cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invisibility exposed: physical bounds on passive cloaking

Invisibility cloaks have been one of the major breakthroughs in the field of metamaterials, and several techniques are currently available to suppress the electromagnetic scattering from different objects. So far, however, theoretical and experimental results have consistently shown fundamental challenges in terms of the bandwidth and size of the object to be hidden. Understanding the bandwidth limitations of cloaking therefore becomes important to assess the applicability and potential of cloaking devices in practical scenarios. While it is generally accepted that cloaking is difficult to achieve, no work to date has quantified this issue for general invisibility devices. Here, by applying the Bode–Fano theory of broadband matching, we derive fundamental bounds on bandwidth and performance for general passive cloaking schemes applied to planar objects, determined by the properties of the object to be hidden, and then explore their implications in three-dimensional scenarios. Our results define a general framework to estimate the ultimate performance of passive cloaks and suggest that fundamentally new directions, involving nonlinearities and active metamaterials, become necessary to realize broadband cloaking, opening a new phase in the quest for invisibility.
CNTs and Graphene-Based Diodes for Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Circuits on Flexible Substrates

This paper presents the fabrication and characterization of carbon nanomaterials, i.e., carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and reduced graphene oxide (r-GO), based diodes on flexible substrates for high-frequency circuit applications. CNTs and graphene are good candidates as they possess excellent electronic and mechanical properties. For high-frequency circuits, diodes with lower parasitics and optimal impedance are required to achieve a high cutoff frequency and ease of impedance matching. Here, multiple CNTs are arranged in parallel to reduce the series resistance and to lower the impedance value, whereas 2-D graphene readily provides the desired impedance values. CNT and r-GO diodes with dissimilar metal contacts are fabricated using a novel process on high-frequency-compatible flexible substrates. The process utilizes an undercut and self-alignment approach that allows fabrication of submicrometer-size devices using an all-photolithographic process. The fabricated diodes demonstrate nonlinear current–voltage characteristics with current in the microampere range. Both types of diodes work efficiently as microwave rectifiers showing a near-ideal behavior with a rectification sensitivity of 4 V/W (18 GHz) and 33 V/W (22 GHz) for the CNT and r-GO, respectively. In addition, the results for r-GO-based frequency multiplication at fundamental frequencies ranging from 2 to 6 GHz and frequency mixing for 1.5 and 1.0 GHz are also presented.
A review on mortality risks associated with antipsychotic use in behavioral and psychologic symptoms of dementia (BPSD).

Abstract Introduction: As the population ages, the prevalence rate of behavioral and psychologic symptoms of dementia (BPSD) rises, and there appears to be an increasing need for pharmacologic treatment where nonpharmacologic treatment would not suffice. Most clinicians are well aware of the increased risks of cerebrovascular event and mortality from antipsychotic use in older adults with dementia. Nevertheless, mortality risks reported in various publications still vary considerably and lack consistency to allow direct comparison between individual drugs. Methods: A literature search was conducted for primary and secondary sources of evidence regarding the mortality risks associated with antipsychotic use in BPSD. Results: Available evidence suggests that antipsychotics are indeed associated with elevated risks of cerebrovascular adverse events and mortality. There is also evidence suggestive of a varied risk among individual agents, and a dose-response as well as a time-response relationship. Discussion...
Theory, experiment and fine structure

Spectroscopy – the measurement of the properties of light emitted or absorbed by matter – is one of our most powerful tools to study nature. When a prism is used to separate the light from a flame in which salt has been sprinkled, distinct yellow lines become visible in addition to the usual colours of the rainbow. The wavelength of these yellow lines is directly related to the energy levels of the sodium atom, and in this way spectroscopy opens a window onto atomic structure.
Exiles: a critical edition

At the centenary of James Joyce’s only extant play, editors Fargnoli and Gillespie have gifted us what should become the standard text of Exiles. For the first time, the play is available to us as ...
Regretting Ever Starting to Smoke: Results from a 2014 National Survey.

Background: The majority of smokers regret ever starting to smoke, yet the vast majority continue to smoke despite the fact that smoking kills nearly 50% of lifetime users. This study examined the relationships between regret and smoker characteristics, quit history, risk perceptions, experiential thinking, and beliefs and intentions at time of smoking initiation. Methods: Data from the 2014 Tobacco Products and Risk Perceptions Survey, a nationally representative survey of United States adults, were analyzed to provide the latest prevalence estimates of regret and potential predictors. Relationships among predictor variables and regret were analyzed using correlations, t-tests, and multinomial logistic regression. Results: The majority of smokers (71.5%) regretted starting to smoke. Being older and non-Hispanic white were significant predictors of regret. Smokers having a high intention to quit, having made quit attempts in the past year, worrying about getting lung cancer, believing smoking every day can be risky for your health, perceiving a risk of being diagnosed with lung cancer during one’s lifetime, and considering themselves addicted to cigarettes were significant predictors of regret for smoking initiation. Conclusions: This study provides updated prevalence data on regret using a national sample, and confirms that regret is associated with perceived risk. The findings from this study can be used to inform smoking intervention programs and support the inclusion of smoker regret in cost–benefit analyses of the economic impact of tobacco regulations.
Alternative Polyadenylation of PRELID1 Regulates Mitochondrial ROS Signaling and Cancer Outcomes.

