cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inter-rater reliability of the SCID alcohol and substance use disorders section among adolescents

Diagnostic interviews for substance use disorders tend to have high reliability among adults. We examined the inter-rater reliability of the substance use disorders section of the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM, using 46 male and 25 female adolescent drinkers recruited from community and treatment sources. Inter-rater reliability was high for individual DSM-IV alcohol symptoms (kappa=0.84-1.0) and diagnoses (kappa=0.94), and for other substance use disorder diagnoses (kappa=0.82-1.0).
Idiopathic main pulmonary artery aneurysm

Main pulmonary artery aneurysms with no underlying pathology are very rare, and the role of surgery in this entity is not well defined. We report our experience of one case.
Relative stereotypy of water-ingestive behavior induced by chronic alcohol injections in the rat

Albino rats were maintained on a 23.5-h deprivation schedule and trained in CRF barpressing for water in a 30-min/day operant session. After responding had stabilized, animals were given either saline or 1.5-g/kg ethanol injections at 10 min, 15 min, or 20 min prior to the daily session on alternate days for a total of 12 days. Animals achieving tolerance to alcohol by Day 12 did not differ from controls in overall response rate, but displayed a lower variance of rate over the course of the session than controls. In addition, the sequence of barpressing and dipper approach responses was noted, and orders of serial dependency were used to obtain a measure of uncertainty (Frick & Miller, 1951). Average uncertainty of these responses was significantly less for the alcohol-tolerant animals than for controls.
A pressure-based composite grid method for the Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract In this work, a pressure-based composite grid method is developed for solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on domains composed of an arbitrary number of overlain grid blocks, where a conservative internal boundary scheme is devised to ensure that global conservation is maintained. Issues concerning the differences between the conservative internal boundary scheme developed for the pressure correction method with a staggered grid and that commonly used for density-based methods for compressible flow with nonstaggered grids are discussed. An organizational scheme is developed in order to provide a general and more flexible means for handling arbitrarily overlain grid blocks. Applications of the composite grid method to various model problems with complex geometry are used to illustrate the characteristics of the present procedure.
Measuring personal satisfaction under varying economic conditions

This study was designed to develop a methodology for measuring economic satisfaction and showing how individuals form intuitive impressions of economic satisfaction. Hypothetical economic situations were created by factorially manipulating salary level, raise, and inflation rate. Subjects rated each situation on an impersonal scale of financial well-being for a person in that situation and on a scale of personal satisfaction. Responses differed on the two scales. Ratings of personal satisfaction were lower than ratings of financial well-being, showing that individuals set higher standards for personal satisfaction. The factors of raise and inflation rate each played a more important role in rating personal satisfaction than in rating financial well-being, snowing that these variables have special personal significance. The special significance of these factors is discussed.
On linear sections of lattice packings

Ind-dimensional euclidean spaceEd letP be a lattice packing of subsets ofEd, and letH be ak-dimensional linear subspace ofEd (0<k<d). Then,P induces a packing inH consisting of all setsP∩H withP∈P. The relationship between the density of this packing inH and the density ofP is investigated. A result from the theory of uniform distribution of linear forms is used to prove an integral formula that enables one to evaluate the density of the induced packing inH (under suitable assumptions on the sets ofP and the functionals used to define the densities). It is shown that this result leads to explicit formulas for the averages of the induced densities under the rotation ofH. If the densities are taken with respect to the mean cross-sectional measures of convex bodies one obtains analogues of the integral geometric intersection formulas of Crofton.
Leishmania donovani: cellular and humoral immune responses after primary and challenge infections in squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus.

Abstract Cellular and humoral immune responses were studied in squirrel monkeys after primary and challenge infection with a Khartoum strain (WR 378) of Leishmania donovani . Each of 7 squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus , was inoculated intravenously with 5 × 10 7 amastigotes/ kg body weight, and one other monkey (control) was inoculated with uninfected hamster spleen homogenate. Five infected monkeys recovered from visceral leishmaniasis and two infected monkeys died. Three of the five squirrel monkeys which recovered from the primary infection demonstrated acquired resistance when challenged with an intravenous inoculation of 1.0 × 10 8 amastigotes of L. donovani /kg of body weight. Each of these same three monkeys, the two remaining monkeys which recovered from the primary infection and an uninfected control monkey, were challenged subsequently with an intradermal injection of 2.2 × 10 7 promastigotes of L. braziliensis panamensis (WR539) and developed cutaneous lesions. The reactivity of peripheral blood leukocytes from infected squirrel monkeys to phytohemagglutinin was depressed 2 to 10 weeks after infection, and the reactivity to concanavalin A was not affected. Data on responses to pokeweed mitogen were inconclusive. Reactivity to leishmanial antigens was detected at 12 weeks after infection, which coincided with a marked decrease or disappearance of parasites in liver imprints. Two of five surviving squirrel monkeys developed weak delayed skin test responses to leishmanin antigens after 23 weeks; the three remaining monkeys were anergic during the primary infection but developed strong delayed skin test responses to leishmanin antigens at 7 weeks after a challenge with L. donovani . All squirrel monkeys inoculated with L. donovani developed a hyperproteinemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and a reversal of the albumin/globulin ratio between 4 to 18 weeks after infection. Plasma IgM and IgG levels were increased between 2 to 18 weeks after infection; much of this increase was due to IgG. Class-specific antileishmanial antibodies, with generally low IgM and high IgG titers, reached a maximum after 14 and 16 weeks, respectively. A correlation was observed between concentrations of -γ-globulins and plasma IgM and IgG levels, but not between γ-globulin concentrations and maximum titers of class-specific antileishmanial antibodies. Squirrel monkeys challenged with L. donovani again developed hyperproteinemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and increased concentrations of plasma IgM and IgG which correlated with high titers of IgG class-specific antileishmanial antibody 4 weeks after reinoculation. Squirrel monkeys subsequently challenged with L. braziliensis panamensis developed persistent cutaneous lesions indicating a lack of resistance to the heterologous challenge.
Highly localized quasiatomic minimal basis orbitals for Mo from ab initio calculations

