cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of colored glue in the charmonium wave function

Using an adiabatic approximation and the MIT bag model, we examine the effect of including a term in the charmonium wave function which contains one quantum of the lowest mode of the transverse gluon field in addition to the quark and antiquark. The amplitude of this term is calculated in perturbation theory, and its presence leads to a significant reduction in magnetic dipole transition rates with no corresponding reduction in electric dipole transitions. Although going in the right direction, the effect is not large enough to explain the discrepancy with the experimental M1 rates.
Carotenoid pigment conversion in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides.

Abstract 1. 1. The specific oxidation of the carotenoid pigment Spheroidene to Spheroidenone when anaerobic cultures of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides are aerated, has been studied. 2. 2. The conversion of Spheroidene to Spheroidenone is enhanced by light and reversibly inhibited by CO. Cyanide and chloramphenicol do not affect conversion. 3. 3. A cell system capable of limited conversion has been obtained.
MEK inhibition affects STAT3 signaling and invasion in human melanoma cell lines

Elevated activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade is found in the majority of human melanomas and is known to regulate proliferation, survival and invasion. Current targeted therapies focus on decreasing the activity of this pathway; however, we do not fully understand how these therapies impact tumor biology, especially given that melanoma is a heterogeneous disease. Using a three-dimensional (3D), collagen-embedded spheroid melanoma model, we observed that MEK and BRAF inhibitors can increase the invasive potential of ∼20% of human melanoma cell lines. The invasive cell lines displayed increased receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activity and activation of the Src/FAK/signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 (STAT3) signaling axis, also associated with increased cell-to-cell adhesion and cadherin engagement following MEK inhibition. Targeting various RTKs, Src, FAK and STAT3 with small molecule inhibitors in combination with a MEK inhibitor prevented the invasive phenotype, but only STAT3 inhibition caused cell death in the 3D context. We further show that STAT3 signaling is induced in BRAF-inhibitor-resistant cells. Our findings suggest that MEK and BRAF inhibitors can induce STAT3 signaling, causing potential adverse effects such as increased invasion. We also provide the rationale for the combined targeting of the MAPK pathway along with inhibitors of RTKs, SRC or STAT3 to counteract STAT3-mediated resistance phenotypes.
Keck observations of ROSAT ultra-luminous X-ray source candidates

Abstract We present results of optical follow-up observations of candidate ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs). Using Keck optical spectroscopy, 17 of the candidates from the Colbert and Ptak [Colbert, E.J.M., Ptak, A.F. A catalog of candidate intermediate-luminosity X-ray objects. ApJS 143, 25–45, 2002] catalog have been identified; this is one of the largest sets of optical identifications of such objects thus far. Fifteen are background active galactic nuclei (AGN); two are foreground stars in our Galaxy. These findings are consistent with background and foreground object expectations, as derived from log N–log S relations. Also, the results are briefly discussed in terms of the spiral-galaxy/ULX connection.
A Transistorized Chromatron Color Television Receiver

This paper presents the circuits and system aspects associated with the design of an all-transistor color television set using the Chromatron color tube. It is intended to be read with a previous paper describing the color-processing circuitry, and the two papers together form a complete description of the set design. This paper, in particcular, is concerned with the problems associated with the generation and regulation of high voltage, and with obtaining proper color video response using semiconductors. Other aspects of the design are presented for the sake of describing a complete schematic.
Formation of melt droplets, melt fragments, and accretionary impact lapilli during a hypervelocity impact

Abstract We present a model that describes the formation of melt droplets, melt fragments, and accretionary impact lapilli during a hypervelocity impact. Using the iSALE hydrocode, coupled to the ANEOS equation of state for silica, we create high-resolution two-dimensional impact models to track the motion of impact ejecta. We then estimate the size of the ejecta products using simple analytical expressions and information derived from our hydrocode models. Ultimately, our model makes predictions of how the size of the ejecta products depends on impactor size, impact velocity, and ejection velocity. In general, we find that larger impactor sizes result in larger ejecta products and higher ejection velocities result in smaller ejecta product sizes. We find that a 10 km diameter impactor striking at a velocity of 20 km/s creates millimeter scale melt droplets comparable to the melt droplets found in the Chicxulub ejecta curtain layer. Our model also predicts that melt droplets, melt fragments, and accretionary impact lapilli should be found together in well preserved ejecta curtain layers and that all three ejecta products can form even on airless bodies that lack significant volatile content. This prediction agrees with observations of ejecta from the Sudbury and Chicxulub impacts as well as the presence of accretionary impact lapilli in lunar breccia.
P granules extend the nuclear pore complex environment in the C. elegans germ line