Disruption of posttranscriptional gene regulation is a critical step in oncogenesis that can be difficult to observe using traditional molecular techniques. To overcome this limitation, a modified polyadenylation site sequencing (PAS-seq) protocol was used to generate a genome-wide map of alternative polyadenylation (APA) events in human primary breast tumor specimens and matched normal tissue. This approach identified an APA event in the PRELID1 mRNA that enhances its steady-state level and translational efficiency, and is a strong breast cancer subtype-dependent predictor of patient clinical outcomes. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that PRELID1 regulates stress response and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in a cell type–specific manner. Modulation of PRELID1 expression, including its posttranscriptional control, appears to be a common stress response across different cancer types. These data reveal that PRELID1 mRNA processing is an important regulator of cell type–specific responses to stress used by multiple cancers and is associated with patient outcomes. Implications: This study suggests that the regulation of PRELID1 expression, by APA and other mechanisms, plays a role in mitochondrial ROS signaling and represents a novel prognostic factor and therapeutic target in cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 15(12); 1741–51. ©2017 AACR .
Malabsorptive Disorders and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Assessing and Improving Nutritional Stone Risk

The relationship between calcium oxalate kidney stone formation and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was first noted in two large retrospective case series from the 1960s. In over 1,400 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, 92 of 1,468 patients (6%) were identified to have developed renal stones, an occurrence that appeared as frequent as other systemic complications of this disease process [1, 2]. The mechanisms behind this high stone incidence were confirmed in the 1970s to be a complication of fat malabsorption and chronic diarrhea, which resulted in enteric hyperoxaluria, decreased urine citrate concentration and pH, and decreased urine volumes [3, 4]. Since those early descriptions, other malabsorptive intestinal disease states have also been added to the IBD/stone- associated list, including jejunoileal bypass (historical) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for obesity, chronic mesenteric ischemia, and small bowel ostomies [5, 6]. In general, patients with ileocolonic disease (9–17%) tend to be more commonly affected than those with ileal (6–8%) or colonic disease (3–5%) alone, and stone composition varies between calcium oxalate (malabsorptive diseases, ileocolonic Crohn’s disease) and uric acid (copious diarrhea, small bowel ostomies) depending on the disease state and amount of volume loss/diarrhea. This chapter will highlight the urinary abnormalities seen in modern bariatric surgical patients and in patients with the two most common forms of IBD (Crohn’s, ulcerative colitis) with a focus on the nutritional aspects that can be improved in these stone-forming populations.
Global Justice and Trade: A Puzzling Omission

Economists generally agree that free trade leads to economic growth. This proposition is supported both by theoretical models and empirical data. Further, while the empirical evidence is more limited on this question, the general consensus among economists holds that trade restrictions are likely to hurt the poor. Even if the latter consensus turns out to be wrong, if free trade leads to superior growth, governments would have more resources to redistribute to the poor. It is surprising then that philosophers and human rights scholars do not advocate liberalizing trade as a way to improve the welfare of the poor as a class. While many scholars in these fields are silent with respect to the effect of free trade on the poor, some actually argue that liberalized trade is harmful for the poor, contrary to the claims of economists. In this article, we argue that any serious scholar concerned with the plight of the poor needs to address the theory and evidence regarding the effects of trade liberalization on economic growth, suggesting that the standard policy prescriptions of the philosophers and human rights scholars are, at best, of second order concern and, at worst, likely to be counterproductive in terms of improving the welfare of the poor.
A Cross-Cultural Study of Values Emphasized in Education

The study involves an analytical investigation of the relative importance of eighteen values in the education of young people in nine countries. While the difficulties in obtaining the data led to numerous limitations, the indications developed in the analysis provide an interesting comparison of the similarities and differences in a number of very different cultures. The study also demonstrates an analytical direction that could provide a useful method for comparing different cultures.
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

The study of cellular processes has been facilitated by the use of methods to detect molecular associations both in vivo and in vitro. An invaluable tool to study molecular associations associated with dynamic processes in living cells utilizes the phenomenon of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), together with selected fluorophores that are attached to molecules of interest. Many reports have utilized fluorophores conjugated to antibodies for FRET pairs. However, these methods are restricted to extracellular molecules and dependent upon the availability of appropriate antibodies. The recent development of green fluorescent protein (GFP) variants suitable for FRET has expanded the utility of this methodology by permitting the study of intracellular as well as extracellular processes. Combining FRET with flow cytometric analysis results in a powerful high-throughput assay for molecular associations. This article details the use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) mutants cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) to measure the association of the signaling component TRAF2 with the TNFR-2 receptor to illustrate the versatility of this methodology.
Transformative Sustainability Learning Within a Material-Discursive Ontology:

