cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RECDIS: A BASIC program for computing interindividual distances within a rectangular area

A variety of investigators have observed freely behaving rats in circular open fields and have used interindividual distances as a quantitative measure of social attraction or "gregariousness" (Barefoot, Aspey, & Olson, 1975; Eckman, Meltzer, & Latane, 1969; Latane, 1969; Latane, Cappell, & Joy, 1970; Latane & Glass, 1968). To facilitate such raw data collection and organization, Aspey (in press-b) developed a computer program (CIRDIS) for determining interindividual distances between any two subjects when observed in a circular open field marked off into 49 sectors. The program RECDIS refers to "rectangular distances," and extends the generality and applicability of determining interindividual distances by specifying locations in terms of numbered sectors to rectangular test areas of variable length and width. The program is written for a rectangular test area marked off into any number of identified squares of equal size and shape. Length and width are user specified, and the program is applicable to a variety of research situations whenever two animals' locations can be specified in terms of the N squares. In an ethological research example, Aspey (in press-a) computed the theoretical personal space among groups of adult male wolf spiders by determining interindividual distances during agonistic encounters when tested under varying social, spatial, and population densities. Diagrams of the rectangular area, marked off into a numbered grid (Figure 1), make useful data sheets for recording subjects' locations during testing, or for transcribing tape-recorded protocol. Additionally, a theoretical, chance interindividual distance can be computed by entering all combinations of the numbered squares and obtaining the mean of all possible distances. Furthermore, control distances can be computed by recording each partner's location when tested alone and computing the distances as if the partners had been tested together. This measure provides an indication of the expected interindividual distance between subjects if they were to move through the rectangular field independently of each other. Description. After operationally defining location (e.g., as that numbered square where a spider's right palp is located during a given trial), the numbers of the squares are recorded where each member of a subject
Mode theory approach to arrays

Abstract : Attention is concentrated on the radiating and evanescent modes which must appear, both in free space and in the receiving transmission lines, when an infinite array of radiators is illuminated by a plane wave. If the radiators have a tendency to form a slow-wave structure (as all radiators must, even if to only a very slight degree), then for angles of incidence greater than a certain amount there can be propagating modes (surface waves capable of carrying power) supported by the radiators. These propagating modes are dubbed 'internal grating lobes' because they can appear even if the spacing of the radiators is close enough to prohibit the possibility of grating lobes in free space. The main effect of the internal grating lobes is to cause mismatching of the array, thereby deteriorating its scanning performance. It was found possible to demonstrate the existence of internal grating lobes experimentally. The main conclusion is that the simplest types of radiators (slots in a flat sheet or dipoles above a ground plane) are probably best for phased arrays because, of all types considered both practical and imaginable, they have the least slow- wave character.
A nitric oxide-releasing polydiazeniumdiolate derived from acetonitrile.

Acetonitrile, frequently used as a solvent in reactions of nitric oxide (NO) with amines and other nucleophiles to introduce the [N(O)NO]- (diazeniumdiolate) functional group, has itself been shown to react with NO in the presence of strong base to yield methane trisdiazeniumdiolate (1), presumably via an intermediate trisdiazeniumdiolated imidate. Aqueous hydrolysis of 1 does not follow simple first-order kinetics and produces mixtures of NO and nitrous oxide in ratios that vary with solution pH.
NON-ENZYMIC METHODS FOR THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF PROTEINS1

Abstract Non-enzymic methods for the phosphorylation of proteins are reviewed with respect to type of reagent, protein source, reactive site (N[sbnd], O[sbnd] or S[sbnd]), extent of reaction, and effect on physical properties, functionality and biological properties. Experimental procedures are given to illustrate the most important methods. Some enzymic methods are included for comparison. The evidence for phosphorylation of specific amino acid residues, such as serine, threonine, histidine or lysine, is critically assessed. Conclusions are drawn regarding the status of phosphorylation as a synthetic method for modifying proteins.
Energy budget of the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus): convective heat loss.

Abstract o 1. Wind speeds of 5, 10, and 15 km/hr cause no change in the thermal neutral zone or no significant change in body temperature of Tamias striatus . 2. Increasing wind speeds increase metabolic rate, below the lower critical temperature (28°C), apparently by increasing the temperature gradient between pelt surface and body surface, resulting in a greater rate of heat loss. 3. The effect of heat loss, relative to wind speed, decreases with increases in wind speed, below thermal neutrality. 4. Metabolic rate of T. striatus below 28°C as a function of ambient temperature and wind speed is described by: cm 3 O 2 /(g·hr) = 0·0088 W 2 + 4·25 − (0·00034 W 2 + 0·10) T a or cal/(g·hr) = 0·042 W 2 + 20·4 − (0·0016 W 2 + 0·48) T a . 5. Metabolic rate of T. striatus below 20°C as a function of ambient temperature, intensity of artificial solar radiation, and wind speed is described by: cm 3 O 2 /(g·hr) = 4·23 − 0·64 R + 0·0088 W 2 − (0·00034 W 2 + 0·10) T a or cal/(g·hr) = 20·3 − 3·08 R + 0·042 W 2 − (0·0016 W 2 + 0·48) T a .
Rapid detection of spatial pattern by Fourier analysis.

