cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Anomalies over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 27°N

Ten magnetic profiles across the mid-Atlantic ridge near 27 degrees N show trends that are parallel to the ridge axis and symmetrical about the ridge axis. The configuration of magnetic bodies that could account for the pattern supports the Vine and Matthews hypothesis for the origin of magnetic anomalies over oceanic ridges. A polarity-reversal time scale inferred from models for sea-floor spreading in the Pacific-Antarctic ridge and radiometrically dated reversals of the geomagnetic field indicates a spreading rate of 1.25 centimeters per year during the last 6 million years and a rate of 1.65 centimeters per year between 6 and 10 million years ago. A similar analysis of more limited data over the mid-Atlantic ridge near 22 degrees N also indicates a change in the spreading rate. Here a rate of 1.4 centimeters per year appears to have been in effect during the last 5 million years; between 5 and 9 million years ago, an increased rate of 1.7 centimeters per year is indicated. The time of occurrence and relative magnitude of these changes in the spreading rate, about 5 to 6 million years ago and 18 to 27 percent, respectively, accords with the spreading rate change implied for the Juan de Fuca ridge in the northeast Pacific.
Late Holocene climate change for the eastern interior United States: evidence from high-resolution δ 18 O values of sagittal otoliths

Abstract Stable oxygen isotope values were determined for freshwater drum ( Aplodinotus grunniens ) sagittal otoliths recovered from the Eastman rockshelter archaeological site in northeast Tennessee to evaluate climate change for the eastern interior United States from 5500 calendar years ago to the present. Micromilled samples representing less than six days of otolith growth were extracted to acquire high-resolution intra-otolith variation in δ 18 O values. Freshwater drum sagittal otoliths form annual bands due to thermally induced growth cessation below 10°C. δ 18 O (H 2 O) values can be calculated once a high-resolution carbonate sample representing the beginning of the growing season is isolated. Maximum summer temperature can be calculated using the seasonal minimum δ 18 O (CaCO 3 ) value and the δ 18 O (H 2 O) value. Maximum summer temperatures calculated from the freshwater drum sagittae suggest that summer temperatures generally decrease from 29°C at ∼5.5 ka to 22°C at ∼0.3 ka. However, warmer climates at 2.9, 1.7–1.6, and 1.2–1.0 ka punctuate this trend. A more complete picture of the climate is reconstructed, because δ 18 O (H 2 O) values, which are a function of the ratio of summer to winter precipitation, are also calculated. A relatively low average δ 18 O (H 2 O) value of −8.1‰ VSMOW was calculated at 1.0 ka, suggesting cold winters, dry summers, and/or wet winters may have prevailed during part of the Medieval Warm Period in Tennessee. Contrary to studies suggesting that the Holocene was extremely stable and the Hypsithermal was invariably warm and dry, additional evidence suggesting both significant climate variability and evidence for a wetter mid-Holocene is presented.
Stability control of multimachine power systems using STAC technique

A new control strategy is proposed for implementing stability controls of interconnected multimachine power systems. This new strategy is of a decentralized nature and is implemented locally by using a self-tuning adaptive controller (STAC). The STAC is composed of the recursive least-squares (RLS) estimation algorithm with variable-forgetting-factor incorporated with the generalized minimum-variance control technique. A discrete input/output model is developed to represent each subsystem of the system under consideration. A computer simulation is performed on a 4-machine system to test the validity and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Color flow Doppler-A useful instrument in the diagnosis of vasa previa

Vasa previa is associated with an increased perinatal mortality rate and rarely is diagnosed in the antepartum period. We present a case in which vasa previa was correctly diagnosed by use of color flow Doppler imaging. This modality is a valuable adjunct in the evaluation of patients suspected to have vasa previa.
Radical prostatectomy in men aged ≥70 years: effect of age on upgrading, upstaging, and the accuracy of a preoperative nomogram

OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of age on clinicopathological features, the accuracy of the preoperative nomogram, and survival after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP), as there are limited data on elderly men undergoing RRP. PATIENTS AND METHODS A database of 258 men aged ≥70 years and 3777 aged <70 years who had RRP was reviewed to compare the clinicopathological features and survival between the age groups. The effect of age on the frequency of upgrading from biopsy Gleason sum 2–6 to pathology Gleason sum ≥7, and upstaging from clinical T1–T2 to pathological stage T3–T4 was also evaluated. RESULTS Men aged ≥70 years had cancers of higher clinical stage (P = 0.001), pathology Gleason sums (P = 0.01) and a lower frequency of organ-confined disease than men aged <70 years (58.1% and 69.9%, respectively, P = 0.001). There was upgrading in 76/169 (45.0%) men aged ≥70 years and in 936/2656 (35.2%) of men aged <70 years (P = 0.01). However, age was not associated with upgrading on a multivariate analysis. Upstaging was more frequent in older than in younger men (40.2% and 29.3%, respectively, P = 0.001). Age ≥70 years was associated with upstaging on multivariate logistic regression but did not affect the accuracy of the Partin tables (P = 0.14) or Kattan nomograms (P = 0.53). There was no difference in cancer-specific survival (96% at 10 years, P = 0.33) or biochemical progression-free probability between the age groups (74% and 75% at 10 years, respectively, P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS Patients aged ≥70 years are more likely to be upstaged after RRP, but this does not affect cancer control. In addition, nomograms maintain their accuracy and remain valid tools in this rapidly growing patient population.
Parent–Child Relationships in the Twilight Saga: Implications for Family Life Education

