cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic Distance and Cross-Country Spillovers

Rates of long-run economic growth are not independent across countries. To account for this dependence we decompose the spatial covariance function of growth rates into a function of each country’s own observable characteristics, its unobservable characteristics, and cross-country spillovers. We use original data on economic distance to structure observed variation in countries’ long term growth rates. We use this structure to estimate the magnitude of economic interdependence among nations, and to give a nonparametric characterization of the relationship between economic distance and the magnitude of cross-country spillovers. These spillovers turn out to be quite important, accounting for more of the spatial covariance in growth rates than unobservable variables, and by some measures rivalling the importance of the country’s own observable characteristics.
Increased Hip Distractibility in the Revision Hip Arthroscopy Setting: A Comparison Between Revision and Native Contralateral Hips With an Intraoperative Axial Stress Examination Under Anesthesia

Purpose To compare intraoperative hip joint distractibility between hips that previously underwent arthroscopic surgery and the contralateral hip with no history of surgical manipulation. Methods Patients undergoing revision hip arthroscopy between April 2019 and December 2020, who previously underwent arthroscopic hip surgery for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome, were prospectively enrolled. Exclusion criteria were any contralateral hip surgery. Before instrumentation, fluoroscopic images of both hips were obtained at 25 lbs traction intervals up to 100 lbs. Total joint space was measured at each traction interval. Distraction was calculated as the difference between the baseline joint space and the total joint space at each subsequent traction interval. Wilcoxon signed ranks tests and McNemar tests were used to compare distraction between revision and native contralateral hips. Results Forty-seven patients were included. Mean distraction of operative hips was significantly greater than mean distraction of nonoperative hips at traction intervals of 50 lbs (2.13 vs 1.04 mm, P = .002), 75 lbs (6.39 vs 3.70 mm, P Conclusions In the majority of patients undergoing revision hip arthroscopy, previous arthroscopic hip surgery increases axial distractibility of the hip joint compared with the native contralateral hip at axial traction forces of 50-100 lbs. Increased axial distractibility following hip arthroscopy may be suggestive of hip instability and can be assessed on a stress examination with the patient under anesthesia. Level of Evidence III, case–control study.
Near-Surface Dose Correlates With Toxicity in Patients Receiving Pencil Beam Scanning Intensity Modulated Proton Beam Breast Irradiation.

Purpose/Objective(s) Moist desquamation (MD) and breast/chest wall (CW) pain are common, important acute toxicities associated with breast irradiation (RT). In this study, we correlate near-surface dose (NSD) with acute toxicity in patients receiving pencil beam scanning intensity modulated proton breast RT (PBSIMPT). Materials/Methods We reviewed thirty-one patients at a single institution who received PBSIMPT for breast cancer. All patients received PBSIMPT for the initial chest wall or whole breast treatment; all but two patients received regional nodal irradiation. 25 patients were treated to 50 Gy in 25 fractions and 6 patients were treated to 42.56 Gy in 16 fractions. Boosts to the lumpectomy cavity or mastectomy scar were delivered with proton, electron, or photon RT. A near-surface rind volume (SR3), which was bound by the skin surface and 3 mm and limited by the breast or chest wall PTV, was generated to be used prospectively during treatment planning to limit near-surface dose while maintaining appropriate PTV coverage. For this analysis, we retrospectively generated two additional near-surface rind volumes, bound by either the skin surface and 5 mm (SR5), or by 5 mm and 10 mm (SR10) from the skin surface. We determined mean SR doses of each patient's composite plan. Skin rind doses were converted to percent of pre-boost prescription dose to account for differences in prescription dose. The presence of any breast/CW MD, and grade 2/3 ("moderate" or "severe") breast/CW pain during RT and within the first two months of RT were recorded. Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to determine correlations between mean SR doses and toxicity endpoints. Results The mean composite SR3 dose was 4484 cGY (range 4030-5267) for conventionally fractionated patients and 3983 cGY (range 3568-4040) for hypofractionated patients. Five patients (16.1%) experienced MD, and 6 patients (19.3%) experienced grade 2/3 breast/CW pain. Mean composite SR3 dose converted to percent of prescription dose was 94.6% for patients with grade 2 or higher breast or CW pain, compared to 89.6% for those without (P = 0.036). This difference persisted for mean SR5 dose (96.1% versus 91.1%, P = 0.023) and mean SR10 dose (102.4% versus 99.9%, P = 0.012). Patients with MD had a mean SR3 dose of 93.5% versus 91.0% for those without (P = 0.7), and this trend weakened with mean SR5 dose (94.7% versus 92.9%, P = 0.78) and mean SR10 dose (100.7% versus 100.3%, P = 1.0). Conclusion Higher NSD significantly correlated with increased breast/CW pain. Further analysis with a larger sample size is warranted to explore correlations between NSD and other toxicity endpoints. Optimization of NSD may reduce toxicity in patients receiving PBS IMPT for breast cancer.
FOOT INJURIES IN MICHIGAN, USA, GRAY WOLVES (CANIS LUPUS), 1992-2014.

