cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular and Nanoscale Computing and Technology

In this chapter, we have presented an overview of various nanoscale and molecular computing architectures. We have given a brief tutorial on various existing nanoscale and molecular devices. These include molecular switches, resonant tunnel diodes, tunnel diodes, single electron transistors, carbon nanotube field-effect transistors, quantum dots, and spin systems. We have next discussed a set of nanoscale computing modules, such as quantum and spin-based cellular logic arrays, and molecular-based cellular automata, all made from the switches presented here. These modules are an integral part of the hierarchical 3-D multiscale architecture presented. We have also showed a set of quantum and molecular self-assembled structures including molecular crossbars. The fabrication of these architectures currently faces a number of challenges, as discussed in this chapter. Nanoscale and molecular computing is a promising alternative to today’s CMOS technology but is in an infancy stage, with many interesting design issues yet to be studied and resolved.
The 1980 Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade

The 1980 Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade was born of the struggle to depose a repressive political regime and establish a new social order. One year prior to coming to power, the broad-based coalition of insurgent forces led by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (Freute Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional, FSLN) issued a twenty-five point umbrella program of reform that included, as point 14, the following: The Frente Sandinista will dedicate itself from the very start to fight against illiteracy so that all Nicaraguans may learn how to read and write; and everyone, including adults, will be able to attend school to prepare for a career and to excel.1
Detection of artificially injected signals in the cosmic microwave background

One of the questions cosmologists today must consider is if our standard cosmological model is an accurate description of the universe, or if pieces are missing. Detection of anomalies, such as odd alignments in multipole vectors or unusually hot/cold regions of the sky, could provide evidence for missing pieces in our understanding of the universe. However, in order to detect such anomalies, one must first devise efficient search techniques to find them.
Freon Cascade Refrigerator for Liquid Air Plant Precooler

An air liquefier, which employs a Joule-Thomson expansion, consists of the parts illustrated schematically in Figure 1. Leaving the compressor at high pressure and room temperature, air passes through heat exchanger 1 and then enters a refrigerator evaporator where its temperature is reduced. Temperature reduction is accomplished by bringing the air into thermal contact with a refrigerant liquid boiling at reduced pressure. Next, the air passes through another heat exchanger 2 and arrives at the throttling valve V, where it is expanded to atmospheric pressure. Passage through the valve is accompanied by another drop in temperature during the initial or start-up period. The cold air returning through heat exchangers 1 and 2 is made to cool the incoming warm air by thermal contact. In an ideal plant, this warmed gas arrives at the compressor in its original state, the cycle being completed. Sufficient refrigerative effect is produced in the above manner, to lower the air temperature accumulatively at the throttle valve, so that eventually a portion of it will condense after expansion and be withdrawn from the system, Under this circumstance, a fraction x of the incoming air is liquefied while the balance, 1 — x is used to cool the incoming stream.
Swords, Shields, and Shackles: Human and Corporate "Persons" Under the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005

In the United States, corporate persons and human persons are held to different standards and assembled differently under the law. Corporate persons experience different mandates, duties, and rights under the laws of the United States, particularly in the area of debt and debt relations. Human persons experience a melding of the moral and the financial in debt relations in that their debt repayment behaviors are measured against a standard of morality. Corporate persons’ behaviors in debt relations, on the other hand, is viewed purely through the lens of finance: “it is just good business,” “economic sense,” or “nothing personal — it’s just business.” In no other area of law is this more pronounced than in the context of bankruptcy. The provisions of the Bankruptcy Code that were either enacted in 1978 or added over the last thirty years reflect a trend or shift in the social, economic, and political world. The corporate protectionist provisions found in the Bankruptcy Code are part of the shift, over the last three decades, in the larger processes of capitalism and the shift toward new economic models. What is most apparent is the protection of capital against the incursions of labor and the work force. The U.S. Bankruptcy Code and Bankruptcy Court case law is one area of the American legal system that provides the corporate person with increased protections, rights, and powers when compared with the protections, rights, and powers of human persons.
Acute stress response in anorexia nervosa. A pilot study.

A pilot study of acute stress response characteristics and their relationship to severity and course of illness in anorexia nervosa is reported. Six adolescent anorexics were exposed to a standardized stress inducing speech task following their full weight and binge-purge rehabilitation on our inpatient service. Saliva cortisol, heart rate, self- and observer reported arousal, and psycholinguistic coping responses were recorded and related to global severity ratings at diagnosis and at one and two year prospective follow-up. Cortisol responders did worse than nonresponders on one year and on two year follow-up. They also exhibited significantly greater severity of ill ness and length of illness on diagnosis. Psycholinguistic measures of coping during the stress inducing speech task also predicted severity on follow-up.
Supersymmetry-based mode selection and optimization in coupled systems (Conference Presentation)

