cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An approach to finite element modeling of liquid storage tanks in ANSYS: A review

Post-earthquake utilities of liquid storage tanks do not need any over emphasis. Liquid storage tanks used in public water distribution system provide water for firefighting and also for drinking and household purposes. Tanks used in industry are equally critical as they contain hazardous liquids and their leakage may lead to catastrophic situation. Thus, seismic safety of liquid storage tanks, which are life line structures, is very important. The prime aim of the present work is to review the sloshing phenomenon studied by various researchers in the past. The study is broadly divided into two parts namely tanks without obstruction and tanks with obstruction and its effects on sloshing parameters. A brief review on sloshing problem in complex tank geometries in form of Intze, elliptical and conical tanks is also presented. The study also presents an overview and development of mathematical formulations to predict the sloshing parameters in form of sloshing frequency, convective mass excited and hydrodynamic pressure profiles which enable present structural engineers in designing earthquake-resistant storage structures. A brief review on modeling circular and rectangular liquid storage tanks using ANSYS software is also presented along with the assumptions and suitable element for modeling. The study also investigates the advantages and disadvantages of the different analysis methods available in the finite element program (ANSYS) to obtain the sloshing parameters. The study concludes that an optimum mesh size as detailed in the present study must be evaluated to determine slosh parameters. An arbitrary fine mesh results in a limited number of modes extracted from the finite element analysis and further gives inaccurate solutions.
Metal contents of phytoplankton and labile particulate material in the North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Phytoplankton contribute significantly to global C cycling and serve as the base of ocean food webs. Phytoplankton require trace metals for growth and also mediate the vertical distributions of many metals in the ocean. We collected bulk particulate material and individual phytoplankton cells from the upper water column (
Repression of transcription of presenilin-1 inhibits γ-secretase independent ER Ca²⁺ leak that is impaired by FAD mutations.

J. Neurochem. (2012) 122, 487–500. Abstract Genetic deletion or mutations of presenilin genes (PS1/PS2) cause familial Alzheimer’s disease and calcium (Ca2+) signaling abnormalities. PS1/PS2 act as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ leak channels that facilitate passive Ca2+ leak across ER membrane. Studies with PS1/PS2 double knockout (PS1/PS2-DKO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts showed that PS1/PS2 were responsible for 80% of passive Ca2+ leak from the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol. Transient transfection of the wild type PS1 expression construct increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ as a result of Ca2+ leak across ER membrane whereas the FADPS1 (PS1-M146V) mutation construct alone or in combination with the wild type PS1 expression construct abrogated Ca2+ leak in SK-N-SH cells. Inhibition of basal c-jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) activity by JNK inhibitor SP600125 repressed PS1 transcription and PS1 protein expression by augmenting p53 protein level in SK-N-SH cells (Lee and Das 2008). In this report we also showed that repression of PS1 transcription by JNK inhibitor SP600125 inhibited passive Ca2+ leak across ER membrane which could be rescued by expressing PS1 wild type and not by expressing FADPS1 (PS1-M146V) under a SP600125 non-responsive promoter. Treatment of SK-N-SH cells with SP600125 also triggered InsP3R-mediated Ca2+ release from the ER by addition of 500 nM bradykinin, an agonist of InsP3 receptor (InsP3R1) without changing the expression of InsP3R1. This data confirms that SP600125 increases the Ca2+ store in the ER by inhibiting PS1-mediated Ca2+ leak across ER membrane. p53, ZNF237 and Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 3 which are repressors of PS1 transcription, also reduced Ca2+ leak across ER membrane in SK-N-SH cells but γ-secretase inhibitor or dominant negative γ-secretase–specific PS1 mutant (PS1-D257A) had no significant effect. Therefore, p53, ZNF237, and Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 3 inhibit the function ER Ca2+ leak channels to regulate both ER and cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels and may potentially control Ca2+-signaling function of PS1.
The Decryption of Law as an Exact Normative Science Using Fractals

In order to be studied as a science, Law had to transit an intense process of specialization and consecration of values, values becoming thereby its object of study and specific research.Throughout time, Law has been studied from various perspectives, because of its variable geometry, being considered in continuous transformation, with a social dynamics in ascension.Most specialists agree that Law is a complex phenomenon, with a synergistic, well-defined structure, which cannot be summarized in the exegesis of some legal norms or normative texts and precedents. Therefore we ask ourselves whether the Theory of Fractals can argue the law’s character of being an exact science and implicitly natural on the one hand and, on the other hand, its nature of normative science.
Chapter 4 Role of the Cytoskeleton and Molecular Motors in Transport between the Golgi Complex and Plasma Membrane

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the identification of motor proteins on transport vesicles derived from the Golgi complex that are targeted to specific membrane domains in polarized epithelial cells. The synthesis and degradation pathways in eukaryotic cells require the constant movement of materials between various membrane compartments and organelles. Many times these materials must move relatively great distances through the cytoplasm. The highly cross-linked cytoplasm obviates a major role of diffusion in moving membranes and other cellular organelles over significant distances in the cytoplasm. Actin filaments, by contrast, do not generally form long tracks and are thought to function primarily in short movements near the plasma membrane (PM) in an area called the “cell cortex.” In the transportation analogy, actin filaments may be thought of as highways or routes for local delivery. The delivery of newly synthesized material from the Golgi complex to the PM, much like mailed parcels, must use both the long-distance and local routes because both tracks and motors translocating cargo along the tracks are distinct, but work in harmony.
Studies on the mechanism of the intestinal absorption of sugars. III. Mutual inhibition, in vitro, between some actively transported sugars.

