cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peer-to-peer energy sharing in mobile networks: Applications, challenges, and open problems

Abstract Energy is a scarce resource in mobile wireless networks that consist of devices mainly powered by their batteries. Providing energy ubiquitously to these devices for making them functional for a long time is a challenging task. With the advent of energy sharing techniques, either by wired or wireless mediums, it is possible to extend the lifetime of such networks by utilizing the energy from other energy sources (e.g., chargers, other devices) within the network. In this paper, we explore the utilization of peer-to-peer energy sharing in various applications of mobile networks that consist of agents from low-power devices such as sensors to high-power ones such as electric vehicles. We provide an overview of the current research directions and developments of new protocols and algorithms that exploit the energy sharing techniques to solve the scarce energy problem in mobile networks. For each mobile networking domain, we highlight the specific challenges and describe the approaches followed to address them under various research problems. We also discuss open problems yet to be solved in each specific application.
Broiler Genetic Strain and Diet on the Incidence of Woody Breast Meat

ObjectivesWoody breast (WB) is characterized by pale, hardened areas and muscle rigidity in the Pectoralis major muscle of broilers. Although WB incidence is related to increased growth rate and breast meat yield, the exact causes are still unknown. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of genetic strain and diet on the incidence of WB.Materials and MethodsAll experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Mississippi State University (IACUC-16–542). Five strains of mixed-sex broilers (A1–3, B1–2; n = 240 per strain) were fed with commercial or reduced essential amino acid diets (20% reduction of digestible lysine, total sulfur amino acids, and threonine). A 5 (breeds) × 2 (diets) factorial arrangement within a randomized complete block design with 8 blocks (10 pens per block) and 8 replicate pens (15 chicks per pen) of each treatment was utilized. At 8 wk of age, 4 broilers from each pen were randomly selected and harvested in a lab scale commercial processing facility. A total of 32 broilers from each treatment were evaluated for live weight, carcass weight, breast weight, breast pH, and breast color. The WB severity of chicken breasts was evaluated where 0 = normal, 1 = slight, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe. The pH was measured at 15 min and 24 h post processing, and color was measured 24 h post processing. Cook loss and shear force were also evaluated.ResultsB1 broilers that were fed with the control diet expressed the WB condition with an average of 2.34, which was greater (P 0.05) in the A breeds. This indicates that WB incidence was impacted predominantly by genetics in both cases, but that diet had a greater impact on woody breast incidence in B in comparison to A genetic strains. There was greater than 25% severe WB in the A1 and B1 control diet treatments and the A1 reduced diet treatment. Feeding a reduced diet to B1 decreased incidence from 88% to 28% for moderate and severe WB.After 15 min of processing, A1 broilers had greater (P 0.05) from other treatments. The pH declined after 24 h of processing, and B1 fed with control diet had a greater (P 0.05) in carcass weight. For the control diet, B1 had a greater breast weight (P < 0.05) than all other treatments. Feeding the reduced diet decreased (P < 0.05) breast weight for all breeds with the exception of A1.ConclusionA1 and B1 breeds had the greatest WB incidence. Feeding a reduced diet led to greater reductions in WB incidence and breast meat weight in B genetic strains when compared to A genetic strains.
Polar distortion in ultrathin BaTiO 3 films studied by in situ LEED I-V

Phase stability in nanoscale ferroelectrics is governed by the interplay of electrostatic depolarization energy, domain formation, adsorption, and surface band bending. Using in situ low-energy electron-diffraction intensity versus voltage (LEED $I\text{\ensuremath{-}}V$ $$), we have characterized 4 and 10 ML ${\text{BaTiO}}_{3}$ films, grown using pulsed laser deposition with fully compressive strain on a ${\text{SrRuO}}_{3}/{\text{SrTiO}}_{3}$ substrate. LEED $I\text{\ensuremath{-}}V$ reveals a single surface dead layer and a monodomain vertically polarized state below. The single orientation is attributed to the intrinsic imprint asymmetry and the stability of a polarized phase to compensation of depolarizing charges by dipoles induced by surface stress.
Correcting etaloning fringes in hyperspectral image cubes of Jupiter using sensor thickness modeling with flat-field data fitting

Evidence of “fringing” due to optical etaloning was observed in narrowband hyperspectral image cubes of Jupiter collected prior to 2018 at the Apache Point Observatory 3.5-m telescope with the New Mexico State University Acousto-optic Imaging Camera. The etaloning resulted from the use of a back-illuminated, high quantum efficiency CCD. Otherwise successful flat-field correction was ineffective in removing fringes at some wavelengths associated with Jupiter’s absorption regions. We describe an etaloning correction method based on a mathematical interference model that assumes a single detection layer. A two-dimensional thickness function for the sensor layer was derived and found to have an overall “dish-shaped” variation along with some finely spaced surface polishing marks. Synthetic fringe frames corresponding to the flat-field and science images were created using the thickness function. Optimized contrast values were found for the synthetic frames and defringed images of Jupiter were generated by separately correcting flat-field and science images using the synthetic fringe frames before applying the final flat-field division. Quantitative analyses of defringed flat-field images showed fringe contrast reductions by factors of 2 to 8 on average and a disk-averaged spectrum of defringed Jupiter data compared favorably with an established spectrum. This defringing approach is applicable to other detectors that can be modeled with a single detection layer and where a sequence of spectral images with adequate wavelength resolution is available.
Inpatient Biophysical Profiles and the Effect on Clinical Decision Making.

