cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Online thermal estimation, control, and self-excitation of buildings

This paper investigates a method to improve building control performance via online identification and excitation (active learning process) that does not disrupt normal operations. In previous studies we have demonstrated scalable methods to acquire multi-zone thermal models of passive buildings using a gray-box approach that leverages building topology and measurement data. Here we extend the method to multi-zone actively controlled buildings and examine how to improve the thermal model estimation by using the controller to excite unknown portions of the building dynamics. Comparing against a baseline thermostat controller, we demonstrate the utility of both the initially acquired and improved models with a Model Predictive Control (MPC) framework, which includes weather uncertainty and time-varying temperature set-points. By coupling building topology, estimation, and control routines into a single online framework, we have demonstrated the potential for low-cost scalable methods to actively learn and control buildings for optimal occupant comfort and minimum energy usage, all while using the existing building's HVAC sensors and hardware.
Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) defines the first phase of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced differentiation of HL60 cells.

Activation of ERK1 and ERK2 protein kinases has been implicated in diverse cellular processes, including the control of cell proliferation and cell differentiation (Marshall [1995] Cell 80:179). In human myeloblastoid leukemia HL60 cells rapid (ca. 15 min) but transient activation of ERK1/2 has been reported following induction of macrophage/monocyte differentiation by phorbol esters, or by very high (10(-6) M) concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D3), while retinoic acid-induced granulocytic differentiation was accompanied by sustained activation of ERK1/2. We report here that monocytic differentiation of HL60 cells induced by moderate (10(-9) to 10(-7) M) concentrations of 1,25D3 could be divided into at least two stages. In the first phase, which lasts 24-48 h, the cells continued in the normal cell cycle while expressing markers of monocytic phenotype, such as CD14. In the next phase the onset of G1 cell cycle block became apparent and expression of CD11b was prominent, indicating a more mature myeloid phenotype. The first phase was characterized by high levels of ERKs activated by phosphorylation, and these decreased as the cells entered the second phase, while the levels of p27/Kip1 increased at that time. Serum-starved or PD98059-treated HL60 cells had reduced growth rate and slower differentiation, but the G1 block also coincided with decreased levels of activated ERK1/2. The data suggest that the MEK/ERK pathway maintains cell proliferation during 1,25D3-induced monocytic differentiation of HL60 cells, but that ERK1/2 activity becomes suppressed during the later stages of differentiation, and the consequent G1 block leads to "terminal" differentiation.
Convection waves: Observations of gravity wave systems over convectively active boundary layers

Widespread gravity wave systems have been found to exist over convectively active boundary layers (CBLs) in the presence of vertical wind shear. In contrast to mountain waves, these ‘convection waves’ occur over flat terrain and are ubiquitous over fields of shallow fair weather cumuli or clear air thermals. They extend vertically to at least 9km a.m.s.l., probably to the tropopause. First discovered by glider pilots as ‘thermal waves’, they have now been systematically investigated by research aircraft during the NCAR Convection Wave Project, which also incorporates an effort in numerical simulation. the flight results are reported in this paper, while the numerical simulations are described in a companion paper. Typical wavelengths of convection waves were found to range from 5 to 15 km, (average 9 km) and typical vertical motion amplitudes from ± 1 to ± 3 m s−1. In all cases vertical wind shear exceeded 3×10−3s−1. Under these conditions cloud tops were measured to move with relative velocities of 8 to 10 m s−1 against their environment, hence they present an obstacle to the surrounding airflow. the analogy to mountainous obstacles launching gravity waves into the atmosphere is suggestive and borne out by the aforementioned numerical simulations, which describe this process step by step. The interaction between the CBL and the overlying stable layers is studied by spectral and cross-spectral analysis of aircraft data including coherence and phase relations between wave motions and cloud population underneath. Consideration is given to other potential sources of the observed gravity waves. At this stage the conclusions of our pilot study may be considered tentative. Some implications for further research are also discussed.
Heteroepitaxial growth of Cd1−xMnxTe on GaAs by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

In this letter, preliminary results are reported of heteroepitaxial growth of the dilute magnetic semiconductor alloy Cd(1-x)Mn(x)Te on GaAs by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Dimethylcadmium (DMCd), diethyltellurium (DETe), and tricarbonyl (methylcyclopentadienyl) manganese (TCPMn) were used as source materials. The TCPMn had to be heated to as high as 140 C to provide the required vapor pressure. Films with Mn atomic fractions up to 30 percent have been grown over the temperature range 410-450 C. Results of optical absorption/transmission, photoluminescence, and X-ray diffraction measurements are presented along with a scanning electron micrograph showing good surface morphology of the grown layers.
Bridging the Gap: A Seminar in Psychology and Public Policy Issues

