cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Career Trajectories of Urban Teachers: A Continuum of Perspectives, Participation, and Plans Shaping Retention in the Educational System

This article addresses teacher retention in urban schools, focusing on high-need secondary science classrooms. As a longitudinal study, this research investigated how eight case study teachers conceived of their careers and career moves. The experiences and perspectives of three case study teachers indicated that they were situated along a continuum from those who aimed to integrate fully into the educational system to those who wanted to participate in it for a limited period of time. Teachers negotiated their perspectives with the workplace context to shape participation in school communities, relationships with students and colleagues, and career directions.
Strengths-Based Supervision: A Child Welfare Supervision Training Project

The process of supervision plays an important role in the implementation of practice models. Supervisors are responsible for training their supervisees regarding new practice techniques. Supervisors also monitor and evaluate the implementation of such practice. In addition, parallel process suggests that what happens in supervision can affect the way supervisees interact with clients. Acknowledging the role of supervision in the implementation of practice models, this paper describes a collaborative effort between Arizona’s Division of Children, Youth and Families and ASU to develop continuing education to train child welfare supervisors in a model of strengths-based supervision. Specifically, the article discusses the development of this model of supervision, describes the training curriculum, and closes with findings from the training evaluations.
Model-based and context-specific background correction and differential methylation testing for MBDCap-seq

DNA methylation in promoter regions has long been considered an essential mechanism of transcriptional regulation, and it has been demonstrated to be involved in cell development, tumor progression and aging. Methyl-CpG binding domain-based capture followed by high throughput sequencing (MBDCap-seq) is widely used to examine DNA methylation pattern genome-wide. Current MBDCap-seq data analysis approaches focus on measurement of methylated CpG sequence reads, without considering genomic characteristics and tissue-specific context and their impact to the amount of methylated DNA measurement (signal) and background fluctuation (noise). Therefore, specific software needs to be developed to process MBDCap-seq datasets. Here we presented a novel algorithm, termed MBDDiff, implemented as an R package that is designed specifically for processing MBDCap-seq datasets. MBDDiff contains three modules: quality assessment of datasets and quantification of DNA methylation; determination of differential methylation of promoter regions; and visualization functionalities. Simulation studies were carried out to demonstrate the accuracy of MBDDiff algorithm in detecting differential methylation in promoter regions. We also tested functionalities of MBDDiff to a set of in-house prostate cancer samples and a set of public-domain triple negative breast cancer samples profiled with MBDCap-seq protocol, and demonstrated the capability of identifying differential methylation of promoter regions of genes that might contribute to cancer development and progression.
The Rights and Liberties of the Palau Constitution

In the nearly thirty years since the Constitution of the Republic of Palau went into effect, the constitutional jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Palau has grown to such a quantum that allows it to refer primarily to its own case law without the need to look to other jurisdictions for guidance. This article - a mini-treatise of sorts - collects and reviews cases interpreting and applying the Palau Constitution through the sixteenth anniversary of Palau’s independence - October 1, 2010. Not all facets of the Constitution are included; the article focuses on the provisions of the Constitution that most directly affect the people: citizenship, suffrage, right to due process, equal protection of the laws, criminal procedure rights, and the like. Some higher-level administration issues (such as the designation of territory and states and the roles granted to traditional leaders) are included as well, but the focus is on individual rights and liberties. Aside from the text of the Constitution, the constitutional decisions of the Supreme Court of Palau are the most significant guideposts setting forth the meaning of the Constitution. This article analyzes the Supreme Court of Palau’s case law interpreting the Constitution to discern the extent - and limitations - of the rights and liberties granted by the Constitution.
Path slicing

We present a new technique, path slicing, that takes as input a possibly infeasible path to a target location, and eliminates all the operations that are irrelevant towards the reachability of the target location. A path slice is a subsequence of the original path whose infeasibility guarantees the infeasibility of the original path, and whose feasibility guarantees the existence of some feasible variant of the given path that reaches the target location even though the given path may itself be infeasible. Our method combines the ability of program slicing to look at several program paths, with the precision that dynamic slicing enjoys by focusing on a single path. We have implemented Path Slicing to analyze possible counterexamples returned by the software model checker Blast. We show its effectiveness in drastically reducing the size of the counterexamples to less than 1% of their original size. This enables the precise verification of application programs (upto 100KLOC), by allowing the analysis to focus on the part of the counterexample that is relevant to the property being checked.
Detection of surface electronic defect states in low and high-k dielectrics using reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy

The continuation of Moore’s law requires new materials at both extremes of the dielectric permittivity spectrum and an increased understanding of the fundamental mechanisms limiting their electrical reliability. To address the latter, reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy has been utilized to measure the band gap of various oxide-based low and high dielectric constant (k) materials of interest to the semiconductor industry. In situ Ar+ sputtering has been additionally utilized to simulate process-induced defect states that are believed to contribute to electrical leakage, time-dependent dielectric breakdown, charge trapping, and other fixed-charge reliability issues in nano-electronic devices. It is observed that Ar+ sputtering predominantly generates surface oxygen vacancy defects in the upper portion of the band gap for both low and high-k dielectric materials. These results are in agreement with numerous theoretical investigations of defects in low and high-k dielectric materials and models for mechanisms that limit their reliability.
Writing a letter to the editor

