cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixing effects on apparent reaction rates and isotope fractionation during denitrification in a heterogeneous aquifer

[1] Gradients in contaminant concentrations and isotopic compositions commonly are used to derive reaction parameters for natural attenuation in aquifers. Differences between field‐scale (apparent) estimated reaction rates and isotopic fractionations and local‐scale (intrinsic) effects are poorly understood for complex natural systems. For a heterogeneous alluvial fan aquifer, numerical models and field observations were used to study the effects of physical heterogeneity on reaction parameter estimates. Field measurements included major ions, age tracers, stable isotopes, and dissolved gases. Parameters were estimated for the O2 reduction rate, denitrification rate, O2 threshold for denitrification, and stable N isotope fractionation during denitrification. For multiple geostatistical realizations of the aquifer, inverse modeling was used to establish reactive transport simulations that were consistent with field observations and served as a basis for numerical experiments to compare sample‐based estimates of “apparent” parameters with “true“ (intrinsic) values. For this aquifer, non‐Gaussian dispersion reduced the magnitudes of apparent reaction rates and isotope fractionations to a greater extent than Gaussian mixing alone. Apparent and true rate constants and fractionation parameters can differ by an order of magnitude or more, especially for samples subject to slow transport, long travel times, or rapid reactions. The effect of mixing on apparent N isotope fractionation potentially explains differences between previous laboratory and field estimates. Similarly, predicted effects on apparent O2 threshold values for denitrification are consistent with previous reports of higher values in aquifers than in the laboratory. These results show that hydrogeological complexity substantially influences the interpretation and prediction of reactive transport.
Overall design concepts for the APS storage ring machine protection system

The basic design and status of the machine protection system for the Advanced Photon Source (APS) storage ring are discussed. The machine is passively safe to the bending magnet sources, but the high power of the insertion devices requires missteering conditions to be identified and the beam aborted in less than one millisecond. The basic aspects of water flow, temperature, beam position, etc. monitoring are addressed. Initial commissioning of subsystems and sensors is statused.
Derivation of a clinical prediction rule for pediatric abusive head trauma

OBJECTIVES:: Abusive head trauma is a leading cause of traumatic death and disability during infancy and early childhood. Evidence-based screening tools for abusive head trauma do not exist. Our research objectives were 1) to measure the predictive relationships between abusive head trauma and isolated, discriminating, and reliable clinical variables and 2) to derive a reliable, sensitive, abusive head trauma clinical prediction rule that-if validated-can inform pediatric intensivists' early decisions to launch (or forego) an evaluation for abuse. DESIGN:: Prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional, observational. SETTING:: Fourteen PICUs. PATIENTS:: Acutely head-injured children less than 3 years old admitted for intensive care. INTERVENTIONS:: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:: Applying a priori definitional criteria for abusive head trauma, we identified clinical variables that were discriminating and reliable, calculated likelihood ratios and post-test probabilities of abuse, and applied recursive partitioning to derive an abusive head trauma clinical prediction rule with maximum sensitivity-to help rule out abusive head trauma, if negative. Pretest probability (prevalence) of abusive head trauma in our study population was 0.45 (95 of 209). Post-test probabilities of abusive head trauma for isolated, discriminating, and reliable clinical variables ranged from 0.1 to 0.86. Some of these variables, when positive, shifted probability of abuse upward greatly but changed it little when negative. Other variables, when negative, largely excluded abusive head trauma but increased probability of abuse only slightly when positive. Some discriminating variables demonstrated poor inter-rater reliability. A cluster of five discriminating and reliable variables available at or near the time of hospital admission identified 97% of study patients meeting a priori definitional criteria for abusive head trauma. Negative predictive value was 91%. CONCLUSIONS:: A more complete understanding of the specific predictive qualities of isolated, discriminating, and reliable variables could improve screening accuracy. If validated, a reliable, sensitive, abusive head trauma clinical prediction rule could be used by pediatric intensivists to calculate an evidence-based, patient-specific estimate of abuse probability that can inform-not dictate-their early decisions to launch (or forego) an evaluation for abuse. Language: en
Mechanisms of Epithelial Cell–Cell Adhesion and Cell Compaction Revealed by High-resolution Tracking of E-Cadherin– Green Fluorescent Protein

