cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid diagnosis of Hemophilus influenzae type b infections by latex particle agglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoresis

Latex particle agglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoresis techniques were compared in a clinical trial to demonstrate their sensitivity, specificity, and usefulness in the rapid diagnosis of invasive Hemophilus influenzae type b disease. LPA, a simplified LPA performed by house officers, and CIE used in this study detected 0.2, 0.5, and 1 to 10 mg/ml of Hib capsular antigen, respectively. One hundred-six illnesses suspected of being caused by Hib were evaluated prospectively by these assays. A total of 39 of these were confirmed by culture or detection of antigen or both. LPA and simplified LPA were more sensitive and specific than CIE in the diagnosis of Hib disease ( P 0.01), especially in invasive disease other than meningitis. LPA is inexpensive, can be performed quickly, and detects all invasive Hib infections. The results emphasize the usefulness of antigen detection in the rapid diagnosis of Hib infections, demonstrate that LPA is more sensitive and specific than CIE, and can be conveniently performed by physicians.
Role of arginine 86 of the insulin receptor in insulin binding and activation of glucose transport.

Mutations in the insulin receptor gene cause the inherited insulin resistant syndrome leprechaunism. Patient Atl-1 with leprechaunism was homozygous for the substitution of Arg-86 with Pro (R86P) in the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor. Fibroblasts homozygous for the mutant receptor had defective insulin binding, but increased glucose transport and receptor kinase activity. The R86P mutation is located in a putative beta turn N-terminal to a proposed insulin binding domain of the receptor [P. DeMeyts, J.L. Gu, R.M. Shymko, B.E. Kaplan, G.I. Bell, J. Whittaker, Mol. Endocrinol. 4 (1990) 409-416]. To get further insight into the mechanism of the paradoxical activation of receptor signalling by the R86P mutation, the codons for proline, alanine, and glycine were substituted in the R86 position of the insulin receptor cDNA by PCR-mediated mutagenesis and stably transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Insulin binding increased 10-20 fold in CHO cells transfected with the wild type, the R86A, and the R86G insulin receptor cDNA, but did not increase in cells expressing the R86P mutation. The R86P mutation caused a constitutive activation of insulin receptor phosphorylation in CHO cells, but did not increase basal glucose transport or its sensitivity to insulin stimulation. By contrast, transfection with the wild type and the R86A receptors increased 20-30 fold the sensitivity of glucose transport to stimulation by insulin. The R86G insulin receptor bound insulin normally, but was four times less efficient than the wild type or R86A insulin receptor in increasing the sensitivity for insulin stimulation of glucose transport. These results indicate that position 86 of the insulin receptor alpha subunit is tolerant to substitution by alanine, but not by proline. Substitution with glycine allows insulin binding, but does not activate normally glucose transport, further supporting an essential role of this position in the initiation of insulin receptor signalling of glucose transport.
Bioavailability of selenium from the selenotrisulphide derivative of lipoic acid.

Background/Purpose: Selenium is a required micronutrient in mammals, needed for the activity of enzymes that contain selenocysteine at their active site. Several isoenzymes of glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase contain selenocysteine and thus the nutritional status of selenium in tissues can have significant impact on the steady state level of reactive oxygen species. The aims of this study were to evaluate the bioavailability of selenium derived from the selenotrisulfide derivative of lipoic acid (LASe) and determine the ability of this compound to be absorbed into skin. Methods: Bioavailability of selenium derived from LASe was determined using a keratinocyte cell model (HaCat). Efficiency of utilization of selenium was assessed by following the decrease in the incorporation of radiolabeled selenite (75Se) in the presence of increasing concentration of selenium compounds. Percutaneous absorption of LASe was measured by determining selenium levels in full thickness biopsy of skin using a Yorkshire pig model. Results: LASe was efficiently absorbed topically into pig skin, a good model of human skin. In a keratinocyte cell line LASe was an efficient source of selenium for selenoprotein synthesis, demonstrating that LASe is a good candidate as a topical selenium micronutrient. Both L-selenomethionine and selenate were found to be poor sources of selenium for selenoprotein synthesis in the skin cell model and L-selenomethionine was poorly absorbed into pig skin. Conclusion: These results indicate that stable selenotrisulfides, such as LASe, are good candidates for testing as topical selenium supplements.
Lattice Dynamics of Pyrolytic Graphite

The frequencies of certain normal modes of vibration of the graphite lattice have been studied on samples of high-quality pyrolytic graphite by coherent, inelastic-neutron-scattering techniques. Some of the data are not compatible with certain restrictions imposed by the valence-bond model as presented by Young and Koppel. Therefore, the data have been analyzed in terms of a simple axially symmetric, Born-von K\'arm\'an force-constant model. The results show that appreciable interactions exist between third nearest neighbors in the basal plane. The force model has been used to calculate a frequency distributio function and the lattice specific heat of graphite. These calculations are in excellent agreement with the specific heat measured for natural graphite in the temperature range 1.5-300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Spiritual discernment in psychiatric patients

