cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mitigation of thermoacoustic instability utilizing steady air injection near the flame anchoring zone

Abstract The objective of this work is to investigate the effectiveness of steady air injection near the flame anchoring zone in suppressing thermoacoustic instabilities driven by flame–vortex interaction mechanism. We perform a systematic experimental study which involves using two different configurations of air injection in an atmospheric pressure backward-facing step combustor. The first configuration utilizes a row of micro-diameter holes allowing for air injection in the cross-stream direction just upstream of the step. The second configuration utilizes an array of micro-diameter holes located on the face of the step, allowing for air injection in the streamwise direction. The effects of each of these configurations are analyzed to determine which one is more effective in suppressing thermoacoustic instabilities at different operating conditions. The tests are conducted while varying the equivalence ratio and the inlet temperature. The secondary air temperature is always the same as the inlet temperature. We used pure propane or propane/hydrogen mixtures as fuels. Combustion dynamics are explored through simultaneous pressure and heat release-rate measurements, and high-speed video images. When the equivalence ratio of the reactant mixture is high, it causes the flame to flashback towards the inlet channel. When air is injected in the cross-stream direction, the flame anchors slightly upstream of the step, which suppresses the instability. When air is injected in the streamwise direction near the edge of step, thermoacoustic instability could be eliminated at an optimum secondary air flow rate, which depends on the operating conditions. When effective, the streamwise air injection prevents the shedding of an unsteady vortex, thus eliminating the flame–vortex interaction mechanism and resulting in a compact, stable flame to form near the step.
Exasperated by Copyright

Moral Panics and the Copyright Wars by William Patry Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009. 290 pp. $29.95, £16.99. ISBN 9780195385649. Patry argues that copyright is a utilitarian government program (rather than a moral or property right) and thus should be shaped so as to effectively encourage learning and the creation of new works.
Facial erysipelas: Report of a case and review of the literature

The diagnosis of erysipelas is usually made clinically. Features that help distinguish erysipelas are acute onset, erythema, warmth, edema, pain, fever, and isolated regional involvement with clearly demarcated margins. High ASO titers and response to penicillin therapy are reassuring. Simple uncomplicated erysipelas or cellulitis in adults can usually be treated on an outpatient basis. Extensive facial involvement with fever and a toxic appearance warrants hospitalization. Facial cellulitis or erysipelas in children, unless quite limited, requires hospitalization because of the high risk of Hemophilus influenzae infection and sepsis. Hospitalized patients should show visible signs of resolution and be afebrile for at least 24 hours prior to discharge. They should be maintained on oral antibiotic therapy at home for an additional 7 to 10 days.
A comparative study of nitrogen fixation by the Anabaena-Azolla symbiosis and free-living populations of Anabaena spp. in Lake Ngahawa, New Zealand

The symbiotic fern Azolla filiculoides var. rubra, which contains a blue-green nitrogen fixing alga Anabaena azollae, fixed 164 Kg N·ha-1·ann-1 in the littoral zone of a small eutrophic lake. Associated planktonic Anabaena spp. blooms, dominated by Anabaena spiroides, fixed 29.5Kg N·ha-1·ann-1. Nitrogen fixation in both organisms was not obviously related to ambient dissolved inorganic nitrogen levels. By comparing 15N−N2 and acetylene reduction techniques, we determined a ratio of 3 moles C2H2 reduced to 1 mole of N2 fixed. Combining this with results from one diurnal investigation, it was estimated that 24% of the total daily fixation by Azolla occurred at night. Highest nitrogen fixation rates in Azolla occurred when plant density was lowest. Nitrogen fixation by planktonic Anabaena spp. generally paralleled changes in biomass. Frond breakage due to wind caused a decrease in Azolla nitrogen fixation and growth which was followed by a bloom of planktonic Anabaena spp. A second Anabaena spp. bloom was instrumental in the summer decline of Azolla. Maximum growth and nitrogen fixation of both organisms did not occur simultaneously. If physical disruption to the Azolla mat does not occur, it is likely that growth of the population would continue throughout the year.
Weighted electrode configuration for electromechanical coupling enhancement in a new class of micromachined Lithium Niobate laterally vibrating resonators

This paper reports on an electromechanical coupling (k t 2) enhancement technique for a new class of Lithium Niobate based laterally vibrating MEMS resonators. This technique uses a weighted electrode configuration to experimentally demonstrate a more than 2X enhancement of the device k t 2. The resonator orientated 30° to +Y in the X-cut plane achieved a k t 2 of 21.7%, and a quality factor of 1300, effectively corresponding to a figure of merit of 280 — the highest demonstrated to date for laterally vibrating resonators.
Mast cell activators: a new class of highly effective vaccine adjuvants

