cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New tris(tert-butoxy)siloxy complexes of aluminum and their transformation to homogeneous aluminosilicate materials via low-temperature thermolytic pathways

The new tris(tert-butoxy)siloxy complexes of aluminum, Al[OSi(OtBu)3]3(THF) (1), Al[OSi(OtBu)3]3(HOiPr)·0.5[Al(OiPr)3]4 (2), and [(iPrO)2AlOSi(OtBu)3]2 (3), were synthesized. Compounds 2 and 3 were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Thermolysis of a toluene-d8 solution containing 1 and 0.5 equiv of [Al(OiPr)3]4 resulted in the formation of 3 and free THF (by 1H NMR spectroscopy). The low-temperature decompositions of 1, 2, and 3 allowed for their use as single-source precursors to high surface area aluminosilicate xerogels via solution (toluene) thermolyses. The DSC traces of the xerogels derived from the 1:1 Al/Si precursors (2 and 3) exhibited sharp exothermic transitions at ≈1000 °C, attributed to the crystallization of mullite, with that for the xerogel from 3 having a larger associated heat flow. The DSC trace of the xerogel derived from 1 exhibited a weak exothermic transition at a slightly higher temperature. Although these xerogels have similar 27Al MAS NMR spectra...
In Vivo Effect of Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) and Vascular Permeability Factor (VPF) on Albuminuria in Rats 1803

In Vivo Effect of Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) and Vascular Permeability Factor (VPF) on Albuminuria in Rats 1803
Superconducting Properties of High-Purity Niobium

Precision magnetization data are given for high-purity niobium metal samples (resistance ratio $\frac{{R}_{300}}{{{R}_{4.2}}^{N}}=1600\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}400$) over the range from 1.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to ${T}_{c}=9.25(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}.01)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. The thermodynamic critical-field curve, which is parabolic to 1%, is that to be expected for an intermediate-coupling superconductor. The magnetization curves are qualitatively like those associated with a type-II superconductor with $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\sim}1$, but the detailed shape does not follow any theory. In particular, the magnetization increases linearly with a slope of 23 G/Oe from 1.005 ${H}_{c1}$ to 1.025 ${H}_{c1}$, where a sharp break occurs to a smaller slope. The magnetization data at ${H}_{c1}$ and in the region of ${H}_{c2}$ are consistent with published specific-heat data. The magnitudes of ${H}_{c2}$ and ${H}_{c}$ are consistent with measured values of the penetration depth $\ensuremath{\lambda}$. Preliminary data are reported for ${H}_{c3}$ as obtained from both resistive and ac susceptibility measurements.
How many deaths occur annually from adverse drug reactions in the United States

Abstract PURPOSE: The numbers of deaths attributed to adverse drug reactions by death certificates and by the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) spontaneous postmarketing surveillance system (MedWatch) were compared in order to characterize national mortality statistics. METHODS: Mortality statistics related to adverse drug reactions were obtained from national public-use databases of death certificates based on appropriate International Classification of Disease (ICD-9) codes and from MedWatch during 1995. The number of deaths, frequency distributions of sex and age groups, and rankings of drug categories associated with adverse reactions were compared. RESULTS: During 1995, 206 deaths were attributed to adverse drug reactions on death certificates in the United States, whereas MedWatch tabulated 6,894 fatalities. The proportions of men and women were similar, and the majority of deaths involved persons 60 years of age and older, in both data sets. The rankings of drug categories associated with adverse drug reactions differed in the two data sets. CONCLUSION: The numbers of deaths reported in these data sets varied 34-fold and were up to several 100-fold less than values based on extrapolations of surveillance programs. These differences indicate that better and more comprehensive data are needed to develop appropriate health care policies to improve drug safety.
N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors are expressed by intrinsic neurons of rat larynx and esophagus

Overactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR), a mechanism of central neurotoxicity, has recently been shown to increase airway responsiveness in rat lungs. NMDAR have not been localized in the airways, but neurons of the myenteric plexus in the rat express mRNA for NMDAR. Furthermore, a population of glutamate-containing cell bodies in the nucleus ambiguus projects to the rat larynx. On this basis, we hypothesized that some postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the larynx, trachea and esophagus may express NMDAR. Sections of rat larynx, trachea and esophagus were immunocytochemically labeled for NMDAR subtype 2B using a specific antibody. NMDAR immunoreactivity was observed in cell bodies of individual neurons located in the submucosa and on the external surface of skeletal muscle in the larynx and also in neurons of the esophageal plexus. All NMDAR-positive nerve cell bodies also contained immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and some were immunoreactive for nitric oxide synthase (NOS). None of the cell bodies of the tracheal plexus contained NMDAR immunoreactivity. The findings demonstrate that NMDAR are expressed in neurons of the rat larynx and esophagus and their activation may be associate with VIP or NO release.
Magnesium and other electrolytes in bovine eyeballs immersed in sea water and other fluids

