cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Management, Human Resource Management, and Higher Education: A Theoretical Model.

Much has been written on the importance of knowledge management, the challenges facing organizations, and the important human resource management activities involved in assuring the acquisition and transfer of knowledge. Higher business education plays an important role in preparing students to assume the knowledge management and human resource roles so necessary to organizations. The authors examined the relationship between knowledge management, human resource management, and typical knowledge learning goals of an accredited business education program. A theoretical model is presented, illustrating how these relationships might overlap. The model proposes a linkage between knowledge management tenets, human resource management activities in organizations, and Bloom's Revised Taxonomy for planning and evaluating educational goals.
Interfacial reaction products and film orientation in YBa2Cu3O7−x on zirconia substrates with and without CeO2 buffer layers

Thick film (1.2 μm) YBCO superconductors grown by pulsed laser deposition on unbuffered and CeO2-buffered single crystal (001)-oriented yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates have been investigated. YBCO and YSZ react to form BaZrO3 (BZO), whereas YBCO and CeO2 react to form BaCeO3. Reaction phases were examined by θ-2θ and four-circle x-ray diffraction and high resolution electron microscopy. Three orientation relationships identified for the unbuffered films were (i) (001)YBCO ‖ (011)BZO ‖ (001)YSZ with [110]YBCO ‖ [100]BZO ‖ [100]YSZ, (ii) (001)YBCO ‖ (001)BZO ‖ (001)YSZ with [110]YBCO ‖ [100]BZO ‖ [100]YSZ, and (iii) (001)YBCO ‖ (001)BZO ‖ (001)YSZ with [100]YBCO ‖ [100]BZO ‖ [100]YSZ. The results suggest that for films grown at typical deposition temperatures, YBCO epitaxy is established before the interfacial reaction occurs. The presence of BaCeO3 in buffered films grown at high temperatures (790 °C) was confirmed by θ-2θ scans and selected area diffraction patterns.
Applied Anthropology in the Southwest

APPLIED anthropology in the Southwest has been confined almost exclusively to the field of cross-cultural problems. Most of the work, as might be expected, has been in connection with Indian affairs, but there are at least two important exceptions. The first is the work that was done before the war in soil conservation and rehabilitation programs, mostly among Spanish-speaking people in New Mexico. The second is the very important work of social scientists in connection with the administration of Japanese Relocation Centers.
Electrochemically Based Light Emitting Devices from Sequentially Adsorbed Multilayers of a Polymeric Ruthenium (II) Complex and Poly(Acrylic Acid)

We have investigated a new light emitting material, Ru(bpy)32+ polyester for fabricating electrochemically based solid state light emitting devices using the layer-by-layer sequential adsorption processing technique. By controlling the deposition conditions such as the pH of the Ru(bpy)32+ polyester and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) solutions, we systematically altered the layer thickness and bilayer composition to obtain multilayers that contain different amounts of Ru(bpy)32+ polyester (from 46% to 70%). Differences in the Ru(bpy)32+ polyester composition, in turn, influence the device performance dramatically.
TWO‐DIMENSIONAL REAL‐TIME OCULAR ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN THE DOG

Two-dimensional real-time ultrasonography was performed with three different methods to determine the optimal technique for scanning canine orbital soft tissues. The three techniques included positioning the transducer on the clipped closed eyelid (eyelid contact method), directly on the cornea (corneal contact method), or on a small waterfilled balloon in direct contact with the cornea (water bath offset method). Horizontal and vertical images from the three techniques were compared and graded for diagnostic quality. The corneal contact method provided superior anatomic definition of the posterior globe and extraorbital tissues, whereas the water bath method gave higher-quality images of the anterior chamber and lens. Use of the eyelid contact method to image the eye and periorbital structures was not recommended because of multiple artifacts that severely degrade the image.
Analysis and synthesis of abstract data types through generalization from examples

The discovery of general patterns of behavior from a set of input/output examples can be a useful technique in the automated analysis and synthesis of software systems. These generalized descriptions of the behavior form a set of assertions that can be used for validation, program synthesis, program testing, and run-time monitoring. Describing the behavior is characterized as a learning process in which the set of inputs is mapped into an appropriate transform space such that general patterns can be easily characterized. The learning algorithm must choose a transform function and define a subset of the transform space which is related to equivalence classes of behavior in the original domain. An algorithm for analyzing the behavior of abstract data types is presented and several examples are given. The use of the analysis for purposes of program synthesis is also discussed. >
Hypolipidemic Activity of Tetrakis-μ-(trimethylamine-boranecarboxylato)-bis(trimethylamine-carboxyborane)-dicopper(II) in Rodents and Its Effect on Lipid Metabolism

