cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Source of Gossypol and Supplemental Iron on Plasma Gossypol in Holstein Steers

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate factors influencing concentrations of plasma total gossypol (TG) in 30 Holstein steers fed cottonseed products. At the end of each 28-d experiment, steers were weighed and blood samples were collected and analyzed for plasma TG concentrations. During the entire study, steers did not show any overt signs of gossypol toxicity. In the 28 d before experiment 1, 30 steers with a body weight (BW) of 273 kg were fed a standardization diet with 15.0% Upland whole cottonseed (WCS) that resulted in a mean intake of 9.08 g/d of TG per steer/d and a plasma TG of 1.66 microg/mL. In experiment 1, 30 steers were fed 1 of 5 diets with 15.0% Upland WCS, but different levels of supplemental Fe [0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 mg/kg of diet dry matter (DM)]. Average daily gain was not affected by level of Fe in the diet, but DM intake, plasma TG, and plasma TG response decreased linearly as Fe in diets increased. In experiment 2, steers were fed diets with 15.0% Upland cottonseed as whole, cracked, roasted, cracked-roasted, or extruded. Analysis of the seed revealed that roasting or extrusion markedly reduced free gossypol (FG) content. Minor effects on animal performance were observed, but plasma TG decreased with roasting or extrusion of seeds, with the greatest reduction when the seed was cracked and then roasted. In experiment 3, steers were fed 2 levels of WCS (7.0 or 14.0% of DM) with 3 levels of cottonseed meal (2.8, 5.5, or 8.5% of DM) in the diet. Animal performance was not altered by diet, but plasma gossypol concentrations and responses were greater in steers fed diets with more WCS, because of the greater FG intake. In experiment 4, 24 steers were fed diets with 15.0% cottonseed (Upland or Pima) either as whole or cracked. Pima cottonseed increased TG and FG intakes, which resulted in greater plasma TG concentration and response. Animal response to processing of cottonseed tended to differ according to type of cottonseed. However, feeding Pima and cracking of cottonseed increased gossypol availability and plasma TG concentrations.
Listening to the Land: Work, Ranching, and HRM Disorders

Listening to the Land: Work, Ranching, and HRM Disorders DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v32i4_box
Countering feedback sparsity and manipulation in reputation systems

Reputation systems provide a promising way for building trust through social control in collaborative communities by harnessing the community knowledge in the form of feedback. However, reputation systems also introduce vulnerabilities due to potential manipulations by dishonest or malicious players. In this paper, we focus on two closely related problems - feedback sparsity and potential feedback manipulations - and propose a feedback similarity based inference framework. We perform extensive evaluations of various algorithmic components of the framework and evaluate their effectiveness on countering feedback sparsity in the presence of feedback manipulations.
Synthesis of (+)-5,6,7-trinor-4,8-inter-m-phenylene PGI2☆

Abstract The titled compound, which is a stable and potent analog of prostacyclin, was synthesized from readily available 1,4-dibromocyclopentene via cyclopenta[b]benzofuran carboxylic acid 5 .
Supplementary eye field encodes option and action value for saccades with variable reward.

We recorded neuronal activity in the supplementary eye field (SEF) while monkeys made saccades to targets that yielded rewards of variable amount and uncertainty of delivery. Some SEF cells (29%) r...
PAR1 activation initiates integrin engagement and outside-in signalling in megakaryoblastic CHRF-288 cells.

To better understand the means by which cells such as human platelets regulate the binding of the integrin αIIbβ3 to fibrinogen, we have examined agonist-initiated inside-out and outside-in signalling in CHRF-288 cells, a megakaryoblastic cell line that expresses αIIbβ3 and the human thrombin receptor, PAR1. The results show several notable similarities and differences. (1) Activation of PAR1 caused CHRF-288 cells to adhere and spread on immobilized fibrinogen in an αIIbβ3-dependent manner, but did not support the binding of soluble fibrinogen or PAC-1, an antibody specific for activated αIIbβ3. (2) Direct activation of protein kinase C with PMA or disruption of the actin cytoskeleton with low concentrations of cytochalasin D also caused CHRF-288 cells to adhere to fibrinogen. (3) Despite the failure to bind soluble fibrinogen, activation of PAR1 in CHRF-288 cells caused phosphoinositide hydrolysis, arachidonate mobilization and the phosphorylation of p42MAPK, phospholipase A2 and the Rac exchange protein, Vav, all of which occur in platelets. PAR1 activation also caused an increase in cytosolic Ca2+, which, when prevented, blocked adhesion to fibrinogen. (4) Finally, as in platelets, adhesion of CHRF-288 cells to fibrinogen was followed by a burst of integrin-dependent (‘outside-in’) signalling, marked by FAK phosphorylation and a more prolonged phosphorylation of p42MAPK. However, in contrast to platelets, adhesion to fibrinogen had no effect on Vav phosphorylation. Collectively, these observations show that signalling initiated through PAR1 in CHRF-288 cells can support αIIbβ3 binding to immobilized ligand, but not the full integrin activation needed to bind soluble ligand. This would suggest that there has been an increase in integrin avidity without an accompanying increase in affinity. Such increases in avidity are thought to be due to integrin clustering, which would also explain the results obtained with cytochalasin D. The failure of αIIbβ3 to achieve the high affinity state in CHRF-288 cells was not due to the failure of PAR1 activation to initiate a number of signalling events that normally accompany platelet activation nor did it prevent at least some forms of outside-in signalling. However, at least one marker of outside-in signalling, the augmentation of Vav phosphorylation seen during platelet aggregation, did not occur in CHRF-288 cells.
Conclusions and Some Speculations

