cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Love and Hate in Extremist Groups

Hate and love have often been viewed as polar opposites. Historically, researchers have viewed hate as a destructive and hostile emotion (Royzman, McCauley, & Rozin, 2005). Oatley, Keltner, and Jenkins (2006) even went so far as to posit that hate is “our biggest handicap as a social species” (p. 44). Philosophers and psychologists have continuously debated hate’s categorization and characteristics. Rempel and colleagues have examined people’s explanations for interpersonal scenarios and classified hate as a motivation (e.g., Rempel & Burris, 2005; Rempel, Burris, & Fathi, 2019). Others, using more explicit criteria and prototype analyses, categorized hate as an emotion (Fitness & Fletcher, 1993; Sternberg, 2003). Yet hate could also be an attitude (Ekman, 1992) or a syndrome (Shand, 1920). When considering the consequences of hate, Descartes (1694/1989) argued that hate causes a kind of withdrawal, while Aristotle contended that hate initiates attack (Aristotle, trans., 1954). Categorical incongruencies aside, there is a general repugnance for hate shared by both laypersons and scholars. The presumption that hate is bad is not without merit. Sternberg (2003) argued that hate is at the root of war, ethnic cleansing, and evil. Halperin, Russell, Dweck, and Gross (2011) demonstrated that Israelis with high levels of hate and anger are less likely to compromise with Palestinians on upcoming peace negotiations. U.S. Federal law contains a special classification of crime: “hate crimes,” that are considered especially egregious and opprobrious, and that usually result in more severe penalties (Iganski & Lagou, 2015). People tend not to have the same disdain, moral repugnance, or severity of sanction for “crimes of passion” or for “white-collar crimes” although both may and can be committed with hate. Even in common discourse, hate is consistently denounced. For example, websites like hateiswrong.org declare that, “Hate in any form is wrong” (Hate is wrong, 2020). Political leaders such as Nelson Mandela and Barack Obama tweet laments about hate’s abhorrent unnatural source with declarations such as, “People must learn to hate…” (Obama, 2017). Regardless of whether hate is an emotion, an attitude, or a motivation, scholars and laypersons seem to agree that it is a bad thing. A rare exception to this can be seen in Proverbs 8:13 (New International Version), where hate is advocated to be a wise response when targeted at certain adverse qualities or behaviors.
Ceramics and Community Structure: A Reanalysis of Material from the Minneapolis Site (14OT5).

The Minneapolis site (140T5), a late prehistoric Smoky Hill phase site, has been interpreted as a village since the first excavations there in 1934. This congregation of at least 24 mounds has figu...
Nash equilibria: where we stand

In the Fall of 2005 it was shown that finding an Ɛ-approximate mixed Nash equilibrium in a normal-form game, even with two players, is PPAD-complete for small enough (additive) Ɛ - and hence, presumably, an intractable problem. This solved a long-standing open problem in Algorithmic Game Theory, but created many open questions. For example, it is known that inverse polynomial Ɛ is enough to make the problem intractable, while, for two player games, relatively simple polynomial algorithms are known to achieve Ɛ near 1/3; bridging this gap is an important open problem. When the number of strategies per player is small, a different set of algorithmic techniques comes into play; it had been known, for example, that symmetric games of this sort can be solved in polynomial time, via a reduction to the existential theory of the reals. In on-going joint work with Costis Daskalakis we have shown that a simple exhaustive approach works in a broader, and more useful in practice, class of games known as anonymous games, in which the payoff of each player and strategy is a symmetric function of the strategies chosen by the other players; that is, a player's utility depends on how many other players have chosen each of the strategies, and not on precisely which players have. In fact, a variant of the same algorithmic technique gives a pseudopolynomial-time approximation scheme for general n-player games, as long as the number of strategies is kept a constant. Improving this to polynomial seems a challenging problem. A third important front in this research project is exploring equilibrium concepts that are more attractive computationally than the mixed Nash equilibrium, and possibly more natural, yet no less universal (guaranteed to exist under quite general assumptions). A number of such alternatives have been explored recently, some of them in joint work with Alex Fabrikant. For example, we show that two-player games with random entries of the utility matrices are likely to have a natural generalization of a pure Nash equilibrium called unit recall equilibrium. Finally, it had long been believed that Nash equilibria of repeated games are much easier to find, due to a cluster of results known in Game Theory as the Folk Theorem. We shall discuss how recent algorithmic insights cast doubt even to this reassuring fact.
Further Studies Relating Liver Xanthine Oxidase to Quality of Dietary Protein

Recently a method has heen described for estimation of protein quality using the response in liver xanthine oxidase activity as a criterion (Litwack et al., '52). We have found this response in liver xanthine oxidase activity generally to parallel growth in weanling rats fed the same protein. Ear lier, Williams and Elvehjem ('49) observed an increased availability of amino acids from casein after acid hydrolysis, using xanthine oxidase activity as the criterion. Later Lit wack et al. ( '50) found that the rapid loss of enzyme activity, when animals are fed a non-protein diet, is due primarily to a loss of the enzyme protein rather than to a deficiency of cofactors required in the enzyme system. The rapidity of in vitro xanthine oxidase formation was recently demonstrated by Dhungat and Sreenivasan ('52). The activity of this enzyme has also been shown to be main tained by nitrogen sources, other than amino acids, which ef fectively replaced a non-essential amino acid mixture which was added to a basal level of the essential amino acids (Lit-
THE EXPERT’S OPINION

