cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary Ewing’s sarcoma of the vertebral column

To determine the demographics, imaging findings, clinical symptoms, and prognosis of primary vertebral Ewing’s sarcoma (PVES). A retrospective review of medical records and radiological studies of patients diagnosed with PVES from 1936 through 2001 in our institution and Department of Pathology consultation files was undertaken. Metastatic and soft tissue Ewing’s sarcoma cases were excluded. From a total of 1,277 cases of Ewing’s sarcoma, 125 (9.8%) had a primary vertebral origin. There were 48 females and 76 males. Patient ages ranged from 4 to 54 (mean 19.3, standard deviation 10.7, median 16) years. Vertebral column distribution was four cervical (3.2%), 13 thoracic (10.5%), 31 lumbar (25%), and 67 sacrum (53.2%). More than one vertebral segment was involved in ten cases (8%). Satisfactory imaging studies were available in 51 patients: 49 radiographs, 27 computerized tomography (CT), and 23 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. The majority of tumors were lytic (93%). Three cases were mixed lytic and sclerotic (6%) and one sclerotic. In the nonsacral spine, the majority of lesions (12/20) involved the posterior elements with extension into the vertebral body. Five cases were centered in the vertebral body with extension into the posterior elements. Two cases were limited to the posterior elements, and one case solely involved the vertebral body. Ala was the most frequently affected site in the sacrum (18/26). Spinal canal invasion was frequent (91%). Detailed clinical information was available in 53 patients. Duration of symptoms ranged from 1 to 30 (mean 7) months. Local pain was the first symptom and seen in all cases. Neurological deficits were present in 21 (40%) cases. All patients received radiation in various dosages; 70% additionally received chemotherapy. Twenty-five patients had surgery, and two patients received bone marrow transplantation. Forty-five patients had follow-up; the five-year disease-free survival probability is 0.53. Disease-free survival probabilities are 0.60 for sacral tumors and 0.45 for nonsacral tumors. PVES is an uncommon tumor, usually seen in the second decade of life (mean age 19.3 years) with a male predilection (62%). An aggressive osteolytic lesion, particularly in the sacrum, should raise suspicion for this tumor in adolescents. Prognosis was similar in sacral and nonsacral tumors.
Low temperature swelling and densification properties of LWR fuels

Abstract Analysis of recent data reported in the literature on low temperature swelling and densification behavior of light water reactor (LWR) fuel suggests that, at low irradiation temperatures, the extent of irradiation induced densification shows a simple exponential dependence on burnup with a rate constant that is insensitive to temperature and flux level. These data are also consistent with the view that the total porosity controls the kinetics of irradiation-induced densification process. In the same temperature range the rate of swelling was found to be constant to a burnup near 50 GWD/MTU, with a value of approximately 1% per 10 GWD/MTU. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of current theories.
Encainide for treatment of supraventricular tachycardias associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

Abstract Thirty-three patients with supraventricular tachycardia associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome were treated with encainide for 26 months (mean). Encainide at a mean dosage of 187 mg/day abolished or markedly decreased episodes of palpitations in 24 of 33 (73%), and no patient had syncope or required cardioversion while receiving the drug. Encainide was well tolerated and was discontinued in only 2 patients because of side effects (6%). Only 1 patient (3%) had a proarrhythmic effect while taking encainide (ventricular tachycardia). Fourteen of 16 patients (88%) with atrial fibrillation continue receiving encainide. Episodes of palpitations have been abolished or markedly decreased and no patient has had syncope or required cardioversion. All 14 of these patients had either anterograde block in the accessory pathway during atrial fibrillation or ≥75 ms increase in the shortest R to R interval formed by 2 preexcited QRS complexes. Encainide prolonged refractory periods of the atrial (p = 0.064) and ventricular (p = 0.061) muscle. It prolonged the cycle length at which 1:1 conduction of the accessory pathway in both the anterograde and retrograde directions occurred (both, p
Perceived justice needs and recovery evaluation: a contingency approach

An equity theory‐based contingency framework is presented to further our understanding of customer evaluations of the service failure/recovery process. Six contingencies are presented that are proposed to influence the relative importance of interactional and distributive justice on consumer‐based service recovery evaluations. The six contingencies include: depth of the relationship, proximity of the relationship, duration of the encounter, degree of customization, switching costs, and the criticality of consumption. Relevant research propositions are developed and discussed.
Does neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease involve programmed cell death?

