cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Universal timestamp-scheduling for real-time networks

Consider a network of computers interconnected by point-to-point communication channels. For each flow of packets through the network, the network reserves a fraction of the packet rate of each channel along the path of the flow. We define a family of scheduling protocols, called Universal Timestamp-Scheduling, to forward packets in this network, such that all members of the protocol family provide the same upper bound on packet delay as the well-known packet delay of Virtual Clock scheduling. The protocol family is called universal because it encompasses a wide variety of protocols. To show this, we prove that many scheduling protocols in the literature are members of the protocol family, and thus provide the above guarantee. In addition, we show that the protocols in the literature have only considered one side of the spectrum of possible scheduling protocols, and that there is another side of the spectrum that deserves attention and remains to be investigated.
Viral immunology: challenges associated with the progression from bench to clinic

The third in a series of workshops, 'Immunity to Viral Infections', was held at the Trudeau Institute, NY, USA from 20-22 September 2002.
Fictitious persons and real responsibilities

I believe that corporations should be held responsible for their actions. Traditional discussions about the moral responsibility of an organization have relied on a model of criminal intent. Demonstrating intent demands that we find a moral agent capable of intending, and this has led to problems. Here I replace the analysis based on criminal law by one based on tort law. Under this framework I suggest that corporations can be held responsible for the harms caused by their activities even if no person or persons in their decision making structure had formed malicious intent, since the sheer fact that the corporate environment encouraged or allowed negligence will be sufficient.
Subadditive duality in multiobjective integer linear programming

The concept of subadditived duality for integer linear programming is extended to integer linear programming with multiple objectives. Existence and duality results are given
User Implicit Interest Indicators learned from the Browser on the Client Side

In recent years, there has been a tremendous growth in the web and its usage, so much so that today many users find it difficult to get information that is relevant to them. This implies that there is a need to prioritize and try to get the information which the user is interested in. The behavior of the user is dynamic which makes it difficult to track his current interests and changes in his interests. If the user's interests are asked explicitly, most users tend to either ignore giving information or fill in wrong/incomplete information. Implicit user interested identification thus becomes imperative, which will not hamper his day-to-day web usage but the system learns about the users interests automatically, unobtrusively. This paper summarizes work done in the area of identifying user's interests implicitly through the actions performed by the user through his browser, while using the web. It also proposes measures to improve the efficiency of such systems by using a combinatorial approach.
Kinetic and spectroscopic characterization of ACMSD from Pseudomonas fluorescens reveals a pentacoordinate mononuclear metallocofactor.

The enzyme α-amino-β-carboxy-muconic-e-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) plays an important role in the biodegradation of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in microorganisms and in tryptophan catabolism in humans. We report that the overexpressed ACMSD enzyme from Pseudomonas fluorescens requires a divalent metal, such as Co(II), Fe(II), Cd(II), or Mn(II), for catalytic activity and that neither a redox reagent nor an organic cofactor is required for the catalytic function. The metal ions can be taken up in either cell or cell-free preparations for generating the active form of ACMSD. The kinetic parameters and enzyme specific activity are shown to depend on the metal ion present in the enzyme, suggesting a catalytic role of the metal center. EPR spectrum of Co(II)-ACMSD provides a high-spin (S = 3/2) mononuclear metal ion in a non-heme, noncorrinoid environment with a mixed nitrogen/oxygen ligand field. We observe hyperfine interactions due to 59Co nucleus at temperatures below 5 K but not at higher temperatures. Ten...
Yields of sputtered metal clusters: the influence of surface structure

Abstract Sputtered neutral In n clusters generated by 4-keV Ar + ions impinging onto an indium surface were investigated by single photon ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The distribution of the cluster sputtering yields as a function of the cluster size, n , was determined for various states of the sample surface. First, spectra taken on a solid and a liquid indium surface were compared to investigate the role of crystal structure. Second, the influence of surface microroughness was studied by comparing spectra taken on a freshly molten and re-solidified surface to those taken after prolonged ion bombardment. It is found that neither the crystal structure nor the surface topography play a significant role in cluster sputtering.
Electrical Properties of Hypothalamic Neuroendocrine Cells

Goldfish hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells have been investigated with intracellular recordings. The cells showed resting potentials of 50 mv and action potentials up to 117 mv followed by a long lasting and prominent diphasic hyperpolarizing afterpotential. The action potential occurred in two steps indicating sequential invasion. "Total" neuron (input) resistance was measured to be 3.3 x 10(7) ohm and total neuron time constant was 42 msec. Orthodromic volleys, produced by olfactory tract stimulation, generated graded excitatory postsynaptic potentials. These neuroendocrine cells seem, therefore, to have electrical membrane properties that are similar to those of other central neurons. Antidromic volleys (pituitary stimulation) produced inhibitory post-synaptic potentials whose latency was only slightly longer than that of the antidromic spike indicating the presence of recurrent collaterals. This finding suggests that the concept of the neuroendocrine cell as a neuron whose axon forms contacts only on blood vessels and not on other neurons or effector cells is too restrictive. Perfusion of the gills with dilute (0.3 per cent) sea water produced an inhibition of spontaneous activity. This inhibition is discussed in relation to recent work which demonstrates that goldfish hypothalamic hormones facilitate Na(+) influx across the gill membrane.
The effect of probing on deceivers and truthtellers

