cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anxiety and depression in Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Antecedents, consequences, and differential impact on well-being and quality of life.

Abstract Background Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) are often plagued by the unpredictability of their disease and have to contend with uncertainty in their life and significant life changes. This can lead to high levels of stress, perceived lack of control, helplessness, and anxiety. Despite these circumstances, anxiety disorders are often overshadowed by depression, which can result in its presence being overlooked and undertreated by many medical professionals. Methods One hundred and eighty three individuals with MS completed a comprehensive online survey assessing depression and anxiety and the demographic and disease risk factors of such, including social support and substance use. Participants also completed measures of MS symptomatology, disease management, psychological well-being, and quality of life to determine the impact of depression and anxiety on outcomes associated with MS. Results Findings suggest that both depression and anxiety are prevalent in MS and related to many outcomes. However, based on comparisons of the associations and group comparisons, with a few exceptions, anxiety proved to more impactful than depression when examining these outcomes. When evaluating the risk factors/contributors of anxiety and depression, social support was a consistent predictor. Younger age and shorter disease duration were also associated with anxiety, while lower education and substance use were predictors of depression. Conclusion Findings suggest that attention to anxiety be given as much as depression as it plays a large role in individuals’ perceived health and well-being, which subsequently impacts the severity of symptoms and overall quality of life. Early identification of anxiety and potential substance use and increased social support also appear to be crucial for mitigating the impact of depression and anxiety.
Memorable travel experiences: recollection vs belief

This study intends to investigate if there are variations in the ways of evoking the memorable travel experience. It utilises two groups of respondents to assess the underlying difference between recollected experiences and believed experiences. To examine whether the two types of memory retrieving venues including (1) recollection and (2) belief differ in forming memorable travel experiences, a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is deployed on the two groups of respondents who use a different type of retrieving venue to report their memorable travel experiences. The results show that those who retrieve their memories via the way of recollection have higher destination-enthusiasm than those who echo their trip memories from their belief. The conclusion section highlights theoretical and managerial discussions on the dissimilarity between the circumstances of recollection and belief regarding the creation of memorable travel experiences
Repulsive expansion dynamics in colony growth and patterning

Spatial expansion of a population of cells can arise from growth of microorganisms, plant cells, and mammalian cells. It underlies normal or dysfunctional tissue development and it can be exploited as the foundation for programming spatial patterns. This expansion is often driven by continuous growth and division of cells within a colony, which in turn pushes the peripheral cells outward. This process generates a repulsion velocity field at each location within the colony. Here we show that this process can be approximated as coarse-grained repulsive-expansion kinetics. This framework enables accurate and efficient simulation of growth and gene expression dynamics in radially symmetric colonies with homogenous z-directional distribution. It is robust even if cells are not spherical and vary in size. The simplicity of the resulting mathematical framework also greatly facilitates generation of mechanistic insights.
Motivations and Incentives for Installation of Rain Gardens: An Ethnographic Assessment in the Perrinville Creek Watershed

Community-based participation is a vital component of municipal efforts to address water quality, reduce pollution, and enhance habitat in the Salish Sea basin. At the request of Nature Conservancy and Snohomish Conservation District, a team of researchers from Edmonds Community College in Lynnwood, Washington have conducted a rapid ethnographic study of residents of the Perrinville watershed with the goal of helping the Cities of Edmonds and Lynnwood with their efforts to better manage stormwater and improve the ecology of these urban communities north of Seattle. The results of an ethnographic analysis that included participant observation, informal interviews, and a door-to-door and online survey reveal a community eager to contribute to the efforts of their municipalities to address urgent environmental and stormwater management issues in the Perrinville basin. While most residents currently have lawns of grass, nine out of ten of them prefer the aesthetics and environmental benefits of diverse plants and flowers and are willing to contribute financially and via their own time and effort to the installation of rain gardens in public right of ways and their own yards. The residents do have some concerns about maintenance and would like a voice in placement, size, and selection of appropriate plants for rain gardens on their property. Most would need some financial incentives and technical assistance to be able to retrofit their properties or care for rain gardens in public right of ways but are willing to put some of their own money and labor into the effort. The community is clearly ready and willing to contribute to the efforts of their municipal governments to improve water quality, reduce flooding and pollution, and enhance environmental sustainability.
DeepSleep convolutional neural network allows accurate and fast detection of sleep arousal.

