cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sub-daily Statistical Downscaling of Meteorological Variables Using Neural Networks

A new open source neural network temporal downscaling model is described and tested using CRU-NCEP reanalysis and CCSM3 climate model output. We downscaled multiple meteorological variables in tandem from monthly to sub-daily time steps while also retaining consistent correlations between variables. We found that our feed forward, error backpropagation approach produced synthetic 6 hourly meteorology with biases no greater than 0.6% across all variables and variance that was accurate within 1% for all variables except atmospheric pressure, wind speed, and precipitation. Correlations between downscaled output and the expected (original) monthly means exceeded 0.99 for all variables, which indicates that this approach would work well for generating atmospheric forcing data consistent with mass and energy conserved GCM output. Our neural network approach performed well for variables that had correlations to other variables of about 0.3 and better and its skill was increased by downscaling multiple correlated variables together. Poor replication of precipitation intensity however required further post-processing in order to obtain the expected probability distribution. The concurrence of precipitation events with expected changes in subordinate variables (e.g., less incident shortwave radiation during precipitation events) were nearly as consistent in the downscaled data as in the training data with probabilities that differed by no more than 6%. Our downscaling approach requires training data at the target time step and relies on a weak assumption that climate variability in the extrapolated data is similar to variability in the training data.
Cochlear nuclear complex of mice

Using serial sections stained with luxol fast blue-cresyl violet, the cochlear nuclei of CBA/J mice were parcellated into the same cytoarchitectonic areas and layers that Osen (1969) used in cats. Within the spherical cell areas, the distribution of Nissl substance is more reliable than soma shape in identifying the spherical cells. The area of large spherical cells is extremely small in CBA/J mice but does contain significantly larger neurons than the small spherical cell area. In Golgi preparations, bushy cells are found in all areas of the ventral cochlear nucleus except in the octopus cell area and granule cell layer. They are more numerous anteriorly than posteriorly and details of their morphology are quite variable. Stellate cells are found throughout the ventral cochlear nuclei but are present in greatest numbers in the multipolar cell area; they are rare in the large spherical cell area and octopus cell area. Because size, soma morphology, and dendritic arborization vary on a continuum rather than in discrete steps, we have not subcategorized these neurons. Octopus cells are restricted to the posterior, dorsomedial area of the ventral cochlear nucleus. In the central region of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, stellate cells abound and are categorized as vertical, elongate, or radiate cells. In the granule layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus there are both fusiform and Purkinje-like neurons, so named because of their resemblance to cerebellar Purkinje cells. These Purkinje-like cells differ from fusiform cells in having (1) a smaller cell body, spherical in shape, (2) no basal dendrites, (3) a sagittal dendritic orientation, (4) elaborate dendritic branching, and (5) abundant dendritic spines.
The role of depression symptoms in predicting drug abstinence in outpatient substance abuse treatment

Abstract Objective This study examined the role of depressive symptoms in the context of specific demographic and individual treatment characteristics in predicting drug abstinence at discharge from outpatient substance abuse treatment. Methods Data from 827 clients entering a large public funded outpatient substance abuse treatment program were analyzed using logistic regression to assess the effects of depressive symptoms on drug abstinence status at discharge. Analyses on the effects of gender, race, age, education level, frequency of drug use, insurance status, referral source, and length of stay in treatment on drug abstinence status at discharge were also conducted. Results Higher depressive symptom scores significantly predicted a decreased likelihood of clients’ abstinence at discharge even after accounting for other significant demographic and treatment variables such as insurance status, race, age, primary drug of choice, frequency of drug use at admission and length of stay in treatment. Conclusion The findings suggest that depression symptoms are an important factor affecting successful substance abuse treatment outcomes. Treatment approaches that address depressive symptoms are likely to enhance substance abuse treatment outcomes in real world clinical settings.
DNA binding and mutagenicity of ethyl methanesulfonate in wild-type and uvr B cells of Salmonella typhimurium

The extent of DNA ethylation and the influence of excision repair on ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis of Salmonella typhimurium were examined. The relationship between the dose to DNA and the exposure concentration of EMS was linear. EMS induction of his+ revertants followed exponential kinetics and did not parallel the increase in total DNA ethylation. Mutant induction was influenced by the cells' nucleotide excision repair ability. Although mutagenized to a larger extent than the wild-type (uvr+) strain at high doses, the uvrB strain was more resistant to the mutagenic effect of low doses of EMS.
Near-barrier reactions with radioactive ion beams at the ReA3 facility