Cadherin-mediated adhesion initiates cell reorganization into tissues, but the mechanisms and dynamics of such adhesion are poorly understood. Using time-lapse imaging and photobleach recovery analyses of a fully functional E-cadherin/GFP fusion protein, we define three sequential stages in cell–cell adhesion and provide evidence for mechanisms involving E-cadherin and the actin cytoskeleton in transitions between these stages. In the first stage, membrane contacts between two cells initiate coalescence of a highly mobile, diffuse pool of cell surface E-cadherin into immobile punctate aggregates along contacting membranes. These E-cadherin aggregates are spatially coincident with membrane attachment sites for actin filaments branching off from circumferential actin cables that circumscribe each cell. In the second stage, circumferential actin cables near cell–cell contact sites separate, and the resulting two ends of the cable swing outwards to the perimeter of the contact. Concomitantly, subsets of E-cadherin puncta are also swept to the margins of the contact where they coalesce into large E-cadherin plaques. This reorganization results in the formation of a circumferential actin cable that circumscribes both cells, and is embedded into each E-cadherin plaque at the contact margin. At this stage, the two cells achieve maximum contact, a process referred to as compaction. These changes in E-cadherin and actin distributions are repeated when additional single cells adhere to large groups of cells. The third stage of adhesion occurs as additional cells are added to groups of >3 cells; circumferential actin cables linked to E-cadherin plaques on adjacent cells appear to constrict in a purse-string action, resulting in the further coalescence of individual plaques into the vertices of multicell contacts. The reorganization of E-cadherin and actin results in the condensation of cells into colonies. We propose a model to explain how, through strengthening and compaction, E-cadherin and actin cables coordinate to remodel initial cell–cell contacts to the final condensation of cells into colonies.
Effects of pitch canker pathogen on gallery excavation and oviposition by Ips paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Ips paraconfusus Lanier est un vecteur du champignon pathogene qui cause le chancre fusarien du pin, Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg et O'Donnell, en Californie. Les infections multiples sur les branches et les rameaux principaux du pin de Monterey, Pinus radiata D. Don. (Pinaceae), semblent predisposer les arbres aux infestations d'I. paraconfusus. La presence des chancres apparus en reaction au pathogene affectent apparemment la ponte et la construction de tunnels. Les scolytes introduits dans des chancres naturels et des chancres provoques artificiellement ont moins de chances de pondre que les scolytes introduits dans des troncs sains et leurs tunnels sont plus courts. Chez tous les adultes qui produisent des oeufs, le nombre moyen d'oeufs par adulte est le meme dans les troncs sains et dans les troncs malades; cependant, la distance entre le point de transmission de la maladie et le premier oeuf, mesuree perpendiculairement au grain du bois, est plus grande chez les adultes introduits dans les chancres que chez ceux qui sont inseres loin des chancres. Ces resultats indiquent que le pathogene responsable du chancre fusarien du pin a un effet negatif sur I. paraconfusus parce que les chancres apparus en reaction au pathogene ne peuvent etre exploites par le scolyte.
A Descriptive Analysis of NBC’s Coverage of the Centennial Olympics The “Games of the Woman”?

This study examines the amount of coverage given to women’s events and female athletes by NBC at the Centennial Olympic Games. Content analysis showed that women were covered extensively, but that ...
Impact of Load Imbalance on the Design of Software Barriers

Software barriers have been designed and evaluated for barrier synchronization in large-scale shared-memory multiprocessors, under the assumption that all processors reach the synchronization point simultaneously. When relaxing this assumption, we demonstrate that the optimum degree of combining trees is not four as previously thought but increases from four to as much as 128 in a 4K system as the load imbalance increases. The optimum degree calculated using our analytic model yields a performance that is within 7% of the optimum obtained by exhaustive simulation with a range of degrees. We also investigate a dynamic placement barrier where slow processors migrate toward the root of the software combining tree. We show that through dynamic placement the synchronization delay can be reduced by a factor close to the depth of the tree, when sufficient slack is available. By choosing a suitable tree degree and using dynamic placement, software barriers that are scalable to large numbers of processors can be constructed. We demonstrate the applicability of our results by performing measurements on a small SOR relaxation program running on a 56-processor KSR1.
Software for tag single nucleotide polymorphism selection

This paper reviews the theoretical basis for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) tagging and considers the use of current software made freely available for this task. A distinction between haplotype block-based and non-block-based approaches yields two classes of procedures. Analysis of two different sets of SNP genotype data from the HapMap is used to judge the practical aspects of using each of the programs considered, as well as to make some general observations about the performance of the programs in finding optimal sets of tagging SNPs. Pairwise R2 methods, while the simplest of those considered, do tend to pick more tagging SNPs than are strictly needed to predict unmeasured (non-tagging) SNPs, since a combination of two or more tagging SNPs can form a prediction of SNPs that have no direct (pairwise) surrogate. Block-based methods that exploit the linkage disequilibrium structure within haplotype blocks exploit this sort of redundancy, but run a risk of over-fitting if used without some care. A compromise approach which eliminates the need first to analyse block structure, but which still exploits simple relationships between SNPs, appears promising.
Optimization of Re-Torque and Relaxation Parameters of the GUCP

