cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Automatically Do Readers Infer Fictional Characters' Emotional States?

We propose that reading stories, such as a narrative about a character who takes money from a store where his best friend works and who later learns that his best friend has been fired, stimulates readers to activate the knowledge of how the character feels when he finds out that his best friend has been fired from a job for something he did. In other words, we propose that readers infer fictional character's emotional states. In this article, we first review two series of laboratory experiments (Gernsbacher, Goldsmith, & Robertson, 1992; Gernsbacher & Robertson, 1992) that empirically tested this hypothesis by measuring participants' reading times to target sentences that contained emotion words that matched (e.g., guilt) or mismatched (e.g., pride) the implied emotional state. We then present a third series of laboratory experiments that tested how automatically such knowledge is activated by using a divided- attention task (tone-identification, per-sentence memory load, or cumulative memory load) and b...
The Pharmacological Properties of Tiotropium

Tiotropium is a long-acting anticholinergic drug. Studies with cloned human muscarinic receptors show that tiotropium binds equally well to M1, M2, and M3 receptors. However, it dissociates very slowly from M1 and M3 receptors compared with ipratropium, and more rapidly from M2 receptors. Binding studies with [3H]tiotropium in human lung show that it is approximately 10-fold more potent than ipratropium. In vitro, tiotropium has a potent inhibitory effect against cholinergic nerve-induced contraction of airways. It dissociates extremely slowly, compared with the dissociation of atropine and ipratropium. Clinical studies with single doses of inhaled tiotropium confirm that it is a potent and long-lasting bronchodilator. Furthermore, it protects against cholinergic bronchoconstriction for > 24 h. Pharmacokinetic studies show that little of the inhaled drug is absorbed, thus predicting a high margin of safety.
Regulation of Cell Polarity by Interactions of Msb3 and Msb4 with Cdc42 and Polarisome Components

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, polarized growth depends on interactions between the actin cytoskeleton and the secretory machinery. Here we show that the Rab GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) Msb3 and Msb4 interact directly with Spa2, a scaffold protein of the “polarisome” that also interacts with the formin Bni1. Spa2 is required for the polarized localization of Msb3 and Msb4 at the bud tip. We also show that Msb3 and Msb4 bind specifically to Cdc42-GDP and Rho1-GDP in vitro and that Msb3 and Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor act independently but oppositely on Cdc42. Finally, we show that Msb3 and Msb4 are involved in Bni1-nucleated actin assembly in vivo. These results suggest that Msb3 and Msb4 regulate polarized growth by multiple mechanisms, directly regulating exocytosis through their GAP activity toward Sec4 and potentially coordinating the functions of Cdc42, Rho1, and Bni1 in the polarisome through their binding to these GTPases. A functional equivalent of the polarisome probably exists in other fungi and mammals. Cell polarity is essential for the development and differentiation of most unicellular and multicellular organisms. Core mechanisms underlying cell polarity appear conserved from yeasts to humans at both the conceptual and the molecular level (46). In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, polarized cell growth is achieved through a multistage process. The cell first selects a cortical site for cell polarization, then marks that site with polarity establishment proteins, and finally polarizes the actin cytoskeleton, including the actin cables and patches, at the marked site. The actin cables then direct secretion to the chosen site to form a bud (53, 54).
A cytomechanical investigation of neurite growth on different culture surfaces.

We have examined the relationship between tension, an intrinsic stimulator of axonal elongation, and the culture substrate, an extrinsic regulator of axonal elongation. Chick sensory neurons were cultured on three substrata: (a) plain tissue culture plastic; (b) plastic treated with collagen type IV; and (c) plastic treated with laminin. Calibrated glass needles were used to increase the tension loads on growing neurites. We found that growth cones on all substrata failed to detach when subjected to two to threefold and in some cases 5-10-fold greater tensions than their self-imposed rest tension. We conclude that adhesion to the substrate does not limit the tension exerted by growth cones. These data argue against a "tug-of-war" model for substrate-mediated guidance of growth cones. Neurite elongation was experimentally induced by towing neurites with a force-calibrated glass needle. On all substrata, towed elongation rate was proportional to applied tension above a threshold tension. The proportionality between elongation rate and tension can be regarded as the growth sensitivity of the neurite to tension, i.e., its growth rate per unit tension. On this basis, towed growth on all substrata can be described by the simple linear equation: elongation rate = sensitivity x (applied tension - tension threshold) The numerical values of tension thresholds and neurite sensitivities varied widely among different neurites. On all substrata, thresholds varied from near zero to greater than 200 mudynes, with some tendency for thresholds to cluster between 100 and 150 mudynes. Similarly, the tension sensitivity of neurites varied between 0.5 and 5.0 microns/h/mudyne. The lack of significant differences among sensitivity or threshold values on the various substrata suggest to use that the substratum does not affect the internal "set points" of the neurite for its response to tension. The growth cone of chick sensory neurons is known to pull on its neurite. The simplest cytomechanical model would assume that both growth cone-mediated elongation and towed growth are identical as far as tension input and elongation rate are concerned. We used the equation above and mean values for thresholds and sensitivity from towing experiments to predict the mean growth cone-mediated elongation rate based on mean rest tensions. These predictions are consistent with the observed mean values.
Making a Name for Oneself: Martial Valor, Heroic Death, and Procreation in the Hebrew Bible

