cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some aspects of the safety of high speed catamarans

A high speed catamaran was involved in an accident off Jersey. No one was injured as a result of the actual accident itself but there were a number of serious injuries sustained by passengers during the evacuation of the vessel. A number of deficiencies in the design of the vessel were identified as a result of the accident and the evacuation of passengers and crew. Access routes and the number of exits were important causes of concern. Lifejackets and life rafts were found to have problems in their use and their specification seemed not to be well adapted to their possible use. Life rafts in particular were found not to be sufficiently robust. The low crew to passenger ratio required passengers to take on roles for which they had neither the expertise nor the training. Crew and passengers all responded to the best of their ability but unnecessary strain was placed on all due to lack of sufficient trained people being available. Hypothermia was not a major problem but if the rescue had taken much longer then there would have been a rapidly increasing number of people affected. Rescue equipment should be improved to cope with this life threatening condition. Language: en
Comparing Results of Four Lifting Analysis Tools

Four lifting analysis methods (WA L&I, NIOSH, ACGIH TLV, and 3DSSPP) were used to assess milk case stocking of 4- and 6-gallon cases. The outputs of each method were converted to a risk index similar to NIOSH's Lifting Index and used to contrast and compare risk predictions. All instruments showed higher risks associated with lifting the 6-gallon cases versus the 4-gallon cases. The NIOSH and ACGIH TLV methods were virtually identical in their results and predicted substantially higher risk when compared to the 3DSSPP. WA L&I showed risk only at the higher lifts, but its threshold for risk was designed to be higher for regulatory purposes. NIOSH's multi-task analyses were also performed. For the practitioner, the ACGIH TLV is a simpler tool to use and yields results similar to the NIOSH single-task analysis for this type of lifting, but NIOSH offers greater interpretive capabilities. All of the instruments may underestimate the risk of this lifting task due to the presence of factors unaccounted for in th...
Effects of diuretic agents on serum and tissue electrolytes in rats.

Summary and ConclusionsHydrochloro thiazide, polythiazide and chlorthalidone were added to the diets of 3 groups of Sprague-Dawley rats. After 4 weeks of subsistence on this diet, these animals together with matched controls were sacrificed and analyses of serum and tissue electrolytes were done. The serum chloride concentration was significantly lower in each experimental group. Serum potassium concentration was decreased in all 3 groups, and was significantly lowered in the groups receiving chlorthalidone and hydrochlorthiazide. Changes in serum sodium concentration were not statistically significant. Tissue analyses revealed no significant alterations in water or electrolyte content. These studies suggest that the hypokalemia associated with oral diuretic therapy results from a redistribution of potassium stores rather than a frank depletion of this ion in rats.
Is there a tumor volume threshold for postradiosurgical symptoms? A single-institution analysis.

Background Single-fraction radiosurgery may carry a higher risk of symptomatic peritumoral edema than conventionally fractionated radiotherapy, with a reported incidence of 2.5% to 37%. Previous research has shown that larger tumor volume and margin dose >14 Gy are associated with increased risk of toxicity. Parasagittal location has been associated with toxicity in some studies, but not in others. Objective To determine risk factors for and patterns of postradiosurgical symptoms (PRS). Methods This single-institution retrospective chart review included 282 stereotactic radiosurgery procedures for an intracranial meningioma from January 1999 to March 2011. PRS were assessed by using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (Version 4.0). Statistical analyses were conducted by using the 194 procedures for which treatment plans were available. Results PRS were observed after 65 procedures (23%); 35 (12%) were grade 2 or higher. Posttreatment edema occurred in 21% of grade I PRS, 68% of grade II PRS, and 71% of grade III PRS. Tumor volume ≥7.1 cc (adjusted hazards ratio = 4.9, P = .02), prior external beam radiotherapy (adjusted hazards ratio = 2.6, P = .03), and histological grade (P = .005) predicted PRS. On multivariate analysis, parasagittal location was not predictive of PRS, although skull base location predicted a lower risk of symptomatic posttreatment edema (adjusted hazards ratio = 0.133, P = .02). Conclusion In our series, prior external beam radiotherapy, tumor volume, and tumor grade are risk factors for PRS, while pretreatment edema approached statistical significance. Peritumoral edema is the predominant mechanism of significant PRS, and skull base tumors have a lower risk of posttreatment edema.
Utility of Allergy Testing in Patients with Chronic Laryngopharyngeal Symptoms: Is It Allergic Laryngitis?

