cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neonatal hyperoxia leads to persistent alterations in NK responses to influenza A virus infection

Respiratory distress in preterm or low birth weight infants is often treated with supplemental oxygen. However, this therapy can disrupt normal lung development and architecture and alter responses to respiratory insults. Similarly, exposure of newborn mice to 100% oxygen during saccular lung development leads to permanent alveolar simplification, and upon challenge with influenza A virus, mice exhibit reduced host resistance. Natural killer (NK) cells are key players in antiviral immunity, and emerging evidence suggest they also help to maintain homeostasis in peripheral tissues, including the lung, by promoting epithelial cell regeneration via IL-22. We tested the hypothesis that adult mice exposed to hyperoxia as neonates have modified NK cell responses to infection. We report here that mice exposed to neonatal hyperoxia had fewer IL-22+ NK cells in their lungs after influenza virus challenge and a parallel increase in IFN-γ+ NK cells. Using reciprocal bone marrow chimeric mice, we show that exposure of either hematopoietic or nonhematopoietic cells was sufficient to increase the severity of infection and to diminish the frequency of IL-22+ NK cells in the infected lung. Overall, our findings suggest that neonatal hyperoxia leads to long-term changes in the reparative vs. cytotoxic nature of NK cells and that this is due in part to intrinsic changes in hematopoietic cells. These differences may contribute to how oxygen alters the host response to respiratory viral infections.
Charge exchange between H(1s) and fully stripped heavy ions at low-keV impact energies

Approximate cross sections for charge transfer between ground-state atomic hydrogen and completely stripped ions of C, N, O, Ne, Si, and Ar have been obtained in the velocity range 6 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{6}$ - 7 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{7}$ cm/sec. In these collisions, electron capture occurs predominantly into high-lying orbitals of the product heavy ion. The calculations are made using the Landau-Zener theory modified for application to a multistate system. The peak cross sections are found to increase by about a factor of 5 in going from ${\mathrm{C}}^{+6}$ (\ensuremath{\simeq} 21 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{2}$) to ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+18}$ (\ensuremath{\simeq} 110 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{2}$) and the cross-section curves tend to "flatten out" for the heavier ions where three or four crossings contribute to the charge exchange. At the higher energies, the cross sections become roughly equal to 1.4 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$${\mathrm{Z}}^{3/2}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.
Dose dependence of Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy

The clinical and immunologic efficacy of venom immunotherapy up to 50 micrograms maintenance doses (half the recommended dose) was examined in 23 patients with anaphylactic sensitivity to insect stings and is compared with that in two groups of patients treated with the full 100-micrograms recommended dose. Four of the 19 patients challenged with insect stings had mild systemic reactions not requiring treatment. This 79% clinical efficacy is significantly less than the 96% to 100% success achieved with treatment to full 100-micrograms maintenance doses. The venom-specific IgG antibody response to the 50-micrograms dose reached a level significantly lower than observed with 100 micrograms doses. We conclude that the clinical and immunologic responses to venom immunotherapy are dose dependent and are more reliably complete at the recommended maintenance dose of 100 micrograms of each venom than at a dose of 50 micrograms.
Inversion of the multi-dimensional Laplace transform-expansion by Laguerre series

In this paper an algorithm to numerically invert two-dimensional Laplace transform known in closed form as an analytic function is presented. The method is based on expanding the inverse function in a series of products of (generalized) Laguerre polynomials. It is based on the method by Weeks (1966) and the generalized version presented by Piessens and Branders (1971) for the one-dimensional case.
QUALITATIVE SIMULATION OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS USING THE GENERAL SYSTEM PROBLEM SOLVING FRAMEWORK

Abstract In this paper, it is discussed how the General System Problem Solving (GSPS) Framework1 can be applied to the identification of technical systems for the purpose of a qualitative simulation of such systems. Both advantages and severe shortcomings of this identification technique are demonstrated, and it is discussed under what circumstances this technique may eventually lead to good results. Major emphasis is devoted to the design of multi-layered hierarchical control systems.
Effects of TGF-β1 on Proliferation and IGFBP-3 Production in a Primary Culture of Human Fetal Epiphyseal Chondrocytes (HFEC)

Proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes from growth cartilage are modulated by hormones and growth factors, among which TGF-betas have been recognized as some of the more potent regulators although their specific cell effects on cartilage physiology are not fully understood. Primary human fetal epiphyseal chondrocytes (HEFC) constitutively produce TGF-beta1 at different times of culture progression. Treatment of 48-h. serum-deprived semiconfluent HFEC with 0.1-50 ng/ml of TGF-beta1 for 48-h. decreased (3H)Thymidine incorporation by 25-50 % and cell number by 25 %. In addition, IGFBP-3, the main insulin-like bonding protein produced by HFEC, showed a slight increase by TGF-beta1 in culture media. The changes in IGFBP-3 protein levels correlated well with its mRNA, indicating that TGF-beta1 is able to up-regulate IGFBP-3 synthesis in chondrocytes. Nevertheless, the IGFBP-3 accumulation in culture media does not produce a clear growth inhibitory effect on chondrocytes. Thus, we conclude that even though TGF-beta1 is able to up-regulate IGFBP-3, the growth inhibitory action produced by TGF-beta1 is not mediated by IGFBP-3 increase and appears to be mainly a direct TGF-beta1 effect on HFEC.
Real Time Two-Dimensional Echocardiography

