cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating LGBT Competencies into the Multicultural Curriculum of Graduate Psychology Training Programs: Expounding and Expanding Upon Hope and Chappell's Choice Points: Commentary on “Extending Training in Multicultural Competencies to Include Individuals Identifying as Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual: Key Choice Points for Clinical Psychology Training Programs”

In this volume, Hope and Chappell outline a number of “choice points” that they presume psychology training programs will universally face as they build competency in working with sexual minority (lesbian, gay, and bisexual [LGB]) clients into their multicultural training curricula. From our vantage points as the director of clinical training (DCT) and the training clinic director from a doctoral program in clinical psychology, we concur with their suggestions and believe that they can serve as a guide for doctoral programs implementing LGB and transgender (LGBT)-specific training. In the commentary that follows, we elaborate upon these choice points, share our experiences within our own program, discuss some predictable challenges and questions faced by programs when implementing such an inclusive curriculum, and propose a solution that supports integration of LGBT competencies into all training programs, while acknowledging the difficulties inherent in this endeavor.
Differences in stone size and ureteral dilation between obstructing proximal and distal ureteral calculi.

Objectives To examine the differences in ureteral dilation and calculus size between obstructing proximal and distal ureteral stones. Methods A retrospective review of computed tomography (CT) scans from 176 consecutive patients with obstructing ureteral calculi was performed. For the calculi, the axial diameter was defined as the largest stone diameter on the axial CT images, and the coronal length was defined as the cephalocaudal length of the stone measured on the coronal CT images. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. Results A total of 65 proximal and 111 distal ureteral calculi were analyzed. On univariate analysis, the proximal calculi were associated with a greater degree of ureteral dilation (mean 6.1 mm vs 5.3 mm, P = .01) and had a greater coronal length (mean 9.9 mm vs 8.3 mm, P = .005) than distal calculi. This association was also true on the multivariate analysis, which controlled for age and sex (P = .0004). No statistically significant difference was found in the axial calculus diameter for the proximal and distal stones (mean 5.3 mm vs 5.0 mm, P = .29). In a subset of 50 patients whose contralateral ureters (without stones) were measured for control comparison, the ureteral dilation in the ureters with stones was significantly greater than in the control ureters (proximal ureter 6.2 mm vs 4.3 mm, P = .001; distal ureter 4.7 mm vs 3.8 mm, P = .004). For proximal calculi, 72.3% were associated with ureteral dilation of less than 7 mm, 23.1% with 7-10 mm, and 4.6% with greater than 10 mm. For the distal calculi, 90.1% were associated with ureteral dilation of less than 7 mm, 6.3% with 7-10 mm, and 3.6% with greater than 10 mm. The coronal length was the largest measured diameter in 94% of the calculi, and the mean calculus coronal length was significantly greater than the mean axial diameter (8.9 mm vs 5.1 mm, respectively, P Conclusions The results of our study have shown that proximal ureteral calculi are associated with a significantly greater degree of ureteral dilation and larger coronal length than are distal calculi. These findings should guide the endoscopist in planning intracorporeal ureteroscopic lithotripsy. We suggest obtaining CT coronal images to more accurately characterize obstructing ureteral stones.
7-cis-porphyropsin from 7-cis-3-dehydroretinal and cattle opsin.

7-cis-3-Dehydroretinol, prepared by photoisomerization of the all-trans isomer in a polar solvent, was found to combine with cattle opsin to form a visual pigment analogue with an absorption maximum at 464 nm. The pigment is only moderately stable in hydroxylamine or in Ammonyx LO. and cannot be purified by column chromatography using Ammonyx LO. 9-cis-Porphyropsin, prepared in a manner similar to that reported by Azuma et al., is stable and has been purified by passing through a hydroxylapatite column. Three fractions were collected with eluant of increasing ionic strength. All fractions exhibit similar absorption properties with Λmax at 498 nm. These results further indicate that the binding of opsin is a flexible one.
Learning phonology with substantive bias: an experimental and computational study of velar palatalization.

There is an active debate within the field of phonology concerning the cognitive status of substantive phonetic factors such as ease of articulation and perceptual distinctiveness. A new framework is proposed in which substance acts as a bias, or prior, on phonological learning. Two experiments tested this framework with a method in which participants are first provided highly impoverished evidence of a new phonological pattern, and then tested on how they extend this pattern to novel contexts and novel sounds. Participants were found to generalize velar palatalization (e.g., the change from [k ]a s inkeep to [t�ʃ ]a s incheap) in a way that accords with linguistic typology, and that is predicted by a cognitive bias in favor of changes that relate perceptually similar sounds. Velar palatalization was extended from the mid front vowel context (i.e., before [e ]a s incape) to the high front vowel context (i.e., before [i ]a s in keep), but not vice versa. The key explanatory notion of perceptual similarity is quantified with a psychological model of categorization, and the substantively biased framework is formalized as a conditional random field. Implications of these results for the debate on substance, theories of phonological generalization, and the formalization of similarity are discussed.
A GSFC perspective on the execution of faster, better, cheaper

