cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pilot investigation of the effect of carvedilol on stress-precipitated smoking-lapse behavior.

Introduction:Separate α1- and β-adrenergic antagonists have shown efficacy in reducing nicotine-motivated behaviors in rodents and humans, supporting a role for the noradrenergic system in mediating the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse. However, the effect of the combined α1- and β-adrenergic antagonist, carvedilol, on stress-related smoking is unknown.Methods:Using a well-established human laboratory model of stress-precipitated smoking-lapse behavior, we examined whether carvedilol (0 or 50 mg/day; between subject, n=17 per group), administered to steady-state, would attenuate the ability to resist smoking following stress imagery (vs. neutral imagery) and reduce subsequent smoking self-administration in nicotine-deprived smokers (n = 34 total). Tobacco craving, withdrawal, and physiologic reactivity were also assessed.Results:Latency to start smoking and number of cigarettes smoked during the self-administration period did not differ by medication condition. Counter to our hypothesis, tobacco c...
The Human External and Middle Ear: Models and Concepts

The performance of the external ear, when viewed as a diffuse-field receiver, is given in a simple expression containing two acoustic impedances. In this sense, the external ear has a high frequency performance quite close to the theoretical limit. Viewed as a directional antenna the external ear is an acoustical wave processor of considerable complexity. Approximately eight normal modes spread over nearly three octaves are required to account for its distinctive characteristics. At the highest frequencies, additional wave factors come into play near the eardrum. Network concepts are well suited to the mechanics of the middle ear but require considerable development to allow for the complex motion of the eardrum which is the dominant factor at high frequencies. Considerable progress has been made with a two-piston model which gives reasonable eardrum impedance and middle ear transmission curves. This model shows that, at high frequencies, it is the internal resistance of the eardrum that absorbs most of the incident sound energy and controls middle ear transmission. A more sophisticated treatment of eardrum motion may soon be within reach.
Active and Passive Changes in the Characteristic Impedance of the Proximal Aorta

It has been shown earlier that volume expansion causes a change in the activity of the aortic smooth muscle (Dujardin et al., 1980a). After increasing the circulating blood volume by 30%, the aortic diameter D at a given pressure P (e.g. 125 kdyne/cm2) was increased by 6.6% while dP/dD was decreased by 14.6%. Using formula (1), which relates the characteristic impedance of the proximal aorta (ZC) to the aortic P-D relationship, a decrease in ZC at a given pressure would be predicted (ρ is the density of the blood).
Renewable Energy Supply

Renewable energy can be defined initially as any energy source that is derived directly or indirectly from solar energy. In the broadest sense, however, almost all of the energy we use today, including fossil fuels, can be considered a form of solar energy. The most familiar forms of energy, such as wood, oil, gas, and coal, are embodied forms of solar energy gathered, stored, and transformed by natural processes.
AIMS AND STRUCTURE OF THE SOCIOCULTURAL ORGANIZATION

ABSTRACT The evolutionary perspective indicates that the sociocultural development is sustained by a dual process: the formation of Institutionalized Thought Structure on the one hand and the creation of organizations on the other. The combined process selects organization areas, stimulates the need for organization, and delimits organizational and development contexts. Depending upon ideologies that he or she is pursuing, the head of state can significantly impact the formation of the Institutionalized Thought and Organization Structures and can either accelerate or impede the progress of sociocultural development. The governing powers are ‘privilaged’ to inject new ideas into the Institutionalized Thought and can focus the sociocultural organization toward major missions such as war or peace and development.
Micropatterned cell sheets as structural building blocks for biomimetic vascular patches.

Abstract To successfully develop a functional tissue-engineered vascular patch, recapitulating the hierarchical structure of vessel is critical to mimic mechanical properties. Here, we use a cell sheet engineering strategy with micropatterning technique to control structural organization of bovine aortic vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) sheets. Actin filament staining and image analysis showed clear cellular alignment of VSMC sheets cultured on patterned substrates. Viability of harvested VSMC sheets was confirmed by Live/Dead® cell viability assay after 24 and 48 h of transfer. VSMC sheets stacked to generate bilayer VSMC patches exhibited strong inter-layer bonding as shown by lap shear test. Uniaxial tensile testing of monolayer VSMC sheets and bilayer VSMC patches displayed nonlinear, anisotropic stress-stretch response similar to the biomechanical characteristic of a native arterial wall. Collagen content and structure were characterized to determine the effects of patterning and stacking on extracellular matrix of VSMC sheets. Using finite-element modeling to simulate uniaxial tensile testing of bilayer VSMC patches, we found the stress-stretch response of bilayer patterned VSMC patches under uniaxial tension to be predicted using an anisotropic hyperelastic constitutive model. Thus, our cell sheet harvesting system combined with biomechanical modeling is a promising approach to generate building blocks for tissue-engineered vascular patches with structure and mechanical behavior mimicking native tissue.
Development and testing of a cell-free predictive model against Clostridium acetobutylicum batch fermentation