Mast cells (MCs) have recently received recognition as prominent effectors in the regulation of immune cell migration to draining lymph nodes and lymphocyte activation. However, their role in the development of humoral immune responses is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that subcutaneous or nasal administration of small-molecule MC activators with vaccine antigens evokes large increases in antigen-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses. These responses were MC dependent and correlated with increased dendritic cell and lymphocyte recruitment to draining lymph nodes. Nasal instillation of these formulations also evoked antigen-specific secretory IgA and provided protection against anthrax lethal toxin challenge in vitro and against vaccinia virus infection in vivo. Collectively, these results define the MC as an integral sensory arm of the adaptive immune system. Moreover, they highlight MC activators as a new class of vaccine adjuvants, capable of inducing protective antigen-specific immune responses through needle-free routes of administration.
Oilfield applications of colloidal silica gel

This paper reports on a practical reservoir fluid-flow control system based on colloidal silica gel that was developed. Colloidal silica gel is an environmentally benign system that provides easy surface handling, reliable gel-time control at temperatures up to 250{degrees} F, and high in-situ performance. Extensive laboratory testing was completed and is discussed elsewhere. Colloidal silica gel has been used in 11 well work-overs for water-injection-profile modification (four wells), water-production control (three wells), and remedial casing repair (four wells). Only one of the four injection-well treatments was a clear-cut technical success, with failure typically caused by pressure parting the gel plug after the well treatment. Two of the three water-production-control jobs were technical and economic successes. Temporary success was achieved in three of the four casing-repair treatments.
Replica-Request Priority Donation: A Real-Time Progress Mechanism for Global Locking Protocols

Real-time locking protocols employ progress mechanism(s) to ensure that resource-holding jobs are scheduled. These mechanisms are required to bound the duration of priority-inversion blocking (pi-blocking) for jobs sharing resources. Examples of such progress mechanisms include priority inheritance and priority donation. Unfortunately, some progress mechanisms can cause any job, including those that never request shared resources, to be blocked upon job release. This paper presents a variant of priority donation for globally-scheduled systems that only causes blocking for jobs waiting for shared resources. Additionally, this variant of priority donation is employed to construct a new suspension-based locking protocol called the replica-request donation global locking protocol (R^2DGLP), which is asymptotically optimal for both mutex and k-exclusion (i.e., multi-unit) resources. This work is motivated by multicore systems where tasks may share I/O devices (e.g., GPUs) where critical sections can be long. In such applications, progress mechanisms that cause jobs that do not access I/O devices to be blocked to ensure progress can be detrimental from a schedulability perspective.
Supporting working mothers through group work a multimodal psychoeducational approach

Abstract Working mothers' struggle to manage work and family responsibilities and the associated physical and psychological distress have been well documented Helping professionals can assist working mothers by facilitating the creation of support networks. The efficacy of a psychneducational support group to help working mothers manage their roles is discussed. The goals of this pilot project were to assist working mothers in working toward achieving cognitive restructuring, specifically, revising expectations of dual roles and challenges presented by these roles; behavioral changes to reduce stress-related psychological and physical symptoms; and a sense of social support from experiential sharing within the group process.
On the conditional and unconditional distributions of the number of runs in a sample from a multisymbol alphabet

Let be a randomly ordered vector of length where Ni is the number of symbols of type i,i = 1, .k in . In the unconditional problem, S is the outcome of N independent trials of a multinomial experiment with k classes and has the multinomial distribution. In the conditional problem, each is a known fixed number and is a random arrangement of the N symbols. The main results in this paper are new recursion formulas for the pdf of the total number of runs, say R, in for both the unconditional and conditional problems. We also give formulas for the pdf of the number of runs of a given symbol type. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of our recursion algorithms for the pdf of R in the software system Mathematica (Mathematica is a registered trademark of Wolfram Research, Incorporated),discuss reasons that our algorithm in the conditional problem is much faster and easier to program than the 1957 algorithm of Barton and David, and correct three errors in their table.
Mormon Missionary Experiences and Subsequent Religiosity among Returned Missionaries in Utah

