cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balancing difficulty of performance targets: theory and evidence

We examine how firms balance difficulty of performance targets in their annual bonus plans. We present an analytical model showing that managerial allocation of effort is a function of not only relative incentive weights but also the difficulty of performance targets. We find that relative incentive weights and target difficulty can either be complements or substitutes in motivating effort depending on the extent to which managers have alternative employment opportunities. To test the predictions of our model, we use survey data on performance targets in annual bonus plans. Our sample of 877 survey respondents consists primarily of financial executives in small- and medium-size private companies where annual bonuses are important both for motivation and retention. Consistent with our model, we find that relative incentive weights are negatively (positively) associated with perceived target difficulty when concerns about managerial retention are high (low). It follows that performance measures included in annual bonus plans have sometimes easy and other times challenging targets depending on their relative incentive weights and retention concerns.
A Brief Review of Statistical Measures

As geoscientists, we use a variety of data types (see Chapter 1). To analyze different varieties of geodata, we must use different statistical measures. A thorough understanding of various statistical measures and their applications to data analysis methods is important. In this chapter, we will learn about fundamental concepts in statistics and different data analysis measures. This chapter begins with the basic concept of random variables, which are widely used in statistics. We then move on to univariate, bivariate, time series, spatial, and multivariate graphing and analysis techniques.
Outside Influence on Democratic Elections

The 2019 Indian general election, and especially the enormous amount of money spent on campaigning and befriending voters during the election season, has drawn attention to the question of whether and when “outside” support (in the form of money and other assistance) from companies and persons not directly involved in an election should be forbidden, tolerated, or even encouraged. Common reactions to outside influence are inevitably inconsistent, even if we account for the fact that losers are likely to decry the outside influence that advantaged the winners or, more likely, the incumbent party expected to win. A novel approach, influenced by law-and-economics and public choice theory, compares the value of each democratic jurisdiction deciding its own rules, with one that makes room for significant externalities across borders and among constitutions. Money transfers, or even vote buying, might make citizens better off than a constitutional or legislative rule allowing only nonmonetary transfers. Forbidding all outside influence is impossible as a practical matter and in a way that is consistent with free speech and other democratic values. Some money transfers might also be a means of taking intense preferences into account. The most important result is that common intuitions are likely to be wrong and are, in any event, certainly inconsistent.
The Neighborhood Environment and Hispanic/Latino Health.

Purpose:Hispanic/Latino adults on the Texas-Mexico border have high rates of chronic disease. Neighborhoods can influence health, though there is a limited research on neighborhood environment and ...
Pain, Power, and Human Community: Empathy as a “Physical Problem” in Pseudo-Aristotle and Beyond

In Regarding the Pain of Others, Susan Sontag declared that “no ‘we’ should be taken for granted when the subject is looking at other people’s pain.” Sontag was attuned to the problems that arise from the widespread circulation in the US and Europe of photographs of atrocities. She was responding, too, to a long history in European moral philosophy of imagining sympathy as the manifestation of a bond among all humans. In this paper, I look at how concerns similar to Sontag’s arise through an engagement with an obscure ancient Greek text, the pseudo-Aristotelian Physical Problems, that posits contagious pain as a problem to be addressed by the resources of medicine and natural philosophy. I first situate the problem of shared pain within a book addressed to problems of “sympathy.” I then consider the interaction of these problems with the phenomenon of mimesis and the hypothesis that we share pain because of a nature in common and an underlying kinship. I close by querying the nature of this kinship, taking a closer look at the body in the pain as the body of an enslaved person in order to ask how the text posits a naturalistic account of human kinship while also reinforcing the hierarchy of persons described by Aristotle in his account of natural slavery.
Cutaneous Carcinogenesis: Metabolic Interaction of Chemical Carcinogens with Skin

The sections in this article are: 1 Initiation 1.1 Initiating Agents 1.2 Metabolic Response to Chemical Carcinogens 1.3 Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases 1.4 Role of Cutaneous Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase in Tumorigenesis 1.5 Conjugases 2 Role of the Pilosebaceous Apparatus in Initiation 2.1 Interaction of Chemical Carcinogens with Cells 3 Promotion 3.1 Modification of the Initial Carcinogen-Cell Interaction 3.2 Later Stages of Promotion 4 Photochemical Carcinogenesis 5 Conclusion
Charged Higgs Mass Limits from the Charged Kaon and Tau to Kaon Branching Fractions

From an analysis of the current world averages of the charged kaon and tau to kaon branching fractions, we derive, within the framework of type II Higgs doublets models such as the Minimal Supersymmetric Extension of the Standard Model, $\tan{\beta}/m_H < 0.21$ GeV$^{-1}$ at a 90% confidence limit.
On OH uptake by sea salt under humid conditions

[1] We have investigated OH uptake by a MgCl2-CaCl2 mixture at 0-29% RH, using a differential bead-filled flow tube coupled to a high-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer. The results show that the effect of RH on OH uptake by the mixture reproduces quantitatively that of sea salt. This observation is supported by results of our thermodynamic modeling which predicts that the deliquescence relative humidity of MgCl2·6H2O(cr) decreases in the presence of CaCl2·6H2O(cr), leading to higher surface acidification, and therefore, to greater enhancement in OH uptake under humid conditions. This conclusion is further strengthened by our earlier experimental observations which indicate that the enhancement of the OH uptake coefficient under humid conditions for sea salt is a factor of two larger than that for binary MgCl2-H2O solutions in equilibrium with MgCl2·6H2O(cr). Based on these results we conclude that surface composition determines, to a large extent, the heterogeneous reactivity of inorganic salt mixtures.
Morphological effects of vitamin D and its analogs on bone.