Surveying a wide range of ancient sources, this discussion of the political thought of the Hebrew Bible treats name-making in relation to (1) martial prowess, (2) heroic death, and (3) procreation. Commemoration of the war dead is one of the chief expressions of statehood in both the ancient and the modern world. Tellingly, the Bible is completely devoid of texts that glorify the names of the fallen. Combining this fact with observations related to the strong emphasis in biblical literature on name-making through procreation, this article argues that what propelled the redaction and transmission of the sources transmitted in the Bible was an interest in creating a form of peoplehood that could withstand the loss of statehood.
Crime and the Transition to Adulthood: A Person-Centered Approach

Recent studies of the transition to adulthood advocate taking a person-centered approach and modeling key transitional events simultaneously. This article advances this literature by focusing on precarious transitioning among at-risk youth and relating their transition experiences to criminal offending. I find evidence for three distinct “pathways” to adulthood. Those with juvenile convictions are equally likely to take one of two “precarious” routes to adulthood—an early family starter pathway or a stalled pathway. Importantly, early family starters are much less likely than stalled transitioners to offend as adults. The findings suggest the transition to adulthood represents a fork in the road for juvenile delinquents in which early family starting serves as an avenue out of continued offending.
Surgical outcomes for velopharyngeal insufficiency in velocardiofacial syndrome and nonsyndromic patients.

Abstract Objective: To compare speech outcomes after operative intervention for velopharyngeal insufficiency between velocardiofacial syndrome patients and nonsyndromic patients. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Tertiary academic center. Patients: Cohorts of 14 velocardiofacial syndrome and 15 nonsyndromic patients without overt cleft palate who underwent operative procedures to correct velopharyngeal insufficiency. All velocardiofacial syndrome patients were positive for 22q11.2 microdeletion by fluorescent in situ hybridization and possessed phenotypic features of velocardiofacial syndrome. Interventions: Operative procedures, including sphincter pharyngoplasty, Furlow palatoplasty, or both, were selected based on preoperative endoscopic assessments of velopharyngeal motion and residual gap size and shape, as well as velocardiofacial syndrome status. Five single and 9 combined procedures were performed in the velocardiofacial syndrome group, whereas 13 single and 2 combined procedures were p...
Soil reduction-oxidation potential along a nutrient-enrichment gradient in the Everglades

Portions of the northern Everglades of Florida, USA have become enriched with phosphorous and have responded with increased plant productivity and increased litter decomposition rates. Many lakes respond to eutrophication with decreased redox potential in sediments. The objective of this study was to determine if there were differences in soil redox potential along a nutrient-enrichment gradient in the Everglades marshes. We measured redox potential, the depth at which iron reduction occurs as determined by steel rod oxidation, and the oxidation state of exchangeable iron along the gradient. The results of redox potentials at fixed depths, redox-potential profiles, and rusting of steel rods all suggest that iron-reducing conditions exist beneath the surface of the sediment in both the unenriched and enriched areas and that differences between the enriched, cattail-invaded area and the unenriched sawgrass areas are either not significant or, in the case of the redox profiles from 20-to 40-cm depth in the soil, of borderline significance and small magnitude (<about 50 mV). The lack of large differences also suggests that reduction of the soil redox potential by eutrophication is not a significant factor influencing the competition between sawgrass and the invading cattail or other biogeochemical differences that have been observed along this gradient.
State variation in opioid and benzodiazepine prescriptions between independent and nonindependent advanced practice registered nurse prescribing states

Abstract Background Many people lack access to primary care services in the United States. One possible solution is to increase utilization of advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs). A common patient safety concern about independent prescribing by APRNs is that prescribers will increase prescriptions for medications with abuse/dependence potential, such as opioids or benzodiazepines. Purpose The purpose was to investigate the relationship in opioid- and benzodiazepine-prescribing rates between independent vs. nonindependent APRN prescribing states. Methods Tertiary analysis of a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study reporting state variation in prescribing rates of opioids and benzodiazepines using 2012 Intercontinental Marketing Services Health retail prescription data representing 259,000,000 prescriptions. Analyses were performed using different definitions for independent states: (a) states allowing at least one APRN type independent prescribing and (b) states allowing all APRN types independent prescribing. ANOVA tests were used to test for differences in mean number of opioid- and benzodiazepine-prescribing rates per 100 residents. Analysis of Covariance tests were employed controlling for state characteristics previously determined to affect controlled substance–prescribing rates (e.g., Medicare rates, race, socioeconomic status, number of physicians/capita). Results/Discussion There were significantly higher opioid and benzodiazepine prescriptions in states with nonindependent APRN prescribing laws than those in states with independent APRN prescribing laws and no significant differences in long-acting opioids or high-dose opioids. This study found no evidence to support the argument that independent prescribing increases prescriptions with abuse potential. Conclusion Independent prescriptive authority, only one piece of APRN practice, has been one of the most controversial issues but one with great potential to help ease access to U.S. health care problems. Empirical evidence demonstrating the safety of this practice can help promote this potential.
Atmospheric Ar and Ne returned from mantle depths to the Earth’s surface by forearc recycling