Abstract Bovine eyeballs were immersed in fluids including sea water for variable intervals of time, and magnesium concentrations and those of other electrolytes were determined in the aqueous and vitreous humor. Magnesium values increased with time, but no final saturation was reached nor were the levels obtained as high as those previously reported. In human immersion fatalities, Mg++ increased comparably to the most closely simulating experimental situation, that is, corneal exposure in an unstirred medium. At best, vitreous Mg++ appears to be an imperfect marker in estimating the length of immersion, and then only if the sample remains unhemolyzed and the total post-mortem interval is considered. Establishing or excluding the diagnosis of drowning solely by this technique seems unlikely because of ion diffusion into the eye fluids.
Perspectives on double-excitations in TDDFT

Abstract The adiabatic approximation in time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) yields reliable excitation spectra with great efficiency in many cases, but fundamentally fails for states of double-excitation character. We discuss how double-excitations are at the root of some of the most challenging problems for TDDFT today. We then present new results for (i) the calculation of autoionizing resonances in the helium atom, (ii) understanding the nature of the double excitations appearing in the quadratic response function, and (iii) retrieving double-excitations through a real-time semiclassical approach to correlation in a model quantum dot.
The case history.

Case histories report the basic data of psychoanalysis, and yet they are strikingly infrequent in the psychoanalytic literature. This reflects not only the methodological problems in describing psychoanalytic cases, but also the complex intentions of psychoanalysts who want both to present and to conceal aspects of their work. The history of the case history is discussed, as are the nature and purpose of case reports, the differences between oral and written reports, the relation between case reports and psychoanalyses, and case reports as countertransferential enactments. A plea is made for including authorial intention as an explicit part of the report, rather than concealing it behind a scientific facade.
Dignostic laparoscopy in apparent uterine agenesis

We report a case of an adolescent female with apparent agenesis of the uterus with chromosomally competent ovarian dysgenesis. In our case, the apparent absence of the uterus on the laparoscopy constituted a severe hypoplasia of the organ prior to estrogen stimulation, rather than aplasia. Following a year of estrogen/progesterone replacement, an infantile but otherwise normal uterus could be demonstrated by hysterosalpinogogram. In gonadal dysgenesis, therefore, it is not possible to differentiate the absence of the uterus from severe hypoplasia using laparoscopy.
Light scattering parameters of rat lenses with calcium-induced cataracts.

Abstract Light scattering intensities of rat lenses obtained in theIBandI+modes were analysed using the random density and orientation fluctuation theory. Rat lenses incubated in calcium rich media had the same density fluctuation parameters as rat lenses incubated in control (low-calcium) media. However, the correlation length of the orientation fluctuations decreased during cataract formation by 100 to 200nm while the amplitude of the fluctuations increased. The correlation length, or the size of the optically anisotropic domains, is related to the size of the cytoskeleton, especially vimentin. Vimentin has been shown to degrade when calcium activates calpain. This has been observed in SDS-gel electrophoretic experiments in rat lenses in calcium rich media. The amplitude factor of orientation fluctuations, that is, the mean squared deviation from the average refractive index, increased between two- and seven-fold during cataractogenesis. These results indicate that calcium cataract formation at the beginning (first 72hr incubation) has little to do with aggragation or syneresis but it is largely the result of changes in the intrinsic birefringence of the lens due to vimentin degradation.
Self-checking properties of circular four electrode capacitors

Discusses the unique configuration of circular four electrode capacitors which permits diagnosis and assessment of changes in capacitance without using a reference standard of superior stability to make the measurements.
Melatonin exhibits antioxidant properties in a mouse brain slice model of excitotoxicity

Objectives . Stroke is a major cause of brain injury in Alaska. Since antioxidant levels are decreased in aged brain, the greater predisposition to neuronal death in stroke leading to subsequent neurodegeneration in aged individuals may be related to changes in oxidant balance. We studied the effect of the endogenous antioxidant melatonin on excitotoxic injury resulting from N-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced damage by developing an organo-typic mouse brain slice model. Our objective was to inhibit the effects of oxidative stress induced by NMDA in mouse brain slices, using melatonin. Methods . An organotypic mouse brain slice culture was established at PO2 levels maintained between 80 – 100 mm Hg. NMDA, melatonin or both were added to the slices and antioxidant function was determined using the redox active iron assay as well as 8-OHG and HO-1 immunoassays. Results . This slice system allows for better regulation of both NMDA and melatonin concentrations than can be achieved by in vivo studies. Supporting an antioxidant function, melatonin (100 μM) significantly decreased redox active iron, hemexygenase (HO-1) induction and 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG) following NMDA (50-100 μM) insult. However, somewhat surprisingly, high concentrations of melatonin alone (1mM), increased redox active iron levels and HO-1 induction. Conclusions . These results support the hypothesis that melatonin is a neuroprotective antioxidant. Our data also suggest that 1mM melatonin may have detrimental effects. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2002; 61(1):32-40) Keywords: antioxidant, brain slices, excitotoxicity, melatonin, stroke
Kinetics and mechanism of the shock induced thermal decomposition of n‐propylsilane

