cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-Linear Impedance-Based Structural Health Monitoring for Damage Detection and Identification

Impedance-based structural health monitoring (SHM) is a non-destructive, active technique for real-time structural damage assessment. Conventional impedance-based SHM practices apply a sinusoidal signal of fixed amplitude to excite the piezoceramic patch and obtain the impedance signature over a certain frequency range. Damage is then detected by comparing the measured impedance signature to a baseline measurement taken at the pristine state.In this work, the amplitude of the driving signal, which is directly related to the magnitude of the excitation force acting on the structure, is introduced as an additional variable, and sweeps over both frequencies and amplitudes are performed. Several structural defects, such as cracks and loose joints, are nonlinear in nature. Therefore, changing the excitation force will allow the detection of such damage induced nonlinearities and track their evolution.Numerical simulations are carried out to study the effects of nonlinearities on the impedance signature using a single mode model. Several types of structural nonlinearities, such as hardening, softening, and nonlinear damping are studied with the assumption that the piezoelectric actuator stays in its linear regime. Experiments are conducted on a single beam and a lap joint, and impedance signatures in the range of 12–15 KHz are measured at different levels of excitation. Nonlinear damping and softening behavior are detected experimentally by examining the measured impedance signatures. Numerical and experimental findings suggest the possibility of detecting and tracking structural nonlinearities using impedance measurements.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
7-aminoclonazepam is superior to clonazepam for detection of clonazepam use in oral fluid by LC-MS/MS.

Abstract Background Clonazepam (CLON) is not only frequently prescribed in addiction management but is also commonly abused. Therefore many addiction clinics perform oral fluid (OF) testing, which unlike urine is not subject to adulteration, to monitor CLON compliance. However, CLON and other benzodiazepines can be challenging to detect in OF due to their weakly acidic nature and their presence in low concentrations. We determined the optimal technical and clinical approach for the detection of CLON use using OF. Methods We measured CLON and its primary metabolite 7-aminoclonazepam (7AC) by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in OF specimens over a 2 month period. The samples were collected using the Orasure Intercept OF sample collection device. Results One hundred samples were presumptive-positive for 7AC and/or CLON. 91 (91.0%) confirmed positive for 7AC (median, range: 4.2, 0.5–316.7 ng/ml) using the ion ratio test, while only 44 of the 100 (44.0%) samples confirmed positive for CLON (median, range: 3.7, 0.5–217.2 ng/ml) using the ion ratio test. In OF the levels of 7AC were approximately 2.4-fold higher than CLON. The use of 7AC as an analyte for the detection of both CLON compliance and undisclosed use is also recommended. Conclusions 7AC should be the analyte measured in OF for the detection of CLON use.
For Comparative Theology's Christian Skeptics:An Invitation to Kenotic Generosity in the Religiously Pluralistic Situation

In present–day North America, with mosques and temples springing up a few streets from synagogues, cathedrals, and steepled church houses, a state of religious plurality is becoming undeniably more pronounced. In the wake of 9/11, the tensions ushered in by this shifting landscape are also increasing—not least for Christian believers who have shadowy notions of the religious “other” and are concerned about the realities of a pluralistic, post–Christian American society. Meanwhile, Christian scholars and practitioners engaged in the burgeoning field of comparative theology view this pluralistic situation not as a daunting challenge; rather, they view it in terms of its constructive potential. For them, religious pluralism is not an obstacle to be overcome but an opportunity for rich theological inquiry and practice. Thus, these comparative theologians urge their fellow Christians to take up a distinct form of conversation with the religious newcomer, guided by peaceful interreligious dialogue and the understanding that interreligious learning is a worthy aim.
Cervical Diskography: Analysis of Provoked Responses at C2–C3, C3–C4, and C4–C5

As radiologists, we depend heavily on imaging as our primary diagnostic tool. We have thus come to believe that what we see with imaging is objective truth: only what we see is real; what we do not see does not exist. Most radiologists have little direct patient contact, so there is a tendency to
Protocol for the examination of specimens removed from patients with gastric carcinoma: A basis for checklists

A protocol for the pathologic examination and reporting of specimens from patients with gastric carcinoma has been developed by the Cancer Committee of the College of American Pathologists and a multidisciplinary task force of specialists dealing with patients with gastric carcinoma. The protocol incorporates all basic pathology data of diagnostic and prognostic significance appropriate for the treatment of patients with gastric carcinoma. The purpose of the protocol is to serve as a basis for the development of checklists, as on outline for full narrative reporting, as a basis for research protocols, or as a guide for other types of synoptic or reporting formats. The protocol is stratified to accommodate the surgical procedures usually employed for gastric carcinomas, including acquisition of cytologic specimens, incisional endoscopic biopsy, excisional biopsy, and gastric resection (partial or complete). Explanatory notes detailing specific procedures and rationales for documentation of specific pathologic data are included in the protocol. The protocol uses the staging system for gastric carcinoma defined by the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the International Union Against Cancer.
New combinations of plant-associated fungi resulting from the change to one name for fungi.

