cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding B2B Relationships Between an Open-Source Firm and Application Developers: Sharing Profits from Applications and In-Application Advertisements

Recently, an open-source strategy has received considerable attention among for-profit organizations. In open-source projects, such as Google’s Android project, an open-source firm (e.g., Google) takes a portion of profits that its partners (e.g., application developers) earn from selling application and in-application advertisements. However, such a use of profit-sharing scheme and the role of in-application advertisements as a source of profits have not been well-studied in the literature on open-source strategy. Thus, we propose a mathematical model to understand how the profit-sharing percentage that an open-source firm takes from application developers affects profits of the open-source firm from applications and in-application advertisements. Our proposed model shows that (1) the size of the user network (e.g., the number of Android users) plays a more important role in generating profits from advertisements than those from applications and (2) the open-source firm may experience a decline in its profit by increasing its own profit share percentage too much.
An Overview on Caffeine

Caffeine is consumed worldwide through a variety of sources. It is a popular stimulant known for its mood and cognitive enhancement, as well as its impact as an ergogenic aid for athletic performance. Primarily for running and cycling endurance events, 3–6 mg kg−1 caffeine helps to increase time-to-exhaustion, promote a greater work capacity, and reduce perceived exertion. Caffeine peaks in the blood within 30–75 minutes after consumption, so timing is an important component to its effects on performance. A person’s caffeine intake, including dosing and timing, should be based on individual tolerance. The effect of caffeine weakens over time in habitual users, so to maximize athletic performance, one should abstain from caffeine for at least 7 days prior to an athletic event. Likewise, if using caffeine to enhance performance, an individual should experiment with caffeine intake prior to the event, as it can produce negative side effects in the caffeine naive individual. An average intake of
The True Cost-of-Living Concept

This chapter examines the sensitivity of the cost of living to some aspects of price changes and income changes that cannot be detected by Laspeyres indexes such as the CPI-U and CPI-W. Although its content is confined to positive economic analysis, the article does cast light on normative choices in welfare policy. Formation of practical strategies in the negotiation of escalator clauses in private sector wage contracts involves consideration of both normative values and positive descriptions of the real environment. The same is true of policy choices in the political arena, for instance in the determination of cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs) in pensions and transfer payments. The price and income sensitivities of the cost of living, expressed as elasticities, are used to determine the size of COLAs required to keep real incomes of recipients constant.
Suicide Among Military Personnel and Veterans Aged 18–35 Years by County—16 States

Introduction Suicide among military personnel and young Veterans remains a health concern. This study examined stateside distribution of suicides by U.S. county to help focus prevention efforts. Methods Using 2005–2012 National Violent Death Reporting System data from 16 states (963 counties, or county-equivalent entities), this study mapped the county-level distribution of suicides among current military and Veteran decedents aged 18–35 years. This study also compared incident circumstances of death between decedents in high-density counties (i.e., counties with the highest proportion of deaths) versus those in medium/low-density counties to better understand the precipitators of suicide in counties most affected. Last, this study identified potential military and Veteran Health Administration intervention sites. All analyses were conducted in 2015. Results Within the National Violent Death Reporting System participating states, an estimated 262 (33%) current military suicides occurred in just ten (1.0%) counties, and 391 (33%) Veteran suicides occurred in 33 (3.4%) counties. Mental health and intimate partner problems were common precipitating circumstances, and some circumstances differed between cases in high- versus those in medium/low-density counties. Multiple potential intervention sites were identified in high-density counties. Conclusions These findings suggest that military and Veteran suicides are concentrated in a small number of counties. Increased efforts at these locales might be beneficial.
Densification of thoria through flash sintering

Thorium dioxide (thoria, ThO2) is used in refractory applications and as nuclear fuel. Its melting temperature, the highest of any binary oxide, makes it a difficult system to process. Here we report on the effects of flash sintering on the densification of thoria. We found 95% of theoretical density is obtained at ~950 °C (~30% of the melting temperature) with an electric field of 800 V/cm. Variation in power density had a minimal effect on the densification. Scanning electron microscopy images show the effects of flash sintering on grain size as a function of electric field.
Role of the cervical lymphatics in the Th2-type hierarchy of CNS immune regulation.

CNS immune regulation is intimately dependent on the dynamics of cerebral extracellular fluid circulation. Animal models indicate that following the introduction of antigen into the CNS, normal circulation of interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids provides the opportunity for (a) delivery of CNS-derived antigen to lymphoid organs, as well as, (b) retention of immunologically significant amounts of antigen within the CNS. Thus, even in the absence of disease, CNS-derived antigen can induce antigen-specific activation of naive lymphocytes in lymphoid organs and specific reactivation of lymphoblasts that have migrated into the CNS. The initial peripheral immune response to CNS-derived antigen is induced in cervical lymph nodes and is characterized by a strong antibody response, no delayed-type hypersensitivity, and only priming for cytototoxic T-cell responses. This Th-2 type hierarchy of immune regulation is reinforced within the antigen-stimulated CNS where specific B lymphoblasts are permitted to develop their effector function but cell-mediated immunity is inhibited. Developing a paradigm for CNS immune regulation is important in understanding how CNS disorders in humans are induced, perpetuated, and may be manipulated.
A novel hepatic-targeting system for therapeutic cytokines that delivers to the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor, but avoids receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Purpose. To demonstrate the utilities of a synthetic low-affinity ligand ((Gal)3) for the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) as a hepatic targeting device for therapeutic cytokines.
Why is fast magnetic reconnection ubiquitous

