cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence Base Update for Psychosocial Treatments for Disruptive Behaviors in Children

This article reviews the state of the science on psychosocial treatments for disruptive behaviors in children, as an update to Eyberg, Nelson, and Boggs (2008). We followed procedures for literature searching, study inclusion, and treatment classification as laid out in Southam-Gerow and Prinstein (2014), focusing on treatments for children 12 years of age and younger. Two treatments (group parent behavior therapy, and individual parent behavior therapy with child participation) had sufficient empirical support to be classified as well-established treatments. Thirteen other treatments were classified as probably efficacious. Substantial variability in effectiveness of different programs within the same treatment family has been previously documented; thus, a particular level of evidence might not hold true for every individual program in a treatment family. Systematic investigations of implementation, dissemination, and uptake are needed to ensure that children and families have access to effective treatments. Investigations into how to blend the strengths of the effective approaches into even more effective treatment might also lead to greater impact.
Problematic Drinking Mediates the Association Between Urgency and Intimate Partner Aggression During Acute Intoxication.

Background This study tested a moderated-mediational model whereby dimensions of impulsivity (i.e., negative urgency, positive urgency, sensation seeking, lack of premeditation, and lack of perseverance) differentially predict perpetration of physical intimate partner aggression through problematic drinking in intoxicated and non-intoxicated heavy drinkers. Methods Participants were 249 heavy drinkers (148 men and 101 women) with a recent history of psychological and/or physical intimate partner aggression perpetration toward their current partner recruited from two metropolitan U.S. cities. Participants completed questionnaires that assessed impulsivity and problematic drinking, consumed an alcohol or no-alcohol control beverage, and completed a shock-based aggression task in which they were ostensibly provoked by their intimate partner Results Results indicated an indirect effect of urgency on intimate partner aggression through problematic drinking that was significantly more positive in intoxicated individuals Conclusions These findings implicate a tendency to act rashly in response to emotions as the specific dimension of impulsivity associated with problematic drinking, which in turn exacerbates risk for intimate partner aggression perpetration. Results also suggest acute effects of alcohol are key in facilitating this mechanism. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
“Compromises that we make”: Whiteness in the dual language context

ABSTRACTThis case study of a two-way dual language school explores the role of whiteness in a bilingual space, specifically with regards to parent involvement. I ask how whiteness operates in this setting and how the school’s response to parent involvement reflects and/or challenges white supremacy. Using the concept of interest convergence and additional concepts from whiteness studies, I argue that the focal school offers a unique example of administrators explicitly working against the domination of white parents by asserting the legitimacy of Mexican-American parents’ cultural capital. However, structural factors, specifically lack of funding, created a context for white parents’ continued influence. Additionally, I examine the variety of ways in which white parents explained their involvement, arguing that notions of “compromise” and “sacrifice” undermined their—and administrators—social justice orientations.
Connections and Collaborations of Local Water Management Organizations of Utah

Fragmented water governance arrangements complicate sustainable water management in the western U.S. where local water management organizations (LWMOs), including municipalities and irrigation grou...
Female Coordination of Group Travel in Wild Propithecus and Eulemur

Coordination of primate group movements by individual group members is generally categorized as leadership behavior, which entails several steps: deciding where to move next, initiating travel, and leading a group between food, water sources, and rest sites. Presumably, leaders are able to influence their daily foraging efficiency and nutritional intake, which could influence an individual's feeding ecology and long-term reproductive success. Within anthropoid species, females lead group movements in most female-bonded groups, while males lead groups in most nonfemale-bonded groups. Group leadership has not been described for social prosimians, which are typically not female-bonded. We describe group movements in two nonfemale-bonded, lemurid species living in southeastern Madagascar, Propithecus diadema edwardsi and Eulemur fulvus rufus. Although several social lemurids exhibit female dominance, Eulemur fulvus rufus does not, and evidence for female dominance is equivocal in Propithecus diadema edwardsi. Given the ecological stresses that females face during reproduction, we predict that females in these two species will implement alternative behavioral strategies such as group leadership in conjunction with, or in the absence of, dominance interactions to improve access to food. We found that females in both species initiated and led group movements significantly more often than males did. In groups with multiple females, one female was primarily responsible for initiating and leading group movements. We conclude that female nutritional needs may determine ranging behavior to a large extent in these prosimian species, at least during months of gestation and lactation.
Social Policy and Community Psychology

Policy applications are a natural, albeit underexplored, extension of community psychology, as illustrated by these opening quotes. This is the guiding premise of this chapter. Preceding chapters have examined the traditions, theories, methods, and empirical repertoire of community psychology. Here, we examine policy as an arena in which community psychology applies its expertise to the goal of social change
Some problems about affectivity

