cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quench-Back Management for Fast Decaying Currents in SHMS Superconducting Magnets at Jefferson Lab

The Super High Momentum Spectrometer (SHMS) of Hall C, part of the 12-GeV upgrade at Jefferson Lab, was successfully commissioned in 2017. Early operation showed that fast current dumps decays of the SHMS Q2/Q3 and dipole superconducting magnets triggered quenches, causing some level of operational difficulty. Tests and detailed analyses indicate that nonquench induced fast current decay could result in substantial ac loss in the conductor and subsequently trigger a quench-back effect. The OPERA/ELECTRA software package was used to calculate the amount of heat deposited in the copper stabilizer from a fast current decay. The resistances of external energy dump resistors were lowered to slow the fast dumping of the magnet's current to reduce or eliminate the quench-back effect. A worst-case adiabatic quench scenario was analyzed, assuming no external dump resistor and no liquid helium surrounding the coil, to ensure the safety of the magnets. The stress levels in the coil imposed by winding, collaring preload, Lorentz force, and temperature gradient during a quench were also examined. The Tsai-Wu material failure criterion was used to determine the acceptable combined stress level. Linear orthotropic analysis of the coil indicates that the magnets can be operated safely with appropriately sized dump resistors. Fast dump tests with the modified dump resistors have been planned to verify the performance and suitability.
Channeling of Products in the Hot Atom Reaction H + (CN)2→ HCN/HNC + CN and in the Reaction of CN with CH3SH

Infrared transient absorption spectroscopy was used to determine the total product branching fractions for the gas-phase hot atom reaction H + (CN){sub 2} {yields} HCN/HNC + CN (a) and the reaction CN + CH{sub 3}SH {yields} HCN/HNC + CH{sub 3}S/CH{sub 2}SH (b) at 293 K. The reactive H atoms had an initial mean translational energy of 92 kJ mol-1, with a 38 kJ mol{sup -1} fwhm Gaussian energy distribution. The branching fractions determined for the product channels forming HCN and HNC, respectively, are 0.88 and 0.12 ({+-}0.05) for reaction (a) and 0.81 and 0.19 ({+-}0.08) for reaction (b). The bimolecular rate constant for reaction (b) was measured to be (2.7 {+-} 0.3) x 10{sup -10} cm{sup 3} molec{sup -1} s{sup -1} at 293 K. The observed product branching fractions for reaction (a) are consistent with the assumption that the average reactive cross sections for the two product channels are approximately equal above their respective energy thresholds. The results for reaction (a) are compared with the related H + XCN (X = Br, Cl) reactions. The large rate coefficient for reaction (b) suggests an interaction via a long-range intermolecular potential, which is facilitated by the small ionization energy of CH{sub 3}SHmore » and large electron affinity of CN. The results for reaction (b) are compared with the related reactions of Cl and OH with CH{sub 3}SH.« less
Radiographic Outcomes in Treatment of Thumb Basal Joint Arthritis: Does Interposition of Acellular Dermal Allograft Prevent Metacarpal Settling?

Background Osteoarthritis at the thumb carpometacarpal joint can have a profound impact on quality of life. Here, we evaluate radiographic outcomes in patients who have had open complete trapeziectomy, ligament reconstruction with tendon interposition, and acellular dermal matrix (GraftJacket) interposition—Group A, and compare them with those without GraftJacket interposition—Group B. Materials and Methods Thirty patients who had undergone operative treatment for thumb basal joint arthritis by a single surgeon from 2009 to 2016 were identified, and charts were retrospectively reviewed for demographic data, surgical and radiographic outcomes, and complications. Results There was no significant difference in pre- and postoperative radial abduction or pre- and postoperative palmar abduction. The difference in intraoperative joint space was significant (p = 0.006), but the difference in postoperative joint space was not (p = 0.310). The average amount of metacarpal settling was 6.9 versus 3.7 mm (p = 0.035) (Groups A and B, respectively). Three patients in Group A developed an inflammatory reaction to the GraftJacket, and one required reoperation for allograft removal. Conclusion This study suggests that thumb basal joint arthroplasty with GraftJacket interposition does not lead to more favorable radiographic outcomes at long-term follow-up. The increased costs associated with GraftJacket use may not be justified in light of these outcomes.
Still a “Sensitive” Subject? Unpacking Strengths and Struggles of Intercultural Communication Pedagogies

This study challenges the separation of pedagogy and theory by researching intercultural communication pedagogies (ICP). We explore the strengths, weaknesses, and unrealized potentiality of ICP, th...
Intestinal inflammation and altered gut microbiota associated with inflammatory bowel disease renders mice susceptible to Clostridioides difficile colonization and infection