Most peer-reviewed journals publish letters to the editor, also known as correspondence. A letters column allows the readers of a journal to comment on recently published articles, publish brief reports not long enough to justify full-length articles, and comment on other issues of interest to the
Cytokines Stimulate Lung Epithelial Cells to Release Nitric Oxide

Cytokine release from alveolar macrophages and subsequent interaction of these cytokines with the bronchial epithelium can induce epithelial cells to release inflammatory mediators. Nitric oxide(NO), a highly reactive gas formed from arginine by nitric oxide synthase(NOS), is known to be involved in inflammation and edema formation, and the inducible form of NOS(iNOS) can be increased by cytokines. In this context, we hypothesized that lung epithelial cells could be stimulated by cytokines released by alveolar macrophages to express iNOS. To test this hypothesis, the murine lung epithelial cell line, LA-4, or the human lung epithelial cell line, A549, were stimulated with culture supernatant fluids from alveolar macrophages. NO production was assessed by evaluating the culture supernatant fluids for nitrite and nitrate, the stable end products of NO. Both murine and human cell culture supernatant fluids demonstrated an increase in nitrite and nitrate which were time- and dose-dependent and attenuated by and IL- antibodies(p, IL-, and -interferon, stimulated the lung epithelial cell lines as well as primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells to increase their NO production as evidenced by an increase in nitrite and nitrate in their culture supernatant fluids, an increase in the iNOS staining by immunocytochemistry, and an increase in iNOS mRNA by Northern blottin(p
Serendipity and Stamina: Staying the Course

During my career as a physician-scientist and my time as a mentor to young physician-scientists, I have been impressed that for success, one needs intellectual curiosity, good mentoring throughout one’s career, the opportunity to work on important problems where little is known, the good fortune to find astute clinical partners, and the ability to work collaboratively in teams. My professional journey has been greatly enriched not only by insightful teachers and selfless mentors, some whom I have sought out and some who have found me, but also by learning early on in my career the benefits of hard work and a bit of good luck. I have followed a somewhat winding educational path to develop the skills, focus the motivation, and establish the contacts and collaborations that have contributed to my career.
Analysis of leakage currents in poly-silicon thin film transistors

In this paper we show good agreement between numerical simulations and experimental data of the bias, temperature dependence and statistical behaviour of leakage currents in NMOS polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) thin film transistors (TFTs). At high drain bias TFT leakage is caused by minority carriers generated by a high field tunneling mechanism near the TFT drain. We show that the temperature dependence of this leakage current is not, as has been previously assumed, determined by the temperature dependence of the tunneling mechanism, but rather by the potential barrier to carrier injection at the source. >
Video data management using a seeded region growing technique

Video shot partition is the first step towards content-based video analysis. The objective of this paper is to present a novel solution to this problem in detail. This solution is provided in the form of a combination of both spatial and temporal information that are interrelated to each other in video sequences. We model the required measure functions using a robust metric for visual and temporal content similarity and employ a seeded region growing based method to the visual and temporal features of video sequences. The experimental results are demonstrated regarding various transitions and the improvements are shown.
Predicting Steroid Refractroy Acute Gastrointestinal (GI) Acute Graft Versus Host Disease (AGVHD) by Assessment of Crypt Loss at Diagnosis.

Acute graft versus host disease accounts for most of the treatment failures after an allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The prognosis of patients with steroid refractory acute graft versus host disease is poor with conventional treatment. Early identification of patients with steroid refractory acute graft versus host disease may improve the transplant outcomes. Crypt loss has been associated with the severity of disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. It is also found in patients with acute gastrointestinal graft versus host disease with unknown clinical significance. In an attempt to evaluate the significance of crypt loss in patients with acute gastrointestinal graft versus host disease, we conducted a retrospective study on 22 consecutive post allogeneic stem cell transplant patients in our institution that underwent colonoscopy and colonic biopsy. In this study, crypt loss was graded and correlated with clinical parameters of disease severity including stool volume, endoscopic appearance, response to graft versus host disease treatment and one year mortality attributed to graft versus host disease. All the biopsies were reviewed by one of the co-authors (Shriram Jakate, M.D.). Twenty two consecutive patients who were treated for gastrointestinal graft versus host disease following stem cell transplantation were studied. Crypt loss was present in 16/22 cases and in 10/22 cases crypt loss was determined to be severe by the presence of contiguous areas of crypt loss. In those with severe crypt loss 9/10 patients had daily stool volumes in excess of 1000 ml/day while only 3/6 in those with minimal crypt loss had this level of severe diarrhea. Patients with severe crypt loss were more likely to have a pathologic appearance at endoscopy and to require second-line therapy (i.e. steroid refractory acute graft versus host disease). The diarrhea of those with severe crypt loss was less likely to resolve even though it was more aggressively treated. Of the 10 patients with severe crypt loss, 5 (50%) died of graft versus host disease related causes. Conversely, only one of 12 patients (8%) with mild or no crypt loss had a death attributable to acute graft versus host disease. Our study shows that severe crypt loss predicts for severity of acute gastrointestinal graft versus host disease, response to treatment and more importantly steroid refractoriness. In addition, crypt loss severity is associated with an increased risk of death related to acute graft versus host disease. We conclude that the assessment of crypt loss at diagnosis may serve as a tool to identify patients with steroid refractory acute gastrointestinal graft versus host disease and could be used to select patients for therapeutic trial in acute graft versus host disease.
Genome-Wide Association Studies Candidate Gene to Dual Modifier of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Atherosclerosis

