cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accurate Inference and Estimation in Population Genomics

Both intra- and interspecific genomic comparisons have revealed local similarities in the level and frequency of mutational variation, as well as in patterns of gene expression. This autocorrelation between measurements leads to violations of assumptions of independence in many statistical methods, resulting in misleading and incorrect inferences. Here I show that autocorrelation can be due to many factors and is present across the genome. Using a one-dimensional spatial stochastic model, I further show how previous results can be employed to correct for autocorrelation along chromosomes in population and comparative genomics research. When multiple hypothesis tests are autocorrelated, I demonstrate that a simple correction can lead to increased power in statistical inference. I present a preliminary analysis of population genomic data from Drosophila simulans to show the ubiquity of autocorrelation and applicability of the methods proposed here.
Diagnosis clusters for emergency medicine.

Objectives: Aggregated emergency department (ED) data are useful for research, ED operations, and public health surveillance. Diagnosis data are widely available as The International Classification of Diseases, version, 9, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes; however, there are over 24,000 ICD-9-CM code-descriptor pairs. Standardized groupings (clusters) of ICD-9-CM codes have been developed by other disciplines, including family medicine (FM), internal medicine (IM), inpatient care (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [AHRQ]), and vital statistics (NCHS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the coverage of four existing ICD-9-CM cluster systems for emergency medicine. Methods: In this descriptive study, four cluster systems were used to group ICD-9-CM final diagnosis data from a southeastern university tertiary referral center. Included were diagnoses for all ED visits in July 2000 and January 2001. In the comparative analysis, the authors determined the coverage in the four cluster systems, defined as the proportion of final diagnosis codes that were placed into clusters and the frequencies of diagnosis codes in each cluster. Results: The final sample included 7,543 visits with 19,530 diagnoses. Coverage of the ICD-9-CM codes in the ED sample was: AHRQ, 99%; NCHS, 88%; FM, 71%; IM, 68%. Seventy-six percent of the AHRQ clusters were small, defined as grouping <1% of the diagnosis codes in the sample. Conclusions: The AHRQ system provided the best coverage of ED ICD-9-CM codes. However, most of the clusters were small and not significantly different from the raw data.
Dynamic Modulus and Damping Ratio Measurements from Free-Free Resonance and Fixed-Free Resonant Column Procedures

AbstractResonant column procedures may be used to quantify a soil’s shear modulus degradation and damping ratio curves along the small strain (∼10−4 to ∼10−1%) range. However, resonant column procedures often cannot provide measurements of very small strain (<∼10−4%) dynamic mechanical properties. The objective of this study is to determine if free-free resonance (FFR) procedures may be used to provide complementary very small strain, maximum dynamic moduli and minimum damping ratio to small strain shear moduli degradation and damping ratio curves from resonant column testing procedures. A plastic control specimen in six different free-free configurations was used to determine appropriate free-free boundary conditions for axial FFR procedures. Five cohesive soil specimens were then subjected to axial FFR and torsional fixed-free resonant column procedures to evaluate the consistency of the resulting strain-dependent modulus and damping measurements. It can be concluded that: (1) the specific free-free bou...
Tangential Flow Cell Separation from Mammalian Cell Culture

Abstract Tangential flow cell separation from fermenter-derived mammalian cell culture has been studied. The process is governed by transmembrane pressure and interactions of carry-over cells with the membrane. Membrane regeneration and comparison with other cell separation systems were discussed. Higher throughput per unit area over conventional dead end filter was demonstrated.
Workload Prediction of Virtual Machines for Harnessing Data Center Resources

Virtual Machines (VM) offer data-center and cloud owners the option to lease computational resources such as CPU cycles, Memory, Disk space and Network bandwidth to end-users. Optimal usage of the resources of the Physical Machines (PM) that make up the cloud is an important consideration as a lot of major enterprises and institutions are opting for servers in the cloud. At any given time, the PMs should not be overloaded to meet SLO requirements and at the same time a minimum number of PMs should be running to conserve energy. The resource loads on individual VMs in the data center are not arbitrary. Finding patterns in the loads can help the data center owners arrange the VMs on the PMs such that both of the above requirements are met. In this paper we present a fast, low overhead, framework that intelligently predicts the behavior of the cluster based on its history and then accordingly re-distributes VMs in the cluster to free up PMs. These PMs are then re-purposed to accommodate more VMs or turned off to save energy. We analyze real world loads and show that they follow a Chaotic time series. At the core of our framework are concepts of Chaos Theory with optimizations that make our framework indifferent to the type of loads and inherent cycles in them. We set up this framework on our testbed cluster and analyze its performance. Extensive experimental results for a variety of real world loads, indicate our framework's efficacy compared to other methods reported to date.
The characterization of α-bungarotoxin receptors on the surface of parasympathetic neurons in the frog heart