This qualitative research examined Mormon missionary experiences and their impacts on the religiosity of returned missionaries living in Utah. Based on open-ended surveys completed by those who served a mission for the Mormon Church, this research analyzed how missionary experiences increased the religiosity of most missionaries, as well as reasons why some respondents felt their missionary experiences decreased their religious level. This paper also examined the missionary experiences of those who later dropped out of Mormonism – why their missionary experiences failed to strengthen their commitment while they convinced others to join the Mormon Church. This paper found that men and women faced different challenges during their mission, and mission experiences also affected men’s and women’s religiosity differently. In addition, although those who served in Western Europe faced the highest rate of rejection during their mission, they reported higher religious and spiritual levels than their counterparts. The paper concludes with the development of a grounded theory arguing that the impact of the Mormon missionary experiences on missionaries’ subsequent religiosity corresponds to a process of maximizing social acceptance and minimizing social rejections among various social groups. Resume Cet article est le resultat d’une recherche qualitative traitant des experiences vecues par des missionnaires mormons et de l’impact qu’elles ont eu sur leur propre religiosite apres leur retour en Utah. Sur la base de questionnaires non-directifs adresses a des missionnaires ayant servi pour l’Eglise mormone, cette recherche analyse les raisons pour lesquelles l’experience missionnaire a exacerbe la religiosite de la plupart des missionnaires tout en essayant de comprendre pourquoi certaines des personnes interviewees ont eprouve a leur retour des sentiments contraires. L’article se penche aussi sur les experiences faites par les personnes ayant par la suite tourne le dos au mormonisme : pourquoi ces experiences ne leur ont-elles pas permis de renforcer leur propre engagement alors meme que ces missionnaires ont reussi a convaincre d’autres personnes de rejoindre l’Eglise mormone ? Les resultats presentes ici montrent que hommes et femmes ont fait face a des defis differents durant leur mission, et que la pratique missionnaire a eu un impact different sur la religiosite des hommes et des femmes. Par ailleurs, bien que les missionnaires ayant servi en Europe de l’Ouest sont ceux qui ont essuye le plus haut taux de refus pendant leur mission, ils ont fait etat d’un engagement religieux et spirituel plus eleve que leurs collegues ayant servi ailleurs. L’article se termine en elaborant une « theorie de terrain » (grounded theory) selon laquelle l’impact de la pratique missionnaire mormone sur la religiosite des missionnaires depend d’un processus qui permet de maximiser les experiences d’accueil favorable tout en minimisant les cas de rejet au sein de differents groupes sociaux.
Isolation of an organ specific protein antigen from cell-surface membrane rat liver

Abstract 1. 1. A single membrane protein accounting for roughly 10% of the total membrane protein has been isolated from alkali extracts of rat liver cell membranes by preparative disc electrophoresis at pH 2.7 in urea. 2. 2. A Stokes radius of 58 A and a molecular weight of 70 000 has been estimated for the protein by gel filtration in 8 M urea. 3. 3. Divalent cations are involved in the binding of the protein to the membrane matrix. Dialysis of membranes against 1 mM EDTA solubilizes the protein at neutral pH. 4. 4. Antisera prepared against the purified protein in sheep yield a single precipitin line after immunodiffusion with EDTA extracts of liver and liver cell membranes. 5. 5. The protein is apparently organ specific not being detectable in rat plasma or EDTA extracts of erythrocytes, kidney, spleen, intestine, pancreas, muscle or adipose tissue. In addition the protein appears to be membrane specific not being detected in extracts of rat liver nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum or cell sap. The protein has been localized to the cell surface membrane of intact hepatocytes by immunofluorescence. 6. 6. The liver membrane protein could not be detected in extracts of Morris hepatoma but was found to be present in a highly differentiated second generation hepatoma induced by diacetyl amino fluorene.
Incorporating radiative cooling into a cosmological hydrodynamic code

A possible inconsistency arising when a radiative cooling term is incorporated in a finite resolution self-gravitating hydrodynamic code is discussed. The inconsistency appears when the heating-cooling balance within the cooling and collapsing gas cloud is broken near the resolution limit of a numerical code. As the result, the cooling time of a fluid element increases enormously leading to the unphysical conclusion that the fluid element does not cool and is therefore stable against the collapse. A special cooling consistency condition is introduced which approximately restores the heating-cooling balance and leads to a numerical solution that closely mimics the exact (infinite resolution) solution.
Chromatin Association of Human Origin Recognition Complex, Cdc6, and Minichromosome Maintenance Proteins during the Cell Cycle: Assembly of Prereplication Complexes in Late Mitosis

Evidence obtained from studies with yeast and Xenopus indicate that the initiation of DNA replication is a multistep process. The origin recognition complex (ORC), Cdc6p, and minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins are required for establishing prereplication complexes, upon which initiation is triggered by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases and the Dbf4p-dependent kinase Cdc7p. The identification of human homologues of these replication proteins allows investigation of S-phase regulation in mammalian cells. Using centrifugal elutriation of several human cell lines, we demonstrate that whereas human Orc2 (hOrc2p) and hMcm proteins are present throughout the cell cycle, hCdc6p levels vary, being very low in early G(1) and accumulating until cells enter mitosis. hCdc6p can be polyubiquitinated in vivo, and it is stabilized by proteasome inhibitors. Similar to the case for hOrc2p, a significant fraction of hCdc6p is present on chromatin throughout the cell cycle, whereas hMcm proteins alternate between soluble and chromatin-bound forms. Loading of hMcm proteins onto chromatin occurs in late mitosis concomitant with the destruction of cyclin B, indicating that the mitotic kinase activity inhibits prereplication complex formation in human cells.
A nerve terminal protein with a selective distribution in spinal cord and brain