Abstract Fast Fourier transform analysis can be used to accurately and rapidly detect pattern in large two-dimensional arrangements of points, such as the locations of cells in culture or plants in a unit square. We present here a sample study of pattern in spatial random point processes. This is evidently the first time that Fourier transform-based cross-correlation techniques have been applied to the analysis of point processes of biological origin. Radial profiles of the power spectra and autocorrelation estimates revealed a nearly constant interpore distance of 0.49 ± 0.04 mm in the locations of eccrine gland pores on the surface of human skin. Additionally, gland-free areas may exist near hair follicles.
The role of bicarbonate in proximal tubular sodium chloride transport

The role of bicarbonate in proximal tubular sodium chloride transport. Microperfusion studies of single proximal tubules in rat kidney cortex slices show a progressive increase in the rate of reabsorption of isosmotic fluid and NaCl as the bathing medium bicarbonate concentration is raised from 0 to 12 mEq/liter while the pH is maintained at 7.3 to 7.4. When bathing medium bicarbonate was 25 mEq/liter, tubules maintained a significantly lower intraluminal NaHCO 3 concentration: 15 mEq/liter. At the same time luminal NaCl concentration was equivalently elevated above that of the bathing medium. Reabsorptive rates were decreased when acetazolamide was added either to the bathing medium or to the tubular perfusate. Intratubular carbonic anhydrase reversed the effects of acetazolamide. Active transport of NaHCO 3 stimulates NaCl reabsorption by generating and maintaining concentration gradients favoring passive reabsorption of this salt. The proximal tubule also possesses mechanisms for active NaCl reabsorption.
Characterization of the human γ-glutamyl hydrolase promoter and its gene expression in human tissues and cancer cell lines

Human gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (hGH) plays an important role in the metabolism of folic acid and the pharmacology of antifolates such as methotrexate. We have previously cloned and characterized hGH cDNA and its gene. We report here that the levels of hGH gene expression are high in tissues such as liver, kidney, and placenta as determined by Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses. In contrast, hGH expression is relatively low in spleen, lung, small intestine, and peripheral blood leukocytes. In addition, high levels of hGH mRNA were detected in most cancer cell lines examined. There was no significant difference in hGH mRNA levels between breast cancer tissues and their normal counterparts, although breast cancer tissues generally appeared to have heterogeneous expression of hGH mRNA. Deletion analysis and transient transfection assays were performed. A positive regulatory element located from -52 to +4 relative to the transcriptional start site was found to be required for basal promoter activity in both HepG2 and MCF-7 cells. Also, transcriptional inhibitory elements were found at -96 to-52 and +88 to+104 in MCF-7 cells, but not in HepG2 cells. These data provide novel insights into the regulation of hGH gene transcription in HepG2 and MCF-7 cells.
Preparation, crystal structure, and enthalpy of formation of cesium europium(II) chloride, CsEuCl3

Abstract CsEuCl3 was prepared from stoichiometric amounts of CsCl and EuCl2. Powder X-ray diffraction data show that CsEuCl3 has a distorted perovskite structure. The diffraction data are most consistent with a tetragonal unit cell with a 0 = 5.588(4) A , c 0 = 5.619(8) A , Z = 1 , and space group P4 mm. Measurement of the heat of solution of CsEuCl3 in water leads to ΔHfo(CsEuCl3, c)=−1265.0±5.6 kJ/mol. The perovskite lattice does not appear to stabilize CsEuCl3 in comparison with the binary chlorides CsCl and EuCl2.
A unique secondary folding pattern for 5S RNA corresponds to the lowest energy homologous secondary structure in 17 different prokaryotes

A general secondary structure is proposed for the 5S RNA of prokaryotic ribosomes, based on helical energy filtering calculations. We have considered all secondary structures that are common to 17 different prokaryotic 5S RNAs and for each 5S sequence calculated the (global) minimum energy secondary structure (300,000 common structures are possible for each sequence). The 17 different minimum energy secondary structures all correspond, with minor differences, to a single, secondary structure model. This is strong evidence that this general 5S folding pattern corresponds to the secondary structure of the functional 5S rRNA. The general 5S secondary structure is forked and in analogy with the cloverleaf of tRNA is named the "wishbone" model. It constant 8 double helical regions; one in the stem, four in the first, or constant arm, and three in the second arm. Four of these double helical regions are present in a model earlier proposed (1) and four additional regions not proposed by them are presented here. In the minimum energy general structure, the four helices in the constant arm are exactly 15 nucleotide pairs long. These helices are stacked in the sequences from gram-positive bacteria and probably stacked in gram-negative sequences as well. In sequences from gram-positive bacteria the length of the constant arm is maintained at 15 stacked pairs by an unusual minimum energy interaction involving a C26-G57 base pair intercalated between two adjacent helical regions.
Special Feature A Qualitative Assessment of Parallelism in Expert Systems

