cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Self-Study as an Information Literacy Program Assessment Tool

ABSTRACT The J. Paul Leonard Library at San Francisco State University is engaged in a number of information literacy efforts. The library's new information literacy coordinators had many questions about the library's current activities and how to further develop its information literacy program. In the 2006–2007 academic year, the Library Education Committee obtained a more accurate understanding of the library's information literacy efforts through a self-study process. A survey instrument was created and distributed to all teaching librarians. The results of this study were contrasted with the Association of College and Research Libraries' (ACRL) Characteristics of Programs of Information Literacy That Illustrate Best Practices: A Guideline in order to facilitate program assessment and long-term planning.
An Exploration of Long Range Electronic Effects in Substituted Alkanes

An analysis of the results of ab initio quantum mechanical calculations has been performed on a large number of substituted ethanes, pentanes, hexanes, and dodecanes. The bond critical points of the Atoms in Molecules (AIM) method have been ascertained for these molecules and each is expressed as a FCP, which is defined as the fraction of the bond distance at which the critical point is located. In the ethyl derivatives, the FCPs for the methyl C−H bonds correlate with the charge on the hydrogen atoms. In the longer chain compounds, the FCP for the Cm−Cn bond of charged substituents is related to the difference in inverse distances of the carbon atoms from the charged substituent. An investigation of the amount of s character used in bonds showed that two measures of this quantity, a partial Mulliken overlap population analysis, and a method involving orthogonal Natural Bonding Orbital (NBO) theory orbitals, correlate well with the methylene H−C−H bond angle. In the NBO results for most C−C bonds, the amo...
A convex optimization approach to model (in)validation of switched ARX systems with unknown switches

This paper considers the problem of (in)validating switched affine models from noisy experimental data, in cases where the mode-variable is not directly observable. This problem, the dual of identification, is a crucial step when designing controllers using models identified from experimental data. Our main results are convex certificates, obtained by exploiting a combination of sparsification and polynomial optimization tools, for a given model to either be consistent with the observed data or be invalidated by it. These results are illustrated using both academic examples and a non-trivial application: detecting abnormal activities using video data.
Is single-scheme Trojan prevention sufficient?

We discuss a new type of a structural hardware Trojan, which does not attack the target circuit itself but tries to mute the internal hardening scheme instead. By implementing this type of hardware Trojan, we argue that most of the currently proposed hardware Trojan prevention methods are far from adequate, assuming that attackers are patient, smart and have basic knowledge of the hardening structure. As demonstrated through our work for the CSAW Embedded System Challenge hosted by NYU-Poly in 2010, attackers can easily construct test patterns to “reverse-engineer” the hardening scheme from the Register Transfer Level (RTL) description. A simple look-up table can then invalidate the hardening scheme, even if it is as sophisticated as the Ring Oscillator (RO)-based Trojan prevention method used in this competition. Hence, our conjecture is that any single-scheme Trojan prevention method is insufficient to keep hardware Trojans out of the door and only a combination of several methods is a plausible solution.
Access flap surgery treatment for intrabony defects may result in improved clinical outcomes

A critical summary of Graziani F, Gennai S, Cei S, et al. Clinical performance of access flap surgery in the treatment of the intrabony defect: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Clin Periodontol 2012;39(2):145-156.
Endothelium‐independent relaxation of aortic rings by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium

The flavoprotein binder diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) is a potent, irreversible inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), but produces only a transient pressor response following systemic administration to animals, despite evidence of persistent NOS inhibition. To characterize further the effects of DPI on vascular tone, isometric tension was recorded from rat isolated aortic rings mounted between steel wires in an organ bath. The NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 1 mm) initiated an additional contraction of prostaglandin F2α-preconstricted rings with endothelium which was sustained throughout the period of l-NAME exposure (+234±39% at 15 min). In contrast, addition of DPI (5 μm) to rings with endothelium produced a transient initial contraction (+111±27% at 2 min) followed by a more sustained relaxation (−27±19% at 15 min, P<0.001 vs l-NAME). The contraction to DPI was also observed in rings without endothelium, was abolished by l-NAME pretreatment, and was unaffected by the α-adrenoreceptor inhibitor prazosin. Relaxation in response to DPI was not inhibited by endothelium removal or by pretreatment with either l-NAME or with the ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker glibenclamide. The endothelium-independent relaxation to DPI was inhibited at 23°C and its time course was delayed by pretreatment with the guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue. Thus, in addition to a transient initial contraction due to NOS inhibition, DPI produces an endothelium-independent, temperature-dependent relaxation which appears in part due to activation of guanylate cyclase. This relaxant effect of DPI may explain the transient nature of its pressor effect in vivo despite sustained NOS inhibition. British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 120, 857–864; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701014
The potential algaecide flumioxazin has little effect on growth, survival and feed conversion of the bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus

Abstract An effective and benign approach to mitigating fish-killing Prymnesium parvum blooms in small impoundments has yet to be identified. The aquatic herbicide flumioxazin (Clipper®, Valent Corp., Walnut Creek, CA), however, shows promise as it suppresses P. parvum while having little effect on other plankton. Its influence on fish has yet to be evaluated. Here, we investigated potential effects of flumioxazin on growth, survival and feed conversion ratio of a non-target organism, bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus ) in a laboratory experiment. We exposed fish to several herbicide concentrations that spanned the manufacturer's recommended dosage (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 μg L − 1 ). The duration of the experiment was six weeks with weekly re-application of flumioxazin to specified tanks. No significant differences were found in average fish weight gain ( p = 0.76), percent survival of fish ( p = 0.83) or the feed conversion ratio ( p = 0.89). These findings provide further evidence that flumioxazin application may be an effective and benign approach to P. parvum mitigation.
Cost and Benefit in Control of Nosocomial Infection: Methods for Analysis

Because health care costs are rising at an alarming rate, the cost-benefit relationship of infection control measures has to be considered. This assessment involves measuring the real cost of implementing a procedure and determining whether or not an associated reduction has occurred in nosocomial infection and its economic consequences. If the cost is found to outweigh the benefit, the procedure should be eliminated. Conversely, when a procedure proves cost-effective, infection control personnel must work to ensure that it is implemented correctly. To do these things, we need improved methods for measuring cost and benefit objectively, for implementing the few procedures that have been shown to reduce nosocomial infection, and for developing effective systems of monitoring compliance with recommended procedures. Many steps have been taken to decrease the incidence or the adverse effects of nosocomial infections. These steps include implementation of
The GI War Against Japan: American Soldiers in Asia and the Pacific During World War II . By Peter Schrijvers. New York: New York University Press, 2002. 320 pp. $45.00 (cloth).

Dedication List of Abbreviations List of Endnote Abbreviations Preface Acknowledgements PART I: FRONTIER Pioneers Romantics Missionaries Imperialists PART II: FRUSTRATION Nature Masses Mind 'Going Asiatic' PART III: FURY Human Rage Industrial Violence Technological Destruction Notes Bibliography Index
Phase separation of ionic fluids: an extended Ebeling-Grigo approach

The Ebeling-Grigo (EG) improvement of the mean-spherical approximation (MSA) via the Bjerrum theory of ionic association in the restricted primitive model (RPM) is reviewed and extended. We find that, in terms of reduced density and temperature, the critical point ({rho}{sub c}{sup *},T{sub c}{sup *}) of the EG approximation (EGA) is located at (0.026, 0.0789), rather than the (0.018, 0.0837) quoted by EG. The corrected result is closer to the most recent stimulation estimates of the RPM critical point. A further improvement is obtained by incorporating the activity coefficient of the associated ionic pair to yield a dipole-ion (DI) contribution. The new approximation, EGA+DI, has a critical point at (0.027, 0.0716), which is in still better agreement with the simulation estimates. A critical discussion comparing these results with recent simulation results and other recent theoretical work is given. 18 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.
Nitrogen-induced reconstruction of Cu(110): Formation of a surface nitride

Abstract Using the techniques of LEED, TDS and HREELS, we have studied the adsorption of atomic nitrogen on Cu(110). We find that the nitrogen overlayer exhibits a very sharp and stable (2×3) LEED pattern and unusual thermal desorption behavior. We interpret these results as indicating a nitrogen-induced reconstruction of the Cu(110) surface. Our HREELS measurements allow us to assign the binding sites of the nitrogen atoms to the long bridge sites on the surface. Similarities to bulk copper nitride, Cu 3 N, suggest that the adsorption and surface reconstruction of N/Cu(110) can be regarded as the formation of a surface copper nitride.
Simulating a vigilance task: Extensible technology for baggage security assessment and training

A number of homeland security occupations require vigilance to potentially subtle events in the environment, with high stakes for missing infrequent but consequential items. Sustained vigilance can be required for long periods of time or when sleep-deprived or physically inactive, compounding the difficulty of this task. Research on sustained vigilance has largely focused on tasks such as driving, air traffic control, medical screening, and military specialties, but the findings closely apply also to other homeland security-related occupations. A research area that has received relatively little attention, but is of critical importance to homeland security, involves the role of individual differences in vigilance. Prior research suggests that certain individuals are better than others at searching for rarely present targets over long time periods, yet what is driving this effect remains unclear. Further, it is not known whether or not sustained vigilance can be improved through training. This research team is studying two research questions: Are there individual differences in the inherent ability to sustain vigilance? and What are the most effective approaches for training and improving sustained vigilance for rare items or events?. The intent is to employ tasks (primarily visual identification and gross motor tests) that readily translate to the relevant homeland security occupations requiring sustained vigilance.
Ignition of composite propellants by low radiant fluxes

