cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The density of cones in the fovea centralis of the human dichromat

We present estimates, based on psychophysical measurements, of the density of cones in the fovea centralis of human dichromats. The estimates for a group of three protanopes and three deuteranopes (this study) were compared to the estimates of the density of cones in a group of six color normal trichromats from previous studies (Cicerone & Nerger, 1985, 1989). The results support the conclusion that the density of cones in the fovea centralis of the dichromat is comparable to that of the color normal trichomat. These results tend not to support a model of dichromacy in which a class of cones as well as the associated pigment are lost in the dichromatic eye. Instead, dichromacy appears to involve a loss of one of the three visual pigments associated with human trichromacy, with a retention of the full numbers of cones.
Characterization of tumorigenic cell lines from the recurrence and lymph node metastasis of a human salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

Summary The long-term outcome of patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma is poor. Limited availability of cell lines and lack of xenograft models is considered a major barrier to improved mechanistic understanding of this disease and development of effective therapies. Objective To generate and characterize human mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell lines and xenograft models suitable for mechanistic and translational studies. Methods Five human mucoepidermoid carcinoma specimens were available for generation of cell lines. Cell line tumorigenic potential was assessed by transplantation and serial in vivo passaging in immunodeficient mice, and cell line authenticity verified by short tandem repeat (STR) profiling. Results A unique pair of mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell lines was established from a local recurrence (UM-HMC-3A) and from the metastatic lymph node (UM-HMC-3B) of the same patient, 4 years after surgical removal of the primary tumor. These cell lines retained epithelial-like morphology through 100 passages in vitro, contain the Crtc1–Maml2 fusion oncogene (characteristic of mucoepidermoid carcinomas), and express the prototypic target of this fusion (NR4A2). Both cell lines generated xenograft tumors when transplanted into immunodeficient mice. Notably, the xenografts exhibited histological features and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining patterns that closely resembled those found in human tumors. STR profiling confirmed the origin and authenticity of these cell lines. Conclusion These data demonstrate the generation and characterization of a pair of tumorigenic salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell lines representative of recurrence and lymph node metastasis. Such models are useful for mechanistic and translational studies that might contribute to the discovery of new therapies for mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
Identifying streamflow sources during spring snowmelt using water chemistry and isotopic composition in semi-arid mountain streams

Summary Understanding streamflow generation using natural tracers in semi-arid, seasonally snow-covered mountain streams is essential for water resources management, water quality study and evaluation of impacts from climate change. This study reports temporal variations in stable isotopic ratios and concentrations of major dissolved ions of streamwater and precipitation between October, 2005 and May, 2007 in Red Canyon Creek and its tributary, Cherry Creek, draining carbonate-rich catchments on the southeastern flank of Wind River Range (Wyoming, USA). Although the isotopic ratios of oxygen and hydrogen in precipitation increased from approximately −33‰ to −13‰ and −260‰ to −110‰, respectively, during winters of 2006 and 2007, the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of streamwater at all sites remained unchanged throughout the year at −18.6 ± 0.3‰ ( n = 88) and −142 ± 1.6‰ ( n = 40) for δ 18 O and δ 2 H, respectively. The isotopic values for the streamwater were identical to that found in groundwater, which had the values of −18.6 ± 0.2‰ ( n = 26) and −142 ± 1.1‰ ( n = 26) for δ 18 O and δ 2 H, respectively. On the other hand, the temporal pattern of streamwater chemistry differed in space. In upper Red Canyon Creek, major dissolved ion concentrations in water varied little throughout the year. Nearly constant isotopic and chemical composition of streamwater at upper Red Canyon Creek indicated the dominance of the groundwater contribution throughout the year. In contrast, Cherry Creek had clear dilution of base metal and sulfate concentrations during increasing discharge at snowmelt, which is a clear indication of “new” water coming from fresh snowmelt. The contrasting behavior of stable isotopes and dissolved solutes during snowmelt at Cherry Creek suggests the isotopic tracers traditionally used in hydrograph separation failed to indicate different water sources at Cherry Creek. Combining isotopes and geochemical tracers indicates that streamwater at Cherry Creek during snowmelt is primarily a mixture of snowmelt and groundwater which have similar isotopic compositions but different chemical concentrations. The snowmelt is well mixed during temporary storage in a headwater wetland before reaching the sampling site. Such mixing plays an important role in reducing temporal variability of stable isotope values of fresh snowmelt water. We suggest that development of direct tracer experiments might help address the hydrodynamics of these kinds of watersheds in future research.
A Dielectric-Tape Camera System for Meteorological Applicationse

This paper contains a description of a Dielectric-Tape Camera System. The parameters of the system are described for a camera orbiting at 600 miles which is capable of complete earth coverage every 24 hours. The system and design effort discussed was divided into four major areas: the tape, electron optics and eletron guns; the circuits including video, power supplies, motor drive circuitry, and command, control and logic circuitry; the mechanical design including the tape transport, mirror mechanism, optics and camera enclosure; and three items of special test equipment. The special test equipment which was designed to provide operational evaluation of the system includes a command and timing simulator, an optical simulator, and a display device. The paper also includes a brief description of the system tests performed and a discussion of the test results.
Adolescent dating violence: prevalence and psychological outcomes

Juvenile Violence Juvenile Dating Violence Dating Violence Incidence and Prevalence Dating Violence Effects Dating Violence Victim Juvenile Victim Psychological Victimization Effects Partner Violence Violence Against Women
Infrared extinction and the mass concentration of atmospheric aerosols.

