cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outreach by the Hanford Tribal Service Program to Indian communities around the Hanford Nuclear Reservation.

BACKGROUND The Hanford Tribal Service Program offers technical assistance and health education to American Indian tribes in an area reported to be affected by radiation from the Hanford Nuclear Reservation, which was developed and operated by the United States federal government. This article describes strategies used to reach out to communities to tell them about Hanford's history and the potential health effects of radioactive materials emitted from Hanford. Two health effects of concern are thyroid disease and cancer. Based in Portland, Oregon, the Hanford program is administered by the Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board, a tribal organization serving 39 federally recognized tribes in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington on health issues. METHODS. This article describes outreach strategies used by the health educator. They include informational resource kits, community visits, postage-paid response cards, and a toll-free telephone line. The staff made presentations to tribal councils and then reached out to health care providers and general community members, with special attention given to elders. DISCUSSION. The staff faced obstacles in delivering the message about Hanford's history and the potential health effects of the radioactive emissions from Hanford. One such obstacle is the uncertain and controversial nature linking Hanford and health effects due to its releases of radioactive materials. Another is that Hanford concerns represent only one of many issues vying for communities' attention. However, communities welcomed the efforts of the Hanford Tribal Service Program. After decades of secrecy, people wanted to know what happened at Hanford and how its operations might have affected their health. Cancer 1996;78:1612-6.
Gene-expression microarrays provide new prognostic and predictive tests for breast cancer.

Wide availability of systemic therapy agents has led to a considerable decline in mortality from breast cancer. However, the biology of breast cancer remains poorly understood. Currently, highly accurate markers to predict prognosis and probability of response to a given systemic therapy on an individual basis are lacking, and routinely used clinicopathologic variables fail to fully capture the heterogeneity of breast cancer. As a result, many patients are overtreated, whereas others may not receive the necessary therapy. It has been hypothesized that molecular differences in breast cancers might account for the heterogeneous potential in growth, invasion and metastasis in each individual tumor. Gene-expression microarrays have been extensively applied in breast cancer research in the hope that a combination of multiple genes (i.e., gene signatures) will more informatively predict disease outcome and response to a specific systemic therapy. This technique holds substantial promise for optimizing clinical ...
Polyamides based on diamines and N, N′‐dimethyldiamines derived from biphenol

Aromatic-aliphatic polyamides containing a biphenyl mesogen were prepared by both interfacial and solution polymerization reactions. Substitution of the amide nitrogen with methyl groups yielded polymers with significantly different properties than the unsubstituted polyamides. The methyl-substituted polyamides had improved thermal stability, significantly lower meltin temperatures, and greater solubility in common solvents. Copolyamides were also synthesized which contained different flexible spacer units that varied in the number of methylene groups. No evidence for the presence of liquid crystalline phases could be obtained in either the unsubstituted polyamides or polyamides containing N-methylated amide units. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Repair of pediatric bladder rupture improves survival: results from the National Trauma Data Bank

Abstract Background/purpose The urinary bladder is the second most commonly injured genitourinary organ. The objective of this study was to describe the management of pediatric traumatic bladder ruptures in the United States and their association with surgical repair and mortality. Methods We searched the 2002-2008 National Trauma Data Bank for all pediatric ( Results We identified 816 children who sustained bladder trauma. Forty-four percent underwent bladder surgery, including 17% with an intraperitoneal injury. Eighteen percent had 2 intra-abdominal injuries, and 40% underwent surgery to other abdominal organs. In multivariate analysis, operative bladder repair reduced the likelihood of in-hospital mortality by 82%. A greater likelihood of dying was seen among the uninsured and those with more severe injuries and multiple abdominal injuries. Conclusions After bladder trauma, pediatric patients demonstrate significantly improved survival when the bladder is surgically repaired. With only 67% of intraperitoneal bladder injuries being repaired, there appears to be underuse of a life-saving procedure.
Cooperative interactions in the binding of ethidium ion to the self-complementary ribodinucleoside monophosphates CpG and GpC

Abstract Complexes exhibiting the characteristics of cooperative interactions are formed by ethidium ion and the self-complementary dinucleoside monophosphates CpG and GpC. Complex formation, observed with an ethidium ion selective electrode, can be described by an equilibrium binding model in which complexes are formed with dinucleoside:ethidium combining ratios of 2:1, 2: 2, and 2:3. The total amount of ethidium bound in 2: 2 and 2:3 complexes, as calculated from the model, is proportional to a circular dichroism band in CpG—ethidium spectra near 305 nm. Van't Hoff analysis of the model equilibrium constants reveals that the addition of ethidium ion to the 2:1 and 2:2 species is exothermic and that the corresponding entropy changes are large and negative. Cooperative interactions in the binding of ethidium ion and of other ligands to some natural and synthetic polymeric nucleic acids have now been observed in several laboratories, but the present work shows that the effect can arise even with nucleic acid fragments as small as dinucleosides. Apparently a macromolecular nucleic acid is not essential for cooperative interactions.
The effects of high pass filtered speech on speech discrimination

