cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Brief Sketch of the United Synod of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America

Alexander, W. A. A Digest of the Acts and Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, from its organization to the Assembly of 1887, inclusive, with Certain Historical Notes . Richmond, Va.: Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 1888.
Studies on Tumor Metastasis: V. The Metastases of Carcinoma to the Spleen

During the past few years considerable attention has been given to the spleen and its relation to cancer, with special emphasis on its infrequency as the site of carcinomatous metastases. From the literature, one would conclude that metastatic carcinoma is rare in the spleen and rare out of all proportion to its occurrence in other organs, such as the liver, kidneys and lungs, and that no definite decision has been reached as to why this particular organ should be so infrequently involved. Ewing (1), for example, says: “The spleen, however, seems to escape [metastases] with peculiar frequency.” Stengel and Fox (2) state: “Secondary carcinoma is rare in the spleen.” Beattie and Dickson (3) write: “Metastatic growths of cancer and sarcoma may occur, but, except where its surface is involved as part of a general peritoneal spread, the spleen, as a rule, escapes the presence of metastases, even when these are numerous in other organs.” Statistics by various authors concerning frequency of metastatic carcinoma of the spleen vary considerably, as shown in Table I. It is apparently impossible to explain these variations, but we believe that they may be caused in part by differences in opinion as to when tumor cells present in this organ should be considered metastatic growths. This leads to the question: should small clusters of tumor cells in the blood vessels or sinusoids be considered as metastases? We define a metastatic growth as a non-contiguous secondary nodule of tumor cells. Metastases should not be confused with even the most extensive local invasion. Krumbhaar (9) is of the opinion that the mere presence of tumor cells in the blood stream does not constitute a metastatic growth. Since we do not know of any method whereby we can determine whether or not a particular cluster of tumor cells located in capillaries, sinusoids, or larger vessels, if undisturbed, would continue to grow and invade the adjacent parenchyma, we feel that any cluster of viable tumor cells separated from the primary tumor must be considered as a metastasis. No one would consider a lymph node as free from tumor if its sinuses contained tumor tissue.
RNA allostery glimpsed.

Riboswitches provide an elegantly simple means of coupling metabolic sensing to genetic regulation. Recent work provides a wealth of structural insight into ligand binding by these RNAs.
The enigma of 36 completed weeks of gestation: 36 0/7 or 36 6/7?

In 2008, an American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) committee opinion1 defined late-preterm (LPT) infants as infants born between 34 0/7 weeks and 36 6/7 weeks of gestation. However, this is often mistakenly believed by authors to represent 34–36 completed weeks of gestation, as in this article.2 As a matter of fact, 34–36 completed weeks of gestation includes babies born between 34 0/7 and 36 0/7 weeks gestational age. This is because 36 weeks is completed the day after 35 6/7, which is 36 0/7. With ongoing evidence that LPT babies have poor outcomes when compared to full-term infants, it is imperative that we use standardized terminology for LPT infants when planning future studies. In 2005, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) defined LPT birth (LPTB) as births between 34 completed weeks (34 0/7 weeks, or day 239) and less than 37 completed weeks (36 6/7 weeks, or day 259) of gestation.3 This therefore represents a 3-week period as opposed to the definition used in this paper, wherein the authors defined LPTB as birth between 34 and 36 completed weeks gestation. The definition used in this paper is incorrect, as it excludes babies between 36 0/7 and 36 6/7 gestational age, and this subset should be included in the late preterm4 cohort. The authors seem to have misinterpreted the ACOG committee opinion (34 0/7 to 36 6/7 weeks of gestation) by defining LPTB as birth between 34 and 36 completed weeks of gestation. Their conclusion that 45% of respondents correctly defined LPTB as birth between 34–36 completed weeks gestation (which is an incorrect definition) is thus inaccurate. Simply stated,4 36 weeks of gestation are completed at 36 0/7, and therefore, 36 completed weeks is numerically represented as 36 0/7 and not 36 6/7. I would like to urge all providers to have uniformity in utilization of standardized definitions when using the terminology “completed weeks of gestation.” The use of universally accepted terminology is important for consistency in literature and future studies evaluating outcomes of LPT infants.
Changes in QTc interval induced with renografin-76 and hypaque-76 during coronary arteriography

Renografin-76 and Hypaque-76 are both recommended for coronary arteriography. Both have the same osmolality and iodine concentration, but differ in their calcium binding properties. After selective right or left coronary arteriography in patients, Renografin-76 caused significantly more prolongation of the QTc interval than did Hypaque-76. Less calcium binding in the Hypaque formulation is probably responsible for its lesser effect on the QTc interval. This study suggests, but does not prove, that Hypaque-76 is safer than Renografin-76 for coronary arteriography.
Serotonin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of two ixodid tick species

