cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Confidence intervals for impulse responses under departures from normality

Monte Carlo evidence shows that in structural VAR models with fat-tailed or skewed innovations the coverage accuracy of impulse response confidence intervals may deterorate substantially compared to the same model with Gaussian innovations. Empirical evidance suggests that such departures from normality are quite plausible for economic time series. The simulation results suggest that applied researchers are best off using nonparametric bootstrap intervals for impulse responses, regardless of whether or not there is evidence of fat tails or skewness in the error distribution. Allowing for departures from normality is shown to considerably weaken the evidence of the delayed overshooting puzzle in Eichenbaum and Evans (1995).
Magnification-corrected optical image splitting for simultaneous multiplanar acquisition

Simultaneous multi planar microscope imaging enables parallel computation of autofocus for high-sped image cytometry. Although image cytometry exhibits many potential advantages over flow cytometry, substantially slower speed has limited use to fewer applications. In commercial image cytometry instruments, long scanning times have typically been circumvented by identification of small areas of interest during high speed, low resolution scans for subsequent analysis at high resolution. This two-pass strategy of analyzing only a few cells at high resolution is a disadvantage and often cannot be used at all where dim fluorescence demands higher numerical aperture (NA) objectives. Continuous stage motion synchronized with line array or time-delay-and-integrate (TDI) CCD image acquisition is capable of increasing scan speed by an order of magnitude or more, but until recently lacked the autofocus required for higher resolution objectives where depth of field is about the thickness of a cell monolayer. Here we describe an improved design for simultaneous multi planar acquisition and on-the-fly autofocus. This new system replaces more complicated and less light efficient fiberoptic imaging bundles with beamsplitters and mirrors. This new image-splitting design also enables addition of magnification correction optics not easily added to the earlier fiberoptic version. The result is a simplified, high sensitivity, magnification-matched, parallel multi planar acquisition module containing an array of CCD sensors for high-speed focus tracking and 3D imaging.
Altered metabolism of I131 by the endostyle and notochord of ammocoetes larvae II. Effects of treatment with thiourea or potassium thiocyanate

Abstract The larvae of the lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, L. were treated with thiourea, or potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) prior to the administration of a tracer dose of I131. The endostyles and notochords were studied for per cent concentration of the isotope and then analyzed by means of radiochromatography for formation of iodinated amino acids. There was no correlation between the reaction of the endostyle to these compounds and that of the notochord. Thiourea, inhibited both the mechanisms for I131-accumulation and the formation of iodinated tyrosines in the endostyle. KSCN given before the isotope interfered with the accumulation of iodide. When KSCN was administered after I131, it was effective in causing a discharge of part of the accumulated endostylar radioiodine. In the notochord, thiourea had no effect, KSCN was most effective in inhibiting I131 uptake and in the discharge of the accumulated isotope. The goitrogenic compounds were effective within certain limits of time and their activity was affected by the mode of administration. The concentration of I131 varied in a manner that was independent of the percentage of radioactive compounds formed.
Structures of RNA 3′-phosphate cyclase bound to ATP reveal the mechanism of nucleotidyl transfer and metal-assisted catalysis

RNA 3′-phosphate cyclase (RtcA) synthesizes RNA 2′,3′ cyclic phosphate ends via three steps: reaction with ATP to form a covalent RtcA-(histidinyl-Nϵ)-AMP intermediate; transfer of adenylate to an RNA 3′-phosphate to form RNA(3′)pp(5′)A; and attack of the vicinal O2′ on the 3′-phosphorus to form a 2′,3′ cyclic phosphate and release AMP. Here we report the crystal structures of RtcA•ATP, RtcA•ATP•Mn2+, and RtcA•ATP•Co2+ substrate complexes and an RtcA•AMP product complex. Together with the structures of RtcA apoenzyme and the covalent RtcA–AMP intermediate, they illuminate the mechanism of nucleotidyl transfer, especially the stereochemical transitions at the AMP phosphate, the critical role of the metal in orienting the PPi leaving group of ATP during step 1, and the protein conformational switches that accompany substrate binding and product release. The octahedral metal complex of RtcA•ATP•Mn2+ includes nonbridging oxygens from each of the ATP phosphates, two waters, and Glu14 as the sole RtcA component. Whereas the RtcA adenylylation step is metal-catalyzed, the subsequent steps in the cyclization pathway are metal-independent.
Extraterritorial criminal jurisdiction: Its impact on criminal justice

Abstract Public international law recognizes the right of states to protect themselves and their subjects against threats and damage from within their territory and outside. In the international sphere, the means and methods of national protection are restricted by the extraterritorial jurisdiction of courts and the laws they enforce. Criminal justice today is being confronted on an ever increasing scale by international criminal offenses that impinge on domestic concerns: drugs, securities and financial manipulations, money laundering, and terrorism, to mention only a few. This article discusses some of the issues that arise under the United States Constitution when criminal justice agencies are called upon to enforce U.S. laws beyond U.S. territorial limits. The principles of extraterritorial jurisdiction are discussed along with a number of United States court cases pointing to the importance of this new area of criminal justice.
Angular Distributions in π ± − p Elastic Scattering in the Range 500 to 1600 MeV

