cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognición social y educación: teoría de la mente

Theory of mind —children’s understanding of themselves and others in terms of internal mental states, such as thoughts, wants, and emotions— influences children’s transition to school and their success within school. This article reviews evidence showing that theory of mind influences school-age children’s relationships with their peers and teachers, and thus their adjustment to school. It also influences children’s academic motivation within school and for school tasks. Theory of mind further directly influences children’s successful performance on, and strategies for undertaking, academic tasks, such as reading and mathematics. Moreover, it fosters children’s abilities to provide explanations, which in turn help them learn new material more effectively from teacher instruction and from school textbook material.
Using High Performance Computing to Model Cellular Embryogenesis

C. elegans is a primitive multicellular organism (worm) that shares many important biological characteristics that arise as complications within human beings. [1] It begins as a single cell and then undergoes a complex embryogenesis to form a complete animal. Using experimental data, the early stages of life of the cells are simulated by computers. The goal of this project is to use this simulation to compare the embryogenesis stage of C. elegans cells with that of human cells. Since the simulation involves the manipulation of many files and large amounts of data, the power provided by supercomputers and parallel programming is required.
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Detectable Antibodies in Equids in Alabama

A cross-sectional serological survey was carried out to screen the equine population of the nonendemic state of Alabama for the presence of detectable antibody titers against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. A second objective was to determine the association of detectable titers with risk factors such as exposure to ruminants or previous travel to endemic states. A total of 342 equine serum samples from 40 Alabama counties were analyzed using the synergistic hemolysis inhibition test (SHI). The prevalence of detectable antibody titers (≥1:8) was 52.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 47%–57.9%). Titers ≥1:128 were detected in 2.63% (95% CI, 1.2%–4.9%), and titers ≥1:512 were detected in 0.3% (95% CI, 0%–1.6%) of the sampled population. In the final generalized linear model, age (P < .001), breed (P = .023), and contact with cattle (P = .05) were associated with increasing SHI titers. Contact with goats was associated in the initial but not in the final analysis (P = .19). Previous travel was not associated with increasing SHI titer (P = .97). The results demonstrated a high prevalence of low detectable titers and low prevalence of titers ≥ 1:128 in a nonendemic population. Further evaluation of SHI cutoff titers and accuracy is warranted to reduce the risk of a false positive diagnosis.
DETECTION OF FLAWS AND DELAMINATIONS IN COMPOSITE STRUCTURES BY HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY

SUMMARY Holographic interferometry in conjunction with the nondestructive stressing methods of thermal, vibration and vacuum were employed to detect induced flaws and delaminations in graphite/epoxy laminated plates. The flaws were induced in the laminates during manufacturing process. They were located at different ply depths and made of either teflon or aluminum shims. The shims were either rectangular, triangular or circular in shape and of various sizes. The results of this study indicated that the detection of the flaw depends largely upon the type of the stressing method used and upon the shape and location of the flaw in the composite plate. In addition, the ply orientations of the laminates had a marked influence upon the detection. This investigation has also revealed that holographic interferometry as a (NDT) is a valuable and reliable tool which can be used for the detection of defects on or near the surface of composite structures.
Optical interconnects for extreme scale computing systems

Face-to-face comparison of major large scale HPC interconnects.Review of challenges and solutions for increased use of optics in HPC.Description of optical switching, in terms of principle, limitations, technical requirements and benefits. Large-scale high performance computing is permeating nearly every corner of modern applications spanning from scientific research and business operations, to medical diagnostics, and national security. All these communities rely on computer systems to process vast volumes of data quickly and efficiently, yet progress toward increased computing power has experienced a slowdown in the last number of years. The sheer cost and scale, stemming from the need for extreme parallelism, are among the reasons behind this stall. In particular, very large-scale, ultra-high bandwidth interconnects, essential for maintaining computation performance, represent an increasing portion of the total cost budget.Photonic systems are often cited as ways to break through the energy-bandwidth limitations of conventional electrical wires toward drastically improving interconnect performance. This paper presents an overview of the challenges associated with large-scale interconnects, and reviews how photonic technologies can contribute to addressing these challenges. We review some important aspects of photonics that should not be underestimated in order to truly reap the benefits of cost and power reduction.
A Membrane‐Free Neutral pH Formate Fuel Cell Enabled by a Selective Nickel Sulfide Oxygen Reduction Catalyst

Polymer electrolyte membranes employed in contemporary fuel cells severely limit device design and restrict catalyst choice, but are essential for preventing short-circuiting reactions at unselective anode and cathode catalysts. Herein, we report that nickel sulfide Ni3S2 is a highly selective catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction in the presence of 1.0 m formate. We combine this selective cathode with a carbon-supported palladium (Pd/C) anode to establish a membrane-free, room-temperature formate fuel cell that operates under benign neutral pH conditions. Proof-of-concept cells display open circuit voltages of approximately 0.7 V and peak power values greater than 1 mW cm−2, significantly outperforming the identical device employing an unselective platinum (Pt) cathode. The work establishes the power of selective catalysis to enable versatile membrane-free fuel cells.
Can Healthcare Expansion Rapidly Reduce Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest?

