cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A bilinear cohesive zone model tailored for fracture of asphalt concrete considering viscoelastic bulk material

A bilinear cohesive zone model (CZM) is employed in conjunction with a viscoelastic bulk (background) material to investigate fracture behavior of asphalt concrete. An attractive feature of the bilinear CZM is a potential reduction of artificial compliance inherent in the intrinsic CZM. In this study, finite material strength and cohesive fracture energy, which are cohesive parameters, are obtained from laboratory experiments. Finite element implementation of the CZM is accomplished by means of a user-subroutine which is employed in a commercial finite element code (e.g., UEL in ABAQUS). The cohesive parameters are calibrated by simulation of mode I disk-shaped compact tension results. The ability to simulate mixed-mode fracture is demonstrated. The single-edge notched beam test is simulated where cohesive elements are inserted over an area to allow cracks to propagate in any general direction. The predicted mixed-mode crack trajectory is found to be in close agreement with experimental results. Furthermore, various aspects of CZMs and fracture behavior in asphalt concrete are discussed including: compliance, convergence, and energy balance.
High-resolution x-ray diffraction by single crystals of mixtures of transfer ribonucleic acids.

High-resolution X-ray Diffraction by Single Crystals of Mixtures of Transfer Ribonucleic Acids
Implementing Cooperative Learning in a Team-Teaching Environment

In this article, the authors describe a graduate course based on a cooperative learning strategy involving structured group interaction. The authors team-taught a semester-long course in which student groups worked on a consulting project requiring interaction between three distinct teams—the student group, a faculty team, and a team of field study contacts. Three interteam dynamics had to be considered for enhancement and assessment of individual student and group learning. The authors discuss the effects of the formal cooperative learning process on student learning and assess the final project quality.
Representación simbólica de los consejos escolares como estrategia para democratizar la cultura escolar: una lectura interpretativa desde la voz de los sujetos sociales

La democratizacion de la cultura escolar es una deuda pendiente del sistema educativo, pues si bien se ha normado la participacion de los distintos representantes de la comunidad educativa esto no ha sido suficiente. Esta investigacion utiliza como marco teorico el paradigma comprensivo-interpretativo que, a traves del interaccionismo simbolico y la pedagogia sociocritica, permite entender los significados construidos en la interaccion en el Consejo Escolar a traves de un enfoque cualitativo. El analisis centra la mirada en la macropolitica, es decir, en significados impuestos por el poder hegemonico neoliberal que prima en el desarrollo de politicas educativas y los significados presentes en la micropolitica, en tanto significaciones construidas por los propios sujetos en una relacion horizontal y dialogica. Estos distintos significados presentes en el Consejo Escolar estan marcados por una relacion dialectica entre la macro y la micropolitica, lo que permite conceptualizar la democracia y la participacion
Simultaneous clustering of multi-type relational data via symmetric nonnegative matrix tri-factorization

The rapid growth of Internet and modern technologies has brought data involving objects of multiple types that are related to each other, called as multi-type relational data. Traditional clustering methods for single-type data rarely work well on them, which calls for more advanced clustering techniques to deal with multiple types of data simultaneously to utilize their interrelatedness. A major challenge in developing simultaneous clustering methods is how to effectively use all available information contained in a multi-type relational data set including inter-type and intra-type relationships. In this paper, we propose a Symmetric Nonnegative Matrix Tri-Factorization (S-NMTF) framework to cluster multi-type relational data at the same time. The proposed S-NMTF approach employs NMTF to simultaneously cluster different types of data using their inter-type relationships, and incorporate the intra-type information through manifold regularization. In order to deal with the symmetric usage of the factor matrix in S-NMTF, we present a new generic matrix inequality to derive the solution algorithm, which involves a fourth-order matrix polynomial, in a principled way. Promising experimental results have validated the proposed approach.
Peritoneal cytology of uncommon ovarian tumors

Peritoneal cytology has been well established as a diagnostic and staging tool in the management of the common epithelial tumors of ovary. Germ cell, mesenchymal, and sex-cord stromal tumors are much less frequently encountered in peritoneal specimens, often with cytologic features that may pose problems in differential diagnosis. This report presents the cytomorphology of the ascitic fluid in cases of endodermal sinus tumor, dysgerminoma, and Sertoli-Leydig-cell tumor, and peritoneal washings in a case of ovarian malignant mixed mullerian tumor. The cytologic features of Sertoli-Leydig-cell tumors have not been well described. Careful correlation of peritoneal cytologic findings, cell-block preparations, and immunocytochemistry with the cytohistologic features of these tumors is crucial for correct tumor classification.
Marine faunal assemblages in the Silurian-Devonian Keyser Limestone of the central Appalachians

