cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interstitial hardening of duplex 2205 stainless steel by low temperature carburisation: enhanced mechanical and electrochemical performance

The mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of duplex (ferrite–austenite) grade 2205 stainless steel have been substantially improved by interstitial hardening using low temperature carburisation. The austenite phase of the duplex stainless steel responds to low temperature carburisation in a similar manner as single phase austenitic stainless steels, forming ‘expanded’ austenite (also called S phase). The surface layer that forms on the ferritic portion of 2205 steel consists of a paraequilibrium carbide, a carbide with the same metal composition as the underlying ferrite. This two-phase case has about three times the Vickers hardness of non-treated material, an improved ultimate tensile strength and increased fatigue resistance, and much improved crevice corrosion resistance.
Identifying Individual Scaffolding Molecules in the Postsynaptic Density

The postsynaptic density (PSD) is a macromolecular signaling assembly anchored in the postsynaptic membrane of nerve cells. It contains receptors, scaffold and signaling molecules, and cytoskeletal elements. Mass spectrometry of isolated PSDs reveals several hundred protein species [1]. The postsynaptic signal pathways have a major role in controlling synaptic strength, and ultimately may underlie the mechanisms involved in learning and memory. The fundamental molecular organization of the PSD in cultured hippocampal spines has recently been resolved by EM tomography. Three-dimensional reconstructions show an orthogonal assembly of horizontal scaffolding molecules associated with the vertically oriented filaments that in turn associate with major transmembrane structures [2]. Now that core individual proteins can be visualized with tomography, methods are needed to identify them. Structures can be matched with predicted sizes and shapes of proteins at specific cellular compartment, but a direct identifying label would be reassuring. Here, we label a key scaffolding molecule in the postsynaptic density, PSD-95 [3], by combining electron microscopic tomography with immunolabeling on cultured rat hippocampal neurons prepared by high pressure freezing, freeze substitution and cryoembedding. Dissociated cultured neurons grown on astrocytes in a 3 mm gold chamber for three weeks were initial fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and incubated with primary antibody to PSD-95, followed by a Nanogold conjugated secondary antibody. After a short (6–8 min) silver enhancement, the cells underwent preparation by high pressure freezing, and Lowicryl HM-20 sections of thickness 100–200 nm were cut en face, photographed for dual axis tomography. We find that PSD-95 molecules can be individually labeled in the tomographic reconstructions. Our methods could have broad applications for identifying individual molecules in large protein complexes in neuronal cells.
Auction-Based Power Allocation for Multi-Source Multi-Relay Cooperative Wireless Networks

In this paper, multi-source multi-relay power allocation in cooperative wireless networks is considered. An ascending-clock auction is proposed to efficiently allocate cooperative relay power among multiple source nodes in a distributed fashion. In particular, each source node reports its optimal power demand to each relay node based on the relays' announced prices. It is proven that the proposed auction algorithm enforces truthful power demands and converges in a finite number of time- steps to the unique Walrasian Equilibrium allocation that maximizes the social welfare. Numerical results are presented to supplement the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed distributed relay power allocation algorithm.
Prevention of periviable birth: Bed rest, tocolysis, progesterone, and cerclage

The periviable period is associated with a rapid improvement in both mortality and morbidity with increasing gestational age. Therapies that can prolong gestation have the potential for markedly improving outcome compared to later in pregnancy. The therapies commonly prescribed in order to prolong gestation include bed rest, tocolysis, progesterone, and cerclage. Although these therapies are used to prevent preterm birth throughout gestation, their impact on perinatal outcome during the periviable period remains largely unknown. These therapies are discussed relative to the periviable period exploring available data and possible impact on perinatal outcome. Studies specifically evaluating therapeutic interventions during the periviable period are lacking.
Plasticity of fish body shape. The effects of diet, development, family and age in two species of Geophagus (Pisces : Cichlidae)

Fish body shape is affected by the genetic makeup of an individual as well as environmental influences, such as diet, development, growth rate and nutrition. Fishes in the family Cichlidae exhibit tremendous morphological diversity in body shape and morphology related to feeding. Certain aspects of cichlid feeding morphology have been shown to be plastic in response to different diets but plasticity in body shape has not been examined previously. Plasticity affects ecological interactions, the direction and rate of evolution, and has ramifications for characters used in systematic studies. I examined the effect of different diets: chironomid larvae (bloodworms) and brine shrimp nauplii, on body shape in two species of the Neotropical cichlid genus Geophagus which differ in the size at which young begin feeding on external food sources. The fry of G. brasiliensis, a substrate spawner, begin to feed on external food sources earlier than the fry of G. steindachneri, a mouthbrooder. I hypothesized that the difference in size at first feeding could lead to a difference in the amount of plasticity inducible in the two species. The magnitudes of changes were mostly similar, although G. brasiliensis responded to the different diets with slightly greater changes in some of the head measurements. The pattern of changes in the two species were also similar, with fish fed ferine shrimp nauplii developing longer and shallower heads and shallower bodies and tails than fish fed chironomid larvae. I also examined the consequences of considering family and age as additional factors besides diet in G. steindachneri. Considering family or age as additional factors in the analyses did not change the conclusion that different diets induce differences, albeit small ones, in body shape. I argue that morphological plasticity is dependent on behavioural flexibility and that it may enhance evolutionary morphological diversification.
An exploratory study of user resistance in healthcare IT

