassification of menstrual hygiene products as luxuries, while items like Rogaine and condoms, for example, generally avoid taxation. But these comparisons are inapt, as it is difficult to find a precise male analog to the menstrual hygiene products that women use. Nor is it adequate to explain the existence of the tampon tax as the product of women’s historic absence from the legislature. This explanation is both simplistic and incomplete. Women’s bodies in general and menstruation in particular have been and continue to be the source of great cultural (and legal) unease. Women’s (involuntary) bleeding is meant to happen “out of sight, out of mind,” whereas men’s (voluntary) bleeding in war is meant to be celebrated.Part I of this Article provides an overview of the sales and similar taxes on menstrual hygiene products. Part II explains why, as a cultural matter, the tampon tax has gone unnoticed. Part III situates consideration of the tampon tax in the context of international human rights. Part IV explores current legal challenges to the tampon tax in the United States and outlines a possible human rights challenge to the tax in Europe. The Article concludes with a discussion of why the tampon tax has become a global issue and why the tax law provides a unique lens for examining issues of gender inequality.
BRAF V600D mutation in a paediatric high-grade glioma

The authors report a case of high-grade glioma with unusual pathology that has not previously been reported in glioma pathology. The 5-year-old patient presented to the emergency department with a 1-day history of a right temporal swelling on a background history of increasing nausea and vomiting for the preceding 5 months. A computed tomography brain was performed, which showed a large right-sided temporoparietal lesion. The patient underwent surgery to remove the mass and pathology confirmed anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO Grade 3). This report focuses on prognostic factors in high-grade glioma, particularly on pathological indicators, namely epidermal growth factor receptor, O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase expression and BRAF V600D mutation.
Análisis de los alimentos publicitados entre la audiencia infantil en la televisión chilena

Objetivo. Examinar la publicidad de alimentos dirigida a la audiencia infantil en la television chilena. Material y metodos. Estudio de diseno transversal. Se registro la publicidad de alimentos emitida por cuatro canales de television de senal abierta, durante 12 horas diarias, en 12 dias seleccionados aleatoriamente. Los avisos se clasificaron segun grupos de alimentos y nivel de procesamiento. Se comparo la frecuencia de avisos de alimentos dirigidos a la audiencia infantil con los destinados a adultos. Se describio el perfil de nutrientes de los alimentos publicitados. Resultados. En 144 horas de grabacion aparecieron 530 avisos de alimentos; 53.2% estaban dirigidos a la audiencia infantil. Los alimentos mas publicitados entre los ninos fueron lacteos azucarados (28.4%), bebidas azucaradas (25.5%) y cereales azucarados (17.7%). De dichos alimentos, 75% supera el criterio para azucares libres. Conclusiones. En la television chilena se publicitan alimentos ultraprocesados que superan los limites de azucares libres.
A Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space Framework for ITL

During the last decade, research on Mercer kernel-based learning algorithms has flourished [294, 226, 289]. These algorithms include, for example, the support vector machine (SVM) [63], kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) [289], and kernel Fisher discriminant analysis (KFDA) [219]. The common property of these methods is that they operate linearly, as they are explicitly expressed in terms of inner products in a transformed data space that is a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS). Most often they correspond to nonlinear operators in the data space, and they are still relatively easy to compute using the so-called “kernel-trick”. The kernel trick is no trick at all; it refers to a property of the RKHS that enables the computation of inner products in a potentially infinite-dimensional feature space, by a simple kernel evaluation in the input space. As we may expect, this is a computational saving step that is one of the big appeals of RKHS. At first glance one may even think that it defeats the “no free lunch theorem” (get something for nothing), but the fact of the matter is that the price of RKHS is the need for regularization and in the memory requirements as they are memory-intensive methods. Kernel-based methods (sometimes also called Mercer kernel methods) have been applied successfully in several applications, such as pattern and object recognition [194], time series prediction [225], and DNA and protein analysis [350], to name just a few.
Extensional maps and approximate inverse limits