Self-loosening of bolts in non-permanent connections has been the subject of a myriad of investigations; however, because the vast majority of these studies focused on applications with long-term service conditions involving creep and/or cyclic (working or vibratory) loading, there are no analytical techniques that have been developed to address the load decay behavior of bolted assemblies with gaskets under a primary followed up by a secondary torque. The Ground Umbilical Carrier Plate (GUCP) includes a gasketed ASME-type flange assembly that transfers pressurized, cryogenic hydrogen from the Space Transportation System (STS). Although the threaded stud material is nominally elastic under service conditions, the gasket material, a polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) matrix filled with 25% chopped glass fibers, undergoes viscous, strain hardening deformation. The consequence of over-torquing the assembly is yielding the stud. Alternatively, the consequence of under-torquing is premature loosening and subsequent fuel leakage. As such, identifying the interactions between assembly configuration, initial torque, etc. to relaxation behavior of the assembly has been identified as a means to reduce the dwell period (the time between initial torque and re-torque). Research is carried out to identify the optimal torque parameters that confer a minimal dwell period. This article documents the Gasket Relaxation and Re-Torque Optimization (GRRO) program used to modify procedures employed when connecting the flanges to the fuel tank of the Space Transportation System prior to a launch.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Passive FM locking and pulse generation from 980-nm strained-quantum-well Fabry-Perot lasers

Multiple-order passive frequency modulation (FM) locking in 980-nm lasers has been measured using autocorrelation and optical spectra. Optical fiber dispersion provided a simple means of converting the coherent FM output to an amplitude modulation (AM) pulse train at multiples of the laser round-trip frequency. We have produced such pulses at frequencies of up to 233 GHz from a single source with no external modulation. Extension of this technique should be possible with 1550-nm lasers. >
Effects of sprayer configuration on efficacy for the control of scab on crabapple using electron beam analysis

Foliar diseases like apple scab result in significant economic losses to growers each year. Assessment in past studies involved only macroscopic disease ratings. More complete knowledge of the fate and behavior of fungicide has been needed to reduce pesticide use with less off-target contamination. Field studies were conducted in a production nursery for over 4 years. A moderately susceptible cultivar of ornamental crabapple, Malus spp. cv “Candied Apple”, was sprayed with a fungicide using two sprayer/nozzle configurations. The fungicide used in this study was Mankocide, combination of Cu(OH)2 and mancozeb that permitted electron beam analysis (EBA) identification based on the presence of Cu, MN and Zn in the molecule and formulation. EBA was conducted using a cold field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray microanalyzer. Fresh leaf samples were placed on sticky stubs after each fungicide treatment. The presence or absence of fungal conidia and fungicide residue were measured. EBA permitted direct visualization and identification of the pathogens, morphologically, and chemical characterization of fungicide present. EBA was useful to quantify disease control related to fungicide coverage, sprayer configuration and treatment efficacy. SCANNING 31: 24–27, 2009. Published 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of genetic background and culture conditions on the production of herpesvirus-based gene therapy vectors.

Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) represents a unique vehicle for the introduction of foreign DNA to cells of a variety of tissues. The nature of the vector, the cell line used for propagation of the vector, and the culture conditions will significantly impact vector yield. An ideal vector should be deficient in genes essential for replication as well as those that contribute to its cytotoxicity. Advances in the engineering of replication-defective HSV-1 vectors to reduce vector-associated cytotoxicity and attain sustained expression of target genes make HSV-1 an attractive gene-delivery vehicle. However, the yield of the less-cytotoxic vectors produced in standard tissue-culture systems is at least three order of magnitudes lower than that achieved with wild-type virus. The low overall yield and the complexity involved in the preparation of HSV vectors at high concentrations represent major obstacles in use of replication-defective HSV-derived vectors in gene therapy applications. In this work, the dependence of the vector yield on the genetic background of the virus is examined. In addition, we investigated the production of the least toxic, lowest-yield vector in a CellCube bioreactor system. After initial optimization of the operational parameters of the cellcube system, we were able to attain virus yields similar to or better than those values attained using the tissue culture flask system for vector production with significant savings with respect to time, labor, and cost.
Framing the Game: Examining Frame Choice in Bargaining.

Abstract This article introduces the study of frame choice in negotiation. Here, the selection of a procedural frame is treated as a dependent variable—a choice that bargainers make in addition to determining their offers. The empirical focus of the article is on whether, when given a choice between two alternative versions of the ultimatum bargaining game, negotiators choose the description that maximizes their expected payoffs. For example, in one frame-choice task, negotiators assigned to the Player 1 role were asked to select between framing the game as “Player 1 proposes a division and Player 2 accepts or rejects it” or “Player 1 makes a claim from a common pool and Player 2 makes a counterclaim.” Past research has shown that the second frame leads to higher expected payoffs for Player 1 than does the first. Across four studies and three established framing effects, it is found that participants consistently fail to select the procedural frames that optimize monetary outcomes. Subsequent analyses suggest that this tendency is due to two factors: (a) nonmonetary motivations, such as fairness and respect, that influence frame-choice preferences and (b) cognitive limitations that inhibit the ability to accurately predict the effect of alternative procedural frames on opponents' responses
Resolving the fine-scale density structure of shallow oceanic mantle by Bayesian inversion of localized geoid anomalies