The US healthcare system is clearly experiencing a major transition. By 2015, the healthcare sector is expected to have migrated from a paper record system to a completely electronic health record (EHR) system. The adoption and use of these systems are expected to increase legibility, reduce costs, limit medical errors and improve the overall quality of healthcare. Hence, the US government is investing $70 billion over a 10-year period to facilitate the transition to an electronic system. However, early reports show that physicians and nurses among other health professionals continue to resist the full use of the system. This paper uses the theory of cognitive dissonance to investigate user resistance in HIT. It builds on a Lapointe and Rivard (2005) framework to offer an explanation as to why people resist HITs. A conceptual model is developed and tested. The findings, implications, and limitations of the study are also discussed.
Equity and Efficiency in Intellectual Property Taxation

This article examines the federal income tax regime governing intellectual property using normative criteria in evaluating taxes: equity and efficiency. The article first evaluates the current intellectual property tax scheme in terms of horizontal equity, identifying differences in tax treatment of what appear to be similar intellectual property activities. It argues that disparate tax treatments between seemingly similar intellectual property owners signal that flaws may exist in the tax system. The article then assesses the efficiency of the intellectual property tax system, examining numerous tax subsidies for intellectual property and their effectiveness in promoting economic growth. It argues that many of these tax expenditures are circumscribed in ways that mitigate their effectiveness. The article concludes that many of the inequities and inefficiencies identified exist because tax rules governing intellectual property evolved in the absence of an appropriate legal framework for the intersection of the intellectual property and taxation schemes.
Accelerated periodic hybrid finite element method analysis for integrated array element and radome design

A computational technique known as the periodic hybrid finite element method (McGrath et al., 1994) has been developed for finding the active reflection coefficient and active element gain of general phased array radiators. It uses periodic radiation conditions based on an integral equation, hence it is a hybrid of FEM and the periodic moment method (PMM). An extension of the method incorporates the effects of homogeneous dielectric cladding layers without including those layers in the FEM mesh. The result is an efficient means of modeling structures that include wide angle impedance matching sheets and planar radomes.
Transactivation of the Interleukin-1 Alpha Promoter by Human T-cell Leukemia Virus

The expression of interleukin-I a (IL-1 a) appears to be tightly regulated, as the levels of constitutive expression in normal cells is extremely low. In contrast to normal hematopoietic cells, human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-infected T-cell lines constitutively produce high levels of IL-1 a mRNA and secret this cytokine into the culture medium. IL-1-a mRNA is also expressed in fresh leukemic cells of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) patients. HTLV-I-induced IL-1 a might explain some symptoms observed in ATLL. In this regard, molecular dissection of the IL-1 a gene transcriptional regulation is of primary importance. In this review, the transcriptional regulation of IL-1 a gene expression and the possible role of the NF-K B pathway are discussed in the light of our current understanding of IL-1 a gene regulation by HTLV-I and HTLV-II Tax proteins, which are viral transcriptional transactivators.
Conservation genetics and taxonomic status of the rare Kentucky lady's slipper: Cypripedium kentuckiense (Orchidaceae)

Cypripedium kentuckienseis a recently described rare orchid found in Arkansas (predominantly) and in eight other states. Much debate has focused on whether this taxon should be recognized as a distinct species or considered to be an extreme manifestation of the variability present in the widespread taxon Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens. In this study, 12 isozyme loci were analyzed for 14 populations of C. parviflorum var. pubescens and eight populations of C. kentuckiense. These data were used to examine the genetic similarity of these taxa, assess whether isozyme data support the continued recognition of C. kentuckiense as a distinct species, and assess whether a newly discovered disjunct Virginia population of C. kentuckiense is genetically isolated from other C. kentuckiense populations. The isozyme data revealed that the two taxa are very closely related with a high interspecific genetic identity. However, C. kentuckiense populations contain a subset of the variation present in C. parviflorum var. pubescens, and they have expected levels of heterozygosity that are one-quarter that of C. parviflorum var. pubescens populations. Cypripedium kentuckiensealso possesses one widespread unique allele and a unique multilocus genotype. These data suggest that C. kentuckiense should be recognized as a distinct species, possibly of recent origin from C. parviflorum. Lastly, the isozyme data support the hypothesis that gene flow between the Virginia population and other populations of C. kentuckiense has been restricted. Temperate lady’s slipper orchids ( Cypripedium spp.) are among the most uncommon yet conspicuous members of the north temperate orchid flora. They are all longlived herbaceous perennials that produce a flower with one of the three petals modified into a large pouch-like structure called the labellum. In most species, this structure aids in pollination by acting as a temporary trap for potential insect pollinators. Although the labellum is brightly colored and fragrant in some Cypripedium species, the presence of a nectar reward has not yet been found for any members of the genus. Once pollinated, a single flower can produce thousands of seeds, however very few seedlings are usually found within a given population. According to the most recent taxonomic interpretation of the genus in North America, 11 species are found in the United States and Canada, and each state or province contains one or more Cypripedium species with the exceptions of Florida, Hawaii, and Nevada. Furthermore, the vast majority of states have designated their Cypripedium species as endangered, threatened, special concern, or otherwise imperiled and vulnerable to ex
Development of soybean oil‐based composites by solid freeform fabrication method: Epoxidized soybean oil with bis or polyalkyleneamine curing agents system

