cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of project reentry

This report describes a project designed to return to regular classrooms a group of rural poor elementary schoolchildren who were suspected of having been misplaced in special classes for the educable mentally retarded. At the end of the 3-year project, more than half the children were returned to regular classrooms, with proportionately more boys than girls being returned. The total sample of Project students gained significantly in verbal IQ over the course of the project, compared with a sample of students who remained in special education classes. The implications of the project for research, intervention programs, and educational practices are discussed.
Retroviral Recombination Is Nonrandom and Sequence Dependent

Sequence variation plays a significant role in the pathogenesis and persistence of retroviral infections and is a major obstacle in the development of vaccines as well as therapies against lethal diseases caused by retroviruses. Recombination is one means by which sequence variation is generated. However, the basic molecular mechanisms of recombination are not adequately understood. In the present study, a spleen necrosis virus (SNV) recombination system was used to ask whether a known hot spot for mutation was also a hot spot for retroviral recombination. The system consisted of a pair of SNV vectors expressing two drug-resistance genes, constructed so that recombinants could be selected by a double resistant phenotype. Restriction enzyme site differences engineered into the vectors were used to map the location of recombination sites within relatively small intervals (55 to 420 bp). The vectors were modified to create two pairs that differed only by the presence of runs of identical nucleotides. The runs of identical nucleotides had been shown previously to be hot spots for frameshift mutations during SNV reverse transcription. Each vector pair was introduced into DSDh helper cells by infection. Viruses were harvested from doubly infected DSDh helper cells and used to infect D-17 target cells. Proviral sequences from 228 cell clones were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion. Significant differences in the patterns of recombination were found between the two pairs of vectors. In particular, the frequency of recombination was higher than expected in the interval immediately following the runs. For both pairs of vectors, the overall pattern of recombination was nonrandom and one region was refractory toward recombination.
On the independence number of random graphs

Abstract Let α(Gn,p) denote the independence number of the random graph Gn,p. Let d=np. We show that if ϵ > 0 is fixed then with probability going to 1 as n → ∞ ∥α(G n,p )– 2 n d (logd–loglogd–log2+1)∥⩽ ϵn d provided dϵ⩽d=o(n), where dϵ is some fixed constant.
Immunology: A heavyweight knocked out

Caspase-1 is one of the main culprits behind sepsis, a form of systemic inflammation. The related enzyme caspase-11 is also involved, but the relative roles of the two proteins have been confusing, until now. See Letter p.117 It has long been presumed that caspase-11 is pro-inflammatory because of its homology to caspase-1, but its actual role has been enigmatic. Vishva Dixit and co-workers now report a crucial role for caspase-11 in inflammasome activation by various pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, and show that lipopolysaccharide toxicity depends on caspase-11 — not on caspase-1 as previously thought. This work highlights a pro-inflammatory role for caspase-11 in the innate immune response to bacterial infections.
Isotopic Constraints on the Petrogenesis of Jurassic Plutons, Southeastern California

The 165 Ma Eagle Mountain intrusion is a heterogeneous, enclave-bearing, metaluminous remnant of the Cordilleran Jurassic arc that cuts regionally metamorphosed pre-Mesozoic rocks in the southeastern Mojave Desert of California. The main phase of the intrusion consists of granodiorite to tonalite host facies, diorite mixed facies, and homogeneous monzogranite facies. The host facies contains microdiorite enclaves interpreted as intermingled masses of mafic magma. Late-phase leucogranite stocks cut the main phase. Mineral equilibria indicate emplacement at ∼6.5 km depth, with solidus temperatures ranging from 760°C for diorite to 700°C for felsic granodiorite. Although uniform radiogenic-isotope compositions (Sri = 0.7085, eNdi = −9.4) suggest derivation from a single source, no known source has the composition required. A hybrid source is proposed, consisting of various proportions of juvenile mantle and recycled lower crust. Calculations indicate that the source of the Eagle Mountain intrusion comprised ...
Interactions of trace metals with authigenic sulfide minerals: implications for their bioavailability

Abstract Trace metals that are mobilized during early diagenesis can be coprecipitated with and adsorbed on authigenic sulfide minerals in anoxic sediments. A major portion (generally > 60%) of the non-silicate bound fraction of potentially toxic metals, such as As, Cu and Hg, is commonly coprecipitated with pyrite near the sediment-water interface. Traditional methods (e.g. 1 N HCl or citrate dithionite extractions) for determining the concentration of potentially bioavailable metals in sediments do not include the pyrite bound fraction. However, pyritized metals can be potentially bioavailable if the pyrite is oxidized. Pyrite oxidation commonly occurs during sediment resuspension, seasonal migration of the redoxocline in sediments and when dredge spoils are dumped on land. Experimental measurements of metal release from pyrite, in initially anoxic sediments exposed to oxic seawater, indicate that a major portion (20% to over 90%) of the pyrite bound metals can be released in a day or less. The As, Cu and Hg released from pyrite usually exceeds the concentration of their potentially bioavailable fraction determined by traditional methods. Consequently, the pyritization-depyritization of trace metals is probably an important process in controlling the bioavailability of many important trace metals.
The Interagency Creeks and Communities Strategy: Creating Healthy Streams and Wetlands by Bringing People Together

