cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Situation: Stylistic Variation in Sociolinguistic Corpora and Theory

Deciding what to code for in archived online corpora from sociolinguistic recordings is important, but enriching such recordings to include more variable situations is an important prerequisite if these corpora are to serve as a resource for the analysis of situational or stylistic variation, still a neglected variable in sociolinguistic theory and analysis. Accordingly, much of this paper is devoted to illustrating the value of recording speakers in different situations, using examples of Situational (primarily triggered by changes in interlocutors) and Metaphorical (primarily triggered by changes in topic) Style Shifting from the literature. Some of these are Serendipitous, while others are Orchestrated, the result of deliberate efforts by researchers to record speakers with different addressees or in different situations. The richest examples, involving Orchestrated Serendipitous Situational and Metaphorical shifting, come from recent work by Devyani Sharma and Ben Rampton, which is briefly summarized. In my conclusion, I turn to the issue of what to code for in archived sociolinguistic corpora, suggesting that we start with some of the key Hymesian components, like setting, scene, participants and perhaps purposes, key and local norms of interaction. We should of course feel free to draw on Preston’s and other frameworks and more recently emphasized elements, like agency, while balancing a concern for completeness and ethnographic richness with a concern for feasibility and practicality.
A Small-Molecule Screen Identifies the Antipsychotic Drug Pimozide as an Inhibitor of Listeria monocytogenes Infection

We developed a screening procedure to identify small-molecule compounds that altered infection by Listeria monocytogenes to gain insights into bacterial/host cellular processes required for intracellular pathogenesis. A small-molecule library of 480 compounds with known biological functions was screened, and 21 compounds that altered the L. monocytogenes infection of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) were identified. The identified compounds affected various cellular functions, such as actin polymerization, kinase/phosphatase activity, calcium signaling, and apoptosis. Pimozide, an FDA-approved drug used to treat severe Tourette's syndrome and schizophrenia, was further examined and shown to decrease the bacterial uptake and vacuole escape of L. monocytogenes in BMM. The inhibitory effect of pimozide on internalization was not specific for L. monocytogenes, as the phagocytosis of other bacterial species (Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli K12) was significantly inhibited in the presence of pimozide. The invasion and cell-to-cell spread of L. monocytogenes during the infection of nonprofessional phagocytic cells also was decreased by pimozide treatment. Although pimozide has been reported to be an antagonist of mammalian cell calcium channels, the infection of BMM in a calcium-free medium did not relieve the inhibitory effects of pimozide on L. monocytogenes infection. Our results provide a generalizable screening approach for identifying small-molecule compounds that affect cellular pathways that are required for intracellular bacterial pathogenesis. We also have identified pimozide, a clinically approved antipsychotic drug, as a compound that may be suitable for further development as a therapeutic for intracellular bacterial infections.
Assimilation of micro- and mesozooplankton by zebra mussels: A demonstration of the food web link between zooplankton and benthic suspension feeders

We tested the hypothesis that rotifer species in the micro- and mesozooplankton are a potential food source for zebra mussels. We labeled phytoplankton with 14C, fed them to two species of rotifers (140–210 µm length) that were previously found abundantly in the Hudson River and had declined following a zebra mussel invasion, and estimated the assimilation of carbon. Assimilation efficiencies were found to be ~37.47–54.0%. Combined with our feeding experiments, the data on rotifer densities before and after the invasion allowed us to calculate the energy budgets for zebra mussels. Before zebra mussels dominated the Hudson River in 1992, the absorption of energy from rotifers was about two to three times higher than that necessary to maintain its routine metabolic rate and contributed about 0.349–0.662 J h−1 to mussel growth and reproduction, conferring a positive scope for growth. Since the zebra mussels became abundant in the Hudson River, assimilation of rotifers is still sufficient to explain ~16.4–23.1% of the mussels' routine metabolic rate. Therefore, rotifers play a conceivably large role in the energy budget of zebra mussels, whether at high rotifer concentrations (before the invasion) or at low rotifer concentrations (after the invasion). This is the first quantitative evidence for a trophic link between benthic bivalve mollusks and larger micro- and mesozooplankton that might extend to marine systems where bivalves can derive nutrition from microzooplankton, including planktonic invertebrate larvae. Combined with other recent results, this study documents a benthos-zooplankton trophic loop, demonstrating potentially strong top-down control by dense bivalves on aquatic systems.
Holocene alpine glaciation inferred from lacustrine sediments on northeastern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada

With accelerated melting of alpine glaciers, understanding the future state of the cryosphere is critical. Because the observational record of glacier response to climate change is short, palaeo-records of glacier change are needed. Using proglacial lake sediments, which contain continuousanddatablerecordsofpastglacieractivity,weinvestigateHoloceneglacierfluctuationson northeastern Baffin Island. Basal radiocarbon ages from three lakes constrain Laurentide Ice Sheet retreat by ca. 10.5ka. High sedimentation rates (0.03cma ! 1 ) and continuous minerogenic sedimen- tation throughout the Holocene in proglacial lakes, in contrast to organic-rich sediments and low sedimentation rates (0.005cma ! 1 ) in neighbouring non-glacial lakes, suggest that glaciers may have persisted in proglacial lake catchments since regional deglaciation. The presence of varves and relatively high magnetic susceptibility from 10 to 6ka and since 2ka in one proglacial lake suggest minimum Holocene glacier extent ca. 6-2ka. Moraine evidence and proglacial and threshold lake sediments indicate that the maximum Holocene glacier extent occurred during the Little Ice Age. The finding that glaciers likely persisted through the Holocene is surprising, given that regional proxy records reveal summer temperatures several degrees warmer than today, and may be due to shorter ablation seasons and greater accumulation-season precipitation. Copyright # 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genes underlying quantitative variation in ecologically important traits: PIF4 (PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4) is associated with variation in internode length, flowering time, and fruit set in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Association studies utilize the action of recombination over numerous generations to identify loci that underlie quantitative traits. We use a candidate-gene association approach, segregation analyses and analyses of local linkage disequilibrium (LD) to evaluate the potentially causal effects of molecular variation at PIF4 (PHYTOCROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4) on ecologically important traits in Arabidopsis thaliana. A preliminary analysis of sequence diversity in 14 natural genotypes revealed one intermediate-frequency replacement polymorphism at PIF4. A sample of 161 natural accessions was genotyped at PIF4 and screened for average length of early internodes, inflorescence length, days to flowering and flowering interval (days between bolting and flowering) under high- and low-density environments to test for genotype-phenotype associations. PIF4 was associated with early internode lengths, while the PIF4× treatment interaction was associated with flowering interval in the panel of 161 accessions. Further, in a set of recombinant inbred lines that segregate for the PIF4 polymorphism, nucleotide substitutions at PIF4 co-segregated with early internode lengths, days to flowering and fruit set, suggesting that cryptic population structure in the association-mapping panel and attendant LD with a physically distant locus do not account for the observed association. Finally, in a panel of pseudochromosomes from 20 re-sequenced genotypes, LD appeared to decay rapidly in the immediate vicinity of PIF4, suggesting that flanking loci contribute little to the observed association. In sum, the results suggest that PIF4 causally affects early internode lengths on the primary inflorescence, potentially via effects on reproductive timing and that these traits in turn affect fitness.
Use of Cotinine Immunoassay Test Strips for Preclassifying Urine Samples from Smokers and Nonsmokers Prior to Analysis by LC-MS-MS

Cotinine biomarker measurements involving both smokers and nonsmokers must accommodate a broad range of concentrations. Thus, we have routinely preclassified unknown samples as being either "high" or "low" by using an enzyme-linked immunoassay for cotinine prior to analysis by tandem mass spectrometry (MS). Although this method is effective, it is also time-consuming and complex; a simpler and faster approach would be useful. Consequently, a screening assay for urine cotinine using an immunochromatographic test strip (NicAlert) followed by a computerized analysis of the data was examined as a possible alternative. The results indicate that this approach can provide useful classification efficiency when using our target cutoff value of approximately 20 ng/mL. In the analysis of 50 urine samples from nonsmokers with varying degrees of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, the classification sensitivity and specificity were 88% and 92%, respectively, for cotinine measured by the test strips relative to total cotinine concentrations measured by atmospheric-pressure ionization tandem MS. However, the relatively high cost of the strips may be a limiting factor.
Protocol for the Examination of Specimens From Patients With Carcinomas of Renal Tubular Origin, Exclusive of Wilms Tumor and Tumors of Urothelial Origin

T protocol is intended to assist pathologists in providing clinically useful and relevant information as a result of the examination of surgical specimens. Use of this protocol is intended to be entirely voluntary. If equally valid protocols or similar documents are applicable, the pathologist is, of course, free to follow those authorities. Indeed, the ultimate judgment regarding the propriety of any specific procedure must be made by the physician in light of the individual circumstances presented by a specific patient or specimen. It should be understood that adherence to this protocol will not guarantee a successful result. Nevertheless, pathologists are urged to familiarize themselves with this document. Should a physician choose to deviate from the protocol owing to the circumstances of a particular patient or specimen, the physician is advised to make a contemporaneous written notation of the reason for the procedure followed. The College recognizes that this document may be used by hospitals, attorneys, managed care organizations, insurance carries, and other payers. However, the document was developed solely as a tool to assist pathologists in the diagnostic process by providing information that reflects the state of relevant medical knowledge at the time the protocol was first published. It was not developed for credentialing, litigation, or reimbursement purposes. The College cautions that any uses of the protocol for these purposes involve considerations that are beyond the scope of this document.
Mainstreaming Islamophobia: The Politics of European Enlargement and the Balkan Crime-Terror Nexus