cellular response. The second messengers are relatively simple substances?calcium, cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP), cal? modulin, phorbol ester derivatives (IP3 and diacylglycerol). These undoubtedly evolved long before they came to be involved in coupling neural actions. Whether a trans? mitter or its receptor evolved first or simul? taneously is uncertain. Sequence analyses show considerable homology between dif? ferent receptors for the same transmitter and between corresponding receptors in different animals.
Cysteine 17 of recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor is partially solvent-exposed.

Oh-edaet al. have shown instability of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) upon storage abovepH 7.0 [J. Biol. Chem. (1990)265, 11,432–11,435]. To clarify the mechanism of this instability, the accessibility of a free cysteinyl residue at position 17 for disulfide exchange reaction was examined using a sulfhydryl reagent. The results show that the cysteine is partially solvent-exposed in both glycosylated and nonglycosylated forms, suggesting that the exposure of the cysteine plays a critical role in the instability of the protein. This is supported by the facts that at lowpH where the cysteine is protonated, both proteins have much greater stability and that a Cys17 → Ser analog is extremely stable at neutralpH and 37°C. It was observed that the rate of sulfhydryl titration is slower for the glycosylated form than for the nonglycosylated form, suggesting that the cysteine residue is less solvent-exposed for the former protein or that the pK a is somewhat more basic. In either case, the carbohydrate appears to affect the reactivity of the sulfhydryl group through steric hindrance or alteration in local conformation. Both the glycosylated and nonglycosylated proteins showed essentially identical conformation as determined by circular dichroism, fluorescence, and infrared spectroscopy. Unfolding of these two proteins, induced either by guanidine hydrochloride or bypH, showed an identical course, indicating comparable conformational stability. Contribution of conformational changes to the observed instability at higherpH is unlikely, since little difference in fluorescence spectrum occurs betweenpH 6.0 and 8.0. Based on these observations, G-CSF, whether glycosylated or not, should not be stored above pH 7.0 in solution. On the other hand, G-CSF is extremely stable in acidic solution as expected from the proposed mechanism.
Effect of endometriosis on in vitro fertilization

Abstract Objective: To investigate the IVF outcome for patients with endometriosis. Design: Meta-analysis. Setting: Academic research center. Patient(s): A MEDLINE search and review of the literature were performed. Patients were classified by level of endometriosis, and controls were classified according to the indication for IVF. Intervention(s): Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate overall effect and control for confounding. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy rates, fertilization rate, implantation rates, and numbers of oocytes retrieved. Result(s): Twenty-two published studies were included in the overall analysis. The chance of achieving pregnancy was significantly lower for endometriosis patients (odds ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.44–0.70) when compared with tubal factor controls. Multivariate analysis also demonstrated a decrease in fertilization and implantation rates, and a significant decrease in the number of oocytes retrieved for endometriosis patients. Pregnancy rates for women with severe endometriosis were significantly lower than for women with mild disease (odds ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.42–0.87). Conclusion(s): Patients with endometriosis-associated infertility undergoing IVF respond with significantly decreased levels of all markers of reproductive process, resulting in a pregnancy rate that is almost one half that of women with other indications for IVF. These data suggest that the effect of endometriosis is not exclusively on the receptivity of the endometrium but also on the development of the oocyte and embryo.
Effects of medullary area I(s) cooling on respiratory response to chemoreceptor inputs

The effect on respiration, as measured by phrenic nerve activity, of bilateral graded cooling of the intermediate, or I(s), areas of the ventral medulla was determined in anesthetized, vagotomized, glomectomized and paralyzed cats. In addition the effect of cooling the I(s) areas on the responses to central and peripheral chemoreceptor afferent test stimuli were studied. When end-tidal PCO2 was kept constant, graded cooling of the I(s) areas led to graded reductions of phrenic activity and arterial pressure. Furthermore, the respiratory response to test stimuli (carotid sinus nerve or CO2) was decreased progressively during graded cooling of the I(s) areas from 40 degrees C to 20 degrees C. We conclude that area I(s) is part of a common pathway for afferent input from both the central and peripheral chemoreceptors and that it is involved in the initial integration of both inputs.
Soft landing of ions as a means of surface modification