In subduction zones, sediments, hydrothermally altered lithosphere, fluids, and atmospheric gases are transported into the mantle, where ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism takes place. However, the extent to which atmospheric noble gases are trapped in minerals crystallized during UHP metamorphism is unknown. We measured Ar and Ne trapped in phengite and omphacite from the youngest known UHP terrane on Earth to determine the composition of Ar and Ne returned from mantle depths to the surface by forearc recycling. An 40Ar/39Ar age [7.93 ± 0.10 My (1σ)] for phengite is interpreted as the timing of crystallization at mantle depths and indicates that 40Ar/39Ar phengite ages reliably record the timing of UHP metamorphism. Both phengite and omphacite yielded atmospheric 38Ar/36Ar and 20Ne/22Ne. Our study provides the first documentation, to our knowledge, of entrapment of atmospheric Ar and Ne in phengite and omphacite. Results indicate that a subduction barrier for atmospheric-derived noble gases does not exist at mantle depths associated with UHP metamorphism. We show that the crystallization age together with the isotopic composition of nonradiogenic noble gases trapped in minerals formed during subsolidus crystallization at mantle depths can be used to unambiguously assess forearc recycling of atmospheric noble gases. The flux of atmospheric noble gas entering the deep Earth through subduction and returning to the surface cannot be fully realized until the abundances of atmospheric noble gases trapped in exhumed UHP rocks are known.
Does Tall Man lettering prevent drug name confusion errors? Incomplete and conflicting evidence suggest need for definitive study

Wrong-drug errors, thought to be caused primarily by drug names that look and/or sound alike, occur at a rate of about one error per thousand dispensed prescriptions in the outpatient setting and one per thousand orders in the inpatient setting.1 ,2 Most are relatively benign, but some cause severe or even fatal harm.3–5 One of the best known attempts to reduce drug name confusion has been the use of mixed case or ‘Tall Man’ lettering.6 The idea is to use capital letters to maximise the visual perceptual difference between two similar drug names. Thus, vinblastine and vincristine become vinBLAStine and vinCRIStine. If some look-alike/sound-alike (LASA) mix-ups are caused by errors in visual perception, the reasoning goes, then making the names more visually distinct should reduce the probability of confusion and error. After being endorsed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA),6 the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP),7 The Joint Commission8 and others, the practice has become widespread.9 However, apart from limited evidence of effectiveness in laboratory settings, no evidence shows that this technique prevents drug name confusion errors in clinical practice. Zhong et al 10 attempted to assess the effect of Tall Man lettering on drug name confusion errors in a large scale, longitudinal, observational study. They conclude that this widely disseminated error-prevention strategy had no measurable effect on the rate of drug name confusions in 9 years of data from 42 children's hospitals in the USA. Below we comment on methodological issues in the Zhong et al study, review laboratory research on Tall Man lettering and consider policy implications. The authors are to be commended for conducting a large-scale, empirical test of the effect of Tall Man lettering on the drug name confusion error rate in real-world clinical settings. The …
Self Portrait of the Puerto Rican Jurist: A Life of Hard Work (Autorretrato De La Jurista Puertorriqueña: Una Vida De Trabajo Arduo) (Book Review of Sonia Sotomayor, My Beloved World (2013))

English: This article reviews U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor’s autobiography, My Beloved World. Spanish: Esta resefia literaria de la autobiografia de gran venta de la Juez Sonia Sotomayor, Juez Asociada del Tribunal Supremo de los Estados Unidos.
Analysis on the epidemiological features of epidemic encephalitis b in yangtze river gansu province

