cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting custodial suicides: Problems with the use of profiles

Although the problem of jail and lockup suicides is nationwide, this social problem has begun only recently to receive the scholarly attention it warrants. A number of studies have advanced profiles of the typical jail suicide, but noncritical applications of these profiles may lead to problems if practitioners are unaware of their limitations. Different profiles often are mutually contradictory and seem to be more postdictive than predictive. Other problems include the potential for false positives, selective inattention, and the exposure of correctional authorities to inappropriate tort liability. Jail and lockup suicide data from Michigan for 1980–1985 were used to examine the implications of reliance on published suicide profiles. Only seven of 80 suicides were found to fit a national profile completely, while nine suicides would have been totally unexpected. It was concluded that because of the differences between various jail environments and inmate populations, it is unlikely that even a methodolog...
Translating the noise.

A systematic exploration of noise in gene expression demonstrates the value of integrating novel experiments with computational modeling.
Mechanisms contributing to increased synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in endothelial cells by constituents of platelets and their implications for thrombolysis.

We recently hypothesized that after pharmacologically induced coronary thrombolysis, increased activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) retards recanalization, contributes to early reocclusion, or both. This hypothesis was based on the increased elaboration of PAI-1 that we observed in cultured liver cells exposed to growth factors releasable from platelets activated at sites of thrombosis in vivo. PAI-1 released locally is particularly likely to attenuate lysis of thrombi that are targets of thrombolytic drugs. Accordingly, the present study was performed to determine whether synthesis of PAI-1 by endothelial cells is augmented by products of platelets. Lysates from platelets (0.5-8.0 x 10(4)/mm3 media, i.e. less than 10% of the concentration of platelets in blood) increased synthesis and release of PAI-1 into both the extracellular matrix and conditioned media (by 2.8-fold and 3.3-fold within 6 and 24 hours, respectively). Synthesis of neither tissue-type plasminogen activator nor overall protein increased. Increased synthesis of PAI-1 was confirmed by immunoprecipitation of [35S]PAI-1 after metabolic labeling of cells. The increased elaboration of PAI-1 was consistent with increased transcription as reflected by the observed increase in PAI-1 mRNA of 2.2-fold in 4 hours. Effects of platelet lysates were simulated by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), known to be present in platelet alpha-granules and released with platelet activation. Antibody to TGF-beta reduced the stimulation of PAI-1 synthesis by TGF-beta, as expected, by 82%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Using Total Quality Management in Long-Term Care Case Management:

Long-term care (LTC) case management has emerged as a way of addressing problems in the long term care system. Case managers serve as links between chronically ill and disabled individuals and the services these individuals need but of which they often are unaware. In this capacity, case managers address the fragmentation in the long-term care system. In guiding clients to cost-effective ways of meeting their long-term care needs, case managers also address the need for cost containment in long-term care. To ensure that case management is effectively addressing these and other problems, attention to quality is essential. However, quality assurance programs too often focus on minutiae rather than on true indicators of quality. In addition, people who are not involved in the related areas frequently make decisions about quality. These decisions impose additional, and sometimes unnecessary, restrictions on the people who are required to implement them. Total quality management (TQM) offers a new approach. In this article, a proposal is made to incorporate TQM principles into LTC case management. The LTC case management demonstration project currently underway in Virginia serves as the case study for this proposal. The proposal demonstrates a process in which quality can be built into a case management system in a way that involves the people who will implement the resultant changes. The proposal shows how case management staff members can learn to identify areas where quality is impaired and to use techniques to aid them in identifying the causes of problems. A procedure for testing solutions and for incorporating the findings into the project is described.
Band-Unlimited Reconstruction of Optical Objects and Spectra*

A method is derived for digitally reconstructing any two-dimensional, partially coherent, polychromatic object from experimental knowledge of the image and point spread function. In the absence of noise, the reconstruction is perfect. The object must lie wholly within a known region of the object plane. The optics may be generally coated and tilted, and may have any aberrations. As an illustration, the reconstruction process is applied to the problem of resolving double stars. The reconstruction scheme is also used to correct the output of a conventional spectrometer for instrument broadening, and to correct the output of a Fourier-transform spectroscope for finite extent of the interferogram. Practical use of the method requires the calculation of prolate spheroidal wavefunctions and eigenvalues. The effect of noise upon the accuracy of reconstruction is analytically computed. It is shown that periodic noise and piecewise-continuous noise both cause zero error at all points in the reconstruction except at the sampling points, where the error is (theoretically) infinite. Finally, bandwidth-limited noise is shown to be indistinguishable from the object.
Caries Prevention by Arginine Metabolism in Oral Biofilms: Translating Science into Clinical Success

