cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling and experimental evaluation of asymmetric pantograph dynamics

High-performance pantograph design requires control of pantograph dynamic performance. Many pantograph dynamic models developed to aid in the design process have employed two degrees of freedom, one for the head mass and one for the frame. In this paper, the applicability of these models to symmetric and asymmetric pantograph designs is reviewed. Two degree-of-freedom models have been shown to be appropriate to represent a number of symmetric pantograph designs. To represent the asymmetric designs considered in this paper, an additional degree of freedom representing frame dynamics has been introduced to yield a three degree-of-freedom nonlinear dynamic performance model. The model has been evaluated with experimental data obtained from laboratory dynamic testing of an asymmetric pantograph.
Vacuum deposited epitaxial layers of PbSl−xSex for laser devices

This paper describes an epitaxial vacuum deposition system used to grow heterostructure PbSl−xSex diode lasers that operated cw at 12K with threshold current densities as low as 60A/cm3. The relatively low temperature (300°C) growth process, which simulates closed tube vapor phase growth, minimizes substrate-epilayer strain and vacancy interdiffusion. Laser devices were fabricated by sequential evaporation of n-type and p-type PbSl−xSex layers onto PbSl−ySey substrates. n-type grown layers were sometimes found to have Pb-rich droplets on their surfaces, and a correlation has been made between the presence of these droplets and the starting source material.
Tooth duplication in complete dentures

This article describes the duplication of porcelain denture teeth in acrylic resin. The method allows the patient to use their existing denture as a transitional prosthesis without harming opposing restorations.
Impairment of Abstract Reasoning in the Brain-Damaged: Qualitative or Quantitative?

Summary A study was performed with the aim of resolving the controversy that has developed regarding whether impairment of abstract reasoning in brain-damaged individuals is qualitative or quantitative in nature. Using two concept identification tasks, one simple the other complex, thirty brain-damaged subjects and thirty controls were tested. It was proposed that qualitative deficit would occur when S completely failed the task, and showed no sign of incremenal learning as he proceeded. Quantitative deficit would be exhibited by learning the relevant concept, but doing so less efficiently than the normal, or by demonstrating incremental learning even though criterion is not reached. It was found that some of the brain-damaged subjects showed quantitative deficit and others qualitative deficit, as defined above. It was also found that those brain-damaged subjects who showed quantitative deficit on the simple concept identification task, tended to show the same kind of deficit on the more complex task. The conclusion reached was that neither the quantitative nor the qualitative theory is appropriate in all cases, since some brain-damaged individuals demonstrate qualitative deficit, while others show quantitative deficit. It was suggested that age is a major consideration in producing this distinction.
Integration of genomics into the electronic health record: mapping terra incognita

Successfully realizing the vision of genomic medicine will require management of large amounts of complex data. The electronic health record (EHR) is destined to play a critical role in the translation of genomic information into clinical care. The papers in this special issue explore the challenges associated with the implementation of genomics in the EHR. The proposed solutions are meant to provide guidance for those responsible for moving genomics into the clinic.
Utilization of Mechanically Deboned Chicken Meat in the Formulation of Summer Sausages

Abstract Summer sausages were formulated from mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) using broiler necks and backs with the addition of different proportions of ground beef and/or hand deboned broiler meat from whole carcasses. Centrifuged MDCM and various additives were also evaluated. Both subjective and objective techniques were used to analyze the products. The results indicated that hand deboned broiler meat from whole carcasses failed to provide a satisfactory cure color, but incorporation of MDCM in the formulations greatly enhanced color development. When MDCM was mixed with ground beef in various combinations up to a 50% level, an acceptable product with good color, firmness and texture was obtained. Higher percentages of MDCM above 65% resulted in a product with good color, but a softer texture. Incorporation of centrifuged MDCM and the additives improved the products slightly when compared with controls.
Principles of radiation therapy of gynecologic cancers.

The radiotherapeutic modalities and rationale for treatment of gynecologic malignancies are presented. The basic concepts and management of the common lesions, e.g., carcinoma of the cervix, uterus, and ovary, are discussed.
Methodology for collecting, storing, and analyzing human milk for volatile organic compounds