Sedimentological analysis of the Keyser Limestone (Upper Silurian - Lower Devonian of the central Appalachians) indicates that its sediments were deposited in a range of marginal and shallow marine environments. Major depositional environments include: tidal flat, lagoon, barrier bar and island, and open marine shelf. Each major environment is represented by a lithofacies which is lithologically and faunally distinct. Tidal flat lithofacies are characterized by eurytopic organisms, including ostracodes, gastropods, stromatoporoids and blue-green algae. Lagoon lithofacies are dominated by bryozoans, brachiopods, ostracodes and stromatoporoids. Barrier lithofacies are characterized by rooted crinoids, encrusting bryozoans and robust brachiopods. Open shelf lithofacies contain a diverse fauna of cystoids, crinoids, bryozoans and brachiopods. The distributions of faunal assemblages in the Keyser show no simple relationship to either water depth or distance from shore. They are, in general, related to the distributions of depositional environments. Recurring associations of brachiopod genera were not found in the Keyser. With few exceptions, any genus may be found in any subtidal environment. Abundance of brachiopods is related to the abundance of local hard substrates (usually bryozoans).
Beyond the Workshop: National Trends in Integrated and Segregated Day and Employment Services

Survey data from a national, random sample of 643 service providers were analyzed to examine past, current, and future utilization of integrated and segregated day and employment services. The percentage of persons in integrated employment increased to 30% in 1991, from a total of 17% documented during 1986. However, the average number of persons served in segregated, facility-based work programs has also increased since 1986, and half the respondents (N = 643) either planned to start new facility-based programs, maintain the current service capacity, or increase the number served by 1997. Implications of a dual system of integrated versus segregated services and potential incentives for stimulating conversion of facility-based services are discussed.
The Search for Level I Evidence in Solid-Tumor Oncology

Background:We have developed a method to identify, filter, review, and distribute the published level I evidence for solid tumor oncology. Methods:A standardized MEDLINE search identified prospective randomized controlled trials (PRCTs) in solid tumor oncology. Only PRCTs with therapeutic end points were included. All references were reviewed by a surgical oncology fellow in consultation with experts in the field. The full citations were imported into a comprehensive database. Data on statistical methods according to the Consolidated Standard of Reporting Trials statement were tabulated along with reviewer’s comments. A designation of Ia was given to articles that were well designed and significant contributions to their field. The database powers a dynamic, easily searchable Web site on our intranet and is available in personal digital assistant (PDA) format. Results:By using standard search criteria, only .03% of the 11 million articles listed in MEDLINE are PRCTs concerning therapy for solid organ malignancies. Approximately 14% of reviewed articles were given a designation of Ia. Having comprehensive data readily available with intranet access or PDAs during conferences enhances their educational value and specificity. Conclusions:We have developed an exciting tool that uses a highly trained filter to screen and record the medical data available to the clinician. This information has been made available and portable by using the Internet and PDAs.
Least-Squares Matrix Correlations Between Stump Stresses and Prosthesis Loads for Below-Knee Amputees

Stump stresses were correlated to prosthesis loads for two unilateral, below-knee amputees over a range of flexion-extension angular adjustments. Normal stresses on the patellar tendon and gastrocnemius were related to the axial force and flexion-extension moment of the prosthesis via a matrix equation. Elements of this matrix, influence factors calculated by least-squares algorithms, identified the contributions of each time-dependent load component acting to produce the time-dependent normal stresses. The flexion-extension angular sensitivity of the way these sagittal plane loads combined to produce normal stresses was included in the matrix equation via a first-order Maclaurin series. Highly favorable correlation coefficients between empirically measured and theoretically predicted stump stresses were calculated. This demonstrated that, in future studies, using an influence-factor matrix holds promise for quantifying sensitivities of normal stresses of the stump to multiple adjustments in prostheses.
Quantitative analysis of the interfacial barrier to membrane transport of cholesterol solubilized in a charged micellar system

The transport of cholesterol solubilized in polyoxyethylene(10)-nonylphenol ether with benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride additive (4:1, w/w) was studied in a diffusion cell separated by a silicone rubber membrane. Overall kinetics revealed the presence of an interfacial barrier. Additions of NaCl or Na2SO4 abolished the barrier to the extent that total cholesterol flux was essentially limited by membrane diffusion considerations. The results are consistent with the concept of micelles diffusing in an electrical field followed by a collision-complex transfer of cholesterol in the aqueous–membrane interfacial region. The electrostatic force of repulsion arises from the overlap of diffuse electrical double layers emanating from the charged mixed micelle and the cationic surfactant adsorbed on the membrane. The influence of surfactant concentration on cholesterol transport kinetics was consistent with electrostatic phenomena. The derived physical model focused on interfacial electrical properties in the donor chamber by maintaining a high concentration (≥0.1 M) of strong electrolyte in the receiver. A linear regression of the logarithm of theoretical transport resistance, total resistance less membrane and receiver boundary layer resistances, versus (ionic strength)1/2 in the donor resulted in a reasonable estimate of the total surface potential of the micelle and membrane surfaces as well as the net dispersion attraction constant.
Seed laser power effects on the spectral purity of Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers and the implications for filtered rayleigh scattering measurements