Soybean oil-based composites are prepared by the solid freeforming fabrication (SFF) method. Epoxidized soybean oil is solidified with a gelling agent, and composites are formed by fiber reinforcement. Glass, carbon, and mineral fibers are used in the formulations. The type of fiber and degree of fiber alignments affect the properties of the composites. In addition, the effects of curing agents, curing temperature, fiber combination, and fiber loading on mechanical properties of composites and dynamic analysis are studied and reported.
Highly efficient electroosmotic flow through functionalized carbon nanotube membranes

Carbon nanotube membranes with inner diameter ranging from 1.5–7 nm were examined for enhanced electroosmotic flow. After functionalization via electrochemical diazonium grafting and carbodiimide coupling reaction, it was found that neutral caffeine molecules can be efficiently pumped via electroosmosis. An electroosmotic velocity as high as 0.16 cm s−1 V−1 has been observed. Power efficiencies were 25–110 fold improved compared to related nanoporous materials, which has important applications in chemical separations and compact medical devices. Nearly ideal electroosmotic flow was seen in the case where the mobile cation diameter nearly matched the inner diameter of the single-walled carbon nanotube resulting in a condition of using one ion is to pump one neutral molecule at equivalent concentrations.
Max Weber’s Charisma

Scholars have concentrated on Max Weber’s notions of traditional and bureaucratic authority because these figure prominently in his lifelong concern with the rise of Western rationality. However, Weber himself often characterized what something is by showing what it is not. In his discussions of the third type of authority, charisma, he demonstrates what charisma is not then what it is. He contrasts the permanence, rules and impartiality of bureaucratic authority with the changing, arbitrary and personal characteristics of charismatic leadership. Weber also opposes the ‘everydayness’ and economic concerns of the bureaucratic and traditional authorities with the ‘extraordinary’ feature and otherworldly indifference of the revolutionary nature of the charismatic leader. I contend that his examination of charisma is not merely another of his important sociological studies; in addition, it has far-ranging implications for showing the strengths and weaknesses of the religious and especially of the politically ...
How is the biocompatibilty of dental biomaterials evaluated

All biomaterials used in dentistry must be evaluated for biocompatibility using screening assays to protect patient health and safety. The purpose of this review is to explain the international biocompatibility guidelines, and to explain the structure of a test program. The test program requires the structured assessment of materials into four phases; general toxicity, local tissue irritation, pre-clinical, and clinical evaluation. Different types of screening assays are available, and it is important to understand the advantages and limitations of the various types of assays that are available, so that they can be selected for appropriateness and interpreted accurately. New scientific advances in terms of the chemical properties of dental materials, tissue engineering, stem cell, genetic transfer, biomaterial, and growth factor therapies are under development. These new therapies create improved opportunities to restore and regenerate oral tissues, but they can also present new hazards to patients. Prior to their clinical use, these new technologies must be proven to be safe, and not hazardous to human health. A structured biocompatibility assessment and advice on the selection of assays are outlined to evaluate these new therapies.
A Cutaneous Lesion in a Patient with AIDS: An Unusual Presentation of Infection Due to Mycobacterium avium Complex

A patient with AIDS developed a purplish, necrotic skin lesion followed by fevers, constitutional symptoms, and watery diarrhea. Stains of samples from the skin lesion and of stool and bone marrow revealed acid-fast bacilli, and Mycobacterium avium was isolated from cultures of these specimens and blood. With the initiation of multiagent oral antimycobacterial therapy, the patient's symptoms abated and the cutaneous lesion reepithelialized. We believe this lesion to be a manifestation of disseminated infection due to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). As the population of patients with AIDS who have CD4 cell counts of < 100/mm3 increases, new and unusual manifestations of disseminated MAC infection can be expected. New oral agents with increased activity against MAC may make early recognition and treatment of MAC infections more rewarding.
The Inhibitory Effects of Nicotine on Physiological Sexual Arousal in Nonsmoking Women: Results from a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Trial