ABSTRACT Clostridioides difficile has emerged as a noteworthy pathogen in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Concurrent IBD and CDI is associated with increased morbidity and mortality compared to CDI alone. IBD is associated with alterations of the gut microbiota, an important mediator of colonization resistance to C. difficile. Here, we describe and utilize a mouse model to explore the role of intestinal inflammation in susceptibility to C. difficile colonization and subsequent disease severity in animals with underlying IBD. Helicobacter hepaticus, a normal member of the mouse gut microbiota, was used to trigger inflammation in the distal intestine akin to human IBD in mice that lack intact IL-10 signaling. Development of IBD resulted in a distinct intestinal microbiota community compared to non-IBD controls. We demonstrate that in this murine model, IBD was sufficient to render mice susceptible to C. difficile colonization. Mice with IBD were persistently colonized by C. difficile, while genetically identical non-IBD controls were resistant to C. difficile colonization. Concomitant IBD and CDI was associated with significantly worse disease than unaccompanied IBD. IL-10-deficient mice maintained gut microbial diversity and colonization resistance to C. difficile in experiments utilizing an isogenic mutant of H. hepaticus that does not trigger intestinal inflammation. These studies in mice demonstrate that the IBD-induced microbiota is sufficient for C. difficile colonization and that this mouse model requires intestinal inflammation for inducing susceptibility to CDI in the absence of other perturbations, such as antibiotic treatment. IMPORTANCE The incidence of CDI continues to increase significantly among patients with IBD, independent of antibiotic use, yet the relationship between IBD and increased risk for CDI remains to be understood. However, antibiotic-induced perturbations of the gut microbiota may mask mechanisms specific to IBD-induced C. difficile susceptibility and infection. Our study sought to describe and utilize a mouse model to specifically explore the relationship between the IBD-induced gut microbial community and susceptibility to C. difficile colonization and CDI development. We demonstrate that IBD is sufficient for C. difficile colonization and infection in mice and results in significantly worse disease than IBD alone, representing a murine model that recapitulates human IBD and CDI comorbidity. Furthermore, this model requires IBD-induced inflammation to sculpt a microbiota permissible to C. difficile colonization. Use of this model will aid in developing new clinical approaches to predict, diagnose, and treat C. difficile infection in the IBD population.
Quantile Graphical Models: a Bayesian Approach

Graphical models are ubiquitous tools to describe the interdependence between variables measured simultaneously such as large-scale gene or protein expression data. Gaussian graphical models (GGMs) are well-established tools for probabilistic exploration of dependence structures using precision matrices and they are generated under a multivariate normal joint distribution. However, they suffer from several shortcomings since they are based on Gaussian distribution assumptions. In this article, we propose a Bayesian quantile based approach for sparse estimation of graphs. We demonstrate that the resulting graph estimation is robust to outliers and applicable under general distributional assumptions. Furthermore, we develop efficient variational Bayes approximations to scale the methods for large data sets. Our methods are applied to a novel cancer proteomics data dataset where-in multiple proteomic antibodies are simultaneously assessed on tumor samples using reverse-phase protein arrays (RPPA) technology.
Abstract 13949: Quantitative Assessment of the Left Atrial Appendage as a More Reliable Method of Thromboembolic Risk Stratification

Introduction: Assessment of the left atrial appendage (LAA) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing cardioversion for thromboembolic risk stratification is inherently qualitative. Ofte...
Path Dependence of J in Three Numerical Examples

Three cracked geometries are studied with the aid of a new finite element model. The procedure employs a variable singularity at the crack tip that tracks changes in the material response during the loading process. Two of the problems are tension-loaded center-crack panels and the other is a three-point bend specimen. Results usually agree with other numerical and analytical analyses, except the finding that J is path dependent as a substantial plastic zone develops. Credible J values are obtained near the crack tip and J shows a significant increase as the radius of J path increases over two orders of magnitude. Incremental and deformation theories are identical provided the stresses exhibit proportionality found in the far field stresses but not near the tip.
Microbiota instruct IL-17A-producing innate lymphoid cells to promote skin inflammation in cutaneous leishmaniasis

p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica} span.s1 {color: #222222} span.s2 {font: 8.0px Helvetica} Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) comprise a heterogeneous population of immune cells that maintain barrier function and can initiate a protective or pathological immune response upon infection. Here we show the involvement of IL-17A-producing ILCs in microbiota-driven immunopathology in cutaneous leishmaniasis. IL-17A-producing ILCs were RORgt + and were enriched in Leishmania major infected skin, and topical colonization with Staphylococcus epidermidis before L. major infection exacerbated the skin inflammatory responses and IL-17A-producing RORgt + ILC accumulation without impacting type 1 immune responses. IL-17A responses in ILCs were directed by Batf3 dependent CD103 + dendritic cells, and experiments using ILC deficient Rag1 -/- mice established that IL-17A + ILCs were sufficient in driving the inflammatory responses. As depletion of ILCs or neutralization of IL-17A diminished the microbiota mediated immunopathology. Taken together, this study indicates that the skin microbiota promotes RORgt + IL-17A-producing ILCs, which augment the skin inflammation in cutaneous leishmaniasis.
A single full-length VAR2CSA ectodomain variant purifies broadly neutralizing antibodies against placental malaria isolates

