cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attenuated Positive Psychotic Symptoms in Relation to Cigarette Smoking in a Nonclinical Population.

INTRODUCTION This study explored the association between cigarette smoking and attenuated positive psychotic symptoms in a young adult nonclinical sample. METHODS Undergraduates (N = 930), aged 18-35 years (26.3% male), completed a battery of self-report measures assessing subthreshold psychotic symptoms, cigarette smoking behavior/dependence, and drug use. RESULTS Individuals endorsing a greater number of attenuated positive psychotic symptoms were more likely to be smokers. Exploratory analyses indicated that the odds of being a smoker were two times greater for those at potential higher risk for psychosis compared with individuals at lower risk. Results were consistent after adjusting for sex and other drug use. CONCLUSIONS In line with findings from psychotic populations, results suggest that attenuated positive psychotic symptoms, particularly those endorsed as distressing in a nonclinical, undergraduate population, are related to cigarette smoking. IMPLICATIONS Even in nonclinical, undergraduate populations, subthreshold psychotic symptoms are related to cigarette smoking, and cigarette smokers are twice as likely to be considered at potentially higher risk for psychosis compared with noncigarette smokers. In summary, there may be a threshold whereby psychotic symptoms confer increased risk for nicotine consumption, with endorsement of a greater number of distressing subthreshold psychotic symptoms increasing the likelihood of cigarette use.
A systematic review on the treatment of phantom limb pain with spinal cord stimulation.

Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a challenging chronic pain syndrome to treat with pharmacologic agents being first line of management. However, when these agents fail to provide pain relief, other interventions must be considered in a clinical setting. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been shown to provide analgesia in PLP, and should be considered by clinicians. Methods: This PRISMA systematic review analyzes the efficacy of SCS for treatment of PLP. Results: After review of 12 studies, there are mixed results to base a conclusion on. Discussion: While there is some evidence of efficacy, due to the relatively small number of patients in each study, further research is needed to demonstrate the benefits of SCS for PLP.
Stem-04defining Glioblastoma Stem Cell Heterogeneity

A major impeding factor in designing effective therapies against glioblastoma (GBM) is its extensive molecular heterogeneity and the diversity of microenvironmental conditions within any given tumor. To test whether heterogeneity with the GBM stem cell (GSC) population is required to ensure tumor growth in such diverse microenvironments, we used human GBM biospecimens to examine the identity of cells marked by two established GSC markers: CD133 and activation of the Notch pathway. Using primary GBM cultures engineered to express GFP upon activation of Notch signaling, we observed only partial overlap between cells expressing cell surface CD133 and cells with Notch activation (n = 3 specimens), contrary to expectations based on prior literature. To further investigate this finding, we FACS-isolated these cell populations and characterized them. While both CD133+ (CD133 + /Notch-) and Notch+ (CD133-/Notch+) cells fulfill GSC criteria, they differ vastly in their transcriptome, metabolic preferences and differentiation capacity, thus giving rise to histologically distinct tumors. CD133+ GSCs have increased expression of hypoxia-regulated and glycolytic genes, and are able to expand under hypoxia by activating anaerobic glycolysis. In contrast, Notch+ GSCs are unable to utilize anaerobic glycolysis under hypoxia, leading to decreased tumorsphere formation ability. While CD133+ GSCs give rise to histologically homogeneous tumors devoid of large tumor vessels, tumors initiated by Notch+ GSCs are marked by large perfusing vessels enveloped by pericytes. Using a lineage tracing system, we showed that pericytes are derived from Notch+ GSCs. In addition, Notch+ cells are able to give rise to all tumor lineages in vitro and in vivo, including CD133 + /Notch- cells, as opposed to Notch- populations, which have restricted differentiation capacity and do not generate Notch+ lineages. Our findings demonstrate that GSC heterogeneity is a mechanism used by tumors to sustain growth in diverse microenvironmental conditions.
Common Lesions in Oral Pathology for the General Dentist

The specialty of oral and maxillofacial pathology encompasses identification and management of diseases in the mouth and surrounding structures. This chapter is a concise guide to some of the more common entities seen in the oral cavity involving both soft and hard tissues. The chapter will serve to provide basic clinical information and aid in recognition, diagnosis, and management of these common lesions. It is organized in a helpful manner for quick reference for the general dentist to identify pathologic lesions that a patient may present with.
The effect of perioperative fluid management on postoperative ileus in rectal cancer patients