Sleep arousals are transient periods of wakefulness punctuated into sleep. Excessive sleep arousals are associated with symptoms such as sympathetic activation, non-restorative sleep, and daytime sleepiness. Currently, sleep arousals are mainly annotated by human experts through looking at 30-second epochs (recorded pages) manually, which requires considerable time and effort. Here we present a deep learning approach for automatically segmenting sleep arousal regions based on polysomnographic recordings. Leveraging a specific architecture that ‘translates’ input polysomnographic signals to sleep arousal labels, this algorithm ranked first in the “You Snooze, You Win” PhysioNet Challenge. We created an augmentation strategy by randomly swapping similar physiological channels, which notably improved the prediction accuracy. Our algorithm enables fast and accurate delineation of sleep arousal events at the speed of 10 seconds per sleep recording. This computational tool would greatly empower the scoring process in clinical settings and accelerate studies on the impact of arousals. Li and Guan present a deep learning approach for automatically segmenting sleep arousal regions based on polysomnographic recordings. The algorithm, which won an open competition, enables fast and accurate delineation of sleep arousal events and would be useful in the scoring process in clinical studies.
Variable pronunciations reveal dynamic intra-speaker variation in speech planning.

In two speech production experiments, we investigated the link between phonetic variation and the scope of advance planning at the word form encoding stage. We examined cases where a word has, in addition to the pronunciation of the word in isolation, a context-specific pronunciation variant that appears only when the following word includes specific sounds. To the extent that the speaker uses the variant specific to the following context, we can infer that the phonological content of the upcoming word is included in the current planning scope. We hypothesize that the time alignment between selection of the phonetic variant in the currently-being-encoded word and retrieval of segmental details of the upcoming word is variable from moment to moment depending on current task demands and the dynamics of lexical access for each word involved. The results showed that the use of a context-sensitive phonetic variant of /t/ (“flapping”) by English speakers reliably increased under conditions which favor advance planning. Our hypothesis was supported by evidence compatible with its three key predictions: an increase in flapping in phrases with a higher frequency following word, more flapping in a procedure with a response delay relative to a speeded response, and an attenuation of the following word frequency effect with delayed responses. This reveals that within speakers, the degree of advance planning varies continuously from moment to moment, reflecting (in part) the accessibility of form properties of individual words in the utterance.
Policies Affecting Food Environments and Consumer Behavior

Food environment policies affect the places where consumers engage with the food system. Different food environment policies can influence food availability, affordability, and marketing, all of which shape food choice and dietary quality. This chapter describes how optimal food environments can support healthy diets and nutrition. Select policy areas that influence diets and nutrition are discussed, including food marketing and advertising, market-based subsidies and taxes, labeling, food-based dietary guidelines and mass media campaigns, consumer awareness and nutrition education, and nudge and choice architecture. The application of policy action within physical spaces and places is also described.
Unveiled Correlations between Electron Affinity and Solvation in Redox Potential of Quinone-Based Sodium-Ion Batteries

First-principles density functional theory method is employed to investigate the redox properties and charge storage performance of seven quinone derivatives and to assess their potential as cathodes in sodium-ion batteries. The computed redox properties are comprehensively correlated with other properties, namely, electron affinity (EA), solvation energy, charge storage capacity, and energy density. The obtained correlations highlight three main conclusions. First, EA and solvation energy need to be cooperatively tuned to achieve a specific redox potential. Second, the exceptionally high performance of anthraquinone-2,6-dicarboxylic acid can be explained by the correlation of the redox potential with EA and solvation energy. Third, the differences in the performance between the calculated and experimental values for the oth-er six quinone derivatives mainly result from the Na binding configurations, highlighting the experimental charge capacity is extraordinarily enhanced by metastable Na binding scenarios.
Androgen Action in Rat Liver: Changes in Androgen Sensitivity During Maturation and Aging

The liver plays both direct and indirect roles in reproduction. In the oviparous female, the liver is the source of most of the yolk proteins and in mammals, it is also responsible for maintaining the sexually dimorphic pattern of steroid metabolism (Roy & Chatterjee, 1983; Gustafsson et al, 1983). A large number of studies investigating the effect of estrogens on the hepatic synthesis of vitellogenins have provided considerable understanding of the mechanism of estrogen action in the liver (Tata et al, 1987). The paucity of suitable model systems, however, has impeded similar scrutinization of androgen action on hepatocytes. Following our initial discovery of α2u globulin and its androgen-dependent synthesis in the rat liver (Roy & Neuhaus, 1967), this protein has served as an important model for studying androgenic regulation of hepatic gene expression. In addition, studies with the analogous mouse urinary protein (MUP) have also been used to explore the mechanism of androgen-mediated gene expression in hepatocytes (Hastie et al, 1979). Subsequently, we have identified two other androgen-dependent hepatic proteins, i.e. senescence marker protein 1 (SMP-1) and senescence marker protein 2 (SMP-2) and have developed the SW-2 system as a model to study androgenic repression of gene expression (Chatterjee et al, 1981; Chatterjee et al, 1987). Similar to α2u globulin, SMP-1 Mr 34,000) is an androgen-inducible protein; the hepatic expression of SMP-2 (Mr 31,000), however, is androgen repressible (Chatterjee et al, 1984). A male-specific mouse liver protein (sex-limited protein, Slp), possibly the mouse analog of SMP-1, has also been identified (Hemenway & Robins, 1987). A recent report shows that a proviral long terminal repeat element, integrated at around 2 kb upstream of the Slp gene, confers androgen sensitivity to this protein (Stavenhagen & Robins, 1988). In addition to these non-enzymatic secretory and intra-cellular proteins, synthesis of a number of steroid and drug metabolizing enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase, glutathione S-transferase and histidase, are also regulated by androgens (Roy & Chatterjee, 1983). This article will review our current state of knowledge of androgen action in the rat liver as gleaned through studies on α2u globulin and SMP-2 gene expression.
Detoxification of Mycotoxins In Planta as a Strategy for Improving Grain Quality and Disease Resistance: Identification of Fumonisin-Degrading Microbes from Maize

Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme and several related species associated with ear molds in maize. They consist of a long chain amine alcohol with two ester-linked tricarballylate groups, and their biological activity is likely through disruption of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Fumonisins are of concern due to their toxicity to livestock (especially horses) and possible carcinogenicity, and are currently under review for possible regulation by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Fusarium moniliforme is almost ubiquitous in field-grown maize, so the impact of this toxin on the food chain is potentially quite large. Fumonisins are also phytotoxic and some evidence links them to virulence of maize isolates of F. moniliforme. As a first step towards engineering maize to detoxify fumonisins, we have isolated microbes from field-grown, moldy maize kernels and stalk tissue, that are capable of growing on fumonisin B1 as a sole carbon source. Two species, identified as Exophiala spinifera and Rhinocladiella atrovirens, belong to the “black yeasts” found widely in plant debris. Interestingly, several E. spinifera isolates, collected outside the US. from non-maize sources, were also found to metabolize fumonisins. A gram (-) bacterium from stalk tissue, isolate 2412.1, also metabolized fumonisin in liquid culture. Both fungal and bacterial isolates produce 14CO2 from uniformly labeled fumonisin, indicating extensive metabolism of this important toxin. A soluble esterase activity capable of hydrolyzing fumonisin tricarballylate esters can be recovered from culture supernatants or lysates of these microbes. A soluble, heat-labile activity resulting in loss of a free primary amine group from AP1 has also been detected in cell lysates of E. spinifera 2141.10. Work is in progress to clone genes corresponding to these fumonisin degradative enzymes and express them in transgenic maize.
Impaired synaptic development in a maternal immune activation mouse model of neurodevelopmental disorders

Both genetic and environmental factors are thought to contribute to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders with maternal immune activation (MIA) being a risk factor for both autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. Although MIA mouse offspring exhibit behavioral impairments, the synaptic alterations in vivo that mediate these behaviors are not known. Here we employed in vivo multiphoton imaging to determine that in the cortex of young MIA offspring there is a reduction in number and turnover rates of dendritic spines, sites of majority of excitatory synaptic inputs. Significantly, spine impairments persisted into adulthood and correlated with increased repetitive behavior, an ASD relevant behavioral phenotype. Structural analysis of synaptic inputs revealed a reorganization of presynaptic inputs with a larger proportion of spines being contacted by both excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic terminals. These structural impairments were accompanied by altered excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. Finally, we report that a postnatal treatment of MIA offspring with the anti-inflammatory drug ibudilast, prevented both synaptic and behavioral impairments. Our results suggest that a possible altered inflammatory state associated with maternal immune activation results in impaired synaptic development that persists into adulthood but which can be prevented with early anti-inflammatory treatment.
Extramucosal Spaces of the Suprahyoid Neck

The significant increase in cross-sectional computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies due to increased availability as well as the expanding clinical indications for performing these studies has led to the detection of an increasing number of nonpalpable head and neck masses. Many of these masses are not clinically suspected and are asymptomatic. They may be found serendipitously during a search for degenerative disease of the cervical spine or in the evaluation of the head for unrelated reasons. Some of these masses may be symptomatic, with symptoms referable to the temporomandibular joint. Other lesions that are symptomatic cause ear pain, ear pressure/fullness, tinnitus, dysphagia, and cranial nerve palsies, depending on lesion location and histology.
Frozen Pre-Embryos and the Right to Change Ones Mind

Couples who use in vitro fertilization (IVF) in order to conceive a child may produce more fertilized eggs than can be implanted safely for gestation. Often the couple leaves the fertilized eggs, or pre-embryos, with the fertility clinic to be frozen and stored. Many, but not all clinics, require the couple to sign a pre-treatment agreement in which the couple must choose the means of disposal of the pre-embryos if the couple does not intend to attempt implantation in the future. One of those contingencies is if the couple divorces. In a handful of cases litigated in the United States and one case in Israel, one of the divorcing couple wanted to obtain custody of the pre-embryos in order to attempt implantation; the other wanted the pre-embryos destroyed. In two of the cases the couple had not signed a prior agreement. In all except the Israeli case, the courts awarded the pre-embryos to the party who would destroy them, but the decisions rest on different grounds. Those grounds have included freedom of contract, the competing rights to be a parent and not to be a parent, and the importance of biological parenthood for one who has no other opportunity to produce a biological child. The article compares United States case law with that of Israel and includes a comparison with United Kingdom law. In the U.K., comprehensive legislation requires that the couple, at the time of the IVF treatments, agree to future disposition of their frozen pre-embryos and that both consent to any changes in that agreement. The article traces, however, how the recently enacted Human Rights Act may change and complicate U.K. law.
Glycaemia and correlates of patient-reported outcomes in ACCORD trial participants.