In this article, sustainability education is defined within the three orders of change—education about, for, and as sustainability. The third-order change, education as sustainability is defined as...
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Major Dementia Syndromes

There has been no comparison of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients with Alzheimer's disease dementia (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). We identified patients with mild dementia who met criteria for these disorders who also had the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) completed. The sample included 17 bvFTD, 111 AD, and 31 DLB. An ESS score ≥10 was considered abnormal and consistent with EDS. Analyses with age and sex as covariates revealed higher mean ESS scores for DLB compared to the other groups (DLB 13.9 [5], bvFTD 9.6 [8], AD 8.8 [5], P < .05). An ESS score ≥10 was significantly more likely to occur in DLB compared to bvFTD or AD (DLB 81% vs bvFTD 47% vs AD 45%, P < .01). In patients with mild dementia, EDS is greatest in DLB and comparably lower in bvFTD and AD.
Flux: Overcoming Scheduling Challenges for Exascale Workflows

Many emerging scientific workflows that target high-end HPC systems require complex interplay with the resource and job management software~(RJMS). However, portable, efficient and easy-to-use scheduling and execution of these workflows is still an unsolved problem. We present Flux, a novel, hierarchical RJMS infrastructure that addresses the key scheduling challenges of modern workflows in a scalable, easy-to-use, and portable manner. At the heart of Flux lies its ability to be nested seamlessly within batch allocations created by other schedulers as well as itself. Once a hierarchy of Flux instance is created within each allocation, its consistent and rich set of well-defined APIs portably and efficiently support those workflows that can often feature non-traditional execution patterns such as requirements for complex co-scheduling, massive ensembles of small jobs and coordination among jobs in an ensemble.
The Foreign Political Press in Nineteenth-Century London: Politics from a Distance. Edited by Constance Bantman and Ana Cláudia Suriani da Silva. (London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018. Pp. xi, 232. $114.00.)

This book is about the foreign political press in London in the long nineteenth century. During a time of political upheaval around the world, as Thomas C. Jones and Constance Bantman note in their...
Unsupervised word embeddings capture latent knowledge from materials science literature

The overwhelming majority of scientific knowledge is published as text, which is difficult to analyse by either traditional statistical analysis or modern machine learning methods. By contrast, the main source of machine-interpretable data for the materials research community has come from structured property databases1,2, which encompass only a small fraction of the knowledge present in the research literature. Beyond property values, publications contain valuable knowledge regarding the connections and relationships between data items as interpreted by the authors. To improve the identification and use of this knowledge, several studies have focused on the retrieval of information from scientific literature using supervised natural language processing3-10, which requires large hand-labelled datasets for training. Here we show that materials science knowledge present in the published literature can be efficiently encoded as information-dense word embeddings11-13 (vector representations of words) without human labelling or supervision. Without any explicit insertion of chemical knowledge, these embeddings capture complex materials science concepts such as the underlying structure of the periodic table and structure-property relationships in materials. Furthermore, we demonstrate that an unsupervised method can recommend materials for functional applications several years before their discovery. This suggests that latent knowledge regarding future discoveries is to a large extent embedded in past publications. Our findings highlight the possibility of extracting knowledge and relationships from the massive body of scientific literature in a collective manner, and point towards a generalized approach to the mining of scientific literature.
The Battle of the Atlantic: The environmental front of World War II:

This article examines the potential environmental impact in one specific theatre of World War II during a specific time frame. The study begins with an examination of the major oil spills that occu...
Effects of Patient Size and Radiation Dose on Iodine Quantification in Dual-Source Dual-Energy CT.

Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effects of patient size and radiation dose on the accuracy of iodine quantification using dual-source dual-energy computed tomography (CT). Materials and Methods Three phantoms representing different patient sizes were constructed, containing iodine inserts with concentrations from 0 to 20 mg/ml. Dual-energy CT scans were performed at six dose levels from 2 to 30 mGy. Iodine concentrations were measured using a three-material-decomposition algorithm and their accuracy was assessed. Results In a small phantom, iodine quantification was accurate and consistent at all dose levels. In a medium phantom, minor underestimations were observed, and the results were consistent except at low dose. In the large phantom, more significant underestimation of iodine concentration was observed at higher doses (≥15 mGy), which was attributed to the beam-hardening effect. At lower doses, increasing upward bias was observed in the CT number, leading to significant overestimations of both iodine concentration and fat fraction, which was attributed to the photon-starvation effect. The severity of the latter effect was determined by mA instead of mAs, suggesting that the electronic noise, rather than the quantum noise, was responsible for the bias. Using higher kVp for the low-energy tube was found to alleviate these effects. Conclusion Reliable iodine quantification can be achieved using dual-source CT, but the result can be affected by patient size and dose rate. In large patients, biases may occur due to the beam-hardening and the photon-starvation effects, in which case higher dose rate and higher kVp are recommended to minimize these effects.
Epidemiologicai investigation and management of the first A/H1N1 influenza case in China