Masaru Murai was appointed President of Compaq K.K. in July 1991 to launch Compaqâ€™s operation in Japan. Before his current appointment, Murai had been the general manager and director of the telecommunications marketing operation for IBM Japan. Murai had been with IBM for 29 years where he started out as a system engineer at IBMs New York office in 1962.
Application of the Multi-Input Multi-Output One-Step-Ahead Adaptive Controller to a Power Plant Boiler

The Multi-Input Multi-Output One-Step-Ahead (MIMO O.S.A.) Adaptive Controller [1,2] is applied to a power plant boiler to control three outputs using three input variables. The power plant boiler is the same system to which a multivariable self-tuning controller was previously applied in [3]. This paper shows the improved performance of the MIMO O.S.A. adaptive controller over that of the multivariable self-tuning controller shown in [3]. The reason for this improvement is that a sampling period smaller than the largest time delay in the system is not allowed in the design of multivariable self-tuning controller. The MIMO O.S.A. adaptive controller does not impose this constraint on the sampling period. This paper also shows that using the multi-input multi-output weighted one-step-ahead (MIMO W.O.S.A.) adaptive controller reduces the magnitude of fluctuations of the control signals which result in improved control of the boiler outputs. Comparison of the performance of the MIMO W.O.S.A. adaptive controller with the performance of the existing PI controllers, when the system goes through a transient mode, shows that the outputs stay closer to their set points when they are controlled by the adaptive controller.
UTILIZATION OF RIBONUCLEOTIDES AND RNA PRIMERS BY TETRAHYMENA TELOMERASE

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) DNA polymerase involved in telomere synthesis. A short sequence within the telomerase RNA component provides a template for de novo addition of the G-rich strand of a telomeric simple sequence repeat onto chromosome termini. In vitro, telomerase can elongate single-stranded DNA primers processively: one primer can be extended by multiple rounds of template copying before product dissociation. Telomerase will incorporate dNTPs or ddNTPs and will elongate any G-rich, single-stranded primer DNA. In this report, we show that Tetrahymena telomerase was able to incorporate a ribonucleotide, rGTP, into product polynucleotide. Synthesis of the product [d(TT)r(GGGG)]n was processive, suggesting that the chimeric product remained associated with the enzyme both at the active site and at a second, previously characterized, template-independent product binding site. As predicted by this finding, RNA-containing oligonucleotides served as primers for elongation. More than 3 nt of RNA at a primer 3' end decreased the quantity of product synthesis but increased the affinity of the primer for telomerase. Thus, RNA-containing primers were effective as competitive inhibitors of DNA primer elongation by telomerase. These results support the possible evolutionary origin of telomerase as an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Symmetric polynomials over /spl Zopf//sub m/ and simultaneous communication protocols

We study the problem of representing symmetric Boolean functions as symmetric polynomials over /spl Zopf//sub m/. We show an equivalence between such representations and simultaneous communication protocols. Computing a function f on 0 - 1 inputs with a polynomial of degree d modulo pq is equivalent to a two player simultaneous protocol for computing f where one player is given the first [log/sub p/d] digits of the weight in base q. This reduces the problem of proving bounds on the degree of symmetric polynomials to proving bounds on simultaneous communication protocols. We use this equivalence to show lower bounds of /spl Omega/(n) on symmetric polynomials weakly representing classes of Mod/sub r/ and Threshold functions. We show there exist symmetric polynomials over /spl Zopf//sub m/ of degree o(n) strongly representing Threshold c for c constant, using the fact that the number of solutions of certain exponential Diophantine equations are finite. Conversely, the fact that the degree is o(n) implies that some classes of Diophantine equations can have only finitely many solutions. Our results give simplifications of many previously known results and show that polynomial representations are intimately related to certain questions in number theory.
A Bus Connected Cellular Array Processing Unit for Relational Database Machines

In this paper, an external VLSI algorithm for the projection operation is presented. This algorithm uses a Bus Connected cellular Array (BCA) processing unit of fixed size to project relations of large size. The idea of incorporating a BCA processing unit as an algorithmically specialized component into a general purpose back-end database system is investigated. A performance analysis in terms of the overall system parameters shows that a significant performance improvement is acheived if the BCA processing unit is made part of the back-end relational database system.
Careers in immunology: the new reality

Are appropriate numbers of scientists being trained for research in immunology? Available data suggest that supply is not yet outstripping opportunities. The form of those opportunities, though, should change.
Errors in Estimating Propagation Distances in Pulse Wave Velocity