Fast magnetic reconnection implies magnetic field lines are broken at a rate determined by the Alfven speed not by the resistivity η of the plasma in which the magnetic field is embedded (1–3). The...
Dynamic stability during split-belt walking and the relationship with step length symmetry.

Abstract Introduction Walking instability is a contributor to falls and other undesired changes in walking performance. We investigated the effect of split-belt treadmill based perturbations on dynamic stability. Furthermore, we examined the relationships for dynamic stability and symmetry during unperturbed and perturbed walking. Method Twenty healthy young adults completed unperturbed and perturbed walking conditions on a split-belt treadmill. The continuous perturbation involved moving the parallel belts at unequal speeds (1.5 m/s: 0.5 m/s). Margins of stability (MoS) and step length symmetry (SYM) were assessed. Results Stability and symmetry measures each decreased at the onset of the split walking perturbation. Only anterior-posterior (AP) MoS and SYM exhibited adaptive changes. Associations were found primarily for AP MoS with immediate changes in SYM at the onset of split walking, and over the duration of the split walking condition. Discussion Our findings suggest walking strategies were adapted to maintain dynamic stability when faced with a continuous perturbation. Additionally, dynamic stability was associated with symmetry during perturbed walking.
Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual Autonomy and Postpartum STD Prevention Among Young Couples: A Mediation Analysis.

Context The transition to parenthood is a stressful time for young couples and can put them at risk for acquiring STDs. Mechanisms underlying this risk-particularly, intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual autonomy-have not been well studied. Methods Between 2007 and 2011, a prospective cohort study of the relationships and health of pregnant adolescents and their male partners recruited 296 couples at four hospital-based obstetrics and gynecology clinics in the U.S. Northeast; participants were followed up six and 12 months after the birth. Structural equation modeling identified associations among IPV at baseline and six months, sexual autonomy at six months and STD acquisition at 12 months. Mediating effects of sexual autonomy were tested via bootstrapping. Results Females were aged 14-21, and male partners were 14 or older. For females, IPV victimization at baseline was positively associated with the likelihood of acquiring a postpartum STD (coefficient, 0.4); level of sexual autonomy was inversely associated with the likelihood of acquiring an STD and of having a male partner who acquired one by the 12-month follow-up (-0.4 for each). For males, IPV victimization at baseline was negatively correlated with a female partner's sexual autonomy (-0.3) and likelihood of acquiring an STD (-0.7); victimization at six months was positively related to a partner's sexual autonomy (0.2). Sexual autonomy did not mediate these relationships. Conclusions Females' sexual autonomy appears to protect against postpartum STDs for both partners. Future research should explore the efficacy of IPV-informed approaches to improving women's sexual and reproductive health.
Research Translation and Personalized Medicine

The convergence of technological advances leading to affordable genome sequencing and an ever increasing arsenal of molecularly targeted drugs are revolutionizing oncology. These developments set the foundation for “personalized cancer therapy,” a tailored approach to cancer treatment that exploits precise knowledge about molecular alterations in tumors. This chapter contextualizes these developments and discusses their implications and practical applications for renal cancer. At the outset, two cases are presented in which information about the molecular genetics of the tumor impacted patient management. These cases illustrate the challenges and opportunities associated with this approach. Precedent was set by the identification of mutations in the VHL gene and the implication of the mTORC1 in renal cancer. Recent advances have begun to unravel the complex interplay between pVHL and mTORC1 pathways and have uncovered a role of mTORC1 in the regulation, not only of protein translation and cell growth but also of sequence-specific transcription factors and gene expression. mTOR remains an important therapeutic target, and catalytic inhibitors targeting both mTORC1 and mTORC2 as well as PI3K isoforms are under evaluation. Opportunities are emerging from cancer genome/exome sequencing studies. Mutations create vulnerabilities that can be exploited with chemical-genetic screens. Drug development may be accelerated with improved preclinical models that accurately reproduce the molecular genetics and treatment responsiveness of RCC in patients. Renewed emphasis is needed on correlative studies in clinical trials. A vision is presented for an integrated research translation program for the advancement of personalized genomic-based cancer medicine.
microRNAs in Ischemic Brain: The Fine-Tuning Specialists and Novel Therapeutic Targets