The concept of supersymmetry originated in the fields of particle physics and enabled treatment for bosons and fermions on equal footing. Supersymmetry has rapidly expanded to other fields such as quantum mechanics, where it provided a way of generating pairs and families of potentials with similar properties, e.g. different reflection-less potentials; and optics where it can be used to design (de)multiplexing arrays of waveguides. In the first part of the talk, we show that for parity-time symmetric structures supersymmetric transformation is isospectral only locally (at a specific amplitude of gain and loss). Moreover we show that depending on whether a passive mode (with real propagation constant) or an active mode (with gain or loss) is removed, the parity-time symmetry of the system is preserved or broken as a function of gain/loss amplitude. In the second part of the talk we investigate the influence of supersymmetric transformation on the scattering spectrum of reflection-less structures and systems with epsilon-near-zero materials. We show that the transmission/reflection properties of a structure containing an epsilon-near-zero material can be mimicked using materials with refractive index values above unity, which are more easily accessible and introduce smaller losses to the system. The relation between these two systems is governed by supersymmetry. We conduct a quantitative performance analysis of realistic structure in which the continuous variation of the refractive index is replaced by the step-wise profile corresponding to a realistic layered structure. Our studies pave the way towards achieving remarkable properties of the epsilon-near-zero materials with the use of much more accessible materials compatible with the state-of-the-art integrated optics fabrication.
Clinical next-generation sequencing in sarcomas.

11046Background: There are currently no FDA approved targeted therapies for sarcomas except GIST. Complicating this is the extreme diversity, heterogeneity, and rarity of these neoplasms. Few thera...
Updates in adjuvant systemic therapy for melanoma

There has been a rapid increase in adjuvant therapies approved for treatment following surgical resection of stages III/IV melanoma. We review current indications for adjuvant therapy, which currently includes a heterogenous group of stages III and IV patients with melanoma. We describe several pivotal clinical trials of systemic immune therapies, targeted immune therapies, and adjuvant vaccine strategies. Finally, we discuss the evidence for selecting the most appropriate treatment regimen(s) for the individual patient.
Adaptive Flag-Based Signaling for Distributed Spectrum Assignment in Elastic Optical Networks

The emergence of flexible frequency grids and distance adaptive modulation transmission methodologies in Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) necessitates novel and efficient Routing and Spectrum Assignment (RSA) and signaling mechanisms to support them. In this paper, we propose an adaptive flag-based signaling mechanism for distributed spectrum allocation to maximize lightpath connection establishment by lowering Blocking Probability (BP). Our numerical results indicate significant improvement in the rate of success in establishing dynamically arriving connections. We also proposed an enhanced adaptive approach based on hop count with data driven learning to further reduce the BP in connections.
'Are you Afraid of the Cinema?': Du Cinéma and the Changing Question of Cinephilia and the Avant-Garde (1928-1930)

This essay considers Jose Corti’s early issues of Du Cinema as part of an historical avant-garde complex that, in tandem with literary experiments, shaped another historical approach to early cinema criticism and theory by looking beyond cinephilia as a structuring paradigm. Identifying fear, rather than love, as a powerful avant-garde discourse, I suggest that Du Cinema and especially the avant-garde writer Andre Delons forwarded a negative dialectical approach to cinematic thought, inquiry, and research. By investigating the enquete or questionnaire as a central research method in this avant-garde tradition, I reorient our understanding of Du Cinema's claim to the cinema's mutability, and its ability to reveal the limits of knowledge.
Sun Smoke in Sweden: Perinatal Implications of the Laki Volcanic Eruptions, 1783-1784.

Background The Icelandic volcano Laki erupted from June 1783 through January 1784. It produced 122 megatons of sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and acid rain and contributed to one of the coldest winters on record in Western Europe. Although uncontrollable volcanic eruptions continue, few studies have investigated their perinatal health implications. Methods Using the Human Mortality Database, we assessed the association between the Laki event and the secondary sex ratio, infant mortality rates, and the number of births from 1751 to 1800 with time-series models that controlled for temporal trends. Results The secondary sex ratio decreased 3% below expected levels in 1784 (95% CI = -4%, -1%). Both female and male infant mortality rates exceeded expectation in 1785, by 54% (95% CI = 25%, 83%) and 37% (-1%, 74%), respectively. We observed little change in female live births but a reduction in male live births in 1784. Conclusions Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the large-scale Laki volcanic eruptions of 1783-1784 resulted in adverse perinatal health outcomes in Sweden.
A Substrate Integrated Waveguide Filtering Slot Antenna Array

A fully integrated 1×4 filtering linear antenna array is presented in this work. The filtering array is designed in substrate integrated waveguide technology and consists of 5 coupled cavities with a 6th-order filtering function. The antenna array is formed with a linear arrangement of four slot antennas in the final cavities which excite two modes in the radiating cavity. The array operates at a center frequency of 6.75 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 5.0% and with a gain of 7.44 dBi.
Marxism and the Struggle for Social Justice

This chapter consists mostly of an essay from 1991 that foreshadows later debates on intersectionality. A Marxist approach is posed against the practice, popular among social justice activists, of condemning in moral terms the various forms of social oppression (notably, those based on class, “race,” and gender) while rejecting the analytic understanding that asserts the strategic centrality of class. Class, unlike the other dimensions of difference, is inherently grounded in a relationship of domination. The chapter ends with a discussion of the methodological basis (in dialectics) for affirming at once the centrality of class and the importance of cross-class forms of oppression.
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Patients Undergoing Valvular and Aortic Surgery: A Modern Assessment of Risk.