This study examined the effect of probing for additional information on the accuracy of deception detection. One hundred forty-eight experimental interactions were analyzed to see whether deceivers and truthtellers behave differently when probed and whether probing improved deception detection. Probing produced a number of changes in nonverbal behavior, several of which differed between deceivers and truthtellers. Probing may have communicated suspicion or uncertainty; therefore, deceptive sources were motivated to control their nonverbal demeanor to mask deception-related cues and appear truthful. Probing did not improve detection. Instead, probing receivers considered all sources more truthful. It is suggested that suspiciousness and prior knowledge may affect probing's efficacy.
The relationship between college females' drinking and their sexual behaviors.

A lthough men still compose the majority of alcoholics or problem drinkers, the number of women who abuse alcohol is on the rise. It is believed that approximately one-third of problem drinkers are women.’ Another study claims that 80% of teenage girls are now using alcohol regularly.’ Presently we still lack clarity as to why the number of female problem drinkers is on the rise. Some professionals believe that the present “gender-neutral drinking norms,lr3 defining heavy or binge drinking as five or more drinks in a row for both men and women, seem to mask the actual number of females who binge drink. Women metabolize alcohol more slowly than men, and thus, they become intoxicated with fewer drinks. It does not seem appropriate to define binge drinking in the same fashion for women and men. One recent study indicated that when changing the definition of binge drinking to four or more drinks in a row (rather than five or more) for women, the percentage of female binge drinkers increased to 39% from 33%.3 Much research in the area of alcohol and other drugs has either focused on men or has looked at women and men as a single group. In these scenarios, when the results are generalized to both genders, vital information that may be pertinent to women is lost. It is essential to study women and men as separate groups in order to understand possible differences between the genders. The present study attempts to assess men’s and women’s alcohol use as well as behaviors related to alcohol (ie, sexual behaviors) on a college campus. There are two main hypotheses in this study. The first hypothesis is that males consume more alcohol than females, whereas the second is that binge-drinking women engage in riskier sexual behaviors than non-binge-drinking women. The prevention of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an enormous concern for health professionals. As we enter the second decade of educating for prevention, college students still represent a high-risk group for contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Sexual experimenta
Nanoscale jet collision and mixing dynamics.

Micro- and macroscale investigations have shown that colliding drops always coalesce for small values of the Weber number We = ρU2d/σ. Our molecular dynamic simulations show that nanojets always recoil following head-on collision even though We → 0. The duration between collision and recoil is a function of the nanojet impact velocity Uo and the nature of intermolecular interactions. Evaporation, which promotes mixing, occurs during recoil and is enhanced by reducing intermolecular interactions. Thereafter, mixing occurs through diffusion. The mixing dynamics are independent of Uo and the orifice shape. Consistent with a continuum analysis, the characteristic nanojet diameter at stagnation ds,1 ∝ Uo, recoil time following collision τ ∝ Uo-2, and the number of evaporating molecules N ∝ Uo.
Coupled transverse motion

The magnetic field in an accelerator or a storage ring is usually so designed that the horizontal (x) and the vertical (y) motions of an ion are uncoupled. However, because of imperfections in construction and alignment, some small coupling is unavoidable. In this lecture, we discuss in a general way what is known about the behaviors of coupled motions in two degrees-of-freedom. 11 refs., 6 figs.
The shocking near-infrared spectrum of the Homunculus Nebula surrounding η Carinae

Near-infrared long-slit spectra of the Homunculus Nebula surrounding η Carinae reveal emission from molecular hydrogen for the first time in this object, as well as strong intrinsic [Fe II] emission. H2 emission is seen only in the polar lobes of the Homunculus, which show v = 1-0 emission in the K band, but no v = 2-1 emission. The strengths of certain [Fe II] lines are enhanced in the same regions of the polar lobes as the H2 emission, where [Fe II] 1.6435 μm is by far the brightest near-infrared line emitted in the Homunculus Nebula. The intrinsic spectrum of the northwest polar lobe resembles the near-infrared spectra of some supernova remnants, and shock excitation is required to explain the strengths of the [Fe II] and H2 lines. Shock-excited emission in the polar lobes suggests that the central star has a fast bipolar wind and a slower equatorial wind. The H2 lines observed in these spectra represent the first detection of any molecular gas in the Homunculus Nebula, which has important implications for the density structure in the polar lobes and in the stellar wind during and after the Great Eruption.
Kinetic Characterization of Rice Plant Specific Kinesin E11 using Fluorescent ATP Analogue

