cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Characterization of the Rat Class 3 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Gene

Class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is unique among the three ALDH classes because its expression is either constitutive or inducible depending on the tissue. Class 3 ALDH is induced in liver and urinary bladder during tumorigenesis (Lindahl, 1992). Expression of class 3 ALDH in tumor cells is due to initiator-induced, stable, genetic changes which occur within a subpopulation of initiated cells (Jones et al, 1984). This phenomenon occurs early in tumorigenesis when the normally repressed class 3 ALDH gene becomes activated. Class 3 ALDH is constitutively expressed in the cornea (Evces and Lindahl, 1989), stomach (Yin et al., 1989), and lung (Dunn, et al., 1988). At least for the stomach and lung, the activity is also inducible, as activity increases after exposure to inducing agents.
NK-Cell-Mediated Targeting of Various Solid Tumors Using a B7-H3 Tri-Specific Killer Engager In Vitro and In Vivo

We improved the bispecific antibody platform that primarily engages natural killer (NK) cells to kill cancer cells through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by adding IL-15 as a crosslinker that expands and self-sustains the effector NK cell population. The overall goal was to target B7-H3, an established marker predominantly expressed on cancer cells and minimally expressed on normal cells, and prove that it could target cancer cells in vitro and inhibit tumor growth in vivo. The tri-specific killer engager (TriKETM) was assembled by DNA shuffling and ligation using DNA encoding a camelid anti-CD16 antibody fragment, a wild-type IL-15 moiety, and an anti-B7-H3 scFv (clone 376.96). The expressed and purified cam1615B7H3 protein was tested for in vitro NK cell activity against a variety of tumors and in vivo against a tagged human MA-148 ovarian cancer cell line grafted in NSG mice. cam1615B7H3 showed specific NK cell expansion, high killing activity across a range of B7-H3+ carcinomas, and the ability to mediate growth inhibition of aggressive ovarian cancer in vivo. cam1615B7H3 TriKE improves NK cell function, expansion, targeted cytotoxicity against various types of B7-H3-positive human cancer cell lines, and delivers an anti-cancer effect in vivo in a solid tumor setting.
IR Gene Control as a Consequence of Holes in the Antigen Specific Repertoire of T lymphocytes

To determine the site of the Ir gene defects in T cell responses we have employed a variety of small synthetic peptide antigens. It was thought that by precisely identifying the antigenic determinants involved in T cell recognition, it would be possible to assign the primary defect to either T cells or the stimulating macrophages. Using this approach we have tested over fifty peptides for immunogenicity and antigenicity in strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs and found that for any one antigen there was only around a 25% probability that any one guinea pig strain would produce an immune response; most peptides were nonantigenic and nonimmunogenic (1,2). We also noticed that those peptides that were immunogenic for strain 2 animals were rarely immunogenic for strain 13 guinea pigs, and vice versa. Since these two guinea pig strains differ only with respect to the Ia antigens of the MHC, it was clear that these patterns of responsiveness seemed to be associated with Ia antigens. Moreover, using very closely related peptide homologues containing single residue substitutions, we found no clearcut distinctions between the specificity of T cell responsiveness and Ir gene control.
Temporal instability in brain activation: a novel paradigm for evaluating the maintenance of attention among substance dependent patients

Prior studies have demonstrated statistically significant but subtle differences in brain function between patients with a history of substance dependence (SD) and control groups. The goal of the present study was to show that variability in brain activation over the trials of a cognitive task is more useful for revealing the putative impact of SD than analyses focusing on the amplitude of activation averaged over trials. The study also tested the additional contribution of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)—a prevalent comorbidity that promotes both an early onset and more severe course of SD. Two hundred eleven adults performed two selective attention tasks while P300 event-related electroencephalographic potentials were recorded. They were assigned to one of 3 mutually exclusive groups: no lifetime history of SD or ASPD (n = 67), a SD history but no ASPD (n = 68), or both SD and ASPD (n = 76). The major finding was a statistically significant elevation of P300 amplitude inter-trial variability (ITV) in the SD plus ASPD group in comparison to the group with neither attribute. The elevation was detected during both selective attention tasks and most prominent at electrodes sites located over the frontal brain. There were no group differences in P300 amplitude averaged over trials. We conclude from these findings that the ITV of P300 amplitude is an efficient and sensitive biomarker of the maintenance of attention. It is valuable for revealing group differences associated with substance dependence and ASPD. It may ultimately be valuable for detecting improvements resulting from psychostimulant treatment or other interventions, including cognitive remediation.
Generic Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Architecture for Heterogeneous Strings of Vehicles

Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) systems uses wireless connectivity to guarantee string stability for platooning, which Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) fails to provide. One of the constraints that hinders widespread adoption of CACC is that almost all developments and real validations have been done on strings of identical vehicles. This chapter summarizes the most recent efforts in the development of a generic control architecture that enables CACC on strings of vehicles of different makes/models/types, dynamics and powertrains. The developed hierarchical approach has demonstrated feasibility of CACC system on real vehicles, even at short time gaps. It is also robust in handling cut-in and cut-out maneuvers of other vehicles in public traffic.
Induced resistance studied in maize with the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and the chemical inducer Actigard®