Abstract Receptors for α-bungarotoxin are found on the surface of parasympathetic neurons in the frog cardiac ganglion by light microscopic autoradiography. Competition studies suggest that these receptors are cholinergic and indicate that they are also recognized by neuronal bungarotoxin (κ-bungarotoxin). These receptors are outnumbered by those recognized exclusively by neuronal bungarotoxin. Unlike neuronal bungarotoxin receptors, α-bungarotoxin receptors are not concentrated at synaptic sites. Fluorescence techniques fail to find evidence for clusters of α-bungarotoxin receptors anywhere on the neuronal surface. The possible function of these receptors, which apparently do not play a role in fast synaptic transmission, is discussed.
Doppler-shift lifetime measurements in 20Ne, 24Mg and 28Si

Abstract The (3He, dγ) reactions has been used to study the γ-decay of levels in 20Ne, 24Mg and 28Si. Lifetimes of three states in 20Ne, five states in 24Mg and eight states in 28Si were measured using the Doppler-shift attenuation method with a 10 cm3 or a 15 cm3 Ge(Li) detector operated in coincidence with the outgoing deuterons. In addition, the energies of 43 transitions in these nuclei were determined; most of the energy assignments had smaller estimated errors than previously published values. The present results are used to assess rotational properties of these nuclei. In addition, the lifetime results in 28Si are used as an aid to interpret Hartree-Fock calculations which have been published.
Timing Applications of Plant Growth Regulators and Last Irrigation for Pink Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Control

After ethephon and thidiazuron were applied in late season to small plots of Upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) to terminate fruiting chemically, the numbers of green bolls and pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), diapausing larval populations, and yields were determined. Tests were conducted during 1985 and 1986 on the Maricopa Agricultural Center, Maricopa, Ariz., and on the Irrigated Desert Research Station, Brawley, Calif. Also, at Brawley in both years, we determined the combined effects of early irrigation cut-off and chemical termination. Results show that rates of 1.12 kg (AI)/ha of ethephon or higher and rates of 0.056 or 0.112 kg (AI)/ha of thidiazuron were needed for effective termination of cotton fruiting as indicated by reductions in number of green bolls. These rates of each chemical also reduced the number of squares and blooms after treatment, and sequential applications resulted in greater reductions than a single application. Last irrigation in mid-July resulted in reduced yields. However, irrigation cut-off in late July or early August resulted in yields as high as when the last irrigation was in September. Yields were not reduced by chemical termination treatments except by thidiazuron at Brawley in 1986, when last irrigation was in mid-July. Diapausing pink bollworm larval populations were reduced by chemical termination treatments and early irrigation termination.
Ascensão e queda da União Soviética: o império de nações

A URSS foi o primeiro Estado na historia a organizar-se como uma federacao de nacoes soberanas ostensivamente iguais, ainda que de fato se assemelhasse mais a um imperio com uma metropole dominante governando uma periferia multinacional. A intencao original dos lideres sovieticos no sentido de ultrapassar o nacionalismo acabou ensejando a criacao de nacoes coerentes e conscientes em algumas das republicas sovieticas e, uma vez desintegrado o centro, sob Gorbatchov, a uniao tambem se desintegrou. Este artigo explora os objetivos, praticas e contradicoes da politica sovietica a respeito de nacionalidade, de Lenin a Stalin e ate a Gorbatchov, para se entender tanto o poder como a fragilidade da federacao socialista sovietica.
Nanotechnology for ocular therapeutics and tissue repair

Perhaps the most exciting new platform for translating advances in the basic sciences to therapeutics for eye disease is in nanotechnology. Taking advantage of properties specific to particles on the nanometer scale, scientists are incorporating nanotechnology into new approaches for drug delivery, gene therapy and cell and tissue engineering. Applications for cornea, uveitis, glaucoma and retinal repair are fast approaching clinical use.
Efficacy of selected repellents to deter deer browsing on conifer seedlings

Abstract Foraging deer can negatively impact agricultural resources. Repellents offer a plausible approach to inhibit browsing. The efficacy of Big Game Repellent-Powder (BGR), Deer Stopper (DST), Plantskydd (PLA) and ECX95BY (ECX) to deter black-tailed deer ( Odocoileus hemionus columbianus ) browsing of ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ), Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsugamenziesii ) and western red cedar ( Thuja plicata ) seedlings was assessed during the winter. Extent of damage was expressed as number of seedlings damaged, number of terminal buds damaged, number of lateral bites taken and the number of seedlings with severe damage. BGR, DST and PLA significantly reduced deer damage relative to controls for at least 14 weeks. After 1 week, damage to seedlings treated with ECX was similar to that inflicted on control seedlings. Aversive agents contained in BGR, DST and PLA probably produce sulfurous odors, while ECX contained denatonium benzoate, a bittering agent.
Acoustic Resonances in Chicken Eggs

We report the first acoustical vibration studies on chicken eggs. Measurements of the acoustic resonances offer the potential of simple, noninvasive, and rapid characterization of eggs. The technique appears at least partially sensitive to yolk puncture, shell cracks, and the presence of SaZmonelZa bacteria. There may be practical quality control applications.
A generalized framework for computing bifurcation diagrams using process simulation programs