One source of cultural messages for adolescents is the novel. According to Reader Response Theory, readers interact with the text to construct meaning. This process makes novels an effective tool for facilitating parent–child communication. The current qualitative study examined the parent–child relationships portrayed in The Twilight Saga. Five themes emerged through inductive analyses. This article includes a comparison of the themes in the novels with the literature on parent–adolescent relationships. We also offer suggestions to family life educators regarding how to use the novels with parents and teens to facilitate communication about parent–child relationships.
Collagen loss in photoaged human skin is overestimated by histochemistry

It is well known that photoaged skin is characterized by increases in dermal matrix components that include glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and masses of abnormal elastic fibers accompanied by substantial collagen loss. Histochemical staining of such tissue gives the impression of "massive" loss of collagen and its replacement by these other matrix components. Early biochemical studies have lent support to this notion with a reported decrease in total collagen of approximately 45% compared to protected skin. More recent studies report considerably less, but varying, amounts of collagen loss. Rarely have the two approaches, histochemistry and biochemical analysis, been used in the same study to examine the same tissue. In this study, collagen loss was quantified biochemically in paired biopsies from sun-protected and sun-exposed arm skin of moderately photoaged female subjects (age 51-77 years). The values obtained were compared with histochemical and immunochemical findings. Quantitatively, collagen loss on a per mg protein basis was small compared to the histochemical appearance.
Combined heart-kidney transplantation with single-donor allografts

Objectives: Combined heart-kidney transplantation with allografts from the same donor has been long proved to be a feasible approach for selected patients with coexisting end-stage cardiomyopathy and renal disease. The purpose of this retrospective study is to analyze our long-term results and compare these results with heart-only transplantation over a 7-year period. Methods: Between June 1992 and April 1999, 10 patients underwent combined heart-kidney transplantation at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. They were all men from 44 to 70 years old (mean age, 59 ± 8.3 years) who had a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 19.4% ± 5.0% (range, 9%-25%) and a mean creatinine clearance of 25.4 mL/min (range, 10-39 mL/min). Four patients underwent pretransplantation dialysis. Results: There was no operative mortality. The actuarial survival at 1, 2, and 5 years was 100%, 88% ± 11.7%, and 55% ± 20.1%, respectively. By comparison, the operative mortality of 169 patients who underwent heart-only transplantation during the same time interval was 2.4%, with an actuarial survival at 1, 2, and 5 years of 92% ± 2.1%, 84% ± 2.8%, and 71% ± 3.9%, respectively (P = .37). Eight patients showed no evidence of significant (≥1B) cardiac allograft rejection postoperatively, and the actuarial freedom from rejection at 30 days, 1 year, and 2 years was 90% ± 9%, 80% ± 13%, and 80% ± 13%, respectively. Renal allograft survival was 90% at 1 and 2 years. Conclusions: Combined heart-kidney transplantation yields satisfactory long-term results similar to those for heart-only transplantation, with a low incidence of cardiac allograft rejection and renal allograft survival when both allografts are from the same donor. This approach effectively expands the selection criteria for heart-only and kidney-only transplantation in potential candidates with coexisting end-stage cardiac and renal disease.
ANALYZING DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF LARGE-SCALE SYSTEMS THROUGH MODEL TRANSFORMATION

This paper describes model transformation for analyzing dynamic behavior of large-scale systems. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) based system model is transformed into the Colored Petri Nets (CPN) model, which is used for analyzing the scenarios of the use cases of a system and checking freedom of system deadlock at an early stage of software development. The CPN model that is executable is hierarchically structured on the basis of the functional decomposition of a large-scale system. The UML-based system model consisting of the use case model, class model and collaboration model is not executable so that the dynamic behavior of the system cannot be analyzed until implementation of the system. However, the UML-based system model has no hierarchical structure to be transformed into the hierarchical CPN model as well. The discrepancies of dynamic and structural views in the two models are resolved by transformation of the UML model into the layered, executable CPN model with three layers — the use case layer, object layer and operation layer. The model transformation is carried out using relationships among the use case model, class model, and collaboration model of the UML. With the executable CPN model transformed, the dynamic properties of the system are analyzed using the simulation technique, occurrence graph, and state space report provided by the Design/CPN tool. The approach in this paper is validated through two case studies — the gas station system and the distributed factory automation system.
Chronic antioxidant treatment improves the cognitive performance of aged rats