Objective Our primary objective was to determine whether biophysical profiles (BPP) performed on the antepartum unit result in changes in clinical decision making. Study Design A retrospective cohort chart review was performed among women who had a BPP during hospital admission. BPP status was categorized as normal (8/8 points) and abnormal (6/8 or less points). The primary outcome, clinical decision making, was the need for prolonged external fetal monitoring (defined as > 2 hours) or decision to proceed with delivery. Secondary outcomes included mode of delivery, indicated preterm delivery, birth weight, 5-minute Apgar's score Results Among our cohort (n = 186), 85.5% (n = 159) had a normal BPP. Delivery management was altered in one case (0.54%) by the BPP findings, and there were no BPPs that resulted in need for prolonged monitoring. Compared with women with normal BPP, women with abnormal BPPs were more likely to deliver at Conclusion In-hospital BPPs alter clinical decision making in less than 1% of cases.
Constrained Functional Regression of National Forest Inventory Data Over Time Using Remote Sensing Observations

The USDA Forest Service uses satellite imagery, along with a sample of national forest inventory field plots, to monitor and predict changes in forest conditions over time throughout the United Sta...
Helium-bubble-enhanced disordering of intermetallic phase under irradiation

Abstract Understanding and controlling phase transformations in metals and alloys under irradiation is vital to the design of irradiation-tolerant materials. The L12-ordered intermetallic phase in nickel-based superalloys provides superior high-temperature mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Here, we studied the order-disorder transformation kinetics of an L12-structured gamma-prime phase in nickel-based superalloy Rene N4 under krypton ion irradiation and the effect of pre-implanted helium gas bubbles on the kinetics of phase transformation. The presence of pre-implanted helium gas bubbles significantly enhances the order-disorder transformation of L12-structured gamma-prime phase under irradiation at 300 °C. The evolution of pre-implanted helium gas bubbles under irradiation implies that helium gas bubbles could effectively trap irradiation-induced vacancies and impede the reordering process of anti-site defects in gamma-prime phase.
Magneto-Plasmonic Nanoparticle Grid Biosensor with Enhanced Raman Scattering and Electrochemical Transduction for the Development of Nanocarriers for Targeted Delivery of Protected Anticancer Drugs.

Safe administration of highly cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs is a challenging problem in cancer treatment due to the adverse side effects and collateral damage to non-tumorigenic cells. To mitigate these problems, promising new approaches, based on the paradigm of controlled targeted drug delivery (TDD), and utilizing drug nanocarriers with biorecognition ability to selectively target neoplastic cells, are being considered in cancer therapy. Herein, we report on the design and testing of a nanoparticle-grid based biosensing platform to aid in the development of new targeted drug nanocarriers. The proposed sensor grid consists of superparamagnetic gold-coated core–shell Fe2Ni@Au nanoparticles, further functionalized with folic acid targeting ligand, model thiolated chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX), and a biocompatibility agent, 3,6-dioxa-octanethiol (DOOT). The employed dual transduction method based on electrochemical and enhanced Raman scattering detection has enabled efficient monitoring of the drug loading onto the nanocarriers, attaching to the sensor surface, as well as the drug release under simulated intracellular conditions. The grid’s nanoparticles serve here as the model nanocarriers for new TDD systems under design and optimization. The superparamagnetic properties of the Fe2Ni@Au NPs aid in nanoparticles’ handling and constructing a dense sensor grid with high plasmonic enhancement of the Raman signals due to the minimal interparticle distance.
Methods for Correcting Topographically Induced Radiometric Distortion on Landsat Thematic Mapper Images for Land Cover Classification

An abstract of the research paper of David Michael Rosen for the Master of Science in Geography presented June 7, 2005. Title: Methods for Correcting Topographically Induced Radiometric Distortion on Landsat Thematic Mapper Images for Land Cover Classification. Satellite imagery is commonly used to study land-use, land-cover change in mountainous areas. Classification of land-cover types is particularly difficult in this type of terrain because topography affects the spectral response of surface features. Several techniques have been developed to help compensate for this topographic effect and to increase classification accuracy. The purpose of this study is to compare topographic correction methods to determine which produces the most accurate results. Method 1 does not use any topographic correction, serving as a control. Method 2 is based on the Lambertian model, and uses topographical data as variables in an equation. Method 3 adds an aspect band and a vegetation index band to the image prior to classification. Both of these latter methods produced significantly more accurate results than the control (method 1) in the classification of agricultural lands, but did not improve accuracy in forestland classification.
Responses to the Crisis: Constraints to Rapid Trade Adjustment in East Asia’s Electronics Industry

