cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronology and ecology of late Pleistocene megafauna in the northern Willamette Valley, Oregon

Abstract Since the mid-19th century, western Oregon's Willamette Valley has been a source of remains from a wide variety of extinct megafauna. Few of these have been previously described or dated, but new chronologic and isotopic analyses in conjunction with updated evaluations of stratigraphic context provide substantial new information on the species present, timing of losses, and paleoenvironmental conditions. Using subfossil material from the northern valley, we use AMS radiocarbon dating, stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) analyses, and taxonomic dietary specialization and habitat preferences to reconstruct environments and to develop a local chronology of events that we then compare with continental and regional archaeological and paleoenvironmental data. Analysis of twelve bone specimens demonstrates the presence of bison, mammoth, horse, sloth, and mastodon from ~ 15,000–13,000 cal yr BP. The latest ages coincide with changing regional climate corresponding to the onset of the Younger Dryas. It is suggested that cooling conditions led to increased forest cover, and, along with river aggradation, reduced the area of preferred habitat for the larger bodied herbivores, which contributed to the demise of local megafauna. Archaeological evidence for megafauna–human interactions in the Pacific Northwest is scarce, limiting our ability to address the human role in causing extinction.
Identification of a cis-acting regulatory region in the pncB locus of Salmonella typhimurium.

The pncB locus of the pyridine nucleotide cycle of NAD biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium was examined in terms of genetic structure and regulation. The gene appears to be regulated at the level of transcription in response to the end product of the pathway, NAD. Insertions into promotor proximal regions of the gene relinquish it from regulation, while insertions into more distal regions allow retention of regulation. Regulation cannot be restored in trans to strains containing promotor proximal insertions implicating the existance of a cis acting regulatory region.
BINDING ENERGIES AND LIFETIMES OF LIGHTER HYPERFRAGMENTS.

In an emulsion stack exposed to a stopping ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ beam at the Bevatron, we have observed hyperfragments in order to make lifetime and binding-energy measurements on the lighter hyperfragments formed. We have measured the binding energies of 28 hyperfragments with mass number $7\ensuremath{\le}A\ensuremath{\le}13$. Restricting ourselves to lifetime measurements using the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{pr}$ decay modes, we observed three decays in flight, one each of $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{H}^{3}$, $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{He}^{4}$, and $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{Li}^{7}$. Combining our $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{He}$ data with previous measurements, we obtained the lifetime $(_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{He})=({{1.9}_{\ensuremath{-}0.4}}^{+0.6})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ sec for the $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{He}$ group. This value is slightly more than one standard deviation less than the predicted values for $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{He}^{4}$ and $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{He}^{5}$.
Expression of bacterial L-aspartate-α-decarboxylase in tobacco increases β-alanine and pantothenate levels and improves thermotolerance

l-Aspartate-α-decarboxylase catalyzes the decarboxylation of l-aspartate to generate β-alanine and carbon dioxide. This is an unusual pyruvoyl-dependent enzyme unique to prokaryotes that undergoes limited self-processing. The Escherichia coli panD gene encoding l-aspartate-α-decarboxylase was expressed under a constitutive promoter in transgenic tobacco. Transgene expression was verified by assays based on RNA blots, immunoblots and enzyme activity in vitro. The panD lines had increased levels of leaf β-alanine (1.2- to 4-fold), pantothenate (3.2- to 4.1-fold) and total free amino acids (up to 3.7-fold) compared to wild-type and vector controls. Growth of homozygous lines expressing E. coli l-aspartate-α-decarboxylase was less affected than that of the control lines when the plants were stressed for 1 week at 35 °C. When transferred from 35 to 30 °C for 3 weeks, the PanD transgenic lines recovered significantly (P ≤ 0.001) better than the controls: PanD lines had on an average 54% and 84% greater fresh and dry weights respectively, compared to the controls. Homozygous lines expressing E. coli l-aspartate-α-decarboxylase had significantly greater thermotolerance (P ≤ 0.05) during germination. At 42 °C, 95% of two T3 PanD transgenic line seeds germinated after 12 days compared to 73% for the wild-type seeds. Our results indicated that E. colil-aspartate-α-decarboxylase was correctly processed and active in the transgenic eukaryotic host and its expression resulted in increased thermotolerance in tobacco.
Rapid collisional quenching of the N = 1, υ = 2 level of the H2(c3Πu) metastable state by H2

Abstract The rate coefficient for collisional quenching of the N = 1, υ = 2 level of the H 2 (c 3 Π u ) metastable state by H 2 is measured to be (2.0 ± 0.2)×10 −15 m 3 /s at 300 K. The metastables are produced by an electric discharge, radiatively quenched by a pulsed laser, and the recovery of metastable population monitored by cw dye laser absorption.
Meeting Societies’ Increased Expectations Through Responsive Instruction: The Power and Potential of Systemwide Approaches

