cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Familial X-Linked Acrogigantism: Postnatal Outcomes and Tumor Pathology in a Prenatally Diagnosed Infant and His Mother.

Context X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG), a condition of infant-onset acrogigantism marked by elevated GH, IGF-1, and prolactin (PRL), is extremely rare. Thirty-three cases, including three kindreds, have been reported. These patients have pituitary adenomas that are thought to be mixed lactotrophs and somatotrophs. Case description The patient's mother, diagnosed with acrogigantism at 21 months, underwent pituitary tumor excision at 24 months. For more than 30 years, stable PRL, GH, and IGF-1 concentrations and serial imaging studies indicated no tumor recurrence. During preconception planning, X-LAG was diagnosed: single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray showed chromosome Xq26.3 microduplication. After conception, single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray on a chorionic villus sample showed the same microduplication in the fetus, confirming familial X-LAG. The infant grew rapidly with rising PRL, GH, and IGF-1 concentrations and an enlarging suprasellar pituitary mass, despite treatment with bromocriptine. At 15 months, he underwent tumor resection. The pituitary adenoma resembled the mother's pituitary adenoma, with tumor cells arranged in trabeculae and glandular structures. In both cases, many tumor cells expressed PRL, GH, and pituitary-specific transcription factor-1. Furthermore, the tumor expressed other lineage-specific transcription factors, as well as SOX2 and octamer-binding transcription factor 4, demonstrating the multipotentiality of X-LAG tumors. Both showed an elevated Ki-67 proliferation index, 5.6% in the mother and 8.5% in the infant, the highest reported in X-LAG. Conclusions This is a prenatally diagnosed case of X-LAG. Clinical follow-up and biochemical evaluation have provided insight into the natural history of this disease. Expression of stem cell markers and several cell lineage-specific transcription factors suggests that these tumors are multipotential.
“They Think It Is Funny to Call Us Nazis”: Holocaust Education and Multicultural Education in a Diverse Germany

The process of German reunification has brought about a subsequent reexamination of identity and memory. This, in turn, has also meant confronting the reality of multiculturalism in contemporary Germany. As the schools attempt to navigate these multicultural realities, engagement with the Holocaust may well present unexpected challenges. Using interviews with teachers and an analysis of textbooks, this chapter examines, in one German state, the conflicts and compromises presented by the demands to have both robust Holocaust education and multicultural education, while at the same time contributing to students’ development of a German identity.
Are state telemedicine parity laws associated with greater use of telemedicine in the emergency department

Background Telemedicine is a valuable tool to improve access to specialty care in emergency departments (EDs), and states have passed telemedicine parity laws requiring insurers to reimburse for telemedicine visits. Our objective was to determine if there is an association between such laws and the use of telemedicine in an ED. Methods As part of the 2016 and 2017 National ED Inventory-USA surveys, directors of all 5404 EDs in the United States were surveyed on the use of telemedicine. States were divided into those with any form of telemedicine parity law and those without (as of January 2016). We investigated the association between a telemedicine parity law and the use of telemedicine controlling for ED characteristics; state was included as a random intercept. Results In 2016, among the 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC), 21 (41%) had a telemedicine parity law, whereas 30 (59%) did not. Among the 4418 ED respondents to the telemedicine question (82% response rate), 2352 (53%) received telemedicine. The proportion of EDs receiving telemedicine varied widely across the states and DC, ranging from 13% in DC to 89% in Maine. Neither the presence nor duration of state telemedicine parity laws were independently associated with ED receipt of telemedicine in 2016 nor the adoption of telemedicine from 2016 to 2017. Conclusion Telemedicine parity laws were not associated with use of telemedicine in the ED. These results suggest that other factors are driving the wide variation in ED use of telemedicine across states.
Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway Regulates Osteogenesis for Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis: Experiments in an In Vitro Nanoclay Scaffold Cancer Testbed.

Breast cancer shows a high affinity toward bone, causing bone-related complications, leading to a poor clinical prognosis. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been well-documented for the bone ...
Circumdural extension of perineural spread leading to bilateral disease in neurolymphomatosis

Patients with neurolymphomatosis (NL) often present with one primarily symptomatic limb but can be found to have bilateral upper or bilateral lower limb disease during workup. We sought to explain the finding of bilateral disease and understand if there was a connection to the initial, symptomatic side of disease. We reviewed imaging studies of patients with bilateral upper or bilateral lower limb disease from a previously published cohort from our institution, as well as more recent patients seen at our institution. We reviewed demographics (sex and age), clinical data (primary or secondary disease and biopsy-proven diagnosis), and imaging findings (primary involved nerve, contralateral nerve(s) affected, and location of circumdural extension). We identified 8 cases with evidence of bilateral disease out of 22 cases of tumefactive NL. All eight cases were found to have circumdural extension of disease to the corresponding contralateral nerve. We describe the pathomechanism of spread in our cases of bilateral upper or bilateral lower limb disease, where NL spreads along a dominant nerve toward the spinal canal and moves circumdurally to affect the corresponding contralateral nerve. We believe this information is useful to further understand the spread of NL, as well as offering important diagnostic and prognostic information for patients.
Use of ATS/IDSA severe pneumonia minor criteria to improve emergency department patient disposition: effect on 30-day mortality and resource utilization