To the Editor: Recent correspondence1,2 over the report by Lantelme et al3 exposes a more serious problem with the use of the automated pulse wave velocity (PWV) measuring instrument (Complior®). The aortic PWV reported by Lantelme et al (∼14 m/s) was approximately 50% higher than the aortic PWVs obtained by others for similarly aged human subjects, 8.7 m/s.4 In fact, a literature search revealed that other investigators using this instrument have also measured unreasonably high aortic PWVs.5–7 It appears the problem lies with the error in estimation of the propagation distance of the traveling pulse. The manufacturer recommends the use of the absolute distance between the 2 transducers as the propagation distance.8 This approach is not only inconsistent with published data but also introduces a body size bias into the PWV measurements. Using the …
The terminal oligonucleotides of avian tumor virus RNAs are genetically linked

Abstract The terminal, 5′-capped and 3′-poly-adenylated, RNase T 1 -resistant oligonucleotides of several strains of avian tumor viruses and of recombinants generated between them were investigated. On the basis of their terminal oligonucleotides the viruses studied fell into four classes. Members of each class shared a characteristic pair of terminal oligonucleotides. Viruses of class I (examples: Prague Rous sarcoma virus [RSV] and avian sarcoma virus B77), of class II (example: Rous associated virus [RAV-6]), and of class III (example: Carr Zilber-RSV) contained terminal oligonucleotides with about 20 bases, excepting the cap- and poly (A)-structures. The 5′- and 3′-terminal oligonucleotides of each of those RNA classes were found to have similar but not identical compositions. Class IV viruses (examples: Schmidt-Ruppin RSV, RAV-2, and ring-necked pheasant virus) had 5′-terminal oligonucleotides containing six bases and 3′-terminal oligonucleotides containing about ten bases. The terminal oligonucleotides of class IV had different compositions. All recombinant RNAs studied had both terminal oligonucleotides derived from one parent only, indicating that the terminal oligonucleotides of avian tumor viruses are genetically linked. It was concluded that recombination was probably either between circular proviral DNAs or less likely between linears which are noncolinear transcripts of viral RNA. Evidence of partial redundancy in the termini of class I to III RNAs and the lack of evidence for redundancy in terminal oligonucleotides class IV RNA are discussed in view of possible mechanisms for the replication of the viral genome and its integration into the host chromosome.
Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis: a distinctive rash associated with cytarabine therapy and acute leukemia.

Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis (NEH) is a recently described neutrophilic dermatosis associated with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and chemotherapy. This disorder is a distinct clinicopathologic entity separate from leukemid reactions and other neutrophilic dermatoses. We describe two cases in which plaques or nodules developed in the second week after initiation of induction chemotherapy for AML. The lesions regressed in 1 week and recurred in one case when induction chemotherapy was given a second time. Histologieally, the findings were similar in each case. Neutrophils palisaded about and infiltrated the eccrine coil in which necrosis of secretory epithelium was present. Focal mucinous degeneration of the eccrine adipose tissue cuff was the only other significant alteration. No vasculitis was observed. Cultures and histologic preparations for pathogenic organisms were negative. Cytarabine was the chemotherapeutic agent used in all three cases. NEH most likely represents either an unusual response caused by cytarabine or a manifestation of AML. Recognition of NEH is important in order to exclude other neutrophilic dermatoses associated with AML, such as sepsis and leukemia cutis, which may appear clinically similar.
Relative Satisfaction for Frequency Responses Selected With a Simplex Procedure in Different Listening Conditions

The purpose of this study was to compare everyday satisfaction with hearing aid frequency responses selected using a Simplex procedure and those selected using the National Acoustic Laboratories’ f...
Thermal behavior of the clean Ni(111) surface

High resolution medium energy ion scattering has been used to study the interlayer spacing and atomic vibrations at the Ni(111) surface in the temperature range of 430–1100 K. The surface was not found to exhibit significant relaxation; it remains nearly bulk-terminated for all temperatures studied. The amplitudes of the atomic vibrations at T <800 K are enhanced by 30–40% with respect to their bulk values. This enhancement increases drastically at higher temperatures, so that the surface amplitudes become twice as large as the bulk amplitudes at 1100 K. We did not observe changes in the surface-structural properties near the Curie point.
Complex Protein Interactions within the Human Polyadenylation Machinery Identify a Novel Component

Polyadenylation of mRNA precursors is a two-step reaction requiring multiple protein factors. Cleavage stimulation factor (CstF) is a heterotrimer necessary for the first step, endonucleolytic cleavage, and it plays an important role in determining the efficiency of polyadenylation. Although a considerable amount is known about the RNA binding properties of CstF, the protein-protein interactions required for its assembly and function are poorly understood. We therefore first identified regions of the CstF subunits, CstF-77, CstF-64, and CstF-50, required for interaction with each other. Unexpectedly, small regions of two of the subunits participate in multiple interactions. In CstF-77, a proline-rich domain is necessary not only for binding both other subunits but also for self-association, an interaction consistent with genetic studies in Drosophila. In CstF-64, a small region, highly conserved in metazoa, is responsible for interactions with two proteins, CstF-77 and symplekin, a nuclear protein of previously unknown function. Intriguingly, symplekin has significant similarity to a yeast protein, PTA1, that is a component of the yeast polyadenylation machinery. We show that multiple factors, including CstF, cleavage-polyadenylation specificity factor, and symplekin, can be isolated from cells as part of a large complex. These and other data suggest that symplekin may function in assembly of the polyadenylation machinery.
Isolation and properties of digestive carboxypeptidases from midguts of larvae of the black carpet beetle Attagenus megatoma