Diabet. Med. 29, e67–e74 (2012) Abstract Aims Post-hoc evaluation of relationships between first-year change in glycaemic control (HbA1c) and change in patient-reported outcomes among ACCORD health-related quality of life (HRQoL) substudy participants. Methods Data from 2053 glycaemia-trial subjects were analysed. We assessed physical and mental health status (36-Item Short Form Health Survey, Version-2), symptom count and severity (Diabetes Symptoms Distress Checklist) and treatment satisfaction (Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire). Linear mixed models were used to test relationships between 1-year changes in HbA1c and patient reported outcomes sequentially adjusting for correlates (baseline characteristics, baseline patient reported outcomes, treatment assignment, frequency of clinical contact and post-randomization weight change plus new complications). Results Poorer baseline control of HbA1c and cardiovascular disease risk factors predicted greater one-year improvements in treatment satisfaction. Similarly, poorer baseline patient reported outcome scores all individually predicted greater 1-year improvement in that same outcome. Accounting for baseline and post-randomization characteristics and treatment arm, 1-year change in HbA1c was unrelated to changes in overall physical or mental health; however, every one percentage-point (10.9 mmol/mol) reduction in HbA1c was associated with lower symptom count (β = 0.599; P = 0.012), lower symptom distress (β = 0.051; P = 0.001), and higher treatment satisfaction (β = −2.514; P < 0.001). Conclusions Independent of all relevant covariates, better glycaemic control over 1 year was associated with reduced patient-reported diabetes symptoms and symptom distress, and increased treatment satisfaction, but not overall physical and mental health. Further investigation is required to understand the specific psychosocial mechanisms that affect how patients value health and treatments.
Molecular Bioindicators of Pollution in Fish

The use of microarrays to assess pollutant responses in aquatic organisms has become widespread. In the field of ecotoxicology, the development of microarrays for fish models has served to advance our understanding of the mechanisms of action of numerous chemicals, including both those that are well studied and those that are emerging, singly in controlled laboratory settings, and in complex mixtures and field settings. This chapter chronicles the advent of using microarrays in the study of fish and provides notable examples of both laboratory and field studies where microarrays were instrumental in answering important contaminant-driven hypotheses. These examples will highlight how microarrays have been effective in defining unexpected actions and pathways of well-studied chemicals and in the toxicological assessment of emerging pollutants including nanomaterials, and whether this technology is useful for defining the response to complex mixtures in field settings. Global transcriptional data sets may help define key events for new state-of-the-art modeling of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs).
Aeration and Deaeration Processes in Large Power Plant Condensers

Absorption of noncondensible gases by the condensate in large power plant condensers is extremely deleterious to plant components. Unfortunately, the absorption process is one of the most complicated and insufficiently researched problems of contemporary hydrodynamics. Additionally, removal of noncondensible gases dissolved in condensate at very low concentrations is extremely difficult from the technical as well as the theoretical points of view. This paper attempts to address the above problems by establishing physical dependencies governing the aeration and deaeration processes during condensation, developing a means of estimating deaerating efficiency of a condensing apparatus, and formulating directions for further theoretical and experimental research in the area of condenser deaeration. The authors also indicate a future research path to determine optimal situation to achieve maximum condensation with minimum oxygen absorption.
Pedagogical Approaches to Develop Critical Thinking and Crisis Leadership

Management schools must be prepared to aid leaders and managers to succeed in uncertain environments. We offer two approaches, each designed for critical thinking skill development, to teach graduate management students about leading in and through potential disruption to organizational life. First, we present a personalized case method that relies on a critical incident approach to examine crises students personally experienced at work. We provide a description of the student assignment and a process for student analysis. Second, we present a group project involving a poster session in which students collaboratively work on complex crisis leadership challenges and present their analysis to their peers. We describe how these two approaches develop the critical skills effective crisis leaders possess.
Metabolic engineering of plants for osmotic stress resistance

Genes encoding critical steps in the synthesis of osmoprotectant compounds are now being expressed in transgenic plants. These plants generally accumulate low levels of osmoprotectants and have increased stress tolerance. The next priority is therefore to engineer greater osmoprotectant synthesis without detriment to the rest of metabolism. This will require manipulation of multiple genes, guided by thorough analysis of metabolite fluxes and pool sizes.
Studies of OH in nominally anhydrous minerals