A minimal basis set of localized quasiatomic orbitals for Mo is constructed using the fully converged eigenstates from first-principles calculations with a large basis set. The orbitals, although similar in shape to those of a free atom, are slightly deformed such that it can reproduce all the occupied-state electronic properties of the system. They are very useful for analyzing chemical bonding by calculating the Mulliken overlap population and bond order index between atoms. In addition, the transferability of tight-binding parametrizations can be evaluated, for example, the effect of the two-center approximation.
Coronary Chronic Total Occlusion

Chronic total coronary occlusions (CTOs) are a frequent finding in patients with coronary disease and remain one of the most challenging target lesion subsets for intervention. CTOs have been reported in approximately one-third of patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography. By nature of their complexity, CTO percutaneous interventions (PCIs) are associated with lower rates of procedural success, higher complication rates, greater radiation exposure, and longer procedure times compared with interventions in non-CTO stenoses. Despite these obstacles, reported benefits of successful CTO PCI include a reduction in symptoms and improvement in both ventricular function and survival. This article examines the technical challenges, procedural complications, and possible outcomes associated with CTO PCI.
Thermal boundary conductance to a two-dimensional helium film

The thermal boundary conductance between vitreous quartz and a thin, superfluid helium film has been measured for the first time using third-sound resonance. This conductance, ${K}_{B}$, can be described as $0.25\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}{T}^{6.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0}$ ${\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ K, between 0.7 and 0.1 K. Both the temperature dependence and magnitude preclude any bulk, acoustic-mismatch explanation. Three-phonon processes which conserve both energy and momentum produce a ${T}^{7}$ temperature dependence. It is concluded that the heat-transport mechanism must involve the solid helium layer as an intermediate. At low temperatures the third-sound resonance $Q$ saturates, becoming temperature independent below 0.4 K. To explain this behavior an additional parameter, $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$, which characterizes intrinsic dissipation in a flowing film, must be added to the two-dimensional hydrodynamics. The low-temperature value of $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ decreases from 1.6 ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for a 1.35-layer film to 0.4 ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for a 4.40-layer film.
Planting by the Moon: Medieval Science and New Age Religion

The purpose of this essay is to distinguish between late medieval and New Age responses to astrology in the realm of gardening. Medieval garden writers took a practical approach to gardening and understood astrological gardening as fundamentally true but less relevant than empirically observable aspects of seed germination and plant growth. In contrast, New Age writers invest gardening with philosophical and spiritual significance, drawing on an understanding of astrology as ancient wisdom that can bring greater self-understanding. New Age gardening is a practice engaged with the symbolic value of interaction with nature for the individual as a member of a community.
2005 Special Issue: A model of STDP based on spatially and temporally local information: Derivation and combination with gated decay

Temporal relationships between neuronal firing and plasticity have received significant attention in recent decades. Neurophysiological studies have shown the phenomenon of spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). Various models were suggested to implement an STDP-like learning rule in artificial networks based on spiking neuronal representations. The rule presented here was developed under three constraints. First, it only depends on the information that is available at the synapse at the time of synaptic modification. Second, it naturally follows from neurophysiological and psychological research starting with Hebb's postulate [D. Hebb. (1949). The organization of behavior. Wiley, New York]. Third, it is simple, computationally cheap and its parameters are straightforward to determine. This rule is further extended by addition of four different types of gating derived from conventionally used types of gated decay in learning rules for continuous firing rate neural networks. The results show that the advantages of using these gatings are transferred to the new rule without sacrificing its dependency on spike-timing.
Stochastic dithering and watermarking

