cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overall burden and characteristics of COVID-19 in the United States during 2020

Summary The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted health systems and economies throughout the world during 2020 and was particularly devastating for the United States. Many of epidemiological features that produced observed rates of morbidity and mortality have not been thoroughly assessed. Here we use a data-driven model-inference approach to simulate the pandemic at county-scale in the United States during 2020 and estimate critical, time-varying epidemiological properties underpinning the dynamics of the virus. The pandemic in the US during 2020 was characterized by an overall ascertainment rate of 21.6% (95% credible interval (CI):18.9 – 25.5%). Population susceptibility at year’s end was 68.8% (63.4 – 75.3%), indicating roughly one third of the US population had been infected. Community infectious rates, the percentage of people harboring a contagious infection, rose above 0.8% (0.6 – 1.0%) before the end of the year, and were as high as 2.4% in some major metropolitan areas. In contrast, the infection fatality rate fell to 0.3% by year’s end; however, community control of transmission, estimated from trends of the time-varying reproduction number, Rt, slackened during successive pandemic waves. In the coming months, as vaccines are distributed and administered and new more transmissible virus variants emerge and spread, greater use of non-pharmaceutical interventions will be needed.
VLSI design parsing

The feasibility and efficiency of design parsing are discussed. Design parsing refers to the process of parsing a flat netlist or logic description into a behaviorally equivalent flow graph where the nodes correspond to higher-level primitives such as arithmetic functions and a prespecified set of functions. It is useful in verification, resynthesis and computer-aided design documentation. A spatial-entropy-based dynamic signature that helps determine the boundaries and types of function blocks is presented. >
Two-zone stratified wetwell model development and implementation for RELAP-7

Abstract The Reactor Core Isolation Cooling (RCIC) system consists of a turbine, pump and wetwell and is used in many US Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) as an important heat removal system. The wetwell is a major heat sink within containment. Experimental investigations have shown that thermal stratification may occur in the wetwell during RCIC operation. Current systems-level analysis codes lack stratified wetwell models. This paper describes the development of a stratified wetwell model for the RELAP-7 code. This paper uses a simple two-zone model for the wetwell water that can capture thermal stratification. This model assumes that a buoyant plume transports heat and mass from the steam injection site to the upper water zone. The buoyant plume assumption requires that steam is injected at a low enough rate so it adds negligible momentum. Model validation against experimental data shows similar trends of temperature field development in the suppression pool.
Shock-Wave Effects on the Laminar Skin Friction of an Insulated Flat Plate at Hypersonic Speeds

An approximate theory on the phenomena of interaction between the shock wave and the laminar boundary layer on an insulated flat plate at hypersonic speeds has been formulated. Results on the rate of growth of the boundary layer thickness and the rate of decay of the shock wave strength have been found for M_1^(2(2+w)R_1^-1 = O(1). A new set of formulae for the average skin friction coefficient, C_F, over an insulated flat plate at hypersonic speeds has been obtained. Calculations on the basis of the new C_F formulae yield the data shown in Figs. 5 and 6. Contrary to the conventional theory which predicts a steady decrease in C_F as M_1 increases, the present results indicate that C_F may increase with M_1 at hypersonic Mach numbers.
Active Gaming to Promote Physical Activity: Questions to Consider for Your School

This article will discuss what active gaming is, as well as current research and factors to consider for the reader to be more informed before making the commitment to implement active gaming in school.
Solving the Shallow Water Equations on the Cray X-MP/48 and the Connection Machine 2

The shallow water equations in Cartesian coordinates and two dimensions are solved on the Connection Machine 2 (CM-2) using both the spectral and finite difference methods. A description of these implementations is presented together with a brief discussion of the CM-2 as it relates to these specific computations. The finite difference code was written both in C* and *LISP and the spectral code was written in *LISP. The performance of the codes is compared with a FORTRAN version that was optimized for the Cray XMP/48.
Openness to Trade and the Potency of Monetary Policy: How Strong is the Relationship?

Economic theory suggests that an economy's openness to international trade reduces the ability of monetary policy to affect output. Using quarterly data from the 1960:1–1993:4 period for a set of eight countries (Australia, Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Africa, the U.K., and the U.S.A.), this article's empirical results support this theoretical prediction: the more open the economy, the smaller the output effects of a given change in the money supply. This finding, robust across all the different specifications and estimation methods examined, has straightforward implications for stabilization policy. Moreover, it suggests that an economy's net benefit from joining a monetary union is increasing with the economy's openness to foreign trade.
Organization and function of transmitter release sites at the neuromuscular junction