We present a new approach to estimate the density structure of shallow oceanic mantle by inversion of localized geoid anomalies. Our method is based on Bayesian statistics and is implemented by combining forward modeling with Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling. The inherent nonuniqueness of such inversion is reduced by using spectral localization, reference models, and a priori bounds on the amplitude of density perturbations expected within the convecting mantle. We apply this approach to the geoid anomalies around the Mendocino Fracture Zone that have recently been revealed by wavelet analysis. The depth and vertical extent of density anomalies derived from our inversion indicate that they are intimately related to the structure of the lowermost lithosphere. The amplitude of density perturbations and their spatial organization suggest the occurrence of small-scale convection induced by a lateral temperature gradient across the fracture zone. As its applicability is not limited to the vicinity of fracture zones, the new inversion method should allow us to resolve the fine-scale density structure of shallow oceanic mantle beneath the world's oceans.
Four of the Hardest Ethical Questions for a Government Lawyer

The traditional approach to legal ethics often is characterized to mean that lawyers must zealously advocate for their clients’ objectives tempered only by the bounds of the law. In contrast to the traditional approach, the public interest approach to legal ethics extends a government lawyer’s professional ethical duties from the agency client to the public at large to further the public interest. Commentators, in advocating either the traditional approach or the public interest approach to government lawyering, disagree about whether a government lawyer owes some sort of duty to the public and if so, the nature and scope of that duty. My article proposes that the traditional approach and the public interest approach are not mutually exclusive. Rather, this article describes an approach to legal ethics that simultaneously serves the agency client’s interest and the public interest by exploring the ethical responsibilities of lawyers of the Internal Revenue Service Office of Chief Counsel, the in-house law firm for the IRS, in the context of the following four hypothetical situations: (1) remaining silent in the face of an expired statute of limitations; (2) affirmatively raising a defense to defeat a taxpayer’s meritorious claim; (3) continuing to litigate a losing case; and (4) conceding a winning case. An approach that melds the traditional and public interest approaches resembles in some respects the Contextual View of lawyering developed by Professor William Simon of Columbia Law School. According to Professor Simon, a lawyer following his Contextual View should “take those actions that, considering the relevant circumstances of the particular case, seem likely to promote justice,” where justice is synonymous with “legal merit”. Getting the correct legal answer is paramount under Professor Simon’s Contextual View, although a lawyer applying the Contextual View can still be a zealous advocate for the client if the client’s position is consistent with the underlying legal merits of the case.
Liability Standards with an Uncertain Outcome at Trial

We model a negligence standard where the defendant’s level of care is viewed with error by the judicial system. All cases are assumed to settle prior to trial, but the negotiated outcome reflects the expected outcome at trial. The policymaker may or may not be able to induce the optimal level of care on the part of the defendant. The optimal negligence standard bears no necessary relationship to the optimal level of care. As the standard of care rises to infinity, the outcome under the negligence standard approaches the outcome under strict liability. The level of care which may be achieved under the negligence standard is (asymptotically) at least as high as under strict liability and may be higher. Consequently, the level of social welfare under an optimally chosen negligence standard is at least as high as under strict liability and may possibly be higher. It should be noted, however, that if the defendant is made liable for the plaintiff’s pretrial legal costs, strict liability will induce the defendant to choose the optimal level of care.
The Social Determinants of Mental Health: An Overview and Call to Action

Mental disorders are among the most prevalent, chronic, and disabling health conditions; they touch the lives of all Americans in some way.1 Although these disorders clearly have biological correlates, they are also substantially influenced by modifiable social, economic, and environmental conditions that affect not only individuals, but whole communities, neighborhoods, and populations. Historically, many theories have been postulated to help explain the origins of disease. During the 19th century, miasma theory attributed the causes of disease epidemics to “bad air” and led to a focus on public health interventions to improve living conditions of populations as a means of effectively limiting the incidence and prevalence of disease.2 This theory, although later supplanted by the germ theory of disease, was one of the earliest conceptualizations supporting the role of social factors in causing and sustaining illnesses. Furthermore, miasma theory led to important public health interventions, such as urban sanitation Ruth Shim, MD, MPH, is Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Associate Director, National Center for Primary Care, Morehouse School of Medicine. Carol Koplan, MD, is Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University. Frederick J.P. Langheim, MD, PhD, is Joint Director, Consultation and Liaison Psychiatry, St. Mary’s Hospital; Staff Psychiatrist, Dean Health System; Clinical Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Marc W. Manseau, MD, MPH, is Public Psychiatry Fellow, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute. Rebecca A. Powers, MD, MPH, is Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine. Michael T. Compton, MD, MPH, is Chairman, Department of Psychiatry, Lenox Hill Hospital; Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore – LIJ School of Medicine at Hofstra University. Address correspondence to: Ruth Shim, MD, MPH, National Center for Primary Care, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, Atlanta, GA 30310; email: rshim@msm. edu. Disclosure: The authors have no relevant financial relationships to disclose. doi: 10.3928/00485713-20140108-04 The Social Determinants of Mental Health: An Overview and Call to Action
A Quantified Description of Space Tourism Public Relations Functions