R iparian-wetland areas in the western United States provide a variety of ecological, economic, and so- cial bene ts, even though they comprise a relatively small percentage of the total land base. Today, suc- cessful management of these areas depends on bringing diverse groups of people together and building the capacity needed to confront and manage complex and contentious issues. The fed- eral-level, interagency Creeks and Communities (C&C) Strategy is designed to integrate the biophysical and social dimensions of riparian-wetland management to achieve results that bene t both creeks and the communities that depend on them. 1 The strategy is a partnership of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the Forest Service (FS), and the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) to build understanding, owner- ship, and commitment in those individuals who must ultimate- ly implement management decisions by incorporating scienti c and technical information into collaborative decision-making processes. Many other agencies, nongovernmental organiza- tions, committed public employees, and private citizens partici- pate in, support, and contribute to the strategy. DOI: 10.2458/azu_rangelands_v34i4_riper
On the contribution of the Mediterranean Sea outflow to the Norwegian-Greenland Sea

Abstract In an earlier paper dealing with the mid-depth (1000 m) circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean, the water from the Mediterranean outflow, seen as a high-salinity subsurface layer, was shown to flow northward along the coast of Europe as well as westward. The distribution of the core of high-salinity water has been examined along an isopycnal surface that passes through the core near the source. The isopycnal varies in depth in the North Atlantic in accordance with the general circulation and outcrops at the sea surface in the Labrador and Norwegian-Greenland seas. Near 60°N it is shallow enough to extend through the Faroe-Shetland Channel. The high salinity of the Mediterranean outflow extends along this isopycnal and contributes substantially to the salinity of the water passing northward into the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. It has been supposed previously that it is the upper waters of the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean that pass through this channel and contribute the high salinity of the Norwegian Current. From examination of the temperature, salinity, and oxygen of the various layers, it appears likely to be the Mediterranean core that contributes the characteristics of the Norwegian Current, but with heat exchange through the sea surface, precipitation, and the low-salinity contribution from the Baltic-North Sea all uncertain, these characteristics alone do not provide a clear answer. Consideration of the silica field, however, provides a more convincing argument that the deeper water in the depth range of the Mediterranean outflow water provides a major component of the water passing northward through the Faroe-Shetland Channel.
Pairing interaction in two-dimensional CuO2.

We show that planar CuO/sub 2/ clusters with strong repulsive Coulomb interactions can exhibit an effective attractive pairing interaction. This interaction arises from a disruption of the local lattice charge distribution produced when a hole is added and occurs for a wide range of parameter values, in the region where both the on-site Cu repulsion and the nearest-neighbor Cu-O repulsion are appreciable. A signature of this mechanism is that the occupation of Cu sites decreases as the system is doped. We suggest that this effective attractive interaction is responsible for high-T/sub c/ superconductivity in oxides
Does Dispositional Aggression Feed the Narcissistic Response? The Role of Narcissism and Aggression in the Prediction of Job Attitudes and Counterproductive Work Behaviors

The purpose of this study was to extend the personality and work-related outcomes literature by examining: (1) the effects of narcissism on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and counterproductive work behaviors and (2) the moderating effects of dispositional aggression on the narcissism–counterproductive work behaviors relationship. Multi-wave data were collected from 381 workers employed in a variety of work settings within the United States. Narcissism had consistent main effects on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and counterproductive work behaviors after controlling for the personality characteristics agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and aggression. Aggression moderated the relationship between narcissism and counterproductive work behaviors, such that the positive relationship between narcissism and counterproductive work behaviors was stronger when dispositional aggression was high. This study provides greater clarity regarding the role of narcissism within job attitudes and behaviors, shows that dispositional aggression strengthens or amplifies the narcissistic response for counterproductive work behaviors, and provides a platform to further explore narcissism and aggression within the workplace. This study found that narcissism consistently predicted unique variance in work-related criteria after the effects of agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and aggression were controlled. It also found evidence that aggression moderates the effects of narcissism on counterproductive work behaviors. This study is the first to directly examine these effects.
Behaviour of the rod network in the tiger salamander retina mediated by membrane properties of individual rods