Abstract Two cationic carboxypeptidase fractions (CMS-G-1 and CMS-G-2) were isolated from the midgut homogenate of larvae of the black carpet beetle, Attagenus megatoma, through a series of ion exchange and affinity gel chromatographic steps. Fraction CMS-G-2 was highly active against the substrates hippuryl- dl -β-phenyllactate, N- carbobenzoxy-glycyl- l -phenylalanine , and N- carbobenzoxy-glycyl- l -tyrosine and was thus similar in specificity to bovine carboxypeptidase A. Fraction CMS-G-1 was most active against N- carbobenzoxy- l -valyl- l -leucine and N- carbobenzoxy-glycyl- l -methionine . Fraction CMS-G-1 also hydrolysed (in decreasing order) blocked peptides with carboxyl terminal l -isoleucine, l -leucine, l -alanine, and l -valine but was only slightly active against the ester and peptide substrates of carboxypeptidase A. Neither CMS-G-1 nor CMS-G-2 hydrolysed N- carbobenzoxy-glycyl- l -proline or glycyl-glycine. Between CMS-G-1 and CMS-G-2, at least four bands with peptidase activity were resolved on a cationic polyacrylamide gel system. The terminal and penultimate amino acids of the peptides were equally important in determining the specificity of individual peptidase bands. Fractions CMS-G-1 and CMS-G-2 each had a single, separate activity band with the substrate N- carbobenzoxy-glycyl- l -leucine . These two peptidases had molecular weights of about 35,500 and were most active at pH 7.5 to 8.5. Both enzymes were inhibited by the metal chelators EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline and also by heavy metals such as Cu2+, Hg2+ and Cd2+. The two enzymes thus appear to be metalloproteins with active sulphydryl groups.
Racial Order of Suburban Communities: Past, Present, and Future

The steady growth of the post-war suburban Black middle class has been overshadowed by the mis-characterization of the suburbs as conformist and racially homogeneous. Until recently, race remained an ever present yet unexplored dimension of studies of suburban communities. However, new suburban histories and a growing collection of black middle-class suburban community case studies replace the monochrome descriptions of suburban life with an analysis that places the suburb within its regional, political, economic, and ideological landscape.
Carboxypeptidase-like activity during development and aging of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.

Abstract 1. 1. An acid carboxypeptidase whose activity, based on several biochemical parameters, was determined to be similar to mammalian lysosomal carboxypeptidase was maximal at pH 5.0 during the early parasitic stages of development of the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis . 2. 2. No such enzyme activity could be detected in the early free-living larval stages of this nematode. 3. 3. Carboxypeptidase activity declined as the age of the parasitic adult increased. 4. 4. Timing of maximum activity corresponds to the shift from free-living to parasitic stages of the life cycle.
CD4 + and CD8 + T cells acquire specific lymphokine secretion potentials during thymic maturation

Peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes carry out different functions during immune reactions, partly as a result of the distinct patterns of lymphokines that they secrete upon stimulation. Using thymic cells from adult and newborn mice as well as from fetal organ cultures, we show here that this functional differentiation occurs inside the thymus and is completed during the single positive stage by the time the T-cell receptor becomes fully coupled to the intracellular activation pathways leading to lymphokine secretion. Surprisingly, CD4+8- thymocytes differ from their immediate progeny, naive peripheral CD4+ cells, in that they secrete a broader range of lymphokines, including interleukins 4, 5 and 10 and gamma-interferon, and more closely resemble immunologically experienced (activated or memory) CD4+ lymphocytes.
Geochemistry and geochronology of the Jim Sage volcanic suite, southern Idaho: Implications for Snake River Plain magmatism and its role in the history of Basin and Range extension

