cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antipredator Behavior QTL: Differences in Rainbow Trout Clonal Lines Derived from Wild and Hatchery Populations

Variation in antipredator behavior may partially explain the survival differences seen between wild and hatchery trout and salmon. Antipredator behavior is thought to change during the domestication process, along with other traits. Investigations of antipredator behavior could benefit conservation efforts and supplementation programs. Our goal was to characterize the antipredator behavior in clonal rainbow trout lines derived from either wild or hatchery populations and identify genetic loci associated with variation between lines. We identified several behaviors that varied between clonal lines and QTL for several behavioral and size traits. Characterizing genetic variation underlying these behaviors may prove valuable in future conservation efforts by enabling monitoring of allele frequencies of loci affecting predation in wild populations.
Computed tomography in the evaluation of vascular rings and slings

Vascular rings are congenital abnormalities of the aortic arch-derived vascular and ligamentous structures, which encircle the trachea and oesophagus to varying degrees, resulting in respiratory or feeding difficulties in children. A sling is an abnormality of the pulmonary arterial system resulting in airway compression. Although several imaging examinations are available for the evaluation of these anomalies, computed tomography (CT) has become the preferred test because of rapid acquisitions, making it feasible to perform the study without sedation or general anaesthesia. Furthermore, CT provides excellent spatial and temporal resolution, a wide field of view, multiplanar reconstruction capabilities and simultaneous evaluation of the airway. In this review, the current role and technique of CT in the evaluation of vascular rings are discussed. A brief discussion of the embryology of the aorta and branch vessels is followed by discussion and illustration of common and some uncommon vascular rings along with critical information required by surgeons. Teaching Points • Computed tomography is valuable in the evaluation of vascular rings. • Due to variable clinical and imaging presentations, diagnosis of vascular rings is often challenging. • Laterality of the arch is critical in surgical management.
Tellurium-loaded zeolites. III. The structure of TeNaX

Abstract A single-crystal X-ray study of a hydrogen-treated Te NaX catalyst has revealed scattering matter, assigned to telluride ion on the basis of chemical environment, in both the sodalite cage and the supercage of the X-zeolite structure. Both telluride ion sites have relatively low occupancy factors. The telluride ion in the center of the sodalite cage is coordinated to four site I′ and possibly to four site II′ sodium ions. The supercage telluride ion is coordinated to a site II sodium ion and, probably, to at least one additional sodium ion (not detected) located near the conventional site III. The chemical involvement of hydrogen, necessary for the reduction of tellurium, is supported by diffuse reflectance spectra and hydrogen sorption data. Probable hydrogen locations on the zeolitic framework are assigned.
Infrared spectra of complexes of aniline with metal (II) halides

Abstract The infrared spectra of aniline complexes with halides of divalent platinum, palladium, copper, nickel, zinc, cadmium, cobalt and manganese are reported in the 4000-280 cm −1 region. With the exception of cadmium chloride, these complexes are of the type dihalobis(aniline) metal (II). Deuteration of the amino group aided in the assignment of the fundamental NH 2 modes. The strongest absorptions are those associated with the NH 2 wagging vibrations. A number of metal-to-chlorine stretching vibration frequencies, below 335 cm −1 , have been assigned.
Purification and properties of β-mannosyltransferase that synthesizes Man-β-GlcNAc-GlcNAc-pyrophosphoryl-dolichol

The beta-mannosyltransferase that adds mannose, from GDP-mannose, to GlcNAc-GlcNAc-pyrophosphoryl-dolichol, to form Man-beta-GlcNAc-GlcNAc-pyrophosphoryl-dolichol was solubilized from pig aorta microsomal preparations, using 0.5% NP-40, and was purified about 116-fold using conventional methods. The purified enzyme was mostly free of alpha 1,3- or alpha 1,6-mannosyltransferase activities, since Man beta-GlcNAc-GlcNAc-PP-dolichol (PP = pyrophosphoryl) accounted for more than 95% of the product when enzyme was incubated with GDP-[14C]mannose and GlcNAc-GlcNAc-PP-dolichol. Very little Man-beta-GlcNAc-GlcNAc-PP-dolichol was formed when GDP-[14C]mannose was replaced by dolichol-phosphoryl-[14C]mannose, indicating that GDP-mannose was the mannosyl donor. The oligosaccharide portion of this lipid was released by mild acid hydrolysis and was characterized by gel filtration as well as by susceptibility to beta-mannosidase and resistance to alpha-mannosidase. The partially purified enzyme could be stabilized by the addition of 20% glycerol and 0.5 mM dithiothreitol to the buffer, and could be kept in this solution for 5 or 6 days in ice. The enzyme was greatly stimulated by the addition of detergent (NP-40) with optimum activity being observed at 0.1%. However, no stimulation was seen with any phospholipid. The partially purified enzyme had a pH optimum of about 7.0, and showed an almost absolute requirement for Mg2+ with optimal activity occurring at about 5 mM Mg2+. Mn2+ and Ca2+ were only slightly active. The Km for GDP-mannose was about 5 X 10(-7) M and that for GlcNAc-GlcNAc-PP-dolichol about 1 X 10(-6) M. Beta-Mannosyltransferase activity was inhibited competitively by a variety of guanosine nucleotides with GDP and GDP-glucose being most active, but GTP, GMP, guanosine, and periodate-oxidized guanosine were also effective. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid and this inhibition was partially prevented by the addition of dithiothreitol.
Cardiovascular risk in women with type 2 diabetes.