Background Postoperative ileus is a common cause of increased morbidity and cost after operative intervention. The aim of this study was to assess how fluid type, volume, and timing may affect incidence of postoperative ileus. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed on patients undergoing operative intervention for rectal cancer from 2008 to 2015 at a single institution. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the effect of type (crystalloid versus colloid), volume by quartile, and timing (perioperative versus postoperative) on rate of postoperative ileus. Results A total of 300 patients were included, and the overall incidence of ileus in our cohort was 30% ( n = 90). Both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that increasing volume of crystalloid volume administered was associated with increased postoperative ileus incidence (first quartile: 16.3%; second quartile: 31.5%, third quartile: 34.2%; and fourth quartile: 39.2%; P = .012), and administration of colloid was not shown to correlate. Furthermore, timing was not shown to be associated with the rate of postoperative ileus. Conclusion Increased volumes of crystalloid are associated with higher rates of ileus, while administration of colloid is not. Based on this retrospective data, limiting the volume of crystalloid perioperatively may help lower the rate of ileus postoperatively.
Brain and liver pathology, amyloid deposition, and interferon responses among older HIV-positive patients in the late HAART era

HIV+ patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with suppressed viral loads have a low incidence of HIV-associated dementia, but increased prevalence of milder forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). These milder forms of HAND are often associated with minimal histological abnormalities, and their pathophysiology is unclear. Comorbidities, altered amyloid metabolism, accelerated brain aging, and activated interferon responses are suspected to play a role in HAND pathogenesis in HAART–treated persons. To investigate associations between liver disease, accelerated brain aging, and HAND in HIV+ patients in the late HAART era (2002–2015), we studied liver and brain autopsy tissues from 53 older subjects evaluated at UCLA and BWH using histopathological stains, a sensitive fluorescent amyloid stain (AmyloGlo), and targeted gene expression profiling (NanoString). The majority of HIV+ subjects (median age 56) were on HAART (89.3%) with last pre-mortem plasma viral load <400 copies/mL (81.5%); 50% had CD4+ counts <200 cells/μL. Compared to HIV- controls (median age 65), HIV+ subjects had more cancer (p = 0.04), illicit drug use (p <0.00001), and HCV co-infection (p = 0.002), less cardiovascular disease (p = 0.03), and similar prevalence of cerebrovascular disease (~40%), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. Deep frontal white matter showed increased gliosis in HIV+ subjects vs. HIV- controls (p = 0.09), but no significant differences in myelin loss, blood vessel thickening, or inflammation. Liver showed more severe fibrosis/cirrhosis (p = 0.02) and less steatosis (p = 0.03) in HIV+ subjects, but no significant differences in inflammation, blood vessel thickness, or pigment deposition. There were no significant associations between liver and brain pathologies. AmyloGlo staining detected large amyloid deposits in only one HIV+ case (age 69 with Alzheimer’s disease pathology) and two HIV- controls (ages 66 and 74). White matter from HIV+ cases vs. HIV- seronegative controls showed a trend (p = 0.06) towards increased interferon response gene expression (ISG15, MX1, IFIT1, IFIT2, and IFITM1). Gliosis and cerebrovascular disease, but not accelerated amyloid deposition, are common brain pathologies among older HIV+ patients in the late HAART era. Although HIV+ subjects had more cirrhosis, liver pathology was not associated with any consistent pattern of brain pathology. Cerebrovascular disease, interferon responses, and neuroinflammation are likely factors contributing to brain aging and HAND in older HIV+ patients on current HAART regimens.
Urban, agricultural, and environmental protection practices for sustainable water quality

Sustainable water management often emphasizes water resource quantity, with focus on availability and use practices. However, only a subset of the available water may be usable when also considering water quality. Water quality management is examined within three broad sectors—urban, agriculture, and environmental systems—to investigate how water quality sustainability (WQS) is defined by each and across the three sectors. The definitions determined for both urban and agricultural WQS mention downstream human and ecosystem use; however, regulatory policy does not always support these definitions. This challenge of managing water quality locally and downstream, coupled with interactions across multiple sectors, has led to a fragmented approach to water quality management. Legislation typically divides water quality management into compartments without considering the entire system. Within the United States, there is an uneven distribution of responsibility regarding water quality protection, and notable policies which counteract efforts to improve water quality. The review suggests that despite a growing intention to use a single system approach where water is considered as a limited resource that must supply all competing interests, one does not yet exist and is even hindered by current policies and regulations. Recent policy is signaling a shift toward increasing interagency coordination; however, the basic definitions of WQS remain disconnected across sectors. It is the conclusion of this review that sustainable water quality is not currently practiced in the United States. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1229. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1229 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
GRAPHS OF NONLINEAR EQUATIONS

This chapter presents the graphs of nonlinear equations, and it explains the problem of drawing the graph rather than the study of the loci themselves. It discusses the concept of symmetry and horizontal and vertical asymptotes and provides definitions of a symmetric curve. A valuable aid in drawing the graph of an equation is knowledge of the extent of the curve, that is, what portion or portions of the plane are occupied by the curve. For example, it would help in drawing the graph if it was known that the curve was entirely above the x axis, had no points in a strip of two-unit width on either side of the y axis, or was contained entirely within a certain rectangle. In many cases, information of this nature can be obtained rather easily.
Gustav Ungerer, A Spaniard in Elizabethan England- The correspondence of Antonio Pérez's exile. Tamesis Books, London, 1974, 1976; 2 ts.: xxxix + 505, 450 pp. (Monografías, 27, 54).