Edler and Hertz, in 1954, reported the first application of pulsed echo ultrasound to cardiac examinations. Since then, many studies have indicated the clinical usefulness of this technique establishing echocardiography as a valuable non-invasive procedure for the assessment of many cardiac abnormalities. Current clinical methods of echocardiography revolve about the utilization of A and T-M display mode ultrasound systems. These systems, although permitting visualization of cardiac motion, provide only one-dimensional echo information about the structures under investigation so that spatial geometries must be reconstructed mentally from a series of one-dimensional sonic interrogations.
Lower Permian Bryozoa, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia: ABSTRACT

The early Permian (Asselian-Sakmarian) Lyons Group consisting of tillite, greywacke, sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate rests unconformably on the Precambrian basement and is conformably overlain by the Permian (Artinskian) Callytharra Formation. Bryozoa occur in thin, local, calcareous lenses in the Lyons Group, 4,600 feet thick in its type section, whereas they form rich bryozoan calcarenites and bryozoan calcirudites in the overlying Callytharra Formation, 765 feet thick. The stenoporid species in the Lyons Group display similarities to certain Eastern Australian forms from the early Permian, and a well distributed fenestellid species of Polypora has close affinities with species from the Lower Permian in Eastern Australia and from the Bitauni Beds (equivalent to t e Asselian Series of Russia) from Timor. These species of Polypora appear to be primitive members of a well-defined phylogenetic group of species including P. tuberculifera, P. punctata, P. subovaticellata, and P. nadinae from the upper part of the Sakmarian Series of the Ural Mountains. The geographic and stratigraphic distributions of such early Permian bryozoan lineages appear useful tools in the correlation of different stratigraphic units. The generic and specific composition of the bryozoans in the overlying Callytharra Formation is vastly different and the bryozoan faunal break between these two stratigraphic units is very distinctive. Genera such as Hexagonella, Evactinopora, Protoretepora, Ramipora, Streblotrypa, Rhombocladia, and Streblocladia which are prominent in the Callytharra bryozoan faunas are not found in the Lyons Group. End_of_Article - Last_Page 368------------
Large-Scale Collision Cross-Section Profiling on a Traveling Wave Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometer

Ion mobility (IM) is a gas-phase electrophoretic method that separates ions according to charge and ion-neutral collision cross-section (CCS). Herein, we attempt to apply a traveling wave (TW) IM polyalanine calibration method to shotgun proteomics and create a large peptide CCS database. Mass spectrometry methods that utilize IM, such as HDMSE, often use high transmission voltages for sensitive analysis. However, polyalanine calibration has only been demonstrated with low voltage transmission used to prevent gas-phase activation. If polyalanine ions change conformation under higher transmission voltages used for HDMSE, the calibration may no longer be valid. Thus, we aimed to characterize the accuracy of calibration and CCS measurement under high transmission voltages on a TW IM instrument using the polyalanine calibration method and found that the additional error was not significant. We also evaluated the potential error introduced by liquid chromatography (LC)-HDMSE analysis, and found it to be insignificant as well, validating the calibration method. Finally, we demonstrated the utility of building a large-population peptide CCS database by investigating the effects of terminal lysine position, via LysC or LysN digestion, on the formation of two structural sub-families formed by triply charged ions.
The relation between verbal and non-verbal behavior change

Abstract Much of the theory and practice of clinical psychology and of learning theory approaches to psychotherapy assumes that changes in verbal behavior lead to corresponding changes in non-verbal behavior. However, little attention has been directed toward securing experimental support for that assumption or for the equally plausible assumption that changes in non-verbal behavior produce changes in the corresponding verbal behavior. The present study was undertaken to investigate this relationship. Two non-social, adolescent, institutionalized retarded girls were the subjects. Base operant levels of social behavior were recorded in a controlled and naturalistic setting. Base operant frequency of statements concerning social behavior were derived in a structured interview setting. One S was reinforced for initiating social behavior in the structured setting. The resultant increases generalized to her verbal behavior, as revealed by changes in the interview setting. An increase was also evident in the naturalistic setting. The second S was reinforced for emitting statements of social behavior in a series of interviews. A verbal conditioning effect was obtained ; however, there was no generalization to her behavior in the structured or the naturalistic setting. Implications for theoretical conceptions of the relationship between verbal and non-verbal behavior change are discussed.
Specific targeting and killing of Gram-negative pathogens with an engineered phage lytic enzyme.