CNS injuries are associated with extensive spatio-temporal alterations in gene expression that dictate the extent of brain damage and subsequent plasticity. Studies in CNS injury models show that microRNAs (miRNAs) modulate gene expression, which contributes to development of the injury. The expression levels of brain miRNAs show diverse spatio-temporal profiles in the healthy brain and are altered significantly over a sustained period of time in injured states. Apart from the conventional mechanisms of translational inhibition of mRNAs, recent studies have revealed that miRNAs can also target gene promoters to induce or repress their expression, adding another layer to the already complex network of miRNA–gene interactions. The extent of the influence of miRNAs in the CNS is only beginning to be elucidated. miRNAs play a major role in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases as well as in brain injuries such as traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and ischemia. Studies have shown that they considerably influence the outcome of the ischemic pathophysiology. However, miRNAs have also been observed to play a role in endogenous (preconditioning) and exogenous neuroprotective treatments, indicating their role in inducing ischemic tolerance. Lately, miRNAs have shown promise for serving as clinical biomarkers of stroke and other CNS disorders.
Two-Stage ACL Revision: Indications and Technique

Despite the reported success of primary ACL reconstruction graft failures can occur. Recurrent instability after ACL reconstruction is a multifactorial problem that can be simplified by considering the failure in two simple categories: traumatic and atraumatic failures. Modes of atraumatic failure include failure of graft “ligamentization” or biologic failure of the tissue, associated posterior medial or lateral laxity, meniscal deficiency, bone tunnel widening or lysis and “technical error.” A successful revision reconstruction procedure is directly related to the surgeon’s ability to adequately place a graft and provide enough fixation until graft incorporation within the tunnels occurs. This chapter will focus on the indications and techniques for a two-staged technique for revision ACL reconstruction surgery utilizing a case-based approach.
On the Stability of Reduced-Order Linearized Computational Fluid Dynamics Models Based on POD and Galerkin Projection: Descriptor vs Non-Descriptor Forms

The Galerkin projection method based on modes generated by the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) technique is very popular for the dimensional reduction of linearized Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models, among many other typically high-dimensional models in computational engineering. This, despite the fact that it cannot guarantee neither the optimality nor the stability of the Reduced- Order Models (ROMs) it constructs. Short of proposing any variant of this model order reduction method that guarantees the stability of its outcome, this paper contributes a best practice to its application to the construction of linearized CFD ROMs. It begins by establishing that whereas the solution snapshots computed using the descriptor and non-descriptor forms of the discretized Euler or Navier-Stokes equations are identical, the ROMs obtained by reducing these two alternative forms of the governing equations of interest are different. Focusing next on compressible fluid-structure interaction problems associated with computational aeroelasticity, this paper shows numerically that the POD-based fluid ROMs originating from the non-descriptor form of the governing linearized CFD equations tend to be unstable, but their counterparts originating from the descriptor form of these equations are typically stable and reliable for aeroelastic applications. Therefore, this paper argues that whereas many computations are performed in CFD codes using the non-descriptor form of discretized Euler and/or Navier-Stokes equations, POD-based model reduction in these codes should be performed using the descriptor form of these equations.
Some Examples of Empirical Fourier Analysis in Scientific Problems

As a concept and as a tool, the Fourier transform is pervasive in applied mathematics, computing, mathematics, probability and statistics as well as in substantive sciences such as chemistry, geophysics and physics. This chapter presents a review of such applications and then four personal analyses of scientific data based on Fourier transforms. Specific points made include: Fourier analysis is conceptually simple, its concepts often have direct physical interpretations, useful statistical properties are available, and there are various interesting connections between the mathematical and physical concepts.
DNA Barcoding & Macroinvertebrate Identification

Macroinvertebrates are readily available at the undergraduate level and provide an indicator of stream quality. DNA barcoding is the use of a sequence comparison of a specific region of the DNA that allows for classification of the organism. In most undergraduate courses, the discussion of genetic identification and stream quality assessment remain separated concepts. However, joining these lectures into a three-part laboratory learning module could bridge this gap and prepare students for a real-world application. During the first week of the proposed activity, students perform taxonomic identification. The following week, they perform a DNA isolation. In the last week, they use polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis, possibly with a lecture examining a barcode for an example of the final outcome. In our research, we have determined effective methods that will allow all three sections to be completed in three three-hour undergraduate lab sessions, with minor modifications. Furthermore, the data we collected showed 54% efficiency. The methods we outline introduce new techniques and skills that prepare students for next-level education or employment and attempt to integrate ecological or environmental analysis with genetic analysis and DNA extraction techniques, making this lab series worth exploring at the undergraduate level.
Power Management Strategy of AC-DC Hybrid Microgrid in Island Mode

In order to solve the problem of power energy coordinated management , control and quality in the AC-DC interconnected Microgrid system, this paper proposes an AC-DC $\omega - V_{dc}^2$ droop control strategy applied to the energy router, and the approach is derived from conventional ω-P droop control scheme in AC Microgrid and the V dc − P droop control scheme in the DC micro-grid . Combined with the square value of DC voltage and AC frequency characteristics to control the flow direction and magnitude of power, and it realize the bidirectional stable energy transmission of AC-DC Hybrid Microgrid, and ensure the energy balance of the Microgrid networks.
Experienced homophobia and gene expression alterations in Black and Latino men who have sex with men in Los Angeles County.

