cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethnic distribution of colorectal carcinoma at a large urban New York Hospital

A52 Introduction: Poorer outcomes are usually found in patients with colorectal carcinoma treated in public sector hospitals. Presumably, these results are related to inconsistent screening and a later stage of malignancy at presentation. Long-term survival from colorectal carcinoma is directly related to the tumor stage at presentation. An analysis of patients with colorectal carcinoma at a large public hospital was undertaken. Methods: All patients treated for colorectal cancer between 2000 and 2006 at Bellevue Hospital Center were reviewed. Ethnicity was documented in the medical record, and was determined by the individual. Results: There were 240 patients in the series. The majority were classified as Asian (81, 33.8%) or Hispanic (80, 33.3%), with fewer African-American (37, 15.4%), Caucasian (37, 15.4%), or Other (5, 2.1%). Caucasian (18, 48.7%) and African-American (13, 35.1%) patients were more likely to present with stage IV disease, compared to Asian (23, 28.4%) or Hispanic (25, 31.3%) patients. Stage III disease was more common in Asian (27, 33.3%) and Hispanic (25, 31.3%) patients, with fewer presenting with Stage I (Asian (16, 19.8%) and Hispanic (13, 16.3%)) or Stage II disease (Asian (13, 16.1%) and Hispanic (14, 17.5%)). More men (143, 59.6%) than women (97, 40.4%) were found in our series. For all ethnic groups, more women presented with Stage I (21.7% vs 14.9%) or Stage II (19.6% vs 16.1%), and fewer women presented with Stage III (24.7% vs 31.5%) or Stage IV disease (29.9% vs 35.7%). Conclusion: Our data demonstrates a change in the demographic pattern typically associated with a public hospital. The majority of our patients (67.1%) are Asian or Hispanic, which reflects the changing ethnic diversity of New York City. Our data also demonstrate an ethnic disparity in patients presenting with colorectal carcinoma. For all ethnic groups, the majority presented with stage III or IV disease. However, Asian and Hispanic patients consistently presented earlier than Caucasian and African-American patients. The reasons for this disparity are unknown, but may include family support structure, financial resources, education level and health insurance. Public hospitals must continue to improve patient education and health care access so more patients can be diagnosed and treated at an earlier stage.
Overview of a Large Scale Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Demonstration Project in an Active Oil Field in Texas, USA

Abstract The Southwest Regional Partnership on Carbon Sequestration (SWP) is one of seven large scale CO 2 sequestration projects sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy. The primary objective of the SWP effort, currently in its demonstration stage, is to exhibit and evaluate an active commercial-scale carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) operation, and demonstrate associated effective site characterization, monitoring, verification, accounting, and risk assessment. The SWP has monitored storage of 461,040 metric tonnes of CO 2 between October, 2013 and June, 2016 into 16 active patterns. At least 1 million metric tonnes of CO 2 will be stored prior to completion of the study. The SWP project is located within an active EOR field, a mature waterflood in the Farnsworth Unit, Texas, which is undergoing conversion to a CO 2 flood. All CO 2 utilized by the project is anthropogenic, sourced from a fertilizer and an ethanol plant, and this CO 2 would otherwise be vented to the atmosphere. Much of the injected CO 2 will be trapped permanently in the subsurface, and a primary objective is to quantify CO 2 storage capacity and study conditions and characteristics that promote trapping. This project will contribute to the development of future commercial CCUS projects in the United States by demonstrating all aspects of an actual commercial CCUS field operation, including effective reservoir engineering, monitoring, and simulation technologies. The project has acquired multiple data sets for site characterization, monitoring CO 2 plume growth, and storage security. Surface and near-surface monitoring methods used to evaluate CO 2 migration out of the reservoir, have verified that CO 2 leakage to the surface and/or groundwater has not occurred through September of 2016. As the SWP acquires data for each major area of study (characterization, monitoring, simulation, and risk), information and feedback are acquired to improve the work in other focus areas. A conscious effort is made to discern aspects of the work that can contribute to Department of Energy Best Practices Manuals for carbon sequestration, in particular as it relates to CCUS projects. This paper presents the SWP project, its current status, and progress towards primary goals.
Optimization of 1H decoupling eliminates sideband artifacts in 3D TROSY-based triple resonance experiments.