Sudden, out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major health problem that occurs in an estimated 347 322 adults in the United States annually, with an incidence of 140.7 per 100 000 population.[1][1] With overall survival averaging as low as 8% to 12% in many parts of the country, OHCA
Tunnel magnetoresistance of homocatenated silicon and germanium clusters

Abstract The spin-polarized transport characteristics of homocatenated clusters of group 14 elements have been studied using the non-equilibrium Green's function formalism. Compared with the carbon cluster, silicon and germanium clusters with extended σ-conjugation had a high tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio at a low bias voltage. This phenomenon was caused by the low energy level of the LUMO from σ-conjugation extended throughout the whole molecule and by the spin polarization of the sulfur located between the σ-conjugated system and the ferromagnetic electrode.
The effect of Si on the microstructure and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered boron carbide

Abstract Fully dense boron carbide discs were achieved by spark plasma sintering boron carbide powders with 10 wt% silicon. The silicon did not diffuse into boron carbide grains to produce a solid solution of Si-doped boron carbide; instead the silicon reacted with impurities in the starting powder to form β-SiC and borosilicate glass. The resultant new phases facilitated densification of the multiphase ceramic through liquid phase-assisted sintering. The resultant material exhibits improved hardness (34.3 GPa Vikers hardness under 1 kg load) with toughness comparable to both Si-free and commercially available boron carbide.
Female Athlete Triad/Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: A Perspective Interview With Professor Barbara Drinkwater

Barbara Drinkwater has been a lifelong champion of equality for women in many areas of life well before it was widely accepted. Her "walking the walk" of women breaking barriers in traditional male roles in administration and leadership is exemplified by her election as the first woman president of the American College of Sports Medicine in 1988. Some of the controversial areas in which Barbara was vocal in the arena of women in sport, besides triad/relative energy deficiency in sport, include increased opportunity and participation, total equality, acceptance of diversity, intolerance of harassment and abuse, and fairness with transgender athletes. She co-founded the evidence-based advocacy group on the international stage known as Women Sport International. As a physiologist, Barbara has had a major influence on attention to the health of the female athlete, and she produced the original pioneering work in the field. Her impactful study, "Bone mineral density after resumption of menses in amenorrheic athletes," was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1986. Since that time, the female athlete triad has set the stage for research and treatment to enhance women in physical activity at all levels.
N-acetyl cysteine protects anti-melanoma cytotoxic T cells from exhaustion induced by rapid expansion via the downmodulation of Foxo1 in an Akt-dependent manner

Therapeutic outcomes for adoptive cell transfer (ACT) therapy are constrained by the quality of the infused T cells. The rapid expansion necessary to obtain large numbers of cells results in a more terminally differentiated phenotype with decreased durability and functionality. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) protects against activation-induced cell death (AICD) and improves anti-tumor efficacy of Pmel-1 T cells in vivo. Here, we show that these benefits of NAC can be extended to engineered T cells and significantly increases T-cell survival within the tumor microenvironment. The addition of NAC to the expansion protocol of human TIL13838I TCR-transduced T cells that are under evaluation in a Phase I clinical trial, demonstrated that findings in murine cells extend to human cells. Expansion of TIL13838I TCR-transduced T cells in NAC also increased their ability to kill target cells in vitro. Interestingly, NAC did not affect memory subsets, but diminished up-regulation of senescence (CD57) and exhaustion (PD-1) markers and significantly decreased expression of the transcription factors EOMES and Foxo1. Pharmacological inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway ablates the decrease in Foxo1 induced by NAC treatment of activated T cells. This suggests a model in which NAC through PI3K/Akt activation suppresses Foxo1 expression, thereby impacting its transcriptional targets EOMES, PD-1, and granzyme B. Taken together, our results indicate that NAC exerts pleiotropic effects that impact the quality of TCR-transduced T cells and suggest that the addition of NAC to current clinical protocols should be considered.
The mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma degrades linear DNA fragments precluding the formation of deletions

Double-strand breaks in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) result in the formation of linear fragments that are rapidly degraded. However, the identity of the nuclease(s) performing this function is not known. We found that the exonuclease function of the mtDNA polymerase gamma (POLG) is required for this rapid degradation of mtDNA fragments. POLG is recruited to linearized DNA fragments in an origin of replication-independent manner. Moreover, in the absence of POLG exonuclease activity, the prolonged existence of mtDNA linear fragments leads to increased levels of mtDNA deletions, which have been previously identified in the mutator mouse, patients with POLG mutations and normal aging.
Solving the petroleum replenishment and routing problem with variable demands and time windows