Abstract Chemical reactions between low energy mono-, di- and triatomic ions and metal targets lead to products which have been examined using ESCA. The nature, charge state and kinetic energy of the reactant ion all cause changes in the ESCA spectra. Results for the reactions of lead with various sulfur-containing ions (CS2+, CS22+, CS+, S+, S2+) are emphasized. A complex chemistry is involved with the sulfur being present in at least three charge states characteristic of the metal sulfide, elemental or organic sulfur and sulfur in positive oxidation states, respectively.
The Window Period Between Hepatitis B e Antigen and Antibody in Chronic Type B Hepatitis

To examine the period between disappearance of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and appearance of anti-HBe, 48 patients with clinicopathologically verified chronic B hepatitis were followed every 1 to 3 months after HBeAg clearance. Sera were tested by radioimmunoassay for HBeAg and anti-HBe. Anti-HBe appeared in days to years, mostly (78.7%) within 1 year, after disappearance of HBeAg. Only 40.5% of patients had an "e-window" shorter than 1 month. Clinical and histological exacerbation preceding HBeAg clearance precipitated or accelerated appearance of anti-HBe. Since the patients in the "e-window" period were positive for DNA polymerase, it is suggested that the "e-window" reflects relative insensitivity of the radioimmunoassay rather than absence of HBeAg/anti-HBe. Therefore, HBeAg can reappear and clinical activity can relapse particularly during immunosuppressive therapy.
Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology: An Ethical Framework for Graduate Education, Clinical Training, and Maintaining Professional Competence

Evidence-based practice is often acknowledged as the future state of psychology, yet those graduate students who will soon be applying such practices tend to hold several misconceptions about the major components within this framework. This review highlights implications for graduate education, clinical training, and professional competence in light of the movement toward evidence-based practice in psychology. These implications are discussed in relation to the close parallel between the major components of the evidence-based framework and the current Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. The evidence-based framework is discussed as an ideology that promotes lifelong learning and best prepares graduate students for ethical clinical practice throughout their careers as psychologists.
How Do We Quote Black and Brown Bodies? Critical Reflections on Theorizing and Analyzing Embodiments

This article is a reflection on the development of an embodied data analysis framework, leading to critical interrogations of the micro level black and brown physical performances of culture and wh...
Immunoelectrophoresis to detect differences between strains of Candida albicans

Aqueous extracts of two parental strains ofCandida albicans and two mutants obtained from these strains were studied through immunoelectrophoresis and differential staining for protein and polysaccharide fractions after electrophoresis. Differences in antibody-antigen reactions, and protein and polysaccharide fractions could be detected between these strains. These differences reflected changes in synthesizing ability and genetic information inherent in these yeast cells.
Limited salvage logging effects on forest regeneration after moderate-severity windthrow

Recent conceptual advances address forest response to multiple disturbances within a brief time period, providing an ideal framework for examining the consequences of natural disturbances followed by anthropogenic management activities. The combination of two or more disturbances in a short period may produce "ecological surprises," and models predict a threshold of cumulative disturbance severity above which forest composition will be drastically altered and regeneration may be impaired. Salvage logging (the harvesting of timber after natural disturbances; also called "salvaging" or "sanitary logging") is common, but there have been no tests of the manner in which salvaging after natural wind disturbance affects woody plant regeneration. Here we present findings from three years after a moderate-severity wind disturbance in west-central Tennessee, USA. We compare two unsalvaged sites and two sites that had intermediate-intensity salvaging. Our approach demonstrates the calculation of cumulative severity measures, which combine natural windthrow severity and anthropogenic tree cutting and removal, on a plot-by-plot basis. Seedling/sapling density and species richness were not influenced by cumulative disturbance severity, but species diversity showed a marginal increase with increasing cumulative severity. The amount of compositional change (from predisturbance trees to post-disturbance seedlings/saplings) increased significantly with cumulative severity of disturbance but showed no evidence of thresholds within the severity range examined. Overall, few deleterious changes were evident in these sites. Moderate-severity natural disturbances followed by moderate-intensity salvaging may have little detrimental effect on forest regeneration and diversity in these systems; the ecological surprises and threshold compositional change are more likely after combinations of natural and anthropogenic disturbances that have a much greater cumulative severity.
Mutagenic effects of near ultraviolet and visible radiant energy on continuous cultures of escherichia coli.