The neuromuscular junction is known as a strong and reliable synapse. It is strong because it releases an excess of chemical transmitter, beyond what is required to bring the postsynaptic muscle cell to threshold. Because the synapse can sustain suprathreshold muscle activation during short trains of action potentials, it is also reliable. The presynaptic mechanisms that lead to reliability during short trains of activity have only recently been elucidated. It appears that there are relatively few calcium channels in individual active zones, that channels open with a low probability during action potential stimulation and that even if channels open the resulting calcium flux only rarely triggers vesicle fusion. Thus, each synaptic vesicle may only associate with a small number of calcium channels, forming an unreliable single vesicle release site. Strength and reliability of the neuromuscular junction emerge as a result of its assembly from thousands of these unreliable single vesicle release sites. Hence, these synapses are strong while at the same time only releasing a small subset of available docked vesicles during each action potential, thus conserving transmitter release resources. This prevents significant depression during short trains of action potential activity and confers reliability.
A Good and Faithful Servant

(2012). A Good and Faithful Servant. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 623-628.
Control of Oocyte Growth and Meiotic Maturation in Caenorhabditis elegans

In sexually reproducing animals, oocytes arrest at diplotene or diakinesis and resume meiosis (meiotic maturation) in response to hormones. Chromosome segregation errors in female meiosis I are the leading cause of human birth defects, and age-related changes in the hormonal environment of the ovary are a suggested cause. Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as a genetic paradigm for studying hormonal control of meiotic maturation. The meiotic maturation processes in C. elegans and mammals share a number of biological and molecular similarities. Major sperm protein (MSP) and luteinizing hormone (LH), though unrelated in sequence, both trigger meiotic resumption using somatic Gαs-adenylate cyclase pathways and soma–germline gap-junctional communication. At a molecular level, the oocyte responses apparently involve the control of conserved protein kinase pathways and post-transcriptional gene regulation in the oocyte. At a cellular level, the responses include cortical cytoskeletal rearrangement, nuclear envelope breakdown, assembly of the acentriolar meiotic spindle, chromosome segregation, and likely changes important for fertilization and the oocyte-to-embryo transition. This chapter focuses on signaling mechanisms required for oocyte growth and meiotic maturation in C. elegans and discusses how these mechanisms coordinate the completion of meiosis and the oocyte-to-embryo transition.
Democratic Accountability and Retrospective Voting: A Laboratory Experiment

Understanding the incentives of politicians requires understanding the nature of voting behavior. I conduct a laboratory experiment to investigate whether voters focus on the problem of electoral selection or if they instead focus on electoral sanctioning. If voters are forward-looking but uncertain about politicians’ unobservable characteristics, then it is rational to focus on selection. But doing so undermines democratic accountability because selection renders sanctioning an empty threat. In contrast to rational choice predictions, the experimental results indicate a strong behavioral tendency to use a retrospective voting rule. Additional experiments support the interpretation that retrospective voting is a simple heuristic that voters use to cope with a cognitively difficult inference and decision problem and, in addition, suggest that voters have a preference for accountability. The results pose a challenge for theories of electoral selection and voter learning and suggest new interpretations of empirical studies of economic and retrospective voting.
Mushroom: a program for the automated verification of an SCM protocol specification

Systems of communicating machines (SCM) is a formal model for the specification, verification and testing of communication protocols, which has been used to specify and verify several well-known protocols. The authors discuss a program, called mushroom, which automates the analysis using the SCM model. The program generates either the system state analysis or the full reachability analysis. The automation of this model is expected to greatly facilitate the use of the model for protocol design and analysis. The program has been used to verify some theoretical results, serving to confirm these earlier results. >
Immediate burn wound excision restores antibody synthesis to bacterial antigen.

Abstract Although burn wound excision and grafting have been shown to improve patient survival, the effects on immune function, especially humoral immunity, are not completely understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of immediate and early wound excision on antibody synthesis and B-cell proliferation, specifically, antibody response to PGPS, a ubiquitous bacterial cell wall antigen. Thirty-six male BALB/c mice were divided into four groups. Sham mice received no burn, and remaining mice received a 30% body surface area full-thickness burn. Under general anesthesia, excision and grafting was performed either 6 or 72 hr after injury (BE&G6 and BE&G72 groups). A fourth control group received burn but did not undergo excision and grafting (Burn group). Splenocytes were isolated 8 days postburn and stimulated with 2.5 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide. Anti-PGPS IgM, total IgM, and total IgG levels were determined by ELISA. B-cell proliferation, measured by [3H]thymidine uptake, was expressed as stimulation index. All B-cell functions were significantly suppressed by burn injury. Immediate excision and grafting (BE&G6) restored anti-PGPS IgM synthesis to normal, while nonspecific B-cell functions did not change significantly. Early excision and grafting (BE&G72), however, failed to significantly improve any B-cell functions. Immediate but not early BE&G restored antibody synthesis to the bacterial cell wall antigen (PGPS). Immediate BE&G may therefore lead to a decrease in bacterial infection after burn injury.
Autonomous adaptive synchronous machine control

