cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The student affairs portfolio in small colleges

This chapter provides an overview of functional areas included in the portfolio of the small college dean. Four examples of organizational charts are offered, as well as factors that will influence the small college student affairs portfolio in the future.
CD69 expression correlates with expression of other markers of Th1 T cell differentiation in peripheral T cell lymphomas.

CD69, a marker of early T cell activation, is associated with Th1 T cell differentiation. Previously we found that peripheral T cell lymphomas could be subdivided based on the expression of markers of Th1 versus Th2 differentiation, including CXCR3, CD134/OX40, CCR4, and CD30. Here we report immunohistochemical staining for CD69 in frozen and paraffin sections of peripheral T cell lymphomas that exhibit immunoreactivity for markers of Th1 or Th2 differentiation. CD69 expression correlated with immunoreactivity for other Th1 differentiation markers in 18 of 19 frozen specimens of peripheral T cell lymphomas (P = 0.0005). In 10 of these cases in which paraffin-embedded tissue was available for study, CD69 immunohistochemical staining of paraffin sections correlated with frozen section expression. CD69 immunostaining was performed on paraffin sections from 53 additional cases of peripheral T cell lymphoma and correlated with immunoreactivity for other Th1 differentiation markers (P < 0.0001) and was associated with specific subtypes of peripheral T cell lymphoma, including angioimmunoblastic lymphoma, Lennert's lymphoma, and mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome, previously noted to express Th1 differentiation-associated markers. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, both systemic and cutaneous, which typically exhibits immunoreactivity for markers of Th2 expression, was negative for CD69 immunostaining in 22 of 24 cases. CD69 immunostaining results support previous findings that a subset of T cell lymphomas exhibits immunophenotypic features of either Th1 or Th2 T cell differentiation. In addition, CD69 is a useful immunohistochemical marker for specific T cell lymphomas in frozen and paraffin-embedded tissue.
The fractal geometry of some stylolites from the Calcare Massiccio Formation, Italy

Stylolites are serrated surfaces that form by stress enhanced dissolution. Though their geometry and morphology reflects their formation and evolution, only a few studies have attempted to quantify them. Here we present results indicating that stylolites in limestone of the Calcare Massiccio Formation (Jurassic, Italy) are fractal over 4.5 orders of magnitude in spatial bandwidth, with an average fractal dimension (obtained by spectral and scaled windowed variance analyses) clustering at 1.47. Some stylolites from the Skene (Cambrian, USA) and Tamar (Cenomanian, Israel) formations are fractal over 3 orders of magnitude, with fractal dimensions of 1.26 and 1.43. These values are high relative to other natural surfaces, and reflect the jagged topography of the stylolites. Preliminary results indicate that the fractal dimension and power are constant throughout the stylolite surface, and are not orientation dependent. Furthermore, we show that stylolite contours are fractal too. The grain size does not register in our analyses, implying that the grain is not a cutoff between processes. Rather, stylolite generating processes operate similarly below and above the grain size. Our results suggest that the geometry of these stylolites, especially at long wavelengths, may not be sensitive to the immediate fabric surrounding them.
Substrate requirements for angiotensin I conversion in vivo and in vitro.

The substrate requirements for angiotensin I-converting enzyme were studied in vivo in the dog lung and in vitro in plasma, using angiotensin I (AI), 5-D-Ile-AI, 7-D-Pro-AI, and 8-D-Phe-AI which had been synthesized by the solid-phase technique. All peptides were inactive in the rabbit aortic strip preparation. None of the D-amino acid-substituted peptides gave a pressor response in the anesthetized dog; none showed significant immunologic cross-reactivity with anti-AI serum or antiangiotensin II serum. Each peptide was labeled with 125I, and the monoiodinated species was isolated. The iodinated peptides were incubated with diluted dog plasma or injected into the right ventricle of intact anesthetized dogs. In vitro, 125I-AI, 125I-5-D-IIe-AI, and 125I-7-D-Pro-AI were converted to angiotensin II (AII). 8-D-Phe-AI was not converted. In vivo, 15 seconds after injecting 125I-AI, 125I-5-D-IIe-AI, or 125I-7-D-Pro-AI into the right ventricle, 125I-AJI accounted for 70, 60, and 45%, respectively, of the radioacti...
Perioperative morbidity and mortality in elderly gynecological oncological patients (>/= 70 Years) by the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classes.