In advancing to one scientific name for each fungus species, a number of name changes are required especially for plant-associated fungi. These include species names that are not in the correct genus. For example, the generic name Elsinoe is used for fungi causing scab diseases but a number of these species were described in the asexually typified genus Sphaceloma and must be placed in Elsinoe. In other cases species names were determined to be unrelated to the type species of the genus in which they are currently placed and are placed in a more appropriate genus. For each new name the history, rationale and importance of the name is discussed. The following new combinations are made: Acanthohelicospora aurea, A. scopula, Bifusella ahmadii, Botryobasidium capitatum, B. rubiginosum, Colletotrichum magnum, Crandallia acuminata, C. antarctica, Elsinoe arachadis, E. freyliniae, E. necator, E. perseae, E. poinsettiae, E. punicae, Entyloma gibbum, Harknessia farinosa, Passalora alocasiae, Protoventuria veronicae, Pseudocercosporella ranunculi, Psiloglonium stygium, Ramularia pseudomaculiformis, Seimatosporium tostum, Thielaviopsis radicicola combs. nov., and Venturia effusa.
Promoting Justice from the Inside: The Counseling Role of Local Government and School District Attorneys

Local government attorneys have a critical role to play in promoting justice. School districts, cities, towns, counties and other local governments are responsible for providing many direct services to community members, including education, public assistance, child welfare, and law enforcement. They are subject to many complex federal, state and local legal requirements for providing these services. Local government attorneys frequently counsel local government officials on complying with these legal requirements, in conjunction with day-to-day operations, new policy development and responses to litigation. This essay discusses how local government attorneys can work with local policymakers to promote justice from inside government, including compliance with the United States Constitution and implementation of lawful policies that support the rights and needs of individuals and families.
Thoracic Duct Ligation: Right Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery Approach

Thoracic duct (TD) injuries can carry significant morbidity and mortality to patients. When medical and percutaneous interventions are unsuccessful at cure, open surgical ligation is often necessary but limited by poor visualization of the TD and all the morbidities associated with thoracotomy. We describe here a video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) approach to TD ligation that offers the benefits of minimally invasive surgery in addition to improved visualization to optimize success rates.
Abstract 68: Exosomes from Rhesus Monkey MSCs Promote Neuronal Growth and Myelination

Introduction: Treatment of rodents with bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) enhances functional recovery after stroke. We have shown in a series of studies that much or all of this effect is mediated through release of exosomes--small, membrane bound vesicles that contain many biomolecules--by the MSCs, and that functional benefit is dependent on white matter remodeling. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that exosomes derived from monkey MSCs enhance axonal growth and myelination. Methods: We isolated MSCs from the bone marrow of a young adult rhesus monkey, and harvested their exosomes from MSC culture medium. Results: We first investigated the effect of exosomes on cultured organotypic brain slices from the cerebrum of rat pups. Treatment of brain slices with exosomes markedly increased myelination in cortex and corpus callosum compared to control. Image analysis of 3D reconstructions showed that exosomes increased connections of oligodendrocyte processes with axons by 48%, suggesting enhancement of initiation of myelination. To examine the effect of exosomes directly on neurons and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), exosomes were applied to either cortical neurons cultured in a microfluidic chamber or OPCs. We found that exosomes significantly (p Conclusion: Our data suggest that exosomes enhance myelination by a two-pronged effect. First, they promote axonal growth, and second, they increase the number of available OPCs. Increased axonal growth may trigger OPCs to myelinate axons. This work is the first to demonstrate the therapeutic potential of monkey exosomes for axonal growth and myelination.
Phase Equilibria in the Al-Co-Ni Alloy System

The phase equilibria in the Ni-Co rich region (<50 at.%Al) of the Al-Co-Ni system were studied experimentally for two isothermal sections at 1100 and 800 °C. Metallography, energy dispersive spectroscopy, hardness and x-ray diffraction were used for characterization and determination of γ, γ′ and β phases within the ternary system. Phase boundaries in the isothermal sections and a partial liquidus projection are modified compared to previously published work. Comparison is made to the isothermal sections computed using Thermo-Calc and the TCNI8 database. No definitive experimental evidence corroborating the predicted existence of a Nishizawa horn was obtained.
Spinal Neuropathic Arthropathy

Spinal neuropathic arthropathy, sometimes called “Charcot spine,” describes a process characterized by destructive lesions within the spine, which may also affect the adjacent disc space, surrounding vertebra, and facet joints. PET/MR imaging can help diagnose spinal neuropathy and its associated findings while excluding more serious entities.
Dissipation of post-disruption runaway electron plateaus by shattered pellet injection in DIII-D