TROSY-based triple resonance experiments are essential for protein backbone assignment of large biomolecular systems by solution NMR spectroscopy. In a survey of the current Bruker pulse sequence library for TROSY-based experiments we found that several sequences were plagued by artifacts that affect spectral quality and hamper data analysis. Specifically, these experiments produce sidebands in the 13C(t 1) dimension with inverted phase corresponding to 1HN resonance frequencies, with approximately 5% intensity of the parent 13C crosspeaks. These artifacts originate from the modulation of the 1HN frequency onto the resonance frequency of 13Cα and/or 13Cβ and are due to 180° pulses imperfections used for 1H decoupling during the 13C(t 1) evolution period. These sidebands can become severe for CAi, CAi−1 and/or CBi, CBi−1 correlation experiments such as TROSY-HNCACB. Here, we implement three alternative decoupling strategies that suppress these artifacts and, depending on the scheme employed, boost the sensitivity up to 14% on Bruker spectrometers. A class of comparable Agilent/Varian pulse sequences that use WALTZ16 1H decoupling can also be improved by this method resulting in up to 60–80% increase in sensitivity.
A New Species of Pseudactium Casey (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) from Tennessee, USA

Abstract Pseudactium credoi Owens and Carlton, new species, is described from three male specimens collected at a blacklight in Wilson County, Tennessee. Pseudactium credoi is similar to Pseudactium parabolicum (Brendel) and Pseudactium ursum Carlton in the form of the ventral projections of ventrite III, but secondary sexual modifications on the legs and the form of the aedeagus differ in ways that are consistent with species boundaries among other pselaphine taxa. A modified key to the species of Pseudactium Casey is provided to allow for the separation of P. credoi from the other twelve described species in the genus. This is the third species of Pseudactium described since the last revision of the genus.
A Highly Efficient X-Band Inverse Class-F SiGe HBT Cascode Power Amplifier With Harmonic-Tuned Wilkinson Power Combiner

A highly efficient sub-Watt X-band inverse class-F SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) cascode power amplifier (PA) is presented. With a multi-harmonic resonance filter and a low loss lumped-element Wilkinson power combiner as an output matching network, the inverse class-F operation is realized successfully and high output power and power added efficiency (PAE) are obtained simultaneously. A cascode configuration with a low base impedance termination and reduced voltage–current waveform overlap extends ${V} _{\rm{CE}}$ swing of the upper SiGe HBT in the cascode beyond BVCBO, leading to improvement in output power and PAE. As proof of concept, the proposed PA was implemented in a 0.13- ${{\mu }}\text{m}$ SiGe BiCMOS technology platform. Measured results shows 53.4% peak PAE with 26.1 dBm output power at 10 GHz, when operated on a 3.0-V supply. No performance degradation is observed after 24-h continuous mode operation. To the author’s best knowledge, this brief has the highest PAE among any Si-based X-band PAs with comparable output power, which demonstrates that the proposed harmonic-tuned Wilkinson power combiner approach is an appropriate solution for efficient PA design at X-band.
Microstructural stability of supported metal catalysts: A phase field approach

Abstract The long-term stability of supported metal catalysts designed for solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes is evaluated using a phase field simulation approach. Porous support structures are numerically sintered and then infiltrated with a nanoscale catalyst phase to mimic scaffolds fabricated via both pyrolysis and acid leaching techniques. Simulations capture the dewetting, particle agglomeration, and coarsening processes that occur during extended operation at elevated temperatures. We systematically explore the microstructural evolution of the active phase for a range of infiltration loadings from 2 to 21% and report on common performance metrics, such as triple phase boundary (TPB) density and contiguity. Ostwald ripening and particle migration and coalescence events are identified as dominant mechanisms contributing to severe reductions in the TPB density and catalyst deactivation. Despite marked differences between the simulated pyrolyzed and leached scaffold structures, the resulting TPB densities are comparable in value. Additionally, we show that tuning the metal catalyst/scaffold contact angle between 6 0 ∘ and 12 0 ∘ does not significantly affect TPB density. More broadly, this work elucidates the challenges associated with stabilizing nanoscale dispersions prepared by infiltration and similar techniques.
A synthetic approach to the phorboxazoles – A strategy for the synthesis of the C1–C19 polyketide fragment

Abstract A synthetic approach to the C1–C19 polyketide fragment of the phorboxazoles is disclosed here. While an initial two-directional approach was efficient, it did not proceed in a high enough yield to justify moving forward. A subsequent successful strategy for the generation of the C11–C15 pyrans of both of the phorboxazoles was achieved, and the installation of the C9 stereocenter was able to be demonstrated. Furthermore, an efficient route for the preparation of the C1–C8 fragment with suitable functionality to allow for elaboration into the complete C1–C19 fragment, with the capricious C2–C3 Z-geometry installed, was also achieved.
When radionuclides meet nanoparticles.