ObjectiveTo determine the utility of allergy evaluation in patients with chronic refractory laryngeal symptoms.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary academic medical center.SubjectsAll patients who underwent in vitro allergy testing at a single institution from 2006 to 2010, for a total of 998 patients.MethodsCharts of patients who underwent in vitro allergy testing were identified. The charts were reviewed for the primary indication for allergy testing, as categorized into rhinitis complaints, chronic sinusitis, otitis media, and refractory laryngeal symptoms (globus, cough, throat clearing, increased secretions, and hoarseness). Results of allergy tests and comorbid conditions were analyzed and compared among groups.ResultsThe positive yield of allergy testing in patients with primary laryngeal indications was 51.8%, 63.3% for rhinitis, 60.9% for sinusitis, and 33.3% for otitis media. The odds ratio of having a positive test was not statistically different for patients with laryngeal...
The Alien Adjustment and Employment Act of 1977: A Summary

As outlined in Attorney General Griffin B. Bell's letter of transmittal to Congress, the proposed legislation has three primary objectives: "1) to adjust those undocumented aliens who have resided in the United States continuously prior to January 1, 1970 to lawful permanent residents; 2) to create a new five year temporary resident status for undocumented aliens who have resided in the United States continuously since January 1, 1977; and 3) to restrict employment opportunities for undocumented aliens in the United States."
Assessing induced seismicity risk at CO2 storage projects: Recent progress and remaining challenges

Abstract It is well established that fluid injection has the potential to induce earthquakes—from microseismicity to magnitude 5+ events—by altering state-of-stress conditions in the subsurface. This paper reviews recent lessons learned regarding induced seismicity at carbon storage sites. While similar to other subsurface injection practices, CO2 injection has distinctive features that should be included in a discussion of its seismic hazard. Induced events have been observed at CO2 injection projects, though to date it has not been a major operational issue. Nevertheless, the hazard exists and experience with this issue will likely grow as new storage operations come online. This review paper focuses on specific technical difficulties that can limit the effectiveness of current risk assessment and risk management approaches, and highlights recent research aimed at overcoming them. These challenges form the heart of the induced seismicity problem, and novel solutions to them will advance our ability to responsibly deploy large-scale CO2 storage.
Hemorrhage Exacerbates Radiation Effects on Survival, Leukocytopenia, Thrombopenia, Erythropenia, Bone Marrow Cell Depletion and Hematopoiesis, and Inflammation-Associated microRNAs Expression in Kidney

Exposure to high-dose radiation results in detrimental effects on survival. The effects of combined trauma, such as radiation in combination with hemorrhage, the typical injury of victims exposed to a radiation blast, on survival and hematopoietic effects have yet to be understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of radiation injury (RI) combined with hemorrhage (i.e., combined injury, CI) on survival and hematopoietic effects, and to investigate whether hemorrhage (Hemo) enhanced RI-induced mortality and hematopoietic syndrome. Male CD2F1 mice (10 weeks old) were given one single exposure of γ- radiation (60Co) at various doses (0.6 Gy/min). Within 2 hr after RI, animals under anesthesia were bled 0% (Sham) or 20% (Hemo) of total blood volume via the submandibular vein. In these mice, Hemo reduced the LD50/30 for 30-day survival from 9.1 Gy (RI) to 8.75 Gy (CI) with a DMF of 1.046. RI resulted in leukocytopenia, thrombopenia, erythropenia, and bone marrow cell depletion, but decreased the caspase-3 activation response. RI increased IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and TNF-α concentrations in serum, bone marrow, ileum, spleen, and kidney. Some of these adverse alterations were magnified by CI. Erythropoietin production was increased in kidney and blood more after CI than RI. Furthermore, CI altered the global miRNAs expression in kidney and the ingenuity pathway analysis showed that miRNAs viz., let-7e, miR-30e and miR-29b that were associated with hematopoiesis and inflammation. This study provides preliminary evidence that non-lethal Hemo exacerbates RI-induced mortality and cell losses associated with high-dose γ-radiation. We identified some of the initial changes occurring due to CI which may have facilitated in worsening the injury and hampering the recovery of animals ultimately resulting in higher mortality.
Typical Case Analysis of Guangdong Power Grid Icing Monitoring Network in 2010

Detailed description and analysis are made on the icing condition of Pingtong Line and its No.84 monitoring point in north Guangdong power grid in mid-February 2010.Four steps of icing process determined by the icing monitoring network,i.e.formation,rapid growing,maintaining and melting,coincided with the weather changes in that period;the icing condition of the icing monitoring network reported also coincided with manual observation.It is proved that the icing monitoring network can reflect icing condition on-site and judge icing accidents of lines timely,accurately and reliably,thereby providing dependable information for deicing and ice melting of transmission lines.
Science to Practice: Can MR Imaging–derived Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curves Reveal Transplacental Oxygen Transport and Thus Aid in Monitoring Placental Function?

The methods described by Avni et al in their article in this issue of Radiology give a sound basis for MR imaging−derived assessment of measures of fetal and placental oxygen affinities.
Washington, Booker T.

