cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Construction and initial characterization of the Coaxial Plasma Source Facility for high specific impulse electric propulsion

The Coaxial Plasma Source facility (CPS-1) is being developed at the North Carolina State University to investigate the suitability of magnetized coaxial plasma gun sources for use as high-specific-impulse thrusters in advanced nuclear electric propulsion. CPS-1 can produce dense, high-grade neutral magnetized plasmas. The CPS-1 facility comprises a pair of (inner and outer) tungsten-coated stainless-steel coaxial electrodes with outer diameters of 20.32 and 13.97 cm, respectively. The plasma generating system includes a fast puff valve feed gas injection system with hydrogen or helium feed gas supply, and a high pulse power (10 kV, 60 kJ) supply. The primary focus of experimental efforts will be to directly measure the magnetic nozzle field topology and dynamics, and plasma magnetofluid parameters including mass flow, density, exit velocity, and plasma detachment from the magnetic nozzle. >
Incidence and survival patterns of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas in the United States

Using the United States Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) 17 dataset, we examined incidence and survival patterns for patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) diagnosed following institution of the World Health Organization-European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (WHO-EORTC) classification. From 2005 to 2008, 2273 cases of CTCL were diagnosed. The age-adjusted incidence rate per 100,000 person-years for mycosis fungoides (MF) was 0.55 and for Sezary syndrome (SS) was 0.01. Incidence was higher among males (MF/SS male-to-female incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.57) and black patients (MF black-to-white IRR 1.55). Black patients with CTCL were diagnosed at a younger age and black patients with MF/SS presented with advanced stage and had worse survival than white patients. In multiple-variable Cox-regression models, age > 60 (hazard ratio [HR] 4.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.97-7.70), black race (HR 2.09, 95% CI 1.29-3.37) and advanced stage (HR 6.06, 95% CI 3.66-10.05) predicted worse survival for patients with MF/SS. Additional research identifying reasons for these differences are necessary to better understand these diseases and for new strategies in the treatment of CTCL.
Facial cellulitis following dental injury in a child

A case of facial cellulitis complicating a luxation injury of the right central maxillary incisor is reported in a pediatric patient. The initial impression in the emergency department was that of a fractured tooth. In spite of radiographic studies and appropriate consultations, the true intrusion injury was not appreciated. A periodontal infection developed as a result of the damaged periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Contiguous spread of the infection to the facial tissue requiring hospitalization resulted in patient morbidity. Extraction of the tooth and penicillin therapy resulted in an uneventful recovery. Because oral trauma is a frequent reason for emergency department visits, this case is presented to facilitate the recognition of dental injury and encourage appropriate therapy.
On error exponents of modulo lattice additive noise channels

Modulo lattice additive noise (MLAN) channels appear in the analysis of structured binning codes for Costa's dirty-paper channel and of nested lattice codes for the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. In this paper, we derive a new lower bound on the error exponents of the MLAN channel. With a proper choice of the shaping lattice and the scaling parameter, the new lower bound coincides with the random-coding lower bound on the error exponents of the AWGN channel at the same signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the sphere-packing and straight-line regions. This result implies that, at least for rates close to channel capacity, 1) writing on dirty paper is as reliable as writing on clean paper; and 2) lattice encoding and decoding suffer no loss of error exponents relative to the optimal codes (with maximum-likelihood decoding) for the AWGN channel.
Shall We Overcome? The Sense of Movement Power among Gulf War Protesters

Thousands of Americans went to demonstrations against the Persian Gulf War. This research examines the aspirations, judgments, and concerns of different anti-war protesters. After interviewing 48 activists in San Diego, it became clear that more than three-fourths of sample activists thought the movement could not directly alter Bush's war policy. Those activists with a low sense of movement power said they protested because they wanted: (1) to change American values and lifestyles; (2) to adhere to their personal ethical codes; and (3) to interact with a community that affirmed their dissident mentalities.
Genetic Knockdown of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in 3xTg-AD Mice Does Not Alter Aβ or Tau Pathology

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin critically involved in cell survival, synaptic plasticity, and memory. BDNF has recently garnered significant attention as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD), but emerging evidence suggests that BDNF may also be mechanistically involved in the pathogenesis of AD. AD patients have substantially reduced BDNF levels, which may be a result of Aβ and tau pathology. Recent evidence, however, indicates reduced BDNF levels may also serve to drive pathology in neuronal cultures, although this has not yet been established in vivo. To further investigate the mechanistic role of BDNF in AD, we generated 3xTg-AD mice with a heterozygous BDNF knockout (BDNF(+/-)) and analyzed Aβ and tau pathology. Aged 3xTg-AD/BDNF(+/-) mice have significantly reduced levels of brain BDNF, but have comparable levels of Aβ and tau pathology to 3xTg-AD/BDNF(+/+) mice. These findings indicate that chronic reduction of BDNF does not exacerbate the development of Aβ and tau pathology, and instead suggests the reduced BDNF levels found in AD patients are a consequence of these pathologies.
"Python first": a lab-based digital introduction to computer science