Previous work has shown Raman spectroscopy, together with statistical modeling, is effective for real-time data acquisition of consumable sugar (glucose) and accumulating products (butyric acid, acetic acid, and butanol) in Clostridium acetobutylicum cultures. Developed partial-least squares (PLS) models were applied to both agitated and static cultures with the former showing preferred modeling parameter values (R2Y = 0.99 and Q2Y = 0.98). Model outputs were comparable to off-line analyzed data from traditional HPLC for new clostridial experimental data through cross-validation. In this study, a cell-free system is explored in which experimental data from HPLC analyzed data for reaction components is used to simulate an 'artificial' fermentation culture devoid of cell activity or enzymes. Immersion probe data is assumed to not account for cell presence or associated activity in the cultures. Raman spectra of specific reaction components: (i) glucose, (ii) butyric acid, (iii) acetic acid, and (iv) butanol, in specified proportions were acquired for corresponding time points. The acquired spectra, together with known concentrations of reaction components, were used to build new sets of PLS models. Original cell-containing models and new cell-free models were run concurrently on new C. acetobutylicum fermentations. Comparison of model output results, suggest better predictability (e.g. Q2Y of 0.98 > Q2Y of 0.79) and less error (RMSECV of 0.98 < RMSECV of 2.76) in butyric acid concentrations for cell-containing models.
Acoustic scattering by a Willis-coupled fluid cylinder

We present an integral equation based approach to analyze an acoustic scattering from fluid cylinders exhibiting Willis coupling. The Willis-coupled cylinder is characterized by a bulk modulus and mass density as well as a coupling vector. The coupling vector relates the pressure and momentum density to the volume strain and particle velocity simultaneously. We consider integral representations obtained using the free-space Green's function for the exterior fluid medium. The integral equations are evaluated using the T-matrix method. The computation of scattered pressure wave due to an obliquely incident wave on bi-anisotropic fluid cylinder immersed in an external homogeneous fluid will be described. The method will be illustrated giving examples for fluid Willis cylinders.
Filamentation of capacitively coupled plasmas in large magnetic fields

Over the last decade, dusty plasma research has sought to explore the physics of magnetized dusty plasmas. Due to the small charge-to-mass ratio of micron-sized dust grains, magnetic fields of B ≥ 1 T are needed to magnetize these particles. A peculiar phenomenon that occurs in capacitively coupled, glow discharge dusty plasmas at high magnetic fields that are perpendicular to the electrodes is the formation of stationary or mobile filamentary structures that are aligned along the magnetic field. In experiments, these filaments are found to form at a low neutral gas pressure, low applied radio frequency power, and a high magnetic field. This paper reports on new simulations of capacitively coupled plasmas at a high magnetic field for a configuration with a powered metal electrode and a grounded electrode with a dielectric barrier. It is shown that for this configuration, it is possible to form filamentary structures that appear in the electron density, potential, and light emission, which have properties that scale qualitatively with experiments. For these conditions, the dielectric strength of the boundary is most strongly correlated with the formation of the filaments. Implications of these observations and how they could be used to motivate future experiments are discussed.
55 Gbps error free data transmission with 980 nm VCSELs across 100 m of multiple-mode optical fiber

Data transmission at 55 Gbps is achieved across 100 meters of optical fiber with a bit error ratio below 1 E-12 with 980 nm single cavity oxide aperture diameter vertical cavity surface emitting lasers.
Looking Back Without Anger: Reflections On the Boston School Crisis

ly, I knew that the Federal Court had reached the floodtide of judicial activism with its 400-plus orders and close scrutiny of School Committee intransigence in carrying out its orders. A court-created “Department of Implementation” had been established, headed by John Coakley, which carried special responsibilities to oversee the integration process. Robert Dentler and Marvin Scott from Boston University were courtappointed consultants working full time on the Morgan case with seven lawyers formally involved in the proceedings. [Morgan v. James was the class action suit in which Judge Garrity ordered, in 1974, that the Boston Public Schools eliminate the segregated school system with the objective of raising the quality of education. The case was long — over 415 orders were issued — and it involved the state department of education in monitoring compliance. It was also the first time a parent/citizen group was given authority to monitor.] In the end, attorney fees would total millions of dollars, with the Department responsible for those incurred by plaintiff counsel. In addition to Larry Johnson, the counsel representing black parents, other parties besides the School Department with standing in the Morgan case included the State Board of Education, the State Attorney General’s Office, the Boston Teachers Union, the Boston Association of School AdminNew England Journal of Public Policy
Raman imaging of membrane fouling