The ignition characteristics of several composite propellants subjected to blackbody thermal radiation were experimentally determined. Surface heat fluxes ranging from 1 to 13 cal/seccm were employed, and the effects of surface flux, initial propellant temperature, pressure, and surface geometry on the propellant ignition times were determined. Ignition tests on propellants formed by pressing ammonium perchlorate with nonvolatile carbon black and graphite showed that the surface ignition temperatures of these materials were the same as for normal propellants. A simple ignition theory is proposed which postulates that the ignition is controlled by a single surface reaction. The characteristic constants for this reaction (activation energy, etc.) may be determined from the effect of surface heat flux on the experimentally measured ignition times. Once the characteristic constants of the surface reaction are known, predictions of the variations in ignition times for changes in initial propellant temperature, pressure, and surface geometry are possible for flux levels in the range investigated.
Vemurafenib enhances MHC induction in BRAFV600E homozygous melanoma cells

To optimally integrate targeted kinase inhibitors and immunotherapies in the treatment of melanoma, it will be critical to understand how BRAFV600E mutational status and BRAFV600E inhibition influence the expression of genes that govern antitumor immune responses. Because major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are critical for interactions between tumor cells and lymphocytes, we investigated the impact of BRAFV600E-selective inhibitors on the expression of MHC molecules. We found that the treatment of A375 melanoma cells with vemurafenib enhances the induction of MHC Class I and Class II molecules by interferon γ and IFNα2b. Consistent with these findings, we observed that the forced overexpression of BRAFV600E has the opposite effect and can repress the baseline expression of MHC Class I molecules in A375 cells. Further studies utilizing eight other melanoma cell lines revealed that the vemurafenib-mediated enhancement of MHC induction by IFNγ only occurs in the context of homozygous, but not heterozygous, BRAFV600E mutation. These findings suggest that BRAFV600Eactivity directly influences the expression of MHC molecules and the response to Type I and Type II IFNs. Furthermore, our data suggest that the effect of vemurafenib on the expression of immune system-relevant genes may depend on the zygosity of the BRAFV600E mutation, which is not routinely assessed in melanoma patients.
Employing voice back channels of facilitate audio document retrieval

Human listeners use voice back channels to indicate their comprehension of a talker's remarks. This paper describes an attempt to build a user interface capable of employing these back channel responses for flow control purposes while presenting a variety of audio information to a listener. Acoustic evidence based on duration and prosody (rhythm and melody) of listeners' utterances is employed as a means of discriminating responses by discourse function without using word recognition. Such an interface has been applied to three tasks: speech synthesis of driving directions, speech synthesis of electronic mail, and retrieval of recorded voice messages.
A tableau prover for domain minimization

We present a tableau-based proof procedure forvariable domain-minimal entailment, a nonmonotonic entailment relation closely related to McCarthy's domain circumscription. By using a modified tableau rule for existential formulas, an idea first suggested by Hintikka, we construct partial and in a certain sense domainminimal models, represented by a particular selection of complete open branches. A nonmonotonic consequence relation is defined by adding domain-closure axioms to these minimal branches and refuting a goal formula wrt. each extended minimal branch. For theories with certain properties, this consequence relation can be proven sound and complete wrt. variable domain-minimal entailment.
Seasonal Effect on Yield of Dairy Cows

Summary A study of nearly 68,000 Iowa Cow Testing Associations yearly records shows that the group which freshened in the month of November had the highest average yield. From November to June the group freshening in each month produced less than the group freshening the preceding month. Prom June until November the group freshening in each month had a larger production than the group of the preceding month. Although June showed the smallest average yield of milk, its butterfat yield was the same as that of the May and July groups. Factors were calculated from these averages based on the mean yield of all the records. These factors can be used in correcting yields where the cows started in different months so as to reduce them to a common standard.
Advanced Surface Laminar Circuits Using Newly Developed Resins

This paper introduces a newly developed advanced surface laminar circuit (Adv-SLC) packaging technology, which utilizes new composite materials. Adv-SLC is a build-up substrate technology designed to fulfill the requirements of the most advanced semiconductor chips. Our new dielectric material is a build-up layer composed of two different materials. We also used a new material for the core substrate, composed of liquid crystalline polymer reinforced with glass cloth. The build-up layer has the following, highly reliable properties: it can maintain both conductivity and dielectricity under the conditions of both a line/space width of 10/10 μm and a via diameter of 30 μm . The core substrate also has excellent, reliable properties: it can maintain both conductivity and dielectricity under the conditions of a through hole diameter of 60 μm and a through hole pitch of 120 μm. We were able to confirm that the formation of the new substrate with the aforementioned new design rules contributes to reduce the size of the silicon chip. Consequently, Adv-SLC contributes to reduce thermal stress when mounting a flip chip.
A study on ion initiated photomultiplier afterpulses

