cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic wrapper generation for semi-structures biological data based on table structure identification

Biological data analyses usually require complex manipulations involving tool applications, multiple Web site navigation, result selection and filtering, iteration over the Internet. Most biological data are generated from structured databases and by applications and presented to the users embedded within repeated structures, or tables, in HTML documents. In this paper we outline a novel technique for the identification of table structures in HTML documents. This identification technique is then used to automatically generate composite wrappers for applications requiring distributed resources. We demonstrate that our method is robust enough to discover standard as well as non-standard table structures in HTML documents. Thus, our technique outperforms contemporary techniques used in systems such as XWrap and AutoWrapper. We discuss our technique in the context of our PickUp system that exploits the theoretical developments presented in this paper and emerges as an elegant automatic wrapper generation system.
Alliances as collaborative regimes

Purpose – The management and strategy literature continues to show that many companies now rely on alliances for their long‐term success. This paper seeks to explain why some industries have an over‐representation of inter‐firm strategic alliances, relative to others.Design/methodology/approach – A theory of group behavior is used to show that an inter‐organizational phenomenon, notably the interaction of convergent expectations, including shared patterns of behavior, beliefs and mindsets, are partially responsible for the disproportionate use of alliances in some industries relative to others. The theory of group behavior presented draws mainly on conceptual ideas from regime and new institutional theory.Findings – The framework suggests that the presence of industry‐embedded factors, including shared mindsets, creates the conditions that transform the strategic interests and behavior of individual firms into a macro phenomenon that diffuses across an industry. Industry developed shared mindsets in turn ...
The Unhappy Marriage of Law and Equity in Joint Return Liability

This article explores what happens when Congress attempts to smooth out the "square corners" of the tax code with notions of equity, but does so with an inadequate understanding of, or appreciation for, the problems of tax administration. In the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 (RRA 98), Congress revised the rules contained in IRC Section 6015 for spouses to obtain relief from joint and several liability reported in a prior jointly filed tax return. In a prior article - titled "Between a Rock and a Hard Place" and also posted on SSRN - I showed how Congress failed to give the Tax Court jurisdiction under 6015(e) to review IRS denials of section 6015(f) equitable relief in nondeficiency cases. This article takes a broader look at that same jurisdictional problem, to fully examine the full interplay of its substantive provisions with tax procedure. In RRA 98, Congress increased the scope of equitable relief from joint and several liability. But the procedures it provided taxpayers who seek that relief are a conceptual and practical mess. The ironic result: In trying to cure old inequities, Congress created new ones. Because of RRA 98, substantive outcomes depend on choice of process.That is not good tax administration. Part I of the article explains the history and theory of joint liability, because to understand the need for equity one needs to understand what corners of the law are too sharp and why. Part II explains how and why the concept of ‘‘innocent spouse’’ came into tax, and how that concept - taken from ancient divorce laws - has remained the bedrock idea underlying all forms of joint liability relief enacted since 1971. Part III looks at the mess made by Congress in RRA 98 when it tried to cure the problem of access to court review, but improperly conflated the tax determination process with the tax collection process, creating gaps and traps for taxpayers, no matter how wary they may be. Part III also offers some ideas on what the taxwriters should or could do to fix the mess.
Doing Fractions: An Analysis of Partisanship in Post-Socialist Russia

Since its extrication from state socialism, Russia is notable for the ways in which coercive and, at times, violent displays of partisanship have divided its state. Drawing on evidence from ethnographic fieldwork and membership lists of civic organizations, the paper analyzes the composition and configuration of political factions in an in-depth case study of a Russian urban area, 1994-1999. The analysis demonstrates partisan antagonisms in the city emerged from a process of polarization that eliminated identification across factions. During the competition for state office, political groups became embroiled in a cycle of conflict setting the stage for partisans to purge themselves of coalition-builders.
Carolyn Bronstein. Battling Pornography: The American Feminist Anti-Pornography Movement, 1976–1986

The idea that feminists are anti-sex and pro-censorship is a staple in U.S. popular culture, especially in postfeminist accounts of the women's movement. But that misconception, as Bronstein notes ...
Short-day aggression is independent of changes in cortisol or glucocorticoid receptors in male Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus).

