cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phonon Transmission and the Kapitza Resistance Between Liquid and Solid Helium

For many years the explanation of the Kapitza resistance RK between liquid helium and ordinary solids has been an interesting, and unsolved, problem in low-temperature physics. There has been much discussion (for example, WYATT [1], and KINDER et al.[2]) about the influence of surface defects and dirt on the Kapitza resistance. For this reason, attention has been paid to the preparation of very ideal surfaces. One approach [2] has been to study the surfaces of crystals which have been cleaved at low temperatures. We became interested in another possible way to prepare an ideal surface. The idea was to grow a crystal of solid helium, and to measure the RK between this crystal and liquid helium. It is possible to eliminate essentially all impurities from helium. In addition, the high quantum mobility of the helium atoms allows defects to anneal out, even at low temperatures. Thus, we thought that the problems of dirt and defects which plague ordinary Kapitza experiments could be avoided.
The Clinical Picture of Hodgkin's Disease

Summary The clinical manifestations and laboratory findings in patients with Hodgkin9s disease have been reviewed. Variability of the course makes prognostication for any 1 patient difficult. Extent of disease; histologic appearance; age and sex; involvement of specific organs, such as liver or bone; and response to initial therapy all affect prognosis. The cause of death of patients with Hodgkin9s disease may be due to tumor involvement or due to complications, in particular, infections and bleeding. During the past 50 years, improvement in survival of patients has been due largely to identification of patients with local or regional disease and their treatment with aggressive radiotherapy. Current modes of chemotherapy combined with improvements in supportive care have had only modest effects on survival rates. The major obstacle to a rational approach to the problem of Hodgkin9s disease is the identification of the etiology of this disorder.
The Ancient Roots of Modern Financial Innovation: The Early History of Regulatory Arbitrage

Recent years have seen an explosion of financial innovation. Much of this innovation seeks to exploit inconsistencies in the regulatory environment, and one of the most popular techniques for doing so uses put-call parity. Nonetheless, regulatory arbitrage using put-call parity is not a new phenomenon, as is frequently suggested. This Essay traces the use of put-call parity to avoid the usury prohibition back to Ancient Israel. It also describes the important role that put-call parity played in developing the equity of redemption, the defining characteristic of a modern mortgage, in Medieval England. In addition, this Essay describes how Muslims living in the West are using mortgage substitutes based on put-call parity to avoid Islam's prohibition on paying interest.
An Adaptive Fuzzy Segmentation Algorithm for Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Images

An algorithm is proposed for the fuzzy segmentation of two and three-dimensional multispectral magnetic resonance (MR) images that have been corrupted by intensity inhomogeneities, also known as shading artifacts. The algorithm is an extension of the two-dimensional adaptive fuzzy C-means algorithm (2-D AFCM) presented in previous work by the authors. This algorithm models the intensity inhomogeneities as a gain field that causes image intensities to smoothly and slowly vary through the image space. It iteratively adapts to the intensity inhomogeneities and is completely automated. In this paper, we fully generalize 2-D AFCM to three-dimensional (3-D) multispectral images. Because of the potential size of 3-D image data, we also describe a new, faster multigrid-based algorithm for its implementation. We show using simulated MR data that 3-D AFCM yields significantly lower error rates than both the standard fuzzy C-means algorithm and several other competing methods when segmenting corrupted images. Its efficacy is further demonstrated using real 3-D scalar and multispectral MR brain images.
Surface properties of electron-hole liquid in germanium

Using density-functional formalism and the exponential density profiles with variational parameters, we show that inclusion of first gradient correction to the exchange-correlation energy has a significant quantitative effect on the surface energy of the electron-hole liquid (EHL) in germanium. The surface energy of EHL in Ge is also calculated by self-consistently solving the Kohn-Sham equations in a local density approximation. The effect of the exchange-correlation gradient correction is also included. The surface energy of EHL in Ge under very large uniaxial stress is found to be a factor of sixteen smaller than the value in Ge at zero stress. The question of charge on an electron hole drop is also discussed.
A Review of Fundamentals of MMPI–2 Interpretation: The Eight Basic Clinical Scales

At this point in his distinguished career, Alex Caldwell represents a unique approach to the understanding, use and interpretation of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) that mel...
Effect of type of pretraining and variety of instances on children's concept learning

Abstract The effect of instructional set on pretraining performance and subsequent learning of the mathematical concepts of set-union and set-intersection was studied in children approximately ten-years-old. Verbal pretraining was found to facilitate learning during pretraining, compared with aesthetic pretraining. However, in the subsequent concept learning task, for which the same materials were employed, the Ss who had aesthetic pretraining acquired the concepts more readily than those who had rote-learning instructions during pretraining. This difference due to pretraining was only statistically reliable among relatively low socio-economic status (SES) Ss in the condition that received a small variety of instances of the concept. The variety of instances presented during the concept learning task did not significantly affect concept acquisition per se, but generalization to new instances was significantly greater when the concept had been learned originally from a small rather than a large variety of instances.
Use of proton backscattering to determine the carbon and oxygen content in fine particle samples deposited on PTFE((CF2)n) membrane disk filters