Immunocytochemistry was used to describe the distribution of serotonin-like immunoreactive (5HT-IR) neurons and neuronal processes in the central nervous system (CNS), the synganglion, of two ixodid tick species; the winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus and the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum. 5HT-IR neurons were identified in the synganglion of both tick species. D. albipictus had a significantly higher number of 5HT-IR neurons than A. americanum. The labeling pattern and number of 5HT-IR neurons were significantly different between sexes in D. albipictus, but were not significantly different between sexes in A. americanum. 5HT-IR neurons that were located in the cortex of the synganglion projected processes into the neuropils, invading neuromeres in the supraesophageal ganglion including the protocerebrum, postero-dorsal, antero-dorsal and cheliceral neuromeres. In the subesophageal ganglion, dense 5HT-IR neuronal processes were found in the olfactory lobes, pedal, and opisthosomal neuromeres. Double-labeling with neurobiotin backfilled from the first leg damaged at the Haller's organ revealed serotoninergic neuronal processes surrounding the glomeruli in the olfactory lobes. The high number of the 5HT-IR neurons and the extensive neuronal processes present in various regions of the synganglion suggest that serotonin plays a significant role in tick physiology.
What Is an Echo Machine

In this issue of JASE, Dalla Pozza et al. report a device comparison study using three ‘‘hand-carried’’ ultrasound devices chosen for their capability of imaging in the limited space of a neonatal intensive care unit. Performed over 2 weeks on 110 patients at a referral center in Munich, Germany, the study compared B-mode measurements and subjective assessments of image quality between a pocket-sized device, two laptop-sized devices, and a cart-based machine that served as the gold standard. The pocket-sized device performed significantly worse than the laptops in image quality, having scored excellent quality in only 65% of studies compared with a 93% to 96% rate in laptop studies. The study’s chosen end point of image quality suggests that this attribute alone defines appropriate applications for hand-carried devices. This study, one of the first to report on the ultraportable pocketsized ultrasound stethoscope, reignites issues central to the field of echocardiography and hand-carried devices, particularly within the United States. Hand-carried ultrasound devices could become a significant challenge to traditional cart-based echocardiography because of their relatively low price ($10,000–$50,000) and potential ease for widespread application. However, with today’s technological advancements, the term hand-carried may be no more descriptive than using the machine’s color or weight to describe its capabilities as an echocardiographic instrument. So when resolution, diagnostic modalities, and application are all considered, what exactly is an echocardiographic machine? The answer to this innocuous question may actually help define and preserve the field of echocardiography and has implications regarding the direction of future research and development, as well as accreditation and reimbursement. In this country, a discussion of what constitutes an echocardiographic machine has economic considerations that cannot be separated from those of design.
Aromatic - Backbone interactions in α-helices

The interaction between the aromatic ring of an amino acid and the α-helical polypeptide backbone was investigated by studying the conformation of α-helical Ala-based model peptides, with Tyr replacement in the N-terminaland inner helical positions, using 'H NMR, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and a protein database search. NOE cross-peaks between the hydrogens of the aromatic ring at position i and the hydrogen of the backbone amide in positions i, i+1, i+3 and i+4 indicated the proximity of the aromatic ring to the backbone. Interaction between the aromatic ring and the backbone seemed to be highly dependent on the orientation of the aromatic side chain to the helical backbone because aromatic-backbone amide, aromatic-carbonyl, and aromatic-HCα interactions were observed in MD. Solvent screening by the aromatic side chain decreased the solvent accessible surface area of some polar backbone groups by more than 80%. These results indicate that aromatic-backbone interactions commonly occur in helical structures in proteins.
Use of poliomyelitis virus vaccine in light mineral oil adjuvant in a community immunization program and report of reactions encountered

N this report, the experience with poliomyelitis vaccine emulsified in light mineral oil for a community-wide immunization program is reported, and particular attention is given to reactions encountered following use of the preparation. In a series of papers, Salk and others have reviewed the experimental basis for the use of mineral oil as an adjuvant for both influenza and then poliomyelitis vaccine.l-” With both influenza and poliomyelitis vaccine, the antigenie effect of the virus vaccine in the oil-emulsified preparation is increased over the equivalent, antigenic mass in the aqueous form. The preparation used in the community program described is a water-inoil emulsion in which light mineral oil is the vehicle, and Arlacel A is the emulsifying agent. The preparation is described in detail by Salk and coworkers’, 4 and has been found in both animals and man t,o be, with few exceptions, free of untoward local reactions. The local reactions which had been
Ferromagnetic Spin Excitations in a One-Band Metallic Loop, the Case of Long-Range Interactions

We extend the previous treatment of one-band spin excitations to include an arbitrary band term and a long-range two-body interaction. The system still consists of $N$ electrons in a periodic loop lattice with $N$ sites. It is found that the number of bound states depends on the range of the effective two-body interaction, and that the distribution in energy scale of these bound states depends on the spatial variation of the two-body interaction strength.
Comments on "A simple proof of the separation theorem for linear stochastic systems with time delays"

