cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Object-oriented methods-why we need them

At present, in the context of object-oriented technology, most of the software development industry has centered its attention around the implementation language. If more attention is not paid to object-oriented methods regardless of language, it is likely that the technology will fall far short of most expectations. The importance of this point is discussed. >
A telomerase component is defective in the human disease dyskeratosis congenita

The X-linked form of the human disease dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding dyskerin1. Sufferers have defects in highly regenerative tissues such as skin and bone marrow, chromosome instability and a predisposition to develop certain types of malignancy. Dyskerin is a putative pseudouridine synthase, and it has been suggested that DKC may be caused by a defect in ribosomal RNA processing. Here we show that dyskerin is associated not only with H/ACA small nucleolar RNAs2, but also with human telomerase RNA, which contains an H/ACA RNA motif3. Telomerase adds simple sequence repeats to chromosome ends using an internal region of its RNA as a template4, and is required for the indefinite proliferation of primary human cells5. We find that primary fibroblasts and lymphoblasts from DKC-affected males are not detectably deficient in conventional H/ACA small nucleolar RNA accumulation or function; however, DKC cells have a lower level of telomerase RNA, produce lower levels of telomerase activity and have shorter telomeres than matched normal cells. The pathology of DKC is consistent with compromised telomerase function leading to a defect in telomere maintenance, which may limit the proliferative capacity of human somatic cells in epithelia and blood.
Dissecting the cis and trans Elements That Regulate Adjacent-Gene Coregulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The relative positions that genes occupy on their respective chromosomes can play a critical role in determining how they are regulated at the transcriptional level. For example, a significant fraction of the genes from a variety of coregulated gene sets, including the ribosomal protein (RP) and the rRNA and ribosome biogenesis (RRB) regulons, exist as immediate, adjacent gene pairs. These gene pairs occur in all possible divergent, tandem, and convergent orientations. Adjacent-gene pairing in these regulons is associated with a tighter transcriptional coregulation than is observed for nonpaired genes of the same regulons. In order to define the cis and trans factors that regulate adjacent-gene coregulation (AGC), we conducted a mutational analysis of the convergently oriented RRB gene pair MPP10-YJR003C. We observed that coupled corepression of the gene pair under heat shock was abrogated when the two genes were separated by an actively expressed RNA polymerase (Pol) II transcription unit (the LEU2 gene) but not when the inserted LEU2 gene was repressed. In contrast, the insertion of an RNA Pol III-transcribed tRNA (Thr) gene did not disrupt the coregulated repression of MPP10 and YJR003C. A targeted screen of mutants defective in regulating chromosome architecture revealed that the Spt20, Snf2, and Chd1 proteins were required for coupling the repression of YJR003C to that of MPP10. Nucleosome occupancy assays performed across the MPP10 and YJR003C promoter regions revealed that the mechanism of corepression of the gene pair was not related to the repositioning of nucleosomes across the respective gene promoters.
Immediate Recall of “Good Impression Value” and “Bad Impression Value” Verbs: Preliminary Report

St(mmary.-18 words were selected from the list compiled by Dixon and Dixon (1964). It was hypothesized that 16 male and 20 female freshman Ss would verbalize fewer "bad" than "good" impression-value verbs when an equal number of each were available. Using the Grosser and Walsh (1966) method, each S individually viewed the stimuli presented on a screen. Immediate recall scores for female Ss did not support the hypothesis (p > .go), but for males, rhere was a trend toward greater recall of "bad" words (p = .lo). Other trends similar to the Grosser and Walsh findings are discussed. The psychoanalytic hypothesis thac unpleasant experiences are more easily forgotten than pleasant ones and Thorndike's law of effect have provided the inspiration for numerous studies evaluating the relationship of affective and/or hedonic cone to memory since 1898 (Colgrove). For excellent summaries and evaluations of the research in this area see Creelman ( 1966), Gilberc (1938), and Rapaporc ( 1961 ) . While che quantification of verbal materials for use as stimuli in these studies was attempted as early as 1921 (Smith), the scaling of stimuli along a uniform dimension has been largely ignored. Notable exceptions to this are the semantic differential (Osgood, et a/., 1957), the scaling of the intensity of hostile words reported by Buss (1961, pp. 120 ff.), Dixon and Dixon's (1964) scaling of the impression vahe of verbs, and the more recent work of Paivio and his associates (e.g., Paivio, rt al., 1968). In a previous investigation (Grosser & Walsh, 1966), using the free-recall method, it was observed chat male and female Ss responded quite differently when the stimuli were neucral and "sexually taboo" words. In the present sntdy, the free-recall method was again used and stimuli were selected from the list compiled by Dixon and Dixon (1964). Their study provided a list of words which were scaled along a "good versus "bad impression-value dimension. Since Dixon and Dixon's Ss were in relatively high agreement concerning the stimiil~~s properties of che verbal materials selected, it was hypothesized thac both male and female Ss would verbalize fewer "bad" than "good" impression-value verbs when an equal number of both were available for selection.
Trust sensor interface for improving reliability of EMG-based user intent recognition