Abstract Mutual inhibition of intestinal active transport in vitro between glucose and galactose, glucose and 1,5-anhydro- D -glucitol, galactose and 1,5-anhydro- D -glucitol, glucose and 6-deoxyglucose and 6-deoxyglucose and 1,5-anhydro- D -glucitol has been observed. The data provide evidence that is consistent with the assumption that intestinal active transport of sugars is mediated by a single common process.
Sensitivity and Complementary Sensitivity Integrals Applied to a Class of Ill-Conditioned Plants

We consider a standard robust performance problem for two input, two output diagonal systems. By using the classical sensitivity integral together with an analogous result for the complementary sensitivity function, we derive an upper bound that the plant condition number must satisfy if robust performance is to be achievable. The upper bound is given in terms of the weighting functions used to represent the design specifications.
Vegetation, Soil, and Animal Indicators of Rangeland Health

We studied indicators of rangeland health on benchmark sites with long, well documented records of protection from stress by domestic livestock or histories of environmental stress and vegetation change. We measured ecosystem properties (metrics) that were clearly linked to ecosystem processes. We focused on conservation of soil and water as key processes in healthy ecosystems, and on maintenance of biodiversity and productivity as important functions of healthy ecosystems. Measurements from which indicators of rangeland health were derived included: sizes of unvegetated patches, cover and species composition of perennial grasses, cover and species composition of shrubs and herbaceous perennials, soil slaking, and abundance and species composition of the bird fauna. Indicators that provided an interpretable range of values over the gradient from irreversibly degraded sites to healthy sites included: bare patch index, cover of long-lived grasses, palatability index, and weighted soil surface stability index. Indicators for which values above a threshold may serve as an indicator of rangeland health include: cover of plant species toxic to livestock, cover of exotic species, and cover of increaser species. Several other indicator metrics were judged not sensitive nor interpretable. Examples of application of rangeland health indicators to evaluate the success of various restoration efforts supported the contention that a suite of indicators are required to assess rangeland health. Bird species diversity and ant species diversity were not related to the status of the sample site and were judged inadequate as indicators of maintenance of biodiversity.
PiQA: an algebra for querying protein data sets

Life science researchers frequently need to query large protein data sets in a variety of different ways. Protein data sets have a rich structure that includes its primary structure, which is described as a sequence of amino acids, and its secondary structure, which is described as a sequence of folding patterns of the protein. Both these structures are important as the amino acid sequence is often used to find homologous proteins, and the secondary structure can produce important hints about the functionality of proteins. While there are tools for querying each of these structures independently, there are no tools for declarative querying on both these structures. Even the tools that allow querying on either one of these structures are not based on any formal algebra, and as a result require complex rewriting of the tools programming logic when the "query evaluation plan" changes. This paper introduces PiQA, a Protein Query Algebra, which provides a rich set of algebraic operations on both the primary and secondary structure of proteins. Using PiQA one can pose several interesting complex queries involving both the primary and the secondary structure of proteins. In addition, simple existing tools that query only on the primary structure, such as BLAST, can also be expressed in this algebra. PiQA is an important first step in developing an algebra that can form the basis of a declarative querying language for querying protein data sets.
Transport of glycyl-l-proline by human intestinal brush border membrane vesicles

This study characterizes the transport of [1-14C]glycyl-L-proline into purified brush border membrane vesicles prepared from human small intestine. Time-course uptake curves of glycyl-L-proline were similar under sodium thiocyanate or potassium thiocyanate gradient conditions (extravesicular greater than intravesicular) and did not show any overshoot phenomena. The transport of glycine and proline, however, was stimulated by the presence of sodium gradient. Measurement of peptide uptake with increasing medium osmolarity showed that glycyl-L-proline was transported into an osmotically reactive intravesicular space with insignificant binding to the surface of the vesicles. Only 2% of the glycyl-L-proline in the incubation media was hydrolyzed after 10 min of incubation. Also, there was no hydrolysis of peptide transported into the intravesicular space. The effects of increasing concentrations of glycyl-L-proline on uptake showed that uptake of the peptide was saturable and conformed to Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km of 4.1 +/- 0.5 mM and a Vmax of 1.53 +/- 0.07 nmol/mg protein X 0.5 min. Free amino acids did not inhibit the transport of glycyl-L-proline while dipeptides and tripeptides exerted appreciable inhibition (up to 60%). Our results show that human small intestinal brush border membrane vesicles transport glycyl-L-proline as an intact peptide by a carrier-mediated, Na+-independent process.
Effect of re-radiated emission from power cord