Se reseno el libro: A Spaniard in Elizabethan England- The correspondence of Antonio Perez's exile.
Surface Ionization and Soft Landing Techniques in Mass Spectrometry

The advent of soft ionization techniques, notably electrospray and laser desorption ionization methods, has extended mass spectrometric methods to large molecules and molecular complexes. This both greatly expands applications of mass spectrometry and makes the activation and dissociation of complex ions an integral part of large molecular mass spectrometry. A corollary of the much greater number of internal degrees of freedom and high density of states associated with molecular complexity is that internal energies much higher than the dissociation energies for competing fragmentation processes are required for observable fragmentation in timescales sampled by mass spectrometers. This article describes the kinetics of surface-induced dissociation (SID), a particularly efficient activation method for complex ions. Two very important characteristics of SID are very rapid, sub-picosecond activation and precise control of ion internal energy by varying ion collision energy. The nature of the surface plays an important role in SID, determining both efficiency and mechanism of ion activation. Surface composition and morphology strongly influence the relative importance of competing reactions of SID, ion capture (soft landing), surface reaction, and neutralization. The important features of SID and ion soft landing are described briefly in this article and more fully in the recommended Further Reading list.
Liver Volumetry in MRI by Using Fast Marching Algorithm Coupled with 3D Geodesic Active Contour Segmentation

In this chapter, we present an accurate automated 3D liver segmentation scheme for measuring liver volumes in MR images. Our scheme consisted of five steps. First, an anisotropic diffusion smoothing filter was applied to T1-weighted MR images of the liver in the portal-venous phase to reduce noise while preserving the liver boundaries. An edge enhancer and a nonlinear gray-scale converter were applied to enhance the liver boundary. This boundary-enhanced image was used as a speed function for a 3D fast marching algorithm to generate an initial surface that roughly approximated the liver shape. A 3D geodesic active contour segmentation algorithm refined the initial surface so as to more precisely determine the liver boundary. The liver volume was calculated based on the refined liver surface. The MR liver volumetry based on our automated scheme agreed excellently with “gold-standard” manual volumetry (intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.98) and required substantially less completion time (our processing time of 1 vs. 24 min/case in manual segmentation).
Off-the-shelf TCR for graft-versus-leukemia without GVHD.

In this issue of Blood , Dossa et al report the engineering of T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T cells against the human minor histocompatibility antigen HA-1 for the prevention or treatment of leukemia relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. 1
Probing Intermolecular Interactions within the Amyloid β Trimer Using a Tethered Polymer Nanoarray.

Amyloid oligomers are considered the most neurotoxic species of amyloid aggregates. Spontaneous assembly of amyloids into aggregates is recognized as a major molecular mechanism behind Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders involving protein aggregation. Characterization of such oligomers is extremely challenging but complicated by their transient nature. Previously, we introduced a flexible nanoarray (FNA) method enabling us to probe dimers assembled by the amyloid β (14-23) [Aβ (14-23)] peptide. The study presented herein modifies and enhances this approach to assemble and probe trimers of Aβ (14-23). A metal-free click chemistry approach was used, in which dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) groups were incorporated at selected sites within the FNA template to click Aβ (14-23) monomers at their terminal azide groups. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) force spectroscopy was employed to characterize the assemblies. The force measurement data demonstrate that the dissociation of the trimer undergoes ...
Pediatric Communication: Sharing the Experience

Kenneth felt a parching sensation in his throat. He could barely swallow, and when he tried to talk, no words came out. In the hospital room he could vaguely make out the forms of his mother and father, who stood clinging to one another with expressions of deep concern on their faces. Kenneth wished he could speak to them and tell them everything would be all right.
Cutaneous Reactions to Chemotherapy

Patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy are often challenging to physicians from a management standpoint due to an unfortunate combination of general poor health, immunosuppression, and multi-drug regimens. Several chemotherapeutic agents are associated with well-described mucocutaneous toxicities.
Disulfiram therapy of alcohol abuse

Disulfiram (DSSD) administration results in the inhibition of E2, the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) that is the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of ethanol-generated acetaldehyde in vivo (Chapter 9). As a consequence, following treatment with DSSD, the consumption of even moderate quantities of ethanol results in a rapid in vivo accumulation of acetaldehyde. This, in turn, causes a series of quite unpleasant symptoms and signs (Chapter 10), collectively referred to as the disulfiram-ethanol reaction (DER). When DSSD is prescribed for the treatment of alcoholism, patients are informed about these phenomena and strongly advised to abstain from ethanol. Some may test the correctness of the warning by partaking, albeit cautiously, of an alcoholic beverage. Provided that the DSSD dose is adequate (section 11.6.2) and the ethanol is consumed within 48 h of the last dose of DSSD (section 11.6.1), some of the symptoms of the DER are experienced within minutes.
Regulation of Cyclooxygenase Synthesis in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Epidermal Growth Factor

