cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Group Process as an Agent of Change

This third grader had developed a pattern of laughing at others to cover up her own lack of skills. Making fun of others had become a behavior pattern for the student. When she joined the group, she brought her previous behavior patterns with her. I stress a cohesive atmosphere in group programs and try to not enforce a long list of rules, but laughing at or making fun of others should never be tolerated in any group and definitely not in a group-centered prevention program striving to rebuild self-efficacy, but I also wanted to understand the third grader’s needs. First, her teasing of others had to stop, and then I wanted to know why she felt so insecure and felt the need to attack others. I wanted to help her to change her behavior and develop new group skills in addition to improving her ability to read.
First Wall and Blanket Safety

For fusion to become a desirable source of energy in the next century, it must meet the increasingly demanding societal standards for environmental and safety acceptability. A case can be made for a potential advantage for fusion in the safety area because of the current understanding that there is no serious threat of power runaway transients. On the other hand, the impact of undercooling transients will depend on the design of the fusion reactor, particularly on the first wall load and blanket materials.
Lessons Learned from an After-School Program: Building Personal and Social Responsibility

Drawing from the physical activity and positive youth development literatures, this paper describes a novel after-school effort designed to enhance youths’ life skill development outcomes across school, family, and community settings. This program, which is derived from the Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) model, is a university-assisted effort serving 1 st through 5 th graders attending a low-income elementary school. As a part of this model’s approach, pre-service physical education teachers engage in a yearlong course sequence and practicum that enables them to deliver the program. University graduate students and faculty then provide ongoing support, facilitation, and training to the pre-service teachers at the same time they conduct field-based research on the effort. The preliminary data indicate that the program can successfully impact several teaching and life skill development outcomes. However, additional interventions appear to be needed to extend youths’ outcomes to settings outside of the program.
The Task is Far from Completed: Double Jeopardy and Older African Americans.

ABSTRACTThe National Urban League released a seminal report on the state of older African Americans in 1964. This report titled Double Jeopardy: The Older Negro in America Today presented data that documented the hardships faced by African Americans as they aged in a society that marginalized them. Using critical race theory (CRT), this article reviews the report and addresses the contemporary state of African Americans. It specifically focuses on income, education, poverty, and health status. The article also includes the scholarship of seminal scholars on the Black aged as context. It ends with policy implications that address changes that will continue to improve quality of life for older African Americans.
Parenting Style, Parental Stress, and Mediation of Children’s Media Use

Parental mediation research is based largely in studies of TV mediation, with recent work examining mediation of children’s video game and internet use. Few scholars have explored mediation of cell...
PARADOXICAL EMBOLIC INFERIOR ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AS THE INITIAL PRESENTATION OF A SECUNDUM ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT

Paradoxical coronary artery embolism is a rare, but often an under diagnosed cause of acute myocardial infarction. A 35-year-old African American female smoker, with past medical history of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, on hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine and atorvastatin, not on oral
The biochemistry behind human behavior: Implications for leisure sciences and services

This research reflection explores the relationship between biochemistry and human behavior. More specifically, it examines the implications associated with two neural pathways in the brain, one lea...
Functional specialization of interneuron dendrites: Identification of action potential initiation zone in axonless olfactory bulb granule cells.

Principal cells in the olfactory bulb (OB), mitral and tufted cells, play key roles in processing and then relaying sensory information to downstream cortical regions. How OB local circuits facilitate odor-specific responses during odor discrimination is not known but involves GABAergic inhibition mediated by axonless granule cells (GCs), the most abundant interneuron in the OB. Most previous work on GCs has focused on defining properties of distal apical dendrites where these interneurons form reciprocal dendrodendritic connections with principal cells. Less is known about the function of the proximal dendritic compartments. In the present study, we identified the likely action potentials (AP) initiation zone by comparing electrophysiological properties of rat (either sex) GCs with apical dendrites severed at different locations. We find that truncated GCs with long apical dendrites had active properties that were indistinguishable from intact GCs, generating full-height APs and short-latency low-threshold Ca2+ spikes. We then confirmed the presumed site of AP and low-threshold Ca2+ spike initiation in the proximal apical dendrite using two-photon Ca2+ photometry and focal TTX application. These results suggest that GCs incorporate two separate pathways for processing synaptic inputs: an already established dendrodendritic input to the distal apical dendrite and a novel pathway in which the cell body integrates proximal synaptic inputs, leading to spike generation in the proximal apical dendrite. Spikes generated by the proximal pathway likely enables GCs to regulate lateral inhibition by defining time windows when lateral inhibition is functional. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The olfactory bulb plays a central role in processing sensory input transduced by receptor neurons. How local circuits in the bulb function to facilitate sensory processing during odor discrimination is not known but appears to involve inhibition mediated by granule cells, axonless GABAergic interneurons. Little is known about the active conductances in granule cells including where action potentials originate. Using a variety of experimental approaches, we find the Na+-based action potentials originate in the proximal apical dendrite, a region targeted by cortical feedback afferents. We also find evidence for high expression of low-voltage activated Ca2+ channels in the same region, intrinsic currents that enable GCs to spike rapidly in response to sensory input during each sniff cycle.
Exact Timing Analysis for Asynchronous Circuits With Multiple Periods