Recent studies employing analogs of vitamin D in the treatment of clinical and experimental renalosteodystrophy indicate remarkable healing of morphological and biochemical skeletal lesions. After short periods of therapy, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol or 1,25-dihydroxy- cholecalciferol normalizes most of the histological abnormalities of the human uremic skeleton and significantlysuppresseselevated levelsof circulating immunoreactive parathyroid hormone. 25- Hydroxycholecalciferob appears to stimulate individual osteoblastic activity but does not increase the number of bone forming cells. Accumulated evidence suggests a direct effect of vitamin D and its metabolites on uremic bone. Am. J. Clin. Nuir. 29: 1300 1306, 1976.
Tumors of the neural crest: Common themes in development and cancer

The neural crest (NC) is a remarkable transient structure in the vertebrate embryo that gives rise to a highly versatile population of pluripotent cells that contribute to the formation of multiple tissues and organs throughout the body. In order to achieve their task, NC-derived cells have developed specialized mechanisms to promote (1) their transition from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype, (2) their capacity for extensive migration and cell proliferation, and (3) their ability to produce diverse cell types largely depending on the microenvironment encountered during and after their migratory path. Following embryogenesis, these same features of cellular motility, invasion, and proliferation can become a liability by contributing to tumorigenesis and metastasis. Ample evidence has shown that cancer cells have cleverly co-opted many of the genetic and molecular features used by developing NC cells. This review focuses on tumors that arise from NC-derived tissues and examines mechanistic themes shared during their oncogenic and metastatic development with embryonic NC cell ontogeny. Developmental Dynamics 244:311–322, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurship: A Multivariate Analysis

This article provides a comprehensive explanation for Korean immigrant entrepreneurship by synthesizing the findings from previous studies. Ethnic ties and work ethic/frugality have been emphasized as central to the development of ethnic/ immigrant entrepreneurship. Researchers have generally interpreted these characteristics on the part of trading minorities as culturally implanted from the society of origin Ethnic ties and hard work/frugality have been found to be major determining factors for the success of Korean immigrant businesses as well This article, however, presents findings to show that not only Korean immigrants' Confucian heritage and Protestant background (cultural factors), but also their middle-class origin and immigrant situation contribute to their group ties and behavioral pattern. Furthermore, each of these three major causal factors…the Confucian heritage/Protestant ethic, middle-class background and immigrant situation…has a direct influence on Korean immigrant entrepreneurship. In addition, it analyzes racial segregation pattern in major American metropolitan areas and Korean-American trade relations as major structural factors that encourage Korean immigrant entrepreneurship. Finally, the article brings attention to the fact that Korean immigrant businesses reinforce Koreans' group ties and work ethic as much as the latter contributes to the former.
Identifying deforestation in Brazil using multiresolution satellite data

The use of multiresolution satellite data to monitor deforestation on a continental/subcontinental scale is examined. MSS, local area coverage (LAC), global area coverage (GAC), and GOES data were applied to the study of deforestation in Rondonia, Brazil; the characteristics of these sensors are described. The probability thresholding and vegetation-index thresholding procedures used to process the data in order to differentiate between forest from nonforest are analyzed. The LAC, GAC, and GOES data are compared to MSS data. It is observed that GOES data is not useful for monitoring colonization projects due to excessive noise in the data; the GAC data is only applicable in large areas of contiguous forest clearing; the MSS data when available is applicable as a ground data reference source for differentiating cleared areas from primary; the LAC data are capable of delineating colonization clearings; and the probability thresholding procedure differentiates forest from nonforest more accurately than the vegetation-index procedure. The data reveal that the LAC data combined with the probability threshold procedure provide the best data-source/classification-procedure combination.
Interaction of fibrin(ogen) with apolipoprotein(a) : Further characterization and identification of a novel Lysine-dependent apolipoprotein(a)-binding site within the γ chain 287-411 region