The emphasis on Java and other commercial languages in CS1 has established the perception of computer science as a dry and technically difficult discipline among undecided students who are still seeking careers. This may not be a big problem during an enrolment boom, but in times of decreased enrolment such negative perception may have a devastating effect on computer science programs and therefore should not be ignored. We have made our CS1 course offerings more attractive to students (1) by introducing an easy to learn yet effective scripting language - Python, (2) by making all course resources available in a comprehensive online study pack, and (3) by offering an extensive set of detailed and easy to follow self-guided labs. Our custom-designed online study pack comprises a wealth of new, original learning modules: extensive e-texts, detailed self-guided labs, numerous sample programs, quizzes, and slides. Our recent student survey demonstrates that students like and prefer Python as a first language and that they also percept the online study pack as very beneficial. Our "Python First" course, originally required for computer science majors, has been so well received that it has been recently approved as a general education science elective, thus opening new recruitment opportunities for the computer science major. Our "Python First" digital pack is published online at http://studypack.com.
Pairwise competition and the replicator equation

Spite in Hamilton’s sense is defined as the willingness to harm oneself in order to harm another more. The standard replicator dynamic predicts that evolutionarily stable strategies are payoff-maximizing equilibria of the underlying game, and hence rules out the evolution of spiteful behavior. We propose a modified replicator dynamic, where selection is based on local outcomes, rather than on the population ’state’, as in standard models. We show that under this new model spite can evolve readily. The new dynamic suggests conditions under which spite in animals might be found.
Toward 3-D Echocardiographic Determination of Regional Myofiber Structure

As a step toward the goal of relating changes in underlying myocardial structure to observed altered cardiac function in the hearts of individual patients, this study addresses the feasibility of creating echocardiography-derived maps of regional myocardial fiber structure for entire, intact, excised sheep hearts. Backscatter data were obtained from apical echocardiographic images acquired with a clinical ultrasonic imaging system and used to determine local fiber orientations in each of seven hearts. Systematic acquisition across the entire heart volume provided information sufficient to give a complete map for each heart. Results from the echocardiography-derived fiber maps compare favorably with corresponding results derived from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. The results of this study provide evidence of the feasibility of using echocardiographic methods to generate individualized whole heart fiber maps for patients.
Epstein-Barr virus associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a rheumatic patient receiving abatacept therapy.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a lifethreatening hyperinflammatory disease that causes extensive organ damage. It is generally triggered by viral, fungal, or parasitic infections in the setting of hematologic disease-induced immune deficiency. Occurrences in rheumatologic disease are less frequent, with the syndrome developing most often in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and adult-onset Still disease. It is believed that the immunosuppression induced by rheumatologic disease itself and exacerbation by immunomodulatory therapies predispose to infection and subsequently HLH. Abatacept is a relatively new disease-modifying agent for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that has been associated with varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections, but not previously in the setting of HLH. Here we report a unique case of EBV-associated HLH in a RA patient receiving abatacept therapy.
Decay of Pm 143 and Pm 144

Radioactive Pm/sup 143/ and Pm/sup 144/ were produced by the bombardment of Pr/sup 141/ with alpha particles. Gamma rays at 475 kev, 610 kev, and 695 kev are found to be associated with the decay of Pm/sup 144/ by K-capture to Nd/ sup 144/. A 740 kev gamma transition is associated with the decay of Pm/sup 143/ by K-capture to Nd/sup 143/ Levels of Nd/sup 144/ are placed at 695 kev (2+), 1305 kev (4 sintering time ), and 1780 kev (6+) above the ground level. Assignments of spins of levels and multipolarities of gamma-ray transitions are based on the results of measurements of conversion coefficients and gamma-gamma angular correlations. A value of (13 sintering time 4) x 10/sup -11/ sec was found for the mean life of the 1305-kev level of Nd/sup 144/. An upper limit of 3 x 10/sup -11/ sec was found for the mean life of the 695-kev level of Nd/sup 144/ (auth)
Epidemiology and Severity of Sports and Recreation Injuries Presenting to a Tertiary Adult Emergency Department

ABSTRACTObjective: This study aims to evaluate all sports and recreation injuries that present to an emergency department, identify the activity and injury patterns associated with hospital admission, and determine injuries that could be better treated in alternative care settings.Methods: This is a retrospective review of all sports injuries that presented to the emergency department of a high volume, urban, tertiary referral center from 1/1/2010 to 12/31/2011. These were identified by a sports term search algorithm applied to all emergency department records. The main outcome measured was hospital admission status after sports injury. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for hospital admission in the sports injury population.Results: 1,101 of the 191,259 encounters (0.6%) had 1,210 sports injuries. 84 were admitted (7.6%). Basketball injuries were most prevalent (31.6%). All-terrain vehicle (ATV) related injuries was most often admitted (46.4%). Logistic...
The Jurisprudence of Sanctions in International Law (Reviewing Mary Ellen O’Connell, the Power and Purpose of International Law: Insights from the Theory and Practice of Enforcement (Oxford Univ. Press 2008))