The author uses resources from the Christian tradition of discernment of spirits to provide clinicians with guidelines for distinguishing the authentic and pathological aspects of religion in psychiatric patients.
A biological function for cadmium in marine diatoms

The oceanic distribution of cadmium follows closely that of major algal nutrients such as phosphate. The reasons for this “nutrient-like” distribution are unclear, however, because cadmium is not generally believed to have a biological function. Herein, we provide evidence of a biological role for Cd in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii under conditions of low zinc, typical of the marine environment. Addition of Cd to Zn-limited cultures enhances the growth rate of T. weissflogii, particularly at low pCO2. This increase in growth rate is reflected in increased levels of cellular carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity, although the levels of TWCA1, the major intracellular Zn-requiring isoform of CA in T. weissflogii, remain low. 109Cd label comigrates with a protein band that shows CA activity and is distinct from TWCA1 on native PAGE of radiolabeled T. weissflogii cell lysates. The levels of the Cd protein are modulated by CO2 in a manner that is consistent with a role for this enzyme in carbon acquisition. Purification of the CA-active fraction leads to the isolation of a Cd-containing protein of 43 kDa. It is now clear that T. weissflogii expresses a Cd-specific CA, which, particularly under conditions of Zn limitation, can replace the Zn enzyme TWCA1 in its carbon-concentrating mechanism.
One-dimensional Stefan problem formulation for solidification of nanostructure-enhanced phase change materials (NePCM)

Abstract The effects of rejecting nanoparticles at the solid–liquid interface of a colloid on the development of the solid–liquid interface, temperature and concentration profiles are investigated. The Rubinstein problem will be used in the current study which admits a closed-form analytical solution. A model NePCM based on cyclohexane as a solvent mixed with copper nanoparticles (diameters of 7, 5 and 2 nm) with various initial volume fractions of the nanoparticles will be considered. The rejection rate of the particles will be controlled through the segregation coefficient (1 being the case of no rejection of particles, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001). It was found that for the case of no particle rejection, the expected expedited movement of the solid–liquid interface with respect to the pure cyclohexane as the volume fraction of the particles increases is not always guaranteed for the same cold side surface temperature. However, for most cases with particle rejection considered the solid–liquid interface is decelerated with respect to pure cyclohexane as the volume of the nanoparticles is increased, and this deceleration is more pronounced as the particle size decreases. This deceleration is attributed to solidification with the rejection of the particles switched from diffusion- to solute-controlled solidification, and also due to the development of constitutionally-supercooled liquid in front of the solid–liquid interface. The maximum value of the concentration at the solid–liquid interface decreases as the concentration of the particles is increased; however, the value of the interface temperature is decreased as the concentration of the particles is increased. It was found that the transition segregation coefficient is the non-dimensional parameter that controls the transition from diffusion- to solute-controlled solidification, which is increased with the increase of the particle’s volume fraction and with the decrease of the particle size.
On the dynamics of fluid in the working surface of a supersonic jet

Discussion des proprietes de stabilite de la discontinuite de contact dans la surface de travail (region proche de la tete avancante du jet) d'un jet hydrodynamique supersonique. Il est montre que la stabilite d'une region en forme de calotte peut etre responsable de la formation d'un cocon et d'un choc annulaire apres le disque terminal de Mach. Les effets de la presence d'anneaux tourbillonnaires dans le cocon sont egalement etudies sur le jet et le front de choc ambiant
Ropelengths of closed braids

Abstract For a link K, let L ( K ) denote the ropelength of K and let Cr ( K ) denote the crossing number of K. An important problem in geometric knot theory concerns the bound on L ( K ) in terms of Cr ( K ) . It is well known that there exist positive constants c 1 , c 2 such that for any link K, c 1 ⋅ ( Cr ( K ) ) 3 / 4 ⩽ L ( K ) ⩽ c 2 ⋅ ( Cr ( K ) ) 3 / 2 . In this paper, we show that any closed braid with n crossings can be realized by a unit thickness rope of length at most of the order O ( n 6 / 5 ) . Thus, if a link K admits a closed braid representation in which the number of crossings is bounded by a ( Cr ( K ) ) for some constant a ⩾ 1 , then we have L ( K ) ⩽ c ⋅ ( Cr ( K ) ) 6 / 5 for some constant c > 0 which only depends on a. In particular, this holds for any link that admits a reduced alternating closed braid representation, or any link K that admits a regular projection in which there are at most O ( Cr ( K ) ) crossings and O ( Cr ( K ) ) Seifert circles.
Dictyostelium discoideum: The Social Ameba