Free radicals and oxidative damage have been implicated in brain aging and several neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether antioxidants could alleviate age-associated cognitive and motor changes. Aged 24-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 4-5 months with daily i.p. injections of spin-trapping compound phenyl-alpha-tert-butylnitrone (PBN; 32 mg/kg) and alpha-tocopherol (200 mg/kg) or with vehicles. Antioxidant-treated animals also received ascorbate in their drinking water. In Morris water maze testing after two months, antioxidant-treated rats exhibited significantly greater memory retention than vehicle-treated rats in water maze testing. Subsequent tests for passive avoidance behavior and motor activity/skill revealed no effect of antioxidant treatment. In a separate group of aged 33-month-old rats that received the same combination of antioxidants for only 14 days, antioxidant treatment did not affect basal levels of brain lipid peroxidation (as indexed by TBAR formation) compared to controls. The results of this study provide initial evidence that chronic antioxidant treatment can improve cognitive function during aging, thus supporting the 'free radical hypothesis of aging' related to brain function.
Noise Problems In Rotation Sensors

This paper is an analysis of temperature and birefringence fluctuation effects on the operation of a Sagnac fiber optic gyroscope. The temperature fluctuations and vibrations cause the optical path length of the light waves within the fiber to fluctuate, and this in turn causes the phase of the optical waves to vary in a random fashion. The random phase variations are a noise source in the gyro and the magnitude of the effect depends upon the demodulation technique used to determine the Sagnac phase shift.
Exact evaluation of natural frequency and damping ratio from a frequency response curve

Several experimental modal analysis techniques fit resonance peaks to the response curves of a single degree of freedom system in order to identify the natural frequencies and modal damping ratios. The present study identifies a fundamental property of frequency response curves that allows the natural frequency to be identified from a simple characteristic of the curve, independently of the damping ratio. After the natural frequency has been determined, the damping ratio can be computed directly. The fundamental property holds for all values of damping, which eliminates the need to approximate either the natural frequency or damping ratio.
Lighting the Path to Profit: GE's Control of the Electric Lamp Industry, 1892–1941

Founded in 1892, General Electric set out to dominate the American electrical industry. This article is an explanation of how the company accomplished this goal in the highly profitable electric lamp (“light bulb”) market. GE's techniques included technology leadership through in-house development and the purchase of patent rights, discriminatory agreements with suppliers based on market power, and cartel arrangements of various sorts, both foreign and domestic. The article shows how one company was able to use financial and market power, combined with early control of a rapidly developing technology, to gain and then hold a major American market for half a century.
Synthesis of Aluminide Intermetallics in Low Temperature using Mechanical Alloying Process

Ti-5 mass % Al powder and Nb-10 mass % Al powder were prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) of elemental metal powders milling for maximum 720ks in 35kPa Ar gas atmosphere. At powder of approximately 40 vol % were added in these powders. These mixtures were heated to 1200K after forming at 933K under a pressure of 20MPa. Aluminide intermetallics were synthesized by SHS reaction. The reaction temperature between MA powders and At depended on the milling time and the At content in MA powders. The density of aluminide intermetallics which obtained in this process were 85 % of the theoretical density. When At powder and ceramic powder had been added in this process, intermetallics matrix composites were prepared at low-temperature.
Central cardiovascular effects of SQ 14,225, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in chloralose-anesthetized cats.

Abstract Experiments were conducted in chloralose-anesthetized cats to investigate the central and peripheral cardiovascular effects of a new orally active angiotensin-converting inhibitor, SQ 14,225 (3-mercapto-2-D-methylpropanoyl-L-proline). I.v. administration of SQ 14,225 (0.31–3100 μg/kg) antagonized the pressor responses to angiotensin I (AI) (310 ng/kg) i.v. in a dose-related manner but did not alter responses to angiotensin II (AII) (200 ng/kg) i.v. Similarly, intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v) administered SQ 14,225 (0.31–310 μg/kg perfused over 10 min) produced dose-related decreases in the centrally mediated pressor responses and heart increases elicited by AI (310 ng/kg) i.c.v. The central responses to AII (200 ng/kg) i.c.v. were not affected by SQ 14,225. Passage of SQ 14,225 out of the ventricular system into the systemic circulation was detected, but only at doses greater than that required to antagonize central AI responses. Doses of SQ 14,225 (310 μg/kg and 3.1 mg/kg) i.v. which maximally inhibited i.v. AI responses, had no effect upon central AI activity. This finding suggests that passage of SQ 14,225 across the blood brain barrier into the central nervous system is restricted. Peripheral or central administration of SQ 14,225 produced only minimal transient decreases in blood pressure (
Constitution of Black Maketu Sand

WE have made a careful chemical and X-ray analysis of the black sand from Maketu, N.Z., from which Dr. Alexander Scott believed he had isolated the oxide of a new element. We are able to confirm Prof. Bohr's conclusion that no new element is present.
Creating "Visual Legacies": Infographics as a Means of Interpreting and Sharing Research.

