cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linkage of soybean cyst nematode alleles for incompatibility with soybean

Summary Selection and inbreeding of soybean cyst nematodes increased populations' ability to produce cysts on some soybean lines with concurrent decreases in numbers of cysts on other soybean lines: evidence that some alleles for incompatibility were either linked or at the same loci. Some responses could be explained only by linkage of nematode genes for avirulence. Linkage of nematode alleles for incompatibility could be involved when selection increased numbers of cysts on several lines even though the usual interpretation has been that the lines had some of the same genes for resistance. Most of the lines used in this study may have fewer alleles for incompatibility than most “resistant” lines. Use of these lines with fewer genes for resistance should help in the identification of individual alleles for incompatibility necessary for resolving the allelism and/or linkage of these nematode genes.
Deep current measurements suggest long waves in the eastern equatorial pacific.

During the 1975 El Nino expedition an array of conventional and electric field type near-bottom current recorders was deployed at the equator 300 kilometers west of the Galapagos Islands. While hydrographic observations were indicating El Nino activity off the South American coast, the current meters recorded an oscillation with a 25-day period, a wavelength of about 1000 kilometers, and an amplitude of 0.04 meter per second propagating westward at approximately 0.5 meter per second. These characteristics agree with theoretical models of a first-mode baroclinic Rossby wave trapped at the equator.
Factorization and the dressing method for the Gel'fand-Dikii hierarchy

Abstract The isospectral flows of an n th order linear scalar differential operator L under the hypothesis that it possesses a Baker-Akhiezer function were originally investigated by Segal and Wilson from the point of view of infinite dimensional Grassmanians, and the reduction of the KP hierarchy to the Gel'fand-Dikii hierarchy. The associated first order systems and their formal asymptotic solutions have a rich Lie algebraic structure which was investigated by Drinfeld and Sokolov. We investigate the matrix Riemann-Hilbert factorizations for these systems, and show that different factorizations lead respectively to the potential, modified, and ordinary Gel'fand-Dikii flows. Lie algebra decompositions (the Adler- Kostant-Symes method) are obtained for the modified and potential flows. For n > 3 the appropriate factorization for the Gel'fand-Dikii flows is not a group factorization, as would be expected; yet a modification of the dressing method still works. A direct proof, based on a Fredholm determinant associated with the factorization problem, is given that the potentials are meromorphic in x and in the time variables. Potentials with Baker-Akhiezer functions include the multisoliton and rational solutions, as well as potentials in the scattering class with compactly supported scattering data. The latter are dense in the scattering class.
Split ends: labor shortage and the CS-IS divide

Will we still suffer a major drought of software professionals after our Y2K problems are solved? The author considers how a shortage of highly skilled software people will persist and will hinder the growth of the entire industry. He lays blame for this shortage on academics and the persistent division between CS and IS departments. Is academia alone to blame, or does industry also contribute to the shortage?.
Branching, geometrical scaling, and Koba-Nielsen-Olesen scaling.

The phenomenon of Koba-Nielsen-Olesen scaling up to about 100 GeV in c.m. energy in pp collision is described in a branching model supplemented by impact-parameter smearing with geometrical scaling as an essential input. A high-accuracy fit of all data points from CERN ISR is achieved by use of only one parameter, which relates the particle productivity to hadron opacity at each impact parameter. It is deduced that the average number of initial clusters is between 4 and 5, depending upon the energy.
Aspects of the performance of the electrical aerosol analyzer under nonideal conditions

Abstract We report experiments in which the Electrical Aerosol Analyzer makes measurements on constant polydisperse aerosols under conditions representative of those encountered in practice. By varying only the sheath air, we observe ambiguities in the data of up to an order of magnitude, contrary to assumed operational characteristics. Possible causes of this observation are discussed and consequences for the utility of the instrument are pointed out.
Duke Twins Study of Memory in Aging in the NAS-NRC Twin Registry

The Duke Twins Study of Memory in Aging is an ongoing, longitudinal study of cognitive change and dementia in the population-based National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) Twin Registry of World War II Male Veterans. The primary goal of this study has been to estimate the overall genetic and environmental contributions to dementia with a specific focus on Alzheimer's disease. An additional goal has been to examine specific genetic and environmental antecedents of cognitive decline and dementia. Since 1989, we have completed 4 waves of data collection. Each wave included a 2-phase telephone cognitive screening protocol, followed by an in-home standardized clinical assessment for those with suspected dementia. For many participants, we have obtained postmortem neuropathological confirmation of the diagnosis of dementia. In addition to data on cognition, we have also collected information on occupational history, medical history, medications and other lifetime experiences that may influence cognitive function in late life. We provide an overview of the study's methodology and describe the focus of recent research.
Nonequilibrium ac Josephson effect in mesoscopic Nb-InAs-Nb junctions