The immortal and totipotent properties of the germ line depend on determinants within the germ plasm. A common characteristic of germ plasm across phyla is the presence of germ granules, including P granules in Caenorhabditis elegans, which are typically associated with the nuclear periphery. In C. elegans, nuclear pore complex (NPC)-like FG repeat domains are found in the VASA-related P-granule proteins GLH-1, GLH-2, and GLH-4 and other P-granule components. We demonstrate that P granules, like NPCs, are held together by weak hydrophobic interactions and establish a size-exclusion barrier. Our analysis of intestine-expressed proteins revealed that GLH-1 and its FG domain are not sufficient to form granules, but require factors like PGL-1 to nucleate the localized concentration of GLH proteins. GLH-1 is necessary but not sufficient for the perinuclear location of granules in the intestine. Our results suggest that P granules extend the NPC environment in the germ line and provide insights into the roles of the PGL and GLH family proteins.
Synthesis and Structure of Two New Quaternary Nitrides: Li3Sr2MN4(M=Nb, Ta)☆

Abstract Two new quaternary nitrides, Li3Sr2MN4(M=Nb, Ta) have been synthesized from Li, Sr, and Nb or Ta metals under a flowing Ar–NH3atmosphere at 800°C under ambient pressure. The structures, determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, are orthorhombic, space groupPnnm(No. 58) withZ=4, and have lattice parametersa=8.713(6) A,b=9.007(4) A,c=7.006(5) A anda=8.700(6) A,b=9.004(4) A,c=7.000(3) A forM=Nb and Ta, respectively. Refinement based uponFyieldedR=0.033 andRw=0.036 forM=Nb andR=0.035 andRw=0.045 forM=Ta. The structures are isotypic with Na2Li3MO4,M=Fe, Ga. TheMand two independent Li atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated by N atoms. EachMN4tetrahedron connects three Li(2)N4tetrahedra, one by edge-sharing and two by corner-sharing, to form a two-dimensional layer in thebcplane. These layers are linked together by Li(1) atoms to form the three-dimensional structure. The two Sr atoms occupy channels formed by N atoms along thecdirection. Crystalline Li3Sr2NbN4was synthesized by heating a Li3N–Sr2NbN3mixture at 750°C under an Ar atmosphere. Magnetic susceptibility data for Li3Sr2NbN4between 4 and 300 K exhibit temperature independent paramagnetism.
Theory of sixth-order wave aberrations

A sixth-order theory of wave aberrations for axially symmetric systems is developed. Specific formulas for the sixth-order extrinsic and intrinsic wave aberration coefficients are given, as well as relations between pupil and image aberrations. Equations are developed for the wavefront propagation to the sixth order of approximation. The concept of the irradiance function is developed, and the second-order irradiance coefficients are found via conservation of flux at the pupils of the optical system and in terms of pupil aberrations. From purely geometrical considerations a generalized irradiance transport equation that describes irradiance changes in an optical system is derived. Confirming the aberration coefficients with real ray-tracing data was found to be indispensable.
Dynamics of fractal structures

Dilation symmetry, as opposed to the degenerate limit of translation symmetry, requires (at least) three dimensionalities to contain a physical description:d, the Euclidean (or embedding) dimension; $$\bar d$$ , the Haussdorf (or fractal) dimension; $$\overline{\overline d} $$ , the fracton (or spectral) dimension. The dynamical properties of percolating networks are examined in this context. The vibrational density of states,N(ω), is calculated, and shown to be propertional toω d −1 in the phonon, or long-length-scale regime. A crossover is found at a frequency ωc, propotional top−p c , wherep is the bond occupancy probability, andp c the critical percolation concentration. At short length scales,N(ω) is proportional to $$\omega ^{\overline{\overline d} - 1} $$ and the excitations are termedfractons. An effective mdium approximation (EMA) calculation of the vibration density of states exhibits a rapid rise inNω in the vicinity ofω c . We suggest that this overall behavior has relevance to the vibrational properties of amorphous materials. The far infrared absorption spctra of a number of glasses and amorphous Ge exhibit structures which appear similar to the calculated EMANω. This lends credence to our previous analysis based solely on the thermal properties. We use the EMA to compute 〈r 2(t)〉 for a percolating network, and thence calculate the diffusion constantD(t). For short times, we obtain the Webman EMA result,D(t)∞t −1/2, with a smooth crossover to a constant value for long times. The vibrational dispersion curves are calculated within EMA. The velocity of soundv s is found to vary as(p −p c) 1/2 in the phonon (small wave vectorq) regime. Whenq ≈ qc, (q cv s=ω forp nearp c , the dispersion curves flatten and bend over, then rise again withω ∞q 2, looking somewhat “roton”-like. Forq >q c , the “damping” becomes very large, so that the plane wave character of the solution fails. This peculiar double-valued structure ina>(ω) is responsible for the rapid rise inN(ω) nearω c, and not the behavior of the diffusion constant. Our results suggest the following EMA values atd=3 in the fracton regime: $$\overline{\overline d} $$ =1, $$\bar d$$ =2, orθ=2 whereD(r) α r∞θ.
Characterization and functional expression of a somatostatin receptor coupled to adenylyl cyclase.

