cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing a clinical translational neuroscience taxonomy for anxiety and mood disorder: protocol for the baseline-follow up Research domain criteria Anxiety and Depression ("RAD") project.

Understanding how brain circuit dysfunctions relate to specific symptoms offers promise for developing a brain-based taxonomy for classifying psychopathology, identifying targets for mechanistic studies and ultimately for guiding treatment choice. The goal of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative of the National Institute of Mental Health is to accelerate the development of such neurobiological models of mental disorder independent of traditional diagnostic criteria. In our RDoC Anxiety and Depression (“RAD”) project we focus trans-diagnostically on the spectrum of depression and anxiety psychopathology. Our aims are a) to use brain imaging to define cohesive dimensions defined by dysfunction of circuits involved in reactivity to and regulation of negatively valenced emotional stimulation and in cognitive control, b) to assess the relationships between these dimension and specific symptoms, behavioral performance and the real world capacity to function socially and at work and c) to assess the stability of brain-symptom-behavior-function relationships over time. Here we present the protocol for the “RAD” project, one of the first RDoC studies to use brain circuit functioning to define new dimensions of psychopathology. The RAD project follows baseline-follow up design. In line with RDoC principles we use a strategy for recruiting all clients who “walk through the door” of a large community mental health clinic as well as the surrounding community. The clinic attends to a broad spectrum of anxiety and mood-related symptoms. Participants are unmedicated and studied at baseline using a standardized battery of functional brain imaging, structural brain imaging and behavioral probes that assay constructs of threat reactivity, threat regulation and cognitive control. The battery also includes self-report measures of anxiety and mood symptoms, and social and occupational functioning. After baseline assessments, therapists in the clinic apply treatment planning as usual. Follow-up assessments are undertaken at 3 months, to establish the reliability of brain–based subgroups over time and to assess whether these subgroups predict real–world functional capacity over time. First enrollment was August 2013, and is ongoing. This project is designed to advance knowledge toward a neural circuit taxonomy for mental disorder. Data will be shared via the RDoC database for dissemination to the scientific community. The clinical translational neuroscience goals of the project are to develop brain-behavior profile reports for each individual participant and to refine these reports with therapist feedback. Reporting of results is expected from December 2016 onward. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02220309 . Registered: August 13, 2014.
Electrically Tunable Quenching of DNA Fluctuations in Biased Solid-State Nanopores

Nanopores offer sensors for a broad range of nanoscale materials, in particular ones of biological origin such as single- and double-stranded DNA or DNA-protein complexes. In order to increase single-molecule sensitivity, it is desirable to control biomolecule motion inside nanopores. In the present study, we investigate how in the case of a double-stranded DNA the single-molecule sensitivity can be improved through bias voltages. For this purpose we carry out molecular dynamics simulations of the DNA inside nanopores in an electrically biased metallic membrane. Stabilization of DNA, namely, a reduction in thermal fluctuations, is observed under positive bias voltages, while negative voltages bring about only negligible stabilization. For positive biases the stabilization arises from electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged DNA backbone and the positively charged pore surface. Simulations on a teardrop-shaped pore show a transverse shift of DNA position toward the sharp end of the pore under positive bias voltages, suggesting the possibility to control DNA alignment inside nanopores through geometry shaping. The present findings open a feasible and efficient route to reduce thermal noise and, in turn, enhance the signal-to-noise ratio in single-molecule nanopore sensing.
Early Osteogenic Differentiation of Mouse Preosteoblasts Induced by Collagen-Derived DGEA-Peptide on Nanofibrous Phage Tissue Matrices

Specific biochemical and physical cues in tissue extracellular matrices play a critical role in regulating cellular growth processes and their fate. We report initial responses of bone stem cells induced by collagen-derived DGEA-peptides on nanofibrous M13 phage tissue matrices. We constructed genetically engineered M13 phage with DGEA-peptide displayed in high density on the major coat proteins and biomimetic nanofibrous tissue-like matrices in two and three dimensions. We investigated the effects of biochemical cues, specifically DGEA-peptides on preosteoblast (MC3T3) morphologies. The preosteoblasts grown on the top of the DGEA-incorporated phage matrices exhibited significant outgrown morphology with early bone cell marker protein expression. Through soluble peptide competition assays and control experiments, we verified that the observed cellular morphologies and osteogenic protein marker expression were specifically caused by the DGEA-peptides. We confirmed that the outgrown morphologies are linked ...
Blood bank quality control. II. Leukocyte-poor erythrocytes.

