cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indoor way-finding method using IMU and magnetic tensor sensor measurements for visually impaired users

This paper introduces a new indoor way-finding method for the visually impaired person (VIP) by utilizing the naturally-generated inertial and geomagnetic information. Reliable and accurate indoor orientation and localization are provided by newly designed sensor fusion algorithms, which take advantage of inertial and geomagnetic information and overcome the inherent problems of the naturally-generated signals, such as low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high environmental sensitivity. Geomagnetic information compensates the sensor drift and accumulative error of the inertial sensors whereas the inertial sensors help to correct the orientation-related errors and drift of the magnetic fields. A parameter derived from the magnetic tensor is introduced for obstacle avoidance and object/destination approach, especially when the relatively large localization uncertainty exists. With a prototype developed based on the system design, several experiments under different indoor scenarios demonstrate that the proposed indoor-way finding method can guide the VIPs and avoid obstacles indoor efficiently and accurately.
Structural basis for acyl chain control over glycosphingolipid sorting and vesicular trafficking

Abstract The complex sphingolipids exhibit a diversity of ceramide acyl chain structures that influence their trafficking and intracellular distributions, but how the cell discerns among the different ceramides to affect such sorting remains unknown. To address mechanism, we synthesized a library of GM1 glycosphingolipids with naturally varied acyl chains and quantitatively assessed their sorting among different endocytic pathways. We found that a stretch of at least 14 saturated carbons extending from C1 at the water-bilayer interface dictated lysosomal sorting by exclusion from endosome sorting tubules. Sorting to the lysosome by the C14*-motif was cholesterol dependent. Perturbations of the C14*-motif by unsaturation enabled GM1 entry into endosomal sorting tubules of the recycling and retrograde pathways independently of cholesterol. Unsaturation occurring beyond the C14*-motif in very long acyl chains rescued lysosomal sorting. These results define a structural motif underlying membrane organization of sphingolipids and implicate cholesterol-sphingolipid nanodomain formation in sorting mechanisms.
Update on Minimally Invasive Surgical Approaches for Rectal Cancer.

This review aims to clarify the current role of minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of rectal cancer, highlighting short- and long-term outcomes from the latest trials and studies. Data from previous trials has been conflicting, with some failing to demonstrate non-inferiority of laparoscopic surgical resection of rectal cancer compared to an open approach and others demonstrating similar clinical outcomes. Robot-assisted surgery was thought to be a promising solution to the challenges faced by laparoscopic surgery, and even though the only randomized controlled trial to date comparing these two techniques did not show superiority of robot-assisted surgery over laparoscopy, more recent retrospective data suggests a statistically significant higher negative circumferential resection margin rate, decreased frequency of conversion to open, and less sexual and urinary complications. Minimally invasive surgery techniques for resection of rectal cancer, particularly robot-assisted, offer clear short-term peri-operative benefits over an open approach; however, current data has yet to display non-inferiority in terms of oncological outcomes.
Soil-Cement Pipe Bedding: Canadian River Aqueduct

Approximately 320 miles of pipeline on the Canadian River Aqueduct were bedded with a plastic soil-cement backfill. In this method, which was developed by the American Concrete Pipe and Construction Co., the pipe was set in a semicircular trench slightly larger than the pipe and the annular space was filled with plastic soil-cement. The bedding provides a direct transfer of the pipe load to the undisturbed foundation material; therefore, this method is suitable where the foundation is firm. The soil-cement consisted of 2 to 2-1/2 sacks of cement per cu yd of sand mixed with sufficient water to make it pumpable. Construction control was exercised to assure proper proportioning. Record compressive strength tests and laboratory tests were conducted to determine the general properties. A fall-sized test section showed the performance of the bedding to be satisfactory during a period of drying.
Completeness Comparisons Among Sequences of Samples

Two sets of sample values are available. It is known that one is a complete random sample while the other is the remainder after censoring of a complete random sample from the same population. It is required to decide which set was censored. Two methods of approach are described—one requiring a knowledge of the population distribution and the other distribution free. The loss of power in the latter is shown to be quite small. Extensions to more than two sets of sample values, and to sequences of sets are also discussed.
Development of an NDBC Standard Buoy

In the last five years the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) has assumed operational responsibility for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART®) network and the Tropical Atmospheric Ocean (TAO) network. This created an NDBC observing system consisting of approximately 195 buoy platforms, over a 250 percent increase from the 2002 fleet of 76 buoy platforms. Despite, in many instances, performing similar missions, these platforms had several different hull and electronic configurations. This, coupled with a dramatic decrease in availability of support assets, has created the potential for operational and logistical bottlenecks. NDBC has taken this opportunity to analyze and optimize the manner in which it conducts business in order to make its operations more cost-effective and increase the overall data availability of the network. One of the main products of this effort is the development of an NDBC Standard Buoy. This buoy has been designed to transcend the three main programs operated by NDBC, both individually and collectively, from the same platform. Additionally, this platform will be used as a form factor for the adoption of any additional programs in the future. This presentation will discuss the technical details of the standard buoy and the present status of the prototyping phase.
Theory of One-Channel versus Multichannel Kondo Effects for Ce3+ Impurities.