With education's ever-changing and increasing expectations, including response-to-intervention, schools are required to make significant changes in practice to meet the needs of all students. The effectiveness and efficiencies garnered in implementing prevention-oriented, schoolwide approaches to instructional delivery provide the necessary structures schools need to support these changes and improve student outcomes. The authors detail the specific features of these schoolwide approaches along with one district's efforts in implementing and sustaining this transformation. Results indicated that the percentage of students (a) reading successfully in first grade more than doubled, (b) identified as having reading disabilities was cut in half, and (c) passing the state assessment dramatically increased in 4 years.
Numerical computation of 2D Sommerfeld integrals—a novel asymptotic extraction technique

Abstract The accurate and efficient computation of the elements in the impedance matrix is a crucial step in the application of Galerkin's method to the analysis of planar structures. As was demonstrated in a previous paper, it is possible to decompose the angular integral, in the polar representation for the 2D Sommerfeld integrals, in terms of incomplete Lipschitz-Hankel integrals (ILHIs) when piecewise sinusoidal basis functions are employed. Since Bessel series expansions can be used to compute these ILHIs, a numerical integration of the inner angular integral is not required. This technique provides an efficient method for the computation of the inner angular integral; however, the outer semi-infinite integral still converges very slowly when a real axis integration is applied. Therefore, it is very difficult to compute the impedance elements accurately and efficiently. In this paper, it is shown that this problem can be overcome by using the ILHI representation for the angular integral to develop a novel asymptotic extraction technique for the outer semi-infinite integral. The usefulness of this asymptotic extraction technique is demonstrated by applying it to the analysis of a printed strip dipole antenna in a layered medium.
Regulation of system L amino acid transport byTetrahymena thermophilia

1. Tetrahymena thermophilia wild type inbred strain B 1863-III shows increased transport activity for a group of amino acids, corresponding to those ascribed to System L, after 5 h incubation in amino acid-free inorganic medium. This increase is abolished by cycloheximide. In contrast, no increased transport activity is observed in the mutant strain SB 1103. 2. Kinetic analysis of influx indicates a significant increase in maximal velocity (Jimax) with no change in substrate binding affinity (Kt) by wild type cells and a loss of transport activity by mutant strain cells. 3. Trans-stimulation cannot account for the starvation-induced enhancement of System L transport. 4. Simultaneous determination of net flux from a mixture of 17 amino acids, using high performance liquid chromatography, indicates no net entry of substrate by unstarved controls of either strain. Starvation-induced enhancement of transport activity as well as net entry of substrate is observed in the wild type cells.
A simple mathematical formula for stoichiometry quantification of viral and nanobiological assemblage using slopes of log/log plot curves

Abstract In nanotechnology, biomolecular assemblies serve not only as model systems for the construction of nanodevices, but they can also be used directly as templates for the formation of nanostructures. Biological nano-building blocks can either be isolated as complete functional units from living cells or viruses (biological “Top down” approach) or formed by biomolecular assembly from recombinant or synthetic components (“Bottom up” approach). In both cases, rational design of nanostructures requires knowledge of the stoichiometry of the biological structures, which frequently occur as multimers, i.e., the morphological complex is composed of multiple copies of one or more macromolecules. In this paper, a method is described for the stoichiometric quantification of molecules in bio-nanostructures. The method is based on using dilution factors and relative concentrations rather than absolute quantities, which are often difficult to determine, especially in short-lived assembly intermediates. The approach exploits the fact that the larger the stoichiometry of the component is, the more dramatic is the influence of the dilution factor (decrease in concentration) on the reaction. We established and used the method to determine the stoichiometry of components of bacterial virus phi29. The log of dilution factors was plotted against the log of reaction yield. The stoichiometry Z was determined with the equation Z=−1.58+2.4193T−0.001746T2 [T ∈ (0,1000), or ∠α ∈ (0°, 89.9°)], where T is the slope of the curve (tangent of ∠α, which is the angle between the x-axis and the concentration dependent curve). Z can also be determined from a standard table given in this report. With the bacteriophage phi29 in vitro assembly system, up to 5×108 infectious virions per ml can be assembled from 11 purified components, giving our method a sensitivity of nine orders of magnitude. We confirmed the stoichiometries of phi29 components that were determined previously with microscopic approaches. The described method also responded to programmed stoichiometry changes, which were generated by assembling the phi29 DNA packaging motor from modified pRNA (DNA-packaging RNA) molecules forming a trimer of dimers or a dimer of trimers, instead of the wild-type hexamer.
Heat Illness during Working and Preventive Considerations from Body Fluid Homeostasis

