cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disruption of Redox Homeostasis in the Transforming Growth Factor-α/c-myc Transgenic Mouse Model of Accelerated Hepatocarcinogenesis

In previous studies we have demonstrated that transforming growth factor (TGF)-α/c-myc double transgenic mice exhibit an enhanced rate of cell proliferation, accumulate extensive DNA damage, and develop multiple liver tumors between 4 and 8 months of age. To clarify the biochemical events that may be responsible for the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects observed in this transgenic model, several parameters of redox homeostasis in the liver were examined prior to development of hepatic tumors. By 2 months of age, production of reactive oxygen species, determined by the peroxidation-sensitive fluorescent dye, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, was significantly elevated in TGF-α/c-myctransgenic hepatocytes versus either wild type or c-myc single transgenic cells, and occurred in parallel with an increase in lipid peroxidation. Concomitantly with a rise in oxidant levels, antioxidant defenses were decreased, including total glutathione content and the activity of glutathione peroxidase, whereas thioredoxin reductase activity was not changed. However, hepatic tumors which developed in TGF-α/c-myc mice exhibited an increase in thioredoxin reductase activity and a very low activity of glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, specific deletions were detected in mtDNA as early as 5 weeks of age in the transgenic mice. These data provide experimental evidence that co-expression of TGF-α and c-myc transgenes in mouse liver promotes overproduction of reactive oxygen species and thus creates an oxidative stress environment. This phenomenon may account for the massive DNA damage and acceleration of hepatocarcinogenesis observed in the TGF-α/c-myc mouse model.
Mutations in TFIIIA That Increase Stability of the TFIIIA-5 S rRNA Gene Complex UNUSUAL EFFECTS ON THE KINETICS OF COMPLEX ASSEMBLY AND DISSOCIATION

We have identified four mutations in Xenopus TFIIIA that increase the stability of TFIIIA-5 S rRNA gene complexes. In each case, the mutation has a relatively modest effect on equilibrium binding affinity. In three cases, these equilibrium binding effects can be ascribed primarily to decreases in the rate constant for protein-DNA complex dissociation. In the fourth case, however, a substitution of phenylalanine for the wild-type leucine at position 148 in TFIIIA results in much larger compensating changes in the kinetics of complex assembly and dissociation. The data support a model in which a relatively unstable population of complexes with multi-component dissociation kinetics forms rapidly; complexes then undergo a slow conformational change that results in very stable, kinetically homogeneous TFIIIA-DNA complexes. The L148F mutant protein acts as a particularly potent transcriptional activator when it is fused to the VP16 activation domain and expressed in yeast cells. Substitution of L148 to tyrosine or tryptophan produces an equally strong transcriptional activator. Substitution to histidine results in genetic and biochemical effects that are more modest than, but similar to, those observed with the L148F mutation. We propose that an amino acid with a planar side chain at position 148 can intercalate between adjacent base pairs in the intermediate element of the 5 S rRNA gene. Intercalation occurs slowly but results in a very stable DNA-protein complex. These results suggest that transcriptional activation by a cis-acting sequence element is largely dependent on the kinetic, rather than the thermodynamic, stability of the complex formed with an activator protein. Thus, transcriptional activation is dependent in large part on the lifetime of the activator-DNA complex rather than on binding site occupancy at steady state. Introduction of intercalating amino acids into zinc finger proteins may be a useful tool for producing artificial transcription factors with particularly high in vivo activity.
Model-based detection of routing events in discrete flow networks

A theoretical framework and its practical implications for formulating and implementing model-based monitoring of discrete flow networks are discussed. Possible flows of items are described as discrete-event (DE) traces. Each trace defines the DE sequence(s) that are triggered when an entity follows a given flow-path, visiting tracking locations within the monitored system. To deal with alternative routing, creation of items, flow bifurcations and convergences are allowed. Given the set of possible discrete flows, a possible-behavior model-an interacting set of automata-is constructed, where each automation models the item discrete flow at each tracking location. In this model, which assumes total observability, event labels or symbols contain all the information required to unambiguously distinguish each discrete movement. Within the possible behavior, there is a special sub-behavior whose occurrence is required to be detected. The special behavior may be specified by the occurrence of routing events, such as faults or route violations, for example. These intermittent or non-persistent events may occur repeatedly. An observation mask is then defined, characterizing the observation configuration available for collecting item tracking data. The verification task is to determine whether this observation configuration is capable of detecting the specified special behavior. The assessment is accomplished by evaluating several observability notions, such as detectability and diagnosibility. If the corresponding property is satisfied, associated formal observers are constructed to perform the monitoring task at hand. The synthesis of observation masks may also be conducted to suggest optimal observation configurations (specifying number, type, and tracking locations of observation devices) guaranteeing the detection of special events and to construct associated monitoring agents. The developed framework, modeling methodology, and supporting techniques for defining and implementing discrete flow monitoring of entity movements are presented and illustrated with examples.
The utility of novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and expectancy in the prediction of drinking