Phage lytic enzymes have potential as new inroads toward novel antibiotics. Until now this approach has only been promising for Gram-positive bacteria because in Gram-negatives the target of lytic action is protected by an outer envelope. Information gleaned from the structural studies of two plague proteins—pesticin and FyuA—allowed us to engineer a “hybrid” protein to address this problem. This hybrid consisted of T4 phage lysozyme linked to a FyuA targeting domain and was capable of killing Gram-negative cells. This work therefore presents a proof of principle that phage lytic enzymes can be engineered to cross the outer envelope. Furthermore, hybrid engineering handed us a tool for the mechanistic investigation of TonB mediated membrane transport. This commentary describes our recent efforts to test the efficacy of the hybrid in a mouse infection model and the directions this work might take in the future.
EFFECTS OF RELAXATION AND ANTICIPATION ON RIEMANN SOLUTIONS OF PAYNE-WHITHAM MODEL

The solutions of Riemann problems of a particular higher-order model—the Payne-Whitham (PW) model—are studied using Roe's flux splitting scheme as presented by Leo and Pretty. Despite numerous works on higher-order models, little is known about Riemann solutions of these models and how relaxation and anticipation affect these solutions. Riemann solutions of the PW model are computed and compared with those of the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards (LWR) model having the same initial (density) data. It was found that faster relaxation forces the PW model to behave much like the LWR model, that strong anticipation has a stabilizing effect on traffic, and that shock waves travel at different speeds in the PW model than they do in the LWR model. These findings provide a basic checklist for experimental validation of PW-like higher models.
On the mechanism of the dimerization of benzocyclobutadiene

The dimerization of benzocyclobutadiene (1), generated by the fluoride ion-induced elimination of trimethylsilyl mesylate from 2-(trimethylsilyl)benzocyclobutenyl-1 mesylate (5), was carefully studied by flow NMR spectroscopy. Only formation of the final dimer, 6a,10b-dihydrobenzo[a]-biphenylene (2), was observed; no evidence for the formation of transient intermediates was obtained. Benzocyclobutadiene with a deuterium atom on position 1, 1-d{sub 1}, was prepared and allowed to dimerize. It is shown by several NMR spectroscopic techniques that 1-d{sub 1} dimerizes to produce six dideuterated isotopomers. It is proposed that the deuterium distribution is explained by a dimerization mechanism involving the formation of [4 + 2] dimer 3 followed by opening of 3 to form dibenzo[a,d]cyclooctatetraene (6) which closes to final dimer 2. 13 refs., 3 figs.
On the diophantine equation apx + bqy = c + dpzqw

Abstract In this paper, the existence of effectively computable bounds on the solutions to the diophantine equation ap x +bq y = c+dp z q w is shown. In this equation p, q are taken to be fixed relatively prime positive integers and a, b, c, d positive integers. The methods involve the application of linear forms in both real and p-adic logarithms. Also, a result on an inequality involving S-integers is used. All constants involved can be explicitly computed in terms of the parameters a, b, c, d, p, q, conceivably allowing one to list all solutions to (∗) for any set of parameters. It is also indicated how the bounds in a particular case can be reduced to allow the practical solution of the equation. Finally, the methods are demonstrated by the solving of the equations 2x + 3y = 1 + 2z3w and 5 · 2x + 7 · 3y = 11 + 2z3w.
ac free-electron laser.

A possible new source of tunable coherent radiation is analyzed. By the passing of a relativistic electron beam (relativistic factor ..gamma../sub 0/) through a homogeneous transverse ac electric or magnetic field of frequency f/sub 0/, electromagnetic radiation of frequency f--2..gamma../sub 0//sup 2/f/sub 0/ is generated by its coupling the negative-energy electrostatic beam modes with the high-frequency electromagnetic modes. Existing superconductor cavities which can supply ac fields of frequency f/sub 0/approx. >10 GHz with amplitude E/sub max/>20 MV/m may be used to lead to a new class of submillimeter or even visible generating devices.
Cytochrome oxidase activity as a measure of synaptogenesis by mutifunctional neuron L7 of Aplysia

Neuron L7 of the marine mollusc, Aplysia californica, is unique in that it innervates five different target tissues in the animal. We show that when L7 is grown in vitro with two of these targets, that is, muscle cells isolated from the auricle or the gill vein, newly formed L7 neurites contact the muscle cells. Chemical synapses are formed since intracellular stimulation of L7 elicits contraction of individual muscle cells. Interestingly, auricle muscles are also innervated by neuron RBhe and co-cultures of RBhe and auricle muscle cells also exhibit synapse formation. To explore the molecular basis for synaptogenesis between L7 and its targets, it would be useful to quantify the extent of synapse formation in vitro, that is, to determine how many muscle cells can be innervated by a single L7. We show that this can be attained by staining for cytochrome oxidase activity. Cultures of auricle and gill vein muscles were exposed to the appropriate neurotransmitter in order to elicit contraction. The cells were then fixed and stained. In both cases, only cells that contracted were stained and electron microscopy showed reaction product associated with the cristae of mitochondria. When this procedure was applied to cultures of L7 and muscle cells, 38 +/- 2.8% (S.E.M.; n = 7) of the cells on the neurites were stained and therefore responded to L7 stimulation. Thus, part of the L7-RBhe circuit can be assembled in vitro and the extent of synaptogenesis can be accurately quantitated.
Phosphate-dependent DNA Immobilization on Hafnium Oxide for Bio-Sensing Applications

