cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Error estimates in semi-empirical estimation methods of surface reactions

Abstract In this paper, we examine the theoretical and numerical error properties of three semi-empirical methods when used separately and in conjunction with each other using oxygenated hydrocarbons as sample species. These methods are group additivity (GA), the linear scaling relations (LSRs), and the Bronsted–Evans–Polanyi (BEP) correlations. GA estimated heat of formation has nearly zero mean error for all species. GA heats of reaction have no systematic error only when GA is used with C2 or larger species, and DFT is used for all smaller species. Aside from a constant offset, LSR-estimated binding energies and heats of reaction show adequate agreement with the corresponding DFT energies. BEP-estimated activation energies are shown to have systematic errors when the input heats of reaction have systematic errors. Each method produces estimates whose errors are normally distributed with a nonzero mean and which are uncorrelated. Combinations of techniques also possess normally distributed errors.
Surgical Structured Light for 3D minimally invasive surgical imaging

Surgeons perform minimally invasive surgery using an image delivered by a laparoscope and a camera system that provides a high definition 2D image, but this leaves the surgeon without 3D depth perception. The lack of depth perception can slow the surgeon, increase the risk of misidentifying structures, and/or inadvertently cause unwanted injury to tissues surrounding the surgical site. To address the lack of depth perception, we propose a Surgical Structured Light (SSL) system that includes a 3D sensor capable of measuring and modeling the surgical site during a procedure. The 3D information provided by this system can enable the surgeon to: 1) improve the navigation of tools based on precise localization of instruments in relation to structures in the surgical site, 2) allow 3D visualizations side-by-side with a standard 2D color image, and 3) precisely measure sizes of structures (e.g., tumors) and distances between structures with simple mouse clicks. We demonstrate the accuracy of our SSL system using ex-vivo data on both a cylinder calibration object as well as various plastic organs.
A mammographic mass CAD system incorporating features from shape, fractal, and channelized Hotelling observer measurements: preliminary results

In this paper, we present preliminary results from a highly sensitive and specific CAD system for mammographic masses. For false positive reduction, the system incorporated features derived from shape, fractal, and channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) measurements. The database for this study consisted of 80 craniocaudal mammograms randomly extracted from USF's digital database for screening mammography. The database contained 49 mass findings (24 malignant, 25 benign). To detect initial mass candidates, a difference of Gaussians (DOG) filter was applied through normalized cross correlation. Suspicious regions were localized in the filtered images via multi-level thresholding. Features extracted from the regions included shape, fractal dimension, and the output from a Laguerre-Gauss (LG) CHO. Influential features were identified via feature selection techniques. The regions were classified with a linear classifier using leave-one-out training/testing. The DOG filter achieved a sensitivity of 88% (23/24 malignant, 20/25 benign). Using the selected features, the false positives per image dropped from ~20 to ~5 with no loss in sensitivity. This preliminary investigation of combining multi-level thresholded DOG-filtered images with shape, fractal, and LG-CHO features shows great promise as a mass detector. Future work will include the addition of more texture and mass-boundary descriptive features as well as further exploration of the LG-CHO.
Line-source based X-ray tomography

Current computed tomography (CT) scanners, including micro-CT scanners, utilize a point x-ray source. As we target higher and higher spatial resolutions, the reduced x-ray focal spot size limits the temporal and contrast resolutions achievable. To overcome this limitation, in this paper we propose to use a line-shaped x-ray source so that many more photons can be generated, given a data acquisition interval. In reference to the simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) algorithm for image reconstruction from projection data generated by an x-ray point source, here we develop a generalized SART algorithm for image reconstruction from projection data generated by an x-ray line source.Our numerical simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of our novel line-source based x-ray CT approach and the proposed generalized SART algorithm.
Responses of ovaries of immature chickens to avian and mammalian gonadotrophins.

THE bulk of studies on the response of avian gonads to gonadotrophic hormones has been done using hormones of mammalian origin. This work established that gonads of normal adult chickens of both sexes are capable of being stimulated by mammalian gonadotrophms. However, in the domestic chicken, between the ages of one and about 150 days, the gametogenic component of the ovary is almost completely refractory to gonadotrophins of mammalian origin. Thus, injection of crude or purified gonadotrophic substances from sheep, pigs and mares (including pregnant mare’s serum) does not lead to any measurable enlargement of ovarian follicles of prepuberal female chickens. Two alternative explanations for the failure of the prepuberal avian cortex to respond to mammalian hormones can be offered: 1. a physiological or morphological unreadiness of the cortex of the avian ovary, and 2. an endocrine incompleteness of the mammalian hormones used.
Velocity of Electromagnetic Waves

THE recent applications of radar instruments to geodetic surveying have given great impetus to attempts to determine the velocity of propagation of ultra-high-frequency radio waves. In the United States Air Forces, an extensive project to utilize Shoran for the precise measurement of geodetic distances was carried out in 1947. The distances measured varied from 67 to 367 miles in length. The project as a whole was directed by me, with valuable technical assistance in problems of propagational velocity and methods of adjustment by Donald A. Rice, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. The reviewing board commented: “On the basis of the evidence submitted, however, it appears possible that the fundamental trouble may lie in an erroneous value for the velocity of light or for the dielectric constant of the air".
Neurological manifestations of Waldenström macroglobulinemia.