This article examines Islamophobia not as an exclusive feature of far-right politics in Europe but as a constitutive part of mainstream European Union enlargement processes. Looking at EU commission and parliament reports, as well as enlargement strategies, I examine security practices and policies that stem from recent policy debates on the “crime-terror nexus.” Specifically, I look at how EU taxonomies of Islamophobia come to influence broader securitization and bordering practices that mark and produce Muslim populations in the Western Balkans as suspect communities in need of disciplinary violence under the promise of EU integration. As the EU instrumentalizes the fight against organized crime and terrorist networks to demarcate its geopolitical frontiers in the Western Balkans, it also labors in the enactment of physical and political borders that divide Muslims in the Balkans from the larger Muslim world.
Computational adaptive optics for high-resolution imaging of the living human retina

Computational adaptive optics using coherent imaging offers the potential to augment or replace hardware adaptive optics systems for imaging the living human retina. We demonstrate compensation of the resolution-degrading effects of human ocular aberrations.
Arthropods and Ancient Man

In spite of any knowledge, recognition, or lack of these, man has had both benefit and serious harm from insects from his appearance on earth. Remains somewhat doubtfully identified as insects, have been recovered from Silurian rocks 200 to 300 million years old while unquestioned insects are known from the Old Red Sandstone and from shales of Devonian age, somewhat more recent. By Carboniferous times, 200 million years or so ago, insects were abundant. All the orders and many present-day genera are known from Tertiary deposits-many of which are 50 million years old. I think it may be assumed from this that many, if not most, of the present day insect species had already acquired their characteristic habits by Recent geological time when man appeared 500,000 or, at most, 1,000,000 years ago. Thus, man and undoubtedly his immediate progenitors, had insect competitors for much of his food and clothing, when he started to use it; pestiferous insects interfered with his activities and disturbed his primitive peace of mind, disease vectors spread pestilence and misery, and parasites infested his person. In fact, “Adam had ‘em” and our ancestors were, without exception, lousy, literally, if not figuratively. On the other hand insects furnished honey, the only sweet known to man until almost modern times, and whenever insect epidemics destroyed the harvest of ancient Agriculture, man was able to subsist for a little while on the insects themselves. Caterpillars, fat grubs and many other insects were delicacies in the dietary of almost all primitive people and of many tribes attaining barbaric or even higher cultural status.
Investigation of Occupational Health Status of Kunming Railway Administration

[Objective]To understand the occupational health status of Kunming railway administration,and provide scientific evidence for developing practical control measures.[Methods]Occupational Health status,types of occupational hazards in workplace,monitoring results,occupational health surveillance and occupational disease status were investigated and analyzed.[Results]The qualified rate of occupational hazards surveillance in operating points was 88.63%;occupational Health surveillance rate of workers exposed to occupational hazards was 97.61%;23 were detected abnormal results which associated with occupation(including vocational contraindication),41 were detected different kinds of occupational diseases,no patients with newly diagnosed occupational disease were reported and no acute occupational poisoning occurred so far from 2006.[Conclusion]Comprehensive management of occupational hazards in workplaces of Kunming Railways Bureau is significant,it is necessary to strengthen monitoring of occupational hazards of new technologies and new techniques,and improve health surveillance to protect the health of workers
ESR and Fluorescence Studies of Thrombin Active Site Conformation

The chapters in this book have introduced thrombin from a detailed primary structure viewpoint, from the three-dimensional x-ray structure, and from NMR studies of ligands, such as hirudin and fibrinopeptide analogs, which complex with this enzyme. It should be noted that the highly impressive accomplishments of the three-dimensional structure determination of PPACK-human α-thrombin and its complexes with hirudin and hirudin analogs are quite recent reports, within one year of the publication of this tome. Prior to that time we had available several spectroscopic techniques allowing us to probe aspects of protein structure and conformation in solution. While most of the spectroscopic techniques cannot distinguish individual amino acid residues and their precise conformation (except high-resolution proton NMR), they are, nonetheless, sensitive methods for examining aspects of conformation and dynamics. That is, the physical bases, which contribute to the spectral output from techniques such as electron spin resonance (ESR), fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), and other optical spectroscopies, are highly sensitive to small changes or movements within a protein structure. This chapter addresses two biophysical techniques, ESR (spin-labeling) and fluorescence spectroscopy, with examples demonstrating their power and simplicity in unraveling conformational states and binding modes in various thrombin species.
Localization of a Sodium Binding Site in the Sodium Translocating NADH: Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase

Many marine, soil and pathogenic bacteria, including Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia pestis and Chlamydia trachomatis, possess a unique respiratory enzyme called Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQR). This enzyme is capable of pumping Na+ across the cell membrane, thus creating an electrochemical gradient that the cell can use for metabolic functions. NQR pumps Na+ by using the energy released by the oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction between NADH and ubiquinone. While the electron transfer reactions have been well characterized in this enzyme, the Na+ translocation mechanism is not yet well known. Several acid groups oriented towards the cytoplasmic surface participate in Na+ uptake, while another group of acidic residues are required for Na+ release; however, there is no clear pathway for Na+ to bind through NQR. A further investigation into one of the residues required for Na+ uptake, NqrE-E95, has led to the discovery of one of the two predicted Na+ binding sites. After determining that this residue is essential for enzyme function, a closer look into the crystal structure revealed that NqrE-E95 is in the proper orientation to form a binding site with NqrE-D99 and NqrE-Y106. It was then found that these residues are also important for the utilization of Na+ by NQR. Further studies are being conducted to elucidate the exact role of NqrE-D99 and NqrE-Y106 in binding and transport of Na+. Locating binding sites in NQR is the first step in understanding how Na+ is translocated, and ultimately how the translocation is coupled to the redox reactions.
Die Zahl Sieben

Bittet man jemanden, irgendeine Zahl zwischen 1 und 10 zu wahlen, scheint die 7 am beliebtesten zu sein. Eigentlich gibt es dafur keine einleuchtende Erklarung, aber naturlich hat die Sieben ihren Charme und Zauber. Selbst die Nachkommastellen von 1∕7 sind bemerkenswert schon. Wir werden sehen, was an der Sieben Besonderes ist: bei der Multiplikation, beim Klang einer Trommel und bei der Signalsynchronisation.
Process optimization: Ultrasonic welding of coextruded polymer film

9 Introduction 10 Experimental Procedure 13 Results and Discussion 22 Conclusions 43 CHAPTER 3. PEEL STRENGTH OF COEXTRUDED POLYOLEFIN BAGS CREATED IN A VERTICAL FORM, FILL, SEAL MACHINE WITH ULTRASONIC END SEALS 46 Abstract 46 Introduction 47 Screening Experiments 49 Experimental Procedure 54 Results and Discussion 5846 Introduction 47 Screening Experiments 49 Experimental Procedure 54 Results and Discussion 58
Eunicella sp., Octocorallia From the Red Bluff Formation, Lower Oligocene, Mississippi

This report represents the first occurrence of Eunicella sp., either fossil or modern, found in deposits associated with the Gulf of Mexico. Extension of the distribution of the South African E. albicans alliance into the Gulf region is also suggested. The geologic range of Plexauridae is here established as Lower Oligocene to Recent.
The uniqueness of uranium: The Problematics of Statecraft in Niger

Abstract How does the nature of uranium affect the ability of developing states to leverage it for the purposes of economic development? Two potential explanations for Niger’s inability to gain from its uranium deposits—first, the resource curse, and second, Niger’s asymmetric bargaining power with Areva—have dominated conventional wisdom. However, we contend that these explanations are incomplete because of the difficulties specific to uranium as a commodity. Instead, we highlight five principal challenges—strict international regulations, non-transparent uranium pricing markets, limited supply and demand, constrained global supply chains, and the lack of domestic usage—to explore why uranium per se, above and beyond the resource curse and asymmetric bargaining, presents unique challenges for developing countries to leverage for economic development. To show this phenomenon, we draw on our 2016 fieldwork interviewing members of the Nigerien government and those in the Nigerien uranium sector to demonstrate the challenges of translating its vast uranium deposits into sustained economic growth.
Ischemic Stroke After Plasmapheresis

Plasmapheresis involves the separation of all cellular elements of blood with the help of an extracorporeal semipermeable membrane. Even though plasmapheresis is generally considered safe, there have been anecdotal reports of thrombosis related to this exchange. We present 2 cases of healthy young males developing ischemic strokes within 24 hours of plasmapheresis. Patient A was a 24-year-old man with a family history of Factor V Leiden mutation presented with right-sided weakness 1 hour after donating plasma. A hypercoagulable work-up revealed elevations in Factor II. Patient B was a 42-year-old man who presented with a right facial droop, expressive aphasia and right arm weakness. He had donated plasma 18 hours before his presentation. A hypercoagulable work-up revealed elevated levels of von Willebrand factor antigen and high sensitivity C-reactive protein. A procoagulant state induced by plasmapheresis likely increases the risk for symptomatic thrombosis when an underlying thrombophilic state is present in the donor.
Large Eddy Simulations of scaled HTGR lower plenum for assessment of turbulent mixing