1. The spread of electrical signals between rods in the salamander retina was examined by passing current into one rod and recording the voltage responses in nearby rods. Rod network behaviour, measured in this way, was simulated from data on rod membrane properties gathered in voltage-clamp experiments on single isolated rods.2. The network voltage responses to square current pulses became smaller, more transient, and had a longer time-to-peak, for rods further away from the site of current injection. Depolarizing currents produced smaller responses than hyperpolarizing currents of the same magnitude.3. Neighbouring rods and cones were coupled less strongly than neighbouring rods.4. The response of the rod network to current injection was unaffected by 2 mm-aspartate(-), which eliminates transmission from receptors to horizontal cells.5. The input resistance of single isolated rods, measured at the resting potential, varied between 100 and 680 MOmega. The lower values were probably due to damage by the micro-electrodes. Electrical coupling was found to be very strong between the rod inner and outer segments.6. A strong ;instantaneous' outward rectification seen in isolated rods at potentials positive to -35 mV was reduced, but not abolished, by 15 mm-TEA.7. In normal solution, isolated rods exhibited a voltage- and time-dependent current, I(A), whose kinetics were approximated by a single first-order gating variable, and whose activation curve spanned the range between -40 and -80 mV. The time constant for the current varied with voltage and was 60-200 msec between -140 and -40 mV.8. A reversal potential for I(A) could not be found between -140 and -40 mV in normal solution, and the fully activated current, I(A), was approximately voltage-independent, with a magnitude of approximately 0.1 nA over this potential range.9. By several criteria, I(A) behaved as a single inward current activated by hyperpolarization. Pharmacological studies suggest, however, that it is the sum of at least two currents with very similar kinetics.10. Most isolated rods exhibited a very slow (tau approximately 3 sec) increase in net outward current on depolarizing beyond -35 mV. The magnitude of this current varied considerably between cells.11. Assuming that the rod network can be approximated by a square lattice of individual rods, resistively coupled together, the voltage-clamp data on isolated rods were used to predict the response of the network to current injection at one cell. The theoretical and observed network behaviour were in good agreement. The resistance coupling neighbouring rods was estimated to be approximately 300 MOmega. The current I(A) plays a major role in determining the behaviour of the rod network.12. The time-dependent current, I(A), is responsible for the peak-plateau wave form of the response to a bright flash. A current similar to I(A) could also account for the negative propagation velocity of the peak of the dim flash response, through the rod network of the turtle, observed by Detwiler, Hodgkin & McNaughton (1978).
Computing delay constrained paths from one source to single/all destinations

Delay-constrained least cost (DCLC) path problem is a typical delay sensitive quality of service (QoS) routing problem. In this paper, we provide an explicit expression of the time complexity of a previously proposed heuristic NR-DCLC when delay and cost are integers. The expression indicates it compares favorably with other heuristics. We further describe a heuristic NR-DCLC-1toN to compute the DCLC paths from one source to all destinations satisfying the delay constraint. Simulations demonstrate that NR-DCLC-1toN can always find delay constrained paths with lower costs than the delay scaling algorithm (DSA), which is so far the best heuristic for such problem. Even though NR-DCLC-1toN needs higher execution time than DSA in some cases, it runs much faster than DSA in many other cases such as when the delay constraint has to be strictly guaranteed or when the delay and cost are distributed on large intervals.
Neural network analysis of chemical compounds in nonrebreathing Fisher-344 rat breath

This research applies statistical and artificial neural network analysis to data obtained from measurement of organic compounds in the breath of Fisher-344 rats. The Research Triangle Institute (RTI) developed a breath collection system for use with rates in order to collect and measure volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exhaled. The RTI study tested the hypothesis that VOCs, including endogenous compounds, in breath can serve as markers to exposure to various chemicals such as drugs, pesticides, or carcinogens. A comparative analysis of chromatograms showed that the administration of carbon tetrachloride dramatically altered the VOCs measured in breath; both the compounds detected and their concentrations were greatly impacted. This research demonstrated that neural network analysis and classification discriminates between exposure to carbon tetrachloride versus no exposure. It also identified the chemical compounds in rat breath that best discriminate between carbon tetrachloride exposure and either a vehicle control or no dose. For the data set analyzed, 100 percent classification accuracy was achieved in classifying cases of exposure versus no exposure. The top three marker compounds were identified. The results obtained show that neural networks can be effectively used to analyze complex chromatographic data.
AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS: VENTURE CAPITAL CLUSTERS AND FIRM MIGRATION

Regions and states utilize venture capital forums to raise the profiles of youthful, potentially high-growth firms located within their boundaries. They aim to help organizations raise capital, to widen professional networks and to stimulate regional development. As a contribution toward determining the success of the forum concept, the Florida venture forum was studied. This paper follows those companies who received funding subsequent to participating in the forum during the period 1997–2003; data is drawn from the forum and public records. Funding profiles are built up for successful participants and the funding entities. A secondary profile, post-funding, is developed that examines the role the funding agent plays in determining whether the funded company remains or migrates from its original location. The finding of this paper is that a significant number of funded entities are located within venture capital cores or clusters. The paper shows that funded companies are younger than non-funded companies, more likely to be acquired and move from their original location. The paper also shows that the participant companies that were acquired achieve an exit strategy by migrating out of the state of Florida.
Amplitude-Position formulation of data assimilation