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, a condition that most commonly occurs in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, typically manifests with diffuse lymphadenopathies, cytopenias, and a markedly elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Peripheral neuropathy occurs in nearly half of patients with this condition, and hyperviscosity-related nervous system disorders are encountered in up to a third. Other neurological complications, such as encephalopathy or myelopathy caused by direct tumor infiltration, paraprotein deposition or autoimmune phenomena, are rare. Diagnosis of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia requires identification of monoclonal IgM protein in the serum, bone marrow biopsy, and appropriate neurological testing (e.g. imaging studies of affected areas of the central neuraxis, electrophysiological studies). Treatment options, which should address both the paraprotein burden and the lymphoplasmacytic clone, include plasmapheresis and chemotherapy with alkylating agents, nucleoside analogs, and rituximab. As the disease is incurable and its course indolent, these treatments are only provided to symptomatic patients.
MRI Guided 3D Mesh Generation and Registration for Biological Modeling

An accurate three-dimensional (3D) mesh of biological models is fundamental for analysis and treatment simulations. Generally noninvasive magnetic resonance image (MRI) data are taken as the input for the simulation. The topologic relationship of anatomy is extracted from MR images through segmentation processes. To accelerate the biological modeling phase, template surface and volume meshes are generated based on MR images and∕or anatomical atlases (e.g., brain atlas, etc.). The boundary surfaces are extracted from segmented regions on the image slices, which are used as the input for 3D volume mesh generation. An intuitive graphic user interface was developed for biomedical applications. It integrated MRI data manipulation with surface mesh and volume mesh generators. Image volume and mesh geometries are registered in the MRI working space. As the core component of the system, a robust 3D mesh generation approach is presented. It is capable of describing irregular geometries exhibiting concave and convex surfaces. It uses deltahedral building blocks for volume mesh generation and creates high-quality, regular-shaped tetrahedral mesh elements. The approach supports multiple levels of localized refinement without reducing the overall mesh quality. The validity of this new mesh generation strategy and implementation is demonstrated via the medical applications in brain vasculature modeling, multimodality imaging for breast cancer detection, and numerous anatomically accurate models presented. Multiple material boundaries are preserved in each mesh with fidelity.
Panic disorder in children and adolescents: new developments, new directions

Reviewed panic attacks and panic disorders in children and adolescents critically and highlighted new developments. It is concluded that panic attacks and panic disorder are common in adolescence and that they are responsive to cognitive-behavioral treatment regimens. It is also concluded that although panic attacks and panic disorder are less common in children, they are nonetheless present. It is important to note, however, that their expression in childhood may vary from the clinical features seen in adolescence and adulthood. Specifically, it is suggested that most panic attacks in childhood are associated with particular events and are not unexpected or "out of the blue." Moreover, noncatastrophic interpretations of the symptoms of panic prevail. A developmental model for the onset, course, and correlates of panic in children is put forth.
P311-induced myofibroblasts exhibit ameboid-like migration through RalA activation

We previously showed that P311, an intracellular protein involved in cell migration, is found in human wound myofibroblast precursors (proto-myofibroblasts) and myofibroblasts. Furthermore, by binding to the TGF-β1 latency associated protein (LAP), P311 induced NIH 3T3 cells to transform into non-fibrogenic myofibroblasts characterized by lack of TGF-β1 production. Here we demonstrate that P311-induced myofibroblasts migrate in an ameboid rather than a mesenchymal pattern. Ameboid migration is characterized by lack of focal adhesions and stress fibers, absence of integrins and MMPs clustering/activation and changes in small GTPases activity, all leading to increased cell motility. P311-induced ameboid migration depended on activation of the GTPase RalA and was reverted to mesenchymal-type migration by RalA RNA interference. Ameboid migration was conserved in cells plated on fibrin, the initial wound matrix, but was switched back to mesenchymal-type migration by collagen I, the main ECM component in late stages of wound healing. TGF-β1, the major stimulus of collagen production during wound repair, also reversed the ameboid phenotype to mesenchymal. Our studies therefore suggest that, by inducing RalA activity, P311 promotes a motile proto-myofibroblast and myofibroblast phenotype specifically adapted to rapidly populate the initial wound matrix.
Conformity under Conditions of Simulated Group Pressure as a Function of the Need for Social Approval