Abstract In this paper, we present a design of a new adaptive control system and demonstrate its performance in a computer simulation of nonlinear synchronous machine control. The new design utilizes self-organization and the predictive estimation capabilities of neural-net computing. Real-time adaptation is facilitated by the error-based on-line learning scheme implemented on a cluster-wise segmented associative memory system. It is demonstrated that the neural network system is capable of modelling highly nonlinear systems, detecting changes in the dynamic process conditions and stabilizing the system.
CELLULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF NORMAL AND ABNORMAL WOUND HEALING: AN OVERVIEW

We can look at tissue injury as if a picket fence were damaged by the process of trauma. A fetus has the capability to repair the fence so that it is almost identical to what it was before the injury. In contrast, in adults the wound healing response can normally put the fence back together so that it is still functional, although its appearance may not be optimal. In the case of a hypertrophic scar too many pickets have been replaced in the fence, and neither the function nor the appearance is optimal. Perhaps when we understand the process by which the fetus heals and hypertrophic scars over heal, we can apply this information to some of the complex problems seen in such conditions as Peyronie's disease and Dupuytren's contracture.
Chylomicrons alter the hepatic distribution and cellular response to endotoxin in rats

Chylomicrons (CM) can bind endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]), forming CM-LPS complexes, and protect against endotoxic shock and death in rodent models of gram-negative sepsis. The liver appears to play a central role in this process, as demonstrated by the increased uptake of LPS by this organ. We examined the effect of CM on the uptake and cellular response to injected 125I-LPS by hepatocytes and hepatic nonparenchymal cells. Whereas CM increased the uptake of LPS by both hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, the increase was proportionately greater in hepatocytes than Kupffer cells. Importantly, CM-LPS complexes inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression and NO production in Kupffer cells and endothelial cells, reducing mRNA levels by 45% to 50% as compared with LPS alone. CM-bound LPS also reduced NO production by hepatocytes in response to cytokine stimulation. Lastly, CM-LPS complexes yielded a concentration-dependent inhibition of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production by Kupffer cells in vitro. These data indicate that the mechanism by which CM protect against endotoxicity may involve an increased uptake of LPS by hepatocytes. Moreover, uptake of CM-bound LPS by liver cells attenuates the capacity of these cells to respond to proinflammatory stimulation. These results highlight important anti-inflammatory properties of CM.
Contesting criminality Illegal immigration and the spatialization of legality

As a field, criminology has paid insufficient attention to societal processes that obscure the distinction between legality and illegality, decriminalize formerly objectionable behavior or redefine law-breakers as deserving members of society. An analysis of undocumented immigrants’ efforts to redefine themselves as legal residents highlights ways that the category of the criminal is rendered unstable, suggests that logics of social control create opportunities to challenge exclusion and shows how law and illegality are entangled. For instance, individuals who are deemed socially dangerous can argue that they are low risk, or can redefine risk, highlighting the social costs of situating offenders exclusively in a domain of illegitimacy. Through such arguments, the licit can seep into and reconstitute the illegal, and vice versa
A note on economic news and intraday exchange rates

Abstract Measured with intraday data in a 1987–1991 sample period, the mark/dollar exchange rate was affected by unanticipated information about the trade deficit and the consumer price index. The exchange rate showed no significant response to news about money supply, industrial production, the producer price index, or unemployment. Trade deficit surprises were negatively correlated with the value of the dollar as expected. CPI surprises showed a positive correlation, as would be predicted by sticky price models of exchange rates. The market's reaction to the 8:30am trade deficit announcement was complete by 9am, but the market's response to the CPI announcement was not as immediate. No significant reaction had occurred by 9am, and the spot price did not fully digest the information until 1pm. Significant responses were present in the 9am, 11am, and noon hours. Alternate measures of currency returns failed to explain this delayed response.
Development of new class of electronic packaging materials based on ternary systems of benzoxazine, epoxy, and phenolic resins

We have developed new polymeric systems based on the ternary mixture of benzoxazine, epoxy, and phenolic novolac resins. Low melt viscosity resins render void-free specimens with minimal processing steps. The material properties show a wide range of desirable reliability and processability, which are highly dependent on the composition of the monomers in the mixture. A glass transition temperature as high as 170°C and considerable thermal stability at 5% weight loss up to 370°C can be obtained from these systems. Phenolic novolac resin acts mainly as an initiator for these ternary systems while low melt viscosity, flexibility and improved crosslink density of the materials are attributed to the epoxy fraction. Polybenzoxazine imparts thermal curability, mechanical properties as well as low water uptake to the ternary systems. The materials exhibit promising characteristics suitable for application as underfilling encapsulation and other highly filled systems.
Optimization of allosteric MEK inhibitors. Part 1: Venturing into underexplored SAR territories