Knowledge acquired from microbiological studies of oral arginine metabolism over the past 40 years has recently found its way to clinical application in dentistry. Novel arginine formulations incorporated into dentifrices have proven to be effective as an approach to prevent dental caries. In oral biofilms, arginine metabolism via the arginine deiminase system (ADS) produces ammonia, which inhibits tooth demineralization by neutralizing glycolytic acids and by suppressing the emergence of a cariogenic microflora. Evidence from translational science studies suggests that arginine metabolism in oral biofilms decreases the risk for caries development. These studies have expanded the focus of caries research beyond cariogenic bacteria to health-related, ADS-positive bacteria. The focus of this article is on the contribution of arginine metabolism to pH homeostasis in oral biofilms and its impact on the etiology of dental caries.
Imprinting of the mature T cell response by self

T cell development requires recognition of self-peptides in the thymus. Two recent studies by Allen and colleagues shed new light into the connection between self-recognition during positive selection and recognition of foreign antigen in the periphery.
Water Status of Drought-Resistant and Drought-Sensitive Sorghum Treated with Ethephon

The effects of ethephon on stomatal resistance, water potential, osmotic potential, turgor potential, and ethylene production were determined on leaves of a drought-resistant (KS 65) and a drought-sensitive (IA 25) genotype of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown under wellwatered or drought-stressed conditions. With both sufficient and limited water supply, ethephon had no effect on the adaxial, abaxial, or total stomatal resistance of either genotype. For both water treatments, the adaxial stomatal resistance of the drought-sensitive genotype was higher than that of the drought-resistant genotype. Ethephon increased the amount of ethylene produced by the plants under both levels of water. For plants with sufficient water, water potentials of both genotypes were lowered by ethephon. Ethephon had no effect on the water potentials under drought or on the osmotic potentials under either water regime. With drought, the turgor potential of the drought-sensitive genotype, but not that of the drought-resistant, was increased by ethephon.
The changing phases of photovoltaic technology. Going for the market summit

Abstract The metamorphosis of the U.S. national photovoltaic program structure, balance, and technology development emphasis is accelerating as photovoltaic technology and industry adjust to the challenges of the mid-1990's and address the present and future opportunities. This is a very positive sign of the vibrant future being shaped for photovoltaic technology applications as U.S. industry continues to improve its products, reduce production costs, expand production, develop new products and markets, and climb toward the market summit at an ever-increasing pace. Descriptions of a number of the new phases in the photovoltaic program activities of the 1990's are presented along with a brief summary of their current status. Also, some recent advances in performance of photovoltaic materials, cells, and modules will be presented.
First Report of Tomato chlorotic spot virus in Hoya wayetii and Schlumbergera truncata

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of TCSV infection of H. wayetii and S. truncata from any location, although other tospoviruses are known to infect these and related plant spe...
Polysubstituted monocyclic boroxazolidines

Six new substituted aminoethyl esters of hydroxydiphenylborane are described. In contrast to the behaviour of triptych boroxazolidines, in which subsituents in the amino-alcohol carbon atoms are associated with increased resistance of the boroxazolidine towards acidic hydrolysis, increased substitution among the monocyclic boroxazolidines is associated with increased lability in acidic solutions.
Synaptophysin expression in the striatum in Huntington's disease

This immunohistochemical study compares the expression of synaptophysin (SYP) in the striatum in Huntington's disease (HD) with that of calcineurin (CaN), a marker for striatal medium-sized spinous neurons. As compared to controls, in the HD striatum there was a significant loss of SYP immunoreactivity with residual staining displaying an inhomogeneous pattern, which strikingly resembled that of CaN. Our results may indicate that there is a synaptic loss in the striatum with HD and this is most likely due to loss of medium-sized spinous neurons characteristic of this disease.
Sleep Disturbances and Risk of Frailty and Mortality in Older Men

Abstract Objective To test the hypothesis that non-frail older men with poorer sleep at baseline are at increased risk of frailty and death at follow-up. Methods In this prospective cohort study, subjective (questionnaires) and objective sleep parameters (actigraphy, in-home overnight polysomnography) were measured at baseline in 2505 non-frail men aged ⩾67years. Repeat frailty status assessment performed an average of 3.4years later; vital status assessed every fourmonths. Sleep parameters expressed as dichotomized predictors using clinical cut-points. Status at follow-up exam classified as robust, intermediate (pre-frail) stage, frail, or died in interim. Results None of the sleep disturbances were associated with the odds of being intermediate/frail/dead (vs. robust) at follow-up. Poor subjective sleep quality (multivariable odds ratio [MOR] 1.26, 95% CI 1.01–1.58), greater nighttime wakefulness (MOR 1.31, 95% CI 1.04–1.66), and greater nocturnal hypoxemia (MOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.02–2.10) were associated with a higher odds of frailty/death at follow-up (vs. robust/intermediate). Excessive daytime sleepiness (MOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.03–2.47), greater nighttime wakefulness (MOR 1.57, 95% CI 1.12–2.20), severe sleep apnea (MOR 1.74, 95% CI 1.04–2.89), and nocturnal hypoxemia (MOR 2.28, 95% CI 1.45–3.58) were associated with higher odds of death (vs. robust/intermediate/frail at follow-up). The association between poor sleep efficiency and mortality nearly reached significance (MOR 1.48, 95% CI 0.99–2.22). Short sleep duration and prolonged sleep latency were not associated with frailty/death or death at follow-up. Conclusions Among non-frail older men, poor subjective sleep quality, greater nighttime wakefulness, and greater nocturnal hypoxemia were independently associated with higher odds of frailty or death at follow-up, while excessive daytime sleepiness, greater nighttime wakefulness, severe sleep apnea and greater nocturnal hypoxemia were independently associated with an increased risk of mortality.
Current understanding of von Willebrand's disease in women – some answers, more questions