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common disease involving chronic accumulation of fat and inflammation in the liver, often leading to advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis and cancer. It is known that NASH shares many features with atherosclerosis, however, there are still no effective therapeutics. In a recent study published in Nature, investigators demonstrate that mice lacking a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated gene were surprisingly protected from both steatohepatitis and atherosclerosis through the stabilization of the liver X receptor (LXR). This work reveals a timely candidate target for two highly prevalent cardiovascular diseases.
Racial/ethnic differences in healthcare use among patients with uncontrolled and controlled diabetes.

ABSTRACTObjectives: To examine racial/ethnic differences in healthcare use among patients classified as having controlled and uncontrolled diabetes.Design: Data from the Carolinas HealthCare System electronic data warehouse were used. Glycemic control was defined as glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) < 8% (64 mmol/mol) in 2012 (n = 9996). Patients with HbA1c ≥ 8% (64 mmol/mol) in 2012 were classified as uncontrolled (n = 2576). Race and ethnicity were jointly classified as non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White or Other. Separate mixed effects negative binomial models estimated the independent effect of race/ethnicity on the number of emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations and physician office visits in 2013, in each patient group, adjusting for significant confounding variables.Results: Rates of diabetes-related ED visits were two to three times higher for non-Hispanic Blacks compared to non-Hispanic Whites (uncontrolled rate ratio [RR]: 3.41 95% CI: 1.41–8.22; controlled RR: 2.95; 95% CI: 1.78–...
Sources of self-efficacy of community college students enrolled in developmental mathematics

The need to improve student success in community colleges has resulted in a growing interest in developmental mathematics. Yet there remains a need to understand the motivations and beliefs of deve...
Parent-Child Attachment Concept: Crucial for Permanency Planning:

Various dimensions of the concept of parent-child attachment, including the impact of separation on attachments and factors which contribute to change in attachments are reviewed. Emphasis is given...
Studies of Trace Elements Movements in the Environment by X-ray Emission Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectroscopy allows simultaneous determination of the concentrations of all biologically essential trace elements and heavier toxic elements in variety of biological and environmental samples. In this report the applications of PIXE for trace element analysis of soils, waters and air particulates will be described. Elevated levels of trace elements in the environment are the result of human activities; very important is the use of fossil fuels and products. PIXE analysis allows the determination of “elemental fingerprint” which in turn helps the identification of pollution sources and pollutants movements. Measurement of trace elements levels in different biological tissues by PIXE reflects the exposure of living beings to elevated levels in the environment. Very useful are measurements of trace elements concentrations in blood, hair and some other tissues.
Health Insurance in the United States, History of

The history of health insurance in the United States has been told through three narratives. The first is that it is a history of political failure – the inability to establish universal health coverage. The second is a narrative of economic failure – government intervention has kept market forces from achieving coverage and cost control. The third is a story of muddling through. A combination of private and public insurance have in fact covered most Americans for the past half century. This article describes each of these histories, and then considers how the 2010 Affordable Care Act carries them forward.
Modeling and Performance of 2.0 μm Lasers Projections for Remote Wind Sensing

A series of models has been developed and experimentally verified which predicts the performance of Ho:Tm lasers operating around 2.1 µm. Using these models, a Ho:Tm:YLF laser system suitable for the remote sensing of wind speed was optimized and characterized. Results are used to project the performance of satellite borne wind speed sensors as well as to predict performance of new laser materials developed at NASA, such as Ho:Tm:LuAG and Ho:Tm:LuLF.
Pathological and clinical features of non-acral cutaneous melanoma (CM) patients (pts) with TP53 and BRAFNon-V600 (NonV600) mutations (muts).

