cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of parent psychopathology in emotion socialization

This study examined the relation between parent psychopathology symptoms and emotion socialization practices in a sample of mothers and fathers of preschool-aged children with behavior problems (N = 109, M age = 44.60 months, 50 % male). Each parent completed a self-report rating scale of their psychopathology symptoms and audio-recorded naturalistic interactions with their children, which were coded for reactions to child negative affect. Results supported a spillover hypothesis for mothers. Specifically, mothers who reported greater overall psychopathology symptoms, anxiety symptoms, substance use, and borderline and Cluster A personality symptoms were more likely to exhibit non-supportive reactions. Additionally, mothers who reported greater anxiety and Cluster A personality symptoms were more likely to not respond to child negative affect. Compensatory and crossover hypotheses were also supported. Partners of mothers who reported high levels of anxiety were more likely to use supportive reactions to child negative affect. In contrast, partners of mothers who reported high levels of borderline and Cluster A personality symptoms and overall psychopathology symptoms were more likely to show non-supportive reactions. With the exception of borderline personality symptoms, fathers' psychopathology was unrelated to parental responses to child negative affect. Results highlight the importance of maternal psychopathology in parental emotion socialization practices.
Chapter 17 Controls, Standards, and Histogram Interpretation in DNA Flow Cytometry

Publisher Summary This chapter presents technical details for controls, standards, and criteria used to evaluate and interpret DNA flow cytometry measurement (FCM) data that have proved efficient and reproducible. Guidelines proved to be useful in setting up DNA FCM methods in their laboratories and stimulate suggestions, improvements, and eventually standardization. Controls and standards as well as defined criteria to interpret DNA histograms are essential components of DNA FCM methodology. One of these controls is the cytologic or histologic examination of the specimen. This control is necessary for evaluating the quality of the specimen and for assessing the percentage of tumor versus nontumor cells present. Another control is microscopic review of the fluorescently stained cells or nuclei. This control provides information regarding the specific uptake of dye into the nucleus, integrity of cells or nuclei, and the degree of cell aggregation. Essential to the determination of relative DNA content is a DNA reference standard. Both internal and external standards have been used as normal DNA content reference standards from a variety of sources: chicken red blood cells (CRBC), trout red blood cells (TRBC), human peripheral blood lymphocytes (hPBL), and nonmalignant tissue from the same organ as the specimen. The chapter also discusses the evaluation of DNA histograms that involves the incorporation of defined parameters to allow consistency and quality control of data interpretation.
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and particle concentrations, carotid atherosclerosis, and coronary events: MESA (multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis).

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate independent associations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and particle (HDL-P) concentrations with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and incident coronary heart disease (CHD). Background HDL-C is inversely related to CHD, and also to triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein particles (LDL-P), and related metabolic risk. HDL-P associations with CHD may be partially independent of these factors. Methods In a multiethnic study of 5,598 men and women ages 45 to 84 years old, without baseline CHD, excluding subjects on lipid-lowering medications, triglycerides >400 mg/dl, or missing values, we evaluated associations of HDL-C and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-measured HDL-P with cIMT and incident CHD (myocardial infarction, CHD death, and angina, n = 227 events; mean 6.0 years follow-up). All models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, hypertension, and smoking. Results HDL-C and HDL-P correlated with each other (ρ = 0.69) and LDL-P (ρ = −0.38, −0.25, respectively, p Conclusions Adjusting for each other and LDL-P substantially attenuated associations of HDL-C, but not HDL-P, with cIMT and CHD. Potential confounding by related lipids or lipoproteins should be carefully considered when evaluating HDL-related risk.
P-Vector Spirals and Determination of Absolute Velocities

A simple method to invert the absolute geostrophic velocity on potential-density surfaces is developed based on McDougall’s (1988) conservation statements on potential-density surfaces and Chu’s (1995) and McDougall’s (1995) P-vector concept. This method has a capability to handle a system with diapycnal velocities and non-coincidence of potential-density and neutral surfaces. The validity of the inversion is the existence of the P-vector spirals instead of the existence of the velocity spirals (usually called the β-spirals). We use a climatological T, S dataset for the Atlantic Ocean from the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) to show the benefit of using P-vector spirals in inverting the velocity field.
Dixon Resultant for Cluster Treatment of LTI Systems with Multiple Delays

Abstract The cluster treatment of characteristic roots (CTCR) paradigm, is studied in a new angle for the stability analysis of linear time invariant (LTI) systems with multiple independent delays. For such systems, all the imaginary characteristic roots can be found exactly and exhaustively along a set of hypersurfaces in the domain of the delays. These are called the kernel hypersurfaces (KH). Any delay composition that yields an imaginary root resides either on this kernel or its infinitely many offspring hypersurfaces (or OH). The exhaustive determination of the KH is the only prerequisite for the CTCR paradigm. However, as the number of delays increases, it takes longer to calculate the KH in the entire delay domain. Alternatively, we present a novel procedure to determine the 2–D cross-section of the KH in the space of any two of the delays. This procedure utilizes the half angle tangent substitution method and the Dixon resultant theory to determine KH. With the information of KH, CTCR is then used for the 2–D cross-section of the exact stability map. Finally, an example case with six delays is presented to show the validity of the methodology.
Role Models or Normalizing Agents? A Genealogical Analysis of Popular Written News Media Discourse regarding Male Teachers.