The timing properties of asynchronous circuits can be summarized using cyclic graphs that capture max-delay constraints between signal transitions. There are many results on the timing analysis problem, but they all make various simplifying assumptions on the connectivity properties of the underlying timing graph. Most results provide approximate timing characteristics, with a few providing exact results on the circuit’s timing behavior. In this article, we provide results that exactly characterize the timing properties for a more general class of max-delay constraints. We show that the circuit can be partitioned into regions with different periodicities, and provide an efficient algorithm to compute all the periods of the system.
Rummel v. Estelle: Mockingbirds Among the Brethren

In this commentary Professor Lasson discusses the Supreme Court's decision in Rummel v. Estelle and reveals a poignant personal memorandum that reflects the analysis of human values necessarily performed by whichever Justice cast the deciding vote.
The Parenting Experiences of Hispanic Adolescent Fathers: A Life Course Theory Perspective

Using a life course theory perspective, this qualitative descriptive study explored how Hispanic adolescent fathers view fatherhood, and how their perception of parenthood is shaped by critical life events. Hispanics are one of the largest ethnic groups, as well as one of the populations that is overrepresented in adolescent births in the United States. Despite this, Hispanic adolescent fathers are understudied and underrepresented in research. Participants were recruited from a community-based fatherhood program. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Hispanic fathers, ages 16 years to 23 years. Participants conveyed their grief over fragmented family relationships and limited interactions with their own father. Some lived in hostile environments where they frequently experienced racism, discrimination, and neighborhood violence. The cumulative impact of these events resulted in substance use and emotional distress. Becoming a father was a sentinel event that helped resolve negative perceptions about fatherhood. Fatherhood also motivated participants towards a more productive, meaningful life.
A Systematic Investigation of Aluminum Oxide Passivating Tunnel Layers for Titanium Oxide Electron-Selective Contacts

The effects of different processing conditions on aluminum oxide passivating interlayers for silicon/titanium oxide contacts have been investigated. Surface recombination velocity (SRV) and specific contact resistivity are reported as a function of Al 2 O 3 thickness, substrate termination, and thermal treatment. It was observed that Al 2 O 3 passivated most effectively on hydrogen-terminated substrates, achieving an SRV of 20 cm·s−1(down from 100 cm·s−1 when wafers were only coated with TiO 2 ) and contact resistivity 0.02\ \mathrm{\Omega}\cdot \text{cm}^{2}$ . After thermal treatment, however, a contact with a chemical oxide-terminated substrate and without Al 2 O 3 exhibited the lowest recombination with a measured SRV of 40 cm·s−1 and contact resistivity below 0.01\ \mathrm{\Omega}\cdot \text{cm}^{2}$ . Additionally, only annealed contacts without Al 2 O 3 exhibited ohmic characteristics. The data reported in the present work demonstrate the benefits of certain passivation schemes over others and may aid in the design of future solar cells.
The obesity paradox: Underweight patients are at the greatest risk of mortality after cholecystectomy

Abstract Background Elevated body mass index is a risk factor for gallstone disease and cholecystectomy, but outcomes for low body mass index patients remain uncharacterized. We examined the association of body mass index with morbidity, mortality, and resource use after cholecystectomy. Methods The 2005 to 2016 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was retrospectively analyzed for adult patients undergoing laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy. Patients were stratified into 5 groups: body mass index Results Of 327,473 cholecystectomy patients, 1.0% were underweight, 19.5% normal weight, 30.3% overweight, 24.0% class I obesity, 13.5% class II obesity, and 11.7% class III obesity. After multivariable analysis, underweight patients had a higher risk of mortality (adjusted odds ratio = 1.53; P = .029) and postoperative bleeding (adjusted odds ratio = 1.45; P = .011) relative to normal weight patients. Conversely, class III obesity patients had lower mortality (adjusted odds ratio = 0.66; P = .005) but increased operative time (β = 10.2 minutes; P Conclusion Underweight patients experience increased risk of mortality and readmission, while class III obesity patients have higher rates of wound infection and dehiscence as well as prolonged operative time. These findings may guide choice of intervention.
A Distance-Learning Approach to Point-of-Care Ultrasound Training (ADAPT): A Multi-Institutional Educational Response During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