A method for preparing leukocyte-poor erythrocytes by removal of 80% of the erythrocytic content on a weight basis after inverted centrifugation (5,230 × g. for 7 min.) is described. The weight of erythrocytes removed is calculated for the individual donor unit using its weight and hematocrit. The formula and table for this calculation are provided. In a study of 188 leukocyte-poor erythrocyte components the mean leukocyte removal per unit was 80%. Mean values for this component for hematocrit, leukocyte count, leukocyte content, and erythrocyte content are reported. Applications to laboratory and clinical quality control are suggested.
Experiments on Active and Passive Immunity in Guinea Pigs Against H. Pertussis

Since freshly isolated strains of H. pertussis are used to vaccinate the human being against whooping cough, it was thought interesting to determine what protection such strains would bestow upon guinea pigs, animals highly susceptible to this type of organism. The first experiment was planned to determine the difference in protection acquired by guinea pigs that had been actively immunized against a freshly isolated strain grown on blood agar and those that had been actively immunized against the same strain acclimated to and grown on veal brain agar when both vaccinated groups were subsequently injected intraperitoneally with an MLD of a freshly isolated culture. The MLD of the freshly isolated organism was 3 mgm. by wet weight in 1 cc. of saline. The MLD of the same strain acclimated to and grown on veal brain agar was 35 mgm. by wet weight in 1 cc. of saline. The "disease producing" and "fixed" phases' were grown on their respective mediums and both harvested after 2 days and standardized so that 1 cc.-5 mgm. of wet weighed organisms. Fortyeight animals weighing from 210 to 250 grams were used. Thirty-two animals were immunized; 16 with the "disease producing" or freshly isolated and 16 with the "fixed" or old phase of the same organism. Five tenths of a cc. of the standardized vaccine was injected the first day, 1.0 cc. 4 days later and again 1.0 cc. 4 days after that. Miller2 reported protective antibodies at their height within 12 days after the injection of freshly isolated vaccine so that an interval of 12 days was allowed to elapse and then all of the animals including 16 controls were injected intraperitoneally with 1 MLD (3 mgm.) of the freshly isolated or the "disease producing" phase of the organism. Only one animal lived and it had been protected by the fixed strain. Fortyseven of the 48 injected animals died, 39 of them within 3 days after the intraperitoneal injection. The typical reaction seen at the autopsy of guinea pigs that died after injections of freshly isolated organisms was a massive dilatation of the capillaries with splotchy hemorrhages in the parietal abdominal wall, a salmon red color of the small intestines and a free serosanguinous exudate. Of the various groups of animals tested, there was but slight difference in the pathological reactions of those that died. Five of the first and 4 of the second group had atypical reactions as compared to only 2 of the control group. This nu-
Novel Insulation Supervising Instrument for DC System and Its Realization

To ensure the reliability of DC system,the insulation status of DC bus must be entirely monitored online. Generally unbalanced degree of symmetrical bridge is used as a chief means for reflecting insulation of DC bus,however it becomes disabled when insulation of positive and negative poles of DC bus drops in the same proportion. A new method of real-time supervision for insulation of DC system is adopted in this paper,which uses double asymmetrical bridge in normal mode. The shortcomings of symmetrical bridge are overcome. As the severe electromagnetic interference in the substation,the urgent problem of data fluctuation and instability need to be solved. Therefore,integrated anti-interference methods are achieved in the design of hardware and software,such as opto-isolated technique,switched-capacitor filter,digital filter,etc. And the stochastic error is successfully eliminated. The design and realization of proposed method-based supervising instrument are introduced in detail. Experimental results have proved that the project is quite feasible and effective.
What Unites Us All: Establishing Special Education Teacher Education Universals.

The theoretical base that supports human universals served as a model for proposing special education teacher education universals. The human universals model is explained and put forth as a basis ...
Shallow coral reef surveying by inexpensive drifters

Coral reefs exhibit the highest biodiversity in the ocean and are an extremely vulnerable ecosystem. Monitoring the state of the reefs is a tedious process performed by human divers which can be automated. This paper presents the use of several inexpensive drifting sensor nodes in order to reconstruct a visual mosaic of a shallow coral reef. The drifters produce geo-referenced visual data from a downward facing camera while floating above a shallow-water coral reef. The vision is augmented with inertial data enabling the recovery of the drifter's attitude. A brief description of the drifters together with a framework to produce visual mosaics are discussed. Experimental results from a deployment over the Folkestone Marine Reserve in Barbados demonstrating the utility of our approach are presented.
First-Generation College Students’ Persistence Intentions in Engineering Majors:

This study examined the relationship between parental support, engineering-related (realistic/investigative themed) learning experiences, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and persistence intent...
Fiscal Adjustment in High-Debt Countries

The need for heavily indebted developing countries to undertake a balance-of-payments adjustment, to generate sufficient foreign exchange for debt service, is well understood. The need for fiscal adjustment in these countries is less well understood, although several studies (Dornbusch and Fischer 1985, Reisen and van Trotsenburg 1988, Easterly 1989, and Rodrik 1990) have highlighted it. The fiscal problem arises from the fact that, although the benefits of foreign borrowing accrue to the private sector, a large share of the debt burden may rest with the public sector. A transfer of domestic resources must be made from the private sector to the public sector to finance interest and amortization payments.
Changes in Growth and Body Composition Related to Control in Children with Diabetes

The present study is the first longitudinal study of growth and body composition in diabetic youngsters which employs both anthropometric and ultrasonic measurements.
Driving to Safety: How Many Miles of Driving Would It Take to Demonstrate Autonomous Vehicle Reliability?