Introduction: The ATS/IDSA severe community acquired pneumonia minor criteria (sCAP) predict mortality and need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. (AJRCCM 2019 200:7 e45) Though recommended in guidelines, use of sCAP to guide emergency department (ED) physicians with disposition has not been studied. Objectives: Evaluate whether sCAP-based guidance within electronic clinical decision support (ePNa) improves 30-day mortality and decreases inappropriate disposition (≥3 criteria admitted to general ward or Methods: Secondary analysis of 2864 patients admitted to 4 urban hospitals in Utah, USA from 2009-2015 identified by ICD-9 codes for pneumonia with imaging confirmation. Those needing vasopressors or mechanical ventilation on admission were excluded. sCAP guided disposition became available in 2011. Mortality and disposition were adjusted for risk by logistic regression; length of stay (LOS) and cost by linear regression. Results: 30-day mortality was 64/684 (9.3%) vs 205/2180 (9.4%) after sCAP; inappropriate disposition to ICU was 39/684 (5.7%) vs 184/2180 (8.4%). Inappropriate disposition to hospital ward did not change 30/685 (4.4%) vs 95/2180 (4.4%). Adjusted change in composite endpoint was not significant (p=0.136). ePNa use was associated with lower total cost (p=0.015) and shorter LOS (p=0.008). Conclusions: In 4 Utah hospitals, sCAP score within ePNa was not associated with improved 30-day mortality and disposition, and inappropriate disposition to the ICU slightly increased. ePNa use may contribute to decreased cost and shorter LOS.
An exploratory study on the association of lifestyle factors with serum etonogestrel concentrations among contraceptive implant users.

To explore how diet and exercise habits associate with serum etonogestrel concentrations among contraceptive implant users.We conducted a secondary analysis of healthy, reproductive-age women using...
Glucocorticoid and opioid use in rheumatoid arthritis management.

Purpose of review Glucocorticoids and opioids are longstanding, common treatments for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) symptoms. High-quality clinical trials have established that glucocorticoids improve outcomes in RA, but debate continues as to whether their benefits outweigh their risks. We reviewed recent studies on patterns of glucocorticoid and opioid prescribing in RA, and associated harms. Recent findings At present, a large proportion of RA patients remain on glucocorticoids and/or opioids long-term. Likelihood and risk of both glucocorticoid and opioid exposure vary across the population, and are influenced by provider factors. Opioids are also associated with delays in disease-modifying treatment initiation. Recent evidence increasingly demonstrates toxicity associated with even low-dose glucocorticoids (≤7.5 mg/day). Up to two-thirds of RA patients may be able to discontinue chronic low-dose glucocorticoids without flare or adrenal insufficiency. These new data have led to changes in clinical practice guidelines for glucocorticoid use in RA. Summary Although low-dose and short-term glucocorticoid use is extremely common and effective in RA management, increasing evidence of toxicity has led experts to begin recommending that such exposure be minimized. Despite a lack of data to suggest opioids improve RA disease activity, they are used commonly, continued long-term, and associated with delayed effective therapy.
Culturally-Relevant Obesity Interventions: African American Children and Adolescents

A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of culturally-relevant interventions targeting childhood obesity in African American children and adolescents. A scoping review of the literature resulted in 58 studies for qualitative analyses. This chapter focuses on 39 of those studies which were analyzed quantitatively, as they contained empirical data on outcomes of interest. Approximately 59% of the studies focused solely on African American youth. Most studies were developed with at least one established theoretical model and had two or more intervention components which focused on nutrition, increasing physical activity, adopting healthy lifestyles, or improving self-efficacy to adopt healthy behaviors. Primary outcome was intervention efficacy as measured by body mass index (BMI). Findings suggest limited efficacy of reduction in obesity (i.e., BMI) among the interventions reviewed. Factors associated with statistically significant decreases in BMI post-intervention include the use of multiple theoretical models and targeting a co-ed population rather than female only. The review reinforces results from previous reports that noted a limited number of overall intervention studies; limited interventions for younger (under age 6 years) and older (adolescent) populations relative to middle-school age youth; low-quality study designs; limited documentation of cultural tailoring/adaptation; and inconsistent reporting of demographic characteristics and subgroup analysis. To address these gaps, the authors recommend identifying key constructs and documenting methods used to culturally-tailor interventions; reporting demographic data for study participants; and designing studies with longer follow-up time to allow for robust evaluations of the impact of the interventions—all of which may lead to the development of effective interventions targeting African American youth.
Battery asset management with cycle life prognosis

