cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manual exfoliation of fresh tissue obviates the need for frozen sections for molecular profiling.

BACKGROUND Simple, rapid tissue processing that preserves macromolecules will enhance translational research capabilities. Traditional fixative-based approaches for specimen preservation are ideal for histologic evaluation but are not conducive to molecular studies of nucleic acids and protein. Tissue cryosections preserve macromolecule integrity, but the process is labor intensive and technically challenging. To the authors' knowledge to date, an alternative method capable of retrieving cells while providing adequate histologic detail yet preserving macromolecule integrity has been lacking. In the current study, the authors evaluated the utility of using manual exfoliation of clinical tissue samples as a means of obtaining cells for molecular analysis. This technique possesses the advantages of fixed and frozen tissue sections without their drawbacks. This simple, rapid, nonfixative based technique is capable of preparing cells from human clinical material for further isolation without compromising the preservation of macromolecules in the tissue. METHODS Cells from a variety of clinical resection specimens from solid tumors were directly scraped from the tissue samples using the edge of a glass microscope slide and smeared onto another slide for cytologic evaluation. The manually exfoliated cells were evaluated microscopically for cytologic quality and cellular quantity. Pure cell populations were procured by laser capture microdissection (LCM) with subsequent extraction of nucleic acids and proteins. The integrity and suitability of the recovered nucleic acids and proteins for molecular analysis were evaluated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcriptase-PCR, and reverse-phase protein microarray, respectively. RESULTS Manual exfoliation permits the selection of homogeneous cell populations by LCM based on well established cytologic characteristics. DNA and mRNA, of comparable quality to frozen sections, can be amplified from the manual exfoliation cells. Proteins of similar quality can be recovered using this technique and quantitated via reverse-phase protein microarray. CONCLUSIONS Molecular macromolecules of high quality and sufficient quantity can be retrieved from human clinical samples using manual exfoliation and LCM to procure specific cell populations. The manual exfoliation technique does not destroy the original tissue source, thereby allowing subsequent formalin tissue fixation. The technique of manual exfoliation in conjunction with LCM can enable the molecular profiling of a sampled selected cell population. Because it does not destroy the original tissue, histologic correlation can be combined with molecular profiling. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Broad survey of engineering profession essential

The author outlines some of the pressing technological problems facing the world and the responsibilities which they impose on the engineering profession. Recommendations for a thorough appraisal by the Engineers' Council for Professional Development are proposed.
A Behavioral Evaluation of Sex Differences in a Mouse Model of Severe Neuronal Migration Disorder

Disruption of neuronal migration in humans is associated with a wide range of behavioral and cognitive outcomes including severe intellectual disability, language impairment, and social dysfunction. Furthermore, malformations of cortical development have been observed in a number of neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. autism and dyslexia), where boys are much more commonly diagnosed than girls (estimates around 4 to 1). The use of rodent models provides an excellent means to examine how sex may modulate behavioral outcomes in the presence of comparable abnormal neuroanatomical presentations. Initially characterized by Rosen et al. 2012, the BXD29- Tlr4lps−2J/J mouse mutant exhibits a highly penetrant neuroanatomical phenotype that consists of bilateral midline subcortical nodular heterotopia with partial callosal agenesis. In the current study, we confirm our initial findings of a severe impairment in rapid auditory processing in affected male mice. We also report that BXD29- Tlr4lps−2J/J (mutant) female mice show no sparing of rapid auditory processing, and in fact show deficits similar to mutant males. Interestingly, female BXD29- Tlr4lps−2J/J mice do display superiority in Morris water maze performance as compared to wild type females, an affect not seen in mutant males. Finally, we report new evidence that BXD29- Tlr4lps−2J/J mice, in general, show evidence of hyper-social behaviors. In closing, the use of the BXD29- Tlr4lps−2J/J strain of mice – with its strong behavioral and neuroanatomical phenotype – may be highly useful in characterizing sex independent versus dependent mechanisms that interact with neural reorganization, as well as clinically relevant abnormal behavior resulting from aberrant neuronal migration.
2'-Deoxyisoguanosine adopts more than one tautomer to form base pairs with thymidine observed by high-resolution crystal structure analysis

The questions of whether different tautomeric forms of nucleic acid bases exist to any significant extent in DNA, or what their possible roles in mutation may be, are under intense scrutiny. 2‘-Deoxyisoguanosine (iG) has been suggested to have a propensity to adopt the enol form. Isoguanine (also called 2-hydroxyadenine) can be found in oxidatively damaged DNA generated from treating DNA with a Fenton-type reactive oxygen-generating system and is known to cause mutation. We have analyzed the three-dimensional structure of the DNA dodecamer d(CGC[iG]AATTTGCG) (denoted iG-DODE) by X-ray crystallography and NMR. The crystal structure of the iG-DODE complexed with the minor groove binder Hoechst 33342, refined to 1.4 A resolution, showed that the two independent iG·T base pairs in the dodecamer duplex adopt different (one in Watson−Crick and the other in wobble) conformations. The high-resolution nature of the structure also affords unprecedented clear information about the conformation and interactions of th...
Failure characteristics of multiple-component fibrin-based adhesives.