Interaction between radionuclides and nanoparticles expands the in vivo imaging possibilities based on Cerenkov luminescence.
Effects of diluent on laminar burning speed and flame structure of gas to liquid fuel air mixtures at high temperatures and moderate pressures

Abstract Gas to liquid (GTL) fuel has gained attention recently because of its clean combustion behavior. Experimental studies have been performed to investigate fundamental combustion characteristics such as laminar burning speed and flame structure of GTL/air/diluent premixed flames. In the present study, the GTL fuel was designated by Syntroleum S-8, supplied by US Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), which was synthesized from natural gas using the Fisher–Tropsch (F–T) process. A mixture of 32% iso-octane, 25% n-decane and 43% n-dodecane by volume was used as a surrogate for GTL fuel. In this work, two diluent concentrations of 5% and 10% were used. The diluent is a blend of 86% N2 and 14% CO2 having the same specific heat as the burned gases. Experiments were conducted using a spherical vessel for laminar burning speeds measurement and a cylindrical vessel to investigate the flame structures. The cylindrical vessel was set up in a Z-shape Schlieren system coupled with a high-speed CMOS camera that was used to capture evolutionary behavior of flames at up to 40,000 frames per second. A multi-shell thermodynamic model was used to calculate the laminar burning speed for the smooth and low stretch flames. During the flame expansion, measured pressure rise as a function of time was the input into the thermodynamic model. Power law correlations for laminar burning speeds of GTL/air/diluent premixed flames over a wide range of temperatures (from 490 K to 610 K), pressures (from 0.5 atm to 3.2 atm), equivalence ratios (from 0.7 to 1.2), and two different diluent concentrations of 5% and 10% have been reported. Experimental burning speed results were compared with simulation values calculated by the solution of one dimensional steady premixed flame code from CANTERA using Ranzi’s chemical kinetics mechanisms. Results of simulations are close to the measured values.
State Mental Health Policy: Effect on Outcomes for Identifies Priority Populations

This study uses service and policy information derived from the National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors Research Institute'sState Mental Health Authority Profiling System and from data on 1990 mental health services collected through theInventory of Mental Health Organizations. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of policies identifying children with severe emotional disturbance (SED) and elderly mentally ill as priority populations with actual utilization. Two outcome variables were used: (1) the proportion of children with SED or elderly clients in the total service population (service utilization), and (2) the proportion of treated individuals with mental illness in the state population (relative access). Initial analyses suggest a need for improving the systematic reporting of identified priority populations and provide planning implications for state and federal officials.
Robotically-Assisted Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy (RAMIE): The Ivor Lewis Approach

The incidence of esophageal cancer has increased exponentially over the past three decades, particularly in the United States and other western countries, with rates of esophageal adenocarcinoma rising faster than rates for any other solid organ tumor [1, 2]. According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) database, an estimated 16,910 newly diagnosed cases and 15,690 deaths due to esophageal malignancy were expected in the United States in 2016. These estimates place esophageal cancer as the sixth most lethal cancer in both the United States and the rest of the world [3].
Integrative cancer patient stratification via subspace merging.

Motivation Technologies that generate high-throughput omics data are flourishing, creating enormous, publicly available repositories of multi-omics data. As many data repositories continue to grow, there is an urgent need for computational methods that can leverage these data to create comprehensive clusters of patients with a given disease. Results Our proposed approach creates a patient-to-patient similarity graph for each data type as an intermediate representation of each omics data type and merges the graphs through subspace analysis on a Grassmann manifold. We hypothesize that this approach generates more informative clusters by preserving the complementary information from each level of omics data. We applied our approach to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) breast cancer dataset and show that by integrating gene expression, microRNA and DNA methylation data, our proposed method can produce clinically useful subtypes of breast cancer. We then investigate the molecular characteristics underlying these subtypes. We discover a highly expressed cluster of genes on chromosome 19p13 that strongly correlates with survival in TCGA breast cancer patients and validate these results in three additional breast cancer datasets. We also compare our approach with previous integrative clustering approaches and obtain comparable or superior results. Availability and implementation https://github.com/michaelsharpnack/GrassmannCluster. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Hydrogen and oxygen from water—II: Some considerations in the reduction of the idea to practice

Abstract An analytical model of an archetypal device for using solar energy in a one-step thermochemical process for producing hydrogen and oxygen from water is presented. It is used to help us anticipate and evaluate sources of irreversibilities associated with the operation of various components of such a device and to suggest alternatives which should be considered.
Isolation and structural characterization of a molecular variant of dog pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor.

A rapid two-step method has been developed for the purification of pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) from pancreatic juice obtained from dogs, stimulated with secretin and the octapeptide of cholecystokinin. The PSTI was isolated in two biologically active molecular forms. Determination of amino acid compositions and NH2-terminal amino acid sequences demonstrated that the major form represented the intact 57-amino-acid residue peptide, and the minor form (comprising 5-10% of the total activity) represented des[Asn1 Asn2 Met3] PSTL The metabolite arises from cleavage of a Met-Leu bond, and its formation may be a consequence of incomplete inhibition of chymotrypsinogen activation in the juice.
A Brief Exposure to Magnetic Distortions During Embryonic Development May Compromise the Migration of Loggerhead Hatchlings

Abstract In a previous study it was shown that loggerhead (Caretta caretta) eggs exposed during embryonic development to a distorted magnetic field produced hatchlings incapable of using magnetic i...
Reconfigurable open microfluidics for studying the spatiotemporal dynamics of paracrine signalling