Abstract Battery Asset Management problem determines the minimum cost replacement schedules for each individual asset in a group of battery assets that operate in parallel. Battery cycle life varies under different operating conditions including temperature, depth of discharge (DOD), charge rate, etc., and a battery deteriorates due to usage, which cannot be handled by current asset management models. This paper presents a new battery asset management methodology where battery cycle life prognosis is integrated with parallel asset management to reduce lifecycle cost of the Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). For the battery failure time prognosis, a nonlinear physics-based battery capacity fade model is developed and incorporated in parallel asset management model to update battery capacity over time. Experiment results have shown that the developed battery asset management methodology can be conveniently used to facilitate BESS asset management decision making thereby decreasing asset lifecycle costs.
Adjuvant radiation in stage 1 endometrioid endometrial cancer (EC), a National Cancer Database (NCDB) study of clinical decision making in practice

Objectives: To compare the relative importance of prognostic factors, and their interactions with lymph node dissection (LND), on receipt of post-operative adjuvant radiation (RT) in patients with stage 1 EC. Methods: We queried the National Cancer Database for all EC patients with pathologic stage 1 EC who had total hysterectomy from 2012-16. Patients who received preoperative RT or any chemotherapy were excluded. Logistic regression of grade, myometrial invasion (MI), age, lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) and LND including interaction terms of each of the prognostic factors with LND was conducted to model receipt of RT. We ranked the regression coefficients of individual prognostic factors (bfactor), and interactions with any LND (bfactorxLND) to compare the magnitude of associations with RT. Relative contribution of the interaction terms (% change=bfactorxLND/bfactor x 100%) were also compared. Findings were accepted as significant at p Results: 53,265 patients comprised the study population. The majority of patients were years old (59%), had 50% MI is independently associated with the highest probability of receiving RT, followed by poorly differentiated tumor, LVSI, moderately differentiated tumor and age 60 or greater, in that order. Although LND is independently associated with increased RT, documentation of uninvolved nodes reduces the magnitude if the association of RT with age >60, LVSI, grade 2 and >50% MI. LND was not found to modify the association of grade 3 disease with RT (Table 1). Conclusions: The positive association between any LND and increased receipt of postoperative RT has previously been reported by other investigators. Our findings suggest this finding may be due to confounding, since the interaction terms of LND with nearly all individual prognostic factors are negative, indicating that documentation of negative nodes decreases the frequency of RT associated with nearly all high risk prognostic factors. The range of bfactor's, suggests that, in practice, there is a hierarchy of concern for recurrence associated with the individual prognostic factors. Future investigations that more precisely identify the independent risk for recurrence associated with each factor, as well as confounders associated with both LND and RT, may help refine the decision making process.
NASA Astrophysics Technology Needs

July 2010, NASA Office of Chief Technologist (OCT) initiated an activity to create and maintain a NASA integrated roadmap for 15 key technology areas which recommend an overall technology investment strategy and prioritize NASA?s technology programs to meet NASA?s strategic goals. Science Instruments, Observatories and Sensor Systems(SIOSS) roadmap addresses technology needs to achieve NASA?s highest priority objectives -- not only for the Science Mission Directorate (SMD), but for all of NASA.
Überblick über die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Festelektrolyten

Applications of solid state electrolytes – a survey. Ionic conduction in solids has numerous potential applications in the fields of instrumentation, energy storage, energy conversion, and production of chemicals. The present state of development of the various processes and devices ranges from industrial maturity via application tests and R & D work to projects in the concept stage. The state of the art is briefly reviewed.
Sulfate-binding protein dislikes protonated oxyacids. A molecular explanation.

Abstract We have determined the effect of pH on the binding affinities of the conjugate bases of four different tetrahedral oxyacids to the sulfate-binding protein. The equilibrium dissociation constants of the binding of sulfate ( K d = 0.12 μm ) and selenate ( K d = 5 μm ) were found to be pH independent over the range pH 5 to pH 8.1, whereas chromate binding exhibited a pH dependence that is approximately attributable ot the p K 2 of the chromic acid. Phosphate was bound with an affinity five orders of magnitude weaker than that of sulfate. In light of the highly refined 2 A structure of the complex of the sulfate-binding protein with sulfate, and considering the protonation state and net charge of the various oxyacids, we conclude that the pH dependence of chromate binding and the extremely low affinity of phosphate are attributable mainly to a lack of hydrogen bond acceptors in the binding site. These studies demonstrate that the sulfate-binding site is stringently designed to bind tightly tetrahedral, fully ionized, oxyacid dianions. The presence of a donatable proton on the ligand reduces binding energy by approximately 7 kcal/mol.
Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the association of income and happiness. The basic data consist of statements by individuals on their subjective happiness, as reported in thirty surveys from 1946 through 1970, covering nineteen countries, including eleven in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Within countries, there is a noticeable positive association between income and happiness—in every single survey, those in the highest status group were happier, on the average, than those in the lowest status group. However, whether any such positive association exists among countries at a given time is uncertain. Certainly, the happiness differences between rich and poor countries that one might expect on the basis of the within-country differences by economic status are not borne out by the international data. Similarly, in the one national time series studied, for the United States since 1946, higher income was not systematically accompanied by greater happiness. As for why national comparisons among countries and over time show an association between income and happiness that is so much weaker than, if not inconsistent with, that shown by within-country comparisons, a Duesenberry-type model, involving relative status considerations as an important determinant of happiness, is suggested.
One-sided adaptation for infinite-horizon linear quadratic N-person nonzero-sum dynamic games

