cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards hard+soft data fusion: Processing architecture and implementation for the joint fusion and analysis of hard and soft intelligence data

Historically, data fusion has focused on processing hard or physical sensor data while soft or human observed data has been neglected within fusion processes. This human observed data has much to offer towards obtaining comprehensive situational awareness, particularly in a domain such as intelligence analysis where subtle connections and interactions are difficult to observe with physical sensors. This paper describes the processing architecture designed and implemented for the fusion of hard and soft data in the multi-university research initiative on network-based hard and soft information fusion. The processing elements designed to successfully fuse and reason over the hard and soft data include the natural language processing elements to form propositional graphs from linguistic observations, conversion of the propositional graphs to attributed graphical form, alignment and tagging of the uncertainties extant in the human observations, conversion of hard data tracks to a graphical format, association of entities and relations in observational hard and soft data graphs and the matching of situations of interest to the cumulative data or evidential graph. To illustrate these processing elements within the integrated processing architecture a small synthetic data set entitled the bomber buster scenario is utilized, presenting examples of each processing element along the processing flow. The value of fusing hard and soft information is illustrated by demonstrating that individually, neither hard nor soft information could provide the situation estimate.
Structure-Property Relationships of Stable Free Radicals: Verdazyls with Electron-Rich Aryl Substituents

Substitution of the 3 position of 6-oxoverdazyl free radicals with electron-rich arylamines, phenols, and aryl ethers elicits changes in the UV−vis spectra and in the pKa of the aryl substituents consistent with the verdazyl being electron withdrawing. The pKa of substituents is decreased: in 80% methanol phenols 3a and 3b have pKa of 10.4 and 10.9, respectively, while the ammonium ion from protonation of 3j has pKa = 2.4. On the basis of these measurements, Hammett parameters for the verdazyl have been estimated: σp− = +0.48 and σm = +0.27. The longest wavelength band in the visible spectrum is red-shifted with increasingly electron-rich aromatic rings and with increasingly polar solvents, consistent with a transition from the highest fully occupied orbital to the radical SOMO. Exceptions occur when additional interactions occur between verdazyl and substituent; hydrogen bonding in the case of 3c and steric interference for 3f. Measurements such as ESR and electrochemistry that are dependent largely on t...
A microscopic mechanism for steady state inhomogeneous flow in metallic glasses

Abstract An empirical deformation map for metallic glasses is introduced and the two modes of deformation, homogeneous and inhomogeneous flow are reviewed. The microscopic mechanism for steady state inhomogeneous flow is based on a dynamic equilibrium between stress-driven creation and diffusional annihilation of structural disorder. The formalism is developed using the free volume as the order parameter. The boundary line between the homogeneous and inhomogeneous flow regions on the deformation map is calculated. The stress-strain relation in inhomogeneous flow approaches ideally plastic behavior.
The edge-density of 4-critical planar graphs

Improving a recent result of G. Koester, it is shown that there exist 4-critical planar graphs in which the number of edges is more than twice the number of vertices.
SYNCHROTRON OSCILLATIONS INDUCED BY RADIATION FLUCTUATIONS

Phase oscillations of electrons in a high-energy synchrotron are induced by the radiation of quanta. These induced oscillations set a limit to the damping of electron bunches. This limiting bunch size is sufficient to influence the radial aperture and the radio-frequency voltage required at low beam intensities, and to reduce energy loss by coherent radiation at high intensities.
Evaluation of Sample Introduction Techniques of Packed-Column SFC into an MIP:

A packed-column supercritical fluid chromatograph (SFC) was coupled to an argon high-efficiency microwave-induced plasma (Ar-HEMIP) for the purpose of elemental detection of the chromatographic effluent. Two methods of sample introduction of the effluent into the argon plasma are presented for this hyphenated technique. The results of central introduction vs. sidearm introduction of SFC effluent into the Ar-HEMIP are evaluated according to analytical parameters such as: repeatability, the effects of pressure programming of 100% CO2 and modified CO2 on background emission, linear dynamic range (LDR), and minimum detectable quantity (MDQ) of several organometallic compounds. Sidearm introduction is found to be superior to central introduction in terms of these analytical parameters.
PowerFall: a voice-controlled collaborative game

In this extended abstract, we present PowerFall, a 2D arcade-style voice-controlled two-player collaborative game. In the game, two players control two cartoon characters tied back-to-back under a falling parachute. The players shout into smartphone microphones, and the volume of their voice is used to navigate the parachute horizontally. The objective of the game is to avoid various hazardous obstacles and safely land on the ground.
Direct standard-free quantitation of Tamiflu and other pharmaceutical tablets using clustering agents with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Accurate and rapid quantitation is advantageous to identify counterfeit and substandard pharmaceutical drugs. A standard-free electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method is used to directly determine the dosage in the prescription and over-the-counter drugs Tamiflu, Sudafed, and Dramamine. A tablet of each drug was dissolved in aqueous solution, filtered, and introduced into solutions containing a known concentration of l-tryptophan, l-phenylalanine, or prednisone as a clustering agent. The active ingredient(s) incorporates statistically into large clusters of the clustering agent where effects of differential ionization/detection are substantially reduced. From the abundances of large clusters, the dosages of the active ingredients in each of the tablets were determined to typically better than 20% accuracy even when the ionization/detection efficiency of the individual components differed by over 100×. Although this unorthodox method for quantitation is not as accurate as using conventional standar...
Anti-aging medicine and research: A realm of conflict and profound societal implications