Abstract : These comments were provided to illustrate a probable misunderstanding in trying to prove the separation theorem for linear stochastic systems with time delays. The author points outs specific problems and amends the proof to show a better method. (Author)
A general structural equation model for river water quality data

Abstract A sample covariance matrix of water quality constituents measured at a fixed station on a river is used as a basis for building a general structural equation model which relates observed and latent (unobserved) variables and provides information for identifying and explaining the effects of the latent factors.
A deep-sea in-situ suspended sediment sampling system: Comment

Abstract A recent article by Beer et al. (1974) in Marine Geology describes an in-situ suspended sediment sampling system which utilizes a pump/motor unit, filter holders, and a lead-acid battery power source. Two aspects of their article may be misleading: the use of certain filter material as X-ray diffraction mounts, and the technique by which an oil-filled battery case may be operated.
The bee genus Caenaugochlora in Venezuela (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Two new species of the augochlorine bee genus Caenaugochlora Michener are described and figured. Caenaugochlora ( Caenaugochlora ) elpidia Engel, new species, and C . ( C .) pantochlora Engel, new species, are the first formally described species of their genus from Venezuela. The new species, both from Aragua, can be distinguished from other members of the subgenus by their coloration and pattern of integumental sculpturing.
Group G Streptococcal Arthritis: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Nongonococcal septic arthritis in adults is usually caused by infections with staphylococcal or streptococcal species. In patients with underlying diseases, especially those with chronic joint disease or malignancy, bacterial isolates from infected joint spaces may include group G streptococci. Occasionally, group G streptococcal arthritis may occur in otherwise healthy individuals. We report a case of pyogenic sacroiliitis in a healthy young adult and review the pertinent literature concerning group G streptococcal arthritis.
Permeabilization of the Mitochondrial Outer Membrane by Bax/Truncated Bid (tBid) Proteins as Sensitized by Cardiolipin Hydroperoxide Translocation: MECHANISTIC IMPLICATIONS FOR THE INTRINSIC PATHWAY OF OXIDATIVE APOPTOSIS*

Cytochrome c (cyt c) release upon oxidation of cardiolipin (CL) in the mitochondrial inner membrane (IM) under oxidative stress occurs early in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. We postulated that CL oxidation mobilizes not only cyt c but also CL itself in the form of hydroperoxide (CLOOH) species. Relatively hydrophilic CLOOHs could assist in apoptotic signaling by translocating to the outer membrane (OM), thus promoting recruitment of the pro-apoptotic proteins truncated Bid (tBid) and Bax for generation of cyt c-traversable pores. Initial testing of these possibilities showed that CLOOH-containing liposomes were permeabilized more readily by tBid plus Ca2+ than CL-containing counterparts. Moreover, CLOOH translocated more rapidly from IM-mimetic to OM-mimetic liposomes than CL and permitted more extensive OM permeabilization. We found that tBid bound more avidly to CLOOH-containing membranes than to CL counterparts, and binding increased with increasing CLOOH content. Permeabilization of CLOOH-containing liposomes in the presence of tBid could be triggered by monomeric Bax, consistent with tBid/Bax cooperation in pore formation. Using CL-null mitochondria from a yeast mutant, we found that tBid binding and cyt c release were dramatically enhanced by transfer acquisition of CLOOH. Additionally, we observed a pre-apoptotic IM-to-OM transfer of oxidized CL in cardiomyocytes treated with the Complex III blocker, antimycin A. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the role of CL oxidation in the intrinsic pathway of oxidative apoptosis.
Logic and mnemonics for demons and curiosities: Spelling awareness for middle‐ and secondary‐level students

Abstract For well over a decade the notion that the spelling system of English makes sense has been popularized. There remain, however, some apparent “demons” in the system. This article explores the structural and, in many cases, historical reasons underlying the spelling of a few of these peculiarities. It is suggested that an awareness and study of these underlying reasons may be one way in which students' spelling competence and language growth may be facilitated. Instructional suggestions and a list of recommended sources are offered.
Effects of 8-Isoprostaglandin E1 on the Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations in Dogs

SummaryThe effects of 8-iso-prostaglandin E1 on the systemic and pulmonary circulations were studied and compared with those of PGE1 and PGF2α in anesthetized dogs. It was found that the iv administration of 8-iso-PGE1 decreased systemic arterial pressure slightly and increased heart rate and myocardial contractile force slightly. The magnitude of the systemic hypotensive effect of 8-iso-PGE1 was equivalent to approximately 1/125 to 1/250 of that of PGE1 in dogs. On the other hand, the pulmonary hypertensive action of 8-iso-PGE1 was 5 times greater than that of PGE1. The present study indicates that 8-iso-PGE1 increases pulmonary arterial pressure through its vasoconstrictor action on the pulmonary vascular bed.
System Design and Evaluation of Coupled Ensemble Data Assimilation for Global Oceanic Climate Studies

