cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategies for success: uncovering what makes students successful in design and learning

While the purposes of design and science are often different, they share some key practices and processes. Design-based science learning, which combines the processes of engineering design with scientific inquiry, is one attempt to engage students in scientific reasoning via solving practical problems. Although research suggests that engaging stu- dents in design-based science learning can be effective for learning both science process and content, more research is needed to understand how to overcome what Vattam and Kolodner (Pragmatics and Cognition 16:406-437, 2008) called ''the design-science gap.'' This study, therefore, takes a first step at systematically delving into this issue of bridging the design-science gap by examining the problem-solving strategies that students are using when they solve a prototypical design task. Videotaped performance assessments of high and low performing teams were analyzed in depth. Results suggest that students use both science reasoning strategies (e.g., control of variables) and design-focused strategies (e.g., adaptive growth). However, the strategies commonly associated with success in science (e.g., control of variables) did not necessarily lead to success in design. In addition, while both science reasoning strategies and design-focused strategies led to content learning, the content learned was different.
Heparin, Low Molecular Weight Heparin, and Derivatives in Thrombosis, Angiogenesis, and Inflammation: Emerging Links

The key reason behind the success of heparin in thrombosis and beyond is its polypharmacological sites of action for the prevention and treatment of multifactorial diseases that will only benefit slightly with single pharmacological mechanism-based agents. Thromboembolic disorders are driven by hypercoagulable, hyperactive platelet, proinflammatory, endothelial dysfunction, and proangiogenesis states. Heparin can effectively modulate all of those multifactorial components, as well as the interface among those components.
The Rise and Fall of Bromide Therapy in Epilepsy

We are now accustomed to seeing new effective medicines frequently becoming available and replacing older drugs. Antiepileptics are no exception. However, the rapidity with which this happens is a relatively new phenomenon. Although the rate at which newer drugs replace older ones has changed, the characteristics of this sequence have frequently remained the same. An examination of the rise and fall of bromides as antiepileptics demonstrates, in relatively slow-motion, what can occur when a useful drug is introduced for treatment of a disorder for which there had never been really effective medicines before.
Hydrogen atom transfer reactions of transition-metal hydrides. Utilization of a radical rearrangement in the determination of hydrogen atom transfer rates

The reaction of a transition-metal hydride with an unsaturated substrate is a critical step in several catalytic reactions. Commonly accepted mechanisms for homogeneous hydrogenation and hydroformylation have traditionally involved even-electron intermediates conforming to the 16- and 18-electron rule. Recently, kinetic and spectroscopic (CIDNP) evidence has been reported in support of odd-electron pathways for reactions of metal hydrides with substituted styrenes, anthracenes, allenes, and conjugated dienes, all of which form stabilized (benzylic or allylic) radicals. The authors report a new approach, in which metal hydrides are reacted with vinylcyclopropanes, which contain a radical clock.
Migrant “Illegality” and Deportability in Everyday Life

▪ Abstract This article strives to meet two challenges. As a review, it provides a critical discussion of the scholarship concerning undocumented migration, with a special emphasis on ethnographically informed works that foreground significant aspects of the everyday life of undocumented migrants. But another key concern here is to formulate more precisely the theoretical status of migrant “illegality” and deportability in order that further research related to undocumented migration may be conceptualized more rigorously. This review considers the study of migrant “illegality” as an epistemological, methodological, and political problem, in order to then formulate it as a theoretical problem. The article argues that it is insufficient to examine the “illegality” of undocumented migration only in terms of its consequences and that it is necessary also to produce historically informed accounts of the sociopolitical processes of “illegalization” themselves, which can be characterized as the legal production ...
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia in end-stage renal disease patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is typically a low-virulence gram-negative bacterium but can become pathogenic in patients in immunocompromised states and can cause nosocomial infections in the presence of invasive medical devices such as central venous catheters, peritoneal catheters, endotracheal/tracheostomy tubes, and urinary catheters, resulting in a variety of infections. End-stage renal disease patients are immunocompromised, and S. maltophilia bacteremia has been reported in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis via peritoneal catheters. A significant number of patients receive hemodialysis via central venous catheters, which present a high risk for S. maltophilia infection, but to our knowledge, no case has been reported.
Parallelogram-law-type identities

Abstract Identities generalizing the well-known formula relating the lengths of the sides and the diagonals of a parallelogram in the plane are given. These generalizations all have the flavor of the parallelogram law, and specialize to formulas involving sums of roots of unity, trigonometric functions, binomial coefficients, and permutations over the symmetric and the alternating groups.
The digestion of cell surface-associated glycosaminoglycans by crude and purified flavobacter heparinum enzymes: Disparate effects on cell adhesion