Biogerontologists have recently launched a war of words on anti-aging medicine. They seek to discredit what they judge to be fraudulent and harmful products and therapies, and to distinguish their own research from what they regard as the pseudoscience of anti-aging injections, special mineral waters, and other services and products. Yet, many of these biogerontologists are themselves trying to develop interventions that will actually slow or arrest the fundamental processes of human aging and substantially extend average life expectancy and maximum life span. Achievement of these biogerontological goals would drastically alter the nature of individual and collective life, radically transforming virtually every social institution and norm. Biogerontologists who are engaged in anti-aging research need to undertake more active leadership in helping the public to understand their goals, to deliberately consider the implications of their fulfillment, and to begin thinking about ways to shape those ramifications in constructive fashions.
Abstract 4907: Methylated cell-free DNA in plasma as an early biomarker of pancreatic cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Background: Presently there is an urgent need for better biomarkers for early pancreatic cancer (PaCa) diagnosis. Hypermethylation of several genes is known to correlate with presence of neoplasia in pancreatic tissue, and tumor DNA is known to be present in bodily fluids. With this background, we wanted to develop and validate a panel of methylated gene markers that would provide clinically relevant information when applied to plasma from those undergoing diagnostic procedures for pancreatic cancer. Methods: Cell-free DNA was extracted from plasma obtained from 11 PaCa patients, 15 pancreatitis patients and 15 unaffected age-matched controls using either the automated EZ-1 (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) or the manual Charge Switch (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) methods. The DNA was bisulfite treated using EZ DNA Methylation-Gold (Zymo Research, Orange, CA) then analyzed using a panel of quantitative real-time PCR assays to discriminate the methylated C or T that exists after bisulfite conversion, and normalizing the signal to the amplification level of a housekeeping gene (Col2A) to assess methylation of status of 13 genes known to be differentially methylated in pancreatic tissues. Several different combinations of 6 methylated gene markers (3-OST-2, ARF/p14, FOXE1, CDKN2/p16, ppENK, and RASSF1A) showed good discrimination between the 3 groups of patients to warrant further study with an additional 53 plasma specimens (from 21 PaCa patients, 17 pancreatitis patients, and 15 unaffected controls). Receiver operator curves were generated to examine the predictive probability between marker methylation and disease, and reliability of the regression model was evaluated by using the Hosmer-Leme show goodness-of-fit test. Results: Statistical analysis of the 6 methylated gene markers for all 94 plasma specimens yielded an AUC of 0.638 (95% CI: 0.50-0.78) to differentiate PaCa from pancreatitis, and the goodness-of-fit for the model was good (p=0.697). Conclusions: Cell-free DNA extracted from plasma is an appropriate sample for the study of gene methylation in PaCa. We utilized real-time assays to detect methylation in 6 target genes and found a good correlation between the methylation status of genes and the presence of PaCa. Further studies are needed to define the clinical utility of this approach. Funding was provided by a grant from the American Cancer Society - Illinois Division (#07-06) and by funds from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at NorthShore. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4907.
Aromatic and aldehyde carbon-hydrogen bond activation at cationic Rh(III) centers. Evaluation of electronic substituent effects on aldehyde binding and C-H oxidative addition

Cationic rhodium methyl complexes, [Cp*(PMe 3 )Rh(Me)(CH 2 Cl 2 )]BAr' 4 (1) and [Cp*(P(OMe) 3 )Rh(Me)(CH 2 Cl 2 )]BAr' 4 (3), react with benzene to yield the corresponding phenyl complexes, [Cp*(PMe 3 )Rh(Ph)(CH 2 Cl 2 )]BAr' 4 (6) and [Cp*(P(OMe) 3 )Rh(Ph)(CH 2 Cl 2 )]BAr' 4 (7). First-order rate constants observed in 1.1 M benzene in CD 2 Cl 2 at 25 °C are (2.1 ′ 0.2) × 10 - 5 s - 1 and (1.9 ′ 0.2) × 10 - 5 s - 1 , respectively. Reactions of 1 and 3 with p-X-substituted benzaldehydes (X = -CF 3 , -CH 3 , and -OMe) initially produce the σ-aldehyde adducts, [Cp*(L)Rh(Me)(p-XC 6 H 4 CHO)]BAr' 4 (L = PMe 3 (15), P(OMe) 3 (16)). Exchange of free with bound aldehyde occurs via a dissociative process and quantitative NMR rate measurements show that complexes of 1 exchange faster than those of 3 and that less basic aldehydes exchange faster than more basic aldehydes (p-CF 3 C 6 H 4 CHO > p-CH 3 C 6 H 4 CHO > p-CH 3 (C 6 H 4 CHO). The aldehyde adducts undergo C-H bond activation to produce initially methane plus acyl aldehyde adducts, [Cp*(L)Rh(C(O)C 6 H 4 X)(p - XC 6 H 4 CHO)]BAr' 4 (L = PMe 3 (17), P(OMe) 3 (18)). Rates of C-H activation are correlated with aldehyde exchange rates; activation barriers of weakly bound aldehydes are lower than more strongly bound aldehydes. In the case of L = PMe 3 , decarbonylation of the aldehyde adducts occurs cleanly to form aryl carbonyl complexes, [Cp*(PMe 3 )Rh(C 6 H 4 X)(CO)]BAr' 4 . For L = P(OMe) 3 , decarbonylation is a more complicated process; some intermediates and products have been identified by NMR spectroscopy.
Self-organized amorphous TiO2 nanotube arrays on porous Ti foam for rechargeable lithium and sodium ion batteries

