cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene selection using support vector machines with non-convex penalty

Motivation: With the development of DNA microarray technology, scientists can now measure the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously in one single experiment. One current difficulty in interpreting microarray data comes from their innate nature of 'high-dimensional low sample size'. Therefore, robust and accurate gene selection methods are required to identify differentially expressed group of genes across different samples, e.g. between cancerous and normal cells. Successful gene selection will help to classify different cancer types, lead to a better understanding of genetic signatures in cancers and improve treatment strategies. Although gene selection and cancer classification are two closely related problems, most existing approaches handle them separately by selecting genes prior to classification. We provide a unified procedure for simultaneous gene selection and cancer classification, achieving high accuracy in both aspects. Results: In this paper we develop a novel type of regularization in support vector machines (SVMs) to identify important genes for cancer classification. A special nonconvex penalty, called the smoothly clipped absolute deviation penalty, is imposed on the hinge loss function in the SVM. By systematically thresholding small estimates to zeros, the new procedure eliminates redundant genes automatically and yields a compact and accurate classifier. A successive quadratic algorithm is proposed to convert the non-differentiable and non-convex optimization problem into easily solved linear equation systems. The method is applied to two real datasets and has produced very promising results. Availability: MATLAB codes are available upon request from the authors. Contact: hzhang@stat.ncsu.edu Supplementary information: http://www4.stat.ncsu.edu/~hzhang/research.html
Propagation dynamics of dressed optical filaments

We demonstrate that the longevity of an optical filament can be drastically increased by prudently surrounding it with a low intensity annular wavefront. Here, we systematically study the dynamics and robustness of such dressed filaments.
Interferences Associated with the Determination of Calcium by Atomic Absorption

The determination of calcium in solution by atomic absorption is quite satisfactory, provided that potential interferences are overcome. Ionization enhancements and refractory-compound formations are the most important interferences found in the analysis for calcium. Protecting agents and the method of additions can both be used to overcome these interferences.
Knowledge Discovery in Entity Based Smart Environment Resident Data Using Temporal Relation Based Data Mining

Time is an important aspect of all real world phenomena. In this paper, we present a temporal relations-based framework for discovering interesting patterns in smart environment datasets, and test this framework in the context of the CASAS smart environments project. Our use of temporal relations in the context of smart environment tasks is described and our methodology for mining such relations from raw sensor data is introduced. We demonstrate how the results are enhanced by identifying the number of individuals in an environment, and apply the resulting technologies to look for interesting patterns which play a vital role to predict activities and identify anomalies in a physical smart environment.
Bacterial gliding motility : multiple mechanisms for cell movement over surfaces

▪ Abstract The mechanisms responsible for bacterial gliding motility have been a mystery for almost 200 years. Gliding bacteria move actively over surfaces by a process that does not involve flagella. Gliding bacteria are phylogenetically diverse and are abundant in many environments. Recent results indicate that more than one mechanism is needed to explain all forms of bacterial gliding motility. Myxococcus xanthus “social gliding motility” and Synechocystis gliding are similar to bacterial “twitching motility” and rely on type IV pilus extension and retraction for cell movement. In contrast, gliding of filamentous cyanobacteria, mycoplasmas, members of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group, and “adventurous gliding” of M. xanthus do not appear to involve pili. The mechanisms of movement employed by these bacteria are still a matter of speculation. Genetic, biochemical, ultrastructural, and behavioral studies are providing insight into the machineries employed by these diverse bacteria that enable them to g...
The structure and evolution of lower stratospheric frontal zones. Part 1: Examples in northwesterly and southwesterly flow

The structure, evolution and dynamics of two lower stratospheric frontal zones are examined from a basic state variables perspective. The case studies highlight the asynchronous evolution of the lower stratospheric and upper tropospheric frontal portions of upper level jet-front (ULJF) systems, as well as some substantial differences in lower stratospheric frontal development that occur in southwesterly and northwesterly flow. The evolution of the ULJF in northwesterly flow was characterized by an initially intense but weakening lower stratospheric front along with an initially weak but intensifying upper tropospheric front. Throughout the evolution, geostrophic cold air advection in cyclonic shear characterized a substantial portion of the lower stratospheric front. This circumstance supported subsidence through the local jet core within the cold upper troposphere, weakening the lower stratospheric front via tilting. This subsidence extended downward below the jet core where it is suggested to have played a role in the early stages of upper tropospheric frontogenesis. In the southwesterly flow case, the evolution of the ULJF was characterized by a strengthening lower stratospheric front and a weakening upper tropospheric front. A deep column of upward vertical motion resulted from the superposition of lower tropospheric ascent associated with convection along a surface cold front and upper tropospheric-lower stratospheric (UTLS) ascent through the jet core coincident with geostrophic warm air advection in cyclonic shear along large sections of the lower stratospheric front. The UTLS ascent, located on the cold edge of the lower stratospheric baroclinicity, served to intensify the lower stratospheric frontal zone via tilting. The implications of these lower stratospheric frontal processes on the topography of the tropopause and downstream sensible weather are discussed. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Bicarbonate produced from carbon capture for algae culture.