An estimated 16 million people in the United States have diabetes, 90% to 95% of whom have type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Cardio-vascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of death in the United States, and CVD mortality is even more common in men and women with type 2 DM. In fact, 50% to 75% of people with type 2 DM die of CVD. Although the CVD mortality rate in the general population is declining, the reduction is less in individuals with type 2 DM than in nondiabetic individuals. Type 2 DM results in a greater increment in CVD risk in women than in men. The classic risk factors that accompany type 2 DM play a large part in the excess CVD mortality risk in women, yet treatment for both primary and secondary prevention of CVD in women is inadequate. Although the increased CVD risk could be due solely to a greater impact of type 2 DM on CVD risk factors in women compared with men, there may be additional independent risks associated with type 2 DM in women. An understanding of the effects of type 2 DM on CVD risk factors in women is critical if the excess mortality risk is to be minimized. This article describes the increased risk of CVD and of CVD morbidity and mortality among women with type 2 DM, explores the impact of classic and novel CVD risk factors, and summarizes therapeutic strategies in this population.
Helping or Hindering? The Effects of Loans on Community College Student Persistence

More community college students are taking out loans than ever before and their median debt levels are increasing. This trend is disconcerting because community college borrowers are overrepresented among loan defaulters and those who dropout without having earned a degree. While not without criticism, a growing number of community colleges are choosing not to participate in the federal student loan programs, citing a desire to protect their students from future financial hardships. This study used data from the Beginning Postsecondary Student (BPS:04/09) survey and propensity score matching techniques to examine the effects of loans on persistence for students enrolled in associate’s degree programs. Results indicated that borrowing during the 1st year had a positive effect on persistence at the end of year one, but had a negative effect on persistence measured three and 6 years after initial enrollment. As community college students assess their prospects for degree completion and the return on their financial investment in higher education, we hypothesize that borrowers are more likely to become dissatisfied with their investment decision than non-borrowers and choose to dropout rather than take on additional loan debt. Findings from this study suggest the need to carefully reconsider current policies and practices regarding loan use among community college students.
Presentation of this Special Issue

It may be possible to trace the origins of the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s back to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theories, changes in the social structure (in particular with respect to women working at home and outside the home), and, later, to the ready availability of contraceptives. This revolution brought about changes not only in the sexual behavior of men and women of all ages, but also in the characteristics and stability of families. It also resulted in a more open attitude toward sex in society as a whole and in mass media in particular.
Polyamine Anabolism in Germinating Glycine max (L.) Seeds : Dynamics of Cadaverine and Putrescine Formation in the Embryonic Axis.

Active polyamine biosynthesis occurs in the embryonic axis, but not in the cotyledons, during germination of Glycine max (L.) cv Williams seeds and subsequent growth of the young seedlings. The hypocotyl and radicle synthesize and accumulate considerable amounts of cadaverine (Cad) and putrescine (Put) during the early stages of growth. Most of the amino acid precursors for the diamines are supplied from breakdown of the cotyledonary protein.In the axis, Cad synthesis which is catalyzed by l-lysine decarboxylase precedes the onset of growth (dry weight accumulation) of the axis and its accumulation continues as the growth progresses. After 2 days of imbibition, Cad is synthesized and accumulated at 37.4 nanomoles per axis per hour for at least 6 days. The rate then gradually decreases as the supply of free l-lysine from the cotyledons diminishes. Approximately 40 to 50% of the lysine resulting from breakdown of the cotyledonary protein ends up in Cad in the hypocotyl and radicle. Cad represents about 3.5% of the axis nitrogen derived from the cotyledons, which is equivalent to about 50% of the lysine content ( approximately 7%) of the seed protein.The synthesis and accumulation of Put in the axis also precedes the onset of growth of the axis. Both l-arginine decarboxylase and l-ornithine decarboxylase are involved in catalyzing the Put formation. The increased content of spermidine (Spd), but not spermine (Spm), parallels growth of the axis. Spm is maintained at a nearly undetectable level. After 2-day imbibition, Put and Spd are synthesized and accumulated at 0.94 and 0.17 nanomoles per axis per hour, respectively. The rate of Put accumulation, like that of Cad, decreases about 8 days after imbibition. The hypocotyl and radicle contain millimolar concentrations of Cad and Put which are primarily associated with the elongated zones. In contrast, Spd level or the molar ratio of Spd:Put appears to decrease as cell differentiation or elongation progresses.
Persistent dysphagia after laparoscopic vagotomy

Background: Laparoscopic vagotomy represents a new and less invasive treatment for peptic ulcer disease, but the problem of postvagotomy dysphagia has not been solved. The aim of this study was to determine the etiologic factors related to long-term laparoscopic postvagotomy dysphagia.
Induction experiments with adenovirus and polyoma virus transformed cell lines.