Hydrous components in nominally anhydrous minerals have been the object of increasing study for the past three decades. OH ions and, less commonly. H_2O molecules are found in many anhydrous minerals at concentrations ranging from ppms to tenth's of a percent by weight. Infrared spectroscopy remains the preferred method to characterize these components because of its sensitivity to chemical species, crystallographic orientation and analytical concentration. Improved calibration of the infrared measurements provide a quantitative understanding of the importance of the global hydrogen reservoir contained in the “anhydrous” phases. New and revised values for the amount of H_2O in anhydrous minerals are summarized.
Intercellular adhesion: Mechanisms for growth and metastasis of epithelial cancers

Cell–cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) comprise a broad class of linker proteins that are crucial for the development of multicellular organisms, and for the continued maintenance of organ and tissue structure. Because of its pivotal function in tissue homeostasis, the deregulation of intercellular adhesion is linked to the onset of most solid tumors. The breakdown of homeostatic cell adhesions in highly ordered epithelial sheets is directly implicated in carcinogenesis, while continued changes in the adhesion profile of the primary tumor mass facilitate growth and expansion into adjacent tissue. Intercellular adhesion molecules are also involved in each subsequent phase of metastasis, including transendothelial migration, transit through the bloodstream or lymphatics, and renewed proliferation in secondary sites. This review addresses various roles of cadherin- and selectin-mediated intercellular adhesion in tumor initiation and malignant transformation, and discusses the mechanisms for the arrest and adhesion of circulating tumor cells to the vessel endothelium. Considering the contributions of these CAMs to cancer progression in the context of a systematic biological framework may prove valuable in identifying new ways to diagnose and treat cancer. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2012, 4:171–181. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.160 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Internal quantum efficiency in light-emitting diodes based on the width of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curve

Based on the ABC model, we derive a relationship between the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and the width of the efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curve. We determine the IQE of LEDs at temperatures ranging from 100K to 300K.
A hybrid passive control device for steel structures, I: Development and analysis

Abstract A hybrid passive control device (HPCD) consisting of a high-damping rubber damper in series with a buckling-restrained brace (BRB) provides an innovative method of reducing structural response during seismic events. Finite element models of the device were used to demonstrate the concept. The analytical models confirmed the expected phased behavior and energy dissipation capabilities. An incremental dynamic analysis was used to compare the seismic response of a special moment resisting frame (SMRF), a dual BRB–SMRF system, and a dual HPCD–SMRF system. The results demonstrate that the HPCD system has potential as a seismic protective system capable of meeting multiple performance requirements.
Three-Dimensional Structures of MoS2 Nanosheets with Ultrahigh Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Water Reduction

The hydrogen evolution reaction in an alkaline environment using a non-precious catalyst with much greater efficiency represents a critical challenge in research. Here, a robust and highly active system for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline solution is reported by developing MoS2 nanosheet arrays vertically aligned on graphene-mediated 3D Ni networks. The catalytic activity of the 3D MoS2 nanostructures is found to increase by 2 orders of magnitude as compared to the Ni networks without MoS2. The MoS2 nanosheets vertically grow on the surface of graphene by employing tetrakis(diethylaminodithiocarbomato)molybdate(IV) as the molybdenum and sulfur source in a chemical vapor deposition process. The few-layer MoS2 nanosheets on 3D graphene/nickel structure can maximize the exposure of their edge sites at the atomic scale and present a superior catalysis activity for hydrogen production. In addition, the backbone structure facilitates as an excellent electrode for charge transport. This precious-metal-free and highly efficient active system enables prospective opportunities for using alkaline solution in industrial applications.
‘Changing the cultural landscape’: English engineers, American missionaries, and the YMCA bring sports to Brazil – the 1870s to the 1930s

On 2 October 2009 the New York Times announced that the IOC had selected Rio de Janeiro as the site of the 2016 Olympic Games – the first to take place in South America. If it had not been for English and Scottish engineers, who had brought futebol (soccer) to Brazil in the late 1800s, and other sports that American missionaries and the YMCA introduced this might never had occurred. Following the Civil War (1861–65) American interest in spreading the Christian gospel abroad grew considerably. In 1871 Presbyterian minister George Whitehall Chamberlain and his wife founded at Sao Paulo, Brazil ‘the American School’ (today known as Mackenzie College). Games like basketball as well as a more liberal system of education for girls (formerly largely excluded from schools) as well as for boys soon would be introduced. The noted Brazilian educator Fernando de Azevedo has written positively about these developments. Also interested in spreading its influence, in 1891 the International Committee of the YMCA of North...
An Emergency Department Intervention to Increase Parent-Child Tobacco Communication: A Pilot Study