We report on the first demonstration of dissipation of fully avalanched post-disruption runaway electron (RE) beams by shattered pellet injection in the DIII-D tokamak. Variation of the injected species shows that dissipation depends strongly on the species mixture, while comparisons with massive gas injection do not show a significant difference between dissipation by pellets or by gas, suggesting that the shattered pellet is rapidly ablated by the relativistic electrons before significant radial penetration into the runaway beam can occur. Pure or dominantly neon injection increases the RE current dissipation through pitch-angle scattering due to collisions with impurity ions. Deuterium injection is observed to have the opposite effect from neon, reducing the high-Z impurity content and thus decreasing the dissipation, and causing the background thermal plasma to completely recombine. When injecting mixtures of the two species, deuterium levels as low as ~10% of the total injected atoms are observed to adversely affect the resulting dissipation, suggesting that complete elimination of deuterium from the injection may be important for optimizing RE mitigation schemes.
Environmental controls on the geochemistry of Globorotalia truncatulinoides in the Gulf of Mexico: Implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions

Abstract Modern observations of planktic foraminifera from sediment trap studies help to constrain the regional ecology of paleoceanographically valuable species. Results from a weekly-resolved sediment trap time series (2008–2014) in the northern Gulf of Mexico demonstrate that 92% of Globorotalia truncatulinoides flux occurs in winter (January, February, and March), and that encrusted and non-encrusted individuals represent calcification in distinct depth habitats. We use individual foraminiferal analysis (IFA) of G. truncatulinoides tests to investigate differences in the elemental (Mg/Ca) and isotopic composition (δ18O and δ13C) of the encrusted and non-encrusted ontogenetic forms of G. truncatulinoides, and to estimate their calcification depth in the northern Gulf of Mexico. We estimate that non-encrusted and encrusted G. truncatulinoides have mean calcification depths of 66 ± 9 m and 379 ± 76 m, respectively. We validate the Mg/Ca-calcification temperature relationship for G. truncatulinoides and demonstrate that the δ18O and Mg/Ca of the non-encrusted form is a suitable proxy for winter surface mixed layer conditions in the Gulf of Mexico. Care should be taken not to combine encrusted and non-encrusted individuals of G. truncatulinoides for down core paleoceanographic studies.
A review of adverse oral reactions to systemic medications

There is no debate that oral health and general well-being are inextricably bound. Many commonly prescribed medications have associated dental and oral manifestations that often are nonspecific and can vary in significance. This article reviews many common oral manifestations of systemic drugs, including the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions.
Iron-zinc Intermetallics in Commercial Galvanneal Steel Coatings

The need to improve the corrosion resistance of sheet steel, particularly for use within the automotive industry, has led to a dramatic increase in the use of coated steels in place of cold-rolled sheet steel. Consequently, industrial interest in the processing of zinc alloy coatings has risen over the past decade.1–4 Hot-dip galvanized and galvannealed sheet steel are two such products in use today. These processes involve the use of zinc and zinc-alloy coatings to protect the steel through the sacrificial or galvanic mechanism,5 and are an economic way to apply the zinc. Subsequently, today’s continuous coating lines are capable of producing materials having well controlled coating thickness and uniformity. In contrast to galvanized steel, galvanneal steel results from the post-dip annealing of the zinc-coated sheet steel, in which iron and zinc are interdiffused to form an iron-zinc alloy coating. Galvanneal can also be produced by heat-treating sheet steel onto which zinc has been electrodeposited.6–9 Within the galvannealed coating, four iron-zinc phases may be present. They are commonly referred to as the Zeta, Delta, Gamma-1, and Gamma phases.
The Obesity Paradox: Impact of Obesity on the Prevalence and Prognosis of Cardiovascular Diseases

Obesity has reached global epidemic proportions and is associated with numerous comorbidities such as hypertension (HTN), type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, certain cancers, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Obesity, via its direct maladaptive effects on cardiac structure and through its impact on conventional risk factors, is strongly associated with cardiovascular (CV) diseases such as heart failure (HF) and coronary heart disease (CHD). Despite these adverse associations, numerous studies indicate an "obesity paradox" in that being overweight or obese is associated with a favorable prognosis in many patients with established CV disease, particularly in patients with HTN, HF, and CHD. This review summarizes the adverse effects of obesity on CV disease risk factors and its role in the genesis of HTN, HF, CHD, and the obesity paradox. It concludes with a discussion on the potential benefits of weight loss in these patient populations.
Microfinance Interventions and HIV Treatment Outcomes: A Synthesizing Conceptual Framework and Systematic Review.