Neu's work is splendid. In addition to offering wonderfully illuminating characterizations of various emotions, it helps show that these individual characterizations, rather than an overall characterization of emotions or affectivity, have always been Neu's main concern. Nonetheless he is concerned with specific instances of, and often the general nature of, affectivity: what differentiates mere thoughts, desires, and values from emotions where the complex is affectively charged. I argue that his accounts of affectivity do not succeed — in that they can be satisfied by what is affectless.
Assessment of Bone Structure by Quantitative Computed Tomography

The assessment of bone status by bone densitometry techniques currently represents the most sensitive approach for predicting risk of fracture and for monitoring the progress of disease (e.g. osteoporosis) or the response to treatment. Limited success in predicting fracture risk in the individual patient as well as results obtained from in-vitro studies suggest that in addition to the average bone mineral density (BMD) bone structure should be assessed.
Obesity and the acute respiratory distress syndrome

Abstract Although we remain at a relatively early stage in our understanding of obesity’s effects on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), mounting data suggest that a complex and as of yet incompletely understood interaction exists. Clinical studies examining the effects of obesity suggest that a rising body mass index (BMI) is associated with an increased risk for the development of ARDS and other organ failures, as might be predicted from the baseline systemic proinflammatory state that accompanies obesity. Interestingly, however, substantial evidence also indicates that subsequent mortality from ARDS and from critical illness, in general, is in fact lower in obese patients. Although some controversy has accompanied these latter findings, additional studies carefully adjusting for potentially confounding diagnostic artifacts and process of care effects have confirmed this association. The expanding clinical and animal model data available suggest that, although the obesity-associated increase in risk for the development of ARDS may reflect inflammatory and biomechanical “priming” of the lung for this disease, the witnessed obesity-associated survival advantage may in part be driven by an attenuation of the inflammatory milieu in such patients with established ARDS.
Inflation Adjustments Affecting Individual Taxpayers in 2004: Analysis and Commentary

Without inflation adjustments to key portions of the tax system, individuals would be faced with an erosion of their purchasing power. Beginning in 1985, Congress implemented an indexation procedure to adjust various income tax components, including the tax rate schedules, standard deduction, and personal and dependency exemptions. Although suspended by the Tax Reform Act of 1986, indexation resumed in 1989 and now applies to many items in the tax system. In this article, Young discusses 2004 inflation adjustments to specific portions of the individual tax system that are tied to a consumer price index year ending in August. Items adjusted by this indexation procedure include the tax rate schedules, standard deductions, exemptions (and related phaseout), the overall limit on itemized deductions, and certain computational elements related to the unearned income of minor children, child credit, earned income tax credit, adoption expenses, educational savings bonds, education credits, education loan interest, qualified transportation fringe benefits, medical savings accounts, long-term care insurance premiums, and the section 179 expense election.
Thursday Night Football’s impact on all-cause injuries in NFL players during 2012 – 2017

Objectives: This study sought to determine whether shortened recovery periods between regularly scheduled Sunday NFL games and Thursday Night Football games significantly increased the incidence of injury in NFL players. Methods: NFL injury reports and injury reserve data were collected for every NFL player, on all 32 NFL teams, for each week during the regular season, for the 2012-2013, 2013-2014, 2014-2015, 2015-2016, and 2016-2017 NFL seasons. Injuries were defined as any reported injury, not previously documented in an injury report prior to said injury. Calculated injury rates per 1000 athletic exposures for Sunday and Monday night games versus Thursday night games was used to generate relative risk of injury using 95% confidence intervals. Results: The all-cause injury rate during NFL Sunday and Monday Night Football games was found to be 7,598 per 1000 athletic exposures, while the all-cause injury rate during Thursday Night Football games was found to be 6,072 per 1,000 athletic exposures. The relative risk of injury during Thursday Night Football games was calculated to be 0.97 compared to Sunday and Monday night games. Therefore, the rate of injury during Thursday Night Football games was significantly less than the rate of injury during Sunday and Monday night games, despite the lack of additional recovery time. Conclusion: This study suggests that eliminating Thursday Night Football is unlikely to improve the statistical injury rate among NFL players.
The Human Side of Change: Towards a Pragmatic, Evolutionary Conception of Cognition and Emotion in Organizational Change.