Techniques used successfully in inducing SV40-transformed cells to produce infectious SV40 were employed in an attempt to induce cells transformed by other oncogenic DNA viruses, adenoviruses 2 and 12 and polyoma virus. These techniques included cocultivation and fusion of transformed cells with indicator cells, and mitomycin C treatment of these heterokaryons and of transformed cells. In addition, prior to induction experiments, some cell lines were passaged through animals or in the presence of BUdR in an effort to enhance their inducibility. All attempts to induce these transformed cells were unsuccessful. It is concluded from this study that the polyoma and adenovirus genomes, if present in their entirety in cells transformed with these viruses, are not as reactivable as is the SV40 genome in SV40-transformed cells.
Collapse Pressure of Thermoplastic Water Well Casings

Because of the relatively low stiffness properties of thermoplastic materials, casings made from these materials may be more susceptible to collapse. For many applications, when a surrounding material tends to support the casing, the casing resistance to collapse should be significantly increased. The Morley equations of equilibrium for two radial collapse pressure loading conditions were modified to include the support of the surrounding medium and were solved using the Galerkin method. Parametric studies were conducted for typical water well casings and restraint values. Simple collapse prediction formulas are proposed for predicting collapse for the two loading conditions considered. Collapse pressures predicted by the proposed formulas for uniform collapse pressure are approximately 25% lower than those values predicted by the current ASTM formula. Collapse pressures for linearly varying pressure were found to be 12% higher than the corresponding values for uniform pressure. When the radial stiffness of the surrounding medium is included in the analysis, the collapse pressure resistance of the casing was found to be significantly increased over the collapse resistance of an unsupported casing.
From eulytine to the ambidextrous crystal via the amorphous route: Lead & calcium bismuth germanate glasses

Abstract Lead and calcium bismuth germanate glasses containing at least 40 mole% GeO 2 were prepared. Physical properties and infrared spectra suggest that for glasses close to the PbO · Bi 2 O 3 · 2GeO 2 composition: (a) packing efficiency is directly dependent upon cation size, (b) refraction is dependent upon cation type, (c) calcium can substitute for lead in nearly ideal fashion, (d) the open eulytine arrangement of a 2Bi 2 O 3 · 3GeO 2 glass has collapsed, and (e) Ge 2 O 7 dimers and small chains of GeO 4 tetrahedra (characteristic of Pb 5 Ge 3 O 11 and PbGeO 3 respectively) may persist. These findings offer a rationale for the limited yields of Ca 3 Al 2 Ge 3 O 12 garnets obtained from such melts at high temperatures. A noncubic crystalline phase that may be Pb 3 Bi 2 Ge 3 O 12 is also reported.
Positions of cations and molecules in zeolites with the mordenite-type framework X dehydrated calcium hydrogen mordenite

Abstract Prolonged acid treatment of natural mordenite (2M Hc1, 90°C, 2 months) did not remove 1.4Ca atoms which persisted in site I of the final product after dehydration at 300°C. Electron microprobe analysis showed no detectable reduction of Al/Si ratio, but the cell parameters at room temperature ( a 18.058(3) b 20.297(3) c 7.484(2)A) are lower than for the dehydrated-deammoniated variety, and the mean T-O distance is lower (1.606 vs. 1.617A). The O-T-O and T-O-T angles are closer generally to those of dehydrated Ca-mordenite than to dehydrated-deammoniated mordenite. Population refinement produced no evidence in favor of vacant tetrahedral sites, but technical considerations cause complications. The present data would not be inconsistent with earlier suggestions that Al is replaced by Si in tetrahedral sites.
Fetuin Is a Substrate for Pasteurella haemolytica O-Sialoglycoprotease

A soluble bovine glycoprotein, fetuin, was used as an alternative substrate to identify O-sialoglycoprotease activity in culture supernatant protein fractions of Pasteurella haemolytica. An aliquot of a 24-hour incubation mixture containing fetuin and O-sialoglycoprotease was denatured and examined after gradient sodium dodecyl polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The Coomassie-Brilliant-Blue-stained gel was examined for the disappearance of the fetuin band at an apparent molecular mass of 64 KDa. Four major hydrolysis products were identified: an N-terminal fragment of 45 kDa, a 20 kDa fragment at Val50, and two C-terminal fragments at Val273 and His287.
Aging, Terminal Decline, and Terminal Drop

Data from a 20-year longitudinal study of persons over 60 were analyzed by step-wise multiple regression to test for declines in function with age, for terminal decline (linear relationship to time before death), and for terminal drop (curvilinear relationship to time before death). There were no substanial terminal drop effects. All health measures had substantial declines with age, and the physician's physical function rating, as well as the individual's self-rating, showed additional terminal decline. Intelligence had a substantial decline with age and a small terminal decline. Most activities declined with age but had no significant terminal decline. Despite these declines in health, intelligence, and activities, there was little or no decline in satisfaction or adjustment.
Longitudinal association between medication adherence and glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes.