The prostaglandin synthases, which are widely distributed throughout the various organ systems of the body, are activated primarily by release of substrate arachidonic acid from cellular phospholipids (Hamberg et al., 1975). These prostaglandin-synthesizing systems may become refractory to further challenge by arachidonic acid substrate because of a self-inactivating feature of the cyclooxygenase enzyme first characterized by Smith and Lands (1972). This is mediated by free-radical intermediates of the reaction, which permanently inactivate the enzyme. An analogous refractoriness also develops following exposure to aspirin (Vane, 1971) and is caused by acetylation of a serine residue in the active site (Roth et al., 1975).
Recruit Screening, Representation, and the Moral Hazard Problem in Policing

Calls for more representative police forces, made regularly over the past four decades, rest in part on the assumption that hiring minority officers will help departments overcome adverse selection...
Management of Shock

Shock is a life-threatening circulatory collapse that occurs as a consequence of a multitude of conditions and can lead to multi-organ failure. Patients experiencing shock may present with hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, confusion, oliguria, or with a metabolic acidosis or high serum lactate. Initially, the etiology of the shock is unknown, and the primary focus is to stabilize the patient while rapidly identifying the etiology so the appropriate management can be administered before multi-organ failure and death occur. Each type of shock and its etiology have different management strategies; however they share important similarities which include fluid resuscitation and definitive management of the underlying condition. Patients may present with distributive shock, cardiogenic shock, hypovolemic shock, obstructive shock, or a combination of these known as multifactorial shock.
To Run or Not to Run? U.S. House Campaign Advertising

Why are campaign advertisements utilized in congressional campaigns? This study examines the factors that influence if and the extent to which campaign ads are sponsored by candidates. Using the 20...
Endoscopic Intraconal Orbit Surgery

Endoscopic approaches to the orbit have significantly expanded from endoscopic orbital decompression and dacryocystorhinostomy to use in resection of orbital tumors. Within the compact space of the orbit, there are critical neurovascular structures and important considerations regarding the management and treatment of pathologies in this region. This review will outline the anatomy of the orbit from an endoscopic perspective and how it can be accessed for tumor extirpation through the nasal corridor using endoscopic sinus surgery. It will discuss the various advancements in approach and visualization, as well as considerations for tumor removal and reconstruction. The understanding and implementation of endoscopic approaches for orbital tumors has increased greatly in the last decade, as surgeons have refined their skills with endoscopic skull base surgery. Today, complex tumors that were previously approached externally can now be managed endoscopically. There have been several advances in anatomical knowledge and surgical technique, as well as indications for these approaches. Initial results have been favorable with the ability to resect intraconal tumors without complication, all while avoiding facial incisions and significant globe retraction. Pathology within the intraconal space provides a unique challenge with regard to treatment due to its sensitive location. The endoscopic endonasal approach to orbital tumors is a viable option with comparable outcomes to open approaches when used in the properly selected patient.
New necessary conditions for (negative) Latin square type partial difference sets in abelian groups

Partial difference sets (for short, PDSs) with parameters ($n^2$, $r(n-\epsilon)$, $\epsilon n+r^2-3\epsilon r$, $r^2-\epsilon r$) are called Latin square type (respectively negative Latin square type) PDSs if $\epsilon=1$ (respectively $\epsilon=-1$). In this paper, we will give restrictions on the parameter $r$ of a (negative) Latin square type partial difference set in an abelian group of non-prime power order. As far as we know no previous general restrictions on $r$ were known. Our restrictions are particularly useful when $a$ is much larger than $b$. As an application, we show that if there exists an abelian negative Latin square type PDS with parameter set $(9p^{4s}, r(3p^{2s}+1),-3p^{2s}+r^2+3r,r^2+r)$, $1 \le r \le \frac{3p^{2s}-1}{2}$, $p\equiv 1 \pmod 4$ a prime number and $s$ is an odd positive integer, then there are at most three possible values for $r$. For two of these three $r$ values, J. Polhill gave constructions in 2009.
Who Is in the Commons: Defining Community, Commons, and Time in Long-Term Natural Resource Management

