cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survival After In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rates of immediate survival and survival to discharge for adult patients undergoing in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and to identify demographic and clinical variables associated with these outcomes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The MEDLARS database of the National Library of Medicine was searched. In addition, the authors’ extensive personal files and the bibliography of each identified study were searched for further studies. Two sets of inclusion criteria were used, minimal (any study of adults undergoing in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and strict (included only patients from general ward and intensive care units, and adequately defined cardiopulmonary arrest and resuscitation). Each study was independently reviewed and abstracted in a nonblinded fashion by two reviewers. The data abstracted were compared, and any discrepancies were resolved by consensus discussion. For the subset of studies meeting the strict criteria, the overall rate of immediate survival was 40.7% and the rate of survival to discharge was 13.4%. The following variables were associated with failure to survive to discharge: sepsis on the day prior to resuscitation (odds ratio [OR] 31.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9, 515), metastatic cancer (OR 3.9; 95% CI 1.2, 12.6), dementia (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.1, 8.8), African-American race (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.4, 5.6), serum creatinine level at a cutpoint of 1.5 mg/dL (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.2, 3.8), cancer (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2, 3.0), coronary artery disease (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.4, 0.8), and location of resuscitation in the intensive care unit (OR 0.51; 95% CI 0.4, 0.8). CONCLUSIONS: When talking with patients, physicians can describe the overall likelihood of surviving discharge as 1 in 8 for patients who undergo cardiopulmonary resuscitation and 1 in 3 for patients who survive cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Nonrelativistic conformal field theories

We study representations of the Schr\"odinger algebra in terms of operators in nonrelativistic conformal field theories. We prove a correspondence between primary operators and eigenstates of few-body systems in a harmonic potential. Using the correspondence we compute analytically the energy of fermions at unitarity in a harmonic potential near two and four spatial dimensions. We also compute the energy of anyons in a harmonic potential near the bosonic and fermionic limits.
Energy-efficient operation of rail vehicles

Abstract This paper describes an analytical process that computes the optimal operating successions of a rail vehicle to minimize energy consumption. Rising energy prices and environmental concerns have made energy conservation a high priority for transportation operations. The cost of energy consumption makes up a large portion of the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) costs of transit especially rail transit systems. Energy conservation or reduction in energy cost may be one of the effective ways to reduce transit operating cost, therefore improve the efficiency of transit operations. From a theoretical point of view, the problem of energy efficient train control can be formulated as one of the functions of Optimal Control Theory. However, the classic numerical optimization methods such as discrete method of optimum programming are too slow to be used in an on-board computer even with the much improved computation power, today. The contribution of this particular research is the analytical solution that gives the sequence of optimal controls and equations to find the control change points. As a result, a calculation algorithm and a computer program for energy efficient train control has been developed. This program is also capable of developing energy efficient operating schedules by optimizing distributions of running time for an entire route or any part of rail systems. We see the major application of the proposed algorithms in fully or partially automated Train Control Systems. The modern train control systems, often referred as “positive” train control (PTC), have collected a large amount of information to ensure safety of train operations. The same data can be utilized to compute the optimum controls on-board to minimize energy consumption based on the algorithms proposed in this paper. Most of the input data, such as track plan, track profile, traction and braking characteristics, speed limits and required trip time are located in an on-board database and/or they can be transmitted via radio link to be processed by the proposed algorithm and program.
Reconsidering the American emotional culture: Co‐dependency and emotion management

Abstract Popular images of Americans often portray them as placing considerable value on feelings. Scholarly work reveals a more nuanced picture, in which a rhetoric of emotional intensity and authenticity conceals a moderate ‘emotional culture’. This paper examines the dissemination of that culture through a popular self help group called Codependents Anonymous (CoDA). The psychospiritual discourse of co‐dependency maintains that emotions offer insight into the ‘real’ self that one loses through living in a ‘dysfunctional’ society. The group's meetings consist of elaborate talk about ‘getting in touch with’ the emotions, and, consequently, with the ‘real’ self. This talk communicates techniques of emotion management that minimize intensity and sanction strong emotions. Although members stress the importance of ‘authentic’ expression, they cultivate moderate emotions. This moderation, and not the eager intensity of popular imagery, best characterizes the American emotional climate.
Second metatarsophalangeal joint instability in the athlete.

