cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Action Thresholds for Green Peach Aphid on Potatoes in Minnesota

The appropriate action threshold for application of insecticidal sprays to control green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), on potatoes, Solanum tuberosum (L.), appeared to be ca. 30 apterae/105 leaves. For seed production, assuming a soil systemic was used at planting, an action threshold of ca. 10 apterae/105 leaves was indicated. Spraying on a schedule, even with effective aphicides, can result in late-season green peach aphid control problems more severe than occur on untreated potatoes. Serious outbreaks resulted when an insecticide to which the aphid is resistant was applied on a schedule. During this study, 2 insecticides, pirimicarb and fenvalerate, lost much of their original effectiveness against green peach aphid.
Application of a Crystal Orientation Method for Matching Surfaces Along a Fracture Line

The overall objective of this study was to evaluate whether surface crystal orientation can be used to associate metal fracture fragments. This study examined the orientations of the fractured crystals across the fracture plane for two surfaces determined to be a matching fracture by conventional methods. This study used Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction (EBSD), sometimes known as Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM), to determine the crystallographic orientation of individual metal crystals along the length of the fracture on a surface perpendicular to the actual fracture surface. This investigation examined the uniqueness of crystal orientations within a metal and examined the requirements necessary for determination of crystallography using EBSD. This study also examined the crystallographic information as to whether it is sufficiently reliable characteristic from which a quantitative determination could be made that two separate pieces of metal are, in fact, from a single piece.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Microbial food web mapping: linking carbon cycling and community structure in soils through pyrosequencing enabled stable isotope probing

Soil represents a massive reservoir of active carbon and climate models vary dramatically in predicting how this carbon will respond to climate change over the coming century. A major cause of uncertainty is that we still have a very limited understand the microorganisms that dominate the soil carbon cycle. The vast majority of soil microbes cannot be cultivated in the laboratory and the diversity of organisms and enzymes that participate in the carbon cycle is staggeringly complex. We have developed a new toolbox for exploring the carbon cycle and the metabolic and ecological characteristics of uncultivated microorganisms. The high-resolution nucleic acid stable isotope probing approach that we have developed makes it possible to characterize microbial carbon cycling dynamics in soil. The approach allows us to track multiple 13C-labeled substrates into thousands of microbial taxa over time. Using this approach we have discovered several major lineages of uncultivated microorganisms that participate in cellulose metabolism and are found widely in soils (including Verrucomicrobia and Chloroflexi, which have not previously been implicated as major players in the soil carbon cycle). Furthermore, isotopic labelling of nucleic acids enables community genomics and permits genome fragment binning for a majority of these cellulolytic microorganisms allowing usmore » to explore the metabolic underpinnings of cellulose degradation. This approach has allowed us to describe unexpected dynamics of carbon metabolism with different microbial taxa exhibiting characteristic patterns of carbon substrate incorporation, indicative of distinct ecological strategies. The data we describe allows us to characterize the activity of novel microorganisms as they occur in the environment and these data provide a basis for understanding how the physiological traits of discrete microorganisms sum to govern the complex responses of the soil carbon cycle.« less
Determinants of consumers' response to pay-what-you-want pricing strategy on the Internet

Abstract Previous pay-what-you-want pricing research has focused primarily on services in brick-and-mortar settings wherein buyers decide on a price to pay after experiencing the service. Research on this pricing approach in online settings is rare and limited to products, such as digital music. This paper explores the effects of pay-what-you-want pricing on the Internet and extends the scope of investigation to tangible products purchased before consumption. Building on theories in communications and pricing, the authors identify and empirically test two factors that interact with brand familiarity to positively influence online shoppers' responses to pay-what-you-want pricing: a virtual product experience and a seller-supplied anchor price. The results further indicate that consumers' online purchase intentions are influenced primarily by their perceived product knowledge, while perceived quality influences their pay-what-you-want prices.
Semen analysis: a review of samples from 225 men seen at an infertility clinic.

AbstractThe results from 225 men attending an infertility clinic are presented. The percentage of oval, viable and active sperm cells, and the motility scores were lower in samples with counts less than 10 times 106 per ml., increased in counts of 10 to 40 times 106 per ml. and again increased in counts more than 40 times 106 per ml. The percentage of semen samples with abnormalities in measured parameters dramatically increased as the sperm count decreased. The percentage of samples with significant numbers of white blood cells was higher in samples with sperm counts less than 10 times 106 per ml. and in the azoospermic patients, while viscosity problems seemed to be associated with counts less than 10 times 106 per ml. Agglutination was more of a problem in samples with counts more than 40 times 106 per ml.
The L p spaces