Summary The effects of crude and purified glycosaminoglycan (GAG) lyases on cell adhesion to plastic substrates were studied in three established cell lines. In the presence of crude heparinase, BALB/c 3T3 and B16.F10 melanoma cells and a fibrosarcoma line were markedly inhibited in their ability to attach and spread on two types of tissue culture-grade plastic. The crude enzyme effect was dose dependent, reversible, and co-eluted with heparinase activity by Sepharose Cl-6B chromatography. Boiling of the preparation, however, did not elimimate its effect. Furthermore, none of the purified GAG lyases which were tested reproduced the effect of the crude preparation. Therefore, our results indicate thaty although GAG lyases are effective in digesting the GAGs of cell surfaces, the removal of these substances has no perceptible effect on the substrate adhesion of the three cell types evaluated.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON VESTIBULAR MECHANISMS. II. VESTIBULAR DISORDERS IN DECORTICATED CATS

The effect of the removal of the neocortex upon vestibular reflexes was observed in a series of ten cats. The behavior, postural reflexes and motor performances of these animals fitted the classical description of the decorticated cat. No spontaneous nystagmus was ever observed, but it was possible to provoke it by repetitive vestibular stimulation. Transitory positional nystagmus of both irregular and direction-changing types were seen for several days in a few cases. The responses of both normal and decorticated cats to caloric and rotatory stimulation exhibited qualitatively a remarkable similarity. Quantitatively, however, there were some differences between the two sets of responses. After total ablation of the neocortex, the passive optokinetic nystagmus was demonstrated in a few cases.
The New Second Generation in the United States

Immigration to the United States accelerated in the late 1960s. Since many migrants are young people who form families shortly after arrival, there is now a large and rapidly growing second generation - many of them now young adults who recently completed school and started their careers. There is much speculation about whether this second generation will assimilate into the middle class rapidly or form a new urban underclass. The last census to ask parental birthplace questions was 1970, so an absence of data precluded testing hypotheses about the social and economic progress of the new second generation. In 1994, the Census Bureau returned an inquiry about parental birthplace to the Current Population Survey so there is now an annual national sample of about 16,000 second-generation Americans. Data from the 1998 and 2000 surveys were pooled and analyzed. This investigation demonstrates that these comprehensive new data provide valuable descriptive information about today's second generation and permit the cautious testing of hypotheses concerning social and economic assimilation. They reveal a great diversity among the second generation depending upon country of origin but, in most comparisons, today's second generation exceed their first-generation parents in educational attainment, occupational achievement and economic status. In many comparisons, second-generation groups have educational attainments exceeding those of third- and higher-generation whites and African Americans. These data refute the hypothesis that today's second generation will languish in poverty. Nevertheless, intergenerational progress was less for persons of Puerto Rican and Mexican heritage than for those of Asian, European or South American heritage.
Premature mortality in a general equilibrium model of air pollution control.

Abstract A general equilibrium model is developed in which production of a good generates toxic pollution that imposes the risk of premature mortality. This risk is reduced to an optimal level by a Pigouvian tax that causes consumers to demand less of the polluting good. Whereas the value of human life on which courtroom decisions are commonly made is one of lost output, in this model the value of human life includes both a lost output component and a psychological willingness to pay component. Because the dose-response curve for pollution is S shaped and because the disparity between the ex ante statistical value of human life and the ex post certainty value is likely to be large, the model has special implications for Pigouvian taxation.
Remembering Albert deutsch, an advocate for mental health.

Albert Deutsch, journalist, advocate for the mentally ill, and honorary APA Fellow died 50 years ago. Author of The Mentally Ill in America and The Shame of the States, he believed in the obligation of individuals and institutions to advocate for patients. In 1961, he was in the midst of a vast project to assess the state of the art in psychiatric research. This article recalls aspects of Deutsch’s life and work and places him in the historical context of individuals who have shown great compassion for disabled persons.
Biological structures and bottom type influence habitat choices made by Alaska flatfishes

Abstract Habitats of flatfishes are ordinarily characterized on the basis of depth, sediment type, and temperature. However, features of the benthic environment such as structures created by sessile organisms and different bedforms may also influence habitat suitability. In this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that habitat choices made by juveniles of two economically important flatfishes, Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt) and northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra Orr and Matarese), are influenced by structures on the sea floor. In the laboratory, age-0 individuals of both species demonstrated high positive selectivity for habitats with structure (natural sponges, bryozoan mimics, bivalve shells, and sand waves) over smooth sand substratum. The degree of choice was influenced significantly by density of structures, particularly sponges. Small halibut (48–77 and 90–144 mm) were more selective than larger juveniles (270–337 mm), and in sponge habitat juvenile halibut were more selective than comparably sized rock sole. Preference for habitat with structure increased significantly with increasing light level, suggesting that choices were made partially on the basis of visual cues or as related to perceived threat. However, the preference for structured habitat was maintained in darkness. Beam trawl collections made in a flatfish nursery ground near Kodiak, Alaska, revealed that the abundances of age-0 Pacific halibut and rock sole were closely correlated with amounts of shell and echinoderm bycatch in the tows, corroborating the laboratory observations of affinity for habitat structure. Strong preferences for structured habitat in young halibut and rock sole indicate the importance of benthic structures that are frequently removed by fishing gear.
Our experience with pubovaginal slings in patients with stress urinary incontinence