Abstract Men who have sex with men (MSM) experience high rates of homophobic victimization, which is linked to myriad chronic physical and mental health disparities. Social adversity such as rejection, isolation, and racial discrimination can induce a conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA) involving upregulation of proinflammatory genes and downregulation of type I interferon and antibody synthesis genes. This study specifically examines whether homophobic victimization is associated with expression of CTRA profiles in Black and Latino MSM living in Los Angeles. Analyses linked behavioral survey data with quantified RNA from leukocytes from blood samples of 70 participants over 12 months. CTRA gene expression was increased by 3.1-fold in MSM who experienced homophobic victimization while adjusting for major leukocyte subsets and sociodemographics. Accounting for all these factors, CTRA gene expression was significantly enhanced in MSM who identified as Black compared to Latino. Our findings identify experiences of homophobic victimization as drivers of inflammatory and type I interferon gene expression profiles, which can contribute to physical and mental health challenges in Black and Latino MSM.
A study on the nucleation and MPCVD growth of thin, dense, and contiguous nanocrystalline diamond films on bare and Si 3 N 4 -coated N-polar GaN

We report upon the microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) growth of polycrystalline diamond on varying crystallographic orientations of GaN (Ga-polar and N-polar), as well as on Si3N4-coated N-polar GaN, as applied to top-side heat spreading layers for III-N-based high electron mobility transistors. Integration of diamond with GaN in this configuration is subject to differing process constraints from previous research focusing on backside heat sinks. A critical requirement is to prevent hydrogen-related etching of the III-N surface in the H+ plasma ambient, as well as to avoid plasma damage to the GaN crystal or HEMT channel region near the surface. Thus we developed the seeding and MPCVD techniques under a low power density plasma with low sample temperatures during deposition. We systematically investigated samples seeded via polymer-assisted dip seeding in a nanoparticle suspension, which were then subjected to MPCVD growth under identical conditions. We evaluated the quality of the films via scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy to understand the relationship between grain size, interface abruptness, propensity for surface etching, as well as film uniformity. Finally, we were able to identify a process window for both N-polar GaN and Si3N4-coated N-polar GaN which yields thin, fully coalesced, nanocrystalline diamond films with an abrupt interface to the underlying substrate. These diamond films exhibit microscopic uniformity in crystal grain size, and macroscopic uniformity in thickness and interface abruptness via a process which is scalable to large wafer sizes.
On the Location of Transverse Electric Surface Wave Poles for Electrically Thick Substrates

In this paper, the transverse electric (TE) surface wave (SW) poles for a grounded single dielectric layer are determined using Mittag-Leffler (ML) expansion method. The poles located using ML expansion method are then compared against existing methods in terms of convergence to final root. This paper shows the effectiveness of ML expansion method by locating SW poles for lossless and lossy dielectric substrates. This method also possess the capability of obtaining more than one SW pole for electrically thick substrates.
Brief report on the relationship between temporal discount rate and error related negativity for immediate versus future choice options.

Abstract It is well documented that individuals vary in their economic patience – their willingness to choose delayed larger rewards (e.g., $100 in a month) over immediate smaller rewards (e.g., $25 now) – and that high levels of impatience, or temporal discounting, can be behaviorally problematic. Using event-related potential (ERP) method, we investigated error monitoring, as indexed by the error related negativity (ERN) component, as a function of discounting behavior. This work builds on prior work on risky decision making that revealed that individuals have greater ERNs for trials in which they select a risky option over a certain one (Yu and Zhou 2009), especially individuals not inclined towards risk taking (Martin and Potts 2009). In the present study, participants completed a temporal discounting task (choosing between a fixed immediate reward versus a future reward that varied across trials) while electroencephalogram (EEG) activity was recorded. We found an asymmetric relationship between discounting and the ERN: the greater an individual's overall rate of discounting, the greater the ERN component of the ERP waveform on trials where the future reward was selected, but not on trials in which the immediate reward was selected. The ERN may reflect an early warning signal alerting high discounters to potential negative consequences of future-oriented choices.
Hablar de violencia. Voces de niñas y niños en la obra de Socorro Venegas y Sylvia Aguilar Zéleny

La produccion literaria actual de escritoras mexicanas es una importante caja de resonancia para hablar de violencia, pobreza, y alcoholismo. En muchas de sus obras, ninos protagonistas o narradores son un conveniente mecanismo para hablar de estas problematicas en historias con una gran tension narrativa que enfrentan al lector, de una manera mas profunda, a dichas cuestiones. Con ello se suman a lo que Cristina Rivera Garza ha llamado la “desapropiacion” es decir, una escritura que responde a una deuda con los otros y a un compromiso conjunto por el bien comun. Este trabajo revisa desde los conceptos de “desapropiacion” y “tension narrativa”, una seleccion de cuentos de las escritoras Socorro Venegas (SLP 1972) y Sylvia Aguilar Zeleny (Hermosillo 1973), para entender como las voces de los ninos revelan en sus obras nociones de violencia y poder en contextos tanto urbanos como rurales.
Feasibility of the Web-Based Intervention Designed to Educate and Improve Adherence Through Learning to Use Continuous Glucose Monitor (IDEAL CGM) Training and Follow-Up Support Intervention: Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