Abstract Ions originating from the ionization of the gas impurities by the electrons inside the photomultiplier tube are generally responsible for the delayed pulses that arrive several hundred nanoseconds after the main pulse. These afterpulses are studied in detail for a Hamamatsu PMT (R7525). Their timing, amplitude, rate and high-voltage dependence are measured and monitored in a helium-rich environment for an extended period. The afterpulse rate due to helium is determined to be 5– 10 × 10 - 4 per ppm per photoelectron. The characteristic afterpulse features are that their rate linearly depends on the main pulse charge but the afterpulse charge itself is essentially independent of it. We discuss the timing distribution and the origin of these afterpulses.
Comparison of attitudes toward transsexuality and homosexuality.

Attitudes toward transsexuality and homosexuality were compared in a sample of 318 university students. More people felt that homosexuality was “wrong” than felt that transsexuality was “wrong.” This difference in favor of transsexuality was more pronounced in female than in male respondents. In addition, more people rejected the notion that biological factors were responsible for homosexuality than was the case for transsexuality. General attitudes about the morality of transsexuality and homosexuality, however, were not mirrored in response to questions pertaining to job discrimination. To the contrary, male respondents, especially, were more inclined toward equal opportunity for homosexuals than for transsexuals. One hypothesis supported by this study was that homosexual denial and “homophobia” in some transsexuals may, in part, be a reflection of society's greater moral condemnation of homosexuality relative to transsexuality.
Ribozyme-Catalyzed Aminoacylation from CoA Thioesters†

Coenzyme A (CoA) thioesters play essential roles in modern metabolism. To demonstrate plausible biochemical functions of thioesters in the RNA world, we have isolated a new class of ribozymes (ACT) that catalyze self-aminoacylation from a number of CoA thioesters with catalytic efficiencies ranging from 7000 to 24 000 M(-1) x min(-1). Active thioester substrates are required to contain both a free alpha-amino group in the acyl moiety and a CoA as the thiol component. We hypothesize ribozyme-based aminoacylation systems using aminoacyl thioesters of CoA as the ancestors of modern aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. On the basis of our previous results [Huang et al. (2000) Biochemistry 39, 15548-15555; Coleman and Huang (2002) Chem. Biol. 9, 1227-1236], an extensive RNA-catalyzed "metabolic pathway" involving CoA and its thioesters is proposed. Complex contemporary metabolic systems could have evolved from the proposed ribozyme pathways.
Predicting inter-hemispheric transfer time from the diffusion properties of the corpus callosum in healthy individuals and schizophrenia patients: a combined ERP and DTI study.

Background Several theories of schizophrenia have emphasized the role of aberrant neural timing in the etiology of the disease, possibly as a consequence of conduction delays caused by structural damage to the white-matter fasciculi. Consistent with this theory, increased inter-hemispheric transmission times (IHTTs) to unilaterally-presented visual stimuli have been reported in patients with schizophrenia. The present study investigated whether or not these IHTT abnormalities could be underpinned by structural damage to the visual fibers of the corpus callosum.
Analysis of Passive Wake Mixing Techniques Using Time Resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry

Wake mixing is a common flow control technique that can be used in a multitude of applications to disrupt undesired flow structures. A Time Resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (TRDPIV) experiment was performed to analyze the wake mixing properties of flow control approaches in the wake of a flat plate. Triangular winglet-type vortex generators, two lobed trailing edge geometries, and trailing edge blowing are examined and quantitative comparisons of their passive wake mixing properties are compared. The TRDPIV fields were analyzed using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition as a metric for deducing wake coherency. Results indicate that the airfoil geometry plays a significant role in decreasing wake coherency. Additionally, the eigenmodes of the lobed geometries revealed the greatest differences in the dynamics of the flow between the low and high Reynolds number flows. This suggests these geometries are sensitive to the character of the boundary layer incident on the passive flow control devices.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Examining how preservice science teachers navigate simulated parent–teacher conversations on evolution and intelligent design

Discussing the teaching of evolution with concerned parents is a challenge to any science teacher. Using the medical education pedagogy of standardized individuals within the field of teacher education, this article addresses how preservice science teachers elected to verbally interact with standardized parents who questioned the teaching of evolution and proposed alternative curricula. Analysis of video recordings of the simulated interactions yielded three primary themes connected to teachers' understandings of what “counts” as science, teachers' justifications for teaching evolution, and teachers' explanations of the impact of teaching evolution. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed94:552–570, 2010
Mixed quantum-classical semi-rigid vibrating rotor target model for atom-polyatom reaction: O(3P) + CH4 → CH3 + OH