AbstractPurpose: Pubovaginal slings successfully treat stress urinary incontinence in women with intrinsic sphincter deficiency. Because of its durability, it has been attractive procedure in select patients with urethral hypermobility. We examine our experience with pubovaginal sling.Materials and Methods: A total of 150 patients were evaluated for pelvic prolapse and urinary incontinence. An abdominal leak point pressure was determined in all patients. Of patients with type II stress urinary incontinence, 36 patients (80%) underwent additional gynecological procedures at the time of the pubovaginal sling, compared to 29% with intrinsic sphincter deficiency and 33% with coexisting urethral hypermobility and intrinsic sphincter deficiency.Results: The overall cure rate was 93% with a mean followup of 22 months. At 1 week postoperatively spontaneous voiding was accomplished by 56% of the patients with urethral hypermobility and 57% with intrinsic sphincter deficiency. Only 2.8% of patients required surgica...
Effects of the strain-hardening exponent on two-parameter characterizations of surface-cracks under large-scale yielding

Abstract The influence of strain hardening exponent on two-parameter J–Q near tip opening stress field characterization with modified boundary layer formulation and the corresponding validity limits are explored in detail. Finite element simulations of surface cracked plates under uniaxial tension are implemented for loads exceeding net-section yield. The results from this study provide numerical methodology for limit analysis and demonstrate the strong material dependencies of fracture parameterization under large scale yielding. Sufficient strain hardening is shown to be necessary to maintain J–Q predicted fields when plastic flow progresses through the remaining ligament. Lower strain hardening amplifies constraint loss due to stress redistribution in the plastic zone and increases the ratio of tip deformation to J . The onset of plastic collapse is marked by shape change and/or rapid relaxation of tip fields compared to those predicted by MBL solutions and thus defining the limits of J–Q dominance. A radially independent Q -parameter cannot be evaluated for the low strain hardening material at larger deformations within a range where both cleavage and ductile fracture mechanisms are present. The geometric deformation limit of near tip stress field characterization is shown to be directly proportional to the level of stress the material is capable of carrying within the plastic zone. Accounting for the strain hardening of a material provides a more adjusted and less conservative limit methodology compared to those generalized by the yield strength alone. Results from this study are of relevance to establishing testing standards for surface cracked tensile geometries.
Blair's Ideal Orator: Civic Rhetoric and Christian Politeness in Lectures 25-34

In his Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres , Hugh Blair works within the tradition of Isocrates, Cicero, and Quintilian in presenting rhetoric as a school subject that forms character and educates in citizenship. But by the terms of his title, “Rhetoric” and “Belles Lettres,” Blair signals a commitment to two different ideals of character—the ideal of civic republicanism of Roman rhetoric, on the one hand, and that of a middleclass, polite culture, on the other. As Blair wrestles with the tensions inherent in his program to reconcile the two in lectures 25–34, he inadvertently dramatizes the transformation from a rhetorical culture to a modern, bourgeois one.
Advanced model-based distortion-invariant filters allowing peak variations

We consider a new detection application for distortion-invariant filters. Several new advances to the MINACE filter are considered. These include: improved object modeling (this provides scene correlation plane peaks near the specified values), improved clutter modeling (no false class training is used), a new trade-off parameter c definition (with the energy of each spectra normalized to one), use of a smaller filter size and a prime factor FFT (this reduces noise effects), zero-mean filters (these allow detection of hot and cold contrast objects), etc. We advance a new peak variance degree of freedom distortion-invariance filter (PVDDF) with many attractive new properties. These advantages include: insurance that the correlation peak values for all distorted objects are close to a given value without requiring that each object have a given correlation peak value (in practice one does not want all distorted object inputs to give the same exact correlation peak value), use of more training images NT without an associated drop in the required threshold and thus better object modeling, and better object function energy E minimization (E reduces as NT increase compared to other filters where E increase as NT increases). This new filter thus achieves both better correlation peak values and better energy minimization (prior filters cannot achieve both goals) by using degrees of freedom.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for in situ diagnostics of combustion parameters including temperature

In this work, the authors present some results on in situ laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements of temperature and other combustion parameters in partially premixed flames under several varying conditions including sooting conditions
A New Approach to Studying Modern Human Origins: Hypothesis Testing with Coalescence Time Distributions

