cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of gamma radiation on the shark brain

A comparison was made between the effects of gamma radiation on the elasmobranch and the mammalian brain. Thirty-seven nurse sharks (ginglymostoma cirratum) received a single exposure, in a range of 1 000 to 30 000 rads, to the brain. The animals remained seemingly unaffected in their behavior and at their sacrifice, between one day and 28 months after irradiation, no histological changes could be detected with the exception of one shark (exposed to 30 000 and sacrificed after 12 months) which showed two small necrotic lesions in the tegmentum. No detectable difference in amount and distribution of glycogen in the brain could be demonstrated between irradiated and non-irradiated sharks. Also, the irradiated sharks showed no changes of the blood-brain barrier to protein tracer. Rats irradiated with 25 000 to 30 000 rads to the brain from the same source died shortly after exposure or showed extensive necrotic lesions in the brain. These was also an intense accumulation of glycogen mostly in the astrocytes and a widespread disturbance of the bloodbrain barrier to Evans Blue-albumin tracer.
A Vision of Swarmlets

Swarmlets are applications and services that leverage networked sensors and actuators with cloud services and mobile devices. This article offers a way to construct swarmlets by composing "accessors,"' which are wrappers for sensors, actuators, and services, that export an actor interface. Actor semantics provides ways to compose accessors with disciplined and understandable concurrency models, while hiding from the swarmlet the details of the mechanisms by which the accessor provides sensor data, controls an actuator, or accesses a service. This architecture can leverage the enormous variety of mechanisms that have emerged for such interactions, including HTTP, Websockets, CoAP, and MQTT. Recognizing that these standards have emerged because of huge variability of requirements for bandwidth, latency, and security, accessors embrace heterogeneity instead of attempting to homogenize.
Two Tandem Binding Sites for Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins Are Required for Sterol Regulation of Fatty-acid Synthase Promoter

We previously reported that sterol regulation of the rat fatty-acid synthase was lost when the DNA sequence between −73 and −43 of the promoter was deleted from a luciferase reporter construct (Bennett, M. K., Lopez, J. M., Sanchez, H. B., and Osborne, T. F. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 25578-25583). We also showed that there was a binding site for sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) in this region that contains a palindromic E-box motif (5′-CANNTG-3′). This is the consensus recognition element for basic-helix-loop-helix leucine zipper containing proteins such as the SREBPs. However, the SREBPs are unique basic-helix-loop-helix leucine zipper proteins that not only bind to a subset of E-boxes but also to the direct repeat SRE-1 element of the low density lipoprotein receptor promoter as well as to variant sites present in the promoters for key enzymes of both cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis. Based on the sequence of the variant SREBP recognition sites in these other promoters, we noted there was more than one potential recognition site for SREBP within the −73 to −43 interval of the fatty-acid synthase promoter. In the present studies we have systematically mutated these potential SREBP sites and have analyzed the consequences on sterol regulation, activation by exogenously supplied SREBPs, and binding by SREBPs in vitro. The results clearly show that the E-box element is not the SREBP recognition site in this region. Rather, there are two independent SREBP binding sites that flank the E-box, and both are required for maximal sterol regulation and activation by transfected SREBP protein.
Nanostructured carbon-based electrodes: bridging the gap between thin-film lithium-ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors

The fast evolution of portable electronic devices and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) requires multi-functional microscale energy sources that have high power, high energy, long cycle life, and the adaptability to various substrates. Nanostructured thin-film lithium-ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are among the most promising energy storage devices that can meet these demands. This perspective presents an overview of recent progresses and challenges associated with the development of binder-free, carbon-based nanostructured electrodes prepared from layer-by-layer (LbL) electrostatic assembly, which provide enhanced gravimetric and volumetric energy for ECs and enhanced power capabilities for batteries. Based on promising findings for thin electrodes of several microns in thickness, LbL-based electrodes could also potentially be envisioned for portable electronics, electrified transportation, and load-leveling applications if successful scale-up to tens or hundreds of microns can be achieved.
Metallographic Quality Control of Welding and Brazing

Metallography serves as an invaluable quality control technique in many welding and brazing operations in the energy field. It often supplements nondestructive testing processes such as dye-penetrant and radiography. Additionally, it can provide information ordinarily not obtainable by conventional inspection procedures. This paper describes a number of case histories illustrating the value of metallography in assuring integrity in the fabrication of metals and components in energy systems.
The Carnegie-Spitzer-IMACS Redshift Survey of Galaxy Evolution since z=1.5: I. Description and Methodology and More!