When we speak of long-term community resource management, it is necessary to qualify our terms. How is the community enacting resource management defined? How are communities practicing collective resource management relate to others in the commons, such as international development organizations and states? How do community practices shift in and out of focus as resource management strategies change over time? The chapter addresses these thematic questions through a series of case studies spanning continents and centuries. To understand participation in community resource management projects, we describe women-focused mangrove reforestation program in Madagascar alongside the management of bison-kin by the Salish and Kootenai on the National Bison Range in the USA. These cases extend the community into relations with state and non-state actors. Such dimension becomes the center of attention in examples from forest conservation in the Congo Basin and step-well water management in colonial India. The practices valued as community resource management today were not always thought well of and may be dismissed in the future. Changing public attitudes toward swidden agriculture is a case in point. Through the temporality of swidden, we conclude that changing attitudes reflect the confrontation between local and metropolitan visions of proper relations between society and environment. What is asked of community resource management is to determine these relationships through the promotion of specific practices, we are mindful who participates in decision-making and what is asked in every encounter.
Effects of hospital-acquired pneumonia on long-term recovery and hospital resource utilization following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury.

Background Individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) have extended inpatient hospital stays that include prolonged mechanical ventilation, increasing risk for infections, including pneumonia. Studies show the negative short-term effects of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) on hospital-based outcomes; however, little is known of its long-term effects. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted. National Trauma Databank and Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems were merged to derive a cohort of 3,717 adults with moderate-to-severe TBI. Exposure data were gathered from the National Trauma Databank, and outcomes were gathered from the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems. The primary outcome was the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E), which was collected at 1, 2, and 5 years postinjury. The GOS-E was categorized as favorable (>5) or unfavorable (≤5) outcomes. A generalized estimating equation model was fitted estimating the effects of HAP on GOS-E over the first 5 years post-TBI, adjusting for age, race, ventilation status, brain injury severity, injury severity score, thoracic Abbreviated Injury Scale score of 3 or greater, mechanism of injury, intraventricular hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Results Individuals with HAP had a 34% (odds ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-1.56) increased odds for unfavorable GOS-E over the first 5 years post-TBI compared with individuals without HAP, after adjustment for covariates. There was a significant interaction between HAP and follow-up, such that the effect of HAP on GOS-E declined over time. Sensitivity analyses that weighted for nonresponse bias and adjusted for differences across trauma facilities did not appreciably change the results. Individuals with HAP spent 10.1 days longer in acute care and 4.8 days longer in inpatient rehabilitation and had less efficient functional improvement during inpatient rehabilitation. Conclusion Individuals with HAP during acute hospitalization have worse long-term prognosis and greater hospital resource utilization. Preventing HAP may be cost-effective and improve long-term recovery for individuals with TBI. Future studies should compare the effectiveness of different prophylaxis methods to prevent HAP. Level of evidence Prospective cohort study, level III.
Author's responses.

A special issue of Studies in History and Philosophy of Science contains articles on the material theory of induction, including the manuscript of the monograph, The Material Theory of Induction. This document contains my responses to the articles and will be published as “Author’s Reponses” in the journal.
Vape-Associated Pulmonary Injury (VAPI) Presenting With a "Miliary" Pattern on Imaging.

Electronic (E)-cigarette use or vaping is associated with pulmonary injury. Users can present with wide-ranging symptoms, varying degrees of pulmonary injury, and respiratory distress. Lung injury secondary to vaping is associated with a variety of patterns on pulmonary imaging. Typical radiographic findings are consistent with bilateral, basilar ground-glass opacities and or consolidation with septal thickening. We present a case of vape-associated pulmonary injury (VAPI) in a previously healthy adult who was found to have atypical radiographic findings. A 34-year-old male presented with a chief complaint of a two-week history of malaise, nausea, cough, and worsening shortness of breath. A chest CT scan without contrast revealed diffuse nodules in a miliary pattern. The patient reported a six-month history of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vape use. Bronchoscopy with cytologic analysis confirmed findings consistent with the VAPI. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a "miliary" pattern of infiltrates and nodules in a patient with VAPI. This pattern on CT imaging led to increased suspicion for other possible etiologies, including tuberculosis. Thus, moving forward, we believe that VAPI needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis if a patient presents with radiographic findings consistent with a miliary or diffuse micronodular pattern.
Abstract P65: Arterial Stiffness Relationship With Periventricular and Deep White Matter Hyperintensities in a Middle-Aged Population

Introduction and hypothesis: Periventricular white matter (PVWM) is perfused by perforators originating from the proximal large caliber cerebral arteries with direct transmission of systemic hemody...
Affordances of Computational Models for English Learners in Science Instruction: Conceptual Foundation and Initial Inquiry