A new approach for testing hypotheses about modern human origins using molecular divergence dates is presented. Coalescence times from many unlinked loci are needed to test the alternative models. Hypotheses are evaluated on the basis of their differing predicted distribution patterns of coalescence times from multiple genes. No single coalescence time from one genetic system is sufficient to reject any of the three alternative models. Several nuclear datasets give recent dates for human genetic ancestors, at approximately the mitochondrial coalescence time, while some nuclear datasets support older dates. Given the overall distribution of available mitochondrial and nuclear coalescence times, the rapid replacement hypothesis is the likeliest model for modern human origins. The unusual nature of the human mitochondrial pattern is highlighted by comparative data from nonhuman hominoids. To understand the pattern of modern human genetic variability better, more nuclear data from all hominoid species are needed.
Roles of TGFβ signaling in epidermal/appendage development

The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily encompasses a number of structurally related proteins that can be divided into several subfamilies including TGFβs, activins/inhibins and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). The Smads are major intracellular mediators in transducing the signals of TGFβ superfamily members, and are abundantly expressed in the developing epidermis and epidermal appendages. Moreover, the phenotypes of transgenic/knockout mice with altered components of the TGFβ superfamily signaling pathway suggest that TGFβ superfamily signaling is required for epidermal/appendage development. TGFβ superfamily members are involved in most events during epidermal/appendage development through the TGFβ signal transduction pathway and through cross talk with other signaling pathways. Future studies will be instrumental in defining the precise roles for TGFβ superfamily signaling in epidermal/appendage development.
Why we don’t teach leadership in our MBA programmes

Examined training aids in MBA programmes vis‐a‐vis corporate training as opposed to MBA student instruction. Opines that the work environment has changed but that business schools are not preparing graduates to lead self‐directed work teams; in effect asks why are business schools ignoring training in leadership and team‐building as a requirement of the MBA curriculum? Views leadership as requiring activity, i.e. training. Generally sees a need for radical restructuring of MBA programmes.
Effect of non-normal interactions on the interfacial instability of multilayer viscoelastic channel flows

Abstract The effect of non-normal interactions on the interfacial instability of multilayer pressure driven channel flow of viscoelastic fluids in the limit of vanishingly small Reynolds number has been investigated. Specifically, it is shown that for the upper convected Maxwell (UCM), the Oldroyd-B, and the modified Phan-Thien–Tanner (MPTT) constitutive models the short time dynamics are significantly influenced by non-normal effects both in two- and three-layer flows. Moreover, the departure from the normal exponential behavior is most pronounced in the velocity perturbations. Furthermore, in two- and three-layer symmetric flows, the non-normal effects that arise from the interaction of the interfacial mode with bulk mode dissipate very quickly and therefore do not significantly influence the growth of interfacial disturbances. However, in asymmetric three-layer flows the non-normal behavior that results from the interaction of the two interfacial modes can be very significant and can persist over very long time periods. Hence, non-normal behavior can play a very significant role in determining the growth/decay rate of interfacial disturbances. Our analysis shows that the discrepancy observed in the measured and predicted growth rates of interfacial disturbances in earlier investigations [J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 79 (1998) 315] can be attributed to the presence of non-normal interactions.
Spin‑filtering effects in carbene‑containing molecules

Electronic transport and spin-filtering effects in carbene-containing molecules were examined theoretically using first-principles density functional theory. A carbene-containing molecule sandwiched between gold electrodes was constructed as a model for calculating electronic and spin transport properties. Molecules containing triplet-state carbene resulted in a considerable difference in transmission between α- and β-spin states, which brought about spin polarization. On the other hand, the diazo molecules, which were precursors of the carbene-containing molecules, exhibited no spin polarization. Furthermore, molecules containing singlet-state carbene also had no spin polarization. It was found that spin polarization arose from the π-orbitals of carbene and phenyl groups expanding over the entire molecule when the energy level was close to the Fermi level.
Organic-inorganic interfaces: principles of quasi-epitaxy of a molecular semiconductor on inorganic compound semiconductors

Abstract We present a comprehensive set of molecularly-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy data on the fundamentals of quasi-epitaxy of 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracar☐ylic dianhydride (PTCDA) on graphite, Se-passivated GaAs(100) (2 × 1), and InAs(001) (4 × 2). Each of these substrates has smooth large-scale morphology; however, they possess differing surface energies that are seen to affect the growth mode of the PTCDA films. The mechanism of point-on-line coincidence is found to describe the orientation of all PTCDA films whereby the overlayer unit cell is matched one-dimensionally to substrate atomic planes.
Fixed income securities with a zero Macaulay duration: senior life settlements

Senior life settlements belong to the family of fixed income securities, however, because of the negative stream of cash flows generated by the payment of yearly premia p and the only one positive lump sum received at death of the senior life settler, contrary to the other fixed income securities, senior life settlements, under certain conditions, can achieve a zero Macaulay duration. Investors interested in a hedged portfolio against interest risk could purchase such life settlements. We develop the conditions for which a zero Macaulay duration is obtained.
PHOTOGRAPHY AND THE PRACTICES OF CRITICAL BLACK MEMORY

