cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Charge Conjugation and its Violation in Unified Models

Yang-Mills theories admitting a charge conjugation C, which reflects the representation of left-handed fermions f L onto itself, are reviewed with particular attention to flavor chiral theories, where f L is non-self-conjugate. Simple cases of the fermion mass matrices in SO10 and E6 are studied, and it is observed that the weak isospin I W conserving part of the mass can be classified into its C conserving and C violating pieces. If the left-handed fermions are assigned to families of 16’s of SO10 or 27’s of E6, then the hypothesis of the I W invariant mass violating C maximally, with the C conserving part put to zero, gives a simple explanation of the low-mass \(''\overline {\underline 5 } + \underline {10} ''\) structure of the families.
Eolian inputs of lead to the North Pacific

We evaluate the importance of natural eolian Pb to the dissolved oceanic Pb budget by measuring the isotopic composition of Pb in 35 Holocene and late Quaternary sediment samples from the North Pacific and in 10 samples of Chinese loess. When the Pacific is divided into sediments provinces based on published eNd and sedimentological data, Pb from the central North Pacific tends to be the most radiogenic and homogeneous due to the dominance of eolian Chinese loess. Lead from the marginal North Pacific and the sparsely sampled regions south of 5°N are less radiogenic and more variable owing to hemipelagic inputs from various volcanic arcs and older continental crust located around the Pacific Rim. 208Pb/204Pb ratios provide the most distinctive provenance information due to the relatively high ratios in Chinese loess. The Chinese loess samples come from 3 localities and span up to 2 Myr of time. Acetic-acid leachate, bulk loess, and loess silicate fractions were analyzed separately. Leachate Pb is considerably less radiogenic than silicate Pb. The isotopic composition of the silicate component closely matches the sediment data from the central North Pacific, confirming the dominance of eolian loess in this region. We divided up a suite of published hydrogenous Pb-isotope data from the Pacific Ocean according to their locations within the three independently defined sediment provinces. These data define three distinct fields differentiated primarily by their 206Pb/204Pb ratios, which increase going from the Central to Southern to Marginal provinces. This relationship with sediment province strongly suggests that natural eolian and probably hemipelagic inputs significantly impact the seawater Pb budget. Direct support for the dominance of eolian Chinese loess in the central North Pacific dissolved Pb budget comes from the close match between loess leachate Pb and the Central Province hydrogenous Pb data. Eolian inputs are likely to dominate local seawater Pb budgets only where eolian Pb fluxes are high relative to hemipelagic Pb fluxes and where the flux of Pb carried by deep water advection is low.
Direct Measurement of Delta-Wing Vortex Circulation

The circulation around a closed path encompassing the primary vortex of stationary delta wings has been investigated through the use of a novel ultrasound technique. Ultrasonic pulses propagating in clockwise and counterclockwise directions enclosed a fixed path that was positioned perpendicular to the delta-wing root chord line. Circulation in the plane of the closed path then was determined from the transit-time difference between the clockwise and counterclockwise pulses. Half-delta wings with sweep angles of 60 and 70 deg were tested over a range of angles of attack up to 38 and 52 deg, respectively, and at chordwise distances of 35, 50, 65, and 80% from the wing apexes. Circulation increased monotonically with angle of attack for both sweep angles until it reached a maximum value, beyond which the total circulation decreased or remained nearly constant. The angle of attack associated with the maximum circulation is correlated with conditions resulting in feeding sheet interaction on the symmetry plane. At any angle of attack, circulation increased approximately linearly with increasing chordwise location as long as the feeding-sheet interaction was not present
Quantifying cyber-resilience against resource-exhaustion attacks

Resilience in the information sciences is notoriously difficult to define much less to measure. But in mechanical engi- neering, the resilience of a substance is mathematically defined as the area under the stress vs. strain curve. We took inspiration from mechanics in an attempt to define resilience precisely for information systems. We first examine the meaning of resilience in language and engineering terms and then translate these definitions to information sciences. Then we tested our definitions of resilience for a very simple problem in networked queuing systems. We discuss lessons learned and make recommendations for using this approach in future work.
Behavioral Control of Respiration in Sleep

Three experiments are presented involving behavioral control of sleeping respiration during all-night sleep recording. Probability and latency of the breathing response to an auditory signal revealed that control over sleeping respiration was obtained in all sleep stages and was maintained over several nights. This control was especially marked when failure to respond was punished (contingency procedure) by increasing the intensity of the signal (Experiments 2 and 3). Few awakenings occurred to the signal but signs of brief arousal (bursts of alpha activity, increases in EMG activity, EEG “speeding”) often accompanied the behavioral response. Overall sleep patterns were only minimally disrupted by the procedure. Demonstrating behavioral control over sleeping respiration may be a promising step toward the development of behavioral therapies for certain sleep apnea disorders and hypoventilation syndromes.
Effects of bean and wheat α‐amylase inhibitors on α‐amylase activity and growth of stored product insect pests*