Abstract Interest in discovering multiple steady-state solutions for reaction and separation processes grew exponentially in the 1990s. Process simulators like ASPEN PLUS, CHEMCAD, HYSYS, and PRO/II are designed to obtain at best one solution. Simulation programs can find multiple solutions only by the expenditure of much effort. Here, a bifurcation technique using arclength continuation is presented that can be incorporated as an add-in subroutine to a simulation program to automatically trace a solution path, including turning points, to obtain multiple solutions with respect to a user-selected parameter. The technique is illustrated with applications to the ASPEN PLUS process simulator. The algorithms are based on a predictor–corrector implementation where the predictors reside in add-in FORTRAN routines and the existing nonlinear equation solvers in ASPEN PLUS equipment models serve as the correctors. Furthermore, the existing physical property packages in ASPEN PLUS are also utilized. The method was tested successfully on an adiabatic CSTR example using the ASPEN RCSTR model, and homogeneous azeotropic, heterogeneous azeotropic, and reactive distillation examples using the ASPEN RADFRAC model. Two of these examples are presented here. In all four examples, the range of the selected bifurcation parameter covers a region that produces three multiple solutions.
Evaluating risks of insertional mutagenesis by DNA transposons in gene therapy

Investigational therapy can be successfully undertaken using viral- and nonviral-mediated ex vivo gene transfer. Indeed, recent clinical trials have established the potential for genetically modified T cells to improve and restore health. Recently, the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon/transposase system has been applied in clinical trials to stably insert a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to redirect T-cell specificity. We discuss the context in which the SB system can be harnessed for gene therapy and describe the human application of SB-modified CAR + T cells. We have focused on theoretical issues relating to insertional mutagenesis in the context of human genomes that are naturally subjected to remobilization of transposons and the experimental evidence over the last decade of employing SB transposons for defining genes that induce cancer. These findings are put into the context of the use of SB transposons in the treatment of human disease.
Design and performance of a robust WDM network

Increasing number of bandwidth intensive applications demand introduction of concurrency among multiple user transmissions, using techniques such as time division multiplexing (TDM) or wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), to achieve higher aggregate bandwidth. Commercial exploitation of WDM networks, despite their immense potential and promise, find extreme reluctance due to their vulnerability to the wavelength instability of the transmitter sources, and budgetary concerns raised by the inordinate cost of stabilizing them. Robust WDM network uses an intelligent multichannel wavelength tracking receiver that is capable of dynamically accommodating the manufacturing and operating imperfections of the transmitter sources. This yields robust WDM to be a lucrative option for cost sensitive computer networking markets. In this paper we present token-based medium access control protocol and network node architecture designed for the demonstration testbed of robust WDM network. Behavior of average waiting time for a typical connection request on the network is presented using computer simulation.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Enhancement of optical signal modulation by atomic coherence effects

Abstract We investigate a new approach for the modulation of an optical signal based on the use of atomic coherence to control and enhance the response of the nonlinear medium. We describe a microscopic multi-level model of a medium driven by external fields and probed by a weak signal. We present explicit results describing the stationary behavior of this system, and outline a scheme for the analysis of its time-dependence.
Sawing table for slicing frozen organs of small animals

Abstract A sawing table is described for thick slicing of frozen organs of small animals. It uses a motor-driven, metal cutter circular steel blade as the cutting element. It is capable of slicing down to 0.3 mm thickness without tearing of tissue.
Melatonin mediates photoperiod control of endocrine adaptations and humoral immunity in male Siberian hamsters

: Effects of photoperiod are mediated by the pineal gland in male Siberian hamsters. The hypothesis that the pineal hormone melatonin mediates the effects of short days (SD) to blunt select humoral and endocrine functions was tested. In the first study, regressed testes were found in pineal-intact controls transferred from long days (LD) to SDs (16 hr to 8 hr light/day); the rise in antigen-induced serum immunoglobulin (Ig) M was blunted and serum cortisol concentrations elevated compared with long-day controls. These effects of short-day were blocked in pinealectomized males moved from long to SDs, but restored by melatonin treatments. In a second study, males in LD were exposed to constant light (LL) to abolish the nighttime melatonin rhythm. In hamsters in LL, melatonin induced testicular regression as in males in SDs. Large testes were present in vehicle-treated controls in LL and in males that remained in LDs. Antigen-induced increases in serum IgM in vehicle and melatonin treatment males in LL were intermediate between concentrations in long- or short-day controls and not significantly different from each other. However, serum cortisol was again elevated in hamsters in SDs or in LL when treated with melatonin compared with males in LL or LDs. These findings indicate that melatonin treatments mimicked the effects of SDs to regulate adaptive physiologic functions in hamsters lacking the nocturnal melatonin rhythm. Thus, the photoneuroendocrine mechanism regulating reproductive responses to photoperiod also mediates short-day effects on T cell-dependent B-cell antibody production and processes that regulate cortisol in circulation.
Microfluidics meet cell biology: bridging the gap by validation and application of microscale techniques for cell biological assays

