cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Burnout and Wellness: The Anesthesiologist’s Perspective:

Burnout syndrome results from unmanaged chronic workplace stress. It is characterized by emotional exhaustion, lack of a sense of personal accomplishment, and depersonalization. Burnout is associated with the development of poor work-related outcomes, mental health disorders, substance abuse, and cardiovascular disease. Burnout in physicians and other health care providers can negatively affect patient care. The prevalence of burnout in anesthesiology is among the highest of all medical specialties, with rates approaching 40%. Unique risk factors for the development of burnout in anesthesiologists may include environmental social isolation, long work hours, lack of control over one's career, and the presence of certain personality traits that select for a career in anesthesia. System-based interventions targeting workplace contributions to burnout and individual resilience and mindfulness training can be helpful in reducing burnout symptoms. Future research efforts examining both the health care environmental structure and the specific burnout risk factors for anesthesiologists will help produce targeted treatment strategies for members of the anesthesiology community.
Physiologie der Geburt

Die normale Geburt ist ein komplexes physiologisches Geschehen, welches durch die Zunahme von Frequenz, Intensitat und Dauer uteriner Kontraktionen und das regelrechte Tiefertreten des Fetus in den Geburtswegen gekennzeichnet ist. Zu Beginn der Geburt stellt sich der fuhrende Kindesteil (normalerweise der Schadel) in das kleine Becken ein. Die Bewegung, welche der kindliche Schadel beim Eintreten in den Beckeneingang durchfuhrt, wird als Asynklinismus bezeichnet. Wahrend der Schadel durch das Becken tritt, kommt es zu einer Flexion des Schadels und anschliesend zur inneren Rotation. Bei der Geburt kommt es dann zur Extension
Building Shanghai’s Dreamworld: Architects and Elite Ballroom Designs of the 1920s and 1930s

Using historical records from the period including newspapers and architectural journals, this paper examines seven ballrooms built in Shanghai between the 1920s and 1930s. These ballrooms were all designed by leading architects and reflect their ambitions and visions in creating fantastical spaces for the city’s elites to celebrate their status while socializing with other members of high society. Their technological features include sprung dance floors, sophisticated lighting schemes, and other technical wizardry to enhance the experience of dancing and being entertained. One ballroom was in the style of a traditional Chinese palace, highlighting the connection to earlier forms of culture in China. Today most of these ballrooms still exist and many of their original features are still intact, although the dancing has been superseded by other activities such as wedding banquets, conferences, and even the stock exchange.
Exploring Citizenship: Unit 7 My World

The 4-H Citizenship Project offers the opportunity to help 4-H members relate all of their 4-H projects and experiences to the world around them. The 4-H Citizenship manuals will serve as a guide for 4-H Citizenship experiences. To be truly meaningful to the real-life needs and interests of your group, the contribution of volunteer leaders is essential. Each person, neighborhood, and community has individual needs that you can help your group identify. This 14-page major revision of Unit VII covers the “My World” project. Written by John Rutledge, Joy C. Jordan, and Dale Pracht and published by the UF/IFAS Extension 4-H Youth Development program. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/4h021
Glycopeptide drugs: A pharmacological dimension between “Small Molecules” and “Biologics”

Peptides are an important class of molecules with diverse biological activities. Many endogenous peptides, especially neuropeptides and peptide hormones, play critical roles in development and regulating homeostasis. Furthermore, as drug candidates their high receptor selectivity and potent binding leads to reduced off-target interactions and potential negative side effects. However, the therapeutic potential of peptides is severely hampered by their poor stability in vivo and low permeability across biological membranes. Several strategies have been successfully employed over the decades to address these concerns, and one of the most promising strategies is glycosylation. It has been demonstrated in numerous cases that glycosylation is an effective synthetic approach to improve the pharmacokinetic profiles and membrane permeability of peptides. The effects of glycosylation on peptide stability and peptide-membrane interactions in the context of blood-brain barrier penetration will be explored. Numerous examples of glycosylated analogues of endogenous peptides targeting class A and B G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with an emphasis on O-linked glycopeptides will be reviewed. Notable examples of N-, S-, and C-linked glycopeptides will also be discussed. A small section is devoted to synthetic methods for the preparation of glycopeptides and requisite amino acid glycoside building blocks.
Fatigue Crack Growth Diagnosis and Prognosis for Damage-Adaptive Operation of Mechanical Systems