We introduce a model for ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ impurities in cubic metals which exhibits competition between the Fermi-liquid fixed point of the single-channel Kondo model and the non-Fermi-liquid fixed point of the two- and three-channel Kondo models. Using the noncrossing approximation and scaling theory, we find the following: (i) A possible three-channel Kondo effect between the one- and two-channel regimes in parameter space. (ii) The sign of the thermopower is a fixed point diagnostic. (iii) Our results will likely survive the introduction of additional ${f}^{2}$ and conduction states. We apply this model to interpret the non-Fermi-liquid alloy ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ce}}_{x}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2.2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$.
A Comparison of Model Error Representations in Mesoscale Ensemble Data Assimilation

AbstractMesoscale forecasts are strongly influenced by physical processes that are either poorly resolved or must be parameterized in numerical models. In part because of errors in these parameterizations, mesoscale ensemble data assimilation systems generally suffer from underdispersiveness, which can limit the quality of analyses. Two explicit representations of model error for mesoscale ensemble data assimilation are explored: a multiphysics ensemble in which each member’s forecast is based on a distinct suite of physical parameterization, and stochastic kinetic energy backscatter in which small noise terms are included in the forecast model equations. These two model error techniques are compared with a baseline experiment that includes spatially and temporally adaptive covariance inflation, in a domain over the continental United States using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model for mesoscale ensemble forecasts and the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) for the ensemble Kalman filt...
Micro-Pocket Fission Detectors (MPFDs) for in-core neutron detection

Abstract Neutron sensors capable of real-time measurement of neutrons in high-flux environments are necessary for tests aimed at demonstrating the performance of experimental nuclear reactor fuels and materials in material test reactors (MTRs). In-core Micro-Pocket Fission Detectors (MPFDs) have been studied at Kansas State University for many years. Previous MPFD prototypes were successfully built and tested with promising results. Efforts are now underway to develop advanced MPFDs with radiation-resistant, high-temperature materials capable of withstanding irradiation test conditions in high performance material and test reactors. Stackable MPFDs have been designed, built, and successfully demonstrated as in-core neutron sensors. Advances in the electrodeposition and measurement of neutron reactive material, along with refinements to composition optimization simulations, have enhanced the capabilities of contemporary MPFDs.
Elevated serine catabolism is associated with the heat shock response in Escherichia coli.

The biochemical events associated with the heat shock response are not well understood in any organism, nor have the signals that initiate the induction of heat shock protein synthesis been identified. In this work, we demonstrate that the rate of serine catabolism of Escherichia coli cells grown in glucose minimal medium supplemented with serine is elevated three- to sevenfold when the growth temperature is shifted from 37 to 44 degrees C. Elevations in growth temperature and mutations or treatments that lead to elevated basal rates of serine catabolism at 37 degrees C result in the excretion into the culture medium of acetate derived from exogenous serine. Increases in the basal level of serine catabolism at 37 degrees C do not per se induce a heat shock response but are associated with abnormalities in the pattern of induction of heat shock polypeptides following a temperature shift. We postulate that the events responsible for or resulting from the elevation in serine catabolism associated with a shift-up in temperature modulate the induction of 3 of the 17 heat shock polypeptides identified in E. coli. These observations suggest that heat shock diverts serine away from the production of glycine and C1 units, which are required for initiation of protein synthesis and for nucleotide biosynthesis, and towards acetyl coenzyme A and acetate. Images
Assimilation efficiency of a temperate-zone intertidal fish (Cebidichthys violaceus) fed diets of macroalgae

We studied assimilation efficiencies of the temperate-zone intertidal fish Cebidichthys violaceus (Girard, 1854) fed in the laboratory on each of the following species of macroalgae: Spongomorpha coalita (Chlorophyta), Ulva lobata (Chlorophyta), Iridaea flaccida (Rhodophyta) and Porphyra perforata (Rhodophyta). Together, these 4 algae make up over 75% of the natural summer diet of C. violaceus. Assimilation efficiency was calculated by proximate organic analysis of food and feces; the amount of ash in food and feces was used as a standard. Depending on the algal species, the fish assimilated 43 to 81% of the protein, 21 to 44% of the lipid, 45 to 62% of the carbohydrate and 31 to 52% of all three classes of organic material combined. These data are the first results showing that a temperate-zone marine fish can assimilate macroalgal constituents. Protein, carbohydrate and total organic material were absorbed more efficiently from rhodophytes than from chlorophytes. Conversely, lipid was absorbed more efficiently from chlorophytes than from rhodophytes. These results are compared with previous work showing that C. violaceus in nature eats more chlorophytes than rhodophytes, but in laboratory preference tests prefers rhodophytes to chlorophytes.
Mapped continuation methods for computing all solutions to general systems of nonlinear equations