Many lawyers as well as the general public are skeptical about international law, and the media’s obsession with sanctions is ubiquitous.This review article will look first at the importance of sanctions then seek to understand the author’s narrative as a whole before offering personal jurisprudential reflections.
CHAJRACTERISTICS OF OXIDE FORMED ON THE SURFACE OF Zn-48.48Al-1.65Cu-0.03Mg MELT

The hoe characteristics of the Oxide am on the surface of Zn -- 48. 48Al -- 1. 6 5 Cu 0.03Mg meltl were investigated using X--ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X--ray exaction (XRD)etc aam oxide film consists mainly of ZnO, Al2O3 and Zn while a small amount of MgO, MgAl2O4 and Cu also exist in the film. The chides of MgO and MgAl2O4 are obviously concentrated on the surface of the film. In these chides, the phenomenon of an excess of metallic ions is quit evident. In addition, it has been proved that, due to the oxidizing the contents of Zn and Mg in the melt will decrease and that of Al and Cu will increase.
Distribution of serotyping of Shigella in Quzhou from 2007 to 2008

Objective:To discover the etiological characteristics of Shigella spp.in Quzhou city,thus providing suggestion for shigellosis prevention.Methods:Positive Shigella isolates from the surveillance sites in Quzhou city were systematically re-identified and serotyped according to national protocol of shigellosis surveillance.Results:The 68 positive isolates were re-identified,60 Shigella strains were confirmed,the postive was 88.24%(60/68),including 26 S.sonnei strains,2 S.flexneri 2a strains,1 S.flexneri 1a strains,1 S.flexneri 2b strains,30 S.flexneri 4c strains.Conclusion:The serotyping is complex and the dominant Shigella isolates in Quzhou from 2007 to 2008 are S.flexneri 4c.
The Neutralization and Denial of Sexual Violence in College Party Subcultures

ABSTRACTHeavy drinking and sexual assault are prevalent among college students who attend parties hosted by fraternities and athletic teams, and accusations often produce victim blaming and disbelief. We provide a symbolic interactionist explanation of how subculturally held sentiments shape students’ perceptions. We find that fraternity or athletic team party attendees (but not those who drink in other settings) are more likely than abstainers to hold stereotypical definitions of rape, rate sexual assault as less likely, and are less likely to acknowledge an assault as rape. This study offers a potential mechanism—meanings transmitted and sustained within subcultures—for explaining the denial of rape among students who attend parties hosted by fraternities or athletic teams.
A Solid Hydrogen Target for Nuclear Physics

As part of a program to study the nuclear structure of exotic nuclear beams produced in heavy ion fragmentation reactions a thin hydrogen target is being constructed. A pure hydrogen target is superior to hydrogenous plastic targets because all of the mass is in the element of interest. The target will be attached to a small liquid helium dewar which is mounted on a flange to allow use in various locations. The enthalpy of the helium gas is used to cool an intermediate shield, so no liquid nitrogen is required.
Abstract 1621: SRGAP2 expression levels may induce a biphasic metastatic phenotype in osteosarcoma cell lines

The purpose of this study is to characterize the role of Slit-Robo GTPase-Activating Protein 2 (SRGAP2) in osteosarcoma (OS) metastasis. OS is the most common primary bone tumor and the eighth leading pediatric cancer. Despite combined therapies, treatment failure is experienced within 5 years of diagnosis by over 40% of patients, generally due to metastatic disease. Using the conditional Sleeping Beauty transposon mutagenesis system, our laboratory recently identified candidate tumor promoting genes in transgenic mice that develop OS, including the potential tumor suppressor SRGAP2 involved in regulating actin dynamics. We hypothesized that loss of SRGAP2 would increase the metastatic potential of OS cell lines in vitro and in vivo, whereas gain would decrease metastatic potential. Gene expression was amplified with a stably integrated, tetracycline-inducible over expression vector containing SRGAP2 cDNA and gene silencing was accomplished with a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) targeting the gene. Studies were conducted in the well-characterized murine osteosarcoma cell lines K12 and its more aggressive derivative K7M2 and human osteosarcoma cell lines HOS and its more aggressive derivative 143B. Compared to luciferase-controls, overexpression and knockout of SRGAP2 had no effect on cell proliferation in K12, K7M2, HOS, and 143B (n = 4). A reduction of soft agar colony formation was observed in knockout cell lines but not in cell lines with SRGAP2 overexpression for K12 and 143B (n = 3); HOS cell lines did not form colonies in soft agar. Interestingly, overexpression of SRGAP2 decreased wound-healing closure in 143B and K12 lines, but increased closure time in HOS (n = 4). Tail vein injections in NRG mice are currently being investigated. Overexpression of SRGAP2 in K12 decreased development of macrometastases in lungs, whereas knockout of SRGAP2 eliminated gross detection of lung masses (n = 3). Future studies include imaging fixed cells to determine if SRGAP2 knockout and overexpression affects cell morphology and completing studies with K7M2 lines. These results suggest that SRGAP2 has a biphasic phenotype in osteosarcoma cell lines, with an optima in expression for efficient metastasis. It9s dual role of deforming cell membranes independent of its ability to activate Rac GTPases and alter actin dynamics may be responsible for the observed results. Citation Format: Tracy Marko, Ghaidan Shamsan, David Largaespada. SRGAP2 expression levels may induce a biphasic metastatic phenotype in osteosarcoma cell lines. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1621.
An investigation of Handley Page Jetstream handling during landing