Abstract The extinction measurements at the wavelength γ inside an atmospheric window between 9 and 12μm lead to an accurate and size distribution independent determination of the aerosol mass concentration, provided that the mass density and an average index of refraction of aerosols are known. Corresponding measurements at wavelengths inside the visible part of the spectrum can provide only an order of magnitude estimate of the mass concentration.
Food web structure in exotic and native mangroves: a Hawaii–Puerto Rico comparison

Plant invasions can fundamentally alter detrital inputs and the structure of detritus-based food webs. We examined the detrital pathways in mangrove food webs in native (Puerto Rican) and introduced (Hawaiian) Rhizophora mangle forests using a dual isotope approach and a mixing model. Based on trophic-level fractionation of 0–1‰ for δ 13C and 2–3‰ for δ 15N, among the invertebrates, only nematodes, oligochaetes, and nereid polychaetes from native mangroves exhibited stable isotopes consistent with a mangrove-derived diet. Certain fauna, in particular tubificid oligochaetes, had δ 13C values consistent with the consumption of mangrove leaves, but they were depleted in 15N, suggesting their primary nitrogen source was low in 15N, and was possibly N2-fixing bacteria. In introduced mangroves, all feeding groups appeared to rely heavily on non-mangrove sources, especially phytoplankton inputs. Mixing model results and discriminant analysis showed clear separation of introduced and native mangrove sites based on differential food source utilization within feeding groups, with stronger and more diverse use of benthic foods observed in native forests. Observed differences between native and invasive mangrove food webs may be due to Hawaiian detritivores being poorly adapted to utilizing the tannin-rich, nitrogen-poor mangrove detritus. In addition, differential utilization of mangrove detritus between native and introduced mangroves may be a consequence of forest age. We postulate that increasing mangrove forest age may promote diversification of bacterial food webs important in N and S cycling. Our results also suggest a potentially important role for sulfur bacteria in supporting the most abundant infaunal consumers, nematodes, in the most mature systems.
Laboratory Evaluation of Warm-Mix Asphalt Mixtures for Moisture and Rutting Susceptibility

AbstractSince its introduction, warm mix asphalt (WMA) has garnered a lot of attention and interest from the pavement industry as a promising technology to replace the conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA). Despite its many benefits, including reducing emissions and fuel usage, definitive answers on the feasibility of replacing HMA pavements with WMA are yet to be answered. A major concern for WMA is susceptibility to moisture-induced damage. In this research study, mixtures prepared using three WMA technologies- viz. Sasobit, Advera WMA and the Foamer were evaluated for their moisture susceptibility and permanent deformation in comparison with an HMA mixture. Tensile strength ratio (TSR) and asphalt pavement analyzer (APA) tests were conducted on these mixtures. Results show that moisture-based WMA technologies (Advera and Foamer) are more susceptible to moisture damage. However, rut depths evaluated using APA, even for moisture-conditioned specimens, indicated WMA performance on par with that of HMA. Even ...
Isolation and partial characterization of pectic enzymes produced by Blastocladia ramosa

Two pectic enzymes from culture filtrates of the obligately fermentative fungus Blastocladia ramosa were isolated and partially characterized in order to better understand the ability of this fungus to utilize plant substrates. Separation of the two activities was achieved by batch adsorption to carboxymethyl Sephadex, followed by carboxymethyl Sephadex chromatography and preparative isoelectric focusing. One of the enzymes was shown to be an endo-polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15) with a molecular weight of 3.0 × 10 4 , a pH optimum of 6.0, a p I of 10.6, and an apparent K m for sodium polypectate of 0.025% (w/v). This enzyme was purified 1778-fold. The other enzyme was shown to be an endo-polymethylgalacturonate lyase (EC 4.2.2.3) with a molecular weight of 4.0 × 10 4 , a pH optimum of 8.6 (with no calcium requirement), a p I of 8.8, and an apparent K m for pectin of 0.020% (w/v). This enzyme was purified 78-fold.
Benign pneumatosis in children