PROBLEM The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) education. Medical schools and residency programs placed restrictions on bedside teaching and clinical scanning as part of risk mitigation. In response, POCUS faculty nationwide from 15 institutions collaborated on an alternative model of ultrasound education, A Distance-learning Approach to POCUS Training (ADAPT). APPROACH ADAPT was repeated monthly from April 1 through June 30, 2020. It accommodated 70 learners, who included 1- to 4-week rotators and asynchronous learners. The curriculum included assigned pre-work and learning objectives covering 20 core POCUS topics. A rotating group of 30 faculty and fellows delivered daily virtual teaching sessions that included gamification to increase learner engagement and hands-on instruction through teleguidance. After participation, faculty and learners completed anonymous surveys. OUTCOMES Educators reported a significant decrease in preparatory time (6.2 vs. 3.1 hours per week, P < .001) dedicated to ultrasound education after implementing ADAPT. The majority of 29 learners who completed surveys felt "somewhat confident" or "very confident" in their ability to acquire (n = 25, 86.2%) and interpret (n = 27, 93.1%) ultrasound images after the intervention; the majority of 22 educators completing surveys rated the program "somewhat effective" or "very effective" at contributing to learner's ability to acquire (n = 13, 59.1%) and interpret (n = 20, 90.9%) images. Most learners (n = 28, 96.6%) and all educators (n = 22, 100%) were "satisfied" or "very satisfied" with ADAPT as a whole, and the large majority of educators were "very likely" (n = 18, 81.8%) to recommend continued use of this program. NEXT STEPS A virtual curriculum that pools the efforts of multiple institutions nationwide was implemented rapidly and effectively while satisfying educational expectations of both learners and faculty. This collaborative framework can be replicated and may be generalizable to other educational objectives.
An analysis of two Casting defects in parts made from aci Type HF heat-resistant stainless steel

Subsequent to the production of American Casting Institute Type HF stainless steel castings, two types of casting defects have been found: hot tearing and shrinkage. Analyses of castings with these types of defects have been conducted. The hot tears were detected by fluorescent dye penetrant inspection and were found to be confined to certain similar locations in separate castings. The shrinkage was detected by gamma radiography and was confined to the interior of one casting. The investigation of the hot tearing condition has led to a metallographic definition of carbide distributions and a tentative microchemical description of the area containing the hot tear. A metallographic and microchemical characterization of the interdendritic region near those areas displaying shrinkage and microshrinkage in a different HF stainless steel casting has also been made. In both cases, a description of the means by which the casting defects were eliminated is included. Scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and surface replication techniques were used, as well as routine metallographic procedures.
Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary with precocious puberty

Abstract In the 45 cases of malignancy of the ovary proved by microscopic examination at the Wisconsin General Hospital during the past eight years, five have been granulosa cell tumors. The age incidence in these cases has varied from five to sixty-four years. No case of bilateral involvement of the ovaries has been encountered. Every case, except that of a five-year-old girl, was treated by surgical removal of the tumor followed by x-ray therapy. There has been no known recurrence of the tumor in any of the cases. A summary of the 5 cases is given in Table I. The particular purpose of this paper is to outline the influence of granulosa cell tumors on preadolescent girls and to report a case occurring in a five-year-old patient.
A Study on the Impact of Compiler Optimizations on High-Level Synthesis

High-level synthesis is a design process that takes an untimed, behavioral description in a high-level language like C and produces register-transfer-level (RTL) code that implements the same behavior in hardware. In this design flow, the quality of the generated RTL is greatly influenced by the high-level description of the language. Hence it follows that both source-level and IR-level compiler optimizations could either improve or hurt the quality of the generated RTL. The problem of ordering compiler optimization passes, also known as the phase-ordering problem, has been an area of active research over the past decade. In this paper, we explore the effects of both source-level and IR optimizations and phase ordering on high-level synthesis. The parameters of the generated RTL are very sensitive to high-level optimizations. We study three commonly used source-level optimizations in isolation and then propose simple yet effective heuristics to apply them to obtain a reasonable latency-area tradeoff. We also study the phase-ordering problem for IR-level optimizations from a HLS perspective and compare it to a CPU-based setting. Our initial results show that an input-specific order can achieve a significant reduction in the latency of the generated RTL, and opens up this technology for future research.
In Vitro Action of Carbenicillin Against Bacteria Isolated from Clinical Material

More than 500 bacteria isolated from patient material were tested against carbenicillin (disodium α-carboxybenzylpenicillin) by diffusion and dilution modalities. The same bacteria, which included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella-Aerobacter-Enterobacter group, various species of Proteus, Staphylococcus aureus and epiddermidis, enterococci, pneumococci, Streptococcus pyogenes, etc., were examined for susceptibility to other antibiotics commonly used with special emphasis on ampicillin and cephalothin. The responses of pyocine-typed P. aeruginosa were the most remarkable. The majority of these bacteria displayed susceptibility to carbenicillin by both the dilution and the diffusion techniques. The concentrations of this antibiotic used in the laboratory were of the same order of magnitude as that of the other drugs. The laboratory behavior of the other bacteria, toward this new semisynthetic penicillin derivative approximated their response to ampicillin and cephalothin.
A New Parabolic Approximation to the Helmholtz Equation