AbstractIn this article, the author examines popular written news media discourse from the United States concerning the “boy crisis,” the gender gap, and male teachers as role models employing genealogical methodologies and theoretical concepts suggested by Foucault (1984, 1990, 1995). It is argued that such discourses reveal how “common sense” beliefs operate to perpetuate unjust systems of patriarchal power by maintaining the socially superior status of White, middle‐to‐upper‐class, heterosexual men. The discourse of male teachers as role models in particular exposes the popular desire to have such men demonstrate for their male students what “proper” masculinity looks like, to reassert male authority in the classroom and beyond, and to control the behaviors of African American males as well as boys and young men from fatherless homes. In other words, to serve as normalizing agents for youth. However, it is also argued that such discourse provides opportunities for tactical resistance. By focusing on di...
Why Not Tax the Rich? Review of Kleinbard’s 'We are Better Than This'

Ed Kleinbard’s new book, We Are Better Than This (OUP, 2014), is a well-balanced and important contribution to the tax literature. Kleinbard convincingly sets out the case for addressing inequality not through taxation but rather through spending. While the emphasis on treating both sides of the federal budget ledger with equal respect is not new (Michael Graetz, for one, said it in the 1980s), Kleinbard updates the analysis and addresses it to a wider audience. Kleinbard’s book is also well positioned as an antidote to Thomas Piketty’s obsession with taxing the rich. The problem with the book, however, is that its proposed solutions are much too narrow.
Likelihood ratio tests for multiple structural changes

Abstract This paper proposes a likelihood-ratio-type test for multiple structural changes in regression models. The model allows for lagged-dependent variables and trending regressors. The limiting distribution of the test is derived. We show that asymptotic critical values can be obtained analytically. In addition, the number and the locations of change points can be consistently determined via the test procedure. The method is straightforward to implement.
Sulfur hexafluoride as a mobile phase for supercritical fluid chromatography

The capabilities of sulfur hexafluoride as a mobile phase for supercritical-fluid chromatography are investigated. An evaluation of its overall utility on the basis of separations of standard aromatic hydrocarbon odel mixtures performed on a variety of bonded-phase, packed columns with UV detection is presented. The dependence of separation performance upon operational parameters is also examined. A comparative evaluation of the chroamtographic properties of supercitrical sulfur hexafluoride and those of supercritical carbon dioxide is developed from these separations under corresponding supercritical state conditions.
Whole-body Vibration Exposure Intervention among Professional Bus and Truck Drivers: A Laboratory Evaluation of Seat-suspension Designs

Long-term exposure to seated whole-body vibration (WBV) is one of the leading risk factors for the development of low back disorders. Professional bus and truck drivers are regularly exposed to continuous WBV, since they spend the majority of their working hours driving heavy vehicles. This study measured WBV exposures among professional bus and truck drivers and evaluated the effects of seat-suspension designs using simulated field-collected data on a vibration table. WBV exposures were measured and compared across three different seat designs: an air-ride bus seat,an air-ride truck seat, andan electromagnetically active (EM-active) seat.Air-ride seats use a compressed-air bladder to attenuate vibrations, and they have been in operation throughout the transportation industry for many years. The EM-active seat is a relatively new design that incorporates a microprocessor-controlled actuator to dampen vibration.The vibration table simulated seven WBV exposure scenarios: four segments of vertical vibration ...
Microbial transformation of 8:2 fluorotelomer acrylate and methacrylate in aerobic soils

Biotransformation of fluorotelomer (FT) compounds, such as 8:2 FT alcohol (FTOH) is now recognized to be a source of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as well as other perfluoroalkyl acids. In this study, microbially mediated hydrolysis of FT industrial intermediates 8:2 FT acrylate (8:2 FTAC) and 8:2 FT methacrylate (8:2 FTMAC) was evaluated in aerobic soils for up to 105d. At designated times, triplicate microcosms were sacrificed by sampling the headspace for volatile FTOHs followed by sequential extraction of soil for the parent monomers as well as transient and terminal degradation products. Both FTAC and FTMAC were hydrolyzed at the ester linkage as evidenced by 8:2 FTOH production. 8:2 FTAC and FTMAC degraded rapidly with half-lives ⩽5d and 15d, respectively. Maximum 8:2 FTOH levels were 6-13mol% within 3-6d. Consistent with the known biotransformation pathway of 8:2 FTOH, FT carboxylic acids and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids were subsequently generated including up to 10.3mol% of PFOA (105d). A total mass balance (parent plus metabolites) of 50-75mol% was observed on the last sampling day. 7:2 sFTOH, a direct precursor to PFOA, unexpectedly increased throughout the incubation period. The likely, but unconfirmed, concomitant production of acrylic acids was proposed as altering expected degradation patterns. Biotransformation of 8:2 FTAC, 8:2 FTMAC, and previously reported 8:2 FT-stearate for the same soils revealed the effect of the non-fluorinated terminus group linked to the FT chain on the electronic differences that affect microbially-mediated ester cleavage rates.
NORADRENALINE-INDUCED PROSTAGLANDIN PRODUCTION BY SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS IS MEDIATED BY ALPHA 2-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS

In this study we have demonstrated that noradrenaline increases the levels of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin I2 (detected as the stable metabolite 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha) synthesized by homogenates of superior cervical ganglia from the adult rat. This noradrenaline-induced prostaglandin production was further characterized: (a) Selective destruction of adrenergic sympathetic postganglionic neurons in the ganglia using 6-hydroxydopamine abolished both basal and stimulated prostaglandin production. (b) Elimination of preganglionic cholinergic sympathetic nerve terminals in the ganglia had no effect. (c) Mepacrine (a phospholipase inhibitor) and indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) attenuated both basal and stimulated prostaglandin production. (d) Yohimbine, but not prazosin, suppressed the noradrenaline dose-response curve for prostaglandin production. The results of these experiments show that, in vitro, noradrenaline stimulates de novo synthesis of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin I2 by sympathetic postganglionic neurons. This stimulation by noradrenaline appears to result from action at an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor.
Incidental angiomyolipoma resected during renal surgery for an enhancing renal mass

OBJECTIVE To review the outcomes of surgery for renal angiomyolipoma (AML, a benign renal neoplasm that often appears as an enhancing renal mass on imaging) removed at a centre that manages AML conservatively, as typically the presence of tumour fat content detected on imaging leads to its diagnosis, but occasionally these tumours resemble conventional RCC, leading to their surgical extirpation. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively report data on 44 consecutive patients who had renal surgery with a pathological diagnosis of AML at our institution from 1988 to 2008. Patient demographics, intraoperative variables and postoperative outcomes are reported. RESULTS Of the 44 patients (40 women, 91%, and four men, 9%), most were asymptomatic (36, 82%), were unsuspected on imaging (40, 91%), had a solitary lesion (38, 86%), and all had a normal contralateral kidney. Patients had either a partial nephrectomy (38, 86%) or radical nephrectomy (six, 14%). The median (range) tumour size was 2.5 (0.6-19) cm. Perioperative complications occurred in 10 patients (23%), and a total of seven renal units (16%) were lost. Ten patients (23%) had chronic kidney disease (CKD) before surgery, while new onset CKD developed in six (14%) at the last follow-up. There were no recurrences and there was one unrelated death at a median follow-up of 28 months. CONCLUSIONS AML is a benign renal neoplasm that should be treated conservatively. Surgical intervention should be avoided, when possible, as it can lead to perioperative complications, loss of renal units, and development of CKD.
Human Resource Management, Employee Exchange Relationships, and Performance in Small Businesses

In this study, the authors examine the effects of commitment-based human resource management practices on the performance of small businesses. These effects are examined through the mediators of employee involvement and quit rates. In addition, they contribute to arguments that the effect of human resource management practices on performance takes place through the establishment and support of exchange relationships with employees. Using responses from CEOs and employees of small businesses, their results indicate that human resource practices in small businesses that are based on leaders' views of employee commitment are positively related to revenue growth and perceptions of performance. Further, the authors found that employee involvement and quit rates mediate these relationships.
Evaluating interactive systems in TREC

The TREC (Text REtrieval Conference) experiments were designed to allow large-scale laboratory testing of information retrieval techniques. As the experiments have progressed, groups within TREC have become increasingly interested in finding ways to allow user interaction without invalidating the experimental design. The development of an “interactive tract” within TREC to accommodate user interaction has required some modifications in the way the retrieval tasks is designed. In particular there is a need to simulate a realistic interactive searching task within a laboratory environment. Through successive interactive studies in TREC, the Okapi team at City University London has identified methodological issues relevant to this process. A diagnostic experiment was conducted as a follow-up to TREC searches which attempted to isolate the human and automatic contributions to query formulation and retrieval performance. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Finally, able to present ABL

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) has long been a hunting ground for specific therapies of cancer because the disease is initiated by a single, unique chromosomal translocation. The translocation fusion gene product is the target of the first rationally designed tumor inhibitor STI571 (imatinib
Stress on crystals

Comparative Crystal Chemistry: Temperature, Pressure, Composition and the Variation of Crystal Structure. By Robert M. Hazen and Larry W. Finger. Wiley: 1983. Pp.231. $43.95, £19.50.
Reactance in Relation to Different Supervisory Environments and Counselor Development.

