cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A high-temperature high-resolution NMR study of 23 Na, 27 Al and 29 Si in molten silicates

Molecular and atomic motions over longer distances, and with much lower frequencies than interatomic vibrations, have a major role in the energetic and dynamic properties of highly structured liquids such as molten aluminosilicates. Rearrangement with increasing temperature of the polymerized anionic network (composed of linked SiO44− and AlO45− tetrahedra) controls viscosity and influences thermal expansion and configurational heat capacity1,2. Diffusive motion of network modifying cations (such as Na+) through the structure allows electrical conductivity and probably also affects entropy. To study such motion directly and to compare liquid and glass structure, we have developed a novel high-temperature high-resolution NMR apparatus. We report here the first data on 23Na, 27Al, and 29Si in liquids in the system Na2O/Al2O3/SiO2 at temperatures to about 1,300 °C. Observed changes in NMR resonant frequencies (chemical shifts) give information on the effects of composition on local structure. Line shapes and widths, and relaxation time measurements, reveal details of the dynamics and of the transition from liquid to glass.
Impact of PACS on the Education of Radiology Residents: The Residents' Perspective

Abstract Rationale and Objectives Because digital imaging and the picture archiving and communication system (PACS) are replacing radiographic film, the effect of PACS on residents' perceptions and their educational experience was investigated. Materials and Methods Residents taking part in large diagnostic radiology training programs at two hospitals were surveyed. Approximately 75% of radiographic studies were reviewed with the use of PACS at both hospitals. Survey topics included technical and didactic issues based on direct and indirect comparison with analog (conventional film) images. Results Fifty residents were polled (20 respondents). The majority has been using PACS for more than 1 year (14 of 20, 70%) to interpret 75%–100% of cases (11 of 20, 55%). The majority believed that PACS improved patient care (15 of 20, 75%) and their educational experience (15 of 20, 75%). A minority believed that increased patient throughput was harmful to the educational experience (five of 20, 25%) because it permitted attending radiologists to review cases too quickly (four of 20, 20%). Residents favored PACS over hard-copy images for ease of manipulation, resolution, and ability to see pathologic conditions and normal anatomic characteristics. Conclusion Residents believe that PACS has positively affected their learning experience and does not negatively affect the quality of resident education.
Research on law Students: An Annotated Bibliography

Within recent years our understanding of legal education and the legal profession has been enriched by an increasing number of empirical investigations of legal education. As research interest in this area develops, it is important to assess and to build on past efforts. By serving as a guide to studies on law students, this bibliography is intended to advance that end. We hope that these materials can facilitate access into this field of scholarship and, by so doing, stimulate research on questions that have been raised but not yet answered.
Environmental performance, legislation and annual report disclosure: the case of acid rain and Falconbridge

This paper examines the relationship between environmental performance, legislation and annual report disclosure using the case of Falconbridge and sulphur dioxide emissions over a period from 1964 to 1991. Legitimacy theory and political economy theory are used to evaluate the disclosure. Two key questions are addressed: How did the corporation respond to changing government regulations for sulphur dioxide abatement? and How did the corporation choose to present these abatement activities in its annual reports? These questions are examined through the methodologies of historiography, interviews and content analysis. Falconbridge has always been in compliance with SO2 regulations (albeit with a government extension in the late 1970s) and has consistently provided disclosure discussing the technological aspects of sulphur dioxide abatement. While political economy theory has explanatory power, legitimacy theory offers a more compelling explanation.
Heat transfer between moving beds of solids and a transverse finned tube

Vie objective of the research reported in this article was to measure the rate of heat transfer between a transverse finned tube and a slowly moving bed of particles. Linear velocities of the moving bed of solids ranged from 0.0004 to 0.025 m/s. Three different particulate materials of various sizes were investigated, namely, polyethylene, silica sand, and copper. The experiments were conducted under steady-state conditions. The following empirical equation for prediction of the heat transfer coefficient between the moving bed of particles and the transverse finned tube was developed employing dimensional analysis and nonlinear regression: This equation should be applied only within the range of the parameters for which it is derived.
Scintillator meson telescope for studies of cosmic ray intensities

Abstract A meson telescope utilizing plastic scintillator detectors and capable of a counting rate exceeding 10 6 counts per hour is described. The design considerations and operating characteristics of this type of instrument are discussed. A brief description of a more compact instrument suitable for airborne observations is included.
Acceleration of the rate limiting step in norepinephrine biosynthesis by potassium

Kalium erhoht die Bildung von markiertem Noradrenalin aus markiertem Tyrosin im isolierten Vas deferens. Es wird angenommen, dass dieser Effekt auf eine Steigerung der Tyrosin-Hydroxylase zuruckzufuhren ist.
Stereochemical Preferences for Curarimimetic Neuromuscular Junction Blockade IV: Monoquaternary Ammonium Probes Possessing Carbon and Nitrogen Asymmetry

Two enantiomeric pairs of neuromuscular junction blocking agents were prepared in which an asymmetric carbon atom is adjacent to an asymmetric quaternized nitrogen moiety. The blocking agents were obtained from the enantiomers of laudanosine by stereoselective quaternization with benzyl and ethyl iodides. Curarimimetic potencies were measured with an in vivo cat hypoglossal nerve-tongue muscle preparation. The studies suggest that the asymmetry present in these structures does not lead to significant differences in blocking potency between enantiomers.
All-electron and pseudopotential force calculations using the linearized-augmented-plane-wave method.