In this paper, we consider a class of infinite-horizon discrete-time linear quadratic N-person games, in which one of the players lack the complete information of the game. With the assumptions on perfect state information pattern and steady state feedback strategies, we convert the original game problem into a multivariable adaptive control problem by taking use of the concept of fictitious play and the scheme of adaptive control. For the proposed adjustment procedure, we prove that each element of the estimates converges to its corresponding true value under the condition of persistent excitation.
Topological phase transitions in (Bi 1 − x In x ) 2 Se 3 and (Bi 1 − x Sb x ) 2 Se 3

We study the phase transition from a topological to a normal insulator with concentration $x$ in (Bi${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$In${}_{x}{)}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$ and (Bi${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Sb${}_{x}{)}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$ in the Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$ crystal structure. We carry out first-principles calculations on small supercells, using this information to build Wannierized effective Hamiltonians for a more realistic treatment of disorder. Despite the fact that the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) strength is similar in In and Sb, we find that the critical concentration ${x}_{\mathrm{c}}$ is much smaller in (Bi${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$In${}_{x}{)}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$ than in (Bi${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Sb${}_{x}{)}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$. For example, the direct supercell calculations suggest that ${x}_{\mathrm{c}}$ is below $12.5%$ and above 87.5$%$ for the two alloys, respectively. More accurate results are obtained from realistic disordered calculations, where the topological properties of the disordered systems are understood from a statistical point of view. Based on these calculations, ${x}_{c}$ is around $17%$ for (Bi${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$In${}_{x}{)}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$, but as high as 78%--83% for (Bi${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Sb${}_{x}{)}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$. In (Bi${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Sb${}_{x}{)}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$, we find that the phase transition is dominated by the decrease of SOC, with a crossover or ``critical plateau'' observed from around 78$%$ to 83$%$. On the other hand, for (Bi${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$In${}_{x}{)}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$, the In 5$s$ orbitals suppress the topological band inversion at low-impurity concentration, therefore accelerating the phase transition. In (Bi${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$In${}_{x}{)}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$ we also find a tendency of In atoms to segregate.
CONTINGENT VALUATION IN FOOD POLICY ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY OF A PESTICIDE-RESIDUE RISK REDUCTION

This study demonstrates how contingent valuation techniques can be used in a cost-benefit analysis of a food safety policy issue. The analysis focuses on banning a specific postharvest pesticide used in fresh grapefruit packinghouses. Benefits of the ban are measured using consumers' aggregated willingness to pay (WTP) for safer grapefruit. A national contingent valuation survey used the payment card method to obtain WTP data. Costs of the ban stem predominantly from increased postharvest losses and were estimated using a model of the market for Florida grapefruit. Results indicate that benefits of the ban outweigh costs.
Recognizing cultural events in images: A study of image categorization models

The goal of this work is to study recognition of cultural events represented in still images. We pose cultural event recognition as an image categorization problem, and we study the performance of several state-of-the-art image categorization approaches, including Spatial Pyramid Matching and Regularized Max Pooling. We consider SIFT and color features as well as the recently proposed CNN features. Experiments on the ChaLearn dataset of 50 cultural events, we find that Regularized Max Pooling with CNN, SIFT, and Color features achieves the best performance.
Simple standing wave measurements at low input powers

The standing wave ratios of microwave components which contain or can be made to contain a crystal detector can be measured at low input power with a minimum of equipment. This method should prove useful where slotted lines and sensitive receivers are not readily available.
HOW TO DO PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

Visions of Jewish Education. By Seymour Fox, Israel Scheffler, and Daniel Marom, eds. Cambridge University Press. 2003. Textual Knowledge: Teaching the Bible in Theory and Practice. By Barry Holtz....
Image enhancement by intensity-dependent spread functions

Abstract This paper describes a method of enhancing images based on a new model of human vision. The model is an adaptive, nonlinear system that enhances edges, nonlinearly compresses dynamic ranges, automatically adjusts itself to local variations in intensity, can (but need not) be carried out on a parallel processor and has only one adjustable parameter that requires no intricate tuning. It is particularly useful in images that have regions of low contrast, such as brightly lit areas and those covered by shadows. The text explains how to convert the original mathematical theory to one useful for digital image processing and illustrates the output of the system to a variety of images. The focus is on qualitative enhancement of images, but the system would also be useful in machine vision.
Malignant progression of mouse skin papillomas treated with ethylnitrosourea, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.

