cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Pressure Equations of State: Theory and Applications

This article reviews theoretical equations of state of solids and dense liquids and their applications to studies of melting, shock compression, matter at extreme conditions and planetary interiors.
Global Observability of Ergodic Translations on Compact Groups

Harmonic analysis is used to show that an ergodic translation on a compact abelian group is observed by almost all continuous scalar functions.
Identifying Aberrant Data in Structural Equation Models With IRLS-ADF

In structural equation models, outliers could result in inaccurate parameter estimates and misleading fit statistics when using traditional methods. To robustly estimate structural equation models,...
Student Participation in Engineering Practices and Discourse: An Exploratory Case Study

Background The integration of science and engineering practices in K-12 science education provides a platform for students to engage in productive classroom discourse supporting deep student understanding and reasoning in a real-world context. However, the engineering design discourse in K-12 science classrooms has not yet been fully examined. Purpose This article aims to explore the decision-making processes and verbal interactions of eighth grade students as they engage in a 12-day engineering design-based science unit. The following research questions guided the study: (a) How do student discourse patterns and interactions affect design decisions? (b) How do the instructor's discursive interactions in design groups influence student design? Method In this exploratory case study, discursive patterns and interaction patterns between four student groups and their instructor were captured through audio and video recordings. Results The design discourse structure and patterns differed among groups, affecting their design decisions. There was also a difference in both the number of new ideas generated and, most notably, the level of student engagement in those groups. In addition, the complexity of design decisions varied, with most groups focusing on financial feasibility rather than scientific reasoning. Finally, it was observed that the instructor discourse influenced student engagement in design discourse and the use of scientific reasoning and justifications in small group discussions. Conclusions This discourse study offers insight into students’ scientific reasoning in an effort to help educators more effectively structure instruction discourse and practices in engineering design in K-12 science education.
Socioeconomic correlates of dietary diversity and its association with adherence and psychosocial functioning of people living with HIV in rural Zambia.

Background:The intersection of nutrition and HIV underscores the importance of adequate food and a diverse diet. In communities with high prevalence of food insecurity and HIV, there is a substanti...
Don't Just “Like” Me, Promote Me: How Attachment and Attitude Influence Brand Related Behaviors on Social Media

Abstract As social media marketing becomes more pervasive, questions continue to emerge regarding utilizing the medium strategically to maximize positive brand-related outcomes. Marketers are increasingly seeking guidance for targeting consumers who will interact and behave in ways that are meaningful to the brand on social media. Understanding how individual differences among consumers can influence social media behaviors linked to valuable organizational outcomes is crucial for managers seeking to justify social media marketing expenditures. This research addresses that issue by applying Attachment Theory to social media. In Study 1, we examine the roles of two individual difference factors, attitude toward social media and attachment to social media (ASM), in predicting token and meaningful behaviors on social media. We find that while attitude toward social media and ASM are both related to token behaviors, only ASM predicts meaningful behaviors. In Study 2, we investigate attachment and attitude toward the brand and social media as predictors of offline and social media brand advocacy and demonstrate that individuals who are attached to or have a positive attitude toward the brand are more likely to engage in offline advocacy. Further, ASM adds incremental explanatory power, beyond attitude and attachment to the brand, in predicting advocacy via social media. In Study 3, we examine likelihood of advocating for a brand via social media as a moderator and find that even consumers who are not likely to be offline advocates are more likely to advocate for the brand on social media if they are strongly attached to social media. In sum, the results indicate that ASM is an important predictor of meaningful social media behaviors and is a new means by which marketers can identify consumers who are more likely to perform meaningful behaviors for brands via social media.
Stress-Induced Ribonucleases

Ribonucleases are key regulators of RNA metabolism that play indispensable roles in cell physiology. A subset of ribonucleases that are regulated by stress help cells to adapt to adverse environmental conditions. Here, we review the structural and functional properties of stress-induced ribonucleases. We also summarize current thinking about the biological significance of stress-induced ribonucleases and discuss directions for future research.
Transcatheter stenting of superior vena cava obstruction after pediatric heart transplantation: A single-center experience assessing risk factors and outcomes.

Transcatheter stent implantation for SVC obstruction following OHT has been well described, particularly in pediatric patients. This study describes a large single-center pediatric heart transplant experience that investigates the risk factors for SVC stenosis requiring stent implantation and its associated outcomes. All pediatric OHTs between January 1, 2000, and December 12, 2016, were examined for risk factors. Twelve of 349 (3.4%) OHTs required SVC stent implantation. Patients who required stents were younger (2.5 years vs 10.0 years, P = 0.0097), weighed less (8.6 kg vs 26.0 kg, P = 0.0024), and were more likely to have had CHD (83% vs 32%, P = 0.001) or previous SCPA (58% vs 18%, P = 0.002). Bicaval anastomosis was not associated with subsequent SVC stent implantation. Symptoms included SVC syndrome and chylous effusions. All 12 patients had evidence of significant SVC obstruction by both echocardiographic Doppler interrogation and transcatheter angiography. There were no acute procedural complications; however, reinterventions were common (four of 12 patients) and occurred at a mean of 5.7 ± 3.6 months poststent implantation. In conclusion, transcatheter SVC stent implantation is safe and effective after OHT. There were significant associations between SVC stent implantation and younger age, smaller weight, CHD, and history of SCPA, but not with bicaval anastomosis or donor-recipient weight ratio.
Aqueous-Phase Synthesis of Hydrocarbons from Furfural Reactions with Low-Molecular-Weight Biomass Oxygenates

Catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass generates water-soluble low-molecular-weight oxygenates such as acetic acid, acetone, furfural, butanone, guaiacol, phenol, etc. These compounds are usually not suitable for conventional hydrocarbon fuel applications. A new heterogeneous catalyst has been developed that simultaneously catalyzes alkylation, hydrodeoxygenation, and hydrogenation of these small oxygenate molecules in aqueous media to produce C6 to C14 hydrocarbons in a one-pot synthesis. In these syntheses, acetic acid, propionic acid, furfural, butanone, pentanone, heptanone, and 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone reacted to produce straight- and branched-chain alkanes. The aldehydes reacted with furan to form straight-chain liquid hydrocarbons, while the ketones reacted with 2-methylfuran to produce branched-chain liquid hydrocarbons. All the reactions occurred in aqueous media at 350 °C. The gaseous products included low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons such as methane, propane, butane, and pentane.
La genealogía liberal de El moro expósito

La escritura de El moro exposito forma parte de un proyecto mas amplio en el que se involucran buen numero de exiliados liberales. Acusados de afrancesados y anti-espanoles por sus enemigos, que los equiparan a los ‘moros’ y los expulsan fisica y simbolicamente del espacio nacional, se ven obligado a crear una nueva identidad en la que ellos tengan cabida. Proponen una version alternativa de la historia en la que el enfrentamiento con los musulmanes no se percibe en terminos de reconquista, sino de guerra civil. En ese contexto aparece la obra del duque de Rivas. Mudarra, bastardo, hibrido, mezcla de cristiano y musulmana, simboliza una nueva Espana mas abierta e inclusiva, pero no por ello menos autentica. La escritura de la obra le sirve a Rivas para probar que existe una tradicion espanola que enlaza con algunos de los componentes mas caracteristicos del pensamiento liberal.
Association of brain age with smoking, alcohol consumption, and genetic variants

The association of the degree of aging based on the whole-brain anatomical characteristics, or brain age, with smoking, alcohol consumption, and individual genetic variants is unclear. Here, we investigated these associations through analyzing data collected for UK Biobank subjects with an age range of 45 to 79 years old. We first trained a statistical model for obtaining relative brain age (RBA), a metric describing a subject9s brain age relative to peers, based on a randomly selected training set subjects (n=2,679). We then applied this model to the evaluation set subjects (n=6,252) and further tested the association of RBA with tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and 529,098 genetic variants. We found that daily or almost daily consumption of smoking or alcohol was significantly associated with increased RBA (P
Abstract P225: Hyperhomocysteinemia Mediates the Association of Food Deserts With Recurrent Heart Failure Hospitalizations

Background: Food deserts (FD) are low-income areas with low access to healthful foods. Prior studies have shown that a diet rich in fruits, vegetables and dairy products substantially lowers homocy...
Auditory white noise reduces postural fluctuations even in the absence of vision.

The contributions of somatosensory, vestibu- lar, and visual feedback to balance control are well docu- mented, but the influence of auditory information, espe - cially acoustic noise, on balance is less clear. Because somatosensory noise has been shown to reduce postural sway, we hypothesized that noise from the auditory modal- ity might have a similar effect. Given that the nervous sys- tem uses noise to optimize signal transfer, adding mechani- cal or auditory noise should lead to increased feedback about sensory frames of reference used in balance control. In the present experiment, postural sway was analyzed in healthy young adults where they were presented with con- tinuous white noise, in the presence and absence of visual information. Our results show reduced postural sway vari- ability (as indexed by the body's center of pressure) in the presence of auditory noise, even when visual information was not present. Nonlinear time series analysis revealed that auditory noise has an additive effect, independent of vision, on postural stability. Further analysis revealed that auditory noise reduced postural sway variability in both low- and high-frequency regimes (> or <0.3 Hz) of sway, suggesting that both spontaneous and feedback-driven aspects of postural fluctuations were influenced by acoustic noise. Our results support the idea that auditory white noise reduces postural sway, suggesting that auditory noise might be used for therapeutic and rehabilitation purposes in older individuals and those with balance disorders.
Preliminary Assessment of a Novel Watchstanding Schedule for a Crew on a Small Surface Combatant of the United States Navy

