cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Thoughts on Using Computers to Teach Argumentation.

Argumentation has become a “hot topic” of AI research – especially outside the United States. The last year or two have seen AI Journal special issues devoting more than 300 pages to argumentation in AI, a new series of conferences on Computational Models of Argument, and a recent Dagstuhl Perspectives Seminar on Theory and Practice of Argumentation Systems, focusing on the future of argumentation research for the semantic web, multiagent systems, social networks, and decision support in application areas. For some time before this, however, a small group of researchers has focused on using computer technology to teach humans argumentation skills, either in general or in application areas such as law, ethics, and the sciences. This research has yielded intellectual products including computational models of argumentation, techniques for integrating argumentation into human computer interfaces via argument diagrams or by engaging students in argument-making, techniques for assessing how well students learn argumentation skills, and many interesting questions. This talk surveys selected argumentation tutoring research and addresses the following questions: (1) Why teach argumentation? Why use computers to teach argumentation? (2) For purposes of teaching argumentation, what argument features or patterns should be represented and at what grain-sizes? (3) How can intelligent tutoring systems adapt to teaching argumentation in ill-defined domains/tasks where there often is no one right answer? What kind of feedback can they provide? (4) How useful are argumentation diagrams as teaching aids or as diagnostic tools? (5) How successfully have computers engaged students in making and responding to arguments? (6) How can the learning of argumentation skills be assessed objectively? (7) How successful have intelligent tutoring systems been in teaching humans argumentation skills? How can they do better? Answers to these questions have ramifications not only for the teaching of argumentation with computers but for the future direction and impact of AI research on argumentation. 17 Proceedings of the Twenty-First International FLAIRS Conference (2008)
Variable density thinning promotes variable structural responses 14 years after treatment in the Pacific Northwest

Abstract Young stands are commonly assumed to require centuries to develop into late-successional forest habitat. This viewpoint reflects the fact that young stands often lack many of the structural features that define late-successional habitat, and that these features derive from complex stand dynamics that are difficult to mimic with forest management. Variable density thinning (VDT) is a silvicultural strategy designed to accelerate development of late-successional habitat by applying a variety of harvest intensities within a stand. Previous reports indicate that VDT has had initial success increasing growth and regeneration. However, few studies have examined the effects of VDT at longer time scales. Here, we report 14-year growth response of residual trees in the thinned and unthinned VDT sub-treatments in five young mixed-conifer stands located on the Olympic Peninsula in western Washington. Our objectives were to investigate whether thinning has accelerated the recruitment of large trees (>80 cm dbh), recruitment of shade-tolerant species into the mid-story (40–65 cm), or development of longer crowns relative to the unthinned sub-treatment. In addition, we investigated whether the basal area distribution in the combined VDT sub-treatments has become more diverse compared to the unthinned sub-treatment. The response to thinning varied consistently across the diameter size class gradient. Thinning was ineffective at stimulating growth of upper canopy trees (65–80 cm). In this size class neither diameter growth nor crown length increased significantly compared to trees in unthinned patches. Further, only one stand has reached the restoration benchmark for large tree density. In contrast, thinning significantly increased diameter growth and crown length among trees in the mid-story (40–65 cm) and shade-tolerant species in the future mid-story (20–40 cm). Higher rates of recruitment into the mid-story were also observed from shade tolerant species growing in the thinned (34%) compared to unthinned (19%) patches, with two stands reaching the restoration benchmark for shade-tolerant mid-story density. Clear trends in basal area diversity and evenness have yet to develop in either the combined or unthinned sub-treatments. Collectively, our results demonstrate that VDT has partially accomplished its objectives. Although thinning has not yet accelerated recruitment of large trees, it has accelerated the advancement of shade-tolerant species into the mid-story and the development of deeper crowns among trees in smaller size classes. In addition, differing rates of diameter growth among smaller diameter trees in the various VDT sub-treatments suggest that increases in structural diversity may be developing more quickly than in untreated stands.
The response of source-bordering aeolian dunefields to sediment-supply changes 2: Controlled floods of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA

Abstract In the Colorado River downstream of Glen Canyon Dam in the Grand Canyon, USA, controlled floods are used to resupply sediment to, and rebuild, river sandbars that have eroded severely over the past five decades owing to dam-induced changes in river flow and sediment supply. In this study, we examine whether controlled floods, can in turn resupply aeolian sediment to some of the large source-bordering aeolian dunefields (SBDs) along the margins of the river. Using a legacy of high-resolution lidar remote-sensing and meteorological data, we characterize the response of four SBDs (a subset of 117 SBDs and other aeolian-sand-dominated areas in the canyon) during four sediment-laden controlled floods of the Colorado River in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2016. We find that aeolian sediment resupply unambiguously occurred in 8 of the 16 instances of controlled flooding adjacent to SBDs. Resupply attributed to individual floods varied substantially among sites, and occurred with four, three, one, and zero floods at the four sites, respectively. We infer that the relative success of controlled floods as a regulated-river management tool for resupplying sediment to SBDs is analogous to the frequency of resupply observed for fluvial sandbars in this setting, in that sediment resupply was estimated to have occurred for roughly half of the instances of recent controlled flooding at sandbars monitored separately from this study. We find the methods developed in this, and a companion study, are effective tools to quantify geomorphic changes in sediment storage, along linked fluvial and aeolian pathways of sedimentary systems.
Band-Edge Quasiparticles from Electron-Phonon Coupling and Resistivity Saturation.

