cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Above Reproach: How the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Escapes Constitutional Checks and Balances

A constellation of constitutional provisions creates the separation of powers doctrine, which prevents the federal government from accumulating too much power under one branch or one department. Instead, each branch and department stands accountable to another entity through a series of checks and balances. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, however, created the vanguard of powerful and independent agencies by establishing the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. The CFPB enjoys a broad mandate of public-facing regulatory authority, but despite its ostensible role in the executive branch, the President of the United States cannot easily remove the CFPB’ s Director. Nor can Congress exercise its Appropriations Clause power to review the CFPB budget — the Dodd-Frank Act explicitly protects the bureau from such scrutiny. The CFPB drew several constitutional challenges, including one in which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit recently held that the CFPB’s single agency director is structurally unconstitutional unless the director is removable by the President. This note briefly explains the administrative and constitutional law environment these litigants face and then contrasts the CFPB’s structure with other regulatory agencies. In doing so, it considers how the D.C. Circuit’s opinion should be reviewed en banc or on appeal and evaluates whether attributes of the CFPB are actually novel. In the end, the CFPB’s unprecedented combination of structural characteristics, rather than any single one of its attributes, renders it incompatible with a constitutional separation of powers.
System Control Overview and Instruments

Robotic-assisted surgery is an evolution of minimally invasive surgery. The da Vinci Surgical System is the leading robotic platform and has several iterations. We will focus on the two newest platforms which are the Si and Xi systems. In this chapter, we will review the components of the robotic surgery platform, including the surgeon console, patient cart, and vision cart. Additionally, we will examine the fundamentals as well as the benefits of the robotic endoscopes, trocars, and instruments.
A Prelude to the Theory of Infodynamics: A Reflection and Critique of Information Theory

This tradition has many approaches to the understanding of information. Each approach is an epistemic attempt over the epistemological space to conceptualize the phenomenon of information.
Scenario analytics: analyzing jury verdicts to evaluate legal case outcomes

Scenario Analytics is a type of analysis that focuses on the evaluation of different scenarios, their merits and their consequences. In the context of the legal domain, this could be in the form of analyzing large databases of legal cases, their facts and their claims, to answer questions such as: Do the current facts warrant litigation?, Is the litigation best pursued before a judge or a jury?, How long is it likely to take?, and What are the best strategies to use for achieving the most favorable outcome for the client? In this work, we report on research directed at answering such questions. We use one of a set of jury verdicts databases totaling nearly a half-million records. At the same time, we conduct a series of experiments that answer key questions and build, sequentially, a powerful data-driven legal decision support system, one that can assist an attorney to differentiate more effective from less effective legal principles and strategies. Ultimately, it represents a productivity tool that can help a litigation attorney make the most prudent decisions for his or her client.
Vision-based thermal comfort quantification for HVAC control

Abstract This study presents a vision-based approach that employs RGB video images as the sole source for inferring thermoregulation states in the human body in response to thermal condition variations in indoor environments. The primary objective is to contribute to our envisioned thermoregulation-based HVAC control that leverages actual thermal demands from end-users’ thermoregulation states for increased energy efficiency. Given that the envisioned control system calls for measurement techniques under four constraints of non-intrusiveness, applicability, sensitivity, and ubiquity (i.e., feasibility and scalability), this study investigated the potentials of ubiquitously obtainable RGB video images (through webcams or smartphones). Using photoplethysmography (PPG), a well-known optical technique for measuring blood volume changes in the microvascular bed of skin, we have leveraged the mechanism of blood flow control to the skin surface (blood vessels' dilation and constriction) for heat dissipation regulations, reflected in PPG signal's amplitude. Given the subtle variations of PPG signals and their susceptibility to noise, we proposed a framework that uses a combination of independent component analysis and adaptive filtering to reduce unwanted and in-band artifacts while preserving the amplitude information of PPG signals that indicates thermophysiological states. The framework was experimentally evaluated using transient thermal conditions to account for applicability and sensitivity attributes. Therefore, without considering an acclimation time for stabilized thermoregulation states, human subjects were exposed to varying temperatures (∼20–30 °C) while reporting their thermal sensations. In total, for 10 human subjects out of 15, a positive correlation between vision-based indicators, skin temperature, and thermal sensations were observed demonstrating promising potential in inferring thermal sensations of occupants with sufficient sensitivity.
Pathogenesis of Early Breast Cancer