Objective To analysis the epidemic conditions of epidemic encephalitis B in Yangtze River from 2005 to 2009,and provide scientific basis for effectively preventing and controlling.Method Descriptive epidemiological approaches were used to analyze the reported cases of epidemic encephalitis B from 2005 to 2009 at the Yangtze River basin in Gansu province.IgM antibody in serum of patients in stage was test by ELISA.Results 197 patients were reported in the Yangtze River basin during 2005 to 2009.All of the cases,6 were dead,the average annual incidence was 1.44 / 10 million,cases were mainly concentrated in August,and accounting for 71.07%(140 cases).79 cases of epidemic encephalitis B were reported during 2006,the incidence rate was 2.90/10 million.Cases were concentrated under the age of 15,accounting for 66.50%.According to the occupational distribution,the students accounted for 32.99%,followed by farmers 28.93%,scattered children 26.40%.Detection 43 samples,epidemic encephalitis B IgM antibody positive rate was 76.74%.Conclusions Overall,the incidence rate of epidemic encephalitis B has declining,but threat is still exist and prevention measures should be continue strengthen at Yangtze River region in Gansu Province.
7.11 Ultrasonic Inspection of Composites

Ultrasonic inspection provides a noninvasive means of probing the interior of a composite structure. The primary purpose is for the verification of integrity, quality, and reproducibility of the final product during manufacture; as a diagnostic tool for in-service evaluation during maintenance of a component; and as a final characterization in a retirement-for-cause setting.
Peer learning assistants in undergraduate computer science courses

The paper describes the experience of using undergraduate students as peer learning assistants (PLAs) in different undergraduate computer science courses which have graduate teaching assistants (TAs) as well. Depending on the course, PLAs have some of the following roles - holding office hours, helping with the labs and tutorials, facilitating student group work in class. The impact of PLAs on student learning outcomes is assessed by comparing student grades in the offerings of the course with and without PLAs and comparing the numbers of student visits outside of the class meeting times to the instructor, to the TAs, and to the PLAs. In addition to that, questionnaires are used to solicit feedback from students and PLAs about their experience. We find that the use of PLAs results in statistically significant increase in student course grades and decrease in the number of non-passing grades. Student experiences with PLAs are very positive. Many students prefer to seek help from the PLAs rather than from the TAs or instructor. PLAs report that the experience was beneficial to them, too. The paper discusses benefits of using PLAs, student preferences regarding PLAs and TAs, and what practices worked best.
GARLH Family Proteins Stabilize GABAA Receptors at Synapses

Ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission by functioning as ligand-gated ion channels. Fast inhibitory transmission in the brain is mediated mostly by ionotropic GABAA receptors (GABAARs), but their essential components for synaptic localization remain unknown. Here, we identify putative auxiliary subunits of GABAARs, which we term GARLHs, consisting of LH4 and LH3 proteins. LH4 forms a stable tripartite complex with GABAARs and neuroligin-2 in the brain. Moreover, LH4 is required for the synaptic localization of GABAARs and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Our findings propose GARLHs as the first identified auxiliary subunits for anion channels. These findings provide new insights into the regulation of inhibitory transmission and the molecular constituents of native anion channels in vivo.
Reading a 400,000-year record of earthquake frequency for an intraplate fault.

Our understanding of the frequency of large earthquakes at timescales longer than instrumental and historical records is based mostly on paleoseismic studies of fast-moving plate-boundary faults. Similar study of intraplate faults has been limited until now, because intraplate earthquake recurrence intervals are generally long (10s to 100s of thousands of years) relative to conventional paleoseismic records determined by trenching. Long-term variations in the earthquake recurrence intervals of intraplate faults therefore are poorly understood. Longer paleoseismic records for intraplate faults are required both to better quantify their earthquake recurrence intervals and to test competing models of earthquake frequency (e.g., time-dependent, time-independent, and clustered). We present the results of U-Th dating of calcite veins in the Loma Blanca normal fault zone, Rio Grande rift, New Mexico, United States, that constrain earthquake recurrence intervals over much of the past ∼550 ka—the longest direct record of seismic frequency documented for any fault to date. The 13 distinct seismic events delineated by this effort demonstrate that for >400 ka, the Loma Blanca fault produced periodic large earthquakes, consistent with a time-dependent model of earthquake recurrence. However, this time-dependent series was interrupted by a cluster of earthquakes at ∼430 ka. The carbon isotope composition of calcite formed during this seismic cluster records rapid degassing of CO2, suggesting an interval of anomalous fluid source. In concert with U-Th dates recording decreased recurrence intervals, we infer seismicity during this interval records fault-valve behavior. These data provide insight into the long-term seismic behavior of the Loma Blanca fault and, by inference, other intraplate faults.
The neural substrates of latent inhibition

In order to extend the application of the SLG model from the purely behavioral domain to the neurophysiological domain, we define a mapping function between psychological and neurophysiological spaces that establishes where psychological variables are represented in the brain.
Doxycycline sclerotherapy for post-traumatic inguinal lymphocele in a child

Lymphoceles are abnormal collections of lymphatic fluid caused by a disruption in the lymphatic channels and leakage of lymph. This most commonly occurs after surgical procedures, but occasionally lymphoceles may be the result of trauma, more commonly penetrating trauma. Lymphoceles resulting from blunt trauma are rare in both adults and children. In the adult population, there are few published case reports, and management principles vary. To date, there are no reports of traumatic lymphoceles in the paediatric population, and therefore there is no precedent for treatment. Here, we report the case of a young boy who developed an inguinal lymphocele from a bicycle handle bar injury which was successfully treated with doxycycline sclerotherapy.
To honor and obey: Perceptions and disclosure of sexual assault among honor ideology women.