Background: Proper training and follow-up for patients new to continuous glucose monitor (CGM) use are required to maintain adherence and achieve diabetes-related outcomes. However, CGM training is hampered by the lack of evidence-based standards and poor reimbursement. We hypothesized that web-based CGM training and education would be effective and could be provided with minimal burden to the health care team. Objective: The aim of this study was to perform a pilot feasibility study testing a theory-driven, web-based intervention designed to provide extended training and follow-up support to adolescents and young adults newly implementing CGM and to describe CGM adherence, glycemic control, and CGM-specific psychosocial measures before and after the intervention. Methods: The “Intervention Designed to Educate and improve Adherence through Learning to use CGM (IDEAL CGM)” web-based training intervention was based on supporting literature and theoretical concepts adapted from the health belief model and social cognitive theory. Patients new to CGM, who were aged 15-24 years with type 1 diabetes for more than 6 months were recruited from within a public university’s endocrinology clinic. Participants were randomized to enhanced standard care or enhanced standard care plus the IDEAL CGM intervention using a 1:3 randomization scheme. Hemoglobin A1c levels and psychosocial measures were assessed at baseline and 3 months after start of the intervention. Results: Ten eligible subjects were approached for recruitment and 8 were randomized. Within the IDEAL CGM group, 4 of the 6 participants received exposure to the web-based training. Half of the participants completed at least 5 of the 7 modules; however, dosage of the intervention and level of engagement varied widely among the participants. This study provided proof of concept for use of a web-based intervention to deliver follow-up CGM training and support. However, revisions to the intervention are needed in order to improve engagement and determine feasibility. Conclusions: This pilot study underscores the importance of continued research efforts to optimize the use of web-based intervention tools for their potential to improve adherence and glycemic control and the psychosocial impact of the use of diabetes technologies without adding significant burden to the health care team. Enhancements should be made to the intervention to increase engagement, maximize responsiveness, and ensure attainment of the skills necessary to achieve consistent use and improvements in glycemic control prior to the design of a larger well-powered clinical trial to establish feasibility. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03367351, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03367351.
Biomarkers for Estimating Risk of Hospital Mortality and Long-Term Quality-of-Life Morbidity After Surviving Pediatric Septic Shock: A Secondary Analysis of the Life After Pediatric Sepsis Evaluation Investigation.

Objectives The Life After Pediatric Sepsis Evaluation investigation recently reported that one-third of children who survive sepsis experience significant health-related quality-of-life impairment compared with baseline at 1 year after hospitalization. Pediatric Sepsis Biomarker Risk Model is a multibiomarker tool for estimating baseline risk of mortality among children with septic shock. We determined if the Pediatric Sepsis Biomarker Risk Model biomarkers have predictive capacity for estimating the risk of hospital mortality and long-term health-related quality-of-life morbidity among children with community-acquired septic shock. Design Secondary analysis. Setting Twelve academic PICUs. Patients A subset of Life After Pediatric Sepsis Evaluation subjects (n = 173) with available blood samples. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Three predefined outcomes from the Life After Pediatric Sepsis Evaluation investigation were evaluated: all-cause hospital mortality (n = 173), and the composite outcome of mortality or persistent, serious deterioration of health-related quality of life (> 25% below baseline) among surviving children at 1 month (n = 125) or 3 months (n = 117). Pediatric Sepsis Biomarker Risk Model had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.59-0.87; p = 0.002) for estimating the risk of hospital mortality and was independently associated with increased odds of hospital mortality. In multivariable analyses, Pediatric Sepsis Biomarker Risk Model was not independently associated with increased odds of the composite outcome of mortality or deterioration of persistent, serious deterioration health-related quality of life greater than 25% below baseline. A new decision tree using the Pediatric Sepsis Biomarker Risk Model biomarkers had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87 (95% CI, 0.80-0.95) for estimating the risk of persistent, serious deterioration health-related quality of life at 3 months among children who survived septic shock. Conclusions Pediatric Sepsis Biomarker Risk Model had modest performance for estimating hospital mortality in an external cohort of children with community-acquired septic shock. The Pediatric Sepsis Biomarker Risk Model biomarkers appear to have utility for estimating the risk of persistent, serious deterioration of health-related quality of life up to 3 months after surviving septic shock. These findings suggest an opportunity to develop a clinical tool for early assignment of risk for long-term health-related quality-of-life morbidity among children who survive septic shock.
Physical Inspection and Attacks: An Overview