The Small Explorer (SMEX) Project at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) has accumulated nearly a decade of experience building missions with the underlying philosophy of "Faster, Better, Cheaper" (FBC). This project, under the Explorer Technology Infusion effort, has developed a protoflight version of a 21/sup st/ Century FBC spacecraft bus that has just completed environmental qualification and has been selected as the base spacecraft for NASA's Triana mission. Design and production of these six high performance spacecraft, in just ten years time, has provided a unique base of experience from which to draw lessons learned. This paper discusses the fundamental practices that have been used by the SMEX Project as well as relevant experiences from other innovative projects at GSFC.
The Effect of Alex Haley's Roots on How Gambians Remember the Atlantic Slave Trade

Beginning in late August 1974, I spent eight months in The Gambia, collecting oral traditions. My intention was to use what I obtained to reconstruct the history of Niumi, a precolonial “state” (Mandinka: banko) located at the mouth of the Gambia River. Over three centuries of slave trading in the river, Niumi was a dominant player in the region's political economy. Thus, one of my primary goals was to learn how Gambians remembered the centuries-long commerce that connected people living along the Gambia River to a vast Atlantic economic system, the heart of which was the sale and transportation of humans.To my disappointment, with only a few exceptions, Gambian informants did not recall much about the slave trade. In Albreda and Juffure, the two Gambia-River villages where people were most involved in dealings with Europeans during the slave-trading era, the best informants could say little beyond noting ruins of old buildings and mentioning vague doings of “the Portuguese.” In the end, only three informants were able and willing to say anything beyond the most banal generalities about the capture, movement, and sale of slaves that occurred in the Gambia River. My assessment was that in the body of stories that Gambians held in their collective memory, a vast void existed between tales of the long-ago, and likely mythical, origins of a clan, village, or state and events that occurred much more recently, in this case after the British settled Bathurst, near the river's mouth, in 1816.
Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells

Publisher Summary Umbilical cord blood (UCB)—also termed “placental blood” or “fetal blood”—contains transplantable stem and progenitor cells and may possess significant clinical advantages in transplantation. Unlike bone marrow and peripheral-blood-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells (PB-HPCs), UCB cells are collected as a by-product of uncomplicated pregnancy. Because special mobilization and extensive collection processes are not required, UCB cells can be collected for storage in a bank of transplantable cells. UCB grafts contain several cell populations necessary for a favorable clinical outcome. The most primitive HPCs are defined by their ability to self-renew as well as proliferate, while lineage-committed and uncommitted progenitors are capable only of proliferation and differentiation. Assays for these different cell populations are not completely satisfactory. For practical purposes, broadly defined HPCs are more commonly enumerated. Because HPCs are nucleated and—more specifically—are mononuclear cells, these types of cells are enumerated using automated cell counters. Currently, expression of the CD+ cell surface molecule is the most widely accepted marker for stem and progenitor cells. UCB may be collected for transplantation into a specific patient—typically a sibling—or for storage in a bank. Ability to bank cells is a unique advantage of UCB cells. Banked cells ensure that the graft is available and is screened and tested for infectious disease. UCB cells may be cryopreserved without additional processing. Although simple, this retains a comparatively large volume of cells not known to function in engraftment, such as granulocytes and red blood cells (RBCs). The principal parameters considered in selecting a specific UCB product for transplant include the cell content and HLA compatibility of the products available. The minimum transplantable dose of UCB cells has not yet been established.
THE DEPOSITION OF EXOGENOUS COPPER UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS WITH OBSERVATIONS ON ITS NEUROTOXIC AND NEPHROTOXIC PROPERTIES IN RELATION TO WILSON'S DISEASE

Goldfish kept in water containing ionized copper and a detergent added with the aim of decreasing coagulation of the mucus on the gills, took in and retained this metal in their brains, livers, and kidneys, in concentrations comparable to those that occur naturally in Wilson's disease, as chemical assays disclosed. Histochemical studies made it clear that much copper had accumulated within the large neurons, principally in those of the telencephalon and anterior horn region of the spinal cord and in the tubular epithelial cells of the kidneys, the nuclei of the parenchymal cells of the liver, the sarcoplasm of the skeletal muscle, and in the epithelial covering of the gills. The intraneuronal deposition of copper was regularly associated after a time with conspicuous cytologic changes, notably contraction and hyperchromaticity of the nerve cells with tortuosity and fragmentation of the axis cylinders and lysis and loss of neurons. The accumulation of metal in the renal epithelium was frequently accompanied by necrosis and was regularly associated with hyperplasia and calcification of the epithelial cells of the larger renal tubules in all goldfish kept for prolonged periods in copper-rich water. The deposition of copper in the liver was not accompanied by consistent cytologic changes. The similarity of the cytologic alterations induced in the central nervous systems by copper and those that occur naturally in hepatolenticular degeneration in human beings provides evidence that copper itself plays an important role in the pathologic alterations of the brain in Wilson's disease.
Employee satisfaction in work groups with different gender composition

