cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formalizing a Logic for Logic Programming

Much research in the last few years has centered upon an idea called negation as failure. Thebasic idea of negation as failure is that, if an atomic “fact” (atomic sentence) is true, it must bedemonstrably true – so if we cannot demonstrate that the atomic sentence is true, we should inferit to be false.Negation as failure clearly is not logically sound. In classical logic, to infer a sentence to befalse, we must demonstrate that the atomic sentence is false – not merely that it is undemonstrable.Neverthelessithasnaturalappeal. Mostnoticeably, aspointedoutbyMcCarthy, Reiter, andothers,it is invoked in a great many “commonsense” human inferences .Example 1.1 (Reiter) If a patient goes to a physician with a problem that could be caused byeither pneumonia or a sprained ankle, the physician assumes – in the absence of evidence to thecontrary – that the patient has only one of these problems.Example 1.2 If company records do not show that Mr. Jones was ever a vice president, thenmanagement infers that he never was a vice president.A major research topic concerning negation as failure is the attempt to ﬁnd the “correct”semantics. We shall use the term semantics to mean what is usually called declarative semantics.The declarative semantics of a logic program tells what is to be inferred – but does not prescribehow. Our point of view here is that goal of the study of semantics for negation as failure is toﬁnd a reasonable and fairly elegant mathematical formalism that captures as much as possible ofordinary human negationasfailure type reasoning. There is of course a danger: human negation-asfailure type reasoning often appears to ad hoc, so it seems entirely possible that there is noentirely satisfactory way to capture it formally. But we believe the goal of ﬁnding one approachthat captures much, or most, of “common sense reasoning” needs to be pursued.Our starting point is not a search through ordinary human usage. Rather, we start by comparingvarious semantics people have already given for negation as failure. These semantics, we feel, allhave clear “common sense” justiﬁcation. We shall identify certain features of these semantics asgoals of a semantics for a common sense negation as failure.
Impulsive motion of a semi-infinite flat plate in a viscous fluid

The unsteady laminar boundary layer flow is investigated for a semi-infinite flat plate subjected to impulsive motion. An approximate solution is obtained by utilizing Meksyn's method. These results vary smoothly from Rayleigh's unsteady solution to the steady state solution of Blasius. Results are compared to those of Lam and Crocco.
Race and Historical Memory on the Silver Screen: A Movie Review of 12 Years a Slave

The film 12 Years a Slave, adapted from Solomon Northrup’s historical memoir, caused quite the stir at this year’s Academy Awards. The movie won awards for Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, an...
Open adjunctive ziprasidone associated with weight loss in obese and overweight bipolar disorder patients.

Objective To assess effectiveness and tolerability of open adjunctive ziprasidone for weight loss in obese/overweight patients with bipolar disorders (BD) in diverse mood states, taking weight gain-implicated psychotropic medications. Method 22 obese and three overweight BD patients (20 female; 10 BD-I, 14 BD-II, 1 BD-NOS) with mean ± SD baseline body mass index (BMI) of 31.8 ± 2.5 kg/m2 received ZIP (mean final dose 190 ± 92 mg/day) for mean of 79.2 ± 23.2 days. Weight was assessed at six weekly and three biweekly visits. Subjects entered the study in diverse mood states. At baseline, 21 were taking second-generation antipsychotics, 7 lithium, and 1 valproate, which could be reduced/discontinued at investigators’ discretion. Results Weight and BMI decreased from baseline to endpoint by 4.5 ± 3.4 kg and 1.6 ± 1.2 kg/m2, respectively, at weekly rates of 0.37 kg and 0.13 kg/m2, respectively (all p < 0.00001). 48% of patients had at least 5% weight loss. Obesity rate decreased from 88% to 35% (p < 0.0001). Waist circumference decreased 1.6 inches (p = 0.0001). Overall, mood did not change. Patients with at least moderate baseline mood symptoms experienced significant mood improvement, despite 72% patients decreasing/discontinuing weight gain-implicated psychotropic medications. Seven patients discontinued ZIP early: 3 for weight loss inefficacy, and 1 each for viral gastroenteritis, loss of consciousness, pneumonia with hypomania, and lost to follow up. Conclusion Open adjunctive ziprasidone may be effective for weight loss in obese/overweight BD patients taking weight gain-implicated psychotropic medications. These preliminary data should be considered with caution due to the open uncontrolled design, small sample size, and brief duration.
Resonance Widths in Polycrystalline Nickel-Cobalt Ferrites

The width of the ferromagnetic resonance has been measured at 10 000 Mc/sec in polycrystalline mixed ferrites of the composition ${\mathrm{Co}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, with $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ between 0 and 0.04. The minimum line width is found for $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.025$ at 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. This, as well as the variation of line width with temperature, can be understood on the basis of known single crystal properties and the following assumptions: (a) line width is a linear function of $|K|$; (b) crystal anisotropy is an additive atomic property.
ON THE PROBLEM OF REVIVING THE ERGODIC HYPOTHESIS OF BLOTZMANN AND BIRKHOFF

