cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Present at the Creation: Edward Mead Earle and the Depression-Era Origins of Security Studies

Security studies, as an American field of inquiry, has particular historical origins. Contrary to standard views, it was the unraveling of the international order in the 1930s that compelled a collection of internationalist institutions and individuals, led by historian Edward Mead Earle, to bind together a variety of new and traditional disciplines to create an entirely new field focused on the problem of security. These institutions and individuals not only sought to confront the crisis at hand by influencing public views, altering academic discussion, enhancing government capacity, and creating an American “grand strategy,” but also to establish strong institutional and intellectual foundations for an enduring scholarly project that would contended with future national security problems generated by the modern world. In this effort, Earle and his foundation, government, and university collaborators had significant influence on the evolution of security studies as a field that are still felt today.
Total synthesis of SR 121463 A, a highly potent and selective vasopressin v(2) receptor antagonist.

SR 121463 A, 1, is a promising nonpeptide prototype for potent and selective antagonism of the vasopressin V2 receptor subtype and, thus, a candidate for control of the clinically debilitating condition of hyponatremia and its associated syndromes. In the present work, we present a novel and stereoselective synthesis that stems from the preparation of three key intermediates: the substituted benzenesulfonyl chloride 2, the N-protected oxindole 3, and protected dibromide 4. The synthesis of 1 has been achieved in good overall yield, each step proceeding in greater than 80% yield. In addition, intermediate 2 and the syn isomer of 1 were prepared with complete control of stereochemistry. The latter reduction appears to proceed by lithium cation mediated chelation control. Molecular mechanics calculations with the MM3* and MMFF force fields underscore geometric and energetic aspects of the reaction.
Deacclimation of winter hardy ‘Seyval blanc’ grape tissue after exposure to 16°C

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine the deacclimation potential of cultivar ‘Seyval blanc’ ( Vitis × sp.) grape tissue. In the first experiment, tests were conducted to determine the relationship between dormancy and hardiness of ‘Seyval blanc’ bud and cane tissue collected from 25 November 1986 to 16 March 1987. On 15 December, 11 January, 22 February and 16 March the numbers of days to budbreak were 44, 37, 30 and 7 days, respectively. By December, the temperature at which 50% of the primary buds were injured ( T 50 ) declined to a minimum near −23°C. Similarly, phloem acquired a maximum hardiness by December with 50% browning injury occurring at −27°C. Xylem exhibited only minor injury at −30°C in December. All tissues deacclimated greatly between 15 February and 16 March. In the second experiment, grape tissue was collected on 18 January and 22 February 1987 to determine the susceptibility of buds, phloem and xylem to freezing injury after exposure to 16°C for 0, 12, 24 and 48 h. Tissues deacclimated linearly with time at 16°C at both sampling dates. However, stem tissues deacclimated at a faster rate in February than in January. In the third experiment, grape canes were subjected to one or two episodes at 16°C for 4 h before cooling to temperatures in the range of −15 to −33°C on 11 January and 15 February. In January, primary buds and phloem exposed to two episodes with a minimum temperature of −5°C between episodes were generally hardier than those tissues subjected to warming episodes which were not followed by −5°C. At both sampling dates, the primary buds, phloem and xylem exposed to two episodes did not deacclimate more than tissues subjected to one episode.
Fragment Molecular Orbital Method Adaptations for Heterogeneous Computing Platforms

Abstract Modern electronic structure calculations are characterized by unprecedented complexity and accuracy. They de-mand the full power of high-performance computing and must be in tune with the given architecture for superior efficiency. Thus, it is desirable to enable their static and dynamic adaptations using some external software (middle-ware), which may monitor both system availability and application needs, rather than mix science with system-related calls inside the application.Building on the successful usage of the NICAN middleware with the computational chemistry package GAMESS, the work described in this paper links NICAN with the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method to augment FMO with adaptive capabilities. Specifically, its fragment scheduling is performed, both statically and dynamically, based on current conditions within a heterogeneous computing environment. Significant execution time and throughput gains have been obtained with static adaptations, while the dynamic ones prevented FMO to abort calculations due to the insuffcient memory available at the runtime.
Bent DNA at a yeast autonomously replicating sequence

DNA fragments that show retarded electrophoretic mobility through poly aery lamide gels have been found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes1–7. In the case of kinetoplast DNA, evidence has been presented that the DNA is curved or ‘bent’8,9. Bent DNA has previously been found at the λ and simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA replication origins6,7. Here we show the existence of bent DNA at a yeast autonomously replicating sequence (ARS1), a putative replication origin. The bent DNA has been localized to a 40–55 base pair (bp) segment and contains six (A)3–5 stretches (that is, six poly(A) stretches, three to five nucleotides in length) phased approximately every 10.5 bp. This region contains a DNA binding site for a yeast protein factor. This site lies at the 3′ end of the TRP1 gene, in a region devoid of nucleosomes, and is positioned 80 bp away from the ARS consensus sequence; removal of this region impairs ARS function in vivo. The bent DNA may be involved in transcription termination or the prevention of nucleosome assembly in this region.
There and Back Again: Development and Regeneration of the Zebrafish Lateral Line System