The Jim Sage volcanic suite (JSVS) exposed in the Jim Sage and Cotterel Mountains of southern Idaho (USA) consists of two volcanic members composed of ∼240 km3 of Miocene rhyolite lavas separated by an interval of lacustrine sediments. It is capped by rheomorphic ignimbrite and as much as 100 m of basaltic lava flows probably derived from the central Snake River Plain (SRP) province to the north. The occurrence of volcanic vents in the JSVS links the lava flows to their local eruptive centers, while the adjacent Albion–Raft River–Grouse Creek metamorphic core complex exposes ∼3000 km2 of once deep-seated rocks that offer constraints on the composition of the potential crustal sources of these rhyolites. U-Pb zircon ages from the rhyolite lavas of the JSVS range from 9.5 to 8.2 Ma. The Miocene basalt of the Cotterel Mountains has an 87Sr/86Sri composition of 0.7066–0.7075 and ɛNd(i) = –3.7, and the rhyolite lavas of the JSVS have 87Sr/86Sri = 0.7114–0.7135 and eNd(i) values that range from –6.7 to –7.1. Zircon from the rhyolites of the JSVS range in δ18Ozr (Vienna standard mean ocean water, VSMOW) from –0.5‰ to 5.7‰ and have eHf(i) values ranging from –0.8 to –6.8. Based on geochronology, whole-rock major elements, trace elements, isotopes (Sr and Nd), and in situ zircon O and Hf isotopic compositions, we infer that the JSVS is genetically related to the central SRP province. The eruption of the low-δ18O rhyolites of the JSVS, outside of the main topographic extent of the SRP province (without the large calderas inferred for the SRP rhyolites) implies that there might be an alternative mechanism for the formation of the low-δ18O signature other than the proposed assimilation of hydrothermally altered caldera blocks. One suggestion is that the north to south propagation of SRP-type low-δ18O rhyolitic melt along the Albion fault led to off-axis magmatism. Another possibility is that there was prior and widespread (across a region wider than the SRP) hydrothermal alteration of the crust related to its earlier magmatic and faulting history. The eruption of SRP-type lavas in the hanging wall of an evolving metamorphic core complex helps us outline the role of the SRP magmatic province in the extensional evolution of the northeastern Basin and Range. The lavas of the JSVS imply the addition of basalt, related to the SRP hotspot, to the crust beneath the Raft River Basin that provided a heat source for crustal melting and weakening of the deep crust; this led to a vertical component of crustal flow and doming during extension, after the eruption of the 9.5–8.2 Ma JSVS rhyolites. This younger than 8.2 Ma component of vertical motion during faulting of the Miocene stratified sequence of the Raft River Basin and the rotation of the Albion fault to shallower angles collectively resulted in the subhorizontal detachment structure imaged seismically beneath the Raft River Basin.
rf spectroscopy of trapped neutral atoms.

On rapporte la premiere observation des transitions induites par des radio frequences d'atomes neutres pieges. Une courbe de resonance radiofrequence d'un echantillon d'atomes Na pieges est obtenue en mesurant la population relative de deux sous-etats magnetiques pieges en fonction de la radiofrequence appliquee. La forme de la courbe de resonance est utilisee pour determiner la distribution de l'energie des atomes pieges
Regulation of human T-lymphotropic virus type I latency and reactivation by HBZ and Rex.

Human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection is largely latent in infected persons. How HTLV-1 establishes latency and reactivates is unclear. Here we show that most HTLV-1-infected HeLa cells become senescent. By contrast, when NF-κB activity is blocked, senescence is averted, and infected cells continue to divide and chronically produce viral proteins. A small population of infected NF-κB-normal HeLa cells expresses low but detectable levels of Tax and Rex, albeit not Gag or Env. In these “latently” infected cells, HTLV-1 LTR trans-activation by Tax persists, but NF-κB trans-activation is attenuated due to inhibition by HBZ, the HTLV-1 antisense protein. Furthermore, Gag-Pol mRNA localizes primarily in the nuclei of these cells. Importantly, HBZ was found to inhibit Rex-mediated export of intron-containing mRNAs. Over-expression of Rex or shRNA-mediated silencing of HBZ led to viral reactivation. Importantly, strong NF-κB inhibition also reactivates HTLV-1. Hence, during HTLV-1 infection, when Tax/Rex expression is robust and dominant over HBZ, productive infection ensues with expression of structural proteins and NF-κB hyper-activation, which induces senescence. When Tax/Rex expression is muted and HBZ is dominant, latent infection is established with expression of regulatory (Tax/Rex/HBZ) but not structural proteins. HBZ maintains viral latency by down-regulating Tax-induced NF-κB activation and senescence, and by inhibiting Rex-mediated expression of viral structural proteins.
Operator ergodic theory for one-parameter decomposable groups

