cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Nonverbal Bias Through Body Language Responses to Stereotypes

Although research has demonstrated the manifestation of racial bias by measuring overt attitudes and behaviors, there has been little examination of the subtle nonverbal cues that may also characterize such bias. The present study investigates implicit racial bias by analyzing nonverbal behaviors of individuals shown video of a criminal suspect whose ethnic identity is manipulated to be Black or White. Participants appeared significantly more uncertain about what they were saying when describing the White suspect than when describing the Black suspect. Participants were also more likely to display “open” posture when describing the Black suspect but “closed” posture (e.g., crossed arms) when describing the White suspect. The results indicate that biases in attitudes and beliefs might be reliably detected and measured through body language. The findings are discussed in terms of how nonverbal behaviors may reveal more subtle forms of prejudice and miscommunication. Contextual correlations between specific nonverbal behaviors and affective states are also discussed.
Role of electron-donating cosubstrates in the anaerobic biotransformation of chlorophenoxyacetates to chlorophenols by a bacterial consortium enriched on phenoxyacetate

A bacterial consortium that anaerobically mineralized phenoxyacetate, with transient production of phenol as an intermediate, was obtained from a methanogenic aquifer site near the Norman, OK municipal landfill. This consortium was able to convert the eight halogenated chlorophenoxyacetates tested to the corresponding chlorophenols. The chlorophenols were not subsequently metabolized. The addition of reduced substrates increased the rate of degradation of all chlorophenoxyacetates, with 78% of mono- and di-chlorinated substrates being transformed to chlorophenols in butyrate-amended cultures, compared to less than 37% transformed in unsupplemented cultures. Butyrate increased the transformation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate from 10% to 20%. An experiment evaluating the effects of several compounds on the side-chain cleavage reaction of 3-chlorophenoxyacetate showed that addition of compounds with readily act as hydrogen donors (butyrate, crotonate, ethanol, propionate, and hydrogen) resulted in 2 to 5 times the amount of 3-chlorophenoxyacetate transformed compared to controls with no amendment, formate had a slight stimulatory effect, and acetate and methanol had no effect. Butyrate addition also increased the rate of phenoxyacetate degradation, resulting in transient phenol accumulation not observed in butyrate-unamended controls. These results support the hypothesis that the side-chain cleavage of phenoxyacetate is a reductive process that is stimulated by the oxidation of reduced cosubstrates.
FTIR gas chromatographic analysis of perfumes

Perfumes, natural or synthetic, are complex mixtures consisting of numerous components. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques have been extensively utilized for the analysis of perfumes and essential oils. A limited number of perfume samples have also been analyzed by FT-IR gas chromatographic (GC-FTIR) techniques. Most of the latter studies have been performed using the conventional light pipe (LP) based GC-FTIR systems. In recent years, cold-trapping (in a matrix or neat) GC-FTIR systems have become available. The cold-trapping systems are capable of sub-nanogram sensitivities. In this paper, comparison data between the LP and the neat cold-trapping GC- FTIR systems is presented. The neat cold-trapping interface is known as Tracer. The results of GC-FTIR analysis of some commercial perfumes is also presented. For comparison of LP and Tracer GC-FTIR systems, a reference (synthetic) mixture containing 16 major and numerous minor constituents was used. The components of the mixture are the compounds commonly encountered in commercial perfumes. The GC-FTIR spectra of the reference mixture was obtained under identical chromatographic conditions from an LP and a Tracer system. A comparison of the two sets of data thus generated do indeed show the enhanced sensitivity level of the Tracer system. The comparison also shows that some of the major components detected by the Tracer system were absent from the LP data. Closer examination reveals that these compounds undergo thermal decomposition on contact with the hot gold surface that is part of the LP system. GC-FTIR data were obtained for three commercial perfume samples. The major components of these samples could easily be identified by spectra search against a digitized spectral library created using the Tracer data from the reference mixture.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
New Product Evaluation Using a Bayesian Dynamic Program

A method of scheduling new product evaluation steps is proposed. The method presented offers promise in reducing the costs of this evaluation. The value of each evaluation is based on Bayesian methods.
A simplified robust circle criterion using the sensitivity-based Quantitative Feedback theory formulation

The circle criterion provides a sufficient condition for global asymptotic stability for a specific class of nonlinear systems, those consisting of the feedback interconnection of a single-input, single-output linear dynamic system and a static, sector-bounded nonlinearity. Previous authors (Wang et al., 1990) have noted the similarity between the graphical circle criterion and design bounds in the complex plane stemming from the Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT) design methodology. The QFT formulation has specific advantages from the standpoint of controller synthesis. However, the aforementioned approach requires that plant uncertainty sets (i.e., templates) be manipulated in the complex plane. Recently, a modified formulation for the QFT linear robust performance and robust stability problem has been put forward in terms of sensitivity function bounds. This formulation admits a parametric inequality which is quadratic in the open loop transfer function magnitude, resulting in a computational simplification over the template-based approach. In addition, the methodology admits mixed parametric and nonparametric plant models. The disk inequality which results represents a much closer analog of the circle criterion, requiring only scaling and a real axis shift. This observation is developed in this paper, and the methodology is demonstrated in this paper via feedback design and parametric analysis of a quarter-car active suspension model with a sector nonlinearity.
Developing consortia for clinical practice examinations: The Macy project