Parabolic or forward scattering approximations are often used to investigate acoustic or electromagnetic wave propagation in inhomogeneous media. Recently there has been an intensified interest in these approximations traceable in large measure to the work of Tappert1 and Claerbout2. Tappert’s work, reviewed in context in 1 applies the Leontovich-Fock (LF) approximation with considerable success to the study of underwater acoustics. Claerbeut has applied these approximations in a geophysical context. The LF parabolic approximation is very well suited to the study of sound propagation in model oceans that have range independent sound speeds. It has also been used to study propagation in fiber optics material,3 as well as in the study of laser propagation in the atmosphere.4
Control and dynamic performance evaluation of Multi-Terminal DC grid

In this paper, the operation of Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based Multi-Terminal DC (MTDC) transmission system consisting of three different power converter topologies is evaluated. The high frequency isolated modular converter is used as the VSC configuration for two terminals. The Modular Multi-level Converter (MMC) and three-phase AC/DC converters are also used as the VSC configuration for the other two terminals. In the high frequency isolated modular converter configuration, several H-bridge modules are connected in cascade. From the MTDC system control point of view, a droop control structure with dead-band controller is proposed for MTDC grid control. The dynamic performance of a four-terminal DC grid is further investigated in PSCAD/EMTDC environment. Simulation results are presented to verify the performance of multi-terminal DC grid based on the proposed control method.
Tides on the Moon: Theory and determination of dissipation

Solid body tides on the Moon vary by about ±0.1 m each month. In addition to changes in shape, the Moon's gravity field and orientation in space are affected by tides. The tidal expressions for an elastic sphere are compact, but dissipation introduces modifications that depend on the forcing period. Consequently, a Fourier representation of the tide-raising potential is needed. A mathematical model for the distortion-caused tidal potential may be used for the analysis of precise spacecraft tracking data. Since tides affect gravitational torques on the Moon from the Earth's attraction, the lunar orientation is also affected. Expressions for five periodic perturbations of orientation are presented. The rheological properties of lunar materials determine how the Moon responds to different tidal periods. New lunar laser ranging solutions for the tidal orientation terms are presented. The quality factor Q is 38 ± 4 at 1 month, 41 ± 9 at 1 year, ≥74 at 3 years, and ≥58 at 6 years. The ranging results can be matched with absorption band models that peak at ~120 days and single relaxation time models that peak at ~100 days. Combined models are possibilities. Dissipation can modify laser ranging solutions; previously reported core flattening is too uncertain to be useful. Strong lunar tidal dissipation, modeled to arise in the deep hot mantle, appears to be from a region with radius ≥535 km. Classical Maxwell-type dissipation is too weak to detect at 3 and 6 year periods.
Quantum Kronecker sum-product low-density parity-check codes with finite rate

We introduce an ansatz for quantum codes which gives the hypergraph-product (generalized toric) codes by Tillich and Z\'emor and generalized bicycle codes by MacKay et al. as limiting cases. The construction allows for both the lower and the upper bounds on the minimum distance; they scale as a square root of the block length. Many thus defined codes have a finite rate and limited-weight stabilizer generators, an analog of classical low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Compared to the hypergraph-product codes, hyperbicycle codes generally have a wider range of parameters; in particular, they can have a higher rate while preserving the estimated error threshold.
On small packing and covering designs with block size 4

Abstract A packing (respectively covering) design of order v , block size k , and index λ is a collection of k -element subsets, called blocks, of a v -set, V , such that every 2-subset of V occurs in at most (at least) λ blocks. The packing (covering) problem is to determine the maximum (minimum) number of blocks in a packing (covering) design. Motivated by the recent work of Assaf [1] [2], we solve the outstanding packing and covering problems with block size 4.
Application of an Inter-Turbine Burner Using Core Driven Vitiated Air in a Gas Turbine Engine

An Inter-Turbine Burner (ITB) that is capable of increasing the thrust of a gas turbine engine with minimal effect on SFC has been developed. Gas turbine engines using multistage turbine sections have the inherent disadvantage of temperature loss through the turbine section. This occurs when each successive turbine stage extracts energy from the superheated mass airflow stream. The net result is limited energy potential due to the first stage turbine temperature limits. An Inter-Turbine Burner (ITB) is able to utilize constant temperature burning through the turbine section by adding burners between the turbine stages. The resultant engine is suited for missions requiring large amounts of constant or intermittent power extraction. The Spytek ITB incorporates a modified version of an Ultra-Compact Combustor (UCC) [1] (high-g burner) which was originally developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory in Dayton, Ohio.The ITB has been incorporated into a gas turbine engine and has been successfully tested operating at a near constant temperature (NCT) cycle. The engine/ITB is specifically configured and packaged for high power density use. Temperature rises across the ITB (T6-7) were tested in ranges from 421K-588K with representative increases in power take-off noted. The burner, positioned directly upstream of the ITB turbine, operates with vitiated air taken directly from the core engine exhaust stream. The engine tested is a two spool turbo-jet (ITB shaft inclusive), in the 1334(N) class. The ITB is cross shaft linked to an axial compressor booster stage, attached to the engine inlet which super-charged the core engine.The two major areas addressed in development were the ability to provide air into the primary burn zone of the ITB to sustain combustion and second, the ability to successfully entrain the combustion products from the ITB vortex chamber into the main air stream without causing undue restrictions or hot-streak problems which can affect the life of the ITB turbine. Flexibility in ITB testing is further enhanced through the use of two adjustable test features, 1) a variable flow splitter, capable of adjusting the amount of air diverted into the ITB combustor, and 2) a variable nozzle guide vane pack upstream of the ITB turbine. A proprietary entrainment system rapidly mixes the ITB combustor products with the main stream dilute flow products without any undo effects on the ITB turbine. The Mark#1 version of the ITB system exhibits power on demand increases of 16%–22%.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON CORAL REEF PLANKTON1