Abstract A fully coupled data assimilation (CDA) system, consisting of an ensemble filter applied to the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory’s global fully coupled climate model (CM2), has been developed to facilitate the detection and prediction of seasonal-to-multidecadal climate variability and climate trends. The assimilation provides a self-consistent, temporally continuous estimate of the coupled model state and its uncertainty, in the form of discrete ensemble members, which can be used directly to initialize probabilistic climate forecasts. Here, the CDA is evaluated using a series of perfect model experiments, in which a particular twentieth-century simulation—with temporally varying greenhouse gas and natural aerosol radiative forcings—serves as a “truth” from which observations are drawn, according to the actual ocean observing network for the twentieth century. These observations are then assimilated into a coupled model ensemble that is subjected only to preindustrial forcings. By examining...
A domain decomposition method for semilinear hyperbolic systems with two-scale relaxations

We present a domain decomposition method on a semilinear hyperbolic system with multiple relaxation times. In the region where the relaxation time is small, an asymptotic equilibrium equation can be used for computational efficiency. An interface condition is provided to couple the two systems in a domain decomposition setting. A rigorous analysis, based on the Laplace Transform, on the L2 error estimate is presented for the linear case, which shows how the error of the domain decomposition method depends on the smaller relaxation time, and the boundary and interface layer effects. The given convergence rate is optimal. We present a numerical implementation of this domain decomposition method, and present some numerical results in order to study the performance of this method.
Multilateral bargaining and Walrasian equilibrium

Abstract A class of bargaining games in which agents bargain over prices and maximum trading constraints is considered: It is proved that all the Stationary Subgame Perfect Equilibria of these games implement Walrasian allocations as the bargaining frictions vanish. The result holds for any number of agents and is robust to different specifications of the bargaining process.
The behavioral sciences in the computer age

Abstract This article proposes that computers are likely to have a major impact on our society in general, and on psychology, psychiatry, sociology and related behavioral sciences in particular. It is argued that the continuing technological improvements being made on computers and their increasingly widespread use in society is likely to affect behavioral scientists in two ways. First, they themselves will become users of computers. Second, they will be called upon to evaluate and help control how computers impact human behavior. Ways of proactively shaping such future developments are discussed.
DUPLICATION OF EVOKED POTENTIAL WAVEFORM BY CURVE OF PROBABILITY OF FIRING OF A SINGLE CELL.

Computer compilation of the probability of firing of a single cell in cat cortex following a physiological sensory stimulus (somatic or light flash) indicates that the frequency distribution of the firing of a single cell closely corresponds to the average waveform of the evoked potential recorded from the same microelectrode. This high correlation holds for both positive and negative and early and late components of the evoked response.
Entropy and spatial disorder

The majority of geostatistical estimation and simulation algorithms rely on a covariance model as the sole characteristic of the spatial distribution of the attribute under study. The limitation to a single covariance implicitly calls for a multivariate Gaussian model for either the attribute itself or for its normal scores transform. The Gaussian model could be justified on the basis that it is both analytically simple and it is a maximum entropy model, i.e., a model that minimizes unwarranted structural properties. As a consequence, the Gaussian model also maximizes spatial disorder (beyond the imposed covariance) which can cause flow simulation results performed on multiple stochastic images to be very similar; thus, the space of response uncertainty could be too narrow entailing a misleading sense of safety. The ability of the sole covariance to adequately describe spatial distributions for flow studies, and the assumption that maximum spatial disorder amounts to either no additional information or a safe prior hypothesis are questioned. This paper attempts to clarify the link between entropy and spatial disorder and to provide, through a detailed case study, an appreciation for the impact of entropy of prior random function models on the resulting response distributions.
Partitioning of transition metals between diopside and coexisting silicate liquids. I. Nickel, cobalt and manganese

Distribution coefficients have been found for the partitioning of Ni, Co, and Mn between calcium-rich clinopyroxenes and coexisting silicate liquids. Values are found for the 1110-1360 C temperature range. The breakdown of Henry's Law was not observed. The measured clinopyroxene/liquid distribution coefficients ranged from 1.5-14.0 for Ni, 0.5-2.0 for Co, and 0.3-1.2 for Mn. Analyses of pyroxenes grown from charges differing in the amounts of transition metals indicate that Ni and Co occupy the M1 site of diopside and that Mn occupies the M1 and M2 sites. Equilibrium constants were found in terms of the activities of the components in the liquid and solid phases. These activities are based on the mole fractions. An activity/concentration model was used for the liquid phase in order to explain the variations in the clinopyroxene/liquid coefficients due to bulk composition.
Tool guidance using a compact robotic assistant