The zebrafish lateral line is a sensory system used to detect changes in water flow. It is comprised of clusters of mechanosensory hair cells called neuromasts. The lateral line is initially established by a migratory group of cells, called a primordium, that deposits neuromasts at stereotyped locations along the surface of the fish. Wnt, FGF, and Notch signaling are all important regulators of various aspects of lateral line development, from primordium migration to hair cell specification. As zebrafish age, the organization of the lateral line becomes more complex in order to accommodate the fish's increased size. This expansion is regulated by many of the same factors involved in the initial development. Furthermore, unlike mammalian hair cells, lateral line hair cells have the capacity to regenerate after damage. New hair cells arise from the proliferation and differentiation of surrounding support cells, and the molecular and cellular pathways regulating this are beginning to be elucidated. All in all, the zebrafish lateral line has proven to be an excellent model in which to study a diverse array of processes, including collective cell migration, cell polarity, cell fate, and regeneration.
Experimental Ehrlichia canis infection in the dog does not cause immunosuppression

A carrier state develops in some Ehrlichia canis-infected dogs due to ineffective host defenses. The subsequent development of immune-mediated diseases or opportunistic infections in chronic ehrlichiosis suggests dysregulation of immunity; however, the immunobiology of this infection has not been well characterized. In this study, eight dogs were infected with E. canis, and changes in seroreactivity, serum immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations, peripheral blood T cell subsets, lymphocyte blastogenesis (LBT), and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity were evaluated over 4 months. Infection, which was documented by seroconversion, polymerase chain reaction, and blood culture, caused self-limiting fever and thrombocytopenia. Infected dogs developed an anti-E. canis antibody response but were not immune to re-infection. Serum IgM, IgG, and IgA concentrations were unaffected by E. canis. The percentage of circulating CD4(+) T cells was similar in uninfected and infected dogs at all points. Infected dogs developed a CD8(+) lymphocytosis 6 weeks after inoculation that subsequently subsided, despite organism persistence. Functional defects of cell-mediated immunity, measured as suppression of LAK activity or mitogen-driven LBT, were not observed. These results suggest that immune responses are not grossly impaired in young dogs during the first several months following experimental E. canis infection.
A 1 GS/s, 31 MHz BW, 76.3 dB dynamic range, 34 mW CT-$$\Updelta\Upsigma$$ΔΣ ADC with 1.5 cycle quantizer delay and improved STF

A 1 GS/s continuous-time delta-sigma modulator (CT- $$\Updelta\Upsigma$$ Δ Σ M) with 31 MHz bandwidth, 76.3 dB dynamic range and 72.5 dB peak-SNDR is reported in a 0.13 μm CMOS technology. The design employs an excess loop delay (ELD) of more than one clock cycle for achieving higher sampling rate. The ELD is compensated using a fast-loop formed around the last integrator by using a sample-and-hold. Further, the effect of this ELD compensation scheme on the signal transfer function (STF) of a feedforward CT- $$\Updelta\Upsigma$$ Δ Σ architecture has been analyzed and reported. In this work, an improved STF is achieved by using a combination of feed-forward, feed-back and feed-in paths and power consumption is reduced by eliminating the adder opamp. This CT- $$\Updelta\Upsigma$$ Δ Σ M has a conversion bandwidth of 31 MHz and consumes 34 mW from the 1.2 V power supply. The relevant design trade-offs have been investigated and presented along with simulation results.
Functional abdominal pain syndrome

Functional abdominal pain syndrome (FAPS) is one of the less common functional gastrointestinal disorders, yet it is one with high health care impact. It is best understood from a biopsychosocial perspective as the interaction of biologic and psychosocial factors contributing to symptom experience and behavior. The pain of FAPS relates primarily to dysfunction of central pain modulatory systems; however, disturbances in motility or visceral hypersensitivity may contribute. There are characteristic clinical and behavioral features that typify patients with FAPS, and the medical evaluation must include their recognition through psychosocial assessment, physical examination, and a conservative, cost-effective effort to exclude other diseases. The treatment approach depends on establishing an effective physician-patient relationship, setting reasonable treatment goals, and using multicomponent medical and behavioral strategies that are individualized to patient needs. In refractory cases, referral to a multidisciplinary pain treatment center might be helpful.
Evidence of Rapid Flux Emergence Associated with the M8.7 Flare on 2002 July 26

In this paper, we present a detailed study of the M8.7 flare that occurred on 2002 July 26 using data from the Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO), Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI), the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE), and the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). This flare has interesting properties similar to a number of flares that we studied previously, such as a rapid increase of magnetic flux in one polarity and an increase in transverse fields and magnetic shear associated with the flare. However, this event had the most comprehensive observations; in particular, the high-resolution high-cadence BBSO vector magnetograph observations. At the time of the flare, across the flare neutral line, there was a sudden emergence of magnetic flux at the rate of 1020 Mx hr-1 in both the longitudinal and transverse components. The emerging flux mostly occurred at the sites of the flare. It was very inclined and led to impulsively enhanced shear in the magnetic fields. We discuss these observations in the context of magnetic reconnection triggered by rapid flux emergence. It is also possible that the new flux signifies flare-related change in the field line inclination.
The human-figure drawing in the treatment of an autistic adolescent.