The new ReA3 re-accelerated beam facility at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) will provide high quality radioactive ion beams (RIBs), produced from fast fragmentation reactions, at energies around the Coulomb barrier. These radioactive isotopes can have exotic properties such as neutron/proton skins, halos, or unexpected changes in their shell structure. ReA3 will allow us to explore how these exotic properties manifest themselves in low-energy reactions. In particular, heavy-ion fusion induced with medium mass RIBs remains almost completely unexplored as only three fusion reactions using RIBs, between fluorine ( Z = 9) and tin ( Z = 50), have ever been measured. A new research program focused on the study of heavy-ion fusion reactions is being developed to take advantage of the world-unique RIBs offered by the ReA3 facility. Along with an overview of the ReA3 facility, details about three devices being developed for exploration of fusion reactions induced by RIBs will be presented.
A Feminist Approach to Teaching Theory Use to Counseling Psychology Graduate Students

A primary goal of graduate programs in counseling psychology is to train students to use theory to understand people and to guide clinical decisions. I adapted Gergen's (1988) 5 central tenets of a feminist research method into an approach for teaching graduate students how to use theory. I include specific examples of how faculty might apply these feminist tenets.
Temperature-dependent toxicity in mammals with implications for herbivores: a review

Diet selection in mammalian herbivores is thought to be primarily governed by intrinsic properties of food, such as nutrient and plant secondary compound (PSC) contents, and less so by environmental factors. However, several independent lines of evidence suggest that the toxicity of PSCs is mediated, in part, by ambient temperature and that the effect of small changes in ambient temperature is on par with several fold changes in PSC concentration. This review describes the disparate lines of evidence for temperature-dependent toxicity and the putative mechanisms causing this phenomenon. A model is described that integrates thermal physiology with temperature-dependent toxicity to predict maximal dietary intake of plant secondary compounds by mammalian herbivores. The role of temperature-dependent toxicity is considered with respect to the observed changes in herbivorous species attributed to climate change. Possible future investigations and the effects of temperature-dependent toxicity on other endotherms are presented. Temperature-dependent toxicity has the potential to apply to all endotherms that consume toxins. The effects of temperature-dependent toxicity will likely be exacerbated with increasing ambient temperatures caused by climate change.
Convergence, institutionalization, and bifurcation: gender and the pension acquisition process.

Worldwide problems related to inflation, growing economic interdependence, and shifting demographic structures are requiring that social welfare policies be scrutinized and reorganized. In response to these problems, the 1970s and 1980s have witnessed much legislative and market based redistributive activity in Western Europe and the United States, particularly in the areas of health, family maintenance, and pension provision. In all areas of social welfare, legislative and market-based strategies are reconsidering the “artificial separation between ‘public’ and ‘private’” (Rainwater & Rein, 1983, p. 112).
Roadmap for Developing and Validating Therapeutically Relevant Genomic Classifiers

Oncologists need improved tools for selecting treatments for individual patients. The development of therapeutically relevant prognostic markers has traditionally been slowed by poor study design, inconsistent findings, and lack of proper validation studies. Microarray expression profiling provides an exciting new technology for relating tumor gene expression to patient outcome, but it also provides increased challenges for translating initial research findings into robust diagnostics that benefit patients and physicians in therapeutic decision making. This article attempts to clarify some of the misconceptions about the development and validation of multigene expression signature classifiers and highlights the steps needed to move genomic signatures into clinical application as therapeutically relevant and robust diagnostics.
Food Habits of Wintering Waterfowl on the Great Salt Lake, Utah

Abstract. Two invertebrates, brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) and brine flies (Ephydridac), occur in great densities in the Great Salt Lake (GSL) but it is unknown whether ducks forage extensively on them during winter or rely on freshwater food. Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), Northern Shoveler (Anas clypeala) and Green-winged Teal (Anas crecca) were collected from the GSL during winters 2004–05 and 2005–06 to evaluate their food habits. Brine shrimp and brine flies comprised more than 70% of the winter diet of these ducks. Common Goldeneyes consumed mainly brine fly larvae (68% based on dry weight biomass), which live primarily along the substrate. Northern Shovelers fed on brine shrimp cysts (52%) and adult brine shrimp (20%) while Green-winged Teal consumed mainly brine shrimp cysts (80%). In some years, up to half of the brine shrimp cysts in the GSL are commercially harvested. Care should be taken so that this commercial harvest does not adversely impact ducks that depend on these brine shr...
T-bet regulates Th1 responses through essential effects on GATA-3 function rather than on IFNG gene acetylation and transcription

