cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local excision followed by postoperative radiation therapy

The management of distal rectal cancer is in evolution. Although abdominoperineal resection has been long regarded as the definitive treatment of distal rectal cancer, it is associated with significant morbidity—loss of anorectal function with a permanent colostomy and a high incidence of sexual and genitourinary dysfunction. To overcome these limitations, innovative efforts are underway studying the feasibility and efficacy of a variety of sphincter-preserving operations, usually in combination with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Local excision procedures with adjuvant therapy represent one such treatment strategy that attempts to optimize local control and survival with preservation of sphincter integrity. This article summarizes the current role of local excision and postoperative irradiation and chemotherapy for patients with carcinoma of the rectum.
Preparation of natural phytoplankton communities to preserve spectral fluorescence properties

A technique that allows for the preservation of spectral fluorescence properties of phytoplankton cells is presented. Laboratory cultures and field samples were concentrated and embedded within gelatin to preserve the spectral fluorescence properties of phytoplankton cells. Fluorescence excitation spectra (Ex: 400 - 650 nm, Em: 683 nm) obtained from samples prepared according to this method were compared to the spectra obtained from traditional cell suspensions, and by microphotometry. The spectra produced by samples prepared following this method remain spectrally intact if stored at -70 degree(s)C, and allowed to return to room temperature prior to measurement.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Beyond Access to Information: Understanding the Use of Information by Poor Female Mobile Users in Rural India

Digital inclusion research has focused overwhelmingly on access to information. But access to information by itself is of limited value unless the intended beneficiary has the capacity to use it. It is the use of information that delivers the benefits. However, in information and communication technologies for development literature, there is little empirical work on the process by which use of information delivers benefits. This study fills the gap by studying information use by poor female mobile phone users in rural India. It identifies six stages in the information use process and models them.
Morphology and Magnetic Properties of Co-rich Co-Pt Thin Films Electrodeposited on Cr Seed Layers

Co-Pt (Pt ∼ 20 atom %) alloy films were electrochemically grown at constant current density on Cr seed layers in order to study the influence of the Cr surface on their morphology and magnetic properties. The Cr seed layer favors the growth of a hexagonal close-packed phase, as revealed by X-ray diffraction. Morphological investigation using a scanning electron microscope revealed the electrocrystallization of Co-Pt on Cr to be proceeding through the nucleation and growth of three-dimensional (3D) clusters with columns growing outward in all directions from isolated nucleation centers. The 3D growth is likely due to the presence of a thin oxide layer on the Cr seed. At lower current density, individual micrometer-sized clusters were formed with distinct hexagonally shaped faces. Increasing current density results in a finer grain microstructure. At early stages of growth and low current density, the clusters exhibit a faceted morphology similar to that of the substrate. Samples prepared at higher current density or with larger thickness show larger coercivities, reaching values as high as 3490 Oe (278 kA/m) and 2275 Oe (181 kA/m) in the perpendicular and parallel directions, respectively, for a 500-nm-thick film deposited at 50 mA/cm 2 .
DNA sequence of the Rhizobium leguminosarum nodulation genes nodAB and C required for root hair curling

Abstract A 3.2kb fragment of DNA cloned from Rhizobium leguminosarum has been shown to contain the genes necessary for the induction of root hair curling, the first observed step in the infection of leguminous plants by R. leguminosarum. The DNA sequence of this region has been determined and three open reading frames were identified: genes corresponding to these open reading frames have been called nodA, nodB and nodC and are transcribed in that order. Mutations within the nodC gene completely blocked root hair curling. However, a subcloned fragment containing only the nodC gene did not induce normal root hair curling (although some branching was observed), indicating that the nodA and B genes may also be required for normal root hair curling. From an analysis of the predicted amino acid sequences of the nodAB and C genes it appeared unlikely that their products are secreted; therefore it is concluded that the induction of root hair curling could be due to a secreted metabolite.
Bioenergy and biofuels: History, status, and perspective

Abstract The recent energy independence and climate change policies encourage development and utilization of renewable energy such as bioenergy. Biofuels in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms have been intensively researched, produced, and used over the past 15 years. This paper reviews the worldwide history, current status, and predictable future trend of bioenergy and biofuels. Bioenergy has been utilized for cooking, heating, and lighting since the dawn of humans. The energy stored in annually produced biomass by terrestrial plants is 3–4 times greater than the current global energy demand. Solid biofuels include firewood, wood chips, wood pellets, and wood charcoal. The global consumption of firewood and charcoal has been remaining relatively constant, but the use of wood chips and wood pellets for electricity (biopower) generation and residential heating doubled in the past decade and will increase steadily into the future. Liquid biofuels cover bioethanol, biodiesel, pyrolysis bio-oil, and drop-in transportation fuels. Commercial production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials has just started, supplementing the annual supply of 22 billion gallons predominantly from food crops. Biodiesel from oil seeds reached the 5670 million gallons/yr production capacity, with further increases depending on new feedstock development. Bio-oil and drop-in biofuels are still in the development stage, facing cost-effective conversion and upgrading challenges. Gaseous biofuels extend to biogas and syngas. Production of biogas from organic wastes by anaerobic digestion has been rapidly increasing in Europe and China, with the potential to displace 25% of the current natural gas consumption. In comparison, production of syngas from gasification of woody biomass is not cost-competitive and therefore, narrowly practiced. Overall, the global development and utilization of bioenergy and biofuels will continue to increase, particularly in the biopower, lignocellulosic bioethanol, and biogas sectors. It is expected that by 2050 bioenergy will provide 30% of the world’s demanded energy.
Pure embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the fallopian tube