A follow-up study was made of human-figure drawings by a 16-year-old boy who was first seen at the age of 12 and reexamined over the course of treatment in a residential program five days weekly. There is evidence that drawings were useful indicators of improvement in treatment.
MICELLE FORMATION IN MIXTURES OF ANIONIC AND NONIONIC SURFACTANTS

ABSTRACT The critical micelle concentration of mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants was measured. The anionic surfactants were alkylbenzene sulfonates and the nonionic surfactants were polyoxyethylene nonylphenols and a polyoxy-ethylene alcohol. The effect of added electrolyte, the number of ethylene oxide units in the polyethoxylate, and the anionic alkyl chain length were studied. All systems showed substantial negative deviations (lower CMC) from ideal solution theory. The results can be represented by regular solution theory. Charge separation appears to be the source of the nonideality. This considers the reduction of electrostatic repulsion between the ionic surfactant head groups in the mixed micelle, due to the insertion of nonionic hydrophilic groups between these charged groups, to be the cause of enhanced micelle formation. The physical basis of regular solution theory was shown to be consistent with the charge separation effect.
A rat homolog of the mouse deafness mutant jerker (je)

An autosomal recessive deafness mutant was discovered in our colony of Zucker (ZUC) rats. These mutants behave like shaker-waltzer deafness mutants, and their inner ear pathology classifies them among neuroepithelial degeneration type of deafness mutants. To determine whether this rat deafness mutation (-) defines a unique locus or one that has been previously described, we mapped its chromosomal location. F2 progeny of (Pbrc:ZUC × BN/Crl) Ala B/b H/h +/- F1 rats were scored for coat color and behavioral phenotypes. Segregation analysis indicated that the deafness locus might be loosely linked with B on rat Chromosome (Chr) 5 (RNO5). Therefore, 40 -/- rats were scored for BN and ZUC alleles at four additional loci, D5Mit11, D5Mit13, Oprd1, and Gnb1, known to map to RNO5 or its homolog, mouse Chr 4 (MMU4). Linkage analysis established the gene order (cM distance) as D5Mitll- (19.3) -B- (17.9) -D5Mit13- (l9.2) -Oprdl- (21.5) — (1.2) Gnb1, placing the deafness locus on distal RNO5. The position of the deafness locus on RNO5 is similar to that ofjerker (je) on MMU4; the phenotypes and patterns of inheritance of the deafness mutation and je are also similar. It seems likely that the mutation affects the rat homolog of je. The rat deafness locus should, therefore, be named jerker and assigned the gene symbol Je.
Differentiating Tower of Hanoi Performance: Interactive Effects of Psychopathic Tendencies, Impulsive Response Styles, and Modality

Previous research has demonstrated that performance on the computerized Tower of Hanoi is lower than performance on the manual Tower of Hanoi. The present study was conducted to elucidate potential factors that contribute to performance differences across modalities. Personality characteristics related to psychopathy and impulsive response styles were hypothesized to be correlates of poor performance on the computerized version of the Tower of Hanoi, which is a problem-solving task that requires working memory, planning, and inhibition. Eighty-four college students from a mid-sized university participated. Participants were grouped as low, middle, or high psychopathy based on their total scores on the Psychopathic Personality Inventory. A 2 (Modality) × 3 (Psychopathy) analysis of covariance, controlling for visuospatial working memory, yielded a significant interaction, in which the high psychopathy group did not differ in performance across modality, whereas the low and middle psychopathy groups perform...
Polymer particle-based micromolding to fabricate novel microstructures

Conventional micromolding provides rapid and low-cost methods to fabricate polymer microstructures, but has limitations when producing sophisticated designs. To provide more versatile micromolding techniques, we developed methods based on filling micromolds with polymer microparticles, as opposed to polymer melts, to produce microstructures composed of multiple materials, having complex geometries, and made using mild processing conditions. Polymer microparticles of 1 to 30 microm in size were made from PLA, PGA and PLGA using established spray drying and emulsion techniques either with or without encapsulating model drug compounds. These polymer microparticles were filled into PDMS micromolds at room temperature and melted or bonded together to form microstructures according to different protocols. Porous microstructures were fabricated by ultrasonically welding microparticles together in the mold while maintaining the voids inherent in their packing structure. Multi-layered microstructures were fabricated to have different compositions of polymers and encapsulated compounds located in different regions of the microstructures. More complex arrowhead microstructures were fabricated in a two-step process using a single mold. To assess possible applications, microstructures were designed as microneedles for minimally invasive drug delivery. Multi-layer microneedles were shown to insert into cadaver tissue and, according to design, detach from their base substrate and remain embedded in the tissue for controlled release drug delivery over time. We conclude that polymer particle-based micromolding can encapsulate compounds within microstructures composed of multiple materials, having complex geometries, and made using mild processing conditions.
Combined use of a Powered Toothbrush and a Triclosan/Copolymer Dentifrice Provides no Additional Benefits for Self-Performed Oral Hygiene