Testosterone mediates aggression in many vertebrates. In some species, aggression remains high during the non-breeding season (e.g., winter), when testosterone levels are low. In Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus), we have demonstrated photoperiodic changes in aggression with hamsters housed in short, “winter-like” days displaying significantly more territorial aggression than long-day animals, despite low levels of testosterone. The mechanisms by which photoperiod regulates aggression, however, remain largely unknown. Adrenocortical hormones (e.g., glucocorticoids) have been implicated in mediating seasonal aggression; circulating concentrations of these hormones have been correlated with aggression in some species. The goal of this study was to examine the role of cortisol and glucocorticoid receptors in mediating photoperiodic changes in aggression in male Siberian hamsters. Males were housed in long or short days and treated with either exogenous cortisol or vehicle. Circulating levels of cortisol, adrenal cortisol content, and aggression were quantified. Lastly, photoperiodic effects on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) protein levels were quantified in limbic brain regions associated with aggression, including medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. Short-day hamsters were more aggressive than long-day hamsters, however cortisol treatment did not affect aggression. Photoperiod had no effect on serum or adrenal cortisol or GR levels in the brain regions examined. Taken together, these data suggest that increases in cortisol levels do not cause increases associated with short-day aggression, and further that GR protein levels are not associated with photoperiodic changes in aggression. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of the role of adrenocortical steroids in mediating seasonal aggression. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 331–342, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A model of the probability of survival from birth

It has recently been shown [1] that the reciprocal of the survivorship function of a life table is very strongly related to a linear combination of the reciprocals of the same function of two or more standard life tables. It follows, therefore, that the mathematical function which describes the reciprocal of @?(x) must take the form [email protected]?(x) = 1 + atf"1(x, m"1, n"1, ...) + btf"2(x, m"2, n"2, ...) + ctf"3(x, m"3, n"3, ...) + ..., where a, b, c, ... are constants for specific life tables and m"1, n"1, ...; m"2, n"2, ..., etc. are constant for all life tables. If ms, ns, ... are not constant, then equation (1) will not hold for all values of x. Furthermore, there must be at least two tf functions or else one standard life table would be sufficient to model the reciprocal of @?(x) [2]. A three parameter equation which meets the above criteria and models the @?(x) values of national life tables well is presented along with measures of the goodness of fit. The three parameters are shown to correspond with variations in mortality at young, middle, and old ages.
In Situ Temperature Measurement of GaN-Based Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes by Micro-Raman Spectroscopy

The junction temperatures of ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were determined in situ using noncontact micro-Raman spectroscopy. This method is based on the systematic downshift of the Raman peak as junction temperature rises. A calibration measurement was carried out first to establish the relation between junction temperature and the Raman peak, followed by temperature measurements as the forward current increased from 50 mA to 110 mA. A temperature rise from 27°C to 107°C was observed. We have demonstrated that micro-Raman spectroscopy is a viable technique for UV LED junction temperature determination.
Neighborhood and Individual Socioeconomic Determinants of Hospitalization

Background A number of studies have established links between neighborhood social environments and health. In a previous study of 8197 adults, death rates for adults with low socioeconomic status (SES) were highest in high-SES neighborhoods, lower in moderate-SES neighborhoods and lowest in low-SES neighborhoods. This study examines whether these findings extend to time to hospitalization. Methods Population-based study of 1686 women and men, aged 25 to 74 at baseline, from 82 neighborhoods in four California cities. Participants were surveyed and medically examined in 1989–1990 and followed through the end of 2002. Neighborhood-level SES was defined by five census variables and divided into three levels. Individual-level SES was defined by household income and educational level and divided into tertiles (nine individual/neighborhood SES groups). Results There were 627 hospitalizations. The age- and gender-adjusted rates of any hospitalization between 1989–1990 and the end of 2002 for adults with low SES were highest for those living in high-SES neighborhoods (51% compared with 28% to 38% for adults from the other eight individual/neighborhood groups). For these adults, time to hospitalization, as indicated by survival curves, was significantly shorter compared with the other individual/neighborhood groups (p Conclusions These findings suggest that factors leading to increased mortality for adults with low SES in high-SES neighborhoods also affect hospitalization.
Flavor from strongly coupled supersymmetry

Strongly coupled supersymmetric theories can give rise to composite quarks and leptons at low energy. We show that the internal structure of these particles can explain the origin of three generations and provide a qualitative understanding of mass ratios and mixing angles between the different flavors of fermions, all within a renormalizable theory. The main point of the paper is to show how fermion masses and mixing angles can result from a {open_quotes}dual{close_quotes} Frogatt-Nielsen mechanism: fields neutral under SU(3){times}SU(2){times}U(1) that carry flavor quantum numbers are confined within quarks and leptons, and from their perturbative interactions arises the observed flavor structure. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Extending brands with new product concepts: The role of category attribute congruity, brand affect, and brand breadth

Abstract Brand extension decisions evolve from two distinct strategies: product category extensions or new product concept extensions. We examined new product concepts varying in degree of congruity with category schemata and matched them with brand names differing in affect and breadth. In addition, using new product concepts permitted a measurement of brand-equity transfer. High-affect-narrow-breadth brands were evaluated most positively when the concepts were moderately incongruous. However, low-affect-narrow- breadth brands exhibited declining evaluations as the concept became more incongruous. In contrast, broad-breadth brands were evaluated identically across the incongruity conditions. Additionally, positive brand equity was provided only by high-affect-broad-breadth brands in the extremely incongruous condition. Implications are discussed in terms of the appropriateness of a brand extension strategy.
Optical and control modeling for adaptive beam-combining experiments