Developers envision expert systems that can make up to one billion inferences per second. This will require full utilization of a system's potential for parallel processing.
Toward fusion of camera-based egomotion and inertial navigation for a UGV (unmanned ground vehicle) traversing natural terrain

A UGV (unmanned ground vehicle) can better accomplish autonomous mobility through fusion of multiple sensors that provide information concerning the vehicle's location and orientation within the world. Fusion requires an understanding of the constituent elements. This paper describes the application of an egomotion estimator to a sequence of data from a forward-facing video camera on a surrogate UGV, compares the resulting egomotion estimates to those from a co-located inertial navigation system, and defines measures of consistency of the paired observations.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Inhibition of platelet activity with red wine and grape products

Platelets are known to contribute to the development of coronary artery atherosclerotic disease by several mechanisms [1]. Platelets are also primarily involved in forming the occlusive thrombus in the narrowed coronary artery that leads to fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction (heart attack) [1]. It is known that patients with diabetes, hypertension, elevated LDL cholesterol, or patients who smoke have hyperactive platelets [2]. This is likely to exacerbate the atherothrombotic process. A number of clinical trials have shown that aspirin, a platelet inhibitor, given daily significantly reduces the incidence of symptoms of coronary artery disease and heart attacks [3]. It seems reasonable to assume that by taking “something” on a daily basis that turns down platelet activity, one could reduce the contribution of platelets to the development and sequelae of coronary artery disease.
A realistic finite unified theory

Abstract We suggest that starting from a type I superstring theory one can get to an effective chiral four-dimensional theory with soflty broken supersymmetry that is ultraviolet finite to all orders. Previously we classified all two-loop-finite chiral anomaly-free N = 1 theories. By requiring that such a theory contain at least three families without mirror partners and the necessary Higgs fields, we are led to a unique theory based on SU(5) and containing exactly three families.
Discourse and the production of territorial hegemony: Indigenous peoples, the United Fruit Company and the capitalist state in Costa Rica, 1872–1916

Abstract This paper examines the relation between discourse about Indigenous peoples, and the hegemonic consolidation of capitalist state spaces in early twentieth-century Costa Rica. It argues that colonial rationalities towards Indigenous inhabitants resulted in unstable deployments of the Indigenous subject as part of the nation, yet excluded from its capitalist spaces. This instability reflected the unstable nature of state territorialization itself. The state deployed spatial forms meant to encourage capitalist accumulation, and develop its frontier spaces, yet at the same time, saw its sovereign authority challenged by the United Fruit Company (UFC). This paper considers the brief creation of an Indigenous reserve by the UFC and the Costa Rican state in 1916, and suggests that this was a moment in which the relation between political space and Indigenous peoples became temporarily settled. Further, the paper argues that this process reflected the hegemonic consolidation of capitalist state spaces, even if the political status of Indigenous peoples remained fundamentally unresolved. The liminal position of the Indigenous populations—both part of, yet separate from the spatiality of the nation—is a condition of Costa Rica's Indigenous peoples that still exists today.
Founding Editorial Board Member

Alan Mearns is a Marine Biologist/Ecologist and Senior Staff Scientist for the Hazardous Materials Response Division of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA/HAZMAT) in Seattle, Washington. He received his Ph.D. in Fisheries from the University of Washington in 1971, and his MA and B.Sc. degrees in biology at California State University at Long Beach in 1967 and 1965, respectively. He and his team support NOAA s regional Scientific Support Coordinators (SSC s) and US Coast Guard Marine Safety Offices during spills of oil and hazardous materials. Dr. Mearns expertise includes fisheries, marine ecology, and aquatic toxicology and chemistry. In 1965–66 Dr. Mearns served as a biologist on US Ice Island T-3 in the Arctic Ocean for the Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California. During the 1970s he was Leader of the Biology Division at the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP) where his team pioneered studies on the ecology of the Southern California Bight and on effects of ocean sewage outfalls on marine life. During the 1980s he served as NOAA Ecologist for the first assessment of water quality in Puget Sound and also helped develop the NOAA National Status and Trends Program. At NOAA HAZMAT (1990 to present) he directs efforts to document the benefits and impacts of oil and hazardous material cleanup and treatment activities (washing, bioremediation, and dispersant-use), is helping conduct dispersant use risk assessment for spill response planning around the entire US coastline and conducts training programs across the US. In addition, his team monitors the
Methods for pharmacokinetic analysis in young children.

