cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EIF3 p170, a Mediator of Mimosine Effect on Protein Synthesis and Cell Cycle Progression

l-Mimosine, a plant amino acid, can reversibly block mammalian cells at late G1 phase and has been suggested to affect translation of mRNAs such as p27, the CDK inhibitor. However, the mechanism of this effect is not known. Regulation of translation generally occurs at the initiation step that, in mammalian cells, is a complex process that requires multiple eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) and ribosome. The effects of mimosine on initiation factors or regulators consequently will influence translation initiation. P170, a putative subunit of eIF3, has been suggested to be nonessential for eIF3 function to form preinitiation complexes and it may function as a regulator for translation of a subset of mRNAs. In this article, we tested this hypothesis and investigated whether eIF3 p170 mediates mimosine effect on mRNA translation. We found that p170 translation was dramatically reduced by mimosine due to its iron-chelating function. The decreased expression of p170 by mimosine caused diminished de novo synthesis of tyrosinated α-tubulin and elevated translation of p27 before cell cycle arrest. These observations suggest that p170 is likely an early response gene to mimosine treatment and a mediator for mimosine effect on mRNA translation. The effect of p170 on the synthesis of tyrosinated α-tubulin and p27 in a reciprocal manner also suggests that p170 functions as a regulator for mRNA translation.
Technique for elimination of polarisation fading in fibre interferometers

A technique is described in which polarisation fading of the output of an interferometer is eliminated. The optical output of the interferometer is projected onto three (or more) polarisation states, detected and combined. The maximum variation in signal and in signal/noise ratio is 6 dB.
Evaluation of American Joint Committee on Cancer, International Union Against Cancer, and Brigham and Women's Hospital Tumor Staging for Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Purpose To compare American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), International Union Against Cancer (UICC), and Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH) tumor (T) staging systems for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and validate BWH staging against prior data. Patients and Methods Primary tumors diagnosed from 2000 to 2009 at BWH (n 5 1,818) were analyzed. Poor outcomes (local recurrence[LR],nodalmetastasis[NM],anddisease-specificdeath [DSD])were analyzedbyTstagewith regard to each staging system’s distinctiveness (outcome differences between stages), homogeneity (outcome similarity within stages), and monotonicity (outcome worsening with increasing stage). Results AJCC and UICC T3 and T4 were indistinct withoverlapping 95% CIs for 10-year cumulative incidences of poor outcomes, but all four BWH stages were distinct. AJCC and UICC high-stage tumors (T3/T4) were rare at 0.3% and 3% of the cohort, respectively. Most poor outcomes occurred in low stages (T1/T2; AJCC: 86% [95%CI,77%to91%];UICC:70%[61%to79%])resultinginheterogeneousoutcomesinT1/T2.Conversely, in BWH staging, only 5% of tumors were high stage (T2b/T3), but they accounted for 60% (95% CI, 50% to 69%) of poor outcomes (70% of NMs and 83% of DSDs) indicating superior homogeneity and monotonicity as previously defined. Cumulative incidences of poor outcomes were low for BWH low-stage (T1/T2a) tumors (LR,1.4%[95%CI,1%to2%];NM,0.6%[95%CI,0%to1%];DSD,0.2%[95%CI,0%to0.5%])andhigher for high-stage (T2b/T3) tumors (LR, 28% [95% CI, 19% to 38%]; NM, 25% [95% CI, 16% to 35%]; and DSD, 22% [95% CI, 13% to 34%]), which validated an earlier study of an alternative staging system. Conclusion BWH staging offers improved distinctiveness, homogeneity, and monotonicity over AJCC and UICC staging. Population-based validation is needed. BWH T2b/T3 tumors define a high-risk group requiring further study for optimal management. J Clin Oncol 32:327-334. © 2013 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
Light scattering by nonspherical particles: Application to coccoliths detached from Emiliania huxleyi

Computation of the light scattering properties of marine particles has typically been effected using Mie theory (i.e., modeling the particles as homogeneous or layered spheres). Because scattering by irregularly shaped particles is significantly different from that of spheres, particularly in backscattering directions, it is of interest to examine the efficacy of using more complex formulations of light scattering that are not limited to spherically symmetric particles. We applied the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) to the computation of the scattering properties of detached calcium carbonate coccoliths from the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. Three distinct models of E. huxleyi coccoliths were studied: thin disks with a diameter of approximately 2.75 µm, washers with a 1.38- µm hole in the disk, and two parallel disks joined by a hollow tube (a "fishing reel"). The model coccoliths all had the same volume (mass ~ 0.19 pg carbon) and disk diameter and a refractive index of 1.20 relative to water. DDA computations for randomly oriented model coccoliths showed that the total scattering cross section and its spectral variation are similar for each of the three particle shapes and agree well with measurements made in natural E. huxleyi blooms both on a per-coccolith and per-calcite concentration basis. The backscattering cross section and its spectral variation was found to be strongly dependent on particle morphology. This dependence was shown to be due to multiple reflections within the particle. Scattering and backscattering coefficients for volume-equivalent spheres were within a factor of two of those for the disklike models.
A resource management framework for interactive Grids: Research Articles