To test the hypothesis that two temperament scales (Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance) are differentially related to alcohol expectancies and drinking patterns, 140 adolescents from an inpatient psychiatric facility completed several self-report questionnaires measuring temperament, alcohol expectancies, and alcohol consumption. Moderated multiple regression analyses indicated that Novelty Seeking was significantly related to frequency of drinking and problem drinking, but that Harm Avoidance was not related to these variables. Results of the MANOVA indicated that high novelty seeking and low harm avoidant (Type 2) individuals had a significantly higher frequency of drinking than did individuals who were high on Harm Avoidance and low on Novelty Seeking (Type 1). Results also showed that expectancy and Novelty Seeking contributed significant independent and overlapping variance in the prediction of amount of drinking. Although Novelty Seeking was related to expectations of social functioning, other hypothesized relationships between temperament and expectancy were not supported.
Allergenic Properties of Naturally Occurring Cannabinoids

The guinea pig maximization test was used to determine the potential of seven cannabinoids to produce allergic contact dermatitis. delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabinol were found to be extreme (Grade V) sensitizers. Cannabidiol, delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol, and cannabichromene were moderate (Grade III) sensitizers. Cannabigerol and cannabinol methyl ether were not sensitizers. Most of the cannabinoids were found to be allergenically cross-reactive. Additionally, it was shown that the presence of a free 1'-hydroxyl group was required for sensitization, but not to elicit a response in sensitive animals.
Biochemical composition and storage stability of a yogurt-like product from African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa)

Summary The biochemical and storage properties of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) yoghurt-like product were evaluated. Milk extracted from the bean flour using hot water was supplemented with 4% milk protein concentrate (MPC), 0.15% dairy calcium (DC) and 0.5% gelatine (G) (singly or in combination). The milk was fermented with Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp bulgaricus at 43 °C for 3–5 h. Supplemented African yam bean (AYB) yoghurts had a gel-like consistency unlike the control (unsupplemented) sample. Total solids, protein, fat, ash, lactic acid bacterial count, lightness (L-value) and viscosity were improved by supplementation. Riboflavin and antioxidants were reduced; macroelements and thiamine were increased by 0.71–15.6% and 16.7%, respectively, because of fermentation. The stability of the product during storage at 4 °C was improved by supplementation and stirring. The pH of the supplemented product ranged from 4.45 to 4.54 and microbial counts from 2.6 × 106 to 1.6 × 108 during storage for not more than 3 weeks.
The Impact of Racial Composition and Racial Transition on the Status of American Suburbs

This study explores the potential impact of racial composition and racial change on the socioeconomic status of American suburbs. The sample includes 697 suburbs for which data were available for the study variables, which are percent black, change in percent black, suburban age, employment/residence ratio, population growth and size, distance from the central city, and several socioeconomic status measures. It was found that the impact of racial composition and change on suburban status was either non-existant or spurious.
Analysis of the enzymatic formation of citral in the glands of sweet basil.

Abstract Basil glands of the Sweet Dani cultivar contain high levels of citral, a mixture of geranial and its cis -isomer neral, as well as low levels of geraniol and nerol. We have previously reported the identification of a cDNA from Sweet Dani that encodes an enzyme responsible for the formation of geraniol from geranyl diphosphate in the glands, and that these glands cannot synthesize nerol directly from geranyl diphosphate. Here, we report the identification of two basil cDNAs encoding NADP + -dependent dehydrogenases that can use geraniol as the substrate. One cDNA, designated CAD1 , represents a gene whose expression is highly specific to gland cells of all three basil cultivars examined, regardless of their citral content, and encodes an enzyme with high sequence similarity to known cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases (CADs). The enzyme encoded by CAD1 reversibly oxidizes geraniol to produce geranial (which reversibly isomerizes to neral via keto–enol tautomerization) at half the efficiency compared with its activity with cinnamyl alcohol. CAD1 does not use nerol and neral as substrates. A second cDNA, designated GEDH1 , encodes an enzyme with sequence similarity to CAD1 that is capable of reversibly oxidizing geraniol and nerol in equal efficiency, and prolonged incubation of geraniol with GEDH1 in vitro produces not only geranial and neral, but also nerol. GEDH1 is also active, although at a lower efficiency, with cinnamyl alcohol. However, GEDH1 is expressed at low levels in glands of all cultivars compared with its expression in leaves. These and additional data presented indicate that basil glands may contain additional dehydrogenases capable of oxidizing geraniol.
Oxidative stress as a potential pathogenic mechanism in an animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Dystrophin-deficiency results in degeneration of most, but not all, skeletal muscles. The mechanisms responsible for degeneration of limb muscle and sparing of extraocular muscle are not known. To address the notion that muscle pathology may be free radical-mediated, we evaluated antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation products (TBARS) content in mdx and control mice. TBARS content and the activities of total superoxide dismutase, selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and catalase were consistently higher in both affected and spared muscles of mdx mice. These data suggest that oxidative stress may be constitutively present in mdx muscle, but may not be the principal pathogenic mechanism. To further test the hypothesis of oxidative stress involvement in dystrophinopathies, control strain and mdx mice were subjected to chronic hyperoxia. The pattern of antioxidant enzyme activities and TBARS content from hyperoxic control strain mice was similar to that of normoxic mdx mice, suggesting that a similar level of oxidative stress was induced. In conclusion, this study has provided indirect evidence for oxidative stress in dystrophin-deficient muscle.
Home of the Brave, Frantz Fanon and cultural pluralism