In this manuscript, we investigate the role of seed laser power on the spectral purity of an injection-seeded, frequency-doubled, Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operating near 532 nm. A specific emphasis is placed on examining how the seed laser power and the corresponding spectral purity affects molecular iodine-filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS) measurements in terms of realizable attenuation of unwanted scattering. Results from a set of detailed calculations demonstrate a logarithmic relationship between spectral purity and the effective optical density of the I 2 lines, that is, for every order-of-magnitude decrease in spectral purity, there is a corresponding order-of-magnitude decrease in achievable optical density. As one example, a decrease in spectral purity from 1 to 0.999999 results in an increase in the minimum transmission of >103. We directly measured the optical density of strong I 2 absorption lines for a series of injection seed powers ranging from 1 to 15 mW. For this range of circulating seed power, measured optical densities increased from 4 to 5.2 and the corresponding spectral purities were estimated as increasing from 0.9999 to 0.999992. The relationship between measured spectral purity and seed power agreed well with previous theoretical scaling. The current results imply that one potential methodology of achieving greater suppression of unwanted scattering when using molecular iodine-filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS) near 532 nm is to increase the power of the seed laser.
Syncytiotrophoblast brush border proteins recognized by monoclonal antibody TRA-210 and rabbit anti-TLX sera

Abstract Different subsets of placental trophoblast epithelium are directly exposed to the maternal immune system during pregnancy and consequently represent major elements in allogeneic interactions. It has been proposed that the trophoblast-lymphocyte cross-reactive (TLX) alloantigen system is involved in maternal allogeneic recognition duringpregnancy. Monoclonal antibody TRA-2-10 putatively recognizes TLX antigens, but its reactivity with trophoblast and normal tissues has not been documented in detail. In this report, immunohistological investigations revealed that TRA-2-10 recognizes all subsets of trophoblast in addition to amniotic and seminal vesicle epithelia. Immunoblotting demonstrated reactivity with glycoproteins of 55 000 and 65 000 mol. mass under non-reducing conditions on various cell types. These proteins displayed tissue-specific size variations and individuals varied in the amounts expressed of the two species. On the basis of blocking and immunoprecipitation experiments, TRA-2-10 reactive antigens are recognized by rabbit anti- TLX sera and are potential TLX antigen candidates. However, TLX antigens are found in seminal plasma whilst TRA-2-10 reactive antigens are not. Both TLX and TRA-2-10 antigens appear related if not identical to membrane cofactor protein (MCP) by virtue of shared molecular characteristics and blocking- of lymphocyte binding of monoclonals to MCP by polyclonal anti- TLX. Extra-embryonic membranes are thus richly endowed with a complement regulatory protein which could facilitate their roles in protection of the fetus by avoidance of harmful maternal immune response amplification.
ATTENUATION BY BRADYKININ OF ADRENERGICALLY‐INDUCED VASOCONSTRICTION IN THE ISOLATED PERFUSED KIDNEY OF THE RABBIT: RELATIONSHIP TO PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS

Abstract 1 In the isolated kidney of the rabbit perfused with oxygenated Tyrode solution, we studied the effect of bradykinin on the vasoconstriction evoked by sympathetic nerve stimulation (3Hz, 1 ms) and by injections of noradrenaline (50 to 75 ng) in the presence and in the absence of indomethacin (1 microgram/ml), an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Prostaglandin E(PGE)-like material in the renal effluent was measured by bioassay after extraction with organic solvents and separation by thin layer chromatography. 2 Bradykinin in concentrations of 10 to 100 ng/ml reduced the vasoconstrictor response to sympathetic nerve stimulation and to injected noradrenaline. Also, the peptide (1 to 10 ng/ml) increased the basal release of PGE-like material and the release induced by sympathetic nerve stimulation. 3 Indomethacin, 1 microgram/ml, diminished the inhibitory effect of bradykinin on the vasoconstrictor response to nerve stimulation, minimized the reduction of the noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction caused by bradykinin (100 ng/ml), and abolished the release of PGE-like material. 4 This study indicates that bradykinin reduces the renal vascular reactivity to adrenergic stimuli and suggests that part of the action of the kinin at the vascular adrenergic neuroeffector junction in the rabbit kidney depends upon the biosynthesis of renal prostaglandins.
Exploratory study of wall pressure fluctuations in a Mach 5, sharp fin-induced turbulent interaction

Fluctuating surface pressure measurements have been made near separation in a Mach 5, swept shock/turbulent boundary-layer interaction induced by a sharp fin at angles of attack of 16 and 18 deg. Pressure signals in the initial compression region indicate a «shuddering» compression system, in contrast to a translating separation shock reported in previous studies of sharp fin interactions at Mach 3. The results suggest that the frequency range of the shuddering may scale on the large-eddy frequency of the incoming boundary layer
CYCLOTRON RESONANCE IN MEGAGAUSS FIELDS

A review of magneto-optical experiments on semiconductor structures in megagauss fields is presented, featuring both the single-turn coil-generator and the explosive flux compression. Special emphasis is laid on the transient character of the fields resulting in unexpected and sophisticated response of the materials investigated.
FMIT Direct-Current Beam Monitor