Background. In pediatrics, pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) is usually due to necrotizing enterocolitis in premature newborns. Beyond infancy, PI is uncommon. “Benign pneumatosis” is PI in patients with few or no symptoms that resolves with conservative management.¶Objective. Our goal was to better characterize benign PI in children. Our investigation focused on identifying underlying risk factors, symptoms at time of diagnosis, management and outcome.¶Materials and methods. Available medical records and radiographs of children with pneumatosis intestinalis from 1990 to 1998 were reviewed for underlying conditions, symptoms at time of radiographs, management and outcome.¶Results. Thirty-seven children (mean age 4 years) were included. Thirty-two children had identifiable risk factors. Twenty -five children were immunocompromised by their underlying conditions or therapeutic regimen. Thirty-five children were managed conservatively with resolution of PI. Two patients, however, required surgery and one patient died.¶Conclusion. Benign pneumatosis does occur in children. The majority have underlying risk factors, most commonly related to immunosuppression. Clinical deterioration is the most useful indicator for surgical intervention. In most patients PI resolves with conservative management.
RANDOM ASSIGNMENT, THE LEAST FAIR OF THEM ALL: PRISONERS’ATTITUDES TOWARD VARIOUS CRITERIA OF SELECTION*

This study examines perceptions of fairness and attitudes of offenders toward random assignment as compared to other selection methods used in evaluation research for allocating benefits or assigning inmates to programs. Three hundred and forty-eight inmates in three federal institutions were randomly selected and presented questionnaires which surveyed their attitudes toward four selection procedures: random assignment; need; merit; and first come, first served. By a large margin, selection according to need was chosen most frequently as the fairest method, followed in order by merit; first come, first served; and random assignment. In addition, all groups who did not choose random assignment as the fairest selection method consistently rated it as the least fair of the four. The results and analysis suggest that researchers who wish to test innovative programs using randomized experiments need to in form the participants of the meaning and value of randomization.
Curcumin suppresses expression of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, leading to the inhibition of LDL‐induced activation of hepatic stellate cells

Background and purpose: Obesity is often accompanied by hypercholesterolemia characterized by elevated levels of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which could progress to hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major effectors of hepatic fibrogenesis. This study aims to clarify effects of LDL on activation of HSC, to evaluate roles of curcumin in suppressing these effects and to further elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Experimental approaches: HSCs were prepared from rats and cell proliferation was measured by cell proliferation assays (MTS assays). Transient transfection assays were performed to evaluate gene promoter activities. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to analyse the expression of genes. Key results: LDL stimulated HSC activation in vitro, which was attenuated by curcumin. Curcumin reduced the abundance of LDL receptor (LDLR) in activated HSCs, decreasing cellular cholesterol. Curcumin-dependent activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) differentially regulated the expression of the transcription factors, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), in activated HSCs, resulting in the suppression of LDLR gene expression. Conclusions and implications: Curcumin suppressed LDLR gene expression in activated HSCs in vitro by activating PPARγ and differentially regulating gene expression of SREBPs, reducing cellular cholesterol and attenuating the stimulatory effects of LDL on HSC activation. These results provide novel insights into the roles and mechanisms of curcumin in the inhibition of LDL-induced HSC activation. This curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, may be useful in preventing hypercholesterolemia-associated hepatic fibrogenesis.
PSF: A Unified Patient Similarity Evaluation Framework Through Metric Learning With Weak Supervision

Patient similarity is an important analytic operation in healthcare applications. At the core, patient similarity takes an index patient as the input and retrieves a ranked list of similar patients that are relevant in a specific clinical context. It takes patient information such as their electronic health records as input and computes the distance between a pair of patients based on those information. To construct a clinically valid similarity measure, physician input often needs to be incorporated. However, obtaining physicians’ input is difficult and expensive. As a result, typically only limited physician feedbacks can be obtained on a small portion of patients. How to leverage all unlabeled patient data and limited supervision information from physicians to construct a clinically meaningful distance metric? In this paper, we present a patient similarity framework (PSF) that unifies and significantly extends existing supervised patient similarity metric learning methods. PSF is a general framework that can learn an appropriate distance metric through supervised and unsupervised information. Within PSF framework, we propose a novel patient similarity algorithm that uses local spline regression to capture the unsupervised information. To speedup the incorporation of physician feedback or newly available clinical information, we introduce a general online update algorithm for an existing PSF distance metric.
Management of Intraoperative Medial Collateral Ligament Injury During TKA

Background Intraoperative injuries to the medial collateral ligament are often unrecognized and failure to appropriately manage ligament loss may result in knee instability and loosening.
The preparation and indirect spectrophotometric determination of total oxidizing capacity of chlorine dioxide in acidic solution

Abstract A rapid and simple method of preparing electrolytically generated chlorine dioxide free from extraneous oxidants has been described. Also an indirect spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace quantities of chlorine dioxide in acidic solution is proposed. The method is based on measuring the diminution of absorbance of the tris-1, 10-phenanthroline-iron(II) complex relative to a reagent blank by a differential spectrophotometric technique. The effect of solution variables and numerous diverse ions has been investigated.
Anticorrelated seismic velocity anomalies from post-perovskite in the lowermost mantle.