A new screen construction technique, which is described by means of a Maximum likelihood function as constraint of an iterative optimization procedure is introduced. Such stochastic screen function is spatially based, and is defined using the density function of a Markov point process. Further, a new high-capacity data embedding technique that focuses on exploiting the theory available for digital halftoning design, is also introduced. Such halftoning and watermarking scheme can be used in authentication and integrity verification applications as well as for general data embedding, where, digital signatures could be embedded into halftoned photos in a variety of identification documents. Being image independent, this new technique allows for imperceptible embedding such that no a priori knowledge is needed for recovery of inserted data.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hyperspectral Raman line imaging of an aluminosilicate glass

An aluminosilicate glass, which is a model for glass formulations used as dental restorations, was examined by hyperspectral Raman line imaging. The data set consisted of more than 30000 spectra, which were analyzed by using factor analysis. Nine score images were constructed from the nine significant factors identified. Three factors represent convolutions of noise, background, and offset. The other six factors represent Raman spectra of different bonding environments of the silicate tetrahedron. Three of those factors contain narrow Raman features. These are associated with a fully polymerized silica network, with a silicate tetrahedron with one nonbridging oxygen, and with an alumina-related inclusion or a silicate tetrahedron with two nonbridging oxygens. The last three significant factors contain broad Raman bands representing continua of slightly different bonding environments of silicate tetrahedra with 0-4 nonbridging oxygens. The score images reveal that the glass, although not homogeneous, has few regions with discrete heterogeneities. The different bonding networks commingle and could be interconnected.
Binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl Benzilate to regions of rat pituitary and hypothalamus

Muscarinic ligand binding sites in fragments of rat hypothalamus and pituitary were studied using [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB). In the hypothalamus, the highest amount of specific QNB binding was to n. paraventricularis and n. dorsomedialis. Specific QNB binding in other hypothalamic regions varied within a relatively narrow range. Fragments of whole pituitary also bound QNB but to a much smaller degree than brain. Pituitary binding of QNB was blocked by atropine but not by hexamethonium or d-tubocurarine. Within the pituitary, specific QNB binding to posterior pituitary was three times greater than to anterior pituitary. These findings are consistent with the operation of cholinergic mechanisms in hypothalamic and pituitary function.
New tetragonal compounds Nb3Si and Ta3Si

Abstract Small ingots of Nb-Si alloys were made from high-purity, solid-form (not powder) Nb and Si by arc-melting and suction-casting into a copper mold. Samples from these ingots were tested for the presence of a superconducting transition temperature (Tc) and were found to be superconducting (with a Tc near 7·5°K) up to 37·5 at.% silicon. Metallographic and microprobe studies to determine the superconducting phase in the system led to the discovery of an unreported compound, Nb3Si, and indicated that Nb4Si does not exist. Further investigation showed that Ta3Si also exists and that Ta4Si does not, these alloys being similarly prepared from solid-form, high-purity Ta and Si. Nb3Si and Ta3Si were found to have isomorphous tetragonal structures with parameters a 0 = 10.21 ± 0.01 A , c 0 = 5.19 ± 0.01 A , and a 0 = 10.17 ± 0.01 A and c 0 = 5.16 ± 0.01 A , respectively. The Ta3Si pattern was found to be nearly identical to one reported by Brewer for TaSi0.20 ± 0.05. Nb3Si was determined to be essentially a line compound which melts peritectically at 1945° ± 20 °C. It was found to be non-superconducting above 4.2°K. The superconducting phase was determined to be Nb solid solution, which was present as a Nb-Nb3Si eutectic up to 37.5 at.% Si.
Teaching Theory X and Theory Y in Organizational Communication.

CoursesIntroduction to Organizational Communication, Introduction to Communication Studies, Communication TheoryObjectivesThe purpose of this activity is to integrate McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y into a group application: design a syllabus that embodies either Theory X or Theory Y tenets. Students should be able to differentiate between Theory X and Theory Y, create a syllabus based on Theory X or Theory Y tenets, evaluate the different syllabi created by the class, and draw conclusions about organizational communication based on Theory X and Theory Y. Moreover, this activity will challenge student assumptions about ontology and epistemology, and the reasons they are in college. Students will theorize why professors employ certain pedagogical approaches.Time requiredSingle class: 35–45 minutes.
The effects of dihydropyridines of neurotransmitter release from cultured neuronal cells

Depolarizing stimuli increase the release of transmitter substances from cultured PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and reaggregate cultures of mouse mesencephalic dopamine neurones. We measured the stimulated release of (3H) norepinephrine and (3H) dopamine from these systems respectively. In the cultured mouse dopaminergic neurones, several organic calcium channel blockers including nitrendipine, D-600, verapamil and diltiazem were unable to inhibit potassium-evoked transmitter release. However, release was blocked by 3 mM cobalt. The novel dihydropyridine calcium channel agonist BAY K8644 also had no effect on basal or evoked dopamine release. In contrast, BAY K8644 greatly stimulated the potassium-evoked release of (3H) norepinephrine from PC12 cells. The BAY K8644 enhanced release could be blocked by the dihydropyridine antagonist nitrendipine. These results indicate that while stimulus-secretion coupling in the PC12 cell line involves dihydropyridine sensitive calcium channels, this is not the case in primary cultured neurones.
Recurrent problems in the behavioral assessment of social skill