Abstract Self-organized amorphous TiO 2 nanotube arrays (NTAs) were successfully fabricated on both Ti foil and porous Ti foam through electrochemical anodization techniques. The starting Ti foams were fabricated using ARCAM's Electron Beam Melting (EBM) technology. The TiO 2 NTAs on Ti foam were used as anodes in lithium ion batteries; they exhibited high capacities of 103 μAh cm −2 at 10 μA cm −2 and 83 μAh cm −2 at 500 μA cm −2 , which are two to three times higher than those achieved on the standard Ti foil, which is around 40 μAh cm −2 at 10 μA cm −2 and 24 μAh cm −2 at 500 μA cm −2 , respectively. This improvement is mainly attributed to higher surface area of the Ti foam and higher porosity of the nanotube arrays layer grown on the Ti foam. In addition, a Na-ion half-cell composed of these NTAs anodes and Na metal as the counter electrode showed a self-improved specific capacity upon cycling at 10 μA cm −2 . These results indicate that TiO 2 NTAs grown on Ti porous foam are promising electrodes for Li-ion or Na-ion rechargeable batteries.
Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid

The characteristic feature of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) is progressive shrinkage of the conjunctiva. In our series of 78 patients with OCP, 21% had cutaneous involvement and 50% had involvement of the oral mucosa. Immunoglobulins and the third component of complement are found bound to the conjuctival epithelium and basement membrane of patients with OCP. Circulating antibodies which bind to the conjunctival and corneal epithelium but not to the conjunctival basement membrane have also been demonstrated. OCP is associated with an increased prevalence of HLA-B12. The lids and conjunctiva of patients with OCP demonstrate an increased incidence of potential pathogens when compared with age- and sex-matched controls. When followed for a period averaging 22 months, the majority of patients not treated with systemic immunosuppressives or topical corticosteroids progress. However, OCP has a variable course because there were patients in all stages who did not progress. The acute manifestations of OCP may cause rapid shrinkage of the conjunctiva and may be suppressed systemic corticosteroids.
Should the concern of myelodysplastic syndrome affect the decision of auto-SCT in lymphoma?

Should the concern of myelodysplastic syndrome affect the decision of auto-SCT in lymphoma?
Use of Compliant Hinges to Tailor Flight Dynamics of Unmanned Aircraft

The nexus of advanced manufacturing methods, computer-aided design tools, and modern structural-analysis software has enabled the design and fabrication of structurally complex wing structures with unique features. This is particularly true for small unmanned aircraft, in which discrete structural hinges can easily be integrated into the overall vehicle design. This paper examines the use of discrete structural hinges for tailoring the low-frequency flight dynamics of the vehicle. For sufficiently soft discrete structural hinges, substantial coupling between flexible and rigid modes occurs, leading to the potential to modify the flight dynamic behavior through structural flexibility. Using a multibody flight dynamics simulation tool with a nonlinear lifting-line aerodynamic representation, different structural-hinge elastic properties, orientation, and location on the aircraft are examined. The results for a small unmanned aircraft indicate that flexibility mostly affects the longitudinal modes and associ...
Removable foams based on an epoxy resin incorporating reversible Diels-Alder adducts

We have successfully incorporated Diels–Alder reversible chemistry into epoxy resins. The Diels–Alder chemistry goes in the forward direction at 60 °C and reverses at or above 90 °C. One resin was formulated with other commercial ingredients into foamed epoxy. The foam, shown to have mechanical properties similar to foams formed with conventional epoxy resins, is being utilized for electronic encapsulation. Because of the built-in reversible chemistry, the foams can be easily removed by dissolution in 1-butanol at 90 °C. Removal allows for the rework, upgrading, or dismantlement of the electronic components. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1496–1502, 2002
Psychoanalysis and Cuba: An Interview with Maureen Katz

Psychologist Jan Haaken interviews psychoanalyst Maureen Katz about an international conference on psychoanalysis held in Cuba in November 2005. Katz offers her impressions of the conference and the level of receptivity to psychoanalytic ideas among Cuban practitioners, as well as discussing how the broader political and economic situation of Cuba shapes mental health culture in the country.
Semantic encoding enhances the pictorial superiority effect in the oldest-old.