In this paper we develop a methodological framework for designing the daily distribution and replenishment operations of petroleum products over a weekly planning horizon by taking into account the perspectives of both the transporter and its customers. The proposed approach considers the possibility of having late deliveries due to the variability of the customers’ demands and expected time windows. We first develop an inventory model for the customers to identify the optimal order quantities and time windows. Then, we solve a sequence of mixed-integer optimization models for designing distribution routes based on the order quantities and time windows selected by the inventory models. We design the optimization models so that late deliveries are balanced among the customers in order to mitigate the overall customer dissatisfaction. We test the proposed approach by solving a set of instances adapted from the literature. The empirical results show that the proposed approach can be used for designing the distribution plan for delivering petroleum products in conditions where the operational capabilities of the transporter are limited for generating optimal on-time plans.
Taliban Poetry for Veterans: On Critical Pedagogy

This essay explores the utility of critical pedagogy by looking at competing definitions (from John Dewey, Paolo Freire, and bell hooks to Mary Breunig, Deborah Britzman, and Henry Giroux) and considering the response of Turkish-American Afghanistan War veteran, Eymen, and his Introduction to Poetry classmates to interviews with Afghan Nobel peace laureate Malala Yousafzai and poetry written by Taliban fighters. Students develop profoundly negative feelings about the Taliban through specific sources, if they did not already feel that way; then, are exposed to a sentimental side of these fighters, who use the medieval ghazal poetry form to express loss of their beloved homeland in registers that ring overtly Occidentalist and distinctly dystopic. The essay concludes with a discussion of the difficulty of teaching about the September 11th attacks, the aim being to get students to hold two contradictory viewpoints in their heads and try to retain the ability to be objective.
The price of debiasing automatic metrics in natural language evalaution

For evaluating generation systems, automatic metrics such as BLEU cost nothing to run but have been shown to correlate poorly with human judgment, leading to systematic bias against certain model improvements. On the other hand, averaging human judgments, the unbiased gold standard, is often too expensive. In this paper, we use control variates to combine automatic metrics with human evaluation to obtain an unbiased estimator with lower cost than human evaluation alone. In practice, however, we obtain only a 7-13% cost reduction on evaluating summarization and open-response question answering systems. We then prove that our estimator is optimal: there is no unbiased estimator with lower cost. Our theory further highlights the two fundamental bottlenecks—the automatic metric and the prompt shown to human evaluators—both of which need to be improved to obtain greater cost savings.
Properties and impacts of TPACK-based GIS professional development for in-service teachers

AbstractThis article reports on professional development in which twenty-four middle- or high-school teachers learned about integration of the Geographic Information System (GIS) in science or soci...
Endoscopic retrieval of magnetic foreign body ingestions with a nasal bridle: description of a novel technique (with video).

Background and Aims Accidental and intentional foreign body ingestions are common and frequently require endoscopic intervention. Sharp metallic objects pose a risk of perforation to the entire GI tract and are often difficult to visualize among food and other matter in the stomach. Methods Three patients with histories of multiple ingestions are considered. Metallic foreign bodies can be easily removed using a nasal bridle. A snare and magnetic catheter are used as endoscopic tools to extract various metallic items. Results The bridle technique was used in 68 endoscopies in 3 patients who presented numerous times for foreign body ingestions. The technique was successful in 66 of the 68 procedures, with no adverse events. Conclusions The bridle technique is an easy and effective way to remove metallic foreign bodies and has many advantages over traditional, mechanical modes of foreign body retrieval.
The Love of Strangers: What Six Muslim Students Learned in Jane Austen’s London: Nile Green, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-6911-6832-6 (hbk), xvi + 416 pp.

Nile Green’s book is “a microhistory” that depicts “the contours and contexts” of English society and culture between 1815 and 1819 as six Muslim Iranian students experienced it (p. 319). Based on ...
Oral Healthcare Implications of Dedicated Online Communities: A Computational Content Analysis of the r/Dentistry Subreddit.

The current study explores communication expressed by participants in a subreddit surrounding oral health care, moderated by dentists and dental hygienists. The corpus was analyzed through Leximanc...
Prevalence of Intracranial Aneurysms in Patients with Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: A Multicenter Experience

