cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract T P221: Effect of CD4 And CD8 T Lymphocytes on Infarct Volume Following Experimental Stroke in Male Splenectomized Mice

We have previously shown profound splenic activation by 6 hours following experimental stroke, resulting in rapid and widespread increased production of inflammatory factors by basal and activated splenocytes in male mice. Our lab and others have also shown a subsequent extensive loss of lymphocytes and increased lymphocyte apoptosis in spleen 12 hours after experimental stroke. Lastly, we and others have shown that splenic immunocytes can contribute to increased brain inflammation and infarct volume. However, it is unclear which splenic immunocyte populations may contribute to the evolving ischemic brain injury. Using a mouse splenectomy model and adoptive cell transfer protocols, we evaluated the effect of different splenic immunocyte populations, specifically CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes, on infarct volume. Male C57BL/6J mice were splenectomized 14 days before experimental stroke and treated 24 hours before experimental stroke with either vehicle (saline), CD4 T lymphocytes, or CD8 T lymphocytes obtained from GFP reporter mice. Each mouse (n=8-10 per group) then underwent 60 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion via intraluminal filament. All mice were euthanized and brains collected at 96 hours of reperfusion. Infarct volume (% corrected contralateral structure) was determined by image analysis of coronal brain slices stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Adoptive transfer of GFP positive CD4 (cortex, 44±3%; striatum, 50±2%) or CD8 (cortex, 48±2%; striatum, 53±3%) T lymphocytes in splenectomized male mice did not alter infarct volume compared to vehicle-treated (cortex, 38±4%; striatum, 42±5%) splenectomized males (cortex, p=0.140; striatum, p=0.143). Although adding back CD4 or CD8 T lymphocytes did not appear to alter infarct volume, these immunocyte populations are comprised of both inflammatory and regulatory subtypes. Thus, future studies will evaluate the effect of different CD4 and CD8 subpopulations on ischemic brain outcomes. This study was supported by National Institutes of Health grant NS076013.
Polymorphing software by randomizing data structure layout

This paper introduces a new software polymorphism technique that randomizes program data structure layout. This technique will generate different data structure layouts for a program and thus diversify the binary code compiled from the same program source code. This technique can mitigate attacks (e.g., kernel rootkit attacks) that require knowledge about data structure definitions. It is also able to disrupt the generation of data structure-based program signatures. We have implemented our data structure layout randomization technique in the open source compiler collection gcc-4.2.4 and applied it to a number of programs. Our evaluation results show that our technique is able to achieve software binary diversity. We also apply the technique to one operating system data structure in order to foil a number of kernel rootkit attacks. Meanwhile, programs produced by the technique were analyzed by a state-of-the-art data structure inference system and it was demonstrated that reliance on data structure signatures alone may lead to false negatives in malware detection.
An Estimate of H0 Using Cepheid Period Luminosity Relations at Maximum Light

We develop the technique of using Cepheid period luminosity relations at maximum light to estimate distance. This is different to the standard technique which uses the correlation between period and mean light to estimate distance. We present the Cepheid distance to 5 galaxies observed by the Key Project using this method. Generally the distances we calculate agree with the KP results though in some cases our results differ by as much as 0.15 mags. In a crude application of the method, we compute the distance to 1365 whose recession velocity is known. This leads to an estimate of Ho of 73 ± 17 km/sec/Mpc. The large error on this estimate is due to the large error on the recession velocity.
Microwave Background Radiation Observations at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory: Analysis and Results

The admonition “If you don’t know where you’re going you’re liable to wind up somewhere else” is appropriate at the beginning of a discussion on MBR data analysis, since the best procedure to use depends on whether we want to: 1) compare our results with previous observations; 2) compare them with generic models; or 3) test individual models.
An integrated digital radio and fiber optics system

The author describes an integrated network recently installed for San Diego Gas and Electric in San Diego, CA. The general requirements of the system are described from the system operator's perspective along with the unique features of both the topology and essential equipment elements that support the integration principle. It is noted that this private digital microwave and fiber-optic system is a modern integrated network using radio, fiber-optic, access, cross-connect, and switching technology. The wealth of bandwidth provided by the digital facilities, transparently transported over radio and fiber-optic equipment, can be treated as a commodity by the system operator. New services to meet the needs of internal and external customers can be delivered responsively. Capital and operational costs are reduced, and service availability and user convenience are improved by carefully considering the interconnect and interaction of the various elements of the network. >
Visual behavior differences in females as a function of self-perceived expertise

The present study investigated the effects of expert power on subjects' visual behavior while speaking and while listening. Female subjects were selected for dyads on the basis of their areas of expertise. Each pair was matched so that the topic on which one subject felt expert was an area in which the other subject felt inexpert. When discussing an area of expertise, subjects exhibited equivalent rates of look-speak and look-listen behaviors; when discussing areas of inexpertise or neutral topics, subjects looked less while speaking and while listening. Factors contributing to visual dominance behavior were considered.
Carbon nitride and other speculative superhard materials