Author(s): Helland, Jerome A.; Devlin, Thomas J.; Hagge, Donald E.; Longo, Michael J.; Moyer, Burton J.; Wood, Calvin D.
On large-vocabulary speaker-independent continuous speech recognition

Abstract In this paper, we describe sphinx , the world's first accurate large-vocabulary speaker-independent continuous speech recognition system. We will present current results of sphinx , compare its performance against similar systems, and account for its high accuracy.
Properties of ultrathin thermal nitrides in silicon Schottky barrier structures

Thermally grown silicon nitride layers ≤30 A thick have been investigated as interfacial layers in silicon Schottky barrier structures. Current‐voltage characteristics of these devices show modified barrier heights with near unity ideality factors, more ideal than those obtained using silicon dioxide films of the same thickness. By appropriate choice of metal or of nitride layer thickness barrier heights in any desired range can be produced. Barrier heights of different metals are ‘‘unpinned’’: they differ by a fixed constant, independent of the thickness, indicating that interface trap states are not present in sufficient quantity to affect the barrier height. The barrier height varies roughly linearly with nitride thickness, for both as‐grown and etched films, suggesting the presence of a constant quantity of positive fixed charge located at the silicon‐silicon nitride interface.
Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Presenting With Auditory Hallucinations and Illusions

ObjectiveCerebral venous sinus thrombosis may present with seizures or neuropsychiatric symptoms, but does not typically present with hallucinations. We present a case of venous thrombosis of the right sigmoid and transverse sinuses that presented with auditory hallucinations and illusions.MethodsWe
What Does Anybody Want?: Desire, Purpose, and the Acting Subject in the Study of Culture

Developments in contemporary anthropology indicate a renewed interest in the acting person as an initiator of plans and strategies, capable of formulating purposes and intentions in a more or less unconstrained, nondetermined way, and of marshaling internal and external resources in the service of realizing plans, goals, and strategies. No longer under the sway of either sociologism or culturology, we don't see humans as being pushed around by overarching and determining structures, forces, or processes, but as using, inventing, and shaping those structures and processes as causal agents. We are no longer content to say that people do things simply because that's their culture, or because they've been conditioned by society to do those things, or that they merely enact whatever script the sociocultural order places in their hands. At the same time, most of us very much resist a pull in the direction of placing too much unconditioned power in the hands of individual actors in our understanding of sociocultural process: we balk at the suggestion that culture or society is only the summed result of the actions of autonomous deciders. While refusing to see people as only the products of a preexisting and determining sociocultural system, we yet invoke the social and the cultural as constitutive of the acting subject to undo the mystification presented by the image of the person as autonomous agent acting on the basis of some precultural or presocial value such as, say, economic advantage, reward and punishment, or genetic success. We thus find ourselves wanting to say both that people are socialized all the way down; but also that socialization and enculturation cannot account for the entirety of human life and experience as we observe it in ourselves and others. How can we conceptualize matters so that we can have an agent who creates and uses culture if that same agent is, at the same time, the product of socialization and enculturation?
Intercepting Wacker Intermediates with Arenes: C–H Functionalization and Dearomatization

An intramolecular cyclization cascade reaction has been developed utilizing a high valent palladium intermediate that generates a carbon–carbon and carbon–oxygen bond in a single transformation. Th...
The distribution of the product of two triangular random variables

Although computer simulation can be used to determine the distribution of the product of two triangularly distributed variables for a specific application, a closed-form expression is preferable in general. Assuming independence, the closed-form probability density function of this product is derived.
Adaptation to delayed auditory feedback

Delayed auditory feedback disrupts the production of speech, causing an increase in speech duration as well as many articulatory errors. To determine whether prolonged exposure to delayed auditory feedback (DAF) leads to adaptive compensations in speech production, 10 subjects were exposed in separate experimental sessions to both incremental and constant-delay exposure conditions. Significant adaptation occurred for syntactically structured stimuli in the form of increased speaking rates. After DAF was removed, aftereffects were apparent for all stimulus types in terms of increased speech rates. A carry-over effect from the first to the second experimental session was evident as long as 29 days after the first session. The use of strategies to overcome DAF and the differences between adaptation to DAF and adaptation to visual rearrangement are discussed.
Using ORA to explore the relationship of nursing unit communication to patient safety and quality outcomes