So far in this book we have considered only pointwise, or almost everywhere, convergence of sequences (and nets) of measurable functions. In many problems where Lebesgue integration occurs, several different kinds of convergence appear naturally. In most cases, different kinds of convergence are associated with different vector spaces of (equivalence classes of) measurable functions, and it is the purpose of this chapter to describe some of these spaces and discuss the corresponding types of convergence. One of the most basic requirements for a mode of convergence is that the usual operations of addition and multiplication by scalars preserve convergence. Because of this, we will be dealing with vector spaces endowed with a topology that is compatible with the linear structure. We start therefore with a brief discussion of the concept of a topological vector space . The discussion is carried out for complex vector spaces, but the analogous concepts make sense for real vector spaces as well.
Role of robotic surgery in treating fibroids and benign uterine mass

Fibroid uterus can be managed medically, surgically, or through non-extirpative procedures, depending on the clinical situation. Myomectomy may be beneficial, especially to those desiring to preserve the uterus and/or fertility, with outcomes comparable to those of hysterectomy, with a laparoscopic approach being favored when feasible. For definitive therapy, hysterectomy can be pursued where the surgical approach should be individualized. Comparison of robotic-assisted laparoscopic approach shows that the robotic approach may be favored for cases with higher complexity and multiple fibroids in myomectomy; however, no clear advantage is seen with hysterectomy at this time, necessitating further research in the area of robotics for hysterectomy in benign uterine mass treatment to justify the cost.
Psychological Capital for Leader Development

The continual development of leaders is one effective strategy for organizations to compete in today’s rapidly changing society. Despite awareness of this need, human resource professionals and managers find it challenging to promote or encourage ongoing development among leaders. Addressing the need for continuous learning, we extend the construct of psychological capital to the context of leader development. Specifically, leader development psychological capital (LD PsyCap) is defined as an individual’s motivational propensity to develop as a leader and consists of efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience toward leader development. Using an online survey of 120 leaders, we found that LD PsyCap predicted leader development behaviors beyond other individual differences. We also found that LD PsyCap mediated the relationship between learning climate, organizational support, social support, and workload on leader development behaviors. Promoting LD PsyCap can help facilitate ongoing leader development in or...
Regarding the applications of fusion-fluorescence imaging using indocyanine green in laparoscopic hepatectomy.

A critical concern in performing hepatectomy for tumor resection is determining the boundaries of resection and identifying any additional lesions. Obtaining negative margins has a direct impact on disease-free survival in patients (1). The main goal is to remove neoplastic tissue while sparing sufficient normal parenchyma and preserving organ function. Deciding the location of margins in resection for liver neoplasms is based on the location of tumor. Cross-sectional imaging modalities localize the lesion and assist in pre-operative planning, but once in the operating room, the surgeon must rely on visual inspection and tactile feedback along with anatomic knowledge to localize and resect the tumor. In the setting of laparoscopic surgery, this becomes limited as bimanual palpation is no longer possible and tactile feedback becomes limited. This becomes even more so in the setting of robotic surgery as tactile feedback is absent and the surgeon must rely only on visual cues.
Late Pleistocene snakes (Squamata: Serpentes) from Abaco, The Bahamas

Abstract The late Pleistocene snake fossils from Sawmill Sink (Abaco, The Bahamas) represent five taxa: blind or thread snake (Scolecophidia indet.: either Leptotyphlopidae or Typhlopidae); Abaco boa (Boidae: Chilabothrus cf. exsul); rat snake (Colubridae: Pantherophis sp.); water snake (Natricidae: Nerodia sp.); and Cuban racer (Dipsadidae: Cubophis cf. vudii). Scolecophidia, Chilabothrus exsul, and Cubophis vudii still exist on Abaco and have been previously recovered in fossil deposits in the West Indies. In contrast, no forms of Pantherophis or Nerodia have been reported as fossils anywhere in the West Indies until now. This is the first evidence of any indigenous species of Pantherophis (living or extinct) in the Caribbean, whereas the only other indigenous Nerodia in the West Indies is the extant N. clarkii along the northern coast of Cuba. In being present on Abaco in late Pleistocene but not Holocene contexts, Pantherophis sp. and Nerodia sp. resemble 17 species that apparently did not survive the dramatic changes in climate, habitat, and land area associated with the Pleistocene–Holocene Transition in The Bahamas. It is likely that Pleistocene fossils of both Pantherophis and Nerodia will be found eventually on other Bahamian islands. With the discovery of these two snakes, the vertebrate fauna of Sawmill Sink now stands at 97 species, by far the richest in the West Indies.
Prophylactic Active Tau Immunization Leads to Sustained Reduction in Both Tau and Amyloid-β Pathologies in 3xTg Mice

Amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau pathologies are intertwined in Alzheimer's disease, and various immunotherapies targeting these hallmarks are in clinical trials. To determine if tau pathology influences Aβ burden and to assess prophylactic benefits, 3xTg and wild-type mice received tau immunization from 2-6 months of age. The mice developed a high IgG titer that was maintained at 22 months of age. Pronounced tau and Aβ pathologies were primarily detected in the subiculum/CA1 region, which was therefore the focus of analysis. The therapy reduced histopathological tau aggregates by 70-74% overall (68% in males and 78-86% in females), compared to 3xTg controls. Likewise, western blot analysis revealed a 41% clearance of soluble tau (38-76% in males and 48% in females) and 42-47% clearance of insoluble tau (47-58% in males and 49% in females) in the immunized mice. Furthermore, Aβ burden was reduced by 84% overall (61% in males and 97% in females). These benefits were associated with reductions in microgliosis and microhemorrhages. In summary, prophylactic tau immunization not only prevents tau pathology but also Aβ deposition and related pathologies in a sustained manner, indicating that tau pathology can promote Aβ deposition, and that a short immunization regimen can have a long-lasting beneficial effect.
Regional decoupling: the Asia-Pacific minus the USA?

This paper examines the interactions between the USA and the expanding ecosystem of East Asian and Asia-Pacific institutions. Concentrating on the period since the Global Financial Crisis of 2008–2...
Near-room-temperature magnetocaloric properties of La1−xSrxMnO3 (x = 0.11, 0.17, and 0.19) nanoparticles

The growth of chemically stable magnetic materials showing a magnetic transition near room temperature with a strong magnetocaloric effect is important for the development of room-temperature magnetic refrigeration technology. Single-phase nanoparticles of La1−xSrxMnO3 (x = 0.11, 0.17, and 0.19) (LSMO) materials in the rhombohedral crystal structure with particle sizes between 20 nm and 30 nm were prepared using the sol-gel method. The crystal structure, morphology, magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect (MCE) were investigated. The ferromagnetic to paramagnetic phase transitions of these nanoparticles are of second order in nature and the transition temperatures (Tc) lie between 284 K and 327 K. The magnetic entropy change (ΔS M ) and relative cooling power (RCP) exhibit a linear dependence on the applied magnetic field. All samples show relatively large cooling efficiency with ΔS M,max of 3.26 Jkg−1 K−1 for La0.89Sr0.11MnO3 at 297 K and RCP of 201 Jkg−1 for La0.81Sr0.19MnO3 both measured at H = 30 kOe. These results suggest that the LSMO nanoparticles have potential for room-temperature magnetic refrigeration.
A Statistical Technique to Assess Overall Cardiac Ventricle Contraction Dyssynchrony

Dyssynchrony between patterns of strain developed by different cardiac ventricular regions can indicate an activation abnormality or the failure of activated tissue to contract. To quantify overall chamber dyssynchrony with one number, we implemented a cross-correlation technique first developed with Doppler velocity images [1- 2], and applied the method to calculate time delays between strain (σ) waveforms of paired tissue regions [3]. We then derived one average time delay (TD avg) from all region strain pairs distributed through an image. The method acquired a long axis two-dimensional echocardiographic view from a Philips ultrasound scanner. Image acquisition was followed by strain calculation at seven adjacent regions of the myocardium by Philip’s QLAB software. From each region x and y pairing, a cross-correlation function Rxy(j) = ΣM-1 i=0 σx(i) * σy(i+j) between σ waveforms was assessed over M samples spanning the RR interval, and normalized time delay (TD xy) was computed based on the correlation’s index of maximum (jmax). With strain measured from all seven regions of the myocardial wall, the TD xy results collected from 42 possible region pair combinations were combined to form the TD avg.
Laboratory diagnosis of an imported case of visceral leishmaniasis in Henan Province

Objective To analyze the epidemiological and clinical data of an imported case of visceral leishmaniasis in Henan Province, and explore the method of laboratory diagnosis of kala-azar. Methods The epidemiological and clinical data of an imported visceral leishmaniasis patient were analyzed. Leishmania donovani bodies in bone marrow smears were observed microscopically. The antibody was detected by using rK39 dipstick test strips. Two pairs of specific primers, K13A-K13B and LITSR-L5.8S, were used to amplify kinetoplast DNA and internal transcribed spacer of rDNA of the parasite, respectively. Results The patient had been in the epidemic area of visceral leishmaniasis, and had symptoms such as irregular fever, splenomegaly, pancytopenia, and inversed ratio of albumin and globulin. The amastigotes of L. donovani were found in the bone marrow smears, and rK39 test strip was positive, and the PCR products of K13A-K13B and LITSR-L5.8S were 87 bp and 285 bp respectively. The similarities of the two fragment sequences to the corresponding sequences of L. donovani were 94% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions The case is diagnosed as visceral leishmaniasis according to the epidemiological data, clinical manifestations and laboratory test results of the patient, and the pathogen is L. donovani.
Modulating the Human Basophil Phenotype During Its Development and Maturation: Basophils Derived from In Vitro Cultures of CD34 + Progenitor Cells