Abstract In 1984, the author predicted in an unpublished patent disclosure letter at the Diamond Technology Center of Norton Company that C3N4 may be harder than diamond, the hardest material known. According to this disclosure, C3N4 may exist with two phases (α and β) that are isostructural to corresponding phases of Si3N4. In order to estimate the hardness of these hypothetical materials, the author contracted Professor M. Cohen to calculate the theoretical values of their bulk moduli. Cohen has since published such results and confirmed that C3N4 may be superhard. Bulk modulus is the best indicator of hardness for materials with diamond-like structure. An accurate regression equation for bulk modulus (B in kb) has been derived from 24 diamond-like semiconductors made of elements in Groups III, IV, and V as follows: In B = 975P−0.0448D−0.423C0.0462, where P is the average period number of the constituent elements and D their average interatomic distance; C = 4 −Δp/2, where Δp is the difference of the number of p-orbital electrons between bonding atoms. Bulk moduli so calculated for the 24 semiconductors deviate by E only 1.8% on average from their literature values. Using the above equation, the bulk modulus of a hypothetical diamond-like structure made of CN was calculated to be 4.9 Mb. C3N4 has 24/28 of the number of bonds per formula as compared with a diamond-like structure so its bulk modulus may be reduced in proportion to 4.2 Mb. This value is on a par with diamond (4.4 Mb) but significantly higher than the 3.7 Mb for cubic boron nitride, the second hardest material known. Based on the analogy of the hardness differences between corresponding phases (α and β) of Si3N4 and SiC, it is predicted, that α-C3N4 is harder than diamond (CC), whereas β-C3N4 is softer. Both phases of C3N4 could be more thermally stable than diamond. Hence, it may have advantages over diamond in processing and applications at high temperatures.
Intracerebral administration of metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists disrupts prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in Sprague-Dawley rats.

The functional role of striatal metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) was examined by measuring prepulse inhibition (PPI) of an acoustic startle response following the intracerebral administration of selective agonists in male Sprague-Dawley rats prepared with bilateral cannulae aimed at either the nucleus accumbens or dorsal striatum. mGluR subtypes (1–8) are classed in three groups based on sequence homology, signal transduction mechanism and pharmacology. Intra-accumbens 1S,3R-ACPD, an agonist at group 1 and 2 mGluRs (0.5–1.0 µmol/2 µl), caused a dose-dependent loss of PPI. The effect of 1S,3R-ACPD was diminished when injected into dorsal striatum. Intra-accumbens infusion of the group 1 selective agonist 3,5-DHPG (1 µmol) and the group 2 selective agonist l-CCG-I (100 nmol) also led to statistically significant disruptions of PPI, while the group 3 selective agonist l-AP4 (0.4–1.0 µmol) had no significant effect. Although the group 1/2 mGluR antagonist (+) MCPG (0.5 µmol) had no significant effect of its own on PPI, co-administration with 1S,3R-ACPD (1 µmol) blocked ACPD-induced loss of PPI. In addition, pretreatment (30 min) with haloperidol (0.3 mg/kg IP) attenuated the PPI disruption induced by 1 µmol 1S,3R-ACPD, suggesting dopamine may play a role in mGluR agonist induced loss of PPI. These results support a role for group 1 and group 2 mGluRs in the nucleus accumbens in the regulation of PPI, a measure of sensory gating. As PPI is abnormal in some patient populations, such as Huntington’s and schizophrenia, mGluRs may have potential as novel therapeutic targets for these diseases.
Single- vs Multiple-Problem Training in Subsequent Discrimination Learning

Summary.-36 Grade 2 and 3 students were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups receiving single-problem training, multiple-problem training, or no training with intervening, pretest, and posttest exposure to selected plates of the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale. It was hypothesized that rype of problemsolving training would influence subsequent ability to solve a novel problemsolving task with multiple training resulting in the greatest positive transfer. An analysis of variance applied to the number of successful choices indicated that the effects of groups and Group X Sex were significant. Further, orthogonal comparisons indicated that the combined mean for the groups receiving singleand multiple-problem training was significantly larger than the mean score for the control group and that the mean of the group receiving multiple-problem training differed significantly from the mean of the group receiving singleproblem training. Adams (1954) studied the effects of single vs multiple problem-solving training on subsequent problem solving. The problem class was simple discrimination learning where the general solution was the same for all problems but the stimulus characteristics varied across problem sets. Although Ss in both groups received an equal number of trials during training, one group of Ss was given 24 problem sets while another group given only one set prior to the test set. The results indicated that single-problem training resulted in greater proficiency in the solution of a new problem than did multiple-problem training. White and Spiker (1960) compared the generalization gradients resulting from training to several stimuli to those resulting from training to constant stimuli. One group of Ss was given variable training involving three stimulus classes, and a second group of Ss was given an equal number of trials involving a single stimulus class. Although there were no significant differences over the last half of training, generalization was significantly greater for the variably trained Ss in the test situation than for Ss given constant stimulus training. The stimuli in the test situation consisted of different stimuli of the same class which were common to both the single-stimulus group and the multiple-stimulus group. White ( 1961) reported two experiments which investigated the effects of pretraining with varied- vs constant-stimuli on discrimination learning of children. In the first study, one group of Ss was presented a two-choice colordiscrimination task over 8 trials in which the correct choice was also the correct response required in the test phase. A second group received the same pretraining as the first but were given 24 trials. A third group was presented the same precraining as the first plus two sets of 8 trials involving discrimination of
G6PD: Population genetics and clinical manifestations