Introduction: Pediatric physiology and disease states are often complex and are distinct from adults. Pediatric clinicians and scientists, as well as governmental regulators, are increasingly concerned with the necessity to optimize clinical pharmacological study design to achieve appropriate drug-dosing practices for various pediatric populations. Areas covered: There are significant challenges in clinical trial design, implementation and analysis that are unique to pediatric populations. Innovative techniques of sample preparation and analysis of pharmacokinetic (PK) studies as well as modern methods of data analysis, including PK modeling and simulation, that address some of these challenges are reviewed along with recent examples from the literature. Expert opinion: There have been clear and exciting advances in the understanding of pediatric clinical pharmacology in the areas of clinical trial design and sample analysis, as well as PK and pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation. Further advances requ...
Cat gastrinoma and the sequence of cat gastrins.

Abstract Following the curative resection of a pancreatic gastrinoma in a cat, gastrin peptides were purified from the tissue and sequenced. The sequence of cat gastrinoma G17 (18–34) confirms the previously published sequence. The sequence of cat G34 (1–34) is reported for the first time. The NH 2 -terminal portion of cat G34 differs from that of dog by having a Q (Gln) for L (Leu) at position 10 from the NH 2 -terminus.
An ab initio molecular orbital study of the SN2 reaction of H− with HF

Abstract Ab initio SCF MO calculations have been performed for the reactants, products and reaction complex in the title reaction. The influence of diffuse and polarization basis functions in determining the presence of a reaction barrier was investigated. No barrier to the forward or reverse reactions was found.
IDENTIFICATION AND MAPPING OF AREAS UNUSUALLY SENSITIVE TO ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE FROM A HAZARDOUS LIQUID RELEASE

ABSTRACT The Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation is required to identify areas unusually sensitive to environmental damage in the event of a hazardous liquid pipeline accident, in accordance with pipeline safety laws. Pipeline operators that can affect these “unusually sensitive areas” (USAs) must develop and follow an integrity management program to continually assess and evaluate the integrity of the pipeline through internal inspection or pressure testing and data integration and analysis. After extensive consultation and pilot testing with drinking water experts, conservation biologists, government agencies, and other stakeholders, a process has been developed to identify USAs for both drinking water and ecological resources. This process begins by designating and assessing environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs), determining which ESAs are potentially more susceptible to permanent or long-term damage from a hazardous liquid release, and finally ...
Tabulated Equations of State with a Many-tasking Execution Model

The addition of nuclear and neutrino physics to general relativistic fluid codes allows for a more realistic description of hot nuclear matter in neutron star and black hole systems. This additional microphysics requires that each processor have access to large tables of data, such as equations of state, and in large simulations, the memory required to store these tables locally can become excessive unless an alternative execution model is used. In this work we present relativistic fluid evolutions of a neutron star obtained using a message driven multi-threaded execution model known as ParalleX. The goal of this work is to reduce the negative performance impact of distributing the tables. We introduce a component based on the notion of a "future", or no blocking encapsulated delayed computation, for accessing large tables of data, including out of-core sized tables. The proposed technique does not impose substantial memory overhead and can hide increased network latency.
The excess capacitance of a microstrip via in a dielectric substrate

The equivalent circuit of a via that connects two semi-infinite microstrip transmission lines imbedded in a dielectric medium above a ground plane is considered. The T-type equivalent circuit consists of an excess capacitance and an excess inductance. The excess inductance of the via is the same as the one computed in the case of free space (without a substrate). The excess capacitance of the via is computed quasi-statically by the method of moments and the image method from the integral equations. Parametric plots of the excess capacitance of the via are given for reference. >
Longitudinal performance of a vestibular prosthesis as assessed by electrically evoked compound action potential recording

Electrical stimulation of the vestibular end organ with a vestibular prosthesis may provide an effective treatment for vestibular loss if the stimulation remains effective over a significant period of time after implantation of the device. To assess efficacy of electrical stimulation in an animal model, we implanted 3 rhesus monkeys with a vestibular prosthesis based on a cochlear implant. We then recorded vestibular electrically evoked compound action potentials (vECAPs) longitudinally in each of the implanted canals to see how the amplitude of the response changed over time. The results suggest that vECAPs, and therefore electrical activation of vestibular afferent fibers, can remain largely stable over time following implantation.
Some articulatory correlates of perceptual isochrony

Given sequences of digits with temporally equidistant acoustic onsets, listeners do not perceive them as isochronous (Morton, Marcus, & Frankish, 1976). In order for the sequences to be perceptually isochronous, systematic departures from acoustic isochrony must be introduced. These acoustic departures are precisely those that talkers generate when asked to produce an isochronous sequence (Fowler, 1979), suggesting that listeners judge isochrony based on acoustic information about articulatory timing. The present experiment was an attempt to test directly whether perceptually isochronous sequences have isochronous articulatory correlates. Electromyographic potentials were recorded from the orbicularis oris muscle when speakers produced sequences of monosyllables “as if speaking in time to a metronome.” Sequences were devised so that lip-muscle activity was related to the syllable-initial consonant, the stressed vowel, or the stressed vowel and final consonant. Results indicate that isochronous muscular activity accompanies both isochronous and anisochronous acoustic signals produced under instructions to generate isochronous sequences. These results support an interpretation of the perceptual phenomenon reported by Morton et al. to the effect that listeners judge isochrony of the talker’s articulations as they are reflected in the acoustic signal.
Primary care practitioners: an analysis of their perceptions of voiding dysfunction and prostate cancer.