Using captured CO 2 to grow microalgae is limited by the high cost of CO 2 capture and transportation, as well as significant CO 2 loss during algae culture. Moreover, algae grow poorly at night, but CO 2 cannot be temporarily stored until sunrise. To address these challenges, we discuss a process where CO 2 is captured as bicarbonate and used as feedstock for algae culture, and the carbonate regenerated by the culture process is used as an absorbent to capture more CO 2 . This process would significantly reduce carbon capture costs because it does not require additional energy for carbonate regeneration. Furthermore, not only would transport of the aqueous bicarbonate solution cost less than for that of compressed CO 2 , but using bicarbonate would also provide a superior alternative for CO 2 delivery to an algae culture system.
Improved multithreaded unit testing

Multithreaded code is notoriously hard to develop and test. A multithreaded test exercises the code under test with two or more threads. Each test execution follows some schedule/interleaving of the multiple threads, and different schedules can give different results. Developers often want to enforce a particular schedule for test execution, and to do so, they use time delays (Thread.sleep in Java). Unfortunately, this approach can produce false positives or negatives, and can result in unnecessarily long testing time.This paper presents IMUnit, a novel approach to specifying and executing schedules for multithreaded tests. We introduce a new language that allows explicit specification of schedules as orderings on events encountered during test execution. We present a tool that automatically instruments the code to control test execution to follow the specified schedule, and a tool that helps developers migrate their legacy, sleep-based tests into event-based tests in IMUnit. The migration tool uses novel techniques for inferring events and schedules from the executions of sleep-based tests. We describe our experience in migrating over 200 tests. The inference techniques have high precision and recall of over 75%, and IMUnit reduces testing time compared to sleep-based tests on average 3.39x.
Event-triggered environments for verification of real-time systems

The growing complexity and the safety-critical requirements of the embedded software in avionics systems present many challenges to current test-based verification technology. The use of formal verification methods can increase design assurance by exploring a larger range of system behaviors and fault conditions than can feasibly be covered by testing or simulation. However, one of the most challenging tasks faced in any formal verification activity is the construction of an adequate model for the environment with which the analyzed system interacts. For real-time systems where the timing characteristics are critical to correct performance this task is even more difficult. In this paper we discuss how an event-triggered model of time (as found in discrete event simulations) can be used as the basis for the environment needed to verify real-time avionics software.
Evidence of Local Adaptation in Plant Virus Effects on Host-Vector Interactions

Recent research suggests that plant viruses, and other pathogens, frequently alter host-plant phenotypes in ways that facilitate transmission by arthropod vectors. However, many viruses infect multiple hosts, raising questions about whether these pathogens are capable of inducing transmission-facilitating phenotypes in phylogenetically divergent host plants and the extent to which evolutionary history with a given host or plant community influences such effects. To explore these issues, we worked with two newly acquired field isolates of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-a widespread multi-host plant pathogen transmitted in a non-persistent manner by aphids-and explored effects on the phenotypes of different host plants and on their subsequent interactions with aphid vectors. An isolate collected from cultivated squash fields (KVPG2-CMV) induced in the native squash host (Cucurbita pepo) a suite of effects on host-vector interactions suggested by previous work to be conducive to transmission (including reduced host-plant quality for aphids, rapid aphid dispersal from infected to healthy plants, and enhanced aphid attraction to the elevated emission of a volatile blend similar to that of healthy plants). A second isolate (P1-CMV) collected from cultivated pepper (Capsicum annuum) induced more neutral effects in its native host (largely exhibiting non-significant trends in the direction of effects seen for KVPG2-CMV in squash). When we attempted cross-host inoculations of these two CMV isolates (KVPG2-CMV in pepper and P1-CMV in squash), P1-CMV was only sporadically able to infect the novel host; KVPG2-CMV infected the novel pepper host with somewhat reduced success compared with its native host and reached virus titers significantly lower than those observed for either strain in its native host. Furthermore, KVPG2-CMV induced changes in the phenotype of the novel host, and consequently in host-vector interactions, dramatically different than those observed in the native host and apparently maladaptive with respect to virus transmission (e.g., host plant quality for aphids was significantly improved in this instance, and aphid dispersal was reduced). Taken together, these findings provide evidence of adaption by CMV to local hosts (including reduced infectivity and replication in novel versus native hosts) and further suggest that such adaptation may extend to effects on host-plant traits mediating interactions with aphid vectors. Thus, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that virus effects on host-vector interactions can be adaptive, and they suggest that multi-host pathogens may exhibit adaptation with respect to these and other effects on host phenotypes, perhaps especially in homogeneous monocultures.
Influential outbreaks of healthcare-associated infections in the past decade.