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Clinical and microbiologic changes associated with the combined use of a powered toothbrush and a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice: a 3-year prospective study. Bogren A, Teles RP, Torresyap G, Haffajee AD, Socransky SS, Wennstrom JL. J Periodontol 2007;78(9):1708-17. Reviewer Paul I. Eke, PhD, MPH, PhD Purpose/Question Does the combined use of an oscillating/rotating powered toothbrush and a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride-containing dentifrice (test) provide additional benefit over manual toothbrush and a standard fluoride-containing dentifrice (control) when used over a 3-year period by adults without destructive periodontal disease? Source of Funding Full information not available, but partly supported by NIDCR (Bethesda, MD) grant. Type of Study/Design Multicenter, single-blinded, randomized-controlled trial. Level of Evidence Level 1: Good quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade B: Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence
Mechanism of LDL binding and release probed by structure-based mutagenesis of the LDL receptor

The LDL receptor (LDL-R) mediates cholesterol metabolism in humans by binding and internalizing cholesterol transported by LDL. Several different molecular mechanisms have been proposed for the binding of LDL to LDL-R at neutral plasma pH and for its release at acidic endosomal pH. The crystal structure of LDL-R at acidic pH shows that the receptor folds back on itself in a closed form, obscuring parts of the ligand binding domain with the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-precursor homology domain. We have used a structure-based site-directed mutagenesis approach to examine 12 residues in the extracellular domain of LDL-R for their effect on LDL binding and release. Our studies show that the interface between the ligand binding domain and the EGF-precursor homology domain seen at acidic pH buries residues mediating both LDL binding and release. Our results are consistent with an alternative model of LDL-R whereby multiple modules of the extracellular domain interact with LDL at neutral pH, concurrently positioning key residues so that at acidic pH the LDL-R:LDL interactions become unfavorable, triggering release. After LDL release, the closed form of LDL-R may target its return to the cell surface.
Historical perspective and contribution of US researchers into the field of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS)/combustion synthesis (CS): Personal reflections

Abstract : This report presents an historical perspective and contributions of U.S. researchers into the field of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS)/Combustion Synthesis (CS) and personal reflections of the authors from about 1976 to the present for a special meeting in Chernogolovka, Russia - SHS-40 - celebrating 40 years of SHS research (International Conference on Historical Aspects of SHS in Different Countries, 22-27 October 2007, Chernogolovka, Russia). The review is presented in the context of the pioneering publication of Merzhanov, Skhiro, and Borovinskaya in 1967 and their subsequent activities. Included in the appendices are the power point charts used by the authors: part 1 by McCauley describes work in the U.S. from 1976 to 1996 and part 2 by Puszynski similarly for 1996 to the present.
Ultrastructure of the gonad and gametogenesis in the eastern oyster,Crassostrea virginica. I. Ovary and oogenesis

The ultrastructural features of the ovary and oogenesis are described in the eastern oyster,Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791). The ovary is a diffuse organ consisting of highly branching acini in which oocytes develop. The acini are surrounded by a matrix of vesicular connective tissue (VCT tells) which serves a nutrient storage function. Each acinus is bathed by fluid within a surrounding connective tissue compartment, the hemocoel, which likely serves as a means of transporting nutrients to the oocytes. Oocytes begin growth while positioned near to the inner acinus wall. As differentiation proceeds and they enter the late stages of vitellogenesis, they become stalle-shaped and project into the acinus lumen. Follicle tells are closely associated with oocytes during the early and middle stages of vitellogenesis but they are largely confined to the basal, stalked region of late-stage oocytes. Vitellogenesis occurs through a process of autosynthesis, involving the combined activity of the Golgi complex and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and heterosynthesis in which extraovarian precursors are incorporated into oocytes via receptor-mediated endocytosis involving the basal surface of the oocytes. It is suggested that the follicle tells play some important role during oogenesis but probably are not the major source of yolk precursors. The VCT celas are probably the main source of nutrients for vitellogenesis.
Experimental Demonstration of an Apodized Aperture for Receiving a Data-Carrying Orbital-Angular-Momentum Beam

We experimentally demonstrate an apodized aperture for receiving OAM beams carrying 50-Gbaud QPSK channels. The performance in terms of power in desired mode and leakage to neighboring modes is compared with a hard aperture.
A comprehensive program in asbestos hazard surveillance and education.