The digital twin paradigm that aims to integrate the information obtained from sensor data, physics models, operational data and inspection/maintenance/repair history of the system or component of interest, can potentially be used to optimize operational parameters that achieve a desired performance or reliability goal. In this paper, we discuss such a methodology for intelligent operation planning in mechanical systems. The proposed approach discusses two key components of the problem: damage diagnosis and damage prognosis. We consider the problem of diagnosis and prognosis of fatigue crack growth in a metal component, as an example. We discuss a probabilistic, Lamb-wave-scattering-based crack diagnosis framework that incorporates both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties in the diagnosis process. We build a Bayesian network for the Lamb-wave pitch-catch NDE using a low-fidelity physics-based model of the same. We perform global sensitivity analysis to quantify the contribution of various parameters to the variance of the damage-sensitive output signal feature(s) using this model. We retain the parameters with higher contribution, and build a medium-fidelity, one-way coupled, multi-physics model to simulate the piezoelectric effect and Lamb wave propagation. We perform Bayesian diagnosis of crack growth using the medium-fidelity model, considering data corrupted by measurement noise, and fuse the information from multiple sensors. We build a finite-element-based high-fidelity model for crack growth under uniaxial cyclic loading, and calibrate a phenomenological (low-fidelity) fatigue crack growth model using the high-fidelity model output. We use the resulting multi-fidelity model in a probabilistic crack growth prognosis framework; thus achieving both accuracy and computational efficiency. We integrate the probabilistic diagnosis and prognosis engines to estimate the damage state using both sensor data as well as model prediction.
Gadolinium retention within multiple rat organs after intra-articular administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents

To characterize the extent of retention and biodistribution of gadolinium (Gd) following intra-articular (IA) injection of linear and macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) into the knee joint of a rat model. Fifteen Wistar rats were divided into five groups and underwent fluoroscopically-guided injections of both knee joints of (1) clinical 1:200 dilution (low dose, LD) gadodiamide (linear GBCA), (2) LD gadobutrol (macrocyclic GBCA), (3) undiluted (high dose, HD) gadodiamide, (4) HD gadobutrol, and (5) saline. Gd concentrations were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in (1) blood and urine samples obtained over a 72 h period and (2) knee joint tissues, brain, kidney, and bone marrow at 3 days post-injection. Both HD and LD gadodiamide and gadobutrol were rapidly absorbed from the joint with peak serum and urine concentration at 1 h post-injection, with relatively faster clearance of gadobutrol. All GBCA-exposed groups had detectable levels of Gd in the joint tissues, bone marrow, and/or kidneys (median tissue gadolinium range: 0.1–71 μg Gd/g tissue), with higher amounts observed with gadodiamide versus gadobutrol. Retention within brain tissues was only detected following HD gadodiamide administration but not LD gadodiamide nor HD or LD gadobutrol. There was rapid systemic absorption, redistribution, and widespread multi-organ retention of Gd following IA injection of both linear and macrocyclic GBCAs, despite substantial amounts of urinary excretion. Higher concentrations of Gd were observed with administration of gadodiamide compared to gadobutrol in most tissues and biofluids.
Ideological and implementational spaces in Covid-era language policy and planning: Perspectives from Indigenous communities in the Global South

The ongoing global pandemic exacerbates, but does not initiate, longstanding language policy and planning (LPP) concerns around the ways language education policies and practices sustain inequalities across linguistic and social identities. Elsewhere, I have argued there is an urgent need for language users, educators and researchers to counter those inequalities, filling up and wedging open ideological and implementational spaces for multiple languages, literacies, identities and practices to flourish in classroom, community and society. Here, using the lens of layered, scaled and interacting implementational and ideological spaces and focusing on cases of Indigenous education in the Andes and Mexico, I explore how ethnographic studies uncover intertwining LPP dynamics that might be leveraged to promote social change in the Covid heightened context of inequality. For example, potential equality and actual inequality of languages intertwine in Mexican education policy and practice to interrupt spaces for Maya language in a Yucatec Mayan Indigenous preschool, and intertwining monoglossic and heteroglossic language ideologies in the discourse of Indigenous leaders of Ecuador’s bilingual intercultural education reveal tensions negotiated in the politics of Kichwa identity and language across spaces like ministry offices, bilingual classrooms or official translation workshops. Meanwhile, top-down and bottom-up LPP activities intertwining in Peruvian bilingual education are leveraged locally to create transformational spaces for Quechua youth to acquire and use their heritage language in multimodal ways, and critical and transformative LPP research paradigms intertwine in an ethnographic project examining how higher education administrators, teachers and students collaborate to create new spaces for Indigenous language learning in Diidxaza/Isthmus Zapotec classes in Oaxaca, Mexico. How might these dynamic LPP ideological and implementational spaces be leveraged to confront the ever-greater inequities wrought by Covid in Indigenous educational access and ways of speaking and being?
The Ohio COVID-19 Survey: Preliminary findings and their use during the pandemic