AbstractPurpose: We analyzed practice and referral patterns of primary care practitioners regarding the diagnosis of prostate cancer, and the evaluation and treatment of voiding dysfunction.Materials and Methods: An anonymous multiple-choice questionnaire was mailed to all primary care practitioners in Brooklyn, New York who were registered with the Medical Society of the State of New York.Results: More than 25 percent of primary care practitioners begin performing digital rectal examination after patient age 55 years. Compared to prostate specific antigen (PSA) 59 percent of practitioners believe that digital rectal examination is more sensitive or that the tests are equal, or they do not know. In regard to PSA 11 percent of respondents begin testing after patient age 60 years, 11 percent evaluate PSA only if digital rectal examination is abnormal and greater than 3 percent never evaluate PSA. Approximately 45 percent of primary care practitioners indicated that PSA of greater than 4.0 ng./ml. signifies ...
Effects of water management and organic fertilization with SRI crop practices on hybrid rice performance and rhizosphere dynamics

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of intermittent versus continuous irrigation, together with different degrees of organic fertilization, on the growth and yield of hybrid rice, looking also at the functioning of the rhizosphere as this is a key element affecting crop performance. The crop management practices employed generally followed the recommendations of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI). The aim of the research was to learn how water management and organic fertilization together would affect crop outcomes. Under intermittent water application as recommended with SRI management (aerobic irrigation, AI), grain yield increased by 10.5–11.3%, compared to standard irrigation practice (continuous flooding, CF). The factor that contributed most to higher yield was increased number of grains per panicle. It was seen that under the range of organic fertilization treatments evaluated, intermittent irrigation compared with CF promoted greater dry matter production and higher leaf area index (LAI) during the main growth stages. Also, the combination of intermittent irrigation and organic material applications significantly increased soil redox potential (Eh), compared with CF, and also the numbers of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere soil. Actinomycetes were evaluated in this study as an indicator of aerobic soil biota. It was seen that with intermittent irrigation, the application of organic material improved the functioning of the rhizosphere and increased yield. However, these results based on 2 years of study reflect relatively short-term effects. The effects of longer-term water management and soil fertilization regimes should be also examined, to know whether these effects continue and, if they do, whether they become greater or less.
The role of noggin in human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.

Noggin is a secreted protein that inhibits the binding of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) to their cognate receptor. Its role in human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation has not been well studied. Here, we studied the effect of noggin on human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation induced by inflammatory cytokines (activated T-cell conditioned medium (ACTTCM) or the combination of four T-cell cytokines, TNF-α, TGF-β, IFN-γ, and IL-17 (TTII)), BMPs, or dexamthasone (DEX). HMSC treated with TTII alone rapidly induced alkaline phosphatase (AlkP) activity. Inclusion of noggin resulted in an additive effect. Noggin acted additively with DEX to induce a significantly higher level of AlkP induction than either noggin or DEX alone. Noggin was examined for its ability to inhibit mineralization in long-term cultures of HMSC stimulated with BMP-2, BMP-6, BMP-7, DEX, or TTII. Surprisingly, noggin alone induced mineralization while it did not inhibit mineralization induced by TTII or BMP-2, BMP-6, or BMP-7. Interestingly, when HMSC were treated with both noggin and DEX they acted synergistically to induce mineralization nearly 3-fold over DEX alone and 30-fold over noggin alone. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed that T-cell cytokines induced noggin, Runx2, BMP-2, and osteocalcin gene expression, while noggin alone induced BMP-2 and osteocalcin gene expression, but not Runx2, although it increased the expression of ActRII, a receptor for BMP-2. These results suggest that in HMSC, the anabolic action of inflammation on bone formation occurs through the induction of noggin, which then induces BMP-2 receptor and BMP-2 leading to the activation of the differentiation process. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 824–834, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Downstream Movement of Recently Transformed Sea Lampreys, Petromyzon Marinus, in the Carp Lake River, Michigan

Abstract In order to obtain more precise information concerning the downstream movement of recently transformed sea lampreys, a trapping device was operated in the Carp Lake River, Emmet County, Michigan, from October, 1948, to July, 1951. The period of downstream migration typically extends from the latter part of October to the middle of April. It varies, however, from year to year with climatic conditions. A few migrants usually appear every day during this period but a sudden increase in water level is characteristically accompanied by a surge in downstream movement of newly transformed sea lampreys. This phenomenon is realized principally during the spring floods and often concurrently with autumn rains and mid-winter thaws. A total of 7,969 downstream migrants were taken in the 1948–49 season; 16,235 in 1949–50, and 15,103 in 1950–51. Measurements of representative samples from the total catch of sea lamprey migrants of the 1948–49 and 1949–50 seasons revealed a range in length of 95 to 190 millimet...
The spectrum of partitions of a Boolean algebra

