cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitride-based semiconductors for blue and green light-emitting devices

Recent advances in fabrication technologies for the semiconducting nitrides of the group III elements have led to commercially available, high-efficiency solid-state devices that emit green and blue light. Light-emitting diodes based on these materials should find applications in flat-panel displays, and blue and ultraviolet laser diodes promise high-density optical data storage and high-resolution printing.
Antinociceptive studies of the optical isomers of N-allylnormetazocine (SKF 10,047)☆

In the mouse tail-flick test, neither the racemate of N-allylnormetazocine (NANM) nor its optical isomers showed antinociceptive activity. However, all three antagonized morphine's tail-flick effects. In the phenylquinone test in mice, the racemate and (-)-isomer of NANM showed agonist activity and antagonized morphine-induced antinociception. The (+)-isomer was inactive. The opioid antagonist, naloxone was effective versus morphine alone in the tail-flick and versus morphine, and (+/-)- and (-)-NANM in the phenylquinone test. Yohimbine, the alpha 2-receptor blocker, antagonized morphine in the tail-flick test. In the phenylquinone test, yohimbine was effective versus (+/-)- and (-)-NANM, but showed no activity versus morphine. The results suggest that morphine and NANM are acting at different sites. In addition, different alpha 2-adrenoceptors appear to be involved. Some implications regarding the analgesic and psychotomimetic properties of NANM are discussed.
A stereospecific intramolecular [4π+4π] cycloaddition reaction between tricarbonyliron-complexed cyclohexadiene and pendant dienes

Stereospecific intramolecular coupling of a cyclohexadiene–Fe(CO)3 complex with pendant dienes, to form cyclooctadienes, is described.
Nonexistence of well-confined surface waves on obliquely cut surfaces of one-dimensional photonic crystals

We investigate the electromagnetic properties of the obliquely cut surfaces of photonic crystals consisting of alternating layers of two materials with different refractive indices. We show analytically that the obliquely cut surface does not support the propagation of well-confined surface waves.
Interaction between a hydroxypiperidine analogue of 4-(2-benzhydryloxy-ethyl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidine and Aspartate 68 in the human dopamine transporter.

Abstract Compound (+)- R , R -D-84 is an optically active trans -hydroxy-substituted derivative of 4-(2-benzhydryloxy-ethyl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidine (D-164). As a hydroxypiperidine analog of GBR 12935, (+)- R , R -D-84 is a candidate dopamine transporter compound for the treatment of cocaine dependence. The present work addresses the functional activity of (+)- R , R -D-84 at monoamine transporters and its potential molecular mechanism involving acidic amino acids (D and E). The selectivity for the dopamine vs. serotonin transporter of (+)- R , R -D-84 was greater than that of (−)- S , S -D-83, its enantiomer, and the selectivity of both compounds was greater than that of GBR 12909 (diphenyl-fluorinated GBR 12935). Only (+)- R , R -D-84 displayed improved selectivity vs. the norepinephrine transporter. D313N or E215Q mutation did not alter the pattern of affinities (measured by membrane binding of the cocaine analog [ 3 H]CFT) for the dopamine transporter of (+)- R , R -D-84, (−)- S , S -D-83, D-164 (non-hydroxylated analog), or GBR 12909. In contrast, D68N mutation specifically lowered the affinity of (+)- R , R -D-84, pointing to a role for D68 in the interaction with (+)- R , R -D-84, possibly through hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl and the carboxyl group of D68 which is lacking in N68. The present results, combined with behavioral data, implicate D68 in the dopamine transporter in cocaine antagonist activity of (+)- R , R -D-84.
Reference services and electronic records: The impact of changing methods of communication and access

The Center for Electronic Records of the National Archives and Records Administration was established in 1988 as the custodial unit for the permanent electronic records of the U.S. federal government. The program for the long‐term preservation of electronic (or machine‐readable) records by the National Archives goes back to 1968, and the acting archivist of the United States has recently acknowledged the thirtieth anniversary of the first formal appraisal of electronic records. This article will highlight both the Center for Electronic Records' program and the various levels of access to information about the records in its custody.
Multisensor image fusion using the wavelet transform

Abstract The goal of image fusion is to integrate complementary information from multisensor data such that the new images are more suitable for the purpose of human visual perception and computer-processing tasks such as segmentation, feature extraction, and object recognition. This paper presents an image fusion scheme which is based on the wavelet transform. The wavelet transforms of the input images are appropriately combined, and the new image is obtained by taking the inverse wavelet transform of the fused wavelet coefficients. An area-based maximum selection rule and a consistency verification step are used for feature selection. The proposed scheme performs better than the Laplacian pyramid-based methods due to the compactness, directional selectivity, and orthogonality of the wavelet transform. A performance measure using specially generated test images is suggested and is used in the evaluation of different fusion methods, and in comparing the merits of different wavelet transform kernels. Extensive experimental results including the fusion of multifocus images, Landsat and Spot images, Landsat and Seasat SAR images, IR and visible images, and MRI and PET images are presented in the paper.
A systematic review and inventory of supplement effects on warfarin and other anticoagulants