We describe the Carnegie-Spitzer-IMACS (CSI) Survey, a wide-field, near-IR selected spectrophotometric redshift survey with IMACS on Magellan-Baade. CSI uses a flux-limited sample of galaxies in Spitzer IRAC 3.6micron imaging of SWIRE fields to efficiently trace the stellar mass of average galaxies to z~1.5. This paper provides an overview of the survey selection, observations, and processing of the photometry and spectrophotometry. We also describe the analysis of the data: new methods of fitting synthetic SEDs are used to derive redshifts, stellar masses, emission line luminosities, and coarse information on recent star-formation. Our unique methodology for analyzing low-dispersion spectra taken with multilayer prisms in IMACS, combined with panchromatic photometry from the ultraviolet to the IR, has yielded high quality redshifts for 43,347 galaxies in our first 5.3 sq. degs of the SWIRE XMM-LSS field. A new approach to assessing data quality is also described, and three different approaches are used to estimate our redshift errors, with robust agreement. Over the full range of 3.6micron fluxes of our selection, we find typical redshift uncertainties of sigma_z/(1+z) < 0.015. In comparisons with previously published spectroscopic redshifts we find scatters of sigma_z/(1+z) = 0.011 for galaxies at 0.7< z< 0.9, and sigma_z/(1+z) = 0.014 for galaxies at 0.9< z< 1.2. For galaxies brighter and fainter than i=23 mag, we find sigma_z/(1+z) = 0.008 and sigma_z/(1+z) = 0.022, respectively. Notably, our low-dispersion spectroscopy and analysis yields comparable redshift uncertainties and success rates for both red and blue galaxies, largely eliminating color-based systematics that can seriously bias observed dependencies of galaxy evolution on environment.
MESHED UNEXPANDED SPLIT-THICKNESS SKIN GRAFTING FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF PENILE SKIN LOSS

ABSTRACTPurpose:: Sheets of unmeshed, split-thickness skin grafts (STSGs) have been advocated in potent men with penile skin deficiency. Since the survival of sheet grafts is rarely 100% and the appearance of unexpanded 1:1 mesh grafts is quite good, we used this technique. We report our experience with meshed, unexpanded STSGs for all penile resurfacing regardless of erectile function.Materials and Methods:: Nine consecutive patients with penile skin loss were prospectively treated between March 2001 and January 2003 with meshed STSGs to the penis. The underlying condition was Fournier’s gangrene in 4 cases, chronic lymphedema in 2, skin deficiency from prior surgeries in 2 and Crohn’s disease in 1. Graft thickness was 0.012 or 0.016 inches and meshing was performed in a 1:1 ratio. Meshed slits were oriented transversely without expansion and the graft juncture was located on the ventral surface in zigzag fashion. Graft take, appearance, and sexual and voiding function were assessed postoperatively.Resul...
Symbiont-induced speciation

Speciation induced by parasitic or mutualistic symbionts has been suggested for taxa ranging from plants to insects to monkeys. Previous models for symbiont-induced speciation have been based upon hybrid inferiority and selection for reinforcement genes. Taken on their own, however, such models have severe theoretical limitations and little empirical support. Two conditions that may favour symbiont-induced speciation are presented here: (1) interaction norms in which the outcomes of host/symbiont interactions differ between environments and (2) differential coadaptation of host and symbiont populations between environments or along an environmental gradient. Symbiont-induced speciation can be considered as one form of ‘mixed-process coevolution’: reciprocal evolution in which adaptation of a population of one species to a population of a second species (or coadaptation of the populations) causes the population of the second species to become reproductively isolated from other populations.
Difficulties with “humaniqueness”

Explaining the transition from nonhuman to human behavior is a major scientific problem. Penn et al. argue for discontinuous evolution; they review many relevant papers but miss some that disagree with their stance. Given the shifting ground on which Penn et al.'s theories are based, and the likelihood of future studies providing additional information on continuities, a more open approach to continuity is warranted.
A Marketing History Perspective for the Marketing Management Class

The appropriateness of using historical case studies as an integral part of the marketing management class is discussed, with the rationale for this inclusion and suggestions for employing case studies as a teaching device. Several examples of cases and their applicability to marketing education are mentioned and useful sources of historical cases are listed.
What is an Archive?: An Apparatus Model for Communications and Media History

The author argues for a new methodology for investigating the history of communications and media. Media and communications processes and technologies need to be examined as elements of apparatuses. The author examines the theoretical underpinnings of such an approach by first outlining Michel Foucault's writing on the topic and then investigating the recent use of the term by Giorgio Agamben. Taking an apparatus approach demands more broadly conceiving of the archive to include nonsignifying objects and material concerns. Such an approach is further elaborated through examples on the basis of Raymond Williams' seminal book Television: Technology and Cultural Form and the author's own research on automobility and Citizens Band Radio. The author concludes by offering 5 modes of enquiry to guide an apparatus approach to media and communications history.
Unsaturated fatty acid isomers: Effects on the circadian rhythm of a fatty-acid-deficient neurospora crassa mutant