Abstract Receptor ligand binding and functional studies indicate that somatostatin (SRIF) receptors belong to the G protein coupled receptor superfamily. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and degenerate primers to the third and sixth transmembrane domains of G protein coupled receptors, we have isolated a SRIF receptor cDNA from bovine locus coeruleus (LC). This SRIF receptor (referred to as LCR9) encodes a protein of 368 amino acids and is 94% identical to a human SRIF receptor recently isolated from pancreatic islet cells. Levels of LCR9 mRNA are highest in cerebral cortex, intermediate in thalamus and cerebellum, and lower in pons, LC, dorsal raphe, and substantia nigra. Expression in CHO cells demonstrates that LCR9 binds 125 I-Tyr 1 -SRIF with high affinity ( K d ∼ 0.5 n M ). SRIF, SRIF28, and MK 678 (a SRIF 1 selective ligand) potently displaced SRIF ligand binding, while a CGP-23996 like compound (compound 1), which displays higher affinity for SRIF2, did not significantly influence ligand binding at concentrations up to 1 μ M . Ligand binding to the expressed receptor was also significantly reduced by GTP. Unlike the receptor isolated from pancreas, expression of LCR9 resulted in SRIF receptor inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. SRIF, SRIF28, and MK 678 all potently inhibited forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase in membranes from LCR9 transfected cells; in contrast the CGP-23996 like compound did not influence adenylyl cyclase activity. SRIF receptor inhibition of adenylyl cyclase was dependent on GTP and was sensitive to pretreatment of membranes with pertussis toxin. The results demonstrate that LCR9 encodes a high-affinity SRIF receptor that is negatively coupled to adenylyl cyclase.
Doing social science in anti-scientific times

We currently inhabit an era of remarkable hostility to scientific thought expressed at all levels of American society. In the contemporary United States, scientific facts are routinely suppressed by those in power; public schools are forced to teach intelligent design as a valid scientific theory; individual scientists are singled out for harassment by members of congress; and government scientists are punished for doing their jobs. In such a climate, it is hardly surprising that the study of science has become so unpopular that we are forced to import a growing fraction of our working scientists from abroad. Whereas in 1966, foreign-born persons received just 23% of all science and engineering Ph.D.s, by the year 2000, 39% of such degrees were earned by foreigners. If doing science has become difficult, the pursuit of social science has become even more problematic given its inevitable connection to human values, behaviors, and social institutions. Recently the President of the American Sociological Association, Michael Burawoy, called for a more vigorous public sociology in which sociologists themselves participate directly in ongoing political debates. As he put it, "in times of market tyranny and state despotism, sociology?and in particular its public face?defends the interests of humanity" (Burawoy, 2005: 24). Although I agree with Burawoy that sociologists must stand up and make themselves heard in public debates, I am less enthusiastic about his call for a more partisan politics. In this essay, I consider the nature of anti-scientific climate prevailing in the United States, discuss the origins of this hostility, and present an alternate vision for how sociologists, as social scientists, should respond to the chal lenges of doing social science in anti-scientific times. The Present Climate
A dissent on diversity

Editor's Note: In 1988, the regents of the University of Wisconsin issued a document entitled Mandate for Cultural Diversity, which called upon each campus in the system to devise required programs in cultural diversity education for r__beir students. At the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee campus a resolution requiring that all students receive education in the "life experiences" of minority groups was hastily pushed through the faculty senate before the faculty as a whole had a chance to review the proposal. One hundred and fifteen professors signed a petition demanding a special faculty meeting, but the administration managed to avoid it through parliamentary legerdemain, and a compliant university committee acquiesced. Reprinted below are excerpts from a series of letters and addresses written by one of the leading faculty opponents of these proposals. They comprise an eloquent defense of the intellectual principles on which higher education should stand, and reveal the degraded nature of the process through which academic policy is all too often implemented.
Measuring psychosocial aspects of treatment outcome among compulsive drug users

Addressed three questions in a study designed to identify problems in adapting psychosocial measures for outcome evaluation of drug abuse treatment. Answers were sought by comparing samples of consecutive admissions to a drug dependence treatment center (N = 201) and to an inpatient psychiatric unit (N = 159) on home and community adjustment ratings (Personal Adjustment and Role Skills scales, Ellsworth, 1975) by self and significant others. For question one (Are there unique problems in gathering outcome data?), drug users' informants returned significantly fewer ratings: return rates were higher for drug users more seriously disturbed. For question two (Are data "reliable?"), comparable agreement was observed between self and other ratings for both drug users and psychiatric Ss; drug users' outcome data are as "reliable," but not as retrievable, as psychiatric outcome data. For question three (Is outcome change unique?), drug users rated as improving significantly more than psychiatric Ss in employment and in drug abuse. Several methodological issues must be resolved, however, before psychosocial outcome data may be used in comparative studies of drug abuse treatment effectiveness.
Spectroscopic study of the field- and pressure-induced phases of the bilayered ruthenate Ca 3 Ru 2 O 7