Historically, the human basophil that is studied experimentally comes from peripheral blood. But there is evidence that only a short portion of the basophil life cycle related to IgE-mediated function occurs in the blood. The same evidence suggests that IgE-mediated functionality is present for 5-7 days in the bone marrow (or other tissues) during which the cell modulates its phenotype according to local conditions. It is suggested that to properly understand the nature of basophil behavior, a better understanding of its biology during maturation would be helpful. For example, one highly suggestive line of evidence for the relevance of understanding the maturation period is related to the change in basophil phenotype that occurs during treatment of patients with omalizumab. During this treatment, the intrinsic reactivity or sensitivity of the basophils is significantly increased despite, or perhaps because of, the dramatic reduction in FceRI expression that accompanies this treatment. One of the critical signaling enzymes to increase expression selectively in basophils during treatment is SYK, which is one of the earliest signaling tyrosine kinases involved in translating the aggregation of FceRI into secretion from the cell. Treatment with omalizumab increases SYK expression, and this observation focuses some attention of how SYK expression is regulated. It is possible that the key regulation occurs during maturation of the basophil. Regardless of the mechanisms operative in this particular treatment, understanding the process of maturation and the extrinsic factors that influence it may lead to better understanding of disease processes. Therefore, this chapter will discuss and present techniques to work with maturing human basophils.
Capturing Causal Knowledge from Authoritative Medical Ontologies

Robust biomedical ontologies contain the collective knowledge of the experts who created them, including elements of causality among symptoms. In addition to standardizing and integrating heterogenous symptoms, the structure and indexing within domain-specific biomedical ontologies can be sources of prior knowledge. This knowledge can be used to provide insight into disease progression and to infer causality, which is useful for orienting Causal Bayesian Networks (CBN) obtained from a variety of causal learning algorithms. This paper proposes a novel method of extracting and analyzing causal knowledge contained in two Authoritative Medical Ontologies (AMO), then testing the accuracy of the expertise. We will examine several ordered variable pairs from the ontological hierarchy in the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities Terminology (MedDRA) and indexed terminology from the International Classification of Diseases Version 10 Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM). These ordered pairs will be used to orient arcs in a learning algorithm to test their ability for improving conditional probabilities within a CBN based on patient data.
Debt Covenants and Investment: Response to Gulen, Jens, and Page (2020)

In a recent working paper, "An application of causal forest in corporate finance: How does financing affect investment?" Gulen, Jens, and Page, April 23 2020, (GJP) challenge the analysis and several conclusions of our paper, "How Does Financing Impact Investment? The Role of Debt Covenants," 2008, (CR). Specifically, GJP claim that our main results are not robust to a more recent machine learning estimation technique called "causal forest," and that covenant violations only affect investment in a small number of distressed firms. Here we show that these, and other claims made by GJP concerning our study, are incorrect. GJP's results are internally inconsistent, inconsistent with other published studies, and unreproducible. We also provide new evidence using the latest econometric techniques, including that suggested by GJP, and more recent data, all of which show the robustness of our original findings.
Recovery from Traumatic Brain Injury Following Treatment with Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Is Associated with Increased Expression of Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor and Other Neurotrophic Factors

Introduction: The hematopoietic cytokine granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is well known to stimulate proliferation of blood stem/progenitor cells of the leukocyte lineage, but is also ...
Two-color pyrometry based flame to fuel surface radiative heat flux diagnostic using flamelets

Abstract In this study, a non-intrusive two-color pyrometry based radiative heat flux diagnostic is presented that accounts for the self-absorption effects. This diagnostic relies on looking up the flame temperature and soot volume fraction using the ratio of color intensities obtained from digital cameras and numerical solutions of 1D steady-state diffusion flames. Virtual two color pyrometry of computed flame show a unique one-to-one mapping of strained flames with intensity ratio; thereby allowing flames to be indexed and creation of a two-color flamelet manifold (TCFM). The TCFM is a function of two variables; the ratio of red to green intensities (flame index) and physical distance to the stoichiometric surface defined using a level-set function. The developed diagnostic is used in upward flame spread experiments where an approximate flame hull reconstruction method is applied to provide the 3D level-set function and intensity ratio for use of TCFM to provide radiative absorption properties for 3D ray tracing. Accounting for self-absorption effects provide improved soot volume fraction estimates. The radiative heat flux estimates are found to be in very good agreement with literature and improved results are obtained near the flame base.
Conceptual ethics, metaepistemology, and normative epistemology