Prior studies suggest high prevalence of intracranial aneurysms (IA) in patients with infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). We reviewed our multicenter experience in clinical detection/treatment of IAs in AAA patients and estimated the risk of IA in patients with AAA relative to patients without AAA. We reviewed cases of vascular surgery infrarenal AAA repairs at three Mayo Clinic sites from January 1998 to December 2018. Concurrent controls were randomly matched in a 1:1 ratio by age, sex, smoking history, and head imaging characteristics. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios. We reviewed 2,300 infrarenal AAA repairs. Mean size of AAA at repair was 56.9 ± 11.4 mm; mean age at repair, 75.8 ± 8.0 years. 87.5% of the cases (n = 2014) were men. Head imaging was available in 421 patients. Thirty-seven patients were found to have 45 IAs for a prevalence of 8.8%. Mean size of IA was 4.6 ± 3.5 mm; mean age at IA detection, 72.0 ± 10.8 years. Thirty (81%) out of 37 patients were men. Six patients underwent treatment for IA: four for ruptured IAs and two for unruptured IAs. All were diagnosed before AAA repair. Treatment included five clippings and one coil-assisted stenting. Time from IA diagnosis to AAA repair was 16.4 ± 11.0 years. Two of these patients presented with ruptured AAA, one with successful repair and a second one that resulted in death. Odds of IA were higher for patients with AAA versus those without AAA (8.8% [37/421] vs. 3.1% [13/421]; OR 3.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.62–6.27, p
Efficient CNN-LSTM based Image Captioning using Neural Network Compression.

Modern Neural Networks are eminent in achieving state of the art performance on tasks under Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and related verticals. However, they are notorious for their voracious memory and compute appetite which further obstructs their deployment on resource limited edge devices. In order to achieve edge deployment, researchers have developed pruning and quantization algorithms to compress such networks without compromising their efficacy. Such compression algorithms are broadly experimented on standalone CNN and RNN architectures while in this work, we present an unconventional end to end compression pipeline of a CNN-LSTM based Image Captioning model. The model is trained using VGG16 or ResNet50 as an encoder and an LSTM decoder on the flickr8k dataset. We then examine the effects of different compression architectures on the model and design a compression architecture that achieves a 73.1% reduction in model size, 71.3% reduction in inference time and a 7.7% increase in BLEU score as compared to its uncompressed counterpart.
Tests of rational expectations and no risk premium in forward exchange markets

Abstract This paper tests the simple efficiency hypothesis, i.e. that traders have rational expectations and charge no risk premium in the forward exchange market. It uses a statistical procedure which is consistent under a large class of heteroscedasticity, and a set of data which takes into account the institutional features of the forward exchange market. The results show that this procedure leads to stronger rejections of the simple efficiency hypothesis than do procedures using the standard assumption of homoscedasticity.
Results of a Randomized Phase II Trial of Intense Androgen Deprivation Therapy prior to Radical Prostatectomy in Men with High-Risk Localized Prostate Cancer

Purpose:This multicenter randomized phase 2 trial investigates the impact of intense androgen deprivation on radical prostatectomy pathologic response and radiographic and tissue biomarkers in loca...
Evaluation of Open Educational Resources for an Introductory Exercise Science Course

While open educational resources (OER) have gained popularity, nearly three quarters of faculty are not aware they are available for use. However, when used, they are well received and do not negatively impact quality of learning. OER can be used within a variety of platforms, including software that aims to be more interactive and engage students in active learning and assessment. One such platform is Top Hat, which was used by the authors of this study to develop a textbook for an introductory exercise science course. We assessed student’s perceptions of Top Hat and barriers to use for reading their textbook and for class assessments over the course of two years. A total of 486 students were registered for this course. Although two thirds of students had previous experience with Top Hat and half of those used the textbook feature, students (n = 39, 38%) were apprehensive about reading their textbook online via Top Hat. However, these feelings resolved as students became comfortable with the platform’s features. Nearly 80% of students have sometimes or never acquired their textbooks before the start of the semester, despite 96% who expressed the importance of having their materials accessible online and available on or before the first day of the course. This indicated that students understood the importance of having their materials for the start of the semester, however they perceived the barriers of purchasing books to be greater. Therefore, using OER and Top Hat removed student learning barriers and had potential to increase course participation and success.
Assessing the Impacts of Dry Blasting on Fish Eggs in Adjacent Spawning Habitat.

Blasting used in construction of waterborne infrastructure may impact fish eggs in adjacent spawning habitats through introduction of mechanical vibrations as peak particle velocities (PPV). However, there are limited studies applying risk-based approaches to evaluate and mitigate these impacts. A navigation improvement project in the Soo Locks near the St. Marys Rapids provided an opportunity to evaluate existing data to inform blasting risks to fish eggs. To assess this risk, existing data were used to calculate species sensitivity distributions that were used to estimate a hazardous concentration for 5% of the salmon and trout species evaluated (HC5) and predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC). The HC5 ranged from 14.0 to 89.2 cm/s PPV, and the ‘safe level’ PNEC thresholds ranged from 2.8 to 17.8 cm/s PPV. This study provides a demonstration of how a risk-based approach can be effectively used to assess and manage dry blasting effects on underwater biota.
Teacher-Guardian Collaboration for Emergency Remote Learning in the COVID-19 Crisis