In this paper, a mixed quantum-classical semi-rigid vibrating rotor target (QC-SVRT) model has been applied to study the reaction O(3P) + CH4 → CH3 + OH based on H + CH4 potential surface of Jordan and Gilbert. In this approach, the relative translational motion between atom and polyatom molecules is treated classically while the others are treated quantum mechanically. The reaction probabilities and rate constants were carried out using the QC-SVRT approach. It was found that the QC-SVRT results are in good agreement with the quantum results and the reaction threshold is correctly produced in the present calculation. The application of this QC-SVRT approach makes it more practical to extend quantum reaction dynamics calculation to larger molecules and more complex systems without incurring significant loss of important quantum effects.
Patterns of Contraceptive Use Within Teenagers’ First Sexual Relationships

Context: Teenagers have a high unintended pregnancy rate in part because of inconsistent use or nonuse of contraceptives. It is important to determine how partner and relationship characteristics are related to contraceptive use and consistency within adolescents first sexual relationships. Methods: Logistic and multinomial logistic regression analyses of data from 1027 participants in the first two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health examined the influence of relationship and partner characteristics on ever-use and consistent use of contraceptive methods during teenagers first sexual relationships. Results: Teenagers who had waited a longer time between the start of a relationship and first sex with that partner discussed contraception before first having sex or used dual contraceptive methods had significantly increased odds of ever or always using contraceptives. Adolescents who had taken a virginity pledge had an older partner had a greater number of close friends who knew their first partner or reported having a relationship that was not romantic but that involved holding hands kissing and telling their partners they liked or loved them had decreased odds of contraceptive use or consistency. As relationship length increased teenagers were more likely to ever have used a method but less likely to always have used a method. Conclusions: Parents and programs should encourage teenagers to delay sexual intercourse discuss contraception with partners before initiating sex and be vigilant about contraceptive use particularly in long-term sexual relationships and in relationships with older partners. (authors)
Schottky Barrier Height of Erbium Silicide on $ \hbox{Si}_{1 - x}\hbox{C}_{x}$

In this letter, the Schottky barrier height of erbium silicide contacts formed on Si1-xCx alloys was measured. The alloys were pseudomorphically grown on Si wafers with 0% to 1.2% C occupying the substitutional sites. Schottky barrier diodes were fabricated with an ideality factor of 1.13 or less. The hole barrier height was found to be 0.73 eV independent of the C concentration. This suggests that the electron barrier height should decrease with increasing C concentration due to the reduction in the semiconductor bandgap. For 1.2% C, the electron barrier is estimated to be 0.29 eV.
Jamesian Aspects of Misattribution Research

James's (1884) emotion theory was a precursor of Schachter's (1964) theoretical stance, the viewpoint that formed the basis of subsequent misattribution research. Schachter accepted the Jamesian notion that emotional experience depends on the perception of one's own bodily changes, but he differed from James in assuming that physiological reactions do not inform the individual of hedonic quality. However, several misattribution researchers have implied that hedonic tone can derive immediately from bodily reactions, thereby mixing Jamesian assumptions with Schachter's standpoint. Several pertinent studies are discussed and accommodated within a modified version of Schachter's theory, one which assumes that internal arousal can provide information concerning both the intensity and evaluative quality of affective experience, and that such internal arousal can precede misattribution. Thus, the proposed modification integrates the views of James and Schachter.
Use of whey proteins for encapsulation and controlled delivery applications

Abstract Whey proteins can be used as hydrogels and nanoparticle systems for encapsulation and controlled delivery of bioactive compounds. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) hydrogels exhibited pH-sensitive swelling behavior with minimum swelling ratio near the isoelectric point (p I ) of whey proteins (∼5.1). The controlled drug release behavior of WPC hydrogels was studied using caffeine as a model drug. Consistent with the swelling behavior, the release of encapsulated model drug from the hydrogels was slower when the pH was below p I than it was at pH above p I . The swelling and release behavior of the WPC hydrogels can be changed easily with different layers of alginate coating. Nanoparticles of about 60 nm average particle size were prepared with beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) using a desolvation method by preheating the BLG solution to 60 °C. The stability of the particles was investigated by degradation experiments at neutral and acidic conditions with and without proteolytic enzyme.
Chain-Length Effects on the Self-Assembly of Short 1-Bromoalkane and n-Alkane Monolayers on Graphite