Born: April 5, 1856, Hale's Ford, VA Education: Hampton Institute, B.A. honors, 1875; Wayland Seminary, 1878 Died: November 14, 1915, Tuskegee, AL Washington founded Tuskegee Institute (1881) and industrial arts training was its model for racial uplift. “I believe that the negro problem can be worked out only in the south,” he wrote, “and by education” ( Indianapolis Journal , August 16, 1899). He led pragmatically. In face of Jim Crow, lynching, and blacks’ loss of civil rights, he solicited aid from northern industrialists to train black hands, promoting “self-help, industry, sobriety, and thrift.” Also, he built a “Tuskegee Machine” of black businesses and organizations, which isolated his critics, controlled Republican patronage for blacks, and influenced white philanthropy to black education. Washington's speech to the Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposition in 1895 elevated him “to the plateau of his power.” Blacks must cultivate moral character and economic independence rather than agitate for suffrage and racial equality, he said. Deprecating migration, he told them to “cast down your buckets where you are.” He addressed realities of segregation by telling the audience that “socially we can be as separate as the fingers, but one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.” After his “Atlanta Compromise,” Washington became African Americans’ chief spokesman and, in the judgment of one editor, “the foremost educator among the coloured people of the world.”
Large BM Intra-Articular Allograft

Posttraumatic tibiotalar arthritis is a challenging problem in young, active patients. Many of these patients do not want to pursue ankle arthrodesis after they fail conservative treatment measures, as they wish to preserve joint motion. Osteochondral shell allograft arthroplasty has been described as a reasonable alternative for treating these patients. The procedure itself is technically demanding; however, with improvements in surgical technique and adequate preoperative patient counseling, it provides improvement in ankle function and has good outcomes for most patients at long-term follow-up.
Excitation and emission mechanisms of Er:GaN gain medium in 1.5 μm region

Er doped GaN (Er:GaN) is a very promising gain medium for realizing high energy lasers (HELs) operating in the relatively eyesafe 1.5 μm spectral region due to its high thermal conductivity, low thermal expansion coefficient, low temperature coefficient of the refractive index, and high atmospheric transmittance. We report the results of optical absorption and resonantly excited photoluminescence emission spectroscopy studies performed on Er:GaN freestanding quasi-bulk crystals grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. Fine features resulting from the transitions between Stark sublevels in the 4I13/2 first excited state and 4I15/2 ground state manifolds enabled the construction of energy level diagrams pertaining to the excitation and emission mechanisms of Er:GaN eyesafe HELs. Our results suggest that the most appropriate pump lines in Er:GaN are 1514 nm and 1539 nm, whereas the lasing emission lines are most likely to occur at 1569 nm and 1581 nm, conforming to the requirements of an extremely small quantum...
Abstract 12729: Duration of Right to Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Ejection Spectral Doppler Ratio: A Potential Index of Ejection Dyssynchrony in Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension

Background: Several studies using tissue Doppler imaging have demonstrated the presence of right ventricular (RV) mechanical dyssynchrony in patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension (cPH). Unfortunately, not all echo labs are equipped with sophisticated imaging tools to make such determinations. Consequently, we devised a study to assess if pulsed Doppler interrogation of the RV and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) signals can identify temporal differences in systolic ejection between the two ventricles as a Results on cPH. Methods: Since cPH delays pulmonic closure resulting in a closely split second heart sound, we measured velocity time integrals and total duration of LVOT and RVOT ejection using pulsed Doppler signals as well as standard measures of RV and LV performance from 70 patients divided into two groups. Group I included 30 patients (53 ± 7 years) without PH (31 ± 5 mmHg) and Group II comprised 40 patients (53 ± 13 years; P=NS) with cPH (82 ± 24 mmHg; p Results: As expected, Group II patients had worse RV fractional area change (37 ± 18% vs. 62 ± 10; p Conclusions: Duration of RV to LV ejection ratio, obtained using standard pulsed Doppler, not only explains auscultatory findings in cPH patients but also appears useful in identifying temporal differences in terms of systolic ejection between the two ventricles. A prospective study is now required to correlate this ratio of ejection dyssynchrony with clinical outcomes in cPH patients.
In-Situ Monitoring of Polyamic Acid Imidization with Microdielectrometry

The kinetics of the imidization reaction of various polyimides used in microelectronic applications have previously been studied by infrared spectroscopy. This paper reports the use of a new dielectric technique, called Microdielectrometry, to monitor the imidization reaction of PMDA-ODA polyamic acid films deposited on the surface of an integrated circuit. Dielectric permittivity and loss factor in the frequency range 1–1000 Hz were measured with Microdielectrometry probes during imidizations at temperatures between 100 and 160°C. At temperatures below 130°C, the permittivity remains dispersive even after five hours; whereas at higher temperatures, the permittivity becomes constant in less than two hours. The frequency dependence of the loss factor indicates that the film exhibits a weakly dispersiv bulk conductivity that varies between 3×10−10 and 5×10 4(Ohm cm)−1, increasing with temperature but decreasing with degree of imidization. At temperatures below 130°C, the conductivity remains relatively high even after five hours; whereas above 130°C, the conductivity decreases much more rapidly to low values, although conductivity changes are still detectable in the films at 2.5 hours. Results show a significant change in rate of reaction between 120 and 140°C, but with clearly observable changes still taking place well after the nominal one hour cure time.
A Sketch of an Aristotelian Science of Ethics