— –The induction of mutation to phage T5 resistance by near ultraviolet (u.v.) and visible light was studied in chemostat cultures of Escherichia coli strains B/r and B/r/1, trp. The visible light mutation rate to phage T5 resistance was independent of growth rate over the range studied. This result is consistent with a photochemical mechanism of mutagenesis. Changeovers, in which a faster growing subpopulation takes over the culture, usually causing the mutant frequency to decline sharply, occur more frequently in chemostat cultures irradiated with visible light than in cultures treated with far u.v. or caffeine. A preliminary action spectrum was obtained with aerated chemostats that revealed effective wavelengths to be between 330 nm and 500 nm. Wavelengths longer than 500 nm were not effective. Wavelengths longer than 340 nm were not mutagenic in anaerobic chemostats. This oxygen requirement for mutagenesis between 340 nm and 500 nm is consistent with a photodynamic mechanism of action. In aerated cultures, wavelengths between 400 nm and 500 nm were as effective as wavelengths between 330 nm and 400 nm. A number of naturally occurring compounds, including riboflavin and vitamin K, are consistent with the data as candidates for the chromophore responsible for near u.v. and visible light mutagenesis.
Express Bus Versus Rail Transit: How a Marriage of Mode and Mission Affects Transit Performance

There is debate about the relative merits of investing in rail or express bus modes to improve regional transit performance. The debate largely assumes that both modes serve a single function of providing higher-speed service to the central business district (CBD) over relatively long travel distances. The debate generally overlooks other functions that might be served by express bus and rail transit modes and thus ignores that the two modes may perform differently depending on the service mission they are assigned. Performance of the two modes is examined in four metropolitan areas with different strategies for providing high-quality, regional transit service: a CBD-focused strategy, a hybrid strategy that serves the CBD and a few other destinations, and a multidestination strategy that serves a widely dispersed set of destinations. With a combination of route and system performance statistics and qualitative insights derived from key contact interviews, the performance of the express bus and rail transit modes in each metropolitan area, and among the set of metropolitan areas, was evaluated while the service mission to which each mode has been applied was considered. It was found that the combination of a rail transit backbone and a multidestination service strategy leads to better performance than any other marriage of mode and mission.
Hemodynamic monitoring of repeated cerebral ischemia in mice using diffuse optical spectroscopies

Cerebral hemodynamics were monitored using diffuse optical spectroscopies in mice undergoing 5-day repeated transient forebrain ischemia. The results indicate that mouse adaptation to cerebral ischemia could be influenced by repeated preconditioning.
Cognitive moral development and attitudes toward women executives

Research has shown that men and women are similar in their capabilities and management competence; however, there appears to be a “glass ceiling” which poses invisible barriers to their promotion to management positions. One explanation for the existence of these barriers lies in stereotyped, biased attitudes toward women in executive positions. This study supports earlier findings that attitudes of men toward women in executive positions are generally negative, while the attitudes of women are generally positive. Additionally, we found that an individual's level of cognitive moral development correlates significantly with attitudes toward women executives. Limitations of the present study and implications for ethics and diversity training in organizations are discussed.
A chitin-binding domain in a marine bacterial chitinase and other microbial chitinases: implications for the ecology and evolution of 1,4-β-glycanases

To examine the ecology and evolution of microbial chitinases, especially the chitin-binding domain, one of the chitinase genes (chiA) from the marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi was analysed. The deduced amino acid sequence of ChiA is not very similar overall to other proteins, except for two regions, the putative catalytic and chitin-binding domains. Among all bacterial chitinases sequenced to date, there is no relationship between percentage similarity of catalytic domains and chitin-binding domains in pairwise comparisons, suggesting that these two domains have evolved separately. The chitin-binding domain appears to be evolutionarily conserved among many bacterial chitinases and is also somewhat similar to cellulose-binding domains found in microbial cellulases and xylanases. To investigate the role of the chitin-binding domain, clones producing versions of ChiA with or without this domain were examined. One version with the domain (ChiA1) bound to and hydrolysed chitin, whereas a truncated ChiA without the putative chitin-binding domain (ChiA2) did not bind to chitin but it could hydrolyse chitin, although not as well. ChiA1 diffused more slowly in agarose containing colloidal chitin than ChiA2, but diffusion of the Two proteins in agarose without colloidal chitin was similar. These results indicate that the chitin-binding domain helps determine the movement of chitinase along N-acetylglucosamine strands and within environments containing chitin.
A range-CUSUM test with recursive residuals

Abstract A range test for the constancy of regression coefficients based on cumulated sums of recursive residuals is proposed, and its asymptotic null distribution is derived. Simulation results suggest that the proposed test is useful for different alternatives.
Renin inhibitors: novel agents for renoprotection or a better angiotensin receptor blocker for blood pressure lowering?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Direct renin inhibitors are the newest antihypertensive therapeutic class. The review describes their antihypertensive and antiproteinuric effects and possible renoprotective capabilities. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical trials demonstrate direct renin inhibitors reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure comparable with other commonly used antihypertensive drugs, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. They also reduce proteinuria and are renoprotective in experimental models of kidney disease. Direct renin inhibitors, when used with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, offer incremental blood pressure reduction far greater than that observed when an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker are used together. This suggests that renin inhibitors possess a unique and distinct mechanism of action compared with the other two therapeutic classes. SUMMARY Direct renin inhibitors, due to their antihypertensive and antiproteinuric effects, and the unique mechanism of action resulting in reduction in plasma renin activity and suppression of angiotensin II levels, may offer a unique opportunity to facilitate blood pressure reduction with both angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers as well as other commonly used therapeutic classes. More effective blood pressure and proteinuria reduction coupled with a unique means of suppressing the renin angiotensin system may offer improved opportunity for renoprotection.
The stimulation of growth of mammalian cells in vitro by a peptide fraction from enzymatic digests of serum

