cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brainvox: An Interactive, Multimodal Visualization and Analysis System for Neuroanatomical Imaging

A study of cognition emerging from a neurobiological perspective, as opposed to one emerging from a purely computational or psychological perspective, begins with observations of the human brain in normal and pathological states and is furthered by the investigation of hypotheses which are articulated using neuroanatomical nomenclature. Brainvox is an interactive three-dimensional brain imaging software package designed to permit such research through the support of the description and quantification of brain pathology in magnetic resonance images and of the experimental investigation of human cognition in lesion and functional imaging studies. Important general features of Brainvox, for these purposes, are: (1) adaptation of volume rendering for brain lesions and for corendered datasets; (2) shared memory architecture, which enables the user to identify and label anatomical structures, while inspecting the brain in multiple views simultaneously; (3) modular program design, including interlocking command-line utilities, which make Brainvox extensible and empower users without programming expertise to implement new analysis techniques through Unix shell scripting; and (4) full integration of three-dimensional tools for visualization with tools for analysis. Specific features include a new object templating technique (MAP-3) for studies of groups of brain-lesioned subjects, a complete and extensible suite of command-line processing utilities, a three-dimensional optimal graph-searching tool, and a method for planning PET slices and matching MR and PET slices (MP_FIT).
Yeast ARL1 encodes a regulator of K+ influx

A molecular genetic approach was undertaken in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to examine the functions of ARL1, encoding a G protein of the Ras superfamily. We show here that ARL1 is an important component of the control of intracellular K(+). The arl1 mutant was sensitive to toxic cations, including hygromycin B and other aminoglycoside antibiotics, tetramethylammonium ions, methylammonium ions and protons. The hygromycin-B-sensitive phenotype was suppressed by the inclusion of K(+) and complemented by wild-type ARL1 and an allele of ARL1 predicted to be unbound to nucleotide in vivo. The arl1 mutant strain internalized approximately 25% more [(14)C]-methylammonium ion than did the wild type, consistent with hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane. The arl1 strain took up 30-40% less (86)Rb(+) than did the wild type, showing an inability to regulate K(+) import properly, contributing to membrane hyperpolarity. By contrast, K(+) and H(+) efflux were undisturbed. The loss of ARL1 had no effect on the steady-state level or the localization of a tagged version of Trk1p. High copy suppressors of the hygromycin-B phenotype included SAP155, encoding a protein that interacts with the cell cycle regulator Sit4p, and HAL4 and HAL5, encoding Ser/Thr kinases that regulate the K(+)-influx mediators Trk1p and Trk2p. These results are consistent with a model in which ARL1, via regulation of HAL4/HAL5, governs K(+) homeostasis in cells.
The Limits of Senatorial Courtesy

Because of senatorial courtesy, scholars typically assume that presidents defer to home state senators from their party when selecting judges for the federal courts. We challenge this view, arguing that presidents face structural incentives that encourage them to consult broadly with senators across the partisan and ideological spectrums in choosing nominees. Using new data on the fate of judicial vacancies on the federal district courts between 1947 and 1998, we show how institutional and political forces increase interested senators' leverage in choosing federal judges. Senatorial courtesy, we conclude, has its limits, given presidents' incentives to consult with institutionally empowered senators in selecting nominees.
Development of a Nanosystems Engineering Degree

Nanotechnology is science at the molecular level. Like biotechnology and information technology, it has tremendous potential to greatly change the world in which we live. Nanosystems engineering can be considered the branch of engineering that deals with materials and devices smaller than 100 nanometers (1 nanometer is a billionth of a meter), especially with the manipulation of individual molecules. Student interest and industry growth in this field highlight the need for a baccalaureate program in this area. The College of Engineering and Science at Louisiana Tech University has developed a new undergraduate degree in nanosystems engineering. The main objectives of this program are (a) to train undergraduate students in experimental, theoretical, and computational aspects of engineering and science as applied to the development and use of nanotechnology; and (b) renovate and revitalize traditional engineering curricula such as mechanical engineering or materials science/ engineering through new nanosystems courses and instructional modules. We describe a new undergraduate Bachelor of Science in Nanosystems Engineering curriculum which has a strong interdisciplinary emphasis. The Nanosystems Engineering Program draws on the strengths of all the basic sciences (chemistry, physics, and biology) and existing integrated engineering and science programs within the college at the freshman and sophomore levels. Graduates with a nanosystems engineering degree will have many opportunities at the boundaries of traditional engineering due to the cross-disciplinary nature of their degree. We expect many of the graduates of this program may choose to pursue research-based careers by moving on to graduate study or working at government laboratories and/or research centers. Graduates who wish to work in a commercial environment will find ever expanding opportunities in the many new nanotechnology companies that are emerging.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Transforming Growth Factor β as an Immunosuppressive Protein in Human Seminal Plasma