Due to globalization, the semiconductor industry has become more susceptible to trust and security issues. For example, devices fabricated in untrusted facilities are vulnerable to the insertion of hardware Trojans, i.e., malicious modifications to integrated circuits (ICs), which can violate the root of trust. Literature shows that, as microscopy and failure analysis tools advance in resolution and capability, physical inspection methods (e.g., reverse engineering and photonic emission) improve as verification tools for device trustworthiness and security. However, such advanced physical inspection methods also offer new opportunities for adversaries to pirate intellectual property (IP) from a system-on-chip (SoC) device or extract sensitive information (e.g., secret keys and device configurations), which compromises confidentiality and integrity. To develop physical inspection as a trustworthy hardware assurance tool, an in-depth understanding of these physical inspection approaches is required. Moreover, identification of potential adversaries in the supply chain is also required to develop comprehensive countermeasures. Therefore, in this chapter, we discuss physical inspection and attack methods using failure analysis tools and identify potential adversaries in the semiconductor supply chain.
A House Divided: Earl Caldwell, the New York Times, and the Quest for a Testimonial Privilege

In the 1972 case of Branzburg v. Hayes, the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment does not protect journalists who refuse to reveal their confidential sources or news gathering product in response to a federal grand jury subpoena. That decision has remained vital for 35 years and has reverberated through a number of recent high-profile cases. Despite some form of protection in nearly every state court, reporters haled before a federal judge may have no recourse save prison. Devastating as Branzburg has been for the so-called journalist's privilege, its negative impact has been far broader. Branzburg is one of Supreme Court's earliest news gathering decisions and arguably the most influential. While the press has been very successful in persuading the courts to find First Amendment protection for its editorial product, it has been far less successful with regard to protection for news gathering. The Branzburg precedent epitomizes the frustration of the press in attempting to secure First Amendment, or even statutory, protection for news gathering, and this article explores one of the primary reasons for that failure: the inability of the diverse elements that comprise the press to agree on the appropriate scope of such protection. In particular, the article tells the little-known story of the dispute between the New York Times and its reporter, Earl Caldwell, whose pursuit of a testimonial privilege ultimately led to the Branzburg decision.
Decay and damage of therapeutic phage OMKO1 by environmental stressors

Antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens are increasingly prevalent, driving the need for alternative approaches to chemical antibiotics when treating infections. One such approach is bacteriophage therapy: the use of bacteria-specific viruses that lyse (kill) their host cells. Just as the effect of environmental conditions (e.g. elevated temperature) on antibiotic efficacy is well-studied, the effect of environmental stressors on the potency of phage therapy candidates demands examination. Therapeutic phage OMKO1 infects and kills the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we used phage OMKO1 as a model to test how different environments affect the decay rate of a therapeutic virus, and whether exposure to an environmental stressor can damage surviving viral particles. We assessed the effects of elevated temperatures, saline concentrations, and urea concentrations. We observed that OMKO1 particles were highly tolerant to different saline concentrations, but decayed more rapidly at elevated temperatures and under high concentrations of urea. Additionally, we found that exposure to elevated temperature reduced the ability of surviving phage particles to suppress the growth of P. aeruginosa, suggesting a temperature-induced damage. Our findings demonstrate that OMKO1 is highly tolerant to a range of conditions that could be experienced inside and outside the human body, while also showing the need for careful characterization of therapeutic phages to ensure that environmental exposure does not compromise their expected potency, dosing, and pharmacokinetics.
Left-sided facial mass in an adult female.

Abstract A left maxillary sinus soft tissue mass was discovered on computed tomography in a 70-year-old woman who had been experiencing blood-tinged mucus for 2 years. The lesion demonstrated mild enhancement, and bony destruction. Magnetic resonance imaging displayed a cerebriform appearance of the mass, which mimicked the appearance of inverted papilloma. However, histology and staining identified the lesion as ameloblastoma. Resection of the tumor was successful with no recurrence 1 month later on follow-up computed tomography. This case represents an unusual imaging presentation of ameloblastoma, and an opportunity to avoid the misdiagnosis of inverted papilloma in similar future cases.
Corporate Social Responsibility, Pension Assumptions, and Risky Asset Allocations in Defined Benefit Pension Plans

I explore the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in mitigating managers' opportunistic behavior related to defined benefit (DB) pension plan management. Strong CSR firms tend to engage less in earnings manipulation associated with executive option granting and CFO's pay sensitivity to the stock value (Delta) through the assumed long-term rate of returns on pension assets. Furthermore, strong CSR firms are less likely to manipulate the pension discount rate in response to a change in the pension funding gap. I also investigate whether CSR influences firms' decision to make risky investments with pension assets. OLS analysis indicates that a standard deviation increase in the Material CSR score is associated with 0.063 (1.93) percentage points decrease in assumed returns (equity allocation) in pension plans. Using the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill event as an exogenous shock, I provide supporting evidence for the causal link between firms' CSR performance and the pension policies.
Progressive Content-based Retrieval of Image Databases through the Internet