To achieve natural and smooth control of prostheses, Electromyographic (EMG) signals have been investigated for decoding user intent. However, EMG signals can be easily contaminated by diverse disturbances, leading to errors in user intent recognition and threatening the safety of prostheses users. To address this problem, we propose a trust sensor interface (TSI) that contains 2 modules: (1) abnormality detector that detects diverse disturbances with high accuracy and low latency and (2) trust evaluation that dynamically evaluates the reliability of EMG sensors. Based on the output of the TSI, the user intention recognition (UIR) algorithm is able to dynamically adjust their operations or decisions. Our experiments on an able-bodied subject have demonstrated that the proposed TSI can effectively detect two types of disturbances (i.e. motion artifacts and baseline shifts) and improve the reliability of the UIR.
Determination of iridium in mafic rocks by atomic absorption.

Abstract Iridium is determined in mineralized mafic rocks by atomic absorption after fire-assay concentration into a gold bead. Interelement interferences in the atomic-absorption determination are removed and Ir sensitivity is increased by buffering the solutions with a mixture of copper and sodium sulphates. Substantial amounts of Ag, Al, Au, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Ho, Hg, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Te, Ti, V, Y, Zn and platinum metals can be tolerated in the atomic-absorption determination. The sensitivity and detection limits are 3.2 and 0.25 ppm of Ir, respectively.
Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer For Investigation Of Jupiter And Its Satellites

In the late 1980s, the investigation of the Jupiter system will be continued with the aid of the Galileo spacecraft, which is to be placed in orbit around the planet. The Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) is one of several instruments which will be employed in connection with the study of Jupiter and its satellites. The NIMS combines spectroscopic and imaging capabilities. It represents, therefore, a new concept in remote sensing planetary experiments. Information provided by NIMS will be supplemented by results obtained with the aid of the Galileo Solid State Imager (SSI). In the SSI, very high spatial resolution is obtained, but limited spectral information is available. One of the goals of the Galileo mission is related to the investigation of the chemical composition and physical state of Jupiter's satellites, taking into account Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Another primary aim involves the study of the Jovian atmosphere, giving attention to chemical composition, atmospheric structure, clouds, energy balance, and atmospheric motions.
Neural Bases of Human Working Memory

Working memory is the memory system that allows us to briefly keep information active, often so we can operate on it. Studies with rhesus monkeys first established that this system is partly mediated by neural mechanisms in the pre-frontal cortex. Recently, there has been a substantial effort to study the neural bases of working memory in humans, using neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Some of the initial neuroimaging studies with humans focused on the neural mechanisms that mediate our ability to keep spatial information active. These results indicated that human spatial working memory is partly mediated by regions in parietal and prefrontal cortex. Subsequent research has shown that a different neural system is involved when people store object (rather than spatial) information, a difference similar to that found in monkeys.
Comparison of Septic Shock Due to Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Organisms

Abstract : Cardiorespiratory effects of gram-negative and gram-positive septicemia were compared in the lightly anesthetized rhesus monkey. Thirty to 60 minutes after the onset of infusion of organisms, the cardiac output was higher and the peripheral resistance lower in the group that received staphylocci, as compared to the group that received E. coli. Subsequently, the cardiac output decreased, systemic pressure decreased, minute ventilation increased, alveolo-arterial oxygen tension gradients increased and arterial PCO2 and bicarbonate decreased as previously described in septic shock and to a comparable degree in both groups. These findings suggest a common host response to gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. (Author)
QCD sum rules for nucleon current in a nucleus

Abstract QCD sum rules are used to study the nucleon current correlation function in an even-even nucleus in the linear-density approximation. The residue of the double pole of the correlation function at the nucleon mass is related to the nucleon-nucleus scattering amplitudes. The latter in turn are related to phenomenological scalar and vector potentials. We find one of the three sum-rules we study to be most reliable and use it to find an energy-dependent linear combination of the scalar and vector potentials. Interpreted in terms of a pole corresponding to an effective mass for the nucleon in a nucleus, there is a small decrease of the nucleon mass.
PION ELASTIC SCATTERING FROM CARBON AND OXYGEN AT 30 MeV.