PROBLEM: Human seminal plasma is known to exhibit immunosuppressive activity in seminal plasma. PURPOSE: The purpose was to characterize immunosuppressive proteins in seminal plasma. METHOD: Gel filtration fractions of 100 to >440 kDa were identified that inhibited DNA synthesis and killing activity of interleukin-2 stimulated lymphocytes. RESULTS: The fractions exhibiting immunosuppression also inhibited DNA synthesis in a mink lung cell bioassay commonly used to measure the activity for transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). The negative growth activity was diminished by aTGF-β neutralizing monoclonal antibody. TGF-β was further detected in the active fractions by Western immunoblot. CONCLUSIONS: These results identified TGF-β as an immunosuppressive protein in human seminal plasma and may provide insight into the role of immunosuppression played by seminal plasma, such as in reproduction and neoplasia.
The cytoarchitecture, cytology, and synaptic organization of the basilar pontine nuclei in the rat. I. Nissl and Golgi studies.

Studies of the rat basilar pontine gray in Nissl-stained frozen sections revealed the presence of four major subdivisions referred to as medial, ventral, lateral, and peduncular nuclei with respect to their position relative to the cerebral peduncle. Neurons located adjacent to the surface of, or within the cerebral peduncle were considered collectively as the peduncular nucleus. It should be emphasized that the above subdivisions are useful only for descriptive purposes and do not necessarily reflect distinct cytological similarities or differences within the identified cell groups. The dorsal peduncular (pontine) region was continuous around the lateral and medial boundaries of the peduncle with more ventral pontine areas. A distinct cluster of neurons was consistently observed near the ventromedial surface of the basilar pons, seemingly walled-off by fascicles of pontocerebellar axons. In addition, in most animals, a cleft appeared in the peduncle and allowed direct communication between dorsal and ventral peduncular regions, while the medial lemniscus formed a partial boundary separating dorsal pontine neurons from the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. Golgi studies indicated that four general varieties of pontine neurons could be distinguished, and in order of relative frequency were described as spine-laden, pauci-spined, pauci-spined with long, thin dendrites, and small bipolar or unipolar cells whose axon sometimes collateralized within the pons. A wide variety of spinous processes and finger-like dendritic protrusions, some of which formed a terminal tuft-like arrangement, characterized pontine neuron dendrites. In addition, some dendrites of small neurons gave rise to rather long, thin, beaded processes which in certain instances emanated from an unusual triangulated branch point enlargement. Dendritic orientation (neuron shape) was sometimes determined by location, with cells in the peduncular nucleus oriented parallel to the nearest peduncular surface, while cells near the ventral pontine surface were arranged parallel to transversely directed pontocerebellar axons. Cells of medial pontine regions did not project dendrites across the midline, while neurons near the peduncular cleft sent dendrites into that space. Based on the locations of various pontine afferent termination zones as determined in previous as well as ongoing studies, it appears that some pontine neurons exhibit dendritic systems reaching into more than one afferent projection area, thereby affording them an opportunity to receive inputs from several afferent systems.
Cooperation, ‘Ought Morally’, and Principles of Moral Harmony

There is a theory that one ought morally to do the best one can, when ‘best’ is suitably interpreted. There are also some examples in which, although every agent involved does the best she can, the group composed of them does not. Some philosophers think that these examples show the theory to be wrong. In particular, they think that such examples motivate a view which incorporates a requirement of cooperativeness in a particular way, though they disagree as to the exact nature of this requirement. This paper will argue both that such views are problematic and that the examples do not motivate departure from the original theory.
Phenomenology of MARFEs in TFTR

Abstract MARFEs and related detached plasmas are observed in TFTR. The MARFE is a toroidally symmetric, poloidally asymmetric luminous band that, in TFTR, occurs within the last closed flux surface at the inside plasma edge near the density limit. The edge cooling due to high radiation from the MARFE can result in further evolution into a poloidally symmetric state of reduced minor radius that is detached from the limiter. The time evolution of the 2-D spatial distribution of radiated power, providing an unambiguous picture of the location and evolution of the MARFE, is presented. At the time the bolometer arrays indicate that the MARFE passes through the horizontal midplane, rapid rises are observed in signals from midplane viewing diagnostics for line-integral density and for low-ionization states of both C and O, while the signals from the midplane viewing diagnostic monitoring H-like O and C radiation remain nearly constant. Also shown is the first evidence of density transfer from the rest of the plasma edge to the MARFE.
Huntingtin N-Terminal Fragment Fibrils have a Rigid Amyloid Core Flanked by Non-Amyloid Domains with Increased Dynamics