This chapter considers different components of the deductive paradigm of Aristotelian ethics, beginning with principles in Topics III with ethics in mind to help identify and clarify some of the key ideas at the foundations of ethics. Next, an analysis of for-the-most-part relationships in Aristotle is offered. The success of constructing a realist model of virtue ethics deductively rests in part on providing an analysis of for-the-most-part relations allowing for their demonstrability. Using this analysis, we can see the promise in constructing an Aristotelian science of ethics, which would provide the type of deductive framework needed to derive action-guiding moral principles from more general principles about human beings, their dispositions and features of their actions. The chapter ends with some ideas about the goals of ethical inquiry.
Polarization-Corrected Temperatures for 10-, 19-, 37-, and 89-GHz Passive Microwave Frequencies

AbstractCoefficients are derived for computing the polarization-corrected temperature (PCT) for 10-, 19-, 37- and 89-GHz (and similar) frequencies, with applicability to satellites in the Global Pr...
Late Cretaceous fluvial hydrology and dinosaur behavior in southern Utah, USA: Insights from stable isotopes of biogenic carbonate

Abstract During the Late Cretaceous, North America was flooded by the epieric Western Interior Seaway. Mountain building events on the western landmass fed sediment to broad, low relief fluvial systems, which preserve rich dinosaur-bearing fossil assemblages. In this study, stable isotope ratios of associated vertebrate and invertebrate material from the Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah are used to investigate the nature of these hydrological systems and behavior of dinosaurs over these landscapes. Differences in stable isotope ratios of gar ganoine, enamel from hadrosaurid teeth, and authigenic micrite, in conjunction with previously published bivalve data, indicate a tripartite fluvial system consisting of large rivers draining upland areas, smaller streams draining the foreland basin, and lakes subject to unusual patterns of recharge. Specifically, mixing of water from large rivers and lakes occurred during seasonal flooding events analogous to processes taking place in modern-day Tonle Sap Lake in central Cambodia. Episodic flooding created heterogeneity among soils, with those proximal to permanent lake shores saturated for a longer period of time compared to more distal localities. Hadrosaurids consuming vegetation closer to lake shores have higher carbon isotope ratios in their tooth enamel than hadrosaurids consuming vegetation from more distal areas suggesting a difference in habitat use. Thus, variations in the paleohydrology of these fluvial systems appear to have played an important role in determining the distribution of dinosaurs over the Kaiparowits floodplain.
Study of the effects of phytoplankton morphology and vertical profile on lidar attenuated backscatter and depolarization ratio

Abstract Propagation of a lidar beam in a coupled atmosphere-ocean model consisting of multiple atmospheric and upper oceanic layers and a rough ocean surface is studied by using a vectorized Monte Carlo radiative transfer solver optimized specifically for lidar-based remote sensing applications. The effects of assumed phytoplankton morphology variations and its vertical distribution on the lidar attenuated backscatter and depolarization ratio are studied. In this study, a phytoplankton particle is assumed to be a sphere, a sphere with a core, or a randomly distorted hexahedron with or without a core. The single-scattering properties of the nonspherical/inhomogeneous particles are computed using appropriate state-of-the-art light-scattering computational capabilities. Vertical variation of the phytoplankton distribution is derived explicitly using a PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) limited carbon biomass balance equation that is subsequently coupled with the Monte Carlo solver.
Dynamic modeling and optimization of a coal-fired utility boiler to forecast and minimize NOx and CO emissions simultaneously

Abstract Increasing penetration of renewable energy sources to the power grid has prompted new ramping scenarios to dispatchable thermal power plants to balance the variability caused by intermittent renewable supplies. With many thermal power plants designed to be base-loaded, ramping of the power output results in increased emission of pollutants. This study develops a dynamic data-driven model of a coal-fired utility boiler that estimates NOx and CO emissions simultaneously. Given a production schedule of a power plant, estimation of NOx and CO emissions for 3 h into the future is performed that can be further utilized in a dynamic optimization algorithm to minimize the emissions over a horizon. It is observed that a dynamic model always has a higher prediction accuracy than a static model, when training and forecasting of the models are concerned. Application of dynamic and steady-state optimization also results in reduced emissions as compared to historical plant emissions.
Personality and treatment-related correlates of trustworthiness: A web-survey with chronic pain narratives

Abstract Objectives This study examined personality and treatment-related correlates of trustworthiness in chronic pain narratives. Methods 727 adults participated in an online survey and rated eight narratives written by patients with chronic pain. Eighty-six percent of the participants identified themselves as having experienced chronic pain (n = 626) and 14% identified themselves as people with a medical background (n = 101). The survey examined psychological characteristics, trustworthiness and expressions of pain severity, desire for medication, and frustration with pain care. Results Pain narratives that were rated as likable, stoic, or appreciative were significantly associated with higher trustworthiness; narratives that were rated as depressed, hostile, or histrionic were significantly associated with lower trustworthiness. Similar results were found for patient peers and clinicians. Patients that expressed a high level of pain severity were rated as significantly less trustworthy (P Discussion Our results show that the way in which patients communicate about their pain are significantly associated with how trustworthy they are perceived. Future research should explore how trustworthiness is related to subsequent pain management and interpersonal dynamics.
Quantitative phase imaging of EUV masks