Rhabdomyosarcoma is a neoplasm of childhood which commonly arises in the genitourinary tract. Reported locations include the bladder, prostate, paratestis, vagina, uterus, cervix, and ovary. Rhabdomyosarcomas have been reported to occur in the fallopian tube only as a component of a malignant mixed mullerian tumor. We present a case of pure embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the fallopian tube in a 17-year-old. The diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical stains. The strongest evidence for the primary location of this pure embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma was the gross appearance of the tumor at laparotomy. Additionally, rhabdomyosarcomas arising from adjacent organs have never been reported to grow into the fallopian tubes.
Approach to a Theory for the Masses of the Electron, Muon, and Heavier Charged Leptons

The electron mass valuem=9.093 × 10−28 g is shown to be obtainable from the QED self-energy formula amended to include gravitational selfenergy and restricted by the space-time equipartition lawm/n0=4/3. Held together by gravity, the electron has a radiusre=8πħGm/9e2c=2.588 × 10−53 cm. An extension of the analysis yields the theoretical muon-electron mass ratio of 206.241 and predicts heavier charged leptons with mass values of 1.915 GeV, 15.67 GeV, and above.
Resting Prefrontal Cortex Asymmetry and Communication Apprehension, Verbal Aggression, and Other Social Interaction Constructs: A Meta-Analytic Review

A large corpus of neuroscience research suggests that resting levels of asymmetry in the anterior region of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) underlies the ability to self-regulate emotions and behaviors related to affective traits. Several studies have specifically linked resting asymmetry in the PFC to variables of interest to interpersonal communication scholars. These variables include verbal aggression, shyness and communication apprehension, social competence, sociability, perspective-taking, and interpersonal defensiveness. Meta-analysis of the studies examining resting asymmetry in the PFC and these other variables indicated that (a) an average sample-weighted (attenuated) correlation of .437 (average r = .447 when corrected for attenuation) and (b) all of the variance in r was attributable to sampling error.
SOME BASIC OBSERVATIONS ON HEAT TRANSFER AND EVAPORATION IN THE HORIZONTAL FLASH EVAPORATOR

Abstract This paper decribes a study of the heat, mass and momentum transport associated with vapor release in a horizontal stage of a flash evaporator. A scaled-down, well-controlled flash evaporator, which also allows good visual observation, has been designed, constructed and used in the experiments. In particular, temperature profiles in the stage have been measured to an accuracy of ±0.02°C and better. It has been determined that the subcritical flow in the flash stage consists of two principal regions: submerged sluice gate flow with the associated hydraulic jump overlayed by a backflow roller, followed by open channel flow. The flashing of NaCI solutions was accompanied by strong foaming, which has reduced the fractional non-equilibrium allowance by a factor of two or three, without impairing the purity of the distillate.
Association between vision impairment and driving exposure in older adults aged 70 years and over: a population-based examination.

Purpose: To examine the relationship between vision impairment and driving exposure (amount of driving one does) in a population-based sample of older drivers and to examine to what extent cognitive status impacts this relationship. Methods: Enrollees consisted of a population-based sample of older adults from Alabama who were ≥70 years old, held a current driver's license, and had driven within the last 3 months. Three aspects of visual function were measured under binocular conditions - habitual distance visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and visual processing speed. General cognitive status was assessed with the mini-mental status examination. Driving exposure was estimated by the Driving Habits Questionnaire that asked about the number of miles, places, trips and days driven per week. Results: Drivers with impaired contrast sensitivity exhibited reduced annual mileage, and a decreased number of places and trips driven per week compared to those with normal contrast sensitivity, even after adjustment for other factors. Slowed visual processing speed was associated with reduced number of days driven per week after adjustment. Visual acuity deficit was not associated with changes in driving exposure. Cognitive status did not impact any of the associations between vision impairment and driving exposure. Conclusion: Older drivers with contrast sensitivity impairment exhibit reduced driving exposure in terms of number of trips and places they drive per week, as well as decreased annual mileage. These apparent self-regulatory practices should be viewed as adaptive because contrast sensitivity impairment elevates motor vehicle collision (MVC) risk and reduction in driving exposure can reduce MVC risk. Language: en
Hydroxide-, Amide-, and Sulfhydrylrhenium(I) Tris(alkyne) Complexes. Rearrangements to Rhenium(III) Bis(alkyne) Oxo and Nitrido Compounds1