Outbreaks of healthcare‐associated infections have long played a critical role in both identification and mitigation of emerging challenges in health care. This article describes some of the most influential outbreaks of healthcare‐associated infections in the past decade that serve as excellent illustrations of this point.
Clinical experiences with axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds in 52 racehorses.

Objective— To describe the clinical findings in 52 racehorses with axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (ADAF) and to report outcome in 33 of these horses after either rest or transendoscopic laser excision of aryepiglottic fold tissue. Study Design— Retrospective study. Animal or Sample Population— Racehorses admitted for high-speed treadmill (HST) evaluation of poor performance. Methods— Medical records and videotapes of resting and exercising videoendoscopic examinations were reviewed. Racing performance records and owner or trainer interviews, at least 1 year after HST examination, were used to compare results after either surgical management or rest in 33 horses with ADAF and no other upper-airway abnormalities. Results— ADAF occurred in 6% of horses evaluated for poor performance. No breed or gender predisposition existed, but horses with ADAF were younger than the overall population evaluated on the HST. Of 52 horses with ADAF, 19 horses had at least one other upper-airway abnormality. There was no apparent association between ADAF and other causes of dynamic upper-respiratory obstruction. Surgical correction was successfully performed in standing or anesthetized horses without complications. When ADAF was the only upper-airway obstruction, 75% of horses that had surgery and 50% of rested horses had objective improvement in performance. Owners and trainers also perceived greater improvement in performance in horses that had surgery. Conclusions— Whereas surgical management of ADAF is recommended, clinical experience indicated that it is not required to resolve ADAF in all horses. However, owners and trainers of horses that had surgery were more satisfied with outcome than those with horses managed conservatively. Clinical Relevance— Diagnosis of ADAF can only be made by videoendoscopic evaluation during high-speed exercise. Transendoscopic laser excision of the collapsing portion of the aryepiglottic folds can be performed safely in standing horses and results in resolution of airway obstruction and rapid return to training.
Cerium oxide nanoparticles protect against Aβ-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and neuronal cell death

Evidence indicates that nitrosative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction participate in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid beta (Aβ) and peroxynitrite induce mitochondrial fragmentation and neuronal cell death by abnormal activation of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), a large GTPase that regulates mitochondrial fission. The exact mechanisms of mitochondrial fragmentation and DRP1 overactivation in AD remain unknown; however, DRP1 serine 616 (S616) phosphorylation is likely involved. Although it is clear that nitrosative stress caused by peroxynitrite has a role in AD, effective antioxidant therapies are lacking. Cerium oxide nanoparticles, or nanoceria, switch between their Ce(3+) and Ce(4+) states and are able to scavenge superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite. Therefore, nanoceria might protect against neurodegeneration. Here we report that nanoceria are internalized by neurons and accumulate at the mitochondrial outer membrane and plasma membrane. Furthermore, nanoceria reduce levels of reactive nitrogen species and protein tyrosine nitration in neurons exposed to peroxynitrite. Importantly, nanoceria reduce endogenous peroxynitrite and Aβ-induced mitochondrial fragmentation, DRP1 S616 hyperphosphorylation and neuronal cell death.
Encapsulation of α-Particle–Emitting 225Ac3+ Ions Within Carbon Nanotubes

225Ac3+ is a generator of α-particle–emitting radionuclides with 4 net α-particle decays that can be used therapeutically. Targeting 225Ac3+ by use of ligands conjugated to traditional bifunctional chelates limits the amount of 225Ac3+ that can be delivered. Ultrashort, single-walled carbon nanotubes (US-tubes), previously demonstrated as sequestering agents of trivalent lanthanide ions and small molecules, also successfully incorporate 225Ac3+. Methods: Aqueous loading of both 225Ac3+ ions and Gd3+ ions via bath sonication was used to construct 225Ac@gadonanotubes (225Ac@GNTs). The 225Ac@GNTs were subsequently challenged with heat, time, and human serum. Results: US-tubes internally loaded with both 225Ac3+ ions and Gd3+ ions show 2 distinct populations of 225Ac3+ ions: one rapidly lost in human serum and one that remains bound to the US-tubes despite additional challenge with heat, time, and serum. The presence of the latter population depended on cosequestration of Gd3+ and 225Ac3+ ions. Conclusion: US-tubes successfully sequester 225Ac3+ ions in the presence of Gd3+ ions and retain them after a human serum challenge, rendering 225Ac@GNTs candidates for radioimmunotherapy for delivery of 225Ac3+ ions at higher concentrations than is currently possible for traditional ligand carriers.
A multi-criteria routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks with application to deep space network

Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) is a challenging task due to the dynamic nature and wireless links of a such network. In MANET, there are multiple criteria (i.e. energy requirement, reliability, and delay) to consider for choosing the best available path. Any chosen path that does not consider the limiting criteria of a network may result with an unrealistic path that uses the network resources inefficiently. The Multiple Criteria Linear Aggregated Routing Algorithm (MC-LARA) is developed to solve the routing problem under consideration of multiple criteria simultaneously. The criteria (objectives) often conflict with each other. Therefore, the MC-LARA algorithm chooses best compromised solution to the routing problem that minimizes the aggregated weighted cost function. This is achieved without increasing the complexity of the current routing approach. The computational complexity of MC-LARA is the same as the complexity of Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm, O(n2). MC-LARA is applied to the Deep Space Network (DSN), an extreme case of MANET. The simulation results are encouraging because the MC-LARA finds a better or the same path as current single-criteria methods. The MC-LARA algorithm finds the minimum cost path by using the weights of importance for each selected criteria. The criteria selection and weight assignment is left to the Decision Maker (DM) to give more flexibility in packet routing. This feature of MC-LARA is useful especially in emergency or recovery scenarios in a dynamic network. Although the MC-LARA algorithm has been applied to MANET and DSN, it can be applied to other types of networks including the terrestrial high speed network. Military MANET, wireless sensor networks, Delay Tolerant Network are the types of networks that MC-LARA can be used to improve the network performance. Simulation study shows that the MC-LARA algorithm chooses the most energy efficient paths in DSN where the power is a scarce resource.
Disclosing traumatic experiences: Correlates, context, and consequences.

The type and severity of traumatic events differentially predict negative posttraumatic outcomes, with betrayal traumas (in which the victim is perpetrated by someone s/he trusts) touted as the most harmful. Although disclosure is considered an important component of the "healing process," nondisclosure and delayed disclosure persist. This study explored factors predicting and the context surrounding disclosure as well as the link between disclosure timing and a trauma survivor's experience with depression. Participants (N = 124) were attendees of a Mental Health Awareness event who had experienced a traumatic event. Participant report of traumatic experiences revealed that 28.2%, 36.3%, and 35.5% of participants had experienced a low betrayal (LB), medium betrayal (MB), and high betrayal (HB) trauma, respectively. Almost half (43.5%) disclosed immediately after the trauma, 32.3% disclosed within a month, and 24.2% disclosed after 1 month or more. Betrayal trauma level significantly predicted disclosure timing with individuals who had experienced HB traumas significantly more likely to delay disclosure (HB:LB, odds ratio [OR] = 21.79; MB:LB, OR = 4.57). Trauma survivors predominantly first disclosed to informal support sources (e.g., friends, family), typically citing that they thought it would allow them to feel better or they perceived the other person to be concerned about their well-being as their reason for disclosing. Experiencing a HB trauma predicted subsequent depression severity, but disclosure status was not predictive of subsequent depression. RESULTS will be discussed with respect to implications for assessment and interventions for trauma survivors. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en
Lead-free Solder Attach for 200°C Applications

Conventional SAC lead-free solders have a melting point of 217°C to 227°C, limiting their suitability for applications at 200°C. AgBiXTM solder has potential for 200°C applications because of its ~260°C solidus temperature. BiAgX paste has been used to assemble SiC test die to ceramic substrates with direct bond copper (DBC), reactive brazed CuMo, thick film Au, thick film PtAu, thick film PdAg and thick film Ag. Surface mount chip resistors have also been attached to thick film metallized substrates. The assembly process and initial shear strength test results are presented. Assemblies have also been subjected to thermal testing: thermal cycling (−55°C to +195°C) and high temperature (200°C) storage. The shear strength of these assemblies after thermal testing are presented and compared to initial results.
Does Your Company Ask Employees to Smile? Be Careful! They May Be Cheating.

In this article I propose a conceptual model to investigate the effects of emotional labor on unethical behavior. By drawing on Affect Infusion Model (Forgas, 1995) and the social intuitionist model (Haidt, 2007) I develop theoretical arguments to justify why and how surface acting lead to high levels of unethical behavior whereas deep acting has the opposite effect. In doing so, I also discuss two boundary conditions (moral identity and ethical leadership) that may attenuate the impact of surface acting on unethical behavior.
Pink Bollworm Biology: Effects of High Soil Temperature on Larvae under Laboratory and Field Conditions

In laboratory tests (simulated field conditions), larvae of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), suffered high mortality when soil temperatures were 47°–51°C. However, at these conditions, irrigated-cracked soil provided a protective habitat; cultivated soil reduced larval mobility and caused maximum exposure to the high temperatures. If possible, larvae that fell to the soil moved quickly to avoid high soil temperatures; but then as the temperature decreased, they often moved to alternate pupation sites. On occasion, reproduction of moths from larvae that survived high temperatures was reduced, but results were variable. In field tests of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., results were similar. Larval mortality was highest early in the season before plants were large enough to shade the soil. A high percentage of the larvae released on the slopes of the plant beds reached the top of the plant bed and survived. Broad, flat plant bed tops favored survival of pink bollworm larvae more than peaked plant bed tops. Peaking the plant bed to reduce top surface area and increase the angle of the slope and cultivating the bed after the larvae cut out and fell to the soil surface resulted in 70% reduction in emergence of adult moths.
Effect of Light, Temperature, and pH on the Degradation of Azinphosmethyl