T helper type 1 (Th1) development is facilitated by interrelated changes in key intracellular factors, particularly signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)4, T-bet, and GATA-3. Here we show that CD4+ cells from T-bet−/− mice are skewed toward Th2 differentiation by high endogenous GATA-3 levels but exhibit virtually normal Th1 differentiation provided that GATA-3 levels are regulated at an early stage by anti–interleukin (IL)-4 blockade of IL-4 receptor (R) signaling. In addition, under these conditions, Th1 cells from T-bet−/− mice manifest IFNG promotor accessibility as detected by histone acetylation and deoxyribonuclease I hypersensitivity. In related studies, we show that the negative effect of GATA-3 on Th1 differentiation in T-bet−/− cells arises from its ability to suppress STAT4 levels, because if this is prevented by a STAT4-expressing retrovirus, normal Th1 differentiation is observed. Finally, we show that retroviral T-bet expression in developing and established Th2 cells leads to down-regulation of GATA-3 levels. These findings lead to a model of T cell differentiation that holds that naive T cells tend toward Th2 differentiation through induction of GATA-3 and subsequent down-regulation of STAT4/IL-12Rβ2 chain unless GATA-3 levels or function is regulated by T-bet. Thus, the principal function of T-bet in developing Th1 cells is to negatively regulate GATA-3 rather than to positively regulate the IFNG gene.
Analysis and History of Political Thought

Criticisms of Quentin Skinner's approach to the study of the history of political thought have generally failed to directly address the philosophical presuppositions on which Skinner himself relies. Those presuppositions involve, primarily, theories of language associated most closely with Austin, Searle, and Grice. An investigation of the uses that Skinner makes of philosophical pragmatics raises serious doubts about a number of his central claims. Moreover, those philosophical resources actually point toward a decidedly non-Skinnerian approach that focuses not primarily on discovering or reconstructing historical circumstances, but on uncovering and explicating structures of argumentation.
Reaction of triflic anhydride with diazocompounds

Abstract Triflic anhydride reacts with aryldiazomethanes to form predominantly cis-stilbenes by a mechanism initiated by electron transfer from the diazocompounds to the anhydride.
A potential hidden source of hepatitis C infection among noninjecting drug users

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease in the United States and worldwide. It is primarily transmitted through blood-to-blood contact with an infected individual. HCV is hyperendemic among injection drug users (IDUs), who contract the virus through contaminated syringes and drug preparation equipment shared with other IDUs. The prevalence of HCV is also high, to a lesser degree, among noninjection drug users, many of whom report no identifiable HCV risk exposures. This article reviews the epidemiological and virological evidence bearing on a potential hidden source of HCV infection among noninjection drug users: namely, the oral or intranasal transmission of HCV through the sharing of noninjection drug-use implements such as pipes or straws. While there is some epidemiological evidence supporting both oral and intranasal HCV transmission, most studies are hampered by methodological limitations. Thus, there is a need for prospective studies designed specifically to examine these potential routes of transmission. Current biological evidence does not refute either oral or intranasal transmission as possible sources of HCV infection, although more research is needed in the areas of oronasal HCV pathogenesis and the detection of HCV RNA in the nasal mucosa of intranasal drug users.
Settled Versus Right: Constitutional Method and the Path of Precedent

Constitutional precedents give rise to a jurisprudential tug-of-war. On one side is the value of adhering to precedent and allowing the law to remain settled. On the other side is the value of departing from precedent and allowing the law to improve. In this Article, I contend that negotiating the tension depends on bridging the divide between constitutional precedent and interpretive method.My aim is to analyze the ways in which theories of precedent are, and are not, derivative of overarching methods of constitutional interpretation. I seek to demonstrate that although certain consequences of deviating from precedent can be studied in isolation, the ultimate choice between overruling and retaining a past decision requires the integration of a broader interpretive method. Moreover, because a single interpretive philosophy may be derived from varying normative baselines, constitutional lawyers must press beyond the threshold election of competing methodological schools to engage with the schools’ respective foundations. Whether one’s preferred approach is originalism, living constitutionalism, or otherwise, the importance of implementing a given constitutional rule depends on methodological commitments and the normative premises that inform them.
Molecular weights in polymerization as a function of conversion

A relatively novel method of calculating molecular weight changes and broadening during a polymerization is proposed. It differs from others in that the distribution is considered implicitly rather than explicitly. This allows direct use of kinetic rate equations in the derivation of weight-average and number-average degree of polymerization etc.; the mathematics simplifies to simple integration rather than sums of complicated series. The method is illustrated by applying it to several cases. These range from various models where only monomer concentration changes, to where both monomer and initiator or monomer and chain transfer agent are changing. Cases previously unsolvable can now be handled.
Rectangular and polar representations of a complex matrix

This paper presents some new definitions of the real and imaginary parts and the associated amplitude and phase of a real or complex matrix. Computational methods, which utilize the properties of the matrix sign function and the principal nth root of a complex matrix, are given for finding these quantities. A geometric series method is newly developed for finding the approximant of the matrix-valued function of tan −1 (X), which is the principal branch of the arc tangent of the matrix X. Several illustrative examples are presented.
Task Excursion Analysis: Matching the Tool to the User, Environment, and Task

This paper introduces Task Excursion Analysis (TEA), a new approach for assessing medical device usability that is under development at the Veterans Health Administration’s National Center for Patient Safety. This approach will aid in identifying vulnerabilities that exist in the design of a device and, eventually, it will allow purchasers and users to select a device that will minimize the potential harm to patients.
Shape discovery from unlabeled image collections