In this paper, we present two methods for directly measuring the effective complex reflectance function of a patterned EUV mask. Obtaining this measurement can provide important insight into a number of key areas in EUV mask development, including obtaining a deeper understanding of mask 3-D effects, and characterizing and quantifying the amplitude and phase generated by attenuated and etched phase shift masks. The first method, Quantitative Zernike Phase Contrast Microscopy (QZPCM), works by modulating the imaging pupil function with several known phase shifts, and obtaining through-focus images of a target area for each pupil setting. The second method, Lateral Shearing Imaging (LSI), works by splitting and interfering two copies of the complex amplitude function in the image plane separated by a distance s. The resulting fringe pattern gives information about the derivative of the complex amplitude in the direction of the shift. We present results from two experiments: the first demonstrates QZPCM at EUV on the Berkeley SHARP microscope, and the second utilizes LSI in an optical prototype using a visible light laser source.
The Benefits and Costs of Editing and Reviewing Photos of One’s Experiences on Subsequent Memory

Modern technology allows people to easily doctor their own photos (e.g., cropping out unwanted objects, applying color-changing filters). We examined whether editing and reviewing photos alters people’s memory of their experiences. In three experiments, participants photographed scenes, then edited their photos. In Experiment 1 (n = 54), editing photos by cropping out objects or applying a grayscale filter did not impact memory for the original experience. In Experiment 2 (n = 55), cropping objects from photos focused attention on the remaining objects, thereby increasing memory for the intact objects regardless of whether they were reviewed or not. Reviewing unedited photos where details were intact increased memory. In Experiment 3 (n = 39), applying a grayscale filter to photos did not impact memory for the color and content of the original scene, but reviewing photos improved recognition memory and memory for the scene’s color and content. Depending on the type of edit and cognitive demands, reviewing or editing photos can shape what is remembered.
Linking bacterial enterotoxins and alpha defensin 5 expansion in the Crohn's colitis: A new insight into the etiopathogenetic and differentiation triggers driving colonic inflammatory bowel disease

Evidence link bacterial enterotoxins to apparent crypt-cell like cells (CCLCs), and Alpha Defensin 5 (DEFA5) expansion in the colonic mucosa of Crohn’s colitis disease (CC) patients. These areas of ectopic ileal metaplasia, positive for Paneth cell (PC) markers are consistent with diagnosis of CC. Retrospectively, we: 1. Identified 21 patients with indeterminate colitis (IC) between 2000–2007 and were reevaluation their final clinical diagnosis in 2014 after a followed-up for mean 8.7±3.7 (range, 4–14) years. Their initial biopsies were analyzed by DEFA5 bioassay. 2. Differentiated ulcer-associated cell lineage (UACL) analysis by immunohistochemistry (IHC) of the CC patients, stained for Mucin 6 (MUC6) and DEFA5. 3. Treated human immortalized colonic epithelial cells (NCM460) and colonoids with pure DEFA5 on the secretion of signatures after 24hr. The control colonoids were not treated. 4. Treated colonoids with/without enterotoxins for 14 days and the spent medium were collected and determined by quantitative expression of DEFA5, CCLCs and other biologic signatures. The experiments were repeated twice. Three statistical methods were used: (i) Univariate analysis; (ii) LASSO; and (iii) Elastic net. DEFA5 bioassay discriminated CC and ulcerative colitis (UC) in a cohort of IC patients with accuracy. A fit logistic model with group CC and UC as the outcome and the DEFA5 as independent variable differentiator with a positive predictive value of 96 percent. IHC staining of CC for MUC6 and DEFA5 stained in different locations indicating that DEFA5 is not co-expressed in UACL and is therefore NOT the genesis of CC, rather a secretagogue for specific signature(s) that underlie the distinct crypt pathobiology of CC. Notably, we observed expansion of signatures after DEFA5 treatment on NCM460 and colonoids cells expressed at different times, intervals, and intensity. These factors are key stem cell niche regulators leading to DEFA5 secreting CCLCs differentiation ‘the colonic ectopy ileal metaplasia formation’ conspicuously of pathogenic importance in CC.
Nivolumab, nabpaclitaxel, and carboplatin followed by risk/response adaptive de-escalated locoregional therapy for HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: OPTIMA II trial.

