cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Threshold current reduction and directional emission of deformed microdisk lasers via spatially selective electrical pumping

We report on laser threshold current reduction and directional emission from quadrupole-shaped AlGaInAs microdisk diode lasers by selective electrical pumping. The directional emission results from breaking the 2-fold rotation symmetry of the system by the introduction of a triangle-shaped contact geometry, and the laser threshold reduction results from a small current injection area. Room temperature laser operation is achieved in both pulsed and continuous-wave operation for a microdisk radius of 50 μm and deformation constant of e = 0.09, with optical output power of more than 8 mW and 3 mW, respectively. Under pulsed operation, the minimum measured threshold current for selectively pumped microlasers is 42 mA, significantly lower than the minimum measured threshold current for uniformly pumped microlasers (58 mA) and standard ridge lasers (80 mA) of the same device size and material.
English nominalizations in /-s/

AbstractThe morphology of English words like dependence, linguistics, and news suggests that English has an /-s/ suffix forming certain kinds of abstract nouns not used as plurals. While dependence and dependents are homophones, the former takes singular verb agreement, as do linguistics and news, and the latter takes plural. We argue that English has a highly productive derivational suffix /-s/ that creates abstract nouns from adjectives, dependence from dependent+ /-s/, linguistics from linguistic+ /-s/, and news from new+/-s/. While this suffix originated in the Latin present participle, the sources of a modern /-s/ came into English through extensive borrowing from Latin and French as well as through loan translation and borrowing of Greek words, but then it combined with existing English /-s/ that marked plural or genitive. Orthographic, phonological, morphological, and semantic evidence suggests that this modern /-s/ arose from several distinct sources that came together as a single suffix in the ea...
Extremal Convex Planar Sets

Each convex planar set K has a perimeter C, a minimum width E, an area A, and a diameter D. The set of points (E,C, A1/2, D) corresponding to all such sets is shown to occupy a cone in the non-negative orthant of R4with its vertex at the origin. Its three-dimensional cross section S in the plane D = 1 is investigated. S lies in a rectangular parallelepiped in R3. Results of Lebesgue, Kubota, Fukasawa, Sholander, and Hemmi are used to determine some of the boundary surfaces of S, and new results are given for the other boundary surfaces. From knowledge of S, all inequalities among E, C ,A, and D can be found.
Neurosurgical Management of Congenital Malformations of the Brain

Congenital malformations encompass a diverse group of disorders that often present at birth, either as the result of genetic abnormalities, infection, errors of morphogenesis, or abnormalities in the intrauterine environment. Congenital disorders affecting the brain are now often diagnosed before delivery with the use of prenatal ultrasonography. Over the past several decades, there have been major advances in the understanding and management of these conditions. This review focuses on the most common cranial congenital malformations, limiting the discussion to the neurosurgically relevant aspects of arachnoid cysts, pineal cysts, Chiari malformations, and encephaloceles.
Black Paris: The African Writers' Landscape/Paris Noir: African Americans in the City of Light

Black Paris: The African Writers' Landscape. Bennetta Jules-Rosette. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998. xviii. 253 pp., appendixes, notes, references, index. Paris Noir: African Americans in the City of Light. Tyler Stovall. Boston: Mariner Books, 1996. xvi. 336 pp., illustrations, notes, bibliography, index.
“Am I going crazy?!”: A critical race analysis of doctoral education.

The graduate school experience for students of color has been theorized as oppressive and dehumanizing (Gay, 2004). Scholars have struggled to document how students of color navigate and negotiate oppressive and dehumanizing conditions in their daily experiences of doctoral education. We provide a critical race analysis of the everyday experiences of Latina/o and black 1 doctoral students. We draw from critical inquiry and critical race theory to establish and describe an overarching and powerful social narrative that informs, influences, and illustrates the endemic racism through which black and Latina/o students struggle to persist in pursuit of the doctorate. We call this social narrative, “Am I going crazy?!” Deconstructing the narrative into its core elements, we provide an extended definition that illustrates a dehumanizing cultural experience in the everyday lives of doctoral students. We problematize these cultural norms to promote a more humanizing experience of doctoral education for black and L...
Defecatory function in Parkinson's disease: Response to apomorphine

We evaluated the effects of the dopaminergic agent apomorphine on defecation and anorectal function in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). A gastrointestinal symptom survey, extrapyramidal assessment, defecating proctogram, and anorectal manometric study were performed in 8 subjects with PD. Basal studies showing abnormalities were repeated following apomorphine administration. Prior defecographic abnormalities were normalized following apomorphine injection in 1 of 3 subjects and significant improvements in manometric parameters were observed in all 5 subjects who underwent repeat anorectal manometry. We conclude that apomorphine can correct anorectal dysfunction in PD, and that these abnormalities may be a consequence of dopamine deficiency secondary to the PD process. These findings may also have therapeutic implications.
Motivating voter turnout by invoking the self