This study was designed to determine the intelligibility of speech at two intensity levels using two different conditions (broad band and high pass filtered speech) and to determine the vowels and consonants most affected by the conditions imposed. The ten subjects were all stimulated with 50 words of the CID W-22 series at two levels of intensity (30 db SL and 15 dB SL) each in the filtered and broad-band (unfiltered) conditions. The results tended to indicate that the type of condition (filtered or unfiltered) did not affect the speech comprehension until the intensity of the filtered signal approached 15 dB SL. It was also determined that consonants and vowels identification were only slightly affected by filtering if the intensity of the signal is above 15 dB SL.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Dimer Opening on a Diamond {001}(2x1) Surface

Computer simulations of hydrocarbon and related molecules using empirical force fields have become important tools for studying a number of biological and related processes at the atomic scale. Traditional force fields, however, cannot be used to simulate dynamic chemical reactivity that involves changes in atomic hybridization. Application of a many-body potential function allows such reactivity to occur in a computer simulation. Simulations of the reaction of small hydrocarbon molecules adsorbed on a reconstructed diamond {001}(2x1) surface suggest that these hydrocarbons are highly reactive species and that initial stages of diamond growth proceed through a dimer-opening mechanism. Rates estimated from transition state theory of two interconversions between states where the dimer is open and closed are given.
The Politics of Party Renewal: The “Service Party” and the Origins of the Post-Goldwater Republican Right

The rise of the Republican Right in the 1960s reshaped not only the politics of the Republican Party, but ultimately that of the country as well. What had started as an improbable movement to draft Goldwater for president in 1964 emerged, amid the political and social turmoil of the decade, as the dominant force within the Republican Party. But what has not received as much attention is the significant role that the national Republican Party leadership and the emphasis it placed on party renewal, rather than reform, played in the Right's rapid post-Goldwater ascent. This article examines how the process of party renewal, specifically the emergence of a national “service party” structure, helped not only to unify the GOP after the 1964 Goldwater loss, but also led to the development of a more conservative Republican Party during the second half of the 1960s.
Variable-energy write STT-RAM architecture with bit-wise write-completion monitoring

In this paper we demonstrate an energy-reduction strategy that relies on the stochastic long-tail nature of the STT-RAM write operation. To move away from the traditional worst-case approach, the per-cell write process is continuously monitored and is terminated as soon as each cell's state matches the written state. Since the average write duration is far shorter than the worst-case duration, the average write energy is significantly reduced by the proposed architecture. We developed a light-weight circuit for fast state change detection and bit-line shutdown and evaluated it using a compact STT-RAM model targeting an implementation in a 16nm technology node. Our analysis indicates that at the required write-error rate the proposed architecture reduces write energy by 87.3% -- 99.5% depending on the write direction, and on average achieves 96.5% write energy saving in 16 SPEC CPU 2006 applications compared to conventional design. Compared to the best previously known architecture that exploits stochasticity (verify-on-write), we reduce write energy by approximately 6.5X.
Demo: Mapping global mobile performance trends with mobilyzer and mobiPerf

Mobilyzer is an open-source network measurement library that coordinates network measurement tasks among different applications, facilitates measurement task design, and allows for more effective measurement task management than in existing standalone approaches. Unifying various network tasks into one framework greatly simplifies the problem of developing, deploying and managing measurement tasks which may otherwise interfere with one another. An intelligent scheduler, coordinated by a central server, dynamically schedules tasks to run in the background, preserving the user's battery life and respecting limits set by the user on task frequency and data consumption. We will demo MobiPerf, an open-source mobile network measurement tool built using the Mobilyzer library. MobiPerf collects a wide range of network performance data, ranging from the latency and throughput measurements common in existing client-based measurement frameworks, to HTTP loading times for specific URLs, to inferring RRC state configuration parameters and their impact on performance. We will also demo an interface for viewing a large, open dataset of performance data from around the world collected by MobiPerf.
Evidence for a supraspinal analgesic effect with cyclazocine and pentazocine

Abstract The antinociceptive effect of the benzomorphan class of opioid analgesics have been difficult to measure utilizing some of the standard animal pain models. This may be due, in part, to the sedative and/or motor effects associated with these drugs. In addition, it has been proposed that the major site of action for drugs with agonist activity at the kappa opiate receptor is exclusively at the spinal level opposed to both spinal and supraspinal as with the mu receptor agonists such as morphine. The present study examines the antinociceptive effect of the mixed agonist-antagonists cyclazocine and pentazocine utilizing electrical stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) as the aversive stimulus in the rat. Animals were trained to escape MRF stimulation by turning a cylindrical manipulandum. An escape threshold was determined by varying the current intensity according to a modification of the psychophysical method of limits. In addition to the determination of the escape threshold the response latency and strength of response was also measured. Both cyclazocine (0.25–1.0 mg/kg) and pentazocine (2.5–12.5 mg/kg) raised the escape threshold in a dose-dependent manner without any concomitant change in the response latency or strength of response. These data suggest that the observed threshold elevation is due to a specific antinociceptive effect. Since the aversive stimulation was delivered supraspinally, the data also suggest that there are supraspinal mechanisms mediated by kappa receptors responsible for this analgesic effect.
Liver test patterns in patients with acute calculous cholecystitis and/or choledocholithiasis