Biomonitoring, or the measurement of environmental chemicals in human tissues and fluids, is used to supplement—and in some cases replace—more traditional exposure assessments which measure chemicals in environmental media. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in physiological fluids are biomarkers of exposure that present numerous challenges for sample collection and analysis. To date, a thorough evaluation of methods for collection and analysis of breast milk samples for volatiles has not been conducted. In this paper, we describe the development and validation of methods for collecting, storing, and analyzing 36 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breast milk to assess VOC exposure of lactating women and nursing infants. Volatile analyte loss was minimized by collecting and storing samples in containers with small headspace volume resulting in recovery ≥70% for all 10 VOCs detected in most breast milk samples. Potential contamination by chloroform, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and methyl-tert-butyl ether was minimized by using specially treated sample collection materials. Method detection limits in the low parts per trillion range were achieved by using solid-phase microextraction headspace sampling, gas chromatography, and selective ion monitoring mass spectrometry. We used this method to analyze 3 mL aliquots of breast milk collected from 12 women and found that 10 of the 36 VOCs were detectable in most samples (median values follow): m/p-xylene, 0.539 ng mL−1; toluene, 0.464 ng mL−1; 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 0.170 ng mL−1; tetrachloroethylene, 0.165 ng mL−1; o-xylene, 0.159 ng mL−1; ethylbenzene, 0.0149 ng mL−1; styrene, 0.129 ng mL−1; benzene, 0.080 ng mL−1; chloroform, 0.030 ng mL−1; and methyl-tert-butyl ether, 0.016 ng mL−1.
Lead and uranium in Pennsylvanian anthracite

Abstract Lead concentration, its isotopic composition, and the uranium content of Pennsylvanian anthracites have been determined. From the isotopic analysis, it is interpreted that common lead was incorporated into the ancient, bedded plant material in Carboniferous times prior to coalification, while the uranium was introduced into the anthracite after coalification.
Intrinsic reactivities of manganese oxides for carbon monoxide hydrogenation catalysis

Abstract A comparison is made between the activities and selectivities of several native manganese oxides (MnO, Mn 3 O 4 , Mn 2 O 3 , MnO 2 , Cu-MnO 2 ) for carbon monoxide reduction. At 310°C, and 500 psi on feeding synthesis gas (CO/H 2 =1/1), the carbon monoxide conversion levels are comparable but selectivities are quite different. Mn 2 O 3 displays over 90% selectivity for methanol while MnO displays less than 10% selectivity for methanol but over 50% selectivity for carbon dioxide. Patterns of activity and selectivity are discussed for each of the precursors. Interestingly, despite the quite varied selectivities at comparable conversion levels, X-ray diffraction on the used catalysts indicates that each has been converted to MnO in the bulk as would be expected from thermodynamics.
Congenital coarctation of the abdominal aorta a theoretically reversible type of cardiac disease

Abstract The record of a patient who had congenital coarctation of the abdominal aorta, associated with anomalous origin of the right subclavian artery from the aorta, is presented. The importance of the ante-mortem diagnosis of congenital coarctation of the abdominal aorta is discussed. This condition may be classified theoretically as a surgically reversible type of congenital cardiac disease.
Primary closure of mammalian bites.

OBJECTIVE Suturing of bite wounds remains controversial. The authors evaluated the incidence of wound infection in 145 mammalian bite wounds treated with primary closure. METHODS Consecutive patients with bite wounds receiving primary closure at a university hospital ED had structured closed-question data sheets completed at the time of wound management and suture removal. Infection was determined at the time of suture removal using a previously validated definition. Data included demographics; medical history; time from injury to evaluation; wound characteristics and location; details of wound cleansing methods, debridement, foreign body removal, and wound closure methods; use of antibiotics; and follow-up wound evaluation. Proportions and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS One hundred forty-five mammalian bite patients were enrolled: 88 dog, 45 cat, and 12 human bites. Patients had a mean (+/-SD) age of 21 +/- 20 years; 58% were male; 86% were white; and they presented a mean (+/-SD) of 1.8 +/- 1.2 hours after injury. Bites occurred on the head and neck (57%), upper extremity (36%), and lower extremity (6%). Wounds had a mean length and width of 2.5 cm and 4.8 mm, respectively. Twelve percent involved structures deep to subcutaneous tissue. After primary wound closure, wound infections occurred in eight patients (5.5%; 95% confidence interval = 1.8% to 9.2%). CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that carefully selected mammalian bite wounds can be sutured with approximately a 6% rate of infection. This infection rate may be acceptable in lacerations where cosmesis is a primary concern.
Are Short Sellers Informed? Evidence from REITs

This paper uses intraday short sale data to examine whether short sellers of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) are informed. We find strong evidence that short selling predicts future returns of REITs. Heavily shorted REITs significantly underperform lightly shorted REITs by approximately 1% over the following 20 trading days. This predictive relation holds for both small and large trades, but is stronger for large short trades. We also document a positive relation between shorting activity and volatility. Our results are consistent with the
Reduction of Emissions From a High Speed Passenger Ferry