Effects of light sources of different wavelengths, temperature, and p H values on the breakdown of 14C-azinphosmethyl in water or on glass surfaces were investigated. Primarily UV light (2537A) and to a lesser extent sunlight, degraded the insecticide to chloroform and water-soluble, compounds, while the products from yellow (5889A) and red (6563A) light radiation were similar to those from non irradiated controls, With 2-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, autoradiography, and selective color producing reagents, benzazimide, anthranilic acid, methyl benzimide sulfide, and X-methyl bemazimide were identified as chloroform-soluble irradiation products and 1 unidentified compounds were found to he water soluble. None of these was toxic to insects. A rapid degradation of the insecticide occurred only above 37¼, and to a greater extent in water than on a glass surface. Chloroform-soluble breakdown products were methyl benzazimide sulfide. N-methyl bemazimide, and bemazimide, and traces of merecaptomethyl bemazimide and the oxygen analogue of azinphosmethyl. Six unidentified water-soluble compounds also were isolated. The insecticide was relatively stble in water below p H 10. At p H 11, crloroform-soluble azinphosmethyl metabolites were primarily methyl bemazimide sulfide and bemazimide; however, the water phase contained 97.7% of the applied radiocarbon after chloroform extraction. Analyses of this extracted water indicated the presence of anthranilic acid and benzaizmide and 3 unidentified compounds.
Preoperative Sleep Disruption and Postoperative Delirium.

Study Objectives:To describe preoperative and postoperative sleep disruption and its relationship to postoperative delirium.Design:Prospective cohort study with 6 time points (3 nights pre-hospital...
Different expressions of TLRs and related factors in peripheral blood of preterm infants.

Objective: TLR insufficiency increases newborn’s susceptibility to infectious disease. Methods: The peripheral blood of four premature births has been collected weekly from the 28th gestational week (GW) until maturity at 36th GW. Microarray assays were used to derive dynamic follow-up data of TLR1-10 and other TLR signaling pathway associated factor changes. Results: The follow-up results showed that the transcription level of TLR1 increased at the 36th, TLR 3 decreased at the 33rd and TLR7 increased at the 34th GW significantly, whereas NFkB and its activator TBK1 were highest transcribed in the 28th and 32nd GW. Low TLR4 transcription in addition to late MD-2 maturation (33rd GW) indicated a lack of defense mechanisms against bacterial infections in preterm births particular in the first weeks after birth. Late transcriptional enhancements of TLR1 and MYD88 (35th week) as well as β 2 microglobulin (35th GW) also indicated a weak immune system in the early maturation stages. Conclusion: The transcription levels of TLR1, 3, 7 and the signaling pathway associated cofactors were different transcribed during the 28th and 36th GWs of the premature newborns. In the early stage after preterm birth, beside peak transcriptions of NFkB and TBK1, the immune system is not fully developed and maturation takes place mainly between the 33th and 35th GW.
Remarks on φ-coordinated modules for quantum vertex algebras

This paper is about $\phi$-coordinated modules for weak quantum vertex algebras. Among the main results, several canonical connections among $\phi$-coordinated modules for different $\phi$ are established. For vertex operator algebras, a reinterpretation of Frenkel-Huang-Lepowsky's theorem on contragredient module is given in terms of $\phi$-coordinated modules.
A Biological, Environmental, and Cultural Basis for Ethnic Differences in Treatment

During the past half century, progress in pharmacotherapy has led to effective therapeutic regimens for a wide variety of medical conditions. At the same time, clinicians have become increasingly sophisticated at using Pharmaceuticals and in minimizing their adverse side effects. Modern clinical pharmacology, however, has been based largely on research and clinical experiences with Caucasian patients and subjects. Relatively little is known about applying pharmacotherapy to ethnic minority populations in this country and to non-Western populations worldwide (Lawson, 1986), even though non-Caucasians comprise fully 25% of the U.S. population. According to the 1990 census, 12% of the U.S. population is African-American, 9% Hispanic-American, 3% Asian-American, and 1% Native Americans. These percentages are higher than in previous census reports and are expected to continue growing (Bureau of the Census, 1990).
An Analysis of Higher-Order Thinking on Algebra I End-of-Course Tests.