Three randomized experiments found that subtle linguistic cues have the power to increase voting and related behavior. The phrasing of survey items was varied to frame voting either as the enactment of a personal identity (e.g., "being a voter") or as simply a behavior (e.g., "voting"). As predicted, the personal-identity phrasing significantly increased interest in registering to vote (experiment 1) and, in two statewide elections in the United States, voter turnout as assessed by official state records (experiments 2 and 3). These results provide evidence that people are continually managing their self-concepts, seeking to assume or affirm valued personal identities. The results further demonstrate how this process can be channeled to motivate important socially relevant behavior.
An Anti-Virus Action of Azaserine-Thioguanine in vivo

RECENT work on the tumour-inhibiting action of 6-thioguanine (TG) has suggested strongly that growth inhibition is correlated with the incorporation of TG into the tumour nucleic acids, and particularly into DNA. Pre-treatment of tumour-bearing mice with azaserine (AS), an inhibitor of de novo purine synthesis, greatly enhanced the inhibitory action of TG, and this was associated with an increased incorporation of TG into the tumour nucleic acids1,2.
Hormone ontogeny in the ovine fetus. III. The effect of exogenous somatostatin.

We infused synthetic cyclic somatostatin (SRIF) into the chronically catheterized ovine fetus and neonate to study its effect on the secretion of GH. After a 2-h control period, eight fetuses (92–138 days gestation) and five neonatal lambs received 50 μg SRIF as an iv bolus, followed by 150 μg SRIF over 55 min as an infusion. Two additional fetuses (132 and 133 days) received a 50-μg bolus, followed by 300 μg SRIF over 115 min. In all fetuses, GH concentration fell during the infusion. The maximum suppression was 52.6 ± 4.5% (72.0 ± 15.5 ng/ml) of basal GH concentration (P 5 ng/ml, PRL concent...
Growth and characteristics of organic and semiorganic nonlinear optical crystals

The growth, synthesis and characteristics of a new organic nonlinear optical crystal, a derivative of Schiff base compounds, 4-nitrobenzylidene-4-chloroaniline are reported. Good-quality crystals have been successfully grown using Bridgman-Stockbarger (BS) Technique. The organic crystal, 4-nitrobenzylidene-4-chloroaniline, shows good second harmonic generation of 1.064 micron wavelength. A recent work done on the semiorganic nonlinear crystals are reviewed along with results of growth of a few L-arginine phosphate type crystals is presented.
The sampling of reactive atmospheric species by transition-flow reactor: application to nitrogen species

Concentrations of nitric acid vapor and fine particulate nitrate were measured during the 1985 Nitrogen Species Methods Comparison Study at Claremont, California, with a transition-flow reactor. This system separates atmospheric gases and particles by differential diffusion in a transition-flow stream and thereby minimizes sampling artifacts for these reactive species. Error analysis showed that [HNO3] was determined with typical uncertainties (1σ) of 5–8% and fine particulate [NO3−] at typical uncertainties of 5–11%. Both species showed a strong diurnal pattern with daytime maxima. Daytime [HNO3] ranged from 25 to 495 nmole m−3, while night-time values ranged from less than 1 to 107 nmole m −3. The time-weighted average concentrations of 12- and 10-h samples were equivalent to the corresponding 22-h sample for each day. Simple filtration with Teflon® and nylon filters in series over-estimated [HNO3] by 30–50 % for 10- and 12-h samples, and by 70% for 22-h samples. Analysis of ionic balance suggests that the cause of the overestimate was dissociation of NH4NO3 from equilibrium changes, and not displacement by strong acids.
Equilibrium of liquid drops under the effects of rotation and acoustic flattening: results from USML-2 experiments in Space

Previous Space-based experiments (Wang et al. 1994a) showed that a rotating liquid drop bifurcates into a two-lobed shape at a lower critical angular velocity, if it is flattened acoustically by the leviating sound field. In this work, we undertake a systematic experimental study of the effect of acoustic flattening on the rotational bifurcation of a liquid drop. We also look into the complementary effect of rotation on the equilibrium of an acoustically drastically flattened drop. Theoretical models are developed for each of the two effects and then woven into a unified picture. The first effect concerns neutral equilibrium, while the second concerns loss of equilibrium, neither of them involving instability. The theories agree well with the experiments.
Copper-doped germanium detectors

Background limited operation of copper-doped germanium detectors has been obtained for a background as low as 10-11watts (5 × 103photons/second) in the 8-12 µ region. The temperature dependence of the observed responsivity for detectors, each containing the same copper concentration but having different donor concentration does not agree with any of the usual theories involving the free hole velocity, mobility, or capture cross section.
Direct determination of the metastable liquid miscibility gap in undercooled Cu–Co alloys

Bulk Cu-Co alloys at compositions ranging from 10 to 80 wt pct Co were highly undercooled using a melt fluxing technique. The metastable liquid separation boundary has been directly determined from the measured temperature-time profiles. It was found that the critical point of the miscibility gap is slightly shifted towards the Co side and about 90 K below the liquidus. A droplet-shaped microstructure was observed for all solidified specimens (Cu- 10 to 80 wt pct Co), when the melts were undercooled into the metastable miscibility boundary.
Variability of laminar patterns in the human lateral geniculate nucleus