The structural properties of self-assembled monolayers of short 1-bromoalkanes and n-alkanes on graphite were investigated by a combination of ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (UHV-STM) at 80 K and theoretical methods. STM images of 1-bromohexane reveal a lamellar packing structure in which the molecules form a 57° ± 3° lamella-molecular backbone angle and a head-to-head assembly of the bromine atoms (Muller, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2005, 102, 5315). STM images of 1-bromoheptane also show a head-to-head 60° ± 3° lamella-molecular backbone pattern; however, the molecules pack in a herringbone structure. The odd/even chain-length alternation in the monolayer morphologies of 1-bromoalkanes is similar to that observed for the self-assembly of short n-alkanes on graphite, suggesting that the bromine atom acts effectively as an extension of the carbon backbone. The analogy, however, is incomplete. Odd and even short n-alkanes (hexane, heptane, octane) display 60° herringbone and recta...
Compensatory growth in immature sheep: I. The effects of weight loss and realimentation on the whole body composition*

Forty-eight cross-bred wether lambs were used to measure the effects of severe feed restriction and realimentation on the body and carcass composition of immature sheep. Ten of the total number of sheep were used as an initial slaughter group, 12 were continuously fed (six at the ad libitum level of intake and six at 70% ad libitum), 26 were progressively underfed and 18 of them were realimented after a mean loss of about 25% empty body weight (EBW).Shrunk body weight (SBW = weight after an 18-h fast with access to water) was a good predictor of empty body weight (EBW = SBW minus gastro-intestinal contents) and the EBW of continuously growing sheep was a good predictor of body water, protein, fat, energy and ash, but it was not precise after realimentation, particularly in the early stages of refeeding. Restricted continuous supermaintenance feeding did not alter the body composition of the sheep from that of the sheep on the ad libitum intake at any given EBW except slightly to increase the carcass protein content.Although underfeeding to produce an EBW loss of 25% generally produced changes in the chemical body components which were similar to a reversal of normal growth, body fat did not decrease during the first half of the submaintenance feeding and did not increase during the first 2 weeks of realimentation. Under all circumstances percentage body fat was very closely related to percentage body water.Sheep realimented at 26 kg (after losing 25% EBW) contained, at 45 kg EBW, more bodywater and protein and less fat and energy than continuously-fed animals of the same EBW. The treatment effects were greater in the carcass and had little effect on the non-carcass EBW, with th e result that the refed sheep had 1800 g more water × protein in a carcass that weighed 700 g more than one from a normally grown sheep of the same EBW. The regression of calorific value of th e ash-free dry matter on body fat as a percentage of ash-free dry matter gave calorific values of body protein and fat as 5·652 and 9·342 kcal/g of ash-free dry matter, respectively.
Porosity control in thin film solar cells

This work focuses on the simulation and control of a porous silicon deposition process used in the manufacture of thin film solar cell systems. Initially, a thin film deposition process is simulated via a kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) method on a triangular lattice following the model developed in Hu et al. (2009). Then a closed-form differential equation model is introduced to predict the dynamics of the kMC model and the parameters in this model are identified by fitting to open-loop kMC simulation results. A model predictive controller (MPC) is also designed and implemented on the kMC model. Extensive closed-loop simulation results demonstrate that both film thickness and porosity can be regulated to desired values. Finally, the porosity control framework is extended into a two-stage dual porosity deposition process, with two different porosity set-points for each stage. The closed-loop results demonstrate that at the end of both stages the film porosity values can be successfully regulated at the requested set-point values.
The Tribalism of Teaching and Learning

Scholarly research focusing on teaching and learning has experienced extraordinary growth in the last 20 years. Although this is generally good news for the profession of teaching, a troubling form...
Heavy ion injection for electric field generation in Tokamaks

The injection of heavy ions such as Mg/sup +/ or Ca/sup +/ into a tokamak such that they are trapped in ''fat'' banana orbits is proposed as a technique for creation of a radial electric field. Such a field is of interest for improving the confinement of fuel ions relative to the confinement of alpha-particle ash.
Thoughts on Interpersonal Violence and Lessons Learned: Fact or Fiction.

Although interpersonal violence is evident in all strata of society, every geographical area in the country, and across each gender, it takes courage to acknowledge our passivity about the phenomena, particularly when people of color are involved. Thus, the mass incarcerations of African American men and women and data citing the overrepresentation of African American children not being adequately served in the child welfare system are highlighted to address the three questions posed to authors: What have we learned about violence and trauma over two decades? What should be learned over the next 10 years about violence and trauma? What methodologies exist that show promise of affecting a better understanding of violence and trauma?
Origin and Extent of Resistance to Fipronil in the German Cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