The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene is X-linked. There are numerous mutations that cause a deficiency of this enzyme in erythrocytes. G6PD deficiency can produce anemia, both when drugs are administered and under the stress induced by infection. Functionally severe variants cause hereditary non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia, i.e. anemia even in the absence of stress. Neonatal jaundice occurs in G6PD deficiency, but it is likely that it is largely due to impairment of liver function, rather than to hemolysis. It has been suggested that there are clinical manifestations of G6PD deficiency that are related to other tissues, but the existence of these is not well documented. Some mutations that produce G6PD deficiency in red cells exist at polymorphic frequencies. Individuals with such mutations seem to have enjoyed a selective advantage because of resistance to falciparum malaria. Different mutations, each characteristic of certain populations, are found, and have been characterized at the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) level. G6PD A-(202A376G) is the most common African mutation. G6PD Mediterranean(563T) is found in Southern Europe, the Middle East and in the Indian subcontinent. Several other mutations are common in Asia. Genetic variability of G6PD has played an important role in the understanding of a variety of developmental processes.
Fault interaction and its repercussions

Multiple faults in a program can interact to form new behaviors in a program that would not be realized if the program were to contain the individual faults. This paper presents an in-depth study of the effects of the interaction of faults within a program. Many researchers attempt to ameliorate the effects of faulty programs. Unfortunately, such researchers are left to rely upon intuition about fault behavior due to the paucity of formalized studies of faults and their behavior. In an attempt to advance the understanding of faults and their behavior, we conducted a study of fault interaction across six subjects with more than 65,000 multiple-fault versions. The results of our study show four significant types of interaction, with one type — faults obscuring the effects of other faults — as the most prevalent type. The prevalence of obscuring faults' effects has an adverse effect on many automated software-engineering techniques, such as regression-testing, fault-localization, and fault-clustering techniques. Given that software commonly contains more than a single fault, these results have implications for developers and researchers alike by informing them of expected complications, which in many instances are opposite to intuition.
Cored-Based Tree with Forwarding Regions (CBT-FR); A Protocol for Reliable Multicasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In this paper we propose a new protocol for reliable multicast in a multihop mobile radio network. The protocol is reliable, i.e., it guarantees message delivery to all multicast nodes even when the topology of the network changes during multicasting. The proposed protocol uses a core-based shared tree. The multicast tree may get fragmented due to node movements. The notion of a forwarding region is introduced which is used to glue together fragments of multicast trees. The gluing process involves flooding the forwarding region of only those nodes that witness topology change due to node mobility. Delivery of multicast messages to mobile nodes is expedited through (i) pushing the message by witness nodes in their forwarding regions and (ii) pulling messages by a mobile node during (re)joining process. Hence, the protocol conserves network bandwidth by using a combination of the push?pull approach and by restricting flooding only to the essential parts of the network that are affected by topology change. We develop a theoretical model to compute the probability of packet loss (as a function of the mobility rate) for our proposed scheme compared to the the core-based tree protocol (CBT); we also evaluate the effectiveness of forwarding regions as compared to traditional flooding. Our analysis shows that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms CBT.
A Broader and Bolder Approach to School Reform: Expanded Partnership Roles for School Counselors

This article describes a broader, bolder approach to education reform aimed at addressing the social and economic disadvantages that hinder student achievement. Central principles of this approach to reform include the provision of supports such as early childhood and preschool programs, after-school and summer enrichment programs, parent education programs, and school-based or school-linked health services. The authors discuss expanded partnership roles and three priority areas for school counselors to meet the needs of students and address the social, economic, and other barriers that hinder students' learning: (a) engage families and community members in their children's education, (b) partner to provide high-quality P-12 enrichment and out-of-school programs, and (c) collaborate to connect children to health services.
The plantar fasciotomy : MR imaging findings in asymptomatic volunteers