Introduction. Extensive research suggests that long-term cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for the introduction of sexual dysfunction in men. However, results of limited data investigating this relationship in women are mixed. No studies have examined the acute effects of tobacco or nicotine on physiological sexual response in women. Controlled experimental studies examining acute effects of isolated nicotine intake on female physiological sexual responses are necessary in order to help elucidate tobacco's potential role in the development and/or maintenance of sexual impairment in women. Aim. To examine whether isolated nicotine intake acutely affects sexual arousal responses in nonsmoking women. Methods. Twenty-five sexually functional women (mean age = 20 years) each with less than 100 direct exposures to nicotine completed two counterbalanced conditions in which they were randomized to received either nicotine gum (6 mg) or placebo gum, both administered double-blind and matched for appearance, taste, and consistency, approximately 40 minutes prior to viewing an erotic film. Main Outcome Measures. Physiological (changes in vaginal pulse amplitude via vaginal photoplethysmography) and subjective (continuous self-report) sexual responses to erotic stimuli were examined, as well as changes in mood. Results. Nicotine significantly reduced genital responses to the erotic films (P = 0.05), corresponding to a 30% attenuation in physiological sexual arousal. This occurred in 11 of 18 women with valid physiological assessments. Nicotine had no significant effect on continuous self-report ratings of sexual arousal (P = 0.45), or on mood (all Ps > 0.05). Conclusions. Acute nicotine intake significantly attenuates physiological sexual arousal in healthy nonsmoking women. Our findings provide support to the hypothesis that nicotine may be the primary pharmacological agent responsible for genital hemodynamic disruption, thereby facilitating a cascade of biochemical and vascular events which may impair normal sexual arousal responses. Harte CB, and Meston CM. The inhibitory effects of nicotine on physiological sexual arousal in nonsmoking women: Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. J Sex Med 2008;5:1184-1197.
High-frequency linear transducer improves detection of an intrauterine pregnancy in first-trimester ultrasonography.

Abstract Objective The objective was to determine if the need for transvaginal ultrasonographic examination can be decreased by the addition of the transabdominal high-frequency, 12-4–MHz linear transducer after a failed examination with the 6-2–mHz curvilinear transducer when evaluating for an intrauterine pregnancy (IUP). Methods This is a prospective pilot study of women in their first trimester of pregnancy presenting to the emergency department with abdominal pain and/or vaginal bleeding. If no IUP was identified using the curvilinear transducer via the transabdominal approach, they were subsequently scanned using the linear transducer. Patients without evidence of an IUP transabdominally were scanned via the transvaginal approach. Results Eighty-one patients were evaluated; no IUP was visualized in 27 using the standard curvilinear transducer approach, and these then had an ultrasonography performed with the linear transducer. Of these, 9 patients (33.3%; 0.95 confidence interval [CO], 15.5%-51.1%) were found to have an IUP with the linear transducer. For the 18 patients who received a transvaginal scan, 15 patients (83.3%; 0.95 CI, 66.1%-100%) had no IUP identified with the transvaginal transducer, and 3 (16.7%; 0.95 CI, 0%-33.9%) had an IUP identified. Conclusions The transabdominal use of a high-frequency linear transducer in the evaluation of patients in the first trimester after failed curvilinear transducer results in a clinically significant reduction in the need for transvaginal ultrasonography to confirm the presence of an IUP.
Cultural Considerations in Stepped-Care and E-Health Interventions

The Unites States continues to experience a rapid demographic change with regard to culturally diverse (i.e., ethnic and racial minority) populations. As examples, people of Asian-origin heritage (e.g., Chinese, Japanese, Korean) have increased by over 200% (Leong et al., 2003) and people of Latino origin (e.g., Mexican, Puerto Rican, Dominican) have experienced a growth rate eight times faster than Caucasians (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2000) in the last couple of decades. In fact, Latinos have surpassed African-Americans as the largest ethnic minority group in the United States. Given this trend with Asians, Latinos, and other ethnic and racial minority groups, it is expected that ethnic minorities will constitute the majority of the US population in the next few decades. Part of this rapid shift in demographics is driven by the continued high immigration patterns with some of these groups.
NETWORK TRANSFER, DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING AND DISPLAY OF CSU CHILL DIGITIZED RADAR SIGNALS

Colorado State University (CSU) operates a radar at Greeley, Colorado. The CSU-VCHILL (Virtual-CHILL) project is aimed at developing and implementing protocols for providing the raw radar data to researchers in real-time over the internet. The Next Generation Internet has features, which could be used to transfer raw time-series data generated by the radar. In this project we have developed a network transfer application with TCP as the underlying protocol. This network transfer application has been successfully tested to provide throughput of 90 Mbps over a 100 Mbps link and 300 Mbps over gigabit link. We have also implemented a software digital signal-processing module. A network transfer application with User Datagram protocol as the underlying protocol was also developed. The performance of the software digital signal processing unit and the TCP version of the application to transfer the data across the network meet the requirements in most areas.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Profile of Dan Littman, winner of the 2016 Vilcek Prize in Biomedical Science.