Oral anticoagulation with warfarin, phenprocoumon, and acenocoumarol is frequently complicated by drug interactions that can alter the intensity of anticoagulation and lead to hemorrhagic or thromboembolic complications. Clinically significant interactions between the coumarin derivatives, primarily warfarin, and a number of dietary supplements have been described in case reports and case series and in a limited number of clinical investigations [1]. Fundamental concepts learned from legend (prescription) drug interactions apply to interactions between legend drugs and dietary supplements as well [2]. First, the absence of evidence about a particular interaction does not mean that the interaction will not occur. Second, despite negative drug interaction studies, interactions may still occur in individual patients. Third, there is no btypical responseQ to any interaction. Finally, clinicians must expect variability in patient susceptibility to interactions, in the magnitude of re-
The influence of thyroid hormone on hydrocortisone production and metabolism.

The metabolism of endogenously produced and exogenous tracer doses of labeled hydrocortisone was studied in euthyroid subjects, in spontaneous hyperthyroidism, in myxedema, and following administration of triiodothyronine. It was found that an elevated level of thyroid hormone caused pronounced alteration in the metabolism of hydrocortisone toward 11-ketonic metabolites, together with an absolute increase in the endogenous production of the adrenal hormone. In hypothyroidism the converse of these effects was found, in that the metabolism of hydrocortisone was shifted toward the production of 11-hydroxy metabolites together with a decreased formation of hydrocortisone from endogenous sources. A mechanism is suggested for these changes in the production and metabolism of hydrocortisone.
Computer simulations of the metropolis

The history of modern computer simulation of urban affairs represents the confluence of a number of trends which came to maturity in the middle of this century. Probably the oldest of these tendencies is the emphasis on planned urban development which has existed for millennia and which in the last century has demonstrated considerable vitality as a reaction to the excesses of the industrial revolution and the poverty and squalor of nineteenth-century cities. A second strand is the development of economic and sociological theory which goes a considerable distance in explaining some aspects of the organization and form of metropolitan settlement and its growth. These theories have a long history, but have matured principally during the 1920's and 1930's. Finally, as a methodological catalyst, the development of the automobile, of a Federal Bureau of Public Roads dedicated to providing facilities for it, and of the large-scale metropolitan study based on the origin-and-destination survey have together made possible the crystallization and further growth of simulation methods. These methods are thus proximately based on the engineering attitude and computer technology of the large-scale transportation study, but they are in a position to draw on a number of other important streams of intellectual development.
The need for subspecialization: Intraoperative radiation therapy

Abstract Intraoperative radiation therapy represents a technically complex branch of radiaotion oncology which is undergoing intensive study. Further results of randomized Phase III trials must be available before IORT is established as an effective modality. The majority of residency training programs do not have IORT available and the use of IORT is not required for initial certification in radiation oncology. Results could be educated in the principal concepts and the technical details IORT and should be knowledgeable in the results of clinical trials in IORT. At the present time the leading investigators in IORT should consider offering a special research year or fellowship training in an appropriate residency training facility. If Phase III trials of IORT prove positive in a number of sites it is likely that this modality will become mainstream and then training in IORT should be required of all radiation oncology residents. Certainly there is insufficient evidence for subspecialty certification in IORT at the presetn time. However, one should not construe from this statement that special training in IORT is not required for its appropriate use. On the contrary, given the potential for morbidity and yt to be proven efficacy, special training in IORt should be undertaken in centers of excellence in IORT and patients treated with IORt should be entered in clinical trials whenever possible.
Comment on Molecular Mechanics for Chemical Reactions

Department of Chemistry, UniVersity of Southern California,Los Angeles, California 90089-1062ReceiVed: September 17, 2001; In Final Form:January 28, 2002The hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) methods are considered at present the only practical wayof quantitative modeling of chemical reactions in macromol-ecules or solutions. Among QM/MM algorithms, the empiricalvalence bond (EVB) method stands out since it can beparametrized in a simple and intuitive way. The excellentperformance of the parametrized valence bond (VB) approachin providing realistic potential energy surfaces was noticedalready half a century ago, when Coulson and Danielsson
Structure and Receptor Binding of the Hemagglutinin from a Human H6N1 Influenza Virus