A series of workshops demonstrating a model for assessing the clinical performance of medical students with standardized patients (SPs) was conducted between 1989 and 1991, with deans or senior faculty from more than 90 North American medical schools in attendance. Although 80% of these schools subsequently expressed interest in implementing similar programs, the cost in faculty time and resources was an issue of concern. To facilitate the best use of the limited resources available, and with the financial assistance of the Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, six consortia of schools were established for this purpose: North Carolina, Gulf Coast, Northwest, Southern California, Metropolitan New York, and Upstate New York. Although all consortia share similarities, each has its own vision, purpose, and operational methods. This article describes the consortia generically and in their individual variations.
On the dissolved surface oxygen supersaturation in the Arctic

Recently we reported anomalous dissolved neon-helium ratios in the Arctic Ocean and suggested that the neon supersaturation is caused by the freezing process. We also predicted supersaturation of dissolved gases such as oxygen, which are heavier than neon. To pursue the tracer potential of these gases, we recently collected more seawater samples for the measurements of the noble gases, made dissolved oxygen measurements, and performed a set of laboratory freezing experiments. Here, we report the results of dissolved oxygen measurements made during the laboratory freezing experiments, and during the MIZEX 84 field program. In the laboratory we found that 1cm of ice growth caused approximately 0.5% dissolved oxygen supersaturation in a 90cm deep water column. Conversely, the ice phase was 53±2% undersaturated in dissolved oxygen, a result which is, within experimental uncertainties, identical to that obtained in the field.
COX‐2 and Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Recent observations link cyclooxygenase type-2 (COX-2) to the progression of the disease. Consistent with this notion, studies with the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) show that inhibition and ablation of COX-2 markedly reduce the deleterious effects of this toxin on the nigrostriatal pathway. The similarity between this experimental model and PD strongly supports the possibility that COX-2 expression is also pathogenic in PD.
Binding diversity of monoclonal antibodies to α(2 → 8) polysialic acid conjugated to outer membrane vesicle via adipic acid dihydrazide

Abstract Murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated using group B Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli K1 polysaccharides (PSs) conjugated to outer membrane vesicle (OMV) via adipic acid dihydrazide, and were used to identify the immunodeterminants expressed on these capsular PSs. Ten mAbs representative of IgM and all subclasses of IgG were obtained which recognized diverse immunodeterminants on α(2 → 8) polysialic acid (PSA). The specificity of mAbs to different antigenic determinants was assessed by their differential binding to PSA attached to a solid phase by different methods and confirmed by absorption studies. Two mAbs from the E. coli K1 fusion were directed to the O -acetyl epitope and the rest reacted with both the PSs only when attached to a solid phase by certain means. The methods by which PSA was coated on the solid phase had an impact on the epitope expression and binding pattern. At the concentrations used, the O -acetyl-specific mAbs, IgG1 and IgG3 mAbs were not bactericidal against group B N. meningitidis , whereas other mAbs were. The conjugates B and K1 PSs present to the murine immune system different antigenic determinants, some of which elicit bactericidal antibodies.
Minimizing the error bound for the dynamic lot size model

In the dynamic lot size model, the production plan for the first few periods is usually determined based on the forecast data for some fixed data horizon. This fixed data horizon may not be long enough, in the sense that information beyond that data horizon may affect the optimal decisions in the first few periods. In the literature there are two approaches to deal with this insufficiency of information: to extend the data horizon or to find a worst-case bound on the error induced by imposing a finite data horizon on the model. This paper takes the second approach. When the second approach is taken, existing papers only evaluate the error bound after the production plan of the first few periods is determined. By contrast, this paper determines the production plan such that the corresponding error bound is minimal. We provide a polynomial time algorithm for the problem under the realistic assumption that a ''speculative motive'' cost structure is not allowed.
More than just infections: an update on primary immune deficiencies.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The general pediatrician should be empowered to utilize continuity of care for the recognition of unusual or severe patterns of infection. With the burgeoning field of genetics, primary immune deficiencies (PIDs) can be diagnosed and treated earlier to provide better outcomes for patients and families. Improved treatment modalities have redefined expectations for many infants born with PIDs. RECENT FINDINGS: The prevalence of PIDs increases as researchers discover novel immunodeficiency syndromes and as clinicians increasingly recognize and diagnose nuanced presentations of immunodeficiency. Novel immunodeficiency syndromes associated with mutations in DOCK8, CARD9, and PRKDC recently have been described. For the first time in the United States, newborns from an entire state were screened for lymphopenia, allowing potentially life-saving early diagnosis of the most severe forms of PID before the onset of symptoms. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and gene therapy continue to be evaluated as curative treatments with increasing success rates for some of the most severe PIDs. SUMMARY: The field of PID continues to expand and advancements have been made in earlier diagnosis and screening. Comparative effectiveness research into treatment modalities offered to patients with PID is leading to a better understanding of optimal therapies for specific PIDs. In the meantime, the advocacy efforts of established and emerging PID networks promote excellence in clinical recognition and treatment of PIDs in children.
Analgesic responses to intrathecal morphine in relation to CSF concentrations of morphine-3,β-glucuronide and morphine-6,β-glucuronide