Abstract In many fields of engineering and science, use of mathematical models leads to systems of linear algebraic and nonlinear algebraic and transcendental equations. When all equations are linear, software packages such as LINPACK and YSMP can be applied to obtain the single solution. When the system contains nonlinear equations, more than one solution may exist, but until recently software packages were designed to obtain at best just one solution from a specified starting guess. If the nonlinear equations are all of polynomial form, recent software packages such as HOMPACK and CONSOL can systematically locate all solutions. The study reported here addresses the general case where the system may contain nonlinear equations with transcendental terms. By forming a fixed-point global homotopy and applying differential arclength continuation in finite mapped space, the two methods described (toroidal mapping and boomerang mapping) have located all solutions from a single starting guess for all cases studied. The two methods are illustrated for the case of an adiabatic continuous stirred-tank reactor operating in a steady-state mode with two consecutive reactions taking place, one of which is catalytic and irreversible with the other noncatalytic and reversible. All five steady-state solutions are found by each method.
Characterization and design of out-of-ecliptic trajectories using deterministic crowding genetic algorithms

Abstract This paper investigates the application of Deterministic Crowding Genetic Algorithms to the characterization and design of special trajectories in the spatial circular restricted three-body problem with the Sun and the Earth as the primary gravitational bodies. These trajectories are characterized by large displacements normal to the Sun–Earth ecliptic plane. This attribute renders them particularly suitable for space-borne infrared observatories, because the normal component of motion results in a significantly reduced noise from the interplanetary (zodiacal) dust and a concomitant reduction in the necessary size of the optical collecting area. The characterization process yields three new types of trajectories with large normal displacement. By using the results of the characterization process, we continue with genetic algorithms-based trajectory design, which yields promising results in terms of reduction of the zodiacal dust noise.
Evaluation Of Erasable Optical Recorder Materials

Optical mass data storage systems have developed to the point of application. The advantages of the optical techniques are packing density and increased data rates with random access for retrieval. The key to improvement is the record material; although acceptable archival materials have been developed, progress continues with more efficient techniques and materials to increase packing density, S/N, and data rates. However, to qualify for total competition with magnetic storage systems, it is necessary to provide an erasable and reusable medium, which this paper will discuss.
"Supercharged" isoperistaltic colon interposition for long-segment esophageal reconstruction.

Background When the stomach is not available, long-segment esophageal reconstruction remains a surgical challenge. Since 2005, we have used a "supercharged" isoperistaltic colon interposition conduit for long-segment esophageal reconstruction that reestablishes a dual blood supply. Methods An institutional database search of 449 patients who underwent esophagectomy from 2005 to 2012 identified 11 consecutive patients who underwent long-segment esophageal reconstruction using an isoperistaltic supercharged right (n = 9) or left (n = 2) colon conduit. All conduits were routed through the anterior mediastinum, maintaining the middle colic (right) or ascending left colic vessels (left) in situ, with reimplantation of the ileocolic vessels (right) or middle colic vessels (left) into the left internal thoracic artery and brachiocephalic vein to improve distal conduit blood flow. Results Patients were a mean age of 64 years (range, 47 to 76 years). Seven patients had a history of malignancy and 4 had a benign process. The stomach was unavailable for reconstruction due to prior gastric operations (n = 9) or neoplastic involvement (n = 2). All reimplanted vessels demonstrated excellent flow by Doppler evaluation. Esophagocolonic healing was successful in all patients; however, 1 patient required a temporary stent. Conclusions Supercharged isoperistaltic colon interposition appears to be an excellent option for the challenging situation where long-segment esophageal reconstruction is needed and the stomach is not available. The additional effort required to reestablish a dual blood supply appears justified to minimize ischemic-related morbidity. Unlike long-segment small bowel "supercharged" techniques, adequate blood supply to the distal conduit may still be present in case thrombosis of the reimplanted vessels occurs.
Intensive combination drug therapy of familial hypercholesterolemia with lovastatin, probucol, and colestipol hydrochloride.

Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) have had a life-long sustained elevation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. Consequently, there is a need to maximally lower their elevated levels, and this usually requires lowering LDL levels more than 50%. Because no single hypolipidemic drug will consistently produce such degrees of lowering, combination drug therapy with two or even three agents is required to produce the desired degree of cholesterol lowering. A prospective trial was designed to determine if combination therapy using three hypolipidemic agents could effectively lower LDL levels in 17 severely affected FH subjects. Colestipol hydrochloride (10 g b.i.d.), probucol (500 mg b.i.d.), and lovastatin (20 or 40 mg b.i.d.) were given to each patient, in varying combinations, over a 25-month period. Lovastatin (40 mg/day) uniformly lowered LDL levels 36%. Probucol lowered LDL only 14% and in a variable manner. The combination of lovastatin and probucol lowered LDL no better than lovastatin alone. Lovastatin plus colestipol lowered LDL 52%; probucol added as a third agent produced no further lowering. Lovastatin (80 mg/day) plus colestipol lowered LDL 56%. Lovastatin increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels 6%, whereas probucol decreased HDL 29%. In all patients there was an effective lowering of LDL levels, ranging from 40% to 70%. Thus, lovastatin plus colestipol is an effective hypolipidemic regimen for producing marked decreases in LDL levels in FH subjects. The addition of probucol as a third hypolipidemic agent adds little to the therapeutic regimen as measured by lowering of LDL levels.
Adam Smith and the Human Stomach