INTRODUCTIONDictyostelium discoideum is a unicellular eukaryote often referred to as a "social ameba" because it can form a multicellular structure when nutrient conditions are limiting. D. discoideum and related organisms, known as the Dictyostelia, have been studied for almost 150 years. The cellular and molecular aspects of their multicellular lifestyle have been studied in detail, and general principles for cell-to-cell communication, intracellular signaling, and cytoskeletal organization during cell motility have been derived from this work and have been found to be conserved across all eukaryotes. The bacteriovore nature of the unicellular stage provides an excellent model in which to study phagocytosis and the mechanisms of bacterial virulence. D. discoideum has also been used successfully to explore the molecular basis of various human diseases, as well as the mechanisms of drug action and the pathways that lead to resistance to certain therapeutic agents. The availability of a complete genome sequence has further widened the scope of studies using D. discoideum. A large potential for secondary metabolism has become apparent, which opens the door to discovering new compounds with potential medical applications. Numerous putative orthologs of genes responsible for diseases in humans, but whose molecular functions are still uncharacterized, are present in the D. discoideum genome. Finally, the availability of community resources, including the genome database dictyBase and the Dicty Stock Center, makes D. discoideum an easily accessible and powerful model organism to study.
DUET – The Dark Universe Exploration Telescope

DUET, a proposed NASA Midex class mission, will produce a catalog of ∼ 20,000 X-ray selected clusters and groups of galaxies suitable for detailed cosmological investigations. We present the cosmological constraints achievable by DUET, the functional requirements of the survey, and briefly describe an instrument/mission design capable of achieving these requirements. The advantages of an X-ray survey for constraining the nature and amount of dark energy and dark matter are emphasized. Constraints on cosmological parameters are precise and complementary to other approaches. The density of dark energy, dark matter, and neutrinos will be measured with a statistical uncertainty of 0.5%, 0.5%, and 0.2% of the critical density and the dark energy equation of state can be measured to ±0.2 if dark energy and dark matter contribute ∼2/3 and ∼1/3 of the critical density as currently believed. DUET is a multi-national collaboration led by GSFC with substantial contributions from groups in the US, Europe, and Japan.
THE POWER POLITICS GAME: offensive realism in theory and practice

The behavior of states in the international system, according to theories of power politics, is centered on survival. Individuals become citizens, relinquishing their right to self-govern, to improve their security. Their primary demand of the state, in return, is that it function to protect its citizens. The state, therefore, must develop strategies to ensure its survival. This has led historically to a concern about the power of a state relative to others. Given that the international system lacks a centralized authority capable of dictating and enforcing laws, each state must engage in self-help strategies. This simulation enables participants to experience power politics as they unfold and to serve as leaders attempting to ensure the survival of their state. They will develop foreign policies intended to improve their security and bargain for foreign assistance. The game is most effective as a learning tool when followed by a debriefing session that introduces the theories behind many of the activities they engaged in. The simulation and debriefing can be conducted in 1.5 to 2 hours.
The isolated effects on porosity of grain sizes in binary mixtures

Abstract The porosity of unconsolidated assemblages of grains depends upon many textural and structural parameters, as well as upon the degree and method of compaction. Isolating the contribution of any one parameter virtually is impossible if natural materials are used because two or more parameters may differ sympathetically. However, by utilizing a computer code that generates grains from known size and shape distributions, and then settles them according to a reproducible law, any of the textural, structural, or size parameters can be isolated and analyzed singly. This study examines the effects of the grain-size distributions on porosity. The results from binary-size mixtures indicated that at a size ratio of about 3:1 the porosity drops by about 10% for mixtures containing less than about 30% of the larger spheres. If more nearly equal proportions of two size spheres are mixed, the porosity does not drop as much. Some other small, but interesting aspects of the porosity behavior of binary mixtures also are recognized and discussed.
Density functional theory studies of the structural, electronic, and phonon properties of Li 2 O and Li 2 CO 3 : Application to CO 2 capture reaction

The structural, electronic, and phonon properties of ${\text{Li}}_{2}\text{O}$ and ${\text{Li}}_{2}{\text{CO}}_{3}$ solids are investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and their thermodynamic properties for ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ absorption and desorption reactions are analyzed. The calculated bulk properties for both the ambient- and the high-pressure phases of ${\text{Li}}_{2}\text{O}$ and ${\text{Li}}_{2}{\text{CO}}_{3}$ are in good agreement with available experimental measurements. The calculated band gap of the high-pressure phase of ${\text{Li}}_{2}\text{O}$ (8.37 eV, indirect) is about 3 eV larger than the one corresponding to the ambient ${\text{Li}}_{2}\text{O}$ phase (5.39 eV, direct), whereas the calculated band gap for the high-pressure phase of ${\text{Li}}_{2}{\text{CO}}_{3}$ (3.55 eV, indirect) is about 1.6 eV smaller than that for the ambient phase of ${\text{Li}}_{2}{\text{CO}}_{3}$ (5.10 eV, direct). The oxygen atoms in the ambient phase of the ${\text{Li}}_{2}{\text{CO}}_{3}$ crystal are not equivalent as reflected by two different sets of C-O bond lengths (1.28 and $1.31\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$) and they form two different groups. When ${\text{Li}}_{2}{\text{CO}}_{3}$ dissociates, one group of O forms ${\text{Li}}_{2}\text{O}$, while the other group of O forms ${\text{CO}}_{2}$. The calculated phonon dispersion and density of states for the ambient phases of ${\text{Li}}_{2}\text{O}$ and ${\text{Li}}_{2}{\text{CO}}_{3}$ are in good agreement with experimental measurements and other available theoretical results. ${\text{Li}}_{2}\text{O}(s)+{\text{CO}}_{2}(g)\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{\text{Li}}_{2}{\text{CO}}_{3}(s)$ is the key reaction of lithium salt sorbents (such as lithium silicates and lithium zircornates) for ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ capture. The energy change and the chemical potential of this reaction have been calculated by combining DFT with lattice dynamics. Our results indicate that although pure ${\text{Li}}_{2}\text{O}$ can absorb ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ efficiently, it is not a good solid sorbent for ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ capture because the reverse reaction, corresponding to ${\text{Li}}_{2}{\text{CO}}_{3}$ releasing ${\text{CO}}_{2}$, can only occur at very low ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ pressure and/or at very high temperature when ${\text{Li}}_{2}{\text{CO}}_{3}$ is in liquid phase.
Probing the Nucleation of a Thin Metal Film: Atom Deposition Vs. Cluster Beam Deposition