Abstract Behavioral strategies for assessing social skill have been subjected to extensive analysis and criticism in the past few years. Many problems with earlier strategies have been corrected, yet the literature continues to be marked by a number of serious errors and invalid procedures. The purpose of this paper is to identify some of these recurrent difficulties, and recommend alternatives where possible. The discussion covers three general topics: the measures employed, the assessment format and conceptual issues which bear on assessment. Specific issues addressed include the respective value of molecular and molar ratings, the extent to which subjects actually engage in role playing, the utility of single prompt role-play tests, the selection and form of role-play scenarios and the role of skill deficits in interpersonal dysfunction. Some of the major assumptions and persistent dilemmas in the existing literature are examined in the light of questionable and often invalid assessment procedures.
Structure-activity relationship study of 4EGI-1, small molecule eIF4E/eIF4G protein-protein interaction inhibitors.

Abstract Protein–protein interactions are critical for regulating the activity of translation initiation factors and multitude of other cellular process, and form the largest block of untapped albeit most challenging targets for drug development. 4EGI-1, (E/Z)-2-(2-(4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl)hydrazono)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)propanoic acid, is a hit compound discovered in a screening campaign of small molecule libraries as an inhibitor of translation initiation factors eIF4E and eIF4G protein–protein interaction; it inhibits translation initiation in vitro and in vivo. A series of 4EGI-1-derived thiazol-2-yl hydrazones have been designed and synthesized in order to delineate the structural latitude and improve its binding affinity to eIF4E, and increase its potency in inhibiting the eIF4E/eIF4G interaction. Probing a wide range of substituents on both phenyl rings comprising the 3-phenylpropionic acid and 4-phenylthiazolidine moieties in the context of both E- and Z-isomers of 4EGI-1 led to analogs with enhanced binding affinity and translation initiation inhibitory activities.
Combinatorial and high-throughput screening of the effect of siloxane composition on the surface properties of crosslinked siloxane-polyurethane coatings.

Libraries of siloxane−polyurethane coatings were designed, formulated, and screened using high-throughput experimentation. Four independent variables that were analyzed were the molecular weight of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), presence or absence of poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) blocks attached to the PDMS backbone, the length of the PCL blocks, and the siloxane polymer level in the coating formulations. In addition to the siloxane libraries (3-aminopropyl-terminated PDMS and poly(e-caprolactone)-poly(dimethylsiloxane)-poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL-PDMS-PCL) triblock copolymers), the coating formulation included a trifunctional isocyanate crosslinker, trifunctional poly(e-caprolactone) polyol, 2,4-pentanedione (pot-life extender), dibutyltin diacetate (catalyst), and a blend of solvents. The resulting coatings were analyzed for their surface energy and pseudobarnacle adhesion both before and after aging the coatings for 30 days in water. The water and methylene iodide contact angle averages increase with incre...
The Riemann problem for fluid flow of real materials

The Riemann problem for fluid flow of real materials is examined. An arbitrary equation of state is allowed, subject only to the physical requirements of thermodynamics. The properties of the isentropes and the shock Hugoniot loci that follow from conditions imposed on the equation of state are reviewed systematically. Important properties of these wave curves are determined by three dimensionless variables characterizing the equation of state: the adiabatic exponent $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, the Gr\"uneisen coefficient $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$, and the fundamental derivative $\mathcal{G}$. Standard assumptions on these variables break down near phase transitions. The result is an anomalous wave structure: either shock waves split into multiple waves, or composite waves form. Additional questions related to shock stability and nonuniqueness of the solution of the Riemann problem are discussed.
Mapping the hERG Channel Activation Gate Using SCAM

hERG channels, important for cardiac repolarization, are susceptible to block by a wide range of therapeutic drugs intended for other targets. The S6 activation gate contributes to the efficacy of drug block, yet its location is unknown. We used cysteine mutagenesis and expression in Xenopus oocytes to identify S6 domain residues important in gating, and mapped these residues in energy-minimized homology models based on the crystal structures of MlotiK1 and Kv1.2 for the closed and open states, respectively (Wynia-Smith et al., J. Gen. Physiol., 2008). The predominant mutant phenotype was slowed channel closing and/or constitutive conductance at negative potentials. Focusing initially on cysteine mutations with wild-type behavior and thus little structural perturbation, we are using MTS reagents to identify residues selectively accessible in the open state. Mutants S654C, F656C, S660C and L666C span a region homologous to the activation gate in Shaker channels as well as a separate region predicted by our molecular models to form a closing gate. These mutants reacted with MTSET and displayed current inhibition that reversed upon addition of DTT to the bath. The control channel showed no reactivity to MTSET. S654C exhibited a progressive development of current block during pulses to positive voltages, suggestive of state-dependent block. Experiments under way to determine rates of state-dependent modification will further define the residues forming the occluding gate in hERG channels.
The fast ice regimes of the Beaufort and Chukchi Sea coasts, Alaska