Presentation des formules des forces atomiques par la methode d'onde plane amelioree dans l'approximation de la densite locale. Du au fait que les fonctions de base dans la methode LAPW possedent des derivees secondes discontinues aux frontieres de la sphere muffin-tin, on montre qu'il existe une grande contribution de la surface aux corrections de l'ensemble de base incomplet de la force de Hellmann-Feynman. Application de ces formulations aux calculs des phonons geles dans les systemes semiconducteurs, des metaux de transition, et de metaux nobles. Les resultats sont en excellent accord avec les calculs d'energie totale et avec l'experience
A novel processing scheme for core - shell nano composites using controlled polymer adsorption

A new processing scheme has been developed for the preparation of core-shell structured composite particles that can be used as building blocks for the fabrication of nanocomposites [1]. The scheme is a two stage coating process utilizing controlled polymer adsorption and bridging in which a layer of nano sized particles is bridged onto submicron sized core particles. The coating process is monitored using electrokinetic techniques as well as SEM. The controlled coating process was used also to prepare multilayer nanocomposites. The application of the coating process to concentrated suspensions (15 volume percent) required in ceramic processing was shown to be feasible. Ceramic compacts were successfully prepared using pressure filtration methods and tested for their green density and flexibility.
Digital Detection of Nanoparticles: Viral Diagnostics and Multiplexed Protein and Nucleic Acid Assays

Synthetic nanoparticles have made significant impact across a broad range of technological applications including optical nanoantennas, ultra-sensitive imaging and sensing, and diagnostics and therapeutics. Natural nanoparticles such as viruses and pollutants are major concerns for human health. High-throughput characterization of nanoparticles in terms of their size and shape is crucial for practical applications of synthetic nanoparticles and highly sensitive pathogen identification. Recently, we have demonstrated Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS) with the ability to detect single nanoscale particles [1,2]. In single-particle modality of IRIS (SP-IRIS), the interference of light reflected from the sensor surface is modified by the presence of particles producing a distinct signal that reveals the size of the particle. In our approach, the dielectric layered structure acts as an optical antenna optimizing the elastic scattering characteristics of nanoparticles for sensitive detection and analysis. We have demonstrated identification of virus particles in complex samples for various viruses in multiplexed format. Size discrimination of the imaged nanoparticles (virions) allows differentiation between modified viruses having different genome lengths and facilitates a reduction in the counting of non-specifically bound particles to achieve a limit-of-detection (LOD) of 5×103 pfu/mL for the Ebola and Marburg VSV pseudotypes. We have demonstrated the simultaneous detection of multiple viruses in serum or whole blood as well as in samples contaminated with high levels of bacteria [3]. Single nanoparticle detection with IRIS has shown promising results for protein [4] and DNA arrays with attomolar detection sensitivity.
Application of the Modified Differential Approximation (MDA) for Radiation Transport to Arbitrary Three-Dimensional Geometry

The first-order spherical harmonics method (or P1 approximation) has found prolific usage for approximate solution of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) in participating media. However, the accuracy of the P1 approximation deteriorates as the optical thickness of the medium is decreased. The Modified Differential Approximation (MDA) was originally proposed to remove the shortcomings of the P1 approximation in optically thin situations. This article presents algorithms to apply the MDA to arbitrary geometry—in particular, three-dimensional (3D) geometry with obstructions, and inhomogeneous media. The wall-emitted component of the intensity was computed using a combined view-factor and ray-tracing approach. The Helmholtz equation, arising out of the medium-emitted component, was solved using an unstructured finite-volume procedure. The general procedure was validated against benchmark Monte Carlo results. The accuracy of MDA was found to be far superior to the standard P1 approximation in optically thin situations, and comparable to the P1 approximation in optically thick situations. Calculation and storage of the view-factor matrix was found to be a major shortcoming of the MDA, and several strategies to reduce both memory and computational time are discussed and demonstrated. In addition, for inhomogeneous media, calculation of optical distances requires a ray-tracing procedure, which was found to be a bottleneck from a computational efficiency standpoint.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Are element ratios in coral cores a good proxy for past temperature

Strontium-to-calcium ratios (Sr/Ca) in cores from coral skeletons are widely used as a proxy for past temperature (Sr/Ca has a negative relationship with temperature—this ratio typically declines as temperatures rise). As corals grow, they build aragonite (CaCO3) skeletons, and minor chemical elements are incorporated into those skeletons at different proportions depending on conditions such as temperature. However, those elemental ratios can also be affected by biological factors in the individual coral, including an individual coral's growth rate. This makes the use of coral Sr/Ca ratios as a paleothermometer potentially problematic.
Blood Conservation in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Hedging Your Bets