Summary Background Liver tests are utilized to determine the presence of biliary obstruction. Aim To examine our hypothesis that liver tests aid in elucidating whether patients have simple calculous cholecystitis (ACC) or choledocholithiasis (CDL). Methods We performed a retrospective study of patients admitted to two University of Texas Southwestern teaching hospitals with a clinical picture consistent with ‘acute gallstone disease’, i.e. cholecystitis ± choledocolithiasis. The presence of ACC and CDL was based on defined clinical criteria. Results The cohort consisted of 154 patients meeting specific entry criteria, primarily with right upper quadrant pain; 62 ACC, 79 both ACC and CDL and 13 CDL alone. Approximately 30% of patients with ACC had abnormal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and/or bilirubin level and approximately 50% had abnormal aminotransferase levels. Among patients with ACC/CDL, 77% had abnormal ALP, 60% had abnormal bilirubin and 90% had abnormal aminotransferase levels. By multivariate analysis, increasing common bile duct size and an abnormal ALP and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were excellent predictors of having ACC with CDL. Conclusions Liver test patterns can aid in elucidating CDL, including in ACC patients. Fundamentally, patients with CDL were more likely to have more abnormal liver tests, whether they had CDL only, or CDL and ACC. A dilated CBD, and abnormal ALP and ALT had modest sensitivity and high specificity for identification of patients with ACC and CDL.
Hypertension, race, and glomeruli: more than simply a numbers game

Incidences of hypertension and hypertension-related renal failure are considerably higher in African-Americans than in white Americans. One explanation offered for this is that African-Americans have a higher incidence of low birth weight, the latter associated with lower numbers of glomeruli. However, although studies show a clear association between hypertension and glomerular number in whites, the situation in African-Americans appears more complex.
Retrieval processes underlying confidence in comprehension judgments.

To observe momentary accessibility and assess its influence on confidence judgments, the present study uses a speeded-recall task and retrieval measures that are not based on accuracy per se. On each trial in this task, a memory probe (text title) appears on a video screen, and the subject has only 15 or 20 s to speak recall output into a microphone. Three measures of retrieval are taken: total number of content words produced, latency to initial output, and production rate after initial output
Law in South Africa and the Legitimacy Crisis

ABSTRACT South Africa is presently confronting the possibility of a fundamental change in its political structure. In this context it is useful to consider the special character of the South African legal system and its role in the on-going legitimacy crisis in that country. This article attempts to delineate some of the principal dimensions of law and the types of legitimation issues in South Africa. It suggests that students of law and criminal justice have much to learn from the study of the South African case.
Phase Conjugate Ring Gyroscopes

We consider a ring resonator filled with a nonlinear medium which is pumped by a pair of counter-propagating laser beams with the same frequency. As a result of optical four-wave mixing, transmission "gains" are available for the oppositely directed traveling waves sup-ported by the resonator. Thus, oscillation will result provided the coupling is strong enough to overcome the mirror loss. Since the two lasing modes are coherently coupled via four-wave mixing, they are mutually phase conjugated and are invulnerable to frequency pulling due to backscattering. Thus, such a gyro will have a reduced lock-in effect. We will present this new concept as well as the result of our analysis.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Wave height from planing and semi‐planing small boats

The increasing number of small boats has raised concerns about their effects on the environment, particularly their waves. Bank erosion is one of the foremost concerns of boat waves but disruption of habitat, resuspension of bottom sediments, and damage to aquatic plants are other areas of concern. A large programme of field measurement of boat waves was conducted on Johnson Lake in Alaska to evaluate boats typically used on the Kenai River. The boat wave study compared wave characteristics of four boats under a variety of loadings, speeds, distances and motor powers. Over 400 tests were run on Johnson Lake with each test providing wave measurement at four locations. Two measures of waves and two types of tests were used in the study. MAXPOW was the wave height at the maximum power of the motor. MAXWAV was the maximum wave height produced by the boat which required runs at a range of speeds to determine the MAXWAV. While the MAXWAV data herein have considerable scatter in magnitude, the conditions at which MAXWAV occurs are consistent from boat to boat. To prevent generation of maximum wave heights, small boats should operate as far as possible either above or below length Froude number of 0.6, displacement Froude number of 1.3, or beam Froude number of 1.0. A general boat wave height equation was developed for the four boats based on boat speed, volume displaced by the boat and distance from the boat, and are applicable to semi-planing and planing boats based on MAXPOW and MAXWAV data. The predictive equation for V-hull boats was compared to independent data not used in the development and was found to be in agreement with the data. The predictive equation is limited to depth/boat length greater than 0.35. Published in 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Text of the De Incarnatione of Athanasius