Aim Despite the widespread assumption that adherence drives glycaemic control, there is little published support for this in Type 2 diabetes. The study objective was to determine whether self-reported medication adherence predicts future glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes, after accounting for baseline control. Methods Medication adherence (4-item Morisky scale), glycaemic control (HbA1c%), and other variables were assessed in 287 adult primary care patients prescribed oral medication (40% also on insulin) for Type 2 diabetes. Glycaemic control was reassessed 6 months later. Regression analyses examined concurrent and future glycaemic control as a function of baseline medication adherence after adjustment for baseline glycaemia and other potential confounders. Results Only half of patients reported high adherence. Cross-sectional adjusted analysis replicated prior reports of an adherence-HbA1c association (P = 0.011). Even after adjusting for baseline HbA1c, each one-point increase in baseline Morisky total score was associated with a 1.8 mmol/mol (or 0.16%) increase in HbA1c measured 6 months later. Additionally, baseline endorsement of forgetting to take medication was associated with a 4.7 mmol/mol (or 0.43%) increase in 6-month HbA1c (P = 0.005). This effect persisted after adjusting for psychological distress and did not vary by key demographic and medical features. Conclusions Even after stringent adjustment for baseline glycaemic control, self-reported adherence to diabetes medication predicts long-term glycaemic control. The Morisky scale is an easy-to-use clinical tool to identify patients whose glycaemic control will subsequently worsen, regardless of age, gender and psychological distress.
Complex nonlinear dynamics in the limit of weak coupling of a system of microcantilevers connected by a geometrically nonlinear tunable nanomembrane

Intentional utilization of geometric nonlinearity in micro/nanomechanical resonators provides a breakthrough to overcome the narrow bandwidth limitation of linear dynamic systems. In past works, implementation of intentional geometric nonlinearity to an otherwise linear nano/micromechanical resonator has been successfully achieved by local modification of the system through nonlinear attachments of nanoscale size, such as nanotubes and nanowires. However, the conventional fabrication method involving manual integration of nanoscale components produced a low yield rate in these systems. In the present work, we employed a transfer-printing assembly technique to reliably integrate a silicon nanomembrane as a nonlinear coupling component onto a linear dynamic system with two discrete microcantilevers. The dynamics of the developed system was modeled analytically and investigated experimentally as the coupling strength was finely tuned via FIB post-processing. The transition from the linear to the nonlinear dynamic regime with gradual change in the coupling strength was experimentally studied. In addition, we observed for the weakly coupled system that oscillation was asynchronous in the vicinity of the resonance, thus exhibiting a nonlinear complex mode. We conjectured that the emergence of this nonlinear complex mode could be attributed to the nonlinear damping arising from the attached nanomembrane.
Predicting the distribution of Sasquatch in western North America: anything goes with ecological niche modelling

The availability of user-friendly software and publicly available biodiversity databases has led to a rapid increase in the use of ecological niche modelling to predict species distributions. A potential source of error in publicly available data that may affect the accuracy of ecological niche models (ENMs), and one that is difficult to correct for, is incorrect (or incomplete) taxonomy. Here we remind researchers of the need for careful evaluation of database records prior to use in modelling, especially when the presence of cryptic species is suspected or many records are based on indirect evidence. To draw attention to this potential problem, we construct ENMs for the North American Sasquatch (i.e. Bigfoot). Specifically, we use a large database of georeferenced putative sightings and footprints for Sasquatch in western North America, demonstrating how convincing environmentally predicted distributions of a taxon’s potential range can be generated from questionable site-occurrence data. We compare the distribution of Bigfoot with an ENM for the black bear, Ursus americanus, and suggest that many sightings of this cryptozoid may be cases of mistaken identity.
Inferring Evolutionary Histories of Pathway Regulation from Transcriptional Profiling Data

One of the outstanding challenges in comparative genomics is to interpret the evolutionary importance of regulatory variation between species. Rigorous molecular evolution-based methods to infer evidence for natural selection from expression data are at a premium in the field, and to date, phylogenetic approaches have not been well-suited to address the question in the small sets of taxa profiled in standard surveys of gene expression. We have developed a strategy to infer evolutionary histories from expression profiles by analyzing suites of genes of common function. In a manner conceptually similar to molecular evolution models in which the evolutionary rates of DNA sequence at multiple loci follow a gamma distribution, we modeled expression of the genes of an a priori-defined pathway with rates drawn from an inverse gamma distribution. We then developed a fitting strategy to infer the parameters of this distribution from expression measurements, and to identify gene groups whose expression patterns were consistent with evolutionary constraint or rapid evolution in particular species. Simulations confirmed the power and accuracy of our inference method. As an experimental testbed for our approach, we generated and analyzed transcriptional profiles of four Saccharomyces yeasts. The results revealed pathways with signatures of constrained and accelerated regulatory evolution in individual yeasts and across the phylogeny, highlighting the prevalence of pathway-level expression change during the divergence of yeast species. We anticipate that our pathway-based phylogenetic approach will be of broad utility in the search to understand the evolutionary relevance of regulatory change.
Length Scales of Magnetic Correlations in √e¬μ-Co Nanoparticle Assemblies using Small Angle Neutron Scattering