Emissions from marine vessels are being scrutinized as a major contributor to the total particulate matter (TPM), oxides of sulfur (SOx), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) environmental loading. Fuel sulfur control is the key to SOx reduction but NOx and PM production are primarily engine design dependent. Significant reductions in the emissions from on-road vehicles have been achieved in the last decade and emissions from these vehicles will be reduced by another order of magnitude in the next five years. These improvements have served to emphasize the need to reduce emissions from other mobile sources, including off-road equipment, locomotives, and marine vessels. Diesel-powered vessels of interest include ocean-going vessels with low- and medium-speed engines, as well as smaller vessels with medium- and high-speed engines. A recent study examined to use of intake water injection (WIS) and ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel to reduce the emissions from a high-speed passenger ferry in southern California. One of the four Detroit Diesel 12V92 two-stroke, high-speed engines that power the ferry was instrumented to collect intake airflow rate, fuel flow rate, shaft torque, and shaft speed. Engine speed and shaft torque were uniquely linked for given vessel draft and prevailing wind and sea conditions. A raw exhaust gas sampling system was utilized to measure the concentration of NOx, carbon dioxide (CO2 ), and oxygen (O2 ), with a mini dilution tunnel sampling a slipstream from the raw exhaust was used to collect TPM on 70 mm filters. The emissions data were processed to yield brake-specific mass results. The emissions measurement system that was employed allowed for redundant data to be collected for quality assurance and quality control. To acquire the data, the ferry was operated at five different steady-state speeds. Three modes were executed in the open sea off Oceanside, CA, idle and harbor modes were also selected for the test matrix. Data have showed that the use of ULSD along with water injection (WIS) could significantly reduce the emissions of NOx and PM while not affecting fuel consumption or engine performance, when compared to baseline marine diesel fuel. The results showed that a normal 40% reduction in TPM was realized when switching from marine diesel fuel to ULSD. A small reduction in NOx was also shown between the marine fuel and the ULSD. The implementation of the WIS reduced NOx by 11% to 17%, depending upon the operating condition. With the WIS, TPM was reduced by a few percentage points, which was close to the confidence level of the measurements.© 2004 ASME
Mass Balance of 15N Applied to Kentucky Bluegrass Including Direct Measurement of Denitrification

Although the fate of fertilizer applied to turfgrass has been studied in the past, recovery of applied fertilizer N is typically low, and denitrification has been cited as the reason. The objectives of this research were twofold: (i) to examine the fate of 15 N applied to Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turf as KNO 3, including direct measurement of denitrification; and (ii) to determine whether and how plants affect fertilizer-N recovery. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cylinders, modified to permit atmospheric sampling, were used throughout field experiments during the spring and summer 1999 and a greenhouse experiment in 2000. Potassium nitrate (98.5 atom % 15 N) was applied in solution at 49 kg N ha -1 to replicated plots, and atmospheric samples were collected three times a day from 0800 to 1100, 1100 to 1400, and 1400 to 1700 h during a 6-wk period in the spring and a 4-wk period during the summer of 1999. Emission of N 2 or N 2 O ranged from 3.3 to 21.3% and from 0.3 to 5.9% of labeled fertilizer N (LFN), respectively. Recovery of LFN in the soil or plant, plus that emitted as N 2 or N 2 O, ranged from 57.4 to 73.2%. A 4-wk greenhouse experiment comparing LFN recovery for bare soil and turf, including gas emission and leachate, was initiated in the summer of 2000. Total emission of LFN as N 2 or N 2 O was 19.0% for the turfgrass, as compared with 7.3% for the bare soil. Corresponding values for total recovery of LFN were 70.6 and 84.2%, respectively.
Influences of tissue absorption and scattering on diffuse correlation spectroscopy blood flow measurements

In this study we evaluate the influences of optical property assumptions on near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) flow index measurements. The optical properties, absorption coefficient (µa) and reduced scattering coefficient (µs′), are independently varied using liquid phantoms and measured concurrently with the flow index using a hybrid optical system combining a dual-wavelength DCS flow device with a commercial frequency-domain tissue-oximeter. DCS flow indices are calculated at two wavelengths (785 and 830 nm) using measured µa and µs′ or assumed constant µa and µs′. Inaccurate µs′ assumptions resulted in much greater flow index errors than inaccurate µa. Underestimated/overestimated µs′ from −35%/+175% lead to flow index errors of +110%/−80%, whereas underestimated/overestimated µa from −40%/+150% lead to −20%/+40%, regardless of the wavelengths used. Examination of a clinical study involving human head and neck tumors indicates up to +280% flow index errors resulted from inter-patient optical property variations. These findings suggest that studies involving significant µa and µs′ changes should concurrently measure flow index and optical properties for accurate extraction of blood flow information.
Naphtho-crown ethers as ionophores in ion-selective electrodes

Abstract Poly (vinyl chloride) membrane electrodes based on three naphtho-crown ethers (naphtho-15-crown-5, naphtho-18-crown-6 and dinaphtho-30-crown-10) are characterized. These ionophores may provide inexpensive alternatives to valinomycin for potassium-selective electrodes. All three crowns give near-Nernstian responses to potassium under appropriate conditions and excellent selectivity for potassium over sodium can be obtained. With naphtho-18-crown-6, an improved response to cesium is observed as the ionophore concentration in the membrane is increased. The characteristics of each electrode are dependent on the concentration of crown and the choice of plasticizer.
Neck pain due to acute suppurative thyroiditis and thyroglossal duct abscess