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created exceptional health and economic uncertainty for Ohioans in 2020. In the spring of 2020, the state commissioned the Ohio COVID-19 Survey (OCS) to ask residential Ohio adults about how the pandemic was affecting them. The purpose of this research is to provide state leadership with real-time information about the effects of the pandemic and concurrent recession on Ohio households. Methods: The OCS is a special supplement to the Ohio Medicaid Assessment Survey (OMAS), a stratified random digit dial, cell phone and landline telephone survey. This study includes data collected weekly between April 20, 2020, and August 24, 2020. We conducted descriptive time-series analysis of the survey data and provided updates to the state's COVID-19 Response Team throughout the survey period. Results: Preliminary findings from the OCS reflect 3 themes among respondents: 1) elevated levels of concern over health and household economics; 2) disproportionate effects that exacerbate existing inequities; and 3) majority adjustment to "new normal" and acceptance of public health guidelines . Conclusion: Preliminary findings indicate that groups that were struggling before the pandemic have faced the biggest challenges with regard to health and household economics since it began. Data from the OCS enabled us to provide real-time analysis to state leadership regarding Ohioans' experience during the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Further analysis and integration of additional data will allow us to provide deeper insights as Ohio seeks to move into recovery.
Feeding and fish husbandry

Abstract The selection of the proper feed in combination with application of appropriate feed management strategies is the critical aspect of efficient aquaculture production. Matching feeding practices that account for nutrient density and physical characteristics of feed to provide the optimum daily supply of nutrients to optimize growth and health of the culture species is one of the most difficult aspects of aquaculture production to manage. There is no single set of feed management practices that cover the large number of farmed fish species, fish farming systems, and feed types. This chapter presents general feed management principles that will provide a basic knowledge base to use as a foundation for developing and applying science-based aquaculture feed management practices.
Tying method for RWG basis functions

Since the triangular patches can efficiently discretize arbitrary surfaces, the RWG basis function is the most popular basis function for the method of moments (MOM). However, for the modeling details of some parts, like thin wires, to use RWG the mesh has to be so fine that the number of unknowns increases dramatically. To overcome this, several kinds of basis functions are needed to work together. It is well known that to model a monopole antenna, three kinds of basis functions are needed, such as wire basis function, surface basis function and junction basis function. Though the number of unknown is reduced effectively without the loss of accuracy, the complexity causes the difficulty in code maintenance. The simplicity and generality of the triangular mesh are attractive. For the structure details, the number of patches will increase dramatically, However, a problem may not need that many unknowns. Hence, it is expedient to tie some unknowns together to reduce their number or the degree of freedom in solving the problem.
The somatostatin receptor subtype on rat enterochromaffinlike cells

Abstract Background/Aims: Gastric enterochromaffinlike (ECL) cells play an important role in peripheral regulation of acid secretion. This study investigated the somatostatin receptor subtype on ECL cells. Methods: ECL cells were isolated from rat fundic mucosa to a purity of 90%–95% by combining enzymatic digestion, elutriation, density gradient centrifugation, and culture. Results: Polymerase chain reaction performed with templates from an ECL cell complementary DNA library and primers specific to each of the five known somatostatin receptor subtypes showed that the somatostatin receptor type 2 was significantly enriched in ECL complementary DNA. Single cell videoimaging of highly purified ECL cells in culture showed that only the somatostatin receptor type 2 selective agonist, DC 32–87, inhibited the gastrin-induced calcium signal at 10 −11 mol/L. The type 3 and type 4 selective agonists, DC 25-12 and DC 32–92, and also somatostatin 14 required 100–1000 times higher concentrations (10 −8 mol/L). The somatostatin receptor type 2 analogue also inhibited gastrin-stimulated histamine release with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) value of 2 × 10 −12 mol/L, whereas somatostatin 14 and the type 3 and 4 analogues showed IC 50 values of 1 to 5 × 10 −9 mol/L. Conclusions: The predominant somatostatin receptors on rat gastric ECL cells are of the somatostatin receptor 2 subtype; they inhibit histamine secretion by interfering with the gastrin-induced calcium signal.
High power microwave source loaded by a two-spiral metamaterial structure for Cherenkov radiation

Metamaterials have unusual properties such as negative refractive index that provides backward wave propagation, also called Cherenkov radiation in vacuum electronics. They also have other unique properties such as period much less than operational wavelength, low group velocity, below cutoff propagation, among others.
A Family-Focused Delirium Educational Initiative With Practice and Research Implications

Delirium is burdensome and psychologically distressing for formal and informal caregivers, yet family caregivers often have very little understanding or knowledge about delirium. As part of a large multisite intervention study, the Early Nurse Detection of Delirium Superimposed on Dementia (END-DSD), the authors identified a need for family educational materials. This educational initiative's purpose was to develop a delirium admission brochure for family members to aid in the prevention and earlier identification of delirium during hospitalization. A brochure was developed using an iterative approach with an expert panel. Following three iterations, a final brochure was approved. The authors found that an iterative expert consensus approach can be used to develop a brochure for families. Major content areas were helping families understand the difference between delirium and dementia, signs and symptoms of delirium, causes of delirium, and strategies family members can use to prevent delirium. A caregiver-focused educational brochure is one intervention to use in targeting older adults hospitalized with delirium.
Music therapy, wellness, and stress reduction.