We assessed the utility of a fixed, 3-section, watchstanding schedule in a small surface combatant of the United States Navy. Sailors on the “5 hrs-daytime/3 hrs-nighttime” or “D5/N3” schedule stoo...
Dopant-induced indirect-direct transition and semiconductor-semimetal transition of bilayer SnSe

Tin selenide (SnSe) is a layered semiconductor, which is reported to be the best thermoelectric material to date. Few-layer tin selenide is highly sensitive to external conditions such as strain, pressure, or temperature. Crystal structure of SnSe is orthorhombic, where atoms are arranged in an accordionlike structure with nonbonding intralayer interactions. Bulk and few-layer pristine SnSe are reported to have indirect electron bandgaps. Based on the results from first-principles density functional theory calculations, we show that two major structural changes can happen upon substitutional chemical doping of bilayer SnSe. Substitutional chemical doping can manipulate the directionality of interlayer interactions of bilayer SnSe, which results in an indirect-direct transition of the electronic bandgap. Our results also suggest that larger dopant atoms can convert the nonbonding intralayer interactions to covalent bonding. Such an increase in the atomic orbital overlap may result in a semiconductor-semimetal transition.Tin selenide (SnSe) is a layered semiconductor, which is reported to be the best thermoelectric material to date. Few-layer tin selenide is highly sensitive to external conditions such as strain, pressure, or temperature. Crystal structure of SnSe is orthorhombic, where atoms are arranged in an accordionlike structure with nonbonding intralayer interactions. Bulk and few-layer pristine SnSe are reported to have indirect electron bandgaps. Based on the results from first-principles density functional theory calculations, we show that two major structural changes can happen upon substitutional chemical doping of bilayer SnSe. Substitutional chemical doping can manipulate the directionality of interlayer interactions of bilayer SnSe, which results in an indirect-direct transition of the electronic bandgap. Our results also suggest that larger dopant atoms can convert the nonbonding intralayer interactions to covalent bonding. Such an increase in the atomic orbital overlap may result in a semiconductor-semime...
Dynamically Navigated versus Freehand Access Cavity Preparation: A Comparative Study on Substance Loss Using Simulated Calcified Canals

Abstract Introduction The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the speed, qualitative precision, and quantitative loss of tooth structure with freehand and dynamically navigated access preparation techniques for root canal location in 3-dimensional–printed teeth with simulated calcified root canals. Methods Forty maxillary and mandibular central incisors (tooth #9 and tooth #25) were 3-dimensionally printed to simulate canal calcification. Under simulated clinical conditions, access preparations were randomly performed with contemporary freehand and dynamically navigated techniques. Qualitative precision and quantitative loss of tooth structure were assessed on postoperative cone-beam computed tomographic scans using ITK-SNAP open-source segmentation ( http://www.itksnap.org/ ). The associations between jaw, technique, volume of substance loss, and operating time were determined using analysis of variance models with Tukey-adjusted post hoc pair-wise comparisons. The kappa statistic was used to determine agreement between 2 independent, blinded raters on the qualitative assessment of the drill path. The association between the technique and jaw and qualitative assessment scoring was compared using the Fisher exact test. The significance level was set at .05. Results Dynamically navigated accesses resulted in significantly less mean substance loss in comparison with the freehand technique (27.2 vs 40.7 mm3, P .05). Mandibular teeth were associated with a negligible difference in substance loss between the access techniques (19.0 vs 19.1 mm3, P > .05). However, qualitatively the freehand technique was still prone to 30% higher chance of suboptimal precision (drill path tangentially transported) in locating calcified canals. Overall, dynamically navigated accesses were prepared significantly faster than freehand preparations (2.2 vs 7.06 minutes, P Conclusions Within the limitations of this in vitro study, overall dynamically navigated access preparations led to significantly less mean substance loss with optimal and efficient precision in locating simulated anterior calcified root canals in comparison with freehand access preparations.
Special Populations in Psychiatric Emergency Care: Forensic Patients

This chapter discusses the challenges posed by forensic patients who present to the emergency room for psychiatric care, and practices designed to improve psychiatric care for these patients. The term “forensic patients” refers to prisoners, jail inmates, probationers, parolees, petitioned patients, patients who have been arrested but not yet undergone the booking process, convicts, and suspects. This chapter also discusses precautions that emergency room personnel should follow when evaluating or prescribing treatment for potentially suicidal forensic patients.
A new algae technical standards focus group: Summarizing and guiding the algae state of the art

Abstract The value proposition of algae technical metrics was the subject of a recent, industry-led, Focus Group interactive discussion. The interactive platform allowed for real time capturing and priority ranking of the topics that are deemed critical challenges for a future successful algae-based bioeconomy. This work ultimately sets the stage for providing guidance, methods, and standard reference materials tailored to respective algae industry segments for the cultivation, processing and marketing of high-quality and safe algae-based products. The group solicits input from the broader algae community on the value proposition and presents a case here to build a consensus around algae-specific metrics. The value proposition of technical standards to the industry is that guidance obtained through these collaborations builds producers' and consumers' trust that algae and algae-derived products are safe, reliable, and may allow for expanded market access, and increased competitiveness and international trade.
A Review of the Year in Family Law: Looking at Interjurisdictional Recognition