Induced resistance has been defined as the "qualitative or quantitative enhancement of a plant's defense mechanisms against pests in response to extrinsic physical or chemical stimuli." (Kogan and Paxton, 1983). Physical stimuli can include infection by a pathogenic organism (Jorgensen et al, 1996; Morris et al, 1998) and feeding by insects (Felton and Eichenseer, 1999). Chemical stimuli include such organic compounds as salicylic acid (Hammerschmidt and Smith-Becker, 1999), jasmonic acid (Staswick and Lehman, 1999), and the commercially available Actigard? 50WG (Tally et al., 1999) (Syngenta Crop Protection, P.O. Box 18300, Greensboro, NC 27419). Actigard? 50WG is registered in the U.S. to protect tomatoes, spinach and tobacco from fungal and bacterial pathogens. Srinivas et al. (2001a) showed that Actigard? did induce resistance in soybean to adult feeding of the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). However, Inbar et al. (2001) concluded that the active ingredient (i.e., BTH) in Actigard? had a negligible effect on whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in cotton. Documentation of induced resistance against insect herbivores has a relatively short history (Karban and Kuc, 1999). The direct effects of induced resistance against insect herbivores have been shown in tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Miller (Solanaceae) (Thaler, 1999), cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae) (Karban and Carey, 1984), soybean, Glycine max (L.) (Leguminosae) (Lin et al., 1990), and a number of other crops (Karban and Baldwin, 1997). A few studies have been published documenting an induced response in maize, Zea mays L. (Graminae), to fungal pathogens such as Helminthosporium carbonum (Ullstrup) and Puccinia sorghi (Schw.) (Cantone and Dunkle, 1990; Morris et al., 1998). Morse et al. (1991) showed that mechanical crushing damage to maize leaves similar to that of certain insects with chewing mouthparts did result in reduced aphid growth rates and dramatically lower aphid survival when corn leaf aphids fed on the plants subsequent to the initial mechanical damage. Turlings et al. (1993, 1995, 1998) conducted several studies on maize and showed a response to herbivore feeding that attracted parasitoids to the plant in its defense. The studies reported here were conducted to determine if an induction response can be shown in maize to fall armyworm larvae during the seedling to early vegetative growth stages as a response to initial feeding by the fall armyworm and/or treatment by the chemical inducer Actigard? 50WG.
The Tarasoff Case and the Controversy over Its Therapeutic Implications

By now, the case name Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California 1 has become a household word in American mental health law circles. Tarasoff’s familiarity is no doubt attributable in part to the fact that the case was twice heard by the Supreme Court of California.2 More important, however, is the rule of law established in the opinion.
Use of monodispersed, fluorescently labeled bacteria to estimate in situ protozoan bacterivory.

We have developed a procedure for preparing monodispersed, fluorescently labeled bacteria (FLB), which may be used to measure virtually instantaneous rates of protozoan bacterivory in natural waters. FLB can be prepared both from natural bacterioplankton assemblages and from clonal isolates and can be stored in frozen suspension or freeze-dried without apparent loss of fluorescence intensity. They are not toxic to protozoa and can be metabolized to support bacterivorous protozoan growth rates equal to those on the same strain of unstained, viable bacteria. In experiments comparing uptake of FLB with uptake of fluorescent latex microspheres by protozoan assemblages in a salt marsh tidal creek, we found that both pelagic oligotrichous ciliates and phagotrophic flagellates ingested FLB with a frequency 4- to 10-fold greater than they ingested the microspheres. Consequently, it appears that the use of latex microspheres leads to underestimation of protozoan bacterivory and that the FLB technique is superior for estimating instantaneous rates of in situ protozoan grazing on bacterioplankton. Images
Retirement, Death, and the Distribution of Retirement Leisure

Using longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study and anordered SUR Tobit model, we jointly analyze retirement age and death age to see whoconsumes retirement leisure. We find that retirement age and death age are indeedcorrelated. Hispanic and non-white individuals, and those who suffer from poorer selfassessed health, heart or mobility problems all successfully compensate for differences inmortality risk: they have a statistically significantly different retirement or death age, butstatistically indistinguishable total retirement leisure. Attempts to fix Social Security orpension funding by increasing pension eligibility ages would disproportionately affectsome of these groups (C34, J11, J26).
Cartografía epistémica concebida por Tomás de Aquino según su interpretación de las obras aristotélicas

This work contemplates how Aquinas´s introductions to Aristotle´s works present passages which are capable of combining themselves in a way that results in a map of Knowledge. This map establishes a hierarchy of sciences whose beginning is given in human contemplation, thisis, the differences that Nature shows in itself for the basis for this hierarchical division. Therefore, from this map we can summarize three topics: the order of sciences, the Aristotle's works which sustain it and the contemplation of that order.
The Vertebrate Endocrine System

