cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maximizing Transport Capacity for Geographic Transmission on Nakagami-m Channels

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), conventional packet forwarding schemes that pre-select the next-hop receivers for a packet may fail if the channel coherence time is on the order of the typical packet duration because the pre-selected node may often suffer a deep fade for the duration of the packet. An alternative approach is geographic transmission, in which the packet is transmitted in the direction of the destination, but the next-hop forwarding node is selected among those nodes that are in the direction of the destination and that correctly recover the message. This approach takes advantage of multi-user diversity to significantly improve the probability of the packet being correctly received by a forwarding agent. However, this approach places additional burden on the energies of the mobile nodes if the forwarding scheme requires all of the next-hop neighbors of the transmitter (that are in the direction of the destination) attempt to receive a transmitted message. In this paper, we consider the joint design of node-activation strategies and transmission rates to maximize the expected value of transport capacity over a Nakagami-m channel under a constraint on the expected number of nodes that attempt to receive a packet. We show that our approach offers better performance than other approaches.
Enlightenment, Establishment and the Word

There is cause for concern for the future of New Testament studies, in particular in the UK, in relation to (a) theology as a whole, (b) the churches and (c) the univer sity system in general. A perhaps surprisingly large proportion (some 20%) of the teachers employed in Theology and Religious Studies departments of British uni versities and other comparable publicly funded institutions have New Testament as their subject. No other subject is so big. The situation is not without odd features. The strength of New Testament studies coincides with its almost fastidious with drawal from wider theological or religious connections, yet it is surely these con nections, taking various forms, which largely account for the subject's predomi nance. Equally strange is the recent official endorsement by the Roman Catholic Church of the range of methods now used in biblical studies, both historical and literary, when it coincides with a widespread tendency in many Protestant circles to reject the Enlightenment's legacy...
Secondary depression in alcoholism: Implications for future research

Abstract While an association between excessive consumption of alcohol and depression has long been suspected it has only recently been demonstrated. This is probably due to the fact that only during the last 15 years have research diagnostic criteria for both alcoholism and depression been developed. The relationship between alcoholism and depression appears to be unidirectional in that the presence of an affective disorder does not seem to predispose to alcoholism (except perhaps in women), whereas the presence of alcoholism does appear to lead to subsequent development of depressive symptomatology. Unfortunately, there is a very wide range in the reported frequency of depression among alcoholics. We will examine the literature on secondary depression in alcoholism in an attempt to clarify the parameters which may account for this.
Center-stabilized Yang-Mills theory: Confinement and large N volume independence

We examine a double trace deformation of $SU(N)$ Yang-Mills theory which, for large $N$ and large volume, is equivalent to unmodified Yang-Mills theory up to $O(1/{N}^{2})$ corrections. In contrast to the unmodified theory, large $N$ volume independence is valid in the deformed theory down to arbitrarily small volumes. The double trace deformation prevents the spontaneous breaking of center symmetry which would otherwise disrupt large $N$ volume independence in small volumes. For small values of $N$, if the theory is formulated on ${\mathbb{R}}^{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{S}^{1}$ with a sufficiently small compactification size $L$, then an analytic treatment of the nonperturbative dynamics of the deformed theory is possible. In this regime, we show that the deformed Yang-Mills theory has a mass gap and exhibits linear confinement. Increasing the circumference $L$ or number of colors $N$ decreases the separation of scales on which the analytic treatment relies. However, there are no order parameters which distinguish the small and large radius regimes. Consequently, for small $N$ the deformed theory provides a novel example of a locally four-dimensional pure-gauge theory in which one has analytic control over confinement, while for large $N$ it provides a simple fully reduced model for Yang-Mills theory. The construction is easily generalized to QCD and other QCD-like theories.
Prototype for SONTRAC: a scintillating plastic fiber detector for solar neutron spectroscopy

We report the scientific motivation for and performance measurements of a prototype detector system for SONTRAC, a solar neutron tracking experiment designed to study high- energy solar flare processes. The full SONTRAC instrument will measure the energy and direction of 20 to 200 MeV neutrons by imaging the ionization tracks of the recoil protons in a densely packed bundle of scintillating plastic fibers. The prototype detector consists of a 12.7 mm square bundle of 250 micrometer scintillating plastic fibers, 10 cm long. A photomultiplier detects scintillation light from one end of the fiber bundle and provides a detection trigger to an image intensifier/CCD camera system at the opposite end. The image of the scintillation light is recorded. By tracking the recoil protons from individual neutrons the kinematics of the scattering are determined, providing a high signal to noise measurement. The predicted energy resolution is 10% at 20 MeV, improving with energy. This energy resolution translates into an uncertainty in the production time of the neutron at the Sun of 30 s for a 20 MeV neutron, also improving with energy. A SONTRAC instrument will also be capable of detecting and measuring high-energy gamma rays greater than 20 MeV as a 'solid-state spark chamber.' The self-triggering and track imaging features of the prototype are demonstrated with cosmic ray muons and 14 MeV neutrons. Design considerations for a space flight instrument are presented.
Atypical Antipsychotics as Enhancement Therapy in Rapid Cycling Mood States: A Case Study