Can we discover common object shapes within unlabeled multi-category collections of images? While often a critical cue at the category-level, contour matches can be difficult to isolate reliably from edge clutter-even within labeled images from a known class, let alone unlabeled examples. We propose a shape discovery method in which local appearance (patch) matches serve to anchor the surrounding edge fragments, yielding a more reliable affinity function for images that accounts for both shape and appearance. Spectral clustering from the initial affinities provides candidate object clusters. Then, we compute the within-cluster match patterns to discern foreground edges from clutter, attributing higher weight to edges more likely to belong to a common object. In addition to discovering the object contours in each image, we show how to summarize what is found with prototypical shapes. Our results on benchmark datasets demonstrate the approach can successfully discover shapes from unlabeled images.
Participatory Action Research (PAR) in Middle School: Opportunities, Constraints, and Key Processes

Late childhood and early adolescence represent a critical transition in the developmental and academic trajectory of youth, a time in which there is an upsurge in academic disengagement and psychopathology. PAR projects that can promote youth’s sense of meaningful engagement in school and a sense of efficacy and mattering can be particularly powerful given the challenges of this developmental stage. In the present study, we draw on data from our own collaborative implementation of PAR projects in secondary schools to consider two central questions: (1) How do features of middle school settings and the developmental characteristics of the youth promote or inhibit the processes, outcomes, and sustainability of the PAR endeavor? and (2) How can the broad principles and concepts of PAR be effectively translated into specific intervention activities in schools, both within and outside of the classroom? In particular, we discuss a participatory research project conducted with 6th and 7th graders at an urban middle school as a means of highlighting the opportunities, constraints, and lessons learned in our efforts to contribute to the high-quality implementation and evaluation of PAR in diverse urban public schools.
A Genetic Model for the Inheritance of Pituitary Tumor Susceptibility in F344 Rats

An 8-week period of continuous diethylstilbestrol (DES) treatment results in the development of pituitary tumors in 100% of male or female F344 rats. Similar treatment of Holtzman male or female rats results in a very low incidence of pituitary tumor development (2-6%). A series of crosses was performed between F344 and Holtzman rats to produce the F1 hybrid, the F2 generation, and the backcrosses of the F1 hybrid to either the F344 parent or the Holtzman parent. The incidence of DES-induced pituitary tumors was measured in these animals. The results indicate that pituitary tumor susceptibility does not result from the expression of genes that are simple dominant or recessive genes, since the tumor's incidence in the F1 hybrid is intermediate to that in the parental strains. However, the data are compatible with the involvement of a small number of genetic loci. We present a genetic model involving three independently segregating loci which agrees reasonably well with the experimental results. In the model, the Holtzman strain has normal alleles at these loci which prevent uncontrolled proliferation. The highly inbred F344 strain is homozygous mutant at these three loci and in unable to control DES-induced proliferation.
Convergence and unbundling of corporate R&D in telecommunications: is software taking the helm?

Abstract This paper presents a view of the changing structure of corporate R&D in telecommunications – one that is close to Adam Smith’s insightful and enduring idea of division of labor – that perhaps we are witnessing the beginnings of vertical disintegration and unbundling of important segments of the industry’s R&D activity. The paper maintains that the emergence of an independent software industry – aided by the convergence of computer, telecommunications and imaging technologies – and the rapid growth of technology-based alliances are at the heart of this trend. So extensive is the vertical disintegration of R&D that, in 1997, the top 10 independent software vendors in the US spent more on R&D than the combined spending by AT&T and Lucent whose sales were well over three times as large. It appears that the source of future innovation in the telecommunications industry lies not in its services segment but rather in telecommunications and Internet equipment firms and independent software firms. Increasingly, the fortunes of large service providers like AT&T will depend less on innovation and more on their ability to configure and market complete one-stop-shopping solutions to customers by combining internal resources with outsourced technologies, products and services.
Trends in women's health services by type of physician seen: data from the 1985 and 1997-98 NAMCS.