In Huntington's disease (HD) and several related disorders, the primary genetic cause is the expansion of a CAG repeat in a disease-specific gene. In HD the resulting expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) segment occurs near the huntingtin protein's N-terminus. The disease appears to reflect a gain of toxicity, with the toxic species involving a misfolded form of the mutant protein. However, the molecular details of the misfolded state remain unknown. In vivo studies have noted the presence of amyloid-like aggregates that are formed from N-terminal fragments of the mutant huntingtin protein. The internal fibril structure has remained under debate, largely due to the difficulty to elucidate it in any detail. Enabled by magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state (ss)NMR, we have obtained site-specific structural and motional constraints on misfolded amyloid-like fibrils for polyQ peptides of various lengths as well as N-terminal huntingtin fragments. The latter includes the first ssNMR studies of U-13C,15N-labeled huntingtin exon1. Thus, we have elucidated the location and key structural features of the amyloid core. The ssNMR data reveal the configurations of the glutamines in the amyloid cores of simple polyQ and huntingtin exon1 fibrils to be very similar (despite quite different aggregation behavior). We also obtained direct insights into the non-polyQ segments and show that these “flanking domains” not only fall outside the amyloid core, but also retain remarkable dynamics. We characterize the latter by MAS ssNMR, using quantitative residue-specific measurements of relaxation as well as dipolar order parameters. The distribution and relative dynamics of amyloid and non-amyloid domains suggest a mechanism by which the flanking domains may allow huntingtin binding proteins to influence the stability and formation of fibrils. Moreover, these structural data further our understanding of huntingtin's misfolding and aggregation pathways.
The Changing Epidemiology of Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease, Especially in Persons ⩾65 Years Old

Background Few studies have reported the epidemiological characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae disease among adults. Methods Public health surveillance and hospital discharge data from Illinois were examined to determine the descriptive epidemiological characteristics and trends of invasive H. influenzae disease, and mortality data from Illinois were compared with data from several other states. Results During January 1996-December 2004, 770 cases of invasive H. influenzae disease were reported to the Illinois Department of Public Health (Springfield). The incidence of disease increased from 0.4 to 1.0 cases per 100,000 persons, including an increase of incidence in adults aged > or = 65 years from 1.1 to 3.9 cases per 100,000 persons. Nontypeable H. influenzae disease accounted for the greatest proportion of cases (35.8%-61.5%) in all but 1 age group. The number of cases of invasive nontypeable H. influenzae disease increased by 657%, from a low of 7 cases in 1996 to a high of 53 cases in 2004; as a proportion of annual cases, nontypeable H. influenzae disease increased from 17.5% in 1996 to 70.7% in 2004. Overall, the case-fatality rate was 12.7%, with the highest rate observed in persons aged > or = 65 years (20.6%). The case-fatality rate was similar for the hospital discharge database and for Indiana, Maryland, Oregon, and Wisconsin (range, 12.9%-18.2%). Conclusions In Illinois, the incidence of invasive H. influenzae disease increased from 1996 to 2004, and its epidemiological characteristics changed from a disease predominantly found in children and dominated by serotype b to a disease predominantly found in adults and dominated by nontypeable strains.
A Graphical Tool to Visualize Predicted Minimum Delay Flights

In this article, we present a graphical decision support tool to aid in analyzing the U.S. air transport network. In addition to displaying simple statistics, our tool can calculate the predictions of both the minimum-delay and quickest routes for a given origin and destination airport using regression, simulation, and network optimization techniques. Using various visualizations allows for less obvious patterns in the data to be displayed. This article has supplementary material online.
Temporary alteration of local social structure in a threatened population of Cuban iguanas (Cyclura nubila)

In small, insular populations, behavioral patterns that lead to increased variance in individual reproductive success can accelerate loss of genetic variation. Over a 1-year period, we documented behavior and hormone levels in a breeding group of adult Cuban iguanas (Cyclura nubila) at Guantanamo Bay. Male dominance was associated with body and head size, display behavior, testosterone levels, home-range size, and proximity to females. Based on their success in agonistic encounters, we ranked males in a linear dominance hierarchy. During the subsequent breeding season, we conducted a removal experiment in which the five highest-ranking males were temporarily relocated from the study site. Although we were unable to assess reproductive success directly, previously lower-ranking males assumed control of vacated territories, won more fights, and increased their proximity to females in the absence of the dominant males. When it results in greater mating opportunities for otherwise socially suppressed individuals, temporary alteration of local social structure may help limit erosion of genetic variation in small, insular populations.
Complications du filtre cave amovible Bard

