cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat transport in hyporheic zones due to bedforms: An experimental study

Heat transport in hyporheic zones is critical for many temperature-sensitive physical, chemical, and biological processes. It also plays a role in the energy balance of rivers. To complement previous theoretical studies, we investigated the effects of hyporheic flow due to bed topography on hyporheic thermal dynamics through flume experiments. Diel temperature cycles were imposed in the channel and propagation of temperature signals into the sediment was examined for three different bed morphologies (flat bed, pool-riffle-pool, and rippled bed), three-channel flow rates, and two sediment grain sizes. Results show that the downwelling upstream and downstream of the bedforms and upwelling focused near the crest caused substantial advective heat transport and distinct thermal patterns in the sediment, with downwelling zones reflecting most of the surface water diel thermal range whereas upwelling zones were more buffered. Increasing permeability and channel flow rates increased advective transport. The results corroborate previous theoretical models further showing that hyporheic flow distinctly affects thermal patchiness in sediment. The results also have implications for heat tracing using analytical models which work well for flow fields without pronounced divergence and convergence and minimal dispersion, features atypical of hyporheic flow.
Social system of a hybrid baboon group (Papio anubis × P. hamadryas)

We describe the social organization, mating system, and social structure of a group of hybrid baboons (Papio anubis×P. hamadryas) in Ethiopia's Awash National Park. The group contained elements of both hamadryas and anubis societies. Overall, the group was a multimale, multifemale group that lacked cohesion and frequently formed subgroups. Subgroup formation was more strongly associated with predation risk than food availability. Although there were several hamadryas-like one-male units OMUs within the group, there was no evidence of a hamadryas multilevel society. Male and female members of OMUs were phenotypically more hamadryas-like than non-OMU individuals. The group contained substantial variation in the strength of inter- and intrasexual bonds: some females primarily groomed males while other females primarily groomed females, and the patterns were consistent with the OMU substructure. Despite some promiscuous mating, mating was biased towards the hamadryas condition for all group members. Additionally, rates of immigration and emigration were very low, and mean pairwise relatedness within the group is rising. For measures of intersexual bonding, all members of the group were intermediate between anubis and hamadryas individuals in less hybridized groups. The group was phenotypically and behaviorally more intermediate than it was in the 1970s (Sugawara, K. (1988). Primates 29: 429–448.) and the changes may indicate a relatively young and dynamic hybrid zone.
Rare natural killer cell lymphoma found during surveillance endoscopy.

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is the sixth leading cause of cancer death in the USA and comprises 2–3% of primary neoplasms. Natural killer (NK)/T cell lymphomas are subtypes of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and are aggressive neoplastic disorders with frequent extranodal presentations. Clinically, most cases of aggressive NK cell lymphomas present in young males with massive hepatosplenic infiltration. The upper aerodigestive tract is the most common site of presentation. NK/T cell lymphomas are subtypes of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and are aggressive. Here we describe an unusual case of non-Hodgkin’s NK/ T cell lymphoma of colon and stomach found during surveillance upper endoscopy followed by a subsequent colonoscopy.
An overview of water resources planning in West Africa

Abstract Multilateral and bilateral donors have assisted regional water resources planning organizations in West Africa during the period since independence with limited success. Development of sound plans has been hampered primarily by lack of budgetary support, ineffective management, poorly defined objectives and inadequate coordination among donors, national governments and the planning organizations. It is recommended that donors coordinate their assistance to these organizations to carry out effective water planning by minimizing functional constraints through general budgetary support combined with sharing responsibilities for organizational management. The organizations should concentrate on regional planning and de-emphasize their involvement in project execution.
Selective reduction of forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation by inhibitors of protein synthesis

Inhibiting protein synthesis by incubating C6-2B rat astrocytoma cells with cycloheximide or emetine for periods up to 24 hours caused a progressive decrease in the accumulation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) when the cells were challenged for 30 minutes with 100 microM forskolin. In contrast, cholera toxin-stimulated (6 nM, 3 hours) cyclic AMP accumulation was not diminished in cycloheximide-treated cells, and cyclic AMP was only minimally diminished in response to a 30-minute challenge with 10 microM (-)-isoproterenol. These experiments suggest the presence of a previously unrecognized cyclase component, which is essential for forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation and has a shorter half-life than the beta-adrenergic receptor, the guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins, or the cyclase catalytic component.
A new screening system for proliferation-independent anti-cancer agents

Abstract An in vitro screen for identification of novel anti-cancer agents, which can induce proliferation-independent apoptosis of prostate cancer (PCA) cells, is required, since the proliferative growth fraction of human prostate cancers in patients is usually
Quantification and characterization of regulin, a Mr-230000 highly elongated protein of rabbit reticulocytes