The overwhelming majority of rapes goes unreported. To better understand the sociocultural mechanisms behind why underreporting may occur, three studies (total n = 1,481) examine how women's endorsement of honor values influence the perceptions of rape. Using vignettes that varied the closeness of the perpetrator of a sexual assault (i.e., stranger, acquaintance, or husband), we found that women who endorse honor values of womanhood were less likely to label a forced sexual act as "rape" and to suggest that the victim discloses the rape to others, including to the police. This was especially true the closer the victim was to the perpetrator (e.g., husband vs. stranger). Our findings highlight the effects of honor values on perceived sexual assault and the consequences of disclosure, and may aid in understanding barriers to rape reporting and areas for intervention.
Psychological Co-morbidities of Dementia

Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by a gradually progressing cognitive impairment. This impairment is commonly manifested by memory deficits; but the presence of one or more additional cognitive disturbances, including aphasia, agnosia, apraxia or executive dysfunction, is required to make the diagnosis, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria. Those disturbances should be a change from the previous baseline and should cause significant distress to the patient and caregivers. Medical problems that can cause memory impairment, substance abuse and a psychiatric axis I diagnosis need to be ruled out before making the diagnosis of dementia (The American Journal of Psychiatry 164:5–56, 2007).
Adherence to oral anticancer medications after implementation of an ambulatory adherence program at a large urban academic hospital.

6591Background: Oral anticancer medications (OAMs) offer convenient administration, reducing the burden of cancer treatment, but create new challenges including adherence to treatment and toxicity ...
Anticoagulation Levels and Bleeding After Emergency Department Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

We aimed to describe bleeding events associated with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (eCPR) using two institutional heparin protocols. In addition, we discuss current barriers to optimal anticoagulation in this critical population. Patients initiated on venoarterial membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) are at risk of bleeding and thrombosis; both conditions can lead to severe morbidity or mortality. Intravenous heparin is the preferred form of anticoagulation for VA-ECMO. Prior studies have found elevated activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) may be an independent risk factor for bleeding; however, many studies lack standardization of bleeding scores and optimal anticoagulation targets. All six patients initiated on VA-ECMO experienced at least one bleeding event. Of 71 aPTT levels collected, 44% were within therapeutic range, 18% were subtherapeutic, and 38% were supratherapeutic. There were no obvious correlation between aPTT levels and bleeding. Future studies are needed to evaluate anticoagulation strategies in this population.
K9s killed in the line of duty

While police work comes with a slew of dangers, little research has focused on deaths of police dogs in the line of duty. The purpose of this paper is to begin a conversation about violence toward ...
Exploring the context of self-care for youth in military families

Abstract Unsupervised time among youth, known as ‘self-care,’ has been linked to higher levels of anxiety. The issue of anxiety in self-care is especially salient for youth in military families, because childcare is an important issue for service member retention and focus. We hypothesized that self-care is an appropriate developmental task within certain contexts. Bronfenbrenner’s Process-Person-Context-Time (PPCT) framework was employed to explore bioecological factors that buffer the anxiety of military youth in self-care (N = 1036; mean age = 13.39 years old). Survey results were analyzed to identify factors that moderate the relationship between levels of self-care and anxiety using hierarchical regression analyses. Findings supported the study hypothesis, such that there was an initial positive relationship between more self-care and greater anxiety (e.g., time spent alone correlated with anxiety), and the relationship between self-care and anxiety was moderated when accounting for personal characteristics and context. Specifically, gender (being female) and age (being older) were associated with higher levels of anxiety. Additionally, self-efficacy and geographic location (living inside vs outside the continental US) had a moderating effect on the relationship between self-care and anxiety.
Isolated Voices: Perspectives of Teachers, School Nurses, and Administrators Regarding Implementation of Sexual Health Education Policy

Author(s): Dickson, Elizabeth; Parshall, Mark; Brindis, Claire D | Abstract: BackgroundComprehensive sexual health education (SHE) reduces risky sexual behavior and increases protective behavior in adolescents. It is important to understand how professionals responsible for implementing SHE policy interpret state and local policy and what influences their commitment to formal SHE policy implementation.MethodsThis descriptive study explored content and delivery of SHE policy in a rural, southwestern state with high levels of poverty, unintended adolescent pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections. The social ecological model (SEM) was used to better understand levels of influence on the implementation of SHE policy.ResultsWe conducted telephone surveys with 38 teachers, 63 nurses, and 21 administrators in public secondary schools. There was substantial local variability in the scope and content of SHE curricula. Respondents identified significant barriers to the delivery of SHE content and minimal evaluation of whether educational objectives were met. Based on participant responses, community and organizational SEM levels had the greatest influence on SHE policy implementation, although examples of all SEM levels were identified.ConclusionsGiven perceived challenges regarding subject matter, successful SHE implementation at the local level requires committed stakeholders working in concert at the school and community levels, backed by strong policy commitment at the state level.
Solar-Powered House System Design