Des travaux recents ont montre l'efficacite de l'insertion temporaire d'un filtre cave inferieur pour le traitement et la prophylaxie des complications veineuses thrombo-emboliques dans certaines populations, en particulier chez celles ayant une contre-indication temporaire a l'anticoagulation. Cela a augmente l'utilisation des filtres temporaires dans l'espoir d'eviter les complications a long terme des filtres permanents. Cependant, aucun essai n'a demontre les complications de chaque type de filtre temporaire et la decision de mise en place d'un filtre cave doit donc etre serieusement etudiee et le benefice clairement determine. Nous rapportons notre experience des complications que nous avons rencontrees chez deux malades au cours de l'ablation du filtre cave temporaire Bard.
Flow Z-Pinch EUV Light Source for Lithography

Summary form only given. The next-generation of lithography will use extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light with 13.5 nm wavelength. The candidate light sources are plasma-based concepts due to the required high temperature for generation and vacuum for transmission. The leading candidates are either gas discharge-produced plasmas (GDPPs) or laser-produced plasmas (LPPs) using either xenon or tin as the working element. These sources produce short pulses of 13.5 nm light, less than a few hundred nanoseconds in length, from a plasma volume of approximately one cubic centimeter. The limitations are either power or stability. The sources are repetitively pulsed at a few kHz to produce effective power levels of 10 W (for LPPs) to 20 W (for GDPPs) at the entrance of the photolithography illuminator system or "intermediate focus" (IF). The power level required by high volume manufacturing (HVM) facilities is 180 W at the IF. Many challenges remain in extending these devices to the required power levels. A new method to produce stable plasmas at high temperature and density has been developed with the ZaP Flow Z-pinch experiment at the University of Washington. The novel concept forms long-lived, large-volume plasmas with lifetimes thousands times longer than the lifetimes of pinch/dense plasma focus methods of GDPP-based EUV sources under development. EUV output power is directly proportional to plasma lifetime at a fixed pulse frequency. Furthermore, the plasma volume is approximately 300 times larger. The flow Z-pinch plasma operating as a long-duration EUV light source has the potential to dramatically increase the per-pulse delivered energy at 13.5 nm. Such a technology breakthrough would greatly improve the economic and throughput performance of EUV lithography in semiconductor manufacturing. The ZaP concept uses a novel method of formation to embed a sheared axial flow in the plasma, mitigating the classical plasma instabilities (kink and sausage instabilities). (The same instabilities that limit the duration of the EUV emission phase in GDPPs.) Recent experiments on the ZaP Flow Z-Pinch at the University of Washington have been conducted using xenon as the working plasma and measuring the EUV light production. Diagnostic instruments measure many plasma parameters (for example magnetic fields, plasma density, flow velocities, and temperatures). A filtered photodiode instrument is constructed that admits a narrow wavelength bandwidth about 13.5 nm. Experimental results of the plasma behavior and EUV light production will be presented.
Note---On Optimal Resource Allocation in Community Hypertension Programs

In Management Science Vol. 24, No. 14, October, 1978, Nichols and Weinstein describe a model of a hypertension detection and treatment program, in which individuals proceed through a series of stages with transition probabilities that depend on expenditures at each stage. We generalize the model to include the case where the number of persons in the first stage is a decision variable. Surprisingly, this more general model is simpler to solve since it is shown that optimal transition probabilities and expenditures at any stage do not depend on probabilities and expenditures at later stages. The result is applied to simple cost functions fitted to data from the numerical example of Nichols and Weinstein. We also consider a more general form of the objective function, and present an algorithm for solving the resulting optimality conditions.
The buoyant density of synaptic plasma membranes from the cerebral cortex of neonatal rats.

A fraction enriched in synaptic plasma membranes was prepared from neonatal (5–6 day old) rat cerebral cortex. The procedure was based on a method used to prepare synaptic plasma membranes from adult cerebral cortex. Critical steps were monitored by electron microscopy. Synaptic plasma membranes from neonatal cerebral cortex sedimented as a broad peak between 0.9 M and 1.1 M sucrose. In contrast, the majority of adult synaptic plasma membranes have been reported to sediment to 1.2 M sucrose. The activities of various enzyme markers were determined in subfractions of neonatal preparations in order to estimate contamination. The specific activities of these markers indicated substantial contamination of the neonatal synaptic plasma membrane fractions by microsomes and glia.
Molecular biology of complement.

Complementary DNA clones corresponding to most of the proteins of a major amplification and effector of immune host defenses, the complement system, have been isolated and characterized. Availability of these molecular probes has substantially increased our information about and understanding of the structure of the complement proteins and regulation of complement gene expression. Information about the proteins has led to the generation of potential pharmacological agents for the selective control of inflammation. Understanding of the regulatory mechanism has provided insights into the mechanisms accounting for the response to several cytokines including interferon-gamma, interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor. Finally, complement molecular genetics has been stimulated so that the basis for several complement deficiency disorders has been elucidated.
Classification methods for the analysis of LH-PCR data associated with inflammatory bowel disease patients

The human gut is one of the most densely populated microbial communities in the world. The interaction of microbes with human host cells is responsible for several disease conditions and of criticality to human health. It is imperative to understand the relationships between these microbial communities within the human gut and their roles in disease. In this study we analyse the microbial communities within the human gut and their role in Inflammatory Bowel Disease IBD. The bacterial communities were interrogated using Length Heterogeneity PCR LH-PCR fingerprinting of mucosal and luminal associated microbial communities for a class of healthy and diseases patients.
Root Colonization of Soybean Cultivars in the Field by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines.