I. Adam Smith and man's wants, 275. — II. Extent to which wants for food are satiated, 276. — III. Relation of the capacity of the human stomach to satiation of wants for food, 278. — IV. Variations in economic cost of various diets, 280. — V. Relation of wants for food to wants for other consumer goods, 281. — VI. Factors of importance in determining the population a country can feed, 283. — VII. Conclusion, 285.
Assessing Customer Satisfaction: The Key to Comprehensive Customer Service

In today’s competitive health care environment, health care providers must continually identify strategies that enhance customer service. At a rehabilitation hospital in Washington, D.C., three objectives were initiated in this facility’s stroke program (SP): (1) Develop a standardized process for assessing patient satisfaction, (2) investigate the use of a satisfaction survey early in a patient’s in-patient stay to identify areas of concern, and (3) determine if utilizing a service recovery process could effectively address dissatisfaction during the patient’s hospital course. The methodology, data analysis, and applications are discussed. Data indicated that patient satisfaction during hospitalization, in conjunction with service recovery interventions, was higher at discharge. This approach has been key to a comprehensive customer service program and the hospital’s present and future initiatives.
Tumoral calcinosis masquerading as metastatic carcinoma

Abstract Two cases of tumoral calcinosis localized in the female genital area are described. This benign lesion, which is usually found around the joints, has not been reported in the gynecologic literature. Furthermore, both patients in whom we saw this lesion had a known or suspected primary gynecologic malignancy. Consequently, tumoral calcinosis was misinterpreted as metastatic carcinoma in both these patients. A need to recognize this condition is therefore stressed. Pertinent literature on this subject is briefly reviewed.
EXPRESSION OF THE DEATH-ASSOCIATED GENE RP-8 IN GRANULE CELL NEURONS UNDERGOING POSTNATAL CELL DEATH IN THE CEREBELLUM OF WEAVER MICE

RP-8 is one of several mRNAs elevated during apoptosis in immature thymocytes. We used in situ hybridization to look for RP-8 mRNA in the cerebella of weaver mice. In the weaver mouse cerebellar granule cells fail to differentiate and instead die during the first two weeks of postnatal development [30]. We demonstrate that the dying cells exhibit DNA degradation, a characteristic feature of apoptosis. RP-8 is expressed in the weaver cerebellum during the period of granule cell death, and is limited to cells in the same region where apoptotic granule cells are located. Thus, RP-8 expression, first associated with PCD in thymocytes, correlates with granule cell death in the weaver cerebellum.
An optimized authentication protocol for mobile network reconsidered

In [6], an authenticated key transport protocol was proposed for establishing secure communications between a base station and a mobile unit. The protocol is public-key based and relies on certificates to validate public keys of communicating parties. A signature scheme was also proposed and used in the certification mechanism of the protocol. We find that the signature scheme is vulnerable to an attack which allows an adversary to generate a signature on any message at its will. In this paper, we describe the attack and explain how the entire system can be compromised by an intruder after eavesdropping only one single run of the protocol.
Structure and origin of the eggshell ofQuinqueserialis quinqueserialis (Trematoda: Notocotylidae)

Ultrastructural studies were conducted on the eggshell and portions of the female reproductive system of the notocotylid trematodeQuinqueserialis quinqueserialis (Barker and Laughlin 1911). The eggshell consists of long bipolar filaments extending from an ovoid egg capsule. The egg capsule, formed within the ootype, is composed of an inner electron-dense layer of vitelline origin and an outer membranous layer containing many shallow pits derived from membranous secretions of the Mehlis' gland. Filaments are formed at the level of the fourth uterine loop from electron-dense secretions produced within the uterine epithelium. Filament elongation continues as eggs pass through the remaining uterine loops.
Correlation of Cs/foreign gas diffuse bands with theoretical interaction potentials

Fluorescence excitation is employed to survey diffuse spectral bands in mixtures of Cs with He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, or N2 over the wavelength range 430–470 nm. Direct fluorescence and sensitized fluorescence at low pressures are also utilized to associate various diffuse bands with their respective atomic parent lines. The line-band associations, along with the positions and strengths of the bands, are then correlated with theoretical potentials for the collision pairs. The potentials exhibit a rich structure in the excited state which qualitatively describes many of the diffuse band characteristics and lead to the following conclusions: (1) red satellite bands are correlated with long-range (20–30 a.u.) shallow potential wells in the excited state, (2) violet satellite bands are correlated with maxima in the excited state potentials in the range 10–20 a.u., and (3) detached bands are formed near avoided crossings in the range 6–10 a.u. A diagnostic technique for foreign gas density is also demonstrated for N2 and He.
Formation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from Humic Substances in Natural Water