This paper proposes to design a small-scale photovoltaic system to regulate, store, convert and manage solar power for use in residential settings. The system utilizes a solar panel to supply power to batteries and an AC inverter. Batteries’ energy is used to satisfy the power needs of a standard household. The proposed constructed system is a scaled down physical model. The system consists of a programmable controller, photovoltaic panel, a buck converter used to charge the batteries, and a single-phase inverter to supply power for the residential loads. The controller monitors every aspect of the system including battery voltage and solar panel voltage and then determines where the home needs to draw its power from. The control system also plays a vital role in the buck converter design. An input from the solar panel is connected to the system, which then determines the duty cycle needed to step down the voltage from the panel to an acceptable and safe voltage to charge the battery. This design of a Photovoltaic system is able to meet the power demanded by an average house located in Statesboro, Georgia, and thus reduce the load on the municipal power grid.
The intraoperative use of recombinant activated factor VII in arterial switch operations.

Background: The rate of bleeding complications following arterial switch operation is too low to independently justify a prospective randomised study for benefit from recombinant factor VIIa. We aimed to evaluate factor VIIa in a pilot study. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing arterial switch operation from 2012 to 2017. Nearest-neighbour propensity score matching on age, gender, weight, and associated cardiac defects was used to match 27 controls not receiving recombinant factor VIIa to 30 patients receiving recombinant factor VIIa. Fisher’s exact test was performed to compare categorical variables. Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test was used to compare continuous variables between cohorts. Results: Post-operative thrombotic complications were not associated with factor VIIa administration (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.28, 95% CI 0.005–3.77, p = 0.336), nor was factor VIIa administration associated with any re-explorations for bleeding. No intraoperative transfusion volumes were different between the recombinant factor VIIa cohort and controls. Post-operative prothrombin time (10.8 [10.3–12.3] versus 15.9 [15.1–17.2], p < 0.001) and international normalised ratio (0.8 [0.73–0.90] versus 1.3 [1.2–1.4], p < 0.001]) were lower in recombinant factor VIIa cohort relative to controls. Conclusions: In spite of a higher post-bypass packed red blood cell transfusion requirement, patients receiving recombinant factor VIIa had a similar incidence of bleeding post-operatively. With no difference in thrombotic complications, and with improved post-operative laboratory haemostasis, a prospective randomised study is warranted to evaluate recombinant factor VIIa.
Selective Assessment and Positivity Bias in Environmental Valuation

The need to determine the value of environmental entities has generated substantial research regarding optimal methods for obtaining valuations from survey respondents. The literature suggests the importance of providing clear, complete descriptions of the entity being valued prior to respondents indicating their valuations. The target entity’s attributes are often presented in isolation or in greater detail compared with other entities. Two experiments were conducted to explore whether selective exposure to and assessment of an environmental entity can bias survey respondents’ judgments. This article adds to the environmental valuation literature by demonstrating a new process that leads to value overestimates. Specifically, the article shows that (a) when an environmental entity is the focus of assessment in a survey, positively biased evaluations often result; (b) positivity bias in evaluation translates to real monetary allocation decisions; and (c) selective information processing contributes to these effects.
Self-Lubricating Materials for Extreme Condition Applications

Lubrication for extreme conditions, such as high temperature, cryogenic temperature, vacuum pressure, high load, high speed, and corrosive environments, is a continuing challenge among tribologists and space engineers due to the inadequate friction and wear properties of liquid lubricants. As a result, tremendous research effort has been put forward to study lubrication mechanisms for various machine elements under challenging conditions over the past two decades. Self-lubricating materials have been most widely used for adequate lubrication in extreme conditions in recent years. This review paper presents state-of-the-art of materials for lubrication in extreme condition applications in aerospace, automotive, and power generation areas. More specifically, solid lubricants dispersed in various matrices for lubrication application were analyzed in-depth under challenging conditions. This study also reports the self-lubricating materials and their lubrication mechanisms. Finally, various applications and challenges of self-lubricating materials were explored.
The Current State of Coronary Revascularization: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention versus Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery.