AbstractThis article examines Mark Robson's Home of the Brave (1949, USA), a Hollywood social problem drama about anti-black racism, and the brief but vivid response to the film presented in Frantz Fanon's Black Skin, White Masks (1952). Fanon enables a rethinking of some of the film's most central assumptions and the discourses upon which the story relies. At the same time, Fanon's response conveys information about his own biography and his perspectives on cultural representation generally. The article examines the film as a document that reveals competing claims about anti-black racism and, through Fanon's commentary, revisits the relationship between cultural pluralism and racial ideologies in the mid-20th century USA. The article explores the nature of Fanon's anti-racist commentary on the film as a form of 'cultural studies' that offers transnational historical insight and simultaneously provides ways of re-examining the national specificity of race thinking.
Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance of pharmaceutical agents: Benzocaine hydrochloride anesthetics

Abstract Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (CMR) spectra of eleven aromatically substituted benzocaine hydrochloride anesthetics have been measured. Ester carbonyl chemical shifts correlate well with measured carbonyl stretching frequencies and substituent Taft σ I parameter. Ring substituents show a large effect upon the para carbon CMR chemical shifts which correlate well with Hammett σ's, however no measurable effect on the CMR chemical shifts of the carbonyl bonded diethylaminoethylene portion of the molecule is noted. This evidence suggests that interaction of the polar carbonyl group or the aromatic π system may be important in explaining drug potency in in vivo systems by modifying the configuration of the anesthetic at the receptor site.
DETERMINANTS OF CATFISH, BASA AND TRA IMPORTATION INTO THE USA: AN APPLICATION OF AN AUGMENTED GRAVITY MODEL

Catfish farmers in the United States (U.S.) are facing reduced market share, falling prices and reduced profitability for their farm-raised catfish, and these problems have been compounded by dramatic increases in global supply of catfish, basa and tra. The objective of this article is to study the growth and determinants of catfish, basa and tra imports to the United States from Vietnam, China and Thailand. The study has applied an augmented gravity model of international trade for this purpose. The results reveal that U.S. imports from Vietnam are significantly affected by variables like: price of the U.S. farm-raised catfish, population of Vietnam, population of the U.S., per-capita gross domestic product (GDP) of Vietnam, freight index, tariff, generic advertisement expenditure of the Catfish Institute (TCI), and country of origin and catfish labeling. Catfish, basa and tra imports from China are affected by population of the United States, per-capita GDP of China, and country of origin and catfish la...
The Next GME Accreditation System — Rationale and Benefits

The American Council of Graduate Medical Education is moving from accrediting residency programs every 5 years to a new system for the annual evaluation of trends in measures of performance.
Huntingtin Is Required for Normal Excitatory Synapse Development in Cortical and Striatal Circuits

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a poly-glutamine (poly-Q) stretch in the huntingtin (Htt) protein. Gain-of-function effects of mutant Htt have been extensively investigated as the major driver of neurodegeneration in HD. However, loss-of-function effects of poly-Q mutations recently emerged as potential drivers of disease pathophysiology. Early synaptic problems in the excitatory cortical and striatal connections have been reported in HD, but the role of Htt protein in synaptic connectivity was unknown. Therefore, we investigated the role of Htt in synaptic connectivity in vivo by conditionally silencing Htt in the developing mouse cortex. When cortical Htt function was silenced, cortical and striatal excitatory synapses formed and matured at an accelerated pace through postnatal day 21 (P21). This exuberant synaptic connectivity was lost over time in the cortex, resulting in the deterioration of synapses by 5 weeks. Synaptic decline in the cortex was accompanied with layer- and region-specific reactive gliosis without cell loss. To determine whether the disease-causing poly-Q mutation in Htt affects synapse development, we next investigated the synaptic connectivity in a full-length knock-in mouse model of HD, the zQ175 mouse. Similar to the cortical conditional knock-outs, we found excessive excitatory synapse formation and maturation in the cortices of P21 zQ175, which was lost by 5 weeks. Together, our findings reveal that cortical Htt is required for the correct establishment of cortical and striatal excitatory circuits, and this function of Htt is lost when the mutant Htt is present.
Dynamic tensile strength of polyurea-bonded steel/E-glass composite joints