ABSTRACT We conducted a randomized trial of parents and their 9-to 16-year-old children to pilot test an emergency department (ED)-based intervention designed to increase parent-child tobacco communication. Intervention group (IG) parents received verbal/written instructions on how to relay anti-tobacco messages to their children; control group (CG) parents received no specific instructions. Of the 540 subjects, 268 (49.6%) were randomized to the IG; both groups were similar at baseline. At one-month follow-up, IG children were more likely to report that they would definitely not smoke in the next 6 months (96.3% and 88.4%, p = 0.01), that there were an increased number of: child-initiated tobacco conversations (F(1,386) = 5.7, p = 0.02), times parents talked to them about: refusing cigarettes (F(1,380) = 7.6, p = 0.006), and reasons not to smoke (F(1,377) = 6.0, p = 0.015). Our pilot study has shown increases in parent-child tobacco communication after an ED-based intervention, suggesting that the ED may...
Ventricular Remodeling in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is common, increasing in prevalence, and causes substantial morbidity and mortality. HFpEF has commonly been viewed as an expression of advanced hypertensive heart disease, with a cardiac phenotype characterized by an increase in wall thickness-to-chamber radius ratio (concentric hypertrophy). However, marked clinical heterogeneity within this syndrome is now well appreciated, and is mirrored in the variability in left ventricular (LV) structure. A review of larger imaging studies from epidemiology and clinical trial cohorts demonstrate that while concentric LV remodeling is common, it is by no means universal and many patients demonstrate normal LV geometry or even an eccentric pattern. More detailed assessment of cardiac structure and function in broader HFpEF populations will be necessary to better define the prevalence, determinants, and prognostic relevance of these measures, which may in turn serve as a foundation to identify pathophysiologically relevant sub-phenotypes within this diverse syndrome.
IgM and IgG anti-hapten antibody: hemolytic, hemagglutinating and precipitating activity.

SummaryHemolytic and hemagglutinating activities of IgM and IgG antibody against the p-azobenzenearsonate (Rp) group were compared using purified antibody preparations. IgM antibody showed a considerably higher activity in both hemolytic and hemagglutinating systems. The hemolytic and hem-agglutinating activities of IgM antibody were both 180 to 60 times higher on a molar basis than those of IgG antibody when measured with erythrocytes to which Rp-groups were attached. The reduced-alkylated product of IgM antibody showed little activity in both hemolytic and hemagglutinating systems, although the reduced-alkylated product had been shown previously to retain hapten-binding activity. IgM antibody also lost precipitating activity with a polyvalent hapten-protein conjugate upon reduction and alkylation. Loss of hemagglutinating and precipitating activities is probably due to univalency of 6S subunits produced by reduction.
THE EFFECT OF pH ON THE FLUORESCENCE OF COMPLEXES OF HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN AND BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN WITH BILIRUBIN

— Fluorescence studies as a function of pH clearly show that the environment and conformation of bilirubin bound to human serum albumin (HSA) are quite different than those for binding to bovine serum albumin (BSA). The visible fluorescence of the bilirubin-BSA complex is maximal at the extremes of pH; in contrast, the bilirubin-HSA complex fluorescence is at a maximum, near physiological pH.
Diffraction anomalous fine structure: A new x-ray structural technique.

A new x-ray structural technique, diffraction anomalous fine structure (DAFS), which combines the long-range order sensitivity of diffraction techniques with the short-range order sensitivity of absorption techniques, is described. We demonstrate that synchrotron DAFS measurements for the Cu(111) and Cu(222) Bragg reflections provide the same local atomic structural information as x-ray absorption fine structure and describe how DAFS can be used to provide enhanced site and spatial sensitivities for polyatomic and/or spatially modulated structures
Quantization of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation.

It is shown that the quantum form of the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation does not call, in general, for the introduction of a finite relaxation time of the Kerr medium and of the concomitant quantum noise sources.
Behavior pattern and parametric characterization for low density crushable foams

Abstract Crushable foams may be used for shock mitigation and impact absorption applications that take advantage of their complex compression behavior. It is highly desirable that their constitutive behavior be characterized by suitable models with meaningful parameters such as Young's modulus for linear elasticity. This work describes constitutive behavior patterns and parametric characterization for low density crushable foams. Compression tests under large deformation were conducted on polyurethane foams of different densities. Various behavior patterns were observed that differ from the well-known three-stage behavior for porous materials. A set of multi-parameter models was proposed to parametrically characterize the behavior patterns. The constitutive model was intended to serve as a framework for crushability characterization.
Donor‐transmitted diseases