One case of acute suppurative thyroiditis and one case of thyroglossal duct abscess are presented and discussed. Although they may often present similar symptoms and signs, they need to be differentiated from each other and from other causes of painful thyroid-related neck masses to ensure appropriate therapeutic intervention. Techniques and new developments helpful in differential evaluation, including thyroid radioscintigraphy and ultrasonography, are discussed.
Heightened NTPDase-1/CD39 expression and angiogenesis in radiation proctitis

Radiation proctitis is an inflammatory process associated with persistent and refractory lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Purinergic signaling regulates hemostasis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. For example, CD39, the vascular ectonucleotidase, blocks platelet activation and is required for angiogenesis. Whether CD39 expression is affected by radiation injury is unknown. The aim of this work was to study CD39 expression patterns after clinical radiation injury to the rectum. We prospectively enrolled eight patients with radiation proctitis and five gender-matched controls. Biopsies were taken from normal-appearing rectal mucosa of controls and from the normal sigmoid and abnormal rectum of patients. Expression patterns of CD39, P2Y2 receptor, CD31, CD61 integrin, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 were examined by immunostaining; levels of CD39 were further evaluated by Western blots. Chronic inflammatory lesions of radiation proctitis were associated with heightened levels of angiogenesis. Immunohistochemical stains showed increased vascular expression of CD39, as confirmed by Western blots. CD39 was co-localized with vascular endothelial markers CD31 and CD61 integrin, as well as expressed by stromal tissues. Development of neovasculature and associated CD39 expression in radiation proctitis may be associated with the chronic, refractory bleeding observed in this condition.
A reexamination of virial coefficients of the Lennard-Jones fluid

The fourth-order virial coefficients have been calculated exactly to five decimal places for pure fluids of the Lennard-Jones potential at many points in the phase diagram. The calculations were performed through direct evaluation of the integrals, or diagrams, which make up the density expansion of the radial distribution function: included were the standard fast Fourier transform method of evaluating the simply connected diagrams and the evaluation of the bridge diagram for the fourth order in density by expansion in Legendre polynomials. The polynomial-order dependence of the bridge diagram calculation and the range dependence of the simply connected diagrams of the fourth order are found to have more significance than was thought from previous studies, especially in the low-temperature range. This result was confirmed by direct evaluation of the diagrams which construct the virial coefficients, as given by Rowlinson, Barker, and coworkers. This calculation confirmed that numerical convergence has not been achieved at the precision levels previously reported in the literature. These differences, though minor at higher temperatures, can be seen to be more significant at the lower temperature ranges.
Configuration Control under Optimal Assignment of Set-Points in Flexible Robots

This paper summarizes some recent work and on-going research efforts on the topic of optimal configuration resolution of lightweight, redundant robotic manipulators to achieve self-motion control and vibration compensation. As a representative of this class of robots, we concentrate on a long-reach light-weight robotic arm with hub control for coarse positioning, and a three-link rigid end-effector so that the robot is redundant as it operates in a two dimensional task-space. Several configuration solutions are discussed via i) heuristic or geometric approaches, ii) optimal redundancy resolution based on minimization of infinitesimal motions, and iii) optimal set-point relegation that leads to an optimal PI controller.
Examining the Dependability of Academic Achievement Measures for English Language Learners

The dependability of academic achievement measures for English language learners (ELLs) is influenced by three facts: (a) Each ELL has unique strengths and weaknesses in each language mode (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) both in English and in his or her first language, (b) each test item poses a different set of linguistic demands that do not replicate across languages, and (c) raters may vary in their ability to properly interpret students' responses. Generalizability theory allows examination of the magnitude of score variation due to the language (or dialect) in which tests are administered. The interaction of student, item, and language (and dialect) is the most important source of score variation. The language in which students should be tested and the minimum number of items needed to produce dependable measures of academic achievement for ELLs may be different across communities within a broad group of native speakers of a language.
A case of giant thoracic aortic aneurysm that initially presented as an altered mental state.

A case of giant thoracic aortic aneurysm that initially presented as an altered mental state
Molecular weight determination in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents. II. Thermodynamic properties of various solvents.

The change in the resistance of a thermistor from its value when surrounded by a pure solvent is plotted against the concentration of solutions substituted for the solvent. The solutes are chosen for stability and freedom from tendency to associate or dissociate in order to establish a calibration curve for the determination of molecular weights. Within the limit of experimental error, the curves appear to be straight lines in dilute solutions. The slopes of these lines may be used to estimate the approximate thermodynamic properties of solvents by methods analogous to those used in boiling point elevation studies.
Assessing canopy mortality during a mountain pine beetle outbreak using GeoEye-1 high spatial resolution satellite data