The rhenium hydroxide and amide complexes Re(OH)(EtC⋮CEt)3 (3) and Re(NH2)(EtC⋮CEt)3 (10) have been prepared by reaction of the related aquo and ammine complexes with KOH and NaNH2, respectively. The sulfhydryl compound Re(SH)(EtC⋮CEt)3 (13) is formed from Re(OSO2CF3)(EtC⋮CEt)3 and NaSH. Compound 3 spontaneously rearranges to the oxo−hydride complex Re(O)H(EtC⋮CEt)2 (4), and EtC⋮CEt in a first-order process (k = (5.6 ± 1.2) × 10-6 s-1 at 294 K). There is a primary isotope effect (kOH/kOD = 5 ± 1), and the rearrangement is unaffected by the presence of 1 M 3-hexyne. These data rule out a mechanism involving initial ligand loss followed by rearrangement. Instead, hydrogen migration from oxygen to rhenium occurs in the coordinatively saturated tris(alkyne) species 3, either synchronously with or prior to the loss of alkyne. Rearrangement is catalyzed by potassium alkoxides, apparently via deprotonation of 3 and concomitant loss of EtC⋮CEt to the oxo anion (EtC⋮CEt)2ReO- (5), which is reprotonated by ROH. Sur...
Feasibility and Early Effectiveness of a Custom, Hand-Made Systemic Atrioventricular Valve Using Porcine Extracellular Matrix (CorMatrix) in a 4-Month-Old Infant

A need persists for a prosthetic, systemic atrioventricular valve replacement in the pediatric population that can be customized to a wide range of annular sizes, has a low risk of thrombosis, possesses optimal hemodynamic performance, and has the potential to remodel and grow with the patient. We describe a technique for successful systemic atrioventricular valve replacement in a 4-month-old infant by use of a handmade, bileaflet systemic atrioventricular prosthesis constructed from porcine extracellular matrix.
Endogenous transfer pricing and the effects of uncertain regulation

Abstract A scenario is constructed under which a multinational firm (MNF) faces a threat of a penalty, the probability of which is based on the MNF's transfer price. Given this scenario, the MNF's optimum transfer price could be in the interior, and simultaneous interaction of the transfer price and real variables exists. Increased surveillance of the transfer price makes the MNF move its transfer price towards the arm's length price and checks fiscal abuses. But it worsens the international allocation of resources even though the cost advantage of the exporting country increases. Still, the impact on global welfare is ambiguous.
Concepts for ultraviolet-free electron laser optics

Abstract Scientists at Brookhaven National Laboratory have developed a design for an ultra-violet free electron laser (FEL) facility utilizing a seeded-amplifier approach. Since the accelerator is a single-pass device, resonator and outcoupler mirrors (which are a difficult aspect of oscillator FEL designs) are not required. The result is a source of high peak power vacuum ultraviolet radiation with the mode structure, bandwidth and frequency stability of the input seed laser. The accelerator provides pulses of radiation at up to 10 kHz, so to maximize the utilization of the source, novel optical systems to share the radiation had to be developed. These include specialized alignment, beam transport, order sorting, and multiplexing optics. In addition, FEL-on-FEL pump-probe experiments are made possible by a variable optical delay of up to 10 ns operating in the wavelength range of 200 to 75 nm. Some aspects of the FEL design are also described to clarify the constraints and choices for the optical system.
The power of renewables.

The article presents information about the various types of alternative energy sources and the problems that the United States is facing in collecting and distributing them. The author explains the motivations for using alternative energies and also mentions some of the struggles associated with them, including how to collect them economically, how to send the energy to where it can be used and how to convert it to convenient forms.
Data-based stability analysis of a class of nonlinear discrete-time systems

Nowadays, with modern sensor technologies, the inputs, outputs and states of the system can be accurately measured. Based on this fact, analyzing the properties of the system, which has unknown mathematical model, directly by using the measured data, has become feasible. In this paper, some data-based methods are proposed for state stability analysis of a class of nonlinear discrete-time systems. We also discuss the problem of finding the domain of attraction of the equilibrium point, using these data-based methods.
A conceptual approach to teaching induction for computer science

In this paper, we present an approach to teaching induction that we call the "conceptual route" of teaching induction. Proofs by induction are central to the study of computer science and students come across them in many courses of their curricula. It is documented in the literature that in general students have difficulties with proofs by induction. Even though through the years some solutions were proposed to improve the situation, recent studies show that students are still having difficulties. Currently, proofs by induction take up too little of the computer science curriculum, and they are taught as a step-by-step procedure to be followed, which is not sufficient for students to gain conceptual understanding. In contrast, our approach aims at students' conceptual understanding by shifting their focus from the syntactic form of proofs by induction to their substance. The theoretical underpinning of our approach is an operationalization of the Induction Principle.
Smooth-Transition GARCH Models