As managed care enrollment has increased, controversy has arisen about the role of internists (IM), family physicians (FP), and obstetrician/gynecologists (ob/gyns) in the provision of women’s health care. Efforts to improve training in women’s health needs have also increased. Yet it is unclear how these trends have affected practice. We used the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), a nationally representative sample of office-based medical visits, to examine by physician specialty a) trends in the proportion of visits for women’s health care and b) the content of nonillness care. Between 1985 and 1997–98, market share of reproductive health services increased for IMs (e.g., from 3.7% to 10.5% of contraceptive visits, p < .05) and decreased for FPs (from 30.5% to 20.5% for contraceptive visits, p < .05). Ob/Gyns increased their share of women’s health care visits, with reproductive health visits increasing from 56.2% to 65.9% (p < .0001). The trend in hormone replacement therapy visits differed, with nonsignificant gains in market share for IMs and decreases for ob/gyns. Nonillness care (1997–98 data only) differed predictably by specialty, with IMs and FPs more often providing cholesterol screening while ob/gyns more often provided reproductive health services. Compared with IMs and FPs, ob/gyns were more likely to counsel women on reproductive health topics and equally likely to counsel on general health topics, but additional time spent in counseling was lower. Specialty differences in the provision of women’s health services continue, though the scope of care provided by IMs has broadened. Still, women are unlikely to obtain a full range of preventive services in a single nonillness visit. Ensuring adequate coordination among physicians providing primary care to women continues to be a critical concern.
Plutonium sphere multiplicity simulations with MCNP-PoliMi

In order to improve the characterization methods for fissile materials, effort must be made to validate the computer codes that are used to simulate the behavior of these systems. For this work, measurements of a 4.4-kg sphere of weapons grade plutonium metal were taken. A detector array of 3He tubes embedded in polyethylene was used to measure the multiplicity of the system. The experiment was then modeled using the MCNP-PoliMi code and the simulated results were compared to the measured results using the Feynman-Y metric. MCNP-PoliMi is able to correctly predict the measured value of the Feynman-Y vale within 5% for all of the moderated cases and within 22% for the bare sphere.
Gain-of-Function Activity of Mutant p53 in Lung Cancer through Up-Regulation of Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase Axl

p53 mutations are present in up to 70% of lung cancer. Cancer cells with p53 mutations, in general, grow more aggressively than those with wild-type p53 or no p53. Expression of tumor-derived mutant p53 in cells leads to up-regulated expression of genes that may affect cell growth and oncogenesis. In our study of this aggressive phenotype, we have investigated the receptor protein tyrosine kinase Axl, which is up-regulated by p53 mutants at both RNA and protein levels in H1299 lung cancer cells expressing mutants p53-R175H, -R273H, and -D281G. Knockdown of endogenous mutant p53 levels in human lung cancer cells H1048 (p53-R273C) and H1437 (p53-R267P) led to a reduction in the level of Axl as well. This effect on Axl expression is refractory to the mutations at positions 22 and 23 of p53, suggesting that p53’s transactivation domain may not play a critical role in the up-regulation of Axl gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays carried out with acetylated histone antibodies demonstrated induced histone acetylation on the Axl promoter region by mutant p53. Direct mutant p53 nucleation on the Axl promoter was demonstrated by ChIP assays using antibodies against p53. The Axl promoter has a p53/p63 binding site, which however is not required for mutant p53–mediated transactivation. Knockdown of Axl by Axl-specific RNAi caused a reduction of gain-of-function (GOF) activities, reducing the cell growth rate and motility rate in lung cancer cells expressing mutant p53. This indicates that for lung cancer cell lines with mutant p53, GOF activities are mediated in part through Axl.
An efficient chip-level time slack allocation algorithm for Dual-Vdd FPGA power reduction

To reduce FPGA power, a linear programming (LP) based time slack allocation algorithm, EdTLC-LP, has been proposed recently for Vdd-programmable interconnects without using Vdd-level converters for mixed wire lengths. However, it takes a long time to solve the LP problem for time slack allocation. In this paper, we develop EdTLC-NW, a slack allocation algorithm based on min-cost network flow to reduce runtime. Compared to single Vdd FPGA with power-gating, EdTLC-LP and EdTLC-NW reduce interconnect power by 52.71% and 52.52%, respectively. EdTLC-NW achieves as good results as EdTLC-LP but runs 8times faster on average. Furthermore, the speedup increases for larger circuits and EdTLC-NW is 20times faster for the largest circuit
Marine recreation in North America

Marine recreation in North America has undergone a very significant growth in the number of persons participating; but perhaps more importantly, in the diversity of activities in which they engage. This paper is in two parts. The first discusses the underlying cultural changes which support recreation. The second part analyzes the trends which have stimulated recreational pursuits and the growing number of industries which have characterized marine recreational activities during the past 15–20 years, especially as they have manifested themselves in the Eastern Seaboard on the U.S.
Advancing a Magnet® culture in the midst of change