Using PD325901 as a starting point for identifying novel allosteric MEK inhibitors with high cell potency and long-lasting target inhibition in vivo, truncation of its hydroxamic ester headgroup was combined with incorporation of alkyl and aryl ethers at the neighboring ring position. Whereas alkoxy side chains did not yield sufficient levels of cell potency, specifically substituted aryloxy groups allowed for high enzymatic and cellular potencies. Sulfamide 28 was identified as a highly potent MEK inhibitor with nanomolar cell potency against B-RAF (V600E) as well as Ras-mutated cell lines, high metabolic stability and resulting long half-lives. It was efficacious against B-RAF as well as K-Ras driven xenograft models and showed-despite being orally bioavailable and not a P-glycoprotein substrate-much lower brain/plasma exposure ratios than PD325901.
Neuro Robust Adaptive Descending Control of Space Vehicles

Accurate descending control is crucial to ensure safe operation of space exploration vehicles. This work investigates automatic trajectory tracking control of space vehicles during landing phase. A set of algorithms for adjusting vehicle heading angle, heading speed and altitude are derived using adaptive robust and neural network control techniques. It is shown that with the proposed control algorithms, external disturbances and coupled dynamics inherent in the system are effectively compensated. Simulations on various flight conditions also confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
The effects of subliminally presented drive stimuli on the cognitive functioning of schizophrenics.

Abstract This was an investigation of the effects of subliminally presented drive related stimuli on the cognitive performance of 30 hospitalized schizophrenics. Subjects were seen individually for three sessions in a balanced design. In each session, an assessment was made of the effects of an aggressive, libidinal, or neutral stimulus on performance in tests of arithmetic, similarities, and picture arrangement (patterned after parts of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales). Assessments were made of ego pathology and cognitive deficit and the effects of the drive conditions were compared with those of the neutral condition. The results obtained support the views that: (a) the stimulation of drive derivatives in schizophrenics exacerbates aspects of their ego impairment; (b) the method described allows for the experimental study of the effects of drive activation on ego functioning.
Effects of tensile test temperature on the fracture modes of neutron and helium irradiated austenitic stainless steel

Abstract Microtensile specimens of neutron-irradiated Type 304 and 316 stainless steel as well as unirradiated and helium-irradiated Type 316 stainless steel were fractured in an HVEM while recording the crack propagation characteristics on videotape. Investigations of the mode of crack opening and the type of fracture were made as a function of tensile test temperature up to 600°C. The following observations and conclusions were made from these experiments. In high dose neutron-irradiated Type 304 specimens the crack propagation mode was essentially pure Mode I especially at elevated temperatures but at room temperature transgranular failure dominated, and at 600°C intergranular failure dominated. In low-dose neutron-irradiated Type 316 specimens Mode I and II cracking occurred with nearly pure Mode II cases occurring only at the elevated test temperature of 600°C. Most of the nearly pure Mode II cracking was long grain boundaries and was observed in unirradiated specimens at all temperatures, in low-dose neutron-irradiated specimens at 600°C, and in helium-irradiated specimens annealed before tensile testing at room temperature. Therefore the embrittled irradiated specimens which failed intergranularly at elevated tensile test temperature did not fail by grain boundary sliding (Mode II) but failed by Mode I cracking. Irradiation tended to cause rigid crack flank displacements in the direction of the macroscopic tensile axis.
Mass spectrometry as a readout of protein structure and function

Proteins have evolved to carry out very specific functions within the cell by interacting with a diverse set of biomolecules. Understanding how a protein's higher order structure relates to its function is important for defining the molecular basis of these interactions. In recent years, mass spectrometry has become an important tool for dissecting protein structure and function. Using electrospray ionization (ESI)- and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-based approaches, it has been possible to monitor protein folding, characterize noncovalent protein complexes, and assess the contribution of individual amino acid residues to a protein's function. Here, it is our goal to summarize these approaches and highlight recent, biologically relevant applications where mass spectrometry has provided unique insight into the mysteries of protein structure and function.
Boron–carbon coupling constants: II—the tetraphenylborate anion

Boron-carbon coupling constants were obtained from the 13C FT-NMR, 1H noise decoupled spectra of sodium tetraphenylboron and tetra-n-butylammonium tetraphenylboron. The appearance of the spectra, as well as values obtained for J(BC), are discussed and contrasted with previously published data.
Building temperature control: A passivity-based approach