Considerable progress has been made in the past decade in describing the obstetrical and gynaecological aspects of von Willebrand's disease (VWD). In addition, epidemiological studies have established an approximately 11-16% prevalence of the laboratory diagnosis of VWD in women presenting with menorrhagia. However, it is not established presently whether an upfront VWD screening should be a part of the standard evaluation of menorrhagia. This is because it is presently not known whether therapy in the VWD patient tailored specifically for VWD will appreciably alter the natural history of menorrhagia compared with the non-VWD menorrhagia patient. There are also subtleties involved in securing the diagnosis of VWD in women presenting with menorrhagia in terms of fluctuation of von Willebrand factor (VWF) levels vis-a-vis the menstrual cycle and the potential impact of oral contraceptive on VWF levels. Regarding management of VWD-related menorrhagia, pending ongoing comparative trials of intranasal desmopressin (DDAVP), tranexamic acid, oral contraceptive and the levonorgestrel intrauterine device, specific recommendations cannot be made presently regarding the superiority of one intervention compared with the other. The management of VWD-related postpartum haemorrhage is also an area of active debate in terms of 'best practice' in type 1 (? prophylactic DDAVP), type 2 [? expectant management if factor VIII:C (FVIII:C) level normalizes] and type 3 patients (? intensity and duration of infusional therapy with a VWF-containing plasma-derived FVIII concentrate). This review summarizes the present state of knowledge and highlights numerous questions for future study based on our present understanding of VWD in women.
Adiabatic Quantum Computation and Quantum Annealing: Theory and Practice

Adiabatic quantum computation (AQC) is an alternative to the better-known gate model of quantum computation. The two models are polynomially equivalent, but otherwise quite dissimilar: one property that distinguishes AQC from the gate model is its analog nature. Quantum annealing (QA) describes a type of heuristic search algorithm that can be implemented to run in the ``native instruction set'' of an AQC platform. D-Wave Systems Inc. manufactures {quantum annealing processor chips} that exploit quantum properties to realize QA computations in hardware. The chips form the centerpiece of a novel computing platform designed to solve NP-hard optimization problems. Starting with a 16-qubit prototype announced in 2007, the company has launched and sold increasingly larger models: the 128-qubit D-Wave One system was announced in 2010 and the 512-qubit D-Wave Two system arrived on the scene in 2013. A 1,000-qubit model is expected to be available in 2014. This monograph presents an introductory overview of this unusual and rapidly developing approach to computation. We start with a survey of basic principles of quantum computation and what is known about the AQC model and the QA algorithm paradigm. Next we review the D-Wave technology stack and discuss some challenges to building and using quantum computing systems at a commercial scale. The last chapter reviews some experimental efforts to understand the properties and capabilities of these unusual platforms. The discussion throughout is aimed at an audience of computer scientists with little background in quantum computation or in physics.
Comparison Between Discrete Phase Model and Multiphase Model for Wet Compression

Gas turbine inlet fog / overspray cooling is considered as a simple and effective method to increase power output. To help understand the water mist transport in the compressor flow passage, this study conducts a computational simulation of wet compression in a single rotor-stator compressor stage using the commercial code, Fluent. A sliding mesh scheme is used to simulate the stator-rotor interaction in a rotating frame. Previous researchers have modeled wet compression using DPM (Discrete Phase Model), where spray amount is very small (1–2%). Compressor washing is also becoming a new interest in the wet compression technology, which involves much higher amount of water (10–15%), which is not easy to handle with DPM. It can be done by multiphase model. To start compressor washing it is important to validate wet compression (1–2% spray) using DPM and the same using multiphase. This study takes the initial step to compare these two models, however multiphase model needs further development to perform an apple to apple comparison with DPM.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
In vitro activities of the oxazolidinone compounds linezolid (PNU-100766) and eperzolid (PNU-100592) against middle ear isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Abstract Two hundred and sixteen isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered between 1994 and 1996 from the middle ears of children with acute otitis media were tested for their susceptibility to penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin and the oxazolidinones, linezolid (PNU-100766) and eperezolid (PNU-100592). There were 116 isolates from the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and 100 isolates from a national collection. Eighty percent of the local strains were susceptible to penicillin (MIC S. pneumoniae tested had an MIC S. pneumoniae .
A Course in Microcomputers for Control Applications