Content-based search has attracted the interest of numerous researchers as a promising paradigm for retrieving information from digital libraries. The content of an image or video segment can be specified at least at three different levels of abstraction, namely, pixel level, feature level, and semantic level.
It Takes a Village to Dismantle a Longhouse

The author's long-term fieldwork among the Kelabit people informs this discussion of the decline of longhouse living in favor of nuclear households.
Variations and Generalizations

In Section 2.2, we described the method Newton devised for examining the local behavior of the locus of points satisfying a polynomial equation in two variables. It is easy to extend that method to the locus of an equation of the form $$ {z^m} + {a_{{m - 1}}}(w){z^{{m - 1}}} + {a_{{m - 2}}}(w){z^{{m - 2}}} + \cdots + {a_0}(w) = 0 $$ (5.1) , where each a i (w) is a holomorphic function of \( w \in \mathbb{C} \) that vanishes at \( w = 0 \). Such an extension is significant, because the Weierstrass preparation theorem will show us that the behavior near (0, 0) of the locus of an equation of the form given in (5.1) is completely representative of the local behavior of the locus of points satisfying \( F\left( {w,z} \right) = 0 \), where F is holomorphic.
Combination of a direct thrombin inhibitor and a platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blocking peptide facilitates and maintains reperfusion of platelet-rich thrombus with alteplase.

We sought to determine the efficacy of the combination of argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor, and G4120, a platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa blocker, to enhance thrombolysis with alteplase. Platelet-rich thrombus in the rabbit arterial thrombosis model is relatively resistant to alteplase despite the addition of aspirin and heparin. The adjunctive use of either direct thrombin inhibitors or GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in thrombolysis has been investigated with encouraging, but limited, success. The usefulness of combining both agents as adjunctive therapy to thrombolysis has not been fully explored. Following platelet-rich thrombus formation in the rabbit, argatroban (3 mg/kg), G4120 (0.5 mg/kg), G4120 plus heparin (200 U/kg), or G4120 plus argatroban were intravenously infused over 60 minutes. Alteplase was given as intravenous boluses (0.45 mg/kg) at 15-minute intervals up to 4 doses or until reperfusion. Blood flow and bleeding time were monitored for 2 hours. The combination of G4120 plus argatroban resulted in a persistent patency in 5 of 7 animals compared with 0 of 6 for argatroban alone (p=0.02), 1 of 6 for G4120 alone (p=0.08), and 2 of 6 for G4120 plus heparin (p=0.2). Although during the infusion the bleeding times were longer in the groups that received G4120 (26±7.7 minutes vs. 14±10 minutes, p<0.05), by the end of the experiment there were no statistically significant differences. Similarly, during the infusion the activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTT) was higher in groups that received heparin or argatroban (99±51 seconds vs. 32±7.6 seconds, p<0.001), but by the end of the experiment the aPTTs had returned to close to baseline in all groups except the G4120 plus heparin group. These results suggest that lysis of platelet-rich thrombus with alteplase requires the addition of both potent platelet and thrombin inhibitors. Specifically designed agents, G4120 and argatroban, are effective without additional increased risk for bleeding.
The Defacto System: Coordinating Human-Agent Teams for the Future of Disaster Response

Enabling effective interactions between agent teams and humans for disaster response is a critical area of research, with encouraging progress in the past few years. However, previous work suffers from two key limitations: (i) limited human situational awareness, reducing human effectiveness in directing agent teams and (ii) the agent team’s rigid interaction strategies that limit team performance. This paper presents a software prototype called DEFACTO (Demonstrating Effective Flexible Agent Coordination of Teams through Omnipresence). DEFACTO is based on a software proxy architecture and 3D visualization system, which addresses the two limitations described above. First, the 3D visualization interface enables human virtual omnipresence in the environment, improving human situational awareness and ability to assist agents. Second, generalizing past work on adjustable autonomy, the agent team chooses among a variety of “team-level” interaction strategies, even excluding humans from the loop in extreme circumstances.
Caring for new mothers: diagnosis, management and treatment of nipple dermatitis in breastfeeding mothers

Breastfeeding is thought to be the most optimal form of infant nutrition. Nursing mothers are generally advised to continue breastfeeding until the infant is two years of age or beyond. Unfortunately, however, a majority of nursing mothers will discontinue breastfeeding much earlier than recommended. The most common reason for early discontinuation of breastfeeding is nipple pain. It is, therefore, essential that dermatologists know how to appropriately diagnose and effectively treat nipple pain associated with nipple dermatitis among nursing mothers. This review article provides a detailed discussion on the clinical features and management of various causes of nipple dermatitis during lactation, including problems with infant latch-on, congenital oral anomalies, plugged lactiferous ducts, atopic dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, yeast infections, bacterial infections, herpes simplex virus, and Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple.
A probabilistic information filtering using the profile dynamics