Abstract A peptide fraction was isolated by chromatography of tryptic and peptic digests of calf serum. It can replace whole serum for the continued propagation in vitro of a cell line derived from a hamster carcinoma. This fraction enabled cultured cells to grow at a rate comparable to that observed with whole serum. Unlike serum the fraction did not maintain the viability of the culture in the stationary phase of growth. This active fraction is a mixture of peptides which behaves as a unit of molecular weight 5000 when chromatographed on Sephadex. Other fractions isolated from the same serum digest were shown to be toxic for the same cell line.
Production of microbial levan from sucrose, sugarcane juice and beet molasses

Bacillus polymyxa (NRRL-18475) produced a levan-type fructan (B, 2→6 fructofuranoside) when grown on sucrose, sugarcane juice, and sugarbeet molasses. The organism converted about 46% of the fructose moiety of sucrose to levan when grown on sucrose medium, however, the yields of levan from sugarcane juice and beet molasses were much less than sucrose solution. Such sugarcane juice and beet molasses can be made a good substrate for levan production by various modifications. Adding peptone to sugarcane juice or passing beet molasses through a column of gel filtration media improved levan yield to a level almost comparable to that obtained from sucrose.
Automated design of diagnostic systems

This research effort represents an inquiry into an important problem of automated acquisition, indexing, retrieval, and effective use of knowledge in diagnostic tasks. Its specific goal is to develop an incremental concept formation system which will automate both the design and use of diagnostic knowledge-based systems by a novice. The adopted approach to this problem is based on the modified family resemblance and contrast model theories, as well as a context-sensitive, distributed probabilistic representation of learned concepts. These ideas have been implemented in the INC2 system. The system is evaluated in terms of its prediction accuracy in the domains of breast cancer, primary tumor, and audiology cases.
Determinants of case selection at morning report

OBJECTIVE: To determine why residents present certain cases and not others at morning report (MR) in an institution that permits residents the free choice of cases. DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS: Prospective survey of 10 second- and third-year residents assigned to the medical service. SETTING: A 241-bed teaching hospital with 55 categorical internal medicine residents. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Over a 4-week period, there were 194 admissions to the medical service on 18 call days preceding MR. Of these admissions, 30 (15%) were presented at MR. Cases were more likely to be presented if they were considered unusual or rare in presentation or incidence (p = .001), involved significant management issues (p = .001), or were associated with remarkable imaging studies or other visual material (p = .006). Residents were more likely to present cases in which they disagreed with attending physicians on management plans (p = .005). Overall, residents rated few admissions as having notable physical examination findings (29/194) or ethical or cost issues (6/194). Of the seven most common admitting diagnoses, representing 44% of admissions, residents did not present cases involving four of these diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: Residents presented cases at MR that they felt were unique or rare in presentation or incidence for purposes of discussing management issues. Complete resident freedom in choosing MR cases may narrow the scope of MR and exclude common diagnoses and other issues of import such as medical ethics or economics.
Caloric restriction attenuates Aβ-deposition in Alzheimer transgenic models

Dietary influences on Alzheimer disease (AD) are gaining recognition. Because many aging processes are attenuated in laboratory mammals by caloric restriction (CR), we examined the effects of short-term CR in two AD-transgenic mice, APP(swe/ind) (J20) and APP(swe) + PS1(M146L) (APP + PS1). CR substantially decreased the accumulation of Abeta-plaques in both lines: by 40% in APP(swe/ind) (CR, 6 weeks), and by 55% in APP + PS1 (CR, 14 weeks). CR also decreased astrocytic activation (GFAP immunoreactivity). These influences of CR on AD-transgenic mice are consistent with epidemiological reports that show that high caloric diets associate with the risk of AD, and suggest that dietary interventions in adult life might slow disease progression.
Leaf display and light environments in row-planted cotton communities

Abstract Leaf display of row-planted cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was studied in the field at different stages of growth. Leaf area was distributed unevenly across rows at all times; in late June more than half of the leaf area was found within 10 cm of the center of rows. Light profiles also depended on horizontal position across rows. In July, when less than 5% of outside light flux penetrated to ground at the center of rows, about 70% reached the ground at the middle of the fallow space. More than half of the leaf area was inclined within the range of 0–30°. Leaves on the north side of rows showed a skewed azimuth angle distribution to north and those at the south side to south. Leaves moved according to the sun's position relative to the leaves; more leaves were faced towards the east in the early morning and towards the west in late afternoon. The effects of the uneven leaf-area distribution across rows and of the uneven azimuth-angle distributions on light penetration and canopy photosynthesis were examined with a new computer model. The model was tested with experimental data of sunlit-area profiles, light-flux profiles, and frequency distributions of light-flux density at the leaf surface for cotton and soybean crops. The model predicts that leaf movements following the sun would increase crop-growth rate of cotton by 5% in late June and would diminish the growth rate in early August. The simulations also indicate a potential increase in crop growth with a more even leaf-area distribution.
Special Issue on Contaminant Mixtures: Fate, Transport, and Remediation