This article describes a seminar for senior psychology majors concerned with applications of psychological research to current and controversial issues of social importance. The students, in groups of two or three, prepared symposia on public policy issues. They presented each symposium twice; the first presentation was based principally on the media and the second on the research literature and other primary sources. The seminar gave students an enhanced appreciation of the strengths and limitations of scientific psychology's contributions to public policy and can help to bridge the gap between their academic training in psychology and their concerns as members of society.
The path to convergence: Intergenerational occupational mobility in Britain and the US in three eras

Late nineteenth century intergenerational occupational mobility was higher in the US than in Britain. Differences between them in this type of mobility are absent today. Using data on 10,000 US and British father and son pairs followed over two intervals (the 1860s and 1870s, and the 1880s and 1890s), we examine how this convergence occurred. The US remained more mobile then Britain through 1900, but the difference fell over the last two decades of the nineteenth century (as British mobility rose) and was erased by the 1950s (as mobility fell by more in the US than in Britain).
The structure and energetics of, and the plasticity caused by, Eshelby dislocations

The structure of coaxial, or Eshelby, dislocations are computed using isotropic elasticity for arrays of up to 500 dislocations. The energies of these arrays are determined in order to predict the lowest energy configuration and multiple meta-stable configurations are often found. The energy from these elasticity predictions shows good agreement with molecular statics simulations of aluminum. From these simulations, the torque-twist curves are predicted and compared with molecular dynamics simulations.
Writing: An approach for large-enrollment chemistry courses

Significant benefits can be observed for both students and the instructor by using informal writing assignments to increase mutual communication.
Transient gene delivery for functional enrichment of differentiating embryonic stem cells.

There is a critical need for new sources of hepatocytes, both clinically to provide support for patients with liver failure and in drug discovery for toxicity, metabolic and pharmacokinetic screening of new drug entities. We have reported previously a variety of methods for differentiating murine embryonic stem (ES) cells into hepatocyte-like cells. One major challenge of our work and others in the field has been the ability to selectively purify and enrich these cells from a heterogeneous population. Traditional approaches for inserting new genes (e.g., stable transfection, knock-in, retroviral transduction) involve permanent alterations in the genome. These approaches can lead to mutations and involve the extra costs and time of developing, validating and maintaining new cell lines. We have developed a transient gene delivery system that uses fluorescent gene reporters for purification of the cells. Following a transient transfection, the cells are purified through a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS), re-plated in secondary culture and subsequent phenotypic analysis is performed. In an effort to test the ability of the reporters to work in a transient environment for our differentiation system, we engineered two non-viral plasmid reporters, the first driven by the mouse albumin enhancer/promoter and the second by the mouse cytochrome P450 7A1 (Cyp7A1) promoter. We optimized the transfection efficiency of delivering these genes into spontaneously differentiated ES cells and sorted independent fractions positive for each reporter 17 days after inducing differentiation. We found that cells sorted based on the Cyp7A1 promoter showed significant enrichment in terms of albumin secretion, urea secretion and cytochrome P450 1A2 detoxification activity as compared to enrichment garnered by the albumin promoter-based cell sort. Development of gene reporter systems that allow us to identify, purify and assess homogeneous populations of cells is important in better understanding stem cell differentiation pathways. And engineering cellular systems without making permanent gene changes will be critical for the generation of clinically acceptable cellular material in the future. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 859–872. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Associative asymmetry in probed recall of serial lists.

For pairs of meaningful items (e.g., words), recall accuracy is nearly identical for forward and backward probes. That is, after studying an A-B pair, subjects can recall A given B as well as they can recall B given A (Kahana, 2002). To assess whether this symmetry property is unique to pairs, we investigated the effects of study direction on probed recall of word triples and serial lists. Two experiments revealed a forward-recall advantage in both triples and serial lists. In addition, compound cues produced better recall than did single-item adjacent cues, which, in turn, produced better recall than did remote cues. These findings suggest a discontinuity between the associative processes supporting memory for pairs and those supporting memory for sequences of three or more items.
Sex and intelligence differences in humor appreciation: A re-examination

Much research has established that sex and intelligence differences in humor appreciation exist and are marked. However, these differences have never been systematically explored in light of the variety of semantic techniques on which humor is based. This research develops a scale of humor appreciation which includes five distinct semantic types of humor. Successful scale construction indicates that humor appreciation does not vary by type of humor. The scale is applied to a cohort of college students. It is reported that significant sex and intelligence differences do not exist for all semantic types of humor, nor are all differences in the predicted direction. This research recommends that in the future the correlates of humor appreciation be explored by semantic techniques.
Overconsumption of preferred foods following capsaicin pretreatment of the area postrema and adjacent nucleus of the solitary tract.