The initial triggers of the Asian Crisis that resulted from an exposure to global financial markets are now well understood: research highlights endogenous failures of international capital markets1 and domestic policy failures, especially for financial regulation.2 It is time to move on to an analysis of possible responses. Elsewhere, I have analysed how the Crisis has reshaped the region’s longer-term industrial upgrading options (Ernst, 1998b, 2001d). In this paper, I focus on short-term responses and discuss a puzzle related to rapid trade adjustment.3
Sodium transport by phospholipid vesicles containing purified sodium and potassium ion-activated adenosine triphosphatase.

Abstract When the purified sodium and potassium ion-activated ATPase (NaK-ATPase) from Squalus acanthias is added to a sonicated mixture of egg lecithin and cholate and dialyzed, vesicles are formed which trap either glucose or inulin. These vesicles are capable of ATP-dependent 22Na+ uptake. Optimum 22Na+ uptake occurs after 2 days dialysis at 4°. 22Na+ uptake was considerably higher at 25° than at 37°, presumably because of a higher lability of the vesicles at the higher temperature. Optimum incubation time for 22Na+ uptake was 1 to 2 hours. The pH profiles for NaK-ATPase activity and 22Na+ uptake were the same. 22Na+ uptake showed a dependence on the presence of Mg2+ but this dependence was not absolute, presumably because of some bound Mg2+ in the preparation. There was a good parallelism in the nucleotide specificity for the NaK-ATPase reaction and 22Na+ uptake, with ATP being the most effective substrate, UTP the poorest substrate, and CTP showing intermediate activity. Internal, but not external, ouabain inhibited 22Na+ uptake, as would be predicted from other observations in the literature which show that ouabain inhibits only on the side of the membrane opposite to the ATP substrate site. The ATP-dependent, ouabain-inhibitable uptake of 22Na+ was shown to be true active transport of Na+, by forming vesicles in the presence of 22Na+ so that the specific activity and concentration of Na+ were the same on both sides of the membrane. In the presence of external ATP there was an actual increase in the concentration of internal Na+ from 20 mm to 38.4 mm. The ratio of Na+ transported to ATP hydrolyzed was 0.3 to 0.4, which is only 10 to 15% of that reported in intact erythrocytes. In the absence of K+, an Na+-Na+ exchange which was dependent on ATP and inhibited by ouabain could be demonstrated; this is similar to Na+-Na+ exchange demonstrated in erythrocytes and muscle. Na+-Na+ exchange was a small percentage of active Na+ transport in the presence of K+. These observations provide strong evidence that vesicles formed from the purified NaK-ATPase of S. acanthias are capable of active sodium transport and that this transport shows the same properties as sodium transport observed in intact cells such as the erythrocyte.
Efficient information sharing among distributed controllers of OpenFlow network with bi-connectivity

The OpenFlow has been widely used as a standard protocol to actualize Software Defined Networking. With the object of reliability and scalability in a control plane of a more realistic network, management methods utilizing multi-controllers has been getting more developed these days. However, implementing the management methods on multi-controllers might cause inter-controller communication delays between controllers and boost necessary state information shared by them when a network becomes larger. Then, this paper proposes a method to keep the delay shorter and reduce the shared information by layering and clustering a control plane.
Computerized tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging of intracranial lipoma. Case report.

✓ Intracranial lipoma is an uncommon lesion that has been well described in both the neurosurgical and neuroradiological literature for many years. This lesion is usually only an incidental finding, but it may be symptomatic. The authors describe a case of symptomatic intracranial lipoma of the superior medullary velum with emphasis on the correlation between computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in evaluation of the lesion.
Purely Functional Data Structures: Fundamentals of Amortization

Over the past fifteen years, amortization has become a powerful tool in the design and analysis of data structures. Implementations with good amortized bounds are often simpler and faster than implementations with comparable worst-case bounds. In this chapter, we review the basic techniques of amortization and illustrate these ideas with a simple implementation of FIFO queues and several implementations of heaps. Unfortunately, the simple view of amortization presented in this chapter breaks in the presence of persistence―these data structures may be extremely inefficient when used persistently. In practice, however, many applications do not require persistence, and for those applications, the implementations presented in this chapter are excellent choices. In the next chapter, we will see how to reconcile the notions of amortization and persistence using lazy evaluation. Techniques of Amortized Analysis The notion of amortization arises from the following observation. Given a sequence of operations, we may wish to know the running time of the entire sequence, but not care about the running time of any individual operation. For instance, given a sequence of n operations, we may wish to bound the total running time of the sequence by O(n) without insisting that every individual operation run in O (1) time. We might be satisfied if a few operations run in O (log n ) or even O(n) time, provided the total cost of the sequence is only O(n) .
Development of a space qualified Surface Tension Confined Liquid Cryogen Cooler (STCLCC)