The prototype injector section for the Fusion Materials Irradiation Test (FMIT) Facility being developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory requires that beam parameters be noninterceptively monitored. This report describes the application of a single toroidal core, coupled with very simple circuitry, that results in the production of a simple instrument, and eliminates the problems inherent in the Faraday cup technique for the current measurements of the FMIT injector beam.
Initiator-independent and initiator-dependent rubber biosynthesis in Ficus elastica

The rubber-producing tree, Ficus elastica (the Indian rubber tree), requires the same substrates for rubber production as other rubber-producing plants, such as Hevea brasiliensis (the Brazilian or Para rubber tree), the major source of commercial natural rubber in the world, and Parthenium argentatum (guayule), a widely studied alternative for natural rubber production currently under commercial development. Rubber biosynthesis can be studied, in vitro, using purified, enzymatically active rubber particles, an initiator such as FPP, IPP as the source of monomer, and a metal cofactor such as Mg2+. However, unlike H. brasiliensis and P. argentatum, we show that enzymatically active rubber particles purified from F. elastica are able to synthesize rubber, in vitro, in the absence of added initiator. In this paper, we characterize, for the first time, the kinetic differences between initiator-dependent rubber biosynthesis, and initiator-independent rubber biosynthesis, and the effect of cofactor concentration on both of these processes.
Expressive aprosody and amusia as a manifestation of right hemisphere seizures.

Summary: Purpose: Aprosody and amusia are disorders commonly associated with right hemisphere abnormalities. They are regarded as negative phenomena and usually seen after strokes. We report a case of a patient who had both expressive aprosody and amusia as a clinical manifestation of right temporooccipital seizures. Methods: A 43-year-old woman had a 1-month history of monotonic speech and difficulty singing. Her examination revealed both expressive aprosody and amusia. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head was normal, but her EEG revealed several electrographic seizures of right temporooccipital origin. Results: Treatment with phenytoin (PHT) almost immediately caused her speech and singing to return to baseline. A repeated EEG was normal Conclusions: Seizures of right temporooccipital origin can manifest with expressive aprosody and amusia.
Necessary conditions for the study of fads and fashions in science

Summary This article asserts that any theory or research on fads or fashions in science has to answer three questions clearly and unambiguously. What defines “science”? What defines a “scientific fad” or a “scientific fashion”? What might facilitate the occurrence of scientific fads or fashions so defined? To illustrate this argument, this article critically examines the answers to three questions suggested by Starbuck's article: [Starbuck, W. H. (2009). The constant causes of never-ending faddishness in the behavioral and social sciences. Scandinavian Journal of Management ]. The article concludes by discussing the challenges that certain scholars can pose to other scholars who courageously raise the possibility that fads or fashions might hold sway in the behavioral or social sciences.
A comparative study of computer programs for integrating differential equations

A study comparing the performance of several computer programs for integrating systems of ordinary differential equations is reported. The integration methods represented include multistep methods (predictor-correctors), single-step methods (Runge-Kutta) and extrapolation methods (both polynomial and rational). The testing procedure is described together with the evaluation criteria applied. A set of test problems on which the programs were tested is included in an appendix. For the particular problems and criteria used in the investigation it was found that a program based on rational extrapolation showed the best performance.
716 BIOCHEMICAL DEFECT OF NON-KERATAN-SULFATE-EXCRETING MORQUIO SYNDROME

Two children of second-cousin parents were found to have a very mild form of Morquio syndrome. A 14-year-old boy was 146 cm tall (<3rd%), and had fine corneal deposits in the eyes, a broad chest, dislocated hips, and flat feet. His 7-year-old sister had a broad chest, but otherwise normal physical development. An abnormal lumbar spine was seen in radiographs of both children. Analysis of the urine from the affected children revealed a level of mucopolysaccharide about twice as high as that found in normal urine, but no evidence of keratosulfaturia. The majority of the mucopolysaccharide was chondroitin 6-sulfate. Multiple assays of N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase in leukocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts showed deficiency of this enzyme in the range found in the classical form of Morquio syndrome. The disease described in this report resembles the non-keratan-sulfate-excreting Morquio syndrome described by McKusick (Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue, 1972), although the present cases show a milder disease. To our knowledge, the biochemical defect of this form of Morquio syndrome has not been confirmed. This report identifies the enzyme defect of the non-keratan-sulfate-excreting Morquio syndrome. The report also demonstrates the absence of keratosulfaturia in a patient younger than 10 years of age with this disease.
Cheating by exploitation of developmental prestalk patterning in Dictyostelium discoideum.