In 1961, Dr. John Martin and I undertook a collaborative histopathological and radiologic study of breast cancer. We were stimulated to this by the then current upsurge of interest in mammography. We hoped by our study to clarify the relationships between mammographic and histopathological findings in breast cancer. To this end we adopted a subserial whole-organ section technique, a modification of that used by Cheatle many years earlier. Women suspected of having breast cancer were routinely submitted to preoperative mammography. Diagnoses of carcinoma were established by trephine-needle biopsy only, thus leaving tumors essentially intact within the breasts. Each mastectomy specimen was first examined grossly, and the axillary lymph nodes were removed and processed in the usual manner. The breast itself was divided into three large vertical blocks. Each of these was fixed, processed, and embedded in paraffin. Giant sections 12–15 µm thick were cut at 1-mm intervals through each block. Thus, each breast yielded a set of 80–200 large sections that could be arranged in order to provide a three-dimensional representation of the breast. Lesions could be directly compared with mammographic images and point-for-point correlations established.
Contested remembrance: The Hiroshima exhibit controversy

The past, as historians constitute it, is the result of negotiation and debate. Final as it may seem once written down, however, the past frequently turns out not to be settled. In fact, some pasts never achieve a final historical form, but may be subjects for constantly renewed arguments. Why do some pasts have a persistent capacity for creating contention? Questions raised about the past impel inquiry by historians, social scientists, as well as the non-specialists, who try to know and understand it. When some of them, professionals or not, have been witnesses to its events, and when their memories collide in public, the constitution of that past as history is likely to become a source of still greater dispute.
Modulation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway by Chemopreventive Dietary Phytoconstituents

Epidemiological studies have revealed the healing power of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables in both the prevention and amelioration of chronic illness. Chemoprevention, utilizing dietary agents, has been suggested as a fascinating strategy in the fight against cancer. Dietary phytoconstituents, such as carotenoids, polyphenols and organosulfur compounds, present in a multitude of dietary sources have been shown to possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as the ability to modulate a multitude of signaling mechanisms. Oxidative stress is a key element of the pathogenesis of neoplastic diseases and its attenuation is a vital step in the chemopreventive strategy. The nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated signaling pathway is the primary antioxidant mechanism in nature and thus an extremely critical element of the chemopreventive strategy. This chapter highlights the Nrf2-modulating property of dietary phytoconstituents in their ability to afford chemoprevention against a multitude of neoplastic diseases. This article provides a brief explanation of the Nrf-2 signaling pathway, its antioxidant effects and its role in the chemoprevention as well as amelioration of neoplastic disorders. Essentially reviewed are studies which elucidate pharmacological effects of select dietary phytochemicals in pre-clinical models of cancer with special emphasis on their Nrf2 modulating properties. The article also highlights the current status of progress entailed in the development of the Nrf2 modulation pathway using dietary phytonutrients as a robust chemopreventive strategy with practical significance in the clinic.
Empirical Model Development and Validation with Dynamic Learning in the Recurrent Multilayer Perceptron

A nonlinear multivariable empirical model is developed for a U-tube steam generator using the recurrent multilayer perceptron network as the underlying model structure. The recurrent multilayer perceptron is a dynamic neural network, very effective in the input-output modeling of complex process systems. A dynamic gradient descent learning algorithm is used to train the recurrent multilayer perceptron, resulting in an order of magnitude improvement in convergence speed over static learning algorithms. In developing the U-tube steam generator empirical model, the effects of actuator, process,and sensor noise on the training and testing sets are investigated. Learning and prediction both appear very effective, despite the presence of training and testing set noise, respectively. The recurrent multilayer perceptron appears to learn the deterministic part of a stochastic training set, and it predicts approximately a moving average response. Extensive model validation studies indicate that the empirical model can substantially generalize (extrapolate), though online learning becomes necessary for tracking transients significantly different than the ones included in the training set and slowly varying U-tube steam generator dynamics. In view of the satisfactory modeling accuracy and the associated short development time, neural networks based empirical models in some cases appear to provide a serious alternative to firstmore » principles models. Caution, however, must be exercised because extensive on-line validation of these models is still warranted.« less
The Full Deduction Rule and the Substance Over Form Doctrine

In this essay, we discuss the application of substance over form and related common-law interpretive doctrines to the new donation credit proposals, the so-called “SALT workarounds.” The authors conclude that, unlike in the context of corporate tax shelters, application of these doctrines would involve the IRS and courts in decisions best left for Congress. This is not only because applying these doctrines will require making intrusive and controversial policy decisions, but also because there is no rush. The classic tax shelters were developed in secret and often took years to come to the attention of the IRS, and still longer before legislation could prospectively reduce their benefits. Promoters could be three shelters down the road before an earlier one was uncovered. If shelters worked until they were legislated against, there would always be shelters that worked, and new shelters in development. Application of backup common law doctrines was, as a practical matter, a necessity. That is not the case here; Congress is clearly aware of the issue and can make distinctions between different programs and beneficiaries as it sees fit. Authors’ Note: This Essay was written before the promulgation of regulations in connection with state responses to the capping of the SALT deduction.
Bilateral Posterior Cricoarytenoid Myoneurectomy for Abductor Spasmodic Dysphonia.