Music therapy (MT) is an established health profession using music and music activities or interventions to address physical, emotional, cognitive, social, psychological, and physiological needs of infants, children, adolescents, and adults including the elderly, with disabilities or illnesses. MT may also be used with healthy children and adults to maintain wellness throughout life. MT builds on the power of music, using music in a focused and concentrated way for healing and for change. It is a non-invasive medical treatment designed to prevent illness and disease, alleviate pain and stress, help people express feelings, promote physical rehabilitation, positively affect moods and emotional states, enhance memory recall, and provide unique opportunities for social interaction and emotional intimacy.1
Clinical ethics consultation in patients with head and neck cancer.

Background The purpose of this study was to describe the impact of clinical ethics consultations among patients with head and neck cancer in order to better anticipate and manage clinical challenges. Methods A database was queried to identify patients with head and neck cancer for whom ethics consultation was performed at a comprehensive cancer center (n = 14). Information from the database was verified via data abstraction and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Results Common requests for ethics consultation involved code status (6 of 14) and withdrawal/withholding life-sustaining treatments (6 of 14). Common contextual features were interpersonal conflicts (6 of 14) and communication barriers (5 of 14). Airway management concerns were frequent (5 of 14). Whereas 21% of patients had do not resuscitate (DNR) orders before ethics consultation, 79% were DNR subsequently. Conclusion Ethics consultations among patients with head and neck cancer reflect distinctive complexities inherent to their disease, but are entirely consistent with global clinical ethical themes. Consideration of communication barriers, social isolation/stigma, symptom control, and airway management are critical. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 35: 1647–1651, 2013
Positional reorganization in compound janus cells of Tetrahymena thermophila

The janus mutations of Tetrahymena thermophila convert the large-scale organization of the dorsal surface of the cell into a mirror-image of the ventral surface, which is characterized by a second, abnormal, oral apparatus and by contractile vacuole pores to the left of the second oral area rather than the usual right. This conversion could be due either to a local change in the response to an unaltered positional system or to a more global reorganization of the system itself. janus homopolar doublets were used to distinguish between these two alternatives. Homopolar doublets can be made by fusing two similarly oriented cells in side-by-side parabiosis. Non-janus homopolar doublets typically possess two sets of normal oral structures with contractile vacuole pores to the right of each of them. In janus doublets, there are up to four sets of oral structures, with the abnormal oral structures located between the two sets of normal oral structures; contractile vacuole pores are situated to the right of the normal oral areas and to the left of the abnormal oral structures. Non-janus homopolar doublets are known to propagate their compound condition for a number of cell divisions, but also to regulate toward the singlet state through a progressive reduction in number of ciliary rows followed by loss of one of the two sets of major cell surface structures. janus homopolar doublets go through a corresponding regulation. As a consequence, the location of the abnormal oral structures relative to the normal ones is more variable in janus doublets than in janus singlets. Sometimes the abnormal oral structures shift to a position close to their normal counterparts and then the intervening CVP sets disappear. There is evidence for occasional fusion of an abnormal oral area with an adjacent normal oral apparatus, a condition that may be transitional to the singlet state. These observations are inconsistent with the idea of a fixed positional system and strongly suggest a global reorganization of the surface pattern in a manner consistent with predictions of an intercalation model that was first proposed to explain the regulation of non-janus doublets to singlets.
Temporal Patterns of Human Cytomegalovirus Transcription: Mapping the Viral RNAs Synthesized at Immediate Early, Early, and Late Times After Infection

The transcription of the human cytomegalovirus genome was investigated at immediate early, early, and late times after infection. Viral RNAs associated with either the whole cell, the nucleus, the cytoplasm, or the polyribosomes were analyzed. At immediate early times, i.e., in the absence of de novo viral protein synthesis, the viral RNA in high abundance originated from a region of the long unique section of the prototype arrangement of the viral genome (0.660 to 0.770 map units). The viral RNA in low abundance originated from the long repeat sequences (0.010 to 0.035 and 0.795 to 0.825 map units) and a region in the long unique section (0.201 to 0.260 map units). Viral RNAs associated with the polyribosomes as polyadenylated RNA were mapped to these restricted regions of the viral genome and characterized according to size class in kilobases. At 24 h after infection in the presence of an inhibitor of viral DNA replication, i.e., at early times, the stable viral RNAs in highest abundance mapped in the long repeat sequences. Viral RNAs at intermediate abundance under these conditions mapped in two regions of the long unique section of the viral genome (0.325 to 0.460 and 0.685 to 0.770 map units). Stable viral RNAs that were associated with the polyribosomes in high abundance as polyadenylated RNA orginated from the long repeat sequences, but not from the long unique section of the viral genome. An analysis of whole-cell RNA at late times (72 h) indicated that the abundant transcription was in the regions of the long unique sequences (0.325 to 0.460 and 0.660 to 0.685 map units), and transcription of intermediate abundance was from the long repeat sequences. However, stable viral mRNA's derived from the long repeat sequences were associated with the polyribosomes at late times after infection. In addition, mRNA's originating from the long and short unique sequences were found associated with the polyribosomes at higher relative concentration than at early times after infection. It is proposed that expression of the immediate early viral genes is required to transcribe the early viral genes in the long repeat and adjacent sequences. These sequences are also transcribed at late times after infection while viral DNA synthesis continues. The expression of viral genes in most of the long and short unique sequences appears to require viral DNA replication.
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Grandparents