Earth9s lowermost mantle has thermal, chemical, and mineralogical complexities that require precise seismological characterization. Stacking, migration, and modeling of over 10,000 P and S waves that traverse the deep mantle under the Cocos plate resolve structures above the core-mantle boundary. A small –0.07 ± 0.15% decrease of P wave velocity ( V p ) is accompanied by a 1.5 ± 0.5% increase in S wave velocity ( V s ) near a depth of 2570 km. Bulk-sound velocity \([V_{\mathrm{b}}=(V_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}-\frac{4}{3}V_{\mathrm{s}}^{2})^{\frac{1}{2}}]\) decreases by –1.0 ± 0.5% at this depth. Transition of the primary lower-mantle mineral, (Mg 1-x-y Fe x Al y )(Si,Al)O 3 perovskite, to denser post-perovskite is expected to have a negligible effect on the bulk modulus while increasing the shear modulus by ∼6%, resulting in local anticorrelation of V b and V s anomalies; this behavior explains the data well.
Entrust: connecting low-income HIV+ individuals with health care providers

Individuals infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) face numerous stigmatizations and challenges, specifically with the maintenance and adherence to their medical regimen. This situation is further complicated when individuals lack monetary resources to maintain their overall wellbeing. This paper presents Entrust, a service that provides low-income HIV positive individuals (clients) with cellphones to communicate with their health care providers. The cellphone is used to foster consistent and effective communication between clients and case managers, and client compliance is motivated by free phone minutes. In this way, Entrust facilitates a higher quality of life for low-income HIV positive individuals.
Human erythrocyte phosphoglycerate mutase: evidence for normal catalysis in the absence of added 2,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate.

Abstract Kinetic analyses indicate that human erythrocyte phosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the normal, reversible isomerization of D-glycerate-3-P and D-glycerate-2-P in the absence of added D-glycerate-2,3-P 2 . The reaction is impeded, however, by a potent inhibitor which occurs as a natural component of commericial D-glycerate-3-P. Inhibition may be overcome through substrate purification or by adding D-glycerate-2,3-P 2 to the reaction medium containing the contaminant. In surmounting the inhibition, bisphosphoglycerate performs as a non-essential activator and not as a cofactor. The latter concept is corroborated by the observation that D-glycerate-2,3-P 2 has absolutely no influence on mutase catalysis conducted in the presence of pure substrate. The data presented here and elsewhere, however, suggest that the red cell enzyme is readily phosphorylated by mono- as well as bisphosphoglycerate. Additional findings show that at concentrations in excess of 3mM, D-glycerate-3-P accelerates phosphoglycerate mutase catalysis in the absence of cofactor, suggesting that the mutase molecule possesses a normal catalytic site and an allosteric activator site.
Behavioral and Molecular Effects of Dopamine D1 Receptor Stimulation during Naloxone-Precipitated Morphine Withdrawal

Morphine dependence is characterized by somatic and motivational signs of withdrawal that likely contribute to the maintenance of addictive behavior. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) receives extensive dopaminergic input and is an important substrate for mediating these aversive states. In the NAc, the function of the transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and AMPA glutamate receptor subunit, type 1 (GluR1) can be regulated by dopamine (DA) D1 receptor-mediated phosphorylation (P-CREB, P-GluR1). However, the roles of D1 receptors, CREB, and GluR1 in morphine dependence are not well understood. Here, we show that somatic signs of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal were associated with increased P-CREB, but not P-GluR1, in the NAc of morphine-dependent rats. The D1 receptor agonist chloro-APB hydrobromide (SKF 82958) was rewarding in morphine-dependent rats and blocked naloxone-induced place aversions and somatic signs of withdrawal. Surprisingly, SKF 82958 increased P-GluR1, but not P-CREB, in the NAc, and naloxone reduced SKF 82958-mediated P-GluR1 induction specifically in morphine-dependent rats. Together, these results confirm that aversive treatments can increase CREB function in the NAc. Furthermore, they suggest a dependence-associated shift in the molecular mechanisms that regulate the consequences of D1 receptor stimulation, favoring activation of GluR1 rather than CREB. These data raise the possibility that the rewarding effects of SKF 82958 in morphine-dependent rats involve increased P-GluR1 in the NAc, although the involvement of other brain regions cannot be ruled out. Regardless, these findings suggest for the first time that D1 agonists might be useful for the treatment of withdrawal symptoms that contribute to the maintenance of opiate addiction in humans.
A relativistic quantum field theory for rotating nuclear matter

Abstract The relativistic quantum field theory of Walecka is extended to rotating nuclear systems using a mean-field Thomas-Fermi approximation. Self-bound systems exhibit centrifugal stretching and a maximum angular frequency. Systems constrained to a cylindrical box develop central holes for large angular frequencies.
Multicomponent Reactions Are Accelerated in Water

Two multicomponent reactions, the Ugi and Passerini reactions, are accelerated by the use of aqueous solutions. The rate enhancements compared to those by organic solvents can approach 300-fold. Reactions performed in water offer another advantage that products are often insoluble, permitting direct isolation by precipitation. The methods were applied to the preparation of three small combinatorial libraries.
Midrash and the Bible