Abstract Particulate carbon is routinely measured in the IMPROVE (interagency monitoring of protected visual environments) program by analysis of samples collected on quartz filters. The analysis is performed at Desert Research Institute using the thermal optical reflectance method. Measurements of Si, Al, Ca, Ti, and Fe by X-ray fluorescence at Crocker Nuclear Laboratory are used by IMPROVE to calculate a SOIL parameter by weighting these elements to account for the oxygen and minor elements that are not measured. It is desirable to have alternative methods to measure both carbon and oxygen for data validation purposes. We have tested a method to measure carbon and oxygen concentrations from air samples deposited on PTFE membrane filters using the backscattered proton spectrum. The measurements were performed with a 4.5 MeV proton beam from the cyclotron of the Crocker Nuclear Laboratory during routine IMPROVE measurements of hydrogen by proton elastic scattering analysis. A surface barrier detector at 155° below the plane of the beam was employed in a Cornell geometry setup to measure the proton spectrum. We will discuss a consistent method to estimate the carbon from the PTFE (CF 2 ) n membrane substrate that must be subtracted from the measured carbon (filter plus deposit). This method is independent of the number and arrangement of the fibers and the unknown stretching of the substrate. The measured carbon at multiple IMPROVE sites using this new method is generally slightly higher than carbon measured using thermal optical reflectance. The sum of all elements, including the oxygen and carbon determined by proton backscattering, compares somewhat better to gravimetric mass than the same sum using carbon by TOR instead of backscattering.
Negative tone aqueous developable resist for photon, electron, and x-ray lithography

The use of negative acting photoresists has become a integral part of device fabrication strategy. In this paper we will. discuss a phenolic based photoresist which incorporates a crosslinkable resin and an acid generating sensitizer. When exposed and thermally treated, the resist forms a negative tone image which is developable in an alkaline medium. We will discuss the materials, processes and results from photon, electron and X-ray lithographic evaluations.
Infra-red Transmission of the Flesh

The spectral energy of a light transmitted through the cheek was tested photographically in the region of λ0.86μ, and also by a spectrometer throughout the whole spectrum. A very sensitive vacuum thermocouple was used. The photographs of the spectrum showed 14% transmission of λ0.86μ through the cheek. The cheek transmitted a maximum of 20% at λ1.15μ and the water in the body cut off the longer wave lengths. The spectral energy transmitted by bacon fat was found to be similar to that of the cheek; however, it transmitted nearly five times as much energy. The ordinary incandescent electric light with filters to cut out the visible and infrared beyond λ1.4μ is ideal for deep penetration of light into the body.
The nitrogen cycle in lodgepole pine forests, southeastern Wyoming

Storage and flux of nitrogen were studied in several contrasting lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta spp.latifolia) forests in southeastern Wyoming. The mineral soil contained most of the N in these ecosystems (range of 315–860 g · m−2), with aboveground detritus (37.5–48.8g · m−2) and living biomass (19.5–24.0 g · m−2) storing much smaller amounts. About 60–70% of the total N in vegetation was aboveground, and N concentrations in plant tissues were unusually low (foliage = 0.7% N), as were N input via wet precipitation (0.25 g · m−2 · yr−1), and biological fixation of atmospheric N (<0.03 g · m−2 · yr−1, except locally in some stands at low elevations where symbiotic fixation by the leguminous herbLupinus argenteus probably exceeded 0.1 g · m−2 · yr−1). Because of low concentrations in litterfall and limited opportunity for leaching, N accumulated in decaying leaves for 6–7 yr following leaf fall. This process represented an annual flux of about 0.5g · m−2 to the 01 horizon. Only 20% of this flux was provided by throughfall, with the remaining 0.4g · m−2 · yr−1 apparently added from layers below. Low mineralization and small amounts of N uptake from the 02 are likely because of minimal rooting in the forest floor (as defined herein) and negligible mineral N (< 0.05 mg · L−1) in 02 leachate. A critical transport process was solubilization of organic N, mostly ‘fulvic acids’. Most of the organic N from the forest floor was retained within the major tree rooting zone (0–40 cm), and mineralization of soil organic N provided NH4 for tree uptake. Nitrate was at trace levels in soil solutions, and a long lag in nitrification was always observed under disturbed conditions. Total root nitrogen uptake was calculated to be 1.25 gN · m−2 · yr−1 with estimated root turnover of 0.37-gN · m−2 · yr−1, and the soil horizons appeared to be nearly in balance with respect to N. The high demand for mineralized N and the precipitation of fulvic acid in the mineral soil resulted in minimal deep leaching in most stands (< 0.02 g · m−2 · yr−1). These forests provide an extreme example of nitrogen behavior in dry, infertile forests.
Chemical mass balance model with fractionation for apportioning PM2.5:A test case for Los Angeles traffic sources