Courses: Research Methods Courses; Interpersonal Communication; Organizational Communication; Intercultural Communication; Political Communication; Health Communication; Gender; Conflict; Persuasion; Family CommunicationObjectives: For this unit activity, students will: (1) gather, interpret, and purposefully select research findings to craft an interesting story, and (2) use this story to create an engaging and accurate infographic representing the research.
Application of a pyroprobe to simulate smoking and metabolic degradation of abused drugs through analytical pyrolysis

Smoking of illicit drugs can produce unique metabolic biomarkers. Smoking conditions can be partially modeled via pyrolysis, a process that decomposes a chemical compound by extreme heat. Pyrolytic decomposition was found to be useful as a limited metabolic mimic in that analytical pyrolysis can be used to generate some of the same compounds produced by metabolic degradation. This project focused on the pyrolysis of cocaine and methamphetamine using a pyroprobe coupled with a GC/MS and more generally, potential applications of pyrolysis to forensic toxicology. Common diluents including lidocaine, caffeine, and benzocaine were pyrolyzed in mixtures with cocaine and methamphetamine. Correlations between pyrolytic and metabolic degradations revealed that this method has the capability to produce some of the reported metabolites such as norcocaine and cocaethylene for cocaine, and amphetamine for methamphetamine. The results demonstrate that analytical pyrolysis has the potential to identify some metabolic products and to supplement in vivo and enzymatic studies.
Linear Magnetic Anomalies in the Colombia Basin, Central Caribbean Sea

The inference of a volcanic sea-floor–spreading genesis for the lithospheric slab beneath the Caribbean Sea is supported by the discovery and mapping of large easterly trending lineations of crustal magnetism within the Colombia basin. Furthermore, critical examination of available descriptive data and theoretical calculations strongly imply that the Colombia basin linear magnetic anomalies are not associated with sediment-buried topography of the Colombia basin igneous crust. The direction of decreasing crustal ages within the Colombia basin can be utilized as a first-order test of plate-tectonic genetic syntheses of the Caribbean Sea floor. The easterly trending anomalies of crustal magnetism and the smooth floor of the basin imply that the parent spreading center lay either to the north or to the south of the present physiographic boundaries of the basin. The direction of decreasing crustal ages within the Colombia basin cannot be conclusively deduced from available data. The igneous crust beneath the basin floor has not yet been directly sampled. However, a correlation of the Colombia basin crustal magnetic anomalies with Late Cretaceous index anomalies 27 to 33 can be made if the assumption of a nearly constant rate of crustal genesis is valid. This crustal magnetism age correlation implies that the parent spreading center lay to the south of the basin. The correlation is inconsistent with a simple Pacific-emplacement theory and suggests that the Isthmus of Panama did not evolve upon the Colombia basin lithospheric slab. Direct crustal sampling in the Colombia basin by the next Deep Sea Drilling Project expedition to the Caribbean Sea (projected date, July 1975) is suggested as a meaningful test of the basin's sea-floor spreading genesis. If crustal ages can be established through drilling to the igneous basement, then the mapped distribution of linear magnetic anomalies could be sufficient to firmly establish the age gradient of the lithospheric slab beneath the central Caribbean Sea.
Ethical Theories for Promoting Health Through Behavioral Change

The various philosophical orientations for changing people's unhealthy behaviors are examined. The ethical theories of natural law, utilitarianism, paternalism and distributive justice are reviewed in relation to changing people's behaviors. Finally, the health educators' role in behavior change is examined and it is recommended that health educators may need to limit the conditions in which they intervene into the lives of others.
Heat Transfer With Very High Free-Stream Turbulence: Part II—Analysis of Results

Correlations describing the effect of free-stream turbulence on heat transfer have been offered by Simonich and Bradshaw, Pedisius et al., and Blair, but they fail to describe the present data. The present data can be represented by a function of St, St/St 0 , Re Δ2 , Tu, and Λ/Δ 2 within ±20 percent, but equally well by a simple correlation relating the rms fluctuating velocity in the free stream, u', to the heat transfer coefficient, h
Laser versus stapler: outcomes in endoscopic repair of Zenker diverticulum.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To analyze a single surgeon's experience with endoscopic CO2 laser and stapler repair of Zenker diverticulum (ZD) by comparing dysphagia and regurgitation outcomes. Study Design: Retrospective chart review of 148 patient charts. Methods: Medical records of all patients receiving endoscopic repair of ZD with either CO2 laser (61 patients) or stapler (67 patients) were reviewed. Additional data included demographics (age and sex), size (cm), preoperative and postoperative symptoms, need for revision, and complications. Symptoms of dysphagia were graded based on a modified Functional Oral Intake Scale 1 to 4 scale (1 = normal intake; 4 = severely limited/G-tube dependent). Regurgitation was also graded on a 1 to 4 scale (1 = no regurgitation; 4 = aspiration events). Results: We noted no difference in patient age or defect size (laser, 3.26 cm; stapler, 3.53 cm; P .135). Significant differences were noted in return trips to the operating room for failed procedures (laser, 0; stapler, 7; P = .009), length of stay (laser, 3.19 days; stapler, 1.29 days; P < .001), time to oral intake (laser, 3.01 days; stapler, 1.22 days; P < .001). Significant improvement occurred in laser and staple patient symptom scales following surgery (P < .001). Laser dysphagia and regurgitation scores showed greater improvement when compared to stapler scores (P < .001). Conclusions: Endoscopic CO2 laser and staple methods are effective in treating ZD. The laser can have greater efficacy and result in lower recurrence rates. Both methods are analyzed and compared.
Moral Development in Higher Education.