Steps to identify and prophylactically treat patients to minimize transfusions have been used unevenly, although efficacy has been proven. This requires attention to the entire episode of care for each patient. Preoperatively we need to identify hemoglobin levels with sufficient time to intervene. Intraoperative techniques are evolving via the use of both technical modifications of the procedure, tranexamic acid, and tissue sealants. Postoperative steps focus on avoiding drains, safer approaches to venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, more aggressive use of intravenous iron, and lowering transfusion triggers. Identification of patients at greatest risk must be the starting point for any effective preventative strategy.
Dynamical and Microphysical Retrieval from Doppler Radar Observations Using a Cloud Model and Its Adjoint. Part I: Model Development and Simulated Data Experiments.

Abstract The purpose of the research reported in this paper is to develop a variational data analysis system that can be used to assimilate data from one or more Doppler radars. In the first part of this two-part study, the technique used in this analysis system is described and tested using data from a simulated warm rain convective storm. The analysis system applies the 4D variational data assimilation technique to a cloud-scale model with a warm rain parameterization scheme. The 3D wind, thermodynamical, and microphysical fields are determined by minimizing a cost function, defined by the difference between both radar observed radial velocities and reflectivities (or rainwater mixing ratio) and their model predictions. The adjoint of the numerical model is used to provide the sensitivity of the cost function with respect to the control variables. Experiments using data from a simulated convective storm demonstrated that the variational analysis system is able to retrieve the detailed structure of wind,...
Sunk costs and regulation in the U.S. pesticide industry

Abstract This paper examines the impact of sunk costs and market demand on the number of innovative companies, the U.S. market share of foreign-based firms, and merger choice in the U.S. Pesticide Industry. Results are consistent with Sutton's (1991) view of sunk costs and market structure in that rising endogenous sunk research costs and exogenous sunk pesticide product regulation costs and declining demand negatively affect the number of firms in the industry, have a stronger negative impact on the number of smaller firms, and encourage foreign-based firm expansion.
Bacterial infections after liver transplantation

Infection is a common complication of orthotopic liver transplantations and a major cause of mortality. Of the different types of infection, severe bacterial infections are the most common. The majority (81%) of bacterial infections occur within the first two months after liver transplantation. The most frequent site of infection is the abdomen (intrahepatic or extrahepatic abscesses, cholangitis, and peritonitis). Bacteremia is a marker of mortality, and the majority of bacteremia cases are secondary to another bacterial infection site. The causative organisms vary among different centers. In some, gram-negative organisms are more common (66%); in one center, however, gram-positive microorganisms predominate (66%). In the latter center, the use of nonabsorbable antibiotics, which eradicate gastro-intestinal aerobic gram-negative microorganisms, may explain this microbiologic difference. The main risk factor predisposing to bacterial infection appears to be the duration of the transplantation operation, especially beyond 12 hours. Of the deaths resulting from infection, 81% were caused by bacterial infection.
Poisoning and Inhibition of Dispersed Liquefaction Catalyst Activity by Exposure to Coal

The activity of a dispersed MoS2 catalyst prepared in situ from ammonium tetrathiomolybdate was measured in octacosane containing various amounts of Argonne Premium Illinois No. 6 coal using microa...
Overpressure and breathiness in spastic dysphonia. An acoustic (LTAS) and perceptual study.

Pre- and postsurgical speech segments spoken by patients with spastic dysphonia were submitted to long-time-average-spectrum (LTAS) analysis and for perceptual assessment of breathiness and overpressure. Breathy phonation corresponded to a steep fall in the LTAS. while overpressured phonation produced higher spectral levels and a less steep fall. Mixed breathy-overpressured phonation produced a somewhat elevated spectrum. Postsurgical changes in overpressure are demonstrated by spectral shifts. Perceptual scores correlated well with the objective acoustic spectral measures.
Studies on slag deposit formation in pulverized-coal combustors. 3. Preliminary hypothesis for the sticking behaviour of slag drops on steels

Abstract A mechanism is postulated to explain the effects of drop composition and substrate temperature on the adherence of molten synthetic coal ash drops to steel substrates. For a strong bond to form between the drop and the oxide film on the substrate, it is necessary to form an interfacial region consisting of both iron oxide and slag. Depth profile analysis by ion beam spectrochemical analysis indicates that the thickness of this interfacial region is 1–3 μm. The formation of this region is expected to be assisted by long times of contact of liquid slag with the substrate. A heat transfer calculation indicates that high substrate temperature and lower solidus temperature greatly increased the time to completely solidify a 2 μm thick interface.
Translabyrinth electrical stimulation for the induction of immediate-early genes in the gerbil brainstem

