cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dispersion controlled by permeable surfaces: Surface properties and scaling

Permeable and porous surfaces are common in natural and engineered systems. Flow and transport above such surfaces are significantly affected by the surface properties, e.g. matrix porosity and permeability. However, the relationship between such properties and macroscopic solute transport is largely unknown. In this work, we focus on mass transport in a two-dimensional channel with permeable porous walls under fully developed laminar flow conditions. By means of perturbation theory and asymptotic analysis, we derive the set of upscaled equations describing mass transport in the coupled channel–porous-matrix system and an analytical expression relating the dispersion coefficient with the properties of the surface, namely porosity and permeability. Our analysis shows that their impact on the dispersion coefficient strongly depends on the magnitude of the Peclet number, i.e. on the interplay between diffusive and advective mass transport. Additionally, we demonstrate different scaling behaviours of the dispersion coefficient for thin or thick porous matrices. Our analysis shows the possibility of controlling the dispersion coefficient, i.e. transverse mixing, by either active (i.e. changing the operating conditions) or passive mechanisms (i.e. controlling matrix effective properties) for a given Peclet number. By elucidating the impact of matrix porosity and permeability on solute transport, our upscaled model lays the foundation for the improved understanding, control and design of microporous coatings with targeted macroscopic transport features.
Quadratic Spherical Maps

Let K be an infinite field of characteristic #2. For vector spaces X, Y over K of finite dimension, we defined a quadratic mapf: X→ Y by the following conditions : $$f(ax) = {a^2}f(x),a \in K,x \in X$$ (5.1) $$(x,y) \mapsto \frac{1}{2}[f(x + y) - f(x) - f(y)],x,y \in XS$$ (5.2) is bilinear [see (1.2) and (1.3)]. We denoted by Q(X, Y) the set of all such maps. In what follows, we assume that X, Y are both nonsingular quadratic spaces with quadratic forms q x , q Y , respectively, and there are x∈X, y∈Y such that q x (x) = qy(y) = 1. Therefore the unit spheres S x , S Y are nonempty: $${S_X} = \{ x \in X;{q_X}(X) = 1\} ,{S_Y} = \{ y \in Y;{q_Y}(y) = 1\} $$ .
What Drives Japanese INGOs to Operate in Latin American Countries

ABSTRACTInternational nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) provide essential aid and public services to less-developed countries. Although most literature focuses on Western INGOs, Asian INGOs have also become globally active. Little is known about what motivates INGOs to provide services in other regions, such as Latin America. In this study, we seek to identify the criteria Japanese INGOs use to select Latin American recipient countries. We propose that Japanese INGO operational location decisions are a function of Japanese foreign policy agenda, Japan-recipient country business relations, and recipient country’s need and liberalization. Using data from Japanese INGOs working in Latin America and 24 Latin American countries on contextual, macroeconomic, and demographic indicators, we find that the significant factors driving INGO decisions to operate in Latin American countries are need and the presence of Japanese businesses in the recipient country. Results have practical implications for foreign aid...
Isolation Precautions Use for Multidrug‐Resistant Organism Infection in Nursing Homes

Objectives To examine factors associated with isolation precaution use in nursing home (NH) residents with multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infection. Design Retrospective, cross-sectional analysis. Setting Nursing homes with Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ certification from October 2010 to December 2013. Participants Elderly, long-stay NH residents with positive MDRO infection assessments. Measurements Data were obtained from the Minimum Data Set (MDS) 3.0, Certification and Survey Provider Enhanced Reporting, and Area Health Resource File. Multivariable regression with facility fixed effects was conducted. Results The sample included 191,816 assessments of residents with MDRO infection, of which isolation use was recorded in 12.8%. Of the NHs reporting MDRO infection in the past year, 31% used isolation at least once among residents with MDRO infection. Resident characteristics positively associated with isolation use included locomotion (23.6%, P < .001) and eating (17.9%, P < .001) support. Isolation use was 14.3% lower in those with MDRO history (P < .001). Residents in NHs that had received an infection control–related citation in the past year had a greater probability of isolation use (3.4%, P = .02); those in NHs that had received a quality-of-care citation had lower probability of isolation use (−3.3%, P = .03). Conclusion This is the first study to examine the new MDS 3.0 isolation and MDRO items. Isolation was infrequently used, and the proportion of isolated MDRO infections varied between facilities. Inspection citations were related to isolation use in the following year. Further research is needed to determine whether and when isolation should be used to best decrease risk of MDRO transmission and improve quality of care.
The Unbearable Sameness of Being and the Logic of Dalit Difference

Delineating three instances of the Dalit differential (Ambedkar’s self-distancing from conservatives and the communists, Chandra Bhan Prasad’s writing and the film discourse from Kerala which equat...
The Measurement of Social Dominance in Rats