Rapid cycling is not an uncommon occurrence in patients with bipolar affective disorder. This variant of the disease is notorious for its treatment resistance, in particular, lithium resistance. A full spectrum of cycloid mood states has been described. The author presents five cases in which the addition of atypical antipsychotics resulted in significant symptom relief. An argument for a preferential use of atypical antipsychotics, with their low risk of tardive dyskinesia, is made. General guidelines for the use of atypical antipsychotics in rapid cycling patients are discussed. Atypical antipsychotic medications in “cycloid disorders,” including rapid cycling bipolar disease, are discussed.
Experimentally induced infection of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) with Mycobacterium bovis.

In the USA, all species of Cervidae are included in the USDA's uniform methods and rules for the eradication of bovine tuberculosis and, therefore, are subject to regulations regarding intradermal tuberculin testing. In reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), infection with Mycobacterium bovis is exceedingly rare and the re- sponse of reindeer to infection with M. bovis in pathologic and immunologic terms is unknown. The objectives of the study reported here were to describe the pathologic changes associated with M. bovis infection in reindeer and evaluate the effectiveness of intradermal tuberculin testing as a means of diagnosis of tuberculosis in reindeer. Thirteen reindeer were inoculated intratonsilarly with 10 5 colony-forming units (CFU) of M. bovis, and 4 noninoculated reindeer served as negative controls. The comparative cervical test (CCT) was done on all reindeer 90 and 240 days after inoculation. Thirteen months after inoculation, all reindeer were euthanized and examined. All experimentally inoculated reindeer developed lesions in the medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes. The CCT accurately identified all M. bovis-inoculated reindeer, but false-positive results were common among negative-control reindeer. Modifications of the method for interpretation of the CCT decreased false- positive results without increasing false-negative results. Reindeer are susceptible to infection with M. bovis; however, lesions are fewer in number, less severe in nature, and less widely disseminated than are those seen in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Comparative cervical skin testing of reindeer can be highly sensitive, but has low specificity. Specificity can be improved by modification of criteria for interpretation of the CCT.
Isolation of digoxin-like immunoreactive factors from mammalian adrenal cortex.

Endogenous digoxin-like immunoreactive factors (DLIF) are present in serum and tissues of humans and animals. To date, a tissue source for these factors has not been rigorously defined nor have these factors been isolated to identifiable homogeneity. In this study, we define the distribution of DLIF in mammalian tissues, demonstrate the adrenal cortex to be the principal source of this factor in bovine, and isolate DLIF to chromatographic homogeneity using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). DLIF concentrations in tissue extracts from rats measured as follows: adrenal glands, 44.3; serum, 6.3; liver, 5.2; kidney, 1.2; heart, brain, or lungs, less than 1.4 ng of digoxin-equivalent per g of protein. Human tissues showed similar results. In dogs, the ratio of the DLIF concentration in lumbar vein serum to that in infrarenal inferior vena cava serum was 3.3 +/- 0.4 (mean +/- S.E., n = 4). Bovine adrenal cortex contained 7 times more DLIF per g of tissue than the adrenal medulla. 70 +/- 4% (n = 7) of the total bovine cortical DLIF activity (6,159 pg of digoxin-equivalent) applied to a reverse phase HPLC column eluted as one definitive fraction. 60% of the digoxin-like immunoreactivity extracted from bovine serum also co-eluted with DLIF from adrenal. None of the 14 steroid molecules or 7 cardiac glycoside congeners co-eluted with the major DLIF activity. Our data indicate that 947 pmol of DLIF is equivalent to 1 pmol of digoxin-equivalent immunoreactivity. Preliminary mass spectral analysis suggests that purified DLIF has a molecular mass of 780 daltons comprised of one 390-dalton aglycone component plus several sugar moieties. This study establishes a definitive link between DLIF in serum and the adrenal cortex as a source tissue. We also demonstrate a method for purifying DLIF to chromatographic homogeneity with an extraction capacity of 1.2 nmol of DLIF per g of adrenal cortex.
Validating Health Insurance Coverage Survey Estimates A Comparison of Self-Reported Coverage and Administrative Data Records