ObjectiveThe incidence and outcomes of patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) are well defined for general cardiac surgical populations. The purpose of this study was to define the ou...
Stochastic Gradient Descent for Semilinear Elliptic Equations with Uncertainties

Abstract Randomness is ubiquitous in modern engineering. The uncertainty is often modeled as random coefficients in the differential equations that describe the underlying physics. In this work, we describe a two-step framework for numerically solving semilinear elliptic partial differential equations with random coefficients: 1) reformulate the problem as a functional minimization problem based on the direct method of calculus of variation; 2) solve the minimization problem using the stochastic gradient descent method. We provide the convergence criterion for the resulted stochastic gradient descent algorithm and discuss some useful technique to overcome the issues of ill-conditioning and large variance. The accuracy and efficiency of the algorithm are demonstrated by numerical experiments.
Study on Charcoal Scarcity and the Limitations of Existing Cooking Fuel Alternatives

The charcoal distribution chain has been widely affected in Kenya due to a logging ban that resulted from excessive deforestation. Now, roughly half of Kenyan households must spend half of their daily income to cook their food. Charcoal is made through the process of carbonization, in which wood is burned in an oxygen-limited environment, and is being mostly imported from Uganda. The common alternatives to charcoal have downsides including higher cost and inaccessibility. The goal of this paper was to analyze the fuel market to understand the bigger picture of how to solve the problem of charcoal scarcity. This was done by surveying over sixty charcoal users at households and a local Kisumu market to get an understanding of their fuel preferences and costs per meal. The data was analyzed to obtain percentages of different fuel types, numbers of total fuels, and frequency of fuel usage. The findings proved our hypothesis, which was that current charcoal alternatives are too expensive and difficult to use, and do not serve as a viable charcoal replacement; they did not meet the needs of the consumers. Thus, we have concluded that there is an opportunity space for a more sustainable and accessible cooking fuel source.
Nonreciprocal and directional wave propagation in a two-dimensional lattice with bilinear properties

A passive method of realizing nonreciprocal wave propagation in a two-dimensional (2D) lattice is proposed, using bilinear springs combined with the necessary spatial asymmetry to provide a stable and strong departure from reciprocity. The bilinear property is unique among nonlinear mechanisms in that it is independent of amplitude but sensitive to the sign of the wave motion; the 2D setup allows the flexibility of generating spatial asymmetry at both small and large scales. The starting point is a linear 2D monatomic spring–mass lattice with strong directionally dependent wave propagation. The source and receiver are aligned so that there is virtually no direct wave transmission between them. Adding a region of bilinearity combined with spatial asymmetry that is not in the direct path between the source and receiver causes signal transmission via nonreciprocal scattering. A variety of spatially asymmetric bilinear configurations are considered, ranging from compact modulations confined within the unit cell to extended ones over the whole section, to obtain different dynamic nonreciprocal effects. Simulations illustrate how the combination of bilinearity and spatial asymmetry ensures a passive amplitude-independent nonreciprocal 2D system for a variety of different excitations.
Atomic layer deposition of thin-film sodium manganese oxide cathode materials for sodium ion batteries.

To improve the performance of sodium ion batteries (NIBs), we need to better understand the materials chemistry occurring at the surface of NIB cathode materials. In this work, we aim to form thin films of sodium manganese oxide (NMO) cathode materials for NIBs using atomic layer deposition (ALD) with the vision to isolate and study these interfacial processes in the absence of bulk NMO. We combine established chemistries for ALD of manganese oxide (MnOx) using Mn(thd)3/O3 and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) using NaOtBu/H2O and adjust the sequence and ratios of these two chemistries to form NaxMnyO alloy films. We identify that increasing the O3 exposure during Mn(thd)3/O3 ALD beyond previously reported values increases the growth rate of MnOx from 0.23 to 0.62 A per cycle and provides improved uniformity, yielding predominantly Mn5O8. Furthermore, alloying Mn(thd)3/O3 with NaOtBu/H2O mutually enhances the growth rate of both ALD chemistries, yielding a growth rate of ∼9 A per supercycle for a 1 : 1 cycle ratio. This enhancement in growth arises from sub-surface reactions, including the reaction of NaOtBu to a depth of ∼1.3 nm into bulk MnOx to form Na2MnOx. By tuning cycle ratios and growth conditions, we demonstrate control over the NaxMnyO composition and measure different electrochemical properties depending on the composition. The formation of NMO thin films with controlled thickness and composition established in this work provides a means to systematically study interfacial processes occurring in NMO cathode materials for NIBs.
Using Accurate Feature Matching for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Ground Object Tracking