A monoclonal antibody, designated S-7B8, recognizes a protein antigen localized to highly selected populations of nerve terminals in spinal cord and brain. The antibody produces dense immunocytochemical staining of primary afferent endings that synapse in superficial laminae of the spinal cord dorsal horn. Electron microscopy shows staining to be localized in nerve terminals where reaction product is associated primarily with spherical vesicles. In brain, S-7B8 immunoreactivity occurs in nerve terminals in sensory relay nuclei, most thalamic nuclei, and other selected areas, including the cerebellar molecular layer, the substantia nigra, the globus pallidus, and certain synaptic layers of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Endocrine glands and other tissues do not exhibit S-7B8 immunoreactivity. Although the antibody localizes to certain populations of nerve terminals that may use excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, the distribution of S-7B8 immunoreactivity in the CNS does not correspond to that of any previously identified nerve terminal protein. Experiments to characterize the S-7B8 antigen indicate it may be an integral membrane component since extraction of synaptosomes with alkaline pH or high ionic strength does not release the antigen from the membranes. To identify the molecular weight of the S-7B8 antigen, synaptosomal membranes were solubilized in CHAPS and sequentially chromatographed on hydroxylapatite and then on DEAE anion-exchange resin to produce enriched fractions. When enriched fractions were separated on SDS-PAGE and Western blotted, the S-7B8 antibody specifically stained a protein migrating at 75,000 Da. This protein has been designated NT75. Preliminary studies of developing pathways show that the appearance of S-7B8 immunoreactivity in growing nerve endings corresponds closely to the time when synaptic connections are formed. Thus, the NT75 protein recognized by the S-7B8 antibody may have a role in the development and maintenance of specific synaptic endings.
Working Together in the Best Interest of Patients

The findings by Peterson et al. show that over half of all family physicians work with nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and certified nurse midwives. While tensions surrounding leadership of teams remain an issue, there are many systems problems that all primary care providers need to face together. This commentary presents the challenges we need to address in order to keep the focus of our care on the patient.
New LOWTRAN models for the uniformly mixed gases.

Programme FORTRAN des fonctions de transmission atmospherique de CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , N 2 O et O 2
Measuring renal tissue relaxation times at 7 T

As developments in RF coils and RF management strategies make performing ultra-high-field renal imaging feasible, understanding the relaxation times of the tissue becomes increasingly important for tissue characterization, sequence optimization and quantitative functional renal imaging, such as renal perfusion imaging using arterial spin labeling. By using a magnetization-prepared single-breath-hold fast spin echo imaging method, human renal T1 and T2 imaging studies were successfully performed at 7 T with 11 healthy volunteers (eight males, 45 ± 17 years, and three females, 29 ± 7 years, mean ± standard deviation, S.D.) while addressing challenges of B1+ inhomogeneity and short-term specific absorption rate limits. At 7 T, measured renal T1 values for the renal cortex and medulla (mean ± S.D.) from five healthy volunteers who participated in both 3 T and two-session 7 T studies were 1661 ± 68 ms and 2094 ± 67 ms, and T2 values were 108 ± 7 ms and 126 ± 6 ms. For comparison, similar measurements were made at 3 T, where renal cortex and medulla T1 values of 1261 ± 86 ms and 1676 ± 94 ms and T2 values of 121 ± 5 ms and 138 ± 7 ms were obtained. Measurements at 3 T and 7 T were significantly different for both T1 and T2 values in both renal tissues. Reproducibility studies at 7 T demonstrated that T1 and T2 estimations were robust, with group mean percentage differences of less than 4%. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epigenetic regulation of aortic remodeling in hyperhomocysteinemia

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is prevalent in patients with hypertension and is an independent risk factor for aortic pathologies. HHcy is known to cause an imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), leading to the accumulation of collagen in the aorta and resulting in stiffness and development of hypertension. Although the exact mechanism of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is unclear, emerging evidence implicates epigenetic regulation involving DNA methylation. Our purpose was to investigate whether 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (Aza), a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1) inhibitor, reduces high blood pressure (BP) by regulating aortic ECM remodeling in HHcy. Wild-type and cystathionine β-synthase (CBS)+/− HHcy mice were treated with Aza (0.5 mg/kg body weight). In HHcy mice, Aza treatment normalized the plasma homocysteine (Hcy) level and BP. Thoracic and abdominal aorta ultrasound revealed a reduction in the resistive index and wall-to-lumen ratio. V...
Component analysis in smoking prevention research: Effects of social consequences information☆

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of information about the negative social consequences of cigarette smoking on adolescents' beliefs and intentions to smoke. In contrast to the large-scale, multiple component interventions most commonly conducted, this study compared two brief videotaped messages that contained either social consequences or control information. Fifty-four seventh graders enrolled in health education classes participated. Measures collected immediately after the intervention and at a one month follow-up indicated that the social consequences information successfully altered subjects' smoking-related beliefs. The social consequences information also affected intentions to smoke in the future, but only for subjects who had previously experimented with smoking. Female smokers' intentions to continue smoking were reduced, but the intervention had the opposite effect on male smokers. The discussion addresses the importance of examining the effects of prevention program components on different subsamples of adolescents in small-scale process evaluations.
Broadband light absorption enhancement in ultrathin film crystalline silicon solar cells with high index of refraction nanosphere arrays