Insect α-amylase inhibiting and/or growth inhibiting activities of proteinaceous inhibitors from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) were examined. The bean inhibitor was most effective in vitro against α-amylases from the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and the confused flour beetle (T. confusum), followed by those from the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). The insect enzymes were from two- to 50-fold more susceptible than human salivary α-amylase. When the inhibitors were added at a 1% level to a wheat flour plus germ diet, the growth of red flour beetle larvae was slowed relative to that of the control group of larvae, with the bean inhibitor being more effective than the wheat inhibitor. Development of both the red flour beetle and flat grain beetle (Cryptolestes pusillus) was delayed by 1% bean inhibitor, but development of the sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) and lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica) was not affected by either the bean or wheat inhibitor at the 1% level. Rice weevil adults fed a diet containing 1% bean or wheat inhibitor exhibited more mortality than weevils fed the control diet. When the wheat amylase inhibitor was combined with a cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64, and fed to red flour beetle larvae, a reduction in the growth rate and an increase in the time required for adult eclosion occurred relative to larvae fed either of the inhibitors separately. The bean inhibitor was just as effective alone as when it was combined with the protease inhibitor. These results demonstrate that plant inhibitors of insect digestive enzymes act as growth inhibitors of insects and possibly as plant defense proteins, and open the way to the use of the genes of these inhibitors for genetically improving the resistance of cereals to storage pests.
Power management strategy for a parallel hybrid electric truck

Hybrid vehicle techniques have been widely studied recently because of their potential to significantly improve the fuel economy and drivability of future ground vehicles. Due to the dual-power-source nature of these vehicles, control strategies based on engineering intuition frequently fail to fully explore the potential of these advanced vehicles. In this paper, we present a procedure for the design of a near-optimal power management strategy. The design procedure starts by defining a cost function, such as minimizing a combination of fuel consumption and selected emission species over a driving cycle. Dynamic programming (DP) is then utilized to find the optimal control actions including the gear-shifting sequence and the power split between the engine and motor while subject to a battery SOC-sustaining constraint. Through analysis of the behavior of DP control actions, near-optimal rules are extracted, which, unlike DP control signals, are implementable. The performance of this power management control strategy is studied by using the hybrid vehicle model HE-VESIM developed at the Automotive Research Center of the University of Michigan. A tradeoff study between fuel economy and emissions was performed. It was found that significant emission reduction could be achieved at the expense of a small increase in fuel consumption.
Results of Petrographic Studies of Sandstone Cores from Rocky Mountain Structures: ABSTRACT

Detailed petrographic studies of sandstone cores from productive and non-productive structures in the Rocky Mountain region were made to determine not only the End_Page 939------------------------------ physical characteristics of the sandstones but also the nature and distribution of the cementing materials. The sandstones have been divided into two general groups on the basis of the cementing or binding materials: first, those in which the grains are bound together by clay products; and second, those in which crystalline minerals form the cementing material. In the first group effects of compaction were noted. In the second group, sequence of deposition of cementing minerals was observed. The deposition of quartz, dolomite, and anhydrite in the order given is common in some sandstones. In others, quartz and calcite are the only cementing minerals, and of these calcite is the last mineral deposited. Other combinations of these four minerals were observed. Furthermore, sequence of de osition of the same minerals has been established tentatively for the geologic section from the Bell sandstone upward through the Mesaverde sandstone. Also presented are some probable effects of crystalline cementing materials upon migration and accumulation of oil and gas, upon acid treatment of wells, and upon pressures existing in oil and gas fields. End_of_Article - Last_Page 940------------
Intraarticular activation of the complement system in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

Analyses of CH50, complement components, properdin factors, and kininogen in synovial fluid of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis revealed evidence of activation of the classic complement pathway in all clinical subgroups. Juveniles with the adult pattern of disease had the greatest incidence of complement abnormalities. Evaluation of individual components by both activity determination and protein measurement showed decreased synovial fluid specific functional activity (activity per microgram protein) to the more marked in synovial fluids with profound depressions of complement activity. These findings provide further evidence that nonfunctional, antigenically intact component protein may remain after complement activation. Radial immunodiffusion measurements of properdin factors and kininogen failed to support their involvement in joint inflammation. Serum complement component measurements by activity but not protein concentration correlated with other parameters or inflammation. Four patients had isolated depressions of serum C2 activity. Immunoglobulin levels, particularly IgA, correlated with some complement measurements and with the sedimentation rate.
Aggregates of partially purified mRNA coding for immunoglobulin light-chain.