The NASA-GSFC is developing a new type of cryogenic cooler for use with spaceflight payloads. This cooler will be capable maintaining instrumentation within the temperature range of 10–120 K Known as the Surface Tension Confined Liquid Cryogen Cooler (STCLCC), it will allow liquid cryogens to be flown in space without the risk of liquid being entrained in the vent gas. The cooler contains a low density (85–95% free volume) open cell material. This acts as a “sponge” with surface tension trapping the liquid cryogen within its pores. The surface tension effect keeps liquid away from the cooler’s vent during launch, zero-g operations, and landing. It also prevents any liquid slosh which can produce vibrations and microphonic noise in sensitive instrumentation. Other benefits of the STCLCC include the potential to be serviced on-orbit and an inherent simplicity of operation which enhances system safety. It also promises a reduction in cost, complexity, and prelaunch servicing requirements over the present state of the art, the solid cryogen cooler. The STCLCC program is in the preliminary design and verification stage, with early test results confirming acceptable thermodynamic, mechanical, and cryogen retention properties of several first generation sponge materials.
Analysis and classification of planar shapes using spatially varying autoregressive models

A spatially variant circular autoregressive (SVCAR) model is introduced for the analysis and classification of closed shape boundaries. The model treats a shape silhouette representation sequence as the output of a nonstationary all-pole linear system whose coefficient's spatial evolution can be expressed as a truncated function expansion. Features derived from the SVCAR model are shown to be invariant to shape scaling, rotation, and translation. A shape-matching algorithm is developed to optimally adjust the SVCAR model coefficient for changes in contour sequence starting point. A comparative experimental classification study is presented. >
Tourism neoliberalism and the swamp as enterprise.

The expansion of globalised neoliberal capitalism has driven communities to seek innovative ways to commodify natural spaces. While in the past, environments in the developed world were cast primarily as sources of raw materials, today such natural spaces are commodified through a combination of conservation and tourism. This accumulation strategy seems to allow states and communities a way to both profit from and save environments by casting tourism as an ecological service. This study shows how nature-based tourism is developed as an ‘environmental fix’ for communities that are increasingly pressed to extract value without destroying their physical environs. To support this claim, evidence is drawn from the analysis of tourism in three large swamps in the US South. Though the Atchafalaya Basin, Okefenokee swamp and Caddo Lake have different histories, cadastral regimes and varieties of political/environmental protection, they all exhibit a common type of smallcraft swamp tour. Using experiences of these tours, interviews with guides and tourists, and policy sources, this paper shows how swamp tourism was employed as a way of producing a united ‘place enterprise’ where public and private entities and spaces are blurred. Under the neoliberal dictate to run protected areas ‘like a business’, tourism communities acted collectively not only to attract tourists, but to resist swamp development by extractive industries. A common landscape and use of nature-tourism as economic development connected these places, producing similar translocal effects. Despite common local perceptions of tourism, this sort of development is shown to be a furthering of the social and environmental relations that typify neoliberalism and thus can be grouped together with a host of other neoliberal natures.
Hippocampal-parietal dysconnectivity and glutamate abnormalities in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia.

Abnormalities in resting state connectivity in schizophrenia (SZ) are now well established, but the biological substrates of these functional alterations remain to be elucidated. We performed a combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in 22 unmedicated patients with SZ and 22 matched healthy controls (HCs) to evaluate resting state functional connectivity of the hippocampus and Glx/Cr (a combined glutamate + glutamine peak normalized to creatine) in the hippocampus and investigate functional and neurometabolic abnormalities and examine the relationship between these. Functional connectivity between the left hippocampus and bilateral precuneus was significantly decreased in unmedicated patients with SZ when compared to HCs [t(4.22), cluster extent (kE) = 751, PFDRcorr = 0.001, Montreal Neurological Institute coordinates: x = −4, y = −56, z = 44]. Glx/Cr in the hippocampus was significantly elevated in SZ (HC: mean = 0.60+/−0.10 SZ: 0.67+/−0.10; F = 5.742; P = 0.02), but was not correlated with functional connectivity deficits (P > 0.05). In this study, we found hippocampal resting state functional connectivity deficits to the precuneus in unmedicated patients with SZ and an increase of Glx/Cr in the hippocampus, but did not observe a direct relationship between these abnormalities. However, our findings do not exclude the possibility of a shared underlying pathology, which warrants further investigation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fruit and vegetable intakes and the risk of colorectal cancer in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project follow-up cohort.