The study of intercellular signalling networks requires organotypic microscale systems that facilitate the culture, conditioning and manipulation of cells. Here, we describe a reconfigurable microfluidic cell-culture system that facilitates the assembly of three-dimensional tissue models by stacking layers that contain preconditioned microenvironments. By using principles of open and suspended microfluidics, the Stacks system is easily assembled or disassembled to provide spatial and temporal manoeuvrability in two-dimensional and three-dimensional assays of multiple cell types, enabling the modelling of sequential paracrine-signalling events, such as tumour-cell-mediated differentiation of macrophages and macrophage-facilitated angiogenesis. We used Stacks to recapitulate the in vivo observation that different prostate cancer tissues polarize macrophages with distinct gene-expression profiles of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Stacks also enabled us to show that these two types of macrophages signal distinctly to endothelial cells, leading to blood vessels with different morphologies. Our proof-of-concept experiments exemplify how Stacks can efficiently model multicellular interactions and highlight the importance of spatiotemporal specificity in intercellular signalling. A reconfigurable microfluidic cell-culture system that facilitates the assembly of 3D tissue models by stacking layers containing preconditioned microenvironments enables the modelling of the spatiotemporal dynamics of paracrine signalling.
A Crude Extract Preparation and Optimization from a Genomically Engineered Escherichia coli for the Cell-Free Protein Synthesis System: Practical Laboratory Guideline

With the advancement of synthetic biology, the cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system has been receiving the spotlight as a versatile toolkit for engineering natural and unnatural biological systems. The CFPS system reassembles the materials necessary for transcription and translation and recreates the in vitro protein synthesis environment by escaping a physical living boundary. The cell extract plays an essential role in this in vitro format. Here, we propose a practical protocol and method for Escherichia coli-derived cell extract preparation and optimization, which can be easily applied to both commercially available and genomically engineered E. coli strains. The protocol includes: (1) The preparation step for cell growth and harvest, (2) the thorough step-by-step procedures for E. coli cell extract preparation including the cell wash and lysis, centrifugation, runoff reaction, and dialysis, (3) the preparation for the CFPS reaction components and, (4) the quantification of cell extract and cell-free synthesized protein. We anticipate that the protocol in this research will provide a simple preparation and optimization procedure of a highly active E. coli cell extract.
Reassessing the Influence of Criminal History in Federal Criminal Courts

Prior sentencing research indicates that defendants with more extensive criminal histories receive more punitive dispositions and that criminal history influences sentencing decisions over and abov...
Tailored Optimization of Pediatric Body MR Angiography for Successful Outcomes in Thoracic Applications.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to describe optimized techniques for successful thoracic MR angiography (MRA) in children and to review examples of commonly encountered conditions. CONCLU...
Risk Factors and Public Assistance Role in Hypertension among Homeless Population: A Cohort Study

Homelessness is defined as a condition of people living without any regular nighttime residence [1]..
Gauging Preference Stability and Ideological Constraint under Authoritarian Rule

Why do authoritarian regimes like China devote resources to gathering information about the policy preferences of the public? We argue that if the public exhibits stable, multi-dimensional preferences, authoritarian regimes have incentives to gather information about these preferences in order to divide and rule and guard against elite competition. By conducting two online, longitudinal surveys, we show that in China, policy preferences are indeed multi-dimensional, stable, and predictable over time. We use multiple items to measure preferences in six policy domains: political liberalism, market economy, nationalism, traditionalism, social equality, and ethnic accommodation. We observe only moderate correlations between political liberalism, market economy, nationalism, and traditionalism, which implies multi-dimensionality. Preferences for all issue areas except social equality exhibit relatively high levels of inter-temporal stability and predictability over a one-month period comparable to what is seen in competitive electoral democracies. Those with higher levels of education and political knowledge have more stable preferences. We provide guidance on how to measure these relatively coherent and temporally stable preferences, or ideology, using surveys.
From Taylorism to Kaizen: Taking Accounting from Management by Exception to Continuous Improvement