The cooperative developmental system of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is susceptible to exploitation by cheaters—strains that make more than their fair share of spores in chimerae. Laboratory screens in Dictyostelium have shown that the genetic potential for facultative cheating is high, and field surveys have shown that cheaters are abundant in nature, but the cheating mechanisms are largely unknown. Here we describe cheater C (chtC), a strong facultative cheater mutant that cheats by affecting prestalk differentiation. The chtC gene is developmentally regulated and its mRNA becomes stalk-enriched at the end of development. chtC mutants are defective in maintaining the prestalk cell fate as some of their prestalk cells transdifferentiate into prespore cells, but that defect does not affect gross developmental morphology or sporulation efficiency. In chimerae between wild-type and chtC mutant cells, the wild-type cells preferentially give rise to prestalk cells, and the chtC mutants increase their representation in the spore mass. Mixing chtC mutants with other cell-type proportioning mutants revealed that the cheating is directly related to the prestalk-differentiation propensity of the victim. These findings illustrate that a cheater can victimize cooperative strains by exploiting an established developmental pathway.
Implications of Covariance Structure Analysis (LISREL) Versus Regression Models for Counseling Research

The advent of new types of multivariate techniques, such as covariance structureanalysis, has the potential for reshaping research on counseling processes.Covariance structure analysis is more theory driven and confirmatory in naturethan regression analysis. Following a description of its strengths and weaknesses, adetailed example is provided showing how the use of covariance structure analysiscan improve research sophistication and theory development in counselingpsychology.
A broadly applicable high-throughput screening strategy identifies new regulators of Dlg4 (Psd-95) alternative splicing

Most mammalian genes produce multiple mRNA isoforms derived from alternative pre-mRNA splicing, with each alternative exon controlled by a complex network of regulatory factors. The identification of these regulators can be laborious and is usually carried out one factor at a time. We have developed a broadly applicable high-throughput screening method that simultaneously identifies multiple positive and negative regulators of a particular exon. Two minigene reporters were constructed: One produces green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the mRNA including an exon, and red fluorescent protein (RFP) from the mRNA lacking the exon; the other switches these fluorescent products of exon inclusion and exclusion. Combining results from these two reporters eliminates many false positives and greatly enriches for true splicing regulators. After extensive optimization of this method, we performed a gain-of-function screen of 15,779 cDNA clones and identified 40 genes affecting exon 18 of Discs large homolog 4 (Dlg4; also known as post-synaptic density protein 95 [Psd-95]). We confirmed that 28 of the 34 recoverable clones alter reporter splicing in RT-PCR assays. Remarkably, 18 of the identified genes encode splicing factors or RNA binding proteins, including PTBP1, a previously identified regulator of this exon. Loss-of-function experiments examining endogenous Dlg4 transcripts validated the effects of five of eight genes tested in independent cell lines, and two genes were further confirmed to regulate Dlg4 splicing in primary neurons. These results identify multiple new regulators of Dlg4 splicing, and validate an approach to isolating splicing regulators for almost any cassette exon from libraries of cDNAs, shRNAs, or small molecules.
Effects of Different Dietary Acidifier Sources of Calcium and Phosphorus on Ammonia, Methane and Odorant Emission from Growing-finishing Pigs

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different sources of Ca and P on urine and ileal digesta pH, and ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), and odor emission. In experiment 1, eight pigs (commercial three-way cross; initial BW 67±3 kg) were arranged in a repeated 4×4 Latin Square design. All pigs were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. Four corn-soybean meal based diets were formulated. Diet 1 was the control in which dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and limestone (CaCO3) were used as the sources of inorganic P and Ca. In Diets 2 and 3, H3PO4, monocalcium phosphate (MCP), and CaSO4 replaced DCP and CaCO3 as the inorganic sources of P and Ca. Diet 4 was similar to Diet 1 except that it was fortified with HCl to provide an acid load similar to that of diet 2. Urine and ileal digesta pH were determined in pigs fed each of these diets. In Exp. 1, urine pH decreased (p<0.05) in animals consuming diets containing H3PO4-CaSO4 (5.85±0.38) and MCP-CaSO4 (5.73±0.30) compared with the DCP-CaCO3 diet (6.89±0.24). In the pigs consuming H3PO4-CaSO4, ileal digesta pH decreased compared with the control (5.52±0.28 vs. 6.66±0.17; p<0.05). Based on the results of Exp. 1, a total of four trials were performed in environmental chambers for determining how NH3, CH4, and odor were affected by the different dietary Ca and P sources (Exp. 2). In Exp. 2, pigs fed the H3PO4-CaSO4 diet had decreased (30%) NH3 emissions compared with the control (p<0.05). Also, a combination of MCP-CaCO3-CaCl2 decreased NH3 emission by 15% (p<0.05). Emission of CH4 was decreased only with the H3PO4-CaSO4 diet with 14% (p<0.05). Odorant emission of phenolics and volatile fatty acids increased roughly three-fold with the DCP-CaSO4 diet but was not affected by other test diets. In conclusion, acidogenic Ca and P sources in swine diets can decrease the urinary pH and reduce NH3 and CH4 emission from swine facilities. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. Vol 17, No. 8 : 1131-1138)
Individuation and attachment in personality development: extending Erikson's theory