Objective. To determine the postoperative appearance of the plantar fascia on MR imaging after a fasciotomy has been performed, and to compare the postsurgical appearance of the fascia after an open and endoscopic procedure. Design and patients. Fifteen asymptomatic volunteers (12 women, 3 men; age range 22–49 years, mean age 33 years) with prior fasciotomies for treatment of longstanding plantar fasciitis were studied. Fourteen volunteers had a unilateral release and one volunteer had bilateral releases, allowing for assessment of 16 ankles. Eight fasciotomies were performed through an open incision and eight were performed endoscopically. The average time between surgery and imaging was 24 months (range 11–46 months). The site of surgery was established from the operative reports. Proton density (PD)-weighted and T2-weighted images in three orthogonal planes were obtained on a 1.5-T magnet. In eight studies, T1-weighted sagittal and STIR sagittal images were included. The fascia in each ankle was assessed for morphology and signal intensity. Perifascial soft tissues and bone marrow were assessed for edema. Preoperative MR studies were available in five volunteers. Results. There was no apparent difference in the postoperative appearance of the ankle after an open or endoscopic procedure except for scar formation in the subcutaneous fat which was common after an open procedure (P Conclusions. The average thickness of the plantar fascia in asymptomatic volunteers after surgery is nearly 2–3 times that of normal. While there is increased thickness at the site of surgery, the changes in morphology and signal intensity were most prominent at the enthesis. The key observation was absence of edema in the fascia and perifascial soft tissues. This baseline information may be of value when assessing MR studies of symptomatic patients.
Zone-melting recrystallization of thick silicon on insulator films

Abstract We report “unseeded” zone-melting recrystallization of encapsulated Si films, up to 60 μm thick, on SiO2. The crystallographic texture of the films changes from (100) to random as the thickness is increased beyond 5 μm. The subboundary spacing increases with film thickness, and two regimes of thickness dependence are observed. We report a vertical-constriction patterning technique which enables a uniform (100) texture to be achieved in thick films.
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a biyouyanagin compound library

Modern drug discovery efforts rely, to a large extent, on lead compounds from two classes of small organic molecules; namely, natural products (i.e., secondary metabolites) and designed compounds (i.e., synthetic molecules). In this article, we demonstrate how these two domains of lead compounds can be merged through total synthesis and molecular design of analogs patterned after the targeted natural products, whose promising biological properties provide the motivation. Specifically, the present study targeted the naturally occurring biyouyanagins A and B and their analogs through modular chemical synthesis and led to the discovery of small organic molecules possessing anti-HIV and anti-arenavirus properties.
Modeling concurrent programs with colored Petri nets

Abstract We show how colored Petri nets can be used to model concurrent programs. We describe a translation from a substantive subset of Ada including dynamic tasking, subroutines, and generics, constructs that have not been modeled with Petri nets before. The technical challenge overcome by translation is to avoid duplicated subnets in the presence of synchronization. This assists modular analysis of the components. The translation has been implemented in the programming language ML. We develop a new Petri net model for concurrent programs using colored Petri nets. This model is concise, natural, and has other properties desirable for the purposes we require. The model uses a relatively rare form of colored Petri nets to achieve these advantages. We describe some techniques we have developed to analyze the colored Petri net model. In particular, we consider a notion of a critical path in the model. We apply these techniques to models of Ada programs.
Ah-receptor-dependent modulation of gene expression by aged and diluted sidestream cigarette smoke

Abstract Cigarette smoke is known to induce cytochrome P4501A1 expressionand activity in a variety of species. Although the elevation of this isozyme is assumed to be associated with the activation of the CYPlAl gene through a ligand-mediated mechanism involving the Ah-receptor (AhR), this bas not been determined. In this study we have examined the mechanism by which an ambient level of aged and diluted sidestream cigarette smoke (ADSS) induces cytochrome P4501AL Effects of ADSS on C57BL16N and DBA/2N mice were examined. Induction of P4501A1-associated ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) activity was observed in the lungs of C57BL/6N mice, while there was no induction in DBA/2N mice. ADSS also induced EROD in wild-type mouse hepatoma (Hepa1c1c7) cells (hepal), but not in variant hepal cells defective in the AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT) protein. ADSS exposure of recombinant hepal cells, stably transfected with a reporter plasmid containing the luciferase gene under control of several dioxin responsive enhancers (DREs), resulted in a time- and exposure-dependent induction of luciferase activity. ADSS-mediated induction of luciferase activity was inhibited by a-naphthoflavone (αNF), an Ah-receptor antagonist. Gel retardation analysis demonstrated that exposure to ADSS induced transformation and DNA binding of the AhR complex. In summary, our results not only indicate a role for the AhR in mediating the induction of P4501A1 by ADSS, but also demonstrate that environmentally relevant levels of ADSS must contain AhR ligands at sufficient concentrations to activate gene expression in an AhR-dependent manner.
The hidden ocean at the top of Earth's core

Abstract It has been suggested more than once that the uppermost layer of Earth's liquid core is strably stratified, even though the fluid beneath it is in a state of vigorous convection (see, e.g. Braginsky, 1993, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 45: 1517–1538). A Boussinesq model of core convection is set up to examine this question, and a possible mechanism through which a stably stratified layer could arise is identified. The structure of such a layer is studied, and the propagation of disturbances within it (sometimes called ‘MAC-waves’) is very briefly considered. Comparisons with Braginsky's theory are made.
Acute Obstructive Suppurative Pancreatic Ductitis in an Asymptomatic Patient