Summary Avian influenza viruses that cause infection and are transmissible in humans involve changes in the receptor binding site (RBS) of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) that alter receptor preference from α2-3-linked (avian-like) to α2-6-linked (human-like) sialosides. A human case of avian-origin H6N1 influenza virus was recently reported, but the molecular mechanisms contributing to it crossing the species barrier are unknown. We find that, although the H6 HA RBS contains D190V and G228S substitutions that potentially promote human receptor binding, recombinant H6 HA preferentially binds α2-3-linked sialosides, indicating no adaptation to human receptors. Crystal structures of H6 HA with avian and human receptor analogs reveal that H6 HA preferentially interacts with avian receptor analogs. This binding mechanism differs from other HA subtypes due to a unique combination of RBS residues, highlighting additional variation in HA-receptor interactions and the challenges in predicting which influenza strains and subtypes can infect humans and cause pandemics.
Three-dimensional CFD predications and experimental comparison of pressure drop of some common pipe fittings in turbulent flow

A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been constructed to simulate fluid flow in two commonly used pipe fittings: An elbow and a T-joint using the STAR-CD code. A k - e Chen model suitable for high Re numbers flows was used for that purpose. Two flow configurations were used for the T-joint. In the first, the flow enters through the middle leg of the fitting; and in the second, the flow enters from one of the ends and exits from the other two outlets. The Re number for the flow simulations was varied between 0.78× 105 and 1.56× 105 to simulate a variety of flow conditions with approximately six uniformly distributed values of Re numbers chosen between these limits. The velocity profile indicated some flow reversal regions near the inner radius and some high velocity regions near the outer radius downstream of the elbow. Pressure profiles showed significant changes from a high value on the outer radius to a low one on the inner radius. The T-joint flow case into the center leg sh...
PEROXISOMAL ENZYME DEFICIENCY IN THE CONRADI-HUNERMAN FORM OF CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA

Heymans et al (New Engl. J. Med. 313: 187, 1985) have reported deficient dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (DHAP-AT) in the autosomal recessive, rhizomelic form of chondrodysplasia punctata. We describe a partial deficiency of this peroxisomal enzyme in a female child with a dominant form of chondrodysplasia punctata (Conradi-Hunerman syndrome; chondrodysplasia calcificans congenita). Clinical manifestations in the child (age 7 months) included short stature, dysmorphic face with frontal bossing, shallow nasal bridge, shortened nose, brachycephaly and patchy alopecia; bilateral lenticular cataracts; asymmetric shortening of the left femur with scoliosis and multiple epiphyseal, punctate calcifications; ichthyosis prominent at birth with residual swirls of hyperkeratotic skin. Her mother (age 39) had an adult height of 56 inches with similar clinical findings; she had a normal daughter by a different husband, two normal brothers, and no history of miscarriages or consanguinity. Activity of fibroblast DHAP-AT was 0.16 nmol per min per mg protein in the daughter and 0.46 in the mother compared to 0.50 in controls. Erythrocyte plasmalogens were normal in both patients. Other indices of peroxisomal dysfunction such as very long chain fatty acids, phytanic acid, and peroxisomal morphology were normal except for a qualitatively elevated urinary pipecolic acid in the child. These results add another disorder to the expanding spectrum of peroxisomal disease.
Certain anomalies in the analysis of hyperbolic heat conduction

The hyperbolic diffusion equation is often used to analyze laser heating of dielectric materials and in thermal processing of nonhomogeneous materials. Anomalies in existing solutions of the hyperbolic heat equation are identified. In particular, the singularities associated with the interaction of a wave front and a boundary may cause a violation of the imposed boundary condition. This violation may give rise to physically unacceptable results such as a temperature drop due to heating or a temperature rise due to cooling. The development of appropriate remedies for these happenings is a major focus of this paper. In addition, the unique mathematical features of the hyperbolic heat equation are studied and set forth. Green's function solutions for semi-infinite and infinite bodies are presented. For finite bodies, it is demonstrated that the relevant series solutions need special attention to accelerate their convergence and to deal with certain anomalies
Discharge antithrombotic strategies among patients with acute coronary syndrome previously on warfarin anticoagulation: Physician practice in the CRUSADE registry

Background Patients experiencing acute coronary syndromes (ACS) with high-risk features frequently undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent placement, prompting the requisite administration of aspirin and clopidogrel. The current management of ACS patients with a concomitant indication for warfarin anticoagulant therapy is a question of growing interest and clinical relevance. Methods We analyzed discharge antithrombotic medication use among all patients with non–ST-segment elevation (NSTE) ACS enrolled in the Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines (CRUSADE) initiative who were receiving warfarin at the time of hospital admission. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with a decision to discontinue warfarin at discharge. Results Among 5673 patients with ACS previously on home warfarin, 1357 (24%) were not discharged on warfarin. In the subset of 1247 patients who underwent coronary stenting, 60% were prescribed triple anticoagulation therapy (aspirin, clopidogrel, and warfarin), 31% were given aspirin and clopidogrel without warfarin, and 3% received warfarin and aspirin without clopidogrel. Factors associated with a decision not to continue warfarin at the time of hospital discharge included in-hospital red blood cell transfusion, non-white race, prior stroke, and discharge clopidogrel use. The decision to continue warfarin at discharge correlated with perceived bleeding risk and was unaffected by patients' stroke risk. Conclusion Physician practices vary with regard to the perceived optimal antithrombotic strategy at time of hospital discharge among patients with ACS with a concomitant indication for warfarin. Decisions are influenced primarily by other medication use and anticipated bleeding risk. Further research is needed to guide patient care based on the safety and efficacy of antiplatelet-anticoagulant combined pharmacotherapy.
Erratum to: Four Neglected Prescriptions of Hartian Legal Philosophy