Researchers have empirically examined the grandparent–grandchild relationship for over 50 years and have concluded that the grandparent–grandchild connection is of value, either directly or indirectly for both grandparents and grandchildren. However, there has been a lack of attention given to understanding the diversity and contextual variation within this intergenerational relationship when grandparents self-identify as LGBT. This chapter provides a brief overview of a life course model on grandparent–grandchild relationships and the current literature that illustrates the emerging picture of the diversity of grandparent experiences within the grandparent–grandchild relationship that includes the salience of sexual orientation on the grandparent role. It also presents approaches and strategies that would enhance programs and services directed toward LGBT grandparents and grandchildren, as well as empower both LGBT grandparents and grandchildren. Finally, it provides suggestions for further research that would address the intersectionality of grandchildren’s gender, parental sexual orientation, class, race, ethnicity, and sociological context.
Altitude chamber requirements for evaluating blast-cooled aircraft generators

ALTITUDE chambers have proved beneficial in the development of equipment to be installed in aircraft. By determining the conditions under which the equipment is to be operated and then simulating those conditions in altitude chambers, it has been possible to discover deficiencies and make corrections prior to installation of the equipment in aircraft. This procedure has made it possible to complete the development programs on the auxiliary equipment so that flight-test emphasis has been on the overall performance of the aircraft. Aircraft performance has been aided materially by the use of altitude chambers.
Cardiovascular Protection by Alcohol and Polyphenols

Cardiovascular disease, and in particular coronary heart disease (CHD), remains the leading cause of death in both men and women in the United States. Much epidemiologic evidence indicates that alcoholic beverages, and in particular red wine, results in a reduction in cardiovascular risk factors and decreases mortality; however, the mechanisms of this cardiovascular protection remains elusive. This review discusses evidence to suggest that *NO plays a critical role in cardiovascular protection and that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is the responsible cardioprotective protein (see Bolli et al. 1998. Basic Res. Cardiol. 93: 325-338).
EWMA techniques for computer intrusion detection through anomalous changes in event intensity

Intrusion detection is used to monitor and capture intrusions into computer and network systems, which attempt to compromise the security of computer and network systems. To protect information systems from intrusions and thus assure the reliability and quality of service of information systems, it is highly desirable to develop techniques that detect intrusions into information systems. Many intrusions manifest in dramatic changes in the intensity of events occurring in information systems. Because of the ability of exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts to monitor the rate of occurrences of events based on the their intensity, we apply three EWMA statistics to detect anomalous changes in the events intensity for intrusion detections. They include the EWMA chart for autocorrelated data, the EWMA chart for uncorrelated data and the EWMA chart for monitoring the process standard deviation. The objectives of this paper are to provide design procedures for realizing these control charts and investigate their performance using different parameter settings based on one large dataset. The early detection capability of these EWMA techniques is also examined to provide the guidance about the design capacity of information systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Financial Assistance from Elderly Retirement-Age Sons to their Aging Parents

The dramatic increase in the number of persons over the age of 85 suggests that their care will be a critical policy issue for the future. This study explores both the extent and predictors of financial support made by retirement-age sons to their parents who are members of this oldest-old cohort. From a sample of males aged 65 and over, 13% report that they contribute financially to the support of an aging parent. The frequency of intergenerational interaction is a predictor of parental support.
Studying Group Music Therapy with Adult Offenders: Research in Progress.

This paper outlines the development of one aspect of a music therapy research project with adult recidivist offenders. The project is described in the context of the brief history of music therapy research in Britain, and in relation to other relevant clinical research with offenders. Emphasis is given to the attempt to devise strategies appropriate to the needs of the particular client group, which has meant in this context using methods which will involve clients themselves in the planning of research and in monitoring their own processes. The main part of the paper outlines the various stages in the preparation of a music therapy grid, based on Kelly's Personal Construct Theory (1955). The grid has been designed to investigate how group members perceive music therapy and if their perceptions change over time.
Influence of soil and vehicle parameters on soil rut formation.