In a group of athletically active patients, second metatarsophalangeal joint Instability was diagnosed in nine patients (11 toes). A positive drawer sign was pathognomonic of early second metatarso...
A new genus of geomyoid rodent from the Miocene of Texas and Panama

ABSTRACT A new genus Texomys is recorded from late Hemingfordian and Barstovian deposits of the Texas Coastal Plain and from early Hemingfordian deposits of Panama. The Panamanian T. stewardi is the smallest species of the genus; the Texas Barstovian T. ritchiei (type species) is the largest; and the Texas late Hemingfordian specimens of Texomys sp. are intermediate in size. The genus apparently is not present in early Hemingfordian deposits of the Texas Coastal Plain. This suggests that it originated in Latin North America and appeared on the Texas Coastal Plain during the late Hemingfordian, while continuing a size increase trend. Thus far, Texomys has not been recovered from Clarendonian deposits of Texas.
PORE FORMATION IN THE PYROLYSIS OF POLYMERS TO CERAMICS

Fabrication of a nonoxide ceramic SiC from pyrolysis of a polymer precursor, i.e. poly(carbosilane) was investigated. During pyrolysis the generation of small molecules such as hydrogen and methane results in the formation of pores. A mathematical model was developed to study the nucleation and growth of gas bubbles which lead to such pore formation. The mathematical model has the capability of predicting porosity and its distribution which is influenced by temperature, pressure, as well as the thickness, chemistry, and physical properties of the pyrolyzing object Thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the pore formation and possible cracking during pyrolysis. Submicron pores were observed in the thicker fibers. Based on the best estimate of physical properties, the mathematical model is capable of predicting the critical thickness of the pyrolyzing object for which there will be pore formation.
Amine-containing poly(vinylchloride) membranes for detecting polynitroaromatic vapors above land mines

The goal of our research is to develop a sensitive, rugged, real time sensor for land mine detection. Our method relies upon detecting the change in color arising in an amine- containing poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) film when exposed to polynitroaromatics (the main components of charge in a land mine) in the vapor phase. This change is a result of formation of visible light absorbing complexes between primary or secondary amines and polynitroaromatics. The complex with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) absorbs in the visible domain at 500 nm and the complex with 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), a common contaminant and a degradation product of military TNT, absorbs at 430 nm. Complex accumulates over time so that high sensitivity can be achieved by waiting. The rate of color formation for DNT is ca. 10-5 absorbance units per minute in a saturated DNT vapor atmosphere, at 24 degrees Celsius, when the absorbance is measured through the membrane. Employing the membranes as waveguides would substantially improve sensitivity by increasing the pathlength.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the Saturation of Regional Magnitude Values

Yegulalp and Kuo’s (1974) study of the saturation of 1904–1965 earthquake magnitudes by regions was repeated using 1927–1976 data. This experiment failed to demonstrate that magnitude saturates for any individual region at a different value than for the world as a whole, although there is a possibility of lower values for some ocean areas. The effect of saturation of magnitude values frequently occurs more abruptly than is describable by Gumbel’s (1954) type III equation.
Gating the Conductivity of Arrays of Metallic Quantum Dots

Experimental and computational studies demonstrating that the conduction of compressed, two-dimensional arrays of hexagonally ordered Ag quantum dots (QDs) may be varied through the influence of applied electric fields are reported and discussed. Monolayers of Ag QDs are incorporated into three-terminal (gated) devices, in which temperature, source-drain voltage (V_(sd)), gating voltage (V_g), compression of the array, and QD size distribution may all be varied. Experimental and computational results are compared in an effort to construct a physical picture of the system. Current vs V_(sd) plots at low temperatures exhibit systematic nonlinearities that change over to an ohmic-like behavior at higher temperatures and/or higher V_(sd). The voltage-induced transition is discussed as a transition of the conducting states from domain localized to delocalized. Such a transition was previously observed in the temperature dependence of the resistance. The computational model reveals that this transition is also highly sensitive to both the compression of the array and the size-distribution of the dots. We calculate the influence of V_g on the conductivity of the QD array, using the same computational model. In both the experiment and the model, we find a significant voltage gating effect and we observe hole-type conductivity of the array. Overall, the results demonstrate that low-temperature transport measurements provide a spectroscopic-like probe of the electronic states of the QD lattice. The theoretical approach further suggests that quite different gating behavior can be observed for electrodes with a different Fermi energy than the gold electrodes used in the experiment.
Safety Profile and Tolerability of Antiangiogenic Agents in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Abstract Recent advances in understanding the importance of angiogenesis to tumor growth and distant metastasis has driven the development of antiangiogenic therapies for the treatment of non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody, bevacizumab, is the only US Food and Drug Administration–approved antiangiogenic agent for advanced NSCLC. Accumulated safety data with bevacizumab in NSCLC shows that patients are at risk for hemorrhage, venous thromboembolism, hypertension, and proteinuria. Investigational agents that target VEGF via a different mechanism (such as aflibercept [VEGF Trap]) or simultaneously inhibit multiple molecular pathways involved in angiogenesis (ie, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors [TKIs]) and vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) that target existing tumor vasculature are in various stages of clinical development for NSCLC, and safety profiles are emerging for these classes of agents. This review describes the molecular rationale for targeting angiogenic pathways in anticancer therapy and summarizes safety and tolerability data from clinical trials of bevacizumab or aflibercept in combination with chemotherapy and the investigational TKIs and VDAs in patients who have advanced NSCLC.
The review-of-particle-properties system☆