The structure of the human lateral geniculate nucleus has been studied on serial Nissl stained sections from 57 human brains. Most of the brains were from neurologically normal individuals and were obtained during routine autopsy procedures. The laminar arrangement within the human nucleus is surprisingly variable. It is always possible to recognize a small segment with two layers (the monocular segment), one with four layers and one with six layers. Often an 8-layered segment can also be seen. The posterior half of the nucleus, within which central vision is represented, is made up mainly of six layers, and is the least variable part of the nucleus. Here the layers lie roughly parallel to each other. In the anterior half of the nucleus the laminar arrangement is more variable, and the layers often form complex and irregular interdigitations with each other. The 8-layered segment varies greatly in size and may be absent. It generally lies at the edge of the 4-layered segment not, as might have been expected, within the borders of the 6-layered segment. In many parts of the nucleus nerve cells are organized in short rows that run perpendicular to the layers; also, individual nerve cells are elongated in this direction. This neuronal orientation follows the lines of projection that are defined by the borders of a zone of retrograde degeneration, and also corresponds to the orientation of a cellular discontinuity that probably is the geniculate representation of the blind spot. Thus, we conclude that the neuronal orientation indicates the lines of projection within the nucleus.
Education: Bringing learning home: Instructional TV: New experiments with television as a teaching medium are promising a democratization of learning beyond even that accomplished by the public schools

The invention of movable type and the printing press by Johann Gutenberg, a mechanical revolution in education, extended access to knowledge stored in print from elite scholars and scribes to the masses. This, in turn, gave rise to universal literacy and the establishment of public schools for education. But the growth in applications of electronic technologies may have an even more rapid and democratic effect than the public schools have had. It will extend formal learning beyond the classroom into the home and work place.
Social and Vocational Acceptability of Esophageal Speakers Compared to Normal Speakers

This study explored the social and vocational acceptability of esophageal compared to normal speakers. Of specific interest was the estimation of the effect of (1) visual, auditory, and simultaneou...
AP-1B: polarized sorting at the endosome.

Polarized epithelia require selective protein trafficking to establish and preserve distinct apical and basolateral surfaces. Recent work indicates that in polarized cells, the AP-1B clathrin adaptor recognizes certain basolateral targeting signals in an endosomal compartment where it seems to not only capture cargo but also promote recruitment of targeting and fusion machinery, ensuring accurate polarized sorting.
Techniques for enhancing durability and equivalence ratio control in a rich-lean, three-stage ground power gas turbine combustor

Rig tests of a can-type combustor were performed to demonstrate two advanced ground power engine combustor concepts: steam cooled rich-burn combustor primary zones for enhanced durability; and variable combustor geometry for three stage combustion equivalence ratio control. Both concepts proved to be highly successful in achieving their desired objectives. The steam cooling reduced peak liner temperatures to less than 800 K. This offers the potential of both long life and reduced use of strategic materials for liner fabrication. Three degrees of variable geometry were successfully implemented to control airflow distribution within the combustor. One was a variable blade angle axial flow air swirler to control primary airflow while the other two consisted of rotating bands to control secondary and tertiary or dilution air flow.
Deterministic quantum splitter based on time-reversed Hong-Ou-Mandel interference

By utilizing a fiber-based indistinguishable photon-pair source in the $1.55\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ telecommunications band [J. Chen et al., Opt. Lett. 31, 2798 (2006)], we present the first, to the best of our knowledge, deterministic quantum splitter based on the principle of time-reversed Hong-Ou-Mandel quantum interference. The deterministically separated identical photons' indistinguishability is then verified by using a conventional Hong-Ou-Mandel quantum interference, which exhibits a near-unity dip visibility of $94\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1%$, making this quantum splitter useful for various quantum information processing applications.
An exploration of social identity: The structure of the BBC news-sharing community on Twitter

Online social media influence the flow of news and other information, potentially altering collective social action while generating a large volume of data useful to researchers. Mapping these networks may make it possible to predict the course of social and political movements, technology adoption, and economic behavior. Here, we map the network formed by Twitter users sharing British Broadcasting Corporation BBC articles. The global audience of the BBC is primarily organized by language with the largest linguistic groups receiving news in English, Spanish, Russian, and Arabic. Members of the network primarily "follow" members sharing articles in the same language, and these audiences are primarily located in geographical regions where the languages are native. The one exception to this rule is a cluster interested in Middle East news which includes both Arabic and English speakers. We further analyze English-speaking users, which differentiate themselves into four clusters: one interested in sports, two interested in United Kingdom UK news-with word usage suggesting this reflects political polarization into Conservative and Labour party leanings-and a fourth group that is the English speaking part of the group interested in Middle East news. Unlike the previously studied New York Times news sharing network the largest scale structure of the BBC network does not include a densely connected group of globally interested and globally distributed users. The political polarization is similar to what was found for liberal and conservative groups in the New York Times study. The observation of a primary organization of the BBC audience around languages is consistent with the BBC's unique role in history as an alternative source of local news in regions outside the UK where high quality uncensored news was not available. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 19: 55-63, 2014
Linguistic and cognitive ability of adults with Down syndrome and mental retardation of unknown etiology