Abstract The 12S and 22S RNA fractions were isolated from phenol extract of the total polysome population of MOPC-321 mouse myeloma (a light-chain producer). Both RNA fractions exhibited mRNA activity when tested in the Krebs II ascites cell-free system. Fingerprint analyses of tryptic digests of the cell-free products showed that whereas the 12S RNA fraction contained L-chain mRNA together with a large amount of non-L-chain mRNAs, the 22S RNA fraction showed almost exclusively L-chain mRNA activity. The observed purification that was achieved by sucrose gradient centrifugation might be attributed to the tendency of L-chain to form aggregates upon exposure to phenol.
On the Flow Between Two Long Eccentric Cylinders.

Abstract : The fluid inertia effects in the lubricating air film of high-speed tape transport systems have yet to be understood. To cope theoretically with the attendant problems, a computational procedure was developed to solve the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid motion for an incompressible fluid in a doubly-connected region. As a test case, the new procedure was applied to the flow in the annular region between two long eccentric cylinders, one of which is rotating. Excellent agreement is obtained with exact analytical results for the problem when inertia can be neglected. The numerical results are then extended to cover a wide range of operating parameters, with considerable assurance that the predictions so-obtained are accurate. (Author)
Geometry of Warped Product CR-Submanifolds in Kaehler Manifolds

In this paper we study warped product CR-submanifolds in Kaehler manifolds and introduce the notion of CR-warped products. We prove several fundamental properties of CR-warped products in Kaehler manifolds and establish a general inequality for an arbitrary CR-warped product in an arbitrary Kaehler manifold. We then investigate CR-warped products in a general Kaehler manifold which satisfy the equality case of the inequality. Finally we classify CR-warped products in complex Euclidean space which satisfy the equality.
Competitive Balance in the National Football League After the 1993 Collective Bargaining Agreement

In the large literature on issues related to competitive balance, studies tend to find no significant effect of structural changes, such as changes in league rules, on parity. However, the 1993 col...
Comparison of the effect of temafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, or placebo on cerebral blood flow, glucose, and oxygen metabolism in healthy subjects by means of positron emission tomography.

Study objective: To determine the cause of the central nervous system effect of the fluorinated quinolones temafloxacin and ciprofloxacin by measuring cerebral blood flow and metabolism by use of positron emission tomography. Design: This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients: The patients were 13 healthy, nonsmoking volunteers whose ages ranged from 18 to 40 years. Results: We measured brain blood flow and metabolism by use of positron emission tomography before and after a five-dose course of 750 mg ciprofloxacin, 600 mg temafloxacin, or placebo given every 12 hours. Table 1. Quinolone administration produced no significant effect on visual (qualitative) reading of the positron emission tomography scans. Conclusions: We conclude that short-term administration of temafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, or placebo does not significantly alter cerebral glucose or oxygen metabolism. Subjects treated with ciprofloxacin demonstrated a significant decrease in brain blood flow compared with baseline and with temafloxacin- or placebo-treated subjects. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1991) 50, 165–171; doi:10.1038/clpt.1991.121
Sensitivity of system performance to individual error statistics

The method of equivalent observation 1 is extended to vector valued constant parameters and to uncorrelated measurement noise sequences. It is then used to determine easily calculated partial derivatives of final covariances with respect to parameter variances. Error matrices and bounds are developed in order to determine the range over which linearity may be assumed.
Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity in Growth Hormone-Deficient Children: Effect of Therapy with Human Growth Hormone

ABSTRACT: To delineate the role of growth hormone (GH) in the development and function of the immune system, immunological parameters including quantitative immunoglobulins, T and B lymphocytes, phytohemagglutinin lymphoproliferative response and delayed hypersensitivity skin tests were studied in nine GH-deficient children prior to GH therapy and at 2 months and 9 to 12 months following therapy. The phytohemagglutinin response (74.1 ± 37.6, mean ± SD), and the T rosette (58.3% ± 9.4), B rosette (21.1% ± 6.1), IgG (810 ± 241 mg/dl), (IgA 140 ± 85), and IgM (176 ± 70) levels in GH-deficient children were comparable to age adjusted values in normal children. Following GH therapy the phytohemagglutinin response increased significantly at 9 to 12 months posttherapy, 123.2 ± 51.9 versus 74.1 ± 37.6, p < 0.05. T and B rosettes, immunoglobulin concentrations, and hypersensitivity skin tests were not affected by GH therapy. Al-though an effect of GH was not demonstrable by these studies, a positive role of GH cannot be entirely excluded since total GH deficiency did not exist in all children.
Hierarchical Mixture Models in Neurological Transmission Analysis

Abstract Hierarchically structured mixture models are studied in the context of data analysis and inference on neural synaptic transmission characteristics in mammalian, and other, central nervous systems. Mixture structures arise due to uncertainties about the stochastic mechanisms governing the responses to electrochemical stimulation of individual neurotransmitter release sites at nerve junctions. Models attempt to capture such scientific features as the sensitivity of individual synaptic transmission sites to electrochemical stimuli and the extent of their electrochemical responses when stimulated. This is done via suitably structured classes of prior distributions for parameters describing these features. Such priors may be structured to permit assessment of currently topical scientific hypotheses about fundamental neural function. Posterior analysis is implemented via stochastic simulation. Several data analyses are described to illustrate the approach, with resulting neurophysiological insights in ...
Development of the web-based NIST X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Database