3 measures of social dominance (underwater dominance tube, food dominance, and Y-maze) were administered to 36 pairs of adult male rats. The tests were found stable but showed little correlation between one another. Opposite results on restrictive (dominance tube) and nonrestrictive (food dominance) tests for social- and isolate-reared Ss replicated previous findings but demonstrated that differences reported in earlier studies may have been due largely to the type of procedures used. A multimethod approach was recommended for studying animal social dominance behavior.
A latent class analysis of poly-marijuana use among young adults

Abstract Introduction With more states legalizing marijuana use, the marijuana industry has grown, introducing a variety of marijuana products. Our study explores the use of multiple marijuana products (poly-marijuana use) and the characteristics associated with this behavior. Methods Past-month marijuana users aged 18–34 years were surveyed online via an existing online panel (n = 2444). Participants answered questions about past-month use of three types of marijuana (plant-based, concentrates, edibles), marijuana use patterns, and driving after use. Latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups of marijuana users. Results Four classes of marijuana users were identified: Light plant users, who used only plant-based products infrequently and were unlikely to drive after use (32%); Heavy plant users, who used mainly plant-based products frequently, multiple times per day, and were likely to drive after use (37%); Plant and concentrates users, who used plant-based products heavily and concentrates at least infrequently, used multiple times per day, and were likely to drive after use (20%); Light plant and edibles users, who used both products infrequently and were unlikely to drive after use (10%). Those in legal marijuana states were more likely to belong to the poly-marijuana groups. Discussion Our findings reflect the increase in popularity of new marijuana products in legal states and suggest that heavy user groups, including concentrates users, are associated with driving after use. As various forms of marijuana use increases, monitoring and surveillance of the use of multiple types of marijuana will be important for determining potential varying impacts on physiological and social consequences.
A Study of Wind Direction Effects on Sea Surface Specular Scattering for GNSS-R Applications

A modeling study investigating the influence of wind direction on spaceborne global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R) near-specular observations of the sea surface is reported. The study first focuses on a purely specular geometry under plane wave incidence, for which it is shown using the theorem of reciprocity and reflection symmetry that up-down wind variations are identically zero. It is also shown that “single-scattering” approximations of rough surface scattering predict no variations with wind direction of any kind for a purely specular geometry, while higher order approximations (such as the second-order small-slope approximation) can predict up/cross wind differences. Examples of these variations are reported and found to be small. Because the delay doppler maps (DDMs) measured in GNSS-R include some nonspecular contributions even for “specular” portions of the DDM, the second part of the study performs an examination of near-specular DDM variations with wind direction using the widely used geometrical optics approximation of surface scattering for a surface described with the non-Gaussian Cox–Munk slope probability density function. Variations with wind direction of the normalized radar cross section (NRCS) mapped onto the surface are examined, and again, it is shown that these variations are small for surface portions contributing to the near-specular portion of the DDM. In addition, it is shown that the dependencies of the bistatic NRCS on wind direction are such that differing portions of the surface “glistening zone” have differing phase shifts in their dependence on wind direction, causing the wind dependencies of the final near-specular DDM to be negligible. The final results of the study suggest that any wind direction dependence in spaceborne GNSS-R should be sought only in portions of the DDM away from the specular region. These results provide information to guide analyses of the wind direction information available in current GNSS-R missions such as TDS-1 and Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System.
Antithrombotic Therapy in Peripheral Artery Disease: Generating and Translating Evidence Into Practice.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) disease remains a major health concern affecting more than 200 million adults worldwide, and lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Treatment strategies to reduce the burden of major adverse CV events and limb events have mainly involved the use of antiplatelet and statin medications. Unlike other types of atherosclerotic CV disease, the evidence base is not well developed for therapies in patients with PAD. Recently, studies from subgroups of patients with PAD and a large clinical trial of PAD patients have been published, signaling a burgeoning interest in studying this higher risk population. This review outlines the inherent CV risks of patients with PAD, risk reduction strategies, emerging clinical trial data, and opportunities for the CV community to generate evidence in real-world settings and translate evidence into practice as new therapies become available.
Supply and Demand Aware Synthetic Data Generation for On-demand Traffic with Real-world Characteristics

The on-demand economy has attracted significant attention in recent years, with a rapid growth in on-demand services ranging from ride-hailing to package delivery and grocery pickup. However, real-world spatio-temporal data that can be used for evaluating research on on-demand brokers design and supply-demand regulation are either not publicly available or are very limited in their spatial coverage. Research efforts in generating synthetic spatio-temporal datasets such as traffic generators have only focused on one side of the business model, particularly the demand side, and thus are not convenient for studying market variations such as the problem of supply-demand imbalance. In addition, many of these generators do not accurately reflect real-world data characteristics. In this paper, we propose a supply and demand aware framework for generating synthetic datasets for the purpose of designing on-demand spatial service brokers, while also capturing real-world data characteristics by leveraging multiple publicly available data sources. We also present an evaluation of the quality and performance of our proposed framework.
CHANGES IN COMPOSITION AND METABOLISM OF NUCLEAR NON-HISTONE PROTEINS DURING CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS. ASSOCIATION OF TUMOR-SPECIFIC DNA-BINDING PROTEINS WITH DNAse I-SENSITIVE REGIONS OF CHROMATIN AND OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION ON CHROMATIN STRUCTURE