Classical formulations of data-assimilation perform poorly when forecast locations of weather systems are displaced from their observations. They compensate position errors by adjusting amplitudes, which can produce unacceptably “distorted” states, adversely affecting analysis, verification and subsequent forecasts. It is non-trivial to identify sources of position error, but correcting misplaced forecasts is essential for operationally predicting strong, localized weather events such as tropical cyclones. In this paper, we propose a method that accounts for both position and amplitude errors. The proposed method assimilates observations in two steps. The first step is field alignment, where the current model state is aligned with observations by adjusting a continuous field of local displacements, subject to certain constraints. The second step is amplitude adjustment, where contemporary assimilation approaches are used. Our method shows improvements in analyses, with sparse and uncertain observations.
Model-based optoelectronic packaging automation

In this paper, we present an automation technique that yields high-performance, low-cost optoelectronic alignment and packaging through the use of intelligent control theory and system-level modeling. The control loop design is based on model-based control, previously popularized in process and other control industries. The approach is to build an a priori knowledge model, specific to the assembled package's optical power propagation characteristics, and use this to set the initial "feed-forward" conditions of the automation system. In addition to this feed-forward model, the controller is designed with feedback components, along with the inclusion of a built in optical power sensor. The optical modeling is performed with the rigorous scalar Rayleigh-Sommerfeld formulation, efficiently solved online using an angular spectrum technique. One of the benefits of using a knowledge-based control technique is that the efficiency of the automation process can be increased, as the number of alignment steps can be greatly reduced. An additional benefit of this technique is that it can reduce the possibility that attachment between optical components will occur at local power maximums, instead of the global maximum of the power distribution. Therefore, the technique improves system performance, while reducing the overall cost of the automation process.
Resectable Pancreatic Cancer: Is Surgery the Best First Step?

Controversy exist regarding the potential benefit of the neoadjuvant approach to pancreatic cancer as limited retrospective data exists comparing pre- with post-operative chemoradiation. The optimal treatment approach remains unclear as we await prospective randomized clinical trials evaluating the hypothesized benefit of the neoadjuvant therapy for resectable pancreatic cancer and as there has been no proven survival benefit to date. Here we summarize the data presented at the 2012 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium providing additional insight into the potential of neoadjuvant therapy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. (Abstracts #156, #162, #168 and #177).
Arsenic enrichment in unconfined sections of the southern Gulf Coast aquifer system, Texas

Groundwater arsenic concentrations exceeding the federal drinking water standard are common in the southern Gulf Coast aquifer system in Texas, including in aerobic, unconfined groundwater which provides much of the municipal and domestic water supplies for the region. The objective of this study was to determine geochemical factors affecting the occurrence and distribution of groundwater As in unconfined portions of the southern Gulf Coast aquifer system through a comparative transect study of groundwater across three major hydrostratigraphic units (the Catahoula Formation, Jasper aquifer and Evangeline aquifer) and analysis of regional water quality data. Results show that As concentrations decrease with increasing distance from the Catahoula Formation, which is consistent with Miocene volcanic ash as the main source of As to groundwater in the region. Arsenic concentrations correlate with V, SiO2 and K, all of which were released during weathering of volcanic sediments and their degradation products. In all three units, carbonate weathering and active recharge in the unconfined zones result in circum-neutral pH and oxidizing groundwater, which are typically amenable to As immobilization by adsorption of arsenate onto mineral oxides and clays. However, As concentrations exceed 10 lg/L in approximately 30% of wells. Silica that was co-released with As may compete for sorption sites and reduce the capacity for arsenate adsorption.
Transnational Governmentality and the Politics of Life and Death

One can ignore neither the role of diasporas nor colonial and imperial discourses of modernity in the construction of normative sexual identities and practices in the Middle East, whether in the past or the present. This is not to dismiss “local” forms of regulation, disciplining, and normalization of queers, but to point to the way that “local” state and nonstate norms of sexuality are not detached from “global” trends and transnational relationships of power. My own work on gender and sexuality within Iranian diasporic contexts engages with scholarship that postulates sexuality as a form of transnational governmentality and with analyses of homonationalism and necropolitics. I examine the representational economy of queer deaths during the “war on terror” and suggest that the Iranian transgender refugee, who has become a highly representable subject as a victim of Iranian transphobia in the civilizational discourses of the “war on terror,” dies an unspeakable death if her death disrupts the promise of freedom after flight.
Gene expression in caged fish as a first-tier indicator of contaminant exposure in streams