This article presents experiments on the determination of the length scales of magnetic correlation in e-Co nanoparticle assemblies using SANS (small angle neutron scattering). In this experiment a 0.5 nm neutron beam was passed through a sealed sample containing a dense assembly of the nanoparticles, and the scattered intensity was collected with two-dimensional detector. Data were collected with magnetic fields ranging from 0 to 5 T, which were applied perpendicular to the neutron beam. The temperature varied between 5 and 275 K.
Hand-assisted laparoscopic colectomy: benefits of laparoscopic colectomy at no extra cost.

Background Comparison studies of hand-assisted and laparoscopic-assisted colectomy have indicated that short-term outcomes are similar. Although a few of these studies have compared costs, none has reported on the costs of hand-assisted colectomy performed in the US. Our aim was to determine the short-term outcomes and direct costs associated with hand-assisted and laparoscopic-assisted colectomy performed in the US. Study Design One hundred hand-assisted laparoscopic colectomies were matched to 100 laparoscopic-assisted colectomies performed concurrently. Matching criteria were age (± 10 years), gender, diagnosis, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, earlier abdominal operation, colectomy type, and conversion. Operative time, morbidity, length of stay, reoperation, and readmission were assessed. Direct costs for the operating room, nursing care, intensive care, anesthesia, laboratory, pharmacy, radiology, emergency services and consultations, and professional and ancillary services related to the initial hospitalization and readmissions were compared. Results From June 2005 to August 2008, 176 hand-assisted and 845 laparoscopic-assisted segmental and total colectomies were performed. Of 100 matched hand-assisted and laparoscopic-assisted patients, there were no differences in body mass index (29 and 28, respectively), operating time (168 and 163 minutes, respectively), length of stay (4 days), readmission (6% and 11%, respectively), or reoperation rates (5% and 9%, respectively). Overall morbidity was 16% and 32% for hand-assisted and laparoscopic-assisted colectomy, respectively (p = 0.009). Major morbidity, including abscess, hemorrhage, and anastomotic leak, were similar. Operating room costs were increased for hand-assisted colectomy ($3,476 versus $3,167); total costs were similar ($8,521 versus $8,373). Conclusions Short-term outcomes and total costs of hand-assisted and laparoscopic-assisted colectomy are similar.
Effects of the NMDA antagonist ketamine on task-switching performance : Evidence for specific impairments of executive control

In humans, the effects of subanesthetic doses of ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, substantially impair executive control functions. Here, we consider whether ketamine exposure can provide an animal model for the effects of ketamine on executive control. Two monkeys (Macaca mulatta) performed a cued task-switching paradigm. We studied their behavior before and after a range of ketamine doses. We found that ketamine slowed overall performance and decreased overall accuracy, strongly impaired the capacity to ignore task-irrelevant information and, to a lesser degree, decreased accuracy when a task switch was required. This pattern of results is very similar to that found in studies of schizophrenic patients performing task-switching paradigms or the Stroop task. We conclude that ketamine in monkeys provides a good animal model for exploring the relationship between the glutamate system, executive control, and the symptoms of schizophrenia.
Molecular analysis of a family of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor genes (p15/MTS2/INK4b and p18/INK4c) in non‐small cell lung cancers

Cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes play important roles in modulating the cell cycle. The CDK inhibitors (CDKIs) inhibit the kinase activities of these complexes and block the cell cycle. The p16/multiple tumor suppressor (MTS) 1/inhibitor of CDK4 (INK4) a/CDKN2 gene, a CDKI, is frequently deleted in a variety of human cancers. Recently another CDKI gene, p15/MTS2/INK4b, was cloned and localized to within 20 kb of the p16 gene. Moreover, a third CDKI gene, named p18/INK4c and having a high degree of protein homology to p16, has now been cloned. To elucidate the importance of these CDKI genes in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), we examined DNAs from 34 NSCLC samples for alterations in these genes by Southern blot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analyses. Matched control normal tissues from the same individuals were also examined. Homozygous deletions of the p15 gene were found in three cases. Furthermore, comparative PCR analysis confirmed these deletions and suggested that one additional case had an abnormality of the p15 gene. Neither rearrangements nor deletions of the p18 gene were detected. By PCR-SSCP and direct sequencing of the aberrantly migrating bands, we detected only polymorphic nucleotide substitutions in both the p15 and p18 genes. In summary, the frequency of deletions of the p15 gene was 12% (four of 34 cases), and no point mutations in the p15 gene were detected in the NSCLCs. For the p18 gene, no abnormalities were detected. A previous analysis of these NSCLC samples for p16 gene alterations revealed that the three cases with homozygous deletions of the p15 gene also have homozygous deletions of the p16 gene.
MEN, WOMEN, AND FRIENDSHIP: What They Say, What They Do