This paper describes our research results and conclusions about the functions or purposes served by public relations in space tourism commercial and industrial development. Two main sections of the present study were conducted ; the first identified and quantified the obstacles or barriers impeding space tourism commercial development at the present time. Twenty -one such obstacles were discovered, including eleven more frequently cited pr oblems and a second set of t en less typical barriers. The second part of this research quantified the fu nctions or purposes served by space tourism. Again, two sets of functions were discovered, seven more frequently used functions and eight less common space tourism public relations purposes .
Structural diversity of xylans in the cell walls of monocots

Xylans in the cell walls of monocots are structurally diverse. Arabinofuranose-containing glucuronoxylans are characteristic of commelinids. However, other structural features are not correlated with the major transitions in monocot evolution. Most studies of xylan structure in monocot cell walls have emphasized members of the Poaceae (grasses). Thus, there is a paucity of information regarding xylan structure in other commelinid and in non-commelinid monocot walls. Here, we describe the major structural features of the xylans produced by plants selected from ten of the twelve monocot orders. Glucuronoxylans comparable to eudicot secondary wall glucuronoxylans are abundant in non-commelinid walls. However, the α-d-glucuronic acid/4-O-methyl-α-d-glucuronic acid is often substituted at O-2 by an α-l-arabinopyranose residue in Alismatales and Asparagales glucuronoxylans. Glucuronoarabinoxylans were the only xylans detected in the cell walls of five different members of the Poaceae family (grasses). By contrast, both glucuronoxylan and glucuronoarabinoxylan are formed by the Zingiberales and Commelinales (commelinids). At least one species of each monocot order, including the Poales, forms xylan with the reducing end sequence -4)-β-d-Xylp-(1,3)-α-l-Rhap-(1,2)-α-d-GalpA-(1,4)-d-Xyl first identified in eudicot and gymnosperm glucuronoxylans. This sequence was not discernible in the arabinopyranose-containing glucuronoxylans of the Alismatales and Asparagales or the glucuronoarabinoxylans of the Poaceae. Rather, our data provide additional evidence that in Poaceae glucuronoarabinoxylan, the reducing end xylose residue is often substituted at O-2 with 4-O-methyl glucuronic acid or at O-3 with arabinofuranose. The variations in xylan structure and their implications for the evolution and biosynthesis of monocot cell walls are discussed.
207 PEDIATRIC APPENDICITIS TREATED BY PEDIATRIC VERSUS GENERAL SURGEONS: A COMPARISON OF PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS AND OUTCOMES.

Hypothesis Pediatric appendicitis is treated by both pediatric and general surgeons. We investigated whether specialty-dependent differences existed in patients9 characteristics and outcomes. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting University-affiliated children9s hospital, attached to a general hospital. Patients 465 consecutive children (up to the 18th birthday) treated for appendicitis during a recent 28-month period by one of three pediatric surgeons or one of twenty general surgeons. Main Outcome Measures Age, perforation rate, normal appendix rate, readmission rate, wound infection rate, postoperative abscess rate, hospital stay, hospital charges. Results 304 children (65%) were treated by pediatric surgeons (Group 1) and 161 (35%) by general surgeons (Group 2). Group 1 patients were younger (8.3 ± 3.6 vs 13.2 ± 3.1 years, p Conclusions In a children9s hospital where both pediatric and general surgeons treat appendicitis, pediatric surgeons attend to younger patients with more severe appendicitis. There are no differences in outcomes for simple or complicated appendicitis between pediatric and general surgeons. Hospital charges are lower for simple appendicitis treated by pediatric surgeons.
Influence of the Historical Discourse Record on Language Processing in Dialogue

Speakers typically design definite referring expressions to uniquely identify the intended referent with respect to the alternatives in the referential context, and addressees interpret these expressions with respect to the contextual alternatives. Although it is clear that the relevant context includes entities in the immediate context, less clear is how the historical discourse context affects language interpretation in the moment. This article presents the results of two experiments that examine interpretation of definite referring expressions in cases where the local context has recently changed. In Experiment 1 eye-tracked participants followed an experimenter's instructions to click on objects multiple times each. When expressions were over-modified for the immediate context (e.g., the striped shirt, when the shirt would suffice), referential interpretation was significantly facilitated when that expression had been previously used in a supporting context. By contrast, interpretation of nonmodified ...
The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals: The economies around 1600