Not too long after photography's grand debut in 1839, physician and inventor Oliver Wendell Holmes described the new technology as a “mirror with a memory.” What might this phrase mean for the question of African Americans and their relationship to the vicissitudes of photography and the vagaries of memory in particular? Through readings of works of art and social activism that make use of lynching photographs, this essay considers ways in which photography has functioned as a technology of memory for African Americans, what the essay calls critical black memory, and proffers a mode of historical interpretation that both plays upon and questions photography's documentary capacity. The essay makes two claims specifically. First, the mechanical reproduction of lynching by way of the photograph has been central to the recounting and reconstitution of black political cultures throughout the Jim Crow and post-Civil Rights era. From the usage of lynching photography in pamphlets by early twentieth-century anti-lynching activists, to posters created by mid-century civil rights organizations, to their deployment in contemporary art and popular culture, this archive has been a constitutive element of black visuality more broadly. Second, African American engagements with photography as a “site of memory” suggest a mode of historical interpretation in which African Americans simultaneously critique the “truth-claims” of photography while they mobilize the medium's documentary capacity to intervene in the classification and subjugation of black life.
Retarding crystallization of CVD amorphous silicon by alloying

Abstract Amorphous silicon holds considerable promise as a photothermal absorber, but high-temperature-induced crystallization limits its usefulness. To attempt to retard the crystallization, we produced CVD a-Si films alloyed with C, N, B, or Ge. These films crystallized differently than did the non-intentionally doped amorphous material. The crystallization temperature was increased from 680 C to 950 C for 18 at.% C-alloyed a-Si, and even then more than 10 hours were required for crystallization. This retardation of crystallization gives alloyed a-Si absorbers sufficient life expectancy for converters operating at temperatures up to 700 C.
Transient solution and criteria for achieving maximum fluid temperature in solar energy applications

Abstract The one-dimensional transient heating by solar radiation of a semi-transparent medium and the adjoining fluid is analyzed; the closed-form solution is compared with the values for temperature obtained by finite difference. Criteria are established for achieving maximum fluid temperature through opaque, semitransparent and transparent solids at steady state. The influence on fluid temperature of two types of boundary conditions is discussed, as well as the effects of reradiation from the solid and the relative importance of ambient film coefficient, the fluid convection coefficient and the conductivity of the solid.
Kinetics of the reactions OH (v = O) + NH3 →; H2O + NH2 and OH(v = O) + O3 → HO2 + O2 AT 298°K

Abstract The rate constants for the reactions OH(X 2 Π, ν = O) + NH 3 → k1 H 2 O + NH 2 and OH(X 2 Π, ν = O) + O 3 k2 → HO 2 + O 2 were measured at 298°K by the flash photolysis resonance fluorescence technique. The values of the rate constants thus obtained are K 1 = (4.1 ± 0.6) × 10 −14 and k 2 = (6.5 ± 1.0) × 10 −14 in units of cm 3 molecule −1 sec 1 . The results are discussed in terms of understanding the dynamics of the perturbed stratosphere.
The Century of the Americas: Dawn of a New Century Dynamic

The Quebec City summit presents a unique set of opportunities to the democratically elected leaders of the Americas. The meeting, at which progress toward the FTAA will be renewed, can potentially transform U.S. strategic priorities throughout the world.
In utero endoscopic devascularization of a large chorioangioma.

Clinically significant chorioangiomas, i.e. those greater than 4 cm in diameter, are associated with an overall fetal loss rate of approximately 40%. Maternal complications may also be present. Most patients diagnosed with chorioangiomas have been managed expectantly. A patient with a large chorioangioma was referred to our institution, with a fetus that was hydropic and showed sonographic signs of over heart failure. Fetal anemia, marked erythropoiesis and hypoalbuminemia were documented on cordocentesis. The blood supply to the mass consisted of an artery and a vein of 9 mm in diameter. The vascular supply to the tumor was ablated via operative fetoscopy by suture ligation of the arterial supply, after subchorionic dissection of the vessel. The remaining blood supply was electrocoagulated with bipolar cautery. Although the procedure was technically successful, the fetus died on the 3rd postoperative day. This case illustrates ablation of the blood supply of placental chorioangiomas as a potential management alternative for those patients with large chorioangiomas. Early identification and treatment may result in a successful outcome.
Vena cava filters: do we know all that we need to know?