We administered a health insurance coverage survey module to a sample of 4,575 adult Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Minnesota (BCBS) members to examine if people who have health insurance coverage self-report that they are uninsured. We were also interested in whether respondents correctly classify themselves as having commercial, Medicare, MinnesotaCare, and/or Medicaid coverage (the four sample strata). The BCBS of Minnesota sample is drawn from both public and commercial health insurance coverage strata that are important to policy research involving survey data. Our findings support the validity of our health insurance module for determining whether someone who has health insurance is correctly coded as having health insurance coverage, as only 0.4 percent of the BCBS members answered the survey as though they were uninsured. However, we find problems for researchers interested in using survey responses to specific types of public coverage. For example, 21 percent of the Medicaid self-reported coverage came from known enrollees and only 67 percent of the MinnesotaCare self-reported count came from known enrollees. We conclude with a discussion of the study's implications for understanding the Medicaid “undercount” and the validity of self-reported health insurance coverage.
A Reappraisal of the Role of Abscisic Acid and its Interaction with Auxin in Apical Dominance

• Background and Aims Evidence from pea rms1, Arabidopsis max4 and petunia dad1 mutant studies suggest an unidentified carotenoid-derived/plastid-produced branching inhibitor which moves acropetally from the roots to the shoots and interacts with auxin in the control of apical dominance. Since the plant hormone, abscisic acid (ABA), known to inhibit some growth processes, is also carotenoid derived/plastid produced, and because there has been indirect evidence for its involvement with branching, a re-examination of the role of ABA in apical dominance is timely. Even though it has been determined that ABA probably is not the second messenger for auxin in apical dominance and is not the above-mentioned unidentified branching inhibitor, the similarity of their derivation suggests possible relationships and/or interactions. • Methods The classic Thimann–Skoog auxin replacement test for apical dominance with auxin [0·5 % naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)] applied both apically and basally was combined in similar treatments with 1 % ABA in Ipomoea nil (Japanese Morning Glory), Solanum lycopersicum (Better Boy tomato) and Helianthus annuus (Mammoth Grey-striped Sunflower). • Key Results Auxin, apically applied to the cut stem surface of decapitated shoots, strongly restored apical dominance in all three species, whereas the similar treatment with ABA did not. However, when ABA was applied basally, i.e. below the lateral bud of interest, there was a significant moderate repression of its outgrowth in Ipomoea and Solanum. There was also some additive repression when apical auxin and basal ABA treatments were combined in Ipomoea. • Conclusion The finding that basally applied ABA is able partially to restore apical dominance via acropetal transport up the shoot suggests possible interactions between ABA, auxin and the unidentified carotenoid-derived branching inhibitor that justify further investigation.
Popular psychological myths: A comparison of students’ beliefs across the psychology major

The present study investigates the frequency and confidence with which college students endorse popular psychological myths, contrasting introductory psychology students (at the beginning and end of the course) with upper-level psychology majors and students who have never taken Introduction to Psychology. This study builds on the existing literature by comparing these groups of students and considering the role of confidence. While majors endorsed fewer myths than students with less psychology course experience, majors still endorsed half of the myths. Consistent with previous work, students reported a similar number of myths before and after completing Introductory Psychology, but students were less confident in their wrong answers at the end of the semester. While the present study focuses on myths in psychology, implications for teaching apply across disciplines.
Zygotic control of maternal cyclin A1 translation and mRNA stability

Cyclin mRNAs are unstable in the adult cell cycle yet are stable during the first 12 cell divisions in Xenopus laevis .W erecently reported that cyclin A1 and B2 maternal mRNAs are deadenylated upon completion of the 12th division (Audic et al. (2001) Mol. Cell Biol. 21: 1662-1671). Deadenylation is mediated by the 3 untranslated region (UTR) of the mRNA and pre- cedes the terminal disappearance of the cyclin proteins, with both processes requiring zygotic transcription. The purpose of the current study was (1) to ask whether deadenylation leads to translational repression and/or destabilization of endogenous cyclin A1 and B2 mRNAs, and (2) to further characterize the regulatory sequences required. We show that zygote-driven deadenyla- tion leads to translational repression and mRNA destabilization. A 99-nucleotide region of the 3UTR of the cyclin A1 mRNA mediates both deadenylation and destabilization. Surprisingly, two AU-rich consensus elements within this re- gion are dispensable for this activity. These re- sults suggest that zygote-dependent deadenyla- tion, translational repression, and mRNA destabilization by means of novel 3UTR ele- ments contribute to the disappearance of mater- nal cyclins. They also suggest that translational control of cyclins may play a role in the transi- tion to the adult cell cycle. These data concur with previous studies in Drosophila showing that zygote-mediated degradation of maternal cdc25 mRNA may be a general mechanism whereby transition to the adult cell cycle proceeds. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Genetic and Structural Analyses of Cytoplasmic Filaments of Wild-Type Treponema phagedenis and a Flagellar Filament-Deficient Mutant