The first Web-based version of the NIST X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database (XPSDB) is described. The current database, built from a relational database management system (RDBMS), contains critically evaluated data with over 19,000 line positions, chemical shifts, doublet splittings, and energy separations of photoelectron and Auger-electron lines. It is available free of charge to the public through the Internet at http://srdata.nist.gov/xps/.
Synthesis and Structure of a Novel Lewis Acid−Base Adduct, (H3C)3SiN3·GaCl3, en Route to Cl2GaN3 and Its Derivatives: Inorganic Precursors to Heteroepitaxial GaN

The formation of a novel Lewis acid−base complex between the silyl azide Si(CH3)3N3 and GaCl3 having the formula (H3C)3SiN3·GaCl3(1) is demonstrated. The X-ray crystal structure of 1 shows that the electron-donating site is the nitrogen atom directly bonded to the organometallic group. Compound 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma, with cell dimensions a = 15.823(10) A, b = 10.010(5) A, c = 7.403(3) A, and Z = 4. Low-temperature decomposition of 1 via loss of (H3C)3SiCl yields Cl2GaN3 (2), which serves as the first totally inorganic (C,H-free) precursor to heteroepitaxial GaN by ultrahigh-vacuum chemical vapor deposition. A volatile monomeric Lewis acid−base adduct of 2 with trimethylamine, Cl2GaN3·N(CH3)3 (3), has also been prepared and utilized to grow high-quality GaN on Si and basal plane sapphire substrates. The valence bond model is used to analyze bond lengths in organometallic azides and related adducts.
Orographic Wave Drag over the Southern Ocean: A Linear Theory Perspective

AbstractRecent studies suggest that stratospheric wind biases in global and climate models in the Southern Hemisphere may result from insufficient orographic wave drag, particularly over the Southern Ocean in the latitude belt centered near 60°S. In this study, contributions to the stratospheric wave drag along 60°S from three neighboring orographic wave sources are evaluated using a multiple-layer linear wave model with large-scale wind and stratification profiles derived from the Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) between the years 1991 and 2010. The orographic wave sources include the Patagonian peaks in the southern Andes, the Antarctic Peninsula, and the island of South Georgia. The climatological and dynamical aspects of the wave drag and its dependence on tropospheric winds are investigated.The results suggest that these orographic wave sources may have significant contributions to the stratospheric drag over the Southern Ocean through meridional spreading of the wave momentum flux aloft assoc...
Hodgkin's disease

Hodgkin’s disease (HD) is a disease of lymph nodes that has a predictable pattern of spread. The disease is unique in several respects. Most of the patients affected with this cancer are older children or young adults, and most are cured and will survive either to lead normal lives or to develop late sequelae of treatment. HD is usually very sensitive to both radiation and chemotherapy, which allows for many effective treatment approaches with either a single treatment modality or different combined modality regimens. The patterns of failure and toxicities of different treatment approaches vary, and the toxicities of both radiotherapy and various chemotherapy regimens are dose related. Because HD is one of the few malignancies in which there is a realistic chance of salvage in the event of first treatment failure, it is possible to choose a treatment option initially that produces a lower complication rate even though the risk of relapse may be higher. In this disease, perhaps more than in any other malignancy today, the clinician usually must choose among many treatment options and has the responsibility to consider not only the survival result, but also the late effects of the treatment choice (Donaldson 1984, 1990).
Subcritical crack growth at bimaterial interfaces: Part I. flexural peel technique

A flexural peel (FP) technique was developed to study the crack growth behavior along a bimaterial interface. The technique was based on a sandwich specimen where one arm of the specimen was peeled away from the interface under a combined tensile and shear mode. An approximate linear elastic fracture mechanics solution was derived analytically from theJ integral formulation. The solution was compared to finite element calculations based on the crack closure method and experimental measurements. From the finite element analysis, ratios of the mode-I and mode-II components of the crack tip field were determined for a wide range of modulus and thickness ratios.
Rare gas flashlamps: The state of the art and unsolved problems

The characteristics of rare gas flashlamps are reviewed. Data on the spectral distribution and impedance characteristics are presented as a function of current density. Problems of acoustic and thermal damage affecting lamp life are discussed with an indication of directions for further research.
Maxwell fisheye lens as a waveguide crossing for integrated photonics

We demonstrate that the Maxwell fisheye lens realized can serve as an ideal waveguide crossing hub for up to 8 waveguides with 0.1 dB loss (97.7% transmission) and crosstalk of −40 dB.
Acquisition and Evolution of the exoU Locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