A new course, Microcomputers for Control Applications, was offered in the Spring 1980 Systems Engineering program of the U. S. Naval Academy. The course emphasized the role of the microcomputer as a component in feedback control systems. The hardware for the course centered around the S100 bus system and included front-panel control, CPU, serial and parallel I/O, 8K RAM, 8K (capacity) ROM, 7-channel A/D-D/A, isolated I/O, programmable real-time clock, and CRT terminal. Various peripherals were available in limited quantity. Approximate prices are given to convey a feeling for the investment required. The support software consisted of a keyboard monitor evolved locally from the original SDK-80 version by INTEL, a cross assembler on the Naval Academy Time-Sharing system (NATS) which was developed as a midshipman project, and edit and file processing software on NATS, all of which aided in program development. The objectives of the course were that the student should write assembly language programs for real-time applications in an interrupt-driven environment, be exposed to interfacing techniques, and attempt to immerse the microcomputer in an analog environment. The programs developed during the course were added to the library routines of the program to enhance the laboratory and project facilities available for future midshipmen.
Prediction of thermal cross-slip stress in magnesium alloys from direct first-principles data

Abstract We develop a first-principles model of thermally activated cross-slip in magnesium in the presence of a random solute distribution. Electronic structure methods provide data for the interaction of solutes with prismatic dislocation cores and basal dislocation cores. Direct calculations of interaction energies are possible for solutes – K, Na and Sc – that lower the Mg prismatic stacking fault energy to improve formability. To connect to thermally activated cross-slip, we build a statistical model for the distribution of activation energies for double kink nucleation, barriers for kink migration and roughness of the energy landscape to be overcome by an athermal stress. These distributions are calculated numerically for a range of concentrations, as well as alternate approximate analytic expressions for the dilute limit. The analytic distributions provide a simplified model for the maximum cross-slip softening for a solute as a function of temperature. The direct interaction calculations predict lowered forming temperatures for Mg–0.7at.%Sc, Mg–0.4at.%K and Mg–0.6at.%Na of approximately 250 °C.
Autonomous microfluidic sample preparation system for protein profile-based detection of aerosolized bacterial cells and spores.

For domestic and military security, an autonomous system capable of continuously monitoring for airborne biothreat agents is necessary. At present, no system meets the requirements for size, speed, sensitivity, and selectivity to warn against and lead to the prevention of infection in field settings. We present a fully automated system for the detection of aerosolized bacterial biothreat agents such as Bacillus subtilis (surrogate for Bacillus anthracis) based on protein profiling by chip gel electrophoresis coupled with a microfluidic sample preparation system. Protein profiling has previously been demonstrated to differentiate between bacterial organisms. With the goal of reducing response time, multiple microfluidic component modules, including aerosol collection via a commercially available collector, concentration, thermochemical lysis, size exclusion chromatography, fluorescent labeling, and chip gel electrophoresis were integrated together to create an autonomous collection/sample preparation/analy...
Preparation of primary cultures of adult and juvenile catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) hepatocytes

We describe a modified perfusion and collagenase dissociation in a trypsinizing flask for hepatocyte isolation from adult or juvenile catfish liver. When cells isolated in this manner are allowed to attach to plastic culture dishes in serum-free medium, good viabilities and prolonged function can be obtained.
A measurement of the coefficient of static friction of human long bones

Abstract The coefficient of static friction for bone-to-bone contacting surfaces has been measured. Unembalmed human cadaveric tibial and femoral bones were cut with three types of surgical saw, two power driven and one hand held, and the bone-to-bone static friction was determined using an in vitro shear method. It was found that both the type of saw and the type of bone affected the coefficient of friction. Greater coefficients of static friction were found with a coarse cutting saw (the hand-held Gigli saw) and tibial bone which is harder than femoral bone. The findings suggest that a rough surface finish to cut bone, in a well-reduced fracture, should promote healing by stabilizing the fracture interface.
Prolonged Sitting and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality

Prolonged sitting behaviors are a distinct subset of sedentary behaviors. They include television viewing, computer and video use, sitting in automobiles, and workplace sitting. I reviewed scientific literature from 2005 to 2010 to assess the effects of prolonged sitting on cardiovascular disease mortality and risk factors. I conclude that prolonged sitting is positively associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors and increases in mortality risk, independent of physical activity. The weakness of the current literature is an over-reliance on self-reports of prolonged sitting. Also, a better understanding is needed of the unique biomarkers and metabolic alterations related to prolonged sitting, as well as whether sitting displaces light-intensity physical activity. Overall, the findings support previous recommendations to consider guidelines and strategies to reduce and interrupt prolonged sitting.
Congenital sarcocystosis in a two-day-old dog.