I would like to develop the idea that by introducing a dissipation/forcing term into Hamilton’s equations of physics, one might be able to revive the ergodic hypothesis of Boltzmann and Birkhoff. The compelling fact is that with one main exception (end of section 1), Hamiltonian systems are not ergodic; furthermore other qualitative features of these systems don’t seem amenable to study. On the other hand, large classes of general ordinary differential equations have ergodic structurally stable attractors with mixing and other properties. Ergodic theory was developed originally in response to problems arising from Hamilton’s ordinary differential equations; but it seems now to have a more natural home in general dynamical systems (at least to the extent it relates to ordinary differential equations).
Susceptibility of California gastropods to an introduced South African sabellid polychaete, Terebrasabella heterouncinata

. The outer surfaces of the shells of living marine gastropods are often colonized by other organisms. However, only one species, the sabellid worm Terebrasabella heterouncinata, is able to settle in the aperture of living gastropods. Native to South Africa, and introduced to California, this worm is a pest of abalone aquaculture and has been a threat to native gastropods in California. We investigated the intrinsic susceptibility of 15 marine gastropods from California to this apertural fouling organism. Intrinsic susceptibility was significantly different among gastropod species. Overall, caenogastropods tended to be more resistant than were the vetigastropods and patellogastropods. This suggests that variability in susceptibility could be due to characteristics associated with closely related gastropod hosts. However, this only partially explained the variation in susceptibility to individuals of T. heterouncinata. Intrinsic susceptibility was not associated with potential host species from similar habitats. We discuss host susceptibility to T. heterouncinata, including implications for potential control of this pest species, and for understanding factors enabling this polychaete to inhabit the apertural region, an area typically free of all other epibionts.
The deformation and mixing of several Ni/Al powders under shock wave loading: effects of initial configuration

The shock wave initiation of ultra-fast chemical reactions in inorganic powder mixtures requires the reactants to be blended within the shock front or shortly behind it. As such, the details of particle deformation are crucial to understanding the sequence of events leading up to the shock initiation of these systems. It is known that the initial configuration of a powder (i.e. the mixture composition and particle morphology) can have a significant effect on the degree of mixing that is achieved under shock wave loading. However, it is difficult to fully resolve this mixing behaviour in shock compression experiments due to the time and length scales involved. In this work, the shock wave deformation and mixing of six distinct Ni/Al powders are studied at the particle level using finite element simulation. Attention is focused on the Ni/Al interfaces that are formed since overall mixture reactivity depends on the specific amount of reactant interfacial area and on conditions induced at those interfaces. The analysis reveals (i) a rank ordering of the powders based on reactant interfacial area formation, (ii) a scaling relation for the rate of Ni/Al interface production and (iii) the distributed nature of Ni/Al interface temperature and dislocation density over a range of shock stress. Finally, it is shown that particle velocity differentials tend to develop across Ni/Al interfaces when the compacted powders are reshocked by reflection waves. The velocity differentials stem from the heterogeneity of the aggregates and are hypothesized to drive fragmentation processes that enable ultra-fast reactions on a sub-microsecond time scale.
Field programmable gate array processing of eye-safe all-fiber coherent wind Doppler lidar return signals

A field deployable all-fiber eye-safe Coherent Doppler LIDAR is being developed at the Optical Remote Sensing Lab at the City College of New York (CCNY) and is designed to monitor wind fields autonomously and continuously in urban settings. Data acquisition is accomplished by sampling lidar return signals at 400 MHz and performing onboard processing using field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The FPGA is programmed to accumulate signal information that is used to calculate the power spectrum of the atmospherically back scattered signal. The advantage of using FPGA is that signal processing will be performed at the hardware level, reducing the load on the host computer and allowing for 100% return signal processing. An experimental setup measured wind speeds at ranges of up to 3 km.
Grief and Bereavement Revisited: Introduction to Special Issue

Recently I was reviewing the course syllabus for the first class on death and dying I ever took. The place was Princeton Theological Seminary. The time was the fall of 1971. The instructor was Herbert Anderson. In this class we learned how inevitable and universal loss and grief is. We learned about the stages of the grief process. We read Kubler-Ross, who was refreshingly innovative in those days. Granger Westburg’s Good Grief was very popular as well. It was a profound class—first on an existential level and secondly as a focus of my career for the next 38 years. As I was reviewing the old course syllabus, I was reflecting on how much my understanding of grief has changed in the last nearly 40 years. The world of loss, grief and dying has changed. There are new perspectives, new theoretical understandings and new interconnections. And it is a different world, where the kinds of “deaths” and “griefs” seem more complex, intense and global than they did in 1971. When approached about editing a special issue of Pastoral Psychology, my goal was to pull together a series of articles that would update clergypersons on the latest thinking, understandings and perspectives on loss and grief. I call this issue, “Grief and Bereavement Revised.” My hope is that this issue might be a convenient and readable collection of essays that will in a single volume update the modern minister on the current issues in the pastoral care of grieving persons. This issue begins with an article from Herbert Anderson, my instructor and long time friend and colleague, who taught that course some 38 years ago. Herb has written widely on a variety of topics, but loss, grief and death has remained a central theme of his distinguished career as a pastoral theologian. His volume with Kenneth R. Mitchell, All Our Loss, All Our Griefs: Resources for Pastoral Care, has become a classic in this field. I asked Herb to begin our issue by reflecting personally and professionally on how grief studies have changed in the recent decades. Pastoral Psychol (2010) 59:125–126 DOI 10.1007/s11089-009-0232-8
The relative capabilities of the upper and lower visual hemifields