Abstract The lower plenum of a High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR) consists of numerous jets from the core mixing together across a wide range of temperatures (differences as high as 300–400 K) and velocities (50–100 m/s). The flow from these jets enters the lower plenum and changes direction by 90° and is then forced to navigate through a hexagonal array of support posts. Modeling this level of complexity is a significant computational challenge due to the high velocities and the small length and time scales at which mixing could occur. Efforts aimed at verification and validation of modeling approaches for the lower plenum are underway and will be aided by both experimental and computational studies. The current work focuses on non-isothermal Large Eddy Simulations motivated by a scaled experimental facility whose design is a small subset of the lower plenum, consisting of six jets in the presence of a crossflow, and seven support posts. This “unit cell” serves to mimic flow conditions in different regions of the lower plenum by adjusting velocities, temperatures, and orientations. The primary purpose of this LES-based effort is to provide a much-needed foundation for more applied modeling and experiments by providing insight into the turbulent mixing in the lower plenum of the HTGR. Results in this work reveal that each post in the lower plenum can experience entirely different thermal fluid signatures depending on its location within the unit cell and the jet/crossflow velocities and temperatures. As the jet to crossflow velocity ratio is increased, the penetration of the jets becomes more significant and the variance of the temperature signal on the surface of the posts can become quite large. A significant recirculation region just downstream of the unit cell is also apparent and can begin to impact the temperature signal near the furthest downstream support posts. Regions of the domain where detailed experimental data would be of great value are identified for three separate unit cell configurations representing a wide range of locations within the lower plenum.
Pregnancy and Childhood Thyroid Eye Disease

Thyroid eye disease (TED) occurs infrequently during pregnancy and childhood. However, pregnancy and childhood are periods of immune system development and tolerance formation. During this time, the host immune system may uniquely alter the disease presentation and course of autoimmune diseases such as Graves’ disease (GD) and TED.
Women's Health and Contraceptive Practices of Army Physician Assistants.

Introduction Women's roles continue to increase within the U.S. Army. Medical readiness contributes to individual readiness and supports the Army's warfighting mission. Army physician assistants are often the first-line medical providers for Soldiers and their practices, including women's health practices, should support optimal Soldier readiness. Our objective was to survey Army physician assistants' knowledge and practices related to female reproductive health care. Materials and methods This was a descriptive survey-based study of Army physician assistants conducted from February to June 2017. This study was an addendum to a prior study examining women's health care knowledge and skills among physicians serving as general medical officers. Surveys were distributed via e-mail. The survey was anonymous and included 22 questions describing provider knowledge and practices in the areas of family planning and women's health screening. Results Out of 198 distributed surveys, 100 (51%) were returned. Most respondents were male (67%), 75% practiced in a troop-based medical clinic, and 73% had current or past practice experience in a military operational/deployed environment. The majority of respondents indicated that they provide family planning services to their reproductive-aged female patients. Combined hormonal contraceptives and depo-medroxyprogesterone had the highest percentage of respondents who reported comfort discussing the method. The highest percentage of respondents indicated discomfort discussing the copper intrauterine device and emergency contraception. Only 10, 17, and 33% of respondents were trained to place the copper intrauterine device, levonorgestrel intrauterine device, and etonogestrel contraceptive implant, respectively. Most respondents offered cervical cancer (74%) and chlamydia (91%) screening to their female patients. Conclusion Most study respondents practiced in a troop-based primary care clinic and most reported experience as a deployed health care providers. Although most respondents indicated comfort discussing combined hormonal contraception and depo medroxyprogesterone, fewer reported comfort discussing long-acting reversible and emergency contraception. Only a minority of respondents reported prior training to place the copper or levonorgestrel intrauterine device or contraceptive implant and, of those trained, most had not placed a device for which they were trained in the preceding 12 months. Chlamydia and cervical cancer screening were offered by most respondents but was not universally offered among the respondents. These findings are consistent with our previous study evaluating women's health knowledge among general medical officers and highlight a need for improved training in the field of women's health for physician assistants serving the active duty population.
Sorption of Human Adenovirus to Wastewater Solids

AbstractThis paper explores sorption of human adenovirus 40 (HAdV40) to wastewater solids in primary and secondary sludge samples. To measure kinetics and isotherms of adsorption, serial dilutions ...
Prequential analysis of cattle prices

The paper considers the prequential analysis of cash and futures cattle prices. Both univariate and bivariate models are studied. Mean-squared error and probability calibration metrics are used to judge the adequacy of the models. Results suggest that the multivariate model provides more information than the univariate model on the predictive distribution of cash prices, while the multivariate model on futures prices does not offer any additional information than that contained in the univariate model of futures prices
The roles of island size and orography on tropical convection and aerosol transport