12. Miller DA, Wilson MA, Owen WJ, et al.: 1990, Porcine lep15. Ward MK, McDaniel MB, Tatum HW, et al.: 1956, An epitospirosis in Iowa. J Vet Diagn Invest 2:171-175. demic of canicola fever in man with demonstration of Lepto13. Prescott JF, Nicholson VM: 1987, Australis serogroup Leptospira canicola infection in dogs, swine, and cattle. Am J Hyg spira in swine abortion. Can Vet J 28:312-313. 64:59-69. 14. Schnurrenberger PP, Hanson LE, Martine RJ: 1970, Leptospirosis: long-term surveillance on an Illinois farm. Am J Epidemiol 92:223-239.
Cell Proliferation and Carcinogenesis

Cancer is due to multiple inherited or acquired mutations occurring in a single cell. DNA replication, although incredibly precise, results in spontaneous errors. A chemical can increase the number of errors per DNA replication by increasing damage to DNA, or it can increase the probability for spontaneous errors by increasing the number of DNA replications. A model has been developed which takes into account the role of DNA reactivity and increased DNA replication in the pluripotential cell population of a tissue on the development of cancer. This model can be used to assess the mode of action of chemicals which are carcinogenic in animal models and to access the relevance of that mode of action to human risk. By using this mode of action-based model, it may then be possible to replace the 2-year cancer bioassay with shorter-term assays which assess DNA reactivity, immunosuppression and estrogenic activity of the chemical and the effects of the chemical on toxicity and cell proliferation.
JIT purchasing: attribute classification and literature review

Abstract To find critical JIT purchasing attributes for manufacturing industry, 56 refereed articles are reviewed. These articles are categorized as conceptual, case and empirical studies. Thirty-four attributes are thus identified. An input-output model is developed to classify these attributes. The inputs to JIT purchasing environment consists of buyer, supplier and joint buyer-supplier actions with 13, six and six attributes, respectively. The interaction between these attributes leads to the JIT purchasing environment. Output of this environment consists of nine attributes. By using the frequency of citation of an attribute as a measure of its importance, consensus is found among conceptual and case studies regarding those attributes of JIT purchasing considered critical. However, many of these attributes have not been investigated empirically, while others have not been rigorously examined. Common supplier evaluation criteria are identified. Benefits and problems with JIT purchasing implementation ar...
Chemistry of Metal Chloride Complexes in Aprotic Systems

Abstract A study of metal chloride solubility in aprotic solvents has been initiated. These solvent systems have very low hydrogen ion activities and thus allow chloride ion activities which are much higher than those attainable in water. The high chloride ion activities can be generated by the dissolution of soluble salts, such as calcium chloride or sodium chloride, in the aprotic media. Metals that normally form aqueous-insoluble chlorides or exist as cations in aqueous solutions (e.g., Ag, Pb, Cd, or Au) may be readily dissolved in aprotic solvent systems as anionic chloride complexes or as solvation complexes. To understand such systems, we constructed ternary phase diagrams for dimethylsulfoxide-water-calcium chloride (DMSO-H2O-CaCl2) and DMSO-H2O-NaCl systems. These diagrams were used to establish the solution regions available for the solubilization of Pb, Ag, Au, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Al. Measurements of Pb and Ag solubilities in the DMSO-H2O-CaCl2 system gave concentrations as high as ∼1.5 and ∼4).9 M...
Gene Therapy for Pituitary Tumors

Pituitary tumors are normally benign, highly differentiated, and slow-growing neoplasms. Despite this, in almost half of the cases, there will be evidence of local invasion into the surrounding structures. Despite their benign growth characteristics and slow clinical progression, pituitary tumors commonly cause serious morbidity. Large pituitary tumors often have mass effects, including headaches and visual failure from optic chiasm compression, and these might cause lifelong disability. Hormone hypersecretion or deficiency can cause severe clinical problems that often require expensive and long-term medical therapy. In some cases, these medications are not well tolerated by the patients. Major advances have been made in the treatment and management of pituitary tumors over the past years, but despite this, their treatment is often unsatisfactory in practice. There is, therefore, a need for developing novel treatments, and we believe gene therapy could provide an alternative approach for the future treatment of human pituitary tumors. With the development of new, safer, and more efficient gene delivery vehicles, gene therapy can be further developed with the aim of treating specific types of pituitary tumors that do not respond well to classic treatment modalities or become resistant to treatment over time.
Generalized Tree Inversions andk-Parking Functions

Kreweras studied a polynomialPn(q) which enumerates (labeled) rooted forests by number of inversions, as well as complements of parking functions by the sum of their terms. Moreover,Pn(1+q) enumerates labeled connected graphs by their number of excess edges. For any positive integerk, there are known notions ofk-parking functions and of (labeled) rootedk-forests, generating the casek=1 studied by Kreweras. We show that the enumeratorP(k)n(q) for complements ofk-parking functions by the sum of their terms is identical to the enumerator ofI(k)n(q) of rootedk-forests by the number of their inversions. In doing so we find recurrence relations satisfied byP(k)n(q) andI(k)n(q), and we introduce the concept of amultirooted k-graphwhose excess edges and roots are enumerated by a polynomial denotedC(k)n(q). We show thatC(k)n(q) satisfies the same recurrence relations as bothP(k)n(1+q) andI(k)n(1+q), proving thatP(k)n(q)=I(k)n(q).
A Review and Appraisal of Instruments Assessing Hyperactivity in Children