Dans un echantillon de conseillers en formation (n=78), les auteurs ont examine les reactions face a differents niveaux de structure de la supervision et face au contenu de cette supervision (probleme relationnel ou client suicidaire)
Nitrogenase and Homologs

Nitrogenase catalyzes biological nitrogen fixation, a key step in the global nitrogen cycle. Three homologous nitrogenases have been identified to date, along with several structural and/or functional homologs of this enzyme that are involved in nitrogenase assembly, bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis and methanogenic process, respectively. In this article, we provide an overview of the structures and functions of nitrogenase and its homologs, which highlights the similarity and disparity of this uniquely versatile group of enzymes.
A DPG method for steady viscous compressible flow

Abstract The Discontinuous Petrov–Galerkin (DPG) method is a class of novel higher order adaptive finite element methods derived from the minimization of the residual of the variational problem (Demkowicz and Gopalakrishnan, 2011) [1], and has been shown to deliver a method for convection–diffusion that is provably robust in the diffusion parameter (Demkowicz and Heuer, in press; Chan et al., in press) [2,3]. In this work, the DPG method is extrapolated to nonlinear systems, and applied to several problems in fluid dynamics whose solutions exhibit boundary layers or singularities in stresses. In particular, the effectiveness of DPG as a numerical method for compressible flow is assessed with the application of DPG to two model problems over a range of Mach numbers and laminar Reynolds numbers using automatic adaptivity with higher order finite elements, beginning with highly under-resolved coarse initial meshes.
The toxicity of wax crayons in animals

Summary The feeding of orange, yellow, and yellow-orange crayons to rats, dogs, andcats failed to produce methemoglobinemia. Administration of crayon pigments orally to rats and intravenously to dogs similarly failed to produce methemoglobinemia.
Small-angle x-ray scattering of bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan in solution.

The proteoglycan subunit (PGS) from bovine nasal cartilage was examined in water and in 0.15 N LiCl by small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). The molecular weight of 2.5 × 106 and the radius of gyration, Rg = 493 A, in 0.15 N LiCl, obtained by SAXS, are in good agreement with values reported by others for similar preparations. Values of the radius of gyration of the cross section, mass per unit length, and persistence length of the PGS are also reported. The low value of intrinsic viscosity ([η]) found in 0.15 N LiCl, and a comparison of the experimental distance distribution function to that of the theoretical distance distribution function for sphere, suggest that the PGS in salt solution approaches spherical symmetry. The much higher value of [η] in water suggests a prolate ellipsoid of low axial ratio.
Mapping evolution with three dimensional ribosome structure

Summary Three dimensional ribosomal structure is highly conserved, even when organisms from different urkingdoms are compared. Hence it is extremely useful as a probe of distant evolutionary events. Using a parsimony analysis of ribosome structure, we have analyzed evolutionary relationships and obtained two results that stand in contrast with the standard evolutionary tree. First we find that the sulfur dependent archaebacteria, or eocytes, are topologically nearest neighbors to the eukaryotes rather than to the methanogens. We suggest that the depth of this division is appropriate for a separation at the urkingdom level. Secondly, our data indicate that the halobacteria have diverged from the eubacteria more recently than from any other known group of organisms. We interpret these results to indicate that the halobacteria are incorrectly placed in the archaebacteria, and should probably be included with the eubacteria into a larger group, the photocytes.
Clonal dominance among synovial tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes in arthritis.

Abstract T-cell receptor gene rearrangement using a Cβ probe was evaluated in 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 2 with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and 1 with systemic lupus erythematosus, and in all the samples a dominant T-cell receptor gene rearrangement was noted. In rheumatoid arthritis identical T-cell receptor gene rearrangement was noted in freshly isolated synovial tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and the corresponding interleukin 2-propagated culture. TIL from five different joints obtained from one rheumatoid arthritis patient shared one dominant band, and TIL from three joints had an identical rearrangement. Limiting dilution experiments showed that 10% of T-cell clones had rearrangements matching the corresponding bulk in one rheumatoid arthritis patient. These findings lend further support to the suggestion that the clonal dominance noted among synovial tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is the result of an in vivo process reflecting a selective T-cell receptor gene usage.
Democracy Reformed: Richard Spencer Childs and his Fight for Better Government

Foreword by William N. Cassella, Jr. List of Illustrations Introduction Civic Engagement The Ballot Game Prescription for Democracy The Politics of Short Ballot Reform, 1910-1920 "We Learn to Manage Cities," 1912-1933 "The New Profession of City Manager," 1914-1937 Exploring the "Dark Continent": American Counties, 1912-1930 Reform: The New York Experience, 1934-1977 Childs' Play: Civic Battlefront Revisited, 1947-1977 "Best States for a Murder," 1947-1977 Inside Political Parties, 1952-1977 Loss and Remembrance Epilogue Notes Bibliographical Essay Index
A Linkage Strategy for Detection of Human Quantitative-Trait Loci. I. Generalized Relative Risk Ratios and Power of Sib Pairs with Extreme Trait Values