A key strategy for advancing a Magnet® recognized (American Nurses Credentialing Center, Sliver Spring, MD) culture of excellence is ongoing staff development. The Magnet Recognition Program® requires that there should be evidence in recognized organizations of the development, dissemination and enculturation of the 14 Forces of Magnetism. Magnet Force 14, Professional Development sets an expectation that organization’s value personal and professional growth, including orientation, career development, formal education and continuing education. Magnet Force 11, Nurses as Teachers expects that nurses be involved in educational activities. Implementation of Magnet Force 8, Consultation and Resources requires that adequate human resources and knowledgeable experts be available to consult and serve as mentors. Houston Methodist Hospital (HMH) has been designated as a Magnet facility since 2002. As the hospital prepared for its fourth Magnet re-designation, a knowledge deficit and learning need was identified resulting not only from the influx of new employees, many of whom had not worked in a Magnet designated organization, but also from the routine preparation that occurs during re-designation. In addition to these learning needs, there was a concern that adding a significant number of new employees could potentially influence the organization’s culture. This article will address the resources and strategies used to engage adult learners in becoming knowledgeable and vested in the Magnet program and their role and responsibilities in this environment to advance a culture of excellence, as defined by the full expression of the 14 Forces of Magnetism.
Numerical study of base flow induced by exhaust plume impingement

A general, multi-block, implicit Navier-Stokes flow solver is used to study the problem of plume-induced base flow on an upper-stage launch vehicle. Being an upper-stage vehicle implies operation at high altitudes and, therefore, the condition of low ambient back pressure. With limited experience in the areas of supersonic base-flow problems and low-pressure ambient conditions, an objective of the study is to demonstrate a capability for handling these types of problems as well as gaining some insight into the overall nature of the problems. Three basic cases will be discussed: 1) flow around a two-dimensional (2D) wedge, 2) operation of an isolated, axisymmetric nozzle at high altitude and low ambient back pressure, and 3) operation of two nozzles (a three-dimensional problem) at high altitude to include the effect of plume interaction. There is little data available for comparison on the nozzle cases; some data is available for the 2-D wedge case. The results will, therefore, be mostly qualitative in nature. The ultimate goal is the use of the flow solver in the computation of base heating effects from the reverse flow caused by the
Temperature dependence of histamine release from rat mast cells by dextran.

SummaryMaximal release of histamine from rat mast cells by dextran occurred at 25°. If the cell temperautre was changed from 25° to 37°, beginning promptly there-after dextran released considerably less histamine. This effect was fully reversible, however, by restoring the temperature to 25° before dextran was added. Studies employing a wide range of dextran concentrations showed that changing the temperature from 25° to 37° systematically increased, by about two orders of magnitude, the dextran concentration required to produce the same degree of release as obtained at 25°. The amount of histamine released at 37° relative to that released at 25° varied markedly as dextran concentration was changed.Note added in proof. We have now carried out experiments with cells obtained from rats immunized with egg albumin and pertussis vaccine. When such cells were challenged with the antigen (egg albumin) in concentrations ranging from 10-10 to 10-1 mg/ml at 25° and at 37°, results similar to those shown in Fig. 4 f...
Parallels and Divergences: Assimilationist Strategies of Afro-American and Jewish Elites from 1910 to the Early 1930s

If, as most behavioral scientists maintain, the dynamics of minority group acculturation and assimilation are crucially influenced by the assimilationist aversions of majority groups, the fact remains that historically most AfroAmericans and Jews in the United States have themselves insisted that acculturation must not lead to assimilation. Indeed, both Jews and AfroAmericans have tended to cling to reinforcing ideologies to conceal or to deny the assimilative process whenever it begins to operate with great efficacy. As a fact of social life, acculturation invariably tends to lead to assimilation, but it is not inevitable that the former process end in the latter-in self-denial and the disappearance of ethnic group identity through dispersion and intermarriage.1 Most Afro-Americans and Jews have not wanted to disappear; this article is concerned with those who did. The argument, simply stated, is that there was a time when a small number of socially powerful and politically privileged Jews and Afro-Americans embraced an ideology of extreme cultural assimilationism; that, although this ideology was emphatically not without paradox and illogic, its ultimate consequence entailed the abandonment of identity; and that these two elites-one, wealthy and of primarily German-Jewish descent; the other, largely northern, college-trained Afro-American-reacting to threats to their hegemony both from within and from outside their ethnic universes, decided to concert many
Pesticides-a Value Question

“Once upon a time all life seemed to be in harmony with its surroundings. In fact, once upon a time we lived in an orderly world in which change occurred so benevolently it was called progress. There was a place and time for everything. Six days for work and one for being told the meaning of work. The professor and pastor spoke without hesitation. Dad and mom told us what good boys and girls did (or mostly didn't do). The newspaper told it like it was. Uncle Sam could be trusted to make the world safe for democracy. And filling in all the cracks between constituted authorities were reason and common sense.”
Permitted to Suffer for Experience: Second Circuit Uses "Primary Beneficiary" Test To Determine Whether Unpaid Interns are Employees Under the FLSA in Glatt v. Searchlight Pictures, Inc.