Abstract Mouse skin tumors were induced by a single topical application of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), followed by biweekly promotion with 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). After 20 weeks of promotion, mice were treated twice weekly for 2 weeks with either ethylnitrosourea (ENU), N -methyl- N′ -nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) or TPA. Thereafter all groups were treated biweekly with TPA. The ENU-treated group had a higher percentage of animals with carcinomas and developed 217% more cumulative carcinomas per group than TPA-treated controls. The percentage of mice with carcinomas and the cumulative number of carcinomas per group in MNNG-treated mice was higher than TPA-treated controls but was less than ENU-treated mice. The ratio of cumulative carcinomas to cumulative papillomas in ENU treated, MNNG-treated and TPA-treated mice was 16%, 9% and 6%, respectively. Histological examination of tumors remaining at the termination of the experiment revealed the presence of keratoacanthomas, some of which stained positive for γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), in the ENU-treated and MNNG-treated, but not the TPA-treated groups. The fact that no new papillomas developed during the progression stage indicated that enhanced carcinogenesis resulted from the progression of pre-existing tumors. Enhanced progression of benign skin tumors in mice by only a few treatments of an agent may serve as a potential model for studies into the mechanisms and the inhibition of malignant progression. The model also allows for a comparison of the potency of agents in enhancing malignant progression.
Visualizations for real-time pricing demonstration

In this paper, the implementation and utilization of visualization tools for monitoring the operations of a real-time pricing demonstration system that runs at a distribution feeder level are presented. The information these tools provide gives insights into demand behavior from automated price responsive devices, distribution feeder characteristics, impact of weather on system's development, and other significant dynamics. Given the large number of devices that bid into a feeder-level real-time electricity market, new techniques are explored to summarize the present state of the system and contrast that with previous trends as well as future projections. To better understand the system behavior and correctly inform decision-making procedures, effective visualization of the data is imperative.
Battered Women: Injury Locations and Types

Abstract Study objective: To characterize injuries to battered women by comparing their location, type, and severity with those of injuries to women resulting from other mechanisms. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 9,057 women between the ages of 19 and 65 years who presented for any reason to the emergency departments of 10 hospitals serving inner-city, urban, and suburban populations. Results: A total of 280 injured, battered women were identified during the study period. About 3.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7% to 3.5%) of all women seen in the ED, and 11.2% (95% CI, 10.0% to 12.4%) of injured women with known mechanisms of injury, were determined to be positive for battering. Battered women were more likely to be injured in the head, face, neck, thorax, and abdomen ( P Conclusion: Although battered women experience certain injury types more frequently than women injured by other mechanisms, the low positive predictive value of these injuries supports the use of universal screening for domestic violence in all injured women. [Muelleman RL, Lenaghan PA, Pakieser RA: Battered women: Injury locations and types. Ann Emerg Med November 1996; 28: 486-492.]
Correction to “dielectric measurements in a shielded open circuit coaxial line”

In the above paper,1 there is a misprint which should be corrected as follows: Below (11), use the following expressions for d\ of a center conductor with a hemispherical end: d 1 = d p − a(0.42 ± 0.02), in a 50-Ω line d 1 = d p − a(0.36 ± 0.08), in a 75-Ω line.
STADIUMS AND ARENAS: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OR ECONOMIC REDISTRIBUTION?

This article explores the literature on the impact of professional sports teams and stadiums on their host communities. A large body of research has addressed these issues, some of it academic and much of it for hire by team and sport boosters. The broad conclusion of this literature is that stadiums and franchises are ineffective means to creating local economic development, whether that is measured as income or job growth. There may be substantial public benefits from stadiums and franchises, but those too are insufficient to warrant large-scale subsidies by themselves. In combination with consumer surpluses from attendance, however, subsidies may be efficient. (JEL R58, J30, H71, L83) I. INTRODUCTION In the past 20 yr, stadium and arena construction has occurred at an incredible pace. Cities that had one stadium for both baseball and football suddenly needed stadiums dedicated to each individual sport. Cities without professional sports franchises believed that the way to attain a franchise, either through movement of an existing team or through expansion, wasto build a state-of-the-art facility. Teams used the existence of willing suitors to pressure their home towns for bigger, better, and more modern facilities for sweetheart deals on the use of the facilities and, even to a share, sometimes 100% shares, of the revenues generated by the publicly owned facilities. All this stadium-related activity attracted the interest of academic and nonacademic public policy analysts. Millions of dollars of public spending on stadiums for professional sports franchises, while streets needed repair and schools and other vital public services were facing cuts, made subsidies for stadiums even more attractive an issue to researchers from economics, public policy, sociology, political science, and sport management. The nature of the research was and is as varied as the background and training of the individuals conducting it. I focus on the research on the public sector side of construction of stadiums and arenas. 1 I restrict attention to two general issues in the literature. First, I review the literature on the relationship between construction and operation of the facilities and economic outcomes in the host community. 2 Second, I review the research into the politics of stadium and arena subsidies. Researchers have studied the referendums on subsidies, wherein the voters get a chance to express their support for or opposition to the public subsidies, and the process by which stadium construction gets onto the public agenda. Besides the general effects on the economy, new stadium construction is also justified as necessary to attract mega-events
Sociocultural Influences on Gambling and Alcohol Use Among Native Americans in the United States.