Why does moral development matter now? What resources are available for campus professionals committed to facilitating moral growth in college?
Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate in Amniotic Fluid from Pregnancy Complicated by Hypertension*

ABSTRACT Cyclic AMP (adenosine 3′,5′ monophosphate) concentrations were measured in amniotic fluids from normal pregnancy and from pregnancies complicated by hypertension. The fluid level (mean ± sd) in patients with mild preeclampsia was 46.4 ± 6.0 pmoles per ml, and in patients with severe pre-eclampsia, it was 79.0 ± 16.8 pmoles per ml. The levels (mean ± sd) in the fluids from patients with mild and severe chronic hypertension were 46.4 ± 10.0 pmoles and 56.0 ± 15.3 pmoles per ml, respectively. These levels were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the mean value measured in normal fluids (19.6 ± 5.5 pmoles per ml, mean ± sd). There was a positive correlation between the fluid cyclic AMP values and the highest diastolic blood pressures recorded during pregnancy in the combined groups of preeclamptic patients (r = 0.90, p < 0.001). When cyclic AMP levels were compared to the actual diastolic blood pressure taken at the time of amniocentesis, a correlation was demonstrated in the combined groups of chr...
Human fetal globin DNA sequences suggest novel conversion event

DNA sequencing studies of two recently cloned human A gamma globin alleles has revealed a number of base differences which are clustered in the large intron (IVS-2). One allele has a previously undescribed IVS-2 sequence. Most of the allelic differences can be explained as resulting from a gene conversion event involving G gamma as a donor. A novel feature of this event is that three G gamma-like regions occur interspersed among unconverted areas of the A gamma gene. We propose that an alternating purine-pyrimidine run which is located between two of the converted sites is the initiation site of the conversion event. Consistent with models of gene conversion, this poly (purine-pyrimidine) tract has single-stranded characteristics in supercoiled plasmids as assayed by S1-nuclease.
PEI models towards scalable, usable and high-assurance information sharing

Secure Information Sharing (SIS) or "share but protect" is a challenging and elusive problem both because of its broad scope and complexity ranging right from conception (objective and policy) to culmination (implementation). In this paper, we consider how to solve SIS challenges with three main and conflicting objectives: scalability, usability and high-assurance. In the context of SIS, high-assurance requires strong controls on the client. It is widely accepted that such controls cannot be entirely software-based. In this regard, we consider solutions based on commercially emerging hardware-rooted Trusted Computing Technology. For SIS, we argue super-distribution ("protect once and access wherever authorized") and off-line access are necessary to achieve scalability and usability. We limit super-distribution to occur within a group of Trusted Platform Module [1] or TPM-enabled machine. For simplicity, we assume all content that are distributed to be read-only. Drilling down, we discuss Policy, Enforcement and Implementation (PEI) models for SIS within a group (group-based SIS or g-SIS).
Learning to Lead, Learning to Love: A Personal Journey Toward Wholeness

Parker Palmer loves to tell a story about the time he was offered the presidency of a small educational institution. Like a good Quaker, he did not make the decision by himself. Nor did he cede the decision to others. Instead, he entered into a "clearness committee" meeting, a process in which the group refrains from giving advice but spends three hours asking the seeker honest, open questions to help him or her discover inner truth.
What Are the Risks and Benefits of Keeping a Gun in the Home

the evidence from comparative observational studies appears consistent with the inference that owning a gun increases the risk of suicide. Most studies show a moderately strong association, the biological mechanism is plausible, the exposure precedes the outcome, the association has been replicated in several populations, and there is evidence of a dose response (greater risk with more or more available guns). Evidence that a gun in the home increases the risk of homicide comes from only 2 studies and seems weaker; however, these studies offer no support for the view that gun ownership confers a net benefit in terms of protection against homicide. Based on the evidence currently available, it appears that gun ownership is associated with a net increase in the risk of death for a typical individual. Clinicians might advise their patients accordingly.
Towards the development of measures of perceived benefits and compatibility of EDI: a comparative assessment of competing first order factor models

This study describes the development and testing of sets of items to capture constructs that are widely used in the study of electronic data interchange (EDI) adoption and integration. They are the perceived benefits of EDI and the extent to which EDI is compatible with existing organizational practices. Sets of items to measure both perceived direct and perceived indirect benefits are assessed, as are sets of items to measure two types of compatibility: organizational and technological. Findings indicate that the model adequately captures each of the proposed constructs except technological compatibility. Conclusions and directions for future research are presented.
Cnoidal standing waves and the transition to the traveling hydraulic jump