THE HUMAN SIDE OF CHANGE: TOWARDS A PRAGMATIC, EVOLUTIONARY CONCEPTION OF COGNITION AND EMOTION IN ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE By Jason Wayne Smith, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2009 Major Director: Kurt Stemhagen, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Foundations in Education This dissertation synthesizes and analyzes an emblematic sample of three prevalent psychological approaches to organizational change and learning, giving particular attention to the conception of cognition and emotion. It also explores some of the philosophical and psychological assumptions undergirding these approaches. A web model depicting various epistemological influences is offered as a tool for exploring influences on the psychological research within and beyond this study. A second conceptual model is also offered as a tool for considering the hierarchical treatment and preferential placement of cognition over emotion theory and practice. The project draws on general philosophy,
The Impact of Rhode Island's Multipayer Patient-centered Medical Home Program on Utilization and Cost of Care.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the effect of patient-centered medical home (PCMH) participation on cost and utilization of care for patients in Rhode Island's statewide, multipayer PCMH program, which serves over one-third of the state population. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING 2009-2014 claims data from all payers in Rhode Island, representing >743,000 unique patients. STUDY DESIGN A propensity score-matched difference-in-differences framework was used to separately estimate the effect of the PCMH on 3 patient cohorts, which were defined by their intervention start dates and amounts of implementation time. Outcomes included patient costs (total, inpatient, outpatient, professional, pharmacy) and utilization [emergency department (ED) visits, preventable ED visits, inpatient admissions, preventable inpatient admissions, all-cause 30-day readmissions]. Interaction effects were estimated to assess heterogeneity among clinical risk groups and payers. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS There was no evidence of a PCMH effect on total costs, though we observed evidence of an increase in the odds of PCMH patients having outpatient and professional costs, and in one cohort, a decrease in inpatient costs for those with an inpatient visit. We also observed evidence of reduced ED visits, preventable ED visits, and inpatient admissions for PCMH patients. While subgroup effects varied by cohort and measure, high-risk patients often experienced the largest reductions in ED visits. CONCLUSIONS All PCMH cohorts experienced statistically significant reductions in some types of utilization in as little as 1.25 years. Reductions were greatest for measures included in the PCMH contractual agreement. While PCMH programs may not expect cost savings in the short-term, costs could potentially be reduced in the longer-term through avoided ED and inpatient expenses.
Only the strongest hive will survive

Could you survive a year in the life of a queen bee? A new tabletop board game challenges players to do just that, providing a surprisingly educational experience along the way. Bee Lives:We Will Only Know Summer was designed by beekeeper and librarian Matthew Shoemaker and pointedly avoids cartoonish depictions of the beloved pollinators. Its earnest attempt to portray realistic hive dynamics will delight players as they attempt to weather the challenges faced by bee colonies season after season.
The Current State of Nuclear Medicine and Nuclear Radiology: Workforce Trends, Training Pathways, and Training Program Websites

Background Nuclear medicine (NM) is a multidisciplinary field. Its overlap with nuclear radiology (NR) creates unique training considerations, opportunities, and challenges. Various factors impact the workforce, training needs, and training pathways. This state of flux may be perplexing to prospective NM/NR trainees. Purpose To evaluate the state of NM/NR training by assessing the (1) workforce trends and job prospects for NM/NR trainees, (2) NM and NR training pathways, and (3) applicant-accessible online presence of training programs. Methods Workforce trends were analyzed using data collected from the 2017 American College of Radiology Commission on Human Resources Workforce Survey. Information regarding the training pathways leading to board certification(s) for NM and NR physicians were obtained through the American Board of Nuclear Medicine, the American Board of Radiology (ABR), and the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging. Each Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited NM residency or NR fellowship training program's website was reviewed for 20 content items to assess its comprehensiveness for those seeking information regarding eligibility, applications, training curriculum, and program characteristics. Results Number of hires for NM/NR physicians has exceeded the projected number of hires from 2014 to 2017. In the last decade, there has been a greater than 25% decrease in the combined number of traditional NM residencies and NR fellowships (79–58 programs) and a greater than 50% decrease in the combined number of NM and NR trainees (173–82 trainees). In 2017, the ABR redesigned its 16-month pathway leading to specialty certification in diagnostic radiology and subspecialty certification in NR. As of March 24, 2019, there are 36 diagnostic radiology or IR residency programs with 64 trainees participating in this redesigned NR pathway. Of the 93.1% (54/58) of traditional Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited NM and NR training programs having websites in the 2017–2018 academic year, the mean number of online criteria met per program was 7.74 ± 3.2 of 20 (38.7%). Conclusion Recruitment into the traditional NM/NR training pathways has been steadily declining, but there has been a renewed interest with the redesigned ABR 16-month pathway. There is a paucity of online information available to prospective NM/NR applicants. In this rapidly evolving and unique field, it is important to streamline NM/NR training and bolster the information accessible to potential NM/NR applicants as they weigh career options.
Selective Effects of Thioridazine on Self-Renewal of Basal-Like Breast Cancer Cells.