The 2016 Vilcek Prize in Biomedical Science has been awarded to Dan Littman, Professor of Molecular Immunology at New York University’s Skirball Institute. The aim of the Vilcek Prizes, awarded each year since 2006, is to recognize the significant contributions of immigrant professionals to biomedical science in the United States and to help raise public awareness of the important role played by foreign-born scientists in sustaining the nation’s leading role in the international scientific enterprise.
SEPARATION OF MOLYBDENUM AND TUNGSTEN BY A POLYSTYRENE RESIN FUNCTIONALIZED WITH IMINODIACETATE LIGAND

A chelating polymer resin having iminodiacetic acid (IDA) as the functional group has been examined for the selective separation of Mo(VI) and W(VI). The 1H and 13 C NMR spectroscopies in the homogeneous system suggest the much more favorable complexation of IDA with Mo(VI) than with W(VI). The mechanism has been described as follows on the basis of NMR and the adsorption equilibrium studies:
How CJEU's “Privacy Spring” Construed the Human Rights Shield in the Digital Age

This paper analyses two landmark judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), given in April and May 2014, and how they shaped the protection of fundamental rights in the digital age. The judgments can be considered as defining a CJEU “privacy spring”, given the fact that Article 7 – the right to respect for private life, and Article 8 – the right to the protection of personal data, from the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, were effectively applied in both cases. The first decision concerns the finding that the Data Retention Directive is invalid in its entirety (the “Digital Rights Ireland” decision) and the second one concerns the applicability of EU data protection law to an Internet search engine provider established in a third country (the “Google v. Spain” decision). The paper analyses the main findings of the Court in both cases. It compiles a grid of requirements that need to be fulfilled by data retention legislation in order for it to be compliant with the Charter, and it explains why the most important finding of the Court in Google v. Spain is not the existence of the right to erasure, but the fact that a search engine is a “data controller”.
Selected Clinical Cases from Our Practice

Abstract In this chapter, we present several cases from our practice with known or suspected ARVC/D, with representative imaging (CMR, ECHO) and ECG data where available, in the form of a short clinical vignette along with an important “teaching point” we created based on the analysis of these cases. ARVC/D is a disease requiring significant systematic process of considering all the clinical data, as there is no single “gold standard” in the diagnosis and management of the disorder. Our cases include typical patients with definitive ARVC/D, cases where the findings are borderline for the disease, cases with positive family history of ARVC/D, and/or genotype-positive family member. These cases were not previously published. We hope these vignettes would help our readers in understanding the diagnostic process and our clinical approach to the ARVC/D patients.
Twospotted Spider Mites: Control on Strawberry with Organotin, Naphthoquinone, and Cyclopropane Acaricides

Efficacy of selected compounds from recently developed groups of acaricides was evaluated in 3 winter field experiments for control of Tetranychus urticae Koch on strawberry, The naphthoquinone, DPX-3792 (2-acetyloxy)-3-dodecyl-1,4-naphthalenedione), and the organotin compounds, cyhexatin, hexakis, and R-28627 (S-tricyclohexyltin O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate), effectively reduced mites and their eggs below levels that developed on strawberry foliage treated with water alone. Fruit yields from plants treated with these compounds were as high or higher than were yields from plants to which no acaricides were applied. The cyclopropane compound, ZR-856 (hexadecyl cyclopropanecarboxylate), was effective against T. urticae but reduced yields in 1 experiment. The carbamates, benomyl and oxamyl, were not as effective in reducing mite populations as the aforementioned chemicals but did significantly reduce populations relative to those on plants sprayed with water only.
Effect of Corn Containing the Cry1F Protein on Performance of Beef Heifers Fed a Finishing Diet Based on Steam-Flaked Corn12

Abstract Corn (maize; Zea mays) lines with the Herculex I trait have been modified to express both the Cry1F protein from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and the phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferase (PAT) protein from Streptomyces viridochromogenes. Hybrids containing event TC1507 express the Cry1F protein that controls European corn borer and certain other lepidopteran pests. Event TC1507 also expresses the PAT protein that confers tolerance to glufosinate-ammonium herbicides. The current study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of grain containing the TC1507 event by comparing the growth performance and carcass traits of beef heifers fed diets containing grain from a hybrid containing the TC1507 event to that of grain obtained from the near-isoline (control) as well as 2 nontransgenic commercial corn grain controls (Pioneer hybrids 33J56 and 33R77). Diets composed of steamflaked corn were individually fed to 80 beef heifers (360 kg) for 118 d. Dry matter intake, ADG, and G:F were not different (P > 0.05) between groups of heifers fed diets containing different sources of corn grain. Carcass traits, incidence of liver abscesses, and yield grade and quality grade were not affected by dietary treatment. In summary, growth performance and carcass characteristics of beef heifers were not significantly altered by feeding diets containing TC1507 corn grain vs. grain from its near-isoline or 2 other nontransgenic commercial corn grain hybrids.
A New Method for Determining the Fragility of Red Blood Cells