Abstract Membrane processes are widely used in industrial applications such water purification, food processing and pharmaceutical manufacturing. During their operation, the accumulation of foulants in membrane pores and on membrane surfaces lead to the reduction in flux, membrane lifetime and increase in operational cost, and the understanding of the fouling phenomenon is important for mitigating these problems. In this paper we report the application of Raman chemical imaging as a means of identify and map foulants on a membrane surface. The surface of a Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane was studied by Raman chemical imaging before and after fouling during desalination via membrane distillation. Information about location and concentration of three different salts namely CaSO4, BaSO4 and CaCO3 was studied. The three salts showed different distribution patterns, and their distribution was analyzed by correlation mapping and multivariate curve resolution. It was observed that CaSO4 agglomerated in specific places while the BaSO4 and CaCO3 were more distributed. Raman imaging appears to be a powerful tool for studying membrane foulants and can be effective in identifying the distribution of different species on a membrane surface.
A surprising formula for the spread of Covid-19 under aggressive management

Abstract We propose an algebraic-type formula that describes with high accuracy the total number of detected infections for the Covid-19 pandemic in many countries. Our 2-phase formula can be used as a powerful forecasting tool. It is based on the author’s new theory of momentum management of epidemics; Bessel functions are employed. Its 3 parameters are the initial transmission rate, reflecting the viral fitness and “normal” frequency of contacts in the infected areas, and the intensity of prevention measures at phases 1, 2. Austria, Brazil, Germany, Japan, India, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, and the USA are considered, including the second wave in the latter. The forecasting software is provided as a supplement (any groups of countries).
Helping adult survivors

Whatever the age of their patients, health professionals are likely to encounter child sexual abuse in some form. Even those working solely with adults could still find themselves involved because of the increasing number of adult survivors who now feel able to talk about their experiences. Women about to give birth may talk to their mid wives. Terminally ill people sometimes express a wish to unburden themselves of a weighty secret before they die. People who end up in hospital accident and emergency departments having taken an overdose want to explain why they have felt so despairing and worthless for so long. Stroke patients who find their occupational therapists or physiotherapists kind and helpful seek their advice on how to overcome the problem they have kept to themselves since childhood. The examples are endless. Health professionals, in all their varied occupations, are generally seen as supportive, caring, compassionate and trustworthy. It is hardly surprising that survivors seeking help and understanding should turn to health workers in whom they place so much trust.
Sinonasal Quality of Life Outcomes after Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Surgery with Posterior Septum Free Mucosal Graft Reconstruction.

Objective Quality of life (QoL) outcomes following endoscopic endonasal transphenoidal surgery (EETS) across a variety of reconstructive methods improve by 2 to 6 months. An option for sellar reconstruction, in the absence of a significant intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, is a free mucosal graft (FMG) from the posterior septum. We analyze sinonasal QoL outcomes in patients undergoing EETS with FMG reconstruction. Design This study was a retrospective review. Setting This study was conducted at tertiary care academic center. Participants This study group consisted of patients undergoing EETS for pituitary adenomas from 2013 to 2018. Main Outcome Measures Tumor and surgical factors were included, along with postoperative complications. Patients completed Sinonasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) questionnaires. Pre- and postoperative scores were compared among the entire cohort using linear multilevel regression. A subcohort analysis was performed among patients who completed questionnaires during the preoperative visit and two postoperative visits (within 1 month and between 2 and 3 months, respectively); pre- and postoperative total and individual domain SNOT-22 scores were compared using paired t-tests. Results A total of 243 patients underwent EETS with FMG reconstruction. Four patients (1.6%) developed a postoperative CSF leak requiring reoperation. Among the entire cohort, SNOT-22 scores increased at the first postoperative visit (p Conclusion Posterior septum FMG reconstruction of sellar defects is an effective option, demonstrating early recovery of baseline sinonasal QoL by 2 to 3 months.
Craniofacial and Maxillofacial Surgery

LeFort I osteotomy, mandibular sagittal split osteotomy, and genioplasty for treatment of malocclusion are the stem cases. Additional cases include the repair of orbital hypertelorism in Apert’s syndrome, the anesthetic implications of Goldenhar syndrome, cleft lip and palate, and considerations for the use of oxymetazoline as an adjunct to nasotracheal intubation.
NEAT: A Framework for Automated Exploration of Floating Point Approximations.

Much recent research is devoted to exploring tradeoffs between computational accuracy and energy efficiency at different levels of the system stack. Approximation at the floating point unit (FPU) allows saving energy by simply reducing the number of computed floating point bits in return for accuracy loss. Although, finding the most energy efficient approximation for various applications with minimal effort is the main challenge. To address this issue, we propose NEAT: a pin tool that helps users automatically explore the accuracy-energy tradeoff space induced by various floating point implementations. NEAT helps programmers explore the effects of simultaneously using multiple floating point implementations to achieve the lowest energy consumption for an accuracy constraint or vice versa. NEAT accepts one or more user-defined floating point implementations and programmable placement rules for where/when to apply them. NEAT then automatically replaces floating point operations with different implementations based on the user-specified rules during the runtime and explores the resulting tradeoff space to find the best use of approximate floating point implementations for the precision tuning throughout the program. We evaluate NEAT by enforcing combinations of 24/53 different floating point implementations with three sets of placement rules on a wide range of benchmarks. We find that heuristic precision tuning at the function level provides up to 22% and 48% energy savings at 1% and 10% accuracy loss comparing to applying a single implementation for the whole application. Also, NEAT is applicable to neural networks where it finds the optimal precision level for each layer considering an accuracy target for the model.
A Review on Quantum Computing Approach for Next-Generation Energy Storage Solution