Abstract: The administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine to rodents leads to the induction of adenocarcinomas of the intestinal epithelium. Tumorigenesis is accompanied by characteristic changes in the composition and metabolism of non-histone nuclear proteins. Two protein classes of molecular weight 44,000 (TNP 1 ) and 62,000 (TNP 2 ) are synthesized at accelerated rates early in carcinogenesis and they eventually become the predominant non-histone nuclear proteins of the tumor. The increase in their rates of synthesis is detectable very early, long before any morphological indications of malignancy become evident. Similar proteins have been detected in human colonic adenocarcinomas, but not in non-malignant cells nor in embryonic intestinal epithelial nuclei. The two classes of tumor-associated proteins differ in their binding to homologous DNA covalently-linked to solid supports. TNP 1 , which has a high affinity for DNA, also occurs in the dividing cell population of the tumor, whereas TNP 2 has little DNA affinity and is enriched in the non-dividing cell population. The complexity of both protein classes is being investigated by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, using new techniques of raster-scanning microdensitometry and computer-assisted graphics. When tumor chromatin is subjected to limited digestions with DNAse I, under conditions which selectively degrade transcriptionally active genes in other cell types, the TNP 1 proteins are preferentially released, suggesting that this subset of the nuclear proteins is associated with the transcribing regions of the genome in the tumor cell nuclei.
Is the Corporate Control Market Segmented

Gorbenko and Malenko (2014) propose a segmented-market perspective. We extend the literature by directly testing if a segmented-market perspective helps explain the premium difference between private and public acquisitions. Empirically, we follow Fidrmuc et al. (2012) and use a matched sample design. We find that private acquirers do not pay less than public acquirers when controlling for the selling mechanism (which characterizes different corporate control markets) as well as the effects of outliers. Our results suggest that premium differences between private and public acquisitions may be more consistent with a segmented-market perspective as opposed to the agency explanation of Bargeron et al. (2008). TOPICS:Private equity, performance measurement
iCONE-SRS: Development of inverse treatment planning for cone-based stereotactic radiosurgery.

PURPOSE At present, commercially available treatment planning systems (TPS) only offer manual planning functionality for cone-based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) leading to labor intensive treatment planning. Our objective was to reduce treatment planning time through development of a simple inverse TPS for cone-based SRS. METHODS The iCONE TPS was developed using MATLAB (R2015a, The MathWorks Inc.) and serves as an inverse planning adjunct to a commercially available TPS. Simulated annealing is used to determine optimal table angle, gantry start and stop angles, and cone sizes for a user-defined number of non-coplanar arcs relative to user-defined dose objectives. iCONE and clinically generated plans were compared through a retrospective planning study of 60 patients treated for 1-3 brain metastases (total of 100 lesions). RESULTS Planning target volume (PTV) coverage was enforced for all plans through normalization. PTV maximum dose was constrained to be within 120%-135% of the prescription dose. The median conformity index for iCONE plans was 1.35, 1.33, and 1.32 for 1, 2, and 3-target cases respectively corresponding to a median increase of 0.05 (range = -0.1 to 0.5, P 0.05) relative to the clinical plans. No clinically significant differences were found with respect to the dose to organs-at-risk. Median iCONE planning times were approximately a factor of five lower than consensus estimates for manual planning provided by local experienced SRS planners. CONCLUSIONS A simple inverse TPS for cone-based SRS was developed. Plan quality was found to be similar to manually generated plans; however, degradation was observed in some cases highlighting the need for continued oversight and manual adjustment by experienced planners if implemented in the clinic. A factor of five reduction in treatment planning time was estimated.
Formation of Gallium Dimers in the Intermetallic Compounds R5Ga3 (R = Sc, Y, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu). Deformation of the Mn5Si3-Type Structure

The R5Ga3 (R = Sc, Y, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu) phases were prepared by high-temperature solid-state techniques. The structure of monoclinic Sc5Ga3 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction means (C2/m, No. 12, Z = 4, a = 8.0793(5) A, b = 14.003(1) A, c = 5.9297(3) A, β = 90.994(5)°), and those of the isotypic R5Ga3, R = Y, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu, were determined by Guinier powder diffraction. The new Sc5Ga3 structure is a deformation of the hexagonal Mn5Si3 type (P63/mcm) and contains two types of gallium dimers with d(Ga−Ga) = 2.91 and 3.14 A. The closely spaced Sc1 chains in the parent Mn5Si3 type transform to zigzag chains in concert with displacements of the uniformly spaced gallium atoms to form dimers within distorted confacial square antiprisms of Sc. Matrix effects appear important in the different Ga2 bond lengths. Electronic calculations reveal that the transformation from the hypothetical Mn5Si3 to the Sc5Ga3 type is aided by antibonding Ga−Ga interactions between the dimers that are pushed above EF an...
The Secrecy Effect: Secret Consumption Increases Women’s Product Evaluations and Choice