Microwave irradiation of Nb-InAs-Nb junctions reveals frequency-doubled Josephson currents which persist to high temperatures, in the absence of a critical current. A nonequilibrium dynamical model, based on time-dependent Andreev bound states, successfully accounts for the resulting half-integer Shapiro step and an enhancement in the conductance near zero bias.
Two possible 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea-insensitive sites in Photosystem II of spinach chloroplasts

Abstract Two possible 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea-insensitive sites were found in PS II of spinach chloroplasts, depending on the pH of the assay medium used. The low site (pH 6) can be inhibited by certain quinolines, such as 8-hydroxyquinoline at concentrations less than 50 μM. The high pH site (pH 8) can be inhibited by disodium cyanamide, folic acid, or 5,6-benzoquinoline at concentrations from 50 μM to 5 mM. With the exception of orthophenanthroline, which stimulates the high pH site but does not show much inhibition at low pH, all other inhibitors gave opposite effects at the pH values used, i.e., they stimulated at low pH or inhibited at high pH, or vice versa. Several mechanisms for the observed effects are discussed.
111th ASM 2011 General Meeting Highlights with Opportunity for Microbiologists to Participate in Upcoming ASM 2012.

The American Society of Microbiology of over 40,000 scientists and health professionals conducted a 111th annual meeting in New Orleans from May 20th to May 24th, 2011. I am President of ASM student chapter at Texas Tech University. I attended meeting and presented my research. The meeting was attended by the scientists, students, postdoctoral fellows from all over the world. This meeting offered an opportunity to network with colleagues, peers and exchange research ideas. The opening reception was warm welcome by ASM showcasing high-quality instruments by industry representatives under one roof. The President forum assembled together by ASM President Dr. Bonnie L. Bassler was very insightful. The workshops were set up by imminent experts covering newer topics e.g. detection of C. difficile infections, nasty Gram negatives with initials (KPC, ESBL, AmpC). There were series of award lectures ranging from clinical diagnostic immunology to virology. A newer Clinical Microbiology Task Force was also targeted towards clinical microbiology community. Many case presentations included the global spread of bacteria that produces beta lactamases. I am very pleased that I could meet the scientists from all over the world. Right now, ASM is inviting scientific community to come forward with suggestions relating to either the General Microbiology or the Diagnostic Microbiology and Epidemiology track as they are building up the program for annual meeting ASM 2012 in San Francisco, California June 16th–19th, 2012. This is the unique opportunity for proposing ideas for a core colloquium or symposium of scientific significance. If you are planning to present your research and travel, you can also apply for Travel Grant. More information is also available on www.asm.org.
The Evolution and Stability of Finite-Amplitude Mountain Waves. Part II: Surface Wave Drag and Severe Downslope Windstorms

Abstract The transient evolution of internal waves which are forced by the flow of stably stratified fluid over two-dimensional topography exhibits several pronounced nonlinear effects for geophysically relevant values of the governing parameters. For homogeneous flows in which the internal Froude number is constant, the importance of nonlinearity is determined by the aspect ratio of the topography and the flow in the steady-state regime is as predicted by Long's model. When the background flow is inhomogeneous, Long's model no longer applies and new nonlinear effects may occur. One example of such an effect is the marked increase in the efficiency with which resonant lee waves are excited beyond the linear efficiency. A second example concerns the possibility of the trapping and subsequent amplification of the internal wave beneath its own level of supercritical steepening. The latter process appears to be important in understanding the strong downslope windstorm which occurred at Boulder, Colorado, on 1...
Changes in nucleosome occupancy occur in a chromosome specific manner

In the eukaryotic nucleus, DNA is packaged into chromatin. The fundamental subunit of chromatin is the nucleosome, DNA is wrapped 1.6 times around a histone octamer core. Nuclear processes in eukaryotes are impacted by whether regulatory DNA is occupied by nucleosomes. We used microarrays to measure nucleosome occupancy in human cells post-Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) reactivation at hundreds of immunity-related loci. The detailed analysis of these technologies can be found in recent publications from our lab [1,3]. We found that nucleosome redistributions displayed chromosome specific nucleosome occupancy. This resource can be used to map nucleosome distributions in a variety of biological contexts.
Triggered beam pulser and current integrator for PIXE analysis

Abstract Two auxiliary circuits to facilitate PIXE analyses are described: a triggerable beam pulser tor pile-up reduction and dead time correction; and a versatile voltage to frequency converter for use with a beam current integrator.
Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizotypy and the Five-Factor Model: A Domain and Facet Level Analysis

In this study, we investigated the Five-factor model in the concurrent prediction of positive symptom schizotypy as measured by the Magical Ideation (Eckblad & Chapman, 1983) and Perceptual Aberration (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978) scales and negative symptom schizotypy as measured by the Physical Anhedonia (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1976) and Revised Social Anhedonia (Eckblad, Chapman, Chapman, & Mishlove, 1982; Mishlove & Chapman, 1985) scales. Previous studies suggest that these measures reflect the core symptoms found in schizotypal and schizoid personality disorder (Bailey, West, Widiger, & Freiman, 1993). Negative symptoms were significantly predicted by Neuroticism (+), Extraversion (-), Openness (-), and Agreeableness (-) domains of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992). Additionally, positive symptoms were significantly predicted by Neuroticism (+), Openness (+), and Agreeableness (-). In addition, we examined the validity of lower order traits in de- scribing these symptoms of character pathology. These findings lend further support for the use of domain and facet scales of the NEO-PI-R in the identification of personality pathology.
Cultural and health influences on building, housing, and community standards: Cost implications for the human habitat