Summary We generalize the concept of the relative risk ratio (λ) to the case of quantitative traits, to take into account the various trait outcomes of a relative pair. Formulas are derived to express the expected proportion of genes shared identical by descent by a sib pair, in terms of the generalized λ's for sib pairs (λ S ), parent-offspring pairs (λ O ), and monozygotic twins (λ M ) and in terms of the recombination fraction, with the assumption of no residual correlations. If residual correlations are nonzero among relative pairs, we assume that they are the same among sib pairs, parent-offspring pairs, and monozy-gotic twins, and we employ a slightly different definition for the generalized λ so that the same set of formulas still hold. The power (or, the sample size necessary) to detect quantitative-trait loci (QTLs) by use of extreme sib pairs (ESPs) is shown to be a function of the three generalized λ's. Since λ M can be derived by use of values of λ S and λ O , estimates of the latter two λ's will suffice for the analysis of power and the necessary sample sizes of ESPs, for a QTL linkage study.
Abstract 3503: Targeting chemo-resistant colon cancer cells by the combination of dasatinib and curcumin: A novel therapeutic strategy

Metastatic colorectal cancer remains a serious health concern with poor patient survival. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) or 5-FU plus oxaliplatin (FOLFOX), the standard therapy for colorectal cancer, has met with limited success. Recurrence of the tumor after chemotherapy could partly be explained by the enrichment of the chemo-resistant sub-population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that possess the ability for self-renewal and differentiation into different lineages in the tumor. Therefore development of therapeutic strategy that target CSCs is highly desirable in reducing the risk of relapse and metastasis. The current investigation was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of the combination therapy of dasatinib (a Src inhibitor) and curcumin (a dietary ingredient) in inhibiting the growth and other properties of carcinogenesis of chemo-resistant colon cancer cells that are enriched in CSCs. Human colon cancer cells HCT-116 (p53 wild type; K-ras mutant) and HT-29 (p53 mutant; K-ras wild type) were used to generate FOLFOX resistant {referred to as chemoresistant (CR)} cells. The CR cells showed higher expression of CSCs markers, cell invasion potential and ability to form colonospheres, compared to the corresponding parental cells. The combination therapy of dasatinib and curcumin demonstrated synergistic interactions in CR-HCT-116 and CR-HT-29 cells. This caused inhibition of cellular growth, invasion and colonosphere formation and reduction in CSC population as evidenced by decreased expression of CSC specific markers: CD133, CD44, CD166 and ALDH. In conclusion, we propose that the combination therapy of dasatinib and curcumin may be an effective therapeutic strategy for re-emergence of chemo-resistant colon cancer by targeting CSC sub-population. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3503. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3503
Bioassay of kinship

Abstract Kinship between two population I and J , defined as the probability of identity by descent for a random pair of alleles from I and J , can be estimated by bioassay of phenotypes, names, metrics, and gene frequencies, and can be predicted from genealogy and demography by both deterministic and Monte Carlo methods. The statistical procedures for bioassay may be improved, but even at this early stage of investigation it appears that, because of its wealth of genetic implications, kinship as defined is the best measure of relationship or biological similarity between two populations. The theory is illustrated by data of Workman and Niswander (1970) on polymorphisms of Papago Indians, and their genetic distance parameter (derived from Sanghvi) is shown to be a simple function of kinship and a good estimator. More efficient and unbiased estimators are given.
Force and pressure measurements on an airfoil oscillating through stall

Details of force, moment, and pressure distributions on a two dimensional, four foot chord, NACA 0012 airfoil, oscillating in pitch through stall, in a 7 ft. x 10 ft. low speed wind tunnel, are presented. Tests were run with the airfoil in a closed test section and also in a test section having four longitudinal slots in each sidewall set to provide minimum tunnel interference on the wing in steady flow. In unsteady flow, differences between the results for the closed and 2% open case are small. The dynamic stall process is not triggered by the bursting of a laminar separation bubble but rather by the separation of the turbulent boundary layer downstream of the bubble.
Two expressed human genes sustain slightly more DNA damage after alkylating agent treatment than an inactive gene.

Abstract Alkylating agent damage was quantified in human T-lymphocytes by calculating gene-specific lesion frequencies and repair rates. At 3 time points after exposure to methyl methanesulfonate (0,6, and 24 h), T-lymphocytes DNA was extracted, digested with HindIII, and divided into 2 aliquots. Apurinic sites were formed in the DNA fragments of both aliquots by heat-induced liberation of the N-methylpurines. The methoxyamine-treated aliqout provided gene fragments which were refractory to alkaline hydrolysis (full-length fragments), while the fragments in the untreated aliquot were cleaved at apurinic sites by hydroxide. After Southern blotting, lesion frequencies were calculated by comparing the band intensity of the full-length fragment to its unprotected counterpart. The restriction fragments analyzed were from the constitutively active dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) plus hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) genes and from the transcriptionally inactive Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene (dmd). In decreasing order, the fragments containing the most lesions per kb of DNA were: hprt >dhfr >dmd. T-Lymphocytes from 2 females had 30% more heat-labile N-methylpurines in the active X-linked hprt gene in the inactive X-linked dmd gene. The lesion frequency found in the male's lone hprt allele was the highest observed. These lesion frequency differences are discusses in terms of chromatin structure. After 6 and 24 h, no significant repair rate differences were observed among the 3 genes.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE YEAST AND MYCELIAL PHASES OF HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM. I. PATHWAYS OF CARBOHYDRATE DISSIMILATION.

