cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Posterior glenoid bone block transfer for posterior shoulder instability: a systematic review.

Background The purpose of this study is to systematically review the literature and evaluate patient-reported outcomes and complication/revision rates of bone block augmentation in the treatment of posterior shoulder instability (PSI). Methods PubMed was searched according to PRIMSA guidelines to find clinical studies evaluating patient-reported outcomes, revision, and complication rates in posterior bone block for PSI. A literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library was performed based on the PRISMA guidelines. Clinical studies reporting on the complications following posterior bone block were included. Results Overall, 11 studies (level of evidence [LOE] III: 2, LOE IV: 9) met inclusion criteria, with 225 shoulders. Recurrent instability after the posterior bone block was found to be 9.8%. The overall complication rate was 13.8%, with 0.89% having graft complications, 11.1% having hardware complications, 0.4% having wound complications, 0.4% having nerve complications, and 0.89% having other complications. Residual pain was found in 11.6% of shoulders operated on. Patient-reported outcomes were evaluated most commonly by Rowe (81.4%), Constant (84.6%), and Walch-Duplay scores (81.6%). Conclusion There is a moderate rate of recurrence following posterior bone block for PSI. However, the patient-reported outcomes are high despite there being commonly reported persistent shoulder pain postoperatively.
Middleware for implementing distributed embedded real-time measurement and control systems

Modern distributed embedded realtime measurement and control systems (DERTMCS) are made up of diverse devices interconnected by a network. Middleware is the intermediary software layer serving as the glue between disparate applications. Typically, middleware in the distributed embedded real-time systems provides messaging services so that different applications can communicate with each other. In this paper, firstly the inner working of common object request broker architecture (CORBA) is introduced, which is a commonly used middleware infrastructure in building DERTMCS. Then a CORBA-based DERTMCS for a multi-model plant is discussed. A fault-tolerant controller and an adaptive resource manager are implemented in the middleware layer, which are helpful in ensuring the desired system functions as well as satisfying various end-to-end quality-of-service (QoS) requirements in the uncertain and dynamic environments
Identifying Aliens The Problem of Difference in Alien Identities

_Alien Identities: Exploring Differences in Film and Fiction_ Edited by Deborah Cartmell, I. Q. Hunter, Heidi Kaye and Imelda Whelehan London: Pluto Press, 1999 ISBN: 0-7453-1405-8 197 pp.
Paravirtualization for HPC systems

In this work, we investigate the efficacy of using paravirtualizing software for performance-critical HPC kernels and applications. We present a comprehensive performance evaluation of Xen, a low-overhead, Linux-based, virtual machine monitor, for paravirtualization of HPC cluster systems at LLNL. We investigate subsystem and overall performance using a wide range of benchmarks and applications. We employ statistically sound methods to compare the performance of a paravirtualized kernel against three Linux operating systems: RedHat Enterprise 4 for build versions 2.6.9 and 2.6.12 and the LLNL CHAOS kernel. Our results indicate that Xen is very efficient and practical for HPC systems.
Foundations of Modern International Thought: Parliament and international law in eighteenth-century Britain

The study of Parliament and international law in the eighteenth century illuminates crucial distinctions among nation, state and empire. For example, after 1603 but before 1707, the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh represented a nation but aroused English opposition whenever it tried to legislate as if Scotland were an independent state. Before 1801, the Irish Parliament in Dublin represented only a very narrowly defined Irish nation and, prior to the repeal of Poynings’s Law in 1782, made no pretence of legislating as if Ireland were a state rather than a dependent kingdom. Only the Westminster Parliament could claim that national representation authorised its legislating for the English – later, British – state and for the British Empire. Across the course of the century, war and revolution tested the limits of that Parliament’s sovereignty, especially in the decades succeeding the Seven Years’ War. These developments occurred within European, imperial and global contexts, with the imperial setting only gaining primacy in the latter third of the century. As scholars of nineteenth-century British history have shown, most strikingly in relation to the Reform Acts of 1832 and 1867, domestic contexts alone cannot explain the course of parliamentary history. The defining moments of British parliamentary history in the ‘long’ eighteenth century have often been associated with a single date: for example, 1688, 1707, 1765, 1776, 1801, 1832. At each of these points, so the story goes, the powers, the capacities or the scope of parliamentary authority changed. In 1688 and 1832 – the conventional boundaries of a long century of revolution and reform – the Glorious Revolution and the Great Reform Act shifted first the balance of power between Crown and Parliament and then that between Parliament and people (however narrowly defined). In 1765 and 1776, the crises following the passage of the Stamp Act and the American Declaration of Independence heralded years of arguments across the Atlantic and British bloodshed before the nature and extent of Parliament’s imperial sovereignty could be settled. In 1707, that sovereignty had been extended to encompass Scotland by incorporation; in 1801, it was further expanded to include Ireland, thereby to reach its greatest territorial extent. The process of incorporating the Three Kingdoms into the embrace of the Westminster Parliament extinguished the competing and parallel legislatures in Edinburgh and Dublin just as it also formally abolished the English Parliament in 1707.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CROWN STRUCTURE AND LIGHT ENVIRONMENT IN FIVE RAIN FOREST PIPER SPECIES