Abstract Continuing, severe outbreaks of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) across western North America have resulted in widespread mortality of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). Multiple studies have used high spatial resolution satellite data to map areas of beetle kill; these studies have largely focused on mapping red canopy cover associated with recent tree mortality and have not examined mapping gray canopy cover that occurs after red needles have dropped. The work presented here examines the use of newly available GeoEye-1 data for mapping both red and gray canopy area in southeastern Wyoming lodgepole pine forest. A 0.5 m spatial resolution, pan-sharpened GeoEye-1 image was used to classify areas of green, red, and gray canopy cover. Reference data were collected at twelve 500 m2 field plots. Shadow-normalized green, red, and gray canopy area from classified GeoEye-1 data closely agreed with field-estimated green, red, and gray canopy area. Mean absolute error in canopy cover for the twelve sample plots was 8.3% for the green class, 5.4% for the red class, and 7.2% for the gray class. When all twelve plots were aggregated, remotely sensed estimates of green, red, and gray cover were within 1.7% of the field-estimated cover. Our results demonstrate that high spatial resolution spaceborne multispectral data are a promising tool for mapping canopy mortality caused by mountain pine beetle outbreaks.
Fuel metabolism of the mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus) embryo

Abstract Adult female Culex quinquefasciatus were fed blood and maintained either on sugar or on water for 5 days. They were then allowed to oviposit. Egg rafts, placed in a few drops of water, were analyzed immediately after oviposition and after hatching, 40–44 h later. In both groups, lipid diminished during embryogenesis from 92 to 50 μg. Glycogen diminished from 20 to 8 μg and from 13 to 6 μg in rafts of mosquitoes maintained on sugar and water, respectively. The protein content remained unchanged. Calorically, approx. 90% of embryonic respiration was supported by lipid, and 10% by glycogen consumption.
Eating disorder questions in Yahoo! Answers: Information, conversation, or reflection?

This study investigated a particular form of social Q&A – Yahoo! Answers – and the nature of the questions posed by teens on the topic of eating disorders. The goals of this study were to identify the information needs of questioners in Yahoo! Answers vis a vis the topic of eating disorders, to create a taxonomy of question types in Yahoo! Answers on the topic of eating disorders, and finally, to contribute to broader models of question-asking in social Q&A. We achieved these goals through a content analysis of 2230 questions posed in Yahoo! Answers between December 2005 and April 2011. This resulted in a classification scheme with five overarching themes - Seeking Information, Seeking Emotional Support, Seeking Communication, Seeking Self-Expression, and Seeking Help to Complete a Task, and the sub-categories of factual, diagnosis, treatment or intervention, validation, seeking comfort, conversation starters, deep talk, confession, reflection, homework help, and manuscript ideas. Through the investigation of the socio-emotional aspects of social Q&A, this study enriches our understanding of the affective dimension of health information behavior.
Test-retest reliability of the physical performance test for persons with Parkinson disease.

Background and purpose Reliable measures are needed to document functional status and disease progression for people with Parkinson disease (PD). We, therefore, evaluated the reliability of the Physical Performance Test (PPT) for people with PD. Methods Fourteen community-dwelling subjects with PD participated: 8 males, 6 females; modified Hoehn and Yahr Stages 2 and 2.5; mean age 62.4 years (+6.3). The test was administered twice, 1 week apart. The 7-item and 9-item summary scores of the PPT were each compared between sessions using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and method error (ME) were calculated to further assess reliability. Results Between sessions, 7- and 9-item summed scores were not statistically different. The range of summed scores fell in the midst of the available score range for both the 7- and 9-item tests suggesting resistance to floor and ceiling effects. The ICCs showed good agreement (7-item = 0.818; 9-item = 0.895) indicating test reliability for this population. Based on the ME, an examiner can expect a 6% variation for the 7-item summary score and a 4% variation for the 9-item score summary between testing sessions. Conclusions The 7- and 9-item PPTs were demonstrated to be reliable objective measures in individuals with PD. Simple props and brief administration time (10-15 minutes) make the test practical to use.
Susceptibility of Several Microorganisms to Milk Lysozymes

Abstract Several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were found to be susceptible to different degrees to purified bovine milk and human milk lysozymes. Sodium chloride accelerated the lysis of both live and ultraviolet-killed cells of Micrococcus lysodeiktieus and Sarcina lutea by the two milk lysozomes. However, the lysis of other bacteria sensitive to the lysozymes was impaired by sodium chloride. In general, ethylenediaminetetraacetate augmented the lysis of both live and ultraviolet-killed cells of Bacillus subtilis by bovine milk lysozyme and that of Pseudomonas acruginosa by both bovine and human milk lysozymes. However, the lysis of other sensitive bacteria, under the same conditions of assay, was depressed by ethylenediaminetetraacetate. In the case of live, actively growing bacteria, the additions of either sodium chloride or ethylenediaminetetraacetate, in general, improved the lysis of the sensitive organisms by the milk lysozomes and egg-white lysozome. For the lysis of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus , sodium chloride and ethylenediaminetetraacetate, respectively, were found to be essential. The study indicated that milk lysozomes may play a significant role in the inherent anti-bacterial activity of milk.
Effect of hemostatic agents in canine gastric serosal blood vessels