Hafnium(IV) oxide (HfO 2 ) has replaced silicon oxide as a gate dielectric material in leading edge CMOS technology, providing significant improvement in gate performance for field effect transistors (FETs). We are currently exploring this high-k dielectric for its use in nucleic acid-based FET biosensors. Due to its intrinsic negative charge, label-free detection of DNA can be achieved in the gate region of high-sensitivity FET devices. Previous work has shown that phosphates and phosphonates coordinate specifically onto metal oxide substrates including aluminum and titanium oxides. This property can therefore be exploited for direct immobilization of biomolecules such as nucleic acids. Our work demonstrates that 5’ phosphate-terminated single stranded DNA (ssDNA) can be directly immobilized onto HfO 2 surfaces, without the need for additional chemical modification or crosslinking. Non-phosphorylated ssDNA does not form stable surface interactions with HfO 2 , indicating that immobilization is dependent upon the 5’ terminal phosphate. Further work has shown that surface immobilized ssDNA can be hybridized to complementary target DNA and that sequence-based hybridization specificity is preserved. These results suggest that the direct DNA-HfO 2 immobilization strategy can enable nucleic acid-based biosensing assays on HfO 2 terminated surfaces. This work will further enable high sensitivity electrical detection of biological targets utilizing transistor-based technologies.
Association of Type A behavior and its components to ways of coping with stress

This preliminary study provides evidence suggesting that Type A behavior and its components influence how people cope with personally relevant stressful situations, and that the relationship between Type A scores and coping is different when examined separately among males and females. Among males, Type A behaviors were positively correlated to the use of problem-focused coping, and inversely related to seeking social support. Among females, Type A behaviors were positively correlated with problem-focused coping, cognitive restructuring coping, and self-denigration coping. Results were integrated into Glass' model of the role of individual differences in need for personal control in the coping process, and discussed in terms of their implications for understanding the biopsychosocial mechanisms through which some Type A behaviors might increase an individual's risk of coronary heart disease.
REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE CONTROL IN SLIDING MODES

Control of a reusable launch vehicle (RLV) is considered in sliding modes. The sliding mode controllers are designed for the RLV in two operational modes: re-entry (descending) mode and launch (ascending) mode. The decentralized sliding mode controllers are designed to guarantee robust de-coupled asymptotic tracking of the Euler angles' reference profiles upon the RLV model uncertainties and external disturbances. The angular rates command vector is formed in the outer loop in order to provide an asymptotic tracking of the Euler angles' reference profiles. This command vector is tracked in the internal loop via the smoothed sliding mode controllers. Effectiveness of the designed sliding mode controllers is confirmed via computer simulations of a verticaltakeoff, horizontal-landing wing-body single-stage RLV studied at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center.
Glutamate causes a loss in human cerebral endothelial barrier integrity through activation of NMDA receptor

l-Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter that binds ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Cerebral endothelial cells from many species have been shown to express several forms ...
Conformationally controllable amphiphiles as tunable supramolecular hosts and catalysts

The objective of this project is to use solvophobic interactions to guide conformational changes of molecular containers constructed with cholic acid as a building block. This dissertation describes 1) conformationally controllable amphiphilic molecules with solvent-responsiveness and/or photo-responsiveness, and their applications as supramolecular hosts and catalysts, 2) inclusion compounds of βaminocholic acid with high guest/host (=4/1) ratio, and 3) an efficient synthetic method to make multivalent water-soluble calixarenes with click chemistry. Amphiphilic “molecular baskets” with multiple facially amphiphilic cholates could aggregate intramolecularly to form a micelle-like conformer in polar solvents and a reversed-micelle-like one in nonpolar solvents. The stability of the reversed micelle-like conformers were influenced by the preorganization of the scaffold, the difference in solvophobicity between the α and the β faces of the cholate, and the spacers between the cholates and the scaffold. Microphase-separation of solvents was found to occur within the baskets. The environmentally responsive baskets could act as a novel supramolecular host to bind hydrophilic guests in nonpolar solvent mixtures and hydrophobic guests in polar solvents. Solvent-responsiveness could be easily coupled with photoresponsiveness by the introduction of azobenzene-spacers. A porphyrin could be used as the scaffold as well. Binding studies of the basket with the Zn-porphyrin scaffold indicated that the conformational change could be utilized to tune the substrate-selectivity of the metalloporphyrin. The basket with a Fe-porphyrin scaffold could act as a solventtunable supramolecular catalyst.
Teaching programming languages in a post-linnaean age