The linguistic and cognitive abilities of adults with Down syndrome were compared to those of adults with mental retardation of unknown etiology matched for mental and chronological age. Linguistic data consisted of verbal responses to an elicitation procedure that tested for forty-three different linguistic constructions. Cognitive tests measured simultaneous, successive, auditory, and visual processing. The adults with Down syndrome exhibited significantly poorer linguistic ability than the adults with mental retardation of unknown etiology. Though the two groups exhibited different cognitive profiles, differences in cognitive abilities could not account for the difference in linguistic ability.
Cathepsin B and D activity in alveolar macrophages from rats with pulmonary granulomatous inflammation or acute lung injury.

Cathepsin B and D activity was determined using specific synthetic substrates in alveolar macrophages (AMs) obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats with experimentally induced pulmonary granulomatous inflammation. Increased cathepsin B activity was found 4 days after intravenous injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), but not after injection of live bacillus Calmette-Guerin organisms (BCG), indicating that the enzyme response was unrelated to the subsequent development of granulomatous inflammation. Findings of comparable increases in enzyme activity following injection of mineral oil (MO) indicate that the response to CFA was due to the oil component. Significantly, oleic acid (OA), a natural fatty acid, did not stimulate enzyme activity although the agent, like MO, caused acute lung injury as assessed by 125I albumin uptake. At 7 and 28 days following injection of CFA, cathepsin B levels in AMs were the same as those in animals given normal saline (NS), although bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples still contained increased numbers of AMs, and cells obtained at 28 days phagocytosed more polystyrene microspheres. Cathepsin D activity did not increase 4 days after injection of CFA or BCG + CFA; at 28 days following injection of BCG + CFA activity was significantly decreased as compared to animals given NS. The data reveal a differential response of two lysosomal enzymes during the early phases of granulomatous inflammation.
Development of a high throughput screen for allosteric modulators of melanocortin-4 receptor signaling using a real time cAMP assay

The melanocortin MC(4) receptor is a potential target for the development of drugs for both obesity and cachexia. Melanocortin MC(4) receptor ligands known thus far are orthosteric agonists or antagonists, however the agonists, in particular, have generally exhibited unwanted side effects. For some receptors, allosteric modulators are expected to reduce side-effect profiles. To identify allosteric modulators of the melanocortin MC(4) receptor, we created HEK293 cell lines coexpressing the human melanocortin MC(4) receptor and a modified luciferase-based cAMP sensor. Monitoring luminescence as a readout of real-time intracellular cAMP concentration, we demonstrate that this cell line is able to report melanocortin agonist responses, as well as inverse agonist response to the physiological AgRP peptide. Based on the MC4R-GLO cell line, we developed an assay that was shown to meet HTS standards (Z'=0.50). A pilot screen run on the Microsource Spectrum compound library (n=2000) successfully identified 62 positive modulators. This screen identified predicted families of compounds: β(2)AR agonists - the β(2)AR being endogenously expressed in HEK293 cells, an adenylyl cyclase activator and finally a distribution of phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors well characterized or recently identified. In this last category, we identified a structural family of coumarin-derived compounds (imperatorin, osthol and prenyletin), along with deracoxib, a drug in veterinary use for its COX2 inhibitory properties. This latter finding unveiled a new off-target mechanism of action for deracoxib as a PDE inhibitor. Overall, these data are the first report of a HTS for allosteric modulators for a Gs protein coupled receptor.
EXPOSURE: An expert system fire code

This report addresses the issue of developing an expert or knowledge-based system that deals with the problem of preventing the spread of fire between buildings. EXPOSURE, a knowledge-based program, has been developed that facilitates using the most appropriate technology and providing cost-effective solutions. EXPOSURE can solve the problem of the spread of fire between buildings for the case when an exposed building has combustible walls. The use of the expert system EXPOSURE and NFPA 80A produce significantly different recommended minimum separation between buildings. In some cases EXPOSURE calls for significantly greater separation and in others significantly less. In one case the separation required by NFPA 80A was more than five times greater than what EXPOSURE recommended. This program demonstrates that significant cost savings in achieving the desired level of firesafety and in assuring the levels of safety can be obtained by use of expert system fire codes.
Solidification of highly undercooled Si and Ge droplets

Abstract The production of small (5–200 nm) spheres of silicon and germanium from their melts by electrohydrodynamic atomisation (EHD) was previously reported [1]. We have examined the formation of amorphous and crystalline phases in such spheres. Analysis of electron diffraction data reveals that the smallest spheres are amorphous, with a tetrahedrally coordinated covalent random network structure, rather than being either very fine grained polycrystals or configurationally frozen metallic liquids. The formation of the semiconducting amorphous and crystalline phases is considered in terms of a competitive classical nucleation analysis, and good agreement is found for the relative proportion of each phase as a function of sphere size.
32P and 51Cr labelled sodium polyphosphates: Preparation and stability