ONE of the most important contributions to the textual criticism of Athanasius was published last year in the Revue d' histoire eccl'siastique, xxi, pp. 525 ff., by Professor J. Lebon. In it he announced the discovery in a late manuscript on Mt. Athos (Dochiariou 78) of a text of the De Incarnatione of Athanasius which differs so much from the ordinary text that it amounts to a separate recension. He pointed out that the antiquity of this recension is proved by conclusive evidence that it was known to Theodoret and to Leontius of Byzantium, and that it appears to have been akin to the Greek translated into Syriac in Cod. Vat. Syr. 104 in Rome, a manuscript of the sixth century. By the time that this number of the REVIEW is published it is probable that Professor Lebon's edition of Dochiariou 78 will have appeared in the Spicilegium sacrum Lovaniense. Professor Lebon wrote to us in 1995 and asked if we had
Degradation of magnetic tunneling junctions caused by pinhole formation and growth

Abstract A theory is developed to describe the pinhole formation and growth in magnetic tunneling junctions (MTJs) using the Kolmogorov–Avrami (KA) model. The theory relates the pinhole dynamics and the gradual degradation of the imperfect barrier layers and then the magnetic junctions under external stress. Form this study, analytical expressions of junction resistance and magnetoresistive (MR) ratio as functions of time are provided to characterize the junction degradation.
Functional reorganization induced by endovascular embolization of a cerebral AVM.

We mapped motor function in a patient with a cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) before and after treatment with endovascular embolization. Functional activation using technetium-99m-hexamethylpropyleneamine single photon emission tomography (99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT) demonstrated a redistribution of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) that correlated with clinical improvement. Intravascular feeding artery pressure measurements, serial angiography, and challenge with a pharmacological vasodilator enabled us to explore possible mechanisms of functional reorganization.
Hole-blocking titanium-oxide/silicon heterojunction and its application to photovoltaics

In contrast to the numerous reports on narrow-bandgap heterojunctions on silicon, such as strained Si1−xGex on silicon, there have been very few accounts of wide-bandgap semiconducting heterojunctions on silicon. Here, we present a wide-bandgap heterojunction—between titanium oxide and crystalline silicon—where the titanium oxide is deposited via a metal-organic chemical vapor deposition process at substrate temperatures of only 80–100 °C. The deposited films are conformal and smooth at the nanometer scale. Electrically, the TiO2/Si heterojunction prevents transport of holes while allowing transport of electrons. This selective carrier blocking is used to demonstrate a low-temperature processed silicon solar cell.
Intubation of Weight-Selected Chicks with Soybean Oil or Residual Yolk: Effect on Early Growth and Development

Experiments were conducted to study the role of residual yolk on growth and development of chicks during the 1st wk after hatch. Surgical removal of the yolk sac at hatch reduced early body weight gains. Intubating chicks with a mixture of soybean meal and soybean oil or with residual yolk obtained from chicks at hatch increased body weights and enhanced development of the liver and pancreas. Whereas intubation with residual yolk reduced absorption of yolk sac contents, absorption was similar for chicks that consumed mash ad libitum or were intubated with the soybean meal-soybean oil diet. After cessation of yolk intubation, absorption of residual yolk resumed. Removal of the yolk sac decreased amylase and lipase activity in the pancreas. In the intestinal chyme, activity of amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin was reduced by yolk sac removal. Intubation with yolk increased enzyme activity (amylase excepted) in the pancreas or intestinal chyme only in chicks that had their yolk sacs removed. There was evidence that contents of the yolk sac did not enter the intestine via the yolk stalk, but were absorbed directly via the blood.
Vector modeling of defects and defect repair for phase-shifting masks

Phase shifting masks (PSMs) have shown great promise for extending resolution in optical lithography. However, the production of defect free PSMs is a challenging task. Because of their increased sensitivity to process faults and defects, production difficulty is a major hurdle to overcome before PSMs become commonplace in semiconductor manufacturing. Rigorous simulation of PSM defects and production faults is a useful tool for understanding the sensitivities and limitations of this new technology. The complex topographies and non- planarities of PSMs require vector modeling to properly consider light scattering effects. Scalar models such as SPLAT cannot investigate scattering due to high edges, thick layers, and changes in refractive index. We are investigating PSMs using the rigorous 2-D photolithography simulator METROPOLE. In particular, we are studying the advantages and limitations of two new techniques for PSM defect repair. The first technique uses a double shifting structure, the second uses an electron beam sensitive silicon-containing resist.
STRONTIUM AND URANIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN ARAGONITE PRECIPITATED BY SOME MODERN CORALS.