This paper advertises the importance of distinguishing three different foundational projects about epistemic thought and talk, which we call “systematic normative epistemology”, “metaepistemology”,...
Enhancing creativity perception through fear

Abstract While perceived creativity is a valued asset within marketing and advertising, the literature has not explored external factors that influence creativity perceptions of consumers. In this research, we show that fear positively affects creativity assessments leading to increased advertising effectiveness, and that this effect is due to fear’s positive impact on engagement. Across seven studies, we show that these findings hold for both incidental and integral fear (i.e., fear appeal), for public service announcements and commercial advertisements, and across a variety of product categories. This research extends the creativity literature from a focus on definition of creativity and generation of creative outputs to new factors that influence creativity perception, and also adds to the literature on discrete emotions. In addition, the paper provides insight to marketers seeking to increase the effectiveness of their creative ads.
Measurement of Oxygen Diffusion Rate

Air and water comprise a large part of the soil. For an average soil, air and water take up 50% of the space. Organic matter and mineral matter take up the other 50%. At optimum moisture content for plant growth, the air and water space are about equal, each about 25 percent of the soil volume. With so much of the soil volume taken up by air and water, it is obvious that air and water must play a major part in soil and plant–water relations. The chapter looks at the most widely used method to monitor aeration status of the soil, the oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) method. Respiration by plant roots depends on soil oxygen. Roots, like animals, do not photosynthesize, and they give off carbon dioxide and take in oxygen during respiration. Diffusion of gases in the soil practically stops when the fraction of air-filled pores is less than 10%. Therefore, roots need at least 10% by volume air space in the soil to survive. Evaluation of the aeration conditions at the interface between the root and the soil system presents the greatest possibility of defining the influence of aeration on plant growth. In the process of respiration, plants quickly take up the oxygen surrounding the roots in the rhizosphere, and an increasing oxygen concentration gradient develops between the soil atmosphere and the atmosphere next to the root surrounded by the water film. Movement of oxygen from the atmosphere to a respiring root involves diffusion through the following three phases: 1. the gaseous phase of the soil; 2. the gas–liquid phase boundary; and 3. the liquid phase of the water film around the root.
Pyroclastic and Hydroclastic Deposits on Loihi Seamount, Hawaii

Layered volcaniclastic deposits up to 11-m thick crop out along caldera-bounding faults on the summit of Loihi Seamount. The layers include unconsolidated volcanic sands and gravels and volcanic silt-to- mudstone. Fragments in volcaniclastic units include fluidal clasts, bubble-wall fragments (limu-o Pele), highly vesicular to scoriaceous fragments, and Pele's hair formed during pyroclastic eruptions, and lithic fragments coated in lava, coarse-grained basalt fragments, hydrothermally altered basalt and glass fragments, and hydrothermal stockwork fragments of pyrite and barite formed during hydromagmatic (phreatic and phreatomagmatic) eruptions. Pyroclasts of tholeiitic and transitional compositions tend to be dense and probably formed during strombolian activity whereas those of alkalic compositions are highly vesicular to scoriaceous and could have formed during strombolian or hawaiian eruptions. Scoria fragments from subaerial eruptions of Kilauea, intercalated with locally derived volcaniclastic deposits, are most likely from the ca. 1790 A.D. Keanakakoi eruption, and suggest that the volcaniclastic units on Loihi are younger than a few thousand years. Exposed sections decrease in thickness to the north on the summit, suggesting sources located mainly in the southern part of the summit platform. Based on analogy with Kilauea, we infer that hydrovolcanic eruptions are linked to pit crater formation, as occurred in 1996, and to earlier caldera formation. The bottom of the deepest pit crater is at 1356 m depth, so explosive hydrovolcanic activity can occur at least this deep. Loihi Seamount is an unparalleled natural laboratory to study the eruptive style of submarine basaltic explosive eruptions, deposition of the ejecta, and its redistribution and winnowing by currents.
Resolution of Racemic Amino Acids by Gas Chromatography. VII. N-Trifluoroacetyl-Amino Acid Esters

The gas chromatographic resolution of racemic amino acids as their N-trifluoroacetyl esters was carried out on an optically active stationary phase. Relation between the sepa-ration factor and structure of racemic amino acids, and relative retention times were studied. It is concluded that the separation factor of racemic amino acids depends on the relative size of the substituent on the asymmetric carbon and the position of amino group.
The Complexities of the Financial Turmoil of 2007 and 2008