Chemical mass balance receptor models (CMBs) use measured pollutant concentrations, along with source information, to apportion the contributions of primary sources to the measured concentrations. CMBs can be used to evaluate the accuracy of the emission inventories that underlie State Implementation Plan (SIP) modeling, by providing an allocation of emissions to individual source categories. CMBs, however, traditionally have not accounted for the chemical reaction and differential deposition or fractionation that occur between the source and receptor. This means that they have historically had severe limitations in apportioning secondary particulate matter (PM), which is an especially important component of fine PM (PM2.5). Stafford and Liljestrand developed a method to account for fractionation in CMBs using depletion factors based on a solution of the steady-state advection-dispersion equation, including gravitational settling, dry deposition, and first-order chemical reaction.
Medical Mystery — Abdominal Pain

This 40-year-old man presented with a four-day history of pain in the left upper quadrant, accompanied by fatigue, fever, sweating, and sore throat.
Theoretical Modeling and Experimental Characterization of Planar Defects in Y2Ba4Cu6+Xo14+X

Crystallographic defects and phase transformations in the system Y 2 Ba 4 Cu 6+x O 14+x (0≤≤4) are investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and static lattice, three dimensional Monte Carlo computer simulations. High resolution images of partially transformed (x=2 to x=l) material reveal a prevalence of CuO planar defects (stackingfaults) associated with the transformation and an absence of disturbance to the perovskite Ba-Y-Ba blocks. An atomic mechanism involving the intercalation and removal of extra CuO planes by partial dislocation climb, and requiring only a-b plane diffusion, is developed for the formation of such planar defects during changes in the layered YBaCuO crystal structure. Monte Carlo simulations based on the proposed transformation mechanism accurately reproduce the observed defects andknown equilibrium structures.
Technical communique: Sliding mode control of continuous-time weakly coupled linear systems with external disturbances

We investigate the problem of sliding mode control for continuous-time weakly coupled linear systems with external disturbances. This is the first study of sliding mode control for continuous-time weakly coupled systems. Using a decoupling transformation, a weakly coupled system is first internally decoupled into two subsystems that are weakly coupled through control inputs only. Then, two sliding mode surfaces are designed for each subsystem using two sliding mode control techniques. The presented procedure greatly simplifies design due to reduced dimensions of subsystems, while providing good approximate results with the accuracy of O(@e), where @e is a small weak coupling parameter.
Chronic failure of a lumbar total disc replacement with osteolysis. Report of a case with nineteen-year follow-up.

There has been extensive research and development into the use of motion-preserving technology to treat degenerative disc disease in the hope that it will provide a more functional range of motion and decrease adjacent-level disease associated with arthrodesis surgery. Recent reports with short-term follow-up have demonstrated both equivalent and favorable clinical results of total disc arthroplasty in comparison with lumbar arthrodesis surgery1-3. Despite the current use in patients, there is still a paucity of data on long-term outcome associated with the use of these devices. The few existing studies that have had a longer duration of follow-up have provided conflicting information, with some demonstrating overwhelming success4 and others demonstrating multiple complications and a less-than-desirable outcome5,6. Experimental disc designs such as the AcroFlex (DePuy Spine, Raynham, Massachusetts) have demonstrated the difficulty of transitioning from in vitro to in vivo success. A pilot study that was published in 1993 detailed the results for six patients who had been managed with an AcroFlex disc7. In 1990, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) expressed concern regarding the potential carcinogenicity of the benzene-based solvents used to vulcanize the rubber core8. In the present report, we describe the nineteen-year follow-up results for one of the original six patients who had received a first-generation AcroFlex disc replacement7. To our knowledge, the present report represents the longest-term follow-up on the results of total disc arthroplasty in the literature. This case is of particular interest because the short-term outcome for this patient was rated as “good” in the original 1993 publication7. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and he consented. A fifty-year-old man presented to the orthopaedic spine clinic in March 2007 …
Management of the patient with the difficult airway: 25 year's experience

M " aintaining a continuously patent airway rep.resents the anesthesiologist's most vital responsibility. Interruption of gas exchange for even a few minutes leads to complications resulting from hypoxemia and hypercarbia. Tissue hypoxia and acidosis may lead to a catastrophic outcome, ie, brain damage or death. The overwhelming majority (85%) of the American Society of Anesthesiologists' closed claims that resulted in brain damage or death were airway-related. 1
Waves of Historical Sociology