Background: We evaluated the morbidity and mortality associated with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classes III and IV versus ASA classes I and II in elderly women (≥70 years) undergoing gynecological oncological surgery.
Molecular genetics and lymphoproliferative disorders

Clonality of T- and B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders can be determined by gene rearrangement studies when morphology and surface immunostaining are nondiagnostic. TcR and lg gene rearrangements have been demonstrated in many different hematologic disorders and TcR gene rearrangement has been particularly useful in the diagnosis of patients with CD8 large granular lymphocyte leukemias. TcR gene rearrangement may also be useful to distinguish Hodgkin's disease from T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Gene rearrangement is usually performed by Southern analysis, and it is beneficial to run multiple enzyme-probe combinations to maximize the detection of clonal rearrangements. More recently, several laboratories have begun to use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for gene rearrangement analysis. PCR offers an improved turnaround time, eliminates partial digestion artifacts, and allows for the use of paraffin embedded material. In addition to rearrangements of the TcR and lg genes, analysis of alterations in other genes such as bcl-1, bcl-2, bcl-6, and c-myc are also useful as clonal markers and aid in the classification of lymphomas.
RNA Interference-Mediated Virus Clearance from Cells both Acutely and Chronically Infected with the Prototypic Arenavirus Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus

Several arenaviruses, including Lassa fever virus, cause severe, often lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans. No licensed vaccines are available in the United States, and currently there is no efficacious therapy to treat this viral infection. Therefore the importance of developing effective antiviral approaches to combat pathogenic arenaviruses is clear. Moreover, the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is an important model for the study of viral persistence and associated diseases, as well as for exploring therapies to treat viral chronic infections. The use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to downregulate gene expression via RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a powerful genetic tool for the study of gene function. In addition, the successful use of siRNAs to target a variety of animal viruses has led us to consider RNAi as a potential novel antiviral strategy. We have investigated the use of RNAi therapy against LCMV. Here, we show that siRNAs targeting sequences within the viral L polymerase and Z mRNAs inhibit LCMV multiplication in cultured cells. Unexpectedly, the antiviral efficacy of RNAi-based therapy against LCMV was highly dependent on the method used to deliver effector siRNA molecules. Thus, transfection of chemically synthesized siRNA pools to L and Z was ineffective in preventing virus multiplication. In contrast, targeting of the same viral L and Z gene products with siRNAs produced inside cells using a replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus expression system inhibited LCMV multiplication very efficiently. Notably, transduction with the replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus expression system to Z and L effectively cured persistently LCMV-infected cells, suggesting the feasibility of using RNAi therapy to combat viral chronic infections by riboviruses.
Reinforcement learning can account for associative and perceptual learning on a visual-decision task

We recently showed that improved perceptual performance on a visual motion direction-discrimination task corresponds to changes in how an unmodified sensory representation in the brain is interpreted to form a decision that guides behavior. Here we found that these changes can be accounted for using a reinforcement-learning rule to shape functional connectivity between the sensory and decision neurons. We modeled performance on the basis of the readout of simulated responses of direction-selective sensory neurons in the middle temporal area (MT) of monkey cortex. A reward prediction error guided changes in connections between these sensory neurons and the decision process, first establishing the association between motion direction and response direction, and then gradually improving perceptual sensitivity by selectively strengthening the connections from the most sensitive neurons in the sensory population. The results suggest a common, feedback-driven mechanism for some forms of associative and perceptual learning.
Automatic mediation or absence of mediation? Commentary on Crutcher and Ericsson (2000).

R. J. Crutcher and K. A. Ericsson (2000; see record 2000-05419-014) showed that subjects stopped reporting mnemonic mediation in a recall task after sufficient practice. They concluded that subjects continued to use the mediator indefinitely but that its execution eventually became automatic and no longer required access to working memory. Their article thus supports the more general hypothesis that multistep cognition can take place without awareness. In this article the authors evaluate that conclusion on both conceptual and empirical grounds and report results of a new experiment that indicate that a qualitative shift to direct, unmediated recall can occur for at least some tasks.
Memory loss for time-dependent dynamical systems

This paper discusses the evolution of probability distributions for certain time-dependent dynamical systems. Exponential loss of memory is proved for expanding maps and for one-dimensional piecewise expanding maps with slowly varying parameters.
Tax Loss Selling and the Contrarian Investment Strategy

Tax loss selling is examined as a possible explanation for the long term price reversal patterns associated with the contrarian investment strategy. Our empirical results are consistent with a tax effect. When we adjust for size and potential tax loss selling, the abnormally high returns previously found in January are eliminated. These results suggest that short term tax effects are associated with the longer term overreaction or contrarian hypothesis, and at this point cannot be dismissed.
A new method for estimation of involved BSAs for obese and normal-weight patients with burn injury

An accurate measurement of BSA involved in patients injured by burns is critical in determining initial fluid requirements, nutritional needs, and criteria for tertiary center admissions. The rule of nines and the Lund-Browder chart are commonly used to calculate the BSA involved. However, their accuracy in all patient populations, namely obese patients, remains to be proven. Detailed BSA measurements were obtained from 163 adult patients according to linear formulas defined previously for individual body segments. Patients were then grouped based on body mass index (BMI). The contribution of individual body segments to the TBSA was determined based on BMI, and the validity of existing measurement tools was examined. Significant errors were found when comparing all groups with the rule of nines, which overestimated the contribution of the head and arms to the TBSA while underestimating the trunk and legs for all BMI groups. A new rule is proposed to minimize error, assigning 5% of the TBSA to the head and 15% of the TBSA to the arms across all BMI groups, while alternating the contribution of the trunk/legs as follows: normal-weight 35/45%, obese 40/40%, and morbidly obese 45/35%. Current modalities used to determine BSA burned are subject to significant errors, which are magnified as BMI increases. This new method provides increased accuracy in estimating the BSA involved in patients with burn injury regardless of BMI.
Spacecraft mass property identification with torque-generating control