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)formation in chloraminated Iowa River water (IRW) is primarily attributed to reactions with natural organic matter (NOM) generally classified as humic substances. Experiments were conducted to determine the contribution of various NOM humic fractions to the NDMA formation potential (NDMA FP) in this drinking water source. NOM was concentrated by reverse osmosis (RO) and humic fractions were obtained by a series of resin elution procedures. Mass balances showed that nearly 90% of the NDMA formation potential could be recovered in the NOM concentrate and in water reconstituted using additions of the various humic fractions. Generally, the hydrophilic fractions tended to form more NDMA than hydrophobic fractions, and basic fractions tend to form more NDMA than acid fractions when normalized to a carbon basis. Overall, the hydrophobic acid fraction was the dominant source of NDMA when both formation efficiency and water composition were considered. The amount of NDMA formed in a sample was found to correlate linearly with an oxidation-induced decrease in specific UV absorbance (SUVA) value at 272 nm. This is consistent with a mechanism in which precursors are formed as the direct consequence of the oxidation of NOM. The NDMA FP estimated using the slope of this relationship and the initial SUVA value compared closely to the value obtained by measuring the NDMA formed in solutions dosed with excess concentrations of monochloramine that presumably exhaust all potential precursor sources. However, the NOMA FP could not be correlated to the SUVA value of the individual humic fractions indicating that the relationship of the NDMA FP to SUVA value is probably a water-specific parameter dependent on the exact composition of humic fractions. It is hypothesized that either specific NDMA precursors are distributed among the various humic fractions or that the humic material itself represents a "generic" nonspecific precursor source that requires some degree of oxidation to eventually produce NDMA. The nonmonotonic behavior of NOM fluorescence spectra during chloramination and lack of correlation between NOM fluorescence characteristics and NDMA formation limited the usage of fluorescence spectra into probing NDMA formation.
A language for music printing

A music-description language designed to facilitate both electronic communication and publication-quality printing of musical scores incorporates a syntax for expressing concurrency and two-dimensionality and places new demands on text formatters.
Chromosome replication in aging human diploid fibroblasts

Abstract The patterns of termination of DNA replication in human embryonic MRC-5 fibroblasts at four passage levels have been examined by autoradiography. Only chromosome 9 showed statistically significant differences in the time of replication among cultures of different ages. This chromosome terminated replication earlier at later passages than at earlier passages, primarily because of differences in the time of replication of the centromere region. Because very few differences were observed at different passage levels, we conclude that changes in the order of chromosome replication are unlikely to contribute to the phenomenon of in vitro senescence.
Tissue binding of lectins in disorders of the breast

Twenty breast lesions including seven scirrhous ductal carcinomas, one infiltrating lobular carcinoma, one colloid carcinoma, four fibroadenomas, and seven cases of fibrocystic disease were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy for the presence and distribution of lectin-binding carbohydrates. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections were tested with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Ricin communis agglutinin I (RCA I), peanut agglutinin (PNA), Soybean agglutinin (SBA), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I), and concanavalin A (Con A). Brightest and most consistent staining regardless of the nature of the breast lesion was obtained with WGA followed in approximate order of staining intensity by RCA, PNA, SBA/DBA and Con A. UEA I stained many of the benign breast lesions but no malignant lesions. Lectin binding carbohydrate in benign lesions was localized mainly along the apices of mammary epithelial cells but there was considerable variation in staining patterns among malignant tumors. The fluorescence microscopic arrangement of lectin binding carbohydrate appears distinct for each malignant neoplasm of breast but is more consistent in benign conditions.
Records of Trichoptera from South Carolina, U.S.A.1

Seven species of Trichoptera are recorded from South Carolina for the first time. These species were previously known from North Carolina but have now been found in northern Pickens County, South Carolina, which shares a border with North Carolina. These new records bring the total number of South Carolina Trichoptera species from 253 to 260. Distributions and synonyms for each new record are given.
Kinetic studies of the oxidative dimerization of methane on thin-film MgO and Li/MgO

The oxidative dimerization of methane to ethane over thin-film MgO and Li/MgO catalysts prepared under well-controlled, ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions has been studied using a combination UHV/reactor cell system that allows elevated pressure kinetic studies and surface science techniques to be employed. Reactions investigating temperature, pressure and pretreatment activation have been performed to determine ethane dependence on each reaction parameter. Agreement between turnover frequencies, activation energies and lithium promotional effects of the thin-film MgO and previously reported results for powdered MgO indicates that the thin-film catalyst is an excellent model catalyst for the oxidative coupling of methane.
Potential of Inmate Self-Government