Dans cet article, l'A discute de l'ouvrageRemaking Modernity, consacre a la sociologie historique aux Etats-Unis, et s'interesse plus particulierement a la troisieme vague, apparue au debuts des annees 1990
A novel topology design scheme for the multi-physics problems of electro-thermally actuated compliant micromechanisms

In addition to the advantages of embedded actuation, large forces and displacements, and ease of microfabrication, one more attractive feature of electro-thermally actuated compliant mechanisms is their suitability for systematic synthesis directly from behavioral specifications. We and other groups have presented topology optimization methods for similar problems. In this paper, we describe a new design parameterization scheme for the topology optimization problem involving three energy domains (electrical, thermal, and elastostatic) and multiple materials. We also show how topology-dependent modeling such as convection through side surfaces can be dealt with in a design technique wherein the topology is varied.
FPGA implementations of elliptic curve cryptography and Tate pairing over a binary field

Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and Tate pairing are two new types of public-key cryptographic schemes that become popular in recent years. ECC offers a smaller key size compared to traditional methods without sacrificing security level. Tate pairing is a bilinear map commonly used in identity-based cryptographic schemes. Therefore, it is more attractive to implement these schemes by using hardware than by using software because of its computational expensiveness. In this paper, we propose field programmable gate array (FPGA) implementations of the elliptic curve point multiplication in Galois field GF(2^2^8^3) and Tate pairing computation in GF(2^2^8^3). Experimental results demonstrate that, compared with previously proposed approaches, our FPGA implementations of ECC and Tate pairing can speed up by 31.6 times and 152 times, respectively.
The essential gene EMB1611 maintains shoot apical meristem function during Arabidopsis development

*† Summary The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains hundreds of genes essential for seed development. Because null mutations in these genes cause embryo lethality, their specific molecular and developmental functions are largely unknown. Here, we identify a role forEMB1611/MEE22, an essential gene in Arabidopsis, in shoot apical meristem maintenance. EMB1611 encodes a large, novel protein with N-terminal coiled-coil regions and two putative transmembrane domains. We show that the partial loss-of-function emb1611-2 mutation causes a range of pleiotropic developmental phenotypes, most dramatically a progressive loss of shoot apical meristem function that causes premature meristem termination. emb1611-2 plants display disorganization of the shoot meristem cell layers early in development, and an associated stem cell fate change to an organogenic identity. Genetic and molecular analysis indicates that EMB1611 is required for maintenance of the CLV-WUS stem cell regulatory pathway in the shoot meristem, but also has WUS-independent activity. In addition, emb1611-2 plants have reduced shoot and root growth, and their rosette leaves form trichomes with extra branches, a defect we associate with an increase in endoreduplication. Our data indicate that EMB1611 functions to maintain cells, particularly those in the shoot meristem, roots and developing rosette leaves, in a proliferative or uncommitted state.
Patellar tracking and flexion space balancing using a femoral component with asymmetrical femoral condyles

Abstract Using a neutrally positioned femoral component with asymmetrical posterior condyles (Genesis II), we were able to balance the flexion space without having to externally rotate the implant in the total knee patient. This avoided the problems with external rotation including incongruency in extension, femoral notching and trochlear overhang. Three percent of the patients required a lateral release. Patellar shift and patellar tracking were proper in over 95% of cases. The incidence of anterior knee pain was only 2%. The lateral release rate and the residual anterior knee pain we observed are lower than those reported in other published literature.
Quasi‐universal bandwidth selection for kernel density estimators

Let fn, h denote the kernel density estimate based on a sample of size n drawn from an unknown density f. Using techniques from L2 projection density estimators, the author shows how to construct a data-driven estimator fn, h which satisfies This paper is inspired by work of Stone (1984), Devroye and Lugosi (1996) and Birge and Massart (1997). Soil fn, h l'estimateur a noyau de la densite construit a partir d'un echantillon aleatoire de taille d'une densite f inconnue. L'auteur montre comment l'emploi de techniques d'estimation par projection dans L2 permet de bǎtir un estimateur guide par les donnees tel que Ces travaux font suite a ceux deja publies par Stone (1984), Devroye et Lugosi (1996), ainsi que Birge et Massart (1997).
Replication of varicella-zoster virus in cell culture: An ultrastructural study

In cultures of primary human amnion cells, varicella-zoster (V-Z) viruses first appear in nuclei as capsids which are freely dispersed, clustered, or in crystalline arrays. These capsids may be “empty” or contain several morphologically identifiable components including a dense core composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Virions become morphologically mature when capsids containing DNA (nucleocapsids) acquire an envelope from the inner nuclear membrane during passage of the nucleocapsid to the cytoplasm. Once outside the nucleus, V-Z viruses appear pleomorphic, are often surrounded by a dense material, and exhibit a paucity of central dense cores. In thin sections, intact virions appear morphologically identical to other herpesviruses.
Modes of Transmission of Whirling Disease of Trout

A REVIEW of the circumstances surrounding numerous whirling disease epizootics suggests that the pathogen (Myxosoma cerebralis) is most commonly transmitted through transplacement of infected fish1. Alternatively, it has been demonstrated that the spore phase of the parasite can be spread by currents throughout a water system. It is also widely accepted that equipment used in the propagation of infected trout is likely to become contaminated and the subsequent transplacement results in transmission of the disease.
Global change: The grass response.