Tracking moving objects with a moving camera is a challenging task. For unmanned aerial vehicle applications, targets of interest such as human and vehicles often change their location from image frame to frame. This paper presents an object tracking method based on accurate feature description and matching, using the SYnthetic BAsis descriptor, to determine a homography between the previous frame and the current frame. Using this homography, the previous frame can be transformed and registered to the current frame to find the absolute difference and locate the objects. Once the objects of interest are located, the Kalman filter is then used for tracking their movement. This proposed method is evaluated with three video sequences under image deformation: illumination change, blurring and camera movement (i.e. viewpoint change). These video sequences are taken from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for tracking stationary and moving objects with a moving camera.
Mexican and U.S. Library Relations

Dans cette etude consacree aux relations de bibliotheques entre les Etats-Unis et le Mexico est d'abord abordee la bibliotheconomie au Mexique (statut des bibliotheques, activites professionnelles, enseignement et recherche en science de l'information, l'impact des technologies et les sources d'information en bibliotheconomie). L'A. traite ensuite de la cooperation interbibliotheque au Mexique (obstacles, changement de l'environnement, exemples de partage de ressources avec les reseaux, le pret interbibliotheque, les listes d'union). La partie consacree a l'interaction entre Mexique et Etats Unis s'interesse a l'implication des Etats Unis en Amerique Latine, aux actions avec le Mexique au niveau des bibliotheques (bibliotheque B. Franklin, bibliotheque du Congres, Association americaine des bibliotheques), au niveau individuel et associatif. Les relations entre l'Arizona et Sonora, entre les Californies, entre le Mexique et le Texas sont decrites ainsi que les differents programmes de cooperation (pret interbibliotheque, donation, microfilm, etc). Des obstacles genent l'elaboration d'une relation entre les deux pays. L'ALENA semble avoir des impacts importants sur cette relation
Basic Properties of Linear Programs

A linear program (LP) is an optimization problem in which the objective function is linear in the unknowns and the constraints consist of linear equalities and linear inequalities. The exact form of these constraints may differ from one problem to another, but as shown below, any linear program can be transformed into the following standard form:
Forecasting technological innovation

Using a database of sixty-two different technologies, we study the issue of forecasting technological progress. We do so using the following methodology: pretending to be at a given time in the past, we forecast technology prices for years up to present day. Since our forecasts are in the past, we refer to it as hindcasting and analyze the predictions relative to what happened historically. We use hindcasting to evaluate a variety of different hypotheses for technological improvement. Our results indicate that forecasts using production are better than those using time. This conclusion is robust when analyzing randomly chosen subsets of our technology database. We then turn to investigating the interdependence of revenue and technological progress. We derive analytically an upper bound to the rate of technology improvement given the condition of increasing revenue and show empirically that all technologies fall within our derived bound. Our results suggest the observed advantage of using production models for forecasting is due in part to the direct relationship between production and revenue.
Deciphering Long-Term Photospheric and Chromospheric Activity on the Contact Binary VW Cephei

During 1987, 1988, and 1989 we have been conducting a coordinated effort of ground-based photometry and UV spectroscopy of the bright W UMa contact binary VW Cephei. The photometry has indicated the presence of large, cool starspot regions on the larger, cooler star of the system. IUE observations were conducted to search for possible phase dependent variations of the strong chromospheric and transition region emission lines that could correlate with the location and extent of the starspots deduced from the light curves. From these data we found strong but not conclusive evidence to support the physical and geometrical connection between the photospheric starspots and the overlying chromospheric and transition region emissions. In addition, we have completed the measurements of all useable archival spectra of VW Cep back to 1978 to investigate the long-term variations of the UV line emissions. This work indicates systematic seasonal changes in the UV emission level with a time-scale of a few years which could be attributed to an activity cycle. From high dispersion spectra obtained in 1988 and 1989 we detected a sharp apparently stationary emission feature superimposed over the broad Mg II h + k emission line profiles of the two stars. VW Cep represents an extreme case for studying stellar dynamo theory and long-term ground based photometry coupled with IUE observations should play a crucial role in the understanding of magnetic fields and activity cycles in rapidly rotating solar-like stars.
A Methodology for Creating Large Scale Reference Models with Known Uncertainty for Evaluating Imaging Solution