This paper focuses on the temperature control in a multi-zone building. The lumped heat transfer model based on thermal resistance and capacitance is used to analyze the system dynamics and control strategy. The resulting thermal network, including the zones, walls, and ambient environment, may be represented as an undirected graph. The thermal capacitances are the nodes in the graph, connected by thermal resistances as links. We assume the temperature measurements and temperature control elements (heating and cooling) are collocated. We show that the resulting input/output system is strictly passive, and any passive output feedback controller may be used to improve the transient and steady state performance without affecting the closed loop stability. The storage functions associated with passive systems may be used to construct a Lyapunov function, to demonstrate closed loop stability and motivates the construction of an adaptive feedforward control. A four-room example is included to illustrate the performance of the proposed passivity based control strategy.
The evolution of instruction sequencing

The three distinct phases that constitute the sequencing of an instruction are determining the memory address that contains the instruction, fetching the instruction from memory, and executing the instruction. The evolution of instruction sequencing is traced, with attention focused on the influence of the available technology on the minimum time required for each of these phases and the resulting design decisions. Rather than absolute system performance. the interrelationship of these critical parameters is examined. Memory bandwidth, instruction buffers, caches, and the impact of reduced-instruction-set computers (RISCs) are discussed. Recent innovations are described, and the options and constraints that designers face with respect to future developments are evaluated. >
Liquid argon calorimetry at the SSC

Abstract We describe some preliminary results and future plans of a research effort to design a LAr calorimeter for the Texas supercollider.
DOSE AND DURATIONAL EFFECTS OF THE GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE AGONIST, DESLORELIN: THE MALE RAT (RATTUS NORVEGICUS) AS A MODEL

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are routinely used to suppress the reproductive axis of many mammals, especially in zoos. Current treatments are reversible. There is a need to develop nonreversible agents, and this study investigates the effects of high-dose and long-duration exposure to the GnRH agonist, deslorelin, in the rat model. Studies indicate that the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) gonadotropin is predominantly affected, and following high-dose exposure to deslorelin for a long duration, the ability of gonadotropes to synthesize FSH may be compromised, perhaps permanently. Understanding the mechanisms by which such persistent suppression of FSH occurs may facilitate the development of novel next-generation contraceptives. It is hypothesized that direct testicular effects of GnRH agonists may play a critical role in the efficacy of GnRH agonists in male contraception.
Transient and Spatial Radiative Properties of Patterned Wafers During Rapid Thermal Processing

Temperature measurements and processing uniformity continue to be major issues in Rapid Thermal Processing. Spatial and temporal variations in thermal radiative properties of the wafer surface are sources of non-uniformities and dynamic variations. These effects are due to changes in spectral distribution (wafer or heat source), oxidation, epitaxy, silicidation, and other microstructural transformations. Additionally, other variations are induced by the underlying (before processing) and developing (during processing) patterns on the wafer. Numerical simulations of Co silicidation that account for these factors are conducted to determine the radiative properties, heat transfer dynamics, and resultant processing uniformity.
Follistatin and Follistatin Like‐3 Differentially Regulate Adiposity and Glucose Homeostasis

Transforming growth factor-β superfamily ligands, including activin and myostatin, modulate body composition, islet function, and glucose homeostasis. Their bioactivity is controlled by the antagonists follistatin (FST) and FST like-3 (FSTL3). The hypothesis tested was that FST and FSTL3 have distinct roles in regulating body composition, glucose homeostasis, and islet function through regulation of activin and myostatin bioactivity. Three genetic mutant mouse lines were created. FSTL3 knockout (FSTL3 KO), a mouse line producing only the FST288 isoform (FST288-only) and a double mutant (2xM) in which the lines were crossed. FST288-only males were lighter that wild-type (WT) littermates while FSTL3 KO and 2xM males had reduced perigonadal fat pad weights. However, only 2xM mice had increased whole body fat mass and decreased lean mass by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR). Fasting glucose levels in FSTL3 WT and KO mice were lower than FST mice in younger animals but were higher in older mice. Serum insulin and pancreatic insulin content in 2xM mice was significantly elevated over other genotypes. Nevertheless, 2xM mice were relatively insulin resistant and glucose intolerant compared to FST288-only and WT mice. Fractional islet area and proportion of β-cells/islet were increased in FSTL3 KO and 2xM, but not FST288-only mice. Despite their larger size, islets from FSTL3 KO and 2xM mice were not functionally enhanced compared to WT mice. These results demonstrate that body composition and glucose homeostasis are differentially regulated by FST and FSTL3 and that their combined loss is associated with increased fat mass and insulin resistance despite elevated insulin production.
RINSE: The Real-Time Immersive Network Simulation Environment for Network Security Exercises (Extended Version)