Previous studies indicated that an applied force was necessary to perform in-flight identification of the mass and center of mass of a spacecraft. This paper shows that the mass and center of mass of a rigid spacecraft can be determined using only torque-producing actuators such as control-moment gyros or reaction wheels, and commonly available sensors, e.g., rate gyros and accelerometers. A space-station application is presented.
Induction of a distinct nuclear poly(A) polymerase and the production of anti-tumor poly(A) polymerase antibodies in hepatocarcinogenesis

Primary hepatomas induced in rats by an azo dye contained a distinct nuclear poly(A) polymerase which was different from the corresponding normal liver enzyme with respect to molecular weight and peptide map. The two enzymes could also be distinguished by their immunological characteristics. Sera from the carcinogen-fed rats contained antibodies to the tumor poly(A) polymerase even before the appearance of neoplastic nodules.
Molecular Collisions. XI

The development of Paper VIII of the series is continued to obtain equations and expressions suitable for the numerical evaluation of the cross sections for rotational excitation in collisions of rigid diatomic molecules interacting through an arbitrary soft potential. Explicit equations which describe collisions between an atom and a diatomic molecule are also given. An approximate solution of the equations is discussed.
Continuous-wave seeded second-harmonic generation in optical fibers: the enigma of second-harmonic generation

It is demonstrated that simultaneous exposure of optical fibers to continuous wave ultraviolet, 1.064 micrometers and 0.532 micrometers radiation prepares it for efficient second-harmonic generation. A theory of second harmonic generation is proposed on the basis of the observations.
Delineations of power, power-to-flow and inlet-temperature feedbacks of EBR-II

Abstract The linear (and Doppler) components of the regional contributions to the power reactivity decrement (PRD) for each of four differing loading configurations of the Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II) are separated into solely power dependent and power-to-flow dependent parts. The sum of the power dependent parts and the sum of the power-to-flow dependent parts divided by the reactor power give, respectively, the power and the power-to-flow linear coefficients. Inclusion of measurement-deduced nonlinear component due to subassembly-duct distortions as an additional power-to-flow contribution completes the PRD feedback expression. These together with the inlet-coolant temperature coefficient of reactivity enable the reactivity change to be expressed as a function of changes in inlet-coolant temperature as well as changes in power and in flow.
VISCOSITY INCREASE UPON SPIN POLARIZATION OF A DILUTE FERMI GAS

A vibrating-wire technique has been used to directly measure the viscosity increase in a dilute $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}$He solution caused by brute-force spin polarization up to 40%. The viscosity of a solution with degeneracy temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{F}}$=19.5 mK was measured over the temperature range 6.1--100 mK in magnetic fields of 1.00 and 7.96 T. Spin polarization caused a marked decrease in the mechanical Q of the viscometer at low temperatures. The observed viscosity is compared with calculations of the transport coefficients of dilute quantum gases for all temperatures and spin polarizations.
Methyldopa produces central inhibition of parasympathetic activity in the cat

α-Methyldopa (10–100 mg/kg i.v.) produced a dose-dependent pupillary dilation in anaesthetized cats which was antagonized by subsequent administration of yohimbine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg i.v.). The peak effects were observed approximately 2–3h after injection. This α-methyldopa-induced mydriasis was present only when the parasympathetic innervation to the iris was intact. Prior treatment with yohimbine (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) 30 min before α-methyldopa also antagonized the mydriatic effect, whereas pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine (2.5 mg/kg i.v.) did not. In contrast, phenoxybenzamine, but not yohimbine, effectively antagonized the pupillary dilation produced by adrenaline (0.3–10.0 μg/kg i.v.). These results suggest that α-methyldopa produces mydriasis in the cat by means of CNS inhibition of tonic outflow from the oculomotor nucleus and that an α-adrenergic inhibitory mechanism may be involved. This conclusion is supported further by experiments in which direct measurements of ciliary nerve activity were made.
Modeling and correction of global CD uniformity caused by fogging and loading effects in 90-nm-node CAR process