(1962). Conformity under Conditions of Simulated Group Pressure as a Function of the Need for Social Approval. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 171-181.
Painting an Ethos: The Actress, the Angel in the House, and Pre-Raphaelite Ellen Terry

Artist Graham Robertson referred to British performer Ellen Terry (1847–1928) as the “Painter's Actress.” Many nineteenth-century female performers benefited from relationships with fine art, using the image on the canvas as a vehicle for combatting stereotypes surrounding women in the theater. In aligning herself with the bohemian Pre-Raphaelite aesthetic, Terry established respectability through fine art and offered a feminine persona that was a powerful alternative to domesticity. Cultivating this persona not only through paintings but also through photographs and textual representations, Terry suggests the ways in which women could employ multimodal arguments to secure their place in the public sphere.
The Case for Natural Gas Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Systems for Distributed Generation

Natural-gas-fueled solid oxide fuel cell (NGSOFC) power systems yield electrical conversion efficiencies exceeding 55% and may become a viable alternative for distributed generation (DG) if stack life and manufacturing economies of scale can be realized. Currently, stacks last approximately 2 years and few systems are produced each year because of the relatively high cost of electricity from the systems. PNNL has performed cost modeling for production of 270 kW (DC) NGSOFC power systems, sized for light industry or large box stores. If mass manufacturing (10.000 units per year) and a stack life of 15 years can be reached, the cost of electricity from an NGSOFC system is estimated to be about 8,2 ¢/kWh, well within the range of commercial and residential retail prices at the national level (9,9–10 ¢/kWh and 11–12 ¢/kWh, respectively). With 5 ¢/kWh in estimated additional benefits from DG, NGSOFC could be well positioned to replace the forecasted 59–77 gigawatts of capacity loss resulting from coal plant closures due to stricter emissions regulations and low natural gas prices.
Stereospecific synthesis of dienone iron tricarbonyl complexes by friedelcrafts acylation

Abstract Acylation of diene Fe(CO) 3 complexes using the Perrier complexes RCOCl/AlCl 3 in methylene chloride at 0°C gives dienone complexes in high yield. Substitution occurs only at unsubstituted terminal carbons of the diene unit. Quenching the reaction mixtures in cold aqueous ammonia gives cis dienone complexes only. Trans dienone complexes are prepared by subsequent isomerization in methanolic sodium methoxide. Formylation of diene Fe(CO) 3 complexes proceeds in modest yield using dichloromethylmethyleter/AlCl 3 in methylene chloride to give trans -dienal complexes. Reduction of the dienone and dienal complexes as well as those of dienols and dienoic esters with 4 : 1 AlCl 3 /LiAlH 4 results in complete removal of the oxygen function to give trans -diene complexes in good yield.
The endothelial-specific regulatory mutation, Mvwf1, is a common mouse founder allele

Mvwf1 is a cis-regulatory mutation previously identified in the RIIIS/J mouse strain that causes a unique tissue-specific switch in the expression of an N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, B4GALNT2, from intestinal epithelium to vascular endothelium. Vascular B4galnt2 expression results in aberrant glycosylation of von Willebrand Factor (VWF) and accelerated VWF clearance from plasma. We now report that 13 inbred mouse strains share the Mvwf1 tissue-specific switch and low VWF phenotype, including five wild-derived strains. Genomic sequencing identified a highly conserved 97-kb Mvwf1 haplotype block shared by these strains that encompasses a 30-kb region of high nucleotide sequence divergence from C57BL6/J flanking B4galnt2 exon 1. The analysis of a series of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenes containing B4galnt2 derived from the RIIIS/J or C57BL6/J inbred mouse strains demonstrates that the corresponding sequences are sufficient to confer the vessel (RIIIS/J) or intestine (C57BL6/J)-specific expression patterns. Taken together, our data suggest that the region responsible for the Mvwf1 regulatory switch lies within an approximately 30-kb genomic interval upstream of the B4galnt2 gene. The observation that Mvwf1 is present in multiple wild-derived strains suggests that this locus may be retained in wild mouse populations due to positive selection. Similar selective pressures could contribute to the high prevalence of von Willebrand disease in humans.
On Race and Culture: Beyond Afrocentrism, Eurocentrism to Cultural Democracy

Abstract The author contends that the struggle for cultural democracy in American education will be critical in determining the quality and the future of education and of America itself. Cultural democracy recognizes the human right of each ethnic / cultural group in a culturally diverse society to have equal access to life chances and sources of social power. Power means to have a “voice,” that is, to have the capacity to define oneself as an active participant in the world rather than a passive victim. Thus, the “voice” as expressed in the theoretical underpinnings or major premises of Afrocentrism, Eurocentrism, and cultural democracy is examined with emphasis on their current contributions and future possibilities for shaping higher education and charting the directions in intergroup relations in American society in the twenty-first century.
Ionization and dissociation dynamics of vinyl bromide probed by femtosecond extreme ultraviolet transient absorption spectroscopy.