The range of gray wolves (Canis lupus) in the contiguous United States is expanding. Research and monitoring to support population recovery and management often involves capture via foothold traps. A population-level epidemiologic assessment of the effect of trap injuries on wolf survival remains needed to inform management. We describe the baseline rate, type, and severity of foot injuries of wolves born 1992-2013 in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, evaluate the reliability of field-scoring trap-related injuries, and the effect of injuries on wolf survival. We assessed foot injuries by physical and radiographic exam at postmortem and/or time of capture for 351 wolves using the International Organization for Standardization 10990-5 standard and the effects of injuries, sex, age, previous capture and body condition on survival using proportional hazards regression. We used ordinal regression to evaluate epidemiologic associations between sex, age, previous capture, body condition, cause of death and injury severity. Most wolves (53%) experienced no physically or radiographically discernable foot injuries over their lifetimes. Among those wolves that did experience injuries, 33% scored as mild. Foot injuries had little epidemiologically discernable effect on survival rates. Wolves with higher foot trauma scores did experience an increased risk of dying, but the magnitude of the increase was modest. Most limb injuries occurred below the carpus or tarsus, and scoring upper-limb injuries added little predictive information to population-level epidemiologic measures of survival and injury severity. There was little association between injury severity and cause of death. Based on necropsy exams, previous trap injuries likely contributed to death in only four wolves (1.1%). Our results suggest that injuries resulting from foothold traps are unlikely to be a limiting factor in recovery and ongoing survival of the Michigan gray wolf population.
A HIGH STATUS BURIAL FROM GRASSHOPPER RUIN, ARIZONA

During the 1966 session of the University of Arizona Archaeological Field School an elaborate burial was excavated. The grave goods were placed in two layers. Layer 1 was approximately 90 cm. above Layer 2, which was associated with the body. Layer 1 may have been deposited some time after the grave was originally filled. Included in the two areas were 36 ceramic vessels, 128 projectile points, an incised bone wand, and many other items. The implication that Burial 140 may represent a high status burial within a socially stratified society is discussed.
In vitro analysis of G-protein functions.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the methods used for biochemical studies that are unique to G proteins. It describes several methods commonly used to detect the presence of G proteins in cell extracts or cell fractions, and discusses techniques to determine whether a G protein is involved in a particular cellular process. Examples of use of these procedures in plants are presented. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) analogs and the cholera and pertussis bacterial toxins are extremely useful tools to detect G proteins in different cellular fractions and to study the involvement of G proteins in various cellular functions. GTP analogs, particularly GTPγS, are used frequently because of the relative ease with which they can detect G proteins and probe G protein functions. However GTP analogs are not specific, therefore, conclusions from studies using GTP analogs are not definitive. The bacterial toxins, particularly pertussis toxin, are more specific, and they are used for analyses of heterotrimeric G proteins. Although there are limitations, these biochemical methods can provide valuable information, which complements information gained from molecular and genetic studies.
Racial/ethnic differences in serious psychological distress among older adults in California.

Objectives This study examined racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence and correlates of past year serious psychological distress ([SPD] defined as having a score of 13 or higher on the K6 scale), as well as impairments caused by SPD among older adults in California. Methods Data drawn from the 2007 California Health Interview Survey, representing racially/ethnically diverse adults 65 years and older, were analyzed: Whites, African Americans, Latinos, Asians, and American Indians/Alaska Natives. Using weighted data, descriptive analyses for prevalence rates and logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results The prevalence of past year SPD was significantly different across the five racial/ethnic groups (p = 0.000), with American Indians/Alaska Natives having the highest prevalence (18.2%) and Asians having the lowest prevalence (2.6%). Disability was significantly associated with prevalence of SPD in all five racial/ethnic groups (all ps < 0.05). Impairments caused by past year SPD did not significantly differ across the five racial/ethnic groups, but overall functional impairments caused by SPD were highest among Whites and lowest among Latinos. Racial/ethnic-specific correlates of past year SPD for Asians were lower educational attainment (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.55–0.92) and for African Americans, a greater number of chronic diseases (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.55–3.54). Conclusions Apparent racial/ethnic differences existed in the prevalence and correlates of past year SPD among older adults in California. The findings suggest that different disease burden caused by SPD may exist across diverse racial/ethnic elderly groups and highlight the need to develop race/ethnicity-specific intervention strategies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular Recognition Mediated by Bound Water: A Mechanism for Star Activity of the Restriction Endonuclease EcoRI

Many restriction endonucleases such as EcoRI lose some specificity for their recognition sequence under certain buffer conditions. The cause of this disruption of accurate protein-DNA recognition has never been explained. By cleaving DNA with EcoRI in the presence of several osmolytes, we show that the extent of this EcoRI "star activity" depends strongly upon osmotic pressure. The loss of specificity accompanying decreased water activity implies a role for one or more water molecules in recognition of specific sequences of DNA. Water mediation may constitute a general motif for sequence-specific DNA recognition by restriction enzymes and other DNA-binding proteins.
Does Television Exposure Affect Emerging Adults' Attitudes and Assumptions About Sexual Relationships? Correlational and Experimental Confirmation