Abstract Despite the well documented advantages of continuous improvement (CI) management, implementation failures are discouragingly high (Jazayeri and Hopper, 1999). In the quality literature the most significant reason for this reported failure is cultural resistance (Irani et al., 2003) due in part to insufficient trust (Chenhall and Langfield-Smith 2003) and learning anxiety (Busco et al.,2006). In the early 1900s Taylor decoupled planning from execution. Continuous improvement recouples these management actions. Consequently, this research suggests that recoupling of planning and execution by CI management creates the need for new accounting systems. Seizing a serendipitous opportunity to develop such a model, the researchers use a constructivist research approach to design and implement a CI control and management system in an American company. Consistent with a position taken by Covaleski et al. (2003) and using constructivist research (Kasanen et al., 1993),(Lukka, 2000), multiple theoretic models were applied as no single theory adequately addressed the critical implementation issues. Consequently, this application uses theoretical elements from Old Institutional Economics (OIE), Agency, and Constructivist Learning theories to develop the application demonstrated in this paper. This is not to deny that different theories may explain the same phenomena (Tolbert and Zucker, 1996). But, while there was some overlap, none of the theoretical models conflicted. However, agency theory developed within a scientific management strategy was found to be deficient in explanatory power and required learning considerations to inform CI strategies. Finally, this work is only a pilot study with all the difficulties and ambiguities of such. Its acceptance and use within the company represents a weak validation (Labro and Tuomela, 2003) of the CI model. It's value will be truly determined by future expansion and application of its insights.
Lifting the veil: Considering the conceptualizations of racism-based trauma among social workers:

There is often a superficial veil that divides those willing to discuss the construct of race and those participating in racial ambivalence or color blindness. Talking about race, racism, and the t...
Modifying Li+ and Anion Diffusivities in Polyacetal Electrolytes: A Pulsed-Field-Gradient NMR Study of Ion Self-Diffusion

Author(s): Halat, DM; Snyder, RL; Sundararaman, S; Choo, Y; Gao, KW; Hoffman, ZJ; Abel, BA; Grundy, LS; Galluzzo, MD; Gordon, MP; Celik, H; Urban, JJ; Prendergast, D; Coates, GW; Balsara, NP; Reimer, JA | Abstract: Polyacetal electrolytes have been demonstrated as promising alternatives to liquid electrolytes and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries; however, the relationship between polymer structure and ion motion is difficult to characterize. Here, we study structure-property trends in ion diffusion with respect to polymer composition for a systematic series of five polyacetals with varying ratios of ethylene oxide (EO) to methylene oxide (MO) units, denoted as P(xEO-yMO), and PEO. We first use 7Li and 19F pulsed-field-gradient NMR spectroscopy to measure cation and anion self-diffusion, respectively, in polymer/lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt mixtures. At 90 °C, we observe modest changes in Li+ diffusivity across all polymer compositions, while anion (TFSI-) self-diffusion coefficients decrease significantly with increasing MO content. At a given reduced temperature (T - Tg), all polyacetal electrolytes exhibit faster Li+ self-diffusion than PEO. Intriguingly, P(EO-MO) and P(EO-2MO) also show slower TFSI- anion self-diffusion than PEO at a given reduced temperature. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that shorter distances between acetal oxygen atoms (O-CH2-O) compared to ether oxygens (O-CH2-CH2-O) promote more diverse, often asymmetric, Li+ coordination environments. Raman spectra reveal that anion-rich ion clusters in P(EO-MO) and P(EO-2MO) lead to decreased anion diffusivity, which along with increased cation diffusivity, support the viability of polyacetals as high-performance polymer electrolytes.
Development, Crash Testing, and Evaluation of Steel-Post Trailing-End Guardrail Anchorage System:

Trailing-end guardrail anchorage systems are widely used by most state departments of transportation (DOTs) and generally consist of simple adaptations of crashworthy end terminals. The safety perf...
Anatomic Forms of Male and Female Carpometacarpal Joints

The thumb carpometacarpal joint (CMC) is commonly afflicted with osteoarthrosis (OA), which is predominant in the female population over 45.6 A common hypothesis attributes the prevalence of the development of this disease to the particular saddle-shaped anatomy of the articular surfaces of the CMC joint from female subjects. In early studies, MacConaill8 postulated that the saddle configuration of the CMC joint is the most efficient for providing conjunct rotation during circumduction of the thumb, while Napier9 described joint anatomy and congruence of the joint, and the stabilizing role of capsular ligaments. More recently, Smith and Kuczynski11 classified the various shapes of the trapezium as sellar, triangular, ovoid and semi-cylindrical, and they noted that some of these CMC articular surface shapes predispose to, or accompany, OA changes. North and Rutledge10 also found that the trapezium tended to be flatter in joints with early OA changes, and that CMC joints from female subjects had shallower surfaces than those from male subjects. Based on the work of Huiskes and co-workers,5 we developed a close-range stereophotogrammetric (SPG) method to accurately quantify the anatomy of knee joint articular surfaces.3 In the present investigation, we adopted our SPG method for a detailed anatomic study of the thumb carpometacarpal joint. Furthermore, using fundamental principles of differential geometry, each SPG determined 3-D surface was characterized by calculating its total surface area and principal curvatures.
The Impact of Christchurch City (New Zealand) on Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Avon-Heathcote Estuary