Brainstem immediate-early gene (IEG) protein expression was induced following applications of current to the labyrinth in unanesthetized gerbils. Electrode placement, stimulus polarity, current intensity and waveform, and anesthetics all significantly affect IEG expression patterns. Direct currents of different polarity applied across the labyrinth produced IEG expression in vestibular nuclei and inferior olivary neurons in patterns similar to those seen after hemilabyrinthectomy or hypergravity stimulation.
Model forecast improvements with decreased horizontal grid spacing over finescale intermountain orography during the 2002 olympic winter games

Abstract Forecasts produced for the 2002 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games (23 January–25 March 2002) by a multiply nested version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) are examined to determine if decreasing horizontal grid spacing to 4 km improves forecast accuracy over the finescale topography of the Intermountain West. The verification is based on high-density observations collected by the MesoWest cooperative networks, including approximately 200 wind and temperature sites and 100 precipitation sites across northern Utah. Wind and precipitation forecasts produced by the 4-km MM5 domain were more accurate (based on traditional measures) than those of its parent 12-km domain. The most significant improvements in wind speed forecasts occurred at night in valleys and lowland locations where the topography of the 4-km domain produced more accurate nocturnal flows. Wind direction forecast improvements were most subs...
More severe neurologic deficits in SJL/J male than female mice following Theiler's virus-induced CNS demyelination.

Abstract Although multiple sclerosis (MS) is more prevalent in women than men, male MS patients develop more severe clinical symptoms and deteriorate faster than female patients. We investigated the differences in CNS demyelinating disease between SJL/J male and female mice following Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection. Infected female mice had consistently higher serum levels of virus-specific IgG at 14 and 21 days and and 7 months postinfection, which resulted in less infectious virus in CNS. All male mice infected for 6 to 7 months developed paralysis, with 50% displaying bilateral posterior limb paralysis, whereas 77% of age-matched female mice were paralyzed, all displaying unilateral posterior limb paralysis. Male mice infected for 6 to 7 months performed up to threefold fewer spontaneous horizontal and vertical movements (activity box test) compared to infected age-matched females. In addition, infected male mice performed the coordination and balance (Rotarod) test at 27 ± 4% of the expected level (expressed as a percentage of that of uninfected age-matched mice), whereas infected female mice performed at 41 ± 5% of the expected level. Male mice had a small increase in the extent of spinal cord white matter demyelination analyzed at both 45 days and between 6 and 7 months postinfection. For individual male and female mice, the extent of demyelination had a negative linear relationship with the neurologic performances. The emergence of a disease paradigm similar to MS supports using the TMEV model to investigate molecular and genetic factors responsible for the gender dimorphism in MS and other autoimmune diseases.
Isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(ether ketone ketone) and its carbon-fibre-reinforced composites

Abstract Isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(ether ketone ketone) (PEKK) and its carbon-fibre-reinforced composites was analysed by using a phenomenological two-stage crystallization kinetics model modified from the Avrami equation. We have determined a different Avrami exponent for each crystallization stage from differential scanning calorimetry isothermal measurements. In the primary crystallization stage, the nucleation growth is assumed to be three-dimensional, sporadic and with an Avrami exponent of 4; whereas in the secondary stage, it is assumed to be two-dimensional or diffusion-controlled, with an Avrami exponent of 2. This model gives a considerably better fit than the unmodified Avrami equation and the two-stage Velisaris-Seferis model. The estimated final volume fraction crystallinity of the primary crystallization is approximately 60% over the temperature range of 298–314°C. Cold crystallization produces a higher value of the primary volume crystallinity ranging from 70% to 100% over the temperature range of 221-200°C. The presence of fibre in the composite does not change the relative primary volume crystallinity nor does it affect rate constants of both stages. The effect of fibre on the total crystallization rate of PEKK in the composite is also small.
Progress on archiving, delivering, and working with planetary data

Planetary Data: A Workshop for Users and Software Developers 2012; Flagstaff, Ariz., 25–29 June 2012 The recent boom in the volume of data returned by planetary science missions continues to delight and confound users. Recently the NASA Planetary Data System (PDS) has seen an approximately 50-fold increase in the amount of archived data and now serves nearly half a petabyte. Within 5 years, this volume likely will approach 1 petabyte. While archivists, users, and developers have done a creditable job of providing search and download functions and analysis and visualization tools, the wealth of data necessitates more discussion between users and developers about current limitations and desired improvements.
The predominance of IgG4 in prodromal bullous pemphigoid.