2009年5月9日成都市疾病预防控制中心接到报告,1例美国归来的发热病例不能排除甲型H1N1流感,经过现场流行病学调查和实验室检测,并经中国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)复核诊断,5月11日该患者被诊断为我国首例输入性甲型H1N1流感确诊病例。
Review of Community Table: Recipes for an Ecological Food Future: by The Ecology Center. Brooklyn, NY: PowerHouse Books, 2018, 320 pp., ISBN 978-1-5768-7882-8

The farm-to-table movement and conversations about sustainability in the food industry have been ongoing for over a decade. The Ecology Center, established in 2008 in San Juan Capistrano, Californi...
A new method to select demulsifiers and optimize dosage at wet crude oil separation facilities

The current practice for crude oil demulsifier selection consists of pre-screening of the best performing demulsifiers followed by field trials to determine the optimum demulsifier dosage. The method of choice for demulsifier ranking is the bottle test. As there is no standard bottle test method, there are different methodologies reported in the literature. In this work, a new approach to bottle test and field trial was described which improved significantly the selection and dosage of the demulsifier. The bottle test was optimized by measuring an accurate mass of demulsifier. This method produces repeatable results. This bottle-test methodology was benchmarked against field trial results performed in oil processing plants. The field trials were also improved to avoid the accumulation effect of demulsifier, when optimizing their dosage. The field data for the optimization of demulsifier dosage was analyzed mathematically; and a graphical method to determine the optimum range is described.
Diauxic lags explain unexpected coexistence in multi-resource environments

Abstract How the coexistence of species is affected by the presence of multiple resources is a major question in microbial ecology. We experimentally demonstrate that differences in diauxic lags, which occur as species deplete their own environments and adapt their metabolisms, allow slow-growing microbes to stably coexist with faster-growing species in multi-resource environments despite being excluded in single-resource environments. In our focal example, an Acinetobacter species (Aci2) competitively excludes Pseudomonas aurantiaca (Pa) on alanine and on glutamate. However, they coexist on the combination of both resources. Experiments reveal that Aci2 grows faster but Pa has shorter diauxic lags. We establish a tradeoff between Aci2’s fast growth and Pa’s short lags as their mechanism for coexistence. We model this tradeoff to accurately predict how environmental changes affect community composition. We extend our work by surveying a large set of competitions and observe coexistence nearly three times as frequently when the slow-grower is the fast-switcher. Our work illustrates a potentially common mechanism for the emergence of multi-resource coexistence despite single-resource competitive exclusions.
Immunoglobulin G4 hypophysitis in a 63-year-old woman with no autoimmune history: a case report.

BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin-G4-related hypophysitis is a rare inflammatory disease that can present as a tumefactive pituitary lesion mimicking hypophyseal neoplasms such as pituitary adenoma or craniopharyngioma. The literature on this entity is sparse, with fewer than 100 cases reported across 19 publications; a recent review found only 24 cases published from 2007 to 2018. Previous reports have described demographic differences, with immunoglobulin-G4-related hypophysitis in females tending to present in the second and third decades in association with other autoimmune disease, while males tend to present in the fifth and sixth decades of life without an autoimmune history. CASE PRESENTATION In contrast to the reported demographic trends, here we describe a unique case of immunoglobulin-G4-related hypophysitis in a 63-year-old white female with no history of autoimmune disease who presented with a rapidly enlarging sellar and hypothalamic mass causing headaches and cranial nerve palsies, prompting biopsy for diagnosis. The patient experienced rapid response to treatment with high-dose steroids and rituximab. CONCLUSION The case contributes to the growing clinicopathologic description of immunoglobulin-G4-related hypophysitis and illustrates that this diagnosis should be a consideration even outside the conventional demographic setting.
Library Responses During the Early Days of the Pandemic: A Bibliometric Study of the 2020 LIS Literature

As society emerges from an unprecedented pandemic that saw the closure of libraries, schools, and universities worldwide, the potential lasting impacts on institutions, professions, and communities...
A new phytase expressed in yeast effectively improves the bioavailability of phytate phosphorus to weanling pigs.