As critical dimensions (CDs) continue to approach the 90 nm node, it is inevitable that the industry has employed the use of chemically amplified resist (CAR) with 50 kV e-beam writing tool. However, the fogging effect by re-scattered incident electron at a high acceleration e-beam writer and the loading effect at dry etching step due to pattern density are critical issues since these effects make the variation of CD mean to target (MTT) and the degradation of CD uniformity. Tracking the CD error sources in CD uniformity and minimizing the error are very important task for high technology node mask production. In this paper, we focus on finding the source of the radial error in CD uniformity for each process step since the radial error occupy the main part of total CD uniformity. Also we present the radial error modeling using convolution equation between Gaussian CD error distributions with pattern densities. Finally, we describe the radial error correction method by phantom exposure with rectangle representing local pattern density. Fogging effect at writing process is one of the main sources of the radial error in global CD uniformity. The error by fogging effect is linearly proportional to mask pattern density, whereas loading effect at dry etch process increases the radial error in the case of the higher pattern density. The correction method using defocused beam based on our CD uniformity model effectively reduces the radial error and total error to 50% of their original value.
Sexual Harassment in the Armed Forces: A Test of an Integrated Model

Although considerable attention has been paid to the frequency of sexual harassment in the military (e.g., Martindale, 1991), and more recent work has begun to document its antecedents (e.g., Hunte...
The density of bounded diffusions

Abstract This paper presents a methodology for deriving the closed-form density of diffusions restricted to finite intervals with reflecting or absorbing barriers. Bounded diffusions are useful, for example, in finance, resource economics, or industrial organization. Results are derived for popular diffusions.
A depth-averaged 2D shallow water model for breaking and non-breaking long waves affected by rigid vegetation

This paper presents a depth-averaged two-dimensional shallow water model for simulating long waves in vegetated water bodies under breaking and non-breaking conditions. The effects of rigid vegetation are modelled in the form of drag and inertia forces as sink terms in the momentum equations. The drag coefficient is treated as a calibrated bulk constant and also determined using two empirical formulas as functions of stem Reynolds number, Froude number, and vegetation volume fraction. The governing equations are solved using an explicit finite-volume method based on rectangular mesh with the Harten, Lax, and van Leer approximate Riemann solver with second-order piecewise linear reconstruction for the streamwise convection fluxes, a second-order upwind scheme for the lateral convection fluxes, and a stable centred difference scheme for the water surface gradient terms. The model was tested using five laboratory experiments, including steady flow in a flume with alternate vegetation zones, solitary wave in ...
Exploring children’s creative narratives

edited by Dorothy Faulkner and Elizabeth Coates, New York, Routledge, 2011, 260 pp., £31.99 (paperback), ISBN 9780415565639 New ways of thinking about and researching children’s creativity represen...
Nitric oxide-releasing amphiphilic poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers as antibacterial agents

A series of amphiphilic nitric oxide (NO)-releasing poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers with different exterior functionalities were synthesized by a ring-opening reaction between primary amines on the dendrimer and propylene oxide (PO), 1,2-epoxy-9-decene (ED), or a ratio of the two, followed by reaction with NO at 10 atm to produce N-diazeniumdiolate-modified scaffolds with a total storage of ∼1 μmol/mg. The hydrophobicity of the exterior functionality was tuned by varying the ratio of PO and ED grafted onto the dendrimers. The bactericidal efficacy of these NO-releasing vehicles against established Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms was then evaluated as a function of dendrimer exterior hydrophobicity (i.e., ratio of PO/ED), size (i.e., generation), and NO release. Both the size and exterior functionalization of dendrimer proved important to a number of parameters including dendrimer−bacteria association, NO delivery efficiency, bacteria membrane disruption, migration within the biofilm, and...
Effects of Temperature and Shear History on the Network Properties of Amphiphilic Hydrogels

We report on thermally irreversible hydrogels made from un-cross-linked hydrophobically modified (hydroxyethyl)cellulose in solution with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The effects of temperature and shear history on bulk and microstructural properties of these gels were investigated over a temperature range 25−70 °C. The bulk properties investigated were composition, gel volume, and dynamic storage and loss moduli. Microstructural properties of the networks were investigated using two spectroscopic probes, pyrene and ET(30), which gave complementary information about the packing density and surface hydrophobicity, respectively, of the hydrophobic microdomains in the gels. The hydrogels exhibit an irreversible transition in both their bulk properties and the structure of the microdomains at a temperature in the range 35−50 °C. Below the transition, thermal gelation is observed as the polymer chains expand with temperature and SDS is driven to associate with the side chains. Above the transition temperature...
Integrating Human Patient Simulation into Associate Degree Nursing Curricula: Faculty Experiences, Barriers, and Facilitators