and temperature requirements (Scherr, 1957; Pine, 1957). The first attempts to study the respiration of H. capsulatum were made by Cozad et al (1959) and Garrison (1961) who studied the effect of various amino acids, carbohydrates, and fatty acids on the respiration of intact yeast cells. They observed that there was an increase in the oxygen uptake in the presence of most substrates which they tested. Recently the phenomenon of dimorphism was fully described by Bartnicki-Garcia (1963) and Nickerson (1963) in a nonpathogenic dimorphic fungus, Mucor rouxii, which may exhibit dimorphism depending on the atmosphere of incubation. This organism forms a filamentous growth under aerobic conditions, but yeast-like cells will develop under anaerobic conditions in the presence of a carbon dioxide atmosphere. They postulated that the yeast phase develops as a result of interference with the morphogenetic mechanism which governs the development of the mycelial phase. They assumed that a change in the external environment, such as increased carbon dioxide, might cause a change in the internal biochemical balance of the
QT interval measurement in the dog: Chest leads versus limb leads

Abstract Introduction : An accurate measurement of the QT interval is dependent on the accurate identification of the end of the T wave. Although chest leads have been recommended in dog toxicology studies, their use has not been widely put into practice, as shown by a recent survey on methodology for ECG collection in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, there is little published data on dog QT measurement from chest leads. Methods : Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were taken from 100 beagle dogs (50 males, 50 females), with the dogs restrained in a sling. On the day of recording, measurements were performed at time zero and 1 h later. Recordings were repeated 7 to 10 days later. QT interval measurements were taken simultaneously from Lead II and the chest Lead CV5RL. Heart rate was taken from Lead II. Statistical analyses included the calculation of a QT correction formula, comparison of the mean values and variability of QT and QTc measurements from Leads II and CV5RL, the comparison of T-wave polarity from both leads, and a power analysis for QT and QTc. Results : The T wave was positive in almost all dogs (99/100) in the Lead CV5RL at all measurement periods, while it was either positive or negative in Lead II (64–75/100), and the incidence of positive T wave varied between measurement periods. The QT interval was significantly shorter (194±11 to 197±12 vs. 197±13 to 200±12 ms) when measured from the CV5RL lead at all recording periods and in both sexes. In addition, the standard deviation for QT measurement within each individual ECG record demonstrates less intra-animal variation when QT is measured from Lead CV5RL compared with Lead II (3.8 vs. 13.2 ms). The linear regression between QT and heart rate was improved when QT measurements were taken from CV5RL, as shown by the percentage of variability R 2 . Discussion : Estimates of the sample sizes showed that fewer animals would be required to detect a change at both the high and the mid-doses when using the chest Lead CV5RL. Using Lead II, we are able to detect within-animal changes of 10% in either QT or QTc; with Lead CV5RL, we are able to detect 10% change in QT and 5% change in QTc.
Preoperative endoscopic tattooing of pancreatic body and tail lesions decreases operative time for laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy

Background Precise and expedient localization of small pancreatic tumors during laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy can be difficult owing to the decreased tactile ability of laparoscopy and the homogenous appearance of the surrounding retroperitoneal fat. Precise localization of the lesion is critical to achieving adequate margins of resection while preserving as much healthy pancreas as possible. The objective in this study was to determine the effect of endoscopic tattooing of the distal pancreas on operative time. Methods We reviewed retrospectively 36 consecutive patients who had a laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy at our institution over a 4-year period (2006–2009). Ten patients underwent preoperative tattooing via an endoscopic transgastric technique using ultrasound guidance. The tattoo was performed using 2–4 cc of sterile purified carbon particles injected immediately proximal and anterior to the pancreatic lesion. Operative times were compared according to the presence of a tattoo. Results The endoscopically placed tattoo was easily visible upon entering the lesser sac in all 10 patients at laparoscopy. Patients with a tattoo had a shorter operative time (median, 128.5 minutes; range, 53–180) compared with patients without a tattoo (median, 180 minutes; range, 120–240; P Conclusion Endoscopic ultrasound-guided tattooing of pancreas lesions before a laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy is safe and is associated with decreased operative time compared with nontattooed patients. This technique can allow for quick and precise localization of the lesion, allowing for optimal preservation of pancreas parenchyma and demarcating an appropriate line of resection.
Surface morphologies due to grooves at moving grain boundaries having stress-driven fluxes

Abstract We modify a previous steady-state description developed by Genin [J. Appl. Phys. 77, 5130–5137 (1995)] for a grain boundary groove moving with a prescribed speed in a material subject to in-plane stress and a resultant grain boundary flux. The arbitrary assumption that the grain boundary flux is equally delivered to (or extracted from) the two adjacent free surfaces of the grains is replaced by a condition that requires continuity of surface chemical potentials at the grain boundary. Analytical results for the small-slope approximation as well as nonlinear results for large slopes are computed numerically for steady-state motion at a specified groove speed. We apply these results to a “partial loop” grain boundary geometry that moves by mean curvature induced by the groove conditions. In contrast to the ordinary effect that a grain boundary surface groove retards grain boundary motion, the presence of a compressive stress and resultant grain boundary flux toward the free surface can promote grain boundary motion.
Integrated signal conditioning for silicon pressure sensors