Abstract The Berkeley Particle Data Group is engaged in a major modernization of its primary project, the Review of Particle Properties , a compilation of experimental data on elementary particles. The goal of this modernization is to develop an integrated system for data storage, manipulation, interactive access and publication using modern techniques for database management, text processing and phototypesetting. The existing system and the plans for modernization are described. The group's other projects and the computer systems used are also discussed.
Color Triplet Diquarks at the LHC

Abstract We consider a class of supersymmetric models containing baryon number violating processes such as observable n– n ¯ oscillations that are mediated by color triplet diquark fields. For plausible values of the diquark–quark couplings, the scalar diquark with mass between a few hundred GeV and one TeV or so can be produced in the s-channel at the LHC and detected through its decay into a top quark and a hadronic jet.
The PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale in type 1 diabetes: feasibility, reliability, and validity.

Background: The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL™, Mapi Research Trust, Lyon, France; www.pedsql.org) is a modular instrument designed to measure health-related quality of life and disease-specific symptoms in children and adolescents. The PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale was designed as a child self-report and parent proxy-report generic symptom-specific instrument to measure fatigue in pediatric patients. The objective of the present study was to determine the feasibility, reliability, and validity of the PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale in type 1 diabetes. Methods: The 18-item PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (General Fatigue, Sleep/Rest Fatigue, and Cognitive Fatigue domains) and the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales were administered to 83 pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes and 84 parents. Results: The PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale evidenced minimal missing responses (0.3% child report and 0.3% parent report), achieved excellent reliability for the Total Fatigue Scale score (α= 0.92 child report, 0.94 parent report), distinguished between pediatric patients with diabetes and healthy children, and was significantly correlated with the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales supporting construct validity. Pediatric patients with diabetes experienced fatigue that was comparable to pediatric patients with cancer on treatment, demonstrating the relative severity of their fatigue symptoms. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the measurement properties of the PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale in type 1 diabetes. The findings suggest that the PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale may be utilized in the standardized evaluation of fatigue in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes.
Prophylaxis in rare coagulation disorders -- factor X deficiency.

Factor X (FX) is a vitamin K-dependent protease that plays a central role in the blood coagulation cascade. Deficiency of FX is one of the rarest congenital coagulation disorders, resulting in a variable clinical phenotype. The molecular basis for FX deficiency is characterised by a large number of gene mutations and polymorphisms. The Greifswald Registry of FX deficiency was started in 1998 and aims to investigate the relationship between genetic mutations and the clinical severity of the disease. To date, 34 of 102 patients have been treated for severe bleeding episodes or for surgical procedures. Only seven patients, six of whom are children, receive regular prophylaxis with Factor IX (FIX) concentrate (FIX HS®, ZLB Behring; also containing approximately 800IU FX). In all cases, the bleeding episodes are well controlled without any serious treatment-related complications.
Survival of Salmon Smolts in Sea Water after Exposure to Air-Supersaturated Water

Abstract Smolts of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were held at 117, 115, 113, 110, 108, and 100% saturation in air-supersaturated fresh water at 12.5°C for 3 weeks. At 117% saturation 70% of the fish died, and at 115%, 5% died. Survivors were severely stressed and exhibited many signs of gas bubble disease. When the smolts were transferred to sea water and held for 10 days, no deaths occurred and they recovered rapidly.
Transcriptional pausing without backtracking

Transcriptional pausing by multisubunit RNA polymerases (RNAPs) plays key roles in gene regulation by coordinating RNAP movement with interactions of regulators and folding of the nascent RNA and, in metazoans, by helping program cycles of promoter-proximal transcription that poise RNAPII for gene expression (1, 2). However, mechanistic understanding of pausing is incomplete. Proposed mechanisms can be divided broadly into 2 classes (Fig. 1): backtrack pausing, in which reverse translocation of RNAP dislodges the transcript 3′ end from the active site and thereby prevents RNA synthesis; and (ii) nonbacktrack pausing, in which conformational rearrangements in the RNAP active site block the nucleotide addition cycle. Only a single example of nonbacktrack pausing, one for which the pause lifetime is increased by a nascent RNA hairpin, has been studied in biochemical detail (refs. 3 and 4 and references therein). Considerable disagreement exists over the contribution of nonbacktrack pauses to the ubiquitous pausing observed during both ensemble and single-molecule in vitro transcription experiments (5–9). An article in this issue of PNAS by Kireeva and Kashlev (10) now provides definitive evidence that, at least for bacterial RNAPs, significant nonbacktrack pausing occurs even without the contribution of pause RNA hairpins.
Suppression of neoplastic transformation and regulation of cytoskeleton by tropomyosins.