The main notion dealt with in this article is where A is a Boolean algebra. A partition of 1 is a family ofnonzero pairwise disjoint elements with sum 1. One of the main reasons for interest in this notion is from investigations about maximal almost disjoint families of subsets of sets X, especially X=ω. We begin the paper with a few results about this set-theoretical notion. Some of the main results of the paper are: • (1) If there is a maximal family of size λ≥κ of pairwise almost disjoint subsets of κ each of size κ, then there is a maximal family of size λ of pairwise almost disjoint subsets of κ+ each of size κ. • (2) A characterization of the class of all cardinalities of partitions of 1 in a product in terms of such classes for the factors; and a similar characterization for weak products. • (3) A cardinal number characterization of sets of cardinals with a largest element which are for some BA the set of all cardinalities of partitions of 1 of that BA. • (4) A computation of the set of cardinalities of partitions of 1 in a free product of finite-cofinite algebras.
Determination of Monensin in Fermentation Broth by HPLC with Post-Column Derivatization

Abstract A rapid method was developed for the determination of monensin in fermentation broth. A post-column reaction was optimized to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of the analysis. The method was shown to be reproducible and sufficiently rugged for the analysis of a complex matrix.
The social context of workplace mistreatment: A multilevel approach

This study extended organizational mistreatment theory and research by conceptualizing group-level mistreatment within units across one organization as a social context that moderated the negative impact of individual-level mistreatment on individual outcomes. Data were collected from 1212 faculty in 96 departments. The results of multilevel modeling indicated that group-level mistreatment (i.e., incivility and sex discrimination) moderated the negative consequences of individual-level mistreatment on individual outcomes such that the negative consequences of individual-level mistreatment on perceived organizational support, burnout (disengagement and exhaustion), productivity, and work-family conflict (work interference with family and family interference with work) were stronger when group-level mistreatment was low than when group-level mistreatment was high. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
The dynamics of sexual conflict over mating rate with endosymbiont infection that affects reproductive phenotypes

Maternally inherited endosymbionts have been implicated as significant drivers of sexual conflict within their hosts, typically through sex-ratio manipulation. Empirical studies show that some of these endosymbionts have the potential to influence sexual conflict not by sex-ratio distortion, but by altering reproductive traits within their hosts. Research has already shown that reproductive traits involved in mating/fertilization process are integral ‘players’ in sexual conflict, thus suggesting the novel hypothesis that endosymbiont-induced changes in reproductive phenotypes can impact the dynamics of sexual conflict. Here, we use a standard quantitative genetic approach to model the effects of endosymbiont-induced changes in a female reproductive trait on the dynamics of sexual conflict over mating/fertilization rate. Our model shows that an endosymbiont-induced alteration of a host female reproductive trait that affects mating rate can maintain the endosymbiont infection within the host population, and does so in the absence of sex-ratio distortion and cytoplasmic incompatibility.
Role of atrial extrastimulation in the diagnosis of atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia with antegrade atrioventricular conduction via bystander accessory connection

10. George BS, Voorhees III WD, Roubin GS, Fearnot NE, Pinkerton CA, Raizner AE, King SB, Holmes DR, Topol EJ, Kereiakes DJ, Hartzler GO. Multicenter investigation of coronary stenting to treat acute or threatened closure after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: clinical and angiographic outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22:135-43. 11. Rozenman Y, Lotan C, Mosseri M, Gotsman MS. Relation ofthrombotic occlusion of coronary stents to the indication for stenting, stent size, and anticoagulation. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:84-5.
GLONASS Data Analysis: Interim Results

A satellite navigation data collection and analysis facility, comprising GPS and GLONASS receivers and the supporting computer systems, has been established at Lincoln Laboratory under the sponsorship of the Federal Aviation Administration. In this paper, we present results based on an analysis of the measurements from GLONASS collected at this facility over a 6 month period (February–July 1991). While our main interest is in the positioning results obtained from GLONASS, we also examine some important issues related to the system operations. The findings are generally consistent with the technical data provided by the Soviets. The GLONASS positioning results are comparable to those provided by the GPS Standard Positioning Service (SPS) when the Selective Availability (SA) feature of the latter is off. When the GPS signal is degraded via SA, the GLONASS position estimates will clearly be better. Of course, the positioning accuracy reflects directly on the quality of the system upkeep and control. We have analyzed the navigation messages in order to understand the nominal patterns of data uploads, changes in parameter values at uploads, and the handling of system anomalies. We discuss these findings and identify some issues requiring further clarification.
Romania's Madrigal Choir and the Politics of Prestige

Since its founding in 1963, the Romanian National Chamber Choir, Madrigal, has received international honors and praise for performing Renaissance works, twentieth-century avant garde compositions, and Romanian folksongs and carols (colinde), within Romania and abroad. While the choir served an important role as a musical ambassador of Romania both during and after the Cold War, scholarship about this state-supported ensemble has been dominated by a discourse of praise that excludes critical considerations of the choir's political history. Based on fieldwork with Madrigal and archival study in Romania, this article examines connections between national ideology during the presidency of Nicolae Ceausescu (1965–89) and Madrigal's politics of prestige, including the role of the choir's repertoire in the state-sponsored projection of national image on the international concert stage.
An automated noncontact deposition interface for liquid chromatography matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.