Handley Page Jetstream G-NFLC has for many years been used to complement the theoretical teaching material on undergraduate and postgraduate aeronautical engineering courses through a set of airborne laboratories designed to expose students to practical measurements in a realistic environment. It is suspected by some of the Cranfield test pilots that the aeroplane may be prone to pilot involved oscillations in pitch during the flare; the most likely causes are a deterioration in the short period dynamics at aft centre of gravity locations and adverse longitudinal stick force characteristics. To date however, no objective data has been available to support this hypothesis. This study reports upon an experiment designed to quantify these effects by identifying linear models of the short term dynamics from flight-test data, and assessing them against the Gibson dropback and phase rate criteria. As expected, a rearward shift in the centre of gravity causes the airframe short period pitching oscillation (elevator deflection to pitch rate) to become more sluggish, thereby producing a significant reduction in dropback, which can be traced directly to the size of the static margin
Haplotype inference based on sparse dictionary selection

The knowledge of the haplotypes of an individual makes it possible to predict diseases and help designing drugs. However, due to the cost of experimentally determining haplotypes, genotypes are usually measured instead. The haplotypes can still be inferred if the genotypes of a group of unrelated individuals are measured. We propose a mathematical framework and an efficient formulation based on the maximum parsimony principle that translates this principle to a sparse dictionary selection problem. We test the proposed solution with synthetic and real data sets and compare the performance with other methods.
How Safe Is the American Food Supply

One thing that brings food pundits and Big Food together is safety of the food supply. Big Food obviously does not want to frighten or sicken its loyal customers. A major recall damages their brand. A national media report of an outbreak can have a major impact on the bottom line, and a major cover-up usually ends up in a turnover of top management. Food pundits are genuinely interested in the health and wellbeing of the general populace. Recalls, reports of outbreaks, and news of cover-ups verify previous warnings pundits have issued about dangerous foods, corporate greed, and irresponsibility by Big Food. Whenever there is such an event, Big Food cites it as an isolated event while food pundits suggest the problem represents only tip of the iceberg. Even consumer-friendly chains such as Chipotle, Trader Joe’s, and Whole Foods are not immune to food safety issues.
Predicting Future Frequent Users of Emergency Departments in California State

A large percentage of emergency department (ED) visits originates from a small percentage of patients who keep returning to the ED. Being able to flag these frequent users in advance can help clinicians to take appropriate interventions to reduce the number of ED visits, thereby reducing cost and improving quality of care. In this paper we present machine learning models that can predict future ED utilization of individual patients, using only information from the present and the past. We train decision trees (DT), boosted decision trees (AdaBoost) and logistic regression (LR) models on discharge records from California-licensed hospitals from the years 2009 and 2010, and evaluate their predictive accuracy for the years 2011-2013. We also study the impact of including different groups of demographic, frequency of ED visits, distance to emergency department, and clinical features on the accuracy of our predictive models. Overall there are three key findings of this study. First, all three techniques (LR, DT and AdaBoost) have a strong predictive ability to discriminate frequent ED users (number of visits ≥ 5). Second, our models show consistent outcomes across all three test years in our dataset, which is a desired property when a predictive tool that is stable and consistent year over year is required. Third, least and most frequent ED users are comparatively easier to predict when compared to moderate ED users (with higher sensitivity and AUC scores).
Orbitofrontal cortex activity and connectivity predict future depression symptoms in adolescence.