ExoU is a potent Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytotoxin translocated into host cells by the type III secretion system. A comparison of genomes of various P. aeruginosa strains showed that that the ExoU determinant is found in the same polymorphic region of the chromosome near a tRNA Lys gene, suggesting that exoU is a horizontally acquired virulence determinant. We used yeast recombinational cloning to characterize four distinct ExoU-encoding DNA segments. We then sequenced and annotated three of these four genomic regions. The sequence of the largest DNA segment, named ExoU island A, revealed many plasmid- and genomic island-associated genes, most of which have been conserved across a broad set of β- and γ -Proteobacteria . Comparison of the sequenced ExoU-encoding genomic islands to the corresponding PAO1 tRNA Lys -linked genomic island, the pathogenicity islands of strain PA14, and pKLC102 of clone C strains allowed us to propose a mechanism for the origin and transmission of the ExoU determinant. The evolutionary history very likely involved transposition of the ExoU determinant onto a transmissible plasmid, followed by transfer of the plasmid into different P. aeruginosa strains. The plasmid subsequently integrated into a tRNA Lys gene in the chromosome of each recipient, where it acquired insertion sequences and underwent deletions and rearrangements. We have also applied yeast recombinational cloning to facilitate a targeted mutagenesis of ExoU island A, further demonstrating the utility of the specific features of the yeast capture vector for functional analyses of genes on large horizontally acquired genetic elements.
Characterization of the structure of antithrombin-binding heparan sulfate generated by heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase 5.

Abstract The 3-O-sulfation of glucosamine is a key modification step during the biosynthesis of anticoagulant heparan sulfate (HS). Both heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase -1 (3-OST-1) and 3-O-sulfotransferase-5 (3-OST-5) transfer sulfate to the 3-OH group of glucosamine to generate antithrombin-binding heparan sulfate (HSact). Here, we reported the isolation and characterization of the antithrombin-binding HS oligosaccharides generated by 3-OST-5 (3-OST-5 oligoact). 3H-labeled HS of Chinese hamster ovary cells was exhaustively modified by 3-OST-1 to remove the 3-OST-1 modification sites followed by antithrombin-affinity fractionation. The nonantithrombin-binding fraction of 3-OST-1 pretreated HS was further modified by 3-OST-5 to generate additional antithrombin-binding HS, which was designated as 3-OST-5 HSact. Structural analysis of 3-OST-5 HSact revealed that the antithrombin-binding site of 3-OST-5 HSact is located within a domain clustered with N-sulfated glucosamine units. We also isolated 3-OST-5 antithrombin-binding oligosaccharides (3-OST-5 oligoact) from high pH nitrous acid degraded 3-OST-5 HSact. A disaccharide analysis revealed that 3-OST-5 oligoact were composed of multiple 3-O-sulfated glucosamine units. Our results provide additional insights on the relationship between the anticoagulant activity and structure of HS.
Thrombolysis in Right versus Left Hemispheric Stroke

Background Recent evidence has suggested that patients with right hemispheric stroke (RHS) present later to an emergency department, have a lower chance to receive intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), and have poorer clinical outcomes than do patients with left hemispheric stroke (LHS). Methods We analyzed the rate of IV t-PA administration with respect to the side of the affected hemisphere in a large community population, to determine whether a difference exists. The study population was a large prospective cohort of patients with acute stroke treated with IV t-PA at our hospital's stroke center (October 2000 to October 2006). Results Of 2932 patients presenting with ischemic stroke, 953 met criteria for study inclusion. In all, 151 patients received IV t-PA. Between groups, there was no significant difference in presentation within 3hours after acute stroke ( P =.180). There was no difference in the use of IV t-PA between patients with RHS and LHS ( P =.237). Conclusions There was no difference with respect to affected hemisphere in time to presentation to the emergency department. Furthermore, there was no difference in the rate of IV t-PA administration for patients with RHS versus LHS. This finding is in contrast to previous research on IV t-PA use in hemispheric stroke and may reflect improved recognition of right hemispheric syndromes.
Developing a dynamic model of the Iraqi insurgency

This paper describes the need for a dynamic modeling methodology that can account for the myriad of complex interactions between economic, political, military, infrastructure, human, social, ethnic, governmental and other factors involved in understanding an insurgency. The literature review provides a description of several previous dynamic models of insurgency. An exploratory dynamic model using the System Dynamics modeling methodology is then introduced showing how a single province in Iraq can be modeled. The paper includes discussion on the direction of future research, and describes how the model will be further developed and refined, how a graphical user interface (GUI) will be developed and implemented, and how ultimately the model can be integrated into the U.S. Army's Iraqi Campaign Model.
Friedman-Savage Utility Functions Consistent with Risk Aversion

I. Introduction, 472. — II. The model: assumptions and notation, 474. — III. Derivation of the model, 477. — IV. The utility of wealth, 478. — V. Borrowing constraints: an example, 480. — VI. Concluding remarks, 486.
Estimating the Thickness of Colluvial Fill in Unchanneled Valleys from Surface Topography