Microfinance interventions have the potential to improve HIV treatment outcomes, but the mechanisms through which they operate are not entirely clear. To construct a synthesizing conceptual framework for the impact of microfinance interventions on HIV treatment outcomes using evidence from our systematic review. We conducted a systematic review by searching electronic databases and journals from 1996 to 2018 to assess the effects of microfinance interventions on HIV treatment outcomes, including adherence, retention, viral suppression, and CD4 cell count. All studies in the review showed improved adherence, retention, and viral suppression, but varied in CD4 cell count following participation in microfinance interventions—overall supporting microfinance’s positive role in improving HIV treatment outcomes. Our synthesizing conceptual framework identifies potential mechanisms through which microfinance impacts HIV treatment outcomes through hypothesized intermediate outcomes. Greater emphasis should be placed on assessing the effect mechanisms and intermediate behaviors to generate a sound theoretical basis for microfinance interventions.
A Finite Volume Procedure for Thermo-Fluid System Analysis in a Flow Network

This paper describes a finite volume procedure for network flow analysis in a thermofluid system. A flow network is defined as a group of interconnected control volumes called ‘nodes’ that are connected by ‘branches.’ The mass and energy conservation equations are solved at the nodes and momentum conservation equations are solved at the branches. The flow network also includes solid nodes to account for fluid to solid heat transfer. The heat conduction equation is solved at the solid nodes in conjunction with the flow equations. The properties of a real fluid are calculated using a thermodynamic property program and used in the conservation equations. The system of equations describing the fluid–solid network is solved by a hybrid numerical method that is a combination of the Newton-Raphson and successive substitution method. This procedure has been incorporated into a general-purpose computer program, the Generalized Fluid System Simulation Program (GFSSP). This paper also presents the application and verification of the method by comparison with test data for several applications that include (1) internal flow in a rocket engine turbopump, (2) pressurization and loading of a cryogenic propellant tank, (3) fluid transient during a sudden opening of the valve for priming of an evacuated feed line, and (4) chilldown of a cryogenic transfer line with phase change and two-phase flows. This paper also presents the extension of this finite volume-based network flow method to perform multidimensional flow calculation.
White Protests, Black Riots: Racialized Representation in American Media

As many political figures have recently noted, there is a significant racial disparity in American news media’s coverage of riots: black rioters are portrayed as dangerous criminals, but white rioters are simply a group of rowdy demonstrators. This article shows the historical roots of this phenomenon by analyzing newspaper coverage of riots in Detroit (1967) and Kent State University (1970) in the first week after each riot began. This research helps establish a pattern of news media’s racialized representation in the context of urban riots. Upon analysis, it is clear that news media villainize black rioters and victimize white rioters, and that these characterizations impact public response. News media thus create different understandings of ultimately similar behavior depending on the rioters’ race—and have for at least the past 50 years.
AV1 In-loop super-resolution framework

The AV1 codec added a new in-loop super-resolution mode that allows a frame to be encoded at a lower resolution, and then super-resolved normatively to the full resolution, before updating the reference buffers. While encoding at lower resolution and super-resolving to a higher resolution is not a new concept, this is the first time such a mode has been normatively incorporated in a standardized video codec. To this end, AV1 has not only added support for across-scale motion prediction to allow predicting a lower resolution version of a frame from higher resolution reference buffers, but also made various simplifications to the super-resolving process itself after reconstruction to make it both software and hardware-friendly in implementation. Specifically, the super-resolving process in AV1 comprises of normative linear upscaling, followed by a restoration operation to recover the high frequencies using another AV1 tool called loop-restoration that includes a Wiener or Self-guided filter selected in a block switchable manner. Further, in order to enable a cost-effective hardware solution with limited line-buffers, this mode only allows the upscaling/downscaling operation to be horizontal. In this paper, we provide the details of the super-resolution mode in AV1 and some results showcasing the benefits of the same.
Preoperative opioid use is an independent risk factor for complication, revision, and increased health care utilization following primary total shoulder arthroplasty.

Introduction The incidence of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) in increasing. Evidence in primary hip and knee arthroplasty suggest that preoperative opioid use is a risk factor for postoperative complication. This relationship in TSA is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate this relationship. Methods The Truven Marketscan claims database was used to identify patients who underwent primary, unilateral TSA. Preoperative opioid use status was then used to divide patients into cohorts based on the average daily oral morphine equivalents (OMEs) received in the 6-month preoperative period. This included the following cohorts: opioid naive and 10 average daily OMEs. In total, 29,454 patients with 90-day postoperative follow-up were included. Of these, 21,580 patients and 8959 patients had 1- and 3-year follow-up, respectively. Patient information and complication data were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were then performed to assess the association of preoperative opioid use with postoperative outcomes. A subgroup analysis was performed to examine revision surgery at 1 and 3 years postoperatively. Results Forty-four percent of identified patients received preoperative opioids, but the preoperative opioid-naive patient became more common over the study period. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that patients receiving >10 average daily OMEs (compared with opioid naive) had higher odds of opioid overdose (odds ratio [OR] 4.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.57-11.08, P = .004), wound complication (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.44-2.89, P 10-OME group when compared to preoperative opioid-naive patients. Discussion Opioid use prior to TSA is common and is associated with increased complications, health care utilization, revision surgery, and costs. This risk is dose dependent, and efforts should be made at cessation prior to surgery.
Tribological Properties of Fire-Resistant, Nonflammable, and Petroleum-Based Hydraulic Fluids