Midrash is the particular mode of interpreting the Hebrew Bible that was developed by the rabbis of late antiquity in the Land of Israel. Midrash rendered Scripture relevant to the needs of a specific period in time. Definitions of midrash, the scope of midrashic activity, and its applicability to multiple interpretive strategies are widely disputed among scholars. This essay examines inner-biblical interpretation, definitions of midrash, midrash scholarship, classifications of midrash, the boundaries of the genre midrash, midrasic exegesis, and various theological assumptions of midrash.
A novel sensorless control strategy of doubly-fed induction machines

Available sensorless speed control strategy of doubly-fed induction machines uses the rotor flux to estimate the rotor position and speed. It fails around the synchronous speed due to the numerical errors of integration operation required by the rotor flux calculation. A novel control strategy is proposed in this paper. It uses the stator excitation current to estimate the rotor position and speed. This strategy works properly in the whole speed zone. The principle of speed and position estimation is explained and the corresponding speed regulation system is built. In addition to the speed control, this system allows adjusting stator power factor. The proposed control strategy is examined in Simulink. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of the stator excitation current based rotor position and speed estimation as well as the control behaviors of the speed regulation system
A Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Codeine in Biological Fluids with Applications

Abstract A rapid, simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the routine determination of codeine, a narcotic analgesic and antitussive drug, in biological fluids. The chromatographic system involves the use of a cyanopropylsilane column with KH2P04/acetonitrile (83:17%) as a mobile phase. Fluorescence detection is performed at 285 and 345 nm excitation and emission wavelengths, respectively. Codeine and the internal standard are extracted from alkalinized plasma using a mixture of hexane/methylene chloride (2:1). The results show that the method is linear (r2 > 0.995), accurate, and reproducible (CV 50 ng/ml and 17.8% for 10 ng/ml). The complete analysis time takes less than 10 minutes where concentrations as low as 5 ng/ml of codeine can be detected. The method was applied to the determination of codeine pharmacokinetic parameters in a healthy volunteer.
Quantitative distribution of monoamine oxidase A in brainstem monoamine nuclei is normal in major depression.

Abstract An abnormal expression of noradrenergic proteins (e.g., tyrosine hydroxylase, norepinephrine transporters) in the locus coeruleus has recently been demonstrated in subjects with major depression and/or victims of suicide. Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is a key enzyme in the catabolism of biogenic amines and is expressed in brain noradrenergic neurons. In this study, the binding of [ 3 H ]Ro41-1049 to MAO-A was measured by quantitative autoradiography at multiple levels along the rostral–caudal axis of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus from subjects with major depression and age- and postmortem interval-matched control subjects who were psychiatrically normal. [ 3 H ]Ro41-1049 binding to MAO-A was unevenly distributed along the axis of the locus coeruleus, paralleling an uneven number of neuromelanin-containing (noradrenergic) neurons throughout the nucleus. Accordingly, there was a significant correlation between the number of neuromelanin-containing neurons per section and the specific binding of [ 3 H ]Ro41-1049 at any particular level of the locus coeruleus in control subjects (r2=0.25; p 3 H ]Ro41-1049 binding were observed in regions surrounding the locus coeruleus, including the central gray and the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. No significant differences in [ 3 H ]Ro41-1049 binding to MAO-A were observed at any level of the locus coeruleus, or raphe nuclei, comparing subjects with major depression to psychiatrically normal control subjects. These findings demonstrate that the pathophysiology of major depression is not likely to involve abnormalities in MAO-A.
What do chimaeras tell us about cell lineages in the mammalian CNS

Abstract Cell counts in chimaeric mice have been interpreted as suggesting that both cerebellar Purkinje cells and the large motomeurons of the facial nucleus are derived from small groups of precursor cells that are allocated very early in development. However, recent work using retroviruses as lineage markers challenges this interpretation, and raises the possibility that the results may in fact be an artifact of the chimaera technique.
Locust wind receptors. I. Transducer mechanics and sensory response.

1. The sensory cell innervating each wind-receptor hair on the face of the desert locust responds to wind with a slowly adapting train of impulses. 2. Each sensory cell responds maximally to wind flowing in a specific direction. The optimal direction for any sense cell is the same as the angle of curvature of its hair shaft. 3. The optimal wind direction has been determined for each sensory cell of the organ. 4. Three independently measured factors determine a sense cell9s direction response :drag asymmetry of the curved shaft, elastic force asymmetry of the socket, and the eccentric attachment of the dendrite. 5. The sensory cells probably continue uninterrupted through the brain, synapsing first in the suboesophageal ganglion. 6. An accessory neurone of unknown function and unidentified central connexions links each seta with the prothoracic ganglion.
Continuous-wave mid-infrared VCSELs