Acute obstructive suppurative pancreatic ductitis (AOSPD), defined as suppuration from the pancreatic duct without associated pseudocyst, abscess, or necrosis, is a rare complication of chronic pancreatitis. We present the first case of AOSPD in an asymptomatic patient with a polymicrobial infection and review the literature on this rare clinical entity.
Innovation and Crisis in Organizational Analysis

The study of organizations has been guided by a paradigm consisting of interrelated theoretical, methodological, and practical commitments. Theoretically, a problematic of rational structuring has ...
Guardianship in context: Implications for burglary victimization risk and prevention

Survey data from 4,227 Seattle residents nested within 100 “neighborhoods” (census tracts) were analyzed to discern interrelationships between various dimensions of individual-level and neighborhood-level guardianship. We focused on four dimensions of guardianship–physical (target hardening), personal (home occupancy), social (informal control), and natural (surveillance through environmental design)–at both individual and neighborhood levels. A multilevel opportunity, theoretical framework guided hypotheses, which suggests that each of the four dimensions of individual guardianship would be related more negatively to burglary as each of the four dimensions of aggregate guardianship increased. Multilevel logistic regression analysis revealed support for many of such hypothesized moderating effects of aggregate guardianship. More specifically, 6 of the 16 possible interaction effects were statistically significant at the .05 level and an additional 3 interaction effects were significant at the .10 level. In particular, individuallevel target hardening, place management, and natural surveillancewere related more negatively to burglary as neighborhood-level target hardening increased, as neighborhood-level informal social control increased, and as neighborhood-level natural surveillance increased.
Amino Acid Composition of Wheat Varieties and Flours Varying Widely in Bread-Making Potentialities

SUMMARY Eight composites of hard red winter wheat varieties and 5 hard red spring wheat varieties from several locations, and single samples of soft red winter, durum, and club (white) wheat were milled to flour on a semi-commercial mill, and their chemical composition, rheological properties, and bread-making potentialities were evaluated. Protein determined by the Kjeldahl procedure was highly correlated with protein estimates by the acid-orange-12 binding method. The histidine, arginine, threonine, glycine, and methionine concentrations in protein were negatively correlated, and the glutamic acid and proline concentrations were positively correlated, with the total protein contents of the wheats. The contents of almost all the amino acids increased as the protein of the wheat and flour samples increased. Only cystine and methionine in the wheat, and lysine, cystine, and methionine in the flour failed to follow this pattern. Milling wheat to flour lowered (in decreasing order) concentrations of lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, glycine, alanine, tyrosine, histidine, threonine, and valine. The concentrations of glutamic acid, proline, and phenylalanine were higher in flour than in wheat. The concentrations in protein of basic amino acids, glutamic acid, and threonine were significantly correlated with certain rheological properties or bread-making potentialities of the flours. Proteins of hard red spring wheats contained less lysine, arginine, and methionine, and more cystine, than hard red winter wheats.
Transmission and reflection properties of periodic dispersive materials

The transfer matrix method has been used for the calculation of transmission and reflection properties of periodic and/or disordered dispersive photonic band gap (PBG) materials. We have studied the transmission properties of: (1) PBG materials constructed of low resistive Si wafers forming the newly proposed layer-by-layer structure and exhibiting PBG at around 100 GHz; (2) a two-dimensional square lattice consisting of metallic wires; (3) materials having structural gaps close to a polariton gap.
Pegfilgrastim Administered Once Per Cycle Reduces Incidence of Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia

Neutropenia is a common and potentially dangerous adverse effect of cancer chemotherapy. It also often necessitates a reduction or delay in dose, thus compromising efficacy. The human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor filgrastim has been proven to have a good safety profile and to be effective in accelerating neutrophil recovery and reducing the incidence of infections following myelosuppressive chemotherapy. However, its short serum half-life necessitates daily administration. Pegylated filgrastim (pegfilgrastim) was developed by attaching a polyethylene glycol moiety to the filgrastim protein. Pegfilgrastim binds to the same cell surface receptor on neutrophils and their precursors as filgrastim and stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of neutrophils through the same mechanism. However, because of the pegylation, it is minimally cleared by the kidneys and has a much longer serum half-life. Furthermore, its clearance is neutrophil dependent and thus 'self-regulated'. Pegfilgrastim is administered as a single subcutaneous injection per cycle of chemotherapy. In clinical trials it has been shown to be comparable in efficacy to filgrastim in decreasing the incidence of infection as manifested by febrile neutropenia following chemotherapy. Its safety profile and tolerability are similar to those of filgrastim.
Context attributes in memory are bound to item information, but not to one another