Considerable progress has been made in the last decade in understanding the natural history of “treated” venous thromboembolism (VTE). VTE occurs at a rate of 1/1000 in the general population1 and significantly increases with age, especially after age 60, with rates as high as 1/100.2 Duplex ultrasonography has largely replaced venography as the diagnostic test of choice for deep venous thrombosis (DVT),3 and spiral CT pulmonary angiography is rapidly replacing ventilation/perfusion lung scans as the diagnostic test of choice for pulmonary embolism (PE).4 Multiple agents are now available for the initial treatment of VTE including unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and fondaparinux,5 and although the vitamin K antagonists remain the sole oral agents for the long-term treatment of VTE, new oral alternatives are on the horizon.6 As the result of large randomized controlled trials the secondary prevention of recurrent VTE has improved, with the duration of therapy now based on an understanding of the initial inciting event and the presence of ongoing risk factors.7 Patients with idiopathic DVT or persistent risk factors require anticoagulant therapy for a minimum of 6 months, and more likely, ≥12 months, with a cumulative risk of recurrence as high as 30% at 8 years.8 For patients with cancer and VTE, it has been shown that therapy with low-molecular-weight heparin for the first 3 to 6 months results in better outcomes than the outcomes of patients transitioned to warfarin early in the course of therapy.9 Unfortunately, …
Analysis of underground and underwater space frames with slip joints

Abstract Inertial properties of buried pipelines have a negligible effect on their response to ground motion, allowing the seismic response of buried pipelines to be calculated by methods of static analysis. The object of this study is the static, stiffness analysis of flexibly-jointed space frames embedded in a linearly elastic medium. Using the exact solutions to the beam-on-an-elastic-foundation problem a matrix, stiffness equation is derived for a jointed, straight, embedded member under uniform, distributed loads. Eight functions for the elements of the stiffness matrix and six functions for the fixed-end-force vector are derived. These 14 functions completely determine the member response. The stiffness equation is used in a stiffness-based computer program for the analysis of flexibly-jointed, embedded space frames under uniform member loads and concentrated nodal loads. Example problems demonstrating this program are presented.
Irreversible inhibition of hepatic glutathione S-transferase by ciprofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator.

Ciprofibrate (2-[4-(2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl) phenoxy]2-methyl propionic acid) which is a hypolipidemic agent and has been shown to cause peroxisome proliferation, non-competitively inhibits glutathione S-transferase activity of rat liver, both in vivo and in vitro . Among all the glutathione S-transferases of rat liver, ligandin is maximally inhibited by ciprofibrate. Studies with the purified glutathione S-transferases of rat liver indicate that the affinities of different subunits of liver enzymes for ciprofibrate are in the order Ya > Yb, Yb' > Yc.
Molecular phylogenetics supports multiple evolutionary transitions from marine to freshwater habitats in ariid catfishes.

Abstract Transitions between the marine and freshwater environments represent an extraordinary ecological shift that has promoted diversification in many groups of aquatic organisms. Here, molecular phylogenetics is utilized to investigate habitat transitions in a group of catfishes (Ariidae) that includes species inhabiting marine and brackish waters (>110 species) as well as freshwater environments (∼40 species). The Ariidae is nested within the Otophysi, the largest clade of primary freshwater fishes with four orders and 67 families. Optimizations of habitat transitions (freshwater vs. marine) onto a previously inferred phylogeny suggest a single invasion of marine waters at the root of the ariid tree followed by 10–15 events of freshwater colonization, implying reversion to the primitive otophysan condition. Thus, ariids provide an extraordinary example of bidirectional habitat transitions in fishes. Freshwater recolonization has occurred in all major provinces where ariids are present, such as the New World (Mesoamerica and South America), Madagascar, Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Sahul continent (Australia and New Guinea). The remarkable diversity of freshwater ariids in Australia–New Guinea and Mesoamerica is presumed to have been facilitated by the originally depauperate freshwater ichthyofaunas in both regions, particularly the low diversity of primary otophysan families in Mesoamerica and their absence in Australia and New Guinea. The lack of phylogenetic resolution among basal Sahul lineages coupled with their extraordinary level of morphological divergence and trophic diversity suggests an ancient rapid radiation promoted by freshwater colonization. For this reason, Sahul ariids represent an excellent system for studying diversification associated with habitat transitions.
Associations between childhood vaccination coverage, insurance type, and breaks in health insurance coverage.

Objectives This study explored how vaccination coverage is associated with not being insured and with insurance type among children who are insured and to show how these associations are modified by race/ethnicity. Methods We determined whether 8324 children sampled in the National Immunization Survey in 2001 and 2002 were covered by private insurance only, Medicaid/State Children's Health Insurance Program, or another insurance type or were uninsured at the time of the National Immunization Survey interview or were uninsured at some time before the interview. Children were up to date if, by the date of the interview, their vaccination providers had administered > or =4 doses of diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-acellular pertussis vaccine, > or =3 doses of polio vaccine, > or =1 dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, > or =3 doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine, and > or =3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine. To evaluate the association between insurance type and breaks in insurance with timely completion of the recommended vaccination schedule soon after 19 months of age, we restricted our analyses to children 19 to 24 months of age. Results Nationally, 12.6 +/- 1.6% of all children 19 to 24 months of age were uninsured at some time. Children who were uninsured at the time of the National Immunization Survey interview had significantly lower vaccination coverage than did children with Medicaid/State Children's Health Insurance Program coverage or children with private insurance only (52.6% vs 70.0% and 75.6%). Children who had never been insured and children who were insured but had a break in insurance coverage in the 12 months immediately preceding the National Immunization Survey interview had significantly lower vaccination coverage than did children who had been insured continuously (47.4% and 64.8% vs 73.5%). Conclusions Approximately 1 of 8 children were uninsured at some time, and those children were at greater risk of not being vaccinated on time as recommended.
Applicability of the potential step relaxation technique in the nonlinear current density—overpotential range