Abstract Background Major depressive disorder is a leading cause of disability worldwide; however, little is known about pathological mechanisms involved in its development. Research in adolescent depression has focused on reward sensitivity and striatal mechanisms implementing it. The contribution of loss sensitivity to future depression, as well as the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) mechanisms critical for processing losses and rewards, remains unexplored. Furthermore, it is unclear whether OFC functioning interacts with familial history in predicting future depression. Methods In this longitudinal study, we recorded functional magnetic resonance imaging data while 229 female adolescents with or without parental history of depression completed a monetary gambling task. We examined whether OFC blood oxygen level–dependent response and functional connectivity during loss and win feedback was associated with depression symptoms concurrently and prospectively (9 months later) and whether this relationship was moderated by parental history of depression. Results Reduced OFC response during loss was associated with higher depression symptoms concurrently and prospectively, even after controlling for concurrent depression, specifically in adolescents with parental history of depression. Similarly, increased OFC-posterior insula connectivity during loss was associated with future depression symptoms, but this relationship was not moderated by parental history of depression. Conclusions This study provides the first evidence for loss-related alterations in OFC functioning and its interaction with familial history of depression as possible mechanisms in the development of depression. While the current functional magnetic resonance imaging literature has mainly focused on reward, the current findings underscore the need to include prefrontal loss processing in existing developmental models of depression.
Best Practices for Survey Research

In this section, we present an extensive series of recommendations for best practices based on the chapters in this volume and other sources. This summary of the key recommendations for this book makes this chapter a valuable reference guide for anyone wanting quick direction for best practices. While the text in this chapter is minimal, the references that are included provide opportunities for further investigation into the empirical basis for the recommendations.
Computer-delivered indirect screening and brief intervention for drug use in the perinatal period: A randomized trial

Abstract Background Under-reporting of drug use in the perinatal period is well-documented, and significantly limits the reach of proactive intervention approaches. The Wayne Indirect Drug Use Screener (WIDUS) focuses on correlates of drug use rather than use itself. This trial tested a computer-delivered, brief intervention designed for use with indirect screen-positive cases, seeking to motivate reductions in drug use without presuming its presence. Methods Randomized clinical trial with 500 WIDUS-positive postpartum women recruited between August 14, 2012 and November 19, 2014. Participants were randomly assigned to either a time control condition or a single-session, tailored, indirect brief intervention. The primary outcome was days of drug use over the 6-month follow-up period; secondary outcomes included urine and hair analyses results at 3- and 6-month follow-up. All outcomes were measured by blinded evaluators. Results Of the 500 participants (252 intervention and 248 control), 36.1% of participants acknowledged drug use in the 3 months prior to pregnancy, but 89% tested positive at the 6-month follow-up. Participants rated the intervention as easy to use (4.9/5) and helpful (4.4/5). Analyses revealed no between-group differences in drug use (52% in the intervention group, vs. 53% among controls; OR 1.03). Exploratory analyses also showed that intervention effects were not moderated by baseline severity, WIDUS score, or readiness to change. Conclusions The present trial showed no evidence of efficacy for an indirect, single-session, computer-delivered, brief intervention designed as a complement to indirect screening. More direct approaches that still do not presume active drug use may be possible and appropriate.
Mining in a Cultural Context

This chapter examines British culture from a maritime perspective and highlights the crucial role of the maritime sphere in the formation of British identity in the early twentieth century. It goes on to consider Royal Navy organisational culture, particularly the perceptions of how the service could and should fight the next war, and how this framed the debate on the technologies it was willing to deploy. This understanding of the cultural environment in Britain into which the mine intruded in the early twentieth century explains why underwater weapons, and mines in particular, posed such a fundamental challenge to these cultures and senses of identity.
Analysis of Mass Transfer and Fluid Flow for Electrochemical Processes

Numerical analyses of fluid flow and mass transfer in electrochemical systems will become more common. It may be difficult, however, to utilize currently available commercial solvers for mass transfer, especially when concentration fields are coupled through an electrical field or through homogeneous chemical reactions. The large Schmidt numbers that are important in electrochemistry may also imply that mass-transfer calculations require much finer computational grids than fluid-flow simulation. Nevertheless, commercial fluid-flow solvers will often be adopted. Attention must be paid to experimental verification of the simulations.
Ideological Consistency across the Political Spectrum: Liberals are More Consistent but Conservatives Become More Consistent When Coping with Existential Threat

We conceptualized ideological consistency as the extent to which an individual’s attitudes toward diverse political issues are coherent among themselves from an ideological standpoint. Four studies (Studies 1, 3–5) compared the ideological consistency of self-identified liberals and conservatives and two of these studies examined how their ideological consistency is affected by mortality salience. Across diverse samples and attitude measures, liberals were typically higher in ideological consistency than conservatives. In other words, conservatives’ individual-level attitudes toward diverse political issues (e.g., abortion, gun control, welfare) were more dispersed across the political spectrum than were liberals’ attitudes. An additional study demonstrated that our findings violate conventional wisdom: the large majority of people believed, regardless of their own political orientation, that conservatives are more consistent than liberals or that the groups do not differ. Studies 4 and 5 demonstrated that death reminders increase ideological consistency for conservatives and decrease ideological consistency for liberals.
Optimal Cloud Instance Acquisition via IaaS Cloud Brokerage with Volume Discount