ABSTRACT We examined the effect of a semantic orienting task during encoding on free recall and recognition of simple line drawings and matching words in middle-aged (44–59 years), older (60–89 years), and oldest-old (90+ years) adults. Participants studied line drawings and matching words presented in blocked order. Half of the participants were given a semantic orienting task and the other half received standard intentional learning instructions. Results confirmed that the pictorial superiority effect was greater in magnitude following semantic encoding compared to the control condition. Analyses of clustering in free recall revealed that oldest-old adults' encoding and retrieval strategies were generally similar to the two younger groups. Self-reported strategy use was less frequent among the oldest-old adults. These data strongly suggest that semantic elaboration is an effective compensatory mechanism underlying preserved episodic memory performance that persists well into the ninth decade of life.
Psychologically Distinct Classes of Motor Behavior Inferred from Individual Differences: Evidence from a Sequential Stacking Task

ABSTRACT A number of studies have demonstrated regularities in how individuals select and perform single object manipulations, but little work has been concerned with the manipulation of multiple objects. To this end, the authors asked participants to stack a set of linearly spaced containers onto various goal locations. Our aim was to determine whether participants adopted specific strategies to complete this task. We focused on whether the distance between the objects, the goal location of the objects, or both, determined the classes of movement sequences that individuals used to perform the task. The results showed that some individuals tended to use one hand for lifting and releasing the containers whereas other individuals tended to use both hands for lifting and releasing the containers. Those participants who tended to use one hand varied which hand was used according to the goal location of the containers but not the distance between containers. The emergence of these individual differences provid...
PPARs, RXRs, and Stem Cells

Welcome to this special issue of PPAR Research: PPARs, RXRs, and Stem Cells. Within the past decade, there has been a burgeoning interest regarding the mechanisms regulating stem cell regeneration and differentiation in embryonic and adult tissues. Recent studies have identified stem or progenitor cells within most, if not all, somatic tissues. Cell biologists have explored a number of transcriptional regulatory pathways in the context of stem cell self-renewal and lineage commitment. While there has been a wealth of attention given to the Wnt pathway, Oct4, nanog, and STAT transcription factors in this context, the role of PPARs and related nuclear hormone receptors in regulating stem cells remains relatively unexplored. The current issue of PPAR Research has called for manuscripts that will spotlight the PPAR-Stem Cell relationship. We are fortunate to have received a mixture of excellent primary research manuscripts and comprehensive review articles from experts in the field. Mullen, Gu, and Cooney (Houston, Tex) have explored the role of nuclear hormone receptors in murine embryonic stem cell differentiation and function. Purton (Boston, Mass) has comprehensively reviewed the literature concerning the role of retinoid receptors in hematopoietic stem cells. Casteilla, Cousin, and Carmona (Toulouse, Fla) evaluate the classical role of PPARγ as an adipogenic regulator in adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs). Three investigators use bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) models. Isales et al. (Augusta, Ga) provide novel findings relating to the role of mystatin and GILZ on adipogenesis in response to PPAR ligands. Shockley et al. (Bar Harbor, Me & Little Rock, Ark) report the transcriptomic response of MSCs to PPARγ agonists. Duque, Rivas, and Akter (Montreal, Canada) describe a role for farnesylation in modulating MSC adipogenesis. Finally, Cimini et al. (L’Aquila, IT) provide novel insights into the effect of PPARγ during neural stem cell (NSC) astroglial differentiation. We hope that this issue will stimulate other investigators to pursue novel avenues related to the converging themes of PPARs, nuclear hormone receptors, and stem cell biology. The outcomes of such investigations will have far reaching implications regarding fundamental questions relating to normal development, tumor biology, and tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Z. Elizabeth Floyd Jeffrey M. Gimble
Influence of vitamin E and nitrogen dioxide on lipid peroxidation in rat lung and liver microsomes

Rat lung and liver microsomes were used to examine the effects of dietary vitamin E deficiency on membrane lipid peroxidation. Microsomes from vitamin-E-deficient rats displayed increased lipid peroxidation in comparison to microsomes from vitamin-E-supplemented controls. The extent of lipid peroxidation, as determined by measurement of thiobarbituric acid reacting materials, was enhanced by addition of reduced iron and ascorbate (or NADPH). Rats fed a vitamin-E-supplemented diet and exposed to 3 ppm NO2 for 7 days did not exhibit increases in microsomal lipid peroxidation compared to air-breathing controls. However, increases were found in microsomes prepared from rats fed a vitamin-E-deficient diet and exposed to NO2. Lung microsomes from vitamin-E-fed rats contained almost 10 times as much vitamin E as liver microsomes when expressed in terms of polyunsaturated fatty acid content. The extent of lipid peroxidation was, in turn, considerably less in lung than in liver microsomes. Lipid peroxidation in lung microsomes from vitamin-E-deficient rats was comparable to liver microsomes from vitamin-E-supplemented rats as was the content of vitamin E in these respective microsomal samples. A combination of vitamin E deficiency and NO2 exposure resulted in the greatest increases in lung and liver microsomal lipid peroxidation with the largest relative increases occurring in lung microsomes. An inverse relationship was found between the extent of lipid peroxidation and vitamin E content. Most of the peroxidation in lung microsomes appeared to proceed nonenzymatically whereas peroxidation in liver was largely enzymatic. Vitamin E appears to be assimilated by the lung during oxidant inhalation, but with dietary vitamin E deprivation, the margin for protection in lung may be less than in liver.
Comparative study of silicone versus acrylic foldable lens implantation in primary glaucoma triple procedure.