The purposes of this review are to show pathophysiological mechanisms for heat illness during working in a hot environment and accordingly provide some preventive considerations from a viewpoint of body fluid homeostasis. The incidence of the heat illness is closely associated with body temperature regulation, which is much affected by body fluid state in humans. Heat generated by contracting muscles during working increases body temperature, which, in a feedback manner, drives heat-dissipation mechanisms of skin blood flow and sweating to prevent a rise in body temperature. However, the impairment of heat-dissipation mechanisms caused by hard work in hot, humid, and dehydrated conditions accelerates the increase in body temperature, and, if not properly treated, leads to heat illness. First, we overviewed thermoregulation during working (exercising) in a hot environment, describe the effects of dehydration on skin blood flow and sweating, and then explained how they contributes to the progression toward heat illness. Second, we described the advantageous effects of blood volume expansion after heat acclimatization on temperature regulation during exercise as well as those of restitution from dehydration by supplementation of carbohydrate-electrolyte solution. Finally, we described that the deteriorated thermoregulation in the elderly is closely associated with the impaired body fluid regulation and that blood volume expansion by exercise training with protein supplementation improves thermoregulation.
Precise integration of voltage (current)-time functions with a fixed field d.c. motor-counter

Abstract Because of electrical and mechanical losses, the counting rate of a fixed field d.c. motor-counter integrator becomes less than linear with decreasing input voltage. This decay of the counting rate can be counteracted very simply by introducing a small, constant compensation voltage into the input circuit. When properly compensated, the integrator manufactured by Ether Ltd. (formerly Electro Methods Ltd.) is capable of measuring the time integral of current or voltage over a 20 to 1 range with an error of only ±0.04%, and over a 200 to 1 range with an error of only about -0.1%.
Impacts of upscaling techniques on land cover representation in Nebraska, U.S.A.

Abstract Land cover information is required for a host of environmental applications. Such information is needed at a variety of spatial resolutions ranging from meters to, on a global scale, hundreds of kilometers. This research explores the impacts of selected upscaling methods and landscape structure on land cover representation at multiple spatial resolutions. A land cover dataset over a range of spatial resolutions was derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper data. Comparisons of class areas among different resolutions and between maps obtained from two different upscaling methods are conducted. Effects of landscape structure on class area estimation are also examined using landscape metrics. Results indicate that class areas change substantially through resolutions, but that patterns of change are different for different classes and upscaling approaches. While class areas at coarse resolutions are determined predominantly by initial areas on the full resolution map, they are also related to several metr...
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Electrical, Magnetic, and Electrochemical Lithium Intercalation Properties of Vanadium Oxynitrides

Abstract Polycrystalline vanadium oxynitrides have been prepared by heat-treating V 2 O 5 at high temperature in a flowing ammonia atmosphere. Single-phase cubic samples, with the rock salt structure, were produced by nitridation at 600–700°C. Powder diffraction data from neutrons at two wavelengths and Cu K α X-rays of these oxynitrides were analyzed using the Rietveld method, but strong correlation among the atomic displacement parameters, site occupancies, and the N/O ratio did not allow a refinement of unique compositions. Measured densities and cell volumes were used to limit the possible compositional space for each sample, and these were further limited by the charge neutrality requirement. The electrical resistivity of the single-phase sample is about 2 × 10 −3 Ω·cm and is weakly temperature dependent below room temperature. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show no evidence of magnetic ordering and yield a magnetic moment of 0.25 μ B per V atom. Electrochemical lithium intercalation measurements indicate that only a small concentration of lithium ions were inserted into the cathode due to the close-packed NaCl structure of cubic vanadium oxynitride.
Freeze-Fracture Analysis of Plasma Membranes of CHO Cells Stably Expressing Aquaporins 1-5

Several studies suggest that aquaporin water channels can be identified in membranes by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. For this report, Chinese Hamster ovary cells were stably transfected with cDNAs encoding aquaporins 1–5. Measurement of the osmotic water permeability of the cells confirmed that functional protein was expressed and delivered to the plasma membrane. By freeze-fracture electron microscopy, a 20% increase in intramembrane particle (IMP) density was found in plasma membranes of cells expressing AQP2, 3 and 5, and a 100% increase was measured in AQP1-expressing cells, when compared to mock-transfected cells. On membranes of cells expressing AQP4, large aggregates of IMPs were organized into orthogonal arrays, which occupied 10–20% of the membrane surface. IMP aggregates were never seen in AQP2-transfected cells. Hexagonally packed IMP clusters were detected in ∼5% of the membranes from AQP3-expressing cells. Particle size-distribution analysis of rotary shadowed IMPs showed a significant shift from 13.5 (control cells) to 8.5 nm or less in AQP-expressing cells; size distribution analysis of unidirectionally shadowed IMPs also showed a significant change when compared to control. Some IMPs in AQP expressing cells had features consistent with the idea that aquaporins are assembled as tetramers. The results demonstrate that in transfected CHO cells, AQP transfection modifies the general appearance and number of IMPs on the plasma membrane, and show that only AQP4 assembles into well-defined IMP arrays.
Effects of High Temperatures on Trichogramma pretiosum Programmed for Field Release

In studies of the effects of high temperatures on 2 cultures of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley programmed for field release, temperatures <37°C immediately and drastically reduced emergence of the parasites from host eggs. Continuous rearing of the oviposition stock in one of the cultures under a variable temperature and light regime did not produce a more heat-resistant parasite.
Vulvar anatomy and labia minoraplasty.