Commercial cloud providers, e.g., Amazon EC2, offer the volume discount for large instance reservation in a time slot, and the majority of cloud jobs are delay-tolerant and do not need to be processed intermittently. These two features create an opportunity for the cloud brokerage service which aggregates and schedules cloud users' rental requests to earn volume discounts from cloud providers and sell to cloud users at a cheap price. A challenge for the broker is to properly schedule delay-tolerant jobs in order to maximize the volume discount amount over time. The scheduling idea is to generate several job bundles so each job bundle can get discount. In this paper, we discuss this problem from the homogeneous model first, where each job has the same processing time and delay-tolerant time, and we propose a dynamic programming approach. Then, we extend the model into the heterogeneous model, where the job processing time and the job deadline can be arbitrary values. In the heterogeneous scenario, we prove that the proposed problem is NP-hard even when the job processing time is unit. Then, we propose a greedy approach which turns out to have an approximation of $O(\ln n)$ , where $n$ is the total job number. Extensive trace-driven experiments from Google cluster trace demonstrates that our schemes achieve good performances.
Immigration: America's Nineteenth Century

Past studies of the empirical relationship between immigration and crime during the first major wave of immigration have focused on violent crime in cities and have relied on data with serious limitations regarding nativity information. We analyze administrative data from Pennsylvania prisons, with high quality information on nativity and demographic characteristics. The latter allow us to construct incarceration rates for detailed population groups using U.S. Census data. The raw gap in incarceration rates for the foreign and native born is large, in accord with the extremely high concern at the time about immigrant criminality. But adjusting for age and gender greatly narrows that observed gap. Particularly striking are the urban/rural differences. Immigrants were concentrated in large cities where reported crime rates were higher. However, within rural counties, the foreign born had much higher incarceration rates than the native born. The interaction of nativity with urban residence explains much of the observed aggregate differentials in incarceration rates. Finally, we find that the foreign born, especially the Irish, consistently have higher incarceration rates for violent crimes, but from 1850 to 1860 the natives largely closed the gap with the foreign born for property offenses.
Mechanical properties of Michigan Basin's gypsum before and after saturation

Abstract The stability analysis of an abandoned underground gypsum mine requires the determination of the mine pillar's strength. This is especially important for flooded abandoned mines where the gypsum pillars become saturated and are subjected to dissolution after flooding. Further, mine pillars are subjected to blast vibrations that generate some level of macro- and micro-fracturing. Testing samples of gypsum must, therefore, simulate these conditions as close as possible. In this research, the strength of gypsum is investigated in an as-received saturated condition using uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) and point load index (PLI) tests. The scale effect was investigated and new correlations were derived to describe the effect of sample size on both UCS and BTS under dry and saturated conditions. Effects of blasting on these parameters were observed and the importance of choosing the proper samples was discussed. Finally, correlations were derived for both compressive and tensile strengths under dry and saturated conditions from the PLI test results, which are commonly used as a simple substitute for the indirect determination of UCS and BTS.
Bears Ears National Monument: Politics, Controversy, and Potential Remedies

Bears Ears National Monument (BENM), a site with extraordinary cultural, scientific, and recreational values, was established by President Barack Obama of the United States in 2016. One year later, the monument’s area was reduced by 85%. Due to backlash from stakeholders, such as the indigenous, scientific, and environmental communities, and multiple options have presented themselves to resolve the conflict. This paper provides a thorough but condensed knowledge of the ongoing and proposed efforts to maintain the original boundaries of the BENM.
Microwave Modulated Scatter Active Array Distortion Sidelobes

A signal processing antenna consisting of an array of modulated scatter elements is described. Time-modulation of array elements for radiation pattern and sidelobe control was initially described more than a half-century ago. Recent decades have produced many advances and extensive documentation for both transmit and receive arrays with time modulated elements. The new article presented here includes both receive and transmit functions in an array of modulated scattering elements. This new approach to time-modulated array experiments greatly simplifies both the physical array elements and the measurement apparatus. An incoming continuous wave (CW) signal in space arrives at the array, is time-modulated by the elements, and then re-radiated in space. The only electrical connections to the individual array elements are low-frequency time-modulation signals. The measurement apparatus consists of a spectrally pure and frequency stable CW source, an audio sine wave modulator with different phases for each element, a microwave receives down-converter to a baseband IF from dc to 24 kHz, and an audio frequency power spectrum analyzer running on a laptop computer. Models that incorporate both the CW signal arrival angle and radiation angles for each modulation and distortion product are presented, along with measurements of 16 element arrays in the anechoic chamber at 2.3 GHz using time-modulation frequencies near 1 kHz. The individual array element time-modulators are nearly ideal RF switches, and the agreement between the new time-modulated scatter array models and measurements is remarkable.
Interactive Effects of Tactile Warmth and Ambient Temperature on the Search for Social Affiliation