The surveillance program of asbestos workers at the Long Beach Naval Shipyard is described. A clinical examination is required prior to placement as an asbestos worker which includes medical and occupational history standard organ-system-function inventory, vision acuity test, hearing test, urinalysis, chest X-ray, and a screening pulmonary function evaluation. This examination is performed yearly for each exposed worker and at time of separation. A special register is maintained of all personnel manifesting changes on chest X-rays to provide data as to the status of exposed personnel. Special consultations are available for disabled persons, those considering retirement, and those exhibiting nonoccupational pulmonary problems. To alleviate the anxiety of those who fear asbestosis, an education program has been implemented at all levels--individual worker, supervisor, executive management, and new employees. Environmental sampling is performed on request in work areas where asbestos is used. Pertinent monographic and periodic literature and records and reports are maintained and are available upon request.
Operator and promoter are separate in the tryptophan operon in Salmonella typhimurium

Studies of the trp mRNA made by Salmonella typhimurium strains carrying trpOA and trpOAB multisite mutations have shown that these are deletions. They do not extend into the trp promoter (trpP1) as shown by their ability to recombine with trpP4 mutation. Thus the trp operator (trpO) and the trp promoter are seperable and arranged in the order P1-O-A.
Characterization of atrioventricular nodal response to electrical left vagal stimulation.

The dynamic effect of left vagal stimulation on atrioventricular conduction was studied in six isofluorane-anesthetized dogs ranging in weight from 22 to 29 kg. The cervical vagus nerve trunks were left intact and no beta-adrenergic blockade was produced so that any influences of the sympathetic nervous system and autonomic reflex activity could be observed. Atrial pacing was used to control the heart rate while single, short trains of left vagal stimulation were delivered and timed to occur at different instants during the cardiac cycle. The magnitude of the A—V delay depended on the instant of delivery of the train of vagal stimuli during the cardiac cycle. Vagal effect curves were constructed and fit to a mathematical equation which describes the pharmacokinetic behavior of a bolus injection of a drug whose onset time is of the same order as its half-life. The three parameters of this equation have physiologic significance and are related to nerve propagation time and synaptic delay, acetylcholine concentration rise, and the acetylcholineesterase mechanism. The maximum A—V delay occurred when the short train of left vagal stimuli was applied 200–300 ms after the atrial pacing stimulus and the total effect was virtually over by 800–1000 ms. © 1999 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Numerical simulation of STOL operations using thrust-vectoring

The flow field about a delta wing equipped with thrust reverser jets in slow speed flight near the ground has been computed. Results include the prediction of the flow about the delta wing at four fixed heights above the ground, and a simulated landing, in which the delta wing descends towards the ground. Comparison of computed and experimental lift coefficients indicates that the simulations can capture at least the qualitative trends in lift-loss encountered by thrust-vectoring aircraft operating in ground effect.
Architectures for IIR digital filters using stochastic computing

This paper addresses implementation of IIR digital filters using stochastic computing. Stochastic computing requires fewer logic gates and is inherently fault-tolerant. Thus, these structures are well suited for deep sub-micron technologies. While it is easy to realize FIR digital filters using stochastic computing, implementation of IIR digital filters is non-trivial. Stochastic logic assumes independence of input signals; however, the feedback in IIR digital filters leads to correlation of input signals and the independence assumption is violated. The novelty of this paper lies in demonstrating that, despite the feedback in IIR filters, these filters can be implemented using stochastic logic. The key to stochastic implementation is selection of an IIR filter structure where the states are orthogonal and are, therefore, uncorrelated. Two architectures are presented for stochastic IIR digital filter. Both architectures are based on the lattice filter representation where the states are orthogonal. The first is based on a state-space description of the IIR filter derived from the lattice filter structure. The second is based on transforming the lattice IIR digital filter into an equivalent form that can exploit the novel scaling approach developed in our prior work for inner product computations. Our experimental results show that the two proposed architectures for stochastic IIR digital filters can lead to one to two orders of magnitude reduction in the output error-to-signal power ratio, compared to stochastic implementations using direct-form IIR filters. Furthermore, for higher-order filters, while stochastic direct-form structures fail to function correctly, the state-space and lattice based stochastic IIR digital filters always filter the input signals in a functionally correct manner.
Contrast Asymmetries in Lang Topographs of Crystals Strained by Thin Films

Causes of contrast asymmetries between (hkl) and (hkl) Lang topographs of crystals strained by thin films are discussed. The images of film edges are approximated by direct and dynamical components, and experimental separation of these components is illustrated. The direct component, dominant for low μ t, is identical in (hkl) and (hkl) topographs, while the dynamical component, dominant for larger μ t, is asymmetrical and is responsible for the Lang topograph asymmetries. The asymmetries are due to the anomalous absorption or Borrmann effect, where waves belonging to one branch of the dispersion surface undergo less than normal absorption, while waves belonging to the other branch undergo more than normal absorption. It is shown that the absorption properties of these two branches can be reversed by suitable reflections from some crystals, leading to image asymmetry reversal.
Characterization techniques for incorporating backgrounds into DIRSIG