The development of sensitive, biologically based indicators of contaminant exposure (i.e., biomarkers) is an ongoing topic of research. These indicators have been proposed as a first-tier method of identifying contaminant exposure. The primary objective of this research was to implement a biomarker-based method of exposure assessment using caged fish and real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rtRT-PCR) measurements of gene expression. Primers were developed for the CYPIA, metallothionein, and vitellogenin genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchyus mykiss), cutbow trout (Oncorhynchyus clarkii x mykiss), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Each of these genes has been shown to respond specifically to planar aromatic compounds, heavy metals, and environmental estrogens, respectively. Juvenile fish were placed in cages and exposed in situ at reference and contaminated sites on the Cache la Poudre River (CO, USA), the Arkansas River (CO, USA), the St. John River (NB, Canada), and two urban creeks near Dayton (OH, USA). Quantitative gene expression was determined using rtRT-PCR. Biomarker expression profiles were obtained that demonstrated differences in CYPIA, metallothionein, and vitellogenin mRNA production unique to each site, indicating that specific types of compounds were bioavailable and present in sufficient concentrations to elicit transcriptional responses in the organism. These findings support the use of a biomarker-based approach to exposure identification and assessment.
Adenoviral-mediated overexpression of SOCS3 enhances IgG immune complex-induced acute lung injury.

The lung inflammatory response caused by intratracheal deposition of IgG immune complexes (IC) includes the production of IL-6, which signals through activation of STAT transcription factors. Recently, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) has been shown to be a key negative regulator of IL-6/gp130/Jak/STAT3 signal transduction. Although SOCS3 has been implicated in several inflammatory diseases, very little is known regarding its activation and its function in the lung during acute inflammation. Our previous study showed that IL-6/STAT3 activation was triggered in lungs after intrapulmonary deposition of IgG IC in rats. In the current study, we sought to determine whether SOCS3 is playing a regulatory role in the lung inflammatory response. SOCS3 induction occurred during development of inflammation in the IgG IC model of lung injury. Overexpression of SOCS3 in lung using a recombinant adenovirus encoding murine SOCS3 resulted in substantial increases in lung vascular permeability and lung myeloperoxidase, together with enhanced levels of TNF-α, MIP-2, and keratinocyte-activated cytokine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. SOCS3 overexpression in lungs led to overproduction of bronchoalveolar lavage IL-6, but not IL-10, in this inflammatory model. We further show that activation of STAT3 was inhibited by SOCS3 overexpression as well as by anti-IL-6 treatment during IgG IC-induced lung injury, as determined by EMSA. In vitro, SOCS3 overexpression abrogated IL-6-induced activation of STAT3 in lung epithelial cells. These findings suggest SOCS3 is an important regulator of lung inflammatory injury after deposition of IgG IC.
Identification of a Bipedal Robot with a Compliant Drivetrain

Research in bipedal robotics aims to design machines with the speed, stability, agility, and energetic efficiency of a human. While no machine built today realizes the union of these attributes, several robots demonstrate one or more of them. The Cornell biped is designed to be highly energy efficient.
A numerical model of hydrothermal cooling and crustal accretion at a fast spreading mid‐ocean ridge

[1] There are two competing models for lower crustal accretion at fast spreading ridges. In the gabbro glacier model, all the lower crust solidifies in a magma lens at the dike/gabbro boundary and then flows to its final level. In the sheeted sill model, the lower crust is formed by sills emplaced at a variety of depths. We present a steady state numerical representation of the sill model that explicitly includes hydrothermal circulation. The crust is accreted uniformly at the ridge axis at all depths and hydrothermal circulation occurs in crustal rocks that have cooled below a threshold temperature. The results show that when the permeability exceeds a threshold value (∼4 × 10−14 m2 for a cracking temperature of 800°C and a uniform permeability), hydrothermal circulation can cool the entire crust near the ridge axis, producing vertical isotherms in the lower crust. At lower permeabilities, the properties of seawater lead to bimodal cooling with the lowermost crust cooling more slowly than shallower depths. These results are reasonably consistent with studies of the seismic structure of the East Pacific Rise and of plagioclase crystal size distributions in gabbros from Oman. We infer that the sheeted sill model cannot be discarded on thermal grounds.
Using hydrothermal time concepts to model seed germination response to temperature, dormancy loss, and priming effects in Elymus elymoides.

Hydrothermal time (HTT) describes progress toward seed germination under various combinations of incubation water potential ( ) and temperature (T). To examine changes in HTT parameters during dormancy loss, seeds from two populations of the bunchgrass Elymus elymoides were incubated under seven temperature regimes following dry storage at 10, 20 and 30°C for intervals from 0 to 16 weeks. Fully after-ripened seeds were primed for 1 week at a range of s. Data on germination rate during priming were used to obtain a HTT equation for each seed population, while data obtained following transfer to water were used to calculate HTT accumulation during priming. HTT equations accurately predicted germination time course curves if mean base water potential, b(50), was allowed to vary with temperature. b(50) values increased linearly with temperature, explaining why germination rate does not increase with temperature in this species. b(50) showed a linear decrease as a function of thermal time in storage. Slopes for the T × b(50) relationship did not change during after-ripening. This thermal after-ripening time model was characterized by a single base temperature and a constant slope across temperatures for each collection. Because the difference between initial and final b(50)s was uniform across tempera-tures, the thermal after-ripening requirement was also a constant. When seeds were primed for 1 week at −4 to −20 MPa, accumulation of HTT was a uniform 20% of the total HTT requirement. When primed at 0 to −4 MPa, HTT accumulation decreased linearly with decreasing priming potential, and a hydrothermal priming time model using a constant minimum priming potential adequately described priming effects. Use of these simple HTT relationships will facilitate modelling of germination phenology in the field.
A proposed open cognitive architecture framework