Interaction of lipoprotein(a) with fibrin associated with atherosclerotic lesions promotes its accumulation in the lesions, thereby contributing to the development of atherothrombosis. Numerous studies revealed that this interaction occurs through the apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] component of lipoprotein(a) and COOH-terminal Lys residues generated by partial degradation of fibrin with plasmin (a COOH-Lys-dependent mechanism). At the same time, the mechanism of the interaction of apo(a) with intact fibrin(ogen) remained unclear. Our recent study identified the Lys-independent apo(a)-binding sites within the fibrin(ogen) alphaC domains which contribute to an alternative Lys-independent mechanism. In this study, we performed direct measurements of the interaction between apo(a) and various fibrin(ogen) fragments representing the whole fibrin(ogen) molecule except the alphaC regions. The experiments revealed that the apo(a)-binding site, identified previously within fibrinogen gamma chain residues 207-235 [Klose, R., et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 38206-38212], is a high-affinity site and mainly Lys-independent, suggesting that it should also contribute to the Lys-independent mechanism. The experiments also identified a novel Lys-dependent high-affinity apo(a)-binding site within the sequence of gamma chain residues 287-411. This site may provide interaction of apo(a) with intact fibrin(ogen) through another alternative mechanism, which depends on internal Lys residues. Thus, apo(a) may interact with intact fibrin through the Lys-independent and Lys-dependent mechanisms, while the COOH-Lys-dependent mechanism may prevail in the presence of fibrinolytic activity.
High field NMR studies of static ordering and spin energy coupling in MnF2

The antiferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition in MnF2 in a 75kG field applied along [001] has been studied using NMR. The time‐average staggered and uniform magnetizations N and M were obtained respectively from the difference and sum of the NMR frequencies of the two 19F sites α and β, over the range .12 °K<Tc−T<6 °K. The critical behavior of the order parameter N was found to be very similar to that seen in low fields, as expected. Of particular interest were the NMR linewidth and shape behaviors in the ordered phase, as these bear on the coupling of N and M to the spin system thermal diffusion mode there. The data analysis employed least squares shape fitting. Excellent Lorentzian fits were obtained where expected. The fitted values of Γ = 1/T2 were combined to yield the site average Γ = (Γα+Γβ)/2 and site difference ΔΓ = Γβ−Γα. Here Γ was found to diverge critically, although not with power‐law behavior, while ΔΓ was found to be slowly varying and ∼.25×106sec−1. These results are interpreted usin...
Carrier recombination through donors/acceptors in heavily doped silicon

Carrier recombination in heavily doped semiconductors via shallow donor or acceptor states is analyzed. The results are in general agreement with experimental lifetime observations including the 1/n20 or 1/P20 dependence, and the insensitivity to temperature and to the dopant used. Capture cross sections of about 10−20 cm2 needed to fit the lifetime data are reasonable for neutral traps and are consistent with low‐temperature capture cross sections reported for shallow dopants.
Isotope and isomer shifts of samarium isotopes in the interacting boson model

Abstract The isotope and isomer shifts of the radii of proton and neutron matter distribution in the Sm isotopes are interpreted within the framework of the interacting boson model.
Child abuse and the legal system: the orthopaedic surgeon's role in diagnosis

Background Orthopaedic surgeons have unique training and experience in diagnosis of fractures, both accidental and nonaccidental. That experience is valuable in identifying physical child abuse and in avoiding false accusations or convictions. Both aspects are important to the welfare of children and their families. The events that follow a report of child abuse are outside the training and experience of most orthopaedic surgeons.
Does effort play a role in the effect of response requirements on delayed matching to sample

The possible role of "effort" in the accuracy of pigeons' performance on a delayed matching-to-sample procedure was investigated by examining the effects of response requirements that accompanied a trial-initiating stimulus and that accompanied a sample stimulus. In the first experiment, the effect of varying the size of a fixed-ratio requirement for responses during an initiating stimulus was compared to that of varying a similar requirement for responses during the sample stimulus. Accuracy increased reliably with increases in the ratio scheduled during the sample stimulus, but was not significantly affected by increases in the ratio scheduled on the key during the initiating stimulus. In another phase of Experiment 1, sample duration was held constant while the ratio requirement was varied during the initiating stimulus. Again, accuracy of matching to sample was not significantly affected by the size of the ratio scheduled during the initiating stimulus. Experiment 2 provided a systematic replication of these results in another group of pigeons and included a more detailed analysis of responding. These results support the view that increases in sample-response requirement facilitate accuracy of delayed matching by increasing the durations of exposure to the sample stimuli, and do not support a role of effort in the sample-response effect. In Experiment 3, the facilitative effect of responses on the sample but not of those on the initiating stimulus was replicated using a simultaneous matching-to-sample procedure. This finding provides further evidence against an interpretation of response-requirement effects that appeals to effort; the finding also suggests that sample exposure might affect initial discrimination of the sample rather than remembering the sample.
Hormonal independence of courtship behavior in the male garter snake