The asymmetric response of conditional variances to positive versus negative news has been traditionally modeled with threshold specifications that allow only two possible regimes: low or high volatility. In this paper, the possibility of intermediate regimes is considered and modeled with the introduction of a smooth-transition mechanism in a GARCH specification. One important property of this model is that it permits an on-off ARCH effect, in which a time series can switch from a process with constant variance to a process with time-varying variance. On testing for the existence of a smooth-transition mechanism, there are nuisance parameters that are not identified under the null hypothesis. Nevertheless, it is possible to construct a Lagrange-multiplier test that is ¬2 p -distributed. A Monte Carlo simulation shows that the test has very good size and good power. A smooth-transition GARCH specification is tested and estimated with stock returns and exchange-rate data. While a threshold model is preferred for stock returns, a smooth-transition model is more likely for exchange rates.
Atomistic Simulation of Orientation of Methyl Groups and Methylene Bisectors, and Surface Segregation, in Freely Standing Thin Films of Atactic Poly(ethylene-co-propylene)

Atomistically detailed models of free-standing thin films of random poly(ethylene-co-propylene) were produced using a method recently applied to atactic polystyrene (Clancy, et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 11493). Monte Carlo simulations of the copolymer were carried out at ethylene fractions that cover the entire range of composition investigated in a recent experimental work (Opdahl, et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 5212) based on sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy. We find that there is a minor enrichment of methyl groups on the surface, as compared to the bulk composition. Interestingly, the orientation distribution of methyl and methylene units is not unimodal. For methyl units, there is about 50% probability of orientation perpendicular to the surface. The other 50% are randomly oriented. For the methylene bisector, the simulation shows that the distribution has two broad peaks at opposite angles (at 180° apart) to the surface normal. More conclusive results may be obtained by using larger sample sizes and analysis of a larger number of snapshots, both of which increase the computation time significantly. The opposite angle pairs nearly cancel each other in the computation of an average order parameter and give us a misleading net result that the bisectors are randomly oriented. With increasing ethylene fraction, the orientation distribution of methyl and methylene units tends to become more uniform; however, this change is small. The strong average orientation of methyl groups and weak average orientation of methylene groups is in agreement with experiments. However, the simulation does not show the significant relative increase in the surface methyl groups contributing to the SFG signal as compared to the bulk concentration or an increase in average orientation of methylene units, with an increase in the ethylene fraction, as inferred from the experimental results. We find that the raw experimental data obtained with an increase in ethylene fraction can be explained by the changes in the number of methyl and methylene groups on the surface rather than the increase in surface excess of the methyl groups contributing to the SFG signal, trans cancellation, and increase in orientation of methylene bisectors as deduced from the experiments.
Determination of risk factors for Epstein-Barr virus-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in pediatric liver transplant recipients using objective case ascertainment.

Background. Previous studies have suggested an increased risk of Epstein-Barr virus-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (EBV-PTLD) in patients receiving tacrolimus for immunosuppression. We hypothesized that after correction for confounding variables, immunosuppression with tacrolimus is not associated with an increased risk of EBV-PTLD. Methods. Potential cases of EBV-PTLD, identified by chart review, were independently ascertained by three clinicians and defined using published criteria. Agreement in diagnosing EBV-PTLD was measured using Kappa coefficients. Unadjusted and adjusted relative risk estimates were determined using proportional hazards regression. Results. Twenty-three cases of EBV-PTLD were identified in 221 patients, a proportion of 10.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.4%-14.4%). Multivariable analysis revealed that immunosuppression with tacrolimus was associated with an increased risk of EBV-PTLD (relative risk 3.10: 95% CI: 1.21-7.92), as was age at transplantation as a continuous variable (parameter estimate -0.15, P=0.03). Kappa coefficients in diagnosing EBV-PTLD and subclassifying as neoplastic and non-neoplastic EBV-PTLD were 0.73 (95% CI: 0.54-0.93) and 0.54 (95% CI: 0.40-0.68), respectively. Patients with neoplastic PTLD demonstrated a lower probability of survival than patients with non-neoplastic PTLD and non-cases. Conclusions. Immunosuppression with tacrolimus and young age at transplantation are associated with an increased risk of EBV-PTLD in children undergoing liver transplantation, although we cannot exclude detection bias as an explanation for this observed increase. Good agreement between observers can be achieved using previously published criteria for defining EBV-PTLD. Patients with neoplastic EBV-PTLD may have a worse prognosis, and thus identification of risk factors for the development of this subtype of the disorder may be more important.
Habitat relationships of forest birds on Tutuila Island, American Samoa