This study investigates the relationship between the gender composition of an employee's work group and the employee's job satisfaction, using a random sample over 1600 U.S. workers. After controlling possible confounding variables, our analysis shows that the level of an employee's job satisfaction is related to the gender composition of the employee's work group, and that the relationship of these variables does not differ between male and female employees. Both men and women working in gender-balanced groups have higher levels of job satisfaction than those who work in homogeneous groups. Employees working in groups containing mostly men have the lowest levels of job satisfaction, with those working in groups containing mostly women falling in the middle. These results are consistent with predictions based on Blau's theory of social structure, that satisfaction would be highest for employees in more heterogeneous groups. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endoscopic screening for varices in cirrhosis: Findings, implications, and outcomes

At least two thirds of cirrhotic patients develop esophageal varices during their lifetime. Severe upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding as a complication of portal hypertension develops in about 30%– 40% of cirrhotics. Despite significant improvements in the early diagnosis and treatment of esophagogastric variceal hemorrhage, the mortality rate of first variceal hemorrhage remains high (20%–35%). Primary prophylaxis, the focus of this article, is treatment of patients who never had previous variceal bleeding to prevent the first variceal hemorrhage. The potential of preventing first variceal hemorrhage offers the promise of reducing mortality, morbidity, and associated health care costs. This article (1) reviews endoscopic grading of size and stigmata for esophageal and gastric varices, (2) describes data on prevalence and incidence of esophageal and gastric varices from prospective studies, (3) discusses independent risk factors from multivariate analyses of prospective studies for development of first esophageal or gastric variceal hemorrhage and possible stratification of patients based on these risk factors, (4) comments on the potential cost effectiveness of screening all newly diagnosed cirrhotic patients and treating high-risk patients with medical or endoscopic therapies, and (5) recommends further studies of endoscopic screening, stratification, and outcomes in prospective studies of endoscopic therapy. The author’s recommendations are to perform endoscopic screening for the following subgroups of cirrhotics: all newly diagnosed cirrhotic patients and all other cirrhotics who are medically stable, willing to be treated prophylactically, and would benefit from medical or endoscopic therapies. Exclude patients who are unlikely to benefit from prophylactic therapies designed to prevent the first variceal hemorrhage, those with short life expectancy, and those with previous UGI hemorrhage (they should have already undergone endoscopy). For low or very low risk cirrhotic patients—those found to have no varices or small varices without stigmata—repeat endoscopy is recommended because screening for progression may be warranted in 2 or more years.
A dissociative fluorescence enhancement technique for one-step time-resolved immunoassays

The limitation of current dissociative fluorescence enhancement techniques is that the lanthanide chelate structures used as molecular probes are not stable enough in one-step assays with high concentrations of complexones or metal ions in the reaction mixture since these substances interfere with lanthanide chelate conjugated to the detector molecule. Lanthanide chelates of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) are extremely stable, and we used EuDTPA derivatives conjugated to antibodies as tracers in one-step immunoassays containing high concentrations of complexones or metal ions. Enhancement solutions based on different β-diketones were developed and tested for their fluorescence-enhancing capability in immunoassays with EuDTPA-labelled antibodies. Characteristics tested were fluorescence intensity, analytical sensitivity, kinetics of complex formation and signal stability. Formation of fluorescent complexes is fast (5 min) in the presented enhancement solution with EuDTPA probes withstanding strong complexones (ethylenediaminetetra acetate (EDTA) up to 100 mM) or metal ions (up to 200 μM) in the reaction mixture, the signal is intensive, stable for 4 h and the analytical sensitivity with Eu is 40 fmol/L, Tb 130 fmol/L, Sm 2.1 pmol/L and Dy 8.5 pmol/L. With the improved fluorescence enhancement technique, EDTA and citrate plasma samples as well as samples containing relatively high concentrations of metal ions can be analysed using a one-step immunoassay format also at elevated temperatures. It facilitates four-plexing, is based on one chelate structure for detector molecule labelling and is suitable for immunoassays due to the wide dynamic range and the analytical sensitivity.
Highly crosslinked polycyclooctyl-salen cobalt ( iii ) for the hydrolytic kinetic resolution of terminal epoxides

A new support structure for Co(III)salen catalysts has been developed to improve the kinetics for the hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of terminal epoxides. The new support consists of a copolymer composed of crosslinked salen-containing cyclic oligomers. Previous studies show that higher molecular weight cyclic oligomers are more active HKR catalysts than lower weight oligomers. The crosslinking reaction forms high molecular weight oligomers using a similar support structure and in significantly greater synthetic yield making the presented protocol synthetically more viable.
Allergic Inflammation in Isolated Vagal Sensory Ganglia Unmasks Silent NK-2 Tachykinin Receptors