The preparation and stability of 32P and 51Cr labelled sodium polyphosphates have been studied. The influence of the chromium concentration on the solubility of the chromium-sodium polyphosphate indicates that its effects are more critical in the preparation of the cross-linked variety. Both polyphosphates showed a very good stability to the storage.
Basal growth hormone concentration increased following a weight loss focused dietary intervention in older overweight and obese women

Objectives Growth and sex steroid hormones decrease with aging and obesity. The effect of dietary weight loss and exercise training lifestyle interventions was examined on hormones as well as determining their relationships with physical function in older obese and overweight adults.
Operation of Complex Arrangements of Power Supplies in the Zero Gradient Synchrotron Experimental Area

The types of power supply in parallel-series combinations range from 20kW to 825kW. They are silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) or reactor controlled. Each supply has its own isolated power transformer and interfacing is accomplished by interconnecting cable rather than interface transformers. Control is through single reference, either potentiometer or computer generated D to A convertor. Pulse and reaction time of SCR units, methods of filtering, millisecond reaction interlocking and the economics and efficiencies of operation will be discussed.
Identification of methionine sulfoxide diastereomers in immunoglobulin gamma antibodies using methionine sulfoxide reductase enzymes

Light-induced formation of singlet oxygen selectively oxidizes methionines in the heavy chain of IgG2 antibodies. Peptide mapping has indicated the following sensitivities to oxidation: M252 > M428 > M397. Irrespective of the light source, formulating proteins with the free amino acid methionine limits oxidative damage. Conventional peptide mapping cannot distinguish between the S- and R-diastereomers of methionine sulfoxide (Met[O]) formed in the photo-oxidized protein because of their identical polarities and masses. We have developed a method for identification and quantification of these diastereomers by taking advantage of the complementary stereospecificities of the methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) enzymes MsrA and MsrB, which promote the selective reduction of S- and R-diastereomers of Met(O), respectively. In addition, an MsrBA fusion protein that contains both Msr enzyme activities permitted the quantitative reduction of all Met(O) diastereomers. Using these Msr enzymes in combination with peptide mapping, we were able to detect and differentiate diastereomers of methionine sulfoxide within the highly conserved heavy chain of an IgG2 that had been photo-oxidized, as well as those in an IgG1 oxidized with peroxide. The rapid identification of the stereospecificity of methionine oxidation by Msr enzymes not only definitively differentiates Met(O) diastereomers, which previously has been indistinguishable using traditional techniques, but also provides an important tool that may contribute to understanding of the mechanisms of protein oxidation and development of new formulation strategies to stabilize protein therapeutics.
Synthesis of (Z)- and (E)-6-hydroxyketamine

On prepare les composes du titre par oxydation du trimethylsilylenolether de la N-(methoxycarbonyl) cetamine par l'acide m-chloroperbenzoique
Ca2+-dependent mechanisms of cell injury in cultured cortical neurons

The contributions of several Ca2+-dependent processes to neurotoxicity were examined in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. The Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin induced a rapid loss of axonal morphology and concomitant release of inositol phosphates that preceded morphological alterations of neuronal cell bodies, choline and arachidonate release, and protein degradation. These events were followed by a degree of neuronal lysis proportional to the external Ca2+ concentration and exposure time. The phospholipase inhibitor neomycin decreased both arachidonate release and the phospholipid hydrolysis catalysed by phospholipases C and D. Proteolysis was abated by the protease inhibitor leupeptin, but not by lysosomal proteolysis inhibitors. Neuronal lysis was inhibited partially by either leupeptin or neomycin and almost completely by both in combination. However, neither agent, alone or in combination, affected the morphological derangements. The diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor RHC-80267 reduced arachidonate release, but not neuronal lysis. Phospholipase A2 inhibitors had no effect on either arachidonate release or lysis. Treatment of mixed cultures of neurons and glia with a Ca2+-dependent glutamate challenge caused similar morphological changes and a delayed neuronal lysis that was also diminished by leupeptin and neomycin, but not by inhibitors of lysosomal proteolysis. These data describe several distinct stages of Ca2+-dependent injury to cortical neurons, a key feature of which is the stimulation of protease, and phospholipase C and D activites. The initial stage is characterized by a rapid loss of axonal morphology and increased phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis. An intermediate stage involves changes in cell body morphology plus the degradation of neuronal protein and phosphatidylcholine. In a later stage, the loss of plasma membrane integrity denotes neuronal death.
Calcium‐Activated ATPases in Presynaptic Nerve Endings