Radiation emission from a product with an AC power cord can be larger than from a product without an AC power cord between 30 and 200 MHz. This indirect RF current induced from a RF source of another outer antenna is different for AC power cord arrangements and earthing methods. This paper reports sample data and assumed cause of power cord effects. >
Finding Enslaved Children's Place, Voice, and Agency within the Narrative

In this essay, I discuss the methodologies behind examining the nature of childhood within Jamaican slavery. By exploring children's experiences through lenses like family, resistance, and culture,...
The role of precipitation type, intensity, and spatial distribution in source water quality after wildfire

Storms following wildfires are known to impair drinking water supplies in the southwestern United States, yet our understanding of the role of precipitation in post-wildfire water quality is far from complete. We quantitatively assessed water-quality impacts of different hydrologic events in the Colorado Front Range and found that for a three-year period, substantial hydrologic and geochemical responses downstream of a burned area were primarily driven by convective storms with a 30 min rainfall intensity >10 mm h?1. These storms, which typically occur several times each year in July?September, are often small in area, short-lived, and highly variable in intensity and geographic distribution. Thus, a rain gage network with high temporal resolution and spatial density, together with high-resolution stream sampling, are required to adequately characterize post-wildfire responses. We measured total suspended sediment, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrate, and manganese concentrations that were 10?156 times higher downstream of a burned area compared to upstream during relatively common (50% annual exceedance probability) rainstorms, and water quality was sufficiently impaired to pose water-treatment concerns. Short-term water-quality impairment was driven primarily by increased surface runoff during higher intensity convective storms that caused erosion in the burned area and transport of sediment and chemical constituents to streams. Annual sediment yields downstream of the burned area were controlled by storm events and subsequent remobilization, whereas DOC yields were closely linked to annual runoff and thus were more dependent on interannual variation in spring runoff. Nitrate yields were highest in the third year post-wildfire. Results from this study quantitatively demonstrate that water quality can be altered for several years after wildfire. Because the southwestern US is prone to wildfires and high-intensity rain storms, the role of storms in post-wildfire water-quality impacts must be considered when assessing water-quality vulnerability.
Machinery Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis: Application of Advanced Signal Processing Techniques

Abstract Machinery health prediction based on process models and/or process parameters is an important function in automated manufacturing set-ups. Sensor data is collected and used to indirectly model the equipment. Due to the short response times required it is important to investigate robust sensor data representation schemes. Traditional Fourier Analysis is not sufficient to preserve the information in both frequency and time domains. In this paper we describe the use of wavelets, both continuous and discrete, for equipment diagnosis and prognosis. We detail wavelet-based techniques for gear fault diagnosis and prognosis.
PHONONS AT METAL SURFACES

We examine phonons at metal surfaces using hydrodynamic equations. The principle focus is on the strength of the electric field produced outside the metal by such oscillations. We find that the magnitudes of these coupling strengths for both surface and bulk modes depend crucially on the boundary conditions imposed at the surface.
Benchmark problems for predictive fem simulation of 1-D and 2-D guided waves for structural health monitoring with piezoelectric wafer active sensors

Predictive simulation of ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation and structural health monitoring (SHM) is challenging. This paper addresses this issue in the context of guided-waves with piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS). The principle of guided wave with PWAS transducers is studied and an analytical model is developed to predict the waveform and theoretical frequency contents solution. Two benchmark problems, one 1-D and the other 2-D to achieve reliable and trustworthy predictive simulation of guided wave with finite element method have also been proposed.
In vitro C3 deposition on Cryptococcus capsule occurs via multiple complement activation pathways.

Complement can be activated via three pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin. Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans are closely related fungal pathogens possessing a polysaccharide capsule composed mainly of glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), which serves as a site for complement activation and deposition of complement components. We determined C3 deposition on Cryptococcus spp. by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy after incubation with serum from C57BL/6J mice as well as mice deficient in complement components C4, C3, factor B, and mannose binding lectin (MBL). C. gattii and C. neoformans activate complement in EGTA-treated serum indicating that they can activate the alternative pathway. However, complement activation was seen with factor B−/− serum suggesting activation could also take place in the absence of a functional alternative pathway. Furthermore, we uncovered a role for C4 in the alternative pathway activation by Cryptococcus spp. We also identified an unexpected and complex role for MBL in complement activation by Cryptococcus spp. No complement activation occurred in the absence of MBL-A and -C proteins although activation took place when the lectin binding activity of MBL was disrupted by calcium chelation. In addition, alternative pathway activation by C. neoformans required both MBL-A and -C, while either MBL-A or -C was sufficient for alternative pathway activation by C. gattii. Thus, complement activation by Cryptococcus spp. can take place through multiple pathways and complement activation via the alternative pathway requires the presence of C4 and MBL proteins.
Multiscale Aspects and Resolution Robustness of Turbulent Scalar Fields and Interfaces