Down regulation of Tropomyosins (TMs) is a consistent biochemical change observed in many transformed cells. Our previous work has demonstrated that Tropomyosin-1 is an anti-oncogene and it is a class II tumor suppressor. Using ras-transformed murine fibroblasts (DT cells), we have examined the effects of co-expression of two isoforms of TM on cell morphology, cytoskeleton and tumorigenecity. Enhanced expression of TM1, a suppressor of transformation, along with TM2 which is not a tumor suppressor results in the formation of well-organized microfilaments, a morphology that resembles normal fibroblasts, and suppression of tumorigenecity. Tumor formation in vivo was compatible with the persistence of high-level of TM2, but not TM1. Homodimers of TM1 and TM2 were observed in these cells. Thus, restoration of expression of TM1 and TM2 protein in ras-transformed cells suppresses the transformed phenotype with dramatic re-organization of microfilaments. These data show that TM2 cooperates with TM1 in the reorganization of microfilaments, while TM1 is a suppressor of the transformed phenotype.
New data on preventive treatment with isoniazid.

Excerpt An extensive controlled trial of treatment with isoniazid to prevent the development of infectious tuberculosis among persons with fibrotic pulmonary lesions adds data important in evaluati...
Neural Integration of Top-Down Spatial and Feature-Based Information in Visual Search

Visual search is aided by previous knowledge regarding distinguishing features and probable locations of a sought-after target. However, how the human brain represents and integrates concurrent feature-based and spatial expectancies to guide visual search is currently not well understood. Specifically, it is not clear whether spatial and feature-based search information is initially represented in anatomically segregated regions, nor at which level of processing expectancies regarding target features and locations may be integrated. To address these questions, we independently and parametrically varied the degree of spatial and feature-based (color) cue information concerning the identity of an upcoming visual search target while recording blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses in human subjects. Search performance improved with the amount of spatial and feature-based cue information, and cue-related BOLD responses showed that, during preparation for visual search, spatial and feature cue information were represented additively in shared frontal, parietal, and cingulate regions. These data show that representations of spatial and feature-based search information are integrated in source regions of top-down biasing and oculomotor planning before search onset. The purpose of this anticipatory integration could lie with the generation of a "top-down salience map," a search template of primed target locations and features. Our results show that this role may be served by the intraparietal sulcus, which additively integrated a spatially specific activation gain in relation to spatial cue information with a spatially global activation gain in relation to feature cue information.
SU‐E‐T‐137: Evaluation of Linac Mechanical Systems Using Statistical Process Control

Purpose: Measuring the accuracy of the mechanical readouts on a linear accelerator is a staple of monthly quality assurance in Radiation Oncology. This study uses statistical quality control to determine if the current specifications and the frequency of the checks are reasonable. Methods: Statistical quality control looks at a set of data and determines the limits of the data. Changes can be made to the system with an eye toward improving the process. Previous measurements are used to determine the limits which are used to determine if the specifications are achievable or if they could be tightened.The study analyzed monthly mechanical data measured by several physicists on 5 linacs over several years. We looked at the difference between digital readout and measured value in gantry, collimator, and table angles, table motion, and jaw readout. Cp, Cpk, range limits and confidence limits were calculated. Results: Cp values were greater than 1 indicating each system was capable of performing within specification. Cpk values were also greater than 1 showing that each distribution was within specification. Each system showed raw results well within specification. Upper range limits for each system were well under the specifications. Upper and lower confidence limits were also within the specifications. There were no readings outside of specifications, however there were differences exceeding the range limits and the confidence levels. Conclusion: The general mechanical specifications set forth by manufacturers and national societies are easily achievable by modern linacs. The measurements and processes are able to be controlled. Range and control limits can be used to identify potential problems before they occur. Modern linacs can reliably and accurately display mechanical readouts well within specifications over long periods of time which may lead to a recommendation to decrease the frequency of mechanical measurements.
Synthesis of high-temperature BiSrCaCu oxide superconductors by a sol-gel process

Abstract A sol-gel method of preparing high-temperature superconductor, Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ x , was developed. The superconducting phase was formed at temperatures as low as 850°C. Pellets sintered from these sol-gel powders exhibited zero resistivity at T c ≈67 K.
Effect of DuP 753, a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist, on the drinking responses to acutely administered dipsogenic agents in rats.