In four experiments, we compared binding between item and context information with binding between different types of context information. Participants studied line drawings of common objects that appeared in both different colors and different locations. We explored the effects of reinstating one type of information on recognition memory for another type, and we also tested the participants’ ability to discriminate intact from rearranged pairings of two types of information. Results showed that different contextual dimensions (i.e., color and location) were bound to item information (i.e., object information), but not to each other.
A multi-resolution approach to global ocean modeling

Abstract A new global ocean model (MPAS-Ocean) capable of using enhanced resolution in selected regions of the ocean domain is described and evaluated. Three simulations using different grids are presented. The first grid is a uniform high-resolution (15 km) mesh; the second grid has similarly high resolution (15 km) in the North Atlantic (NA), but coarse resolution elsewhere; the third grid is a variable resolution grid like the second but with higher resolution (7.5 km) in the NA. Simulation results are compared to observed sea-surface height (SSH), SSH variance and selected current transports. In general, the simulations produce subtropical and subpolar gyres with peak SSH amplitudes too strong by between 0.25 and 0.40 m. The mesoscale eddy activity within the NA is, in general, well simulated in both structure and amplitude. The uniform high-resolution simulation produces reasonable representations of mesoscale activity throughout the global ocean. Simulations using the second variable-resolution grid are essentially identical to the uniform case within the NA region. The third case with higher NA resolution produces a simulation that agrees somewhat better in the NA with observed SSH, SSH variance and transports than the two 15 km simulations. The actual throughput, including I/O, for the x1-15 km simulation is the same as the structured grid Parallel Ocean Program ocean model in its standard high-resolution 0.1° configuration. Our overall conclusion is that this ocean model is a viable candidate for multi-resolution simulations of the global ocean system on climate-change time scales.
Computer-Automated Static, Dynamic and Cellular Bone Histomorphometry.

Dynamic and cellular histomorphometry of trabeculae is the most biologically relevant way of assessing steady state bone health. Traditional measurement involves manual visual feature identification by a trained and qualified professional. Inherent with this methodology is the time and cost expenditure, as well as the subjectivity that naturally arises under human visual inspection. In this work, we propose a rapidly deployable, automated, and objective method for dynamic histomorphometry. We demonstrate that our method is highly effective in assessing cellular activities in distal femur and vertebra of mice which are injected with calcein and alizarin complexone 7 and 2 days prior to sacrifice. The mineralized bone tissues of mice are cryosectioned using a tape transfer protocol. A sequential workflow is implemented in which endogenous fluorescent signals (bone mineral, green and red mineralization lines), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase identified by ELF97 and alkaline phosphatase identified by Fast Red are captured as individual tiled images of the section for each fluorescent color. All the images are then submitted to an image analysis pipeline that automates identification of the mineralized regions of bone and selection of a region of interest. The TRAP and AP stained images are aligned to the mineralized image using strategically placed fluorescent registration beads. Fluorescent signals are identified and are related to the trabecular surface within the ROI. Subsequently, the pipelined method computes static measurements, dynamic measurements, and cellular activities of osteoclast and osteoblast related to the trabecular surface. Our method has been applied to the distal femurs and vertebrae of 8 and 16 week old male and female C57Bl/6 mice. The histomorphometric results reveal a significantly greater bone turnover rate in female in contrast to male irrespective of age, validating similar outcomes reported by other studies.
Semaphorin 3d promotes cell proliferation and neural crest cell development downstream of TCF in the zebrafish hindbrain

Neural crest cells (NCCs) are pluripotent migratory cells that are crucial to the development of the peripheral nervous system, pigment cells and craniofacial cartilage and bone. NCCs are specified within the dorsal ectoderm and undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in order to migrate to target destinations where they differentiate. Here we report a role for a member of the semaphorin family of cell guidance molecules in NCC development. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of Sema3d inhibits the proliferation of hindbrain neuroepithelial cells. In addition, Sema3d knockdown reduces markers of migratory NCCs and disrupts NCC-derived tissues. Similarly, expression of a dominant-repressor form of TCF (ΔTCF) reduces hindbrain cell proliferation and leads to a disruption of migratory NCC markers. Moreover, expression of ΔTCF downregulates sema3d RNA expression. Finally, Sema3d overexpression rescues reduced proliferation caused byΔ TCF expression, suggesting that Sema3d lies downstream of Wnt/TCF signaling in the molecular pathway thought to control cell cycle in NCC precursors.
Factors Associated with Detection and Receipt of Treatment for Youth with Depression and Anxiety Disorders