This study focuses on fundamental issues regarding multiscale and multiresolution geometrical properties of turbulent scalar fields and interfaces. The probability density function of the scalar field is examined in terms of geometrical properties of the turbulent interfaces using a high-resolution experimental database of fully-developed turbulent scalar fields in jets at a Reynolds number of Re = 20,000. The pdf is found to exhibit significant robustness to resolution scale. The multiscale properties of the volume of fluid regions enclosed by outer turbulent interfaces are also investigated. The enclosed interfacial volume appears to be significantly robust to the resolution scale as well. An explanation for this behavior is proposed in terms of the opposite effects of protrusions of the scalar interface compared to indentations, which provide positive and negative contributions to the volume respectively. This is in contrast to the interfacial surface area for which protrusions and indentations both have additive contributions.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Apoptosis and the Airway Epithelium

The airway epithelium functions as a barrier and front line of host defense in the lung. Apoptosis or programmed cell death can be elicited in the epithelium as a response to viral infection, exposure to allergen or to environmental toxins, or to drugs. While apoptosis can be induced via activation of death receptors on the cell surface or by disruption of mitochondrial polarity, epithelial cells compared to inflammatory cells are more resistant to apoptotic stimuli. This paper focuses on the response of airway epithelium to apoptosis in the normal state, apoptosis as a potential regulator of the number and types of epithelial cells in the airway, and the contribution of epithelial cell apoptosis in important airways diseases.
Procedural learning and cognitive flexibility in a mouse model of restricted, repetitive behaviour

Restricted, repetitive behaviours (e.g., stereotypies, compulsions, rituals) in neurodevelopmental disorders have been linked to alterations in cortico-basal ganglia circuitry. Cognitive processes mediated by this circuitry (e.g., procedural learning, executive function) are likely to be impaired in individuals exhibiting high rates of repetitive behaviour. To test this hypothesis, we assessed both procedural learning and cognitive flexibility (reversal learning) using a T-maze task in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) exhibiting various rates of repetitive behaviour (vertical jumping and backward somersaulting). These mice exhibited high rates of stereotypy when reared in standard rodent cages, and such behaviour was significantly attenuated by housing them in larger more complex environments. Mice reared in complex environments exhibited significantly better procedural and reversal learning than standard caged mice. Thus, early experience associated with the prevention and attenuation of stereotypy was associated with better striatally mediated learning and cognitive flexibility. Stereotypy score was significantly correlated with the number of errors made in reversal learning, and interacted with housing condition to affect overall cognitive performance. Our findings support the applicability of the deer mouse model of spontaneous stereotypy to a wider range of restricted, repetitive behaviour (e.g., insistence on sameness) typical of neurodevelopmental disorders.
The Nature of Processing Speed Deficits in Traumatic Brain Injury: is Less Brain More?

The cognitive constructs working memory (WM) and processing speed are fundamental components to general intellectual functioning in humans and highly susceptible to disruption following neurological insult. Much of the work to date examining speeded working memory deficits in clinical samples using functional imaging has demonstrated recruitment of network areas including prefrontal cortex (PFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). What remains unclear is the nature of this neural recruitment. The goal of this study was to isolate the neural networks distinct from those evident in healthy adults and to determine if reaction time (RT) reliably predicts observable between-group differences. The current data indicate that much of the neural recruitment in TBI during a speeded visual scanning task is positively correlated with RT. These data indicate that recruitment in PFC during tasks of rapid information processing are at least partially attributable to normal recruitment of PFC support resources during slowed task processing.
The Mechanism of Growth-inhibitory Effect of DOC-2/DAB2 in Prostate Cancer CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL GTPase-ACTIVATING PROTEIN ASSOCIATED WITH N-TERMINAL DOMAIN OF DOC-2/DAB2

DOC-2/DAB2 is a member of the disable gene family with tumor-inhibitory activity. Its down-regulation is associated with several neoplasms, and serine phosphorylation of its N terminus modulates DOC-2/DAB2's inhibitory effect on AP-1 transcriptional activity. We describe the cloning of DIP1/2, a novel gene that interacts with the N-terminal domain of DOC-2/DAB2. DIP1/2 is a novel GTPase-activating protein containing a Ras GTPase-activating protein homology domain (N terminus) and two other unique domains (i.e. 10 proline repeats and leucine zipper). Interaction between DOC-2/DAB2 and DIP1/2 is detected in normal tissues such as the brain and prostate. Altered expression of these two proteins is often detected in prostate cancer cells. Indeed, the presence of DIP1/2 effectively blocks mitogen-induced gene expression and inhibits the growth of prostate cancer. Thus, DOC-2/DAB2 and DIP1/2 appear to represent a unique negative regulatory complex that maintains cell homeostasis.
The Volatilization of Chromium Oxide