Kinesin is an ATP-driven motor protein that plays important physiological roles in intracellular transport, mitosis and meiosis, control of microtubule dynamics, and signal transduction. Kinesin species derived from vertebrates have been well characterized. In contrast, plant specific kinesin have yet to be adequately characterized. We have previously demonstrated that some kinesins derived from rice plant have unique biochemical characteristic properties and structures.In this study, we characterized rice plant specific kinesin E11 that belongs to the plant specific At1 subfamily in kinesin-7 family. E11 motor domain was expressed by E. coli expression system and purified with Co-chelate column in order to characterize biochemical and ATPase kinetic properties. The fluorescent ATP analogues, Mant-ATP was employed for the kinetic characterization. We have successfully observed significant FRET between Mant-ATP and intrinsic tryptophan (Trp23) residue in E11. The kinetic parameters of initial binding of Mant-ATP to E11 and release of Mant-ADP from E11 were analyzed by monitoring the FRET using stopped flow apparatus and compared with other rice kinesins and conventional kinesin. The results revealed that the initial binding of ATP to E11 and release of ADP are slower than those of other rice plant specific kinesin.
Analysis of Matrix Cracking and Local Delamination in (0/ϑ/ − ϑ) s Graphite Epoxy Laminates Under Tensile Load

Three-dimensional element analyses of (0/theta/-theta)s graphite epoxy laminates, where theta = 15, 20, 25, 30, and 45 deg, subjected to axial tensile load, were performed. The interlaminar stresses in the theta/-theta interface were calculated with and without a matrix crack in the central -theta plies. The interlaminar normal stress changes from a small compressive stress when no matrix crack is present to a high tensile stress at the intersection of the matrix crack and the free edge. The analysis of local delamination from the -theta matrix crack indicates a high strain energy release rate and a localized Mode I component near the free edge, within one-ply distance from the matrix crack. To examine the stress state causing the matrix cracking, the maximum principal normal stress in a plane perpendicular to the fiber direction in the -theta ply was calculated in an uncracked laminate. The corresponding shear stress parallel to the fiber was also calculated. The principal normal stress at the laminate edge increased through the ply thickness and reached a very high tensile value at the theta/-theta interface indicating that the crack in the -theta ply may initiate at the theta/-theta interface.
Imidazolinium salts as catalysts for the ring-opening alkylation of meso epoxides by alkylaluminum complexes.

[reaction: see text] Imidazolinium salts and their N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) derivatives catalyze the alkylation of a variety of meso epoxides in the presence of triethylaluminum (yield = 70-90%), under mild conditions. Imidazolinium salts are better catalysts than their NHC derivatives but can lead to dimerization side reactions under extended reaction time. Preformed NHC.AlEt(3) complexes and Wanzlick-type olefins, which are dimers of free NHCs, are also catalysts for this reaction.
Radioprotective and toxic effects of S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR-2721) on the development of immunocompetent cells.

Abstract The toxic and radioprotective effects of S -2-(3-aminopropylammo)ethylphosphorothioic acid, or WR-2721, on the subsequent development of direct plaque-forming cells (DPFC) in the spleen of BALB/c mice following immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) has been studied. A single injection of the maximally tolerated dose of this drug, 500 mg/kg, accelerates the appearance of DPFC but reduces the eventually attained peak levels to as low as 20% of those observed in mice not receiving the drug. Analysis of closely related analogs of WR-2721 failed to uncover another radioprotective thiophosphate with similar effects on the immune response. Suppression of the peak DPFC levels persists for 4 days after drug injection, followed by a gradual return toward normal responsiveness, which is attained by 10 days postinjection. Injection of the drug after the SRBC suppresses the development of DPFC, but the level of suppression decreases as the time between SRBC injection and drug injection increases. This suppression persists for too long a period to be accounted for by the drug itself or one of its metabolites. We conclude therefore that the drug affects a specific component of the immune response, that it requires 10 days for the integrity of the component to be reconstituted, and that the importance of this component declines as the immune response matures. A quantitative estimate of the protection which the drug affords the immune system against radiation injury was determined by exposing the mice to graded gamma ray exposures, with and without prior drug injection, and assaying the DPFC levels 90 days later, i.e., after sufficient time had been allowed for recovery from drug toxicity and radiation injury. From the regressions of DPFC on radiation dose, it has been shown that WR-2721, if given 15 min before radiation exposure, increases the resistance of the immune response to radiation injury by a factor of 3.4.
Apriority and applied mathematics

