cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Restraint-induced analgesia in the CD-1 mouse: interactions with morphine and time of day

The tail-flick response of adult male CD-1 mice was used to assess the analgesic properties of restraint alone and in combination with morphine during the diurnal and nocturnal periods. Mice were restrained in conical metal devices that allowed a change in position from supine to prone but not from front to back. Restraint induced an analgesia equipotent to a 2.5 mg/kg dose of morphine within 0.5 h of its initiation. Although habituation occurred over the restraint period a pronounced analgesia was still evident at the end of the 3 h test period. The habituation to restraint-induced analgesia was more rapid at night. Although the basal tail-flick latency to thermal stimulation was decreased during the nocturnal period the time of day did not alter the degree of analgesia induced by either restraint or morphine. Morphine induced a dose- and time-dependent analgesia during both the diurnal and nocturnal periods and this analgesia was potentiated by restraint stress only during the nocturnal period. Naloxone at high doses (10.0 or 20.0 mg/kg) blocked the analgesia induced by morphine but did not totally block the analgesia induced either by restraint or morphine plus restraint. These data suggest the potentiation of an opiate effect by stress may depend on habituation or tolerance to the stressor.
Interface Design Considered as Failure Analysis

This paper explores some of the implications of comparing interface design with engineering design, arguing that such a comparison has typically been more misleading than fruitful. The problem, however, lies not in the comparison but in the fact that the model of engineering design most often used is an idealized one which is not representative of the actual history of the process of engineering design. When engineering design is viewed from a more realistic perspective it can be seen that design failures are both inevitable and instructive. Similarly, it can be seen that interface design, human factors, and psychology in general are very often informed more by analysis of failure than by success.
Review of SIMPLE 1 Simulation Language

I have taught a discrete simulation course for the University of Idaho Computer Science department for the past five years. Three different languages have been used which were generally chosen because they were available and could run on our computer systems. The languages used were GPSS (a very old version), SIMAN and SIMPLE_1. This past year, I used version 3 of SIMPLE_1, which was chosen for several reasons. It runs on PCs or compatibles and is inexpensive so the students could buy their own copies to run on their own computers or those available on campus. The course was video taped and offered to off-campus students so it was important for those students to be able to run the software on their own computers. I also chose it because I like the language and the complete package that comes with it.
Asymptotic behavior of solution to the Cahn-Hillard equation

The asymptotic behavior of solution to the initial boundary value problem of nonlinear Cahn-Hilliard equation and the associated stationary problem have been extensively studied. In particular, it is proved that in the one space dimensional case the associated stationary problem has exactly 2N+1 numbers of solutions and the solution of evolution equation converges to certain equilibrium solution as t→+∞.
Molecular design, expression, and affinity immobilization of a trypsin-streptavidin fusion protein☆

A trypsin-streptavidin (TRYPSA) fusion protein was designed and its expression in Escherichia coli was evaluated. The streptavidin gene was PCR modified and cloned into the pET expression vector. The trypsin gene was subsequently inserted into this plasmid, thus generating a colinear fusion of trypsin and streptavidin genes (pTRYPSA). This engineering strategy was verified, and TRYPSA was expressed after IPTG induction using the E. coli strains, BL21(DE3) and BL21(DE3)pLysS. Standard protein fractions of the cell lysate were prepared and trypsin activity was primarily detected in the periplasmic and inclusion body fractions. Immunoblotting showed a single Western-positive band exhibiting a molecular weight of 39,000 Da. A biotinylated porous glass affinity matrix was prepared and selective adsorption resulted in a one-step purification and immobilization of TRYPSA from crude cell lysate. Trypsin activity was verified using a synthetic substrate. This enzyme bioreactor should serve as an excellent prototype for future studies that will examine the effect of limited proteolysis on functional characteristics of milk proteins, including gelling, emulsifying and foaming properties.
Defective gut function in drop-dead mutant Drosophila.

Abstract Mutation of the gene drop-dead (drd) causes adult Drosophila to die within 2 weeks of eclosion and is associated with reduced rates of defecation and increased volumes of crop contents. In the current study, we demonstrate that flies carrying the strong allele d r d l w f display a reduction in the transfer of ingested food from the crop to the midgut, as measured both as a change in the steady-state distribution of food within the gut and also in the rates of crop emptying and midgut filling following a single meal. Mutant flies have abnormal triglyceride (TG) and glycogen stores over the first 4 days post-eclosion, consistent with their inability to move food into the midgut for digestion and nutrient absorption. However, the lifespan of mutants was dependent upon food presence and quality, suggesting that at least some individual flies were able to digest some food. Finally, spontaneous motility of the crop was abnormal in d r d l w f flies, with the crops of mutant flies contracting significantly more rapidly than those of heterozygous controls. We therefore hypothesize that mutation of drd causes a structural or regulatory defect that inhibits the entry of food into the midgut.
Three-dimensional reconstruction and display of the heart, lungs and circulation by multiplanar X-ray scanning videodensitometry