A binuclear copper(II) complex was shown to have potent hypolipidemic activity in rats and mice at low doses, i.e., 2.5–10 mg/kg/d. The agent moderately lowered liver ATP-dependent citrate lyase, acetyl CoA synthetase, and phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activities in vivo. The appetite of the animal was reduced by drug treatment, and orally administered cholesterol absorption from the intestine was markedly lowered. Higher lipid levels were found in the chyme and the feces, indicating accelerated excretion of lipids by the drug, probably via the biliary route. Organs, e.g., liver and small intestine, as well as serum lipoprotein levels, demonstrated lower lipid content after drug administration. Thus, this chemical class of agents may have potential as a hypolipidemic agent in humans.
Open charm production in heavy ion collisions and the color glass condensate

Abstract We consider the production of open charm in heavy ion collisions in the framework of the color glass condensate. In the central rapidity region at RHIC, for the charm quark yield we expect N coll (number of collisions) scaling in the absence of final-state effects. At higher energies, or forward rapidities at RHIC, the saturation scale exceeds the charm quark mass; we find that this results in the approximate N part (number of participants) scaling of charm production in AA collisions and N part A scaling in p(d)A collisions, similarly to the production of high- p T gluons discussed earlier. We also show that the saturation phenomenon makes spectra harder as compared to the naive parton model approach. We then discuss the energy loss of charm quarks in hot and cold media and argue that the hardness of the spectrum implies very slow dependence of the quenching factor on p T .
Sun-Maid Growers of California

Barry Kriebel, President of Sun-Maid Growers, wants to explain to his growers how price discovery has occurred in the raisin industry. The case asks the reader to explain the key determinants of demand and supply for raisins, analyze price discovery, and consider alternative investments.
IFLAS and Chapter 11 - Classical Islamic Law and Modern Bankruptcy

The article provides an introduction to the Islamic law of bankruptcy. We believe this is the first in depth examination of the classical Islamic law of bankruptcy, IFLAS, in the English language. The article discusses the basic elements and tenets of Shari'a, the body of classical Islamic law, that deal with creditor-debtor issues, and considers them in connection with the modern concerns of the Islamic Finance industry.We argue that the Islamic law of bankruptcy should be a key component for the development of modern Islamic Finance. The public discussion thus far has focused on profit-driven aspects of Islamic Finance. There has been no significant scholarly discussion whatsoever about the loss-driven scenarios. This inquiry is particularly timely in light of the global economic meltdown and the concomitant and continuing workouts of Shari'a-compliant financings. This inquiry is also timely because of the recognition by the legal community that the existing national bankruptcy laws in the Muslim world are built solely on colonial era constructs and therefore were not developed to deal with Shari'a-compliant instruments and transactions. The article attempts to provide a pathway to a modern Islamic law of bankruptcy that amalgamates the tenets of classical Islamic bankruptcy law with the progressive rehabilitation-oriented processes pioneered by Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. Our goal is to foster and assist the development of effective insolvency regimes in the OIC Member States that are increasingly interested in bringing their national laws closer in harmony with classical Islamic law.
Isolation and structure elucidation of the major degradation products of cefaclor formed under aqueous acidic conditions

The aqueous acidic degradation of the oral cephalosporin cefaclor was investigated. A number of degradation products were isolated and characterized. The degradation products can be loosely classified into three categories: thiazole derivatives, pyrazine derivatives, and simple hydrolysis or rearrangement products. Degradation pathways are proposed that involve (1) hydrolysis of the beta-lactam carbonyl with subsequent rearrangement, (2) ring contraction of the six-membered cephem nucleus to five-membered thiazole derivatives through an episulfonium ion intermediate, and (3) attack of the primary amine of the phenylglycyl side chain on the "masked aldehyde" at carbon-6 to form fluorescent substituted pyrazines.
Intracellular Ca2+ signalling in secretory cells.

The secretion of ions and fluid plays a critical role in a variety of physiological activities that are vital to homeostatic mechanisms in animals. Control of such secretory activity is achieved by a range of neurotransmitters and hormones many of which act intracellularly by generating the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and increasing cytosolic free calcium ion concentrations ([Ca2+]i). These increases are achieved by a combination of the InsP3-induced release of Ca2+ from specific intracellular stores and the activation of Ca2+ entry from the extracellular environment. The [Ca2+]i signal represents a balance between the adequate activation of components of the secretory mechanism and the avoidance of [Ca2+]i levels that are toxic to the cell. Resting [Ca2+]i is maintained low by the action of Ca2+ pumps on the intracellular stores and plasma membrane, with the result that gradients for Ca2+ movement into the cytosol from either of these two sources are very large and there is considerable potential for achieving rapid increases in [Ca2+]i. Consequently, for successful Ca2+ signalling, it is imperative that these two mechanisms of raising [Ca2+]i (i.e. Ca2+ release and Ca2+ entry) are closely integrated. Current models emphasize the activation of Ca2+ entry as a downstream result of the emptying of the intracellular stores ("capacitative' model). Whilst this may be true for situations of maximal stimulation, recent experiments on the oscillatory [Ca2+]i responses typical of more physiological levels of stimulation indicate a previously unsuspected, independent activation of Ca2+ entry involving arachidonic acid. This arachidonic-acid-activated entry plays a key role, along with InsP3, in inducing the repetitive release of Ca2+ from the stores to produce the [Ca2+]i oscillations. In this way, the two components responsible for the elevation of [Ca2+]i are intimately related and their dual effects closely coordinated, resulting in the finely tuned control of agonist-induced changes in [Ca2+]i.
Effectiveness of Diazepam and Methylphenidate in Multiple Dosages in Modifying Infant Trauma Effects