Plankton collections near coral reefs were made by hand-towing nets while swimming and by using a suction device for sampling caves. Plankton in sheltered areas was considerably different from that in nonsheltered areas; some plankton forms maintained position near coral reefs, indicating that the terms planktonic and epibenthic may represent extremes of a behavior continuum. Copepods were observed to swarm and mysids to school on the reef. Mysids and nesting pomacentrids exhibit a loosely developed commensalism. Offshore plankton probably represents a net energy gain to the reef.
The power of modified instrumental variables tests for unit roots

SUMMARY In this paper we investigate the power of Hall's (1989) instrumental variables tests for unit roots. A slight modification is made to Hall's t statistic so that the modified t statistic can be applied directly without encountering the possible negative standard error problem of Hall's original t statistic. The major finding is that the power curves of the instrumental variables tests are not monotonic functions of the autoregressive coefficient of the unit root models when there is a negative moving average component.
Bäcklund transformations and homoclinic structures for the integrable discretization of the NLS equation

Abstract Backlund transformations for the integrable discretization of the NLS equation are found, and used to generate representations of homoclinic orbits and whiskers of whiskered tori for that discrete system of arbitrary dimension.
The Presidency and Styles of Economic Management

In the past fifty years, the executive branch has become the central–though not exclusive–source of governmental economic policymaking in the United States. This article examines the styles, both institutional and individual, of economic management of modern presidents. Institutionally, I explore different administrative styles, ranging from one-on-one and small groups to large group participation. Individually, I consider the different philosophical or ideological approaches (Enterpriser and Statist), along with the strategic approach (Traditionalist and Innovator) of presidents. After reviewing how each modern president sought to manage economic policymaking along institutional and individual lines, the analysis reviews the potential costs and benefits of each approach or style, and suggests different patterns which have emerged over time. The central pattern of the post World War II period has been for presidential administrations to evolve into a variation of the Troika/Quadriad system of economic adv...
Megaherbivores and Southern Appalachian Grass Balds

The persistence of the grass balds of the southern Appalachians represents an ecological enigma and a conservation dilemma. These high altitude treeless expanses, well known to native Americans and later grazed by white settlers, are now undergoing rapid succession which threatens a unique community of plants and animals. Whatever the balds' origin and in spite of the apparent antiquity of some, much of the botanical literature insists that they are largely an artifact of relatively recent human disturbance, and, except for rare plant preservation, deserve only limited conservation effort. Such an interpretation lacks both a historical perspective and an appreciation of the possible dynamic nature of this community. The presence of both rare, endemic plants and northern relicts requiring open habitat suggests a long evolutionary history. Also, balds that are still grazed today have maintained both their biota and size. We suggest that some balds are indeed ancient and were maintained during the late Pleistocene by mammalian herbivores. Excavations at Saltville, Virginia and elsewhere reveal the presence of up to 20 species of large herbivores, including mammoth, mastodon, bison, horse, tapir, musk ox, and ground sloth until 10,000 years ago. Thereafter, the mountains supported bison, elk, and deer until European settlement. It is likely that, as in many other parts of the world, this special natural community is the result of long-term plant-animal interactions and thus worthy of preservation. Such preservation might best be affected by the use of wild and/or domestic herbivores.
Ligand Reactivity in Diarylamido/Bis(Phosphine) PNP Complexes of Mn(CO)3 and Re(CO)3

The syntheses of meridionally ligated tricarbonyl complexes (PNP)Mn(CO)3 and (PNP)Re(CO)3 are described (PNP = [2-P(CHMe2)2-4-MeC6H3]2N−). Cyclic voltammograms show reversible one-electron redox couples for both parent compounds (−0.34 V vs Cp2Fe0/+ for (PNP)Mn(CO)3, −0.25 V vs Cp2Fe0/+ for (PNP)Re(CO)3), and chemical oxidation with AgOTf results in formation of the corresponding paramagnetic triflate salts [(PNP)Mn(CO)3]OTf and [(PNP)Re(CO)3]OTf. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra and computational results indicate that this event is primarily ligand centered; allylation of the organic ligand moiety of [(PNP)Mn(CO)3]OTf with allyltributylstannane is consistent with this assignment. The oxidation (PNP)Mn(CO)3 to [(PNP)Mn(CO)3]OTf results in a shift in average CO stretching frequency of 30 cm−1; protonation of (PNP)Mn(CO)3 with TfOH to form [(PNHP)Mn(CO)3]OTf results in a similar magnitude shift.
Influence of adrenalectomy and cortisol on resistance of mice to histamine, serotonin, anaphylactic and endotoxin shocks