Petroleum-based hydraulic fluids qualified under MIL-H-6083 are highly flammable. As a result, a fire-resistant polyalphaolefin (PAO)-based fluid, qualified under MIL-H-46170 and developed in the 1970s, and more recently, a nonflammable chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) hydraulic fluid, were developed as potential replacements. However, the chemical and physical properties of both fluids are significantly different from those of conventional fluids. This paper outlines a laboratory study to define the interrelated parameters of degradation and wear of contacts lubricated with various hydraulic fluids, with particular reference to CTFE. The results rank the likely wear, corrosiveness, and oxidation properties of CTFE in comparison to currently used silicone-, PAO-, and petroleum-based fluids. In general, the antiwear characteristics of the CTFE hydraulic fluid were found to be similar to those of petroleum-based fluids but marginally inferior to those of PAO-based fluids. However, CTE produced severe corrosion of brass at temperatures above approximately 135 C. As a result, it is believed that operation at very high temperatures is likely to cause unacceptable material removal from copper-based metals. Several surface treatment processes were identified to minimize potential side effects, evident under more severe operating conditions with CTFE.
Optimization for Small Wireless Communication Networks by Scenario Tracking

For wireless networks, it is highly attractive to design a QoS-aware strategy to manage the transmission power. In this paper, we present a fading immunization scheme based on the stochastic programming methodology. This scheme is applied to small autonomous wireless networks and incorporates a scenario tracking procedure to conduct QoS-aware optimization.
Modernizing the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory: The Design and Implementation of a Modular Protein-Centered Course

Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) integrate authentic research into undergraduate chemistry laboratories, introducing students to research while simultaneously reinforcing fundamental concepts. Despite their ubiquitous nature in bioanalytical research, few CUREs have been published applying the fundamental techniques of separations, spectroscopy, quantification, and mass spectrometry. To engage students in learning these increasingly essential bioanalytical techniques, we designed and implemented a semester-long project-based course centered around the purification, quantification, and identification of heterologously expressed proteins in five succinct and adaptable modules. Instructors can use these modules to form the foundation of a CURE specific to their research interests. The extensive commercial availability of plasmids for transformation combined with the modular approach to laboratory experiments enables convenient customization to accommodate diverse research goals. Instructors can tailor the modules to meet the curricular requirements and instrumentation capabilities of their institutions and can easily extend the research goals to incorporate more specialized analytical techniques, as needed. Through the implementation of the five modules, students apply the fundaments of acid–base chemistry, statistics, quantification strategies, spectrophotometry, separations, and mass spectrometry, thus covering the material required in most undergraduate introductory analytical courses. Instructors can then use these modules as a backbone to support student-led discovery-based investigations for the remainder of the course. Students demonstrate their understanding through the completion of a comprehensive, publication-style laboratory report as well as a poster presentation at a university-wide undergraduate research symposium. Since first offering this course in 2016, student evaluations have been exceedingly positive, with over 75% of students indicating that the course both increased their scientific skills as well as their confidence in their ability to succeed in further science courses. Furthermore, 22% of students reported they were “much more” or “extremely more” likely to enroll in a Ph.D. program in science, math, or engineering following the courses, emphasizing the impact that project-based laboratories can have on undergraduate chemists’ career trajectories.
Cultural knowledge as opportunities for empowerment: Learning and development for Mexican Indigenous youth

Educators are often unaware of assets Mexican Indigenous children possess that originate from their cultural practices. Using Critical Latinx Indigeneities and Indigenous Heritage Saberes, our stud...
Offering more without offering compensation: non-compensating benefits for living kidney donors.