Because concern is frequently raised that TV's abundant yet stereotypical portrayals of sexual relationships may mislead young viewers, this study examined the effects of both regular viewing habits and experimental exposure on students' conceptions about sexual relationships. A multiethnic sample of 259 undergraduates aged 18–22 was assigned to view a set of clips depicting either 1 of 3 sexual stereotypes or neutral, nonsexual content. Participants then completed measures assessing their attitudes about sexual roles and relationships, their assumptions about the sexual experiences of their peers, and their regular viewing habits. Both correlational and experimental connections emerged between TV viewing and students' sexual attitudes and assumptions. More frequent and more involved viewing were repeatedly associated with students' support of the sexual stereotypes surveyed. Similarly, women exposed to clips representing a particular sexual stereotype were more likely to endorse that notion than were women exposed to nonsexual content. Finally, both experimental exposure and aspects of regular viewing significantly predicted students' sexual attitudes and assumptions, even with demographics and previous sexual experiences controlled.
Visualizing information in virtual space: prospects and pitfalls

This paper suggests how virtual reality (VR) may be a fruitful means to analyze potential synergies of information visualization and knowledge visualization in a learning context. Emphasis is placed on VR as a spatial context and as an interaction model. Three example cases from our laboratory highlight different approaches to VR visualization: a human-computer interaction approach examines spatial dimensions in information retrieval; a transfer of learning approach explores “navigation” using typical and transformed virtual environments; and an experiential learning approach describes development of an environment to evaluate and improve social skills.
THE EFFECTS OF SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF CASE SELECTION ON VALIDITY, SAMPLE SIZE, PRECISION, AND POWER IN HOSPITAL-BASED CASE-CONTROL STUDIES

The consequences of imperfect sensitivity and specificity in disease diagnosis in epidemiologic studies have conventionally been assessed by models of misclassification which assume a fixed number of study participants. This assumption is not usually applicable to case-control studies in which disease diagnosis is part of the case selection process and sensitivity and specificity will, for a given time period and source of cases, affect the size of the case group. In this paper, a mathematical model that incorporates this is developed in the framework of a hospital-based case-control study. The separate and combined effects of imperfect sensitivity and specificity of case diagnosis on validity, sample size, precision, and power are assessed. The authors conclude that if several diagnostic procedures are available, specificity of case diagnosis should usually take precedence over sensitivity for the sake of validity. Although increasing specificity and sacrificing sensitivity may compromise precision to some extent, the latter can often be fully compensated for by an increased control:case ratio. Imperfect specificity also compromises power despite increased sample size. Since clinical diagnoses tend to focus on high sensitivity and sacrifice some specificity, their uncritical adoption for case recruitment in case-control studies may compromise their validity.
Orlistat-induced fulminant hepatic failure

Orlistat was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1998 and has been shown to be superior to placebo in achieving weight loss. It is generally well tolerated. However, severe liver injury has been reported. We present a case of hepatic failure in a patient taking orlistat. A 54-year-old African-American woman with hypertension presented with hepatic failure. She had noticed increasing fatigue, jaundice and confusion. She used alcohol sparingly and denied tobacco or illicit drug use, but had been taking over-the-counter orlistat for the past two months. Physical examination revealed scleral icterus, jaundice, asterixis and slow speech. Laboratory testing showed markedly abnormal liver function tests with coagulopathy. Acute viral and autoimmune serologies were negative, as was toxicology screen. Liver biopsy showed necrotic hepatic parenchyma likely secondary to drug toxicity. Based upon her clinical presentation and time course, the pattern of liver injury seen on liver biopsy and lack of an alternative plausible explanation, her liver failure was most likely associated with orlistat use. She continued to deteriorate and ultimately underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. Fourteen cases of severe liver injury associated with orlistat use have been reported, four of which are detailed in the literature. This is the second published case of liver failure associated with over-the-counter orlistat usage. Clinicians should be aware of the growing number of cases associating liver injury and orlistat use and carefully monitor their patients on this medication for signs of hepatic dysfunction.
On information representation in backpropagation classifier networks

Feedforward backpropagation networks have been studied to determine how the external training environment is represented internally. It is shown that for networks trained with simple input-output pattern pairs, the network weights as a whole form strong correlations with the others. Thus, the nets act as correlation-decorrelation memories. It is shown that hidden units function as difference operators, signalling what is unique about certain input patterns compared to the others. >
Regulation of macroautophagy in ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by controlling glucose regulatory protein 78 and AMPK.