Abstract Previously, detailed error analyses have been published only for one of the simplest (graphical) and for one of the most complex (all-numerical) data-evaluation methods of the potentiostatic relaxation technique in the nonlinear current density—overpotential range. The latter extends the range of applicability of the technique to several orders-of-magnitude faster reactions but at the price of extensive computational requirements. There is a need for an intermediate range data-evaluation method for reactions with rates too fast for the classical, graphical method but not fast enough to justify extensive computations. Such an intermediate range data-evaluation method is described and evaluated in this paper. It is based on a computer curve-fitting method using the classical relaxation equation of Gerischer and Vielstich. The limitations of this method are described, and applicability diagrams are presented. For the determination of the exchange current density of an electrode reaction, this intermediate method is limited to one to three orders-of-magnitude slower reactions, as contrasted to the all-numerical data-evaluation method, which consists of coupling a numerical diffusion equation solver routine with the nonlinear multidimensional least-squares curve-fitting program. The reason for this limited applicability is that the classical relaxation equation was derived by using several simplification in the model of the electrode reaction system. The most damaging of these simplifications is the neglect of the effects of the uncompensated solution resistance between the working and reference electrodes. The use of this intermediate applicability data-evaluation method is still justified, when applicable, by an about one order-of-magnitude decreased computational time requirement.
The sensitivity of RNA polymerases I and II from Novikoff hepatoma (N1S1) cells to 3′-deoxyadenosine 5′-triphosphate.

The synthesis of ribosomal precursor RNA in Novikoff hepatoma (N1S1) cells is very sensitive to cordycepin (3'-dA). The synthesis of hnRNA, however, is resistant to inhibition concentrations of 3'-dA that completely block the synthesis of 45S ribosomal RNA precursor. We have examined the RNA polymerases present in these cultured cells with regard to their sensitivity to cordycepin 5'-triphosphate (3'-dATP) in an effort to explain the differential inhibition of RNA synthesis observed in vivo. RNA polymerases I and II were characterized on the basis of their chromatographic behavior on DEAE-Sephadex, as well as the response of their enzymatic activities to ionic strength, the divalent metal ions Mn2+ and Mg2+, and the toxin alpha-amanitin. For both enzymes the inhibition of in vitro RNA synthesis by 3'-dATP was competitive for ATP. The km values for ATP and the K1 values for 3'-dATP for the two enzymes were quite similar. RNA polymerase II, the enzyme presumed responsible for hnRNA synthesis, was actually slightly more sensitive to 3'-dATP than RNA polymerase I, the enzyme presumed responsible for ribosomal precursor RNA synthesis. Similar data were obtained when the RNA polymerases were assayed in isolated nuclei. These results indicate that the differential inhibition of RNA synthesis caused by 3'-dA in vivo cannot be simply explained by differential sensitivity of RNA polymerases I and II to 3'-dATP.
Two-dimensional driven diffusion in a random potential

Abstract In one dimension, the emergence of non-equilibrium net currents is characteristic for periodically driven systems with broken spatial-reversal symmetry. We show that a similar effect also exists in two-dimensional random systems due to inevitable local symmetry breaking in the potential landscape. We study the properties of the steady-state net currents that emerge in the problem of driven diffusive motion in a random uncorrelated potential under alternating square-wave external field bias. The net current distribution function is found to be approximated well by a Gaussian and the average magnitude of the net currents is defined by higher than linear order even terms in the response function. Furthermore, the net currents can form highly correlated patterns, with large-scale vorticity emerging in the system, in the regime of small and intermediate alternating field amplitudes. With an increase in the amplitude, the vorticity patterns undergo a gradual randomization, approaching a random configuration limit for large values of the external bias. The correlation length decreases as a function of the applied field amplitude and grows nearly linearly with the system size.
Financing care for aging women in the U.S.: International perspectives