The question of whether Enkson's theory of psychosocial development is a complete and coherent view of development in males and females is considered After a thorough review of Enkson's views on the role of sex in psychosocial development, the authors suggest that an important element is neglected in Erikson's account of personality development in both sexes That IS, due to his focus on issues of identity, Enkson does not account fully for the development of intimacy or other expressions of interpersonal attachment The authors conclude that the major shortcoming of Enkson's theory is not, as some feminists have argued, that it is a male theory but that it fails to account adequately for the processes of interpersonal attachment that are essential to the development of both males and females Preliminary elements of a two-path model of development are proposed In recent years, a major theoretical model for understanding lifespan personality development has been that of Erik Enkson Using psychoanalytic-psychosexual concepts as a foundation, Erikson (1963, 1964, 1968, 1977, 1978) traces the ego's progressive integration of the social world and the psychosexual experience of the individual He describes personality development as an hierarchically ordered sequence of stages which progress from initial narcissistic involvement with oneself, through stages of identification and socialization, to increasing individuation and establishment of an individual identity While Enkson emphasizes that this development occurs within an expanding network of significant persons, we believe that his theory does not account adequately for the development of various forms of interpersonal connectedness or attachments While Erikson views identity and intimacy (the psychosocial "virtues" emerging from his stages 5 and 6) as equal in value, his
Supplemental Dietary Inulin Affects the Bioavailability of Iron in Corn and Soybean Meal to Young Pigs

Iron deficiency represents one of the most common global nutritional disorders in humans. Our objective was to determine whether and how supplemental inulin improved utilization of iron intrinsically present in a corn and soybean meal diet by young pigs for hemoglobin repletion. In Expt. 1, 3 groups (n = 8/group) of pigs were fed a corn and soybean meal-based diet (BD, without inorganic iron addition) or BD + 2 or 4% inulin (Synergy 1: a mixture of oligofructose and long-chain inulin HP, Orafti) for 5 wk. Final blood hemoglobin concentrations and the overall hemoglobin repletion efficiency of pigs were positively (r = 0.55 and 0.69, P < 0.01) correlated with dietary inulin concentrations. Compared with pigs fed the BD, those fed 4% inulin demonstrated a 28% improvement (P < 0.01) in hemoglobin repletion efficiency and 15% (P < 0.01) improvement in the final blood hemoglobin concentration. In Expt. 2, 12 weanling pigs (n = 6/group) were fed the BD or the BD + 4% inulin for 6 wk. Pigs fed 4% inulin had higher (P < 0.05) soluble Fe concentrations in the digesta of the proximal, mid, and distal colon, and lower (P < 0.05) sulfide concentrations in the digesta of the distal colon. Supplemental inulin had virtually no effect on pH or phytase activity of digesta from any of the tested segments. In conclusion, supplementing 4% inulin improved utilization of intrinsic iron in the corn and soybean meal diet by young pigs, and this benefit was associated with soluble Fe and sulfide concentrations but not pH or phytase activity in the digesta.
Deoxycholate inhibits in vivo butyrate-mediated BrDU labeling of the colonic crypt.

Abstract The short-chain fatty acid butyrate (NaBu) selectively increases colonic crypt base proliferation and inhibits “premalignant” crypt surface hyperproliferation while the secondary bile acid deoxycholate (DCA) induces surface hyperproliferation,in vitro.We hypothesized that NaBu and DCA have similar selective and antagonistic effects on the colonic crypt proliferative pattern,in vivo.Fifty-six adult SD rats underwent surgical isolation of the colon and 24-hr intraluminal instillation with physiological (10 mM) and pharmacological (25 mM) levels of butyrate alone or combined with a physiological DCA level (5 μM). Bromodeoxyuridine-labeling indices (LI) were determined as labeled cells divided by total cells, for the whole crypt and five crypt compartments from base to surface. Treatment with NaBu increased total LI when compared to NaCl. This effect was significant only at the crypt base. Both doses of NaBu resulted in similar LI with no further response at the higher concentration. In contrast to priorin vitrostudies, DCA alone at this concentration did not affect LI, but when combined with NaBu, DCA inhibited the effects of NaBu at the crypt base and surface. The conclusions are: (1) thein vivoproliferative effects of NaBu are selective to the crypt base, (2) anin vivolow physiological DCA level does not promote crypt surface hyperproliferation but does inhibit butyrate's proliferative effect, and (3) NaBu and DCA interact in a complex and antagonistic manner to selectively modulate crypt base and surface proliferation, in the rat colon,in vivo.These findings may have clinical relevance since colonic levels of NaBu and DCA are affected by diet.
Depression and the long‐term risk of pain, fatigue, and disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Objective To determine whether a previous episode of major depression leaves a “scar” that places previously depressed patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) at risk for experiencing high levels of pain, fatigue, and disability. Methods A cohort of 203 patients with RA was randomly selected from a national panel and interviewed by phone about pain, fatigue, depressive symptoms, disability, and history of major depression. Results Excluding patients who met the criteria for current major depression, patients with both a history of depression and many depressive symptoms at the time of the interview (dysphoria) reported more pain than those without current dysphoria, irrespective of whether they had a history of depression. Dysphoria alone was not reliably related to pain reports. Conclusion An episode of major depression, even if it occurs prior to the onset of RA, leaves patients at risk for higher levels of pain when depressive symptoms persist, even years after the depressive episode.
Mitogenic response of cells in culture to demineralized bone matrix