A series of analyses were performed on fibrin-based adhesives to describe their failure characteristics. Two test methods were used: uniaxial, monotonic tensile testing of the bulk material, and blister testing using fresh porcine-source skin graft as the adherend. Two fibrin concentrations, high (HFC), and low (LFC), were used to investigate the effects of the gel matrix density upon mechanical properties. In tensile tests, fibrin gels strain hardened, as functions of percent strain and of strain rate. An increase in modulus of elasticity (E) was seen with increasing strain and strain rate at both tested fibrin concentrations. Mode I failure mechanisms were predominant. Both adhesives appeared to fracture from the outer edge to the interior of the specimen at slower strain rate tests. This trend reversed as strain rate increased, becoming a classic "cup and cone" ductile fracture. Syneresis occurred at both concentrations at lower strain rates, but was more pronounced for the LFC. Ultimate tensile strength and E were greater for the HFC than for the LFC at all strain rates, decreasing with increasing strain rate. In the blister test, the failure locus changed from cohesive to adhesive as the strain rate was increased for the HFC. Failure of fibrin gels likely occurs by percolation of the pressurized saline, displacing the entrapped liquid phase of the gel in regions of relatively low moduli and strength, leading to fracture of the matrix. For LFC, the overall fracture locus remained predominantly cohesive regardless of strain rate. Burst strength and failure energy were higher for HFC than for LFC. It would appear that fibrin acts more as a viscous liquid than a rubberlike/elastic material at lower concentrations because adhesive failures had a higher burst strength and fracture energy (Gc) than did cohesive failures.
Numerical Simulations of the Impacts of the Saharan Air Layer on Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Development

Abstract In this study, the role of the Saharan air layer (SAL) is investigated in the development and intensification of tropical cyclones (TCs) via modifying environmental stability and moisture, using multisensor satellite data, long-term TC track and intensity records, dust data, and numerical simulations with a state-of-the-art Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). The long-term relationship between dust and Atlantic TC activity shows that dust aerosols are negatively associated with hurricane activity in the Atlantic basin, especially with the major hurricanes in the western Atlantic region. Numerical simulations with the WRF for specific cases during the NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) experiment show that, when vertical temperature and humidity profiles from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) were assimilated into the model, detailed features of the warm and dry SAL, including the entrainment of dry air wrapping around the developing vortex, are well simulated....
Models in Movies: Teaching Abstract Concepts in Concrete Models

The tool created here is an instructional video that demonstrates how to create models of the heavy and light chains of an antibody using pipe cleaners, and how the process of V, D, and J gene recombination functions, using the model as a visual aide. The video was created by undergraduate students, with the intended audience being other undergraduates. This type of direct peer teaching aids in education because the “teachers” in this situation greatly enhance their own knowledge through instruction, and their imparting of knowledge is often more helpful to that of another student because they are more aware of comprehension gaps within their peer groups. As such, the supplementary goal of the model is to have students follow along with the video by creating and using their own models, thereby gaining a deeper knowledge of the process with a more thorough interaction.
Characterization of the small RNA component of the transcriptome from grain and sweet sorghum stems

Sorghum belongs to the tribe of the Andropogoneae that includes potential biofuel crops like switchgrass, Miscanthus and successful biofuel crops like corn and sugarcane. However, from a genomics point of view sorghum has compared to these other species a simpler genome because it lacks the additional rounds of whole genome duplication events. Therefore, it has become possible to generate a high-quality genome sequence. Furthermore, cultivars exists that rival sugarcane in levels of stem sugar so that a genetic approach can be used to investigate which genes are differentially expressed to achieve high levels of stem sugar. Here, we characterized the small RNA component of the transcriptome from grain and sweet sorghum stems, and from F2 plants derived from their cross that segregated for sugar content and flowering time. We found that variation in miR172 and miR395 expression correlated with flowering time whereas variation in miR169 expression correlated with sugar content in stems. Interestingly, genotypic differences in the ratio of miR395 to miR395* were identified, with miR395* species expressed as abundantly as miR395 in sweet sorghum but not in grain sorghum. Finally, we provided experimental evidence for previously annotated miRNAs detecting the expression of 25 miRNA families from the 27 known and discovered 9 new miRNAs candidates in the sorghum genome. Sequencing the small RNA component of sorghum stem tissue provides us with experimental evidence for previously predicted microRNAs in the sorghum genome and microRNAs with a potential role in stem sugar accumulation and flowering time.
Double Scatter Telescope for Medium Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy from a Satellite