Garter snakes exhibit a dissociated reproductive tactic in which gonadal activity is minimal at the time of mating, increasing only after the breeding season has ended. Experiments are presented demonstrating that neither short-term nor longterm castration affects courtship behavior in adult male red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). So long as males have passed through a low-temperature dormancy period (hibernation), castration either shortly after emergence in the spring, or before entering winter dormancy in the fall, does not prevent the display of intense courtship behavior on emergence. Similarly, males castrated during mating activity the previous spring prior to the annual testicular growth phase actively courted females on emergence from hibernation. Males adrenalectomized and castrated during low-temperature dormancy also courted females on emergence. Hypophysectomy during or before low-temperature dormancy did not prevent males from displaying high-intensity courtship behavior on emergence from hibernation. Treatment with sex steroid hormones, as well as hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, and a variety of neural and metabolic affectors also fails to elicit courtship behavior in noncourting males during the summer. It was concluded that causal mechanisms controlling courtship behavior in the red-sided garter snake are fundamentally different, at least at the physiological level, from those mechanisms described for many laboratory and domesticated species.
The effect of the s-wave ππ interaction on peripheral nucleon-nucleon scattering

Abstract The dependence of the two-pion-exchange contribution to nucleon-nucleon scattering in high partial waves on the model for the s-wave ππ → N N scattering amplitude below threshold for N N production is illustrated by comparing four models. Future improved pp scattering data should be used to reduce the uncertainty in the triplet F and singlet G phase shifts to enable discrimination between the models.
|B1(+)|-selective excitation pulse design using the Shinnar-Le Roux algorithm.

Abstract A new mathematical treatment and algorithm for the design of | B 1 + | -selective RF excitation pulses is presented and validated. The algorithm is based on a rotated Shinnar–Le Roux pulse design algorithm, wherein the pulse’s frequency modulation waveform is directly designed by the algorithm, and its amplitude and sign modulation waveform takes the place of the gradient field. A new pulse configuration is described that enables excitation of large tip-angle slice-selective profiles. Experiments were performed to validate the pulses, and simulations were performed to characterize the pulses’ sensitivity to off-resonance, and to compare them to adiabatic (BIR-4) pulses.
AUTOMAST: automatic mathematical analysis and symbolic translation

A procedure for numerically solving systems of ordinary differential equations is shown to also generate symbolic solutions. The procedure is based on a finite Taylor series expansion that includes an estimate of the error in the final result. A computer program is described that reads in a system of such equations and then generates the expansions for all of the dependent variables. The expansions are determined symbolically, hence any non-numeric parameters in the original equations are carried automatically into the final expansions. Thus the exact influence of any parameters on the problem solution can be easily displayed.
Call for papers special issue: Interpreting technology

Many engineers and scientists have — or could have — the opportunity (some would say responsibility) to interpret developments in engineering, science, and technology for non-specialists through community organizations and news media. Many such opportunities are missed or muffed, however, because it's not easy to shed jargon, simplify technical concepts at the risk of imprecision, and develop a public presence.
21st Century workers: How will they be organized?

Abstract The study posits an organizational structure that shows how creative workers will lead in the 21st century. The growing importance of this group shifts the locus of analysis from a product/output physical perspective to a problem defining/solving creative one. The analysis next clearly identifies who is responsible for wealth creation, i.e., creative workers, and how to differentiate value among them, i.e., problem identifiers and solvers are most valuable. It next addresses how these workers are organized (finders, minders and grinders) looking at an emerging knowledge structure rather than the traditional 20th century hierarchical organizational structure. Finally, the firm as a unit of analysis is evaluated in the context of a free agent/creative workers structure and a problem-centric world.
Radioprotective potential and chelating properties of glycylhistamine, an analog of histamine terminal peptides found in bee venom