The fatty acids oleic, linoleic, and linolenic, each of which has a cis double bond at the delta 9 position, are known to lengthen the circadian period of conidiation (spore formation) of strains of Neurospora crassa carrying the cel mutation. cel confers a partial fatty acid requirement on the organism and has been used to promote incorporation of exogenous fatty acids. To test whether a physical effect imparted by the cis double bonds, such as increased membrane fluidity, is critical for the perturbation of the rhythm, various isomers of these fatty acids were supplemented to the bd csp cel strain. Positional isomers of oleic acid, such as petroselinic (delta 6) and vaccenic (delta 11) acids, and longer-chain isomers, such as eicosenoic (delta 11) and erucic (delta 13) acids, did not lengthen the rhythm. The shorter-chain palmitoleic (delta 9) acid did not give a consistent lengthening of the rhythm; it may be elongated to vaccenic acid. In contrast, gamma-linolenic acid (delta 6,9,12) dramatically lengthened the period. Linoelaidic acid (the trans,trans isomer of linoleic acid) lengthened the period at 22 degrees C, but elaidic acid (the trans isomer of oleic acid) did not. Elaidic acid was shown to exert a lengthening effect, but only at lower temperatures. The data do not support a direct physical action as the source of the fatty acids' "chronobiotic" ability.
Variation in content of bioactive components in broccoli.

The discovery of bioactive components in foods is exciting, suggesting the possibility of improved public health through diet. Yet the content of bioactive components in plant food varies, making quality control and intake recommendations problematic. Variation in content of bioactive components in fruits and vegetables depends upon both genetics and environment, including growing conditions, harvest and storage, processing and meal preparation. Cruciferous vegetables, which contain both anticarcinogenic and antioxidant properties, are excellent examples to illustrate the problem in assessing health benefits of foods that vary in content of bioactive components. In broccoli, the content of both glucosinolates and their bioactive hydrolysis products varies with genotype, environment and processing. Antioxidant vitamins and flavonoid content varies also. Here we review the influences of genetics, environment and post-harvest processing on content of bioactive components in broccoli, an area that is presently only partly understood. Reporting a range for bioactive component content can help the public to make informed choices about diet. For the future, research into the mechanisms behind this variation can lead to an understanding of genetic regulation of these variations, resulting in the generation of a consistent supply of nutritionally enhanced plant foods on the market.
High Energy Photoelectron Angular Distributions by an Ultra-Intense Laser Field-Atom Interaction

High energy, > 3 KeV, electron azimuthal distributions are measured from an ultrastrong,>1017 W/cm2, laser focus and compared to theoretical predictions. The theory predicts increased isotropy in the distribution as the focal intensity is increased.
Reactivity and Mobility of New and Old Mercury Deposition in a Boreal Forest Ecosystem during the First Year of the METAALICUS Study

The METAALICUS (Mercury Experiment To Assess Atmospheric Loading In Canada and the US) project is a whole ecosystem experiment designed to study the activity, mobility, and availability of atmospherically deposited mercury. To investigate the dynamics of mercury newly deposited onto a terrestrial ecosystem, an enriched stable isotope of mercury (202Hg) was sprayed onto a Boreal forest subcatchment in an experiment that allowed us, for the first time, to monitor the fate of “new” mercury in deposition and to distinguish it from native mercury historically stored in the ecosystem. Newly deposited mercury was more reactive than the native mercury with respect to volatilization and methylation pathways. Mobility through runoff was very low and strongly decreased with time because of a rapid equilibration with the large native pool of “bound” mercury. Over one season, only ∼8% of the added 202Hg volatilized to the atmosphere and less than 1% appeared in runoff. Within a few months, approximately 66% of the app...
Concern about cholesterol and its association with diet in a group of healthy elderly

Abstract The association between diet and degree of concern about dietary cholesterol was examined in a group of 244 healthy elderly persons. Specifically, it was thought that a concern about cholesterol might result in diets that exclude essential nutrients, such as calcium and vitamin D, that are found in foods that also contain cholesterol. 70% of this group indicated a concern about dietary cholesterol; 18% were “very concerned”. Over half of these elderly thought that dietary cholesterol contributed to heart disease, atherosclerosis and high blood pressure. Many indicated that they were restricting their intake of certain foods because of cholesterol. This response was strongly associated with degree of concern about cholesterol. It was found that those who were concerned about cholesterol had lower intakes of cholesterol, total fat, saturated fat and total calories, and greater intakes of vitamin D. However, no other significant associations with diet were found.
Confocal microscopy evaluation of stromal ablation depth after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy.