Strong-field induced ionization and dissociation dynamics of vinyl bromide, CH2=CHBr, are probed using femtosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) transient absorption spectroscopy. Strong-field ionization is initiated with an intense femtosecond, near infrared (NIR, 775 nm) laser field. Femtosecond XUV pulses covering the photon energy range of 50-72 eV probe the subsequent dynamics by measuring the time-dependent spectroscopic features associated with transitions of the Br (3d) inner-shell electrons to vacancies in molecular and atomic valence orbitals. Spectral signatures are observed for the depletion of neutral C2H3Br, the formation of C2H3Br(+) ions in their ground (X) and first excited (A) states, the production of C2H3Br(++) ions, and the appearance of neutral Br ((2)P3/2) atoms by dissociative ionization. The formation of free Br ((2)P3/2) atoms occurs on a timescale of 330 ± 150 fs. The ionic A state exhibits a time-dependent XUV absorption energy shift of ∼0.4 eV within the time window of the atomic Br formation. The yield of Br atoms correlates with the yield of parent ions in the A state as a function of NIR peak intensity. The observations suggest that a fraction of vibrationally excited C2H3Br(+) (A) ions undergoes intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution followed by the C-Br bond dissociation. The C2H3Br(+) (X) products and the majority of the C2H3Br(++) ions are relatively stable due to a deeper potential well and a high dissociation barrier, respectively. The results offer powerful new insights about orbital-specific electronic processes in high field ionization, coupled vibrational relaxation and dissociation dynamics, and the correlation of valence hole-state location and dissociation in polyatomic molecules, all probed simultaneously by ultrafast table-top XUV spectroscopy.
A Model-based Framework for Predicting Performance in Self-adaptive Systems

Abstract In recent years, the Department of Defense (DoD) has sought to develop military systems with increasing levels of autonomy. There has been an increase in requirements and desired capabilities that call for the semi-autonomous or autonomous performance of tasks. Military robot systems are an example of such complex systems. As the DoD develops these complex systems it is evident, based on recent research, that in order to achieve the desired capabilities the systems must adapt and learn to improve their performance and become more autonomous. However, it is cost prohibitive and impractical to evaluate self- adaptive systems in all possible scenarios and environments. As a result, it is desirable to improve our ability to understand how autonomous systems will perform in order to influence military acquisition decisions. Prior work has sought to characterize the environment or the performance of unmanned systems based on levels of autonomy and suggested that environmental complexity is a strong predictor of performance of mobile robot systems. However performance measures of unmanned systems dealing with complex and changing environments have been difficult to measure quantitatively because it is difficult to delineate the general operational domains of the unmanned systems or how to determine if an unmanned system satisfies capability specifications or expectations. This paper describes the development of a model-based framework for predicting the performance of self-adaptive systems, specifically a navigation task for mobile military robot systems. By developing a quantitative model of performance based on the complexity of the environment, including slope and vegetation, we can estimate the performance of a system in new regions based on performance in known regions. Using simulation and data from prior experiments, we demonstrate the ability to predict the performance in environments that have not been tested. In order to validate our model, we compare the model results to data from previous DARPA-led research experiments.
A Dynamic Disaggregation Approach to Approximate Linear Programs for Network Revenue Management

The linear programming approach to approximate dynamic programming has received considerable attention in the recent network revenue management (RM) literature. A major challenge of the approach lies in solving the resulting approximate linear programs (ALPs), which often have a huge number of constraints and/or variables. Starting from a recently developed compact affine ALP for network RM, we develop a novel dynamic disaggregation algorithm to solve the problem, which combines column and constraint generation and exploits the structure of the underlying problem. We show that the formulation can be further tightened by considering structural properties satisfied by an optimal solution. We prove that the sum of dynamic bid-prices across resources is concave over time. We also give a counterexample to demonstrate that the dynamic bid-prices of individual resources are not concave in general. Numerical experiments demonstrate that dynamic disaggregation is often orders of magnitude faster than existing algorithms in the literature for problem instances with and without choice. In addition, adding the concavity constraints can further speed up the algorithm, often by an order of magnitude, for problem instances with choice.
“Wiring” of glucose oxidase within a hydrogel made with polyvinyl imidazole complexed with [(Os-4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine)Cl]+/2+1

Abstract Glucose electrodes based on hydrogels made by crosslinking glucose oxidase and the redox polymer formed upon complexing polyvinyl imidazole (PVI) with [Os(dmo-bpy) 2 Cl] +/2+ (dmo-bpy= 4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine) on vitreous carbon electrode surfaces were investigated. The redox potential of the hydrogels was −69 mV (SCE) and their glucose electrooxidation current reached a plateau at +50 mV (SCE). Urate and acetaminophen were not electrooxidized at this potential at rates that would interfere with the glucose assays. At 32 mM glucose concentration switching of the atmosphere from argon to O 2 reduced the current only by 5%.
Three‐dimensional subwavelength confinement of a photonic nanojet using a plasmonic nanoantenna GAP