This paper seeks to uncover and rationally reconstruct four theoretical prescriptions that H. L. A. Hart urged philosophers to observe and follow when investigating and theorizing about the nature of law. The four prescriptions may appear meager and insignificant when each is seen in isolation, but together as an inter-connected set they have substantial implications. In effect, they constitute a central part of Hart’s campaign to put philosophical investigations about the nature of law onto a path to a genuine research program. The paper takes note of certain prevalent and robust trends in contemporary legal philosophy that detract its practitioners from the four prescriptions, and that have them revert to the some older modes of thinking from which Hart sought a decisive break. A number of contemporary legal philosophers’ views and commitments are taken up and assessed, and in particular those of John Gardner and Leslie Green.
Gender and nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in humans:

Background: We compared forearm vasodilator responses between females and males after administration of compounds that stimulate nitric oxide (NO) release, act as NO donors, or are NO independent.Methods and results: We studied nine premenopausal females and nine age-matched males. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured with plethysmography. Graded doses of the endothelial dependent vasodilators acetylcholine and bradykinin and the endothelial-independent vasodilator sodium nitroprusside were given via a brachial artery catheter to the non-dominant arm. Reactive hyperemia was measured as an index of NO-independent vasodilation. In females estradiol levels were greater, and serum triglycerides were lower, but cholesterol was similar to that of males. FBF responses to all doses of the three drugs were ' 30% less in females. Females had smaller forearms and lower peak FBF during reactive hyperemia. Blood flow responses to the drugs as a fraction of the peak reactive hyperemia values were similar in females an...
Meeting the Centaur on the Way.

AbstractThis article is an example of the use of an autobiographical curriculum theory approach which centers on the production of multiple educational lifelines across time and subject. Reactions to and questions about a late Medieval painting at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC are used to raise issues concerning what it means to be taught in a museum setting and the impact that can have years after the event.
Revisiting the consumption-real exchange rate anomaly in a model with non-traded goods

Abstract This paper shows that the assumption used in many two-country business cycle models that all non-traded goods are nondurable consumption goods magnifies the severity of the consumption-real exchange rate anomaly, which is the discrepancy between the high correlation between relative consumption and the real exchange rate predicted by most models and the low correlation observed empirically. This assumption hampers the ability to generate wealth effects necessary for the economies to deviate away from full risk-sharing. Using an alternative setup in which non-traded goods can also be investment goods improves the ability of the model to generate wealth effects, and therefore to overcome the anomaly.
FILTERED DOPPLER VELOCIMETER: DEVELOPMENT OF A POINT SYSTEM

A velocity measurement device has been developed which uses a Distributed Brag Reflector (DBR) diode laser and a Cesium vapor Faraday cell to measure the Doppler shift of scattered light. The device, referred to as the Point Doppler Velocimeter (PGV), combines many of the advantages of laser Velocimetry with the advantages hot wire anemometry. Light from a single frequency DBR diode laser is focused on a seeded flow field. Doppler shifted light scattered by the seed particles is collected and passed through a Cesium vapor Faraday cell which acts as the frequency discriminator for the system. The Faraday cell provides a linear frequency dependent transmission edge which converts changes in the frequency of the Doppler shifted light to changes in signal intensity. The resulting system makes nonintrusive velocity measurements with directional sensitivity comparable to a laser velocimeter. The system also provides a continuous velocity signal similar to a hot wire anemometer. Results that demonstrate the accuracy and bandwidth of the system are reported. The device has been used to make velocity measurements on a rotating disk and in a jet.
The lag period associated with the stimulation of cerebral glucose utilization and co2 formation by morphine in vitro

Abstract The glucose utilization of cerebral homogenates of rats is increased by morphine in vitro in the range of 10 −6 to 10 −3 M. Since the kinetic study of this effect revealed that morphine enhances glucose utilization only after a lag period of 30 min, attempts to gain some information about the nature of this lag period were undertaken. The lag period is probably observed, since time is required to form and accumulate some stimulating factor(s) in the reaction mixture, and its formation appears to require ATP, NAD + , cerebral homogenate, and morphine. Morphine in vitro also increases 14 CO 2 formation from glucose-6, −1, or −2- 14 C. The lag period is associated with the effect of morphine on the 14 CO 2 formation from glucose-6 and −1- 14 C but not with that from glucose-2- 14 C. Since the requirements for stimulating the 14 CO 2 formation from glucose-6- 14 C appear to be the same as those for stimulating glucose utilization, the increase in 14 CO 2 probably reflects the increase in glucose utilization. The increase in 14 CO 2 formation from glucose−1 and −2- 14 C is difficult to assess, since some of the 14 CO 2 from the first and second carbon atoms of glucose may be metabolized by pathways other than the pentose phosphate cycle or glycolysis.
The importance of recognizing scleroderma-type disorders in clinical practice