Sparked by rising defaults on subprime mortgages, the financial turmoil of 2007 and 2008 threatened the stability of the worldwide financial system and led to unprecedented interventions in financial markets by central banks and other governmental institutions. This essay describes and explains the complexities of the financial turmoil of 2007 and 2008 for students of the financial system so that they might understand better how problems in the mortgage market led to the possibility of collapse of the financial system and the controversial actions taken by the Federal Reserve and other governmental entities. We draw several lessons about the behavior of financial markets and financial regulation from this historic episode.
Enhancement of Dendritic Cell Production by Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-3 Ligand Increases the Resistance of Mice to a Burn Wound Infection

Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (Flt3L) is a hemopoietic cytokine that stimulates the production of dendritic cells. This study evaluated the ability of Flt3L-enhanced dendritic cell production to increase the resistance of mice to a burn wound infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common source of infections in burn patients that have impaired immunity and are susceptible to opportunistic microorganisms. Treatment of mice with Flt3L for 5 days caused a significant increase in dendritic cell numbers in the spleen and significantly increased survival upon a subsequent burn wound infection. Improved survival in Flt3L-treated mice was associated with limited bacterial growth and spread within the burn wounds and a decrease in systemic dissemination of P. aeruginosa. Resistance to burn wound infection could also be conferred to recipient mice by the adoptive transfer of dendritic cells that had been isolated from spleens of Flt3L-treated mice. Adoptive transfer of the same number of splenic dendritic cells from nontreated mice did not confer resistance to burn wound infection. These data indicate that Flt3L can increase the resistance of mice to a P. aeruginosa burn wound infection through both stimulation of dendritic cell production and enhancement of dendritic cell function.
What to Trust: Reconciling Mathematical Work Done by Hand with Conflicting Graphing Calculator Solutions

This paper reports on a mixed-methods study of 111 Advanced Placement calculus students' self-reports of their graphing calculator use, comfort, and rationale for trusting a solution produced with or without a graphing calculator when checking written work. It was found that there was no association between gender, teacher-reported mathematical ability, or comfort with the graphing calculator and students' trust in either a graphing calculator-produced solution or a solution produced without a graphing calculator. Furthermore, regardless of solution choice, the same four categories were evident in students' rationale for their solution choice: (a) an awareness of the possibility of careless errors, (b) the importance of checking over work, (c) a recognition of the limitations or affordances of the graphing calculator, and (d) a confidence (or lack thereof) in their own mathematical abilities. These results have implications for mathematics teaching as graphing calculators are used extensively in middle and high school mathematics classrooms and standardized tests in the United States.
What do we Study When we Study Religion

In ‘The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy’ Laurence Sterne writes:That of all the several ways of beginning a book which are now in practice throughout the known world, I am confident my own way of doing it is the best—I'm sure it is the most religious—for I begin with writing the first sentence—and trusting to Almighty God for the second.
Postcards and Propaganda: Cartographic Postcards as Soft News Images of the Russo-Japanese War

Postcards are an important resource that has been largely overlooked in mainstream research on historical events, political attitudes, perceptions, propaganda, and communication. Accordingly, this article expands the relevance of the postcard from social artifact to historical document embodying social and political messages. In particular, the article examines the images and representations used in cartographic postcards during and after the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). Not only is this relevant to the study of political propaganda, but also for the study of historic media, popular consumption of political messaging, and as an additional tool with which to study the history of international politics and communication. The political history leading up to the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War is briefly covered. Images of cartographic postcards are examined in context of the conflict, with the goal of gaining a greater appreciation for postcards as a form of early “soft news” visual mass media. As such...
A heat-stable factor which aggregates 3-phosphoglycerate kinase from Turbatrix aceti.

Summary 3-Phosphoglycerate kinase from Turbatrix aceti , when partially pure, shows a molecular weight which varies from 43,000 to 160,000 on columns of Sephadex G-150 or G-100, depending upon the eluting buffer and its ionic strength. The pure enzyme has an unchanging molecular weight of 43,000 ± 2,000. Similar shifts of molecular weight have been observed in partially purified preparations of phosphoglycerate kinase from rat liver and from yeast. A low molecular weight factor, presumably a protein, appears to be associated with partially pure preparations of the nematode enzyme. This material is removed from the enzyme by ion-exchange chromatography and is responsible for the aggregation of phosphoglycerate kinase molecules.
LINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF YAQUI ACCULTURATION