Summary Aim Our knowledge of landbirds on tropical Pacific islands is often comprised of brief, one-time surveys. We know little of species’ habitat preferences, and this information is critical for understanding the resource requirements or population status of native species and the impacts of human activity on island birds. LocationTutuila Island, American Samoa. Methods The spatial patterns in forest birds were investigated. This island harbours large tracts of native forest, a variety of disturbed and non-native forests, and some relatively healthy bird populations. The distribution of birds was correlated with forest types using habitat data collected at fifty-seven sites and avian census data collected monthly for 1–4 years at these sites. ResultsDifferences in location and in vegetation structure and composition between native and non-native habitats are important influences on the distribution of birds on Tutuila. Among native species, for example, the purple-capped fruit-dove (Ptilinopus porphyraceus Temminck) is dependent upon native habitat, the Samoan starling (Aplonis atrifusca Peale) occurs in all habitats, and the cardinal honeyeater (Myzomela cardinalis Gmelin) is more abundant in low elevation, non-native habitat. ConclusionsThis research reinforces the importance of quantitative assessment of habitat relationships in the study and conservation of Pacific birds.
Dynamics of NH4Cl Particle Nucleation and Growth at 253–296 K

Particle dynamics in the NH3–HCl–NH4 Cl particle system are modeled for particle growth times exceeding the induction time for the initial appearance of particles. The model results of Dahlin et al. at 296 K are confirmed, and the appropriate microscopic surface free energy is found to be practically independent of reactant concentrations over small concentration ranges at 296 K. Over larger concentration ranges, the value of the surface free energy required to explain the data varies appreciably, increasing as initial reactant concentration increases. At relatively long particle growth times, diffusional growth together with coagulation adequately describes the experimental data, although the coagulation coefficient must be increased over the Brownian value to account for other effects. Possible mechanisms such as cluster scavenging, charge-induced coagulation, particle evaporation, and NH4 Cl vapor formation on reactor walls apparently do not affect the model predictions even at small particle growth times.
Excitotoxic cell death and delayed rescue in human neurons derived from NT2 cells

The excitotoxic response of NT2-N cells, a clonal line of human teratocarcinoma cells that are terminally differentiated into neuron- like cells, was examined using several endpoints. A 15 min exposure to glutamate produced a dose-dependent toxicity with a maximal cell loss of 80–90% in 6 week old cells. The rapidly triggered excitotoxicity induced by glutamate was blocked by NMDA selective antagonists, was calcium dependent and pH sensitive and could be mimicked by NMDA but not by non-NMDA agonists, AMPA, kainate or quisqualate. The non-NMDA agonists however caused toxicity on prolonged exposure. The NMDA receptor modulators glycine and spermidine enhanced glutamate-mediated toxicity whereas ifenprodil potently and completely inhibited toxicity suggesting that the toxic response is mediated by the NR1/NR2B combination of NMDA subunits. These cells can be rescued from death up to 1 hr after removal of glutamate by NMDA receptor blockade, removal of extracellular Ca2+ or lowering of pH. The extent of rescue is directly related to the time elapsed before intervention. Blockage of NMDA receptor activity for 1 hr immediately after removal of glutamate is both necessary and sufficient for complete rescue. Glutamate- mediated toxicity was not prevented by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors nor was nitric oxide synthase detected in NT2-N cells indicating that nitric oxide is not required for glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. In summary, NT2-N cells exhibit a robust excitotoxic response and represent a novel model system in which to study the molecular basis of excitotoxic cell death.
Interactions between VTA orexin and glutamate in cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats

Rationale Glutamate and orexin/hypocretin systems are involved in Pavlovian cue-triggered drug seeking.
Power and Wealth in Rural China: The Political Economy of Institutional Change By Susan H. Whiting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 348p. $59.95.

While this book does not quite cover the broad range promised by its title, it does offer a sophisticated analysis of the privatization of rural industry in China, thick in social science theory and rich with empirical data.
Contributions of Medial Temporal Lobe and Striatal Memory Systems to Learning and Retrieving Overlapping Spatial Memories

Many life experiences share information with other memories. In order to make decisions based on overlapping memories, we need to distinguish between experiences to determine the appropriate behavior for the current situation. Previous work suggests that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and medial caudate interact to support the retrieval of overlapping navigational memories in different contexts. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans to test the prediction that the MTL and medial caudate play complementary roles in learning novel mazes that cross paths with, and must be distinguished from, previously learned routes. During fMRI scanning, participants navigated virtual routes that were well learned from prior training while also learning new mazes. Critically, some routes learned during scanning shared hallways with those learned during pre-scan training. Overlap between mazes required participants to use contextual cues to select between alternative behaviors. Results demonstrated parahippocampal cortex activity specific for novel spatial cues that distinguish between overlapping routes. The hippocampus and medial caudate were active for learning overlapping spatial memories, and increased their activity for previously learned routes when they became context dependent. Our findings provide novel evidence that the MTL and medial caudate play complementary roles in the learning, updating, and execution of context-dependent navigational behaviors.
Visual adaptation to tilt and displacement: Sameor different processes?

