cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multimorphic growth cones in the embryonic medicinal leech: relationship between shape changes and outgrowth transitions.

Comparative studies of growth cone morphology may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying motility and navigation in vivo. Here we analyzed the morphology of a unique set of growth cones in the embryonic medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis. The comb or C-cell is a transient cell found as a bilateral pair in each midbody segment. Early in development, from embryonic day (E)7 to E11, each C-cell adds and orients about 70 parallel growth cones that remain relatively nonmotile until E12 when rapid process outgrowth is initiated. Individual C-cells from E10 to E14 were injected with Lucifer yellow and growth cones were traced with a camera lucida. Growth cone morphology was quantified from the drawings. Lamellar regions increased in area with age and change in extension rate. Young, relatively nonmotile growth cones had numerous short filopodia in many orientations, while at highly motile stages filopodial number decreased, length increased, and orientation became more restricted in the direction of outgrowth. Thus, while filopodia were distributed symmetrically, such that the average filopodial angle was predictive of the direction of outgrowth at all stages, younger (relatively nonmotile) growth cones project more filopodia in many directions than do older more motile growth cones. These results suggest that: (1) alterations in morphology may reflect developmentally regulated changes in extension and the local environment, (2) these growth cones maintain a large area for environmental sampling as they increase extension rate, even as filopodia become more restricted in orientation, and (3) C-cell growth cones might progressively alter their affinity for local cellular cues as they initiate rapid and directed outgrowth. The C-cell of embryonic leech may provide a relatively simple system in which to test these ideas experimentally. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
‘Id est, crux Christi’: tracing the Old English Motif of the Celestial Rood

The celestial cross is a prominent motif in Old English texts, and, rather than deriving from a single specific source, the figure provides a case study with implications for understanding the variety of backgrounds that often contribute to Anglo-Saxon conceptions of specific literary images. Tracing the development of the motif from its early Christian origins to its role in Anglo-Saxon England reveals a persistent correlation to eschatology, the importance of the liturgy in its dissemination, and a complex matrix of associations that must be accounted for in considering the Old English settings in which the image exists. An examination of these literary settings further helps to interpret the ways in which Anglo-Saxon authors used this matrix of associations for the celestial cross in their conceptions of the Judgement Day.
Round-robin Arbiter Design and Generation

In this paper, we introduce a Round-robin Arbiter Generator (RAG) tool. The RAG tool can generate a design for a Bus Arbiter (BA). The BA is able to handle the exact number of bus masters for both on-chip and off-chip buses. RAG can also generate a distributed and parallel hierarchical Switch Arbiter (SA). The first contribution of this paper is the automated generation of a round-robin token passing BA to reduce time spent on arbiter design. The generated arbiter is fair, fast, and has a low and predictable worst-case wait time. The second contribution of this paper is the design and integration of a distributed fast arbiter, e.g., for a terabit switch, based on 2/spl times/2 and 4/spl times/4 switch arbiters (SAs). Using a .25/spl mu/ TSMC standard cell library from LEDA Systems [10, 14], we show the arbitration time of a 256/spl times/256 SA for a terabit switch and demonstrate that the SA generated by RAG meets the time constraint to achieve approximately six terabits of throughput in a typical network switch design. Furthermore, our generated SA performs better than the Ping-Pong Arbiter and Programmable Priority Encoder by a factor of 1.9/spl times/ and 2.4/spl times/, respectively.
Reducing cognitive complexity in a hypothetico-deductive reasoning task

The confusion/non-consequential thinking explanation proposed by Newstead, Girotto, and Legrenzi (1995) for poor performance on Wason's THOG problem (a hypothetico-deductive reasoning task) was examined in three experiments with 300 participants. In general, as the cognitive complexity of the problem and the possibility of non-consequential thinking were reduced, correct performance increased. Significant but weak facilitation (33-40% correct) was found in Experiment 1 for THOG classification instructions that did not include the indeterminate response option. Substantial facilitation (up to 75% correct) was obtained in Experiment 2 with O'Brien et al.'s (1990) one-other-THOG classification instruction. In Experiment 3, a revised version of O'Brien et al.'s pre-test problem format also led to substantial facilitation, even with the use of the standard three-choice THOG classification instruction. These findings are discussed in terms of Newstead et al.'s theoretical proposal and possible attentional factors.
Brain glucose metabolism in hypobaric hypoxia

Hypobaric hypoxia at one-half atmospheric pressure for 3 wk was reported to increase the brain capillary density and glucose transport at the blood-brain barrier in the adult rat. We examined the metabolic concomitants of these alterations in rats subjected to the same hypoxic insult. Hypoxic rats increased brain glucose and lactate concentrations and decreased brain glycogen. However, hypoxia had no significant effects on regional brain levels of ATP and phosphocreatine or on intracellular pH, indicating successful adaptation to the hypoxic insult. 2-Deoxyglucose studies showed that hypoxia increased the regional metabolic rate for glucose by 10–40%. These results indicate increased glycolysis in the hypoxic rat brain, which probably underlies the increased density of glucose transporters in brain microvessels and the increased blood-to-brain glucose influx in hypoxia.
Multiple CLFs for Stabilization of Nonlinear Systems with Input Constraints