A three-year study provides insights into how the productivity of a semi-arid rangeland, containing grasses using different photosynthetic pathways, will change in a warmer world with more atmospheric carbon dioxide. See Letter p.202 Elevated carbon dioxide and elevated temperature, the cause and consequence of climate change, are predicted to have opposing effects on plant productivity, with temperature increasing desiccation but CO2 increasing the efficiency of water use. The relative strengths of the two effects are, however, hard to predict. This experimental warming and elevated CO2 study shows that in semi-arid grassland, the CO2 effect can completely counter the warming effect. These findings have particular relevance to semi-arid and seasonally dry regions, which are expected to become even drier under climate change, and suggest that it is precisely these regions where elevated CO2 will do most to ameliorate the desiccating effects of climate change.
Bovine acute-phase response after different doses of corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge.

The objective was to compare the acute- phase response of steers receiving different doses of bovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Fourteen weaned Angus steers (BW = 191 ± 2.1 kg, age = 167 ± 4.7 d) fiwith an indwelling jugular catheter and a rec- tal temperature (RT) monitoring device were assigned to receive 1 of 3 treatments (intravenous infusion): 1) 0.1 μg of CRH/kg of BW (CRH1; n = 5), 2) 0.5 μg of CRH/kg of BW (CRH5; n = 5), and 3) 10 mL of saline (0.9%; n = 4). Blood samples were collected via catheters, relative to treatment infusion (0 h), hourly from -2 to 0 h and 4 to 8 h and every 30 min from 0 to 4 h. Rectal temperatures were recorded every 30 min from −2 to 8 h. Blood samples were also collected via jugular venipuncture and rectal temperatures assessed using a digital thermometer every 6 h from 12 to 72 h and every 24 h from 96 to 168 h. All plasma samples collected during the study were analyzed for concentrations of haptoglobin. All plasma samples collected from -2 to 8 h were analyzed for cortisol con- centrations. Serum samples collected hourly from −2 to 8 h were analyzed for concentrations of NEFA, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon-γ. Cortisol peaked at 0.5 h for CRH1 steers but returned to baseline concentrations at 1 h relative to infusion (time effect; P 0.37). Mean serum TNF-α concentrations in CRH1 steers after treatment infusion were greater com- pared with saline (P = 0.02), tended to be greater (P = 0.08) compared with CRH5, and were similar (P = 0.40) between CRH5 and saline steers. Mean RT in CRH1 steers after treatment infusion were greater (P 0.45). In conclusion, the bovine acute-phase response stimulated by CRH infu- sion is dependent on the CRH dose and the subsequent response in circulating cortisol.
Letting go of the reins: the evolution of pedagogy in an online graduate program

While many online graduate level courses mirror traditional face-to-face didactic teaching (Institute for Higher Education Policy, 2000), some programs are taking advantage of the rich opportunities for interaction online to create courses that embody social constructivist approaches. These emphasize the importance of communities of practice (Lave & Wenger, 1991; Rogoff, 1994) and of students' engaging actively with each other, with experts, and with the material to construct their own understanding (Gergen, 1995; Wilson, 1993). This paper explores the evolution of one professor's pedagogy over the course of a year's teaching in an online master's program grounded in these approaches. The study uses two different methods---interview and analysis of newsgroup threads.
Use of potential coefficient models for geoid undulation determinations using a spherical harmonic representation of the height anomaly/geoid undulation difference

This paper suggests that potential coefficient models of the Earth's gravitational potential be used to calculate height anomalies which are then reduced to geoid undulations where such quantities are needed for orthometric height determination and vertical datum definition through a potential coefficient realization of the geoid. The process of the conversion of the height anomaly into a geoid undulation is represented by a height anomaly gradient term and the usual N–ζ term that is dependent on elevation and the Bouguer anomaly. Using a degree 360 expansion of 30′ elevations and the OSU91A potential coefficient model, a degree 360 representation of the correction terms was computed. The magnitude of N–ζ reached –3.4 m in the Himalaya Mountains with smaller, but still significant, magnitudes in other mountainous regions.
No antitwins in minimal imperfect graphs