We present a magnetic-field- and pressure-dependent Raman scattering study of the complex orbital, magnetic, and conducting phases of ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$, which result from a rich interplay between the orbital, spin, and electronic degrees of freedom. The Raman-active phonon and magnon excitations in ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ convey sufficient information to map out the orbital, magnetic, and conducting $(H,T)$ and $(P,T)$ phase diagrams of this material. We find that quasihydrostatic pressure causes a linear suppression of the orbital-ordering temperature (${T}_{\mathit{OO}}=48\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ at $P=0$), up to a $T=0$ critical point near ${P}^{*}\ensuremath{\sim}55\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kbar}$, above which the material is in a metallic, orbital-degenerate phase. We associate this pressure-induced collapse of the antiferromagnetic orbital-ordered phase with a suppression of the $\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ octahedral distortions that are responsible for orbital-ordering. We also find that an applied magnetic field at low temperatures induces a change from an orbital-ordered to orbital-degenerate phase for fields aligned along the in-plane $b$-axis ($H\ensuremath{\parallel}\text{hard}$ axis), but induces a reentrant orbital-ordered to orbital-disordered to orbital-ordered phase change for fields aligned along the in-plane $a$-axis ($H\ensuremath{\parallel}\text{easy}$ axis). This complex magnetic field dependence betrays the importance of spin-orbit coupling in this system, which makes the field-induced phase behavior highly sensitive to both the applied magnetic-field magnitude and direction. It is further shown that rapid field-induced changes in the structure and orbital populations are responsible for the highly field-tunable conducting properties of ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$, and that the most dramatic magnetoconductivities are associated with an ``orbital disordered'' phase regime in which there is a random mixture of $a$- and $b$-axis oriented Ru moments and $d$-orbital populations on the Ru ions.
Chronic rejection and chronic cyclosporin toxicity in renal allografts

Recent evidence indicates that growth factors are critically important in both chronic rejection and chronic cyclosporin A toxicity, suggesting that these two entities share a common pathophysiological pathway, leading to progressive allograft failure. Here, Manuel Pascual and colleagues discuss the relevance of growth factors to chronic allograft nephropathy, and the implications for therapy in view of the great choice of immunosuppressive drugs now available.
Effects of Suspended Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Daphnid Growth and Reproduction

Multi-walled carbon nanotube aggregates can be suspended in the aqueous phase by natural organic matter. These aggregates are ingested by filter feeding zooplankton. Ingested aggregates result in decreased growth and decreased reproduction. These effects may be caused by reduction in energy input from normal feeding behavior. pH alters natural organic matter structure through changes in electrostatic repulsion. Altered natural organic matter structure changes multi-walled carbon nanotube aggregate size. This size variation with variation in pH is significant, but not large enough a change in size to alter toxicity, as the aggregate size range remains well within the particle size selection of the organisms.
The Teaching of Ethical Behaviour in “Recreation's Role in the Environmental Ethics Dialogue: The Case of Aldo Leopold and the Morality of Hunting”

(2000). The Teaching of Ethical Behaviour in “Recreation's Role in the Environmental Ethics Dialogue: The Case of Aldo Leopold and the Morality of Hunting”. Leisure/Loisir: Vol. 25, No. 3-4, pp. 177-179.
Structure of the central RNA recognition motif of human TIA-1 at 1.95A resolution.

T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1) regulates alternative pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus, and mRNA translation in the cytoplasm, by recognizing uridine-rich sequences of RNAs. As a step towards understanding RNA recognition by this regulatory factor, the X-ray structure of the central RNA recognition motif (RRM2) of human TIA-1 is presented at 1.95 A resolution. Comparison with structurally homologous RRM-RNA complexes identifies residues at the RNA interfaces that are conserved in TIA-1-RRM2. The versatile capability of RNP motifs to interact with either proteins or RNA is reinforced by symmetry-related protein-protein interactions mediated by the RNP motifs of TIA-1-RRM2. Importantly, the TIA-1-RRM2 structure reveals the locations of mutations responsible for inhibiting nuclear import. In contrast with previous assumptions, the mutated residues are buried within the hydrophobic interior of the domain, where they would be likely to destabilize the RRM fold rather than directly inhibit RNA binding.
The Luminosity and Mass Functions of Low-mass Stars in the Galactic Disk. II. The Field

We report on new measurements of the luminosity function (LF) and mass function (MF) of field low-mass dwarfs derived from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 6 photometry. The analysis incorporates ~15 million low-mass stars (0.1 ), spread over 8400 deg2. Stellar distances are estimated using new photometric parallax relations, constructed from ugriz photometry of nearby low-mass stars with trigonometric parallaxes. We use a technique that simultaneously measures Galactic structure and the stellar LF from 7 < Mr < 16. We compare the LF to previous studies and convert to an MF using the mass-luminosity relations of Delfosse et?al. The system MF, measured over ?1.0< log <?0.1, is well described by a lognormal distribution with = 0.25 . We stress that our results should not be extrapolated to other mass regimes. Our work generally agrees with prior low-mass stellar MFs and places strong constraints on future theoretical star formation studies.
Inhibition of gastrointestinal and liver hexosamine synthesis by sodium salicylate and ethanol.