Gambling opportunities on and near Native American lands have increased in recent decades; yet there is a lack of research examining the patterns of problem gambling and alcohol abuse among Native Americans in the US. Traditional Native American cultural identity may be a protective factor for problem gambling and alcohol abuse among Native Americans. Telephone interviews were conducted with 415 Native American adults aged 18 years and older across the US. The past-year prevalence of gambling among Native Americans is similar to the rate for non-Native Americans in the US (80 vs. 77 %). However, Native Americans have over twice the rate of problem gambling as the US sample (18 vs. 8 %). Although Native Americans have a lower rate of past-year alcohol use than the US population (47 vs. 68 %), they have a somewhat higher rate of alcohol abuse than their US counterparts (5.5 vs. 4.3 %). Logistic regression analysis, with problem gambling as the dependent variable, revealed that lower socioeconomic status is significantly associated with an increased odds of problem gambling for Native Americans. Counter to the hypothesis, the higher the score on the Native American orientation, the higher the odds of being a problem gambler. Further, living by the “White way of life” was associated with a decreased odds of being a problem gambler; and perceived gambling convenience was associated with an increased odds of being a problem gambler. None of the Native American factors was significant in predicting alcohol abuse. These findings highlight the need for further investigation into the influence of cultural factors on Native American gambling.
Changes in the size-metabolic rate relationship of Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say produced by digenetic trematode parasitism.

Abstract 1. 1. Laboratory-raised Lymnaea stagnalis respire as a direct function of its weight (200 μl O2.g−1.hr−1 at 25°C). 2. 2. L. stagnalis infected with digenetic trematode parasites respire at a lower rate than laboratory-raised snails, and as a group are more variable. 3. 3. The “third metabolic type” of von Bertalanffy and other does not exist.
THE ROLE OF THE ENDOSPERM IN THE GERMINATION OF LEGUMES: GALACTOMANNAN, NITROGEN, AND PHOSPHORUS CHANGES IN THE GERMINATION OF GUAR (CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA; LEGUMINOSAE)'

A B S T R A C T The endosperm of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba ("guar") contains 41 % of the dry weight and 45 % of the acetone-insoluble-solids of the seed, but only 3-11 % of the nitrogen and phosphorus. At least 75 % of the acetone-insoluble-solids of the endosperm is galactomannan, only about 12 % being accounted for as pentosan, pectin, protein, phytin, ash, and dilute-acidinsoluble residue. During a five-day germination period at 30 C, all of the galactomannan and all but 5 % of the dry weight of the endosperm disappeared, being translocated to the cotyledons. About 1/3 of the nitrogen and phosphorus of the endosperm plus seed coat were also translocated. After a 36-hr lag, the accumulation of the nitrogen and acetone-insolublesolids in the seedling axis were linear, while the total dry weight and phosphorus showed a rapid increase followed by a slower accumulation during the five-day period. In the cotyledons, the dry weight temporarily increased, but the acetone-insoluble-solids, nitrogen and phosphorus showed only a net decrease after 84, 36 and 36 hr, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs of dry-fractured and sectioned endosperm show that the bulk of the endosperm is a solid mass of galactomannan with essentially no cell lumina; a several-cell layer ("aleurone") of thick-walled cells of similar structure is metabolically active.
The Uses of Satellite Technology in Disaster Management

Various kinds of Satellites, including communications, meteorology, remote sensing and geophysics satellites, are, or may become, useful tools in disaster prevention, preparedness and relief. They already provide operational capability for storm warnings and search-and-rescue efforts. Other capabilities, such as improved flood prediction and global mobile communications during relief, are close within reach. Still others, such as earthquake prediction, require considerable research. Close cooperation and communication between space technologists and disaster-management specialists will be needed in guiding research and designing and testing satellite systems. It is hoped that the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction can provide a framework for such activities.
Clinical Perspectives: Role of the Airway Circulation in Drug Therapy

ABSTRACT Theoretically, the airway circulation can regulate the absorption of inhaled drugs, redistribute inhaled drugs within the respiratory tract, and influence the distribution of systemic drug...
Resource Consultation Model in Gifted Education To Support Talent Development in Today's Inclusive Schools.