The efficacy of various sclerotherapeutic agents in the control of acute bleeding, via subserosal injection, was assessed in 10 dogs. Blood flow rate (BFR) from severed gastric serosal vessels (diameter, 1.6 to 2.2 mm) was measured for 3min (ml/min) for a control group and the agent used. The agents tested were 5 ml of normal saline (NS), 5ml of 3% hypertonic saline (HS), 5ml of 1:10,000 epinephrine in NS, 5 ml of 1:10,000 epinephrine/HS, 5 ml of 1:20,000 epinephrine/ HS, 2ml of old thrombin "cocktail" (thrombin, cephapirin + 1% tetradecyl), and 2 ml of fresh thrombin cocktail (total seven). One agent was tested per dog; there were one to two dogs in each subgroup. All of the agents showed significant reduction in BFR (except old thrombin) when compared with BFR of control vessels. The reduction ranged from 30% to more than 75% after 1:10 epinephrine/HS. Complete hemostasis was achieved in up to 47% of vessels using 1:20 epinephrine/HS. Overall, the epinephrine solutions achieved the best results. No systemic effects were observed with the use of any of the agents. Histological studies showed that epinephrine caused mild tissue damage, whereas the cocktail caused significant tissue necrosis. This serosal vessel model permits comparison of the effectiveness of each agent; however, clinical extrapolation to mucosal vessels in a patient and the long-term histological changes are not known.
Circulation on the Continental Shelf of the Southeastern United States. Part II: Model Development and Application to Tidal Flow

Abstract An extensive amount of work has been carried out to characterize the flow on the shelf between Cape Canaveral and Cape Hatteras. Data show that the winter flow in this region is driven mainly by tides and wind, while significant Gulf Stream effects are observed only on the outer shelf. A vertically integrated two-dimensional model is adapted to the South Atlantic Bight shelf and applied to predict tidal and wind-driven currents under vertically well-mixed conditions that are characteristic for the winter months (November to April). The model is based on the equations of motion combined with the continuity equation and appropriate boundary conditions. A numerical finite element method in space is coupled with a simple finite difference scheme in time to integrate the equations. The model is predictive (prognostic) in that apart from boundary conditions only the bottom friction and the wind stress coefficient need be prescribed. In the application of the model to tidal flow conditions, results of a...
Localization and electron-electron interaction effects in thin Pt wires

We have studied the low-temperature electrical properties of Pt wires with cross-sectional areas as small as 1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}12}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. As the temperature is lowered, we find a resistance increase, \ensuremath{\Delta}R, due to localization and electron-electron interaction effects. The dependence of \ensuremath{\Delta}R on temperature and on the cross-sectional area of the sample is the same as that found in previous studies of thin wires. When these results are compared with those for wires composed of other materials, the dependence of \ensuremath{\Delta}R on resistivity observed previously for wires with higher resistivities is found to agree well with the present results. However, this behavior is different from the resistivity dependence of \ensuremath{\Delta}R which has recently been found for wires of lower resistivity.
Superdegeneracies and Orbital Delocalization in Extended Organic Systems

To the extent that a synthetic ferromagnet is a truly molecular system, the interactions that serve to couple molecular spins together to make a ferromagnet should necessarily be weak. Ultimately, this is because intermolecular coupling must be involved and high Curie temperatures would seem to be disfavored. We have studied polymeric systems with strong electronic coupling between the constituent molecular fragments of the unit cells but which also possess very narrow partially occupied electronic energy bands for which extreme electronic localization is topologically prevented.
Ellipsa: a new technique for two-photon spectroscopy

Abstract We present a new method of measuring |χ 3 1221 |; 2 in fluids, where Im(χ (3) 1221 ) is the linear-circular difference of the two-photon absorptivity. The method exploits an alteration of polarization that occurs when elliptical light propagates in a nonlinear medium. In sodium vapor a signal of 6 W is seen when incident power is 2 kW.
Blood-Brain Barrier Genomics

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) genomics begins with the isolation of capillaries from fresh animal or human brain and is followed on the same day with the purification of capillary-derived RNA. The identification of microvascular-enriched genes from a whole brain gene microarray is unlikely because the brain capillary endothelial volume is <0.1% of total brain. Libraries of partial cDNAs corresponding to genes that are selectively expressed at the BBB are generated with polymerase chain reaction-based approaches such as subtractive suppressive hybridization. The availability of these partial cDNAs, in conjunction with production of animal or human BBB cDNA libraries, enables the cloning of the full-length cDNAs and a functional analysis of the BBB-enriched genes. The development of BBB genomics technologies enables the acquisition of a large body of new knowledge about the BBB and the brain microvasculature.
The Value of Preoperative Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Although data are limited for preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation, benefit can be inferred largely from studies done on COPD and pulmonary rehabilitation because of the similarity of patient populations. Although underlying lung function is unchanged, patients who undergo preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation seem to experience an enhanced quality of life and increased functional capacity. Likewise, multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs can result in better patient compliance with medications and smoking cessation and decreased use of various health care resources. Although pulmonary rehabilitation works to benefit patients anticipating surgery, it also represents a valuable treatment alternative to patients who are poor surgical candidates. Pulmonary rehabilitation seems to be a cost-effective, benign intervention with no adverse effects and should remain an essential component of patient management before lung transplantation, LVRS, lung resection, and potentially any other elective thoracic surgical procedure.
Thermal stability and strength of Mo/Pt multilayered films