Background Recent findings have cast doubt on the hypothesis that high intakes of fruit and vegetables are associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer. Objective In a large prospective cohort of women, we examined the association between fruit and vegetable intakes and colorectal cancer. Design Between 1987 and 1989, 45490 women with no history of colorectal cancer satisfactorily completed a 62-item Block-National Cancer Institute food-frequency questionnaire. During 386142 person-years of follow-up, 314 women reported incident colorectal cancer, searches of the National Death Index identified an additional 106 colorectal cancers, and a match with state registries identified another 65 colorectal cancers for a total of 485 cases. We used Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to estimate the relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs in both energy-adjusted and fully adjusted models. Results In models using the multivariate nutrient-density model of energy adjustment, RRs for increasing quintile of fruit consumption indicated no significant association with colorectal cancer [RR (95% CI)]: 1.00 (reference), 0.94 (0.70, 1.26), 0.85 (0.63, 1.15), 1.07 (0.81, 1.42), and 1.09 (0.82, 1.44). For vegetable consumption, there was also no significant association in the multivariate nutrient-density model with increasing quintiles of consumption: 1.00 (reference), 0.77 (0.58, 1.02), 0.83 (0.63, 1.10), 0.90 (0.69, 1.19), and 0.92 (0.70, 1.22). Additionally, 3 alternative models of energy adjustment showed no significant association between increases in vegetable intake and the risk of colorectal cancer. Conclusion Although the limitations of our study design and data merit consideration, this investigation provides little evidence of an association between fruit and vegetable intakes and colorectal cancer.
Communities of color? Client-to-client racial concordance in the selection of mental health programs for Caucasians and African Americans

A discrete-choice logit model was applied to study the determinants of mental health provider choice using data from a large urban county in the Northeast US. The study subjects were 9,544 adult Medicaid recipients who received outpatient treatment from the 20 Community Mental Health Center (CMHC) programs in 2001. In addition to a conventional set of variables representing client and provider characteristics, the regression model included several interaction terms to examine whether racial concordance level among patients influences the choice of an outpatient program. The results revealed that racial concordance among the clients seems to be a factor in choosing a program. In particular, Caucasian clients are much more likely to select a program with a higher percentage of Caucasian clients, even though they have to travel further. More generally, our results suggest that program choice may be driven more by the racial composition of the clients served than by spatial proximity to the program.
The Capture of Electrons by Swiftly Moving Alpha-Particles

Relative velocities of an alpha particle and an electron which are favorable for the capture of the electron.---A stream of electrons from a thermionic source is superposed on a beam of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles from polonium. To determine the number of captures, the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle beam is subjected to a magnetic field and the number of deflected $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles counted by the scintillation method. If an $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle captures an electron before entering the magnetic field it will no longer be deflected to so great an extent. The number of scintillations for various velocities of the electrons, both greater and less than that of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles, was observed. It was found that captures take place only at definite electron velocities. These velocities are related to velocities in the Bohr orbits of ionized helium as follows: $v=u\ensuremath{-}w$ and $v={w}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}u$ where $u$ is the velocity of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle, $w$ and ${w}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ are two velocities of the electron at which capture takes place and $v$ is the velocity of an electron in any one of the circular Bohr orbits. A plot of the number of captures as a function of the voltage impressed on the electron stream gives a series of maxima on each side of the equivalent voltvelocity of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles which correspond to the energy levels of ionized helium.
Evaluation of polyphosphates and polyphosphonates as degradable biomaterials

A series of polymers, bisphenol A-based poly(phosphoesters), were evaluated as degradable biomaterials. Degradation was observed for the four polymers studied under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The rate of degradation was affected by polymer side-chain structure and correlated with the swelling behavior. The ethyl side-chain polymers absorbed more water than their phenyl counterparts. Among the sterilization methods, UV irradiation followed by antibiotic treatment was the most suitable, as steam autoclave and ethylene oxide treatments altered the properties of several of the poly (phosphoesters). Tissue response to the poly(phosphoesters) in rabbits was characterized by minor encapsulation and slight or no lymphocyte, giant cell, or macrophage activity. No evidence of edema or necrosis was found. The elastic moduli of these materials varied from 488 MPa for poly(bisphenol A-ethylphosphate) (BPA/EOP) to 627 MPa for the more rigid poly(bisphenol A-phenylphosphonate) (BPA/PP). The ultimate strength, modulus, and energy to failure of BPA/PP were lower than those of similarly compression molded high-molecular-weight poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA).
Theology and Tense

Soulevant la question de la pertinence des enonces atemporels du type des verites eternelles et de la verite de la deite au regard des enonces temporels simples qui rendent compte du changement, l'A. montre que ni les enonces atemporels du present historique, ni ceux des verites eternelles ne justifient le fait de prendre l'atemporalite au serieux. L'idee d'un Dieu hors du temps et d'une verite irreductiblement atemporelle releve d'une mauvaise comprehension de la nature meme du temps
Prognostic factors for therapeutic outcome of diffuse small non-cleaved cell lymphoma in adults.