Abstract This study was performed to determine whether variations in analgesic responses to intrathecal morphine could be explained by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of morphine metabolites. Twenty-four CSF samples were collected at the beginning, middle and end of treatment periods in seven cancer patients with pain of malignant origin. CSF concentrations of morphine-3,β-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6,β-glucuronide (M6G) metabolites were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Analgesic responses to morphine were estimated concurrent with CSF collection using a visual analog scale representing percentages of pain relief. Effective analgesia was defined as ≥ 75% pain relief. CSF concentration of M3G and M6G in the 24 samples were 722 ± 116 ng/ml and 699 ± 158 ng/ml, respectively. CSF samples were categorized into two groups: (1) those collected during effective analgesia (N = 14), and (2) those collected during ineffective analgesia (N = 10). M6G levels detected in group 1 samples (effective analgesia) were significantly greater than those found in group 2 samples (ineffective analgesia) (978 ± 243 ng/ml vs 309 ± 68 ng/ml, P M3G M6G ratios were not significant. It is concluded that CSF M6G may be indicative of effectiveness of analgesia in cancer patients subjected to intrathecal morphine.
Fatigue studies of nanoscale structures for MEMS/NEMS applications using nanoindentation techniques

Abstract Mechanical properties of nanoscale structures are needed to design reliable micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS). Most material properties are known to be size-dependent and such properties of the nanoscale structures have not been well characterized. Bending strength and fatigue properties of nanoscale silicon beams with a 6-μm length, a 255 nm height and widths ranging from 400 to 800 nm were evaluated using a depth-sensing nanoindenter with a harmonic force. In the bending tests, the beams failed in a brittle manner with a flat fracture surface. Load cycles used in continuous stiffness measurement were used to perform fatigue tests. The contact stiffness was monitored continuously throughout the fatigue test. The abrupt decrease in the contact stiffness indicates fatigue damage has occurred. Cleavage steps were found on the fatigue fracture surface. Failure mechanisms of the beams during bending and fatigue are also discussed in conjunction with the surface to volume ratio, surface defects, and cleavage planes. The dynamic nanoindentation fatigue test used in this study can be satisfactorily used to evaluate the fatigue behavior of nanoscale structures for use in MEMS/NEMS.
Monte Carlo analysis of band structure influence on impact ionization in InP

Abstract The influence of electronic band structure on the impact ionization phenomena in InP was studied using the Monte Carlo method. Realistic band structures evaluated using the nonlocal pseudopotential method were employed. Threshold energies for impact ionization were calculated throughout the first Brillouin zone. A new impact ionization model which explicitly takes into account the wave-vector dependence of impact ionization threshold energies was used to calculate the ionization rate. The simulation results of drift velocity and ionization coefficient agree very well with experimental data. In spite of significant anisotropy in the threshold energies and complex band structures, no significant orientational dependence was found in the ionization coefficients. An important result of the work presented here is the demonstration that the biaxial elastic strain in InP produced by the lattice mismatch between adjacent layers in a heterostructure can significantly alter the impact ionization thresholds.
Historical and biomechanical analysis of integration and dissociation in molluscan feeding, with special emphasis on the true limpets (Patellogastropoda: Gastropoda).

Modifications of the molluscan feeding apparatus have long been recognized as a crucial feature in molluscan diversification, related to the important process of gathering energy from the environment. An ecologically and evolutionarily significant dichotomy in molluscan feeding kinematics is whether radular teeth flex laterally (flexoglossate) or do not (stereoglossate). In this study, we use a combination of phylogenetic inference and biomechanical modeling to understand the transformational and causal basis for flexure or lack thereof. We also determine whether structural subsystems making up the feeding system are structurally, functionally, and evolutionarily integrated or dissociated. Regarding evolutionary dissociation, statistical analysis of state changes revealed by the phylogenetic analysis shows that radular and cartilage subsystems evolved independently. Regarding kinematics, the phylogenetic analysis shows that flexure arose at the base of the Mollusca and lack of flexure is a derived condition in one gastropod clade, the Patellogastropoda. Significantly, radular morphology shows no change at the node where kinematics become stereoglossate. However, acquisition of stereoglossy in the Patellogastropoda is correlated with the structural dissociation of the subradular membrane and underlying cartilages. Correlation is not causality, so we present a biomechanical model explaining the structural conditions necessary for the plesiomorphic kinematic state (flexoglossy). Our model suggests that plesiomorphically the radular teeth must flex laterally as they pass over the bending plane as a result of the mechanical restrictions in the flexible but inelastic subradular membrane and close association between subradular membrane and cartilages. Relating this model to the specific character states of the clades, we conclude that lack of flexure in patellogastropods is caused by the dissociation of the subradular membrane and cartilage supports.
Predator Conservation in Cotton: Using Grain Sorghum as a Source for Insect Predators