Family law issues dominated the headlines during the 2008-2009 reporting year. While there were the usual celebrity break ups, hook ups, and blow ups, other issues arose as to the validity of marriages, adoptions, and questions of parenthood as more states (and countries) recognized same-sex marriage, civil unions or domestic partnerships and allowed same-sex couples to adopt children. International recognition of treaty obligations also garnered headlines. The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction is in force in over eighty countries, including Brazil and the United States. The 1993 Hague Convention on the Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption became effective April 1, 2008. The 2007 Hague Convention on International Enforcement of Child Support and Other Forms of Family Maintenance has passed the Senate Judiciary Committee and is on its way for a vote in 2010. In preparation, the Uniform Law Commission adopted amendments to the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act to use in international enforcement. The United States Department of State would like to consider moving to implement the 1996 Hague Convention on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Co-operation in Respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children. The problem is that this treaty conflicts with the continuing jurisdiction provisions of the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act. The Uniform Law Commission will need to review the UCCJEA to see if it could be amended for international cases in a way similar to UIFSA. The future is likely to see more conflict of law issues as courts must determine the state's public policy and the validity of marriages, adoptions, and divorces from other jurisdictions. Because five states (and several countries) now recognize same-sex marriage, those persons are "presumed" parents of children born or adopted in the relationship. Challenges are likely when one of the presumed parents is deemed a stranger in a state not recognizing same-sex marriage.
Cholesteatoma Causing a Horizontal Semicircular Canal Fistula

Horizontal canal fistulas are not uncommon in patients with cholesteatoma. Patients with canal wall down cavities and exposed horizontal canal fistulas develop significant dizziness with wind or suction exposure. Obliteration of mastoid cavities in patients with exposed fistulas can be challenging. We describe a patient with horizontal canal fistula and chronic dizziness from wind exposure who underwent successful mastoid cavity obliteration with preservation of hearing. Patients with horizontal canal fistulas in a canal wall down cavity can be managed with mastoid obliteration for relief of dizziness.
Investigation of Mission-Driven Inverse Aircraft Design Space Exploration with Machine Learning

The goal of this work was to investigate the feasibility of developing machine learning models for predicting the values of aircraft configuration design variables when provided with time series of...
Variations in Cost and Readmissions of Patients in the Bundled Payment for Care Improvement Bundle for Hip and Femur Fractures.

IntroductionThe Bundled Payment for Care Improvement (BPCI) for hip and femur fractures is an effort to increase care quality and coordination at a lower cost. The bundle includes all patients unde...
Connecting the Dots: Writing Center Tutor Training and Student Orientation and Retention

A chief difficulty administrators may face is supporting students as they strive to meet the challenges of academic writing. This literature review calls for a more robust focus on how writing center administrators can design tutor training for effective orientation, transition, and retention among the student population. Through identifying issues of access, sociolinguistics, and grammar instruction, this paper urges writing center directors and administrators to come alongside OTR professionals in their difficult, yet rewarding, work.
How Transportation Technology Has Shaped Urban Travel Patterns

The primary functions of transportation are to facilitate the movement of people and goods and to provide access to land use activities located within the service area.
Ch, ch, changes: The developmental trajectory of motivation

Knowledge of motivational change across the lifespan can help practitioners identify and implement optimal strategies to mediate motivation and performance challenges. Similar to developmental differences between individuals based upon physiology, cognition, or psychosocial factors, differences in motivation have a measurable developmental trajectory. Support for lifespan change in sources of motivation are discovered by examining the evolutionary nature of beliefs, including, but not limited to, beliefs about academics and competency, social comparison, morality, self-perceptions and gender congruity. Collectively, these factors provide important clues as to what may motivate an individual at any particular juncture of their personal development across the lifespan.
Source Reconstruction for IC Radiated Emissions Based on Magnitude-Only Near-Field Scanning

Near-field scanning with phase measurement is always a challenge in practical experiments because of its complexity and lack of accuracy. Therefore, utilizing the magnitude-only information to achieve phase-retrieval and emissions source reconstruction is preferred. This paper proposes a fast and accurate algorithm that can model the emissions from ICs by generating a set of equivalent dipole elements. The process of this algorithm only requires the information of the field magnitudes on two near-field scanning planes of different heights. Unlike other conventional source reconstruction techniques (such as genetic algorithm, gradient optimization), the proposed approach iteratively performs the back-and-forth transformations among the fields and equivalent dipole elements. By optimizing the locations of the equivalent dipole array and the initial values of these dipole elements, the iteration process is capable of quickly converging to the correct electromagnetic field values, including both magnitude and phase. The fields recovered from the calculated equivalent dipole sources have been validated by comparing to the fields emitted from a practical IC source.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for absolute summability of the trace formulas for certain one dimensional Schrödinger operators