Abstract. This study investigates the impact of island diameter size and orographic height on precipitation, convective organization and aerosol transport on and around tropical islands. Twenty-four model simulations are set up and run, in which the island diameter (50 km, 100 km, and 200 km) and peak orographic height (flat, 500 m, 1 km, and 2 km) are independently and simultaneously varied under weak and strong zonal wind regimes. In these simulations, unlike many of the previous island flow investigations, the full three-dimensional flow over and around islands is resolved. Analysis of these numerical experiments demonstrates that island orographic height is a stronger control than island size on precipitation, convective organization, and aerosol redistribution. The wind regime is found to modulate these results. Under the strong zonal wind regime, increasing orographic height induces changes to the flow around the island, leading to lee-vortex formation, reverse flow, and the earlier development of deep convection than in the flat simulation. In the weaker zonal wind experiment, increasing orographic height enhances the role of radiational heating, leading to enhanced upslope flow and stronger convergence, which produces earlier deep convection than in the flat simulation. The timing and location of the sea breeze/mountain breeze convergence determines the location of the initial vertical aerosol mixing with cloud formation and entrainment, whereas the timing of deep convection formation dictates how quickly the aerosols are mixed out of the boundary layer. Finally, it is demonstrated that cold pools play an important role in the propagation of convection towards the shore in the simulations with orography.
What Shapes Environmental Responsibility Perceptions? Measuring Value Orientations as a Predictor of Situational Motivations and Communicative Action

ABSTRACTThis study investigates individuals’ cognitive, motivational, and communication responses regarding an environmental CSR issue using arguments from the situational theory of problem-solving...
New Legal Problems, Old Legal Solutions: Bailment Theory as the Baseline Data Security Standard of Care Owed to an Opponent's Data in e-Discovery

This Comment suggests a baseline standard of care that should be owed by a receiving party in discovery to protect the electronic data of the producing party. Although a party may institute its own data security protections to defend from rising data security threats, it cannot directly control the conduct of its opponents, their lawyers, or their vendors. Traditionally, courts have not articulated a specific duty, or incentive, for opposing parties to adequately protect their opponent’s data, and have relied on protective orders to remedy this malincentive and gap in the law. In Seattle Times Co. v. Rhinehart, the Supreme Court held that a protective order may prohibit the dissemination of information obtained in discovery to the press without violating the First Amendment, but did not declare whether there is a baseline obligation that prevents an opposing party from disclosing information learned through the discovery process to the press. Absent a protective order, it is unclear under Seattle Times what legal duty, if any, is owed by a receiving party. The best guide to establishing a baseline standard of care owed by a receiving party to protect the producing party’s data lies in the property law principle of bailment. This Comment asserts that the receiving party gains no ownership interest in information obtained through discovery. Thus, the exchange of electronic data in discovery is akin to the creation of a bailment, and the existing legal standards of bailment should control.
An excel-based method to enhance the study of “Duration and Convexity” in financial management education

Many concepts in the study of financial management involve complex equations that require manipulating and testing with varying parameters in order to understand the relationships inherent in these...
The Cosmos Considered as a Moral Institution

Science has created a new cosmogony. In ancient origin myths and in pre-modern natural philosophy the cosmos had meaning that was instructive for human morality. Since the nineteenth century, however, these views have been largely considered irrelevant or even detrimental to the scientific quest. In the twentieth century scientists discovered how much older and larger the universe is compared to the age and domain of humanity. We have come to realize that there is a large gap in time and space between the age and size of the universe and human existence. At the same time ethics is tied to the emergence of humans and through it to the evolutionary history of the cosmos. An appreciation of morality as aspect of the cosmos as understood today has to be different from its historic predecessors. First, it has to start from the acknowledgment that humans are part of the universe and the result of evolutionary processes within it. Second, moral principles have to be publicly stateable and capable of being debated in a pluralistic society. Third, the theory of emergent properties provides us with a new understanding of how natural and moral law are related and are tied to the morality of the individual actor. Fourth, how these aspects are stated must allow us to identify when and how things go wrong in a moral sense. These requirements can be fulfilled by starting from a theist viewpoint of the ‘goodness of creation,’ but only if the resulting precepts do not claim a privileged insight into the mind of God. Alternatively, a non-theist version of ‘natural goodness’ can arrive at similar moral conclusions.
A Suzaku sample of unabsorbed narrow-line and broad-line Seyfert 1 galaxies - I. X-ray spectral properties

A sample of narrow-line (NLS1) and broad-line Seyfert 1 (BLS1) galaxies observed with Suzaku is presented. The final sample consists of 22 NLS1s and 47 BLS1s, for a total of 69 AGN that are all at low redshift (z<0.5) and exhibit low host galaxy column densities (<10^22 cm^-2). The average spectrum for each object is fit with a toy model to characterise important parameters, including the photon index, soft excess, Compton hump (or hard excess), narrow iron line strength, luminosity and X-ray Eddington ratio (L_x/L_Edd). We confirm previous findings that NLS1s have steeper power laws and higher X-ray Eddington ratios, but also find that NLS1 galaxies have stronger soft and hard excesses than their BLS1 counterparts. Studying the correlations between parameters shows that the soft and hard excesses are correlated for NLS1 galaxies, while no such correlation is observed for BLS1s. Performing a principal component analysis (PCA) on the measured X-ray parameters shows that while the X-ray Eddington ratio is the main source of variations within our sample (PC1), variations in the soft and hard excesses form the second principal component (PC2) and it is dominated by the NLS1s. The correlation between the soft and hard excess in NLS1 galaxies may suggest a common origin for the two components, such as a blurred reflection model. The presented Suzaku sample of Seyfert 1 galaxies is a useful tool for analysis of the X-ray properties of AGN, and for the study of the soft and hard excesses observed in AGN.
Substance P Release by Sensory Neurons Triggers Dendritic Cell Migration and Initiates the Type-2 Immune Response to Allergens