Abstract In this paper, we demonstrate that dielectric nanosphere arrays can enhance the absorption in ultrathin film crystalline silicon by coupling incident light to the underlying silicon layer. By introducing dielectric nanospheres on top of the crystalline silicon thin film solar cell, the power conversion efficiency can be improved by 26.5%. The nanosphere coating increases the absorption and external quantum efficiency over a broadband wavelength range.
Optoelectronic parallel watershed implementation for segmentation of magnetic resonance brain images

An optoelectronic implementation for the morphological watershed transform is proposed. Fiber-optic programmable logic arrays are used in the implementation because of their high fan factors at high clock speeds. Image segmentation is one of the main applications of the watershed transform. Based on the optoelectronic implementation, an algorithm for the segmentation of axial magnetic resonance (MR) head images to extract information on brain matter is presented. Simulation results for the different steps of the segmentation process are presented.
Reliable unicasting in faulty hypercubes using safety levels

We propose a unicasting algorithm for faulty hypercubes (including disconnected hypercubes) using the safety level concept. A faulty hypercube is a hypercube with faulty nodes and unicasting is a one-to-one communication between two nodes in the hypercube. Each node is associated with a safety level which is an approximated measure of the number and distribution of faulty nodes in the neighborhood. The safety level of each node in an n-dimensional hypercube (or n-cube) can be easily calculated through n-1 rounds of information exchange among neighboring nodes. Optimal unicasting between two nodes is guaranteed if the safety level of the source node is no less than the Hamming distance between the source and the destination. The proposed unicasting algorithm can also be used in disconnected hypercubes, where nodes in a hypercube are disjointed into two or more parts. The feasibility of an optimal or suboptimal unicasting can be easily determined at the source node by comparing its safety level, its neighbors' safety levels, and the Hamming distance between the source and the destination. The proposed scheme is the first attempt to address the unicasting problem in disconnected hypercubes. The safety level concept is also extended to be used in hypercubes with both faulty nodes and links and in generalized hypercubes.
Editing out video editing

This article outlines a paradigm shift in media production: the advent of computational media production that will automate the capture, editing, and reuse of video content. By integrating metadata creation and (re)use throughout the media production process, we enable the mass customization of video.
IV. A model system for mass spectrometric sequencing of orthophthalaldehyde peptide derivatives

Abstract Presented is a pilot project describing a new strategy for mass spectrometric peptide sequencing. Using orthophthalaldehyde (OPA), two peptides were derivatized and their fluorescent adducts isolated using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The OPA-peptides were permethylated and the derivatized molecules subjected to direct probe mass spectral analysis. The spectra obtained from the OPA-peptides was analogous to those observed for standard N -acyl permethyl derivatives enabling the complete sequence of the peptides to be determined.
Hafnium Reactivity with Boron and Carbon Sources Under Non‐Self‐Propagating High‐Temperature Synthesis Conditions

The homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions of hafnium (Hf) with boron (B) or carbon (C) powders were studied under non-self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) conditions in searching for chemically aided processes of ultra-high-temperature ceramics at mild and practical conditions. The threshold interactions of the Hf/B and Hf/C powder mixtures consisting of relatively large Hf particles occur at 700° and 800°C, respectively, with no observation of particle melting as previously postulated for igniting SHS reactions. A microscale melting phenomenon at the Hf surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy analysis in heterogeneous reactions between Hf metal strips and B or C powders at the temperature range of 1100°-1200°C, more than 1000°C below the incipient melting point of the metal. The non-SHS conditions allow halting the reactions at intermediate stages for analytical purposes. Kinetic studies of the homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions, heat transfer model analyses, and their association with the investigation of microstructural phenomena were used to postulate the mechanism involved in the observed reactions.
Composition trust bindings in pervasive computing service composition

In pervasive computing, devices or peers may implement or compose services using services from other devices or peers, and may use components from various sources. A composition trust binding is a prescriptive set of rules which defines the combination of allowable components for a particular service or application. Composition trust bindings can be used to protect both the service invocation path as well as the content handling path. The subsidiary relationships addressed by a composition trust binding are typically transparent today, but represent potential security exposure in pervasive computing systems because the subsidiary services or components may have security vulnerabilities. We define the composition trust binding and illustrate its use in the context of rights management and distributed search in personal content publishing. We compare this approach to existing authentication and authorization methods in service composition.
TRICHOPRIA SP. (HYMENOPTERA: DIAPRIIDAE) REARED FROM MICRODON ALBICOMATUS NOVAK (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)

Microdon albicomatus Novak are obligate temporary myrmecophiles, passing their immature life in the nests of ants. Second and third larval instars are aggressive mimics of ant brood (Garnett et al. 1985). Larvae physically and chemically (Garnett et al. 1985; Stanley-Samuelson et al. 1990) resemble the ant cocoons upon which they prey and are transported with the ant brood by the worker ants.
Perceptual Learning Modules in Flight Training