The appearance of operation hyperspectral imaging spectrometers in both solar and thermal regions has lead to the development of a variety of spectral detection algorithms. The development and testing of these algorithms requires well characterized field collection campaigns that can be time and cost prohibitive. Radiometrically robust synthetic image generation (SIG) environments that can generate appropriate images under a variety of atmospheric conditions and with a variety of sensors offers an excellent supplement to reduce the scope of the expensive field collections. In addition, SIG image products provide the algorithm developer with per-pixel truth, allowing for improved characterization of the algorithm performance. To meet the needs of the algorithm development community, the image modeling community needs to supply synthetic image products that contain all the spatial and spectral variability present in real world scenes, and that provide the large area coverage typically acquired with actual sensors. This places a heavy burden on synthetic scene builders to construct well characterized scenes that span large areas. Several SIG models have demonstrated the ability to accurately model targets (vehicles, buildings, etc.) Using well constructed target geometry (from CAD packages) and robust thermal and radiometry models. However, background objects (vegetation, infrastructure, etc.) dominate the percentage of real world scene pixels and utilizing target building techniques is time and resource prohibitive. This paper discusses new methods that have been integrated into the Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) model to characterize backgrounds. The new suite of scene construct types allows the user to incorporate both terrain and surface properties to obtain wide area coverage. The terrain can be incorporated using a triangular irregular network (TIN) derived from elevation data or digital elevation model (DEM) data from actual sensors, temperature maps, spectral reflectance cubes (possible derived from actual sensors), and/or material and mixture maps. Descriptions and examples of each new technique are presented as well as hybrid methods to demonstrate target embedding in real world imagery.
An Empirical Test of the Relationship Between Employee Theft and Low Self-Control

Although Gottfredson and Hirschi (1987, 1990) maintain that low self-control can account for white-collar/corporate offending, there have been few and inconclusive empirical tests in this area. One area of white-collar crime, in particular, which could benefit from an examination of the role of low self-control in predicting offending, is employee theft. Although employee theft is one of the more costly and pervasive crimes impacting the American economy each year, there has been very little research examining the role of individual characteristics and personality traits in predicting this type of deviant behavior. The current research is a preliminary attempt at integrating the two bodies of literature, employee theft and low self-control.
Does Increasing the Opportunity for Counseling Increase the Effectiveness of Outpatient Drug Treatment

Increasing the opportunity for group and individual counseling in outpatient drug treatment programs could increase client participation in counseling which, in turn, may enhance program effectiveness. Findings from the evaluation of the Los Angeles Target Cities Enhancement Project indicate that the Target Cities programs successfully increased client participation in group and individual counseling-an increase that cannot be attributed to client characteristics. Further, the magnitude of the increase in group and individual counseling was sufficient to increase the overall effectiveness of Target Cities programs. These findings support the widely held contention among drug treatment providers and policy makers that frequent counseling is necessary for treatment success. They suggest that counselors and other service providers should encourage and facilitate frequent participation in group and individual counseling. Most importantly, the findings indicate that increasing the opportunity for group and ind...
Comments on Thavendiranathan et al. Do blood tests cause anemia in hospitalized patients

To the Editor:—I am concerned about important methodological problems in the recent article by Thavendiranathan et al.1 The exclusion criteria seem overly restrictive. For example, though blood loss is difficult to quantify clinically, the amount of hemoglobin (Hgb) transfused is not, and could have been included in the analyses as a continuous variable. In addition, several other exclusions could have been eliminated by using indicator variables. The authors report their continuous variables in Table 1 as if they were normally distributed. I suspect that they are not, especially for an important variable like mean volume of phlebotomy for which they report a very large calculated standard deviation. Interquartile ranges would have been more informative. I'm not sure why the authors prescreened their candidate variables in the model using univariate analyses. This approach overfits models and leads to confidence intervals that are not appropriate.2 The authors also do not report if they adjusted for the clustering of patients in their analyses. The authors report that Hgb concentration (C) on admission is strongly associated with drop in Hgb C during hospitalization but this is at least partially an artifact of how they set up their regression equation. Because the change in Hgb C (the dependent portion of the regression equation) is calculated as admission Hgb C minus discharge Hgb C, then Hgb C on admission when introduced on the independent side of the equation must perforce be associated with change in Hgb C. A method like ordinary least squares regression can indicate the importance of an independent variable such as phlebotomy volume compared with all other variables in the model by producing partial R2's for each independent variable in the model. In addition, by reporting adjusted R2the analyst can give the reader some idea of how well the model performs. These statistics are especially important for studies of changes in Hgb C that are susceptible to confounding by indication—the sicker the patient the greater the indication for blood drawing and the greater the effect on Hgb C.3 Unfortunately, the authors do not report these statistics. Finally, the authors suggest that the Hgb C drop they observed is clinically significant but their references to this statement are a textbook of hematology and a 1994 article that references an earlier edition of the same textbook.4,5
Chronic Ethanol Administration Regulates the Expression of GABAA Receptor α1 and α5 Subunits in the Ventral Tegmental Area and Hippocampus