Measurements of light variation among leaves within crowns of five Piper species were compared with estimates of spatial variation in light within understory, forest edge, and clearing habitats to estimate the extent to which crown structure contributes to variation in leaf light environment. Daily photon flux density (PFD) varied greatly within and among crowns. Coefficients of variation for daily PFD among sensors within a single crown ranged from 26 to 79%. Within a single crown located in a clearing, the range in daily PFD among leaves was nearly as great as the range over the entire sample of plants. In the understory, localized sunfleck activity contributed to a high degree of spatial variation in instantaneous and total PFD among leaves within individual crowns. Much of the microsite variation in sunfleck activity, however, reflected environmental conditions within the understory habitat. Within an array of sensors placed next to Piper crowns in the understory, correlations were poor for light sensors spaced only 0.2 m apart, and only 8% of the variance in light readings was explained by measurements made 0.5 m away. In the clearing habitats, microsite heterogeneity among leaves was more strongly influenced by leaf positions within crowns and leaf angles than by spatial heterogeneity
Natural Resource Conservation in a Cultural Park: Evaluating the Importance of Big Hole National Battlefield to the Endemic Lemhi Penstemon (Penstemon lemhiensis)

ABSTRACT: The ecological significance of cultural parks and protected areas, such as battlefields, has frequently been overlooked. Yet small cultural parks with rare populations can provide refugia and colonists for re-establishment elsewhere, and thus are likely to become increasingly important as climate change leads to range shifts and accelerated population declines. We estimated the abundance of the regional endemic plant Lemhi penstemon (Penstemon lemhiensis) in Big Hole National Battlefield in western Montana. We estimated during 2009 and 2010 that approximately 1500 adult plants occurred in two subpopulations clustered on steep south-facing slopes where down-slope soil movement is highest. Results from 2011 provided evidence for an increase to approximately 3000 adult plants. The battlefield contains the largest reported population of this geographically restricted species and is, therefore, a globally-significant reserve for Lemhi penstemon. However, inflorescence rates were lower and the mean nu...
The acute oral LD50 of technical pentachlorophenol in developing rats

The acute oral LD50s for technical-grade pentachlorophenol (T-PCP) were calculated by the Litchfield-Wilcoxon method during the ontogenetic growth of 10- to 134-d-old rats. Signs of toxicity included accelerated respiration, hyperpyrexia, collapse, asphyxial convulsions and death followed by rapid rigor mortis. Young rats (not yet weaned, 10 and 20 d old) and adults (70 and 134 d old) were more susceptible to the toxic and lethal effects of T-PCP than were juveniles (25 to 50 d old). The LD50 (mg/kg) ranged from 50 to 180 for preweaned rats, from 220 to 230 for juveniles and from 80 to 120 for adults.
Treatment of dyslipidemia in idiopathic inflammatory myositis: results of the International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group survey

Recent data suggest that atherosclerotic disease is increased in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIM) and that dyslipidemia is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular events. Lipid-lowering agents may be associated with myopathic side effects. The current work evaluates the use of lipid-lowering therapy in patients with IIM treated by IIM specialists belonging to the International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies (IMACS) Group. The IMACS Group is a multidisciplinary coalition of experts with significant interest and experience in IIM. IMACS members were asked to complete an 18-item online survey detailing their clinical practice on monitoring and treating hypercholesterolemia in IIM patients. Specific questions regarding the types of lipid-lowering therapies used in IIM patients and any side effects associated with treatment were asked. Sixty-three IMACS members representing 23 countries and a minimum of 1,641 IIM patients participated in the online survey. Seventy-six percent of these specialists treating adult IIM patients use lipid-lowering therapies in their patients. HMG co-enzymeA reductase inhibitors (statins) were the most commonly used agents (93 %). Thirty-six cases of worsening myositis associated with statin use were reported in over 300 patients using lipid-lowering therapies. Seven of eight responders who reported worsening in myositis with lipid-lowering therapies reported cases in which the myositis improved after holding therapy. This survey suggests that statins are commonly used by physicians specializing in the treatment of patients with IIM and that some myositis patients worsen with statin use and may improve on dechallenge. More research regarding the safety of lipid-lowering agents in patients with IIM is warranted.
Cytokine regulation of bone marrow natural suppressor cell activity in the suppression of lymphocyte function.