A new multichannel deposition system was developed for off-line liquid chromatography/matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LC/MALDI-MS). This system employs a pulsed elect...
Effects of Flooding and Warming on Soil Organic Matter Mineralization in Avicennia germinans Mangrove Forests and Juncus roemerianus Salt Marshes

Abstract Under a changing climate, coastal wetlands experience sea level rise, warming, and vegetation change, all of which may influence organic matter mineralization. In coastal wetlands of subtropical west-central Florida (USA), we investigated how soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization respond to soil water, temperature, and ecosystem type ( Avicennia germinans mangrove forest vs. Juncus roemerianus salt marsh). We evaluated how soil respiration and mineral N concentration varied along a soil moisture gradient, and whether these relationships differed between ecosystem types. Then, we manipulated soils in a 28-d laboratory incubation to evaluate how potentially mineralizable C and N respond to temperature (23 vs. 27 °C), soil hydroperiod (inundated 4 vs. 20 h/d), and soil source. Soil saturation and inundation suppressed short-term (minutes to weeks) C mineralization from near-surface soils. Soil CO 2 efflux declined by 65% as soil moisture increased from 75% to 85%, and potentially mineralizable C was 18% lower with a 20-h hydroperiod than with a 4-h hydroperiod. Organic C quality appears to be greater in A. germinans than in J. roemerianus soils, as A. germinans soils had higher field CO 2 efflux rates and greater mineralizable C:N (despite lower total C:N). Increasing incubation temperature from 23 to 27 °C elevated potentially mineralizable C by 40%, indicating that two symptoms of climate change (increased inundation from sea level rise, and warming) may have opposing effects on soil C mineralization. Temperature sensitivity of C mineralization was high for long-hydroperiod soils, however, suggesting that protection of soil organic matter (SOM) due to prolonged inundation will be undermined by warming. Potentially mineralizable N was greater in J. roemerianus soils, although in situ mineral N was not different between ecosystems, instead correlating positively with SOM. These results indicate that models forecasting soil elevation responses to climate change might include inundation effects on mineralization rates.
Morphological and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube/polymer composites via melt compounding

The mechanical properties and morphology of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT)/polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites were studied as a function of nanotube orientation and concentration. Through melt mixing followed by melt drawing, using a twin screw mini-extruder with a specially designed winding apparatus, the dispersion and orientation of MWNTs was optimized in PP. Tensile tests showed a 32% increase in toughness for a 0.25 wt % MWNT in PP (over pure PP). Moreover, modulus increased by 138% with 0.25 wt % MWNTs. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated qualitative nanotube dispersion and orientation. Wide angle X-ray diffraction was used to study crystal morphology and orientation by calculating the Herman's orientation factor for the composites as function of nanotube loading and orientation. The addition of nanotubes to oriented samples causes the crystalline morphology to shift from x and mesophase to only x. phase. Furthermore, the addition of nanotubes (without orientation) was found to cause isotropization of the PP crystal, and drawing was shown to improve crystal orientation through the orientation factor. In addition, differential scanning caloriometry qualitatively revealed little change in overall crystallinity. In conclusion, this work has shown that melt mixing coupled with melt drawing has yielded MWNT/PP composites with a unique combination of strength and toughness suitable for advanced fiber applications, such as smart fibers and high-performance fabrics.
Doppler estimation of pressure gradient in pulmonary stenosis: maximal instantaneous vs peak-to-peak, vs mean catheter gradient.

We undertook a study to identify the hemodynamic significance of a Doppler-derived gradient across a stenotic pulmonary valve. Furthermore, we attempted to define the optimal plane for velocity data acquisition. A total of 17 children with valvar pulmonary stenosis were evaluated using Doppler echocardiography. Flow-velocity profiles were obtained from both the parasternal and subxiphoid windows. Ten of 17 patients were studied before and after balloon valvotomy. Therefore, 27 different transvalvar gradients were assessed by Doppler and these data were compared with the catheter-derived maximal instantaneous, peak-to-peak, and mean pressure gradients. The maximal Doppler gradient correlated well with the catheter-derived peak-to-peak pressure gradient (r=0.95) and catheter maximal instantaneous pressure gradient (r=0.95). Although these correlation coefficients were similar, the Doppler maximal gradient consistently overestimated the peak-to-peak catheter gradient by as much as 25%–40%. Such an overestimation was not observed when we compared the maximal Doppler gradient with the catheter-derived maximal instantaneous gradient. Moreover, the regression line of the latter comparison closely approximated the line of identity. The correlation coefficient between Doppler mean and catheter mean gradients was only 0.91. Doppler velocities were best derived when multiple transducer positions were employed to interrogate pulmonary artery velocity.
An Evaluation of Techniques for Sampling Skin Flora

Three methods of sampling skin bacteria were evaluated to determine whether the large differences observed from adjacent areas of the back were real or due to variability in sampling methods. It was found that in addition to actual differences in the skin flora populations of adjacent areas, there were significant differences in populations obtained by different sampling techniques and significant differences between individuals. Equally high bacterial populations were recovered from skin by the Teflon spatula method and the rayon swab method; however, scrubbing with rayon swabs gave the most consistent results.
Diversity of extracellular proteolytic activities among Prevotella species from the rumen.