Ab stract Background Prodromal bullous pemphigoid (PBP) and bullous pemphigoid (BP) demonstrate immunoglobulin G (IgG) and/or C3 deposition at the basement membrane zone (BMZ) on direct immunofluorescence. BP-180-specific IgG1, IgG4, and IgE antibodies have been detected in BP. However, the distribution of IgG subclasses is unknown in PBP. Objectives We will describe the role of anti-BMZ IgG subclasses in PBP and we will correlate these findings to better understand the pathogenesis of PBP. Methods Skin biopsies and serum samples were obtained from 45 patients who had PBP. The skin tissue was processed for direct immunofluorescence studies. Sera were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence for the presence of circulating anti-BMZ IgG antibodies (by standard IIF) and IgG subclasses antibodies (by sandwich double antibody immunofluorescence [SDAI]). Sera were also analyzed for antibodies against BP-180 and BP-230 antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Thirty-two patients (71%) had IgG and C3 staining at the BMZ, while 13 patients (29%) had isolated C3 staining at the BMZ on direct immunofluorescence. All patients demonstrated staining on the epidermal side of the salt-split skin. Of the seven skin specimens that were available for C5-9 SDAI testing, all were found to be positive along BMZ area. Standard IIF studies demonstrated the presence of circulating BMZ antibodies in 11 of the 30 patients (36.6%). When SDAI for IgG subclass differentiation was utilized, 17 of 30 (56.6%) patients were found to have circulating anti-BMZ antibodies. All of these 17 patients had IgG4 subclass antibodies. Thirteen patients did not have detectable IgG subclass anti-BMZ antibody on SDAI. Sixteen of 30 patients had detectable anti-BP-180 or anti-BP-230 antibodies, while 12 (40%) did not have detectable antibody against BP antigens on ELISA. Conclusions IgG4 is the initial and predominant anti-BMZ antibody subclass detected in PBP. Demonstration of linear C5-9 at the BMZ enhances the early diagnosis of PBP. Predominance of IgG4 and the initial presence of IgG4 on skin lesions as well as the presence of only IgG4 subclass anti-BMZ antibody suggest that IgG4 subclass antibody could be the initial immunologic event encountered in patients with PBP.
Physics of the 1-D Molecular Ferromagnet Decamethylferrocenium Tetracyanoethanide, [DMeFc].+[TCNE].-

We review here extensive physical studies of the magnetic phenomena in [DMeFc]·.+[TCNE].-. Single crystal anisotropic susceptibility studies demonstrate that individual chains of alternating [DMeFc]·.+ and [TCNE].- act as one-dimensional (1-D) anisotropic Heisenberg ferromagnets. Below 16K there is deviation from the one-dimensional behavior with three-dimensional ordering at TC = 4.8K. Analysis using a one-dimensional Heisenberg model of the data obtained for magnetic field parallel and perpendicular to the stacking axis gives differing values of inchain parallel exchange J∥intra∼27K and intrachain perpendicular exchange of J∥intra ∼8K while tne interchain exchange is estimated to be <1K from the three-dimensional ordering temperature. The specific heat studies demonstrate that ninety-six percent of the entropy is involved in the 1-D ordering of the spins in accord with the strong anisotropy in the system. AC susceptibility experiments confirm the transition and demonstrate the presence of loss mechanisms below Tc, while neutron diffraction studies have recorded ferromagnetic ordering. This quasi-one-dimensional ferromagnet is used to study the spin dilution (short chain effects) in highly anisotropic ferromagnetic systems. Our results are in accord with theoretical predictions that interruptions in the spin chain severely suppress the three-dimensional ferromagnetic transition temperature.
Celebrating The Cutting Edge

This paper examines and celebrates the notion of the “cutting edge” as it applies to ethnographic praxis in industry. First of all, EPIC is the first-ever business anthropology conference. Secondly, the conference is just one example of the growth and mainstreaming of the field of design anthropology. Thirdly, the field of design is, after all, all about innovation, and anthropologists who work in this area can provide examples of leading practices to anthropologists working in other domains of application. At the same time, design anthropologists can also learn from more mature varieties of practice. For instance, thoughtful practitioners in other fields have come to regard themselves as “scholar-practitioners,” rejecting the dichotomization of scholarship and practice. Adopting such an identity would serve those design anthropologists well who are engaged in branding efforts to highlight the importance of their analytical training and skills.
Complex-1 activity and 18F-DOPA uptake in genetically engineered mouse model of Parkinson's disease and the neuroprotective role of coenzyme Q10

Regional distribution of coenzyme Q10 and mitochondrial complex-1 activity were estimated in the brains of control-(C57BL/6), metallothionein knock out-, metallothionein transgenic-, and homozygous weaver mutant mice; and human dopaminergic (SK-N-SH) cells with a primary objective to determine the neuroprotective potential of coenzyme Q10 in Parkinson's disease. Complex-1 activity as well as coenzyme Q10 were significantly higher in the cerebral cortex as compared to the striatum in all the genotypes examined. Complex-1 activity and coenzyme Q10 were significantly reduced in weaver mutant mice and metallothionein knock out mice, but were significantly increased in metallothionein transgenic mice. The reduced complex-1 activity and 18F-DOPA uptake occurred concomitantly with negligible differences in the coenzyme Q10 between in the cerebral cortex and striatum of weaver mutant mice. Administration of coenzyme Q10 increased complex-1 activity and partially improved motoric performance in weaver mutant mice. Direct exposure of rotenone also reduced coenzyme Q10, complex-1 activity, and mitochondrial membrane potential in SK-N-SH cells. Rotenone-induced down-regulation of complex-1 activity was attenuated by coenzyme Q10 treatment, suggesting that complex-1 may be down regulated due to depletion of coenzyme Q10 in the brain. Therefore, metallothionein-induced coenzyme Q10 synthesis may provide neuroprotection by augmenting mitochondrial complex-1 activity in Parkinson's disease.
Quantitation of myosin in muscle.