Scleroderma-like disorders, which often have marked clinical overlap with scleroderma, can present a diagnostic challenge. In this Viewpoint, the author describes key clinical and laboratory features that can aid early diagnosis and prompt appropriate management.
Justification and Limitation of a 2-Parameter 2-Adjustment Self-Adaptive System

Various specific cases of systems employing a plant with large variations in two parameters together with the existence of additive measurement noise in the output are analyzed. These systems include both two-degree-of-freedom conventional passive systems, and self-adaptive systems. It is shown that the reduction of the effects of the measurment noise justifies the employment of a plant-adaptive system. The requirement of a minimum measurement time is shown to be a fundamental limitation of the self-adjusting system. Procedures are outlined for the estimation of the reduction in measurement noise responses and for the estimation of the minimum measurement time.
Nitrogen cycling in the sediments of Santa Barbara basin and Eastern Subtropical North Pacific: Nitrogen isotopes, diagenesis and possible chemosymbiosis between two lithotrophs (Thioploca and Anammox)—“riding on a glider”

Abstract This article presents data on the isotopic composition of pore water ammonium and N org in the anoxic sediments of the Santa Barbara Basin and the Eastern Subtropical North Pacific (ESNP) region. Ammonium δ 15 N behaves differently in the two regions, reflecting variability in bacterial processes of sedimentary nitrogen cycling. In Santa Barbara Basin, stoichiometry of TCO 2 and NH 4 + production defined by pore water chemistry indicates that the only reaction influencing pore water ammonium concentration in these sediments appears to be organic matter decomposition. Pore water ammonium was found to be 1–3‰ heavier than decomposing organic matter. In contrast, the upper 15–30 cm of ESNP pore waters have ammonium with δ 15 N that is more than 10‰ heavier than decomposing organic matter. At greater depth, the δ 15 N of deeper pore waters approaches that of decomposing organic matter. Mass balance calculations indicate that the observed isotopic enrichment is not due to the preferential loss of isotopically enriched organic matter. Pore water profiles show that the zone with heavy isotopes is characterized by a TCO 2 /NH 4 + inputs ratio of 4 or less. We attribute this to the presence of Thioploca bacteria, who transport NO 3 − to depth and reduce it to NH 4 + while oxidizing sulfide. Based on pore water stoichiometry, and reaction–diffusion modeling of pore water isotopic composition we propose that the 15 N-enriched ammonium is produced as the result of chemosymbiosis between Thioploca and Anammox-like bacteria in these sediments. Our work provides the new insights into benthic microbial ecology, and the role of coupled individual metabolic pathways in sedimentary nitrogen cycling. In Santa Barbara Basin, factors which contribute to the isotopic fractionation of 1–3‰ between pore water ammonium and solid N org were also considered. In this sediments, ∼23% of the rain of organic nitrogen is lost to diagenesis, therefore, the isotopic effect of degradation on the residual N org is estimated to be small, − 0.7‰. The most likely cause of fractionation is preferential degradation of an isotopically heavier, more labile marine fraction relative to an isotopically lighter, more refractory terrestrial component of the organic matter, but other possibilities cannot be ruled out. When corrected for the observed fractionation, it appears that the δ 15 N of these sediments may represent non-steady state conditions.
Fixation and orientation of the early equine conceptus.

Abstract Fixation and orientation of the conceptus within the uterine lumen of 40 barren mares were examined by ultrasound daily on days 11–21 and at three-day intervals thereafter until day 48. The growth curve of the in situ conceptus had a distinct plateau between days 17–24, as determined by measurements of the width and area of conceptuses on the ultrasound images. The vesicle expanded at an average daily rate of 3–4 mm before the plateau and 2–3 mm after the plateau. Dramatic changes occurred in the shape of conceptus. The predominant shapes were approximately as follows: days 11–16, spherical; day 17, oblong; days 18–21, triangular; and days 24–48, irregular. The embryo was detected in some mares on day 20 and in most mares by day 21. When first detected, the embryo was always on the ventral aspect of the vesicle, opposite to the mesometrial attachment. The embryo gradually moved toward the mesometrial attachment over days 21–36 in association with the growth of the allantois beneath the embryo. It was hypothesized that: 1) vesicle fixation (cessation of mobility) was due to increasing uterine tone with impingement of the endometrial folds upon the vesicle, and 2) vesicle orientation was due to greater strength of the yolk sac wall at the embryonal pole coupled with greater impingement upon the vesicle by the dorsal uterine wall than by the ventral wall.
Localized Magnetic Impurity States In Metals: Some Experimental Relationships