Microscale techniques have been applied to biological assays for nearly two decades, but haven’t been widely integrated as common tools in biological laboratories. The significant differences between several physical phenomena at the microscale versus the macroscale have been exploited to provide a variety of new types of assays (such as gradient production or spatial cell patterning). However, the use of these devices by biologists seems to be limited by issues regarding biological validation, ease of use, and the limited available readouts for assays done using microtechnology. Critical validation work has been done recently that highlights the current challenges for microfluidic methods and suggest ways in which future devices might be improved to better integrate with biological assays. With more validation and improved designs, microscale techniques hold immense promise as a platform to study aspects of cell biology that are not possible using current macroscale techniques.
Embedding, serial sectioning and staining of zebrafish embryos using JB-4 resin

Histological techniques are critical for observing tissue and cellular morphology. Here, we outline our protocol for embedding, serial sectioning, staining, and visualizing zebrafish embryos embedded in JB-4™ plastic resin – a glycol methacrylate-based medium that results in excellent preservation of tissue morphology. In addition we describe our procedures for staining plastic sections with Toluidine Blue or Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), and show how to couple these stains with whole-mount RNA in situ hybridization. We also describe how to maintain and visualize immunofluorescence and GFP signals in JB-4™ resin. The protocol we outline – from embryo preparation, embedding, sectioning and staining to visualization - can be accomplished in three days. Overall, we reinforce that plastic embedding can provide higher resolution of cellular details and is a valuable tool for cellular and morphological studies in zebrafish.
Volume and heat transports of the Florida current: april 1982 through august 1983.

Absolute velocity and temperature profiles are used to estimate the volume transport through the Straits of Florida and, in combination with historical midbasin data, to estimate the total meridional heat flux through a section at 27 °N. The mean annual volume transport of the Florida Current from April 1982 through August 1983 is 30.5 (± 1)x 106 cubic meters per second. The net northward heat flux through the 27°N section is 1.2 (± 0.1)x 1015 watts. The volume transport is characterized by high values in the late spring and early summer and low values in the late fall and early winter. There is a similar cycle in total heat flux.
Unobtrusively tracking eye gaze direction and pupil diameter of mammographers

Radionale and Objectives. The visual process that radiologists use for diagnosis is incompletely understood. This study developed techniques to unobtrusively track direction and pupil diameter of radiologists reading a wide varietyof films. We evaluated the eye gaze patterns of mammographic experts to gain knowledge that might improve the rate of early detection of breast cancer. Methods. A video camera with a near-infrared light filter is pointed at the mammographic expert who is reading mammograms. The video images are analyzed in real time on a personal computer to detect eye gaze direction and pupil diameter. Two separate trials were used: 1) to demonstrate the system's speed and ability to work with mammograms (a brief test with one mammographer was used) and 2) four mammographic experts evaluated 14 mammograms. Results. In the first trial, the system successfully tracked the eye gaze of a mammographer who quickly recognized the patient case, with the pupil diameter briefly increasing 40%, and then the gaze direction dwelling in an area of microcalcifications. In the second trial, 66% of the false-positive results for films with masses were associated with long eye gaze dwells, whereas 33% of the prolonged dwells for films with microcalcifications were associated with true-positive diagnoses. Conclusions. This near-infrared light system successfully tracked the eye gaze direction and pupil diameter of mammographic experts evaluating films. The association of long eye gaze dwells with diagnostic accuracy varied with the type of object being viewed. In films with masses, false-positive diagnoses were associated with long dwells. In films with microcalcifications, true-positive diagnoses were associated with long dwells.
Electronic structure of Ge and diamond Schottky barriers

The electronic structure of metal-semiconductor (or insulator) interfaces is studied using the self-consistent pseudopotential method. The metal is simulated by a jellium model for the positive background with a charge density equivalent to than of aluminum. For the metal-Ge(111) interface, a high density of metal-induced gap states is found which p ns the Fermi level. These states are free-electron-like in the jellium and decay exponentially into the Ge. The calculated Schottky-barrier height is 0.55 eV and the index of interface behavior $S$ is 0.14, in agreement with experiment. The behavior of the diamond Schottky barrier is crucial in the theory of Schottky barriers because of its large gap and zero ionicity. For the metal-diamond interface, the density of metal-induced gap states is found to be smaller than in the case of Ge. Predictions based on experimental extrapolations give $S=0$. Our calculations give $S=0.4$. We obtained a barrier height of 2.2 eV, in agreement with experiment. The theory of the Schottky barrier is discussed using present results.
The two faces of Quine's naturalism