Summary Objective To discuss the utility and outcomes of bilateral myoneurectomy for treatment of abductor spasmodic dysphonia. Methods Bilateral myoneurectomy is a known treatment option for patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia. Its use for treatment of abductor spasmodic dysphonia, however, has not been documented previously. In this case report, treatment and long-term outcomes of abductor spasmodic dysphonia with bilateral myoneurectomy are discussed. Results A 50-year-old male presented with abductor spasmodic dysphonia. His initial Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) score was 29, and he had breathy breaks during 60 series. He had no improvement in vocal quality after 6 botulinum toxin injections over 21 months. He underwent staged bilateral posterior cricoarytenoid partial myoneurectomy, with the left posterior cricoarytenoid myoneurectomy performed 33 months after presentation and right posterior cricoarytenoid myectomy 11 months later. Eight years postoperatively, his VHI-10 score was 12. During postoperative 60 series, the patient demonstrated few breathy breaks. Overall, the patient reports improved quality of life and satisfaction with his voice. Conclusion This is the first report of a long-term follow-up data for bilateral, endoscopic, partial posterior cricoarytenoid muscle myoneurectomy to treat refractory abductor spasmodic dysphonia. Long-term VHI-10 results suggest improvement of symptoms, despite mild difficulty with 60 series. While botulinum toxin therapy is the mainstay of management for abductor spasmodic dysphonia, surgical treatment is a potential alternative at least for refractory cases.
Cost-effectiveness of nivolumab for treatment of platinum-resistant recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

6026Background: The Checkmate 141 randomized trial found that patients with platinum-refractory, recurrent or metastatic (R/M) squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) treated with nivo...
Shifts in forest composition in the eastern United States

Abstract Forest ecosystems in the United States (U.S.) are facing major challenges such as climate change, exotic species invasions, and landscape fragmentation. It is widely believed that forest composition in the eastern U.S. is transitioning from shade-intolerant, fire-tolerant species to shade-tolerant, fire-intolerant species, but most evidence is anecdotal or localized. No comprehensive studies exist to quantify the shifts in forest composition across multiple genera at a regional scale. Here, we examined the genus-level compositional changes in eastern U.S. forests to: (1) quantify the extent and magnitude of this transition, and (2) assess the influence of shade and fire tolerance traits on abundance change. Genus-level data were compiled from the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) database across 37 states in the eastern U.S. for the last three decades. We analyzed shifts in forest composition with three metrics—stem density, basal area, and importance value—for 10 of the most abundant genera (Acer, Betula, Carya, Fraxinus, Nyssa, Pinus, Populus, Prunus, Quercus, and Ulmus). In addition, we estimated density-weighted fire and shade tolerances for each genus using species-level published data, assessed the shifts in spatial patterns of these traits, and analyzed the associations between these traits and county-level abundance changes. In general, Acer, Fraxinus, Pinus, and Prunus increased in abundance during the study period. Acer experienced the largest increase in abundance across the study area. In contrast, Carya, Nyssa, Quercus and Ulmus decreased in abundance in the majority of the study region, with Quercus having the largest and most extensive decline. Although density-weighted shade and fire tolerances were correlated at the genus level, shade tolerance was a better predictor of genus-level abundance change than fire tolerance. Traits of fire and shade tolerance are not always interchangeable when used to predict the dynamics of a genus, and management decision making based on traits should focus at the species level when possible. Our analyses provide evidence that forest composition has shifted in the last three decades in the eastern United States across multiple genera, and the shifts are more closely related to species’ shade tolerance than fire tolerance.
Socioeconomically Distressed Communities Index independently predicts major adverse limb events after infrainguinal bypass in a national cohort

Abstract Background Socioeconomic status is a major determinant of not only quality of life, but also mortality and health care-related outcomes. We hypothesized that patients coming from distressed communities would have worse short- and long-term limb related outcomes after infrainguinal bypass. Methods The infrainguinal bypass national Vascular Quality Initiative datasets for 2003 to 2018 were used. Clinical data were paired with the Distressed Communities Index (DCI) score before extraction. The DCI accounts for unemployment, education level, poverty rate, median income, business growth, and housing vacancies at the zip code level, with a range of 0 (no distress) to 100 (severe distress). Severely distressed communities were defined as DCI greater than 75 for univariate analysis. Hierarchical multivariable modeling adjusted for baseline and operative risk factors, and clustering at the hospital level. Results The 9711 patients who underwent infrainguinal bypass from severely distressed communities (out of 40,109 total) were younger, more likely to smoke, disproportionately African American, with more comorbid disease (all P 75; P Conclusions The DCI is an independent predictor of MALE after infrainguinal bypass. Patients from distressed communities are at an increased risk of long-term graft occlusion, which is disproportionately treated with amputation instead of surgical limb-saving alternatives. Socioeconomic factors impact vascular disease and surgical outcomes with disparities that warrant further investigation.
Parental Status and Biological Functioning: Findings from the Nashville Stress and Health Study