Cpcwa~* t, B., HIJRHUT, W. P. and MwtrRO, A. (1973) Turnover of transmitter and synaptic vesicles at the frog netuanuseular jtmetion . J. Cell . Btol. S7, 499. CHAKRIN, L. W. and WxrrrweEtt, V. P. (1969) The suballular distribution of [N-Me-~H] acetylcholine synthesized by brain in vtvo . Biochem. J. 113, 97 . De Roeearis, &, PFS.LeatetNO ne IRAtDt, A., Axxwtz, G. R. L. 8nd SALGwNtt:OFF, L. (1%2) Cholinergic and non-cholinergic nerve endings in rat brain-I. Isolation and subcellular distribution of acetylcholine and aatylcholi~steraae . J. Nenrochcm. 9, 23 . De ROtt~tzts, E., ARNwrz, G. R. L., Swt.awtvtoo>n+, L., PeLLeGRtNO DE 1RAt.Dt, A. and ZtexEte, L. M. (1%3) Isolation of synaptic vesicles and structural organization ofthe acetylcholine system within nerve endings. J. Nemochenr. 10, 225. DtMZ, C. R., Pnwexrw, A. F., Cotrrnv>io Na'ro, J., PontPOt.o, S., GoetFS, M. V, and ROHM, G. M. (1974) Effect of scorpion venom from TYtyrts serrulatru (tityustoxin) on the acetylcholine release and fine struct»re of the nerve terminals. Experlextia 30, 1304 . FRONTALI, N., GAANATA, F. and Pwarsr, P. (1927) Effects of black widow spider venom on acetylcholine release from rat cerebral cortex slices in vitro . Biockem. Pltarmac. 21, 969. Go~z, M. V., Dwt, M. E. M. and Dnvtz, C. R. (1971) Release of acetylcholine from rat conex slices by scorpion venom. Acto cleat . Vexez. 22, R-32. Got~sz, M. V., DAr, M. E. M. and DttJtz, C. R. (1973) Effect of scorpion venom, tityustoxin on the release of acetylcholine from incubated seas ofrat brain. J. Nertrocl~m . 20, 1037 . HeNwQaPS, M. C. and Goen;z, M. V. (1975) Effect ofscorpion venom, tityustoxin, on the uptake of calcium by isolated nerve ending particles from brain. Brain Res . 93, 182. LortOertect~tt, H. E., Htrntsvr, W. P., Mwtrno, A. and Ct.wrecK, A. W. (1970) F-f%ct of black widow spider venom on the frog ne»ranuscular junction . Nature, Load. 223, 701 . IAWAY, O. H., Rae®otrax, N. J., FwttR, A. L. and Rwxnwt.t, R. J. (1931) Protein measurement with the Phenol reagent. J. biol. Chem. 193, 263. McLttxxwx, H. and ELUOT, K.A. C. (1960) Factors affecting the synthesis of acetylcholine by brain slices Am. J. Physiol. 163, 605. OLtv~tA, Z. E. G., Httrmnis, J F. andGot, M.V. (1976) The effect of sulfhydryl reagents on the tityustoxin induad axtylcholine release in rat brain slices . J. Nettrockem . 27. 43 .
Preparation for movement in the cat. I. Unit activity in the cerebral cortex

Abstract Single unit activity was recorded from the ‘motor’ cortex of cats during performance of a forelimb flexion movement. Two classes of cortical neurons were defined with respect to the onset of electrographic activity associated with this movement. ‘Early’ units, first showing changes in firing rates more than 0.5 sec prior to the movement, were found almost exclusively in the medial precruciate cortex. The lateral cortex appears to be made up almost uniformly of ‘late’ units, that is, neurons whose activities are more closely related with the actual movement. The medial cortex, on the other hand, contains both ‘early’ and ‘late’ units and thus may have the additional function of participating in the neural system which is the substrate for response set.
SiO2‐induced substrate current and its relation to positive charge in field‐effect transistors

Experimental data are presented for the substrate current (holes), which accompanies electron injection into the oxide of n‐channel field‐effect transistor structures, in the tunneling regime. Dependencies of the effect on oxide thickness and on the metal gate material were investigated. An inverse relation was found between the initial rise time of oxide current transients and both the electron and hole currents. It is shown that these initial current increases are related to positive charge, therefore a correlation exists between the positive charge and electron or hole currents. The strength of impact ionization in SiO2 is discussed on the basis of band‐structure arguments and it is concluded that there are difficulties in explaining the substrate current by impact ionization. A technique for fast measurements of capacitance‐voltage shifts at the end of an applied high field pulse is described.
Representation of finite action large games

A large game can be formalized as a probability distribution on the set of players' characteristics or as a function from a measure space of players to the set of players' characteristics. Given a game as a probability distribution on the set of players' characteristics, a representation of that game is a function from a set of players to the set of players' characteristics which induces the same distribution. It is shown that if the playoffs are continuous and there are only finite number of actions, then the set of Nash equilibria of any representation of a game induces essentially all the Cournot-Nash equilibrium distributions of the given game.
Deep Infection of Mice with Trichophyton Rubrum (Purpureum)1

Evidence has been accumulating that certain superficial fungi are capable of active invasion of the deeper tissues. Harris and Lewis (6) reported the first instance of hair follicle infection by T. rubrum (purpureum). Wilson (19) more recently reported a case of deep nodular lesions of the legs in a female patient with superficial trichophytosis rubrum. The organism was recovered in cultures from the nodules, and the sections of biopsy material contained spores of bizarre form. In a personal communication Wilson has informed the authors that he has now collected several additional similar cases. Other investigators have presented evidence indicating that trichophyton fungi are capable of surviving within internal organs for at least a limited time. For example, dermatophytes have been recovered in a few instances from the blood of patients with fungus infections, particularly after treatment with x-ray or trichophytin (1, 7, 8, 15, 17, 18). White (17) reported an instance of recovery of Trichophyton mentagrophytes (interdigitale) from the regional lymph nodes of a patient with a pedal infection and cited recovery of T. mentagrophytes (granu-losum) from neck nodes in a patient with tinea capitis.
Relationship of testosterone to men's family functioning at mid‐life: A research note