Advertisers often depict their products being consumed in a social setting, but they also depict people secretly consuming their products. Will consumers like a product more if they are prompted to consume it in secret? We report eight studies, where women consumed and evaluated products such as cookies, chocolate, and apple chips. Women in secret consumption conditions were instructed to imagine eating the food in secret, instructed to hide the food from others while consuming it, or shown an advertisement encouraging eating the food in secret. These secret consumption prompts resulted in more positive product evaluations and increased product choice, compared to evaluations in non-secret conditions. We identify preoccupation and attitude polarization as the primary drivers for these outcomes. When women consume a product in secret, they become preoccupied with the product, as thoughts about the product continually pop into mind. Increased thinking leads to attitude polarization, where evaluations for products they like become even more positive. Finally, we also identify moderators of these secrecy effects.
A unified model for hydrogen in the Earth and Moon: No one expects the Theia contribution

Abstract The Moon is thought to have formed after a planetary embryo, known as Theia, collided with the proto-Earth 4.5 billion years ago. This so-called Giant Impact was the last major event during Earth’s accretion, and its effects on the composition of the Earth and the newly forming Moon would be measureable today. Recent work on lunar samples has revealed that the Moon’s water was not lost as a result of this giant impact. Instead, the Moon appears to contain multiple hydrogen reservoirs with diverse deuterium-to-hydrogen (D/H) ratios. For the first time, we incorporate hydrogen isotopic measurements of lunar samples to help constrain the composition of Theia. We show that the Moon incorporated very low-D/H (δD ≈ -750‰) materials that only could have derived from solar nebula H2 ingassed into the magma ocean of a large (∼0.4 ME) planetary embryo that was largely devoid of chondritic water. We infer Theia was a very large body comparable in size to the proto-Earth, and was composed almost entirely of enstatite chondrite-like material. These conclusions limit the type of impact to a “merger” model of similarly-sized bodies, or possibly a “hit-and-run” model, and they rule out models that mix isotopes too effectively.
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma).

Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is a rare malignancy with overall poor prognosis. There are limited options regarding systemic therapy for this disease and historically only multi-agent chemotherapy regimens achieve meaningful responses that are often short lived. In the past several years immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has been established as an effective systemic therapy option in many solid tumors. The BTC tumor microenvironment (TME) including immune cells (T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer cells) and immune checkpoint expression has been characterized. Findings have clinical implications that suggest that this entity is potentially amenable to immunomodulation, including via checkpoint inhibition. Single agent ICI studies have only been reported in the past few years and have mostly targeted the checkpoints PD-1 and PD-L1. As in other tumor subtypes patients with rare mismatch repair deficiency or microsatellite instability appear to have exquisite sensitivity to checkpoint inhibition. Abstracts and published studies suggest modest but real responses in all subtypes including objective response rates (ORRs) in the 5–20% range and meaningful disease control. They have paved the way for novel combination trials featuring a variety of treatment strategies and agents that look to enhance ICI efficacy and create long- term responders.
Spatiotemporal tracking of carbon emissions and uptake using time series analysis of Landsat data: A spatially explicit carbon bookkeeping model

Abstract Reducing terrestrial carbon emissions to the atmosphere requires accurate measuring, reporting and verification of land surface activities that emit or sequester carbon. Many carbon accounting practices in use today provide only regionally aggregated estimates and neglect the spatial variation of pre-disturbance forest conditions and post-disturbance land cover dynamics. Here, we present a spatially explicit carbon bookkeeping model that utilizes a high-resolution map of aboveground biomass and land cover dynamics derived from time series analysis of Landsat data. The model produces estimates of carbon emissions/uptake with model uncertainty at Landsat resolution. In a case study of the Colombian Amazon, an area of 47 million ha, the model estimated total emissions of 3.97 ± 0.71 Tg C yr−1 and uptake by regenerating forests of 1.11 ± 0.23 Tg C yr−1 2001–2015, with an additional 45.1 ± 7.99 Tg of carbon remaining in the form of woody products, decomposing slash and charcoal at the end of 2015 (estimates provided with ±95% confidence intervals). Total emissions attributed to the study period (including carbon not yet released) is 6.97 ± 1.24 Tg C yr−1. The presented model is based on recent technological advancements in the field of remote sensing to achieve spatially explicit modeling of carbon emissions and uptake associated with land surface changes and post-disturbance landscapes that is compliant with international reporting criteria.
Neuroprotective Effect of Enriched Chicken Bone Broth as a Dietary Supplement in a Model of Migraine Mediated by Early Life Stress