6011Background: Despite the success of anti-PD-1 in recurrent/metastatic head and neck cancer, incorporation in the curative setting with induction therapy has yet to be investigated. Favorable pro...
Homomorphism counts in robustly sparse graphs

For a fixed graph $H$ and for arbitrarily large host graphs $G$, the number of homomorphisms from $H$ to $G$ and the number of subgraphs isomorphic to $H$ contained in $G$ have been extensively studied in extremal graph theory and graph limits theory when the host graphs are allowed to be dense. This paper addresses the case when the host graphs are robustly sparse and proves a general theorem that solves a number of open questions proposed since 1990s and strengthens a number of results in the literature. We prove that for any graph $H$ and any set ${\mathcal H}$ of homomorphisms from $H$ to members of a hereditary class ${\mathcal G}$ of graphs, if ${\mathcal H}$ satisfies a natural and mild condition, and contracting disjoint subgraphs of radius $O(\lvert V(H) \rvert)$ in members of ${\mathcal G}$ cannot create a graph with large edge-density, then an obvious lower bound for the size of ${\mathcal H}$ gives a good estimation for the size of ${\mathcal H}$. This result determines the maximum number of $H$-homomorphisms, the maximum number of $H$-subgraphs, and the maximum number $H$-induced subgraphs in graphs in any hereditary class with bounded expansion up to a constant factor; it also determines the exact value of the asymptotic logarithmic density for $H$-homomorphisms, $H$-subgraphs and $H$-induced subgraphs in graphs in any hereditary nowhere dense class. Hereditary classes with bounded expansion include (topological) minor-closed families and many classes of graphs with certain geometric properties; nowhere dense classes are the most general sparse classes in sparsity theory. Our machinery also allows us to determine the maximum number of $H$-subgraphs in the class of all $d$-degenerate graphs with any fixed $d$.
Just a Sandwich? Chick-Fil-A and the Intersection of Mission, Religion, and Business Practice

Chick-fil-A company heir and then-COO Dan Cathy caused a media uproar when, in a 2012 interview, he emphasized the company's outspoken support of "traditional" family values. Detractors decried what seemed an anti-gay bias on the company's part, which was supported by Chick-fil-A's donations to groups such as Focus on the Family, the Fellowship of Christian Athletes, and Exodus International, organizations traditionally opposed to LGBTQ interests and rights. Despite protests and boycotts against the company, Chick-fil-A's supporters remained strong and its sales surged.This overview of Chick-fil-A and the controversy surrounding the company's stated beliefs raise important questions. How should one see Chick-fil-A using its religious mission and values to build a powerful brand connection with its key stakeholders? How should the company nurture that brand to strengthen itself moving forward? At the same time, what risks does the Chick-fil-A approach create, and what practices should the company avoid or even retool so as not to hurt or erode its business and the value it creates for stakeholders? More specifically, should Chick-fil-A take a stand (whether public or private) on matters like the family, same-sex relationships, and other politically charged issues? Excerpt UVA-E-0423 Nov. 27, 2018 . . .
Qualitative and quantitative research in the humanities and social sciences: how natural language processing (NLP) can help

The paper describes computational tools that can be of great help to both qualitative and quantitative scholars in the humanities and social sciences who deal with words as data. The Java and Python tools described provide computer-automated ways of performing useful tasks: 1. check the filenames well-formedness; 2. find user-defined characters in English language stories (e.g., social actors, i.e., individuals, groups, organizations; animals) (“find the character”) via WordNet; 3. aggregate words into higher-level aggregates (e.g., “talk,” “say,” “write” are all verbs of “communication”) (“find the ancestor”) via WordNet; 4. evaluate human-created summaries of events taken from multiple sources where key actors found in the sources may have been left out in the summaries (“find the missing character”) via Stanford CoreNLP POS and NER annotators; 5. list the documents in an event cluster where names or locations present close similarities (“check the character’s name tag”) using Levenshtein word/edit distance and Stanford CoreNLP NER annotator; 6. list documents categorized into the wrong event cluster (“find the intruder”) via Stanford CoreNLP POS and NER annotators; 7. classify loose documents into most-likely event clusters (“find the character’s home”) via Stanford CoreNLP POS and NER annotators or date matcher; 8. find similarities between documents (“find the plagiarist”) using Lucene. These tools of automatic data checking can be applied to ongoing projects or completed projects to check data reliability. The NLP tools are designed with “a fourth grader” in mind, a user with no computer science background. Some five thousand newspaper articles from a project on racial violence (Georgia 1875–1935) are used to show how the tools work. But the tools have much wider applicability to a variety of problems of interest to both qualitative and quantitative scholars who deal with text as data.
DNA Damage Response Inhibitors of DNA-PKcs, PARP, RAD51, ATR and ATM All Sensitize Cancer Cells to X-Rays and Protons.