Recently it has been hypothesized that apoptotic cell death is involved in several neuropathological conditions including Parkinson's disease (PD). Initial morphological studies assessing the presence of apoptosis in Parkinsonian brain tissues yielded mixed results. Based on more recent studies in human PD brains as well in animal and cell culture models of the disease, a picture is emerging, however, that strongly suggests that many of the molecular players thought to participate in this type of neuronal cell death are active in the disease. The task of researchers in the field is now to deduce how these players may be interacting with one another to bring about cell death in PD and to design effective therapies to interfere with these processes. BioEssays 23:640–646, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preliminary crystallographic characterization of an in vitro evolved biotin-binding RNA pseudoknot

A biotin-binding RNA pseudoknot developed through in vitro selection has been crystallized using the hanging-drop vapor-phase diffusion method. The X-ray diffraction data indicate that the crystals belong to the space group P4222 with unit-cell parameters a = b = 55.2, c = 62.7 A and α = β = γ = 90°. The crystals are 120 × 80 × 40 µm and VM = 2.17 A3 Da−1. The crystals diffract to 2.8 A.
Pressure‐volume‐temperature behaviour of ethyl alcohol in the gaseous and liquid states

PVT data available in the literature for ethyl alcohol have been utilized for the development of a reduced density correlation for this substance. The critical constants accepted in this study are those determined by Young (1) Tc = 516.3°K, Pc = 62.96 atm, and pe = 0.276 g/cm.3. To extend the available PVT information for ethyl alcohol over the complete range of temperatures up to TR = 1.8 and pressures up to PR = 40, use has been made of the available reduced density correlation of ammonia(2) and the Nelson-Obert compressibility factor charts(3). Les donnees de PVT pour l'alcool ethylique, disponibles dans la litterature, ont ete utilisees pour developper une correlation de la densite reduite. Les constantes critiques utilisees sont celles de Young(1) Tc = 516.3°K, Pc = 62.96 atm. et pe = 0.276 gr/cc. Afin d'utiliser les donnees disponibles pour la gamme complete de temperature et pression jusqu'a TR = 1.8 et PR = 40, on a utilise la correlation de densite reduite de l'ammoniac(2) ainsi que les graphiques du facteur de compressibilite de Nelson-Obert(3).
Effect of stress-like concentrations of cortisol on the feedback potency of oestradiol in orchidectomized sheep.

Abstract The effect of stress-like concentrations of cortisol on oestradiol-induced change in LH secretion and GnRH receptor expression was evaluated in orchidectomized sheep (wethers). Twenty-four wethers were assigned at random to one of the four treatment groups in a 2×2 factorial design ( n =6 wethers/group). Wethers received cortisol (90 μg/kg/h; groups 2 and 4) or a comparable volume of cortisol delivery vehicle (groups 1 and 3) by continuous infusion for 48 h. During the final 24 h of infusion, wethers received oestradiol (6 ng/kg/h; groups 3 and 4) or oestradiol delivery vehicle (groups 1 and 2). The pattern of LH secretion was assessed during a 3-h period of intensive blood collection beginning 21 h after initiation of oestradiol infusion. Although neither cortisol nor oestradiol alone affected ( P >0.05) mean serum concentration of LH or LH pulse frequency, serum LH and the frequency of secretory episodes of LH were significantly reduced ( P P P >0.05) basal concentrations of receptor or receptor mRNA, the magnitude of oestradiol-induced increase in GnRH receptor and GnRH receptor mRNA was significantly reduced in wethers receiving cortisol and oestradiol concurrently. Conversely, steady-state concentrations of mRNA encoding the LHβ and FSHβ subunits were increased ( P
Structure and diameter-dependent bond lengths of a multi-walled carbon nanotube revealed by electron diffraction

Abstract We report a quantitative atomic structure determination of a small diameter multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) of five walls with diameters ranging from ∼17 to 46 A using electron diffraction. The structure was determined based on quantitative analysis of electron diffraction patterns recorded from the MWCNT. We show that the measurement is sufficiently accurate to reveal significant differences between the measured and the calculated wall diameters based on the ideal hexagonal structure of graphene and the C–C bond length of 1.421 A. The diameter difference increases as the tube diameter decreases and is up to ∼3.8% for the innermost wall of ∼17 A in diameter. However, the axial periodicities along the tube direction are almost the same as the ideal carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for all five walls. We fitted our experimental results by deforming the graphene unit cell. The results indicate that on average there are three different bond lengths in chiral walls and two different bond lengths in achiral walls. We expect that the experimental findings here will have a significant impact on our understanding of CNTs and carbon nanostructures in general.
An alternative simple multibody system approach for modelling rail flexibility in railroad vehicle dynamics

AbstractIn a previous investigation, a non-linear finite element formulation for modelling rail structural flexibility in multibody railroad vehicle systems was presented. This formulation required...
A re-examination of the 1966 Kalven–Zeisel study of judge–jury agreements and disagreements and their causes