Early life stress is a risk factor for development of migraine, a prevalent painful neurological disease characterized by sensitization and activation of trigeminal neurons. Secondary early life stress was previously shown to cause increased expression of neuronal proteins implicated in peripheral and central sensitization. Recently, dietary supplementation of chicken bone broth was shown to attenuate trigeminal nociception in an orofacial pain model. Accordingly, the focus of this study was to determine the effects of early life stress and dietary inclusion of bone broth on trigeminal nociceptor sensitization and activation in a model of episodic migraine. Adult Sprague-Dawley male sender rats subjected to primary traumatic stress were placed next to breeding or pregnant female rats that served as receiver rats (secondary traumatic stress) and in proximity to the offspring until weaning. Unstressed and stressed young adult offspring were tested for mechanical nocifensive response after exposure to a pungent odor known to be a migraine trigger, and in response to daily supplementation of bone broth. Early life stress promoted a primed state of trigeminal nociceptors that were activated by the pungent odor in both genders. Female animals exhibited a higher basal sensitization level and prolonged nociception compared with males. Supplementation of bone broth beginning at the time of weaning inhibited basal and triggered trigeminal mechanical sensitivity. Early life stress caused development of a sensitized trigeminal system that is implicated in migraine pathology and dietary supplementation with bone broth suppressed trigeminal sensitization, and thus may provide neuroprotective activity for reducing migraine risk.
The Impact of Audit Committees on US Nonprofit Organizations’ Governance

All public companies in the United States are required by the securities and exchange commission (SEC) to have an audit committee. Such enforcement can be attributed to high-profile corporate failures and their connections to nonexistence, ineffective or weak audit committees and governance. Despite the efforts to establish a similar argument and enforcement structure for the nonprofit sector, the internal revenue service (IRS) has not pursued legislation, and no empirical evidence has been established to support any public policy changes. This paper contributes to the literature in this field by being the first study to examine 124,980 nonprofit organizations during the period of 2010 to 2015 to test the association between governance in nonprofit organizations and audit committees. We included fifteen measures from these organizations’ IRS Form 990 filings to formulate the study variables. We found significant evidence that the existence of audit committees improves the governance scores of nonprofit organizations. Our study findings have significant implications for nonprofit executives, policy makers and any other interested parties; these findings act as preliminary evidence to support more proactive policies regarding mandatory audit committees for nonprofit organizations.
What’s in a text? Bridging the gap between quality and quantity in the digital era

The digital era has not only given us the world of big data, but the tools to deal with this mostly unstructured, mostly textual data: Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools. Yet, most humanists and social scientists do not work with big data. They do not deal with millions of documents. Literary critics’ corpora are the handful of works produced by an author. The historians’ primary source documents number in the tens, perhaps hundreds. Social scientists deal with tens or hundreds of transcripts of focus groups and in-depth interviews, or at most a few thousand media articles. And they analyze these data either qualitatively or quantitatively with a variety of manual or computer-assisted methodologies, from content analysis to frame analysis, discourse analysis, quantitative narrative analysis. But, once developed, at least some of the NLP tools of automatic textual analysis and the data analytics visualization tools, can be applied not just to big data but to small data as well. This paper illustrates how some of these tools can be used by focusing on a short first-person narrative. And the NLP tools reveal patterns of language use perhaps not immediately discernible, thus proving useful in the analysis of even small data. But understanding and interpreting these patterns requires knowledge way beyond the NLP tools themselves. Humanists and social scientists need not fear computer scientists; rather, they need to learn to take advantage of them. NLP tools lay a bridge between quality and quantity, with much to be gained from a constant interaction between distant and close reading.
Aberrant Functional Connectivity between Reward and Inhibitory Control Networks in Pre-Adolescent Binge Eating Disorder

Background: Behavioral features of binge eating disorder (BED) suggest abnormalities in reward and inhibitory control. Studies of adult populations suggest functional abnormalities in reward and inhibitory control networks. Despite behavioral markers often developing in children, the neurobiology of pediatric BED remains unstudied. Methods: 58 pre-adolescent children (aged 9-10-years) with BED and 66 age, BMI and developmentally-matched control children were extracted from the 3.0 baseline (Year 0) release of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. We investigated group differences in resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) functional connectivity (FC) within and between reward and inhibitory control networks. A seed-based approach was employed to assess nodes in the reward (orbitofrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygdala) and inhibitory control (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex) networks via hypothesis-driven seed-to-seed analyses, and secondary seed-to-voxel analyses. Results: Our findings revealed reduced FC between the dlPFC and amygdala, and between the anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex in pre-adolescent children with BED, relative to age, gender, BMI and developmentally matched controls. These findings indicating aberrant connectivity between nodes of inhibitory control and reward networks were corroborated by the whole-brain FC analyses. Conclusions: Early-onset BED may be characterized by diffuse abnormalities in the functional synergy between reward and cognitive control networks, without perturbations within reward and inhibitory control networks, respectively. The decreased capacity to regulate a reward-driven pursuit of hedonic foods, which is characteristic of BED, may in part, rest on this dysconnectivity between reward and inhibitory control networks.
Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Health Care Personnel, First Responders, and Other Essential Workers During a Prevaccination COVID-19 Surge in Arizona