The phenomenon of evaporation of chromium oxide from chromium alloys oxidized at high temperatures was investigated by observing the loss in weight when pellets were heated at 1000°–1200°C in various atmospheres. Appreciable volatilization occurred in oxygen, more in wet oxygen, but none in argon or wet argon. specimens showed volatilization in none of these atmospheres. The results indicate that evaporation occurs by oxidation of to gaseous which dissociates to on redeposition. The mechanism by which moisture promotes volatilization was not established.
Evaluation of Penicillemia After Medication of Root Canals with a Polyantibiotic

A polyantibiotic for the treatment of infected root canals was described by Grossman.' The polyantibiotic consists of a suspension of penicillin, bacitracin, streptomycin, and caprylate sodium in silicone fluid. A small amount of the suspension is ordinarily ejected from a syringe needle into the root canal. In narrow canals of posterior teeth, the suspension is introduced into the pulp chamber and pumped into the root canals with a suitable sterile instrument. An effort is made to limit the polyantibiotic to the confines of the canal. The polyantibiotic has been in use by dentists and in at least one dental school clinic for more than 15 years. Despite this long usage, there have been few accounts of sensitivity reaction. An explanation of this might be that the penicillin contained in the polyantibiotic, to elicit a systemic reaction, would have to reach the blood circulation via the apical foramen and be present in sufficient amount to cause a reaction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether penicillin was present in the blood after sealing the polyantibiotic in the root canal, since sensitivity is reported in 2 to 5 percent of the population.2A
Heymann nephritis: Mechanisms of renal injury

The Heymann nephritis (HN) models of rat membranous nephropathy are extraordinarily valuable tools to investigate the immunopathology of glomerular subepithelial immune deposit formation and the mechanism by which such deposits injure glomeruli. The immunopathology of HN is reviewed by Brentjens and Andres in this volume [1]. In this review we will largely confine ourselves to a discussion of the mediators, mechanisms and pathophysiological consequences of renal injury in rat membranous nephropathy. The primary manifestation of glomerular injury in HN is proteinuria; however there are also subtle, but not trivial, changes in glomerular hemodynamics and tubular function, and alterations in renal hormone production. The alterations in glomerular permselectivity that lead to proteinuria closely resemble the defect in human membranous nephropathy, and the rat model has been used to study mechanisms of renal sodium retention, edema formation and metabolic abnormalities in nephrotic syndrome. Investigators have also used the HN models to study the impact of systemic hypertension on pre-existing glomerular disease, in terms of both altered glomerular function and progressive renal injury. Mostly, the mechanisms and effects of glomerular injury in rat membranous nephropathy have been investigated in the standard active and passive (PHN) models of HN; however, both models have also been extensively modified to elucidate specific mechanisms or mediators. Such modifications, which include the use of the isolated perfused kidney, renal transplantation, partial renal ablation and, more recently, cell and tissue culture, will be discussed in context later in this review. Active HN is induced by immunizing susceptible strains of rats (such as, Lewis, Fisher) with certain fractions of homologous or heterologous proximal tubular brush border and is characterized by granular glomerular capillary wall deposits of rat IgG and subepithelial electron-dense deposits after three to four weeks. Proteinuria develops in 30 to 80% of rats within eight to ten weeks of immunization. PHN is induced by a single intravenous injection of heterologous anti-brush border antiserum (anti-Fx1A) that produces heterologous IgG deposits which accumulate in glomeruli over hours and days. When an appropriate complement-fixing antiserum is used, proteinuria occurs in almost all animals within five days [2, 3]. This "heterologous phase" is then followed by an autologous phase during which rat IgG antibodies with specificity for the heterologous glomerular-bound IgG are deposited and induce a further increase in proteinuria. HN more closely resembles human membranous nephropathy in its slow evolution than does PHN and it is truly an autoimmune disease. In those HN rats that become proteinuric, urine protein excretion and glomerular dysfunction tend to be more severe than in PHN; however, the variability between animals and the duration of onset make it a less suitable model than PHN for studying the mediators of injury.
Consumer Education and the Preschool Child

Children are consumers and subject to a number of factors which socialize them into this role. Consumer education is often cited as an important tool in directing this socialization process toward the desired result of developing efficient and knowledgeable consumers. But how early can consumer education begin in the school setting? Can the preschool child be taught basic marketplace concepts and sequences or is this consumer simply too young? What are the early building blocks of consumer education? Do some approaches to teaching the very young consumer work better than others? This study presents a conceptual framework and the results of an exploratory laboratory study which begin to answer these important questions.
Direct detection antenna-coupled mmW sensors for the detection of explosive vapors

The low vapor pressure and concentration of explosive such as TNT and RDX pose significant problems for the detection of explosive vapors in the mmW bands. For the positive identification of explosive vapors using an uncooled passive mmW imaging spectrometer with a low false alarm rate (FAR) requires an unprecedented sensitivity of <150 fW. We report on the recent development of a novel uncooled mmW antenna-coupled direct detector, which shows promise of meeting this requirement.
Interval to treatment of sexually transmitted infections in adolescent females.