Purpose/Objective(s) Radiotherapy (RT) controls tumors primarily by inducing DNA damage. However, some tumor cells can repair RT-induced DNA damage and are thus radioresistant. RT could be made more effective by combining it with inhibitors of DNA damage response proteins (DDRi) to selectively render tumor cells more susceptible to RT-induced DNA damage. There are several DDRi currently approved by the FDA or in clinical trials for use as monotherapy, including inhibitors of DNA-PKcs, PARP, Rad 51, ATR and ATM. These proteins function in non-homologous end-joining (classical and alternative), homologous recombination, base excision repair or cell cycle checkpoint and disrupting any of which may enhance RT effectiveness. Because protons produce much more complex DNA lesion compared to x-rays, protons may amplify the effect of DDRis and further enhance potential activation of anti-tumor immune signaling. Our hypothesis is that DDRis sensitize cancer cells to RT and the sensitization effect is amplified by protons more so than x-rays with an enhancement in upstream immune signaling. Materials/Methods We used 4 cancer cell lines: H460, H1299, PANC-1 and Panc 10.05 and 5 DDRis targeting DNA-PKcs (NU7441), PARP (AZD2281), Rad 51 (B02), ATR (AZD6738) and ATM (KU55933) at various concentrations (0.1-10 µM). We irradiated cells with 6 MV x-rays or 9.9 keV/µm protons (dose-weighted LET in water) alone or with DDRis at various dose levels to assess cell survival via clonogenic assay, DNA damage via gH2AX and 53BP1 foci, micronuclei (MN) and cGAS-positive micronuclei (NM-cGAS+), the latter two being precursors of antitumor immunity. Results We observed that DDRis sensitized both x-rays and protons. Protons+ATMi (10 µM) sensitization relative to x-rays alone was increased 3.51-fold (± 0.09). The RBE ranged from 0.79 ± 0.03 to 1.54 ± 0.09 and were negatively correlated with x-rays sensitivity (r = -0.6160), suggesting that the greater the DDRi-induced sensitization, the less benefit there will be from the proton LET effect. Nonetheless, the sensitization relative to x-rays alone from combining DDRi with protons was generally larger (30 ± 3% on average). Generally, the combination of DDRi with RT increased gH2AX and 53BP1 foci at 24 h after radiation, and MN and MN-cGAS+ at 24 and 72 h after radiation with protons+DDRi having a higher increase relative to x-rays alone than x-rays+DDRi. Conclusion Inhibition of DNA-PKcs, PARP, Rad 51, ATR and ATM substantially sensitized several cancer cell lines to x-rays and protons. Although protons+DDRi reduced proton RBE, the inhibitor-induced sensitization outweighs the RBE loss, resulting in a net sensitization beyond x-rays+DDRi. The increased MN number indicates that pairing RT with DDRis may provide an additional benefit of antitumor immune stimulation. Additional preclinical work is warranted to elucidate the complex interaction of DDRi and RT in vivo.
Linear Programming under Uncertainty

Conventional methods of introducing risk and uncertainty into a linear programming (LP) model, where some parameters are random generally ignore the following cases: (a) the mixed strategy solutions, (b) the possibility of informational improvement and search, and (c) statistical testing of the LP model viewed econometrically.
Improving the Integral Fast Reactor's Proposed Salt Waste Management System

An often cited weakness of the Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) concept is that the chloride salt-based radioactive waste generated by its electrorefiner (ER) cannot be vitrified. Although that assertio...
Fear and Anger Responses to Local News Coverage of Alcohol-Related Crimes, Accidents, and Injuries: Explaining News Effects on Policy Support Using a Representative Sample of Messages and People.

An experiment investigated emotional reactions to news on policy support. Stimuli were selected from a nationally representative sample of local crime/accident news, and a nationally representative online panel of U.S. adults. Stories were manipulated to mention or not mention the role of alcohol. Anger elicited by stories increased blame of individuals, whereas fear increased consideration of contributing societal factors. Mention of alcohol increased likelihood of different emotional responses dominating--greater anger when alcohol was mentioned and greater fear when not mentioned. Such emotions influence policy support: enforcement of existing laws controlling individual behavior in addition to new laws when anger predominated, and, indirectly, support for new laws changing social context in which alcohol is promoted and sold when fear predominated. Language: en
Scaling issues in terahertz generation

In this paper, we first describe our efforts to design a high-energy THz emitter based on optical rectification in electro-optic crystals. Next, we describe pump-probe experiments in biased photoconductors which are designed to study the role of screening of the applied bias field, resulting from the space charge field induced by separating carriers. Such screening of the applied bias field potentially plays an important role in the observed saturation of terahertz radiation from biased photoconductors.
Plant Level Productivity, Efficiency, and Environmental Performance of the Container Glass Industry

This paper presents a methodology and empirical results based on theMalmquist productivity index. We measure productivity while treatingpollution as an undesirable output. Our estimates show that technicalchange has contributed to productivity and environmental performancegrowth in the container glass industry, an energy and pollution intensivesector. Changes in inter-plant efficiency over time have made thisproductivity growth more rapid than otherwise would have occurred withthe underlying technical change. The efficiency estimates show that thereare both opportunities to improve productivity and reduce pollution in thisindustry, as well as productivity losses associated with the emissionscontrol. The shadow prices for NOx, the undesirable output we analyze,is quite high compared to other regulated sectors.
QSO Absorption Lines: Implications for Galaxy Formation and Evolution

QSO metal-line absorption systems are reviewed in the context of galaxy formation and evolution. Attention is focused on the high column density “damped Lyα” absorption systems, which dominate the cosmological mass density of neutral gas in the universe and hence trace the bulk of material available for star formation to high redshifts Recent evidence of evolution of the gaseous content of the universe is interpreted in terms of the global star formation history of galaxies. Physical properties of the gaseous component of high-redshift galaxies, including chemical and molecular abundances and the presence and strength of magnetic fields, are discussed.
Neuronal Pathways and Synaptic Connexions in the Abdominal Cord of the Crayfish