The kinetics and mechanism of the thermal decomposition of n-propylsilane have been studied by the single pulse shock tube-comparative rate technique at pressures around 4700 torr between 1095–1240 K. The primary dissociation processes are 1,1 and 1,2 H2 elimination with o1,1 ⋍ 0.75 and o1,2 ⋍ 0.25, respectively. Subsequent decompositions of the primary process product, n-propylsilylene, to propylene and ethylene is complete even in the presence of excess butadiene. Possible mechanistic paths for these decompositions are discussed and an activation energy range of 30 ± 4 kcal is established for both processes. Induced decomposition via silylene chains accounts for 36–46% of the overall reaction in the uninhibited decomposition of n-propylsilane. The silylene chains are quenched in excess butadiene, and studies under maximum inhibition give overall decomposition kinetics of, log k(nPrSiD3, s−1) = 15.26–65,300 ± 1950 cal/2.303. Computer modeling results of the overall reaction both in the absence and presence of butadiene are also presented and shown to be in acceptable agreement with the experimental observations.
Mass transfer in SiO2 nanofluids: A case against purported nanoparticle convection effects

Abstract Controversy and the ambiguity exist in the scientific literature for the question of if nanoparticles truly enhance heat and mass transfer. This study experimentally explored effects of non-aggregating spherical SiO2 nanoparticles on oxygen and NaCl mass transfer. No mass transfer enhancements were found in the presence of nanoparticles. Oxygen transfer was actually diminished at the highest nanoparticle volume fraction; this is attributed to solution viscosity effects and the obstruction effects of impermeable nanoparticles. No evidence was found to substantiate the purported Brownian motion micro/nano-scale convection effect of nanoparticles that has been used by others to explain anomalous heat and mass transfer rates in nanofluids.
Theoretical investigation of substituent effects on the silicon–metal bond for a series of transition metal-substituted base-stabilized silylene complexes

Abstract Hartree–Fock ab initio calculations were used to investigate the effects of various silicon substituents on the silicon–ruthenium bond for four transition metal-substituted base-stabilized silylene complexes. To provide comparison information, one silyl complex, Cp*(PMe3)2Ru–Si[S(Tol-p)]3, and four base-free silylene complexes ([Cp*(PMe3)2RuSiMe2]BPh4, Cp*(PMe3)2RuSi[S(Tol-p)][Os(CO)4], a bis(silylene)nickel compound and [trans-(P(Cy3)2(H)PtSi(SEt)2]BPh4) were also studied. Results of the calculations indicate that the order of promotion of silylene character for base groups is NCMe>OTf≫S(Tol-p). Of those considered, the best substituent group in terms of transition metal–silicon double bond promotion is methyl followed by triflate. The worst group with respect to this property is S(Tol-p).
Lack of correlation of the American urological association symptom 7 index with urodynamic bladder outlet obstruction

The objective of this study is to assess whether subjective information from the American Urological Association (AUA) Symptom 7 Index correlates with or predicts objective urodynamic parameters of bladder outlet obstruction. Seventy-five men, mean age 67 years (range 42–85 years), were referred for evaluation of “prostatism.” Evaluation consisted of the AUA Symptom 7 Index, noninvasive uroflow, post-void residual (PVR) urine measurement, and pressure-flow analysis. Men were categorized as “obstructed,” “equivocal,” or “unobstructed” according to the pressure-flow nomogram of Abrams and Griffiths. The total AUA 7 score, and all individual components, were compared with all invasive urodynamic parameters, and to the pressure-flow categories of obstructed, equivocal, or unobstructed. The AUA index severity categories (mild 0–7, moderate 8–19, and severe ≥20) were compared to the urodynamic pressure flow categories. Thirty-three men had severe symptoms, and 42 had moderate or mild symptoms. Forty men were urodynamically obstructed, and 35 men were equivocal or unobstructed. There was no correlation of any AUA index parameter (total symptom score, obstructive or irritative score component, or any individual question) with any noninvasive or invasive urodynamic parameter. The sensitivity and specificity of the AUA index for urodynamic obstruction was 42.5% and 54.3% respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether clinical data easily obtained in the office setting (age, PVR, noninvasive maximum and average flow rates) could predict urodynamic obstruction when combined with any component of the AUA index. Only age was found to be a significant predictor of obstruction status (P = 0.026). Subjective information from the AUA Symptom 7 Index does not correlate with objective data assessing bladder outlet obstruction. Though the AUA index is a valid clinical tool, it should not be used to gauge the presence or severity of bladder outlet obstruction. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Determination of Phe-hydroxylase in PKU and Hyperphe-aemia

The activity of phe-hydroxylase was determined in liver needle biopsy material from patients with elevated phe levels. The reaction mixture for the enzyme assay was: phosphate buffer 150mM, phe 0.1mM, phe 14C 0.2μCi, dithiothreitol 2mM, biopterin 0.025mM. The extract was preincubated with lysolecithin (1mM) for 10min, the reaction stopped by boiling. Phe and tyr were separated by TLC. 14-C-activity was determined by direct scanning and counted in a liquid scintillation counter. So far we have observed 4 types of enzyme activity: 1) Control liver samples of non-metabolic disorders transformed 100μmoles/g−1 protein/60min−1 from phe to tyr. 2) Socalled hyperphe-aemia (phe levels around 10 mg%) had 10-20% normal activity. 3) A third group had 1-6%. 2 pairs of siblings also showed this residual activity. One sib in each family had not been treated (late discovered) and was mentally retarded, the other developed normally under treatment. 4) “Classical” PKU had no detectible hydroxylase activity. -This study intends to differentiate PKU from other hyperphe-aemias which perhaps may remain untreated.
Poynting flux-conserving low-altitude boundary conditions for global magnetospheric models