The development of modeling algorithms for adaptive optics systems is important for evaluating both performance and design parameters prior to system construction. Two of the most critical subsystems to be modeled are the binary optic design and the adaptive control system. Since these two are intimately related, it is beneficial to model them simultaneously. Optic modeling techniques have some significant limitations. Diffraction effects directly limit the utility of geometrical ray-tracing models, and transform techniques such as the fast Fourier transform can be both cumbersome and memory intensive. We have developed a hybrid system incorporating elements of both ray-tracing and Fourier transform techniques. In this paper we present an analytical model of wavefront propagation through a binary optic lens system developed and implemented at Sandia National Laboratories. This model is unique in that it solves the transfer function for each portion of a diffractive optic analytically. The overall performance is obtained by a linear superposition of each result. The model has been successfully used in the design of a wide range of binary optics, including an adaptive optic for a beam combining system consisting of an array of rectangular mirrors, each controllable in tip/tilt and piston. Wavefront sensing and the control models for a beam combining system have been integrated and used to predict overall systems performance. Applicability of the model for design purposes is demonstrated with several lens designs through a comparison of model predictions with actual adaptive optics results.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
AN ANALYSIS OF SOME FAILURE DATA

Abstract This paper summarizes the rationale and statistical techniques employed in the analysis of some failure data obtained from operations performed by machines and people. These data are compared to frequency distributions arising from either an exponential or a normal theory of failure. The agreement between theory and data is evaluated.
Medieval and Modern Views of Universal Grammar and the Nature of Second Language Learning.

This paper examines the relationship between ideas of Universal Grammar (UG) and second language (L2) teaching and learning in medieval Europe, so as to bring light from the past to bear on 20th-century debate about the role of UG in L2 acquisition. Because the language used in the Middle Ages to speculate about UG was an L2 and because philosophers of language appropriated a metalanguage from L2 literature, there was commerce between the activities of L2 teaching and learning and attempts to define UG. Influence also flowed from work addressing the nature of language into L2 pedagogy. In the 20th century, much L2 research has adopted the tools and goals of generative linguistics, but few of the fruits of such work have been incorporated back into linguistic theory. Thus the different contexts of the medieval and modern eras have shaped in different ways how UG has been investigated and how L2s have been studied.
Dietary and medical treatments of obesity: an evaluative review.

Abstract The published results of various dietary and medical treatments of obesity are analyzed and discussed. The reviewed dietary treatments include: balanced, low carbohydrate, formula and “one predominant food” diets as well as various less common diets. Diets which have become popular during the last few years, such as Dr. Stillman's and Dr. Atkins' have been reviewed in detail and their rationale has been critically assessed. The medical treatments reviewed in the article include: bulk producing agents, diet clubs and groups, psychotherapy (including behavior modification), medicinal and hormonal preparations (oral and injectable), exercise and surgical treatment (lipectomy and small bowel bypass).
A summary of existing and planned experiment hardware for low-gravity fluids research

An overview is presented of (1) existing ground-based, low gravity research facilities, with examples of hardware capabilities, and (2) existing and planned space-based research facilities, with examples of current and past flight hardware. Low-gravity, ground-based facilities, such as drop towers and aircraft, provide the experimenter with quick turnaround time, easy access to equipment, gravity levels ranging from 10(exp -2) to 10(exp -6) G, and low-gravity durations ranging from 2 to 30 sec. Currently, the only operational space-based facility is the Space Shuttle. The Shuttle's payload bay and middeck facilities are described. Existing and planned low-gravity fluids research facilities are also described with examples of experiments and hardware capabilities.
Epidemiology of Osteoporosis in Women With Cognitive Impairment

Osteoporosis is increasing due to the aging of the population. Women with cognitive impairment from childhood are at disproportionally high risk for osteoporosis and fractures. Suggested explanations for this increased risk include high use of anticonvulsant medications, lower peak bone densities, and higher rates of nonambulation. Down syndrome seems to be an independent risk factor for low bone density and fractures, presumably due to lower muscle tone. Here, the limited information available on the epidemiology of osteoporosis in the general population and in women with cognitive disabilities is briefly reviewed. Health care professionals should consider women with cognitive disabilities at high risk for osteoporosis and fractures. Studies are needed to determine screening regimens and prevention strategies appropriate for women in this population.
Measurement of thermal rate constants by flash or laser photolysis in shock tubes: Oxidations of H2 and D2

Abstract The flash or laser photolysis-shock tube (FP- or LP-ST) technique for measuring thermal rate constants at high temperatures in reflected shock waves is discussed. The method of detection is atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy (ARAS). The hydrodynamic perturbation due to boundary layer formation is also discussed. Of particular interest is the effect of this process on the thermodynamic state of the hot gas in the reflected regime. Then the method is illustrated with recent results on reactions of importance in the oxidation mechanisms for H 2 and D 2 . On the basis of these new direct results, recommendations for the most important rate constants are presented.
Unit discharges in the mediodorsal nucleus of the rabbit evoked by electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb.