Abstract The annual fast ice regimes of the Beaufort-Chukchi Sea coasts are characterized from an analysis of LANDSAT imagery for 1973–76. Maps of the fast ice margin are presented and factors determining its spatial and temporal variability are discussed. The summer decay pattern is influenced by the previous winter's grounded ridges, the distribution of river flooding and local polynyi, and by the climatic regime. Thawing degree days are a useful index of ice decay, although temperature conditions themselves are strongly determined by wind directions on both coasts. Potential ice hazards of the nearshore zone in the Beaufort Sea for offshore developments are discussed.
Temperature Dependence of the Characteristic Energy Loss of Electrons in Aluminum

The change in the 15-ev characteristic energy loss suffered by 15-kev electrons passing through a thin film of aluminum has been measured as a function of temperature from 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 518\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. It is found that above room temperature the energy loss change agrees, within experimental error, with the change expected due to decreased electron density resulting from expansion of the lattice. However, below room temperature the energy loss change is much greater than expected on the above basis. It was also found that the half-widths of both the energy loss and the zero loss lines increased with decreasing temperature while the ratio of these two remained constant.
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in cirrhosis patients.

Background and Aims It is a commonly held notion that patients with cirrhosis do not suffer from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) because they are naturally anticoagulated. However, to date, no studies have been carried out that objectively address this issue. We conducted a study to examine the relationship between cirrhosis and DVT/PE events. Methods A case–control study of patients seen at a tertiary care hospital was performed. Cases were hospitalized patients with biopsy and/or imaging plus clinical evidence of cirrhosis. Well-matched patients with no known evidence of cirrhosis served as controls. The DVT/PE events were identified by the international classification of disease-9 (ICD-9) codes and confirmed with radiographic/nuclear imaging. The Charlson Index was calculated to determine the comorbidity. The incidence of DVT/PE in cirrhotic patients was also compared to patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), congestive heart failure (CHF), and solid organ cancers. Results This study consisted of 963 cirrhotics and 12,405 controls. Both the incidence of DVT/PE (1.8 vs. 0.9%, P = 0.007) and Charlson Index scores (3.2 ± 1.8 vs. 0.9 ± 1.5, P < 0.001) were higher in cirrhotics than in the controls. However, in the multivariate analysis, the presence of cirrhosis was not associated with DVT/PE [odds ratio (OR) 0.87, P = 0.06]. Partial thromboplastin time (PTT; OR 0.88, P = 0.04) and serum albumin (OR 0.47, P = 0.03) were the independent predictors of DVT/PE. The incidence of DVT/PE in cirrhotics (1.8%) was lower than that in patients with other medical illnesses: 7.1% in CKD, 7.8% in CHF, and 6.1% in cancers. Conclusion Patients with cirrhosis do not have a lower risk of DVT/PE than non-cirrhotic controls without other significant co-morbidities, such as CHF, CKD, and solid organ cancers. Partial thromboplastin time and serum albumin were found to be independently predictive of DVT/PE in cirrhotic patients.
CLINICAL OUTCOME FOR THE FEMALE ADNEXAL TUMOR OF PROBABLE WOLFFIAN ORIGIN

Female adnexal tumor of probable wolffian origin is a rare and usually benign, solid neoplasm of the broad ligament. Two cases with good clinical outcome are described and the microscopic features which identify this entity are cited.
Isolation, cloning and sequence analysis of the cDNA for the α-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin

A 621-base pair fragment of the cDNA for the α-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin has been isolated by cloning in a plasmid vector, and the complete nucleotide sequence determined. The entire coding region, including the 24-amino acid pre-sequence and most of the untranslated regions, are present in the fragment.
Advances in clinical trial designs for predictive biomarker discovery and validation

Cancers of the same primary site are in many cases heterogeneous in molecular pathogenesis, clinical course, and treatment responsiveness. Current approaches for treatment development, evaluation, and use result in treatment of many patients with ineffective drugs and lead to the conduct of large clinical trials to identify small, average treatment benefits for heterogeneous groups of patients. New genomic and proteomic technologies provide powerful tools for the identification of patients who require systemic or aggressive treatment and the selection of those likely or unlikely to benefit from a specific regimen. In spite of the large literature on developing prognostic and predictive biomarkers and on statistical methodology for analysis of high dimensional data, there is considerable uncertainty about proper approaches for the validation of biomarker-based diagnostic tests. This article attempts to clarify these issues and provide a guide to recent publications on the design of clinical trials for evaluating the clinical utility and robustness of prognostic and predictive biomarkers.
Tests of Hypotheses in Density Follow‐Up Studies