Study Objective To describe (1) the treatment interval for adolescent females with Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC), or Trichomonas vaginalis (TV); (2) the proportion treated in ≤7 days; and (3) factors influencing the treatment interval.
Tissue distribution and plasma protein binding of [14C]phenol in rats.

Abstract The tissue distribution of [ 14 C]phenol was examined in the rat after oral administration. High concentration ratios between tissues and plasma were found in liver, spleen, kidneys, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, and lungs. Brain, testes, and skeletal muscle had the least concentrations of radioactivity. The total amount of [ 14 C]phenol in the body reached a peak 0.5 hr after dosing, with only a trace left at 16 hr. Liver was the tissue that accumulated phenol most significantly; 42% of the body phenol was in liver. In blood, 67 to 85% of the 14 C was in the plasma, with 41 to 50% of the radioactivity in plasma bound to plasma protein and/or other macromolecules.
Diffusion quantum Monte Carlo study of the equation of state and point defects in aluminum

The many-body diffusion quantum Monte Carlo (DMC) method with twist-averaged boundary conditions is used to calculate the ground-state equation of state and the energetics of point defects in fcc aluminum using supercells up to 1331 atoms. The DMC equilibrium lattice constant differs from experiment by 0.008 \AA{}, or 0.2$%$, while the cohesive energy using DMC with backflow wave functions with improved nodal surfaces differs by 27 meV. DMC-calculated defect formation and migration energies agree with available experimental data, except for the nearest-neighbor divacancy, which is found to be energetically unstable, in agreement with previous density functional theory (DFT) calculations. DMC and DFT calculations of vacancy defects are in reasonably close agreement. Self-interstitial formation energies have larger differences between DMC and DFT, of up to 0.33eV, at the tetrahedral site. We also computed formation energies of helium interstitial defects where energies differed by up to 0.34 eV, also at the tetrahedral site. The close agreement with available experiments demonstrates that DMC can be used as a predictive method to obtain benchmark energetics of defects in metals.
(2,2′-Bipyridyl)bis(O,O′-diisobutyl dithiophosphato-κ2S,S′)nickel(II)

In the monomeric title compound,, [Ni(C8H18O2PS2)2(C10H8N2)], the Ni atom exhibits distorted octa­hedral N2S4 coordination. The crystal structure contains inter­molecular C—H⋯π and C—H⋯S inter­actions.
Analyzing DNA Packaging Initiation of Bacteriophage T4 by a Real-Time Single Molecule Fluorescence Assay

Variety of structural, biochemical and recently single molecule optical tweezers experiments have been used to study the mechanochemical aspects of viral packaging motors. However, due to transient and complex nature of interactions, it has been difficult to quantify viral assembly and packaging initiation using these techniques. We developed a single molecule fluorescence assay to study initiation and re-initiation of DNA packaging in the T4 bacteriophage. The reconstituted complexes were immobilized on a polymer covered slide and fluorescently labeled, short double stranded DNA and ATP were added and individual packaging machines, each carrying out DNA translocation, were imaged in real-time by total internal reflection microscopy. We found that the T4 packaging machine can package multiple DNA into the same head with the re-initiation rate depending on the DNA and ATP concentrations. Mutations in the Walker A P-loop of the packaging motor showed very low initiation efficiency, slow initiation time, and far fewer initiations per head. By quantifying the assembly efficiency in the presence of different co-factors, we found that while the motor is stable in the ATP-bound state after ATP hydrolysis the motor is much less stably bound to the viral capsid. The presence of a DNA in the portal channel increases the stability of motor complex. This assay can be extended to study the effect of other relevant proteins on the assembly and initiation of DNA packaging.
The Evolution of International Business Textbooks

As a field of study, international business (IB) has evolved with accelerated tempo in the last four decades. The subject has brought with it an increasing plethora of textbooks. We analyze the contents of major textbooks, both classic and new, to find the extent to which these textbooks cover the various components of the common body of knowledge in IB, as organized around a conceptual model. Using this model, we study some 27 textbooks published between 1976 and 2008, and categorize their content. Our primary objective is to determine the extent to which there is commonality among textbooks. Additionally, we study the evolution over time in the content of the same textbooks from one edition to the next and explore the reasons for these changes. We present the results in graphic and tabular forms, depicting areas where themes may converge or overlap. This study’s conclusions will contribute to a better understanding of the epistemological roots of the field and its evolution over time. Scholars who write...
The Leadership Book: Enhancing the Theory-Practice Connection Through Project-Based Learning