Surgical robots in popular clinical use are generally large machines, which limits their practical use to some extent. This study aims to investigate the potential of a small, table-mounted robot for tool guidance in minimally invasive surgery (MIS). In particular, its multipurpose use for guidance of various tools was investigated. A compact robot capable of manipulating MIS tools was designed and built. The robot can move in four degrees of freedom (DOF): three rotational and one translational. These DOF correspond to motion constrained by a trocar. The robot kinematics are based on a bevel-geared "spherical mechanism," which allows trocar-constrained motion using a small mechanical device. The robot was tested in a porcine model by manipulating scopes and robotic grasping tools using a joystick as directed by a surgeon. Holding a laparoscope, the robot provided superior stability as a camera assistant. It manipulated the scope for visualization of the liver, spleen, bowel, etc. during manual tissue manipulation. Its compactness allowed increased space around the operating table, and the robot was in fact manipulated by joystick from across the room. Maneuvering grasping tools, the robot similarly provided a stable and dexterous platform for tissue manipulation. The test results suggest that the use of robotics for surgery may be enhanced via compact devices to include more hybrid robotic-manual procedures. The robot motion is smoother and more repeatable than that of a human operator. Use of a foot joystick could also place camera control directly with the surgeon. Flexible endoscopes can also be used with the robot for highly dexterous visualization. Notably, changing tools with this system is a very straightforward process and can be achieved without re-registration of the robot's position/orientation. Therefore, combined with other simple robotic tools for grasping, cautery, etc., compact robotic systems based on this technology could replace the large systems in current use, potentially increasing the impact of robots on medical care. This represents an important step towards multifunctional compact surgical robots.
Increasing the Protein Content of Ice Cream

Vanilla ice cream was made with a mix composition of 10.5% milk fat, 10.5% milk SNF, 12% beet sugar, and 4% corn syrup solids. None of the batches made contained stabilizer or emulsifier. The control (treatment 1) contained 3.78% protein. Treatments 2 and 5 contained 30% more protein, treatments 3 and 6 contained 60% more protein, and treatments 4 and 7 contained 90% more protein compared with treatment 1 by addition of whey protein concentrate or milk protein concentrate powders, respectively. In all treatments, levels of milk fat, milk SNF, beet sugar, and corn syrup solids were kept constant at 37% total solids. Mix protein content for treatment 1 was 3.78%, treatment 2 was 4.90%, treatment 5 was 4.91%, treatments 3 and 6 were 6.05%, and treatments 4 and 7 were 7.18%. This represented a 29.89, 60.05, 89.95, 29.63, 60.05, and 89.95% increase in protein for treatment 2 through treatment 7 compared with treatment 1, respectively. Milk protein level influenced ice crystal size; with increased protein, the ice crystal size was favorably reduced in treatments 2, 4, and 5 and was similar in treatments 3, 6, and 7 compared with treatment 1. At 1 wk postmanufacture, overall texture acceptance for all treatments was more desirable compared with treatment 1. When evaluating all parameters, treatment 2 with added whey protein concentrate and treatments 5 and 6 with added milk protein concentrate were similar or improved compared with treatment 1. It is possible to produce acceptable ice cream with higher levels of protein.
Inhibition of Herpesvirus Replication by Marine Algae Extracts

Extracts from two species of marine red algae, Cryptosyphonia woodii and Farlowia mollis, specifically inhibited herpes simplex virus replication in vitro.
A tethered ascorbate-norepinephrine compound, 4-UT, displays long-acting adrenergic activity on rabbit aortic smooth muscle

We previously demonstrated that adrenergic and histaminergic receptors have an ascorbic acid (vitamin C) binding site on the first extracellular loop, immediately adjacent to the aminergic binding site. Binding of ascorbate to this site strongly potentiates any sub-maximal dose of an adrenergic or histaminergic compound, significantly increasing its duration of activity. We report here the successful synthesis of a tethered compound that mimics the combined effects of a mixture of ascorbate with norepinephrine. The tethered compound uses a four-unit polyethylene linker to tether ascorbate to norepinephrine. The tethered compound is about tenfold less effective than norepinephrine in stimulating rabbit aortic smooth muscle, but has a very significantly enhanced duration of activity compared with norepinephrine alone and comparable to a mixture of norepinephrine and ascorbate. Additional ascorbate does not enhance the tethered compound's effects and we demonstrate that the compound binds to a synthetic peptide spanning the ascorbate binding site of the receptor. These experiments strongly suggest that the compound binds to both the adrenergic binding site and the ascorbate binding site simultaneously. Tethered compounds with linkers of other lengths did not have these properties. We believe that the synthesis of enhanced adrenergic and histaminergic drugs by tethering them to potentiators such as ascorbate will permit a new class of potential drugs to be created with high specificity and long duration of activity. Drug Dev Res 69:242–250, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Negotiated decision-making: understanding farmer and processor certification decisions.