Most reports of prognosis and therapy in diffuse small non-cleaved cell lymphoma (DSNCL), an aggressive high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) which appears to be of two histopathologic subtypes, have included predominantly a pediatric population and very few adults. We studied 20 newly diagnosed, previously untreated adults with DSNCL. Three patients had Ann Arbor Stage I disease, five Stage II, and 12 Stage IV. Bone marrow involvement was present in seven of 20 (35%) patients; no patient had central nervous system involvement at diagnosis. Clonal chromosomal abnormalities were found on cytogenetic analysis of all 12 cases studied. Ten patients had specific recurring translocations, including t(8;14) (q23;q32) (five patients), t(14;18) (q32;q21) (four patients), and t(2;8) (p12;q24) (one patient). Induction chemotherapy with the COMP regimen (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, methotrexate, and prednisone) or a variant schedule of the same drugs resulted in complete remission for 13 patients (65%), and partial remission for 5 patients (25%). Clinical characteristics predictive of a favorable response to induction therapy included Stage I or II disease, a normal lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and performance status (PS) of 0 or 1. Remission duration ranged from two to 125+ (median 37+) months. Survival ranged from one to 126+ (median 23) months; ten patients (50%) remain alive, nine with no active disease. Factors predictive of longer survival included achievement of a complete remission with induction therapy, a normal LDH, and PS 0 or 1. As in children with DSNCL, long-term disease-free survival may be achieved in adults with combination chemotherapy. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Galactosylceramide Domain Microstructure: Impact of Cholesterol and Nucleation/Growth Conditions

Galactosylceramide (GalCer), a glycosphingolipid, is believed to exist in the extracellular leaflet of cell membranes in nanometer-sized domains or rafts. The local clustering of GalCer within rafts is thought to facilitate the initial adhesion of certain viruses, including HIV-1, and bacteria to cells through multivalent interactions between receptor proteins (gp120 for HIV-1) and GalCer. Here we use atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study the effects of cholesterol on solid-phase GalCer domain microstructure and miscibility with a fluid lipid 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC) in supported lipid bilayers. Using “slow-cooled vesicle fusion” to prepare the supported lipid bilayers, we were able to overcome the nonequilibrium effects of the substrate (verified by comparison to results for giant unilamellar vesicles) and accurately quantify the dramatic effect of cholesterol on the GalCer domain surface area/perimeter ratio (AD/P) and DLPC-GalCer miscibility. We compare these results to a supported lipid bilayer system in which the bilayer is rapidly cooled (nonequilibrium conditions), “quenched vesicle fusion”, and find that the microstructures are remarkably similar above a cholesterol mol fraction of ∼0.06. We determined that GalCer domains were contained in one leaflet distal to the mica substrate through qualitative binding experiments with Trichosanthes kirilowii agglutinin (TKA), a galactose-specific lectin, and AFM of Langmuir-Blodgett deposited GalCer/DLPC supported lipid bilayers. In addition, GalCer domains in bilayers containing cholesterol rearranged upon tip-sample contact. Our results further serve to clarify why discrepancies exist between different model membrane systems and between model membranes and cell membranes. In addition, these results offer new insight into the effect of cholesterol and surrounding lipid on domain microstructure and behavior. Finally, our observations may be pertinent to cell membrane structure, dynamics, and HIV infection.
A Comparative Study of Galvanic Replacement Reactions Involving Ag Nanocubes and AuCl2− or AuCl4−

The galvanic replacement reaction provides a simple and effective method for preparing hollow nanostructures of noble metals including Au, Pd, and Pt when Ag nanostructures are used as sacrificial templates.[1] These hollow nanostructures are enclosed by continuous or porous walls with a tunable/controllable thickness. For Au-based hollow nanostructures such as nanoboxes and nanocages, reduction of the wall thickness would lead to a red-shift for the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak.[2] Significantly, when the LSPR peak is tuned into the near-infrared region from 800 to 900 nm (the so-called transparent window of soft tissues), these nanostructures hold great promise for a variety of biomedical applications that may include drug delivery,[3] contrast-enhanced optical imaging,[4] and photothermal therapy.[5]
Beyond pages: supporting efficient, scalable entity search with dual-inversion index

Entity search, a significant departure from page-based retrieval, finds data, i.e., entities, embedded in documents directly and holistically across the whole collection. This paper aims at distilling and abstracting the essential computation requirements of entity search. From the dual views of reasoning--entity as input and entity as output, we propose a dual-inversion framework, with two indexing and partition schemes, towards efficient and scalable query processing. We systematically evaluate our framework using a prototype over a 3TB real Web corpus with 150M pages and over 20 entity types extracted. Our experiments in two concrete application settings show our techniques of on average, 2 to 4 orders of magnitude speed-up, over the keyword-based baseline, with reasonable space overhead.
Self-formed ultraefficient resonators in mollusk shells