Introduction Imperial, warrior dynasties generally had three principal economic goals: to acquire sufficient wealth to allow the ruling class to have, in the words of the Mughal historian of Shah Jahan's era, “ a civilized and comfortable life”; to acquire sufficient wealth to fund further conquests and the acquisition of additional resources; and to acquire sufficient wealth to fund grandiose building projects that would glorify the dynasty and legitimize it in the eyes of its subjects and posterity. Apart from plunder, often but not always a lucrative activity, most pre-industrial dynasties had access to three principal sources of wealth: taxes on agriculture, commodity production, and commerce. The economies of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires were structurally identical, and the economic policies of their rulers fundamentally similar. They were also linked with one another through the exchange of commodities and the circulation of merchants. All three empires were predominantly agrarian states whose rulers derived the bulk of their income from taxes on agriculture, and the size of their populations and economies depended primarily on the agricultural potential of their territories. After agriculture, taxes on commerce constituted a secondary but nonetheless vital source of income, which might come from transit trade, such as the valuable commerce in Indian spices funneled through the Red Sea to Cairo, or from the production and export of manufactured commodities, such as cloth, whether Iranian and Ottoman silk or Indian cotton.
Multivariate Integral Inequalities Deriving from Sobolev Representations

Here we present very general multivariate tight integral inequalities of Chebyshev–Gruss,Ostrowski types and of comparison of integral means. These rely on the well-known Sobolev integral representation of a function. The inequalities engage ordinary and weak partial derivatives of the involved functions.We give also applications. On the way to prove the main results we obtain important estimates for the averaged Taylor polynomials and remainders of Sobolev integral representations. The exposed results are thoroughly discussed. This chapter relies on [4].
Differentiable Attitudes Towards Specific Crimes and Contexts: A Quantification of Neutralization Techniques

The neutralization theory of Sykes and Matza (1957) posits that delinquent individuals attempt to continually reintegrate with society by mentally asserting that their deviant behavior is actually normative, via an excuse. Sykes and Matza gave five excuses, or techniques of neutralization: denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties. Sykes and Matza were primarily concerned with the general concept of neutralization, rather than trying to understand the specific utilities of the different technique categories they labeled. The goal of this work is to determine which techniques may be most common, and under what circumstances (what crimes or deviant behaviors) neutralizations may be most effective. Using a factorial vignette survey design with a multinational sample of college students from Poland and the United States, we find neutralization utility varies by technique and circumstance, and the denial of responsibility technique is especially potent.
Use of Zebrafish to Dissect Gene Programs Regulating Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for creating each cellular component of the vertebrate blood system. However, HSCs must also self-renew to maintain their own population so that the blood system always has the capacity to be reconstituted. This balance of HSCs producing more HSCs as well as differentiated blood cells is regulated by several extrinsic pathways. The Cdx/Hox pathway has been shown to have a role in regulating embryonic stem cells, with the zebrafish caudal genes cdx4 and cdx1a acting upstream of the Hox clusters to aid in the formation of blood. The Notch pathway has been shown in mice and zebrafish to be a positive regulator of HSC self-renewal; experiments in fish revealed that this pathway signals through the HSC transcription factor runx1 to do so. Lastly, the action of prostaglandin E2 was found to positively regulate HSCs, and treatment with this compound leads to increased recovery kinetics of the hematopoietic system upon acute injury or transplantation. This knowledge is currently being applied in the clinic as a means to increase the success rates of umbilical cord blood transplantations in adult patients.
Distress Tolerance Treatment for Weight Concern in Smoking Cessation Among Women: The WE QUIT Pilot Study

Fear of gaining weight after quitting cigarette smoking is a major barrier to smoking cessation among women. Distress tolerance, which refers to one's ability and willingness to tolerate physical and emotional discomfort, predicts successful behavior change. Novel interventions rooted in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) have emerged that aim to increase distress tolerance and engagement in values-oriented behavior. In this study, we developed a 9-week, group-based distress tolerance intervention for weight concern in smoking cessation among women (DT-W). Using an iterative process, we piloted DT-W with two small groups ( n = 4 and n = 7) of female weight-concerned smokers. Results indicated that we successfully established the feasibility and acceptability of DT-W, which was well-attended and well-received. Biochemically verified 7-day point-prevalence abstinence rates at post-intervention, 1, 3, and 6 months were 64%, 36%, 27%, and 27%, respectively. We are now evaluating DT-W in a randomized controlled trial.
Irish Teachers’ Perceptions of Reasoning-and-Proving Amidst a National Educational Reform

The syllabi driving the secondary mathematics education reform in Ireland expect students to engage in two components of reasoning-and-proving (RP) (Stylianides in For Learn Math 28:9–16, 2008): making mathematical generalizations (pattern identification and conjecturing) and providing support to mathematical claims (providing a proof/non-proof argument). This study examines the perceptions of pattern identification, conjecturing, and proof by 22 Irish teachers with varying levels of teaching experience via semi-structured interviews. These teachers perceived pattern identification and conjecturing as disconnected from proof construction. Indeed, teachers struggled to define conjecturing and proof. There also appeared to be a bifurcation in students’ classroom experiences with RP processes. Teachers stated that the experiences with proof of students with perceived lower ability levels ended at pattern identification while higher-level students rarely engaged in pattern identification and focused on memorizing proofs due to the influence of high stakes assessments. The implications of these results are discussed.
Catalyzing social innovation: is entrepreneurial bricolage always good?