A silicon-diaphragm pressure sensor containing on-chip circuitry for signal conditioning has been designed for applications in biomedicine. The device requires no off-chip components and only two external leads, making it suitable for use with multisensor catheters having diameters less than 1.5 mm. The output is a temperature-compensated high-frequency FM analog representation of the applied pressure signal. The device exhibits 1-percent resolution and accuracy over the physiological pressure and temperature ranges. Circuit techniques applicable to a variety of active sensors are descried.
Corrigendum to “Novel domains of the prokaryotic two‐component signal transduction systems”

Bacteria Mesorhizobium loti 7036 6752 2 36 10 62 15 2 57 32 18 1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6264 5565 6 41 9 62e 19 11 75 33 21 3 Escherichia coli 4639 4289 3 14 9 28e 5 6 32 19 17 0 Bacillus subtilis 4215 4100 10 14 3 33e 0 1 36 4 3 0 Bacillus halodurans 4202 4066 8 15 5 36e 2 1 48 4 2 2 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 4412 3918 0 2 3 15 0 0 13 1 2 0 Vibrio cholerae 4033 3827 20 30 5 41e 11 10 49 41 22 9 Caulobacter crescentus 4017 3737 3 26 6 62 28 2 45 11 10 0 Synechocystis sp. 3573 3169 2 26 28 42e 17 7 41e 23 13 2 Mycobacterium leprae 3268 2720 0 3 1 5 0 0 5 3 2 0 Xylella fastidiosa 2679 2766 0 4 1 14 5 2 20 3 3 1 Deinococcus radiodurans 2649 2580 0 7 3 21 5 0 25 16 5 4 Lactococcus lactis 2365 2266 0 2 1 7 0 0 7 0 0 0 Neisseria meningitidis 2184 2121 0 1 1 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 Thermotoga maritima 1861 1846 6 4 2 9 0 1 12 9+2f 0 9 Haemophilus in£uenzae 183
Runge-Kutta methods in optimal control and the transformed adjoint system

The convergence rate is determined for Runge-Kutta discretizations of nonlinear control problems. The analysis utilizes a connection between the Kuhn-Tucker multipliers for the discrete problem and the adjoint variables associated with the continuous minimum principle. This connection can also be exploited in numerical solution techniques that require the gradient of the discrete cost function.
GABAergic projection from the basal forebrain to the visual sector of the thalamic reticular nucleus in the cat

We examined the projection from the basal forebrain to thalamic and cortical regions of the visual system in cats, with particular reference to the visual sector of the thalamic reticular nucleus, the lateral geniculate nucleus, and the striate cortex. First, we made injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the visual sector of the thalamic reticular nucleus and found cells labeled by retrograde transport in the lateral nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Injection of biocytin into the basal forebrain resulted in the anterograde labeling of a dense band of fibers and terminals within the entire thalamic reticular nucleus; this labeling extended through the visual sector including the perigeniculate nucleus. No orthograde labeling was found in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Next, we addressed the issue of putative neurotransmitters used by this pathway using a variety of immunocytochemical and histochemical markers. In this fashion, we identified two populations of cells in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis of the cat; large cholinergic cells that contain choline acetyltransferase, NADPH-diaphorase, and calbindin and that project to striate cortex and smaller cells that contain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid decarboxylase, and parvalbumin and that project to the visual sector of the thalamic reticular nucleus. We also examined at the electron microscopic level terminals in the visual sector of the thalamic reticular nucleus that were labeled from a biocytin injection in the basal forebrain. Most of these terminals form symmetric contacts onto dendrites and were revealed by postembedding immunocytochemical staining to be positive for GABA.
Flexible Miniaturized Camera Array Inspired by Natural Visual Systems

We report on a flexible microcamera array inspired by natural visual systems. The camera array is a hybrid artificial visual system that combines the large field of view (FOV) of compound eyes together with the high resolution of mammalian eyes. The camera array allows for maximum flexibility and instantaneous reconfigurability to observe a wide FOV. The microcamera array takes advantage of different fabrication techniques including 3-D printing and ultraviolet (UV) liquid phase photopolymerization, as well as utilizing flexible polymers. The array consists of three miniature cameras, each composed of a 1 mm2 stand-alone image sensor and a 0.9-mm-diameter microlens. The lenses were fabricated by utilizing the surface tension of UV curable transparent polymers on Teflon coated substrates. The structure of the array was fabricated using 3-D printing. The miniaturized cameras were connected by a flexible and stretchable polymer. Images from the cameras in the array were stitched together to provide an FOV of 130°.
Debt Accumulation in the CIS-7 Countries: Bad Luck, Bad Policies, or Bad Advice?