Traditional use of Grid computing systems has been for batch jobs in the scientific and academic computing. We envision the next generation Grid computing systems to support graphical interactive sessions. In this paper, we propose a resource management framework for supporting graphical interactive sessions in a Grid computing system. We describe the high-level architectural resource management framework distributed among the submission node, central scheduler node, and the execution node. We then describe in detail the resource management framework on the execution node. The description of the resource management framework on the scheduler node is kept at a high level in this paper. The framework on execution nodes consists of Resource Management Agents, an Admission Control system and Application Predictor system. The agents on the execution node are Startup Agents, Sensor Agents, Monitoring Agents, Aggregator Agents, Enforcement Agents and Registration Agents. The Session Admission Control system is responsible for determining if a new application session can be admitted to the execution node. An Application Predictor system is responsible for predicting the resource utilization behavior of applications based on data obtained from the Resource Management Agents. The proposed framework allows for implementation of a scalable and extensible middleware for interactive Grid resource management. It supports fine-grained performance guarantees specified in service level agreements and brings forth some important and novel contributions to enable graphical interactive sessions on Grids. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural control of glucose uptake by skeletal muscle after central administration of NMDA

Intracerebroventricular injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) produces hyperglycemia and increases whole body glucose uptake. The purpose of the present study was to determine in rats which tissues are responsible for the elevated rate of glucose disposal. NMDA was injected intracerebroventricularly, and the glucose metabolic rate (Rg) was determined for individual tissues 20-60 min later using 2-deoxy-D-[U-14C]glucose. NMDA decreased Rg in skin, ileum, lung, and liver (30-35%) compared with time-matched control animals. In contrast, Rg in skeletal muscle and heart was increased 150-160%. This increased Rg was not due to an elevation in plasma insulin concentrations. In subsequent studies, the sciatic nerve in one leg was cut 4 h before injection of NMDA. NMDA increased Rg in the gastrocnemius (149%) and soleus (220%) in the innervated leg. However, Rg was not increased after NMDA in contralateral muscles from the denervated limb. Data from a third series of experiments indicated that the NMDA-induced increase in Rg by innervated muscle and its abolition in the denervated muscle were not due to changes in muscle blood flow. The results of the present study indicate that 1) central administration of NMDA increases whole body glucose uptake by preferentially stimulating glucose uptake by skeletal muscle, and 2) the enhanced glucose uptake by muscle is neurally mediated and independent of changes in either the plasma insulin concentration or regional blood flow.
Solving Circular Integral Block Decomposition in Polynomial Time

The circular integral block decomposition (CIBD) problem seeks an optimal set of circular blocks that stack up to approximate a given reference integral function defined on a circular interval. This problem models the radiation dose delivery in Dynamic Rotating-Shield Brachytherapy (D-RSBT). The challenge lies in the circularity of the problem domain and the maximum length constraint of the circular blocks. We give an efficient polynomial time algorithm for solving the CIBD problem. The key idea is based on several new observations, enabling us to formulate the CIBD problem as the convex cost integer dual network flow. Implementation results show that our CIBD algorithm runs fast and produces promising D-RSBT treatment plans.
Derivatives at Banc One (1994)

SUBJECT AREAS: Commercial banking, financial derivatives, duration, interest rate swaps, regulation and deregulation, information technology. REQUESTS FOR COPIES: Please contact David Backus via email: MAILTO:dbackus@stern.nyu.edu Case Teaching Package: A 2-page Case Teaching Package is available for this case. The Teaching Package includes strategies for case presentation, key concepts, solutions to the assignment questions in the case, and suggestions for the most effective ways to work this case into your course. Banc One Corporation, a bank holding company headquartered in Columbus, Ohio, has been one of the great success stories of US banking. With roots as a local Columbus bank, twenty-five years of acquisition-driven growth have produced a "super-regional" powerhouse operating, at the end of 1993, in 13 states, with assets of $79.9 billion, an earnings record the envy of the industry, and average annual stock appreciation since 1968 of 16.5%. Growth has been matched by performance, with consistently high returns on assets and equity and an ongoing record of technology-based innovation. We use Banc One's experience with interest rate swaps to illustrate the management of interest rate risk at a commercial bank. The case also serves as a vehicle for examining the current state of commercial banking in the US, the use and reporting of derivative positions, and the role of information technology in banking management and strategy.
Leveraging growth factor induced macropinocytosis for targeted treatment of lung cancer.