Quantum Computing technology is currently prevailing as a promising candidate for expanding the research horizons in the areas of power engineering and transportation. An across-the-board view of this technology identifies that the intersecting research of interest which covers both areas is the identification of innovative energy storage technologies. Quantum Computers (QC) provide the capability to develop an innovative energy storage system, but its operating principles encompass the domains of Quantum Physics (QP) and Quantum Mechanics (QM) and thus limit the understanding of its underlying functionality. The applicable storage system under research using QC, termed Quantum Battery (QB) is considered to be a theoretical construct, which means that it is not directly observable. This paper attempts to piece together the QM and its applications in a QC, directed towards the identification of an innovative QB, by providing a review of the existing researches. Also, the explanations of various postulates and their corresponding formulations leading to the QM framework behind a QB is presented. This is followed by a review of the underlying operation of a QC and its application in performing battery research. A summary of the existing QB researches is also presented which are categorized into particle- and chemistry-driven (quantum) battery researches.
Can Compensation Policies and Director Independence Alleviate Agency Conflicts Associated with Shareholder Demands for Dividends

The Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (JGTRRA) of 2003 reduced individual tax rates on dividends and created demand from individual shareholders for higher dividends (Blouin et al. 2004). We argue that the manner in which managers are compensated and the extent to which the board of directors is independent of management are important determinants of whether and how managers respond to higher dividend demands of shareholders. Our study examines changes in management compensation schemes following the passage of JGTRRA and changes in dividend policy. We find that greater board independence appears to mitigate managerial incentives to not increase dividends. Additionally, firms appear to implicitly dividend-protect CEO options through increased cash compensation to reimburse CEOs for decreases in option value resulting from higher dividends. Finally, we find that firms not increasing dividends soon after the passage of JGTRRA decreased option grants later to induce higher future dividend payouts.
The inter-rater reliability of pediatric point-of-care lung ultrasound interpretation in children with acute respiratory failure

Objectives Use of point-of-care lung ultrasound (POC-LUS) has increased significantly in pediatrics yet it remains under-studied in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). No studies explicitly evaluate the reliability of POC-LUS artifact interpretation among critically ill children with acute respiratory failure (ARF) in the PICU. We thus designed this study to determine the inter-rater reliability of POC-LUS interpretation in pediatric ARF among pediatric intensivists trained in POC-LUS and an expert intensivist. Methods We compared the interpretation of lung sliding, pleural line characteristics, ultrasound artifacts, and POC-LUS diagnoses among pediatric intensivists and an expert intensivist in a cohort of children admitted to the PICU for ARF. Kappa statistics (k) adjusted for maximum attainable agreement (k/kmax ) were used to quantify chance-correct agreement between the pediatric intensivist and expert physician. Results We enrolled 88 patients, evaluating 3 zones per hemithorax (anterior, lateral, and posterior) for lung sliding, pleural line characteristics, ultrasound artifacts, and diagnosis. There was moderate agreement between the PICU intensivist and expert-derived diagnoses with 56% observed agreement (k/kmax = 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31-0.65). Agreement in identification of lung sliding (k = 0.19, 95% CI -0.17 to 0.56) and pleural line characteristics (k = 0.24, 95% CI 0.08-0.40) was slight and fair, respectively, while agreement in the interpretation of ultrasound artifacts ranged from moderate to substantial. Conclusions Evidence supporting the evaluation of neonatal and adult patients with POC-LUS should not be extrapolated to critically ill pediatric patients. This study adds to the evidence supporting use of POC-LUS in the PICU by demonstrating moderate agreement between PICU intensivist and expert-derived POC-LUS diagnoses.
Factors predicting outcomes of patients with high-risk squamous cell carcinoma treated with Mohs micrographic surgery.