Computational models are increasingly being used in K-12 science classrooms to engage students in developing and testing explanations of phenomena. However, research has only begun to consider whether integrating computational models into science instruction could be particularly beneficial to students from diverse backgrounds, including a fast-growing population of English learners (ELs) in the U.S. context. As this research begins to take shape, we argue for moving beyond the traditional discourse focused on “accommodating” ELs, which de-emphasizes the assets these students bring, and shifting our attention to the distinct affordances that computational models offer for harnessing ELs’ rich meaning-making potential. In this article, we conceptualize the affordances of computational models for ELs in science instruction. Specifically, we highlight evolving theories in the field of language education that undergird the shift from accommodations to affordances with ELs in the science classroom. We then propose affordances of computational models for ELs in relation to three framework components: modalities, registers, and interactions. Finally, we report on an initial inquiry into these affordances using student interview data from a linguistically diverse elementary science classroom. Ultimately, we argue that an affordances perspective could inform research and the design of learning environments that contribute to broadening participation in science learning and refuting deficit-based views of students traditionally underserved in STEM subjects.
Effect of metal-dielectric environments on spontaneous emission and concentration quenching of HITC laser dye

We have studied the effects of planar, lamellar, and random nanostructured metal-dielectric environments on spontaneous emission and energy transfer concentration quenching of HITC laser dye. We found an inhibition of the concentration quenching in vicinity of metal, which was stronger in nanostructured substrates than in plain geometries. It was shown that the same substrates, which boosted spontaneous emission, also inhibited the concentration quenching. The effect is discussed in terms of the Forster radius affected by losses. Work at LLNL was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by LLNL under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344
An AMPK-ULK1-PIKFYVE signaling axis for PtdIns5P-dependent autophagy regulation upon glucose starvation

Glucose deprivation induces macroautophagy/autophagy primarily through AMPK activation. However, little is known about the exact mechanism of this signaling. A recent study from Dr. David C. Rubinsztein's lab showed that ULK1 is activated by AMPK upon glucose starvation, resulting in the phosphorylation of the lipid kinase PIKFYVE on S1548. The activated PIKFYVE consequently enhances the formation of phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate (PtdIns5P)-containing autophagosomes, and therefore drives autophagy upregulation. The novel discovery of how ULK1 regulates the non-canonical autophagy signaling (PtdIns5P-dependent autophagy), not only expands our knowledge of autophagy, but also sheds light on therapeutic strategies for curing human disorders, where glucose-induced starvation can play an important role.
‘Because it's easier to kill that way’: Dehumanizing epithets, militarized subjectivity, and American necropolitics

This article examines the blunt conceptual instrument of dehumanizing American military terms for the enemy in the context of the Vietnam War and the Global War on Terror. I examine language that dehumanizes American service members themselves, who are semiotically framed as expendable. Next, I explore the essentialist, semi-propositional qualities of derogatory epithets for the enemy and the affectively charged, deadly stances they encourage. I examine how generic references to the enemy during training make totalizing claims that risk encompassing civilians in their typifications. And I show that, in the context of war, the instability of derogatory epithets can manifest itself when the servicemember is confronted with the behavioral idiosyncrasies and personal vulnerabilities of actual ‘enemies’ on the ground. The putative folk wisdom found in generic references to the enemy can thus fall apart when confronted with countervailing experience; in such cases, service members may shift stance by renouncing military epithets. (Military language, epithets, slurs, generics, othering, dehumanization, necropolitics)*
Errores algorítmicos. Procesos cognitivos y acciones educativas

In this paper we define the cognitive space of subtraction and place emphasis on procedural control and on the processes that need to be improved by the educa- tional framework for proper acquisition. We describe the theory behind error acquisi- tion. To do this, we consider the analysis of negative transfer processes induced from the educational context. The analysis is inscribed within the intersection between educational theory and cognitive theories of algorithmic learning.
An Improve to Human Computer Interaction, Recovering Data from Databases Through Spoken Natural Language

The fastest and most straightforward way of communication for mankind is the voice. Therefore, the best way to interact with computers should be the voice too. That is why at the moment men are searching new ways to interact with computers. This interaction is improved if the words spoken by the speaker are organized in Natural Language. In this article, it is proposed a model to recover information from databases through queries in Spanish Natural Language using the voice as the way of communication. This model incorporates a Hybrid Intelligent System based on Genetic Algorithmsand a Kohonen Self-Organizing Map (SOM) to recognize the present phonemes in a word through time. This approach allows us to remake up a word with speaker independence. Furthermore, it is proposed the use of a compiler with type 2 grammar according to the Chomsky Hierarchy to support the syntactic and semantic structure in Spanish language. Our experiments suggest that the Spoken Natural Language improves notably the Human-Computer interaction when compared with traditional input methods such as: mouse or keybord.
Footprints, Frontiers, and Empires: Latin American Tourism Development, 1840–1959

This article explores the first era of tourism development in Latin America, focusing on the historical scholarship and methodologies that have best helped us to understand tourisms relationship to the growth and expansion of economic and cultural frontiers that accompanied the evolution of North American empire from the early 1840s until 1959. Recent scholarship makes a strong connection between tourists, economic frontiers, and the establishment of empire in the Caribbean basin and Mexico. This “first frontier” of tourism development coincided with state and private investment, distinguishing it from the later “second frontier” that was noted for technical and financial aid from international aid organizations.
Visual loss from arterial steal in patients with maxillofacial arteriovenous malformation