Communication among cells in multicellular animals is necessary for their overall coordination and survival. Individual cells lying adjacent to one another make contact, either directly or with the aid of ions and metabolites, across the relatively narrow fluid-filled extracellular spaces. Interdependent cells in large animals may, however, be separated by distances of several metres, so that if appropriate coordination is to take place, special methods must be used. Such ‘long distance’ cell communication takes place in two main ways; through nerve cells and by the secretions of endocrine glands. Nervous communication is characteristically rather faster than endocrine, and attains its specific actions by utilizing discrete tissue pathways to particular organs. Although endocrine communication is slower, once initiated, its actions often may be more prolonged. It is thus peculiarly suited to integration of metabolic, rather than the mechanical and sensory, processes which are more the special province of the nerves. The pathway for endocrine communication is the extracellular fluid, so that endocrine products can ultimately come in contact with many cells of the body. This results in a problem of specificity in communication, that is principally solved by utilizing a host of different molecules, each with special affinities for the physico-chemical characteristics of certain cells. Thus it is not surprising that more different endocrine hormones have been identified than neurotransmitter substances.
Five Years Later: Medical Reference in the 21st Century

Abstract In 2000, three groups of health sciences librarians—new library school graduates, those currently working at a medical library, and medical library directors—were interviewed about the status and future of medical reference librarianship. Five years later this follow-up article summarizes the responses from many of the same librarians about the biggest changes, newest trends, evolving roles, challenges, and hopes for the future.
Structural and functional reconstitution of the glucocorticoid receptor-Hsp90 complex

Untransformed steroid receptors in cytosol preparations are associated with the 90-kDa heat shock protein hsp90, but the study of how hsp90 affects receptor function has been held back by the inability to reassociate steroid receptors with hsp90 in cell-free systems. Recently we showed (Dalman, F.C., Bresnick, E. H., Patel, P. D., Perdew, G. H., Watson, S. J., and Pratt, W. B. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 19815-19821) that glucocorticoid receptors translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysate bind to hsp90 at the termination of receptor translation. In this work we show that rabbit reticulocyte lysate promotes the temperature-dependent association of hsp90 with immunopurified mouse L cell glucocorticoid receptors. Reticulocyte lysate also promotes the temperature-dependent dissociation of hormone-free receptors from a prebound receptor-DNA complex. The glucocorticoid receptor is released from DNA in association with rabbit hsp90, and reconstitution of the receptor-hsp90 complex is accompanied by complete restitution of steroid binding activity and repression of DNA binding activity. This is the first time that transformation of a DNA-bound steroid receptor has been reversed and it raises the question of whether the same or a similar system is involved in the termination of transcriptional activation when steroid dissociates from DNA-bound receptors in intact cells.
Triclosan targets lipid synthesis

Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal agent1,2, which acts by previously undetermined mechanisms, that is used in products such as antiseptic soaps, toothpastes, fabrics and plastics. Here we show that triclosan blocks lipid synthesis in Escherichia coli, and that mutations in, or overexpression of, the gene fabI (which encodes enoyl reductase, involved in fatty acid synthesis) prevents this blockage. This is, to our knowledge, the first evidence that triclosan acts on a specific bacterial target, rather than as a nonspecific ‘biocide’.
Nutrient reabsorption efficiency and the response to phosphorus fertilization in the desert shrub Larrea tridentata (DC.) Cov.

A field fertilization experiment demonstrated that growth ofLarrea tridentata was not limited by phosphorus, even though soils contained high levels of pedogenic carbonates that can potentially fix high amounts of phosphorus. Nutrient reabsorption efficiencies in unfertilized shrubs ranged from 72–86% for P, making nutrient reabsorption a very effective nutrient conservation mechanism. Absolute amounts of N and P reabsorption increased with N and P concentrations in leaves, with reabsorption being greater during drought stress than during rapid leaf growth. However, only N reabsorption efficiency increased with increasing plant N status. A model was developed to explain patterns of nutrient reabsorption efficiencies over large gradients in nutrient availability.
Hazards of Splenic Embolization

Perceived high operative risk for splenectomy in children with hematologic disorders and hypersplenism has led to attempts at transcatheter splenic embolization (TSE) as a possibly safer alternative. A recent experience with a child who presented with an apparent acute subcapsular hematoma after TSE and who underwent complicated emergency splenectomy prompted review of the risks and complications of TSE. Although theoretically attractive in many respects, TSE is associated with significant morbidity. The resultant diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of this procedure can potentially complicate patient management, and the often life-threatening sequelae warrant considerable restraint in its use. In addition, TSE often fails to produce the desired, long-term hematologic response. Because of the morbidity and risk associated with TSE, primary operative intervention is advised for most children in whom splenectomy is indicated. Morbidity associated with the direct operative approach may be minimized by ju...
Laboratory Study of Rotating, Stratified, Oscillatory Flow over a Seamount