Abstract How safe are autonomous vehicles? The answer is critical for determining how autonomous vehicles may shape motor vehicle safety and public health, and for developing sound policies to govern their deployment. One proposed way to assess safety is to test drive autonomous vehicles in real traffic, observe their performance, and make statistical comparisons to human driver performance. This approach is logical, but it is practical? In this paper, we calculate the number of miles of driving that would be needed to provide clear statistical evidence of autonomous vehicle safety. Given that current traffic fatalities and injuries are rare events compared to vehicle miles traveled, we show that fully autonomous vehicles would have to be driven hundreds of millions of miles and sometimes hundreds of billions of miles to demonstrate their reliability in terms of fatalities and injuries. Under even aggressive testing assumptions, existing fleets would take tens and sometimes hundreds of years to drive these miles—an impossible proposition if the aim is to demonstrate their performance prior to releasing them on the roads for consumer use. These findings demonstrate that developers of this technology and third-party testers cannot simply drive their way to safety. Instead, they will need to develop innovative methods of demonstrating safety and reliability. And yet, the possibility remains that it will not be possible to establish with certainty the safety of autonomous vehicles. Uncertainty will remain. Therefore, it is imperative that autonomous vehicle regulations are adaptive—designed from the outset to evolve with the technology so that society can better harness the benefits and manage the risks of these rapidly evolving and potentially transformative technologies.
Assessment of pain in adolescents: Influence of gender, smoking status and tobacco abstinence.

Abstract Purpose We examined sex differences between smokers and nonsmokers in pain threshold, tolerance, and intensity and the effect of pain on cardiovascular measures, withdrawal, and craving during acute smoking abstinence. Methods Ninety-six (53 smokers, 43 nonsmokers) adolescents completed the Cold Pressor Task (CPT) to assess pain responses after minimal (1 h) and 42-hour smoking deprivation. Vital signs and craving were assessed before and after CPT completion. Results Smokers, compared to nonsmokers, had significantly lower pain tolerance ( p p p 's p 's p 's p p p p = 0.007) at 42-hour deprivation. Conclusions Smokers had a lower pain threshold than non-smokers, with female smokers demonstrating lower pain tolerance during minimal deprivation than all comparison groups, and, continuing to have diminished pain tolerance compared to female nonsmokers following 42 h of abstinence. Male smokers demonstrated tobacco-deprivation-induced reductions in pain tolerance. Further study of pain-related factors that may contribute to relapse and maintenance of smoking behaviors, and mechanisms of these relationships among adolescent smokers is warranted.
Evidence-Based Practice in Special Education and Cultural Adaptations: Challenges and Implications for Research

Many issues arise in the discussion of the evidence-based practice (EBP) movement and implementation science in special education and specific educational practices for students with severe disabil...
Bibliography of the Published Writings of Frank Hyneman Knight

The bibliography of Knight’s publications was constructed from the larger bibliography of all Knight’s writings (published and unpublished), which was published in Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, archival supplement 9 (1999). Details of identifying his writings, and the search for their publication can be found there. The publications included here do not include material that was published posthumously, with one exception – the essay that was in the publication process with the Dictionary of the History of Ideas at the time of his death. Only three items escaped my attention at the time I constructed the earlier bibliography: (i) the foreword to Bianchi’s Liberalism and Its Critics (1958), (ii) the review of J. M. Clark’s Preface to Social Cost (1936), and (iii) the review of D’Entreves’ Natural Law (1952). There are 437 entries in the bibliography: 13 books (including 3 translations of Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit; and 1 translation of The Economic Organization); 85 scholarly journal articles (including 32 article-length book reviews); 40 book chapters; 17 encyclopedia articles; 67 short entries in scholarly journals (including responses, rejoinders, discussion comments, and committee reports); 157 short book reviews; 33 abstracts of journal articles in European journals (from the short-lived Social Science Abstracts, 1929-1932); and 25 articles in non-scholarly periodicals.
CRISPR/Cas9 Screens Reveal Epstein-Barr Virus-Transformed B Cell Host Dependency Factors