Abstract Objective To determine whether an arterial “steal” from the ophthalmic artery accounts for the ocular manifestations associated with maxillofacial arteriovenous malformation (AVM) outside the orbit. Design Retrospective noncomparative case series. Participants Seven patients with maxillofacial AVM who had been previously treated, unsuccessfully, with proximal ligation of the supplying external carotid artery branches were evaluated clinically and by superselective cerebral angiography. No cases had intraorbital arteriovenous shunting or abnormal venous drainage to the orbit. Intervention Endovascular embolization. Main outcome measures Signs and symptoms of ocular ischemia were correlated with findings on cerebral/orbital angiography. Results Four of seven patients had signs of ocular ischemia. By selective angiography, these four patients were found to have a significant ophthalmic artery supply to the AVM. In contrast, the three patients without signs of ocular ischemia had minimal or no ophthalmic artery supply to the AVM. Conclusions When the ophthalmic arterial blood supply is recruited, ophthalmic artery “steal” phenomenon occurs in patients with maxillofacial AVMs that do not directly involve the orbit. This mechanism appears to be the cause of ocular ischemia. It is possible that this “steal” is precipitated or worsened by previous surgical proximal ligation of external carotid arterial branches that are potential collaterals with the ophthalmic artery but fail to occlude the arteriovenous (AV) shunts.
Partial characterization of specific cantharidin binding sites in mouse tissues

The mode of action of cantharidin, the natural vesicant of blister beetles, is examined by radioligand binding studies with mouse tissues. [3H]Cantharidin undergoes specific and saturable binding with the liver cytosol, which is characterized as follows: Kd and Bmax values of 30 nM and 1.8 pmol/mg of protein, respectively; linearity with respect to protein concentration; pH optimum of 6.5 to 7.5; association and dissociation half-times of 20 min and 12 hr, respectively; and 50% inhibition by Mg2+ at 70 microM, Ca2+ at 224 microM, pyrophosphate at 27 microM, and nucleotide triphosphates at 52-81 microM. The binding site undergoes a loss of activity at 45 degrees or higher. The toxicological relevance of this specific [3H]cantharidin binding site of mouse liver cytosol is established in three ways. First, the potency of 15 active cantharidin analogs for inhibiting [3H]cantharidin binding is correlated with their acute toxicity to mice (r = 0.829). Second, 26 related compounds that are inactive in inhibiting [3H]cantharidin binding are also of little or no toxicity to mice. Finally, the binding of [3H] cantharidin to liver cytosol from mice poisoned with increasing amounts of unlabeled cantharidin is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. [3H]Cantharidin also specifically binds to cytosol fractions of blood, brain, heart, kidney, lung, pancreas, skin, spleen, and stomach. The characteristics of the specific binding site in brain are very similar to those determined in liver with respect to Kd, Bmax, association/dissociation kinetics, and sensitivity to inhibitors. It therefore appears that the toxicity of cantharidin and related oxabicycloheptanes, including the herbicide endothal, is attributable to binding at a specific site in liver and possibly other tissues.
Los pequeños espacios de libertad: poesía femenina y discurso social

While feminine discourse has traditionally been excluded from the intellectual dialog of the Venezuelan nation, it has enjoyed popular support in a wider social context. A careful study will reveal how female authors of the last sixty years have used those extra-official spaces to open new dialogues about feminine experience. In this process, the authors have discovered that one of the key entries into the stream of national discourse is the publication, dissemination and production of poetry. Social commentary in a feminine voice may flow from such literary spaces. This work will show how the (poetic, journalistic and essay) work of authors such as Enriqueta Arvelo Larriva, Miyo Vestrini, Maria Auxiliadora Alvarez and Yolanda Pantin have opened new discursive spaces in the Venezuelan literary environment that allow for the consideration of the reality and conscience of women.
Abstract 2616: Thioredoxin reductase 1 modulates methylseleninic acid-induced redox status effects in A549 human lung cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Thioredoxin reductase (TR1) is a selenoprotein that is involved in cellular redox status control and deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis. Many cancers, including lung, overexpress TR1, making it a potential cancer therapy target. TR1 is hypothesized to be involved in the mechanism of selenium in cancer etiology. Also of interest is the selenocompound methylseleninic acid (MSA). MSA is a known substrate of TR1 and previous work has shown that TR1 knockdown enhances MSA toxicity and redox status effects in human colon cancer cells compared to those with endogenous TR1 levels. However, it is unknown if TR1 knockdown produces similar effects of MSA in human lung cancer cells. To further elucidate the role of TR1 in the mechanism of MSA in lung cancer, a lentiviral microRNA delivery system to knockdown TR1 expression in A549 adenocarcinoma cells (A549 miR-TR1) was utilized. Redox status after 24 hr MSA treatment was assessed by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and total glutathione (GSH) concentration. Although the toxicity of MSA was not increased in A549 miR-TR1 cells at 24 hrs, changes in redox status parameters were observed. TR1 knockdown alone had no effect on mitochondrial membrane depolarization or ROS, but did increase ROS and mitochondrial membrane depolarization generated by MSA. Total GSH concentration was increased by TR1 knockdown alone, the majority of which was reduced glutathione. MSA decreased total GSH concentration and TR1 knockdown further enhanced this MSA-induced attenuation in total GSH. These results indicate the ability of TR1 to modulate the redox status effects of MSA in human lung cancer cells. Potential use of MSA as a cancer treatment in combination with TR1 inhibitors is also of interest. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2616.
Clinical, etiologic, and histopathologic features of Stevens-Johnson syndrome during an 8-year period at Mayo Clinic