Following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1992, several low-income countries in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) accumulated substantial external debt in a short time span, about half of which is owed to multilateral financial institutions. Three factors contributed to the current debt burden. First, the initial years of transition brought large systemic economic disruptions, loss of transfers from the center and collapse of trade relations among Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) countries, and negative terms of trade shocks. Second, fiscal and other reforms, and consequently, growth revival, took longer than expected. Third, overoptimism by multilaterals contributed to the high debt levels. If external financial assistance, which was needed because of high social costs of the transition, had come in the form of grants in the first two or three years of the transition, the debt burden would have been lower and sustainable.
Cerebrovascular transmural pressure and autoregulation

The cerebral blood flow (CBF) response to changes in perfusion pressure mediated through decreases in arterial pressure, increases in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure and increases in jugular venous pressure was studied in anesthetized dogs. A preparation was developed in which each of the three relevant pressures could be controlled and manipulated independently of each other. In this preparation, the superior vena cava and femoral vein were cannulated and drained into a reservoir. Blood was pumped from the reservoir into the right atrium. With this system, mean arterial pressure and jugular venous pressure could be independently controlled. CSF pressure (measured in the lateral ventricle) could be manipulated via a cisternal puncture. Total and regional CBF responses to alterations in perfusion pressure were studied with the radiolabelled microsphere technique. Each hemisphere was sectioned into 13 regions: spinal cord, cerebellum, medulla, pons, midbrain, diencephalon, caudate, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and occipital, temporal, parietal and frontal lobes. Despite 30 mm Hg reductions in arterial pressure or increases in jugular venous pressure or CSF pressure, little change in CBF was observed provided the perfusion pressure (arterial pressure minus jugular venous pressure or CSF pressure depending on which pressure was of greater magnitude) was greater than the lower limit for cerebral autoregulation (approximately 60 mm Hg). However, when the perfusion pressure was reduced by any of the three different methods to levels less than 60 mm Hg (average of 48 mm Hg), a comparable reduction (25–35%) in both total and regional CBF was obtained. Thus comparable changes in the perfusion pressure gradient established by decreasing arterial pressure, increasing jugular venous pressure and increasing CSF pressure resulted in similar total and regional blood flow responses. Independent alterations of arterial and CSF pressures, and jugular venous pressure produce opposite changes in vascular transmural pressure yet result in similar CBF responses. These results show that cerebral autoregulation is a function of the perfusion pressure gradient and cannot be accounted for predominantly by myogenic mechanisms.
Reoperative antireflux surgery for failed fundoplication: an analysis of outcomes in 275 patients.

Background With an increase in the performance of laparoscopic antireflux procedures, more patients with a failed primary antireflux operation are being referred to thoracic surgeons for complex redo procedures. The objective of this study was to evaluate our results of redo antireflux surgery. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent redo surgery for failed fundoplication. The primary endpoint was failure of the redo operation; other endpoints included gastroesophageal reflux disease-health-related quality of life (HRQOL) after redo fundoplication. Results A total of 275 patients (median age, 52 years; range, 17 to 88 years; men 82, women 193) underwent redo antireflux surgery. The most common pattern of failure of the initial operation was transmediastinal migration-recurrent hernia in 177 patients (64%). Redo surgery included Nissen fundoplication in 200 (73%), Collis gastroplasty in 119 (43%), and partial fundoplication in 41 (15%). There was no perioperative mortality. At a median follow-up of 39.6 months, 31 patients (11.2%) had a failure of the redo surgery, requiring reoperation. The two-year estimated probability of freedom from failure was 93% (95% confidence interval 89% to 96%). The HRQOL scores, available for 186 patients, were excellent to satisfactory in 85.5%, and poor in 14.5%. Conclusions Redo antireflux surgery can be performed safely in experienced centers with outcomes that are similar to published open results. Complete takedown and reestablishment of the normal anatomy, recognition of a short esophagus, and proper placement of the wrap are essential components of the procedure. Thoracic surgeons with significant laparoscopic and open esophageal surgical experience can perform minimally invasive, complex redo esophageal antireflux procedures safely with good results.
Discovery of selective irreversible inhibitors for EGFR-T790M

Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor kinase (EGFR) with ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors results in dramatic but short-lived responses in patients with EGFR mutant non small cell lung cancer. A series of novel covalent EGFR kinase inhibitors with selectivity for the clinically relevant T790M 'gatekeeper' resistance mutation relative to wild-type EGFR were discovered by library screening. A representative compound 3i was obtained through a systematic SAR study guided by mutant EGFR-dependent cellular proliferation assays.
Evaluation of accelerated aging of commercial drivers on model of biological age based on parameters of physical work ability

The potential of the prognostic evaluation of the functional state of the body was evaluated based on a comparative analysis of biological age according to the physical working ability in commercial drivers. The dependence of dynamic changes in the parameters of physical ability and biological age from the calendar age and professional experience of drivers was studied. An early (compared to the control group) reduction in the range of adaptive reactions to submaximal workloads of the cardiovascular system was recorded in drivers. The risk group with manifestations of premature aging was observed in 40–49-year-old drivers with 15–19 years of professional experience. The suitability of our methods for evaluating the rate of aging according to physical ability and the development of preventive measures against premature and/or the accelerated aging of workers was shown.