Abstract It is customary to call vertices x and y twins if every vertex distinct from x and y is adjacent either to both of them or to neither of them. By analogy, we shall call vertices x and y antitwins if every vertex distinct from x and y is adjacent to precisely one of them. Lovasz proved that no minimal imperfect graph has twins. The purpose of this note is to prove the analogous statement for antitwins.
Observation of quantum oscillations between a Josephson phase qubit and a microscopic resonator using fast readout

We have detected coherent quantum oscillations between Josephson phase qubits and critical-current fluctuators by implementing a new state readout technique that is an order of magnitude faster than previous methods. These results reveal a new aspect of the quantum behavior of Josephson junctions, and they demonstrate the means to measure two-qubit interactions in the time domain. The junction-fluctuator interaction also points to a possible mechanism for decoherence and reduced fidelity in superconducting qubits.
Is G1 normally distributed

The normal distribution parameters were calculated for seven sets of cell cycle data of animal cells in culture. These include two sets of intermitotic times (rat S6/1 cells and mouse fibroblast L 929) and five sets of DNA synthesis (two of mouse fibroblast line L 929, two Chinese hamster CHO lines and Syrian hamster line BHK 21/613).It is demonstrated that within the errors involved the experimental data fit the normal distribution adequately. The Smith-Martin model and the normal distribution are briefly discussed in relationship to the initial curvature observed in a semilogarithmic presentation of such data.
Relationship between touch sensation of the affected hand and performance of valued activities in individuals with chronic stroke.

Objective: To investigate the association between touch sensation of the affected hand and performance and satisfaction with performance of valued activities in individuals with chronic stroke. Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design, this study correlated factors related to hand sensation and activity performance in individuals with chronic stroke. The Touch Test Evaluators and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) were used. Correlations were used to determine the relationships between touch sensation of the affected hand and individuals’ performance and satisfaction with performance of valued activities. Results: There was a good to excellent relationship between sensation and performance and satisfaction with performance of valued activities for individuals with intact touch sensation of the affected hand who scored higher on the COPM. There was little to no relationship between touch sensation of the affected hand and performance of valued activities for individuals with impaired sensation. Conclusion: This is the fi rst study to relate touch sensation of the affected hand and performance and satisfaction with performance of valued activities in individuals with stroke. The fi ndings suggest that rehabilitation therapists need to continue to address sensory function in evaluation and intervention as it relates to performance in valued activities. This study serves as a foundation for future research in sensation
Rice bran derived pentapeptide-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cell models (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231)

Studies have focused on the characterization of a single peptide from natural sources that contribute specific health benefits. A pentapeptide derived from rice bran has shown anti-proliferative property on human breast cancer cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the apoptotic features of pentapeptide-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cell models (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). The MTS (phenazine methosulfate 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazole-2-yl)]-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay was used to evaluate the growth inhibition activities of pentapeptide in a time-dependent manner. The apoptotic features of pentapeptide-induced apoptosis in cancerous breast cells were evaluated by morphological changes, DNA fragmentation, and caspases-3/7 activities. The levels of molecular targets (COX-2, and p53) were evaluated by ELISA kits. Pentapeptide has shown growth inhibition activity on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The morphological changes and DNA fragmentation were observed in pentapeptide treated MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Significant decreases in levels (p < 0.05) of COX-2 and increases in levels (p < 0.05) of p53 were detected after treatment with pentapeptide from 72 to 96 h. The results suggest that pentapeptide inhibits growth of human breast cancer cells by introducing apoptosis and can regulate the death signal by up-regulating the level of p53 in both cells lines and down-regulating COX-2 in ER-positive MCF-7 cells.
SCADA-rate parallel state estimation assessed with utility data

This paper presents a full-cycle parallel state estimation (PSE) implementation using a preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm. The developed code is able to solve state estimation of large-size power systems within 5 seconds using real-world data, a time interval comparable to the Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) rate. This achievement allows the operators to know the system status much faster to help improve grid reliability. Case study results of the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) system with real measurements are presented. The benefits of fast state estimation are also discussed.
Variation in staging and treatment of local and regional breast cancer in the elderly

Background Few studies of practice variation in the management of early breast cancer for elderly women have examined the process of care in depth. This study evaluated the effects of age and other factors on surgical staging techniques and treatment.
Comparing Single and Double Sayings of the German Response Token ja and the Role of Prosody: A Conversation Analytic Perspective

In this article, we argue that although single ja (yes) is typically analyzed as an acknowledgment token, confirmation marker, or continuer, a doubled ja, either produced as ^jaja. or ja^ja., cannot be considered a more intense version of the same action. Moreover, the two forms ^jaja. and ja^ja. systematically accomplish separate interactional goals. Both forms are produced when the prior speaker utters something that is obvious and/or known by the jaja speaker. However, by uttering ^jaja. (with pitch peak on the first syllable), the speaker merely indicates that the prior utterance contains already known information and that therefore the current action should be stopped. In contrast, with a ja^ja. (with pitch peak on the second syllable), its speaker treats the action/content of the previous speaker's utterance as either unwarranted or self-evident and takes issue with it. With a ^jaja., its speaker indicates “I already got it, so stop,” whereas with a ja^ja., its speaker indicates “hold on, you didn't...
Changing trends in the incidence, stage, survival, and screen-detection of colorectal cancer: a population-based study.