9535Background: Our previous analysis of advanced CM pts and the TCGA demonstrated that BRAFV600 (V600), NRAS, TP53 and BRAFNon-V600 (NonV600) muts are common in CMs. As V600 and NRAS muts are both...
Effect of Side Gust on Performance of External Compression Supersonic Inlet

This Paper reports a computational investigation on the effects of side gust on the performance of a double-cone external compression supersonic inlet at Mach 1.8. The supersonic inlet geometry com...
AI-16 Integration of BCR, TLR, BAFF receptor and TACI signals promotes autoantibody production by transitional B cells in BAFF transgenic mice

Background The B cell survival cytokine BAFF has been linked with the pathogenesis of SLE. BAFF binds distinct B cell surface receptors, including the BAFF receptor (BAFF-R) and Transmembrane Activator and CAML Interactor (TACI). Although originally characterized as a negative regulator of B cell activation, TACI signals are critical for class-switched autoantibody production in BAFF transgenic (Tg) mice. Notably, while surface TACI expression is usually limited to mature B cells, we showed that excess BAFF promotes the expansion of TACI-expressing transitional B cells, with these cells representing an important source for class-switched autoantibodies in BAFF-Tg mice (Jacobs, et al. J Immunol, 2016). In the current study, we interrogate the signals required for transitional B cell TACI expression and BAFF-driven autoantibody production. Methods We first used a new ‘fate-mapping’ strategy to confirm that activated TACI+ B cells falling within CD21lo transitional flow cytometry gates are bone fide transitional B cells. Subsequently, we interrogated the B cell signals required for transitional B cell TACI expression and antibody production using relevant murine genetic models crossed on the BAFF-Tg background. Results To confirm that immature, transitional B cells are a prominant source for class-switched autoantibodies in BAFF-Tg mice, we developed a CD21Cre.ROSA-YFPfl/fl reporter strategy. By irreversibly labeling B cells that have expressed CD21, we confirmed that transitional B cells that had not yet differentiated beyond the T2 stage spontaneously produce class-switched autoantibodies in BAFF-Tg animals. We next determined the signals required for TACI upregulation on T1 transitional B cells. Surprisingly, signals downstream of B cell (BCR) and Toll-like (TLR) receptors exerted distinct impacts on transitional B cells. Whereas loss of BCR signals in Btk-/-.BAFF-Tg mice prevented transitional B cell TACI expression and resulted in loss of serum autoantibodies across immunoglobulin isotypes, lack of Myd88/TLR7 signals exerted a limited impact on autoantibody class switch recombination without impacting transitional B cell TACI expression. Moreover, in parallel with the protective effect of TACI deletion, loss of BAFF-R activation signals protected against BAFF-driven autoimmunity. Notably, integration of all these signalling cascades (BCR, TACI, TLR7/MyD88, and BAFF-R) is required for production of pathogenic class-switched autoantibodies in BAFF-Tg mice, and for development of BAFF-driven lupus nephritis. Conclusions In summary, we highlight how distinct signaling pathways integrate to promote class-switched autoantibody production by transitional B cells, findings with implications to the understanding of SLE pathogenesis and other humoral autoimmune diseases characterized by elevated serum BAFF.
Higher Mortality with Post-Transplant TTP Compared to Non-Transplant TTP: A Propensity Matched Analysis

Introduction The spectrum of transplant-associated (TA) thrombotic microangiopathy includes thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). It can result in irreversible organ damage and is associated with high mortality. In this study, we would like to report on 396 cases of TA-TTP/HUS occurring during the hospitalization for undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplant (AlloSCT). To better illustrate the characteristics and outcomes associated with TA-TTP/HUS (transplant-T cohort), we propensity matched these cases with non-transplant TTP/HUS (NT-cohort) using the 2002-2014 National Inpatient Sample, a large nationwide inpatient database. Methods We identified all hospitalizations with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) primary and secondary diagnosis codes for TTP/HUS (446.6, 283.11) and divided them into 2 cohorts: T-cohort (ICD-9 41.02, 41.03, 41.05, 41.08 and 41.06) and NT-cohort (rest of the cases). Using propensity score matching, we age and gender matched T-cohort and NT-cohort in 1:4 ratios. Chi-square was used for categorical data frequency (p Results We identified a total of 90756 cases with TTP/HUS (overall mortality of 8.85%). 396 cases of TA-TTP/HUS (T-cohort) were matched with 1527 cases of TTP/HUS from NT-cohort. T-cohort had significantly higher mortality of 38% compared to 8% in the NT-cohort (p 65, bacterial sepsis, mechanical ventilation, AKI and hemodialysis were associated with higher mortality (table 3). Use of TBI was not a significant contributor to mortality. Conclusion Our comparative analysis shows that occurrence of TTP in the immediate post-transplant course is associated with significantly high mortality. In this cohort, AKI also occurred more frequently and was associated with high mortality. Plasmapheresis is not the standard of care for TA-TTP/HUS but was used in 15% of the cases and showed a trend towards higher mortality. Our study is limited by the lack of information on the post transplant course beyond the initial hospitalization for stem cell transplant procedure.
Combination of Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitor (Tipifarnib) with Perifosine Induces Apoptosis through phos-PDK1 in Human Lymphoma and Leukemia Cell Lines.