This paper reviews heavy metal (Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) content in the clay fraction ( 63 µm), and total sediment. Clay fraction depth profiles record periods of high heavy metal input in sediments deposited slowly but not in sediments deposited rapidly. Most metals, organic matter, mud, and Fe oxides accumulate in a broad anaerobic band across the western area of the estuary. Organic matter and metal concentrations are increasing towards the surface in depth profiles of this zone. This pattern combined with the increasingly eutrophic state of the estuary suggests more serious heavy metal contamination in the future.
Using Sarbanes-Oxley Act to Reward Honest Corporations

Sarbanes-Oxley Act offers an opportunity to reward truthful corporations and their management, offering them a competitive advantage, and relieving them from some the Act's provisions. Corporate culture plays an important role in a corporation's honest behavior. One size does not fit all in matters of corporate culture. Sarbanes-Oxley Act provisions that impose on all corporations the same internal controls and governance rules impose unnecessary costs on corporations, requiring honest corporations to change one good habit for another. The article suggests that relief from some of the internal controls rules imposed in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act might be an effective way for rewarding corporations for their honest behavior rather than punishing them.
SYSTEMATIC AND UNSYSTEMATIC RISK OF RATES OF RETURN ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTED FOREST PRODUCTS COMPANIES

The objective of most investors in stocks or other assets is to maximize the expected returns in a given risk class; in other words, to minimize risk for a given level of expected returns. Although “risk” may connote the chance of injury or loss, the term is not defined so narrowly in this article. Rather, it is used to reflect volatility in stock or other assets' rates of return and should not be confused with risk and uncertainty in the production process. Risk, as approached herein, equals the variance of historical rates of return about the average rate of return.
Palmityl coenzyme A inhibition of fatty acid synthesis. Relief by bovine serum albumin and mycobacterial polysaccharides.

The effects of acyl-CoA derivatives (C8 to C20) on the activity of the fatty acid synthetases from yeast and Corynebacterium diphtheriae have been examined. Both enzyme systems are inhibited by the longer chain acyl thioesters (C16 to C20) and protected against this inhibition by bovine serum albumin (BSA). Identical relief from acyl-CoA inhibition is provided by the 6-O-methylglucose-containing lipopolysaccharide (MGLP), from Mycobacterium phlei. It is shown that MGLP forms a stable complex with palmityl-CoA. This interaction accounts for the BSA-like effects of the polysaccharide. BSA and MGLP have two further effects on the fatty acid synthetases under study, also attributable to complex formation with palmityl-CoA. They stimulate the rate of over-all synthesis from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, and they cause a shift of the fatty acid pattern towards products of shorter chain length. The observed effects are discussed in terms of the regulation of fatty acid synthesis both with respect to rate and product composition. It is concluded that in the two microbial enzyme systems negative feedback inhibition and its relief are important control mechanisms.
Persönlichkeitsstile und Belastungsfolgen

Ein Zugangsweg zur psychotherapeutischen Arbeit besteht darin, das eigene Wissen zu strukturieren und einzugrenzen. Der seit mehreren Jahrzehnten verfolgte Ansatz des Autors beschrankt sich innerhalb der Storungen ai]f die Belastungsfolgesyndrome — und innerhalb der verschiedenen Personlichkeitsstile ai]f den zwanghaften, den histrionischen sowie den narzisstischen Typ. Der integrativ psychodynamisch-kognitive Ansatz beruht ai]f einer Informationsverarbeitungstheorie, in deren Mittelpunkt die Verarbeitung konflikthafter Gedanken und Gefuhle und die Veranderung von personlichen Schemata stehen. Aufgrund dieses theoretischen Bezugssystems ist es moglich, eine Reihe von Vermutungen uber beobachtbares Verhalten aufzustellen und daraus spezifische therapeutische Techniken abzuleiten.
A new SCR based induction motor drive with wide speed range

An SCR based naturally commutated induction motor drive that provides high torque over a wide speed range is presented. The topology is similar to that of certain naturally commutated current source inverters, but modulation techniques and system performance are very different. Two switching algorithms are proposed to cover low-speed and high-speed regimes. Torque ripple is negligible in the low-speed region. With these two switching techniques, commutation is reliable and operation within peak device voltage stress limits is guaranteed. For induction machine loads, this drive has the torque-speed capability typical of a cycloconverter (but with far fewer devices) plus a field weakening range that the cycloconverter does not have. Simulation and experimental results are presented. >
Recognizing dialogue content in student collaborative conversation

This paper describes efforts to both promote and recognize student dialogue in free-entry text discussion within an inquiry-learning environment First, we discuss collaborative tools that enable students to work together and how these tools can potentially focus student effort on subject matter We then show how our tutor uses an expert knowledge base to recognize (with 88% success rate) when students are discussing content relevant to the problem and to correctly link (with 70% success) that content with an actual topic Subsets of the data indicate that even better results are possible This research provides solid support for the concept of using a knowledge base to recognize content in free-entry text discussion The paper concludes by demonstrating how this content recognition can be used to support students engaged in problem-solving activities.
Pathology of Lung Cancer