Using 3D finite-difference time-domain modeling, a microsphere-generating nanojet and gold nanoantenna gap are optimized to achieve 3D nanojet confinement to a subwavelength volume of about 0.009 µm3 (wherein the edges of the volume are defined at 1/e2 of the maximum electric-field intensity) for an incident wavelength of 633 nm. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2700–2706, 2014
Stability of transient solution of moderately thick plate by finite-difference method

Abstract : The condition of stability of the finite-difference equation for the transient response of a 'moderately thick' plate is derived. The effect of transverse shear and rotatory inertia on the stability condition are examined. For the same size of space increment the stability condition for a moderately thick plate requires a much smaller time increment than the corresponding one for a 'thin' plate in order to insure numerical stability. It is found that when either the effect of transverse shear or rotatory inertia is included, the sufficient stability condition is identical to that for the thin plate. (Author)
Effects of Marital Discord on Young Children's Peer Interaction and Health

Reports an investigation of the effects of marital discord on the peer interactions and physical health of preschool children. A sample of families that ranged widely in marital satisfaction and had a 4to 5-year-old child participated in several home and laboratory sessions involving marital, parentchild, and peer (with a best friend) interaction. Obtained observational, self-report, and physiological indices. Hypothesized that the ability to regulate emotion would be disrupted in children from maritally distressed homes and that this would result in poor child outcomes. Found support for a pathanalytic model correlating the child outcomes of the child's level of play, negative peer interaction, and physical health, using marital satisfaction, the parents' physiology during marital interaction, observations of parent-child interaction, the child's physiology during parent-child interaction, indices of emotion during the directed facial action task, and urinary assays of catecholamine endocrine variables. Research findings have converged recently to suggest that there are familial correlates of the adjustment of young children. Furthermore, the best familial predictor of childhood behavior problems has been found to be marital discord (see Emery, 1982). The precise nature of this effect is an area of active research. On the whole, studies of the consequences of marital discord for children's adjustment have focused on rather severe forms of child outcomes, and little attention has been paid to more subtle disruptions in the child's life, such as peer relationships. Yet there is ample evidence that one of the best lead indicators of children at psychiatric risk involves the nature of the child's social relationships with peers (Parker & Asher, 1987). There is also initial evidence that suggests family correlates of these social-skill deficits (Putallaz & Heflin, 1986). Nonetheless, the precise nature of the family precursors for the developing child's peer system are not known. What processes in the child might mediate between the marital and child-peer system? The most vulnerable aspect of social development with respect to marital discord may be the child's ability to regulate emotional states. This notion of the importance of emotional regulation is not new. In fact, the ability to regulate emotional experience and expression has often been
Convergence of iterative processes in nonlinear optimization

We discuss here two questions related to the convergence of a class of iterative processes to find the minimum point of convex functionals. The iterative process is first viewed as arising from a sequence of contraction mappings whose contraction constants approach one. The rate of convergence of the process is then discussed in terms of these constants. We then study the convergence of gradient-type methods when they are subject to random errors. Sufficient conditions are obtained for various types of probabilistic convergence.
Temperature Evolution in High Frequency Mechanical Loading

A generic heat generation equation with the heat transfer has been developed for pure mechanical loading. Frequency dependent temperature field can be obtained on a specimen subjected to pure mechanical, cyclic or non-cyclic loading. Results have been compared with the literature and a good agreement has been found with the experimental results. Applications and effectiveness of the equation is highlighted in predicting the fatigue damage in case of high cyclic or vibration fatigue.
Electronic states of oxalic acid and dimethyloxalate. Absorption studies

Electronic absorption spectra of oxalic acid and dimethyloxalate are reported at temperatures ranging from 4.2 to 300°K. Three absorption systems are observed in the near-ultraviolet region and are attributed, in order of increasing energy, to the 13Au ← 11Ag, 11Au ← 11Ag and 21Au ← 11Ag transitions of the trans-planar molecule. It is shown that, in the crystal, the 11Au ← 11Ag transition steals intensity from a 11Bu ← 11Ag transition by vibronic coupling via bg modes of dominant frequency ∼450 cm−1. It is concluded that neither oxalic acid nor dimethyloxalate exist as single species in solution; it is in-inferred that each of these is distributed over a broad range of configurations in which the dihedral angle between the two carboxyl groups may vary from 0 to 180°. The results of MWH and CNDOs-CI calculations are discussed.
The neural basis of footshock analgesia: the role of specific ventral medullary nuclei.