Introduction: Novel agents as anti-cancer therapy are used in the setting of specific molecular abnormalities that provide a survival advantage for malignant cells. One such agent, tipifarnib, is theoretically targeted at Ras mutations which are present in a number of different human cancers. Our previous experience with the FTIs (David et al, in press Blood) has demonstrated that they are ideal agents to combine with other targeted agents. We have investigated the combination of the AKT inhibitor perifosine with tipifarnib in human leukemia and lymphoma cell lines with the hypothesis that the combination of 2 targeted agents will disrupt separate survival pathways and ultimately result in synergistic tumor cell death. Methods: In this study we used the human leukemia cell lines HL-60, Jurkat, and the lymphoma cell line HT. Western blot analysis was used to assess for the effect of either single agent perifosine, tipifarnib, or the combination on AKT, p-AKT, PDK-1, and caspase cleavage. Flow cytometry was utilized to assess for Annexin V staining following combination therapy. Results:Dose escalation studies demonstrated that doses of tipifarnib up to 5μm demonstrated a significant cell death in HL-60 and HT cells. Perifosine doses of 1–5uM also induced cell death in both HL-60 and HT cells. When apoptosis was assessed using western blot analysis of caspase 3 activity and cleavage, the combination of perifosine and tipifarnib demonstrated significant apoptosis using low doses of both agents. The apoptosis was associated with downregulation of phos-PDK1, with a resultant downregulation in p-AKT. The level of phos-PDK1 was completely inhibited in less than 24 hrs in both the HL-60 and HT cell lines in combination than when either agent was given alone. Conclusion: The combination of perifosine, and AKT targeted agent, with tipifarnib, a Ras targeted agent, appear to induce significant cell death in lymphoma and leukemia cell lines with rapid downregulation of p-AKT via the PDK-1 pathway. This apoptosis occurs in vitro using concentrations well below those that have been achieved in current clinical trials using these agents. Additional studies are being carried out to further delineate the mechanism of synergy as well as to further explore the impact of sequence of administration using this combination. Further studies are also planned to xplore the impact of the combination on primary human leukemia and lymphoma cells from the blood and bone marrow.
Analysis of head CT scans flagged by deep learning software for acute intracranial hemorrhage

To analyze the implementation of deep learning software for the detection and worklist prioritization of acute intracranial hemorrhage on non-contrast head CT (NCCT) in various clinical settings at an academic medical center. Urgent NCCT scans were reviewed by the Aidoc (Tel Aviv, Israel) neural network software. All cases flagged by the software as positive for acute intracranial hemorrhage on the neuroradiology worklist were prospectively included in this assessment. The scans were classified regarding presence and type of hemorrhage, whether these were initial or follow-up scans, and patient visit location, including trauma/emergency, inpatient, and outpatient departments. During the 2 months of enrollment, 373 NCCT scans were flagged by the Aidoc software for possible intracranial hemorrhage out of 2011 scans analyzed (18.5%). Among the flagged cases, 275 (72.4%) were positive; 290 (77.7%) were inpatient cases, 75 (20.1%) were trauma/emergency cases, and eight (2.1%) were outpatient cases, and 229 of 373 (62.5%) were follow-up cases, of which 219 (95.6%) inpatient cases. Among the 144 new cases flagged for hemorrhage, 66 (44.4%) were positive, of which 39 (58.2%) were trauma/emergency cases. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 88.7%, 94.2% and 73.7%, 97.7%, and 93.4%, respectively. The accuracy of the intracranial hemorrhage detection was significantly higher for emergency cases than for inpatient cases (96.5% versus 89.4%). This study reveals that the performance of the deep learning software for acute intracranial hemorrhage detection varies depending upon the patient visit location. Furthermore, a substantial portion of flagged cases were follow-up exams, the majority of which were inpatient exams. These findings can help optimize the artificial intelligence-driven clincical workflow.
Chapter 32 – Reducing Leachability and Bioaccessibility of Toxic Metals in Soils, Sediments, and Solid/Hazardous Wastes Using Stabilized Nanoparticles

Toxic metals such as chromium and lead have been widely detected at thousands of priority sites in the United States. To mitigate the toxic effects on human and environmental health, it is essential to reduce the leachability and bioaccessibility of these metals. Although the concept of in situ immobilization has elicited great interest for decades, cost-effective in situ treatment technologies for reducing leachability and bioaccessibility of metals remain lacking. This chapter aims to illustrate the concept and promise of in situ metal immobilization using some newly developed stabilized nanoparticles that can be delivered and dispersed into various porous media and can bind these metals strongly. Two toxic metals including Cr(VI) and Pb(II) were selected as prototype contaminants, and accordingly, uses of two types of nanoparticles (zero valent iron (ZVI) and iron phosphate) are illustrated. Stabilized ZVI nanoparticles were prepared using a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a stabilizer, and in situ reductive immobilization of Cr(VI) in water and in a sandy loam soil was illustrated. Stabilized iron phosphate (vivianite) nanoparticles were synthesized with CMC as a stabilizer for in situ immobilization of Pb(II) in soils. The CMC-stabilized nanoparticles were shown to effectively reduce the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) leachability and physiologically based extraction test (PBET) bioaccessibility of Pb(II) in three representative soils (calcareous, neutral, and acidic). The stabilization of the ZVI nanoparticles is attributed to the adsorption of CMC molecules to the surface of the nanoparticles. This latest knowledge sheds light on developing alternative in situ immobilization strategies for remediation of contaminated sites with toxic metals using stabilized mineral nanoparticles.
The construction of common treadmills significantly affects biomechanical and metabolic variables

Surface compliance has been shown to affect leg stiffness and energetics. It is unknown if compliance differences between common treadmills would elicit such changes. Therefore, the purpose of this...
Infusing Global and Intercultural Perspectives to Transform School Psychology and School Psychologists.