Background There is limited literature on the long-term outcomes and prognostic factors of high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (hrSCC) treated with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). Objective To determine the rates of local recurrence, metastatic disease, and disease-specific death in hrSCCs treated with MMS and patient or tumor factors associated with poor outcomes. Methods Single-institution, retrospective cohort analysis of hrSCC treated with MMS alone and MMS with adjuvant therapy. Results A total of 882 cases of hrSCC treated with MMS were identified, of which 842 were treated with MMS alone, with a median follow-up time of 2.4 years. The rate of local recurrence was 2.5%, of metastatic disease was 1.9%, and of disease-specific death was 0.57%. Perineural invasion, poor differentiation, and immunosuppression were significantly associated with poor outcomes. In propensity score–matched case patients treated with adjuvant therapy and control patients treated with Mohs alone, there was no significant difference in progression-free survival, but matching was imperfect. Limitations Single-institution, retrospective review. Conclusions MMS remains an effective treatment for hrSCC. Current SCC staging systems may be limited by inconsistent inclusion of poor differentiation. Immunosuppression, especially transplant, should be considered a high-risk clinical feature. Further study is needed on the effect of adjuvant treatment.
The Effects of Blood Glucose Levels on Cognitive Performance: A Review of the Literature

The purpose of this review paper is to discuss the research literature on the effects of blood glucose levels on executive and non-executive functions in humans. The review begins with a brief description of blood glucose, how it has been studied, previous syntheses of prior studies, and basic results regarding the role of blood glucose on cognitive functioning. The following sections describe work that investigated the effect of blood glucose on both non-executive and executive functions (e.g., sensory processing, psychomotor functioning, attention, vigilance, memory, language and communication, judgement and decision-making, and complex task performance). Within each section, summaries of the findings and challenges to the literature are included. Measurement conversions of blood glucose levels, blood glucose values, and associated symptoms are depicted. References to the types of tests used to investigate blood glucose and cognitive performance are provided. For more detailed descriptions of references within (and in addition to) this paper, an annotated bibliography is also provided. Several moderator variables including individual differences and contextual variables related to the effects of blood glucose levels on performance (e.g., age, gender, time of day, familiarity with the task and symptom awareness, expectancy effects, dose dependent effects, time dependent effects, task specific effects, rising and falling blood glucose levels, and speed and/or accuracy trade-offs) are addressed later in the paper. Some suggestions for future experimental methodologies are also made.
Infrared Emission from Hii Regions

Most Hii regions emit large amounts of energy at infrared wavelengths. Dust grains absorb a major fraction of the total energy emitted by the O stars, and this is reradiated in the infrared. The dense H ii condensations seen by aperture synthesis radio observations are strong 20-μm infrared sources. The dust is probably mixed with the ionized gas in these sources. There are also infrared sources that are not radio sources; these may be protostars. Infrared emission has also been found from many OH/H2O maser sources associated with H ii regions.
Genetic Engineering of Carbon and Energy Metabolism

Most previous research on genetic improvement of metabolic activities in industrial organisms has focused on improvement or modification or biosynthesis pathways. This strategy is reasonable because enhancement of key steps and alteration of feedback controls can increase the intracellular allocation of required intermediates and cofactors into production of the desired compound. Ultimately, however, any such manipulation is limited by the upstream kinetic and regulatory network which controls the concentration and the fluxes to biosynthetic intermediates, ATP, and redox cofactors. Although manipulation and improvement of the central pathways of carbon and energy metabolism is complicated by the extensive regulation which pervades these networks and by their interconnection with all other cellular activities, genetic restructuring of carbon and energy metabolism is an important arena for future research. Efforts in this area complement synthesis pathway engineering activities. Furthermore, successful improvements in carbon and energy metabolism may be beneficial over a broad spectrum of organisms and products.
Vitamin D: It's not just for bones anymore

It has become apparent that large segments of the population have vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. This is of concern because vitamin D has biologic actions that influe nce immunity, inflammation, and oncogenesis in more than 30 tissues types with vitamin D receptors. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with numerous disorders, including diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and several typ es of cancer. Sufficient circulating levels of vitamin D are c ritical not only for healthy bones, but for many aspects of human health. The maintenance of adequate body stores of vitamin D depends on exposure to sunlight and dietary intake. Cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D and safe levels of dietary supplementation are discussed.
Spring Migratory Pathways and Migration Chronology of Canada Geese ( Branta canadensis interior ) Wintering at the Santee National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina

We assessed the migratory pathways, migration chronology, and breeding ground affiliation of Canada Geese ( Branta canadensis interior ) that winter in and adjacent to the Santee National Wildlife Refuge in Summerton, South Carolina, United States. Satellite transmitters were fitted to eight Canada Geese at Santee National Wildlife Refuge during the winter of 2009–2010. Canada Geese departed Santee National Wildlife Refuge between 5 and 7 March 2010. Six Canada Geese followed a route that included stopovers in northeastern North Carolina and western New York, with three of those birds completing spring migration to breeding grounds associated with the Atlantic Population (AP). The mean distance between stopover sites along this route was 417 km, the mean total migration distance was 2838 km, and the Canada Geese arrived on AP breeding grounds on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay between 20 and 24 May 2010. Two Canada Geese followed a different route from that described above, with stopovers in northeastern Ohio, prior to arriving on the breeding grounds on 9 June 2010. Mean distance between stopover sites was 402 and 365 km for these two birds, and total migration distance was 4020 and 3650 km. These data represent the first efforts to track migratory Canada Geese from the southernmost extent of their current wintering range in the Atlantic Flyway. We did not track any Canada Geese to breeding grounds associated with the Southern James Bay Population. Caution should be used in the interpretation of this finding, however, because of the small sample size. We demonstrated that migratory Canada Geese wintering in South Carolina use at least two migratory pathways and that an affiliation with the Atlantic Population breeding ground exists.
Proteomics in Genomeland