Visual performance is better in the lower visual hemifield than in the upper field for many classes of stimuli. The origin of this difference is unclear. One theory associates it with finer-grained attention in the lower field, an idea consistent with a change in relative efficacy with task difficulty. The first experiment in this study confirmed a lower hemifield advantage for discriminating a range of stimuli, including those that differ in contrast, hue, and motion. An identical paradigm revealed an upper field advantage when stimuli differed in their apparent distances from the observer. Presentations of stimuli in the upper or lower hemifield were interlaced to reduce the likelihood of possible artifacts or biases. A second experiment varied the difficulty of these discriminations, showing that difficulty does not determine field preference. Thus, an attentional mechanism is not a likely explanation for these preferences.
Durable complete response to chemotherapy in an infant with a clival chordoma

Chordomas are rare bone tumors of notochord remnants that may occur anywhere within the axial skeleton. The standard of care is complete surgical removal. Proton beam irradiation is commonly used when the tumor is inaccessible or has recurred. Chemotherapy has been used in the treatment of patients at relapse but it has been generally proven ineffective. We report a 7-month-old infant with a clival chordoma who responded to combination chemotherapy consisting of cycles of vincristine/cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin alternating with etoposide/ifosfamide. She has been off chemotherapy for 2 years and is well at age 5.
Test results of prototype fiber optic gyros

Fiber Optic Gyro performance has progressed sufficiently to allow production engineering for several applications. Data from a prototype gyro are presented showing a stable bias (< 0.1 deg/h) over 0 to 40 °C environment with low random noise (0.006 deg/√h) and modest open-loop scale factor stability (0.2 percent). The low power consumption, light weight, and potential for low cost and high reliability of Fiber Optic Gyro technology make it ideal for many applications. Research and development is ongoing to improve scale factor stability to the ppm range. A brassboard closed-loop gyro with 30 ppm scale factor accuracy is described.
DNA Binding Hydroxyl Radical Probes.

Abstract The hydroxyl radical is the primary mediator of DNA damage by the indirect effect of ionizing radiation. It is a powerful oxidizing agent produced by the radiolysis of water and is responsible for a significant fraction of the DNA damage associated with ionizing radiation. There is therefore an interest in the development of sensitive assays for its detection. The hydroxylation of aromatic groups to produce fluorescent products has been used for this purpose. We have examined four different chromophores, which produce fluorescent products when hydroxylated. Of these, the coumarin system suffers from the fewest disadvantages. We have therefore examined its behavior when linked to a cationic peptide ligand designed to bind strongly to DNA.
A new species of Mimosa (Leguminosae) from Coahuila, Mexico

Mimosaunipinnata from the Sierra de San Marcos in the Cuatro Cienegas Basin of central Coahuila, Mexico, is described. It is unique among mimosas in having oncepinnate leaves.
Solid protein solder-doped biodegradable polymer membranes for laser-assisted tissue repair

Solid protein solder-doped polymer membranes have been developed for laser-assisted tissue repair. Biodegradable polymer films of controlled porosity were fabricated with poly(L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) using a solvent-casting and particulate-leaching technique. The films provided a porous scaffold that readily absorbed the traditional protein solder mix composed of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and indocyanine green (ICG) dye. In vitro investigations were conducted to assess the influence of various processing parameters on the strength of tissue repairs formed using the new membranes. These parameters included the PLGA copolymer and PLGA/PEG blend ratio, the salt particle size, the initial bovine serum albumin (BSA) weight fraction, and the laser irradiance used to denature the solder. Altering the PLGA copolymer ratio had little effect on repair strength, however, it influenced the membrane degradation rate. Repair strength increased with increased membrane pore size and BSA concentration. The addition of PEG during the film casting stage increased the flexibility of the membranes but not necessarily the repair strength. The repair strength increased with increasing irradiance from 12 W/cm 2 to 15 W/cm 2 . The new solder-doped polymer membranes provide all of the benefits associated with solid protein solders including high repair strength and improved edge coaptation. In addition, the flexible and moldable nature of the new membranes offer the capability of tailoring the membranes to a wide range of tissue geometries, and consequently, improved clinical applicability of laser-assisted tissue repair.
The Polish Mecca, the Little Vienna on the Vistula or Big-City Cracow? Imagining Cracow before the Great War

This article explores the tendency of citizens to liken their city to other cities in an effort to promote particular visions of their hometown. It examines three mythic visions of fin-de-siecle Cracow – the Polish Mecca, the Little Vienna on the Vistula and modern Big-City Cracow – as reflected in contemporary accounts and historical scholarship, demonstrating how they functioned to promote national, imperial and interurban identification. Most critical of the national vision, the article advocates a broader perspective.
Long-term endocrine sequelae after treatment of medulloblastoma: prospective study of growth and thyroid function.