We propose a methodology for acquiring reference models with known uncertainty of complex building-sized objects. Those can be used to quantitatively evaluate the performance of passive 3D reconstruction when working at large scale. The proposed methodology combines the use of a time-of-flight scanner, a laser tracker, spherical artifacts and contrast targets. To demonstrate the soundness of the proposed approach, we built a reference model composed of a 3D model of exterior walls and courtyards of a 130m x 55m x 20m Building. The expanded uncertainty of the 3D reference model and the spatial resolution were calculated.
Superconducting Properties of Crystalline Films of Aluminum on Silicon

For some years the properties of disordered and ultrathin films have been the subject of active investigation (see, e.g., Refs. 1). Until the work reported here there have been, as far as we know, no investigations of superconductivity in well-ordered and well-characterized ultrathin films. Perhaps the most significant feature of the present results is that the transition temperature of the Al films is not very much higher than the bulk value, even down to thicknesses near 30 A. Films evaporated with more gas have higher T c ’s and films oxidized by exposure to air also have increased T c ’s. Another interesting feature of these results is the effect of the initial stages of nucleation on the film properties. Films grown epitaxially have lower R□ than films that are less crystalline. However, although the higher-resistance films have broader transitions, the T c ’s are the same. These experiments will be described more fully later.
Intraendothelial tubular aggregates in experimental wounds.

SUMMARY Intraendothelial tubular aggregates were found in small dermal blood vessels in three healing superficial wounds in patients receiving systemic corticosteroids. Similar inclusions were also demonstrated in two wounds in healthy subjects, but were not found in normal (unwounded) skin of either healthy subjects or steroid-treated patients. Tubular aggregates of similar structure have previously been described as occurring in ‘connective tissue’ or ‘auto-immune’ diseases, including lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis, both in the skin and in internal organs. Although it has been suggested that such aggregates are of viral origin, their morphogenesis and significance remain undetermined. Our findings do not support a viral cause, but suggest that these structures are probably a product of regenerating endothelium.
Strategies for Discovering Coordination Needs in MultiAgent Systems

While numerous techniques have been developed by which agents can coordinate over the allocation of scarce resources or the pursuit of interdependent goals, less is understood about how agents discover, in the first place, with whom they should worry about coordinating and about what. We have studied several strategies for making such discoveries, ranging from communicating abstract information to anticipate potential interactions ahead of time, to learning from interactions as they occur to anticipate future interactions. In this paper, we briefly summarize some of the strategies we have been investigating, and opportunities for further exploration.
Temperature- and field-dependent I-V characteristics of an Ag/YBa2Cu3O7- delta fiber.

Temperature- and magnetic-field-dependent superconducting I-V characteristics of polycrystalline Ag/${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ for current densities up to 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ A/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ were investigated by means of measurements on a fiber made by the polymer-metal-complex precursor method. Data taken for H=0.5 G at selected temperatures from 4.3 to 85.7 K show significant changes in I-V characteristics between 85.7 and 60.8 K. Data for 0.5 G \ensuremath{\le}H\ensuremath{\le}9000 G and T=77.0 K exhibit a variety of field- and current-dependent behavior, all of which is consistent with a system of weakly coupled superconducting grains. At low current levels, power-law I-V characteristics were observed for the entire range of fields, whereas at higher current levels and for H\ensuremath{\ge}9 G, a crossover from power law to linear I-V behavior was seen. The I-V behavior for H\ensuremath{\gtrsim}9 G is dominated by intergranular flux motion; field-dependent changes at H\ensuremath{\approxeq}60 G suggest changes in intergranular flux flow related to single-grain lower critical fields.
Transcriptional regulation of granulocyte and monocyte development

Granulocytes and monocytes develop from a common myeloid progenitor. Early granulopoiesis requires the C/EBPalpha, PU.1, RAR, CBF, and c-Myb transcription factors, and terminal neutrophil differentiation is dependent upon C/EBPepsilon, PU.1, Sp1, CDP, and HoxA10. Monopoiesis can be induced by Maf-B, c-Jun, or Egr-1 and is dependent upon PU.1, Sp1, and ICSBP. Signals eminating from cytokine receptors modulate factor activities but do not determine cell fates. Orchestration of the myeloid developmental program is achieved via cooperative gene regulation, via synergistic and inhibitory protein-protein interactions, via promoter auto-regulation and cross-regulation, via regulation of factor levels, and via induction of cell cycle arrest: For example, c-Myb and C/EBPalpha cooperate to activate the mim-1 and NE promoters, PU.1, C/EBPalpha, and CBF, regulate the NE, MPO, and M-CSF Receptor genes. PU.1:GATA-1 interaction and C/EBP suppression of FOG transcription inhibits erythroid and megakaryocyte gene expression. c-Jun:PU.1, ICSBP:PU.1, and perhaps Maf:Jun complexes induce monocytic genes. PU.1 and C/EBPalpha activate their own promoters, C/EBPalpha rapidly induces PU.1 and C/EBPepsilon RNA expression, and RARalpha activates the C/EBPepsilon promoter. Higher levels of PU.1 are required for monopoiesis than for B-lymphopoiesis, and higher C/EBP levels may favor granulopoiesis over monopoiesis. CBF and c-Myb stimulate proliferation whereas C/EBPalpha induces a G1/S arrest; cell cycle arrest is required for terminal myelopoiesis, perhaps due to expression of p53 or hypo-phosphorylated Rb.
Neurologic Complications of HIV Infection in Children