School psychology has been criticized for limited attention to and limited evidence-based resources for diverse populations in domestic and international settings, in part because of its foundations on psychological knowledge generated primarily in North America and Western Europe. Moreover, in the past 25 years, the profession has made insufficient progress in changing its focus toward an ecological systems perspective as initially envisioned by Conoley and Gutkin in 1995 and revisited in this issue. In this article, we embrace and expand that vision to include the infusion of global and intercultural perspectives into school psychology research, training, practice, policy, and advocacy as a means to address cultural diversity within local contexts across the globe, with a particular focus on school psychology within the United States. We begin with a discussion of terminology that addresses international and cross-cultural issues related to diversity. We then examine past and present perspectives and approaches to cultural diversity and globalization within school psychology and propose future directions for research, training, practice, policy, and advocacy within a global-intercultural perspective. We conclude with our reflections about transforming school psychology and school psychologists. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Do Liars Believe? Beliefs and Other-Regarding Preferences in the Sender-Receiver Game

We examine subjects’ behavior in sender-receiver games where there are gains from trade and alignment of interests in one of the two states. We elicit subjects’ beliefs, risk and other-regarding preferences. Our design also allows us to examine the behavior of subjects in both roles, to determine whether the behavior in one role is the best response to the subject’s own behavior in the other role. The results of the experiment indicate that 60 percent of senders adopt deceptive strategies by sending favorable message when the true state of the nature is unfavorable. Nevertheless, 67 percent of receivers invest conditional upon a favorable message. The investing behavior of receivers cannot be explained by risk preferences or as a best response to subject’s own behavior in the sender’s role. However, it can be rationalized by accounting for elicited beliefs and other-regarding preferences. Finally, the honest behavior of some senders can be explained by other-regarding preferences. Thus we find liars do believe, and individuals who care about the payoffs of others tend to be honest.
Ex-Press Shunt Filtration Procedure

Surgical management for medically uncontrolled glaucoma focuses on creating alternative conduits for aqueous outflow. Ex-Press shunt insertion is a filtration surgery where a tract is created from the anterior chamber to the subconjunctival space using a standard lumen-maintaining device. This procedure allows for aqueous drainage without the need for an iridectomy. This aqueous fluid flows through the shunt and creates a filtering bleb. Antimetabolite medications such as mitomycin C or 5-fluorouracil may be utilized to prevent excessive fibrosis over this filtration bleb, which allows for more efficacious lowering of the IOP. If repositioning is needed, it is important to turn the device 90° first to avoid tearing of ocular structures by the device’s spur. Though flow control depends predominantly on the method of scleral flap creation, the Ex-Press shunt allows for lumenal control and aqueous drainage directly from the anterior chamber.
Neogene drainage reversal and Colorado Plateau uplift in the Salt River area, Arizona, USA

Abstract U Pb detrital zircon and 40Ar 39Ar detrital sanidine dating of paleoriver deposits refines the timing of the mid-Cenozoic drainage reversal from NE- to SW-flowing rivers across the southern edge of the Colorado Plateau. NE-flowing paleorivers of the Mogollon Rim Formation were of multiple ages: ≤59.38 Ma for the Flying V outcrop and ≤37–33 Ma for other outcrops. These NE-flowing paleorivers were defeated by construction of the 38–23 Ma Mogollon–Datil volcanic field and extensional collapse of the Mogollon Highlands. The 37.6–21.8 Ma Whitetail Conglomerate of the Salt River paleocanyon records the transition from NE-flowing rivers to internal drainage that persisted from 30 to 14.67 Ma during continued extensional collapse. The SW-flowing proto-Salt River was established by about 12 Ma and flowed into Tonto Basin ~7 Ma. The Salt River extended its length to near Phoenix via basin spillover from the Tonto and Verde basins about 2.8 Ma and became established in its present path only in the past ~500 ka. Between 3.0 and 0.52 Ma, incision rates of the Salt River's headwaters have been steady at 95 m/Ma as calculated using the age and height of four far-traveled basalt runouts from the Springerville volcanic field. These incision rates contrast with 10 m/Ma rates for downstream areas near the Sentinel-Arlington volcanic field on the Gila River over the past 2.37 Ma. This 85 m/Ma of differential incision was a geomorphic response of headwater drainages to changes in base level (base level fall plus headwater uplift) that, at least in part, was a consequence of top-down integration of the Salt and Verde river systems via spillover. Neogene headwater uplift is proposed to have set the stage for and perhaps driven this downward integration by increasing river gradients, and progressive uplift in the past 3 Ma may help explain post-integration steady headwater incision. Surface uplift components include construction of the Springerville and San Francisco volcanic fields and related mantle-driven epeirogenic uplift of the southern rim of the Colorado Plateau. Long-term differential incision rates for the Salt River (85 m/Ma) are less than for the Colorado River system (140 m/Ma across Grand Canyon) suggesting west-up neotectonic tilting of the Colorado Plateau.
Dry Pet Food Flavor Enhancers and Their Impact on Palatability: A Review.