A device was developed which makes possible the dynamic reconstruction of the heart and lungs within the intact thorax of a living dog or human and which can record approximately 30 multiplanar X-ray images of the thorax practically instantaneously, and at frequent enough intervals of time and with sufficient density and spatial resolution to capture and resolve the most rapid changes in cardiac structural detail throughout each cardiac cycle. It can be installed in a clinical diagnostic setting as well as in a research environment and its construction and application for determination and display in real-time modes of cross sections of the functioning thorax and its contents of living animals and man is technologically feasible.
Comparison of 2D measurement methodologies and their viability in a manufacturing environment

As critical features continue to shrink, image fidelity on a wafer becomes even more important to the performance of an integrated circuit. There are several strategies that are typically employed to produce the best possible features. These include OPC, off-axis illumination and the ever-increasing numerical aperture, neglecting the pattern fidelity of the reticle. Several methodologies exist to characterize the fidelity of these features on both wafer and reticle. This paper will attempt to correlate the area measurements of contacts from a reticle using a scanning electron microscope, an automated visual inspection measurement system and an image based algorithm; and discuss their practical applications for manufacturing.
Versal matrix families, normal forms and higher order bifurcations in dynamic chemical systems

Abstract Characterization of the possible dynamic phenomena which arise when a steady state loses stability due to parametric variations is important in process and control system design and is useful for dynamic model identification and evaluation. The linearized system Jacobian Jordan block structure at bifurcation implies corresponding possibilities for nonlinear dynamic phenomena near bifurcation. The linearized system characteristic equation and the theory of versal representation of matrix families are applied to identify the number of system parameters which must be varied simultaneously to achieve different eigenvalue configurations. The theory of normal forms is used to illustrate the topological equivalence, near bifurcation, of the original system and the normal form representation which contains a relatively small number of nonlinear differential equations. This theory is used to organize and interpret studies of dynamics in two chemical reaction systems: (i) consecutive-competitive reactions in an isothermal CSTR with multivariable proportional feedback control; and (ii) coupled oscillations in two interacting CSTR's with autocatalytic reactions.
Political transition in economic decentralization : bargaining coalition between central and provincial government in China: 1978-1993

Economic decentralization in China has created autonomous leverages for the provincial governments, and it is through bargaining, concessions, and cooperation with the provincial governments that the central government has promoted rapid economic growth. These are the existing cases of coalitional politics within Leninist reform. However, such phenomenal circumstances have not been given serious consideration by most current students of the China’s reforms, who usually neglected the irreversible political transitions away from Leninism in Communist countries; nor do my findings support theories of political development, which see political coalitions only as alignments between the state and organized social interests, such as parties and interest groups. The deficiency of both types of explanations prohibits them from correctly explaining new political events in the Chinese economic decentralization. The question thus raised is: how a coalitional politics is formed between the central government and the provincial governments, through which unorganized social interests are articulated, by provincial institutions, in state policy making in Leninist China? This book answers this question by examining and critiquing competing explanations of political transitions and existing methods of studying transformations in central-local relationships in China. It applies an interactive dimension in power restructuring approach, and a multidimensional policy (fiscal, finance, investment, foreign trade policies) analytical method within the context of political coalitional theory. It has found that the history of the Chinese political system has been one of the continuous human desires for freedom from the centralized kingdom, and of consistent efforts by the political center to find institutional remedies. Reform experiences suggest that the transfer of economic power from the center to the provinces has established institutional foundations for political coalitions between the central and local governments. The provincial governments, as representatives and articulators of local interests, have been encouraged by an agenda of economic decentralization, and have interacted with the center through informal and formal ways, in bargaining over rational policy. The contradiction between Mao’s political legacies and a common desire for reform is largely responsible for such a unique political coalition during this transition. The cases of Guangdong Province and Shanghai Municipality have been utilized to illustrate the general framework and overarching hypotheses of this study.
Synthesis of tricyclic compounds with sulfur and silicon heteroatoms in the central ring

Abstract The synthesis of tricyclic derivatives which contain both silicon and sulfur in a central six-, seven- and eight-membered ring are described. Phenothiasilin-5,5-dioxides are prepared by treatment of ( o -LiC 6 H 4 ) 2 SO 2 with dichlorosilanes. Reduction of the sulfone group is described as well as attempts to introduce aminopropyl substituents at silicon. Thiasilepins are prepared from the Grignard reagent of ( o -BrC 6 H 4 CH 2 SC 6 H 4 Br- o ) and reactions of this ring system are described. Reaction of Me 2 Si(C 6 H 4 CH 2 Br- o ) with Na 2 S gave a thiasilocin derivative.
FISHING THE LINE NEAR MARINE RESERVES IN SINGLE AND MULTISPECIES FISHERIES