Abstract Pure oscillatory flow of a rotating, linearly stratified fluid in the vicinity of an isolated topography of revolution is considered in the laboratory. The pertinent dimensionless parameters governing the motion are the Rossby (Ro), temporal Rossby (Rot), Burger (S), and Ekman (E) numbers and geometrical length-scale ratios. Experiments are considered for fixed S, E and geometry and ranges of Ro and Rot given by 0.003 ≤ Ro ≤ 0.03 and 0.2 ≤ Rot ≤ 2.4. A Rot against Ro regime diagram is developed, which includes the following flow classifications: (i) attached flow (AF), (ii) tidal oscillation loops (TOL), (iii) trapped waves-anticyclonic/cyclonic residual current (WAC), (iv) trapped waves-anticyclonic residual current (WA), (v) attached eddies (AE), and (vi) vortex shedding (VS). For all flow regimes a rectified mean anticyclonic motion is observed in the vicinity of the topography. For superinertial frequencies (i.e., Rot > 1), a resonance phenomenon enhances the streamwise speed near the obstacl...
A Merkel Cell Nuclear Inclusion

Unusual inclusions of various structural types have been known to exist in the nuclei of some cells. However, their observation with the electron microscope is an infrequent occurrence. Intranuclear inclusions in brain cells represent the vast majority at reported observations. While studying the ultrastructure of the Merkel cell in human oral epithelium, we noted a unique intranuclear inclusion in several cells. This structure appeared to be identical to an intranuclear "rodlet" which has been described as occurring frequently in neurons of the primary olfactory system of the cat.
Effects of industrial effluents on local cloudiness and rainfall

Industrial effluents alter both the microphysical properties that regulate the rate of production of precipitation and the location and strengths of density and velocity perturbations that regulate the dynamical development of clouds. Therefore, physical mechanisms exist through which industrial activities can modify local weather elements such as cloudiness and rainfall. Snow falling from large cooling tower plumes and the cloudiness spawned by heat rejection are the most obvious manifestations of this control. The extent to which industrial effluents exert control over local weather and climate remains controversial and difficult to quantify. As industrial activity becomes more concentrated, anomalous weather effects could become a problem that will require consideration when planning new facilities. This is particularly true for processes that modify the dynamical properties of the atmosphere by rejecting heat directly to the atmosphere.
Financial Market Volatility: A Survey

Volatility in financial markets has forced economists to re-examine the validity of the efficient markets hypothesis, and new empirical approaches have been applied to the study of this important issue in recent years. Many of the recent studies have found evidence of excessive volatility. In the aftermath of the stock market crash of 1987 and the perceived increase in market volatility, some economists have advocated additional market regulations. This paper presents a review of recent studies on financial market volatility.
The uptake of carbon during alteration of ocean crust

Abstract The distributions and abundances of alteration types and carbonate minerals in sections of upper ocean crust have been measured in order to determine the carbon budget in altered ocean crust. Our results show that the ocean crust is a sink for carbon, with an annual storage rate of 3.4 × 1012 mol C y−1, in close agreement with a previous estimate by Staudigel et al. (1989) . This surpasses the total production rate of carbon in new oceanic crust and, besides accounting for uptake of all CO2 lost via degassing at MOR, results in a net sink in the oceanic crust of 1.5–2.4 × 1012 mol C y−1. This sink is significant for global carbon budgets, and subduction of altered ocean crust may be an important source of CO2 to the atmosphere and/or recycling into the mantle. The bulk CO2 content of the crust decreases with depth, with most of the carbon taken up in the permeable upper few hundred meters of the volcanic section at low temperatures (0–60°C) during aging of crust away from spreading ridges. The abundances of carbonate veins and the bulk CO2 contents of the upper crust are greater in older (110–165 Ma) than younger (6Ma) crust, suggesting progressive uptake of carbon by the upper ocean crust. Precipitation of carbonates within the crust is essentially complete within 100 Ma, and perhaps as soon as a few tens of million years after formation of the crust.
A parent-child relationship scale derived from the child and adolescent psychiatric assessment (CAPA).

ABSTRACT Objective To examine a measure of children's perception of their relationships with parents. Method The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA) was administered to 114 inpatients (aged 9–18 years) at a tertiary asthma center from1991 to 1994. Ten items from the CAPA were developed as a separate scale, the Parent–Child Relationship Scale (PCRS). Some subjects (82) were given family and child assessments. Results The PCRS had good internal reliability (Cronbach α = .72). Construct validity was demonstrated by correlations with child and parent report on the Family Assessment Device ( r = 0.46 and 0.35; p t = 2.89; p r = 0.28; p r = 0.41; p Conclusion The PCRS can potentially be used to assess the child's perspective of the parent–child relationship for research or clinical purposes and deserves further study.
Role of peroxidase during ethylene-induced chlorophyll breakdown in Cucumis sativus Cotyledons

Yellowing is a visible result of ethylene-enhanced senescence. In certain plants, such asCucumis sativus, an increase in peroxidase levels occurs during this period. Experiments described here were designed to test the hypothesis that peroxidase levels induced during senescence play a role in chloroplast degradation. Inhibitors of heme synthesis and protein glycosylation, which had no effect on chlorophyll degradation, reduced the synthesis of pI 9 peroxidase. Decapitation of seedlings, which enhanced greening of cotyledons, increased levels of peroxidase. These observations are consistent with the view that while the role of aging- or ethylene-induced peroxidases are not known, they are not involved in chlorophyll degradation.
33 BROMOCRIPTINE USED TO TREAT GIGANTISM IN A TWENTY-THREE MONTH OLD CHILD