Measurements of elastic scattering were made for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ beams at 30 MeV on a carbon target and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ on oxygen at 30 MeV. A magnetic spectrometer utilizing wire spark chambers was used to measure the momenta of the scattered pions over the angular range 40-120 deg. The energy resolution was about 4 Me V full width at half maximum at 30 MeV, which is sufficient to resolve the first excited states of carbon and oxygen. Inelastic scattering from the lower excited states has been estimated. Fits of the Kisslinger optical model to the data have been made.
THE EFFECT OF WATER VAPOR ON FATIGUE CRACK TIP MECHANICS IN 7075-T651 ALUMINUM ALLOY

— Strains very near a growing fatigue crack have been computed from measured material displacements, both for a very dry environment and for humid air. Significant differences in crack tip strains arid crack tip opening displacements occur in these environments, with crack tip deformation in water vapor evidencing less plasticity than the dry environment. These quantitative results are incorporated into a previously developed mathematical model which is based, in part, on dynamic observations of intermittent crack growth. Fractography is shown to support the concepts of intermittent crack advance and decreased crack tip plasticity due to environmental water vapor.
Concatemers in a rapidly sedimenting, replicating bacteriophage T7 DNA

Abstract In previous studies, replicating bacteriophage T7 DNA was isolated as a rapidly sedimenting, multigenome-sized complex (100 S + DNA), consisting of double-stranded DNA with some single-stranded regions. In the present study, 100 S+ DNA was digested with nuclease S1 and the products were fractionated by velocity sedimentation and analyzed by electron microscopy and digestion with restriction enzymes, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Some of the fragments released from 100 S+ DNA by nuclease S1 are linear, heterogeneous in length, and one to five times as long as mature T7 DNA. Uniformlength DNA's one, two, and four times the length of mature T7 DNA were also present in sufficiently large amounts to form visible bands during velocity sedimentation.
Can the East Asian model of development be generalized

Abstract Export-led growth has become increasingly popular among analysts (and some governments) as a development strategy. Besides contrasting its virtues to the distortions of the import substitution model popular through the 1960s, advocates of the model frequently illustrate its merits by pointing to the remarkable success of its most prominent practitioners, the East Asian ‘Gang of Four’ (Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan). This study explores a possible limitation of the model, known as the fallacy of composition: while the model may work well if pursued by a limited number of countries, it may break down if a large majority of developing countries seeks to pursue it at the same time, because the resulting outpouring of manufactured exports might be more than Western markets could absorb. Protectionist response might be the result of attempts to generalize the East Asian export model of growth.
Social Feedback and Self‐Appraisals: Current Status of the Mead‐Cooley Hypothesis

Mead and Cooley propose that feedback from significant others provides the basis for individuals’ self-appraisals. I review research regarding (a) associations between others’ judgments and individuals’ self-appraisals; (b) when others express or withhold feedback; and (c) when individuals accept or reject feedback. Research shows that others’ judgments and self-appraisals are moderately associated, though self-ratings correspond more to perceived than to actual views by others and influences are multidirectional. Others’ expressions of feedback vary across situations, depending in part on closeness of relationships and the sender’s emotions. Peoples’ tendencies to accept or reject feedback also vary by closeness, emotional reactions, and feedback valence. I conclude by evaluating the current status of the Mead-Cooley perspective. Cooley’s (1902) and Mead’s (1934) hypothesis regarding the social basis of selfhood—the contention that individuals’ self-conceptions result from assimilating the judgments of significant others—is commonly treated as a truism in the sociological literature. While research supports basic aspects of Cooley and Mead’s arguments, available findings also clearly show that the phenomena in question are much more complex than typical discussions recognize. Conventional treatments overemphasize conformity, presume one-way influence from others to self, and fail to acknowledge the active role of the individual in negotiating a conception of self. My aim in this review is to provide an up-to-date, empirically grounded perspective on the social self, based on Cooley and Mead, yet also incorporating a more sophisticated body of knowledge available from current research literature. Cooley’s (1902) metaphor of the looking-glass self centered on the processes by which experiences of self are formed and changed in social transactions. Just as we see our physical appearance reflected in a mirror, Cooley observed that the reactions of others provide the viewpoint from which we come to define our performances and attributes. Cooley identified three distinguishable components in this
Younger and Older Adults’ Comprehension of Health Risk Probabilities: Understanding the Relationship between Format and Numeracy

The format in which a probability is presented and a person’s numeracy can influence comprehension of health risk probabilities (e.g., Galesic, Gigerenzer, & Straubinger, 2009). Many people, especially older adults, have inadequate numeracy (Kutner, Greenberg, & Baer, 2005), which may interact with comprehension of different formats (e.g., frequency, percent, or words). The relationship between probability format and numeracy on comprehension of health risk probabilities was investigated via questions and delayed tests of recall for 36 younger adults’ (Mage=20.0, SD=2.2, range=18-27) and 36 older adults’ (Mage=71.1, SD=2.4, range=66-75). No interaction between numeracy and format was identified; higher numeracy was positively correlated with higher accuracy on comprehension questions across all formats. The results suggest that percent format best supports comprehension and recall of health risk probabilities for younger and older adults in a probability comparison task.
Super-resolution imaging by arrays of high-index spheres embedded in transparent matrices