The question of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery remains among the most important questions in the treatment of coronary artery disease. The leading North American and European societies largely agree on the current guidelines for the revascularization of unprotected left-main disease (ULMD) and multivessel disease (MVD) which are largely supported by the outcomes of several large randomized trials including SYNTAX, PRECOMBAT, NOBLE, and EXCEL. While these trials are of the highest quality, currently available, they suffer several limitations, including the use of bare metal and/or first-generation drug-eluting stents in early trials and lack of updated surgical outcomes data. The objective of this review is to briefly discuss these key early trials, as well as explore contemporary studies, to provide insight on the current state of coronary revascularization. Evidence suggests that in ULMD and MVD, there are similar mortality rates for CABG and PCI but PCI is associated with fewer “early” strokes, whereas CABG is associated with fewer “late” strokes, myocardial infarctions, and lower need for repeat revascularization. Additionally, studies suggest that CABG remains superior to PCI in patients with intermediate/high SYNTAX scores and in MVD with concomitant proximal left anterior descending (pLAD) artery stenosis. Despite the preceding research and its basis for our current guidelines, there remains significant variation in care that has yet to be quantified. Emerging studies evaluating second-generation drug-eluting stents, specific lesion anatomy, and minimally invasive and hybrid approaches to CABG may lend itself to more individualized patient care.
Modeling abundance, distribution, movement, and space use with camera and telemetry data

Studies of animal abundance and distribution are often conducted independently of research on movement, despite the important links between processes. Movement can cause rapid changes in spatial variation in density, and movement influences detection probability and hence estimates of abundance from inferential methods such as spatial capture-recapture (SCR). Technological developments including camera traps and GPS telemetry have opened new opportunities for studying animal demography and movement, yet statistical models for these two data types have largely developed along parallel tracks. We present a hierarchical model in which both datasets are conditioned on a movement process for a clearly-defined population. We fit the model to data from 60 camera traps and 23,572 GPS telemetry locations collected on 17 male white-tailed deer in the Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida, USA during July 2015. Telemetry data were collected on a 3-4 hr acquisition schedule, and we modeled the movement paths of all individuals in the region with a Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process that included individual-specific random effects. Two of the 17 deer with GPS collars were detected on cameras. An additional 20 male deer without collars were detected on cameras and individually identified based on their unique antler characteristics. Abundance was 126 (95% CI: 88-177) in the 228 km2 region-only slightly higher than estimated by a standard SCR model: 119 (84-168). The standard SCR model, however, was unable to describe individual heterogeneity in movement rates and space use as revealed by the joint model. Joint modeling allowed the telemetry data to inform the movement model and the SCR encounter model, while leveraging information in the camera data to inform abundance, distribution, and movement. Unlike most existing methods for population-level inference on movement, the joint SCR-movement model can yield unbiased inferences even if non-uniform sampling is used to deploy transmitters. Potential extensions of the model include the addition of resource selection parameters, and relaxation of the closure assumption when interest lies in survival and recruitment. These developments would contribute to the emerging holistic framework for the study of animal ecology-one that usesmodern technology and spatio-temporal statistics to learn about interactions between behavior and demography.
Photoelastic determination of stresses in multiple-pin connectors - Stresses in the inner lap of double-lapped connectors are determined using transmission photoelastic models

The design, fabrication, and testing of photoelastic models of double-lap, multiple-pin connectors are discussed. Interest is in the stresses in the inner laps. These stresses are determined by constructing models with photoelastic inner laps and transparent-acrylic outer laps. The connectors have two pins, in tandem, parallel to the load direction. A photoelastic-isotropic point is shown to permit the evaluation of load sharing between the two pins. A numerical scheme, utilizing the isochromatic- and isoclinic-photoelastic data and a finite-difference representation of the planestress equilibrium equations, is used to compute the stresses around the two pins. Representative stress distributions and stress-concentration factors are shown.
Effect of channel shape on selection of time marching scheme in the discontinuous Galerkin method for 1-D open channel flow

One-dimensional open channel flows are simulated using the discontinuous Galerkin finite element method. Three different explicit time marching schemes, including multistep/multistage schemes, are evaluated for different channel shapes for accuracy and efficiency. The Forward Euler, second-order Adam-Bashforth (multistep), and second-order total variation diminishing (TVD) Runge-Kutta (multistage) time marching schemes are utilized. The role of monotonized central, minmod, and zero TVD slope limiters for each of the time marching scheme is investigated. The numerical flux is approximated using HLL function. The accuracy and robustness of different time marching schemes are evaluated for steady and unsteady flows using analytical and measured data. The unsteady flows include dam break tests with wet and dry beds downstream of the dam in prismatic (rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular, and parabolic cross-sections) and non-prismatic (natural river) channels. The steady flow test involves simulation of hydraulic jump in a diverging rectangular channel. The various schemes are evaluated by comparing accuracy using statistical measures and efficiency using maximum possible time step size as well as CPU runtime. The second-order Adam-Bashforth time marching scheme is found to have the best accuracy and efficiency among the time stepping schemes tested.
The effects of different techniques of internal mammary artery harvesting on sternal blood flow.