The classic study, The American Jury, by Kalven and Zeisel showed that trial judges agreed with juries in criminal cases about 75% to 80% of the time. Kalven and Zeisel observed that fewer disagreements occurred in cases where the evidence was clear than when it was close. They found that the juries were more lenient and called these normal disagreements. They also explored the possible factors that determined the normal and other disagreements. Kalven and Zeisel quantified the effect of a factor using a measure now referred to as the population attributable risk. Here, the factor attributable risk (FAP) measure is adopted as it focuses on those cases where that factor is present. The FAP is the measure relied on in product liability and related tort cases to estimate the fraction of cases in the exposed population that are attributable to the exposure under study. The advent of readily available computer packages enables us to use logistic models to reanalyse the data and estimate the effect each factor has on the odds of a disagreement. Thus, while the original authors showed that the presence/absence of a prior record plays a key role in creating a disagreement between the judge and the jury, now one can estimate the increased odds of a disagreement it generates controlling for other variables. From this quite general logistic model it is seen that the strength that ‘absence of a prior record’ had in the original study is partly due to the fact that it is a significant factor in determining whether the jury views the defendant sympathetically. The weight given to the various explanatory variables also depends on the seriousness of the crime. In serious crimes, both a superior defence counsel and a prior record are influential determinants of whether there is a disagreement. For lesser crimes, however, a jury’s sympathetic view of the defendant is the main factor creating a disagreement between the judge and jury. The re-analysis demonstrates the insight that logistic regression and related generalized linear models can provide as well as the importance of utilizing the most appropriate measure of attributable risk to evaluate the role of the various explanatory factors.
Humanism and anti-humanism

Professor Soper traces the development of humanism as well as its demise. She resurrects its authentic meaning by situating its roots in the philosophical tradition beginning with Hegel and followed by Marx, Husserl, Heidegger, and Existentialism. Treatment of the Marxist turn in Existentialism and its penchant to relate its own thinking to the political realities and contexts in which it was born, viz., the Cold War and the crisis for Marxism presented by Stalinism, leads her to the practical and political arena of the humanist and anti-humanist debate. She then reconstructs the growth of the anti-humanistic tradition beginning with the French structuralist L6viStrauss and continuing with the work of Althusser, Foucault, Lacan, and Derrida. This historical and philosophical setting frames the debate between humanists and anti-humanists in terms of the status of history itself and the question of who, if anyone, 'makes' it. At the end of her work she recasts the issues permeating the text by reformulating the essential question: "In what sense, if any, is it valid for persons to conceive of themselves as conscious political agents whose decisions and actions have decisive effect on the course of history?" (p. 146). The author identifies three lines of response. The structuralist, antihumanist, reply is that the question is not valid since the meaning of our conscious life is inaccessible to us. The existentialist reply is that we are entirely responsible for what we make of our situation. Finally, the socialist response is that people are conscious agents whose political options could be other than they are and whose actions have real impact upon their conditions of existence. Yet these conditions are not themselves freely chosen. The consequences of our actions are often unforeseen and unintended.
Diabetes mellitus in childhood: a review.

D I A B E T E S M E L L I T U S is a chronic systemic disorder of energy utilization, usually genetic in origin, characterized by carbohydrate intolerance as well as alterations in lipid and protein metabolism. Acute symptoms are clearly metabolic in origin. The etiology of the chronic problems associated with diabetes, generalized vascular disease, is not adequately understood at this time.
Creation of multiple electron-positron pairs in arbitrary fields

We examine the spontaneous breakdown of the matter vacuum triggered by an external force of arbitrary strength and spatial and temporal variations. We derive a nonperturbative framework that permits the computation of the complete time evolution of various multiple electron-positron pair probabilities. These time-dependent probabilities can be computed from a generating function as well as from solutions to a set of ratelike equations with coupling constants determined by the single-particle solutions to the time-dependent Dirac equation. This approach might be of relevance to the planned experiments to observe for the first time the laser-induced breakdown process of the vacuum.
Attenuation in waveguides on FR-4 boards due to periodic substrate undulations

The guided-mode attenuation associated with optical-interconnect-polymer waveguides fabricated on FR-4 printed-circuit boards is quantified. The rigorous transmission-line network approach is used and the FR-4 substrate is treated as a long-period substrate grating. A quantitative metric for an appropriate matrix truncation is presented. The peaks of attenuation are shown to occur near the Bragg conditions that characterize the leaky-wave stop bands. For a typical 400 microm period FR-4 substrate with an 8 microm corrugation depth, a buffer layer thickness of about 40 microm is found to be needed to make the attenuation negligibly small.
Deformation similarity measurement in quasi-conformal shape space

This paper presents a novel approach based on the shape space concept to classify deformations of 3D models. A new quasi-conformal metric is introduced which measures the curvature changes at each vertex of each pose during the deformation. The shapes with similar deformation patterns follow a similar deformation curve in shape space. Energy functional of the deformation curve is minimized to calculate the geodesic curve connecting two shapes on the shape space manifold. The geodesic distance illustrates the similarity between two shapes, which is used to compute the similarity between the deformations. We applied our method to classify the left ventricle deformations of myopathic and control subjects, and the sensitivity and specificity of our method were 88.8% and 85.7%, which are higher than other methods based on the left ventricle cavity, which shows our method can quantify the similarity and disparity of the left ventricle motion well.
The role of syndecans in disease and wound healing