Summary The mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MD) in rabbits was explored with microelectrodes during electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb and tract. In agreement with previous results in the squirrel monkey, unit responses were located within the medial half of MD. Response patterns included early discharges with latencies of 50 msec or less, late discharges with latencies of more than 100 msec, or dual early and late responses. The interval between early and late responses was characteristically a silent period even in units with spontaneous activity. Units which responded at an early latency were more commonly seen than those which showed only a late response. Latencies to first spike within the former group ranged from 15 to 50 msec (median = 36 msec) when the rostral olfactory bulb was stimulated and from 8 to 36 msec (median = 20m sec) when the stimulating electrode was in the rostral retrobulbar area adjacent to the lateral olfactory tract. Major features of response showed some parallels with results obtained both in the squirrel monkey MD and in the cat prepyriform cortex, a structure reported to have direct anatomical connections with the medial portion of MD.
Liberalism and the Two Directions of the Local Food Movement

The local food movement is, increasingly, becoming a part of the modern American landscape. However, while it appears that the local food movement is gaining momentum, one could question whether or not this trend is, in fact, politically and socially sustainable. Is local food just another trend that will fade away or is it here to stay? One way to begin addressing this question is to ascertain whether or not it is compatible with liberalism, a set of influential political theories that have shaped and continue to shape our political system. In this paper, I argue that the local food movement is partially compatible with forms of liberalism that accept the limited application of the principle of neutrality, as there are two directions or trends within local food: (1) The systems based direction and (2) the individual focused direction. The systems based direction is not compatible while the individual focused movement is largely compatible with liberalism. I go on to argue that the two directions form a dialectic that increases the political and social sustainability of the movement as a whole. Conceiving of the individual focused and the systems focused directions as in opposition to one another is, itself, a mistake.
Multiple Estimates of Lake Erie Evaporation

Abstract Evaporation from large lakes cannot be measured directly, but several methods have been developed to compute lake evaporation. Because of the Great Lakes data limitations, evaporation determined by a single method is’ not sufficiently reliable and requires verification of accuracy by different methods. Monthly evaporation from Lake Erie was derived by the water budget, selected mass transfer, and the energy budget approaches. The period of record varies with the availability of data, 1937-68 for the water budget and mass transfer methods, and 1952-1968 for the energy budget method. Evaporation determined by the water budget method was used to provide control for the other methods. The evaporation rates varied from -9 to 25 cm/month with periods of low, median, and high annual evaporation averaging approximately 80, 90 and 100 cm. The analysis of results indicates that reasonably accurate evaporation estimates during the year can be obtained by the water budget and the modified Lake Hefner mass-transfer equations.
Agent Based Negotiation for Collaborative Design Decision Making

Abstract Complex design involves trade-offs and teamwork. To make collaborative design decisions, designers must negotiate with each other to resolve their discrepancies through exploring the design space, generating new ideas and compromising for agreement. Advances in negotiation research have been made in social psychology, distributed artificial intelligence, and decision theory. But few have been applied to design. Built on existing negotiation research, we are developing an agent based negotiation framework to support collaborative design decision-making. This paper presents the negotiation protocol, information models, and negotiation strategies of the framework followed by discussion of an application case example.
The ND5 subunit was labeled by a photoaffinity analogue of Fenpyroximate in bovine mitochondrial complex I

Fenpyroximate is a potent inhibitor of the mitochondrial proton-translocating NADH−quinone oxidoreductase (complex I). We synthesized its photoaffinity analogue [3H](trifluoromethyl)phenyldiazirinylfenpyroximate ([3H]TDF). When bovine heart submitochondrial particles (SMP) were illuminated with UV light in the presence of [3H]TDF, radioactivity was mostly incorporated into a 50 kDa band. There was a good correlation between radioactivity labeling of the 50 kDa band and inhibition of the NADH oxidase activity, indicating that a 50 kDa protein is responsible for the inactivation of complex I. Blue native gel electrophoresis of the [3H]TDF-labeled SMP revealed that the majority of radioactivity was found in complex I. Analysis of the complex I band on an SDS gel showed a major peak of radioactivity at ∼50 kDa. There are three subunits in complex I that migrate in this region: FP51K, IP49K, and ND5. Further analysis using the 2D gel electrophoresis implied that the labeled protein was the ND5 subunit. Labeli...
miR-371-3 Expression Predicts Neural Differentiation Propensity in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Summary The use of pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medicine and disease modeling is complicated by the variation in differentiation properties between lines. In this study, we characterized 13 human embryonic stem cell (hESC) and 26 human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines to identify markers that predict neural differentiation behavior. At a general level, markers previously known to distinguish mouse ESCs from epiblast stem cells (EPI-SCs) correlated with neural differentiation behavior. More specifically, quantitative analysis of miR-371-3 expression prospectively identified hESC and hiPSC lines with differential neurogenic differentiation propensity and in vivo dopamine neuron engraftment potential. Transient KLF4 transduction increased miR-371-3 expression and altered neurogenic behavior and pluripotency marker expression. Conversely, suppression of miR-371-3 expression in KLF4-transduced cells rescued neural differentiation propensity. miR-371-3 expression level therefore appears to have both a predictive and a functional role in determining human pluripotent stem cell neurogenic differentiation behavior.
Short hairpin RNA suppression of thymidylate synthase produces DNA mismatches and results in excellent radiosensitization.