Abstract Adjacent plots of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, were established in 1997 and 1998 to study the movement of generalist predators in this system. Previous authors have suggested that sorghum acts as a source of generalist insect predators for cotton pests but several questions about the dynamics of insect movement remain unanswered. Mark–recapture methods were used to determine the timing of predator movement and to measure the net gains, if any, for cotton in terms of predators. Destructive sampling of cotton and grain sorghum plants was used to determine which environmental factors might cause predator movement in this system. Results showed that several generalist predators move between cotton and sorghum, most frequently Orius spp. and Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville. Movement of predators into cotton peaked during the hard-dough and soft-dough stages of sorghum phenology in 1997 and 1998, respectively. Although cotton received a net gain in total predators, the number of insects leaving cotton once exceeded the number entering from sorghum, indicating that predator movement is not unidirectional in this system. Further, data on predator dispersal rates suggest that predators possess the necessary mobility for their use in field-scale conservation (as opposed to strip cropping). Results of destructive sampling show that predator movement was positively correlated with ambient temperatures and negatively correlated with local aphid levels. These results support the use of sorghum as a predator conservation tool in cotton and are particularly relevant as the boll weevil eradication programs increase the feasibility of pesticide reductions and conservation in cotton.
Development of sexual behavior in male guinea pigs from genetically different stocks under controlled conditions of androgen treatment and caging.

The differential responsiveness of male guinea pigs to testosterone propionate (t.p.) as measured by their sexual behavior (Grunt and Young, 1952) is attributed in part to the influence of early experience on the organization of sexual behavior patterns (Valenstein, Riss and Young 1955; Valenstein and Young, 1955). These patterns differ however in males from genetically different strains (Valenstein, Riss and Young, 1954). It appeared likely therefore that genetic as well as experiential factors contribute to the organization of these patterns and therefore to the responsiveness to t.p. The point was checked in the present experiment in which the responses of different genetic strains to t.p. were studied and in which the influence of early experience was controlled. Opportunity was also provided to ascertain if the testes are necessary for the organization of sexual behavior patterns (Valenstein, Riss and Young, 1955) and to compare the schedules of development of sexual behavior in genetically different...
β-Endorphin suppression of acute morphine abstinence in morphine dependent monkeys: Effective given intraventricularly but ineffective given intravenously

Six female adult Macaca mulatta monkeys were made dependent upon morphine sulfate and wermanted with a chronic indwelling needle in the lateral ventricle of the brain for sterile intraventricular injections. Both B-endorphin and morphine, in a dose dependent manner given intraventricularly suppressed the signs of 14 hour acute morphine abstinence. On a molar basis, 8-endorphin was more active than morphine in suppressing the signs of morphine abstinence. When given intravenously in much larger doses, B-endorphin was ineffective in contrast to morphine which was effective in suppressing abstinence.
Vibration of a liquid with a free surface in a spinning spherical tank

The problem of forced fluid vibrations in a partially filled spinning spherical tank is solved numerically by using the finite element method. The governing equations include Coriolis acceleration and spatially homogeneous vorticity. An exponential instability is detected in the present simulation for fill ratios below 0.5 and centrifugal acceleration to thrust ratios less than 1.7. This fictitious instability appears in the model as a result of the homogeneous vortex assumption since the free slosh equations are neutrally stable in the Liapunov sense.
Characterization of a differential low-temperature growth response in two species of Lycopersicon: the plastochron as a tool.