Using data from 52 in-depth interviews with working-class and professional men and women, I examine gender differences in friendships. Men and women respond to global questions about friendship in culturally specific ways. Men focus on shared activities, and women focus on shared feelings. Responses to questions about specific friends, however, reveal more variation in same-sex friendships than the literature indicates. Men share feelings more, whereas women share feelings less; furthermore, the extent to which they do so varies by class. I argue that conceptualizing gender as an ongoing social construction explains the data better than do psychoanalytic or socialization accounts.
A hierarchical algorithm for fast backprojection in helical cone-beam tomography

Existing algorithms for exact helical cone beam (HCB) tomographic reconstruction involve a 3-D backprojection step, which dominates the computational cost of the algorithm. We present a fast hierarchical 3-D backprojection algorithm, generalizing fast 2-D parallel beam and fan beam algorithms, which reduces the complexity of this step from O(N/sup 4/) to O(N/sup 3/log N), greatly accelerating the reconstruction process.
Individual patient‐ versus group‐level data meta‐regressions for the investigation of treatment effect modifiers: ecological bias rears its ugly head

When performing a meta-analysis, interest often centres on finding explanations for heterogeneity in the data, rather than on producing a single summary estimate. Such exploratory analyses are frequently undertaken with published, study-level data, using techniques of meta-analytic regression. Our goal was to explore a real-world example for which both published, group-level and individual patient-level data were available, and to compare the substantive conclusions reached by both methods. We studied the benefits of anti-lymphocyte antibody induction therapy among renal transplant patients in five randomized trials, focusing on whether there are subgroups of patients in whom therapy might prove particularly beneficial. Allograft failure within 5 years was the endpoint studied. We used a variety of analytic approaches to the group-level data, including weighted least-squares regression (N=5 studies), logistic regression (N=628, the total number of subjects), and a hierarchical Bayesian approach. We fit logistic regression models to the patient-level data. In the patient-level analysis, we found that treatment was significantly more effective among patients with elevated (20 per cent or more) panel reactive antibodies (PRA) than among patients without elevated PRA. These patients comprise a small (about 15 per cent of patients) subgroup of patients that benefited from therapy. The group-level analyses failed to detect this interaction. We recommend using individual patient data, when feasible, to study patient characteristics, in order to avoid the potential for ecological bias introduced by group-level analyses.
Individual differences in rat locomotor activity are diminished by nicotine through stimulation of central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

An increasing body of research has focused on isolating factors that predict or alter individual differences in the behavioral and neural processes mediating the effects of abused drugs. Within this framework, the current report assessed individual differences and the locomotor effect of nicotine. Rats were screened for activity induced by a novel environment. Rats, which were more active to initial environment exposure, remained more active even after seven additional 30-min exposures to the same environment. Treatment with nicotine-di-D tartrate (1 mg/kg, sc) disrupted this effect. This nicotine disruption of individual differences occurred whether nicotine suppressed locomotor activity (initial administration) or stimulated locomotor activity (seventh and eighth administration). Mecamylamine (1 mg/kg), but not hexamethonium (10 mg/kg), completely blocked the suppressant and stimulant effects of nicotine. Further, mecamylamine restored the nicotine-induced disruption of individual differences; hexamethonium had no effect. This data pattern suggests that the disruptive effects of acute and chronic nicotine on individual differences were mediated by neural nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors.
An application of Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network to real-time learning and prediction of time-variant machine tool error maps

The problem of real-time learning of thermal error maps in machine tools is investigated. This problem is treated as an incremental approximation of a functional mapping between thermal sensor readings and the associated positional errors at each location of the cutting tool. The Fuzzy ARTMAP is used as a tool to achieve this approximation in real-time. Experimental measurements of the positional errors for a turning center were performed using a laser ball-bar over two separate thermal duty cycles. The Fuzzy ARTMAP was trained online using the data collected during the first duty cycle. Data from a new duty cycle is used to test the performance of the trained network. Results show that the Fuzzy ARTMAP is not only able to learn thermal errors in real-time but can also make accurate predictions of the test data. >
Noise removal via Bayesian wavelet coring

The classical solution to the noise removal problem is the Wiener filter, which utilizes the second-order statistics of the Fourier decomposition. Subband decompositions of natural images have significantly non-Gaussian higher-order point statistics; these statistics capture image properties that elude Fourier-based techniques. We develop a Bayesian estimator that is a natural extension of the Wiener solution, and that exploits these higher-order statistics. The resulting nonlinear estimator performs a "coring" operation. We provide a simple model for the subband statistics, and use it to develop a semi-blind noise removal algorithm based on a steerable wavelet pyramid.
Structured Modeling for Post-Mortem Brain Tissue Data