Purpose To determine the effect of short hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA)-mediated suppression of thymidylate synthase (TS) on cytotoxicity and radiosensitization and the mechanism by which these events occur. Methods and Materials shRNA suppression of TS was compared with 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) inactivation of TS with or without ionizing radiation in HCT116 and HT29 colon cancer cells. Cytotoxicity and radiosensitization were measured by clonogenic assay. Cell cycle effects were measured by flow cytometry. The effects of FdUrd or shRNA suppression of TS on dNTP deoxynucleotide triphosphate imbalances and consequent nucleotide misincorporations into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography and as pSP189 plasmid mutations, respectively. Results TS shRNA produced profound (≥90%) and prolonged (≥8 days) suppression of TS in HCT116 and HT29 cells, whereas FdUrd increased TS expression. TS shRNA also produced more specific and prolonged effects on dNTPs deoxynucleotide triphosphates compared with FdUrd. TS shRNA suppression allowed accumulation of cells in S-phase, although its effects were not as long-lasting as those of FdUrd. Both treatments resulted in phosphorylation of Chk1. TS shRNA alone was less cytotoxic than FdUrd but was equally effective as FdUrd in eliciting radiosensitization (radiation enhancement ratio: TS shRNA, 1.5-1.7; FdUrd, 1.4-1.6). TS shRNA and FdUrd produced a similar increase in the number and type of pSP189 mutations. Conclusions TS shRNA produced less cytotoxicity than FdUrd but was equally effective at radiosensitizing tumor cells. Thus, the inhibitory effect of FdUrd on TS alone is sufficient to elicit radiosensitization with FdUrd, but it only partially explains FdUrd-mediated cytotoxicity and cell cycle inhibition. The increase in DNA mismatches after TS shRNA or FdUrd supports a causal and sufficient role for the depletion of dTTP thymidine triphosphate and consequent DNA mismatches underlying radiosensitization. Importantly, shRNA suppression of TS avoids FP-mediated TS elevation and its negative prognostic role. These studies support the further exploration of TS suppression as a novel radiosensitizing strategy.
Misfit Dislocation Dipoles in Wire Composite Solids

Developed in this note is a theoretical model describing the mobility of a misfit screw dislocation dipole in a wire composite consisting of a stiff cylindrical substrate covered by a soft co-axial cylindrical film. A critical value of the film thickness, which is a function of the parameter measuring the stiffness of the film with respect to the substrate, is identified. It is observed that: (i) there exist two equilibrium positions of the misfit dislocation dipole (one stable and the other one unstable) when the film is thicker than the critical value; (ii) the two equilibrium positions of the misfit dislocation dipole converge to a single saddle point equilibrium position which is neither stable nor unstable when the thickness of the film is at the critical value; (iii) there exists no equilibrium position of the misfit dislocation dipole when the thickness of the film is below the critical value. These features could be useful to the design of wire composites and to the dislocation-related plasticity analysis.
Toxicity of the β-exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis to Tetranychus pacificus and Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Tetranychidae and Phytoseiidae)

The β-exotoxin of B. thuringtensis (thuringiensin) was toxic to adult female Tetranychus pacificus (McGregor) and Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) within 48–96 h when they were treated at rates from 0.125- to 4-fold the proposed field rate. Egg production by treated females of both species declined within 48 h. Treated larvae were unable to develop to adults. Treated eggs hatched, but larvae of both M. occidentalis and T. pacificus failed to develop. Thuringiensin is an effective but, at these rates, unselective acaricide. Because intrinsic selectivity is not present at the proposed field rates, selectivity will have to be achieved through other means if the product is to be incorporated into integrated pest management programs in which this predator is important.
A critical evaluation of the mechanisms of action proposed for the antitumor effects of the anthracycline antibiotics adriamycin and daunorubicin