A large area (1 m2) medium energy (1-30 MeV) telescope for gamma ray astronomy is discussed. This telescope utilizes the double scattering of gamma rays between two scintillator arrays with directionial discrimination by means of time-of-flight. The first and second arrays consist of a series of plastic and NaI(Tl) scintillators, respectively, in the shape of long (1 m) linear elements viewed by photomultiplier tubes at both ends. The lateral position of the interaction in the plastic is determined by timing and in the NaI(Tl) by pulse height. Neutron-induced background is eliminated by using a pulse shape discrimination plastic scintillator. At 6 MeV, the telescope has an area-efficiency factor of 300 cm2, an energy resolution of 8% (FWHM), an angular resolution of 3° (HWHM) and a sensitivity of 5 × 10-6 ?/cm2sec for line emission. Discrete sources can be located to 0.5°.
Preparation and characterization of Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 thin films from electrodeposited precursors for hydrogen production

Abstract Semiconducting Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 thin films were made from electrodeposited Cu(In,Ga)Se2 precursors, followed by physical vapor deposition of In2S3, Ga, and Se. The bandgaps of these materials were found to be between 1.6 and 2.0 eV, which spans the optimal bandgap necessary for application for the top junction in photovoltaic multijunction devices and for unassisted water photolysis. These films were characterized by electron-probe microanalysis, scanning Auger spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and photocurrent spectroscopy.
The present and future status of a minority language: The case of Arabic in the United States

Abstract The author examines the use of Arabic in the United States in four institutional resources: periodic press, places of worship, ethnic community schools and the electronic media (radio and television) in the 1980's. The current status of Arabic is compared with the early period (1890's‐1930's) among Arabic‐speaking immigrants to the United States. During this early period the size of the ethnic community, the social power associated with English toward Americanisation and assimilation are major factors which caused the shift from Arabic to English. The situation of Arabic in the United States in the 1980's is likely to follow, in the author's view, the pattern experienced by early Arabic‐speaking immigrants where Arabic might eventually diminish as a communicative tool. The argument in this article supports Fishman's notion that the language of the speech community controlling the means of production (English) eventually displaces the language of the speech community with productive manpower (Arab...
A synchronized model for crash prediction and resource allocation to prioritize highway safety improvement projects

Urban intersections are key locations of traffic crashes that contribute significantly to the economic losses. Safety management process undertaken by most states in the United States (U.S), is often referred to as the hazard elimination program which consists of three steps: (1) selections of hazardous locations, (candidate locations) where safety improvements are warranted, (2) development of countermeasures for potential reduction of crashes, (3) allocation of resources among the independent candidate locations in conformance to budgetary and other constraints. Often these three steps are independently considered with very limited detail on each step in the state planning agencies. This paper presents a simultaneous model which predicts the occurrence of crashes and allocates resources by maximizing benefits subjected to budget and other constraints. The analysis is carried out for a planning period of five years. The crash prediction is analysed as a negative binomial model. The resource allocation model is solved using branch and bound algorithm. Prediction and allocation is conducted simultaneously to achieve realistic results rather than analysing both steps independently. The allocation model further prioritizes the projects to be implemented to optimally distribute funds to maximize benefits. Model results reveal that the proposed approach can be used as a tool for resource allocation on highway safety projects for urban intersections.
Anomalous spin dynamics and relaxation in Fermi liquids.

We explain the anomalous temperature dependence of spin diffusion in liquid $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}$ and $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}$He mixtures. The anomaly is an experimental manifestation of a unique zero-temperature attenuation in the Fermi liquid theory. We extended our microscopic theory of spin dynamics in spin-polarized Fermi liquids to finite temperatures. The zero-temperature attenuation changes the behavior of the spectrum near the singular point. The data indicate that the superfluid transition temperature for $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ in $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}$He mixtures is much lower than the current estimates.
Subject-anticipated versus experimentally-derived measures of influence: Advertising implications

Three representative communication sources were selected from thirteen pictured sources using hierarchical grouping analysis. Slides of the three sources were shown sequentially to a sample of 192 male undergraduate business students, who were asked to indicate their perception of each in terms of twenty-one image and two anticipated influence (believability and convincingness) scales arrayed in five-point semantic differential format. Subjects then indicated their extent of agreement with one of three prescaled statements concerning commercial airlines randomly attributed to each source (experimentally-determined measure of influence). Anticipated and objective influence were found to vary across sources. The relative effectiveness of the three sources was found to differ when subject-anticipated and experimentally-determined influence measures were used.
Remarks on the compressibilities of cubic materials and measurements on Pr chalcogenides

Abstract Room temperature values of the isothermal compressibility for PrS and PrSe have been determined by X-ray methods to be 9.9 ± 1.2 and 10.1 ± 0.9 (both × 10 -4 /kbar), respectively. Comparison of the compressibilities of various cubic materia suggests a method of estimating values whenever measurements are not available.
The decay chain Pu245Am245Cm245

Abstract Two nuclides not previously reported in the literature, Pu245 and Am245, have been produced by neutron irradiation methods. The study of the radiations of these nuclides is described and a preliminary decay scheme for Am245 is presented.
Interventional radiology in the pregnant patient for obstetric and nonobstetric indications: organizational, anesthetic, and procedural issues.