Evidence is reviewed which demonstrates that the recently observed low-temperature electron state arising from the Kondo effect in metals containing small numbers of transition element impurities is present over a much wider temperature range than is generally appreciated. The possibility that this state forms a link between magnetic and nonmagnetic impurity states in metals as suggested by Schrieffer is discussed.
Largest dual ellipsoids inscribed in dual cones

Suppose x and s lie in the interiors of a cone K and its dual K *, respectively. We seek dual ellipsoidal norms such that the product of the radii of the largest inscribed balls centered at x and s and inscribed in K and K *, respectively, is maximized. Here the balls are defined using the two dual norms. When the cones are symmetric, that is self-dual and homogeneous, the solution arises directly from the Nesterov–Todd primal–dual scaling. This shows a desirable geometric property of this scaling in symmetric cone programming, namely that it induces primal/dual norms that maximize the product of the distances to the boundaries of the cones.
Malleability of social impressions of hyperactive children.

The role of adults' social cognitions in mediating judgments of hyperactive children's medicationrelated behavior change was explored. Two hundred eightyeight undergraduates observed two videotaped excerpts of a hyperactive “target” boy playing a group game with two peers. Each target was taking either methylphenidate (0.6 mg/kg) during both excerpts, placebo during both excerpts, methylphenidate first followed by placebo, or placebo first followed by methylphenidate. Adults' cumulative social evaluations of the child were assessed after they viewed both video segments. Results indicated that observers combined their perceptions of the two behavior samples into composite impressions using an equalweight averaging algorithm. Even for children whose behavior improved, adults' ratings of undercontrolled behaviors continued to meet or, in some cases exceed, research cutoff scores used to identify hyperactive children. The findings suggest that the actual behaviors of children with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) play a more influential role in shaping interpersonal impressions than do perceiver socialcognitive processes such as primacy, recency, or integration biases.
Velocity-dependence of Cargo Loading onto Molecular Shuttles Demonstrates the Glue-like Character of Biotin/Streptavidin

Molecular shuttles based on biomolecular motors and their associated filaments are being developed to function as conveyor belts in the molecular factories of the future. An essential design element in these active nanoscale transport systems is cargo loading onto the shuttles. We demonstrate that molecular shuttle velocity has to be optimized to facilitate cargo attachment of nanospheres via biotin-streptavidin linkages. The biotin-streptavidin bond gains its ultimate strength on a timescale of milliseconds due to existence of metastable binding states. As a consequence of the glue-like character of this widely used intermolecular bond, the velocity of molecular shuttles has to be optimized to permit efficient attachment of cargo via biotin-streptavidin linkages.In our experiments, kinesin motor proteins adsorbed to a casein precoated surface were used to propel biotinylated microtubules which were coated with streptavidin at saturating dosages. The microtubule gliding velocity was varied between 50 nm/s and 450 nm/s by changing the kinesin substrate ATP concentration. Finally, biotinylated fluorescein-labeled nanospheres were added in concentrations ranging from 25 pM to 100 pM. Nanospheres attached to the surface and were loaded onto microtubules only as a result of collisions between gliding microtubules and nanospheres. Nanosphere attachment showed an unexpected optimum at an intermediate shuttle velocity.The attachment and detachment processes were modeled by combining rigorous mechanical engineering analysis with detailed physico-chemical models. This contribution will present both, the experimental details of our velocity dependent loading experiments and the theoretical model which explains the optimum on the basis of the complex binding energy landscape of the biotin streptavidin linkages.
INTERCITY RENT DIFFERENTIALS IN THE U.S. HOUSING MARKET 2000: UNDERSTANDING RENT VARIATIONS AS A SOCIOLOGICAL PHENOMENON

: This study extends the intercity rent differentials investigation by Gilderbloom and Appelbaum (1988) in relatively independent housing markets to see how it can be replicated using U.S. census data from the year 2000 against the 1970 and 1980 models with the addition of several new variables to measure its impact on intercity rents. We find that region, race, and climate no longer explain rent differentials in 2000 as it did in the 1980 research, while affirming that a large percentage of old houses and small mom-and-pop landlords causes rents to fall. We find that both the cost of homeownership and the level of household income remain critical factors in explaining the level of median rent across cities. We also find a strong correlation between cities with extensive anti-war activity in the late 1960s and same sex households having higher rents, although more research needs to be done before we argue a causal relationship. We contend that sociology needs to be put back into the equation in order to understand how rents vary from city to city. Our explanation of rent variations adds a social dimension that most other researches miss. We also show how the amount of explanatory power is increased significantly by adding in a sociological dimension.
Proximal Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Alters Drug Absorption Pattern But Not Systemic Exposure of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein Substrates

Study Objectives To evaluate the effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam (a CYP3A4 substrate) and digoxin (a P-glycoprotein substrate).
Mechanisms linking violence exposure and school engagement among African American adolescents: examining the roles of psychological problem behaviors and gender