We fabricated thin-films made from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with embedded high-index (n∼1.9−2.2) microspheres for super-resolution imaging applications. To control the position of microspheres, such films can be translated along the surface of the nanoplasmonic structure to be imaged. Microsphere-assisted imaging, through these matrices, provided lateral resolution of ∼λ/7 in nanoplasmonic dimer arrays with an illuminating wavelength λ=405 nm. Such thin films can be used as contact optical components to boost the resolution capability of conventional microscopes.
Mechanisms of acid damage to oesophageal epithelium: role of the paracellular pathway.

. The mechanisms of acid damage to oesophageal epithelium are incompletely understood. In particular, it is unclear whether luminal acid enters and damages the oesophageal epithelium by traversing the paracellular and/or transcellular route. The present paper describes studies of the role of serosal bicarbonate ions (HCO3−) in oesophageal protection against acid damage, the results of which have direct implications regarding the route of H+ entry. The results indicate that HCO3− protects by buffering H+ within the intercellular compartment of the extracellular space, and that this protection can be mimicked almost completely by replacement of serosal HCO3− with HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethane sulphonic acid), a buffer that cannot permeate cells. These findings support the hypothesis that luminal acid damages oesophageal epithelium primarily by H+ diffusion through the paracellular pathway.
On the impact of dynamic addressing on malware propagation

While malware models have become increasingly accurate over the past few years, none of the existing proposals accounts for the use of Network Address Translation (NAT). This oversight is problematic since many network customers use NAT in their local networks. In fact, measurements we collected from a distributed honeynet show that approximately 19% of the infected hosts reside in NATted domains. To account for this fact, we present a model that can be used to understand the impact of varying levels of NAT deployment on malware that spread by preferentially scanning the IP space. Using this model, we show that NATting impedes malware propagation in several ways and can have a significant impact on non-uniform scanning worms as it invalidates the implicit assumption that vulnerable hosts reside in densely populated subnets.
Public Perception of the Natural Gas Industry: Data from the Barnett Shale

Abstract Data collected in a general population survey from a random sample of individuals in two counties located in the Barnett Shale region of Texas were used to empirically explore issues associated with public perception of the natural gas industry. Moderate support was found for the hypothesis that individuals residing in places with diverse levels of energy development exhibit dissimilar perceptions of the energy industry. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses indicate that residents of the county where the natural gas industry is more mature (Wise County) exhibit somewhat more negative perceptions of the energy industry than do residents of the county where natural gas industry is less established (Johnson County). The results also reveal that mineral rights ownership is a relatively strong and consistent factor associated with public perception of the natural gas industry. Possible implications of these findings for the energy industry are proposed, as are suggestions for future...
Propagation of fermions in the A 0 = 0 gauge

In the A/sub 0/ = 0 gauge in QED, the Ward-Takahashi identity implies the nonpropagation of the Fermi field psi. This is shown to be a valid conclusion, both by using functional integration and by perturbation theory. Since Green's functions are gauge dependent, this does not, however, imply the immobility of spin-1/2 fields. Two types of composite fields are exhibited for which the field psi is dressed with longitudinal, nonobservable photons. For these fields, no implications about their propagators can be drawn from the Ward-Takahashi identity, which for these fields is trivially zero. It is shown by functional integration and by perturbation theory that these fields can propagate. The first of these fields is effectively in the Coulomb gauge. The second remains in the A/sub 0/ = 0 gauge and interacts with the photon field with the usual P (1/k/sub 0//sup 2/) factor of the A/sub 0/ = 0 gauge.
Hemispheric Asymmetries in the Perception of Musical Chords

Summary Digits, melodies, chords were presented in dichotic listening tasks to 20 college musicians. The tasks compared the abilities of each ear to recognize and remember double auditory stimuli presented simultaneously to the two ears. The left ear showed a significant superiority over the right in recognizing chords recorded originally on an electronic organ (p .05). This was in marked contrast to the Melodies Test where both ears could obtain an above-chance score (p .10). This discrepancy is discussed on the basis of specific auditory or musical characteristics that may be lateralized to the right, non-verbal cerebral hemisphere. Also, further tests are suggested that might continue to clarify the role of the cerebral hemispheres in handling various musical functions.
Reform Before La Reforma: Liberals, Conservatives and the Debate over Immigration, 1846––1855

This article examines some of the key points attributed to the Liberal Reform of 1857 as they appeared in the debate over immigration policy in Mexico from 1836 to 1855. It argues that many of the key provisions of reform that are attributed to the radical Liberals of 1857 were, in fact, part of a more broad-ranging and moderate debate for decades before. In this manner, immigration policy debates often served as a ““test balloon““for what would later be defined as the essential points of liberalism.
Identification of the dynamic properties of nonlinear vicoelastic materials and the associated wave propagation problem