Abstract Placental malaria (PM) is a deadly syndrome most frequent and severe in first pregnancies. PM results from accumulation of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf)-infected erythrocytes (IE) that express the surface antigen VAR2CSA and bind to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) in the placenta. Women become PM-resistant over successive pregnancies as they develop anti-adhesion and anti-VAR2CSA antibodies, supporting VAR2CSA as the leading PM-vaccine candidate. However, the first VAR2CSA subunit vaccines failed to induce broadly neutralizing antibody and it is still unclear whether naturally acquired protective antibodies target variant or conserved epitopes. This is crucial to determine whether effective vaccines will require incorporation of many or only a single VAR2CSA allele. Here, IgG from multigravidae was sequentially purified on five full-length VAR2CSA ectodomain variants, thereby depleting IgG reactivity to each. The five VAR2CSA variants purified ∼0.7% of total IgG and yielded both strain-transcending and strain-specific reactivity to VAR2CSA and IE-surface antigen. IgG purified on the first VAR2CSA antigen displayed broad cross-reactivity to both recombinant and native VAR2CSA variants, and inhibited binding of all isolates to CSA. IgG remaining after depletion on all variants showed significantly reduced binding-inhibition activity compared to initial total IgG. These findings demonstrate that a single VAR2CSA ectodomain variant displays neutralizing epitopes shared by multiple parasites, including maternal isolates, and suggest that a broadly effective PM-vaccine can be achieved with a limited number of VAR2CSA variants.
ZFP36L1 regulates Fgf21 mRNA turnover and modulates alcoholic hepatic steatosis and inflammation in mice

Zinc finger protein 36 like 1 (ZFP36L1) enhances the turnover of mRNAs containing AU-rich elements (AREs) in their 3'untranslated regions (3'UTR). The physiological and pathological functions of ZFP36L1 in liver, however, remain largely unknown. To investigate the role of ZFP36L1 in liver physiology and pathology, we generated liver-specific ZFP36L1-deficient (Zfp36l1flox/flox /Cre+; L1LKO) mice. Under normal conditions, the L1LKO mice and their littermate controls (Zfp36l1flox/flox/Cre-; L1FLX) appeared normal. When fed a Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing alcohol, L1LKO mice were significantly protected from developing alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis, injury, and inflammation compared to L1FLX mice. Most importantly, fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) mRNA was significantly increased in the livers of alcohol-fed L1LKO mice compared to the alcohol-fed L1FLX group. The Fgf21 mRNA contains three AREs in its 3'UTR, and Fgf21 3'UTR was directly regulated by ZFP36L1 in luciferase reporter assays. Steady state levels of Fgf21 mRNA were significantly decreased by wildtype ZFP36L1, but not by a non-binding zinc-finger ZFP36L1 mutant. Finally, wildtype ZFP36L1, but not the ZFP36L1 mutant, bound to Fgf21 3'UTR ARE RNA probe. Our results demonstrate that ZFP36L1 inactivation protects against alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis and liver injury and inflammation, possibly by stabilizing Fgf21 mRNA. Our findings suggest that the modulation of ZFP36L1 may be beneficial in the prevention or treatment of human alcoholic liver disease.
Parametrized Families of Functions and Bifurcations

By a family of functions we mean a collection of functions which are of the same general type. For instance we might consider the family of linear functions of the form fm (x) = mx where m is allowed to vary over the real numbers. The variable m is called a parameter and the family represented by fm(x) = mx is called a parametrized family. The parameter is usually written as a subscript of the function name. In those cases where the parameter is clear, we will suppress the subscript to simplify notation.
Targeting of Integrin β1 and Kinesin 2α by MicroRNA 183

MicroRNA 183 (miR-183) has been reported to inhibit tumor invasiveness and is believed to be involved in the development and function of ciliated neurosensory organs. We have recently found that expression of miR-183 increased after the induction of cellular senescence by exposure to H2O2. To gain insight into the biological roles of miR-183 we investigated two potential novel targets: integrin β1 (ITGB1) and kinesin 2α (KIF2A). miR-183 significantly decreased the expression of ITGB1 and KIF2A measured by Western blot. Targeting of the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of ITGB1 and KIF2A by miR-183 was confirmed by luciferase assay. Transfection with miR-183 led to a significant decrease in cell invasion and migration capacities of HeLa cells that could be rescued by expression of ITGB1 lacking the 3′-UTR. Although miR-183 had no effects on cell adhesion in HeLa cells, it significantly decreased adhesion to laminin, gelatin, and collagen type I in normal human diploid fibroblasts and human trabecular meshwork cells. These effects were also rescued by expression of ITGB1 lacking the 3′-UTR. Targeting of KIF2A by miR-183 resulted in some increase in the formation of cells with monopolar spindles in HeLa cells but not in human diploid fibroblast or human trabecular meshwork cells. The regulation of ITGB1 expression by miR-183 provides a new mechanism for the anti-metastatic role of miR-183 and suggests that this miRNA could influence the development and function in neurosensory organs, and contribute to functional alterations associated with cellular senescence in human diploid fibroblasts and human trabecular meshwork cells.
The Evolution of One College's Attempt to Evaluate Student Writing.