On January 25, 2016, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in Glatt v. Fox Searchlight Pictures, Inc., vacated the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York’s order, which found that unpaid interns were “employees” under both the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”) and New York Labor Law. The Second Circuit also vacated the district court’s certification of a New York class and conditional certification of a nationwide FLSA collective. In so doing, the Second Circuit held that the proper inquiry for determining whether an intern is an “employee” under the FLSA is whether the intern rather than the employer is the “primary beneficiary” of the engagement. This Comment argues that the Second Circuit’s reasoning was based on a misunderstanding of the reality of unpaid internships and thus failed to address the common attributes of the modern internship. This Comment then proposes a set of revised factors for courts to consider, which better represent internship realities.
Discussion on identification of occupational hazard existed in construction project

The recognition of occupational hazard existed in construction project is one of the most important content,and also the premise of occupational hazard assessment.The integrity,effectiveness and correctness of assessment are all due to the accurate and comprehensive recognition and identification of occupational hazard.This article would explore these problems on the basis of practice in occupational hazard assessment.
49 BASILAR ARTERY MIGRAINE: HIGH ADRENERGIC NEUROVASCULAR AND VAGAL TONE.

Our pilot studies (PS) show that high adrenergic neurovascular tone (ANVT) with high vagal tone (VT) occurs with basilar artery migraine (BAM). PS show that systolic time intervals (STI = PEP/LVET × 100%) can be used to measure ANVT levels that correlate with the severity of symptom levels (SL) of BAM and its hemodynamic findings (HF). Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) was also found in all of the BAM PS patients. Prospective studies (ProS) were done to test PS findings and treatment. A random sample of the general population, with the clinical complaints typical of BAM, were studied. These include occipital headaches, scotomata, visual disturbances, near-syncope, and paresthesias. Serial measurements were made of: systolic time intervals (STI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), cardiac output (CO) by 2D echo, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and symptom levels (SL) and heart rate (HR at 12 noon, peak high VT) at Time (T) l before therapy (Rx) (1 year) and at T2 during Rx (1 year). The patients were 18-70 years of age, 3/1 female/male, all Caucasian. Exclusions were fibromyalgia, diabetes, hypertension, and on other drugs. Controls (C) were normal age/sex/race matched. PS criteria of STI ranges were used to predict the degree of hemodynamic abnormalities and the severity of SL of BAM and GERD (both 1-100 scale). The Rx was diltiazem CD 240-360 mg/day, methyldopa 125-500 mg/day, and amitriptyline 10-100 mg/day. All data were placed into a blind matrix for later analysis. Data were grouped by PS STI criteria (mean ± range [R]) in a double blind crossover design. ProS results: Group (G) means shown: The severity of BAM (mild, moderate, severe) was found to correlate with the severity of STI levels (G 3, 2, 1), with an underlying high VT as shown by the heart rate of 60 ± 5. The severity of GERD was found to parallel the severity of BAM at the same levels of STI. Characteristic HF were present in BAM and GERD, consisting of high ANVT, VT, and SVR with low CO. Low blood flow (CO) with high SVR was found to be associated with high SL. Thus, Rx changed HF to C levels with a significant reduction in SL.
1.08 – Visual Ecology

Visual ecology, the study of the ways that eyes and visual systems are adapted to meet the needs of animals, combines the physiological study of vision with behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of different species. This chapter covers topics that are areas of active research in visual ecology. The general properties of the visual environment are discussed, including properties of light (intensity, spectrum, and polarization), the features of natural scenes, and the biological world within which vision takes place. The discussion continues with coverage of the properties of visual systems, and then moves to the ways in which vision, the visual environment, and the biology of various species interrelate. Adaptations of visual systems for vision in light-limited environments (for instance at night or in the deep sea), for color vision in various lighting environments, for detecting natural patterns of polarization, or for coping with a moving visual world are covered in some detail, and the chapter ends with a section on the roles that vision plays in behavior: orientation, predation (or its avoidance), and visual communication.
Biological-microcavity laser for rapid probing of human cells

A new imaging technique that provides high-contrast laser images and spectra of DNA/protein structures in cells has been demonstrated by Sandia National Laboratories in a collaborative project with the National Institutes of Health. The laser-imaging method (called a biological-microcavity laser, or biocavity for short) provides the basis for a new kind of biomedical analysis of cell structure. This includes both living and fixed cells from humans, animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. The technique does not require the customary chemical staining that can seriously disturb the cell's structure and function. The biocavity laser has the potential for contributing to advances in cell microbiology, immunology, genetic sequencing, and early diagnosis of disease.
Entangled Linear Polymer Solutions at High Shear: From Strain Softening to Hardening

The present rheological study reveals for the first time that entangled polymer solutions made of linear polystyrene or poly(methyl methacrylate) can exhibit strain hardening due to non-Gaussian stretching during startup shear at sufficiently high rates and temperatures well above their overall glass transition temperatures: Tg,solute > Texp > Tg,solution. The solutions made of high-Tg polymers only show partial yielding in the sense that both shear and normal stresses grow monotonically in time until a point of rupture, signified by an emergent cusp in the stress vs strain curve and macroscopic breakup along a shear plane. The shear softening-to-hardening transition, which occurs as a function of the applied shear rate, happens at lower equivalent rate with decreasing temperature, violating the time–temperature superposition principle.
An Investigation of Factors that Influence Acceptability of Parent Training