It would be highly desirable for purposes of understanding the acculturation processes, to correlate the various borrowed words now a part of Yaqui culture with the various conditions of contact which Yaquis have undergone. The present paper includes an initial attempt at such correlation and it is therefore necessary to indicate the historical background of the contact situations through which Yaquis have passed. They have experienced, to use Linton's suggested terminology,2 both directed culture change and sociocultural fusion. The earliest years of contact, from 1617 to about the end of the eighteenth century, were characterized by directed activities of both religious and political functionaries from Spain. Political domination and missionary work proceeded not so rapidly or so destructively as in the central Mexican plateau but nevertheless vigorously.3 Many of the details of this activity which are significant for acculturation studies are probably not recorded, but we do know at least that by the end of the seventeenth century Yaqui towns had become sufficiently hispanicized to serve as the chief bases of supply for missionaries like Kino who were pushing their way northward.4 Only with the expulsion of the Jesuits in the middle of the eighteenth century did the vigor of the campaign of hispanicization of the Yaquis abate. But by that time religious institutions and the outward forms of political organization were well established. With the disappearance of Spanish imperial control of Mexico in the early part of the nineteenth century, the directed culture change administered by a few resident non-Yaquis gave way to something else. Almost throughout the nineteenth century Sonora was in a state of political chaos. This was accompanied, especially in the years immediately after independence, by a great reduc-
Reaction of British Colonies in America to the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake - A Comparison to the European Response

The Lisbon earthquake produced split reactions among some European naturalist-theologians such as Elie Bertrand and William Stukeley. As preachers, they referred to the wrath of God, as naturalists, they discussed natural causes of earthquakes. Bertrand gave a summary of current theories on earthquakes but remained skeptical and preferred to record related events in Switzerland. Stukeley proposed a theory according to which earthquakes were caused by electricity. John Michell, Woodwardian Professor at the University of Cambridge, referred only to natural causes, relying on the notion of subterraneous fires. He explained that, according to his observation of anticlines, combustible matter lied deeply buried and pent up in flat countries, whereas in mountains strata containing such material occurred close to the surface so that vapors could easily escape through the vents of volcanoes. The reaction to the Lisbon earthquake in newspaper articles, earthquake-sermons and pamphlets printed in the New World appe...
Hot flashes and related outcomes in breast cancer survivors and matched comparison women.

Purpose/Objectives: To compare the hot flash symptom experience and related outcomes between breast cancer survivors and healthy women. Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional, comparative study. Setting: Southeastern university medical center. Sample: 69 of 207 breast cancer survivors contacted via a tumor registry and 63 age-matched healthy female volunteers. Survivors were a mean of 57 years and a mean of 39 months postdiagnosis. Methods: Mailed survey included a demographic, disease, and treatment information form; a gynecologic history form; a two-day, prospective, hot flash diary; a detailed hot flash questionnaire; mood and affect scales; and the Hot Flash-Related Daily Interference Scale. Main Research Variables: Hot flashes, mood, affect, interference with daily activities, and overall quality of life. Findings: Breast cancer survivors had hot flashes that were significantly more frequent, severe, distressing, and of greater duration. Breast cancer survivors were less likely to be using hormone replacement and more likely to have tried nonhormonal prescription interventions in the past, but reported significantly less effectiveness from hot flash treatments. Breast cancer survivors with severe hot flashes reported significantly greater mood disturbance; higher negative affect; more interference with daily activities, including sleep, concentration, and sexuality; and poorer overall quality of life in comparison to breast cancer survivors with no hot flashes to mild hot flashes. Hot flash quality and triggers were not significantly different between groups. No clear temporal pattern of hot flashes emerged. Conclusions: Hot flashes are a significant problem for breast cancer survivors, even for those who are naturally postmenopausal (i.e., did not undergo menopause as a result of surgery or the effects of chemotherapy). Hot flashes remained fairly stable over time and did not diminish in frequency, severity, or associated distress. Implications for Nursing: The findings guide the assessment of the uniqueness of the problem of hot flashes experienced by breast cancer survivors and help define outcomes to address in clinical practice or include in future hot flash intervention research. ➤ Women with breast cancer may be predisposed to hot flashes as a result of chemotherapy, tamoxifen use, potential disruptions in circadian rhythms of hormones and body temperature, and contraindications against the use of hormone replacement therapy. ➤ Breast cancer survivors had hot flashes that were significantly more frequent, distressing, and of greater duration than healthy women of the same age. Naturally postmenopausal breast cancer survivors reported a more severe symptom pattern than naturally menopausal healthy women.
Spatial defect pattern recognition on semiconductor wafers using model-based clustering and Bayesian inference

Defects on semiconductor wafers tend to cluster and the spatial defect patterns contain useful information about potential problems in the manufacturing process. This study proposes to use model-based clustering algorithms via Bayesian inferences for spatial defect pattern recognition on semiconductor wafers. These new algorithms can find the number of defect clusters as well as identify the pattern of each cluster automatically. They are capable of detecting curvilinear patterns, ellipsoidal patterns and nonuniform global defect patterns. Promising results have been obtained from simulation studies.
Evaluation of serial QRS changes during acute inferior myocardial infarction using a QRS scoring system