We address the problem of resistivity saturation observed in materials such as the $A$-15 compounds. To do so, we calculate the resistivity for the Hubbard-Holstein model in infinite spatial dimensions to second order in on-site repulsion $U\ensuremath{\le}D$ and to first order in (dimensionless) electron-phonon coupling strength $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\le}0.5$, where $D$ is the half bandwidth. We identify a unique mechanism to obtain two parallel quantum conducting channels: low-energy and band-edge high-energy quasi-particles. We identify the source of the hitherto unremarked high-energy quasiparticles as a positive slope in the frequency dependence of the real part of the electron self-energy. In the presence of phonons, the self-energy grows linearly with the temperature at high $T$, causing the resistivity to saturate. As $U$ is increased, the saturation temperature is pushed to higher values, offering a mechanism by which electron correlations destroy saturation.
Can We Understand Parameter Values in the Human Genome

We aim at compiling a list of human genome parameters with the following questions in mind: Are these parameters accurately estimated? How do the values in human genome compare to those in other primates? Can we understand the evolutionary origin or cause of these values?
Actions of Insulin and Igf-I on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cation and Glucose Metabolism

Recent data indicates that impaired insulin action predisposes to increased vascular smooth muscle [1-26] (VSM) tone, the hallmark of hypertension associated with diabetes mellitus. This research has established VSM as an “insulin sensitive tissue” like skeletal muscle tissue and adipocytes. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) regulate VSM intracellular cation metabolism through attenuating effects on inward calcium (Ca2+) currents [1 10 15 27 28] and by direct effects on VSMNa+,K+-ATPase pump expression and activity[29 30] and that IGF-I and insulin stimulate glucose uptake in VSM cells (VSMC). IGF-1 and insulin are structurally related [17] share receptors [17 18] and have similar post-receptor actions [17 18] (Figure 1). Unlike insulin, which must transverse the endothelium before acting on VSMC in vivo, IGF-1 is synthesized by VSMC [19]. Thus, IGF-1 may have more relevance than insulin in VSMC physiology.
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and denitrification in Peru margin sediments

Abstract The upwelling system of coastal Peru supports very high primary production, contributing to an oxygen deficient zone (ODZ) in subsurface waters and high organic matter deposition rates to underlying sediments. Although anammox and denitrification have been relatively well studied in ODZ waters, few studies have investigated these processes in the underlying sediments. We sampled seven stations over a large geographic area along the Peru margin, spanning a water depth of 100–3240 m. At two of the central shelf stations (100 m and 325 m), we observed Thioploca, with a well-developed mat at the shallowest station (100 m). We measured sediment properties and conducted shipboard 15N-incubations of homogenized sediments to determine potential rates of anammox and denitrification and potential controlling factors at each station. Diversity of anammox bacteria based on 16S rRNA and hydrazine oxidoreductase (hzo) sequences and hzo gene abundances were measured at each station. Overall, organic C content was high across the stations (3–12%), except for two of the deepest stations (~1.5%). Porewater ammonium fluxes and ammonium production rates in shipboard incubations, reflecting sediment organic carbon decomposition rates, were higher at the two central shelf stations compared to the other stations. The range in average potential rates was 2.1–80.4 nmol N cm−3 h−1 for denitrification and 1.8–44.2 nmol N cm−3 h−1 for anammox. The range in relative anammox (ra) across stations was 2.6–47.4%, with an average of 34.2%. The lowest ra was found at the shallowest shelf station with Thioploca mats and highest ammonium production rates. The ra jumped up to 45.9% at the station with the next highest ammonium production rates, corresponding to the deeper shelf station (325 m). At the other stations, ra was relatively high (39.6–47.4%), except at one station (16.3%), reflecting similar ammonium production rates due to decomposition across these stations. Anammox bacteria in the Candidatus Scalindua genus were the only anammox bacteria detected in Peru margin sediments based on 16S rRNA or hzo sequences. Copy number of hzo indicated abundant populations of anammox bacteria across the stations. However, hzo copy number did not correlate with anammox rates or ra. Overall, our results suggest that anammox contributes significantly to N2 production in Peru margin sediments, except in shelf sediments with high decomposition rates and dense Thioploca mats.
Nanoscale Bacteria‐Enabled Autonomous Drug Delivery System (NanoBEADS) Enhances Intratumoral Transport of Nanomedicine