Syndecans are a family of transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans widely expressed in both developing and adult tissues. Until recently, their role in pathogenesis was largely unexplored. In this review, we discuss the reported involvement of syndecans in human cancers, infectious diseases, obesity, wound healing and angiogenesis. In some cancers, syndecan expression has been shown to regulate tumor cell function (e.g. proliferation, adhesion, and motility) and serve as a prognostic marker for tumor progression and patient survival. The ectodomains and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains of syndecans can also act as receptors/co-receptors for some bacterial and viral pathogens, mediating infection. In addition, syndecans bind to obesity-related factors and regulate their signaling, in turn modulating food consumption and weight balance. In vivo animal models of tissue injury and in vitro data also implicate syndecans in processes necessary for wound healing, including fibroblast and endothelial proliferation, cell motility, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix organization. These new insights into the involvement of syndecans in disease and tissue repair coupled with the emergence of syndecan-specific molecular tools may lead to novel therapies for a variety of human diseases.
Electron Energy Loss Spectrometry of Interstellar Diamonds

The results are reported of electron energy loss spectra (EELS) measurements on diamond residues from carbonaceous meteorites designed to elucidate the structure and composition of interstellar diamonds. Dynamic effective medium theory is used to model the dielectric properties of the diamonds and in particular to synthesize the observed spectra as mixtures of diamond and various pi-bonded carbons. The results are shown to be quantitatively consistent with the idea that diamonds and their surfaces are the only contributors to the electron energy loss spectra of the diamond residues and that these peculiar spectra are the result of the exceptionally small grain size and large specific surface area of the interstellar diamonds.
Bifurcation and localization instabilities in cylindrical shells under bending-II. Predictions

Abstract The second part of this study is concerned with the prediction of the response and various instabilities found in Part I to govern the elastic-plastic flexure of circular cylindrical shells. Sanders' shell kinematics and the principle of virtual work were used to formulate the problem. A Rayleigh-Ritz procedure was used to discretize the problem. The resultant non-linear equations were solved iteratively using Newton's method. The three types of behavior involving bifurcation into short wavelength ripples, localization following the attainment of a natural limit load and interaction of the two were studied. In each case the predicted response was found to be in very good agreement with the experimental result.
Order identification of ARMA models based on instrumental variable estimators

The author proposes a simple model selection procedure based on IV estimators, which can be viewed as an extension of P. Stoica's method (1981). The model selection procedure is based on a simple statistic with a known limiting distribution. It closely parallels the overfitting strategy applied to models estimated by nonlinear least squares. >
1-(hydroxyalkyl)-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 analogs of calcitriol. 2. Preliminary biological evaluation

Abstract 1α-Hydroxy methyl -25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 homology (−)- 2 shows: (1) increased expression of early and late murine epidermal differentiation markers; (2) weak induction of 24-hydroxylase activity in cultured porcine kidney epithelial cells; (3) strong resistance to metabolism in human leukemic cells; and (4) no significant antiproliferative (antimitogenic) activity in human leukemic cells. Surprisingly, 1-(hydroxy ethyl ) diastereomer (+)- 5 is easily metabolized in human leukemic cells, and this 1β-homolog (+)- 5 is several-fold less active than calcitriol but unexpectedly much more potent than 1α-homolog (−)- 4 in inhibiting proliferation of murine keratinocytes. 1α-Hydroxy methyl -25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 homolog (−)- 2 shows: (1) increased expression of early and late murine epidermal differentiation markers; (2) weak induction of 24-hydroxylase activity in cultured porcine kidney epithelial cells; (3) strong resistance to metabolism in human leukemic cells; and (4) no significant antiproliferative (antimitogenic) activity in human leukemic cells. Surprisingly, 1-(hydroxy ethyl ) diastereomer (+)- 5 is easily metabolized in human leukemic cells, and this 1β-homolog (+)- 5 is several-fold less active than calcitriol but unexpectedly much more potent than 1α-homolog (−)- 4 in inhibiting proliferation of murine keratinocytes.
Relation between stability constants of metal ion cryptates in two solvents and the transfer activity coefficients of the metal ions

The extrathermodynamic assumption of Lejaille and Bessiere that Δ1,2 log K (LMn+)=−ΔGtr (Mn+) in which K is stability constant and L is cryptand 2.2.2, 2B2B2, 2.2.1, or 2.1.1 has been tested in dipolar aprotic solvents for Mn+ being Li+, Na+, K+, Ag+, Tl+, and Ba2+. The relation has been found generally acceptable for the dipolar aprotic solvents propylene carbonate, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide, provided the size of the ion is equal to or smaller than the cavity of the cryptand. The relation does not hold for the hydrogen bonded donating solvents, water, and methanol.
Approximate solution to the bidomain equations for electrocardiogram problems.