Abstract Soil and vehicle parameters have significant effects on soil rut formation. A randomized design was used to investigate the effects of five treatments: soil texture, soil moisture, vehicle type, turning radius and velocity, on rut depth, rut width and rut index, which measure the degree of soil disturbance. This vehicle rutting study was conducted on four off-road military vehicles under two soil moisture conditions and two soil texture conditions at Fort Riley, Kansas. A GPS-based vehicle tracking system was used to track the vehicle dynamics, and rut measurements were taken manually. SAS 9.1 was used to investigate the effects of soil and vehicle parameters on rut formation. Results show that all the vehicle parameters (vehicle type, weight, velocity and turning radius) and soil parameters (soil texture and moisture) are statistically significant to affect rut formation.
Infrared studies of hydrogen bonding in alcohol-base systems

Abstract Infrared spectroscopic studies in the 3000–4000 cm−1 region are reported for the eighteen hydrogen-bonding systems involving the proton donors methanol, ethanol and t-butanol and the proton acceptors acetone, ethyl acetate, dioxane, benzophenone, dimethylformamide and pyridine, in solution in CCl4. Equilibrium constants for the formation of 1:1 hydrogen-bonded complexes have been determined. Enthalpies of complex formation (calculated from the temperature dependence of the spectra over the range −10° to +60°C) are in the range 2.2–4.0 kcal mole . Both the frequency differences (Δν) between bands due to uncomplexed and complexed alcohol molecules and the integrated intensities (B°) of the bands due to the complexes were found to be temperature dependent, but the half-widths of the bands due to H-bonded complexes were virtually independent of temperature. Data for the fifteen O-HṫO complexes lie fairly close to the Badger-Bauer line correlating ΔH and Δν, but the results for the three pyridine complexes are in marked disagreement with this relation. Data for all eighteen systems studied, as well as other data available in the literature, show a correlation between ΔH and B°.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Hand: A 20-Year Review

Purpose Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common malignancy of the hand; yet, recurrence rates, metastatic rates, and long-term survival rates have not been well defined. This study evaluated the risk factors for local and regional recurrence for this diagnosis. Methods Records of patients treated for SCC of the hand over a 20-year period in a single institution were reviewed. Data collected included patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and preoperative and postoperative care received. Overall survival, recurrence-free survival, and survival free of SCC in the same upper extremity were analyzed. Results A total of 86 patients were identified. Mean age at the time of initial presentation was 69 years (range, 39–89 y). Mean follow-up was 6.4 years (range, 1–15 y). Overall survival was 88% and 57% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Recurrence-free survival was 67% and 50% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Rate of metastasis was 4%. Lymph node biopsy was performed in 4 patients who had clinical lymphadenopathy; 2 patients had positive nodes. Average time to first recurrence was 4.1 years (range, 0.5–11 y). Web space location, bilateral tumors, multiple tumors, and prior history of SCC were associated with an increased risk of recurrence. Survival free of SCC in the same upper extremity was 72% and 54% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Younger age, history of transplantation, multiple tumors, and use of flap or skin graft for closure were associated with an increased risk of another SCC developing in the same extremity. No benefit was noted with wide, Mohs, or shave resection in terms of overall survival, recurrence-free survival, or SCC occurrence in the ipsilateral upper extremity. Conclusions Squamous cell carcinoma tumors of the hand have a high tendency for local recurrence but a low rate of metastasis. Specific characteristics of the tumor may increase chances of recurrence. The technique of tumor excision did not have a major role in outcome. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic IV.
A Reevaluation of Side Chain Oscillator Effects in the Polyene Superconductor Model

Abstract The values calculated for the side chain oscillator interaction energy for the polyene superconductor model have been revised. The use of parallel and perpendicular transitions gives a value for the naphthalene oscillator of 2.1 eV, well within the postulated range for a possibly operable effective interaction. The macromolecular superconductor concept proposed by Little [1] has been considered from a variety of theoretical points of view. Most of the objections [2-10] which have been suggested seem to be answerable [1, 11] in an acceptable manner. Thus, it does not seem to be essential to require one-dimensionality [4], and the unscreened model [6] gives interaction differentials much too high (above the ionization potential). Also, the thermodynamics of the situation are difficult, if not impossible, to evaluate if the transition occurs at high temperatures. The basic concept, that of electron-electron interaction, appears to present a theoretically valid alternative to the phonon-electron mode...
Noise margin-optimized ternary CMOS SRAM delay and sizing characteristics