Abstract Natural suppressor (NS) cells, which nonspecifically suppress immune responses, are present in the spleen following exposure to radiation, chronic graft-versus-host disease, or cancer and in normal bone marrow. A model system is described which allows the study of cytokines activating and inhibiting NS cells, cytokines mediating NS activity, and NS effects on cytokine synthesis. Recombinant interleukin-3 (rIL-3) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rGM-CSF) efficiently activated NS cells present in normal bone marrow and were effective at concentrations as low as 5 U/ml. At high concentrations, GM-CSF, but not IL-3, did not activate NS cells. Recombinant interferon-γ (rIFN-γ) blocked the activation of bone marrow NS cells by rIL-3, but did not down-regulate NS cells once activated. The NS cells secreted one or more soluble suppressor factors, which blocked IL-2 synthesis and also inhibited IL-2-dependent T cell proliferation in the presence of excess IL-2.
Microgeography of a Republican `Revolution': 1992, 1994, and 1996 congressional district change in Washington State

Abstract Change in the partisan vote for Congress between 1992 and 1996 is examined for four congressional districts in the greater Seattle, WA area, where a marked shift from Democratic representation occurred in 1994. The analysis attempts to disaggregate the change into four components: that due to a pervasive shift in partisan sentiment; that due to differential change across districts, because of their contextual character; that due to identity with the district and its incumbents, a place effect; and that due to normal midterm drop in turnout. Support was found for all four propositions. A general sentiment shift and turnout effect occurred 1992–1994, influenced as well by differential change among social groups and across districts, while from 1994–1996, a partial Democratic recovery took place, but only among some groups and in some districts. Loss in Democratic support was greatest in suburban areas dominated by families with children. Thus context and place both matter.
Performance Characteristics of a Membrane Driven Variable Flow Rate Micro-Pump

A micropump was developed for a fluidic system that requires fluid transport in the 100+ μL/min flow range. The constraints on the design included the ability to control the flow rate over a reasonable range of flow rates, operate at fairly high pressure loads, and non-contact of the working fluid with the pump actuation system. The design was based on a displacement style pump, actuated by a piezoelectric element, with one-way polymer membrane check valves. The valves provided essentially zero backflow based on the elastic character of the material. Results are presented for three membrane thicknesses, three valve opening diameters, over a range of operating frequencies. The flow rate versus frequency curves show a characteristic trend with three regions of operation, the first a linear region at low frequencies, the second a region of decreasing slope resulting in a maximum flow rate regime and the third a region of reduced flow rate with increasing frequency. Results also show that a suction lift could be overcome with the micropump whose value depends on the valve size. The performance is compared to an ideal case indicating that larger diameter valves with thinner membranes obtain the best performance.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Some physical and chemical properties of Coxsackie viruses A9 and A10.

Abstract Procedures are described for the purification of Coxsackie virus A9, poliovirus MEF, and poliovirus Mahoney grown in monkey kidney cells and for Coxsackie viruses A10 and A14 grown in suckling mice. A number of physical properties of Coxsackie viruses were compared with those previously reported for polioviruses. The two viruses appear quite similar in size, density, RNA content, number of physical particles per infectious unit, and certain surface properties as manifested by their ready adsorption onto glass surfaces. Coxsackie and polioviruses differ significantly in their crystal lattice structure, nucleic acid base ratios, and ease of extraction of their nucleic acid with phenol.
Conjugation of Benzoic Acid in Chickens, Pheasants and Coturnix

Abstract Carbon-14 benzoic acid was given to normal and dystrophic chickens, pheasants and coturnix to study the metaboism of this material in these species. Both normal and dystrophic chickens and pheasants were found to excrete approximately the same percentage of the administered dose in the form of ornithuric acid while coturnix excreted significantly less in the form of this metabolite.
Lipids up-regulate uncoupling protein 2 expression in rat hepatocytes.

Abstract Background & Aims: Hepatic steatosis reflects the accumulation of triglycerides and free fatty acids in hepatocytes. Although lipids and their metabolites are potentially hepatotoxic, the absence of overt injury in fatty livers suggests that adaptive responses to lipid accumulation occur. Fatty acids induce mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCP) 2 and 3 in muscle and fat, providing a mechanism to dispose of excessive fatty acids. Although hepatocytes do not normally express uncoupling proteins, UCP-2 is expressed in hepatocytes of genetically obese mice with fatty livers, suggesting that lipids also induce UCP-2 in hepatocytes. Methods: To test whether lipids up-regulate hepatocyte UCP-2, cultures of rat hepatocytes were treated with lipid emulsions, linoleic or oleic acid, and UCP-2 expression was evaluated by Northern blotting and immunocytochemistry. Because increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production may contribute to lipid-related UCP-2 induction, the DNA-binding activity of the ROS-activated transcription factor, NF-κB, was measured, and the effects of tert -butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) and glutathione (GSH) on UCP-2 induction were also assessed. Results: Lipid emulsions increased the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB and resulted in a dose- and time-dependent induction of UCP-2 transcripts in cultured hepatocytes; after 24 hours, UCP-2 messenger RNA levels were increased 4.5-fold, and increased UCP-2 protein was shown by immunocytochemistry. Consistent with the possibility that ROS generated intracellularly during lipid metabolism participates in UCP-2 induction, addition of the cell-impermeable antioxidant GSH did not alter lipid-related induction of UCP-2. Furthermore, TBHP, which is known to increase hepatocyte mitochondrial ROS production, also increased UCP-2 messenger RNA levels. Conclusions: Lipids increase ROS and induce UCP-2 in hepatocytes. Thus, the liver may adapt to an excessive supply of lipid substrates by inducing UCP-2 to facilitate substrate disposal while constraining ROS production. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1999;116:1184-1193
TU‐E‐220‐06: Simulation and Tissue‐Mimicking Phantom Validation of Shear Strain Imaging for Mass Differentiation