Abstract In 2012, Žiga Virk introduced the notion of an extensional equivalence, herein called an extensional map, and used it to generalize part of the extension theory factorization theorem of M. Levin, L. Rubin, and P. Schapiro. Here were are going to study this notion in the setting of inverse systems of compact Hausdorff spaces and approximate inverse systems of compact metric spaces. In both cases we will show that given a surjective map f to the limit, if each coordinate map p γ ∘ f is an extensional map, then so is f.
School Leader Relationships: The Need for Explicit Training on Rapport, Trust, and Communication

An important aspect of school leadership is relationship development, but developing meaningful relationships as a school leader is challenging. School leader relationships are challenged by diverse stakeholder groups, varied contexts, and difficult situations. The complex nature of school leader relationships necessitates explicit training for leaders on relational skills. The purpose of this paper is to provide professional development recommendations for school leaders regarding three aspects of relationships: rapport, trust, and communication. Specific ideas for school leaders regarding how to establish rapport, trust, and effective communication are discussed. Finally, the use of structured role-play is discussed as the recommended approach to professional development for school leader relationships.
Twist sense control in terminally functionalized ortho -phenylenes.

Many abiotic foldamers are based on achiral repeat units but adopt chiral geometries, especially helices. In these systems, there is no inherent preference for one handedness of the fold; however, it is well-established that the point chirality of substituents can be communicated to the helix. This capability represents a basic level of control over folding that is necessary for applications in molecular recognition and in the assembly of higher-order structures. The ortho-phenylenes are a structurally simple class of aromatic foldamers that fold into helices driven by arene-arene stacking interactions. Although their folding is now reasonably well-understood, access to o-phenylenes enriched in one twist sense has been limited to resolution, yielding conformationally dynamic samples that racemize over the course of minutes to hours. Here, we report a detailed structure-property study of chiral induction from o-phenylene termini using a combination of NMR spectroscopy, CD spectroscopy, and computational chemistry. We uncover mechanistic details of chiral induction and show that the same substituents can give effective twist sense control in opposite directions in mixtures of interconverting conformers; that is, they are "ambidextrous". This behavior should be general and can be rationalized using a simple model based on sterics, noting that arene-arene stacking is, to a first approximation, unaffected by flipping either partner. We demonstrate control over this mechanism by showing that chiral groups can be chosen such that they both favor one orientation and provide effective chiral induction.
Frequency-domain double-plane-wave least-squares reverse time migration

Least-squares reverse time migration is often formulated as an iterative updating process, where estimating the gradient of the misfit function is necessary. Traditional time domain shot-profile least-squares reverse time migration is computationally expensive because computing the gradient involves solving the two-way wave equation several times in every iteration. To reduce the computational cost of least-squares reverse time migration, we propose a double-plane-wave least-squares reverse time migration method based on a misfit function for frequency-domain double-planewave data. In double-plane-wave least-squares reverse time migration, the gradient is computed by multiplying frequency-domain plane-wave Green’s functions with the corresponding double-plane-wave data residual. Because the number of plane-wave Green’s functions used for migration is relatively small, they can be pre-computed and stored in a computer’s discs or memory. We can use the pre-computed plane-wave Green’s functions to obtain the gradient without solving the two-way wave equation in each iteration. Therefore, the migration efficiency is significantly improved. In addition, we study the effects of using sparse frequency sampling and sparse planewave sampling on the proposed method. We can achieve images with correct reflector amplitudes and reasonable resolution using relatively sparse frequency sampling and plane-wave sampling, which are larger than that determined by the Nyquist theorem. The well-known wrap-around artefacts and linear artefacts generated due to under-sampling frequency and plane wave can be suppressed during iterations in cases where the sampling rates are not excessively large. Moreover, implementing the proposed method with sparse frequency sampling and sparse plane-wave sampling further improves the computational efficiency. We test the proposed double-planewave least-squares reverse time migration on synthetic models to show the practicality of the method.
Orbifold points on Teichmüller curves and Jacobians with complex multiplication