Does childrearing affect the biological functioning of parents? To address this question, we analyze cross-sectional survey and biomarker data from Vanderbilt University’s Nashville Stress and Health Study, a probability sample of non-Hispanic White and Black working-age adults from Davidson County, Tennessee (2011–2014; n = 1252). Multivariable regression analyses reveal a linear dose–response relationship between the number of children living in a respondent’s home and (a) increased allostatic load, and (b) decreased leukocyte telomere length. We found no differences in biological functioning between childless respondents and empty-nest parents. These findings also withstood controls for a battery of socioeconomic factors. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Respiratory viruses on personal protective equipment and bodies of healthcare workers

Objective:To characterize the magnitude of virus contamination on personal protective equipment (PPE), skin, and clothing of healthcare workers (HCWs) who cared for patients having acute viral infections.Design:Prospective observational study.Setting:Acute-care academic hospital.Participants:A total of 59 HCWs agreed to have their PPE, clothing, and/or skin swabbed for virus measurement.Methods:The PPE worn by HCW participants, including glove, face mask, gown, and personal stethoscope, were swabbed with Copan swabs. After PPE doffing, bodies and clothing of HCWs were sampled with Copan swabs: hand, face, and scrubs. Preamplification and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods were used to quantify viral RNA copies in the swab samples.Results:Overall, 31% of glove samples, 21% of gown samples, and 12% of face mask samples were positive for virus. Among the body and clothing sites, 21% of bare hand samples, 11% of scrub samples, and 7% of face samples were positive for virus. Virus concentrations on PPE were not statistically significantly different than concentrations on skin and clothing under PPE. Virus concentrations on the personal stethoscopes and on the gowns were positively correlated with the number of torso contacts (P < .05). Virus concentrations on face masks were positively correlated with the number of face mask contacts and patient contacts (P < .05).Conclusions:Healthcare workers are routinely contaminated with respiratory viruses after patient care, indicating the need to ensure that HCWs complete hand hygiene and use other PPE to prevent dissemination of virus to other areas of the hospital. Modifying self-contact behaviors may decrease the presence of virus on HCWs.
Quest for high damage performance: metasurfaces for high power laser applications (Conference Presentation)

We present a simple and scalable method for the production of optics with incorporated metasurfaces, resulting in durable all-dielectric based meta-optics. The scalability and robustness of this method overcome limitations imposed by current technology when fabricating metasurfaces for high power laser applications, while the simplicity of the fabrication process makes it an exciting technique for metasurface generation. This talk will describe the method, show resultant fabricated metasurfaces and the sensitivity introduced by processing parameters – i.e. control over generated surfaces, and discuss the laser damage performance of these engineered large-scale metasurfaces.
Broken and forgotten: A case of unintentionally retained foreign object

Central venous catheter have become ubiquitous with greater than 15 million catheter days/year in the intensive care setting alone. However, the procedure carries with it several immediate and other delayed complications that can result in significant morbidity, mortality, and increased healthcare cost. We report a rare case of significantly delayed complications associated with intravascular loss of guide wire during central venous catheter placement and its impact on patient's long term management. The case highlights not only the importance of proper technique and safety precaution in performing an increasingly common procedure, but also the need for timely identification and rectification of medical errors, especially in the context of improved physician-patient communication.
Advances of rocuronium in pediatric anesthesia

The results of study about pharmacokinetics of rocuronium in children were different in published reports.The tracheal intubation dose and the method of administration can be adjusted to achieve satisfied muscle relaxation.The combination of rocuronium and other muscular relaxant may be used.Many factors can influence the action of rocuronium. Key words: Neuromuscular blocking drugs; Roeuronium; Padiatric; Anestheaia
Building Strong Teacher-Child Relationships in Today's Kindergarten Classroom: Focusing on Opportunities versus Obstacles.