Sociobiological theory suggests that aggression coupled with altruism is highly adaptive for males in all social systems, including the family, whereas sex-role convergence theory indicates that lower levels of aggression are most adaptive for men, particularly at mid-life. The purpose of this study was to determine the role that testosterone, as a proxy for aggression, plays as an adaptive mechanism in the lives of middle-aged males. The sample used in this study consisted of 37 middle-aged (39–50 years of age) males employed in professional occupations in a midwestern metropolitan area. Testosterone levels were regressed on factors typically found to be related to male satisfaction with family life at mid-life: marital satisfaction, parent-adolescent communication, amount of emotional expressiveness, and androgynous characteristics; recent positive and negative stressors and trait anxiety were statistically controlled. Results of step-wise multiple regression analysis indicated that low levels of testosterone were significantly (R = .34, P < .01) related to enhanced marital and parental relationships and androgynous behaviors; however, emotional expressiveness was significantly related to high levels of testosterone.
The Professional Adolescence of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology and Pediatric Psychology: Grown Up and Striving for Autonomy

We review the present and future of the specialty field of clinical child and pediatric psychology. The progress in education and training, science, practice, and organizational developments in this specialty is described with attention to the special issues of the developing field. Clinical child and pediatric psychology are well positioned for continued healthy development.
Detecting cross-linked peptides by searching against a database of cross-linked peptide pairs

Mass spectrometric identification of cross-linked peptides can provide valuable information about the structure of protein complexes. We describe a straightforward database search scheme that identifies and assigns statistical confidence estimates to spectra from cross-linked peptides. The method is well suited to targeted analysis of a single protein complex, without requiring an isotope labeling strategy. Our approach uses a SEQUEST-style search procedure in which the database is comprised of a mixture of single peptides with and without linkers attached and cross-linked products. In contrast to several previous approaches, we generate theoretical spectra that account for all of the expected peaks from a cross-linked product, and we employ an empirical curve-fitting procedure to estimate statistical confidence measures. We show that our fully automated procedure successfully reidentifies spectra from a previous study, and we provide evidence that our statistical confidence estimates are accurate.
The effect of bearing cage run-out on the nonlinear dynamics of a rotating shaft

Abstract This paper presents an analytical model to investigate the nonlinear dynamic behavior of an unbalanced rotor-bearing system due to cage run-out. Due to run-out of the cage, the rolling elements no longer stay equally spaced. The mathematical model takes into account the sources of nonlinearity such as Hertzian contact forces and cage run-out, and the resulting transition from a state of no contact to contact between the rolling elements and the races. The contact between the rolling elements and races is treated as nonlinear springs and the system is analyzed for varying numbers of balls. The results are presented in the form of fast Fourier transformations and Poincare maps. The results show that the ball passage frequency is modulated with the rotational frequency. The response falls into three regimes: periodic motion, quasi-periodic oscillations, and chaotic response.
The impact of family and peer differentiation levels on adolescent psychosocial development and problematic behaviors

This study examined the impact of family differentiation and peer differentiation levels on adolescent problematic behaviors and psychosocial maturity. Differentiation levels were assessed dyadically in both the family and peer systems. Results revealed family differentiation to be the sole predictor of adolescent problematic behavior. Additional regression analysis indicated that peer differentiation was a significant predictor of psychosocial maturity, along with the significant impact of adolescent gender and age. Family X Peer interaction terms were not significant predictors of either adolescent personal adjustment variable. Results, whichdisplay both consistencies and variations with the findings of previous research, are discussed in terms of their clinical implications.
Towards a general theory of non-cooperative computation

We generalize the framework of non-cooperative computation (NCC), recently introduced by Shoham and Tennenholtz, to apply to cryptographic situations. We consider functions whose inputs are held by separate, self-interested agents. We consider four components of each agent's utility function: (a) the wish to know the correct value of the function, (b) the wish to prevent others from knowing it, (c) the wish to prevent others from knowing one's own private input, and (d) the wish to know other agents' private inputs. We provide an exhaustive game theoretic analysis of all 24 possible lexicographic orderings among these four considerations, for the case of Boolean functions (mercifully, these 24 cases collapse to four). In each case we identify the class of functions for which there exists an incentive-compatible mechanism for computing the function. In this article we only consider the situation in which the inputs of different agents are probabilistically independent.
Infectious disease and reproductive health: a review.

Human reproduction provides unique opportunities for the transmission of infectious agents. Furthermore, the mother and her offspring have distinct susceptibilities to infection at each stage of reproduction, from conception and gestation to parturition and the neonatal period. The impact of pathoge
Systematics of Chaetocerotaceae (Bacillariophyceae). I. A phylogenetic analysis of the family