AbstractThe influence of oral sodium salicylate (NaSal) or ethanol (ETOH) on glucosamine synthetase (GmS) specific activity in rat fundic and antral mucosae and liver was measured. Sodium salicylate, 32 mg/kg in 0.1 N HCl, caused a 46% decrease in GmS specific activity in only 5 min. Recovery to 179% of control was complete by 30 min. Larger doses of Nasal caused more severe damage to the gastric mucosa and more persistent decreases in fundic GmS specific activity and also decreased liver GmS activity. ETOH, 20% (v:v) in 0.1 N HCI, 1.6 g/kg, caused a 29% decrease in GmS activity in the fundic mucosa in 15 min. Recovery, to 157% of control was complete in 30 min. We conclude that specific inhibition of hexosamine synthesis, not attributable to necrosis or general metabolic decline occurs during Nasal- and ETOH-induced gastric damage and may be involved jointly with acid not only in the development but also in the delayed healing of severe damage.
Fast growing protrusions from epitaxial semiconductor surfaces

Epitaxially deposited germanium and silicon layers often exhibit large (typically 20 μ high) dome-shaped surface defects. These protrusions greatly hinder subsequent device fabrication procedures—especially that of masking. Observation by optical and scanning electron microscopy shows that these dome-shaped defects may extend to a height of some twenty times the epitaxial layer thickness and are characterized by geodesic faceting. Cross sectioning experiments on germanium wafers show that they appear not to originate within the substrate but probably nucleate at the site of some surface contamination. Impurity concentrations in the defects were too low to allow positive identification of the species using spark source mass spectrometry or the electron microprobe. However, such defects could be artificially promoted by contaminating the surface with any of a number of materials. Copper was particularly effective in this respect. Mechanisms for this enhanced growth are proposed.
Letter by Serebruany Regarding Article, “Cost-Effectiveness of Prasugrel Versus Clopidogrel in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes and Planned Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Results From the Trial to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet Inhibition With Prasugrel-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction TRITON-TIMI 38”

To the Editor: I read with interest the article by Mahoney et al1 suggesting the cost advantage of prasugrel over clopidogrel; however, I found 3 aspects of their article confusing. First, frequency of rehospitalizations (Table 1 in their article) does not include extra cancers observed in the prasugrel arm of the TRial to assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by optimizing platelet inhibitioN with prasugrel (TRITON) trial. Considering the 27% increase in new cancers ( P =0.031), the 36.8% …
Spatial and temporal control of gene therapy using ionizing radiation.

Activation of transcription of the Egr-1 gene by X-rays is regulated by the promoter region of this gene. We linked the radiation-inducible promoter region of the Egr-1 gene to the gene encoding the radiosensitizing and tumoricidal cytokine, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and used a replication-deficient adenovirus to deliver the Egr-TNF construct to human tumours growing in nude mice. Combined treatment with Ad5.Egr-TNF and 5,000 cGy (rad) resulted in increased intratumoral TNF-α production and increased tumour control compared with treatment with Ad5.Egr-TNF alone or with radiation alone. The increase in tumour control was achieved without an increase in normal tissue damage when compared to tissue injury from radiation alone. Control of gene transcription by iohizing radiation in vivo represents a novel method of spatial and temporal regulation of gene-based medical treatments.
New flexible segmentation technique in seismic data compression using local cosine transform

Best-basis searching algorithm based on binary (in general, M-ary) segmentation was constructed by Coifman and Wickerhauser in 1992. However, there are several problems with the binary scheme. First, the binary segmentation is inflexible in grouping signals along the axis. Secondly, the binary-based segmentation method is very sensitive to time/space shifts of the original signal, such that the resulted best-basis will change a great deal if the signal is shifted by some samples. Thirdly, the reconstruction distortion after compression is relatively strong. In this paper, we design a new flexible segmentation algorithm with arbitrary time/space segmentation resolution which addresses the above-mentioned problems caused by the binary segmentation scheme. This new flexible segmentation algorithm is applied to 2D seismic data compression with two semi-adaptive schemes: Flexible 2D time-ALCT (Adapted Local Cosine Transform) and Flexible 2D space-ALCT. From our numerical tests on both synthetic signals and real seismic data using local cosine transform, the advantages of this new flexible segmentation technique over the binary searching scheme can be easily seen, from overcoming the constraint of dyadic segmentations, reducing time/space- shift sensitivity, less reconstruction distortions to superior performance in seismic data compression.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Structure and function of the head in flabelligerid polychaetes.