Neurologic abnormalities occur frequently in children with symptomatic HIV-1 infection (class P2) and include cognitive, language and motor deficits, as well as acquired microcephaly. Neurologic abnormalities can be seen as early as the first 3 months of age and can precede signs of immune deficiency and systemic illness. Hypotonia, delayed or poor head control and decreased vocalizations are some of the early neurologic manifestations of HIV-1 infection. In the majority of cases CNS impairment appears to be related to HIV-1 brain infection although at this time the exact timing of CNS invasion by the virus and the pathogenesis of CNS dysfunction are unknown. Treatment with antiretroviral agents can at least temporarily improve neurologic functioning in some children with HIV-1-related encephalopathy.
Mapping forest dynamics under climate change: A matrix model

Global climate change may be affecting forests around the world. However, the impact of climate change on forest population dynamics, especially at the landscape or regional level, has hardly been addressed before. A new methodology was proposed to enable matrix transition models to account for climate impact on forest population dynamics. The first climate-sensitive matrix (CSMatrix) model was developed for the Alaska boreal forest based on observations from over 15 years of forest inventory. The spatially explicit model was used to map climate-induced forest population dynamics across the region. The model predicted that the basal area increment in the region under natural succession would be hindered by global warming, more so for dry upland areas than for moist wetlands. It was suggested that temperature-induced drought stress could more than offset a predicted increase of future precipitation in the region to lower overall forest productivity. At the same time, stand diversity would increase across the region through transient species redistribution. Accounting for climate conditions made the CSMatrix model more accurate than conventional matrix models.
Electronic journal publishing in the age of bioterrorism: how fast is fast?

(2003). Electronic Journal Publishing in the Age of Bioterrorism: How Fast is Fast? Journal of Health Communication: Vol. 8, No. sup1, pp. 9-10.
Synthesis and Characterization of Antibacterial and Temperature Responsive Methacrylamide Polymers

A new methacrylamide monomer (MAMP) containing a pyridine moiety was synthesized by reacting methacrylic anhydride and 3-(aminomethyl) pyridine. The monomer was homopolymerized in 1,4-dioxane and copolymerized with N-isopropyl acrylamide in DMF at two different compositions using AIBN as an initiator. The pyridine groups of the homopolymer and copolymers were reacted with various bromoalkanes containing 12, 14, and 16 carbon alkyl chains to obtain the polymers with pendant pyridinium groups. The monomer and polymers were characterized by elemental analysis, NMR, FTIR, SEC, TGA, and DSC. The neutral and quaternized copolymers with low MAMP content were water-soluble and showed temperature-responsive behavior in aqueous solutions. The lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs) of these polymers varied between the temperatures of 25 and 42 °C. The LCST of quaternized copolymers were higher than that of the neutral copolymer because they were more hydrophilic. The LCST of the quaternized copolymers decreased with an increase in the alkyl chain length on the pyridinium group because the copolymers became more hydrophobic this way. The antibacterial activities of water-soluble copolymers were investigated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using the broth dilution and spread plate methods, whereas the water-insoluble polymers were tested for the antibacterial activity against the same types of bacteria using the shaking flask method. The quaternized water-soluble copolymers showed excellent antibacterial activities against both types of bacteria, whereas the neutral polymers and quatemized water-insoluble homopolymers and copolymers were not active.
Comparison of the growth pattern and Rosharinic acid production in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) shoots and genetically transformed callus cultures

Abstract Rosmarinic acid is a natural antioxidant and is found as a secondary metabolite in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). It is of interest in food preservation due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Previously maintained shoot‐based clonal line of rosemary designated as R‐l (based on RA content, total phenolics content, tolerance to Pseudomonas sp and RA stimulation) was used in this study to compare RA biosynthesis in shoot vs callus cultures. Callus cultures were generated from shoot cultures of R‐l line following transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes‐containing a natural plasmid that alters plant development. The shoot and transformed callus cultures of R‐l were isolated and maintained separately on hormone free Murashige and Skoog medium (MS/HF). The effect of light and dark conditions on callus growth and RA production was investigated. RA biosynthesis in shoot cultures was also compared due to its relevance to greenhouse production and organ culture. We found that callus m...
Examining Bicycle Safety on a College Campus Observations and Rationale for Unsafe Cycling