Targeted therapy focused on highly expressed growth factor receptors is increasingly becoming popular for the treatment of lung cancer. Cancer cells exhibit higher levels of macropinocytosis than the normally quiescent non-cancerous cells, which can further be enhanced by growth factors. Here, we show the targeted enhancement of macropinocytosis in lung cancer cells for the delivery of the mitochondriotoxic peptide (KLAKLAK)2 using keratinocyte growth factor (KGF). We report the formation of a nanoparticle (NP) comprising of two chimeric fusion proteins, both fused to elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), (KLAKLAK)2-ELP and KGF-ELP. We show that (KLAKLAK)2-ELP nanoparticles are internalized via macropinocytosis and its internalization is facilitated by the interaction of the ELP domain with cell surface heparin sulfate proteoglycans. This internalization leads to mitochondrial depolarization and subsequent cell death. Also, we demonstrate that KGF-ELP selectively enhances macropinocytosis in cancer cells expressing high levels of the keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR). Finally, the heterogeneous NPs consisting of (KLAKLAK)2-ELP and KGF-ELP selectively kill KGFR-expressing lung cancer cells. Hence, this multipronged approach of targeting highly active processes and receptors in cancer cells will be tremendously selective in the treatment of both early-stage and advanced-stage lung cancers, thereby improving patient’s prognosis and survival rate.
The Effect of Opsonized Colloids on the Enhancement of Endotoxin Lethality

The diverse physiologic functions which are altered following the intravenous injection of inert particles, have imposed, a priori, on the reticuloendothelial system (RES) a significance which belies its morphological appearance. This is exemplified by the striking increase in the sensitivity of several species of animals to the lethal effects of endotoxin when given within a definite interval of time after the intravenous injection of colloidal material [1]. Since the majority of these colloidal particles are phagocytized by the fixed reticuloendothelial cells of the liver and spleen, it has been suggested [2] that the functions of the RE cells are impaired for a variable period of time due to the presence of a mass of inert material contained within their cytoplasm. Blockaded RE cells would be temporarily unable to phagocytose additional foreign material such as endotoxins.
Prova Econômica De Cartéis: Reflexões a Partir Da Jurisprudência. (Cartel Economic Evidence: Case Law)

Portuguese Abstract: Este artigo tem como objetivo sintetizar e refletir sobre questoes fundamentais no âmbito da investigacao de carteis, notadamente os padroes de prova e a prova economica. Para tanto, e necessario rever os conceitos de prova direta e indireta, bem como os padroes de prova "comprovacao da existencia do acordo entre concorrentes" e "paralelismo mais".English Abstract: This article aims to synthesize and consider important issues on cartel investigations, notably the standards of proof and the economic evidence. In this sense, it is necessary to revise the concepts of direct and circumstantial evidence, as well as the "hard evidence" and "paralelism plus" standards of proof.
C4a-hydroperoxyflavin formation in N-hydroxylating flavin monooxygenases is mediated by the 2'-OH of the nicotinamide ribose of NADP⁺.

Flavin-dependent monooxygenases must stabilize a C4a-hydroperoxyflavin intermediate to hydroxylate their respective substrates. Formation and decay of the C4a-hydroperoxyflavin were monitored under rapid reaction kinetic conditions in SidA, an N-hydroxylating monooxygenase involved in siderophore biosynthesis. Solvent kinetic isotope effect studies of flavin oxidation indicate that both hydrogen peroxide elimination and water elimination occur via abstraction of hydrogen from the N5 of the flavin. Kinetic isotope effect and density functional theory results are consistent with the transfer of a proton from the 2′-OH of the nicotinamide ribose of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) to the C4a-peroxyflavin to form the C4a-hydroperoxyflavin. This represents a novel role for NADP+ in the reaction of flavin-dependent enzymes.
Disappearance of a high response factor VIII inhibitor in a hemophiliac with AIDS.

The eradication of a high-response Factor VIII inhibitor in patients with severe hemophilia A is extremely rare even with prolonged immunosuppressive therapy. This report presents a patient with severe hemophilia A, in whom the disappearance of such an inhibitor coincided with the development of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Laboratory studies demonstrated a marked decrease in helper T-cells and marked depression of cell-mediated immunity by in vivo and in vitro testing. In addition, humoral immune responses were abnormal. Thus, anamnestic antibody formation to different antigens was absent and in vitro pokeweed mitogen-induced immunoglobulin synthesis by the patient’s B-cells was markedly impaired even in the presence of normal T-cells. These findings indicate that the disappearance of the Factor VIII inhibitor and the lack of an anamnestic antibody response to infused Factor VIII observed in this patient may be secondary to a humoral immunodeficiency associated with AIDS.
Eighteenth-Century Objections to Commerce: A Modern Economic Analysis

This article uses modern economic theory to analyze two major arguments of the eighteenthcentury agrarian opponents of the commercial republic. The two arguments are the claim that commerce increases the variety of people within the republic, and the claim that the wealth generated by commerce retards the people's ability to govern themselves. This article replies that the problems created by pluralism depend crucially on the scope of the government's power. Pluralism is less problematic in a limited government than in a government with broad powers. The problems created by luxury are not unique to commerce, and arise in any situation in which self-government is successful.
Hard Processes as Tests of Perturbative QCD from D

Results from the DO experiment are presented on the jet inclusive cross section; the dijet mass distribution; the dijet angular distribution; the P T distribution of W, Z, and diphotons; and the ratio of (W + 1jet)/(W + 0jets) events. All results are consistent with the predictions of QCD except perhaps the production of jets in events with a W, which appears to be inconsistent with an NLO QCD prediction.
The currency ratios 1920–80: A re-examination