Purpose: To compare the measured ablation depth after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with the predicted ablation depth. Setting: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. Methods: Twenty-five eyes of 15 patients had PRK and 25 eyes of 15 patients had LASIK to correct refractive errors between −1.50 diopters (D) and −11.00 D. The corneas were examined by in vivo confocal microscopy before and 1 month after both procedures. Thickness measurements were obtained from digital-image analysis of confocal scans. The measured ablation depth, an estimate of the actual photoablation depth, was obtained as the surgically induced stromal thinning between the preoperative and the 1-month post-PRK or post-LASIK central stromal thickness. The predicted ablation depth was recorded from the laser's software program. Results: In LASIK, the measured ablation depth (81 μm ± 34 [SD]) was 25% greater than the predicted ablation depth (65 ± 13 μm, P = .007) and the difference between the measured and predicted ablation depths was positively associated with the mean ablation depth (r = 0.81, P<.001). In PRK, there was no difference between the measured ablation depth (48 ± 19 μm) and the predicted ablation depth (47 ± 18 μm, P = .84). Conclusion: Significantly more tissue than predicted was removed by LASIK than by PRK excimer photoablation with the laser system used in this study.
Automating the task of tracking the delivery and receipt of fabricated pipe spools in industrial projects

Piping in industrial projects is a critical and costly process as thousands of unique pipe spools go through design, fabrication, interim processing, delivery, storage, installation and inspection. Current methods for tracking pipe spools through this long supply chain are subject to many problems. This paper evaluates the use of RFID technology as a possible solution to some of these problems through automation of the current tracking process. The technical feasibility of RFID applications is analyzed based on field tests. A model of current tracking process is presented to identify potential economic benefits from using RFID technology in automated tracking.
Nuclear activation techniques for wall material transport measurements in tokamaks

Abstract Nuclear activation techniques for the study of transport of wall materials in tokamaks are described. The technique uses post-activation of samples of eroded material collected on the inside surface walls. Quantitative measurements of complex wall materials, such as the stainless steels, are achieved through activation/decay analysis, energy filtering, and appropriate cooldown of the irradiated material. In experiments done on the Argonne APEX tokamak, the erosion of manganese from a manganin wire placed a short distance into the plasma edge was measured and found to be quite anisotropic. The results were sensitive to a fraction of a monolayer deposited on a 1 cm 2 sample. The technique is adaptable to studies of tokamak wall material transport and should find applications in other fields as well.
Phylomedicine: an evolutionary telescope to explore and diagnose the universe of disease mutations

Modern technologies have made the sequencing of personal genomes routine. They have revealed thousands of nonsynonymous (amino acid altering) single nucleotide variants (nSNVs) of protein-coding DNA per genome. What do these variants foretell about an individual's predisposition to diseases? The experimental technologies required to carry out such evaluations at a genomic scale are not yet available. Fortunately, the process of natural selection has lent us an almost infinite set of tests in nature. During long-term evolution, new mutations and existing variations have been evaluated for their biological consequences in countless species, and outcomes are readily revealed by multispecies genome comparisons. We review studies that have investigated evolutionary characteristics and in silico functional diagnoses of nSNVs found in thousands of disease-associated genes. We conclude that the patterns of long-term evolutionary conservation and permissible sequence divergence are essential and instructive modalities for functional assessment of human genetic variations.
Pressure sensing in deep-sea bacteria.

Abstract Bacteria have evolved abilities to sense and respond to a variety of physical cues including temperature, osmolarity, pH and viscosity (Aliabadi et al. , 1988; Booth and Higgins, 1990; McCarter et al. , 1988; VanBogelen and Neidhart, 1990). In addition to this suite of environmental parameters, deep-sea bacteria appear be able to acclimatize to alterations in hydrostatic pressure. Responses include induction of new genes and proteins, as well as the modification of membrane lipids. Studies directed towards discerning the mechanisms underlying pressure sensing and the elucidation of functions required for increased (or decreased) pressure adaptation are fertile grounds for future research.
Authoritarian Versus Authoritative Parenting Styles: Application of the Cost Equalization Principle

Given the lack of appropriate theoretical analysis in past research on parenting, this article aims to offer solid theoretical explanation for the effectiveness of authoritative parenting over authoritarian parenting by introducing the behavioral-structural model based on the principle of cost equalization. The results of computer simulation using the new theoretical model demonstrate that authoritarian parenting leads to development of a competitive/hostile structure where the child's spontaneous initiation is discouraged and the overall support within the dyad decreases, whereas authoritative parenting leads to development of a cooperative/friendly structure where the child's spontaneous initiation is encouraged and the overall support within the dyad increases. Implications of child socialization in competitive versus cooperative structures as predicted by the new theoretical model are also discussed.
The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity: A Tool for Understanding Principals’ Cultural Competence

Principals’ understanding and skills pertaining to diversity are important in leading diverse schools and preparing all students for a democratic and multicultural society. Although educational leadership scholars have theorized about exemplary leadership of and for diversity, a developmental perspective on principals’ diversity or cultural competence remains absent. This conceptual paper argues that the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) offers a powerful theory for understanding how principals may experience and interpret issues of difference and diversity in schools. After highlighting key aspects of the DMIS, hypothetical examples of principal interpretations and actions to a racial/ethnic achievement gap are provided. Finally, implications for principal preparation, practice, and research are discussed.
An extremum principle for infinite slow viscous flows containing particles