Inexperienced writers need a tremendous amount of support and encouragement from their teachers. Students with writing deficiencies must be assured that they can write and shown that they have ideas worthy of development. Thus, after spending a term praising student progress and shoring up student confidence, most instructors find it difficult to fail students who have not made enough progress, whose skills still need more polishing. Developmental writing courses designed to prepare students for college-level writing tasks need objective criteria to judge student writing. Yet the very nature of the course makes it difficult to reconcile the objective evaluation with the subjective and affective process. At La Guardia, a combined concern for maintaining standards and respecting human relationships accounted for the creation of an exit exam from ENG 100, Fundamentals of Effective Writing. This developmental writing course prepares students to enter ENG 101, Basic Composition, the first of a sequence of freshman composition courses. Sarah Barber, the Director of Composition, and I felt the need for a simple procedure which would ensure some uniform standards, while helping instructors maintain the very important relationships of trust and mutual striving that teachers of writing try to create with their students. Since instructors tend to be considerably more objective about the writing abilities of unknown students, we decided that all ENG 100 instructors would exchange students' final in-class papers with each other. Each class was given a code number so that graded exams could be returned easily to each instructor, but graders did not know either the student or instructor related to a particular paper. In order to allow for the value and necessity of judgments based on an intimate knowledge of
Pedagogy for social justice: An essay review

Iraq and Katrina become emblematic of the “crisis of global capitalism” (p. 5). The invasion of Iraq and the indifference of the Bush administration to the devastation left in the wake of Hurricane Katrina serve as backdrop to McLaren and Jaramillo’s bold analysis of the consequences of the ferocious onward march of global capitalism that dominates this era. War is the first common denominator. On the domestic front, Katrina laid bare the deep-seated racism at work at the highest levels as well as “the all out war by conservatives against the poor” (p. 14).
TU-G-210-00: Treatment Planning Strategies, Modeling, Control

Modeling can play a vital role in predicting, optimizing and analyzing the results of therapeutic ultrasound treatments. Simulating the propagating acoustic beam in various targeted regions of the body allows for the prediction of the resulting power deposition and temperature profiles. In this session we will apply various modeling approaches to breast, abdominal organ and brain treatments. Of particular interest is the effectiveness of procedures for correcting for phase aberrations caused by intervening irregular tissues, such as the skull in transcranial applications or inhomogeneous breast tissues. Also described are methods to compensate for motion in targeted abdominal organs such as the liver or kidney. Douglas Christensen – Modeling for Breast and Brain HIFU Treatment Planning Tobias Preusser – TRANS-FUSIMO – An Integrative Approach to Model-Based Treatment Planning of Liver FUS Tobias Preusser – TRANS-FUSIMO – An Integrative Approach to Model-Based Treatment Planning of Liver FUS Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the role of acoustic beam modeling for predicting the effectiveness of therapeutic ultrasound treatments. 2. Apply acoustic modeling to specific breast, liver, kidney and transcranial anatomies. 3. Determine how to obtain appropriate acoustic modeling parameters from clinical images. 4. Understand the separate role of absorption and scattering in energy delivery to tissues. 5. See how organ motion can be compensated for in ultrasound therapies. 6. Compare simulated data with clinical temperature measurements in transcranial applications. Supported by NIH R01 HL172787 and R01 EB013433 (DC); EU Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under 270186 (FUSIMO) and 611889 (TRANS-FUSIMO)(TP); and P01 CA159992, GE, FUSF and InSightec (UV).
Effectuation: An Alternative Approach for Developing Sustainability Architecture in Small Business

Many business firms are incorporating sustainability initiatives into their business plans. Sustainability integration typically utilizes a resource intensive comprehensive planning process. Implementation of sustainability initiatives into a business is not likely to be equally accessible amongst firms. Larger, more established firms may have greater resources to bear the costs while smaller firms may face significant impediments that preclude taking a similar approach (Schick et al., 2002). Thus, an alternative approach to sustainability integration is suggested to accommodate the specific issues common to smaller businesses. This study develops an alternative approach for small businesses based on the concept of effectual reasoning as described in the collective works of Sarasvathy (2001, 2008). We provide a rationale for using effectuation, demonstrate how the process applies to sustainability integration within the context of small firms, and suggest roles for business consultants in the implementation of the process.
DNA Damage Response Pathway Uses Histone Modification to Assemble a Double-Strand Break-Specific Cohesin Domain

The postreplicative repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) is thought to require sister chromatid cohesion, provided by the cohesin complex along the chromosome arms. A further specialized role for cohesin in DSB repair is suggested by its de novo recruitment to regions of DNA damage in mammals. Here, we show in budding yeast that a single DSB induces the formation of a approximately 100 kb cohesin domain around the lesion. Our analyses suggest that the primary DNA damage checkpoint kinases Mec1p and Tel1p phosphorylate histone H2AX to generate a large domain, which is permissive for cohesin binding. Cohesin binding to the phospho-H2AX domain is enabled by Mre11p, a component of a critical repair complex, and Scc2p, a component of the cohesin loading machinery that is necessary for sister chromatid cohesion. We also provide evidence that the DSB-induced cohesin domain functions in postreplicative repair.
Marine mammals and noise: Problems with root mean square sound pressure levels for transients