The present studies examine the effect of the nonpeptide angiotensin II (All) type 1 receptor antagonist, DuP 753, on water intake in rats treated with dipsogenic stimuli, which are thought to induce drinking via release of renin and subsequent formation of All. Subcutaneous administration of DuP 753 in doses that are known to inhibit drinking induced by All failed to inhibit the water intake of rats following subcu- taneous administration of the 8-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol. The peptide antag- onist ' Sar, 'lleu-All, which blocks both All type 1 and All type 2 receptors, also failed to inhibit isoproterenol-induced drinking, suggesting that neither subtype is involved in this drinking response. Additional studies verified previous reports that acute subcutaneous administration of both the 8-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol and the angiotensin I- converting enzyme inhibitor captopril could block the drinking response to subcutaneous administration of isoproterenol. Subcutaneous administration of DuP 753 also failed to inhibit the drinking responses to subcutaneous administration of serotonin, 5-hydroxy- tryptophan, hypertonic saline, and polyethylene glycol. However, central intraventricular administration of DuP 753 inhibited the drinking response to subcutaneous administra- tion of isoproterenol. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of All in mediating isoproterenol-, serotonin-, and 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced water intake and suggest a need to readdress this mechanism. (P.S.E.B.M. 1992, Vol 1991
Comparison of fine-needle aspiration cytologic findings of ovarian cysts with ovarian histologic findings.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare cytologic findings of fluid from ovarian cysts with ovarian histologic findings. Study Design: Ovaries submitted for pathologic examination were grossly examined for ovarian cysts. Fluid was removed by needle aspiration from intact ovarian cysts and prepared for cytologic examination. The cytologic findings were categorized as benign, malignant, indeterminate, and nondiagnostic. Histologic classification was assigned using the guidelines established by the World Health Organization. A single pathologist evaluated each cytologic specimen and was blinded to the gross appearance and histologic findings of each ovary. Cytologic diagnoses were compared with the histologic diagnoses. Results: The study material consisted of 105 ovaries from 98 women. A comparison of the ovarian histologic findings with the cytologic diagnosis was performed in 89 of 105 cases. Histologic examination of the ovaries revealed 89 benign ovarian tumors and 13 ovarian carcinomas. The sensitivity of ovarian cyst cytologic evaluation was 25%, and the specificity was 90%. The false-positive rate for ovarian cytologic evaluation was 73%, and the false-negative rate was 12%. Conclusions: Cytologic examination of aspirated ovarian cyst fluid does not accurately predict ovarian histologic findings. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:550-3.)
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PARTICIPATION IN SMALL GROUP DISCUSSIONS.

The frequency of verbal interactions among members of small discussion groups has been carefully studied in experiments by Bales and his associates at Harvard and by Stephan and Mishler at Princeton. Stephan suggested that the data could be described by a simple exponential equation, which has intrigued several mathematical sociologists because of its apparent generality in providing a concise statement of experimental results. The present paper suggests that this result could be generated by a simple probabilistic process, which may have uses in other types of group interaction studies where an analogous structure prevails.
Simulation of the gas‐phase processes in remote‐plasma‐activated chemical‐vapor deposition of silicon dielectrics using rare gas–silane‐ammonia mixtures

Remote‐plasma‐activated chemical‐vapor deposition (RPACVD) is a method whereby thin films are deposited with the substrate located out of the plasma zone. The lower rate of energetic ion and photon bombardment in RPACVD compared to conventional direct‐plasma‐enhanced chemical‐vapor deposition (DPECVD) reduces damage to the substrate. The use of RPACVD also enables one to more carefully tailor the flux of radicals to the substrate compared to DPECVD. This selectivity results from both physically isolating the substrate from undesirable radicals and limiting the variety of chemical pathways that produce radicals. A model for RPACVD is described and results from the model are discussed in the context of comparing gas mixtures and geometries in which this selectivity may be achieved. The chemistries investigated are Rg/SiH4 (Rg=Ar, He) for deposition of Si and Rg/NH3/SiH4 (Rg=Ar, He) for deposition of Si3N4. It is found that the selectivity in producing radicals that can be obtained by excitation transfer from excited states of rare gases is easily compromised by reactor configurations that allow injected gases to penetrate into the plasma zone.
Finland and the Baltic provinces: Elite roles and social and economic conditions and structures

In 1815 a million people lived in Finland and some 1.2 milion in the three Baltic Provinces of Estland, Livland, and Kurland. Like the Polish and Lithuanian provinces to the south, Finland and the Baltic Provinces had corporate institutions of self-government and enjoyed a degree of autonomy within the Russian Empire. Their Lutheran religion, the Germanic languages and cultures of their nobles, clergy, and townsmen, and the Estonian, Finnish, and Latvian nationality of their peasants separated them from their Polish, Lithuanian, and Russian neighbors. Finland differed from the Baltic Provinces in important respects. Finnish society was much less rigidly organized than Baltic. Having been closely associated with Sweden since the twelfth century, the Finns shared with the Swedes common laws and political and social institutions. Serfdom never took hold in Finland and the representation of the Peasant Estate in the Riksdag included Finnish-speaking freeholders together with representatives of the nobility, clergy, and townsmen from both Sweden and Finland. In the Baltic Provinces, on the other hand, the peasants, who were emancipated between 1816 and 1819, only received the right to own land in the second part of the nineteenth century; political participation in the Baltic Diets was limited, apart from two representatives with one vote from Riga, to noblemen who owned Ritterguter. The elites of Finland and the Baltic Provinces lived in a borderland area directly exposed to the influence of Western Europe and Sweden but, as part of a socially and politically backward Russian Empire, limited in its possibilities for provincial, regional, or national development. In this essay we will refer to three types of elitestraditional, national, and socialist. Each of them purported to be committed, in one way or another, to furthering the common good of the inhabitants of Finland and/or the Baltic Provinces. Without necessarily accepting the respective self-justifications
Dc Interfacial Breakdown on Contaminated Electrolytic Surfaces