Riding a bicycle is a popular, environmentally friendly, and cost effective alternative to automobiles as a method of transportation as well as an activity for recreation and fitness. An important aspect of bicycle safety includes why cyclists ride in unsafe ways. Observations were conducted to establish a baseline rate in which cyclists committed violations. The research determined that violations do indeed occur and at a very high frequency. After the baseline was established, interviews were conducted to better understand what factors contributed to unsafe cycling behavior. The results indicate several specific reasons the observed violations occur. Further research is needed to determine cyclists’ rationale for unsafe cycling behaviors that could put them at risk.
Mentally walking through doorways causes forgetting: The location updating effect and imagination

Researchers have documented an intriguing phenomenon whereby simply walking through a doorway causes forgetting (the location updating effect). The Event Horizon Model is the most commonly cited theory to explain these data. Importantly, this model explains the effect without invoking the importance or reliance upon perceptual information (i.e., seeing oneself pass through the doorway). This generates the intriguing hypothesis that the effect may be demonstrated in participants who simply imagine walking through a doorway. Across two experiments, we explicitly test this hypothesis. Participants familiarised themselves with both real (Experiment 1) and virtual (Experiment 2) environments which served as the setting for their mental walk. They were then provided with an image to remember and were instructed to imagine themselves walking through the previously presented space. In both experiments, when the mental walk required participants to pass through a doorway, more forgetting occurred, consistent with the predictions laid out in the Event Horizon Model.
Conditions for Sustainable Optimal Economic Development

This paper shows that, for dynamic optimizing economies with different types of natural resource, environmental, and human-made capital stocks, a necessary and sufficient condition for permanently sustaining an optimal utility/consumption level is the stationarity of the current-value Hamiltonian. For economies whose development is not exogenously and directly affected by time (i.e., time-autonomous economies), this stationarity condition generalizes Dixit et al.’s (1980) “zero-net-aggregate-investment” rule of sustain-ability, which in turn generalizes Solow-Hartwick’s sustainability rule. For non-autonomous economies, the stationarity condition is not generally fulfilled, and the current-value Hamiltonian under (over) estimates the true welfare level by an amount equal to the discounted value of the net “pure time effect.” For the non-autonomous case of a time-dependent utility discount rate, a general condition on the discount rate function (of which the hyperbolic discount rate function is a special case) upholds the results obtained for autonomous cases. The paper concludes with a discussion of policies that promote both optimality and sustainability objectives.
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome: oral and craniofacial phenotypes.

Objective: Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare early-onset accelerated senescence syndrome. In HGPS, a recently identified de novo dominant mutation of the lamin A gene (LMNA) produces abnormal lamin A, resulting in compromised nuclear membrane integrity. Clinical features include sclerotic skin, cardiovascular and bone abnormalities, and marked growth retardation. Craniofacial features include ‘bird-like’ facies, alopecia, craniofacial disproportion, and dental crowding. Our prospective study describes dental, oral soft tissue, and craniofacial bone features in HGPS. Methods: Fifteen patients with confirmed p.G608G LMNA mutation (1–17 years, seven males, eight females) received comprehensive oral evaluations. Anomalies of oral soft tissue, gnathic bones, and dentition were identified. Results: Radiographic findings included hypodontia (n = 7), dysmorphic teeth (n = 5), steep mandibular angles (n = 11), and thin basal bone (n = 11). Soft tissue findings included ogival palatal arch (n = 8), median sagittal palatal fissure (n = 7), and ankyloglossia (n = 7). Calculated dental ages (9 months to 11 years 2 months) were significantly lower than chronological ages (1 year 6 months to 17 years 8 months) (P = 0.002). Eleven children manifested a shorter mandibular body, anterior/posterior cranial base and ramus, but a larger gonial angle, compared to age/gender/race norms. Conclusion: Novel oral-craniofacial phenotypes and quantification of previously reported features are presented. Our findings expand the HGPS phenotype and provide additional insight into the complex pathogenesis of HGPS.
The Effect of Timeout from Performance on Attentiveness and Attitude of University Band Students

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of duration and frequency of timeout (with instruction) from performance on attentiveness and attitude of students in a university band. Timeout periods were of 15, 30, or 45 sec duration and varied in frequency from 3 to 18 randomly ordered stops during each of the six experimental ratios under investigation. The six experimental conditions ranged from 13% to 75% in the timeout condition. Although results indicated a significantly higher offtask rate during timeout periods than performance periods, no significant difference between 15, 30, or 45 sec durational periods was evident. Graphic analysis indicated offtask rates increased slightly as timeout frequency increased. Students expressed a preference for the experimental selections that required the fewest timeout periods.
WWW autonomous robotics: enabling wide area access to a computer engineering practicum