Importance Understanding the relative risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection across occupations can inform guidance to protect workers and communities. Less is known about infection risk for first responders and other essential workers than for health care personnel. Objective To compare the prevaccination incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among first responders and other essential workers with incidence among health care personnel. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a prospective cohort study of health care personnel, first responders, and other essential workers in Arizona from July 20, 2020, to March 14, 2021. Participants were seronegative at enrollment, had frequent direct contact with others at work, worked at least 20 hours per week, and submitted weekly nasal swab specimens for real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. Data analyses were performed from April 19, 2021, to June 4, 2021. Exposures Occupation was the primary exposure of interest. Confounders assessed were sociodemographic characteristics, health status, community exposure, and work exposure. Main Outcomes and Measures Crude incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was defined as the sum of first positive SARS-CoV-2 infections in participants divided by person-weeks at risk. Negative binomial regression was used to model SARS-CoV-2 infection by occupation to estimate unadjusted and adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs). The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method was used to generate a parsimonious multivariable model. Results The study cohort comprised 1766 Arizona workers (mean age [SD], 43.8 [11.1] years; 1093 [61.9%] female; 401 [22.7%] were Hispanic and 1530 [86.6%] were White individuals) of whom 44.2% were health care personnel, 22.4% first responders, and 33.4% other essential workers. The cohort was followed up for 23 393 person-weeks. Crude incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 6.7, 13.2, and 7.4 per 1000 person-weeks at risk for health care personnel, first responders, and other essential workers, respectively. In unadjusted models, first responders had twice the incidence of infection as health care personnel (IRRs, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.44-2.79). While attenuated, this risk remained elevated in adjusted LASSO-optimized models (IRR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.07-2.38). Risk of infection among other essential workers was no different than for health care personnel in unadjusted or adjusted models. Conclusions and Relevance This prospective cohort study found that first responders had a higher incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection than health care personnel, even after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Given their frequent contact with each other and with the public and their high rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the safety challenges for first responders warrant greater public health attention and research.
Neanderthal to Neanderthal Evolution: Preliminary Observations on Faunal Exploitation from Mousterian to Châtelperronian at Arcy-sur-Cure

Arcy-sur-Cure provides substantial information for documenting the transition from the Middle to Upper Paleolithic. An important stratigraphic sequence covers the transition in the Grotte du Renne, with a sequence spanning from Mousterian through Châtelperronian to Aurignacian. The Châtelperronian includes distinctive Neanderthal fossil material. The neighboring Grotte du Bison includes a sequence from the Mousterian through the Châtelperronian. While much attention has been paid to the transition from Neanderthals to anatomically modern humans, relatively little has been paid to the transition from flake to blade industries within the context of a pre-modern hominid species, the Neanderthals. Of primary interest to this analysis are the Mousterian Level I and the Châtelperronian Level D of the Grotte du Bison. This study focuses on identifying continuity or change in environment or subsistence practices between the Mousterian and the Châtelperronian, rather than examining the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition.
The meaning of the imago Dei (Gen 1 : 26-27) in Genesis 1-11

The purpose of this article is to define the image of God in Gen 1 : 26-27 in light of Gen 1-11. Does Gen 1-11 define or imply a definition of the image and likeness of God? The biblical-theological (or canonical-chronological) approach will be used which looks at how the idea of God-likeness (Gen 1 : 26-27) is seen in Gen 2-11. The article argues that the image of God is both moral and relational in perspective : it involves a moral likeness to God and a relationship between God and humans like that between parent and child. This is such an important topic because South Africa is experiencing a state of moral decay. The statement of human kind's creation in the "image of God" clearly constitutes an important and positive affirmation about human's original place in the created order. Various NT passages such as Col 3 : 10 and Eph 4 : 24 also emphasise this theme as the goal of the Gospel.
New cloning vehicles for transformation of higher plants.