The amount of myosin per gram of cardiac and skeletal muscle was determined in sodium dodecyl sulfate-solubilized tissue homogenates by radioimmunoassay and by isotope dilution. In the rabbit ventricle, there was an average of 27 mg myosin/g wet wt of tissue. In chickens, the myosin content of typical “red” (anterior latissimus dorsi) and “white” (posterior latissimus dorsi) skeletal muscles was higher than that of ventricular muscle, averaging 36 and 48 mg/g of tissue, respectively. The stoichiometry of the heavy and light chains in cardiac myosin was also determined from the quantitative binding of 125I-labeled Coomassie blue to each subunit after separation of the subunits by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. With this procedure, we found that the combined light-chain subunits contributed 19% of the myosin mass. After adjustment for the light-chain contribution, the myosin heavy-chain content of the rabbit ventricle averaged 22 mg/g wet wt of tissue.
Synthesis and protein kinase C inhibitory activities of indane analogs of balanol

Abstract Regio- and stereoisomeric indane analogs (4–6) of balanol (−)-1, a potent protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, were synthesized in which the perhydroazepine of balanol was replaced by an indane nucleus. Analog (−)-4 and its racemic regioisomer 6 were found to have highly potent PKC inhibitory activities. In addition, compound (−)-4 displayed excellent kinase selectivity for PKC over PKA.
Feedback control of parametric instabilities

It is shown that parametric instability in oscillators with damping can be stabilized or enhanced by amplitude modulating the parametric excitation (pump) with an appropriate non-linear feedback signal depending on the displacement and velocity of the oscillator. Analytical and numerical results are obtained for a single oscillator with damping described by the Mathieu equation, and for two coupled oscillators with damping and parametric excitation
Diagnosis and Management of Typical Atrial Flutter

Can "past decade" be rephrased to refer to more specific years? Typical atrial flutter (AFL) is a common atrial arrhythmia that may cause significant symptoms and serious adverse effects, including embolic stroke, myocardial ischemia and infarction, and, rarely, a tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy resulting from rapid atrioventricular conduction. As a result of the well-defined anatomic and electrophysiologic substrate and the relative pharmacologic resistance of typical AFL, radiofrequency catheter ablation has emerged since its first description in 1992 as a safe and effective first-line treatment. This article reviews the electrophysiology of typical AFL and techniques currently used for its diagnosis and management.
Total hemoglobin concentration in amniotic fluid is increased in intraamniotic infection/inflammation.

Objective Discolored amniotic fluid (AF) has been associated with intraamniotic infection/inflammation (IAI) in patients with preterm labor (PTL). The presence of hemoglobin and its catabolic products has been implicated as a cause for AF discoloration. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an association between total hemoglobin concentration in AF and gestational age, spontaneous labor (term and preterm), and the presence or absence of IAI. Study Design This cross-sectional study included patients in the following groups: (1) mid trimester (n = 65 patients); (2) term not in labor (n = 22 patients); (3) term in labor (n = 47 patients); (4) spontaneous PTL who delivered at term (n = 92 patients); (5) PTL without IAI who delivered preterm (n = 76 patients); (6) PTL with IAI (n = 81 patients); (7) preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes (PPROM) with IAI (n = 48 patients); and (8) PPROM without IAI (n = 49 patients). Total hemoglobin concentrations in amniotic fluid were determined by an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Nonparametric statistics were used for analysis. Results Hemoglobin was detected in all AF samples (n = 480). The median AF total hemoglobin concentration at term was significantly higher than in mid trimester (520.6 ng/mL [interquartile range (IQR), 271.2-1549.2] vs 58.5 ng/mL [IQR, 26.1-200.8]; P P = .01) or women who delivered at term (1143.4 ng/mL [IQR, 451.8-4037.9]; P = .001). Similarly, among patients with PPROM, the median AF total hemoglobin concentration was significantly higher in patients with IAI than in patients without IAI (10753.7 ng/mL [IQR, 2053.9-56026.6] vs 2281 ng/mL [IQR, 938.2-9191.7]; P = .02). Women at term in labor had a higher median hemoglobin concentration than did women who were not in labor (1952.6 ng/mL [IQR, 709.6-6289.2] vs 520.6 ng/mL [IQR, 271.1-1549.2]; P = .003). Conclusion The AF concentration of immunoreactive total hemoglobin increases with advancing gestational age, and is elevated in pregnancies that are complicated with IAI. Spontaneous labor at term is associated with higher AF concentrations of total hemoglobin.
The semi-Sibuya distribution

In this note we propose several characterizations of the Sibuya distribution. A related distribution we call the semi-Sibuya distribution is introduced and studied.
Anaerobic regulation of the Escherichia coli dmsABC operon requires the molybdate-responsive regulator ModE.