The structure, morphology and epitaxy of nanometer scale solid clusters of gold atoms supported on the atomically flat basal (0001) plane of MoS 2 are studied by TEM and STM. These metal film nuclei are deposited onto the substrate, which is held at 400°C, by two dif-ferent methods: (1) vacuum evaporation (PVD) and (2) soft landing of preformed Au clusters (CBD). In both cases the nuclei are single fcc crystals. In the case of atomic deposition the nuclei assume the shape of truncated tetrahedra with all their facets Au (111) planes. In the case of soft landed clusters the nuclei retain their free space morphology, that of truncated octahedra with hexagonal Au (111) and square Au (100) faces. Both PVD and CBD nuclei are heteroepitaxially aligned with (111)Au ║ (0001)MoS 2 ; [220]Au ║ [1120]MoS 2 .
Sibling Influence on Mexican-Origin Adolescents' Deviant and Sexual Risk Behaviors: The Role of Sibling Modeling

Abstract Purpose A growing body of research indicates that siblings uniquely influence each other's health risk behaviors during adolescence and young adulthood. Mechanisms underlying these associations, however, are largely unknown because they are rarely tested directly. The present study addressed this gap by examining the role of sibling modeling in explaining changes in Mexican-origin youths' deviant and sexual risk behaviors over time. Methods The sample included 380 Mexican-origin siblings (older sibling age: M = 21.18, SD = 1.59; younger sibling age: M = 18.19, SD = .46) from (N = 190) families. Participants provided self-reports of their sibling relationship qualities, including modeling, as well as their engagement in deviant and sexual risk-taking behaviors in two home interviews across a 2-year span. Results A series of residualized regression models revealed that younger siblings' perceptions of modeling moderated the links between older siblings' deviant and sexual risk behaviors and younger siblings' subsequent behaviors in those same domains. Specifically, high levels of modeling predicted stronger associations between older siblings' earlier and younger siblings' later risk behaviors controlling for younger siblings' earlier behaviors as well as variables that have been used as proxies for social learning in previous research. Conclusions Social learning mechanisms, especially modeling, are salient processes through which older siblings transmit norms and expectations regarding participation in health risk behaviors. Future research should continue to explore the ways in which siblings influence each other because such processes are emerging targets for intervention and prevention.
Simplicity of Certain Infinite-Dimensional Lie Algebras

Abstract Let A = ( a ij ) be a symmetrizable complex-valued n × n matrix and let G ( A ) be the Lie algebra with 3 n generators { e i , f i , h i } and the defining relations [ e i , f i ] = δ ij h i , [ h i , e j ] = a ij e j , [ h i f i ] = − a ij f j , and [ h i h j ] = 0. The purpose of this paper is to give necessary and sufficient conditions for simplicity of G ( A )/ C , where C is the center of G ( A ), thus extending a result given by Kac.
High-temperature Raman spectra of 9,10-dihydroanthracene vapor and melt

Abstract The vapor phase Raman spectrum of 9,10-dihydroanthracene was recorded at 280°C. The low-frequency region shows three bands at 223, 171 and 119 cm −1 , and these were assigned as the in-phase ring flapping ( ν 29 ). in-phase ring twisting ( ν 36 ) and ν 36 - ν 49 , a difference band between ν 36 and ring puckering ( ν 49 ). respectively. The difference band demonstrates that the molecule is puckered with C 2v symmetry. The Raman spectra of the melt (at 140°C) and solid were also recorded and compared with that of the vapor. Assignments were made and compared with predictions from molecular mechanics calculations.
Defining the Parkinson's disease phenotype: Initial symptoms and baseline characteristics in a clinical cohort