Throughout the world "fishing the line" is a frequent harvesting tactic in communities where no-take marine reserves are designated. This practice of concentrating fishing effort at the boundary of a marine reserve is predicated upon the principle of spillover, the net export of stock from the marine reserve to the surrounding unprotected waters. We explore the consequences and optimality of fishing the line using a spatially explicit theoretical model. We show that fishing the line: (1) is part of the optimal effort distribution near no-take marine reserves with mobile species regardless of the cooperation level among harvesters; (2) has a significant impact on the spatial patterns of catch per unit effort (CPUE) and fish density both within and outside of the reserve; and (3) can enhance total population size and catch simultaneously under a limited set of conditions for overexploited populations. Additionally, we explore the consequences of basing the spatial distribution of fishing effort for a multispecies fishery upon the optimality of the most mobile species that exhibits the greatest spillover. Our results show that the intensity of effort allocated to fishing the line should instead be based upon more intermediate rates of mobility within the targeted community. We conclude with a comparison between model predictions and empirical findings from a density gradient study of two important game fish in the vicinity of a no-take marine-life refuge on Santa Catalina Island, California (USA). These results reveal the need for empirical studies to account for harvester behavior and suggest that the implications of spatial discontinuities such as fishing the line should be incorporated into marine-reserve design.
Expression of homeobox genes in a proximal tubular cell line derived from adult mice.

Expression of homeobox genes in a proximal tubular cell line derived from adult mice. We have been studying the expression of several homeobox genes in cultures of proximal tubular epithelium (MCT cells) harvested from adult mus musculus . Hox genes 2.1, 2.3, and 3.3, in particular, are all expressed at low levels in resting MCT cells. The expression of Hox 2.1 and 3.3 were not influenced by mitogenic (epidermal growth factor; EGF, and platelet-derived growth factor; PDGF) nor by hypertrophogenic cytokines (angiotensin II; Ang II) in serum-free media. Transcripts for Hox 2.3, however, were elevated in MCT cells by Ang II, EGF, and serum treatment, as early as 30 minutes after their addition, whereas no change, or slight reductions were observed with transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), PDGF, and gamma-interferon (γIFN). Hox 2.3 was also super-induced by serum, in the presence of cycloheximide, in cells rested previously in serum-free media, suggesting that new protein synthesis was not required for expressive augmentation. The induction of Hox 2.3, moreover, was not specific for tubular epithelium, since the gene could be activated in tubulointerstitial fibroblasts after treatment with EGF. These experiments collectively represent a first report regarding the characterization of transcripts encoding homeoboxes in adult cells derived from renal tissue. The putative DNA-binding properties of homeobox proteins in general, the prompt and rapid induction of Hox 2.3 by morphogenic cytokines in tubulointerstitial cells, and the observed effect of cycloheximide on this gene, all indicate that Hox 2.3 might have a role in the general activation of mature somatic cells, as an immediate early event, probably in the capacity of a nuclear trans-acting factor.
Effectiveness of Cooperative Extension Manure Management Programs

Abstract Equine farms are increasing in number in many areas of the United States. Unlike traditional farming operations, equine farm managers may be less likely to use and are less connected to extension services. A manure management survey was mailed to 2000 New Jersey equine farms during the winter of 2006 to 2007; 472 surveys were returned (24% return rate). Respondents were asked from where they get manure management information; 27% received information from Rutgers Cooperative Extension, whereas 21% get information from a feed dealer, 6% from another retailer, 19% from the internet, 39% from magazines, 47% from other horse owners, and 25% from other sources. Veterinarians were not a variable in this survey; although they are a source of equine information, it is unclear how reliable a source they might be about manure management. They can play a role in manure management programs, particularly referral to other sources of information. Data were modeled to compare extension against all other sources and develop a prediction of where respondents receive information. This model had a predictive accuracy of 70.03% and R 2 of 0.08 ( P > .10). This model showed that those receiving information from extension were likely to have 21 to 40 acres of pasture, were likely to spread manure on 6 to 10 acres, and likely to soil test regularly. Results indicate that cooperative extension was not the first or second information source for horse producers, although larger farms and those that soil tested on a regular basis were more likely to use extension services ( P
High Pressure Gas Scintillators

Observations of scintillation pulse heights have been made at pressures up to 75 atmospheres in xenon and argon, and in mixtures of nitrogen and xenon, nitrogen and argon, and neon and xenon. Diphenyl stilbene was used as a wavelength shifter. The most salient feature is that in all cases pulse height is approximately independent of pressure at pressures over a few atmospheres. The nitrogen-xenon and neon-xenon mixtures have been used as neutron detectors via the N14 (n,p), N14 (n,?) and Ne20 (n,?) reactions. The resolutions achieved, particularly in nitrogen-xenon mixtures (pulse height sometimes down to 1/40 of pure xenon) allow a good estimate to be made of the number of photons detected per unit energy loss in the scintillator.
The Desorption of Toluene from a Montmorillonite Clay Adsorbent in a Rotary Kiln Environment