The global agri-food system is governed by a variety of standards and certifications that are highly variable in their content, structure, and enforcement. Given this variability, it is crucial to understand how producers choose amongst available standards and certifications. The theory of negotiated decision-making emphasizes the interaction of structural and individual level motivations and constraints on producer decision-making. Producers negotiate multiple, often conflicting, structural motivations and constraints determined by commodity chain location and social network ties along with individual motivations and constraints determined by ideology. Drawing on ethnographic interviews with organic dairy farmers and processors in New Zealand, the theory of negotiated decision-making rejects the binary between financial and ideological motivations for certification and incorporates social network ties and commodity chain posi - tion to provide a framework for understanding producer decisions in the context of regulatory variation.
A Delay-Insensitive Address-Event Link

We present a delay-insensitive (DI) link that provides virtual point-to-point channels between ports at corresponding locations in two-dimensional arrays on separate chips. A communication, or event, on any particular channel is represented by its input port's address, which the link encodes, conveys, and decodes. Previous work cut pad-count by transmitting row and column addresses sequentially, appending additional column addresses for concurrent communications in the same row, which are read and written in parallel, thereby boosting throughput. However, a non-DI implementation was used off-chip (bundled-data), incurring delay and area penalties when interfaced with DI circuitry used on-chip. The link described here avoids these penalties by using a DI implementation both on- and off-chip (1-of-4 codes). We describe the transmitter's and receiver's implementation in detail, including refinements made to ensure efficient and robust operation with arrays as large as 320x960, and provide test results from two chips fabricated in a 0.18um CMOS process.
Effect of Germination on Oligosaccharides and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Navy and Pinto Beans

Effect of germination on raffinose-oligosaccharides, and nonstarch polysaccharides in C-20 navy and Pindak pinto beans was investigated using solvent fractionation and chromatographic methods. Approximately 70-80% of total raffinose and stachyose was removed by germination for 6 days. Ungerminated navy and pinto beans contained 21.75% and 18.84% total nonstarch polysaccharides, respectively. Germination did not significantly change the yields of soluble and insoluble nonstarch polysaccharides. Arabinose in the soluble nonstarch polysaccharides was significantly increased by germination. Germination increased the viscosity of soluble nonstarch polysaccharides. However, the viscosity increase of the soluble nonstarch polysaccharides from germinated pinto beans was significantly greater than that from germinated navy beans.
Dissecting the VanRS Signal Transduction Pathway with Specific Inhibitors

The VanRS two-component signal transduction pathway from Enterococcus faecium was reconstituted in vitro from partially purified components and shown to be inhibited by the halophenyl isothiazolone LY-266,400, inhibitor A, a compound shown previously to reduce expression of the AlgR1-AlgR2 two-component signal transduction pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (S. Roychoudhury, N. A. Zielinski, A. J. Ninfa, N. E. Allen, L. N. Jungheim, T. I. Nicas, and A. M. Chakrabarty, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:965–969, 1993). Inhibitor A attenuates phosphoryl transfer from VanS∼P to VanR by its action on the ability of VanR to accept. We observed an apparent stimulatory effect of inhibitor A on VanS autophosphorylation which is attributable to the accumulation of VanS∼P as an intermediate unable to transfer P i to the inhibited VanR. Thus, inhibitor A acts on the second of two sequential steps which lead to transcriptional activation of the VanHAXYZ gene cluster and the resultant expression of vancomycin resistance.
When "humanitarianism" becomes "development": the politics of international aid in Syria's Palestinian refugee camps.

ABSTRACT In recent years, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) has attempted to go beyond its role as a provider of relief and basic services in Palestinian refugee camps and emphasize its role as a development agency. In this article, I focus on the Neirab Rehabilitation Project, an UNRWA-sponsored development project taking place in the Palestinian refugee camps of Ein el Tal and Neirab in northern Syria. I argue that UNRWA's role as a relief-centered humanitarian organization highlights the everyday suffering of Palestinian refugees, suffering that has become embedded in refugees’ political claims. I show that UNRWA's emphasis on “development” in the refugee camps is forcing Palestinian refugees in Ein el Tal and Neirab to reassess the political narrative through which they have understood their relationship with UNRWA. [humanitarianism, development, UNRWA, Palestine, refugee camps]
Comparative Analysis of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Activity in Serum and Lethality in Mice and Rabbits Pretreated with the Staphylococcal Superantigen Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1

Host susceptibility to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is correlated with the levels of circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) that develop in response to circulating LPS. Mice are resistant, relative to rabbits, to the lethal effects of LPS. This study indicates that mice and rabbits are equally sensitive to the lethal effects of circulating TNF-α but that mice are more resistant than rabbits to the induction of circulating TNF-α by LPS.
How Salts Affect the Rheological Behavior of an Aluminum Titanate‐Based Ceramic Paste