Summary Albino rats in independent studies were administered varying dosages of diazepam and methylphenidate prior to a daily shock traumatization experience in infancy. All animals were tested on avoidance conditioning in adulthood. Both drugs were found to be effective in modifying the typically obtained shock deficit. The results failed to substantiate that increased dosage level resulted in more effective modification of trauma effects. Delayed consequences of methylphenidate administration included modification of central nervous system reactivity as manifested in quicker reaction times and growth depression as manifested in lessened body weights in this group in comparison to the diazepam group. An additional feature of the study was the finding that male and female animals responded differently to the drug and shock experiences.
Water displacement of soils and the soil solution

1. The use of a positive air pressure on closely packed soils decreases the time of recovery and increases the yield of solution obtained by water displacement.2. Equipment and technique for the recovery of displaced solutions is described.3. Data from three sandy loams and two silty clay loams are reported.4. Successive displaced solutions of equal electrical conductivity were obtained from each soil. The concentration thus measured was in each case the same as that of the liquid obtained without the use of displacing water.5. Concentrations of individual ions in successive portions of displaced solution are uniform in soils at optimum and this also appears to be true at half optimum.6. There is an inverse proportion between total moisture content of soil and concentration of displaced solution as indicated by measurements of specific resistance.7. When the solution displaced by water from a given mass of soil was used as displacing agent on another portion of the same soil, the newly displaced solution had the same concentration of electrolytes as the displacing solution. The opinion is expressed that this result indicates that the displaced solution has the same concentration as the solution with which it came in contact in the soil.8. Typical differences in behaviour of the various solutes in displaced solutions are discussed.9. The significance and limitations of water extractions of soils are discussed in the light of the results from displaced solutions.
Sampling precision consideration for high resolution Fourier transform spectroscopy

The use of dispersive Fourier transform techniques in interferometry allows the measurement of absorption coefficient and refractive index spectra with great precision. Normally, the sharp rotational lines of gaseous molecules can be resolved once higher resolution spectroscopy is employed. The high resolution requires recording of interferogram data points over an extended mirror movement. The issue of sampling size was never considered in the past. This paper presents the importance of using precise step motors for data sampling in these highly sensitive measurements by using two different step motors.
Responsiveness of the Movement Ability Measure: A Self-Report Instrument Proposed for Assessing the Effectiveness of Physical Therapy Intervention

Background and Purpose Designed as a self-report assessment, the Movement Ability Measure (MAM) may contribute to effectiveness research if it proves responsive to change. The purpose of this article is to report evidence of responsiveness of the MAM. Subjects Thirty-five adults starting outpatient physical therapy intervention completed the MAM at the initial visit, at 2 weeks, and at 2 months or discharge. Thirty-four no-intervention volunteers completed the MAM twice. Methods The MAM responses were analyzed with item response theory methods; t tests were used to compare responses across test occasions. Results Paired t tests revealed significant changes in the intervention group at both 2 weeks and 2 months, with an effect size of 0.90 and a responsiveness index of 5.62 at discharge. At 2 weeks and at discharge, 57% and 80% of participants, respectively, showed gains greater than the minimal clinically important difference. Participants in the no-intervention group showed no significant change. Discussion and Conclusion The MAM responses revealed significant and clinically important changes following intervention. The MAM shows promise as a self-report measure of the effectiveness of physical therapy intervention.
Selective internalization of arachidonic acid by endothelial cells

The asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in bovine endothelial-cell membranes was probed with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonate and purified phospholipase A2. The data suggest that phosphotidylethanolamine is primarily located in the inner lipid bilayer, as reported for other cell types. Stearic acid is taken up by the endothelial cells and is randomly distributed among the membrane phospholipids. In contrast, the polyunsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic, eicosatrienoic and eicosapentaenoic acids) have initial incorporation into the phosphatidylcholine fraction. These fatty acids then undergo a time-dependent transfer from phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine. Thus we propose that endothelial cells possess a mechanism for the selective internalization of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Phylogeny and Biogeography of Pomaria (Caesalpinioideae: Leguminosae)