Objective Anxiety and depression are common among youth and are associated with significant morbidity. Few youth with depression are diagnosed and receive treatment for these disorders. The purpose of this study was to examine the rate of recognition and management among an insured population and the factors associated with evidence of detection among youth. Methods Structured mental health interviews assessing depression and anxiety diagnoses were completed with a random sample of 581 youth (age range 11–17 years) from an integrated health care system. Administrative data on medical and pharmacy services were used to examine any evidence of detection by the medical system in the prior 12 months. Results Fifty-one youth met criteria for an anxiety or depressive disorder. Twenty-two percent of these youth with an anxiety or depressive disorder as defined in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition had evidence of detection or treatment. Factors associated with detection and treatment included having diagnosis of a depressive disorder (with or without an anxiety disorder), more depressive symptoms, greater functional impairment, a higher number of primary care visits in the prior year, and higher parent-reported externalizing symptoms. On multivariate analysis, having more depressive symptoms and a higher number of primary care visits were significant predictors of detection and receipt of treatment. Conclusions The rate of detection and treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders is very low in this age group and suggests a need for increased focus on detection, particularly in light of recent evidence suggesting decreases in diagnosis and treatment among youth following the black box warning regarding antidepressant medications.
Monitoring phase formation of Pb-substituted Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconducting samples at different preparative stages using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction

Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to follow structure and phase formation at various stages in order to study the effect of Pb substitution in (Bi1−xPb x Sr3Ca3Cu4O y samples. We found that major reactions involving Bi2O3 occurred at around 700°C and that reactions with Ca, Cu, and Pb started at a lower temperature. The amount of Ca2PbO4 formed increases as a function of lead concentration and annealing temperature (up to 800°C), but excess lead substitution (50%) destroys the superconductivity. The high-temperature superconducting phase (2223) is only observed in the 15% and 20% leaded samples. These two samples exhibit a higher amount of Ca2PbO4 during intermediate processing stages, which suggests that the presence of the Ca2PbO4 is important for the formation of the high-T c phase. It was found that theT c increases with lead concentration (up to 20% Pb).
Femtosecond thermoreflectivity and thermotransmissivity of polycrystalline and single-crystalline gold films.

Utilisation d'un laser femtoseconde pour generer et souder les electrons chauds dans les films fins d'or polycristallins et monocristallins. La duree de vie de la perte d'energie par les electrons chauds est de 1-3 Ps et croit avec la fluence laser. Pour des epaisseurs de flms comparables a la profondeur de peau optique, la duree de vie pour les films polycristallins est legerement inferieure a celle des films monocristallins. Pour les films plus epais, le transport des electrons chauds est en competition avec la perte d'energie. Le transport electronique s'avere plus lent dans les films polycristallins
Investigation of response factor ruggedness for the determination of drug impurities using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

Quantification of impurities in drug substances and dosage forms using HPLC assays with UV detection is often done by comparison to a standard of the drug itself. Depending on the spectra of the compounds involved, small changes in wavelength may cause response factors to vary from day to day and instrument to instrument. Lack of assay ruggedness with respect to wavelength can lead to poor reproducibility of results. Response factor ruggedness was investigated for potential impurities in LY297802 tartrate, a potent muscarinic agonist. The UV responses of some impurities at 280 nm, the analytical detection wavelength, differ from that of the parent and change significantly with small shifts in wavelength. The ruggedness of response factors was examined on a single detector and among several different detectors. Results varied significantly among the different detectors. The UV spectra of the impurities could be used to predict the effect of wavelength on ruggedness of response. A wavelength system suitability sample is proposed as a way to overcome variability due to small differences in detector wavelength.
A comprehensive approach to identification of surface-exposed, outer membrane-spanning proteins of Leptospira interrogans.

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis with worldwide distribution caused by pathogenic spirochetes belonging to the genus Leptospira. The leptospiral life cycle involves transmission via fresh water and colonization of the renal tubules of their reservoir hosts or infection of accidental hosts, including humans. Bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs), particularly those with surface-exposed regions, play crucial roles in virulence mechanisms of pathogens and the adaptation to various environmental conditions, including those of the mammalian host. Little is known about the surface-exposed OMPs in Leptospira, particularly those with outer membrane-spanning domains. Herein, we describe a comprehensive strategy for identification and characterization of leptospiral transmembrane OMPs. The genomic sequence of L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni strain Fiocruz L1–130 allowed us to employ the β-barrel prediction programs, PRED-TMBB and TMBETA-NET, to identify potential transmembrane OMPs. Several complementary methods were used to characterize four novel OMPs, designated OmpL36, OmpL37, OmpL47 and OmpL54. In addition to surface immunofluorescence and surface biotinylation, we describe surface proteolysis of intact leptospires as an improved method for determining the surface exposure of leptospiral proteins. Membrane integration was confirmed using techniques for removal of peripheral membrane proteins. We also demonstrate deficiencies in the Triton X-114 fractionation method for assessing the outer membrane localization of transmembrane OMPs. Our results establish a broadly applicable strategy for the elucidation of novel surface-exposed outer membrane-spanning proteins of Leptospira, an essential step in the discovery of potential virulence factors, diagnostic antigens and vaccine candidates.
Measurement of Effective Diffusion Coefficients for Chloride Salts in Nonprotective Magnetite