The fate and transport of mixed contaminants in subsurface environments can be quite complex because of various physical, chemical, and biological processes. In-depth understanding of geochemistry that influences the distribution, speciation, and transport is needed to understand the risk and develop remedial strategies. Joo et al. performed batch experiments to evaluate the sorption of six nonpolar and six polar organic compounds as mixtures to both hydrophilic mineral surfaces [uncoated, iron (hydr) oxide-coated, and aluminum (hydr)oxide-coated sands] and humic acid–mineral complexes with different fractions of organic carbon. The mixture effects on sorption of the nonpolar compounds were found to be not significant, whereas they were found to be significant for polar compounds depending on the mixture compositions and the type of sorbent. This implies the need for accurately quantifying and modeling mixture effects on fate and transport of multiple organic contaminants present at the site. Poly and Sreedeep performed batch sorption experiments and found that the presence of multiple contaminants affect the sorption of individual contaminants. The contaminant fate prediction based on linear isotherm is influenced by the range of concentration for single and multiple contaminants. For lower ranges of concentration, the contaminant fate prediction based on the Freundlich isotherm is greater than that of Langmuir, and vice versa for higher concentration range. Further, the difference in contaminant fate prediction based on Freundlich and Langmuir nonlinear isotherms decreases with an increase in concentration. The fate and transport parameters of soils vary in space because of soil heterogeneity, and such conditions require transport modeling using stochastic approaches. Nezhad and Javadi present an advective and diffusive-dispersive contaminant transport, using a stochastic finite-element approach. The need for expanding such approaches to multiple contaminant conditions is warranted.
Elastic Model of the Traction Behavior of Two Traction Lubricants

In the analysis of rolling-sliding concentrated contacts, such as gears, bearings and traction drives, the traction characteristics of the lubricant are of prime importance. The elastic shear modulus and limiting shear stress properties of the lubricant dictate the traction/slip characteristics and power loss associated with an EHD contact undergoing slip and/or spin. These properties can be deducted directly from the initial slope m and maximum traction coefficient micron of an experimental traction curve. In this investigation, correlation equations are presented to predict m and micron for two modern traction fluids based on the regression analysis of 334 separate traction disk machine experiments. The effects of contact pressure, temperature, surface velocity, ellipticity ratio are examined. Problems in deducing lubricant shear moduli from disk machine tests are discussed. Previously announced in STAR as N83-20116
Surveillance and Social Movements: Lenses on the Repression-Mobilization Nexus:

Police monitoring of law-abiding activists at protest events. A CIA-sponsored program dedicated to investigating financial transac tions. An NSA initiative to collect data from massive numbers of domestic phone calls. The Pentagon's aborted Terrorism Informa tion and Prevention System, TIPS, and Total Information Awareness programs. The USA Patriot Act. Over the last half-decade, Ameri can citizens have been bombarded with a dizzying array of issues and controversies re lated to state surveillance initiatives. While the potential impact of surveillance activities is widespread-some claim, for instance, that the recent NSA program sought to obtain da ta from every call placed in the U.S.-its ef fects are most squarely centered on settings that pose a challenge to the institutional po litical status quo. It is clear that such efforts have enormous potential effects on the shape of political contention, and that these effects emerge in multifaceted ways. Rich historical accounts offer a window into these complexities. Take Jeremy Varon's Bringing the War Home, a compelling and nuanced chronicle of New Leftist militancy in the U.S. and Germany dur ing the 1960s and 1970s. Varon focuses on two organizations in particular: the Weather Underground (WU) in America and the West German Red Army Faction (RAF). While not a comparative study per se, he uses these two juxtaposed cases to develop a layered analysis of how activists in both countries came to embrace violent revolutionary ac tion, and how varied interactions with the state and civil society shaped their distinct trajectories. Policing agencies in both nations em ployed a variety of means to actively monitor and disrupt the WU and RAF. Surveillance through wiretaps, agent observation of pub lic events, illegal break-ins, and infiltration by informants and provocateurs-constituted the meat of the state's repressive efforts, at least in the U.S. Varon notes that, even be fore the Weatherman organization went un The Suppression of Dissent: How the State and Mass Media Squelch US American Social Movements, by Jules Boykoff. New York, NY: Routledge, 2006. 288 pp. $80.00 cloth. ISBN: 0415978106.
Effect of fiber and its fermentation on colonic adaptation after cecal resection in the rat