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes endemic Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and immunosuppression-related lymphomas. These B cell malignancies arise by distinct transformation pathways and have divergent viral and host expression programs. To identify host dependency factors resulting from these EBV+, B cell-transformed cell states, we performed parallel genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function screens in BL and lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). These highlighted 57 BL and 87 LCL genes uniquely important for their growth and survival. LCL hits were enriched for EBV-induced genes, including viral super-enhancer targets. Our systematic approach uncovered key mechanisms by which EBV oncoproteins activate the PI3K/AKT pathway and evade tumor suppressor responses. LMP1-induced cFLIP was found to be critical for LCL defense against TNFα-mediated programmed cell death, whereas EBV-induced BATF/IRF4 were critical for BIM suppression and MYC induction in LCLs. Finally, EBV super-enhancer-targeted IRF2 protected LCLs against Blimp1-mediated tumor suppression. Our results identify viral transformation-driven synthetic lethal targets for therapeutic intervention.
Quantifying the heat affected zone in laser scribing of thin film solar cells

Abstract Laser scribing is a method for partitioning thin film solar panels into a series of mini-modules. While glass-side laser scribing is meant to be a thermally-induced mechanical material removal method, significant thermal damage may occur if the process is not properly designed. No approach has been developed yet to conveniently measure the size of the heat affected zone. Kelvin probe force microscopy was proposed and used to measure the heat affected zone via changes in the work function of the material. It was found that mechanically dominated material removal yields the smallest HAZ while also achieving a satisfactory electrical isolation.
Sudden Unexpected Death During Sleep in Familial Dysautonomia: A Case-Control Study.

Study Objectives Sudden unexpected death during sleep (SUDS) is the most common cause of death in patients with familial dysautonomia (FD), an autosomal recessive disease characterized by sensory and autonomic dysfunction. It remains unknown what causes SUDS in these patients and who is at highest risk. We tested the hypothesis that SUDS in FD is linked to sleep-disordered breathing. Methods We retrospectively identified patients with FD who died suddenly and unexpectedly during sleep and had undergone polysomnography within the 18-month period before death. For each case, we sampled one age-matched surviving subject with FD that had also undergone polysomnography within the 18-month period before study. Data on polysomnography, EKG, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, arterial blood gases, blood count, and metabolic panel were analyzed. Results Thirty-two deceased cases and 31 surviving controls were included. Autopsy was available in six cases. Compared with controls, participants with SUDS were more likely to be receiving treatment with fludrocortisone (odds ratio [OR]; 95% confidence interval) (OR 29.7; 4.1-213.4), have untreated obstructive sleep apnea (OR 17.4; 1.5-193), and plasma potassium levels <4 mEq/L (OR 19.5; 2.36-161) but less likely to use noninvasive ventilation at night (OR 0.19; 0.06-0.61). Conclusions Initiation of noninvasive ventilation when required and discontinuation of fludrocortisone treatment may reduce the high incidence rate of SUDS in patients with FD. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the link between autonomic, cardiovascular, and respiratory risk factors in SUDS.
Controllable photon quantum state generation in multimode optical fibers

We present the multimode optical fiber as a robust and practical platform to manipulate and control the quantum state of light using various linear and nonlinear mechanisms.
Combined Toxicity of Three Essential Oils Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae

Essential oils are potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides because they have low mammalian toxicity, degrade rapidly in the environment, and possess complex mixtures of bioactive constituents with multi-modal activity against the target insect populations. Twenty-one essential oils were initially screened for their toxicity against Aedes aegypti (L.) larvae and three out of the seven most toxic essential oils (Manuka, oregano, and clove bud essential oils) were examined for their chemical composition and combined toxicity against Ae. aegypti larvae. Manuka essential oil interacted synergistically with oregano essential oil and antagonistically with clove bud essential oil. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 21 components in Manuka essential oil and three components each in oregano and clove bud essential oils. Eugenol (84.9%) and eugenol acetate (9.6%) were the principal constituents in clove bud essential oil while carvacrol (75.8%) and m-isopropyltoluene (15.5%) were the major constituents in oregano essential oil. The major constituents in Manuka essential oil were calamenene (20%) and 3-dodecyl-furandione (11.4%). Manuka essential oil interacted synergistically with eugenol acetate and antagonistically with eugenol, suggesting that eugenol was a major contributor to the antagonistic interaction between Manuka and clove bud essential oils. In addition, Manuka interacted synergistically with carvacrol suggesting its contribution to the synergistic interaction between Manuka and oregano essential oils. These findings provide novel insights that can be used to develop new and safer alternatives to synthetic insecticides.
Genetic variation in the shape of cold-survival curves in a single fly population suggests potential for selection from climate variability.