Abstract Measurement of diffusion coefficients for chloride salts in nonprotective magnetite have been performed. The nonprotective magnetite was produced by corroding carbon steel in a chloride solution at 260°C. The nonprotective magnetite was grown under compression in an isothermal capsule to simulate “denting” of steam generator tubes in pressurized water reactors. The effective diffusion coefficients were measured as a function of the dent size at temperatures from 54 to 260°C. The effective diffusion coefficient is described in terms of the porosity of the nonprotective magnetite, the sodium chloride bulk diffusion coefficient, and an empirically determined lithologic factor. The lithologic factor is a parameter that accounts for the resistance to diffusion from the porous structure. The lithologic factor was found to be a strong function of temperature from 54 to 149°C. The lithologic factor was not found to be a function of the dent size for the range of dent sizes investigated (0 to 140 µm).
Conceptual Design of a Submersible Airplane

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency recently outlined a challenging set of requirements for a submersible aircraft that would be used for covert insertion of a team of operators in some coastal region around the world. The submersible airplane would combine the rapid deployment possible using air transport with the lower probability of detection of a submarine. The canonical mission DARPA specified for such an airplane included an 1,000 nautical mile cruise at altitude followed by a 100 nautical mile traverse either on or just above the surface, and then 12 nautical miles traveled below the surface. A total time of 8 hours was specified for this insertion portion of the mission. The airplane must carry 8 operators and their equipment for a total of 2,000 pounds of payload. The airplane must be able to traverse those distances, deploy the team of 8 operators, loiter for 3 days awaiting their return, and then retrace the underwater and surface portions of the mission before refueling. This paper presents the results of a conceptual design study undertaken to create a design capable of meeting or exceeding the requirements specified by DARPA. Methods for sizing the aircraft and evaluating its performance are presented along with trade studies to evaluate different design options. A baseline design configuration is presented that meets or exceeds each of the specified requirements.
Localization of the AMPA subunit GluR2 in the outer plexiform layer of goldfish retina.

L-glutamate, the photoreceptor neurotransmitter, depolarizes horizontal cells and OFF bipolar cells by ionotropic AMPA-glutamate receptors. The AMPA-receptor subunit (GluR4) is localized to dendrites of OFF bipolar cells in goldfish retina. Here, we used immunohistochemical techniques to identify AMPA-receptor subunits on horizontal cell dendrites. A monoclonal antibody against rat GluR2, with high sequence homology to the recently cloned goldfish GluR2a receptor, was used for light- and electron-microscopical immunocytochemistry. Light- and dark-adapted retinas were analyzed, with no major difference in results. GluR2-immunoreactivity (IR) was restricted to a narrow band in the outer plexiform layer, in which it appeared as bright dome-shaped structures amidst numerous puncta. At the ultrastructural level, GluR2-IR was found in horizontal cell dendrites that invaginated cones and rods. Dendrites of OFF bipolar cells were not labeled. GluR2-IR was present mostly in horizontal cell dendrites that were the lateral elements of the triad, rather than in dendrites that were the central elements. In light-adapted retinas, GluR2-IR was found in many horizontal cell spinules. GluR2-IR was observed, on occasion, in a mixed rod/cone (Mb) ON bipolar cell process that innervated rod spherules. Verification of the Mb ON bipolar cell was made by protein kinase C and metabotropic mGluR1α immunolabeling. The presence of GluR2-IR in lateral elements suggests that lateral horizontal cell dendrites are postsynaptic to cones rather than only sites of feedback inhibition. All horizontal cell types express the GluR2 subunit, uniquely differentiating themselves from OFF bipolar cells that express the GluR4 subunit. This differentiation most likely has a major influence on the glutamate pharmacology and response kinetics of these cell types to glutamate. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:155–167, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Symptomatic arachnoid cyst at the clivus drained stereotactically through the vertex

A 40-year-old man had an acute ischemic event affecting the pons. He had no cardiac illness or vasculities and was not diabetic or hypertensive. The contrast-enhanced computed tomographic scan disclosed nothing abnormal, and a vertebral angiogram showed an avascular mass markedly displacing the basilar artery and pons posteriorly and toward the right. A magnetic resonance image clearly delineated a homogeneous arachnoid cyst containing cerebrospinal fluid. To avoid manipulating posterior fossa arteries, after the recent pontine stroke, this arachnoid cyst with unusually favorable anatomical landmarks was approached stereotactically through the vertex. Fenestration and drainage of the cyst was accomplished under local anesthesia and benzodiazepine sedation with low morbidity. The procedure was well tolerated, and the patient returned to gainful employment shortly afterward. He remains asymptomatic at 3 years' follow-up. The successful outcome of this case suggests that in carefully selected symptomatic arachnoid cysts, stereotactic interventions could become a useful surgical alternative. Stereotaxis may also be helpful in other cumbersome surgical cases in which a second port for contrast injection or simple manipulation would be advantageous.