Summary Dendritic cells (DCs) of the cDC2 lineage initiate allergic immunity and in the dermis are marked by their expression of CD301b. CD301b+ dermal DCs respond to allergens encountered in vivo, but not in vitro. This suggests that another cell in the dermis may sense allergens and relay that information to activate and induce the migration of CD301b+ DCs to the draining lymph node (dLN). Using a model of cutaneous allergen exposure, we show that allergens directly activated TRPV1+ sensory neurons leading to itch and pain behaviors. Allergen-activated sensory neurons released the neuropeptide Substance P, which stimulated proximally located CD301b+ DCs through the Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member A1 (MRGPRA1). Substance P induced CD301b+ DC migration to the dLN where they initiated T helper-2 cell differentiation. Thus, sensory neurons act as primary sensors of allergens, linking exposure to activation of allergic-skewing DCs and the initiation of an allergic immune response.
Subtle priming of shared human experiences eliminates threat-induced negativity toward Arabs, immigrants, and peace-making

Abstract Many studies demonstrate that mortality salience can increase negativity toward outgroups but few have examined variables that mitigate this effect. The present research examined whether subtly priming people to think of human experiences shared by people from diverse cultures increases perceived similarity of members of different groups, which then reduces MS-induced negativity toward outgroups. In Study 1, exposure to pictures of people from diverse cultures engaged in common human activities non-significantly reversed the effect of MS on implicit anti-Arab prejudice. In Study 2, thinking about similarities between one's own favorite childhood memories and those of people from other countries eliminated MS-induced explicit negative attitudes toward immigrants. In Study 3, thinking about similarities between one's own painful childhood memories and those of people from other countries eliminated the MS-induced reduction in support for peace-making. Mediation analyses suggest the effects were driven by perceived similarity of people across cultures. These findings suggest that priming widely shared human experiences can attenuate MS-induced intergroup conflict.
Management of Incidental Thyroid Nodules on Chest CT: Using Natural Language Processing to Assess White Paper Adherence and Track Patient Outcomes.

Objective The purpose of this study was to develop a natural language processing (NLP) pipeline to identify incidental thyroid nodules (ITNs) meeting criteria for sonographic follow-up and to assess both adherence rates to white paper recommendations and downstream outcomes related to these incidental findings. Methods 21583 non-contrast chest CT reports from 2017 and 2018 were retrospectively evaluated to identify reports which included either an explicit recommendation for thyroid ultrasound, a description of a nodule ≥ 1.5 cm, or description of a nodule with suspicious features. Reports from 2018 were used to train an NLP algorithm called fastText for automated identification of such reports. Algorithm performance was then evaluated on the 2017 reports. Next, any patient from 2017 with a report meeting criteria for ultrasound follow-up was further evaluated with manual chart review to determine follow-up adherence rates and nodule-related outcomes. Results NLP identified reports with ITNs meeting criteria for sonographic follow-up with an accuracy of 96.5% (95% CI 96.2-96.7) and sensitivity of 92.1% (95% CI 89.8-94.3). In 10006 chest CTs from 2017, ITN follow-up ultrasound was indicated according to white paper criteria in 81 patients (0.8%), explicitly recommended in 46.9% (38/81) of patients, and obtained in less than half of patients in which it was appropriately recommended (17/35, 48.6%). Discussion NLP accurately identified chest CT reports meeting criteria for ITN ultrasound follow-up. Radiologist adherence to white paper guidelines and subsequent referrer adherence to radiologist recommendations showed room for improvement.
Stimulus Definition and Choice1

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the current status of a research program designed to relate behavior in transposition experiments to its controlling antecedent conditions. The emphasis is on an integration of the research rather than on a survey of the transposition literature. The primary goal of the research program is to explain choice behavior completely by means of a description of the relevant controlling conditions. The series of experiments has identified some of the variables that have a part in determining the controlling stimulus class. From this research, the conceptual and methodological paths to be followed in the next stages of the program have evolved.
Ownership Structure, Property Performance, Multifamily Properties, and REITs

This research extends literature that empirically evaluates the impact of ownership and management structure on property level performance. The results show that multifamily properties owned and managed by real estate investment trusts (REITs) generate higher effective rents at the property level than non-REIT-owned properties. After controlling for positive operating scale and brand effects, REIT property level performance is better than non-REIT property level performance in the market studied. The REIT structure represents diversified scale operators with property management skills. The results imply that the structure of property ownership can impact property performance.
INFANT AND CHILD HEALTH IN ETHIOPIA: REFLECTIONS ON REGIONAL PATTERNS AND CHANGES