Abstract Purpose We used ORA, a dynamic network analysis tool, to identify patient care unit communication patterns associated with patient safety and quality outcomes. Although ORA had previously had limited use in healthcare, we felt it could effectively model communication on patient care units. Methods Using a survey methodology, we collected communication network data from nursing staff on seven patient care units on two different days. Patient outcome data were collected via a separate survey. Results of the staff survey were used to represent the communication networks for each unit in ORA. We then used ORA's analysis capability to generate communication metrics for each unit. ORA's visualization capability was used to better understand the metrics. Results We identified communication patterns that correlated with two safety (falls and medication errors) and three quality (e.g., symptom management, complex self care, and patient satisfaction) outcome measures. Communication patterns differed substantially by shift. Conclusion The results demonstrate the utility of ORA for healthcare research and the relationship of nursing unit communication patterns to patient safety and quality outcomes.
Blunted cortisol response to stress is associated with higher body mass index in low-income preschool-aged children

No known studies have tested the hypothesis that a blunted pattern of cortisol reactivity to stress, which is often found following exposure to chronic life stressors, is associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in very young children. Low-income children (n=218, mean age 56.6 (range: 38.1-78.5; SD 7.0) months, 49.1% male, 56.4% white, 16.1% black, 11.5% Hispanic/Latino) participated in a series of behavioral tasks designed to elicit stress. Cortisol was sampled in saliva 5 times during the protocol, and area under the curve (AUC), representing total cortisol output during stress elicitation, was calculated. Children were weighed and height measured and body mass index (BMI) z-score was calculated. Linear regression was used to evaluate the association between cortisol AUC and BMI z-score, controlling for child age, sex, and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white vs. not); primary caregiver weight status (overweight, defined as BMI ≥ 25 vs. not); and family income-to-needs ratio. Mean child BMI z-score was 0.88 (SD=1.03). Mean cortisol AUC was 6.11 μg/dL/min (SD=10.44). In the fully adjusted model, for each 1-standard deviation unit decrease in cortisol AUC, the child's BMI z-score increased by 0.17 (SE 0.07) standard deviation units (p<0.02). A blunted cortisol response to stress, as is often seen following chronic stress exposure, is associated with increased BMI z-score in very young children. Further work is needed to understand how associations between stress, cortisol, and elevated body mass index may develop very early in the lifespan.
A light-induced dielectrophoretic droplet manipulation platform

We report on a light-actuated, droplet based microfluidic platform enabling two-dimensional (2D) droplet manipulation on an open chamber with a single-side, featureless photoconductive surface. The droplet actuation mechanism is based on recently demonstrated floating electrode optoelectronic tweezers (FEOET), which enable light-induced dielectrophoretic forces to manipulate aqueous droplets immersed in electrically nonconductive oil, with a light intensity as low as 400 µW/cm2. In this paper, we study the shape effect of optical patterns for 2D droplet actuation, and demonstrate light-actuated droplet manipulation functions including 2D droplet transport, merging, mixing, and multidroplet processing, for up to 16 droplets in parallel. Such an open chamber platform also permits easy interfacing and integration with other microfluidic structures, such as wells and close-channel based droplet devices to increase its versatility for biochemical analyses.
Beyond the Industrial Paradigm: Market-Embedded Labor and the Gender Organization of Global Service Work in China:

Despite the international growth of the service sector, an industrial paradigm defines the study of global labor. This is because analyses of service work typically focus on firms in the United States, while studies of global labor concentrate on manufacturing. I develop a framework for analysis of global service work by comparing ethnographic cases of labor in two global, luxury hotels in China. Each hotel is linked to the same U.S.-based global corporation, and both employ the same organizational template and recruit sameaged female workers. At the first hotel, workers silently cater to the preferences of guests, using recorded customer preference data and enacting imported feminized practices, a labor regime I call virtual personalism. At the second hotel, workers promote hotel products, displaying expertise to distinguish themselves from sex workers who frequent the hotel, a labor regime I call virtuous professionalism. Why do distinctly gendered labor practices emerge in the two settings? To explain ...
Histologically specific skin lesions in disseminated cytomegalovirus infection

Abstract A diabetic renal transplant recipient developed fever, generalized rash, and genital ulcers which showed typical histologic changes of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in the dermal vascular endothelium This infection was confirmed by rising serologic titer of specific antibody, positive viral cultures, and typical nuclear inclusion bodies in pulmonary and hepatic tissue at autopsy Biopsy of the patient's skin lesions provided the opportunity for early diagnosis of this fatal systemic CMV infection Two clinical patterns of specific cutaneous involvement in disseminated CMV infection are discussed.
Covalent Three-Dimensional Titanium(IV)-Aryloxide Networks.