The vaporization of toluene from pre-dried, 3 mm montmorillonite clay particles was studied in a 130 kW pilot-scale rotary kiln with inside dimensions of 0.61 by 0.61 meters. Vaporization rates were obtained with a toluene weight fraction of 0.25 percent as a function of kiln fill fractions from 3 to 8 percent, rotation rates from 0.1 to 0.9 rpm, and kiln wall temperatures from 189 to 793 C. Toluene desorption rates were obtained from gas-phase measurements and interpreted using a desorption model that incorporates the slumping frequency of the solids, the fill fraction of the kiln, the diffusion of toluene in the bed, and the rate of particle desorption using an Arrhenius-type expression that is a function of bed temperature and average bed concentration. The model included three adjustable desorption parameters which were obtained by fitting the experimental data at one set of conditions with a least squares technique. Solid and kiln-wall temperatures were continuously recorded and used in the model at predicting the effects of fill fraction and rotation rate over a range of temperatures. A methodology for predicting full-scale performance was developed. Full-scale toluene desorption predictions were completed for different operating temperatures.
Modeling the Effects of Expressed Emotion, Psychiatric Symptomology, and Marital Quality Levels on Male and Female Verbal Aggression

Previous research has linked expressed emotion (EE) levels and psychiatric symptomology, whereas other empirical efforts have examined the relationship between EE and marital relationship variables. Still other research has linked psychological conditions with acts of aggression, and the impact of marital issues within this domain of inquiry also has been explored. The study presented here examined the combined effects of EE, marital quality, and psychiatric symptomology on displays of verbal aggression by both relationship partners. Both husbands' and wives' reports of marital quality were predictive of both husbands' and wives' verbal aggression levels; here, reports of lower marital quality were associated with higher levels of verbal aggression. Additionally, husbands' and wives' reports of psychological symptomology in self and partner were important paths to marital quality, as were husbands' and wives' reports of EE levels. Further, some evidence was generated that supports the mediating role of marital quality with regard to EE and psychological symptomology. However, the overall fit indices of the models tested in this empirical effort were modest. Limitations that concern the instruments utilized in the present study are discussed in this regard. Language: en
Man's emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

Abstract Carbon dioxide is by far the most abundant of all atmospheric gases generated by man's activities. Although the total amount of the gas emitted in this way represents only approx. 2% of that produced by Nature, it, nevertheless, interferes with the natural balance. Emission factors have been calculated for all important processes which lead to emission of carbon dioxide. Almost all of the gas liberated as a result of man's activities arises from combustion processes, over 90% being derived from fossil fuels. In the past, the largest single source has been the burning of coal, but this has been superseded, for the last ten years or so, by the combustion of petroleum and its products. The source showing the greatest percentage increase in the 1970's was the combustion of natural gas and this trend will continue into the 1980's but it is unlikely to overtake coal before it peaks.
Epistemological possibilities and imperatives of complexity research: a reply to Reitsma

Abstract Reitsma (A response to ‘simplifying complexity’. Geoforum 34 (1) (2003) 13), in response to the article ‘Simplifying Complexity’ (Manson, S.M., Simplifying complexity: a review of complexity theory. Geoforum 32 (3) (2001) 405), highlights a number of interesting and important aspects of complexity theory that invite further discussion. In particular, there are three areas of complexity research that are open to deeper exploration: (1) the width and breadth of ‘complexity’ defined as a scientific endeavor; (2) the role of theory relative to practice and their relationship with pattern and process in complex systems; and (3) the need for greater discussion and exploration in order to define the conceptual bounds of complexity theory.
The adsorption and reaction of low molecular weight alkanes on metallic single crystal surfaces

The adsorption and reaction of alkanes on/with metal single crystal surfaces are reviewed in this report. A comprehensive treatment of the structures and binding of molecular alkanes on metals is first presented. A detailed discussion of the current state of understanding of the dynamics of alkane trapping at surfaces then follows, including the most recent treatments of the roles of both intrinsic and extrinsic precursor states and the influence of preadsorbed species on trapping. The progress in the use of molecular dynamics simulations to predict trapping probabilities is thoroughly discussed. The current states of both the dynamics and the kinetics of dissociative adsorption on a variety of metal surfaces are elaborated.
The evolution of research library buildings

The principles of research library building planning established in the late 1940s emphasized flexibility of design; interspersal of books and readers; collaboration between librarians and architects; and an increased role for the library in education. Planning a medical research library in today's electronic environment requires attention to these principles as well as dealing with new and emerging technologies; economic constrains; new modes of scholarly research and communication; and the convergence of library science and information services on the campus. The social role of the library and the celebration of the book are factors common to both generations.
Criterion-related validity, self-other agreement, and longitudinal analyses for the Iowa personality questionnaire: A short alternative to the MPQ