Neuroplastic changes in vagal afferents inflicted by allergic inflammation were examined in nodose ganglia (NG) removed from guinea pigs immunized to chick ovalbumin. In control NG neurons, substance P (SP; 0.1–10 μm) produces no discernable changes in membrane electrophysiological properties or [Ca2+]i. After exposing NG from immunized animals to the sensitizing antigen in vitro , 83% of the neurons were depolarized by 100 nm SP. SP also produces an inward current, an increase in membrane conductance, and an elevation of [Ca2+]i. Buffering [Ca2+]i with BAPTA blocked the [Ca2+]i rise and the SP depolarization, indicating that internal stores of Ca2+ are required. When protein synthesis was inhibited >96% (as determined by [3H] leucine incorporation), antigen challenge still unmasked SP responses. The SP response was maximal 30 min after antigen challenge, and it was evident for at least 8 hr in intact ganglia and for 3.5 d in isolated neurons. [β-Ala8]Neurokinin A ([β-Ala8]NKA; 10 nm), an NK-2 selective agonist, mimicked SP; selective NK-1 and NK-3 agonists were ineffective. The EC50 values for SP and [β-Ala8]NKA membrane currents were 78 and 33 nm, respectively. Additionally, SR48968, an NK-2 receptor antagonist, blocked these responses. Thus, antigen challenge appears to unmask an NK-2 tachykinin receptor. These data further support the hypothesis that inflammatory mediators released during immediate hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions can produce profound effects on the excitability of sensory nerves. Unmasked NK-2 receptors may serve an excitatory autoreceptor function, provide a pathway for paracrine signaling between NG neurons, and contribute to ectopic sensory nerve activity.
Use of an artificial pancreas among adolescents for a missed snack bolus and an underestimated meal bolus.

Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and performance of the artificial pancreas (AP) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) following insulin omission for food. Research design and methods In a randomized, cross-over trial, adolescents with T1D aged 13–18 yr were enrolled in a randomized, cross-over trial. On separate days, received either usual care (UC) through their home insulin pump or used an AP system (Diabetes Assistant platform, continuous glucose monitor, and insulin pump). Approximately 1 h after admission, participants in both groups received an unannounced snack of 30 g carbohydrate, and 4 h later they received an 80 g lunch, for which both groups only received 75% of the calculated insulin dose to cover carbohydrates. On the UC day (but not the AP day), they received their full high blood glucose (BG) correction factor at lunch. Each admission lasted approximately 8 h. Results A total of 16 participants completed the trial. On the AP day (compared to UC), mean BG was lower (197 ± 10 vs. 235 ± 14 mg/dL) and time in range 70–180 mg/dL was higher (43% ± 7 vs. 19% ± 7) (both p < 0.05) overall; these results held in the time following the snack and meal (also p < 0.05). During the trial, there were no differences between groups in the rate of hypoglycemia <70 mg/dL. Conclusions The AP provided improvements in short-term glycemic control without increases in hypoglycemia following missed insulin for food in adolescents. Thus, the AP partly compensates for missed insulin boluses for food, a common occurrence in adolescent diabetes care. Further testing is needed in longer-term settings.
Genetic discrimination of middle Mississippi River Scaphirhynchus sturgeon into pallid, shovelnose, and putative hybrids with multiple microsatellite loci

The pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus), which is protected under the US endangered species act, and shovelnose sturgeon (S. platorhynchus), which is legally harvested in some locations, are sympatric throughout the range of pallid sturgeon. There is considerable morphological overlap between the species making discrimination problematic. The inability to reliably differentiate between species across all life stages has hampered pallid sturgeon recovery efforts. Furthermore, the two species are believed to hybridize. This study used allele frequency data at multiple microsatellite loci to perform Bayesian and likelihood-based assignment testing and morphological measures and meristics to discriminate pallid, shovelnose, and putative hybrid sturgeons from the middle Mississippi River. Bayesian model-based clustering of the genetic data indicated that two natural genetic units occur in the region. These units correspond to morphologically identified pallid and shovelnose sturgeon. Some individuals were morphologically intermediate and many of these failed to strongly assign genetically as either pallid or shovelnose sturgeon, suggesting they may be hybrids. These data indicate that pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon are genetically distinct in the middle Mississippi River (F ST = 0.036, P < 0.0001) and suggest that hybridization between pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon has occurred in this region with genetic distance estimates indicating the greatest distance is between pallid and shovelnose sturgeon, while hybrid sturgeon are intermediate but closer to shovelnose. This study demonstrates that assignment testing with multiple microsatellite markers can be successful at discriminating pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon, providing a valuable resource for pallid sturgeon recovery and conservation.
The onset of drag reduction by dilute polymer additives, and the maximum drag reduction asymptote