Temperature variation is one of the primary challenges facing ectotherms, and the ability to tolerate a range of thermal environments is critical for setting current and future species distributions. Low temperature is particularly challenging for ectotherms because winter conditions have strong latitudinal and temporal variation. Lower lethal temperature (LLT) is a common metric of cold tolerance used in studies of local adaptation and plasticity. Comparisons of LLT across groups typically assume parallel S-shaped survival curves, but genetic variation in the shape of survival vs. temperature curves has not been assessed. Here, we measured the ability of 36 lines of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) to survive a 1-h cold shock at seven ecologically relevant low temperatures (-1 to -7 °C) to create a high-resolution response curve for each genotype. We observed surprising variation both in the magnitude of survival and in the shapes of the response curves, with the curves clustering into four distinct shapes. To encompass variation in the shapes of these survival curves, we developed a new cold tolerance metric, cumulative cold tolerance (CCT). By comparing our survival data with climatological data, we propose that variation in the shapes of cold-survival curves arose from weak selection pressure to survive intermediate subzero temperatures in this mid-latitude population of flies. Using publicly available genome sequence and transcript expression data for these lines, we identified several candidate genes associated with CCT, and using transgenic RNAi, we confirmed a functional role for many of these genes.
ANDALE Pittsburgh: results of a promotora-led, home-based intervention to promote a healthy weight in Latino preschool children

Latino preschool children have higher rates of obesity than preschool children from other racial/ethnic groups; however, few effective, culturally appropriate interventions exist targeting this group. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of a 10-week, promotora-mediated, home-based intervention to promote a healthy weight in Latino preschool children. Trained promotoras (community health workers) delivered 10, 90-min weekly interactive and tailored sessions to Latino families living in Allegheny County. Participants were recruited through promotoras’ own social networks and community gatherings, flyers, and word of mouth. Primary outcome measures included child body mass index (BMI) z-score and percentile. Secondary outcome measures included child objectively measured physical activity and dietary intake, and the home social and physical environment (e.g., parent health behaviors, parent self-efficacy, parental support, physical activity equipment in the home). The final analysis sample included 49 of 51 participants who completed both baseline and follow-up assessments. Participants included mothers (33.5 ± 6.1 years old) and their preschool-aged children who were primarily 1st generation immigrants from Mexico (65%). The primary analyses of BMI percentile and z-score showed no change post-intervention. However, there was a significant decrease in child BMI percentile for overweight and obese children from baseline to follow-up (p < .05). We also saw significant pre/post increases in child daily fruit and vegetable intake, and parent moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, fruit and vegetable servings per day, and self-efficacy; and significant decreases in child saturated fat and added-sugar intake, and child and parent screen time (p’s < .05). Despite the short duration of the intervention and follow-up, this pilot study showed promising effects of a promotora-mediated intervention to promote a healthy weight in Latino preschool children.
Other continuous distributions

Until this chapter, we have looked almost exclusively at CUSUM schemes for the normal distribution. We now take a detailed look at two other continuous members of the exponential family of distributions (the gamma and the inverse Gaussian) and their CUSUMs. We find that the design of CUSUMs for these distributions differs from the normal distribution; in particular, and sometimes the optimal CUSUM involves CUSUMming a transformed variable.
Substance Use and Obesity Trajectories in African Americans Entering Adulthood.

Introduction The transition to adulthood can be stressful for minority adolescents, and many may cope through unhealthy behaviors, including substance use and obesity-related behaviors. This study tested substance use and obesity trajectories over time in African American youth, longitudinal associations of trajectories with mental and physical health in adulthood, and whether self-control and sex predict trajectories. Methods Two longitudinal studies of 516 and 992 African American adolescents. In Study 1, substance use and obesity trajectories were assessed from ages 19 to 25 years. At age 25 years, internalizing and externalizing problems, metabolic syndrome, and inflammatory biomarkers were measured. In Study 2, substance use and obesity trajectories were assessed from ages 17 to 29 years. Depression, delinquency, diabetes, blood pressure, and inflammatory biomarkers were measured at age 29 years. Data analyses were conducted in 2017. Results Across both studies, the majority of African American adolescents evinced poor health behavior trajectories (latent class growth analyses), with 23%–27% showing increasing substance use over time, 18%–27% showing increasing obesity over time, and 9%–11% showing increases in both. ANCOVAs for trajectory analyses revealed that males were more likely to evince increasing substance use, with females more likely to show increasing obesity. Substance use trajectories were associated with poorer mental health in adulthood; obesity trajectories with poorer physical health in adulthood. Those with good health behavior trajectories had higher self-control in early adolescence. Conclusions The transition to adulthood is a vulnerable period for many African Americans. Given the commonalities of substance use and obesity in their rewarding/stress-relieving properties, similar prevention efforts may help stem the rise of both in these youth.
Density functional theory models for electrocatalytic reactions