The 42-item Iowa Personality Questionnaire (IPQ) was designed to briefly assess the same dimensions of personality measured by the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ; Tellegen, 1982). Results from three studies indicate that the IPQ can be used as a reasonable alternative to the MPQ when time constraints place limits on the length of questionnaires. For example, correlations between self-reports on the IPQ and the MPQ were .67 for Constraint, .75 for Negative Emotionality, and .77 for Positive Emotionality and the IPQ and MPQ demonstrate similar criterion-related validity (Study 1). Importantly, Study 3 illustrates how the IPQ can be used to address the substantive issue of the rank-order consistency of personality traits across time. Specifically, longitudinal results indicated that scores on the MPQ assessed in 1994 forecast scores on the IPQ in 2001. These findings provide further evidence for the continuity of individual differences across time.
DsbD-catalyzed transport of electrons across the membrane of Escherichia coli.

Dsb proteins catalyze folding and oxidation of polypeptides in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. DsbC reduces wrongly paired disulfides by transferring electrons from its catalytic dithiol motif 98CGYC. Genetic evidence suggests that recycling of this motif requires at least three proteins, the cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase (TrxB) and thioredoxin (TrxA) as well as the DsbD membrane protein. We demonstrate here that electrons are transferred directly from thioredoxin to DsbD and from DsbD to DsbC. Three cysteine pairs within DsbD undergo reversible disulfide rearrangements. Our results suggest a novel mechanism for electron transport across membranes whereby electrons are transferred sequentially from cysteine pairs arranged in a thioredoxin-like motif (CXX C) to a cognate reactive disulfide.
Integrating Technology and Pedagogy: Web Instruction and Seven Principles of Undergraduate Education:

Pedagogical research on Web-based learning and instruction has not kept pace with the proliferation of Web-based courses offered by colleges and universities. Consequently, we encourage the applica...
On the sealing of gas-filled glass ampoules.

Abstract Studies in our laboratories involved the placing of argon-filled hand-sealed glass ampoules (tip-, balloon-, or draw-sealed) containing biological materials dried by sublimation of ice in vacuo in water baths at elevated temperatures. Although these ampoules tested negative for “leakers,” many ampoules upon removal from the water bath contained beads of moisture. To determine if the water within the ampoules entered through openings in the closed ends, we used a laser imaging apparatus to examine the sealed ends. We carried out studies also on machine-sealed ampoules. Two modes of laser imaging were used: dark-field imaging and interference imaging. In tip-sealed ampoules, uniform, long channels were found in the gatherings of glass at the ends of the ampoules; the lengths of the channels were approximately ten times their diameters. In balloon-sealed ampoules, pore-like openings were found; the lengths of the pores were approximately four times their diameters. In draw-sealed ampoules, channels of small diameters were observed; the lengths of the open pathways were approximately 30 times their diameters. Based on the sizes of the images obtained with laser imaging, the magnifications used for photographic reproductions and the original measurements of the sealed ampoules we estimated the openings in tip-sealed and balloon-sealed ampoules to range from 5 to 8 μm and the channels in draw-sealed ampoules to be less than 3 μm in diameter, The diameters of the helix-like openings in machine-sealed ampoules were less than 5 μm. To prevent the migration of molecules into and out of ampoules, we sought for a barrier that could be interposed between the external environments of the ampoules. Many liquid formulations of natural and man-made elastomers were tested; neoprene dissolved in toluol was found best.
Plant species effects on nutrient cycling: revisiting litter feedbacks

In a review published over two decades ago I asserted that, along soil fertility gradients, plant traits change in ways that reinforce patterns of soil fertility and net primary productivity (NPP). I reevaluate this assertion in light of recent research, focusing on feedbacks to NPP operating through litter decomposition. I conclude that mechanisms emerging since my previous review might weaken these positive feedbacks, such as negative effects of nitrogen on decomposition, while others might strengthen them, such as slower decomposition of roots compared to leaf litter. I further conclude that predictive understanding of plant species effects on nutrient cycling will require developing new frameworks that are broadened beyond litter decomposition to consider the full litter–soil organic matter (SOM) continuum.
Regulation in America

Professor McCraw surveys the state of the art of understanding regulatory commissions in American history, evaluating the relevant literature in history, economics, political science, and law.
Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Stage-Specific Production and Requirement of Flagella during Biofilm Development in Bordetella bronchiseptica

We have used microarray analysis to study the transcriptome of the bacterial pathogen Bordetella bronchiseptica over the course of five time points representing distinct stages of biofilm development. The results suggest that B. bronchiseptica undergoes a coordinately regulated gene expression program similar to a bacterial developmental process. Expression and subsequent production of the genes encoding flagella, a classical Bvg− phase phenotype, occurs and is under tight regulatory control during B. bronchiseptica biofilm development. Using mutational analysis, we demonstrate that flagella production at the appropriate stage of biofilm development, i.e. production early subsequently followed by repression, is required for robust biofilm formation and maturation. We also demonstrate that flagella are necessary and enhance the initial cell-surface interactions, thereby providing mechanistic information on the initial stages of biofilm development for B. bronchiseptica. Biofilm formation by B. bronchiseptica involves the production of both Bvg-activated and Bvg-repressed factors followed by the repression of factors that inhibit formation of mature biofilms.
Interspecies Comparative Genomic Hybridization (I-CGH): A New Twist to Study Animal Tumor Models