Social entrepreneurs face unique challenges in their concurrent pursuit of social and financial value creation to address intractable societal problems. Although social entrepreneurs’ actions have ...
Designing, Evaluating, and Deploying Automated Scoring Systems with Validity in Mind: Methodological Design Decisions.

This article discusses critical methodological design decisions for collecting, interpreting, and synthesizing empirical evidence during the design, deployment, and operational quality-control phas...
Radiotherapy and Third Generation Concurrent Chemotherapy Agents

Evidence shows that treating locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with concurrent radiation and second generation chemotherapy agents provides a survival benefit when compared to delivering the same therapy sequentially. However, survival results remain dismal and concurrent chemoradiation exhibits significant toxicity. As third generation chemotherapy agents have become available, their radiation-sensitizing properties have been extensively studied in the laboratory. Subsequently, clinical studies have been performed to evaluate the potential benefit of incorporating these newer agents in concurrent chemoradiation regimens. This chapter aims to provide insight into how these agents were transitioned from the laboratory bench to their current role in the standard of care of patients with locally advanced disease.
Learning Styles of Students Enrolled in Fashion Classes: Academic Level, Geographic Region, and Major

Learning styles are important for instructors to understand to enhance student learning. The purpose of this research was to examine learning styles among undergraduate students enrolled in fashion classes. The research questions were; Among students enrolled in fashion classes how do VARK (Visual, Aural, Reading/Writing, and Kinesthetics) scores vary by: 1) region (Midwest, Northeast)? 2) level in school (Freshman, Sophomore, Junior, Senior)? and 3) major (Apparel Design, Fashion Merchandising, Double Major, and Fashion Minor)? The results demonstrated students enrolled in fashion courses were kinesthetic in learning style. Region influenced learning style and students earning a fashion minor had low visual scores. These findings can help instructors better meet the needs of students enrolled in fashion classes. For example, fashion instructors could incorporate hands-on class experiences for fashion students and limit visual exercises for minor students.
Readability assessment of online Essential Tremor patient educational resources (P1.003)

Objective: This study sought to determine the readability of Essential Tremor-related online patient education material. Background: Essential Tremor (ET) is the most common movement disorder. ET Patients increasingly turn to online resources for health-related information. The American Medical Association and National Institutes of Health recommend patient education materials be written at or below a 6th grade reading level to maximize patient comprehension. It is essential to assess the readability of online patient health information to ensure patients are responsibly informed. Design/Methods: A systematic online search was used to identify patient educational materials for Essential Tremor. Using the Google search engine we searched the following terms: “Essential Tremor,” “Benign tremor,” “Familial tremor,” and “Benign essential Tremor.” Readability was measured using 5 standardized tests including Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Gunning Fog Index (GFI), Coleman-Liau Index (CLI) and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) index. Results: A total of 55 websites were included in the analysis. The mean readability scores were as follows: FRES, 47.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 43.5 – 50.46); FKGL, 10.7 (95% CI = 9.99 – 11.4); GFI, 12.5 (95% CI = 11.3 – 12.7); CLI, 12.1 (95% CI = 11.51 – 12.69); and SMOG, 12.8 (95% CI = 12.21 – 13.38). These scores suggest that information was written at an average 12th grade level, greatly exceeding the recommended levels by the American Medical Association. Conclusions: Our study suggests that most Essential Tremor-related information available online is written at a level too difficult for the average adult to read comfortably. Current patient education materials should be revised to accommodate the average reading level in the United States to aid comprehension of this common movement disorder. Disclosure: Dr. Nalamada has nothing to disclose. Dr. Patel has nothing to disclose.
A 1-Mb 28-nm 1T1MTJ STT-MRAM With Single-Cap Offset-Cancelled Sense Amplifier and In Situ Self-Write-Termination