Abstract Background The use of human patient simulation (HPS) is increasing in nursing education, and nursing programs across the country are investing resources in HPS. Therefore, in order to optimize the use of this technology, it is important to share experiences, successes, and challenges of integrating HPS into nursing curricula. Method This study utilized online surveys to explore the current HPS resources purchased by select associate degree nursing programs in a Western state as well as the use of these resources by nursing faculty. Further, it examined faculty perceptions of barriers and facilitators for integrating HPS into nursing curricula. Results The survey responses indicated that nursing programs spend a disproportionately large amount of money on the initial investment in simulation equipment compared with the ongoing spending on maintenance and support for simulation. Nursing faculty identified barriers to integrating simulation into the courses they teach including lack of time, lack of support and lack of appropriate equipment. They identified facilitators to integrating simulation into the courses they teach including helpful and thorough training, individual initiative, and support from colleagues and administrators. Finally, the faculty recommended incentives for improving the integration of simulation into the nursing curriculum, including the provision of additional paid time for simulation, additional training, and additional support resources. Conclusions This descriptive study offers discussion and recommendations for improving the integration of simulation into nursing curricula.
Effects of a novel anti-exospore monoclonal antibody on microsporidial development in vitro

The possible role of humoral antibodies in the immune response to microsporidiosis was studied using a novel anti-exospore monoclonal antibody (MAb) P5/H1 which recognised Encephalitozoon cuniculi. The effect of the P5/H1 MAb on microsporidial growth in vitro resulted in a reduction of the numbers of E. cuniculi spores in a Vero E6 cell-line culture. This reduction in the number of infected cells and the decrease of intracellular spores in infected cells was found when MAb P5/H1 was present in cultures, compared to cultures with an irrelevant isotype control MAb. Moreover, the presence of P5/H1 MAb increased the number of phagocytosed spores in macrophage cultures, and increased the activation of macrophages measured by nitrite oxide production. These results suggest a possible partial role of specific humoral antibodies in the protection against E. cuniculi infection.
Comparative cost analysis of hemilaryngectomy and irradiation for early glottic carcinoma.

Abstract The cost of hemilaryngectomy (15 patients) was compared to that of radiation treatment (18 patients) in epidlermoid carcinoma confined to the true vocal cord with normal mobility (T 1 N 0 ). An average of $3,495 was saved if radiation therapy was chosen; savings in terms of working hours were also substantial. We maintain that, if different treatment methods yield the same cure rate and quality of life, then cost should be the next strong consideration in choosing a particular treatment method.
Spectroscopic and photophysical properties of hexanuclear rhenium(III) chalcogenide clusters.

The electronic, vibrational, and excited-state properties of hexanuclear rhenium(III) chalcogenide clusters based on the [Re6(μ3-Q)8]2+ (Q = S, Se) core have been investigated by spectroscopic and theoretical methods. Ultraviolet or visible excitation of [Re6Q8]2+ clusters produces luminescence with ranges in maxima of 12 500−15 100 cm-1, emission quantum yields of 1−24%, and emission lifetimes of 2.6−22.4 μs. Nonradiative decay rate constants and the luminescence maxima follow the trend predicted by the energy gap law (EGL). Examination of 24 clusters in solution and 14 in the solid phase establish that exocluster ligands engender the observed EGL behavior; clusters with oxygen- or nitrogen-based apical ligands achieve maximal quantum yields and the longest lifetimes. The excited-state decay mechanism was investigated by applying nonradiative decay models to temperature-dependent emission experiments. Solid-state Raman spectra were recorded to identify vibrational contributions to excited-state deactivat...
Magnetic field orientations in Saturn's upper ionosphere inferred from Voyager radio occultations

The radio scintillations observed during occultations of Voyagers 1 and 2 by Saturn are analyzed to determine the morphology of plasma irregularities and hence the magnetic field orientation in Saturn's upper atmosphere. The measurement techniques, the weak scattering theory, and the method used to relate the observed radio scintillations to physical properties of the ionospheric irregularities are briefly described. Results on the spatial characteristics of the irregularities are presented, and the magnetic field orientation in Saturn's ionosphere is inferred. Although the occultation measurements generally confirm the accuracy of the Saturnian magnetic field model of Connerney et al. (1982), it is found that a small adjustment of the coefficients in that model's zonal harmonic expansion would remove the discrepancy between the model predictions and the measurements. A strategy for obtaining improved measurements of Saturn's magnetic field from radio occultation observations of scintillations and Faraday rotation using an orbiting spacecraft is briefly discussed.
A community question-answering refinement system

Community Question Answering (CQA) websites, which archive millions of questions and answers created by CQA users to provide a rich resource of information that is missing at web search engines and QA websites, have become increasingly popular. Web users who search for answers to their questions at CQA websites, however, are often required to either (i) wait for days until other CQA users post answers to their questions which might even be incorrect, offensive, or spam, or (ii) deal with restricted answer sets created by CQA websites due to the exact-match constraint that is employed and imposed between archived questions and user-formulated questions. To automate and enhance the process of locating high-quality answers to a user's question Q at a CQA website, we introduce a CQA refinement system, called QAR. Given Q, QAR first retrieves a set of CQA questions QS that are the same as, or similar to, Q in terms of its specified information need. Thereafter, QAR selects as answers to Q the top-ranked answers (among the ones to the questions in QS) based on various similarity scores and the length of the answers. Empirical studies, which were conducted using questions provided by the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC) and Text Analysis Conference (TAC), in addition to more than four millions questions (and their corresponding answers) extracted from Yahoo! Answers, show that QAR is effective in locating archived answers, if they exist, that satisfy the information need specified in Q. We have further assessed the performance of QAR by comparing its question-matching and answer-ranking strategies with their Yahoo! Answers' counterparts and verified that QAR outperforms Yahoo! Answers in (i) locating the set of questions QS that have the highest degrees of similarity with Q and (ii) ranking archived answers to QS as answers to Q.
What Caused the Civil War? Reflections on the South and Southern History – By Edward L. Ayers