The mechanisms responsible for the antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of the anthracycline antibiotics doxorubicin (Adriamycin®) and daunorubicin (daunomycin) have been the subject of considerable controversy. This commentary addresses the potential role of DNA synthesis inhibition, free radical formation and lipid peroxidation, DNA binding and alkylation, DNA cross-linking, interference with DNA strand separation and helicase activity, direct membrane effects, and the initiation of DNA damage via the inhibition of topoisomerase II in the interaction of these drugs with the tumor cell. One premise underlying this analysis is that only studies utilizing drug concentrations that reflect the plasma levels in the patient after either bolus administration or continuous infusion are considered to reflect the basis for drug action in the clinic. The role of free radicals in anthracycline cardiotoxicity is also discussed.
On a theorem of Titchmarch-Kodaira-Weidmann concerning absolutely continuous operators, I

In his book [3] Titchmarsh formulated a condition on the potential 1’ which ensured that the part of the operator -II2 + p over the open positive axis is absolutely continuous. Specifically he showed that this holds for an appropriate self-adjoint extension of this operator provided that p is absolutely integrable and satisfies some very general conditions. For brevity we shall refer to such potentials as Titchmarsh potentials. At the same time Kodaira [4] studied this problem independently. He showed that this property holds for a different class of potentials, namely, those for which the derivative satisfies the estimate,
Spectroscopic characterization of upconverting phosphor reporters

ABSTRACT We examined the spectroscopic properties of a novel class of reporters for biomedical diagnostics called upconvertingphosphors. These materials exhibit high emission efficiencies, extremely low background levels, no photobleaching, minimalphototoxicity and a variety of emission bands suitable for multi-analyte assays. In addition, they are buffer insensitive andcan be excited with inexpensive and compact diode lasers. These properties are very useful for immunoassays, nucleic acidassays, in vivo diagnostics, and other applications. We synthesized submicron monodisperse phosphors and measured theemission spectra, excitation spectra, and power dependencies for a variety of phosphor materials containing different active rare earth ions and host materials. In this paper, we discuss the relation between spectral properties and diagnostic applications.Keywords: Upconverting phosphors, immunoassay, nucleic acid assay, in vivo diagnostics 1. INTRODUCTION Upconverting phosphors, when used as fluorescent labels for biomedical assays, can greatly improve sensitivity. Initially thisability is not apparent because upconversion, in general, is regarded as a phenomenon that only occurs at high excitationintensity. The high sensitivity of upconverting phosphors comes from three things. First, the response is nonlinear; theintensity of upconverting phosphorescence increases as the square or even cube of the infrared excitation intensity. Second,upconversion generally converts the signal from the infrared to the visible region where a much higher detection sensitivitycan be achieved. Third, due to upconversion, the sensitivity is limited only by detection noise rather than by backgroundfluorescence and scattering, so the sensitivity can be high even when using high excitation intensities. In addition, low costdiode laser sources operating between 0.9 and 1 tm are available that can excite i3+
On the finite forms of Old Japanese verbs

The predicative and attributive forms of all Japanese verbs are built on an auxiliary that was attached to the infinitive or to the stem. The auxiliary is identified with the stem * wi[y]− < * w u /o−Ci− < * b u /o−Ci− * ‘be, stay’ (or, as non-auxiliary, ‘sit’). A passage of Old Japanese contains an interesting example, provided it is rescued from a misconstrual.
Multiple Space-Use Strategies and Their Divergent Consequences in a Nonbreeding Migratory Bird (Parkesia noveboracensis)

ABSTRACT. We investigated the relationships among space-use patterns, home-range attributes, and individual characteristics to determine the consequences of different space-use strategies for the overwinter physical condition of Northern Waterthrushes (Parkesia noveboracensis). We have elsewhere demonstrated that heterogeneity in food availability drives the movement decisions of site-persistent and itinerant individuals during the nonbreeding period. Here, we show that intraspecific competition played an important role in determining where individuals initially and eventually settled. Territoriality, characterized by aggression, site-persistence, and exclusive home ranges, was more often found in males. Territorial birds gained mass over the winter, whereas birds that made midseason home-range shifts or that had home ranges with high intraspecific overlap tended to lose mass over the winter. The benefits associated with territoriality may be the result of maintaining higher-quality territories that were ...
Hipparchus, Plutarch, Schröder, and Hough

1. HIPPARCHUS AND PLUTARCH. Plutarch was a Greek biographer and philosopher from Chaeronea, who was born before A.D. 50 and died after A.D. 120. He is best known for his Parallel Lives, which inspired such Renaissance writers as Montaigne, Shakespeare, Dryden, and Rousseau. His many other works have been gathered together under the name Moralia, "a collection of comparatively short treatises and dialogues which cover an immense range of subjects, literary, ethical, political, and scientific" [21, p. 8]. Part of the Moralia consists of the Table-Talk, "a collection of dialogues purporting to reproduce the after-dinner conversation of Plutarch and his friends and relatives on various occasions" [20, p. 2]. In the Table-Talk [20, VIII.9, 732] appears the following statement:
Crystal Structure and Mutational Analysis of Heparan Sulfate 3-O-Sulfotransferase Isoform 1