We report the continuous-wave operation of an optically pumped mid-infrared (mid-IR) vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). The active region consisting of type-II antimonide quantum wells with a "W" configuration occupies a cavity formed by a semiconductor bottom mirror and dielectric top mirror. The emission wavelength of 2.9 /spl mu/m is nearly independent of temperature (d/spl lambda//dT/spl ap/0.09 nm/K) compared to type-II edge-emitters and the multimode linewidth is narrow (2.9 nm). At T=78 K, the threshold pump intensity is /spl ap/940 W/cm/sup 2/, the peak output power from a 50-/spl mu/m spot is 45 mW, and the differential power conversion efficiency is 4.5%. Lasing is observed up to T=160 K.
Breast Preservation in Women With Giant Juvenile Fibroadenoma

Introduction Fibroadenomas are defined as benign breast lesions, usually formed during menarche (15-25 years of age), that can exist as a solitary mass or multiple masses in the breasts of women. In develpment, as lobular structures are added to the breast’s ductal system, yperplastic lobules are often present. Although lobules are associted with normal growth, analysis of the cellular components link yperplastic lesions to fibroadenomas. Fibroadenomas that measure 5 cm are commonly classified as giant fibroadenomas. When these nlarged masses are found in young female patients, they are often alled juvenile fibroadenomas. The lesions are rare, accounting for nly 0.5% of the total diagnosed fibroadenomas, and can grow to arge sizes and cause prominent asymmetry of the breasts. Other structural changes include both stretching of the areola complex and distortion of the dermal tissue. Clinicians are confronted with treatment decisions on whether to manage these rare cases by way of continued routine examinations or to surgically remove the fibroadenomas. Cosmesis and lactation preservation are the main concerns in this population because malignancy is rare in this age group. Malignancy is of lesser concern with giant fibroadenomas due to their more cellular and less lobular his-
Phonomicrosurgical treatment of early glottic cancer and carcinoma in situ

Background In recent years, transoral resection of early glottic cancer has developed into a phonomicrosurgical approach that resulted from the convergence of microlaryngoscopic surgical technique theory with body cover mucosal wave theory of voice production. The vocal outcome from these procedures has improved by minimizing the deep resection margin and thereby maximizing the preservation of the vocal folds' normal layered microstructure (laminae propria and epithelium). Recurrence and cure rates from this narrow-margin approach were examined. Methods The phonomicrosurgical resection approach is composed of four basic procedures in which there is an increasing depth of resection to accommodate a narrow-field deep cancer margin. This approach was employed to treat 13 T1 cancers and 7 with carcinoma in situ (CIS). results: No patients who underwent a cancer resection developed a recurrence. Minimum follow-up on these patients was 2 years and the mean follow-up was 42 months. In the group with CIS, 2 patients developed microinvasive carcinoma despite en bloc excision of the CIS. Both were successfully treated; 1 was resected transorally and the other underwent radiation therapy. Conclusions This study indicates that the phonomicrosurgical approach, which incorporates a narrow deep cancer margin to enhance the postoperative vocal outcome, resulted in standard control and cure of early glottic neoplasia.
Analysis of DIII-D neutral beam power systems for 10 second operation

The neutral beam injector systems on the DIII-D tokamak are currently limited to 3 seconds of total beam on time with the existing beam line components. To achieve high performance discharges with a high fraction of non-inductive neutral beam current drive for pulse lengths longer than the resistive time, long pulse upgrades are planned for both the neutral beam line and the power supplies that drive it. The beam on time will be extended to 10 seconds to provide full drive throughout the tokamak shot.
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Medicine Today and in the New Millennium

This article examines the role and future of medicine and medically oriented interventions for children and youth with autism spectrum disorder. Included in the discussion are the diagnostic issues and medication treatments available currently and those that will become available in the new millennium.
Mobility activity and its value as a prognostic indicator of survival in hospitalized older adults.

OBJECTIVES: To objectively assess total steps and minutes active in the first and last 24 hours of hospitalization and to examine associations with survival after discharge in hospitalized older adults. DESIGN: A prospective study. SETTING: A 20-bed Acute Care for Elders (ACE) hospital unit. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred twenty-four older adults admitted to an ACE hospital unit. MEASUREMENTS: An activity monitor was used to collect information on total steps and minutes of activity in the first and last 24 hours of hospitalization. The main outcome was 2-year survival from hospital discharge date. RESULTS: Participants were active for approximately 80 minutes in the first 24 hours of hospitalization. Participants aged 65‐84 were active approximately 28 minutes more in the last 24 hours of hospitalization, but activity levels were essentially unchanged for those aged 85 and older. The median step count for participants was low, with a median of 478 steps in the first 24 hours of hospitalization and 846 in the last 24 hours. Multivariate survival models showed that, in the first and last 24 hours of hospitalization, each 100-step increase was associated with a 2% (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.96‐1.00) and 3% (HR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.94‐ 0.99) lower risk of death over 2 years, respectively. A decline in steps from first to last 24 hours of hospitalization was associated with a more than four times greater risk of death (HR = 4.21, 95% CI = 1.65‐10.77) 2 years after discharge. CONCLUSION: Accelerometers could provide meaningful information about walking activity. The ability to apply objective information about the individual’s functional status to improve the delivery of health care and health outcomes is important. J Am Geriatr Soc 61:551‐557, 2013.
Holding Abusers Accountable: An Elder Abuse Forensic Center Increases Criminal Prosecution of Financial Exploitation