Abstract Ahermatypic corals, and hermatypic corals without zooxanthellae, have Sr and U concentrations that are greater than those of reef corals containing zooxanthellae. The Sr and U concentrations in the corals are independent of water temperature, in that respect differing from those in aragonite experimentally precipitated from sea-water in the laboratory. The deposition of Sr and U in scleractinian coral aragonite may be related to coral metabolic processes and to the influence of algal photosynthesis on calcification rates.
Coupled oscillators and the design of central pattern generators

Abstract Much can be deduced about the behavior of chains of oscillators under minimal assumptions about the nature of the oscillators or the coupling. This paper reviews work on such chains, and provides a framework within which implications may be drawn about the neural networks that govern undulatory locomotion in lower vertebrates.
The Americans with Disabilities Act and the Current State of U.S. Disability Policy

The passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) reflects a new stage in American disability policy. However, important policy issues that pre-date the passage of ADA remain unresolved. The most important concern policy assumptions that have guided various disability income and medical assistance programs since their inception in the 1950s and 1960s. The most detrimental assumption is that, to be eligible for income or medical assistance, the impairment must be so hopeless that future prospects for work are impossible. This assumption is self-fulfilling and out of step with the policy assumptions that motivated the passage of the ADA. The article recommends six policy changes that will allow other portions of the nation's disability policy to function in harmony with the policy goals of the ADA.
Genetic analysis of sexual reproduction in the dendrophylliid coral Balanophyllia elegans

The ahermatypic scleractinian Balanophyllia elegans has served as a model of limited larval dispersal in an aclonal species. However, other species from the same family (Dendrophylliidae) produce larvae asexually, and closely connected polyps of B. elegans, potentially the result of asexual reproduction, are commonly observed in the field. Here, we use a combination of laboratory experiments, controlled crosses, and genetic surveys of field-collected individuals to demonstrate (1) marker allozymes are inherited in accordance with Mendel's laws, (2) polyps that are connected in the field are not genetically identical, and (3) laboratory manipulation of a single polyp can produce a second polyp on the aboral side of the original, but not adjacent to the original. In combination, these results suggest that the larvae of B. elegans result from mictic sexual reproduction, and that connected polyps result not from asexual budding but rather from the fusion of genetically distinct individuals.
Outflow tract abnormalities in atrioventricular canal malformations

Atrioventricular canal malformations are commonly regarded as being arrests of development of normal cardiac septation since their morphology strongly resembles the normal heart of Carnegie stages 14 through 18. Similarly, the spectrum of outflow tract abnormalities, which includes truncus arteriosus, transposition of the great arteries, double outlet right ventricle, and tetralogy of Fallot, has been interpreted as a developmental arrest because these malformations resemble the normal embryonic outflow tract in Carnegie stages 14 through 18, respectively. The causes of the developmental arrests in these two classes of malformations are unknown. Observation of an unusual autopsy case with features of both atrioventricular canal defect and tetralogy of Fallot prompted us to review the outflow tract morphology in 38 hearts with an atrioventricular canal malformation and two semilunar valves to determine if there was evidence to support the idea that both conditions may have the same pathogenesis. In all 38 hearts there was fibrous continuity between an anterior mitral leaflet and an aortic valve, which by anatomic definition means that no case had truncus arteriosus, transposition of the great arteries, or double outlet right ventricle. There were three cases with coarctation of the aorta, a lesion which arises when blood flow in the pulmonary trunk exceeds aortic flow during early development. There were four cases with pulmonary to aortic valve caliber ratios similar to those found in tetralogy of Fallot but the aortic-to-pulmonary valve angle relative to the heart base ranged over the full spectrum of angles seen in normal hearts and those with tetralogy of Fallot. Furthermore, this angle showed the same range of values for partial and complete canal defects, and did not correlate with patient age or ratio of pulmonary to aortic valve caliber. We conclude that the pathogenesis of the spectrum of outflow tract developmental arrests is different from that of atrioventricular canal malformations.
The Achilles heel of BCG

There have been multiple explanations put forward to try to explain the variable efficacy of the BCG vaccine. Here I propose the new hypothesis that the primary flaw of BCG is its inability to effectively establish a population of central memory T cells. Instead, the vaccine establishes immunity represented by effector memory T cells; these distribute in the lungs and may protect humans for 10-15 years but are gradually lost. With no central memory response to compensate, the individual loses any further resistance to tuberculosis. This may have serious implications for vaccine design, given the emphasis on developing recombinant forms of BCG.
Dynamics of the Microbiota in Response to Host Infection