Animal models of human diseases are widely used to address questions of tumor development. Selection of a particular animal model depends upon a variety of factors, among them: animal cost, species lifespan and hardiness; availability of biomolecular and genetic tools for that species; and evolutionary distance from humans. In spite of the growth in genomic data in the past several years, many animal models cannot yet be studied extensively due to gaps in genetic mapping, sequencing and functional analyses. Thus, alternative molecular genetic approaches are needed. We have designed an interspecies comparative genomic hybridization approach to analyze genetic changes in radiation-induced brain tumors in the non-human primate, Macaca mulatta. Using homologies between the primate and human genomes, we adapted widely-available CGH techniques to generate cytogenetic profiles of malignant gliomas in four monkey tumors. Losses and gains were projected onto the corresponding homologous chromosomal regions in the human genome, thus directly translating the status of the monkey gliomas into human gene content. This represents a novel method of comparative interspecies cytogenetic mapping that permits simultaneous analysis of genomic imbalances of unknown sequences in disparate species and correlation with potential or known human disease-related genes.
A conditional test of independence of Markov chains

The mark-recapture method is considered for estimation of population size of slowly moving animals like crayfish. The Petersen type estimator for closed population is generalized for situations where recaptures are spatially dependent between the capture sites, and its variance approximation is derived using point processes as models for the population. The method of quadratic forms is suggested to be used as variance estimator. Finally, a trapping design is proposed where onc trap at recapture is replaced by four adjacent traps. A simulation experiment is performed to explain the robusticity of the new trapping design against movements of animals.
Opioid induced hyperalgesia: A focus on opioid use in chronic pain

Opioids are a well-established treatment option for chronic pain. However, opioid therapy is associated with many side effects, including opioid induced hyperalgesia (OIH). This article reviews studies which have evaluated OIH in chronic pain patients on opioids.
Skeletal muscle mass and exercise performance in stable ambulatory patients with heart failure

Lang, Chim C., Don B. Chomsky, Glenn Rayos, T. K. Yeoh, and John R. Wilson. Skeletal muscle mass and exercise performance in stable ambulatory patients with heart failure. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(1): ...
Phase I/II trial of intravenous Doxil and whole abdomen hyperthermia in patients with refractory ovarian cancer.

Objective: A phase I/II study of Doxil® combined with whole abdomen hyperthermia was conducted in patients with refractory ovarian cancer. Liposomal doxorubicin combined with hyperthermia has been shown to increase both liposomal delivery and drug extravasation into tumour xenografts resulting in enhanced cytotoxic effects.Patients and methods: Thirty patients with either recurrent or persistent epithelial ovarian cancer were enrolled. All patients had either measurable or assessable disease. Patients received intravenous (IV) Doxil® at a dose of 40 mg m−2 as a 1-h infusion followed by whole abdomen hyperthermia. The phase I portion of the study was performed to determine the maximal tolerated dose (MTD) of hyperthermia. Quality of life (QoL) was performed at baseline, prior to each cycle and every 3 months. Plasma pharmacokinetic studies were performed with the first cycle.Results: Ten patients participated in the phase I portion of the study which demonstrated that the MTD of hyperthermia was 60 min aft...
Must traffic creep in city streets

An efficient transportation system is one of the modern challenges to our cities. The transportation department must not lag in its services to the community.
Stimulus preference assessments and the utility of a moderate category

Recent studies have shown that moderate (Piazza, Fisher, Hagopian, Bowman, & Toole, 1996) and low (Taravella, Lerman, Contrucci, & Roane, 2000) ranked items on stimulus preference assessments may function as reinforcers. Following an initial preference assessment the current study analyzed whether moderate or low preference items were more likely to be ranked as high preference on subsequent preference assessments. Results show that for five of the seven participants additional high preference items were identified from the moderate preference set, while additional high preference items were identified from the low preference set for only one participant. Results are discussed in terms of the need to identify multiple reinforcers and the composition of the stimulus array during preference assessment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Which neurons survive the glutamate storm

traumatic sound exposure causes sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) by destroying or damaging the neural elements of the cochlea ([Young 2011][1]). Until recently, the focus of SNHL research was on the hair cells (HCs), the transducer cells in the cochlea ([Fig. 1][2]). Severe acoustic trauma destroys
Right-Sized Power System Dynamic Equivalents for Power System Operation