This study has analyzed the long run determinants of the ratio of currency to M1 and M2 over the period 1920–80. For both ratios, its results confirm Cagan's well-known findings on the importance of deposit yields and tax rates. Unlike Cagan, who did not attempt to construct a proxy variable for the ratio of currency-intensive to total transactions, the ratio of spending on nondurables and services to total bank clearings was used in this study as such a proxy and found to be a better explanatory variable than expected real per capita income. At times, movements in this variable were an important contributor to changes in both money ratios. In addition, movements in the ratio of teenagers to total population, a variable not considered by Cagan, had a role in explaining the 1961–73 rise in C/M1.
What can DNA rearrangements tell us about solid hematolymphoid neoplasms

Studies of DNA rearrangements in antigen receptor genes and at sites of chromosomal translocations are having an increasing impact on the diagnostic evaluation of lymphoid tissue biopsy specimens. Such rearrangements represent clonal molecular markers that can be very easily detected by Southern blot hybridization or polymerase chain reaction amplification. Detection of these markers can be useful in the diagnosis or subclassification of lymphoid neoplasms, particularly when morphologic or immunophenotypic findings alone are ambiguous. At the same time, application of DNA rearrangement to the evaluation of tissue specimens also has certain shortcomings and limitations, some of which may be overcome by current research methods or advances expected in the near future.
Coal and Coal/Biomass-Based Power Generation

Coal is a key, growing component in power generation globally. It generates 50% of U.S. electricity, and criteria emissions from coal-based power generation are being reduced. However, CO2 emissions management has become central to coal’s future. To meet growing electricity demand, coal use is expected to increase in the foreseeable future because it is cheap and abundant. For this to happen CO2 capture and geologic sequestration (CCS) is a critical technology. With CCS, coal-based power generation can be made much cleaner. Commercial demonstration of existing technologies, including CCS, with the resultant improvements that will accrue, is key to advancing coal-based power generation and addressing important environmental issues.
State of Modeling Symmetry in Hohlraums

Modeling radiation drive asymmetry is challenging problem whose agreement with data depends on the hohlraum gas fill density. Modeling to date uses the HYDRA code with crossbeam energy transfer (CBET) calculated separately, and backscattered light removed from the input laser. For high fill hohlraums (~>1 mg/cc), matching symmetry requires ad hoc adjustments to CBET during picket and peak of drive. For near-vacuum hohlraums, there is little CBET or backscatter, and drive is more waist-high than predicted. For intermediate fill densities (~0.6 mg/cc) there appears to be a region of small CBET and backscatter where symmetry is reasonably well modeled. A new technique where backscatter and CBET are done “inline” appears it could bring high fill simulations closer to data.
Fatty Acid Analysis of Beer Spoiling Microorganisms Using Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry

Pyrolysis mass spectrometry (Py-MS) and in situ thermal hydrolysis-methylation (THM) of whole bacteria with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) produced diagnostic fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles for Pediococcus damnosus, P. dextrinicus, and Lactobacillus brevis. Bacterial fatty acids were analyzed from bacteria in beer without the need for a fatty acid extraction or chromatography procedure. FAME profiles were obtained from bacteria in beer at a concentration of 10 7 colony forming units (CFU)/ml of beer. The major FAME profiles observed for P. damnosus were palmitic acid methyl ester (C16:0 ME), oleic acid methyl ester (C18:1 ME), and cyclopropyl nonadecanoic acid methyl ester (cyC19:0 ME). P. dextrinicus produced mainly C18:1 ME, and L. Brevis showed both C16:0 ME and C19:0 ME. The analysis procedure produced fatty acid profiles with a total analysis time of 15 min/sample.
Hyperfine Structure of the P 3 States of Zn 67 and Mg 25

The hyperfine structure of the metastable $(4\mathrm{s}4p)^{3}P_{2}$ state of ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{67}$ and the metastable $(3s3p)^{3}P_{2}$ and $^{3}P_{1}$ states of ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{25}$ have been measured by the atomic beam magnetic-resonance technique. The magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole-coupling constants obtained from these measurements are: ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{67}(^{3}P_{2})$, $A=531.987\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$ Mc/sec, $B=35.806\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$ Mc/sec; ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{25}(^{3}P_{2})$, $A=\ensuremath{-}128.445\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$ Mc/sec, $B=16.009\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$ Mc/sec; ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{25}(^{3}P_{1})$, $A=\ensuremath{-}144.977\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$ Mc/sec, $B=\ensuremath{-}8.308\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$ Mc/sec. These results are compared in detail with the Breit-Wills and Casimir theory of two-electron hyperfine structure. The electric quadrupole moments of these nuclei are found to be: $Q({\mathrm{Zn}}^{67})=0.16\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, $Q({\mathrm{Mg}}^{25})=0.22\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The quadrupole moment of ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{25}$ is shown to be in very good agreement with that value obtained from other experiments thru the use of the collective model in strong coupling. The detection of a beam of metastable $^{3}P_{1}$ Mg atoms places a lower limit on the lifetime of this state of about ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ sec.
Electrochemical studies of ferrocene and maleimide containing alternating copolymers