This article discusses the advantages and challenges that educators of gifted, talented, and creative students may encounter when taking on the new role of classroom consultant rather than, as they have typically done previously, directly providing programming and services to the students themselves. A discussion of the use of the consultation model within a gifted education program concludes the article.
Real-Time Energy Management Algorithm for Mitigation of Pulse Loads in Hybrid Microgrids

This paper presents a real-time energy management algorithm for hybrid ac/dc microgrids involving sustainable energy and hybrid energy storage. This hybrid storage system consists of super capacitors (SC) for ultra-fast load matching beside lithium-ion batteries for relatively long term load buffering. The energy management algorithm aims mainly at managing the energy within the system such that the effect of pulsed (short duration) loads on the power system stability is minimized. Moreover, an average annual saving of around 7% is achieved by shifting loads to off-peak hours. The expected energy needed during a future peak, the time of its occurrence and the current state of charge of both elements of the hybrid storage system are all examples of the inputs to the algorithm. A nonlinear regression technique is used to obtain mathematical models for the uncertain quantities including load and sustainable energy curves. The results show a significant improvement for the system in terms of voltage and power stability by applying the proposed algorithm.
Lipoxygenase-associated apple volatiles and their relationship with aroma perception during ripening

Abstract Several important odor-active volatiles are produced via processes initiated by cellular disruption brought about by cutting or mastication. Of these, six-carbon (C6) volatiles, including the aldehydes, cis -3-hexenal, its isomer trans -2-hexenal, and hexanal, as well as their corresponding alcohols, are produced from action of the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway on substrates released by tissue disruption. We investigated the production of these and other odor-active volatiles from ‘Jonagold’ apple fruit for whole and disrupted tissues as a function of maturity/ripeness. The impact of ripening was determined by comparing ‘normally-ripening’ fruit with ‘non-ripening’ (1-methylcyclopropene-treated) fruit. The study was conducted over 8 weeks and evaluations were twice-weekly for two successive seasons. C6 aldehyde synthesis by crushed fruit was, at first, extremely high for non- and normally-ripening fruit such that the concentration of the aldehydes was several hundred times higher than their human odor thresholds in the containers used to present samples to the sensory panelists. cis -3-Hexenal, which remained constant throughout the experiment for non-ripening fruit, declined markedly for normally-ripening fruit, coincident with the onset of ripening. Conversely, trans -2-hexenal and hexanal increased in normally-ripening fruit as ripening progressed. Hexanol and hexyl acetate and other esters were produced in a ripening-dependent manner for disrupted as well as intact fruit tissues. The exception was cis -3-hexenyl acetate, which had same declining pattern as its aldehyde precursor, cis -3-hexenal. PCA determined that all volatiles except cis -3-hexenal, cis -3-hexenol and cis -3-hexenyl acetate, were highly associated with ripening. Also, cis -3-hexenal and cis -3-hexenyl acetate correlated negatively with all other variables (volatiles, ethylene, CO 2 and sensory tests). Sensory tests revealed that panelists were able to distinguish between non-ripening and normally-ripening fruit approximately 2 weeks before the onset of autocatalytic ethylene, the respiratory climacteric, and ripening-dependent ester production of normally-ripening fruit. The data indicate a shift in LOX pathway activity occurs during ripening, but it is not clear if it is due to changing enzyme activities or changing substrate levels. The shift in pathway activity may be related to perceived changes in aroma for macerated fruit prior to autocatalytic ethylene production.
Supranuclear Control of Swallowing

Swallowing is an act requiring complex sensorimotor integration. Using a variety of methods first used to study limb physiology, initial efforts to study swallowing have yielded information that multiple cortical and subcortical regions are active participants. Not surprisingly, the regions activated appear to overlap those involved in both oral and nonoral motor behaviors. This review offers a perspective that considers the supranuclear control of swallowing in light of these physiological similarities.
Informational primacy of visual dimensions: Specialized roles for luminance and chromaticity in figure-ground perception

Three experiments were conducted to examine the distinct contributions of two visual dimensions to figure-ground segregation. In each experiment, pattern identification was assessed by asking observers to judge whether a near-threshold test pattern was the same or different in shape to a high-contrast comparison pattern. A test pattern could differ from its background along one dimension, either luminance (luminance tasks) or chromaticity (chromaticity tasks). In each task, performance in a baseline condition, in which the test pattern was intact, was compared with performance in each of several degradation conditions, in which either the contour or the surface of the figure was degraded, using either partial occlusion (Experiment 1) or ramping (Experiments 2 and 3) of figure-ground differences. In each experiment, performance in luminance tasks was worst when the contour was degraded, whereas performance in chromaticity tasks was worst when the surface was degraded. This interaction was found even when spatial frequencies were fixed across test patterns by low-pass filtering. The results are consistent with a late (postfiltering) dual-mechanism system that processes luminance information to extract boundary representations and chromaticity information to extract surface representations.
5-HT3 receptor over-expression decreases ethanol self administration in transgenic mice