Endocrine evaluations were performed prospectively in 22 patients with medulloblastoma (ages 2 1/2 to 23 1/2 years at diagnosis), after craniospinal radiation with or without adjuvant chemotherapy. The mean craniospinal (hypothalamic-pituitary) and thyroid radiation doses were 3600 and 2400 rads, respectively. Fourteen (73%) of 19 patients who had not yet completed their growth experienced a decrease in growth velocity. However, only three of 10 of these children, who underwent growth hormone stimulation tests, had evidence of deficient growth hormone responses, suggesting that growth hormone secretory or regulatory dysfunction, rather than absolute growth hormone deficiency, is present in the majority of these children. Elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were noted in 15 of 22 patients; one patient had hypothalamic hypothyroidism. Thus, the late effects of therapy for medulloblastoma include frequent endocrine morbidity involving hypothalamic-pituitary and thyroid dysfunction.
3D volume visualization in remote radiation treatment planning

This paper reports a novel applications of 3D visualization in an ARPA-funded remote radiation treatment planning (RTP) experiment, utilizing supercomputer 3D volumetric modeling power and NASA ACTS (Advanced Communication Technology Satellite) communication bandwidths at the Ka-band range. The objective of radiation treatment is to deliver a tumorcidal dose of radiation to a tumor volume while minimizing doses to surrounding normal tissues. High performance graphics computers are required to allow physicians to view a 3D anatomy, specify proposed radiation beams, and evaluate the dose distribution around the tumor. Supercomputing power is needed to compute and even optimize dose distribution according to pre-specified requirements. High speed communications offer possibilities for sharing scarce and expensive computing resources (e.g., hardware, software, personnel, etc.) as well as medical expertise for 3D treatment planning among hospitals. This paper provides initial technical insights into the feasibility of such resource sharing. The overall deployment of the RTP experiment, visualization procedures, and parallel volume rendering in support of remote interactive 3D volume visualization will be described.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The development of Canadian Indian communities: a two-dimensional typology reflecting strategies of adaptation to the modern world*

Les reserves indiennes du Canada sont habituellement considerees comme des ilots de pauvrete rurale; de facon generale, on ignore les differences entre elles quant au degre et au mode d'adaptation aux conditions modernes. Les rnesures de completude institutionnelle et de developpement des ressources personnelles suggerees ici revelent une variation importante dans le developpement des bandes indiennes et fournissent la base pour une typologie bi-dimensionnelle des reserves. Les bandes inertes, pluralistes, integrantes et municipales varient de facon marquee selon un eventail considerable de caracteristiques communautaires et se regroupent geographiquement. Une analyse comparative de plus de cinq cent bandes suggerent que l'on peut s' induire en erreur si l'on ignore les differences entre les communautes indiennes. Canada's Indian reserves are usually considered to be pockets of rural poverty; existing differences, in degree and type of adaptation to modern conditions are generally ignored. Measures of institutional completeness and personal resource development suggested here reveal substantial developmental variation among Indian bands and provide the basis for a two-dimensional typology of reserve communities. Inert, pluralistic, integrative, and municipal bands are shown to vary significantly on a wide range of community characteristics and to cluster geographically. Comparative analysis of more than five hundred bands suggests that it is highly misleading to stereotype Indian communities.
Magnetic structures in the Ca2Fe2−xAlxO5 system-II

Abstract Recent structure analyses of crystals with different compositions in the Ca 2 Fe 2− x Al x O 5 system have led to a reinterpretation of the magnetic ‘phase diagram’ of this system. In the composition range 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1, there are at least three and possibly four different magnetic structures. At room temperature, and between x = 0·00 and x less than but near 0·60 (the exact boundary is not known), the magnetic structure belongs to magnetic space group Pcm′n′ ; in a narrower range, approximately 0·57 ⩽ x ⩽ 0·65, the magnetic space group is I p b ′ m ′2; for x greater than about 0·80, the magnetic space group is I p bm ′2′. There is a substantial region of x and T (at room temperature 0·65 ⩽ x ⩽ 0·80), for which our experimental results cannot distinguish between two possibilities: either both the I p b ′ m ′2 and I p bm ′2′ structures coexist with spin-flipping as x or T changes or there is a continuous rotation of the spins with changing x or T . In the latter case, the most probable single magnetic space group in this region is C p m ′; with increasing x or T the transitions occur by way of I p b ′ m ′2 → C p m ′ → I p bm ′2′.
Industry structure and organizational deviance: Multinational corporations and questionable foreign payments