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that brief front paw shock produces opiate analgesia while brief hind paw shock produces non-opiate analgesia in rats. Additionally, front paw shock and hind paw shock can produce an opiate-mediated classically conditioned analgesia; that is, when shock is delivered to an animal, environmental cues become associated with this stimulus such that these cues become capable of producing potent opiate analgesia in the absence of shock. Investigations of the neural bases of these phenomena have revealed that front paw shock and classical conditioning lead to activation of supraspinal sites which mediate analgesia via descending pathways lying solely within the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) of the spinal cord. Hind paw footshock induced analgesia (FSIA) is also mediated by a descending DLF pathway but is unlike front paw FSIA or classically conditioned analgesia in that it involves intraspinal pathways as well. The aim of the present series of experiments was to identify the supraspinal origin of the centrifugal DLF pathway mediating front paw (opiate) FSIA, hind paw (non-opiate) FSIA, and classically conditioned (opiate) analgesia. These studies examined the effect of electrolytic lesions of the nucleus raraphe magnus (NRM), nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis (PGC), and combined lesions of these two areas (nucleus raphe alatus, NRA) on these environmentally-induced analgesias. The results of this work indicate that the NRA is the origin of the spinal cord DLF pathway mediating front paw (opiate) FSIA and classically conditioned (opiate) analgesia. Hind paw (non-opiate) FSIA is also mediated, in part, by the NRA but must involve another, yet unidentified, brainstem site(s) as well.
State Implementation and Federal Enforcement Priorities Safety versus Health in OSHA and the States

Observers allege that federal regulatory programs often establish inappropriate enforcement priorities. Efforts to comprehend the establishment of priorities and attempts to change them need to acknowledge that the states of ten play pivotal roles in enforcing federal regulatory policies. This article draws on the experience gained under the Occupational Safety and Health Act to explore, first, the degree to which state programs have exacerbated tendencies to emphasize safety over health enforcement in the workplace and inhibited amelioration of this situation. The findings do not consistently support a pessimistic perspective concerning state performance. Second, the article tests the utility of six possible explanations of variation in enforcement priorities among state implementing agents. Business dominance, pro-regulatory, and convergence explanations appear more helpful than affluence, partisan, and problem-severity theories.
Cyclic loading for materials with a vanishing elastic region

Abstract Within a plastic internal variables formalism of rate independent plasticity, a recently developed constitutive law for plastic material response under stress reversals is shown to apply to materials with a vanishing elastic region. The concept of the bounding surface introduced earlier, replaces the vanished yield and loading surfaces in defining loading-unloading criteria. Good comparison of the model with experimental data is obtained.
A Visual Explanation of Jensen's Inequality

(1993). A Visual Explanation of Jensen's Inequality. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 100, No. 8, pp. 768-771.
Opportunity map: a visualization framework for fast identification of actionable knowledge

Data mining techniques frequently find a large number of patterns or rules, which make it very difficult for a human analyst to interpret the results and to find the truly interesting and actionable rules. Due to the subjective nature of "interestingness", human involvement in the analysis process is crucial. In this paper, we propose a novel visual data mining framework for the purpose of identifying actionable knowledge quickly and easily from discovered rules and data. This framework is called the Opportunity Map. It is inspired by some interesting ideas from Quality Engineering, in particular Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and the House of Quality. It associates summarized data or discovered rules with the application objective using an interactive matrix, which enables the user to quickly identify where the opportunities are. The proposed system can be used to visually analyze discovered rules, and other statistical properties of the data. The user can also interactively group actionable attributes and values, and see how they affect the targets of interest. Combined with drill-down and comparative analysis, the user can analyze rules and data at different levels of detail. The proposed visualization framework thus represents a systematic and yet flexible method of rule analysis. Applications of the system to large-scale data sets from our industrial partner have yielded promising results.
NF-κB pathways in the immune system: control of the germinal center reaction

The NF-κB signaling pathway plays a critical role in regulating innate and adaptive immunity. This is clearly evident as mouse models deficient for numerous NF-κB subunits and upstream activators exhibit defects in the immune system ranging from impaired development of lymphocytes to defective adaptive immune responses. In this review, we focus on the role that NF-κB plays in the germinal center (GC) reaction. Specifically, we discuss the major NF-κB subunits and the IκB homolog, Bcl-3. Recent findings reveal that Bcl-6, an unrelated transcriptional repressor, is functionally similar to Bcl-3 as both factors may suppress p53 activity to allow for efficient GC formation to occur. We discuss potential mechanisms of action for Bcl-3 and Bcl-6 in this highly complex, but important process of B-cell affinity maturation.
Band structure mass and the mass enhancement factor in cadmium: Application to CdMg alloys

Abstract The Stark-Falicov pseudopotential model has been used to calculate the band structure mass for hole orbits on the Cd Fermi surface near the point H and yields a mass enhancement of 0.40. Changes of these orbits in CdMg alloys are interpreted.
Synthesis and characterization of ethidium analogs: Emphasis on amino and azido substituents

A series of eight ethidium derivatives has been synthesized in which the substituents at R3 and R8 have been varied with hydrogen, azido and amino functions. Three of these compounds are new and their synthesis and characterization by uv-visible, ir and 1H nmr spectroscopy are presented. The synthesis and characterization of the other compounds are also given for comparison, because the compounds served as precursors, or the synthetic route undertaken for these compounds differed from that reported previously.
Knowledge mobilization: schema activation or generation effect?