Ti(iOPr)4 was treated with 2.58 equiv of hydroquinone in THF to yield a red-orange powder formulated as [Ti(OC6H4O)a(OC6H4OH)3.34-1.83a(OiPr)0.66-0.17a (THF)0.2]n (1, (0.91 ≤ a ≤ 1.82)) based upon D2O/DCl quenching studies. Treatment of 1 with an excess of hydroquinone in Et2O or DME afforded burgundy [Ti2(μ1,4-OC6H4O)2(μ1,4-OC6H4OH)2(μ-OC6H4OH)2]∞ (2). Burgundy [Ti2(μ1,4-OC6H4O)2(μ1,4:η2,η1-OC6H4O)2(OH2)2·(H2O)2·(H-OC6H4OH)·(MeCN)]∞ (4) was prepared from 1 and excess wet hydroquinone in CH3CN. The acetonitrile in 4 can be exchanged for THF or DME. Treatment of Ti(OiPr)4 with ∼4 equiv of 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene in Et2O at 100 °C (2 days) in a sealed tube yielded orange crystals of [Ti2(μ1,7-OC10H6O)2(μ1,7:η2,η1-OC10H6OH)2(OiPr)2]∞ (5). Diffraction studies were conducted at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) because of the small crystal sizes. 2 (C18H14O6Ti, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 9.624 (2), b = 11.283 (2), c = 14.916 (3), β = 90.47(3)°, Z = 4), 4 (C32H33NO14Ti2, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 16....
Analysis of burst release of proxyphylline from poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels

The initial high-rate drug release observed at the beginning of many controlled-release processes can be caused by a number of mechanisms, including surface desorption, pore diffusion, or the lack of a diffusion front barrier to regulate the diffusive process. This initial nonsteady-state period is usually referred to as "burst release." A small molecular size drug, proxyphylline, was used as a model solute to study the burst release of a drug from swellable hydrogels based on cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The influences of several factors, including drug loading concentration, initial cross-linking ratio of the polymer, initial swollen state of the hydrogel samples, pore diffusion of the drug versus swelling of the hydrogel at the beginning of the release, and osmotic pressure, were investigated to understand the burst behavior. Results show that high drug loading and low cross-linking ratio of the polymer led to more pronounced bursts. Compared to release experiments starting with relaxed samp...
Stoneley Wave Propagation In Heterogeneous Permeable Porous Formations

The propagation of borehole Stoneley waves is strongly correlated with permeability of the formation. Previous studies primarily focused on the situation where the permeability is homogeneously distributed in the formation. In many in-situ situations, however, the permeability distribution of the formation is heterogeneous, due to effects such as a damaged zone around the borehole, random variation of the formation permeability, and layering, etc. This study investigates the effects of formation permeability heterogeneity on Stoneley wave propagation. Using the theory of dynamic permeability and a finite difference technique in cylindrical coordinates, dynamic pore fluid flow in an arbitrarily heterogeneous porous medium surrounding the borehole is modeled. The effects of the flow on the borehole Stoneley waves are calculated. The calculations were performed on various types of permeability heterogeneities. For a formation having random permeability variation with various heterogeneity scale lengths (smaller than the scale of the borehole), the Stoneley wave attenuation and dispersion are only slightly higher than those calculated with a constant permeability (mean value of the random distributions). For a formation with permeability linearly increasing or decreasing away from the borehole, the Stoneley wave behaviors are also similar to those calculated with a constant permeability. Significant effects are found for a damaged zone case where the zone has much higher permeability than the virgin formation. The attenuation exhibits a peak and the Stoneley wave velocity is significantly decreased in the frequency range from 0 to 3 kHz. These features, if measured from the data, can be used as a diagnostic of the borehole condition.
NMR and ESR predictions for the tetravalent C28 fullerene

Abstract Computerized combinatorial techniques are used to predict the 13C NMR signal patterns and the ESR hyperfine structure of the recently generated open-shell tetravalent C28 fullerene.
Pregnancy smoking cessation: A case of mistaken identity

This study examined the process of change in pregnancy smoking cessation, using the stages and processes of change from the Transtheoretical Model, to compare women who stopped smoking during pregnancy with women who were in the process of smoking cessation, but were not pregnant. Differences in smoking cessation process activity and abstinence self-efficacy were hypothesized between the pregnant and nonpregnant groups of women. Study participants were 89 pregnant women who quit smoking, 28 nonpregnant women in the action stage of smoking cessation, and 92 nonpregnant women in the preparation stage. The Smoking Cessation Processes of Change Scale and the Smoking Abstinence Self-Efficacy Scale served as dependent measures. One-way MANOVA and follow-up Newman-Keuls comparisons indicated significant differences between pregnant and nonpregnant women in their levels of process activity and self-efficacy. Pregnancy smoking cessation differed dramatically from the process of nonpregnancy smoking cessation. Pregnant quitters were not engaging in experiential and behavioral processes at levels associated with the action stage of change. Low levels of process use and high efficacy indicated an externally (for the baby) motivated stopping rather than an internal, intentional process of change, which may account for high relapse rates postpartum.
Anthropogenic and environmental effects on invasive mammal distribution in northern Patagonia, Argentina