Abstract A method is developed for the identification of the dynamic properties of nonlinear viscoelastic materials using transient response information arising from impact tests. The solutions of the identification problem and that of the associated nonlinear wave propagation problem are shown to be coupled. They are accomplished via application of the method of lines, the Runge-Kutta-Pouzet integration scheme with automatic step size control and Powell's method of unconstrained optimization. Numerical experiments are performed to demonstrate the feasibility, accuracy and stability of the solution procedure established, and wave propagation experiments are conducted to investigate the applicability of the method to a real physical system. The results are of particular interest in the modeling of nonlinear viscoelastic materials and the identification of systems governed by nonlinear hyperbolic partial-integro-differential equations.
The Effect of Social Environment on Treatment Outcomes in Outpatient Substance Misuse Treatment Organizations: Does Race Really Matter?

This study examines whether the racial mix of clients is related to treatment organization outcome rates after controlling for the social environment in which the organization operates. A nationally representative sample of 326 nonmethadone outpatient substance misuser treatment organizations was surveyed in 1990. Unit analysis is the treatment organization. Outcome measures are the percentages of clients who completed and dropped out of treatment. The percent of Black clients treated at the organization, the socioeconomic status of the organization's area, and other client characteristics, organizational factors, and treatment practices are evaluated through multivariate regression to determine their impact on organizational rates of treatment success and failure among clients. Ordinary least-squares regression analysis indicates that race is not a predictor of treatment success once socioenvironmental factors are included in the analysis. Treatment organizations must be wary of defining a person for treatment only in terms of his or her racial or ethnic group membership. Treatment approaches should place more emphasis on the socioenvironmental influences to which the client is exposed and less emphasis on a client's race.
Metastatic Melanoma Cells Evade Immune Detection by Silencing STAT1

Transcriptional activation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I and II molecules by the cytokine, interferon γ (IFN-γ), is a key step in cell-mediated immunity against pathogens and tumors. Recent evidence suggests that suppression of MHC I and II expression on multiple tumor types plays important roles in tumor immunoevasion. One such tumor is malignant melanoma, a leading cause of skin cancer-related deaths. Despite growing awareness of MHC expression defects, the molecular mechanisms by which melanoma cells suppress MHC and escape from immune-mediated elimination remain unknown. Here, we analyze the dysregulation of the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT pathway and its role in the suppression of MHC II in melanoma cell lines at the radial growth phase (RGP), the vertical growth phase (VGP) and the metastatic phase (MET). While RGP and VGP cells both express MHC II, MET cells lack not only MHC II, but also the critical transcription factors, interferon response factor (IRF) 1 and its upstream activator, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). Suppression of STAT1 in vitro was also observed in patient tumor samples, suggesting STAT1 silencing as a global mechanism of MHC II suppression and immunoevasion.
Lowering the erythropoietin requirement for dialysis patients with functional iron deficiency using ascorbic acid (vitamin C).

BACKGROUND Hemodialysis patients with functional iron deficiency often require excess recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO). In a few small studies, ascorbic acid (AA) has been shown to reduce EPO requirements. The goal of this study was to determine the lowest effective and safe dose of AA for these patients. METHODS This was an open-labeled, prospective, single-center study involving hemodialysis patients with serum ferritin >500 ng/mL and transferrin saturation 2 mg/dL were excluded. The study comprised of 4 consecutive phases: intravenous AA 100 mg (phase I), 200 mg (phase II), 300 mg (phase III), and oral AA 250 mg (phase IV). Oxalate and AA levels were obtained before and after each treatment phase. RESULTS A total of 8 patients were enrolled and 6 patients completed the study. Positive impact of AA supplementation on lowering the EPO requirement was mainly seen with the 300 mg dosage and maintained on oral supplementation. Neither the oxalate nor AA levels increased significantly during the study. Overall the patients tolerated both forms of ascorbic acid well. CONCLUSION The role of AA in reducing the EPO requirement appears promising. Larger studies are needed to examine the safety and confirm the efficacy of AA in these patients.
Millimeter-wave generation by optical mixing in ultrafast high electron mobility transistors