A method for specifying low-altitude or inner boundary conditions that conserve low-frequency, magnetic field-aligned, electromagnetic energy flux across the boundary in global magnetospheric magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) models is presented. The single-fluid Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry (LFM) model is used to verify this method, with comparisons between simulations using LFM's standard hardwall boundary conditions and the new flux-conserving boundary conditions. Identical idealized upstream solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field conditions and the same constant ionospheric conductance are used in both runs. The results show that, compared to LFM's standard hardwall boundary conditions, the flux-conserving method improves the transparency of the boundary for the flow of low-frequency (essentially DC) electromagnetic energy flux along field lines. As a consequence, the hemispheric integrated field-aligned DC Poynting flux just above the boundary is close to the hemispheric total Joule heating of the ionosphere, as it should be if electromagnetic energy is conserved. The MHD velocity and perpendicular currents are well-behaved near the inner boundary for the flux conserving boundary conditions.
Influence of male social contacts, exercise and all-female living conditions on the menstrual cycle.

Abstract (1) The phenomenon of menstrual synchrony, i.e. a decrease in the time difference between onset dates of the menstrual flow among individuals, was demonstrated at a coeducational university. (2) The mean difference in onset dates of the menstrual flow for roommates and close friends became significantly shorter for the time period of October to March. (3) Casual exercise (swimming, tennis, and jogging) performed regularly was associated with significantly longer menstrual cycles. (4) Spending ‘social time’ with a male did not have any effect on the length of the menstrual cycle for the women in this study. (5) The findings confirm earlier reports of menstrual synchrony and extend them to an environment consisting of males and females.
Clinical review: Serious adverse events associated with the use of rituximab - a critical care perspective

The advent of biologic agents has provided a more specific and targeted approach to the treatment of various hematological malignancies and other autoimmune disorders. Such biologic agents have been relatively well tolerated with fewer adverse events reported as compared with many other chemotherapeutic agents. Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody to the B-cell marker CD20 and is a common biologic agent widely used for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma, lymphoproliferative disorders, and inflammatory conditions that are refractory to conventional treatment, including rheumatoid arthritis and some vasculitides. However, through randomized controlled trials and post-marketing surveillance, an increasing number of serious adverse events are being associated with the use of rituximab, often leading to or complicating an intensive care unit admission. The purpose of this review is to focus on the severe complications that are associated with the use of rituximab and that require critical care. Management and prevention strategies for the most common complications along with some examples of its uses within the critical care setting are also discussed.
Modality differences in timing and temporal memory throughout the lifespan.

Abstract The perception of time is heavily influenced by attention and memory, both of which change over the lifespan. In the current study, children (8 yrs), young adults (18–25 yrs), and older adults (60–75 yrs) were tested on a duration bisection procedure using 3 and 6-s auditory and visual signals as anchor durations. During test, participants were exposed to a range of intermediate durations, and the task was to indicate whether test durations were closer to the “short” or “long” anchor. All groups reproduced the classic finding that “sounds are judged longer than lights”. This effect was greater for older adults and children than for young adults, but for different reasons. Replicating previous results, older adults made similar auditory judgments as young adults, but underestimated the duration of visual test stimuli. Children showed the opposite pattern, with similar visual judgments as young adults but overestimation of auditory stimuli. Psychometric functions were analyzed using the Sample Known Exactly-Mixed Memory quantitative model of the Scalar Timing Theory of interval timing. Results indicate that children show an auditory-specific deficit in reference memory for the anchors, rather than a general bias to overestimate time and that aged adults show an exaggerated tendency to judge visual stimuli as “short” due to a reduction in the availability of controlled attention.
Saving face: rescuing a craniofacial birth defect

Craniofacial abnormalities comprise approximately one-third of all birth defects and often require multiple rounds of surgery to repair the malformations. To date, prevention has not been possible. Greater understanding of the developmental origin of craniofacial defects promises to provide insights into potential preventative measures.
ODSBR: An on-demand secure Byzantine resilient routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks

Ah hoc networks offer increased coverage by using multihop communication. This architecture makes services more vulnerable to internal attacks coming from compromised nodes that behave arbitrarily to disrupt the network, also referred to as Byzantine attacks. In this work, we examine the impact of several Byzantine attacks performed by individual or colluding attackers. We propose ODSBR, the first on-demand routing protocol for ad hoc wireless networks that provides resilience to Byzantine attacks caused by individual or colluding nodes. The protocol uses an adaptive probing technique that detects a malicious link after log n faults have occurred, where n is the length of the path. Problematic links are avoided by using a route discovery mechanism that relies on a new metric that captures adversarial behavior. Our protocol never partitions the network and bounds the amount of damage caused by attackers. We demonstrate through simulations ODSBR's effectiveness in mitigating Byzantine attacks. Our analysis of the impact of these attacks versus the adversary's effort gives insights into their relative strengths, their interaction, and their importance when designing multihop wireless routing protocols.
The Physics of Solid-State Light Amplifiers