Purpose of reviewAs indications for interventional radiology procedures during pregnancy continue to expand, anesthesiologists must be aware of the indications for specific procedures as well as provide the safest possible anesthetic care to both the mother and the fetus in nontraditional environmen
Leadership and social mobility in a Southeast Asian society : Minahasa, 1677-1983

Based on extensive anthropological and historical research, this book focuses on patterns and processes of social mobility. The character of leadership in tribal society, then under the colonial bureaucracy, and later in modern Indonesia are discussed. Besides political changes, changes in economic conditions and in religion have had a considerable influence on mobility. These processes are illustrated by a case study of a local community.
Hat Size in Schizophrenia

To the Editor.— The report by Andreasen et al 1 of reduced midsagittal frontal lobe area in patients with schizophrenia is an interesting contribution to the sizeable literature implicating pathologic changes of the frontal cortex in this illness. It is the latest echo of numerous claims made by neuropathologists during the first half of this century 2 ; it is consistent with several computed tomography (CT) studies that have reported increased cortical markings prefrontally 3 ; and it may relate to physiological cerebral imaging data suggesting cognitively specific dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex. 3 In contrast to the prefrontal finding, Andreasen and colleagues' 1 observation of reduced midsagittal cranial area is surprising and much less consistent with earlier studies. If this finding can be confirmed, it has profound meaning for our understanding of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Since brain and cranial development are closely linked, reduced head size implicates a pathologic insult
The internal economy of slavery in rural piedmont Virginia

The internal economy never received legal recognition in Virginia. Legislators believed that allowing slaves to engage in independent economic activity would undermine the master's authority and threaten the institution. The internal economy created by Piedmont slaves also illuminates aspects of master-slave relationships, resistance and accommodation to slavery, contacts beyond home plantations, and the impact of slavery on post-emancipation behaviour. The internal economy developed from the most widely acknowledged slave privileges: garden plots, hunting and foraging rights and time off on Sundays and other holidays. The internal economy also increased the range of experiences blacks had under slavery, many of which proved vital in the post-emancipation era. Revolutionary ideas and evangelical Protestantism also eroded slaverys harsh edges and nurtured an idealized domestic slavery among masters. Markets for slave goods, common in larger towns and cities, also existed in Virginias rural villages.
Random network model for amorphous alloys

Abstract A random network model has been developed for amorphous alloys which characterizes their band structure in terms of tight binding matrix elements. This model is applied to the arsenic-selenium system as well as the germanium-sulfur system. In the latter case it predicts a local maximum in the band gap in the vicinity of the compound composition GeS 2 .
Anatomy as the backbone of an integrated first year medical curriculum: Design and implementation

Morehouse School of Medicine chose to restructure its first year medical curriculum in 2005. The anatomy faculty had prior experience in integrating courses, stemming from the successful integration of individual anatomical sciences courses into a single course called Human Morphology. The integration process was expanded to include the other first year basic science courses (Biochemistry, Physiology, and Neurobiology) as we progressed toward an integrated curriculum. A team, consisting of the course directors, a curriculum coordinator and the Associate Dean for Educational and Faculty Affairs, was assembled to build the new curriculum. For the initial phase, the original course titles were retained but the lecture order was reorganized around the Human Morphology topic sequence. The material from all four courses was organized into four sequential units. Other curricular changes included placing laboratories and lectures more consistently in the daily routine, reducing lecture time from 120 to 90 minute blocks, eliminating unnecessary duplication of content, and increasing the amount of independent study time. Examinations were constructed to include questions from all courses on a single test, reducing the number of examination days in each block from three to one. The entire restructuring process took two years to complete, and the revised curriculum was implemented for the students entering in 2007. The outcomes of the restructured curriculum include a reduction in the number of contact hours by 28%, higher or equivalent subject examination average scores, enhanced student satisfaction, and a first year curriculum team better prepared to move forward with future integration.
The Problem of Underqualified Teachers in American Secondary Schools

This article presents the results of a research project on the phenomenon of out-of-field teaching in American high schools–teachers teaching subjects for which they have little education or training. Over the past couple of years, the problem of out-of-field teaching has become a prominent topic in the realm of educational policy and reform, and the results of this research have been widely reported and commented on both by education policymakers and the national media. But unfortunately, out-of-field teaching is a problem that remains largely misunderstood. My research utilizes nationally representative data from the Schools and Staffing Survey, conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics. The purpose of this article is to summarize what my research has revealed about out-of-field teaching: how much of it goes on; to what extent it varies across different subjects, across different kinds of schools, and across different kinds of classrooms; and finally, the reasons for its prevalence in Am...
Environmentally friendly sample treatment for speciation analysis by hyphenated techniques