Abstract The evolution of changes in the QRS complex during the initial 3 days after the onset of an initial inferior myocardial infarction (MI) was studied in 82 consecutive patients. Each patient's standard 12-lead electrocardiogram was assigned points (a QRS score) according to the absolute duration of the Q and R waves and the amplitude ratios of R-to-Q and R-to-S waves. This QRS score has been demonstrated to correlate (r = 0.74) with the anatomic extent of single inferior MI. By this sytem, 43 patients (53% of the study group) had an initial electrocardiogram that registered a score of 0 and developed QRS points only after admission. The QRS scores of 18 additional patients (22% of the study group) changed after admission. Forty-nine score changes were noted on Day 2 and 18 on Day 3. All of these changes resulted in an increased QRS score. Alteration of the QRS complex during initial inferior MI evolves over 2 to 3 days in many patients. There is a distinct pattern to this evolution, which results in sequential increases in a QRS score based upon electrocardiographic indicators of the extent of myocardial necrosis. This QRS scoring system might be applied to evaluate clinically interventions aimed at limiting the extent of necrosis in patients with initial acute inferior MI.
Searching for Alternative Splicing With a Joint Model on Probe Measurability and Expression Intensities

The exon tiling array offers a high throughput technology to search for aberrant splicing in biomedical research, but few methods of analysis for splicing detection have been tested both statistically and empirically. Noisy measurements on nonresponsive probe selection regions and outlying intensities at some of the samples tend to distort model-based assessments. We propose a robust analysis of variance approach that incorporates an informative model on probe measurability and uses median regression rank scores for better reliability in alternative splicing detection. We study the validity and effectiveness of our proposed approach in contrast with some of the existing methods through an empirical investigation of a brain cancer experiment, where a set of biologically validated genes for splicing and nonsplicing are available. Our study demonstrates favorable performance of the proposed ranking method, but shows that analysis of statistical significance cannot be trusted from any conventional use of p-va...
Automated Drug Dissolution Monitor That Uses a UV-Visible Diode Array Spectrophotometer

A method for performing multicomponent analysis in drug dissolution testing without chromatographic separation is presented. Aliquots from dissolution vessels are automatically transferred to a UV-visible diode array spectrophotometer, spectra are measured, and the aliquots are returned to the testing vessels. A full-spectrum calibration method based on principal-component regression is used to simultaneously determine the concentrations of active ingredients and to account for interferences due to excipients in a tablet formulation. The system was evaluated with two commercial pharmaceutical formularies; the first contained pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and chlorpheniramine maleate, whereas the second was a mixture of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride and chlorpheniramine maleate. The selections of standard mixtures for calibration and validation were based on a factorial design.
Biological control of Fusarium moniliforme in maize.

Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, a biological species of the mating populations within the (italic)Gibberella fujikuroi species complex, i.e., population A [= G. moniliformis (Sheld.) Wineland], is an example of a facultative fungal endophyte. During the biotrophic endophytic association with maize, as well as during saprophytic growth, F. moniliforme produces the fumonisins. The fungus is transmitted vertically and horizontally to the next generation of plants via clonal infection of seeds and plant debris. Horizontal infection is the manner by which this fungus is spread contagiously and through which infection occurs from the outside that can be reduced by application of certain fungicides. The endophytic phase is vertically transmitted. This type infection is important because it is not controlled by seed applications of fungicides, and it remains the reservoir from which infection and toxin biosynthesis takes place in each generation of plants. Thus, vertical transmission of this fungus is just as important as horizontal transmission. A biological control system using an endophytic bacterium, Bacillus subtilis, has been developed that shows great promise for reducing mycotoxin accumulation during the endophytic (vertical transmission) growth phase. Because this bacterium occupies the identical ecological niche within the plant, it is considered an ecological homologue to F. moniliforme, and the inhibitory mechanism, regardless of the mode of action, operates on the competitive exclusion principle. In addition to this bacterium, an isolate of a species of the fungus Trichoderma shows promise in the postharvest control of the growth and toxin accumulation from F. moniliforme on corn in storage.
Effect of varying temperature and pH upon the predicted rate of “CO2” utilization by car☐ylases

Abstract A kinetic method for the determination of the species of “CO2”, i.e. CO2 or HCO3− actively fixed in car☐ylation reactions, has appeared recently in the literature. This method is predicated upon the fact that the hydration of CO2 requires more than 60 seconds to reach equilibrium at temperatures below 15 °C. Although the method is relatively straight-forward in technique and interpretation, it is quite time consuming if the theoretical results are calculated by hand. In the present work the necessary differential system has been solved employing digital computer techniques ‡ and the theoretically expected results have been calculated over a wide range of temperatures and hydrogen ion concentrations. It was shown that, in as far as possible, the method is most advantageously used at temperatures close to 5 °C and hydrogen ion concentrations close to 10−8.