2020's COVID-19 crisis has given rise to ubiquitous emergency remote learning (ERL). Guardians, mostly parents, have had to help their children transition and adapt to this difficult learning context. Previous work on remote learning has explored guardian involvement in pre-planned and well-developed remote learning programs, such as established virtual schools. However, ERL lacks pre-planned procedures, policies, and resources. In this paper, we look at how teachers and guardians collaborated to manage the situation. We present an interview study of guardians and teachers of K-12 students in China and look at their collaboration during the COVID-19 ERL. We report how teachers and guardians collaborated to carry out techno-procedural, surveillance, and material work to make ERL possible for K-12 students. Lastly, we reflect on the challenges our participants faced and discuss design implications not only for remote learning during COVID-19 but also future emergency remote learning situations.
Effect of 3-Aminobenzamide on the Induction of γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase Positive Foci in the Liver of Rats Treated with Various Chemical Carcinogens

Biochemical evidence of the participation of poly(ADP-ribose) in DNA damage and repair (1, 2) suggests the involvement of poly(ADP- ribosylation reactions in chemical carcinogenesis (3). We found that diethylnitrosamine (DEN) initiation of liver carcinogenesis was enhanced by inhibitors of ADP-ribosyl transferase (4, 5) and the foci initiated by DEN and 3-aminobenzamide (ABA) were found to be capable to develop into hepatocellular carcinomas without promotion by phenobarbitol (6). In the present experiment, we studied the effect of ABA on the induction of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) positive foci in the liver of rats treated with various chemical carcinogens.
Review of: Craniofacial Identification in Forensic Medicine

This excellent volume on craniofacial identification is evidence that the frontiers of forensic science are being advanced on a global scale; the 28 contributions are from Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The editors of this book should be commended for their excellent work. Comprehensive and well written, it consists of 20 chapters organized into four parts, bringing together an impressive amount of information on craniofacial anatomy, analysis, documentation, and identification. What sets this book apart from others is its educational theme, which clearly outlines specific procedures followed in the forensic investigation and identification of human remains.
A high‐fat diet impairs learning that is dependent on the dorsal hippocampus but spares other forms of learning

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on two tasks that were either dependent on the dorsal hippocampus (DH) or independent of the DH. A total of 80 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were administered either a lard-based HFD (60% of calories from fat) or a control diet (10% of calories from fat) for 8 weeks, and then were trained and tested on either the latent cue preference (LCP) task or the conditioned cue preference (CCP) task in a 3-compartment box apparatus (2 end-compartments and 1 middle-compartment). The end compartments of the box apparatus contained either a single environmental cue (DH-independent) or multiple environmental cues (DH-dependent). During training trials for the LCP and CCP tasks, on alternating days, rats were given access to water in 1 of the 2 end compartments and no water in the opposite end compartment. Rats were water-replete during LCP training and were water-deprived during CCP training. During testing for both tasks, all rats were water-deprived and given free access to all compartments while the amounts of time spent in each compartment were recorded. Results showed that rats given the HFD demonstrated no compartment preferences during both LCP and CCP testing when the compartments contained multiple cues, while rats fed the control diet demonstrated normal compartment preference behavior. However, when the compartments contained a single environmental cue, rats given either the HFD and control diet demonstrated normal LCP and CCP learning. These results demonstrate that consumption of a HFD disrupted both LCP and CCP learning in a multiple-cue (DH-dependent) environment, but did not impair either type of learning in a single-cue (DH-independent) environment. This may be due to selective impairment of the DH caused by increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and/or disrupted neurotransmission produced by consumption of the HFD.
Gender-Role Cognition in Three-Year-Old Boys and Girls.

Although the multidimensionality of gender roles has been well established, few researchers have investigated male and female roles separately. Because of the substantial differences in the ways male and female roles are portrayed in our culture, boys and girls may think and learn about these roles differently. The male role is more clearly defined, more highly valued, and more salient than the female role; thus, children's cognitions about these two roles may be expected to differ. The present study addressed the question of whether there is sex-typical variation in gender labeling, gender-role knowledge, and schematicity. Participants were 120 families; 15% were from minority ethnic groups, and 17% were single-parent families; 25% of the parents had a high school education or less. Results indicated that at 36 months of age, boys were less able to label gender and less knowledgeable about gender roles than were girls. Boys' knew more about male stereotypes than female stereotypes, whereas girls knew considerably more than boys about the female role and as much as boys about the male role. Boys and girls were found to be similar in gender schematicity. Traditionality of parental attitudes regarding child-rearing and maternal employment were not strongly related to children's gender cognition.
Harmonizing Preferential Rules of Origin in the WTO System