Since the early 1960’s, hyperactivity in children has received increased attention from psychologists, physicians, and educators. Theoretical models (Ross and Ross, 1976; Fine, 1977), extensive basic research, and a variety of treatment programs now exist, which document both the attention and intentions paid to this topic. However, the basic step toward treatment or remediation, the provision of adequate assessment procedures, has not yet been fully accomplished.
Molecular cloning and characterization of a metal responsive Aedes aegypti intestinal mucin cDNA

We have isolated a cDNA from Aedes aegypti that is transcribed in the larval midgut in response to metal exposure, and in the adult female midgut in response to iron or cadmium exposure, or a blood meal. The cDNA encodes a protein, designated Aedes aegypti intestinal mucin 1 (AEIMUC1), which has similarities with invertebrate intestinal mucins and peritrophins, and vertebrate mucins. Proline, serine and threonine comprise 30% of the amino acid composition of AEIMUC1, a characteristic of mucins. AEIMUC1 contains three cysteine-rich domains, two of which flank a proline/serine/threonine-rich domain, a feature shared by many mucin genes. This is the first report on the isolation of a metal-responsive gene from an aquatic insect.
Recommendations From the May 1992 Conference to Enhance Recruitment of U.S. Medical Graduates Into Psychiatry

From 1988 to 1993, recruitment of U.S. medical graduates into psychiatry has declined by more than one-third. This decline threatens to further exacerbate the shortage of psychiatrists projected by the Council on Graduate Medical Education. In May 1992, the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training sponsored a 2-day conference to develop specific courses of action and an overall strategy to reverse this de-cline. Key recommendations from the conference are presented. The proposed actions are presented in a format that identifies the appropriate medical, educational, or psychiatric organization charged with a specific action’s implementation.
Specificity of anti-leukotriene actions of nicardipine.

Summary The calcium channel blocker, nicardipine (100 ng/ml) markedly antagonized the coronary vasoconstrictor effect of the peptide leukotrienes LTC 4 and LTD 4 on the isolated perfused cat coronary artery. However, nicardipine even at 300 ng/mi failed to antagonize the leukotriene induced contraction of either tracheal or pulmonary parenchymal strips from guinea pigs. However, at higher concentrations (i.e., 10 μg/ml), nicardipine inhibited the production of peptide leukotrienes from minced cat lung incubated in the presence of A23187. Thus, nicardipine exerts some selectivity in its anti-leukotriene actions.
3-D shape from a shaded and textural surface image

A new 3D texture model is developed by considering the scene image as the superposition of a random texture image on a smooth shaded image. The whole image is analyzed using a patch-by-patch process. Each patch is assumed to be a tilted and slanted texture plane. A modified reflectance map function is applied to describe the deterministic part, and the fractional differencing periodic model is chosen to describe the random texture because of its good performance in texture synthesis and its ability to represent the coarseness and the pattern of the surface at the same time. An orthographical projection technique is developed to deal with this particular random model, which has a nonisotropically distributed texture pattern. For estimating the parameter, a hybrid method that uses both the least square and the maximum-likelihood estimates is applied directly to the given intensity function. By using these parameters, the synthesized image is obtained and used to reconstruct the original image. >
Embolization of Pulmonary Catheter-Induced Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysms

Study objectives To determine the outcome of patients with pulmonary catheter-induced pulmonary artery pseudoansurysms (PSAs) treated with embolization. Design Retrospective outcomes review. Setting Large urban tertiary-care hospital. Patients All patients who presented to diagnostic angiography for ruptured pulmonary artery PSA caused by pulmonary artery catheters (PACs) from November 1990 to September 1995. A total of six patients were examined. Interventions Transcatheter embolotherapy with coils, absorbable gelatin sponges (Gelfoam), and suture material. Results These procedures were technically successful in all patients, and none had recurrent hemoptysis. Four of the six patients were discharged from the hospital. Conclusion Embolotherapy is a useful alternative to surgery for some patients with PAC-induced pulmonary PSA.
Beyond the desktop: diversity and artistry

Two key challenges will rapidly change the character of computing: the growing divergence of computer platforms and the increasing use of rich media in engaging users. As human-computer interaction (HCI) professionals, we must consider the difficulties of designing systems that will run on both tiny hand-held devices and large wall displays. We must also keep in mind that the emerging generation of users not only expects but demands that systems be engaging, entertaining, and contain a variety of media types. The role of artists and media professionals on software development teams will increase and the skills of these team members will be necessary to deliver the values, esthetics, and overall quality of experience that future systems require.
The fast automatic algorithm for correction of MR bias field.