Quine's ‘naturalized epistemology’ is ambivalent between a modest naturalism according to which epistemology is an a posteriori discipline, an integral part of the web of empirical belief, and a scientistic naturalism according to which epistemology is to be conducted wholly within the natural sciences. This ambivalence is encouraged by Quine's ambiguous use of “science”, to mean sometimes, broadly, ‘our presumed empirical knowledge’ and sometimes, narrowly, ‘the natural sciences’. Quine's modest naturalism is reformist, tackling the traditional epistemological problems in a novel way; his scientistic naturalism is revolutionary, requiring restriction and reconceptualization of epistemological problems. In particular, his scientistic naturalism trivializes the question of the epistemic standing of the natural sciences, whereas modest naturalism takes it seriously, and can offer a plausible answer.
Use of Stabilizing Mutations To Engineer a Charged Group within a Ligand-Binding Hydrophobic Cavity in T4 Lysozyme

Both large-to-small and nonpolar-to-polar mutations in the hydrophobic core of T4 lysozyme cause significant loss in stability. By including supplementary stabilizing mutations we constructed a variant that combines the cavity-creating substitution Leu99 --> Ala with the buried charge mutant Met102 --> Glu. Crystal structure determination confirmed that this variant has a large cavity with the side chain of Glu102 located within the cavity wall. The cavity includes a large disk-shaped region plus a bulge. The disk-like region is essentially nonpolar, similar to L99A, while the Glu102 substituent is located in the vicinity of the bulge. Three ordered water molecules bind within this part of the cavity and appear to stabilize the conformation of Glu102. Glu102 has an estimated pKa of about 5.5-6.5, suggesting that it is at least partially charged in the crystal structure. The polar ligands pyridine, phenol and aniline bind within the cavity, and crystal structures of the complexes show one or two water molecules to be retained. Nonpolar ligands of appropriate shape can also bind in the cavity and in some cases exclude all three water molecules. This disrupts the hydrogen-bond network and causes the Glu102 side chain to move away from the ligand by up to 0.8 A where it remains buried in a completely nonpolar environment. Isothermal titration calorimetry revealed that the binding of these compounds stabilizes the protein by 4-6 kcal/mol. For both polar and nonpolar ligands the binding is enthalpically driven. Large negative changes in entropy adversely balance the binding of the polar ligands, whereas entropy has little effect on the nonpolar ligand binding.
Behavioral effects of intracerebroventricular administration of LSD, DOM, mescaline or lisuride

The effects on a fixed ratio-40 (FR-40) operant behavior of intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of the hallucinogens lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), mescaline or the non-hallucinogenic LSD-analogue lisuride were compared with intraperitoneal (IP) administration. Infusion of LSD (8.5 to 34 micrograms) into the left lateral ventricle produced a dose-dependent decrease in reinforcers and an increase in 10-sec periods of non-responding (pause intervals). The time-course of LSD showed a shorter latency to onset after ICV than IP administration. The ED50 for doses increasing pause intervals by ICV administration was 15 micrograms. This disruption was greater than that produced by IP administration of equivalent doses of LSD (IP ED50: 19 micrograms). DOM (40 to 120 micrograms) infused into the lateral ventricle also produced a dose-dependent disruption of FR-40 behavior. ICV DOM also showed a rapid onset to peak effects, but a slower offset than LSD, and was 3 times more potent than systemic administration (ED50s: 58 micrograms ICV vs. 153 micrograms IP). Mescaline was much more potent in disrupting FR-40 behavior by the ICV route than by IP administration. The ICV ED50 for doses of mescaline increasing pause intervals was 74 micrograms, in contrast to an ED50 following systemic administration of 2251 micrograms, demonstrating a 30-fold difference in potency. Lisuride administered via the ICV route was no more potent than by IP administration with ED50s of 4 micrograms ICV and 4 micrograms IP. Lower doses of lisuride administered by both routes had a similar effect over time on pause intervals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Rules Versus Principles in Psychotherapy: Implications of the Quest for Universal Guidelines in the Movement for Empirically Supported Treatments

In this article we briefly review the mission and criteria of the EST movement and several of its criticisms. We question an often-unacknowledged feature of the EST initiative—its foundation in a rule-governed approach to the regulation of psychotherapy—and argue that this approach encounters significant problems that are better resolved through an alternative, principle-based approach. The contrast between these perspectives is illustrated by presenting results of a qualitative research project identifying the implicit principles actually used by expert therapists across psychotherapy orientations to regulate values and interventions within their practice.
Establishment of understorey vegetation for rehabilitation of bauxite-mined areas in the jarrah forest of Western Australia.