Trace element speciation has become an important issue in different fields of science. Research interests have moved from total element composition of the sample toward characterization of species that are responsible for biochemical and geochemical behavior of the elements. In this report, two important environmental aspects of trace element speciation by hyphenated techniques are discussed. First, the analytical results that are useful in assessing pollution and evaluating possible toxicological risks followed by designing the remediation strategies are considered. On the other hand, performing the analytical procedures involves a certain environmental impact. Within this context, current hyphenated techniques are reliable analytical tools and also present relatively low environmental hazards. However, the successful application of these techniques for the analysis of complex samples relies on the use of suitable pretreatment procedures that should be considered as the main source of wastes in the analysis. Several modern sample preparation techniques offer improved efficiency and selectivity over classical extractions: short extraction times, reduced solvent utilization and possible miniaturization and automation. In this article, the advantages and limitations of solid phase extraction, solid phase microextraction and supercritical fluid extraction are discussed and their applications in trace element speciation briefly reviewed.
EFFECT OF PLY THICKNESS AND CRACK TIP DAMAGE ON FAILURE OF NOTCHED COMPOSITE LAMINATES

The effect of ply thickness on unnotched and notched strength of fiber dominated laminates is investigated in this study. It is observed that ply thickness has a significant effect on the notched behavior of cross-ply laminates, but less so for quasi-isotropic laminates. The evolution of crack tip damage is modeled by a 2-D finite element analysis using Mindlin plates, and the criterion that controls damage growth is established. The role of such damage on crack tip stress distribution is investigated and inferences are drawn to determine the circumstances under which a fracture mechanics type of failure model can be used to predict the notched response of these laminates.
Mutant Alleles at the Locus elav in Drosophila melanogaster lead to Nervous System Defects. A Developmental-Genetic Analysis

We report a developmental and genetic analysis of the X-linked vital locus l(1)EC7 in Drosophila melanogaster. The locus maps in the salivary band region 1B4-5 to 1B8-9, a part of the X chromosome previously shown to be essential for normal neural development. Certain mutant alleles at the locus can cause embryonic lethality, indicating that the function provided by the gene is essential during embryo-genesis. A developmental analysis of gynandromorphic genetic mosaics shows that: (l)the gene function is autonomously essential in the eye; (2) the gene function is essential for normal development of the optic lobes; and (3) the gene function is not necessary in most major imaginal-disc cell derivatives with the exception of the eye disc. Conclusions from the developmental analysis of a temperature sensitive allele are consistent with those from the mosaic analysis. The embryonic lethality caused by the mutant alleles and abnormalities observed in the genetic mosaics have led us to rename the locus l(1)EC7 ...
Reengineering the Food Supply Chain: The ECR Initiative in the Grocery Industry

The food supply chain moves food from the farm gate to the consumer, transforming raw commodities into products that can be conveniently purchased, prepared, and consumed. The chain is comprised of food procurement and manufacturing companies, wholesale/distribution firms, brokers, food service firms and restaurants, and retail grocery firms. It is remarkable for its efficiency, diversity of firm sizes and types, and responsiveness to consumers. "Reengineering" is the radical redesign and restructuring of business processes (Hammer). In place of incremental adjustments to changing conditions and opportunities, it calls for a rethinking of business activities, information flows, and organizational forms from a whole systems perspective. Reengineering is evident throughout the food supply chain and the broader food system, but perhaps the most comprehensive reengineering effort is the grocery industry's Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) initiative. This industry-wide effort is bringing together food manufacturers, distributors, brokers, and retailers. The aim is to increase efficiency through new forms of cooperation and coordination that are often based on
GFSK phase estimation using Extended Kalman filtering for Non-Gaussian noise

Several industries are developing innovative devices with integrated Bluetooth technology to enhance user experience. Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK), a special case of Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) schemes, is the modulation scheme chosen for achieving basic data rate of 1Mbps with Bluetooth receivers. In this paper, we apply the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to non-coherently estimate the phase of GFSK modulation scheme in Bluetooth receivers. The paper examines the performance of Extended Kalman filters in the presence of Non-Gaussian impulsive noise with IEEE802.11 coexistence. Both technologies operate in the unlicensed 2.4GHz Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) Band. Mean Square Error (MSE) was used as a measurement for the performance. Experimental results obtained for Extended Kalman Filter for Non-Gaussian noise are provided.
Google Technology in the Surveillance of Hand Foot Mouth Disease in Asia

Hand Foot Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a worldwide Enteroviral infection. Severe outbreaks have recently occurred in the US and Asia. Google technology has been shown to predict influenza epidemics and is a potential resource to track epidemics in developed countries where the use of Web-based searches is prevalent. Google Trends and Google Correlate were used to enumerate Web-based search queries related to HFMD in three Asian regions and were compared to known seasonal variations and standard surveillance data to investigate correlations. We also tested whether a mathematical model, constructed using Google Corre- late, would have predicted an outbreak of HFMD in Singapore. HFMD-related search queries strongly correlated to known HFMD seasonal variation and standard surveil- lance data. Our mathematical model of Singaporean HFMD predicted the magnitude and chronology of the summer 2012 HFMD outbreak. Google technology shows enormous potential for HFMD surveillance. Fur- ther prospective studies are needed to validate the utility of Google technology in HFMD surveillance.
Depression The Brain Finally Gets Into the Act