Key Points 1. Donor-derived disease transmission occurs in less than 1% of all transplants. 2. Early recognition and screening of the donor are essential to prevent transmission. Nucleic acid testing, though costly, is more sensitive and accurate than serological testing, and when it is used appropriately, it can effectively identify high-risk donors. 3. Prompt and aggressive treatment of any recipient of donor-derived disease is essential for patient survival. Early removal of the transplanted organ is often necessary. 4. Some instances of malignancy may be acceptable for organ donation. Liver Transpl 16:S40-S44, 2010. © 2010 AASLD.
Patient-physician communication

Purpose of review Patient-physician communication is a vital element of the process of care. In numerous studies, communication behaviors during the medical interaction have been significantly associated with a variety of patient satisfaction and health outcomes. The purpose of this review is to synthesize recent findings in the area of patient-physician communication, particularly as they relate to patients with rheumatic disease. Recent findings Although there is scant research on the medical interaction with patients with rheumatic disease specifically, there is a large body of literature examining patient-doctor communication in other chronic diseases. Because many of the findings of studies conducted in patients with other diseases can be extended to patients with rheumatic disease, this review also covers the most salient literature published in the past year on patient-doctor communication in chronic diseases in general, in addition to covering publications in the field of rheumatology. Summary The literature reviewed shows that patients' expectations of medical encounters are not always fulfilled and that patients desire increased participation and information sharing. Establishing patient-centered care is a challenging goal, but fortunately, recent studies show that physicians can be trained, irrespective of the years in practice, to provide patient-centered care and increase patient participation and satisfaction with care.
Consecutive transcranial magnetic stimulation: phosphene thresholds in migraineurs and controls.

Objective.—To characterize the temporal course of transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced phosphene thresholds in subjects with migraine and in controls. Methods.—Eleven subjects with migraine with aura, 10 subjects with migraine without aura, 9 subjects with menstrual migraine, and 15 controls (no history of migraine and without migraine during the study) were studied. Subjects were not on preventive medication. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was performed, and a phosphene threshold was measured 3 times a week over 3 weeks in a manner timed to incorporate the menstrual period in females. A headache calendar was kept during the study. Results.—Mean transcranial magnetic stimulation thresholds were lower for each migraine group compared with controls (P < .001) for each comparison. There was a trend for lower thresholds among subjects with migraine with aura compared with subjects with migraine without aura (P < .10), but not subjects with menstrual migraine. There was consistent lowering of thresholds from the first to the last stimulation in all migraine groups and in the controls. Maximum and minimum thresholds did not predict headache occurrence, nor did the occurrence of headache predict an ensuing maximum or minimum phosphene threshold. Conclusions.—Transcranial magnetic stimulation thresholds are lower in subjects with migraine compared with controls. The reported phosphene threshold is lowered with repeated measurement. Neither high nor low phosphene thresholds predict a subsequent headache, nor do migraines predict a subsequent high or low threshold.
Radiated Power Measurements in Reverberation Chambers

The electromagnetic reverberation chamber is widely used for interference and compatibility compliance testing of electronic products. Such a chamber is particularly effective in quantifying the total radiated power from an emitter regardless of the emitter?s radiation pattern. This feature is useful for characterization of wireless devices and other transmitters, especially as the front-end components and the antenna become more integrated and less accessible. We examine techniques for measuring radiated emissions using power received from an antenna in the chamber, and demonstrate a correlation to free-field measurements.
Efficient avian pollination of Strelitzia reginae outside of South Africa.

Abstract In its native South Africa, endemic birds pollinate the complex flowers of Strelitzia reginae (bird of paradise) through a highly complex method of pollination. The plant is cultivated worldwide in warm-temperated regions but systematic pollination of the ornithophilous species by local birds has not been reported, and, consequently, seed production is rare outside of South Africa. We found that a member of the New World warblers, Geothlypis trichas, efficiently carried out pollination of S. reginae in southern California, thereby supplementing its typical diet of insects with the energy-rich nectar of S. reginae. Only occasionally, seeds were found in plantings not visited by these birds. The pollinator service provided by the warbler increases seed production in an area outside of South Africa. This could lead to adaptive changes in the exotic species, advance species establishment and persistence and possibly promote invasive behavior in a non-native environment.
Terrain and Traffic Optimized Vehicle Speed Control

Abstract The paper considers optimal control of vehicle speed when the vehicle is driven in a particular geographic region with specific terrain and traffic patterns. The vehicle route is assumed to be unknown in advance. The properties of the terrain and traffic flow are modeled stochastically. A method is proposed for constructing a control policy off-line to optimally prescribe vehicle speed set-point as a function of current driving conditions, for best on average fuel economy and travel speed performance. A related method is proposed to evaluate expected average fuel economy and travel speed performance of sub-optimal control policies, such as the policies which use constant speed offset relative to average traffic speed. The optimal control law which prescribes vehicle speed set-point can be deployed in advanced vehicle cruise control systems or incorporated into a driver advisory function. In addition, the value function of optimal or suboptimal control policies may be used as a terminal cost in a receding horizon optimization of vehicle speed over routes with known initial segments, or for fuel efficient vehicle routing.
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the thyroid. A clinico-pathological review of 29 cases applying the Lukes-Collins classification and an immunoperoxidase method.