: We studied the properties of calcium-activated ATPases present in preparations of isolated presynaptic nerve ending (synaptosome) and its sub-fractions from mouse brain. ATPase activity in the preparation was stimulated by Ca2+ and by Mg2+, but not by Na+ and K+, when each was added alone. The substrate specificities were found to be similar. The ATPases hydrolyzed only the high-energy phosphate bond and similar activity was exhibited for all nucleoside triphosphates tested (ATP, CTP, GTP, UTP). Moreover, the enzymes were insensitive to mitochondrial markers and to ouabain, but were inhibited by La3+. La3+ produced uncompetitive inhibition of Ca2+-ATPase in intact synaptosomes. Inhibition by La3+ was greatly increased after lysis of the synaptosomes, suggesting that the active sites of the enzymes may be on the cytosolic face of the membranes. The Ca2+-ATPase activity in synaptosomes was increased by increasing concentrations of external K+, suggesting that Ca2+ influx may be involved. The Ca2+-ATPase in synaptosomal plasma membranes and synaptic vesicles had higher specific activities than those of intact synaptosomes and were activated, both in the presence and the absence of Mg2+, by Ca2+ concentrations approximating the intracellular level (10−7M). It is concluded that the nonmitochondrial synaptosomal Ca2+-ATPase may play an important role in the regulation of intracellular Ca2+.
Application of fluid inclusion and rock-gas analysis in mineral exploration

Kesler, S.E., Haynes, P.S., Creech, M.Z. and Gorman, J.A., 1986. Application of fluid inclusion and rock-gas analysis in mineral exploration. In: C.E. Nichols (Editor), Exploration for Ore Deposits of the North American Cordillera. J. Geochem. Explor., 25: 201--215. Gases are known to form haloes around presently active geothermal systems and might be useful in exploration for older, extinct hydrothermal systems. Gases from such extinct hydrothermal systems can be liberated for analysis from fluid inclusions in hydrothermal minerals by thermal decrepitation or they can be desorbed from alteration mineral surfaces by heating. The most abundant of these gases, besides HsO, are usually CO2, CH4, CO and N s. We have used a gas chromatograph to analyze these gases in fluid inclusions in jasperoid around the Pueblo Viejo gold-silver deposit, in vein minerals from the Creede silver-lead-zinc deposit, and from clays in the alteration cap overlying veins at Creede to test for gas haloes useful in exploration. At Pueblo Viejo CO s abundances in the jasperoid range from less than 1 mole percent (with respect to the system CH4-CO 2CO-N2-H20 ) in the ore zone to as much as 6 mole percent in surrounding, barren jasperoid. Fluid inclusion analyses at Creede suggest that a drop in the CO 2 content of the fluid may relate to ore deposition and clay directly above veins has large amounts of adsorbed CO s . These results suggest that primary gas abundances exhibit patterns in and around hydrothermal ore deposits that can be used in mineral exploration.
Treatment of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease with metformin versus lifestyle intervention in insulin‐resistant adolescents

The presence of fatty liver per ultrasound and liver-associated enzymes were measured in a select cohort of youth with both obesity and insulin resistance, and the effect of metformin on these parameters evaluated. Fifty obese, multiethnic, insulin-resistant adolescents (mean age 15.1 yr, mean body mass index 39.8 kg/m2) were randomized to receive lifestyle recommendations plus either twice per day doses of 850 mg of metformin or placebo. Fasting and post-glucose challenge biochemistries and liver ultrasounds were compared at baseline and 6 months. The prevalence of fatty liver was 74%, elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 14%, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 14%, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) 17%. Fatty liver was mild in 23%, moderate in 31%, and severe in 46%. Fatty liver was more common in male and Hispanic subjects and elevated ALT more common in Hispanic subjects. Subjects with fatty liver appeared more insulin resistant (higher fasting insulin and triglycerides, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and had higher ALT and AST. At 6 months, mean ALT, GGT, and fasting insulin improved significantly in all subjects. Fatty liver prevalence (p < 0.04), severity (p < 0.04), and fasting insulin (p < 0.025) improved significantly with metformin compared to placebo. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) occurs with a high prevalence and severity in obese, insulin-resistant adolescents. While metformin plus lifestyle intervention appears promising, defining NAFLD therapies capable of preventing fibrosis and cirrhosis requires further study.
Transformer heating under short-circuit conditions

THE TEMPERATURE LIMIT under short-circuit conditions has been 250 degrees centigrade for power transformers for many years. This temperature has been calculated assuming that all of the heat during the short circuit has been stored in the copper. There is good reason to believe that a temperature of 250 degrees centigrade is seldom reached under short circuit; first, because some of the heat is conducted to the turn insulation; second, full voltage is not maintained unless the kilovolt-ampere capacity of the transformer is small in comparison with the source of power; and third, the protective relay usually comes into action before the time limit is reached.
Modification of the Shandon Southern apparatus MK II for SDS preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

The Shandon Southern preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis apparatus was modified to permit use with SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) containing systems. Improvements include the elimination of the troublesome lower gel and modification of the elution plate to prevent localized high current densities and band overlapping. Separations were performed on the two subunits of Electrophorus electroplax Na/sup +/ + K/sup +/-ATPase, the erythrocyte membrane protein Spectrin, and the tryptic fragments of rabbit white skeletal muscle Ca/sup 2 +/ + Mg/sup 2 +/ - ATPase.
What analytic method should clinicians use to derive spine T-scores and predict incident fractures in men? Results from the MrOS study.