Simulating the electrocardiogram requires specifying the transmembrane potential distribution within the heart and calculating the potential on the surface of the body. Often, such calculations are based on the bidomain model of cardiac tissue. A subtle but fundamental problem arises when considering the boundary between the cardiac tissue and the surrounding volume conductor. In general, one finds that two potentials---the extracellular potential in the tissue and the potential in the surrounding bath---obey three boundary conditions, implying that the potentials are overdetermined. In this paper, we derive a general method for handling bidomain boundary conditions that eliminates this problem. The gist of the method is that we add an additional term to the transmembrane potential that falls exponentially with depth into the tissue. The purpose of this term is to satisfy the third boundary condition. Then, we take the limit as the length constant associated with this extra term goes to zero. Our result is two boundary conditions that approximately account for the full set of three boundary conditions at the tissue surface.
Developmentally regulated 75‐kilodalton protein expressed in LLC‐PK1 cultures is a component of the renal Na+/glucose cotransport system

Na+/D-glucose symport is a secondary active glucose transport mechanism expressed only in kidney proximal tubule and in small intestine. A monoclonal antibody that recognized the Na+/glucose symporter of pig renal brush border membranes also recognized a 75-kD protein in apical membranes isolated from highly differentiated LLC-PK1 cultures, an epithelial cell line of pig renal proximal tubule origin. The 75-kD antigen was enriched from solubilized LLC-PK1 apical membranes by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography. The symporter antigen became apparent on the apical membrane surface after the development of a confluent monolayer in correlation with the expression of transport activity. Long-term treatment of cultures with the differentiation inducer hexamethylene bisacetamide was accompanied by a dramatically increased expression of the symporter antigen as detected quantitatively by Western blot analysis and qualitatively by immunofluorescence staining. The number of symporter-positive cells was dramatically increased after inducer treatment as predicted for differentiation-regulated expression. These results identify a 75-kD protein as a component of a developmentally regulated renal Na+/glucose symporter expressed in cell culture.
FERAXOTHECA GEN. N., A LYGINOPTERID POLLEN ORGAN FROM THE PENNSYLVANIAN OF NORTH AMERICA'

synangia composed of a basal pad supporting elongate sporangia that are laterally appressed for the entire length of the sporangial cavities. Sporangial tips extend over the center of the synangium and delimit a small open area, while the bases arise from a parenchymatous cushion that is bounded by short tracheid-like cells. Each synangium is borne on the surface of an expanded pinna tip and is surrounded by a small amount of laminar tissue that envelopes the base of the synangium. Ultimate pinnae are rectangular in transverse section, possess an elliptical vascular bundle surrounded by canals containing a yellow froth-like substance, and have a cortex of elongate cells that radiate from the center of the axis. Sporangia contain small (40-
Accelerated exploration of multi-principal element alloys for structural applications

Abstract A strategy for accelerated discovery and exploration of multi-principal element alloys was developed and used to identify new alloys within a design window of desired microstructures and properties. As an example, the strategy was applied to analyze thousands of 3- 4-, 5- and 6-component alloys at equiatomic compositions of the alloying elements. Currently available thermodynamic databases were used to assess equilibrium phase diagrams for these alloys. The validity and reliability of the calculated phase diagrams were estimated based on the extent of experimental binary and ternary data used to build the respective thermodynamic databases. Alloys with specific characteristics, such as single-phase solid solution alloys with the use temperature above 1000 °C, were identified using an automated analysis of the calculated phase diagrams. The density, elastic moduli and costs of these alloys were estimated using the rule of mixtures of pure elements and were used as additional criteria for alloy selection. This approach allowed rapid, albeit preliminary, screening of many thousands of alloys and identification of promising candidate compositions, some of which are reported in this paper, for more time intensive experimental validations and assessments.
SU‐DD‐A1‐03: Dosimetric Properties of Photon Beams From a Flattening Filter Free Clinical Accelerator

Purpose: Investigation of the basic dosimetric properties of 6‐MV and 18‐MV photon beams, generated by a clinical accelerator, without the flattening filter. Comparison with flattened beams. Exploration of potential benefits of using nonflattened beams in radiation therapy. Application of a flattening filter free accelerator in intensity modulated radiation treatments.Method and Materials: In a Varian Clinac 2100 accelerator the flatting filter was removed from the beamline. Dosimetric properties of 6‐MV and 18‐MV photon beams were measured using ionization chambers and radiographic films. Results: As a result of removing the flattening filter: (1) the dose rate on the central axis increases by factors of 2.3 (6‐MV) and 5.5 (18‐MV), in 10×10 cm2 fields at the depth of 10 cm; (2) the penumbra width decreases by 4–5% (6‐MV) and 8–20% (18‐MV) at small depths; (3) out of field dose close to the treatment field edge decreases by 15% (6‐MV), 30–40% (18‐MV) and tends to decrease more, farther away from the field; (4) the total scatter factor varies less with the field size; (5) multileaf collimator transmission decreases by 20% (6‐MV) and 10% (18‐MV); (6) dose per monitor unit increases to 2.15 cGy (6‐MV) and 3.81 cGy (18‐MV), according to the TG51 protocol; (7) the energy spectra of the nonflattened beams become softer, especially on the central axis; (8) dose close to the surface increases; (9) the ratio of dose on the central axis to that at 80% of field width (for 4×4 to 40×40 fields) increases to 1.1–1.7 (6‐MV) and 1.2–3.2 (18‐MV); (10) shapes of 6‐MV lateral profiles change less with depth. Conclusion: With the flattening filter free accelerator potentially better treatments can be developed, characterized by substantially shorter delivery times, sharper penumbras, and reduced out of field doses.Conflict of Interest: Research is supported by Varian Medical Systems.
Evidence from lesser developed countries on the Fisher hypothesis: a cointegration analysis