We investigated chest wall blood flow in a canine model to determine if the technique used to harvest the mammary artery has a differential effect on residual chest wall blood flow. Eight dogs underwent bilateral internal mammary artery mobilization; one artery was harvested as a pedicle and the other was harvested as a skeletonized vessel. Residual blood flow to the chest wall distribution of each artery was measured with radioactive microspheres. Chest wall blood flow was significantly decreased from preharvest levels after internal mammary artery mobilization regardless of the technique used. Tissue blood flows decreased to 46.9 %, 22.1%, and 41.2% of baseline values for the manubrium (p horac C ardiovasc S urg 1992;104:1303-7)
Finite element synthesis method

Originally presented as the first author's thesis (Ph. D.), M.I.T. Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 1975
Measuring the effects of turbulence

Turbulence plays an important role in determining the characteristics of sound propagating through the atmosphere. Only recently have acoustic theory, numeric modelling, and field measurements provided consistent values of SPL in the presence of turbulence. With the recent and rapid development of effective propagation codes there is an increasing need for reliable and comprehensive field data against which to validate the codes and gain a better understanding of the effects of turbulence. A large array of microphones was developed to investigate the effects of turbulence on a sound field. A large array is required because simultaneous measurements must be gathered over a large area to characterize the sound field before the parameters of the non-stationary turbulence change. The array is discussed and measurements of spatial coherence within a refractive shadow region are presented as a representative example of the effects of turbulence being measured
The Norm of Prior Judicial Experience and Its Consequences for Career Diversity on the U.S. Supreme Court

Introduction 906 I. The Norm of Prior Judicial Experience 909 A. Evidence for the Existence of the Norm 909 B. Career Homogeneity Resulting from the Norm 917 1. Occupation at Time of Appointment 918 2. Homogeneity of Career Paths 927 C . D iscussion 937 II. The Importance of Diversity in Institutions 941 A. A General Argument for Diversity 942 1. Diversity in Collective Decision-Making Bodies 944
Mass loss from red giants - Infrared spectroscopy

A discussion is presented of IR spectroscopy, particularly high-resolution spectroscopy in the ~1–20 micron band, as it impacts the study of circumstellar envelopes. The molecular bands within this region contain an enormous amount of information, especially when observed with sufficient resolution to obtain kinematic information. In a single spectrum, it is possible to resolve lines from up to 50 different rotational/vibrational levels of a given molecule and to detect several different isotopic variants. When high resolution techniques are combined with mapping techniques and/or time sequence observations of variable stars, the resulting information can paint a very detailed picture of the mass-loss phenomenon.
Inhibition of the Biosynthesis of 5'-Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide in Sarcoma 180 Cells by Homofolate

Prior incubation of mouse Sarcoma 180 cells in vitro for 24 hr with 2-40 µM homofolate in either the presence or absence of 50 µM hypoxanthine inhibited the subsequent incorporation of [2-14C]glycine into 59-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide by 20-90%. Since hypoxanthine protects these cells against the growth-inhibitory effects of homofolate, this inhibition of 59-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide synthesis was clearly a specific effect and not a consequence of growth arrest. Folinic acid (0.1-10 µM), when added after 24 hr of incubation with 10 µM homofolate, reversed only slightly the inhibition of 59-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide synthesis. When present simultaneously with homofolate, folinic acid provided a competitive type of protection with respect to growth and 59-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide synthesis. In view of the correlation between inhibition of growth and of 59-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide synthesis, it appears that the latter is the site of action of homofolate in Sarcoma 180 cells. In the parent Sarcoma 180 cells and in a subline, which contains 300 times more dihydrofolate reductase than the parent cells, a 30-min prior incubation with homofolate was insufficient to inhibit 59-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide synthesis significantly. The necessity for the prolonged initial incubations suggests that homofolate must undergo a time-dependent cellular conversion in order to inhibit 59-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide synthesis.
Comparison of Encoding Properties of Campaniform Sensilla on the Fly Wing

The wing blade of the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria (L.) carries an array of campaniform sensilla which have previously been divided into slowly and rapidly adapting classes based on their responses to step indentations. In the present study, the physiological characteristics of six sensilla of these two classes are examined within a 20–400 Hz frequency range, using a noise analysis that quantifies linear and nonlinear encoding properties. Both classes exhibit a broad response maximum near 150 Hz, corresponding to the typical wingbeat frequency of the blowfly, and display rectification, limiting the spike response to a narrow portion of a stimulus cycle. The similarity in the encoding properties between the two groups is largely a consequence of the high wingbeat frequency of flies, which precludes any individual neurone from acting as a magnitude detector. Instead, during flight the campaniform neurones might act as ‘one-shot’ detectors, firing a single action potential at a precise phase of each wing stroke cycle. An array of such detectors would be capable of monitoring the passage of a deformational wave as it travels along the wing during each wingbeat.