Abstract The lethal effects of intravenously administered histamine, serotonin, antigen (sensitized mice) and endotoxin were compared in intact, adrenalectomized, and cortisol-treated adrenalectomized mice under uniform conditions. Resistance to serotonin, endotoxin, and anaphylactic shock were markedly impaired by adrenalectomy. This operative procedure, however, had a lesser to no obvious effect on resistance to histamine and histamine releaser substances (Compound 4880 and polymyxin B). Cortisol readily restored resistance of the adrenalectomized mouse to serotonin but was less effective with regard to endotoxin and anaphylactic shock. Large doses of this hormone were necessary to provide a measurable degree of resistance to histamine. The relative importance of histamine and serotonin in systemic reactions in the mouse was discussed.
Remembrance of the Lost Guyanese Novel: Atipa

In 1885 the Ghio publishing house in Paris brought out Atipa, roman guyanais (Atipa: A Guianese Novel), written in Guianese Creole by an author who signed himself Alfred Parepou... This article is available in Studies in 20th Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol26/iss1/10 Remembrance of the Lost Guianese Novel: Atipa
Ga/N flux ratio influence on Mn incorporation, surface morphology, and lattice polarity during radio frequency molecular beam epitaxy of (Ga,Mn)N

The effect of the Ga/N flux ratio on the Mn incorporation, surface morphology, and lattice polarity during growth by rf molecular beam epitaxy of (Ga,Mn)N at a sample temperature of 550 °C is presented. Three regimes of growth, N-rich, metal-rich, and Ga-rich, are clearly distinguished by reflection high-energy electron diffraction and atomic force microscopy. Using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, it is found that Mn incorporation occurs only for N-rich and metal-rich conditions. For these conditions, although x-ray diffraction in third order does not reveal any significant peak splitting or broadening, Rutherford backscattering clearly shows that Mn is not only incorporated but also substitutional on the Ga sites. Hence, we conclude that a MnxGa1−xN alloy is formed (in this case x∼5%), but there is no observable change in the c-axis lattice constant. We also find that the surface morphology is dramatically improved when growth is just slightly metal rich. When growth is highly metal-rich, but not G...
Effect of Li+ upon the Mg2+-Dependent Activation of Recombinant Giα1

Abstract Although lithium salts have been used in the treatment and prophylaxis of manic-depressive or bipolar patients for 50 years, the mechanism of the pharmacologic action of Li + is unknown. Based on activity studies of inhibitory and stimulatory guanine-binding (G) proteins in rat cortical membranes, it was proposed that Li + inhibition of G-proteins may account for its pharmacologic action. We used the purified α subunit of the recombinant inhibitory G-protein, rG iα1 , and found that Li + at therapeutic levels significantly inhibited the formation of the GDP.AlF − 4 .rG iα1 complex. Because our studies were conducted with a purified, metal-reconstitutedG-protein rather than with cell membrane suspensions, our Li + inhibition results lend additional support to the G-protein hypothesis for Li + action.
Progesterone Attenuates Corticotropin-Releasing Factor-Enhanced But Not Fear-Potentiated Startle via the Activity of Its Neuroactive Metabolite, Allopregnanolone

Intact female rats and ovariectomized (OVX) rats with different ovarian steroid replacement regimens were tested for changes in corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-enhanced startle (increased acoustic startle amplitude after intracerebroventricular infusion of 1 μg of CRF). OVX rats injected with estradiol (E) followed by progesterone (P) showed a blunted CRF-enhanced startle effect compared with OVX and E-injected rats. CRF-enhanced startle also was reduced significantly in lactating females (high endogenous P levels) compared with cycling rats (low to moderate P levels), as well as in non-E-primed rats when P was administered acutely (4 hr before testing) or chronically (7 d P replacement). The ability of P to attenuate CRF-enhanced startle was probably mediated by its metabolite allopregnanolone [tetrahydroprogesterone (THP)], because THP itself had a similar effect, and chronic administration of medroxyprogesterone, which is not metabolized to THP, did not blunt CRF-enhanced startle but instead slightly increased it. These data suggest that P blunts CRF-enhanced startle through a mechanism involving its neuroactive metabolite THP, although a role for the P receptor cannot be completely ruled out. Finally, neither chronic P replacement nor acute THP affected fear-potentiated startle, suggesting that P metabolites have an effect on the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and anxiety rather than on the amygdala and stimulus-specific fear.
Coarsening dynamics: flowing complex shapes.