In developing dynamic equivalents, the boundary between the study area and the external area is often demarcated on the basis of ownership considerations or geographic location. In an operations setting, when system conditions change, it might be necessary to adjust the existing boundary to accurately capture the dynamic characteristics of the system. This paper presents a systematic approach to predicting the changing patterns of generator slow coherency for different operating conditions and forming an appropriate study area boundary by including the critical generators in the external area that become strongly coherent with the study area. This approach is tested on a 5186-bus representation of a portion of the WECC system, and it has been shown that system topology changes have more influences on generator slow coherency behavior than load or generation changes. Test results also validate the efficacy of the developed procedure in determining the improved dynamic equivalents.
Remapping hand movements in a novel geometrical environment

The issue of how the Euclidean properties of space are represented in the nervous system is a main focus in the study of visual perception, but is equally relevant to motor learning. The goal of our experiments was to investigate how the properties of space guide the remapping of motor coordination. Subjects wore an instrumented data glove that recorded the finger motions. Signals generated by the glove operated a remotely controlled endpoint: a cursor on a computer monitor. The subjects were instructed to execute movements of this endpoint with controlled motions of the fingers. This required inverting a highly redundant map from fingers to cursor motions. We found that 1) after training with visual feedback of the final error (but not of the ongoing cursor motion), subjects learned to map cursor locations into configurations of the fingers; 2) extended practice of movement led to more rectilinear cursor movement, a trend facilitated by training under continuous visual feedback of cursor motions; 3) with practice, subjects reduced motion in the degrees of freedom that did not contribute to the movements of the cursor; 4) with practice, subjects reduced variability of both cursor and hand movements; and 5) the reduction of errors and the increase in linearity generalized beyond the set of movements used for training. These findings suggest that subjects not only learned to produce novel coordinated movement to control the placement of the cursor, but they also developed a representation of the Euclidean space on which hand movements were remapped.
Retroperitoneal fibrosis in four cats following renal transplantation

Four cats developed fibrosis within the retroperitoneal space following renal transplantation. In human transplant patients, retroperitoneal fibrosis is an uncommon complication following surgery and may be secondary to operative trauma, infection, deposition of foreign material in the operative field, urinary extravasation, and perirenal hemorrhage caused by trauma to the allograft. Possible causes of fibrosis in the cats of this report include abdominal inflammation associated with allograft rejection, pyelonephritis, and septic peritoneal effusion. All of the cats of this report were readmitted to the veterinary teaching hospital following renal transplantation because of recurrence of azotemia 1 to 5 months after transplantation. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a 2- to 4-mm-thick capsule surrounding the allograft in 2 of 4 cats, hydronephrosis in 4 cats, and hydroureter proximally in 2 cats. An exploratory laparotomy was performed in all cats to remove the fibrotic tissue causing the ureteral obstruction. Normal renal function was restored in all cats following surgery. Histologic evaluation of biopsy specimens revealed smooth muscle (3 cats) and fibrous connective tissue (4). All 4 cats, regardless of the cause, responded well to surgical resection of the scar tissue that was causing a ureteral obstruction. None of the cats had recurrence of obstruction following surgery.
THE LAPAROSCOPIC SURGICAL VALUE PACKAGE AND HOW SURGEONS CAN INFLUENCE COSTS

…[W]e have not had any formal instruction in the morality of spending other people's money or in the practical details of the economics that underpin the health care field. Like our patients, we have not had any incentive to change. But we do now.
Consciousness, memory, and the hippocampal system: What kind of connections can we make?

Gray's account is remarkable in its depth and scope but too little attention is paid to poor correspondences with the literature on hippocampal/subicular damage, the theta rhythm, and novelty detection. An alternative account, focusing on hippocampal involvement in organizing memories in a way that makes them accessible to conscious recollection but not in access to consciousness per se, avoids each of these limitations.
EVIDENCE FOR THE EUTROPHICATION OF LAKE ERIE FROM PHYTOPLANKTON RECORDS

The Division Avenue Filtration Plant of the Cleveland Division of Water and Heat has undertaken almost daily phytoplankton counts of water samples from Lake Erie since 1919. Data exist for 25 full years and for 7 additional partial years between 1919 and 1963. There has been a consistent increase in the average quantity of phytoplankton. The vernal and autumnal phytoplankton maxima have consistently become more intense and have lasted longer. The periods of minimun phytoplankton development in winter and summer have become shorter and less well marked, until the winter minimum failed to develop at all in some of the latest years. Certain marked qualitative changes also have occurred. These effects are thought to have been caused by an increasingly rapid eutrophication of the water in Lake Erie.
Back to the future: the role of the autonomic nervous system in atrial fibrillation.