Prabodh K. Kandala 1 and Sanjay K. Srivastava 1 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA Received: April 18, 2012, Accepted: April 28, 2012, Published: May 6, 2012, Keywords: Diindolylmethane, ER stress, autophagy, apoptosis Correspondence: Sanjay K. Srivastava, email: // // Abstract In this study we show that diindolylmethane (DIM) induces autophagy in ovarian cancer cells by regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and AMPK. Treatment of SKOV-3, OVCAR-3 and TOV-21G ovarian cancer cells with varying concentrations of DIM for 24 hours resulted in a concentration dependent induction of autophagy as measured by flowcytometry. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of autophagosomes in DIM treated cells. Western blot analysis showed that DIM treatment increased the expression of LC3B, a hall mark of autophagy as well as p62 and Atg 12 proteins that are accumulated during autophagy. Autophagy inhibitors bafilomycin or chloroquine inhibited DIM induced autophagy. Furthermore, DIM treatment significantly increased the expression of ER stress regulators such as Grp78, IRE1 and GADD153. Cycloheximide or ER stress inhibitor mithramycin not only blocked ER stress proteins that were activated by DIM but also autophagy. Silencing Grp78 or GADD 153 significantly blocked the expression of LC3B and p62 indicating that autophagy in our model is mediated by ER stress. Knocking out LC3B inhibited DIM induced autophagy. DIM treatment increased the cytosolic calcium levels which lead to the activation of AMPK in our model. Chelating cytosolic calcium with BAPT-AM abrogated not only the phosphorylation of AMPK but also prevented DIM induced autophagy. Inhibiting AMPK by a chemical inhibitor or siRNA blocked the induction of LC3B or p62, indicating that DIM mediated autophagy requires activation of AMPK. Oral administration of DIM significantly suppressed SKOV-3 tumor xenografts in nude mice. Activation of ER stress and autophagy were observed in the tumors of DIM treated mice. Taken together, these results suggest that induction of autophagy by DIM in ovarian cancer cells was associated with ER stress and AMPK activation.
Suppression of development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis with isogeneic monoclonal anti-idiotopic antibody.

We have made use of isogeneic anti-idiotopic (anti-Id) monoclonal antibodies (mAb to modify experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) in Lewis rats. High-avidity anti-Id mAb HC-4A (Kd = 0.1 nM) and HC-29 (Kd = 0.1 nM) were produced against an anti-acetylcholine receptor (anti-AChR) Lewis-rat mAb 132A (Kd = 0.34 nM) that is capable of inducing passive-transfer EAMG. mAb HC-4A and HC-29 define separate framework Id cross-reactive with anti-AChR mAb recognizing different AChR epitopes. Animals were preinjected i.p. with either anti-Id mAb or with control mAb and then were actively immunized 2 wk later with purified AChR. All animals had elevated total serum anti-AChR antibody titers, despite the absence of weakness or decremental electromyographic findings. Animals preinjected with control mAb developed serum anti-AChR titers of 1.34 +/- 0.29 microM (mean +/- SEM) and reduced muscle AChR content to 30 percent of normal. Animals injected with 0.5 mg/kg of either anti-Id had significantly lower serum anti-AChR titers, 0.55 +/- 0.1, p less than 0.05, and normal muscle AChR content. Both the 132A Id and the anti-Id complementary to 132A were detected in the serum of all of the animals preinjected with this dose of either anti-Id HC-29 or HC-4A, whereas both were detected in a much smaller percentage of the animals receiving control mAb. These results show that pretreatment with anti-Id not only perturbs this Id-anti-Id network, but also suppresses the overall polyclonal anti-AChR response with resultant protection of actively immunized animals from EAMG.
Thyromimetic activity of methylthyronines in the bullfrog tadpole.

Several halogen-free methylthyronines have been tested for thyromimetic activity in the bullfrog tadpole. On injection, 3′-isopropyl–3,5– dimethylthyronine had 20–25% of the activity of L-thyroxine when compared for effects on urea excretion and percent tail decrease. Tri- and tetramethylthyronine showed about 15% of the activity of thyroxine in these two bioassays. These compounds showed unequivocal but less activity when tested by a tadpole tail fin disc regression method. The methylene bridge analogs of Tetrac and 3,5,3′-triiodo-DL-thyronine were equal to or slightly more active than the corresponding oxyether compound. The results support suggestions that neither the halogens nor the ether oxygen are essential features for significant thyroid hormone activity. The chemical structure required for a thyromimetic response consists of a central lipophilic core, sterically constrained by bulky 3,5,-3′ substituents with two specific anionic groups, located at the distal ends of the molecule. The presence of...
Investigations into the World3 Model: Lessons for Understanding Complicated Models

Methodological lessons are drawn from a broad analysis of the World3 model. It is argued that model understanding is a crucial part of the modeling approach. Generalization of the experiences with World3 leads to a proposal for a general approach to understanding complicated models. First, certain general attitudes are recommended. Subsequently, a strategy for model analysis is presented in algorithmic form and illustrated by reference to the World3 study. Finally, an extensive list of tools and techniques is given that may be useful in many phases of model analysis.
Measuring emergency care systems: the path forward.