Abstract Objectives Examine the demographic and historical characteristics of a large Parkinson's disease (PD) clinical cohort and determine the pattern and relationship between initial symptoms of PD and physical examination ratings at the initial subspecialty clinic visit. Methods A clinical series of 1244 consecutive individuals diagnosed with PD. Baseline characteristics were examined. Results The overall sample was predominantly right-handed (92%) male (67%), with a mean age of 70 years and symptomatic disease duration of about 7 years. About 25% of the sample reported a positive family history of a neurodegenerative disorder. Tremor (47%) and bradykinesia (29%) were the two most common initial symptoms of PD and occurred primarily in the upper extremities (68%). Tremor, bradykinesia, and postural instability showed a significant correspondence between the initial self-reported symptom and clinical signs at the first exam p Conclusion The demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample are thought to be phenotypically representative of ‘typical’ PD and were comparable to other clinic- and population-based cohorts. Initial symptoms reported by patients, including type and body location correlate tightly with initial examination findings for all cardinal symptoms of parkinsonism except rigidity. This corroboration may substantiate inclusion of such data in studies of longitudinal progression in PD.
Graceful interaction through the COUSIN command interface

Currently available interactive command interfaces often fail to provide adequate error correction or on-line help facilities, leading to the perception of an unfriendly interface and consequent frustration and reduced productivity on the part of the user. The COUSIN project of Carnegie–Mellon University is developing command interfaces which appear more friendly and supportive to their users, using a form-based model of communication, and incorporating error correction and on-line help. Because of the time and effort involved in constructing truly user-friendly interfaces, we are working on interface system designed to provide interfaces to many different applica-tion systems, as opposed to separate interfaces to individual applications. A COUSIN interface system gets the information it needs to provide these services for a given application from a declarative description of that application's communication needs.
Persuasive methods in the Lincoln‐Douglas debates

(1927). Persuasive methods in the Lincoln‐Douglas debates. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 29-39.
Intersegmental coordinating system of the lamprey central pattern generator for locomotion

In the lamprey,Ichthyomyzon unicuspis, the wave of activity required for normal swimming movements can be generated by a central pattern generator (CPG) residing in the spinal cord. A constant phase coupling between spinal segments can be organized by intersegmental coordinating neurons intrinsic to the cord. The rostral and caudal segmental oscillators of the CPG have different preferred frequencies when separated from each other. Therefore the system must maintain the segmental oscillators of the locomotor CPG at a single common frequency and with the proper relative timing. Using selective lesions and a split-bath, it is demonstrated that the coordinating system is comprised of at least 3 subsystems, short-axon systems in the lateral and medial tracts and a long axon system in the lateral tracts. Each alone can sustain relatively stable coordinated activity.
Distributed On-Chip Power Delivery

The performance of an integrated circuit depends strongly upon the power delivery system. With the introduction of ultra-small on-chip voltage regulators, novel design methodologies are needed to simultaneously determine the location of the on-chip power supplies and decoupling capacitors. In this paper, a unified design methodology is proposed to determine the optimal location of the power supplies and decoupling capacitors in high performance integrated circuits. Optimization algorithms widely used for facility location problems are applied in the proposed methodology. The effect of the number and location of the power supplies and decoupling capacitors on the power noise and response time is discussed.
Use of magnetic resonance procedures for measurement of oil in French-style dressings.

Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy techniques have been developed for measuring percentage of edible oil in French-style salad dressings. In imaging, one takes advantage of the variations in signal intensities related to differences in relaxation times of the oil and aqueous phases, and of the proportionality of projected frequencies to spatial distribution of sample constituents. In spectroscopy, percentage of oil is determined from standard curves where the integrals of oil/ total spectra are correlated to known amounts of oil in standard preparations. Both procedures permit rapid, nondestructive analysis of commercially packaged dressings in unopened bottles with nonmagnetic closures. Results obtained in imaging or by NMR spectroscopy were within ± 2% of the expected values.
Reaction of selected winter wheat cultivars from Europe and United States to Karnal bunt

A study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of popular United States (U.S.) and European winter wheat cultivars to the fungal pathogen Tilletia indica. Historically, the disease has been limited to autumn-sown spring-habit wheat areas and not associated with winter wheat. In 1997, Karnal bunt was observed on winter wheat in limited regions of Texas. This region marks the southern end of the contiguous U.S. central winter wheat belt, which extends north into Canada. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of disease resistance in winter wheat. Fifty U.S. and European winter wheat cultivars were tested using two different greenhouse inoculation procedures. For each cultivar, 12 spikes in boot were inoculated by boot-injection with a sporidial suspension (1.0 ml/boot, 10,000 spores ml −1 ), and 12 other emerged spikes were spray-inoculated with the same concentration. The experiment was repeated for three seasons. Among cultivars, mean seed infection ranged from 2.1 to 87.2% and 0 to 15.6% for boot-injected and spray-inoculated treatments, respectively. Results showed that the majority of winter wheat cultivars tested were susceptible to Karnal bunt.
Effect of removal of the Harderian glands on pineal melatonin concentrations in the Syrian hamster

Peak melatonin levels which are normally present in male Syrian hamsters at 8 h after the onset of darkness in animals maintained under a light:dark cycle of 14:10, were significantly decreased following the removal of the Harderian glands.
Fuel-Stimulated Insulin Secretion Depends upon Mitochondria Activation and the Integration of Mitochondrial and Cytosolic Substrate Cycles

