cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colorimetric determination of macrolide antibiotics using ferric ion.

Abstract Macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin, oleandomycin, spiromycin, and tylosin are found to react with Fe3+ in the presence of an acetic acid-sulfuric acid mixture to form a colored product having a useful absorption band at 592 nm. Troleandomycin forms only a weakly colored product upon reaction. The molar absorptivity is about 2900 1 mol−1 cm−1 for erythromycin and the detection limit is 5 μg ml−1. This colorimetric method permits the analysis of fermentation broths containing either erythromycin or tylosin without a separation step.
The exposed germ-free pulp: effects of topical corticosteroid medication and restoration.

Abstract The dental pulps of germ-free and conventional Sprague-Dawley rats were surgically exposed and treated with corticosteroid and obtundent drugs and were either sealed by means of a temporary cement or left exposed to the oral environment. The results showed that, regardless of medication or closure, the pulps of conventional animals degenerated, whereas the pulps of germ-free animals healed uneventfully as substantiated by the formation of a reparative dentine bridge. The application of the steroid formula immediately following pulpal exposure was neither helpful nor harmful.
Not so rare snakes: a revision of the Geophis sieboldi group (Colubridae: Dipsadinae) in lower Central America and Colombia

The Geophis sieboldi species group is composed of 16 currently recognized species distributed from Mexico to Colombia. Within this group, snakes of populations referred to the Geophis brachycephalus complex of lower Central America and Colombia display a remarkable polychromatism and the systematic status of these and other populations is problematic. The present study provides an analysis, including multivariate techniques, of variation in scalation, coloration, relative tail length and hemipenes to clarify the specific allocation of the populations belonging to this clade. Our results confirm the validity of three previously described taxa, namely G. brachycephalus, G. nigroalbus and G. talamancae, with reassignments of several populations previously referred to G. brachycephalus. In addition we recognize as a new species a suite of western Panama Geophis previously of uncertain status. We further provide a review of all other members of the G. sieboldi group in lower Central America and Colombia based on material obtained since the last revision of the group. Basic synonymies, diagnostics and known distributions are included for the treated taxa. Dietary guild, possible venomous coral snake mimicry and distributional anomalies for the group are discussed. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 153, 561–599.
Reproductive Efficiency in Reciprocal Crosses of Arachis duranensis and A. stenosperma with A. hypogaea cv. NC 61

Abstract The wild species germplasm resources of Arachis are potentially valuable for improving disease and insect resistance in A. hypogaea L. Improving cultivars through interspecific hybridization is restricted because of reproductive barriers and/or genetic incompatibility with many Arachis spp. A description of reproductive efficiency in reciprocal crosses between wild and cultivated Arachis species is needed to clarify potentials for germplasm utilization. This study documents reproductive efficiency using the diploid species A. duranensis (K 7988) and A. stenosperma (HLK 410) in reciprocal crosses with A. hypogaea cv. NC 6. A significant parental effect was observed among crosses and NC 6 was more successful when used as the female parent. Differences in total reproductive efficiency were not observed between the two wild diploid species. However, when A. duranensis was used as a female parent embryos aborted at a high frequency. In contrast, the reduced efficiency observed with A. stenosperma was ...
Computer integrated manufacturing for plastic parts

Productivity gains from a CAD/CAM system through integration with other factory automation systems have shown tremendous benefits for the plastics industry. For successful utilization of CAD/CAM systems, companies have to maximize the use of electronic data base and communication with other systems. General Electric, through its Calma operation, is aggressively addressing these integration opportunities in the plastics industry. The importance of the Computer Integrated Manufacturing system along with design and engineering tools available for increased productivity, are described in this paper.
Integrating objective and subjective hazard risk in decision-aiding system design

Abstract A generalized model is presented to incorporate objective (hard) and subjective (soft) hazard information in automated decision-aiding systems. The model may be used with more than one hazard, of more than one type, in a given problem. Uncertainties in state measurements, dynamics, hazard extent, and hazard severity are included, as is the consideration of the fact that different operators may have different concepts of what is an acceptable or unacceptable risk. By examining the tradeoffs created by these uncertainties, appropriate decision thresholds can be selected. Using an aviation case study, information gained from observation of aircraft behavior in the presence of weather was used to develop a model of weather as a soft hazard. This information can then be used in a decision aid to provide feedback on route acceptability.
Health care utilisation in patients with non-cardiac chest pain: A longitudinal analysis of chest pain, anxiety and interoceptive fear

Chest pain can be a frightening experience that leads many to seek medical evaluation. The symptom results in costly health care utilisation. Over half of patients referred for cardiac evaluations ...
Kinetics of cardiac myosin isoforms in mouse myocardium are affected differently by presence of myosin binding protein-C