ABSTRACT Soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS), caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, is a problem in some soybean-growing areas in the United States. Resistance is an important control strategy. In this study, root colonization of six soybean cultivars by F. solani f. sp. glycines was determined. Cultivars included susceptible P3981, CM497, and Spencer and field resistant LS90-1920, Pharaoh, and Ripley. All cultivars were tested in field experiments at different locations in southern Illinois in 1997 and 1998. Roots were collected at six sampling times and were dried and ground to isolate and enumerate the pathogen on a selective medium. SDS foliar disease index (FDX), the area under the F. solani f. sp. glycines population curve (AUPC), the incidence of colonized roots at 45 days after planting (RCI45), and the root colonization rate (RCR) were used to compare cultivars. FDX on the three resistant cultivars was significantly lower than on the three susceptible cultivars. Means of AUPC on the three re...
Chloroquine Embryotoxicity in the Postimplantation Rat Conceptus In Vitro

The embryotoxicity of the antimalarial drug chloroquine (CQ) was evaluated in vitro using the rat whole embryo culture system. CQ was found to be embryotoxic and dysmorphogenic when added directly to the culture media containing gestational day (GD) 10 rat conceptuses. Twenty-six-hr exposure to CQ elicited dose-related decreases in embryonic crown-rump length, protein and DNA contents and increases in the incidence of morphologically abnormal embryos. At 30 microM CQ, embryonic protein content was decreased to 67% and DNA content to 58% of control while the incidence of morphological abnormalities rose to 100%. Abnormal axial rotation, micro-ophthalmia, and selective cephalic hypoplasia were the most common developmental abnormalities observed. Visceral yolk sac (VYS) vasculature and blood pigmentation were also decreased in a dose-dependent manner, as was VYS DNA content (80% of control at 30 microM). VYS protein content, however, showed an alternate pattern of response, decreasing to 87% of control at 10 microM CQ but increasing to 125% of control at 30 microM. Histologic evaluation revealed that the cytoplasm of the VYS endoderm epithelium was distended due to vacuolization produced by CQ exposure. In the embryo proper, CQ inhibited cranial neural tube development and altered the morphology of cranial neural crest cells. These observations document the in vitro embryotoxicity of CQ and suggest altered VYS histiotrophic nutrition as well as direct embryonic effects as possible mechanisms of CQ embryotoxicity.
Perturbation Theory in the Design of Degenerate Spherical Dielectric Resonators

The design of resonators with degenerate magnetic and electric modes for negative-index metamaterial applications usually requires the ability to perturb one or both types of modes in order to induce alignment of the negative magnetic and electric properties. The incentive behind the resonator designs presented in this paper is to minimize both the losses and the size of the unit cell, particularly in the case of high frequencies such as the infrared or visible. Thus, the designs discussed in this paper are based on degenerate-mode (the fundamental magnetic and electric modes are aligned in frequency) spherical dielectric resonators which rely on only a single-particle resonator and thereby do not require physical or electrical extensions of the unit cell, as might be seen with other negative-index unit cell designs. Cavity-perturbation techniques are used to arrive at the types of inclusions (in terms of material, polarization, and placement) that are necessary to realize a degenerate spherical dielectric resonator, as well as to derive simple formulas which can be used for the design of these types of resonators. Rigorous electromagnetic simulations of the degenerate resonators are also provided for comparison to the theoretical derivations.
Fecal incontinence in primary care: prevalence, diagnosis, and health care utilization

Objective We sought to estimate the frequency of self-reported fecal incontinence (FI), identify what proportion of these patients have a diagnosis of FI in their medical record, and compare health care costs and utilization in patients with different severities of FI to those without FI. Study Design Patients in a health maintenance organization were eligible and 1707 completed a survey. Patients with self-reported FI were assessed for a diagnosis of FI in their medical record for the last 5 years. Health care costs and utilization were obtained from claims data. Results FI was reported by 36.2% of primary care patients, but only 2.7% of patients with FI had a medical diagnosis. FI adversely affected quality of life and severe FI was associated with 55% higher health care costs (including 77% higher gastrointestinal-related health care costs) compared to continent patients. Conclusion Increased screening of FI is needed.
Gadolinium behavior in seawater: a molecular basis for gadolinium anomalies