The pancreatic islet β-cell is uniquely specialized to couple its metabolism and rates of insulin secretion with the levels of circulating nutrient fuels, with the mitochondrial playing a central regulatory role in this process. In the β-cell, mitochondrial activation generates an integrated signal reflecting rates of oxidativephosphorylation, Kreb's cycle flux, and anaplerosis that ultimately determines the rate of insulin exocytosis. Mitochondrial activation can be regulated by proton leak and mediated by UCP2, and by alkalinization to utilize the pH gradient to drive substrate and ion transport. Converging lines of evidence support the hypothesis that substrate cycles driven by rates of Kreb's cycle flux and by anaplerosis play an integral role in coupling responsive changes in mitochondrial metabolism with insulin secretion. The components and mechanisms that account for the integrated signal of ATP production, substrate cycling, the regulation of cellular redox state, and the production of other secondary signaling intermediates are operative in both rodent and human islet β-cells.
Insincere deliberation and democratic failure

Abstract An enduring challenge of democracy is to give citizens an effective say in collective decision making by ensuring broad participation in political discourse. Deliberative opinion polling aims to meet this challenge by providing new opportunities for ordinary citizens to form educated opinions. This approach to broadening deliberation does not aim to control substantive outcomes, unlike conceptions of deliberative democracy that promote improved dialogue while also restricting the possible outcomes. But both classes of reform overlook the prevalence of democratic failures stemming from social pressures that discourage open and honest communication. New avenues for dialogue will remain clogged unless supported by political institutions that protect dissenters, and by a political ethic that rewards candor.
Genotype-specific myelin formation around normal axons in cytosine arabinoside-treated organotypic cultures injected with normal or shiverer optic nerve

Abstract Organotypic cultures of newborn mouse cerebellum, treated with ‘antimitotic’ drugs to prevent myelination, contain abundant large neurons and axons but no mature oligodendroglia and no myelin. When oligodendroglia, contained in optic nerve fragments from 7–12-day-old normal or shiverer mutant mouse, are added to the cultures, myelin is formed in the vicinity of the optic nerve explant. The phenotype of the added myelin corresponds to the genotype of the optic nerve added, indicating that the added oligodendroglia are making the myelin themselves rather than contributing a diffusible factor which stimulates native cerebellar oligodendroglia or their precursors. This system will be valuable for direct, detailed comparisons of myelin formation by normal and mutant oligodendrocytes.
On the sensitivity of optimal control solutions

Abstract In solving the closed-loop optimal control problem, little knowledge exists regarding that solution's sensitivity to (a) the target values chosen, and (b) the forecasted values of exogenous variables. This note discusses a method by which those sensitivities may be analytically expressed and readily calculated.
Free-space-optical mobile ad hoc networks: Auto-configurable building blocks

Existence of line of sight (LOS) and alignment between the communicating antennas is one of the key requirements for free-space-optical (FSO) communication. To ensure uninterrupted data flow, auto-aligning transmitter and receiver modules are necessary. We propose a new FSO node design that uses spherical surfaces covered with transmitter and receiver modules for maintaining optical links even when nodes are in relative motion. The spherical FSO node provides angular diversity in 3-dimensions, and hence provides an LOS at any orientation as long as there are no obstacles in between the communicating nodes. For proof-of-concept, we designed and tested an auto-configurable circuit, integrated with light sources and detectors placed on spherical surfaces. We demonstrated communication between a stationary and a mobile node using these initial prototypes of such FSO structures. We also performed the necessary theoretical analysis to demonstrate scalability of our FSO node designs to longer distances as well as feasibility of denser packaging of transceivers on such nodes.
Hepatic effects of acrylamide in rainbow trout

Acrylamide effects on hepatic mixed function oxidase activity were examined in rainbow trout exposed to waterborne acrylamide monomer (0–50 mg/liter) for 14 days. Acrylamide doses of 25 mg/liter and higher produced reversible doserelated histological lesions in the liver characterized by necrosis around the central vein. A profound selective decrease in ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity was observed in hepatic microsomes from acrylamide-treated trout. However, in vitro preincubation of acrylamide with untreated rainbow trout hepatic microsomes with or without NADPH did not produce a similar decrease in ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity. Structural analysis of a trout biliary metabolite of acrylamide, although not identified, revealed the presence of primary alcohol, carboxylic acid, and amide carbonyl functional groups.
Economic Globalization, Industrialization and Deindustrialization in Affluent Democracies