Longitudinal studies of the microbiota are important for discovering changes in microbial communities that affect the host. The complexity of these ecosystems requires rigorous integrated experimental and computational methods to identify temporal signatures that promote physiologic or pathophysiologic responses in vivo. Employing a murine model of infectious colitis with the pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, we generated a 2-month time-series of 16S rDNA gene profiles, and quantitatively cultured commensals, from multiple intestinal sites in infected and uninfected mice. We developed a computational framework to discover time-varying signatures for individual taxa, and to automatically group signatures to identify microbial sub-communities within the larger gut ecosystem that demonstrate common behaviors. Application of this model to the 16S rDNA dataset revealed dynamic alterations in the microbiota at multiple levels of resolution, from effects on systems-level metrics to changes across anatomic sites for individual taxa and species. These analyses revealed unique, time-dependent microbial signatures associated with host responses at different stages of colitis. Signatures included a Mucispirillum OTU associated with early disruption of the colonic surface mucus layer, prior to the onset of symptomatic colitis, and members of the Clostridiales and Lactobacillales that increased with successful resolution of inflammation, after clearance of the pathogen. Quantitative culture data validated findings for predominant species, further refining and strengthening model predictions. These findings provide new insights into the complex behaviors found within host ecosystems, and define several time-dependent microbial signatures that may be leveraged in studies of other infectious or inflammatory conditions.
Right hemisphere mediation of verbal learning and memory in acquired right hemisphere speech dominant patients.

Forty-eight patients with temporal lobe epilepsy completed measures of narrative recall and list learning prior to surgery. The intracarotid amytal procedure (IAP) established that 13 patients were right hemisphere dominant for speech and 35 (18 left foci, 17 right foci) were left hemisphere dominant. Hippocampal volumetric neuron densities were measured after surgery. The left hippocampal neuron densities in subfields CA3 and the hilar area were significantly correlated with list learning ability and percent retention for narrative recall only for left hemisphere speech dominant patients with left seizure foci. No significant correlations between measures of neuron volume and memory were found for the left hemisphere speech dominant patients with right seizure foci or the right hemisphere speech dominant patients with left seizure foci. This suggests that the right hemisphere of right speech dominant patients mediates verbal memory as well as speech. This conclusion is supported by patterns of correlations among measures of verbal memory that differed for patients undergoing resection of the dominant hemisphere versus those undergoing resection of the nondominant hemisphere. However, it is premature to conclude that the cerebral organization of cognitive functions of right hemisphere speech dominant patients is equivalent albeit reversed from that of left hemisphere speech dominant patients. Right hemisphere speech dominant patients with left temporal foci differed from left hemisphere speech dominant patients with right temporal foci with respect to the patterns of correlations between measures of verbal memory and intelligence as well as the level of intellectual ability that they demonstrated. (JINS, 1995, 1, 554–560.)
Suggestions for a web based universal exchange and inference language for medicine. Continuity of patient care with PCAST disaggregation

We describe here the applications of our recently proposed Q-UEL language to continuity of patient care between physicians, specialists and institutions as mediated via the Internet, giving examples derived from HL7 CDA and VistA of particular interest to workflow. Particular attention is given to the Universal Exchange Language for healthcare as requested by the US President?s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) released in December 2010, especially in regard to disaggregation of the patient record on the Internet. To illustrate many features and options, one of our most elaborate configurations combining them, for disaggregation and reaggregation, is described. The Q-UEL tags used do not physically join, but query each other from a random mix via the application. Despite the computationally demanding complexity of the configuration with two joining tags for each data tag and four independently evolving keys, plus a valuable but rate limiting isomorphism test, packets of essential clinical data for patient could be recovered and displayed every 2s for a "club" of 30,000-50,000 patients in the mix. All computation here is on a standard laptop, but for practical use of the Internet to display downloaded data, the above is adequate, so focus is primarily on increasing club size. In practice, it is not necessary that a club comprise an entire nation. Assuming that one does not use purely random assignments of patients to arbitrary clubs, there could for example be a club comprising all schoolchildren in Scotland, or a club comprising all military veterans in Illinois. In such cases, one is typically dealing with clubs each of the order of a mere million patients. Using such club sizes efficiently, and in principle even a club the size of a whole country, appears to be possible. We show that the Q-UEL language can be extended to continuity of patient care.We believe that this follows the requirements of the 2010 PCAST report.Q-UEL tags have been constructed from patient records in CDA and VistA.Data elements in these tags can be disaggregated as PCAST requested.The patient data can be reaggregated rapidly by authorized persons.
Effects of natural propagation environments on wireless sensor network coverage area

This work presents new near-ground propagation models at 915 MHz based on field measurement data for three naturally occurring environments (open fields, woods and wooded hills). The models are incorporated into a network simulation for randomly distributed transmitting sensors. The effects of the various. environments on coverage area are explored for various power transmission levels. This work has implications on quantifying the spatial-temporal resolution of single and multiple hop wireless sensor networks as a function of both transmission power constraints and the environment in which the network is deployed.
Expanding the olfactory code by in silico decoding of odor-receptor chemical space