Abstract. Laboratory studies have linked variability in temperature to the psychology of social affiliation. In colder ambient environments, for example, people report greater loneliness, and they ...
Genetic Diversity of some Daffodil (Narcissus L. spp.) Genotypes in Turkey by Using SRAP Markers

Daffodil (Narcissus L. spp.) is one of the oldest ornamental flowers that have been cultivated from ancient times to nowadays. The species Narcissus tazetta L. and N. serotinus L. have spread out in different regions of Turkey and some other species have been naturalized. The purpose of this study was to characterize some daffodil populations that were collected from different regions of Turkey by using SRAP markers. Twenty-two daffodil populations of different species such as N. tazetta, N. serotinus, N. pseudonarcissus L., N. poeticus L. and N. jonquilla L. were used. Thirty-seven of 48 SRAP primer combinations showed scorable and polymorphic bands between samples. The similarity coefficients were used to construct a dendrogram by Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA) using NTSYS-PC. Cophenetic correlation between ultrametric similarities of tree and similarity matrix were high (r = 0.97). The genotypes of Narcissus species were divided into 2 main groups. Although there was less genetic variation among N. tazetta species, even collected from different regions of Turkey, N. poeticus, N. pseudonarsis, N. jonquilla and N. serotinus had more genetic divergence among them. It can be concluded that genetic variation of Narcissus species can be used for daffodil breeding programs.
Context matters: Using mixed methods timelines to provide an accessible and integrated visual for complex program evaluation data.

Abstract The need for conducting evaluations which reflect of the influence of context on complex programs is increasingly recognized in the field of evaluation. Better data visualization techniques for connecting context with program evaluation data are needed. We share our experience developing a mixed methods timeline to visualize complexity and context with evaluation data. Mixed methods timelines provide a meaningful way to show change over time in both a visually stimulating and accessible format for evaluation audiences. This paper provides an innovative example of using mixed methods timelines to integrate evaluation data with key program activities and milestones, while also showing internal and external contextual influences in one cohesive visual. We present methods and best practices for collecting contextual data and for incorporating a variety of data sources into such a visual. We discuss several strategies to collect and organize context related data including: qualitative interviews, program materials, narrative reports, and member checking with stakeholders and staff. Gathering multiple perspectives is essential to better capture the multi-layered elements of program activities and context.
Prologue: Why Create a Toolkit of Frameworks?

Both students and professionals struggle to choose which frameworks to use under what circumstances. The business field swarms with many books, each teaching their own frameworks and retelling case studies of others through their lens. Even after leaders read entire bookshelves, they still have to figure out which framework is applicable to their situation. This problem is especially acute in energy and sustainability management, disciplines that require holistic and systems approaches. Instead, this book is a collection of frameworks with brief explanation, examples, and graphics. For readers who are acquainted with the tools, please use this book as a reference book. For those who are at the beginning of their journey, the concepts in each chapter are arranged to build upon each other.
CT Phantom Evaluation of 67,392 American College of Radiology Accreditation Examinations: Implications for Opportunistic Screening of Osteoporosis Using CT

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether systematic bias in attenuation measurements occurs among CT scanners made by four major manufacturers and the relevance of this bias regarding opportunistic screening for osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Data on attenuation measurement accuracy were acquired using the American College of Radiology (ACR) accreditation phantom and were evaluated in a blinded fashion for four CT manufacturers (8500 accreditation submissions for manufacturer A; 18,575 for manufacturer B; 8278 for manufacturer C; and 32,039 for manufacturer D). The attenuation value for water, acrylic (surrogate for trabecular bone), and Teflon (surrogate for cortical bone; Chemours) materials for an adult abdominal CT technique (120 kV, 240 mA, standard reconstruction algorithm) was used in the analysis. Differences in attenuation value across all manufacturers were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a post hoc test for pairwise comparisons. RESULTS. The mean attenuation value for water ranged from -0.3 to 2.7 HU, with highly significant differences among all manufacturers (p < 0.001). For the trabecular bone surrogate, differences in attenuation values across all manufacturers were also highly significant (p < 0.001), with mean values of 120.9 (SD, 3.5), 124.6 (3.3), 126.9 (4.4), and 123.9 (3.4) HU for manufacturers A, B, C, and D, respectively. For the cortical bone surrogate, differences in attenuation values across all manufacturers were also highly significant (p < 0.001), with mean values of 939.0 (14.2), 874.3 (13.3), 897.6 (11.3), and 912.7 (13.4) HU for manufacturers A, B, C, and D, respectively. CONCLUSION. CT scanners made by different manufacturers show systematic offsets in attenuation measurement when compared with each other. Knowledge of these off-sets is useful for optimizing the accuracy of opportunistic diagnosis of osteoporosis.
Enhanced Discovery with Linked Open Data for Library Digital Collections

Libraries have been digitizing their collections for years in order to provide users with enhanced access and improve preservation of library materials. This article studies how the linked data can...
Are Male Couples Changing Their Sexual Agreements and Behaviors During the COVID-19 Pandemic?