We have recently expressed a new phytase enzyme in a yeast system. Three experiments with a total of 140 weanling crossbred pigs were conducted to examine the efficacy of this enzyme in improving the bioavailability of phytate-P in corn-soybean meal diets to young pigs. Experiment 1 compared the efficacy of this new phytase with a commercially available phytase (Natuphos, BASF) for 4 wk at an inclusion level of 1,200 U/kg of diet. Experiment 2 compared the responses of pigs to four doses of the new phytase supplementation (300, 600, 900, and 1,200 U/kg of diet) for 4 wk. Experiment 3 compared the efficacy of this new phytase and Natuphos at a marginally optimal dose (700 U/kg of diet) for 5 wk. A group of pigs were fed the P-deficient basal diet as a negative control in Exp. 1, and a group of pigs were fed the basal diet plus .17 or .22% inorganic P as a positive control in all experiments. In Exp. 1, pigs fed the two sources of phytase had similar ADG (564 vs 567 g), gain/feed (.597 vs .589), plasma inorganic P concentrations (8.9 vs 8.4 mg/dL), and mobility scores (4.25 vs 4.46) that were higher (P .83) at wk 1 and 2. Overall ADG of pigs also tended to increase with the phytase dose (P = .15). In Exp. 3, pigs fed the two sources of phytase had ADG (483 vs 506 g) similar to that of the positive control (508 g). These two groups also had similar plasma inorganic P concentrations (7.7 vs 7.4 mg/dL) that were lower (P < .05) than those of the positive control group (9.7 mg/dL). There was no significant effect of dietary treatments on ADFI in all three experiments. In conclusion, our new phytase was as effective as Natuphos, at the inclusion level of 700 or 1,200 U/kg of a P-deficient, corn-soybean meal diet, in improving phytate-P utilization by young pigs.
Invited Keynote Talk: Integrative Viral Molecular Epidemiology: Hepatitis C Virus Modeling

Traditional molecular epidemiology of viral infections is based on identifying genetic markers to assist in epidemiological investigation. The limitations of early molecular technologies led to preponderance of analytical methodology focused on the viral agent itself. Computational analysis was almost exclusively used for phylogenetic inference. Embracing the approaches and achievements of the traditional molecular epidemiology, integrative molecular epidemiology of viral infections expands into a comprehensive analysis of all factors involved into defining outcomes of exposure of a person(s) to viral infections. The major emphasis of this scientific discipline is on the development of predictive models that can be used in different clinical and public health settings. The current paper briefly reviews a few examples that illustrate a new trend in integrative molecular epidemiology striving to quantitatively define viral properties and parameters using primary structure of viral genomes.
Impact of Modeling Decisions on the Robustness of Tubular Reactors

A robustness analysis procedure is applied to the control of tubular fixed-bed reactors. The analysis utilizes a generalized uncertainty description to allow for zero or pole migration across the imaginary axis, in an attempt to reduce conservatism associated with such robustness tests. The tubular reactor control consists of critical modeling steps which have to be accounted for during the controller design phase. The impact of model reduction and parametric uncertainty is discussed within this framework and a suggested controller design is evaluated on the basis of robustness.
An assessment and evaluation of computer science education

This research shows an audience of fellow computer science teachers that there is benefit in testing college student's scientific reasoning skills and that the students increase their logical thinking skills in computer science classes when they are presented with real world problems, engaged in group activities, and given hands-on experiments.Students' scientific reasoning skills from several different computer science courses are analyzed and tested before and after taking the computer science course to measure their improvement in logical thinking. The higher order thinking skills test results are compared, and the overall class and individual student improvement between the classes that use different teaching strategies are analyzed. Also, the test results are compared with students' ability to perform adequately in a computer science course. This information is valuable to advisors when placing students in computer science courses.In the assessments of students' entering knowledge and evaluations of students' thinking improvement, the students' individual higher order thinking skills as well as their overall level of cognitive development are analyzed. Through the analysis of their individual skills and level of thinking, one can expand conclusions about the students' and teacher's performance over time.
Theophylline distribution kinetics analyzed by reference to simultaneously injected urea and inulin.

Theophylline distribution kinetics were studied after i.v. injection in five anesthetized dogs. [14C]Urea and inulin were injected simultaneously as reference compounds to measure body fluid spaces and to calculate compartmental blood flows and permeability coefficient-surface area products for transcapillary exchange. The distribution of all three compounds was modeled with three-compartment systems in which the central compartment corresponds to intravascular space. The total volume of theophylline distribution averaged 0.72 +/- 0.09 liters/kg (+/- S.D.), indicating net tissue binding as reflected in a tissue/intracellular water partition coefficient of 1.17 +/- 0.10. Cardiac output measurements averaged 4.78 +/- 0.95 liters/min and were similar to the sum of compartmental blood flows estimated from the intercompartmental clearances of urea and inulin (4.62 +/- 1.10 liters/min) and to the sum of theophylline intercompartmental clearances (5.10 +/- 1.29 liters/min). Theophylline intercompartmental clearance to each peripheral compartment was faster than expected from its free-water diffusion coefficient and was similar to estimated compartmental blood flow. It is possible that theophylline transcapillary exchange is carrier mediated and that its rapidity contributes to the frequency of adverse reactions after i.v. administration of this drug.
Abstinence symptoms following smoked marijuana in humans.