For each integer D≥5 with D≡0 or 1 mod4, the Weierstrass curve WD is an algebraic curve and a finite-volume hyperbolic orbifold which admits an algebraic and isometric immersion into the moduli space of genus two Riemann surfaces. The Weierstrass curves are the main examples of Teichmuller curves in genus two. The primary goal of this paper is to determine the number and type of orbifold points on each component of WD. Our enumeration of the orbifold points, together with Bainbridge [Geom. Topol. 11 (2007) 1887–2073] and McMullen [Math. Ann. 333 (2005) 87–130], completes the determination of the homeomorphism type of WD and gives a formula for the genus of its components. We use our formula to give bounds on the genus of WD and determine the Weierstrass curves of genus zero. We will also give several explicit descriptions of each surface labeled by an orbifold point on WD.
Deficit Accumulation and Phenotype Assessments of Frailty Both Poorly Predict Duration of Hospitalization and Serious Complications after Noncardiac Surgery

Background:Frailty is associated with adverse postoperative outcomes, but it remains unclear which measure of frailty is best. This study compared two approaches: the Modified Frailty Index, which is a deficit accumulation model (number of accumulated deficits), and the Hopkins Frailty Score, which
2085 Conservative Management of Endometrial Carcinoma and Precursor Lesions Preceding IVF Treatment: A Case Series

Study Objective To share outcomes in our institution of patients who have undergone conservative management of endometrial carcinoma and its precursors for the sake of preserving fertility. Design Case-series. Setting Outpatient infertility clinic. Patients or Participants Six patients with variable characteristics, endometrial cancer or pre-cancer lesions diagnosed at the time of infertility workup. Age range is 31-42 years who have a diagnosis of complex hyperplasia with atypia or type I endometrial carcinoma following hysteroscopy D&C. Risk factors include primary infertility, PCOS and increasing age. Interventions All the patients were treated in conjunction with a Gynecologic Oncology specialist. The patients all received a form of progesterone therapy with either megestrol acetate or a levonorgestrel IUD. All patients obtained serial surveillance in the form of endometrial biopsy and/or D&C. Following resolution of the pathology, the patients were offered IVF in order to shorten the duration of time between IVF and a successful conception of pregnancy. Five patients underwent one cycle of IVF-ET. Measurements and Main Results One patient ended in no transfer as preimplantation genetic screen revealed all embryos to be abnormal. Four patients had embryo transfer and three conceived, two delivered and one pregnancy is ongoing. Conclusion Endometrial cancer, specifically type I endometrioid adenocarcinoma and its precursor lesions are strongly associated with unopposed estrogen states such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), obesity as well as nulliparity. Patients seeking assisted reproductive technologies make up a subset of these patients and strongly desire to maintain their fertility. Progesterone therapy for select patients may be a safe and effective temporary treatment for endometrial carcinoma and atypical precursor lesions prior to starting IVF-ET. IVF-ET is very effective in treating such patients.
Evaluation of Deer Damage to Hay in Southern Wisconsin

This study evaluated the spotlight method of assessing hay losses due to deer (Odocoileus virginianus) grazing. This method uses the mean number of deer feeding in a field per night, an estimated daily consumption of 1.36kg per deer, and the length of the growing season in days to calculate the total losses for a field. The authors counted deer on 22 different hay fields to obtain variability in deer use. The number of deer in a field on any particular night was extremely variable. This variability required over 100 nightly counts in order to have a mean estimate within 0.5 deer. Exclosures were set up on two study plots to determine the differences in yield between grazed and ungrazed hay. There was a significant reduction in yield in all three cuttings of both study plots. The damage was only to the alfalfa portion of the hay. Grazing on the first hay crop had a carry-over effect on subsequent crops. Based on deer counts on the study plots and the reduction in yield between the exclosure and unprotected areas, the reduction in yield per night of deer use ranged from 1 to 31 kg for the three cuttings on the two study plots. The authors recommend that the spotlight method for assessing deer damage to hay be abandoned because of the time required to develop a reliable estimate of deer use and because of the variability of the hay's response to grazing.
Factors Influencing the False Positive Rate in CT Lung Cancer Screening.