We tested whether cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) affects myosin cross-bridge kinetics in the two cardiac myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms. Mice lacking cMyBP-C (t/t) and transgenic controls $$( {\text{WT}}^{\text{t/t}} )$$ were fed l-thyroxine (T4) to induce 90/10 % expression of α/β-MyHC. Non-transgenic (NTG) and t/t mice were fed 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) to induce 100 % expression of β-MyHC. Ca2+-activated, chemically-skinned myocardium underwent length perturbation analysis with varying [MgATP] to estimate the MgADP release rate $$\left( {k_{ - ADP} } \right)$$ and MgATP binding rate $$\left( {k_{ + ATP} } \right)$$ . Values for $$k_{ - ADP}$$ were not significantly different between $${\text{t/t}}_{\text{T4}}$$ (102.2 ± 7.0 s−1) and $${\text{WT}}^{\text{t/t}}_{\text{T4}}$$ (91.3 ± 8.9 s−1), but $$k_{ + ATP}$$ was lower in $${\text{t/t}}_{\text{T4}}$$ (165.9 ± 12.5 mM−1 s−1) compared to $${\text{WT}}^{\text{t/t}}_{\text{T4}}$$ (298.6 ± 15.7 mM−1 s−1, P < 0.01). In myocardium expressing β-MyHC, values for $$k_{ - ADP}$$ were higher in $${\text{t/t}}_{\text{PTU}}$$ (24.8 ± 1.0 s−1) compared to $${\text{NTG}}_{\text{PTU}}$$ (15.6 ± 1.3 s−1, P < 0.01), and $$k_{ + ATP}$$ was not different. At saturating [MgATP], myosin detachment rate approximates $$k_{ - ADP}$$ , and detachment rate decreased as sarcomere length (SL) was increased in both $${\text{t/t}}_{\text{T4}}$$ and $${\text{WT}}^{\text{t/t}}_{\text{T4}}$$ with similar sensitivities to SL. In myocardium expressing β-MyHC, detachment rate decreased more as SL increased in $${\text{t/t}}_{\text{PTU}}$$ (21.5 ± 1.3 s−1 at 2.2 μm and 13.3 ± 0.9 s−1 at 3.3 μm) compared to $${\text{NTG}}_{\text{PTU}}$$ (15.8 ± 0.3 s−1 at 2.2 μm and 10.9 ± 0.3 s−1 at 3.3 μm) as detected by repeated-measures ANOVA (P < 0.01). These findings suggest that cMyBP-C reduces MgADP release rate for β-MyHC, but not for α-MyHC, even as the number of cMyBP-C that overlap with the thin filament is reduced to zero. Therefore, cMyBP-C appears to affect β-MyHC kinetics independent of its interaction with the thin filament.
Molecular structure of cellulose and starch

From the results of initial acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose, and from certain data in the literature it is concluded that (1) native cellulose possesses an indefinitely high molecular weight; (2) as a consequence of common procedure adhered to by most investigators, native cellulose is unintentionally degraded to about DP 3000; (3) mild, initial acidic degradation, intentional or accidental, causes further decrease in the DP values down to the probable limiting value of 128 or 256, with complete loss of the tensile strength of the cellulose fiber; and (4) the few covalent bonds (about 0.3%) which become cleaved during these mild reactions are equally spaced, acid-sensitive, and entirely different from the regular 1,4-glycosidic bonds which are responsible for the random hydrolysis of cellulose in strongly acidic media. It is suggested that these acid-sensitive linkages represent hemiacetal or acetal bonds which originate from openchain glucose anhydride residues of “limit hydrocellulose” units and connect the latter along the a and b axes of the fiber. The length of the “limit hydrocellulose” is supposed to correspond to that of 27 = 128 glucose anhydride residues—that is, 660 A., or twice these figures. Extension of this concept to starch leads to the postulate of a three-dimensional network of glucose anhydride units of indefinite number. The latter are held together by regular 1,4-α-glucopyranosidic bonds and, at short intervals, probably by acetal bonds of open-chain glucose anhydride residues. On mild, acid-catalyzed hy-drolysis these acid-sensitive linkages rupture rapidly and completely, giving rise to a material which consists of linear molecules only, containing 1,4-, 1,6-, and possibly 1,3-, glycosidic bonds between two adjacent glucose anhydride residues.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN SPATIAL LOCALIZATION OF THE SELF.