Unique cytoplasmic filaments are found in the treponeme genus of spirochete bacteria. Their function is unknown, but their location underneath the periplasmic flagellar filaments (PFF) suggests a role in motility and/or cell structure. To better understand these unique structures, the gene coding for the cytoplasmic filaments, cfpA, was identified in various treponemal species. Treponema phagedenis cfpA was 2,037 nucleotides long, and the encoded polypeptide showed 78 to 100% amino acid sequence identity with the partial sequence of CfpA from T. denticola, T. vincentii, and T. pallidum subsp. pertenue. Wild-type T. phagedenis and a PFF-deficient isolate were analyzed by electron microscopy to assess the structural relationship of the cytoplasmic filaments and the PFF. The number of cytoplasmic filaments per cell of T. phagedenis (mean, 5.7) was compared with the number of PFF at each end of the cell (mean, 4.7); the results suggest that there is no direct one-to-one correlation at the cell end. Moreover, a structural link between these structures could not be demonstrated. The cytoplasmic filaments were also analyzed by electron microscopy at different stages of cell growth; this analysis revealed that they are cleaved before or during septum formation and before the nascent formation of PFF. A PFF-deficient mutant of T. phagedenis possessed cytoplasmic filaments similar to those of the wild type, suggesting that intact PFF are not required for their assembly and regulation. The extensive conservation of CfpA among pathogenic spirochetes suggests an important function, and structural analysis suggests that it is unlikely that the cytoplasmic filaments and the flagellar apparatus are physically linked.
Maps for a fiesta. A Latina/o perspective on knowledge and the global crisis, by Otto Maduro, edited by Eduardo Mendieta, NY, Fordham University Press, 2015, 177 pp., USD 25.00 (Paperback), ISBN 9780823263059

Venezuelan-born scholar of World Christianity, Otto Maduro died on 9 May 2013 at the age of 68. Maduro’s academic work addressed how religion relates to the liberation of oppressed groups, as well ...
Rule and Exception in Criminal Law

The advent of new defensive claims, such as the battered woman's defense and the cultural defense, has led to debates that invoke a variety of important legal and political principles on both sides of the issues. But asking whether we ought to adopt new defenses in the criminal law raises a more fundamental question: why do we ever adopt defenses in the criminal law? Two simple reasons come to mind - (1) defenses may be necessary to our system of criminal law, or (2) defenses may be good for our system of criminal law. In this Article, I consider what such answers mean by exploring the relationship between offenses and defenses. I begin with an assumption that is implicit in much of criminal law scholarship: that harm-prevention is a central principle animating modern criminal law. Conceptualizing the criminal law according to the harm-prevention principle, I hypothesize that some defenses in fact further harm-prevention, thus making up part of the rules of the criminal law, while other defenses constitute exceptions embodying principles that outweigh society's interest in preventing harm. Recognizing this dynamic between offense and defense facilitates evaluation of new defensive claims by clarifying the legal context for their debates and the interest-balancing that such evaluation entails.
Enhancing user search experience in digital libraries with rotated latent semantic indexing

This study investigates a semi-automatic method for creation of topical labels representing the topical concepts in information objects. The method is called rotated latent semantic indexing (rLSI). rLSI has found application in text mining but has not been used for topical labels generation in digital libraries (DLs). The present study proposes a theoretical model and an evaluation framework which are based on the LSA theory of meaning and investigates rLSI in a DL environment. The proposed evaluation framework for rLSI topical labels is focused on human-information search behavior and satisfaction measures. The experimental systems that utilize those topical labels were built for the purposes of evaluating user satisfaction with the search process. A new instrument was developed for this study and the experiment showed high reliability of the measurement scales and confirmed the construct validity. Data was collected through the information search tasks performed by 122 participants using two experimental systems. A quantitative method of analysis, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), was used to test a set of research hypotheses and to answer research questions. The results showed a not significant, indirect effect of topical label type on both guidance and satisfaction. The conclusion of the study is that topical labels generated using rLSI provide the same levels of alignment, guidance, and satisfaction with the search process as topical labels created by the professional indexers using best practices.
Direct Evidence of Conformational Changes Associated With Voltage Gating in a Voltage Sensor Protein by Time-Resolved X-ray/neutron Interferometry

The voltage sensor domain (VSD) of voltage-gated cation (e.g., Na(+), K(+)) channels central to neurological signal transmission can function as a distinct module. When linked to an otherwise voltage-insensitive, ion-selective membrane pore, the VSD imparts voltage sensitivity to the channel. Proteins homologous with the VSD have recently been found to function themselves as voltage-gated proton channels or to impart voltage sensitivity to enzymes. Determining the conformational changes associated with voltage gating in the VSD itself in the absence of a pore domain thereby gains importance. We report the direct measurement of changes in the scattering-length density (SLD) profile of the VSD protein, vectorially oriented within a reconstituted phospholipid bilayer membrane, as a function of the transmembrane electric potential by time-resolved X-ray and neutron interferometry. The changes in the experimental SLD profiles for both polarizing and depolarizing potentials with respect to zero potential were found to extend over the entire length of the isolated VSD's profile structure. The characteristics of the changes observed were in qualitative agreement with molecular dynamics simulations of a related membrane system, suggesting an initial interpretation of these changes in terms of the VSD's atomic-level 3-D structure.
Fertilitätskonservierende Maßnahmen bei Männern