This delightful volume delivers much more than its title promises. Rather than a prolonged discussion of the causes of the Civil War, it is a collection of essays the author wrote at various times,...
Making Change Happen The Impact of Work Context on Adaptive and Proactive Behaviors

The success of organizational change increasingly depends on employees taking personal responsibility for change through effective adaptation to changing conditions and proactive anticipation of ne...
Sense of coherence, trait anxiety, and the perceived availability of social support

Abstract Antonovsky (1987) has proposed that the Sense of Coherence (SOC) scale assesses a personality-related “stress-resistance resource” that comprises the belief that life is comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful. To date, most of the research on the SOC scale has been conducted in Israel. One finding that appears to be particularly robust, at least among Israeli adolescents, is an inverse association between SOC total scale scores and trait anxiety. The first purpose of the present study, which examines American college students, is to attempt to provide some external validity evidence for the Israeli research linking SOC and anxiety. The present study also attempts to refine previous research by examining whether anxiety is differentially related to the comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness SOC subscales. In addition, this study seeks to extend previous research by examining whether individuals scoring high on SOC would perceive social support to be more readily available than individuals scoring low on SOC. Finally, the present investigation provides preliminary reliability and validity data for the short form version of the SOC scale. Results showed that SOC total scores were strongly negatively correlated with levels of trait anxiety. The relative strength of the correlations of anxiety to the various SOC subscales could not be assessed accurately because the SOC subscales were unreliable. Other results showed SOC scores were unrelated to the perceived availability of four different types of social support. These data support the generalizability of Israeli research suggesting that individuals scoring high on SOC enjoy better mental health than their lower scoring counterparts. In addition, results showing that SOC is independent of socially based stress-resistance resources suggest the SOC scale has discriminant validity. Finally, the present results support the validity of the shortened version of the SOC scale, but suggest that use of short form subscale scores may be problematic.
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues for mixed-signal system-on-package (SOP)

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues in implementing a mixed-signal system-on-package (SOP) are investigated. Each of the testbeds utilized in our experimentations consists of a digital circuit and a RF front-end circuit with embedded passives, but they vary in terms of the route of the digital trace. With these testbeds, we demonstrate two different EMI mechanisms. The first results in EMI due to capacitive coupling through a small slot and intermodulation between the digital and RF signals. Even when the frequency of the digital signal is much lower than that of the RF signal, this mechanism causes new harmonics of the digital signal to appear around the frequency of the RF signal. The second mechanism produces EMI due to coupling through the common power bus in the package. To prevent such EMI issues, we describe differential signaling of the digital interface as our future work. Our results indicate the correct direction for EMI design in developing mixed-signal SOP.
A 75-mW 128-MHz DS-CDMA baseband demodulator for high-speed wireless applications [LANs]

A DS-CDMA demodulator uses analog sampled-data signal processing to achieve a 75-mW power dissipation and a 128-MS/s processing rate in a 1.2-/spl mu/m double-metal double-poly CMOS process. To demodulate the signal, a low-power passive correlation technique is introduced that eliminates the integrating opamp with its associated power and settling time overhead. In a prototype demodulator, six 64-chip correlators recover the 2-Mb/s data stream from the doubly modulated [pseudorandom noise (PN) and Walsh] quadrature input signal. An on-chip 10-b pipelined ADC sampling at 8 MS/s follows the analog correlation to permit digital implementation of the acquisition and tracking algorithms.
Uses of Individualized Client Goals in the Evaluation of Drug and Alcohol Programs

The issue of accountability increasingly places demands on administrators to evaluate program results. This paper attempts to show that individualized goal setting by clients can provide information which can be used (1) to compare stated program goals to actual client goals, and (2) as a realistic, individualized set of outcomes for follow-up evaluation. Evaluation of many drugs and alcohol programs is often based on the premise that abstinence is the goal of all treatment programs for all clients. While this may be a proper ultimate goal, it may not be sufficiently precise for more specific or short-term evaluations. A technique recently developed in the mental health field is Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS). In this approach, individual goals are usually developed through negotiations between client and counselor and provide individualized measurement of client success in treatment. GAS was tested on a sample of clients entering public and private drug and alcohol treatment facilities: (1) nearly all clients in the sample chose to set goals, although they were not required to do so; (2) a content analysis aggregated individual goals into a group profile of percent of clients writing goals in each of 17 goal areas; (3) goal content changed over successive interviews; and (4) there were differences in goal content between age and facility subgroups.
Modelling mould spoilage in cold-filled ready-to-drink beverages by Aspergillus niger and Penicillium spinulosum