International research and practices are reviewed with regard to cultural, social, economic, health, and physical-technological features of needs, standards, and codes regulating the residential environment. Housing and building codes, as well as zoning and subdivision ordinances, are influenced by nonscientific considerations that have significant cost and other policy implications. Noxious and promotive influences are examined for public health codes regulating potable water, waste disposal, and safety in the home, as well as density and congestion for cities, neighborhoods, and individual dwelling units. Density is distinguished from congestion, and the policy implications of both are examined. Cost-benefit ratios indicate that many standards can be appreciably lowered. Vague definitions of health, as adopted by WHO, also invite costinducing moral judgments.
Arsenite Interacts with Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC) at Low Levels to Suppress Bone Marrow Lymphoid Progenitors in Mice

Arsenite (As+3) and dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC), a polycyclic aromatic hyrdrocarbon (PAH), are found in nature as environmental contaminants. Both are known to individually suppress the immune system of humans and mice. In order to determine their potential interactive and combined immunosuppressive effects, we examined murine bone marrow (BM) immune progenitor cells’ responses following combined oral exposures at very low levels of exposure to As+3 and DBC. Oral 5-day exposure to DBC at 1 mg/kg (cumulative dose) was found to suppress mouse BM lymphoid progenitor cells, but not the myeloid progenitors. Previously established no-effect doses of As+3 in drinking water (19 and 75 ppb for 30 days) produced more lymphoid suppression in the bone marrow when mice were concomitantly fed a low dose of DBC during the last 5 days. The lower dose (19 ppb) As+3 had a stronger suppressive effect with DBC than the higher dose (75 ppb). Thus, the interactive toxicity of As+3 and DBC in vivo could be As+3 dose dependent. In vitro, the suppressive interaction of As+3 and DBC was also evident at low concentrations (0.5 nM), but not at higher concentrations (5 nM) of As+3. These studies show potentially important interactions between As+3 and DBC on mouse BM at extremely low levels of exposure in vivo and in vitro.
Dynamic scheduling of operating energy and reserve in electricity market with ramp rate constraints

Earlier the economic dispatch problem was solved for generation first and subsequently for reserve but nowadays in electricity market these two operations are simultaneously performed to increase the efficiency and reliability of the power system. In this study, MATLAB based optimization solver Sequential quadratic programming (SQP) is used to allocate the static and dynamic dispatch in Electricity market based on price bids submitted by the private and public GENCOS. The idea is implemented on IEEE 17-units system with 57 buses for reserve and energy cost optimization under all operating constraints. The realistic representation of the power system is done where constantly changing load demands, generator outages etc. are included in the model. The SQP algorithm is found to model the practical constraints like ramp-limits, reserve/energy coupling constraints, power-balance and generation capacity limits.
Near-infrared image filtering for pedestrian surveillance

An image processing approach is investigated which has low computational complexity and which uses nearinfrared imaging. The target application is a surveillance system for pedestrian traffic. Near-infrared light has potential benefits including non-visible illumination requirements. An image-processing algorithm for monitoring pedestrians is implemented in outdoor and indoor environments with frequent traffic. The image sets consist of persons walking in the presence of foreground as well as background objects at different times during the day. The complex, cluttered environments are highly variable, e.g. shadows and moving foliage. The approach consists of thresholding an image and creating a silhouette of selected objects in the scene. Filtering is used to eliminate noise. The computational results using MATLAB© show that the algorithm can effectively manipulate near-infrared images and that effective filtering is possible even in the presence of system noise and environmental clutter. The potential for automated surveillance based on near-infrared imaging and neural-network based feature processing is discussed.
Exploring the original proposed biosynthesis of (+)-symbioimine: remote exocyclic stereocontrol in a type I IMDA reaction.

The originally proposed biosynthesis of (+)-symbioimine was explored, resulting in the successful intramolecular Diels−Alder (IMDA) cyclization of an appropriate (E,E,E)-1,7,9-decatrien-3-one. In contrast to the originally proposed biosynthesis, the IMDA reaction appears to proceed via an endo transition state. Remarkably, a single exocyclic stereogenic center effectively controls the π-facial selectivity affording a highly diastereoselective cycloaddition.
Law and policy in an era of cyborg-assisted-life 1 : The implications of interfacing in-the-body technologies to the outer world 2