Questionable foreign payments (QFPs) by multinational corporations (MNCs) are examined in the context of world industry structures. Corporate claims and existing theory view QFPs as a function of extortive corporate-governmental relations. There are three industry conditions cited which make extortion possible: competitive pressure, foreign dependence and governmental leverage. Top U.S.-based MNCs (N=197) which have and have not made QFPs are compared on indicators of world industry structure to test for these conditions. Findings show that corporations making QFPs are more heavily involved in foreign economies, but are less susceptible to competitive pressure and no more subject to governmental leverage than nonpaying corporations. Specifically, paying corporations are likely to be leading corporations in fairly concentrated, U.S. dominated, and high-technology markets. Paying corporations, then, are in better positions to control their environments than nonpaying corporations. We conclude that changes in world industry structures beginning in the 1960s have increased the likelihood of QFPs, especially for U.S. MNCs in high-tech industries.
An analysis of the viscoplastic behavior of metals

Abstract The inelastic behavior of polycrystalline metals is deduced from microscopic slip mechanisms in individual crystals. With motion of dislocations as the source of inelastic strain, strain rate equations for a slip system in a crystal are compiled. These equations take into account strain-dependent mobile dislocation density, strain hardening and a non-linear dependence of dislocation velocity on the resolved shear stress. A model of interaction between crystal grains in the aggregate is established by utilizing the concept of a spherical inclusion in a homogeneous matrix. The resulting system of non-linear differential and algebraic equations is solved numerically for some typical cases of loading of a specimen in uniaxial tension at room temperature. The theoretical results obtained in this way reproduce all the known aspects of the inelastic behavior of metals, e.g. the rate dependence of the stress-strain curve, the Bauschinger effect, non-stationary creep and stress relaxation. Quantitative comparison of the theoretical results with the experimental data for two cases of loading (static and dynamic tension tests and a stress relaxation test) reveal good agreement between the theoretical and the experimental curves.
Nematic and Cholesteric Thermotropic Azoxy Polyesters with Moderately Low Transition Temperatures

Abstract The synthesis and properties of a new nematic and twisted nematic polyester system based on 4, 4′ azoxy-2, 2′methylphenyl moiety separated by flexible spacers with an asymmetric center in the backbone is described. The polymers of the system have moderately low transition temperatures and are well soluble in various solvents. The polyesters described flow easily and give characteristic textures of nematic and cholesteric fluids including selective reflections of light. The thermal properties of these polyesters indicate an increase of isotropisation entropy with the increase of average spacer length.
Fast-converging series for heat conduction in the circular cylinder

Steady heat conduction in the finite, right-circular cylinder is treated with the method of Green's functions for a variety of boundary conditions. Three forms of the series for the Green's function are discussed: a triple-sum series obtained from eigenfunction expansions; an alternate triple-sum series with improved series convergence found with the method of time partitioning; and, a double-sum series. Influence functions appropriate for the boundary-element method are constructed with the Green's functions to describe a cylinder heated by a specified heat flux over a portion of one face. Numerical examples are given.
Piecewise orthogonal signal correction

Abstract A novel signal-processing method that performs orthogonal signal correction (OSC) in a piecewise manner, namely piecewise OSC (POSC), is developed and applied to two near-infrared (NIR) data sets of multivariate calibration. Partial least squares (PLS) regression models were constructed for the POSC-corrected spectra, and the results were compared with those obtained by the Wise and Fearn OSC algorithms. It is shown that performing POSC prior to calibration yields regression models that are more parsimonious (fewer latent variables) and with better predictive power than models obtained by the above methods. The removal of orthogonal components from the response matrix is greatly facilitated simply by considering localized spectral features.
CT findings of small bowel trichobezoar

A 14-year-old girl presented to our emergency room with abdominal pain and persistent vomiting. A plain radiograph of the abdomen showed features of small bowel obstruction, with dilated loops of small bowel and a mottled gas and debris pattern in the stomach and right lower quadrant. A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis obtained to exclude appendicitis showed the distinctive appearance of a trichobezoar. A preoperative diagnosis of gastric and intestinal trichobezoar was made.
HIV protease inhibitors block oral epithelial cell DNA synthesis.

Abstract Objectives Anti-retroviral therapy regimens that include HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) are associated with diverse adverse effects including increased prevalence of oral warts, oral sensorial deficits and gastrointestinal toxicities suggesting that PIs may perturb epithelial cell biology. To test the hypothesis that PIs could affect specific biological processes of oral epithelium, the effects of these agents were evaluated in several oral epithelial cell-lines. Design Primary and immortalized oral keratinocytes and squamous carcinoma cells of oropharyngeal origin were cultured in the presence of pharmacologically relevant concentrations of PIs. Their affects on cell viability, cytotoxicity and DNA synthesis were assessed by enzymatic assays and incorporation of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) into DNA. Results Viability of primary and immortalized oral keratinocytes as well as squamous carcinoma cells of oropharyngeal origin was significantly reduced by select PIs at concentrations found in plasma. Of the seven PIs evaluated, nelfinavir was the most potent with a mean 50% inhibitory concentration [IC 50 ] of 4.1 μM. Lopinavir and saquinavir also reduced epithelial cell viability (IC 50 of 10–20 μM). Atazanavir and ritonovir caused minor reductions in viability, while amprenavir and indinavir were not significant inhibitors. The reduced cell viability, as shown by BrdU incorporation assays, was due to inhibition of DNA synthesis rather than cell death due to cytotoxicity. Conclusion Select PIs retard oral epithelial cell proliferation in a drug and dose-dependent manner by blocking DNA synthesis. This could account for some of their adverse effects on oral health.
IRIDIUM: a program to model reaction of silicate liquid infiltrating a porous solid assemblage