Abstract An extremum principle is presented concerning the dissipation of energy in the disturbance field caused by the presence of solid particles or liquid drops in an otherwise infinite, continuous, slow viscous flow. This is a generalization of a type of theorem originally stated by Helmholtz and extended by Keller, Rubenfeld and Molyneux and more recently by Skalak. The new aspect of the present work is the relaxation of the allowable conditions at infinity to include an arbitrary Stokes flow. A uniqueness theorem for the flow field follows from the extremum principle.
Introducing the Intellectual Capital Interplay Model: Advancing Knowledge Frameworks in the Not-for-Profit Environment of Higher Education

Knowledge management has the potential to develop strategic advantage and enhance the performance of an organization in terms of productivity and business process efficiency. For this reason, organizations are contributing significant resources to knowledge management; investing in information location and implementing knowledge management processes and systems. However, most of these processes and systems focus only on knowledge management and omit the critical element of value. This paper examines intellectual capital and knowledge management within the not-for-profit environment of higher education. The research is focused on intellectual capital and is framed by the perspective of the strategic importance of knowledge. It is argued that the understanding and application of knowledge management within institutions of higher education is underdeveloped which resulted in a model and framework being proposed.
Transport phenomena in pure and doped magnesium oxide

Ac electrical conductivity measurements have been made on polycrystalline samples of various compositions in the MgO–NiO system. Four activation energies have been obtained with pure MgO: 5.2, 2.7, 3.5, and 0.92 eV. These seem to be the activation energies, respectively, for intrinsic O= conductivity, extrinsic O= conductivity, intrinsic Mg++ conductivity, and extrinsic Mg++ conductivity. Introduction of NiO into the specimens increases the conductivity and decreases the activation energy. The conductivity of the polycrystalline MgO specimens used in this study is larger than literature data for MgO single crystals. This difference results from the large number of grain boundaries present in polycrystals.
Estrogen and Cerebrovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology

Numerous studies have uncovered a wide variety of estrogen effects with apparent cardiovascular benefits, the most recognized ones being vasodilation, anti-atherogenesis, diminished post-ischemic inflammation and anti-oxidant effects. This article provides an overview of the influence of estrogen on the cerebral vasculature, under physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions, and covers both acute and chronic effects. The discussion is primarily focused on the vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory actions of estrogen, since those particular estrogen influences have received the greatest attention in studies published to date. With respect to vasodilation, although some consideration is given to the role of other vasodilating mechanisms and factors, the emphasis is mostly placed on the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase, eNOS, which has emerged as a clear target of estrogen. Some consideration is given to recent findings that suggest that estrogen can stimulate eNOS activity by decreasing the expression of the eNOS inhibitor caveolin-1. With regard to the ability of estrogen to counteract inflammation, potential mechanisms by which estrogen limits the post-ischemic leukocyte adhesion, and the expression of the inducible NOS, are discussed.
Characteristics of the memory loss of a patient with Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome without alcoholism.

Abstract The memory loss in alcoholic Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome has been well characterized. However, it has been suggested that some of the neuropsychological defects seen in these patients are due to frontal lobe dysfunction resulting from chronic alcohol abuse. The present report details the nature and extent of the amnesia in a Wernicke-Korsakoff patient who did not have a history of alcoholism. In spite of her normal performance on measures of frontal lobe function, this patient showed many characteristics similar to those seen in alcoholic Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome including a graded loss of remote memories and abnormal semantic information processing. Thus, the extent of the “core” features of this amnesic syndrome may be greater than was previously thought.
Indian self-determination: The charge to Indian journalists

Abstract As Indian journalists struggle with the problems of providing the information necessary for informed decision-making in Indian communities, they face the confusing communications environment created by the ironic nature of the Indian Self-Determination policy. As they select and “frame” their news items, Indian journalists both reflect and help define the aspirations for self- government among their audiences. Because the levels of tribal soveriegnty that are the goal of the Indian Self-Determination Policy have not been clearly articulated, Indian journalists are unavoidably involved in helping to define the meaning of Indian Self-Determination among Indian people. A new Indian information order must emerge to accomplish that task.
Fulminant Clostridium difficile: An underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications

Clostridium difficile is a spore-forming gram-positive bacteria first identified as the cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis in the late 1970s. 1,2 The clinical symptoms range from mild diarrhea to hemodynamic collapse and death. Recent antimicrobial use (<2 months) is the most important risk factor for the development of C. difficile colitis; however, host and environmental factors also play a significant role. 3,4 Most cases can be treated by the administration of metronidazole or vancomycin to reverse the overgrowth of C. difficile and its toxin production in the colon, but a wide spectrum of disease exists; in some patients life-threatening systemic toxicity develops despite appropriate and timely medical therapy. 5,6 A classification scheme of disease severity is detailed in Table 1. Systemic symptoms are not derived from bacteremia, colonic perforation, or ischemia, but from toxin-induced inflammatory mediators (interleukin-8, macrophage-inflammatory protein-2, substance P, tumor necrosis factor-α) released locally in the colon. 7–9 Why some patients have more marked symptoms than others is unclear but may relate to the host’s ability to mount an effective antibody-mediated response to clostridial toxins. 10,11 Uncharacterized geographic factors also seem to play a major role in the incidence and severity of disease. Table 1. SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION SCHEME IN PATIENTS WITH CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE Total abdominal colectomy and end ileostomy, the standard surgical treatment for patients with severe C. difficile colitis, has been described only in small series, the largest (n = 12) from our hospital published in 1992. 12–16 Recently we have noted an increase in the number of emergency colectomies for this disease. The purpose of the study was to define the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and risk factors peculiar to the fulminant syndrome. In addition, we tried to determine predictors of surgical death.
Blunt cardiac rupture: A successful experience of echo-guided pericardiocentesis with large bore central vein catheter drainage in the management of traumatic cardiac tamponade and early thoracotomy for cardiorrhaphy

1. IntroductionBlunt cardiac rupture (BCR) is a very rare and the mostdevastating form of all blunt cardiac injuries (BCIs). It is wellaccepted that atrial injuries are more common than ventricularones and right more common than left. Clinical manifestationsdepend on the presence or absence of a pericardium tear. If apatient develops cardiac arrest or pulseless electrical activity(PEA), thechance ofsurvival diminishes.Theoverall mortalityrateis reported to be 81.3–100%. Even in patients presenting with vitalsigns, the mortality rate is greater than 50%.
The populace and the police: Models of social control in reality‐based crime television

While prior research, popular conceptions, and industry literature treat reality‐based crime television as a homogenous genre of programming, this research highlights considerable intra‐genre diversity. Quantitative and qualitative findings indicate that programs contain considerable ideological diversity, as expressed by contrasting means of pursuing and apprehending malfeasants. A case study shows that Cops establishes and justifies police as the authoritarian agents of criminal control while America's Most Wanted reserves the heroic space for ordinary citizens. As adopters of two different law and order narratives, these programs endorse divergent means of serving justice. While both crime narratives fundamentally are concerned with the archetypal conflict between good and evil, order and disorder, these shows foster distinct imperatives for belief and action.
Using the 8051 Microcontroller with Resonant Transducers

Having to interface an analog transducer to a digital control system through an analog-to-digital converter represents an expensive bottleneck in the development of many systems. Some transducer companies are addressing this problem by developing proprietary families of resonant transducers.
RNA: DNA complex formation upon transcription of immunoglobulin switch regions: implications for the mechanism and regualtion of class switch recombination

Central the regulation and mechanism of class switch recombination is the understanding of the relationship between transcription and DNA recombination. We demonstrated previously, using mini-chromosome substrates, that physiologically oriented transcription is required for recombination to occur between switch regions. In this report, we demonstrate the formation of an RNA:DNA complex under in vitro transcription conditions for these same and other switch DNA fragments. We find that cell-free transcription of repetitive murine switch regions (Smu, S gamma 2b and S gamma 3) leads to altered DNA mobility on agarose gels. These altered mobilities are resistant to RNase A but sensitive to RNase H. Transcription in the presence of labeled ribonucleotides demonstrates the stable physical association of the RNA with the DNA. Importantly, complex formation only occurs upon transcription in the physiologic orientation. Reaban and Griffin [1990 Nature, 348, 342-344] found an RNA:DNA hybrid structure that was limited to an atypical 143 nucleotide purine region within a 2.3 kb S alpha segment. Here we demonstrate RNA:DNA hybrid formation in more typical switch sequences (lacking the atypical 143 nucleotide purine tract) from a variety of switch regions that are only 60-70% purine on the non-template strand. These results suggest a general model involving an RNA:DNA complex as an intermediate during class switch recombination.
A nondiagonal quasidegenerate fourth-order perturbation theory

A canonical quasidegenerate Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation theory, correct through fourth order in the energy, is explored for a block-diagonal unperturbed Hamiltonian. The theory is developed completely within a Lie Algebra in Hilbert space. Explicit equations forn-particle transition elements in terms of solutions of simultaneous linear equations are presented. A two-dimensional anisotropic anharmonic oscillator is used to provide numerical results. The perturbation theory is shown to be stable under small separation of model and complement spaces. An iterative variant of the fourth order perturbation theory is introduced; the iterative variant is related to the non-iterative one in much the same way as nondegenerate coupled cluster theories are related to nondegenerate perturbation theory. The quasidegenerate coupled cluster theory appears to be stable in the presence of multiple intruder states.
Ethnic Differences in Women's Emotional Reactions to Parental Nonsupportive Emotion Socialization