Abstract Copolymers from vinylferrocene and 3-phenyl[5]ferrocenophane with N-ethyl and N-phenylmaleimide were electrochemically characterized. The deposition method of the polymer onto the electrode by oxidative deposition or cast film was studied and showed that films produced by cast film exhibited a greater electrochemical response. The oxidation potentials of these materials were dependent on supporting electrolyte when using NaClO4, NaNO3 or phosphate buffered saline, varying from 0.46 to 0.53 for oxidative deposited films and 0.35 to 0.43 V for cast films. Also, multiple redox waves were observed in the cyclic voltammograms of these materials at a pH of 1. Molecular modeling showed a low energy conformation with the ferrocenyl moiety in close proximity to the maleimide.
Impact of sustained virological response to chronic hepatitic C antiviral therapy on new onset diabetes mellitus type 2 after controlling for metabolic syndrome.

The high cost associated with antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection mandates further investigation in the context of preventing complications such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). We determined the cumulative incidence of DM2 in subjects with chronic HCV infection who received concomitant pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) and ribavirin. We conducted a retrospective analysis of data obtained from Veterans Administrations Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (VINCI) to identify an adult cohort of patients without diabetes with chronic HCV infection who received Peg-IFN-based therapy between October 2001 and December 2011. Patients with history of HIV, hepatitis B infection, hepatocellular cancer (HCC), non-HCC cancers, and history of transplantation were excluded. Sustained virological response (SVR) was defined as negative HCV RNA 3 months after completion of therapy. Using Cox proportional hazards regression for multivariable analysis, we determined that patients who achieved SVR were at a significantly less risk of developing DM2. Adjusted survival rates showed that the responders9 group was significantly less likely to develop DM2 over time (HR 0.60, CI 0.48 to 0.74, p
Involving Families and Communities in CSPAP Development Using Asset Mapping

The purpose of this article is to provide an introduction to asset mapping as a systematic approach to facilitating increased family and community involvement in comprehensive school physical activ...
Peer Victimization and School Adjustment Among Ethnically Diverse Middle School Students: Does Ethnic Ingroup Representation Matter?:

Although research has shown that peer victimization is related to negative school outcomes, whether ethnic ingroup size alters victimization-adjustment links is unclear. This study examines whether...
The permanence of departure: Young Mexican immigrant students’ discursive negotiations of imagined childhoods allá

Abstract This article draws from a three-year ethnography with elementary school students from mixed-status Mexican immigrant families in Pennsylvania to explore the ways that they imagined potential childhoods and schooling in Mexico. Through attention to their stances and deictic choices during school-based talk, our findings reveal how going to Mexico was positioned as a permanent departure, and one that students often named as occurring soon, despite the fact that repatriation was extremely rare. We show how understanding children's discursive constructions of their imagined binational lives provides a mechanism for children to discursively try on and become familiar with an unfamiliar childhood, and thus, make such childhoods more inhabitable if they were to move to Mexico. We argue that understanding these processes is particularly important in increasingly anti-immigrant climates in which children from undocumented families may be facing possibilities of repatriation due to immigration policies.
Thermoregulation in bumblebees

1. The rates at which the beesBombus vosnesenskii warmed up (Fig. 1) and expended energy depended strongly on their thoracic temperature. 2. Queens of bothB. vosnesenskii andB. edwardsii regulated their thoracic temperature at 36 to 45° C during free flight at 2 to 35° C (Figs. 3 and 4). 3. The ability of the smaller bees (workers) to thermoregulate in continuous flight appeared to be limited to the higher ambient temperatures (Fig. 4), and they usually did not remain in continuous free flight at ambient temperatures <10°C. 4. Thoracic temperature (Fig. 5) and energy expenditure during free flight (Fig. 7) were correlated with the weight of the abdomen, as affected by honeystomach contents. 5. Abdominal temperature remained near ambient temperature during warm-up (Fig. 2), and during free flight at low ambient temperatures (Fig. 3). During free flight at high ambient temperatures, on the other hand, the temperature of the abdomen approached that of the thorax. 6. Body temperatures during free flight differed from those previously observed during foraging, during brood incubation and during tethered flight. Interrelationships between thoracic and abdominal temperature are discussed in terms of energy expenditure.
Clinical aspects of bone metastases in prostate cancer.