Abstract The establishment of vegetation (during the first growing season) was investigated in rehabilitated bauxite pits in the northern jarrah forest of Western Australia. The effects of different fertilizer, seed applications and pre-mining floral composition were investigated. Application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer together did not affect plant density but increased plant cover and species richness, when compared with applying only phosphorus fertilizer. Broadcasting seed of a wide range of understorey species produced a mean density of 6·8 plants m -2 , a mean cover of 18·6% and a mean species richness of 44·5 species 80 -2 , These were all significantly higher than in plots where only a non-legume mix was applied or where no seed had been applied. A total of 168 non-weed plant species was recorded after 9 months in the nine rehabilitated pits in a total sampled area of 4320 m 2 (as 120 4-m 2 quadrats at each pit). Of these, 23% (39 species) originated mainly from broadcast seed while 77% (129 species) originated mainly from the replaced topsoil or by recruitment from the surrounding jarrah forest. Generally, there was a higher species similarity within the same sites pre- and post-mining than between different pre- and post-mining sites, illustrating that the pre-mining forest vegetation makes a strong contribution to the post-mining vegetation by way of the seed in the returned soil.
Conformational stability from variable temperature FT-IR spectra of xenon solutions and ab initio calculations of trans 3-pentenenitrile and 3-methyl-3-butene nitrile

Abstract The infrared (3500–40 cm−1) spectra of gaseous, liquid and solid 3-methyl-3-butene nitrile, CH2C(CH3)CH2CN, and trans 3-pentenenitrile, CH3CHCHCH2CN, have been recorded. Both the cis and gauche conformers have been identified for both conformers in the fluid phases but only the cis form remains in the solid. Variable temperature (−55 to −100°C) studies of the infrared spectra of the samples dissolved in liquid xenon have been carried out. From these data, the enthalpy difference has been determined to be 174±20 cm −1 (2.08±0.24 kJ/mol ) for 3-methyl-3-butene nitrile with the cis conformer the more stable rotamer and 187±20 cm −1 (2.23±0.24 kJ/mol ) for trans 3-pentenenitrile, again with the cis rotamer the more stable form. Complete equilibrium geometries have been obtained for both rotamers for both molecules by ab initio calculations employing the 6-31G(d), 6-311G(d,p), 6-311+G(d,p) and 6-311+G(2d,2p) basis sets at the levels of restricted Hartree–Fock and/or Moller–Plesset to second order. Only the MP2/6-311+G(2d,2p) calculation gives the correct conformer stability for 3-methyl-3-butene nitrile.
PROTEIN IMMUNOCHEMISTRY FOR THE SOPHISTICATE

A comprehensive analysis of protein immunochemistry entitled “The Antigenic Structure of Proteins: A Reappraisal” appears in this year's Annual Reviews of Immunology (Vol 2). The “Reappraisal” (1) covers the four best-studied protein antigens; myoglobin, hen egg lysozyme, cytochrome C, and bovine serum albumin. This reader is not a protein/ peptide immunochemist but the antigenic structure of proteins is of great interest to someone who studies the immunology of infectious disease and teaches immunochemistry. As such, I read the “Reappraisal” with high affinity (avidity being passe) and have used it as a focal point for discussion among the more advanced graduate students on our campus. Although we have all found it to be stimulating, I would caution against glibly handing the chapter over to a beginning graduate student.
SOCIAL INFLUENCES AND COMPETENCE IN PRETERM CHILDREN

The impact of the social environment on preterm children is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between social influences, as measured by detailed caregiver-child interactions, and the child's competence at age 2 in a sroup of preterm children. The subjects included in this report were 50 proterm children, 32 boys and 18 girls, and their English speaking primary caregivers. Only singletons and children free of major neurological problems were included. Caregiver-child interactions were observed when the child was 21 months of age in a laboratory situation that consisted of 4 interactional tasks. Tie interactional tasks were videotaped and three major categories of behavior were scored from the tapes: care-giver, child, and reciprocal interactions involving both members of the dyad. The assessments of competence in the second year of life included the Bayley Mental Scale given at 18 and 25 months and the Gesell Devolopmental Schedules at 24 months. The results indicated that children who differed in their competence were clearly different in caregiver-child interactions. The most consistent relationships between caregiver-child behaviors and competence were found for those behaviors which involved both the caregiver and the child in reciprocal social interchanges. In summary, this report had documented social influences beyond social class associated with competence in preterm children.
Liver surgery: modern concepts and techniques

Hepatic resection has evolved from an imprecise removal of portions of the liver, frequently accompanied by extensive hemorrhage, to a controlled, anatomy-based procedure that represents a major advance in modern surgery. The first successful, elective hepatic resection is credited to Langenbuch in 1888. The modern era of anatomic hepatic lobectomy dates from the 1952 report of Lortat-Jacob and Roberts, who used a thoraco-abdominal approach and a technique designed to control hemorrhage by extrahepatic ligation of the vessels. In 1953, Quatalbaum described transecting the liver with the handle of a knife, and clamping the vessels within the plane of transection. Pioneering work by Ton That Thung, Couinaud, and Bismuth provides the basis for current techniques that allow a controlled anatomic liver resection. Intraoperative high-resolution ultrasonography, introduced by Makuuchi, combined with the Glissonian pedicle ligation technique popularized by Launois, facilitates performance of segmental and sectoral hepatic resections. Modern segment-oriented liver resection, based on the understanding of functional hepatic anatomy, particularly the relationships between the hepatic veins and the portal pedicles, has greatly enhanced the technical repertoire of the hepatobiliary surgeon; the exceptional results reported by Vijay P. Khatri, MD, FACS Philip D. Schneider, MD, PhD, FACS
Dirty fashion: Ma Ke's fashion ‘Useless’, Jia Zhangke's documentary Useless and cognitive mapping