Coding of information in the peripheral olfactory system depends on two fundamental : interaction of individual odors with subsets of the odorant receptor repertoire and mode of signaling that an individual receptor-odor interaction elicits, activation or inhibition. We develop a cheminformatics pipeline that predicts receptor-odorant interactions from a large collection of chemical structures (>240,000) for receptors that have been tested to a smaller panel of odorants (∼100). Using a computational approach, we first identify shared structural features from known ligands of individual receptors. We then use these features to screen in silico new candidate ligands from >240,000 potential volatiles for several Odorant receptors (Ors) in the Drosophila antenna. Functional experiments from 9 Ors support a high success rate (∼71%) for the screen, resulting in identification of numerous new activators and inhibitors. Such computational prediction of receptor-odor interactions has the potential to enable systems level analysis of olfactory receptor repertoires in organisms. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01120.001.
Electron capture dissociation of multiply-charged oxygenated cations. A nonergodic process

Several mechanistic aspects have been proposed as important in causing the unusual ion chemistry induced in multiply-charged protein cations by electron capture. The 5–7 eV energy released by neutralization appears to induce cleavage before energy randomization (nonergodic), and the electron forms radical species whose activation energies for dissociation should be much lower. In contrast, electron capture by [HO(C2H4O)24H + 2H]2+ ions from polyethylene glycol yields no radical ions, losing H• consistent with the lower H• affinity of the hydroxyl and ether groups vs the amide and S–S functionalities of proteins. However, the dominant product ions, [HO(C2H4O)24–nH + H]+ (n = 2 to 8), do appear to be formed by nonergodic dissociation of the hypervalent (M + 2H)1+• intermediate. The expected complementary alkoxy radical ion product is not found, possibly due to an energetic Franck–Condon relaxation. Precursors ionized with (NH4)22+ and Na22+ yield ECD products that are analogous but of different size (n valu...
Surface current response of Hudson River plume to wind forcing

One objective of the Lagrangian Transport and Transformation Experiment (LaTTE) is to determine the relative advantages of studying the Hudson River plume within the spatial and temporal context provided by an operational research observatory. Towards this end, a shelf-wide observational backbone was locally enhanced with high-resolution relocatable systems in the New York Bight apex. The permanent backbone includes local acquisition of international satellite ocean color imagery, a network of long-range High Frequency radars, and a cross-shelf Endurance line occupied by an autonomous underwater glider. The high resolution systems, including higher resolution HF Radar, glider and mooring networks, were moved to the New York Bight Apex to support the specific interdisciplinary process study. During the LaTTE field effort, datasets from the nested observation network, including a triple nested HF Radar array, were assembled in real-time at a shore-based acquisition center, and high-resolution atmospheric forecasts were performed. Surface current observations will be reviewed, with specific emphasis placed on the observed response of the Hudson River plume to local winds. The observatory results provide a spatial and temporal context for viewing the LaTTE dye release, chemical and biological results.
Mutations in the Extracellular Protein Secretion Pathway Genes (eps) Interfere with Rugose Polysaccharide Production in and Motility of Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio cholerae is the causal organism of the diarrheal disease cholera. The rugose variant of V. cholerae is associated with the secretion of an exopolysaccharide. The rugose polysaccharide has been shown to confer increased resistance to a variety of agents, such as chlorine, bioacids, and oxidative and osmotic stresses. It also promotes biofilm formation, thereby increasing the survival of the bacteria in the aquatic environments. Here we show that the extracellular protein secretion system (gene designated eps) is involved directly or indirectly in the production of rugose polysaccharide. A TnphoA insertion in epsD gene of the eps operon abolished the production of rugose polysaccharide, reduced the secretion of cholera toxin and hemolysin, and resulted in a nonmotile phenotype. We have constructed defined mutations of the epsD and epsE genes that affected these phenotypes and complemented these defects by plasmid clones of the respective wild-type genes. These results suggest a major role for the eps system in pathogenesis and environmental survival of V. cholerae.
Medical student attitudes toward the doctor-patient relationship

Context Medical educators have emphasized the importance of teaching patient-centred care. Objectives To describe and quantify the attitudes of medical students towards patient-centred care and to examine: (a) the differences in these attitudes between students in early and later years of medical school; and (b) factors associated with patient-centred attitudes. Methods We surveyed 673 students in the first, third, and fourth years of medical school. Our survey utilized the Patient–Practitioner Orientation Scale (PPOS), a validated instrument designed to measure individual preferences towards various aspects of the doctor–patient relationship. Total PPOS scores can range from patient-centred (egalitarian, whole person oriented) to disease- or doctor-centred (paternalistic, less attuned to psychosocial issues). Additional demographic data including gender, age, ethnicity, undergraduate coursework, family medical background and specialty choice were collected from the fourth year class. Results A total of 510 students (76%) completed data collection. Female gender (P < 0·001) and earlier year of medical school (P = 0·03) were significantly associated with patient-centred attitudes. Among fourth year students (n = 89), characteristics associated with more patient-centred attitudes included female gender, European-American ethnicity, and primary-care career choice (P < 0·05 for each comparison). Conclusion Despite emphasis on the need for curricula that foster patient-centred attitudes among medical students, our data suggest that students in later years of medical school have attitudes that are more doctor-centred or paternalistic compared to students in earlier years. Given the emphasis placed on patient satisfaction and patient-centred care in the current medical environment, our results warrant further research and dialogue to explore the dynamics in medical education that may foster or inhibit student attitudes toward patient-centred care.
Hypercortisolemia is associated with severity of bone loss and depression in hypothalamic amenorrhea and anorexia nervosa.