This article describes how eight different salts impact the rheological behavior of an aluminum titanate-based ceramic paste. A capillary rheometer was used to measure the thermal phase transition temperature of a hydroxypropyl methylcellose binder in the paste. The transition of the binder causes the paste to increase in viscosity and the temperature at which this occurs is defined as the stiffening onset temperature (Tonset). The Tonset was found to be a linear function of salt concentration and the slope of this relationship is called the salt strength. Four of the five salts behaved as “salt-out” salts and depressed Tonset while three showed “salt-in” behavior and raised Tonset. The salt strength occurred in a regular order based on the anion type consistent with the Hofmeister series. In addition, the specific mixing energy of the paste during plasticization was also affected by the ion type present in the batch and was consistent with the Hofmeister series. The results show how the presence of salts can influence the interaction between the binder and water in a highly filled system and illustrate how this interaction can impact batch thermorheological behavior of ceramic pastes during the forming process.
Shape by example

Modern modeling systems enable artists to create highquality content, but provide limited support for interactive applications. Although complex forms can be constructed either by hand or with geometry capture technologies, once they are created, they are difficult to modify, particularly at runtime. Interpolation provides a way to leverage artist-generated source material. We present a methodology for efficient runtime interpolation between multiple forms. Linear plus radial basis functions provide the key mathematical support for the interpolation. Once our system is provided with example forms, it generates a continuous range of forms we call a shape. We also apply the shape interpolation methodology to articulated figures and human face models to create smoothly skinned figures that deform in natural ways. Unlike previous formulations, the one presented here is efficient enough to support interactive design of the abstract interpolation space as well as support runtime interpolation of the forms in interactive applications such as games. The reader is encouraged to visit the project’s website for more information and late-breaking results at http:\\research.microsoft.com\graphics\hfap.
Work, welfare, and young children's health and behavior in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study

Abstract Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we investigate the effects of welfare receipt and employment on the health and behavioral outcomes of 3-year-old children whose mothers received welfare during the course of the child's life. Employed mothers who are no longer receiving welfare report better health and behavioral outcomes for their children; however, OLS and instrumental variable analyses suggest that these advantages are largely explained by the characteristics of mothers who make a successful transition to employment, rather than by work per se. Children of mothers who had left welfare but were not currently employed had similar behavioral outcomes to children of mothers on welfare, but the latter were more likely to be in poor health.
THE DISADVANTAGE OF A GOOD REPUTATION: Disney as a Target for Social Problems Claims

Social scientists generally presume that a good reputation has advantages. Yet the Walt Disney Corporation, a firm that has long benefited from a reputation for producing wholesome popular culture, attracts more than its share of efforts to link it to various social problems. In particular, conservative moralists argue that Disney in fact produces morally questionable products, progressive critics claim that Disney's messages help preserve social inequities, and social scientists criticize Disney for fostering inauthentic and alienating entertainment. These claims are a form of blowback—negative reactions to the firm's positive reputation. While blowback makes it easier to construct social problems claims, a good reputation remains a significant resource in deflecting these criticisms.
Local angiotensin II and myocardial fibrosis.

A wound healing response that eventuates in fibrous tissue formation appears at the site of myocardial infarction (MI). Fibrosis can also appear remote to the MI where it can cause an extensive structural remodeling of viable myocardium. Fibrosis, an abnormal increase in tissue collagen concentration, can adversely affect organ function.
Intermittent hypothermic asanguineous cerebral perfusion (cerebroplegia) protects the brain during prolonged circulatory arrest. A phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance study

A system has been developed for the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic evaluation of cerebral high-energy phosphate levels during hypothermic total circulatory arrest and reperfusion by means of cardiopulmonary bypass in large animals. The use of intermittent hypothermic asanguineous cerebral perfusion, termed cerebroplegia, for the preservation of cerebral high-energy phosphates during a 2-hour period of hypothermic total circulatory arrest and reperfusion has been evaluated. Cardiopulmonary bypass was used to achieve deep hypothermia (12 degrees to 15 degrees C) during 2 hours of circulatory arrest and reperfusion. Juvenile sheep were divided into two groups. Group 1 animals (n = 8) (no cerebroplegia) served as the control group. In group 2 animals (n = 7), cerebroplegia was established by intermittent bilateral carotid artery infusion of a hypothermic oxygenated asanguineous cardioplegic solution. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy recorded changes in cerebral adenosine triphosphate, creatine phosphate, and intracellular pH. Adenosine triphosphate, creatine phosphate, and pH were higher in the group 2 animals for all points during the arrest period and until 60 minutes after reperfusion (p less than 0.05). Electroencephalographic activity returned after 36 minutes of reperfusion in group 2, but it did not return until 117 minutes in group 1 (p less than 0.05). In summary, cerebral high-energy phosphates and pH were maintained and the electroencephalographic signal returned more rapidly during circulatory arrest with the institution of cerebroplegia. These studies suggest that cerebroplegia is protective of the brain during circulatory arrest.
Utility of pretransplant psychological measures to predict posttransplant outcomes in liver transplant patients: A systematic review