Bromocriptine (1.25 mg BID) was administered orally to a 23 year old asymptomatic female with accelerated growth and a parasellar tumor (tissue type unknown). Other forms of therapy were refused. Length increased from 76 to 95 cm (22 cm/yr) and weight increased from 10 to 16.25 kg between ages 13 and 23 months. Bone age was 2 years at a chronological age of 18 months. Somatomedin C level was 4.3 U/ml (n=2: normal 0.8 to 2.2 U/ml). Thirteen growth hormone values during overnight monitoring averaged 4.7 ng/ml, range 1.8 to 7.9 ng/ml. Suppression to 5.0 ng/ml was seen during an OGTT. Other neuroendocrine functions were normal. No evidence of isosexual precocity was noted. Somatomedin C levels were 3.2, 2.6, 2.5, 2.4, and 2.2 U/ml on days 1 to 5 of therapy, 2.5 U/ml at 14 days and 2.7 U/ml at 56 days. Length increased from 95 to 97 cm (4.8 cm/yr) during the first 5 months of therapy. CT scan at 5 months shows no change in tumor size. The patient remains asymptomatic. The decrease in levels of somatomedin C associated with a reduction in the growth rate may have resulted from decreased GH production; however, other effects of bromocriptine, such as blocking the peripheral action of somatomedins may be involved.
Looking back at UML

This paper sets out in detail the development of the Unified Modeling Language and its derivatives from its beginning until the present. The paper describes the processes that were used to develop the language, the architecture and intended uses of the language, its strengths and weaknesses, and the steps that are being taken to make it ready for future developments.
Blepharospasm and Meige syndrome: a review of diagnostic, aetiological and treatment approaches

No known pathophysiological mechanism can explain the majority of cases of blepharospasm, i.e. spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle; it may also affect the lower face, neck and jaw--Meige syndrome. Only symptomatic treatment is possible, and surgery should be a last resort for severe cases. Much more clinical research will be required before promising behavioural interventions, including biofeedback, can be considered treatments of choice.
Nanofoam porosity by infrared spectroscopy

IR spectroscopy has been used to determine the porosity of polymer nanofoams produced from block copolymers of an aromatic polyimide with either poly(propylene oxide) or poly(α-methyl styrene). It is shown that, with an independent measurement of the film thickness, both the absorption bands and the interference fringes can yield an accurate measure of the void content. The results obtained are in quantitative agreement with density gradient methods
Clinical and electrocardiographic studies in complete heart block.

IN THE past few years, the treatment of complete heart block has been radically changed by the introduction of artificial pacemakers. Formerly, complete heart block, with or without the Stokes-Adams syndrome, was managed by pharmacological agents to improve atrio-ventricular conduction and to stimulate the idioventricular pacemaker. With the advent of the implantable pacemaker, it was soon apparent that indications for its use would have to be precisely defined. Some investigators Il-31 have advocated the pacemaker in all cases of complete heart block especially with a histo’ry of even a single Stokes-Adams attack. Others 141 adopting a more conservative approach, reserve this instrument for patients with repeated, disabling episodes of syncope or intractable heart failure. In attempting to establish the value of and indications for the pacemaker, a study of the natural history of complete heart block would be invaluable as a basis for comparison. This report is an analysis of 99 cases of complete heart block encountered in clinical practice with particular reference to the clinical and elcctrocardiographic manifestations.
Role of Neurotoxin Associated Proteins in the Low pH Induced Structural Changes in the Botulinum Neurotoxin Complex

Botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum as a complex with NAPs causes botulism. It has been known that the NAPs protect the toxin from both extremes of pHs and proteases of the GI tract. In an attempt to emulate the physiological conditions encountered by the toxin, we examined BoNT/A, BoNT/A complex, and NAPs under different pH conditions and monitored their structural characteristics by far-UV CD and thermal denaturation analysis. BoNT/A complex showed the maximum CD signal with a mean residue weight ellipticity of −1.8 × 105° cm2/dmol at 222 nm at both acidic and neutral pHs. Thermal denaturation analysis revealed NAPs to be the most stable amongst the three protein samples examined. Interestingly and quite uniquely, at pH 2.5, there was an increase in CD signal for BoNT complex as a function of temperature, which correlated with the NAPs profile, indicating a shielding effect of NAPs on BoNT complex at low pH. Calculation of the weighted mean of the ellipticities at the Tm for thermal unfolding of toxin and NAPs at neutral and acidic pHs showed variation with that of BoNT complex, suggesting structural reorganization in BoNT complex upon the association of NAPs and BoNT. In conclusion, this study reveals the structural behavior of BoNT complex and NAPs with pH changes substantially, which could be quite relevant for BoNT survival under extreme pH conditions in vivo.
Synthetic approaches to mixed ligand chelators on t-butylphenol-formaldehyde oligomer (PFO) platforms.