Over the past decade, the diagnosis, treatment and management of lung cancer has evolved substantially, in large part to the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents and targeted therapy in particular. As such, accurate classification of lung carcinomas from a histologic standpoint has become increasingly critical for appropriate patient management. Much of the focus of lung cancer pathology in the past decade has concentrated on adenocarcinoma. As such, the aim of this chapter will primarily focus on the evolution of this cancer subtype and review the recently published adenocarcinoma classification prepared jointly by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society. Squamous cell carcinoma will also be discussed, particularly in regard to accurate discrimination from adenocarcinoma. The role of the pathologist in molecular testing will be reviewed, particularly as it relates to specimens obtained from radiologic procedures. Finally, given that the scope of this publication is radiation oncology, the histologic changes and evaluation of tumors which have undergone radiation and/or neo-adjuvant therapy will be discussed.
Slow ATP loss and the defense of ion homeostasis in the anoxic frog brain.

For most vertebrates, cutting off the oxygen supply to the brain results in a rapid (within minutes) loss of ATP, the failure of ATP-dependent ion-transport process, subsequent anoxic depolarization of neuronal membrane potential and consequential neuronal death. The few species that survive brain anoxia for days or months, such as the freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta , avoid anoxic depolarization and maintain brain ATP levels through a coordinated downregulation of brain energy demand processes. The frog Rana pipiens represents an intermediate in anoxia-tolerance, being able to survive brain anoxia for hours. However, the anoxic frog brain does not defend its energy stores. Instead, anoxia-tolerance appears to be related to a retarded rate of ATP depletion. To investigate the relationship between this slow ATP depletion and the loss of ionic homeostasis, cerebral extracellular K+ concentrations were monitored and ATP levels measured during anoxia, during the initial phase of anoxic depolarization and during complete anoxic depolarization. Extracellular K+ levels were maintained at normoxic levels for at least 3 h of anoxia, while ATP content decreased by 35 %. When ATP levels reached 0.33±0.06 mmol l–1 (mean ± s.e.m., N =5), extracellular K+ levels slowly started to increase. This value is thought to represent a critical ATP concentration for the maintenance of ion homeostasis. When extracellular [K+] reached an inflection value of 4.77±0.84 mmol l–1 (mean ± s.e.m., N =5), approximately 1 h later, the brain quickly depolarized. Part of the reduction in ATP demand was attributable to an approximately 50 % decrease in the rate of K+ efflux from the anoxic frog brain, which would also contribute to the retarded rate of increase in extracellular [K+] during the initial phase of anoxic depolarization. However, unlike the anoxia-tolerant turtle brain, adenosine did not appear to be involved in the downregulation of K+ leakage in the frog brain. The increased anoxia-tolerance of the frog brain is thought to be a matter more of slow death than of enhanced protective mechanisms.
Comparing the two sides of the nonprofit organization–donor relationship: Applying coorientation methodology to relationship management

Although public relations scholars recommend practitioners strive for symmetry in their communication programming, scholarship on the organization–public relationship has abandoned the push for symmetry despite potential problems that could emerge when the organization and publics have different viewpoints. Using the coorientation methodology, this study found that even though fundraisers and donors at a West coast hospital viewed their relationship positively, the differences in the evaluations leave room for the organization to devise strategies to improve the relationship status.
Uniqueness for Cesàro summable double Walsh series

We prove a Tauberian theorem for Walsh series of two variables, and use it to obtain several results about uniqueness of Cesaro summable double Walsh series. Namely, we show that up to sets of measure zero, Cesaro summability of double Walsh series is the same as convergence of the square dyadic partial sums and, under a suitable growth condition, that uniqueness holds for Cesaro summable double Walsh series.
Applications of Laplace transforms of matrix functions

Abstract The Laplace transforms of certain elementary matrix functions are obtained. These transforms are then used to solve the differential equations of a general linear conservative vibrating system, a vibrating system with a special type of viscous damping, and the motion of the Foucault pendulum. The paper concludes with a discussion of the equations of a multiple transmission line and the vibrations of a Bernoulli-Euler beam.
CART Impact Recorder Data Analysis Using Mathematical Modeling