In 1935, Horowitz ( 2 ) studied the problem of spatial localization of the self by asking 45 male Ss in elementary psychology: "If yo11 had to locate yourself at some point e~ther within or external to yoilr body proper, some one point that 'is you,' where would chat point or area be?" His published results included analyses of the data obtained by combining first and later choices. In connection with another sntdy, similar data were collected from male and female Ss. This new sample affords an opportunity to compare localizations of college snldents 30 years later and to compare localizations of the self by males and females. Ss were 52 male college students and 37 fernale students in classes in introductory psychology. Each was given Horowitz's question, mimeographed on a sheet of paper. S was, however, restricted to a single response. In Horowitz's study, 5 5 % of the responses could be classified as "head" responses. In the present study, 54% of the males and 49% of the females gave responses to the question that pertain to the "head" area (brain, face, behind the eyes, etc.). A test of the difference beween uncorrelated proportions resulted in an insignificant value of z ( p > .05). Thus, an equal proportion of males and females localized the self in the head area, and these Ss do not differ from Horowitz's Ss. Responses of the chest area (heart, chest, lungs) were also tabulated. 16% of Horowitz's Ss localized the self in the chest region of the body, while 13% of our males and 359% of olir females gave responses in this body region. In a test of the difference becween proportions between males and females, z = 2.46 ( p = .01, two-tailed test). Our male Ss do not seem to differ appreciably from Horowltz's all-male sample. 'LVhile female Ss give approximately the same proportion of "head" responses as do males, a significantly larger proportion of female Ss localize the self in the chest and body area than do males. This may be related to the greater extent of body narcissism imputed to the female ( 1 , p. 85) .
Belching: dyspepsia or gastroesophageal reflux disease?

Abstract Objectives Eructation (belching) is a common symptom seen in clinical practice. Because either belching or heartburn may result from transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations, it has been proposed that belching may be a manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In this retrospective study we evaluated the prevalence of belching in dyspepsia and GERD and the relation of belching to acid reflux events documented by pH monitoring. Methods We examined the prevalence, frequency, and severity of belching and other GERD symptoms by use of standardized questionnaires in 180 GERD patients (group A) and 78 dyspeptic controls (group B) referred for evaluation at our institution. GERD was defined as either endoscopic esophagitis (or Barrett's esophagus) or positive DeMeester score (>14.2) on pH monitoring or both. Dyspeptic patients had normal endoscopy and pH studies. We also analyzed the relationship of belching to acid reflux events during the 24-h period of pH studies. Results Of 180 GERD patients, 132 (70%) reported belching during pH monitoring, versus 63 of 78 dyspeptic patients (80%) ( p = ns). Similarly, 163 of 180 GERD patients (90%) reported heartburn versus 64 of 78 of dyspeptic patients (82%) ( p = ns). Review of symptom questionnaires revealed no significant difference in belching severity between groups. However, heartburn and acid regurgitation were significantly more severe among GERD patients. There was a significantly higher correlation of both heartburn and belching with acid events in patients with GERD compared with patients with dyspepsia. In addition, although both belching and heartburn were significantly improved in patients with GERD, belching scores remained unchanged after proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy in patients with dyspepsia. Conclusions Belching is as common and as severe in patients with dyspepsia as it is in patients with GERD. Belching and heartburn in GERD patients are more likely correlated with episodes of pathological acid reflux. Because belching cannot be clinically used as a discriminatory symptom, ambulatory pH monitoring should be considered to elucidate the relationship of belching to acid reflux in patients with dyspepsia or GERD.
The role of routine angioscopy in vascular access surgery.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this retrospective study is to describe our techniques, review our experience, and determine the feasibility, safety, and role of the routine use of angioscopy during primary and revision vascular access surgery. METHODS: Between February 1991 and October 1993, intraoperative angioscopy was routinely performed in 84 consecutive operations (51 patients) for vascular access surgery. We reviewed the videotaped recordings of the angioscopic studies together with the clinical data according to a predetermined protocol. RESULTS: There were 43 primary procedures (36 autogenous arteriovenous fistulas and 7 bridge graft fistulas) and 41 revision procedures for failed vascular access (7 autogenous arteriovenous fistulas and 34 graft bridge fistulas). In 20.9% of the primary vascular access procedures, abnormal endoluminal findings were noted. Based on these findings, only one additional intervention was performed. In revision vascular access surgery, abnormal endoluminal findings were noted in 92.7%, resulting in additional surgical interventions in 65.9% of the procedures. In the revised synthetic bridge graft fistulas, stenosis of the midgraft (n = 9) as a result of needle insertion for dialysis was more common than at venous anastomosis (n = 4). Detection and correction of endoluminal abnormalities resulted in a 30-day patency of 66.6% as opposed to 33.3% when none was detected (p < or = 0.012, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSIONS: Routine angioscopy is technically feasible and can be performed safely in anuric patients during vascular access surgery. It provides additional and useful intraoperative information that may significantly alter the surgical procedure. Routine angioscopy may also provide new insights into the pathophysiology of vascular access failure.
Long-term urinary catheter users self-care practices and problems.

Aims The aims were to characterize a sample of 202 adult community-living long-term indwelling urinary catheter users, to describe self-care practices and catheter problems, and to explore relationships among demographics, catheter practices, and problems.
Identification of immunogenic epitopes of GAD 65 presented by Ag7 in non-obese diabetic mice.

The autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD 65) is believed to be an important target antigen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), since an age-related spontaneous breakdown in tolerance is observed, and cell-mediated and autoantibody immune responses have been reported in humans and NOD mice. We sought to identify immunogenic epitopes of GAD 65 which are presented to T cells by the type I diabetes susceptibility allele (A g7 ), using overlapping 15-mer synthetic peptides spanning the entire sequence of this protein. Four epitopes (p206 – 220, p221 – 235, p286 – 300, p571 – 585) were identified by screening a panel of T-cell hybridomas generated from GAD 65-immunized NOD mice. These immunogenic epitopes are unrelated to the previously described T-cell epitopes of GAD 65 reported in NOD mice. Of the GAD 65 amino acid sequence, 206 – 220 and 221 – 235 are the two most dominant T-cell epitopes identified in this study. Sixty-three percent and 25% of GAD 65-responding T cell hybridomas react to p206 – 220 and p221 – 235, respectively. The remaining two peptides (p286 – 300, p571 – 585) are less dominant T-cell responses. The identification of the whole spectrum of GAD 65 Ag7 epitopes should further the investigation of the role of this autoantigen in the pathogenesis of IDDM.
On Brave Old Army Team: The Cheating Scandal that Rocked the Nation: West Point, 1951

Discusses the history of Army football and the atmosphere at West Point preceding the events of August, 1951, when eighty-three cadets were expelled for cheating.
Characterization of size‐exclusion effects in highly swollen hydrogels: Correlation and prediction

The literature provides several size-exclusion theories to predict solute exclusion by highly swollen hydrogels. Theoretical calculations are compared to the experimental data of Walther et al. (1993) for partitioning of poly(ethylene glycol)s and poly(ethylene oxide)s of various molecular weight into hydrogels made of poly-N-isopropylacrylamide or poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate. Experimental size-exclusion curves can be correlated almost equally well by theories which characterize the gel as a collection of pores or of fibers; differences between these two theories are important only for partition coefficients near zero or unity. The experimental data of Walther et al. can be predicted best by Schnitzer's uniform pore model. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The reality of malingered PTSD among veterans: Reply to McNally and Frueh (2012)†

In this reply to McNally and Frueh (2012), we offer some additional insight into the studies they use to support their argument that we should be worried about malingering among veterans. We also describe other research on the disability system of the Department of Veterans Affairs and compensation-seeking behavior that challenges their conclusions.
THE PRECARIOUS PRESENT: Wageless Labor and Disrupted Life in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

This article explores the relationship between precarity as a labor condition and precarity as an ontological experience in the lives of urban poor in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The focus is on a garbage dump on the outskirts of the city where thousands of Rio’s poor, known as catadores, reclaim recyclables for a living. Attending to cyclic moments in which these workers leave the dump for other jobs and then return, I explore how everyday emergencies in Rio’s periphery often clash with the rigid conditions of regular, wage-labor employment. These comings and goings of catadores result from a tension between the desire for “real” work and the desire for what I describe as relational autonomy, made possible by the conditions of wageless work. The article considers how specific histories and experiences of capitalism in the global South differentially shape the articulation of precarious labor with precarious life. I conclude by suggesting that the returns of catadores to the dump do not signal an end for Rio’s poor, but rather constitute a politics of detachment that enables life to be lived in fragile times.
Hydrogen peroxide as a source of molecular oxygen for in vitro mammalian CNS preparations.

Using an isolated neonatal rat spinal cord preparation, we have studied the ability of hydrogen peroxide to act as a source of oxygen for mammalian central nervous system (CNS) maintained in vitro. We report here that hydrogen peroxide, in low concentrations (0.001–0.004%), can effectively provide the only source, or act as a supplementary source of oxygen. This is brought about via the intracellular enzyme catalase which catalyzes the conversion of H2O2 into molecular oxygen and water.
Sources of interplanetary shocks

Abstract The sources of interplanetary shocks are reviewed from the standpoint of today's knowledge. Recent progress from both new and accumulated observations and models indicates that contributions from the two major sources of the shocks: CMEs and stream interactions, have distinctive radial, latitudinal and temporal dependencies. The need for global statistical surveys over several solar cycles, and models that take into account the complexity of the solar wind, is apparent from this current perspective.
Host ploidy, parasitism and immune defence in a coevolutionary snail-trematode system.

We studied the role of host ploidy and parasite exposure on immune defence allocation in a snail–trematode system (Potamopyrgus antipodarum-Microphallus sp.). In the field, haemocyte (the defence cell) concentration was lowest in deep-water habitats where infection is relatively low and highest in shallow-water habitats where infection is common. Because the frequency of asexual triploid snails is positively correlated with depth, we also experimentally studied the role of ploidy by exposing both diploid sexual and triploid asexual snails to Microphallus eggs. We found that triploid snails had lower haemocyte concentrations than did diploids in both parasite-addition and parasite-free treatments. We also found that both triploids and diploids increased their numbers of large granular haemocytes at similar rates after parasite exposure. Because triploid P. antipodarum have been shown to be more resistant to allopatric parasites than diploids, the current results suggest that the increased resistance of triploids is because of intrinsic genetic properties rather than to greater allocation to defence cells. This finding is consistent with recent theory on the advantages of increased ploidy for hosts combating coevolving parasites.
Collective waves or diffraction waves in CdS