Purpose: Despite growing awareness of elder abuse, cases are rarely prosecuted. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of an elder abuse forensic center compared with usual care to increase prosecution of elder fi nancial abuse. Design and Methods: Using one-to-one propensity score matching, cases referred to the Los Angeles County Elder Abuse Forensic Center (the Forensic Center) between April 2007 and December 2009 for fi nancial exploitation of adults aged 65 and older ( n = 237) were matched to a population of 33,650 cases that received usual care from Adult Protective Services (APS) . Results: Signifi cantly, more Forensic Center cases were submitted to the District Attorney ’ s offi ce (DA) for review (22%, n = 51 vs. 3%, n = 7 usual care, p < .001). Among the cases submitted, charges were fi led by the DA at similar rates, as was the proportion of resultant pleas and convictions. Using logistic regression, the strongest predictor of case review and ultimate fi ling and conviction was whether the case was presented at the Forensic Center, with 10 times greater odds of submission to the DA (Odds ratio = 11.00, confi dence interval = 4.66 – 25.98). Implications: Previous studies have not demonstrated that elder abuse interventions impact outcomes; this study breaks new ground by showing that an elder abuse multidisciplinary team increases rates of prosecution for fi nancial exploitation. The elder abuse forensic center model facilitates cooperation and group problem solving among key professionals, including APS, law enforcement, and the DA and provides additional resources such as neuropsychological testing, medical record review, and direct access to the Offi ce of the Public Guardian.
The Pernicious Consequences of UN Security Council Membership

Nations elected to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) as temporary members have lower levels of economic growth, become less democratic, and experience more restrictions on press freedoms than comparable nations not elected to the UNSC. Using regression and matching techniques the authors show, for instance, that over the two-year period of UNSC membership and the following two years during which a nation is ineligible for reelection, UNSC nations experience a 3.5 percent contraction in their economy relative to nations not elected to the UNSC. The detrimental effects of UNSC membership are strongest in nondemocratic nations. The authors contrast these results with the growing evidence that nations elected to the UNSC receive greater development assistance.
DESDynI adopts hybrid polarity SAR architecture

DESDynl-Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice-is one of the first-tier missions recommended in The National Research Council's Earth Science 2007 Decadal Survey. DESDynI's L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is designed to measure terrain surface deformation and forest biomass, hence its quadrature-polarimetric SAR mode. The objective to provide quantitative information on a global scale imposes severe requirements on the radar to maximize coverage and to sustain reliable operational calibration. These requirements are best served by the hybrid-polarity architecture, in which the radar transmits in circular polarization, and receives on two orthogonal linear polarizations, coherently, retaining their relative phase. This architecture offers many significant advantages over conventional all-linearly-polarized SARs. This paper reviews those advantages, summarizes key attributes of hybrid-polarity dual- and quadrature-polarized SARs including conditions under which the signal-to-noise ratio is conserved, and describes the evolution of this architecture from first principles.
Neighborhood Conditions and Fear of Crime A Reconsideration of Sex Differences

Research indicates that men and women commonly express different amounts of fear about crime. This article explores the sex difference in fear of crime levels by assessing differences in fear of crime in relation to urban environments. Using data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics Criminal Victimization and Perceptions of Community Safety, the present analysis employs multinomial logistic regressions to examine gradations in two measures of fear of crime. Some aspects of the neighborhood environment do differentially influence men and women’s fear of crime levels, including serious crime in the neighborhood, physical and social disorder. Findings highlight that women’s greater fear of crime is partially due to higher perceived risks through signals of neighborhood conditions.
Dissimilatory arsenate and sulfate reduction in sediments of two hypersaline, arsenic-rich soda lakes: Mono and Searles Lakes, California

A radioisotope method was devised to study bacterial respiratory reduction of arsenate in sediments. The following two arsenic-rich soda lakes in California were chosen for comparison on the basis of their different salinities: Mono Lake (approximately 90 g/liter) and Searles Lake (approximately 340 g/liter). Profiles of arsenate reduction and sulfate reduction were constructed for both lakes. Reduction of [73As]arsenate occurred at all depth intervals in the cores from Mono Lake (rate constant [k] = 0.103 to 0.04 h(-1)) and Searles Lake (k = 0.012 to 0.002 h(-1)), and the highest activities occurred in the top sections of each core. In contrast, [35S]sulfate reduction was measurable in Mono Lake (k = 7.6 x10(4) to 3.2 x 10(-6) h(-1)) but not in Searles Lake. Sediment DNA was extracted, PCR amplified, and separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to obtain phylogenetic markers (i.e., 16S rRNA genes) and a partial functional gene for dissimilatory arsenate reduction (arrA). The amplified arrA gene product showed a similar trend in both lakes; the signal was strongest in surface sediments and decreased to undetectable levels deeper in the sediments. More arrA gene signal was observed in Mono Lake and was detectable at a greater depth, despite the higher arsenate reduction activity observed in Searles Lake. A partial sequence (about 900 bp) was obtained for a clone (SLAS-3) that matched the dominant DGGE band found in deeper parts of the Searles Lake sample (below 3 cm), and this clone was found to be closely related to SLAS-1, a novel extremophilic arsenate respirer previously cultivated from Searles Lake.
An analysis of the number of tasks in a parallel multi-processor system with task-splitting and feedback