Aim of video/Introduction Female genital cosmetic surgery is performed for aesthetic reasons as well as for medical and functional indications, such as congenital labia minora hypertrophy. The purpose of this video is to teach vulvar anatomy and review labia minorplasty techniques.
XEMEM: Efficient Shared Memory for Composed Applications on Multi-OS/R Exascale Systems

Current trends in exascale systems research indicate that heterogeneity will abound in both the hardware and software layers on future HPC systems. It is our position that exascale environments are likely to be constructed from independent partitions of hardware and system software called enclaves, with multiple enclaves co-located on the same physical nodes and each executing an optimized operating system and runtime (OS/R) to support a particular application behavior. Fully utilizing these systems will require the ability to execute composed workloads, such as in situ applications, whereby HPC simulations execute synchronously with co-located analytic packages that in turn process simulation output via shared memory. In this work, we present the design and implementation of XEMEM, a shared memory system that can efficiently construct memory mappings across enclave OSes to support composed workloads while allowing diverse application components to execute in strictly isolated enclaves. By utilizing modifications to the Kitten lightweight kernel and Palacios lightweight virtual machine monitor, as well as leveraging our recent work on lightweight "co-kernels," we demonstrate that our approach can support a diverse range of native and virtualized environments likely to be deployed on future exascale systems. Finally, we demonstrate that a multi-enclave system can reduce cross-workload contention and improve performance for a sample composed benchmark compared to a single OS approach.
An Approach of Robust Reliability Design for Structure System with Multiple Failure Modes

Based on the reliability theory, the probability perturbation technique, the reliability sensitivity technique and robust design were employed to discuss the reliability-based robust optimization problem of structure system with multiple failure modes. By means of the probability network evaluation technique (PNET), the representative failure modes of structure system were defined. Then, the reliability and the reliability sensitivity of the system were obtained. By integrating the reliability sensitivity into the reliability-based optimization design model, the robust reliability design of structure system was discussed. According to the numerical results, the method proposed is validated to be practical and effective.
"It's Me. I'm Fixin' to Know the Hard Words": Children's Perceptions of "Good Readers" as Portrayed in Their Representational Drawings

This study utilized a qualitative, interpretative, analytic technique based on image-based research. This descriptive study was designed to investigate children's perceptions of “good readers” as portrayed in their representational drawings. Children in grades kindergarten through 6, 156 total, in 14 schools in a small, rural school district in the southwestern United States were interviewed using a picture protocol format. The participants included high-, middle-, and low-reading ability students. As the drawings and the children's descriptions of their drawings were viewed across the grades from kindergarten through 6th grade, discernible trends were evident from the categories of people, artifacts, settings, and affective issues in the images. Additionally, the children's verbal descriptions of their “good reader” while drawing yielded five major categories of data: (1) decoding; (2) comprehension, remembering facts and details or strategy use; (3) looking at pictures; (4) neatness, attention to treatm...
Procedures for Investigating the Effect of Light on Impression Simulation of a Real Space by Slides

This paper reports findings concerning the effect of environmental lighting as a medium that affects user impressions and judgments. Our previous work on this problem used both multidimensional sca...
Zooming In on Microscopic Flow by Remotely Detected MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can elucidate the interior structure of an optically opaque object in unparalleled detail but is ultimately limited by the need to enclose the object within a detection coil; acquiring the image with increasingly smaller pixels reduces the sensitivity, because each pixel occupies a proportionately smaller fraction of the detector’s volume. We developed a technique that overcomes this limitation by means of remotely detected MRI. Images of fluids flowing in channel assemblies are encoded into the phase and intensity of the constituent molecules’ nuclear magnetic resonance signals and then decoded by a volume-matched detector after the fluids flow out of the sample. In combination with compressive sampling, we thus obtain microscopic images of flow and velocity distributions ~106 times faster than is possible with conventional MRI on this hardware. Our results illustrate the facile integration of MRI with microfluidic assays and suggest generalizations to other systems involving microscopic flow.
Further factor analysis of Hood's Mysticism scale