This paper describes a proposed general-purpose cognitive architecture known as the Open Cognitive Architecture Framework (OpenCAF) capable of representing complex intelligent behavior for a variety of applications. This new cognitive architecture framework is combined with the Open Modeling and Simulation Architecture (OpenMSA) and the Open System Architecture for Modeling and Simulation (OSAMS) to form the foundation of the Open Unified Technical Framework (OpenUTF) that provides an open-source, high-performance, scalable, parallel and distributed, infrastructure for supporting both real-time operational service-oriented systems and modeling & simulation applications. The WarpIV Kernel provides a freely available open source C++ reference implementation of the OpenUTF that will host the proposed OpenCAF. One of the unique revolutionary features of the OpenCAF is its ability to explore multiple decision-branches within a five-dimensional simulation framework. The proposed cognitive architecture constructs described in this paper are designed to automatically provide scalable high performance execution on emerging multicore computers.
Hydrogen Eos at Megabar Pressures and the Search for Jupiter's Core

The interior structure of Jupiter serves as a benchmark for an entire astrophysical class of liquid-metallic hydrogen-rich objects with masses ranging from ∼0.1M J to ∼80M J (1M J = Jupiter mass = 1.9e30g), comprising hydrogen-rich giant planets (mass 13M J but ∼<80M J), the so-called substellar objects (SSOs). Formation of giant planets may involve nucleated collapse of nebular gas onto a solid, dense core of mass ∼0.04M J rather than a stellar-like gravitational instability. Thus, detection of a primordial core in Jupiter is a prime objective for understanding the mode of origin of extrasolar giant planets and other SSOs. A basic method for core detection makes use of direct modeling of Jupiter’s external gravitational potential terms in response to rotational and tidal perturbations, and is highly sensitive to the thermodynamics of hydrogen at multi-megabar pressures. The present-day core masses of Jupiter and Saturn may be larger than their primordial core masses due to sedimentation of elements heavier than hydrogen. We show that there is a significant contribution of such sedimented mass to Saturn’s core mass. The sedimentation contribution to Jupiter’s core mass will be smaller and could be zero.
Microcantilever sensors applications in the petroleum industry

Sensing applications in the petroleum industry pose unique challenges due to high viscosity and high refractive index of hydrocarbon fluids, which render many fluid-based techniques impractical. Real-time observation of adsorption, desorption, and competitive adsorption processes of long chain functionalized hydrocarbons onto activated cantilevers in static mode are shown. In addition, microcantilevers in dynamic mode are demonstrated to sense corrosion of very small (10ml) samples in fast (10 minutes) timescales.
In Vivo Inactivation of Tobramycin by Piperacillin

In vivo inactivation of aminoglycosides by antipseudomonal penicillins in patients with renal failure can be a significant problem when these drugs are used together in certain gram-negative infections. Our article illustrates the possible magnitude of this interaction and the resultant effect on aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic parameters. Penicillin concentrations remain relatively unaffected by this interaction. This article stresses the need for close monitoring of aminoglycoside concentrations when combined with antipseudomonal penicillins in this patient population.
SOLUTION OF THE SHORTEST ROUTE PROBLEM USING THE ASSIGNMENT TECHNIQUE

A solution to the shortest route problem of going from city i to city j with p necessary intermediate stops (0 p n - 2) is given using the assignment algorithm, with a simple modification of the initial matrix. A branch and bound algorithm is necessary in all but the simplest case (p = 0).
Positioning Annihilation Photon Interactions in a Thin LSO Crystal Sheet With a Position-Sensitive Avalanche Photodiode