Purpose: Axial and full‐shear strain imaging have been utilized to differentiate between benign breast masses that are loosely bound, from malignant masses that are firmly bound to the background normal tissue. We examine contributions of different mass properties such as modulus contrast, mass shape, and asymmetric location within the background tissue to the shear strain features. Methods: Both numerical and experimental tissue‐mimicking phantoms were utilized to evaluate the feasibility of axial and full‐shear strain imaging.Finite element analysis models a circular and elliptical inclusion in the center of a uniform background. Friction coefficient values at the inclusion/background interface is varied to simulate different bonding conditions. Experimental phantoms with ellipsoidal masses (both firmly and loosely attached) oriented at 00, 300, 600 and 900 and embedded into a uniformly elastic background are utilized to corroborate the numerical simulations. Shear strain images are estimated from the gradient of the local displacement vectors. Axial and full‐shear strain areas are normalized to the mass dimensions, applied deformation and strain contrast to quantify the shear strain features. Results: The normalized axial‐shear strain area (NASSA) and full‐shear strain area (NFSSA) features are both significantly larger for firmly bound masses when compared to loosely bound masses for both spherical and ellipsoidal shaped masses. Differentiation between loosely and firmly bound masses is improved for masses with larger modulus contrasts. Larger applied deformations may result in slippage of loosely bound masses. For asymmetric masses the best differentiation is obtained at orientations of 00 and 900 with respect to the direction of the applied deformation. Conclusions: Our numerical and phantom results demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing NASSA and NFSSA features to classify a mass as benign or malignant based on their bonding to the background tissue. This feature can be utilized in conjunction with stiffness contrast and size‐ratio features currently utilized in axial‐strain elastography. This work is supported by Komen Foundation Grant BCTR0601153 and NIH Grants R01CA112192‐S103, 5R21CA140939‐02 and 5R21EB010098‐02.
A Bayesian approach for structural learning with hidden Markov models

Hidden Markov Models(HMM) have proved to be a successful modeling paradigm for dynamic and spatial processes in many domains, such as speech recognition, genomics, and general sequence alignment. Typically, in these applications, the model structures are predefined by domain experts. Therefore, the HMM learning problem focuses on the learning of the parameter values of the model to fit the given data sequences. However, when one considers other domains, such as, economics and physiology, model structure capturing the system dynamic behavior is not available. In order to successfully apply the HMM methodology in these domains, it is important that a mechanism is available for automatically deriving the model structure from the data. This paper presents a HMM learning procedure that simultaneously learns the model structure and the maximum likelihood parameter values of a HMM from data. The HMM model structures are derived based on the Bayesian model selection methodology. In addition, we introduce a new initialization procedure for HMM parameter value estimation based on the K-means clustering method. Experimental results with artificially generated data show the effectiveness of the approach.
Gas-phase reactions of HONO with HNO and NH3: an ab initio MO/TST study

The reduction of HONO by HNO and NH3 has been investigated by means of ab initio molecular orbital and transition-state theory (TST) calculations. The main reaction channels for the HNO + trans-HON...
The influence of a suppressor variable and labeled stimuli on multiple cue probability learning

Abstract The effects of a suppressor variable on subjects' achievement, consistency, and matching in a MCPL task were examined at two levels of system predictability; r e = .52 (Expt 1) and r e = .92 (Expt 2). Labeled stimuli were presented in two environments: meaningful and abstract. Three types of control conditions were employed to assess the suppressor effect. Results showed that subjects were able to utilize the suppressor effect in making their predictions, but only at the lower level of system predictability involving a meaningful environment. The difficulty of developing a consistent strategy when the meaningfully labeled stimuli were semantically illogical was evidenced. The results were discussed in the framework of the Brunswik normative model involving meaningful versus abstract decision making tasks.
Solution phase Cerenkov counting of80gBr and80mBr in the presence of82Br

80gBr and80mBr (via its80gBr daughter) were measured with high efficiency in organic solutions by means of the Cerenkov radiation from the high energy β-rays emitted in the80gBr decay. The efficiency for the contaminating82Br activity was less than 1%.
Tracking spatial information during reading: a cue-based process