Background & Aims: Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening has been advocated increasingly during the past 2 decades, but there is little direct evidence that it has affected cancer incidence or presentation at the population level. This study assessed concurrent trends in CRC incidence, presentation, survival, mortality, and polypectomies in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Methods: Longitudinal observational study was conducted of all Olmsted County residents with colorectal adenocarcinoma first diagnosed in 1980–1999. Results: Altogether, 889 invasive CRCs were diagnosed among Olmsted County residents from 1980 through 1999. Annual age- and sex-adjusted CRC incidence rates decreased significantly during this period ( P = .02) with a 23% decline from 60 per 100,000 in 1980–1984 to 46 per 100,000 in 1995–1999. This was primarily accounted for by a 40% reduction in left-sided CRC ( P P
The performance impact of kernel prefetching on buffer cache replacement algorithms

A fundamental challenge in improving the file system performance is to design effective block replacement algorithms to minimize buffer cache misses. Despite the well-known interactions between prefetching and caching, almost all buffer cache replacement algorithms have been proposed and studied comparatively without taking into account file system prefetching which exists in all modern operating systems. This paper shows that such kernel prefetching can have a significant impact on the relative performance in terms of the number of actual disk I/Os of many well-known replacement algorithms; it can not only narrow the performance gap but also change the relative performance benefits of different algorithms. These results demonstrate the importance for buffer caching research to take file system prefetching into consideration.
Family relationships of older, rural women: stability and change.

SUMMARY The purpose of the study was to examine stability and change in family interaction patterns (availability, interaction, and assistance) of older, rural women as they moved from young-old to late old age. Women (N = 96) were interviewed at two times, twelve years apart. Although there were family network losses, most notably loss of spouse and siblings, family availability and contact showed more stability than change. By late old age, the women were receiving significantly more help from adult children relative to what they gave. Proximity of the adult child was most salient as a predictor of help received from children at both Times 1 and 2. Quality of the adult child relationship was higher for women who received more types of help from adult children at Time 2. The findings suggest that with loss of family members, proximate kin may take up the slack in providing support to rural women of advanced age.
Inflammatory cytokines activate p38 MAPK to induce osteoprotegerin synthesis by MG-63 cells.

Abstract Inflammatory bone diseases are characterized by the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines that regulate bone turnover. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble osteoblast-derived protein that influences bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and activation. In the present study, we demonstrate that interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha induce OPG mRNA production and OPG secretion by osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Maximum induction of OPG secretion by either cytokine requires activation of the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway but neither the p42/p44 (ERK) nor the c-Jun N-terminal MAPK pathways. Induction of OPG mRNA by either cytokine is also p38 MAPK dependent. Taken together, these data indicate that cytokine-induced OPG gene expression and protein secretion are differentially regulated by specific MAP kinase signal transduction pathways.
Derivation of delays based on improved macroscopic traffic models

Abstract Recent improved and rigorous mathematical models describing the formation and dissipation of queues at signalized intersections are employed for deriving delay and effective queue size. Analytical and numerical solutions are presented that are applicable for both isolated and coordinated intersections. Comparisons against results obtained from conventional models reveals significant differences. Further, it is demonstrated that the current practice of calculating delays from input-output analysis results in substantial overestimation of delays. Numerical examples supporting this finding are presented.
Liquid droplet micro-bearings on directional circular surface ratchets

This paper presents de-ionized water droplets used as torque-generating micro-bearings between a glass plate and a micromachined Si substrate. The pattern on the Si substrate includes circular tracks, which allow droplet motion in a single direction. When vertical vibration is applied to the system, a rotation in the transverse plane is triggered. The system can be tailored to respond to a specific vibration frequency, from 36.5 to 83 Hz for droplet volumes from 13 to 1 μL. The system is tested for its frequency response at different droplet sizes and droplet counts. A figure of merit is determined to quantify the responsiveness of the system. The largest angular speed is recorded as 0.302 rad/s for a vibration at 61 Hz.
Dynamics of jet flows in a vortex tube

The results of experimental studies of the pressure gradient field near the axis are presented, and the change in the pitch of the screw structure of gas flows is determined.
Apparent decrease in population clearance of theophylline: Implications for dosage*