Research documents that young children in high-quality teacher–child relationships experience better school adjustment and are more engaged in learning. Yet, many American kindergarten (age 5) teac...
A novel elastoplastic topology optimization formulation for enhanced failure resistance via local ductile failure constraints and linear buckling analysis

Abstract A new formulation is proposed for incorporating local ductile failure constraints and buckling resistance into elastoplastic structural design in the context of extreme loading. Many strides have been made in recent years regarding continuum topology optimization with elastoplasticity and buckling separately, but these phenomena are typically not considered together. The formulation we propose is computationally efficient and robust, partly due to its reliance on small strain kinematics and a separation of the elastoplastic response from the buckling load factors computed during the optimization procedure. An aggregate objective function is constructed in which the total work in an elastoplastic analysis is maximized and an aggregation function of the load factors from a separate linear elastic buckling analysis is included. Additionally, local ductile failure constraints are handled via a framework without aggregation functions and a new pseudo buckling mode filter is proposed. Each of the obtained topologies are then subject to a verification step in which a large strain ductile failure model is used in order to compare the performance of the optimized designs obtained for three numerical examples. The results demonstrate that structural responses such as peak load carrying capacity and total external work required to reach the peak load may be significantly improved using the suggested framework. Other interesting observations are also discussed.
The War as It Was

This chapter discusses four works related to Laurence Stallings, a writer and Great War veteran whose works were exceptionally popular in the mid-1920s in the United States and United Kingdom from the standpoint of Historical Reception Studies. Works discussed include his novel Plumes (1925), his play What Price Glory (1924), written with Maxwell Anderson, it’s film adaption directed by Raoul Walsh (1926), and The Big Parade, a film directed by King Vidor with Stallings’ assistance contributions. Special emphasis is given to the response of The Big Parade in the United Kingdom, where it was highly controversial due to its perceived slight to the British Expeditionary Forces.
A solventless method for detecting trace level phosphate and arsenate in water using a transparent membrane and visible spectroscopy.

Abstract The molybdenum blue method is the American Public Health Association (APHA) approved method for the detection and quantification of phosphate in water. The standard molybdenum blue method, APHA 4500 PE has a detection limit of 30 μgL−1 phosphate (10 μgL−1 phosphorus) in freshwater with a 5 cm cuvette. To further lower the detection limit to sub μgL−1 levels, we have developed a simple, fast, and solventless method for conversion of phosphate present in solution to a solid for quantification by Visible spectroscopy. The process converts the anionic heteropolymolybdate ions into a solid colloidal precipitate by charge neutralization with the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and the precipitate is then captured on a Visible transparent membrane. A Visible spectrum is then recorded in transmission mode through the membrane and the concentration of the phosphate is determined from the intensity of a band cantered at 700 nm. Using this method, the detection limit for phosphate in water is lowered to 0.64 μgL−1. The approach has also been extended to detect arsenate in water with a detection limit of 4.8 μgL−1 arsenate. . The method is also used to investigate real matrices with accuracy that matches the standard APHA method for detection of phosphate in water.
TCP Congestion Control with Multiagent Reinforcement and Transfer Learning

TCP congestion control, although prevalently used in network technologies, is not optimal for video streaming applications. High throughput and low latency requirements of video streaming applications present a challenge for traditional congestion control protocols to provide satisfactory quality of experience to users. This limitation is mainly caused by the misidentification of non-congestion losses as congestion losses at the sender side causing the rule-based TCP congestion control algorithm to conservatively reduce the congestion window. To counter that, we first devise a transfer learning assisted reinforcement learning framework for TCP congestion control problem. The proposed framework, in an online manner, learns to operate at the optimal congestion window and distinguish non-congestion losses from congestion losses spawning high throughput and low end-to-end delay. Next, we analyze the behavior of a multi-user network using coordinated multi-agent reinforcement learning techniques in the context of TCP congestion control. We show that our proposed solution even with a simple state-space outperforms the conventional rule-based TCP congestion control methods in achieving higher throughput while maintaining much lower end-to-end network delay.
Toxic effects of cell-free hemoglobin on the microvascular endothelium: implications for pulmonary and nonpulmonary organ dysfunction.

Levels of circulating cell-free hemoglobin are elevated during hemolytic and inflammatory diseases and contribute to organ dysfunction and severity of illness. Though several studies have investiga...
The application of machine-learning and Raman spectroscopy for the rapid detection of edible oils type and adulteration.

Abstract Raman spectroscopy is an emerging technique for the rapid detection of oil qualities. But the spectral analysis is time-consuming and low-throughput, which has limited the broad adoption. To address this issue, nine supervised machine learning (ML) algorithms were integrated into a Raman spectroscopy protocol for achieving the rapid analysis. Raman spectra were obtained for ten commercial edible oils from a variety of brands and the resulting spectral dataset was analyzed with supervised ML algorithms and compared against a principal component analysis (PCA) model. A ML-derived model obtained an accuracy of 96.7% in detecting oil type and an adulteration prediction of 0.984 (R2). Several ML algorithms also were superior than PCA in classifying edible oils based on fatty acid compositions by gas chromatography, with a faster readout and 100% accuracy. This study provided an exemplar for combining conventional Raman spectroscopy or gas chromatography with ML for the rapid food analysis.
Who Works Where and Why? Parental Networks and the Labor Market