Several recent publications demonstrated that DRD2-targeting antipsychotics such as thioridazine induce proliferation arrest and apoptosis in diverse cancer cell types including those derived from brain, lung, colon, and breast. While most studies show that 10–20 µM thioridazine leads to reduced proliferation or increased apoptosis, here we show that lower doses of thioridazine (1–2 µM) target the self-renewal of basal-like breast cancer cells, but not breast cancer cells of other subtypes. We also show that all breast cancer cell lines tested express DRD2 mRNA and protein, regardless of thioridazine sensitivity. Further, DRD2 stimulation with quinpirole, a DRD2 agonist, promotes self-renewal, even in cell lines in which thioridazine does not inhibit self-renewal. This suggests that DRD2 is capable of promoting self-renewal in these cell lines, but that it is not active. Further, we show that dopamine can be detected in human and mouse breast tumor samples. This observation suggests that dopamine receptors may be activated in breast cancers, and is the first time to our knowledge that dopamine has been directly detected in human breast tumors, which could inform future investigation into DRD2 as a therapeutic target for breast cancer.
Contrast sensitivity visual acuity in REM sleep behavior disorder: a comparison with and without Parkinson disease.

Study Objectives:REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by dream enactment behavior and is a premotoric sign associated with parkinsonism and dementia. We previously found contrast sens...
The Influence of Language Context on Repetitive Speech Use in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Purpose Although repetitive speech is a hallmark characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the contributing factors that influence repetitive speech use remain unknown. The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine if the language context impacts the amount and type of repetitive speech produced by children with ASD. Method As part of a broader word-learning study, 11 school-age children with ASD participated in two different language contexts: storytelling and play. Previously collected language samples were transcribed and coded for four types of repetitive speech: immediate echolalia, delayed echolalia, verbal stereotypy, and vocal stereotypy. The rates and proportions of repetitive speech were compared across the two language contexts using Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests. Individual characteristics were further explored using Spearman correlations. Results The children produced lower rates of repetitive speech during the storytelling context than the play-based context. Only immediate echolalia differed between the two contexts based on rate and approached significance based on proportion, with more immediate echolalia produced in the play-based context than in the storytelling context. There were no significant correlations between repetitive speech and measures of social responsiveness, expressive or receptive vocabulary, or nonverbal intelligence. Conclusions The children with ASD produced less immediate echolalia in the storytelling context than in the play-based context. Immediate echolalia use was not related to social skills, vocabulary, or nonverbal IQ scores. These findings offer valuable insights into better understanding repetitive speech use in children with ASD.
Suppression of Tumor Growth, Metastasis, and Signaling Pathways by Reducing FOXM1 Activity in Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Metastasis-related complications account for the overwhelming majority of breast cancer mortalities. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), the most aggressive breast cancer subtype, has a high propensity to metastasize to distant organs, leading to poor patient survival. The forkhead transcription factor, FOXM1, is especially upregulated and overexpressed in TNBC and is known to regulate multiple signaling pathways that control many key cancer properties, including proliferation, invasiveness, stem cell renewal, and therapy resistance, making FOXM1 a critical therapeutic target for TNBC. In this study, we test the effectiveness of a novel class of 1,1-diarylethylene FOXM1 inhibitory compounds in suppressing TNBC cell migration, invasion, and metastasis using in vitro cell culture and in vivo tumor models. We show that these compounds inhibit the motility and invasiveness of TNBC MDA-MB-231 and DT28 cells, along with reducing the expression of important epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) associated genes. Further, orthotopic tumor studies in NOD-SCID-gamma (NSG) mice demonstrate that these compounds reduce FOXM1 expression and suppress TNBC tumor growth as well as distant metastasis. Gene expression and protein analyses confirm the decreased levels of EMT factors and FOXM1-regulated target genes in tumors and metastatic lesions in the inhibitor-treated animals. The findings suggest that these FOXM1 suppressive compounds may have therapeutic potential in treating triple negative breast cancer, with the aim of reducing tumor progression and metastatic outgrowth.
Corporate Purpose Needs Democracy

The British Academy proposes that some of the manifest failures of shareholder capitalism can be addressed by requiring corporations to declare a purpose – a profitable solution to the problems of people and planet that does not cause additional problems – and creating a set of supporting mechanisms to ensure the pursuit of purpose. Shareholder capitalism has a lot to answer for, arguably including the opioid and obesity epidemics, the hazards to people and democracy posed by profit‐driven tech firms, and catastrophic climate change. Moreover, the forces that orient public corporations toward share price are powerful and pervasive, while public corporations are disappearing in the USA and the UK under the weight of outside pressures. If we want the corporations that remain to behave themselves, the surest path is more democracy: greater worker control from below, and more effective state regulation from above.
The Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor

Secretory Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) antibodies represent the first line of antigen-specific immune defence protecting the mucosal surfaces against environmental pathogens and antigens and maintaining homoeostasis with the commensal microbiota. The polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) plays the dual role of transporting locally produced dimeric IgA across mucosal epithelia and serving as the precursor of the secretory component moiety of SIgA. The complex regulation of pIgR expression and transcytosis by host and microbial factors is finely tuned to optimise the role of SIgA in mucosal immunity. Recent discoveries highlight the dynamic cross-talk between pIgR, SIgA and the commensal microbiota that populate our mucosal surfaces. Dysregulation of pIgR expression and/or function can result in profound consequences for the pathogenesis of infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Future research into the function and regulation of pIgR and SIgA may offer new insights into the prevention and treatment of diseases that originate at mucosal surfaces. Key Concepts: Secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies represent the first line of antigen-specific immune defence at mucosal surfaces. The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) transports dimeric IgA across mucosal epithelial cells and serves as the precursor for the secretory component of SIgA. Transcription of the PIGR gene in mucosal epithelial cells is regulated by signalling pathways initiated by host cytokines and microbial factors, involving the cytoplasmic adapter protein, myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88). SIgA mediates immune protection by immune exclusion, intracellular neutralisation of antigens and pathogens and excretion of IgA-containing immune complexes by pIgR-mediated epithelial transcytosis. Cross-talk between pIgR, SIgA and commensal bacteria regulates the composition of the gut microbiota and promotes intestinal homoeostasis. Dysregulated expression or function of pIgR can contribute to the pathology of infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Keywords: polymeric immunoglobulin receptor; secretory IgA; mucosal immunity; epithelial transcytosis; microbiota; cytokines; Toll-like receptors; NF-κB; infectious diseases; inflammatory bowel disease; cancer
Low-Dose Total Skin Electron Beam Therapy as Part of a Multimodality Regimen for Treatment of Sézary Syndrome: Clinical, Immunologic, and Molecular Analysis.

Importance Sezary syndrome (SS) is an advanced form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with few long-term remissions observed. Objective To profile 3 patients with SS who have experienced long-term remission following the addition of low-dose total skin electron beam therapy (TSEBT) to systemic regimens of extracorporeal photopheresis, bexarotene, and interferon-γ. Design, setting, and participants This is a retrospective case series with additional investigations of patient-donated samples to assess therapeutic response. The study was conducted at the University of Pennsylvania Cutaneous Lymphoma Clinic and follows 3 patients with stage IVA1 CD4+ SS who presented to the clinic between November 1, 2009, and November 1, 2017, and who had a history of SS that was refractory to multimodality systemic therapy prior to receiving low-dose TSEBT. Interventions Patients were treated in a multimodality fashion with combined extracorporeal photopheresis, bexarotene, interferon-γ, and low-dose TSEBT. Main outcomes and measures To characterize treatment responses in these patients, the extent of skin disease was measured with the modified severity weighted assessment tool. Blood disease was measured with flow cytometric assessments of Sezary cell count, CD4:CD8 ratio, and high throughput sequencing of the T-cell receptors. To assess for restoration of immune function, we measured markers of immune exhaustion, including PD-1 (programmed cell death 1), TIGIT (T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains), CTLA4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4), TOX (thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box protein), and Foxp3 (forkhead box P3) on circulating CD4 and CD8 T cells, along with production capacity of interferon-γ by lymphocytes following activation stimuli. Results Following administration of low-dose TSEBT and maintenance of the other therapies, remissions ranged from 24 to 30 months, with complete responses in 2 patients ongoing. Markers of immune exhaustion including PD-1, TIGIT, CTLA4, TOX, and Foxp3 were significantly reduced from baseline following TSEBT, along with enhanced production capacity of interferon-γ by lymphocytes following activation stimuli. High throughput sequencing demonstrated near-complete eradication of the circulating clone among 2 of 3 patients with stable levels in 1. Conclusions and relevance We describe 3 patients who achieved long-term clinical and molecular remissions following low-dose TSEBT as part of a multimodality regimen for treatment of SS. As long-term remissions in SS are uncommon, this approach demonstrates promise, and clinical trials should be considered.
3D-printed titanium metaphyseal cones in revision total knee arthroplasty with cemented and cementless stems.

Aims Porous metaphyseal cones can be used for fixation in revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA) and complex TKAs. This metaphyseal fixation has led to some surgeons using shorter cemented stems i...
Comprehensive Analysis of Proteasomal Complexes in Mouse Brain Regions Detects ENO2 as a Potential Partner of the Proteasome in the Striatum

Defects in the activity of the proteasome or its regulators are linked to several pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases. We hypothesize that proteasome heterogeneity and its selective partners vary across brain regions and have a significant impact on proteasomal catalytic activities. Using neuronal cell cultures and brain tissues obtained from mice, we compared proteasomal activities from two distinct brain regions affected in neurodegenerative diseases, the striatum and the hippocampus. The results indicated that proteasome activities and their responses to proteasome inhibitors are determined by their subcellular localizations and their brain regions. Using an iodixanol gradient fractionation method, proteasome complexes were isolated, followed by proteomic analysis for proteasomal interaction partners. Proteomic results revealed brain region-specific non-proteasomal partners, including gamma-enolase (ENO2). ENO2 showed more association to proteasome complexes purified from the striatum than to those from the hippocampus. These results highlight a potential key role for non-proteasomal partners of proteasomes regarding the diverse activities of the proteasome complex recorded in several brain regions.
From Weed Control to Ethics