This article is part of my project that engages with visual and media cultures – fashion, cinema and documentary – to address Chinese consumer culture in the socialist and post-socialist periods. Focusing on haute couture, consumption and memory, the first part introduces an aspiring fashion designer, Ma Ke, and her latest fashion line, ‘Wuyong’/‘Useless’ (2007). Ma Ke intends to draw attention to the loss of the emotional bond between the maker and the user of clothes in the age of industrialized mass production and consumption. To help fashion recover this lost memory, Ma Ke buries her garment under dirt for a period of time. When the garment is unearthed, she reasons, it will find itself imbued with the imprint of the time and space of the soil. Presented at the Paris Fashion Week in February 2007, Ma Ke's haute couture exhibit ‘Useless’ was intended to be a critique of modern consumer culture. The second part engages with Jia Zhangke's documentary Wuyong/Useless (2007), a trans-media dialogue with Ma ...
Analysis of SRPT scheduling: investigating unfairness

The Shortest-Remaining-Processing-Time (SRPT) scheduling policy has long been known to be optimal for minimizing mean response time (sojourn time). Despite this fact, SRPT scheduling is rarely used in practice. It is believed that the performance improvements of SRPT over other scheduling policies stem from the fact that SRPT unfairly penalizes the large jobs in order to help the small jobs. This belief has led people to instead adopt "fair" scheduling policies such as Processor-Sharing (PS), which produces the same expected slowdown for jobs of all sizes.This paper investigates formally the problem of unfairness in SRPT scheduling as compared with PS scheduling. The analysis assumes an M/G/1 model, and emphasizes job size distributions with a heavy-tailed property, as are characteristic of empirical workloads. The analysis shows that the degree of unfairness under SRPT is surprisingly small.The M/G/1/SRPT and M/G/1/PS queues are also analyzed under overload and closed-form expressions for mean response time as a function of job size are proved in this setting.
Disruption of cardiovascular circadian rhythms in mice post myocardial infarction: relationship with central angiotensin II receptor expression

Angiotensin II (Ang II) is well known to participate in the abnormal autonomic cardiovascular control that occurs during the development of chronic heart failure (CHF). Disrupted cardiovascular circadian rhythm in CHF is also well accepted; however, the mechanisms underlying and the role of central Ang II type 1 receptors (AT1R) and oxidative stress in mediating such changes are not clear. In a post myocardial infarction (MI) CHF mouse model we investigated the circadian rhythm for mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) following MI. The cardiovascular parameters represent the middle 6‐h averages during daytime (6:00–18:00) and nighttime (18:00–6:00). HR increased with the severity of CHF reaching its maximum by 12 weeks post‐MI; loss of circadian HR and BRS rhythms were observed as early as 4 weeks post‐MI in conjunction with a significant blunting of the BRS and an upregulation in the AT1R and gp91phox proteins in the brainstem. Loss of MAP circadian rhythm was observed 8 weeks post‐MI. Circadian AT1R expression was demonstrated in sham animals but was lost 8 weeks following MI. Losartan reduced AT1R expression in daytime (1.18 ± 0.1 vs. 0.85 ± 0.1; P 0.05) but failed to restore circadian variability. The disruption of circadian rhythm for HR, MAP and BRS along with the upregulation of AT1 and gp91phox suggests a possible role for central oxidative stress as a mediator of circadian cardiovascular parameters in the post‐MI state.
First-Principles Investigation of Structural, Elastic and Electronic Properties of Lanthanide Titanate Oxides Ln2TiO5

Systematic first-principles calculations based on density functional theory were performed on a wide range of Ln2TiO5 compositions (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy and Y) in order to understand the correlation between structural, elastic and electronic properties. A complete set of elastic parameters including elastic constants, Hill’s bulk moduli, shear moduli, Young’s moduli and Poisson’s ratio, were calculated. All Ln2TiO5 are ductile in nature, and analysis of densities of states and charge densities suggests that the oxide bonds are highly ionic.
GENETIC VARIATION AND SYSTEMATIC DIVERSITY IN THE GHOST SHRIMP GENUS LEPIDOPHTHALMUS (DECAPODA: THALASSINIDEA: CALLIANASSIDAE)

The resurrected genus Lepidophthalmus defines a group of estuarine burrowing shrimp, western Atlantic members of which were until recently treated as a single homogeneous species. Individu­ als from fourteen Gulf of Mexico, two Caribbean, and one eastern Pacific localities were assayed by allozyme electrophoresis of 19 presumptive loci. Results were evaluated by principal compo­ nents analysis of individual polymorphic allele data for definition of populations. Allozyme data were used to compare populations by F-statistics and measurement of pairwise genetic distances. Populations of Lepidophthalmus from within the Gulf of Mexico resolve into three distinct genetic lineages, pairwise genetic distances of which are comparable to congeneric species-level taxa in other invertebrate groups. The most widespread lineage defines L. louisianensis and consists of all samples from the northern through northwestern Gulf. This species is both geographically and allozymically separated from two other lineages {Lepidophthalmus sp. "a" and Lepidophthalmus sp. "b") that occurred sympatrically in a restricted area of the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, providing the first account of sympatric distribution in the genus. Taxonomic status for the southwestern Gulf lineages remains unresolved, but both are allozymically distinct from the Caribbean congeners, L. jamaicense and L. sinuensis, as well as the eastern Pacific species, L. nr. bocourti.
Efficacy of the Pause Procedure for Enhancing Learning Disabled and Nondisabled College Students' Long- and Short-Term Recall of Facts Presented through Lecture.