Pet foods are a vital component of the global food industry. Pet food’s success depends on its acceptance by both consumers (the pets) and purchasers (the pet owners). Palatability tests using panels of both trained and untrained pets are often used to measure the preference and acceptability of pet foods. Human perception of pet foods is usually determined by descriptive sensory analysis. Since dry pet foods (also known as kibbles), while being the most popular, are the least palatable, palatants as a flavor enhancer are generally added to dry pet foods to increase their acceptability to pets. Pet foods can also be prepared to be more appealing to pet owners if the chosen aromas and flavors are commonly associated with human food. With increasing demand, developing flavor enhancers to meet the needs of both pets and owners is becoming increasingly important. This review summarized the current state of flavor enhancers used in the pet food industry and their influence on food palatability from both animal and human standpoints.
Quantum Transport: Atom to Transistor

This book presents the conceptual framework underlying the atomistic theory of matter, emphasizing those aspects that relate to current flow. This includes some of the most advanced concepts of non-equilibrium quantum statistical mechanics. No prior acquaintance with quantum mechanics is assumed. Chapter 1 provides a description of quantum transport in elementary terms accessible to a beginner. The book then works its way from hydrogen to nanostructures, with extensive coverage of current flow. The final chapter summarizes the equations for quantum transport with illustrative examples showing how conductors evolve from the atomic to the ohmic regime as they get larger. Many numerical examples are used to provide concrete illustrations and the corresponding Matlab codes can be downloaded from the web. Videostreamed lectures, keyed to specific sections of the book, are also available through the web. This book is primarily aimed at senior and graduate students.
The Anthology and the Rise of the Novel: From Richardson to George Eliot

Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Richardson's economies of scale 2. Cultures of the commonplace 3. Knox's Scissor-Doings 4. George Eliot and the production of consumers Notes Bibliography.
Abstract 12117: The Cardioprotection of Trimetazidine Against Ischemic Injury is Mediated by AMPK and ERK Signaling Pathway

Introduction: Trimetazidine (TMZ) is an anti-anginal drug that has been widely used in Europe and Asia. The TMZ can optimize energy metabolism via inhibition of long-chain 3-ketoacyl CoA thiolase (3-KAT) in the heart, with subsequent decrease in fatty acid oxidation and stimulation of glucose oxidation. However, the mechanism by which TMZ aids in cardioprotection against ischemic injury has not been characterized. Hypothesis: AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy sensor that control ATP supply from substrate metabolism and protect heart from energy stress. TMZ changes the cardiac AMP/ATP ratio via modulating fatty acid oxidation, thereby it may trigger AMPK signaling cascade that contribute to protection heart from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Methods: The mouse in vivo regional ischemia and reperfusion by the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) were used for determination of myocardial infarction. The infarct size was compared between C57BL/6J WT mice and AMPK kinase dead (KD) transgenic mice with or without TMZ treatment. The ex vivo working heart perfusion system was used to monitor the effect of TMZ on glucose oxidation and fatty acid oxidation in the heart. Results: TMZ treatment significantly stimulates cardiac AMPK and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways (p<0.05 vs. vehicle group). The administration of TMZ reduces myocardial infarction size in WT C57BL/6J hearts, the reduction of myocardial infarction size by TMZ in AMPK KD hearts was significantly impaired versus WT hearts (p<0.05). Intriguingly, the administration of ERK inhibitor, PD 98059, to AMPK KD mice abolished the cardioprotection of TMZ against I/R injury. The ex vivo working heart perfusion data demonstrated that TMZ treatment significantly activates AMPK signaling and modulating the substrate metabolism by shifting fatty acid oxidation to glucose oxidation during reperfusion, leading to reduction of oxidative stress in the I/R hearts. Conclusions: Both AMPK and ERK signaling pathways mediate the cardioprotection of TMZ against ischemic injury. The metabolic benefits of TMZ for angina patients could be due to the activation of energy sensor AMPK in the heart by TMZ administration.
A Pattern Language for Developing Privacy Enhancing Technologies