A new generation of InP based 50 nm gate-length pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors was employed in continuous wave optical mixing experiments to generate millimeter waves to extremely high frequencies. Direct radiation of optical mixed signals was demonstrated at 212 GHz. This, to our knowledge, is the highest frequency optically generated millimeter wave radiation ever reported for three terminal devices. Newly developed G-band probes and a horn antenna were used for radiation measurements. A signal to noise ratio of approximately 20 dB was obtained that indicates significant response of our devices at these frequencies. A broadband three wave detection scheme was used to further extend optical mixing to 238 and 267 GHz. Optical time domain and electrical characterization were carried out to reveal the high frequency capabilities of these devices. A photoresponse time of 6.9 psec was measured using a picosecond electrooptic sampling setup. Cut-off frequencies of 228 GHz and maximum oscillation frequencies of 124 GHz were obtained in S-parameter measurements. Specific examples of applications in communications and spectroscopy were investigated.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
B73-10 Time Sharing Systems

The book is a general and fairly brief introduction to the structure of time-sharing computer systems and to the facilities that they provide. The authors indicate that their book is supposed to serve two purposes. It is supposed to assist in making comparisons between different systems in order to make a selection evaluation, and it should also serve as a textbook for an undergraduate course on time-sharing systems.
A logarithmic electronic integrator for activity transducers

A solid state integrator having an optional logarithmic or linear input/output function, high input impedance, de input, high sensitivity, low drift, and contact-closure output is described.
Artificially structured materials

Artificially structured materials, including superlattices, multilayers, amonohous alloys, quasicrystals, metastable crystalline alloys, granular metals, have been extensively studied in recent years. These man-made solids contain intricate structures and extra degree of freedom, which can be exploited for fundamental studies and tailoring properties. We present some examples of a wide range of phenomena exhibited by these materials as revealed by Mossbauer spectroscopy and other techniques.
Teach a Man to Fish and You Can Sell Him Bait for a Lifetime

The Institutional Economics of Foreign Aid. By Bertin Martens, Uwe Mummert, Peter Murrell, Paul Seabright. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 212 pp., $60.00 (ISBN: 0-5218-0818-9). With The Institutional Economics of Foreign Aid , Bertin Martens and his colleagues—economists with a mixture of experience in academia and foreign aid agencies—have made a wonderful contribution to the literature on foreign aid. In particular, they tackle the question of why foreign aid programs, despite their substantial magnitude, have met with so little success in helping recipient nations develop economically. The book nicely complements other work in this area (Cassen 1994; Hook 1995; Tarp 2000). The approach Martens and his colleagues take is largely theoretical, but they use their own experiences and the experiences of other practitioners in aid bureaucracies to provide empirical content for their arguments. Drawing heavily from public goods theory and the literature on principal–agent problems, they present a series of models that explain how the institutional structures of donor governments, recipient governments, and aid agencies combine with information asymmetries to affect the behavior of the individuals charged with administering and evaluating foreign aid programs. They demonstrate that these institutional structures can lead to aid programs that serve the interests of neither donor nor recipient, even when all involved are well intentioned. The crux of the argument in The Institutional Economics of Foreign Aid rests on the notion that foreign aid programs are, politically, exceedingly complex endeavors. Multiple layers of principal–agent relationships exist, each characterized by information asymmetries. These asymmetries create a fractured feedback loop through which each principal must evaluate the …
The second epidermal growth factor-like domain of human factor IXa mediates factor IXa binding to platelets and assembly of the factor X activating complex.

Factor IXa binding to the activated platelet surface is required for efficient catalysis of factor X activation. Platelets possess a specific binding site for factor IXa, occupancy of which has been correlated with rates of factor X activation. However, the specific regions of the factor IXa molecule that are critical to this interaction have not yet been fully elucidated. To assess the importance of the second epidermal growth factor (EGF2) domain of factor IXa for platelet binding and catalysis, a chimeric protein (factor IXaXegf2) was created by replacement of the EGF2 domain of factor IX with that of factor X. Competition binding experiments showed 2 different binding sites on activated platelets (∼250 each/platelet): (1) a specific factor IXa binding site requiring the intact EGF2 domain; and (2) a shared factor IX/IXa binding site mediated by residues G4−Q11 within the Gla domain. In kinetic studies, the decreased Vmax of factor IXaXegf2 activation of factor X on the platelet surface (Vmax 2.90 ± 0...
Postnatal development of the dopamine transporter: a quantitative autoradiographic study.

The dopamine transporter performs an important role in regulatinf neurochemical transmission at dopaminergic synapses, as well as dopamine synthetic activity in dopaminergic neurons. Certain drugs and toxins exert effects at the transportted, especially cocaine, a common drug of abuse. We studied the development of these sites in the rat postnatal ages day 0, 5, 10, 15, 21 and adult using quantitative autoradiography with the cocaine analogue [125I]RTI-55. At birth, certain structures such as the substantia nigra, interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, frontal and parietal cortex, and substantia inominata had [125I]RTI-55 binding levels that were already near he adult value. The striatum developed later, showing earlier growth in the anterior and dorsolateral regions, with early localization in both striosomes and a subcallosal streak. Anterio-to-posterior and lateral-to-medial gradients were present at day 0. The anterior striatum, ventral tegmental region, substantia nigra compacta and bed nucleus of the stria terminals showed transient peaks in binding levels that were higher than the adult values. Structures showing relatively late development included the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens shell, olfactory tubercle and subthalamic nucleus. Knowledge of the differential developmental patterns of the dopamine transporter in different brain regions may have implications for understanding the neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal cocaine exposure.
Social and Cultural Influences on Management for Carbon Sequestration on US Family Forestlands: A Literature Synthesis