Structured means have been used in studying possible covariate effects on responses, whereas patterned covariances deal with random effects, missing data, and differing study designs. In this article, we develop new multivariate models with patterned means and covariance matrices to deal with special structures of the post-mortem brain tissue data collected in the Conte Center for the Neuroscience of Mental Disorders at the University of Pittsburgh. We obtain maximum likelihood estimates via the method of scoring for these new structured models. One-iteration estimators from a consistent starting point are used to derive the asymptotic distributions. The model fitting algorithms, as well as the asymptotic distributions, are examined using simulated data, and are applied to data from post-mortem tissue studies in schizophrenia.
Cow Culling Decisions Adapted for Management with CART

A stochastic dynamic programming (DP) model of range cow culling decisions incorporating market price uncertainties and dynamics of biological productivity was solved for biannual and annual calving systems. Decision trees were generated from the DP solutions using the Classification and Regression Trees (CART) methodology. The decision trees captured over 99% of the optimal DP returns from both biannual and spring-only calving. CART culling criteria in conjunction with dual-season calving increased wealth by 7% compared to optimal DP culling decisions with spring-only calving, and by 10% compared to a more traditional strategy of culling all open cows.
Shame, Violence, And Morality

Shame is most frequently defined as the emotion we feel when we fail to live up to standards, norms, or ideals. I argue that this definition is flawed because it cannot explain some of the most paradigmatic features of shame. Agents often respond to shame with violence, but if shame is the painful feeling of failing to live up to an ideal, this response is unintelligible. I offer a new account of shame that can explain the link between shame and violence. On my view, shame arises out of a tension between our identity and our self-conception: those things about which we feel shame are part of our identities, but they are not part of our self-conception. I conclude by arguing that this account of shame is a valuable moral emotion.
Leadership, membership and organization

In a group each individual perceives and reacts to all others in dynamic interaction. An organization is a group in which members are differentiated as to responsibility for tasks leading to a common goal. Fundamental defining variables of an organization are (1) work one is expected to do; (2) task
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with microsatellite instability developing in the setting of Muir–Torre variant hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer

To the editor, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and displays heterogeneity. The precise mechanisms of lymphomagenesis are unknown; however, there is evidence that genetic instability arising from somatic hypermutation plays a role.1 In particular, oncogenic translocations between immunoglobulin loci and BCL6 , BCL2 , MYC and PAX5 have been reported.2 Microsatellite instability (MSI) has a critical role in the pathogenesis of hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) and Muir–Torre syndrome (HNPCC with sebaceous tumours).3 ,4 However, haematological malignancies are not typical in patients with these genetic lesions. We report a patient with a Muir–Torre variant HNPCC who subsequently developed DLBCL. An elderly patient with a history of Muir–Torre variant HNPCC presented with abdominal pain, worsening over the preceding 1–2 months, with associated weight loss of 5 kg. The past medical history included metachronous rectal, colonic adenocarcinomas, pancreatic and jejunal carcinomas, sebaceous adenomas, sebaceous epithelioma, and non-melanoma skin cancers for which they had multiple curative surgical procedures and neoadjuvant chemoradiation. There was no history of immunodeficiency. Imaging demonstrated a stricture in the distal jejunum with intensely 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose avid bowel wall thickening. At laparotomy, a 5.5 cm ulcerated mass resected. Histological evaluation showed a full thickness lymphoid infiltrate, ulcerating the overlying mucosa and penetrating serosa, forming adhesions with the adjacent loop of small intestine. The cells were intermediate to large, with vesicular chromatin and small nucleoli (figure 1A, B). The cells were positive for CD20, CD10, BCL2 and BCL6, and negative …
Trust in leadership: A multi-level review and integration

Leaders have been argued to play a key role in determining organizational effectiveness across all levels (e.g., individual, team, unit) that exist within organizations. A key component in a leader's ability to be effective within such environments is the degree to which subordinates and co-workers trust him/her. Therefore, it is not surprising that researchers and practitioners alike are interested in identifying the mechanisms through which trust in leadership can be developed as well as those factors which moderate this relationship [e.g., Gillespie, N. A., Mann, L. (2004). Transformational leadership and shared values: The building blocks of trust. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19, 588–607; Kouzes and Posner, 1995; Roberts, K. H., O'Reilly, C. A. (1974). Failures in upward communication in organizations: Three possible culprits. Academy of Management Journal, 17, 205–215; Whitener, E. M. (1997). The impact of human resource activities on employee trust. Human Resource Management Review, 7, 389–404]. Despite this, research that has addressed the factors that foster trust in leaders and the outcomes of this trust has been disjointed and, as yet, no comprehensive model has been presented to systematically examine these factors. Therefore, the purpose of this article will be to present an integrative model of trust in leadership.
Transforming biomass conversion with ionic liquids: process intensification and the development of a high-gravity, one-pot process for the production of cellulosic ethanol