Pomaria, traditionally placed in Hoffmannseggia or Caesalpinia, is shown to be a well-supported group of 15 species related to the Erythrostemon group of Caesalpinia sensu lato. Monophyly is well supported by analyses of both nuclear and chloroplast DNA data and by the presence of several unique morphological characters. Nine species of the genus are distributed in the arid and montane regions of the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico, three species occur in temperate eastern South America, and three species are native to southern Africa. The genus thus exhibits both a New World amphitropical and a New World-African amphi-Atlantic distribution pattern. A biogeographical analysis suggests two dispersals within the genus account for the present distribution: one from North America to Africa and second from North America to South America.
Phenotypic stability of bovine articular chondrocytes after long-term culture in alginate beads

Articular chondrocytes embedded in alginate gel produce de novo a matrix rich in collagens and proteoglycans. A major advantage of this culture system is that the cells can be recovered by chelating the calcium, which otherwise maintains the alginate in its gel state. Chondrocytes thus released are surrounded by tightly bound cell-associated matrix, which seems to correspond to the pericellular and territorial matrices identified in cartilage by electron microscopy. The cells and their associated matrix can be easily separated by mild centrifugation from more soluble matrix components derived principally from the 'interterritorial' matrix. This new cell culture system thus makes it possible to study the assembly and turnover of molecules present in two distinct matrix pools. Importantly, a significant proportion of the aggrecan molecules in each of these two pools can be extracted using a non-denaturing solvent, thereby making possible studies of the metabolism and turnover of native proteoglycan aggregates. We show in this report that chondrocytes isolated from the full depth of adult bovine articular cartilage and maintained for 8 months in alginate gel are still metabolically active and continue to synthesize cartilage-specific type II collagen and aggrecan. The cells did not synthesize large amounts of type I collagen or of the small nonaggregating proteoglycans as usually occurs when chondrocytes lose their phenotypic stability. After this extended period of time in culture, the cells were present as two populations exhibiting differences in size, shape and amount of extracellular matrix surrounding them. The first population was found only near the surface of the bead: these cells were flattened and surrounded by a matrix sparse in proteoglycans and collagen fibrils. The second population was found throughout the remaining depth of the bead: the cells were more round and almost always surrounded by a basket-like meshwork consisting of densely packed fibrils running tangential to the surface.
Kernelization: an overview

Kernelization is a mathematical framework for the study of polynomial time pre-processing. Over the last few years Kernelization has received considerable attention. In this talk I will survey the recent developments in the field, and highlight some of the interesting research directions.
Ly-1b cells and Castleman disease.

We read with interest and some disappointment the paper by Dupin et al on HHV-8 in Castleman disease (CD).[1][1] Regarding their observations concerning the evolution of clonal populations of HHV-8-positive B cells in this study, Dupin et al raise questions concerning the histogenesis of these
Role of Loop-Clamping Side Chains in Catalysis by Triosephosphate Isomerase.

The side chains of Y208 and S211 from loop 7 of triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) form hydrogen bonds to backbone amides and carbonyls from loop 6 to stabilize the caged enzyme–substrate complex. The effect of seven mutations [Y208T, Y208S, Y208A, Y208F, S211G, S211A, Y208T/S211G] on the kinetic parameters for TIM catalyzed reactions of the whole substrates dihydroxyacetone phosphate and d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate [(kcat/Km)GAP and (kcat/Km)DHAP] and of the substrate pieces glycolaldehyde and phosphite dianion (kcat/KHPiKGA) are reported. The linear logarithmic correlation between these kinetic parameters, with slope of 1.04 ± 0.03, shows that most mutations of TIM result in an identical change in the activation barriers for the catalyzed reactions of whole substrate and substrate pieces, so that the transition states for these reactions are stabilized by similar interactions with the protein catalyst. The second linear logarithmic correlation [slope = 0.53 ± 0.16] between kcat for isomerization of GAP an...
Male and Female Perception of Physical Attractiveness An Eye Movement Study

Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and breast size are morphological traits that are associated with female attractiveness. Previous studies using line drawings of women have shown that men across cultures r...
Constructing an Old Extreme Viewpoint

This note records an easy construction of the solution "viewpoint" which yields the extremum sought. (For examples of treatments, see [1] and [2], where each treatment contains helpful elements not contained in the other.) We first restrict our attention to the situation shown in FIGURE 1, where the picture extends from B to C on a wall which is perpendicular at F to the horizontal line X which indicates the level of the observer's eye. We let b and c be the distances from F to B and F to C, respectively, and we seek the point P on X at which the angle BPC is a maximum. Our easily constructed solution viewpoint is shown as point A in FIGURE 2. We first show how to locate A, and then show that it is indeed the solution point.
Tale of two rhinos; isotopic ecology, paleodiet, and niche differentiation of Aphelops and Teleoceras from the Florida Neogene