An essential component of present light amplifying screens is a layer of inorganic, luminescent material. The ability of this layer to derive energy from an electric field to which it is subjected and convert this energy into visible light (i.e., electroluminescence) is fundamental to, but not alone sufficient for the realization of solid-state light amplification. What must be included is some means whereby the luminescent response to the field can be strongly controlled by incident radiation. In one case this has been obtained through the discovery of a phosphor film with the necessary properties, and in another by the utilization of a photoconducting material in contact with an electro-luminescent layer. In the latter case the photoconductor is the radiation-sensitive element, which serves to modify the potential across the luminescent component. The main characteristics of these light amplifying screens will be described, with particular emphasis on the interpretation of the phenomenon observed with the single phosphor film. The behavior, as it is relevant to their possible use in radiation detection will be discussed.
The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland

Grover Cleveland, who served as both the twenty-second and the twenty-fourth president of the United States, dominated the American political scene from 1884 to 1896. Viewed at one time as a monument of presidential courage, Cleveland has over the past generation been dismissed by historians as a "Bourbon Democrat," the symbol of that wing of the Democratic party devoted to preserving the status quo and protecting the interests of the propertied. In this revisionist study, Richard Welch takes a fresh look at the Cleveland administrations and discovers a man whose assertive temperament was frequently at odds with his inherited political faith. Although pledging public allegiance to a Whiggish version of the presidency, Cleveland's aggressive insistence on presidential independence led him to exercise increasing control of the executive branch and then to seek influence over Congress and national legislation. Quick to denounce governmental paternalism and the centralization of political power, Cleveland nevertheless expanded the authority of the national government as he revised federal land and Indian policies in the West and ordered the army to Chicago during the 1894 Pullman strike. For all his fears of constitutional innovation, he was neither a champion of big business nor unaware of the problems posed by the post-Civil War economic revolution. He signed the Interstate commerce Act, warned against the growing power of industrial combination, advocated voluntary federal arbitration of labor-management disputes, and fought the monopolization of western lands by railroad an timber corporations. Welch places Cleveland's battles on behalf of tariff revision, civil service reform, and the gold standard within the context of the conundrum of a strong president who usually failed to gain the cooperation of Congress or the Democratic party. Cleveland reinvigorated the American presidency and reestablished an equilibrium between the executive and legislative branches of the federal government, but by his obdurate enmity to the silverites and the "agrarian radicals," he helped assure the division and defeat of his party in the election of 1896. Welch demonstrates that Cleveland's achievements and failures as a political leader were attributable to an authoritarian temperament that saw compromise as surrender. Two chapters of the book are devoted to Cleveland's diplomacy, focusing especially on his response to Hawaiian and Cuban revolutions and the boundary dispute between Venezuela and Great Britain. Welch takes issue with the currently popular thesis that U.S. diplomacy in the last decade of the nineteenth century displayed a concerted governmental effort to solve domestic economic problems by expanding foreign markets in East Asia and Latin America. In addition to providing insights into the character of one of our more interesting presidents, this reassessment of Grover Cleveland's historical legacy shows clearly that the Cleveland years served as the essential preface to the development of a modern presidency and to the identification for executive power.
SPAN-a DSS for security plan analysis

This paper describes a decision support system for assessing information systems (IS) security and for designing an IS security plan. This system addresses threats, risks, vulnerabilities and examines existing countermeasures. It analyzes any need for new security practices and produces a draft IS security plan. The SPAN (Security Plan Analysis) system provides expert advice and decision support to improve decisions made during an analysis of an organization's IS security posture. It is applicable to most organizations, from those which are just starting IS risk assessment to those that already have IS security plans and wish to review them.
Phase II study of porfiromycin vs mitomycin‐c utilizing acute intermittent schedules