Context: Anorexia nervosa (AN) and functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) are associated with low bone density, anxiety, and depression. Women with AN and HA have elevated cortisol levels. Significant hypercortisolemia, as in Cushing’s disease, causes bone loss. It is unknown whether anxiety and depression and/or cortisol dysregulation contribute to low bone density in AN or HA. Objective: Our objective was to investigate whether hypercortisolemia is associated with bone loss and mood disturbance in women with HA and AN. Design and Setting: We conducted a cross-sectional study in a clinical research center. Participants: We studied 52 women [21 healthy controls (HC), 13 normal-weight women with functional HA, and 18 amenorrheic women with AN]. Outcome Measures: Serum samples were measured every 20 min for 12 h overnight and pooled for average cortisol levels. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at anteroposterior and lateral spine and hip. Hamilton Rating Scales for Anxiety (HAM-A) and Depression (HAM-D) were administered. Results: BMD was lower in AN and HA than HC at all sites and lower in AN than HA at the spine. On the HAM-D and HAM-A, AN scored higher than HA, and HA scored higher than HC. Cortisol levels were highest in AN, intermediate in HA, and lowest in HC. HAM-A and HAM-D scores were associated with decreased BMD. Cortisol levels were positively associated with HAM-A and HAM-D scores and negatively associated with BMD. Conclusions: Hypercortisolemia is a potential mediator of bone loss and mood disturbance in these disorders.
Frequency-domain correlative coding for MIMO-OFDM systems over fast fading channels

Multiple-input multiple-output (MEMO) antennas combined with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) are very attractive for high-data-rate communications. However, MEMO-OFDM systems are very vulnerable to time-selective fading as channel time-variation destroys the orthogonality among subchannels, causing inter-carrier interference (ICI). In this letter, we apply frequency-domain correlative coding in MEMO-OFDM systems over frequency-selective, fast-fading channels to mitigate ICI. We derive the analytical expression of the carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) to quantify the impact of time-selective fading and demonstrate the effectiveness of correlative coding in mitigating ICI in MEMO-OFDM systems.
Uso de tablet (iPad®) como ferramenta para ensino da anestesiologia em estágio de ortopedia

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este estudio, fue comparar las puntuaciones del equipo de internos de las evaluaciones de la "calidad general de la ensenanza", durante una rotacion en Anestesia para ortopedia, seis meses antes de la introduccion del curriculo via iPad, cuando 11 residentes recibieron el curriculo en una carpeta impresa; y seis meses despues de la introduccion de ese curriculo, cuando nueve residentes recibieron el mismo curriculo en un computador tablet [iPad®, Apple Inc., Cupertino, Ca]. METODOS: Al comienzo de la rotacion de dos semanas, el residente recibio un iPad que contenia: un programa de estudio con ejercicios diarios de lectura; los objetivos de la rotacion con relacion a las competencias esenciales del Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME); y articulos de periodicos. Antes del estudio, esos materiales curriculares se distribuyeron en un archivo impreso. El iPad tambien suministro Paginas Web revisadas por pares en la Internet y el acceso directo a libros online referentes a la materia, pero no estaba conectado a la historia clinica electronica. Al final de la rotacion, los residentes respondieron a las preguntas de forma anonima para evaluar la rotacion en una escala ordinal desde 1 (insuficiente), hasta 5 (excelente). Los residentes no sabian que los datos serian analizados retrospectivamente para este estudio. RESULTADOS: La puntuacion promedio global de la rotacion, evaluada por la "calidad general de la ensenanza de esa rotacion" aumento de 4,09 (N = 11 evaluaciones antes de la intervencion, DE 0,83, mediana de 4, variacion de 3-5) para 4,89 (N = 9 evaluaciones despues de la intervencion, DE 0,33, mediana 5, variacion 4-5) p = 0,04. CONCLUSIONES: Los residentes respondieron favorablemente a la introduccion de un curriculo innovador via iPad para la rotacion en Anestesia ortopedica. Pero son necesarios mas estudios para mostrar como esas tecnologias de computacion movil pueden mejorar el aprendizaje, especialmente porque los residentes trabajan en varios locales, tienen limites de horas de trabajo y necesitan documentar el aprendizaje de la residencia en seis competencias esenciales del ACGME.