The Real-Time Immersive Network Simulation Environment (RINSE) simulator is being developed to support large-scale network security preparedness and training exercises, involving hundreds of players and a modeled network composed of hundreds of local-area networks (LANs). The simulator must be able to present a realistic rendering of network behavior as attacks are launched and players diagnose events and try counter measures to keep network services operating. The authors describe the architecture and function of RINSE and outline how techniques such as multiresolution traffic modeling, multiresolution attack models, and new routing simulation methods are used to address the scalability challenges of this application. They also describe in more detail new work on CPU/memory models necessary for the exercise scenarios and a latency absorption technique that will help when extending the range of client tools usable by the players.
New limits on the double beta decay half-lives of 94Zr, 96Zr, 116Cd and 124Sn

Abstract Searches have been made for the double beta decays of 94, 96Zr, 116Cd, and 124Sn to excited states in their daughter nuclei. No evidence of any of these decays was found, and lower limits on the half-lives against such decays have been established to be 1018–1019 yr. In addition, the single beta decay half-life of 96Zr has been established to be ⩾1.4×1018 yr.
Constrictive Pericardial Disease Following Mitral Valve Replacement

Constrictive pericardial disease developing after open heart surgery is not a well-recognized complication of this procedure. It has been reported only a few times and usually not with good hemodynamic data before and after the subsequent pericardiectomy. We presently report a patient who developed constrictive pericardial disease five years after mitral valve replacement. This was documented with left- and right-sided heart catheterization. The patient underwent pericardiectomy with remarkable clinical improvement. Repeat right- and left-sided heart catheterization done three months postoperatively documented the resolution of the constrictive hemodynamic pattern present before pericardiectomy.
Graphene Islands on Cu Foils: The Interplay between Shape, Orientation, and Defects

We have observed the growth of monolayer graphene on Cu foils using low-energy electron microscopy. On the (100)-textured surface of the foils, four-lobed, 4-fold-symmetric islands nucleate and grow. The graphene in each of the four lobes has a different crystallographic alignment with respect to the underlying Cu substrate. These “polycrystalline” islands arise from complex heterogeneous nucleation events at surface imperfections. The shape evolution of the lobes is well explained by an angularly dependent growth velocity. Well-ordered graphene forms only above ∼790 °C. Sublimation-induced motion of Cu steps during growth at this temperature creates a rough surface, where large Cu mounds form under the graphene islands. Strategies for improving the quality of monolayer graphene grown on Cu foils must address these fundamental defect-generating processes.
Classical conditioning of unattended stimuli

Recently, marketing has increasingly recognized the potential application of classical conditioning principles. However, the design of marketing studies involving classical conditioning create focused attention upon the conditioned stimulus; whereas in the realistic marketing environment the conditioned stimulus seldom receives focused attention and most likely receives attenuated attention. Using a classical conditioning paradigm, the present study investigated the use of positive and negative unconditioned stimuli in the formation of affect for attended and unattended conditioned stimuli. The results indicated that the use of positive unconditioned stimuli can establish the formation of affect for both the attended and unattended conditioned stimuli. However, classical conditioning was not demonstrated when the unconditioned stimuli were negative. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Market Equilibrium in a Model of a Planned Economy of the Soviet Type: A Proof of Existence and Results of Numerical Simulations

One of the major problems in neo-classical economics has been how to identify the conditions that ensure the existence of equilibrium in an economy. A great deal of work has concerned itself with weakening the conditions required for equilibrium in a competitive economy; relatively little research has, however, examined the possibilities for its existence in economies with fundamentally different rules of behaviour. A number of articles have examined what are essentially competitive models with non-competitive elements in them, in particular with the presence of a governmental agency that collects and redistributes taxes and, in some cases, produces public goods. Shoven (1976) and Shoven and Whalley (1972, 1973) assume private production under competitive conditions and a government that acts purely as a tax collector. Diamond and Mirrlees (1971) consider only public production and introduce a special tax on labour income and a tax on the aggregate value of transactions in certain selected commodities. Fourgeaud (1969) has a more complicated model in which, with the usual assumptions about motivations of the firm and the consumer, there are ad-valorem taxes on the sales and purchases of commodities, the tax rate being the same in both cases, a proportional profit tax, and a tax on fixed income. He also assumes that labour is inelastically supplied and that government administrators have preferences on the production of public goods. In Mantel (1975) the government has preferences on public goods and private consumption, and consumer preferences are interdependent, and Foley (1970) assumes that consumers decide upon a tax scheme to produce the public goods that they desire, and that the level of production of public goods affects the levels of production and consumption of private goods. In this paper we construct a one period model of a very non-competitive economy, one that is based upon a traditional Soviet-type system, and examine a modified notion of equilibrium in it. The model differs from those analysed in the papers we have just mentioned in several aspects, the most important of which we may briefly discuss before we begin the consideration of the model itself. Producers in our system are not profit maximizers, but rather have quantity oriented incentive functions. The concept of profits only enters as a constraint imposed by the central planners upon producers in order to restrain them from producing outputs that would require excessive subsidies. The system of turnover, profit, and income taxes that we shall describe has a role in this Soviet model unlike those taxes in the various competitive models, since in each of those models the competitive solution without taxes is always a feasible solution, and, indeed, guarantees the nonemptiness of the solution set. In our case, however, the tax scheme is an essential part of the planning procedure, since without it, as we shall see, there would not be an equilibrium
The career development inventory