I argue that we need not accept Quine's holistic conception of mathematics and empirical science. Specifically, I argue that we should reject Quine's holism for two reasons. One, his argument for this position fails to appreciate that the revision of the mathematics employed in scientific theories is often related to an ‘expansion’ of the possibilities of describing the empirical world, and that this reveals that mathematics serves as a kind of rational framework for empirical theorizing. Two, this holistic conception does not clearly demarcate pure mathematics from applied mathematics. In arguing against Quine, I present a formal account of applied mathematics in which the mathematics employed in an empirical theory plays a role that is analogous to the epistemological role Kant assigned synthetic a priori propositions. According to this account, it is possible to insulate pure mathematics from empirical falsification, and there is a sense in which applied mathematics can also be labeled as ‘a priori’.
Mutations of human myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase cause temperature-sensitive myristic acid auxotrophy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract We have isolated cDNAs encoding human myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (NMT, EC 2.3.1.97) by complementing the nmtl-181 mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which causes temperature-sensitive myristic acid auxotrophy. Human NMT is derived from a single-copy gene, contains 416 amino acids, is 44% identical to S. cerevisiae NMT (yeast NMT), and can complement the lethal phenotype of an nmtl null mutation. Human and yeast NMTs have overlapping yet distinct protein substrate specificities as judged by a coexpression system that reconstitutes protein N-myristoylation in Escherichia coli. Both enzymes contain a glycine five residues from the C terminus. Gly----Asp or Lys mutagenesis in these orthologous NMTs produces marked reductions in their activities in E. coli as well as temperature-sensitive myristic acid auxotrophy in S. cerevisiae. These results indicate highly conserved structure-function relationships in vivo and underscore the usefulness of these functional assays for identifying factors that regulate protein N-myristoylation in mammalian systems.
Exploring the Limits of Social Cognitive Theory: Why Negatively Reinforced Behaviors on TV May Be Modeled Anyway

Despite extensive discussion of the potential for viewers’ social learning of risky health behaviors from TV programming, there has been relatively little effort to test behavioral modeling predictions. That is, it is not clear whether televised depictions of negatively reinforced undesirable behaviors (e.g., unsafe sex), in fact, influence the value viewers attach to those behaviors and their future likelihood of performing them, as social cognitive theory (SCT) would predict. Indeed, we argue that social learning in likely minimal in such contexts due to the programming schemas audiences bring to the viewing experience. In Study 1, the contents of serial TV programming schemas are examined. Results suggest that viewers expect main characters to ultimately survive and thrive, despite the adversity they face. In Study 2, competing predictions from SCT and schema theory are tested. College women (N= 400) were exposed to various portrayals of promiscuous sexual behavior (1-night stands) that were edited to display more or less positive or negative outcomes. Results suggested that, consistent with SCT, those with direct experience with the behavior were not influenced by the portrayals. However, inconsistent with SCT, but consistent with the schema argument, those without direct experience were more likely to expect future participation in the unsafe behavior, regardless of the valence of the reinforcement depicted. Implications for future research on media, SCT, and risky behaviors are discussed.
Quantitative Geography: Representations, Practices, and Possibilities

Representations of quantitative geography, both by practitioners and by others, have tended to associate quantification with empiricism, positivism, and the social and academic status quo. Qualitative geography, by contrast is represented as nonempiricist or postempiricist, sensitive to complexity, contextual, and capable of empowering nonmainstream academic approaches and social groups. Attempts to engage in debate between these positions rarely challenge this dualism, reproducing the representation of quantitative geography as logical positivism, and a dualism separating quantitative and qualitative geography. I argue that this dualism can be broken down, by deconstructing the underlying representation. I discuss why this representation came into existence and how it was stabilized; how close attention to the practices of quantitative geographers, and particularly to the evolution of these practices, reveals its inadequacies; and what new possibilities for quantitative practices emerge from this deconst...
Clinical investigative perspective

The preceding reviews have hopefully provided some insight into the genesis of a new radiopharmaceutical from various perspectives. The process is costly and long. For clinicians, it is often frustrating to hear and to read about exciting new agents, only then to have to wait a considerable amount of time after completion of phase III studies, until final approval for clinical use is granted.
Malt lymphoma of the colon: a rare occurrence.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is one of the leading causes of cancer in the US. NHL can be seen in the gastrointestinal tract in extralymphatic presentation. Primary GI lymphomas are rare. When present, they are more common in the stomach and small bowel. The most common histologic subtype affecting the gastrointestinal tract and colon is diffuse large B cell lymphoma. These are generally aggressive and are composed of rapidly proliferating cells of B cell origin. The second most common colorectal lymphoma is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)-associated low-grade B cell lymphoma. MALT-associated lymphomas are low-grade tumors arising from B cells associated with mucosal immunity. MALT is predominantly found in the gastrointestinal tract and plays a vital role in immune surveillance, mucosal regeneration, and in carcinogenesis. In the colon, lymphoid tissue consists of isolated lymphoid follicles which are composed mainly of B lymphocytes. These cells occasionally undergo abnormal proliferation and give rise to lymphoma of the MALT type. Colonic MALT lymphoma is a rare entity of increasing recognition, for which no definitive treatment has been established. There are very few case reports of colonic MALT type lymphoma given its uncommon occurrence, thereby lacking sufficient data required in evaluation, management, and treatment of these patients. We describe a rare case of colon marginal-zone B cell lymphoma of MALT (MALT lymphoma) found on routine colonoscopy. Case Presentation
The resistive and separative forces acting on parallel plates in a viscous flow