In this issue of Annals, Pathak et al use patient-level data to provide an excellent bird’s-eye view of access to percutaneous coronary intervention of ST-elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMIs) presented in Florida. Their diligent work shows that almost all (90%) patients who were hospitalized in STEMI referral hospitals (those with either no percutaneous coronary intervention capability or “low-volume” centers, using the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology definition of 199 catheterizations per year or fewer) were within 31 minutes’ driving time to the nearest STEMI receiving hospital (200 or more catheterizations annually). When they examined facilities rather than patients, 77% of the STEMI referral hospitals had a travel time of 30 minutes or less; facilities in the 90th percentile had a 56-minute driving time. The difference of the times can be attributed to the fact that more patients live in urban areas with a greater density of hospitals, so that even though the facilities had longer travel times, when calculated with patient data the travel times were shorter. The authors’ methods are likely to be perceived by some as their greatest strength and by others as their greatest weakness; we feel they deserve a balanced critique here. The authors use patient data to identify the location of initial presentation of patients with STEMI. They then calculate interfacility drive times by using a Web-based publicly available application and determine the proportion of hospitals and of patients who could rapidly arrive at a STEMI receiving facility if transferred. At first blush, the methods may be considered too theoretical and too simplistic for the medical community. Emergency medical services (EMS) researchers will be dissatisfied with the overly simple approach to examining the complexity of transfer times because the authors did nothing to estimate the amount of time required to evaluate, initiate treatment, stabilize for transfer, and obtain advanced life support ground or air transportation. Operations researchers will likely critique the simplistic approach to examining road travel times that ignores weather and traffic conditions, ignores the use of air ambulances for f
The Dielectric Permittivity of Saturated Liquid Carbon Dioxide and Propane Measured Using Cross Capacitors

Relative dielectric permittivities er of saturated liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) and propane (C3H8) were measured using well-characterized cross capacitors in the range 260 K < T < 300 K. The molar polarizability \(\wp_{\rm sat} \equiv (Iµ_{\rm r} -1)/[(Iµ_{\rm r} +2) \rho_{\rm sat}]\) of CO2 was calculated using the equation of state of Span and Wagner to convert our values of the saturation vapor pressure psat to values of the saturated liquid density ρsat. In the range 260 K < T < 300 K, \(\wp_{\rm sat} = (7.659\pm 0.001)\) cm3· mol−1. The systematic difference between measurements made with two different capacitors was 0.001 cm3· mol−1; this difference is equivalent to a shift of 12 mK in the liquid temperature. The uncertainty of \(\wp_{\rm sat}\) from the equation of state of CO2 is approximately 0.002 cm3· mol−1. Our values of \(\wp_{\rm sat}\) for CO2 are consistent with the results of Moriyoshi et al. and of May et al.; however, our values are 0.5 % larger than the values determined by Haynes. For saturated liquid propane, our values of er agree with the values of Haynes and Younglove within the combined uncertainty of 0.0003.
Inverted Current Transformer

Rapid growth of power systems places increased emphasis upon the quick procurement and safe delivery of high- voltage apparatus. To satisfy this need, a new oil-filled, high-voltage current transformer, which could be referred to as a modified version of an inverted eyebolt construction, has been developed. Advantages over the conventional eyebolt current transformer, together with special design features, characteristics, and tests are discussed. The basic unit is suitable for stocking prior to the installation of the primary winding.
The Central Barrier, Asymmetry and Random Phase in Chaotic Transport and Mixing by Rossby Waves in a Jet

The central barrier, asymmetry and random perturbation in transport and mixing by Rossby waves in a jet were investigated by simple kinematic model. Two complementary methods were used: A high-resolution Lagrangian Field Advection Model (FAM) and a finite-time Lyapunov exponent analysis. The present study revealed the following: (1) A central barrier can be formed in two Rossby waves without shear flow as well as in a jet, (2) the central barrier may occur in the region with maximum jet speed relative to the phase speed of the traveling wave, whereas the chaotic mixing most likely occurs near the critical lines; the central barrier widens as the phase speed of traveling waves relative to the jet speed increases, (3) asymmetry of wave-breaking is directly related to asymmetry of the critical line location in a jet, (4) the central barrier survives small random perturbations, (5) global bifurcation from a homoclinic orbit to a heteroclinic orbit and global chaos are two main mechanisms for the central barrier destruction. The results suggest that the small scale motions and random processes may not significantly affect the major character of Lagrangian transport and mixing by large-scale geophysical flow. Also potential vorticity mixing provides a unique kinematic and dynamic view of many features of the geophysical flow.
Male Sexual Schemata and Responses to Male Homosexuality