Abstract The Career Development Inventory is an American instrument designed to measure the vocational maturity of adolescents. Its scales assess Planning Orientation, Resources for Exploration, and Information and Decision-Making. It can be used in evaluating guidance programmes, services and activities, though there are a number of obstacles to using the instrument effectively in evaluation studies, including the limited impact to be expected of a limited programme, and the relative insensitivity of instruments such as the CDI. The other main use of the instrument is diagnostic, either with groups or in individual counselling. It is now being adapted for use in a number of other countries.
The direct imaging of a linear defect using diffuse scattering in Zr-Nb b.c.c. solid solutions

Abstract High-resolution dark-field electron microscopy, using diffuse scattering, has been employed in order to directly image a linear ω-like defect in Zr-Nb b.c.c. solid solutions. Phase-contrast calculations have been made of the defect image using the atomic structure of the defect which had previously been determined by a detailed analysis of the diffuse scattering distribution. Dark-field images formed using two diffuse ω reflections, show rows of white dots along the [111] direction, which are similar in appearance to the calculated images for the defect model. Quantitative measurements of the image intensity indicate that the observed images are from both single and superimposed linear defects. By a careful comparison of the fine structure of the calculated and observed images it is possible to confirm certain details of the atomic structure of the defect. The good agreement between the calculated and observed images from the standpoint of image size, [111] directionality, intensity and fine deta...
High-density photopolymer-based spatially multiplexed multiwavelength programmable memory

In this paper, a new scheme to implement high-density photopolymer-based spatially multiplexed multiwavelength programmable holographic memory is proposed. Two approaches are considered. The first is to implement programmable massive fanout beams based on an electrooptic grating array and the second is aimed at providing a multiwavelength high density memory by obtaining a smaller holographic memory spot at the proposed off- focal plane location. In the first approach, the diffraction efficiency of the electrooptically modulated grating is optimized, and 32.5% +/- 2.5% modulation efficiency is achieved under an applied voltage of 100 volts. In the second approach, the storage density is improved by 100 approximately 110% when compared with that obtained at the focal plane after Fourier transform. All the experimental results agree well with the theoretical predictions. A memory density of 100 pages/mm2 is feasible using the reported scheme.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tridentate Nitrogen-Based Ligands in Cu-Based ATRP: A Structure−Activity Study

The kinetic parameters for the activation and deactivation steps in ATRP for Cu-based catalysts were determined with eight different tridentate nitrogen-based ligands. Additionally, the redox properties of these Cu complexes were measured by cyclic voltammetry. By correlating the kinetic parameters of the activation and deactivation steps with the reduction potential of the Cu(II) complexes, it was found that more reducing Cu catalysts form faster activating Cu(I) and slower deactivating Cu(II) species. The rate of activation depends on the nature of the N-binding site of the ligand. Ligands with alkyl amine or pyridine binding sites form the fastest activating catalysts. The phenyl-substituted ligands form very slowly activating and very rapidly deactivating catalysts. Slower deactivation rates were found for catalysts with a central pyridine unit in the ligand than for catalysts derived from ligands with a central amine unit. In general, the activity of the ligands decreases in the following order: alk...
Electrocardiographic and segmental wall motion abnormalities in pancreatitis mimicking myocardial infarction.

Transient electrocardiographic changes in patients with acute cholecystitis, pancreatitis, and pneumonia have been reported in the past. 1-5 These changes usually are in the form of T-wave inversion, ST-segment depression, and rarely ST-segment elevation in the absence of coronary artery disease. 1-5 To the authors'knowledge, this is the first report documenting both left ventricular segmental wall motion abnormality and electrocardiographic changes of myocardial injury in the presence of acute pancreatitis
Application of resource-ratio theory to hydrocarbon biodegradation

Resource-ratio theory is one of the major logical frameworks used in ecology to predict how competition for growth-limiting resources influences biological diversity and function within a biological community. This paper presents experimental and other evidence that resource- ratio theory can also be applied to nutrient supplementation in hydrocarbon biodegradation. The theory makes two major predictions about nutrient supply and hydrocarbon biodegradation: (i) that changes in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supply ratio conditions will significantly alter biodegradation rates and that these changes in N:P ratio will cause significant shifts in microbial community composition and (ii) that changes in absolute nutrient supply levels, at constant supply ratios, will alter total hydrocarbon-degrader biomass, resulting in altered rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation. Here we analyze data from previous experiments studying the effects of N and P supply conditions on hexadecane and phenanthrene degradation in s...
Characterization of HIV-1 Protease-Inhibitor Interaction by Interflap Distance Measurement, NMR Spectroscopy, and Solution Kinetics