Inspired by the educational benefits of project-based learning, a class project for leadership courses is described that takes interview assignments to a new level. Students use the findings from their interviews with managers to develop a book on leadership that they have had a hand in from start to finish. The project provides a comprehensive approach to linking the concepts and realities of leadership and engages students in a collaborative learning activity that challenges them as both individuals and group members. The project also provides numerous skill-building opportunities that maximize the value of the project. The six phases of the project are described in detail, along with suggestions for the project's timeline and assessment mechanisms. Options for altering the project's length are discussed as well as its potential for use in other management courses.
Compressive splitting response of glass-fiber reinforced unidirectional composites

Abstract An analytical and experimental study of the compressive behavior of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites loaded in the fiber direction has been carried out for a range of fiber volume fractions. It was observed experimentally that glass/epoxy composites failed predominantly by splitting at lower fiber volume fractions (Vf) and by a combination of splitting and kinking at higher Vf. In contrast, carbon/epoxy composites were found to fail by kinking only. A mechanical model developed by Lee and Waas is used to predict the compressive strength of the composites. The predicted compressive strengths were then compared with existing experimental data in the literature. The effectiveness of the model in including the effect of initial misalignment of fibers on the predicted compressive strengths has also been studied.
Exclusion limits on the WIMP-nucleon cross section from the first run of the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search in the Soudan Underground Laboratory

The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS-II) employs low-temperature Ge and Si detectors to seek Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) via their elastic scattering interactions with nuclei. Simultaneous measurements of both ionization and phonon energy provide discrimination against interactions of background particles. For recoil energies above 10 keV, events due to background photons are rejected with > 99.99% efficiency. Electromagnetic events very near the detector surface can mimic nuclear recoils because of reduced charge collection, but these surface events are rejected with > 96% efficiency by using additional information from the phonon pulse shape. Efficient use of active and passive shielding, combined with the 2090 m.w.e. overburden at the experimental site in the Soudan mine, makes the background from neutrons negligible for this first exposure. All cuts are determined in a blind manner from in situ calibrations with external radioactive sources without any prior knowledge of the event distribution in the signal region. Resulting efficiencies are known to {approx}10%. A single event with a recoil of 64 keV passes all of the cuts and is consistent with the expected misidentification rate of surface-electron recoils. Under the assumptions for a standard dark matter halo, these data exclude previously unexplored parameter space for both spin-independent and spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon elastic scattering. The resulting limit on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon elastic-scattering cross-section has a minimum of 4 x 10{sup -43} cm{sup 2} at a WIMP mass of 60 GeV c{sup -2}. The minimum of the limit for the spin-dependent WIMP-neutron elastic-scattering cross-section is 2 x 10{sup -37} cm{sup 2} at a WIMP mass of 50 GeV c{sup -2}.
Optimal control of infinite-order smart composite structural systems using distributed sensors

Abstract In recent years there has been considerable interest in the design of spatially shaped distributed sensors for the control of infinite-order structural systems. The smart materials polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and shape-memory alloys can be utilized in the development of customized distributed sensors. Sensor shape-optimization techniques are needed for the implementation of optimal control strategies. In this paper, a method for generating the shapes of distributed sensors using finite-dimensional approximations to desired curvature and curvature rate kernels is examined. The output of these spatially distributed sensors is utilized directly as the control signal for suppressing vibrations in infinite-order structural systems. This paper shows that the desired kernels can be generated directly from finite element models of distributed structures without generating displacement and displacement-rate kernels. The curvature and curvature-rate kernels are the desired kernels in the development of shape functions for PVDF sensors for the implementation of controllers. This procedure requires covering the entire structure with a customized sensor for each kernel. To alleviate this problem, a sensor is proposed which covers a portion of the structure with spatially distributed material and uses an observer for the estimation of the states. The original control algorithm is implemented by using the proposed sensor and observer. The usefulness of a single, relatively small customized PVDF film sensor along with an observer to provide full state-feedback information for the entire structure is examined. The complexity and performance of the proposed control scheme are compared with the original distributed sensor implementation.
Existence and nonexistence of skew branes

A skew brane is a codimension 2 submanifold in affine space such that the tangent spaces at any two distinct points are not parallel. We show that if an oriented closed manifold has a nonzero Euler characteristic \({\chi}\), then it is not a skew brane; generically, the number of oppositely oriented pairs of parallel tangent spaces is not less than \({\chi^2{/4}}\). We give a version of this result for immersed surfaces in dimension 4. We construct examples of skew spheres of arbitrary odd dimensions, generalizing the construction of skew loops in 3-dimensional space due to Ghomi and Solomon (2002). We conclude with two conjectures that are theorems in 1-dimensional case.
A forensic analysis of business scandals: charges against scandalous companies