The dynamic tensile strengths of E-glass composite/polyurea and polyurea/steel interfaces within the E-glass composite/polyurea/AL-6XN stainless steel joint were measured using a laser spallation technique. Values of 370 ± 20 MPa were obtained for the polyurea/composite interface while a much higher value of 486 ± 20 MPa was obtained for the steel/polyurea interface. Because of the transient nature of the stress pulse, the strain rate changes continuously as the interface stress builds up. A peak strain rate of 5 × 105 s−1 was estimated. The effect of moisture on the tensile strength of the E-glass/polyurea interface was also examined. The effect was found to be minimal, with the tensile strength stabilizing at 320 ± 25 MPa after 30 days of exposure to a 90%RH, 50 °C environment. When comparing the strengths of corresponding interfaces in an epoxy-bonded joint from a previous study, it was concluded that polyurea results in a much stronger and durable joint.
In situ impregnated iron-based catalysts for direct coal liquefaction

Three methods of preparing catalysts for direct coal liquefaction (DCL) are presented, using ferric sulfide as a precursor. Of these, one involves the physical mixing of the coal and the supercritically dried catalyst, and the other two involve impregnation of the catalyst in the coal. In one of the latter two, the catalyst is prepared in situ as well. The in situ impregnated sample (IIS) of catalyst plus coal results in a high level of coal conversion. The nominal loading of the catalyst is 1.67 wt%, but even lower loadings, <0.5 wt%, show significant improvements in activity and oil yield relative to uncatalysed DCL. For DCL using the IIS catalyst, a solvent with negligible hydrogen-donating and shuttling abilities can be used; a more active solvent, with greater ability to donate and shuttle hydrogen from the gas phase to the coal, results in only a slight improvement in activity and oil yield. Hence the IIS approach appears to be an efficient method of catalyst introduction for carrying out catalytic DCL.
Sequential gradient-restoration algorithm for the minimization of constrained functions - Ordinary and conjugate gradient versions

Sequential gradient-restoration algorithm for minimization of function subject to constraint
POLYGYNY, WOMEN'S RIGHTS, AND DEVELOPMENT

Many Sub-Saharan African countries are extremely poor. It has been argued that the marriage system—in particular polygyny—is one contributing factor to the lack of development in this region. However, enforcing monogamy has proved to be very difficult. In this paper, I argue that transferring the right of choosing a husband from fathers to daughters might be an alternative policy that could potentially be easier to enforce. I use a calibrated general equilibrium model of polygyny to analyze such a policy. I find that giving daughters more choices has similar economic effects as a ban on polygyny. Both policies decrease the return on wives for men and thereby raise the incentive to invest in alternative assets. This increases the capital stock and hence GDP per capita. Quantitatively, however, I find that enforcing monogamy has much larger effects. (JEL: E0, O11, O55, J12, J13)
The numerical solution of nonlinear Volterra integral equations

A numerical method for solving nonlinear integral equations of Volterra type is given. Starting procedures together with predictor and corrector algorithms are discussed in detail.
Measurements of Doppler shifts by gas correlation spectroscopy.

IR gas correlation spectroscopy is a sensitive technique for the measurement of small Doppler shifts in spectra. This technique also exhibits several important advantages over alternative methods in the remote sensing of stratospheric and mesospheric winds from spacecraft. Attention is presently given to laboratory tests demonstrating gas correlation spectroscopy's quantitative measurement of small Doppler shifts in spectra, whose close agreement with theoretical predictions suggests that measurements of the change in the radiant flux through a gas correlation spectrometer can be used to measure the relative velocity between gas and instrument for a moving parcel of gas.
A worldwide comparison of predicted S-wave delays from a three-dimensional upper mantle model with P-wave station corrections

Abstract This paper is a comparison, on a worldwide scale, between P-station corrections deduced from ISC residuals (Dziewonski and Anderson) and synthetic S-station corrections computed using a three-dimensional upper mantle model obtained from mantle wave data (Woodhouse and Dziewonski). The upper mantle S-velocity model is described by a spherical harmonic expansion up to degree 8; the P-station corrections are smoothed using a similar expansion, in order that the two data sets can be compared. Correlations between P-station corrections, δt P , and synthetic S-station corrections, δt S relevant to various depths of integration indicate that a station correction contains information about structures down to at least 670 km. For this depth of integration, the correlation coefficient of the two data sets is 0.59; the slope ‘ a ’ of the relation δt S = aδt P + b , obtained for the worldwide distribution of stations, is in good agreement with results of previous regional studies using direct readings of P and S arrival times ( a = 3.61 ± 0.13). An analysis of regional variations of the relation δt S = aδt P + b is carried out on the basis of two published global tectonic patterns (Okal; Jodan). Results for oceanic regions are not reliable, due to the lack of data. On continental areas, a significant difference appears between mountains ( a = 2.7 ± 0.3) and shields ( a = 4.5 ± 0.4 for Okal's pattern, a = 5.7 ± 1.5 for Jordan's pattern). The largest a -value for shields rules out an explanation by partial melting, as proposed in previous studies. Thermal heterogeneities lead to low a -values; undulations of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary appear to be the most feasible explanation of the high slope beneath shields; they are also able to explain the range of variation of the station corrections; the lowest values of the station corrections correspond to a total vanishing of the low velocity zone beneath the oldest shields. For mountains, the mean values of the station corrections as well as the low a -value can be accounted for by a slight increase of Poisson's ratio together with a significant density increase.
Operative stabilization of posterior shoulder instability.