Symptoms of withdrawal after oral delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration have been reported, yet little is known about the development of dependence on smoked marijuana in humans. In a 21-day residential study, marijuana smokers (n = 12) worked on five psychomotor tasks during the day (0915-1700 hours), and in the evening engaged in recreational activities (1700-2330 hours); subjective-effects measures were completed 10 times/day. Food and beverages were available ad libitum from 0830 to 2330 hours. Marijuana cigarettes (0.0, 1.8, 3.1% THC) were smoked at 1000, 1400, 1800, and 2200 hours. Placebo marijuana was administered on days 1-4 . One of the active marijuana doses was administered on days 5-8, followed by 4 days of placebo marijuana (days 9-12). The other concentration of active marijuana cigarettes was administered on days 13-16, followed by 4 days of placebo marijuana (days 17-20); the order in which the high and low THC-concentration marijuana cigarettes were administered was counter-balanced between groups. Both active doses of marijuana increased ratings of "High," and "Good Drug Effect," and increased food intake, while decreasing verbal interaction compared to the placebo baseline (days 1-4). Abstinence from active marijuana increased ratings such as "Anxious," "Irritable," and "Stomach pain," and significantly decreased food intake compared to baseline. This empirical demonstration of withdrawal from smoked marijuana may suggest that daily marijuana use may be maintained, at least in part, by the alleviation of abstinence symptoms.
Belief systems and attitudes toward the death penalty and other punishments.

This study focused on the relationship of belief systems as a configural construct and conservatism-liberalism to attitudes toward the death penalty and other punishments for offenses of varying severity Extrapersonalists, the most concretely functioning of the four conceptual or belief systems posited by Harvey, Hunt, and Schroder (1961), were most in favor of the death penalty They also endorsed the most severe punishment for a variety of crimes, to a particularly greater extent than did representatives of either of the two more abstractly functioning systems The belief dimensions of Openness, Evaluativeness, and Complexity, as well as the frequency of church attendance, correlated more highly and consistently with attitudes toward punishment than did either Conservatism-Liberalism or gender Both of the latter variables failed to correlate with a number of the outcome variables and related at only low levels to the others The greater predictive power of a configural conception of personality or belief systems over a unidimensional conception seems to have been demonstrated Configural concepts may additionally be generally superior to multidimensional concepts treated linearly
Potentiation of the toxicity of several antitumor agents by Salmonella typhosa endotoxin

The lethality for BALBc mice of cyclophosphamide, daunomycin, bis-DEAE-fluorenone, methotrexate, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), procarbazine or vincristine administered concurrently with Salmonella typhosa endotoxin was measured. Isobolograms based upon the 50% lethal doses of combination of drug and endotoxin indicated that combinations of cyclosphosphamide, daunomycin, methotrexate, poly I:C, procarbazine or vincristine with endotoxin were synergistic. Toxicity of bis-DEAE-fluorenone was not significantly potentiated by 4 mg endotoxin/kg. A nonlethal dose of 2 mg endotoxin/kg resulted in a 1.4-fold potentiation of the LD50 of procarbazine and cyclophosphamide and a 1.9-fold potentiation of the LD50 of methotrexate. Daunomycin associated lethality was potentiated 2.2-fold by this same amount of endotoxin. The LD50 of poly I:C was potentiated 6.4 fold by 2 mg endotoxin/kg. Vincristine lethality was potentiated 6.7-, 8.4- and 14.8-fold by 1, 2 or 4 mg endotoxin/kg, respectively. The LD50 of endotoxin was 18.8 mg/kg during this study.
American Contradictions and Pastoral Visions: An Appraisal of Leo Marx, The Machine in the Garden

Leo Marx's 1964 The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America was a foundational work in environmental studies. This article discusses the volume's significance and how Marx's ideas have evolved in later essays. Especially noteworthy is Marx's insight into the contradictory relationship with nature embodied in American pastoralism. Americans celebrate nature and rural values and yet embrace industry and commercialism as means to a pastoral utopia, even though these are ultimately destructive of the natural environment. Given these contradictions and the ascendancy of industrial and commercial values, Marx argues that American pastoralism ultimately fails as a viable cultural and political ideal. This article is critical of such pessimism but also shows how, in later essays, Marx revises his prognosis. Marx comes to see the pastoral ideal, particularly as manifested in environmentalism, as offering a key political alternative to contemporary industrial society and its social and ecological pathologies
Care of the patient before and after operation; with special reference to fluid requirements and the importance of the weighing scale in evaluating the status of hydration.