While different positions on the permissibility of organ markets enjoy support, there is widespread agreement that some benefits to living organ donors are acceptable and do not raise the same moral concerns associated with organ markets, such as exploitation and commodification. We argue on the basis of two distinctions that some benefit packages offered to donors can defensibly surpass conventional reimbursement while stopping short of controversial cash payouts. The first distinction is between benefits that defray the costs of donating an organ and benefits that incentivize donation by offering something in excess of defraying. The second distinction is between benefits that compensate donors and benefits that are non-compensating. We argue that non-compensating benefits are innocent of moral concerns typically associated with controversial cash payouts, and thus may be a morally promising avenue for increasing rates of kidney donation to address the tragic results of undersupply.
Autonomic nervous system inflexibility during parent-child interactions is related to callous-unemotional traits in youth aged 10-14 years old

Youth with callous-unemotional (CU) traits are at high risk for aggression and antisocial behavior. Extant literature suggests that CU traits are related to abnormal autonomic responses to negatively-valenced emotional stimuli, although few studies have tested autonomic responding specifically during social interactions. To address this knowledge gap, the current study tested whether CU traits were related to autonomic activity, assessed via respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), during several parent–child interaction tasks designed to provoke negative emotion. The sample was 162 clinically referred youth (M age = 12.03, SD = .92; 47% female). Using piecewise latent growth models, we estimated individual differences in RSA during three semi-structured social interaction tasks (reading aloud to a parent and research assistant; a recovery period from the reading task; and a parent–child conflict discussion) and tested whether CU traits were related to patterns of RSA responding across tasks. Overall, youth showed expected RSA decreases during the reading period, increases in RSA during recovery, and further decreases during the conflict discussion. However, youth with clinically-elevated CU traits had a different pattern of RSA change across tasks, such that CU traits were related to significantly less RSA change during reading and recovery. Findings suggest that less RSA engagement during social interactions and less RSA recovery may be a biomarker of CU traits. Future research is needed to examine whether this inflexibility contributes to the development of CU traits beginning early in childhood.
Identification and Characterization of the Molecular Mechanisms of SCLC Chemo-Radiation Resistance.

Purpose/objective(s) Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is among the most aggressive form of lung malignancies and accounts for 15-20% of all lung cancers. It has the tendency to metastasize early, thus limited-stage SCLC patients still receive systemic treatment with chemo-radiotherapy (chemoXRT) for their localized disease. SCLC is exceptionally sensitive to chemoXRT and exhibits high response rates; however, the recurrence rate is > 80% and patients relapse with tumors that resist further treatments. Elucidating mechanisms of chemoXRT resistance in SCLC is needed to develop improved therapies and positively impact patient outcomes. Materials/methods To better interrogate mechanisms of chemoXRT resistance, we developed a SCLC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) in vivo system for the major molecular subtypes of SCLC (classic and variant). We also established a novel PDX organoid (PDO) model to study the molecular underpinnings of chemoXRT resistance in SCLC. Results PDX tumor bearing mice were treated with: 1) vehicle control; 2) cisplatin plus etoposide (EP); 3) radiotherapy (XRT); and 4) both EP/XRT. A major response was observed within the EP/XRT arm compared to vehicle or single therapy arms. Whole transcriptome profiling among all treatment arms revealed molecular pathways and biological processes associated with chemoXRT resistance. By comparing our data with two previous SCLC patient cohort studies, we identified gene candidates for functional validation of chemoXRT resistance (i.e., ST6GAL1, TNIK and SOHLH2). To enable real-time cellular and molecular analysis of PDX behavior ex vivo and to validate SCLC chemoXRT resistance candidate genes, classic and variant SCLC organoids will be used. PDOs can be cultured up to 30 days in medium and parental PDX molecular subtype phenotypes are maintained as shown by comparative genomic hybridization, RNA-seq and protein marker analyses. Additionally, PDOs are capable of forming tumors in vivo. Conclusion Genetically manipulated SCLC PDOs will be utilized as a tool to identify and validate candidates for chemoXRT resistance to be used as biomarkers and targets to combat chemoXRT resistance in SCLC.
Property Rights and Tropical Deforestation

This paper presents two formal models that link poorly defined property rights with wasteful deforestation. The first model demonstrates that, when property rights must be privately defended, most of the potential rental value of the land will be dissipated. The second model shows that even small probabilities of eviction will encourage squatters to destroy long-lasting capital (such as forests) and follow unsustainable activities. Copyright 1994 by Royal Economic Society.
Y's and Ends

The mechanism by which colloidal suspensions containing particles with magnetic or electric dipole moments phase separate has long remained obscure. Pincus highlights the report by Tlusty and Safran, who have found that a mechanism derived from polymer physics is applicable to this problem because the suspended colloidal particles form polymerlike chains. A wide range of seemingly different systems, from biopolymers to inorganic ceramic networks, may ultimately be described within a general model.
Retinal Development: An Overview