Nonindustrial private—or “family”—forests hold great potential for sequestering carbon and have received much attention in discussions about forestry-based climate change mitigation. However, little is known about social and cultural influences on owners' willingness to manage for carbon and respond to policies designed to encourage carbon-oriented management. We review the published literature to examine how family forest owners' values, ecological knowledge, risk perceptions, and forest management and policy preferences may affect their interest in managing for carbon sequestration. We find that although family forest owners may not be particularly motivated to mitigate climate change, their forest management values and practices compliment many carbon-oriented management strategies. However, the strong value owners place on privacy and autonomy, and the weak importance many place on financial reward, may inhibit participation in policies and programs that incentivize carbon-oriented management. These findings also have implications for policy efforts to encourage management for other ecological values besides carbon sequestration on family forestlands.
Numerical prediction of stratified pipe flows in PWRs

Abstract The phenomenon of thermal stratification has been analysed on the l'EXPRESS experimental facility representing the pressurizer surge line of a Framatome PWR. This experimental approach has allowed to characterize flow regimes for different operating conditions. A numerical simulation approach has been performed by the TRIO code. The measured fluid temperatures have been compared to calculated values. A first validation of the numerical simulation was realized by comparing steady state results to experimental values, the second one by comparing transient conditions. Also the stratification onset has been estimated and compared to the experiment. The numerical simulation has allowed to obtain a good prediction of the quantities representative of the thermal loading.
Distraction Hypothesis in Attitude Change: Effects of Effectiveness

A recent study by Festinger and Maccoby (1964) demonstrated that distraction raises the effectiveness of a communication. This effect may obtain because the distraction interferes with (subvocal) counter-arguing or because the distraction requires more effort to listen and thus arouses dissonance. The present experiment was designed to test these alternative hypotheses, Ss were exposed to 4 counter-attitudinal communications. Interference during the communication and credibility of the communicator were orthogonally manipulated. The distraction hypothesis predicted that high interference would increase communication effectiveness most under high credibility of the communicator. The effort hypothesis predicted that the greatest increase due to high interference would obtain when the communicator was low in credibilty. The results supported the distraction hypothesis. In addition, interference reduced communication effectiveness under low credibility. The implication of these results for the distraction hyp...
Collecting Small Fossils by Washing and Screening

The emphasis in research in palaeontology is shifting from collection of the type specimen to the examination of whole fossil populations at a site, representing each environment at one time of deposition. This requires a change in on site processing methods of fossiliferous soil. The article describes the materials and equipment required and the logistical details for a large scale excavation and sorting process which includes digging, transportation, screening quantities of sediment in water and sorting the dried concentrate. A diagram and instructions for constructing the washing boxes are included. There is a risk of damage or dissociation with this method, which is discussed; loss of tiny specimens through the screens can also occur.
Towards a Mediological Method: A Framework for Critically Engaging Dimensions of a Medium

Abstract This article explores the potentials of a mediological method for informing our and student's work as consumers and producers of diverse media. Mediology, an interdisciplinary approach developed by theorist Regis Debray, can help us account for both the conceptual and material aspects of media at both the macro levels of cultural structures and the micro levels of practice. Its emphasis on intersections between praxis and ideology can inform critical analysis of media artifacts and discourses as well as authorial decisions about media composition. Inspired by this approach, I offer a framework for analyzing media that includes seven dimensions—technological, social, economic, archival, aesthetic, subjective, and epistemological—which are particularly relevant to media's functions as cultural formations and sites of rhetorical praxis. This framework seeks to summarize general considerations related to each dimension and make connections among some of the key issues being raised by current scholarship on digital composing. I conclude with suggestions for how this framework could be applied within composition pedagogies. I suggest how the framework can help students complicate deterministic, essentializing assumptions about media and adopt critical approaches to how media function.
A light and electron microscopic analysis of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus after labelling primary afferent and efferent elements with HRP.