Fipronil, a phenylpyrazole insecticide, was made available in 1999 in bait formulations for use against the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). We have investigated resistance to fipronil in the descendants of cockroaches collected just before, or contemporaneously with, the introduction of fipronil baits. Cockroaches were obtained in two types of settings: homes that either had or had not been serviced by a pest management professional while occupied by their current residents. Thorough inspections by us turned up no evidence that fipronil had been used in any of the homes, and in addition, no residents claimed to have used baits containing fipronil. Resistance to fipronil was detected by topically dosing adult males with the LC99 of fipronil, the value of which was determined in a dose-response assay with males of an insecticide-susceptible strain. Fewer than 99 of 100 males of all field-collected strains died within 72 h of being treated. Moreover, substantial numbers of males survived doses three and 10-fold greater than the LC99. Regression analysis showed that 67% of the variation in the percentage of males that died after being treated with fipronil was explained by a linear relationship with the percentage that died after being treated with dieldrin. Therefore, it appears that resistance to fipronil in German cockroaches—whose ancestors had never been exposed to it—is attributable to enduring resistance to the cyclodienes, which were formerly used for cockroach control and have a similar mode of action as fipronil. Lastly, we found that insects resistant to topically administered fipronil were likewise resistant, and to a similar degree, to ingested fipronil.
Loss of function of COBRA, a determinant of oriented cell expansion, invokes cellular defence responses in Arabidopsis thaliana

An Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutant that results in complete loss-of-function of the COBRA gene has been identified. The COBRA gene encodes a putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that modulates cellulose deposition and oriented cell expansion in roots. The loss-of-function mutant allele (named 'cob-5') exhibits abnormal cell growth throughout the entire plant body and accumulates massive amounts of stress response chemicals such as anthocyanins and callose. To gain further insight into the mechanism by which COBRA affects cell growth and physiology, the whole-genome gene expression profile of cob-5 plants was compared with that of wild-type plants. Consistent with the mutant phenotype, many genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were up-regulated in the cob-5 plants, whereas genes involved in cell elongation were down-regulated. The most striking feature of the gene expression profile of cob-5 was the massive and co-ordinate induction of defence- and stress-related genes, many of which are regulated by the plant stress signal jasmonic acid (JA). Indeed, the cob-5 plants over-accumulated JA by nearly 8-fold compared with wild-type plants. Furthermore, induction of cell elongation defects in conditional allele cob-3 plants triggers the expression of a defence-responsive gene. These results provide potential clues to the mechanisms by which plant cells initially perceive biotic stress at the cell surface.
Detecting phrase-level duplication on the world wide web

Two years ago, we conducted a study on the evolution of web pages over time. In the course of that study, we discovered a large number of machine-generated "spam" web pages emanating from a handful of web servers in Germany. These spam web pages were dynamically assembled by stitching together grammatically well-formed German sentences drawn from a large collection of sentences. This discovery motivated us to develop techniques for finding other instances of such "slice and dice" generation of web pages, where pages are automatically generated by stitching together phrases drawn from a limited corpus. We applied these techniques to two data sets, a set of 151 million web pages collected in December 2002 and a set of 96 million web pages collected in June 2004. We found a number of other instances of large-scale phrase-level replication within the two data sets. This paper describes the algorithms we used to discover this type of replication, and highlights the results of our data mining.
Organ specific regenerative markers in peri-organ adipose: kidney

Therapeutically bioactive cell populations are currently understood to promote regenerative outcomes in vivo by leveraging mechanisms of action including secretion of growth factors, site specific engraftment and directed differentiation. Constitutive cellular populations undoubtedly participate in the regenerative process. Adipose tissue represents a source of therapeutically bioactive cell populations. The potential of these cells to participate in various aspects of the regenerative process has been demonstrated broadly. However, organ association of secretory and developmental markers to specific peri-organ adipose depots has not been investigated. To characterize this topographical association, we explored the potential of cells isolated from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of kidney sourced adipose to express key renal associated factors. We report that renal adipose tissue is a novel reservoir for EPO expressing cells. Kidney sourced adipose stromal cells demonstrate hypoxia regulated expression of EPO and VEGF transcripts. Using iso-electric focusing, we demonstrate that kidney and non-kidney sourced adipose stromal cells present unique patterns of EPO post-translational modification, consistent with the idea that renal and non-renal sources are functionally distinct adipose depots. In addition, kidney sourced adipose stromal cells specifically express the key renal developmental transcription factor WT1. Taken together, these data are consistent with the notion that kidney sourced adipose stromal (KiSAS) cells may be primed to recreate a regenerative micro-environment within the kidney. These findings open the possibility of isolating solid-organ associated adipose derived cell populations for therapeutic applications in organ-specific regenerative medicine products.
Screening for psychotic experiences: social desirability biases in a non‐clinical sample