Abstract We have constructed a set of small vectors based on the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens which allow the transfer of exogenous DNA into plant chromosomes. These vectors contain: (i) a chimeric gene containing the transcriptional control signals from the nopaline synthase gene and the coding sequence for neomycin phosphotransferase; (ii) the ColE1 replicon; (iii) the cos site of bacteriophage λ; (iv) the border sequences from the ends of the T-DNA region of the Ti plasmid; and (v) a wide host range replicon. Due to the small size of these cosmid vectors, DNA fragments up to 35 kbp can be inserted by an in vitro packaging method in Escherichia coli. The ability of these vectors to be stably replicated in both E. coli and A. tumefaciens allows their subsequent transfer to and maintenance in Agrobacterium without intermediate genetic manipulations. We demonstrate that DNA cloned into these vectors in A. tumefaciens can efficiently transform plants when in trans with a wild-type Ti plasmid which donates the functions necessary for DNA transfer and integration. We also show that only the right border of the T-DNA is necessary for DNA transformation.
Investigation of the Application of Neural Networks to Fault Tolerant Control of an Active Suspension System

This paper presents new research into adaptive and fault tolerant control using artificial neural systems (ANS) methods. Briefly, we will introduce the elements of an active suspension system, describe the control architectures developed, demonstrate the adaptive and fault tolerant behavior of these architectures, and finish with a discussion of possible methods of FDI.
Overview of clinical cytogenetics.

Chromosome analysis is one of the first approaches to genetic testing and remains a key component of genetic analysis of constitutional and somatic genetic disorders. Numerical or unbalanced structural chromosome abnormalities usually lead to multiple congenital anomalies. Sometimes these are compatible with live birth, usually resulting in severe cognitive and physical handicaps; other times they result in miscarriage or stillbirth. Chromosome rearrangements also occur as somatic changes in malignancies. Identification of constitutional chromosomal anomalies (anomalies present in most or all cells of the body and/or the germline) can provide important information for genetic counseling. In this unit, we introduce chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), which is a relatively recent addition to cytogenetic technologies, and has become the recommended first-tier testing method for patients with developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism, and/or multiple congenital anomalies. We also discuss non-invasive prenatal testing/screening (NIPTS), which uses circulating cell-free fetal DNA (cfDNA) from maternal plasma to rapidly screen for autosomal and sex-chromosome aneuploidies. Cytogenetic analysis of tumors is helpful in diagnosis and in monitoring the effects of treatment. The protocols in this chapter cover the clinical study of chromosomes in nonmalignant tissues.
An analysis of chemical reactor stability and control—VIII: The direct method of Lyapunov. Introduction and applications to simple reactions in stirred vessels

Abstract The stirred tank reactor is analysed for stability to finite perturbations by the direct method of Lyapunov. An algorithm is developed for the construction of a Lyapunov function for a first order irreversible reaction with the resulting region of stability being a significant portion of the total area of stability. Similar procedures are used to find Lyapunov functions for a second order reversible reaction and for a polymerization system. The region of asymptotic stability for the second order reaction system is considerably smaller than the total region of stability. For the polymerization system the region of stability is only slightly larger than the region obtained by considering the Lyapunov function of the linearized system. The growth of a limit cycle is studied by a Lyapunov type analysis of the stability of limit cycles. This is the first part of a series of two papers. The isothermal second order reaction and first order non-isothermal reactions are considered in this paper.
Computer Usage in Quantitative Business Analysis Courses

AbstractThis study was designed to determine the current type and extent of computer usage in quantitative business analysis courses taught in American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business (AA CSB) member universities. A survey of 617 universities was conducted in the Fall of 1984. The results provide information on the extent computers are used in quantitative business analysis courses, the setting where students receive “hands-on” computer experience, the relationship between computer applications and university characteristics, and other aspects of computer integration.
Feedback and Skill Learning

Abstract This study was an investigation of the course of learning a specified arm movement pattern under conditions that varied as to the type and frequency of feedback information. After several days of practice, subjects performed a criterion test which was the same as the learning movement pattern, but explicit visual feedback was withdrawn. Forty undergraduate students were divided into five groups. Each group was randomly assigned a method of learning the task. The methods of receiving information about performance were as follows: (a) concurrent visual feedback, (b) concurrent proprioceptive feedback and terminal knowledge of graphs, (c) a combination of (a) and (b), (d) concurrent visual feedback interspersed with passive watching, and (e) concurrent visual feedback at two different speeds. The results indicated the following: (a) the most effective variable for learning the pattern was concurrent visual feedback, (b) performing the movement at a slower than normal rate was detrimental to performa...
Sea level in the late Quaternary: patterns of variation and implications

Studies of oxygen isotopes in foraminifers from deepsea sediments yield information about rates of change of sea level, for hundreds of thousands of years with a resolution of roughly 1,000 years. The statistics regarding fluctuations for the late Quaternary (the last 900,000 years) suggest that a rise of 10 m per 1,000 years (1 m per century) is not unusual, even when the system resides within a warm stage, as now. Values near 2 m per century, while rare, are well within the range of a warm system, beyond the 5-percentile of the overall range. Once sea level is near +10 m, further rise becomes highly unlikely within the conditions of the late Quaternary, suggesting the presence of some kind of natural barrier; that is, lack of vulnerable ice. The present volume of ice generally considered vulnerable (Greenland and West-Antarctic ice sheet) adds up (roughly) to the observed limit.
The lived experience of grieving for persons living with HIV who have used injection drugs.