Heparan sulfate interacts with antithrombin, a protease inhibitor, to regulate blood coagulation. Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase isoform 1 performs the crucial last step modification in the biosynthesis of anticoagulant heparan sulfate. This enzyme transfers the sulfuryl group (SO(3)) from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the 3-OH position of a glucosamine residue to form the 3-O-sulfo glucosamine, a structural motif critical for binding of heparan sulfate to antithrombin. In this study, we report the crystal structure of 3-O-sulfotransferase isoform 1 at 2.5-A resolution in a binary complex with 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate. This structure reveals residues critical for 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate binding and suggests residues required for the binding of heparan sulfate. In addition, site-directed mutagenesis analyses suggest that residues Arg-67, Lys-68, Arg-72, Glu-90, His-92, Asp-95, Lys-123, and Arg-276 are essential for enzymatic activity. Among these essential amino acid residues, we find that residues Arg-67, Arg-72, His-92, and Asp-95 are conserved in heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferases but not in heparan N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase, suggesting a role for these residues in conferring substrate specificity. Results from this study provide information essential for understanding the biosynthesis of anticoagulant heparan sulfate and the general mechanism of action of heparan sulfate sulfotransferases.
Review of the taxonomic history and nomenclature of the yellow-green algae

Summary The taxonomic history of the yellow-green algae is reviewed with emphasis on classification above the rank of genus. Numerous nomenclatural situations in need of rectification or clarification are discussed. At the ordinal level Heterocapsales is rejected because Heterocapsa is a genus of dinoflagellates. As a substitute name Heterogloeales is proposed. At the family level Hetero-gloeaceae is proposed to replace Heterocapsaceae, an invalid name, while Heterococcaceae is proposed to replace both Heterocloniaceae, an invalid name, and Heterodendraceae, an illegitimate name. At the generic level Brachynematella is proposed as a substitute name for the later homonym Brachynema Alvik , Sphagnoikos for the later homonym Fremya P. A. Dangeard , Heterocalycina for the later homonym Heterocalyx Bursa , Xanthonema for the later homonym Heterothrix Pascher , and Radiosphaerella for the later homonym Radiosphaera Pascher . Meringosphaera subg. Eumeringosphaera sect. Raphidosphaera is elevated to generic rank. The type species of Bumilleria is shown to be B. borziana Wille rather than the universally cited B. sicula Borzi . The type species of Characiopsis is shown to be C. borziana Lemmeemann rather than C. minuta ( Braun ) Borzi or (C. pyriformis ( Braun ) Borzi . The type species of Neonema is shown to be N. quadratum Pascher rather than N. pumilum (W. and G. S. West ) Pascher . The type species of Pseudo-staurastrum is shown to be P. enorme ( Ralfs ) Chodat rather than P. hastatum ( Reinsch ) Bourrelly . A summary of names of higher taxa in the yellow-green algae is appended. For each name is given an indication of its status in accordance with the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and a general guide to its application.
Advocates for themselves: citizen participation in Federally supported community organizations.

Different patterns and purposes of citizen participation in Federally sponsored local programs are examined. The purposes of citizen participation are seen as varied and unclear. However, the pattern of participation appears to lend itself to some notion of intensit—yranging from employment of “citizens,” through dialogue and influence, to citizen control of local programs. This variation in pattern is further reflected in different decision structures for participation including advisory mechanisms, coalitions, and those allowing “citizen” control. Although control mechanisms are seen as having certain negative consequences for racial integration, it is concluded that citizen participation needs to be viewed as a goal of policy in addition to being an instrument for the achievement of other goals.
Profiles of Small, Lesser Developed Economies

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to determine whether, and in what manner, smaller developing countries differ from their larger counterparts in areas other than size per se and in addition to the commonly noted factors such as concentration of exports in GDP and so on. One of the main findings is that small countries tend to have a considerably larger share of GDP accounted for by the public sector. In fact, the share of public sector consumption in GDP was the most statistically significant economic variable found in differentiating large from small countries. Unfortunately for small countries, increasing the share of the public sector in the economy has tended to reduce their overall rates of growth and has left in its wake relatively large external public sector debts.
Characterization of an environmental DNA-derived gene cluster that encodes the bisindolylmaleimide methylarcyriarubin

Bisindolylmaleimides represent a naturally occurring class of metabolites that are of interest because of their protein kinase inhibition activity. From a metagenomic library constructed with soil DNA, we identified the four gene mar cluster, a bisindolylmaleimide gene cluster that encodes for methylarcyriarubin (1) production. Heterologous expression of the mar gene cluster in E. coli revealed that the Rieske dioxygenase MarC facilitates the oxidative decarboxylation of a chromopyrrolic acid (CPA) intermediate to yield the bisindolylmaleimide core. The characterization of the mar cluster defines a new role for CPA in the biosynthesis of structurally diverse bacterial tryptophan dimers.
Simulation as a Strategy to Teach Clinical Pediatrics Within a Nursing Curriculum