Abstract Synthetic approaches to mixed ligand chelators on readily available tert-butylphenol–formaldehyde oligomer, PFO, scaffolds were examined. In a promising approach, tris and tetraphenol oligomers were selectively mono or di protected using tert-butyldiphenyl silyl chloride. The utility of these protected intermediates to prepare representative mixed PFO chelators, carrying ligands such as hydroxamic acid, 3,2-hydroxypyridinones, and others was then demonstrated. The introduction of the ligand tethers onto the phenolic scaffold can be done sequentially under relatively mild conditions that tolerate the presence of other sensitive ligand groups. The differential reactivity of the disilyl derivative 20b, allowed stepwise introduction of two different ligands on the internal phenolic positions. This enabled the introduction of three different ligand groups of choice onto the tetraphenol platform.
Isolation and characterization of a temperate bacteriophage from a ruminal acetogen

Nine acetogenic bacterial cultures recently isolated from the bovine rumen were tested for phage susceptibility by plaque formation. Both clear plaques and plaques with turbid centers were occasionally seen, but could not be used repeatedly to lyse pure cultures of acetogens, suggesting the possibility of a temperate phage. Five of the nine acetogenic isolates showed a response to mitomycin C induction. Acetogenic isolate H3HH was chosen for further study because it produced the greatest lysogenic response to mitomycin C. The bacteriophage was induced with mitomycin C, examined by transmission electron microscopy, and shown to have a hexagonal head (diameter, 59 ηm), a long flexible tail (192 ηm), and a flat collar (diameter, 31 ηm). The bacteriophage was classified within Bradley's group B. Bacteriophage DNA was determined to contain 36.2 kilobases of linear double-stranded DNA.
Notch-dependent repression of miR-155 in the bone marrow niche regulates hematopoiesis in an NF-κB-dependent manner

The microRNA miR-155 has been implicated in regulating inflammatory responses and tumorigenesis, but its precise role in linking inflammation and cancer has remained elusive. Here, we identify a connection between miR-155 and Notch signaling in this context. Loss of Notch signaling in the bone marrow (BM) niche alters hematopoietic homeostasis and leads to lethal myeloproliferative-like disease. Mechanistically, Notch signaling represses miR-155 expression by promoting binding of RBPJ to the miR-155 promoter. Loss of Notch/RBPJ signaling upregulates miR-155 in BM endothelial cells, leading to miR-155-mediated targeting of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) inhibitor κB-Ras1, NF-κB activation, and increased proinflammatory cytokine production. Deletion of miR-155 in the stroma of RBPJ(-/-) mice prevented the development of myeloproliferative-like disease and cytokine induction. Analysis of BM from patients carrying myeloproliferative neoplasia also revealed elevated expression of miR-155. Thus, the Notch/miR-155/κB-Ras1/NF-κB axis regulates the inflammatory state of the BM niche and affects the development of myeloproliferative disorders.
Two-dimensional partial orderings: Undecidability

In this paper we examine the class of two-dimensional partial orderings from the perspective of undecidability. We shall see that from this perspective the class of 2dpo's is more similar to the class of all partial orderings than to its one-dimensional subclass, the class of all linear orderings. More specifically, we shall describe an argument which lends itself to proofs of the following four results: (A) the theory of 2dpo's is undecidable: (B) the theory of 2dpo's is recursively inseparable from the set of sentences refutable in some finite 2dpo; (C) there is a sentence which is true in some 2dpo but which has no recursive model; (D) the theory of planar lattices is undecidable. It is known that the theory of linear orderings is decidable (Laichli and Leonard [4]). On the other hand, the theories of partial orderings and lattices were shown to be undecidable by Tarski [14], and that each of these theories is recursively inseparable from its finitely refutable statements was shown by Taitslin [13]. Thus, the complexity of the theories of partial orderings and lattices is, by (A), (B) and (D), already reflected in the 2dpo's and planar lattices. As pointed out by J. Schmerl, bipartite graphs can be coded into 2dpo's, so that (A) and (B) could also be obtained by applying a Rabin-Scott style argument [9] to Rogers' result [I1] that the theory of bipartite graphs is undecidable and to Lavrov's result [5] that the theory of bipartite graphs is recursively inseparable from the set of sentences refutable in some finite bipartite graph. (However, (C) and (D) do not seem to follow from this type of argument.) Various smaller classes of partial orderings have decidable theories. For example, using a Feferman-Vaught technique [1], it is possible to deduce that the theory of products of two linear orderings is decidable from the fact that the theory of linear orderings is decidable [4]. It is also possible to show that the theory of weak orders is decidable. (A weak order is a partial ordering such that (Vx)(Vy) (x < y -(Vz)(x < z V z < y)); essentially this means the result of replacing each point in a linear order by a set of incomparable elements.) On the other hand, Schmerl [11] has recently shown that the class of partial orderings of width 2 (no 3 elements are pairwise incomparable) is undecidable, and has pointed out that since this is a definable subclass of the class of 2dpo's, this result also implies (A). The existence of a consistent sentence with no recursive model was first shown by Mostowski [7], and Hanf [2] observed that this result is easily derived from his
Approaches to the chemical synthesis of the prostaglandins