Parent training is an effective intervention for parents of children with a variety of childhood disorders, including conduct problems, and parents often view behavioral parent training as acceptable. Explanations and rationales for parent training are commonly provided at the beginning of treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine whether changing the description of a behavioral parenting intervention influenced parents’ acceptability ratings and whether mothers and fathers differed in their ratings. There were 78 participants (39 mother–father dyads) in this study. Participants viewed one of two descriptions of parent training that focused on either addressing deficits in parenting skills or enhancing existing parenting skills. Parents’ acceptability of the treatment descriptions was evaluated using the Treatment Evaluation Inventory—Short Form. Participants also completed the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory and The Parental Locus of Control Scale. A multiple linear regression and a mixed factorial ANOVA were used to analyze the data. There was not a significant interaction between parent gender and parent training description type. There was also not a significant difference in the acceptability of the two parent training descriptions. However, mothers rated both treatment descriptions as more acceptable than did fathers. Results indicated that parental locus of control significantly predicted acceptability of the parent training descriptions. The results of the current study suggested that treatment acceptability was not influenced by the way that the interventions were described. Future research should focus on how to increase acceptability of parent training for fathers and parents with an external locus of control.
Immunoregulatory Roles for Fc Receptor-Like Molecules

Fc receptor-like (FCRL) molecules comprise a family of imunoregulatory transmembrane proteins that are preferentially, but not exclusively expressed on B lineage cells. A strong regulatory potential on B cell activation has been characterized for the different FCRL proteins, but their biological roles are just beginning to be elucidated. We review recent advances in the understanding of FCRL1-6 expression and function, and indicate their potential roles in the pathogenesis of immunodeficiencies, lymphoid malignancies and autoimmune diseases.
Need for Immediate Sugar and Ability to Withstand Thirst by Newly Emerged Oriental Fruit Flies, Melon Flies, and Mediterranean Fruit Flies Untreated or Sexually Sterilized with Gamma Radiation

In tests conducted in the laboratory of the Honolulu Fruit Fly Investigations from 1966-67 with the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel; the melon fly, D. cucurbilae Coquillett; and the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), newly emerged flies were placed on 7 different regimens that included sugar, dry hydrolyzed protein, or water, or combinations of these. Results showed that only sugar was critical for survival and that flies could survive several days in cages without water. From these findings, it may be possible to control fruit flies in a large-scale program in which sexually sterilized flies are released by using holding containers that are furnished with sugar cubes instead of the usual cotton material saturated with a solution of sugar and water. Newly emerged sterilized flies survived as well as nonsterilized flies on each deprivation regimen.
To Revoke or Not Revoke? The Political Determinants of Executive Order Longevity

Though many scholars study the formation of policy, less attention is given to its endurance. In this article, I seek to determine what contributes to the longevity of policy by examining the case of presidential unilateralism. While scholars widely recognize presidents’ ability to unilaterally make policy with executive orders, they largely do not account for how these same orders can be easily changed by subsequent administrations. To address this deficiency, I develop a theory of executive order duration based on both time-invariant characteristics of the order and time-variant changes in the political climate it faces. Using survival analysis to examine all orders revoked between 1937 and 2013, I find support for the theory. This study has implications for understanding the endurance of executive orders and other policy instruments as part of the law as well as understanding the strategic actions of policy makers given the transient nature of these tools.
Design of a dual-loop controller for in-motion wireless charging of an electric bus

In this paper, a 25-kW Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system is considered for in-motion charging of an electric bus. The goal of this research is to derive a control strategy for the primary side of a wireless Electric Vehicle (EV) charger, with the objective to achieve fast dynamics and full control over the primary coil current and the amount of transferred power. To this aim, a dual-loop controller has been proposed which utilizes two feedback PI controllers combined with two feed-forward controllers to set targeted steady state operation points. Using Generalized State Space Averaging (GSSA) approach, the primary side of the wireless charger system is modeled. This includes full-bridge inverter, LCC compensation circuit and primary track or coil. By using this small-signal model, two closed loop digital PI controllers have been designed to ensure fast and accurate response of the track current controller, as well as control of the power flow transferred to the secondary side. In order to increase the reliability of the system, two feed-forward controllers have been added to the PI controllers. For the current controller (inner loop) the feed-forward controller is based on a sigmoid phase angle profile, and for the power controller (outer loop), it is derived based on an analytical equation relating transferred power and primary track current. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate expected operation of the entire control system for a typical load profile observable in inmotion charging applications.