Visual adaptation to tilt and displacement were compared to test whether they were dependent on the same or different processes. Although interocular transfer was essentially complete for both transforms, marked differences occurred between the two kinds of optical transforms in terms of rate of adaptation as a function of exposure time and transform magnitude, level of compensation, and rate of decay. Tilt and displacement appear to be quantitatively different, consistent with the idea of a different locus for each adaptation effect. This conclusion was supported by the absence of a correlation between individual performance under the two transforms. The possibility is discussed that displacement and tilt adaptation involve independent visual systems for the perception of location and form.
Arabidopsis Microarray Service Facilities

Now that we know the complete sequence of the Arabidopsis genome, how can plant biologists most effectively use this 130 million-bp database to move toward fuller understanding of plants? Microarray technology is one of a collection of tools that can accelerate our transition from raw data toward
Up-Regulation of α-Inhibin Expression in the Fetal Ovary of Estrogen-Suppressed Baboons Is Associated with Impaired Fetal Ovarian Folliculogenesis

Abstract We recently demonstrated that the number of primordial follicles was significantly reduced in the ovaries of near-term baboon fetuses deprived of estrogen in utero and restored to normal in animals administered estradiol. Although the baboon fetal ovary expressed estrogen receptors α and β, the mechanism(s) of estrogen action remains to be determined. It is well established that inhibin and activins function as autocrine/paracrine factors that impact adult ovarian function. However, our understanding of the expression of these factors in the primate fetal ovary is incomplete. Therefore, we determined the expression of α-inhibin, activin βA, activin βB, and activin receptors in fetal ovaries obtained at mid and late gestation from untreated baboons and at late gestation from animals in which fetal estrogen levels were reduced by >95% by maternal administration of the aromatase inhibitor CGS 20267 or restored to 30% of normal by treatment with CGS 20267 and estradiol benzoate. Immunocytochemical ex...
The topographic organization of corticocollicular projections from physiologically identified loci in the AI, AII, and anterior auditory cortical fields of the cat

The connections of the three auditory fields AI, AII, and the anterior auditory field (AAF) with the inferior colliculus (IC) were studied using anterograde tracing techniques. Microinjections of tracers were placed at physiologically identified loci after these fields had been functionally mapped using microelectrode recording techniques. This methodology ensured that the injections were well within the borders of each cortical field that was studied and enabled the elucidation of the topographies of the projections of AI and AAF onto the IC with respect to their cochleotopic organizations. The projection of loci in AI to the caudal aspect of the IC was in the form of sheets of terminals in the dorsomedial division of the central nucleus bilaterally and the pericentral nucleus ipsilaterally. The topography of projection with respect to the cochleotopic organizaton of AI appeared to be in register with the described cochleotopic organization of the central nucleus and the pericentral nucleus. The sheets of labeled terminals in the dorsemedial division of the central nucleus that resulted from the projection of single loci in AI were of the proper orientation to be continuous with the morphological laminae described in the ventrolateral division of the central nucleus. These sheets of corticocollicular terminals also paralleled the dorsomedial aspect of the physiolocally defined "isofrequency contours" of the central nucleus. Single injections placed in AAF produced autoradiographic label in the IC that was of the same basic pattern and systematic topography as the labeling recorded with AI injections; however, it was much weaker. The projection from AII was to the lateral (ipsilateral) and medial (bilateral) aspects of the pericentral nucleus.
Direct Measurement of Decoherence for Entanglement between a Photon and Stored Atomic Excitation

Violations of a Bell inequality are reported for an experiment where one of two entangled qubits is stored in a collective atomic memory for a user-defined time delay. The atomic qubit is found to preserve the violation of a Bell inequality for storage times up to 21 µs, 700 times longer than the duration of the excitation pulse that creates the entanglement. To address the question of the security of entanglement-based cryptography implemented with this system, an investigation of the Bell violation as a function of the cross correlation between the generated nonclassical fields is reported, with saturation of the violation close to the maximum value allowed by quantum mechanics.
Steering Legacies: Pedagogy, Literacy, and Social Justice in Schools

This article builds upon more than 6 years of critical research in urban schools in northern California to offer a particular perspective on teaching for social justice. Concerned with prevailing issues in adolescent literacy, this article examines instantiations of literacy instruction in the shadow of the late activist poet June Jordan and with the support of Pulitzer Prize-winning author Alice Walker. It focuses on culturally responsive pedagogy to understand not only their work but also the work of teachers and other educators. Central to the discussion are two kinds of pedagogical innovations, one based on a school-community partnership and the other a district-wide sponsored writing contest. Implications for classroom practice and key lessons useful for teachers interested in similar work are also discussed.
Social Movements in Health

Most public health practitioners know that public health has relied on biomedical advances and administrative improvements, but it is less commonly understood that social movements in health have also been sources of motivation for population health advances. This review considers the impacts of social movements focused on urban conditions and health, on the health of children, and on behavioral and substance-related determinants of health and illustrates how these movements have significantly influenced public health activities and programs. We hope this review will motivate public health workers to make common cause with social activists and to encourage social activists to ally with public health professionals.
Dirofilaria immitis in Coyotes and Foxes in Missouri