A randomized prospective study of Mitomycin-C and its N-methyl derivative, Porfiromycin, was conducted. Thirty-two patients with disseminated gastrointestinal cancer or other disseminated abdominal adenocarcinoma were treated with Mitomycin-C 31 patients received Porfiromycin. Both drugs were given by acute intermittent bolus schedule (Mitomycin-C, 22.5 mg/M2 or Porfiromycin, 75 mg/M2 every 6–8 weeks as a single bolus i.v. injection). Eleven patients (34%) who received Mitomycin-C entered into partial remission. In 10 of the 31 patients (32%) receiving Porfiromycin, partial remission occurred. Analysis by tumor type demonstrated that in the Mitomycin-C-treated group responses occurred in 4 of 12 patients with colorectal carcinoma, in 4 of 9 with upper GI cancers, and in 3 of 11 with ovarian cancer. Correspondingly in the Porfiromycin group responses occurred in 2 of 12 colorectal carcinoma patients, in 3 of 7 upper GI cancer patients, and in 5 of 12 ovarian cancer patients. Both drugs produced significant myelosuppression; however, Porfiromycin toxicity appeared more cumulative. Further clinical trial of Mitomycin in an acute intermittent bolus schedule appears justified.
The management of patients with arteriovenous malformations and associated intracranial aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: Few published studies have focused specifically on the unique management issues encountered in treating patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and associated intracranial aneurysms. The primary objective of this study was to retrospectively review the clinical and radiographic features of these patients. METHODS: Medical records of all patients seen at Stanford University Hospital between 1988 and 1996 with a diagnosis of AVMs were retrospectively reviewed. Aneurysms were identified by conventional angiography and characterized by size, number, and location relative to the AVMs. AVMs were graded according to the Spetzler-Martin scale. Odds ratios were calculated for the risk of intracranial hemorrhage. Variables included age, sex, number of aneurysms, and AVM grade. RESULTS: Forty-five of 600 patients (7.5%) were identified as having coexisting intracranial aneurysms. All 45 patients had high-flow malformations, and 58% had AVMs of Spetzler-Martin Grade IV or higher. A majority of patients had multiple aneurysms. There was a statistically significant increase in AVM hemorrhage in female patients (odds ratio, 8.53 [1.87-38.98]; P < 0.005). There was no statistically significant correlation between the development of hemorrhage and either age, AVM grade, or the number of aneurysms. Twenty-three patients (51%) presented with intracranial hemorrhage: bleeding occurred from the AVMs in 15 and from ruptured aneurysms in 5, and the source of the bleeding could not be determined in 3. Overall, nine patients (20%) bled from ruptured aneurysms: five at presentation, two during or within 3 weeks of AVM treatment, and two from new aneurysms. Two of these nine patients died as a direct result of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Five patients (11%) developed new aneurysms. CONCLUSION: Aneurysms associated with AVMs are at risk for rupture before, during, and immediately after treatment of the AVMs. New aneurysms may arise in patients with high-flow AVMs. The risk of intracranial hemorrhage from either source is higher in female patients. To reduce the complications of intracranial hemorrhage in these patients, we recommend a management protocol designed to treat the aneurysms by surgical or endovascular means before administering definitive therapy for the AVMs. Meticulous intraoperative blood pressure control and fluid management during aneurysm surgery is critical to avoid hemorrhage from the AVMs.
Decreases in tissue levels of ubiquinol-9 and -10, ascorbate and α-tocopherol following spinal cord impact trauma in rats

Generation of free radicals and subsequent lipid peroxidation have been proposed to contribute to delayed tissue damage following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Ubiquinols (reduced coenzyme Q), ascorbate (vitamin C), and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) are endogenous antioxidants; decreases in tissue levels of these compounds may, therefore, reflect ongoing oxidative reactions. In the present studies, alterations in tissue levels of ubiquinol-9 and -10, ascorbate, and alpha-tocopherol were examined after SCI of varying severity in the rat. Levels of alpha-tocopherol did not change significantly after injury. Ascorbate and ubiquinol levels were decreased after trauma. Changes in tissue levels of ubiquinol, but not ascorbate reflected the degree of trauma. Thus, ubiquinol levels may provide a useful marker of the oxidative component of the secondary injury response.
Immune privilege and immunogenicity reside among different layers of the mouse cornea.

Purpose: To determine the extent to which each layer of the mouse cornea displays alloimmuno-genicity or immune privilege. Methods: Intact corneas or individual or combined layers of corneas from normal or cauterized eyes of BALB/c, C57BL/6, and CD95L-deficient B6-gld mice were grafted beneath the kidney capsule of normal BALB/c, B10.D2, BALB.B mice or of BALB/c mice presensitized to donor antigens. Graft fate was assessed clinically and histologically and acquisition of donor-specific delayed hypersensitivity (DH) was assessed at selected intervals after grafting. Results: Full-thickness allogeneic corneas induced vigorous DH and were rejected acutely. Similar results were obtained with allografts of corneal epithelium alone (if supported by syngeneic viable stroma), allografts of epithelium from cauterized corneas (containing Langerhans' cells), and stromal allografts deprived of endothelium. Grafts comprised of stroma plus endothelium (without epithelium) were not rejected, nor did they induce DH unles...
Proximity effect in zero field with the Landau-Ginzburg equation. I.

The proximity effect can be explained by solving the complete Landau-Ginzburg equation. The solution of the equation naturally produces a simple and explicit expression of the transition temperature for a film sandwich composed of a bulk superconductor and a normal metal. The gene- ral result obtained is ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}\mathit{S}\mathit{N}}$/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}\mathit{S}}$=t=1-${\mathit{B}}_{0}$${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{N}}$${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathit{S}}$/(${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{S}}^{2}$+3d $_{\mathit{N}}$${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{S}}$/k) or an alternative, t=[1-${\mathit{B}}_{0}$${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{N}}$${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathit{S}}$/(${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{S}}^{2}$+3${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{N}}$${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{S}}$/k)${]}^{1/2}$. The theoretical calculations fit experimental results very well.
Threatened and Endangered Subspecies with Vulnerable Ecological Traits Also Have High Susceptibility to Sea Level Rise and Habitat Fragmentation