Two-phase mixtures can have both complex morphologies and behaviour that is far from that predicted by the classical mathematical models developed for dispersions of spherical particles. Coupling experimental structural data with phase-field calculations provides a useful tool to predict the morphological evolution of these complicated systems.
Voltage Components at Gas Evolving Electrodes

A general statement of voltage components at gas evolving electrodes, including ohmic losses, surface overpotential, gas concentration, and ionic concentration overvoltages, is presented. Discussed and illustrated are the means for estimating the value and measurability of each component. A subcomponent of the surface overpotential, termed hyperpolarization, a result of masking of the electrode by bubbles, is quantified. In hydrogen or oxygen evolution from sulfuric acid, the largest of the bubble‐related components is the concentration overpotential, due to supersaturation of the electrolyte with dissolved gas. In carbon dioxide evolution from aluminum oxide dissolved in cryolite, ohmic effects are the most important. Hyperpolarization of the electrodes is estimated to be 2, 5 and 25 mV in hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide evolution, respectively.
A simulation study investigating the impact of dendritic morphology and synaptic topology on neuronal firing patterns

In the brain, complex information interactions among neurons span several spatial and temporal scales, making it extremely difficult to identify the principles governing neural information processing. In this study, we used computational models to investigate the impact of dendritic morphology and synaptic topology on patterns of neuronal firing. We first constructed Hodgkin-Huxley-type neuron models that possessed dendrites with different morphological features. We then simulated the responses of these neurons to a number of spatiotemporal input patterns. The similarity between neuronal responses to different patterned inputs was effectively evaluated by a novel combination of metric space analysis and multidimensional scaling analyses. The results showed that neurons with different morphological or anatomical features exhibit differences in stimulus-specific temporal encoding and firing reliability. These findings support the idea that in addition to biophysical membrane properties, the dendritic morphology and the synaptic topology of a neuron can play a significant role in neuronal information processing and may directly contribute to various brain functions.
Studies on the haemolymph proteins of the blowfly Phormia regina—II. Synthesis and breakdown as revealed by isotopic labelling

Abstract The breakdown of proteins during metamorphosis of the blowfly Phormia regina was investigated by injecting C 14 -labelled haemolymph protein into larvae, pupae, and developing adults. Measurements of C 14 O 2 production and radioactivity in free amino acids indicate that the breakdown process is phase-specific; it begins in the mature larva shortly before puparium formation and reaches a maximum in the white pupa. However, the overall rate of protein degradation is very low, and amounts to only about 5 to 15 per cent of the injected dose 10 hr after injection. Analyses of adult flies which received labelled haemolymph protein before pupation showed that about three-quarters of the total body radioactivity was in the tissues. On the basis of this finding and the fact that the total free amino acid concentration remains essentially unchanged during metamorphosis, the possibility of a direct utilization of larval haemolymph proteins by adult tissues is suggested. Injection of C 14 -labelled Chlorella protein hydrolysate showed that incorporation of the radioactive amino acids into haemolymph proteins is most rapid during the growth period of larval life. The corresponding values for pupae are very low, and progressively decline during the course of metamorphosis.
Albumin vs. non-protein colloids for fluid resuscitation: does it matter?

Objective: Albumin is an effective plasma volume expander (PVE); however, the cost and frequent shortages of albumin have led hospitals to adopt guidelines for the use of alternative colloid PVE's.Many of these guidelines recommend the use of crystalloids as a first line of therapy as well as the substitution of albumin by less expensive non-protein colloids. These alternatives have demonstrated efficacy similar to that of albumin in many clinical indications. However, while the administration of crystalloids and finite amounts of non-protein colloids is usually safe, their safety has been questioned in some patient subgroups as well as when large doses are administered. The objective of this paper is to discuss albumin and alternative PVE's to highlight clinical situations where they are preferred. Data source: Published original research articles, review articles, textbooks, abstracts in both English and non-English have been reviewed. Study selection: Studies on the use of albumin and non-protein volum...
Evaluation and Medical Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is common among aging men. Untreated BPH may lead to complications including urinary tract infection, acute urinary retention, and obstructive nephropathy. Diagnosing BPH can be challenging because lower urinary tract symptoms are found in conditions other than BPH, and prostate size correlates poorly with symptoms of obstruction. Nonetheless, a careful medical history and physical examination, along with prudent use of diagnostic tests, can yield an accurate diagnosis. We review the evaluation of men with suspected BPH and indications for referral to a urologist for invasive therapy. We also review supporting evidence and treatment considerations for saw palmetto and the 2 major classes of prescription medications, α 1 -adrenergic antagonists and 5 α -reductase inhibitors.
A trimeric structural domain of the HIV-1 transmembrane glycoprotein.