The theory of clinical depression presented here integrates etiological factors, changes in specific structural and cellular substrates, ensuing symptomatology, and treatment and prevention. According to this theory, important etiological factors, such as stress, can suppress the production of new neurons in the adult human brain, thereby precipitating or maintaining a depressive episode. Most current treatments for depression are known to elevate brain serotonin neurotransmission, and such increases in serotonin have been shown to significantly augment the ongoing rate of neurogenesis, providing the neural substrate for new cognitions to be formed, and thereby facilitating recovery from the depressive episode. This theory also points to treatments that augment neurogenesis as new therapeutic opportunities.
Genetic Architecture Underlying Variation in Extent and Remodeling of the Collateral Circulation

Rationale: Collaterals are arteriole-to-arteriole anastomoses that connect adjacent arterial trees. They lessen ischemic tissue injury by serving as endogenous bypass vessels when the trunk of 1 tree becomes narrowed by vascular disease. The number and diameter (“extent”) of native (preexisting) collaterals, plus their amount of lumen enlargement (growth/remodeling) in occlusive disease, show remarkably wide variation among inbred mouse strains (eg, C57BL/6 and BALB/c), resulting in large differences in tissue injury in models of occlusive disease. Evidence suggests similar large differences exist among healthy humans. Objective: To identify candidate loci responsible for genetic-dependent collateral variation. Methods and Results: Cerebral collateral number and diameter were determined in 221 C57BL/6×BALB/c F2 progeny, followed by linkage analysis to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for collateral number and diameter. Four QTL were obtained for collateral number, including epistasis between 2 loci. A QTL that was identical to the strongest QTL for collateral number on chromosome 7 (logarithm of the odds [LOD]=29, effect size=37%) was also mapped for collateral diameter (LOD=17, effect size=30%). Chromosome substitution strain analysis confirmed this locus. We also obtained a unique QTL on chromosome 11 for collateral remodeling after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Association mapping within the chromosome 7 QTL interval using collateral traits measured for 15 inbred strains delineated 172-kbp ( P =0.00002) and 290-kbp ( P =0.0004) regions on chromosome 7 containing 2 and 7 candidate genes, respectively. Conclusions: We conclude that collateral extent and remodeling are unique, highly heritable complex traits, with 1 QTL predominantly affecting native collateral number and diameter.
Causes of mortality in farmed mink in the Intermountain West, North America

The primary causes of mortality were identified in postmortem examination of 339 (90.9%) of 373 farmed mink (Neovison vison; syn. Mustela vison) from January 2009 through June 2014 at the Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Logan, Utah). Mink were raised under farm conditions in the Intermountain West in North America, except for 1 submission of mink from Wisconsin. In the 339 mink where cause(s) of death were established, 311 (91.7%) died from a single disease or condition, whereas 28 (8.3%) had 2 diseases or conditions contributing to death. Where cause(s) of death were evident, 11 diseases accounted for 321 (94.7%) of the diagnoses: bacterial pneumonia (67, 18.8%), Aleutian mink disease (61, 17.7%), mink viral enteritis (56, 16.2%), hepatic lipidosis (28, 8.1%), nutritional myopathy (24, 7%), bacterial enterocolitis (17, 4.9%), bacterial septicemia (16, 4.6%), starvation (15, 4.3%), epizootic catarrhal gastroenteritis of mink (14, 4.1%), pancreatitis (13, 3.8%), and bacterial metritis (10, 2.9%). In 34 (9.1%) animals, a cause of death was not evident. In an additional 16 (4.3%) of the mink, botulism was suspected from clinical history but could not be confirmed by laboratory testing. Control measures for the most common causes of death in farmed mink include testing and removal of positive animals (Aleutian mink disease), vaccination (Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia, mink viral enteritis), avoidance of obesity in mink (hepatic lipidosis), and environmental management, including maintaining clean water cups, floors, feed troughs, cages, feed silos, feed truck tires, workers' shoes, dining areas for farm personnel, leather mink handling gloves, street clothes, and coveralls.
Review of Water Resources and Desalination Technologies