Bone is the second most common site of metastases in human cancer. At least two-thirds of the approximately 553,400 Americans who die from cancer each year have bone metastases (Greenlee et al., 2001). Prostate, breast, and lung cancers account for at least 80% of the skeletal metastases. Tumors arising in the prostate and breast are particularly prone to disseminate to bone; up to 85% of patients with these cancers have evidence of bone metastases at autopsy. Carcinomas of the lung, thyroid, and kidney also commonly spread to the bone (30–40%). However, tumors of the gastrointestinal tract rarely metastasize to the bone (5%) (Galasko, 1986).
Applying Bacterial Genetic Principles

Bacterial genetics is witnessing an exciting time in its history. For many years this science had been the sole province of the basic researcher. Enormous contributions had been made by bacterial geneticists to our understanding of genetic and molecular biologic processes, but there seemed to be only a few applied uses for the knowledge that had been gained. During the 1980s this picture completely changed, and interest in bacterial genetics suddenly intensified as a result of the development of DNA splicing techniques and their related technologies.
The Delay-Locked Loop [A Circuit for All Seasons]

Delay-locked loops (DLLs) can be considered as feedback circuits that phase lock an output to an input without the use of an oscillator. In some applications, DLLs are necessary or preferable over phase-locked loops (PLLs), with their advantages including lower sensitivity to supply noise and lower phase noise. This article deals with fundamental DLL design concepts.
The cost of reliability in decentralized solar power systems in sub-Saharan Africa

Although there is consensus that both grid extensions and decentralized projects are necessary to approach universal electricity access, existing electrification planning models that assess the costs of decentralized solar energy systems do not include metrics of reliability or quantify the impact of reliability on costs. We focus on stand-alone household solar systems with battery storage in sub-Saharan Africa using the fraction of demand served to measure reliability, and develop a multistep optimization to compute efficiently the least-cost system with the fraction of demand served as a design constraint, and take into account the daily variation in solar resources and costs of solar and storage. We show that the cost of energy is minimized at approximately a 90% fraction of demand served, that current costs increase, on average, by US$0.11 kWh–1 for each additional ‘9’ of reliability, and that this reliability premium could be as low as US$0.03 kWh–1 in a plausible future price scenario. Decentralized solar electricity is an important tool for expanding electricity access. Using data from sub-Saharan Africa, researchers identify a systematic scaling between reliability and cost. Future scenarios suggest these systems will compete with centralized grids on both cost and reliability.
Performance Issues of SYRK Implementations in Shared Memory Environments for Edge Cases

The symmetric rank-k update (SYRK) is a level-3 BLAS routine commonly used by many Data Mining/Machine Learning(DM/ML) algorithms such as regression, dimensionality reduction algorithms like PCA, matrix factorization and k-mean clustering. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the SYRK routine under popular dense linear algebra libraries such as OpenBLAS, Intel MKL, and BLIS particularly focusing on edge cases of dense matrices (thin or fat shapes) that are common in DM/ML applications. Our work identifies some performance issues of the SYRK routine in multi-threaded shared memory environments for edge cases and discuss matrix dependent modifications for performance improvement.
Measuring chances: Wai-Ching Leung explains odds and probabilities

In my latest article in the Student BMJ , I noted that statistics are useful when events are not entirely predictable.1 An important use of medical statistics is to measure this level of certainty and estimate how likely certain events are to happen. One clinical example is our attempt to estimate from our clinical assessment how likely it is that a patient is suffering from a given disease. If a 70 year old woman is admitted to an emergency department with central chest pain but with a normal electrocardiogram, how likely is it that has she had a heart attack? Another example relates to hypothesis testing. Suppose we wish to find out whether brain tumours are associated with use of mobile phones. But no matter how many people we get data on, we can never be absolutely certain. Instead we measure the level of certainty by estimating how likely the data we obtain would have occurred if brain tumours were not associated with mobile phone use. I will discuss these two specific examples in more detail in future articles. In this article, I will look at how chance can be measured, some examples and one pitfall in interpretation that should be avoided. Chance can be measured in two ways. Probability is the more commonly used measure, and almost all medical students should have come across it. We can think of it as the number of ways an event can occur compared with the total number of possible outcomes. Suppose we throw a dice, we expect the probability that it will land on a “1” is 1/6, that it is an even number is 3/6=1/2, and that it is greater than 2 is 4/6=2/3. Sometimes, we may estimate probability by observations-the number of events to the total number of possible …
Becoming an Organizational Scholar

This article provides an overview of my career in industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology and organizational behavior (OB). I describe critical experiences shaping my development as a scholar, i...
Airway pressure gradient may decrease the beating amplitude of cilia

Motile cilia reside on the surface of the epithelial layer of the lungs and facilitates the clearance of mucus in the airways. Bordering the epithelial layer and surrounding cilia is the periciliary liquid (PCL) that lubricates the epithelial layer. In the present work, we propose a novel approach to study how changes in biomechanics affect the physiological functioning of cilia in healthy subjects and in patients with CF, COPD and primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). In particular, we investigate the response of cilia to different local pressure gradient during gaseous exchange. We hypothesize that the airway pressure gradient that occur during inhalation and exhalation may displace mucus and PCL and exert pressure on cilia. Therefore, cilia must be able to withstand the forces created by the airway pressure gradient, otherwise the magnitude of its efficient strokes and its rate of mucociliary clearance would decrease. We develop a computational model of the airways to quantify the effect of airway pressure gradient on cilia dynamics. In the model, cilia are represented as elastic solids, PCL and mucus is represented as fluids with different densities and viscosities. The simulation results show that in diseases such as PCD, where there exist changes in ciliary structure, the airway pressure gradient may affect the effective stroke of cilia and decrease the rate of mucociliary clearance. Simulation results predict that the average stress experienced by cilia varies exponential with the number of cilia shed from CF and COPD airways.
Outcomes of Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Implantation With Viscoelastic Fill at Both Beginning and End of Surgery.