Recent evidence suggests that the association between parents’ use of nonsupportive emotion socialization practices and their children's subsequent negative emotional outcomes varies based on ethnicity. The goal of this study is to test the proposition that African American women interpret parental nonsupportive emotion socialization practices less negatively than European American women. In this study, 251 European and African American women completed a measure on recalled feelings when their parents engaged in nonsupportive emotion socialization practices during childhood. Results indicated that African American women reported feeling more loved and less hurt and ashamed than European American women when their parents enacted nonsupportive emotion socialization practices such as ignoring, punishing, minimizing, and teasing them when distressed. Possible mechanisms for this difference and the need for additional research exploring ethnic differences in emotion socialization and its effects on adjustment ...
Dimorphic expression of calbindin-D28K in the medial basal hypothalamus from perinatal male and female rats

Developmental expression of calbindin-D28K (CALB) in the medial basal hypothalamic (MBH) and amygdaloid (AMY) regions was examined by Western analysis. Males displayed significantly higher CALB levels compared to females in the MBH (but not the AMY) from gestational day 17 through postnatal day 1. These data imply that androgens or other hormonal factors regulate MBH CALB expression which in turn may modulate sexually dimorphic brain structures by preventing cell loss during neuronal development.
Resonant tunneling in microcrystalline silicon quantum box diode

STRACT Resonant tunneling in threedimensionally quantum confined (3DQC) microcrystalline silicon surrounded by amorphousSi02(aSiO barriers is experimentally observed. Unlike quantum confinement in lower dimenstons charge accumulation in 3DQC silicon box results in large shifts of the discrete energy states with conductancegate voltage measurements.
Polydipsia and hyponatremia in a woman with anorexia nervosa.

Objective: Hyponatremia is infrequently reported in the constellation of metabolic abnormalities in patients with eating disorders. We sought to identify the etiology and describe the management of a patient with anorexia nervosa and hyponatremia. Method: We report the case of a 23-year-old woman with anorexia nervosa who suffered with severe hyponatremia. Results: The etiology of hyponatremia in this case, as in most patients with eating disorders, was multifactorial, encompassing both hypovolemic and euvolemic categories of hyponatremia. Multiple impairments in the ability to clear free water are responsible for a heightened risk for hyponatremia in patients with anorexia nervosa. Discussion: This case underscores the importance of careful scrutiny of fluid intake, an awareness of medications that lead to hyponatremia, and the need for regular monitoring of serum electrolytes, even in patients with anorexia nervosa, to allow for an early diagnosis and to assist in the formulation of an effective treatment and prevention strategy. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Model for estimating the accumulation of solutes leaching from polymeric containers into parenteral solutions

Abstract A model allowing for the prediction of the thermodynamically constrained accumulation of leachables migrating from polymeric containers has been developed. The model predicts accumulation based on three accumulation-limiting mechanisms: total available pool, solute solubility and solute partitioning. Equations relating a solute's solvent-water partition coefficients ( P o - w and P h - w ) and its aqueous solubility and partitioning properties have been developed. Thus, one can predict leachable accumulations from the physical dimensions of the system being studied (container weight and solution volume) and from the solute's partition coefficients. The maximal accumulation of the leachable in solution will be the lowest value predicted via the three accumulation-limiting mechanisms. The model has been successfully applied to the migration of 2-ethylhexanoic acid out of a styrene-butadiene-styrene block co-polymer and accurately predicts the accumulation behavior of this species as a function of solution pH.
Laser Light Induced Bulk Damage To Optics

Bulk laser-induced damage to optical materials is reviewed. Recent evidence indicates that laser-induced breakdown (LIB) of very transparent optical materials is due to extrinsic factors (e.g., defects and impurities). The role of self-focusing in LIB is reviewed and the results of recent studies are presented.
Compensation research past, present, and future

Abstract Past compensation research has largely reflected organizational characteristics and personnel practices that had an internal rather than an external focus. Internal labor markets typically characterized organizations following WWII up until the 1980s. Consequently compensation research focused on issues related to managing compensation in this type of structure that emphasized areas such as internal equity, job evaluation, and individual reactions to pay. Recent changes in the environment have resulted in a greater role of external factors, such as external labor markets, market pricing, and external competitiveness, on compensation practice. While practitioners today have more of an external focus in compensation system design, present compensation research has not kept pace. In the following paper we argue there is a need to redirect future compensation research to include a consideration of external factors.
Rhetorical criticism: Wrong medium?