Anthropogenic disturbance is an important factor influencing biological invasions. The European hare (Lepus europaeus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) are invasive species known to cause substantial environmental damage, and were introduced to Argentina during the early 1900s. We compared the relative importance of anthropogenic and environmental factors in hare and boar occurrence in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina, and assessed the hypothesis that invasion can occur regardless of anthropogenic disturbance. Also, we assessed whether hare and boar occupancy offered support for the disturbance hypothesis, which states that invasive species are facilitated by anthropogenic disturbance. We deployed 80 cameras from February to May 2012 and January to April 2013 and at each site measured three environmental (land cover, horizontal cover, and percentage herbaceous vegetation) and three anthropogenic (distance to nearest human settlement, distance to nearest road, and average daily number of people) variables. We used likelihood-based occupancy modeling to estimate site occurrence and detectability. We obtained 480 independent detections of hares and 134 of boars in 1680 camera days. Environmental factors had a greater effect on hare occupancy than anthropogenic disturbances, and hare occupancy was greater in more open areas and closer to human settlements, supporting both hypotheses. Boar occurrence was equally influenced by anthropogenic and environmental factors, and offered mixed support for both hypotheses; boars were present only in humid land covers, and occupancy was lesser closer to settlements but greater closer to roads. Species responses to anthropogenic and environmental factors can vary based on life history traits and role in human society. Identifying the effect of environmental factors and human disturbances on species is fundamental for allocating limited resources in management and conservation.
Ecdysteroid levels and integument changes in post-embryonic stages of Anastrepha suspensa

Ecdysteroid levels in larvae and pupae of Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae) were measured by radioimmunoassay. These levels were correlated with histological changes throughout the development of the post-embryonic stages. Ecdysteroid levels increase rapidly throughout the last-larval instar and on the last day of this stage are 283 pg equivalents of 20-hydroxyecdysone per insect (14.5 ng/g) when wandering behaviour is initiated. At the end of this period the puparium is formed and within 24 h, the ecdysteroid rises to its highest peak (625 pg equivalents of 20-hydroxyecdysone/insect). Larval-pupal apolysis is initiated within 24 h later and the pupal cuticle is then secreted. Two days later, the ecdysteroids reach their lowest levels (75 pg equivalents of 20-hydroxyecdysone/insect or 0.6 ng/g) and most of the larval fat body and other tissues have been histolysed. In 5- to 10-day old pupae ecdysteroid levels again increase and remain relatively high throughout. During this period the larval epidermis is replaced by imaginal epidermis, imaginal discs begin to proliferate and the adult cuticle is secreted. Ecdysteroid levels finally fall 2 days prior to adult emergence. HPLC determinations indicate that 20-hydroxyecdysone is the predominant free ecdysteroid, and along with ecdysone, is readily detectable in all postembryonic stages of this species. An unusually high and unexplained peak of 20-hydroxyecdysone occurs in the pharate adult. This peak probably consists of ecdysone metabolites with retentions similar to that of 20-hydroxyecdysone and to which the antiserum is sensitive.
Cost Accounting for Cardiothoracic Anesthesia Services

Increasingly, physicians face a health care environment in which they must know the costs they incur to provide services. Although knowing the aggregate costs incurred by the entire practice is a good first step, it is much more critical physicians know what it costs to provide individual procedures. Knowing the specific costs of individual procedures allows a physician to negotiate profitable agreements with managed care companies and other third-party payers. Cardiothoracic anesthesiologists face unique challenges when attempting to implement cost accounting. This article explores some of these challenges, as well as makes recommendations on how best to calculate procedural costs for anesthesia services.
First-principles calculations of niobium hydride formation in superconducting radio-frequency cavities

Niobium hydride is suspected to be a major contributor to degradation of the quality factor of niobium superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities. In this study, we connect the fundamental properties of hydrogen in niobium to SRF cavity performance and processing. We modeled several of the niobium hydride phases relevant to SRF cavities and present their thermodynamic, electronic, and geometric properties determined from calculations based on density functional theory. We find that the absorption of hydrogen from the gas phase into niobium is exothermic and hydrogen becomes somewhat anionic. The absorption of hydrogen by niobium lattice vacancies is strongly preferred over absorption into interstitial sites. A single vacancy can accommodate six hydrogen atoms in the symmetrically equivalent lowest energy sites and additional hydrogen in the nearby interstitial sites affected by the strain field: this indicates that a vacancy can serve as a nucleation center for hydride phase formation. Small hydride precipitates may then occur near lattice vacancies upon cooling. Vacancy clusters and extended defects should also be enriched in hydrogen, potentially resulting in extended hydride phase regions upon cooling. We also assess the phase changes in the niobium–hydrogen system based on charge transfer between niobium and hydrogen, the strain field associated with interstitial hydrogen, and the geometry of the hydride phases. The results of this study stress the importance of not only the hydrogen content in niobium, but also the recovery state of niobium for the performance of SRF cavities.
Historical Aspects of Phototoxicology

Phototoxicology deals with the injurious effects of ultraviolet and visible radiation. The principal phototoxiceffectis the erythema, edema, and pain (“sunburn”) produced in unacclimatized skin by ...
Antibodies come back to the forefront in transplantation.