Wild canid carcasses were obtained during the 1986–1987 and 1987–1988 trapping seasons in Missouri. Hearts and lungs from 293 coyotes (Canis latrans), 85 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and 70 gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) were examined for Dirofilaria immitis. Age of hosts was determined by radiographic and histologic techniques. Nineteen coyotes (7%) had from 1 to 100 D. immitis and five red foxes (6%) had from 1 to 7 D. immitis, whereas gray foxes had none. This study indicates that heartworm prevalence differs by wild canid species within the same area and during the same time period.
Beware of multiple comparisons: a study of symptoms associated with mutations of the HFE hemochromatosis gene.

Abstract Background Studies involving a large number of comparisons have a high likelihood of finding statistically significant associations by chance alone (Type 1 error). Genetic association studies are particularly prone to this pitfall. We tested the effect of multiple comparisons in a study of symptoms among subjects genotyped for mutations of the HFE hemochromatosis gene. Methods Two randomly selected groups were created from a dataset of 30,917 white adult subjects genotyped for the C282Y and H63D mutations of the HFE gene. Frequency of symptoms among subjects with different HFE genotypes was compared to sex-matched wild type controls in Random Group 1 (hypothesis generation). Statistically significant associations (p Results A total of 101/1765 associations in men and 116/2015 associations in women were statistically significant in Random Group 1. Of these, 12 associations in men and 13 associations in women were also statistically significant in Random Group 2, 11 of which were specific to hemochromatosis. None of the remaining 14 associations (6 in men and 8 in women) involved symptoms with a biologically plausible relationship to hemochromatosis or iron overload. Conclusions Genetic association studies should be scrutinized for the possibility of Type 1 error.
Integrated High Speed Hybrid Silicon Transmitter

We review recent progress made on the hybrid silicon platform towards realizing an integrated high speed WDM transmitter on silicon. Using ion implantation enhanced quantum well intermixing, four band gaps are integrated on a single chip and used to demonstrate a DFB laser array operating over 200 nm from 1250 to 1450 nm. Results from an independent effort to improve on hybrid silicon EA modulator performance are also described. Together these demonstrations pave the way to realize a terabit transmitter on silicon.
Third party demodulation of a chaotic communication scheme using adaptive estimation via parallel processing

The use of chaotic signals as a means of masking information to achieve highly secure transmission has been a popular research topic. Recently, we have proposed third party schemes by interceptors to decode the transmitted message where the message has been modulated at the transmitter end by chaotic-pulse-position-modulation. These proposed third party algorithms, proceed by first estimating the degree (order) of the chaotic map used at the chaotic-pulse-position modulation transmitter off-line, and then estimating the state of the chaotic map on-line. In this paper, we introduce a novel third party intrusion scheme that achieves the goal of simultaneously estimating the degree of the chaotic map and its state through the use of adaptive estimation via parallel processing. We evaluate the performance of our new design using various second and third order chaotic maps. The Bit error rate of these schemes is compared to that of the original chaotic-pulse-position modulation for different signal to noise ratios to show the vulnerability of the chaotic-pulse-position-modulation to third party attacks.
A second-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation approach to the treatment of focal articular cartilage defects

Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is the most widely used cell-based surgical procedure for the repair of articular cartilage defects. Challenges to successful ACI outcomes include limitation in defect size and geometry as well as inefficient cell retention. Second-generation ACI procedures have thus focused on developing three-dimensional constructs using native and synthetic biomaterials. Clinically significant and satisfactory results from applying autologous chondrocytes seeded in fibrin within a biodegradable polymeric material were recently reported. In the future, third-generation cell-based articular cartilage repair should focus on the use of chondroprogenitor cells and biofunctionalized biomaterials for more extensive and permanent repair.
Sexual Behaviors of Non-gay Identified Non-disclosing Men Who Have Sex with Men and Women

The sexual behaviors of non-gay identified men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) who do not disclose their same-sex behavior to their female partners (referred to by some as men "on the down low") were examined, including the potential for these men to serve as a "bisexual bridge" for HIV and STD acquisition and transmission. Self-reported sexual behavior data were collected as part of an exploratory study of an ethnically diverse (41% African American, 35% Latino, 22% White, and 2% Asian) sample of 46 non-gay identified, non-disclosing MSMW in New York City. Men reported significantly more male than female sexual partners, but more frequent sex with females. The prevalence and frequency of unprotected sex did not differ significantly between male and female partners in the past 3 months. Men reported risk behavior more often with steady female and steady male partners (e.g., wives, girlfriends, boyfriends) than with more casual male and female partners (regular uncommitted partners, one-night stands). Men, especially African American/Black men, were significantly less likely to report receptive sexual behaviors with men than insertive behaviors. Unprotected sex was common with male and female partners in the past 3 months (e.g., 35% of anal sex with men; 50% of vaginal sex). Indeed, 22% of the sample (38% of those who had both recent males and female partners) reported both unprotected vaginal sex and unprotected anal sex with a male partner during the past 3 months. Although the study was limited by a small convenience sample, the findings suggest that non-gay identified non-disclosing MSMW are at risk for the acquisition and transmission of HIV and STDs, and may serve as a potential bridge, suggesting the need for further research and intervention targeting this unique population.
Plasma Carnitine Alterations in Premature Infants Receiving Various Nutritional Regimes