Fortschritte in der onkologischen Therapie durch die stetige Verbesserung von Chemo- und Radiotherapie haben in den vergangenen Jahren zu einer signifikanten Steigerung der Uberlebensraten von Krebspatienten gefuhrt. In diesem Zusammenhang gewinnen die Langzeitnebenwirkungen der Behandlung zunehmend an Bedeutung, um die langfristige Lebensqualitat der Patienten zu sichern, wobei insbesondere die hohe Inzidenz der Infertilitat als Folge einer onkologischen Therapie von grosem Interesse ist. Der vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert die zurzeit etablierten Methoden zur Fertilitatskonservierung bei Mannern. Daruber hinaus werden Einblicke in neueste Forschungsergebnisse zur Keimzelltransplantation und extrakorporalen Generierung von Keimzellen prasentiert, die ein groses Potenzial zur klinischen Anwendung fur zukunftige Praventivmasnahmen darstellen.
Immunohistochemical localisation of natriuretic peptides in the heart and brain of the gulf toadfish Opsanus beta.

The distribution of natriuretic peptide immunoreactivity was determined in the heart and brain of the gulf toadfish Opsanus beta using the avidin-biotin peroxidase technique. Four antisera were used: the first raised against porcine brain natriuretic peptide which cross-reacts with atrial natriuretic and C-type natriuretic peptides (termed natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity); the second raised against porcine brain natriuretic peptide which cross-reacts with C-type natriuretic peptide but not with atrial natriuretic peptide (termed porcine brain natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity); the third raised against rat atrial natriuretic peptide; and the fourth raised against eel atrial natriuretic peptide. Natriuretic peptide- and porcine brain natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity was observed in all cardiac muscle cells of the atrium. In the ventricle, natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity was found in all cardiac muscle cells, however porcine brain natriuretic peptidelike immunoreactivity was confined to muscle cells adjacent to the epicardium. There was no discernible difference in the distribution of natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity and porcine brain natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity in the brain. Immunoreactive perikarya were observed only in the preoptic region of the diencephalon, and many immunoreactive fibres were found in the telencephalon, preoptic area, and rostral hypothalamus, lateral to the thalamic region. There was no immunoreactivity in any region of the hypophysis. A pair of distinct immunoreactive fibre tracts ran caudally from the preoptic area to the thalamic region, from which fibres extended to the posterior commissure, area praetectalis, dorsolateral regions of the midbrain tegmentum, and tectum. Many immunoreactive fibres were present in the rostral regions of the inferior lobes of the hypothalamus and in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral aspects of the rhombencephalon. No immunoreactivity was observed in the heart and brain using rat atrial natriuretic and eel natriuretic peptide antisera. Although the chemical structure of natriuretic peptides in the heart and brain of toadfish is unknown, these observations show that a component of the natriuretic peptide complement is similar to porcine brain natriuretic and/or porcine C-type natriuretic peptides. The presence of natriuretic peptides in the brain suggests that they could be important neuromodulators and/or neurotransmitters.
Kermode’s War:

Frank Kermode’s autobiographical recollections of the Second World War disclose much about one of the most prominent literary critics of the twentieth century. They reveal in part the personal and affective origins of his existentialism, a philosophy that permeated his early literary criticism and contributed to a wider cultural discourse in mid-twentieth-century Britain. They also help explain his later preoccupation with the ‘fictions’ of communication. His naval experiences taught him how words could not begin to capture the traumas of lived experience, a lesson he later developed and refined. Finally, Kermode’s war experiences help explain the generational conflict that separated him from his younger colleagues and convinced him that individuals remain embedded within a historical moment they can neither choose nor escape.
Capturing Safety Requirements to Enable Effective Task Allocation Between Humans and Automaton in Increasingly Autonomous Systems

There is a current drive towards enabling the deployment of increasingly autonomous systems in the National Airspace System (NAS). However, shifting the traditional roles and responsibilities between humans and automation for safety critical tasks must be managed carefully, otherwise the current emergent safety properties of the NAS may be disrupted. In this paper, a verification activity to assess the emergent safety properties of a clearly defined, safety critical, operational scenario that possesses tasks that can be fluidly allocated between human and automated agents is conducted. Task allocation role sets were proposed for a human-automation team performing a contingency maneuver in a reduced crew context. A safety critical contingency procedure (engine out on takeoff) was modeled in the Soar cognitive architecture, then translated into the Hybrid Input Output formalism. Verification activities were then performed to determine whether or not the safety properties held over the increasingly autonomous system. The verification activities lead to the development of several key insights regarding the implicit assumptions on agent capability. It subsequently illustrated the usefulness of task annotations associated with specialized requirements (e.g., communication, timing etc.), and demonstrated the feasibility of this approach.
Loss of Ellipticity in Plane Deformation of a Simple Directionally Reinforced Incompressible Nonlinearly Elastic Solid