Medical technology verges on incorporating directly into our anatomy processors with the computational power of the famous Watson IBM computer and Internet-like communications. As the size of computers spiral downward, their wholesale use (as well as RFID-type technology) will extend lifetimes, enhance our intellect, and assist in controlling technology outside the body via digital I/O and thought. This includes the eventual merging of synthetic DNA and artificial intelligence that together will bring new diagnostics, medical treatment and smart nano-prosthetics well within the horizon of the next generation. A prosthetic genome hastens the day when enhanced life forms, such as human organs, can be made entirely from a fusion of living organisms and non-living materials. Widespread diffusion of this technology into populations risk creating a world of “haves” that can afford and “have nots,” that cannot afford enhanced intellect and longevity. Without changes to current U.S. patent law, commercial interests might jeopardize our well-being through patent monopolies, market forces might squeeze out efficiencies at the expense of performance and reliability, and wrongdoers might dare to unleash digital viruses into a world filled with anatomically installed biomedical devices receptive to Internet-style communications. Overtime artificially altered and controlled metabolisms may begin to alter the progression of natural biological evolution and force an examination about what the notion of “human” means in the age of human cyborgs.
The Relationship Between Program Restrictiveness and Youth Behavior Problems

A key concept in the continuum-of-care model is matching the restrictiveness of treatment to the level of youth behavior problems. Restrictiveness refers to the degree that treatment and setting constrains choices and limits freedoms of patients. Only a few investigators have examined this relationship, and the findings have been equivocal. Extending our initial study of the relationship between youth behavior problems and program restrictiveness, we examined the relationship across seven programs spanning the continuum of care: parent training program, outpatient clinic, family preservation program, treatment foster care, residential group home, acute-care shelter, and inpatient psychiatric hospital. Results indicated a high level of correspondence between restrictiveness and youth behavior problems, with the least restrictive programs serving children with fewer behavior problems and highly restrictive programs serving children with more behavior problems.
Non-peptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. 9. Centrally constrained alpha-sulfonamides are useful tools for exploring platelet receptor function

Abstract Two fluorescent, centrally constrained fibrinogen receptor antagonists were prepared to probe ligand receptor interactions.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010: Impact on Otolaryngology Practice and Research

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) was signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. Since its passage, the PPACA has led to increased health insurance coverage for millions more Americans, and it includes provisions leading to new avenues for clinical and health services research funding. The legislation also favors development of the primary care specialties and general surgery, increased training of midlevel health care providers, and medical training and service in underserved areas of the United States. However, the PPACA does not effectively engage otolaryngologists in quality improvement, despite modifications to the Physician Quality Reporting System. The legislation also levies a tax on cosmetic procedures, affecting both clinicians and patients. This article reviews the sections of the PPACA that are most pertinent to otolaryngologists and explains how these components of the bill will affect otolaryngologic practice and research over the coming decade.
Oceanic habitat differences in The North Pacific

Abstract A pronounced faunal boundary and a gradient of Zooplankton biomass exist in the oceanic North Pacific. A summer and a winter set of observations were taken on transects normal to these latitudinal boundaries. The resulting data have been analysed both in terms of the measured variables from either side of the boundary area and of their interrelationships. Great differences between three major habitats in concentrations of nutrients, standing crops of phyto- and Zooplankton, average temperatures and average salinities have been demonstrated. Furthermore, the type of seasonal changes in these variables differed between habitats. In general, variations in Zooplankton abundance are related to plant abundance in the summer and phosphate-phosphorus in the winter. Horizontal and vertical temperature gradients are not strongly related to variations in Zooplankton abundance nor is the dissolved plus particulate organic carbon concentration; however, there is evidence that the dissolved plus particulate organic carbon does not behave as a conservative property either within or below the mixed layer. There appear to be some qualitative differences in fundamental ecological processes between these habitats.
Tellurium-implanted N+ layers in GaAs

Abstract Ion implantation of Te was investigated as a doping process for the fabrication of submicron n -type layers in GaAs. The implantation was performed with substrates held at 350°C. After implantation, a protective overcoat of AIN or Si 3 N 4 was sputtered on the samples to prevent the GaAs from disassociating during anneal (900°C). The electrical characteristics of the n -type implants were then measured. Current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics of implanted diodes indicated that the junctions were linearly graded and that there was no intrinsic layer present after anneal. Sheet resistivity and Hall effect measurements were used to determine the surface carrier concentration and effective mobility in the implanted layers. Ionized impurity profiles extending beyond the implanted junction depth were calculated by matching differential Hall effect data with junction capacitance-voltage data. A peak electron concentration of 7 × 10 18 electrons/cm 3 was observed. However, the profiles exhibited penetrating tails that resulted in junction depths being much deeper than the LSS range theory would predict.
De-esterification of cholesteryl esters in human plasma α-lipoprotein (HDL) by preparations of staphylococcal alpha toxin

Summary Chemical extraction and analysis of reaction mixtures of preparations of staphylococcal alpha toxin and human plasma α-lipoprotein (HDL) indicated that the cholesteryl esters which form an integral part of the lipoprotein molecules were de-esterified by the toxin preparations with no apparent destruction of the cholesterol moiety. This report is the first of cholesterol esterase produced by staphylococcus. This activity is closely associated with alpha toxin and may be a manifestation of alpha toxin itself. In addition it is shown that soluble plasma lipoproteins are useful substrates for biological reactions involving lipids.
Signal peptides direct surface proteins to two distinct envelope locations of Staphylococcus aureus