This research provides insight into one US state‘s effort to incorporate higherorder thinking on its Algebra I End-of-Course tests. To facilitate the inclusion of higher-order thinking, the state used Dimensions of Thinking (Marzano et al., 1988) and Bloom’s Taxonomy (Bloom et al., 1956). An analysis of Algebra I test items found that the state‘s initial interpretation and application of Dimensions of Thinking and Bloom’s Taxonomy was faulty and inconsistent; as a result, few Algebra I test items from 1998 and 2001 were found to assess higher-order thinking. Algebra I test items written in 2007 were found to be more cognitively complex. This case study provides several findings that other test item writers (whether for the classroom or large-scale assessments) can apply to their own situation regarding assessing for higher-order thinking. These includes the importance of: (a) considering the ―familiarity‖ a student has with a test item in deciding whether the item is loweror higher-order thinking; (b) using a mathematics specific assessment framework with a limited number of categories; and (c) not confusing test items placed in a ―real-world‖ context with higher-order thinking.
Niacin analogs that induce differentiation of friend erythroleukemia cells are able to cause dna hypomethylation

Friend erythroleukemia cells (FELCs) are retrovirus-transformed murine leukemia cells of the erythroid lineage, blocked in a relatively early stage of differentiation (1). These cells can be induced to differentiate into erythroidlike cells able to synthesize hemoglobin mRNA, heme, and hemoglobin (Hb) (2, 3). Nicotinamide (NAm), a potent inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase, has been shown to be a moderate inducer of FELCs differentiation (4). Other inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase were also found to be capable of inducing differentiation (5). These investigations hypothesized that the inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) turnover was the primary biochemical mechanism leading to differentiation of FELCs by NAm and related compounds.
Feeding Electivity Indices in Surgeonfish (Acanthuridae) of The Florida Keys

Three species of surgeonfish Acanthurus coeruleus (blue tang) (Block and Schneider), A. bahianus (ocean surgeonfish) (Castelnau), and A. chirurgus (doctorfish) (Block) were captured in the waters of the Florida Keys (24°03′N, 81°40′W). In total, 39 of these fish were captured between March and December of 1999. Items found in the stomachs of these fish were identified and analyzed for percent occurrence. These values were compared to percent occurrence values of the same items from random bottom transects taken at the point of capture to quantify any forage selectivity or avoidance behavior of these fish. A. bahianus selected for sand and chlorophytes and avoided phaeophytes. A. chirurgus also showed selection for sand and chlorophytes, while 58% of those sampled selected for phaeophytes and 42% avoided them. A. coeruleus avoided sand and selected for rhodophytes and chlorophytes. Phaeophytes were also selected for in 80% of A. coeruleus sampled. Understanding food preferences of free-ranging Florida surgeonfish may provide insight to improve nutritional management of captive herbivorous reef fish.
US Department of Energy hydrogen and fuel cell technologies perspectives

The technology around generating efficient and sustainable energy is rapidly evolving; hydrogen and fuel cells are versatile examples within a portfolio of options. This article provides an overview of the early-stage materials R&D in hydrogen and fuel cells at the US Department of Energy (DOE) Fuel Cell Technologies Office within the Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. The article highlights technology status and progress toward achieving DOE targets, discusses R&D needs and challenges, and provides specific examples where advanced materials research is relevant to addressing those challenges. For broader context, materials R&D advances are discussed in the context of DOE’s H2@Scale initiative, which is enabling innovations to generate cost-competitive hydrogen as an energy carrier, enabling renewables, as well as nuclear, fossil fuels, and the grid, to enhance the economics of both baseload power plants and intermittent solar and wind, enhancing resiliency and avoiding curtailment.
Correction to: Medical Options for the Adjuvant Treatment and Management of Pediatric Melanoma.

Study NCT01519323 (A study of vemurafenib in pediatric patients with stage IIIC or stage IV melanoma harbouring BRAFV600 mutations) was included in a table listing ongoing clinical trials of adjuvant therapies for pediatric melanoma (Table 1) in error. The study was in fact closed early due to low enrollment as correctly noted in section 4 of the article.
Food, density, and microhabitat: factors affecting growth and recruitment potential of juvenile saltmarsh fishes

The relationships among microhabitat use, food habits, conspecific density and recent growth rate for estuarine-dependent juvenile spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus, and red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, were studied to determine how nursery habitat influences early growth. Juvenile spotted seatrout and red drum were quantified along the marsh-edge ecotone from multiple drop samples, and their immediate environments characterized by a suite of physical and chemical variables along with substrate type and Spartina stem density. Recent daily growth of individual fish was modeled in a series of multiple regression analyses that considered the relative contributions of food, microhabitat, and conspecific density. The spotted seatrout model (p 0.0001) included five independent variables, otolith radius, temperature, salinity, depth and substrate, and explained 63.3% of the variation in daily growth. All variables were significant (p > 0.05), and all regression slopes were positive. Fish size (as estimated by otolith radius) accounted for most of the variance in the spotted seatrout (60.2%) and red drum (44.8%) models, while the remaining environmental variables were significant and responsible for 7.7 and 18.5%, respectively. Density variables were not selected for either model, suggesting that density-dependence was not an important influence on recent daily growth. Generally, physico-chemical variables such as temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen contributed more to growth than diet or extrinsic factors such as grass stem density.
The Intralaminar System Revisited