Two procedures for estimating the thickness of colluvium in unchanneled valleys using easily measured surficial characteristics are proposed. Depth-to-bedrock predictions are tested at 12 sites in northern California and Washington where surface topography is known and the depth of colluvial infilling has been independently determined. In the contour displacement technique, the bedrock geometry is approximated as a tipped triangular trough. The contour displacement is defined as the map distance between the intersection of tangents to side-slope contour segments on opposite sides of an unchanneled valley and the actual position of the contour in the valley axis. Colluvium thickness is estimated from a trigonometric relationship between the contour displacement and hollow gradient. This technique accurately predicts the depth to bedrock for sites with planar side slopes but underpredicts this depth for sites with convex side slopes. The curve fitting technique fits second-order polynomial equations to side-slope profiles on either side of the hollow and solves for their intersection beneath the depositional zone. The thickness of the colluvial deposit is estimated as the distance between this point and the true ground surface. This procedure gives reasonable estimates for sites with distinct side-slope convexity but overestimates the thickness at sites with nearly planar side slopes. Accurate depth-to-bedrock predictions are obtained by using the contour displacement technique at sites with planar side slopes and the curve fitting technique for sites with convex side slopes.
Social Implications of Mobile Telephony: The Rise of Personal Communication Society

The media landscape has changed dramatically in recent decades, from one predominated by traditional mass communication formats to today’s more personalized network environment. Mobile communication plays a central role in this transition, with adoption rates that surpass even those of the Internet. This essay argues that the widespread diffusion and use of mobile telephony is iconic of a shift toward a new ‘personal communication society’, evidenced by several key areas of social change, including symbolic meaning of the technology, new forms of coordination and social networking, personalization of public spaces, and the mobile youth culture. The conclusion speculates on future trends in the sociotechnological climate.
Umbilical cord stem cell therapy for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: ready for prime time?

Chronic lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension and others contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet successful interventions are often limited. Over the past decade, there has been an explosion of excitement regarding potential roles for stem cell therapies to prevent, repair or regenerate lung tissue to improve outcomes of these severe, progressive and often fatal disorders.1 ,2 Based on strong preclinical data, early clinical studies are currently underway to explore safety and potential efficacy in adults with chronic pulmonary diseases, including COPD, idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and others. In children, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains one of the more common yet challenging respiratory disorders for which current strategies are extremely limited. BPD is the chronic lung disease that develops in premature newborns who require respiratory support and oxygen therapy after birth.3–7 BPD has changed remarkably since its original description over 45 years ago, and remains a ‘moving target:’ a disease modulated and at least partly defined by the impact of therapeutic interventions themselves. Routine use of prenatal steroids, surfactant therapy, improved ventilator strategies and other treatments have improved survival and the clinical course of infants with BPD. Importantly, infants with BPD now have very different clinical courses, outcomes and pathology than had been traditionally observed in preterm infants during the presurfactant era. The classic progressive stages leading to marked disruption of lung architecture with prominent fibroproliferative disease and cyst-like lesions that characterised BPD in the past are now often absent, and the disease is now predominantly defined as a disruption of distal lung airspace and vascular growth.6–8 Lung histology of infants with the ‘new BPD’ often demonstrates far milder fibrosis and fewer signs of lung injury, but impaired alveolar and vascular growth remains prominent. …
Pharmacokinetics of ketamine HCl and metabolite I in the cat: a comparison of i.v., i.m., and rectal administration.

Ketamine HCl [2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino) cyclohexanone HCl] concentrations in whole blood were used to study the pharmacokinetics of i.v., i.m., and rectal administrations, at a dose of 25 mg/kg, in normal domestic cats. Absorption was rapid with both the i.m. and rectal routes. Systemic availability was 51% (SEM 10) for the i.m. dose and 43.5% (SEM 6.1) for the rectal dose. The first-pass effect had a minimal influence on the metabolism of ketamine HCl administered rectally. The elimination rate constant (beta) of the drug was statistically similar in the i.v., i.m., and rectal groups, at a 95% level of significance (P less than 0.05). At the dosage rates studied, ketamine HCl produced an anesthetic effect in the cat following i.v., i.m. and rectal administration.
Simulations of Short-Time Diffusivity in Lung Airspaces and Implications for S/V Measurements Using Hyperpolarized-Gas MRI