Abstract Gadolinium enrichments in solution relative to europium and terbium, have been investigated by examining europium, gadolinium, and terbium uptake on the macroalgae, Ulva lactuca L. Our laboratory observations indicate that anomalies in the behavior of gadolinium relative to neighboring elements are strongly influenced by carbonate complexation. Our experiments using Ulva lactuca L. in seawater produced positive gadolinium anomalies at total carbonate ion concentrations less than about 2 × 10−5 mol per kg-solution, and dominantly negative gadolinium anomalies at total CO32− concentrations greater than about 1 × 10−4 mol per kg-solution. A first order numerical model for oceanic rare earth element (REE) scavenging indicates that gadolinium anomalies in seawater are not simply due to enhanced gadolinium complexation in the solution phase. Gadolinium anomalies in seawater can be explained in terms of differences in europium, gadolinium and terbium solution complexation constants, on one hand, and differences in complexation of europium, gadolinium, and terbium by organic surface ligands on the other. Compared with europium and terbium, gadolinium generally tends to form weaker complexes with both solution ligands and surface ligands.
Effects of weather conditions on sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide leakage during structural fumigation in a flour mill

Abstract A validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of structural fumigation was used to perform 54 fumigation simulations (half with sulfuryl fluoride, SF, and half with methyl bromide, MB) using recorded hourly average weather data for 4 July and 1 September at Indianapolis International Airport for the years 1996–2006. These weather data were used as the simulation boundary conditions. Although the fumigations were simulated for the same time periods, the results indicated substantial variations in the fumigant leakage rates. The 11-year averages of wind speeds on 4 July and 1 September were 3.8 and 2.4 m/s, respectively, resulting in half-loss time (HLT) differences between the fumigations on the two days. On average, the HLT was 4 h lower on 4 July than on 1 September. When comparing the results between individual fumigations, substantial differences in the fumigant leakage were observed, regardless of the fumigant type and whether or not the fumigations were performed at the same time period. This implied that using past fumigation data as the primary means for evaluating the structural sealing quality of a current fumigation is not adequate. Predictions of fumigant leakage rate and fumigation performance should incorporate quantifiable sealing effectiveness and weather information for the planned fumigation period. Comparisons between SF and MB fumigations indicated that under exactly the same weather conditions and fumigation practices the leakage characteristics of SF and MB do not differ. In practical situations where the dosage requirements for SF and MB are typically not the same, however, the leakage rates of SF and MB fumigations could be different due to the buoyancy effect. Nevertheless, the magnitude of the difference may or may not be significant depending on other factors such as sealing quality, wind speed and direction, and ambient temperature. The effects of these factors should be further quantified.
Concurrent Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory–20 in Assessing Fatigue among Cancer Patients

Cancer patients experience both fatigue and depression while undergoing treatment for their disease. A number of authors have conceptualized such depression among this populations as secondary to fatigue. This study of 54 patients was done to test the concurrent validity of two inventories. Scores on the five subscales of the 20-item Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory were correlated with those on the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory. Moderate correlations are reported and the potential usefulness of the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory is discussed.
Initial Stock and Consumer Investment in Automobiles

Abstract A traditional proposition about the consumer demand for durables is that the effect of the initial stock of a durable upon new purchase of that durable is negative—the inventory effect. This paper examines, through a study of the demand for automobiles, the proposition that the effect of initial stock is a mixture of three effects: the inventory effect, the taste effect, and the trade-in effect. The paper concludes with a statement of findings (1) that such effects do exist and (2) that a more rigorous treatment of these effects than appeared in the literature is called for.
Differential processing of invisible congruent and incongruent scenes: a case for unconscious integration.

Integration is held to be a key feature of conscious awareness. Some even argue that the latter cannot occur without the former. We tested this claim by presenting masked scenes depicting a person performing an action with a congruent or an incongruent object (e.g., a man pouring coffee into a mug or into a roll of toilet paper). The masked scenes were then followed by briefly flashed targets that again included a congruent or an incongruent object, and subjects were asked to judge targets' congruency as fast as possible. Reaction times (RTs) for targets preceded by perceptually invisible scenes that included an incongruent object were longer than RTs for targets that were preceded by congruent images. This implicit measure suggests that subjects processed certain relations between the object and its background—or at least between the object and another object in the scene—despite being unaware of either. Subjective and objective measures confirmed the invisibility of the masked scenes, ruling out partial awareness. These results suggest that incongruency between scene elements can be unconsciously processed even at impoverished presentation conditions, with reduced contrast and exposure durations as short as 33 ms. They provide evidence for ongoing contextual influences of unseen stimuli on the processing of a subsequent target.
Unruptured arteriovenous malformation in a patient presenting with obstructive hydrocephalus. Case report and review of the literature.