Purpose To identify factors influencing the likelihood of a false positive lung cancer screening (LCS) computed tomography (CT), which may lead to increased costs and patient anxiety. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, we examined all LCS CTs performed across our healthcare network from 2014 to 2018, recording Lung-RADS category and diagnosis of lung cancer. A false positive was defined by Lung-RADS 3-4X and no diagnosis of lung cancer within 1 year. Patient demographics and smoking history, presence of emphysema, diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, radiologist years of experience and annual volume, income level by patient zip code, and screening institution were evaluated in a multivariate logistic regression model for false positive exams. Results A total of 5835 LCS CTs were included from 3735 patients. Lung cancer was diagnosed in 142 cases (2%). Of the LCS CTs, 905 (16%) were positive by Lung-RADS, and 766 (13%) represented false positives. Logistic regression analysis showed that screening institution (odds ratios [OR] 0.91 – 2.43), baseline scan (OR 1.43), radiologist experience (OR 0.59), patient age (OR 2.08), diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 1.34), presence of emphysema (OR 1.32), and income level (OR 0.43) were significant predictors of false positives. Conclusion A number of patient-specific and site/radiologist-specific factors influence the false positive rate in CT LCS. In particular, radiologists with less experience had a higher false positive rate. Screening programs may wish to develop quality assurance programs to compare the false positive rates of their radiologists to national benchmarks.
Stability of continuous welded rails: A state-of-the-art review of structural modeling and nondestructive evaluation:

Continuous welded rails (CWR) are track segments welded together to form a continuous miles-long track. With respect to mechanically-jointed rails, CWR are stronger, smoother, require less maintena...
Borders and Connectivity, Enlargement-and-Containment

Ronald Reagan’s 1987 speech in Berlin—‘Tear down this wall!’—was the opening salvo of an epoch that celebrated borderlessness. Media and advertising from the 1980s on have been replete with images of cross-cultural encounters, accounts of unprecedented migration and travel, footloose business and placeless finance. Advertising tells us there are ‘no frontiers’. Information and communication technologies annihilate distance. According to Marshall McLuhan, media lead the way to a ‘global village’ (1964; McLuhan and Powers 1992). Globalization was the buzzword of fin-de-millennium media and scholarship. According to a commonplace description, globalization is the ‘annihilation of distance’. But distance, of course, is annihilated only by those who can afford to do so. Many others suffer the ‘tyranny of distance’. The annihilation of distance is a half-truth. That it is often cited as a definition of globalization typifies an epoch in which borderlessness is an upbeat cliche.
Profiles of U.S. Law Enforcement Officers’ Physical, Psychological, and Behavioral Health: Results From a Nationally Representative Survey of Officers :

Law enforcement officers’ health and wellness is important at the individual and community levels in terms of maintaining a fit workforce to uphold the mission of public safety. The current study w...
Estimated number of seriously injured road users admitted to hospital in France between 2010 and 2017, based on medico-administrative data

In France, like in most developed countries, the number of road accident fatalities is estimated from police data. These estimates are considered to be good-quality, unlike estimates of road injuries admitted to hospital, and especially serious injuries. The present study aimed to supply such data from French hospital medical information data-bases (PMSI). In the PMSI data-bases, road accident victims are identified by external causes of morbidity and mortality, which should be systematically recorded in case of injury, but are often missing. We therefore modeled presence/absence of external cause from the relevant subset of the medicine-surgery-obstetrics PMSI data-base using a logistic regression, and then weighting the results by inverse estimated probability. As ICD-10 coding does not include injury severity, we used the AAAM10 conversion instrument developed by the American Association for Automotive Medicine, originators of the Abbreviated Injury Scale, so as to conform to the European Commission’s definition of serious injury. The number of road-accident related hospital admissions is estimated to be about 100000 per year; serious injuries increased from about 18000 in 2010 to almost 20000 in 2017, with almost 17000 in 2012 and 2013, with a mean of one fatality per 5 serious injury admissions. These serious injury estimates are close to those obtained by our team from other data and with a different estimation method. The present method has the advantage of using ICD codes for injured people admitted to hospital. This classification and data source (hospital discharge registry) are also used by most european countries reporting serious injury estimates to the Commission. It allows cost estimation of hospital care, and could be applied to other types of accidental injury.