Ethanol dependence and tolerance involve perturbation of GABAergic neurotransmission. Previous studies have demonstrated that ethanol treatment regulates the function and expression of GABAA receptors throughout the CNS. Conceivably, changes in receptor function may be associated with alterations of subunit composition. In the present study, a comprehensive (1-12 weeks) ethanol treatment paradigm was used to evaluate changes in GABAA receptor subunit expression in several brain regions including the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, ventral tegmental area (VTA) (a region implicated in drug reward/dependence), and the hippocampus (a region involved in memory/cognition). Expression of alpha 1 and alpha 5 subunits was regulated by ethanol in a region-specific and time-dependent manner. Following 2-4 weeks of administration, cortical and cerebellar alpha 1 and alpha 5 subunits immunoreactivity was reduced. In the VTA, levels of alpha 1 subunit immunoreactivity were significantly decreased after 12 weeks but not 1-4 weeks of treatment. Hippocampal alpha 1 subunit immunoreactivity and mRNA content were also significantly reduced after 12 but not after 4 weeks of treatment. In contrast, alpha 5 mRNA content was increased in this brain region. These data indicate that chronic ethanol administration alters GABAA receptor subunit expression in the VTA and hippocampus, effects that may play a role in the abuse potential and detrimental cognitive effects of alcohol.
Mechanisms of goniochromism relevant to restorative dentistry

Abstract Objectives This study aims to determine the effects of multiple translucent layers, the alignment of composite structures, and specular reflecting backings as goniochromatic mechanisms relevant to dentistry. Methods Rectangular composite specimens were filled with very short E-glass fibers (120 μm length, 16 μm diameter). The fibers were oriented random, perpendicular, and parallel to the surface normal using an electric field. A Minolta CS-100 colorimeter was used to measure the color at various angles of samples with various filler alignments, translucent sublayers, and specular reflecting backings. Results All three investigated mechanisms were proven to have a goniochromatic effect. Filler alignment perpendicular to the surface made the composites more transmissive and reduced the dependence of lightness on observation angle. Backing composites with a pigmented sublayer caused the color of the sublayer to be more apparent when the observation angle is perpendicular to the surface. The specular reflection of a gold backing was only partially diffused by the specimen. Significance The determination of the effects of these goniochromatic mechanisms is relevant to dentistry, because teeth are naturally aligned composites composed of multiple translucent layers. Therefore, understanding these goniochromatic effects is important to recreating them in restorative materials. Also, gold backings were previously found to give restoratives a more vital appearance, and this perceived vitality may be related to goniochromism.
Diastereoselectivity of a [3+2]Annulation. On the Question of a Dipole Effect on Diastereoselectivity of Olefin Addition

Abstract The stereochemistry of addition to γ-alkoxy-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl systems is examined in the context of a palladium catalyzed cycloaddition.
Accuracy and Precision of the PEAK Performance Technologies Motion Measurement System

This study evaluated the accuracy and precision of the PEAK Performance Technologies, lnc.'s motion analysis system for three-dimensional angle reconstruction. Pendular motion of a bar, on which 18 retroreflective markers were mounted, was videotaped at three different orientations (parallel, and rotated 30 degrees right and left) to a plane at which two standard video cameras were aimed. The videotaped motion was digitized off-line, and 32 angles between the 18 markers were calculated. intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated between trials within each pendulum orientation and across orientations to determine system precision, and between randomly selected trials and actual angles to determine accuracy. lCCs were in all cases greater than.99. Within-trial standard deviations ranged between 0.05-0.8 degrees for the different angles. Deviations from the actual angle averaged 0.0-0.8 degrees across all angles and orientations. The results indicate that accurate and reliable angular measurements can be made with this motion analysis system.
A reflectron mass spectrometer with UV laser-induced surface ionization

Abstract A modified reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer is developed using UV laser-induced desorption ionization with prism internal reflection. Theoretical calculations indicate that mass resolution of over 10 6 is possible if a picosecond laser and appropriate electronics are available. By ionizing aniline ( m = 93 u) with a 2 ns pulsed UV laser, mass resolution of 11 000 has been experimentally achieved. Some of the advantages of this new mass spectrometer are discussed.
HIGH-TECHNOLOGY EMPLOYMENT AND HUB AIRPORTS

Abstract Deregulation of the US domestic air transport market in 1978 brought significant benefits to air travelers. The scheduled airlines have been given the freedom to improve their efficiency through being able to adopt efficient network strategies and more effective operating practices. This study examines empirically the advantages enjoyed by those passengers having access to a major hub airport. These often include more direct services, more frequent services and a wider range of interconnecting destinations. We seek to examine the benefits that local urban areas enjoy as the result of a major airline selecting the region as the fulcrum point for its hub-and-spoke services.
Optimal databased complex demodulation for evolutionary spectra