Recently, Ethiopia has registered significant reduction of infant and under-five mortality rates. However, the gains in improved health outcomes are uneven across regions of the country. Using panel data models, the article finds that inter-regional disparities in infant and child mortality rates are strongly associated with factors within and beyond the health sector. In particular, the results suggest that infant mortality rate is negatively related with real per capita public health expenditure, urbanisation and health extension programme. On the other hand, the number of hospital beds and primary school gross enrolment significantly decrease under-five mortality rate. The article draws some initial policy implications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Helping users sort faster with adaptive machine learning recommendations

Sorting and clustering large numbers of documents can be an overwhelming task: manual solutions tend to be slow, while machine learning systems often present results that don't align well with users' intents. We created and evaluated a system for helping users sort large numbers of documents into clusters. iCluster has the capability to recommend new items for existing clusters and appropriate clusters for items. The recommendations are based on a learning model that adapts over time - as the user adds more items to a cluster, the system's model improves and the recommendations become more relevant. Thirty-two subjects used iCluster to sort hundreds of data items both with and without recommendations; we found that recommendations allow users to sort items more rapidly. A pool of 161 raters then assessed the quality of the resulting clusters, finding that clusters generated with recommendations were of statistically indistinguishable quality. Both the manual and assisted methods were substantially better than a fully automatic method.
Wavelets in Packaging, Interconnects, and EMC

In this chapter we study multiconductor, multilayered transmission lines (MMTL) employing quasi-static, quasi-dynamic, and full-wave analyses. We begin with the quasi-static formulation (QSF), which provides the parasitic capacitance, inductance, resistance, and conductance. We introduce an intermediate formulation between that of the quasi-static and full-wave, referred to as the quasi-dynamic formulation (QDF). Next, we present the full-wave analysis, from which we extract the scattering parameters. The emphasis of this chapter is given to packaging and interconnects of high-speed digital circuits and systems and the implementation of numerical algorithms using wavelets.
ASIS&T annual meeting award winners: Award of merit acceptance speech

EDITOR'S SUMMARY As the recipient of ASIS&T's Award of Merit, Carol Collier Kuhlthau expressed appreciation for the association's influence on her scholarly development. Kuhlthau recounted the field's expansion and evolution from library school studies to information science, communication and social construction. Her focus on the information search process has been driven by questions about purpose in information seeking, user experience and affect. Her research into information seeking in learning has led pragmatically to Guided Inquiry, an educational design framework based on the scholar's research into the information search process. Highlighting information as central to people's everyday lives, Kuhlthau urged information scientists to focus on the practical implications of their work and how their research can be broadly applied to improve society.
Proceedings of the 6th conference on Information technology education

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 6th ACM SIG-Information Technology Education Conference - SIGITE 2005. This year's conference continues its tradition of being the premier forum for presentation of research results and classroom experience regarding the pillars of information technology education: programming, networking, web technologies, resource management and human-computer interaction. Our mission is to share novel, practical and generally applicable pedagogical approaches to all topics in IT education, demonstrate effective bridges between academia and industry, and provide an environment conducive to peer discussion, student engagement and inter-institutional cooperation.The call for papers attracted 130 abstract submissions from Asia, Australia, Europe, South America, and the United States. The program committee accepted 61 papers and 20 posters that cover a variety of topics, including IT curricula development, assessment, network and information security, K-12 computing's relationship with higher education, academic/industry relationships, wireless technologies, network laboratory techniques, and experiential learning. In addition, the program includes special sessions on IT accreditation, NSF grant programs, graduate student issues, gender and the computing disciplines, and the ACM's viewpoints on the future of computing in K-12 education. The keynote speech by Paul Tinnirello on the financial services industry's view of IT education addresses our reason for being: the educational development of skilled, employable and user-focused IT professiona.
Achieving remission and managing relapse in depression.

Although antidepressants are effective, no more than one third of the depressed patients who begin treatment achieve full remission within 8 weeks of therapy. Remission, defined as virtually complete relief of symptoms and return to full functioning in all areas of life, should be thought of as the optimal goal for the initial phase of treatment of depression. This goal is recommended because residual symptoms (i.e., response without remission) are associated with a myriad of risks, including a higher rate of relapse. When compared with monotherapy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (i.e., the current first-line standard of care) strategies may improve remission rates. These strategies include using maximally tolerated (i.e., higher than usual) doses of medication, switching to an antidepressant thought to have more than one mechanism of action, combining dissimilar medications (to presumably treat a broader range of symptoms), and using a combination of psychotherapy and medication. Ensuring that patients are indeed adherent with treatment is also worthwhile before assuming that a treatment has failed.