Abstract Electrocatalysis facilitates conversion between electrical and chemical energy in fuel cells and electrolysis devices. Rational design of the electrocatalytic interface, including selection of electrode and electrolyte compositions and their optimal structure, requires establishing composition–structure–function relationships. Electronic structure calculations, most typically performed within the framework of density functional theory (DFT), help to develop these relationships by determining how elementary reaction energetics are impacted by electrocatalysis composition and structure. Though DFT methods can explain and predict catalytic behavior at the most fundamental level, they are challenged by difficulties in representing the length and time scales associated with processes at the dynamic electrode–electrolyte interface. In this chapter, we review the approaches used to approximate this interface with DFT for modeling electrocatalytic processes. We first review the challenges associated with modeling this interface, motivating an overview of the various approaches to model solvent and interface electrification. A more detailed emphasis is given to approaches to model the elementary kinetics of the inner sphere electron/ion transfer reactions that dictate activity and selectivity for processes occurring at solid electrode–liquid electrolyte interfaces.
Modification of GLEAMS for modeling movement of organic contaminants from land-applied biosolids

Municipal biosolids are commonly applied to agricultural lands as fertilizer, but this also poses potential risks to groundwater and surface water quality from constituents that may be mobilized during storm events. In the present study, an existing model, Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems (GLEAMS), is modified to predict the fate and transport of organic contaminants from land-applied biosolids, primarily via addition of a labile biosolids organic carbon phase distinct from soil organic carbon. While capable of simulating contaminant transport in runoff and via percolation, only the runoff portion of the model was able to be calibrated using existing experimental data, and showed good agreement with field runoff data for acetaminophen, ibuprofen, triclosan, triclocarban, and estrone, but substantially under-predicted concentrations for carbamazepine, androstenedione, and progesterone. The model is applied to various scenarios using varied chemical properties, application date in the arid west, and application method (i.e., surface spreading vs. incorporation). Chemicals with longer half-lives and lower KOCs exhibited higher losses in runoff than chemicals with shorter half-lives and higher KOCs. For short half-life chemicals (i.e., ≤100 days), application at the beginning of the dry season resulted in the lowest losses. However, for long half-life chemicals (∼1000 days) with high KOC (10,000-100,000), application during the rainy season resulted in the lowest losses, because this caused organic carbon to be high during the period of highest runoff. While further work is necessary to calibrate the percolation and subsurface transport portion, the model can help predict environmental risk from land-application of biosolids, highlight gaps in our knowledge about how chemicals are mobilized and transported from biosolids, and help identify management practices that result in minimal impacts to water quality.
Runko: Modern multi-physics toolbox for simulating plasma

Runko is a new open-source plasma simulation framework implemented in C++ and Python. It is designed to function as an easy-to-extend general toolbox for simulating astrophysical plasmas with different theoretical and numerical models. Computationally intensive low-level "kernels" are written in modern C++14 taking advantage of polymorphic classes, multiple inheritance, and template metaprogramming. High-level functionality is operated with Python3 scripts. This hybrid program design ensures fast code and ease of use. The framework has a modular object-oriented design that allow the user to easily add new numerical algorithms to the system. The code can be run on various computing platforms ranging from laptops (shared-memory systems) to massively parallel supercomputer architectures (distributed-memory systems). The framework also supports heterogeneous multi-physics simulations in which different physical solvers can be combined and run simultaneously. Here we report on the first results from the framework's relativistic particle-in-cell (PIC) module. Using the PIC module, we simulate decaying relativistic kinetic turbulence in suddenly stirred magnetically-dominated pair plasma. We show that the resulting particle distribution can be separated into a thermal part that forms the turbulent cascade and into a separate decoupled non-thermal particle population that acts as an energy sink for the system.
Using an Adaptive Intelligent Tutoring System to Promote Learning Affordances for Adults with Low Literacy Skills