Carbon (813C) and oxygen (8180) isotopic results are presented from 42 tooth enamel carbonate samples of rhinos (Family Rhinocerotidae) from a sequence of Florida Neogene localities between 9.5 and 4.5 Ma. These data are used to interpret ancient diets and test previous hypotheses of terrestrial / aquatic adaptations of two sympatric rhinos, Aphelops and Teleoceras. The long-limbed, shorter-crowned Aphelops traditionally has been reconstructed as an open-country browser (similar to the modern black rhino), whereas short-limbed, higher-crowned Teleoceras traditionally has been reconstructed as an amphibious grazer (similar to the modern hippo). Between about 9. 5 and 7 Ma the 813C values (all <-11.0%o) from Florida Aphelops and Teleoceras indicate that both rhinos were feeding on C3 plants. This diet probably included a combination of browse and C3 grasses, although the exact proportions for each genus cannot be distinguished isotopically. In contrast, after the late Miocene global carbon shift as represented at 4.5 Ma in Florida, Aphelops was a browser (mean 813C = -11.9%o), whereas Teleoceras was a mixed feeder/C4 grazer (mean 813C = -7.0%o). Oxygen isotopic values indicate that neither Aphelops nor Teleoceras was principally aquatic. Given these new isotopic data, more plausible modern analogs for these two extinct rhinos are, respec- tively, the terrestrial browsing black rhino (Diceros bicornis) and the terrestrial grazing white rhino (Ceratotherium simum), which are sympatric today in Africa.
Impact of 9/11-related chronic conditions and PTSD comorbidity on early retirement and job loss among World Trade Center disaster rescue and recovery workers

BACKGROUND: The economic impact of the 9/11 terrorist attacks has rarely been studied. We examined the association between 9/11-related chronic health conditions with or without post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and one important aspect of the economic impact, retirement, and job loss before age 60. METHODS: A total of 7,662 workers who participated in the World Trade Center Health Registry surveys were studied. Logistic regression models examined the association of 9/11-related health and labor force exit. RESULTS: Workers with chronic conditions were more likely to experience early retirement and job loss, and the association was stronger in the presence of PTSD comorbidity: the odds ratios for reporting early retirement or job loss were increased considerably when chronic conditions were comorbid with PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: Disaster-related health burden directly impacts premature labor force exit and income. Future evaluation of disaster outcome should include its long-term impact on labor force. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:731-741, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Coming out of darkness and into activism

AbstractThis article recounts the experiences of the author at the Women’s March that occurred in Tallahassee, Florida on 21 January 2017. As an openly transgender woman, the author was invited to speak at that March and also to represent Equality Florida, a statewide LGBTQ lobbying group. This article contains the entirety of her speech which provides some autobiographical details about the author’s journey to fully accept her transgender identity and her coming to clarity that taking on a more activist role was an important step in healing from the pain imposed by society for being transgender. In addition, the article provides both the theoretical context for that speech as well as a basic description of the march itself and the venue for the speeches.
Microbial substrate preference dictated by energy demand rather than supply

Growth substrates that maximize energy yield are widely thought to be utilized preferentially by microorganisms. However, observed distributions of microorganisms and their activities often deviate from predictions based solely on thermodynamic considerations of substrate energy supply. Here we present observations of the bioenergetics and growth yields of a metabolically flexible, thermophilic strain of the archaeon Acidianus when grown autotrophically on minimal medium with hydrogen (H2) or elemental sulfur (S°) as an electron donor, and S° or ferric iron (Fe3+) as an electron acceptor. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that S°/Fe3+ and H2/Fe3+ yield three- and four-fold more energy per mol electron transferred, respectively, than the H2/S° couple. However, biomass yields in Acidianus cultures provided with H2/S° were eight-fold greater than when provided S°/Fe3+ or H2/Fe3+, indicating the H2/S° redox couple is preferred. Indeed, cells provided with all three growth substrates (H2, Fe3+, and S°) grew preferentially by reduction of S° with H2. We conclude that substrate preference is dictated by differences in the energy demand of electron transfer reactions in Acidianus when grown with different substrates, rather than substrate energy supply.
Plant stem cells in cosmetics: current trends and future directions

Plant regeneration at the cellular and tissue level is a unique process. Similar to animals, the stem cells in plants have properties that help stimulate and regenerate plants after injury. The unique properties of plant stem cells have been a recent area of interest and focus both in developing new cosmetics and studying how these extracts/phytohormones will influence animal skin. This special report focuses on the current evidence-based trends in plant stem cell-based cosmetics and sheds light on the challenges that we need to overcome in order to see meaningful changes in human skin using topical cosmetics derived from plant stem cells.
Depression, evening salivary cortisol and inflammation in chronic fatigue syndrome: A psychoneuroendocrinological structural regression model.