✓The authors report on a patient harboring an unruptured cortical arteriovenous malformation (AVM), who had presented with obstructive hydrocephalus due to compression of the cerebral aqueduct by a large venous varix. Although patients with ruptured AVMs are known to either present with or later suffer from obstructive hydrocephalus, those with unruptured AVMs who present in this manner are quite rare. Moreover, hydrocephalus caused by a venous varix draining an AVM, to our knowledge, has never been previously reported in the literature. This report serves to illustrate two primary points, namely, that tortuous venous varices draining AVMs can result in obstructive hydrocephalus and that this unusual circumstance can be fostered in the setting of venous outflow obstruction.
Sexuality and Self-Esteem among the Aged:

This study replicates one done on college-aged students (Stimson et al., 1978) and shows that substantially similar emotional and attitudinal factors underlie integrations of sexuality and self-evaluations for the groups in the earlier and the present studies. The persistence of standards and reference models from youth into age seems to have different effects on men and women. For the older man, an active sex life appears to be crucial to his feelings of self-worth and his feeling that he is respected by his friends and secure socially. As with the younger man, dissatisfaction with sexual activity is related to depression and feelings of worthlessness. For the older woman sexual behavior remains a separate activity dimension. One might think that this would protect older women from disintegrating self-evaluations, but where the younger woman derives confidence from feeling attractive, the older woman feels unattractive and therefore socially rejected and of less value.
Region of interest (ROI) computed tomography (CT): comparison with full field of view (FFOV) and truncated CT for a human head phantom

Cone-beam CT reconstruction can be performed at lower integral dose, by using a non-uniform beam filter between the x-ray source and the patient to obtain good image quality within an ROI with minimal artifacts. To evaluate the method, a human head phantom was placed on a rotary stage. Cone-beam projection images of the phantom were obtained with and without an ROI filter (dose reduction factor ~7). A mapping function was established to equalize the intensity outside the ROI (to compensate for the attenuation by the filter) to the intensity inside by assuming that those features lying both inside and outside very close to the edge of the ROI are the same. Reconstructed images were obtained using equalized projection images for 2 cases: one in which the outside region was smoothed using an averaging filter and the other with no smoothing outside. In addition, a third case was simulated by calculating the average pixel value inside the ROI for each image and assigning this value to all pixels outside the ROI for that image. The images were then back projected using a Feldkamp algorithm. We found that the three cases yield results inside the ROI comparable to those obtained using FFOV projections. In addition, the ROI filter reconstruction with smoothing provides image information outside the ROI comparable to the FFOV reconstruction. CT using an ROI filter provides a means to reconstruct reliable 3D for a volume of interest with greatly reduced integral dose compared to FFOV projections and with minimal artifacts.
The multi-structural feature of the multidrug resistance gene product p-glycoprotein: Implications for its mechanism of action (Hypothesis)

P-glycoprotein is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport superfamily. It plays an important role in the development of multidrug resistance in cancers by effluxing a wide variety of anticancer drugs. A large amount of information on the structure and function of P-glycoprotein has been accumulated over recent years from studies using molecular, biochemical, and biophysical approaches. It remains unclear, however, how this protein folds in membranes and how it transports such a wide variety of hydrophobic compounds. This paper highlights the recent progress in the structural and biogenesis aspects of P-glycoprotein. A model mechanism of P-glycoprotein action is proposed as a hypothesis that is based on recent progress in studying the topological folding of P-glycoprotein.
24.3: Optical and Mechanical Properties of Stretched PDLC Films for Scattering Polarizers

By stretching (tensile strain)a polymer dispersed liquid crystal PDLC)film the liquid crystal droplets become elliptical and a polarization separation optical element is created. These films have significant potential as scattering polarizers in liquid crystal displays LCDs). We present a relationship between the polarization properties and the tensile strain properties of PDLC scattering polarizers. In addition, we present a modeling approach using a Monte-Carlo technique to predict the alignment of liquid crystals within the droplets and the details of their surface anchoring at the cavity wall. We also extend our investigation to reactive mesogen liquid crystal and higher order liquid crystal phases, such as ferroelectric and smectic A liquid crystal materials.
Energy modeling of supercomputers and large-scale scientific applications

We derive models of time, power, and energy as a function of frequency and demonstrate that these models accurately reflect measurements of large, parallel, scientific applications. We then apply these models to explain how sensitive the various applications are to CPU frequency; to analyze the compute-boundedness (frequency sensitivity) of complete, production workloads running on three of the world's fastest supercomputers; to predict how changes in system power properties will impact applications; and to determine what CPU frequencies offer the best energy, EDP, and ED2P savings.
Intercalation of Organic Molecules into Vanadium(IV) Benzenedicarboxylate: Adsorbate Structure and Selective Absorption of Organosulfur Compounds