Using scintillation crystal sheets instead of discrete crystal arrays in high-resolution PET has the immediate advantage of reduced complexity as well as a potential for increased sensitivity. In order to evaluate the positioning capability of a position sensitive avalanche photodioide (PSAPD) using a sheet Lutetium Oxyorthosilicate (LSO) crystal scintillator, we studied the dependence of detected event position versus the known source position. In particular, we studied positioning in a continuous 8 mmtimes8 mm LSO sheet coupled to a PSAPD with an 8 mmtimes8 mm active area experimentally, studied optical transport in the sheet crystal with Monte Carlo simulation, and used two positioning methods to evaluate PSAPD pincushioning effects. Both collimated 57Co 122 keV and coincidence-triggered 22 Na 511 keV sources were used in the experiments performed. We analyze the energy resolution, sensitivity, photopeak position and spatial resolution as a function of source position. An average point spread function (PSF) resolution of 2.86 and 1.12 mm FWHM for 57 Co and 22Na respectively was observed. Within 1.2 mm from the edge of the LSO sheet, the average photopeak position change was 5%. Simulations using annihilation photon interactions from GATE and scintillation photon transport from DETECT2000, as well as utilizing a pincushion-reduction posioning algorithm, have confirmed that the positioning and energy response observed experimently at the edge of the crystal is due to optical transport near those edges
Natural Resources in Afghanistan: Geographic and Geologic Perspectives on Centuries of Conflict (J.F. Shroder)

Natural Resources in Afghanistan: Geographic and Geologic Perspectives on Centuries of Conflict. John F. Shroder. Pp. 592. Elsevier. 2014. Hardcover. ISBN 9780128001356. Price $200. This book is the outcome of four decades of work in Afghanistan by the author, John (Jack) Shroder. His travels and research throughout Afghanistan and his understanding of its place in regional and world history provide the foundation for this comprehensive 572-page reference. The book describes the interrelated nature of Afghanistan’s physical and political landscape over time and the role resources have, and have not, played in Afghanistan’s past and could play in its future. The book is divided into four parts and 21 chapters. Each chapter is stand-alone with abstract and keywords and is available on-line through ScienceDirect. Shroder states that the main audience for this book is “foreign advisors” who presumably will be tasked with assisting in a variety of economic development and capacity-building activities. Part I (chapters 2–8), “Overview of the Geology and Geography of Afghanistan,” describes the geotectonic and geomorphic evolution of Afghanistan, and how these have controlled the nature of soil and vegetation, drainage basin architecture, and natural hazards. Emphasis is much more on geography and geomorphology and less on geology. A succinct summary of the geotectonic evolution of Afghanistan, emphasizing plate tectonics and major fault zones, is presented in chapter 2. A hierarchical classification of geomorphic regions, provinces, and sections is described and illustrated in chapter 3, yet it is not always clear what criteria were used to subdivide regions into provinces and provinces into sections. The interrelationship between climate, soil, and vegetation is presented in chapter 4 and highlights how uncontrolled deforestation and grazing over the centuries, combined with natural desertification, has put flora in a delicate state and increased the effects of runoff and soil erosion. Chapter 5 provides a comprehensive review of Afghanistan’s four major drainage basins, each of which converge on a major river; the Amu Darya, the Hari Rud, …
Assessment and Early Identification of Young Children with Social Emotional Difficulties and Behavioral Challenges

This paper discusses the issues and challenges to the assessment and early identification of social emotional and behavioral issues in young children birth through five years of age in the United States. The linked system framework of social emotional assessment and intervention [1] is outlined, and recommendations for authentic assessment of social emotional development are provided to assist professionals in identifying young children early for amelioration and prevention of behavioral challenges.
Global Strategic Management, Module Note

This module note provides introduction to the field of global strategic management/international business.Learning Objective: To provide an introduction to the field of global strategic management/international business.
Response sensitivity analyses of skewed bridges with and without considering soil–structure interaction

Abstract The seismic behavior of skewed bridges has not been well studied compared to straight bridges. Skewed bridges have shown extensive damage, especially due to deck rotation, shear-key failure, abutment unseating, and column-bent drift. This study, therefore, aims to study the behavior of skewed and straight highway overpass bridges both with and without taking into account the effects of Soil–Structure Interaction (SSI) due to near-fault ground motions. A set of nonlinear dynamic analyses was carried out using an intense pulse-like ground motion with two orthogonal components. The effect of the abutment skew angle on various demands was assessed. It was found that most of the demands were very sensitive when there was an increase in the skew angle. Deck rotation showed a higher sensitivity to the increase in skew angle; therefore, it postulated an increasing trend with respect to the increase in the skew angle. Adding SSI elements imposed a decreasing effect on various demands. Furthermore, various sensitivity analyses were carried out with respect to the change in site properties and skew angle and their effects on various demands were investigated. It was concluded that considering a performance-based approach, in which a higher number of ground motions is utilized, would be more useful to capture the sensitivity of various bridge responses with respect to change in different parameters. This would also provide a better intuition regarding any specific trend specifically with respect to the effect of change in skew angle on various demands for different site classes.
Critically-phase-matched femtosecond KTP OPO designed for mid-infrared spectroscopy