Producing concentrated sugars and minimizing water usage are key elements in the economics and environmental sustainability of advanced biofuels. Conventional pretreatment processes that require a water-wash step can result in losses of fermentable sugars and generate large volumes of wastewater or solid waste. To address these problems, we have developed high gravity biomass processing with a one-pot conversion technology that includes ionic liquid pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and yeast fermentation for the production of concentrated fermentable sugars and high-titer cellulosic ethanol. The use of dilute bio-derived ionic liquids (a.k.a. bionic liquids) enables one-pot, high-gravity bioethanol production due to their low toxicity to the hydrolytic enzyme mixtures and microbes used. We increased biomass digestibility at >30 wt% loading by understanding the relationship between ionic liquid and biomass loading, yielding 41.1 g L−1 of ethanol (equivalent to an overall yield of 74.8% on glucose basis) using an integrated one-pot fed-batch system. Our technoeconomic analysis indicates that the optimized one-pot configuration provides significant economic and environmental benefits for cellulosic biorefineries by reducing the amount of ionic liquid required by ∼90% and pretreatment-related water inputs and wastewater generation by ∼85%. In turn, these improvements can reduce net electricity use, greenhouse gas-intensive chemical inputs for wastewater treatment, and waste generation. The result is an overall 40% reduction in the cost of cellulosic ethanol produced and a reduction in local burdens on water resources and waste management infrastructure.
The Diversified School Campus: Ethnic Diversity, School Violence, and Academic Achievement

The representative democracy literature investigating the effects of ethnic diversity on educational performance has put forth conflicting messages. Some suggest that increased minority teacher representation boosts minority students' academic achievement, while others point to negligible effects of representative democracy on students. The present study takes on school violence and drug use beyond the academic achievement arena in order to address whether or not and how ethnic diversity determines the degree of school violence and drug use. The data were taken from over 1,000 K-12 schools in southern and northern California. The results show that ethnic diversity tends to increase the frequency of student suspension related to violence and drug use, which in turn increases the frequency of student expulsion. However, changes in school violence and drug use have little to do with the actual increase of minority students and teachers in school, implying that racial fractionalization, rather than representative democracy, is behind the rise of school violence and drug use. Expectedly, the prevalence of student suspension and expulsion was inversely tied with school-level academic achievement. These results seem to have important implications for the discussion of ethnic diversity, re-segregation, and cultural education in American schools.
Enhanced performance of macrophage-encapsulated nanoparticle albumin-bound-paclitaxel in hypo-perfused cancer lesions

Hypovascularization in tumors such as liver metastases originating from breast and other organs correlates with poor chemotherapeutic response and higher mortality. Poor prognosis is linked to impaired transport of both low- and high-molecular weight drugs into the lesions and to high washout rate. Nanoparticle albumin-bound-paclitaxel (nAb-PTX) has demonstrated benefits in clinical trials when compared to paclitaxel and docetaxel. However, its therapeutic efficacy for breast cancer liver metastasis is disappointing. As macrophages are the most abundant cells in the liver tumor microenvironment, we design a multistage system employing macrophages to deliver drugs into hypovascularized metastatic lesions, and perform in vitro, in vivo, and in silico evaluation. The system encapsulates nAb-PTX into nanoporous biocompatible and biodegradable multistage vectors (MSV), thus promoting nAb-PTX retention in macrophages. We develop a 3D in vitro model to simulate clinically observed hypo-perfused tumor lesions surrounded by macrophages. This model enables evaluation of nAb-PTX and MSV-nab PTX efficacy as a function of transport barriers. Addition of macrophages to this system significantly increases MSV-nAb-PTX efficacy, revealing the role of macrophages in drug transport. In the in vivo model, a significant increase in macrophage number, as compared to unaffected liver, is observed in mice, confirming the in vitro findings. Further, a mathematical model linking drug release and retention from macrophages is implemented to project MSV-nAb-PTX efficacy in a clinical setting. Based on macrophage presence detected via liver tumor imaging and biopsy, the proposed experimental/computational approach could enable prediction of MSV-nab PTX performance to treat metastatic cancer in the liver.
Learning in Context: Letting Students Make the Case for Worksite Health Promotion

Abstract Students who have the opportunity to develop professional practice skills through observational learning and a variety of hands-on experiences such as those described above are better prepared and more confident as they enter the job market as entry-level health educators. In the context of the workplace, faculty can provide valuable and needed opportunities for students to develop professional competencies. At the same time both faculty and students can help bridge the “unhealthy” dichotomy that frequently exists between management (public or private) and employees. Linkages between a university and the community which grow from taking university training into the community can strengthen professional preparation programs in health education.
On β-favorability of the strong Choquet game

In the main result, partially answering a question of Telg´arsky,the following is proven: if X is a 1st countable R0-space, then player s (i.e. the EMPTY player) has a winning strategy in the strong Choquet game on X if and only if X contains a nonempty Wd-subspace which is of the 1st category in itself.