This paper covers the results of investigations of interfacial breakdown on electrolytic surfaces. A water-channel model is used to simulate an insulator surface with different conductivity levels. Effects of the chemical nature of the contaminants and contamination levels on the critical flashover voltage are studied. A multiple-arc model is introduced where the phenomenon of multiple discharges existing simultaneously on an electrolytic surface is investigated. The phenomenon of cathode fall voltage is further examined in order to arrive at a reasonable estimate for the model. A glow discharge model is adopted to provide the theoretical basis for the study.
Going Underground: Conflicting Perspectives on Domestic Violence Shelter Practices:

Feminism and the battered women's movement led to the creation of spaces of refuge for women experiencing domestic violence. The current practice of concealing the location of shelters has been questioned by many women of color, however, and some groups have created open shelters in their own communities. Beginning with a historical analysis of women's refuge, this article presents a study of practices of shelters in the United States based on interviews of directors or staff of state domestic violence coalitions. The multiple meanings of confidential location are explored, including tensions that emerge in mapping the boundary between shelter and the broader community. The concept of border tensions is introduced to identify key areas of conflict and the multiple meanings of shelter as social symbolic space. The article concludes that the concealing of shelters, while vital in some respects, has also been costly for the movement, and particularly for women of color.
The environment of multinuclear copper metal linkages in protein structures

The extended environment, particularly of the second shell about multinuclear copper centers in protein tertiary structures, can be described in terms of polarity, hydrophobicity, secondary structures, solvent accessibility, H-bonding networks, and the presence of statistically significant residue clusters (e.g., histidine-acidic, histidine-cysteine-methionine). Six protein structures with a multinuclear copper core are examined: ascorbate oxidase [oxidized (1aoz – Protein Data Bank (PDB) code) and reduced form (1aso)], ceruloplasmin (hCP – PDB number unassigned), hemocyanin (oxidized 1oxy and deoxygenated forms 1lla), and nitrite reductase (2afn). Analysis of these descriptors for these copper-containing proteins reveals both known and also previously undescribed and possible functionally important features. The novel features are firstly that the trinuclear copper complex in ascorbate oxidase and in ceruloplasmin are similar in that each structure is coordinated in the same 3D orientation by four histidine pairs in the same primary sequence arrangement. By contrast, the second shell of (1aoz) is predominantly polar augmented with three water molecules, whereas the second shell of (hCP) is predominantly hydrophobic. Both structures possess a histidine-acidic cluster overlapping the trinuclear copper environment and extending to a nearby (about 13 A away) blue copper (type I) center. While the acidic residues in this cluster are not copper ligands, in (hCP) they putatively bind iron ions as part of the enzyme ferroxidase activity. Ceruloplasmin also contains two other separated type I copper ions, and there is a distinctive cysteine-histidine-methionine residue cluster connecting these two separated copper environments. We also identified in ceruloplasmin a significant mixed-charge cluster on the protein surface distant from the several copper ions which may play a role in protein-protein interaction. The second shell of the oxidized dicopper hemocyanin is more hydrophilic than that of the reduced form, the latter being totally buried. The exclusive histidine-acidic and the methionine-cysteine-histidine clusters in nitrite reductase traverse the environment of the Cu (type I) and the nearby (12.7 A) functionally linked Cu (type II). Analysis of repeats in ceruloplasmin reveals a triple repeat consonant with the three copper type I occurrences but not consistent with the ligation patterns of the trinuclear copper complex, suggesting the possibility of alternative coordination ligand choices and/or alternative structural conformational outcomes.
Valence-bond calculation of energy curves for XeH+

The lowest five energies of the XeH+ system have been calculated using the valence-bond method. The effects of spin-orbit coupling are introduced by a semi-empirical procedure. These results serve to interpret qualitatively processes involved in collisions between protons and xenon atoms and, in particular, the polarization of spin on the hydrogen atoms formed by charge exchange is discussed.
Reliability and validity of the Cognitive Slippage Scale in two populations.