The presence of multiple interacting threats to biodiversity and the increasing rate of species extinction make it critical to prioritize management efforts on species and communities that maximize conservation success. We implemented a multi-step approach that coupled vulnerability assessments evaluating threats to Florida taxa such as climate change, sea-level rise, and habitat fragmentation with in-depth literature surveys of taxon-specific ecological traits. The vulnerability, adaptive capacity, and ecological traits of 12 threatened and endangered subspecies were compared to non-listed subspecies of the same parent species. Overall, the threatened and endangered subspecies showed high vulnerability and low adaptive capacity, in particular to sea level rise and habitat fragmentation. They also exhibited larger home ranges and greater dispersal limitation compared to non-endangered subspecies, which may inhibit their ability to track changing climate in fragmented landscapes. There was evidence for lower reproductive capacity in some of the threatened or endangered taxa, but not for most. Taxa located in the Florida Keys or in other low coastal areas were most vulnerable to sea level rise, and also showed low levels of adaptive capacity, indicating they may have a lower probability of conservation success. Our analysis of at-risk subspecies and closely related non-endangered subspecies demonstrates that ecological traits help to explain observed differences in vulnerability and adaptive capacity. This study points to the importance of assessing the relative contributions of multiple threats and evaluating conservation value at the species (or subspecies) level when resources are limited and several factors affect conservation success.
NADPH-dependent metabolism of 17β-estradiol and estrone to polar and nonpolar metabolites by human tissues and cytochrome P450 isoforms

The endogenous estrogens, 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) and estrone (E(1)), undergo extensive metabolism in animals and humans, and a large number of their hydroxylated and keto metabolites have been identified in biological samples. The formation of most of the oxidative estrogen metabolites is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Precise knowledge of the CYP-mediated formation of these metabolites, particularly those with unique biological activities (e.g., 4-hydroxy-E(2), 16alpha-hydroxy-E(1), 15alpha-hydroxy-E(2), 16-epiestriol, and 2-methoxyestradiol) in human liver and extrahepatic target tissues and cells, would add significantly to our understanding of the diverse biological functions that are associated with endogenous estrogens. In this article, we review recent results on the NADPH-dependent metabolism of endogenous estrogens to polar (hydroxylated and keto) metabolites as well as to nonpolar metabolites by human tissues and recombinant human CYP isoforms. The available data show that a large number of polar and nonpolar metabolites of E(2) and E(1) are formed by human tissues, and a variety of human CYP isoforms are involved in the NADPH-dependent formation of polar as well as nonpolar estrogen metabolites. These enzymes have varying degrees of catalytic activity and distinct regioselectivity.
Turbulent mixed convection from a large, high temperature, vertical flat surface

Abstract Turbulent mixed convection heat transfer at high temperatures and large length scales is an important and seldom studied phenomenon that can represent a significant part of the overall heat transfer in applications ranging from solar central receivers to objects in fires. This work is part of a study to validate turbulence models for predicting heat transfer to or from surfaces at large temperature differences and large length scales. Here, turbulent, three-dimensional, mixed convection heat transfer in air from a large (3 m square) vertical flat surface at high temperatures is studied using two RANS turbulence models: a standard k – e model and the v 2 ¯ – f model. Predictions for three cases spanning the range of the experiment (Siebers, D.L., Schwind, R.G., Moffat, R.F., 1982. Experimental mixed convection from a large, vertical plate in a horizontal flow. Paper MC13, vol. 3, Proc. 7th Int. Heat Transfer Conf., Munich; Siebers, D.L., 1983. Experimental mixed convection heat transfer from a large, vertical surface in a horizontal flow. PhD thesis, Stanford University) from forced ( Gr H / Re L 2 = 0.18 ) to mixed ( Gr H / Re L 2 = 3.06 ) to natural ( Gr H / Re L 2 = ∞ ) convection are compared with data. The results show a decrease in the heat transfer coefficient as Gr H / Re L 2 is increased from 0.18 to 3.06, for a free-stream velocity of 4.4 m/s. In the natural convection case, the experimental heat transfer coefficient is approximately constant in the fully turbulent region, whereas the calculated heat transfer coefficients show a slight increase with height. For the three cases studied, the calculated and experimental heat transfer coefficients agree to within 5–35% over most of the surface with the v 2 ¯ – f model results showing better agreement with the data. Calculated temperature and velocity profiles show good agreement with the data.
Hemodynamic support during high-risk PCI: a single-center comparison of in-hospital events between intraaortic balloon pump, Tandem Heart and Impella device

with any other technique of stenting. Guidewire twisting was the most frequent technical problem (24% of SzT). No major complications occurred during the procedure. Conclusion: The Szabo technique is highly successful in stenting ostial and bifurcated stenosis when performed by skilled operators. The incidences of failure are mainly related to wire twisting. Use of 6-Fr GC or higher is strongly recommended.
Investigations of Monofluoro-Substituted Benzoates at the Tetradecyltrimethylammonium Micellar Interface†