Drag reduction due to dilute addition of high polymers has been known for about fifty years. In spite of this long history, many aspects of the problem remain poorly understood. Two of its features for pipe flow are considered here in the context of the elastic theory of de Gennes: the onset of drag reduction and the so-called maximum drag reduction (MDR) asymptote. A cautious conclusion is that a version of the theory agrees qualitatively with existing experiments.
Perspective on Materials Genome

The author’s perspective on Materials Genome® is presented in this paper through several related projects. Current thermodynamic and kinetic databases of multicomponent materials consist of Gibbs energy functions and atomic mobility of individual phases as functions of temperature, composition, and sometimes pressure, i.e., with the individual phases based on crystal structures as the genome (building blocks) of materials. It is articulated that if an individual phase has its internal configurations, such as magnetic spin configurations and ferroelectric polarization, change significantly with respect to temperature, stress, and magnetic and electric fields, then those individual configurations instead should be considered as the genome of the individual phase. The “mutation” of an individual phase is governed by the entropy of mixing among the individual stable and metastable configurations, named as microstate configurational entropy, and responsible to anomalies in individual phases. Our ability to tailor the properties of those individual configurations as a function of compositions is the key for the design of materials.
Movement patterns of individuals with good potential to dynamically stabilize their knees after acute ACL rupture

Previous work in our lab has demonstrated that a screening tool can be beneficial in selecting patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture for return to high-level activities through non-operative management [1].The screening tool uses clinical tests to differentiate those who have the potential to dynamically stabilize their knee from those who cannot. Patients selected by the screening tool (potential copers) have greater success in returning to high-level activities without knee instability compared to either those who do not meet the criteria, or uncategorized subjects [1,5,6].
Cristóbal Colón como puente trasatlántico en el imaginario de Eugenio María de Hostos

Since Eugenio Maria de Hostos’ publication in 1863 of La peregrinacion de Bayoan until 1892, Columbus occupies a central space in his writings. The transformation of Columbus from a Romantic to a Positivist hero serves to exhibit the ideological, historical and political tensions of a colonial Puerto Rican subject questioning his historical and political legacy. It also triggers the examination not only of the figure of Columbus, Spain and the conquest, but of the Nineteenth century complex reality of the American, Caribbean and Latin American nation states.
Arrhythmic Burden and Ambulatory Monitoring of Pediatric Patients with Cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND Pediatric patients with cardiomyopathy (CM) are at risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD), likely driven by arrhythmic etiologies. OBJECTIVES Describe arrhythmia burden and Holter utility in pediatric CM including: hypertrophic CM (HCM), dilated CM (DCM), and restrictive CM (RCM). METHODS Retrospective cohort study of patients <21 years with CM. Patient demographics, arrhythmic history, and genetic status were reviewed including outcomes of death, aborted SCD, and device shocks. Holter findings were analyzed over the prior 5 years including clinically significant findings and resulting changes to management. Analysis for the composite outcomes of death, aborted SCD, and appropriate shock were performed using logistic regression with backward elimination. RESULTS One hundred and forty-six patients were included: 83 HCM, 54 DCM, and nine RCM (mean 13 ± 6 years). A total of 23% of patients had defibrillators. There were six deaths (two SCD), four patients with appropriate device therapies, and four aborted SCD episodes. In total, 305 Holter monitors were reviewed. Six Holters had significant findings, all nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Two Holters resulted in changes in management, both defibrillator implantations. Twelve patients had one or more of the conditions defining the composite outcome. Using logistic regression, clinical history of ventricular arrhythmia, frequent premature ventricular complexes, and CM type were included as potential independent predictors in the final model and clinical ventricular arrhythmia and RCM disease were associated with the composite outcome. CONCLUSIONS SCD and device therapies were relatively rare. Routine Holter screening rarely demonstrated significant findings or changed clinical care. Clinical history of ventricular arrhythmia was associated with poor clinical outcome.
Wide tolerance to amino acids substitutions in the OCTN1 ergothioneine transporter.