The strength of Mo/Pt multilayers of varying thicknesses has been investigated using nanoindentation. Metallic composites with individual layer thicknesses ranging from 100 to 20 nm were fabricated. Of specific interest in this study was the strength of the nanocomposites after annealing in air at relatively high temperatures (475 °C) since potential applications involve high temperature and oxidizing environments. Annealing causes significant losses in strength, with the highest losses corresponding to the structures with the thinner Pt layers. Annealing caused grain coarsening as well as loss of the continuous interface between the individual layers when the Pt thickness was less than 35 nm. Oxidation of the Mo layers occurred during annealing, causing an increase in the thickness of the Mo containing layers. The oxidation of Mo occurs in a uniform manner which results in an increase of the total film thickness while the layered structure is maintained. Deconvolution of the Mo 3d spectrum from X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy revealed several oxide species, and no Pt–Mo intermetallics were detected. The changes in microstructure are related to the changes in mechanical properties. Films with thinner layer thicknesses were stronger prior to annealing; however, they showed larger losses in strength after the thermal treatment. Structures with thicker Pt layers should be used when the multilayers are exposed to elevated temperatures.
From Both Sides Now: The Job Talk’s Role in Matching Candidates with Law Schools

In the heavily competitive law school teaching job market, the so-called “job talk” has assumed increasing importance in the ultimate hiring decision. Nevertheless, there is little published information to assist a law school faculty in structuring or evaluating the job talk and a similar paucity of information for candidates to guide them in creating and preparing for the presentation of their talk. This article is intended to fill that void. The article guides the preparation of faculty and candidates for both the job talk itself and for the crucial Q&A period that follows the talk. The article represents the authors’ collective 87 years of experience seeing both successful and unsuccessful job talks, as well as the experience of 15 colleagues around the country who reviewed our initial draft and commented on it from the perspective of their various law schools.
Inhibition of type I natural killer T cells by retinoids or following sulfatide‐mediated activation of type II natural killer T cells attenuates alcoholic liver disease in mice

Innate immune mechanisms leading to liver injury subsequent to chronic alcohol ingestion are poorly understood. Natural killer T (NKT) cells, enriched in the liver and comprised of at least two distinct subsets, type I and II, recognize different lipid antigens presented by CD1d molecules. We have investigated whether differential activation of NKT cell subsets orchestrates inflammatory events leading to alcoholic liver disease (ALD). We found that after chronic plus binge feeding of Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet in male C57BL/6 mice, type I, but not type II, NKT cells are activated, leading to recruitment of inflammatory Gr-1highCD11b+ cells into the liver. A central finding is that liver injury after alcohol feeding is dependent upon type I NKT cells. Thus, liver injury is significantly inhibited in Jα18−/− mice deficient in type I NKT cells as well as after their inactivation by sulfatide-mediated activation of type II NKT cells. Furthermore, we have identified a novel pathway involving all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and its receptor (RARγ) signaling that inhibits type I NKT cells and, consequently, ALD. A semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of hepatic gene expression of some of the key proinflammatory molecules shared in human disease indicated that their up-regulation in ALD is dependent upon type I NKT cells. Conclusions: Type I, but not type II, NKT cells become activated after alcohol feeding. Type I NKT cell-induced inflammation and neutrophil recruitment results in liver tissue damage whereas type II NKT cells protect from injury in ALD. Inhibition of type I NKT cells by retinoids or by sulfatide prevents ALD. Given that the CD1d pathway is highly conserved between mice and humans, NKT cell subsets might be targeted for potential therapeutic intervention in ALD. (Hepatology 2015;61:1357–1369)
Thermodynamics of Neutral Protein Evolution