Abstract After initial treatment of the Fourier analysis and operator ergodic theory of strongly continuous decomposable one-parameter groups of operators in the Banach space setting, we show that in the setting of a super-reflexive Banach space X these groups automatically transfer from the setting of R to X the behavior of the Hilbert kernel, as well as the Fourier multiplier actions of functions of higher variation on R . These considerations furnish one-parameter groups with counterparts for the single operator theory in Berkson (2010) [4] . Since no uniform boundedness of one-parameter groups of operators is generally assumed in the present article, its results for the super-reflexive space setting go well beyond the theory of uniformly bounded one-parameter groups on UMD spaces (which was developed in Berkson et al., 1986 [13] ), and in the process they expand the scope of vector-valued transference to encompass a genre of representations of R that are not uniformly bounded.
Mechanisms underlying the inability to induce area CA1 LTP in the mouse after traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant health issue that often causes enduring cognitive deficits, in particular memory dysfunction. The hippocampus, a structure crucial in learning and memory, is frequently damaged during TBI. Since long-term potentiation (LTP) is the leading cellular model underlying learning and memory, this study was undertaken to examine how injury affects area CA1 LTP in mice using lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI). Brain slices derived from FPI animals demonstrated an inability to induce LTP in area CA1 7 days postinjury. However, area CA1 long-term depression could be induced in neurons 7 days postinjury, demonstrating that some forms of synaptic plasticity can still be elicited. Using a multidisciplined approach, potential mechanisms underlying the inability to induce and maintain area CA1 LTP were investigated. This study demonstrates that injury leads to significantly smaller N-methyl-D-aspartate potentials and glutamate-induced excitatory currents, increased dendritic spine size, and decreased expression of α-calcium calmodulin kinase II. These findings may underlie the injury-induced lack of LTP and thus, contribute to cognitive impairments often associated with TBI. Furthermore, these results provide attractive sites for potential therapeutic intervention directed toward alleviating the devastating consequences of human TBI. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Impact of temperature and relative humidity on life history parameters of adult Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Abstract The Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a pest of stored corn, Zea mays L., and other grains throughout the world. Sitotroga cerealella are routinely exposed to temperatures below 20 °C in regions of the U.S. where corn is grown, yet there are no data describing adult life history parameters below 20 °C. We determined longevity, fecundity, and survivorship of eggs at a range of temperatures that represent environmental conditions to which S. cerealella are exposed in corn stored in the U.S. Longest male longevity was 31 d at 10 °C, and shortest male longevity was 4 d at 35 and 40 °C. Longest female longevity was 29 d at 15 °C, and shortest female longevity was 5 days at 35 and 40 °C. Duration of the preoviposition period was as long as 16 d at 10 °C and as short as 1 d at 30–40 °C. All females laid eggs at 20–30 °C, 50–94% of females laid eggs at 15 °C, and 17–61% of females laid eggs at 10, 35, or 40 °C. Females laid the most eggs, nearly 100, at 20 and 25 °C and 75% r.h., while 6 or fewer eggs were laid at 10, 35, or 40 °C. Between 68 and 98% of eggs hatched at 20–30 °C, while 20% or fewer eggs hatched at 35 °C and no eggs hatched at 40 °C. An average of less than one egg was laid at 10 °C, but 58–100% of eggs hatched at 10 °C. Our results emphasize the importance of including data on population growth of stored-grain insect pests at low temperatures in computer models for simulating insect population growth in grain.
Apical vacuole formation by gastric parietal cells in primary culture: effect of low extracellular Ca2+

In primary culture, the gastric parietal cell's deeply invaginated apical membrane, seen in microscopy by phalloidin binding to F-actin (concentrated in microvilli and a subapical web), is engulfed...
Microgrids as a resiliency resource

Severe weather events, and the associated customer outages, have shown that the nations electrical infrastructure is vulnerable to large scale natural events. Because of the regulated environment that utilities must operate in it is not feasible for utilities to build adequate traditional infrastructure to address these events; i.e. more transmission lines and more large central generators. Microgrid technologies have the potential to address some of the challenges associated with improving the resiliency of the nations electrical infrastructure. Microgrids are not a new concept but advances in device capabilities, computing capabilities, and communications are making them a more attractive option. This panel discussion will cover the concept of using microgrids as a resiliency resource and examine work that is being done by the United States Department of Energy.
Mitotic Response in Basal Cells of the Crevicular Epithelium to Gingival Surgery

A total of 18 periodontal patients participated in this study. After initial preparation, a gingivectomy was performed on the lingual surfaces of posterior teeth with pockets ranging from 3 to 5 mm in depth. Control specimens were obtained at time of gingivectomy. Subsequently, the patients were divided into three groups (Group I, II, III). Each group contained three male and three female patients. The gingivectomy site was biopsied after surgery at 7, 14, and 28 days. The mean mitotic indices of the basal cell layer of the crevicular epithelium were obtained. At 0 day, the mean mitotic index was 6.6, increased to 11.4 at 7 days, and rose to a high value of 11.6 at 14 days. It was reduced to a value of 9.7 at 28 days. From our data, it appeared that the rise in mitotic activity which followed gingival injury did not fall to preoperative levels at 30 days postsurgery.
Effects of Ce(III) and CeO2 Nanoparticles on Soil-Denitrification Kinetics

Cerium (Ce)-based compounds, such as CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs), have received much attention in the last several years due to their popular applications in industrial and commercial uses. Understanding the impact of CeO2 NPs on nutrient cycles, a subchronic toxicity study of CeO2 NPs on soil-denitrification process was performed as a function of particle size (33 and 78 nm), total Ce concentration (50–500 mg L−1), and speciation [Ce(IV) vs. Ce(III)]. The antimicrobial effect on the soil-denitrification process was evaluated in both steady-state and zero-order kinetic models to assess particle- and chemical-species specific toxicity. It was found that soluble Ce(III) was far more toxic than Ce(IV)O2 NPs when an equal total concentration of Ce was evaluated. Particle size-dependent toxicity, species-dependent toxicity, and concentration-dependent toxicity were all observed in this study for both the steady-state and the kinetic evaluations. Changes in physicochemical properties of Ce(IV)O2 NPs might be important in assessing the environmental fate and toxicity of NPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Postmenopausal hormone therapy and coronary heart disease: clinical implications of recent randomized trial results.