The purpose of this manuscript is to review the current literature regarding the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in atrial fibrillation (AF). We will be reviewing its effect on initiation, maintenance, and termination of AF, with emphasis on the role of baroreflex gain (BRG) and autonomic reflexes in the maintenance of this arrhythmia. While it is generally accepted that the ANS plays an important role in AF, the extent of that role remains controversial. Much of the controversy could be explained by the time frame during which the autonomic measurements were made, the differences in patient population, and possibly the differential effect of the autonomic changes on the trigger versus the substrate. While vagal stimulation results in shortening of the atrial effective refractory period and increased dispersion of refractoriness, its effect on the "trigger" might be antiarrhythmic. During AF, cardiac filling pressure increases while arterial blood pressure decreases sending conflicting messages to the medulla. The acute effect is an increase in sympathetic activity to ensure adequate hemodynamic stability. On the other hand, the long-term effects might be impairment in the cardiopulmonaly BRG and changes that accentuate the presence of AF. While radiofrequency ablation has provided us with a unique insight into the role of possible denervation in AF suppression, the exact mechanisms involved are far from being completely understood. Today, in an era where great technological advances have occurred, our need to understand the role of the ANS in AF is greater than ever.
Visual memory effects on intraoperator study design: determining a minimum time gap between case reviews to reduce recall bias.

Objectives: The objective of this research was to determine test intervals between intraoperator case reviews to minimize the impact of recall. Methods: Three pathologists were presented with a group of 120 slides and subsequently challenged with a study set of 120 slides after 2-week and 4-week intervals. The challenge set consisted of 60 slides seen during the initial review and 60 slides previously unseen within the study. Pathologists rendered a diagnosis for each slide and indicated whether they recalled seeing the slide previously (yes/no). Results: Two weeks after having been shown 60 cases from a challenge set of 120 cases, the pathologists correctly remembered 26, 22, and 24 cases or 40% overall. After 4 weeks, the pathologists correctly recalled 31% of cases previously seen. Conclusions: Pathologists were capable of recalling from memory cases seen previously at 2 and 4 weeks. Recall rates may be sufficiently high to affect intraobserver study design.
Introduction: The Law, Technology & the Arts Symposium: The Past, Present and Future of the Federal Circuit

Introduction to The Law, Technology & the Arts Symposium: The Past, Present and Future of the Federal Circuit, Cleveland, Ohio.
Investigations of the plasma and structure based accelerators

The objective of our research during the reported period was three-fold: (a) theoretical investigation of novel mechanisms of injection into laser wake field accelerators; (b) theoretical investigation of single-shot frequency domain diagnostics of relativistic plasma wakes, specifically in the context of spatio-temporal evolution of the AÂ¢AÂAÂplasma bubbleAÂ¢AÂAÂ;(c) experimental and theoretical investigation of laser-driven accelerating structure, specifically in the context of the Surface Wave Accelerator Based on SiC (SWABSIC).
Effect of Casting Skin on Fatigue Properties of CG Iron

Previous studies have demonstrated that the casting skin considerably decreases the tensile strength of compacted graphite (CG) iron. The casting skin is expected to have a more pronounced effect on fatigue properties. This paper explores the effect of nodularity (15, 30 and 40%) and surface condition of the test casting (as-cast, machined, shot blasted) on the bending fatigue of CG iron. A fatigue skin factor was defined as the ratio between the fatigue limit of as-cast-to-machined samples. It was found that the fatigue skin factor increases from 0.68 to 0.85 when nodularity decreases from 40% to 15%. On test castings with 15% nodularity it was found that shot blasting is effective in improving the fatigue limit and in minimizing the effect of the casting skin. A 42.5% increase in the fatigue limit was observed for the as-cast samples after shot blasting. Metallographic examination showed significant plastic deformation on the shot-blasted surface. Microhardness testing revealed that the depth of the work-hardened layer after shot-blasting was approximately 0.8 mm (0.031 in.).
A selective NMR method for detecting choline containing compounds in liver tissue: the 1H-14N HSQC experiment.

The feasibility of a H-1-N-14 HSQC experiment on tissues is demonstrated with a mouse liver based on the J couplings between the protons and the quadrupolar nucleus N-14 in choline. Free choline, phosphocholine, and glycerolphosphocholine H-1-N-14 HSQC signals were selectively observed with all unwanted signals cleanly suppressed. The CH2O signals were well resolved in the two-dimensional spectrum, which can be used for quantitative analyses.
Bench-Top Transient Cooling Testing of Electrochromic Radiator Material Performance

A bench-top method was devised for testing electrochromic radiator cooling performance under ambient environmental conditions. Prototype electrochromic devices were evaluated with each trial differentiated by the device’s emissivity setting, which is controlled by an applied voltage. Cooling time results are presented for the extreme light and dark states. Analytical methods were used to estimate the effective emissivity of each state, based on the experimental data and environmental parameters. An iterative method was used to estimate emissivity of the test article based on correlation of empirical data to analytical methods. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and limitations of the bench-top radiator experiment. The methodology combines experimental and analytical techniques that are uniquely applicable to variable emissivity devices such as electrochromic materials. Future improvements in test methodology and equipment are suggested.