Abstract Mathematical models have been developed to predict the probability of growth of spoilage moulds in response to various preservative systems in ready to drink beverages. A Box-Behnken experimental design included five variables, each at three levels: pH (2·8, 3·3, 3·8), titratable acidity (0·20%, 0·40%, 0·60%), sugar content (8·0, 12·0, 16·0 °Brix), and preservative concentrations (sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate, each 100, 225, 350 ppm). Duplicate samples were inoculated with a mould cocktail consisting of equal proportions of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium spinulosum spores (5·0×10 4 spores/ml). The inoculated samples were plated on malt extract agar after 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Logistic regression was used to create predictive models. The pH, titratable acidity, sugar content, sodium benzoate, and potassium sorbate levels were all found to be significant factors in predicting the probability of mould growth over time. Interactions between pH and sodium benzoate, pH and potassium sorbate, and pH and sugar content were also statistically significant. This logistic model was validated against 14 new conditions and predicted the growth of mould after 8 weeks with over 96% accuracy. Product developers can use these models to predict mould growth in ready to drink beverages.
A kinematic model of preferred orientation

Kinematic models of mineral grain behavior during deformation have been provided by G. B. Jeffery9s study of rigid ellipsoids in a viscous fluid and A. March9s analysis of deformable rods and plates. In this paper, a more general kinematic model is presented which is applicable to arbitrarily shaped grains. The simple premise of a constant linear relationship between the angular velocity of a mineral grain and the macroscopic strain rate of its surrounding material leads to the linear model. A further premise involving certain kinematic properties of the volume of deforming material displaced by an embedded mineral grain leads to a special form of the linear model called the displacement model; this model provides specific equations describing the motion of an individual mineral grain of arbitrary shape. The displacement model coincides with Jeffery9s and March9s models in the special cases of ellipsoids and of ideally slender needles or ideally thin plates, respectively. In addition, the displacement model is in good agreement with experimental measurements of the motions of rigid bodies of various shapes suspended in a slowly flowing viscous fluid. Using the displacement model for a particular class of grain shapes, it is possible to compute the preferred orientation diagrams resulting from an arbitrarily given strain history. Several sequences of such diagrams are presented showing the development of preferred orientation for different shapes and strains. These diagrams have the property that they depend not only upon the grain shape, but also upon the strain history. This is in contrast to March9s solutions, which depend solely upon the finite strain ellipsoid and are otherwise independent of the strain history. The specific properties of the preferred orientations produced by the displacement model can be tested against observations of naturally occurring mineral orientations. In order to be significant, however, such observations will require simultaneous measurements of both grain shapes and grain orientations, a task which has apparently been attempted only by W. A. Duffield. His results are reviewed and are shown to be in agreement with the displacement model in the area studied.
Screening for intimate partner violence using an audiotape questionnaire: A randomized clinical trial in a pediatric emergency department

Objective To compare women's acceptability ratings of 2 different intimate partner violence screening methods, an audiotape questionnaire and a written questionnaire, in a pediatric emergency department. Design Randomized clinical trial. Setting An urban, pediatric, tertiary care center emergency department. Participants Female caregivers of children. Main Exposure Intimate partner violence screening by either an audiotape or written questionnaire method. Main Outcome Measures Perceptions of each screening method's safety, acceptability, and ease of use. Results Fifty (10%) of 497 participants reported intimate partner violence, 30 (11%) of 266 in the audiotape group and 20 (9%) of 231 in the written questionnaire group ( P = .30). Women in the audiotape group were significantly more likely to report that the audiotape method did not put them at risk and was private. Women in both groups were satisfied with their screening method and were willing to use it again. Women in both groups preferred their given method over the idea of direct emergency department provider screening. Conclusions Screening for intimate partner violence with an audiotape method appears to have several advantages compared with screening by a written questionnaire, and the audiotape method may be associated with slightly higher rates of disclosing intimate partner violence. Trial Registration http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00122395
Comparing a Fixed-Path Markov Chain Geostatistical Algorithm with Sequential Indicator Simulation in Categorical Variable Simulation from Regular Samples