Rhetorical criticism (i.e., textual analysis of speeches) is severely handicapped because speech cannot be adequately represented in writing; even if it could be so represented, it is illogical and presumptuous to study critically oral communication received from an inappropriate medium (printed page) via an inappropriate sensory channel (vision). A hierarchy of research priorities—the criterion for relative worth being the degree to which methodologies extend our knowledge of rhetorical theory—is proposed by the author.
Problem in liquid scintillation counting: Adsorption of [14C]polyethylene glycol in dilute solutions

Abstract [14C]polyethylene glycol is the method of choice for quantitating changes in intestinal water flux during drug absorption experiments in animals and man. This study points out some of the problems which can be encountered in using this method and provides ways to minimize these problems. Polyethylene glycol selectively binds to the glass wall of scintillation vials during counting and results in a decrease in counting efficiency as a function of time. The results obtained when using this method are determined by the choice of scintillation vial, scintillation cocktail, concentration of polyethylene glycol and the time period over which the samples are counted.
Developing adaptive groupware applications using a mobile component framework

A need exists to develop groupware systems that adapt to available resources and support user mobility. This paper presents DACIA, a system that provides mechanisms for building such groupware applications. Using DACIA, components of a groupware application can be moved to different hosts during execution, while maintaining communication connectivity with groupware services and other users. DACIA provides mechanisms that simplify building groupware for domains where users are mobile. New collaboration features can be also more easily implemented. DACIA is also applicable to non-mobile environments. We show its applicability to building groupware applications that can be reconfigured at run-time to adapt to changing user demands and resource constraints, for example, by relocating services or introducing new services. This paper describes the architecture of DACIA and its use in building adaptable groupware systems.
A male-produced pheromone of the spined citrus bug

Abstract An unusual hemiacetal, cis-3,4-bis[(E)-1-butenyl]tetrahydrofuran-2-ol, the major component of the dorsal abdominal glands of the title insect, was identified by spectral and chemical means, and the structure confirmed by synthesis.
Sertraline and Psychotic Symptoms: A Case Series

Sertraline and other SSRIs have a relatively favorable side-effect profile and are widely prescribed. We report the emergence of psychotic symptoms during treatment with sertraline in four patients. Three of these patients had a history of psychotic illness and were on antipsychotic medication, when sertraline was added. The psychotic symptoms emerged within 3 days-7 weeks of starting sertraline and resolved on its discontinuation. We wish to alert clinicians to the possibility that sertraline may provoke or exacerbate positive psychotic symptoms, particularly in patients on neuroleptics, with a previous history of psychosis.
The Microbial Community of a Black Shale Pyrite Biofilm and its Implications for Pyrite Weathering

Microbial biofilms preferentially colonized pyrite surfaces of black shale incubated in groundwater in the Newark Basin (northeastern United States) for 1 month. SEM observation revealed the co-occurrence of bacteria-shaped pits and secondary iron minerals on pyrite, which indicate biological involvement in pyrite weathering and secondary solid formation. Of the 24 16S rDNA sequences obtained from bacterial communities on pyrite, arsenopyrite and quartz sand, 22 belonged to the phylum proteobacteria, including 5 identified as β or ϵ-proteobacteria capable of oxidizing iron or sulfur, 16 identified as members of the Fe(III)-reducing Geobacteraceae in the δ-proteobacteria and one identified as the Fe(III)-reducing Ferribacterium. Results indicate that microbes play an essential role in the oxidation of iron sulfides (via direct contact and indirect pathways) and the reduction of iron oxides in pyrite-bearing substrata of a slightly acidic black shale aquifer.
Design sensitivities to variability: extrapolations and assessments in nanometer VLSI

We propose a new framework for assessing (1) the impact of process variation on circuit performance and product value, and (2) the respective returns on investment for alternative process improvements. Elements of our framework include accurate device models and circuit simulation, along with Monte-Carlo analyses, to estimate parametric yields. We evaluate the merits of taking into account such previously unconsidered phenomena as correlations among process parameters. We also evaluate the impact of process variation with respect to such relevant metrics as parametric yield at selling point, and amount of required design guardbanding. Our experimental results yield insights into the scaling of process variation impacts through the next two ITRS technology nodes.
Stress softening in elastomer blends

Compressive stress softening (Mullins effect) in black-filled vulcanizates of the blended system natural : nitrile : brominated butyl rubber has been investigated. The results are expressed in terms of parameters derived from successive stress-strain cycles. The ratio of the work done on loading in the first and second cycles is called the load work ration, Rw. A similar quantity, Rh, is defined for the loss or hysteresis work. Both load and loss work ratios show a compositional dependence similar to other properties of blends. The variation of Rw and Rh with composition agrees with the recent thesis of Mullins, Harwood, Payne and others that the Mullins effect is a property of the elastomer. Sudden variation of Rh with elongation has been interpreted in light of recent results of R. W. Smith as indicative of vacuole formation.
A large-force, fully-integrated MEMS magnetic actuator

A large-force, fully-integrated, electromagnetic actuator for microrelay applications is presented. Designed for high efficiency, the actuator integrates a cantilever beam and planar electromagnetic coil into a low-reluctance magnetic circuit using a combined surface and bulk micromachining process. Experimental testing shows that a coil current of 80 mA generates a 200 /spl mu/N actuation force. Theoretical extrapolation of the data indicates that an actuation force in the millinewton range can be produced by a coil current of 800 mA. The tested actuators have a footprint of less than 8 mm/sup 2/ and their fabrication is potentially compatible with CMOS processing technology.