Complex demodulation of coherent signals in a red noise background is formulated as a kernel smoother in a mixed time-frequency representation. Expected error criteria are used to determine the optimal kernel halfwidth. The authors initially estimate mod delta /sub t//sup 2/A mod /sup 2/ using a higher order kernel smoother with a larger halfwidth to construct a data-adaptive estimate of the evolving amplitude. To estimate the evolving frequency delta /sub t/ phi /sub l/(t), they use a halfwidth corresponding to first derivative estimation. >
Cardiac MRI: Part 2, Pericardial Diseases

OBJECTIVE. MRI plays an important role in the morphologic and functional evaluation of pericardial diseases. MRI has the advantages of high spatiotemporal resolution, soft-tissue contrast, wide FOV, and multiplanar imaging capabilities, making it a valuable tool in the evaluation of pericardial disorders. In this article, the role of MRI in the evaluation of pericardial disorders, including pericardial constriction, is described and illustrated. CONCLUSION. MRI is a vital diagnostic tool in the evaluation of pericardial diseases, particularly inflammation and constriction, because it can provide both morphologic and functional information essential for determining the optimal therapeutic strategy. It is used for the characterization and delineation of the extent of spread of pericardial masses. Various imaging sequences are available, so the MRI protocol should be optimized and tailored to the specific clinical condition that is being evaluated.
Preparation of 125I‐labeled Native DNA for Use in Radioimmunoassays for Anti‐Native‐DNA Antibodies

A method is described for the in vitro labeling of calf thymus native DNA (nDNA) with 125I. The 125I-calf thymus nDNA produced by this method is suitable for use in the Millipore filter assay for antibodies to nDNA in sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and gives results equivalent to those obtained with 3H-HeLa cell nDNA labeled in vivo.
Band structure and related properties of molybdenum.

Self-consistent, all-electron, local-density calculations are reported for bcc molybdenum, using the linear combination of Gaussian orbitals (LCGO) method. We obtain the density of states, the Fermi surface, charge form factors, the Compton profile, and the optical conductivity. Results are compared with other calculations and with experiments where these exist. A possible ferromagnetic state is found for an increased lattice constant, developing at about 8.07 a.u.
Absorption of DF laser radiation by propane and butane

Abstract : Strong absorption bands exist in propane, n-butane, and isobutane in the 3.8 micrometer DF (deuterium flouride) laser spectral output region. Spectral scans of pure atmospheres of these gases were made using a spectrophotometer to obtain moderate resolution data. Long-path absorption cell measurements were made using five DF laser output wavelengths to obtain high resolution data for the three gases. The absorption cell concentrations of the gases used, 150 to 450 mtorr, were buffered to 760 torr with nitrogen. Results show that DF radiation is attenuated by a few percent per km when propane or butane concentrations are a few ppm.
Promoting vicarious learning of physics using deep questions with explanations

Two experiments explored the role of vicarious ''self'' explanations in facilitating student learning gains during computer-presented instruction. In Exp. 1, college students with low or high knowledge on Newton's laws were tested in four conditions: (a) monologue (M), (b) questions (Q), (c) explanation (E), and (d) question + explanation (Q + E). Those with low pre-experimental knowledge levels showed marginally significant yet consistently greater gains than those with high levels and condition Q + E outperformed the other three (M, Q, E). Among those with high knowledge, the Q + E presentations actually inhibited learning. In Exp. 2, high school physics students in standard and honors classes were studied during their introduction to Newton's laws. Brief (12 min) computer videos that introduced key Newtonian concepts preceded teacher presentations in seven daily sessions. Both standard and honors students who received Q + E presentations prior to regular classroom activities learned more in daily sessions than those who received either M or Q presentations. It was concluded that when key concepts are introduced in the context of deep questions along with explanations new learning was facilitated both in vicarious environments and in subsequent standard classroom activities.
Characterization of coplanar strip lines on dielectric boards for RF and microwave applications

We report the characterization of coplanar strip (CPS) transmission lines on dielectric boards at millimeter-wave frequency up to 40 GHz. The CPS line was analyzed and simulated using computer-aided design tools. Many CPS lines were built on RT/Duroid board and the measured attenuation is as low as 0.8 dB/cm at 30 GHz. CPS lines of various electrode width and width-to-gap ratios were measured to obtain key design guidelines. The CPS line has both the signal and ground electrodes on the front surface of the board. In contrast to the microstrip line, the CSP line does not include the backside of the board as a part of the transmission line. Thus, the backside can be left open as dielectric or metallized. The backside condition can affect the wave propagation if it is too close to the electrodes. We simulated and measured the attenuation coefficient, line impedance, and electrical field distributions for different backside conditions. Our results clearly indicate that the CPS line is an attractive transmission line on the board level in millimeter electromagnetic waves applications. Its applications can be extended to microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2008.