Parse's research method was used to investigate the lived experience of grieving for 10 persons self-identified as HIV-positive injection drug users. These individuals compose an understudied and poorly understood population, and their grief experiences have rarely been documented. The losses grieved by persons living with HIV infection include the loss of life, friends, family members, employment, energy, and sex. The lived experience of grieving was found to be “overwhelming anguish that shapes hopes and intentions as a wretched aloneness is punctuated with cherished uplifting engagements, while gratitude inspires courage in the midst of ambiguity.” This new conceptualization of the grieving process is discussed in light of Parse's human becoming theory of nursing.
Prehospital care of the stroke patient

Acute stroke care is a multidisciplinary effort. It crosses the boundaries of traditional hospital-based medicine, relying heavily on prehospital providers to obtain a significant amount of clinical information. Currently, modifications of existing EMS systems are underway to support the idea that "time is brain." Dispatchers and EMS providers are vital players in the Chain of Recovery, and are challenged to perform within this new paradigm for acute stroke care. In the near future, optimal management of the acute stroke patient may include the administration of neuroprotective medications in the prehospital setting. Educational efforts targeting high risk and elderly populations also continue to be a priority for healthcare providers and public interest groups such as the NSA. Stroke victims, family members, and caregivers must all be aware of the warning signs and symptoms of stroke. The importance of using EMS during the initial phase of acute stroke cannot be overstated. Emergency physicians must lead in coordinating the resources, placing greater emphasis on educating and assessing the performance of prehospital providers [50]. These leaders must ensure that prehospital providers understand they are integral members of the stroke team, vital to improving stroke care in the community.
Misoprostol vaginal insert compared with dinoprostone vaginal insert: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE:To compare the 50-microgram (misoprostol vaginal insert 50) and 100-microgram (misoprostol vaginal insert 100) dose reservoirs of the misoprostol vaginal insert to 10-mg dinoprostone vaginal insert for time to vaginal delivery and rate of cesarean delivery.METHODS:A total of 1,308 women re
Cloning of the mouse gonadotropin beta-subunit-encoding genes, I. Structure of the follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit-encoding gene

More than 16kb of genomic sequence encompassing the mouse follicle-stimulating hormone beta subunit (FSH beta)-encoding gene was isolated from a 129SvEv mouse genomic library. Comparisons of the nucleotide and deduced amino-acid sequences to the FSH beta sequences of other mammalian species confirm an evolutionarily conserved role of this important protein in reproduction.
Oxidative dimerization of allylic sulfones with iodine and with ferric chloride

Abstract Lithium salts of allylic sulfones are oxidized with ferric chloride-dimethyl-formamide complex mainly to 1,6-disulfones by 3-3′ coupling. Products resulting from coupling of 3,3-disubstituted sulfones undergo Cope rearrangement affording vicinal disulfones with threo-configuration. Coupling with iodine results in mixtures containing mainly vicinal disulfones, again with threo-configuration.
EFFECTS OF ALUMINUM MULCH ON FECUNDITY OF APTEROUS MYZUS PERSICAE ON HEAD LETTUCE IN A FIELD PLANTING

Head lettuce field plantings were artificially infested with apterous adults of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Significantly greater aphid fecundity was demonstrated on plants grown through aluminum-coated construction paper than on plants grown on bare soil. Higher temperatures and host-plant physiology were factors modified by the mulch, and could have resulted in larger aphid populations on plants grown over a reflective surface as the season progressed. Faster plant growth and a significantly larger yield per head of lettuce also resulted from the use of the aluminum mulch. The incidence of a leafhopper-borne plant disease, aster yellows, was significantly reduced on head lettuce in the aluminum mulch plots. RESUME Effets d'un voile d'aluminium sur la fecondite du puceron Myzus persicae sur cultures de laitue Des cultures de laitue ont ete artificiellement contaminees avec des adultes apteres de Myzus persicae. La fecondite a ete significativement augmentee sur les plantes poussant sur un sol recouvert par un voile d'aluminium, comparees a celles poussant sur un sol nu. Cette augmentation pourrait entrainer des populations de pucerons de plus en plus importantes, au fur et a mesure de l'avancement de la saison, sur les plantes poussant au dessus d'une surface fortement reflechissante. L'utilisation du voile d'aluminium a provoque simultanement une acceleration de la croissance et une augmentation des rendements de laitue. Ces resultats semblent dus a une augmentation de la temperature diurne, a une meilleure conservation de l'humidite et a une plus forte reflexion de la lumiere lorsqu'il y a presence de voile d'aluminium. Par aulleurs, les degâts provoques sur feuilles par les germes pathogenes transmis par les Cicadelles sont significativement plus rares sur sol couvert de voile d'aluminium.