Results from three randomized clinical trials are challenging the belief that postmenopausal hormone therapy protects against coronary heart disease. The three trials include two secondary prevention trials and an early report from the American Women’s Health Initiative: (1) The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS). (2) The Estrogen Replacement and Atherosclerosis Study (ERA). (3) The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI). The results from only one of these trials, the HERS trial, have been published. The ERA trial was recently presented at the Annual Meeting of the American College of Cardiology, and the report from the WHI consists of information provided to the participants and investigators in the study by the monitoring safety board. Because of the publicity surrounding these results, an impact on clinicians and patients is anticipated. I will first briefly summarize each study, then provide my own view regarding the clinical implications and meaning of the results.
Projective-type axioms for the hyperbolic plane

It is shown that the Laws of Pappus and Desargues may replace the Axiom of Projectivities in Menger's development of hyperbolic geometry from axioms of alignment.
Towards Integrating Basic and Clinical Sciences: Our Experience at Touro University Nevada

Objectives: To assess the validity of an educational method of vertical integration as a transitional stage from discipline-based to fully integrated medical curriculum in a community oriented medical school. Methods: involved a quarterly “Integrative Medical Education Symposium (IMES)” series targeting third- and fourth-year medical students. This series handled one or more clinical topics per symposium, which were carefully selected by the IMES Committee. The topics were presented in a Problem/ Case-Based Learning (PBL) format with interactive discussion of differential diagnosis of the case. Occasionally, actors portrayed patients. Upon conclusive diagnosis, integrated basic sciences and clinical reviews of the topic were presented in different ways. At the end of each symposium, students were invited to complete a 5-point Likert scale survey, which involved 6 questions to evaluate clinical and basic science education, integration, student interaction, effect on diagnostic skills, and overall program efficacy. Each question’s data collected from eighteen IMES series were analyzed and classified into two groups; accept and reject. The “accept” group represented the sum of students who “strongly agree” (score “5” on Likert scale) and simply “agree” (score “4” on Likert scale) of a survey question. The “reject” group represented the sum of students who “strongly disagree” (score “1” on Likert scale) and simply “disagree” (score “2” on Likert scale) of the same survey question. The two groups of each question were then statistically compared to each other using students’-test, where p<0.05 indicates significant value. Results: Five of the six survey questions demonstrated that a significant number (p-value<0.009) of student responses (n=813 − 942, representing seventy seven to eighty nine percent of the total number student responses) were supportive to the program. The overall IMES program effectiveness reported eighty one percent (n=855) in favor of “accept” group, which is significantly different from “reject” group for this item (p<0.002). The only survey question that showed insignificant difference between “accept” and “reject” groups was the level of students’ interaction throughout the symposium. Conclusion: IMES is a useful experience as a transitional program towards integrated curriculum, since it revealed many challenges that may affect the integration process.
Radio-ligand immunoassay for human hemoglobin variants

A quantitative method is described for the individual assay of human hemoglobin variants occuring singly or in mixture. The hemoglobin to be assayed is bound to specific antibody; the immune complex is attached to protein A-containing S. aureus and removed from the mixture. The hemoglobin thus isolated is quantified by its ability to bind radiolabeled haptoglobin. The technique is accurate and distinguishes among the 4 hemoglobins tested, namely Hb A, S, C and F. It has the advantage over conventional radioimmunoassay that a single probe, radiolabeled haptoglobin, is needed for the specific assay of any hemoglobin.
Understanding the biopsychosocial model

The biopsychosocial model has emerged from the need of a better understanding of the human being as a unit, with his biological, psychological and sociological perspectives as well as from recent research findings suggesting the difficulties of working with one of these areas without dealing with the others.Even when the need of such a model has been extensively described, the model itself and its practical applications had been poorly defined, lacking specially theoretical explanations of the interaction of biological, psychological and social factors in producing medical and psychiatric illness. The author attempts in this paper to give a theoretical explanation of the interaction of these factors by applying the concept of multicausality of illness and the concept of vulnerability of systems. The practical application of this framework is also shown in a case example.
Synthesis of cross-linked poly(aldehyde guluronate) hydrogels

Alginate is an attractive material for controlled drug delivery and cell transplantation applications. However, alginate hydrogels are not degradable, have limited mechanical properties, and lack the functional groups required for cell interaction. To address these limitations of alginate while maintaining their favorable characteristics, we have synthesized new polymers derived from sodium poly(guluronate), the portion of the alginate molecule that is responsible for its gelling behaviour. Sodium poly(guluronate) was isolated, oxidized with sodium periodate, and cross-linked with adipic dihydrazide to yield hydrogels with a wide range of mechanical properties, and with cell adhesion peptides coupled to their backbones.
Accuracy and Differences among Students in Their Predictions of Semester Achievement

AbstractThis study investigated (a) the relationships between college students' semester grade-point averages (SGPA) and their mental ability, reading skills, and three self-predictions of grades, (b) the best predictor of SGPA, (c) the differences between sexes, college status, and mental ability, reading and achievement groups in prediction of grades and changes in predictions, and (d) the relationship of the third prediction with SGPA. For the 151 subjects, most variables studied were significantly related to SGPA. The third prediction was the best predictor of SGPA. Significant differences were found (a) among mental ability, reading and achievement subgroups, (b) over the three predictions and (c) in interaction effects for sexes, college status and achievement subgroups. The third prediction and SGPA were significantly related for all subgroups except for low achievers.
The promise, and limitations, of gossip protocols

Recent years have seen a surge of interest in gossip protocols, with proposals to apply them for purposes ranging from autonomic self-management, repair of inconsistencies, reliable multicast and distributed search. Yet the field of distributed computing is littered with technologies that had initial promise, but were ultimately rejected by the industry. Researchers who measure their work through its impact need to ask some tough, basic questions. What are the uses to which gossip is particularly well-matched, and what are its limitations? What alternatives are there to gossip-based solutions, and when would we be better-off using a non-gossip protocol? When, in effect, is gossip the technology of choice?
Ovarian hemangioma--report of three cases and review of the literature.