Abstract The question of whether the pulses attributed to second sound can also be attributed to a diffraction effect is analyzed. The diffraction-wave hypothesis is shown to have fundamental as well as practical shortcomings, making it an unsuitable alternative explanation.
Soil moisture in a regional climate model: simulation and projection

Regional climate simulations driven by three sets of initial and lateral boundary conditions—analyzed observations, GCM control climate, and GCM enhanced greenhouse-gas scenario climate—are used to assess model accuracy in predicting soil moisture and to examine changes in soil moisture in the scenario climate. Simulated soil moisture does not show noticeable drift during the 10-year simulations. Observed and simulated soil moisture for Illinois and Iowa correspond reasonably well for the top 10 cm soil layer but a consistent low bias is present in the top 1 m. Growing season depletion of soil water is simulated well but recharge after growing season is slower than observed, at least in part due to underprediction of precipitation in autumn. This suggests that improvements in simulating soil moisture depend greatly on improvements in simulating precipitation. The climate change scenario produces drier soil in the top 10 cm during winter but wetter top soil in warm seasons because of greater precipitation, while top l m soil is wetter in all seasons.
Testing a Mnemonic on Response Skills during Simulated Codes

Abstract Background Baccalaureate nursing students rarely have the opportunity to practice emergency response skills. Simulation gives students the ability to practice emergency procedures in an environment that is safe. Method Nursing students' skills accuracy and confidence ratings were assessed before and after an instructional module that incorporated a mnemonic, named ABCD-COPIME, to improve emergency response techniques to a simulated code blue scenario. Seven nursing students completed 7 trials of responding to a code blue simulation. After each trial, skill accuracy was assessed with a skills checklist, and after Trials 1, 4, and 7, each student's confidence was measured by self-report. A 20-minute intervention introducing the ABCD-COPIME mnemonic was inserted after Trial 3. Results Both skills accuracy and self-reported confidence ratings significantly increased after introduction of the mnemonic (95% improvement in mean skills accuracy scores). Furthermore, analyses revealed that these changes were not due to practice effects. Conclusion This study supports the accumulating body of evidence that suggests that simulated training exercises are important for improving skills and confidence in responding to emergency situations. Moreover, results suggest that the ABCD-COPIME mnemonic training technique substantially improves both the skills accuracy of students and their self-reported confidence when responding to a code blue simulation.
Controlled delivery of ropinirole hydrochloride through skin using modulated iontophoresis and microneedles

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of modulated current application using iontophoresis- and microneedle-mediated delivery on transdermal permeation of ropinirole hydrochloride. AdminPatch® microneedles and microchannels formed by them were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, dye staining and confocal microscopy. In vitro permeation studies were carried out using Franz diffusion cells, and skin extraction was used to quantify drug in underlying skin. Effect of microneedle pore density and ions in donor formulation was studied. Active enhancement techniques, continuous iontophoresis (74.13 ± 2.20 µg/cm2) and microneedles (66.97 ± 10.39 µg/cm2), significantly increased the permeation of drug with respect to passive delivery (8.25 ± 2.41 µg/cm2). Modulated iontophoresis could control the amount of drug delivered at a given time point with the highest flux being 5.12 ± 1.70 µg/cm2/h (5–7 h) and 5.99 ± 0.81 µg/cm2/h (20–22 h). Combination of modulated iontophoresis and...
Expanding the phenotype of fragile X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome: A new female case

We report an original case of fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome in a female carrier, who had been misdiagnosed for years because of unusual features mimicking other movement or cerebrovascular disorders. She exhibited features that have not been previously described, including voice and head tremor as well as spasmodic laryngeal dystonia. Brain MRI showed widespread leukoencephalopathy reminiscent of vascular encephalopathy, exemplifying the diversity of MRI abnormalities that could be associated with the condition. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Robust Decentralized Virtual Coordinate Systems in Adversarial Environments

Virtual coordinate systems provide an accurate and efficient service that allows hosts on the Internet to determine the latency to arbitrary hosts without actively monitoring all of the nodes in the network. Many of the proposed systems were designed with the assumption that all of the nodes are altruistic. However, this assumption may be violated by compromised nodes acting maliciously to degrade the accuracy of the coordinate system. As numerous peer-to-peer applications come to rely on virtual coordinate systems to achieve good performance, it is critical to address the security of such systems.In this work, we demonstrate the vulnerability of decentralized virtual coordinate systems to insider (or Byzantine) attacks. We propose techniques to make the coordinate assignment robust to malicious attackers without increasing the communication cost. We use both spatial and temporal correlations to perform context-sensitive outlier analysis to reject malicious updates and prevent unnecessary and erroneous adaptations. We demonstrate the attacks and mitigation techniques in the context of a well-known virtual coordinate system using simulations based on three representative, real-life Internet topologies of hosts and corresponding Round Trip Times (RTT). We show the effects of the attacks and the utility of the mitigation techniques on the virtual coordinate system as seen by higher-level applications, elucidating the utility of deploying robust virtual coordinate systems as network services.
The Metalanguage of Translation.