The capacity and selectivity of nanoporous materials in the absorption and separation of molecular mixtures depend on specific interactions between the host frameworks and removable guest species, and in some cases the degree to which the structure of the host lattice can relax as the molecular species are intercalated. The classical zeolite frameworks are relatively rigid and exhibit little deformation upon loading and unloading of various guest species. [1] On the other hand, intercalation into layered structures leads to expansion of the interlayer separation because of the very weak interlayer bonding and can lead to complete exfoliation of the layers. [2] Flexibility without loss of crystallinity is expected for structures containing rigid building blocks linked by relatively deformable hingelike units. Examples of framework flexibility have been found in a number of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). [3] Among them, a group of compounds first reported by F*rey and co-workers, [4] based on chains of trans
Diagnostic Delays in Spasmodic Dysphonia: A Call for Clinician Education

Summary Purpose Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is a rare but often debilitating disease. Due to lack of awareness among practitioners and lack of well-defined diagnostic criteria, it can be difficult for patients with SD to receive a diagnosis and subsequent treatment. There is currently no literature documenting the efficacy of the medical community in recognizing and diagnosing this disorder. We aimed to quantify the patients' experiences with obtaining a diagnosis of SD. Methods One hundred seven consecutive patients with SD completed questionnaires about their experiences with SD. Patients were recruited either during outpatient laryngology visits or during participation in a National Institutes of Health funded study investigating SD. Results It took patients an average of 4.43 years (53.21 months) to be diagnosed with SD after first going to a physician with vocal symptoms. Patients had to see an average of 3.95 physicians to receive a diagnosis of SD. Patients (31.4%) had been prescribed medications other than botulinum toxin to treat their symptoms. Patients (30%) attempted alternative therapies for treatment of SD, such as chiropractor or dietary modification. Conclusions Despite advances in diagnostic modalities in medicine, the diagnosis of SD still remains elusive. Objective criteria for the diagnosis of SD and increased clinician education are warranted to address this diagnostic delay.
Multilineage Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells from Green Fluorescent Protein Transgenic Mice

Aim The aim of this study was to confirm the multilineage differentiation ability of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice. The expression of GFP in DPSCs was also observed during differentiation. Methodology DPSCs were harvested from the dental pulp tissue of transgenic nude mice, and then transferred to osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic media. The morphological characterization of induced cells was observed by microscopy and histological staining. The expression of marker genes was measured by RT-PCR. Results The endogenous GFP and multilineage potential of transgenic DPSCs had no influence on each other. Moreover, the results of fluorescence microscopic imaging suggest that there was no significant decline of GFP expression during DPSCs differentiation. Conclusion As the population of GFP labeled DPSCs can be easily identified, this will be a promising method for tracking DPSCs in vivo.
Recursive algorithms and VLSI implementations for median filtering

Median filters and the more general order-statistic-based filters have proven very useful in filtering signals corrupted by noise with heavier tails than the Gaussian, in filtering signals with jumps or edges, or in situations where both occur. The author presents two simple recursive definitions for the kth order statistic taken from n samples. From these recursive expressions, some simple inequalities satisfied by order statistics are presented. Formulas for computing distributions of order statistics are derived. Finally, a series of VLSI implementations for computing both a fixed-order statistic (e.g. the median) or all-order statistics is presented. >
The Rights of Majorities and of Minorities in the 1961 Term of the Supreme Court

But for two decisions, the 1961 term of the Supreme Court could have been characterized as one of the least interesting in recent years. Apart from Baker v. Carr and Engel v. Vitale no decision stands out as a major interpretation either of the Constitution or of national or state legislation. Not that there was any shortage of constitutional cases. In at least thirty such the Court gave decisions and written opinions. In a number of instances, some of which will be examined presently, acts of state legislation were held invalid. Some 63 cases involved the interpretation of acts of Congress; in none was a statute held unconstitutional. There was, in other words, a continuation of the point of view which the Court adopted in the spring of 1937, rather than a hostile disposition toward both state and national legislation dealing positively with the social and economic problems coming in the wake of that new (to the United States) combination of factors, the industrialization of much of the country and the acceptance of most assumptions of nineteenth century humanitarianism. Last year Professor McCloskey, writing in this Review on the 1960 term, quite properly limited himself to the consideration of cases dealing with civil rights. Yet before Charles Evans Hughes became Chief Justice in 1930, so few such cases arose that no one would have devoted even a major portion of an annual survey to them. Indeed, before the Civil War there was only one obscure case in which an act of a territorial legislature was held void as contrary to the guarantees of civil rights in the Constitution, and none involving either Congressional or state legislation. A few emerged in the decade after that War, but it was only with such cases as Strormberg v. California, Near v. Minnesota, Powell v. Alabama, Grosjean v. American Press Co., and DeJonge v. Oregon that the Supreme Court actively began to be the guardian of civil liberties.