Abstract Objective Evaluation of liver transplant (LT) candidacy involves psychosocial evaluation to ensure appropriate organ allocation. However, the utility of pre-LT psychiatric and neuropsychological factors in predicting posttransplant outcomes remains uncertain. We reviewed current evidence on the prognostic value of pre-LT psychological factors for outcomes after LT. Method We conducted a systematic review of studies with adult LT recipients that investigate the relationship between pre-LT psychiatric and neuropsychological variables and posttransplant outcomes. We searched Ovid, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE/Scopus, Cochrane Controlled trials register and Web of Science (January 1975 to May 2015) for longitudinal, peer-reviewed studies of at least 20 subjects and written in English. Results The 19 studies included in this review are heterogeneous in population, prognosis and duration of follow-up (from 20 days to more than 3 years). Findings on the prognostic value of pre-LT depression or anxiety on post-LT outcomes are mixed, though depression appears to predict lower quality of life (QOL). Pre-LT suicidal thoughts in particular are associated with post-LT depression. High submissiveness may predict rejection within 20 days of LT, and low conscientiousness is associated with greater nonadherence. Whereas pre-LT cognitive performance has not been shown to predict survival, poorer performance may predict poorer QOL after LT. Conclusion Further studies are needed to examine this important element of LT candidacy evaluation. Studies should evaluate psychiatric factors in large samples, include systematic evaluations by mental health clinicians and explore broader neuropsychological domains in predicting posttransplant outcomes.
Reflections on Family Science Education: The Importance of Technology, Experience, and Diversity in the Classroom

Reflecting on our unique journeys and shared experiences as family science educators, as well as empirical and pedagogical literature, we review three salient issues that in our experiences impact family science classrooms: (1) integration of technology, (2) how experience does not equate expertise, and (3) the importance of representing diversity. For each issue, we identify potential strengths and challenges as well as offer possible solutions to challenges based on relevant literature and our own experiences. We also draw connections to how these issues relate directly to student outcomes as they pertain to our students' preparedness to enter family science oriented fields. Ultimately, our reflections serve two purposes: (1) they allows us to critically examine what we know, uncovering multiple truths in the process and (2) they may prove helpful to other family science educators seeking to become more effective in their teaching endeavors.
Postindustrial Capitalism and the Problems with Bourdieu's Social and Cultural Capital in Understanding the Black/White Achievement Gap in the United States and United Kingdom.

This hermeneutical essay demonstrates why and how Pierre Bourdieu’s social reproduction theory is neither an adequate explanation for understanding praxis nor the Black/White academic achievement g...
Abstract 2207: Functional interrogation of the colorectal cancer genome identifies numerous suppressors of anchorage-independent growth

INTRODUCTION: High throughput cancer genome sequencing efforts are leading to the identification of frequently mutated genes in cancer. Unfortunately, the extreme diversity of lesions being detected presents a challenge to segment causal from coincidental mutations and to elucidate how causal lesions disrupt regulatory networks to drive cancer processes. AIMS AND METHODS: Given that a common early perturbation in solid tumor initiation is bypass of matrix-dependent proliferation restraints, we used immortalized human colonic epithelial cells (HCECs) to identify suppressors of anchorage-independent growth by conducting a soft-agar based shRNA screen within frequently mutated colorectal cancer (CRC) genes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Remarkably, depletion of 65 of the 151 frequently CRC-mutated genes tested collaborated with K-RASV12 or TP53 knockdown to promote anchorage-independent proliferation of HCECs. These candidates fall under a variety of different signaling pathways, but in particular JNK signaling was found to be a master suppressor of anchorage-independent growth in normal HCECs. We have identified additional members of an extensive gene network specifying matrix-dependent proliferation, by constructing an interaction map of these confirmed progression suppressors with the ∼700 rare CRC-mutated genes and experimentally verifying soft-agar growth enhancement in response to depletion of these genes. Collectively, this study reveals a profound diversity of fragile nodes within a fundamental tumor suppressor network, perturbation of which leads to enhanced cell-autonomous proliferative fitness. These studies establish the importance of functionally annotating cancer genomes using biologically relevant assays. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2207. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2207
Twitter Use by Presidential Primary Candidates During the 2012 Campaign

This study examines Twitter use by presidential candidates during the 2012 primary election. The Twitter feeds and activity levels of candidates from the Republican, Democratic, Libertarian, and Americans Elect parties and their campaigns were gathered over a 3-month span. Variables examined include the number of tweets posted, followers gained, and followers added as well as the occurrence of hashtags, user mentions, hyperlinks, and content categories within tweets. Results showed candidates’ presence on Twitter was not uniform. Tweet frequency did not necessarily result in followers gained. Interestingly, the candidates who tweeted the most were not major party nominees. As the Republican primary campaign progressed, the amount of daily tweeting by the candidates was not higher than it had been earlier in the primary season.