An adequate sample of 740 students was employed to establish a three-factor structure for Hood's Mysticism Scale compatible with the conceptual work of Stace from which scale items were initially derived.
Measurement error and confidence intervals for ROC curves

Measurement error in a continuous test variable may bias estimates of the summary properties of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Typically, unbiased measurement error will reduce the diagnostic potential of a continuous test variable. This paper explores the effects of possibly heterogenous measurement error on estimated ROC curves for binormal test variables. Corrected estimators for specific points on the curve are derived under the assumption of known or estimated measurement variances for individual test results. These estimators and associated confidence intervals do not depend on normal assumptions for the distribution of the measurement error and are shown to be approximately unbiased for moderate size samples in a simulation study. An application from a study of emerging imaging modalities in breast cancer is used to demonstrate the new techniques.
Stochastic approximation for discrete optimization of noisy loss measurements

We consider the stochastic optimization of a noisy convex loss function defined on p-dimensional grid of points in Euclidean space. We introduce the middle point discrete simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (DSPSA) algorithm to this discrete space. Consistent with other stochastic approximation methods, this method formally accommodates noisy measurements of the loss function.
Disseminated Fusariosis Occurring in Two Patients Despite Posaconazole Prophylaxis

Posaconazole is widely used for prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections in patients undergoing myeloablative therapy. Disseminated fusariosis is a serious invasive mold infection in such patients. Preclinical and clinical studies indicate activity of posaconazole against Fusarium. We describe two cases of disseminated fusariosis that occurred despite posaconazole prophylaxis.
Non-quasistatic modeling of the BJT quasi-neutral base

A non-quasistatic charge-based modeling of the bipolar junction transistor (BJT) model developed for all injection levels in the quasi-neutral base region is implemented for circuit simulation. 2-D and 1-D device simulations with constant and exponential doping devices verify the transient analysis.
Separable effects of motives, consequences, and presentation order on children's moral judgments.

The effects of the order of presentation of motive and consequence information on the moral judgments of kindergarten,, second-, and fifth-grade children were examined. Information type (motives vs. consequences) was varied factorially with presentation position (first vs. second) allowing application of recent models of source credibility. Recency effects were obtained at all three ages. Since subjects were required to repeat each story prior to judgment, verbatim memory is unlikely to be the sole cause of recency. The results also showed a developmental shift in the weights of motives and consequences. For fifth graders, evidence suggested that the weight of motives was larger than the weight of consequences, whereas for kindergartners the weight of consequences was larger than the weight of motives. These conclusions do not depend on the assumption that the scale values are developmental^ static, a necessary assumption in previous research. Following Piaget's (1965) suggestion of a developmental progression from use of consequences toward the use of motives in making moral judgments, work on children's evaluations of the deeds of others first focused on finding the age at which children are capable of considering the motives of
An Escherichia coli Effector Protein Promotes Host Mutation via Depletion of DNA Mismatch Repair Proteins

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is an attaching and effacing (A/E) human pathogen that causes diarrhea during acute infection, and it can also sustain asymptomatic colonization. A/E E. coli depletes host cell DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins in colonic cell lines and has been detected in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. However, until now, a direct link between infection and host mutagenesis has not been fully demonstrated. Here we show that the EPEC-secreted effector protein EspF is critical for complete EPEC-induced depletion of MMR proteins. The mechanism of EspF activity on MMR protein was posttranscriptional and dependent on EspF mitochondrial targeting. EPEC infection also induced EspF-independent elevation of host reactive oxygen species levels. Moreover, EPEC infection significantly increased spontaneous mutation frequency in host cells, and this effect was dependent on mitochondrially targeted EspF. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that A/E E. coli can promote colorectal carcinogenesis in humans.
TrustGuard: A flow-level reputation-based DDoS defense system

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks pose one of the most serious security threats to the Internet. We examine the drawbacks of existing defense schemes. To combat these deficiencies, we propose a credit-based defense system: TrustGuard. Essentially, flows accumulate credit based on the diversity of their packet-size distribution. The more diverse the flow, the more credit it has. Since DDoS attacks demonstrate low diversity they accumulate less credit and are likely to be dropped by the system. Naturally, the performance of TrustGuard greatly depends on the choice of credit accumulation and flow selection methods. We derive our solution by identifying the essential characteristics of DDoS attacks. Our analysis accounts for both micro and macro behaviors of DDoS attacks. The primary goal of this work is to not only detect the occurrence of a DDoS attack, but to also identify the attackers and victims involved. Experimental results demonstrate that TrustGuard performs admirably in both cases.
Transient stimulated Brillouin scattering dynamics in polarization maintaining optical fiber