The current research was aimed at comparing proteolytic activities among ruminal Prevotella spp. Growth rates of Prevotella sp. 2202, Prevotella ruminicola D31d, P. brevis GA33, P. albensis M384, and P. bryantii B14 varied with N source, and no one N source produced the fastest growth in all species. Proteolytic activity was greatest with casein compared with peptides, AA, and NH4Cl in all species. Proteolytic activity of Prevotella sp. 2202, P. brevis GA33, and P. bryantii B14 was modulated by N source. With gelatin co-polymerized SDS-PAGE, the extracellular activities of the Prevotella spp. showed wide variation in number, size, and type of proteases. Prevotella sp. 2202 and P. albensis M384 produced metalloproteases of low molecular weight (40 kDa). P. ruminicola D31d produced one cysteine protease (100–200 kDa) and two metalloproteases (90–100 kDa). P. brevis GA33 generated a diffuse clearing zone (95–160 kDa) containing serine, cysteine, and metalloproteases. P. bryantii B14 produced a metalloprotease greater than 200 kDa in size. The molecular sizes provided are estimations and served only to differentiate among the bacterial species in this study. Large variations in proteolytic activities among species and the known genetic diversity of the Prevotella taxon suggested that targeting this bacterial assemblage for genetic manipulation in order to alter the bacterial impact on ruminal protein degradation would be difficult.
Shear thinning behavior of aqueous alumina nanoparticle suspensions with saccharides

Abstract Concentrated aqueous alumina nanoparticle suspensions with addition of low molecular weight saccharides such as fructose, glucose, sucrose, and others were studied by rheometry and low temperature differential scanning calorimetry. The viscosity of the suspensions and melting behaviors of the frozen suspensions were used to develop a model based on particle clustering which describes the viscosity decrease seen with the addition of these saccharides. It appears that characteristics of particle clustering are dependent on the saccharide type and concentration. The proposed model is in qualitative agreement with the observed behavior and the model proposed earlier based on bound water.
Adequacy of antidepressant treatment by psychiatric residents: the antidepressant treatment history form as a possible assessment tool.

Objective Facility in psychopharmacology is a major goal of psychiatric residency. This study assesses the adequacy of pharmacotherapy provided to depressed patients in a resident clinic.
Metamorphic diamonds: Mechanism of growth and inclusion of oxides

We report a detailed series of electron microscope observations of metamorphic microdiamonds included in and separated from garnets and zircons from a single specimen of garnet-biotite-feldspar gneiss from the Kokchetav massif, Kazakhstan. The morphology of the diamonds ranges from skeletal forms composed of thin {111} plates through cuboid and octahedral forms. Included within the diamonds is a diverse suite of nanometric oxides, suggesting that the C-O-H fluid from which the diamonds grew may have carried chemical components derived from both the sediments and the mantle. The spectrum of morphologies and their abundant tiny inclusions can all be explained by a simple model based on the ratio of the rate at which {111} plates grow and the rate of random nucleation of new plates at their edges.
The Formation and Remineralization of Artificial White Spot Lesions: A Constant Composition Approach

Artificial white spot lesions have been prepared on bovine enamel surfaces by the controlled addition of lactate buffer containing methylhydroxydiphosphonate ions. The rates of remineralization have been measured using a constant composition method in solutions of calcium phosphate of low supersaturation. Deposition of new hydroxyapatite solid phase takes place exclusively within the white spot lesion at a rate appreciably slower than that of an acid-etched enamel surface, probably due to the presence of methylhydroxydiphosphonate located within the intact surface region of the lesion.
Membrane transport in the rabbit alveolar macrophage. The specificity and characteristics of amino acid transport systems.

Abstract Amino acid transport in the rabbit alveolar macrophage was studied with a rapid sampling technique which made possible the determination of initial rates of uptake. Lysine was transported by a single saturable system, designated AM-1 with a K m of 0.1 mM and a v max of 0.44 nmole/45 sec per 106 cells. Competition studies revealed that almost all natural amino acids had some affinity for the carrier, though it varied by several orders of magnitude. In general, there is preferential affinity for amino acids with a long lipolytic side chain and a terminal positive charge. Na+ and K+ inhibited lysine transport. A kinetic study of the Na+ inhibition revealed that its effect was due to depression of the v max , K m remaining constant (noncompetitive kinetics). Leucine was transported by the AM-1 system and at least one other system.