Standing waves of finite amplitude in an enclosed basin are considered. It is shown that the existing theory of Tadjbakhsh and Keller [J. Fluid Mech. 3, 442 (1960)] breaks down at a critical value of the amplitude dependent upon the depth. By formal perturbation expansion it is found that the solutions change to cnoidal standing waves at this critical value of the amplitude. An experiment is constructed which verifies this theory and also elucidates the wavefield when the amplitude is much larger than the critical amplitude. Based on the experimental observations, a cascade theory is proposed to explain the transition to a traveling hydraulic jump.
Percutaneous absorption of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nitrophenol (DBNP) in isolated perfused porcine skin

DBNP (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nitrophenol) has been reported as a potential contaminant in submarines. This yellow substance forms when lubrication oil mist containing the antioxidant additive 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol passes through an electrostatic precipitator and is nitrated. Percutaneous absorption of 14C-DBNP was assessed in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF). Four treatments were studied (n=4 flaps/treatment): 40.0 microgram/cm(2) in 100% ethanol; 40.0 microgram/cm(2) in 85% ethanol/15% H(2)O; 4.0 microgram/cm(2) in 100% ethanol; and 4.0 microgram/cm(2) in 85% ethanol/15% water. DBNP absorption was minimal across all treatment groups, with the highest absorption detected being only 1.08% applied dose in an aqueous ethanol group. The highest mass of 14C-DBNP absorbed was only 0.5 microgram. The majority of the applied dose remained on the surface of the skin. This suggests that there is minimal dermal exposure of DBNP when exposed topically to skin.
Microstructural design considerations for Li-ion battery systems

Abstract This work reviews microstructural design considerations and challenges associated with producing lithium ion batteries with high energy density, high power density, and low cost. Since these parameters often compete, design strategies tend to be application specific. Lithium ion chemistries are discussed in context of microbatteries, vehicular batteries, and grid scale storage. This article provides an analysis of recent science and engineering developments in lithium ion battery design.
Parallel simulation of electron-solid interactions : a rapid aid for electron microscope data interpretation

Abstract Monte Carlo electron trajectory simulations have been adapted to run on a parallel supercomputer. The increased speed achieved by parallelization of the Monte Carlo code results in the ability to model small probability events easily. The techniques for parallelization of the algorithm are presented here along with examples of applications. The applications include the calculation of the X-ray spatial resolution in thin films, backscattered electron imaging of voids in Al metallizations and X-ray production in thin-film specimens.
WADE: an object-oriented environment for modeling and simulation of workcell applications

The authors provide an informal characterization of the process of workcell application design and describe the architecture and implementation of a software environment called WADE (workcell application development) intended to aid a designer of workcell applications. WADE embodies a reasonably general approach for modeling a wide range of industrial equipment, programming them in as powerful a manner as their control languages, simulating workcell applications with multiple programmable and nonprogrammable equipment, and analyzing the performance in flexible ways. Its design is object-oriented and open-ended, suitable for easy experimentation, extension, and refinement. The implementation is based on a modern language called AML/X with object-oriented programming capabilities and a powerful and production-quality solid modeling system called GDP. The authors illustrate the functionality of WADE with two example applications and conclude with a brief discussion of their experiences in designing and building WADE and some issues for consideration in future work. >
Amputation and dexniguldipine as treatment for canine appendicular osteosarcoma.

The biological behavior of osteosarcoma in dogs is similar to that in humans and the dog has been suggested as a model for the disease in humans. Because occult metastatic disease is common at presentation, systemic therapy is necessary. The dihydropyridine, dexniguldipine hydrochloride (B859-35), is a potent inhibitor of protein-kinase-C(PKC)-stimulated cell proliferation and has shown therapeutic activity in experimentally induced neuroendocrine hamster lung tumors and in a mammary cancer cell line. In human osteosarcoma cell lines, PKC activity can be down-regulated, resulting in increased sensitivity to cisplatin. Since these results supported the involvement of PKC inhibitors in the therapeutic management of osteosarcoma, we performed a prospective, randomized clinical trial using dogs with naturally occurring appendicular osteosarcoma to determine the therapeutic potential of dexniguldipine. Dogs received either no drug treatment (control group,n=8), standard treatment (e.g., cisplatin,n=14), or dexniguldipine treatment (n=14) following amputation. Dexniguldipine-and cisplatin-treated dogs had a longer median remission duration and survival time than untreated dogs (P<0.05); however, dexniguldipine-treated dogs had a shorter survival time than cisplatin-treated dogs (P<0.05). The results of this study demonstrate that dexniguldipine has significant activity in the inhibition of canine osteosarcoma micrometastases. The identification of a tumor model that may be responsive to this class of antiproliferative agents warrants further clinical investigation to determine the optimum dosage of dexniguldipine and the role it may have in the therapeutic management of canine osteosarcoma.
HLA-matched sibling stem cell transplantation in children with β-thalassemia with anti-thymocyte globulin as part of the preparative regimen: the Greek experience