We demonstrate a method for simulating restricted diffusion of hyperpolarized gases in lung airspaces that does not rely on an idealized analytic model of alveolar structure. Instead, the restricting geometry was generated from digital representations of histological sections of actual lung tissue obtained from a rabbit model of emphysema. Monte-Carlo simulations of restricted diffusion were performed in the short-time-scale regime, for which the time-dependent diffusivity is quantitatively related to the surface-to-volume ratio (S/V) of the pore space. In each of the eight samples studied, the S/V extracted from the simulated time-dependent diffusivity curves differed by less than 3% from direct assessment of S/V using image-processing methods. Simulated MRI measurements of apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were performed in three representative lung sections to determine the effect of realistic gradient pulse shapes on the extracted S/V values. It was confirmed that ADCs measured at short diffusion times using either narrow or square gradient pulses yield accurate S/V values based on previously derived theoretical relationships. Simulations of triangular and sinusoidal diffusion-sensitizing gradients were then used to quantify the modifications required to extract accurate S/V values from ADC measurements obtained using more realistic gradient waveforms.
Contact Centers with a Call-Back Option and Real-Time Delay Information

Motivated by practices in customer contact centers, we consider a system that offers two modes of service: real-time and postponed with a delay guarantee. Customers are informed of anticipated delays and select their preferred option of service. The resulting system is a multiclass, multiserver queueing system with state-dependent arrival rates. We propose an estimation scheme for the anticipated real-time delay that is asymptotically correct, and a routing policy that is asymptotically optimal in the sense that it minimizes real-time delay subject to the deadline of the postponed service mode. We also show that our proposed state-dependent scheme performs better than a system in which customers make decisions based on steady-state waiting-time information. Our results are derived using an asymptotic analysis based on "many-server" limits for systems with state-dependent parameters.
Structures and factorizations of linear-phase paraunitary filter banks

The structure of linear-phase paraunitary filter banks with arbitrary number of channels is discussed. Minimal factorization and parametrization of linear-phase paraunitary filter banks with length MN filters is derived. Parametrization of pairwise mirror image filter banks is discussed and a design example is presented.
Water Transport Across Modified Polyimide Surfaces: Ion-Bombarded PMDA-ODA and BPDA-PDA

Durability of metal/polyimide (PI) interfaces is essential for the long term reliability of advanced microelectronics packages. In earlier work, we showed that water absorbed by the PI can affect durability because, at high temperatures, it migrates to the interface and oxidizes the metal. In this study, we have investigated water transport through PMDA-ODA and BPDA-PDA polyimides as a function of ion beam treatment. Thermal desorption mass spectrometry (TDS) and gravimetric water uptake measurements were correlated with XPS spectra obtained from modified films. Transport through films with unmodified surfaces is rapid as shown by water uptake, however uptake is slowed considerably by surface modification. Additionally, only modified films exhibit peaks in TDS spectra-the peak temperature and intensity scale with dose. High resolution XPS spectra taken after modification suggest a graphitic-like surface region independent of dose. However, the extent of this “damaged” region scales with the dose. From the TDS spectra, we determine that the activation energy for water diffusion through this layer is 12-15 kcal/mol.
BOUNDARY LAYER EFFECTS IN NEARLY INCOMPRESSIBLE CRACKED BODIES

After briefly reviewing an experimental method which integrates the methods of frozeg stress photoelasticity and high density moire interferometry together with appropriate algorithms for estimating three dimensional distributions of fracture parameters, this paper f ocuses upon results obtained by the method pertaining to boundary effects and their possible interpretation within the mechanics
Paint by relaxation

We use relaxation to produce painted imagery from images and video. An energy function is first specified; we then search for a painting with minimal energy. The appeal of this strategy is that, ideally, we need only specify what we want, not how to directly compute it. Because the energy function is very difficult to optimize, we use a relaxation algorithm combined with search heuristics. This formulation allows us to specify painting style by varying the relative weights of energy terms. The basic energy function yields an economical style that conveys an image with few strokes. This style produces greater temporal coherence for video than previous techniques. The system allows as fine user control as desired: the user may interactively change the painting style, specify variations of style over an image, and/or add specific strokes to the painting.
The polarization of skylight an example for classroom discussion

Polarization is a unique property of electromagnetic radiation (light). It is discussed at all levels of scientific education, from introductory courses in physics to graduate courses in electromagnetism. As with most physical theories, students appreciate a practical example, particularly when it involves natural phenomena. The polarization of skylight and its use by insects for navigation is such an example. In the remainder of the paper, a simple explanation for the cause of this polarization and for its distribution over the sky is presented. In this brief abstract, the equations describing the phenomenon are not included; they are discussed in the presentation.
'Infinite loneliness': the life and times of Miss Congo.

The arrival of Miss Congo, a female mountain gorilla, in America provided the opportunity for a scientific study of the mental abilities of our close cousin. Since the mid-nineteenth century, gorillas had captivated the imagination of the public and scientific community alike. In 1925, psychobiologist Robert Mearns Yerkes was thrilled to gain access to such a rare primate specimen. Yerkes’ study of ‘The Mind of a Gorilla’ reveals how our enduring fascination with the gorilla is driven by conflicting desires to demonstrate our connection with and distance from our fellow great apes.
The overactive bladder in childhood: long-term results with conservative management.