Abstract Introduction Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a poorly understood illness that is characterized by diverse somatic symptoms, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction and heightened inflammatory indicators. These symptoms are often exacerbated and accompanied by psychological distress states and depression. Since depression is known to be associated with HPA axis dysfunction and greater inflammation, a psychoneuroendocrinological (PNE) model of inflammation was examined in persons diagnosed with CFS in order to uncover underlying biopsychosocial mechanisms in this poorly understood chronic illness. Methods Baseline data were drawn from two randomized controlled trials testing the efficacy of different forms of psychosocial intervention, and included psychological questionnaires, di-urnal salivary cortisol, and blood samples. Data were analyzed with structural equation modeling (SEM). Results The sample (N = 265) was mostly middle-aged (M age = 49.36 ± 10.9, range = 20–73 years), Caucasian (67.7%), female (81.7%), highly educated (85.5% completed some college, college, or graduate program), and depressed (CES-D M = 23.87 ± 12.02, range 2–57). The SEM supporting a psychoneuroendocrinological model of immune dysregulation in CFS fit the data χ 2 (12) = 17.725, p = 0.1243, RMSEA = 0.043, CFI = 0.935, SRMR = 0.036. Depression was directly related to evening salivary cortisol and inflammation, such that higher evening cortisol predicted greater depressive symptoms (β = 0.215, p p Discussion Results highlight the role of depression, cortisol and inflammation in possible biological mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of CFS. Time-lagged, longitudinal analyses are needed to fully explore these relationships.
Dysregulated infant temperament and caregiver warmth in Jordanian orphanages: The importance of considering goodness-of-fit

Abstract The growing literature on the negative effects of large institutions, has not translated into fundamental shifts in models of care in many parts of the world. The current study was part of a larger initiative to develop foster care as an alternative to institutions in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The primary goal was to assess the early temperament of institutionalized infants, and to increase our understanding of pathways through which self-regulatory deficits may influence early relationship processes. The primary caregivers for a sample of 46 infants in institutional settings were surveyed, reporting on child functioning and their own beliefs about the relationship and their caregiving behavior. The mean age of the infants was 7 months-of-age, and age at entry into institutional care averaged under 3 months. 46% of children entered care through abandonment and a further 39% from unwed pregnancies. Compared to previously published community samples, these institutionalized infants exhibited more difficult and dysregulated temperaments, and temperament was predictive of caregiver perceptions, expectations for the infant's future, and caregiving behavior. The association between infant regulation and caregiver warmth was found to be mediated by caregiver reported goodness-of-fit with the infant. The current study adds to the literature painting institutionalized infants as a particularly vulnerable group in temperamental domains key to the development of self-regulation, an important underpinning of early mental health. The findings point to the need for staff training and support for children in institutions that consider the importance of goodness-of-fit with caregivers, while underscoring the need for continuing a shift to community-based alternatives.
Tuning the Viscoelasticity of Hydrogen-Bonded Polymeric Materials through Solvent Composition

The interactions between polymer molecules in solution are strongly affected by the way that the constituent polymers interact with the solvent. In this work, we use a mixed solvent system (dimethyl sulfoxide and ethylene glycol) to tailor the strength of the hydrogen-bonding interactions between partially quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) [QVP] and poly(methacrylic acid) [PMAA]. The charge introduced by the quaternization reaction enables homogeneous solutions to be formed over a large concentration range, even in the presence of attractive hydrogen-bonding interactions between the proton-donating PMAA and the proton-accepting QVP. The viscoelastic properties of equimolar QVP/PMAA solutions are superposed onto master curves that are well-described by a fractional Maxwell liquid model. This model provides a means for quantifying the dependence of the relaxation times on the solvent composition. These relaxation times increase by a factor of 1000 as the hydrogen-bonding interactions are strengthened by a d...
Quantum Dot Imaging of Neural Cells and Tissue

Nanomedicine is an emerging field of science and technology that integrates biological, chemical, and engineering sciences and holds promise for the creation of nanometer-sized scale approaches for studying biological systems in health and disease. While biologists, biochemists, and biophysicists have long been interested in biomolecular phenomena and cellular ultrastructure at the nanometer scale, advances in atomic scale visualization technology in the past few decades have motivated focused interest in understanding and manipulating synthetic and biomaterials at the molecular level. Nanomedicine, the application of nanotechnology to solving health problems, seeks to establish tools and techniques that provide easy accessibility to the interior of cells, facilitates molecular scale interaction with cellular signaling cascades, and increases detection sensitivity and targeting at the single-molecule level. Through the development of materials that exhibit novel optical, chemical, and electrical properties at the nanometer-sized scale, it is hoped that it will be possible to probe, study, and transform molecular cell processes to further understand fundamental biological processes and to improve therapies for disease.
In Situ Imaging and Structure Determination of Bacterial Toxin Delivery Systems Using Electron Cryotomography