Surface proteins of Gram-positive bacteria are covalently linked to the cell wall envelope by a mechanism requiring an N-terminal signal peptide and a C-terminal LPXTG motif sorting signal. We show here that surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus arrive at two distinct destinations in the bacterial envelope, either distributed as a ring surrounding each cell or as discrete assembly sites. Proteins with ring-like distribution (clumping factor A (ClfA), Spa, fibronectin-binding protein B (FnbpB), serine-aspartate repeat protein C (SdrC) and SdrD) harbour signal peptides with a YSIRK/GS motif, whereas proteins directed to discrete assembly sites (S. aureus surface protein A (SasA), SasD, SasF and SasK) do not. Reciprocal exchange of signal peptides between surface proteins with (ClfA) or without the YSIRK/GS motif (SasF) directed recombinant products to the alternate destination, whereas mutations that altered only the YSIRK sequence had no effect. Our observations suggest that S. aureus distinguishes between signal peptides to address proteins to either the cell pole (signal peptides without YSIRK/GS) or the cross wall, the peptidoglycan layer that forms during cell division to separate new daughter cells (signal peptides with YISRK/GS motif).
The reduction of hydrogen bromide using transition metal compounds

Abstract Ways of accelerating the redox reaction between chromous bromide and hydrogen bromide to form chromic bromide and hydrogen are examined at room temperature. The process, although thermodynamically favorable, is extremely slow kinetically. Marked increases in rate have been obtained by using the hydrate, pyridine py , N and dipyridyl dipy, N N complexes of chromium. In conjunction with catalysts, hydrogen yields of up to 71% in 10 min have been obtained. The significance of these results is discussed in the framework of closed thermochemical cycles for preparing hydrogen.
Comparison of the two major ARS elements of the ura4 replication origin region with other ARS elements in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

We have previously peported that the replication orgin region located near the ura4 gene on chromosome III of the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, contains three closely spaced origins, each associated with an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) element. Here we report the nucleotide sequences of two of these ARS elements, ars3002 and ars3003. The two ARS elements are located on either side of a transcribed 1.5 kb open reading frame. Like 11 other S. pombe ARS elements whose sequences have previously been determined in other laboratories, the 2 new ARS elements are unusually A+T-rich. All 13 ARS elements contain easily unwound stretches of DNA. Each of the ARS elements contains numerous copies, at a higher than expected frequency, of short stretches of A+T-rich DNA in which most of the Ts are on one strand and most of the As are on the complementary strand. We discuss the potential significance for ARS function of these multiple asymmetric A+T-rich sequences.
APPLICATION OF THE HARD AND SOFT, ACIDS AND BASES (HSAB) THEORY TO TOXICANT-TARGET INTERACTIONS

Many chemical toxicants and/or their active metabolites are electrophiles that cause cell injury by forming covalent bonds with nucleophilic targets on biological macromolecules. Covalent reactions between nucleophilic and electrophilic reagents are, however, discriminatory since there is a significant degree of selectivity associated with these interactions. Over the course of the past few decades, the theory of Hard and Soft, Acids and Bases (HSAB) has proven to be a useful tool in predicting the outcome of such reactions. This concept utilizes the inherent electronic characteristic of polarizability to define, for example, reacting electrophiles and nucleophiles as either hard or soft. These HSAB definitions have been successfully applied to chemical-induced toxicity in biological systems. Thus, according to this principle, a toxic electrophile reacts preferentially with biological targets of similar hardness or softness. The soft/hard classification of a xenobiotic electrophile has obvious utility in ...
31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Noninvasive biochemical analysis of the ischemic extremity

Abstract The biochemical effects of peripheral vascular disease on skeletal muscle have not been characterized precisely because of the lack of satisfactory noninvasive analytic methods. 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to measure the high-energy phosphate compounds, phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine triphosphate, as well as metabolic byproducts, such as inorganic phosphates (Pi) and phosphate monoesters in calf muscles of 214 limbs with peripheral vascular disease. Intracellular pH was also measured. The NMR index (Pi[PCr + Pi]) was used to quantitate the impairment of oxidative phosphorylation as a result of ischemia. Studies done at rest documented the impairment of oxidative metabolism only in limbs with severe ischemia (ankle-brachial pressure index (API) 31 P NMR parameters with arteriograms showed that infrapopliteal occlusions resulted in prolonged recovery times only when the superficial femoral artery was occluded and emphasized the metabolic consequences of multisegmental disease. Accumulation of glycolytic pathway intermediates correlated with the decrease in muscle cell pH observed with exercise. Despite immediate improvement in symptoms and hemodynamic parameters following revascularization, return to normal biochemical function occurs over a prolonged period of time. This study demonstrates that 31 P NMR spectroscopy can successfully measure noninvasively the important phosphorus-containing compounds involved in the bioenergetics of skeletal muscle in vivo rapidly enough to permit real-time determination during exercise and recovery.
Exact representation of exp ( i q ⋅ r ) in the empirical tight-binding method and its application to electromagnetic interactions