Background The role of fiber in postresection adaptation is poorly understood. We examined the significance of short-chain fatty acids produced by intracolonic fiber fermentation during colonic adaptation. Methods Rats underwent one of three surgeries: control laparotomy, cecal resection, or cecal resection with placement of perfusion catheter. Rats of each surgical group were randomly assigned to receive treatment regimens of standard fiber diet (with or without fermentation-suppressing antibiotics), fiber-free diet, or diet plus intracolonic perfusion of short-chain fatty acids. Adaptation parameters of mucosal weight, mucosal DNA and protein content, water absorption, and butyrate absorption were measured. Results Compared with controls, postresection rats that were fed fiber had 65% greater basal and 112% greater butyrate-stimulated water absorption as well as 140% greater butyrate absorption. Fiber-fed rats exhibited significantly greater colonic weight and colonic mucosal protein after cecal resection. These changes were absent in postresection rats fed a fiber-free diet. Inhibition of fermentation by neomycin and metronidazole added to a standard fiber diet also prevented postresection adaptation. All adaptive changes were restored when the cecal-resection rats that were fed the fiber diet with antibiotics received an intracolonic infusion of short-chain fatty acids. Adaptation did not occur when short-chain fatty acids were infused into colons of postresection rats that were fed a fiber-free diet. Conclusions Cecal resection leads to significant functional and structural changes in the adapting residual colon. Fermentation of dietary fiber by colonic flora to short-chain fatty acids is necessary, but it alone is not sufficient to mediate adaptation.
The membrane character of graphite: Wear implications

Abstract Basal planes of thin crystalline graphite oriented flat upon a hard substrate have been observed during rubbing under smooth transparent sliders. The planes do not glide easily against each other and do not resist penetration. Beyond a limiting pressure they may be easily fragmented into submicron platelets which subsequently serve as wear-promoting tools. Under the translational forces of the slider, the basal plane resists gliding unevenly, and undergoes extensive wrinkling with the formation of kink bands on a massive scale. The terminal loops of the wrinkles comprise crystal edge surface along lines of fracture. Thus a single homogeneous plane surface which should comprise an ideally oriented boundary layer for sliding may rapidly deteriorate into heterogeneous surface of microcrystalline fragments containing numerous edge cross sections. The separate mechanical processes which are involved in damaging the graphite membranes contribute individually to the friction, which is in actuality a composite quantity of great complexity.
Group Intervention The Healing Journey of Incest

Nurse-facilitated, long-term group intervention provides a healing environment for adult survivors of incest. In this article, the healing journey of the group process is discussed as two clinical specialist nurse facilitators share their experiences of facilitating long-term incest groups for the past 5 years at a nurse-managed center for practice in the college of nursing at a large midwestern university. The group intervention, which consists of 51 sessions 1 1/2 hours in length, is discussed in depth. The three phases of the group and the tasks of each are developed in detail in relation to the mind-body-spirit healing that occurs. Use of clinical vignettes elaborates the group experiences and the healing evolution of the group members. Language: en
Choices, frameworks and refinement

Presents a method for designing operating systems using object-oriented frameworks. A framework can be refined into subframeworks. Constraints specify the interactions between the subframeworks. The authors describe how they used object-oriented frameworks to design Choices, an object-oriented operating system. >
Caregiver expectations of clinicians during the asthma diagnostic process in young children: thematic analysis of focus groups.

Objective. Asthma is difficult to diagnose in young children, and the subjective experience of caregivers varies. Clinicians’ ability to meet caregiver expectations during the diagnostic process improves the caregiver–clinician relationship, and effectiveness of disease management strategies. Methods. We performed thematic analysis of seven focus groups (FGs) with 38 caregivers of children 1–6 years old diagnosed with asthma in the preceding 12 months. Caregivers were classified as satisfied or dissatisfied with clinicians during the asthma diagnostic process. Differential themes in these two groups identified caregiver expectations that determined satisfaction with the diagnostic process. Results. Caregiver expectations during the asthma diagnostic process included (1) provision of a diagnostic strategy, (2) acknowledgment of caregiver advocacy, (3) addressing caregiver’s beliefs about treatment with asthma medications before a diagnosis was confirmed, and (4) discussing asthma specialist involvement in ...
The knowledge tightness of parallel zero-knowledge

We investigate the concrete security of black-box zero- knowledge protocols when composed in parallel. As our main result, we give essentially tight upper and lower bounds (up to logarithmic factors in the security parameter) on the following measure of security (closely related to knowledge tightness): the number of queries made by black-box simulators when zero-knowledge protocols are composed in parallel. As a function of the number of parallel sessions, k, and the round complexity of the protocol, m, the bound is roughly k1/m. We also construct a modular procedure to amplify simulator-query lower bounds (as above), to generic lower bounds in the black-box concurrent zero-knowledge setting. As a demonstration of our techniques, we give a self-contained proof of the o(logn /loglogn) lower bound for the round complexity of black-box concurrent zero-knowledge protocols, first shown by Canetti, Kilian, Petrank and Rosen (STOC 2002). Additionally, we give a new lower bound regarding constant-round black-box concurrent zero-knowledge protocols: the running time of the black-box simulator must be at least nΩ(logn).
A comparison of maximum likelihood sequence detection and nonlinear decision feedback equalization on the digital magnetic recording channel