Water shortages affect 88 developing countries that are home to half of the world's population. In these places, 80-90% of all diseases and 30% of all deaths result from poor water quality. Furthermore, over the next 25 years, the number of people affected by severe water shortages is expected to increase fourfold. Low cost methods to desalinate brackish water and sea water can help reverse this destabilizing trend. Desalination has now been practiced on a large scale for more than 50 years. During this time continual improvements have been made, and the major technologies are now remarkably efficient, reliable, and inexpensive. For many years, thermal technologies were the only viable option, and multi-stage flash (MSF) was established as the baseline technology. Multi-effect evaporation (MEE) is now the state-of-the-art thermal technology, but has not been widely implemented. With the growth of membrane science, reverse osmosis (RO) overtook MSF as the leading desalination technology, and should be considered the baseline technology. Presently, RO of seawater can be accomplished with an energy expenditure in the range of 11-60 kJ/kg at a cost of $2 to $4 per 1000 gallons. The theoretical minimum energy expenditure is 3-7 kJ/kg. Since RO is a fairly mature technology, further improvements are likely to be incremental in nature, unless design improvements allow major savings in capital costs. Therefore, the best hope to dramatically decrease desalination costs is to develop ''out of the box'' technologies. These ''out of the box'' approaches must offer a significant advantage over RO (or MEE, if waste heat is available) if they are to be viable. When making these comparisons, it is crucial that the specifics of the calculation are understood so that the comparison is made on a fair and equivalent basis.
Evidence of a Monogenic Nature of the Nz Gene Conferring Resistance Against Potato virus Y Strain Z (PVYZ) in Potato

Hypersensitive resistance (HR) to Potato virus Y (PVY) in potato (Solanum tuberosum) is conferred by strain-specific N genes. Two such genes have been identified in potato so far, Ny tbr conferring HR to PVYO, and Nc tbr conferring HR to PVYC. A third, putative gene Nz tbr was proposed to confer HR against a distinct strain PVYZ. However, due to the scarcity of the PVYZ isolates of PVY, no formal proof of the monogenic nature of this new gene, Nz tbr , was available until now. Here, we report on a genetic study of the Nz tbr inheritance in three crosses between cultivars Maris Bard (Ny:Nz) and King Edward (ny:nz), and Maris Bard (Ny:Nz) and Russet Norkotah (ny:nz). A fully-sequenced PVYZ isolate, L26, was used to screen the parents and progeny for a virus-induced HR phenotype in foliage. Based on the phenotypic analysis of 203 progeny, segregation of HR phenotype in the PVYZ-infected plants was found to be 1:1, indicating a monogenic, dominant nature of the Nz tbr gene. Since the PVYZ strain includes PVYNTN isolates associated with tuber necrotic ringspot disease (PTNRD) in susceptible potato cultivars, the Nz tbr gene represents a valuable source of HR against PTNRD-inducing PVY isolates. This is the first demonstration that Nz tbr is a single, dominant N gene in potato conferring resistance to the PVYZ-NTN strain.
Characterizing the soft error vulnerability of multicores running multithreaded applications

Multicores have become the platform of choice across all market segments. Cost-effective protection against soft errors is important in these environments, due to the need to move to lower technology generations and the exploding number of transistors on a chip. While multicores offer the flexibility of varying the number of application threads and the number of cores on which they run, the reliability impact of choosing one configuration over another is unclear. Our study reveals that the reliability costs vary dramatically between configurations and being unaware could lead to a sub-optimal choice.
Part 3.3: Autonomy and Feminine Socialization

Part III. Section 3. Autonomy and Feminine Socialization: Having agreed with Beauvoir that narcissism and altruism contribute to women's lack of autonomy, Meyers examines Beauvoir's account of autonomy in light of her own conception of autonomy competency and argues that Beauvoir's conception of autonomy is too stringent. Autonomy competency, in contrast, allows for degrees of autonomy and variations in degree as viewed over a life-time, as well as for a distinction between programmatic and episodic autonomy. Meyers concludes by characterizing minimal, medial, and full autonomy
A contribution to a generic revision of the Neotropical Milesinae (Diptera: Syrphidae)

A revised generic classification of the Neotropical Milesinae is proposed. Twelve tribes, six subtribes and forty-two genera are recognized and keys to these taxa are provided. Detailed descriptions of the tribes and genera, along with a discussion of the new characters used; are included. The male genitalia and some of the other principal characters for almost all the genera are figured. One new genus (Notiocheilosia, type-species Chilosia nitescens Shannon and Aubertin) is described. The following new synonymies are made: Copestylum Macquart (= Apophysophora Williston, =Megametopon Giglio-Tos, Viereckomyia Currran, =Lepidopsis Curran, =Volosyrpha Shannon and = Volucellosia Curran); Dolichogyna Macquart (=Nosodepus Speiser); Habromyia Williston (=Edwardsietta Hull, = Lycopale Hull and = Criorthrix Hull); Meromacrus Rondani (= Thalamopales Hull); and Sterphus Philippi (=Crepidomyia Shannon, =Tatuomyia Shannon, =Senoceria Hull and =Mutillimyia Hull). Copestylum Macquart is recognised for the New World species of Volucella Geoffroy. Chromocheilosia Hull and Fluke is given full genewic status and transferred from Cheilosia (Cheilosini) to the tribe Chrysogasterini. Eristalis Latreille is partitioned into Eristalis, s.s., Eoseristalis Kanervo and Palpada Macquart. Zoogeography of the Neotropical milesine fauna is discussed. The gross statistics of the fauna are compared to those of other regions and these statistics indicate a long-isolated fauna. The distributional patterns and phylogenetic relationships of the Neotropical genera are also analyzed and these patterns and relationships support a Nearctic origin for almost all of the South American milesine flies. Continental Drift and its possible effect on the Neotropical fauna is also briefly reviewed. Finally the transition between the Nearctic and Neotropical milesine faunas is examined and this transition appears to consist of predominantly Neotropical groups that have moved northward, whereas only one Nearctic group has moved southward in the transitional zone.
Abstract 5091: Proteomic study using a newly established metastatic lung cancer model