Current mitigation levels for noise transients impinging on marine mammals are specified by rms pressures. The rms measure critically relies upon choosing the size of averaging window for the squared pressures. Derivation of this window is not standardized, which can lead to 2-12 dB differences in rms sound pressure for the same wave forms. rms pressure does not represent the energy of the noise pulse and it does not prevent exposure to high peak pressures. Safety levels for transients should therefore be given by received peak-peak sound pressure and energy flux density instead of rms sound pressure levels.
Taurine mobilizing effects of beta alanine and other inhibitors of taurine transport

Abstract Oral administration of a 3% beta alanine solution in the drinking water was as effective in increasing urinary taurine excretion and decreasing tissue taurine levels in rats as subcutaneous or intraperitoneal administration. Beta alanine was more effective in reducing tissue taurine levels in rats and guinea pigs than in mice. Other inhibitors of taurine transport were compared with beta alanine for their ability to reduce tissue taurine levels. Taurocyamine, the guanidino analogue of taurine, was less effective in rats than beta alanine in reducing taurine levels in gastrocnemius but more effective in reducing brain taurine levels, whereas the homologue of beta alanine, GABA, was relatively ineffective in either mice or rats.
Transducer output signal processing using an optimal look-up table in microcontroller-based systems

A new method for calculating a look-up table to linearise a sensor output characteristic is presented. A least mean squares technique has been used to calculate look-up table entries directly from sparse calibration data. The algorithm has been compared with classical algorithms in a mono-dimensional application. Simplicity, general applicability and reduction of the occupied memory space make it suitable for use in microcontroller-based systems which perform function approximation.
Agroforestry: southern pines and subterranean clover cultural treatments

Agroforestry research in central Louisiana, USA, examined the effects of agronomic cultural treatments (disk, chemical, hay, and hay-graze) on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) yields and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) survival and growth. Cultural treatments appear necessary for successful production of subterranean clover in tame pastures, especially for early fall forage growth. Subterranean clover yields in volunteer swards during spring were highest on the disk and chemical treatments. Generally, pine survival and growth during the first 5 years following tree establishment were not affected by cultural treatments.
Analytical ion cyclotron resonance spectrometry. Spectereochemical factors and a functional group interaction in some norbornyl systems

Ion cyclotron resonance results show that the rate of the acetylation of endo-bicyclo-[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-ol by [(CH3CO)3]+ in the gas phase is similar to that of its exo-isomer and greater than that of endo-norborneol by the same ion. This suggests that steric interference of the 6-endo hydrogen is removed by making it vinylic. Additionally, the acetates of the isomeric norborneols and of exo- and endo-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-ol have relative rates 1.0, 0.9, 1.1 and 0.5; these figures may be interpreted to indicate that acetylation may occur on the carbonyl oxygen here and that in the last compound the carbonyl function is protected by interaction with the olefinic bond.
Copper(II) ion hydrolysis in aqueous solution

A copper(II) ion-selective-electrode potentiometric method was used to determine the first and second hydrolysis constants of Cu2+. Special techniques prevented copper(II) hydroxide precipitation, and copper(II) carbonate and cipper(II) organic complexation during the titration of the experimental solution over the pH range 6.8–8.4. The large change in the total copper concentration during the titration due to adsorption of copper onto the vessel walls was accounted for by measuring the total copper concentration at each pH by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The two hydrolysis constants were determined at 25°C in 0.7 and 0.05m NaClO4 media. The measured stability constants are independent of the copper concentration and yield similar zero ionic strength values. Also, the stepwise equilibrium constants decrease as the ligand number increases.
Words and Pictures: Crowdsource Discovery beyond Image Semantics

Large annotated images from the Web and crowdsource, together with powerful machine learning tools, play a crucial role in rapid progress in semantic recognition of image data in recent years. However, as inferred in the saying "A Picture is Worth More Than 1,000 Words," there is much richer information than just semantic labels associated with images from the Web resources and Crowdsource Fora. Such additional information covers the rich unexploited aspects, such as visual aesthetics, emotions, sentiments, user intention, and knowledge structure. Discovering such novel dimensions of image descriptions beyond semantics will have huge impact for exciting emerging applications such as personalized search and content recommendation. But it requires rigorous research in concept definition, task formulation, data crawling, and evaluation mechanisms. In this talk, I will address these issues by sharing our experiences [1-4] in discovering beyond-semantic visual descriptions related to visual sentiment, video upload intent classification, cultural influence on visual sentiment, and finally a wiki-style video event ontology.
Capacitor theory for nonfaradaic potentiometry