The Metalanguage of Translation, sections of which contain materials originally published in volume nineteen of the international translation studies journal, Target (2007), presents a compilation of eleven position articles, written by eleven contributors who draw attention to the often diametric variations between the practice and conceptualization of translation studies and the language we use to describe it. This volume provides a multiplicity of metalinguistic topics covering everything from terminology and bibliography to epistemology and localization.
A model describing the two-dimensional calendering of finite width sheets

Abstract A model that describes the two-dimensional flow of power-law fluids during calendering of finite sheets is presented. Unlike the one-dimensional calendering model in which the sidewise flow is neglected, the model presented in this work takes into account both lengthwise and sidewise flow. The lubrication approximations are used to simplify the equations of motion. The model is characterized by a free moving boundary at the sheet side edge. This free moving boundary was determined by assuming a zero velocity component for the sheet in the direction normal to the sheet side edge. This condition allows one to locate the position of the sheet side edge and thus to describe the sheet shape. The partial differential equations describing the model were solved by using the finite element method. Results obtained from the model showed that the sidewise flow, and the pressure field are a function of the system dimensions such as roll radius ( R ), gap between rolls ( H 0 ), sheet initial width and thickness ( W 0 and H F , respectively) and the rheology of the material. Results were expressed by a dimensionless parameter, named sheet spread and defined as the ratio between the final and initial width of the sheet ( W / W 0 ), which is a function of different geometrical ratios such as R / H 0 , W 0 / H 0 and H F / H 0 and the rheology of the material, specifically the flow index n . Results of the model were validated by measuring the width increase of a calendered polymeric material over a range of feed thickness, widths, gaps, roll speeds, on two sheeters of different radius. Fairly good results were obtained when the model results were compared with experimental data.
Continuous UV lasers

Continuous noble gas ion laser action is reported at eighteen wavelengths in the near UV and violet. All but one of these lines were previously reported in pulsed operation. Detailed results on gain and power output are presented for eight strong lines, including four previously reported CW by others.
Wormhole Initial Conditions

Initial conditions for the source-free Einstein equations are exhibited which represent, in a singularity-free manner on a manifold with the topology of Wheeler's "wormhole," two neutral objects of equal positive masses instantaneously at rest.
Psycho-Existential Distress and Problem Behaviors: Gender, Subsample, and Longitudinal Tests'

Results from cross-sectional (602 college students) and longitudinal (545 community women) samples from New England converged to show multiple corroboration for a hierarchical factor model of Problem Behavior linking psycho-existential distress with alcohol temptations and use, drug use, and AlDS-risk behavior. The higher order factor model showed no significant gender differences for parameter estimates across cross-sectional subsamples of 401 female and 20! male college students, and it showed only minor differences (three factor loadings) across longitudinal subsamples of 321 wider community and 224 continuing-education women. Several longitudinal tests demonstrated strong evidence for stability of the higher order factor of Problem Behavior and of each of the four primary factors across a 1-year period, and demonstrated some support for psycho-existential distress preceding the remaining problem behaviors.
The Tale of the Hidden Shaft

ABSTRACTThe paper addresses the combination of two or more volumetric machines (pump/motor) connected by a shaft without any external links, defined here by as CSU (Cross Shaft Unit). In the first part, the CSUs are classified in three groups (Type A, B and C) to discuss their general characteristics and field of application. In the second part, the focus is put on the Type C units, i.e. the so called rotational regenerative units, by analyzing their steady state and dynamic performance in a simulation environment to demonstrate the use of a model of the pump/motor losses and a tentative control system.
Circulating Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 and the Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Background Increased concentrations of circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) have been associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease. The association between FGF-23 and the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), a common arrhythmia, is less defined. Thus, we explored whether FGF-23 concentration was associated with AF incidence in a large community-based cohort. Methods and Results We studied 12 349 men and women enrolled in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, without prevalent AF at baseline in 1990–1992. Serum intact FGF-23 concentration was measured with the Kainos 2-site ELISA. Incident AF through 2010 was ascertained from study ECGs and hospital discharge codes. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for potential confounding factors, including kidney function, were used to estimate the association between FGF-23 and AF risk. We identified 1572 AF events during a mean follow-up of 17 years. In multivariable analysis, a difference of 1 SD (16 pg/mL) in baseline FGF-23 was not associated with the risk of AF (hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99, 1.09). Results were similar when FGF-23 was modeled in quartiles (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.94, 1.26, comparing extreme quartiles). Reduced kidney function was associated with increased AF risk across quartiles of FGF-23 levels. Conclusion In this large community-based cohort, baseline FGF-23 levels were not associated with AF risk independently of kidney function. Our results do not support a major role for FGF-23 as a risk factor for AF or as a mediator of the association between chronic kidney disease and AF.
Simulation of the oxygen distribution in brain tissue perfused with fluorocarbons.