Inmate self-government is one of the strategies for moving correctional institutions away from the crime control establishment model and toward the community subsystem model Authentic participation in government of these institutions, however, awaits resolution of basic questions. With the prison organization provide the prerequisite conditions?. Will the inmates be prepared for effective participation. since the suicide processes of criminal justice administration heavily from those segments of the American population king expunge and incentives for significant political participation? Penal dorm depends on sociocultural changes in the society of which formations is a creature. Whether or not inmate self-government is o via reform strategy pivots ultimately on the revision of social attitudes toward deviants generally and the capacity of the prison to reduce significantly its social psychological isolation from the larger community system.
On Cubic Rings and Quaternion Rings

Abstract In this paper, we show that the orbits of some simple group actions parametrize cubic rings and quaternion rings.
Turning T-cell receptor β recombination on and off : more questions than answers

Summary: Successful V(D)J recombination at the T-cell receptor β (Tcrb) locus is critical for early thymocyte development. The locus is subject to a host of regulatory mechanisms that impart a strict developmental order to Tcrb recombination events and that insure that Tcrb recombination occurs in an allelically excluded fashion. Progress has been made in the understanding of the cis-acting control of Tcrb locus chromatin structure and the extent to which such accessibility control can account for the developmental regulation of Tcrb recombination. However, recent studies in our laboratory and elsewhere have made it abundantly clear that accessibility control is only part of the story, and multiple additional mechanisms impact both the developmental activation and inactivation of locus recombination events. Here we evaluate our current understanding of developmental regulation at the Tcrb locus. We highlight the many unresolved issues and we discuss how recent concepts emerging from studies of other antigen receptor loci may (or may not) help to resolve these issues.
Mutagenic and recombinagenic effects of diethylstilbestrol quinone.

Abstract Estrogens are believed to be major contributors to many cancers of the human female genital tract, but the mechanism of their carcinogenic action is not well-understood. While a tumor-promoting role for estrogens is well-supported, whether they also act as tumor initiators has remained controversial. Here, we have sought to examine the mutagenic potential of diethylstilbestrol, a synthetic estrogen that is a powerful carcinogen in hamsters, and is suspected to be a human carcinogen. Phage M13 single-stranded DNA was treated in vitro with diethylstilbestrol quinone (DES Q; 1.25 mM) and transfected into Escherichia coli cells. DES Q treatment resulted in an apparent enhancement of mutagenesis in the LacZ(α) gene segment. DNA sequence analysis of LacZ(α) mutants obtained by transfection of DES Q-treated DNA revealed that the major effect of DES Q treatment has been a 6-fold elevation of recombination between the phage-borne LacZ(α) sequence and the LacZΔM15 sequence on the E. coli fertility plasmid F. To confirm whether DES Q treatment is recombinagenic, we used an experimental system that allows the detection of recombination between a defective E. coli chromosomal LacY gene and a normal counterpart borne on a plasmid. Transfection of DES Q (0.06–12 mM) treated plasmid DNA showed significant enhancement (2-100-fold) in recombination, but not in mutagenesis. These results raise the possibility that estrogen quinones may induce recombinagenic DNA damage.
Acetylator Phenotype, Aminobiphenyl-Hemoglobin Adduct Levels, and Bladder Cancer Risk in White, Black, and Asian Men in Los Angeles, California

BACKGROUND There is a large body of epidemiologic and experimental data that have identified a number of arylamines as human bladder carcinogens. Metabolic activation is required to biotransform these arylamines into their carcinogenic forms, and N-hydroxylation, which is catalyzed by the hepatic cytochrome P4501A2 isoenzyme, is generally viewed as the first critical step. On the other hand, the N-acetylation reaction, catalyzed by the hepatic N-acetyltransferase enzyme, represents a detoxification pathway for such compounds. The N-acetyltransferase enzyme is coded by a single gene displaying two phenotypes, slow and rapid acetylators. In the United States, cigarette smoking is a major cause of bladder cancer in men, and carcinogenic arylamines present in cigarette smoke are believed to be responsible for inducing bladder cancer in smokers. PURPOSE Our purpose was to test the differences in three ethnic/racial groups for the prevalence of acetylator phenotypes and to ascertain whether slow acetylators actually have higher levels of activated arylamines in comparison with rapid acetylators. METHODS One hundred thirty-three male residents of Los Angeles County who were either white, black, or Asian (Chinese or Japanese) and over the age of 35 years were assessed for their acetylator phenotype and levels of 3- and 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP) hemoglobin adducts. Subjects were either lifetime nonsmokers (n = 72) or current cigarette smokers of varying intensity (n = 61). RESULTS The proportion of slow acetylators was highest among whites (54%), intermediate among blacks (34%), and lowest among Asians (14%). Similarly, geometric mean levels of both 3- and 4-ABP-hemoglobin adducts were highest in whites (1.80 and 49.2 pg/g hemoglobin [Hb], respectively), intermediate in blacks (1.54 and 38.5 pg/g Hb), and lowest in Asians (0.73 and 36.0 pg/g Hb). As expected, cigarette smokers had significantly higher mean levels of both 3- and 4-ABP-hemoglobin adducts relative to nonsmokers, and the levels increased with the number of cigarettes smoked per day (P < .0005 for both adducts). Slow acetylators consistently exhibited higher mean levels of ABP-hemoglobin adducts relative to rapid acetylators, independent of race and level of smoking. CONCLUSION The present cross-sectional survey supports acetylation phenotype as an important determinant of bladder cancer risk and a possible major factor in the varying bladder cancer risk among whites, blacks, and Asians.
Biochemistry: Elusive source of sulfur unravelled