Summary form only given. We experimentally investigate SBS in polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber with square optical pulses having a duration short compared to the fiber transit time, and show that just above threshold, SBS is generated over the entire length of the fiber. We also present measurements of the SBS threshold for pulse durations short compared to the SBS phonon lifetime (/spl sim/16 ns) and show detailed measurements of the pulse distortion on the pulse transmitted through the fiber.
C-MR: continuously executing MapReduce workflows on multi-core processors

The widespread appeal of MapReduce is due, in part, to its simple programming model. Programmers provide only application logic while the MapReduce framework handles the logistics of data distribution and parallel task management.We present the Continuous-MapReduce (C-MR) framework which implements a modified MapReduce processing model to continuously execute workflows of MapReduce jobs on unbounded data streams. In keeping with the philosophy of MapReduce, C-MR abstracts away the complexities of parallel stream processing and workflow scheduling while providing the simple and familiar MapReduce programming interface with the addition of stream window semantics.Modifying the MapReduce processing model allowed us to: (1) maintain correct stream order and execution semantics in the presence of parallel and asynchronous processing elements; (2) implement an operator scheduler framework to facilitate latency-oriented scheduling policies for executing complex workflows of MapReduce jobs; and (3) leverage much of the work that has gone into the last decade of stream processing research including: pipelined parallelism, incremental processing for both Map and Reduce operations, minimizing redundant computations, sharing of sub-queries, and adaptive query processing.C-MR was developed for use on a multiprocessor architecture, where we demonstrate its effectiveness at supporting high-performance stream processing even in the presence of load spikes and external workloads.
Ribosomal Protein L12 Uses a Distinct Nuclear Import Pathway Mediated by Importin 11

Ribosome biogenesis requires the nuclear translocation of ribosomal proteins from their site of synthesis in the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Analyses of the import mechanisms have revealed that most ribosomal proteins can be delivered to the nucleus by multiple transport receptors (karyopherins or importins). We now provide evidence that ribosomal protein L12 (rpL12) is distinguished from the bulk of ribosomal proteins because it accesses the importin 11 pathway as a major route into the nucleus. rpL12 specifically and directly interacted with importin 11 in vitro and in vivo. Both rpL12 binding to and import by importin 11 were inhibited by another importin 11 substrate, UbcM2, indicating that these two cargoes may bind overlapping sites on the transport receptor. In contrast, the import of rpL23a, a ribosomal protein that uses the general ribosomal protein import system, was not competed by UbcM2, and in an in vitro binding assay, importin 11 did not bind to the nuclear localization signal of rpL23a. Furthermore, in a transient transfection assay, the nuclear accumulation of rpL12 was increased by coexpressed importin 11, but not by other importins. These data are consistent with importin 11 being a mediator of rpL12 nuclear import. Taken together, these results indicate that rpL12 uses a distinct nuclear import pathway that may contribute to a mechanism for regulating ribosome synthesis and/or maturation.
Analysis of mean learning of normal participants on the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test.

Analysis of the mean performance of 58 groups of normal adults and children on the free-recall trials of the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test shows that the mean auditory- verbal learning of each group is described by the function R1 + Sln(t), where R1 is a measure of the mean immediate memory span, S is the slope of the mean logarithmic learning curve, and ln(t) is the natural logarithm of the trial nuinber t. The analysis also shows that Rl varies with age and other demographic factors, whereas S is almost a constant, and it yields equations for estimating the effect of these factors on R1. Potential use of these findings for assessment of auditory-verbal memory and learning in comparative clinical studies is discussed.
Ultrastructure of canine carotid body and aortic body tumors. Comparison with tissues of thyroid and parathyroid origin.

The microscopic structure of canine carotid and aortic body neoplasms was compared with that of other lesions of the neck and thorax. Carotid and aortic body adenomas consisted of clusters of large, polyhedral cells whose cytoplasm was filled with dense, membrane-bound granules and which lacked the normal relationship to sustentacu- lar, nerve, and vascular cells. Unlike an ectopic thyroid adenoma, they had no thyroid follicles, PAS-stained cytoplasmic granules, acidic mucopolysaccharide foci, or dense tubules within the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. Cells of the aortic body carci- noma were less differentiated than those of the adenoma. They contained fewer dense granules but had greater numbers of microfibrils and Golgi vesicles. Degeneration and necrosis of neoplastic tissue exaggerated differences from the adenomas. Cells from the metastatic tumor (pleural carcinomatosis) did not differ significantly from those of the primary tumor. Cells from thyroid and parathyroid lesions were significantly different ultrastructurally from those of carotid and aortic body tumors. Cells of the ectopic thyroid adenoma and thyroid carcinoma resembled normal follicular cells but were larger and contained characteristic PAS-stained granules and arrays of intracisternal micro- tubules. The parathyroid adenoma cells had few organelles; the dominant cytoplasmic structures were aggregates of membranes and residual bodies filled with lipofuscin. Nodular, encapsulated tumors at the base of the heart are not uncommon in aged dogs. They allegedly arise from aortic body tissue (4, 221, ectopic thyroid (l I, 491, or ectopic parathyroid (6, 301. The term, 'heart-base tumor', is often incorrectly applied to these lesions with the implication that they are 'non-chromaffin, chemoreceptor' neoplasms originating from aortic body tissue. This classification does not consider either those rare lesions that have been interpreted as ectopic parathyroid or the commoner ectopic thyroid tumor. The ultrastructural characteristics of the latter have been documented (49). This report describes the microscopic structure of carotid and aortic
Statistical Modeling of Expert Ratings on Medical Treatment Appropriateness