Introduction Ovarian hemangiomas are rare tumors, with less than 50 reported cases in the English literature. This is a low incidence, considering the rich vascular supply of the ovary.
Residency: The Fallacy of Need

Ambivalence concerning the perceived role of the house officer in the teaching hospitals of this country is about to be laid to rest. Whether or not the Department of Labor grants independent labor-union status to the Physicians National House Staff Association (PNHA), the members of that Association have clearly declared themselves as employees rather than students. Newspaper statements ascribed to their spokesmen do not even try to preserve remnants of the student component of the residency experience. Perhaps, as we contemplate the potential of what is happening, it might be wise to remind ourselves of the circumstances that led to . . .
Crustal rupture and the initiation of imbricate thrusting in the Peru-Chile Trench

A detailed survey of parts of the Peru-Chile Trench between lat 6° and 10°S shows that it has undergone extensive deformation within the past several thousand years. The tholeiitic basalt crust and overlying sedimentary deposits have ruptured, forming ridges within the trench axis and uplifted turbidite basins of former trench fill on the seaward wall of the trench. Several displaced terrigenous turbidite units show that 700 to 910 m of uplift has occurred within the past 3,155 yr on the most prominent ridge, while 700 m of uplift has occurred during the past 5,100 yr in the basins on the seaward wall of the trench. Average rates of relative vertical movement may range from 14 to 22 cm/yr in this area. This study suggests that the oceanic plate is fractured into three segments (N11°W, segment 1; N24°W, segment 2; and N31°W, segment 3) between lat 6° and 10°S. The most intense deformation is found at lat 7°40′S and 9°20′S, between segments 1 and 2 and 2 and 3, respectively; major tear faults are postulated for these two regions of extreme crustal rupture. The bathymetry, structure, nature of vertical movements, sediments of the Peru-Chile Trench and lower continental slope, and first motions of earthquakes on the oceanic plate suggest that imbricate thrusting plays an important role in the development of the features observed at the convergent boundary off Peru. The structural elements are best explained by a five-stage imbricate thrust model: (1) normal faulting of the descending oceanic plate resulting from tensional stress along the line of flexure; (2) reverse faulting resulting from a change from tensional to compressional stress within the trench; (3) initiation of thrust faults within the trench; (4) extensive rupture forming axial ridges and basins within the trench; and (5) accretion to the lower slope of the thrust sheet as it moves forward. Reactivation of movement along older imbricate thrusts in the continental slope may occur, particularly in stages 3, 4, and 5. The prominent benches on the continental slope probably develop as a consequence of the imbricate thrusting. The onshore and offshore region from lat 6° to 10°S is marked by a seismic gap (absence of shallow-focus earthquakes with magnitude > 7.7) and the onshore region by a paucity of late Cenozoic plutonic and volcanic activity. We postulate that the seismic gaps occur because extensive fracturing of the descending oceanic plate and motion along old imbricate thrust faults in the continental slope preclude the build-up of the large stress fields necessary to produce large-magnitude earthquakes. If imbricate thrusting and accretion is more prevalent than subduction in this region, it may also help to explain the lack of late Cenozoic volcanism in the area of the Huancabamba deflection.
Photosensitization of PbS Films

The effect of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ on the photoconductive response of evaporated PbS films has been experimentally investigated. The dark conductance $g$, the photoconductance $\ensuremath{\Delta}g$, and the time constant $\ensuremath{\tau}$ for the photoconductive response of PbS evaporated films vary when the films are exposed to oxygen. Initially $g$ decreases several orders of magnitude when an outgassed film is exposed to oxygen; it reaches a minimum and then increases. The thermoelectric power changes from negative to positive at the minimum in conductance. $\ensuremath{\Delta}g$ and $\ensuremath{\tau}$ are given as a function of $g$. $\ensuremath{\Delta}g$ decreases with increasing oxygenation, reaches a minimum near the minimum in $g$ and then increases as $g$ increases after the film becomes $p$-type; $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}g}{g}$ is a maximum, however, near the minimum in $g$. On the other hand, $\ensuremath{\tau}$ increases steadily as the film changes from $n$- to $p$-type.These results are attributed to the effect of two oxygen surface states. A low-lying ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state alters the Fermi level of the originally $n$-type film. The surface charge thus formed lowers the effective carrier mobility. A higher energy ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$ state, when empty, traps photoelectrons and hence enhances the hole photoconductivity.