Analyses of responses from a clinical sample of 120 patients (primarily schizophrenics) and from 158 college students to the Cognitive Slippage Scale, a scale designed by Miers and Raulin to identify speech deficits and confused thinking in schizophrenic and schizotypal personality disorders showed high internal reliability; Cronbach's coefficients alpha were .89 and .86 in the clinical and college student samples, respectively. The mean scale scores significantly differentiated the two samples. Also, change scores over 4 wk. showed adequate stability for both samples. Item analysis indicated Items 11, 20, 21, and 28 may not reliably discriminate between schizophrenic and college student samples. Over-all, these preliminary results are consistent with the reliability and validity of the scale.
The octant rule. XVI1. COnformation and circular dichroism of and 2-methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-ones, thujone and isothujone

Abstract (lS,5S)-exo-2(R)-Methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-one ( 1 ) and (lS,5S)-endo-2(S)-methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-one (2) were synthesized and their circular dichroism (CD) spectra run. Conformational analysis based on molecular mechanics calculations and Karplus equation analyses of vicinal H¦H NMR coupling constants indicate boat-like sofa conformations for both 1 and 2 , with very little ring distortion from the symmetry of the parent bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-one. The lone dissymmetric ψ-axial and ψ-equatorial methyl groups of 1 and 2 , respectively, are both octant consignate. The natural product analogs of 1 and 2 , (−)-3-isothujone ( 3 ) and (+)-3-thujone ( 4 ) were prepared and examined similarly. Their α-methyl perturbers dominate the CD n-π★ Cotton effects.
The force-from-lipid (FFL) principle of mechanosensitivity, at large and in elements

Focus on touch and hearing distracts attention from numerous subconscious force sensors, such as the vital control of blood pressure and systemic osmolarity, and sensors in nonanimals. Multifarious manifestations should not obscure invariant and fundamental physicochemical principles. We advocate that force from lipid (FFL) is one such principle. It is based on the fact that the self-assembled bilayer necessitates inherent forces that are large and anisotropic, even at life’s origin. Functional response of membrane proteins is governed by bilayer force changes. Added stress can redirect these forces, leading to geometric changes of embedded proteins such as ion channels. The FFL principle was first demonstrated when purified bacterial mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL) remained mechanosensitive (MS) after reconstituting into bilayers. This key experiment has recently been unequivocally replicated with two vertebrate MS K2p channels. Even the canonical Kv and the Drosophila canonical transient receptor potentials (TRPCs) have now been shown to be MS in biophysical and in physiological contexts, supporting the universality of the FFL paradigm. We also review the deterministic role of mechanical force during stem cell differentiation as well as the cell-cell and cell-matrix tethers that provide force communications. In both the ear hair cell and the worm’s touch neuron, deleting the cadherin or microtubule tethers reduces but does not eliminate MS channel activities. We found no evidence to distinguish whether these tethers directly pull on the channel protein or a surrounding lipid platform. Regardless of the implementation, pulling tether tenses up the bilayer. Membrane tenting is directly visible at the apexes of the stereocilia.
Costly Bidding in Online Markets for IT Services

Internet-enabled markets are becoming viable venues for procurement of professional services. We investigate bidding behavior within the most active area of these early knowledge markets--the market for software development. These markets are important both because they provide an early view of the effectiveness of online service markets and because they have a potentially large impact on how software development services are procured and provided. Using auction theory, we develop a theoretical model that relates market characteristics to bidding and transaction behavior, taking into account costly bidding. We then test our model using data from an active online market for software development services, which yields contracts for 30%--40% of posted projects. In its current format, however, the studied market may induce excessive bidding by vendors. Consistent with our theoretical predictions and those of Carr (2003), higher-value projects attract significantly more bids, with lower average quality. Greater numbers of bids raise the cost to all participants, due to costly bidding and bid evaluation. Perhaps as a consequence, higher-value projects are also much less likely to be awarded.
Multiple crystal echocardiographic evaluation of endocardial cushion defect.

A prototype multiple crystal echocardiographic system developed by Bom and associates was used to evaluate cross-sectional cardiac anatomy in real time in twenty infants and children with endocardial cushion defect (ECD). The findings were compared to fifty normal infants and children and nineteen patients with normal mitral valve anatomy but right ventricular enlargement (RVE). Three standard transducer positions for evaluation of sagittal and transverse cardiac cross-sections are outlined and the normal group and RVE subgroup described. Studies in patients with ECD demonstrated several distinctive abnormalities, consisting of multiple echoes in the mitral valve area, anterior mitral leaflet - septal apposition in diastole with reduced posterior motion in systole, and reduced excursion of the anterior mitral leaflet. In patients with complete atrioventricular (A-V) canal defects, the anterior leaflet was often observed passing across the plane of the ventricular septum into the right ventricle during diastole, and in some of these patients the anterior mitral leaflet was related to the tricuspid annulus. Multiple crystal cardiac ultrasonography allows a more precise determination of intra- and extracardiac spatial relationships and is easier to perform than single crystal echo. The new technique provides clinical information helpful in evaluating patients with possible ECD and gives some indication of the severity of the defect.
A possible role for the synaptonemal complex in chiasma maintenance