To shed more light on the factors that promote micelle growth and induce the sphere-to-rod transition, three micellar systems formed by surfactants containing tetradecyltrimethylammonium (TTA+) as cation and ortho-, meta-, or para-fluorobenzoate as counterion were investigated by conductivity, surface tension, and 1H, 19F, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The investigations illustrate that the transfer of TTA+/fluorobenzoate surfactants into the micellar phase and micelle growth are accompanied by characteristic changes in the NMR chemical shift and conductivity data, which were analyzed to determine the critical micelle concentration (cmc), the region of predominately spherical micelles, and the region of growth, where spherical aggregates are transformed to rodlike micelles. The studies reveal that TTA+/ortho-fluorobenzoate micelles with an averaged cmc of 2.51 mM remain roughly spherical even at surfactant concentrations as high as 70 mM. The graphs, in which the specific conductivity is plotted versus increa...
Evaluating therapeutic targets for reperfusion-related brain hemorrhage.

Objective Early reperfusion after an ischemic stroke can cause blood–brain barrier injury with subsequent cerebral edema and devastating brain hemorrhage. These complications of early reperfusion, which result from excess production of reactive oxygen species, significantly limit the benefits of stroke therapies. In this article, we use a novel animal model that facilitates identification of specific components of the reperfusion injury process, including vascular injury and secondary brain damage, and allows assessment of therapeutic interventions. Methods Knock-out (KO) mice containing 50% manganese-superoxide dismutase activity (SOD2-KO) and transgenic mice overexpressing SOD2 undergo transient focal ischemia and reperfusion followed by assessment of infarct, edema, hemorrhage rates, metalloproteinase activation, and microvascular injury. Results SOD2-KO mice demonstrate delayed (>24h) blood–brain barrier breakdown associated with activation of matrix metalloproteinases, inflammation, and high brain hemorrhage rates. These adverse consequences are absent in wild-type littermates and minocycline-treated SOD2-KO animals. Increased hemorrhage rates also are absent in SOD2 overexpressors, which have reduced vascular endothelial cell death. Finally, we show that the tight junction membrane protein, occludin, is an early and specific target in oxidative stress-induced microvascular injury. Interpretation This model is ideal for studying ischemia/reperfusion-induced vascular injury and secondary brain hemorrhage and offers a unique opportunity to evaluate antioxidant-based neurovascular protective strategies as potential adjunct treatments to currently approved stroke therapies such as thrombolysis and endovascular clot retrieval.Ann Neurol 2006
Identification of Surface Films Formed on Lithium in Dimethoxyethane and Tetrahydrofuran Solutions

Surface films formed on lithium metal in dimethoxyethane (DME) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) solutions of ,, and were analyzed using FTIR, SIMS, and XPS spectroscopies. The films formed in both solvents were found to contain lithium alkoxides. The main reaction products detected with FTIR were in DME, and in THF. SIMS measurements are consistent with this finding. Reaction mechanisms are discussed. When the water concentration in these systems is 0.01M or greater, is formed on the lithium surface and appears to be a major component in the surface films. XPS measurements gave evidence for simultaneous salt reduction on the lithium surface in addition to the solvent reactions.
Grasslands to Tree Plantations: Forest Transition in the Andes of Ecuador

Abstract Over the past four decades the establishment of pine plantations in high altitude paramo grasslands has been a growing land use change in Ecuador. As a result, plantation forestry has transformed some highland landscapes from grasslands to ones dominated by exotic trees. This transformation is analyzed in the context of forest transition theory, which provides a framework for explaining scenarios of increasing forest cover. Forest transition theory predicts that reforestation and afforestation, encompassing the establishment of secondary forests and plantations, respectively, occur when economic development leads to the abandonment of agricultural land or when forest scarcity prompts increases in plantation establishment. This research demonstrates that projected forest scarcity has played an important role in paramo to pine transitions. However, it also indicates that, in Ecuador, afforestation has been seen as a potential means to economic development rather than a consequence of it. Furthermor...
Refrigerated dough quality: effect of environment and genotypes of hard red spring wheat.

Abstract: Refrigerated dough products use wheat flour as their primary ingredient, so the quality and chemical composition of the flour determine the quality of the final product. Six varieties of hard red spring wheat, grown in 3 locations in Minnesota, U.S.A., were evaluated for use in refrigerated dough products. Total arabinoxylan percentages in the flours ranged from 0.97 to 1.54. Xylanase activity of the flour was measured and ranged from 0.20 to 0.84 mU/g. An important factor in the suitability for refrigerated dough is the syruping during storage. A large amount of variability in dough syruping was observed among the varieties and locations when the extent of dough syruping was measured over a period of 10 d. The mean dough syruping on day 10 ranged from 2.05% to 14.83%. Despite the significant interaction effect of genotype and environment, 2 varieties, Glenn and Oklee, had lower dough syrup formation with greater stability across growing locations and storage days than other varieties. Practical Application: Refrigerated dough production is one of the fastest growing segments of the ready-to-use food industry. Well-formulated and processed refrigerated doughs are practical to consume and should stay fresh during extended periods of storage; thus, maintenance of dough quality during refrigeration is critical. This study was designed to perform the research on genotypic and environmental effects on variations in dough syruping during refrigeration storage of doughs from hard red spring wheats.