Abstract Generation-effect and schema-theory explanations for the outcomes of knowledge-mobilization procedures were contrasted. Across two experiments knowledge mobilization resulted in superior levels of recall even when material generated during the knowledge-mobilization phase was removed from analysis. The generation effect, however, was observed: Students in the knowledge-mobilization conditions recalled significant amounts of generated materials. We concluded that knowledge mobilization and related schema activation techniques affected students' memory primarily through schema activation and the construction of an encoding context that better facilitated assimilation of new information.
Tagging human knowledge

A fundamental premise of tagging systems is that regular users can organize large collections for browsing and other tasks using uncontrolled vocabularies. Until now, that premise has remained relatively unexamined. Using library data, we test the tagging approach to organizing a collection. We find that tagging systems have three major large scale organizational features: consistency, quality, and completeness. In addition to testing these features, we present results suggesting that users produce tags similar to the topics designed by experts, that paid tagging can effectively supplement tags in a tagging system, and that information integration may be possible across tagging systems.
Photovoltaic-powered rural zone family house in Egypt

In the development of energy sources in rural regions in Egypt at the brink of the 21st century, it is necessary to view the use of solar energy in all applications as one of the most promising new and renewable energy sources. This paper presents a study and design of a complete photovoltaic system for providing the electrical loads in a family house according to their energy requirements. A computer program is developed to achieve this and to determine the specifications of photovoltaic (PV) system components. It uses the solar energy data of the selected rural zone and all the required information about the electrical loads. Also, the effects of solar intensity variations and surface temperature variations on the amount of power provided by the PV panels are taken into consideration. It is found that providing electricity to a family house in a rural zone using PV systems is very beneficial and competitive with the other types of conventional energy sources, especially considering the decreasing prices of these systems and their increasing efficiencies and reliability. They have also the advantage of maintaining a clean environment.
SOLVING THE US HEALTHCARE PROBLEMS: THE ACTION STRATEGY

The US healthcare system costs more and delivers less service quality, in comparison with several industrialized nations. This paper describes the critical problems facing the US healthcare system, offers a comprehensive review of various best practices and emerging solutions to address the cost and quality issues, identifies a set of empirical observations from this review, and outlines a rational strategy, the ACTION strategy, to solve some of the noted US healthcare problems. The ACTION strategy, as proposed, takes into account the decision factors, which are important to any healthcare organizations, such as economic viability, technological feasibility, ease of implementation, operational efficiency, as well as being patient-focused, regulatory compliant and risk optimized. When adopted, this strategy should allow a majority of healthcare organizations to achieve steady progress toward cost reduction, quality enhancement, cycle time shortening and patient satisfaction. Practitioners in technology man...
Marine Diaries of Past Climate: Report on the GICME Workshop

The determination of past climate from annually banded corals and other integrators of marine processes was the topic of the Geological Indicators of Climate From Marine Environments (GICME) Workshop held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass., May 25–26, 1988. This event, sponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and U.S. Geological Survey, was attended by 22 scientists from geological, chemical, biological, and modeling backgrounds. Their primary goal was to present state-of-the-art observations made from marine organisms (i.e., corals, mollusks) and varved sediments, which record some aspect of their environment for the past few decades or centuries. It is projected that these indicators, when used in conjunction with global oceanographic models, will be useful in decadal or interdecadal climatic predictions.
High-dose radiation improved local tumor control and overall survival in patients with inoperable/unresectable non–small-cell lung cancer: Long-term results of a radiation dose escalation study

Purpose: To determine whether high-dose radiation leads to improved outcomes in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods and Materials: This analysis included 106 patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent Stages I–III NSCLC, treated with 63–103 Gy in 2.1-Gy fractions, using three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) per a dose escalation trial. Targets included the primary tumor and any lymph nodes ≥1 cm, without intentionally including negative nodal regions. Nineteen percent of patients (20/106) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patient, tumor, and treatment factors were evaluated for association with outcomes. Estimated median follow-up was 8.5 years. Results: Median survival was 19 months, and 5-year overall survival (OS) was 13%. Multivariate analysis revealed weight loss ( p = 0.011) and radiation dose ( p = 0.0006) were significant predictors for OS. The 5-year OS was 4%, 22%, and 28% for patients receiving 63–69, 74–84, and 92–103 Gy, respectively. Although presence of nodal disease was negatively associated with locoregional control under univariate analysis, radiation dose was the only significant predictor when multiple variables were included ( p = 0.015). The 5-year control rate was 12%, 35%, and 49% for 63–69, 74–84, and 92–103 Gy, respectively. Conclusions: Higher dose radiation is associated with improved outcomes in patients with NSCLC treated in the range of 63–103 Gy.
Central monoaminergic changes induced by morphine in hypoalgesic and hyperalgesic strains of domestic fowl.