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon chains that are substituted with fluorine atoms. This class of substances has a high solubility for respiratory gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. Due to their apolar structure, PFCs are immiscible in water, but stable emulsions of PFCs can be prepared by addition of surfactants.
Video on the Social Robot Toolkit

The video presents the Social Robot toolkit, a new tangible interface for teaching pre-school children how to program social robots. \ The social robot toolkit that extends common approaches along three dimensions. (i) We propose a tangible programming approach that is suitable for young children with reusable vinyl stickers to represent rules for the robot to perform. (ii) We make use of social robots that are designed to interact directly with children. (iii) We focus the programming tasks and activities around social interaction. In other words, children teach an expressive relational robot how to socially interact by showing it a tangible sticker rulebook that they create. To explore various activities and interactions, we teleoperated the robot's sensors. We present qualitative analysis of children's engagement in and uses of the social robot toolkit and show that they learn to create new rules, explore complex computational concepts, and internalize the mechanism with which robots can be programmed.
Sustained delivery of timolol maleate from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/poly(lactic acid) microspheres for over 3 months

It is estimated that 2.2 million people have glaucoma in the US and 67 million people worldwide. The majority of cases are associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and decreasing IOP eli...
In vivo characterization of the GPI assembly defect in yeast mcd4-174 mutants and bypass of the Mcd4p-dependent step in mcd4Δ cells

Yeast mcd4-174 mutants are blocked in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring of protein, but the stage at which GPI biosynthesis is interrupted in vivo has not been identified, and Mcd4p has also been implicated in phosphatidylserine and ATP transport. We report that the major GPI that accumulates in mcd4-174 in vivo is Man2-GlcN-(acyl-Ins)PI, consistent with proposals that Mcd4p adds phosphoethanolamine to the first mannose of yeast GPI precursors. Mcd4p-dependent modification of GPIs can partially be bypassed in the mcd4-174/gpi11 double mutant and in mcd4Δ; mutants by high-level expression of PIG-B and GPI10, which respectively encode the human and yeast mannosyltransferases that add the third mannose of the GPI precursor. Rescue of mcd4Δ; by GPI10 indicates that Mcd4p-dependent addition of EthN-P to the first mannose of GPIs is not obligatory for transfer of the third mannose by Gpi10p.
Inverse Boundary Conditioning of Microsystems Through Fuzzy System Identification

The influence of geometrical variations, fabrication methods, fabrication process parameters and operational environment on the elastic behavior of microsystems is very important to be studied through the application of the concept of boundary conditioning. Considering the nature of complications at the microlevel, it may not be possible to predict the dynamic behavior under the influence of many boundary conditioning parameters and it may be necessary to develop the system from a priori knowledge. Hence, fuzzy clustering technique is applied to microsystems in this section. For simplicity, SISO (single input and single output) modeling is considered just to demonstrate the application of fuzzy system identification to model the inverse boundary conditioning in microsystems. The boundary conditioning of the MEMS plate type structure is considered for the present modeling. The input antecedent is the rotational stiffness at the stepped-up ends and the consequent is the first natural frequency. For the case of inverse modeling, the reasoning of Generalized Modus Tollens was used along with Mamdani reasoning (Min-Max). Using GMT reasoning and the knowledge base, it was possible to predict the rotational stiffness required for a given natural frequency. The paper presents both model and predicted values. The comparison shows a good agreement. The paper also presents an example to demonstrate the principle. The example presented validates the use of fuzzy clustering with Mamdani inference mechanism for GMT reasoning.
Microglia as mediators of inflammatory and degenerative diseases.

▪ Abstract Microglia are the principal immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and have a critical role in host defense against invading microorganisms and neoplastic cells. However, as with immune cells in other organs, microglia may play a dual role, amplifying the effects of inflammation and mediating cellular degeneration as well as protecting the CNS. In entities like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of the nervous system, microglia are also critical to viral persistence. In this review we discuss the role of microglia in three diseases in which their activity is at least partially deleterious: HIV, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.
Extending image retrieval with group-oriented interface

ImageGrouper is a new user interface for digital image search and organization. It is group-oriented in that image search, annotation and organizing are done by grouping images on the workspace. This enables faster and flexible text annotation on a large number of images as well as effective image organization. In addition, this interface improves and extends content-based image retrieval (CBIR) as well. First, finding good combinations of query examples is essential for successful retrieval. The query-by-groups concept allows the user to try different combinations of query examples quickly and easily. Second, because of semantic gap between the user's concept and extracted visual features, it may be difficult to represent the user's request by only one class of query examples. We propose a new feature-weighting scheme where the user's request can be expressed in multiple positive classes.
Modification of leukocyte adhesion in spontaneously hypertensive rats by adrenal corticosteroids