We show how the exact representation of the operator $\mathrm{exp}(i\mathbf{q}\mathbf{\ensuremath{\cdot}}\mathbf{r})$ in the Bloch sum basis used in the empirical tight-binding method follows from the transformation law obeyed by cell-periodic operators, such as the Hamiltonian. From this representation, we derive matrix elements of its product with cell-periodic operators, since product operators of this type arise when the crystal is subject to various perturbations. Using these results, we calculate the expression for the linear transverse dielectric tensor.
Modeling of an acousto-optic laser veam steering system intended for satellite communication

High data rate of laser communication systems should be matched by wide operational bandwidth of beam positioning. This could be achieved by the application of nonmechanical beam steering technologies utilizing acousto-optic phenomena. Major components of acousto-optic beam steering systems, a Bragg cell, and a quadrant detector are subjected to comprehensive laboratory testing and characterization as components of a control system. A mathematical and computer simulation model of the entire steering system addressing system dynamics, cross coupling of azimuth and elevation channels, and nonlinearity, and facilitating synthesis of advanced control laws is developed.
Simulation and modeling of turbulence subjected to a period of axisymmetric contraction or expansion

The effect of axisymmetric contraction and expansion on isotropic turbulence and its subsequent decay are evaluated by way of direct numerical simulation. Low, moderate, and high rates of contraction and expansion are evaluated at a moderate Reynolds number using two different sets of initial conditions of isotropic turbulence. The initial turbulence is generated via mechanical mixing so that the large scales of the turbulence develop naturally. Length scales, decay rates, anisotropy, and two-point correlations are investigated both during and after the straining process, with the goal of quantifying how anisotropic turbulence behaves during return-to-isotropy.
Duodenogastric reflux potentiates the injurious effects of gastroesophageal reflux

Experimental studies have shown that the severity of esophageal mucosal injury in gastroesophageal reflux disease is related to the reflux of both gastric and duodenal juice. The purpose of this study was to determine whether duodenal juice potentiates esophageal injury in patients with reflux disease or, inf act, causes no harm allowing acid and pepsin to do the damage. A total of 148 consecutive patients who had no previous gastric or esophageal surgery underwent endoscopy and biopsy, manometry, and 24-hour esophageal pH and bilirubin monitoring. Esophageal injury was defined by the presence of erosive esophagitis, stricture, or biopsy-proved Barrett's esophagus. Exposure to duodenal juice, identified by the absorbance of bilirubin, was defined as an exposure time exceeding the ninety-fifth percentile measured in 35 volunteers. To separate the effects of gastric and duodenal juice, patients were stratified according to their acid exposure time. One hundred patients had documented acid reflux on pH monitoring, and in 63 of them it was combined with reflux of duodenal juice. Patients with combined reflux (50 of 63) were more likely to have injury than patients without combined reflux (22 of 37; P < 0.05). When the acid exposure time was greater than 10%, patients with injury (n = 40) had a greater exposure to duodenal juice (median exposure time 17.2% vs. 1.1%, P = 0.006) than patients without injury (n = 5), but there was no difference in their acid exposure (16.9% vs. 13.4%). Patients with dysplasia of Barrett's epithelium (n = 9) had a greater exposure to duodenal juice (median exposure time 30.2% vs. 7.2%, P = 0.04) compared to patients without complications (n = 25), whereas acid exposure was the same (16.4% vs. 15%). Duodenal juice adds a noxious component to the refluxed gastric juice and potentiates the injurious effects of gastric juice on the esophageal mucosa.
Transmission of light through a metal film with two corrugated surfaces

We study theoretically the transmission of p- and s-polarized light through a thin, supported, silver or gold film, both of whose surfaces are one-dimensional, periodically corrugated surfaces, as a function of the wavelength of the incident light. The calculations are carried out by the use of reduced Rayleigh equations in the form of a pair of coupled inhomogeneous matrix equations for the amplitudes of the scattered and transmitted Bragg beams. The results show that enhanced transmission occurs for both p- and s-polarized incident light for large-amplitude periodic corrugations of the two surfaces. In p polarization an additional enhancement occurs at the wavelengths of the surface plasmon polaritons supported by the film. Thus, slits that pierce the film are not necessary for enhanced transmission of light through it.
Antiallodynic effects of a CCKB antagonist in rats with nerve ligation injury: role of endogenous enkephalins