The metabolic origin of the sulfur atom in the naturally occurring antibiotic lincomycin A has been obscure — until now. The biosynthetic steps involved reveal surprising roles for two sulfur-containing metabolites. See Letter p.115 The biosynthetic origins of sulfur atoms found in natural products — or secondary metabolites — are not well understood. Mycothiol (MSH) is a cysteinyl pseudo-disaccharide found in Gram-positive actinobacteria, and the conjugation of this thiol-containing compound to electrophilic toxins facilitates their excretion from the bacterial cell. Actinomycetes also produce another thiol, ergothioneine (EGT), a histidine betaine derivative of unknown function. In this paper, the authors showed that MSH and EGT have important roles in the biosynthesis of lincomycin A, a sulfur-containing antibiotic that is used to treat severe Gram-positive bacterial infections in people who cannot receive penicillin antibiotics.
Protection against CNS Ischemia by Temporary Interruption of Function-Related Processes of Neurons

Summary: Previous studies have shown that most of the energy consumption of CNS tissue is used for processes that subserve signaling functions of the cells. Since these function-related processes are probably not essential to cell viability, blocking them reversibly with a combination of pharmacologic agents should protect cells from a reduction in energy metabolism. Preliminary experiments to test this hypothesis were performed on isolated rabbit retinas. They were maintained in a newly devised chamber that permitted continuous monitoring of electrophys-iological function for ≥8 h. Ischemia was simulated by a 6-fold reduction in both O2 and glucose. This caused a rapid (t1/2 75 s) and complete loss of the light-evoked response in the optic nerve. Untreated retinas showed full recovery after ½ h of deprivation, but only 50% recovery after 1 h and little or no recovery after 2 or 3 h. Retinas exposed during 3 h of deprivation to a combination of six agents that abolished electrophysiologic function and reduced glucose utilization [tetrodotoxin (TTX), 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB), 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), amiloride, Mg2+, and Li + ] showed full recovery. We conclude that reducing energy requirements by blocking functional processes can prevent ischemic damage.
Remote sensing and GIS applications for estuarine ecosystem analysis: an overview

This article provides an overview on the status of remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) applications in developing landscape‐level environmental indicators for estuarine ecosystem assessment. These broad‐scape indicators are related to near‐shore water quality, submergent aquatic vegetation, coastal wetlands, as well as watershed landscape structure and pattern. Slightly different from other general reviews, this paper focuses more on the contributions included in this Special Issue that highlight the remote sensing and GIS research conducted by scientists from the US EPS EaGLe (Estuarine and Great Lakes) Program. Following on from the content of this Special Issue, some future research priorities are identified which may be particularly useful to meet the needs of estuarine researchers and resource managers. Finally, the research needs and major challenges for integrated assessment of an estuarine ecosystem by using remote sensing and GIS are discussed.
Perioperative management of anticoagulation: guidelines translated for the clinician

The perioperative management of patients taking vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) is an evolving area of medicine and poses significant challenges for health care providers. It has been estimated that this issue affects approximately 250,000 patients annually, and the number of patients requiring chronic anticoagulation continues to increase. The lack of evidence, along with the wide variety of clinical scenarios, requires complex decision making on the part of clinicians. In general, when a patient on chronic anticoagulation requires a planned procedure, the clinician must assess the risk of perioperative thrombotic events and the risk of perioperative bleeding complications and weigh those risks in determining the safest perioperative strategy. We aimed to summarize and provide our opinion about the recommendations from the recent 8th edition of the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) guidelines for the perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy.
Reiterative laparoscopic surgery for recurrent gastroesophageal reflux

Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is successful in preventing reflux in more than 95% of patients. However, over time, there appears to be failure of the fundoplication either with wrap breakdown and/or transmigration of the wrap through the esophageal hiatus in 5% to 10% of patients. It is unlikely that medical management will be successful in controlling the reflux symptoms following either wrap breakdown and/or transmigration. Thus, operative repair for control of recurrent symptoms is required in most cases. This article outlines the etiology for recurrent gastroesophageal reflux disease, presentation of the patient with wrap failure or transmigration, steps which the authors have taken to help prevent these complications from developing, and our approach for those patients who require re-operation.
Predicting velocity in bendway weir eddy fields