Change of type in the governing equations of equilibrium is examined in the context of a base neo-Hookean response augmented with unidirectional reinforcing that is characterized by a single additional constitutive parameter for strength of reinforcement. Plane deformations interpreted in terms of both local and global plane strain are considered. Loss of ordinary ellipticity is found to occur for sufficiently large strength of reinforcement under sufficiently severe deformation which necessarily involves contraction in the reinforcing direction. Loss of ellipticity in local plane strain is easily characterized, and its incipient breakdown is associated with the possible emergence of surfaces of weak discontinuity with orientation normals in the reinforcing direction. Loss of ellipticity in global plane strain is given a two-dimensional manifold characterization in a space involving two deformation parameters and the strength of reinforcing parameter. Orientation normals for the associated surfaces of weak discontinuity at incipient breakdown do not in general conform to the reinforcing direction.
Diagrammatic versus Linguistic Representation

I started this work with the following assumption: There is a distinction between diagrammatic and linguistic representation, and Venn diagrams are a nonlinguistic form of representation. By showing that the Venn system is sound and complete, I aimed to provide a legitimate reason why logicians who care about valid reasoning should be interested in nonlinguistic representation systems as well. However, the following objection might undermine the import of my project: How do we know that Venn diagrammatic representation is a nonlinguistic system? After all, it might be another linguistic representation system which is too restricted in its expressiveness to be used in our reasoning. If we accept this criticism, what I have done so far would be reduced to the following: A very limited linguistic system was chosen and proven to be sound and complete. Considering how far symbolic logic has developed, this could not be an interesting or meaningful project at all. Therefore, it seems very important to clarify the assumptions that diagrammatic systems are different from linguistic ones and that the Venn systems are nonlinguistic. There has been some controversy over how to define diagrams in general, despite the fact that we all seem to have some intuitive understanding of diagrams. For example, all of us seem to make some distinction between Venn diagrams and first-order languages. Everyone would classify Euler circles under the same category as Venn diagrams. Or suppose that both a map and verbal instructions are available for us to locate a certain place.
Connecting with the Courts: Online Access to State Judicial Systems

ABSTRACTAccess to the legal system is critical in any democracy. In this article, we extend past research by exploring a new and twenty-first century dimension of access—namely, access to a state's court system through its judiciary website. Using data from all fifty state judiciary websites, we find that online access is associated with the complexity and efficiency of the court system and, to a lesser extent, state-level Internet penetration and the size of the legal community, while partisan control generally has a modest or null effect. This suggests that practical or administrative considerations are more influential than political considerations when establishing online access to state courts.
Barrio rising: urban popular politics and the making of modern Venezuela

Latin America has its share of modernist icons that stand as testimony of incomplete promises. Brasilia laid bare the unrealistic ambition of developmentalism in postwar Brazil; the abandonment of ...
Oxycodone DETERx ® : A Novel Abuse-Deterrent, Extended-Release Analgesic Option for the Treatment of Patients with Chronic Pain.

Extended-release (ER) opioid analgesics are commonly used to provide safe and effective pain relief to treat pain severe enough to require around-the-clock, long-term dosing. These ER opioid formulations usually contain more drug per dosage unit than immediate-release (IR) agents, and therefore bring with them challenges related to both opioid abuse and misuse, often through manipulation of the dosage form. Oxycodone DETERx® (Xtampza® ER, Collegium Pharmaceutical, Inc.) is a novel abuse-deterrent, ER formulation developed to deter common methods of manipulation. In addition to having abuse-deterrent properties, oxycodone DETERx was developed to provide alternative modes of administration for patients with chronic pain and difficulty swallowing. Using published articles, abstracts, and prescribing information, data supporting the use of oxycodone DETERx are reviewed. Oxycodone DETERx was effective at reducing chronic pain in patients enrolled in a pivotal clinical trial, and had a tolerability profile expected of opioids. In addition to administration of the intact capsule, oxycodone DETERx can also be administered by sprinkling directly into the mouth from a dosing cup, onto soft foods, or through nasogastric or gastrostomy tubes, thus providing flexible dosing options for patients who have difficulty swallowing. In vitro studies demonstrated the reduced ability of oxycodone DETERx to be manipulated by common techniques used by abusers to defeat the ER characteristics or prepare the formulation for injection. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that the ER characteristics of oxycodone DETERx are maintained if chewed or crushed. As a result, oxycodone DETERx is currently the only ER-formulated opioid without a boxed warning against crushing or chewing. Human abuse-potential studies conducted in a population of recreational opioid users demonstrated lower drug-liking scores for oxycodone DETERx administered intranasally and orally when compared with IR oxycodone. Collegium Pharmaceutical, Inc.
Primate response to natural gas pipeline construction in the Peruvian Amazon