This paper examines the Fisher hypothesis for a sample of less developed countries. Recognizing the possibility of spurious regression results, tests of the Fisher hypothesis are undertaken utilizing the Johansen-Juselius cointegration procedure. Of the nine countries studied, only Malaysia, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka provide evidence to support the full Fisher effect in which a unit proportional relationship exists between nominal interest rates and inflation.
Computations of Flow Past a Circular Cylinder Using a Continuous-Turbulence Model

modeling is calculated with Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations using a function that is uniquely determined by the ratio of the resolved small-scale length to the integral length scale. The unified treatment of Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes large eddy simulation could be achieved with this continuous model by controlling the coarseness of the mesh. The continuous Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes large eddy-simulation model is initially tested with flow past a circular cylinder at the Reynolds number Re 3900. Both constant integral length scales and varied integral length scales based on the mixing length are used in the simulations. The mesh dependence is also studied with both coarse and fine meshes. The comparisons are made and analyzed between the results with different integral length scales and different mesh sizes. These results are also compared with the experimental results and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes results. The results demonstrate that with the continuous modeling, the large eddy-simulation-like simulation can be achieved by solving Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations alone. The spatially varied integral length scale is necessary to capture the more accurate turbulence quantities for anisotropic wall-bounded turbulent flow.
A case study of evaluation auditing as metaevaluation

Abstract In this introduction, the case study presented in this set of articles is situated as a form of metaevaluation. The case study is an instance of evaluation auditing. The set of articles presents information about the case, as well as reflections on the multiple metaevaluative issues it generated.
Antigenicity of protein-polysaccharide complexes from cartilage. IV. Fractionation of protein-polysaccharides from bovine nasal septa and their cross-reactivity with protein-polysaccharides from bovine heart valves.

Abstract The immunological properties of protein-polysaccharide (PPL) isolated from bovine nasal septa have been compared with those of the hyaluronidase digest of the same material, uisng the techniques of passive hemagglutination and passive hemagglutination inhibition. In the presence of bovine PPL immunserum or human PPL immunserum, tanned erythrocytes coated with nondigested PPL are agglutinated at higher immunserum titers than erythrocytes coated with PPL digest. Moreover, nondigested PPL is a better inhibitor than digested PPL of the systems; bovine PPL immunserum or human PPL immunserum, versus tanned erythrocytes coated with nondigested PPL. However, hyaluronidase-digested PPL is a better inhibitor when the tanned erythrocytes are coated with digested PPL. These results indicate that the removal of part of the chondroitin sulfate chains with hyaluronidase may modify the conformation of the protein moiety of the complex and may produce a material quite different immunologically from the original one. The poor performance of hyaluronidase-digested PPL, when tested either as a coating agent or as an inhibitor against human PPL immunserum, indicates that removal of part of the chondroitin sulfate chains decreases the number or the availability of the cross-reacting determinants. Hyaluronidase-digested PPL has been fractionated on a column of DEAE-Sephadex A-50, using increasing concentrations of KCl. The fractions eluted with 0·7 M and 1·0 M KCl possess the species-specific determinants and, to a lesser extent, the cross-reacting ones and are better inhibitors than PPL or PPL digest. On the basis of these results it may be concluded that digestion of PPL with hyaluronidase produces a mixture of products in which the antigenic determinants are covered; fractionation of this mixture with a method capable of disrupting electrostatic bonds results in the appearance of two fractions having better immunological properties than the original PPL. Finally, extraction of bovine heart valves with 6 M urea produces protein-polysaccharide fractions which cross-react with bovien PPL immunserum but not with human PPL immunserum.
Design considerations for a picture archive and communication system (PACS) display station

The design of a system to manage digital images, a picture archive and communication system (PACS), is complex. A PACS development environment has been implemented that is built up from functionally distinct and independent blocks. It allows rapid modification and evaluation of various schemes for automatic image acquisition, reprocessing, display, and archiving from several imaging modalities. The authors focus on the image display block and some of the issues that were identified during its design. >
Mixing and flow regulating by induced-charge electrokinetic flow in a microchannel with a pair of conducting triangle hurdles