Determining the three-dimensional structure of biomacromolecules at high resolution in their native cellular environment is a major challenge for structural biology. Toward this end, electron cryotomography (ECT) allows large bio-macromolecular assemblies to be imaged directly in their hydrated physiological milieu to ~4 nm resolution. Combining ECT with other techniques like fluorescent imaging, immunogold labeling, and genetic manipulation has allowed the in situ investigation of complex biological processes at macromolecular resolution. Furthermore, the advent of cryogenic focused ion beam (FIB) milling has extended the domain of ECT to include regions even deep within thick eukaryotic cells. Anticipating two audiences (scientists who just want to understand the potential and general workflow involved and scientists who are learning how to do the work themselves), here we present both a broad overview of this kind of work and a step-by-step example protocol for ECT and subtomogram averaging using the Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS) as a case study. While the general workflow is presented in step-by-step detail, we refer to online tutorials, user's manuals, and other training materials for the essential background understanding needed to perform each step.
Visualizing the iron atom exchange front in the Fe(II)-catalyzed recrystallization of goethite by atom probe tomography

The autocatalytic redox interaction between aqueous Fe(II) and Fe(III)-(oxyhydr)oxide minerals such as goethite and hematite leads to rapid recrystallization marked, in principle, by an atom exchange (AE) front, according to bulk iron isotopic tracer studies. However, direct evidence for this AE front has been elusive given the analytical challenges of mass-resolved imaging at the nanoscale on individual crystallites. We report successful isolation and characterization of the AE front in goethite microrods by 3D atom probe tomography (APT). The microrods were reacted with Fe(II) enriched in tracer 57Fe at conditions consistent with prior bulk studies. APT analyses and 3D reconstructions on cross-sections of the microrods reveal an AE front that is spatially heterogeneous, at times penetrating several nanometers into the lattice, in a manner consistent with defect-accelerated exchange. Evidence for exchange along microstructural domain boundaries was also found, suggesting another important link between exchange extent and initial defect content. The findings provide an unprecedented view into the spatial and temporal characteristics of Fe(II)-catalyzed recrystallization at the atomic scale, and substantiate speculation regarding the role of defects controlling the dynamics of electron transfer and AE interaction at this important redox interface.
Varicella (Chickenpox) Vaccine

Varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox) is an acute febrile rash illness that was very common in children in the United States before the universal vaccination program came into existence. Luckily, the varicella-zoster virus is a vaccine-preventable disease, and the FDA approves the use of the live varicella Virus Vaccine to provide immunity for the prevention of varicella in individuals 12 months and older. This activity reviews the mechanism of action, indications, contraindications, adverse effects of this vaccine, and the front line personnel involved in the prevention of the disease.
Astrophysics and cosmology with a decihertz gravitational-wave detector: TianGO

We present the astrophysical science case for a space-based, decihertz gravitational-wave (GW) detector. We particularly highlight an ability to infer a source’s sky location, both when combined with a network of ground-based detectors to form a long triangulation baseline, and by itself for the early warning of merger events. Such an accurate location measurement is the key for using GW signals as standard sirens for constraining the Hubble constant. This kind of detector also opens up the possibility to test type Ia supernovae progenitor hypotheses by constraining the merger rates of white dwarf binaries with both super- and sub-Chandrasekhar masses separately. We will discuss other scientific outcomes that can be delivered, including the constraint of structure formation in the early Universe, the search for intermediate-mass black holes, the precise determination of black hole spins, the probe of binary systems’ orbital eccentricity evolution, and the detection of tertiary masses around merging binaries.
Quality Control and Downstream Processing of Therapeutic Enzymes

Therapeutic enzymes are a commercially minor but clinically important area of biopharmaceuticals. An array of therapeutic enzymes has been developed for a variety of human diseases, including leukaemia and enzyme-deficiency diseases such as Gaucher's disease. Production and testing of therapeutic enzymes is strictly governed by regulatory bodies in each country around the world, and batch-to-batch consistency is crucially important. Manufacture of a batch starts with the fermentation or cell culture stage. After expression of the therapeutic enzyme in a cell culture bioreactor, robust and reproducible protein purification, or downstream processing (DSP) of the target product, is critical to ensuring safe delivery of these medicines. Modern processing technology, including the use of disposable processing equipment, has greatly improved the DSP development pathway in terms of robustness and speed to clinic. Once purified, the drug substance undergoes rigorous quality control (QC) testing according to current regulatory guidance, to enable release to the clinic and patient. QC testing is conducted to ensure the safety, purity, identity, potency and strength of the medicinal product, requiring multiple analytical methods that are rigorously validated and monitored for robust performance. Several case studies, including L-asparaginase and asfotase alfa, are discussed to illustrate the methods described herein.
Evidence Based Management

In their managerial roles, clinicians face the challenge of how to access, assess and deploy the most relevant and current management knowledge. This challenge is exacerbated by the fact that the management discipline is a relative latecomer to the evidence-based paradigm. Although the research-based model of business education can be traced back to the 1950’s, the management discipline is still characterized by a multiplicity of theoretical perspectives, the lack of consensus on a hierarchy of evidence, and the lack of point-of-use tools that translate scientific results into protocols. As a result, popular claims based on anecdotal evidence often compete with rigorous empirical studies for the manager’s attention. In the last decade, however, a small but growing evidence-based management (EBMgt) movement has taken shape. EBMgt’s influence can be seen in the increasing numbers of meta-analyses, a greater interest in experimental studies, the newfound acceptance of replication studies, and practical approaches such as fact-based consulting. This chapter provides an overview of EBMgt along with a practical resource list of evidence-based sources in three key areas: managing people, managing process and systems, and managing strategy.
Racial And Socioeconomic Differences Affect Outcomes in Elderly Burn Patients.