Social connections are valuable for workers entering the labor market, both because they might increase the likelihood of knowing about a job opening at a specific firm and because they may increase the likelihood of being hired, conditional on knowing about an opening. Using data from Israel and relying on identifying variation from the timing of job movements of parents' coworkers, I find that workers are three to four times more likely to find employment in firms where their parents have professional connections than in otherwise similar firms. I use the same variation to structurally estimate a matching model of the labor market with search frictions, and find that connections double the probability of meeting and increase by 35% the likelihood of being hired given a meeting. The estimated value of one additional meeting with a connected firm is 3.7% of the average wage, with around 2/5 of the increase coming from the direct value of a connection. Connections matter for inequality; I find that the wage gap between Arabs and Jews decreases by 12% when equalizing the groups' connections, but increases by 56% when prohibiting the hiring of connected workers. These seemingly opposing results are explained by the fact that Arabs have connections to lower-paying firms but use their connections more extensively.
Promoting Adult Pertussis Vaccination in the Workplace

Vaccines are an important disease prevention strategy among individuals of all age groups. Despite the success of vaccinations in preventing communicable diseases, adults, in particular, often have sub-optimal vaccination rates. Consequently, some vaccine-preventable diseases, such as pertussis, are still on the rise in the United States despite the availability of the Tdap vaccine. As most adults can be found in the workplace, occupational and environmental health nurses are in a unique position to encourage employers to promote adequate Tdap vaccination among their employees. As specific resources regarding Tdap vaccination are lacking, the Pertussis Prevention Toolkit was developed to help occupational health nurses promote Tdap vaccination in the workplace.
Wiener—Hopf Factorizations and the Recovery Problem

In Chapter 7 we considered the recovery problem for unimodular functions. It is very important in applications to be able to solve the same problem for unitary-valued matrix functions. Namely, for a unitary-valued function U and a space X of functions on 𝕋 we consider in this chapter the problem of under which natural assumptions we can conclude that $$ P\_U \in X \Rightarrow U \in X $$
Could “Subtle Words” have Conveyed “Praise and Blame”? The Implications of Formal Regularity and Variation in Spring and Autumn (Chūn Qiū) Records*

The Spring and Autumn (Chūn Qiū) is a highly formally regular chronicle of apparently objective entries recorded in the state of Luˇ for the period from 722 to 479 (or 481) b.c.e. The present study is a formal analysis of the Spring and Autumn (Chūn Qiū), showing that its records were written in adherence to strict prescriptive rules governing what types of events could be recorded and the form of those records. Entries recording the same type of event were recorded using the same form, including the same degree of specificity in date notation, style of reference to individuals, as well as main verb and sentence pattern. Other variables affecting the form of records included the rank of individuals mentioned in the record and their home state. Regular diachronic changes in form may also be identified, and their presence demonstrates that the Spring and Autumn (Chūn Qiū) accrued over time and was not the product of a single author or editor. Classes of records associated with events, persons, or states deemed to be of greater importance were marked by inclusion of more detail such as names or precise dates, or use of special (honorific or euphemistic) verbs. The use of formal marking to indicate the exceptional significance of classes of records apparently extended to individual records, suggesting that the value judgment associated with the class had been applied to an individual event. While the Spring and Autumn (Chūn Qiū) contains no explicit value judgments, formal irregularities may indeed have been used to express value judgments on the events recorded in the Spring and Autumn (Chūn Qiū).
The Best of Strangers: Context Dependent Willingness to Divulge Personal Information

Contrary to the assumption in much social science research that people have stable, coherent, preferences with respect to privacy, we find that concern about privacy, measured by divulgence of private information, is highly sensitive to contextual factors. We report results from 3 experiments, one of which was designed to elevate privacy concerns (paradoxically through assurances) and two of which were designed to suppress privacy concerns. This research raises serious questions about whether individuals will be able to navigate the increasingly complex issues of privacy in a self-interested fashion.
Hierarchy in Testing Distributed programs

Testing distributed programs, a problem of theoretical and practical significance and closely related to debugging, is more involved than testing sequential programs because of the presence of multiple points of control, the asynchronous communication medium, and the inherent concurrency. This paper develops a hierarchical approach, consisting of three levels, to dynamic testing of distributed programs. Several problems arising in these levels are computationally hard. In certain restricted cases, the second and the third levels are easier to handle. Several important issues are considered and distributed algorithms are presented. Some of the techniques presented in level 2 and level 3 are useful for debugging distributed programs also.
"Keep the Quarterback White"!: Rush Limbaugh's Social Construction of the Black Quarterback