SUMMARY A privacy enhancing technology (PET) is an application or a mechanism that allows users to protect the privacy of their personally identifiable information. Early PETs were about enabling anonymous mailing and anonymous browsing, but lately, there have been active research and development efforts in many other problem domains. This paper describes the first pattern language for developing PETs. Currently, it contains 12 patterns. These privacy patterns are not limited to a specific problem domain; they can be applied to design anonymity systems for various types of online communication, online data sharing, location monitoring, voting, and electronic cash management. The pattern language guides a developer when he or she is designing a PET for an existing problem or innovating a solution for a new problem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crowdsourcing Multi-Label Classification for Taxonomy Creation

Recent work has introduced CASCADE, an algorithm for creating a globally-consistent taxonomy by crowdsourcing microwork from many individuals, each of whom may see only a tiny fraction of the data (Chilton et al. 2013). While CASCADE needs only unskilled labor and produces taxonomies whose quality approaches that of human experts, it uses significantly more labor than experts. This paper presents DELUGE, an improved workflow that produces taxonomies with comparable quality using significantly less crowd labor. Specifically, our method for crowdsourcing multi-label classification optimizes CASCADE’s most costly step (categorization) using less than 10% of the labor required by the original approach. DELUGE’s savings come from the use of decision theory and machine learning, which allow it to pose microtasks that aim to maximize information gain.
On the energy dependence of the Zeeman and hyperfine parameters in the state of OH and OD

Abstract We report quantum beat studies of the energy dependence of the Zeeman parameters in the A 2 Σ + state of OH and OD, and the nuclear hyperfine parameters of OD( A 2 Σ + ). In contrast to previous work, we find that the sign and magnitude of the anisotropic g-factor gl for υ′=0 is consistent with that expected from Curl’s relationship. However, at higher energies gl changes sign, a result we attribute to interaction with the repulsive 1 4 Π state, which is known to lead to predissociation at higher energies. The magnetic and electric quadrupole hyperfine constants were determined for OD( A 2 Σ + ,υ ′ =0–3) , and the constants for υ′=2,3 are reported here for the first time. The derived values are consistent with previous experimental results and available ab initio calculations.
Effects of Three Types of Verbal Distractors on Thinking in Acute Schizophrenia

Fifty acute schizophrenics were given a multiple choice verbal concept formation test (Distractor Test). Included among erroneous responses which might be chosen by Ss were associatively linked distractors (ALD), word contiguity distractors (WCD) and rhyme or clang distractors (RD). It was found that most of the treatment effect was produced by the contrast between the number of ALD produced errors and the number resulting from WCDs and RDs combined. However, WCDs also produced significantly more errors than RDs.
Optimized trial wave functions for quantum Monte Carlo calculations

We present a procedure for obtaining optimized trial wave functions for use in quantum Monte Carlo calculations that have both smaller statistical errors and improved expectation values, compared to commonly used functions. Results are presented for several two-electron atoms and ions (including some excited states) and for the Be atom.
Shielding of Lipid Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery: Impact on Physicochemical Properties, Cytokine Induction, and Efficacy

Formulation of short interfering RNA (siRNA) into multicomponent lipid nanoparticles (LNP) is an effective strategy for hepatic delivery and therapeutic gene silencing. This study systematically evaluated the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) density on LNP physicochemical properties, innate immune response stimulation, and in vivo efficacy. Increased PEG density not only shielded LNP surface charge but also reduced hemolytic activity, suggesting the formation of a steric barrier. In addition, increasing the PEG density reduced LNP immunostimulatory potential as reflected in cytokine induction both in vivo and in vitro. Higher PEG density also hindered in vivo efficacy, presumably due to reduced association with apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a protein which serves as an endogenous targeting ligand to hepatocytes. This effect could be overcome by incorporating an exogenous targeting ligand into the highly shielded LNPs, thereby circumventing the requirement for ApoE association. Therefore, these studies provide useful information for the rational design of LNP-based siRNA delivery systems with an optimal safety and efficacy profile.
Effects of flame type and pressure on entrained coal gasification

Abstract An experimental study of pulverized coal gasification was performed to evaluate the effects of flame type and gasifier pressure. O 2 coal ratio (0.53–1.09 kg/kg), coal feed rate (22.9–34.5 kg h) , and pressure (100, 500 and 1050 k Pa) were varied for premixed and diffusion flames in the gasifier. Premixing of coal and oxygen markedly increased carbon conversion, compared with that for diffusion flames at constant pressure. Above an O 2 coal ratio of 0.8 , carbon conversion increased with increasing pressure for diffusion flames, but no such increase was observed for premixed flames. At higher pressures in premixed flames, all reactions were completed near the burner with little change in gas concentrations elsewhere in the gasifier.
Practical analysis and design of mechanically-stabilized earth walls - I. Design philosophies and procedures

Design methods with the important design/construction considerations for mechanically-stabilized earth (MSE) walls are described. A general analysis/design procedure for MSE wall systems is discussed in detail. The effects of design methods, particularly the impact of the new load and resistance factor design (LRFD) method, on MSE walls are discussed in the companion paper (Part II) through the use of realistic examples. To ease the comparisons among the various design approaches, a unified notation is used to express all equations.