Procedures are described by which regulin in rabbit reticulocytes was quantified and isolated in relatively large amounts. In these cells the protein occurs at a ratio of about 1.1-1.6 regulin monomers/spectrin tetramer, corresponding to 80,000-100,000 molecules of Mr-230,000 regulin/cell. Erythrocytes contain less than 12% of the amount of regulin in reticulocytes and the protein has not been detected in non-erythroid cells. Regulin was found primarily in the cytosolic fraction of lysed reticulocytes. It appears to be unusually sensitive to proteolysis by Ca2+-activated thiol proteases. Isolation of Mr-230,000 undegraded regulin was accomplished by the use of protease inhibitors including N-ethylmaleimide. A striking characteristic of regulin is its tendency to aggregate in neutral solution of low ionic strength. Physical studies of the isolated protein indicate that it has a highly elongated form in solution. The protein has no known enzymatic activity but was shown previously to interact with and increase the enzymatic activity of a protein phosphatase. The properties of regulin suggest that it may have a structural function but it appears to be physically and immunologically distinct from known proteins. It is suggested that regulin may contribute to a gel matrix within the cytoplasm of reticulocytes.
Sequences at the 3′ Side of the c-fos SRE Mediate Gene Expression via an Sob1-Dependent, TCF-Independent Pathway☆

Abstract We previously described a 110-kDa tyrosine phosphoprotein, Sob 1, that regulates formation of the DNA binding complex Band A at the c-fos serum response element (SRE) during T cell activation. Using competition and mutant oligonucleotide analysis, we have determined that both the core CArG box of the c-fos SRE and the 3′ sequences flanking the CArG box are necessary for stable Band A complex formation. Moreover, using transient transfection and reporter assays, we show that mutations affecting Band A complex formation in vitro also impaired serum induction of c-fos gene expression in vivo. Since mutation at this site has no effect on SRF binding, our results suggest that in combination with SRE/SRF, Sob 1-regulated factor(s) bind at the 3′ side of SRE to form Band A, and this confers maximal serum induction of c-fos gene expression via the SRE.
Exchange-coupled pair model for the random-exchange Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain

An approximate model for the $s=\frac{1}{2}$ one-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnet with random exchange is presented. A probability for exchange ($J$) of the form $P(J)=\mathrm{const}{J}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, with the constant $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ in the range $0l\ensuremath{\alpha}l1$, is considered. The approximation is to decouple alternate spins, which leads to isolated exchange-coupled spin pairs having the same $P(J)$. Explicit results for the magnetization ($M$), susceptibility ($\ensuremath{\chi}$), entropy ($S$), and specific heat (${C}_{H}$) are given. Several limiting cases are worked out. The low-field ($\mathrm{Zeeman}\mathrm{energy}\ensuremath{\ll}{k}_{B}T$) behavior is $\ensuremath{\chi}=\mathrm{const}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, whereas at intermediate fields ($\mathrm{Zeeman}\mathrm{energy}\ensuremath{\gg}{k}_{B}T$), $M=\mathrm{const}{H}^{1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, and ${C}_{H}H=\mathrm{const} T{H}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}$. These results are in agreement with the observed behavior of several tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) charge-transfer salts with asymmetric donors, such as quinolinium-${(\mathrm{TCNQ})}_{2}$. Comparison with other approximations shows this model to give results almost indistinguishable from the spinless fermion model of Bulaevskii et al. and the cluster model of Theodorou and Cohen. It is argued that the work of Alexander, Bernasconi, and Orbach shows that there is a relationship between the density of states and $P(J)$ for the Heisenberg chain, and that they are not the same. This leads to a value of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ for the thermodynamic properties which differs from that of $P(J)$ for the fully coupled Heisenberg chain.
Punishment history and adult attitudes towards violence and aggression in men and women

Some sociological and psychological theories view physical punishment as a form of violence which promotes violent behavior and attitudes in children. However, it is used by 90% of American parents. The long-term impact of such widespread reliance on physical punishment on children's lives is largely speculative, as there is a paucity of empirical research in this area. The current study examines reported types of punishment during childhood and adult attitudes towards violence and interpersonal aggression. Differences in men and women are also examined. Two hundred and forty college students participated. Men and women reported different histories of punishment type, and differed in attitudes towards violence and interpersonal aggression. No relationship was found between punishment history and current attitudes towards violence and interpersonal aggression.
Glutathione peroxidase and CT scan abnormalities in schizophrenia

The search for morphological clues to the etiology of schizophrenia has led to widespread application of computed tomography (CT) scans in the examination of patients. These investigations have resulted in numerous reports over the past several years of brain atrophy and increased ventricle-brain ratios (VBR), suggestive of neuronal tissue damage, associated with the disorder. Altered activity of cellular antioxidant systems have been implicated in the neuronal cell loss that is associated with degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), but this phenomenon has not been investigated with respect to functional disorders like schizophrenia. A search for such a relationship in schizophrenics with evidence of brain atrophy has been initiated by measuring the activity of the important antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in blood samples from a population of chronic schizophrenics and age- and sex-matched nonschizophrenic mental patients as controls. A strong negative correlation has been found between GPx activity in both isolated platelets and erythrocytes and CT scan measures of brain atrophy and VBR in the schizophrenics, but not in the control population, which exhibited comparable CT scan abnormalities. These observations suggest a unique relationship of GPx to the mechanism of tissue damage in the schizophrenics.
Uv radiation damage of As2Se3 glass fibers