Proteomics--the large-scale analysis of a cell9s proteins--will come to supplant genomics as the focus of biological research, according to Fields in a lively Future Directions9 article. New technologies combined with traditional molecular strategies are revealing what proteins do, what they interact with, and what modifications they carry. Looking to the future, even better technologies and closer collaborations between scientific disciplines will be needed to mine, analyze, and compare proteomics data.
Nonstandard models, solar neutrinos, and large θ 13

Solar neutrino experiments have yet to see directly the transition region between matter-enhanced and vacuum oscillations. The transition region is particularly sensitive to models of nonstandard neutrino interactions and propagation. We examine several such nonstandard models, which predict a lower-energy transition region and a flatter survival probability for the $^{8}\mathrm{B}$ solar neutrinos than the standard large-mixing angle (LMA) model. We find that while some of the nonstandard models provide a better fit to the solar neutrino data set, the large measured value of ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}$ and the size of the experimental uncertainties lead to a low statistical significance for these fits. We have also examined whether simple changes to the solar density profile can lead to a flatter $^{8}\mathrm{B}$ survival probability than the LMA prediction, but find that this is not the case for reasonable changes. We conclude that the data in this critical region are still too poor to determine whether any of these models, or the LMA model, is the best description of the data.
Working together, nurses can make a difference in resuscitation outcomes: An update on the American Heart Association's 2010 guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care

The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) was formed in 1992 to provide a forum for resuscitation organizations worldwide. According to its mission, ILCOR provides a mechanism by which international science and knowledge that are relevant to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiovascular care (ECC) can be identified, reviewed, and evaluated. Every 5 years, based on a rigorous review of the published, peer-reviewed science, ILCOR develops a consensus on resuscitation science and carries that forward into internationally agreed-on treatment recommendations. As part of the 2010 evidence-evaluation process, ILCOR published an updated consensus on science and treatment recommendations (CoSTR). Based on the CoSTR, the American Heart Association (AHA) developed and disseminated guidelines for ECC and CPR. Nursing has unique responsibilities in the chain of survival. This article reviews the major elements of AHA's 2010 guidelines and discusses the critical role that nurses play in the development, dissemination, and implementation of resuscitation science. By making the connection in resuscitation science, nurses can help to save more lives.
Urban Political Ecology: Environmental Imaginary, Governance, and the Non-Human

Urban political ecology (UPE) has established a firm foothold as urban environments have become increasingly relevant for both academics and for the broader environmental movement. Over the last decade, UPE has established a position that took as its starting point the tightly interwoven status of “socionature”, coupling a critical stance on urban environments through a theorization of society in which the “urban” is a distinct historical expression of capitalism. More recently, some in UPE have voiced the concern that this approach places too heavy an emphasis on structural capitalist forces and have begun to reexamine and push further UPE's engagement with post-structuralism and post-humanism. This paper explores three such moves: the first is a resurgence in interest in environmental imaginaries; the second is a closer engagement with the extensive literature on urban governance; the last is a new form of engagement with post-humanism, specifically the theoretical implications of including non-human agency into accounts of urban political ecologies.
Fast identification of parameters in optical systems

This paper presents a scheme for fast identification of parameters in systems that yield large-order measurement vectors. The method can be applied to real-time identification and control. In the paper, the scheme is applied to identification and control of an optical model of a space antenna. Both the mathematical models and numerical results are presented.
Fast direct implementation of block adaptive FIR filtering

The authors describe a direct, fast, and efficient method of implementing time-domain block LMS (least mean squares) adaptive FIR (finite impulse response) filtering using radix-2 decomposition of the input data but no transforms. The same method can be applied to the implementation of time-domain block LMS adaptive FIR filters where the weight vector is updated in the transform domain and of frequency-domain block LMS adaptive FIR filters. The method is well suited to implementation on DSP (digital signal processing) architectures based on multiply-accumulate. Computational complexity comparisons show that the block length and number of weights can be traded for reduction in computational complexity and that the method is the most efficient for block lengths less than about 16, for a typical filter length. >
A Computational Fracture Mechanics Approach for the Analysis of Facesheet-from-Core Disbond of Honeycomb Core Sandwich Panels

The modified crack closure method is combined with finite element analysis to study the damage mode of facesheet-from-core disbond of honeycomb core sandwich structure. Explicit panel models containing an initial disbond region are analyzed to better understand this type of failure. Calculation of energy release rates is used to determine loading conditions that will cause disbond propagation. The edge peel-off case is used as an example, and parameter studies are performed to determine the importance of key properties with regard to damage tolerance of the panels.
Metastasectomy for sarcomatous pediatric histologies: Results and prognostic factors