In 1969, Terasaki introduced the cross-match, a simple and elegant test to uncover patients who are presensitized to donor alloantigens. Over time, this test was modified to increase its sensitivity, especially by the incorporation of flow cytometry to further improve the detection of donor-specific antibodies (DSA). With the threat of hyperacute rejection almost eliminated, the focus of diagnosis and treatment shifted to the T cell. Despite the effectiveness …
Flowfield computations over the Space Shuttle Orbiter with a proposed canard at a Mach number of 5.8 and 50 degrees angle of attack

An effective control canard design to provide enhanced controllability throughout the flight regime is described which uses a 3D, Navier-Stokes computational solution. The use of canard by the Space Shuttle Orbiter in both hypersonic and subsonic flight regimes can enhance its usefullness by expanding its payload carrying capability and improving its static stability. The canard produces an additional nose-up pitching moment to relax center-of-gravity constraint and alleviates the need for large, lift-destroying elevon deflections required to maintain the high angles of attack for effective hypersonic flight.
Differences in the characteristics of tolerance to μ-opioid receptor agonists in the colon from wild type and β-arrestin2 knockout mice

Drawbacks to opioid use include development of analgesic tolerance and persistent constipation. We previously reported that tolerance to morphine develops upon repeated exposure in the isolated ileum but not the isolated colon. The cellular mechanisms of antinociceptive tolerance vary among μ-opioid receptor agonists. In this study, we assess β-arrestin2 deletion on the development of tolerance to different opioids in ileum and colon circular muscle. Tolerance was determined by assessing the ability of repeated in-vitro opioid exposure to induce contraction of the circular muscle from C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and β-arrestin2 knockout (KO) mice. Repeated exposure every 30 min with in-between washes resulted in tolerance to all agonists in the ileum of both WT and KO mice. However, in the colon of WT mice, comparison of the contractions between the 4th exposure and 1st response was similar to DAMGO (100 ± 10%; N = 5) but reduced to fentanyl (62 ± 13%; N = 8) and etorphine (38 ± 4%; N = 7) indicative of tolerance to fentanyl and etorphine but not DAMGO. In contrast, all agonists produced tolerance in the colon of KO: DAMGO response at the 4th exposure decreased to 52 ± 10% (N = 5), fentanyl to 20 ± 5% (N = 6) and etorphine 33 ± 7% (N = 6). Differences in tolerance among opioid agonists in the colon suggest ligand bias. The deletion of β-arrestin2 in colon appears to be necessary for tolerance to DAMGO but not fentanyl or etorphine. β-arrestin2 potentially represents an important target for treating opioid-induced bowel dysfunction and warrants further exploration of its ligand bias.
Restricted Subset Selection Procedures for Normal Means: A Brief Review with a Fresh Look at the Classical Formulations of Bechhofer and Gupta

ABSTRACT Consider k normal populations with unknown means and a common known variance. The populations associated with the t largest means are called the t best populations. We consider the problem of selecting a subset of the k populations whose size does not exceed m(1 ≤ m ≤ k) so that the selected subset includes at least one of the t(1 ≤ t ≤ k − 1) best with a guaranteed probability. We provide a brief review of the literature on this restricted subset selection problem and, in doing so, provide a fresh look at the salient features of the two classical formulations, namely, the indifference-zone and subset selection approaches.
Congressional campaign effects on candidate recognition and evaluation

To date, most congressional scholars have relied upon a standard model of American electoral behavior developed in the presidential setting. This research extends our knowledge of Congressmen's incumbency advantages and their sources. Candidate preference is viewed as a function of the relative recognition and evaluation of incumbents and their challengers, as well as of Democrats and Republicans. In the recognition model, contact with voters and media effects are quite important, but there is no direct role for party identification. Evaluation is a function of personal contact and party identification, and media variables are insignificant. Relative recognition, relative evaluation, and party identification are three important predictors of candidate preference, and incumbency itself adds little beyond what is contained in incumbent recognition and evaluation advantages.
Phonemic characteristics of apraxia of speech resulting from subcortical hemorrhage.