Die Stromung einer zahen Flussigkeit langs zweier paralleler Platten wird im Rahmen der Oseenschen Theorie behandelt. Fur kleine Reynoldszahlen wurden Naherungslosungen der Bewegungsgleichungen erhalten.
Apolipoprotein(a) Binds to Low-Density Lipoprotein at Two Distant Sites in Lipoprotein(a)†

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] consists of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] linked with a disulfide bond. Scanning force microscopy (SFM) of Lp(a) showed, for the first time, a belt-like structure of apo(a) with both ends attached to a spherical LDL. The two ends of apo(a) were bound to the LDL sphere at two distant sites. Occasionally, the ends were attached to two touching spheres. Under the same imaging conditions, LDL appeared as individual spheres. Electron microscopy (EM) studies of Lp(a) by several groups over the past decade failed to reveal this belt-like structure of apo(a). Images of isolated apo(a) in air or in phosphate buffer showed apo(a) as individual belts, and these belts tended to crowd together. Lp(a) formed leaf-like aggregates; apo(a) aggregates were fishnet-like, whereas LDL aggregates were less characteristic. Quantitative analysis of Lp(a) showed the diameter of the LDL to be 24.8 ± 8.7 nm (n = 46), which is close to the reported value of 24.2 ± 4.2 nm found wi...
MEMS switches employing active metal-polymer nanocomposites

This paper presents the design, fabrication, testing and evaluation of a MEMS switch that employs a metal-polymer nanocomposite as its active material. The nanocomposite is formed by doping a polymer with conducting nanoparticles. The conductivity of the nanocomposite changes 10,000-fold as it is mechanically compressed. In this demonstration the compressive squeeze is applied with electric actuation. Since squeezing initiates the switching behavior, the device is referred to as a “squitch”.
Connexin and pannexin mediated cell-cell communication.

In this review, we briefly summarize what is known about the properties of the three families of gap junction proteins, connexins, innexins and pannexins, emphasizing their importance as intercellular channels that provide ionic and metabolic coupling and as non-junctional channels that can function as a paracrine signaling pathway. We discuss that two distinct groups of proteins form gap junctions in deuterostomes (connexins) and protostomes (innexins), and that channels formed of the deuterostome homologues of innexins (pannexins) differ from connexin channels in terms of important structural features and activation properties. These differences indicate that the two families of gap junction proteins serve distinct, complementary functions in deuterostomes. In several tissues, including the CNS, both connexins and pannexins are involved in intercellular communication, but have different roles. Connexins mainly contribute by forming the intercellular gap junction channels, which provide for junctional coupling and define the communication compartments in the CNS. We also provide new data supporting the concept that pannexins form the non-junctional channels that play paracrine roles by releasing ATP and, thus, modulating the range of the intercellular Ca2+-wave transmission between astrocytes in culture.
Proof that the ciliary epithelium can regenerate

Abstract Regeneration of the ciliary epithelium after cryo injury was investigated by light and electron microscopy. In addition, autoradiography done after [3H]thymidine incorporation, and, treatment with colchicine, a mitotic inhibitor, were employed to confirm the findings of regeneration. Histologically, cryo injury appeared to damage the pigment epithelium more severely than the nonpigmented epithelium. Two weeks after mild injury, both epithelia in the tips and lateral portions of the ciliary processes returned to a normal appearance under light microscope. When examined by electron microscopy four weeks were required for almost complete regeneration. Recovery of intraocular pressure slightly lagged behind the regeneration of the nonpigmented epithelium. In severely injured eyes we observed regeneration of the nonpigmented epithelium only. After colchicine treatment many mitotic figures were observed in regenerating nonpigmented epithelial cells. Autoradiographs indicated considerably more DNA synthesis in both epithelial cells of damaged processes than in the controls; however, nonpigmented cells showed more DNA synthesis than pigmented cells. The regenerative ability of the nonpigmented epithelial cell layer was greater than that of the pigmented epithelial cell layer.
Correlations of language abnormalities with localization of mutations in the beta-thyroid hormone receptor in 13 kindreds with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone: identification of four new mutations.

Generalized resistance to thyroid hormone is an inherited disease characterized by unresponsiveness of pituitary and peripheral tissues to thyroid hormone. Genetic analysis of several kindreds linked this syndrome to the gene for the beta-form of the thyroid hormone receptor, and this led to the subsequent identification of various mutations in the ligand-binding domain of this receptor. In this region we now have found 4 new point mutations with reduced T3-binding affinities from separate kindreds by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products. Similar to previously studied kindreds, the reduction in T3 binding of these four kindreds ranged from 2.5- to 5-fold, indicating that these are not neutral polymorphisms. Furthermore, the pattern of inheritance of these 4 kindreds is familial in 2, sporadic in 1, and unknown in 1. To date, 20 distinct mutations have been identified, of which 18 are clustered in 2 distinct topographical regions: 11 are within the tau i/dimerization subdomains of exon 9...
Encoding a clinical practice guideline using guideline interchange format: a case study of a depression screening and management guideline.