Sexual agreements are an important element of HIV prevention for many partnered gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). This study describes sexual agreement and sexual behavior changes during the 2020 pandemic among a sample of 215 coupled US GBMSM. Overall, reported behavior shifted towards monogamy. Fifteen percent of respondents developed/ended/changed their agreement during the pandemic; the pandemic factored into 85% of reported changes. Individuals reported fewer outside sexual partners compared to the 3 months pre-pandemic. More research is needed to investigate shifting behavior and associated risk in order to adapt HIV services during the pandemic.
Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Children: The Role of Bedaquiline and Delamanid

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) has been emerging at an alarming rate over the last few years. It has been estimated that about 3% of all pediatric TB is MDR, meaning about 30,000 cases each year. Although most children with MDR-TB can be successfully treated, up to five years ago effective treatment was associated with a high incidence of severe adverse effects and patients with extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB had limited treatment options and no standard regimen. The main objective of this manuscript is to discuss our present knowledge of the management of MDR- and XDR-TB in children, focusing on the characteristics and available evidence on the use of two promising new drugs: bedaquiline and delamanid. PubMed was used to search for all of the studies published up to November 2020 using key words such as “bedaquiline” and “delamanid” and “children” and “multidrug-resistant tuberculosis” and “extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis”. The search was limited to articles published in English and providing evidence-based data. Although data on pediatric population are limited and more studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of bedaquiline and delamanid, their use in children with MDR-TB/XDR-TB appears to have good tolerability and efficacy. However, more evidence on these new anti-TB drugs is needed to better guide their use in children in order to design effective shorter regimens and reduce adverse effects, drug interactions, and therapeutic failure.
The Nurse Practitioner as Both Servant Leader and Clinical Leader.

ABSTRACT Servant leadership prioritizes the needs of others. This leadership approach developed by Robert Greenleaf emphasizes a service-oriented holistic model of leadership. The characteristics of servant leadership within the context of a primary healthcare setting with the nurse practitioner as both servant-leader and clinical leader are examined in this article.
Predictors of Outcome, Complications, and Recanalization of the Solitaire Device: A Study of 89 Cases.

BACKGROUND The use of mechanical thrombectomy in the management of acute ischemic stroke is becoming increasingly popular. OBJECTIVE To identify notable factors that affect outcome, revascularization, and complications in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with the Solitaire Flow Restoration Revascularization device. METHODS Eighty-nine patients treated with the Solitaire Flow Restoration Revascularization device (ev3/Covidien Vascular Therapies, Irvine, California) were retrospectively analyzed. Three endpoints were considered: revascularization (Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction), outcome (modified Rankin Scale score), and complications. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were conducted to determine significant predictors. RESULTS The mean time from onset of symptoms to the start of intervention was 6.7 hours. The average procedure length was 58 minutes. The mean NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 16 on arrival and 8 at discharge. Of the patients, 6.7% had a symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, 16.8% had fatal outcomes within 3 months post-intervention, and 81.4% had a successful recanalization. Thrombus location in the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery was associated with successful recanalization (thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2b/3) (P = .003). Of the patients, 56.6% had a favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale score at 3 months: 0-2). In patients younger than 80 years of age, 66.7% had favorable outcome. Increasing age (P = .01) and NIHSS score (P = .002) were significant predictors of a poor outcome. On multivariate analysis, NIHSS score on admission (P = .05) was a predictor of complications. On univariate analysis, increasing NIHSS score from admission to 24 hours after the procedure (P = .05) and then to discharge (P = .04) was a predictor of complications. Thrombus location in the posterior circulation (P = .04) and increasing NIHSS score (P = .04) predicted mortality. CONCLUSION The Solitaire device is safe and effective in achieving successful recanalization after acute ischemic stroke. Important factors to consider include age, NIHSS score, and location.
The maximum entropy distribution for stochastically ordered random variables with fixed marginals

Stochastically ordered random variables with given marginal distributions are combined into a joint distribution preserving the ordering and the marginals using a maximum entropy formulation. A closed-form expression is obtained. An application is in default estimation for different portfolio segments, where priors on the individual default probabilities are available and the stochastic ordering is agreeable to separate experts. The ME formulation allows an efficiency improvement over separate analyses.
Nuclear dynamical supersymmetry

Dynamical supersymmetry in nuclei is derived from the U(6) symmetry of the IBA. Examples of calculated level schemes for 197Au, 196Pt, 198Pt, and 199Pt are compared with experimental results. (AIP)