This study reexamines the relationship between economic globalization and manufacturing employment in affl uent democracies. After reviewing past research, including the wellsupported Rowthorn model, we propose a differentiation-saturation model that theorizes that globalization has a curvilinear relationship with manufacturing employment. Using two different techniques, we analyze the most comprehensive sample of 18 affl uent democracies from 1960-2001. We examine 12 globalization measures and provide the fi rst analysis of the curvilinear relationship between globalization and manufacturing employment. We fi nd that some aspects of globalization have linear effects on manufacturing employment, most of which are positive. We fi nd more evidence, however, that globalization has a curvilinear, inverted U-shaped relationship with manufacturing employment. The evidence for the Rowthorn model is mixed. GDP per capita and its square do not have robust effects, but agricultural employment is one of the most important causes. Including globalization in the model weakens the evidence for the Rowthorn model. There is some evidence that globalization has different effects across different varieties of capitalism, regions and historical periods. Ultimately, our analyses partially support both the Rowthorn model and our differentiation-saturation model. One of the most dramatic social changes of the past half-century has been the decline of manufacturing employment in affluent democracies. As Figure 1 shows, manufacturing employment as a share of the labor force declined substantially from 1960 to 2001 in the 18 affluent democracies in our study. In the early 1960s, manufacturing employment averaged nearly 40 percent across these countries. In addition, the maximum value countries (Germany and Switzerland) approached 50 percent. Even Ireland, the least industrialized in 1960, had more than 22 percent employed in manufacturing. By 2001, massive deindustrialization had occurred across all 18 affluent democracies. The most industrialized country had fallen to less than 30 percent manufacturing employment, the average was below 25 percent, and the least industrialized country was below 20 percent. Certainly, the widespread decline of manufacturing was not uniformly linear. From 1960 to 1975, the least industrialized countries experienced growth in manufacturing employment – the minimal value rose from 22.2 in 1960 to 28.7 in 1973. During that period, heavily industrialized countries reached a plateau. The maximum value remained above 48 percent until 1971. Partly driven by manufacturing growth in the less industrialized among these countries, the mean peaked slightly above 38 percent in 1965 and remained above 36 percent through
Experimental CO2 absorption coefficients at high pressure and high temperature

Abstract Here we present a laboratory study of CO2 absorption spectra, obtained at high temperatures and pressures, similar to those encountered in the Venusian atmosphere. These spectra have been recorded using a Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectrometer , which is equipped to operate from 800 to 30,000 cm−1 ( 0.33 – 12.5 μ m ) with a resolution from 0.06 to 10 cm−1. A dedicated gas cell, designed to support pressures up to 200 bar and temperatures up to 350 °C, has been coupled to the FT-IR. Starting from a realistic vertical pressure–temperature profile of the Venus' atmosphere, based on measurements performed with atmospheric probes, we have recorded a series of absorption spectra of CO2, varying the pressure and temperature from 1 to 50 bar and from 294 to 650 K.
Calvin: Deterministic or not? Free will to choose

Most shared memory systems maximize performance by unpredictably resolving memory races. Unpredictable memory races can lead to nondeterminism in parallel programs, which can suffer from hard-to-reproduce hiesenbugs. We introduce Calvin, a shared memory model capable of executing in a conventional nondeterministic mode when performance is paramount and a deterministic mode when execution repeatability is important. Unlike prior hardware proposals for deterministic execution, Calvin exploits the flexibility of a memory consistency model weaker than sequential consistency. Specifically, Calvin logically orders memory operations into strata that are compatible with the Total Store Order (TSO). Calvin is also designed with the needs of future power-aware processors in mind, and does not require any speculation support. We develop a Calvin-MIST implementation that uses an unordered coalescing write cache, multiple-write coherence protocol, and delayed (timebomb) invalidations while maintaining TSO compatibility. Results show that Calvin-MIST can execute workloads in conventional mode at speeds comparable to a conventional system (providing compatibility) or execute deterministically for a modest average slowdown of less than 20% (when determinism is valued).
GSTE through a case study

Generalized Symbolic Trajectory Evaluation (GSTE) [17, 18, 19] is a very significant extension of STE that has the power to verify all ω-regular properties but at the same time preserves the benefits of the original STE [16]. It also extends the symbolic quaternary model used by STE to support seamless model refinement for efficiency and accuracy trade-off in GSTE model checking. In this paper, we present a case study on FIFO verification to illustrate the strength of GSTE and demonstrate its methodology in specifying and verifying large scale designs.
Hall conductivity from dyonic black holes

A class of strongly interacting $2+1$ dimensional conformal field theories in a transverse magnetic field can be studied using the AdS/CFT duality. We compute zero momentum hydrodynamic response functions of maximally supersymmetric $2+1$ dimensional $SU(N)$ Yang-Mills theory at the conformal fixed point, in the large $N$ limit. With background magnetic field $B$ and electric charge density $\ensuremath{\rho}$, the Hall conductivity is found to be $\ensuremath{\rho}/B$. The result, anticipated on kinematic grounds in field theory, is obtained from perturbations of a four-dimensional AdS black hole with both electric and magnetic charges.
Direct estimation of cause-specific mortality fractions from verbal autopsies: multisite validation study using clinical diagnostic gold standards