Abstract Purpose Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are common tools for clinicians in daily practice. In order to use CPGs effectively at the point of care, representing CPGs into computer-interpretable format is essential. Since computer-interpretable guidelines (CIGs) have been reported to increase clinicians’ usage of guidelines and improve patient's outcomes, it is critical to assess health care knowledge translated from CPGs into CIGs. The overall goal of this study was to illustrate the steps involved in encoding a guideline in guideline interchange format-3 (GLIF3) through a case study of a depression screening and management CPG for a nursing decision support system (DSS). Methods This study consisted of five steps: (1) Selection of a CPG; (2) extraction and categorization in GLIF3 of concepts related to depression screening and management tasks; (3) converting GLIF3 steps to a flowchart; (4) creation of scenarios representing possible execution paths; (5) guideline execution engine (GLEE) execution of scenarios. Discussion This study contributes to the body of knowledge regarding creation of CIGs and the use of GLEE as an evaluation tool for the encoded CIG in GLIF format for a depression CPG. CPG representation using GLIF3 and its evaluation by GLEE are useful methods to prepare nursing CPGs for implementation in a DSS.
CA8-01: Can the HMORN Transform Itself into a Learning Health Care Network?

Background/AimsThe national case for learning healthcare systems was made in a 2006 Institute of Medicine (IOM) workshop. The IOM?s vision was healthcare systems where ?the process of generating and applying the best evidence will be natural and seamless components of the process of care itself.? HMORN members have the potential to model this future, but few of them have yet achieved the necessary levels of integration with their affiliated care and insurance organizations and none fulfill the IOM vision. The Mental Health Research Network (MHRN) proposes to build such integrated relationships with each of its partner organizations and knit them together into a learning healthcare network for mental health in hopes of becoming a model for a future HMORN learning network.MethodsPhase I: a lead at each MHRN research group identifies appropriate leaders among their organizational partners and builds bidirectional relationships while identifying their mental health improvement priorities, researchable problems, and questions. Phase II: these new partnerships are formalized through periodic meetings and small projects while developing partnership grant proposals that address operational leaders? priorities. Phase III: we demonstrate the seamless generation and application of evidence within each organization desired by the IOM. Phase IV: we collaborate across MHRN members as a learning network and a template for the HMORN to become a learning healthcare network.ResultsWe are just beginning, building the relationships and trust that will turn into more formal structures in Phase II and shared projects and studies. Each site has a person to coordinate this effort and a list of important mental health affiliated leadership positions. The level of partnership varies from regular meetings at some sites to just beginning conversations at others. This presentation will quantify our progress, describe barriers encountered, and provide concrete examples.DiscussionMHRN and HMORN have an opportunity to be leaders in transforming health care by organizing and modeling learning through strategic bidirectional partnerships. If anyone can achieve the IOM vision, it should be us, but the path is unclear and the cultural and historical barriers are many.
Photoemission from solids

Abstract Experimental methods are reviewed which are characteristic of photoemission from solids using synchroton radiation. The instrumentation is intimately connected with the scientific scope of an experiment. In particular, electron spectrometers can be optimized for different modes, e.g., high throughput, good angular resolution, or fast time response. Although photoelectron spectroscopy has almost become a routine technique the time structure and brightness of synchrotron radiation sources offers new possibilities for space- and time-resolved experiments.
Enhancement of the barrier performance in organic/inorganic multilayer thin-film structures by annealing of the parylene layer

Abstract A multilayered barrier structure was fabricated by chemical vapor deposition of parylene and subsequent plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of SiO x or SiN x . The barrier performance against water vapor ingress was significantly improved by annealing the parylene layer before the deposition of either SiO x or SiN x . The mechanism of this enhancement was investigated using atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The surface roughness of the parylene before the deposition of either SiO x or SiN x was found to correlate closely with the barrier performance of the multilayered structures. In addition, removing absorbed water vapor in the film by annealing results in a lower water vapor transmission rate in the transient region and a longer lag time. Annealing the parylene leads to a large decrease in the effective water vapor transmission rate, which reaches 7.2 ± 3.0 × 10 −6 g/m 2 /day.
Laser spectroscopy of radioactive atoms using the photon-burst technique