1T1MTJ spin-transfer-torque (STT)-MRAM is a promising candidate for next-generation high-density embedded non-volatile memory. This paper presents a 1-Mb 28-nm 1T1MTJ STT-MRAM with improved sensing margin and reduced power consumption. An offset-cancelled sense amplifier is proposed, using only a single capacitor, to improve sensing margin and accelerate read speed. To save write power, an in situ write-self-termination method is proposed where the sense amplifier is reconfigured without area overhead to continuously monitor the write operation and shutoff the write drivers as soon as the magnetic transition occurs in the bitcell. A prototype chip achieves 2.8- and 3.6-ns read access time at 25 °C and 120 °C, respectively. The in situ write-self-termination scheme reduces write power by 47% and 60% with 20-ns write access time at 25 °C and 120 °C, respectively.
Single cell analyses reveal specific distribution of anti‐bacterial molecule Perforin‐2 in human skin and its modulation by wounding and Staphylococcus aureus infection

Perforin-2 (P-2) is a recently described antimicrobial protein with unique properties to kill intracellular bacteria. We investigated P-2 expression pattern and cellular distribution in human skin and its importance in restoration of barrier function during wound healing process and infection with the common wound pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. We describe a novel approach for the measurement of P-2 mRNA within individual skin cells using an amplified fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. The unique aspect of this approach is simultaneous detection of P-2 mRNA in combination with immune-phenotyping for cell surface proteins using fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies. We detected P-2 transcript in both hematopoietic (CD45+ ) and non-hematopoietic (CD45- ) cutaneous cell populations, confirming the P-2 expression in both professional and non-professional phagocytes. Furthermore, we found an induction of P-2 during wound healing. P-2 overexpression resulted in a reduction of intracellular S. aureus, while infection of human wounds by this pathogen resulted in P-2 suppression, revealing a novel mechanism by which S. aureus may escape cutaneous immunity to cause persistent wound infections.
Cross-Effect Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Explained: Polarization, Depolarization, and Oversaturation

The scope of this Perspective is to analytically describe NMR hyperpolarization by the three-spin cross effect (CE) dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) using an effective Hamiltonian concept. We apply, for the first time, the bimodal operator-based Floquet theory in the Zeeman-interaction frame for two and three coupled spins to derive the known interaction Hamiltonian for CE-DNP. With a unified understanding of CE-DNP, and supported by empirical observation of the state of electron spin polarization under the given experimental conditions, we explain diverse manifestations of CE from oversaturation, enhanced hyperpolarization by broad-band saturation, to nuclear spin depolarization under magic-angle spinning.
Distributed Direction of Arrival Estimation-Aided Cyberattack Detection in Networked Multi-Robot Systems

This study proposes a Direction of Arrival (DoA)-aided attack detection scheme to identify cyberattacks on networked multi-robot systems. For each agent, a local estimator is designed to generate robust residuals, and a parametric statistical tool corresponding to the residuals is elaborated to build sensitive decision rules. These locally stored residuals and thresholds are shared between robots via a wireless network, allowing a multi-robot system to complete its mission in the presence of one or more compromised agents. The proposed DoA-aided attack detection scheme is tested on a multi-robot testbed with a team of 10 robots. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed detection scheme enables each robot to identify malicious activities without shearing the global coordination.
Analysis of time-to-treatment discontinuation of targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy in clinical trials of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer

ABSTRACT Background Pragmatic end points, such as time-to-treatment discontinuation (TTD), defined as the date of starting a medication to the date of treatment discontinuation or death has been proposed as a potential efficacy end point for real-world evidence (RWE) trials, where imaging evaluation is less structured and standardized. Patients and methods We studied 18 randomized clinical trials of patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (mNSCLC), initiated after 2007 and submitted to U.S. Food and Drug Administration. TTD was calculated as date of randomization to date of discontinuation or death and compared to progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) across all patients, as well as in treatment-defined subgroups [EGFR mutation-positive treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), EGFR wild-type treated with TKI, ALK-positive treated with TKI, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), chemotherapy doublet with maintenance, chemotherapy monotherapy]. Results Overall across 8947 patients, TTD was more closely associated with PFS (r = 0.87, 95% CI 0.86–0.87) than with OS (0.68, 95% CI 0.67–0.69). Early TTD (PFS—TTD ≥ 3 months) occurred in 7.7% of patients overall, and was more common with chemo monotherapy (15.0%) while late TTD (TTD—PFS ≥ 3 months) occurred in 6.0% of patients overall, and was more common in EGFR-positive and ALK-positive patients (12.4% and 22.9%). In oncogene-targeted subgroups (EGFR positive and ALK positive), median TTDs (13.4 and 14.1 months) exceeded median PFS (11.4 and 11.3 months). Conclusions At the patient level, TTD is associated with PFS across therapeutic classes. Median TTD exceeds median PFS for biomarker-selected patients receiving oncogene-targeted therapies. TTD should be prospectively studied further as an end point for pragmatic randomized RWE trials only for continuously administered therapies.
Supportive Care Just When Patients Need It

Patients undergoing active cancer treatment—namely, radiation therapy and chemotherapy—can experience a variety of symptoms, including uncontrolled pain, neutropenic fever, dehydration, electrolyte...