Abstract The generally accepted ion-exchange theory fails to explain the origin of the membrane electrode potential. The newly proposed capacitor theory emphasizes the importance of the electrode surface, the double layer, the adsorption of both cations and anions on the zwitterionic surfaces, the surface active sites, the charge density, the role of anions, etc. Both theoretical treatment and experimental results are presented to support the capacitor theory. The membrane electrode is a capacitor, not a cell that requires redox reactions. Reasons for the past misuse of the Nernst equation are given. Acid and alkaline errors; suspension effects; charging, discharging, and recharging processes; chemical potential amplification; and solid-state membrane electrode devices are discussed. The basic and correct concepts for understanding mechanisms are stressed.
Fourth ventricular chordoid meningioma

The chordoid variant of meningioma is a histological subtype which carries with it a more aggressive clinical course and a propensity for recurrence. Similar to other meningioma subtypes, this lesion is encountered typically in the supratentorial compartment, often along the cerebral convexities. The chordoid meningioma subtype is found primarily in the adult population, and may occasionally be associated with the systemic manifestations of Castleman's disease. We present an adult patient with a rare chordoid meningioma located within the fourth ventricle. This lesion was treated with gross total resection. Chordoid meningioma must be considered within the differential diagnosis of intraventricular tumors. This histological subtype of meningioma warrants close follow-up. The patient must also be evaluated for systemic manifestations of Castleman's disease.
Dynamics of rigid dumbbells in confined geometries Part II. Time-dependent shear flow

Abstract This paper describes analytical solutions to the response of a rigid dumbbell to a time-dependent simple shear flow in a channel of arbitrary size. The results were applied for specific flows, such as the sudden inception and cessation of simple shear and oscillatory shear flow. The introduction of confining walls leads to several qualitative differences compared with an unbounded flow such as initial negative jumps in the contribution of the dumbbell to the viscosity and the first normal stress coefficient. In addition, wall effects lead to a breakdown of well-known relationships between the complex viscosity and the complex normal stress coefficient during oscillatory flow.
The Association Between Nonverbal Sensitivity and Flirting Detection Accuracy

The present investigation explores the association between nonverbal sensitivity (i.e., the Social Skills Inventory) and accuracy of flirting detection in videos of third-party zero-acquaintance interactions. The results showed no sex differences in detection accuracy and no association between nonverbal sensitivity and overall flirting detection accuracy. Participants' (N = 257) social sensitivity, however, was negatively associated with accurately judging flirting in female targets. The results are discussed in light of past research on courtship and nonverbal sensitivity.
Text summarization as an assistive technology

Automated text summarization can be applied as an assistive tool for people with vision deficiency as well as with language understanding or attention deficit disorders. In this paper, we introduce an unsupervised graph based ranking model for text summarization. Our model builds a graph by collecting words, and their lexical relationships from the document. We apply a handful of available semantic information (definition, sentimental polarity) of words to enhance edge-weights (interconnectivity) between nodes (words). After applying a polarity based ranking algorithm over the graph we collect a subset of high-ranked and low-ranked words, name those as keywords. We, then, extract sentences that possess a higher rank defined by the rank vector of keywords. Sentences extracted in this manner correlate with each other and express the summary of the document quite successfully. Summaries formed by our model can appease readers with vision difficulties while keep them updated.
Late Quaternary water exchange between the eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea

Sea of Marmara sediments provide an almost complete record of major palaeo-oceanographic events affecting the Aegean and Black Seas between the late Pleistocene and the Recent. Fluctuating patterns of water mass exchange, resulting from regionally important climatic oscillations, produced the marked differences in lithofacies mapped between the Sea of Marmara and the eastern Mediterranean and Black Seas.
A summary measure of backscatter anisotropy in the non-pregnant cervix

The uterine cervix contains pseudo-aligned and crosslinked collagen. As the cervix softens during pregnancy in preparation for childbirth, the crosslinks degrade and the collagen becomes disordered, resulting in softening (“ripening”). Preterm birth is associated with preterm cervical change, and therefore early detection of this process could allow earlier intervention. Previous studies have demonstrated that acoustic backscatter with steered beams can demonstrate an excess loss in backscattered power (beyond that observed for spherical scatterers) that is indicative of the presence of aligned scattering structures. We sought to determine whether we could develop a metric for objectively analyzing collagen organization in human (nonpregnant) cervical specimens. Hysterectomy specimens were obtained from 36 subjects, 12 of whom were ripened. A summary metric, S, of eBSPL surface plots incorporates their symmetry and the total eBSPL. The two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for comparison of the S values for unripened versus ripened specimens confirmed a statistically significant difference between ripened and unripened specimens (p=0.019). However, more development and testing is needed before such a metric can be useful in detecting cervical ripening.
Increasing incidence of endometrial cancer in the United States.