While natural resource exploration and extraction activity is expanding in the Neotropics, our understanding of wildlife response to such activity is almost non-existent. Primates, which fulfill important ecological roles and face numerous anthropogenic threats, are of particular concern. We studied primate group distribution before, during, and after natural gas pipeline construction in the Peruvian Amazon to investigate whether primates spatially avoid areas of disturbance. We monitored primates on eight transects 20 times per annual sampling period in three consecutive years and analyzed changes in group observations relative to the pipeline right-of-way in a multi-season occupancy modeling framework. Overall primate group encounter rates were low (<half) compared to a nearby protected area. Contrary to expectations, we did not see clear evidence of spatial avoidance of the pipeline area. Although higher overall encounter rates before construction suggested lower primate use of the area during and following construction, this pattern could not be confirmed statistically, and probability of colonization and extinction of transect sections in the occupancy analysis could not be differentiated from zero. These results are probably attributable to a combination of low numbers of primate encounters and high spatial variability in primate use of different transects. This study provides valuable preliminary data and a methodological framework for understanding the response of an ecologically important group of mammals to anthropogenic activity. We encourage other researchers to continue exploring the impacts of natural resource exploration- and extraction-related activities in the tropics, as such activities are likely to have a growing effect on ecosystems.
Road Safety Perspectives Among Employees of a Multinational Corporation in Urban India: Local Context for Global Injury Prevention

In rapidly developing economies, like urban India, where road traffic injury rates are among the world's highest, the corporate workplace offers a non-traditional venue for road safety interventions. In partnership with a major multinational corporation (MNC) with a large Indian workforce, this study aimed to elicit local employee perspectives on road safety to inform a global corporate health platform. The safety attitudes and behaviours of 75 employees were collected through self-report survey and focus groups in the MNC offices in Bangalore and Pune. Analysis of these data uncovered incongruity between employee knowledge of safety strategies and their enacted safety behaviours and identified local preference for interventions and policy-level actions. The methods modelled by this study offer a straightforward approach for eliciting employee perspective for local road safety interventions that fit within a global strategy to improve employee health. Study findings suggest that MNCs can employ a range of strategies to improve the road traffic safety of their employees in settings like urban India including: implementing corporate traffic safety policy, making local infrastructure changes to improve road and traffic conditions, advocating for road safety with government partners and providing employees with education and access to safety equipment and safe transportation options.
Demonstration of an expedited breast care (EBC) clinic

16023 Background: Women report waiting for a breast biopsy result as a time of psychological distress. Waiting also delays entry into definitive oncology care, and patients in underserved communities may be lost to follow up. In this proof-of-concept demonstration, an Expedited Breast Care (EBC) clinic was developed to give patients the opportunity to receive same-day biopsy results. Methods: Patients requiring core breast biopsy at a community hospital were approached sequentially to participate. Following surgical biopsy, tissue underwent ultra-rapid fixation and processing. After paraffin sections were prepared and stained, the glass histopathology slides were imaged with a virtual slide scanner. Digital images were stored on a server and viewed on the Internet by a telepathologist at a tertiary care center. Light microscopy review was concurrently performed as the gold standard. After telepathology review and light microscopy confirmation, patients presented to the telemedicine suite to receive biopsy...
Morphological and Functional Ear Development

The development of peripheral auditory function in humans has been observed and documented using a variety of investigative tools. Because these tools must all be noninvasive in nature, they are indirect and, therefore, somewhat imprecise probes of function. Measured function at one level of the peripheral auditory system is undoubtedly influenced by the functional status of other parts of the system. Thus, the most effective way to define and document the physiology and developmental course of the human auditory system is to consider and integrate findings, with an acute awareness of the limitations of each assay and the relationship among results. To make this treatise a reasonable endeavor, only human auditory developmental data are presented and discussed, although when it elucidates a pattern common to humans, mammalian development in general may be considered.
Impact of Introducing Genetically-Modified Microorganisms on Soil Microbial Community Diversity

This study examined the impact of introducing a genetically modified herbicide-degrading bacterium on soil community diversity. As a model the genetically modified bacterium Pseudomonas cepacia AC1100 was used, which is a 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) degrader, formed through molecular breeding (Karns et al., 1981; Kilbane et al., 1982). Both taxonomic diversity and genetic diversity were measured following introduction of P. cepacia AC1100 into sou microcosms alone or in combination with the herbicide 2,4,5-T.
Two Major Problems in Representing Geological Well Data and Seismic Data In Petroleum-Bearing Regions Via 3-D Geographic Information Systems

This article address two major categories of problems in representing oil-exploration data in 3-D geographic information systems. Our knowledge of the subsurface in oil producing regions is mostly derived from wells and seismic surveys. The first category centers around difficulties in defining three-dimensional locations of well and seismic data. The second involves problems in representing geologic interpretations in 3-D subsurface space, where uncertainty is high and interpretations progressively change when new information is obtained.
Intracardiac prosthetic materials