Programming language "paradigms" are a moribund and tedious legacy of a bygone age. Modern language designers pay them no respect, so why do our courses slavishly adhere to them? This paper argues that we should abandon this method of teaching languages, offers an alternative, reconciles an important split in programming language education, and describes a textbook that explores these matters.
PLANNING AND REVISING THE SAMPLE SIZE FOR A TRIAL

The sample size for a trial depends on the type I and type II error rates and on the minimum relevant clinical difference, all of which are known, and on the anticipated, but unknown, value of a measure of variation for the key response. This measure is the overall response rate when the key response is binomially distributed, or the residual variance in each treatment group when the key response is continuous and normally distributed. Since the true value of the measure is unknown, it must be guessed or estimated from previous trials. We describe approaches to determine an appropriate value for it, both before the trial begins and after it has begun, for use in calculating the final sample size. These approaches differ from previously described 'internal pilot' methods in not requiring unblinding of the treatment assignments in the trial. They preserve the power and do not affect the type I error rate materially. The approaches can be applied to longitudinal studies where the rate of change over time is the response of interest, and to group sequential trials.
Heteroscedastic conditional auto‐regression models for areally referenced temporal processes for analysing California asthma hospitalization data

Often in regionally aggregated spatiotemporal models, a single variance parameter is used to capture variability in the spatial structure of the model, ignoring the impact that spatially-varying factors may have on the variability in the underlying process. We extend existing methodologies to allow for region-specific variance components in our analysis of monthly asthma hospitalization rates in California counties, introducing a heteroscedastic CAR model that can greatly improve the fit of our spatiotemporal process. After demonstrating the effectiveness of our new model via simulation, we reanalyze the asthma hospitalization data and note a number of important findings.
Conscious Capitalism: A Better Road Map: A Response to James O'Toole and David Vogel's “Two and a Half Cheers for Conscious Capitalism”

Doug Rauch is the Former President (retired) of Trader Joe's Company. He is currently a Senior Fellow in Harvard's Advanced Leadership Initiative, working on a project to bring high-quality, excess food (“food waste”) to the hungry in urban areas of America.
Children's attitudes toward superheroes as a potential indicator of their moral understanding

McCrary's work in the late 1990s suggested that superheroes influence children's development of moral values. Similarly, Bauer and Dettore advocated adults' and educators' monitoring of children's superhero play to help children foster cooperation and conflict resolution skills. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between children's attitudes toward themselves and their attitudes towards superheroes. Forty‐two fourth‐grade children (aged 9–11) from a school in Massachusetts completed a questionnaire. Results indicated that participants generally rated themselves and their superhero as being high on prosocial behaviour. Findings suggest that there may be a relationship between how children feel about themselves and how they feel about superheroes.
Exposure to bullying at the associate degree nursing program director level

Abstract The first national study of the work environment of associate degree nursing program directors was performed in December 2008. A surprising finding was that one-third of the respondents ( n = 77) reported some exposure to bullying within the last year. In addition, the directors reported their nursing faculty as the primary offenders. The purpose of this article is to report the statistically significant findings of self-identified bullying toward associate degree nursing program directors within the United States. Discussion of the implications of these findings and suggested intervention strategies will be presented.
CISUS: an integrated 3D ultrasound system for IGT using a modular tracking API

Ultrasound has become popular in clinical/surgical applications, both as the primary image guidance modality and also in conjunction with other modalities like CT or MRI. Three dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) systems have also demonstrated usefulness in image-guided therapy (IGT). At the same time, however, current lack of open-source and open-architecture multi-modal medical visualization systems prevents 3DUS from fulfilling its potential. Several standalone 3DUS systems, like Stradx or In-Vivo exist today. Although these systems have been found to be useful in real clinical setting, it is difficult to augment their functionality and integrate them in versatile IGT systems. To address these limitations, a robotic/freehand 3DUS open environment (CISUS) is being integrated into the 3D Slicer, an opensource research tool developed for medical image analysis and surgical planning. In addition, the system capitalizes on generic application programming interfaces (APIs) for tracking devices and robotic control. The resulting platformindependent open-source system may serve as a valuable tool to the image guided surgery community. Other researchers could straightforwardly integrate the generic CISUS system along with other functionalities (i.e. dual view visualization, registration, real-time tracking, segmentation, etc…) to rapidly create their medical/surgical applications. Our current driving clinical application is robotically assisted and freehand 3DUS-guided liver ablation, which is fully being integrated under the CISUS-3D Slicer. Initial functionality and pre-clinical feasibility are demonstrated on phantom and ex-vivo animal models.
Who Needs Broadband Services And Why

Summary form only given, as follows. The decade of the 1990s will see the beginning of deployment of broadband services to millions of customers around the world using some of the networking techniques developed in the 1980s. This paper contemplates potential broadband applications, likely beneficiaries of these services and related issues.
Inhibitory effect of a dendritic epidermal T cell line on K1735 melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro

Murine epidermis contains a resident popula- tion of dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) with unknown function. We tested the ability of a cultured line of these cells to inhibit the growth of murine melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. The interleukin-2 (IL-2)=dependent T cell line AU16, derived from the epidermis of C3H mice, was used as the source of DETCs. AU16 cells were cytotoxic to syngeneic K1735 and CM3205 CSH mela- noma cell lines, as well as to a chemically induced cutane- ous fibrosarcoma, in an in vitro 5tCr release assay. Mixing viable AU16 cells, but not splenic T cells, with K1735 melanoma cells immediately before intradermal injection into the flank of mice prevented or delayed the outgrowth of melanomas. AU16 cells killed by freezing and thawing and supernatants from cultures of AU16 cells did not in- hibit melanoma growth in vivo or in vitro. Injection of viable AU16 cells intravenously or at a separate intra- dermal site had no effect on melanoma growth. These studies suggest that IL-2-activated DETCs have the potential to inhibit the growth of melanoma cells in vivo and that their cytotoxic activity may be responsible for this effect. J. Leukoc. Biol. 55: 379-384; 1994.
Differential hemodynamic effects of nebivolol and valsartan from 24-hour ambulatory pulse wave analysis

Prevention of CHD did not differ significantly for an ACE-I, b-blocker, CCB, or diuretic. Although the ARB did not significantly prevent CHD (compared to Placebo), the clinical trial database for ARBs is smaller than for other classes, includes many studies in which other antihypertensive drugs were used as background therapy, and (for initial therapy) includes only LIFE, ROADMAP, and 4 smaller trials done in Japan, where stroke is still more common than CHD. Reduced statistical power may be one reason why, in these analyses, an ARB did not achieve traditional levels of statistical significance for preventing CHD. e21 Abstracts / Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 9(4S) (2015) e19–e27
Artificial Intelligent Approaches for Modeling and Optimizing HVAC Systems

Advanced energy management control systems (EMCS) offer an excellent means of reducing energy consumption in heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems while maintaining and improving indoor environmental conditions. This can be achieved through the use of computational intelligence and optimization. This research will evaluate model-based optimization processes for HVAC systems utilizing MATLAB’s neural network Toolbox, which minimizes the error between measured and predicted performance data. The process can be integrated into the EMCS to perform several intelligent functions achieving optimal system performance. The development of a neuron model and optimizing the process will be tested using data collected from an existing HVAC system of a building on the campus of NC A&T State University.
Significance of Cattle Discharges and Secretions as Protein Sources for Ovarian Development in the Face Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)

We demonstrated using motion photography that female face flies, Musca autumnalis De Geer, feed directly on nasal discharges and eye secretions (Mucoid layer deposited on surface and medial canthus of eye) and tears of cattle. Female flies effectively used bovine eye secretions (provided in vivo) and tears, nasal discharges, and dung (provided in vitro) as sources of protein to complete gonotrophic development. Flies did not complete egg development when fed only saliva and sucrose twice daily for 10 days. Purified protein fractions commonly found in tears (bovine serum albumin and immune globulins IgG and IgA) contain essential amino acids for ovarian development. However, flies provided with diets of saliva, nasal discharges, and tears (provided in vitro) without any sucrose added, did not survive beyond 48 h. Dietary studies suggested that eye secretions and nasal discharges are the most valuable bovine sources of proteins to face flies for fastest egg development.
Interfacial Cohesion Control by Solute Segregation

Interfacial cohesion is determined by the cohesive energy of the interface. Knowing the segregation energies of solute in the interface and on the adjoining free surfaces and mobilities of segregant atoms, the change in cohesive energy of the interface due to solute segregation can be evaluated within the framework of the Langmuir-McLean isotherm. A control of the interfacial cohesion is thus achievable by promoting segregation of the desired solute.
C2-3: Cancer Prognostic Resources: A Systematic Review and Central Repository of Web-based Cancer Prognostic Calculators

Background/Aims Cancer prognosis is one of the leading topics of interest for cancer patients, their caregivers and providers. Literature suggests that nomograms that use prognostic algorithms integrating several predictors improve prognostic accuracy. There has been increasing interest in the availability and use of web-based tools by both health care providers and patients for obtaining information about health promotion and disease management. Our study aimed to review the available online cancer prognostic tools, to provide input on the implications for their use in clinical settings, and to create a centralized repository for providers to access.
E-001 Utility of flexible guide catheter in assisting transvenous superior ophthalmic vein catheterization and embolization of difficult to treat carotid–cavernous/orbital fistulas