In this study the mitogenic effect of demineralized bone powder (DBP) on cells in tissue culture was evaluated. The cells studied have osteoblastic properties. At a DBP concentration of 100 micrograms/well, rat osteosarcoma cells (ROS) 17/2.8 cells, ROS 24/1 cells, and periosteal fibroblasts (POF) all showed a significant increase in proliferation in comparison to controls. The peak effect was on day two for ROS 17/2.8 (125% of control), on day three for ROS 24/1 (139% of control), and on day four for POF (145% of control). The results indicate that this in vitro system may be useful for evaluating the osteoinductive activity of DBP preparations.
ENERGY INTAKE, MEAL FREQUENCY, AND HEALTH: A NEUROBIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

The size and frequency of meals are fundamental aspects of nutrition that can have profound effects on the health and longevity of laboratory animals. In humans, excessive energy intake is associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain cancers and is a major cause of disability and death in industrialized countries. On the other hand, the influence of meal frequency on human health and longevity is unclear. Both caloric (energy) restriction (CR) and reduced meal frequency/intermittent fasting can suppress the development of various diseases and can increase life span in rodents by mechanisms involving reduced oxidative damage and increased stress resistance. Many of the beneficial effects of CR and fasting appear to be mediated by the nervous system. For example, intermittent fasting results in increased production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which increases the resistance of neurons in the brain to dysfunction and degeneration in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders; BDNF signaling may also mediate beneficial effects of intermittent fasting on glucose regulation and cardiovascular function. A better understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms by which meal size and frequency affect human health may lead to novel approaches for disease prevention and treatment.
Moral Issues and Voter Decision Making in the 2004 Presidential Election

“President Bush's victory, the approval of every anti-gay marriage amendment on statewide ballots and an emphasis on ‘moral values’ among voters showed the power of churchgoing Americans in this election and threw the nation's religious divide into stark relief.” Associated Press , November 4, 2004
Diagnosis and Treatment of Pregnancy Induced Platelet Dysfunction

Pregnant women with either Type B EPH gestosis or gestosis alone were treated with low dose aspirin if thrombocytopenia were present (platelet counts below 75,000) or had platelet aggregation studies if their platelet counts were above 75,000. Platelet aggregation was usually decreased and aspirin therapy appeared to improve platelet counts. However, it appears that platelet abnormalities are only a secondary defect in the "gestosis" process as correction of their thrombocytopenia did not correct their hypovolemia.
Introduction to special issues Paleontology and stratigraphy of Laramide strata in the Denver Basin

The Denver Basin is a Laramide foreland basin located east of the Front Range in Colorado. The basin contains a 4,000-meter sequence of Cambrian to Eocene rocks that includes synorogenic strata from both the Ancestral Rockies and Laramide orogenies. Laramide synorogenic strata in the basin reach a maximum thickness of nearly 1,000 meters. Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene rocks in the basin include the marine Pierre Shale, the Fox Hills and Laramie Formations, Arapahoe Conglomerate, Denver and Dawson Formations, Wall Mountain Tuff, and Castle Rock Conglomerate. Collectively, these strata record withdrawal of the Western Interior Seaway, initiation of the Laramide orogeny, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary, spread of early Paleocene rainforests, the …
Atmospheric Deposition of Metals to Coastal Waters (Long Island Sound, New York U.S.A.): Evidence from Saltmarsh Deposits

Deposition chronologies of six high saltmarsh cores collected in New York City and Long Island, New York, determined using excess210Pb, show that accretion rates range from 0·1 to 0·4 cm year−1. On average the marshes are accreting within about a factor of two of the rise in mean sea level for the area. Excess210Pb inventories in the marshes average 31±14 dpm cm−2, comparable to values expected from atmospheric deposition of210Pb. Chronologies of fluxes of137Cs and excess Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd (defined as values in excess of the pre-anthropogenic background at depth in a core) indicate significant migration of137Cs and Cd in the marsh cores. Lead shows maximum fluxes between 1970 and 1980, consistent with the historical record of consumption of leaded gasoline in the U.S.A. Copper shows recent decreases in flux at four of the six sites and Zn shows variable patterns. Fluxes of Pb, Cu and Zn are generally less than or equal to directly measured atmospheric fluxes of these metals, indicating the importance of atmospheric supply of the metals to the marsh sites. Assuming that the atmospheric pathway is dominant for both metal and210Pb supply to the marshes, the regional pattern of atmospheric metal fluxes and the relative importance of the atmosphere in contributing metals to adjacent Long Island Sound can be determined. The marsh data indicate the atmospheric fluxes of Pb, Cu and Zn are greatest in New York City and decrease eastward along the north shore of Long Island. Comparison of the ratios of the inventories of excess metals to excess210Pb in the marshes and in the subtidal sediments of adjacent Long Island Sound suggests that atmospheric supply can contribute large fractions of Pb (at most 70–90% of integrated input). The atmospheric contributions of Cu and Zn are <50%, indicating the dominance of non-atmospheric sources for these metals. For all the metals, lower contributions of atmospheric input are evident in western Long Island Sound, suggesting that non-atmospheric sources of metals (point and non-point) are of greater importance in this portion of the estuary.
Impaired mononuclear cell tissue factor generation in patients with immunodeficiency diseases