Despite the prominence of professional football in U.S. culture, little research has been conducted examining the social construction of race in the game. People have a cultural perception of race; what effect does this perception have on the players? There has been research on the historical struggles of Black athletes in collegiate football, as well as lasting issues of racism. To add to this body of literature, this analysis will focus on the institutional racism embedded in the drafting practices of quarterbacks in the National Football League (NFL). This paper finds that institutional racism has a lasting effect on the hiring of Black quarterbacks in the NFL. This study specifically compares the minority status of Black quarterbacks to the majority status of Black athletes in professional and collegiate football.
FOUR-DIMENSIONAL SUPERSYMMETRIC BLACK HOLES OF TYPE IIA SUPERSTRING

We systematically construct a large class of four-dimensional supersymmetric black hole solutions of toroidally compactified type IIA superstring theory by explicitly solving the Killing spinor equations. They correspond to orthogonally intersecting configurations in ten dimensions. With the Kaluza-Klein monopole, they are parameterized by four charges and preserve 18 of the N = 8 supersymmetry. We found a simple map to associate each charge with the corresponding Killing spinor constraints. The embedding of the N = 4 supersymmetry of a toroidally compactified heterotic string into the N = 8 supersymmetry of the IIA superstring was explicitly shown. We also found explicitly the configurations with only Ramond-Ramond charges, and those with both Neveu-Schwarz Neveu-Schwarz charges and Ramond-Ramond charges, including the dilaton and the internal metrics. The T-dual of these configurations were shown to satisfy the Killing spinor equations as well.
The Case for Studying In-Store Media

The term "in-store media" refers to displays in retail establishments as diverse as supermarkets, department stores, and specialty clothing boutiques. In many countries these displays are becoming digital and interactive. They tie into people's hand-held mobile lives, transforming the ways retailers relate to one another and their customers. Yet despite these displays' longstanding and growing importance, media researchers have neglected in-store phenomena. Indeed, researchers' scant attention to this type of media has led them to miss out on fascinating developments with potentially important social implications. This paper aims to encourage research on retailing by suggesting the utility of a media industriesperspective. The framework points to the value of studying the production and circulation of digital and physical marketing materials that merchants use to target shoppers. Preliminary work from this viewpoint reveals new data-led approaches to customer relationships that raise questions about when and how retail-based media reinforce, extend, and shape anti-pluralistic, even anti-democratic, processes and perceptions.
Dietary Polyphenols May Affect DNA Methylation

Certain dietary polyphenols, such as (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea and genistein from soybean, have been demonstrated to inhibit DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) in vitro. This inhibitory activity is associated with the demethylation of the CpG islands in the promoters and the reactivation of methylation-silenced genes such as p16 INK4a , retinoic acid receptor β, O 6 -methylguanine methyltransferase, human mutL homolog 1, and glutathione S-transferase-π. These activities have been observed in human esophageal, colon, prostate, and mammary cancer cell lines, and the activity can be enhanced by the presence of histone deacetylase inhibitors or by a longer-term treatment. Many other polyphenolic compounds have lower activities in inhibiting DNMT. Catechol polyphenols may indirectly inhibit DNMT by generating S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine on their methylation by S-adenosyl-L-methionine. In theory, prevention or reversal of hypermethylation-induced inactivation of key tumor suppression genes or receptor genes by DNMT inhibitors could be an effective approach for cancer prevention. Because of the rather low bioavailability of most polyphenolic compounds, how much of an effect dietary polyphenols would have on DNA methylation in humans is not clear. The effect of normal dietary consumption of a single polyphenolic compound is probably insignificant. However, the combination of polyphenols with dietary histone deacetylase inhibitors and the additive effect of different dietary chemicals may produce some effects. On the other hand, the consumption of excessive amounts of polyphenols in dietary supplements may affect DNA methylation status. All these possibilities remain to be examined.
Selectivity of fatty acid incorporation into acylglycerols in esterification reactions using Rhizomucor miehei and Burkholderia cepacia lipases

Abstract Fatty acid incorporation into discrete acylglycerol (AG) pools during esterification reactions with glycerol was analyzed for processes mediated by Rhizomucor miehei and Burkholderia cepacia lipases. Multicompetitive mixtures of saturated FA (C4–C18 even chain) and oleic acid (C18:1) were reacted with glycerol and the temporal incorporation of FA into mono-, di- and triacylglycerol pools (MAG, DAG, TAG) was quantified by relative selectivity constants and dimensionless fatty acid partitioning coefficients. Both analyses revealed a general fidelity of FA selectivity during FA incorporation into each AG pool for each lipase, and little evidence of preferential incorporation of C8–C18 FA into an individual AG pool was obtained. Exceptions were noted for C4–6 FA and C18:1 FA which became selectively diminished and enriched, respectively, in the DAG and TAG pools. The observation that FA selectivity may be generally conserved throughout the sequential steps of TAG assembly may simplify the design of processes designed to yield specifically structured TAG using these lipases.
Gravity: An Introduction to Einstein's General Relativity