Introduction Dural type fistulas of the cavernous sinus are complex lesions; transvenous embolization is often favored but may be difficult to accomplish if there is thrombosis, stenosis or occlusion of the drainage pathways. Surgical access to the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) is very helpful in case of difficult endovascular access to the cavernous sinus. However, it is associated with a small but additional risk. This includes inability to cannulate the SOV or treat the fistula and less commonly intraorbital hemorrhage. With the availability of newer, flexible, distal access guide catheters, these difficult to treat cases could possibly be treated using exclusively endovascular approach. Materials and methods During the past 2 years, eight patients with symptomatic cavernous sinus fistulae were endovascularly treated by one of the authors (DG). Three of the seven lesions were considered difficult to treat using transvenous access on account of thrombosis/occlusion of the inferior petrosal sinus and presence of unfavorable angle and/or severe stenosis at the junction of the SOV with the angular vein. One of three patients had a previous failed attempt at embolization using the angular/facial vein approach. Embolization was performed in all three patients using the middle temporal vein (2/3) or facial/angular vein (1/3), with flexible, distal access guide catheters. Results Successful catheterization of the SOV was facilitated using a combination of flexible distal access catheter (neuron or Merci distal access catheter) and a microcatheter. The flexible, guide catheters could be advanced very distally and just short of the junction of the angular vein and SOV (1/3) and supraorbital vein and SOV (2/3). This provided a stable platform and enhanced the microcatheter navigation into otherwise difficult to access SOVs. All lesions were successfully treated with this approach. Conclusion Distal access flexible guide catheters can be advanced across tortuous venous anatomy and can even reach just short of the SOV. This helps in providing a markedly stable platform and helps superselective microcatheterization of the SOV. With the help of these newer guide catheters, many of the difficult to treat carotid–cavernous fistulas could possibly be treated using an exclusive endovascular approach thereby avoiding the need for direct surgical exposure of the SOV.
Effect of experimental hepatic injury on in vitro drug-metabolizing enzyme activities in the rat.

Experimental hepatic necrosis was induced in phenobarbital pretreated rats by means of the intraperitoneal administration of an acetaminophen-dimethyl sulfoxide mixture over a dosage range of 0.3 to 1.5 g per kg. At lower doses, cytochrome P-450 concentration and the specific activities of aminopyrine demethylase and bilirubin glucuronyl transferase increased, whereas aniline hydroxylase activity was mildly decreased. In contrast, 41 higher doses, cytochrome P-450 concentration and the specific activities of all of the enzymes were decreased significantly (P
Bovine babesiosis: severity and reproducibility of Babesia bovis infections induced by Boophilus microplus under laboratory conditions.

A total of 61 intact Holstein–Friesian calves were exposed to Babesia bovis (= B argentina) by the injection of infected blood or the application of infected Boopliilus microplus larvae. Tick-induced infections were uniformly severe, even when induced by relatively small numbers of infected ticks. In contrast, calves infected with carrier blood experienced mild, subclinical reactions despite detectable parasitaemia. The greater severity of tick-induced reactions appeared to be due to the large number of infective doses injected by each infected tick rather than greater virulence of tick versus blood-origin babesiae. The severity of tick-induced babesiosis was related to the age of the experimental calves, with more severe reactions and high mortality occurring among older animals. The mean daily temperature rise increased with age and was highest in 15 animals dying of babesiosis. No relationship could be found between peripheral blood parasitaemia, packed cell volume reduction and mortality in tick-induced infections. One thousand larvae from infected colonies induced babesiosis in all of 29 animals exposed. Although larval transmission of B bovis is difficult to quantitate, there would seem to be no objection to using a controlled tick-borne challenge in the laboratory for assessment of susceptibility.
Piecewise Linear Approximation of Solution Manifolds for Nonlinear Systems of Equations

The aim of the present paper is two-fold: A. To give a brief description of an algorithm which yields a uniform piecewise linear (PL) approximation of a solution manifold of an underdetermined system of nonlinear equations. B. To outline an adaptation of the PL algorithm for solving a general nonlinear programming problem.
5. Is the Law of Talbot true for very rapidly Intermittent Light

The law which is sometimes associated with the name of Talbot is generally stated thus:—Once complete fusion has been reached, no alteration in the intensity of the resultant impression produced by a series of flashes takes place, however short the time during which each flash acts may be, provided that the number of flashes in a given time and the length of each stimulation be always kept inversely proportional. Complete fusion of stimuli here is analogous to complete tetanus of muscle. And, as in the latter case, it has been discussed as to where the upper limit of frequency lies, or whether there be an upper limit, so in the former case are like questions in place. With the various answers which have been given in regard to muscle tetanus we are not here concerned; except that it may be noticed that the later investigators, where they have at all admitted the probability of a limit, have had a tendency to shorten the time between each stimulus which they regarded as the minimum.
Post-What? Extractive Industries, Narratives of Development, and Socio-Environmental Disputes across the (Ostensibly Changing) Andean Region