One out of six adults in the United States possesses low literacy skills. Many advocates believe that technology can pave the way for these adults to gain the skills that they desire. This article describes an adaptive intelligent tutoring system called AutoTutor that is designed to teach adults comprehension strategies across different levels of discourse processing. AutoTutor was designed with a simple, easy to use interface that caters to the special technological needs of adult learners. Though the interface may be simple, the functionality is not. AutoTutor leverages empirically based learning principles from cognitive psychology to scaffold the acquisition of reading comprehension skills. In particular, it embeds six major learning affordances, or learning opportunities, that help students master difficult material. We provide an overview of AutoTutor, describe its’ learning affordances and discuss its potential as a reading comprehension tool. We conclude by considering some of the challenges when building adaptive technologies to support low literacy adults.
Peripheral nerve blocks and postoperative physical therapy: a single-institution survey of physical therapists' preferences and opinions.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Our aim was to ascertain the opinions and preferences of physical therapists with regard to use of peripheral nerve blocks and their impact on the recovery of patients undergoing total joint replacement. METHODS We conducted an anonymous 24-question survey of 20 full-time inpatient physical therapists at a single tertiary care medical center. RESULTS One respondent indicated they never work with patients who have undergone total joint replacement surgery. Nineteen questionnaires were included in the final analysis. Questions omitted by respondents or with write-in answers were not included in the analysis. A majority of respondents (15 [78.9%]) agreed nerve blocks somewhat to greatly improve a patient's pain after total joint replacement surgery. Most respondents answered that nerve blocks somewhat to greatly impede a patient's ability to participate in physical therapy (14 [73.6%]) and make therapy somewhat to very difficult for them as physical therapists (16 [84.2%]). When asked about specific surgeries, (17/18 [94.4%]) and (14/18 [77.8%]) of respondents would prefer that their patients receive periarticular infiltration or no block at all after total knee arthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty, respectively. All respondents (19 [100%]) answered that they thought lower extremity nerve blocks increased a patient's risk of falling after surgery. CONCLUSIONS According to the physical therapists we surveyed, nerve blocks impede patient recovery and increase the risk of falls, despite their positive impact on pain control. When considering surgery for themselves, therapists indicated they would not want a nerve block.
Development of compact neutron sources

Many small research reactors, neutron sources built in the 1950s and 1960s are being shut down. The activities that these supported have therefore ended, which motivates their replacements with new facilities. Compact accelerator-based neutron sources under development are able to take up many of those activities. This paper paints the background for these developments, summarizes the replacement technologies, relates recent work that supports them, and alludes to some of the new activities that they enable.
PROPAGATION OF LAMINAR PULVERIZED COAL–AIR FLAMES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the measurements and theory dealing with premixed, laminar, and coal-dust flames. Most of the available knowledge of these flames has been obtained with various burners producing standing flames. A common feature of the burners is the use of some sort of flame-stabilizing device that is required to generate a standing flame. A complete understanding of flames requires description of turbulence and its role in the combustion of gaseous hydrocarbon and pulverized coal systems. As the air containing coal-dust enters the flame, the particles are heated to the onset of devolatilization or ignition. Thereafter, the exothermic reaction of the particles and/or liberated volatiles further increases the temperature until reaction is complete and the flame front is passed. Flame velocities can be calculated as the volumetric feed rate divided by the cross section of the burner tube.
Knowing What To Do and When To Do It: Mental Health Professionals and the Evidence Base for Treatment Engagement

Most mental health professionals encounter challenges to helping youth and families enroll and participate in mental health services. The empirical literature suggests that most engagement strategies are well-suited for certain types of engagement challenges. In this mixed-methods study, we examined whether mental health professionals reported using any solutions from the evidence base and, if so, the extent to which these procedures fit the engagement challenges they encountered. We surveyed all 244 mental health professionals working in a large urban school district about their experiences engaging youth and families in services. We coded professionals’ written responses to open-ended questions about the challenges they encountered engaging youth and families in services, along with solutions they used to address these challenges. Most reported engagement challenges (83.3%) had a corresponding solution in the evidence base. Most reported solutions (86.5%) were practices found in the evidence base, yet most practices from the evidence base were infrequently nominated by professionals. Moreover, only 38.5% of professionals reported at least one solution that fit at least one of their challenges. In general, professionals reported using a narrow subset of engagement strategies from the literature, which often did not fit the engagement problems encountered. These results highlight opportunities for developing and disseminating a framework that explicitly coordinates evidence-based solutions matched to specific engagement challenges to support provider selection and application of engagement procedures and ultimately enhance youth and family engagement in services.
Concentration dependence of two-photon absorption in PMMA polymeric films doped with rhodamine laser dyes

We have studied poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films doped with rhodamine 6G and rhodamine B laser dyes as potential nonlinear material components for nanophotonics. For both dyes, the optimal concentrations, at which the emission excited via the two-photon-absorption (TPA) process is maximized, have been determined. Despite relatively large values of TPA cross sections obtained in this study, the characteristic pumping densities needed to observe pronounced nonlinear effects substantially exceed the laser damage threshold for Au or alternative plasmonic materials. This makes the studied laser dyes unsuitable for some of the intended nanophotonics applications.
Design exploration through interactive prototypes using sensors and microcontrollers