Although irregular open nanostructures are typically inadequate for achieving strong light-matter interactions, incorporating irregularity can be advantageous as an alternative strategy, which is not affected by unavoidable structural variations and imperfections. In our recent study,1 we have demonstrated a framework to capitalize on natural disordered nanostructures as highly efficient optical resonators for light confinement and amplification. As one of the wondrous nanocomposite found in nature, the colors of mother-of-pearl (as also known as nacre) have been studied conventionally in terms of diffraction and interference. Surprisingly, we reveal that their color origin is highly attributed to the irregular and disordered nanostructures of nacre, in which disorder-driven resonances can be self-formed by multiple scattering without relying on well-configured closed cavities. We further demonstrate that the highly multilayered nanostructures of nacre can serve as a new class of disordered resonators to realize low lasing threshold and high energy conversion efficiency. Multiple resonances in such nanostructures, which are formed closely in frequency and space, can easily be overlapped to form hybridized states. This ensemble acting of multiple resonances drastically increases the effective cavity size, boosting light-matter interactions. For example, lasing action can be achieved using an edible food dye with a low quantum yield. Indeed, while ordered and closed resonators are commonly thought to be crucial, this biogenic approach can offer a novel strategy for designing and fabricating photonic nanostructures. The simplicity and efficiency of the natural resonators will open the new possibility of studying light propagation in complex media, measuring photoluminescence properties, and developing cost-effective photonic devices.
Language acquisition following hemidecortication: Linguistic superiority of the left over the right hemisphere

Abstract The language development of three 9- and 10-year-old children possessing only a right or a left hemisphere was studied. Surgical removal of one brain half antedated the beginning of speech, so each child has acquired speech and language with only one hemisphere. Different configurations of language skill have developed in the two isolated hemispheres: phonemic and semantic abilities are similarly developed but syntactic competence has been asymmetrically acquired. In relation to the left, the right brain half is deficient in understanding auditory language, especially when meaning is conveyed by syntactic diversity; detecting and correcting errors of surface syntactic structure; repeating stylistically permuted sentences; producing tag questions which match the grammatical features of a heard statement; determining sentence implication; integrating semantic and syntactic information to replace missing pronouns; and performing judgments of word interrelationships in sentences. Language development in an isolated right hemisphere, even under seizure-free conditions, results in incomplete language acquisition.
Spatial distribution and antifungal interactions of a Bacillus biological control agent on wheat surfaces

Abstract The proximity of a biological control agent and its associated anti-microbial metabolites to pathogens on plant surfaces can determine the outcome of disease control. In this study we investigated whether deficiencies in inoculum deposition and localization could explain the inability of the biological control agent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain TrigoCor to consistently control Fusarium head blight in the field, despite producing effective and consistent disease control in greenhouse settings. Using epifluorescent stereomicroscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we visualized the coverage of wheat spike surfaces by Bacillus post-application in greenhouse and field environments, and determined that there are large unprotected areas on wheat spikes sprayed with commercial-scale field equipment, as compared to typical greenhouse applications. Additionally, we found that in conditions of low relative humidity, antifungal compounds produced by Bacillus were not able to diffuse across wheat surfaces in biologically relevant amounts, further suggesting that the inadequate coverage of wheat surfaces by Bacillus could be directly limiting disease control. Bacillus cells were easily rinsed off wheat surfaces within 8 h of application, indicating that rainfastness might be an additional limitation of biological control in field settings. Finally, we observed the inhibition of Fusarium graminearum spore germination by TrigoCor inoculum on wheat surfaces, confirming this as a mode of action for TrigoCor biocontrol. Future optimization efforts for biological control agents applied to above-ground plant parts should focus on enhancing the rainfastness, quantity, and spatial coverage of the inoculum on plant surfaces.
Polyethylene glycol-water and polypropylene glycol-water solutionsas benign reaction solvents

Aqueous solutions of low molecular weight polypropylene and polyethylene glycol are proposed for use as novel, safe, environmentally friendly solvents. Not only are these solvents relatively nontoxic, but they are also nonvolatile, which eliminates the possibility of fugitive gaseous emissions. Many organic compounds have been found to be soluble in these polyglycol solutions; thus, they could be used as replacement solvents in various chemical processes. One use of the solvents could be as the medium for conducting chemical reactions, and this has been investigated. In particular, three classes of organic reactions, S N 1, S N 2, and Diels-Alder, have been conducted in the polyglycol solutions. Rate constants were obtained and compared to those for the traditional organic solvents. For the S N 1 reaction and the Diels-Alder reactions, the rate constants in the polyglycol solvents were greater than those found for the frequently used organic solvents.
Identification of Residues of T4 RNase H Required for Catalysis and DNA Binding