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the intralaminar (IL) system of the thalamus as a special type of relay entity, which differs from the other thalamic relay entities. To discuss the kind of relay, which is in the IL system, a comparison is drawn with other thalamic relay systems by discussing: (a) topographic organization of IL efferents to the prosencephalon, (b) the afferent-efferent organization of specific inputs of different kinds, (c) the intrinsic circuitry, and (d) the chemical markers characterizing IL organization. The chapter also discusses that IL system performs a dual mode of operation of the system, that is: (1) a more selective one parallel to and integrated with other relay structures and involved in transferring information to cortical and subcortical telencephalic targets; and (2) a modulatory role, conveying to the cortex activating and deactivating messages ascending from the brain stem through several afferent channels and controlled by reticular nucleus. The dual functional significance of the IL system is also confirmed by both experimental findings and observations in human pathology.
Perspectives on flipped L2 classes: implications for learner training

This manuscript contributes to the existing body of literature on learner training in computer-enhanced learning environments by examining how students conceptualize and experience their roles as l...
What Does It Mean to Say Coaching Is Relational

This metasynthesis presents the collective findings based on a small corpus of studies (n = 28) that examined literacy coaching in elementary and secondary settings from a relational perspective. W...
An Archaeological Perspective on Rural Development and Rural Poverty

Rural people and places have deep histories that provide insight into present situations and future potentials. Archaeological and ethnohistorical research in the Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca, Mexico, reveal a high degree of rural demographic and economic development associated with an intensive and productive agroecosystem during the century before the Spanish conquest of AD 1521. What made this possible, here and in many respects in Late Postclassic Mesoamerica generally, were political and economic institutions rather distinct from Old World experience. The case illustrates that there are alternative paths of rural development.
Use of 3D Printing to Manufacture Document Camera Mounts in Support of Online Education Shifts during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The 2020 pandemic involving SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) resulted in a rapid shift to online education for instructors at every level around the world. This shift occurred with little training and minimal...
Preterm birth and nativity among Black women with gestational diabetes in California, 2013-2017: a population-based retrospective cohort study.

Despite the disproportionate prevalence of gestational diabetes (GDM) and preterm birth (PTB) and their associated adverse perinatal outcomes among Black women, little is known about PTB among Black women with GDM. Specifically, the relationship between PTB by subtype (defined as indicated PTB and spontaneous PT labor) and severity, GDM, and nativity has not been well characterized. Here we examine the risk of PTB by severity (early < 34 weeks, late 34 to 36 weeks) and early term birth (37 to 38 weeks) by nativity among Black women with GDM in California. This retrospective cohort study used linked birth certificate and hospital discharge data for 8609 of the 100,691 self-identifying non-Hispanic Black women with GDM who had a singleton live birth between 20 and 44 weeks gestation in California in 2013–2017. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were examine risks for PTB, by severity and subtype, and early term birth using multivariate regression modeling. Approximately, 83.9% of Black women with GDM were US-born and 16.1% were foreign-born. The overall prevalence of early PTB, late PTB, and early term birth was 3.8, 9.5, and 29.9%, respectively. Excluding history of prior PTB, preeclampsia was the greatest overall risk factor for early PTB (cOR = 6.7, 95%, CI 5.3 to 8.3), late PTB (cOR = 4.3, 95%, CI 3.8 to 5.0), and early term birth (cOR = 1.8, 95%, CI 1.6 to 2.0). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of PTB by subtypes and nativity (p = 0.5963). Overall, 14.2% of US- compared to 8.9% of foreign-born women had a PTB (early PTB: aOR = 0.56, 95%, CI 0.38 to 0.82; late PTB: aOR = 0.57, 95%, CI 0.45 to 0.73; early term birth: aOR = 0.67, 95%, CI 0.58 to 0.77). Foreign-born status remained protective of PTB, irrespective of severity and subtype. Preeclampsia, PTB, and GDM share pathophysiologic mechanisms suggesting a need to better understand differences in perinatal stress, chronic disease, and vascular dysfunction based on nativity in future epidemiologic studies and health services research.
Cross-NASA divisional relevance of an Ice Giant mission.

Robotic space exploration to the outer solar system is difficult and expensive and the space science community works inventively and collaboratively to maximize the scientific return of missions. A...
Online Education in the Time of COVID—a Political Science Student's Perspective

The abrupt transition of institutions to distance learning in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has challenged both teaching staff and students, especially in theory-heavy fields such as Political Science, where it can be difficult for students to grasp complex concepts without having face-to-face interaction with faculty. COVID-19 has elucidated a plethora of equity gaps that were already present in higher education, such as caused by some students not having access to the Internet or an electronic device at home. This chapter presents a student’s eye view of online education, particularly in its accelerated expansion in response to COVID.
A Weighted Solution to SVM Actionability and Interpretability.