Differences between novices and experts in many piloting skills may be due to perceptual learning. Sufficient exposure to relevant stimulus variation produces more efficient information extraction,...
Evaluation and treatment of diastematomyelia

We reviewed the results for forty-three patients who had a diastematomyelia. All of the patients had been skeletally immature when the diagnosis was made, the mean age being six years (range, birth to thirteen years), and were skeletally mature by the time that they were evaluated by us. When they were first seen at our institution, twenty-four patients (56 per cent) had a cutaneous lesion, such as hairy patch, dimple, hemangioma, subcutaneous mass, or teratoma at or near the level of the diastematomyelia; thirty-four patients (79 per cent) had congenital scoliosis; and forty-two patients (98 per cent) had at least one associated musculoskeletal anomaly, such as spinal dysraphism, asymmetry of the lower extremities, club foot, or a cavus foot. In twenty-seven patients (63 per cent), the diastematomyelia was located in the lumbar spine. Thirty-six patients had eighty-four neurological manifestations. Resection of the spur was performed in thirty-three patients at a mean age of seven years (range, three months to seventeen years). Twenty-two patients who had a resection had no change in neurological condition, nine patients had improvement, and one patient had one symptom improve and another symptom worsen after the operation. We believe that resection of the spur should be performed in patients who have progressive neurological manifestations. Patients who do not have progressive neurological manifestations should be observed; if progression is noted, a resection should then be performed.
The Domain of Constituent Power: The Berkshire Constitutionalists Explain Ratification

Part of a larger project exploring the reasons for implementing ratification procedures during constitution-making, this paper focuses on one argument that attempts to justify ratification by its role as a moment of constituent power, i.e. an instance in constitution-making when the people act directly to create a constitution and make it their own. Leading theories of constituent power drawn from Sieyes cannot serve this purpose, for by portraying framers as embodying the popular will they make the activity of ratification in a sense paradoxical. Either it is redundant, for there is no need for an additional procedure in which the constituent power approves its own creation, or it is incoherent given the possibility of constitutional rejection, for it makes little sense to say that the constituent power finds its own constitution acceptable.Here, I argue that an alternative conceptualization of the emergence of constituent power, one in which the people only emerge during ratification, avoids similar problems. Moreover, I claim that such an account exists and is embedded within the writings of the Berkshire Constitutionalists, a political faction in revolutionary Massachusetts that played a pivotal role in the creation of the state’s first constitution in 1780. Put simply, the Berkshire Constitutionalists argue that the exercise of constituent power is inalienable, emerging solely during the ratification and never penetrating the drafting process. To make these arguments, I sketch out the history of the Berkshire Constitutionalists, situate their writings in the contractual tradition of the time, reconstruct their theory of constituent power, and show how it mandates the use of ratification procedures.
Baudelaire and Feminine Singularity

This article revisits the representation of gender and femininity in Baudelaire’s poems about the city, arguing that these works reveal a vision of femininity that cannot be reduced to the particularity through which the nineteenth-century individual is codified. While feminine figures abound in Baudelaire’s œuvre, most critical readings of the poet have concentrated on the tendency towards objectification, and even denigration, in his portrayal of women. By contrast, in its early stages this article reads ‘A une passante’ in conjunction with Baudelaire’s observations from Mon Cœur mis a nu, Fusees , and Le Peintre de la vie moderne , suggesting that a form of femininity that I shall call ‘feminine singularity’ crystallizes in his work, and that it resists collectivization under the broader tenets of urban capital and political liberalism. The subsequent stages of the article discuss ‘Les Sept Vieillards’ and ‘Les Petites Vieilles’, arguing that there is a redrawing of gendered individuation in the Tableaux parisiens . Both of these poems approach gender ironically, using a grotesque mode of serialization to dissolve a conventional understanding of sexual difference predicated on binaries, reproduction, and heterosexual desire.
Atypical femoral fracture post total hip replacement in a patient with hip osteoarthritis and an ipsilateral cortical thickening.

IntroductionAtypical femoral fractures (AFF) can be present in patients with hip osteoarthritis (OA). This case highlights the opportunity to review the management of stress reactions, stress fract...
Content analysis of web-based norovirus education materials targeting consumers who handle food: An assessment of alignment and readability

Abstract Human noroviruses sicken 19–21 million people in the U.S. each year, suggesting the need for education. The World Wide Web is an accessible source of information about how to prevent a norovirus infection but the accuracy and readability of information targeting consumers is unknown. The aim of the study was to evaluate the alignment and readability of web-based norovirus education materials targeting consumers using CDC evidence-based guidelines and Microsoft Word readability formulas. The search yielded 60 artifacts. Most did not address duration of handwashing (83%), use of hand sanitizers (83%), type of drying devices (92%), or avoidance of bare-hand contact with ready-to-eat foods (97%). Less than half (n = 29) recommended minimizing contact with sick persons. Two-thirds of the artifacts (n = 40) also did not mention the recommended concentration of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) solution to be used to disinfect surfaces contaminated with noroviruses. The mean Flesch Reading Ease score was 47.75 (score of >70 is easy to read), and the mean Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level was 10.36 so documents were written at a 10th grade level. The alignment and readability of web-based educational materials about noroviruses must be improved as knowledge is a prerequisite to application of behaviors that can prevent one from becoming infected with noroviruses.
Placement of a Permanent Birth Control Device at a University Medical Center