The 5-HT3 receptor is thought to play a role in the reward pathway and the phenomena of drug abuse by modulating dopamine release in the mesolimbic pathway. Studies involving this receptor have been hampered due to the low level of 5-HT3 receptors in the CNS. A 5-HT3 receptor over-expressing mouse was produced to study the role of this receptor in the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse. Over-expression was restricted to the forebrain by controlling gene expression with the Ca2+ calmodulin (CAM) kinase IIalpha promoter. No over-expression was detected in other body organs nor the cerebellum, as measured by ligand binding and Northern analysis. 5-HT3 receptor over-expressing mice drank less alcohol than non-transgenic mice in a two-bottle free choice test. Over-expression of the 5-HT3 receptor in these mice resulted in a decrease in ethanol consumption. These mice should prove useful in testing hypothesis regarding a common reward pathway for drugs of abuse and the role 5-HT3 receptors play in this pathway.
A review of play in the genusMacaca: Social correlates

A review of the literature on macaque play, emphasizing the social correlates of such behavior, is presented and summarized. In general, males are more playful than females, adults are relatively nonplayful, and nurturant behavior is negatively correlated with play. However, the currently inadequate definitions, conceptualizations, and experimental treatments of play make generalizations tentative.
A Version Space Approach to Learning Context-free Grammars

In principle, the version space approach can be applied to any induction problem. However, in some cases the representation language for generalizations is so powerful that (1) some of the update functions for the version space are not effectively computable, and (2) the version space contains infinitely many generalizations. The class of context-free grammars is a simple representation that exhibits these problems. This paper presents an algorithm that solves both problems for this domain. Given a sequence of strings, the algorithm incrementally constructs a data structure that has nearly all the beneficial properties of a version space. The algorithm is fast enough to solve small induction problems completely, and it serves as a framework for biases that permit the solution of larger problems heuristically. The same basic approach may be applied to representations that include context-free grammars as special cases, such as And-Or graphs, production systems, and Horn clauses.
Trace Forms and Stickelberger Relations

Abstract Let N / K be a tamely ramified abelian extension of odd degree and let G = Gal( N / K ). This paper studies the equivariant isometry class of the trace form t N / K restricted to the square root of the inverse different A N / K . The failure of A N / K to admit an orthonormal normal basis is measured by an invariant ρ N / K in the unitary class group UCl( O K G ). This paper shows that for Kummer extensions of odd prime degree, there are Stickelberger-like conditions that determine when a class in UCl( O K G ) can be realized as the ρ-invariant of some tame G -extension.
Cause identity: A measurement of disability organizations’ communicated values

Abstract This article introduces the concept of “cause identity” as an important consideration in public relations practice as well as research. Ten different disability organizations were used to examine how – as measured through communicated values – organizational identity is expressed. Results of a quantitative content analysis of marketing and public relations materials used by the organizations indicated very few distinctions in their organizational identities. Rather, a strong collective identity was shared among all ten organizations.
Surface extraction using spatial position from line drawings

Line drawings can be obtained from digital images using a combination of various edges processing techniques such as edge detection, edge thinning, perceptual organization, the Hough transform, and others. Our interest has been the extraction of surfaces for use in subsequent object recognition algorithms. Current approaches of the surface extraction require a pre-defined data structure of the vertice and edge of an object. Using the data structure, all edge directions are taken clockwise, thus if the edge is counted twice with different directions, the edge is considered as the common edge of two different surfaces. Consequently, the computation cost is very high and increases tremendously for complex objects. In this paper, we propose a very simple algorithm to extract both whole (bounding) and component surfaces. Our approach is based on the spatial position of contours without any geometric constraints. The approach locates boundaries of lines in an image that are easily measured by a city-block distance transformation. The surface is then obtained by peeling off the outside boundary of the contour. The component surfaces are then separated by the set of inside boundaries, if present.
Ultrastructural correlates of anaerobic stress in corn roots.

Abstract Cytological events in Zea mays root meristem were followed during 26 hr of anaerobic treatment. From 8 to 14 hr, mitochondria swelled drastically, Golgi apparatus actively produced vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum proliferated, and chromatin strongly condensed. Plastids appeared normal. By 26 hr, however. Golgi activity receded, mitochondria assumed long, polymorphic shapes, chromatin partly dispersed, and plastids swelled. ER remained prominent, and the cytoplasm contained long fibrous inclusions. This preliminary study emphasizes the need to examine quantitatively all cellular organelles periodically for longer periods when following events of stress or pathology. Our observations corroborate scattered reports in the literature for single organelles under anaerobic stress and represent the first set of correlated observations on the entire spectrum of cellular events.