The goal of the present set of experiments was to examine whether a cue-based mechanism could account for how, and under what conditions, spatial information is tracked. In five experiments, reading times were measured for a target sentence that contradicted the earlier-described location of a protagonist. When the target sentence contained either one or two cues to earlier spatial information (Experiments 1a–1c), reading times were disrupted. When all cues were eliminated (Experiments 2a and 2b), reading time were disrupted only when readers were instructed to take the perspective of the protagonist. The combined results of all five experiments are consistent with a cue-based mechanism: Readers encode spatial information but do not update earlier-encoded spatial information except in response to specific text characteristics (i.e., cues to earlier spatial information) or task demands (e.g., an instruction to read from the perspective of the protagonist) that increase the accessibility of earlier-encoded spatial information.
Low dissolved oxygen levels reduce anti-predation behaviours of the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea

Summary 1. When dissolved oxygen levels decline in aquatic systems, prey may be unable to maintain behaviours protecting them from predators. We examined how oxygen availability affected anti-predator responses in the freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea. 2. When attacked, bivalves protect their soft tissues by closing their protective valves. This reduces vulnerability to small predators, but ventilation and oxygen uptake are suspended. We found that after a simulated attack, clams under low oxygen conditions reopened their valves sooner than clams under high oxygen conditions, suggesting that hypoxia increases vulnerability to predation. 3. Bivalves may also evade predators through burial into the substratum. Deeper burial confers greater refuge from predators, but increases the costs of ventilation. In a second experiment, we studied how burial depth of C. fluminea is affected by oxygen availability. Additionally, we examined whether clams changed burial depth following a simulated attack by a small predator, and whether this response was affected by oxygen availability. Our results offered partial support for the hypothesis that burial depth is reduced under hypoxic conditions, but the simulated attack did not affect burial depth in any oxygen treatments.
Elimination of stress-induced changes in carbohydrate metabolism of goldfish (Carassius auratus) by training

Abstract 1. 1. When goldfish, Carassius auratus , acclimated to 37°C, are subjected to a mild handling stress, they respond with a hyperglycemia and a decrease in hepatic glycogen levels. These stress-induced changes in carbohydrate levels become evident 6 hr after the stress is applied and persist for less than 1 day. 2. 2. Hepatic glycogenolysis induced by the stress is not accompanied by an increase in the specific activity of glycogen phosphorylase. 3. 3. A training procedure, which accustoms the fish to handling by associating this process with feeding, abolishes the stress-induced changes in carbohydrate levels observed in untrained fish.
Dynamic Transformation Method for Modal Synthesis

This paper presents a condensation method for large discrete parameter vibration analysis of complex structures that greatly reduces truncation errors and provides accurate definition of modes in a selected frequency range. A dynamic transformation is obtained from the partitioned equations of motion that relates modes not explicitly in the condensed solution to the retained modes at a selected system frequency. The generalized mass and stiffness matrices, obtained with existing modal synthesis methods, are reduced using this transformation and solved. Revised solutions are then obtained using new transformations at the calculated eigenvalues and are also used to assess the accuracy of the results. If all the modes of interest have not been obtained, the results are used to select a new set of retained coordinates and a new transformation frequency and the procedure repeated for another group of modes. Computations are made tractable by simplified forms of the transformation that result with various modal synthesis methods. Three examples using the dynamic transformation in conjunction with a General Electric stiffness coupling method and the method of Craig and Bampton indicate large reductions in truncation errors and demonstrate the method for sequential groups of modes. Comparisons with truncated results using current methods indicate that two to three times as many accurate modes are obtained from solutions keeping less than half the component modes. Nomenclature [/c] = stiffness matrix for total structure in {x} physical coordinates [X] = generalized stiffness matrix for total structure in {q} modal coordinates [/CCPL] = stiffness matrix in {x} coordinates for coupling substructures [m] = mass matrix for total structure in {x} physical coordinates [M] = generalized mass matrix for total structure in {q} modal coordinates [Am] = incremental mass matrix of coupling structures in {x} coordinates
Kinetics of viral load and erythrocytic inclusion body formation in Pacific herring artificially infected with erythrocytic necrosis virus.

Abstract Viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) is a condition that affects marine and anadromous fish species, including herrings and salmonids, in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Infection is frequently associated with severe anemia and causes episodic mortality among wild and hatchery fish when accompanied by additional stressors; VEN can be presumptively diagnosed by (1) light microscopic identification of a single characteristic—a round, magenta-colored, 0.8-μm-diameter inclusion body (IB) within the cytoplasm of erythrocytes and their precursors on Giemsa-stained blood films; or (2) observation (via transmission electron microscopy [TEM]) of the causative iridovirus, erythrocytic necrosis virus (ENV), within erythrocytes or their precursors. To better understand the kinetics of VEN, specific-pathogen-free Pacific herring Clupea pallasii were infected with ENV by intraperitoneal injection. At 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 d postexposure, samples of blood, spleen, and kidney were collected and assessed (1) ...
Hidden collections in archives and libraries