For the general one dimensional Schrodinger operator - d 2 /dx 2 +q (x) with real q we study some analytic aspects related to order-one trace formulas originally due to Buslaev-Faddeev, Faddeev-Zakharov, and Gesztesy-Holden-Simon-Zhao. We show that the condition q E L 1 (R) guarantees the existence of the trace formulas of order one only with certain resolvent regularizations of the integrals involved. Our principle results are simple necessary and sufficient conditions on absolute summability of the formulas under consideration. These conditions are expressed in terms of Fourier transforms related to q.
CONSTITUTIVE LAW FOR NONLINEAR CREEP OF CONCRETE

Endochronic theory, previously proposed and verified for multiaxial time-independent experimental data, is extended to nonlinear long-time creep at high stress and is compared with available uniaxial creep data. The extension is based on a Maxwell chain model, each unit of which is characterized by its own intrinsic time, an independent variable whose increments depend both on time and strain increments. The dependence on the latter involves the previously determined hardening and softening functions. Aging is included and the previously established Maxwell chain model for low-stress creep with aging is obtained as a special case. The theory also describes the decrease of strength with load duration when the compression is high, gives an increase when the compression is low, and yields the additional inelastic strain accumulation due to cyclic load. An effective and numerically stable algorithm for timestep integration of structural response, permitting the time steps to be increased with the load duration, is presented.
A Rotating-Sector Attenuator of Adjustable Transmittance for Precise Spectrophotometry

A rotating-sector attenuator has been constructed using components of readily available precision. The transmittance of the attenuator is adjustable in motion through a differential gear system and can be read from a dial with a precision of about ±0.02% of maximum transmittance. The sector has been used to measure and calibrate the photometric properties of spectrophotometers in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions. It has also been used as an attenuator in an optical-null infrared spectrophotometer in place of the usual comb. Absorption spectra of typical samples have been made with a precision of ±0.04% transmittance. Transmittance and absorptivity data are presented for samples of calcium fluoride in the 700 to 1300 cm−1 spectral region.
Communication-estimation tradeoffs in wireless sensor networks

The distributed nature of wireless sensor networks illustrates well classical engineering tradeoffs: how to minimize communication (and possibly computation) cost, and thus energy dissipation, while maintaining acceptable performance levels in estimation and inference applications. We study a simple sensor network under dependent Gaussian noise and develop strategies for parameter estimation in a variety of communication scenarios. From an energy point of view, sending all data to a fusion center is the most costly, but leads to optimum performance results. Processing data at each sensor and sending parameter estimates and associated quality measures is a reasonable communication saving procedure and yet, in some cases, may lead to performance equivalent to sending all data to the fusion center. A sequential procedure is most parsimonious in terms of communication cost and especially effective in large wireless sensor networks. We explore those conditions for which little, or no loss in performance is encountered with this sequential procedure. Specifically, we provide analytical expressions for the maximum likelihood estimator under "geometric" dependent noise. We show, by means of analysis and simulations, that the performance is only marginally degraded when the noise is assumed to be independent.
Effects of marker chromosomes on relative viability.

Viability relative to Cy/Pm as a standard was studied in Drosophila melanogaster . One experiment, E1, consisted of progeny from eleven distinct 7 x 7 factorial mating designs with reciprocals for second chromosomes extracted from a natural population. The other experiment, E2, consisted of two distinct sets of heterozygotes with reciprocals and corresponding homozygotes. It was established from E1 that there are little to no synergistic effects among different genotypes in a vial and that Cy and Pm heterozygotes vary almost as much as would be expected if one chromosome were held constant for wild-type heterozygotes. In wild-type heterozygotes, variances were estimated to be 0.0099 for average chromosomal effects, 0.0054 for interactions of chromosomes, 0.0021 for maternal effects, 0.0079 for paternal effects, and -0.0010 for the remaining interaction effects, all being significantly different from zero except the last. The variances of Cy and Pm heterozygotes, covariance of Cy and Pm heterozygotes, and covariances of Cy and Pm heterozygotes with wild-type heterozygotes, as well as the comparable statistics available in E2, all showed a large paternal component of variance and a smaller maternal component of variance, both unexpected results.—From E2 the variance of homozygotes, excluding error variance, was estimated to be 0.0149, and the covariances of homozygotes with wild-type heterozygotes to be 0.0056 for maternally derived chromosomes common and 0.0126 for paternally derived chromosomes common, again showing the larger paternal than maternal influence. The average genetic regression of heterozygotes on homozygotes of 0.61 was reduced only slightly to 0.56 by correcting for maternal and paternal variances. These genetic regressions, generally utilized as estimators of the average degree of dominance, are larger than any previously reported.—Differential meiotic drive in Cy and Pm parents was shown to be compatible with the large paternal and maternal variances, but other causes cannot be ruled out.—Approximations were developed for translating various variances, covariances, and regressions between single- and double-marker experiments, assuming that marker chromosomes behave as typical wild-type chromosomes in one case and assuming a (partially) recessive model with the population in mutation selection balance in another case. Various features, particularly the estimation of dominance, were compared and discussed between the two cases.
Oxidation and thermal stability of thin film copper layers