Verbal autopsy (VA) is used to estimate the causes of death in areas with incomplete vital registration systems. The King and Lu method (KL) for direct estimation of cause-specific mortality fractions (CSMFs) from VA studies is an analysis technique that estimates CSMFs in a population without predicting individual-level cause of death as an intermediate step. In previous studies, KL has shown promise as an alternative to physician-certified verbal autopsy (PCVA). However, it has previously been impossible to validate KL with a large dataset of VAs for which the underlying cause of death is known to meet rigorous clinical diagnostic criteria. We applied the KL method to adult, child, and neonatal VA datasets from the Population Health Metrics Research Consortium gold standard verbal autopsy validation study, a multisite sample of 12,542 VAs where gold standard cause of death was established using strict clinical diagnostic criteria. To emulate real-world populations with varying CSMFs, we evaluated the KL estimations for 500 different test datasets of varying cause distribution. We assessed the quality of these estimates in terms of CSMF accuracy as well as linear regression and compared this with the results of PCVA. KL performance is similar to PCVA in terms of CSMF accuracy, attaining values of 0.669, 0.698, and 0.795 for adult, child, and neonatal age groups, respectively, when health care experience (HCE) items were included. We found that the length of the cause list has a dramatic effect on KL estimation quality, with CSMF accuracy decreasing substantially as the length of the cause list increases. We found that KL is not reliant on HCE the way PCVA is, and without HCE, KL outperforms PCVA for all age groups. Like all computer methods for VA analysis, KL is faster and cheaper than PCVA. Since it is a direct estimation technique, though, it does not produce individual-level predictions. KL estimates are of similar quality to PCVA and slightly better in most cases. Compared to other recently developed methods, however, KL would only be the preferred technique when the cause list is short and individual-level predictions are not needed.
The Least Likely of Times: How Remembering the Past Biases Forecasts of the Future

Atypical events are both memorable and unrepresentative of their class. We tested the hypotheses that (a) people tend to recall atypical instances of events, and (b) when they are unaware of this, they rely on these atypical instances in forecasting their affective reactions to future events. In three studies, participants who were asked to recall an instance of an event and participants who were asked to recall an atypical instance of an event recalled equally atypical instances. However, only the former participants made extreme forecasts about their reactions to future events. The results suggest that the impact bias (the tendency to overestimate the affective impact of future events) may be due in part to people's reliance on highly available but unrepresentative memories of the past.
On the Effect of E-Glass Fiber on the Cure Behavior of Vinylester Composites:

The effects of fiber loading level and cure temperature on the cure kinetics of an E-glass/vinylester composite are investigated using DSC techniques. It is shown that for the specific system under consideration the presence of the fibers significantly inhibits final cure levels with activation energy levels decreasing with increasing fiber loading. Autocatalytic rate parameters, k and m, are also shown to increase with fiber loading level. The loading level of the E-glass reinforcement is shown in specific instances to have a more significant effect than a change in cure temperature emphasizing the importance of characterizing cure based on actual resin-fiber-sizing systems rather than simply on the basis of neat resin cure kinetics. Results are viewed in terms of the specifics of the polymerization process and the implications on the use of processes such as resin infusion with vinylesters for the fabrication of large structural components are discussed.
Observation of negative alkali ions from alkali halides during 248-nm laser irradiation

Below laser fluences where a plasma is formed (the so-called plasma or plume formation threshold) a number of fundamental phenomena can occur where particles such as atomic and molecular ions, atoms and molecular neutrals, and electrons can be emitted. An understanding of such processes is necessary to develop predictive models for material removal from laser irradiated surfaces—at the foundation of laser etching, machining, and pulsed laser deposition. We have reported on a number of the mechanisms for such emission processes. Here, due to space limitations, we present a summary of our studies on the formation of negative alkali ions from single crystal KCl during exposure to pulsed 248-nm radiation at fluences well below the threshold for plasma formation. Despite the high electron affinities of the corresponding halogen atoms, negative halogen ions were not detected. Significantly, the positive and negative alkali ion distributions overlap strongly in time and space, consistent with K formation by the sequential attachment of two electrons to K+. Negative alkali ions are also observed under comparable conditions from LiF, NaCl, and KBr. In each material, the strong overlap between the positive and negative alkali ion distributions, and the lack of detected negative halogen ions, suggest that negative ion formation involves a similar mechanism.
Active Wireless Sensing in Multipath Environments

Active Wireless Sensing (AWS) was recently proposed as a promising framework for information extraction in wireless sensor networks. In AWS, a wireless information retriever (WIR), equipped with an antenna array, interrogates a select ensemble of sensors with wideband space-time waveforms for rapid and energy-efficient retrieval of sensor information. The WIR extracts sensor information by exploiting the differences in the space-time signatures associated with distinct sensors. In this paper, we investigate the challenging problem of AWS in multipath environments. Our results show that the use of wideband waveforms in AWS allows for exploitation of multipath scattering in two important aspects: higher energy capture and improved sensor resolution, and consequently improved energy efficiency and larger information retrieval rates. These advantages are first quantified through improved reliability and increased capacity of information retrieval for a given sensor transmission energy. A time-reversal technique is also proposed for simultaneously addressing individual sensors. Our results indicate that the richer the multipath, the sharper the ability to address individual sensors while limiting the interference to other sensors. The theoretical development is supported with realistic numerical results.
Phase transition in the filament generation process in a Kerr medium

We observed a phase transition in the rate of filament formation with increasing laser pulse power at the onset of conical emission from the filaments. Experimental and numerical results are presented.