In recent years, courses in the design and programming of mobile autonomous robots have become popular at a number of institutions. These activities offer participants experience in a number of practical areas, including computer programming, project management, and technical writing. Further, they provide those experiences in an entertaining manner that may motivate students to pursue additional education in computer science and engineering. By their nature, however, these classes are resource intensive, often limiting access to a few, fortunate students. This paper describes efforts to date in providing a World Wide Web (WWW) based course in autonomous robotics. We will begin with a discussion of how the unique benefits of autonomous robotics courses are enhanced by offering them via the web. We will then discuss our WWW course and some special challenges we encountered during its development. We will conclude with a discussion of future plans and a set of open questions we intend to address.
Cardiovascular reactivity and silent ischemia in response to mental stress in symptomatic and asymptomatic coronary artery disease patients: Results of a pilot study

The current study was designed to examine cardiovascular reactivity to psychological tasks and its relationship to provocation of ischemia in asymptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with documented silent ischemia and those with painful ischemia. ECG, heart rate, and blood pressure responses to mental stress were collected for 13 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and for 6 healthy control subjects. Six of the CAD patients were asymptomatic (documented silent ischemia and no history of angina), while the remaining 7 were symptomatic (history of angina). Three types of mental stress were employed: white noise (a passive stressor), digits repeated backwards (an active stressor), and a math task plus white noise (active +passive stressor). Results indicate that significant increases in heart rate and blood pressure, but not silent ischemic episodes, were in- duced by the mental stress tasks. In addition, patients with documented exercise-induced and ambulant silent ischemia showed trends of blunted autonomic responsiveness to the stressors. On the digits backwards task, the CAD patients with silent ischemia showed significantly lower diastolic blood pressure responses compared with controls or angina patients. Findings suggest that ischemic episodes are not easily induced by brief mental stress. However, results indicate that asymptomatic CAD patients with silent ischemia may be lacking in autonomic responsiveness, particularly in terms of peripheral resistance, to mental stress in comparison with health controls and symptomatic ischemic patients. Further investigation is needed to explore how patients with silent ischemia typically respond autonomically to mental stress and how blunted reactivity may relate to the provocation of unrecognized ischemic episodes.
Continuity and quality of care for children with diabetes who are covered by medicaid.

Background.—Poor and minority children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of severe adverse outcomes as a result of their disease. However, little is known about the quality of care that these children receive and which factors are associated with better quality of care. Objectives.—Our objectives were as follows: 1) to describe the utilization of services associated with quality of care for children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus who are covered by Medicaid and 2) to test the hypothesis that increased continuity of primary care is associated with better care for these children. Design.—Retrospective cohort study. Methods.—Washington State Medicaid claims data for 1997 were used to determine what proportion of children with diabetes had 1) an inpatient or outpatient diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), 2) a glycosylated hemoglobin (HgA1c) level that had been checked, 3) a retinal examination, and 4) thyroid function studies. Continuity of care was quantified using a pre-established index. Results.—Two hundred fifty-two eligible patients were identified. During the observation year, 20% had an outpatient diagnosis of DKA, 6% were admitted with DKA, 43% visited an ophthalmologist, 54% had their HgA1c checked, and 21% had their thyroid function assessed. Children with high continuity of care were less likely to have DKA as an outpatient (0.30 [0.13–0.71]). Children with medium continuity of care and high continuity of care were less likely to be hospitalized for DKA (0.22 [0.05–0.87] and 0.14 [0.03–0.67], respectively). For preventive services utilization, high continuity of care was associated only with an increased likelihood of visiting an ophthalmologist (2.80 [1.08–3.88]). Conclusions.—The quality of care for Medicaid children with diabetes can be substantially improved. Low continuity of primary care is an identifiable risk factor for DKA.
The origins of Cauchy's theory of the derivative

Summaries It is well known that Cauchy was the first to define the derivative of a function in terms of a rigorous definition of limit. Even more important, he used his definitions to prove theorems about the derivative. We trace the historical background of the property of the derivative which Cauchy used as his definition and of the proof techniques Cauchy used. We focus on Cauchy's theorem that, for f(x) continuous on [x0, X], ( 1 ) min f ′ ( x ) ≤ f ( X ) − f ( x 0 ) X − x 0 ≤ max f ′ ( x ) . [ x 0 ′ X ] [ x 0 ′ X ] (Cauchy's statement and delta-epsilon proof of this theorem are reproduced as an Appendix to this article). We show how J.-L. Lagrange used what later became Cauchy's defining property of the derivative, and the associated proof techniques—though differently conceived and inadequately justified—to prove facts about derivatives, in-cluding Cauchy's theorem (1). We show, looking at the work of Euler and Ampe`re, where Lagrange got these ideas, how he developed and used them, and by what means they reached Cauchy. Finally, we see how Cauchy, recognizing what was essential in earlier work, clarified and improved what had been done, and for the first time placed the theory of derivatives on a firm mathematical foundation.