The authors present several aspects of the thermal stability of thin-film copper layers. The copper oxidation experiment and the copper reaction with silicon and barrier layers were conducted separately. Copper oxidation has been characterized and its seems to be a major source of reliability problems. A qualitative model can be assigned to the copper oxidation which assumes an initial Cu/sub 2/O growth at random sites. The coalescence of those sites to form an oxide layer occurs after certain time. The formed oxide may limit the oxidation to the underlying copper and the process becomes diffusion controlled. At high temperatures (>255 degrees C) the oxide nucleation consumes most of the copper layer and no diffusion regime is observed. TiN, Cr, and Co were found to be non-reacting at typical processing temperatures. TiN seems to be superior since it does not react with copper and even at 550 degrees C. >
A Not-So-Little Role for Lipoprotein(a) in the Development of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease.

Alterations in lipid metabolism and inflammatory processes are well established as potential risk factors in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease.1 However, with complications ranging from valve dysfunction to arrhythmia to myocardial infarction and stroke, the underlying mechanisms may be as varied as cardiovascular disease itself. On the other hand, the reoccurrence of common molecular and cellular pathways identified in the collective body of cardiovascular research could suggest shared initiators or mechanistic nodes between seemingly divergent processes, including lipid metabolism and inflammation. One area where this may hold true is cardiovascular calcification, in which dysregulated mineral metabolism in cardiovascular tissues leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Article see p 677 Calcification of soft tissues results from the deposition of calcium, largely in the form of hydroxyapatite, in the vascular wall or valve leaflets. Previously thought to be a passive degenerative process, it has become increasingly apparent that cardiovascular calcification is an active process initiated by many triggers. Recent studies have demonstrated variation in the LPA gene, which determines the plasma concentration of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a); pronounced “L P little a”] to be associated with calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD).2,3 Lp(a) consists of a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)–like particle in which apolipoprotein(a) is covalently bound to apolipoprotein B. Additionally, Lp(a) is a genetic risk factor for atherosclerotic events.4 As in atherosclerosis, calcifications in CAVD localize to areas with lipoprotein accumulation and inflammatory cell infiltration, suggesting a shared disease process.5 However, some noticeable differences exist, including increased mechanical stresses and calcification-involved valve obstruction in CAVD as opposed to microcalcifications leading atherosclerosis plaque rupture.6 In this issue of Circulation , Bouchareb et al7 propose a highly plausible mechanistic pathway through which Lp(a) and valve interstitial cell (VIC)–derived autotaxin may induce valve calcification by regulating inflammation-induced bone …
Food Deprivation Changes Peroxisomal β-Oxidation Activity but Not Catalase Activity during Postnatal Development in Pig Tissues

Peroxisomal beta-oxidation and catalase activity were investigated in liver, kidney and heart from pigs at the following timepoints: within 0.5 h after birth (0 h, unfed) and at 24 h (suckled or unsuckled), 10 d (suckled or 24-h food-deprived), 21 d (suckled or 24-h food-deprived) and 5 mo (overnight food-deprived). In liver, peroxisomal beta-oxidation increased about twofold at 24 h for suckled pigs (P < 0.001) but did not change for unsuckled pigs. The rate was further increased in 21-d-old pigs compared with 0- (P < 0. 001) or 24-h-old (P < 0.05) pigs, but was lower at 5 mo than at 10 or 21 d (P < 0.01). The rate was higher for food-deprived pigs than suckled pigs at 10 d (P < 0.001) of age. In kidney, peroxisomal beta-oxidation was unchanged during the first 24 h but was higher (P < 0.05) at 10 d for suckled pigs and at 21 d than at 0 h. Nutritional state did not influence renal peroxisomal beta-oxidation. In heart, peroxisomal beta-oxidation did not change with age or nutritional state. The developmental pattern of fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity was similar to that of peroxisomal beta-oxidation in each tissue. Developmental increases of peroxisomal beta-oxidation were greater than those for first-cycle peroxisomal beta-oxidation reported earlier, suggesting that peroxisomal beta-oxidation became more complete in older pigs. Catalase activity did not change during the first 24 h after birth but then increased 10.5-, 2.9-fold and 33% at 10 d in liver, kidney and heart, respectively. The concentration of catalase mRNA was only 1.1- and 1. 3-fold higher at 10 d than at 24 h in liver and kidney, respectively. Catalase activity was not affected by food deprivation. We concluded the following: 1) peroxisomal beta-oxidation develops rapidly after birth and may be important for piglets to oxidize milk fatty acids; 2) food is required for the initial induction after birth; and 3) rapidly increased catalase activity during the first 10 d of life resulted from both pretranslational and post-translational regulation.
The temperature coefficient for the process of regeneration in Tubularia crocea