Congenital immunodeficiency diseases are complex disorders of B- and T-cell function. We have studied monocytelymphocyte interaction in four patients with severe immunodeficiency disease using the coagulation protein. tissue factor, as a marker for monocyte activation. Phytohemagglutinin-induced tissue factor activity was markedly reduced in the cells from all four patients as compared to controls (p < 0.02). Lipopolysaccharide-induced tissue factor activity, however, was abnormal in two patients with defects in stem cell differentiation (p < 0.0000i ), but was normal in two patients with thymic hypofunction. Immune reconstitution of one patient with adenosine deaminase deficiency by bone marrow transplantation was marked by the return of mononuclear cell tissue factor activity to normal. Coculture experiments in three patients revealed suppression of tissue factor activity in two of the patients. Inhibitory activity gradually disappeared in the transplanted child as normal immune function was reconstituted. We conclude that mononuclear cell tissue factor activation is, in part, under immune control, in that I-cell function is required for optimal generation of activity, and immune reconstitution corrects the deficiency. Moreover, we have supplied further evidence for the interaction of blood coagulation with cell-mediated immunity by this demonstration of defective mononuclear cell tissue factor generation in children with immunodeficiency disease. S EVERE COM BIN ED immunodeficiency diseases (SCID) are comprised of a heterogeneous group of patients exhibiting a spectrum of deficiencies of both T- and B-cell immune function.’ Appreciation of the complexity of these disorders is reflected by the variability of the genetic inheritance, clinical manifestations, and the immunologic findings.2 � More recently, studies of the differentiation of lymphoid precursor cells in the bone marrow in the presence of adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzymes,5 thymic humoral factors,6’7 or thymic epithelial monolayers7’t have suggested that the heterogeneity of these disorders is related to various types of blocks or defects of stem cell differentiation. However, the study of SCID patients has mainly focused on the bymphoid system and immune function. The monocyte-macrophage system has received less attention in SCID,9 although of major importance in the normal host defense mechanisms.’#{176} In addition to the basic functions of microbial phagocytosis and killing, the monocyte is involved in the afferent limb of the immune response of antigen processing and presentation, and in the efferent limb by virtue of regula
Ecological Considerations in Chemical Control

Traditional approaches to insect-pest problems have centered on the development of techniques which attempt to destroy pests as they appear in threatening numbers and hopefully to eliminate them. These techniques have, for the most part, involved the use of chemicals applied with little reference to the complexities of agricultural ecosystems. In general, these control measures have been successful. However, we must put certain qualifications on the success of these traditional approaches. Their inherent limitations become clearer each year.
Matrix Isolation Spectroscopic Study of the 1:1 Complexes of TiF4 with NH3 and (CH3)3N

The matrix isolation technique with twin-jet deposition has been coupled with infrared spectroscopy for the isolation, identification, and characterization of the 1:1 complexes of TiF4 with NH3 and (CH3)3N. For each of these complexes, two perturbed Ti−F stretching modes were observed to be red-shifted 40−90 cm-1 from the triply degenerate parent TiF4 mode at 792 cm-1, indicating a reduction of symmetry in the complex to at least C3v. In addition, the symmetric deformation mode of the NH3 subunit shifted 228 cm-1 to higher energy, indicating that TiF4 is a moderate strength Lewis acid. Merged jet deposition of these reagents led to no observed product in the matrix and no parent TiF4, suggesting that a reaction to form a nonvolatile product in the merged or reaction region had occurred, probably forming the very stable 1:2 complex.
A Global Alliance for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and atherosclerotic disease is the largest contributor to all non-communicable diseases (NCDs) which include all cancers, diabetes mellitus and chronic lung diseases. In 2008 of the 57 million deaths globally, 36 million—almost two thirds—were due to NCDs and the mortality burden of these diseases is growing rapidly in middle and low income countries [1]. Many of these deaths are premature and about one quarter of these NCD deaths worldwide occur in those below the age of 60 years.
Radiation and Particle Detectors

Superconducting radiation and particle detectors measure the energy deposited by photons or particles with orders of magnitude more sensitivity and accuracy than semiconductor detectors. Superconducting detectors have been constructed for photons from microwave to gamma-ray energies, and for particles from heavy ions to the mysterious “dark matter” that permeates the universe. This article discusses issues and solutions related to optimizing the particle absorbing components, the energy measuring components, building large arrays to overcome the inherent small size, and operating at the required low temperatures of ~0.1K without the use of cryogenic liquids.
Cultural Resource Management Archaeology and Heritage Values

As it moved into the 21st century, the National Park Service embarked on an ambitious program of public involvement and civic engagement explicitly geared to the use of heritage sites to inform the public on contemporary issues. Meanwhile, although Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act mandates the recovery and dissemination of the information recovered from important archaeological sites in the name of public benefit, the contribution of the cultural resource management sector to the public or to civic engagement and education has not achieved its potential. This article explores some of the reasons behind this failure and provides two case studies showing how such an endeavor might work, along with suggestions for the future.