Primary afferent input to the cat sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) has been examined by injury filling sacral dorsal roots, ventral roots, or both with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Appropriate spinal segments were processed for the demonstration of HRP with diaminobenzidine and prepared for sequential light (LM) and electron (EM) microscopy. At the LM level, a large fascicle of primary afferent fibers was observed passing ventrally along the lateral edge of the dorsal horn into the region of the SPN. Varicosities were seen throughout the course of the axons but were particularly abundant within the SPN. Injury filling of the ventral roots with HRP resulted in a Golgi-like labelling of preganglionic neurons and their dendritic arbors, as well as ventral root afferent fibers. Swellings on both dorsal and ventral root afferent axons were observed in close apposition to labelled preganglionic neurons and their dendrites. At the ultrastructural level, labelled afferent terminals were found to contain clear spherical vesicles; 66% of these terminals also contained at least one dense-cored vesicle. Of particular interest was the presence of labelled dorsal and ventral root afferent terminals synapsing on labelled preganglionic neurons. Preganglionic neurons were also pestsynaptic to unlabelled terminals containing clear spherical (79.7%) or pleomorphic vesicles (20.3%). These data indicate that preganglionic neurons receive direct input from several sources, and provide the first demonstration of direct input to these cells from sensory fibers in the dorsal and ventral roots. The connections described in the present study provide interesting and, as yet, unexplored possibilities for sensory and autonomic reflex integration.
Power, Social Change, and The Process of Feminist Research:

The dismantling of a male-dominated “power-over” social structure and its manifestations in human activities and relationships lies at the center of feminist thought. For many feminist psychologists, this has meant challenging the privileged, all-knowing, objective position of the researcher; viewing the “naive subject” of study as a participant in the process of creating knowledge; and using research methods aimed at transforming an oppressive culture (Burman, 1992; Crawford & Marecek, 1989; Hollway, 1989). These goals are at the center of the Community Education Team's (this issue) article: “Fostering Relationality When Implementing and Evaluating a Collective-Drama Approach to Preventing Violence Against Women.” The authors use the concept of relationality to describe the process of developing interdependence and an “egalitarian, democratic research relationship” among those involved in the study. Although “sharing power” is a goal of feminist research and pedagogy, detailed accounts of the process of ...
Competition of gain channels in neodymium random laser

We have studied the competition between two gain channels 4F3/2 -->4I11/2 and 4F3/2 -->4I13/2 in Nd:Ba5(PO4)3F random laser with added Cr4+:Y3Al5O12 powder (absorbing light at 1.06µm) and mirrors reflecting light at 1.32µm or 1.06µm.
Vascular contrast enhancement in Lhermitte-Duclos disease: case report

We report a patient with surgically proven Lhermitte-Duclos disease. The radiologic and pathologic features of this cerebellar lesion are reviewed, including the newly reported presence of vascular contrast enhancement within the mass.
Assessment of Soil Potassium Sufficiency as Related to Quantity‐Intensity in Montmorillonitic Soils

Abstract No studies have been conducted to evaluate the potassium (K) quantity‐intensity (Q/I) relationships that exist in eastern South Dakota soils and how that may affect K fertility interpretations. The objectives of this study were to i) evaluate the K status of smectite‐dominant soils through quantity‐intensity relationships and (ii) relate the findings to current research on soil K release and plant availability. Soil and plant tissue samples were collected from eight different corn production fields across east‐central South Dakota. Samples were collected from areas where corn plants did or did not exhibit K deficiency symptoms. Quantity‐intensity plots were developed and used to derive the typical Q/I parameters. Little difference existed in Q/I parameters and the form of Q/I plots among field sites. The ARe K and ΔK0 values ranged from 0.0013 to 0.0113, and −0.47 to 0.18 cmolc kg−1, respectively, and most sites were considered K insufficient. The predominant phyllosilicate present in the clay‐si...
Leptin upregulates beta3-integrin expression and interleukin-1beta, upregulates leptin and leptin receptor expression in human endometrial epithelial cell cultures.

Human endometrium and endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) either cultured alone or cocultured with human embryos express leptin and leptin receptor. This study compares the effect of leptin with that of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) on the expression of β3-EEC integrin, a marker of endometrial receptivity. Both cytokines increased the expression of β3-EEC at concentrations in the range of 0.06–3 nM; however, leptin exhibited a significantly greater effect than IL-1β. We also determined the regulatory effects of IL-1β on leptin secretion and on the expression of leptin and leptin receptor at the protein level in both EEC and endometrial stromal cell (ESC) cultures. In EEC cultures, IL-1β upregulated secretion of leptin and expression of both leptin and leptin receptors. No effect of IL-1β was found in the ESC cultures. However, leptin exhibited marginal upregulation of leptin receptor. The upregulation of β3-integrin and leptin/leptin receptor expression by IL-1β in EEC cultures indicates that both cytokines may be implicated in embryonic-maternal cross-talk during the early phase of human implantation. Our present data also raise the possibility that leptin is an endometrial molecular effector of IL-1β action on β3-integrin upregulation. Thus, a new role for leptin in human reproduction as an autocrine/paracrine regulator of endometrial receptivity is proposed.