Abstract Background Race and socioeconomic status influence outcomes for adult and pediatric burn patients, yet the impact of these factors on elderly patients (Medicare eligible, 65 years of age) remains unknown. Methods Data pooled from three verified burn centers from 2004 to 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. Age, race, gender, percent total body surface area (%TBSA) burn, mortality, length of stay (LOS), LOS per %TBSA burn, and zip code which provided Census data on race, poverty, and education levels within a community were collected. Data were analyzed using logistic and generalized linear models in SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Results Our population was mainly Caucasian (63%), African American (18%), Hispanic (7.6%), and Asian (3.5%). Mean age was 76.3 ± 8.3 years, 52.5% were male. Mean %TBSA was 9 ± 13.8%; 15% of the patients sustained an inhalation injury. The mortality rate was 14.4%. Inhalation injury was significantly associated with mortality and discharge to a skilled nursing facility (SNF) (p Conclusion In this elderly cohort, race did not predict standard markers of burn outcome (mortality and discharge to SNF). Socioeconomic status independently predicted LOS and discharge to SNF, suggesting a relationship between socioeconomic status and recovery from a burn injury. Better understanding of racial and socioeconomic disparities is necessary to provide equitable treatment of all patients.
Tau Oligomer Induced HMGB1 Release Contributes to Cellular Senescence and Neuropathology Linked to Alzheimer's Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia

Aging, pathological tau oligomers (TauO) and chronic inflammation in the brain play a central role in tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, the underlying mechanism of TauO-induced aging-related neuroinflammation remains unclear. We here show that TauO-associated astrocytes display a senescence-like phenotype in the brains of AD and FTD patients. TauO exposure triggers astrocyte senescence through HMGB1 release and inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which mediate paracrine senescence in adjacent cells. HMGB1 release inhibition using ethyl pyruvate (EP) and glycyrrhizic acid (GA) prevented TauO-induced senescence through inhibition of p38-MAPK and NF-κB– the essential signaling pathways for SASP development. Despite the developed tauopathy in 12-month-old hTau mice, EP+GA treatment significantly decreased TauO and senescent cell loads in the brain, reduced neuroinflammation, and thus ameliorated cognitive functions. Collectively, TauO-induced HMGB1 release promotes cellular senescence and neuropathology, which could represent an important common pathomechanism in tauopathies including AD and FTD.
Removal of spurious data in Bragg coherent diffraction imaging: an algorithm for automated data preprocessing

Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (BCDI) provides a powerful tool for obtaining high-resolution structural information from nanocrystalline materials. Here a BCDI sample consisting of a large number of randomly oriented nanoscale crystals is considered. Ideally, only one crystal is oriented to produce a Bragg peak on the detector. However, diffraction from other crystals often produces additional signals on the detector. Before the measured diffraction patterns can be processed into structural images, scientists routinely need to manually identify and remove the `alien' intensities from sources other than the intended crystal. With the development of modern high-coherence storage rings, such as the upgraded Advanced Photon Source (APS), the already slow process of manual preprocessing will be untenable for the large volumes of data that will be produced. An automated method of identifying and deleting alien intensities is proposed. This method exploits the fact that BCDI of a perfect crystal produces diffraction data with inversion symmetry around the Bragg peak. This approach uses the machine learning clustering method DBSCAN to distinguish between diffraction from multiple sources, and then calculates cluster size and inversion symmetry to assess whether clusters of intensity belong to desired data or alien signals. This approach can dramatically reduce the amount of time spent manually processing data, allowing BCDI data processing capabilities to keep pace with the technological advances of fourth-generation synchrotron light sources.
Association between COVID-19 mortality and population level health and socioeconomic indicators

Abstract With the availability of multiple COVID-19 vaccines and the predicted shortages in supply for the near future, it is necessary to allocate vaccines in a manner that minimizes severe outcomes. To date, vaccination strategies in the US have focused on individual characteristics such as age and occupation. In this study, we assess the utility of population-level health and socioeconomic indicators as additional criteria for geographical allocation of vaccines. Using spatial autoregressive models, we demonstrate that 43% of the variability in COVID-19 mortality in US counties can be explained by health/socioeconomic factors, adjusting for case rates. Of the indicators considered, prevalence of chronic kidney disease and proportion of population living in nursing homes were found to have the strongest association. In the context of vaccine rollout globally, our findings indicate that national and subnational estimates of burden of disease could be useful for minimizing COVID-19 mortality.