The plastochron model was used to evaluate the differences in the growth response of two Lycopersicon spp. grown under two temperature regimes (25/18 and 12/5°C). Two altitudinal accessions of L. hirsutum Homb. et Bnpl., from low and high altitude, a breeding line of L. esculentum (L.) Mill. and the hybrid between the latter and the high-altitude L. hirsutum were studied. The plastochron (P) values were estimated directly according to the formula of R.O. Erickson and F. Michelini (1957, Am. J. Bot. 44, 297–305), and indirectly through a linear model estimating the exponential rates of leaf elongation (r) and the ln of the plastochron ratios (q). The P values were obtained as P=q/r, and with one exception values obtained with both methods were comparable. Low temperature significantly decreased r in all genotypes, but the extent of this reduction depended on the genotype. The hybrid exhibited the least reduction, followed by the high-elevation L. hirsutum, L. esculentum and the lowelevation L. hirsutum. While the q values of the L. hirsutum accessions were significantly reduced by low temperature, those of L. esculentum and the hybrid were not. With the exception of the low-altitude L. hirsutum, low temperature significantly increased P, however the extent of the increase was significantly greater in L. esculentum. Analysis of temperature dependent changes of r, q and P indicate that L. esculentum extended its P by approximately the same factor its r was reduced. On the other hand, the L. hirsutum accessions increased P to a lesser extent, therefore having the ability to produce, comparatively, more leaves at lower temperatures than the cultivated tomato. The linear model of the plastochron is proposed as a tool for comparative studies of environmental growth responses of different genotypes. Plant size was reduced by low temperature. Considering plant size attained at high temperature as 100%, at low temperature sizes were reduced to 73% for the hybrid, 61% for the high-altitude L. hirsutum, 39% for L. esculentum and 30% for the low-altitude L. hirsutum. The low-temperature regime delayed flowering by two, three and nine plastochrons in the hybrid, the high-altitude L. hirsutum and L. esculentum, respectively, while the low-altitude L. hirsutum did not flower for the duration of the experiment. When artificially pollinated, L. esculentum yielded parthenocarpic fruits, while the high-altitude L. hirsutum and the hybrid produced fruits with viable seeds.
Calcium-Regulated Phosphorylation Within the Leucine Zipper of C/EBPβ

Alterations in intracellular calcium levels activate several signal transduction pathways resulting in distinct patterns of gene expression. Here, a pathway for calcium-mediated signals is demonstrated that involves C/EBP beta, a member of the bZip family of transcription factors. In pituitary cells C/EBP beta was phosphorylated in response to increased intracellular calcium concentrations as a consequence of the activation of a calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Phosphorylation of serine at position 276 within the leucine zipper of C/EBP beta appeared to confer calcium-regulated transcriptional stimulation of a promoter that contained binding sites for C/EBP beta.
Method of calculating permissible errors in slip batching for mixing processes

Methode de calcul des erreurs admissibles pour la teneur en eau lors de la preparation de la barbotine pour la fabrication de refractaires
A structural interpretation of B10 and B11 NMR spectra in sodium borate glasses

It is shown that the B10 spectra for sodium borate glasses are sensitive to the different structural groups in the glasses. Five boron sites are inferred from the data: two 4-coordinated sites and three 3-coordinated sites. The two 4-coordinated boron sites are identified as BO4 units connected to all BO3 units, and BO4 units connected to one BO4 unit and three BO3 units. The three 3-coordinated boron sites are identified as BO3 units connected to: (1) all BO3 units; (2) a mixture of BO3 and BO4 units; and (3) all BO4 units. These five sites can be interpreted in terms of Krogh-Moe's structural model of alkali borate glasses, wherein the fraction of each structural group can be determined for eight sodium borate glasses spanning the compositional range from 0 to 35 mol% Na2O. The resulting fractions are consistent with Krogh-Moe's structural model.
Seismicity and tectonics of the blue ridge area of the Mogollon Plateau, Arizona

Abstract The seismicity of the Blue Ridge area of the Mogollon Plateau exists within a framework of Tertiary volcanics and normal faulting. The seismicity includes earthquake sequences in 1989 and 2005 with principal events as large as Richter local magnitude ( M L ) 4.6 (National Earthquake Information Center [NEIC]). Analysis of this seismicity indicates that it is characterized by normal faulting on northwest-trending planes. The normal faults form part of the Cataract Creek fault system that has historically generated earthquakes as large as surface wave magnitude ( M S ) 6.2 (Brumbaugh, 1991; Bausch and Brumbaugh, 1997). Regionally these northwest-trending fracture systems/faults of the southern Colorado plateau appear to pose the greatest seismic hazard to the Grand Canyon National Park with almost five million visitors per year and the rapidly growing Flagstaff area.
Human Rights and the Right to Culture in China

As anthropologists we are often preoccupied with our own circumscribed studies of local communities. Only during World War II did we embrace the global dimensions and importance of cultural differences. Many Western anthropologists who have recently, and as a matter of conscience, become concerned with globalization have abandoned the concept of culture as an organizing principle, perhaps in part because they confuse cultural relativism with moral relativism, and perhaps because it is fashionable to denounce their forebears. As professionals I think we must deal with the cultural dimensions of a problem first before making moral judgements. I remain convinced that the concept of culture is a useful tool for understanding and shaping macro-level political understanding and dialogue, in somewhat the same way as Ruth Benedict and others demonstrated more than half a century ago. American policy failures in the international arena, of which the war in Afghanistan is one result, are related to arrogance (ethno...
A mathematical model for the temporal pattern of a population structure, with particular reference to the flour beetle