1. An investigation has been made into the function and distribution of nerve fibres in the abdominal ganglion chain and its roots in the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, by leading off action potentials from small prepared bundles following sensory stimulation. 2 .The sensory fields belonging to the first and second roots of each abdominal ganglion were determined, and the antero-posterior pathway of sensory fibres within the cord noted. It was found that the primary sensory fibres of the dorsal muscle receptor organs, entering through the second root, send out an anterior branch to the brain and a posterior one to the last ganglion. For most other sensory fibres much shorter intracentral branches are indicated, though some of them extend for two ganglia in the anterior direction and for one posteriorly. All sensory fibres in the connectives run on the same side as they enter. 3. The segmental divisions of the external skeleton and of the nervous system do not coincide, the neural segment slants in a posterior dorsal direction with respect to the skeletal one. 4. For the majority of the interneurones which innervate more than two abdominal segments it has been proved that they synapse with primary sensory fibres in each of the ganglia that these enter. Depending on the segment stimulated with respect to the leading-off position, both ascending and descending impulses are obtained in such interneurones and collision of the impulses has been observed. Some consequences of this type of integration are discussed. 5. For interneurones responding to bilateral or heterolateral stimulation the course of the impulses proved to be of at least two types. In some, cutting the fibre prevents the arrival of impulses except those set up on the side of the cut from which the recording is made. In others, recording from either side of the cut fibre does not exclude any of the sensory fields to which the fibre normally responded. 6. At least one interneurone is present in which all primary sensory fibres from the different segments to whose activity it responds collect in one ganglion.
Robbery-Related Injury in Convenience Stores: Estimating Lifetime Risk and Identifying High-Risk Populations

Robbery-related injuries constitute a major risk for convenience store workers in the United States. Studies that focus on the injury outcomes associated with convenience store robbery are extremely limited in number. This is a prospective study of 1271 convenience stores in three metropolitan areas of Virginia between February 1, 1995 and September 30, 1996. The study quantifies the lifetime risk for an occupational robbery-related injury occurrence and determines the relative importance of various types of factors in the classification of high risk stores. Lifetime risk was estimated by calculating the probability in convenience stores for having one or more employee(s) sustain at least one robbery-related injury over a range of years that a store could be in operation. Results indicate that knowledge of the circumstances of the robbery are needed to maximize the identification of high risk stores. Estimated lifetime risk reaches 567 stores with an occupational robbery-related injury occurrence per 1,00...
Multiresolution image retrieval using B-splines

We propose a technique to search through large image collections. Each database image is stored as a combination of potential query terms and non-query terms. The query terms are represented by affine-invariant B-spline moments and wavelet transform subbands. The dual representation supports a two-stage image retrieval system. A user-posed query is first mapped to a dictionary of prototype object contours represented by B-spline moments. The B-spline mapping reduces the query search space to a subset of the original database. Furthermore, it provides an estimate of the affine transformation between the query and the prototypes. The second stage consist of a set of embedded VQ dictionaries of multiresolution subbands of image objects. The estimated affine transformation is employed as a correction factor for the multiresolution VQ mapping. A simple bit string matching algorithm compares the resulting query VQ codewords with the codewords of the database images for retrieval.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Application of pretreatments for the isolation of bioactive actinomycetes from marine sediments

Actinomycetes were isolated from marine sediments collected in Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey. A variety of pretreatments, including heat and phenol, were employed to improve the recovery of these microorganisms. In addition, plating of sediment samples on chitin agar, and filtration through cellulose membrane filters were also utilized. These pretreatments eliminated or severely curtailed the growth of contaminating microorganisms thereby facilitating the isolation of actinomycetes. A total of 120 isolates was obtained, of which 19 displayed significant antimicrobial activity. Most of the activity was directed against gram-positive bacteria, but inhibition of gram-negative species and a yeast were also evident.
In situ analysis of the tribochemical reactions of diamond-like carbon by internal reflection spectroscopy

An apparatus has been constructed to characterize the chemical intermediates and products of tribochemical reactions in situ by means of internal reflection spectroscopy. Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were deposited by plasma chemical vapor deposition on rubbing substrates and on a germanium internal reflectance element. Spectra were taken in situ while rubbing the surfaces together under moderate loads (approximately 7.8 kPa pressure). The surface of the DLC was found to contain carbonyl groups immediately after deposition. Rubbing the surfaces in air and in water removed these groups. Rubbing also oxidized the surface, forming carbon-oxygen single bonds. A sporadic tribochemical reaction involved the formation of tertiary vinyl groups at the surface.
Improvements in pelvic exenteration: factors responsible for reducing morbidity and mortality.

Background: Since pelvic exenteration for the treatment of recurrent gynecologic malignancy first was described, reported rates of morbidity and mortality have declined steadily. However, the factors responsible for this decline have never been clearly delineated.