Abstract Data from eight areas in the United States served by population-based cancer reporting systems indicate that, after many years of relative stability, incidence rates of endometrial cancer have risen sharply in the 1970's. In some areas the amount of the increase has exceeded 10 per cent per year. The incidence among middle-aged women has changed most (by 40 to 150 per cent between 1969 and 1973, depending on the area), but rates have increased in younger women and the elderly as well. (N Engl J Med 294:1259–1262, 1976)
Observation of organized structure in turbulent flow within and above a forest canopy

Ramp patterns of temperature and humidity occur coherently at several levels within and above a deciduous forest as shown by data gathered with up to seven triaxial sonic anemometer/thermometers and three Lyman-alpha hygrometers at an experimental site in Ontario, Canada. The ramps appear most clearly in the middle and upper portion of the forest. Time/height cross-sections of scalar contours and velocity vectors, developed from both single events and ensemble averages of several events, portray details of the flow structures associated with the scalar ramps. Near the top of the forest they are composed of a weak ejecting motion transporting warm and/or moist air out of the forest followed by strong sweeps of cool and/or dry air penetrating into the canopy. The sweep is separated from the ejecting air by a sharp scalar microfront. At approximately twice the height of the forest, ejections and sweeps are of about equal strength.
Superfluid spin transport through antiferromagnetic insulators

A theoretical proposal for realizing and detecting spin supercurrent in an isotropic antiferromagnetic insulator is reported. Superfluid spin transport is achieved by inserting the antiferromagnet between two metallic reservoirs and establishing a spin accumulation in one reservoir such that a spin bias is applied across the magnet. We consider a class of bipartite antiferromagnets with N\'eel ground states, and temperatures well below the ordering temperature, where spin transport is mediated essentially by the condensate. Landau-Lifshitz and magnetocircuit theories are used to directly relate spin current in different parts of the heterostructure to the spin-mixing conductances characterizing the $\text{antiferromagnet}|\text{metal}$ interfaces and the antiferromagnet bulk damping parameters, quantities all obtainable from experiments. We study the efficiency of spin angular-momentum transfer at an $\text{antiferromagnet}|\text{metal}$ interface by developing a microscopic scattering theory for the interface and extracting the spin-mixing conductance for a simple model. Within the model, a quantitative comparison between the spin-mixing conductances obtained for the $\text{antiferromagnet}|\text{metal}$ and $\text{ferromagnet}|\text{metal}$ interfaces is made.
Perturbing Lyapunov functions and stability criteria for initial time difference

Stability criteria for differential equations where the initial time for each solution is different is developed using the method of perturbing Lyapunov functions.
Real-time stereoscopic applications using the goes operational satellites

Abstract We have investigated the use of real and synthetic stereo satellite images and stereo graphics in applications such as cloud-tracked winds, severe storm cloud analysis, and general meteorological interpretation. We have concluded that a stereo meteorological presentation is possible and desirable in an operational environment. Synthetic stereo could be used immediately in cloud-tracked wind operations. The presentation allows one to appreciate the interrelations between cloud motions and cloud structures, especially in multi-layered situations. Reprocessing of FGGE tropical wind sets with a synthetic stereo presentation showed some improved yields of low-level vectors, a significant increase in mid-level vectors, and very little change in the high-level vectors. Severe local storm real-stereo presentations are possible operationally because the 15 minute RISOP operations of GOES-East allow simultaneous scanning of both geosynchronous satellites twice per hour. The real-stereo height measurements of overshooting turrets are an improvement over infrared heights and can be used to monitor the strength of the thunderstorm updraft. Synthetic stereo presentations of thunderstorm tops can be presented in a non-linear fashion which stretches out the cloud top features. The synthetic stereo presentation is easier for most people to see. We recommend the use of a hybrid system where the viewing is done on the synthetic stereo image and the quantitative measurements are done on the real-stereo pairs.
Acquired immunological tolerance in aged mice. I. The dose-response relationship

Immunoresponsiveness declines with advancing age. In addition, there is an increase in specific and nonspecific suppressor cell activity. In view of these observations it might be predicted that aged mice would be easier to render immunologically tolerant. However, we show here that aged C57B1/6 mice are markedly more resistant to tolerance induction so that 100 times more tolerogen is required to induce unresponsiveness in 24-month-old than in 2-month-old animals. With age the variability between individuals for spleen size and sensitivity to antigen and tolerogen increases in C57B1/6 and Balb/c mice. On the other hand, the duration of tolerance is very little affected by age. The relationships between tolerance, aging and autoimmunity are discussed.
Microstructures in interpenetrating polymer networks

Abstract Prevalence of patterned microstructures in interpenetrating polymer networks is well documented experimentally. Thermodynamic theories explaining this feature nonetheless have not been forthcoming. These enmeshed structures carry elastic energy and elevate in the thermodynamic limit the free energy of mixing. Yet why is the deviation from a supposed macroscopic phase separation? This confounding question needs to be answered; and in this paper a thermodynamic explanation is offered. Crosslinking is shown to reduce the effective driving force for macrophase separation. Long-range free energy of deformation gives rise to sinks in the phase evolution, suppressing long-wavelength (hydrodynamic mode) composition fluctuations which usually implode during spinodal decompositions, prodding macrophase separations. Consequently, nonequilibrium metastable structures with small phase domains would evolve. This study highlights lineaments of pattern in physical systems: a competition between short- and long-range forces or a time evolution of nonconserved order parameters or both. A new free energy of mixing is formulated to elucidate the structural novelties.
Gender and Welfare Reform in Post- Revolutionary Mexico