This is a detailed report of efforts to synthesize compounds related to PGE1 (prostaglandin E1). Basically the approach involved attaching 1 or both of the side chains to an appropriately substituted benzene ring and subsequently converting the aromatic nucleus to the cyclopentane system. The chemical structure in each step of the process is diagrammed.
Concepts, conceptions, and critics

The author responds to the various reactions to his original article on the concept of deviant behavior (see p. 1). Some points of the original (empirical) proposal are clarified; the necessity for a clear concept of norm is observed.
The “Reversal of Generations” Phenomenon as Illustrated by the Lives of John Henry Newman and Abraham Lincoln

The psychoanalytic concept of the “reversal of generations,” in which one identifies with a grandparent as the primary parental authority in one’s life, is used to shed light on the role that John Henry Newman’s paternal grandmother played in his decision to become a priest in the Church of England and in his subsequent conversion to the Church of Rome; and on the role that Abraham Lincoln’s maternal grandfather played in his understanding of a husband’s obligation of faithfulness to his wife and of his presidential role in combating Southern secession but avoiding retribution. The writings of Erik H. Erikson are used to explore the role of the grandparent in legitimating critical acts of self-determination.
Metal distribution in alumina/aluminium composites synthesized by directed metal oxidation

The directed oxidation of molten aluminium alloys by vapour phase oxidants can be used to produce Al2O3/Al ceramic matrix composites. The toughness of these composites is determined by the amount and the nature of metal distribution in the composite. This paper addresses the problem of understanding the metal distribution in Al2O3/Al composites and its dependence on growth temperature. Electrical conductivities and microstructures of Al2O3/Al composites synthesized by directed oxidation of Al-5056 alloy are investigated. The high conductivity of the Al2O3/Al composite compared to sintered Al2O3-4 wt% MgO is shown as a proof of the presence of some continuous metal channels in the composite. The activation energy forthe diffusion of the dominant charge carrier in the oxide matrix is found to be 1.36 eV from the analysis of the conductivity data. Both the amount of metal in the composite and the extent of interconnection of the metal channels decrease with increasing growth temperature. The observed changes in microstructure with temperature can be explained by considering temperature variations of grain boundary energies in alumina and the alumina/aluminium interfacial energy. The metal content of the Al2O3/Al composites, prepared by directed oxidation of Al-5056 alloys, can be tailored by the choice of the growth temperature.
Guiding parents through the death of their infant

Supporting a family through the impending death of their infant challenges the health care team to create opportunities for the parents to complete the attachment process and begin to grieve. Even in the neonatal intensive-care unit, the family can be brought together with their child in activities that comfort and console, lay the foundation for positive memories, and initiate healing and closure after the death of the infant. Interventions for grieving parents are described in this article.
Sorption of lead onto two gram-negative marine bacteria in seawater

Abstract Laboratory adsorption experiments performed at environmentally significant lead (Pb) and cell concentrations indicate that the marine bacteria examined have significant binding capacities for Pb. However, the behavior governing Pb sorption onto gram-negative bacteria in seawater may be quite complex. The sorption kinetics appear to involve two distinct phases, i.e., a rapid removal of Pb from solution within the first few minutes, followed by a slow but nearly constant removal over many hours. Also, the average binding coefficient, calculated for Pb sorption onto bacteria and a measure of binding intensity, increases with decreasing sorption density (amounts of bacteria-associated Pb per unit bacterial surface) at low cell concentrations (10 5 cells ml −1 ), but decreases with decreasing sorption density at higher cell concentrations (10 7 cells ml −1 ). The latter effect is apparently due to the production of significant amounts of extra-cellular organics at high cell concentrations that compete directly with bacterial surfaces for available lead. Lead toxicity and active uptake by marine bacteria did not appear significant at the Pb concentrations used.
Deformation and fracture in laser-shocked NiAl single crystals and bicrystals

Oriented single crystals and a [3 4 55]/[5 7 17] random bicrystal were used to study dynamic behavior in NiAl due to laser-driven shocks at moderate pressures (3 to 20 GPa). Disks 5 mm in diameter and 100- to 400-µm thick were tested at the TRIDENT facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Particle velocities were measured using laser velocimetry, which showed that shock-speed variations with orientation in monocrystals were consistent with anisotropic elasticity predictions, whereas the bicrystal showed spatial and temporal variations in the velocity field due to the grain boundary. The shocks displayed strong elastic precursors at the free surface, which agrees with transmission electron microscopy observations of a low dislocation density in 〈100〉 and 〈111〉 monocrystals and in the [5 7 17] grain of the bicrystal. The latter developed a damage zone in the [3 4 55] grain, with cracking and slip present close to the boundary. Orientation-imaging microscopy showed that the boundary produced in-plane misorientation gradients in the bicrystal and that all specimens developed through-thickness lattice rotations, which were more pronounced for the 〈111〉 and 〈110〉 loading axes. High rotations occurred within 20 µm of the shocked surface and decreased toward the bulk, indicating a fast decay of the plastic shock wave, which explains the strong elastic precursors observed.
A MINIMALLY INVASIVE METHOD OF FIELD SAMPLING FOR GENETIC ANALYSES OF THE FLORIDA MANATEE (TRICHECHUS MANATUS LATIROSTRIS)