Abstract Background Organic cation transporters transfer solutes with a positive charge across the plasma membrane. The novel organic cation transporter 1 (OCTN1) and 2 (OCTN2) transport ergothioneine and carnitine, respectively. Mutations in the SLC22A5 gene encoding OCTN2 cause primary carnitine deficiency, a recessive disorders resulting in low carnitine levels and defective fatty acid oxidation. Variations in the SLC22A4 gene encoding OCTN1 are associated with rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn disease. Methods Here we evaluate the functional properties of the OCTN1 transporter using chimeric transporters constructed by fusing different portion of the OCTN1 and OCTN2 cDNAs. Their relative abundance and subcellular distribution was evaluated through western blot analysis and confocal microscopy. Results Substitutions of the C-terminal portion of OCTN1 with the correspondent residues of OCTN2 generated chimeric OCTN transporters more active than wild-type OCTN1 in transporting ergothioneine. Additional single amino acid substitutions introduced in chimeric OCTN transporters further increased ergothioneine transport activity. Kinetic analysis indicated that increased transport activity was due to an increased V max , with modest changes in K m toward ergothioneine. Conclusions Our results indicate that the OCTN1 transporter is tolerant to extensive amino acid substitutions. This is in sharp contrast to the OCTN2 carnitine transporter that has been selected for high functional activity through evolution, with almost all substitutions reducing carnitine transport activity. General significance The widespread tolerance of OCTN1 to amino acid substitutions suggests that the corresponding SLC22A4 gene may have derived from a recent duplication of the SLC22A5 gene and might not yet have a defined physiological role.
Constructing Space-Time Views from Fixed Size Trace Files — Getting the Best of Both Worlds

Abstract The performance data gathered and analyzed by monitoring tools currently available to the super-computing community falls under two categories: statistics and event traces. Statistical data is much more compact but lacks the probative power event traces offer. Event traces, on the other hand, can be extremely large even for short executions of simple programs. In this paper, we propose an innovative methodology for performance data gathering and representation. The user will be able to limit the amount of trace data collected and, at the same time, carry out some of the analysis event traces offer. Two basic ideas were employed: the use of averages to approximate different execution instances of the same program construct and “formulae “ to represent repetitive sequences associated with communication and control flow (such as message passing and branching). With the help of a few examples, we illustrate the use of these techniques and evaluated the quality of the performance data we collected.
Industrial applications of solidification technology

Industrial solidification technology is concerned essentially with the removal of heat from a molten material or alloy in a controlled manner, resulting in its transformation from liquid to solid, thereby giving rise to a particular product or component with desired properties or performance. In general, controls may be applied to the liquid, to the solid, to the solid-liquid mixture, at the solidliquid interface, to the mold, and to the mold-metal or external interface. For example, casting processes commonly control fluid flow in the liquid and heat transfer in the mold or at the metal-mold interface by varying pouring techniques or mold materials, by stirring, and by the application of external cooling such as water lines or sprays; crystal growth processes primarily control the solidliquid interface; semi-solid processes utilize and control the solid-liquid mixture; and rapid solidification processes utilize and control rapid heat extraction to a mold or the ambient. Increasingly, the extent and manner in which control in solidification technology is designed or applied in industry is performed in conjunction with the computer, either by the analysis of fluid flow, heat transfer, and microstructural evolution or by the use of process sensing and control. Consequently, an important part of today's industrially oriented casting and solidification research is concerned with the development or application of computational techniques to the analysis of solidification. Even when fundamental solidification phenomena are the subject of inquiry, they are driven by the need for improved physical models for computational process analysis. Not surprisingly, this is also reflected in the content of current symposia on solidification technology, in those organized by TMS as well as other organizations. In this issue, five papers are presented on the state of the art in solidification. Four of the five papers are directly concerned with the application of computational analyses to solidification problems or investigate phenomena for their subsequent application to computational
The Development of Preparatory Response Strategies in Anticipation of Sudden Loading of the Torso

A common theme found in epidemiological studies is the occurance of low back injuries where the body is required to quickly generate muscular forces necessary for stabilizing the body, as in the case of slips, falls, and sudden loading. These large muscular forces create large instantaneous loadings on structures within the musculoskeletal system, including the spine. This is viewed as a mechanism whereby low back injury occurs. Previous investigations have indicated the importance of a preparatory period in reducing the impulse loads delivered to the spine. The current research was designed to address questions as to how cognitive factors, such as temporal expectancies, enable the body to prepare for a loading event. Four subjects were exposed to repeated sessions of sudden loading at 1 minute intervals. This experiment measured: the muscle responses via surface EMG, IAP, and postural changes made in anticipation of the loading event. The preparatory strategies were evaluated in terms of: the predicted s...
Regulatory Interactions in Normal and Leukemic Myelopoiesis

In vitro culture studies have revealed complex hemopoietic cell interactions involving local and systemic signals controlling cell proliferation and differentiation. Phenotypic characterization of myeloid leukemia utilizing in vitro culture methodologies suggests that subtile regulatory imbalance may play a major role in clonal dominance of transformed pluripotential stem cells or committed granulopoietic progenitor cells. The emerging complexity of potential bioregulatory networks in both normal and neoplastic hemopoiesis has almost exclusively been demonstrated in vitro, however the concept of “dependence” as applied to retention of regulatory responsiveness by neoplastic myelopoietic cells is of sufficient practical and theoretical importance to justify detailed consideration of hemopoietic regulators in the context of human leukemia.
Treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma

The optimal therapy of Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) in the setting of AIDS is still to be determined; however, it is fair to say that there is no curative therapy for AIDS-KS, and despite the widespread use of antiviral therapy with zidovudine (azidothymidine), it has been found to be of no benefit in controlling the extent of KS or on restoring the immune function.
An investigation of convective heat transfer in microchannel with Piranha Pin Fin

Abstract In this paper, we present an experimental and numerical study on a Piranha Pin Fin ( PPF ) micro scale heat sinks. The PPFs were designed to enhance heat transfer by manipulating the flow field, selectively venting the fluid, and adding surface area. The hydraulic and thermal performances are studied for Reynolds numbers ranging from 508 to 2114 based on the channel hydraulic diameter. A conjugate convection/conduction heat transfer model was developed with COMSOL software, which showed good agreement to experiments. Velocity field and temperature distribution obtained from the model were also discussed to obtain a better understanding of the heat sink performance. Extraction effect was evaluated and analyzed. Friction factor and Nusselt number were obtained and compared with available correlations.
A juvenile subfossil crocodylian from Anjohibe Cave, Northwestern Madagascar

Madagascar's subfossil record preserves a diverse community of animals including elephant birds, pygmy hippopotamus, giant lemurs, turtles, crocodiles, bats, rodents, and carnivorans. These fossil accumulations give us a window into the island's past from 80,000 years ago to a mere few hundred years ago, recording the extinction of some groups and the persistence of others. The crocodylian subfossil record is limited to two taxa, Voay robustus and Crocodylus niloticus, found at sites distributed throughout the island. V. robustus is extinct while C. niloticus is still found on the island today, but whether these two species overlapped temporally, or if Voay was driven to extinction by competing with Crocodylus remains unknown. While their size and presumed behavior was similar to each other, nearly nothing is known about the growth and development of Voay, as the overwhelming majority of fossil specimens represent mature adult individuals. Here we describe a nearly complete juvenile crocodylian specimen from Anjohibe Cave, northwestern Madagascar. The specimen is referred to Crocodylus based on the presence of caviconchal recesses on the medial wall of the maxillae, and to C. niloticus based on the presence of an oval shaped internal choana, lack of rostral ornamentation and a long narrow snout. However, as there are currently no described juvenile specimens of Voay robustus, it is important to recognize that some of the defining characteristics of that genus may have changed through ontogeny. Elements include a nearly complete skull and many postcranial elements (cervical, thoracic, sacral, and caudal vertebrae, pectoral elements, pelvic elements, forelimb and hindlimb elements, osteoderms). Crocodylus niloticus currently inhabits Madagascar but is locally extinct from this particular region; radiometric dating indicates an age of ∼460-310 years before present (BP). This specimen clearly represents a juvenile based on the extremely small size and open sutures/detached neural arches; total body length is estimated to be ∼1.1 m (modern adults of this species range from ∼4-6 m). This fossil represents the only juvenile subfossil crocodylian specimen reported from Madagascar.
Chemical and Dynamical Impacts of Stratospheric Sudden Warmings on Arctic Ozone Variability.

We use the Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) chemistry and transport model with Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) meteorological fields to quantify heterogeneous chemical ozone loss in Arctic winters 2005-2015. Comparisons to Aura Microwave Limb Sounder N2O and O3 observations show the GMI simulation credibly represents the transport processes and net heterogeneous chemical loss necessary to simulate Arctic ozone. We find that the maximum seasonal ozone depletion varies linearly with the number of cold days and with wave driving (eddy heat flux) calculated from MERRA fields. We use this relationship and MERRA temperatures to estimate seasonal ozone loss from 1993 to 2004 when inorganic chlorine levels were in the same range as during the Aura period. Using these loss estimates and the observed March mean 63-90N column O3, we quantify the sensitivity of the ozone dynamical resupply to wave driving, separating it from the sensitivity of ozone depletion to wave driving. The results show that about 2/3 of the deviation of the observed March Arctic O3 from an assumed climatological mean is due to variations in O3 resupply and 13 is due to depletion. Winters with a stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) before mid-February have about 1/3 the depletion of winters without one and export less depletion to the midlatitudes. However, a larger effect on the spring midlatitude ozone comes from dynamical differences between warm and cold Arctic winters, which can mask or add to the impact of exported depletion.
Validation Master Plans: Progress of Implementation in the Pharmaceutical Industry:

Background:Some international regulatory agencies require that companies develop a validation master plan (VMP) to govern their validation activities, but such a plan is not an explicit requirement...
Improving Content Knowledge and Comprehension for English Language Learners: Findings from a Randomized Control Trial.