OBJECTIVE: To determine the Essure placement failure rate and analyze factors associated with failure in an urban nonstudy population at a university medical center. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study was conducted of women who underwent attempted Essure hysteroscopic sterilization at the Detroit Medical Center (DMC) from January 1 2003 to June 30 2007. RESULTS: There were 316 Essure procedures attempted at the DMC from January 2003 through June 2007. Of the 316 attempted procedures there were 22 device placement failures and 3 documented post-Essure pregnancies. Of the 22 placement failures 11 were attributed to difficulty visualizing the tubal ostia. Other causes of failure included device malfunction uterine perforation tubal perforation expulsion of the device tubal spasm tubal ostia too large for the device and unspecified. Difficulty visualizing the ostia (p < 0.001) and a longer procedure time (p = 0.008) were significantly associated with failure. CONCLUSION: The rate of successful placement of the Essure permanent birth control device at the DMC is 92.1% with a post-Essure pregnancy rate of 0.95%. The majority of placement failures may be attributed to difficulty visualizing the tubal ostia.
Surgical Management of Intracranial Neuroenteric Cysts: The UCSF Experience.

Objective Modern surgical experience with intracranial neuroenteric cysts is limited in the literature. We review our 15-year institutional experience with these rare lesions. Design Single-institution retrospective study. Setting Large North American tertiary care center. Participants Histologically confirmed cases of intracranial neuroenteric cyst from January 2000 to September 2014. Main Outcome Measures Pre- and postoperative modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores, extent of resection, and postoperative complications are reported. Clinical presentation, imaging features, pathology, and operative approach are discussed. Results Five spinal and six intracranial neuroenteric cysts were surgically treated over a 15-year period. Median age at presentation for the intracranial cysts was 38.5 years. Mean cyst diameter was 3.8 cm. Five cysts were located in the pre-pontomedullary cistern, and one was located in the third ventricle. Gross total resection was achieved in four of the five posterior fossa cysts through a far lateral transcondylar approach. Postoperative complications included aseptic meningitis (one), transient abducens palsy (one), and pseudomeningocele requiring reoperation (three). Postoperative mRS scores improved to ≤1 by 6.5 months median follow-up. Conclusions Intracranial neuroenteric cysts are rare lesions with a variable imaging appearance. Complete surgical resection through a far lateral transcondylar approach is possible and usually results in symptom improvement or resolution.
Phenology of Cerotoma trifurcata on Soybean and Alfalfa in Central Iowa

Bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), adults were sampled from 1986 through 1988 in soybean and alfalfa in central Iowa to ascertain the seasonal phenology of this pest. Data from all 3 yr indicate that two generations of this insect occur in Iowa. Overwintering adults inhabit alfalfa before soybean emergence, colonize soybeans immediately after seedlings emerge, and die by late June. F1 adults are abundant from late June to middle or late August, and F2 adults are present from early August to soybean maturation. Females are more abundant than males among overwintering and F1 adults, but neither sex of F2 adults is more numerous. The yellow/red adult ratio is greater during the fall than in the spring, indicating greater winter survivorship of red adults. Adults were present in soybean from seedling emergence to crop maturation but were found in alfalfa only in late spring, before soybean emergence, and in August–September as soybean matured. Captures of adults during diurnal sweepnet collections made from 0830 to 2030 hours (CST) on 21 July 1988 were least at 0830 and 1000 hours, the period of heavy dew on the soybean canopy. From 1300 to 1600 hours, the number of females with developing ovaries declined, whereas the number of females with fully developed eggs increased.
Active Flow Control for High Lift Airfoils: Separation versus Circulation Control

*† ‡ § Wind tunnel investigations were conducted with the goal of gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms governing Active Flow Control (AFC) for flows dominated by large separated regions and its effects on separation control versus circulation control. Inviscid solutions were calculated to gain insight into the pressure distribution around the leading edge and flap shoulder as well as set goals for the AFC application. This series of tests utilized the ADVINT 5%-scale airfoil model. Steady blowing AFC was used extensively in conjunction with a surface tangent, downstream facing slot located immediately upstream of the flap on the trailing edge of the main element. AFC amplitude sweeps were performed for several flap deflections and free stream velocities over a wide range of angles of attack. The data were compared to the inviscid solutions to show that significantly enhanced lift can be obtained without controlling flow separation, and lift can be enhanced beyond inviscid levels through control of separation in addition to circulation enhancement for an extremely high energy input. The tests also reveal two other important mechanisms for control of aerodynamic forces on lifting bodies: the direct momentum vectoring of the AFC and “super inviscid” performance along surfaces with the aid of high-speed attached jets. Optimizing the performance with AFC requires understanding these two mechanisms in addition to separation and circulation control, and the dependence of all four on the various control parameters. Understanding previous results, including those referred to as “super circulation” or Coanda type upper-surface blowing, requires the type of insight revealed by the present experiments. The results are also very helpful in deciding on the choice of AFC methodology between steady and unsteady suction or blowing and zero mass flux (ZMF).
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Left Ventricular Function