Aus den vorstehend geschilderten Versuchen ergibt sich klar der Schlu\, da\ der Temperaturkoeffizient fur den Regenerationsproze\ beiTubularia crocea sich innerhalb der von dem Gesetz vonvan 't Hoff undArrhenius fur chemische Reaktionen verlangten Gro\en bewegt.
Application of the Split-Half WISC-R with Emotionally and Behaviorally Disturbed Children

This study examined the validity of the Hobby (1982) WISC-R Split-Half Short Form (SH) when applied to a clinical sample of emotionally and behaviorally disturbed children. Several issues pertaining to the validaton of short form tests are also examined and discussed. Long Form (LF) results based on a standard administration of the WISC-R for 106 hospitalized child and adolescent psychiatric patients were rescored according to the SH procedures. Extremely high correlations were obtained between LF and SH subtest and IQ scores, and the two test forms contained highly similar factor structures. Nevertheless, significant differences were found on all three IQs, on four of the nine subtests altered by the SH procedures, and on two of Kaufman's (1979) three intelligence factors. Also, approximately 20% of the sample showed discrepancies in the intelligence category assigned, classification of Verbal-Performance differences, and in a quantified index of subtest profile similarity. Clinicians are cautioned again...
An existence theorem for linear stochastic differential equations

The purpose of this paper is to prove a general existence and uniqueness theorem (Theorem 1) for nth order linear stochastic differential equations in which derivatives are defined in the “mean-square” sense (see below for details). The results here subsume the earlier work of Edwards and Moyal [I], and the present proofs are simpler. Further, it is hoped that the present treatment exhibits the structure (and limitations) of linear stochastic differential equations in the mean-square or strong sense. This is discussed and contrasted with the “pointwise” or It6 equations in the last section. Actually, it will be seen from the present paper that the theory of linear stochastic differential equations in the strong sense merges with the theory of ordinary linear differential equations in Banach spaces, the latter spaces reducing to the scalars only when the underlying probability space contains just one point. Precise definitions of the initial value problem and of the relevant concepts will be given in the next section. The two-point boundary value problem is treated in Section 3, and a result on the sample function behavior of solutions is obtained in Section 4.
Steady-state photocurrent action spectra in polyvinyl carbazole

Abstract Interaction of excitons with trapped holes is inferred from photocurrent action spectra in solid polyvinyl carbazole films.
The X-ray crystal structures of the ansa-metallocenes, Me2C(C5H4)2MCl2 (M = Ti, Zr and Hf)

Abstract Group 4 metallocenes and ansa-metallocenes are known for their role in the Ziegler-Natta catalysis of olefins and in the catalytic dehydrocoupling of hydrosilanes to form polysilanes. This report describes the crystal structures of three carbon-bridged ansa-metallocene dichlorides, Me2C((C5H4)2)MCl2 ( M = Ti ( 1 ), Zr ( 2 ) and Hf ( 3 ) ). Comparisons of the structures of the molecules with previously characterized systems is made; in particular, the Cpcentroid-M-Cpcentroid angle, the position of the metal relative to the cyclopentadienyl rings and the uniformity of the CC bond lengths in the Cp rings are discussed. Comparisons between structure and reactivity in the dehydrocoupling of hydrosilanes are described.
Hormonal regulation of spermidine synthase during the development of mouse mammary epithelium in vitro

Abstract The activity of spermidine synthase increases rapidly during the induction of mammary epithelial development by insulin, cortisol and prolactin in vitro . The increase is detectable 2–3 hours after the initiation of culture, and thereafter continues almost linearly up to 72 hours. The enzyme activity remains unchanged in the absence of the hormones during culture. The increase in enzyme activity is dependent only on the actions of insulin and cortisol which appear to act at both transcriptional and translational levels. Studies with cycloheximide suggest that spermidine synthase in mammary cells has a half-life of more than 12 hours.
The dependence of the superconducting transition temperature on silicon concentration in the NbAlSi ternary system

Abstract We have prepared NbAlSi ternary alloys with up to 15 at.% Si in the A15 phase by rapid quenching from temperatures of the order of 2000°C and above. The superconducting transition temperature T c , the lattice parameter a 0 and the composition of these alloys have been determined. X-ray diffractometer scans and metallography were also used to characterize the samples. No increase in T c greater than a few tenths of a kelvin was observed as the Si concentration was increased. However, large decreases in T c with Si concentration were observed. These decreases are probably associated with compositional and/or anti-site disorder; after correction for compositional disorder T c still decreases with increasing Si concentration beyond a few at.% Si.
Food Habits of the Mountain Whitefish, Prosopium williamsoni (Girard)