BackgroundSymptomatic, traumatic posterior shoulder instability is often the result of a posteriorly directed blow to an adducted, internally rotated, and forward-flexed upper extremity. Operative repair has been shown to provide favorable results. Current arthroscopic techniques with suture anchors and the ability to plicate the capsule using a nonabsorbable suture may provide favorable outcomes with reduced morbidity.PurposeTo evaluate the results of operative shoulder stabilization in patients with traumatic posterior shoulder instability.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsA consecutive series of patients who underwent arthroscopic or open posterior stabilization for traumatic posterior shoulder instability were evaluated using subjective assessments, physical examinations, the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, Rowe score, Simple Shoulder Test, and the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index.ResultsBetween May 1996 and February 2002, 31 shoulders (30 patients) underwent posteri...
Association between multifocal ERG implicit time delays and adaptation in patients with diabetes.

The multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) is a noninvasive method for objectively measuring retinal function within localized patches.1–3 The first-order kernel (K1), the average local flash response, is the most commonly studied mfERG component. Whereas diseases of the cone photoreceptors primarily affect the amplitude of K1,2,4,5 the peak implicit time of this component is typically affected to a greater degree in complete congenital stationary night blindness (cCSNB),6 retinal vein occlusion (RVO),7–9 and diabetes.10 –15 In diabetes, local mfERG K1 implicit time delays have been documented in patients without diabetic retinopathy, are more abnormal and frequent in patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and are spatially associated with the presence of NPDR and its severity.10,11 More important, these delays are locally predictive of future NPDR development.11,12,16 In contrast, local mfERG K1 amplitudes are not as affected by early diabetic retinal dysfunction or mild to moderate NPDR.10,17 Although local K1 mfERG implicit time delays provide important and predictive indicators of retinal function in diabetes, the pathophysiology underlying the delays is not yet understood. However, K1 implicit time delays have been associated with abnormalities of fast adaptation that may provide clues regarding their sources.3,6,18 The first slice of the second-order kernel (K2) of the mfERG represents the alteration in the mean focal flash response when it is immediately preceded by a focal flash compared with when it is immediately preceded by a dark stimulus.19 Thus, K2 represents a form of two-flash interaction reflecting the activity of fast adaptive mechanisms in the retina, presumably originating in the middle and inner retinal layers.20 –22 In cCSNB, K1 is delayed in implicit time and normal in amplitude, whereas K2 amplitude is severely attenuated.6 Recently, similar findings have been reported in a small sample of diabetic patients with clinically significant macular edema (CSME) and visual field defects.18 These findings have been interpreted as abnormalities originating in the outer plexiform layer of the retina.6,18 In addition to the K1 delays discussed earlier, K2 amplitude attenuation has been documented extensively in patients with diabetes, both with and without NPDR.14,23–26 Taken together, these results suggest that dysfunction within the outer plexiform layer of the retina contributes to the K1 delays and the K2 amplitude reductions (abnormal adaptation) observed in diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to examine the spatial association between K1 implicit time and K2 amplitude in diabetic subjects. We examined the spatial associations in three groups of subjects: healthy controls, diabetic patients without retinopathy, and diabetic patients with mild to moderate NPDR. Our hypothesis was that, if abnormalities of fast adaptive mechanisms are indeed related to the local K1 implicit time delays observed in diabetes, K1 implicit time and K2 amplitude should be spatially associated across the retina.
Utilizing Technology for Longitudinal Communication With Homeless Youth

The current study investigated forms of technology (phone calls, texts, email and Facebook) for maintaining contact with homeless youth over baseline, 1-week, 6-week, and 3-month follow-up interviews. The study combined quantitative tracking of youths’ response patterns and open-ended interviews regarding youths’ preferred methods of communication. Results indicate that maintaining communication with homeless youth requires persistence, including frequent contact attempts over several days. Cell phone contacts (calls or texts) were most successful in communicating with youth, with e-mail and Facebook messaging useful when phones were lost or stolen. Youth who maintained contact were strikingly similar to youth who discontinued contact.
Kalman filter method for estimating organic contaminant concentrations in major Chesapeake Bay tributaries