Retinal development requires the coordination of multiple developmental processes including proliferation, cell cycle exit, cell type determination, cell migration, morphogenesis and synaptogenesis. These processes are regulated by intrinsic programs established early within the retinal progenitors cells, but also influenced by adjacent cells. Progression of the intrinsic programs that regulate cell cycle exit and cell type fate are regulated by multiple factors and fate selection is probabilistic and not determined. While autonomous regulation drives retinogenesis, extrinsic cues help shape and provide feedback to fine-tune the intrinsic programs of retinal progenitors. These non-autonomous influences include signals derived from proliferating and differentiating cells, from within the neuroepithelium, but also from surrounding tissues. In this chapter, we focus on developmental principals for vertebrate retinogenesis and emphasize the underlying mechanisms when that information is known.
Congressional Preemption During the Obama Administration

This paper focuses on the impact on the federal system of forty-two preemption acts signed into law by President Barack Obama as of August 1, 2011. Ten acts simply extended existing acts, and one act made a technical correction of an act enacted a few months earlier. The extremely complex 847 page Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, and the equally complex 905 page Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 will have the greatest impact on state and local governments unless each statute is significantly amended, defunded, or key provisions of one or both statutes are disallowed by courts.1 The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is unique in requiring every adult, with a few specified exceptions, to purchase health insurance or pay a penalty. This mandate has been challenged on constitutional grounds in the United States Court, and the United States Supreme Court probably will issue a writ of certiorari, review the facts, and issue a decision on the constitutionality of the mandate.
Reaction between DNA and N-hydroxyurethan.

Abstract Two types of reactions between DNA and N- hydroxyurethan were detected. The predominant reaction involves degradation of the DNA. This reaction is promoted by oxidizing agents but it is blocked under reductive conditions and by scavengers of free radicals. It appears that N- hydroxyurethan must first be converted to an active intermediate prior to acting on DNA. Evidence is presented that this intermediate may be ethoxycarbonylurethan. A second reaction of hydroxyurethan was detected. It involves modification of deoxycytidine. This modification is blocked by oxidizing as well as by reducing agents and by scavengers of free radicals. The modified product may arise through the intermediary of ethoxycarbonylurethan (an oxidation product of hydroxyurethan). A similar modification of the cytosine residue of DNA may occur when single-stranded DNA is exposed to hydroxyurethan.
Linking a genetic defect to its cellular phenotype in a cardiac arrhythmia

Advances in genetics and molecular biology have provided an extensive body of information on the structure and function of the elementary building blocks of living systems. Genetic defects in membrane ion channels can disrupt the delicate balance of dynamic interactions between the ion channels and the cellular environment, leading to altered cell function. As ion-channel defects are typically studied in isolated expression systems, away from the cellular environment where they function physiologically, a connection between molecular findings and the physiology and pathophysiology of the cell is rarely established. Here we describe a single-channel-based Markovian modelling approach that bridges this gap. We achieve this by determining the cellular arrhythmogenic consequences of a mutation in the cardiac sodium channel that can lead to a clinical arrhythmogenic disorder (the long-QT syndrome) and sudden cardiac death.
Galileo Spacecraft Views of Europa

The Galileo orbiter and its Solid State Imaging system have increased the photographic coverage and resolution of Europa, revealing a complex surface that has been modified by tectonic deformation, impact craters on a wide range of scales, and possible cryovolcanic activity. The morphology of many of the features suggests that the depth to either liquid water or mobile-ductile ice was relatively shallow (< few kilometers) at the time of their formation. Characteristics of the mottled terrain and impact ejecta deposits suggest the presence of a shallow (~km) subsurface zone beneath the bright icy crust. The Galileo Europa Mission, approved to continue orbital operations through 1999, will include at least nine close flybys of Europa, enabling global and regional mapping, along with high-resolution imaging of selected areas.
Sources Contributing to the Average Extracellular Concentration of Dopamine in the Nucleus Accumbens

J. Neurochem. (2012) 121, 252–262. Abstract Mesolimbic dopamine neurons fire in both tonic and phasic modes resulting in detectable extracellular levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). In the past, different techniques have targeted dopamine levels in the NAc to establish a basal concentration. In this study, we used in vivo fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) in the NAc of awake, freely moving rats. The experiments were primarily designed to capture changes in dopamine caused by phasic firing – that is, the measurement of dopamine ‘transients’. These FSCV measurements revealed for the first time that spontaneous dopamine transients constitute a major component of extracellular dopamine levels in the NAc. A series of experiments were designed to probe regulation of extracellular dopamine. Lidocaine was infused into the ventral tegmental area, the site of dopamine cell bodies, to arrest neuronal firing. While there was virtually no instantaneous change in dopamine concentration, longer sampling revealed a decrease in dopamine transients and a time-averaged decrease in the extracellular level. Dopamine transporter inhibition using intravenous GBR12909 injections increased extracellular dopamine levels changing both frequency and size of dopamine transients in the NAc. To further unmask the mechanics governing extracellular dopamine levels we used intravenous injection of the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) inhibitor, tetrabenazine, to deplete dopamine storage and increase cytoplasmic dopamine in the nerve terminals. Tetrabenazine almost abolished phasic dopamine release but increased extracellular dopamine to ∼500 nM, presumably by inducing reverse transport by dopamine transporter (DAT). Taken together, data presented here show that average extracellular dopamine in the NAc is low (20–30 nM) and largely arises from phasic dopamine transients.
Protein kinases that phosphorylate activated G protein-coupled receptors.