Bacteriophage T4 RNase H, which removes the RNA primers that initiate lagging strand fragments, has a 5'- to 3'-exonuclease activity on DNA.DNA and RNA.DNA duplexes and an endonuclease activity on flap or forked DNA structures (Bhagwat, M., Hobbs, L. J., and Nossal, N. J. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 28523-28530). It is a member of the RAD2 family of prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication and repair nucleases. The crystal structure of T4 RNase H, in the absence of DNA, shows two Mg2+ ions coordinated to the amino acids highly conserved in this family. It also shows a disordered region proposed to be involved in DNA binding (Mueser, T. C., Nossal, N. G., and Hyde, C. C. Cell (1996) 85, 1101-1112). To identify the amino acids essential for catalysis and DNA binding, we have constructed and characterized three kinds of T4 RNase H mutant proteins based on the possible roles of the amino acid residues: mutants of acidic residues coordinated to each of the two Mg2+ ions (Mg2+-1: D19N, D71N, D132N, and D155N; and Mg2+-2: D157N and D200N); mutants of conserved basic residues in or near the disordered region (K87A and R90A); and mutants of residues with hydroxyl side chains involved in the hydrogen bonding network (Y86F and S153A). Our studies show that Mg2+-1 and the residues surrounding it are important for catalysis and that Lys87 is necessary for DNA binding.
Hybrid learning: interface generation through static, dynamic, and symbolic analysis

This paper addresses the problem of efficient generation of component interfaces through learning. Given a white-box component C with specified unsafe states, an interface captures safe orderings of invocations of C's public methods. In previous work we presented Psyco, an interface generation framework that combines automata learning with symbolic component analysis: learning drives the framework in exploring different combinations of method invocations, and symbolic analysis computes method guards corresponding to constraints on the method parameters for safe execution. In this work we propose solutions to the two main bottlenecks of Psyco. The explosion of method sequences that learning generates to validate its computed interfaces is reduced through partial order reduction resulting from a static analysis of the component. To avoid scalability issues associated with symbolic analysis, we propose novel algorithms that are primarily based on dynamic, concrete component execution, while resorting to symbolic analysis on a limited, as needed, basis. Dynamic execution enables the introduction of a concept of state matching, based on which our proposed approach detects, in some cases, that it has exhausted the exploration of all component behaviors. On the other hand, symbolic analysis is enhanced with symbolic summaries. Our new approach, X-Psyco, has been implemented in the Java PathFinder (JPF) software model checking platform. We demonstrated the effectiveness of X-Psyco on a number of realistic software components by generating more complete and precise interfaces than was previously possible.
Modeling Unfolded States of Proteins and Peptides. II. Backbone Solvent Accessibility

Buried surface area is often used as a measure of the contribution to protein folding from the hydrophobic effect. Quantitatively, the surface buried upon folding is reckoned as the difference in area between the native and unfolded states. This calculation is well defined for a known structure but model-dependent for the unfolded state. In a previous paper [Creamer, T. P., Srinivasan, R., & Rose, G. D. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 16245−16250], we developed two models that bracket the surface area of the unfolded state between limiting extremes. Using these extrema, it was shown that earlier models, such as an extended tripeptide, overestimate the surface area of side chains in the unfolded state. In this sequel to our previous paper, we focus on backbone surface in the unfolded state, again adopting the strategy of trapping the area between limiting extrema. A principal conclusion of this present study is that most backbone surface in proteins is buried within local structure.
m-BIRCH: an online clustering approach for computer vision applications

We adapt a classic online clustering algorithm called Balanced Iterative Reducing and Clustering using Hierarchies (BIRCH), to incrementally cluster large datasets of features commonly used in multimedia and computer vision. We call the adapted version modified-BIRCH (m-BIRCH). The algorithm uses only a fraction of the dataset memory to perform clustering, and updates the clustering decisions when new data comes in. Modifications made in m-BIRCH enable data driven parameter selection and effectively handle varying density regions in the feature space. Data driven parameter selection automatically controls the level of coarseness of the data summarization. Effective handling of varying density regions is necessary to well represent the different density regions in data summarization. We use m-BIRCH to cluster 840K color SIFT descriptors, and 60K outlier corrupted grayscale patches. We use the algorithm to cluster datasets consisting of challenging non-convex clustering patterns. Our implementation of the algorithm provides an useful clustering tool and is made publicly available.
Chemiluminescent reaction of Al2 with F2

Abstract The reaction of Al 2 with F 2 is shown to proceed in a single collision to yield one AlF product in high Rydberg states and one in the ground state with a large cross section.
The social construction of frailty: An anthropological perspective

Abstract This article proposes to broaden the discussion of frailty beyond instrumental definitions by exploring its socio-cultural sources and dimensions in American culture. It is based on an ongoing study of increased dependence among community-living elderly over the age of 80. The primary research goal was to investigate ways in which frailty is defined, framed, and understood by older persons, their family members, and their health care providers in the context of a multidisciplinary geriatric assessment service. I argue that frailty is socially produced in response to cultural discourses about surveillance and individualism. I suggest that frailty be conceived as an adaptational process that emerges and is fully articulated during the health care encounter.