Objective: To compare silicone versus acrylic foldable intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in primary glaucoma triple procedure (PGTP). Design: Prospective, randomized. Participants: A total of 79 eyes of 79 primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients in need of combined surgery were randomized to a silicone IOL group (36 eyes) and acrylic IOL group (43 eyes). Intervention: The study eyes underwent PGTP, which consisted of primary trabeculectomy, phacoemulsification, and posterior chamber IOL implantation. Adjunctive mitomycin C (MMC) (0.5 mg/ml for 1 minute) was used selectively only in patients with one or more risk factors for filtration failure of PGTP. Main Outcome Measures: Snellen visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), slitlamp biomicroscopy, and number of glaucoma medications were measured, performed, or determined preoperatively and at regular intervals postoperatively. Results: There were no significant differences in the mean number of postoperative glaucoma medications at 1, 2, 3, 4–6, and 9–12 months and at last follow-up ( P > 0.05); mean change in corrected visual acuity best attained ( P = 0.315) or at last followup ( P = 0.223) between the silicone and acrylic groups. Both groups had significant decreases in mean IOP and mean number of medications postoperatively at all times ( P 25 mmHg and IOP spike > 5 mmHg above preoperative IOP during the first month were significantly higher in the acrylic group ( P = 0.026). The mean postoperative IOP at 1 month in the acrylic group was also significantly higher than the silicone group (14.1 ± 5.0, 11.2 ± 3.9, P = 0.005). Conversely, there were no significant differences in mean postoperative IOP at 2, 3, 4–6, and 9–12 months and at last follow-up between the silicone and acrylic groups ( P > 0.05). Suture removal or release occurred significantly more frequently in the acrylic IOL group during the first month and the first 2 months (48.8% and 60.5%) than the silicone group (25.0% and 36.1%, P = 0.030 and 0.031, respectively). There were no significant differences in postoperative complications or surgical interventions between the two groups ( P > 0.05). Conclusions: During the first year following the PGTP with selective use of MMC, there were no significant differences in the medical dependency or visual outcomes or complications between the silicone and acrylic groups. Both groups attained significant decreases in IOP postoperatively. However, the mean IOP was significantly higher in the acrylic than the silicone group at 1 month postoperatively, and postoperative IOP > 25 mmHg and IOP spike > 5 mmHg above preoperative IOP were significantly greater in the acrylic group. There were significantly more suture releases in the acrylic IOL group than the silicone IOL group in the first 2 months postoperatively.
New concepts in the education of science teachers

This article was taken from a paper read by Professor Burnett at a recent meeting of the Midwest Section of the Association for the Education of Teachers in Science.
Usefulness of the Total Iron Binding Capacity in the Evaluation and Treatment of Acute Iron Overdose

The ingestion of iron-containing products is a potential toxicologic emergency. The total iron binding capacity (TIBC) has been used widely as a predictor of end-organ toxicity and a guide to the need for deferoxamine therapy. When the TIBC is greater than the serum iron concentration (SIC), it is held that no free iron is present to cause toxicity. The TIBC fails as a marker of toxicity for several reasons. First, the laboratory methods used to measure TIBC are inaccurate in the setting of iron overload. Second, the presence of deferoxamine, the antidote for iron poisoning, has been shown to make the TIBC measurement inaccurate. Third, TIBC measurements have been shown to be variable. Finally, studies and case reports demonstrate toxicity even when the TIBC is greater than the SIC. These shortcomings of the TIBC invalidate it as a predictor of toxicity in iron poisoning.
Mild hypothermia as a cardioprotective approach for acute myocardial infarction: laboratory to clinical application.

In many animal models, mild therapeutic hypothermia is a powerful intervention, reducing myocardial infarct size, reducing the no-reflow phenomenon, and improving healing after infarction. Cooling in these models has been produced by various means including whole-body hypothermia, synchronized hypothermic coronary venous retro-perfusion, heat exchangers, and regional hypothermia targeting the heart alone. However, in humans, the most widely used techniques are surface cooling and cooling by endovascular heat-exchange catheters. The reduction in temperature necessary to produce cardioprotection is mild (32-34°C), appears to have no detrimental effects on left ventricular function or regional myocardial blood flow, and may improve microvascular reflow to previously ischemic heart tissue. It has been shown in experimental and clinical studies that for therapeutic hypothermia to be effective it must be (1) initiated as early as possible after the onset of ischemia and (2) initiated before reperfusion. This ma...
Broecker receives the Revelle Medal