This paper presents the design and simulation of a ternary CMOS SRAM cell. A 16×16 ternary SRAM with ternary-compatible addressing was designed in a 0.18µm process and the rise and fall delays were compared with a 16×16 binary SRAM. The ternary SRAM was created using cross-coupled ternary inverters. The inverters were optimized for high noise-margins and the optimum transistor sizings were presented. SPICE simulation was performed to compare the delay characteristics of the binary and ternary inverters and SRAM arrays. SPICE simulations confirmed correct functional behaviour of the READ and WRITE operations. The READ delay of the ternary SRAM was comparable to that of the binary counterpart for all cases except for the fall time from {2}⇔{1} while the WRITE delay favoured the binary SRAM by a small amount.
Trajectory planning for motion-constrained AUVs in uncertain environments

Providing a series of images of a site over time with a survey-class AUV presents numerous challenges, particularly in the process of getting close to rugged terrain with a motion-constrained vehicle in an uncertain environment. To deal with this, a baseline approach presented in previous work by the authors plans spline-based trajectories based on an a priori map of the terrain, allowing for improved performance over purely reactive control schemes. This paper extends that approach to account for uncertainty in the environment, both in the knowledge of the terrain and the motion of the vehicle, providing additional robustness and safety, while minimizing the potential loss in performance. The trajectory optimization approach is demonstrated over simulated terrain.
COST OF NEONATAL SURVIVORSHIP

During the last few years there has been a dramatic increase in medical costs and the number of survivors of neonatal intensive care units (NICU). We hypothesized that the cost of survivors from NICU's has decreased with the increase number of survivors. We looked at the hospital charges of 1344 infants admitted to the Loma Linda Univ NICU between Jan 1981 and June 1983. The charges were analyzed in various groups by gestational age, birthweight, and diagnositic categories. A cost of survivorship (COS) was calculated by dividing the total charges for each group of infants by the number of survivors in that group. Additionally we looked at the length of stay and the number of admissions and survivors in each category. The COS for infants with birthweights greater than 1000 gms did not change during the study [$26144(1981) to $26745(1983), calculated using the local medical inflation rate]. For infants less than 1000 gms the COS increased if less than 50% of the category survived, but the COS decreased if the survivors were greater than 50% of their category [$242617, 2 surv/21 babies (1981) to $143287, 16 surv/27 babies(1982)]. The infants who survived had a longer hospital stay and a greater cost than those who died. We conclude that the COS is dependent on an absolute increase in the number of survivors, the length of hospital stay, and the percent of infants surviving in each category.
Shock wave interactions with particles and liquid fuel droplets

Shock waves traveling through a multiphase flow environment are studied numerically using the Flux Corrected Transport (FCT) algorithm. Both solid particles and liquid droplets are used as the dispersed phase with their trajectories being computed using a Lagrangian tracking scheme. The phases are coupled by including source terms which account for mass transfer, momentum, and energy exchange from the dispersed phase in the governing equations of motion for the gas phase. For solid particles, droplet size effects are examined at constant mass loading. Deceleration of the shock wave is observed with effects increasing with decreasing particle size. The equilibrium velocity attained is found to agree with analytical results for an equivalent dense gas with a modified specific heat ratio. For liquid droplets, a droplet breakup model is introduced and the results show a faster attenuation rate than with the solid particle model. The inclusion of vaporization to the breakup model is seen to increase the attenuation rate but does not alter the final equilibrium velocity. When an energy release model is used in the simulations, behavior resembling a detonation is observed under certain conditions, with energy release coupling with and accelerating the shock front.
ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF PIONS SCATTERED BY HYDROGEN

The angular distribution of pions scattered by liquid hydrogen has been studied using the collimated pion beams from the Chicago synchrocyclotron. Differential cross sections have been measured for the laboratory angles 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for positive pions of energies 78 Mev, 110 Mev, and 135 Mev, and for negative pions of 120 Mev and 144 Mev. For negative pions, separate results were obtained for the elastic scattering and for the charge exchange scattering. The scattering of positive pions and charge exchange scattering of negative pions show a larger intensity in the backward direction. The elastic scattering of negative pions is mostly forward.The results have been interpreted in terms of phase shift analysis on the assumption that the scattering is mainly due to states of isotopic spins $\frac{3}{2}$ and \textonehalf{} and angular momenta ${s}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, ${p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and ${p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$.The experimental results are represented quite accurately by the following phase shifts expressed in degrees for the angular momentum states in the order indicated above: at 120 Mev, phase shifts \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30 for isotopic spin $\frac{3}{2}$ and \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 for isotopic spin \textonehalf{}; at 135 Mev, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}14, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}38 for isotopic spin $\frac{3}{2}$ and \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 for isotopic spin \textonehalf{}.
Hard X-Ray Intensity Distribution along Hα Ribbons