The migration of silicate liquid through porous rock can give rise to compositional changes in both the liquid and the host solid assemblage that are important in a number of fields of igneous petrology. Ongoing studies in numerical models of crystallization and compaction behavior in layered intrusions by our group have lead to a need to incorporate more realistic silicate crystallization behavior. The computer program IRIDIUM incorporates liquid-mineral equilibria with one-dimensional transport equations for modeling magmatic infiltration-reaction (IR) phenomenon. The program allows calculation of mineral precipitation/dissolution and chromatographic fronts as silicate liquid percolates through a porous solid matrix. The liquid-mineral equilibria part of the IRIDIUM program is based on the free energy minimization algorithm used in the MELTS software algorithm of Ghiorso and coworkers and includes trace element modeling. The IRIDIUM program incorporates both general and compaction-driven thermal and mass transport equations. A simple example involving infiltration metasomatism in olivine cumulates in the Muskox intrusion shows some of the capabilities of the program.
193-nm full-field step-and-scan prototype at MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Optical lithography at a 193-nm exposure wavelength has been under development at MIT Lincoln Laboratory for several years, supported by ARPA's Advanced Lithography Program. As part of this program, a prototype 193-nm full-field step-and-scan lithographic exposure system was built and installed in the clean-room facilities of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. This exposure system has now been in use for one year, supporting a program of photoresist and lithographic process development at 193 nm. This paper describes the characteristics of the exposure system and some of the advances in 193-nm lithography that have been achieved with the system.
Maternal responsiveness in the squirrel monkey following chronic administration of Δ9-THC☆

Abstract Mother squirrel monkeys were orally administered gradually increasing doses of Δ 9 -THC (from 0.5 to 5.0 mg/kg) 5 days/wk from 2 wk to approximately 6 mo after birth. After having received a dose of 5.0 mg/kg for an average of 3.5 mo, drug-treated mothers were then compared with control mothers in terms of their responsiveness both to their own and to unrelated infants. In contrast to the control mothers whose response pattern clearly showed differentiation of their own and other infants, the mothers that received Δ 9 -THC responded in much the same manner to the alien infant as they did to their own infant. The results show that the behavior of the THC-exposed mothers was not attributed simply to a general reduction in their responsiveness toward their offspring or to an overall reduction in their own state of arousal. Rather, the results suggest that chronic ingestion of Δ 9 -THC caused the mothers to be less disturbed by separation from their infants and/or produced some degree of perceptual distortion that prevented them from responding selectivity to the different infants.
A note on unbounded solutions of a class of second order rational difference equations

We investigate the unbounded solutions of the second order difference equation where all parameters and C and initial conditions are nonnegative and such that for all n. We give a characterization of unbounded solutions for this equation showing that whenever an unbounded solution exists the subsequence of even indexed (resp. odd) terms tends to and the subsequence of odd indexed (resp. even) terms tends to a nonnegative number. We also show that two sets in the plane of initial conditions corresponding to the two cases are separated by the global stable manifold of the unique positive equilibrium. Our result answers two open problems posed by Kulenovic and Ladas (2001, Dynamics of Second Order Rational Difference Equations with Open Problems and Conjectures, Boca Raton/London: Chapman and Hall/CRC).
Biasing effects of pretrial publicity on judicial decisions

In a four-factor design, the effects on judicial decisions of sample (102 students versus 100 nonstudents), sex of subject, pretrial publicity (damaging and relevant versus irrelevant), and judge's instructions (warning to disregard pretrial publicity versus a neutral statement) were examined. Results indicated that sample and judge's instructions had no effects on verdicts, recommendations for sentencing, or ratings of the strength of the prosecution and defenses' cases. Pretrial publicity, however, exerted a strong influence on verdicts and ratings of the prosecution's case, particularly among females. It is suggested that pretrial publicity may serve to affect evaluations of the evidence presented at the trial.
Tsunami features of solid block underwater landslides

Near-field and far-field wave features generated by solid block underwater landslides are described qualitatively and quantitatively. The characteristic time of landslide motion and maximum near-field wave amplitude suffice to scale many of these water wave features. Criteria are provided to determine if water waves generated by underwater landslides propagate as deepwater or shallow water waves. Estimates of the dominant far-field wavelength are provided for both cases. A precise location is given for the beginning of far-field wave propagation for deepwater waves. Weakly nonlinear and dispersive effects of shallow water wave propagation are examined. Around 5% of solid block maximum kinetic energy is converted into wave energy.
Suprazero cooling conditions significantly influence subzero permeability parameters of mammalian ovarian tissue