This paper discusses statistical methods for situations in which two or more (k + 1) exposure groups, including a reference one, are compared with respect to rate ratios, or incidence density ratios (IDR) (e.g. MIETTINEN, 1976). Data are assumed available on population times (PT) experienced in the exposure groups. The logit transformation or its generalizations (e.g. Cox, 1970 are utilized in order to obtain suitable tests for the hypotheses involved. Three examples illustrate these methods, including approximate and exact confidence limits for the IDR's (k = 1). For the case of (k + 1) groups a linear contrast for the hypothesis of a trend is derived as well as its standard error.
Der Focus FCEV Hybrid. Ein zukunftsweisendes Brennstoffzellenfahrzeug von Ford

Brennstoffzellenfahrzeuge haben das Potenzial, nachhaltige Mobilitat langfristig zu gewahrleisten. Ihre wesentlichen Vorteile sind der emissionsfreie Fahrzeugbetrieb, der hohe Antriebswirkungsgrad sowie die Moglichkeit der Diversifizierung der zur Kraftstoffproduktion eingesetzten Energietrager. Mit dem hier vorgestellten Focus FCEV Hybrid und seinem zukunftsweisenden Antriebskonzept ist Ford ein Meilenstein auf dem Weg zur Markteinfuhrung von Brennstoffzellenfahrzeugen gelungen.
Sequential appearance of intestinal mucosal cell types in the right and caudate liver lobes of furan-treated rats.

Furan rapidly induces in rat liver a unique, lobespecific pattern of development of intestinal metaplasia and associated cholangiofibrosis. To establish early cell-precursor relationships in the genesis of this cholangiofibrosis, a time-course study was conducted in which young adult male Fisher 344 rats received furan by gavage at a daily dose of 45 mg/kg body wt over a 32-day treatment period. An analysis of individual liver lobes obtained at different time points from these animals during furan treatment revealed the following sequence of histopathological changes, which were located mainly in the right and, to a lesser extent, the caudate liver lobes: day 1, severe hepatonecrosis in zone 3 extending into zone 2 of the liver acini; days 3 to 5, presence of a diffuse inflammatory cell infiltrate in hepatonecrotic areas, which gradually resolved; day 7, prominent bile ductule hyperplasia in tissue sections exhibiting marked loss of normal liver parenchyma; day 9, continued replacement of injured liver by hyperplastic bile ductule tissue, which now contained occasional metaplastic glandular structures composed of columnar basophilic epithelial cells; days 12 to 16, increasing cell diversity in the developing metaplastic glands, with the sequential appearance of goblet cells, Paneth cells and serotonin-positive neuroendocrine cells; and day 32, typical cholangiofibrosis defined by hyperplastic bile ductule–type structures in association with an increased number of metaplastic intestinal glands and progressively more dense fibrotic stroma. Interestingly, at 16 and 32 days the cellular composition of the newly formed metaplastic intestinal glands in liver closely resembled that of the crypts of Lieberkuhn in the normal adult rat small intestine. These results strongly suggest that hyperplastic bile ductule cells differentiate preferentially along the small-intestinal mucosa lineage in the right and caudate liver lobes of the furan-treated rats. In addition, they support the view that small intestinal metaplasia is an important intermediate in the development of cholangiofibrosis in liver. (HEPATOLOGY 1992;16:1220–1226.)
The effect of sufficiency and necessity on perceptions of control and responsibility

Discrepancies in perceptions of control and responsibility have been depicted as paradoxical because both types of perceptions are presumed to reflect perceptions of causality. The paradox may, in part, reflect a failure to distinguish between two dimensions of an actor's causality: sufficiency and necessity. Sufficiency of an actor is defined as the ability of the actor to bring about or prevent an outcome. Necessity of an actor is defined as the inverse of the sufficiency of other actors. In the studies described here, the sufficiency and necessity of an actor is varied, and subjects are asked to rate the actor's control and responsibility. The findings from Studies 1 and 2 support the prediction that variations in sufficiency have a greater effect on perceptions of control than on perceptions of responsibility; the findings from Study 2 support the prediction that variations in necessity have a greater effect on perceptions of responsibility than on perceptions of control. Studies 3 and 4 further demonstrate the occurrence of the paradox, and support the general conclusion that the effect of sufficiency relative to the effect of necessity is greater for perceptions of control than for perceptions of responsibility. The tendency of sufficiency to have a greater effect on males than on females, and the tendency of necessity to have a greater effect on females than on males, are linked to findings from previous research.
Phospholipase D activity is required for dimorphic transition in Candida albicans

Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. In this report, the presence of a phospholipase D (PLD) activity in C. albicans, designated CaPLD1, is demonstrated. This is the first description of PLD activity in this organism. CaPLD1 activity was stimulated by inducers of dimorphic transition. Furthermore, transition was stimulated by the addition of exogenous PLD to cells. The addition of 1-propanol to the medium, which resulted in the production of phosphatidylpropanol by CaPLD1 at the expense of the usual product phosphatide acid, delayed the yeast to hypha transition. These results suggest that CaPLD1 may be an important regulator of dimorphic transition in C. albicans.
Posterior Intercostal Nerve Block With Liposomal Bupivacaine: An Alternative to Thoracic Epidural Analgesia

Background Pain relief using regional neuroaxial blockade is standard care for patients undergoing major thoracic surgery. Thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) provides effective postoperative analgesia but has unwanted side effects, including hypotension, urinary retention, nausea, and vomiting, and is highly operator dependent. Single-shot intercostal nerve and paravertebral blockade have not been widely used because of the short duration of action of most local anesthetics; however, the recent availability of liposomal bupivacaine (LipoB) offers the potential to provide prolonged blockade of intercostal nerves (72 to 96 hours). We hypothesized that a five-level unilateral posterior intercostal nerve block using LipoB would provide effective analgesia for patients undergoing thoracic surgery. Methods We identified patients who underwent lung resection using intraoperative LipoB posterior intercostal nerve blockade and retrospectively compared them with a group of patients who had TEA and who were matched for age, sex, type of surgery, and surgical approach. We analyzed perioperative morbidity, pain scores and narcotic requirements. Results There were 54 patients in each group. Mean hospital stay was 3.5 days and 4.5 days ( p = 0.004) for LipoB group and TEA group, respectively. There were no significant differences in perioperative complications, postoperative pain scores, or in narcotic utilization between LipoB group and TEA group. No acute toxicity related to LipoB was observed. Conclusions Posterior intercostal nerve blockade using LipoB is safe and provides effective analgesia for patients undergoing thoracic surgery. It may be considered as a suitable alternative to TEA.
Interactions between nested receiving rhombic antennas

In order to install as many radiating circuits as possible in a given area, consideration has to be given to the operation of antennas in proximity to one another. Therefore, mutual coupling between two nested rhombics and the effect of one rhombic on the radiation pattern of the other were measured. For a ratio of antenna sizes of 2 to 1, the presence of either a coplanar or noncoplanar antenna had no influence on the gain and radiation pattern of the reference rhombic. To determine the minimum acceptable separation, measurements were extended to include rhombics almost equal in size and as close as practicable to each other. For wire separations of 0.5\lambda the gain of the reference rhombic was reduced by 0.5 dB. For 0.2\lambda separation the gain was reduced by 1 dB, and for 0.04\lambda it was reduced by approximately 4 dB. Except for very close spacings, the radiation patterns remained substantially unchanged. Mutual coupling, expressed as transmission loss between the antennas in decibels, varied between -15 and -41 dB.
ROTATING BLACK HOLES: SEPARABLE WAVE EQUATIONS FOR GRAVITATIONAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC PERTURBATIONS.

Separable wave equations with source terms are presented for electromagnetic and gravitational perturbations of an uncharged, rotating black hole. These equations describe the radiative field completely, and also part of the nonradiative field. Nontrivial, source-free, stationary perturbations are shown not to exist. The barrier integral governing synchrotron radiation from particles in circular orbits is shown to be the same as for scalar radiation. Future applications (stability of rotating black holes, "spin-down," superradiant scattering, floating orbits) are outlined.
FAMILY THERAPY IN THE BLACK COMMUNITY

Black, upwardly mobile families face all the stresses experienced by other families dealing with developmental crises and economic changes, but are subject to the additional strain of discrimination. Support, often unavailable from the community, is received instead from the family and others involved in the kinship network. Treatment strategies designed for the unique situation of the black family are proposed.
Identification and characterization of a strict and a promiscuous N-acetylglucosamine-1-P uridylyltransferase in Arabidopsis

UDP-GlcNAc is an essential precursor for glycoprotein and glycolipid synthesis. In the present study, a functional nucleotidyltransferase gene from Arabidopsis encoding a 58.3 kDa GlcNAc1pUT-1 (N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase) was identified. In the forward reaction the enzyme catalyses the formation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and PPi from the respective monosaccharide 1-phosphate and UTP. The enzyme can utilize the 4-epimer UDP-GalNAc as a substrate as well. The enzyme requires divalent ions (Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ ) for activity and is highly active between pH 6.5 and 8.0, and at 30–37 ◦ C. The apparent Km values for the forward reaction were 337 μM (GlcNAc-1-P) and 295 μM (UTP) respectively. Another GlcNAc1pUT-2, which shares 86 % amino acid sequence identity with GlcNAc1pUT-1, was found to convert, in addition to GlcNAc-1-P and GalNAc-1-P, Glc-1-P into corresponding UDP-sugars, suggesting that subtle changes in the UT family cause different substrate specificities. A three-dimensional protein structure model using the human AGX1 as template showed a conserved catalytic fold and helped identify key conserved motifs, despite the high sequence divergence. The identification of these strict and promiscuous gene products open a window to indentify new roles of amino sugar metabolism in plants and specifically their role as signalling molecules. The ability of GlcNAc1pUT-2 to utilize three different substrates may provide further understanding as to why biological systems have plasticity.
Effects of Hypothermia and Pronethalol on Ionic Correlates of Ouabain Arrhythmias in Dogs