THE subject assigned to me has to do with the safe conduct of the patient through his operation. And if all the answers to all problems bearing on such an issue were available to the surgeon undert...
The role of embedded sensors in damage assessment in composite laminates

Various densities of optical fibers are embedded into a total of eighty woven, graphite fiber-epoxy composite laminates, for which the response to low velocity impacts are evaluated. The goal of this work is to determine the role of hostsensor interaction on the lifetime of the host material system. The woven composites are subjected to multiple impacts at 14.5 J until perforation of the specimen. We obtain the energy dissipated by the laminate and the maximum contact force between the impactor laminate for each strike. From these experimental data we calculate the statistical distribution of the total energy dissipated at failure as a function of embedded optical fiber density. The total dissipated energy, a measure of the specimen lifetime, decreased with increasing embedded optical fiber density, however remained constant after a threshold density was reached. The total maximum contact force per specimen, a measure of the specimen stiffness, continued to decrease with the number of embedded optical fibers.
A note on the relation between slot conductance and slot voltage

Pour des reseaux de fentes longitudinales larges alimentees par des guides d'ondes rectangulaires, il existe une croyance bien etablie selon laquelle dans le cas ou l'on ignore le couplage mutuel, la conductance a la resonance d'une fente quelconque est proportionnelle au carre de la tension de cette fente, et les reseaux peuvent etre realises sur cette base; une equation traduit cette idee pour des fentes de rangs mn et pq dans le reseau. On montre ici la validite de cette equation et on repond a la question importante suivante: cette equation est-elle toujours valable si l'on remplace la conductance propre a la resonance par la conductance active a la resonance?
Manipulating Antigenic Ligand Strength to Selectively Target Myelin-Reactive CD4+ T Cells in EAE

The development of antigen-specific therapies for the selective tolerization of autoreactive T cells remains the Holy Grail for the treatment of T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This quest remains elusive, however, as the numerous antigen-specific strategies targeting myelin-specific T cells over the years have failed to result in clinical success. In this review, we revisit the antigen-based therapies used in the treatment of myelin-specific CD4+ T cells in the context of the functional avidity and the strength of signal of the encephalitogenic CD4+ T cell repertoire. In light of differences in activation thresholds, we propose that autoreactive T cells are not all equal, and therefore tolerance induction strategies must incorporate ligand strength in order to be successful in treating EAE and ultimately the human disease MS.
Atlanto-occipital dislocation

Reported is the case of a 29-year-old woman who sustained an atlanto-occipital dislocation (AOD). This patient survived the initial resuscitation to expire some 72 hours later. Survival of patients with AOD is being reported with increasing frequency and with good neurologic recovery in many cases. Emergency physicians should be aware of this injury and the methods of initial evaluation and stabilization in order to maximize the potential for patients with these serious injuries. Radiographic features of AOD are outlined and the potential hazards of longitudinal traction are emphasized.
Apurinic endonuclease from Drosophila melanogaster: reduced enzymatic activity in excision-deficient mutants of the mei-9 and mus(2)201 Loci.

An endonuclease activity, which is specific for partially depurinated PM2 DNA, has been assayed in extracts prepared from cultured cells and larval brain ganglia of Drosophila melanogaster. Activity detected in repair-proficient cells is stimulated by Mg++ and is inhibited by EDTA. Extracts prepared from established cell cultures of the excision-deficient strain mei-9a and from larval brain ganglia derived from y mei-9a, mei-9L1, sn3 mei-9D2 and sn3 mei-9D4 are partially deficient in this activity. At least one allele of a second excision-deficient strain, cn mus(2)201D1, also shows reduced AP-endonuclease activity in ganglia extracts.
Accurate Determination of the Lattice of Beta-Titanium at 900° C.

A UNIQUE and original method for determining the high-temperature lattice constant for the bodycentred cubic form of titanium was devised by Burger and Jacobs1. Their method consisted of using a 300-micron wire as a filament in a Lindemann-glass bulb, placing this bulb in the centre of a Debye–Scherrer camera and rotating the bulb while heating the titanium filament to about 900° C. The lattice constant arrived at by their original investigation was 3.32 A.
Conditions for vertical propagation of magnetoacoustic waves in an isothermal atmosphere

The propagation of magnetoacoustic waves in an isothermal atmosphere with constant gravity and uniform magnetic field of an arbitrary direction is considered. The conditions for the vertical propagation of these waves are determined by characteristic frequencies that arise in the MHD wave equation which is considered here in the limit of low-beta plasma. The obtained steady state solutions to the wave equation describe the behavior of fast and slow magnetoacoustic waves and allow defining the characteristic frequencies that separate domains of wave frequency where the sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal wave solutions are found. The particular problem of dependence of the characteristic frequencies on the density gradient as well as on the strength and direction of the uniform magnetic field are discussed. The obtained results may have important consequences on the behavior of magnetoacoustic waves in stellar atmospheres and may be found useful in studying stellar p-mode oscillations.
Transient demyelination increases the efficiency of retrograde AAV transduction