Lesions which destroy the area postrema (AP) and damage the adjacent nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) produce a constellation of behavioral signs which include overingestion of highly palatable food, exaggerated drinking in response to angiotensin II, diminished feeding in response to glucoprivation and chronically reduced body weight. The diversity of these signs, as well as the anatomical complexities of the AP and adjacent NST, suggest that more than one behaviorally relevant neural population may be damaged by lesions of these areas. Injections of the neurotoxin, capsaicin, made directly into the region of the AP and adjacent NST, cause rats to overconsume highly palatable foods when these foods are available during short (30 min) presentations or when they are available continuously. The capsaicin-treated animals, unlike rats with thermal lesions of the AP and adjacent NST, do not exhibit chronically reduced body weight or overdrink in response to angiotensin II. In addition, feeding in response to glucoprivation is undiminished in capsaicin-injected rats. These results suggest that thermal damage to the AP and adjacent NST causes overingestion of preferred foods by damaging a population of capsaicin-sensitive neurons. The other manifestations of thermal lesions of the AP and adjacent NST are probably mediated by neurons which are not susceptible to capsaicin-induced damage. Since small unmyelinated sensory neurons are most sensitive to damage by capsaicin, it may be that damage to small sensory neuron projections in the AP and/or adjacent NST produces the overconsumption of palatable foods.
Utility impact rating with subsurface utility engineering in project development

A lack of reliable information regarding the locations of underground utilities can not only result in property damage, construction delays, design changes, claims, injuries, and even deaths but can also cause traffic delays, local business disruptions, environmental problems, and utility service breakdowns in highway projects. The subsurface utility engineering (SUE) is an engineering process designed to reduce the potential of underground utility conflicts at the planning phase. The SUE uses new and existing technologies to identify, characterize, and map accurately the underground utilities with three major activities: designation, location, and data management. In this study, a decision-support tool called the SUE utility impact rating form, which refers to utility complexity at the construction site, has been developed to determine which projects should include SUE and the appropriate levels of SUE investigation to be used. In addition, case studies with benefit–cost ratio have been performed to veri...
Survival motor neuron protein regulates apoptosis in an in vitro model of spinal muscular atrophy.

Progressive spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the most prevalent hereditary lower motor neuron disease, is caused by mutations in the telomeric copy of the survival of motor neuron(SMN1) gene. Unlike other cells, lower motor neurons cannot tolerate low levels of smn protein. However, it is unclear as to the nature of the cell death involved. There is evidence that lower motor neurons undergo apoptosis in SMA, leading to muscle weakness and wasting. This study investigated whetherSMN1 regulation in a motor neuron model affected indices of apoptotic cell death. Decreased smn expression in neuroblas-toma hybrid (NSC-34) cell lines by small interfering RNA (siRNA) was demonstrated at the mRNA and protein level. Smn-depleted cells showed elevated caspase-3 activity, decreased cell viability and increased percentage of TUNEL positive cells. Conversely, NSC-34 cell smn overexpression by adenoviral gene transfer decreased staurosporine-induced caspase-3 elevation and mitigated induced cell toxicity as assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. However, increased smn expression by itself did not increase cell viability. These data suggest not only that decreased smn levels increase apoptosis in anin vitro model of SMA, but also that increased smn can protect against neural injury.
Open access webliography

Purpose – The paper aims to present a wide range of useful freely available internet resources (e.g. directories, e‐journals, FAQs, mailing lists, and weblogs) that allow the reader to investigate the major aspects of the important open access (OA) movement.Design/methodology/approach – The internet resources included in this webliography were identified during the course of one of the authors writing the Open Access Bibliography: Liberating Scholarly Literature with E‐prints and Open Access Journals. The authors evaluated, selected, categorized, and annotated these resources to construct this webliography, which complements the bibliography.Findings – The most useful resources have been annotated and organized into webliography sections. For example, the “Starting Points”, “Debates”, and “General Information” sections list resources that orient the reader to OA and the issues involved. The different “Directories (and Guides)” sections alert the reader to useful finding aids on relevant subjects.Originali...
TASK ANALYSIS: BULIDING MODELS OF CHANGE PROCESSES IN GIFTED EDUCATION

Researchers in the field of gifted education are becoming increasingly aware that a variety of research approaches can make contributions to research on giftedness. This paper describes task analysis, a research methodology derived from counseling process research. Task analysis appears to be a useful research approach for building theoretical models of how therapeutic and educational interventions can facilitate positive changes in gifted children. The paper traces the historical development of task analysis methodology, describes the steps involved in conducting a rational‐empirical task analysis of change processes, and provides an example of how task analysis methodology might be applied to investigations of change processes in the field of gifted education.
Radiative surface temperatures of the burned and unburned areas in a tallgrass prairie

This study was conducted in a natural tallgrass prairie area in the Flint Hills of Kansas. The objective was to evaluate the surface radiative temperatures of burned and unburned treatments of the grassland as a means of delineating the areas covered by each treatment. Burning is used to remove the senescent vegetation resulting from the previous year's growth. Surface temperatures were obtained in situ and by an airborne scanner. Burned and unburned grass canopies had distinctly different diurnal surface radiative temperatures. Measurements of surface energy balance components revealed a difference in partitioning of the available energy between the two canopies, which resulted in the difference in their measured surface temperatures. The magnitude of this difference is dependent on the time of measurements and topographic conditions.
Confinement improvement in beam heated ISX-B discharges with low-z impurity injection

Abstract Results are reported on improved confinement in the Impurity Study Experiment (ISX-B) neutral beam heated plasmas when a small amount of neon is injected shortly after the start of beam heating. The scaling of energy confinement is modified by the introduction of a dependence on line-averaged density. Calculations show the improvement is primarily caused by a reduction in electron heat conduction.
Air pollution injury of potato in Michigan

A disorder of Michigan potatoes tentatively called speckle leaf is associated, in part, with air pollution injury. The disease is characterized by reduced yields following early vine maturity, premature vine death, and yellowing of the lower leaves. Necrotic spots developed on the upper surface of leaves, followed by bronzing, and upward leaf rolling. Severely affected leaves became chlorotic and remained attached to the stem. Potato plants were grown in two plastic houses through which was blown either ambient field air or ambient air filtered through activated charcoal. Plants grown in the plastic house receiving ambient air developed symptoms similar to nearby field plants. Plants grew normally in filtered ambient air and remained free of speckle leaf and air pollution injury symptoms. The potato varieties Haig, Norchip, and Superior were most sensitive, Sebago was intermediate, and Kennebec and Katahdin were most tolerant. Tobacco plants in ambient non-filtered air developed symptoms typical of ozone injury. Bean leaves became bronzed with brown necrotic flecks on both surfaces, and severely affected leaves dropped. Neither tobacco nor bean was affected in the filtered air. 24 references, 6 figures.
Drainage equations for random and irregular tile drainage systems

Subsurface drainage theory has been reviewed and applied to single tile systems in order to predict the hydrology of tile-drained watersheds where irregular or random drainage systems predominate. Simple analytical solutions for subsurface flow towards a single tile are proposed and evaluated. In these solutions, the spacing parameter, which characterizes drainage solutions for parallel systems, is replaced by a variable region of influence for transient scenarios. Evaluation of the proposed solution was carried out by comparisons with results obtained using a robust unsaturated-flow finite element model. The results predicted by the derived solution were found to be in close agreement with those obtained from the numerical simulations. Therefore, it is concluded that the proposed model holds well for situations of practical import and can be used in future work with large-scale hydrologic models.
SOURCES OF PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN FOR LAKES ON AFOGNAK ISLAND1

The contribution of inlet streams to the phosphorus and nitrogen budgets of two lakes on Afognak Island (Kodiak Region), Alaska has been studied with special reference to the morphology of the associated watersheds. One lake drains a steep, vast watershed; the other, a relatively flat, restricted one. Streams coming from the steeper slopes show a lower PO4-P concentration than those coming from shallow slopes as might be expected from runoff— residence considerations. Exactly the opposite is found when the nitrate concentration of these streams is examined, i.e., only the streams arising on steep slopes show appreciable amounts of nitrate. Phosphorus appearing in the inlets probably originates in the Katmai ash which lies just under the humus layer of soil. Three distinct layers of ash occur normally. A complex pattern of phosphorus distribution can probably be attributed to differences in the permeability of these layers to water. A model has been constructed as an aid to interpretation of the data. Thickets of nitrogen fixing alders, found only along steep stream banks, may be the source of the nitrate content of these streams.
Gene markers of generic Escherichia coli associated with colonization and persistence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 are important foodborne pathogens whose major reservoir are asymptomatic cattle. There is evidence suggesting that nonpathogenic E. coli and bacteriophages in the gastro-intestinal tract can influence the pathogenicity of EHEC O157. The factors contributing to the onset and persistence of shedding EHEC O157 in cattle are not completely elucidated. This study used Bayesian network analysis to identify genetic markers of generic E. coli associated with shedding of EHEC O157 in cattle from data generated during an oral experimental challenge study in 4 groups of 6 steers inoculated with three different EHEC O157 strains. The quantification of these associations was accomplished using mixed effects logistic regression. The results showed that the concurrent presence of generic E. coli carrying the prophage marker R4-N and the virulence marker stx2 increased the odds of the onset of EHEC O157 shedding. The presence of prophage markers z2322 and X011C increased, while C1.N decreased the odds of shedding EHEC O157 two days later. A significant antagonist interaction effect between the presence of the virulence marker stx2 on the day of shedding EHEC O157 and two days before shedding was also found. In terms of the persistence of EHEC O157 shedding, the presence of prophage marker R4-N (OR=16, and 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 252) was found to increase the odds of stopping EHEC O157 shedding, whereas prophage marker C1.N (OR=0.16, CI: 0.03, 0.7) and the enterohemolysin gene hly (OR=0.03, CI: 0.001, 0.8) were found to significantly decrease the odds of stopping EHEC O157 shedding. In conclusion, the study found that the presence of certain genetic markers in the generic E. coli genome can influence the pathogenicity of EHEC O157.
Radiofrequency Ablation of Neuroendocrine Hepatic Metastasis

Neuroendocrine cancer commonly metastasizes to the liver and often presents as unresectable disease. Liver resection or debulking most of the tumor provides a survival advantage for patients. Whether used alone or in combination with resection, radiofrequency ablation provides a unique tool to destroy metastases to the liver and spare hepatic parenchyma. Although randomized trials are lacking, retrospective series provide promising data to consider radiofrequency ablation in the management of hepatic neuroendocrine metastases.
The carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in permanent residents at high altitudes

Abstract D L , D M and V C were determined by the steady-state carbon monoxide method in five residents of 3700 m and in four residents of 4500 m. Observed D L (Pa O 2 ; 100–150 mm Hg) and derived D M were greater than normal in residents of 3700 m but were nearly equal to sea level normal values in residents of 4500 m. Derived V C was near normal in the first group, but was greatly increased in the second group. These differences most likely result from differences in true D M and V C , with the exception that apparent D L and D M for the residents of 4500 m may be spuriously low. The changes in V C agree well with the differences in predicted central blood volume, but the greater D M in residents of high altitude is difficult to reconcile with anatomical measurements in other high altitude species. It is concluded that in permanent residents at high altitude the diffusion and reaction components of the total resistance to oxygen uptake in the lung are decreased, an adaptation not present in acclimatized low-landers.
Competition, superstition and the illusion of control

The effects of reinforcement schedule and competition on generating superstitious behaviors and beliefs were examined in 72 people. Superstition was induced by having participants respond to turn on a tone under a concurrent 2—lever Variable Interval (VI) Extinction (EXT) schedule. During the session, stimulus lights would occasionally be illuminated, although they did not signal any change in contingency. Attributing importance to the inactive lever, a pattern of switching between levers, or to the illumination of the lights were considered to be superstitious beliefs. Participants were either run alone or in pairs, and manipulation of the reinforcement schedule resulted in groups which were matched in probability of reinforcement, as well as in groups which were mismatched. Reinforcement schedule (VI 30” versus VI 60”) and competitive situation did not affect degree of superstitious belief, except when people were placed in a “winning” condition. However, Superstition was associated with participants’ belief in improved future performance and with participants’ perceived skill relative to their opponents. Results are discussed in terms of relationships between superstition, the illusion of control, and self-efficacy. Differences between experimentally-induced and commonly held superstitions are also discussed.
Characteristic EEG Rhythms with the Use of Ketamine in Patients with Status Epilepticus (P01.204)

Objective: Characterize effects of Ketamine on EEG during continuous EEG monitoring (cEEG) in patients with status epilepticus (SE). Background The goal of anesthetics in the treatment of SE is to stop seizures, usually by achieving a burst suppression pattern on cEEG monitoring. Ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist, is an anesthetic that has recently been reported to be efficacious in the treatment of SE. Although, it has been reported to have characteristic increased frequencies on EEG rhythms in the anesthesia literature, little is known on how prolonged administration of Ketamine, used for SE, affects EEG. Design/Methods: Records of 11 patients with SE requiring cEEG monitoring between July and September 2011 were reviewed. Seven received Ketamine as part of AED regimen at doses 8 to 92 microgram/kg/min for 2 to 4 days. EEGs were reviewed prior to initiation, during administration, and after cessation of Ketamine. Results: Characteristic EEG changes described as generalized frontally predominant archiform alpha rhythms (9 to 11 Hz) of 25 to 35 microvolts in amplitude were seen in 2 patients; one of which, the addition of Ketamine resulted in cessation of SE at 67 mcg/kg/min without burst suppression. The other patient received Ketamine at 19 mcg/kg/min. Overall, cessation of status was eventually achieved with the addition of pentobarbital (2/7), and with focal resection (1/7). One died following withdrawal of care due to anoxic brain injury and another one died from brain stem herniation following cerebral hemorrhage. No clear adverse effects were reported with prolonged use of Ketamine. Conclusions: Ketamine can be utilized safely over prolonged period of time for management of SE, though its efficacy needs to be proven. It can achieve this without induction of burst-suppression and identification of characteristic EEG pattern with Ketamine during cEEG montoring can help guide medication management. Disclosure: Dr. Alqallaf has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shneyder has nothing to disclose. Dr. Burghardt has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shah has received personal compensation for activities with UCB Pharma as a consultant. Dr. Shah has received research support from UCB Pharma, Sunovion, Upsher-Smith, and Pfizer. Dr. Basha has nothing to disclose.
PREPARATION OF PENTAKIS(2,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHOXY) ARSORANE AND LITHIUM HEXAKIS(2,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHOXY) ARSENATE

Abstract Tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) arsenite, 4, has been synthesized from 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol and arsenic trichloride. When 4 was allowed to react with chlorine, pentakis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)arsorane, 5, resulted. This material reacted with lithium 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxide, 6, to yield lithium hexakis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy) arsenate, 7. A 75As NMR resonance was observed for this material.
Mutagen sensitivity as a marker of cancer susceptibility

Modulation of environmental exposures by host genetic factors may explain interindividual variation in susceptibility to carcinogenesis. One determinant of susceptibility is mutagen sensitivity measured by the frequency of bleomycin-induced breaks in an in vitro lymphocyte assay. Mutagen sensitivity is a significant predictor of aerodigestive tract cancer risk. In this case-control study of lung-cancer susceptibility markers, 54% of 132 lung-cancer cases had mutagen-sensitivity scores greater than or equal to 1 break/cell, compared with only 22% of 232 controls. The mean breaks/cell value (±SE) for the 88 African-American cases was 1.11 (±0.60), compared with 0.82 (±0.49) for the 121 controls (P < 0.001). For the 44 Mexican-American cases and 111 controls, the comparable values were 1.11 (±0.52) and 0.76 (±0.38), respectively. The overall odds ratio (OR) for mutagen sensitivity (dichotomized at ≥ 1 break/cell), after adjusting for ethnicity and smoking status, was 3.62 (95% confidence limits [CL] = 2.2, 5.9). For current smokers the adjusted risk associated with mutagen sensitivity was 2.52 (1.2, 5.3). For former smokers, the comparable OR (95% CL) was 6.19 (2.7, 14.1). The risk estimate for those under 61 years of age was 4.85 (2.3, 10.4), compared with 2.85 (1.5, 5.6) for older subjects. The risk also appeared to be higher for lighter smokers (<20 cigarettes daily) than heavier smokers (ORs = 5.72 and 3.20, respectively). The ethnicity-adjusted ORs by quartile of breaks/cell were 1.0, 1.40, 2.46, and 4.80; the trend test was significant at P < 0.001. The joint effects of mutagen sensitivity and former smoking, current smoking, or heavy smoking were greater than additive, although the interaction terms were not statistically significant in the logistic model. Mutagen sensitivity may therefore be a useful member of a panel of susceptibility markers for defining high-risk subgroups for chemoprevention trials. J. Cell. Biochem: 25S:80–84. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Occult carotid artery injury related to automobile seat belts

A 24-year-old woman had a clinically occult injury of the carotid artery from the shoulder seat belt restraint in a motor vehicle accident. Acute thromboembolism and hemiplegia occurred two hours after her admission to the emergency department. There were contusions of the neck and chest (seat belt sign) but no associated injuries of the cervical spine, mandible, larynx, or brachial plexus. The diagnosis was made by carotid arteriography after the occurrence of thromboembolism. Early clinical suspicion, diagnosis, and surgical repair of the artery are necessary to prevent delayed or recurrent thromboembolism and stroke. Carotid artery and duodenal injuries in this patient were related to improperly fitting seat belts. The current useful preventive measures are adjustment of seat belts to individual body habitus and the regular use of snugly adjusted belts.
Experimental adenovirus hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer fawns.

Infection with a newly described endotheliotropic adenovirus was the cause of a 1993 epizootic reminiscent of hemorrhagic disease in California mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus and O. hemionus hemionus). Pulmonary edema and intestinal luminal hemorrhage, or necrotizing stomatitis associated with systemic or localized vasculitis, respectively, were common lesions seen in animals that died during the epizootic. In order to determine if white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) also are susceptible to infection and fatal disease with the deer adenovirus, eight white-tailed deer fawns (4- to 6-mo-old) were inoculated with purified deer adenovirus. Four were inoculated intravenously and four were inoculated through the mucous membranes. Seven days post-inoculation, one of the fawns inoculated intravenously died. Pulmonary edema and hemorrhagic enteropathy were associated with pulmonary and intestinal vasculitis with systemic multiorgan distribution of endotheliotropic adenovirus as demonstrated by t...
Familial deletion within NLGN4 associated with autism and Tourette syndrome

Neuroligin 4 (NLGN4) is a member of a cell adhesion protein family that appears to play a role in the maturation and function of neuronal synapses. Mutations in the X-linked NLGN4 gene are a potential cause of autistic spectrum disorders, and mutations have been reported in several patients with autism, Asperger syndrome, and mental retardation. We describe here a family with a wide variation in neuropsychiatric illness associated with a deletion of exons 4, 5, and 6 of NLGN4. The proband is an autistic boy with a motor tic. His brother has Tourette syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Their mother, a carrier, has a learning disorder, anxiety, and depression. This family demonstrates that NLGN4 mutations can be associated with a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric conditions and that carriers may be affected with milder symptoms.
Roth's the Counterlife and the Negotiation of Reality and Fiction

In her article "Roth's The analyzes some aspects of the readers' Roth in the novel's first chapter "Basel" which guide the text and the keys tive created by the employment of prepare readers to the metafictional analysis, Masiero posits that the novel and a window on how our own minds > Literature and Culture ISSN 1481-4374 16 Issue 2 (June 2014) Article 13 Pia Masiero, and the Negotiation of Reality and Fiction b.purdue.edu/clcweb/vol16/iss2/13> Comparative Literature and Culture 16.2 (2014) Memory, and the Making of Character in Roth's Fiction Sanchez-Canales and Victoria Aarons > Counterlife and the Negotiation of Reality and Fiction" negotiations of Phillip Roth's 1986 novel. Masiero anatomizes what follows and provides the rules to interpret its meaning. Masiero argues that the effects third-person narration and contra-punctual simultaneous choices they encounter in the final chapters of the turns out to be a journey in Nathan Zuckerman's work. > ©Purdue University journal in the of comparative In addition to the material in its Language and the Humanities the Modern LanguaPress monog-
Oropharyngeal dysphagia in infants and children with infantile Pompe disease.

Pompe disease is a rare genetic progressive neuromuscular disorder. The most severe form, infantile Pompe disease, has historically resulted in early mortality, most commonly due to cardiorespiratory failure. Treatment with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) using alglucosidase alfa (Myozyme®) has extended the lifespan of individuals with this disease. With the introduction of ERT and the resultant improved survival, dysphagia is being encountered clinically with increasing regularity though systematic data remain unavailable. We retrospectively studied the oropharyngeal swallowing of 13 infants and children with Pompe disease using videofluoroscopy before initiation of ERT, allowing for baseline swallow function to be established in an untreated cohort. Dysphagia was present in all 13 subjects, even in a participant only 15 days old. Oral stage signs were present in 77%, most frequently a weak suck in 69%. Pharyngeal stage signs were present in 100%, including a pharyngeal swallow delay in 92% and pharyngeal residue in 77%. Airway invasion was present in 76.9% of subjects, including penetration in five (38.46%) and silent aspiration in an additional five (38.46%). No relationship in the relative involvement of swallowing, gross motor function, and cardiac disease appeared to be present.
Evidence of a role for multiple memory systems in behavioral extinction.

Abstract The acquisition of learned behavior involves multiple memory systems, and hippocampal system damage impairs cognitive learning while leaving stimulus–response habit learning intact. In view of evidence that extinction also involves new learning, the present experiments examined whether multiple memory systems theory may be applicable to the neural bases of extinction. Adult Long–Evans rats were trained to run in a straight-alley maze for food reward. Twenty-four hours later, rats matched for runway latencies during acquisition received extinction training. In a response extinction condition conducive to habit learning, rats performed a runway approach response to an empty food cup. In a latent extinction condition conducive to cognitive learning, rats were placed at an empty food cup without performing a runway approach response. Prior to daily extinction training, neural activity of the dorsal hippocampus was reversibly inactivated via infusion of bupivacaine (0.75%, 0.5 μl/side). Control rats receiving saline infusions displayed extinction behavior in both the response and latent training conditions. In contrast, rats receiving bupivacaine extinguished normally in the response condition, but did not display latent extinction. The findings (1) confirm that learning underlying extinction of the same overt behavior can occur with or without explicit performance of the previously acquired response, (2) indicate that extinction learning produced by response and latent training procedures can be neuroanatomically dissociated, and (3) suggest that similarly to initial task acquisition, the hippocampus may critically mediate extinction in situations requiring the use of cognitive learning, such as when performance of a previously acquired response habit is prevented.
DNA microarray detection of nitrifying bacterial 16S rRNA in wastewater treatment plant samples

A small scale DNA microarray containing a set of oligonucleotide probes targeting the 16S rRNAs of several groups of nitrifying bacteria was developed for the monitoring of wastewater treatment plant samples. The microarray was tested using reference rRNAs from pure cultures of nitrifying bacteria. Characterization of samples collected from an industrial wastewater treatment facility demonstrated that nitrifying bacteria could be detected directly by microarray hybridization without the need for PCR amplification. Specifically, the microarray detected Nitrosomonas spp. but did not detect Nitrobacter. The specificity and sensitivity of direct detection was evaluated using on-chip dissociation analysis, and by two independent analyses--an established membrane hybridization format and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting (T-RFLP). The latter two analyses also revealed Nitrospira and Nitrobacter to be contributing populations in the treatment plant samples. The application of DNA microarrays to wastewater treatment systems, which has been demonstrated in the current work, should offer improved monitoring capabilities and process control for treatment systems, which are susceptible to periodic failures.
Biochemical comparison of osteoarthritic knees with and without effusion

Background Several symptom-relieving interventions have been shown to be efficacious among osteoarthritis (OA) patients with knee effusion; however, not every symptomatic knee OA patient has clinical effusion. Results may be over-generalized since it is unclear if effused knees represent a unique pathological condition or subset compared to knees without effusion. The primary purpose of this study was to determine if biochemical differences existed between OA knees with and without effusion.
A Web-Based Futures Trading Simulation Program with Pretend Money

In this section, the website http://www.mocktrading.com and the advantages of simulated trading are explored.
Assessing Mobility Barriers In Dynamic Strategic Groups Analysis

The Mobility Barriers Paradigm (Caves and Porter, 1977) has strongly influenced research in strategic management, particularly in the areas of competitive analysis and strategic groups. In this article we develop a procedure called MOBIUS, based on ‘match ratios’(MRs), in order to identify those competitive variables which act as mobility barriers in a particular industry. We also attempt to classify mobility barriers in terms of the degree of observed mobility around key strategic variables and the extent to which change is desired on these variables. the MOBIUS procedure is illustrated briefly in the context of the pharmaceutical industry.
The study of the stabilizability of the coupled wave equations under various end conditions

The stabilizability of coupled wave equations (suspension system) is investigated for free, and energy dissipation boundary conditions. Huang and Rouche's theorem is utilized, and the rate of convergence of the solution of such a system for certain boundary conditions is studied. Numerical experiments were carried out to justify the theoretical results. >
Between holism and reductionism: a philosophical primer on emergence

Ever since Darwin a great deal of the conceptual history of biology may be read as a struggle between two philosophical positions: reductionism and holism. On the one hand, we have the reductionist claim that evolution has to be understood in terms of changes at the fundamental causal level of the gene. As Richard Dawkins famously put it, organisms are just ‘lumbering robots’ in the service of their genetic masters. On the other hand, there is a long holistic tradition that focuses on the complexity of developmental systems, on the non-linearity of gene–environment interactions, and on multi-level selective processes to argue that the full story of biology is a bit more complicated than that. Reductionism can marshal on its behalf the spectacular successes of genetics and molecular biology throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Holism has built on the development of entirely new disciplines and conceptual frameworks over the past few decades, including evo-devo and phenotypic plasticity. Yet, a number of biologists are still actively looking for a way out of the reductionism–holism counterposition, often mentioning the word ‘emergence’ as a way to deal with the conundrum. This paper briefly examines the philosophical history of the concept of emergence, distinguishes between epistemic and ontological accounts of it, and comments on conceptions of emergence that can actually be useful for practising evolutionary biologists. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 112, 261–267.
High Efficiency Thin Film Silicon Hybrid Cell and Module with Newly Developed Innovative Interlayer

The paper discusses the development of a new light trapping scheme for a thin film Si based stacked cell and module, where a newly developed innovative interlayer is inserted between amorphous and microcrystalline Si thin film. This new interlayer leads intentional controlling of the refractive index of it. The interlayer with a lower refractive index of 1.7 at 600 nm exhibits both better reflection towards the top amorphous silicon cell and less absorption loss towards the bottom microcrystalline cell. We also proved by numerical simulation that the effect of the interlayer on light trapping towards the top cell is more enhanced with textured substrate. An initial cell efficiency of 15.0% has been achieved in a small area (1cm2) of its cell with this new interlayer. An initial aperture efficiency of 13.4% has been achieved for a 910times455 mm2 Si HYBRID PLUS module fabricated in a single chamber process of p-i-n microcrystalline cell, which was independently confirmed by AIST
Effects of Prostratin on T-Cell Activation and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Latency

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication is linked to cellular gene transcription and requires target cell activation. The latent reservoir of HIV-1 in quiescent T cells is thought to be a major obstacle to clearance of infection by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Thus, identification of agents that can induce expression of latent virus may, in the presence of HAART, allow elimination of the infected cells by the immune response. We previously used the SCID-hu (Thy/Liv) mouse model to establish that activation-inducible HIV can be generated at high frequency during thymopoiesis. Latently infected mature thymocytes can be exported into the periphery, providing an efficient primary cell model to determine cellular activation signals that induce renewed expression of latent virus. Here we characterized the effects of prostratin, a non-tumor-promoting phorbol ester, on primary human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and assessed its ability to reactivate latent HIV infection from thymocytes and PBLs in the SCID-hu (Thy/Liv) model. Prostratin stimulation alone did not induce proliferation of quiescent PBLs; however, it could provide a secondary signal in the context of T-cell receptor stimulation or a primary activation signal in the presence of CD28 stimulation to induce T-cell proliferation. While prostratin alone was not sufficient to allow de novo HIV infection, it efficiently reactivated HIV expression from latently infected cells generated in the SCID-hu mouse. Our data indicate that prostratin alone is able to specifically reactivate latent virus in the absence of cellular proliferation, making it an attractive candidate for further study as an adjunctive therapy for the elimination of the latent HIV reservoir.