HIV-1 protease (HIV-1 PR) is an important drug target for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Currently, there are several commercially available protease inhibitors (PIs) that improve the lives of patients. However, viral mutation often renders the PIs less effective after continuous use. In this study, we compare the effects of several PIs such as Indinavir, Atazanavir, Lopinavir, Saquinavir and Nelfinavir on the activity of the wild-type (PMPR), clinical isolate V6 and MDR769 HIV-1 proteases. We also use 2D HSQC NMR of uniformly 15N labeled samples and DEER spectroscopy with K55MTSL as the reporter site to study the conformational change in HIV-1 PR as a function of various inhibitors. Preliminary solution kinetics data show strong inhibition of PMPR by various inhibitors, but not for V6 and MDR769. The NMR spectra of unbound PMPR, V6, and MDR769 differ markedly from one another, and significant changes in the protein chemical shifts of PMPR and V6 are seen in the presence of inhibitors. The DEER distance distribution profiles reveal altered flap conformations in the uninhibited state of V6 and MDR769 compared to PMPR. Finally, in the presence of inhibitors such as Indinavir, the flap conformations in V6 and MDR769 show a minor change, whereas data for PMPR reflects a closing of the flaps to a conformation consistent with X-ray crystallographic structures.
Interpretation of induced color in polychromatic glasses

The variable colors produced in polychromatic glasses by an optical/thermal treatment are analyzed in terms of a specific geometric model. The calculations, based on small-particle scattering theory, involve the specific shape of the silver on the sodium halide microcrystal that is formed in the process and account for the color shift with the optical/thermal treatment. In addition, absorption calculations were made to explain the formation of the microcrystalline phase.
Cytochrome P450-Mediated Resistance to Isoquinoline Alkaloids and Susceptibility to Synthetic Insecticides inDrosophila

Abstract It is well documented that cytochrome P450 enzymes play a central role in metabolic resistance to natural plant toxins and synthetic pesticides. Using insecticide-susceptible and -resistant strains ofDrosophila melanogasterand monophagous Sonoran Desert drosophilids, the current study looked for a correlation between resistance to toxic cactus alkaloids and resistance to pesticides (DDT and propoxur) or a toxic, noncactus alkaloid (nicotine). Resistance to cactus alkaloids in cactophilicDrosophilawas not associated with resistance to DDT or propoxur. Conversely, a DDT-resistant strain ofD. melanogaster(Hikone R) was no more tolerant of cactus alkaloids than a susceptible strain (Canton S). Cactus alkaloid-metabolizingDrosophilawere, however, less susceptible to nicotine than a noncactophilic species (D. melanogasterstrain Canton S). These data suggest that resistance to cactus alkaloids in monophagous desertDrosophilainvolves the activity of cytochrome P450 isoforms with substrate specificities sufficiently narrow to preclude detectablein vivoactivity on compounds other than those that are chemically similar. These results are in contrast to what has generally been reported for more highly polyphagous insect species.
The prevalence of bacteriuria in full-term and premature newborn infants.

Examinations of urine were performed in 836 full-term and 206 prematurely born infants, using specimens obtained by a clean-voided technique and by suprapubic puncture. Persistent proteinuria, leukocyturia, or hematuria was found in none, and none of these findings correlate well with bacteriologic studies. Bacteriuria was found in 0.7 per cent of the full-term and 2.9 per cent of the premature infants, mostly in asymptomatic subjects. Bacteriuria occurs with sufficient frequency in prematurely born infants to warrent repeated examinations of the urine during their nursery stay. In view of the difficulty in obtaining adequate specimens of urine, as well as the paucity of positive findings, routine screening of full-term infants does not appear to be indicated.
Some comments on Gehrels' model of the lunar surface

Abstract Recently Gehrels and his associates have published new and important observations concerning the wavelength dependence of the optical properties of the lunar surface. To explain these properties Gehrels has put forward a new model of the lunar surface. This model consists of an optically-thin layer of micron-sized particles electrostatically suspended over a darker surface in such a manner that the average distance between particles is about 10 times their radii. It is the purpose of this paper to point out that there are serious difficulties inherent in this model which make it extremely unlikely that it is applicable to the lunar surface. The difficulties are twofold: (1) The electrostatic forces acting on the lunar surface are insufficient by many orders of magnitude to maintain such a layer in continuous suspension. (2) Such a layer would have optical properties which are quite different from those of the Moon. Thus, Gehrels' quantitative estimates of particle size and index of refraction of lunar surface materials are meaningless.