BU combined with CY, the preferred preparatory regimen for thalassemic patients, is associated with a substantial incidence of graft rejection especially in patients with advanced disease stage. This study retrospectively analyzes the outcome of 75 consecutive pediatric patients with β-thalassemia who underwent HLA-matched sibling transplantation after anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG)-containing myeloablative conditioning regimens. With a median follow-up of 9 years (range 1-15 years), the overall survival (OS) and thalassemia free survival (TFS) rates were 96% and 92%, respectively. Both the estimated TRM and the cumulative incidence of rejection/failure were 4%. The cumulative incidences of acute GVHD grade II-III and grade III were 20% and 5.3%, respectively. No patient developed acute GVHD grade IV. Only two patients developed extensive chronic GVHD. The estimated OS and TFS for patients with Class 1 and 2 disease according to Pesaro criteria were 96.3% and 94.4%, whereas for patients with Class 3 disease they were 94.1% and 88.2%, respectively. In our series, the use of myeloablative conditioning regimens, which include ATG for the transplantation of thalassemic children from matched sibling donors, resulted in excellent outcomes with very low incidences of TRM and rejection.
Damage detection of highly damped structures using direct frequency response measurements and residual force vectors

A methodology is presented for detecting damage of highly damped structural systems. Direct frequency response functions along with a correlated analytical model of the undamaged structure are used to detect and assess damage using residual force vectors. A sensitivity analysis using a least-squares approximation is used to assess the extent of damage in the face of changes in the system mass distribution, damping mechanism, and structure stiffness. Both VEM and fluid strut (one-dimensional) dampers are applied to an analytical model of a space truss. Numerical results are presented to validate and assess the proposed approach. The advantages and limitations of this method are examined. This methodology can also be used to perform system identification.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Another chapter in the history of scholia

The ancient law school about which we have the most information was at Beirut. Editors of legal papyri have occasionally speculated about possible connections between particular ancient texts and the activities of professors of law in that city, but no one has examined the evidence in a body. It is likely, I think, that legal papyri reflect the state of contemporary legal education at Beirut, and that they preserve, moreover, primary evidence for the history of scholarship in general. With so broad a topic, it would be useful first to consider what we know about legal instruction in antiquity, particularly at Beirut, then to review the relevant papyrological evidence, and finally to draw the two subjects together by considering the possible relation between the marginal commentaries of legal papyri and the extensive scholia which fill the broad margins of many medieval manuscripts.
Living Machines: Some Assembly Required: Kit-based competitions challenge teams of students to learn microbiology and design principles in the context of synthetic biology

If you were a new student arriving at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge during the early 1970s with an expressed interest in mechanical engineering, you would have been advised to enroll in a class called “Introduction to Design.” Students in this class were provided components such as wooden spools and metal rods, and were told to build a useful device from these parts.
‘Island’Faunas on the Mexican Plateau

ANIMAL life of Mexico is greatly diversified, and may be primarily divided into the lowland types and highland types. The lowland animals are largely an influx from Central America, after the union of Mexico and Central America. The highland fauna is itself extremely diversified. Considering primarily the herpetological faunas, very few species, if any, have spread over the entire highlands. A great many of the species appear to be distributed in groups occupying very limited areas—much like the distribution of animals in a group of islands. Thus south of the Balsas River there is an area that can boast of 64 species—some 22 snakes, 20 frogs and toads, 22 lizards, not to be found elsewhere in the world; and a total absence of salamanders.
The Prospective Role of Economic Stakeholders in the Governance of Nonprofit Organizations

This article focuses on the nexus between the governance of U.S. nonprofit organizations and their ability to secure the resources necessary to effectively execute their missions. Different sources of nonprofit income are associated with alternative stakeholders. Viewing these constituencies as beneficiary groups, we consider how the particular mix of income sources influences the capacity of nonprofits to generate resources, especially if there is competition among stakeholder groups for control of the organization’s policies and practices. We then ask how nonprofit governance might be modified to improve the ability of the organization to generate resources through a regime of economic stakeholder governance.
Why speech is “basic”;

The present essay shows the “basic”; nature of speaking skills and argues for increased emphasis on speech at all levels of instruction—especially elementary levels. Speech instruction promotes active learning and literacy as well as effective interpersonal communication.
Bile acid metabolism and biliary secretion in patients receiving orthotopic liver transplants: Differing effects of cyclosporine and FK 506