Abstract This paper describes the effect of UV light on the surface morphology of As2Se3 glass fibers. It has been found that the combined effect of UV light and moisture produces the most drastic degradation of the fiber surface. The products of the light-induced reactions have been identified and possible mechanisms proposed for their formation. The present results have a profound impact on the long-term stability of As2Se3 fibers under ambient conditions.
Antihistaminic drugs increase feeding, while histidine suppresses feeding in rats.

Abstract The present studies tested the hypothesis that histamine blockade stimulates appetite, while increases in histamine levels suppress appetite. Results show that the classical antihistamines cyproheptadine and promethazine both produced significant and long-lasting increases in food intake. Pronounced appetite stimulation was also seen following the administration of doxepin, the most potent antihistamine among the antidepressants. In contrast, administration of the histamine precursor histadine produced a profound suppression in food intake. The results thus suggest that an inverse relationship may exist between histamine and food intake.
The spectrum of surgical jaundice in infancy

Abstract Background Conjugated jaundice arising during infancy may be caused by a number of different surgical conditions. The aim of this study was to compare clinical features, management, and outcome of all types of surgical jaundice presenting in the first year of life. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of all infants born in the United Kingdom with jaundice caused by a surgical cause referred to the authors' institution from January 1992 to December 1999. Results There were 171 infants who could be separated into 3 specific groups: biliary atresia (BA, n=137), inspissated bile syndrome (IBS; n=14), and choledochal malformation (CM; n=12) together with a group containing various miscellaneous conditions (n = 8). Infants with BA had higher bilirubin ( P P P Conclusions Approximately 80% of infants presenting with surgical jaundice have biliary atresia, whereas those with inspissated bile syndrome and choledochal malformations make up most of the remainder. Mortality in this age-group is confined to infants with BA, but even on these infants an overall survival rate of greater than 95% is currently expected.
Particle production in the nuclear fireball model

Thermal equilibrium among hadrons in a nuclear fireball is assumed. Pion and nucleon total and differential cross sections are calculated. The pion differential cross section shows structure due to the decay of resonances. For neutron rich projectile-target combinations there is a net conversion of neutrons to protons.
Efficient DNA Extraction for HPV Genotyping in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissues

DNA from archived FFPE can be used for papillomavirus genotyping, but potential problems include paraffin as a physical barrier, DNA cross-linking, and PCR inhibitors. To address these complications, we combined a commercially available DNA isolation kit (Qiagen DNeasy) with a heat treatment and evaluated the resulting DNA with regards to HPV typing. DNA was extracted from 10-μm sections from 150 FFPE cancer samples. One protocol followed the manufacturer's recommendation, including paraffin removal by xylene and tissue lysis at 56°C. A second section was directly incubated at 120°C and subsequently lysed at 65°C. After spin-column purification, both extracts were tested with a linear array HPV genotyping assay. Additionally, cellular DNA yield, HPV16 DNA copies, and PCR inhibitors were assessed by real-time qPCR assays. Inadequate linear array HPV genotyping assay results were significantly more frequent (P = 0.0003) in xylene-treated (29/150, 19.3%) than in heat-treated extracts (8/150, 5.3%). HPV detection also differed, with 94/150 (62.7%) and 110/150 (73.3%) positive results, respectively (P = 0.0026). The heat method also yielded more PCR-amplifiable cellular DNA (8.2-fold; P
She Made Me Go out of My Mind: Marital violence from the male point of view

Norma Fuller contributes to the understanding of marital violence from the male's point of view. Using data from in-depth interviews carried out among men living in three Peruvian cities, she investigates how men explain the motives that triggered violence against their partners. She concludes that male aggression follows a pattern which expresses the contradiction between a representation of the conjugal bond as founded in mutual reciprocity and solidarity and a masculine culture that stresses male authority and the importance of the networks of male friends.
Epithelial Polarity: Dual Lkb1 Pathways Regulate Apical Microvilli

The Lkb1/Strad/Mo25 complex can polarize single epithelial cells, leading to the formation of a brush border containing microvilli on the apical surface. In this issue of Developmental Cell , ten Klooster et al. show that the Lkb1/Strad/Mo25 complex mediates two separate pathways, and that both are required for assembly of apical microvilli.
Transposon mediated gene insertions into chromosomal and plasmid DNA of lactococci