The functional anatomy of the head of Flabelliderma commensalis is described and compared to other flabelligerid polychaetes. Prostomial parts include the dorsal lip, the palps, two pairs of nuchal organs, four eyes and the prostomial lobe and ridge. The eyes are inverse pigment cup types with the medial portions of the sensory cells expanded to form a clear lens-like body. Peristomial parts include the median and ventral lips, the branchial membrane and the branchiae. The derivation of the nephridiopore is unknown. The spiraled branchiae of Coppingeria and the gill books of Diplocirrus are newly described variations in branchial structure. The head is retractable in some species and the anterior setigers are modified to form a protective setal cage. Two methods are employed for feeding: one for host fecal pellets and the other for detrital materials. Chemoreception, respiration, feeding and cleaning rely on a complex pattern of ciliary currents.
Observation may be an inadequate approach for injured extremities with single tibial vessel run-off

IntroductionTrauma patients with sudden loss of distal perfusion due to tibial injuries are frequently not offered vascular interventions if a single vessel retains patency. We hypothesized that sudden loss of either all or some tibial vasculature would result in increased non-operative failure and higher amputation rates.MethodsIn this retrospective observational study, all traumatically injured patients from 2009 to 2012 with CT-angiogram–confirmed anterior tibial, posterior tibial, or peroneal artery injuries were included.ResultsFrom 2009 to 2012, 437 patients were admitted with arterial extremity injury of which 234 (53%) were lower extremity. From this group, 84 (36%) patients were identified with CT-angiogram–confirmed limited or no flow in the tibial arteries. A total of 44% (4/9) with 0 or 1 tibial vessel failed observation while only 8% (2/27) failed if they had 2 or 3 patent vessels (p < 0.05). Amputation rate was inversely related the number of open tibial vessels. There were 2.7 open tibial v...
Biotechnology of non-Saccharomyces yeasts—the basidiomycetes

Saccharomyces cerevisiae and several other yeast species are among the most important groups of biotechnological organisms. S. cerevisiae and closely related ascomycetous yeasts are the major producer of biotechnology products worldwide, exceeding other groups of industrial microorganisms in productivity and economic revenues. Traditional industrial attributes of the S. cerevisiae group include their primary roles in food fermentations such as beers, cider, wines, sake, distilled spirits, bakery products, cheese, sausages, and other fermented foods. Other long-standing industrial processes involving S. cerevisae yeasts are production of fuel ethanol, single-cell protein (SCP), feeds and fodder, industrial enzymes, and small molecular weight metabolites. More recently, non-Saccharomyces yeasts (non-conventional yeasts) have been utilized as industrial organisms for a variety of biotechnological roles. Non-Saccharomyces yeasts are increasingly being used as hosts for expression of proteins, biocatalysts and multi-enzyme pathways for the synthesis of fine chemicals and small molecular weight compounds of medicinal and nutritional importance. Non-Saccharomyces yeasts also have important roles in agriculture as agents of biocontrol, bioremediation, and as indicators of environmental quality. Several of these products and processes have reached commercial utility, while others are in advanced development. The objective of this mini-review is to describe processes currently used by industry and those in developmental stages and close to commercialization primarily from non-Saccharomyces yeasts with an emphasis on new opportunities. The utility of S. cerevisiae in heterologous production of selected products is also described.
Layer-specific pathways for the horizontal propagation of epileptiform discharges in neocortex.

Summary: Purpose: Epileptiform discharges that resemble interictal spikes can be generated by slices of neocortex treated with antagonists of γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors. These discharges can propagate horizontally for long distances. We tested the hypothesis that propagation occurs through preferred horizontal pathways that lie in a particular cortical layer. Methods: Slices were prepared from the primary somatosensory cortex of rats, maintained in vitro, and bathed with the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin. Electrical stimuli were used to evoke single all-or-none paroxysmal field potentials (PFP) that were recorded with pairs or arrays of field potential electrodes. Results: To test which laminae are necessary for propagation, vertical cuts were made to force the PFP to spread horizontally through particular layers. If slices were bathed in a high dose of picrotoxin (35 μM, a bridge of cortex 350 μm thick placed at any lamina was sufficient to support PFP propagation. However, in low picrotoxin doses (2.5 μM), similarly sized bridges had to include tissue from layers 415 or 516 to support propagation. When slices were cut horizontally (i.e., parallel to the pia) in strips, either upper-, middle-, or lower-layer strips were sufficient to support PFP propagation if the picrotoxin concentration was high; however, in low picrotoxin doses, only horizontal strips that included layer 5 could support propagation. Finally, in intact picrotoxin-treated slices, focal applications of GABA were systematically applied to different laminae as the PFP propagated past; GABA was most effective at blocking or delaying propagation when it was applied to layer 5b. Conclusions: We conclude that epileptiform propagation can occur through a variety of horizontal pathways when cortical inhibition is strongly impaired. However, when inhibition is reduced only moderately, axonal pathways in layer 5 are critical for seizure spread.
Liquid-tuned plasmonic external cavity laser

We developed a single-mode, continuous-wave and electrically pumped plasmonic external cavity laser. It offers a novel label-free biosensing approach by combining the refractive index sensitivity of surface plasmon resonance with the high spectral resolution of laser emission.
Fluorimetric assay of tobacco leaf dehydrogenases with resazurin.