Leukocyte adhesion is a key factor in the pathogenesis of organ injury following a variety of stimuli. In this study we have addressed the role of leukocyte adhesion in hypertensives as a risk factor for organ injury. In the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), the number of circulating leukocytes and their level of activation are significantly increased compared with its normotensive control, the Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY). We have demonstrated that elevated levels of glucocorticoid in SHR suppress P-selectin-mediated leukocyte-endothelial interaction in the microcirculation. It is possible that the disturbance in leukocyte-endothelial interactions may result in an elevated number of leukocytes in the circulation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the contribution of the adrenal glands to the disturbance in leukocyte behavior in SHR by subjecting the animals to bilateral adrenalectomy and investigating the effect of hydrocortisone. In addition, we have studied by immunohistochemistry the expression of the endothelial adhesion molecule, P-selectin, in response to histamine in the mesenteric venules of normal and adrenalectomized SHR and WKY. The elevated blood pressure, above-normal leukocyte counts, and elevated number of activated neutrophils (nitroblue tetrazolium test) in SHR were blunted after adrenalectomy. The blunted histamine-induced leukocyte-endothelial interaction in the mesenteric venules of SHR was restored after adrenalectomy. Treatment with hydrocortisone significantly attenuated the elevated leukocyte adhesion in the adrenalectomized SHR as well as in WKY. The suppressed P-selectin expression in SHR mesentery was restored after adrenalectomy. In conclusion, the subnormal leukocyte-endothelial interaction in response to an inflammatory stimulation in SHR is abolished after adrenalectomy, suggesting a relationship between the altered leukocyte adhesiveness and the adrenal corticosteroids in hypertensives.
Population Stratification in the Candidate Gene Study: Fatal Threat or Red Herring?

Advances in molecular genetics have provided behavioral scientists with a means of investigating the influence of genetic factors on human behavior. Unfortunately, recent candidate gene studies have produced inconsistent results, and a frequent scapegoat for the lack of replication across studies is the threat of population stratification. This review of the literature on population stratification suggests that the threat may be a red herring. Reliable findings will require improved specification and measurement of the behavioral phenotypes in question, a renewed focus on internal validity, and the specification and testing of genetic factors in the context of longitudinal multivariate models. In this respect, behavioral scientists are well suited to investigating genetic factors that influence psychological mechanisms.
CALIBRATING A MOLECULAR CLOCK FROM PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC DATA: MOMENTS AND LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATORS

We present moments and likelihood methods that estimate a DNA substitution rate from a group of closely related sister species pairs separated at an assumed time, and we test these methods with simulations. The methods also estimate ancestral population size and can test whether there is a significant difference among the ancestral population sizes of the sister species pairs. Estimates presented in the literature often ignore the ancestral coalescent prior to speciation and therefore should be biased upward. The simulations show that both methods yield accurate estimates given sample sizes of five or more species pairs and that better likelihood estimates are obtained if there is no significant difference among ancestral population sizes. The model presented here indicates that the larger than expected variation found in multitaxa datasets can be explained by variation in the ancestral coalescence and the Poisson mutation process. In this context, observed variation can often be accounted for by variation in ancestral population sizes rather than invoking variation in other parameters, such as divergence time or mutation rate. The methods are applied to data from two groups of species pairs (sea urchins and Alpheus snapping shrimp) that are thought to have separated by the rise of Panama three million years ago.
Agadirius trojani gen. et sp. nov.: a new owlfly (Neuroptera: Ascalaphidae) from Morocco

A new owlfly, Agadirius trojani gen. et sp. nov., (Ascalaphidae: Ascalaphinae), is described from the Anti–AtlasMountains, Morocco. The habitus is unmistakable and differs from all other owlflies, but shares some superficial featureswith the genus Puer Lefebvre, 1842. Agadirius gen. nov., belongs to the subfamily Ascalaphinae (split eyed owlflies) and has genitalia consistent with the tribe Ascalaphini as defined by Tjeder and Hansson (1992).
Live demonstration: A smart homecage system with behavior analysis and closed-loop optogenetic stimulation capacibilities

In this live demonstration, we present a smart homecage system, called the Enercage-HC, with closed-loop wireless power transmission, wireless communication, and automated tracking and behavior recognition capabilities. Wireless power is delivered in near-field at 13.56 MHz in the FCC-approved ISM-band through an array of coils designed to provide the entire homecage with homogeneous magnetic field. Bidirectional data transmission is accomplished at 2.4 GHz via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for communication with sensors and stimulators attached to or implanted in the animal body. A dual-mode 2D/3D imaging system based on Microsoft Kinect® is used for animal subject tracking and behavioral analysis.
Signal transduction and regulation of lung endothelial cell permeability. Interaction between calcium and cAMP

Pulmonary endothelium forms a semiselective barrier that regulates fluid balance and leukocyte trafficking. During the course of lung inflammation, neurohumoral mediators and oxidants act on endoth...