The magnetic recording channel at high-density exhibits significant nonlinear intersymbol interference, which degrades the performance of linear equalization techniques. The RAM-DFE has been proposed as a solution to the problem, in which a digital RAM is used in the feedback path of a decision feedback equalizer (DFE). It is capable of canceling the nonlinear post-cursor intersymbol interference. Maximum-likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) offers the best performance attainable on these binary-input finite-memory channels; however, the complexity grows exponentially with the memory length. It was found that about 6 dB of detection signal-to-noise ratio is lost to nonlinear effects, and the RAM-DFE can retrieve about 1.5 dB. A gap of about 6 dB remains between the RAM-DFE performance and the MLSD bound, which suggests the possibility of improved receivers for nonlinear channels. >
Methylation of the Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor by SMYD2

The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB) is a central cell cycle regulator and tumor suppressor. RB cellular functions are known to be regulated by a diversity of post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and acetylation, raising the possibility that RB may also be methylated in cells. Here we demonstrate that RB can be methylated by SMYD2 at lysine 860, a highly conserved and novel site of modification. This methylation event occurs in vitro and in cells, and it is regulated during cell cycle progression, cellular differentiation, and in response to DNA damage. Furthermore, we show that RB monomethylation at lysine 860 provides a direct binding site for the methyl-binding domain of the transcriptional repressor L3MBTL1. These results support the idea that a code of post-translational modifications exists for RB and helps guide its functions in mammalian cells.
Entering the Public Health Genomics Era: Why Must Health Educators Develop Genomic Competencies?

Although the completion of the Human Genome Project will offer new insight into diseases and help develop effi cient, personalized treatment or prevention programs, it will also raise new and non-trivial public health issues. Many of these issues fall under the professional purview of public health workers. As members of the public health workforce, health educators are being called upon to deal with genomic-related public health topics. Thus, we propose fi ve arguments supporting the need for health educators to develop their genomic competencies and integrate public health genomics (PHG) into health promotion. These arguments highlight various dimensions of health educators’ professional goals and range from professional responsibilities and competencies to the availability of funding for genomic-related research or interventions and opportunities for future employment. Alongside these arguments, we present key PHG terms to facilitate understanding and to establish a common set of meanings for readers. Moreover, we discuss the current efforts being made by the fi eld of health education to integrate genomics into research and practice, as well as implications and next steps required to optimize this integration.
Human Remains from Jemdet Nasr, Mesopotamia

During the past ten winter seasons the Field Museum – Oxford University Joint Expedition has been conducting archaeological excavations on the site of the ancient city of Kish, which according to the texts, was “the first city founded after the Flood”.
Detecting Low-Power RF Signals Using a Multimode Optoelectronic Oscillator and Integrated Optical Filter

We have assembled and characterized a multimode optoelectronic oscillator with integrated optical filter for detecting low-power radio-frequency (RF) signals. The system can selectively amplify RF signals from 1 to 6 GHz. The input signals can be as low as - 83 dBm with a compression dynamic range of 72 dB. Using an integrated silicon optical filter facilitates channelization of the amplified RF signal from 1 to 3 GHz by reducing the gain for signals above 3 GHz. Future system improvements are discussed.
EFFECT OF DIET ON THE CHOLESTEROL ESTER COMPOSITION OF LIVER AND OF PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS IN THE RAT.

SUMMARY The relationship between the cholesterol ester composition of the liver and the plasma lipoproteins was studied in groups of rats maintained for 5-1 1 weeks on the following diets: (I) rat pellets, (11) rat pellets with added olive oil and cholesterol, and (111) fat-free diets containing 0.4% cholesterol. In the control animals (Group I), the cholesterol esters of liver and d 1.063 lipoprotein cholesterol esters were mainly linoleate and arachidonate. In the livers of rats fed olive oil and cholesterol (Group 11), the cholesterol esters contained largely oleic acid and the d 1.006-1.019 lipoproteins had a very similar cholesterol ester composition. The d > 1.063 lipoproteins had a high proportion of esters of polyunsaturated acids and oleate. The livers of rats on the fat-free diet contained no linoleate and increased amounts of monoenoate esters as compared to the Group I control animals, and the d 1.063 lipoproteins contained a high proportion of monoenoic acids, relatively small amounts of linoleate and arachidonate, and significant amounts of eicosatrienoate. These results suggest that different mechanisms are involved in the formation of the cholesterol esters of the various lipoproteins.