Abstract Cholecystokinin (CCK) may act as an endogenous anti-opioid and blockade of CCK receptors can enhance the potency and efficacy of morphine. This effect is blocked by opioid delta (δ) receptor antagonists, suggesting a tonic inhibitory action of CCK to diminish the release and/or availability of endogenous enkephalins. The present studies have further evaluated this possibility by studying the antiallodynic actions of a CCK B antagonist (L365,260) alone, or in the presence of thiorphan (a neutral endopeptidase inhibitor) in a model of peripheral neuropathy. Animals subjected to nerve injury, but not sham controls, exhibited long lasting, stable mechanical allodynia. Intrathecal (i.t.) administration of L365,260 or thiorphan alone did not alter allodynia. However, co-administration of these compounds produced a significant antiallodynic action which was antagonized by receptor selective doses of naltrindole, an opioid δ receptor antagonist. In addition, antisera to [Leu 5 ]enkephalin, but not to [Met 5 ]enkephalin, also blocked the antiallodynic action of thiorphan plus L365,260. These data suggest that blockade of CCK B receptors may enhance the actions or availability of endogenous [Leu 5 ]enkephalin or a like substance which can elicit a significant antiallodynic action via opioid δ receptors when its degradation is by inhibited by thiorphan. The data suggest that δ opioids are involved in regulation of some aspects of nerve-injury induced pain.
Large-scale structure formation with massive neutrinos and dynamical dark energy

Over the next decade, cosmological measurements of the large-scale structure of the Universe will be sensitive to the combined effects of dynamical dark energy and massive neutrinos. The matter power spectrum is a key repository of this information. We extend higher-order perturbative methods for computing the power spectrum to investigate these effects over quasilinear scales. Through comparison with N-body simulations, we establish the regime of validity of a time-renormalization group perturbative treatment that includes dynamical dark energy and massive neutrinos. We also quantify the accuracy of standard, renormalized and Lagrangian resummation (LPT) perturbation theories without massive neutrinos. We find that an approximation that neglects neutrino clustering as a source for nonlinear matter clustering predicts the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) peak position to 0.25% accuracy for redshifts $1\ensuremath{\le}z\ensuremath{\le}3$, justifying the use of LPT for BAO reconstruction in upcoming surveys. We release a modified version of the public Copter code which includes the additional physics discussed in the paper.
Integration algorithm for modeling the elasto-viscoplastic response of polycrystalline materials

Abstract An integration scheme is presented for modeling the texture evolution and stress–strain response of elasto-viscoplastic polycrystalline materials. Single crystal kinematics based on a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient is used to obtain an evolution equation for the crystal elastic deformation gradient. An implicit scheme to integrate this equation is presented which is stable and efficient. The reorientation of the crystal as well as the elastic strain can then be obtained from a polar decomposition of the elastic deformation gradient. Numerical studies are presented using material parameters for aluminum (FCC crystals) and zircaloy (HCP crystals) to demonstrate the general nature of the model. Predictions of the model are also compared with those obtained using a rigid-viscoplastic polycrystal model which neglects the elastic response. Retaining the elastic response makes the model useful for large deformation analyses where both anisotropy due to texture as well as elastic effects such as springback and residual stresses are important.
Concentration-dependent differential effects of cortisol on synthesis of alpha-lactalbumin and of casein in cultured mouse mammary gland explants: importance of prolactin concentration.

Cortisol was previously shown to elicit a concentration-dependent inhibition of α-lactalbumin accumulation in midpregnant mouse mammary gland cultured in medium containing optimal concentrations of 5 μg/ml prolactin and insulin. In contrast, casein accumulation under these conditions was progressively stimulated by addition of increasing amounts of cortisol (Ono, M.; Oka, T. Cell 19: 473–480; 1980). In the present study we found that in the presence of a suboptimal concentration of 0.5 μg/ml prolactin, 2.8×10−9 M to 2.8×10−7 M cortisol stimulated α-lactalbumin accumulation. Furthermore, higher concentrations of cortisol produced a smaller inhibition of α-lactalbumin accumulation as compared to that obtained in cultures containing 5 μg/ml prolactin. The maximal increase in α-lactalbumin accumulation attained in the presence of 1.4×10−8 M cortisol, 0.5 μg/ml prolactin, and insulin was comparable to that observed in culture containing 5 μg/ml prolactin and insulin. Similar results were obtained in a cortisol concentration-response study of α-lactalbumin accumulation in cultures containing a suboptimal concentration of 0.5 μg/ml human placental lactogen. Measurement of the rate of α-lactalbumin synthesis in cultured tissue indicated that the opposing effects of low and high concentrations of cortisol on α-lactalbumin accumulation involved an alteration in the rate of synthesis of the milk protein. In contrast to α-lactalbumin, the synthesis of casein was stimulated in a concentration-dependent manner by addition of cortisol that acted synergistically with either 0.5 μg/ml or 5 μg/ml prolactin. The maximal increases were obtained in the presence of 2.8×10−6 M cortisol. These results indicated that the action of cortisol on α-lactalbumin accumulation can be modulated by the concentration, of prolactin and suggest that the interplay between cortisol and prolactin in regulation of α-lactalbumin synthesis may be different from that involved in casein synthesis.
Influence of volatile degassing on initial flow structure and entrainment during undersea volcanic fire fountaining eruptions