Aim Subthreshold psychotic experiences are common in the population and may be clinically significant. Reporting of psychotic experiences through self-report screens may be subject to threats to validity, including social desirability biases. This study examines the influence of social desirability on the reporting of psychotic experiences. Methods College students (n = 686) completed a psychosis screen and the Marlowe–Crowne social desirability scale as part of a self-report survey battery. Associations between psychosis and social desirability were tested using logistic regression models. Results With the exception of auditory hallucinations, all other measures of psychotic experiences were subject to social desirability biases. Respondents who gave more socially desirable answers were less likely to report psychotic experiences. Conclusions Respondent's tendency to underreport psychotic experiences should be accounted for when screening for these symptoms clinically. Findings also suggest that population figures based on self-report may underestimate the prevalence of subthreshold delusions but not hallucinations.
Construction of Interposition Polytetrafluoroethylene Ascending Aorta–Pulmonary Artery Shunt

Abstract The technique for constructing an ascending aorta–right pulmonary artery interposition shunt using a short segment of polytetrafluoroethylene is described. This technique has been used in 8 neonates ranging from 1 day to 11 months old. There has been 1 shunt-related death. There have been no clotted grafts or graft kinking noted. A continuous running suture placed before the graft is lowered into position facilitates exposure and suture placement. A median sternotomy or sternal transection has not been necessary.
Congenital cardiac forum: hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

The focus of the Congenital Cardiac Forum in this issue is hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). This constellation of underdeveloped left side heart structures is perhaps the most challenging congenital heart disease faced by health care providers and families, as well as presenting ethical challenges as the boundaries of what is possible constantly change. 1 The first article by Dr Kearney, “The Pathologic Spectrum of Left Ventricular Hypoplasia,” discusses the wide range of hypoplasia of the left ventricle and the associated underdevelopment of left side heart structures. Understanding the degree of left ventricle hypoplasia is essential for physicians to help parents make informed decisions. In the most severe forms of HLHS, there are 4 therapeutic options: early prenatal diagnosis and termination of the pregnancy, comfort care for the newborn child that will die when the ductus arteriousus closes, stage 1 Norwood surgery or hybrid procedure within the first week of life, or maintaining ductal patency while the infant waits for a heart transplantation. However, there is a group of infants with borderline left ventricular hypoplasia who may have other therapeutic options, including the possibility of biventricular repair. Understanding how the spectrum of left ventricular hypoplasia correlates with functional outcomes is essential for these children. What is currently the single ventricle repair of today may be the biventricular repair of tomorrow. The road map is constantly changing for children born with left ventricular hypoplasia as new surgical techniques are developed and it is therefore essential to obtain accurate information about the cardiac structures to help guide therapeutic decision making. The second article by Dr Fonseca, “Perioperative Imaging in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome” discusses the importance of perioperative imaging in providing the detailed information necessary to help guide which future road a child will travel. The choices of imaging modality for a patient with left ventricular hypoplasia is changing as our understanding of the functional capacity of the left ventricle evolve. For example, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging may provide a more accurate measurement of left ventricle volumes, as it does not depend on geometric assumptions as echocardiographic techniques do. The accuracy of these measurements is perhaps more important today as surgical techniques push more aggressively toward biventricular repair. It is possible for a child with borderline left ventricle hypoplasia to change lanes from a single ventricle palliation road to a biventricular repair road, so-called “staged left ventricle recruitment.” 2 The importance of imaging in these children is crucial.
Weight for gestational age affects the mortality of late preterm infants

BACKGROUND Late preterm infant mortality is higher than that for term newborns. The association between weight for gestational age (WGA) category and late preterm mortality has not been well described. OBJECTIVES Our objectives for this research were as follows: (1) to compare neonatal and infant mortality rates of SGA, AGA, and LGA late preterm, early term, and term newborns; (2) to determine the relative risk of neonatal and infant death for each WGA category; and (3) to examine causes of neonatal and infant death. METHODS We reviewed linked birth and death certificate data for all infants from Utah born between 1999 and 2005 with a GA > or =34 weeks. We calculated neonatal and infant mortality rates for each GA/birth weight stratum and estimated mortality rate ratios using AGA term infants as the reference. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes were used to classify cause of death. RESULTS There were 343322 newborns with GA > or =34 weeks from 1999 to 2005. Late preterm SGA infants were approximately 44 times more likely than term AGA newborns to die in their first month and 22 times more likely to die in their first year. When infants dying from congenital conditions were excluded, the differences in mortality rate ratios persisted for SGA infants, especially those born in the late preterm period. CONCLUSIONS Being SGA substantially increases the already higher mortality of late preterm and early term newborns. This increased risk cannot be fully explained by an increased prevalence of lethal congenital conditions among SGA late preterm newborns. Clinicians caring for late preterm and early term newborns should be cognizant of their WGA category.
Progress in Antisense Technology

With the recent FDA approval of Vitravene™, the first drug based on antisense technology to be commercialized, the new technology has achieved an important milestone. Although the basic questions have been addressed, there are still many unanswered questions.