Einstein's theory of general relativity is a cornerstone of modern physics. It also touches upon a wealth of topics that students find fascinating – black holes, warped spacetime, gravitational waves, and cosmology. Now reissued by Cambridge University Press, this ground-breaking text helped to bring general relativity into the undergraduate curriculum, making it accessible to virtually all physics majors. One of the pioneers of the 'physics-first' approach to the subject, renowned relativist James B. Hartle, recognized that there is typically not enough time in a short introductory course for the traditional, mathematics-first, approach. In this text, he provides a fluent and accessible physics-first introduction to general relativity that begins with the essential physical applications and uses a minimum of new mathematics. This market-leading text is ideal for a one-semester course for undergraduates, with only introductory mechanics as a prerequisite.
Mountain cryospheric studies and the WCRP climate and cryosphere (CliC) project

Abstract A new element of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) has been inaugurated addressing the role of the cryosphere in climate. A Science and Co-ordination Plan has been issued for the Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) project. Topics of concern for high mountain hydrology are; ice caps and glaciers, seasonal snow cover, freshwater ice, and seasonally frozen ground and permafrost. The principal scientific questions relating to the cryosphere in mountain regions are reviewed. CliC wil also examine the role of cryospheric components as indicators of climate variability and change building on ongoing programs of glacier and permaforst monitoring. The impacts of global change on elements of the cryosphere in mountains are expected to have significant social and economic ramifications. Examples of needs and initiatives in these areas are also presented.
μChemLab: an integrated microanalytical system for chemical analysis using parallel gas and liquid phase microseparations

The ability to characterize suspect facilities for intelligence or counterforce purposes will rely heavily on the ability to identify chemical effluents from such facilities. Sandia is developing a complete micro-scale chemical analysis system named (mu) ChemLab TM . This system will be extremely small and low power because of the utilization of integrated circuit fabrication techniques. The use of monolithic integration of such components as chemical preconcentration, separation, and detection, along with the eventual integration of micromachined pumps and valves, will not only lead to a dramatic size reduction, but also lead to the dramatic cost reduction that has been realized with monolithic integration of electronics. It will become practical to deploy large numbers of unattended chemical analysis systems for sensing low concentration effluents at high priority targets. (mu) ChemLab TM uses an array of serial and parallel separations channels (columns), each of which separates compounds on the basis of different `orthogonal' chemical properties, followed by highly sensitive detection techniques: laser-induced fluorescence in the liquid phase and arrays of acoustic wave devices in the gas phase. This array of separations will create a characteristic, highly specific signature for a acoustic wave devices in the gas phase. This array of separations will create a characteristic, highly specific signature for a compound. Identification of target species based on the combined results of multiple separations will have an extremely low false alarm rate because each separation is statistically independent. Because the separations will be run simultaneously in microchannels, analyses times are on the order of a few minutes. The necessary sample handling and detection systems will be implemented using microfabricated electronic, optical and fluidic components.
Performance considerations for a distributed data processing system designed for high availability

The high-availability requirements of computerized systems that are needed to meet the objectives of the organization are being acknowledged more and more by the data processing community. The paper presents the planning process for a distributed data processing system deisgned to meet high availability requirements. This process was performed as a systems engineering activity in order to assess the feasibility of the presented approach, which was proposed to a customer.
The crystal and molecular structure of dichiorobis(2,4-pentanedionato)tin(IV)

Abstract Dichlorobis(2,4-pentanedionato)tin(IV), SnCl 2 (C 5 H 7 O 2 ) 2 , crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 13.937(4), b = 7.864(2), c = 13.746(4) A , β = 107. 75((1),°, Z = 4, D c = 1. 796(1) g/cc, and D m = 1.78 g/cc. The crystal structure was solved by conventional Patterson and Fourier methods using 2053 independent reflection intensities measured by the θ–2θ scan method with a scintillation counter. Refinement by the full-matrix least squares method gave a final agreement factor R(F) of O.036. The structure consists of discrete molecules with the tin atom in a distorted octahedral configuration. The chloro ligands are in cis position and are related by a crystallographic two-fold axis. The important average bond distances are SnCl (2.345(1) A ), SnO (2.058(7) A ), CO (1.282(8) A , CC (conjugated) (1.386(12) A ), and CC(sp 3 ) (1.488(5) A ). The ClSnCl angle is 96.86(5)°.
IBM's LANkit: Simplifying Network Management

Reviews the potential of the IBM Academic LANkit, a package originally used to create networked classrooms and laboratories, and now seen as being useful for libraries. Shows how LANkit simplifies the tasks involved in administrating and operating a local area network.