Abstract The present research examined morphine dose-response effects on both the formalin test and on CNS monoamine (MA) levels and the metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in hypoalgesic (76) and hyperalgesic (SN) strains of domestic fowl. Morphine produced a significant hypoalgesic response in the 76 strain at 15–45 mg/kg and a significant hyperalgesic response in the SN strain at 5–10 mg/kg. In subsequent experiments, analyses of whole brain (minus tectum), brainstem, and spinal cord MA, DOPAC, and 5-HIAA via high-performance liquid chromotagraphy with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) were performed following morphine administration in both the 76 and SN strains. Morphine produced a significant elevation of brain dopamine (DA) and a significant elevation of brain, brainstem, and spinal cord serotonin (5-HT) in both the 76 and SN strains. Morphine elevated brain norepinephrine (NE) in the 76 strain. However, morphine failed to affect brain NE in the SN strain. This distinct morphine effect on brain NE differentiates strain-dependent hypoalgesia and hyperalgesia in domestic fowl.
Endovascular retrieval of a TrapEase permanent inferior vena cava filter from the aorta

Intra-aortic inferior vena cava filter placement is a rare event. We describe a case in which a permanent vena caval filter was retrieved from the aorta with endovascular techniques. Knowledge of filter design, catheters, and available wires is important to perform this procedure safely.
Development of fault trees for risk assessment of dam gates and associated operating equipment

AbstractThis article deals with development of fault-trees for risk assessment of dam gates and associated operating equipment. The first part of the paper deals with background information leading to the selection of Lafitte Method as the preferred method for risk assessment. The article also discusses in detail the initiating events, consequential events, and the consequences, dealing with transient and persistent overtopping results of the sensitivity analysis along with a detailed list of various failure events, the associated failure modes and their cause/effect dealing with dam gates. Actual detailed fault-trees for dam gates and associated operating equipment are presented.
Care Coordination: A Priority for Health Reform:

Care coordination is one of the priorities to transform the health care system (Institute of Medicine). Nurses have taken on the central role in care coordination for decades, and are now being recognized for expertise in care coordination. Attention has focused on nursing models that use care coordination and report outcomes. Nursing care coordination models emphasize patient education, engagement of patients and families in prevention, self-care, and adoption of health information technology to improve access to information. Policy recommendations needed to enhance care coordination include the following: (a) facilitate better information transfer with wider use of information technology, (b) include Nurse Practitioners (NPs) as equal practitioners in reimbursement, (c) create incentives to improve coordination of care, (d) reward the use of evidence-based practices, and (e) advocate for better care coordination models that include interdisciplinary teams and greater health system integration.
Measurement of urinary catecholamines in small samples for mice

Abstract Introduction Analysis of catecholamines in small samples of urine is difficult and sensitive to stress. Current techniques require pooling of samples or expensive separation by double mass spectrometry. A method for extraction of unconjugated catecholamines in 20 μL urine samples has been developed using alumina extraction prior to separation by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrochemical detection (ECD). Methods Three murine experiments tested the application of the procedure. In the first, collection occurred in the morning and evening prior to handling, and in the morning after three days of handling. In the second, passively obtained urine was compared to stressfully obtained urine in the same mice. Finally, basal collections were compared to urinary catecholamine levels 15 and 30 min into novel cage stress. Urine was extracted alongside 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) internal standard via alumina and brought to pH 8.5 with tris buffer. The mixture underwent two wash steps for depuration and eluted with perchloric acid for analysis on HPLC with ECD. Results This novel extraction method using low amounts of urine yielded 48% recovery in the samples and 60% recovery in the standard extraction on average. With a signal to noise ratio of 3:1, the limit of detection (LOD) of a standard is 1.2 pg/mL, which allows for the detection of 3.6 pg/mL in urine or 72 fg in a 20 μL sample. Thus resting catecholamine levels are 216 times higher than the LOD. Unconjugated norepinephrine and epinephrine levels were significantly increased 15 min after novel cage stress and epinephrine remained elevated after 30 min, but did not show significant differences when comparing collection time, handling exposure, or specific collection technique. Discussion The technique is an effective measure for sympathetic activity in micro samples, with a limit of detection in the attomole range for 20 μL samples.