Cancer drug delivery remains a formidable challenge due to systemic toxicity and inadequate extravascular transport of nanotherapeutics to cells distal from blood vessels. It is hypothesized that, in absence of an external driving force, the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium could be exploited for autonomous targeted delivery of nanotherapeutics to currently unreachable sites. To test the hypothesis, a nanoscale bacteria-enabled autonomous drug delivery system (NanoBEADS) is developed in which the functional capabilities of the tumor-targeting S. Typhimurium VNP20009 are interfaced with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles. The impact of nanoparticle conjugation is evaluated on NanoBEADS' invasion of cancer cells and intratumoral transport in 3D tumor spheroids in vitro, and biodistribution in a mammary tumor model in vivo. It is found that intercellular (between cells) self-replication and translocation are the dominant mechanisms of bacteria intratumoral penetration and that nanoparticle conjugation does not impede bacteria's intratumoral transport performance. Through the development of new transport metrics, it is demonstrated that NanoBEADS enhance nanoparticle retention and distribution in solid tumors by up to a remarkable 100-fold without requiring any externally applied driving force or control input. Such autonomous biohybrid systems could unlock a powerful new paradigm in cancer treatment by improving the therapeutic index of chemotherapeutic drugs and minimizing systemic side effects.
Translation and transmutation: the Origin of Species in China

Darwinian ideas were developed and radically transformed when they were transmitted to the alien intellectual background of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century China. The earliest references to Darwin in China appeared in the 1870s through the writings of Western missionaries who provided the Chinese with the earliest information on evolutionary doctrines. Meanwhile, Chinese ambassadors, literati and overseas students contributed to the dissemination of evolutionary ideas, with modest effect. The ‘evolutionary sensation’ in China was generated by the Chinese Spencerian Yan Fu's paraphrased translation and reformulation of Thomas Huxley's 1893 Romanes Lecture ‘Evolution and ethics’ and his ‘Prolegomena’. It was from this source that ‘Darwin’ became well known in China – although it was Darwin's name, rather than his theories, that reached Chinese literati's households. The Origin of Species itself began to receive attention only at the turn of the twentieth century. The translator, Ma Junwu (1881–1940), incorporated non-Darwinian doctrines, particularly Lamarckian and Spencerian principles, into his edition of the Chinese Origin. This partially reflected the importance of the pre-existing Chinese intellectual background as well as Yan Fu's progressive ‘evolutionary paradigm’. In this paper, I will elucidate Ma Junwu's culturally conditioned reinterpretation of the Origin before 1906 by investigating his transformation of Darwin's principal concepts.
On Wacker’s Essential Equation in the Extrapolation Measurement Technique

The generalized three-antenna method is a standard method for measuring on-axis gain and polarization of an antenna without a priori knowledge. The cornerstone of the method is the use of the extrapolation technique and the key relationship in the extrapolation technique is Wacker’s equation. This equation expresses the received signal as a function of the separation distance between any two antennas. The derivation of Wacker’s equation is not readily available in the literature. In this paper, we provide a streamlined derivation of Wacker’s equation and address some of the common misconceptions associated with it.
The collaborative design of a faculty administrator leadership development program in academic health: concepts and applications

The challenges facing academic health and medicine are abundant and require effective leadership across institutions. This article highlights the design of a collaborative leadership development pr...
Extrapolations of BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Spectra to the Optical-Ultraviolet Band

Many gamma-ray burst counterpart searches are being conducted in the optical-UV band. To both predict detectability and understand the meaning of any detections or upper limits, we extrapolate gamma-ray spectra from 54 bright gamma-ray bursts to optical-UV energies. We assume optical emission is concurrent with gamma-ray emission and do not consider quiescent or fading counterparts. We find that the spectrum must be steeper (greater flux at low energy) than a simple extrapolation of the gamma-ray spectrum for more than one simultaneous optical flash to be observable per year by current searches.
Marital Status at First Intercourse in Married Christian Women: Relationships with Guilt, Sanctification of Sexuality, and Marital Satisfaction:

Previous research has demonstrated that women experience higher levels of guilt compared with men at first sexual intercourse. Research also indicates that guilt is related to religiosity and to le...
Treatment of Lesions Following Extravasation of Chemotherapics by Laser Hene/Ir