Equations are derived to represent the time course of the population numbers of the various stages of the flour beetle. The assumption of constant duration of the life stages and the absence of delayed effects leads to equations from which the various population numbers can be calculated in terms of the parameters of the system. Formulae are given for the estimation of many of the latter from observations on population numbers. Calculations show that the principal features of the observed changes in population structure can be accounted for on the basis of a simple model in which it is further assumed that each interaction is proportional to the product of the numbers of the two given interacting stages. A more detailed analysis may require secondary interaction coefficients. Suggestions for estimation of such coefficients are given.
Formation of Subsurface Zones in Impact Wear

Recent studies have established that subsurface material structures are altered in processes giving rise to wear. This is the case both for sliding contact and repetitive compound impact loading. It is not surprising that the thermal and mechanical processing due to solid contact and relative motion lead to localized material property change. Yet subsurface material characteristics (such as degree of plastic deformation, void and crack content, layer formation, grain refinement, etc.) may be of considerable significance in terms of fundamental wear processes. Accordingly, a series of tests has been undertaken to determine the onset of characteristic subsurface zone formation arising in repetitive compound impact wear. The repetitive load cycling is convenient for such investigations (incubation studies) since a contact event is discretized a priori. The test series and subsequent analyses seek primarily to determine the dynamics of formation of subsurface material zones, and also to characterize these zon...
Helmholtz oscillation in building models

Abstract The nature of wind-induced Helmholtz oscillation of air pressure in building cavities was studied experimentally by testing an impermeable rigid building model in a wind tunnel. The model had a single room and a single external opening of four different sizes. It was tested in both laminar uniform wind and turbulent boundary-layer wind, with or without a cylinder placed near the building. The RMS value and the spectrum of the fluctuating external and internal pressures were measured and compared with each other. The Helmholtz resonance was found to be present in all the different types of flows studied. The spectral peak showed that the internal pressure generated by different flows all fluctuated at the Helmholtz frequency predicted by using a polytropic exponent equal to 1.4 (adiabatic) and an orifice contraction coefficient approximately equal to 0.88. The test results support a recent theory on Helmholtz oscillation based on aerodynamic analysis.
Regional differences in electrophysiological properties of epicardium, midmyocardium, and endocardium. In vitro and in vivo correlations.

Background Microelectrode studies have described a population of cells within the midmyocardium (M cells) displaying a steep rate dependence of action potential duration (APD) and high Vmax compared with endocardial (Endo) and epicardial (Epi) cells. Methods and Results We studied repolarization in different myocardial layers in vitro and in situ. In addition to confirming the results of earlier studies, we found that after abrupt lengthening of the cycle length (CL), APDs in M cells reached a new steady state faster than in Epi or Endo cells: the time to achieve 90% of the difference in APD (t90) was 13.3±0.7 minutes in Endo cells, 12.8±1.1 minutes in Epi cells, and 2.6±0.4 minutes in M cells (P<.05 compared with Epi or Endo) when CL changed from 400 to 1000 ms. In situ, we registered activation-recovery intervals (ARIs) in bipolar electrograms obtained from different myocardial layers in conditions of AV block and His-bundle pacing. At all CLs from 300 to 2000 ms, ARIs were equal in all myocardial laye...
Detection of Human Transferrin by the Piezoelectric Crystal

Abstract A highly sensitive piezoelectric crystal sensor for human transferrin has been developed. The crystal was coated with protein A and then reacted with anti-human transferrin antibody. Human transferrin concentrations in the range of 10−4 to 10−1 mg/ml could be detected by the system. The sensitivity of the protein A coated crystal was 10 fold higher than the polyethyleneimine coated crystal.
Regulation of the O-Linked β-N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase by Insulin Signaling