A story of an intellectual journey from study of the kinetics of herbicide degradation in soil and weed management in agronomic crops to moral philosophy. The journey inevitably led to critical study of the basic principles and concepts of weed science. My education did not include classes or discussion of philosophy. During my professional life discussion of views or theories of moral philosophy were absent. This educational deficiency affected my career’s goals, intellectual direction, and continues to influence weed science.
Thick trust, thin trust, social capital, and health outcomes among trans women of color in New York City

Introduction: Many trans women of color communities experience high HIV seroprevalence, extreme poverty, high rates of victimization and substance use, and poor mental health. Greater knowledge of ...
Preleukemic syndromes

Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) is preceded by a hematologic illness representing the “preclinical” stages of the disease in many patients. This “preclinical stage” or preleukemic stage is difficult to recognize by conventional hematologic morphologic techniques. A prospective study was carried out to determine whether cytogenetic studies would be helpful in the recognition of preleukemic states and whether the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities would have prognostic significance. A study of 284 patients with suspected preleukemia has yielded 62 patients with progression to overt ANLL. Cytogenetic abnormalities were found in 30% of suspected preleukemic patients, whereas 53% of the patients progressing to acute leukemia had cytogenetic abnormalities. These studies show that the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities aid in the recognition of preleukemia but are not specific for early leukemia. Patients with cytogenetic abnormalities are more likely to develop overt ANLL.
Investigating the outer scale of turbulence with time domain processing of anemometer data

Sonic anemometers are used to study the outer scale in near ground level turbulence. Turbulence is expected to obey a Kolmogorov power spectrum within some inertial range, where the temperature or index of refraction fluctuations decrease as the inverse 11/3rds power of the spatial wavenumber. Below this inertial range (that is for sufficiently small spatial wavenumbers, or equivalently sufficiently large scale sizes) the form of the power spectrum isn’t predicted by theory, but it is expected to roll off. A levelling off of the power spectrum at low spatial frequencies corresponds to a levelling off of the structure function at large spatial separations, and this is the signal sought in the data. Near the ground there is some evidence the outer scale size may be as small as the height above ground. Sonic anemometer data was collected in the summer of 2019 in conjunction with optical turbulence experiments. These experiments showed good agreement between different ways of monitoring turbulence. In these experiments, the sonic anemometers were mostly mounted 2.64 meters above the ground. In this work, the anemometer data is being revisited to study the outer scale. Outer scale effects are quite subtle with optical techniques, which are arranged to be most sensitive to variations in index of refraction within the inertial range precisely in order to avoid inner and outer scale effects. Sonic anemometry usually achieves this by including only nearest neighbor measurements in turbulence estimation, but here we examine the variance of temperature differences across a wide range of baselines in order to study the structure function itself.
Law and Information – Incompatible Brothers?

My academic mentor and a most inspired developer of the law, Peter Jaggi, used to mention what may be called "The Tope’s Precept": "Standing in the middle, looking all around, going into depth”, suggesting that this is also what we have to do in legal research. I think that what the “tope” is telling us by its diving into depth is that everything has a dimension underneath the surface. And so does law. Our job as jurists is not only to watch and note the law which is around us, but to see where it comes from. And this is the creative – or I may even say: the aggressive – part of our activity, because it calls for indicating what good law is. Good law, thus, is not only warranted by a political majority, but by itself. Good law is consistent, and has its base in common values and settled traditions. The legal profession owes to society the creative and critical linkage between this base, on one hand, and the actual law, existing or to come, on the other.
The Evolution of Social Media and the Impact on Modern Therapeutic Relationships

Combining the most popular social networking sites (SNS), Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Linkedin, and Pinterest, the number of social networking users has exceeded two billion ( Jain, 2013). The av...
Community Science, Storytelling, or Inquiry-Based Learning? Evaluating Three Technology-Enhanced Pedagogical Approaches in an Online Botany Course

This study explored how the use of three different pedagogical frameworks (community science, storytelling, and inquiry-based learning) influenced learners' awareness and appreciation of flagellate plants in an undergraduate online botany course. Students' opinions, attitudes, and perceptions toward science were explored using the Classroom Undergraduate Research Experience survey. Qualitative and quantitative results indicated that although most students appreciated all three activities, the storytelling activity produced the most positive perceptions of learning. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that gender and attitudes toward science influenced student perceptions of the activities. Positive science attitudes predicted positive perceptions of the activities, and female students were more likely to report positive perceptions. These results suggest that as a pedagogical framework for organizing learning activities, storytelling holds potential for promoting positive attitudes toward science and science learning, particularly with female learners.
Further Analysis of Advanced Quantitative Methods and Supplemental Interpretative Aids with Single-Case Experimental Designs