Preferential arrangements (bilateral and multilateral free trade areas and GSP systems (preferences for developing countries)) are emerging everywhere in the world trading system and are causing concern because they discriminate against non-members and add complexity, distortions and inconsistency to the global system. Rules of origin (ROOs) linked to these arrangements are a significant part of the problem. More and more they have become the source in their own right of distortions in trade patterns, complexity, non-transparency and inconsistency. This essay argues that WTO members should authorize negotiations seeking to harmonize preferential ROOs (rules of origin linked to preferential arrangements) around core principles consistent with WTO rules. The harmonized preferential ROOs should be aligned as much as possible with the harmonized regime for non-preferential ROOs (rules of origin linked to non-preferential arrangements) likely to emerge from the current hold-over WTO negotiations authorized by the Uruguay Round ROOs Agreement. They should be nonrestrictive, based essentially on the principle that substantial transformation confers origin, and - except where developing countries benefit - should not allow cumulation (treating product components from within the preferential region as locally produced). Existing preferential ROOs not consistent with these principles could be argued to violate Article XXIV, and in some cases Article III, of GATT 1994. In the case of developing country preferences, bilateral cumulation in GSP systems could be argued to violate the Enabling Clause.
Schnyder greedy routing algorithm

Geometric routing by using virtual locations is an elegant way for solving network routing problem In its simplest form, greedy routing, a message is forwarded to a neighbor that is closer to the destination One major drawback of this approach is that the virtual coordinates requires Ω(nlogn) bits to represent, which makes this scheme infeasible in some applications. In this paper, we introduce a modified version of greedy routing which we call generalized greedy routing algorithm Instead of relying on decreasing distance for routing decision, our routing algorithms use other criterion to determine routing path, solely based on local information We present simple generalized greedy routing algorithms based on Schnyder coordinates (consisting of three integers between 0 and 2n), which are derived from Schnyder realizer for plane triangulations and Schnyder wood for 3-connected plane graphs The algorithms are simple and can be easily implemented in linear time.
Effect of diabetes on rat liver cytochrome P-450: Evidence for a unique diabetes-dependent rat liver cytochrome P-450

Detergent-solubilized hepatic microsomal fractions from alloxan diabetic rats exhibited a 52,000 molecular weight hemeprotein band that was not present in the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) protein profiles of identically solubilized hepatic microsomal fractions from normal, 3-methylcholanthrene- or phenobarbital-treated rats. This 52,000 mol. wt hemeprotein band disappeared from the protein profile of insulin-treated diabetic rat liver to yield the SDS-PAGE profile of normal rat liver. When P-450 hemeproteins were purified by lauric acid affinity and hydroxylapatite chromatography from solubilized microsomes, only the diabetic rat had a 52,000 mol. wt P-450. This distinct 52,000 mol. wt diabetes-induced P-450 interacted with type II compounds to yield a 2-fold greater absorbance change than was observed with the purified P-450s from either the normal or the chemically induced rats. The properties of this unique 52,000 mol. wt P-450 suggest that it may be the catalytic component responsible for the increased rate of type II substrate (aniline) metabolism observed in the diabetic rat.
Imprecise concept learning within a growing language

ABSTRACT Concepts are initially described in terms of attribute values. Assuming a growing language, concepts already known to the system can be used in describing new concepts. The learning process is based on clustering terms in concept descriptions in order to replace them by shorter higher level terms. Concept descriptions are in a probabilistic DNF form in order to support imprecision. Results of the learning algorithm are optimized concepts descriptions in terms of a growing language, and a concept hierarchy that can be used for further learning and reasoning within the concept knowledge base.
The leucine-responsive regulatory protein binds to the fim switch to control phase variation of type 1 fimbrial expression in Escherichia coli K-12.

Phase variation of type 1 fimbriation in Escherichia coli is associated with the site-specific recombination of a 314-bp DNA invertible element. The fim switch directs transcription of fimA, the major fimbrial subunit gene, in one orientation (on) but not the other (off). Switching requires either fimB (on-to-off or off-to-on inversion) or fimE (on-to-off inversion only) and is reduced sharply in strains containing lrp::Tn10 mutations. Both fimE-promoted switching and fimB-promoted switching are stimulated by the amino acids alanine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine, and this regulation requires lrp. Here it is shown that the leucine-responsive regulatory protein (Lrp) binds in and adjacent to the fim switch. Mutations in fim that lower Lrp binding in vitro have corresponding effects on both fimB-promoted switching and fimE-promoted switching in vivo. Lrp initiates binding at one of two sites within the fim switch. Additional cooperative binding results in an extensive region of protection from both DNase I and 1,10-phenanthroline-copper complex-activated DNA cleavage. The region of protection can extend to within 12 bp of the right inverted repeat (switch off) and occupies over one-third of the switch. It is proposed that wrapping of fim DNA around an Lrp complex is required to form a recombination-proficient structure. Images
Cytoplasmic Compartmentalization of the Protein and Ribonucleic Acid Species of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus

Abstract The cytoplasmic sites of synthesis in L cells of the protein and ribonucleic acid species of vesicular stomatitis virus were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after fractionation of membrane and other cytoplasmic components by the Caliguiri-Tamm technique. The viral spike protein (glycoprotein G) was found primarily associated with a smooth membrane fraction which is rich in plasma membrane; the G protein was also present in fractions containing rough endoplasmic reticulum. The nonglycosylated envelope protein S (also called M) was found in the smooth membrane fractions but was more abundant in endoplasmic reticulum-enriched fractions. Longer labeling resulted in detection of nucleoprotein N, as well as other minor nucleocapsid proteins L and NS1, in the cellular membrane fractions. The N protein appeared to be made in membrane-free cytoplasm along with progeny ribonucleic acid and later became associated with membrane containing G and S viral proteins.
Variable membrane glycoproteins in different growth cone populations

The question of whether growth cones generated by different neurons contain distinctive membrane glycoproteins was examined. Growth cone particles (GCPs) were isolated from specific regions of fetal or early postnatal brain, and their membrane proteins were analyzed by 2D gel electrophoresis and Western blotting, using WGA as a probe. These blots were compared to those generated by synaptosomes from adult brain. The patterns reveal a number of WGA-binding glycoproteins that are uniformly present in these subcellular fractions and others that are found in GCPs from selected brain regions only. The results indicate, therefore, substantial pattern diversity for the different, restricted growth cone populations. Some of the WGA-binding glycoproteins seen in GCPs disappear with increasing age and are absent from synaptosomes, while others seem to become more prominent. One of the glycoprotein complexes present in all GCP and synaptosome fractions analyzed is gp93. It has an apparent molecular weight of 90–97 kDa and exhibits unusually high heterogeneity in GCPs from whole fetal brain. The gp93 complex covers a pI range from about 4.9 to about 6.4 and consists of at least 12 different species, probably isoelectric variants. In GCPs from different brain regions, the sets of gp93 species observed are different and characteristic. Neuraminidase digestion shifts the gp93 pattern to a more neutral pI but simplifies it only partially, indicating that variable sialic acid content explains the molecular diversity to some extent. Thus, gp93 is a glycoprotein complex whose members are expressed and/or posttranslationally processed differentially in different growth cone populations. Such a glycoprotein family may be involved in selective cell-cell recognition.
Azithromycin versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute bacterial pneumonia.

In this randomised, double-blind study carried out in 28 centres, azithromycin (500 mg single dose on day 1, followed by 250 mg once-daily on days 2–5) was compared with cefaclor (500 mg t.i.d. for 10 days) in the treatment of acute bacterial pneumonia. A total of 119 patients entered the study, and of these 71 were evaluable and included in the efficacy analysis. The overall satisfactory clinical response was 97.3 % for azithromycin patients and 100 % for cefaclor patients. The clinical cure rates of azithromycin and cefaclor were 46.9 % and 41.0 %, respectively; improvement was seen in an additional 46.9 % of azithromycin-treated patients and in 59.0 % of the cefaclor group. The bacteriological eradication rates were 80.4 % and 92.6 %, respectively. These rates of clinical and bacteriological efficacy, were not statistically different. Both antibiotics were well tolerated during the study; only two patients (one on each study drug) discontinued medication due to adverse events. The overall incidence of side effects was 18.9 % (10 of 53 patients) for azithromycin- and 12.1 % (eight of 66 patients) for cefaclor-treated patients. Gastrointestinal disturbances were the most commonly reported side effects (nine of 10 azithromycin-treated patients and six of eight cefaclor-treated patients). In addition, two cefaclor patients reported headache. All azithromycin side effects were mild or moderate in severity, but there were two severe occurrences in the cefaclor group (1 nausea, 1 vomiting) the later leading to discontinuation. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that a five-day (five-dose) course of therapy with azithromycin was effective and well tolerated compared with a 10-day (30-dose) course of cefaclor in the treatment of patients with acute bacterial pneumonia.
Switchable Diffractive Cholesteric Gratings

Electrically switchable diffractive gratings based on cholesteric liquid crystals are suggested. An electric field switches the cholesteric cell between three states: two with a uniform in-plane director and one with a periodic in-plane director modulation. The modulated state produces a Raman–Nath diffractive effect. Characteristic time of switching is of the order of 10 ms. Diffractive properties depend on the polarization of the incident beam and the direction of surface orientation.
Pre-existing seed particles and the onset of condensation in cryogenic wind tunnels

The condensation research at NASA Langley Research Center has used a variety of experimental approaches to gather information on seed particles that can act as sites for condensation growth. Total pressure measurements have suggested that condensation growth is caused by impurities in the flow and not by unevaporated liquid nitrogen (LN2) droplets resulting from the LN2 injected to cool the 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel. A separate test with an optical droplet sizing probe, which was designed to detect droplets in the 2- to 300-micron range, confirmed the conclusions from the total pressure measurements and also discovered what appears to be solidified oil droplets having diameters of about 3 microns. These oil droplets appear to be the dominant source of seed particles above 2 microns. However, computer simulations of static pressure test data suggest that the measured condensation effects are the result of more numerous, smaller seeds with number densities on the order of 10 to the 12th per kilogram of the gas and diameters on the order of 0.5 microns.
Structural analysis of ion selectivity in the NaK channel