Sampling from living animals has a number of advantages over using samples from only deceased animals when genetic studies are conducted. Once genetic markers with the appropriate level of variability are developed, they can be used to generate DNA genotypes to distinguish individuals, and comparisons of genotypes can permit the elucidation of familial relationships (siblings, parents, and offspring). Better understanding of social relationships can be garnered from this knowledge when combined with information from photo-identification records. In addition, multilocus genotypes of individuals can serve as a type of “tag” for use in mark-recapture, movement, and population size estimation studies with samples from live animals (Wilson and Rannala 2003, Bellemain et al. 2005, Peakall et al. 2006). Most of the genetic samples that exist for the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris, have been obtained from tissues and bone of deceased animals acquired from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission’s (FWC) Marine Mammal Pathobiology Laboratory, or from captured animals using dermatome (“cookie”) biopsy punches or, occasionally, blood samples (McClenaghan and O’Shea 1988; Bradley et al. 1993; Garcia-Rodriguez et al. 1998, 2000; Cantanhede et al. 2005;
Cytokine regulation of immunopathology in toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii infection is an important cause of central nervous system and ocular disease, both in immunocompromised and in certain immunocompetent populations. Although parasite-mediated host cell lysis is probably the principal cause of tissue destruction in immunodeficiency states, hypersensitivity and inflammatory responses may underlie severe disease in otherwise immuno-sufficient individuals. In this review, we have critically evaluated the body of experimental evidence indicating a role of CD4 T cells in systemic and local immunopathology associated with T. gondii infection. We also discuss the pathogenic roles of cytokines produced by T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells and the protective and homeostatic roles of interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor-beta and IL-27 in modulating hypersensitivity responses induced by T. gondii.
Thermal analysis: the next two decades

Abstract As some of the most important analytical methods, thermal analysis techniques have been greatly improved and perfected due to the requirements of materials characterization. Over the past four decades, the major developments have been associated with computerizing thermal analysis techniques. In the coming 20 years, thermal analysis techniques will continue to develop in at least two different directions. First, more precise measurements can be carried out using traditional thermal analysis techniques by making a small extra effort. This will lead to a variety of new information regarding a material’s structure interface and morphology obtained from the results. Second, thermal analysis techniques can be combined with other in-situ temperature-controlled experiments, such as diffraction, scattering, microscopy, and spectroscopy, for investigation of the structure and dynamics of materials. This will generate information of the structural evolution with changing thermal properties and therefore, greatly aid in the understanding of structure–property relationships of the materials.
Primary muscle lymphoma: clinical and imaging findings.

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical and imaging findings in primary muscle lymphoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven patients with biopsy-proved primary muscle lymphoma without evidence of systemic disease underwent imaging with plain radiography or computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Four underwent bone scintigraphy, and two underwent gallium scintigraphy and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) before and after therapy. RESULTS: Plain radiographs at initial examination (n = 5) showed no bone abnormalities. Soft-tissue masses and bone marrow involvement showed isoattenuation at CT (n = 3), but at MR imaging (n = 7), all masses demonstrated increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images that involved multiple muscle compartments and typically spanned a long segment of the extremity. Adjacent bone disease was less extensive than muscle disease, and, in most cases, subcutaneous stranding or extension was observed adjacent to the masses. Good size corre...
THE PRESENCE OF MULLERIAN INHIBITING SUBSTANCE BINDING SITES IN HUMAN SPERM

AbstractPurpose: The binding of Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) to human sperm was investigated using immunohistological techniques.Materials and Methods: Sperm from 5 normal donors and 6 subfertile men were studied. Whole or thin-sectioned sperm were incubated without or with recombinant human MIS (0.5 micro g./ml.). MIS binding was identified under light microscopy (LM) using rabbit anti-human MIS antibodies tagged with goat IgG-horseradish peroxidase and diaminobenzidine as substrate, or by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) using gold labeled goat IgG. Intracellular MIS binding in sperm sections was examined by TEM. Antibodies were omitted in the controls.Results: Under LM, DAB staining was present on sperm incubated with or without MIS and absent on controls. Using SEM, gold particles were found primarily on the surfaces of the sperm head with less binding to the tail. With TEM, the clustering of gold particles around the head of sperm represents MIS binding, but very fe...
Stimulation of [3H]glucosamine incorporation into the cell surface of Amoeba by pinocytosis

Suspensions of amoebae were treated with [3H]glucosamine either before or after exposure to solutions of KCl or Alcian blue. Several hours later, the cell surface was isolated. Comparison of specific activities of control and experimental material showed that pinocytosis caused a specific increase in the amount of [3H]glucosamine incorporated into the cell surface fraction. Ion-exchange chromatography of acid hydrolysates of pooled radiolabeled surface fractions showed that all of the label eluted at positions corresponding to glucosamine and galactosamine.