This paper presents an algorithm for learning incrementally the profile of a user, based on an (optional) initial user profile and on user's queries using probabilistic latent semantic analysis. A new model, a temporal latent semantic space, is introduced in order to keep track of the user's interests' changes. The results of the retrieval experiments using this new algorithm are compared with other traditional information retrieval techniques.
In situ, high sensitivity, measurement of in ground water using Cherenkov light

Abstract The measurement of 90 Sr in soils and ground water is important for characterization and remediation of radioactively contaminated sites. Measuring the 90 Sr content to a few pCi/g of soil has been accomplished based on a design of scintillating fibers in a multilayered configuration measuring the high-energy beta emitted from 90 Y decay (when in secular equilibrium with 90 Sr ), but has not been applied to water because the technique is sensitive to only the first few mm of soil. The volume of the source to which the detector is sensitive limits the theoretical sensitivity of such a detector, unless chemical preprocessing to strip the 90 Sr from the water is performed. 90 Sr activity in water can be quantified by detecting the high-energy beta particle by the Cherenkov light it produces when the high-energy beta from 90 Y passes through the medium. We have used this phenomenon to sensitively measure 90 Sr ( 90 Y ) from a volume of water large enough (765 cm 3 ) to make very sensitive measurements with short count times. For counting intervals of about 1000 s, we were able to achieve a minimum detectable concentration (MDC) (at 4.65 σ above background) of 14 pCi/L, and for 3000 s counts the MDC dropped to the drinking water limit of 8 pCi/L.
The Dṛkpakṣasāraṇī : A Sanskrit Version of De La Hire’s Tabulae Astronomicae

In November of 1730 the Portuguese astronomer Pedro da Silva arrived in Jayasimha’s court bearing, among other books, a copy of the second edition of Philippe de La Hire’s Tabulae Astro-nomicae, published in Paris in 1727. The choice of this text as the representative of contemporary European astronomy being sent to the Mahārāja was apparently due to the fact that de La Hire, finding fault with the Rudolphine Tables, whose alleged errors he attributes to Kepler’s hypotheses, claims: Quamobrem id statui Tabulas meas nulli hypothesi, sed observationibus tantummodo superstruere, nullâ cuius vis Systematis habitâ ratione. This abjuring of adhesion to an “heretical” astronomy must have pleased the Jesuits who chose the book. This aspect of the Tabulae Astronomicae (though in fact de La Hire does adhere to an astronomical hypothesis, the heliocentric) appealed also to Jospeh Dubois, who wrote at the beginning of the Jayapura copy on September 1732: Tabulae Astronomicae in quibus Solis, Lunae, reliquorum planetarum motus ex ipsis observationibus nulla adhibita hypotesi traduntur. This same propaganda explains the title, Drkpaksasāranī, given to the adaption of the Tabulae Astronomicae written in Sanskrit verse by Kevalarama, Jayasimha’s jyotisarāja, in or after 1733 when the new city of Jayapura, to which he refers, began to be occupied, and the astonishing fact that Kevalrarāma nowhere in this work mentions the heliocentric theory though the computations that he prescribes are based upon it.
The Relationship Between Organizational Leaders and Advertising Ethics: An Organizational Ethnography

Understanding the complexity of advertising ethics mandates an organizational approach to empirical research. Through the lens of Giddens's structuration theory, this ethnography examines the relationship between organizational leadership, one aspect of Schein's concept of organizational culture, and advertising ethics. Fieldwork at a full-service advertising agency and 45 one-on-one interviews were conducted regarding perceptions of organizational leadership as well as ethics in advertising. Findings suggest that characteristics of leaders, such as virtuous character, and espousing organizational values enable ethical awareness, while amoral intentions for starting the advertising agency simultaneously constrain ethical awareness. A discussion regarding the dynamic relationship between organizational leadership and advertising ethics begins.
(2,2‐Dimethylpropylidyne)tris[(2‐methyl)‐2‐propanolato] Tungsten

[78234-36-3] C17H36WO3 (MW 471.8) InChI = 1S/C5H9.3C4H9O.W/c1-5(2,3)4;3*1-4(2,3)5;/h4*1-3H3;/q;3*-1;+3 InChIKey = OSPGYWVJGVLTDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as an alkyne metathesis catalyst) Solubility: soluble in organic solvents such as toluene, hexanes, pentane, chloroform, and diethyl ether. Form Supplied in: colorless flakes; literature preparation (see below). Purification: recrystallized from diethyl ether with acetonitrile and cooling to −30 °C or sublimed at 50 °C under vacuum. Preparative Methods: alkylidyne 1 can be prepared by adding LiO-t-Bu to a solution of [NEt4][W(CCMe3)Cl4] in THF at −30 °C (eq 1).2 An alternative procedure utilizes a metathesis reaction between W2(OCMe3)6 and (CH3)3CCN.3 (1) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: alkylidyne 1 is highly unstable to water and slowly decomposes in an atmosphere of air. However, 1 is stable as a solid or in solution under dry inert atmosphere for extended periods of time.