The induced-charge electrokinetic flow (ICEKF) in a rectangular micorchannel with a pair of conducting triangle hurdles embedded in the middle is investigated in this paper. A correction method is suggested to numerically estimate the induced zeta potential on the conducting surface. Two-dimensional pressure-linked Navier-–Stokes equation is used to model the flow field in the channel. The numerical results show flow circulations generated from the induced non-uniform zeta potential distribution along the conducting hurdle surfaces. It is demonstrated numerically that the local flow circulations provide effective means to enhance the flow mixing between different solutions; by adjusting the electric field applied through the microchannel with a non-symmetric triangle hurdle pair, an electrokinetic flow regulating effect can be obtained and this effect depends on the dimensions of the conducting converging–diverging section. The mixing and flow regulating using ICEKF described in this paper can be used in various microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip (LOC) applications.
Correction: Phenacetin Consumption

Excerpt To the editor: There is a typographical error in my paper in the August issue (1). On p. 250, in the fourth sentence under Results, 18.3 g of phenacetin (9 to 36 g) should be 18.3kgof phena...
Incentive regulation in local telecommunications: The effects on price markups

The governing bodies of the telecommunications industry instituted a major shift from rate of return to price cap regulation in an effort to foster competition and improve efficiency. This paper focuses on the local exchange market and examines the price markup before and after the implementation of price cap regulation to measure the effects of the change on consumer welfare. The average price markup increased slightly after price cap regulation; however, the average price decreased, indicating that consumers benefited without firms losing from the regulatory shift.
Small Engine Inlet Air Particle Separator Technology

The initial deployment of gas turbine engine powered Army helicopters was accomplished with no consideration of inlet protection. Early operational experience did not reveal any serious problems associated with sand and dust erosion. During the formulation and operational testing of the airmobile concept, engine deterioration and damage due to sand and dust erosion became a serious operational problem and subsequently a series of major research and development (R&D) programs were initiated to solve the problem. These R&D programs included numerous approaches: (1) investigation of materials/coatings, (2) definition and control of environment, (3) definition of engine susceptibility, (4) development of separator kits, and (5) development of integral particle separators. This paper summarizes 15 years of US Army R&D activities pertaining to sand and dust erosion of helicopter gas turbine engines which have led to the current requirement for integral inlet particle separators.Copyright © 1982 by ASME
Optimal design of flexible chemical processes

Abstract Practical ways are still needed for optimizing the design of chemical processes, with allowance for uncertain specifications and future changes in economic parameters. This problem fits the two-stage formulation of Dantzig[1]. Unfortunately, we found several practical difficulties in applying this two-stage analysis to realistic process design models. Some of these can be overcome by proper formulation of the process model or by improvements in the computational algotrithm. In the end, we obtained, for two realistic process models, optimal designs with improved flexibility compared to designs based on fixed parameters; the well-known inequalities were satisfied. More generally, the paper includes suggestions for practical efficient use of the two-stage approach in process design.
Efficient performance analysis of asymmetric finite buffer multichannel networks

In this paper we present an efficient approximate analysis of asymmetric LAN communication systems, consisting of N nodes with non-homogeneous finite buffer sizes, arrival rates and transmission probabilities, interconnected through C channels. Due to the finite number of buffers and channels and the system asymmetry, an exact analysis becomes prohibitively complex for large values of N. We, therefore, propose to approximate the exact system behavior by analyzing each node separately and assuming that the competition for the common communication resource is reflected only in the calculation of the successful transmission probabilities. This calculation uses the other nodes' marginal state probabilities and not any joint probabilities, thus substantially reducing the computational complexity. In spite of the reduced complexity, the presented approach produces very accurate results and can be applied to a wide range of communication systems. We demonstrate its use for analyzing systems with constant transmi...
A Brief Introduction to a Humanities Data Grid

Focuses on the setting up of a distributed computing system to access resources on multiple machines at the Center for Electronic Texts in the Humanities at Rutgers University. Outlines the features of the chosen software and systems and the benefits that grid computing provides – improvement in productivity and multi‐disciplinary collaboration, the sharing of resources, and the optimal use of computing capabilities.
Perspectives on critical and feminist theory in developing nursing praxis

Critical theory and feminist theory offer to nurses points from which to approach change as nursing struggles for autonomy, accountability, and control over the profession. Nurses need to critically examine the forces that influence the profession as well as the individual and group identities of nurses. These theoretical frameworks, together with historical inquiry, are particularly valuable tools for nurses to use to remain strong and vital participants in shaping the profession as well as the future of health care.
Tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 contribute to sonic hedgehog-induced in vitro cerebral angiogenesis.