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to synthesize different research projects and approaches to managing the “hidden collections” problem.Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes current research and practices.Findings – Hidden collections are a problem for both libraries and archives. “Hidden collections” are materials that cannot be found in the online catalog or may be found there only under a collective title or un‐ or under‐processed primary sources. These materials transcend all formats of library and archival materials (print, microform, video, etc.) and can be found throughout the library in a variety of collections from government documents to area studies to music to the reference department. It is in the area of archival and special collections, however, that this problem has received the most attention and where the greatest challenges and opportunities for exposing these collections exist.Practical implications – Many archives have backlogs and “hidden collections”. This article d...
A simple, corrosion-resistant flow cell for laser-induced photoacoustic spectroscopic detection of high-performance liquid chromatography effluents

A simple, corrosion-resistant and non-destructive flow cell optimized for laser induced photoacoustic spectroscopic detection of HPLC effluents is described. The characteristics and analytical figures of merit of the flow cell are presented. Application of the flow cell to the detection of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in HPLC effluent is demonstrated. Limits of detection were on the order of tenths of parts per million. Comparisons with the conventional UV absorbance detector and among various laser powers are discussed.
Functional asymmetry of the songbird brain: Effects of testosterone on song control in adult female canaries (serinus canarius)

Abstract Previous research showed that chronic testosterone treatment of adult female canaries results in song development, demonstrating that vocal behavior is more dependent upon the presence of an appropriate hormonal stimulus than upon the genetic sex of the individual. We now report that in adult female canaries the importance of the left hemisphere for controlling testosterone-induced song increases with singing experience. The occurence of left-lateralized control of vocal behavior may prove to be a characteristic typical of animals capable of vocal learning
Residents can be trained to detect abdominal aortic aneurysms using personal ultrasound imagers: a pilot study.

Our objective was to test the hypothesis that internal medicine residents can be trained to screen for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) using personal ultrasound imagers. We trained 5 randomly chosen internal medicine residents to image the abdominal aorta for patients with risk factors for AAAs using personal ultrasound imagers. Residents were trained in 3 or 4 one-on-one sessions with an instructor. To be eligible, patients had to be older than 65 years and have hypertension. After training, each of the 5 residents studied 3 patients independently. In 12 of the residents' 15 unsupervised studies, their abdominal aorta measurements were within 5 mm of the instructor's measurements with standard echocardiography (mean difference 3 mm, range 0–6 mm). Residents detected 3 previously unknown AAAs measuring 5.2, 4.2, and 3.9 cm in diameter. We conclude residents can be trained to image the abdominal aorta with personal ultrasound imagers and to identify AAAs in patients at risk.
Infusion reactions and their management

Infliximab therapy should be optimized to minimize immunogenicity, to prevent infusion reactions, and to maintain clinical response. Based on best available evidence, strategies include minimizing the formation of ATI by administering infliximab as a multidose induction therapy followed by scheduled maintenance regiment, the use of concurrent immunomodulators, and possibly premedicating with steroids. Infusion reaction are common and they can be managed using specific protocols outlined in this article.
Best practices for serving students with disabilities

Purpose – This study aims to establish a set of best practices that reflect the spirit of the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and comply with the new 2010 Department of Justice regulations.Design/methodology/approach – At each of eight academic libraries in four Rocky Mountain states, the librarian most directly responsible for library services to students with disabilities was interviewed, comprehensive criteria to physical facilities, services, management practices, and investments were used, access leading to and within the library was considered, and data and observations to place each library in the framework of the diametrically opposed reactive or universal access service models were analyzed.Findings – Self‐reporting students with disabilities were the largest minority group at three campuses and the second largest minority group at another three campuses. Five libraries based their services primarily on reaction to complaints, and three libraries incorporated most elements of universal...
Secondary Alpha Isotope Effects on Deuterium Tunneling in Triplet o-Methylanthrones: Extraordinary Sensitivity to Barrier Width

The rates of deuterium transfer in the photoenolization of triplet 1,4-dimethyl-10H-anthracen-9-one (1) with varying degrees of deuterium label in their methyl groups (1-d3, 1-d2, and 1-d) have been investigated as a function of temperature between 5 and 77 K. Measurable rate constants in the case of 1-d3 and 1-d2 were used to construct Arrhenius plots which illustrate the expected curvature and leveling off of rate constant versus temperature. The difference in tunneling rate constants of 1-d3 and 1-d2 yields a tunneling isotope effect, TIE = 2.4, which is attributed to the secondary alpha isotopic substitution. Density functional theory (DFT, B3LYP/6-31G*) calculations were carried out to obtain structural and energetic information for the H(D) transfer along the triplet state zero-point energy levels. The temperature dependence of the rate constants for each isotopologue was simulated with a model that considers the frequency of the C−D stretching mode and the quantum mechanical permeability determined...
Beyond Capital High: On dual citizenship and the strange career of "acting White."