Release of dissolved volatiles during submarine fire fountaining eruptions can profoundly influence the buoyancy flux at the vent. Theoretical considerations indicate that in some cases buoyant magma can be erupted prior to fragmentation (~75% vesicle volume threshold). Laboratory simulations using immiscible fluids of contrasting density indicate that the structure of the source flow at the vent depends critically on the relative magnitudes of buoyancy and momentum fluxes as reflected in the Richardson number (Ri). Analogue laboratory experiments of buoyant discharges demonstrate a variety of complex flow structures with the potential for greatly enhanced entrainment of surrounding seawater. Such conditions are likely to favor a positive feedback between phreatomagmatic explosions and volatile degassing that will contribute to explosive volcanism. The value of the Richardson number for any set of eruption parameters (magma discharge rate and volatile content) will depend on water depth as a result of the extent to which the exsolved volatile components can expand.
Issues Underlying Behavior Problems in At-Risk Adopted Children

Abstract Research and practice literature have examined behavior problems in adopted children, and many studies have found that adoptees from about age 6 through adolescence demonstrate more behavior problems than non-adopted children (Berry, 1992; Brodzinsky, Radice, Huffman, & Merkler, 1987; Dickson, Heffron, & Parker, 1990; Grotevant, McRoy, & Jenkins, 1988; Rogeness, Hoppe, Macedo, Fischer, & Harris, 1988). In particular, special needs adoptees who have been removed from birth homes due to maltreatment are vulnerable to ongoing behavioral and emotional difficulties that often do not abate over time (Nelson, 1985; Rosenthal & Groze, 1991; Rosenthal & Groze, 1994). The most common behavior problems among these adopted children are external behavior problems indicative of children diagnosed as having “conduct disorders,” who are acting out anti-socially in response to a number of internal negative feelings such as anger, powerlessness, low self-esteem, fear, and anxiety (Smith & Howard, 1991; 1994).
Governance, corruption and Olympic success

This article is the first to utilize a set of World Governance Indicators published by the World Bank to examine what role, if any, various characteristics of governance played in promoting success in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Although no strong statistical linear relationship is found between any of the governance indicators and Olympic success, it is shown that nations belonging to roughly the top quintile in control of corruption had a lower probability of medalling and received lower medal shares, ceteris paribus. A possible explanation for this reduced success is revealed in that scoring in the top quintile of control of corruption is also associated with fewer anti-doping violations, which may indicate lower rates of performance-enhancing drug use.
Body composition in chemotherapy: the promising role of CT scans.

Purpose of review Reducing cancer-treatment toxicity was a largely ignored research agenda, which is now emerging as an active area of investigation. Studies of human body composition using computerized tomography scans have provided proof-of-concept that variability in drug disposition and toxicity profiles may be partially explained by different features in body composition. Recent findings Collectively, studies suggest that skeletal muscle depletion (regardless of body weight) is an independent predictor of severe toxicity, affecting cancer treatment and its outcomes. Although precise mechanisms are unknown, pharmacokinetic parameters such as variations in volume of distribution and increased drug exposure may explain such findings. Summary Computerized tomography scans are readily available in clinical databases of diagnostic images and provide feasible, reliable, and highly differentiated measurements of body composition. These images should be used to optimize screening and management of patients in order to prevent severe toxicity, and to improve the efficacy and cost-efficiency of chemotherapy treatments.
SU-FF-T-25: A Monte-Carlo Based Dose Engine for Proton Radiotherapy Treatment Planning

Purpose: To develop a fast Monte Carlo (MC)dose engine for protonradiation treatment planning calculations and research studies. Method and Materials: We developed a complete MC simulation system for calculating the dose distributions in patients. The system uses a commercial treatment planning system with an analytical dose algorithm to design the treatment plans. A DICOM‐RT‐ION interface was developed to allow automated data transfer between the treatment planning system and the MC system. The MCmodel included all major components of a passively‐scattered protontreatment unit and a CT‐based patient model. A suite of programs converted the prescriptive data (e.g., range, modulation width, field size) and patient CT data into a MC input file, including coordinate system transformations for arbitrary treatment beam orientations. The radiation transport calculations are performed with the MCNPX Monte Carlo system running on a cluster of 512 64‐bit CPUs. For each treatment field, multiple simulation output files were postprocessed and the resulting MCdose matrix was written to the DICOM‐RT‐ION plan. The plan was then imported into the commercial planning system for visualization. Results: The MC simulations and pencil beam dose distributions are in good agreement for a two‐field prostate plan and a three‐field lung plan. The prostate plan required 1.6 hours and the lung plan required 14 hours using 512 CPUs to achieve < 2 % statistical uncertainty in the total dose at isocenter. The computing time was directly related to the number of voxels in the patient model. Timing studies revealed that the simulation speed for this system scales almost linearly with the inverse number of CPUs. Conclusion: The results of this study strongly suggest that it is feasible to implement a fast and easy‐to‐use MCtreatment planningdose engine with currently available computing technologies and resources.