Plasma carnitine, carnitine esters, and triglyceride concentrations were determined in 36 appropriate-forgestational-age (AGA) infants at various stages of prematurity throughout hospitalization to determine the effect of a carnitine-free and carnitine-containing diet on plasma carnitine and triglyceride concentrations. The infants were entered into one of three experimental groups based on birth weight: group I less than 1.0 kg; group II 1.0-1.51 kg; and group III 1.52-2.5 kg. Throughout the study subjects were placed on appropriate nutritional regimes which included hyperalimentation (HA), intravenous (iv) fat emulsion (Intralipid), Portagen, Enfamil-24 Premature Formula, Enfamil-20, and breastmilk. Blood samples were drawn from each infant at birth, days 1-5,7 then weekly, also before and after each nutritional intervention to determine carnitine and triglyceride concentrations. Results showed that plasma total carnitine and nonesterified carnitine decreased in all groups when the infants were maintained on a carnitine-free diet (HA, Intralipid, Portagen). In general, the carnitine levels continued to decrease until a carnitine-containing diet was initiated. Once a carnitine-containing diet was begun, plasma total carnitine (TC) and nonesterified carnitine (NEC) levels increased at fairly similar rates in all groups. However, an inverse relationship between carnitine and triglyceride (TG) concentrations were not seen in these infants. This would indicate that most premature infants require exogenous carnitine to maintain the plasma concentration of carnitine. However, a decreased concentration of plasma carnitine was not correlated with an elevated TG level under the conditions of this study.
Distributed Hydrologic Modeling Using Satellite-Derived Potential Evapotranspiration

Satellite-derived potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimates computed from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)observations and the Priestley‐Taylor formula (M-PET) are evaluatedas input to the Hydrology Laboratory Research Distributed Hydrologic Model (HL-RDHM). The HL-RDHM is run at a 4-km spatial and 6-h temporal resolution for 13 watersheds in the upper Mississippi and Red River basins for 2003‐10. Simulated discharge using inputs of daily M-PET is evaluated for all watersheds, and simulated evapotranspiration (ET) is evaluated at two watersheds using nearby latent heat flux observations. M-PET‐derived model simulations are compared to output using the long-term average PET values (defaultPET)providedaspartoftheHL-RDHMapplication. Inaddition,uncalibratedandcalibratedsimulationsare evaluated for both PET data sources. Calibrating select model parameters is found to substantially improve simulated discharge for both datasets. Overall average percent bias (PBias) and Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) values for simulated discharge are better from the default-PET than the M-PET for the calibrated models during the verification period, indicating that the time-varying M-PET input did not improve the dischargesimulationintheHL-RDHM.M-PETtendstoproducehigherNSEvaluesthanthedefault-PETfor the Wisconsin and Minnesota basins, but lower NSE values for the Iowa basins. M-PET‐simulated ET matches the range and variability of observed ET better than the default-PET at two sites studied and may provide potential model improvements in that regard.
Distribution and Function of Amino Acid Neurotransmitters: Roles in Central Modulation of the Autonomic, Neuroendocrine and Immune Systems

Although the role of amino acids as “physiologically effective” substances in the central nervous system (CNS) has been studied extensively in invertebrate and vertebrate preparations, prior to 1965 there appeared to be a reluctance by most biochemists and many neuroscientists to accept these compounds as possible neurotransmitters. This was especially so in the case of vertebrates. Such a new concept would have required the acceptance of the idea that those amino acids which could function as neurotransmitters must have two roles in the CNS, i.e., their regular metabolic roles as well as a functional synaptic role. Furthermore, how could a neuron maintain both functions if there was only one compartment for these “special” amino acids? Or, if there were two pools of the same amino acid in a nerve ending, i.e., a metabolic pool and a functional neurotransmitter pool, how were these maintained?
Effects of estrogen administration on serum testosterone in Copenhagen rats.

In order to develop a standard experimental method of exogenous estrogen therapy in the Copenhagen rat, several treatment regimens were evaluated to determine their effect on the serum testosterone. Diethylstilbestrol diphosphate (DES-P) was administered either continuously in the drinking water or as a single intraperitoneal injection. Oral low-dose estrogen (0.4-1.6 μg/ml) yielded reliable suppression of serum testosterone to castrate levels. A single intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mg DES-P caused prompt suppression of serum testosterone with return to normal levels two weeks later.