O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) catalyzes the addition of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto serine and threonine residues in response to stimuli or stress analogous to phosphorylation by Ser/Thr-kinases. Like protein phosphatases, OGT appears to be targeted to myriad specific substrates by transiently interacting with specific targeting subunits. Here, we show that OGT is activated by insulin signaling. Insulin treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes stimulates both tyrosine phosphorylation and catalytic activity of OGT. A subset of OGT co-immunoprecipitates with the insulin receptor. Insulin stimulates purified insulin receptor to phosphorylate OGT in vitro. OGT is a competitive substrate with reduced and carboxyamidomethylated lysozyme (RCAM-lysozyme), a well characterized insulin receptor substrate. Insulin stimulation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes results in a partial translocation of OGT from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The insulin activation of OGT results in increased O-GlcNAc modification of OGT and other proteins including, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). We conclude that insulin stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation and activity of OGT.
Substitutes for Glutamine in Proliferation of Rat Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Abstract Objectives Glutamine (Gln) is important for intestinal epithelial proliferation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether glutamate (Glu), a mixture of nucleotide monophosphates, arginine, or glucosamine could support proliferation of rat intestinal crypt cells (IEC-6) in the absence of Gln. Methods Glu with added ammonia acetate, glucosamine, arginine, and nucleotide monophosphates were tested at concentrations that were isonitrogenous with respect to Gln. To determine whether de novo synthesis of Gln was affected by these nutrients, a duplicate set of treatment groups was also tested with 1.0 mM/L of methionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of Gln synthetase. Results Gln + methionine sulfoximine-treated cells showed suboptimal proliferation below 0.6 mM/L but normal proliferation between 0.6 and 4.0 mM/L of Gln. In the absence of exogenous Gln, isonitrogenous concentrations of Glu, glucosamine, arginine, or nucleotide monophosphates yielded similar proliferation as Gln. Cells treated with Glu, glucosamine, arginine, or nucleotide monophosphate mixture showed a decrease in proliferation compared with cells treated with Gln across all treatment doses ( P Conclusions The importance of these results is that, in the presence of active Gln synthetase, these nutrients can maintain intestinal epithelial proliferation similar to that observed with Gln.
Transport properties of topological insulators: Band bending, bulk metal-to-insulator transition, and weak anti-localization

Abstract We reanalyze some of the critical transport experiments and provide a coherent understanding of the current generation of topological insulators (TIs). Currently TI transport studies abound with widely varying claims of the surface and bulk states, often times contradicting each other, and a proper understanding of TI transport properties is lacking. According to the simple criteria given by Mott and Ioffe–Regel, even the best TIs are not true insulators in the Mott sense, and at best, are weakly-insulating bad metals. However, band-bending effects contribute significantly to the TI transport properties including Shubnikov de-Haas oscillations, and we show that utilization of this band-bending effect can lead to a Mott insulating bulk state in the thin regime. In addition, by reconsidering previous results on the weak anti-localization (WAL) effect with additional new data, we correct a misunderstanding in the literature and generate a coherent picture of the WAL effect in TIs.
Logicality and regulatory ethics: lessons from the Bucharest early intervention project.

Sometimes, researchers play by the rules yet their research still generates misgivings. Is it always enough, then, to abide by the rules and regulations for human subjects research? Or, in fact, might too close a focus on the rules blind both investigator and regulator to larger, overarching concerns? Or put more bluntly, could an emphasis on regulatory compliance lead to a misconstrual of the ethics of a research study?These questions are raised by the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a study conducted on Romanian children who lived in orphanages in the aftermath of the notorious regime of Nicolae Ceaucescu.
Isolation of a new feline sarcoma virus (HZ1-FeSV): Biochemical and immunological characterization of its translation product

Abstract A new strain of feline sarcoma virus, designated HZ1-FeSV, was isolated from a 4-year-old domestic cat with multicentric fibrosarcoma. A primary tumor cell line was established and virus produced from that line was found to induce foci in feline embryonic lung fibroblasts (FLF3) and mink lung fibroblasts (CCL64) in tissue culture and fibro-sarcomas in inoculated 10-week-old kittens. The derivation of transformed nonproducer clones of FLF3 and CCL64 cells containing helper virus-rescuable, focus-forming activity indicated that HZ1-FeSV was defective for replication. The only discernible translation product of the HZ1-FeSV genome in cultured cells was a 100,000-Da polyprotein (P100) which contained amino-terminal sequences of the FeLV gag gene precursor protein covalently linked to a sarcoma virus-specific domain. Immunoprecipitates containing P100 exhibited a protein kinase actvity capable of phosphorylating tyrosine residues of P100. Immunologically, P100 was highly cross-reactive with gag-fes polyproteins encoded by two previously characterized strains of FeSV, the GA- and the ST-FeSV. By comparison of methionine-containing tryptic peptides, the HZ1-FeSV protein was shown to be more closely related to the GA-FeSV protein than to the ST-FeSV protein, but to be distinguishable from both other proteins.
Pathophysiology of the Pulmonary Circulation in Emphysema Associated with Alpha1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

Patients with homozygous alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency present a unique opportunity for evaluation of the pulmonary vasculature in primary emphysema. In five patients, the detailed angiographic appearance of small (0.2-2.0 mm diameter) muscular pulmonary arteries, shown by wedge arteriography, was correlated with the results of right heart catheterization during the control hypoxemic state (average arterial Poo2 50 mm Hg), the administration of oxygen (average arterial Poo2 90 mm Hg), and a constant infusion of aminophylline. In all patients, wedge arteriograms in the lower zones of the lungs showed a sparsity of arborization and a diminished background blush of capillary filling. These abnormalities were in the areas of diminished pulmonary blood flow, as indicated by the pulmonary scintiscans and the capillary phase of pulmonary arteriograms. The administration of oxygen and of aminophylline produced an increase in the diameter of arteries 0.5 to 2 mm in diameter on the wedge arteriograms of some of the...
Emotion-congruent attentional biases: the perspective of hierarchical models of emotional disorders