To understand metastasis of lung cancer, we established a highly metastatic pulmonary large cell carcinoma cell line (801BL) through 2 rounds of in vivo selection using a nude mouse xenograft model. In the first round, low-metastatic human large cell lung cancer cells (801D cell line) were subcutaneously injected into the flank of the mice. Metastatic tumor cells were collected from mouse brain and re-injected into the mice flank in the second round. A highly metastatic cell line 801BL was established from the metastatic cells in the lung. A PCR-based satellite tandem repeat (STR) analysis confirmed the same genomic background of the newly established metastatic cell line 801BL as the non-metastatic counterpart 801C and low-metastatic counterpart 801D cell lines. A xenografted mouse model showed 100% of the mice (8 out of 8 mice) injected subcutaneously with 801BL developed lung metastatic tumors, while none of the mice injected with 801C cells developed lung metastasis (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5091. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5091
Plasmoid formation in current sheet with finite normal magnetic component.

Current sheet configurations in natural and laboratory plasmas are often accompanied by a finite normal magnetic component that is known to stabilize the two-dimensional resistive tearing instability in the high Lundquist number regime. Recent magnetohydrodynamic simulations indicate that the nonlinear development of ballooning instability is able to induce the formation of $X$ lines and plasmoids in a generalized Harris sheet with a finite normal magnetic component in the high Lundquist number regime where the linear two-dimensional resistive tearing mode is stable.
Comparison of parachute fabric response to radiation heat transfer

Concern over fireball radiation damage to nylon parachutes for military aircrews have led to investigation of alternate materials to serve as ripstop fabric. An analysis of expected radiation from an aircraft explosion and corresponding tests with heat lamps on various fabrics are reported. The results show that aramid fibers are more resistant to radiation heat transfer than polyamides such as nylon, thus enabling greater parachute survivability under brief but intense fireball conditions. (Author)
A note on axisymmetric thermoelastic interactions in an unbounded body with cylindrical cavity

Thermoelastic interactions in a linear, homogeneous and transversely isotropic unbounded body containing a cylindrical cavity due to a time-dependent stress or temperature applied to the boundary of the cavity are studied. A unified system of governing equations that includes among its particular cases the governing equations of the conventional and generalized thermoelasticity theories is employed. By the use of the Laplace transform technique, discontinuities experienced by the temperature, displacement, radial stress and hoop stress fields at the wavefronts are computed under a small-time approximation. Comparison with the corresponding results obtained in earlier work is made.
"Something Rich and Strange": Caliban' s Theatrical Metamorphoses

teenth century, to noble savage and missing link in the nineteenth, to Third World victim of oppression in the mid-twentieth, Caliban's stage images reflect changing Anglo-American attitudes toward primitive man. Shakespeare's monster once represented bestial vices that must be eradicated; now he personifies noble rebels who symbolize the exploitation of European imperialism. Caliban's malleability derives, perhaps, from his scant 180 lines and his ambiguous image in Shakespeare's text. In the 1623 Folio (where The Tempest was first printed), Caliban appears in the cast of characters as a "salvage and deformed slave." Of his slavery the text leaves no doubt: throughout the play
Reduction of the C54-TiSi2 Phase Formation Temperature Using Metallic Impurities

The effects of small concentrations of metallic impurities have been studied in conjunction with the formation of titanium disilicide. We report that, by introducing small quantities of a refractory metal such as molybdenum or tungsten at or near the titanium/silicon interface, the temperature required to form the C54 phase TiSi 2 can be reduced by as much as 100°C. Furthermore, the resulting C54-TiSi 2 film exhibits small (∼ 0.2μm) grain size and improved thermal stability. This discovery has the potential to reduce the complexity and cost associated with forming low resistivity TiSi 2 on submicron structures and to significantly improve the titanium silicide process window for future sub-half-micron VLSI applications.
MR Imaging of Schizencephaly

MR imaging was used to evaluate six patients who had schizencephaly, a disorder of cell migration characterized by holohemispheric, gray-matter-lined clefts. Clinically, these patients presented with intractable seizures and variable developmental delay. Although three of these patients had previous CT scans, the diagnosis was made only by MR. MR was more sensitive than CT in detecting the clefts as well as the accompanying abnormalities, including areas of pachygyria, polymicrogyria, and heterotopic gray matter. The possible pathogenesis of schizencephaly is discussed. MR provides excellent demonstration of the anatomic changes in schizencephaly.