To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and the optimisation of the Laser HeNe/IR application times in the treatment of the lesions following extravasation of chemotherapics.
THE STRUCTURE OF CITIZEN PREFERENCES FOR GOVERNMENT SOIL EROSION CONTROL PROGRAMS

cies, including soil conservation policies, represent The 1990 Farm Bill contains several measures significant costs to consumers and tax-payers, soil concerning soil erosion caused by U.S. farmers, conservation is likely to be influenced by public Data from a nationwide survey of people concerning input in the decision-making process. Therefore, it their attitudes toward agriculture were used to exam- isusefultogaugethepublic's willingnesstosupport ine the structure of respondents' preferences for gov- soil erosion control programs. This support will ernment support-policies to combat soil erosion. depend, in part, on the public's awareness and perEstimates of the influence of socio-economic and ceptions of an erosion problem. Previous research demographic variables on policy preferences were has concentrated on the farmer's decision on adopcomputed using a multiple-indicator model. Results tion of soil conservation practices (Earle et al.; Ervin show more support for the regulation of soil erosion, and Ervin; Lynne et al.; Norris and Batie). Empirical including laws and fines, than for government finan- analyses of citizen perceptions of the erosion probcialsupport. lem and preferences for conservation programs, however, are few. The aim of this study was to
Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to the Conformational Changes in Valinomycin during Complexation

Alkali ion complex formation by the cyclic depsipeptide, valinomycin, has been studied by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Characteristic perturbations of the positions and fine structures of the resonances of the protons of specific groups were observed upon complextion of the valinomycin with KCNS and CsCNS in CDCI3. Small amounts of water did not affect the structure of the complexes as judged by nuclear magnetic resonance spectral criteria. Preliminary studies were carried out on the rates of complexation and decomplexation using the broadening of the lactate methyl proton resonances. A measurable rate of transfer of the complexed cation between valinomycin molecules in 80% CH3OH, 20% CDCl3, was observed while no measurable exchange rate was observed in pure CDCl3. These results are consistent with valinomycin functioning as a mobile ion carrier in biological membrane systems.
Plane Vibration Characteristics of a Pneumatic Tire Model

Plane vibration characteristics of pneumatic tire model in form of elastically supported cylindrical shell
Context-Dependent Biodiversity Conservation Management Regimes

Worldwide degradation of ecosystems has motivated a search for successful conservation approaches. The perceived failure of state-directed protected areas in the tropics has prompted experimentation with various forms of community management and co-management. Numerous case studies suggest that none of these approaches are effective universally, however, there exists little analytical or empirical work to identify under what conditions one arrangement will be more effective than another. This paper develops a model of optimal conservation design, in terms of locating authority for specific conservation tasks, as a function of prevailing biophysical, economic, and sociopolitical conditions.
Cyclical Employment and Unemployment Flows in the U.S.

Unemployment in the U.S. has risen dramatically since the start of the recession in December 2007, going from about 6.8 million people in May 2007 to over 14.6 million in June 2010. This is often spoken of as "losing 7.8 million jobs," but this is a terribly misleading view of the issue. The reality is that flows of people and jobs each month are huge -- it would be more correct to say that 4-6 million jobs were lost each month, with a comparable (just slightly lower) number found each month. This paper examines some of the data regularities in the monthly gross flows published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The methodology is to analyze the transition rates and implied steady-state levels of employment and unemployment. This is an approach that, while not commonly used, does provide valuable insights. For example, declines in employment have been largely due to decreased probability of finding a job, with little net impact from changes in the probability of losing a job. Furthermore, in spite of a fall in the u-to-e transition contributing significantly to falling employment, the flow from unemployment to employment actually increased. As another example, changes in the probability of moving between unemployment and not in the labor force (NLF) look like an "anti-discouraged worker" effect -- during the recession people are more likely to move from NLF to unemployment and less likely to move from unemployment to NLF.
Role of copper in infant nutrition.

INTEREST in the role of copper in nutrition was first stimulated by observations indicating that this trace element in addition to iron was necessary for alleviation of the milk anemia occurring in weanling rats. While the counterpart of this deficiency state in the human infant has long been sought, proof of its existence is lacking. Renewed interest in this problem has recently been aroused by the description of infants exhibiting microcytic hypochromic anemia, hypocupremia and hypoferremia, which manifestations are characteristic of copper deficiency in swine. The human subjects have, however, exhibited edema and hypoproteinemia, features not previously described in copper-deficient animals. It has been suggested by some that the subjects are copper deficient, by others that the basic defect involves the metabolism of protein. Indeed, there is evidence that both concepts may be correct and that two separate entities may be represented.
Oncolytic Gene Therapy with Recombinant Vaccinia Strain GLV-2b372 Efficiently Kills Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) commonly presents at a late stage when surgery is no longer a curative option. As such, novel therapies for advanced HCC are needed. Oncolytic viruses are a viable option for cancer therapy owing to their ability to specifically infect, replicate within, and kill cancer cells. In this study, we have investigated the ability of GLV-2b372, a novel light-emitting recombinant vaccinia virus derived from a wild-type Lister strain, to kill HCC. Methods Four human HCC cell lines were assayed in vitro for infectivity and cytotoxicity. Viral replication was quantified via standard viral plaque assays. Flank HCC xenografts generated in athymic nude mice were treated with intratumoral GLV-2b372 to assess for tumor growth inhibition and viral biodistribution. Results Infectivity occurred in a time- and concentration-dependent manner with 70% cell death in all cell lines by day 5. All cell lines supported efficient viral replication. At 25 days after infection, flank tumor volumes decreased by 50% whereas controls increased by 400%. Tumor tissue demonstrated substantial GLV-2b372 infection at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 2 weeks. Conclusion We demonstrate that GLV-2b372 efficiently kills human HCC in vitro and in vivo and is a viable treatment option for patients with HCC.
The Quart Bottle: A Social Constructionist/Experiential Case Study

Abstract A theory of therapy integrating experimental and social constructionist therapy concepts and techniques is offered. An overview of each is first offered, followed by an integration of the two, which includes goals and stages of therapy. The importance of a changed experience and of identifying and expanding cognitive frames and experiences is also explored. A case example utiliazing the theoretical frame is also offered.
Response of a delay-constrained adaptive linear predictor filter to a sinusoid in white noise

An analysis is presented for the response of a delay-constrained adaptive linear predictor filter to a sinusoid in white noise. Expressions are derived for the steady-state adaptive weights, frequency response, and line suppression. A useful bound is also derived for the worst-case output signal-to-noise ratio as a function of normalized frequency and the order of the filter.
Economic Returns in Plasticulture Tomato Production from Crucifer Cover Crops as a Methyl Bromide Alternative for Weed Management

The phase-out of methyl bromide required an effective and economically viable alternative for weed management in polyethylene-mulched tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). A field experiment was conducted to compare economics of tomato production associated with crucifer (Brassicaceae) cover crops under low-density polyethylene mulch (LDPE) and virtually impermeable film (VIF) mulch with a standard treatment of methyl bromide:chloropicrin (67:33) at 350 lb/acre. Three crucifer cover crops, ‘Seventop’ turnip (Brassica rapa), ‘Pacific Gold’ oriental mustard (Brassica juncea), and Caliente [a blend of brown mustard (B. juncea) and white mustard (Sinapis alba)], were evaluated in combination with hand-weeding. Because of marginal weed control from crucifer cover crops, hand-weeding cost in all cover crop plots, regardless of mulch type, increased from $380.54/acre to $489.10/acre over that in methyl bromide plots. However, total weed management costs in the untreated control and cover crops with LDPE treatments were $17.82/ acre to $111.33/acre lower than methyl bromide. Because of mulch expenses, VIF mulch increased the total weed management cost by $328.16/acre over LDPE mulch in the untreated control and cover crop treatments. Because of equivalent marketable yield, gross returns ($21,040.43/acre) were identical in all treatments. Preplant fumigation with methyl bromide provided $6260.90/acre of net returns in tomato production. The untreated control, ‘Seventop’ turnip, ‘Pacific Gold’ oriental mustard, and Caliente mustard under LDPE treatment were $54/acre, $54/acre, $98/acre, and $147/acre more profitable, respectively, than methyl bromide. However, in all other treatments under VIF, net returns relative to methyl bromide were reduced from $181/acre to $274/acre. Therefore, regardless of soil amendment with crucifer cover crops, hand-weeding can serve as an economically viable alternative to methyl bromide for weed control in LDPEmulched tomato production, depending on the nature and level of pest infestation, labor availability, and wages.
Cell wall composition and synthesis via Golgi-directed scale formation in the marine eucaryote, Schizochytrium aggregatum, with a note on Thraustochytrium sp.

Cell walls of Schizochytrium aggregatum and Thraustochytrium sp. were mechanically isolated and subjected to chemical analysis. On a dry weight basis the cell walls contain 21–36% carbohydrate and 30–43% protein. The principal sugar (>95%) of the Schizochytrium wall is l-galactose, while the Thraustochytrium cell wall contains l-galactose, d-galactose and xylose with l-galactose predominating. Ultrastructurally the cell walls of both organisms consist of a laminated structure which yields thin, flexible, nearly circular scales (0.5–1.1 μ in diameter) upon sonic disintegration. Structures presumed to be developing wall scales are found within cisternae of the Golgi apparatus in both organisms. The chemical composition and method of formation of the cell wall in these two protists is distinctly different from that found in the Saprolegniales (Oomycetes), the group with which these organisms have hitherto been aligned.
Two-state one-dimensional spinless Fermi gas

The two-state, one-dimensional, spinless Fermi gas (Falicov-Kimball model) is studied exactly by numerical calculation and perturbation theory. Rigorous results are presented for small interaction strength and (restricted) coherent and incoherent phase diagrams are calculated for two specific examples. The numerical calculations are extrapolated to provide a qualitative picture of the complete solution. The result includes a fractal structure in which the ground-state changes discontinuously as a function of the parameters.
The relative contribution of accretion, shear, and extension to Cenozoic tectonic rotation in the Pacific Northwest

Large Cenozoic clockwise rotations defined by paleomagnetic data are an established fact in the Pacific Northwest, and many tectonic models have been proposed to explain them, including (1) rotation of accreted oceanic microplates during docking, (2) dextral shear between North America and northward-moving oceanic plates to the west, and (3) microplate rotation in front of an expanding Basin and Range province. Stratigraphic onlap relations and local structure indicate that microplate rotation during docking was not a major contributor to the observed rotations. Coast Range structures, Basin and Range extension, and paleomagnetic data from middle Miocene (15 Ma) Coast Range rocks indicate that dextral shear is responsible for at least 40% of the post-15 Ma rotation of the Coast Range and that Basin and Range extension is responsible for the remainder. Reconstructions based on extrapolation of this ratio back to 37 and 50 Ma are consistent with reconstructions based on paleomagnetic and stratigraphic relations in older rocks and suggest that dextral shear has, been a significant contributor to rotation during most of Tertiary time. Changes in the dextral-shear rotation rate over the past 50 m.y. correlate directly with changes in the velocity of the Farallon plate parallel to the coast and provide a strong argument for oblique subduction as the driving mechanism. Continental reconstructions incorporating shear may provide constraints on the rate of extension in the northernmost Basin and Range region and suggest 17% extension since 15 Ma, 39% since 37 Ma, and 72% since 50 Ma near latitude 42°N.
Psychological Reactions in 102 Families with a Newborn Who Has a Falsely Positive Screening Test for Congenital Hypothyroidism

The potential psychological risks of falsely positive test results in neonatal screenings have not been studied previously. 20 000 newborns were screened for congenital hypothyroidism. Of the 144 positive tests, 137 were false. The families of 102 babies with false positives were explored in reference to their (1) initial parental psychic reactions (emotional reactions and abilities for coping) and (2) residual reactions 6 to 12 months later. 78 families initially exhibited strong emotional reactions. Providing information about a positive screening test is therefore an acute strain to the majority. After a period of 6 to 12 months there was in 18 families persistent insecurity regarding the baby's health. These concerns were linked to the family to the screening and the disease screened for. This may impair the parent-child relation and thus, the child's development. Thus a false positive test appear to trigger in the majority a development of a psychic crisis. 12 families seemed however to have been totally untouched by the potential threat of the information. The crisis is effectively solved by most (consideration must be paid to the integrated psychological support given to all). It is not known whether the 18 risk families actually have been iatrogenically hurt or if their worries brought to attention in connection with the screening merely represent habitual psychic maladjustment. Preparation for parenthood and education about screening principles are beneficial and important. This study demonstrates the importance not only of asking how much worry is elicited but also how this worry is being handled (coping ability) in order to provide a fair estimate as to which families are at risk.
Comparison of lipopolysaccharide and protein profiles between Flavobacterium columnare strains from different genomovars

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and total protein profiles from four Flavobacterium columnare isolates were compar. These strains belonged to genetically different groups and/or presented distinct virulence properties. Flavobacterium columnare isolates ALG-00-530 and ARS-1 are highly virulent strains that belong to different genomovars while F. columnare FC-RR is an attenuated mutant used as a live vaccine against F. columnare. Strain ALG-03-063 is included in the same genomovar group as FC-RR and presents a similar genomic fingerprint. Electrophoresis of LPS showed qualitative differences among the four strains. Further analysis of LPS by immunoblotting revealed that the avirulent mutant lacks the higher molecular bands in the LPS. Total protein analysis displayed by immunoblotting showed differences between the strains analysed although common bands were present in all the isolates. FC-RR lacked two distinct common bands (34 and 33 kDa) shared by the other three isolates. Based on the difference of LPS and total protein profiles, it is possible to discriminate the attenuated mutant FC-RR from other F. columnare strains.
Absence seizures: A review of recent reports with new concepts

Absence seizures with bilateral spike-wave (SW) complexes at 3Hz are divided into the childhood form, with onset at around 6 years of age, and the juvenile form, with onset usually at 12 years of age. These seizures typically last 9-12s and, at times, are activated by hyperventilation and occasionally by photic stimulation. Generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizures may also occur, especially in the juvenile form. There may be cognitive changes, in addition to linguistic and behavioral problems. Possible mechanisms for epileptogenesis may involve GABAergic systems, but especially T-calcium channels. The thalamus, especially the reticular nucleus, plays a major role, as does the frontal cortex, mainly the dorsolateral and orbital frontal areas, to the extent that some investigators have concluded that absence seizures are not truly generalized, but rather have selective cortical networks, mainly ventromesial frontal areas and the somatosensory cortex. The latter network is a departure from the more popular concept of a generalized epilepsy. Between the "centrencephalic" and "corticoreticular" theories, a "unified" theory is presented. Proposed genes include T-calcium channel gene CACNA1H, likely a susceptible gene in the Chinese Han population and a contributory gene in Caucasians. Electroencephalography has revealed an interictal increase in prefrontal activity, essential for the buildup of the ictal SW complexes maximal in that region. Infraslow activity can also be seen during ictal SW complexes. For treatment, counter to common belief, ethosuximide may not increase GTC seizures, as it reduces low-threshold T-calcium currents in thalamic neurons. Valproic acid and lamotrigine are also first-line medications. In addition, zonisamide and levetiracetam can be very helpful in absence epilepsy.
Superdeterministic DPDAs: The method of accepting does affect decision problems☆

A deterministic pushdown store automaton is superdeterministic if it is finite delay and whenever two configurations c1 and c′1 in the same state and in reading mode are taken by the same input into two configurations c2 and c′2 in reading mode, then c2 and c2 are also in the same state and the change in stack height between c1 and c2 is the same as that between c′1 and c′2 . Although it is decidable whether an arbitrary context-free language is included in the language accepted by a superdeterministic pushdown store automaton by final state and empty store, inclusion is undecidable for languages accepted by final state or accept mode by superdeterministic pushdown store automata. Equivalence is decidable for superdeterministic pushdown store automata (for either method of acceptance) in time O(2p(n)), p a polynomial.
An in situ infrared study of ethylene hydroformylation and CO hydrogenation on Ru/SiO2 and sulfided Ru/SiO2

Abstract Ethylene hydroformylation, CO hydrogenation and CO adsorption on RU/SiO2 and sulfided RU/SiO2 were studied by in situ infrared spectroscopy. Ethylene hydroformylation was shown to occur on the surface of Ru/SiO2 and sulfided Ru/SiO2 catalysts. Increasing reaction pressure slightly increased the infrared absorbance of linear CO and greatly enhanced selectivities and activities for the formation of acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde in CO hydrogenation and ethylene hydroformylation, respectively. No relation between the IR spectra of adsorbed CO and the hydroformylation activity was observed. Sulfidation of Ru/SiO2 led to a decrease in the wavenumber and absorbance of linearly adsorbed CO and to the inhibition of CO hydrogenation, ethylene hydrogenation and ethylene hydroformylation. Transient and temperature-programmed reaction studies revealed that sulfur poisoning of the Ru/SiO2 catalyst for ethylene hydroformylation was due primarily to the inhibition of desorption of propionaldehyde from the sulfided Ru/SiO2. The presence of residual chlorine on the Ru/SiO2 resulted in an appreciable decrease in the hydrocarbon synthesis activity but only a slight modification of the IR band for the adsorbed CO.
PERSISTENCE OF MESSENGER RNA THROUGH MITOSIS IN HELA CELLS

The decrease in protein synthesis which occurs in mammalian cells during cell division is associated with significant disaggregation of polyribosomes. For determining whether messenger RNA survives this disaggregation, the reformation of polyribosomes was investigated in synchronized HeLa cells as they progressed from metaphase into interphase in the presence of 2 µg/ml Actinomycin D. The persistence of messenger during cell division was evidenced by: (1) a progressive increase in the rate of protein synthesis in both treated and untreated cells for 45 min after metaphase; (2) reformation of polyribosomes, as determined by both sucrose gradients and electron microscopy, within 30 min after the addition of Actinomycin D to metaphase cells; (3) the persistence of approximately 50% of the rapidly labeled nonribosomal RNA which had associated with polyribosomes just before metaphase; (4) the resumption of synthesis, following cell division, of 6 selected peptides in Actinomycin-treated cells.
Iron oxide nanoparticles for sustained delivery of anticancer agents.

We have developed a novel water-dispersible oleic acid (OA)-Pluronic-coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle formulation that can be loaded easily with high doses of water-insoluble anticancer agents. Drug partitions into the OA shell surrounding iron oxide nanoparticles, and the Pluronic that anchors at the OA−water interface confers aqueous dispersity to the formulation. Neither the formulation components nor the drug loading affected the magnetic properties of the core iron oxide nanoparticles. Sustained release of the incorporated drug is observed over 2 weeks under in vitro conditions. The nanoparticles further demonstrated sustained intracellular drug retention relative to drug in solution and a dose-dependent antiproliferative effect in breast and prostate cancer cell lines. This nanoparticle formulation can be used as a universal drug carrier system for systemic administration of water-insoluble drugs while simultaneously allowing magnetic targeting and/or imaging. Keywords: Sustained release; wat...
Using US Data to Estimate the Incidence of Serious Physical Abuse in Children

BACKGROUND There are limited data on the epidemiology of serious injuries due to physical abuse of children. METHODS: We used the 2006 Kids’ Inpatient Database to estimate the incidence of hospitalizations due to serious physical abuse among children RESULTS: The weighted number of cases due to abuse was 4569; the incidence was 6.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.5–6.9) per 100 000 children CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to provide national US data on the occurrence of serious injuries due to physical abuse in hospitalized children. Data from the 2006 Kids’ Inpatient Database on hospitalizations due to serious physical abuse can be used to track trends over time and the effects of prevention programs on serious physical abuse.
Geophysical Studies of Basin Structures along Eastern Sierra Nevada: ABSTRACT

The results of seismic refraction and gravity surveys along the eastern Sierra Nevada are presented and a preliminary interpretation in terms of the regional structure and tectonics is given. Preliminary results indicate that the basin floors dip westward reaching depths or 5,000-6,000 feet near the mountain front. Experience in numerous basins indicates that gravity data combined with a limited number of refraction profiles to check the density assumptions can yield important facts needed to understand the tectonic processes in this area. The methods of machine computation used to reduce the data and analyze the anomalies are discussed. A terrane correction program was developed from the Bendix G15 computer, and programs to compute the gravitational attraction of two- an three-dimensional bodies were written, by using the computing schemes developed by Talwani. The efficiency and accuracy of these machine computing techniques are compared with the efficiency and accuracy of the manual computing techniques. End_of_Article - Last_Page 421------------
Real-time collision avoidance for position-controlled manipulators

A new approach to real-time collision avoidance for position-controlled conventional 6-DOF and dexterous 7-DOF arms is developed, and supportive experimental results are presented. The collision avoidance problem is formulated and solved as a position-based force control problem. Virtual forces representing the intrusion of the arm into the obstacle safety zone are computed in real time using a spring-damper model. These forces are then nullified by employing an outer force control loop which perturbs the Cartesian commands for the arm position control system. The approach is implemented and tested on a 7-DOF RRC arm and a set of experiments are conducted in the laboratory. These experiments demonstrate perturbations of the end-effector position and orientation, as well as the arm posture, in order to avoid impending collisions. The proposed approach is simple, computationally fast, requires minimal modification to the arm control system, and applies to whole-arm collision avoidance for 7-DOF arms.
Adipose Inflammation and Macrophage Infiltration After Binge Ethanol and Burn Injury

Background: Ethanol (EtOH) exposure prior to traumatic injury, such as a burn, elevates systemic and local inflammatory responses and increases morbidity and mortality. Adipose is a large tissue mass that is often inflamed during obesity or other stresses, which disturbs metabolic homeostasis. To date, there has been little investigation into the inflammatory response of adipose tissue after combined EtOH exposure and burn injury. Methods: Two EtOH exposure regimens were utilized to examine the role of inflammation in adipose tissue after EtOH and burn injury. Mice were either given a single or episodic binge exposure to EtOH or saline followed by scald (burn) or sham injury 30 minutes later. Twenty-four hours post injury, serum and adipose tissue were collected for assessment of inflammatory mediators. Results: Single binge EtOH alone induced no inflammation in adipose when compared with sham vehicle-treated mice. However, single binge EtOH followed by burn injury induced significant elevations in mRNA and protein concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin-6 (IL-6), KC, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 compared with either insult alone or sham vehicle group. Additionally, EtOH exposure and burn injury significantly blunted inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), indicating a complex inflammatory response. Episodic binge EtOH exposure followed by burn injury exacerbated the postburn adipose inflammatory response. The magnitude of the episodic bingeinduced inflammatory parameters postburn were 2- to 5-fold greater than the response detected after a single exposure of EtOH, indicating EtOH-induced potentiation of burn-induced inflammatory response. Finally, inflammatory loci and crown-like structures in adipose were significantly increased by episodic binge EtOH and burn injury. Conclusions: This is the first report of binge and burn-induced crown-like structure formation. Evidence presented herein suggests an important role for alcohol and burn as an additional mediator of adipose inflammation in postburn injury, a common complication in burn patients.
Expansion of LiF under Neutron Irradiation

The strain gauge method is applied to the relative linear expansion of LiF under neutron irradiation. The result is (9.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ per ${10}^{15}$ thermal neutrons. An estimate of the number of displacements is in adequate agreement with theory.
Neurologic Eye Signs Following Motorcycle Accidents

• A review of 96 consecutive patients who suffered neuro-ophthalmologic injuries in motorcycle accidents revealed a wide range of findings. These findings were similar to signs associated with other forms of closed-head trauma, aside from a higher incidence of trochlear nerve palsies.
Dromions and a boundary value problem for the Davey-Stewartson 1 equation

We solve an initial-boundary value problem for the Davey-Stewartson 1 equation, which is a two-dimensional generalization of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation. This equation, which describes the interaction of a surface wave envelope of amplitude q(x, y, t) with the mean flow, arises in a wide range of physical problems. We find that the energy from the mean flow can be transferred to the surface envelope and create focusing effects. Indeed, for generic non-zero boundary conditions on the mean flow, an arbitrary initial q(x, y, t) will form a number of two-dimensional, exponentially decaying in both x and y, localized structures. Furthermore, in contrast to the one-dimensional solitons, these solutions do not preserve their form upon interaction and hence can exchange energy. These coherent structures can be driven everywhere in the plane by choosing a suitable motion for the boundaries. We call these novel localized coherent structures dromions.