Purpose To develop a method for efficient automatic correction of slow-varying nonuniformity in MR images. Materials and Methods The original MR image is represented by a piecewise constant function, and the bias (nonuniformity) field of an MR image is modeled as multiplicative and slow varying, which permits to approximate it with a low-order polynomial basis in a “log-domain.” The basis coefficients are determined by comparing partial derivatives of the modeled bias field with the original image. Results We tested the resulting algorithm named derivative surface fitting (dsf) on simulated images and phantom and real data. A single iteration was sufficient in most cases to produce a significant improvement to the MR image's visual quality. dsf does not require prior knowledge of intensity distribution and was successfully used on brain and chest images. Due to its design, dsf can be applied to images of any modality that can be approximated as piecewise constant with a multiplicative bias field. Conclusion The resulting algorithm appears to be an efficient method for fast correction of slow varying nonuniformity in MR images. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006;. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Polyols and Rigid Polyurethane Foams from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a natural aromatic oil consisting of a mixture of phenolic structures with a carboxyl group in ortho position and substituted in meta position with a hydrocarbon chain of 15 carbon atoms. The major component of CNSL is anacardic acid (90 %), which is easily decarboxylated to cardanol by distillation. The present work describes the synthesis of new biobased Mannich polyols for rigid polyurethane foams in two steps: synthesis of Mannich bases by reacting phenolic ring of cardanol with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-oxazolidine followed by alkoxylation reactions. The polyols were characterized by wet methods (hydroxyl numbers, viscosity, acid value, density, water content, iodine value etc.), spectroscopic methods (FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR) and by Gel Permeation Chromatography. The Mannich polyols from cardanol are excellent replacements for petrochemical derived Mannich polyols based on nonyl phenol. Cardanol-based polyols were used successfully for the preparation of rigid polyurethane foams of good physical–mechanical and fireproofing properties.
Standard molar enthalpies of formation and transition at the temperature 298.15 K and other thermodynamic properties of the crystalline and vitreous forms of arsenic sesquiselenide (As2Se3). Dissociation enthalpies of AsSe bonds

Abstract Fluorine-combustion calorimetry was used to determine the standard molar enthalpies of formation (at the temperature 298.15 K and with standard pressure po = 101.325 kPa) of the crystalline and vitreous forms of arsenic sesquiselenide. The following results were obtained: ΔfHmo(As2Se3, cr) = −(86.1±4.1) kJ·mol−1 and ΔfHmo(As2Se3, vit) = −(58.1±4.2) kJ·mol−1. The enthalpy of the transition from the vitreous to the crystalline forms of As2Se3, −(28.0±3.9) kJ·mol−1 at 298.15 K, is consistent with two of several published values for the enthalpy of fusion of the crystalline sesquiselenide. The present results have been combined with enthalpy increments and the standard entropy has been recalculated from the literature to give, for As2Se3(cr) only, ΔfHmo and the standard molar Gibbs energy of formation ΔfGmo as functions of temperature. Mean bond enthalpies have been deduced for As4Se3(g) and As4Se4(g) on the basis of the new ΔfHmo values, and the thermodynamic results are shown to be consistent with a linear structure for As2Se2(g) with a central AsAs bond. Bond dissociation enthalpies Dmo(As-X) are given, where X = O, S, Se, and Te.
Reduced histone biosynthesis and chromatin changes arising from a damage signal at telomeres

During replicative aging of primary cells morphological transformations occur, the expression pattern is altered and chromatin changes globally. Here we show that chronic damage signals, probably caused by telomere processing, affect expression of histones and lead to their depletion. We investigated the abundance and cell cycle expression of histones and histone chaperones and found defects in histone biosynthesis during replicative aging. Simultaneously, epigenetic marks were redistributed across the phases of the cell cycle and the DNA damage response (DDR) machinery was activated. The age-dependent reprogramming affected telomeric chromatin itself, which was progressively destabilized, leading to a boost of the telomere-associated DDR with each successive cell cycle. We propose a mechanism in which changes in the structural and epigenetic integrity of telomeres affect core histones and their chaperones, enforcing a self-perpetuating pathway of global epigenetic changes that ultimately leads to senescence.
Pathophysiology and therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke

The increased risk for stroke among those who have had a previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and the tremendous burden of disability among stroke sufferers make both primary and secondary preventative strategies imperative. An understanding of the pathophysiology of stroke and TIA can help identify appropriate therapeutic targets.
Magnetic Domain Structure and Spin Reorientation Transition in the System Co/Au/W(110)

Ultrathin epitaxial Co layers grown on Au(111) show strong perpendicular magnetic aniso-tropy resulting in out-of-plane magnetization in thin films. With increasing Co thickness the increasing contribution of the shape anisotropy leads to a reorientation transition of the magnetization which has already been subject of many other studies. In the dynamic in-situ experiments reported here bulk Au(111) is replaced by epitaxially grown Au(111)/W(110). The high time resolution (0.05 ML Co deposition per acquisition cycle) allows to extract several mechanisms which occur during the spin reorientation transition.
Magneto optical polarization measurements using THz polarization modulation spectroscopy