College students were led to focus on schemata which emphasized either the "heterosexual" or "carnal" nature of male sexuality, and were or were not led to consider the sexual orientation implications of these schemata for the general male population. Subjects then responded to a written account of an instance of male homosexual behavior. When not directly confronted with sexual orientation implications, heterosexual schema subjects reported the target's behavior to be more unusual, indicative of homosexuality, and negative than did carnal schema subjects. When general sexual orientation implications were made salient, carnal schema subjects reacted more negatively than heterosexual schema subjects. These results are discussed in terms of attitudes toward homosexuality, personal threat, and schematic processing.
Constructive stability of dynamical systems

A set A of nxn complex matrices is stable if for every neighborhood of the origin U?Cn there exists another neighborhood of the origin V, such that for each M?A' (the set of finite products of matrices in A), MV?U. Matrix and Liapunov stability are related.
Tryptophanyl-tRNA and Tryptophanyl-tRNA Synthetase are not Required for in vitro Repression of the Tryptophan Operon

Neither tryptophanyl-tRNA nor tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase is required in vitro for regulation of transcription of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli.
In vivo effects of abused 'bath salt' constituent 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in mice: drug discrimination, thermoregulation, and locomotor activity.

In recent years, synthetic analogues of naturally occurring cathinone have emerged as psychostimulant-like drugs of abuse in commercial ‘bath salt’ preparations. 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a common constituent of these illicit products, and its structural similarities to the more well-known drugs of abuse 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and methamphetamine (METH) suggest that it may have similar in vivo effects to these substances. In these studies, adult male NIH Swiss mice were trained to discriminate 0.3 mg/kg MDPV from saline, and the interoceptive effects of a range of substitution doses of MDPV, MDMA, and METH were then assessed. In separate groups of mice, surgically implanted radiotelemetry probes simultaneously monitored thermoregulatory and locomotor responses to various doses of MDPV and MDMA, as a function of ambient temperature. We found that mice reliably discriminated the MDPV training dose from saline and that cumulative doses of MDPV, MDMA, and METH fully substituted for the MDPV training stimulus. All three drugs had similar ED50 values in this procedure. Stimulation of motor activity was observed following administration of a wide range of MDPV doses (1–30 mg/kg), and the warm ambient temperature potentiated motor activity and elicited profound stereotypy and self-injurious behavior at 30 mg/kg. In contrast, MDPV-induced hyperthermic effects were observed in only the warm ambient environment. This pattern of effects is in sharp contrast to MDMA, where ambient temperature interacts with thermoregulation, but not locomotor activity. These studies suggest that although the interoceptive effects of MDPV are similar to those of MDMA and METH, direct effects on thermoregulatory processes and locomotor activity are likely mediated by different mechanisms than those of MDMA.
Introduction to New Approaches to Combining the Archaeological and Historical Records

The papers in this special issue are about the method, theory, and practice of scientific, historically oriented archaeology. They address this theme by developing and operationalizing systematic analyses of multiple lines of evidence about the past; these include the archaeological record and various combinations of historical, linguistic, and ethnographic information. The use of nonmaterial evidence in archaeology, of course, is nothing new; throughout the discipline's history, most researchers have combined these sources. What distinguishes the papers in this collection [and those in several other recent volumes, especially Knapp (1992b)] from their predecessors is a shift that is both methodological and strategic. Below, I sketch out the familiar history of the field in order to situate our efforts within that larger context. The methods of the so-called "culture history" paradigm that dominated archaeology in the pre-Binford years were guided by marked preference for the spectacular evidence of elites (tombs, temples, and the chronicles of kings). Practitioners culled specific passages from the documentary record to complement their archaeological focus on elite remains. In part, this reflected the predilections of wealthy first-world researchers trained in an esoteric field with little practical relevance. It also carried subtler implications. As Feinman illustrates in his conclusions to this volume (see also Patterson, 1986; Trigger, 1989), culture history characteristically follows an agenda set by political (or corporate) interests. The manipulation of history for political ends is as old as complex society itself,
MEASURES OF SAMPLING ERROR APPLIED TO STATISTICAL INFERENCE

The classical theory of errors is applied to sample statistics. Two measures of sampling error, |ē| and kσ are presented that can be used in conjunction with conventional methods of statistical inference. The measures have two interpretations. The |ē| measures the amount of a sample result that is expected by chance. The kσ estimates both the proportion of a sample result that is expected by chance and the proportional deviation that is expected between an observed sample statistic and its population parameter.
Treatment needs and completion of community-based aftercare among substance-abusing women offenders.