The photon-burst technique has been used to perform laser spectroscopy on small samples of accelerator-produced radioactive isotopes. Measurements have been made of the isotope shifts in the resonance transitions of 128Ba (τ1/2 = 2.4 days), 126Ba (τ1/2 = 100 min), and 82Sr (τ1/2 = 24 days). The technique has permitted high-resolution measurements to be performed in a few minutes on atomic beams of ~100 atoms/sec of these elements. The laser-spectroscopy measurements of 126Ba are, to our knowledge, on the smallest samples of radioactive atoms (~109 atoms) used for high-resolution isotope-shift measurements performed to date. A technique is also demonstrated that, by producing a laser beam of spatially varying polarization, reduces optical pumping effects, allowing the photon-burst technique to be extended for use with odd isotopes as well as even.
Southern Alaska as an Example of the Long-Term Consequences of Mountain Building Under the Influence of Glaciers

Southern Alaska is a continent-scale region of ongoing crustal deformation within the Pacific-North American plate boundary zone. Glaciers and glacial erosion have dictated patterns of denudation in the orogen over the last approx. 5 My. The orogen comprises three discrete topographic domains from south to north, respectively: (1) the Chugach/St. Elias Range; (2) the Wrangell Mountains; and (3) the eastern Alaska Range. Although present deformation is distributed across the orogen, much of the shortening and uplift are concentrated in the Chugach/St. Elias Range. A systematic increase in topographic wavelength of the range from east to west reflects east-to-west increases in the width of a shallowly-dipping segment of the plate interface, separation of major upper plate structures, and a decrease in the obliquity of plate motion relative to the plate boundary. Mean elevation decays exponentially from approx. 2500 m to approx. 1100 m from east to west, respectively. Topographic control on the present and past distribution of glaciers is indicated by close correspondence along the range between mean elevation and the modern equilibrium line altitude of glaciers (ELA) and differences in the modern ELA, mean annual precipitation and temperature across the range between the windward, southern and leeward, northern flanks. Net, range- scale erosion is the sum of: (1) primary bedrock erosion by glaciers and (2) erosion in areas of the landscape that are ice-marginal and are deglaciated at glacial minima. Oscillations between glacial and interglacial climates controls ice height and distribution, which, in turn, modulates the locus and mode of erosion in the landscape. Mean topography and the mean position of the ELA are coupled because of the competition between rock uplift, which tends to raise the ELA, and enhanced orographic precipitation accompanying mountain building, which tends to lower the ELA. Mean topography is controlled both by the 60 deg latitude and maritime setting of active deformation and by the feedback between shortening and uplift, glacial erosion, and orographic effects on climate accompanying mountain building.
Technology synergy for real system performance

Summary form only given, as follows. The rate of technological advancement and innovation surrounding the computer industry is enormous. Although the exponential gains in semiconductor density and performance are widely observed, the specific implications and opportunities represented by them are the subject of much debate. Similarly, although there has been large amount of innovation and progress in improved architectural concepts, parallelizing compilers, memory performance, system-level robustness, multiprocessor system design, and microprocessor machine organization, the appropriate balance point of these concepts is also the subject of much debate. This paper examines aspects of several key technology progressions, and connects the opportunities represented by them with the goal of demonstrating improved technology synergy for real system performance. As part of this discussion, the idea of real system performance is examined from several different angles. While it is clear that raw processing capability is a first order performance consideration, the specific of balance of optimization across the range of system parameters is an equally important consideration for real performance. In addition, although other system characteristics such as compatibility, upgradability, control, management, and robustness do not contribute directly to raw performance, they do play an important role in the delivery of real system performance as seen by the customer. Furthermore, in many cases, the same technology that opens up opportunities at one level also opens up weaknesses at another level. The idea of technology synergy works to balance these considerations.
Regulation of gap junction intercellular communication by pH in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells.

Gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) may be related to coordinating the function of osteoblasts during bone mineralization. Since an alkaline pH supports mineral deposition while an acidic pH promotes mineral dissolution, it was investigated whether GJIC is altered by changes in extracellular pH (pH o ) Functional GJIC was assessed by fluorescent dye transfer after microinjection, and connexin protein abundance was examined by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting in MC3T3-E1 cells, a model of osteoblast-like cells. The percent of cells coupled by GJIC was found to be 40.7% (24 of 59 injected cells) at pH 6.9, 72.2% (26 of 36) at pH 7.2, and 92.8% (26 of 28) at pH 7.6. A decrease in GJIC was detectable by 30-60 minutes of exposure to a pH o of 6.9. Decreased gap junction communication was also found in cells after 3, 8, and 24 h of incubation in a bicarbonate-CO 2 system at an ambient pH of 6.9. Connexin protein abundance experiments showed that at after exposure to a pH of 6.9 for 2.75 h, the specific band(s) at 41-43 kD were fainter compared with these same band(s) at pH 7.2 and 7.6. There was no significant difference in band densities at pH 7.2 and 7.6. Determination of intracellular pH (pH i ) showed that it was similar to pH o after 2.75 h of incubation at each ambient pH. When pH i was clamped at 6.9 or 7.2, there was a time-dependent decrease in the gap junction coupling frequency at a pH i of 6.9 when pH o was 7.2. Steady-state mRNA levels were decreased at pH o 6.9 but were unchanged at either pH o 7.2 or 7.6. Our conclusions are that (1) longer incubations (≥2.75 h) at low pH o decrease GJIC which in part may be due to a decrease in connexin protein abundance perhaps as a result of a decrease in connexin steady-state mRNA expression ; (2) GJIC inhibition or augmentation found at low and high pH o , respectively, suggests that gating of the GJ channel by pH may also occur ; (3) pH o -induced alterations in GJIC in the MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic model are related to concomitant changes in pH i .
Two temporal phases for the control of histone gene activity in cleaving sea urchin embryos (S. purpuratus).