Abstract This article uses latent structure analysis to model ordered category ratings by multiple experts on the appropriateness of indications for the medical procedure carotid endarterectomy. The statistical method used is a form of located latent class analysis, which combines elements of latent class and latent trait analysis. It assumes that treatment indications fall into distinct latent classes, with each latent class corresponding to a different level of appropriateness. The appropriateness rating of a treatment indication by a rater is assumed determined by the latent class membership of the indication, rating category thresholds of the rater, and random measurement error. The located latent class model has two alternative forms: a normal ogive form, which derives from the assumption of normally distributed measurement error, and a logistic approximation to the normal form. The approach has the following advantages for the analysis of ordered category ratings by multiple experts: (1) it assesses...
Association of lower plasma estradiol levels and low expression of scavenger receptor class B, type I in infertile women.

Objective To determine the expression of the scavenger receptor, class B, type I (SR-BI) in human granulosa cells. Design Prospective cohort analysis. Setting Tertiary academic university hospital. Patient(s) Women undergoing IVF treatment. Intervention(s) Granulosa cells were isolated from oocyte retrievals. Main Outcome Measure(s) Total RNA and cell lysates were isolated from the granulosa cells, and SR-BI RNA and protein expression were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. Baseline and peak E 2 levels were drawn before IVF treatment and before hCG stimulation. Result(s) The expression of SR-BI RNA and protein were positively correlated. The prevalence of low SR-BI RNA expression (defined as below 25th percentile) was 26%, whereas the prevalence of high SR-BI expression (defined as above 75th percentile) was 24%. Expression of SR-BI RNA was not correlated with body mass index, age, race or ethnicity, primary diagnosis of infertility, or pregnancy outcomes. However, baseline and peak E 2 levels were significantly lower in subjects with low SR-BI RNA expression as compared with subjects with high SR-BI expression ( P P P Conclusion(s) Scavenger receptor–BI is expressed in human granulosa cells. Subjects with low SR-BI expression had lower baseline and peak E 2 levels and lower number of retrieved and fertilized oocytes.
Multivariate estimates of the permanent components of GNP and stock prices

Abstract The economic assumption that a present value relation holds between consumption and income and between stock prices and dividends, or the statistical assumption that the consumption/income ratio and the dividend/price ratio are stationary imply that the permanent or random walk component in each series of a pair must be the same as the permanent component in the other series of a pair. Either assumption then allows us to estimate the variance of the permanent component of one series (GNP, stock prices) from the variance of the permanent component of the other (consumption, dividends), or from the covariance of the two series' permanent components. This paper presents such estimates, and finds that the permanent components are about half those estimated by similar univariate methods.
Improved mapping of National Atmospheric Deposition Program wet-deposition in complex terrain using PRISM-gridded data sets

High-elevation regions in the United States lack detailed atmospheric wet-deposition data. The National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP/NTN) measures and reports precipitation amounts and chemical constituent concentration and deposition data for the United States on annual isopleth maps using inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation methods. This interpolation for unsampled areas does not account for topographic influences. Therefore, NADP/NTN isopleth maps lack detail and potentially underestimate wet deposition in high-elevation regions. The NADP/NTN wet-deposition maps may be improved using precipitation grids generated by other networks. The Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) produces digital grids of precipitation estimates from many precipitation-monitoring networks and incorporates influences of topographical and geographical features. Because NADP/NTN ion concentrations do not vary with elevation as much as precipitation depths, PRISM is used with unadjusted NADP/NTN data in this paper to calculate ion wet deposition in complex terrain to yield more accurate and detailed isopleth deposition maps in complex terrain. PRISM precipitation estimates generally exceed NADP/NTN precipitation estimates for coastal and mountainous regions in the western United States. NADP/NTN precipitation estimates generally exceed PRISM precipitation estimates for leeward mountainous regions in Washington, Oregon, and Nevada, where abrupt changes in precipitation depths induced by topography are not depicted by IDW interpolation. PRISM-based deposition estimates for nitrate can exceed NADP/NTN estimates by more than 100% for mountainous regions in the western United States.
Estimating Atmospheric Transmission and Surface Reflectance From a Glint-Contaminated Spectral Image

Sun glint obscures the radiance originating from within the water, but it also mirrors the solar radiance after transmission through the atmosphere. The difference between a glint-contaminated pixel and a nearby nonglint pixel from a spectral image prior to atmospheric correction yields a direct estimate of the spectral transmission of solar radiance which can then be used both to confirm atmospheric models and to retrieve an estimate of remote sensing reflectance
Enhancing cuttings removal with gas blasts while drilling on Mars

[1] Future missions to Mars envision use of drills for subsurface exploration. Since the Martian atmosphere precludes the use of liquids for cuttings removal, proposed drilling machines utilize mechanical cuttings removal systems such as augers. However, an auger can substantially contribute to the total power requirements, and in the worst scenario it can choke. A number of experiments conducted under Martian pressures showed that intermittent blasts of gas at low differential pressures can effectively lift the cuttings out of the hole. A gas flushing system could be incorporated into the drill assembly for assistance in clearing the holes of rock cuttings or for redundancy in case of auger jamming. A number of variables such as the particle size distribution of the rock powder, the type of gas used, the bit and auger side clearances, the initial mass of cuttings, and the ambient pressure were investigated and found to affect the efficiency. In all tests the initial volume of gas was close to 1 L and the differential pressure was varied to achieve desired clearing efficiencies. Particles were being lifted out of the hole at a maximum speed of 6 m/s at a differential pressure of 25 torr and ambient pressure of 5 torr. Flushing tests lasted on average for 2 s. The power required to compress the thin Martian atmosphere to achieve a sufficient gas blast every minute or so at 10% efficiency was calculated to be of the order of a few watts.
The essential components of doctoral-level education for art therapists

Abstract The purpose of this research was to explore the interaction and influence of cultural, epistemological, and philosophical structures on the development of educational missions, curricular components, and pedagogical methods of doctoral education for art therapists. A modified qualitative case study research design was used to collect data from three primary sources – the literature, interviews, and existing doctoral curricula. The analysis of data resulted in the identification of seven emergent themes that provided constructs for the development of doctoral-level art therapy education. The seven emergent themes that were identified were learning culture, epistemologies, rationale and competencies, interdisciplinarity, research, self- and other knowledge, and pedagogy. A recommendation for the development of a curriculum for a doctoral program in art therapy based upon these seven themes is proposed.
Reabsorption artifacts in measured excited-state lifetimes of solids

The effect of repeated radiative energy transfer on the observed excited-state lifetime τobs of a luminescent species in a solid is studied by Monte Carlo simulations. Increasing the sample path length, the reabsorption coefficient, or the luminescence quantum yield significantly lengthens τobs relative to its intrinsic value τ0. This effect is additionally amplified by total internal reflection. Room-temperature lifetimes of 2F5/2 in YAG:1%Yb3+ and 4I11/2 in YLF:5%Er3+ were measured in a spherically refractive-index-matched geometry, yielding the low values of 0.9489±0.0006 and 3.75±0.01 ms, respectively. It is concluded that lifetimes obtained from non-refractive-index matched experiments are usually significantly overestimated. The technique presented is easily applicable to room-temperature excited-state lifetime measurements of many luminescent solids.
Evaluation of UTLS carbon monoxide simulations in GMI and GEOS-Chem chemical transport models using Aura MLS observations

Abstract. This study evaluates the distribution and variation of carbon monoxide (CO) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) during 2004–2012 as simulated by two chemical transport models, using the latest version of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations. The simulated spatial distributions, temporal variations and vertical transport of CO in the UTLS region are compared with those observed by MLS. We also investigate the impact of surface emissions and deep convection on CO concentrations in the UTLS over different regions, using both model simulations and MLS observations. Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) and GEOS-Chem simulations of UTLS CO both show similar spatial distributions to observations. The global mean CO values simulated by both models agree with MLS observations at 215 and 147 hPa, but are significantly underestimated by more than 40 % at 100 hPa. In addition, the models underestimate the peak CO values by up to 70 % at 100 hPa, 60 % at 147 hPa and 40 % at 215 hPa, with GEOS-Chem generally simulating more CO at 100 hPa and less CO at 215 hPa than GMI. The seasonal distributions of CO simulated by both models are in better agreement with MLS in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) than in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), with disagreements between model and observations over enhanced CO regions such as southern Africa. The simulated vertical transport of CO shows better agreement with MLS in the tropics and the SH subtropics than the NH subtropics. We also examine regional variations in the relationships among surface CO emission, convection and UTLS CO concentrations. The two models exhibit emission–convection–CO relationships similar to those observed by MLS over the tropics and some regions with enhanced UTLS CO.