Naturally evolving proteins gradually accumulate mutations while continuing to fold to stable structures. This process of neutral evolution is an important mode of genetic change and forms the basis for the molecular clock. We present a mathematical theory that predicts the number of accumulated mutations, the index of dispersion, and the distribution of stabilities in an evolving protein population from knowledge of the stability effects (ΔΔG values) for single mutations. Our theory quantitatively describes how neutral evolution leads to marginally stable proteins and provides formulas for calculating how fluctuations in stability can overdisperse the molecular clock. It also shows that the structural influences on the rate of sequence evolution observed in earlier simulations can be calculated using just the single-mutation ΔΔG values. We consider both the case when the product of the population size and mutation rate is small and the case when this product is large, and show that in the latter case the proteins evolve excess mutational robustness that is manifested by extra stability and an increase in the rate of sequence evolution. All our theoretical predictions are confirmed by simulations with lattice proteins. Our work provides a mathematical foundation for understanding how protein biophysics shapes the process of evolution.
Protection against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Persons with Repeated Exposure: Evidence for T Cell Immunity in the Absence of Inherited CCR5 Coreceptor Defects

It has been hypothesized that protection against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection may result from either acquired host immunity, inheritance of a dysfunctional CCR5 HIV-1 coreceptor, or a low or attenuated virus inoculum. Thirty-seven HIV-1-uninfected persons engaging in repeated high-risk sexual activity with an HIV-1-infected partner were prospectively studied to determine the contribution of these factors in protecting against HIV-1 transmission. More than one-third (13/36) demonstrated HIV-1-specific cytotoxicity, and this activity significantly correlated with the wild type CCR5 genotype (P=.03). Only 1 subject (3%) demonstrated the homozygous CCR5 32-bp deletion (Delta32/Delta32). Median plasma HIV-1 RNA levels from 18 HIV-1-infected sex partners were not statistically different from those of matched infected control patients. These results indicate that inheritance of the Delta32 CCR5 mutation does not account for the majority of persistently HIV-1-resistant cases, and the presence of cellular immunity in these persons suggests either undetected infection or protective immunity.
Voice Onset Time Production in Speakers with Alzheimer's Disease

In the present study, voice onset time (VOT) measurements were compared between a group of individuals with moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) and a group of healthy age- and gender-matched peers. Participants read a list of consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words, which included the six stop consonants. The VOT measurements were made from oscillographic displays obtained from the Brown Laboratory Interactive Speech System (BLISS) implemented on an IBM-compatible computer. VOT measures for the participants' six stop consonant productions were subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that VOT values in speakers with Alzheimer's disease were not statistically different from those for the normal control speakers.
Reversal of Proinflammatory Responses by Ligating the Macrophage Fcγ Receptor Type I

Macrophages can respond to a variety of infectious and/or inflammatory stimuli by secreting an array of proinflammatory cytokines, the overproduction of which can result in shock or even death. In this report, we demonstrate that ligation of macrophage Fcγ receptors (FcγR) can lead to a reversal of macrophage proinflammatory responses by inducing an upregulation of interleukin (IL)-10, with a reciprocal inhibition of IL-12 production. IL-10 upregulation was specific to FcγR ligation, since the ligation of the Mac-1 receptor did not alter IL-10 production. The identification of the specific FcγR subtype responsible for IL-10 upregulation was determined in gene knockout mice. Macrophages from mice lacking the FcR γ chain, which is required for assembly and signaling by FcγRI and FcγRIII, failed to upregulate IL-10 in response to immune complexes. However, mice lacking either the FcγRII or the FcγRIII were fully capable of upregulating IL-10 production, implicating FcγRI in this process. The biological consequences of FcγRI ligation were determined in both in vitro and in vivo models of inflammation and sepsis. In all of the models tested, the ligation of FcγR promoted the production of IL-10 and inhibited the secretion of IL-12. This reciprocal alteration in the pattern of macrophage cytokine production illustrates a potentially important role for FcγR-mediated clearance in suppressing macrophage proinflammatory responses.
Adoption of electronic commerce tools in business procurement: Enhanced buying center structure and processes

Modern procurement is being shifted from paper‐based, people‐intensive buying systems toward electronic‐based purchase procedures that rely on Internet communications and Web‐enhanced buying tools. Develops a typology of e‐commerce tools that have come to characterize cutting‐edge industrial procurement. E‐commerce aspects of purchasing are organized into communication and transaction tools that encompass both internal and external buying activities. Further, a model of the impact of e‐commerce on the structure and processes of an organization’s buying center is developed. The impact of the changing buying center on procurement outcomes in terms of efficiency and effectiveness is also analyzed. Finally, implications for business‐to‐business marketers and researchers are discussed.
On the role of t-norms on hybrid fuzzy result merging for metasearch

Metasearch engines provide a mechanism to carry out parallel searches on a number of vertical search systems in parallel. A metasearch engine accepts a user query and passes it to multiple search engines, which in turn return results in the form of ranked result lists. An important task of metasearch is to aggregate results returned by multiple search engines into one composite ranked result list. In this paper we explore the effect of applying algebraic Fuzzy t-norms in result aggregation within a Fuzzy MCDM model which uses Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to do pair wise comparison of search engines and documents prior to result merging using Yager's Ordered Weighted Average OWA. Our proposed model that uses t-norms in aggregation outperforms the OWA model proposed earlier by Diaz et.all and the Hybrid Fuzzy model proposed by De et.all.