This article discusses the impact a gender and woman's history conference had on the development of my own research and writing. ‘Las Olvidadas’ was a conference held at Yale in the Spring of 2001, and was the first in a series of Mexican women's and gender history conferences organised. My own research, on the gendered nature of the welfare state in Mexico, explores how class and race intersected with gender to produce a welfare system that, while particular to Mexico, also nevertheless had much in common with other Latin American countries. These conferences shaped both my views of gender, but also the importance of the transnational to historical research.
Is (16O, 12C) an α-transfer reaction?

Abstract Using a DWBA code which exactly includes finite-range and recoil effects, calculations are shown for 12 C( 16 O, 12 O) 16 O, 40 Ca( 16 O, 12 C) 44 Ti and 40 Ca( 6 Li, d) 44 Ti which seem to be in quantitative agreement with the assumption that these reactions proceed via the simple one-step transfer of an α-particle.
Commentary on Ulrich: Need to Check Truthfulness of Statements by Opponents of Animal Research

In his commentary, Roger Ulrich (1991) pleads for discussing animal research with wisdom and balance. He also speaks of respecting truth. I agree! In view of the long history of false and extremely misleading statements by opponents of animal research asserting that Pasteur's research had not saved a single human life from rabies (Keen, 1914), that insulin is worthless and in fact harmful (Bliss, 1982), to mention only a few wisdom and balance indicate not repeating the assertions of such opponents without careful checking for their truth. Unfortunately Ulrich repeats some extremely misleading statements. In his almost exact quotation of a frequently made argument by Kaufman (1989) of the Medical Research Modernization Committee (MRMC) that animal research is scientifically questionable, of little value, or even harmful, Ulrich says:
Antioxidants and total oxyradical scavenging capacity during grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, embryogenesis

During embryogenesis in grass shrimp the capacity to scavenge oxyradicals increased as measured by the Total Oxyradical Scavenging Capacity (TOSC) assay. The increase in TOSC during embryogenesis was associated with increasing concentrations of a number of antioxidants, including coenzyme Q (ubiquinone), alpha-tocopherol and reduced glutathione. Glutathione concentrations ranged from 0.004 to 0.005 nmol/embryo in early embryo stages and reached concentrations between 0.16 to 0.23 nmol/embryo in late embryo stages. Ascorbate remained essentially constant (0.16-0.20 nmol/embryo) throughout embryogenesis and may provide the preponderance of TOSC during early embryo development. Carotenoids were associated with yolk lipovitellin and these antioxidants decreased as yolk was absorbed during embryogenesis. Astaxanthin and beta-carotene were identified in embryos with astaxanthin always the principal carotenoid. In early embryo stages there are maternally derived antioxidants but as embryogenesis proceeds there is an assembly of a complex antioxidant system by newly formed cells and tissues.
Ovarian modification of sexual behavior in neonatally androgenized female rats

Recent evidence has suggested an important role for the prepuberal ovary in the development of female sexual behavior in the rat. Gerall. Dunlap, and Hendricks (1973) demonstrated that female rats retaining ovaries throughout prepuberal life exhibited higher levels of female sexual behavior than animals neonatally gonadectomized. In addition. male rats neonatally castrated and receiving ovarian implants showed greater female receptivity than did male subjects castrated but not receiving ovaries. Ovarian tenancy during development has also been shown to modify the effects of neonatal androgenization. Blizard and Denef (1973) reported higher levels of female behavior in animals neonatally administered androgen when ovaries were present to 102 days of age . Additional evidence supporting an ovarian "masking effect" is provided by Hendricks and Duft~ - (1974). who found higher levels of female sexual behavior in androgenized females which had their ovaries intact through 20 and 60 days. The influence of ovarian secretions during
Cylindrical sections with uniform diffuse-radiation characteristics

Cross-sectional shapes of cylindrical or two- dimensional cavities, exhibiting uniform diffuse radiation characteristics
Entering the Sacred: Using Motivational Interviewing to Address Spirituality in Counseling

Despite the salience of spirituality in the lives of many clients, counselors are often hesitant to explore spiritual issues in counseling, largely out of a valid concern of imposing values on the client. Motivational interviewing provides a framework within which a counselor can both assess spirituality and facilitate client exploration of spiritual issues without fear of imposing values.
Note---Derivation from Queueing Theory of an Identity Related to Abel's Generalization of the Binomial Theorem, which is Useful in Graph Theory

A well-known theorem of graph theory gives a simple formula for the calculation of the number of spanning trees of a complete graph with n labeled vertices. A well-known proof of this theorem uses a combinatorial identity, related to Abel's generalization of the binomial theorem, that is difficult to prove from first principles. It is the purpose of this note to observe that this identity is an easy consequence of an analysis of the busy period for the single-server queue with Poisson input and constant service times.