In this study, the area under the curve was highest when using the lowest vertebral body T-score to diagnose osteoporosis. In men for whom hip imaging is not possible, the lowest vertebral body T-score improves the ability to diagnose osteoporosis in men who are likely to have an incident fragility fracture. Spine T-scores have limited ability to predict fragility fracture. We hypothesized that using lowest vertebral body T-score to diagnose osteoporosis would better predict fracture. Among men enrolled in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study, we identified cases with incident clinical fracture (n = 484) and controls without fracture (n = 1,516). We analyzed the lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) in cases and controls (n = 2,000) to record the L1–L4 (referent), the lowest vertebral body, and International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD)-determined T-scores using a male normative database and the L1–L4 T-score using a female normative database. We compared the ability of method to diagnose osteoporosis and, therefore, to predict incident clinical fragility fracture, using area under the receiver operator curves (AUCs) and the net reclassification index (NCI) as measures of diagnostic accuracy. ISCD-determined T-scores were determined in only 60 % of participants (n = 1,205). Among 1,205 men, the AUC to predict incident clinical fracture was 0.546 for L1–L4 male, 0.542 for the L1–L4 female, 0.585 for lowest vertebral body, and 0.559 for ISCD-determined T-score. The lowest vertebral body AUC was the only method significantly different from the referent method (p = 0.002). Likewise, a diagnosis of osteoporosis based on the lowest vertebral body T-score demonstrated a significantly better net reclassification index (NRI) than the referent method (net NRI +0.077, p = 0.005). By contrast, the net NRI for other methods of analysis did not differ from the referent method. Our study suggests that in men, the lowest vertebral body T-score is an acceptable method by which to estimate fracture risk.
Plasma levels of bupropion (BUP), major metabolites and antidepressant response in juveniles

The rates of in vivo conversion of BUP to hydroxy-BUP (HB), threohydro-BUP, and erythrohydro-BUP are greater in Pediatric/adolescent subjects (Daviss and assoc, in Press). After IRB approval and signed informed consents, we have now explored associations among antidepressant response and each individual component in juveniles: Ages 11–17y, 8F plus 8M. Modified HPLC methodologies were performed to measure each component separately, based on DeVane, et al,1990, with a Discovery 5-micron-C18 column (Supelco); the internal standard is Z-10-hydroxynortriptyline. BUP-SR was administered in morning doses,100mg/d or 200mg/d for a mean duration of 26 days, whereupon blood samples were collected with EDTA, over a 24 hr. period. The responses (CG-I scale) correlated most significantly with HB (p=0.05) as well as BUP. Further 2x2 and median effects statistical analyses reveal that HB is the predominantly active component requiring ≥ 575 ng/ml for optimal response (p=0.003), whereas BUP at ≥ 37ng/ml is of lesser importance. Pending larger sample size trials, we conclude that trough levels of HB, or when included in the sum with the other components, predict acute response in juveniles. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P94–P94; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.253
Increased synapses in the medial prefrontal cortex are associated with repeated amphetamine administration.

Psychostimulant drug experience leads not only to long-lasting changes in behavior but also modifications in the activity and morphology of pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The objective of this study was to establish whether repeated treatment of rats with amphetamine (AMPH) is accompanied by changes in the pattern or types of synapses in the mPFC and, specifically, onto neurons that project to the lateral hypothalamus, where our earlier work has shown increased markers of neuronal activity after repeated AMPH treatment (Morshedi and Meredith [2008] Psychopharmacology (Berl) 197:179–189). Rats were treated with a behaviorally sensitizing regimen of AMPH, following which synapses in the infralimbic and prelimbic cortices of the mPFC, were analyzed with unbiased stereology (physical disector and electron microscopy). All synapses were counted and their targets were identified by standard methodological criteria. Repeated AMPH administration was associated with a significant increase in the number of asymmetric axospinous synapses, no change in axodendritic or axosomatic contacts, and no change in the total number of synapses on corticolateral hypothalamic pyramidal neurons compared to vehicle-treated rats. Therefore, behavioral sensitization as a result of repeated exposure to AMPH is accompanied by the increased formation of spine, but not dendritic, synapses onto pyramidal neurons in the mPFC. Synapse 63:126–135, 2009. ©2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Modeling heme protein active sites with the his93gly cavity mutant of sperm whale myoglobin: complexes with nitrogen-, oxygen- and sulfur-donor proximal ligands

Recent investigations of the His93Gly (H93G) "cavity" mutant of myoglobin as a versatile scaffold for modeling heme states are described. The difference in accessibility of the two sides of the heme in H93G myoglobin makes it possible to generate mixed ligand adducts in the ferric state that are difficult to prepare with heme models in organic solvents. In addition, the protection provided to the heme by the protein environment allows for the preparation of stable oxyferrous and oxo-iron(IV) complexes at near-ambient temperatures with variable ligands trans to the normally reactive dioxygen and oxo substituents. The extensive range of possible complexes that can be generated using the H93G system is illustrated with examples involving imidazole, phenolate, benzoate, thiolate and thiol ligands bound to the proximal side of the heme iron.
PRODUCTION AND CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF NEUTRAL LONG‐CHAIN LIPIDS IN THE HAPTOPHYTE ALGAE ISOCHRYSIS GALBANA AND EMILIANIA HUXLEYI1