G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that specifically recognize agonist-occupied, activated G protein-coupled receptor proteins as substrates. Phosphorylation of an activated receptor by a GRK terminates signaling by that receptor, by initiating the uncoupling of the receptor from heterotrimeric G proteins. Six distinct mammalian GRKs are known, which differ in tissue distribution and in regulatory properties. The intracellular localization of GRKs to membrane-bound receptor substrates is the most important known regulatory feature of these enzymes. Rhodopsin kinase (GRK1) requires a post-translationally added farnesyl isoprenoid to bind to light-activated rhodopsin. The beta-adrenergic receptor kinases (GRK2 and GRK3) associate with heterotrimeric G protein beta gamma-subunits, released upon receptor activation of G proteins, for membrane anchorage. The recently-described GRKs 4, 5, and 6 comprise a distinct subgroup of GRKs. These kinases utilize di...
COMPARATIVE FECUNDITY AND POPULATION COMPOSITION OF HETEROSTYLOUS AND NON‐HETEROSTYLOUS SPECIES OF VILLARSIA (MENYANTHACEAE) IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA

Several species of Villarsia in Western Australia are distylous, but their floral morphology is variable and mostly differs from the expected positional relationships of stigmas and anthers. Villarsia albiflora is non-heterostylous but self-incompatible. In the distylous V. calthifolia, V. capitata, and V. lasiosperma, morph ratios were 1: 1, but in some populations of V. parnassiifolia the short morph was present in excess. Ovule production per flower of the two morphs of the distylous species varied between populations, but within most populations was equal. In nine populations of the distylous species, percentage seed-set of Longs and Shorts was equal. In the fi',- populations of the distylous species in which percentage seed-set differed between the morphs, seed-set of Longs exceeded that of Shorts. In four populations of V parnassiifolia with Shorts in excess, percentage seed-set of the two morphs was equal; in a fifth, that of Longs exceeded that of Shorts. Percent seed-set of V. albiflora did not differ from that of the distylous species and remained constant during the flowering season despite a substantial decrease in ovule production during this period. This study demonstrated no reproductive advantage of distyly over monomorphism in the species studied. THE GENUS Villarsia (Menyanthaceae) is centered in Western Australia, where nine of its fourteen species are restricted to the southwestern portion of the state (Aston, 1969). Five of these Western Australian species have distylous flowers and one has hermaphroditic but non-heterostylous flowers (the floral condition of the remaining three species is uncertain). The existence of dimorphic and monomorphic, often sympatric species of a single genus in the same geographical region and with the same flowering period provided an unusual opportunity to compare fecundity of species with the two floral morphologies in the hope of obtaining data that might bear on a resolution of present conflicts concerning the adaptive significance of heterostyly (see Ganders, 1979). It also provided an opportunity to study possible effects of different morph ratios of the heterostylous species on fecundity, and to record possible sequential changes in fecundity during the flowering season. Fieldwork in 198 3 was aimed
Evaluation of fracture behavior of iron aluminides

Comparative fracture tests of three Fe-28%Al iron aluminides showed that alloys with Zr and C addition (FA-187) or with B, Zr, and C addition (FA-189) are extrinsically more susceptible to environmental embrittlement than the base ternary alloy (FA-186) under constant tensile loading condition. This may be caused by the variations of grain boundary morphology (i.e. changes of grain size and grain boundary cohesive strength) caused by the alloy addition. The effect of grain boundary size and cohesive strength are further investigated with reference to the susceptibility of hydrogen embrittlement. Finite element simulation of initial intergranular fracture of two iron aluminides (FA-186 and FA-189) are made. The computational scheme involves coupling the stress and mass diffusion analyses to determine crack-tip stress state and the crack tip hydrogen diffusion. Maximum strain failure criteria was adopted to simulate intergranular fracture. The numerical modeling results correlated well with the experimental data. The result further confirmed that the grain boundary morphology is important as it appears to control the intrinsic and extrinsic fracture behavior of iron aluminides.
Algebra of currents and the magnetic moments of hyperons

Abstract Using equal time commutation relations of the strangeness-changing axial-vector “charges” with the isoscalar and isovector electromagnetic current densities, the magnetic moments of Σ+ and Λ have been calculated in terms of the kaon photoproduction amplitudes, which are evaluated using low lying baryon resonant states. The results agree very well with the experimental values.