To model the cryobiological responses of cells and tissues, permeability characteristics are often measured at suprazero temperatures and the measured values are used to predict the responses at subzero temperatures. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the rate of cooling from +25 to +4 degrees C influenced the measured water transport response of ovarian tissue at subzero temperatures in the presence or absence of cryoprotective agents (CPAs). Sections of freshly collected equine ovarian tissue were first cooled either at 40 degrees C/min or at 0.5 degrees C/min from 25 to 4 degrees C, and then cooled to subzero temperatures. A shape-independent differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) technique was used to measure the volumetric shrinkage during freezing of equine ovarian tissue sections. After ice was induced to form in the extracellular fluid within the specimen, the sample was frozen from the phase change temperature to -50 degrees C at 5 degrees C/min. Replicate samples were frozen in isotonic medium alone or in medium containing 0.85 M glycerol or 0.85 M dimethylsulfoxide. The water transport response of ovarian tissue samples cooled at 40 degrees C/min from 25 to 4 degrees C was significantly different (confidence level >95%) from that of tissue samples cooled at 0.5 degrees C/min, whether in the presence or absence of CPAs. We fitted a model of water transport to the experimentally-derived volumetric shrinkage data and determined the best-fit membrane permeability parameters (L(pg) and E(Lp)) of equine ovarian tissue during freezing. Subzero water transport parameters of ovarian tissue samples cooled at 0.5 degrees C/min from 25 to 4 degrees C ranged from: L(pg) = 0.06 to 0.73 microm/min.atm and E(Lp) = 6.1 to 20.5 kcal/mol. The corresponding parameters of samples cooled at 40 degrees C/min from 25 to 4 degrees C ranged from: L(pg) = 0.04 to 0.61 microm/min.atm and E(Lp) = 8.2 to 54.2 kcal/mol. Calculations made of the theoretical response of tissue at subzero temperatures suggest that the optimal cooling rates to cryopreserve ovarian tissue are significantly dependent upon suprazero cooling conditions.
TOWARD A THEORY OF FRAMES AND REFRAMING: THE SOCIAL NATURE OF FRAMES*

The therapeutic use of reframing is fundamental to strategic therapy, yet we lack an adequate conceptual scheme for understanding the critical elements of effective reframings. Some background for the concepts of frame and reframing are provided, along with clinical examples. Much of the existing literature links reframing to what has been termed “radical constructivisim,” a theory that knowledge is a personal construction, a creation, rather than a discovery. Both the contribution and the limitations of radical constructivism are noted. It is criticized for minimizing the extent to which individuals' construction of their predicaments are social in nature and an adaptation to influences that are independent of individual cognitive activity. Clinical imlications of this perspective are explored.
A nuclear magnetic resonance technique for determining hybridoma cell concentration in hollow fiber bioreactors

We have developed a technique for determining cell concentration in a hollow fiber bioreactor based on 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Cell concentrations determined with this method agreed closely with concentrations calculated from 31P NMR nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) measurements and oxygen consumption rate measurements. Oxygen transfer limitations, which can complicate cell mass determinations based on oxygen consumption rates, were shown to be negligible for the bioreactor used. Specific antibody production rates in hollow fiber culture, calculated from these cell number estimates, were similar to those found in suspension culture for this cell line.
Psychosocial Aspects of Short Stature and Its Management: Good Deeds Require Good Science

Beliefs and assumptions regarding the presumed negative influence of height on psychological adaptation and quality of life contribute to the growth hormone (GH) therapy decision-making process. Although bioethics considers more than empirical evidence when providing guidance, recommendations based on poor-quality science will certainly diminish their ultimate value. This brief and selective overview identifies pitfalls and deficiencies in the existing literature on the psychosocial aspects of short stature and its management with GH. It concludes with a call for methodologically robust psychosocial research together with a careful risk/benefit analysis for the individual child.
Random Data Accesses on a Coarse-Grained Parallel Machine II. One-to-Many and Many-to-One Mappings

This paper describes deterministic communication-efficient algorithms for performing random data accesses with hot spots on a coarse-grained parallel machine. The general random access read-write operations with hot spots can be completed inC?n/p(+ lower order terms) time and is optimal and scalable providedn?p3+p2?/? (nis the number of elements distributed acrosspprocessors, ? is the start-up overhead and 1/? is the data transfer rate).Cis a small constant between 3 and 4 for the random access write operation, slightly higher for the random access read operation. Monotonic random access reads/writes can be completed with smaller constants and are optimal for smallernas well. A companion paper 26] deals with the problem of performing dynamic permutations.
Diagnostic workup of patients with suspected pancreatic carcinoma: the University of California-Los Angeles approach