SUMMARY In order to construct a model of evolutionary relationships within the diatom family Chaetocerotaceae, 37 species of Chaetoceros Ehrenberg, representing all subgenera and 21 of 22 subgeneric sections of the genus, plus three Bacteriastrum Shadbolt species, representing both of its subgeneric sections, were subjected to cladistic analysis. One species each of Eucampia Ehrenberg, Cerataulina Peragallo, Hemiau-lus Ehrenberg, Attheya West and Gonioceros H. & M. Peragallo were used as outgroups. A matrix of 65 binary and multistate morphological characters was constructed, with data being gathered from original observation of material in the light and electron microscopes, and from the published literature. The analysis yielded 36 most-parsimonious cladograms of 316 steps; incongruence between trees is largely restricted to some taxa representing undersampled sections of Chaetoceros subg. Hyalochaete. The robustness of this hypothesis was examined in several ways. To assess the effect of character weighting, the bootstrap was used to randomly weight characters. The parsimony criterion was relaxed via a decay index, and finally, the tree length was compared to that of trees randomly generated from the data matrix. The majority of investigated species of Chaetoceros subg. Phaeoceros, Chaetoceros subg. Hyalochaete and Bacteriastrum appear to belong to a continuous grade, rather than comprising individual clades. Chaetoceros is paraphyletic. Thus, the traditional classification does not accurately reflect the hypothesized phylogenetic relationships of this family.
Crisis, Recovery, Innovation: Responsive Organization after September 11:

After the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, many firms, directly affected by the attack, resumed trading when markets reopened less than a week later. How were these companies able to respond, working under conditions of fear and grief, so quickly and effectively? Drawing on conversations with executives and employees in financial service firms with offices in the World Trade Center and adjacent buildings, this report documents the importance of strong personal ties, lateral self-organization, and nonhierarchical relations in the recovery process. As a response to uncertainty, organizational factors that explain recovery are similar to those that generate innovation.
Improvements in early mortality and coagulopathy are sustained better in patients with blunt trauma after institution of a massive transfusion protocol in a civilian level I trauma center.

Introduction:Transfusion practices across the country are changing with aggressive use of plasma (fresh-frozen plasma [FFP]) and platelets during massive transfusion with current military recommendations to use component therapy at a 1:1:1 ratio of packed red blood cells to FFP to platelets.Methods:
JE Gene Expression in an Animal Model of Acute Arterial Graft Rejection

Abstract Transplant arteriosclerosis (TA) is an immune mediated vascular injury that results in rapid intimal thickening and parenchymal ischemia. The monocytes that infiltrate the transplanted organ's vessels may mediate this effect. One of the cell signals that may initiate monocyte infiltration in rat models of acute and chronic vessel wall rejection is the product of the JE gene, a potent and selective chemoattractant for monocytes. We used combinedin situhybridization and immunocytochemistry to localize JE gene expression in specific cell types using a rat aortic transplant model of acute arterial graft rejection. Within 3 days of transplantation, there was JE mRNA expression in adventitial mesenchymal cells, probably fibroblasts, and this signal increased until 10 days post-transplantation. During this period, the number of adventitial monocytes, identified by immunocytochemistry, increased around the mesenchymal cells expressing JE. Intimal JE mRNA expression between 7 and 20 days localized to undefined mesenchymal intimal cells and occasionally blood-borne monocytes. There was no JE gene expression detected in the intima after 20 days. JE mRNA expression at 20 days was limited to α-actin-positive vascular smooth muscle cells in the outer aspect of the media. At 40 and 60 days, there was no JE hybridization signal in the media or adventitia despite increasing medial monocyte infiltration. The temporal sequence of JE mRNA expression, starting in the adventitia, intima, and finally the media, preceded or coincided with monocyte/macrophage infiltration. These results support our hypothesis that early JE gene expression may lead to the initial monocyte recruitment in acute vessel wall rejection. Because JE gene expression is downregulated by glucocorticoids, their immunosuppressive effect may be partly due to decreased JE gene expression by transplanted vessels.
Competition between particle formation and burrowing: Gold on bismuth

We discuss Au vapor deposition on polycrystalline Bi under conditions where particle formation and burrowing are competitive. Burrowing occurs because the surface free energy of Bi is lower than that of Au, the Au-Bi interface energy is small, and the kinetics, in terms of high surface and grain boundary diffusion rates, are favorable. For formation of Au particles on Bi, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations that include the relative rates of atom impingement, surface diffusion, and burrowing show a broadening of the overall size distribution. This occurs because burrowing continuously removes small particles from the surface, reduces the density of existing nuclei, and allows those that remain to grow by atom capture to larger sizes before they too are completely burrowed. These results are important for systems where nanostructures are assembled on low surface energy substrates.
The Influence of Plasmon Damping on the Mean Free Path of Electrons for Plasmon Excitation

Many-body theory is used to calculate the inverse mean free path for plasmon excitation by an electron in a free-electron gas with damping of the plasmon states included. The theory is applied to the special case of Al for which experimental data on damping of the plasmons are available. Numerical calculations indicate an appreciable probability for exciting plasmons by incident electrons with energies below the threshold energy predicted by “no-damping” theories. Die Vielteilchentheorie wird benutzt, um die inverse mittlere freie Weglange fur Plasmo- nenanregung durch ein Elektron in einem freien Elektronengas bei Einschlus der Dampfung der Plasmonenzustande zu berechnen. Die Theorie wird auf den speziellen Fall von Al angewendet, fur das experimentelle Werte der Dampfung der Plasmonen vorliegen. Numerische Rechnungen zeigen eine betrachtliche Wahrscheinlichkeit fur die Anregung von Plasmonen durch einfallende Elektronen mit Energien unterhalb der Schwellenenergie, die durch die Theorie ohne Berucksichbigung der Dampfung vorhergesagt wird.
Predictors of affect following treatment decision‐making for prostate cancer: conversations, cognitive processing, and coping