Concentrations of toxic organics (atrazine, metolachlor, fluoranthene, and total polychlorinated biphenyls) in fluvial transport were obtained forthe Susquehanna, Potomac, and James Rivers during 1992-1993. These three tributaries constitute ca. 75% of the total riverine basin area supporting the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Across all basins a total of 26 samples was acquired. Owing to the recent focus on development of a predictive capability for assessing concentration levels in this watershed, the data were used as the basis for predicting concentrations using a Kalman filter. Prediction was obtained for months where the actual concentration was unknown and, using substitution, for selected months when the concentration was measured. A total of 92 comparisons were made across all tributaries and compounds using substitution. For known concentrations, a filtered or smoothed value was also obtained that reflects the correction due to the estimated noise in the measurements and the underlying environmental system. Examination of the contaminant concentration values in a predictive fashion, using substitution, suggests that they are mainly within a factor of 4-5 of the measured concentration in most cases. This is well within the accuracy goals for this watershed.
In vitro effects of growth hormone and corticotropin preparations on amino acid transport by isolated rat diaphragms.

Corticotropin, like growth hormone, decreases urea formation in the adrenalectomized-nephrectomized rat, indicating that it has an extra-adrenal action on some phase of nitrogen metabolism. Since it was possible that this effect of corticotropin was due to an initial stimulation of amino acid transport, a study was made of the in vitro effects of various corticotropin preparations on the transport of AIB-l-C14 into diaphragms of hypophysectomized rats. Purified growth hormone preparations are very active in this system. At an in vitro concentration of 1 μg\ml, of medium, growth hormone produced a two-fold increase in AIB-l-C14 transport, while a concentration of 100 μg\ml. of oxycel ACTH was necessary to evoke a comparable response. Purified corticotropins had no effect on amino acid transport. Specific chemical and immunochemical inactivation studies indicated that the ability of oxycel ACTH to stimulate amino acid transport was due to growth hormone contamination. The relationship of these findings to t...
Magnetic properties of amorphous films of Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/-Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/-CaO

The magnetic properties of amorphous films with the composition (Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/)/sub 0.5-x/(Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/)/sub 0.5/(CaO)/sub x/ are investigated. Samples with x=0-0.05 were prepared in a pure oxygen or mixed oxygen-argon atmosphere by the RF sputtering technique. As-sputtered films are X-ray amorphous and paramagnetic at room temperature. The films show a spontaneous magnetic moment when annealed in air at temperatures T/sub a/ above 400 degrees C. Data on the room temperature saturation induction 4 pi M with T/sub a/, followed by a maximum in 4 pi M for T/sub a/=600-700 degrees C, depending on the x-value. At higher T/sub a/, a decrease in 4 pi M is observed. The room temperature 4 pi M is found to decrease with increase in x, from 970 G for x=0.1 to 300 G for x=0.5. The Curie temperature is lower than the crystallization temperature. Ferromagnetic resonance studies show a uniaxial or planar anisotropy in the films. X-ray diffraction data do not indicate the precipitation of crystalline ferrimagnetic oxides in the annealed films and the observed magnetization is therefore attributed to ordered amorphous clusters. >
Spatial gaps in arc volcanism: The effect of collision or subduction of oceanic plateaus

Abstract One of the major processes in the formation and deformation of continental lithosphere is the process of arc volcanism. The plate-tectonic theory predicts that a continuous chain of arc volcanoes lies parallel to any continuous subduction zone. However, the map pattern of active volcanoes shows at least 24 areas where there are major spatial gaps in the volcanic chains (> 200 km). A significant proportion (~ 30%) of oceanic crust is subducted at these gaps. All but three of these gaps coincide with the collision or subduction of a large aseismic plateau or ridge. The idea that the collision of such features may have a major tectonic impact on the arc lithosphere, including cessation of volcanism, is not new. However, it is not clear how the collision or subduction of an oceanic plateau perturbs the system to the extent of inhibiting arc volcanism. Three main factors necessary for arc volcanism are (1) source materials for the volcanics—either volatiles or melt from the subducting slab and/or melt from the overlying asthenospheric wedge, (2) a heat source, either for the dehydration or the melting of the slab, or the melting within the asthenosphere and (3) a favorable state of stress in the overlying lithosphere. The absence of any one of these features may cause a volcanic gap to form. There are several ways in which the collision or subduction of an oceanic plateau may affect arc volcanism. The clearest and most common cases considered are those where the feature completely resists subduction, causing local plate boundaries to reorganize. This includes the formation of new plate-bounding transform faults or a flip in subduction polarity. In these cases, subduction has slowed down or stopped and the lack of source material has created a volcanic gap. There are a few cases, most notably in Peru, Chile, and the Nankai trough, where the dip of subduction is so shallow that effectively no asthenospheric wedge exists to produce source material for volcanism. The shallow dip of the slab may be a buoyant effect of the plateau imbedded in the oceanic lithosphere. The cases which are the most enigmatic are those where subduction is continuous, the oceanic plateau is subducted along with the slab, and the dip of the slab is clearly steep enough to allow arc volcanism; yet a volcanic gap exists. In these areas, the subducted plateau may have a fundamental effect on the physical process of arc volcanism itself. The presence of a large topographic feature on the subducting plate may affect the stress state in the are by increasing the amount of decoupling between the two plates. Alternatively, the subduction of the plateau may change the chemical processes at depth if either the water-rich top of the plateau with accompanying sediments are scraped off during subduction or if the ridge is compositionally different.
Essential Role for DNA-PKcs in DNA Double-Strand Break Repair and Apoptosis in ATM-Deficient Lymphocytes

The DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair protein DNA-PKcs and the signal transducer ATM are both activated by DNA breaks and phosphorylate similar substrates in vitro, yet appear to have distinct functions in vivo. Here, we show that ATM and DNA-PKcs have overlapping functions in lymphocytes. Ablation of both kinase activities in cells undergoing immunoglobulin class switch recombination leads to a compound defect in switching and a synergistic increase in chromosomal fragmentation, DNA insertions, and translocations due to aberrant processing of DSBs. These abnormalities are attributed to a compound deficiency in phosphorylation of key proteins required for DNA repair, class switching, and cell death. Notably, both kinases are required for normal levels of p53 phosphorylation in B and T cells and p53-dependent apoptosis. Our experiments reveal a DNA-PKcs-dependent pathway that regulates DNA repair and activation of p53 in the absence of ATM.
Pauline Arnold (1894‐1974): pioneer in market research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a biographical sketch of Pauline Arnold focusing on her pioneering contributions to the field of market research.Design/methodology/approach – Archival source material included the Pauline Arnold Collection at the University of Minnesota and the Lucy Sallick Papers including correspondence, unpublished documents, and the transcript of a 1995 oral history interview with Matilda White Riley, who was Pauline Arnold's stepdaughter. Primary historical source material includes the scholarship, both published and unpublished, of the subject. An important primary, published source for this study is the periodical, Market Research, to which Arnold contributed under the auspices of the Market Research Corporation of America from 1934 through to 1938.Findings – Pauline Arnold's contributions to the field of market research are documented.Originality/value – Pauline Arnold has been cited as having made important but neglected contributions to market research, includin...
Situation refinement for in-vehicle platforms in vehicular networks

The advanced situation awareness of the driver in the road environment is very important for vehicular safety applications, especially for mitigating the harmful effects of collisions. Nowadays, advanced driver assistance systems are based on on-board sensors. The evolution of wireless networks lead to the exploitation of cooperation among vehicles to enhance road safety. In this paper the benefits from using wireless communications for enhancing the situation awareness of the driver are highlighted. The situation around the vehicle is analyzed based on information coming from both on-board sensors and wireless LAN messages. Every equipped vehicle broadcasts twice per second a message including information about its global position (WGS84), velocity, acceleration, heading, yaw rate and other useful parameters. This information in combination with advanced digital maps is very useful for enhancing safety in road environments. The work described here is part of the work carried out for the European integrated research project SAFESPOT.
Effect of density variations in heavy-media rougher-cleaner-scavenger cells — Circuit analysis

Abstract Effects of symmetrical but opposite density variations upon recovery, grade and circulating load for a rougher-cleaner-scavenger (RCS) heavy-media circuit are investigated using circuit analysis. The general selection function equation for the RCS circuit is derived and then differentiated to find the maximum slope at the cut point. Increasing the reduced specific gravity in the cleaner cell by 0.3 and decreasing it by an identical amount in the scavenger cell in an RCS circuit, normally having a selection function slope of 1.00, results in increases in slope of 15%, in recovery of 3%, in grade of 7% and in circulating load of 68%. However, for commercial dense-media operations, where the selection funtion slope is far steeper, negligible gains will result from this strategy.
Hypothesis: The Role of Sterols in Autism Spectrum Disorder

A possible role for sterols in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has not been proven, but studies in disorders of sterol biosynthesis, chiefly Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), enable hypotheses on a causal relationship to be discussed. Advances in genetic technology coupled with discoveries in membrane physiology have led to renewed interest for lipids in the nervous system. This paper hypothesizes on the role of sterol dysfunction in ASD through the framework of SLOS. Impaired sonic hedgehog patterning, alterations in membrane lipid rafts leading to abnormal synaptic plasticity, and impaired neurosteroid synthesis are discussed. Potential therapeutic agents include the development of neuroactive steroid-based agents and enzyme-specific drugs. Future investigations should reveal the specific mechanisms underlying sterol dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders by utilizing advanced imaging and molecular techniques.
Success of a Professional-Development Model in Assisting Teachers to Change Their Teaching to Match the More Emphasis Conditions Urged in the National Science Education Standards