Abstract Background This article describes an exploratory study of communication, collaboration, confidence, learning opportunity, and error recognition in a sample of second-semester, Junior-level baccalaureate nursing students in their pediatric rotation. Methods Forty-seven students responded to a four-point questionnaire after each of four simulated case-study experiences (T1-T4). Three open-ended questions were asked. Results Of the ten questions surveyed, the difference in ability to recognize medical error was statistically significant. The open-ended questions revealed an increase in overall self-confidence. Conclusion Of the constructs measured, the ability to recognize medical error was achieved via the case studies presented to the students. There was no change over time in the students' perceptions of their confidence in collaboration or assessment skills, or in their learning opportunity.
Diagonal structures on topological spaces

Abstract We investigate when a topological space admits a partial product operation satisfying some rather weak continuity restrictions and almost nothing else-the only algebraic requirement is that some element e of X is a left and a right identity with respect to this multiplication. The operation is called partial diagonalization of X at e . Several sufficient conditions for a space to be partially diagonalizable are established. On the other hand, it is shown that certain deep results about the topological structure of compact topological groups can be extended to partially diagonalizable compact spaces. We also discover that partial diagonalizability plays an important role in the theory of cardinal invariants, in the study of homogeneous spaces, and in such classical topics of general topology as the theory of Stone–Cech compactification and the theory of Hewitt–Nachbin compactification. The notions of a Moscow space and of a C -embedding are instrumental in our study.
Knowledge management career: Perception versus reality

The panel will discuss the growing challenges in knowledge management education. Particularly they will debate and share their visions and experiences on following issues: • What are the career opportunities for students graduated from KM program? • What skills and knowledge should we empower our students in KM program? • What are the challenges in KM education? • What are the future trends in KM career and education? In the first part of the panel, we will report a comparative analysis of top KM programs in terms of their curriculum and job placement. In this, we would include both US and other countries. In the second part of the panel, each panelist will provide a balanced view of academia and industry addressing above issues. Four panelists are not only affiliated with the leading programs in knowledge management education in the states currently, but also have rich experience worldwide outside the academia like government, non-profit organization, and corporate in the past.
Cores of class II graphs

We find necessary and sufficient conditions for a graph G to be the core of a graph containing an overfull subgraph of the same maximum degree. Thus we enlarge the list of graphs known to be cores of class II graphs. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The least squares estimation of linear and nonlinear system weighting function matrices

The first part of this paper gives a general approach to the least squares estimation of the weighting function matrix of a linear multivariable system by using normal operating records. It will be shown that a great reduction in the dimensionality of the problem can be achieved by first obtaining a solution in the adjoint space. The estimated weighting function matrix can then be determined simply by operating on it with an adjoint operator. When the identification procedure is used on-line with the system operation, two recursive schemes are devised to up-date the estimation to incorporate adding new data and deleting old data. Finally, the identification of a nonlinear system which can be represented by a power series expansion for a continuous functional established by Frechet will be discussed. A steepest descent method in the Hilbert space and its modified version are introduced as a practical means for solving this estimation problem.
A Modular, Hybrid System Architecture for Autonomous, Urban Driving

Autonomous navigation in urban environments inevitably leads to having to switch between various, sometimes conflicting control tasks. Sting Racing, a collaboration between Georgia Tech and SAIC, has developed a modular control architecture for this purpose and thispaperdescribestheoperationanddefinitionofthisarchitecturethroughso-callednested hybrid automata. We show how to map the requirements associated with the DARPA Urban GrandChallengeontothesenestedautomataandillustratetheiroperationthroughanumber of experimental results.
Fetal wound healing Current perspectives

Early in gestation, fetal wounds are capable of healing scarlessly. Scarless healing in the fetus is characterized by regeneration of an organized dermis with normal appendages and by a relative lack of inflammation. Although there is a transition period between scarless and scar-forming repair, scarless healing also depends on wound size and the organ involved. The ability to heal scarlessly, furthermore, appears to be intrinsic to fetal skin. Unique characteristics of fetal fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, extra-cellular matrix, cytokine profile, and developmental gene regulation may be responsible for the scarless phenotype of early gestation fetal wounds. With the current knowledge, only minimal success has been achieved with the topical application of neutralizing antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, and growth factors to improve wound-healing outcomes. Thus, further investigation into the mechanisms underlying scarless repair is crucial in order to devise more effective therapies for scar reduction and the treatment of cirrhosis, scleroderma, and other diseases of excessive fibrosis.