We report a new broad band technique for rapidly measuring the complex Faraday and Kerr rotations in materials such as topological insulators and graphene, combining the distinct advantages of THz time domain spectroscopy and polarization modulation techniques. The performance of the system is demonstrated using GaAs two dimensional electron gas in a magnetic field.
Behavioral and cognitive correlates of exercise self-schemata.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of exercise self-schemata to both cognitive and behavioral concomitants including exercise self-efficacy, attitudes toward fitness, self-perceptions of fitness, and self-report of exercise behavior. Participants were 161 undergraduate students who subsequently were categorized into groups defined by the authors as “exercise schematics,” “nonexercise schematics,” “aschematics,” and unclassified. Results indicated that exercise schematics reported greater total caloric expenditure, higher frequency of exercise behavior in the past as well as future expectations to exercise, greater self-perceptions of physical fitness, and more favorable attitudes toward fitness than either nonexercise schematics or aschematics. Furthermore, exercise schematics expressed higher levels of exercise self-efficacy than did nonexercise schematics. The results clearly support earlier findings concerning exercise self-schemata and exercise behavior and further indi...
Membrane locus and pH sensitivity of paraben inhibition of alkali production by oral streptococci.

Parabens were found to be potent inhibitors of alkali production from arginine by oral streptococci such as Streptococcus rattus, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus gordonii. For example, 2 μmol butylparaben per ml completely and irreversibly inhibited arginolysis by intact cells of S. rattus FA-1 and was lethal for the organism. In contrast, butylparaben was not a very effective inhibitor of ureolysis by intact cells of Streptococcus salivarius 57.I, although it did kill the cells. Butylparaben irreversibly inhibited the cytoplasmic enzymes arginine deiminase, carbamate kinase and urease in permeabilized cells or isolated form. However, inhibition of arginolysis by intact cells appeared to be due primarily to irreversible inhibition of transport systems for arginine uptake, because butylparaben added to intact cells did not reduce levels of arginine deiminase when the cells were subsequently permeabilized after washing. The insensitivity of ureolysis by intact cells to butylparaben can be related to the known high permeability of cell membranes to urea and the cytoplasmic location of urease. The potency of butylparaben as an inhibitior of arginolysis or glycolysis and as a lethal agent was found to be greater at acid pH that at neutral or alkaline pH.
Experimental Models for Psoriasis

Evidence suggests that inherent in skin of psoriatic subjects are cells, architectural structures, and/or mediators, which are, at a minimum, responsible for its hyperproliferative epidermis. An objective of our laboratory has been to establish an in vitro definition of this inherent aberration. Fibroblasts are important to epidermal proliferation/differentiation. This, and an unconfirmed report that fibroblasts from psoriatic subjects might drive the abnormal epidermal proliferation in psoriasis, have caused further focus on the fibroblast. Data show that fibroblasts from patients with psoriasis, both involved and uninvolved, in the presence of human serum, either normal or psoriatic, have an increased rate of proliferation. Fibroblasts from uninvolved psoriatic sites are most responsive. To determine if fibroblasts from psoriatics could induce the psoriasiform phenotype on normal keratinocytes, an interactive skin equivalent system has been developed. With this system, fibroblasts from uninvolved and involved sites cause normal keratinocytes to have an enhanced outgrowth. Uninvolved fibroblasts cause the greatest changes. The nature of the skin equivalent system calls for this to occur via message over distance. We conclude that fibroblasts from psoriatic subjects can induce a psoriasiform phenotype via a soluble message.
Nucleoside-specific suppression in MRL/MP +/+ mice☆

The induction of nucleoside-specific nonresponsiveness was further studied in the autoimmune strain MRL/MP +/+ (MRL/n). Experiments were undertaken to determine (i) whether nucleoside-conjugated spleen cells are able to induce specific nonresponsiveness to T-dependent nucleoside antigens in MRL/n mice, and (ii) whether periodic treatment with nucleoside-conjugated spleen cells would retard the development of spontaneous anti-DNA antibodies and associated indicators of autoimmunity. The results show that nonresponsiveness to nucleoside antigens is inducable in male, but not in female, MRL/n mice. Nonresponsiveness in male MRL/n was transferable and mediated by T cells. Treatment of male MRL/n mice with nucleoside-conjugated spleen cells (NSC) appeared to attenuate the progress of autoimmune symptoms in experimental animals. These results are discussed in the context of recent studies exploring the etiology of autoantibody production and the loss of self-tolerance in murine models of autoimmunity.
The treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with COP chemotherapy

Since single drug therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has not resulted in prolonged remissions of advanced disease, we initiated a program of combination chemotherapy, COP (cycloposphamide, vincristine sulfate, prednisone) for CLL patients with increasing adenopathy, spenomegaly, and/or signs of marrow failure defined as either anemia or thrombocytopenia. Thirty-six patients received COP either as initial therapy or following progression of disease on single agent therapy. The response rate was 72% with 26 patients responding (16 complete remissions, and 10 good partial remissions). The responses lasted from 8 to 50+ months. Sixteen of the responding patients remain in remission, 2 have active disease and 8 have died. Median survival has not yet been reached but the two-year survival from initiation of COP of the responding patients (complete and good partial response) is 90%. Ten patients had either poor partial or no response with median survival of 18 months. The median survival of the entire group of 36 patients is 35 months. COP is an effective and well tolerated therapy for advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia.