cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-strand DNA Aptamers as Probes for Protein Localization in Cells

The accurate localization of proteins in fixed cells is important for many studies in cell biology, but good fixation is often antagonistic to good immunolabeling, given the density of well-preserved cells and the size of most labeled antibody probes. We therefore explored the use of single-stranded oligonucleotides (aptamers), which can bind to proteins with very high affinity and specificity but which are only approximately 10 kD. To evaluate these probes for general protein localization, we sought an aptamer that binds to a widely used protein tag, the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Although this quest was not successful, we were able to solve several practical problems that will confront any such labeling effort, e.g., the rates at which oligonucleotides enter fixed cells of different kinds and the extent of nonspecific oligonucleotide binding to both mammalian and yeast cell structures. Because such localization methods would be of particular value for electron microscopy of optimally fixed material, we also explored the solubility of aptamers under conditions suitable for freeze-substitution fixation. We found that aptamers are sufficiently soluble in cold organic solvents to encourage the view that this approach may be useful for the localization of specific proteins in context of cellular fine structure.
Small-scale genetic structure in the sea palm Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht (Phaeophyceae)

Documenting the scale of movement among populations is an important challenge for marine ecology. Using nine microsatellite markers, evidence of genetic structure in a marine kelp, the sea palm Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht, was examined in the vicinity of Cape Flattery, Washington state, USA (48° 24′ N, 124°44′ W). Genetic clustering analysis implemented without reference to geographic structure strongly suggested that a number of distinct genetic clusters existed among the 245 plants sampled in August in the years 1997–2001. Subsequent analysis showed that clustering was associated with geographically defined populations both among (km scale) and within (m scale) sampling sites. Fst analysis of geographically defined populations revealed significant genetic differentiation among populations of plants as little as 5 m apart, evidence of genetic structuring at even smaller scales, and a sharp increase in Fst across populations separated by up to 23 m. Fst values were also high and approximately unchanging (Fst=0.470) for populations separated by greater distances (up to 11 km), consistent with a scenario of rare dispersal by detached, floating plants carried by variable currents. The results corroborate natural history observations suggesting that P. palmaeformis has extremely short (1–3 m) spore dispersal distances, and indicate that the dynamics of sea palm populations are more affected by local processes than recruitment from distant populations.
Revenue Sharing with the Community Sector

The case studies conducted by the National Commission on Neighborhoods1 provide concrete illustrations of how residents can act together to improve their neighborhoods. A consistent theme throughout these cases was the importance of voluntary activities, which included: The numerous hours contributed by community leaders and residents Membership dues, donations, and other fundraising efforts Contributions of staff or facilities by local church groups or private welfare agencies
Summary: Present and Future Challenges for Stem Cell Research

Stem cell research is being driven forward at an intense pace by creative interactions among scientists working in different fields. These include developmental and reproductive biology, regeneration, genomics, live cell imaging, RNA biology, and cancer biology, to name a few. Numerous model systems and techniques are being exploited, and lab scientists are teaming up with bioengineers and clinicians. The ferment of ideas that makes the field so exciting was in full evidence throughout the Symposium. However, many challenges still need to be overcome to translate basic discoveries into therapeutic outcomes that will save lives and fulfill the promises that have been made. This chapter summarizes some of the highlights of the Symposium and indicates future directions that are being taken by leaders in the field.
RHESSys: Regional Hydro-Ecologic Simulation System—An Object- Oriented Approach to Spatially Distributed Modeling of Carbon, Water, and Nutrient Cycling

Process-based models that can represent multiple and interacting processes provide a framework for combining field-based measure- ments with evolving science-based models of specific hydroecological processes. Use of these models, however, requires that the representation of processes and key assumptions involved be understood by the user community. This paper provides a full description of process implementation in the most recent version of the Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System (RHESSys), a model that has been applied in a wide variety of research
“To Assemble Together for Their Common Good”: History, Ethnography, and the Original Meanings of the Rights of Assembly and Speech

The Whiskey Rebellion is not generally a major focus in constitutional histories or casebooks. Given this fact, it is hardly surprising that the 1795 case Respublica v. Montgomery1 seldom figures as more than a minor footnote in scholarly writing about early American constitutional development, if it receives any attention at all.2 The case has little precedential value for modern First Amendment doctrine and only obliquely implicates larger jurisprudential questions about the rights of assembly and freedom of expression.3 In strictly doctrinal terms, Montgomery is primarily about the obligation of a justice of the peace to put down a riot, not an extended judicial disquisition on the meaning of early American freedom of association or expression.4 Montgomery was one of several cases that resulted from popular protest during the Whiskey
Osteocyte Mechanosensation and Transduction

Osteocytes are the major bone cell composing over 90-95% of all adult bone cells. These cells with their long dendritic processes, their connectivity and strategically placed locations within the mineralized bone matrix suggest that they are mechanosensory cells. They are ideally situated to sense mechanical loading to the skeleton and to transmit signals within their osteocyte network and to cells on the bone surface. These cells have been shown to be exquisitely sensitive to mechanical loading in the form of fluid flow shear stress with the early release of small signaling molecules such as nitric oxide, ATP, and prostaglandin. These cells also send later signals in the form of proteins in response to shear stress. As the microenvironment surrounding the osteocyte changes with disease and with age, these changes may influence how this cell senses and responds to mechanical loading. Key observations and concepts surrounding mechanosensation and transduction in this cell type are highlighted and emphasize the need for more information regarding osteocyte function.
Modeling Intermittent Processes in Radionuclide Migration in Soil Systems

A mathematical model was developed to provide insight into possible mechanisms of plutonium migration into soil. Repeated studies on an old plutonium contaminated grasslands soil have suggested that this radionuclide rapidly migrated several centimeters into the soil and then remained relatively place bound for two decades. Soil core samples collected within 4 y of the original atmospheric deposition revealed an exponentially decreasing profile of plutonium with increasing depth in soil. Approximately 50% of the inventory was found in the top 3 cm of soil, and greater than 90% in the top 12 cm. However, plutonium was also detected as deep as 20 cm in the soil profile. Twenty-five years later, the same, statistically indistinguishable, exponentially decreasing concentration versus depth gradient (slope) was observed. These results raised the question of how this plutonium initially moved to depth and then remained immobile throughout the intervening years. Investigations into the plutonium chemistry at this locale relative to other plutonium contaminated sites in the United States provided limited insight into movement mechanisms. Leach tests and soil-plutonium particle size associations, also yielded little information. A conceptual model was developed of the soil system. A simple one-dimensional diffusion equation was tested based on the simple soil model. The diffusion model was tested to predict near surface migration. It could not adequately address the long-term distribution observed in the field samples. Additional models were constructed to assess the effect of other processes on contaminant distribution. Chronic soil loss mechanisms were evaluated. Current evidence suggests that intermittent activities, such as animal intrusion may also be responsible for contaminant mixing into soil. The mathematical models were developed using the software Stella created by High Performance Systems. The final model considers erosion, intermittent flow, cracking, and biological migration processes in the physical migration of strongly sorbed contaminants such as plutonium. The model incorporates intermittent processes as a function of time of year, as well as preferential flow of water through near surface cracks on an episodic basis.
Associations of Ozone and PM2.5 Concentrations With Parkinson's Disease Among Participants in the Agricultural Health Study.

Objective:This study describes associations of ozone and fine particulate matter with Parkinson's disease observed among farmers in North Carolina and Iowa.Methods:We used logistic regression to determine the associations of these pollutants with self-reported, doctor-diagnosed Parkinson's disease.
Operative considerations in pediatric retroperitoneal teratomas--a review.

Background Retroperitoneal teratomas account for 5% of teratomas and occur predominantly in infants. The resection of these tumors has been variously reported as easy or difficult. This report presents a series of retroperitoneal teratomas and reviews the literature focusing on the relevant operative considerations in this tumor. Methods A retrospective chart review from 1996 to 2011 identified five children with retroperitoneal teratomas. Clinical features, radiologic findings, operative details, and outcome were recorded. The literature was reviewed to identify operative complications for these tumors. Results Out of the five patients, four were infants. The tumor was characterized by dense adhesions in all patients, and resection was complicated by gastric and common bile duct injury. Hiatal hernia repair was required in one and spillage was seen in two patients. One patient had a staged resection after birth with colostomy, vesicostomy, and eventual death on day 12 of life. Inferior vena cava (IVC) ligation was required in one. A total of four patients were well on long-term follow-up. Review of the literature revealed that computed tomography scan while being sufficient for diagnosing a retroperitoneal teratoma is often inadequate in delineating the vascular anatomy, which is usually distorted. The IVC and the mesenteric vessels may be inseparable and require ligation. Renal vessel injury is possible, leading onto ischemia and hypertension. The tumor may be intimately adherent to the viscera in the abdomen, making resection complicated. Adequate resection is possible and necessary for cure, but not always possible with clear resection margins. Late complications include recurrence, adhesions, and hypertension. The perioperative mortality is 0 to 8% and the complication rate is 50 to 100%. Conclusion Surgical resection of retroperitoneal teratomas, while being the mainstay of treatment is challenging in view of its size, adhesions, and vascular distortion.
Research progresses on shunt current in redox flow battery

The causes of shunt current in fluid flow batteries of the common bipolar pile type and the harm of shunt current to flow battery were introduced in this paper.And the numerical calculation principle of shunt current and the methods to reduce or eliminate shunt current were reviewed briefly.
Comparison of dynamic electrocardiogram with coronary angiography for diagnosing coronary heart disease

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic value of coronary heart disease by using comparison of dynamic electrocardiogram with coronary angiography.Methods:78 patients with suspicious coronary heart disease were examined with treadmill exercise test and coronary angiography,the diagnostic results were compared and determined.Results:The results of treadmill exercise test were positive in 45 patients and coronary angiography were positive in 35 patients and negative in 9 patients.The results of treadmill exercise were negative in 33 patients and coronary angiography were negative in 25 patients of them and positive in 8 patients of them.The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, false positive rate were 58.4%(35/60),44.4%(8/18),58.4%(35/60),55.1%(43/78),respectively.The dynamic electrocardiogram false negative rate of a single branch coronary artery was higher than that of multibranch coronary arteries.Conclu-sion:The dynamic electrocardiogram may be used as a screening test for diagnosis of coronary artery disease and the combination of dy-namic electrocardiogram with coronary angiography can increase the diagnostic specificity and accuracy of coronary heart disease.
Freezing of Fruits and Impact on Anthocyanins

Anthocyanins, natural plant pigments in the flavonoid group, are responsible for the attractive color and some of the nutraceutical benefits of fruits. However, the freezing process and frozen storage conditions may influence the stability of anthocyanins. Freezing is one of the most common methods of long-term preservation of fruits. Frozen fruit are also used as ingredients in many food formulations. This chapter highlights the effect of freezing and frozen storage on the stability of anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity of fruits. Most studies used high-pressure liquid chromatography and pH differential/spectrophotometer methods to quantify individual and total anthocyanins in fruits. Studies suggest that the long-term frozen storage has a significant impact on anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity of fruits, depending on the fruit variety and storage time. However, significant degradation did not occur until after 4 to 6 months of frozen storage. Research also indicates that anthocyanins make a greater contribution to the antioxidant activity of fruits than other phenolic compounds.
Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton Beam Splitter

Propagation of terahertz (THz) wave utilizing spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) earned a great deal of attention due to the ability of SSPP modes to guide THz waves at very low dispersion. We present an investigation of the SSPP beam splitter, one of the key elements of many optical setups. In contrast with conventional free space implementations, in the case of the SSPP beam splitter, one can no longer disregard scattering of incoming wave back into the input channels. Thus, SSPP implementations must take into consideration both the splitting ratio and the backscattering as important parameters characterizing the beam splitter. Three different designs representing different approaches to solving the problem of the relation between these parameters are investigated. The mathematical formalism to study the dispersion diagrams is proposed. The frequency dependence of splitting ratio, scattering parameters, and backscattering for each beam splitter is investigated. Finally, by employing one of the proposed beam splitter, a controllable filter is designed and analyzed.
Design and implementation of a multi-facet hierarchical cybersecurity education framework

Shortage of qualified cybersecurity workforce is a national problem. Without an effective solution, people's daily lives, business operations, and even national security are in jeopardy. Higher education institutions have invested in various approaches to train college students to acquire cybersecurity related knowledge, skills, and abilities. The existing approaches still need improvement and refinement and do not apply universally. In this paper, we report our efforts in designing and implementing a holistic framework for cybersecurity education with the desired level of breadth and depth. The framework is hierarchical since it includes all levels of cyber citizens especially in an organizational environment. The framework is also multi-facet to include various knowledge domains. These two characteristics of the framework make it modular and extensible, which allows progressive implementation. Implementation of this framework is currently underway at a small university where resources are limited. The framework is proven useful and practical, and can be adopted in a similar setting by other institutions.
Prognosis-driven drug discovery for human colon cancer

A59 Treatment of colon cancer patients would benefit from the development of an accurate prognostic test that could also serve to guide therapeutic decisions. In an effort to meet this goal, we sought to i) develop a prognostic quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay using formalin fixed paraffin-embedded primary tumors, and ii), develop an assay that could be used for high throughput screening of drugs that would either abolish or restore functional activity of a viable target identified in the prognostic assay. To achieve these two objectives, we first measured the expression levels of 14 cancer-associated genes in Stage II colon cancer patients who developed disease recurrence within two years (n=9), or those who did not develop disease recurrence (n=12, mean follow-up time = 6.3 yrs). We observed that the expression ratio of (EpCAM1+Map7)/E-cadherin accurately predicted clinical outcome (Hazard ratio = 12; P=0.001 log-ranked test), such that good patient survival was associated with high expression of E-cadherin, a gene that has been shown to be downregulated by Zeb1 during colon cancer progression. Interestingly, we discovered that whereas the expression of E-cadherin was inversely correlated with Zeb1 (p=1.4E-7) in the CGAP NCI60 database, the expression of EpCAM1 was inversely correlated with Zeb2 (p=1.9E-10). We further discovered that the promoter region of EpCAM1 contained a 16 nucleotide match to the region including and surrounding the Zeb1 response element of the p73 gene (p=8.7E-7). Based on these findings, we concluded that E-cadherin represented the most viable therapeutic target of the three genes identified in the prognostic assay. To enable screening for drugs that might restore E-cadherin function, we developed a 20 microliter adhesion assay using an uncoated polystyrene surface in which it was observed that following 7 hours after cell trypsinization, the level of adhesion of highly metastatic SW620 colon cancer cell line was 15-fold (+/-4) lower compared to poorly metastatic HCT116, a cell line which we determined contains 100- and 8-fold higher levels of E-cadherin mRNA and protein, respectively, compared to SW620. This adhesion assay may allow for the identification of novel compounds that inhibit the epithelial-mesenchymal transition required for spread of metastatic disease.
Nanotechnology in Intracellular Trafficking, Imaging, and Delivery of Therapeutic Agents

Abstract Drug delivery to intracellular compartment is gaining importance as a field of investigation. Many important drugs for various diseases have intracellular organelle as site of action. The anticancer drug doxorubicin acts in the nucleus. Hence it is necessary to design delivery strategies such that the drug will reach its targeted site of action, which often times is located inside the cell. However, there are many challenges to design therapeutic strategies for successful intracellular delivery. Factors such as lysosomal degradation and size restriction to organelle entry are some of the issues that need to be addressed. Design of nanostructures and targeting ligands are few of the effective strategies adopted to meet those challenges. However, to design a better therapeutic platform it is necessary to monitor the pathway undertaken by these nanostructures once they cross the plasma membrane. The technology that allows such monitoring has been discussed in this review. It is also necessary to know the endosomal pathway undertaken by these nanostructures after they enter the intracellular environment. These pathways and their role in drug delivery platforms such as nanoparticles and other nanostructures have been explored in this review.
Functional Polyisobutylenes Via Electrophilic Cleavage/Alkylation

Lewis-acid catalyzed degradation of poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) (butyl rubber) in the presence of an alkoxybenzene compound was studied as a new route toward low molecular weight multifunctional polyisobutylenes. Simultaneous cleavage and functionalization of butyl rubber was conducted at −70 °C and −40 °C under TiCl4 or AlCl3 catalysis in 60/40 hexane/methylene chloride cosolvents in the presence of (3-bromopropoxy)benzene (BPB) for various times up to 24 h. The butyl rubber (EXXON™ Butyl 365) possessed Mn = 1.91 × 105 g/mol, PDI = 1.66 (GPC/MALLS), and 2.30 mol % isoprene units (nearly exclusively trans−1,4). At −70 °C with TiCl4, molecular weight was reduced to various values within the range 7 to 11 × 103 g/mol depending on conditions; lower BPB concentration produced lower molecular weight. However, the ratio of isobutylene repeat units to BPB units (IB/Q) remained constant at about 43:1, which is approximately the same as the ratio of isobutylene to isoprene repeat units (IB/IP) in the starting butyl rubber (42.5:1). At −40 °C with TiCl4, molecular weight was reduced to about 5 × 103 g/mol, and IB/Q was reduced below IB/IP, indicating nearly a difunctional telechelic structure. AlCl3 was a more active catalyst and produced results similar to TiCl4 at −40 °C, even when used at seven times lower concentration. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017
The Effect of Accounting Reporting Complexity on Financial Analysts

We examine the relation between accounting reporting complexity and analysts’ performance and whether analysts’ qualifications, experience, and expertise in specific financial domains help them more effectively process complex information. We document an inverse relation between complexity and analysts’ performance. Further, we show that analysts’ firm-specific experience, industry focus, and CFA certification alleviate some of the adverse effects of complexity, whereas analysts’ general experience does not appear to do so. Using an XBRL-based approach, we also develop new measures of analysts’ expertise and find that expertise in the areas of fair value, derivatives and pension are more valuable than other analyst characteristics in attenuating the negative effects of complexity arising from transactions and events in these areas. Overall, this study underscores the importance of analyst characteristics and the need to simplify the complex disclosures in the notes to the financial statements.
Modeling of signal propagation and sensor performance for infrasound and blast noise

This paper describes a comprehensive modeling approach for infrasonic (sub-audible acoustic) signals, which starts with an accurate representation of the source spectrum and directivity, propagates the signals through the environment, and senses and processes the signals at the receiver. The calculations are implemented within EASEE (Environmental Awareness for Sensor and Emitter Employment), which is a general software framework for modeling the impacts of terrain and weather on target signatures and the performance of a diverse range of battlefield sensing systems, including acoustic, seismic, RF, visible, and infrared. At each stage in the modeling process, the signals are described by realistic statistical distributions. Sensor performance is quantified using statistical metrics such as probability of detection and target location error. To extend EASEE for infrasonic calculations, new feature sets were created including standard octaves and one-third octaves. A library of gunfire and blast noise spectra and directivity functions was added from ERDC’s BNOISE (Blast Noise) and SARNAM (Small Arms Range Noise Assessment Model) software. Infrasonic propagation modeling is supported by extension of several existing propagation algorithms, including a basic ground impedance model, and the Green’s function parabolic equation (GFPE), which provides accurate numerical solutions for wave propagation in a refractive atmosphere. The BNOISE propagation algorithm, which is based on tables generated by a fast-field program (FFP), was also added. Finally, an extensive library of transfer functions for microphones operating in the infrasonic range were added, which interface to EASEE’s sensor performance algorithms. Example calculations illustrate terrain and atmospheric impacts on infrasonic signal propagation and the directivity characteristics of blast noise.
The Era for High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin Has Begun in the US (Finally).

On January 19, 2017, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)3 announced the clearance of Roche Diagnostics Gen 5 STAT cardiac troponin T assay in the US (1). This is the first of what is likely to be many next-generation or perhaps high-sensitivity (hs) cardiac troponin (cTn) assays released in the next few years. The Roche Diagnostics Gen 5 assay has been available in Europe, Asia, Australia, and Canada for 7 years. The 99th percentile cutoff limit has been changed from <0.010 ng/mL (10 ng/L) for the 4th generation cardiac troponin T (cTnT) assay to sex-specific cutoffs of 14 ng/L (0.014 ng/mL) for women, 22 ng/L (0.022 ng/mL) for men, and 19 ng/L (0.019 ng/mL) for both sexes for the 5th generation. (Note: a value of 10 ng/L with the 4th generation assay will read closer to 30 ng/L with the 5th generation assay.) As with assays for other analytes, each hospital may need to establish their own sex-specific cutoffs based on their study population. …
Routine CT angiography to detect severe coronary artery disease prior to transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Patients undergoing TAVR undergo routine CT angiography (CTA) to assess aorto-iliac pathology and annular dimensions. While coronary CTA may exclude severe CAD in younger patients, its efficacy in defining CAD severity prior to TAVR may be limited. We retrospectively studied 50 consecutive patients undergoing both invasive coronary angiography (ICA) and routine pre-TAVR CTA. Severe CAD was defined as ≥50% stenosis by quantitative coronary angiography and compared to a blinded CTA visual estimation of ≥50% stenosis. The analysis was confined to four segments: left main and three proximal to mid major coronaries to maximize myocardial territory at risk. Coronary assessment was performed using standard reconstructed ECG phases from pre-TAVR chest CTA on a Philips 256 iCT scanner. Nearly ¾ of patients were ≥75 years old, 57% were female, half were diabetic and 45% had prior PCI. By ICA, 49% had significant coronary calcification. The incidence of severe proximal to mid vessel CAD by ICA was 39%. Similarly, a third of patients required PCI prior to TAVR. CTA was unable to exclude severe proximal to mid vessel CAD in 88% of patients in all four segments: non-diagnostic CTA readings were mainly due to calcification (60%) or motion artifact (28%). Non-diagnostic coronary CTA readings ranged from 25 to 72% according to segment analyzed: only the left main segment had diagnostic quality CTA in the majority of patients (p < 0.01). PCI is performed frequently prior to TAVR based upon invasive coronary angiographic assessment. Routine chest CTA algorithms do not provide adequate diagnostic information to exclude severe CAD, primarily due to severe coronary calcification in the TAVR population.
Discectomy without replacement improves function in patients with internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint.

Abstract Purpose Treatment of internal derangement is controversial. This study assessed the effectiveness of discectomy without replacement in improving jaw function and decreasing pain. Materials and methods A retrospective cohort study sample of subjects with internal derangement underwent discectomy without replacement by one surgeon at a single academic medical center. The primary predictor variables were preoperative maximal incisal opening (MIO) and Helkimo Clinical Dysfunction Index (CDI) score. The primary outcome variable was postoperative MIO and CDI score. A paired student's t-test assessed the difference between pre- and post-operative MIO and CDI scores. Results Preoperatively, all patients had a clinical dysfunction index of DiIII, indicating severe dysfunction. Postoperatively 14 of 17 subjects (82%) showed marked improvement in mandibular function, and reduction in pain characterized as clinically symptom-free or only small dysfunction (DiO or DiI). One subject improved to DiII and two remained DiIII due to poor compliance. Preoperatively all subjects had an anamnestic index of AiII, representing TMJ locking or severe TMJ or muscle pain. Postoperatively 15 of 17 patients (88%) improved to AiO or AiI, and the two patients with poor compliance remained at AiII, but with marked pain reduction. Of the 17 subjects, the mean pre- and post-operative MIO was 24.2 mm and 34.9 mm, respectively (p Conclusions In Wilkes III and IV subjects, discectomy without replacement is effective in improving MIO based upon improvement in objective and subjective assessments.
Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Dementia Risk: Prospective Population‐Based Study

Objectives To determine whether higher cumulative proton pump inhibitor (PPI) exposure is associated with greater dementia risk. Design Prospective population-based cohort study. Setting Kaiser Permanente Washington, an integrated healthcare delivery system in Seattle, Washington. Participants Individuals aged 65 and older without dementia at study entry (N = 3,484). Measurements Participants were screened for dementia every 2 years, and those who screened positive underwent extensive evaluation. Dementia outcomes were determined using standard diagnostic criteria. Time-varying PPI exposure was determined from computerized pharmacy data and consisted of total standardized daily doses (TSDDs) dispensed to an individual in the prior 10 years. We also assessed duration of use. Multivariable Cox regression was used to estimate the association between PPI exposure and time to dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD). Results Over a mean follow-up of 7.5 years, 827 participants (23.7%) developed dementia (670 with possible or probable AD). PPI exposure was not associated with risk of dementia (P = .66) or AD (P = .77). For dementia, the risk for specific levels of cumulative exposure compared to no use was: 365 TSDDs (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.65–1.18), 1,095 TSDDs (HR 0.99, CI 0.75–1.30) and 1,825 TSDDs (HR 1.13, CI 0.82–1.56). These TSDD levels represent approximately 1, 3 and 5 years of daily use respectively. Duration of PPI use was not associated with dementia outcomes either. Conclusion Proton pump inhibitor use was not associated with dementia risk, even for people with high cumulative exposure. Although there are other safety concerns with long-term PPI use, results from our study do not support that these medications should be avoided out of concern about dementia risk.
Model Validation in Field Applications

Abstract This chapter discusses the application of fracture modeling before, during, and after actual field treatments. Pretreatment measurements and how to use them in the modeling process are discussed. Required pretreatment input data, sources, and impacts are provided. Posttreatment modeling and validation of the model are reviewed. Calibration to posttreatment production data is also discussed. An overall workflow outlining all of these processes is included.
Bovine Genome Database: Tools for Mining the Bos taurus Genome

The Bovine Genome Database (BGD; http://bovinegenome.org ) is a web-accessible resource that supports bovine genomics research by providing genome annotation and data mining tools. BovineMine is a tool within BGD that integrates BGD data, including the genome, genes, precomputed gene expression levels and variant consequences, with external data sources that include quantitative trait loci (QTL), orthologues, Gene Ontology, gene interactions, and pathways. BovineMine enables researchers without programming skills to create custom integrated datasets for use in downstream analyses. This chapter describes how to enhance a bovine genomics project using the Bovine Genome Database, with data mining examples demonstrating BovineMine.
Lesbians Surviving Childhood Sexual Abuse

Abstract This qualitative, feminist study is focused on lesbians' experiences growing up in multiproblem families, surviving aftereffects of trauma, and struggling with alcohol problems. A multi-racial sample of 20 lesbians narrated life stories in a series of three in-depth interviews. The research report opens with one woman's narrative about surviving childhood sexual abuse and continues with explication of how differences and similarities within and between accounts pivot on the issues of sexual orientation, gender, and race. Results suggest that early in their lives, overwhelming violence and intrusive expectations were imposed, negating a clarity of experience about their authenticity. No participant expressed a belief that her sexual orientation was a result of childhood sexual abuse. The societal presumption of sexual abuse as an etiological factor in determining lesbian sexual orientation, nevertheless, was pivotal for these survivors because they had to constantly protect themselves from others' judgements about whether they were "real lesbians." They described a multi-faceted, ingenious strategy, gender-blurring, that helped them garner a place of some value in the family and stave off some of the violence, but this protective stance made them question whether they were "real women." Women also indicated that they grew up in families empty of cultural affiliation. Instead of knowledge and pride about connection with community, they experienced a gaping void about racial identification, ethnicity, parentage, and personal history. All in all, they survived a series of social identity exclusions. Conclusions call into question the usefulness and adequacy of theories about static psychological and social identities and suggest the importance of specific, localized analyses that explore narrative selves.
Exploiting Multi-Phase On-Chip Voltage Regulators as Strong PUF Primitives for Securing IoT

The physical randomness of the flying capacitors in the multi-phase on-chip switched-capacitor (SC) voltage converter is exploited as a novel strong physical unclonable function (PUF) primitive for IoT authentication. Moreover, for the strong PUF we devised, an approximated constant input power is achieved against side-channel attacks and a non-linear transformation block is utilized to scramble the high linear relationship between the input challenges and output responses against machine-learning attacks. The results show that the novel strong PUF primitive we designed achieves a nearly 51.3% inter-Hamming distance (HD) and 98.5% reliability while maintaining a high security level against both side-channel and machine-learning attacks.
Utility of Ophthalmologic Screening for Patients With Candida Bloodstream Infections: A Systematic Review.

Importance The Infectious Diseases Society of America recommends ophthalmologic examinations for everyone with positiveCandidablood culture results (candidemia) to screen for endophthalmitis, a practice that remains controversial because of multiple concerns for its limited usefulness and potential for harm. Objective To determine guideline efficacy by reconciling discrepancies in the incidence of endophthalmitis and evaluating outcomes of studies assessing ophthalmologic screening for candidemia. Evidence Review PubMed literature searches, including the search termscandidemia,fungemia,chorioretinitis, andendophthalmitis, identified longitudinal studies prior to 2018 of patients who underwent ophthalmologic evaluations in the setting of positive fungal blood culture results regardless of symptoms or clinical status. Additional studies not captured by these queries were found by manually scanning references within the articles captured by the queries. Ambiguous studies of patients with concomitant bacterial or viral infections were excluded. Findings Thirty-eight applicable studies of 7472 patients who underwent ophthalmologic screening for candidemia or fungemia were identified. Criteria were compared with the conventional definition of endophthalmitis based on present (concordant) or absent (discordant) frank vitreous involvement. Concordant (59 of 6693 [0.9%]) and discordant (114 of 779 [14.6%]) endophthalmitis incidence rates differed by 13.8% (95% CI, 11.4%-16.4%;P Conclusions and Relevance In this systematic review without meta-analysis, inconsistent definitions of endophthalmitis accounted for discrepancies of its incidence and overreporting among patients with candidemia, contributing to bias and resulting in the construction of guidelines. As few as 3 of 7472 patients had potential improvement, while routine examination overall could lead to additional interventions and harm in this population. These findings suggest that indiscriminate screening based on candidemia alone does not appear to be supported by the literature and should be reevaluated for inclusion as a recommendation from the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Comment on "Phase Transition-Like Behavior in a Low-Pass Filter"

This is a reminder that an infinite series can be defined other than as the limit of a sequence of finite series. An example is provided in which a circuit element comprised of an infinite series of resistors has negative resistance.
Verification and application of resonance broadened quasi-linear (RBQ) model with multiple Alfvénic instabilities

The resonance broadened quasilinear (RBQ) model for the problem of relaxing the hot ion distribution function in constant-of-motion 3D space [Gorelenkov et al., Nucl. Fusion 58, 082016 (2018)] is presented with the self-consistent evolution of multiple Alfven eigenmode amplitudes. The RBQ model represents the generalization of the earlier published model [Berk et al., Nucl. Fusion 35, 1661 (1995)] by carefully examining the wave particle interaction in the presence of realistic Alfven eigenmode (AE) structures and pitch angle scattering with the help of the guiding center code ORBIT. One aspect of the generalization is that the RBQ model goes beyond the local perturbative-pendulumlike approximation for the wave particle dynamics near the resonance. An iterative procedure is introduced to account for eigenstructures varying within the resonances. It is found that a radially localized mode structure implies a saturation level 2–3 times smaller than that predicted by an earlier bump-on-tail quasilinear model that employed uniform mode structures. We apply the RBQ code to a DIII-D plasma with an elevated q-profile where the beam ion profiles exhibit stiff transport properties [Collins et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 095001 (2016)]. The properties of AE driven fast ion distribution relaxation are studied for validations of the applied RBQ model in DIII-D discharges. Initial results show that the model is robust, is numerically efficient, and can predict fast ion relaxation in present and future burning plasma experiments.The resonance broadened quasilinear (RBQ) model for the problem of relaxing the hot ion distribution function in constant-of-motion 3D space [Gorelenkov et al., Nucl. Fusion 58, 082016 (2018)] is presented with the self-consistent evolution of multiple Alfven eigenmode amplitudes. The RBQ model represents the generalization of the earlier published model [Berk et al., Nucl. Fusion 35, 1661 (1995)] by carefully examining the wave particle interaction in the presence of realistic Alfven eigenmode (AE) structures and pitch angle scattering with the help of the guiding center code ORBIT. One aspect of the generalization is that the RBQ model goes beyond the local perturbative-pendulumlike approximation for the wave particle dynamics near the resonance. An iterative procedure is introduced to account for eigenstructures varying within the resonances. It is found that a radially localized mode structure implies a saturation level 2–3 times smaller than that predicted by an earlier bump-on-tail quasilinear model...
Long-term assessment of a floating offshore wind turbine under environmental conditions with multivariate dependence structures

Abstract Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT) have been increasingly deployed to harvest the sustained high-speed offshore wind in recent years. Under the complex offshore environments, FOWT could experience significantly different environmental conditions with various occurrence frequencies during their lifetimes. In the present study, the dependence structure of six wind and wave-related environmental parameters (wind direction, wind speed, mean wave direction, significant wave height, peak spectral wave period, and wave directional spread) is established using a C-vine (canonical vine) copula model. Different families of bivariate copula are used as the building blocks to model the interdependence for each pair of environmental parameters. Thereafter, the environmental contour method and Rosenblatt transformation, according to a prescribed 50-year return period, are used to determine the long-term design loads at critical locations of a spar-type FOWT. Fractile level and multiplication factor are obtained for five different structural responses to provide guidance in parameter selections for future designs.
Gender and the Effect of Disciplinary Segregation on Prison Misconduct

Scholars and policymakers have advanced different arguments for why restrictive housing may improve or worsen inmate behavior, yet few studies exist that assess the impact of this housing on such o...
Spatial and Climatic Factors Influence Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Abundance in Intensively Managed Plantations of Eastern Black Walnut.

Invasive ambrosia beetles are among the most economically important pests of forest and plantation trees worldwide.The development of effective management guidelines for these pests in plantations of high-value hardwood species is hindered by a lack of baseline information regarding their seasonal abundance and dispersal behavior. By analyzing long-term monitoring data from intensively-managed plantations of eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) in north-central Indiana, we identified key spatial and climatic variables that could improve the timing and precision of management actions to reduce ambrosia beetle populations. We also used geospatial analyses to compare species-specific spatial patterns of population density and evaluate the sensitivity of the trap density deployed in our long-term monitoring efforts. Xyleborinus saxesenii Ratzeburg and Xylosandrus crassiusculus Matschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were more abundant during the spring in years preceded by a hot, dry growing season, and cold winter. Both species were positively associated with plantation edges during the fall flight period. However, X. saxesenii was less abundant in plantations close to forest corridors, whereas X. crassiusculus was more abundant in plantations closer to woodlots and other walnut plantations. Geospatial analysis revealed X. crassiusculus is active in larger, more spatially continuous patches than X. saxesenii, and that 200-m trap spacing is likely to be sufficient to detect both species in the spring flight period but may be insufficient to detect X. saxesenii during the fall flight period. Our findings underscore the power and utility of long-term monitoring to improve management strategies.
Daddy Dearest: The Influence of Paternal Investment on Attitude toward the Advertisement

Three studies were conducted using nonstudent samples to empirically test the impact of paternal engagement and paternal sentiment (PS) on customer evaluations of advertising content. Paternal inve...
Quantifying Sex-Based Disparities in Liver Allocation

Importance Differences in local organ supply and demand have introduced geographic inequities in the Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score–based liver allocation system, prompting national debate and patient-initiated lawsuits. No study to our knowledge has quantified the sex disparities in allocation associated with clinical vs geographic characteristics. Objective To estimate the proportion of sex disparity in wait list mortality and deceased donor liver transplant (DDLT) associated with clinical and geographic characteristics. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study used adult (age ≥18 years) liver-only transplant listings reported to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network from June 18, 2013, through March 1, 2018. Exposure Liver transplant waiting list. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes included wait list mortality and DDLT. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were constructed, and inverse odds ratio weighting was used to estimate the proportion of disparity across geographic location, MELD score, and candidate anthropometric and liver measurements. Results Among 81 357 adults wait-listed for liver transplant only, 36.1% were women (mean [SD] age, 54.7 [11.3] years; interquartile range, 49.0-63.0 years) and 63.9% were men (mean [SD] age, 55.7 [10.1] years; interquartile range, 51.0-63.0 years). Compared with men, women were 8.6% more likely to die while on the waiting list (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04-1.18) and were 14.4% less likely to receive a DDLT (aHR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.84-0.88). In the geographic domain, organ procurement organization was the only variable that was significantly associated with increased disparity between female sex and wait list mortality (22.1% increase; aHR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.09-1.30); no measure of the geographic domain was associated with DDLT. Laboratory and allocation MELD scores were associated with increases in disparities in wait list mortality: 1.14 (95% CI, 1.09-1.19; 50.1% increase among women) and DDLT: 0.87 (95% CI, 0.86-0.88; 10.3% increase among women). Candidate anthropometric and liver measurements had the strongest association with disparities between men and women in wait list mortality (125.8% increase among women) and DDLT (49.0% increase among women). Conclusions and Relevance Our findings suggest that addressing geographic disparities alone may not mitigate sex-based disparities, which were associated with the inability of the MELD score to accurately estimate disease severity in women and to account for candidate anthropometric and liver measurements in this study.
Use of the guinea pig model of genital herpes to evaluate vaccines and antivirals: review

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are common throughout the world. Infections are lifelong and may produce both acute and recurrent vesiculoulcerative disease as well as more severe diseases. Despite disappointing results from recent HSV vaccine trials new vaccines and more potent antiviral therapies continue to be developed. These newer approaches require initial evaluations in animal models. In this review I have briefly described some of the models available and then more thoroughly describe the guinea pig model of acute and recurrent genital herpes infections. As discussed, the guinea pig model most closely mimics human disease and provides several important endpoints for evaluating vaccines and antivirals.
Preoperative Depression Influences Outcomes Following Total Ankle Arthroplasty.

IntroductionTotal ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is increasing in incidence. While preoperative depression is known to affect outcomes following other procedures, its effect on outcomes following TAA are...