Using the rationale of current hierarchical models of anxiety and depression, this study examined relationships between common and specific factors of these syndromes and emotion-congruent attentional biases. Participants (n = 72) performed an emotional Stroop task, in which anxiety- and depression-related as well as neutral non-valenced words were presented both supra- and subliminally. The anxiety-related general distress scale, but not specific anxiety scales, correlated significantly with the anxiety-related subliminal bias. A partial correlational analysis showed that this relationship was independent of scores on depression-related scales. In agreement with most previous findings, no depression-related attentional biases were found. As expected for sub-clinical populations none of the scales was associated with any supraliminal attentional bias.
Supervised exercise to reduce agitation in severely cognitively impaired persons.

Background Several studies have shown an improvement in depression, activities of daily living, and agitation in cognitively impaired subjects who undergo a long-term exercise program. These studies have not considered the short-term effects of exercise. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of a limited, supervised exercise program on agitation, depression, and activities of daily living in cognitively impaired patients residing in the special needs unit of a nursing home. Methods This study was a prospective comparative study. A 3-week exercise program was implemented at the special needs units of 2 nursing homes. The exercise program involved 30 minutes of exercise (15 minutes of aerobic and 15 minutes of resistance), 3 days per week. There were 50 residents in this study (76% female, 24% male) and they had a mean age of 79.2 ± 9.7 years. The subjects had a mean SLUMS (Saint Louis Mental Status Examination) score of 1.5 ± 2.1 (SLUM score range 0–30, 30 meaning full cognitive faculty). Each subject had his or her depression, agitation, activities of daily living, and 6-meter walk time measured before and after the 3-week exercise program. The Cornell Scale for Depression, Pittsburgh Agitation Scale (PAS)/Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory, and ADCS-ADL (Alzheimer's disease cooperative study–activities of daily living) were used to measure depression, agitation, and activities of daily living, respectively. Multiple paired t tests were calculated for each outcome measurement. Results The post-study scales showed an improvement in the 6-meter walk test and, using the PAS (0–16, 0 meaning no agitation), an improvement in agitation. The improvement in agitation in the entire population was P less than .05; mean PAS pre-study scores were 5.8 ± 4.8 and mean PAS poststudy scores were 4.5 ± 3.7 . Among the patients with PAS Pre-Exercise Program Scores greater than 3, thus categorized as agitated, there was a greater decrease in agitation; PAS Pre-Study Scores were 9.1 ± 3.4 and PAS Study Scores were 6.1 ± 3.4 (P Conclusion There was an improvement in agitation scores and the 6-meter walk times in the subjects after their engagement in the 3-week exercise program. Further study is needed in order to expand on these results.
Turbidity and its causes in a narrow glacial lake with winter ice cover1

Results from a field investigation of seasonal variations in turbidity are prcsentcd for a narrow (= 12 X = 1 km) glacial Finger Lake south of Rochester, N.Y. The turbidity structure is primarily vertical in summer and under winter ice cover; during spring and fall mixing horizontal gradients dominate. Inflows from the large drainage area at the southern end of the lake show a Coriolis influence. Vertical mixing of this inflow correlates well with density. During most of the year turbidity seems to bc associated principally with suspended inorganic material.
An Understanding of Science and a Hermeneutic Science of Understanding

Due to misunderstandings and an insufficiently explicated methodological base, the unique and important role of interpretive methods in the behavioral sciences has been often overlooked. By distinguishing interpretive-understanding from subjective insights based on empathy and from explanations based on normative paradigms, the present essay elucidates the methodological foundation of investigations which have as a goal more complete understanding of observed behavior. Human behavior is to be understood by explicating the objective world of implied human possibilities and commitments which arise with the behavior. The essay concludes by considering objectivity, validity, and verification in terms of interpretive-understanding and presenting basic methodological principles for interpretive studies.
On the transport of sugars and amino acids by newborn kidney: use of isolated proximal tubule

Abstract While the newborn Sprague-Dawley rat has evidence of hyperglycinuria without glycosuria transport studies employing renal cortical slices in vitro have shown paradoxically no impairment of glycine uptake by tubule cells but an inability to actively transport sugars. In order to eliminate the architecture of the cortical slice as a complicating factor in measuring cellular uptake isolated proximal tubule fragments have been prepared from newborn rats and the cellular uptake of glycine and α-methyl-D-glucoside has been measured. The entry of glycine into the cells of newborn tubules is similar to that in adult tubules and confirms data obtained with slices. On the other hand, concentrative uptake of glucoside though impaired in newborn tubules is easily demonstrable. Isolated tubules of the newborn should provide a model in vitro system to assess the changing characteristics of sugar transport during development.