Abstract Reports describing subcortical apraxia of speech (AOS) have received little consideration in the development of recent speech processing models because the speech characteristics of patients with this diagnosis have not been described precisely. We describe a case of AOS with aphasia secondary to basal ganglia hemorrhage. Speech-language symptoms consistent with subcortical AOS and aphasia are reported as well as description of the patient’s speech characteristics using broad phonemic transcription. Significantly more phoneme substitution errors were observed than other types of errors and these occurred significantly more often in the initial rather than the medial or final positions of words. No differences were observed in the number of errors produced for the various types of phonemes included in this analysis. These findings challenge the hypothesis that speech motor planning disorders are uniquely the result of cortical damage. They also argue against the notion that subcortical AOS is indistinguishable from the cortical syndrome. Learning outcomes The reader will learn (1) the phonemic characteristics of AOS due to subcortical brain damage, (2) the similarities and differences between AOS due to cortical versus subcortical lesions, and (3) the implications of these patterns for current models of speech motor processing.
Gravity sensing in moss protonemata.

Moss protonemata are a valuable system for studying gravitropism because both sensing and upward curvature (oriented tip growth) take place in the same cell. We review existing evidence, especially for Ceratodon purpureus, that addresses whether the mass that functions in sensing is that of amyloplasts that sediment. Recent experiments show that gravitropism can take place in media that are denser than the apical cell. This indicates that gravity sensing relies on an intracellular mass rather than that of the entire cell and provides further support for the starch-statolith hypothesis of sensing. Possible mechanisms for how amyloplast mass functions in sensing and transduction are discussed.
Habit as both a direct cause of intention to use a condom and as a moderator of the attitude-intention and subjective norm-intention relations

Abstract Undergraduates at an American university were asked questions about their attitudes, subjective norms, habits, and intentions towards using a condom during sexual intercourse. Consistent with previous research (Chan and Fishbein, 1993; Trafimow, 1994), intentions were well predicted by attitudes and subjective norms (r = 0.88 and r = 0.73, p < 0.01 in both cases). Intentions were also well predicted by habits (r = 0.77, p < 0.01). More interestingly, however, for participants who were in the habit of using condoms, attitudes and subjective norms were not significant predictors of intentions to use condoms in the future (r = 0.18 and r = 0.10, p<0.1 in both cases). In contrast, attitudes and subjective norms were strong predictors for participants who were not in the habit of using condoms (r = 0.81 and r = 0.61, p < 0.01 in both cases). These findings were replicated in a second study.
Insecticide resistance management of permethrin and acephate against the cowpea curculio, Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a pest of the southern pea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

To evaluate strategies for management of potential resistance of the cowpea curculio, Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman, to sprayer‐applied permethrin and acephate, five management regimes were evaluated on early, midseason and late sequential plantings of southern peas, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. during 1991–1993. Management regimes were: (1) consecutive permethrin (0.11 kg a.i./ha early‐midseason‐late); (2) consecutive acephate (1.1 kg a.i.ha early‐midseason‐late); (3) consecutive mixture (0.055kg a.i./ha permethrin and 0.55kg a.i./ha acephate early‐midseason‐late); (4) alternation (0.11 kg a.i./ha permethrin early and 1.1 kg a.i./ha acephate midseason and late plantings); and (5) an untreated check early, midseason and late. The effect of management regime on the toxicities (LC50) of permethrin and acephate was determined by topical application to next generation adult cowpea curculios reared from infested southern pea pods harvested from untreated plants in the management fields. In the field, infestation...
Compact Spinning Effect on Cotton Yarn Quality: Interactions with Fiber Characteristics

Compact or condensed spinning technology is widely considered as the new benchmark for staple yarn quality. The enhanced structure of compact yarn typically results in a lower hairiness and improved mechanical properties. The present study examines these two key benefits of compact technology when applied to short-to-medium staple cotton. The main focus is on interaction effects involving various raw fiber properties rather than on the overall effects. The results show that, with some combinations of fiber characteristics, using the compact technology does not lead to significant hairiness reduction. However, yarn tensile properties (strength and elongation values) do not appear to be directly affected by these interactions.
Neuropathology of transgenic HD animal models

Background Identification of the polyglutamine expansion in huntingtin (htt) responsible for Huntington disease (HD) has allowed the establishment of a variety of transgenic mouse models of HD. Although these mouse models have been widely used to uncover the pathogenesis of HD and to develop its treatments, most of these mouse models show no overt neurodegeneration in their brains. Similarly, transgenic mouse models for other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases do not display obvious apoptosis or significant neurodegeneration either.
Measurements of Reactive Gaseous Rocket Injector Admittances

The paper describes the results of an experimental study of the quantitative determination of the capabilities of the combustion processes associated with coaxial gaseous propellant rocket injectors to drive combustor pressure oscillations. The data, obtained by employing the modified impedance tube technique with compressed air as the oxidizer and acetylene gas as the fuel, describe the frequency dependence of the admittance of the combined injector-combustion process. The measured data are compared with the predictions of the Feiler and Heidmann analytical model utilizing different values for the characteristic combustion time tau sub b. The values of tau sub b which result in a best fit between the measured and predicted data are indicated for different equivalence ratios. It is shown that for the coaxial injector investigated in this study the tau sub b varies between 0.7 and 1.2 msec for equivalence ratios in the range of 0.57 to 1.31. In addition, the experimental data indicate that the tested injector system could drive combustion instabilities over a frequency range that is in qualitative agreement with the predictions of the Feiler and Heidmann model.
Culture and its Transfer: Ways of Creating General Knowledge Through the Study of Cultural Particulars