In this article, I reflect on the strange career of the “burden of ‘acting White’ ” since it attracted widespread popular and academic attention over 20 years ago. I begin by noting that my original definition of “the burden of ‘acting White’ ” should not be confused with a prominent misconception of the problem as the “fear” of “acting White.” I then offer a revised definition that has emerged in the wake of the collision of meanings attributed to the Capital High study. At the core of the twists and turns this concept has taken is attempted identity theft: In exchange for what is conventionally identified as success, racially defined Black bodies are compelled to perform a White identity by mimicking the cultural, linguistic, and economic practices historically affiliated with the hegemonic rule of Euro-Americans. Third, drawing on recent work on the impact of gender-specific racial performances on Black males' and Black females' academic success, I analyze quantitative data from Capital High to explain the gender-specific response patterns of male and female students to the dilemmas implicit in academic success. Finally, I suggest possible implications of the centrality of the burden of “acting White” for the academic performance of Black students and the identity of African Americans more generally.[burden of “acting White,” identity theft, racial insufficiency, gender insufficiency, Capital High, academic achievement]
Surface tension of nucleating hadrons using the free energy of an isolated quark

We report on a new method of calculating the surface tension in quenched lattice QCD, in which an external field coupled to the Polyakov lines is applied to generate the interface between the confined and the deconfined phases. The free energy associated with the interface is then computed from an integral of the average Polyakov line with respect to the strength of the external field. We have tested this new approach on a 16{times}16{times}32 spatial volume, using a temporal size of {ital N}{sub {ital t}}=4 for which all previous attempts at computing the surface tension have failed. A clear signal has been seen, giving {alpha}/{ital T}{sub {ital c}}{sup 3}=0.027(4), or {alpha}=5 MeV/fm{sup 2}. This represents a very small cost in free energy for hadrons to nucleate from a hot plasma.
Proximity-induced density-of-states oscillations in a superconductor/strong-ferromagnet system

We have measured the evolution of the tunneling density of states (DOS) in superconductor/ferromagnet (S/F) bilayers with increasing F-layer thickness, where F in our experiment is the strong ferromagnet Ni. As a function of increasing Ni thickness, we detect multiple oscillations in the DOS at the Fermi energy from differential conductance measurements. The features in the DOS associated with the proximity effect change from normal to inverted twice as the Ni thickness increases from 1 to 5 nm.
Process-originated migration in a heterogeneous environment

Process Originated Migration in a distributed system comprised of both Sun and MicroVax workstations is described. An introductory section characterizes distributed systems, distinguishes them from network systems, and summarizes existing work in process migration. The motivations for both process originated migration and heterogeneous migration are presented. The assumptions and design criteria as well as the design choices made for leverage, simplicity, and performance are provided. The design and its implementation are provided. Several extensions are presented and conclusions are drawn.
A SHORT NOTE ON REPEATED SIGNIFICANCE TESTS AND THE UNIFIED BAYESIAN-FREQUENTIST MEASURE

The unified Bayesian-Frequentist measure of Berger, Brown and Wolpert (1994) is considered here in the context of repeated significance tests and change point problems. It was shown that the new evidential measure is quite different from the conventional P-value as a measure of evidence provided by the data against the null hypothesis.
Modulation mechanisms in cell-cell recognition

Abstract Cell surface glycoproteins mediating cell-cell adhesion have been characterized only in the last ten years. Still more recently, evidence has accrued which has allowed theories of the regulation of cell-cell interactions to be developed. Gerald Edelman discusses the regulatory role cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in cell-cell recognition and opens up new areas for pharmacological investigation: what is the relationship of CAMs to channels, receptors and neurotransmitters, and what regulates these regulators?
Carbon segregation as a strain relaxation mechanism in thin germanium-carbon layers deposited directly on silicon

We report experimental evidence for the segregation and preferential localization of C atoms at the surface and substrate interfaces in thin Ge1−xCx films deposited directly on Si (100). The results are interpreted in the context of C segregation providing a mechanism for strain relaxation. Four different experimental techniques, including energy-dispersive spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry, support our claims. The EELS analyses showed that the C bonding near the Ge1−xCx∕Si substrate interface presented a higher sp3 character than in the central region or at the surface. Two interpretations are given for this observation; one is that structural relaxation occurs when C atoms occupy substitutional sites in the Ge crystal closer to the Ge1−xCx∕Si substrate interface; the other is that the higher sp3 character of the C atoms might be an indication that C-containing tetrahedral interstitial complexes f...
Effect of Inhaled Racemic and (R)-Albuterol on Airway Vascular Smooth Muscle Tone in Healthy and Asthmatic Subjects