The aging of the U.S. population presents challenges in financing care and meeting the health and long-term care needs of older Americans. Women, who constitute a majority of the older adult population and a disproportionate share of those with low incomes, chronic conditions and long-term care needs, have much at stake in the future direction of health programs for aging Americans. This paper examines the status of older women in 12 industrialized nations to assess how the U.S. compares to other countries in terms of its aging female population. We find that women across the 12 industrialized countries have a longer life expectancy than men at ages 65 and 80, underscoring the universality of aging as a “women’s issue”. With respect to age composition, the U.S. lags behind many industrialized nations in the share of its elderly female population; by 2030, the proportion of women aged 65 and older, and 80 and older, will be lower in the U.S. than in any of the industrialized nations compared in this paper. Against this backdrop, the paper examines the characteristics of older adult women in the U.S., considers the role of Medicare in meeting the needs of aging women, and identifies gaps in coverage, primarily prescription drug and long-term care, that disproportionately affect older women. The paper concludes by considering how other nations provide and finance prescription drug and long-term care services for older adults, suggesting useful models for the U.S. to consider as it struggles to meet the demands of its aging population.
Metallic perchlorate salts of N-isopropyl-and N-Cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidinone

Abstract A series of metal perclorate complexes of N- isopropyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NIPP) and N-cyclohexyl- 2-pyrrolidinone (NCHP) have been synthesized, showing coordination through the carbonyl oxygen atom. These complexes have compositions with the general formulas [M(NIPP)4 or 6]2+(ClO4)2 and [M(NCHP)6]2+(ClO4)2 [M = Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II)]. They have been characterized by IR spectra, electrical conductivity measurements, magnetic moments, X-ray diffraction patterns and electronic absorption spectra.
Miscibility, phase behavior, and Curie transition in blends of vinylidene fluoride/trifluoroethylene copolymer and Poly(1,4-butylene adipate)

Abstract The phase diagram and Curie transition behavior in binary crystalline polymer blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoethylene) P(VDF/TrFE) and poly(1,4-butylene adipate) (PBA) were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, light scattering, and infrared spectroscopy. In order of descending temperature, the phase diagram exhibits a lower critical solution temperature (LCST), two crystal melting transitions, a paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition, and a single glass transition. Liquid–liquid phase separation is observed at approximately 50°C higher than the melting points of P(VDF/TrFE) in the blends with PBA. The cloud point phase diagram is thermally reversible as typical for a true LCST. Increasing PBA concentration results in depression of the melting point of P(VDF/TrFE) in the blends. The analysis based on the melting point depression of P(VDF/TrFE) and PBA gives χ 12 =−0.592 at 160°C and –0.071 at 61°C, respectively. Based on the shift of the CO absorption peak, the origin of miscibility in this blend was attributed to specific interactions between the CH 2 and/or CF 2 sites of P(VDF/TrFE) and the CO groups of PBA. The isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization behavior of P(VDF/TrFE) in the blends was analyzed in relation to the behavior of the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition, often known as the ‘Curie transition’. It was found that the addition of PBA (up to 70 wt%) increases the enthalpy of the Curie transition as well as the temperature of the Curie transition. Of particular interest is the possible formation of a ferroelectric phase directly from the melt without passing through the paraelectric phase in the high PBA compositions.
On virtual interactions of adsorbed molecules and ions: Sucrose and chloride in the ternary system water + sucrose + NaCl at the mercury-solution interface

Abstract The mutual effects of chloride on sucrose adsorption and vice versa were studied at the mercury—water interface by measuring the interfacial tension with a computer-controlled maximum bubble pressure instrument. Measurements were made at constant salt activity and varying sucrose activity, as well as at fixed sucrose activity and changing salt activity. No strong effects of adsorbed chloride on simultaneously adsorbed sucrose, or vice versa, were found. Some pitfalls in the interpretation of isotherm parameters in terms of physical reality have been emphasized.
Three Challenges in Program Redocumentation for Distributed Systems

There are a number of pressing research challenges in redocumenting distributed systems that could be the focus of attention in the next few years. This paper presents an overview of three of these challenges, categorized according to their scale and scope: in-the-small, in-the-large, and in-the-many (borrowing a classification mechanism from programming language research from a number of years ago). These challenges have been identified based on experience gained from over 15 years of research into program redocumentation via reverse engineering. The impact of these challenges on software development for distributed systems is also discussed.
PREDICTION OF ARCTIC ICE CONDITIONS FOR OPERATIONS

A mathematical model is presented as an aid to forecasting of ice conditions for operations in ice-infested waters. The sea ice model interacts with the atmosphere and ocean. The importance of knowledge of ice velocity, thickness distribution, and stress for short-term forecasting of ice conditions is explained. A sample calculation is shown to demonstrate and clarify the results. As a test of the performance of the model, observations during the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (AIDJEX) and Landsat imagery in April 1975 are used to compare with simulated conditions. The response of the model to these conditions is qualitatively reasonable, but insufficient data on barometric pressures and boundary motion affects the comparison. The model is too weak to match the observed motions as accurately as desired. Efforts to eliminate these problems should allow the model to be used as an operational tool to aid in short-term forecasting of sea ice conditions.