Purpose: Idiopathic detrusor overactivity has not been thoroughly investigated and its natural history remains largely anecdotal. Bladder overactivity resulting from a neurogenic, anatomical or medical condition has been well described. Therefore, we assessed the long-term results of conservative treatment of children with idiopathic symptomatic refractory detrusor instability.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 58 patients who had an isolated finding of uninhibited contractions on urodynamics performed for refractory enuresis and daytime wetting between 1988 and 1994. Study exclusion criteria were chronic urinary tract infection, neurological lesion, anatomical abnormality of the lower urinary tract and less than 12 months of followup.Results: Of the 30 children who met our study inclusion criteria 26 (87%) had complete (21) or significant (5) symptom resolution. Average time to resolution was 2.7 years (range 0.2 to 6.6). Patients with a 50% to 90% bladder capacity expected for age were mo...
A Distributed Adaptive Scheduler for QoS Support in Compose

In this paper, we present the design and implementation details of a flexible reflective scheduling framework, that supports conjunctive scheduling of both tasks and messages within a distributed message based environment. In future, distributed environments will need to fine tune their systems to provide diverse services, often-times implementing dissimilar policies and functionality. We understand that future distributed systems would require their schedulers to be tailor-made or customizable to suit the diverse workloads at different times.The framework is therefore fashioned to provide both coarse and fine grained scheduling, for better tunability and improved performance. Though this model is designed to work with any thread based system, we have investigated the applicability of these concepts on actors (active objects) within the Compose|Q framework. Scheduling of soft real time tasks are handled by the framework to conform to guarantees, even in the presence of normal time-sharing tasks. We expect that the proposed solution would be scalable while providing higher flexibility than simple task based scheduling.
Solar Damage To the Solitary Ascidian, Corella Inflata

The ascidian Corella inflata (Chordata, Ascidiacea) is common in many areas of Puget Sound, Washington, USA. However, it occurs only in habitats where it is protected from direct sunlight. Previous experiments with artificial lights showed that UV irradiation kills all life stages of this animal. The effects of natural sunlight exposure (measuring survival of adults, juveniles, larvae, and embryos) were compared. We partitioned the light spectrum to separate the effects of UVB, UVA, and visible light (PAR). Natural sunlight severely damaged C. inflata . Adults and juveniles died after 2-5 d. Exposed embryos failed to develop normally and larvae did not settle. As expected, UVB had significant effects, but pronounced effects were also seen when the animals were exposed to longer wavelengths alone (UVA and PAR). Thus, the distribution of C. inflata may be determined largely by exposure to light. Understanding the basic ecology of this species requires consideration of its vulnerability to sunlight damage and the effects of UVB, UVA, and PAR.
The effects of irradiance and CO2 on the activity and activation of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase in the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrhiza

The activation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39) from the floating angiosperm Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. (giant duckweed) grown at a photon irradiance of 200 or 400 I¼mol photons m-2 s-1 was consistently low, in the range of 56-62. Similarly low values were observed with four other emergent aquatic species growing under full sun irradiance. Transference of Spirodela plants for short (minutes) or long (days) periods to the higher or lower irradiance increased or decreased, respectively, the activation by only about 15. Activation was not greatly altered by exposure of the plants to full sun irradiance of >2000 I¼mol photons m-2 s-1 or CO2 concentrations in air of 0 and 1170 I¼mol mol-1, but darkness caused a slow decline to 20 activation. Transient oscillations were observed following a change in irradiance or CO2 concentration indicating that Rubisco was responsive to environmental perturbations. The low Rubisco activation was not due to the tight binding of inhibitors such as carboxyarabinitol-1-phosphate. It is concluded that a substantial proportion of the Rubisco protein in these naturally-occurring species may not be used for CO2-fixation at any given moment.
Sympathetic nerve sprouting after orthotopic heart transplantation.

Abstract Background Although many studies have documented sympathetic re-innervation in transplanted hearts (allografts) using chemical, imaging, and electrophysiologic methods, little histopathologic proof of this process exists. Methods and results We used immunohistochemical techniques with antibodies to S-100 protein, to growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), and to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to detect nerves in the left ventricles in allografts from 29 consecutive recipients. Reasons for transplantation included ischemic heart disease (IHD, n = 16), non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM, n = 12), and both (n = 1). We assessed nerve densities (nerves/mm2) with respect to time after transplantation in the endocardium; in the mid-myocardium; and around intramyocardial blood vessels, scars, foci of rejection, and Quilty lesions. Six normal hearts were used for comparison. As in normal hearts, all 29 allografts had epicardial nerve trunks that extended into the mid-myocardium around blood vessels. Although the total number of nerves (S100-positive) progressively decreased over time, GAP43-positive nerves around the blood vessels increased with time (p Conclusions Heterogeneous sympathetic nerve sprouting and re-innervation occurred around blood vessels in the allografts. The magnitude of nerve sprouting increased with time and varied greatly from patient to patient. Patients with IHD had greater nerve sprouting and re-innervation than did those with DCM.