Prevailing methods for the determination of the fragility of erythrocytes are based upon the theory of their hemolytic stability when brought into contact with chemicals such as saponin and bile salts, with specific sera, or with hypotonic salt solutions. Theoretical as well as practical considerations have directed the development of these studies toward improving the technique for determining the resistance of the red blood cells to solutions containing different concentrations of various salts. Of the many variations in the original method of Ribierre,1 that of Simmel,2 or one of its modifications,3 appears to be the best. However, the necessity of freshly prepared hypotonic salt solution of very exact concentrations, together with the labor in using the counting chamber and the necessity for setting up a control test with a known normal blood at each observation, are definite disadvantages.We have devised a fragility test in which the difficulties mentioned are largely eliminated. The testing of the r...
P4-07-07: Circulating Tumor Cells Predict Survival in Non-Metastatic Breast Cancer.

Background: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) predict outcome in metastatic breast cancer (BC), but their prognostic significance in non-metastatic BC is unclear. This study determined whether CTCs could be identified in non-metastatic BC patients and 2) if CTCs predict relapse-free and overall survival. Methods: Clinical stage I-III BC patients seen at a single tertiary cancer center provided informed consent to participate in an IRB-approved study involving collection of blood (7.5 ml x 2 tubes) before systemic therapy and at the time of surgery for their primary BC. CTCs were detected using the Cell SearchTM system. A positive result was defined as the presence of two or more cells per 7.5 ml blood since a threshold for positivity has not been established in primary BC. Statistical analyses were done using STATA-IC 11 software. Results: We prospectively evaluated 291 patients. Mean age was 54 years, and median follow-up was 30 months. 54% (157) had T1 tumors, 36%(104) T2, 6% (18) T3, and 4%(12) had T4 disease; 37% (107/289) were clinically node-positive (LNs) by axillary ultrasound and FNA. Two or more CTCs were identified in 10% (29) patients. Seventy-seven percent (225) patients were hormone receptor positive, 11% (32) were HER2 positive while 16% (48) expressed no receptors. Sixteen percent (48) were tumor grade 1, 50% (143) were grade 2 and 34% (98) were grade 3. Systemic chemotherapy and/or endocrine therapy were administered in 80% (233/289) of patients. Sixty-eight percent (167/244) of patients were post-menopausal. Additionally, there was no significant correlation between CTCs with primary tumor size, lymph node status, estrogen or progesterone receptor status, HER2 amplification or tumor grade. Thirty-eight percent (6/16) of all relapses occurred in patients with 2 or more CTCs (HR: 4.48 (95% C.I. 1.61−12.45), Logrank P 0.002) while 40% (4/10) of all deaths occurred in patients with 2 or more CTCs (HR: 4.54 (95% C.I. 1.27−16.25), Logrank P 0.011). Conclusions: CTCs were a significant predictor of disease-free and overall survival in non-metastatic breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-07-07.
Animation: Analyses, Elaborations, and Implications

This article highlights a neglected, if not wholly overlooked, topic in phenomenology, a topic central to Husserl’s writings on animate organism, namely, animation. Though Husserl did not explore animation to the fullest in his descriptions of animate organism, his texts are integral to the task of fathoming animation. The article’s introduction focuses on seminal aspects of animate organisms found within several such texts and elaborates their significance for a phenomenological understanding of animation. The article furthermore highlights Husserl’s pointed recognition of “the problem of movement,” movement being an essential dimension of animation if not definitive of animation itself. Succeeding sections testify to “the problem of movement” and the need to address it. They do so by answering the following basic questions: What indeed is livingly present in the experience of movement, whether our own movement and the movement of other animate beings, or the movement of leaves, clouds, and so on? What distinguishes kinesthetic from kinetic experiences of movement? How are movement and time related? Just what is the problem of movement and how do we address it? In what way is movement pertinent to receptivity and responsivity? Throughout these sections the article encompasses phenomenological analyses, elaborations, and implications of animation.
Book Review: Anne Feldhaus with Ramdas Atkar and Rajaram Zagade, eds. and trans. Say to the Sun, “Don’t Rise,” and to the Moon, “Don’t Set”: Two Oral Narratives from the Countryside of Maharashtra

Anne Feldhaus with Ramdas Atkar and Rajaram Zagade, eds. and trans. Say to the Sun, “Don’t Rise,” and to the Moon, “Don’t Set”: Two Oral Narratives from the Countryside of Maharashtra, New York and New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 613.
Research on Bearing Capability of Q420 Dual-angle Steel Cross Combined Section