Bile acid metabolism and biliary secretion were characterized in the first 2 wk after orthotopic liver transplantation in 15 patients receiving cyclosporine and in five patients receiving FK 506. Analyses were performed on hepatic bile obtained by T-tube drainage; values obtained were compared with literature values for bile samples obtained in patients who had undergone cholecystectomy. Biliary bile acid output, which is equivalent to bile acid biosynthesis from cholesterol, was low (mean +/- S.E.M.) and increased with time: day 1, 0.50 +/- 0.1 mmol/day; day 3, 0.8 +/- 0.1 mmol/day; and day 6, 1.6 +/- 0.5 mmol/day. Chenodeoxycholic acid biosynthesis, as percent of total bile acid biosynthesis, was abnormally low in patients receiving cyclosporine (16.2 +/- 1.1) but not in patients receiving FK 506 (38.2 +/- 4.8) (p < 0.005). Before the T-tube was clamped, the proportion of deoxycholic acid (a secondary bile acid formed by bacterial 7-dehydroxylation of cholic acid) was low in both groups: cyclosporine, 0.4 +/- 0.1; FK 506, 4.8 +/- 2.5 (p < 0.01). The mean concentration of bile acids in hepatic bile between days 4 and 11 did not differ significantly between groups: cyclosporine, 7.7 +/- 1.3 mmol/L; FK 506 4.3 +/- 0.7 mmol/L (mean +/- S.E.M.). (These values are similar to those reported for patients who have undergone cholecystectomy.) Bile acid-dependent bile flow, expressed as apparent choleretic activity (microliters of bile per micromole of bile acid output), was markedly elevated: in patients receiving cyclosporine the value was 129, and in patients receiving FK 506 the value was 220. (In patients who have undergone cholecystectomy, this value is less than 30).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Neuropsychiatric effects of chemotherapeutic agents for cancer

Abstract A review of the literature finds a reported incidence of CNS complications from cancer chemotherapy ranging from 5% to 86% for different classes of drugs. Patients receiving cancer chemotherapy are rarely given a systematic psychiatric evaluation, however. Psychiatric sequelae are rarely noted in the absence of neurologic disturbances. Organic mental disorders and affective disturbances are most often noted; acute psychotic reactions are rarely seen. As detailed in this review, most changes appear reversible with the exception of a significant incidence of chronic CNS effects following high-dose intravenous or intrathecal methotrexate therapy.
Atherogenesis in swine fed several types of lipid-cholesterol diets.

Eighteen-month-old Nebraska strain minipigs were fed diets containing 2% cholesterol and 20% corn oil, lard, or coconut oil for 12 to 18 months. Concentrations of serum total lipid, total cholesterol, and total phospholipid increased 200 to 300% with each diet. Changes in serum concentrations of Sf 20+ and Sf 0–20 lipoproteins varied with diets fed. Serum concentration of high density lipoprotein was increased in all cases. Intima concentration of Sf 0–20 lipoprotein fraction was elevated by feeding the corn oil diet. There was no development of atherosclerosis as a result of feeding the corn oil-cholesterol diet, but there was an increase in atherosclerosis as a result of feeding the lard or coconut oil diet. There were no correlations between fatty acid patterns of several lipid fractions from serum and corresponding lipid fractions from aortic intima of corn oil fed animals.
The use of integral global extrapolation in the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations

Abstract The use of global extrapolation as a simple integral part of an algorithm for the numerical solution of systems of ordinary differential equations is considered. The extrapolation process can be incorporated easily with most of the common numerical integration methods. The most important feature is the determination of measures of the validity of extrapolation. When properly implemented, the procedure determines for each variable, at any time: (i) whether or not the results of extrapolation can be believed; and (ii) if they can be believed, an assessment of the global accuracy of the numerical solution. In addition to error-monitoring, computational efficiency is also enhanced since the extrapolation process increases the global accuracy compared to that of the building-block solutions. Various theoretical and practical aspects of the algorithm implementation and interpretation are discussed. The results of numerical experiments are presented; they affirm the efficacy of this computational procedure.
The interionic potential of mean force in a molecular polar solvent from an extended RISM equation

The generalization of a recently proposed extension of the RISM integral equation to infinitely dilute isolated ions and ion pairs in polar, interaction site model, molecular solvents is outlined. An essential element of the development is the explicit separation of the contributions which yield a continuum dielectric solvent model from the remainder. Thus, it is only for this correction that one relies on the integral equation. Application is made to a system consisting of a diatomic polar solvent and atomic ions of varied charge and radius. The results of these calculations show that the present approach produces sensible qualitative features of ionic solvation including an appropriately varying degree of solvent orientational saturation with ionic charge and radius. Correspondingly, the calculated interionic potentials of mean force reproduce the same basic features manifest in already available studies of dipolar hard sphere solvents, including the positions of oscillatory features in the structure an...
Statistical Design and Evaluation of Filters for the Restoration of Sampled Data

A new analysis of the problem of continuously recovering periodically sampled data is given which starts with the assumption that the waveform being sampled is a stationary random function of time. The popular idealization of a band-limited frequency spectrum is not made; results obtained apply to all types of spectra and for any sampling frequency. In addition to such things as telemetering, radar, and data storage systems, for which the solution of this problem is of direct interest, the analytic techniques used may also be applied in the design and analysis of closed-loop control systems which utilize some digital elements.