Lima, 2011: A colleague begins a postgraduate seminar on extractive industries by presenting students, drawn from across Latin America, with a series of quotations on the relationships between extraction, development strategy, and society. The quotations are unlabeled, though the students are told that they come from Latin American presidents and vice presidents, representing political positions ranging from the self-consciously neoliberal to the ostensibly post-neoliberal. The task was to assign the quotations to these politically very different leaders. The success rate was not high. The point, of course, was to suggest that extractive economies can do strange things to politics, reining in the possibilities of innovation even under progressive government.
Arguing about design: A taxonomy of rhetorical strategies deployed by user experience practitioners

The design of technology occurs in a rich, nuanced and complex rhetorical space. Technical teams engage in negotiations, and at times argue, about design. We claim that user experience (UX) practice, at its heart, is a rhetorical endeavor, and this aspect of UX practice has been underexplored. To bridge the gap between UX theory and practice, we pose the research question: What strategies and tactics do UX practitioners use to convince or persuade others about design? To answer this question, we interviewed experienced UX practitioners and present the results of these interviews as a taxonomy of rhetorical strategies situated by an awareness of rhetorical complexity and the impact of context. The results of the study demonstrate that normative UX methods and practices discussed in the literature are chosen, adapted or dismissed as savvy rhetors flex their metis.
Security and Sustainability

Three decades ago, leading national security strategists developed an historic planning document, NSC 68. An aggressive communist Soviet Union and its neighbors presented the main danger to our vital national interests, and, the U.S. believed, to our survival. NSC 68 proposed a sweeping strategy “… to check and roll back the Kremlin’s drive for world domination.” Following George Kennan’s historic “Mr. X” memo proposing containment of the USSR, and the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine, NSC 68 organized U.S. foreign policy for a generation. The document structured policies of nuclear deterrence and political, economic, and ideological competition in the pursuit of containment. The intensifying East-West rivalry influenced virtually all our foreign policy choices.
Primary dural leiomyosarcoma in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus: case report.

Introduction We report the magnetic resonance imaging, angiographic, and immunohistochemical characteristics of a dural leiomyosarcoma in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Methods and results A 38-year-old homosexual man presented with a recent history of headaches. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed an enhancing dural based right lateral wing mass that was thought to be a meningioma. The tumor had a signal intensity similar to the adjacent gray matter on T1-, T2-, and proton-weighted images. Angiography revealed that the tumor was vascular, supplied by the middle meningeal artery, but with contrast puddling as if there were small vascular lakes within the tumor. This evoked the possibility of a cavernous hemangioma. A craniotomy was performed, and the mass was resected. The pathological finding was consistent with a leiomyosarcoma. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the tumor was positive for alpha smooth muscle actin. Repeat testing for human immunodeficiency virus 2 months postoperatively was positive. Dural leiomyosarcomas are thought to take origin from the smooth muscles of the blood vessel walls. Another possible source is pluripotential mesenchymal cells. There may be an association with immunosuppression. Conclusion Primary dural leiomyosarcomas simulate meningiomas on preoperative magnetic resonance images. They should be included in the differential diagnosis of dural based enhancing lesions.
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

The patellofemoral joint consists of the bony patella and the trochlear groove of the distal femur. Patellofemoral pain syndrome is characterized by insidious onset diffuse pain originating from the anterior knee, most commonly in young active athletes, especially runners. The diagnostic approach includes exclusion of alternative sources of anterior knee pain including patellar tendinitis/tendinosis, patellar instability, and patellofemoral arthritis. The etiology is likely multifactorial and may include patellar maltracking, hip strength deficits, dynamic knee valgus alignment, and altered foot mechanics. Management is solely nonoperative and requires a multimodal approach including anti-inflammatory use, taping/bracing, orthotic inserts, and physical therapy correcting hip, quadriceps, hamstring, and trunk strength deficits while addressing deficiencies in dynamic knee control.
Promoting cumulative learning

Today most students are tested on the topics they studied in the latest unit and often quite superficially. There is seldom the expectation of applying concepts learned in prior units to the next topic or course. To remedy this situation, Cumulative Learning using Embedded Assessment Results (CLEAR) is leveraging cyberlearning to make science learning more cumulative. Defining cumulative learning raises many issues such as: What sorts of ideas should be retained? What sort of understanding do we desire of students after several years of instruction? How do students use the knowledge gained in one day, topic, or course when they encounter the next day, topic, or course? How can instruction enable students to appreciate the ubiquitous role of fundamental science concepts like energy? How can we help students understand the dependencies and connections across science topics and disciplines? From our prior work on knowledge integration we know that students come to science class with a repertoire of disconnected and often contradictory ideas. We want to spur students to develop more coherent ideas. We would like to enable students to integrate their ideas and promote the most fruitful, generative, and useful ideas. We hope to help students distinguish new ideas from existing ideas and reconcile discrepancies with scientific evidence. We expect that cumulative learners will test and refine their ideas by applying them in situations they encounter in their lives. Ideally cumulative learners would continue to expand, refine, and integrate their understanding all during their lives. This poster defines key features of instruction and assessment for cumulative learning and provides case studies from student work to illustrate how students respond. We argue that all students can become cumulative learners.