The paper studies the bearing capacity of Q420 double angled cross combined section whose slenderness ratio are 40,50,60 respectively,and effect of 3 filled plates' combination form on bearing capability,including lined plates,cross separated plates and cross welding plates through Q420 double angled cross combined section test.The results show that bearing capability calculation of small slenderness ratio components in current standard is conservative,and affects material properties.When the components are very long,it's necessary to use filled plates to assure that double angles form a composite section,and the bearing capacity of cross welding plates components is the maximum one within 3 plates..
Synthesis of Methyl Oleate over Zeolite Catalyst

The esterification reaction performance over several kinds of liquid and solid acid catalysts was investigated.Solid acid catalyst USY( Si /Al mole ratio 12) is the best catalyst for synthesis of methyl oleate.The influences of calcination temperature of catalyst,ratio of methanol to oleic acid,quantities of water absorbent and catalyst on esterification performance were emphatically studied.The optimal operation conditions are catalyst calcination temperature,400 ℃;MeOH/OA mole ratio,2/1;mass ratio of water absorbent to reactant,1/14;reaction temperature,120 ℃;mass ratio of catalyst to reactant,1/7;and reaction time,2～3 h.USY712 with high stability is the best solid acid catalyst for the synthesis of methyl oleate.
BatMass: a Java Software Platform for LC-MS Data Visualization in Proteomics and Metabolomics.

Mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to liquid chromatography (LC) is a commonly used technique in metabolomic and proteomic research. As the size and complexity of LC–MS-based experiments grow, it becomes increasingly more difficult to perform quality control of both raw data and processing results. In a practical setting, quality control steps for raw LC–MS data are often overlooked, and assessment of an experiment’s success is based on some derived metrics such as “the number of identified compounds”. The human brain interprets visual data much better than plain text, hence the saying “a picture is worth a thousand words”. Here, we present the BatMass software package, which allows for performing quick quality control of raw LC–MS data through its fast visualization capabilities. It also serves as a testbed for developers of LC–MS data processing algorithms by providing a data access library for open mass spectrometry file formats and a means of visually mapping processing results back to the original data. ...
Global Proteomic Analysis of Functional Compartments in Immature Avian Follicles Using Laser Microdissection Coupled to LC-MS/MS

Laser microdissection (LMD) was utilized for the separation of the yolk, follicular wall (granulosa and theca), and surrounding stromal cells of small white follicles (SWF) obtained from reproductively active domestic fowl. Herein, we provide an in situ proteomics-based approach to studying follicular development through the use of LMD and mass spectrometry. This study resulted in a total of 2889 proteins identified from the three specific isolated compartments. White yolk from the smallest avian follicles resulted in the identification of 1984 proteins, while isolated follicular wall and ovarian stroma yielded 2470 and 2456 proteins, respectively. GO annotations highlighted the functional differences between the compartments. Among the three compartments examined, the relative abundance of vitellogenins, steroidogenic enzymes, anti-Mullerian hormone, transcription factors, and proteins involved in retinoic acid receptors/retinoic acid synthesis, transcription factors, and cell surface receptors such as E...
Abstract 1802: ER-positive breast cancer prevention with the use of hormone replacement therapy

Menopause occurs in women between the ages of 45 and 55 and often results in undesirable vasomotor symptoms. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) alleviates these symptoms, including hot flashes, difficulty sleeping, fatigue, and vaginal atrophy. HRT also prevents osteoporosis. PremPro, a currently available HRT formulation that combines conjugated equine estrogens (CE) with medroxyprogesterone acetate, increases the risk of breast cancer. Due to the perceived risk based largely on the results of the Women9s Health Initiative (WHI) trial, the number of women taking HRT has decreased dramatically. Duavee, a new form of HRT that combines CE and bazedoxifene (BZA), a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and degrader (SERD), has recently been approved by the FDA for treatment of moderate to severe hot flashes and to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Importantly, this CE/BZA mixture not only relieves symptoms associated with menopause, but it also does not stimulate the breast or uterus. Although several preclinical studies suggest that CE/BZA might be protective in the breast, the mechanism of action of this new combination therapy is not known. Our goal, therefore, is to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms by which CE/BZA differentially affects estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) action in the mammary gland, using transcriptome and whole genome occupancy analysis in breast cancer cell lines. We are also studying the effects of CE/BZA on early mammary cancer progression in the polyoma middle T antigen (PyMT) transgenic mouse model, which has been shown to be sensitive to estrogens. In addition, we are studying the effects in an ERα-positive patient-derived xenograft mouse model. We have determined that CE modulates gene expression in MCF7 cells similar to 17β-estradiol (E2), and that BZA is able to inhibit these effects. We have also observed that CE increases ERα occupancy versus E2 at response elements associated with some estrogen target genes, whereas CE/BZA decreases this occupancy. In the PyMT mouse model, we have determined that CE/BZA significantly delays the onset of mammary tumors in ovariectomized mice and prolongs their survival when compared to E2 and CE treatment alone. An improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of CE/BZA action in hormone sensitive breast cancer cell and animal models should have important implications for women considering HRT. Citation Format: Anna G. Dembo, Geoffrey L. Greene. ER-positive breast cancer prevention with the use of hormone replacement therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1802.
The Equity Risk Premium in 2016