Background Women offenders with substance abuse problems typically have many treatment needs on reentry to the community from prison. This paper explores the correlates of treatment needs among a sample of women offenders with substance-abuse problems ( n = 1,404), and the relationship between their treatment needs and other background characteristics with completion of community-based treatment after parole. Methods Treatment needs were assessed at admission into prison-based substance abuse treatment; participants were admitted into community-based treatment upon parole. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression were used to examine their treatment needs; logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors related to completion of the aftercare program. Analysis of variance was used to examine ethnic differences in treatment needs. Results Greater treatment needs were associated with unstable housing before incarceration, a history of sexual or physical abuse, mental health problems, alcohol or drug dependence, and first arrest at age Conclusions Interventions are needed to engage substance-abusing women offenders in community treatment after parole to address their treatment needs, improve their retention in treatment, and reduce the likelihood of recidivism.
Thorstein Veblen Versus The Institutionalists

Veblen was a critic of business civilization who focused his attention upon widespread social habits of thought, or institutions. Thorough-going, radical change would be required in such societies, which tended towards war, predation, exploitation, and inefficiency. Neo-Institutionalists have distorted his views by categorizing activity as either technology or institution, with blatant technological determinism, believing technology forces suitable change in institutions by changing their setting. Hence society "self-corrects" its problems, with "drags" but not revolution.
Sol-gel derived antimony-doped tin oxide coatings on ceramic cloths

Abstract Antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) coatings were deposited on the Nextel and E-glass cloths by the sol-gel process. The influence of dip coating parameters, such as solution concentration, the number of coating applications, firing temperature, and firing atmospheres, on the sheet resistance of the ATO coated cloths was investigated. The study demonstrates that the ATO coated Nextel cloths and E-glass cloths of 12″ × 12″ have sheet resistance as low as and respectively. The lack of the thermal stability of the ATO coatings seems to be due to the potential barriers between particles, which are developed by the chemisorption of oxygens from the atmosphere on the surface of the particles.
Art imitates life: art and architecture as a driving force for change

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of art and architecture by leadership as a driving force to effect change of perception of an organization's identity. While some claim life imitates art, from a management discipline lens the paper aims to state that art imitates life through introduction of a conceptual model.Design/methodology/approach – A literature review of organizational art and architecture, leadership, identity and change is undertaken and synthesized with Lewin's theory and concepts of force field analysis. Case studies from Africa, Europe and the USA are analyzed.Findings – Organizational leadership uses art and architecture as a driving force to effect change in perception of identity. This is exemplified through evaluation of choices in the organizations examined.Practical implications – This paper establishes a relationship between choices organizational leadership makes on art and architecture and how they can be used as a driving force to effect change in perception...
Clinical Implications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Lung Research

In less than two decades. NMR techniques have become an established diagnostic tool, primarily because of the rapid development of NMR imaging more commonly termed magnetic resonance imaging, (MRI) in diagnostic radiology
Effects of Bacterial Infection on Airway Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins in COPD

Background Pathogenic bacteria colonize the airways of 30% to 40% of patients with COPD and cause approximately 50% of exacerbations. New strains of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) and Moraxella catarrhalis are associated with exacerbations. Antimicrobial protein/peptides (AMPs) play important roles in innate lung defense against pathogens. To our knowledge, the changes in AMP baseline levels in respiratory secretions during bacterial colonization and exacerbation have not been described. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of the acquisition of a new strain of pathogenic bacteria on the airway levels of AMPs in patients with COPD. Methods One hundred fifty-three samples from 11 patients were selected from COPD sputum samples collected prospectively over 6 years. Samples were grouped as culture-negative (no pathogenic bacteria), colonization, and exacerbation due to new strains of NTHI and M catarrhalis. Levels of lysozyme, lactoferrin, LL-37, and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared among groups by paired analysis. Results Compared with baseline, sputum lysozyme levels were significantly lower during colonization and exacerbation by NTHI (P = .001 and P = .013, respectively) and M catarrhalis (P = .007 and P = .018, respectively); SLPI levels were lower with exacerbation due to NTHI and M catarrhalis (P = .002 and P = .004, respectively), and during colonization by M catarrhalis (P = 032). Lactoferrin levels did not change significantly; LL-37 levels were higher during exacerbation by NTHI and M catarrhalis (P = .001 and P = .018, respectively). Conclusions Acquisition of NTHI and M catarrhalis is associated with significant changes in airway levels of AMPs, with larger changes in exacerbation. Airway AMP levels are likely to be important in pathogen clearance and clinical outcomes of infection in COPD.
Pneumomediastinum and pneumoretroperitoneum

A 23-year-old man presented to the emergency department with extensive subcutaneous emphysema and severe dehydration after a prolonged self-imposed religious fast. Chest radiographs showed marked pneumomediastinum and pneumoretroperitoneum without pneumothorax. Patients are often admitted to the hospital for close observation when these findings are recognized, but this caution is generally unwarranted. This case illustrates the common occurrence of the usually benign entity of pneumomediastinum without pneumothorax.
A Synopsis of the Biology and Life History of Ruffe

The ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus), a Percid native to Europe and Asia, has recently been introduced in North America and new areas of Europe. A synopsis of the biology and life history of ruffe suggests a great deal of variability exists in these traits. Morphological characters vary across large geographical scales, within certain water bodies, and between sexes. Ruffe can tolerate a wide variety of conditions including fresh and brackish waters, lacustrine and lotic systems, depths of 0.25 to 85 m, montane and submontane areas, and oligotrophic to eutrophic waters. Age and size at maturity differ according to temperature and levels of mortality. Ruffe spawn on a variety of substrates, for extended periods of time. In some populations, individual ruffe may spawn more than once per year. Growth of ruffe is affected by sex, morphotype, water type, intraspecific density, and food supply. Ruffe feed on a wide variety of foods, although adult ruffe feed predominantly on chironomid larvae. Interactions (i.e., competition and predation) with other species appear to vary considerably between systems.
A microscopic view of particle bombardment of organic films

Abstract The high energy particle bombardment of molecular films adsorbed upon a metal substrate has been investigated via molecular dynamics computer simulations with an empirical many-body potential function constructed for studying reactive dynamics. These calculations identify lateral motion of fragments in the overlayer as giving rise to fragmentation and direct abstraction type reactions. In addition, the importance of substrate mass for particle ejection is identified. These concepts are discussed in detail and experiments are proposed to test these ideas.
Utility of Pulse Oximetry Screening for Hepatopulmonary Syndrome

Background & Aims: Hepatopulmonary syndrome is characterized by oxygenation abnormalities caused by intrapulmonary vasodilatation in the setting of liver disease and/or portal hypertension. This syndrome occurs in approximately 15%–30% of cirrhotic patients and influences mortality and transplant candidacy. However, no specific screening guidelines are established. We evaluated pulse oximetry with contrast echocardiography in detecting hepatopulmonary syndrome in a cohort of patients undergoing evaluation for liver transplantation. Methods: One hundred twenty-seven consecutive patients referred for liver transplantation evaluation were prospectively enrolled and underwent pulse oximetry, contrast echocardiography, and arterial blood gas measurements on room air. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were recorded and analyzed. Results: Forty-one (32%) patients were found to have hepatopulmonary syndrome. There were no significant differences in demographic or clinical features compared with patients without hepatopulmonary syndrome, with the exception of pulse oximetry and oxygenation abnormalities. With a threshold value of Conclusions: Pulse oximetry is a simple, low cost, and widely available technique that reliably predicts the presence and severity of hypoxemia in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome. Institution of pulse oximetry screening might enhance detection and improve management of hepatopulmonary syndrome in cirrhosis.
Self-consistent model of confinement.

A model of the large-spatial-distance, zero--three-momentum, limit of QCD is developed from the hypothesis that there is an infrared singularity. Single quarks and gluons do not propagate because they have infinite energy after renormalization. The Hamiltonian formulation of the path integral is used to quantize QCD with physical, nonpropagating fields. Perturbation theory in the infrared limit is simplified by the absence of self-energy insertions and by the suppression of large classes of diagrams due to vanishing propagators. Remaining terms in the perturbation series are resummed to produce a set of nonlinear, renormalizable integral equations which fix both the confining interaction and the physical propagators. Solutions demonstrate the self-consistency of the concepts of an infrared singularity and nonpropagating fields. The Wilson loop is calculated to provide a general proof of confinement. Bethe-Salpeter equations for quark-antiquark pairs and for two gluons have finite-energy solutions in the color-singlet channel. The choice of gauge is addressed in detail. Large classes of corrections to the model are discussed and shown to support self-consistency.
Survival trends in Waldenström macroglobulinemia: an analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database.

To the editor: Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare indolent B-cell lymphoma. Approximately 1000-1500 new cases of WM are diagnosed every year in the United States.[1][1] Although previous studies suggested prolonged survival in WM patients, it is unclear whether there have been
Topology, chirality and interpenetration in coordination polymers.

This Viewpoint turns back the clock to 1998 when a contribution by Carlucci, Ciani, Macchi and Proserpio (Chem. Commun., 1998, 1837–1838) addressed the existence of multiple properties in coordination polymer networks and the use of topology for classifying network connectivity, thereby serving as a presage of the exponential growth in the field of coordination polymers that continues unabated to this day.
Identification of a novel nuclear pore-associated protein as a functional target of the HIV-1 Rev protein in yeast.

Abstract The HIV-1 Rev protein increases the cytoplasmic levels of unspliced and singly spliced target transcripts in metazoan systems. Based on experiments that indicate a similar function of Rev in the yeast S. cerevisiae, we have identified a yeast protein that interacts with the effector domain of Rev. The protein, Rip1p, is a novel small nucleoporin-like protein, some of which is associated with nuclear pores. Its closest known yeast relative is a nuclear pore component also implicated in mRNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm. Analysis of strains that overexpress Riplp or that are deleted for the RIP1 gene show that Rip1p is important for the effect of Rev on gene expression, indicating that the physical interaction is of functional significance in vivo. The results suggest that Rev directly promotes the cytoplasmic transport of suitable transcripts by targeting them to the nuclear pore.
Linking Land Use Planning and Regulation to Economic Development: A Literature Review

This article examines how land use planning and regulation may affect regional economic prosperity by reviewing relevant literature. It identifies a set of complex causal links between land use and...