Abstract It is suggested that in addition to whatever function the synaptonemal complex may serve with respect to crossing over, it may serve a previously unsuspected function, i.e. one which normally assures regular meiotic chromosome disjunction in most organisms. This is the provision of the sister chromatid cohesiveness which is probably required for chiasma maintenance until anaphase I and may also be required in the centromere regions for maintenance of dyad integrity until anaphase II. Attention is directed to suggestive correlations of occurrence of normal synapsis through pachytene (homologous or non-homologous) with instances of sister chromatid cohesiveness at later meiotic stages and conversely of lack of normal synapsis with failure of sister chromatid cohesiveness. Chromosome behavior is compared in trisomies and in material homozygous for several meiotic mutants.
Multi-MeV ion implantation accelerator system

Abstract Ion implantation makes possible dramatic improvements in the surface properties of metals. For many applications the required penetration depth is several microns, corresponding to an ion beam energy of several MeV. This paper describes the design of a compact, efficient accelerator system for such applications. The system is based on a MEVVA ion source and a 4-bar RF quadrupole design.
Role of melt supply in oceanic detachment faulting and formation of megamullions

Normal faults are ubiquitous on mid-ocean ridges and are expected to develop increasing offset with reduced spreading rate as the proportion of tectonic extension increases. Numerous long-lived detachment faults that form megamullions with large-scale corrugations have been identifi ed on magma-poor mid-ocean ridges, but recent studies suggest, counterintuitively, that they may be associated with elevated magmatism. We present numerical models and geological data to show that these detachments occur when ~30%‐50% of total extension is accommodated by magmatic accretion and that there is signifi cant magmatic accretion in the fault footwalls. Under these low-melt conditions, magmatism may focus unevenly along the spreading axis to create an irregular brittle-plastic transition where detachments root, thus explaining the origin of the enigmatic corrugations. Morphological and compositional characteristics of the oceanic lithosphere suggested by this study provide important new constraints to assess the distribution of magmatic versus tectonic extension along mid-ocean ridges.
A Quantitative Light and Electron Microscopic Study of Hamster Tracheal Epithelium with Special Attention to So-Called Intermediate Cells

Epithelial cells of the lower trachea of the hamster were studied and quantified by high resolution light microscopy and electron microscopy. The epithelium was composed of basal cells, secretory cells, and ciliated cells; preciliated cells were extremely rare in the undisturbed epithelium. In addition, a few cells were of indeterminate character. Correlative light and electron microscopy indicated that about 10% of the basal cell population, categorized by light microscopy, was composed of the nucleated basal portions of tortuous secretory cells. Electron microscopy revealed that the light microscopic indeterminate category was heterogeneous, being composed of several cell types, including secretory cells with scant secretion granules, some "tall" basal cells, and very few cells that were truly indeterminate. Furthermore, review of the literature and the results of this study indicated that several different cell types, including secretory cells with sparse secretions and preciliated cells, have been previously called "intermediate cells." The study focuses attention upon the difficulties in accurately classifying certain types of tracheal epithelial cells, especially at the light microscopic level.
Combining Preorder and Postorder Resolution in a Satisfiability Solver

Abstract Abstract Recently, the classical backtracking-search satisfiability algorithm of Davis, Putnam, Loveland and Logemann (DPLL) has been enhanced in two distinct directions: with more advanced reasoning methods, or with conflict-directed back-jumping (CBJ). Previous methods used one idea or the other, but not both (except that CBJ has been combined with the unit-clause rule). The difficulty is that more advanced reasoning derives new clauses, but does not identify which backtrackable assumptions were relevant for the derivation. However CBJ needs this information. The linear-time decision procedure for binary-clause formulas is a good example of this phenomenon. This paper describes an efficient method to integrate several popular reasoning methods with CBJ. It includes binary-clause reasoning, equivalent-literal identification, variable-elimination resolution, and others. The main idea is to exploit the fact that DPLL can be viewed as an algorithm to construct a resolution refutation, rather than as backtracking-search for a model. Conflict sets in CBJ correspond to clauses in the resolution refutation. Incorporating advanced reasoning into this dual view of DPLL shows the way to combine it soundly with CBJ. Experiments show that the search space is reduced, but that memory has to be managed extremely carefully. This work was supported in part by NSF grants CCR-8958590 and CCR-9503830, by equipment donations from Sun Microsystems, Inc., and software donations from Quintus Computer Systems, Inc.