The term “scandal” has been associated with business, in both the business press and the general press. The main emphasis is in U.S. business, although other countries and individual companies globally are also included. This article analyses the main factors constituting business companies and their misuse in unlawful practices. Particular attention is given to criminal acts of corporate officers. Common practices are identified. This analysis is to identify conduct of corporations, as illustrations of “scandalous” conduct.
Issues Related to the Mechanical Property Characterization of Sealants

Quantification of the mechanical properties of cured sealant is complicated by the presence of the Mullins effect. This paper examines the Mullins effect using five different sealants encompassing the range of properties and formulations found in commercial sealants. Three main observations include: the Mullins effect was observed in all sealant formulations studied, the Mullins effect was observed in both tension and compression strains, and there was a recovery of the Mullins effect after sufficient periods of time between repeated loading cycles. Simple rules were formulated to describe the Mullins effect. Moreover, the tests show that understanding the Mullins effect is crucial in characterizing the mechanical properties of a sealant.
Purification of cytochromes P-448 from β-naphthoflavone-treated rainbow trout

Rainbow trout were treated with β-naphthoflavone and the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 solubilized with 3-[(3-cholaminopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate. Chromatography on tryptamine-Sepharose 4B gave a single cytochrome P-450 peak which was further resolved into three components by elution from DEAE-Sepharose. The two main peaks were then chromatographed on hydroxyapatite and a total of four fractions obtained. Two of these fractions had similar properties and significantly metabolized [14C]benzo[a]pyrene in a reconstituted system containing rat cytochrome P-450 reductase. This activity was inhibited by α-naphthoflavone but not by metyrapone or SKF-525A. Purified cytochromes P-448 from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rat had similar spectral properties and activity towards [14C]benzo[a]pyrene suggesting similarities between these forms.
DYNAMICS OF ENHANCED PROTEIN ULTRAFILTRATION USING AN IMMOBILIZED PROTEASE

An industrial grade protease was immobilized on a prototype, non-cellulosic tubular ultrafiltration membrane using a purely physical technique based on vacuum adsorption and pH adjustment. A supermarket grade of nonfat dry milk was used to prepare a 0.001 g/ml feed solution which was pumped steadily through the tubular membrane module at 114 L/min. The temperature of the retentate stream in the module was maintained at 50®C and 276 kPag (40 psig) respectively. The prototype system was operated continuously for 240 hr under total recycle conditions and the control (i.e., system without the enzyme) was similarly operated for 50 hr. The degree of flux enhancement of the prototype system relative to the control was impressive. It was estimated that over a period of 240 hr, 93% more permeate was collected for the prototype than for the control. A gradient, lumped parameter mass balance model was formulated for the dynamics of the protein gel layer. The model was simulated on a digital computer, and the various mass transfer and enzyme kinetic parameters were estimated using a Marquardt, nonlinear least squares routine. The resulting curve-fit was satisfactory, considering the complexities of the process and the simplifying assumptions used in the model development.
Applications of optical fiber assemblies in harsh environments: the journey past, present, and future

Over the past ten years, NASA has studied the effects of harsh environments on optical fiber assemblies for communication systems, lidar systems, and science missions. The culmination of this has resulted in recent technologies that are unique and tailored to meeting difficult requirements under challenging performance constraints. This presentation will focus on the past mission applications of optical fiber assemblies, including: qualification information, lessons learned, and new technological advances that will enable the road ahead.
Classical and Keynesian Employment Theories: A Reconciliation

I. Introduction, 407. — II. Keynes's treatment of labor supply, 409. — III. Sketches of classical and Keynesian employment theories, 410. — IV. A graphical formulation of aggregate demand and supply, 412; the aggregate supply curve, 412; the aggregate demand curve, 414; the aggregate diagram, 414. — V. The classical theory amended, 416. — VI. The Keynesian diagram amended, 418. — VII. Keynesian economics in a classical framework, 420; the aggregate demand curve established, 420; expectations, unintended investment and aggregate demand, 420; involuntary unemployment, 422; labor supply, 423; the interest effect, 424; the real balance effect, 424. — VIII. The introduction of monopolistic elements, 426. — IX. Conclusion, 427. "It is only natural that attempts have been made to place under the Keynesian postulate some kind of theoretical underpinnings which would bring the foundation of his analytical structure to the level of orthodox argument."
Limits of crack growth stability in the double cleavage drilled compression specimen

A theoretical investigation of the double cleavage drilled compression specimen was undertaken to define the limits of stable crack growth for a range of geometries and fracture toughnesses typically used in fracture testing of brittle materials. Two-dimensional large displacement solutions for the mode I stress intensity factor were derived using energy methods. Comparisons with finite element results indicate that these models maintain a high level of accuracy well past the onset of unstable crack growth. Crack growth stability was assessed by differentiating the semi-analytical solutions and assembling the results in the form of design curves.