Abstract A versatile fluorimetric assay based on the reduction of resazurin to resorufin demonstrated high specific activities for a number of important pyridine nucleotide-linked dehydrogenases in tobacco leaves. The Michaelis constant for the important photosynthetic enzyme, d -glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (EC 1.2.1.13), determined by the fluorimetric method, was considerably lower than constants determined by conventional extraction and assay methods reported for the enzyme from other plants. The sensitivity of the fluorimetric method enabled the use of dilute enzyme preparations with resultant low background and high substrate specificity. Inclusion of the anti-oxidant diethyldithiocarbamate in the extraction medium preserved the enzymes during extraction. Primary amines inhibited competitively, and phenazine methosulfate non-competitively each of the eight dehydrogenases tested with the fluorimetric assay. The Mn2+ dependence of NADP-linked dehydrogenases specific for isocitrate and malate was confirmed. The method is rapid, requires a simple combination of ingredients and should be useful for surveying dehydrogenase activity in leaves.
TLR9 Is Critical for Glioma Stem Cell Maintenance and Targeting

Understanding supports for cancer stem-like cells in malignant glioma may suggest therapeutic strategies for their elimination. Here we show that the Toll-like receptor TLR9 is elevated in glioma stem-like cells (GSC) where it contributes to glioma growth. TLR9 overexpression is regulated by STAT3 which was required for GSC maintenance. Stimulation of TLR9 with a CpG ligand (CpG ODN) promoted GSC growth, whereas silencing TLR9 expression abrogated GSC development. CpG-ODN treatment induced Frizzled4-dependent activation of JAK2, thereby activating STAT3. Targeted delivery of siRNA into GSC was achieved via TLR9 using CpG-siRNA conjugates. Through local or systemic treatment, administration of CpG-Stat3 siRNA to silence STAT3 in vivo reduced GSC along with glioma growth. Our findings identify TLR9 as a functional marker for GSC and a target for the delivery of efficacious therapeutics for glioma treatment.
Studies on cytosolic guanylate cyclase from human placenta.

Abstract We have purified the soluble form of guanylate cyclase from human placenta >2400-fold. The enzyme shared several characteristics with the enzyme purified from other sources including molecular mass and subunit composition, activation by divalent cations, inhibition by ATP and Michaelis constants. The enzyme, however, had a lower absorption maximum in the Soret region (417 ± 1 nm) than the enzyme from other sources and was activated only one-fifth as much by nitric oxide as the bovine lung enzyme. It appears that the heme prosthetic group in the human placental enzyme may be hexa-coordinate and in the bovine lung enzyme the heme group may be penta-coordinate.
Postnatal nutritional status influences development of cardiac adrenergic receptor binding sites.

Abstract Nutritional status in neonatal rats was manipulated by altering the litter size to produce overnourished (5–6 pups/litter) and undernourished animals (16–17 pups/litter) for comparison with standard nutritive status (10–11 pups/litter). Nutritionally deprived pups showed impaired body and cardiac growth and a slowing of development of cardiac membrane binding sites for α 1 - and β-receptor ligands. Overnourishment enhanced growth and receptor development. In all cases, restitution of receptor binding characteristics to normal occurred at the beginning of nutritional rehabilitation (i.e., at weaning), well before the return of body and organ weights. These results thus suggest that the ontogenetic pattern of receptor binding sites is dependent upon nutritional intake rather than on weight gains per se. Receptor deficits caused by neonatal malnutrition probably contribute to reduced responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation.
Coordination through Reputations: A Laboratory Experiment

Abstract One of the functions of reputations in societies is to enable coordination, and some of the most familiar instances of this occur when reputations are based on past actions. For example, a history of aggressive play is often interpreted as predicting more aggressive play in the future. This permits a pair of individuals with unequal reputations for aggressiveness to avoid wasteful conflict that would result from aggressive play by both. This paper describes a laboratory experiment designed to explore whether, in a population of subjects, such coordination through reputation formation will emerge spontaneously, what form it will take, and how reliably it will be observed by the individuals in the population. Reputation-based coordination of the sort described above did arise in all experimental sessions, but the rate of adherence to the social rule implicitly adopted by the group varied across the experimental populations as a function of treatment variables. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: C92.
The chromo-dielectric model: Confinement, effective coupling and chiral invariance

Abstract The chromo-dielectric mechanism of absolute confinement is studied in the nontopological soliton model. The model lagrangian is chirally invariant, since it contains no direct coupling between the quarks and the scalar field. The static chromo-electric gluon propagator is calculated in medium in the one-loop approximation, and the ultraviolet divergence in the self-energy of fixed quarks is regulated by a form factor. Effective quark-scalar coupling emerges through the self-energy of the quarks in the dielectric medium, which is a function of the scalar field.
A Rapid Method for Laboratory Preparation of High Solids Casein and Caseinate Dispersions

Abstract A laboratory technique for the dispersion of casein or caseinate into liquid using a food processor as the mixing tool is described. The liquid, as crushed ice, was added to the processor before or after the casein or caseinate. The progress and completeness of mixing was monitored by variances of the moisture content of product sampled from different sections of the processing bowl. Total time for complete dispersion was 8min or less, much faster than other dispersion methods.
A sensitive assay for the detection of cytotoxic antibodies to mammalian cell surface antigens