The Markov chain random field (MCRF) theory provided the theoretical support for a new, nonlinear Markov chain geostatistic. This study compares a MCRF-based netting-and-mesh-filling (NMF) algorithm with indicator kriging simulation algorithms and demonstrates their differences in simulating categorical variables from regular samples. The MCRF-NMF algorithm and indicator kriging simulation algorithms—SIS-SIK (sequential indicator simulation with simple indicator kriging) and SIS-OIK (SIS with ordinary indicator kriging)—are all applied to the same datasets. Results show that: (1) MCRF-NMF generates higher simulation accuracy in realizations and lower spatial uncertainties than SIS-OIK does; for a medium dataset, the former achieves a relative increase of 13.2% in simulation accuracy of simulated realizations; (2) MCRF-NMF obeys interclass relationships in simulated maps but SIS-SIK and SIS-OIK do not; and (3) MCRF-NMF generates polygons in simulated realizations, but SIS-SIK and SIS-OIK typically generate...
Increased ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein shifts the focus of metabolic signaling from skeletal muscle to adipose

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) established acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) for carbohydrates and protein, however little is known about differences in glycemic regulations and metabolic signaling across this range. This study examined metabolic outcomes associated with intake of two diets differing in carbohydrate:protein ratios representing the upper and lower ends of the AMDR. Adult, male rats were fed either a high carbohydrate (CHO) diet (60% of energy from carbohydrates, 12% protein, 28% fat; n = 30) or a high protein (PRO) diet (35% carbohydrate, 35% protein, 30% fat; n = 30). Rats were meal-fed 3x/d the respective diets for 10 d and then terminated after overnight food deprivation or 30, 60, 90, 120 min post-prandial (PP). Plasma was collected at each of these points to provide a time course for glucose, insulin and C-peptide. Skeletal muscle and adipose tissues were collected at 0, 30 and 90 min for measurements of basal, early and delayed activation of Akt, p70S6K and Erk 1/2. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. The CHO group produced a consistently elevated response in plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide following the meal through the 120 min time course. In addition, Akt and Erk 1/2 activation in adipose was much higher than in skeletal muscle. Conversely, the PRO group PP glucose response was minimal and insulin maintained a response similar to a biphasic pattern. Tissue responses for the PRO group were greater for Akt and p70S6K signaling in skeletal muscle compared with adipose. Taken together these data suggest that altering CHO:PRO ratios within the AMDR produce different glycemic response patterns accompanied by differential metabolic signaling in skeletal muscle and adipose.
Career Decision-Making among Pediatric Residents.

Background: Knowledge of the timing and process of residents’ career decisionmaking could improve mentoring, career counseling and subspecialty recruitment efforts. However, knowledge about the timing of career decisions made by pediatric residents is lacking. Objective: To examine the timing of career decision-making among pediatric residents. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of pediatric residents using a modified National Survey of Attitudes and Choices in Medical Education and Training questionnaire. Participants were asked about career plans, the timing of career decisions, and significant influences on these decisions. Results: Participants included 355 pediatric residents. Seventy-three percent had made a career decision. Of residents at least in the third post-graduate year, 40% of pediatric residents made career decisions during the second year of residency, and a cumulative 76% had made their decisions by the end of that year. Conclusions: This information about the timing of career decisions made by pediatric residents could help time educational opportunities, mentoring and career counseling activities, and recruitment efforts.
To Go or Not to Go: Stimulus-Response Compatibility for Tactile and Auditory Pedestrian Collision Warnings

This study examined the effect of the stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility of pedestrian collision warnings presented via different sensory modalities in a driving simulator. Despite the well-established fact that reaction times (RT) are faster under S-R compatible conditions, the majority of collision warning research has used S-R incompatible warnings (i.e., the warning comes from the direction of the obstacle to be avoided not the desired response direction). Thirty-two participants in a fixed-base driving simulator drove on a three-lane urban road in which pedestrians randomly walked from the sidewalk into the roadway. Collision warnings in two different modalities (tactile and auditory) were compared with a no warning condition. Participants were equally divided into one of four conditions representing all combinations of two levels of warning S-R compatibility (compatible and incompatible) and two levels of warning timing (early and late). For early warnings, incompatible warnings were most effective as shown by a significantly shorter steering RT and larger clearance distance. For late warnings, compatible warnings were most effective. For early warnings, RTs were significantly faster in the tactile condition. The relationship between collision warning effectiveness and S-R compatibility in driving is dependent on whether the driver has time to evaluate the situation before collision will occur. Our findings have important implications for the design of effective tactile and auditory collision warning systems. However, further research is needed to determine if these effects occur in more representative driving conditions (e.g., lower pedestrian incursion rate and unreliable warnings).
New dual conformally invariant off-shell integrals

Evidence has recently emerged for a hidden symmetry of planar scattering amplitudes in N=4 super-Yang-Mills theory called dual conformal symmetry. At weak coupling the presence of this symmetry has been observed through five loops, while at strong coupling the symmetry has been shown to have a natural interpretation in terms of a T-dualized AdS{sub 5}. In this paper we study dual conformally invariant off-shell four-point Feynman diagrams. We classify all such diagrams through four loops and evaluate 10 new off-shell integrals in terms of Mellin-Barnes representations, also finding explicit expressions for their infrared singularities.