This paper considers stabilizing a nonlinear system with input constraints using switched control. The first result is that, for a given control Lyapunov function (CLF), a stabilizable set of initial conditions can be found. The paper then considers switching between multiple CLFs to increase the space of stabilizing inputs which also increases the set of stabilizable initial conditions. An algorithm is presented that identifies a subset of the known CLFs that may be used at the current time to produce stabilizing control inputs. While there are existing results for switched system stabilization using CLFs, stabilization for systems with input constraints is an original contribution. Sum of squares (SOS) methods are discussed for generating multiple CLFs, and examples are provided.
Efficacy of complicated grief therapy in older adults

ABSTRACT FROM: Shear MK, Wang Y, Skritskaya N, et al . Treatment of complicated grief in elderly persons: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71:1287–95. Complicated grief (CG, referred to as persistent complex bereavement disorder in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)) is a debilitating bereavement experience resulting in functional and social impairment. Unlike normal grief, CG is characterised by unabated maladaptive thoughts, feelings and behaviours that obstruct the difficult, but natural progression of grief. CG has unique clinical features suggesting that tailored intervention is more appropriate for people with unrelenting and ineffective grief. CG therapy (CGT), developed by Shear and colleagues, is a manualised treatment protocol applied in individual psychotherapy. This specialised treatment for CG has been developed and evaluated earlier in pilot studies.1 This trial involved 151 older adults (50 years and older) who scored 30 or greater on the Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG) and were randomised to receive CGT (N=74) or interpersonal …
Effect of aging on nitric oxide-mediated penile erection in rats

Aging is an important risk factor for impotence in men. Because nitric oxide (NO) appears to be the mediator of corpora cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation, we have examined in 5-, 20-, and 30-mo-old rats, designated “adult,” “old,” and “senescent,” respectively, whether aging causes a decrease of erectile response that may correlate with lower NO synthase (NOS) in the penis. Electric field stimulation (EFS) of the cavernosal nerve showed that the maximum intracavernosal pressure (MIP) declined in the old and senescent rats to 80 and 51% of the adult value, respectively. A low systemic dose of the NOS inhibitor, N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 2 mg/kg), reduced the MIP by only 38% in the adult rats but decreased it in the old and senescent rats by 72 and 80%, respectively. In the absence of EFS, intracavernosal papaverine (phosphodiesterase inhibitor), or nitroglycerin (NO donor), caused a lower erectile response in the old and senescent rats compared with the adult animals (MIP: 41 and 14%...
"fOR the BENEFIT of YOUNG WOMEN GOING into SERVICE": LATE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY PROTO-YOUNG ADULT NOVELS for LABOURING-CLASS GIRLS

ABSTRACTAt the end of the long eighteenth century, British female social reformers wrote didactic works of fiction for a labouring-class audience which encouraged their readers to preserve the social distinctions between the classes and exhibit honest and diligent work habits. Among these texts are works specifically designated for labouring-class girls who are leaving school or home to enter the workforce. These works follow the format of modern Young Adult novels in their structure, narrative devices and optimistic outlook. They revolve around young women who must learn to solve problems on their own, without adult help. These works are short, utilize either extensive dialogue or first-person narration, and emphasize peer relationships. Although there are some stories which feature dramatic punishments for misdeeds, for the most part, these works have an optimistic tone and convey a reassuring message about young people's abilities to overcome early missteps and to adapt successfully to the adult world....
Chapter 9 Iterative Channel Estimation, Demodulation, and Decoding

The estimation of channel parameters, such as the fading amplitude and the power spectral density of the interference and noise, is essential to the effective use of soft-decision decoding. Channel estimation may be implemented by the transmission of pilot signals that are processed by the receiver, but pilot signals entail overhead costs, such as the loss of data throughput. Deriving maximum-likelihood channel estimates directly from the received data symbols is often prohibitively difficult. There is an effective alternative when turbo or low-density parity-check codes are used. The expectation-maximization algorithm, which is derived and explained, provides an iterative approximate solution to the maximum-likelihood equations and is inherently compatible with iterative demodulation and decoding. Two examples of advanced spread-spectrum systems that apply iterative channel estimation, demodulation, and decoding are described and analyzed in this chapter. These systems provide good illustrations of the calculations required in the design of advanced systems.
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF PERCEIVED SELF-DISCLOSURE

present study examined perceived self-disclosure which is defined as the perceptions of one person about the self-disclosure of another. In this way, an estimation was made on the level of conscious perception by one person of another person's self-disclosure. The study involves examining the effects of different variables (interpersonal distance, subjects' level of self-disclosure, and the sex of the person observed) on perceived selfdisclosure. These variables (2) affect significantly the amount of self-disclosure emitted by subjects. The present study measured the effects of these variables on perceived selfdisclosure. It is hypothesized that variables producing changes in self-disclosure should cause corresponding changes in perceived self-disclosure. Undergraduates, GO males and GO females, from classes in communication were requested to participate in the study as a course requirement. These subjects were randomly divided into three groups. Each group saw 18 slides of different people at the same time they were listening co each person's recorded self-disclosing speech. The slides were arranged so that one group viewed a particular person photographed at 1% ft., another group at 4 ft., and the third group at 8 ft. These three distances were randomly dispersed among the chree groups so that each group saw six entirely different people from 4, and 8 ft. The audio-slide presentation was made in conjunction with a rating scale that measured perceived self-disclosure on a five-poinr Likert scale from very revealing to very unrevealing; see Rogers (3) for a more complete description. After rating the audio-slide presentation, the subjects were then administered Jourard's Self-disclosure Questionnaire to obtain an estimation of the subjects' avenge level of self-disclosure. A three-way analysis of variance was computed on the data. No significant results were found on perceived self-disclosure due to distance (P5.M = .05, p > .lo), sex (FI,BT = .01, p > .lo), or level of self-disclosure (F1,s7 = .11, p > .lo). Furthermore, no interactions were significant, the values of F were less than 1.00. These results indicate no support for the notion that changes in self-disclosure were the result, in any significant way, of the conscious perception on the part of the observer. Thus, the role of perceived self-disclosure in producing changes in self-disclosure is not established; on the contrary, the present study raises research questions about what processes are involved in changing amounts of self-disclosure.
Mechanism of the acid-promoted intramolecular schmidt reaction: theoretical assessment of the importance of lone pair-cation, cation-π, and steric effects in controlling regioselectivity

The mechanism of the acid-catalyzed intramolecular Schmidt reaction of 2-azidopropylcyclohexanones was studied using density functional theory (primarily M06-2X). The reaction was found to proceed through rapid formation of azidohydrin intermediates followed by rate-determining concerted N(2)-loss/shift of the alkyl group antiperiplanar to the N(2) leaving group. For cases where steric, lone pair-cation, and cation-π effects have been invoked previously as regiocontrol elements, the origins and magnitudes of these effects have been examined theoretically.
Simultaneous Regulation of Surface Roughness and Porosity in Thin Film Growth

Abstract Abstract This work focuses on simultaneous control of surface roughness and film porosity in a porous thin film deposition process modeled via kinetic Monte Carlo simulation on a triangular lattice. The microscopic model of the thin film growth process includes adsorption and migration processes. Vacancies and overhangs are allowed inside the film for the purpose of modeling thin film porosity. Appropriate closed-form dynamic models are first derived to describe the evolution of film surface roughness and porosity and used as the basis for the design of a model predictive control algorithm that includes penalty on the deviation of surface roughness and film porosity from their respective set-point values. Closed-loop simulations demonstrate that when simultaneous control of surface roughness and porosity is carried out, a balanced trade-off is obtained in the closed-loop system between the two control objectives of surface roughness and porosity regulation.
Analyzing File-to-File Relation Network in Malware Detection

Due to its major threats to Internet security, malware detection is of great interest to both the anti-malware industry and researchers. Currently, features beyond file content are starting to be leveraged for malware detection e.g., file-to-file relations, which provide invaluable insight about the properties of file samples. However, we still have much to understand about the relationships of malware and benign files. In this paper, based on the file-to-file relation network, we design several new and robust graph-based features for malware detection and reveal its relationship characteristics. Based on the designed features and two findings, we first apply Malicious Score Inference Algorithm MSIA to select the representative samples from the large unknown file collection for labeling, and then use Belief Propagation BP algorithm to detect malware. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation of the relationship characteristics for the file-to-file relation network in malware detection using social network analysis. A comprehensive experimental study on a large collection of file sample relations obtained from the clients of anti-malware software of Comodo Security Solutions Incorporation is performed to compare various malware detection approaches. Promising experimental results demonstrate that the accuracy and efficiency of our proposed methods outperform other alternate data mining based detection techniques.
Human chorionic gonadotropin, its free subunits and gestational trophoblastic disease

Monoclonal antibody-based immunoassays can detect specifically intact human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), the free alpha-subunit and the free beta-subunit. The differential production of hCG and its free subunits is important in gestational trophoblastic disease. Using well-defined epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies in an immunoradiometric assay format, specific and sensitive assays have been developed. Serum levels of free beta-hCG were abnormally high in patients with gestational trophoblastic disease. In contrast, free alpha-hCG levels in serum were not increased.
The living, the dead, and the immanent: Dialogue across chronotopes

Bakhtin’s concept of the chronotope, or “time-space,” contributes to a theoretically robust anthropology of history by highlighting how our experience and thus subjective feel for history and place emerge through semiotic processes that can generate different kinds of historicity. In rendering Bakhtin’s suggestive concept of chronotope more precise, I apply his more widely known concept of dialogicality to argue that the historical imagination emerges through dialogical interactions across multiple chronotopes. To illustrate, I then apply a chronotopic analysis to two ethnographic interviews from my study of Cuban folkloric and religious history-making practices. I argue that different understandings of time, history, and being are mobilized in these interviews, often in rapid succession, producing contrasting structures of morality, affect, belonging, and truth. Scholarly historicity’s past-making may even depend upon its modes of purifying and inscribing other chronotopes, including a chronotope of spirit copresence and its inverse in a chronotope of historical transcendence.
Transistor innovation in the 21st century — A lesson in serendipity

Technology scaling has led to unprecedented level of integration with billions of high-speed nanotransistors on a single chip reducing the cost per function. On the device technology front, with continued scaling, device engineers have achieved new transistor breakthroughs and introduced innovations at a rapid pace followed by successful launch of commercially successful products such as high performance microprocessors that power today over a billions of mobile smartphones, personal computers and massive data centers.
Endocrine Function and Antiepileptic Drugs

The effects of valproate (VPA) in 40, carbamazepine (CBZ) in 19, and oxcarbazepine (OXC) in 18 girls with epilepsy on growth and maturation were compared to 49 healthy untreated controls examined at 8 to 18 years of age at the Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Radiology, University of Oulu, Finland.
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis and Its Pathophysiology

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, or FSGS, is a proteinuric kidney disease named based on the pattern of scarring seen on a kidney biopsy which can result from many different causes/reasons. FSGS has become the most common primary glomerular disease leading to end-stage kidney disease in the United States and is observed in approximately one-third of biopsies done for idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (Appel and D’Agati, Comprehensive clinical nephrology, 5th edn, 2015, pp. 218–230; D’Agati et al., N Engl J Med 365(25):2398–2411, 2011; Korbet, J Am Soc Nephrol 23(11):1769–1776, 2012). There is still much we do not know about the disease process as a whole, yet our understanding of how a similar final pattern of injury can develop from a multitude of etiologies has expanded. Due to the number of causes for FSGS and our ever expanding knowledge of this disorder, determining the reason for the disease and providing appropriate treatment remains a challenge.
Use of Precision Medicine Molecular Profiling of Baseline Tumor Specimen May Not Benefit Outcomes in Children With Relapsed or Refractory Pediatric Sarcomas.

Given the poor prognosis of pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory sarcomas, discovery and implementation of innovative approaches and tools to guide therapy are urgent needs. This retrospective pilot study evaluated the impact of relapse and refractory therapies aligned with molecular characterization of biopsies collected at the time of primary diagnosis.
Doing: Exploring the Lost Streams of Vancouver Through Eco-Art

“Doing” is a (re)storying and recounting of a yearlong action research project undertaken with a Grade 4/5/6 class in order to inquire, learn, and teach Environmental Education (EE) through the creation of an eco-art installation around the Lost Streams of Vancouver. Using the figuration of the salmon, the author attempted to (re)imagine education as a process of metamorphosis in which diverse bodies and beings grow and adapt to new environments, a collective becoming with. Exploring and creating various eco-art projects throughout the year provided openings for other stories and otherworldly conversations, opening up the formal curricula to practices of experimentation, collaboration, patience, and to discovering the creative agential world outside the classroom.
Influence of classical anisotropy fields on the properties of Heisenberg antiferromagnets within unified molecular field theory

A comprehensive study of the influence of classical anisotropy fields on the magnetic properties of Heisenberg antiferromagnets within unified molecular field theory versus temperature T, magnetic field H, and anisotropy field parameter hA1 is presented for systems comprised of identical crystallographically-equivalent local moments. The anisotropy field for collinear z-axis antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering is constructed so that it is aligned in the direction of each ordered and/or field-induced thermal-average moment with a magnitude proportional to the moment, whereas that for XY anisotropy is defined to be in the direction of the projection of the moment onto the xy plane, again with a magnitude proportional to the moment. Properties studied include the zero-field Neel temperature TN, ordered moment, heat capacity and anisotropic magnetic susceptibility of the AFM phase versus T with moments aligned either along the z axis or in the xy plane. Also determined are the high-field magnetization perpendicular to the axis or plane of collinear or planar noncollinear AFM ordering, the high-field magnetization along the z axis of a collinear z-axis AFM, spin-flop (SF), and paramagnetic (PM) phases, and the free energies of these phases versus T, H, and hA1. Phase diagrams at T = 0 in the Hz-hA1 plane and at T > 0 in the Hz-T plane are constructed for spins S = 1/2. For hA1 = 0 the SF phase is stable at low field and the PM phase at high field with no AFM phase present. As hA1 increases, the phase diagram contains the AFM, SF and PM phases. Further increases in hA1 lead to the disappearance of the SF phase and the appearance of a tricritical point on the AFM-PM transition curve. Applications of the theory to extract hA1 from experimental low-field magnetic susceptibility data and high-field magnetization versus field isotherms for single crystals of AFMs are discussed.
Optimization of Minimum-Time Low-Thrust Transfers Using Convex Programming

In this paper, a convex optimization method for the numerical solution of the minimum-time low-thrust orbit transfer problem is presented. The main contribution is the transformation of the free-fi...
Urinary Stone Disease: Diagnosis, Medical Therapy, and Surgical Management.

Clinical suspicion of urolithiasis should be evaluated with low-dose computed tomography as the first-line imaging modality for nonpregnant, adult patients. A period of observation may be appropriate for ureteral stones less than 10 mm, and medical expulsive therapy may be beneficial for facilitating passage of distal ureteral stones. Regardless of stone type, patients should adhere to a low-sodium diet and attempt to achieve a urine volume of more than 2.5 L daily. Individuals with calcium stones should maintain a normal calcium diet, and if stones persist, citrate therapy or thiazide diuretics in the setting of hypercalciuria may be indicated.
Knowledge Integration for Predicting Schedule Delays in Software Integration

The inability of engineering managers to accurately predict schedule impact after a software integration test error results in increased schedule risk based on underestimation of the schedule delay...
An On-line Truthful and Individually Rational Pricing Mechanism for Ride-sharing

Ride-sharing has the potential of addressing many socioeconomic challenges related to transportation. The rising popularity of ride-sharing platforms (e.g., Uber, Lyft, DiDi) in addition to the emergence of new applications like food delivery and grocery shopping which use a similar platform, calls for an in-depth and detailed evaluation of various aspects of this problem. Auction frameworks and mechanism design, have been widely used for modeling ride-sharing platforms. A key challenge in these approaches is preventing the involving parties from manipulating the platform for their personal gain which in turn, can result in a less satisfactory experience for other parties and/or loss of profit for the platform provider. We introduce a latent space transition model for ride-sharing platforms which drivers can exploit and predict the future supply of the drivers (i.e., available drivers) to their own advantage. Following, we propose a pricing model for ride-sharing platforms which is both truthful and individually rational based on Vickery auctions and show how we can manage the loss of revenue in this approach. We compare our predicting model and pricing model with competing approaches through experiments on New York City's taxi dataset. Our results show that our model can accurately learn the transition patterns of people's ride requests. Furthermore, our pricing mechanism forces drivers to be truthful and takes away any unfair advantage the drivers can achieve by bidding untruthfully. More importantly, our pricing model forces truthfulness without sacrificing much profit unlike what is typical with second-price auction schemes.
Multiple-Fingerprints technique for WLAN and compressive sensing based IPS

Improving the accuracy performance of Indoor Positioning Systems (IPSs) is still an active topic. One effective approach for increasing the positioning accuracy is the adoption of advanced mathematics-based algorithms in IPS design. The sparse-formulation ability of the positioning problem encourages toward the utilizing of the promising Compressive Sensing (CS) theory in IPS frameworks. In the other hand, the WLAN-Fingerprinting is yet the widely incorporated technique for RF-based IPSs since it doesn't require an additional hardware installation as well as its high noise-immunity. The proper manipulation of the collected Wi-Fi signals adds more accuracy to IPSs. In this paper, we are proposing a Multiple-Fingerprints (MFPs) technique for CS, Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN), and k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) RSSI-Fingerprinting based IPSs. In this technique, each Reference Point (RP) in the Area of Interest (AOI) is represented by a set of RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) vectors as multiple fingerprints. These sets are generated from the RSSI time-samples that were collected during the offline-phase by means of two different approaches; they are the random combinations and the FPs partitioning. The performance of CS, PNN, and k-NN based IPSs are evaluated by using the proposed technique. Results show that the positioning performance of IPSs with MFPs technique outperforms that for the typical single FP systems.
Treating Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Dislocations

Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint dislocation a common injury. Usually, concentric stable reduction can be achieved with closed reduction. Occasionally, PIP joint dislocations are irreducible and open reduction is necessary. Complications include prolonged splinting and delay in presentation with subluxation or persistent dislocation. Surgery is often recommended for contracture or joint reduction. Surgical techniques focus on contracture release, joint reduction, and range of motion. Techniques have evolved from primary repair to tenodesis and suture anchor reconstruction. Most studies on PIP joint dislocations are retrospective case reports with good outcomes but chronic mild contracture and deformity are consistent in the literature.
Balance ability and cognitive impairment influence sustained walking in an assisted living facility

Abstract Purpose of study The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of cognitive impairment (CI), 1 gait quality, and balance ability on walking distance and speed in an assisted living facility. Materials and methods This was a longitudinal cohort study of institutionalized older adults (N = 26; 555 observations) followed for up to 8 months. Hierarchical linear modeling statistical techniques were used to examine the effects of gait quality and balance ability (using the Tinetti Gait and Balance Test) and cognitive status (using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment) on walking activity (distance, sustained distance, sustained speed). The latter were measured objectively and continuously by a real-time locating system (RTLS). Results A one-point increase in balance ability was associated with an 8% increase in sustained walking distance (p = 0.03) and a 4% increase in sustained gait speed (p = 0.00). Gait quality was associated with decreased sustained gait speed (p = 0.03). Residents with moderate (ERR = 2.34;p = 0.01) or severe CI (trend with an ERR = 1.62; p = 0.06) had longer sustained walking distances at slower speeds when compared to residents with no CI. Conclusions After accounting for cognitive status, it was balance ability, not gait quality, that was a determinant of sustained walking distances and speeds. Therefore, balance interventions for older adults in assisted living may enable sustained walking activity. Given that CI was associated with more sustained walking, limiting sustained walking in the form of wandering behavior, especially for those with balance impairments, may prevent adverse events, including fall-related injury.
K-6 pre-service teachers’ emerging professional identities as social studies educators

Abstract It is vital that social studies be an integral part of the elementary (Kindergarten-6) curriculum to prepare all children to participate in increasingly diverse democracies. This study's purpose was to investigate how nine planned and implemented social studies professional development activities, outside traditional classrooms, could impact five volunteer K-6 pre-service teachers’ beliefs about their emergent professional identities as social studies educators. This case study explored research questions primarily through qualitative methods. Research implications contribute to possible solutions for (1) helping pre-service teachers understand how professional educators, outside their local areas, create and learn public scholarship to educate diverse democracies, (2) helping pre-service teachers recognize relationships between high quality professional development, networking, organization membership, and professional identity, and (3) sense of belonging as one treatment for U.S. novice teacher attrition rates.
Coronary Artery Calcium Imaging

Coronary artery calcium imaging (CAC) in the asymptomatic population has been investigated in tens of thousands of primary prevention patients. The consistent results in both retrospective and prospective studies have confirmed the vast superiority of CAC to all risk-factor based predictive paradigms, e.g., Framingham Risk Score. Nonetheless, CAC screening has not yet been implemented. Future directions will include a lower radiation dose, and a concerted effort to incorporate CAC screening into routine preventive care.
Models of Legal Systems

Although most of us studied U.S. history and the Constitution when we were in school, we rarely think about it in connection with the laws that we follow on a daily basis. Indeed, knowledge about the Constitution and its Bill of Rights is important to understand how our legal system works. This is true for any country’s laws, so a quick review of how the system in the U.S. works is in order here. If you live in another country, try to substitute your country’s Constitution and rules of law for those in the U.S. Obviously, those countries who use a democratic form of government will be closer to the U.S. system than those who have another form of government.
Oropharyngeal dimensions in adults: effect of ethnicity, gender, and sleep apnea.

STUDY OBJECTIVES This study sought to (1) investigate ethnic and gender differences in oropharyngeal dimensions in subjects with and without sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and (2) assess the utility of novel pharyngometric measures in the evaluation of the upper airway. METHODS Demographic, anthropomorphic, and sleep-related information were collected from 210 subjects enrolled in a genetic-epidemiology study of SDB via standard questionnaires, direct measurement, and polysomnography. Oropharyngeal dimensions were assessed with acoustic pharyngometry using standard and novel measures. RESULTS Mean and minimum cross-sectional areas (CSA) were smaller in Whites and Blacks with SDB compared to unaffected individuals of the same ethnicity. Unaffected Blacks had smaller mean and minimum CSA compared to unaffected Whites. No difference in either parameter was detected between Blacks without SDB and Whites with SDB. Neither parameter varied with SDB status in women, but both were smaller in men with SDB compared to unaffected men. Analysis of novel parameters suggested that differences in upper airway anatomy in Whites and Blacks with SDB were focused in the proximal and distal oropharynx, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Acoustic reflectometry demonstrates differences in the relationship of oropharyngeal dimensions and SDB status according to gender and ethnicity. Novel pharyngometric parameters assist in elucidating these differences.
Working-Class Power and the Taxation of Current Earnings: Danish Pay-As-You-Earn Income Tax in Comparative Perspective

Pay-as-you-earn taxation (PAYE) enlists the assistance of employers in assessing the provisional income tax liability and withholding it from paychecks of a majority of the labor force even before the income year is up. PAYE is one of the most important tools of macroeconomic governance in twenty-first-century capitalist states. A historical case study of Denmark, with comparisons to other states, provides evidence that working-class political power was the sufficient condition for the adoption of PAYE. Workers and their representatives favored PAYE as part of a fiscal bargain. Taxation in modern, democratic states should be conceptualized not as predation, but as part of a social contract in which citizens contribute in exchange for protection from the risks of market society.
Inpatient Pediatric Epistaxis: Management and Resource Utilization.

Objectives:Epistaxis is a common condition that rarely warrants hospital admission in the pediatric population, making its inpatient management difficult to study. This study aims to use a nationwi...
The 1985 Supplementary Extradition Treaty between the United States of America and the United Kingdom: an exercise in soft power

The relationship between the United States of America, the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland during the years of conflict in Northern Ireland has been the topic of significant scholarly li...
CONTROL OF MILK FILLING OPERATIONS1

Work was undertaken to determine the applicability of statistical techniques for the evaluation and control of milk filling operations. It was shown that the components of the variation followed a ...
Pro-atherosclerotic disturbed flow disrupts caveolin-1 expression, localization, and function via glycocalyx degradation

Endothelial-dependent atherosclerosis develops in a non-random pattern in regions of vessel bending and bifurcations, where blood flow exhibits disturbed flow (DF) patterns. In contrast, uniform flow (UF), normal endothelium, and healthy vessel walls co-exist within straight vessels. In clarifying how flow protectively or atherogenically regulates endothelial cell behavior, involvement of the endothelial surface glycocalyx has been suggested due to reduced expression in regions of atherosclerosis development. Here, we hypothesized that pro-atherosclerotic endothelial dysfunction occurs as a result of DF-induced reduction in glycocalyx expression and subsequently impairs endothelial sensitivity to flow. Specifically, we propose that glycocalyx degradation can induce pro-atherosclerotic endothelial dysfunction through decreased caveolin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and localization. We studied endothelial cells in atherosclerotic-prone DF and atherosclerotic-resistant UF conditions in parallel plate flow culture and in C57Bl/6 mice. The effects of flow conditioning on endothelial cell behavior were quantified using immunocytochemistry. The glycocalyx was fluorescently labeled for wheat germ agglutinin, which serves as a general glycocalyx label, and heparan sulfate, a major glycocalyx component. Additionally, mechanosensitivity was assessed by immunocytochemical fluorescence expression and function of caveolin-1, the protein that forms the mechanosignaling caveolar invaginations on the endothelial surface, total endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which synthesizes nitric oxide, and serine 1177 phosphorylated eNOS (eNOS-pS1177), which is the active form of eNOS. Caveolin function and eNOS expression and activation were correlated to glycocalyx expression. Heparinase III enzyme was used to degrade a major glycocalyx component, HS, to identify the role of the glycocalyx in caveoin-1 and eNOS-pS1177 regulation. Results confirmed that DF reduces caveolin-1 expression and abolishes most of its subcellular localization preferences, when compared to the effect of UF. DF down-regulates caveolin-1 mechanosignaling, as indicated by its reduced colocalization with serine 1177 phosphorylated endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase (eNOS-pS1177), a vasoregulatory signaling molecule whose activity is regulated by its residence in caveolae. As expected, DF inhibited glycocalyx expression compared to UF. In the absence of heparan sulfate, a major glycocalyx component, UF-conditioned endothelial cells exhibited near DF-like caveolin-1 expression, localization, and colocalization with eNOS-pS1177. This is the first demonstration of a flow-defined role of the glycocalyx in caveolae expression and function related to vasculoprotective endothelial mechanosensitivity that defends against atherosclerosis. The results suggest that a glycocalyx-based therapeutic targeted to areas of atherosclerosis development could prevent disease initiation and progression.
Circulating Current Resonant Oscillation in Modular Multilevel Converters for Variable Frequency Operation and Its Suppression Method

This paper studies the phenomenon of resonant oscillation in Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) for variable frequency operation. Without proper control, it may easily induce huge MMC inner circulating currents and damage major power devices. A Laplace model is established to clarify the mechanism of resonant oscillation in MMCs, and Bode diagrams are used to study the frequency response over a wide frequency range. Meanwhile, a straightforward resonant suppression method based on circulating current control is used to damp out the resonant condition, and a cross comparison is conducted in terms of system losses, capacitor voltage ripples, and load voltage harmonics with and without the resonant oscillation. Both simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the MMC resonant oscillation theory and its suppression control method.
Checking Executive Power: A Simulation Model of Unilateral Executive Behavior

What systematic influence does the court exert on unilateral authority? Though questions relating to the expansion and the exercise of unilateral executive power remain a perennial concern in polit...
Efficient Automated Decomposition of Build Targets at Large-Scale