PReCIS:: Intracameral injection of viscoelastic at the beginning of Ahmed FP7 implantation did not reduce early postoperative complication rates. PURPOSE To evaluate early postoperative complication rates after a modified technique in which the anterior chamber (AC) is filled with viscoelastic at the beginning of Ahmed FP7 implantation before conjunctival peritomy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed of eyes that underwent Ahmed FP7 implantation with or without viscoelastic fill to ~20 mm Hg by finger tension by a single surgeon (M.R.M). Viscoelastic prevented the AC from becoming shallow at any time during surgery, and additional viscoelastic was injected into the AC at the end of surgery to achieve a final intraocular pressure (IOP) of 20 mm Hg. RESULTS A total of 159 eyes of 159 patients were included. Mean age was 76.4±10.4 years. Mean preoperative IOP was 30.3±9.7 mm Hg on 2.7±1.2 glaucoma medications. On postoperative day 1, there was an IOP spike ≥30 mm Hg in 0% of patients. Within the first postoperative month, hypotony (<5 mm Hg) occurred in 19 (21.8%) eyes that received viscoelastic fill compared with 5 (13.2%) eyes that did not receive viscoelastic fill (P=0.26). During the early postoperative period (≤3 mo), there was no difference in AC depth, microhyphema, choroidal effusion, or leakage between the 2 groups (P≥0.30 for all). There was a higher rate of layered hyphemas in the viscoelastic-fill group at postoperative week 1 (P=0.01). At 3-month follow-up, mean IOP was 14.9±5.5 mm Hg on 1.6±0.8 medications in the viscoelastic-fill group and 16.0±5.2 mm Hg on 1.0±1.2 medications in the nonviscoelastic-fill group (IOP P=0.35). Compared with baseline, change in IOP at 3 months was similar between both groups (P=0.15). Rates of additional medications and procedures did not differ between the 2 groups at any postoperative visit. CONCLUSIONS Early intracameral injection of viscoelastic during Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation did not reduce early postoperative complication rates.
Communication for Coproduction: Increasing Information Credibility to Fight the Coronavirus

Governments and citizens need to work together to fight and win the war against the coronavirus and coproduce better health outcomes. However, information asymmetries exist between the two parties and influence coproduction adversely. Effective communication by satisfying different types of citizens’ information needs can reduce the degree of information asymmetry and improve coproduction. When citizens distrust governments, governments can use credible information intermediaries, such as experts and volunteers, to increase information credibility. Increasing information credibility could further reduce information asymmetry, increase public trust, and motivate citizens to comply with health policies and coproduce better health outcomes.
Constraints on the Duty Cycles of Quasars at z ∼ 6

We study the mass of quasar-hosting dark matter halos at z ~ 6 and further constrain the fraction of dark matter halos hosting active quasars f on and the quasar opening angle i max using observations of C ii lines in the literature. We make assumptions that (1) on average more massive halos host quasars with higher peak brightness, (2) cold gas in galaxies has rotational velocity V circ = αV max, where V max is the maximum circular velocity of dark matter particles obtained from DM-only simulation and α ~ 1 is a free parameter, (3) a fraction f on of the halos host active quasars with a certain opening angle i max, and that (4) quasars point randomly on the sky. We find that for a choice of specific α 1, the most likely solution has f on < 0.01, corresponding to a small duty cycle of quasar activity. We also apply a bounded flat prior on α and marginalize over it, and we find the most likely f on shift to 1 as the upper-boundary of α decreases below 1. Overall, our constraints are highly sensitive to α and hence inconclusive. Stronger constraints on f on can be made if we better understand the dynamics of cold gas in these galaxies.
TGF-β: The missing link in obesity-associated airway diseases?

Abstract Obesity is emerging as a global public health epidemic. The co-morbidities associated with obesity significantly contribute to reduced quality of life, mortality, and global healthcare burden. Compared to other asthma comorbidities, obesity prominently engenders susceptibility to inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), contributes to greater disease severity and evokes insensitivity to current therapies. Unlike in other metabolic diseases associated with obesity, the mechanistic link between obesity and airway diseases is only poorly defined. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine belonging to a family of growth factors with pivotal roles in asthma. In this review, we summarize the role of TGF-β in major obesity-associated co-morbidities to shed light on mechanisms of the diseases. Literature evidence shows that TGF-β mechanistically links many co-morbidities with obesity through its profibrotic, remodeling, and proinflammatory functions. We posit that TGF-β plays a similar mechanistic role in obesity-associated inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma and COPD. Concerning the role of TGF-β on metabolic effects of obesity, we posit that TGF-β has a similar mechanistic role in obesity-associated inflammatory airway diseases in interplay with different comorbidities such as hypertension, metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes, and cardiomyopathies. Future studies in TGF-β-dependent mechanisms in obesity-associated inflammatory airway diseases will advance our understanding of obesity-induced asthma and help find novel therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment.
Comparative Effectiveness of Levothyroxine, Desiccated Thyroid Extract, and Levothyroxine+Liothyronine in Hypothyroidism.