This paper presents acceleration data of seventy-eight open-wheel, Indy car type, racecar impacts. These data were collected by the “Impact Sensor Program” conducted jointly by the Ford Motor Company and the Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART), Inc. The seventy-eight impacts consisted of forty-two side impacts, thirty rear impacts, three frontal impacts, and three rollover/flipping of cars. Related crash data were used as input to a CAE model of a racecar driver in a typical CART car to perform computer simulations of the impacts. This model was developed using MADYMO software, and was an enhanced version of one previously published. Enhancements to the model included accurate geometrical representations of the cockpit interior, the seat, and the energy-absorbing collar; a more realistic geometry of the driver’s head and an improved representation of the neck; a highly detailed model of the driver’s helmet; and improved contact algorithms to define the head-helmet, helmet-collar, and head-chin strap interactions. Additionally, data collected from twenty-six drivers were used to improve the seating posture of the driver in the model. Results of simulations performed established the validity of the model in predicting the potential injury risk to the drivers in the head and neck areas. Model predictions of injuries based on the “Head Injury Criterion” (HIC), the Injury Assessment Reference Values (IARVs) of upper neck forces and moments, and a biomechanical neck injury predictor compared well with the actual injuries sustained by the drivers. The model predictions of reversible concussions also compared well with results of recent brain injury risk studies. The present study shows that CAE modeling can be effectively used to predict potential injuries to racecar drivers involved in high “G” impacts, and that the model can be used to evaluate countermeasures to improve safety of CART cars.© 2002 ASME
Activity and catch-up growth in hypothyroid rats

Abstract Hypothyroidism was induced in 38-day old male rats by feeding the animals a chow diet supplemented with propylthiouracil (PTU, 0.1% by weight) for 43 days. Wheel activity of PTU animals was not significantly different from that of euthyroid, ad lib feeding controls but it was significantly lower when compared to pairfed controls. Body weight was significantly lower than that of euthyroid ad lib controls. Active PTU rats weighed more than pairfed active, while nonactive PTU weighed less than pairfed nonactive controls. After 75 days of PTU discontinuation catch-up growth of PTU animals was not complete: both body weight and tibia length were significantly lower in the PTU condition in comparison to euthyroid, ad lib feeding condition. However, no difference existed between the catch-up growth of PTU and pairfed animals. It was suggested that growth arrest observed in early hypothyroidism may be partly due to factors nonspecific to thyroxine absence, such as hypophagia.
The Sequence Structures of Human MicroRNA Molecules and Their Implications

The count of the nucleotides in a cloned, short genomic sequence has become an important criterion to annotate such a sequence as a miRNA molecule. While the majority of human mature miRNA sequences consist of 22 nucleotides, there exists discrepancy in the characteristic lengths of the miRNA sequences. There is also a lack of systematic studies on such length distribution and on the biological factors that are related to or may affect this length. In this paper, we intend to fill this gap by investigating the sequence structure of human miRNA molecules using statistics tools. We demonstrate that the traditional discrete probability distributions do not model the length distribution of the human mature miRNAs well, and we obtain the statistical distribution model with a decent fit. We observe that the four nucleotide bases in a miRNA sequence are not randomly distributed, implying that possible structural patterns such as dinucleotide (trinucleotide or higher order) may exist. Furthermore, we study the relationships of this length distribution to multiple important factors such as evolutionary conservation, tumorigenesis, the length of precursor loop structures, and the number of predicted targets. The association between the miRNA sequence length and the distributions of target site counts in corresponding predicted genes is also presented. This study results in several novel findings worthy of further investigation that include: (1) rapid evolution introduces variation to the miRNA sequence length distribution; (2) miRNAs with extreme sequence lengths are unlikely to be cancer-related; and (3) the miRNA sequence length is positively correlated to the precursor length and the number of predicted target genes.
Fault insertion techniques and models for digital logic simulation

During the past few years it has become increasingly apparent that in order to design and develop highly reliable and maintainable digital logic systems it is necessary to be able to accurately simulate those systems. Not only is it necessary to be able to simulate a logic net as it was intended to behave, but it is also necessary to be able to model or simulate the behavior of the logic net when it contains a physical defect. (The representation of a physical defect is known as a fault.) The behavioral simulation of a digital logic net which contains a physical defect, or fault, is known as digital fault simulation.
An engineering-economic approach to estimating the price elasticity of residential electricity demand

Abstract This paper develops separate methods for projecting short- and long-run electricity demand. The short-run econometric analysis accounts explicitly for weather- sensitive appliances and distinguishes these from non-weather-sensitive appliances. The long-run analysis combines the econometric approach with an engineering accounting approach. Unlike pure econometric approaches, it is able to identify the effect of sharp price increases on electricity demand. It treats total price elasticity as the sum of a utilization elasticity and a long-run stock adjustment. Using utility specific data, we obtain elasticity estimates at the low end of the range of previous estimates.
Bipolar cells use kainate and AMPA receptors to filter visual information into separate channels.

Abstract Unlike cone photoreceptors, whose light responses have a uniform time course, retinal ganglion cells are tuned to respond to different temporal components in a changing visual scene. The signals in a mammalian cone flow to three to five morphologically distinct "OFF" bipolar cells at a sign-conserving, glutamatergic synapse. By recording simultaneously from pairs of synaptically connected cones and OFF bipolar cells, I now show that each morphological type of OFF bipolar cell receives its signal through a different AMPA or kainate receptor. The characteristic rate at which each receptor recovers from desensitization divides the cone signal into temporal components. Temporal processing begins at the first synapse in the visual system.