Although the relative effect of racemic and (R)-albuterol on airway smooth muscle tone have been investigated in patients with airflow obstruction, the comparative effectiveness of these drugs in relaxing airway vascular smooth muscle is unknown. Therefore, we determined the actions of inhaled racemic and (R)-albuterol on airway mucosal blood flow ( ) normalized for anatomic dead space as an index of airway vascular smooth muscle tone in 11 healthy subjects and 10 subjects with mild asthma. We also monitored the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) as an index of airway smooth muscle tone. Mean ± SE baseline was 43.1 ± 1.5 µl.min−1.ml−1 in healthy subjects and 53.4 ± 2.1 µl.min−1.ml−1 in asthmatic subjects (p < 0.01). The corresponding values for FEV1 were 95.6 ± 1.4 and 86.8 ± 2.5% respectively, of predicted (p = 0.01). Racemic and (R)-albuterol caused a transient, dose-dependent increase of in healthy, but not in asthmatic subjects; the responses were not different between the two drugs. The FEV1 tended to increase more in asthmatics than in healthy subjects, again without a difference between the two drugs. These results show that racemic and (R)-albuterol have comparable effects on airway vascular smooth muscle and suggest that the blunted airway vascular smooth muscle response to albuterol in asthmatics is not related to (S)-albuterol.
The Human/Animal Bond as a Correlate of Family Functioning

This study investigated whether selected family characteristics are predictive of family functioning. The intent was to examine whether family cohesion and adaptability could be predicted from the ...
Long-range order in the 2D antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model: A renormalization perspective.

Applying a renormalization-group (RG) procedure to the 2D antiferromagnetic Heisenberg (AFH) model, we derive an effective AFH model in which spins on a 1D ring experience antiferromagnetic nearest-neighbor interactions and interact individually with an effective central spin. Using analytic and numerical arguments, we establish the existence of staggered long-range order in the effective model and hence, given our RG prescription, in the 2D AFH. Our RG calculations give a value of the magnetic moment consistent with Monte Carlo results for the 2D AFH
Developmental Changes in Infant Attention to Dynamic and Static Stimuli.

This study examined 4- and 6-month-olds' responses to static or dynamic stimuli using behavioral and heart-rate-defined measures of attention. Infants looked longest to dynamic stimuli with an audio track and least to a static stimulus that was mute. Overall, look duration declined with age to the different staimuli. The amount of time spent in sustained attention at 4 months, but not at 6 months, was related to stimulus discrimination. These results indicate that the decline in look duration typically observed during the middle of the 1st year for static stimuli does generalize to dynamic stimuli. The results further suggest that the amount of time spent in sustained attention during habituation may be an important indicator of processing in younger infants.
Strategies for improving the nutritional status of small ruminants in tropical ecosystems

Abstract Research on goat and sheep nutrition and feeding systems has been initiated in five tropical or Mediterranean countries, by United States and host-country institutions which are participants in the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. The major objective is to increase small ruminant productivity by better utilizing locally available feedstuffs and to more closely meet the nutritional needs of animals during the critical phases of their production cycle. West Java, Indonesia, is a humid tropical site with high rainfall and intensive agriculture, with small ruminants raised in nearly total confinement. Village feed resources include native grasses, tree legumes, and foliage from food crops. Energy may be the most limiting nutrient, due to seasonal feed availability and intake limitation when tropical grasses form a large proportion of the diet. Western Kenya is a wet-dry tropical site with a long and a short rainy season. The feasibility of intensifying dual purpose goat production within mixed crop-livestock systems is under study. Solutions to severe dry season feed limitations are being evaluated. Sweet potato vines and legumes such as pigeon peas have been demonstrated to be excellent in nutritional value, with high intakes by lactating does. Intercropped or ratooned sorghum also has promise. Northeast Brazil is representative of the semiarid tropics with a short, variable rainy season and prolonged dry season during which all production parameters for goats and hair sheep are unsatisfactory. The native “caatinga” brushland is the major feed resource. Dry season confinement of lambs has resulted in adequate growth (90 g/day or more) when fed maized crop residue plus supplements. Weanling kids fed the same ration have lower intake and gains of 20 to 40 g/day. Sorghum hay has been fed to lactating dairy goats. The fourth site, Morocco, has a Mediterranean climate with good rainfall in spring, prolonged drought in summer and fall, and cold limitation in winter (especially at higher elevations). Wheat stubble and other crop residues are under study for their nutritional contribution and supplementation requirements in summer, fall and winter. Also, studies are underway on productivity responses of native sheep in extensive or semi-intensive systems, as well as the prolific D'man breed in total confinement. The fifth site is Peru, where Andean highland areas are limited by cold year-round and extended drought for part of the year. Grazing systems for sheep and alpacas are under study at three Andean locations. At a coastal site, which receives sporadic rain (1 to 3 months, not every year), improved feeding systems for seminomadic herds of dual purpose goats are under study.
Differential cross section for backward π + p scattering from 3.25 to 10 GeV c

We present differential cross-section data for the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ near 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the center-of-mass system at beam momenta between $3.25 \frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$ and $10 \frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$.