Two perspectives of scientific inquiry-both making use of the notion of culture-are analyzed from the perspective of how general knowledge is being constructed by each. It is demonstrated how cross-cultural psychology has made use of traditional psychology's inductive emphasis on comparisons of samples (and generalization to populations). Crosscultural psychology has been a part of general and differential psychologies. In contrast, the cultural psychology that has developed in parallel with cross-cultural psychology on the basis of anthropology and developmental psychology has been built upon the notion of systemic causality, and on the basis of developmental assumptions. There is overlap in the practical work of cultural and cross-cultural psychologists-cross-cultural evidence can be used in cultural-psychological theorizing. Both disciplines share the focus on interdisciplinary cooperation, and are haunted by the usual limits on inductive inference that plagues all contemporary social sciences. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. This article is available in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss1/7
Sound localization skills in children who use bilateral cochlear implants and in children with normal acoustic hearing

Objectives To measure sound source localization in children who have sequential bilateral cochlear implants (BICIs); to determine if localization accuracy correlates with performance on a right-left discrimination task (i.e., spatial acuity); to determine if there is a measurable bilateral benefit on a sound source identification task (i.e., localization accuracy) by comparing performance under bilateral and unilateral listening conditions; to determine if sound source localization continues to improve with longer durations of bilateral experience.
Process improvement evaluation approach using flow diagrams

Maintaining company processes will afford optimum operation and enhance the company's quality management system. A vital part of maintaining processes is their periodic evaluation. An important part of the monitoring and evaluation process is the flow diagram. A detailed flow diagram is an important tool that affords ease in visualizing the total process and is an aid in locating problem areas. The evaluation of a process is broken down into 15 steps. These steps cover gathering pertinent information, such as problem symptoms from knowledgeable sources and carrying these through their route to potential problem areas to the problems, potential causes, and the root cause of the problem. Knowing the problems brings about the need to assess their impact on the process operation as well as what changes to the process are needed and what impact these changes will have on the product – its improved quality and cost – and other vital information, such as, production rate increase, competition status, and company image. With this information, the appropriate changes are made according to a process change action plan. The plan is executed, and the process is continuously monitored according to a monitoring and evaluation plan. The paper ends with conclusions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Passive ionic properties of frog retinal pigment epithelium.

The isolated pigment epithelium and choroid of frog was mounted in a chamber so that the apical surfaces of the epithelial cells and the choroid were exposed to separate solutions. The apical membrane of these cells was penetrated with microelectrodes and the mean apical membrane potential was −88 mV. The basal membrane potential was depolarized by the amount of the transepithelial potential (8–20mV). Changes in apical and basal cell membrane voltage were produced by changing ion concentrations on one or both sides of the tissue. Although these voltage changes were altered by shunting and changes in membrane resistance, it was possible to estimate apical and basal cell membrane and shunt resistance, and the relative ionic conductanceT i of each membrane. For the apical membrane:T K⋟0.52,T HCO 3∼=0.39 andT Na∼=0.05, and its specific resistance was estimated to be 6000–7000Ω cm2. From the basalT K∼=0.90 and its specific resistance was estimated to be 400–1200Ω cm2. From the basal potassium voltage responses the intracellular potassium concentration was estimated at 110mm. The shunt resistance consisted of two pathways: a paracellular one, due to the junctional complexes and another, around the edge of the tissue, due to the imperfect nature of the mechanical seal. In well-sealed tissues, the specific resistance of the shunt was about ten times the apical plus basal membrane specific resistances. This epithelium, therefore, should be considered “tight”. The shunt pathway did not distinguish between anions (HCO3 −, Cl−, methylsulfate, isethionate) but did distinguish between Na+ and K+.
Implementation of the Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act in Texas.

Abstract The research reported in this article used a case study method to determine the impact of the Carl Perkins Act at both the state and local level in Texas. Because the implementation of the Act coincided with major school reform in Texas, the impact is assessed within that context. Examples of the delivery of vocational education are described based on data gathered at the state level and in several communities over a 2 year period.
Effects of neutron irradiation on annealed Fe40Ni40P14B6 glass

Melt-spun Fe/sub 40/Ni/sub 40/P/sub 14/B/sub 6/ alloy glass ribbon was annealed and irradiated with fast neutrons. The material as quenched, after annealing, and after annealing and irradiation was studied by mechanical testing, x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and Mossbauer spectroscopy.