OBJECTIVE To examine clinical, etiologic, and histologic features of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and to identify possible correlates of clinical disease severity related to etiologic and histopathologic findings. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a retrospective review of patients seen at Mayo Clinic between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2007. RESULTS Of 27 patients (mean age, 28.1 years), 22 (81%) had involvement of 2 or more mucous membranes, and 19 (70%) had ocular involvement. Medications, most commonly antibiotics and anticonvulsants, were causative in 20 patients. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection caused 6 of the 27 cases. Corticosteroids were the most common systemic therapy. No patients with mycoplasma-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome had internal organ involvement or required treatment in the intensive care unit, in contrast to 4 patients each in the drug-induced group. Three patients had chronic ocular sequelae, and 1 died of complications. Biopsy specimens from 13 patients (48%) showed epidermal necrosis (8 patients), basal vacuolar change (10 patients), and subepidermal bullae (10 patients). Biopsy specimens from 11 patients displayed moderate or dense dermal infiltrate. Histologic features in drug-induced cases included individual necrotic keratinocytes, dense dermal infiltrate, red blood cell extravasation, pigment incontinence, parakeratosis, and substantial eosinophils or neutrophils. CONCLUSION Our clinical and etiologic findings corroborate those in previous reports. M pneumoniae —induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome manifested less severely than its drug-induced counterpart. The limited number of biopsies precludes unequivocal demonstration of histopathologic differences between drug-induced and M pneumoniae —induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
a New Algorithm for Computing Binary Collisions in Dispersed Two-Phase Flows

We present a new algorithm for computing binary collisions in gas particle flows. The algorithm is more efficient but less accurate than a proactive method, but more accurate than a purely retroactive method. The method is used in conjunction with a large-eddy simulation of a gas particle flow in a square duct.
c-Jun N-terminal Kinase Activation by Hydrogen Peroxide in Endothelial Cells Involves Src-dependent Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Transactivation

Abstract The phenotypic properties of the endothelium are subject to modulation by oxidative stress, and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway is important in mediating cellular responses to stress, although activation of this pathway in endothelial cells has not been fully characterized. Therefore, we exposed endothelial cells to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and observed rapid activation of JNK within 15 min that involved phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun and induction of AP-1 DNA binding activity. Inhibition of protein kinase C and phosphoinositide 3-kinase did not effect JNK activation. In contrast, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein, herbimycin A, and 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP2) significantly attenuated H2O2-induced JNK activation as did endothelial cell adenoviral transfection with a dominant-negative form of Src, implicating Src as an upstream activator of JNK. Activation of JNK by H2O2 was also inhibited by AG1478 and antisense oligonucleotides directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), implicating the EGFR in this process. Consistent with this observation, H2O2stimulated EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation and complex formation with Shc-Grb2 that was abolished by PP2, implicating Src in H2O2-induced EGFR activation. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGFR by H2O2 did not involve receptor autophosphorylation at Tyr1173 as assessed by an autophosphorylation-specific antibody. These data indicate that H2O2-induced JNK activation in endothelial cells involves the EGFR through an Src-dependent pathway that is distinct from EGFR ligand activation. These data represent one potential pathway for mediating oxidative stress-induced phenotypic changes in the endothelium.
Ten Key Texts on Digital Art: 1970-2000

This article highlights ten major written works that reflect the brief history of digital art. The lack of public knowledge on digital art is largely due to a lack of standard text. While seen by most as a relatively new art form, several exhibitions are mentioned here dating from the late 1960s to the early 1970s, all of which have had a major impact on the development of the field. Authors and editors chosen for the list include Gene Youngblood, Jasia Reichardt, Cynthia Goodman, Friedrich Kittler, Michael Benedikt, Minna Tarkka, Peter Weibel, Espen Aarseth, and Ulf Poschardt.