Twenty-nine cases of non-Hodgkin lymphomas presenting in the thyroid were classified according to Rappaport and Lukes and Collins. In the Rappaport classification there were 19 histiocytic, three mixed, five nodular PDL and two undifferentiated lymphomas. According to Lukes and Collins, 21 cases were follicular center cell lymphomas, eight were immunoblastic sarcomas. Cases classified as histiocytic according to Rappaport fell into the immunoblastic sarcoma and large cleaved or non-cleaved follicular center cell lymphoma groups. Immunoperoxidase studies confirmed the B cell nature of some of these cases. Survival was dependent on clinical stage, but this appeared to reflect the predominant cell type. Thus, follicular center cell lymphomas of the large non-cleaved type presented predominantly in stage I, while immunoblastic sarcoma was mostly stage IV and tumors of the small cleaved follicular center cell (FCC) type had excellent survival despite a usual presentation in stage IV. It is concluded that probably only lymphomas of the large non-cleaved FCC type and immunoblastic sarcoma (IBS) occur as true primary thyroid tumors, while small cleaved FCC lymphomas most likely represent systemic disease when first presenting in the gland. The median survival for large non-cleaved lymphomas in stages I and II was 31.5 months compared to 5.5 months for stage IV IBS. Although strongly suggestive these correlations were not statistically significant. An association with severe chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis was observed in 22 cases, including all cases of immunoblastic sarcoma as well as nine of ten large non-cleaved follicular center cell tumors. The prognostic significance of the Lukes-Collins classification is discussed in relation to these examples of thyroid lymphoma.
Largest cluster in subcritical percolation

The statistical behavior of the size (or mass) of the largest cluster in subcritical percolation on a finite lattice of size N is investigated (below the upper critical dimension, presumably ${d}_{c}=6).$ It is argued that as $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{N}\ensuremath{\infty}$ the cumulative distribution function converges to the Fisher-Tippett (or Gumbel) distribution ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}z}}$ in a certain weak sense (when suitably normalized). The mean grows as ${s}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}^{*}\mathrm{log}N,$ where ${s}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}^{*}(p)$ is a ``crossover size.'' The standard deviation is bounded near ${s}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}^{*}\ensuremath{\pi}/\sqrt{6}$ with persistent fluctuations due to discreteness. These predictions are verified by Monte Carlo simulations on $d=2$ square lattices of up to 30 million sites, which also reveal finite-size scaling. The results are explained in terms of a flow in the space of probability distributions as $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{N}\ensuremath{\infty}.$ The subcritical segment of the physical manifold $(0lpl{p}_{c})$ approaches a line of limit cycles where the flow is approximately described by a ``renormalization group'' from the classical theory of extreme order statistics.
Pharmacological inhibition of myostatin/TGF-β receptor/pSmad3 signaling rescues muscle regenerative responses in mouse model of type 1 diabetes

To study the influence of acute experimental diabetes on the regenerative potential of muscle stem (satellite) cells in mice. Male C57BL/6 young mice were injected with a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 180 mg/kg, ip) to induce diabetes. The diabetic mice were treated with insulin (0.75 U/kg, ip), follistatin (12 μg/kg, im) or Alk5 inhibitor (5 μmol/L per kg, sc) once a day. On the first day when high glucose levels were found, cardiotoxin (CTX) was focally injected into tibialis anterior and gastronemius muscles of the mice. The muscles were harvested 3 d and 5 d after CTX injection, and myofibers and satellite cells were isolated. Quantitative ex-vivo and in-vivo assays of myogenic potential were used to evaluate the muscle regenerative responses. The satellite cells from the diabetic mice 3 d after CTX injection fail to activate, and the repair of muscle deteriorates, resembling that observed in old control mice. Furthermore, the satellite cells have excessive levels of myostatin, TGF-β receptor 1, pSmad3 and the cell cycle inhibitor p15, while the level of TGF-β1 remain unchanged. Treatment of the diabetic mice with insulin rescued muscle regenerative responses, and restored the expression levels of myostatin, TGF-β receptor 1, pSmad3, and p15 to those similar of healthy controls. Treatment of the diabetic mice with the myostatin antagonist follistatin, or with the Alk5 inhibitor of TGF-β receptor 1 (which did not diminish the blood glucose levels) rescued muscle regenerative responses and attenuated the myostatin/TGFβ receptor/pSmad3 signaling. The muscle regenerative responses are incapacitated and repair of the tissue fails within hours after the initiation of hyperglycemia in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes, but stem cell function is rescued by insulin, as well as follistatin or an Alk5 inhibitor that blocks TGF-β receptor signaling.