INTRODUCTION Studies comparing levothyroxine (LT4) therapy with LT4 + liothyronine (LT3) or desiccated thyroid extract (DTE) did not detect consistent superiority of either treatment. Here, we investigated these therapies, focusing on the whole group of LT4-treated hypothyroid patients, while also exploring the most symptomatic patients. METHODOLOGY Prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover study of 75 hypothyroid patients randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatment arms, LT4, LT4 + LT3, and DTE, for 22 weeks. The primary outcomes were posttreatment scores on the 36-point thyroid symptom questionnaire (TSQ-36), 12-point quality of life general health questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Wechsler memory scale-version IV (VMS-IV), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Secondary endpoints included treatment preference, biochemical and metabolic parameters, etiology of hypothyroidism, and Thr92Ala-DIO2 gene polymorphism. Analyses were performed with a linear mixed model using subject as a random factor and group as a fixed effect. RESULTS Serum TSH remained within reference range across all treatment arms. There were no differences for primary and secondary outcomes, except for a minor increase in heart rate caused by DTE. Treatment preference was not different and there were no interferences of the etiology of hypothyroidism or Thr92Ala-DIO2 gene polymorphism in the outcomes. Subgroup analyses of the 1/3 most symptomatic patients on LT4 revealed strong preference for treatment containing T3, which improved performance on TSQ-36, GHQ-12, BDI, and visual memory index (VMS-IV component). CONCLUSIONS As a group, outcomes were similar among hypothyroid patients taking DTE vs LT4 + T3 vs LT4. However, those patients that were most symptomatic on LT4 preferred and responded positively to therapy with LT4 + LT3 or DTE.
The Use of a Scanning Monochromator as a Barrier Filter in Infrared Examinations of Documents

This study indicates that a scanning monochromator can replace long-pass filters in examining questioned documents using infrared techniques. The use of the monochromator may increase the capability of the examiner to restore obliterated writings.
Radiotherapy residents' knowledge of and attitudes toward management of cancer pain

Abstract Purpose. To evaluate the fund of knowledge of and attitudes toward cancer pain management of radiotherapy residents across the nation. Methods. Radiotherapy (XRT) residents who had completed at least a year of training were surveyed by questionnaire. Residents (n = 10) from a training program who had been given instructional resources in cancer pain management skills were compared with residents from across the nation (n = 61). A validated survey used in national Cancer Pain Initiative Role Model Programs was administered by mail. The survey contained 30 questions that evaluated attitude alone (A), knowledge alone (K), and how attitude affects the application of knowledge (A/K). Results. The residents from the training program scored significantly higher in K (p < 0.005) and A/K (p < 0.04) than did the residents across the nation. No difference in scores evaluating A were detected (p = 0.26). Compared with the baseline knowledge of physicians in practice who had attended a workshop on cancer pain...
Detailed single-crystal EPR line shape measurements for the single-molecule magnets Fe 8 Br and Mn 12 − acetate

It is shown that our multi-high-frequency $(40\ensuremath{-}200 \mathrm{GHz})$ resonant cavity technique yields distortion-free high-field electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra for single-crystal samples of the uniaxial and biaxial spin $S=10$ single-molecule magnets (SMM's) $[{\mathrm{Mn}}_{12}{\mathrm{O}}_{12}({\mathrm{CH}}_{3}\mathrm{COO}{)}_{16}({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}{)}_{4}]\ensuremath{\cdot}2{\mathrm{CH}}_{3}\mathrm{COOH}\ensuremath{\cdot}4{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ and $[{\mathrm{Fe}}_{8}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}(\mathrm{OH}{)}_{12}(\mathrm{tacn}{)}_{6}]{\mathrm{Br}}_{8}\ensuremath{\cdot}9{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}.$ The observed line shapes exhibit a pronounced dependence on temperature, magnetic field, and the spin quantum numbers ${(M}_{S}$ values) associated with the levels involved in the transitions. Measurements at many frequencies allow us to separate various contributions to the EPR linewidths, including significant D strain, g strain, and broadening due to the random dipolar fields of neighboring molecules. We also identify asymmetry in some of the EPR line shapes for ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{8}$ and a previously unobserved fine structure to some of the EPR lines for both the ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{8}$ and ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{12}$ systems. These findings prove relevant to the mechanism of quantum tunneling of magnetization in these SMM's.
Liberation Psychological Implications for Pastoral Care of Korean Military Wives

Native Korean women frequently suffer poverty, sexual violence, and Confucian gender discrimination. Once in America Korean military wives also experience racial and sexual oppression, intercultura...