Objective: Research suggests that cancer patients who are more involved in treatment decision-making (TDM) report better quality of life following treatment. This study examines the association and possible mechanisms between prostate cancer patient's discussions about TDM and affect following treatment. We predicted that the length of time patients spent discussing treatment options with social networks and physicians prior to treatment would predict emotional adjustment after treatment. We further predicted that cognitive processing, coping, and patient understanding of treatment options would mediate this association. Methods: Fifty-seven patients completed questionnaires prior to treatment and at 1 and 6 months following treatment completion. Results: Findings from the present study suggest that discussing treatment options with others, prior to beginning treatment for prostate cancer, significantly contributed to improvements in affect 1 and 6 months following treatment. Residualized regression analyses indicated that discussing treatment options with patient's social networks predicted a decrease in negative affect 1 and 6 months following treatment, while discussions with physicians predicted an increase in positive affect 1 month following treatment. Patients who spent more time discussing treatment options with family and friends also reported greater pre-treatment social support and emotional expression. Mediation analyses indicated that these coping strategies facilitated cognitive processing (as measured by a decrease in intrusive thoughts) and that cognitive processing predicted improvement in affect. Conclusions: Greater time spent talking with family and friends about treatment options may provide opportunities for patients to cope with their cancer diagnosis and facilitate cognitive processing, which may improve patient distress over time. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Fines migration and formation damage; Influence of pH and ion exchange

This paper elucidates the influence of pH and ion exchange on formation damage caused by fines migration. The experimental results affect waterflooding, design of drilling muds, and alkaline flooding. In-situ release of naturally existing fines (generally clays) results form change sin colloidal conditions of the permeating fluid. Such processes can cause extensive formation damage in sandstones, thereby reducing oil production. The authors' recent studies clearly indicate that the release process is started by a combination of high pH, leading to drastic permeability reductions. These results therefore provide new insight into the phenomenon of formation damage caused by water sensitivity or injection of incompatible brines. The authors also describe a unified approach to understanding these results and the findings of previous investigators.
Portal vein blood flow-effects of pregnancy, gravity, and exercise.

Abstract Objective: We sought to test the hypotheses that pregnancy increases portal vein blood flow and that regular exercise training during pregnancy limits the flow redistribution away from the splanchnic and uterine circulations in response to either gravitational or exercise-induced hemodynamic stress. Study Design: Portal vein blood flow, which probably reflects changes in uterine blood flow, was estimated with ultrasonography in 6 regularly exercising and 6 physically active control subjects before and during pregnancy after 15 minutes of rest in the left lateral recumbent position, after 5 minutes of standing rest, and immediately and 5 minutes after 20 minutes of treadmill exercise at 55% ± 3% of maximal aerobic capacity. Results: Portal vein blood flow rose significantly during early and mid pregnancy at recumbent rest (from 660 ± 110 to 1090 ± 120 mL/min), standing rest (580 ± 70 to 790 ± 120 mL/min), immediately after exercise (160 ± 30 to 360 ± 60 mL/min), and at 5 minutes of recovery (520 ± 60 to 760 ± 110 mL/min). Before pregnancy, exercise training did not blunt the decremental effects of either gravity or exercise on portal vein blood flow. During mid and late pregnancy, exercise training had no effect on the fall in portal vein blood flow with gravitational stress, but it markedly reduced the decremental effects of exercise (average for the 2 time points, –510 ± 80 vs –840 ± 100 mL/min) and improved recovery at 5 minutes after exercise (940 ± 140 vs 600 ± 130 mL/min). Conclusions: Portal vein blood flow rises significantly during pregnancy, and flow redistribution away from the splanchnic and uterine circulations in response to severe hemodynamic stress is reduced by exercise training in mid and late pregnancy. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:167-72.)
Curvature of random walks and random polygons in confinement

The purpose of this paper is to study the curvature of equilateral random walks and polygons that are confined in a sphere. Curvature is one of several basic geometric properties that can be used to describe random walks and polygons. We show that confinement affects curvature quite strongly, and in the limit case where the confinement diameter equals the edge length the unconfined expected curvature value doubles from π/2 to π. To study curvature a simple model of an equilateral random walk in spherical confinement in dimensions 2 and 3 is introduced. For this simple model we derive explicit integral expressions for the expected value of the total curvature in both dimensions. These expressions are functions that depend only on the radius R of the confinement sphere. We then show that the values obtained by numeric integration of these expressions agrees with numerical average curvature estimates obtained from simulations of random walks. Finally, we compare the confinement effect on curvature of random walks with random polygons.