Abstract This report presents an analysis of histone gene expression in the cleaving embryo of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, with emphasis on whether the regulatory site(s) in the pathway of gene expression change as development proceeds. The analysis focuses on the equation, dP∗ dt = M·f·n· A t , where dP∗ dt = the absolute rate of histone synthesis; M = the mole quantity of histone messenger RNA; f = the fraction of histone mRNA in polysomes; n = the polysome size; and A t = the rate of elongation of nascent histone polypeptide chains. The embryo solves this rate equation differently at different times. Measurements were made (at 15°C) of absolute rates of histone synthesis ( dP∗ dt ). The rate of histone synthesis increases at least 48-fold during the first 6 hr after fertilization from less than 0.5 to 24 pg embryo−1 hr−1; in the period from 6 to 12 hr, this rate rises to 182 pg embryo−1 hr−1, an additional 7.7-fold rise, resulting in an overall increase of 370-fold between the 1-cell and 200-cell stage. The fraction of newly synthesized (zygotic) histone messenger RNA that partitions into polysomes (fzygotic) has also been measured during the first 12 hr of development. This fraction increases from 0.2 in the 2-hr embryo to 0.8 in the 6-hr embryo (16-cell stage), increasing slowly thereafter to near unity by 12 hr. The size of histone-synthesizing polysomes (n) does not change substantially over the 12-hr interval, remaining constant at a weighted mean of 5 ribosomes per polysome (range 3 to 7). Utilizing the data on fzygotic and dP∗ dt , the rate of elongation of nascent histone polypeptide chains ( A t ) during the first 6 hr of development was estimated; A t remains constant at 1.11 codons per second. This calculated value is in fair agreement with a direct measurement of histone peptide elongation rate in the 12-hr embryo. It is proposed that histone gene expression in cleaving sea urchin embryos be divided into two phases, distinguished on the basis of their pivotal translational parameters: Phase I (0–6 hr), during which f is rate determining, and Phase II (6 hr on), during which M is the rate-determining parameter.
Norms with feeling: Towards a psychological account of moral judgment

There is a large tradition of work in moral psychology that explores the capacity for moral judgment by focusing on the basic capacity to distinguish moral violations (e.g. hitting another person) from conventional violations (e.g. playing with your food). However, only recently have there been attempts to characterize the cognitive mechanisms underlying moral judgment (e.g. Cognition 57 (1995) 1; Ethics 103 (1993) 337). Recent evidence indicates that affect plays a crucial role in mediating the capacity to draw the moral/conventional distinction. However, the prevailing account of the role of affect in moral judgment is problematic. This paper argues that the capacity to draw the moral/conventional distinction depends on both a body of information about which actions are prohibited (a Normative Theory) and an affective mechanism. This account leads to the prediction that other normative prohibitions that are connected to an affective mechanism might be treated as non-conventional. An experiment is presented that indicates that "disgust" violations (e.g. spitting at the table), are distinguished from conventional violations along the same dimensions as moral violations.
Redistribution of Reactive Power Flow in Contingency Studies

During recent years, problems associated with reactive power flow and bus voltages have acquired greater importance. The transmission capacity may sometimes be limited by reactive power considerations. In a few instances collapse of transmission network has been attributed to abnormal reactive power flow patterns. Some recent papers have addressed the question of improving the contingency study techniques for the reactive power flow problem. A commonly used method for contingency analysis is based upon the use of distribution factors. The distribution factor method of contingency analysis is very fast in its execution time, and for this reason is widely used in real time applications as well as planning studies. This technique is known to be particularly suited to the study of real power redistribution following an outage. It is not as accurate in dealing with problems of reactive power flow redistribution and accompanying effects on bus voltages. The inaccuracies are particularly significant when voltage controlled buses are present in the power system. The distribution factors are based on approximating active power injections by current injections under the assumption that voltage magnitudes throughout the system are kept constant. This is an unacceptable assumption for reactive power. This paper develops a new formulation of distribution factors which is suitable for the analysis of the reactive power problem. The new formulation is based on the S-E (complex power - complex bus voltage) representation of a power network instead of the usual I-E (complex current - complex bus voltage) formulation.