Abstract The streptococcal transposon Tn919 was transferred by conjugation from Enterococcus faecalis GF590 to Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis C 2 plasmid-cured derivatives LM2301 and LM2306 at frequencies of 6 × 10 -6 and 1·5 × 10 -5 per recipient, respectively. Multiple Tn919 insertion sites were observed in the chromosome of both LM2301 and LM2306. Tn919 was also conjugally transferred to L. lactis ssp. lactis KG801 in which Tn919 inserted into pJK430, a 43 kb non-conjugative plasmid. Tetracycline (Tc) resistance of Tn919 was used to follow the transfer (via electroporation) of 58 kb pJK430::Tn919. Growth of the pJK430::Tn919-containing transformant in the absence of Tc resulted in the loss of pJK430::Tn919 rather than excision and loss of Tn919 alone. Insertion of Tn919 into other plasmids in this strain was not observed.
On seip's description of sampling sequences for bergman spaces

In his 1993 paper (K. SeipInvent. Math. 113 (1993) 21–39), Kristian Seip characterizes sampling and interpolation sequences for the space A −n and gives an outline of the proof of the corresponding theorem for the Bergman space A 2. Using his techniques, we provide a complete proof of the result concerning sampling sequences not only for A 2, but also for A ρ, 1 ≤ p < ∞.
Fractal phase transport dynamics and relaxations in complex correlated systems

Abstract “Stickiness” of transport in fractal-like phase space with a mixture of regular and chaotic regions and an infinite hierarchy of small islands interspersed in the chaotic region of chaotic Hamiltonian systems is used to build a theoretical basis of the coupling model for relaxations in complex correlated systems.
Antireflection gold surface-relief gratings: experimental characteristics

A systematic procedure using the effective index method and impedance matching has recently been developed Appl. Opt.26, 3123 ( 1987)] for the design of antireflection high-spatial-frequency rectangular-groove gratings on lossy materials including high conductivity metals. The design procedure in turn can be used as a starting point to design antireflection metallic gratings with lower spatial frequencies using rigorous coupled-wave analysis. These lower spatial-frequency gratings have the advantage of being easier to fabricate. In the present work, a particular antireflection gold grating design (having a period of 1.0 μm, a filling factor of 50%, and a groove depth of 147.5 nm for use at a freespace wavelength of 500 nm, normal incidence, and polarization parallel to the grooves) was fabricated and its diffraction characteristics experimentally measured. The grating indeed showed very nearly zero specular reflection in the blue region of the spectrum. Unlike previously reported antireflection anomalies, the effect is broadband occurring over a broad range of wavelengths and angles of incidence, and for both orthogonal polarizations. This work clearly shows that the systematic design of zero specular reflection grating surfaces is possible.
Revascularization of Immature Permanent Teeth With Apical Periodontitis: New Treatment Protocol?

A new technique is presented to revascularize immature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis. The canal is disinfected with copious irrigation and a combination of three antibiotics. After the disinfection protocol is complete, the apex is mechanically irritated to initiate bleeding into the canal to produce a blood clot to the level of the cemento-enamel junction. The double seal of the coronal access is then made. In this case, the combination of a disinfected canal, a matrix into which new tissue could grow, and an effective coronal seal appears to have produced the environment necessary for successful revascularization.
Understanding the Different Influences of Online Trust on Loyalty by Risk Takers and Avoiders

In this article, the different influences of online trust, such as integrity, benevolence, and ability, on customer loyalty to the website are tested and discussed with risk taker and risk avoider samples. Specifically, these different influences of trust on customer loyalty is tested with the mediating construct of intention to use the website using a large number of risk taker samples (n = 149) and risk avoider samples (n = 176). In the risk taker samples, the influence of online trust through website ability on customer loyalty is fully mediated by the intention to use the website. However, in the risk avoider samples, online trust beliefs such as ability and integrity as well as intention to use website have direct influences on customer loyalty. There is no relationship of benevolence in this model in both samples. The model explains 43% and 48% of R squares for each sample group. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Understanding Competing Theories of Negotiation

Theory is like a map describing a limited geographic area from a specific, functional perspective. Such a map helps the user understand at a glance the full dimension of the area being described, as well as determine the best plan or strategy for completing a stated project. Theory, by defining comprehensive issues in a meaningful way and iden­ tifying the right questions to ask in support of a particular objective, provides the same benefits for its user. Again similar to a map, theory is best evaluated by a set of realistic standards. I believe there are three standards that are appropriate: a reasonably accurate description of the reality for which it is being presented; a useful description of the factors important to the person needing to take action; and a consistently good outcome achieved by the competent user. Negotiation theorists appear to be deeply divided between proponents of competitive and problem-solving theories. Competitive theorists claim both a close approximation to the actual experience of negotiators and a general superiority of outcomes. Problem-solving theorists assert the pre­ scriptive superiority of their mode of conflict resolution in terms of out­ comes, although some profess that competitive theory describes reality more accurately. Many teachers-and most students-of negotiation are confused by the often polemical dialogue between opposing theorists. Adding to this confu­ sion is the lack of precision with which theorists and practitioners use the terms theory, strategy and style. Commentators representing separate disci­ plines have referred to many different negotiation theories and models: com­ petitive and coordinative (Pruitt, 1981 ); competitive and cooperative (Wil­ liams, 1983); adversarial and problem-solving (Menkel-Meadow, 1984); hard, soft and principled (Fisher and Ury, 1981); distributive and integrative (Raiffa, 1982); and functional and developmental models of negotiating behavior (Gulliver, 1979). Although these multiple references appear to sift naturally into the two competing camps that I am calling competitive and problem-solving, the con­ fusion remains. Are there really two competing theories that explain realities in the negotiation setting? Should there be just one? If there are two, do the strategies that each favors necessarily conflict? What behavioral characteris­ tics does each explain, and what are the downside risks that are hidden within each?
Long-run costs in uranium production

Abstract Long-run marginal production costs for uranium oxide are estimated. The estimates are derived from reported costs for the individual components of cost to the firm: exploration costs, capital costs of mining and milling facilities, variable costs of mining, hauling and milling, and taxes, royalties and normal return to invested capital. Spot prices in mid-1977, having increased sevenfold over the previous five years, were at the high end of the range of cost estimates for what was considered likely to be a marginal production facility. Thus, it was considered unlikely that market prices would continue to increase significantly. In fact, recent prices indicate a decline in real terms has occurred.
Tropolone Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes For Trace Measurements of Tin

Abstract Tin-sensitive chemically modified electrodes were constructed by incorporating the ligand tropolone into the carbon paste matrix. Tin is rapidly collected onto the electrodes and the resulting surfaces are characterized by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. the differential pulse peak current, at-0.81V, is ca. 40-fold larger than the corresponding peak at the plain carbon paste electrode. Linear calibration curves are obtained for tin concentrations ranging from 4 to 52 mg/l. the detection limit is 0.2 mg/l. Rapid renewal of the surface allows use of a single electrode in multiple determinations. the relative standard deviation (at the 7 mg/l level) is 2.0%. Interference effects are reported.
Adaptive load sharing in heterogeneous distributed systems

Abstract In this paper, we study the performance characteristics of simple load sharing algorithms for heterogeneous distributed systems. We assume that nonnegligible delays are encountered in transferring jobs from one node to another. We analyze the effects of these delays on the performance of two threshold-based algorithms called Forward and Reverse. We formulate queuing theoretic models for each of the algorithms operating in heterogeneous systems under the assumption that the job arrival process at each node in Poisson and the service times and job transfer times are exponentially distributed. The models are solved using the Matrix-Geometric solution technique. These models are used to study the effects of different parameters and algorithm variations on the mean job response time: e.g., the effects of varying the thresholds, the impact of changing the probe limit, the impact of biasing the probing, and the optimal response times over a large range of loads and delays. Wherever relevant, the results of the models are compared with the M/M/ 1 model, representing no load balancing (hereafter referred to as NLB), and the M/M/K model, which is an achievable lower bound (hereafter referred to as LB).
Improving Mechanical Properties of Caffeine and Methyl Gallate Crystals by Cocrystallization

By the formation of a 1:1 cocrystal of caffeine and methyl gallate, we demonstrated that powder compaction properties could be profoundly improved. The selection criterion for cocrystal exhibiting superior compaction properties was the presence of slip planes in crystal structure. Bulk cocrystal was prepared by suspending powders of the two pure compounds in ethanol. Fine powders of similar particle size distribution were compressed. Within the whole range of compaction pressure, the tablet tensile strength of methyl gallate was very poor ( 180 MPa, severe lamination of caffeine tablets suddenly occurred. Tablet tensile strength dropped sharply at >240 MPa. In contrast, the tabletability of the cocrystal was excellent over the entire pressure range. Tablet tensile strength of the cocrystal was ∼2 times that of caffeine at <200 MPa, and the ratio gradually increased...
The devil is in the local: provincial religious legislation in China, 2005–2012

Promulgated in the wake of the Regulations on Religious Affairs, the new set of 20 provincial regulations in China often adopt provisions in the central government statute, prescribing a more benign relationship between religion and the state, defining religious affairs narrowly to exclude internal administration issues of religious communities, stipulating protection of religious freedom before that of state authority, adopting a regulatory rather than administrative regime, removing the annual re-certification requirement of religious venues, increasing the institutional autonomy of religious communities in personnel matters and formation, and transferring the supervisory powers from state agencies to religious communities. At the same time, they also circumscribe the interventionist powers of the state, stipulating bureaucratic response time limits, publicising transparent procedures and specific norms for approving and disapproving religious activities, and not requiring religious communities to accep...
Role of angiotensin-II in the polydipsia of diabetes insipidus in the Brattleboro rat☆

Abstract Captopril, an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme which prevents conversion of angiotensin I (AI) to angiotensin II (AII), reduces the polydipsia of Brattleboro rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI). In the present study, captopril (480 mg/kg-day) reduced DI polydipsia by 18% with no change in plasma osmolality; an equivalent (17%) reduction caused by quinine (0.02%) adulteration of drinking water increased plasma osmolality significantly. If captopril reduces water intake of DI rats because it removes a dipsogenic signal to the CNS, plasma osmolality should have increased during captopril treatment. Captopril probably reduces DI polydipsia because it reduces renal water loss by lowering blood pressure. Both furosemide and spironolactone, which reduce renal water loss and increase AII levels, also reduced DI polydipsia with no change in plasma osmolality. Thus, only a small fraction of DI polydipsia seems to be controlled by a dipsogenic effect of AII.
Dynamics of ion-molecule recombination IV. Li+ + (CH3)2O association☆

Abstract Trajectories are used to study the dynamics of Li + + (CH 3 ) 2 O association. The criterion for association in the trajectories is the formation of a long-lived vibrationally/rotationally excited Li + [(CH 3 ) 2 O] ∗ association complex with multiple inner turning points in the Li + + (CH 3 ) 2 O relative distance. Primary association cross sections are determined as a function of the initial relative translational, rotational and vibrational energy. Increasing either the vibrational or rotational energy decreases the association cross sections. Quasiclassical trajectories, which initiate (CH 3 ) 2 O with zero-point vibrational energy, give thermal rate constants which approximately 50% smaller than those for trajectories initiated with no vibrational energy. The trajectory rate constants for Li + (CH 3 ) 2 O association are smaller than those calculated from canonical variational transition state theory. This difference results in part from a dynamical recrossing of the transition state in the trajectories. A bottleneck appears to be present for intramolecular vibrational energy transfer from Li + + (CH 3 ) 2 O relative translation to (CH 3 ) 2 O internal rotation and vibration degrees of freedom. A comparison of trajectory, transition state theory and adiabatic capture theory methods for calculating association rate constants is given.
Jerusalem and the riparian simile

Abstract Many see the city of Jerusalem as an intractable religious political issue, beyond the pale of negotiation and problem solving. This view reflects a set of problematic assumptions, including beliefs that Jerusalem produces a contest between maximalist claims that only power can resolve. In this article, we conduct a conceptual exercise designed to rethink Jerusalem as an issue of political geography open to needs-based bargaining. Drawing from evidence in the Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database, we suggest that riparian negotiations offer an analogue that might be used to restructure the discourse used in the negotiations about Jerusalem. We propose the use of a riparian simile in which negotiators begin with the assumption that “the conflict over Jerusalem is like international water disputes.” Riparian negotiations encourage movement from sovereign rights to functional needs, the use of time as a flexible variable, a focus on beneficial uses, and the creation of language recognizing local contingencies.
Rationality for Economists

Rationality is a complex behavioral theory that can be parsed into statements about preferences, perceptions, and process. This paper looks at the evidence on rationality that is provided by behavioral experiments, and argues that most cognitive anomalies operate through errors in perception that arise from the way information is stored, retrieved, and processed, or through errors in process that lead to formulation of choice problems as cognitive tasks that are inconsistent at least with rationality narrowly defined. The paper discusses how these cognitive anomalies influence economic behavior and measurement, and their implications for economic analysis.
Low-loss small-mode passive waveguides and near-adiabatic tapers in BK7 glass

A detailed study of the Ag/sup +/-Na/sup +/ ion-exchange in BK7 glass and fabrication of low-loss ( >
A Conceptual Framework for Predictability Studies

A conceptual framework is presented for a unified treatment of issues arising in a variety of predictability studies. The predictive power (PP), a predictability measure based on information‐theoretical principles, lies at the center of this framework. The PP is invariant under linear coordinate transformations and applies to multivariate predictions irrespective of assumptions about the probability distribution of prediction errors. For univariate Gaussian predictions, the PP reduces to conventional predictability measures that are based upon the ratio of the rms error of a model prediction over the rms error of the climatological mean prediction. Since climatic variability on intraseasonal to interdecadal timescales follows an approximately Gaussian distribution, the emphasis of this paper is on multivariate Gaussian random variables. Predictable and unpredictable components of multivariate Gaussian systems can be distinguished by predictable component analysis, a procedure derived from discriminant analysis: seeking components with large PP leads to an eigenvalue problem, whose solution yields uncorrelated components that are ordered by PP from largest to smallest. In a discussion of the application of the PP and the predictable component analysis in different types of predictability studies, studies are considered that use either ensemble integrations of numerical models or autoregressive models fitted to observed or simulated data. An investigation of simulated multidecadal variability of the North Atlantic illustrates the proposed methodology. Reanalyzing an ensemble of integrations of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory coupled general circulation model confirms and refines earlier findings. With an autoregressive model fitted to a single integration of the same model, it is demonstrated that similar conclusions can be reached without resorting to computationally costly ensemble integrations.
SkinScan © : A portable library for melanoma detection on handheld devices

We have developed a portable library for automated detection of melanoma termed SkinScan© that can be used on smartphones and other handheld devices. Compared to desktop computers, embedded processors have limited processing speed, memory, and power, but they have the advantage of portability and low cost. In this study we explored the feasibility of running a sophisticated application for automated skin cancer detection on an Apple iPhone 4. Our results demonstrate that the proposed library with the advanced image processing and analysis algorithms has excellent performance on handheld and desktop computers. Therefore, deployment of smartphones as screening devices for skin cancer and other skin diseases can have a significant impact on health care delivery in underserved and remote areas.
The incumbency advantage in U.S. primary elections

Abstract Using a new data set, we estimate the magnitude of the incumbency advantage in direct primary elections between 1912 and 2005. We find that the incumbency advantage, as estimated by the sophomore surge, was above 4 percentage points in primary elections even in the first decades of the twentieth century. The sophomore surge in primary elections grew to approximately 14 percentage points by the end of 1990s. The growth of the sophomore surge in primary elections occurred at least a decade prior to the growth of the sophomore surge in the general elections. We find some evidence that the structure of intra-party competition may affect the incumbency advantage. Specifically, examining southern and border states, we find that the sophomore surge was significantly smaller in states with persistent intra-party factions.
Mutagenicity and Identification of the Reaction Products of Aqueous Chlorine or Chlorine Dioxide with L‐Tryptophan

Nonvolatile products generated from reactions of graded molar ratios of aqueous chlorine or chlorine dioxide with L-tryptophan (1:1, 3:1 and 7:1) were shown to be direct-acting mutagens to Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98. Increasing the ratio of disinfectant relative to amino acid led to increased mutagenic activity, with mutagenicity highest at the 7:1 molar ratio. Several fluorescent bands obtained after thin layer chromatographic fractionation of the reaction mixtures were shown to be more mutagenic than the reaction mixtures. GC/MS analysis of the compounds in a highly mutagenic fraction of the aqueous chlorine reaction products identified 1,1,3-trichloropro-panonc, 1,1,3,3-tetrachloropropanone and dichloroquinoline.
Just How Right Are the Customers? An Analysis of the Relative Performance of Patron-Initiated Interlibrary Loan Monograph Purchases

There has been a flurry of interest in programs for collection development through patron-initiated requests. However, some librarians have been concerned that such methods run the risk of producing idiosyncratic collections with poor usage and poor use value. The University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries have operated such a program through the Interlibrary Loan Department over a five-year period. The following study assesses the relative performance of the program's interlibrary loan–acquired monographs in terms of prices paid per rates of annual circulation, relative use at the topical level, and annual rates of circulation.
Relationships between Larval and Juvenile Abundance of Winter-Spawned Fishes in North Carolina, USA

Abstract We analyzed the relationships between the larval and juvenile abundances of selected estuarine-dependent fishes that spawn during the winter in continental shelf waters of the U.S. Atlantic coast. Six species were included in the analysis based on their ecological and economic importance and relative abundance in available surveys: spot Leiostomus xanthurus, pinfish Lagodon rhomboides, southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma, summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus, Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus, and Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus. Cross-correlation analysis was used to examine the relationships between the larval and juvenile abundances within species. Tests of synchrony across species were used to find similarities in recruitment dynamics for species with similar winter shelf-spawning life-history strategies. Positive correlations were found between the larval and juvenile abundances for three of the six selected species (spot, pinfish, and southern flounder). These three spe...
The Effect of pH on the Cyclic GMP-Activated Conductance in Retinal Rods

Cytoplasmic pH effect on the Na+ current through cyclic GM P-activated channels in excised patches from retinal rods of the salamander was studied using rapid solution changes. The current has a plateau from pH 6.7 to 8.2, increases at pH 9.0 and decreases at acidic pH. The shape of the current-voltage relation is unaltered in the range of pH from 5.4 to 9.0 and voltage between −70 and + 70 mV, showing that the effect of cytoplasmic pH is not voltage-dependent. The results are well described assuming that hydrogen ions bind to two charged groups, with apparent pKs of 5.4 and 9.8. Voltage independence of the pH effect suggests that these hydrogen binding sites lie near the inner mouth of the channel.
Properties of a transmission assignment algorithm for multiple-hop packet radio networks

We study an algorithm, originally defined by Lyui (1991), for assigning collision-free broadcast transmissions for packet radio networks. The method has a number of advantages - it is distributed, fair, permits each terminal to calculate a different frame size, requires only a limited exchange of information, and does not require a contention-based channel-access protocol. These properties make the assignment algorithm particularly useful for dynamic ad hoc networks because the transmission assignments can be easily and quickly adapted to local changes in the topology. An improved description of Lyui's algorithm is given and new simulation results are presented to demonstrate the properties of the transmission assignments for a variety of large networks.
Adaptive DCT coding of video signals

A coefficient-by-coefficient adaptive discrete cosine transform (DCT) is investigated. The interframe DCT has been known to possess an adverse effect in that it generates mosquito and blocking noise. By analyzing DCT for the intraframe and the interframe video signals, a new adaptive intra/interframe DCT is developed. Cases without and with the movement-compensation are discussed separately. Through simulations, it is shown that a substantial improvement gain (1.0-5.0 dB/sub p-p/ or 0.2-2.0 dB/sub p-p/, respectively) can be obtained by the new adaptive method. The improvement is brought about by the reduction of the blocking noise conventionally generated by the coarse quantization of the higher order interframe DCT coefficients. By calculating the improvement bound, a further possibility is discussed. >
Performance of two 10-lb/sec centrifugal compressors with different blade and shroud thicknesses operating over a range of Reynolds numbers

Centrifugal compressors often cannot be directly scaled to very small flow sizes because of structural and manufacturing limitations. The inability to directly scale all design parameters leads to a performance loss other than that which can be associated with the lower Reynolds number. A 10-lb/sec centrifugal compressor was scaled down to 2-lb/sec where adjustments to blade and shroud thickness and fillet radii were required. The modified 2-lb/sec compressor was then directly scaled back up to 10 lb/sec so that the effect of the modifications could be determined. The performance of the two 10-lb/sec compressors is compared over a range of speed and mass flow. The effect of variations in Reynolds number, impeller tip clearance, and shroud thickness on compressor performance is also presented.
Cefepime pharmacodynamics in patients with extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and non-ESBL infections

Summary Objective This study was designed to compare cefepime exposures with microbiological outcomes in ESBL and non-ESBL infections and determine the pharmacodynamic profiles associated with successful outcome. Methods Cefepime pharmacodynamic exposures of unbound drug [time above MIC ( f T>MIC), minimal concentration over MIC ( f C min /MIC), and area under the curve over MIC ( f AUC/MIC)] for 18 patients with ESBL and non-ESBL infections were determined by using a published population pharmacokinetic model. Classification and regression tree analysis was used to identify pharmacodynamic breakpoints that predicted eradication. A 5000-patient Monte Carlo Simulation was conducted to estimate the probability of target attainment for the goal pharmacodynamic exposures. Results Eradication was 80% when f T>MIC was 50% compared with 0% when T>MIC was less than 50% ( p f C min /MIC ratio for ESBL group was statistically lower than that for the non-ESBL group (1.54 versus 138, p f C min /MIC>7.6 and only 33.3% were eradicated when f C min /MIC≤7.6 ( p f T>MIC and f AUC/MIC>1654 were also predictive of eradication. While conventional dosage regimens of 2g q 12h and q 8h failed to achieve adequate target attainment, 4g continuous infusion and 2g q 6–8h prolonged infusion could attain more than 90% of target attainment at the MIC of 2μg/ml for the breakpoint of f Cmin/MIC=7.6. Conclusion Microbiological eradication in patients receiving cefepime was best predicted by f Cmin/MIC ratio greater than 7.6 regardless of the presence of an ESBL. Continuous or prolonged infusion regimens provided the greatest probability of attaining this exposure.
Intraoperative oncologic staging and outcomes for lung cancer resection vary by surgeon specialty.

Background In the United States the majority of lung cancer resections are performed by general surgeons, although surgeons specializing in thoracic surgery have demonstrated superior perioperative and long-term oncologic outcomes. Why these differences exist has not been well studied. We hypothesized that the completeness of intraoperative oncologic staging may explain some of these differences. Methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was used to review 222,233 patients with primary lung cancer treated surgically with wedge resection, segmentectomy, lobectomy, or pneumonectomy from 1998 to 2007. Surgeons were classified as general thoracic surgeons if they performed greater than 75% general thoracic operations and less than 10% cardiac operations; they were classified as cardiac surgeons if they performed greater than 10% cardiac operations; they were classified as general surgeons if they performed less than 75% thoracic operations and less than 10% cardiac operations. The main outcome measure was the performance of lymphadenectomy or mediastinoscopy during the same admission as the cancer resection. Results The overall lymphadenectomy rate was 56% (n = 125,115) and was highest for general thoracic surgeons at 73% (n = 13,313), followed by 55% (n = 65,453) for general surgeons, and 54% (n = 46,349) for cardiac surgeons (p ; p = 0.003) and postoperative complications (OR, 1.17; CI, 1.00 to 1.36 ; p = 0.043) compared with general thoracic surgeons. Conclusions Surgeon specialty impacts the adequacy of oncologic staging in patients undergoing resection for primary lung cancer. Specifically, general thoracic surgeons performed intraoperative oncologic staging significantly more often than did their general surgeon and cardiac surgeon counterparts while achieving significantly lower in-hospital mortality and complication rates.