The availability of high-quality nonlinear crystals, such as KTP, and high-power, femtosecond Ti:sapphire lasers has led to the recent demonstration of broadly tunable femtosecond KTP-based optical parametric oscillators (OPOs).1-3 While there is intense interest in extending the wavelength range of these systems toward 4 μm, reported results have focused on operation at wavelengths below 3 μm, although an RTA OPO producing pulses at wavelengths as long as 3.65 μm has recently been described.4 The long-wavelength operation of noncritically-phase-matched OPOs is limited by the tuning range of the Ti:sapphire pump laser.3 On the other hand, Poynting-vector walk-off severely limits the effective nonlinear interaction length in critically-phase-matched configurations.1,2
IS-055 Evaluating The Effectiveness And Validity Of Scoring Tools In Healthcare

The act of measurement is an essential component of health sciences, to quantify severity of disease, blood biochemistry or response to treatment. Objective measures such as these are relatively easy to evaluate. However in areas of health science where subjective assessment is required, the fallibility of human judgement is a confounder e.g. pain scores, quality of life or elements of clinical assessment. Efforts to standardise these ‘tests’ so the meaning is universally understood has led to the development of scoring tools. Development of scoring tools is not always conducted in a rigorous manner, leading to mis-application of measures, or unfounded reliance on the findings. This session will provide an overview of approaches to critically evaluate the effectiveness and validity of scoring tools used in paediatric healthcare.
Psychosocial Issues During a Mars Mission

*† An expeditionary mission to Mars will expose t he crewmembers to unique psychological and interpersonal issues that may negatively impact on mission goals and crew safety. As opposed to an Antarctic winter -over, an orbital space station mission, or a trip to the moon, an expedition to Mars is fraught w ith unique stressors that can impact on crewmember behavior and performance. These include the extreme distances between Mars and the Earth; the need for a mission duration approaching three years; the changing gravity conditions that go from 1 g on Earth to nearly 0 in space to .38 g on Mars; and the inability of mission control to resupply the crew and to discuss issues in real time due to two -way communication delays of up to 44 minutes. Such stressors will have an important impact on the psychological and interpersonal functioning of the crewmembers. These include: 1) the need for the crew to be more autonomous and to deal directly with problems that arise; 2) the increased dependence of crewmembers on technical life -support systems that may stretch t he limits of the human -machine interface; 3) the frustration of communication delays with the Earth and the inability of crewmembers to discuss problems with people on Earth in real time; 4) the effects of long -term isolation and social monotony; and 5) th e impact of the Earth -out -of -view phenomenon, which has never been experienced before in the history of humankind. Our previous research during on -orbit missions has examined some of these issues and will be reviewed. However, more research is needed to s tudy the effects of these unique stressors on individual and crew behavior in order to improve the probability of a successful expeditionary mission to Mars.
Evaluation of an innovative supersonic boundary layer transition device - Phase I results

A combined experimental and computational investigation was initiated to improve upon the design and implementation of roughness boundary layer trips to increase the "simulation fidelity" of wind tunnel tests of supersonic inlets. Focused on developing the technique prior to rigorously measuring transition, Phase I of this experiment addressed the need for trips and evaluated the performance effects of a new type of "epoxy cylinder" roughness as well as the widely-used carborundum grit. New design (GRTTCALC) and established boundary layer (SSCBL) codes were used to configure the grit and qualitatively predict its performance effects. Tests with and without grit were conducted on a Mach 2.5 boundary layer that develops over a zero incidence angle flat plate to characterize these effects and assess any impact on the core flow. Both design and test data indicate that a properly chosen grit configuration can be effective across a useful range of test conditions without adversely affecting the core flow. The "epoxy cylinder" grit was practical to install and more uniform, repeatable and durable than the carborundum trip. Predictions of the emergence of the grit into the core flow with increasing test section unit Reynolds number agreed with the experimentally measured data. Copyright © 1998 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. No copyright is asserted in the United States under Tide 17, U.S. Code. The U.S. Government has a royalty-free license to exercise all rights under the copyright claimed herein for Governmental purposes. All other rights are reserved by the copyright owner. Nomenclature 8 = Boundary layer thickness d = Grit diameter F = Test section static pressure correction factor, the ratio of the corrected test section to average nozzle block exit static pressures H = Shape factor k = Grit height N = Number density of grit particles p = Static pressure Re = Reynolds number T = Temperature u = Axial boundary layer velocity component U = Axial velocity of the core flow w = Width of grit strip x = Axial plate coordinate z = Vertical coordinate above the plate Subscripts 1 = Displacement boundary layer thickness 2 = Momentum boundary layer thickness c = Compressible inf = Core flow conditions k = Conditions that pertain to the grit height, at the grit height lam= Laminar flow conditions le = Conditions at the leading edge of the grit strip max= maximum conditions t = Total conditions tr = Transformed (refers to the transformed shape factor) u = Conditions per unit length scale wall= Conditions at the wall x = Conditions that pertain to the axial distance from the leading edge of the model height Aerospace Engineer, Inlet Branch, Senior Member 1 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics