cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Correlation Dimension of Atmospheric Time Series

Abstract The correlation dimension D is commonly used to quantify the chaotic structure of atmospheric time series. The standard algorithm for estimating the value of D is based on finding the slope of the curve obtained by plotting ln C(r) versus ln r, where C(r) is the correlation integral and r is the distance between points on the attractor. An alternative, probabilistic method proposed by Takens is extended and tested here. This method is based on finding the sample means of the random variable (r/ρ)p[ln(r/ρ)]k, expressed as the conditional expected value E((r/ρ)p[ln(r/ρ)]k : r < ρ), for p and k nonnegative numbers. The sensitivity of the slope method and of the extended estimators Dpk(ρ) for approximating D is studied in detail for three ad hoc correlation integrals and for integer values of p and k. The first two integrals represent the effects of noise or undersampling at small distances and the third captures periodic lacunarity, which occurs by definition when the ratio C(xρ)/C(ρ) fails to conve...
Unsupervised Constraint Driven Learning For Transliteration Discovery

This paper introduces a novel unsupervised constraint-driven learning algorithm for identifying named-entity (NE) transliterations in bilingual corpora. The proposed method does not require any annotated data or aligned corpora. Instead, it is bootstrapped using a simple resource -- a romanization table. We show that this resource, when used in conjunction with constraints, can efficiently identify transliteration pairs. We evaluate the proposed method on transliterating English NEs to three different languages - Chinese, Russian and Hebrew. Our experiments show that constraint driven learning can significantly outperform existing unsupervised models and achieve competitive results to existing supervised models.
The lifetime of the τ-meson

Stacks of nuclear emulsions were exposed to the positive K-mesosn beam at two different distances from the target of the Berkeley Bevatron (proper time of flight + slowing-down time: 1.8· 10-9 s and 1.3·10-8 s respectively). The mean lifetime of τ-meson determined from these exposures is (1.0 -03 +07 )·10-8 s.
In a pinch.

A 38-year-old woman presented with progressive exertional chest tightness. She had a history of an unrepaired secundum atrial septal defect and Eisenmenger's syndrome with severe pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiogram ( Panel A ) revealed right ventricular hypokinesis, right ventricular enlargement with flattening of the interventricular septum (arrow), and a right ventricular systolic pressure of …
Continuous Weak Measurement and Nonlinear Dynamics in a Cold Spin Ensemble

A weak continuous quantum measurement of an atomic spin ensemble can be implemented via Faraday rotation of an off-resonance probe beam, and may be used to create and probe nonclassical spin states and dynamics. We show that the probe light shift leads to nonlinearity in the spin dynamics and limits the useful Faraday measurement window. Removing the nonlinearity allows a nonperturbing measurement on the much longer time scale set by decoherence. The nonlinear spin Hamiltonian is of interest for studies of quantum chaos and real-time quantum state estimation.
A New Species of Scytalopus Tapaculo (Aves: Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae) from the Andes of Central Peru

Abstract We describe a new species of Scytalopus tapaculo (Aves: Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae) from the temperate humid montane forests (2,400–3,200 m) of Junin Department, Peru. This species has a unique song that differs strikingly from that of any known Scytalopus species, consisting of a rapidly repeated series of ascending phrases. Phenotypically, the new species is uniformly blackish in color and small-to-medium in size, most similar to members of the allopatric S. latrans complex. At least six species of Scytalopus occur along an elevational gradient on the eastern slopes of the Andes in Junin; in the vicinity of the type locality, the new species replaces S. femoralis at 2,400–2,500 m, and is replaced by S. acutirostris at 2,900–3,200 m. Throughout its elevational range, the new species is broadly syntopic with the larger S. macropus. This species is currently known from a single river drainage; although it probably occurs more broadly, it is likely a range-restricted species endemic to central Peru.
Risk Factors for Posterior Shoulder Instability in Young Athletes

Background:While posterior glenohumeral instability is becoming increasingly common among young athletes, little is known of the risk factors for injury.Purpose:To determine the modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for posterior shoulder instability in a high-risk cohort.Study Design:Case-control study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2.Methods:A prospective cohort study in which 714 young athletes were followed from June 2006 through May 2010 was conducted. Baseline testing included a subjective history of instability, instability testing by a sports medicine fellowship–trained orthopaedic surgeon, range of motion, strength measurement with a handheld dynamometer, and bilateral noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder. A musculoskeletal radiologist measured glenoid version, height, depth, rotator interval (RI) height, RI width, RI area, and RI index. Participants were followed to document all acute posterior shoulder instability events during the 4-year follow-up period. The time to the...
Maternal pregnancy weight gain and the risk of placental abruption

To evaluate the relationship between pregnancy weight gain and placental abruption, Missouri's population-based, maternally linked, longitudinal dataset (1989–2005, n = 1,146,935) was assessed. Regardless of baseline body mass index, women who gained less than the optimal amount recommended by the Institute of Medicine had a 67% increased likelihood of placental abruption (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] for placental abruption = 1.673; 95%CI = 1.588–1.762) compared with those who gained an optimal amount of weight, while those who gained more than the recommended optimal amount of weight had a 30% reduced AOR for placental abruption (AOR = 0.695, 95%CI = 0.660–0.731). These findings underscore the importance of maternal weight management as part of preconception care to improve pregnancy outcomes. © 2013 International Life Sciences Institute
Complete exchange in 2D meshes

We propose a new algorithm called Cyclic Exchange for all-to-all personalized exchange in a 2D mesh. This algorithm fully interleaves communication in both dimensions of a mesh. We have compared by simulation the performance of this algorithm with that of the Quadrant Exchange method previously proposed by S.H. Bokhari and H. Berryman (1992). The results show that the new algorithm is faster for the range of machine size, problem size and startup/transmission ratio. >
Time-frequency representation based cepstral processing for speech recognition

Both linear predictive coding (LPC) and mel scale frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) analysis, the most common techniques for speech recognition signal processing, make the assumption that the speech signal is stationary for some analysis window and produce a representation based upon the "stationary" frequency content within the window. This work uses a technique based upon Cohen's (1989) class of generalized time frequency representations (TFR) to produce selected frequency representations that are not based upon an assumption of stationarity. This representation is used in a speech recognition system to produce improved accuracy. The proposed approach requires a kernel design to specify the attributes of the representations. The considerations used for analyzing speech signals and the resulting attributes are discussed. Comparisons with standard analysis techniques are presented. The significant computational requirements are also discussed.
Presentation of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax protein by dendritic cells: the underlying mechanism of HTLV-1-associated neuroinflammatory disease

HTLV-1 is the etiologic agent of a debilitating neurologic disorder, HAM/TSP. This disease features a robust immune response including the oligoclonal expansion of CD8+ CTLs specific for the viral oncoprotein Tax. The key pathogenic process resulting in the proliferation of CTLs and the presentation of Tax peptide remains uncharacterized. We have investigated the role of APCs, particularly DCs, in priming of the anti-Tax CTL response under in vitro and in vivo conditions. We investigated two routes (direct vs. indirect) of Tax presentation using live virus, infected primary CD4+/CD25+ T cells, and the CD4+ T cell line (C8166, a HTLV-1-mutated line that only expresses Tax). Our results indicated that DCs are capable of priming a pronounced Tax-specific CTL response in cell cultures consisting of naive PBLs as well as in HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice (line HHD II). DCs were able to direct the presentation of Tax successfully through infected T cells, live virus, and cell-free Tax. These observations were comparable with those made with a known stimulant of DC maturation, a combination of CD40L and IFN-gamma. Our studies clearly establish a role for this important immune cell component in HTLV-1 immuno/neuropathogenesis and suggest that modulation of DC functions could be an important tool for therapeutic interventions.
Ultrasound imaging through time-domain diffraction tomography

Time-domain diffraction tomography, a technique for imaging with acoustic (and other) fields in which a medium parameter, such as density, can be mapped from scatter data collected from one pulse, is discussed. When Born approximations hold, the technique provides an exact inversion of the acoustical scattering equations. Computer simulation of the time-domain diffraction tomography equations indicates that under ideal conditions, and when the Born approximation is valid, the method can reconstruct maps of parameter variations. However, when data are collected from an incident pulse whose bandwidth is limited, the reconstruction is no longer perfect. A simple question is derived that characterizes the performance of time-domain diffraction tomography, and the limitations are explained as the effect of a spatial filter that eliminates some of the spatial frequencies. Relations between the object parameters, pulse bandwidth, and reconstruction accuracy are investigated with numerical experiments. >
Enhanced chiral logarithms in partially quenched QCD

I discuss the properties of pions in {open_quotes}partially quenched{close_quotes} theories, i.e., those in which the valence and sea quark masses m{sub V} and m{sub S} are different. I point out that for lattice fermions which retain some chiral symmetry on the lattice, e.g., staggered fermions, the leading order prediction of the chiral expansion is that the mass of the pion depends only on m{sub V}, and is independent of m{sub S}. This surprising result is shown to receive corrections from loop effects which are of relative size m{sub S}lnm{sub V}, and which thus diverge when the valence quark mass vanishes. Using partially quenched chiral perturbation theory, I calculate the full one-loop correction to the mass and decay constant of pions composed of two nondegenerate quarks, and suggest various combinations for which the prediction is independent of the unknown coefficients of the analytic terms in the chiral Lagrangian. These results can also be tested with Wilson fermions if one uses a nonperturbative definition of the quark mass. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Structure–activity relationship: the case of CO2 adsorption on H/Zn–ZnO(0001)

Abstract Molecular beam scattering techniques have been combined with several thermal desorption spectroscopy experiments to address the structure–activity relationship (SAR) for a metal oxide system. The adsorption of CO 2 on pristine and intrinsic defect sites, respectively, could be consistently distinguished with all experimental techniques. Furthermore, by a simple methodology, namely the preadsorption of hydrogen, defect sites could specifically be blocked. The binding energies depend distinctly on the adsorption site, i.e. a kinetic SAR was present.
Cultural competency training and indigenous cultural politics in California

This essay illuminates the challenges of using cultural competency training as an ethnicity-based political strategy for indigenous Mexicans struggling to gain rights and recognition in a transnational context. Through an analysis of the political and philosophical stakes in a cultural competence training delivered to social service providers by Mexican migrants, the essay interrogates the claim that these trainings, even when provided by linguistically and culturally competent facilitators, intervene in social and health inequities. The analysis is based on two and a half years of ethnographic research with a well-known indigenous Mexican migrant-led non-profit organization in California, Centro Binacional para el Desarrollo Indigena Oaxaqueno.
Clinical Features of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

The features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may be elicitable on obtaining the history or on physical exam. Biochemical or radiographic evaluation may also reveal additional features (see Chapters 16 and 17). The medical history will provide important information regarding the presenting complaint, the onset and progression of hyperandrogenic signs and symptoms, menstrual dysfunction and irregularity, and weight gain. Usually, the development of hyperandrogenism in PCOS is slowly progressive, with stable symptomatology by the mid to late 30s. As expected, the vast majority of patients with PCOS will present with a history of oligo-amenorrhea, although a few may present with a history of eumenorrhea or polymenorrhea. Some may relate a history of peripubertal weight gain, and early development of obesity can be associated with the development of PCOS. In addition, many patients have symptoms suggestive of obstructive sleep apnea. The family history is frequently informative, indicating that relatives demonstrated hyperandrogenic symptoms reminiscent of PCOS or suffered from metabolic disorders most notably type 2 diabetes mellitus. Features of PCOS that may be elicited upon the physical exam include dermatological evidence of hyperandrogenism (hirsutism, acne, or alopecia), evidence of android body fat distribution, and evidence of metabolic dysfunction, including acanthosis and acrochordons. Clinical features of virilization or Cushing’s syndrome are not seen in patients with PCOS, generally representing the presence of androgen-secreting neoplasms or Cushing’s disease. In general, the findings elicited by the medical history and physical exam provide the strongest suggestion that the patient suffers from PCOS, and biochemical and radiographic evaluation only provide confirmatory evidence or exclude related disorders.
PEPR: pipelines for evaluating prokaryotic references

The rapid adoption of microbial whole genome sequencing in public health, clinical testing, and forensic laboratories requires the use of validated measurement processes. Well-characterized, homogeneous, and stable microbial genomic reference materials can be used to evaluate measurement processes, improving confidence in microbial whole genome sequencing results. We have developed a reproducible and transparent bioinformatics tool, PEPR, Pipelines for Evaluating Prokaryotic References, for characterizing the reference genome of prokaryotic genomic materials. PEPR evaluates the quality, purity, and homogeneity of the reference material genome, and purity of the genomic material. The quality of the genome is evaluated using high coverage paired-end sequence data; coverage, paired-end read size and direction, as well as soft-clipping rates, are used to identify mis-assemblies. The homogeneity and purity of the material relative to the reference genome are characterized by comparing base calls from replicate datasets generated using multiple sequencing technologies. Genomic purity of the material is assessed by checking for DNA contaminants. We demonstrate the tool and its output using sequencing data while developing a Staphylococcus aureus candidate genomic reference material. PEPR is open source and available at https://github.com/usnistgov/pepr.
Electroweak boson production in Pb+Pb collisions at sNN=2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Abstract This proceeding presents independent studies of W boson, Z boson, and photon production in lead–lead collisions at s N N = 2.76 TeV using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.14 nb − 1 collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2011. The measurements were conducted in a well-defined kinematic range as a function of the average number of participating nucleons 〈 N part 〉 and (pseudo)rapidity. These results are compared to corresponding jet measurements as well as to predictions based on modified leading-order and next-to-leading-order calculations.
PREPARATION OF HEAVY PAVING ASPHALT BY BLENDING–OXIDIZING ANSHAN VACUUM RESIDUE AND THE EVALUATION OF ITS PAVING PERFORMANCE

ABSTRACT In this paper, various brand heavy paving asphalts conforming to GB/T15180-94 standard have been prepared by blending–oxidizing Anshan vacuum residue, and their pavement performances have been evaluated. The laboratory test shows that the prepared AH-70 and AH-90 has the characteristics of good temperature susceptibility, good high-temperature stability and good low-temperature cracking resistance. The mathematic model of the relationship between penetration, softening point of the asphalt and the blender content has been set up and, the relationship between penetration, softening point and the oxidation time has been found. Those mathematic models built by gradual regression of the experiment data can be used to determine the adding amount of the two blenders. Fan daobo experiential equation, which described the relationship between softening point of the paving asphalt and its compositions, has been corrected and the corrected equation is more suitable for the prepared paving asphalts than Fan ...
No Room for Racism Restoration of Order in the NBA

The National Basketball Association (NBA) has a conflicted history navigating issues of race and Black identity. When audiotapes were released with Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling making racist comments, fans and players threatened to boycott playoff games. Within 4 days, the new NBA Commissioner Adam Silver banned Sterling for life. While Silver was lauded for his decision, coverage ignored the underlying structural issues that uphold inequality in the NBA. This article reviews recent communication and sport scholarship examining race and the NBA. By examining Silver’s decision using Kenneth Burke’s Terms of Order (1961), this article argues that the NBA continues to ignore how racism operates in the league.
Potentiation of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

The immunomodulatory hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) has been shown to suppress T-cell proliferation and interleukin-2 synthesis as well as B-cell immunoglobulin synthesis, while stimulating many macrophage functions. We have previously shown increased synthesis of interleukin-1 beta in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated U937 cells after pretreatment with 10 nmol/L 1,25-(OH)2D3. We now show that 1,25- (OH)2D3 also primes the increase in U937 cell tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-accumulated mRNA after activation with LPS; 50% effective concentration (EC50) for the LPS-induced expression of TNF-alpha mRNA was decreased by two orders of magnitude after incubation with 10 nmol/L 1,25-(OH)2D3. Pretreatment of U937 cells with 10 nmol/L 1,25- (OH)2D3 also increased subsequent LPS-induced TNF-alpha mRNA expression by twofold and cell-associated TNF protein levels by more than ninefold. This potentiation was steroid-specific for 1,25-(OH)2D3 because dexamethasone inhibited TNF-alpha mRNA. The potentiation required prior exposure to 1,25-(OH)2D3 for more than 6 hours and was clearly seen after 12 hours. The finding that the sensitivity of the U937 cell monokine response to LPS was dramatically increased by 1,25- (OH)2D3 and the delayed effect on the LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha gene transcript levels indicated that 1,25-(OH)2D3 may be altering the expression of a protein(s) in the U937 cell LPS-signal transduction pathway. In fact, 1,25-(OH)2D3 induced expression of the mRNA for CD14, the high affinity, cell-surface glycoprotein receptor for LPS, which could account for the enhancement of LPS-stimulated monokine gene expression by 1,25-(OH)2D3. Thus, local monokine gene expression may be regulated by both the amount and the temporal entry of the vitamin D hormone and activator(s) into the inflammatory microenvironment.
Unsuccessful attempts to produce disease with tissues from mice fed on a diet containing cuprizone.

Summary In 3 experiments unsuccessful attempts were made to produce disease in 411 mice by inoculating them intracerebrally with brain suspensions from mice fed for one to 150 days on a diet containing cuprizone. In another experiment disease was not produced in 72 mice fed with brains and spleens of mice exposed for 10 to 59 days to a diet containing cuprizone. Organ cultures and tissue suspensions prepared from brains of mice fed for 10 to 40 days on a diet containing cuprizone did not produce disease in any of 30 mice inoculated intracerebrally. Scrapie in mice, therefore, differs from cuprizone toxicity in that the latter cannot apparently be perpetuated, as can scrapie, by animal passage.
Finite precision decorrelating receivers for multi-user CDMA communication systems

Linear decorrelating receivers for direct-sequence spread spectrum multiple access communication systems appear to be the most promising candidates for practical implementations of multi-user detectors. Decorrelating receivers compare favorably to other receiver structures because they are optimally near-far resistant, they do not require knowledge of the received signal amplitudes, and their computational complexity is on the same order as that of the conventional matched filter detector. However, in general optimum single user decorrelating receivers correlate the received signal with a sequence of real numbers and complexity comparisons did not reflect the need for a floating point multiplier in optimum decorrelating receivers. The authors focus on the problem of demodulating a single user's signal in a multi-user environment. More specifically, they investigate the question whether it is possible to design single-user receivers which are identical in structure and complexity to the conventional matched filter receiver. >
What motivates researchers in times of economic uncertainty.

Results of a study initiated late in 1970 to obtain both a measure of on-and-around-the-job factors which were 'motivating' to engineers and scientists, and to obtain an indication of how the relative importance of these factors changes as a result of the uncertain economic environment. A questionnaire, 'The Jackman Job Satisfaction Schedule,' was used to satisfy the needs of the study. It is concluded that managers can enhance the feeling of motivation by making individual job assignments interesting and challenging, by formulating significant milestones and end points into job content, and by assigning ample rewards with corresponding responsibility. In times of economic uncertainty increased emphasis should be given to security-related aspects of employment.
Hit-Based Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Rock Fractures: Challenges and Solutions

The two common AE measurement techniques are continuous-based streaming and hit-based triggering. In the continuous streaming method, the system records the emissions over longer periods of time. As a result, the data file may consume significant memory. Since rock fractures produce burst (discrete) signals, the hit-based method is commonly used. In this method, the system saves as much information as is reasonably required, and therefore the technique is cheaper in cost and in storage space. This method also allows the system to calculate the AE parameters of each hit in real time, simplifying the analysis process. Defining a proper setup for parameters such as threshold, sampling rate, file length, PDT, HDT, HLT, and Max duration is a critical step in data acquisition by the hit-based method especially close to the time of rock failure, when the AE activity is very high and signals may overlap each other. The aim of this paper is to discuss hit-based AE monitoring of experimental rock mechanics tests in terms of requirements and limitations and providing some solutions. Issues include data loss due to mask time, miscalculation of the AE parameters due to improper parametric setup, and system saturation due to high AE activity close to the rock fracture.
Tax Law: Implicit Bias and the Earned Income Tax Credit

Despite cultural progress in reducing overt acts of racism, stark racial disparities continue to define American life. This book is for anyone who wonders why race still matters and is interested in what emerging social science can contribute to the discussion. The book explores how scientific evidence on the human mind might help to explain why racial equality is so elusive. This new evidence reveals how human mental machinery can be skewed by lurking stereotypes, often bending to accommodate hidden biases reinforced by years of social learning. Through the lens of these powerful and pervasive implicit racial attitudes and stereotypes, Implicit Racial Bias Across the Law examines both the continued subordination of historically disadvantaged groups and the legal system's complicity in the subordination.
Mitigating Skill Decay in Military Instruction and Enemy Analysis via GIFT

This paper will review the collaborative effort of the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and the Department of Military Instruction (DMI) at the United States Military Academy (USMA) to develop and execute a pedagogical pathway to validate the efficacy of mitigating skill decay in the content area of enemy analysis by way of the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT). An identified area of concern in educating USMA cadets in the area of military preparedness, mitigating skill decay in military instruction from year to year is a necessary, yet time consuming task that is susceptible to inconsistent reinforcement. This paper will provide an overview on the progress of developing an empirically validated course that can be used to offset skill decay while supplementing DMI with reusable and consistent content, with the flexibility to provide adaptable content and assessments that is unique to the GIFT platform.
METABOLITE PARAMETERS MODULATING MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY PRODUCTION BY HYBRIDOMA CELLS IN FLASK AND MACROPOROUS GLASS SPHERE CULTURE

ABSTRACT The relationship of Mab production by the murine hybridoma C1E3 to various physiological parameters was compared in fixed bed and flask cultures. In the fixed bed culture, there was a significant relationship between oxygen uptake and Mab production. In contrast, in the flask culture, glutamine metabolism was the important parameter. The nature of the relationship varies depending upon whether the glutamine concentration post-medium change is kept at a set level or allowed to vary. KEYWORDS: Hybridoma; macroporous glass sphere; metabolism; monoclonal antibody.
Phosphazene High Polymers

Most known polymers are organic macromolecules derived either from living organisms or from petrochemical monomers. However, in principle, many elements other than carbon could form part of a macromolecular backbone, and the incorporation of ‘inorganic’ elements into a polymer structure should broaden the range of properties accessible in polymeric substances.1
Liquidity-sensitive automated market makers via homogeneous risk measures

Automated market makers are algorithmic agents that provide liquidity in electronic markets. A recent stream of research in automated market making is the design of liquidity-sensitive automated market makers, which are able to adjust their price response to the level of active interest in the market. In this paper, we introduce homogeneous risk measures, the general class of liquidity-sensitive automated market makers, and show that members of this class are (necessarily and sufficiently) the convex conjugates of compact convex sets in the non-negative orthant. We discuss the relation between features of this convex conjugate set and features of the corresponding automated market maker in detail, and prove that it is the curvature of the convex conjugate set that is responsible for implicitly regularizing the price response of the market maker. We use our insights into the dual space to develop a new family of liquidity-sensitive automated market makers with desirable properties.
Test–retest reliability of value-driven attentional capture

Attention is biased toward learned predictors of reward. The degree to which attention is automatically drawn to arbitrary reward cues has been linked to a variety of psychopathologies, including drug dependence, HIV-risk behaviors, depressive symptoms, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In the context of addiction specifically, attentional biases toward drug cues have been related to drug craving and treatment outcomes. Given the potential role of value-based attention in psychopathology, the ability to quantify the magnitude of such bias before and after a treatment intervention in order to assess treatment-related changes in attention allocation would be desirable. However, the test-retest reliability of value-driven attentional capture by arbitrary reward cues has not been established. In the present study, we show that an oculomotor measure of value-driven attentional capture produces highly robust test-retest reliability for a behavioral assessment, whereas the response time (RT) measure more commonly used in the attentional bias literature does not. Our findings provide methodological support for the ability to obtain a reliable measure of susceptibility to value-driven attentional capture at multiple points in time, and they highlight a limitation of RT-based measures that should inform the use of attentional-bias tasks as an assessment tool.
Conclusion, Further Discussion, and Avenues for Future Research

This chapter concludes the study and its main arguments and suggests avenues for future research. It will also generate a further discussion on the implications the study has in today’s political climate.
Restoration of Direct Corticospinal Communication Across Sites of Spinal Injury

Injury to the spinal cord often disrupts long-distance axon tracts that link the brain and spinal cord, causing permanent disability. Axon regeneration is then prevented by a combination of inhibitory signals that emerge at the injury site and by a low capacity for regeneration within injured neurons. The corticospinal tract (CST) is essential for fine motor control but has proven refractory to many attempted pro-regenerative treatments. Although strategies are emerging to create relay or detour circuits that re-route cortical motor commands through spared circuits, these have only partially met the challenge of restoring motor control. Here, using a murine model of spinal injury, we elevated the intrinsic regenerative ability of CST neurons by supplying a pro-regenerative transcription factor, KLF6, while simultaneously supplying injured CST axons with a growth-permissive graft of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) transplanted into a site of spinal injury. The combined treatment produced robust CST regeneration directly through the grafts and into distal spinal cord. Moreover, selective optogenetic stimulation of regenerated CST axons and single-unit electrophysiology revealed extensive synaptic integration by CST axons with spinal neurons beyond the injury site. Finally, when KLF6 was delivered to injured neurons with a highly effective retrograde vector, combined KLF6/NPC treatment yielded significant improvements in forelimb function. These findings highlight the utility of retrograde gene therapy as a strategy to treat CNS injury and establish conditions that restore functional CST communication across a site of spinal injury. Significance Statement Damage to the spinal cord results in incurable paralysis because axons that carry descending motor commands are unable to regenerate. Here we deployed a two-pronged strategy in a rodent model of spinal injury to promote regeneration by the corticospinal tract, a critical mediator of fine motor control. Delivering pro-regenerative KLF6 to injured neurons while simultaneously transplanting neural progenitor cells to injury sites resulted in robust regeneration directly through sites of spinal injury, accompanied by extensive synapse formation with spinal neurons. In addition, when KLF6 was delivered with improved retrograde gene therapy vectors, the combined treatment significantly improved forelimb function in injured animals. This work represents important progress toward restoring regeneration and motor function after spinal injury.
Interplay between Phonons and Anisotropic Elasticity Drives Negative Thermal Expansion in PbTiO_{3}.

We use first-principles theory to show that the ingredients assumed to be essential to the occurrence of negative thermal expansion (NTE)-rigid unit phonon modes with negative Gruneisen parameters-are neither sufficient nor necessary for a material to undergo NTE. Instead, we find that NTE in PbTiO_{3} involves a delicate interplay between the phonon properties of a material (Gruneisen parameters) and its anisotropic elasticity. These unique insights open new avenues in our fundamental understanding of the thermal properties of materials and in the search for NTE in new materials classes.
Study on the penetration of tetanus toxoid through the nasal mucosa.

Certain infections and human diseases require immediate and often repeated application of drugs (e.g. tetanus, diabetes). Parenteral application causes pain due to the route of administration, and trained adults must always be present when drugs have to be administered to children or animals. Most of the vaccines developed during the last 80 years or so must be administered parenterally, which involves the problem of infections and hyperallergic reactions.
The The Effects of Using Particulate Diagrams on AIMS Students’ Conceptual Understanding of Stoichiometry

The lack of conceptual understanding of stoichiometry among high school students is a validconcern not only because it impedes students’ problem-solving ability in stoichiometry butalso because it is a significant predictor of performance in college Chemistry. High schoolChemistry teachers, therefore, should evaluate and update their classroom practices to bestsupport conceptual learning, especially in the topic of Stoichiometry. This study investigatesthe effects of a visual-based pedagogical approach on the understanding of four concepts ofstoichiometry, namely the concepts of representative particles, mole ratio, limiting reagentand theoretical yield among tenth-grade Chemistry students at AIMS, Saraburi, Thailand.The approach involves systematic and extensive use of particulate diagrams in the instructionof stoichiometry concepts in a real classroom setting. The study further examines the attitudesof the students towards the method. The study employed the one- group pre-test post-testdesign. A Conceptual Stoichiometry Test (CST), and an Attitude Towards the Use of ParticleDiagrams (ATPD) questionnaire were the instruments used to collect data. Data wereanalyzed using the paired-sample t-test. Key results indicate that the approach had asignificant and positive effect on the students’ conceptual understanding of stoichiometry andthat the students generally had a favorable attitude towards the use of the method.
Is dental prophylaxis required following spinal fusion?—a systematic review and call for evidence

Background Controversy exists regarding the need for antimicrobial prophylaxis prior to dental procedures following spinal fusion. In this review, we attempt to synthesize a comprehensive summary of the published literature to provide recommendations on the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis before dental procedures in patients with a history of spinal fusion. Methods We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases from inception to February 2018. Eligible studies included patients with a history of spinal fusion treated with or without antimicrobial prophylaxis in preparation for dental procedures. Two reviewers independently assessed the eligibility of potential studies and extracted data. Outcomes of interest were the indications and efficacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis to protect against infection of spinal prostheses with dental origin. Results A total of 1,909 articles were initially screened. After inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, one study was found specifically relating to dental prophylaxis and spine surgery. The survey, as well as objective studies and professional organization guidelines on dental prophylaxis in patients with total hip and knee replacements, were reviewed to add context to the controversy. Conclusions There is a significant paucity of literature regarding dental prophylaxis in spine surgery patients. Although there has been a recent movement away from recommending antimicrobial prophylaxis before dental work in patients with other forms of orthopaedic prostheses, the gap in the literature addressing spine patients represents an important question that requires more targeted and specific research.
The formation of α-Al2O3 scales at 1500°C

The growth of Al2O3 scales on β-NiAl was studied at 1500°C. Oxidation rates, diffusion mechanisms, and microstructures were examined in order to achieve a complete understanding of the scale development. Variation of the Al content within the β phase field had little effect on the oxidation behavior. Ionimplanted yttrium (2×1016/cm2) was observed to provide a short-term improvement in scale adhesion but little long-term effect. When doped with Y or Zr, the first 1 μm of α-Al2O3 was observed to grow mainly by an inward oxygen growth mechanism. At longer times when the implant was ineffective, microstructural observations indicate a mixed-growth mode.
Chapter 14 – Proximity Measurement

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the measurement of proximity. Proximity relations can be inferred from various types of observations, such as rating of similarity or dissimilarity, classification of objects, correlation among variables, frequency of co-occurrences, and errors of substitution. Proximity data are commonly used to infer the structure of the entities under study and to embed them in a suitable formal structure. Formal representations serve two related functions: (1) they provide convenient methods for describing, summarizing, and displaying proximity data; and (2) they are also treated as theories about the data-generating process. Representations of proximity relations can be divided into two general classes: (1) geometrical or spatial, models; and (2) set-theoretical or feature, models. Geometrical models represent the objects under study as points in a space so that the proximity ordering of the objects is represented by the ordering of the metric distances among the respective points. Set-theoretical models of proximity represent each object as a collection of features and express the proximity between objects in terms of the measures of their common and their distinctive features.
Work and Heart Disease II. A Physiologic Study in a Steel Mill

Knowledge of the cardiovascular requirements of various types of work is essential in making work recommendations for cardiac patients. In a previous study the stresses of work in a light metal manufacturing plant were shown to be small. The present study is an evaluation of the physiologic requirement of a typical day9s work in an open-hearth furnace and other areas in a steel mill. The oxygen consumption, pulmonary ventilation, respiratory rate, and other physiologic responses in cardiac patients are compared to those of normal subjects performing the same tasks.
Incentive Mechanism for Vehicular Crowdsensing with Budget Constrains

In this paper, we present an incentive mechanism for vehicular crowdsensing (VCS) based on a recurrent reverse auction. The proposed approach encourages participant's vehicles to used their sensors to collect data while also maximizing their utility. This approach tackles important issues in VCS such as cost explosion, and area sensing coverage. Using a realistic street network from OpenStreetMaps with extensive SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility) simulations, we show our VCS algorithm significantly o utperforms the baseline approach in terms of sensing coverage and active number of participants by three and eight times respectively.
Xunzi: Moral education and transformation

A fair amount of recent Xunzi scholarship has focused on the problem of moral transformation. The problem being addressed supposedly arises this way. According to Xunzi, human nature is innately or...
Constitutional Law and the Culture Wars: When Religious Liberty and the Law Conflict, Which Should Prevail?

Although the Supreme Court ultimately decided to pass on the hard questions posed by Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission, 138 S. Ct. 1719 (2018), the case offers a prime opportunity to explore a type of clash between religious liberty and the law that has fueled a great deal of public debate in recent years. The religious liberty claim in the case epitomizes what Yale Law Professors Douglas NeJaime and Reva Siegel have called “complicity-based conscience claims” – claims based on “religious objections to being made complicit in the assertedly sinful conduct of others.” To help answer when, if ever, today’s complicity-based conscience claims should take precedence over conflicting law, this Essay closely examines the religious liberty claim raised, but not decided, in Masterpiece Cakeshop. Part I lays the groundwork for that examination with a brief account of the Supreme Court’s approach to the Free Exercise Clause over the years. In particular, after discussing a 1990 Supreme Court decision, Employment Division v. Smith, that interpreted the Clause in a manner that rendered it much less protective of religious liberty than it had been under the Court’s prior interpretation of the Clause, I call attention to several post-1990 developments that have diminished Smith’s practical significance and breathed new life into the Court’s pre-Smith approach. Part II uses Phillips’s free exercise claim in Masterpiece Cakeshop to illustrate the shortcomings of complicity-based conscience claims when analyzed from the perspective of the Court’s approach to claims for free exercise exemptions prior to Smith. I maintain that Phillips’s claim should fail under the Court’s pre-Smith approach, but I add a caveat: The Court appears likely to revisit its decision in Smith in the not too distant future. If it does revisit Smith, and if it decides to overrule it, there is reason to believe that the Court may adopt a more lenient approach to claims for free exercise exemptions than its pre-Smith approach. The Essay concludes in Part III by turning briefly to a question not implicated by the facts of Masterpiece Cakeshop itself but readily presented by a variation on those facts: If a legislature decides to create a religious exemption, is the Free Exercise Clause’s companion provision in the First Amendment – the Establishment Clause – a significant constraint?
Case 25: How Should You Fill CO 2 Absorbent in a Canister?

You have just arrived in a small hospital in the Central African Republic. A newly qualified anesthesia nurse, who has also recently arrived, is delighted to see you. She wants you to show her how to fill the CO2 absorbent canister with soda lime absorbent. She knows there is a protocol on how to do it, but she is unaware of what it is. She is looking to you for guidance. A 5 gallon pail of soda lime is produced. It is equipped with a handle and a pullout spout for easy pouring. The instructions are in Russian and neither you nor anyone in the little hospital can read Russian. There is no Internet connection and no anesthesia textbook to tell you how to do it.
Teratology of the beetle Tenebrio molitor: IV. Ultrastructure of the necrotic fat body and foregut associated with the pupal-winged adult

Abstract The present paper presents further electron-microscopic observations of internal abnormalities seen in the pupal-winged adults of the beetle Tenebrio molitor . (The teratology was described in detail, and its developmental sequence was discussed, in previous communications.) Areas of necrosis found in the anterior foregut region, characterized grossly by liquefaction and discoloration of the foregut, and discoloration of fat body adjacent to it, are described. Ultrastructurally, the gut tissue is seen to be completely destroyed in the central necrotic region, with the presence of degenerating cells predominating at its periphery. The fat body, which makes up the major part of the discolored area, contains a proliferation of normally present, large, darkly staining granules presumed to have a high pigment content, and responsible for the brown-black color of the abnormal area. Several types of nuclear degeneration within the fat cells are also described. Comment is made on the enzootic protozoan infection, as well as a possible virus infection, present in the colony of Tenebrio used.
Introduction to Engineering: attract students and strengthen the pipeline

California has developed statewide consortia with the common goal of promoting engineering education. The five regional consortia in the California Engineering Career Pathway Consortia (CCPC) include Sacramento, Santa Clara, San Diego, Oxnard and Riverside. The vision of the Sacramento CCPC is to create a viable and proactive team of university, community college, high school, business and community leaders to address development of engineering education at all levels of the academic and technical education spectrum. This paper presents results from an "Introduction to Engineering" course that has been successfully Offered (concurrently) at Cordova High School and California State University, Sacramento. The course focuses on fundamental problem solving skills while highlighting the interconnections among the various engineering disciplines. Students in this course perform experiments on wind tunnels, surveying, optical engineering, analog and digital electronics. Through the Accelerated College Entrance (ACE) Program, high school students are able to complete the course for college credit and receive valuable hands on experience in CSUS laboratories. This course serves as an excellent motivational tool and helps attract students to engineering and engineering technology programs.
Reliability and Resistance Minimization Studies of the Laser Diffused Diode Links in Wafer-scale-integration

The reliability of the Laser-diffused Diode Links (LDL) has been studied. For low resistance devices the electromigration damages were found at the oxide steps as expected. However, for the high resistance devices, failures occurred around the device links. our study shows that the high resistance links failure can be related to the high joule heating enhanced Si electromigration.