Background Having observed in recent years that the theophylline dose requirements needed to attain peak serum concentrations of 10 to 20 μg/ml infrequently reached previously described mean values, we hypothesized that a downward shift in the range of dose requirements had occurred among patients with asthma. Study design We examined dosage requirements needed to attain peak serum concentrations of 10 to 20 μg/ml in all patients with chronic asthma treated with theophylline by the Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonary Clinic at the University of Iowa from 1990 to 1994 (n = 300) and at the Pediatric Pulmonary Clinic at the University of Florida from 1992 to 1995 (n = 93). We then compared these doses to previous dose requirements from 1978 to 1983 determined in the same manner. Results Despite similar mean peak serum concentrations during both time periods (14 μg/ml), mean theophylline dosage requirements during the period of this study were approximately 25% lower among all age groups than those previously observed (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in mean dosage requirements between the Iowa and Florida patients in any age group examined. Conclusions Theophylline dose requirements needed to attain serum concentrations of 10 to 20 μg/ml have decreased significantly from those on which current dosing recommendations are based. This suggests a decrease in mean clearance of the population. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1997) 62, 483–489; doi:
A Thematic Approach to Teaching Design History in a Multicultural Setting

Reflective of the impact that a multicultural student body has had on my evolving philosophy of teaching interior design, this article presents the argument to switch from a teaching approach that is primarily chronological, geographical, and stylistic to one that is thematic. This nontraditional reorganization of a course on the history of decorative arts deviates from a linear and progressive format in favor of stressing global awareness, regional sensitivity, multiculturalism, and critical thinking. It seeks to sketch out the “big picture,” ask “big questions,” and make connections among students in diverse majors or as an elective. The article outlines the opportunities that a thematic format offers students in a studio-based curriculum, while pointing out its relevance to nonmajors across campus. The discussion does not seek to prove the proposed format's effectiveness; rather, it is intended to be a thought-provoking case study in progress.
On the Positiveness of A Functional Symmetric Matrix Used in Digital Filter Design

This paper gives a simple proof for the positiveness of two important symmetric Toeplitz matrices used in communication and signal processing. It utilizes the shifting property of a so-called Uniformly Band-Restricted (UBR) function, which is the generating function for a generic functional symmetric matrix. It is shown that the functional symmetric matrix is positive definite if the UBR function is evaluated at a sequence of distinct real numbers.
An Analysis of China's Shifting Development Paradigm: Increasing Disparity, Social Unrests, and the CPC's Survival

China's development-paradigm is transforming from Xianfu lun (getting rich first) toward Xiaokang Shehui (well-off society). Building Hexie Shehui (harmonious society) is the key subject of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan of China. Behind the ambitious Eleventh Five-Year Plan, there is a serious problem that China is one of the worst countries in terms of Gini coefficient. Aware of the seriousness of the problem for both social security and regime legitimacy, Chinese leadership has addressed it by adopting a new doctrine of ‘harmonious society’. Despite the new slogan of building “Hexie Shehui,” the gap between the have and the have-not rather continues to grow. This paper traces domestic policy changes since Deng's economic reform. It examines the effects of policy changes on rising disparity and its social consequences. It finally suggests a policy implication.
Rationality, performance measures and representations of reality: planning, programming and budgeting and the Vietnam war

Abstract This paper examines the role Planning, Programming and Budgeting played in changing visibilities in the Department of Defense in such a way that the U.S. leaders believed that the Vietnam War could be won through the proper management of resources. It also demonstrates how this representation of the war clashed with the U.S. soldiers’ experience of combat, creating contradictions that contributed to the downfall of the U.S. command in Vietnam. As such, the paper shows that while accounting has played a role in disciplining labor and productive processes in capitalist organizations by constructing new ways of being, it has not succeeded in imposing rational control on the turmoil of war. Further, when accounting is used to measure performance in situations for which it is ill suited, unintended consequences can result.
Late glacial ice margins and deglacial chronology for southeastern Baffin Island and Hudson Strait, eastern Canadian Arctic

Radiocarbon dates from marine piston cores and from onshore raised marine stratigraphic sections in the Hudson Strait region were used to reconstruct deglacial isochrons for 9900, 9500, 8800–8500, ...
Estrogen treatment increases the density of D1 dopamine receptors in the rat striatum

Adult, male rats were treated with 17β-estradiol valerate by s.c. injection of 125 μg/rat. Six days later the density and affinity of striatal D1 dopamine (DA) receptors were determined. Estrogen treatment significantly increased the density of D1 DA receptors without altering their affinity. In vitro co-incubation with 17β-estradiol or 17β-estradiol valerate at concentrations up to 1.0 μM did not alter binding to D1 DA receptors.