Expression of the Escherichia coli dmsABC operon that encodes a molybdenum-containing DMSO/TMAO reductase is increased in response to anaerobiosis and repressed by nitrate. These changes are mediated by the transcription factors Fnr and NarL respectively. Interestingly, modC strains that are defective in molybdate uptake exhibit impaired anaerobic induction and no nitrate-dependent repression of the dmsABC operon. To determine if the molybdate-responsive transcription factor ModE is involved in this process, a set of dmsA–lacZ operon fusions were constructed and analysed. The pattern of dmsA–lacZ expression in response to anaerobiosis and nitrate addition was identical in both modC and modE strains, thus suggesting a regulatory role for ModE. In vitro studies confirmed that ModE bound the dmsA promoter at a high-affinity site typical of other E. coli ModE operator sites. Mutations in this site abolished ModE binding in vitro and displayed the same phenotype as a modE mutation. In contrast to previously characterized ModE operator sites, which either overlap or are located immediately upstream of the ModE-regulated promoter, the ModE site is centred 52.5 bp downstream of the major dmsA transcript start site. We identified a putative integration host factor (IHF) binding site in the intervening sequence, and in vitro studies confirmed that IHF bound this site with high affinity. Using himA mutants, we confirmed that IHF plays a role in the molybdate-dependent regulation of dmsA–lacZ expression in vivo. This study provides the first example in which ModE affects gene regulation in concert with another transcription factor.
A double blind placebo controlled trial of donepezil adjunctive treatment to risperidone for the cognitive impairment of schizophrenia.

Abstract Background: Despite the beneficial effects of atypical antipsychotics on cognition, these improvements will not return most schizophrenic patients to normative standards of cognitive functioning. Therefore, other treatments need to be considered. Subtle changes in cholinergic function in schizophrenic patients provide the rationale to test the effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors in treating cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Methods: Given this, a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil (5 mg and 10 mg) as adjunctive treatment to risperidone was conducted in a total of 36 schizophrenic patients. Results: Neither the 5-mg nor 10-mg dose of donepezil produced significant improvements in any cognitive measure compared with placebo. Conclusions: It is possible that nicotinic receptor desensitization produced by chronic tobacco use in these patients rendered their nicotinic receptors refractory to the effects of increased agonist activity produced by donepezil. An alternative treatment is the allosterically potentiating ligands, which enhance the activity of (sensitize) nicotinic receptors in the presence of acetylcholine.
Use of antidepressant medications during pregnancy: a multisite study

Objective This study was undertaken to provide information on the prevalence of use of antidepressant drugs among pregnant women in the United States. Study Design A retrospective study was conducted using the automated databases of 7 health plans. Women who delivered an infant in a hospital were identified. Antidepressant drug use was evaluated assuming a gestational duration of 270 days. Results Among the 118,935 deliveries occurring from 2001-2005, 6.6% of women were dispensed an antidepressant during pregnancy. Antidepressant drug use increased from 2.0% in 1996 to 7.6% of deliveries in 2004 and 2005. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use increased from 1.5% in 1996 to 6.4% in 2004 and 6.2% in 2005. Conclusion Our finding that nearly 8% of pregnant women were prescribed antidepressants drugs during the years 2004 and 2005 highlights the importance of understanding the effects of these medications on the developing fetus and on the pregnant woman.
A multi-compartment mass transfer model applied to building vapor intrusion

Abstract We develop a systematic approach to model steady-state advective and diffusive fluxes, as well as phase changes, between multi-media environmental compartments. The approach results in four simple rules for constructing mass transfer coefficients. Results are analogous to electrical circuit theory with resistors, including variable resistors or potentiometers, in parallel and series. This general approach lends itself particularly well to vapor intrusion calculations where there are multi-media compartments involving groundwater, soil, and air. In addition to showing that the model reduces to the well-known Johnson & Ettinger model in limiting cases, we illustrate its simplicity and ease of use with several examples: (1) an example of how multiple partition coefficients collapse into a single partition coefficient illustrated by a three-phase problem involving tar, water, and air, (2) determination of when the presence of a basement significantly lowers first floor exposures, and (3) addition of diffusion in the saturated zone to the model to investigate whether the resistance associated with this compartment can be neglected. We conclude that if the water table is truly steady, this resistance would be very significant. Therefore, a vapor intrusion model that neglects both water table fluctuations and diffusion in groundwater is ignoring important physical phenomena.
Signaling pathways activated by the growth hormone receptor

In recent years, significant progress has been made in elucidating the signaling pathways activated by the growth hormone (GH) receptor. An initiating event is probably the activation of JAK2 (Janus kinase 2), a GH receptor-associated tyrosine kinase. Identification of the proteins recruited to the GH receptor-JAK2 complex and dissection of the signaling pathways that are subsequently activated will ultimately provide a basis for understanding GH action at the molecular level.
Purification and Characterization of Human Pancreatic Polypeptide Expressed in E. coli