Research in machine learning has successfully developed algorithms to build accurate classification models. However, in many real-world applications, such as healthcare, customer satisfaction, and environment protection, we want to be able to use the models to decide what actions to take. We investigate the concept of actionability in the context of Support Vector Machines. Actionability is as important as interpretability or explainability of machine learning models, an ongoing and important research topic. Actionability is the task that gives us ways to act upon machine learning models and their predictions. This paper finds a solution to the question of actionability on both linear and non-linear SVM models. Additionally, we introduce a way to account for weighted actions that allow for more change in certain features than others. We propose a gradient descent solution on the linear, RBF, and polynomial kernels, and we test the effectiveness of our models on both synthetic and real datasets. We are also able to explore the model's interpretability through the lens of actionability.
Yield and biomass quality of shrub willow hybrids in differing rotation lengths and spacing designs

Abstract To study the effects of planting design and harvest rotation on shrub willow bioenergy crops, 10 shrub willow genotypes were established in 2009 in side-by-side randomized complete block trials, one with a double-row design and the other a single-row design. Both double-row and single-row designs were established with the same stand density, ~14,000 plants ha−1. The single-row design was harvested four times on a 2-year rotation from 2009 to 2017. The double-row plots were harvested twice on a 4-year rotation. Biomass yield, growth parameters, wood composition, specific gravity, and calorific values were evaluated. Mean annualized yield over 8 years from the single-row design was 9.98 Mg ha−1 yr−1 whereas mean annualized yield for the double-row spacing design was 9.32 dry Mg ha−1 yr−1. Cumulative biomass production averaged across all genotypes from four biennial, single-row harvests resulted in 79.9 Mg ha−1 compared with two quadrennial double-row harvests of 74.5 Mg ha−1. A triploid hybrid, LA970253, produced the greatest mean annual yield in the single-row design of 14.0 dry Mg ha−1 yr−1, followed by another triploid, ‘Fabius’, which had the greatest yield in the double-row design of 12.5 dry Mg ha−1 yr−1. In both planting designs, hemicellulose and cellulose content increased over time, while lignin and ash content decreased. Calorific values ranged from 17.62 to 19.02 MJ kg−1 with no significant differences between designs or genotypes. The results from this study suggest that some genotypes respond better to shorter rotations, but over multiple rotations there is no difference in total yield.
UW CSE351 Cache Simulator: A New Web-based Visualization of Cache Policies and Operations

Cache memories form a core topic in computer organization, computer architecture, and operating systems courses that is fundamentally important for understanding the source of and how to mitigate memory latencies in programs. This topic is difficult to teach due to the significant amount of terminology and interacting design parameters and policies. Simulators have been used as a valuable pedagogical tool for visualizing the changes in cache state due to memory accesses; for educational purposes, there are three varieties: command-line, GUI, and online. Command-line simulators tend to have limited visual output and require recompilation. GUI simulators are more visual but require downloading and installation. Online simulators are easily accessible but have the fewest features. We introduce the UW CSE351 Cache Simulator, an interactive, web-based tool that lets users observe the processes and study the fundamental concepts and policies of caching. It is implemented in p5.js, a JavaScript library, and is based on CAMERA, but improves upon the functionality and usability in a number of ways, including web access, a single interface instead of multiple workbenches, the ability to change cache policies (e.g., write and replacement), and a navigable access history. Attendees will be provided a handout with a feature list, references to other cache simulators/visualizers for educational purposes, and example student activities and exercises that use the UW CSE351 Cache Simulator.
Visualizing drivers of gender health disparities: Ongoing participatory action research following the 2011 disaster in Japan.

Abstract As part of an ongoing participatory action research project initiated following the 2011 Great East Japan Disaster to improve disaster policies and responses, this study examines social factors and processes that affect women's well-being in and after disasters. Using PhotoVoice methodology, the project has engaged women affected by the Great East Japan Disaster in participatory assessment and analysis over the last ten years. Begun in three sites in June 2011, the project is currently operating in seven locations: four in the coastal areas affected by the tsunami in the Iwate and Miyagi prefectures; two in Fukushima Prefecture; and one in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, where the largest number of out-of-prefecture evacuees reside. Participating members, recruited in collaboration with local NGOs, are women affected by the disaster aged from in their 20s to over 70 years. They take photographs of their lives and attend facilitated group discussions on an ongoing basis. Participatory analysis of their photographs and narratives by members and group facilitators (including the author) uses the analytical approach of grounded theory's open and focused coding with constant comparison. The analysis identifies various ways the disaster affected women, compromising their livelihood, safety, and well-being. It reveals an interconnection between the evacuation of children and women of reproductive age, loss of employment in the female-dominated occupational sectors, and increased dependent care responsibilities, which in turn compromises women's financial and emotional well-being. The analysis also elucidates the gendered division of labor in private and public spheres, shortages of maternal and infant health care, and gender-based violence in the post-disaster context. Notably, many of these issues and connections correspond to known social determinants of health disparities. The study findings add a valuable but often neglected local perspective and call for increased policy attention to eliminating gender disparities in disasters.
Solutions of Problems: Natural Frequencies of Electrical Circuits

In this chapter, the problems of the fifth chapter are fully solved, in detail, step-by-step, and with different methods.