This study examines whether the relationship between violence exposure and school engagement is mediated by psychological problem behaviors and whether such relationships are gendered. Five hundred and sixty-three high school African American adolescents (ages 13-19 years) completed questionnaires that assessed two types of violence exposure (community violence and marital conflict), psychological problem behaviors (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, anxiety, withdrawal, and aggressive behaviors), and school engagement (i.e., student-teacher connectedness and grade point average [GPA] obtained from school records). For male adolescents, psychological problem behaviors collectively mediated the relationship between community violence exposure and student-teacher connectedness. For female adolescents, both community violence and marital conflict exposure were negatively related to both GPA and student-teacher connectedness via aggressive behavior. Findings suggest that the differential impact of type of violence exposure and its sequela based on gender should be considered when addressing low school engagement among African American youth.
Cytokines of the γ(c) family control CD4+ T cell differentiation and function.

Naive CD4+ T cells undergo massive proliferation and differentiation into at least four distinct helper T cell subsets after recognition of foreign antigen–derived peptides presented by dendritic cells. Each helper T cell subset expresses a distinct set of genes that encode unique transcription factor(s), as well as hallmark cytokines. The cytokine environment created by activated CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells and/or other cell types during the course of differentiation is a major determinant for the helper T cell fate. This Review focuses on the role of cytokines of the common γ-chain (γc) family in the determination of the effector helper T cell phenotype that naive CD4+ T cells adopt after being activated and in the function of these helper T cells.
Data Mining Based Fuzzy Classification Algorithm for Imbalanced Data

The elegant fuzzy classification algorithm proposed by Ishibuchi et al. (I-algorithm) has achieved satisfactory performance on many well-known test data sets that have usually been carefully preprocessed. However, the algorithm does not provide satisfactory performance for the problems with imbalanced data that are often encountered in real-world applications. This paper presents an extension of the I-algorithm to E-algorithm to alleviate the effect of data imbalance. Both the I-algorithm and the E-algorithm are applied to Duke Energy outage data for power distribution systems fault cause identification. Their performance on this real-world imbalanced data set is presented, compared, and analyzed to demonstrate the improvement of the extended algorithm.
GoodtoGreat, or Just Good?

Executive Overview Good to Great has been on BusinessWeek's best-seller list since its October 2001 release. In Good to Great, author Jim Collins identified a set of 11 firms as great, then used them to derive five management principles he believed led to “sustained great results.” We contend that due to two fatal errors, Good to Great provides no evidence that applying the five principles to other firms or time periods will lead to anything other than average results. We explain the two errors and empirically test our contention. When ranked with the 2006 Fortune 500, the 11 Good to Great firms have an average ranking of 202nd. In addition, in terms of long-term stock return performance, the Good to Great firms do not differ significantly from the average company on the S&P 500. Our evidence is consistent with the conclusion that although the Good to Great firms may be good, they aren't great.
Examination of Risk and Resiliency in a Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease Population Using the Psychosocial Assessment Tool 2.0

Objective To evaluate the Psychosocial Assessment Tool 2.0 (PAT) as an appropriate screening measure of risk for patient and family psychological distress in pediatric sickle cell disease (SCD). Methods 219 caregivers completed the PAT during regular hematology clinic visits. Confirmatory factor analysis and tests of reliability were conducted. Multilevel modeling examined change and predictors of risk scores across four assessments. Results Confirmatory factor analysis factor loadings ranged from .03 to .81, and reliability coefficients ranged from .43 to .83. Risk for patient and sibling emotional problems, family problems, and parent stress reaction decreased over time. Increased patient age, chronic blood transfusion, lower caregiver education, caregivers being divorced, fewer adults and more children in the home, and greater financial difficulties were independent predictors of psychosocial risk. Conclusions Results suggest that the PAT has utility in a pediatric sickle cell disease sample. Most caregivers reported low distress and high resiliency factors in this population.
Blood brain barrier breakdown and repair by src after thrombin-induced injury

Objective: Thrombin mediates the life-threatening cerebral edema that occurs after intracerebral hemorrhage. Therefore, we examined the mechanisms of thrombin-induced injury to the blood– brain barrier (BBB) and subsequent mechanisms of BBB repair. Methods: Intracerebroventricular injection of thrombin (20U) was used to model intraventricular hemorrhage in adult rats. Results: Thrombin reduced brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMVEC) and perivascular astrocyte immunoreactivity—indicating either cell injury or death—and functionally disrupted the BBB as measured by increased water content and extravasation of sodium fluorescein and Evans blue dyes 24 hours later. Administration of nonspecific Src family kinase inhibitor (PP2) immediately after thrombin injections blocked brain edema and BBB disruption. At 7 to 14 days after thrombin injections, newborn endothelial cells and astrocytes were observed around cerebral vessels at the time when BBB permeability and cerebral water content resolved. Delayed administration of PP2 on days 2 through 6 after thrombin injections prevented resolution of the edema and abnormal BBB permeability. Interpretation: Thrombin, via its protease-activated receptors, is postulated to activate Src kinase phosphorylation of molecules that acutely injure the BBB and produce edema. Thus, acute administration of Src antagonists blocks edema. In contrast, Src blockade for 2 to 6 days after thrombin injections is postulated to prevent resolution of edema and abnormal BBB permeability in part because Src kinase proto-oncogene members stimulate proliferation of newborn BMVECs and perivascular astrocytes in the neurovascular niche that repair the damaged BBB. Thus, Src kinases not only mediate acute BBB injury but also mediate chronic BBB repair after thrombin-induced injury. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:526 –533
Report on the Second China–ASEAN Expo: 18–21 October 2005, Nanning, Guangxi, China