Despite growing numbers of learning disabled students in college classes, few empirically validated strategies for use by faculty when lecturing these students have appeared in the professional literature. The effect of a pausing procedure (three 2-minute pauses spaced at logical breaks during videotaped lectures) on students' performance of three dependent variables (immediate free recall of facts, long-term free recall of facts, and performance on objective tests) was determined using analysis of variance with repeated measures and follow-up t-tests. Performances of two mixed groups of learning disabled (LD) (n = 15) and nondisabled (ND) (n = 15) students were compared after lectures both without pauses and with pauses. Findings indicate the pause procedure is effective for enhancing student performance on immediate free-recall and objective test measures. The procedure may also be applicable to a variety of lecture situations.
Pho85 Phosphorylates the Glc7 Protein Phosphatase Regulator Glc8 in Vivo

The budding yeast Glc7 serine/threonine protein phosphatase-1 is regulated by Glc8, the yeast ortholog of mammalian phosphatase inhibitor-2. In this work, we demonstrated that similarly to inhibitor-2, Glc8 function is regulated by phosphorylation. The cyclin-dependent protein kinase, Pho85, in conjunction with the related cyclins Pcl6 and Pcl7 comprise the major Glc8 kinasein vivo and in vitro. Several glc7mutations are dependent on the presence of Glc8 for viability. For example, glc7 alleles R121K, R142H, and R198D are lethal in combination with a glc8deletion. We found that glc7-R121K is lethal in combination with a pho85 deletion. This finding indicates that Pho85 is the sole Glc8 kinase in vivo. Furthermore,glc7-R121K is also lethal when combined with deletions ofpcl6, plc7, pcl8, andpcl10, indicating that these related cyclins redundantly activate Pho85 for Glc8 phosphorylation in vivo. In vitro kinase assays and genetic results indicate that Pho85 cyclins Pcl6 and Pcl7 comprise the predominant Glc8 kinase.
Hepatic Veno-occlusive Disease (Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome) After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD), increasingly referred to as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, is a well-recognized complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and contributes to considerable morbidity and mortality. In the Western Hemisphere, VOD, classified as a conditioning-related toxicity, is most commonly caused by stem cell transplantation. VOD has been described after all types of stem cell transplantation, irrespective of the stem cell source, type of conditioning therapy, or underlying disease. Recognition of this disease in the posttransplantation setting remains a challenge in the absence of specific diagnostic features because many other more com-mon conditions can mimic it. Limited therapeutic or preventive strategies are currently available for the management of VOD. In this review, we provide a comprehensive account of the pathophysiology of this disease as we understand it today, risk factors for its development, and the current state of knowledge regarding preventive and therapeutic options.
Fuel-forced flame response of a lean-premixed combustor

The response of a swirl-stabilized flame to equivalence ratio fluctuations is experimentally investigated in a single-nozzle lean premixed combustor. Equivalence ratio fluctuations are produced using a siren device to modulate the flow rate of fuel to the injector, while the air flow rate is kept constant. The magnitude and phase of the equivalence ratio fluctuations are measured near the exit of the nozzle using an infrared absorption technique. The flame response is characterized by the fluctuation in the flame’s overall rate of heat release, which is determined from the total CH* chemiluminescence emission from the flame. The relationship between total CH* chemiluminescence intensity and the flame’s overall rate of heat release is determined from a separate calibration experiment which accounts for the nonlinear relationship between chemiluminescence intensity and equivalence ratio. Measurements of the normalized equivalence ratio fluctuation and the normalized rate of heat release fluctuation are made over a range of modulation frequencies from 200 Hz to 440 Hz, which corresponds to Strouhal numbers from 0.4 to 2.8. These measurements are used to determine the fuel-forced flame transfer function which expresses the relationship between the equivalence ratio and rate of heat release fluctuations in terms of a gain and phase as a function of frequency. In addition, phase-synchronized CH* chemiluminescence images are captured to study the dynamics of the flame response over the modulation period. These measurements are made over a range of operating conditions and the results are analyzed to identify and better understand the mechanisms whereby equivalence ratio fluctuations result in fluctuations in the flame’s overall rate of heat release. Such information is essential to guide the formulation and validation of analytical fuel-forced flame response models and hence to predict combustion dynamics in gas turbine combustors.Copyright © 2011 by ASME