We reviewed our experience of pediatric metastasectomy to define (1) morbidity/mortality in this population and (2) any preoperative or intraoperative prognostic predictors of survival. One hundred fifty-two patients with median age 19 years (range, 5 to 33 years) had 258 thoracic explorations (Ewing's sarcoma, 28; rhabdomyosarcoma, 6; nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma, 42; and osteosarcoma, 76). Resections were accomplished by 218 wedge resections, 19 anatomic resections, 14 wedge and anatomic resections, 4 wedge and chest wall resections, and 3 wedge resections/other procedures. An initial complete resection was accomplished in 121/152 patients (80%). With a median potential follow-up of 10.6 years, median survival from initial thoracotomy is 2.2 years. By the Cox proportional hazards model, three or more positive nodules ( p = 0.021), histology other than osteosarcoma ( p = 0.0054), and incomplete resection ( p p = 0.0049), left location ( p = 0.0031), age 14 years or greater at diagnosis ( p = 0.0052), or rhabdomyosarcoma ( p = 0.0066) predicted shorter pulmonary progression—free survivals after resection. Nonrhabdomyosarcoma pediatric metastasectomy can yield selected long-term survival. Morbidity/mortality is low, and a complete resection, if possible, is paramount. Prognostic factors can be defined that can be used to define the limits of this therapy to the patient and family.
The diffusion coefficient for PGK folding in eukaryotic cells.

We compare the folding kinetics of a fluorescent phosphoglycerate kinase construct in 30 mammalian cells with that in aqueous buffer. In both environments, the kinetics can be fitted to the functional form exp[−(t/τ)β]. A histogram of τ shows that the average folding relaxation time in cells is only twice as long as in aqueous buffer. Consideration of the folding free energy and of β reveals that only some of the variation in τ arises from perturbation of the protein's energy landscape. Thus, the diffusion that controls barrier crossing during protein folding is nearly as fast in cells as in vitro, even though translational diffusion of phosphoglycerate kinase in the cell is slow compared to in vitro.
Thrombolytic Therapy of Acute Stroke

Case 1 . A 65-year-old right-handed man with no history of heart disease presented to the emergency department with right-sided weakness and an inability to speak. His wife last saw him well 1 hour before his arrival. His ECG showed atrial fibrillation with a ventricular response of 100 bpm; his blood pressure was 175/88 mm Hg. He was alert, but he did not produce or comprehend speech. He did not blink to a threat presented in the right visual field. There was weakness of the right lower face and of the right arm and leg (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, 15 of a possible 42). A noncontrast cranial computed tomography (CT) image showed no hemorrhage and no signs of early ischemia. Case 2 . A 39-year-old woman in good general health was found mumbling incoherently with left-sided weakness. She had been well minutes before. She was brought to a local hospital where she was noted to neglect her left personal space and to have left homonymous hemianopsia, rightward eye deviation, left lower facial weakness, and left arm and leg weakness (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, 17). A head CT showed no evidence of hemorrhage or early ischemia, and she was given intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) before transfer to a comprehensive stroke center for consideration of intra-arterial therapy. On arrival at the receiving facility shortly after completion of the tPA infusion, her examination had not improved. A noncontrast head CT showed some loss of gray-white differentiation in the right parietal lobe (Figure 1A) and posterior insular cortex, and a CT angiogram showed abrupt cutoff of the right middle cerebral artery stem (Figure 1B). A conventional angiogram confirmed the right middle cerebral artery stem occlusion (Figure 1C). Figure 1. A, Noncontrast head computed tomography (CT) on …
A DNA-templated fluorescent silver nanocluster with enhanced stability

We report the discovery of a DNA sequence that templates a highly stable fluorescent silver nanocluster. In contrast to other DNA templated silver nanoclusters that have a relatively short shelf-life, the fluorescent species templated in this new DNA sequence retains significant fluorescence for at least a year. Moreover, this new silver nanocluster possesses low cellular toxicity and enhanced thermal, oxidative, and chemical stability.
Baker's cyst imaging.