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is capable of mediating retrograde viral transduction of central and peripheral neurons. This occurs at a relatively low efficiency, which we previously found to be dependent upon capsid serotype. We sought to augment retrograde transduction by providing increased axonal access to peripherally delivered AAV. Others have described utilizing full transection of peripheral nerves to mediate retrograde viral transduction of motor neurons. Here, we examined the ability of a transient demyelinating event to modulate levels of retrograde AAV transduction. Transient demyelination does not cause lasting functional deficits. Ethidium bromide (EtBr)–induced transient demyelination of the sciatic nerve resulted in significant elevation of retrograde transduction of both motor and sensory neurons. Retrograde transduction levels of motor neurons and heavily myelinated, large-diameter sensory neurons increased at least sixfold following peripheral delivery of self-complementary AAV serotype 1 (scAAV1) and serotype 2 (scAAV2), when preceded by demyelination. These findings identify a means of significantly enhancing retrograde vector transport for use in experimental paradigms requiring either retrograde neuronal identification and gene expression, or translational treatment paradigms.
The Black Church Revisited: Toward a New Millennium DuBoisian Mode of Inquiry

Despite predictions to the contrary, religion continues to play an integral role in the lives of Americans in general and African Americans in particular. This essay focuses on the place of the contemporary Black Church and dynamics relative to relevance, semi-involuntariness, and consumerism as topics for continued sociological research on Black religious life in the spirit of scholarly inquiry by W. E. B. DuBois.
Protein fold recognition.

A structure prediction challenge on a previously unprecedented scale has put the various protein fold recognition methodologies to the test.
Hypotension and disseminated intravascular coagulation following intralesional bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy for locally metastatic melanoma

Four patients developed serious hypotension and signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation shortly after a second round of Tice bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) injections into locally recurrent cutaneous melanoma satellite nodules. Each of these patients survived following intensive therapy with isoniazid, pyridoxine, steroids, pressors, antibiotics, and cardio-renal support including, in one case, three acute hemodialyses. Plasma specimens from two of the four patients caused gelation of lysate from the amebocytes ofLimulus polyphemus, indicating the presence of endotoxin or an endotoxin-like substance. In vitro studies on the BCG preparations led us to conclude that this endotoxin activity in the plasma is not the result of direct injection of endotoxin with the BCG preparation, but rather from release of endotoxin from endogenous sources, such as the intestinal tract during a period of relative hypotension following an allergic reaction. Prior immunity appeared to be the consistent factor in the toxic reactions reported herein. Finally, we present recommendations for serial monitoring of these patients and discuss the use of an alternative agent for intralesional therapy.
Incorporating animation technologies into tools for colonial American education

This paper will describe the integration of animation and visual effects technologies into the development of tools geared for colonial American education. Projects discussed will include the incorporation of crowd simulation software and full body motion capture to recreate Revolutionary War battles, laser scan acquisition of excavated archaeological artifacts, and recreation of historic structures through the use of modeling and animation software. Through the use of these technologies, the margin of error in representation can be lessened, and the level of realism for the enduser can be accentuated. Also, by utilizing these tool sets, it may be possible to create a more engaging educational presentation for schoolchildren.Current coursework for Colonial American education is consistent with teaching methods developed during the middle of the last century, relying on limited visual information to illustrate points. Through a series of projects, a number of digital assets were created to reinforce crucial points in the lesson. The first of these involved a recreation of a colonial era structure, the James and Ann Whitall House, a Quaker plantation built in 1748. Adjacent to the house was Fort Mercer, where the Battle of Red Bank was fought during the American Revolutionary War. This was also reconstructed digitally, and crowd simulations were developed using Massive Prime and motion capture data from our Vicon MX3 system to recreate possible battle scenarios. Another element of the battle was the waterfront, including the destruction of the H.M.S. Augusta; the ship was recreated to detailed specifications, utilizing dynamic simulations for both the water and the riggings. In addition to the course-work, much of the information was converted to web friendly formats for distribution on the Whitall House website
A ``cryptic'' microbial mat: A new model ecosystem for extant life on Mars

If life were present on Mars today, it would face potentially lethal environmental conditions such as a lack of water, frigid temperatures, ultraviolet radiation, and soil oxidants. In addition, the Viking missions did not detect near-surface organic carbon available for assimilation. Autotrophic organisms that lived under a protective layer of sand or gravel would be able to circumvent the ultraviolet radiation and lack of fixed carbon. Two terrestrial photosynthetic near-surface microbial communities have been identified, one in the inter- and supertidal of Laguna Ojo de Liebere (Baja California Sur, Mexico) and one in the acidic gravel near several small geysers in Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming, U.S.A.). Both communities have been studied with respect to their ability to fix carbon under different conditions, including elevated levels of inorganic carbon. Although these sand communities have not been exposed to the entire suite of Martian environmental conditions simultaneously, such communities can provide a useful model ecosystem for a potential extant Martian biota.