BACKGROUND A large number of diagnostic procedures (e.g., ultrasound, computed tomography [CT] scan, fine-needle aspiration [FNA], angiography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography [ERCP], and laparoscopy), are available to the clinician as he/she pursues the workup of patients who are thought to have a pancreatic (periampullary) malignancy. Not all of these procedures should be used in every patient and some have been overused. METHODS Based on a current literature review and their own experience, the authors describe the rationale of the diagnostic workup in patients with suspected pancreatic carcinoma in a single institution (a university medical center). RESULTS Helical CT scan provides the best overall assessment of patients with periampullary malignancies, and it is often the only test required. If the patient's history and blood test abnormalities suggest pancreatic carcinoma and the helical CT scan shows a mass in the head of the pancreas that appears to be resectable, the patient should be prepared for surgery. If no mass is apparent on the helical CT scan, a diagnostic ERCP is indicated. If microscopic proof of the diagnosis will avoid surgery, then an FNA for cytology should be performed. When unresectability appears likely and cannot be confirmed in less invasive ways, laparoscopy is indicated. CONCLUSIONS In patients with periampullary malignancies, helical CT scan provides the best overall assessment. Guidelines are presented for the selective use of ultrasound, FNA, ERCP, and laparoscopy, which are important for the most cost-effective workup of these patients. Cancer 1997; 79:1780-6. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Design of input signals for parameter estimation

The optimum energy-constrained and time-constrained input signal is obtained for estimating the parameters of a system. The output is corrupted by nonstationary, nonwhite additive observation noise, and the observation time is finite. The reproducing kernel Hilbert space formulation is used to obtain the parameter estimates and the error covariance matrix in terms of the input. The performance index, assumed to be a function of the error covariance matrix, is minimized by a variational procedure. A necessary condition for optimality is that the input satisfy a nonlinear Fredholm equation. An example estimates the gain of a single time constant system where the observation noise has an exponential autocorrelation function. For broadband noise, the optimum input is a portion of a sinusoid. For a noise bandwidth narrower than the system bandwidth, the optimum input switches sign as rapidly as possible, but near-optimum performance can be obtained with a relatively high frequency sinusoidal input.
The Valsalva maneuver as a clinical test for circulatory congestion in chronic uremia.

Forty-four hemodynamic studies were carried out in 19 patients with chronic renal failure in the azotemic state, as well as 16 studies in 16 surgical patients who did not have renal disease but who exhibited some degree of pulmonary insufficiency. The results show that the hyperdynamic circulatory state associated with both diseases can be differentiated only by the anemia of chronic uremia and the frequent radiological evidence of interstitial pulmonary edema associated with hypervolemia. It is clear from these data that a physician is readily able to ascertain hypervolemia and interstitial pulmonary edema with the ordinary sphygmomanometer at the bedside of a chronically uremic patient. Possible mechanisms of the hemodynamic response to chronic renal failure as ascertained in this study are discussed.
Concordance Between Capnography and Arterial Blood Gas Measurements of Carbon Dioxide in Acute Asthma

Study objective We examine the concordance between end-tidal partial pressure of CO 2 (PetCO 2 ) measured by capnography and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ) obtained by arterial blood gas in acute asthmatic patients presenting to the emergency department. Methods This was a prospective observational cohort study of acutely ill adult asthmatic patients undergoing an arterial blood gas measurement as part of their evaluation. PetCO 2 was recorded during exhalation into a capnograph while arterial blood was pulsing in the arterial blood gas tubing. Concordance between PetCO 2 and PaCO 2 was displayed as a Bland-Altman matrix, using prespecified limits of agreement of ±5 mm Hg difference between PetCO 2 and PaCO 2 in each patient. Results The mean difference between the PetCO 2 and PaCO 2 levels was 1.0 mm Hg (95% confidence interval −0.1 to 2.0 mm Hg), with a median of 0 mm Hg. Of the 39 patients enrolled, 37 (95%) fell within the a priori limits of agreement. Conclusion In adult asthmatic patients with acute exacerbations, concordance between PetCO 2 measured by capnography and PaCO 2 measured by arterial blood gas was high. These findings must be validated before capnography replacement of arterial blood gas as an accurate means of assessing alveolar ventilation in acute asthma is recommended.
Efficient Use of Invisible Registers in Thumb Code

The ARM processor is a dual width ISA processor that provides a 16-bit Thumb instruction set in addition to the 32-bit ARM instruction set. The compromises made in designing the Thumb instruction set leads to significantly increased instruction counts. This increase is in part due to the fact that only half of the register file is visible to most instructions in Thumb code. In this paper we address this inefficiency by providing a new instruction, the SetMask instruction, using which the compiler can change the visible subset of registers at any program point. Thus, through the use of this instruction the compiler can make use of all registers in all instructions. We present compiler techniques for allocating invisible registers and introducing SetMask instructions in a manner that the number of introduced instructions is minimized so that the increase in code size is insignificant. We implement this new instruction using the dynamic instruction coalescing framework which enables the SetMask instruction to have zero execution time cost. Our techniques eliminated 11.7% of MOV instructions from Thumb code while causing negligible code size increase.