Infection with HIV-1 is initiated by fusion of cellular and viral membranes. The gp41 subunit of the HIV-1 envelope plays a major role in this process, but the structure of gp41 is unknown. We have identified a stable, proteinase-resistant structure comprising two peptides, N-51 and C-43, derived from a recombinant protein fragment of the gp41 ectodomain. In isolation, N-51 is predominantly aggregated and C-43 is unfolded. When mixed, however, these peptides associate to form a stable, α-helical, discrete trimer of heterodimers. Proteolysis experiments indicate that the relative orientation of the N-51 and C-43 helices in the complex is antiparallel. We propose that N-51 forms an interior, parallel, homotrimeric, coiled-coil core, against which three C-43 helices pack in an antiparallel fashion. We suggest that this α-helical, trimeric complex is the core of the fusion-competent state of the HIV-1 envelope.
Chemical recognition of the mother by the young of the cichlid fish,Cichlasoma citrinellum

When placed in aY-maze, the 1–10-day-old free-swimming fry of the Midas cichlid can chemically distinguish between their mother and plain water and between another mother and plain water. They do not distinguish between the two mothers offered together or between their father and plain water. Predation pressures make these responses adaptive.
Serum-stimulated cyclic-AMP production in S49 lymphoma cells grown in serum-free medium

Abstract Growth of S49 lymphoma cells with horse serum leads to an increase in cellular cAMP phosphodiesterase activity and a resultant loss of hormone- and cholera-toxin-stimulated cAMP accumulation. We now show that the serum requires protein synthesis to produce these effects. Further, we show that acute addition of serum to wild-type S49 cells, grown in serum-free medium, rapidly (under 2 min) and transiently (under 30 min) stimulates cellular cAMP, 10-fold over basal levels. This ‘acute’ effect of serum was not observed in UNC S49 cells, suggesting that a functional N s , the guanine nucleotide regulatory component that mediates stimulation of adenylate cyclase, is required for the serum-mediated stimulation of cellular cAMP. Serum added acutely to wild-type S49 cells also augmented cAMP accumulation in response to isoproterenol and forskolin. The half-maximally effective concentrations of horse serum that acutely stimulated or more slowly decreased the cAMP accumulation were approx. 0.2% and 2.0%, respectively. Preliminary attempts to characterize further the serum factor indicate that it has a high (250 000–300 000) molecular weight and is insensitive to boiling; chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B yields a 100-fold purification. Thus, the serum contains one or more components that activate adenylate cyclase, increase cellular cAMP levels and ultimately induce cAMP phosphodiesterase in S49 lymphoma cells.
Chaos theory analysis of cable-stayed bridge vibration

Cable-stayed bridges are a recent development in bridge structural design in which the cables meet the bridge deck at an acute angle rather than perpendicularly. Some early cable-stayed bridges have exhibited large amplitude stay cable oscillations. One such bridge, the Fred Hartman Bridge across the Houston Ship Channel in Texas displayed two different modes of vibration: a local mode involving independent motion of individual cables and a global mode, in which the cables vibrated collectively under certain wind and rain conditions. This abrupt shift in mode as a function of a change in environmental parameters suggests chaotic behavior. Analysis of the probability density function of maximum accelerations of the cables typically showed a fractal power law distribution at lower values, but also some sharp changes in the tails. The Lorentz Map plots of the data also indicated two regimes: a dissipative one at lower acceleration values and chaotic behavior beyond a critical acceleration value. The plots also imply that the chaotic system is nearly one-dimensional. The working hypothesis is that steady winds impose additional stresses on the stay cables that push them over the boundary into the chaotic regime where random impulses from falling raindrops become amplified into cable oscillations.
Regional myocardial blood flow and cardiac function in a naturally occurring congestive cardiomyopathy of turkeys

Round heart disease, a presumed viral myocarditis of turkeys, provides a unique opportunity for the study of congestive cardiomyopathy. Regional myocardial blood flow and cardiac output measurements were made in nine, 19 to 34 day old anaesthetised birds using 141Ce labelled microspheres (15 micron diameter). Atrial, right ventricular and weighted-average left ventricular myocardial blood flow values were similar in control (n = 5) and round heart disease (n = 4) turkeys. The left ventricular subendocardial/subepicardial blood flow ratio of 0.89 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SE) in round heart disease birds was, however, reduced compared with the value of 1.19 +/- 0.09 in the control birds (P < 0.05). Round heart disease turkeys also had lower systemic pressures and lower cardiac outputs when compared with control birds. M-mode echocardiograms were obtained in 42 unanaesthetised 17 to 37 day old turkeys, 34 control and eight with round heart disease. Echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular dysfunction characterised by left atrial and left ventricular dilation and a markedly reduced left ventricular shortening fraction was found in round heart disease turkeys. Paradoxical motion of the interventricular septum was present in two of eight round heart disease turkeys but in none of the control turkeys. The interventricular septum/left ventricular posterior wall ratio in control and round heart turkeys were similar. Although the body weight of control and round heart disease turkeys were similar, and the diastolic thickness of the left ventricular wall were not substantially different, the ventricular weight/body weight ratio in round heart disease turkeys was increased approximately 52%. The increased ventricular weight was not due to myocardial oedema, as myocardial water content was similar in control and round heart disease turkeys. The features which characterise round heart disease in turkeys: left atrial and left ventricular dilatation, reduced left ventricular shortening fraction, systemic hypotension, low cardiac output, relative subendocardial underperfusion, and an increase in ventricular mass, make it a useful model for congestive cardiomyopathy.