The ability of echocardiography to assess left ventricular function is entering an era of transition. Most existing data have been derived from M-mode measurements made along a single echo beam axis and, as such, were based on the assumption that the performance of the sampled segment represented that of the whole ventricle. The recent availability of two dimenensional echocardiography lessens the need to rely on this assumption.
Reactivity of C‑Terminal Cysteines with HNO

Nitroxyl (HNO), a potential heart failure therapeutic, is known to target cysteine residues to form sulfinamides and/or disulfides. Because HNO-derived modifications may depend on their local environment, we have investigated the reactivity of HNO with cysteine derivatives and C-terminal cysteine-containing peptides at physiological pH and temperature. Our findings indicate that the nature of HNO-derived modifications of C-terminal cysteines is affected by the C-terminal carboxylate. Apart from the lack of sulfinamide formation, these studies have revealed the presence of new products, a sulfohydroxamic acid derivative (RS(O)2NHOH) and a thiosulfonate (RS(O)2SR), presumably produced under our experimental conditions via the intermediacy of a cyclic structure that is hydrolyzed to give a sulfenic acid (RSOH). Moreover, these modifications are formed independent of oxygen.
Control-oriented modeling of ionic polymer-metal composite enabled hydrogen gas production

Abstract Ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) is an electro-active polymers which exhibits the property of ion migration under the application of external electric field. This property of IPMC along with the ability to operate in aqueous environment is useful in dissociating chemical bond in water (H 2 O), and produce hydrogen (H 2 ) and oxygen (O 2 ) gases. In this paper, a control-oriented model of IPMC as an electrolyzer is presented. By equating the thermodynamic and electrochemical equations of the system, a linear relationship between flow rate of hydrogen generation and the source current is derived. A nonlinear state-space model is then used to capture the source current related to the voltage input. The model has been verified with the experimental data. Temperature-dependent effect and energy-conversion efficiency have been investigated, which shows the need of state feedback control for achieving high energy conversion efficiency. Based on a linearized model, a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) is designed to optimize the control performance. Experimental results have shown that the output performance of LQR is better than that of PID. It has also been validated that the control-oriented model is useful in optimal control of IPMC electrolyzer.
The Effect of Movement and Cue Complexity on Tactile Change Detection

There is a growing interest in using touch to offload the often overburdened visual channel as its merit has been demonstrated in various work domains. However, more work is needed to understand th...
The Common and Distinct Features of Brown and Beige Adipocytes

Two types of thermogenic fat cells, brown adipocytes and beige adipocytes, play a key role in the regulation of systemic energy homeostasis in mammals. Both brown fat and beige fat possess thermogenic properties in addition to common morphological and biochemical characteristics, including multilocular lipid droplets and cristae-dense mitochondria. Recent studies also identify features that are distinct between the two types of thermogenic fat cells, such as their developmental regulation and function. Of particular interest is the role of beige fat in the regulation of glucose homeostasis via uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-independent mechanisms. A better understanding of the underlying causes of these characteristics of brown and beige fat will allow us to specifically manipulate these cells to improve systemic energy metabolism and glucose homeostasis.
U(1) Gauge Field, t′-J Model and Superconductivity

We argue that the physics of the oxide superconductors may be represented by the t-t′-J model, where J is the exchange, tij is the hopping between opposite sublattices and t′ij is the hopping between the same sublattice. Here the sublattices A and B are introduced as labels only, without assuming long range antiferromagnetic order. The hopping terms t and t′ have very different physical consequences. The t term disorders the local antiferromagnetic ordering as the hole hops. This leads to an enhancement of the hole mass for the coherent motion of the hole. At the same time, the t term may lead to a spiral structure, as described by Shraiman and Siggia. Thus the t term may be responsible for the destruction of long range order upon doping. The t′ term, on the other hand, allows the hole to hop without disordering the spin. Nevertheless, as the hole makes a closed loop on one sublattice, it is subject to a slowly varying spin quantization axis and the hole wavefunction picks up a phase equal to half the solid angle subtended by the spin orientations around the loop. The phase can be represented by an Aharonov-Bohm flux, resulting in a U(1) gauge theory, as first pointed out by Wiegmann. There is a natural attraction between holes on opposite sublattices because they experience opposite Aharonov-Bohm fluxes. We treat the gauge theory in the presence of a finite concentration of holes and describe the resulting superconductivity. The gauge field also enhances coupling to particle-hole excitations, leading to a T4/3 law for the normal state resistivity.