A 44-year-old female with HIV, type II diabetes and diabetic neuropathy presented to the emergency department with 2 days of left lower extremity pain and swelling. She denied chest pain, shortness of breath, trauma to the lower extremities and any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Physical exam revealed pain over the anteromedial thigh, popliteal fossa and posterior calf. The pain was exacerbated by flexion and extension of the knee and ankle. An ultrasound of the left lower extremity (Fig. 1) did not show a DVT, but anechoic fluid tracked along the anteromedial calf between the gastrocnemius and semimembranous muscles. A subsequent computed tomography image (Fig. 2) demonstrated a loculated cyst at the distal point of insertion of the semimembranous muscle and fluid tracking distally around the gastrocnemeus and lateral to the soleus muscle down to the ankle. A calcified body could be seen in the area of loculation, suggesting arthritic changes of the knee joint. Radiology determined this finding to be a probable ruptured Baker’s cyst. Fig. 1 Ultrasound calf: Anechoic fluid is seen distal to the gastrocnemius muscle and along the soleus muscle. The hypoechoic nature of the fluid makes this being blood unlikely Fig. 2 CT scan of leg: A loculated cyst, identified as a Baker’s cyst, can be seen medial to the knee and superior to the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Medial to the loculated cysts is a calcified body, which is a common finding of arthritic changes ... Baker’s cysts are caused by fluid distention of the gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa and result in a painful synovial-lined fluid sac outside the knee joint. The most common underlying conditions are osteoarthritis (Fig. 3) and Charcot joint. The differential diagnosis includes DVT, tumor, hematoma and cellulitis [1]. Baker’s cysts may be confirmed by ultrasound, CT and MRI. Incidental findings of an asymptomatic Baker’s cyst do not require treatment and will resolve on their own. Painful cysts can be treated with intraauricular injections and needle aspiration. Fig. 3 X-ray of the knee: Narrowing of the joint space and degenerative changes consistent with advanced osteoarthritis
The tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes in the adult dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis

Abstract 1. 1. The specific activities and intracellular locations of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes; citrate synthase, aconitase, iso citrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase, malate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase were determined in the adult dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis . Coenzyme specificities were determined when applicable. 2. 2. Although all of the enzymes of this cycle were demonstrated, low levels of aconitase and iso citrate dehydrogenase plus the apparent absence of malate dehydrogenase activity in the forward direction suggest that the complete cycle may be of questionable importance in D. immitis .
Phenotype flexibility in wild fish: Dolly Varden regulate assimilative capacity to capitalize on annual pulsed subsidies

1. Large digestive organs increase rates of energy gain when food is plentiful but are costly to maintain and increase rates of energy loss when food is scarce. The physiological adaptations to this trade-off differ depending on the scale and predictability of variation in food abundance. 2. Currently, there is little understanding of how animals balance trade-offs between the cost and capacity of the digestive system in response to resource pulses: rare, ephemeral periods of resource superabundance. We investigated the physiological and behavioural tactics of the fish Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) that rear in watersheds with low in situ productivity, but experience annual resource pulses from the spawning migrations of Pacific salmon. The eggs of Pacific salmon provide high-energy food for Dolly Varden. 3. Dolly Varden sampled 6 weeks prior to the resource pulse exhibited atrophy of the stomach, pyloric caeca, intestine and liver. Throughout the portion of the growing season prior to the resource pulse, fish exhibited empty stomachs, low indices of energy condition and muscle isotope signatures reflecting the previous resource pulse. 4. During the resource pulse, Dolly Varden exhibited large digestive machinery, gorged on salmon eggs and rapidly stored energy in fat reserves, somatic growth and gonad development. Dolly Varden appeared to achieve nearly their entire annual energy surplus during the ∼ 5-week period when sockeye salmon spawn. 5. Digestive flexibility provides Dolly Varden the energy efficiency required to survive and reproduce when resource abundance is concentrated into an annual pulse that is predictable, yet highly ephemeral. Although fish are known to incur extremely variable energy budgets, our study is one of the first to document digestive flexibility in wild fish. Our study emphasizes that fish can rely heavily on rare, high-magnitude foraging opportunities. Human actions that attenuate spikes in food abundance may have stronger than anticipated effects on consumer energy budgets.
Vocal communication between male Xenopus laevis

This study focuses on the role of male-male vocal communication in the reproductive repertoire of the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Six male and two female call types were recorded from native ponds in the environs of Cape Town, South Africa. These include all call types previously recorded in the laboratory as well as one previously unidentified male call: chirping. The amount of calling and the number of call types increased as the breeding season progressed. Laboratory recordings indicated that all six male call types were directed to males; three of these were directed to both sexes and three were directed exclusively to males. Both female call types were directed exclusively to males. The predominant call type, in both field and laboratory recordings, was the male advertisement call. Sexual state affected male vocal behaviour. Male pairs in which at least one male was sexually active (gonadotropin injected) produced all call types, whereas pairs of uninjected males rarely called. Some call types were strongly associated with a specific behaviour and others were not. Clasped males always growled and clasping males typically produced amplectant calls or chirps; males not engaged in clasping most frequently advertised. The amount of advertising produced by one male was profoundly affected by the presence of another male. Pairing two sexually active males resulted in suppression of advertisement calling in one; suppression was released when males were isolated after pairing. Vocal dominance was achieved even in the absence of physical contact (clasping). We suggest that X. laevis males gain a reproductive advantage by competing for advertisement privileges and by vocally suppressing neighbouring males.