Lead teachers were a major part of a staff-development program first offered in 1983 for science teachers in Iowa. Later, the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) reform project called Scope, Sequence, and Coordination (SS&C) involved 20 school districts and worked annually with new teachers involved during the 7-year funding period, 1990–1997. Eight lead teachers, who provided assistance to staff teams, were studied in 1998 and 2000 to determine how their teaching practices changed during the 3 years following funding. The results indicated that the eight teachers have continued to grow in terms of constructivist strategies beyond the funding period and in ways illustrating that the kind of teaching advocated by the National Science Education Standards (National Research Council, 1996).
Large-area metamaterials on thin membranes for multilayer and curved applications at terahertz and higher frequencies

A possible path for fabricating three-dimensional metamaterials with curved geometries at optical and infrared frequencies is to stack flexible metamaterial layers. We have fabricated highly uniform metamaterials at terahertz frequencies on large-area, low-stress, free-standing 1 μm thick silicon nitride membranes. Their response remains comparable to that of similar structures on thick substrates as measured by the quality factor of the resonances. Transmission measurements with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer highlight the advantage of fabricating high frequency metamaterials on thin membranes as etalon effects are eliminated. Releasing the membranes enables layering schemes and placement onto curved surfaces in order to create three-dimensional structures.
Elementary abelian 2-groups on the line at infinity of translation planes

Let G be a subgroup of the linear translation complement of a translation plane of order qd with kernel GF(q) and let ¯G be the factor group modulo the scalars. We show that if ¯G is elementary abelian of order 2a, and if each involution in ¯G has a conjugate class of length greater than a+1 then 2e divides d, where e=[1/2(a+1)]−1. We show that one of Walker's planes is a counterexample if we drop the condition on lengths of conjugate classes. The Walker plane in question turns out to be of rank 3. This is one of Walker's planes of order 25 and was not previously known to have rank 3.
Dimerisation and charge ordering in linear chain organic conductors

Abstract We present an exactly soluble model hamiltonian which describes the competition between the dimerised, and a distinct charge ordered ground state, due respectively to the interaction of the electrons with the acoustic phonons and with the intramolecular vibrations. We show the occurrence of a new phase involving internal distortion as well as displacement of the molecules. Low temperature reduction of the vibrational frequencies are shown to be a direct measure of the coupling strengths involved.
Frustrated Ostwald Ripening in Self-Assembled Monolayers of Cruciform π-Systems

This study details a scanning tunneling microscopy investigation into the mechanism of chiral grain growth in highly ordered, self-assembled monolayer films composed of cruciform π-systems. Although the molecules themselves are achiral, when they adsorb from solution onto graphite, they adopt a gear-like conformation that, by virtue of the surface, is chiral. These handed subunits arrange themselves into enantiomeric two-dimensional domains. The unique finding from this study is that Ostwald ripening is frustrated between domain boundaries that are of opposite chirality because direct interconversion between the chiral units on the surface is energetically inhibited.
Transition of the Coastal and Estuarine Storm Tide Model to an Operational Storm Surge Forecast Model: A Case Study of the Florida Coast

AbstractThe operational forecast demands and constraints of the National Hurricane Center require that a storm surge model in research mode be tested against a benchmark model such as Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) for accuracy, computation time, and numerical stability before the model is used for operational forecasts. Additionally, the simulated results must be in a geographic information system format to facilitate the usage of computed storm surge for various applications. This paper presents results from a demonstration project to explore the pathway for the transition of the Coastal and Estuarine Storm Tide (CEST) model to an operational forecast model by testing CEST over SLOSH basins in Florida. The performance and stability of CEST were examined by conducting simulations for Hurricane Andrew (1992) and more than 100 000 synthetic hurricanes for nine SLOSH basins covering the Florida coast and Lake Okeechobee. The results show that CEST produces peak surge heights similar ...
Advances in forensic assessment and treatment: an overview and introduction to the special issue.

In June 1999, the American Psychology-Law Society (AP-LS), and arguably the field of psychology and law, marked its 30th anniversary. The impetus for an organization focused on psychology and law came from two psychologists, both of whom were practicing forensic clinicians, one of whom, Jay Ziskin, was dissatisfied with the current status and quality of mental health testimony and consultation to the courts and "hoped that the Society would become the organizing force for the development of an applied forensic science. He believed that rigorous applied research might someday provide a type of empirically based psychological testimony that psychiatry was not providing, but which psychology was prepared to develop" (Grisso, 1991, p. 217). During the early developmental period of clinical forensic psychology, psychologists primarily used tests, evaluation techniques, and psychotherapeutic strategies that had been developed in general clinical settings and applied them to legally relevant assessments and the treatment of criminal offenders and victims. The result
Autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism in Hydrogenomonas facilis.

The rate of entry of glucose (and α-methyl glucoside) into autotrophically (A) and heterotrophically (H) grown cells ofHydrogenomonas facilis was found to be approximately equal even though H cells utilize glucose at a higher rate. Various enzymatic activities of A and H cells were examined and significant differences were found in 1) glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and 2) the activity of the enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff system, both of which were much higher in H cells. Both systems were found to be inducible. It is suggested that this accounts for the different ability of A and H forms to utilize glucose.