Reliable and accurate visual analysis of graphically depicted behavioral data acquired using single-case experimental designs (SCEDs) is integral to behavior-analytic research and practice. Researchers have developed a range of techniques to increase reliable and objective visual inspection of SCED data including visual interpretive guides, statistical techniques, and nonstatistical quantitative methods to objectify the visual-analytic interpretation of data to guide clinicians, and ensure a replicable data interpretation process in research. These structured data analytic practices are now more frequently used by behavior analysts and the subject of considerable research within the field of quantitative methods and behavior analysis. First, there are contemporaneous analytic methods that have preliminary support with simulated datasets, but have not been thoroughly examined with nonsimulated clinical datasets. There are a number of relatively new techniques that have preliminary support (e.g., fail-safe k), but require additional research. Other analytic methods (e.g., dual-criteria and conservative dual criteria) have more extensive support, but have infrequently been compared against other analytic methods. Across three studies, we examine how these methods corresponded to clinical outcomes (and one another) for the purpose of replicating and extending extant literature in this area. Implications and recommendations for practitioners and researchers are discussed.
Forward: Security Detention

The Experts Meeting on Security Detention Report and the articles contained in this volume indicate that international standards need to be clarified, adopted, and implemented to ensure that detainees are afforded prompt legal process and a meaningful opportunity to challenge the facts giving rise to their detention before a neutral arbiter. Moreover, extended security detention should be considered legitimate only where there is evidence that the detainee himself poses a serious security threat, an issue that must be subject to periodic review; and the longer the detention the higher must be the evidentiary burden of the State.
Arteriovenous Blood Metabolomics: A Readout of Intra-Tissue Metabostasis

The human circulatory system consists of arterial blood that delivers nutrients to tissues, and venous blood that removes the metabolic by-products. Although it is well established that arterial blood generally has higher concentrations of glucose and oxygen relative to venous blood, a comprehensive biochemical characterization of arteriovenous differences has not yet been reported. Here we apply cutting-edge, mass spectrometry-based metabolomic technologies to provide a global characterization of metabolites that vary in concentration between the arterial and venous blood of human patients. Global profiling of paired arterial and venous plasma from 20 healthy individuals, followed up by targeted analysis made it possible to measure subtle (<2 fold), yet highly statistically significant and physiologically important differences in water soluble human plasma metabolome. While we detected changes in lactic acid, alanine, glutamine, and glutamate as expected from skeletal muscle activity, a number of unanticipated metabolites were also determined to be significantly altered including Krebs cycle intermediates, amino acids that have not been previously implicated in transport, and a few oxidized fatty acids. This study provides the most comprehensive assessment of metabolic changes in the blood during circulation to date and suggests that such profiling approach may offer new insights into organ homeostasis and organ specific pathology.
Binding of pancreatic carboxylester lipase to mixed lipid films : implications for surface organization

The hydrolysis of ester substrates in mixed monolayers with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine by pancreatic carboxylester lipase (CEL) shows an abrupt increase from less than 10 to 100% when substrate abundance exceeds a critical value (Tsujita, T., Muderhwa, J.M., and Brockman, H.L. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 8612-8618). Adsorption of native CEL to these mixed lipid films under the same conditions shows a monotonic increase with substrate abundance to a maximum of approximately 4 pmol/cm2. In the range of low substrate hydrolysis, bound enzyme reaches 0.6 pmol/cm2 or about one-sixth of an enzyme monolayer. Given the high turnover number of the enzyme, absence of bound catalyst cannot explain the lack of substrate hydrolysis. Similarities of the adsorption data obtained with different substrates suggest a common, area-based mechanism with an excluded area for the phospholipid. Quantitative analysis confirms this and gives an excluded area of 43.5 +/- 1.0 A2/molecule. Comparable studies with the hydrolysis product, oleic acid, replacing each substrate show markedly different results. Up to oleic acid mol fractions of 0.5, bound CEL levels are essentially constant at 0.215 pmol/cm2. This behavior relative to substrate-containing films cannot be ascribed to differences in surface pressure, surface potential, monolayer compressibility, nonexcluded area, CEL denaturation, or oleic acid charge. Together with the ultrasensitive composition dependence of substrate hydrolysis, the data suggest that phospholipid-based organization of the surface is a primary regulator of enzyme binding and catalysis.
Genetic algorithm portfolios

Comparative studies of sets of control parameter values are commonly performed when tuning an evolutionary algorithm for a class of problem instances. The standard approach is to identify the most useful set of control parameter settings for a domain. In this paper, we propose an alternative anytime algorithm portfolio technique in which computational resources are allocated among multiple sets of control parameter value settings. We show a method of optimizing such portfolios by applying a bootstrap sampling approach to a database of individual algorithm performance on instances from a problem distribution. Experiments with genetic algorithms applied to the traveling salesperson domain show that the portfolio approach can yield better performance on a distribution of problem instances than the standard approach of trying to identify the single best configuration for the problem class.
The Fas/Fas ligand pathway is important for optimal tumor regression in a mouse model of CTL adoptive immunotherapy of experimental CMS4 lung metastases.