A microcytotoxicity assay for the detection of complement-dependent serum toxicity against adherent cells has been modified to include post-labeling of the target cells with [3H]leucine or [3H]thymidine. The adaptation represents a significant improvement over the visual counting of residual cells. The technique is more objective and less tedious than the original procedure, while retaining the features of economy of cells and sera, reproducibility, and sensitivity. Examples are given which demonstrate the suitability of the modified assay for the analysis of human and mouse tumor antigens using autologous, allogeneic, and syngeneic sera.
Intracoronary administration of abciximab acutely increases flow through culprit vessels of patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

To the Editor: We read with interest the article by Wohrle et al1 reporting the reduction of major coronary events with the intracoronary compared with the intravenous administration of abciximab in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Some cases of rapid reduction of coronary thrombus after intracoronary administration of abciximab have been previously reported. Yet, to date, it has not been determined whether such dethrombosis translates into an improvement of coronary blood flow. To address this issue, we have measured, before and after intracoronary abciximab (0.25 mg · kg−1) administration, corrected Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) frame count (CTFC) in a cohort of patients with acute coronary syndromes (acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction or IIIB Braunwald class unstable angina) referred to our catheterization laboratory for urgent percutaneous coronary intervention. To enter the analyses, patients had to have …
Morphology and formation mechanism of the pyrochlore phase in ZnO varistor materials

The secondary phases in ZnO varistor materials, having Bi2O3, Sb2O3, MnCO3 and CoO as additives, were investigated using transmission electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer and X-ray diffractometer scans. The information about the morphology of the pyrochlore phase and its formation reaction were obtained. The pyrochlore phase is formed from the reaction between the spinel and Bi2O3 phase. Below 1200° C, the spinel phase reacts with the liquid Bi2O3 phase present at the multiple grain junction and forms the pyrochlore phase. The pyrochlore phase nucleates at the corners of multiple grain junction adjacent to the spinel grain and grows towards the centre of the grain junction.
Seizures after ureteral stone manipulation with lidocaine.

A 40-year-old 62 kg. woman with no medical history, no known drug allergies and no prior exposure to lidocaine presented with acute onset of colicky left flank pain. Excretory urography showed a 3 mm. stone at the left ureteropelvic junction with moderate hydronephrosis. After failing to pass the stone and remaining symptomatic, she was hospitalized for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy with the stone now in the lower ureter. After induction of intravenous sedation, an 8F open ended catheter was passed over a 0.38 guide wire following several unsuccessful attempts due to resistance met in the distal ureter. Then, 20 ml. 2% lidocaine hydrochloride jelly (400 mg.) diluted to half strength with saline were injected with manipulation of the stone to the sacroiliac joint. Because of inability to pass a 10F catheter an 8F manipulator catheter was passed and 20 ml. 2% lidocaine were injected with manipulation of the stone to the L5 vertebrae. Within several minutes of the second injection the patient experienced 3 to 4 episodes of generalized tonic-clonic seizures each lasting 30 to 40 seconds, which stopped after treatment with thiopental. The procedure was terminated after placement of a DoubleJ* stent. Evaluation by a neurologist, including computerized tomography of the head, was negative. She underwent ureteroscopic stone extraction 5 days later without complication, and remained stone-free and without neurological sequela 1 year later. DISCUSSION
Colloids in supercritical fluids over the last 20 years and future directions

Abstract In this work, the history of colloids in supercritical fluids in the last two decades and future directions in several promising areas are discussed. The primary focus of this article is on microemulsions and emulsions, although new developments are described involving protein colloids, electrostatic stabilization of inorganic particles and the use of CO 2 as an antisolvent for separation of metal colloids. The focus on the CO 2 –water interface is related to the fact that, historically, the studies of colloids in supercritical fluids began with microemulsions and emulsions, and then evolved to polymer latexes and inorganic dispersions. Moreover, many of the same types of stabilizers have been used for the various types of colloids.
Crosslinking of acrylic latex coatings with cycloaliphatic diepoxide

Abstract Acrylic thermosetting latexes were synthesized using methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) with methacrylic acid (MAA) or 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The MAA or HEMA was incorporated to provide the latexes with carboxyl or hydroxyl functionality, respectively. A cycloaliphatic diepoxide (3,4-epoxycyclohexyl methyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate) was used to crosslink with hydroxyl or carboxyl functional latexes. The coatings were crosslinked as a function of temperature, time, and the amount of the crosslinker. The crosslinking reactions were monitored using differential scanning calorimeter, IR spectroscopy, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The coatings properties were evaluated in terms of water absorption, gel content, pencil hardness, and pull-off adhesion. The morphology of the latex coatings was studied using atomic force microscopy. The spectroscopic and rheological data showed that the cycloaliphatic diepoxide effectively crosslinked both the hydroxyl and carboxyl functional latexes. Carboxyl latex coatings were more reactive than hydroxyl latex coatings. The water resistance, solvent resistance, pencil hardness, and pull-off adhesion improved with the crosslinking temperature, time, and the amount of the crosslinker.