Smart products, adaptive designs, and intelligent spaces are in the forefront of current artistic discourse. Regardless of oneÂ?s field - design or science - interaction design projects often benefit from efficient production methods for prototypes for beginners. This paper presents an educational case study and its pedagogical lessons from a project-based course for beginning design students to produce interactive prototypes using sensors, actuators, and microcontrollers. A series of short project-based modules using scaffolding of code templates in conjunction with toolkits for physical prototypes were introduced in order to learn fundamental technical knowledge and skills in the first half; then more open-ended investigation of project-based individual creative final projects followed. Each module can be completed in one day with instructions on prototyping and programming in pairs, allowing students to build and see abstract logic in programming through the physical behaviors of prototypes without overpowering student creativity and motivation. Students can reinterpret given materials and modify them to produce custom tools that can realize their original project goals. This strategy allows students to acquire extensible knowledge that does not rely on higher-level software functions or specialized but inflexible plug-ins. This paper is an extended and revised version of a paper presented at the EUROGRAPHICS 2014 conference 30]. Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted HighlightsThe paper introduces interactive prototypes produced by design students.The project-based approach with practical learning modules yields creative results.Learning modules consist of digital fabrication and programming techniques in pairs.The proposed teaching approach can be applied to fields other than design.The approach provides students experience in interdisciplinary collaboration.
Reactivity-directed analysis – a novel approach for the identification of toxic organic electrophiles in drinking water

Drinking water consumption results in exposure to complex mixtures of organic chemicals, including natural and anthropogenic chemicals and compounds formed during drinking water treatment such as disinfection by-products. The complexity of drinking water contaminant mixtures has hindered efforts to assess associated health impacts. Existing approaches focus primarily on individual chemicals and/or the evaluation of mixtures, without providing information about the chemicals causing the toxic effect. Thus, there is a need for the development of novel strategies to evaluate chemical mixtures and provide insights into the species responsible for the observed toxic effects. This critical review introduces the application of a novel approach called Reactivity-Directed Analysis (RDA) to assess and identify organic electrophiles, the largest group of known environmental toxicants. In contrast to existing in vivo and in vitro approaches, RDA utilizes in chemico methodologies that investigate the reaction of organic electrophiles with nucleophilic biomolecules, including proteins and DNA. This review summarizes the existing knowledge about the presence of electrophiles in drinking water, with a particular focus on their formation in oxidative treatment systems with ozone, advanced oxidation processes, and UV light, as well as disinfectants such as chlorine, chloramines and chlorine dioxide. This summary is followed by an overview of existing RDA approaches and their application for the assessment of aqueous environmental matrices, with an emphasis on drinking water. RDA can be applied beyond drinking water, however, to evaluate source waters and wastewater for human and environmental health risks. Finally, future research demands for the detection and identification of electrophiles in drinking water via RDA are outlined.
Arthroscopic management of elbow stiffness

The elbow is particularly prone to stiffness. Loss of elbow motion is very limiting, and can be the result of trauma, primary osteoarthritis, heterotopic ossification and other conditions. Several exposures have been described for open elbow contracture release. Although a few decades ago elbow arthroscopy was considered only for diagnosis and removal of loose bodies, contemporary arthroscopic techniques allow successful management of the majority of conditions leading to elbow stiffness. Careful patient evaluation, use of advanced imaging studies, and acquisition of appropriate surgical skills are essential for the successful arthroscopic management of the stiff elbow. This expert opinion reviews some fundamentals of elbow stiffness as well as principles for the evaluation and arthroscopic management of the stiff elbow.
Incomplete Histories and Hidden Lives: The Case for Social Network Analysis in Historical Archaeology

From the kind of data used, to the creativity of approaches aimed at exploring social networks in the past, applications of social network analysis (SNA) in archaeology are characterized by exceptional diversity. In recent years, applications of SNA by historians and history-adjacent scholars have also increased dramatically, partly as a product of the growing field of digital humanities. In the North American sense of the term, the utility of social network analysis has yet to be substantively realized by historical archaeologists. In this paper, we use two case studies from the southeastern United States to illustrate the potential that social network analyses could offer historical archaeologists. In particular, we highlight how social network analysis can be employed as a framework for the integrated consideration of both archaeological and documentary evidence to explore the distribution, accumulation, control, and production of social capital in the past. In our first case study we leverage archaeological networks as a proxy for social capital to explore the contradictions and complementarity of archaeological data and the ethnohistorical record on the Indigenous politics of sixteenth-century Southern Appalachia. In our second example we examine networks of tasks and spaces across a nineteenth-century enslaved community on the Georgia Coast to understand how social capital can be differentially accumulated and accessed within particular spaces and practices. Through these examples, we demonstrate the potential for social network analysis to enrich the research programs and support the goals of North American historical archaeologists and to link such research into broader themes across the social and humanistic sciences.