This report begins with a brief historical sketch of events leading up to the conclusion of the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation between ASEAN and CHINA in 2002 and the maximum utilization of their collective efforts to implement the establishment of CHINA -ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA) for China and ASEAN Six by 2010, and for China and ASEAN as a whole by 2015. The Second CAFTA Expo at Nanning on 18- 21 October 2005 pro- vided yet another yardstick to assess the progress achieved as well as a platform from which to launch future practical measures to accelerate the realization of their joint endeavors to set up a super regional Free Trade Area of 1.85 billion ASEAN and Chinese consumers, and an ideal investment area covering the entire mainland China and all ASEAN countries. The Second Nanning Expo 2005, like its predeces- sor the year before, served as an effective tool: (1) to place goods and services available within the CHINA -ASEAN Greater Region on display at the exhibition pavilions; (2) to provide facilities and opportunities for the Business and Investment Summit meetings for traders, investors and members of the ASEAN Chamber of Commerce and their Chinese counterparts to gather together for closer consultation on the cultivation of their joint projects; and (3) to organize the CHINA- ASEAN Legal Affairs Forum for brainstorming sessions to work out practical ways and means to implement their combined plan of actions, notably to devise a functioning legal machinery to ensure further inter-regional economic integration. It is gratifying, at the end of the day, to be able to witness at close range the rebirth and phenomenal natural growth of a new breed of Chinese and ASEAN transnational legal scholars and practitioners actively at work. The heritage of ASEAN -Chinese legal scholarship is apparent and distinctive.
Spatial waveform discrimination following higher-harmonic adaptation.

Campbell Robson [ J. Physiol. (London)197, 551 ( 1968)] proposed that a near-threshold square-wave grating can be distinguished from a sine-wave grating of the same spatial frequency and fundamental amplitude when the channel tuned to the third-harmonic component of the square wave reaches its own threshold. To test this hypothesis, we measured waveform discrimination thresholds with two-interval forced-choice methods before and after 4-min adaptation to a high-contrast sine-wave grating, the spatial frequency of which equaled that of the square wave’s third harmonic. The results indicate that 3f adaptation has only a negligible effect on discrimination thresholds. In a further experiment, we adapted observers to both 3f and 5f harmonic frequencies of the square-wave test grating presented sequentially over 4 min. Although substantial threshold elevations occurred at the 3f and 5f frequencies, the elevation in waveform discrimination threshold was small. These results suggest that the independent-channel hypothesis alone cannot account for the visibility of complex features (edges) following harmonic adaptation.
Evolutionary significance of isopreneemission from mosses

Isoprene emission has been documented and characterized from species in all major groups of vascular plants. We report in our survey that isoprene emission is much more common in mosses and ferns than later divergent land plants but is absent in liverworts and hornworts. The light and temperature responses of isoprene emission from Sphagnum capillifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw. are similar to those of other land plants. Isoprene increases thermotolerance of S. capillifolium to the same extent seen in higher plants as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence. Sphagnum species in a northern Wisconsin bog experienced large temperature fluctuations similar to those reported in tree canopies. Since isoprene has been shown to help plants cope with large, rapid temperature fluctuations, we hypothesize the thermal and correlated dessication stress experienced by early land plants provided the selective pressure for the evolution of light-dependent isoprene emission in the ancestors of modern mosses. As plants radiated into different habitats, this capacity was lost multiple times in favor of other thermal protective mechanisms.
Internal and near-surface electromagnetic fields for an infinite cylinder illuminated by an arbitrary focused beam

A cylindrical coordinate separation-of-variables solution is developed for the determination of the internal and the near-surface electromagnetic fields for the arrangement of a focused beam incident upon a homogeneous infinite circular cylinder. The angle of incidence and the focal point location of the beam, as well as the beam type (e.g., fundamental Gaussian beam, doughnut mode beam, TEM11 mode beam), can be arbitrarily specified. As a demonstration of the procedure, gray-level and contour plots of calculated electric-field distributions for a fundamental Gaussian beam focused on a cylinder are presented for six different angle-of-incidence and relative index-of-refraction combinations.