Abstract The region of cDNA encoding human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) was obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subcloned into an expression vector. The pancreatic polypeptide gene was expressed in Escherichia coli in two versions: as a cleavable fusion protein with IgG-binding synthetic ZZ domains of protein A from Staphylococcus aureus or with the 1-48 fragment of λ Cro repressor. Site-specific hydrolysis by hydroxylamine was used to cleave the fusion protein, releasing the human polypeptide. The structure of the obtained hPP has been studied by scanning microcalorimetry and circular dichroism spectrometry. It has been shown that hPP in solutions close to neutral has a compact and unique spatial structure with an extended hydrophobic core. This structure is stable at 20 °C and co-operatively breaks down upon heating from this temperature.
Mirror, Mirror: Joanna Frueh as Fairy Stepmother

For over 20 years, scholar and performance artist Joanna Frueh has been a pioneering force in feminist art and criticism. In homage to Frueh's "erotic scholarship," Frueh's own writing and performances concerning relationships between women are interwoven with a biographical history of the author and the artist's own student/teacher relationship.
In vivo assessment of basal and drug-induced dopamine release in cortical and subcortical regions of the anesthetized primate.

There is an acute interest in studying the functional characteristics of dopamine systems in the cortex of primates. In particular, the prefrontal cortical dopamine projections have received a great deal of attention. This system is essential for proper functioning of the prefrontal cortex, and dysfunction within the system may be involved in some psychiatric and neurological illnesses. In vivo assessments of cortical dopamine in the primate have been scarce. This has been due, in part, to technical difficulties associated with these studies and with quantifying the relatively low levels of dopamine found in cortical regions. In the present study, intracerebral microdialysis was utilized to assess the extracellular concentration of dopamine in cortical and subcortical areas of the pentobarbital-anesthetized rhesus monkey. Basal extracellular dopamine levels were consistently detected in the medial prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and caudate-putamen. The basal extracellular concentration of dopamine in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was reliably detected in 1 of 4 animals. Intravenous administration of amphetamine (1 mg/kg) enhanced extracellular dopamine levels in the caudate-putamen area by more than 20-fold. In cortical areas, amphetamine's effect was less profound: An increase of 400–500 percent over basal extracellular dopamine levels was observed in each region. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of microdialysis for detecting extracellular fluxes of dopamine in the cortex of nonhuman primates. They further provide direct evidence that the dopamine released within the prefrontal cortex and the premotor cortex of nonhuman primates responds to pharmacological manipulation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A theory of axial-mode shock-wave oscillations in a solid-rocket combustor

Axial mode shock wave oscillations in end-burning solid rocket motor, obtaining periodic solutions for flow properties, solid temperature and burning rate
Optimal associative searching on a cellular computer

The performance of the cellular computer proposed by Mego has been investigated by programming a number of associative search algorithms and analyzing the time and space required for their execution. The present work describes the results of three different analysis techniques applied to algorithms for nearest neighbor and closest pair problems for files of n points in k-dimensional space.Brute force methods are described for solving the nearest neighbor problem. If the initial program expression is suitably placed in memory, analysis of the most parallel brute force algorithm yields complexity results of O(k) time and O(kn) space. These bounds are shown to be asymptotically optimal with respect to the problem and the machine.Brute force, semi-parallel, and divide-and-conquer solutions are described for solving the closest pair problem. Analyses of the best semi-parallel algorithms yield complexity results of O(kn) time and space, which are shown to be asymptotically optimal.
I didn't know oxygen could boil! What preservice and inservice elementary teachers' answers to ‘simple’ science questions reveals about their subject matter knowledge

In this descriptive study, the science subject matter knowledge of preservice and inservice elementary teachers was examined and compared. Over an eight‐year period, answers to 13 science questions, including 10 from the US National Science Foundation's Survey of Public Attitudes Toward and Understanding of Science and Technology, were collected from a total of 414 preservice and 67 inservice teachers during first‐day discussions in elementary science methods courses. Both groups outperformed average citizens on the 10 survey questions. However, three other questions used to introduce discussion of why students may find learning science difficult revealed lack of conceptual understanding of basic physical and biological phenomena commonly found in most elementary science curricula. Results and implications are discussed in the context of increasing expectations for subject matter competence demanded of ‘highly qualified teachers’ under provisions of the 2001 US Elementary and Secondary Education Act (‘No ...
10 nm electron beam lithography and sub-50 nm overlay using a modified scanning electron microscope

Gratings of 10 nm wide metal lines 30 nm apart, and quantum transistor gates with 10 nm wide gaps over 300 nm long between two metal rectangles have been repeatedly achieved on thick GaAs substrates using a modified scanning electron microscope operated at 35 keV and liftoff of Ni/Au. Furthermore, multilevel electron beam lithography with a standard deviation (3σ) of an overlay accuracy (30 deviation) of 50 nm has been achieved using the same modified scanning electron microscope.
New compounds: Pyridylacrylonitrile derivatiyes

The preparation of several pyridylacrylonitriles (V), the hydrolysis to an acid (VII), and subsequent conversion to an ester (VIII) are described.