Rehabilitation of the Middle Rio Grande (MRG) in central New Mexico has become necessary because of changes in morphology resulting from the installation of dams, and because of habitat restoration considerations for the endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus). Bendway weirs are erosion control and channel-stabilization structures placed transverse to the channel flow that have been increasingly used to prevent river migration while simultaneously enhancing aquatic habitat. Plans for rehabilitation along the MRG include the use of bendway weirs; however, past projects using these structures have relied on field experience and engineering judgment rather than specific design guidelines. A physical model of a reach of the MRG was constructed to develop empirical design equations for eddy velocities in bendway weir fields. Data from physical model simulations were used to develop two empirical expressions for predicting eddy velocities behind bendway weirs, along with two expressions for predicting velocities at the toe of installed weirs. These equations relate the velocity found after bendway weir installation to weir design characteristics and pre-weir channel conditions. A designer can use the described approach to predict velocities in eddies and velocities at the toe of bendway weirs using only weir design variables and pre-weir channel conditions, and thus avoid some of the uncertainty with weir design that previously existed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo 31P NMR measurement of glucose-6-phosphate in the rat muscle after exercise.

Comparison of 31 P NMR spectra of the rat gastrocnemius, obtained in vivo and from PCA extracts, after electrically induced contractions, demonstrates that glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) is the major metabolite in the low-field part of the PME spectral region. In vivo 31 P NMR can thus be used to measure the muscle G6P concentration after exercise
Differential expression of small RNAs from Burkholderia thailandensis in response to varying environmental and stress conditions.

Background Bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) regulate gene expression by base-pairing with downstream target mRNAs to attenuate translation of mRNA into protein at the post-transcriptional level. In response to specific environmental changes, sRNAs can modulate the expression levels of target genes, thus enabling adaptation of cellular physiology.
The drama of realtime complementarity

(1972). The drama of realtime complementarity. The Philosophy Forum: Vol. 11, No. 1-2, pp. 167-206.
Coherent wave reflection from a random half-space

An exact solution to the scalar Dyson equation in the bilocal approximation is given for a scalar wave obliquely incident on a random half-space whose mean dielectric constant is the same as that for the uniform nonrandom medium in the conjugate halfspace. It is shown that in addition to the dominant coherent wave, a second highly damped wave is weakly excited at the interface.
Biculturalism and self-construal

Abstract Evidence on the dimensionality of self-construal points to the coexistence of both an independent and an interdependent self-image. Drawing on conceptualizations of the acculturation process, this study is a preliminary examination of the distinctiveness of four hypothesized self-construal patterns: Bicultural, Western, Traditional, and Culturally-alienated. Different types of individuals, having experienced varying amounts of cultural contact and having made different choices in adjusting to cultural groups, might portray distinctive self-construal patterns. Especially intriguing was the notion that those with a well developed sense of interdependence and a well developed sense of independence could be described as bicultural. To test this, persons from four a priori identified groups were selected to represent the four patterns of self-construal. We predicted that on a measure of self-construal, the mean scores of the respondents in the four groups would differ in strength with the bicultural experience group, in particular, exhibiting both a high independent and a high interdependent score on a measure of self-construals. Our hypotheses were supported. In terms of independent self-construal, the Bicultural and Western groups scored significantly higher than the Traditional and Alienated groups. For the interdependent self-construal, the Traditional and Bicultural groups scored significantly higher than the Western and Alienated groups. The bicultural group was the only group to score significantly higher on both types of construals. The availability of both types of self-construal would likely facilitate communication and adaptive behaviors for persons interacting in multiple cultures.
Effect of α2-adrenoceptor stimulation on isolated canine Purkinje fiber contraction

We have recently identified the presence of postjunctional alpha2-adrenoceptors in canine Purkinje fibers. In this study, we examined the effects of alpha2-adrenoceptor stimulation on the contraction strength of isolated Purkinje fibers. Exposure to the alpha2-adrenoceptor specific agonist and antagonist, UK 14,304 (5-bromo-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-6-quinoxalinamine) and yohimbine (17-hydroxyyohimban-16-carboxylic acid methyl ester hydrochloride) alone at 0.1 microM respectively, did not produce any significant effect on Purkinje contraction strength. Purkinje contraction strength was augmented by isoproterenol (0.1 microM), forskolin (0.1 microM), or 8-bromo-adenosine cyclic 2',3'-monophosphate (8-bromo-cAMP, 10 microM). UK 14,304 significantly reversed the effects of isoproterenol and forskolin but not those of 8-bromo-cAMP on Purkinje contraction strength. After incubation with pertussis toxin, the positive inotropic effect of forskolin on Purkinje contraction strength remained intact, but the forskolin effect could no longer be reversed by UK 14,304. These results suggest that the postjunctional alpha2-adrenoceptors in canine Purkinje fibers are coupled to a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein, probably Gi. Stimulation of the alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonizes the effect of beta-adrenoceptor stimulation on Purkinje contraction strength in an accentuated antagonism manner.