The molecular mechanisms underlying cerebral angiogenesis have not been fully investigated. Using primary mouse brain endothelial cells (MBECs) and a capillary-like tube formation assay, we investigated whether the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is coupled with the plasminogen/plasmin system in mediating cerebral angiogenesis. We found that incubation of MBECs with recombinant human Shh (rhShh) substantially increased the tube formation in naive MBECs. This was associated with increases in tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) activation and reduction of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). Blockage of the Shh pathway with cyclopamine abolished the induction of tube formation and the effect of rhShh on tPA and PAI-1. Addition of PAI-1 reduced rhShh-augmented tube formation. Genetic ablation of tPA in MBECs impaired tube formation and downregulated of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin 1 (Ang1). Addition of rhShh to tPA−/− MBECs only partially restored the tube formation and upregulated Ang1, but not VEGF, although rhShh increased VEGF and Ang1 expression on wild-type MBECs. Complete restoration of tube formation in tPA−/− MBECs was observed only when both exogenous Shh and tPA were added. The present study provides evidence that tPA and PAI-1 contribute to Shh-induced in vitro cerebral angiogenesis.
Direct radiative effect of aerosols as determined from a combination of MODIS retrievals and GOCART simulations

[1] The aerosol direct solar effect under clear sky is assessed by (1) combining multiple aerosol characterizations and (2) using the satellite-retrieved land surface albedo. The aerosol characterization is made through an integration of the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) retrievals and the Georgia Tech/Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model simulations. The spectral and bidirectional albedo of land surface is derived from MODIS. On a global average, the solar forcing at the top of atmosphere (TOA) DFTOA is −4.5 Wm−2, of which about 1/3 is contributed by a sum of natural and anthropogenic sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols. Though the optical depth is about 50% higher over land than over ocean, no significant land-ocean contrast in this TOA forcing is observed. It is reduced by larger aerosol absorption and higher surface albedo over land. As a result of absorption by soot and dust, a much larger surface cooling and substantial atmospheric absorption coexist over land and adjacent oceans. Globally, the surface cooling DFSFC is about −9.9 Wm−2, and the atmospheric absorption DFAIR is about 5.4 Wm−2, suggesting that more than half of the surface cooling results from the atmospheric absorption. Sensitivity tests show that an inclusion of MODIS-derived anisotropy of land surface reflection reduces the diurnal variation of TOA solar forcing, because of aerosol-induced changes in the fraction of direct beam and hence in the effective reflection from the surface. Constraining the GOCART dust absorption with recent measurements reduces DFAIR and DFSFC by 1.3 Wm−2 and 0.9 Wm−2, respectively, and increases the TOA cooling by 0.4 Wm−2.
Evaluation of ab Initio Charge Determination Methods for Use in Continuum Solvation Calculations

Application of continuum electrostatic calculations to molecular modeling requires an accurate description of molecular charge distributions, typically as partial atomic charges. While for some systems, such as biological macromolecules, sets of charges have been parametrized on the basis of experimental data, for many other cases, ab initio methods of charge determination may be preferred. Presented here is a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of numerous methods for the ab initio determination of partial atomic charges in continuum electrostatic calculations. Charges were computed using several methods based both on fitting electrostatic potentials and on population analysis, and using various levels of theory ranging from semiempirical quantum mechanical methods through relatively high level ab initio quantum mechanical methods. All charge distributions were evaluated in terms of their ability to reproduce experimental free energies of solvation in the context of a continuum solvation model. T...
Modular IPS machinery arrangement in early-stage naval ship design

Electrical power demands for naval surface combatants are projected to rise with the development of increasingly complex and power intensive combat systems. This trend coincides with the need to achieve maximum fuel efficiency at both high and low hull speeds. A proposed solution to meet current and future energy needs of conventionally powered naval surface combatants is through the use of an Integrated Power System (IPS), which is seen as the next evolution in naval ship design. In an effort to enhance the relationship between new-concept designs and historically-based ship design processes, this paper focuses on a novel approach of incorporating IPS at the earliest stage of the design process as part of assessing system-level tradeoffs early within the ship design process. This paper describes a methodology for the systematic design and arrangement of an IPS machinery plant to meet a desired power generation level. In conjunction with the methodology development, a hierarchical process and design tool were produced to assist in rapid development and evaluation of various IPS arrangements. The result of this process, through several case studies, provides insight into equipment selection philosophy, the initial sizing of the ship's machinery box, and the initial definition of electrical zones.
Activation of 5-HT neuronal activity during motor behavior

Abstract Brain serotonin (5-HT) neuronal activity is activated preferentially in association with motor activity. This is especially clear during changes in tonic motor output and during repetitive responses mediated by central pattern generators, such as locomotion, respiration and chewing. These and other data support the hypothesis that the primary function of the brain serotonin system is to facilitate motor output. Concurrently, the system coordinates autonomic and neuroendocrine function with the present motor demand, and inhibits information processing in various sensory pathways. Reciprocally, when the serotonin system is briefly inactivated (e.g. during focussed attention), this disfacilitates motor function and disinhibits sensory information processing.