We analyze the history of the equity risk premium from surveys of U.S. Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) conducted every quarter from June 2000 to June 2016. The risk premium is the expected 10-year S&P 500 return relative to a 10-year U.S. Treasury bond yield. The average risk premium in 2016, 4.02%, is slightly higher than the average observed over the past 16 years. We also provide results on the risk premium disagreement among respondents as well as asymmetry or skewness of risk premium estimates. We also link our risk premium results to survey-based measures of the weighted average cost of capital and investment hurdle rates. The hurdle rates are significantly higher than the cost of capital implied by the market risk premium estimates.
Improve safety using public network cameras

Surveillance cameras, also called CCTV (closed-circuit television), are widely deployed as one of the solutions to improve public safety. The visual data from these cameras are usually unavailable to the public. In recent years, many organizations have deployed network cameras with diverse purposes such as monitoring traffic congestion and observing natural scenes. The data are available to anyone connected to the Internet, without any password. Although the cameras are not deployed for surveillance purposes, the cameras can be utilized to increase public safety by properly integrating to current surveillance systems. Suspicious activities may be monitored in real-time and coverage can be increased along with CCTVs deployed by law enforcement. Integrating public cameras into a surveillance system has many challenges such as inaccurate locations, diverse sources, and different methods to access the visual data. This paper presents how to discover public cameras from heterogeneous sources and find the accurate locations and orientations of the cameras. We propose a proof-of-concept system to improve public safety by integrating public cameras into our previous visualization tool.
Reactions Involving Maleic Anhydride

The rich chemistry that maleic anhydride can participate in makes it the quintessential building block for a variety of small and polymeric molecules that are in use today. This is derived from the electron-deficient conjugated double bond and the cyclic anhydride functionality present. This activated double bond allows it to take part in Michael reactions, electrophilic addition, formation of Diels–Alder adducts, alkylation and acylation reactions, sulfonation, halogenations, reduction, photodimerization, hydroformylation, or free-radical polymerization reactions to generate poly-anhydride copolymers.
Reaction Mechanism for the Conversion of γ-Valerolactone (GVL) over a Ru Catalyst: A First-Principles Study

Conversion of biomass-derived γ-valerolactone (GVL) to valuable chemicals has been studied extensively, and understanding the reaction mechanism is very valuable for improving turnover rates and selectivities. Here, we report first-principles density functional calculations, through which we show in detail the reaction pathways of GVL conversion on a Ru(0001) surface, in good agreement with recent experimental results performed on supported Ru catalysts. We find that (i) GVL undergoes a ring-opening reaction rather easily, and (ii) the rate-limiting step toward the formation of 1,4-pentanediol (1,4-PDO) and 2-pentanol (2-PeOH) is the hydrogenation step. The high energy barrier for this step is caused by a strong interaction between Ru and the unsaturated acyl intermediate that is formed after opening the ring. Among all the primary products, formation of 2-butanol (2-BuOH) has the smallest activation barrier, while the slowest step is C–C bond cleavage in the decarbonylation step. We further show that the...
War-Gaming Application for Future Space Systems Acquisition: MATLAB Implementation of War-Gaming Acquisition Models and Simulation Results

The paper describes the MATLAB (MathWorks) programs that were developed during the REU workshop 1 to implement The Aerospace Corporation developed Unified Game-based Acquisition Framework and Advanced Game - based Mathematical Framework (UGAF-AGMF) and its associated War-Gaming Engine (WGE) models. Each game can be played from the perspectives of the Department of Defense Acquisition Authority (DAA) or of an individual contractor (KTR). The programs also implement Aerospace’s optimum “Program and Technical Baseline (PTB) and associated acquisition” strategy that combines low Total Ownership Cost (TOC) with innovative designs while still meeting warfighter needs. The paper also describes the Bayesian Acquisition War-Gaming approach using Monte Carlo simulations, a numerical analysis technique to account for uncertainty in decision making, which simulate the PTB development and acquisition processes and will detail the procedure of the implementation and the interactions between the games.
Civil War Termination in the Middle East and North Africa, 1816-2012

Previous studies have suggested a special condition in the Middle East regarding interstate and civil conflicts. However, there is little study of region’s effect on civil war duration and outcomes. This paper uses newly collected data on civil wars in states of the Americas, as well as states of the Middle East and North Africa to explore hypotheses about the role that region may play in civil war termination, controlling for military factors. To this end, a theory of civil war termination is presented and used to derive hypotheses about war outcome and duration. These hypotheses are then tested together with variables representing the Middle East. The results suggest a limited role for region in studies of war termination.