Here we present a detailed characterization of ion binding in the NaK pore using the high-resolution structures of NaK in complex with various cations. These structures reveal four ion binding sites with similar chemical environments but vastly different ion preference. The most nonselective of all is site 3, which is formed exclusively by backbone carbonyl oxygen atoms and resides deep within the selectivity filter. Additionally, four water molecules in combination with four backbone carbonyl oxygen atoms are seen to participate in K(+) and Rb(+) ion chelation, at both the external entrance and the vestibule of the NaK filter, confirming the channel's preference for an octahedral ligand configuration for K(+) and Rb(+) binding. In contrast, Na(+) binding in the NaK filter, particularly at site 4, utilizes a pyramidal ligand configuration that requires the participation of a water molecule in the cavity. Therefore, the ability of the NaK filter to bind both Na(+) and K(+) ions seemingly arises from the ions' ability to use the existing environment in unique ways, rather than from any structural rearrangements of the filter itself.
Hybridization analysis of the gene encoding a hemolysin (suilysin) of Streptococcus suis type 2: evidence for the absence of the gene in some isolates

A hemolysin gene was cloned from a virulent strain of Streptococcus suis type 2 strain 1933. Analysis of the gene and its product revealed that it is identical to a previously reported hemolysin (suilysin) of S. suis type 2. Southern hybridization analysis of the digested total genomic DNA from S. suis with the cloned hemolysin DNA sequences as probe indicated that the hemolysin gene is present as a single copy on the genome. Genomic DNA of 63 isolates of S. suis encompassing all known serotypes were examined by DNA hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies for the presence of the hemolysin gene homolog. The results of both techniques were identical and demonstrated the absence of the hemolysin gene in some isolates. In DNA hybridization studies, three DNA probes derived from the hemolysin encoding gene were used. Results showed that sequences encoding the C-terminal 257 amino acid residues (Probe 1) were the most conserved and hybridized to a 1.2 kb fragment in 32 (51%) strains and a 4.0 kb fragment in 23 (36%) strains respectively. Thus, Probe 2 hybridized to the DNA of 55 (87%) of the isolates tested. The first probe (Probe 1) comprising almost the entire hemolysin gene and the third probe (Probe 3) which consisted of the N-terminal sequences hybridized only to a 4.0 kb fragment in 23 (36%) of the strains tested. Eight (13%) of the strains tested were hybridization and PCR negative. The hybridization of the C-terminal end sequences (Probe 2) to the 1.2 kb fragment in 32 (51%) of the strains and the lack of hybridization of the probes to eight (13%) strains may suggest the presence of different types of hemolysin molecule in S. suis strains.
Ultrasound-enhanced drug and gene delivery: A review

Optimization of drug and gene delivery is currently a topic of great interest. This optimization can be achieved via site-specific (targeted) delivery, controlled drug release, and by finding ways to deliver more of the drug into tissues of interest (despite various barriers). Targeted delivery can serve to lower the required drug dose and minimize toxic side effects, which is crucial for the success of cancer chemotherapy. Controlled release of drugs can be advantageous in the management of chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. In recent years, application of ultrasound in the enhancement of drug delivery, controlled drug release, and site-specific delivery has been a topic of extensive research. Ultrasound was shown to improve delivery of thrombolytic agents, anticancer drugs, genes, and macromolecules into different tissues. This enhancement is believed to be due mostly to cavitation activity and streaming. Specifically, ultrasound was previously used for controlled release of insulin through the skin, targeted gene transfection into cardiac cells, delivery of medications through blood-brain and eye barriers, treatment of stroke, etc. This review talk will cover recent developments in various areas of ultrasound-enhanced drug and gene delivery.
A COMPARISON OF THREE PROCEDURES FOR MULTIPLE COMPARISONS AMONG MEANS

For the situation in which the contrasts of interest are limited to the (K/2) comparisons among the means of K samples, Spjotvoll & Stoline's (1973) extension of Tukey's multiple-comparison procedure is compared with Scheffe's method (1959) and Dunn's procedure (1961) for significance levels not exceeding 0.05. Rules are given for determining if any method is uniformly preferable (best for all contrasts). Non-uniform preference rules are also given and applied to some examples. Auxiliary tables are provided for significance levels 0.01 and 0.05 for several values of K and v, the number of degrees of freedom of an independent variance estimate. It is shown that the extended Tukey procedure is uniformly preferable when the sample sizes are equal or ‘nearly’ equal, while Dunn's and, in some cases, Scheffe's method is uniformly preferable when all sample sizes are ‘sufficiently’ different.
In vitro stimulation of human red blood cell Ca2+-ATPase by thyroid hormone.

Abstract Ca2+-ATPase activity in human erythrocyte ghosts previously washed to remove endogenous thyroid hormone is stimulated in vitro by physiologic concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Two- to three-fold increases (P