Supporting the reading comprehension and content knowledge acquisition of English language learners (ELs) requires instructional practices that continue beyond developing the foundational skills of reading. In particular, the challenges ELs face highlight the importance of teaching reading comprehension practices in the middle grades through content acquisition. We conducted a randomized control trial to examine the efficacy of a content acquisition and reading comprehension intervention implemented in eighth-grade social studies classrooms with English language learners. Using a within-teacher design, in which 18 eighth-grade teachers’ social studies classes were randomly assigned to treatment or comparison conditions. Teachers taught the same instructional content to treatment and comparison classes, but the treatment classes used instructional practices that included comprehension canopy, essential words, knowledge acquisition, and team-based learning. Students in the treatment group (n = 845) outperformed students in the comparison group (n = 784) on measures of content knowledge acquisition and content reading comprehension but not general reading comprehension. Both ELs and non-ELs who received the treatment outperformed those assigned to the BAU comparison condition on measures of content knowledge acquisition (ES = 0.40) and content-related reading comprehension (ES = 0.20). In addition, the proportion of English language learners in classes moderated outcomes for content knowledge acquisition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Risk of arterial thromboembolism in patients with colorectal cancer.

1572Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world and clearly increases the risk of venous thromboembolism. However, its association with arterial thromboembolism is less certain. We aimed to determine the short-term cumulative incidence and relative hazard of arterial thromboembolism in patients with incident colorectal cancer. Methods: Using the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare linked database, we identified patients with a new primary diagnosis of colorectal cancer from 2002 through 2011. These patients were individually matched by age, sex, race, registry, and comorbidities to a group of Medicare enrollees without cancer, and each pair was followed through 2012. Validated diagnosis codes were used to identify a primary composite outcome of arterial thromboembolism defined as any ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction. Secondary outcomes included ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction alone. Cumulative incidence rates were calculated using competing...
A Reply To Johnson And Holliday

(1984). A Reply To Johnson And Holliday. Plains Anthropologist: Vol. 29, No. 103, pp. 71-72.
HLA typing using genome wide data reveals susceptibility types for infections in a psychiatric disease enriched sample.

Abstract Background The infections Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), cytomegalovirus, and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV1) are common persistent infections that have been associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC, termed HLA in humans) region has been implicated in these infections and these mental illnesses. The interplay of MHC genetics, mental illness, and infection has not been systematically examined in previous research. Methods In a cohort of 1636 individuals, we used genome-wide association data to impute 7 HLA types (A, B, C, DRB1, DQA1, DQB1, DPB1), and combined this data with serology data for these infections. We used regression analysis to assess the association between HLA alleles, infections (individually and collectively), and mental disorder status (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, controls). Results After Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, HLA C∗07:01 was associated with increased HSV1 infection among mentally healthy controls (OR 3.4, p = 0.0007) but not in the schizophrenia or bipolar groups (P > 0.05). For the multiple infection outcome, HLA B∗ 38:01 and HLA C∗12:03 were protective in the healthy controls (OR ≈ 0.4) but did not have a statistically-significant effect in the schizophrenia or bipolar groups. T. gondii had several nominally-significant positive associations, including the haplotypes HLA DRB∗03:01 ∼ HLA DQA∗05:01 ∼ HLA DQB∗02:01 and HLA B∗08:01 ∼ HLA C∗07:01. Conclusions We identified HLA types that showed strong and significant associations with neurotropic infections. Since some of these associations depended on mental illness status, the engagement of HLA-related pathways may be altered in schizophrenia due to immunogenetic differences or exposure history.
System Performance Enhancement Using Asymmetric Multi-Dimensional PAM for Short-Reach Optical Transmission

We propose an asymmetric multi-dimensional modulation that enhances the total performance in multi-lane IM-DD transmissions. Simulation results show the improvement of system tolerance to chromatic dispersion and experimental results show the applicability to 120-Gb/s signals.
Reducing Energy Consumption for Space Heating by Changing Zone Temperature: Pilot Trial in Luleå, Sweden

The commercial building sector constitutes a significant share (18%) of global energy consumption; HVAC accounts for 40% of that consumption. Thus, energy conservation in commercial buildings can help with reducing the operational cost, as well as decreasing global energy consumption. In this paper, we report findings from a field trial conducted in Lulea (Sweden), to reduce the energy consumption of a commercial office building, by varying the HVAC set-point temperature. We developed a data-driven model of the building's energy consumption to estimate baseline. The building model was further used for designing the field trials by performing a simulation of the energy consumption under varied set-point temperature schedules. Based on the simulation results, a two week trial was conducted. We found that overall energy consumption of the building can be reduced by 5.23% per °C reduction of set-point temperature. Moreover, we also collected thermal comfort feedback from the building occupant, and found that the comfort range of the occupants can be extended to the range of 21.5 °C to 23.5 °C than the currently used range of 22.0 °C to 22.5 °C
Undocumented and Unwell: Legal Status and Health among Mexican Migrants.

Using data from the Mexican Migration Project, we evaluate the effects of documented and undocumented migration on the health of Mexican adults. Results suggest that documented and undocumented mig...