The ionic basis of ventricular arrhythmias induced by a cardiac glycoside was studied in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. The effects of ouabain alone and in combination with hypothermia or pronethalol on myocardial and plasma Na+ and K+ were determined. Hypothermia (26°C) and pronethalol (15 mg/kg, iv) had similar effects on the standard lead II of the EGG, i.e., a decrease in heart rate and increases in P-R, QRS, and Q-T intervals. In the absence of ouabain, hypothermia and pronethalol each produced small and inconsistent changes in intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations. Both hypothermia and pronethalol were found to significantly increase the threshold toxic dose of ouabain required to produce a ventricular arrhythmia within the test period of 90 minutes. Both pronethalol and hypothermia effectively prevented ouabaininduced changes in myocardial Na+ and K+ when arrhythmias were prevented. When sufficient ouabain was given to produce an arrhythmia, there was always a significant fall inmyocardial K+. In unprotected and in hypothermic animals, these arrhythmias were also associated with a significant increase in left ventricular Na + . The effect of ouabain on Na+ was not significant in pronethalol-treated dogs.
Latent growth curve analysis of fear during a speech task before and after treatment for social phobia.

Abstract Models of social phobia highlight the importance of anticipatory anxiety in the experience of fear during a social situation. Anticipatory anxiety has been shown to be highly correlated with performance anxiety for a variety of social situations. A few studies show that average ratings of anxiety during the anticipation and performance phases of a social situation decline following treatment. Evidence also suggests that the point of confrontation with the feared stimulus is the peak level of fear. No study to date has evaluated the pattern of anxious responding across the anticipation, confrontation, and performance phases before and after treatment, which is the focus of the current study. Socially phobic individuals ( N = 51) completed a behavioral avoidance task before and after two types of manualized cognitive behavioral therapy, and gave ratings of fear during the anticipation and performance phases. Results from latent growth curve analysis were the same for the two treatments and suggested that before treatment, anxiety sharply increased during the anticipation phase, was highly elevated at the confrontation, and gradually increased during the performance phase. After treatment, anxiety increased during the anticipation phase, although at a much slower rate than at pretreatment, peaked at confrontation, and declined during the performance phase. The findings suggest that anticipatory experiences are critical to the experience of fear for public speaking and should be incorporated into exposures.
Imaging results after CHOP-rituximab followed by 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan and rituximab (R) in patients with previously-untreated follicular lymphoma (FL)

7589 Background: There has been some question regarding the predictive value of 111In scans in FL. We report imaging results with fusion PET-CT scans and 111In scans in a single-institution, non-randomized, phase II trial in patients with FL treated with CHOP-R followed by 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin (Z)) and R. Methods: Eligible patients have CD20 positive FL, Grade 1–3 or transformed, Stage II-IV, no prior treatment with monoclonal antibody or chemotherapy, and symptomatic disease (if grade 1–2). CHOP-R is given every 21 days for 3 cycles. Four weeks after the last dose of CHOP-R, patients receive the Zevalin regimen, which includes 111In imaging and 90Y therapy. One week after Z, patients receive R 375 mg/m2 IV weekly for 4 doses. Bone marrow examination and fusion PET-CT scans are performed at baseline, after CHOP-R, and 12 weeks after Z. The primary endpoint is CR, and responses are reported using the International Working Group (IWG) criteria with the additional requirement of a negative PET s...
Can We Move Beyond Visual Metaphors? Virtual World Provocations and Second Life

Is it possible for the human beings, who are the driving forces behind virtual worlds and the avatars that inhabit them, to move beyond Real Life metaphors? What does this sort of questioning mean for teaching and learning in virtual worlds?
Introduction to nursing. Creative strategies for generating interest in the major.

Beginning nursing students have a limited understanding of nursing as a major and a profession. Evaluation of previous Introduction to Nursing courses led faculty to a redesign which included classroom exercises and assignments that actively engage students in a wider variety of experiences. Increased student involvement had the effect of presenting a more realistic picture of nursing as a profession.
Comparison of Conventional and Electromagnetic Gun Launch

Electromagnetic systems offer interesting options both for weapons and vehicle protection. Applicatio n of this technology requires an evaluation of its benefits and burdens. Research on electromagnetic railguns is presently being carried out by the Army. The railgun obviously operates with a different source of power than conventional cannon; however, t here are also similarities between the two. This paper compares the launch processes fo r three medium caliber cases: a conventional cannon, an existing EM gun system, and a notional hypervelocity EM gun system.