Summary o 1. The fate of 161 plastic prostheses of various fabrications of Ivalon (polyvinylchloride), Teflon (tetrafluroethylene), Dacron (polyesters), Nylon, polyurethane and terpolymer placed within atrial septal defects of dogs is reported. 2. All materials were “clinically” satisfactory. 3. The degree of thrombosis, neoendocardial formation and tissue reaction are apparently related primarily to the chemistry of the prosthesis. Considering these factors, bleached Teflon, terpolymer and Dacron are most satisfactory. 4. The fibrous tissue ingrowth into these materials (and thus the stiffness) after varying periods within the heart is shown to depend primarily upon the size of the pores (interstices) of the prostheses.
Divorce, Custody, and Spousal Violence: A Random Sample of Circuit Court Docket Records

The fastest growing marital status category in America is divorced, with the number of divorced individuals quadrupling between 1970 and 1996. The majority of children in divorced families live with a single parent and often lose contact with the noncustodial parent. A recent review of the literature suggests that many noncustodial fathers fail to keep contact with their children and become delinquent in child support payments because of their dissatisfaction with the custody arrangement. However, there has been little examination of how custody arrangements are typically determined or settled. In addition, divorces that involve spousal violence bring further complications to child custody, visitation, and child support decisions. This study included a 20% random sample of court records for all divorces settled in one county judicial circuit court during 1998. The purpose of this study was to examine characteristics of divorcing adults as well as characteristics of child custody arrangements, visitation, and child support decisions. Contrary to popular belief, findings from this study indicate that divorce actions were almost always settled through agreement of the divorcing parties rather than by adjudication. About 38% of the couples had children in common and between 78 and 92% of cases were settled through agreement, which suggests that fathers are in fact agreeing to the custody arrangement, rather than being forced into it. About one in five records overall noted spousal violence, and there was no significant difference in settlement methods for couples with or without spousal violence. Cases with children and spousal violence were significantly more likely to have also mentioned substance use and postdecree activity. This study suggests a need for more focused attention on divorce cases with spousal violence to reduce postdecree court involvement and safety of children and adult victims, as well as further study into what causes noncustodial parents to lose contact with their children.
High-speed autonomous quadrotor navigation through visual and inertial paths:

This paper addresses the problem of autonomous quadrotor navigation within indoor spaces. In particular, we focus on the case where a visual map of the area, represented as a graph of linked images...
A Quality-of-Life Comparison of Two Fecal Incontinence Phenotypes: Isolated Fecal Incontinence Versus Concurrent Fecal Incontinence With Constipation.

BACKGROUND Many patients with fecal incontinence report coexisting constipation. This subset of patients has not been well characterized or understood. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to report the frequency of fecal incontinence with concurrent constipation and to compare quality-of-life outcomes of patients with fecal incontinence with and without constipation. DESIGN This was a prospective cohort study. Survey data, including Fecal Incontinence Severity Index, Constipation Severity Instrument, Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life survey (categorized as lifestyle, coping, depression, and embarrassment), Pelvic Organ Prolapse Inventory and Urinary Distress Inventory surveys, and anorectal physiology testing were obtained. SETTINGS The study was conducted as a single-institution study from January 2007 to January 2017. PATIENTS Study patients had fecal incontinence presented to a tertiary pelvic floor center. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Quality-of-life survey findings were measured. RESULTS A total of 946 patients with fecal incontinence were identified, and 656 (69.3%) had coexisting constipation. Patients with fecal incontinence with constipation were less likely to report a history of pregnancy (89.2% vs 91.4%; p = 0.001) or complicated delivery, such as requiring instrumentation (9.1% vs 18.1%; p = 0.005), when compared with patients with isolated fecal incontinence. Patients with fecal incontinence with constipation had higher rates of coexisting pelvic organ prolapse (Pelvic Organ Prolapse Inventory: 18.4 vs 8.2; p < 0.01), higher rates of urinary incontinence (Urinary Distress Inventory: 30.2 vs 23.4; p = 0.01), and higher pressure findings on manometry; intussusception on defecography was common. Patients with fecal incontinence with concurrent constipation had less severe incontinence scores at presentation (21.0 vs 23.8; p < 0.001) and yet lower overall health satisfaction (28.9% vs 42.5%; p < 0.001). Quality-of-life scores declined as constipation severity increased for lifestyle, coping, depression, and embarrassment. LIMITATIONS This was a single-institution study, and surgeon preference could bias population and anorectal physiology testing. CONCLUSIONS Patients with fecal incontinence with concurrent constipation represent a different disease phenotype and have different clinical and anorectal physiology test findings and worse overall quality of life. Treatment of these patients requires careful consideration of prolapse pathology with coordinated treatment of coexisting disorders. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A783.