Abstract Quantitative and qualitative analyses of organisms eaten by mountain whitefish in the Snake River were undertaken. Abundance of an organism in a whitefish stomach appears to be dependent upon the organism's overall availability. The stomach contents of all size classes differed in taxonomic composition. Overlap in the taxonomic categories of food organisms eaten by fish of size classes II and III was about 50%. Larger fish were more generalized feeders and could utilize a greater size range of prey organisms than could smaller fish. This was reflected in the increase of food length diversity (FLD) and food taxa diversity (FTD) with increasing fish size. FTD was correlated most closely with the taxonomic richness of stomach contents rather than relative abundance of items in each taxonomic category. Hence, merely counting the taxa in stomachs gave some measure of FTD. This suggests that choices concerning the type of food eaten (species richness component of diversity) are most important in affect...
A malignant astrocytoma containing simian virus 40 DNA in a macaque infected with simian immunodeficiency virus

: Polyomaviruses have proven oncogenicity in nonhost experimental animals; however, studies concerning the association between human brain tumors and simian and human polyomaviruses have yielded inconclusive results. We examined the relationship of SV40 to a malignant astrocytoma found in the right frontal lobe of a pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Consistent with the histologic diagnosis, the tumor was immunoreactive with antibodies to S-100 protein, vimentin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, but negative for neurofilament protein, synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase, and chromogranin A. At the time of SIV inoculation, the animal was seropositive for SV40. Polymerase chain reaction assay of tumor DNA, but not normal brain DNA, yielded a 300 base-pair fragment corresponding to the carboxy-terminal coding region (C-terminus) of the large T antigen gene of SV40, suggesting an association with the tumor.
In vivo and in vitro host range of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and Spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus

Abstract Baculoviruses from Autographa californica (AcNPV-E2) and Spodoptera frugiperda (SfNPV-2) were titered in five insect cell lines: IAL-PID2, IAL-SFD1, IPLB-SF-21AE, TN-368, and IAL-TND1. AcNPV-E2 replicated in all the cell lines while SfNPV-2 did not replicate in the lines TN-368 and IAL-TND1. Further in vivo studies of SfNPV-2 showed the virus was not infectious when fed to Trichoplusia ni larvae per os or when injected into the hemocoel. These data suggest that the barrier to SfNPV-2 infectivity in T. ni is at the cellular level, as opposed to the midgut.
Genetic Variation in Shell Strength and Its Relationship to Egg Size

Abstract Approximately 13,300 eggs from 575 Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) hens from 20 sire families were evaluated for variation in shell strength and egg weight and the relationship between strength and weight. Nondestructive deformation was used to assess shell strength from onset of lay dirough 77 weeks of age. Additional assessments of shell strength by breaking strength and percent shell were made at 41, 60, 68, and 77 weeks of age. The values for shell strength and egg weight were erratic for the first 7 weeks of lay. Heritabilities for egg weight ranged from .32 ± .10 to .45 ± .16 with the highest estimates obtained during the period of 31 to 37 weeks of age. The range of heritabilities for deformation was .18 ± .09 to .38 ± .11 with the highest estimates also occurring during the 31 to 37 weeks of age period. Differences between sire families in deformation during the period of selection (31 to 37 weeks of age) were present through the 77-week test period. The low-shell-strength families showed a decrease in shell strength at an earlier age than the high-strength families. Phenotypic correlations between egg weight and shell deformation were near zero, whereas frenetic correlations of these variables ranged from −.29 to −.57. These correlations indicate that selection for shell deformation would not have a deleterious effect on egg weight.
Applying computer-based simulation to energy auditing: A case study

Abstract Through a case study, this research explores an approach, which uses computer simulation technology, to evaluate different energy conservation alternatives and to assist facility managers to select reliable and feasible solutions. The subject facility is located in the Southeast region of the United States. One of the major challenges and operation goals of the General Services Administration, who manages the facility, is for that facility to achieve the Energy Star designation. However, due to the complexity of the facility, the requirements from building occupants, as well as other difficulties, finding a path for optimizing the operation of the facility in order to achieve the Energy Star designation is not always easy. This project uses eQuest, a simulation software tool, to create a “virtual environment”, in which the operations of the HVAC (heating ventilation air-conditioning) system and the lighting of the facility are studied. Subsequently, recommendations initially made by experts through traditional energy audit approaches are evaluated in the “virtual environment” in order to determine the best solution to achieve the goal of the facility managers. This paper discusses major aspects of the project, including the challenges, the values and the limitations of applying computer simulation techniques in such a facility with complicated structural, occupancy and operation features.
Laboratory X-Ray Lasers: Future Prospects And Goals

Our present goal is to design, demonstrate and utilize a sub 44 A, single transverse mode number, saturated output (GL ≥ 16-20), 1 GW x-ray laser. In this talk I summarize our progress to date, critique the various successful amplification techniques and describe some new ones which may make it possible to achieve our goal.