The 1995 Roger Revelle Medal, given by AGU in recognition of sustained and continued superior contributions to the science of climate dynamcs and to predictions of expected climate changes, was presented to Wallace S. Broecker at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony on December 13, 1995, in San Francisco, Calif. The award citation and Broecker's response are given here.
iMAD, a genetic screening strategy for dissecting complex interactions between a pathogen and its host

Insertional mutagenesis and depletion (iMAD) is a genetic screening strategy for dissecting complex interactions between two organisms. The simultaneous genetic manipulation of both organisms allows the identification of aggravating and alleviating genetic interactions between pairs of gene disruptions, one from each organism. Hierarchial clustering and genetic interaction networks are then used to identify common behavioral patterns among subsets of genes, which allow functional relationships between proteins and their component pathways to be elucidated. Here we present a protocol for dissecting the interaction between a pathogen (Legionella pneumophila) and its host (cultured Drosophila melanogaster cells) using bacterial mutagenesis and host RNAi. The key stages covered in the PROCEDURE include the design, execution and data analysis of an iMAD screen; details for determining the abundance of individual mutants by microarray analysis and next-generation sequencing are not included because detailed protocols have been published elsewhere. Adapting and optimizing iMAD to a specific experimental system can require 6-18 months. Once a bacterial mutant library, host cell factor depletion strategies and conditions to monitor the interaction are established, an iMAD screen can be completed in 4-8 weeks, depending on the organisms' growth rates, the duration of the interaction and the types of data analysis performed.
Changes in stream chemistry and biology in response to reduced levels of acid deposition during 1987–2003 in the Neversink River Basin, Catskill Mountains

Abstract Atmospheric acid deposition has decreased in the northeastern United States since the 1970s, resulting in modest increases in pH, acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC), and decreases in inorganic monomeric aluminum (AlIM) concentrations since stream chemistry monitoring began in the 1980s in the acid-sensitive upper Neversink River basin in the Catskill Mountains of New York. Stream pH has increased by 0.01 units/year during 1987–2003 at three sites in the Neversink basin as determined by Seasonal Kendall trend analysis. In light of this observed decrease in stream acidity, we sampled 12 stream sites within the Neversink River watershed for water chemistry, macroinvertebrates, fish, and periphytic diatoms in 2003 to compare with a similar data set collected in 1987. Metrics and indices that reflect sensitivity to stream acidity were developed with these biological data to determine whether changes in stream biota over the intervening 16 years parallel those of stream chemistry. Statistical comparisons of data on stream chemistry and an acid biological assessment profile (Acid BAP) derived from invertebrate data showed no significant differences between the two years. For pH and ANC, however, values in 2003 were generally lower than those in 1987; this difference likely resulted from higher streamflow in summer 2003. Despite these likely flow-induced changes in summer 2003, an ordination and cluster analysis of macroinvertebrate taxa based on the Acid BAP indicated that the most acidic sites in the upstream half of the East Branch Neversink River form a statistically significant separate cluster consistent with less acidic stream conditions. This analysis is consistent with limited recovery of invertebrate species in the most acidic reaches of the river, but will require additional improvement in stream chemistry before a stronger conclusion can be drawn. Data on the fish and periphytic diatom communities in 2003 indicate that slimy sculpin had not extended their habitat to upstream reaches that previously were devoid of this acid-intolerant species in 1987; a diatom acid-tolerance index indicates continued high-acid impact throughout most of the East Branch and headwaters of the West Branch Neversink River.
Distributed Brillouin sensor based on Brillouin scattering for structural health monitoring

We used the distributed Brillouin sensor (DBS) to monitor the structure changes in a steel pipe and a concrete/FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) column subjected to heavy loads. We have shown that the DBS is capable of providing strain distribution of both column and pipe under the various loads at structural and local level for the spatial resolution of 10-15 cm. The DBS can detect deformations, cracks and buckling before they became fatal to the structure. This demonstrates that it is a promising tool for structural health monitoring (SHM).
Pet111p, an Inner Membrane-bound Translational Activator That Limits Expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiaeMitochondrial Gene COX2 *

The protein specified by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear gene PET111 specifically activates translation of the mitochondrially coded mRNA for cytochromec oxidase subunit II (Cox2p). We found Pet111p specifically in mitochondria of both wild-type cells and cells expressing a chromosomal gene for a functional epitope-tagged form of Pet111p. Pet111p was associated with mitochondrial membranes and was highly resistant to extraction with alkaline carbonate. Pet111p was protected from proteolytic digestion by the mitochondrial inner membrane. Thus, it is exposed only on the matrix side, where it could participate directly in organellar translation and localize Cox2p synthesis by virtue of its functional interaction with the COX2 mRNA 5′-untranslated leader. We also found that Pet111p is present at levels limiting the synthesis of Cox2p by examining the effect of alteredPET111 gene dosage in the nucleus on expression of a reporter gene, cox2::ARG8 m, that was inserted into mitochondrial DNA. The level of the reporter protein, Arg8p, was one-half that of wild type in a diploid strain heterozygous for a pet111 deletion mutation, whereas it was increased 2.8-fold in a strain bearing extra copies of PET111 on a high-copy plasmid. Thus, Pet111p could play dual roles in both membrane localization and regulation of Cox2p synthesis within mitochondria.
Metal carcinogenesis in experimental animals.