Unusual ribbon-like hard X-ray sources were found with the RHESSI observation of a 2B/M8.0 flare on 2005 May 13. We use this unique observation to investigate the spatial distribution of the hard X-ray intensity along the ribbons and compare it with the local magnetic reconnection rate and energy release rate predicted by the standard magnetic reconnection model for two ribbon flares. In the early phase of the flare, the hard X-ray sources appear to be concentrated in strong field regions within the Hα ribbons, which is explicable by the model. At and after the flare maximum phase, the hard X-ray sources become spatially extended to resemble Hα ribbons in morphology, during which the spatial distribution of hard X-ray intensity lacks a correlation with that of the local magnetic reconnection rate and energy release rate predicted by the model. We argue that the magnetic reconnection during this event may involve the rearrangement of magnetic field along the magnetic arcade axis that is inevitably overlooked by the two-dimensional model and suggest that this type of three-dimensional reconnection will be best seen in so-called sigmoid-to-arcade transformations.
Perturbation-Expression Analysis Identifies RUNX1 as a Regulator of Human Mammary Stem Cell Differentiation

The search for genes that regulate stem cell self-renewal and differentiation has been hindered by a paucity of markers that uniquely label stem cells and early progenitors. To circumvent this difficulty we have developed a method that identifies cell-state regulators without requiring any markers of differentiation, termed Perturbation-Expression Analysis of Cell States (PEACS). We have applied this marker-free approach to screen for transcription factors that regulate mammary stem cell differentiation in a 3D model of tissue morphogenesis and identified RUNX1 as a stem cell regulator. Inhibition of RUNX1 expanded bipotent stem cells and blocked their differentiation into ductal and lobular tissue rudiments. Reactivation of RUNX1 allowed exit from the bipotent state and subsequent differentiation and mammary morphogenesis. Collectively, our findings show that RUNX1 is required for mammary stem cells to exit a bipotent state, and provide a new method for discovering cell-state regulators when markers are not available.
Structure and mechanism of beta-hairpin antimicrobial peptides in lipid bilayers from solid-state NMR spectroscopy.

The membrane-bound structure, lipid interaction, and dynamics of the arginine-rich β-hairpinantimicrobial peptide PG-1 as studied by solid-state NMR are highlighted here. A variety of solid-state NMR techniques, including paramagnetic relaxation enhancement, 1H and 19F spin diffusion, dipolar recoupling distance experiments, and 2D anisotropic–isotropic correlation experiments, are used to elucidate the structural basis for the membrane disruptive activity of this representative β-hairpinantimicrobialpeptide. We found that PG-1 structure is membrane dependent: in bacteria-mimetic anionic lipid membranes the peptide forms oligomeric transmembrane β-barrels, whereas in cholesterol-rich membranes mimicking eukaryotic cells the peptide forms β-sheet aggregates on the surface of the bilayer. PG-1 causes toroidal pore defects in the anionic membrane, suggesting that the cationic arginine residues drag the lipidphosphate groups along as the peptide inserts. Mutation of PG-1 to reduce the number of cationic residues or to change the arginine guanidinium structure significantly changes the degree of insertion and orientation of the peptide in the lipid membrane, resulting in much weaker antimicrobial activities.
Isolation and characterization of a linear plasmid from the entomopathogenic fungus Ascosphaera apis

An extrachromosomal DNA plasmid was isolated from both mating types of the entomopathogenic fungus Ascosphaera apis and named pAaL. The subculture in which pAaL was first identified originated from mummified honey bee larvae from an apiary in Wyoming. Very similar, homologous plasmids were found in 9 out of 10 of isolates collected from diverse geographic locations. The plasmid is found inside the mitochondria, has the same buoyant density as mitochondrial DNA in bisbenzamide--CsCl gradients, and does not contain sequences homologous to either mitochondrial DNA or genomic DNA. The plasmid is linear, double-stranded, of 12 kilobase pair, and has a higher copy number than the mitochondrial DNA. Endonuclease and exonuclease digestions suggest that an inverted repeat is probably present at each terminus and that pAaL has two blocked 5' ends, probably due to the presence of terminal binding proteins. Restriction site data showed pAaL to be AT-rich. There were no apparent differences in the growth rate, culture appearance, and reproductive cycle of plasmid-bearing or plasmid-free A. apis isolates. pAaL was stably inherited in the plasmid-free strains, but it was lost in the progeny of crosses and reciprocal crosses between the plasmid-free strain and plasmid-bearing strains. The biological function of this plasmid has not yet been determined.
Demonstration of terahertz frequency-dependent field transformation in an irregular waveguide structure with direct measurement of the internal electric fields

We demonstrate irregular scattering structure frequency-dependent field control at terahertz frequencies by means of a TM10 to TM30 mode converter designed for operation near 300GHz and fabricated out of lithium niobate. Imaging of the electric fields in the sample, with a Fourier analysis of the time domain signal, yielded the performance as a function of frequency.