Large monolithic codebases, such as those used at Google and Facebook, enable engineers to easily share code and allow cross-team collaboration. Such codebases are partitioned into a huge number of libraries, binaries, and tests. However, engineers currently usually have to state the build dependencies between those blocks of functionality manually. One of the possible inefficiencies introduced that way are underutilized libraries, i.e. libraries that provide more functionality than required by the dependent code. This results in slow builds and an increased load on the Continuous Integration System. In this paper, we propose a way to automatically find and decompose underutilized libraries into a set of smaller components, where each component is a standalone library. Our work focuses on decompositions at source file level. While prior work already proposed decompositions when the final number of components was given as an input, we introduce an algorithm, AutoDecomposer, that finds the number of components automatically. In contrast to existing work, we analyze how a decomposition would lower the number of tests triggered by the Continuous Integration System in order to select only those decompositions that provide an impact. We evaluate AutoDecomposer's efficiency by comparing its potential impact to the maximum theoretical impact achievable by applying the most granular decomposition. We conclude that applying AutoDecomposer's decompositions generates 95% of the theoretical maximum test triggering frequency reduction, while only generating 4% as many components for large targets and 30% as many components on average compared to the theoretically most efficient approach.
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a rare, acquired, chronic subepidermal bullous disease of the skin and mucosa characterized by autoantibodies to type VII collagen (C7) structures, a major component of anchoring fibrils, which attach the epidermis to the dermis. EBA patients have tissue-bound and circulating antitype C7 autoantibodies that attack type C7 and result in a reduction or perturbation of normally functioning anchoring fibrils. Patients with EBA have skin fragility, blisters, erosions, scars, milia, and nail loss, all features reminiscent of genetic dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. These immunoglobulin G antitype C7 antibodies are pathogenic, because when they are injected into mice, the mice develop an EBA-like blistering disease. In addition to the classical mechanobullous presentation, EBA also has several other distinct clinical syndromes similar to bullous pemphigoid, Brunsting-Perry pemphigoid, or cicatricial pemphigoid. Although treatment for EBA is often unsatisfactory, some therapeutic success has been achieved with colchicine, dapsone, plasmapheresis, photopheresis, infliximab, and intravenous immunoglobulin.
The Formal-Legalist Explanation

This chapter discusses the basic tenets and assumptions of the Enlightenment and how these conditioned the emergence and evolution of formal-legalism as an approach to the problem of state-building. Selected practitioners are highlighted, their assumptions expounded, and the growth and development of the knowledge they produced within interrelated disciplines with regard to the said problem are also traced. Here, the ideologization of knowledge production is highlighted as the practitioners’ political and ideological predispositions and attitudes are examined.
Clinical Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Cancer.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to evaluate clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with cancer.Methods and Results:Cancer screening was recommended before PCI in consecutive 1,303 patients who underwent their first PCI. By using cancer screening, cancer was diagnosed in 29 patients (2.2%). In total, 185 patients had present or a history of cancer. Patients with cancer more often suffered from non-cardiac death than those without (4.4% vs. 1.5%, P=0.006), and patients with cancer requiring ongoing therapy (n=18) more often suffered from major bleeding compared with those with recently (≤12 months) diagnosed cancer who do not have ongoing therapy (n=59) (16.7% vs. 3.4%, P=0.049). During the 1-year follow up, 25 patients (2.0%) were diagnosed as having cancer, in which 48.0% of bleeding events led to a cancer diagnosis. Patients with high bleeding risk according to the Academic Research Consortium for high bleeding risk (ARC-HBR) were associated with a greater 1-year major bleeding risk than those without high bleeding risk in patients with (7.9% vs. 0.0%, P=0.02) and without cancer (7.1% vs. 2.5%, P<0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Cancer was diagnosed in 2.2% of 1,303 unselected patients before PCI by cancer screening and in 2.0% within 1-year after PCI. Cancer was associated with a greater risk of non-cardiac death, whereas ongoing active cancer was associated with greater risk of major bleeding. ARC-HBR criteria successfully identified high-bleeding risk patients, irrespective of the presence or absence of cancer.
Addressing mental and emotional health concerns experienced by nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Nurses are the majority of the world's health work force and the frontline responders during pandemics. The mental/emotional toll can be profound if it is not identified and treated. PURPOSE: In March 2020, with New York City as the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Columbia University School of Nursing organized support circles for faculty and students providing clinical care as a healing method to address trauma. METHODS: Columbia University School of Nursing adapted guidelines and conducted Circles of Care to share, listen, and acknowledge the new challenges for nurses via Zoom. Analysis of these sessions produced major themes of concern for nurses. FINDINGS: Between March 31 and May 31, 2020, we facilitated 77 sessions with 636 attendees. Eight major themes emerged: coping mechanisms, patients suffering and dying, feelings of helplessness, frustration with COVID-19 response, silver lining, disconnection from the world, the thread that holds nurses together, and exhaustion. DISCUSSION: This report offers insight into the mental/emotional outcomes of being on the frontlines. Addressing these issues is essential for the well-being of nurses and all health care providers for an effective pandemic response.