Isochrysis galbana Parke, Emiliania huxleyi (Lohm.) Hay and Mohler, and some related prymnesiophyte algae produce as neutral lipids a set of polyunsaturated long-chain (C 37-39 ) alkenones, alkenoates, and alkenes (PULCA). These biomarkers are widely used for paleothermometry, but the biosynthesis and cellular location of these unique lipids remain largely unknown. By staining with the fluorescent lipophilic dye Nile Red, we found that I. galbana and E. huxleyi, like many other algae, package their neutral lipid into cytoplasmic vesicles or lipid bodies. We found that these lipid bodies increase in abundance under nutrient limitation and disappear under prolonged darkness and show that this pattern correlates well with the concentration of PULCA as measured by TLC. In addition, we show that lipid vesicles purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation consist predominantly of PULCA. We also found significant pools of neutral lipid associated with chloroplasts, and PULCA component profiles in lipid vesicles and chloroplasts are similar. Examination of cell ultrastructure shows conspicuous cytoplasmic and chloroplast lipid bodies, and we suggest that PULCA may be synthesized in chloroplasts and then exported to cytoplasmic lipid bodies for storage and eventual metabolism. Our results connect and extend prior observations of lipid bodies and membrane-unbound PULCA in I. galbana and E. huxleyi, as well as the behavior of PULCA during nutrient and light stress.
Aphasic Reading and Writing: Possible Evidence for Right Hemisphere Participation

Abstract Aphasic patients performed two tasks, reading aloud and writing to dictation. In both tasks, success was positively correlated to the emotionality, the imageability and the frequency of the target words. In addition, the patients made more semantic substitutions in both tasks with emotional words than with non-emotional words. Also, the relative difficulty of words was similar for aphasic patients to read and for normal male subjects to recognize in the left visual field. These results suggest that the performance of the aphasic patients on these language tasks were mediated in part by the right hemisphere.
An Archeology of Fragments

This is a short (fragmentary) history of fragmentary writing from the German Romantics (F. W. Schlegel, Friedrich Holderlin) to modern and contemporary concrete or visual poetry. Such writing is (often deliberately) a critique of the logic of subsumption that tries to assimilate whatever is singular and irreducible into totalities of various categorical or systematic sorts. Arguably, the fragment (parataxis) is the distinctive feature of literary Modernism, which is a rejection, not of what precedes it, but of what Max Weber called “the rationalization of the world” (or Modernity) whose aim is to keep everything, including all that is written, under surveillance and control.
GenoMap: a distributed system for unifying genotyping and genetic linkage analysis

Abstract This paper describes GenoMap, an integrated, parallel/distributed computing software system that aids in large-scale gene linkage mapping studies. This problem requires data from heterogeneous, distributed sources. In addition, the users of the system are researchers spanning a wide range of cultures, and represent a broad range of computing needs. A distributed, heterogeneous solution addresses most of the primary challenges, but presents its own difficulties. The key elements of GenoMap are provided by way of a web-based set of interactive Java applets and applications, as well as a small number of native applications, with automated load-balancing support for sharing computationally intensive tasks among a collection of distributed UNIX workstations. While computationally intensive tasks are supported on the most appropriate systems, users are able to conduct most of their work in familiar MacOS and Windows/PC environments through the use of a Java-enabled web browser. We also describe GenoScape, a C & X-Windows/UNIX native application for robust genotyping of a wide range of electrophoresis gel formats.
RIPE: a robot independent programming environment

An object-oriented robot independent programming environment (RIPE) developed at Sandia National Laboratories is being used for rapid design and implementation of a variety of intelligent machine applications. A system architecture based on hierarchies of distributed multiprocessors provides the computing platform for a layered programming structure that models work cell tasks as a set of software objects. These objects are designed to support model-based automated planning and programming, real-time sensor-based activity, and robust communication. The object-oriented paradigm provides mechanisms such as inheritance and polymorphism which allow the implementation of the system to satisfy the goals of software reusability, extensibility, reliability, and portability. By designing a hierarchy of generic parent classes and device-specific subclasses which inherit the same interface, a robot independent programming language (RIPL) is realized. Prototype systems for handling nuclear waste shipping casks, underground storage tank cleanup, nuclear weapons disassembly, and glove box access are successfully implemented using this object-oriented software environment.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Behavioral evidence for supersensitivity after chronic administration of haloperidol, clozapine, and thioridazine

Abstract Rats administered chronic neuroleptics for 6–7 weeks-- haloperidol (2.5 mg/rat or 1 mg/kg), clozapine (25 mg/kg), or thioridazine (20 mg/kg)--after termination of chronic drug treatment exhibited greater apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior than their saline controls. Rats treated with thioridazine or clozapine, but not haloperidol, also showed increases in locomotor activity during withdrawal. These findings indicate that behavioral supersensitivity may develop after chronic clozapine treatment as well as after chronic haloperidol.