The mechanisms of CTL-mediated tumor regression in vivo remain to be fully understood. If CTL do mediate tumor regression in vivo by direct cytotoxicity, this may occur via two major effector mechanisms involving the secretion of perforin/granzymes and/or engagement of Fas by Fas ligand (FasL) expressed by the activated CTL. Although the perforin pathway has been considered the dominant player, it is unclear whether Fas-mediated cytotoxicity is additionally required for optimal tumor rejection. Previously, we produced H-2L d -restricted CTL reactive against the CMS4 sarcoma, which expresses a naturally occurring rejection Ag recognized by these CTL and harbors a cytokine (IFN-γ plus TNF)-inducible, Fas-responsive phenotype. The adoptive transfer of these CTL to syngeneic BALB/c mice with minimal (day 3 established) or extensive (day 10 established) experimental pulmonary metastases resulted in strong antitumor responses. Here we investigated whether a FasL-dependent CTL effector mechanism was important for optimal tumor regression in this adoptive immunotherapy model. The approach taken was to compare the therapeutic efficacy of wild-type to FasL-deficient ( gld ) CTL clones by adoptive transfer. In comparison with wild-type CTL, gld -CTL efficiently mediated tumor cytolysis and produced comparable amounts of IFN-γ, after tumor-specific stimulation, as in vitro assessments of Ag recognition. Moreover, gld -CTL mediated comparably potent antitumor effects in a minimal disease setting, but were significantly less effective under conditions of an extensive tumor burden. Overall, under conditions of extensive lung metastases, these data revealed for the first time an important role for a FasL-dependent CTL effector mechanism in optimal tumor regression.
Effect of an External Electric Field on Electronic Excitation Energy Transfer in Molecular Crystals

Abstract While several mechanisms can be imagined by which an external electric field can affect electronic excitation energy transfer in crystals, the simplest possibility involves changing the energy level spacings of neighboring molecules. Energy transfer from one molecule to another is affected by an energy mismatch or loss of resonance. In a band model, presumably valid at low temperatures, this loss of resonance decreases the exciton bandwidth and reduces the exciton group velocity. When the bandwidth is comparable to the inhomogeneous broadening, an abrupt decrease in the rate of energy transfer can be expected, reflecting the phenomenon of Anderson localization. At higher temperatures, the energy mismatch can be accommodated by phonon emission and absorption processes. The dependence of the energy transfer rate constant on electric field and temperature for the case of coherent energy transfer and for the limit of incoherent energy transfer is predicted for a simple model system.
Purification and characterization of bile salt hydrolase from Clostridium perfringens.

Bile salt hydrolase (cholylglycine hydrolase, EC 3.5.1.24) has been purified to homogeneity (792-fold) from Clostridium perfringens using high performance DEAE-chromatography. The purified enzyme showed a single detectable protein band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with a relative molecular weight ca. 56,000. The intact enzyme had a relative molecular weight (Mr) of ca. 250,000 as determined by nondenaturing PAGE. The NH2-terminal sequence of bile salt hydrolase was determined to be Met-(Ser/Cys)-Arg-Thr-Lys-Leu-Val-Ileu-Thr-Ileu-Gly-Ala-Ser. The purified enzyme was active towards both glycine and taurine conjugates of cholate. The apparent Km and Vmax of the enzyme for glycocholate was estimated to be 0.5 mM and 107 nmol/min.mg protein, respectively. The pH optimum was in the range of 5.8 to 6.4. The enzyme was inhibited 85%, 81%, and 83% by 2 mM iodoacetate, p-chloromercuribenzoate, and phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride, respectively. Rabbit polyclonal antibody was prepared and used to demonstrate a single form of the enzyme in crude cell extracts.
PERISHABLE RITUAL ARTIFACTS AT THE WEST RUIN OF AZTEC, NEW MEXICO: EVIDENCE FOR A CHACOAN MIGRATION

Recent research with the perishable collections from Chaco Canyon and the West Ruin of Aztec has identified a wide range of wood, basketry, and fiber artifacts that probably served as ritual paraphernalia within these communities. In this article, I describe some of these perishable artifacts, their spatial patterning, and their close association with probable ritual storerooms. Employing the concept of technological style, I use similarities in artifact styles and the low-visibility attributes of artifact manufacture to argue for a migration of religious specialists and the transfer of ritual knowledge from Chaco to Aztec during the early twelfth century.