Summary Certain compounds containing beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, iron, lead, nickel, selenium, zinc and titanium are carcinogenic following administration to experimental animals. In this review, the literature which attests to the carcinogenicity of these elements in experimental animals is compiled in the form of tables listing the animal species which have been shown to be susceptible, the routes of administration and the types of tumours induced. Particular attention is focused upon nickel as an example of the carcinogenic metals, and a resume is presented of recent evidence regarding possible mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis. Survey of the literature reveals little experimental evidence that metallic constituents of food present carcinogenic hazards to man.
A phase II study of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II for advanced breast cancer two dose schedules

Thirty-six (36) women with metastatic breast cancer refractory to conventional therapies were treated with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II. Two dose schedules were used sequentially. The first 15 patients received platinum at a dose of 15 mg/m2 daily for 5 days at 28-day intervals. No response was noted in this group. Subsequently, 21 patients were treated with a dose of 100–120 mg/m2 at 28-day intervals, but with additional induced diuresis with saline, furosemide, and mannitol. Among 13 patients evaluable for response, 2 partial responses were observed.
Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 Morphologies of K-selected Extremely Red Galaxies

We selected 115 extremely red objects (EROs) from deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) WFPC2 archive data combined with ground-based K-band images, with (F814W-Ks) ≥ 4, K-band signal-to-noise ratio ≥5, and a median limiting Ks magnitude of ~18.7, over a corresponding area of 228 arcmin2, for a morphological study of the ERO galaxy population. The survey covered a total of ~409 arcmin2 over 77 separate WFPC2 fields. This is the first complete sample of bright EROs with high-resolution HST morphologies. From a visual morphological classification, we find that 30% ± 5% of our (F814W-Ks) ≥ 4 selected sample have morphologies consistent with a pure bulge or bulge-dominated galaxy (equivalent to E/S0), while disks comprise 64% ± 7% of the sample. Only 6% of the EROs remained unclassifiable. Mergers or strongly interacting systems, which includes sources from both classes, make up 17% ± 4% of the full sample. The quantitative Medium Deep Survey profile fitting is consistent with these results. These results highlight the complex nature of optical/near-IR color selected EROs. The dominant component of our sample is composed of disks, not spheroids or strongly interacting systems like HR 10. Using Bruzual & Charlot spectral energy distribution models, we investigated population differences in EROs selected by their (I-K) versus (R-K) colors and found that I-band based surveys preferentially select systems with prolonged star formation. Real differences in the surface densities of EROs in R-band and I-band based survey may reflect this color selection effect, complicating the comparisons between and interpretations on the nature of the ERO population. We conclude that only a small fraction of EROs at z ~ 1-2 could be passively evolving elliptical galaxies formed at high redshift through a "monolithic collapse" mechanism. For the majority of EROs, even if most of their stellar mass is already in place at z ~ 1, interaction with the environment and accretion of gas still play important roles in their continuing evolution.
Boundary cell-based acceleration for volume ray casting

Abstract Several effective acceleration techniques for volume rendering offer efficient means to skip over empty space, providing significant speedup without affecting image quality. The effectiveness of such an approach depends on its ability to accurately estimate the object boundary inside a volume with minimal computational overhead. We propose a novel boundary cell-based acceleration technique for ray casting which skips over empty space by accurately calculating the intersection distance for each ray. Very short distance estimation time is achieved by exploiting a projection template to calculate the parallel-projection values of each boundary cell and the coherency of adjacent cells. Since no hardware acceleration is used, the projection procedure can also be efficiently parallelized. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the performance of our new algorithm.
S-adenosylmethionine: DNA-cytosine 5-methyltransferase from a Novikoff rat hepatoma cell line

Abstract Partial purification of DNA methylase from Novikoff rat hepatoma cells is described. Contamination with other proteins persists although the enzyme preparation has a high specific activity and is purified 980-fold over homogenate activity. Evidence suggests, but does not prove, that there may be more than one species of DNA methylase in these cells. The enzyme has two broad pH optima at pH 7.0 and 7.5 and most readily methylates heterologous denatured DNAs although complex reaction kinetics indicate that native DNAs may eventually be methylated to an equal or greater level. The preparation of undermethylated DNA from Novikoff cells is also described. Undermethylated homologous DNA is an 85-fold greater acceptor of methyl groups than fully methylated Novikoff cell DNA. In contrast to other DNA substrates, the enzyme preparation methylates native undermethylated homologous DNA at a 3.5-fold greater than denatured undermethylated homologous DNA.
Renal arteriolar contractile responses to angiotensin II in rats with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus.

1. Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that renal arteriolar responses to angiotensin (Ang)II are altered in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 2. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg, i.v.) or 0.9% NaCl vehicle (Sham). Partial insulin replacement maintained blood glucose levels at 422 +/- 6 mg/dL (STZ rats) for the ensuing 2 week period (86 +/- 4 mg/dL in Sham rats). The in vitro blood-perfused juxtamedullary nephron technique was used to study renal arteriolar diameter responses to exogenous AngII or K(+)-induced membrane depolarization. 3. Baseline afferent arteriolar diameter did not differ between kidneys harvested from Sham and STZ rats; however, constrictor responses to AngII were accentuated in kidneys from diabetic rats. During exposure to 10 nmol/L AngII, afferent diameter decreased by 37 +/- 5 and 18 +/- 4% in STZ and Sham kidneys, respectively. Efferent arterioles from Sham and STZ rats did not differ with regard to either baseline diameter or AngII responsiveness. 4. In experiments assessing afferent arteriolar responsiveness to membrane depolarization, 40 mmol/L K+ decreased lumen diameter by 73 +/- 11% in kidneys from Sham rats; however, the same depolarizing stimulus only reduced afferent diameter by 28 +/- 7% in STZ kidneys. 5. We conclude that afferent (but not efferent) arteriolar AngII responsiveness is increased during the early stages of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus in the rat. The exaggerated afferent arteriolar responsiveness to AngII occurs despite reduced sensitivity to membrane depolarization, suggesting that the emergence of alternative signalling processes or alterations in vasoactive modulator influences may underlie this phenomenon.
Localization of phosphorus metabolites and sodium ions in the rat kidney

Relative amounts of phosphorus-containing metabolites and sodium ions present in different regions of the in vivo rat kidney were obtained using a surface-coil probe and recently developed NMR rotating-frame methods. During altered physiologic states, changes in distribution of metabolites and sodium ions within the kidney were identified in one-dimensional metabolite maps. This technique may have important applications to disorders commonly found in clinical medicine. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
Honey Hill Fault in Eastern Connecticut: Regional Relations

The Honey Hill fault is a thick slab of highly strained (cataclastic) rock formed from units lying within 1 km of the contact between quartz-feldspar rocks (basement) and the varied, but generally more micaceous, rocks (mantle) overlying them. The cataclastic rocks evolved from sillimanite-zone units through progressive reduction in grain size without retrogression, a reduction effected by a variety of mechanisms acting primarily on quartz and biotite. This evolution is presented schematically as the cumulative result of cataclastic deformations near the basement-mantle boundary during F1 (disharmonic folding of the mantle related to the formation of an anticlinorium having a north-south axial surface located at the present Rhode Island-Connecticut boundary), F2 (development of an anticline having an east-west axial surface parallel with and just north of the present coastline), and post-F2 (development of more localized domes and anticlines warping the Honey Hill fault and earlier folds). The intensity of cataclastic deformation depends not on the “displacement,” but on the location and amplitude of successive anticlines and domes and on ductility contrasts between contiguous rock masses. The model (hypothesis) is based on a comparison of three areas located along the 40-mi trace of the fault. Differences between any two areas are related to differences in their positions relative to the crest of each of the successive domes or anticlines. The Honey Hill fault is neither a simple thrust fault nor a fundamental fault; the cataclastic rocks seem to result from displacements parallel to the zone and flattening normal to it, both related in large part to relative upward movement of basement at different places at different times from Late Devonian to Permian(?).
Monovalent counterion distributions at highly charged water interfaces: proton-transfer and Poisson-Boltzmann theory.

Surface sensitive synchrotron--x-ray scattering studies reveal the distributions of monovalent ions next to highly charged interfaces. A lipid phosphate (dihexadecyl hydrogen phosphate) was spread as a monolayer at the air-water interface, containing CsI at various concentrations. Using anomalous reflectivity off and at the ${L}_{3}$ ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{+}$ resonance, we provide spatial counterion distributions $({\mathrm{Cs}}^{+})$ next to the negatively charged interface over a wide range of ionic concentrations. We argue that at low salt concentrations and for pure water the enhanced concentration of hydroniums ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ at the interface leads to proton transfer back to the phosphate group by a high contact potential, whereas high salt concentrations lower the contact potential resulting in proton release and increased surface charge density. The experimental ionic distributions are in excellent agreement with a renormalized-surface-charge Poisson-Boltzmann theory without fitting parameters or additional assumptions.
Synthetic template methodology for CAD directed robot vision

Abstract A methodology is presented for CAD directed inspection and control in the machine vision domain. Robot vision systems employ template matching for many applications in flexible manufacturing. Image templates are currently generated by training a vision processor on several snap shots of representative parts. Template training is time consuming and must usually be performed on-line. In low-to-medium volume applications this becornes impractical. To overcome this problem the CAD solid model database is used directly to predict and simulate the camera's actual view of the part during manufacture. Perspective projection transformation with scene rendering is used in combination with an illumination model to create a synthetic template. A robot mounted camera is then directed to appropriate views and orientations for successful part inspection. Replacing part training with this new approach saves time in two main ways: a physical part is not required for generating the template, and the template computation can be done in parallel with inspection tasks, thus avoiding production disruptions.