Abstract The notion of task-splitting is applicable in the area of a parallel computer system wherein larger programs (tasks) are often subdivided into smaller ones. Specifically, in a distributed database system with a multiple processor, database transactions are often composed of a number of database operations. Some of these operations can be performed in parallel while others have to be executed in serial. Splitting allows for parallelism. Allowing a task to split after some processing has been done and allowing part of the task to feedback will maintain serialization. This paper studies a multi-processor in which a processed task may split and return for further service. The intent is the study of transient and steady-state behavior of the number of tasks with infinite and finite sources. In this paper we have analyzed a parallel multi-processor system with task-splitting and feedback. The explicit time-dependent distribution of the number of tasks in the system is obtained for the single-processor. This distribution is also found for the multi-processor case in which a processed task can not exit the system before going for splitting. The explicit closed form distributions and the means are also obtained for the steady-state cases. For the system in general, the Laplace transform of time-dependent distribution of the number of tasks in the system is found. For the system with a finite buffer, explicit time-dependent and steady-state distribution of the number of tasks in the system are advanced. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the workability of the results.
Mimi, Scurrae, Histriones: Entertainers of the Early Middle Ages

A good deal of the evidence for the existence of professional entertainers in the early Middle Ages was collected over a century ago in Heinrich Alt's Theater und Kirche (Berlin, 1846) and Jules de Douhet's Dictionnaire des mysteres, moralites, rites figures et ceremonies singulieres (in J. P. Migne, Nouvelle Encyclopedie Theologique, nouvelle ser., t. unique, XLIII, Paris, 1845). Further evidence was gathered and presented by Hermann Reich in his Der Mimus (Berlin, 1903) and by E. K. Chambers in The Mediaeval Stage (Oxford, 1903). Edmund Faral also dealt with this material in Les Jongleurs en France au Moyen Age (Paris, 1910). Appendix E of Helen Waddell's The Wandering Scholars (sixth and seventh editions and Anchor Books edition), a list of conciliar actions dealing with the clericus vagus or joculator, contains material ranging from 325 to 1370 A.D., but deals only incidentally with secular entertainers. Allardyce Nicoll, in Masks, Mimes, and Miracles (New York, 1931), presented evidence of manuscript illustrations as well as that of literary allusions. Among recent treatments of this evidence are B. Hunningher's Origin of the Theater (Amsterdam, 1955), and Sister Mary Marguerite Butler's Hrotsvitha: The Theatricality of Her Plays (New York, 1960). Evidence from glosses is presented in M. H. Marshall's "Theatre in the Middle Ages: Evidence from Dictionaries and Glosses," Symposium, iv (1950), 1-39, 366-389. Recently, during reading undertaken for an entirely different purpose, I was impressed by the number of allusions to what appeared to be theatrical entertainment in writings scattered from the seventh century to the eleventh an age in which, according to my rudimentary knowledge of theatrical history, there should have been none. The assistance of experts in the period led me to the works listed above, which contained most of the allusions I had noted and many that I had not, but left a small residue of my observations which do not appear in any of these works. Moreover, it seemed that the interpretation of some of the works already noted might be more carefully examined. In this article I shall concentrate on allusions to professional entertainers before 1100. Material after that date, when used at all, is introduced only because it may throw some light on earlier practices, and makes no pretense of completeness. In considering this subject, it is necessary to screen out allusions to popular festivals and folk drama, of which Douhet presents a good many, and of which one or two are used by Nicoll, Hunningher, and Butler in such a way that the reader might take them for references to professional performances. Important as these may be to the history of the theater in general, they are not germane to the subject of this article. No one who examines the works listed above can doubt that there were rather numerous professional entertainers in western Europe during the early Middle Ages. The difficulty lies in deciding just how much of their performances could be called dramatic. If we accept the terminology of our sources in the classic sense,
Pricing and Dimensioning Competing Large-Scale Service Providers

The literature on many-server approximations provides significant simplifications toward the optimal capacity sizing of large-scale monopolists, but falls short of providing similar simplifications for a competitive setting in which each firm's decision is affected by its competitors' actions. In this paper, we introduce a framework that combines many-server heavy-traffic analysis with the notion of epsilon-Nash equilibrium and apply it to the study of equilibria in a market with multiple large-scale service providers that compete on both prices and response times. In an analogy to fluid and diffusion approximations for queueing systems, we introduce the notions of fluid game and diffusion game. The proposed framework allows us to provide first-order and second-order characterization results for the equilibria in these markets. We use our results to provide insights into the price and service-level choices in the market and, in particular, into the impact of market scale on the interdependence between these two strategic decisions.