cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The K4Mo2Cl8-NOCl, Mo2(C2H3O2)4-NOCl, and [(C2H5)N]3Mo2Cl9-NOCl systems in ethyl acetate

Abstract The behavior of the K 4 Mo 2 Cl 8 -NOCl, Mo 2 (C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 4 -NOCl, and [(C 2 H 5 )N] 3 Mo 2 Cl 9 -NOCl systems in ethyl acetate has been investigated. In every case, only products were found in which the molybdenum-molybdenum multiple bonds of the starting complexes had been cleaved. After appropriate work-up of the K 4 Mo 2 Cl 8 -NOCl system immediately after reaction, the complexes K 2 Mo(NO)Cl 5 and Mo(NO)Cl(in3)·2(C 6 H 5 ) 3 PO were isolated. Infrared evidence indicated that these compounds were contaminated with species containing molybdenum-oxygen bonds, and indeed, extended reaction times resulted in marked decreases in the relative intensity of the absorption characteristics of NO stretch and increases in the intensities of those absorptions attributable to molybdenum-oxygen linkages. Reaction of NOCl with Mo 2 (C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 4 gave, after treatment of the ethyl acetate solution with triphenylphosphine oxide, practically quantitative yields of Mo(NO)Cl(in3)·2(C 6 H 5 ) 3 PO. Again, the compound was apparently contaminated with substances having molybdenum-oxygen bonds. It is worth noting that the initial reactions of NOCl with K 4 Mo 2 Cl 8 and Mo 2 (C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 4 occurred with little oxidation of the dipositive molybdenum. The major products obtained after work-up of the [(C 2 H 5 ) 4 N]Mo 2 Cl 9 -NOCl system were [(C 2 H 5 ) 4 N] 2 Mo(NO)Cl 5 , [(C 2 H 5 ) 4 N] − MoCl 4 (H 2 O) x (x = 1−2), and MoO 2 Cl 2 ·2(C 6 H 5 ) 3 PO. It is proposed that [(C 2 H 5 ) 4 N] 2 Mo(NO)Cl 5 is formed by reaction of a molybdenum(III) species with NO, the latter arising from the reduction of NOCl.
On the Z2 dependence of stopping cross sections for low energy alpha particles

Abstract Calculation of α-particle stopping cross sections based on the theory of Lindhard and Winther using the Hartree-Fock-Slater atomic charge distribution is made at E α = 0.8 to 20 MeV for all elements. Comparison with experimental results is given at E α = 4 MeV.
Partial oxidation of methane into formaldehyde on a catalysis-separation reactor

Abstract The use of a catalysis-separation reactor and the addition of vapour will promote the partial oxidation of methane into formaldehyde. The single-pass yield of CH 2 O can arrive at 20.5%. This result is much better than those obtained on the supported solid catalysts. When industrially pure oxygen is selected as an oxidant in the reaction, the reaction exit gases cannot only act as the good combustive gases, but can also be used cyclically in the reaction. However, the concentration of the produced CH 2 O is very low, about 0.5–1.0 wt%, due to the addition of vapour in the process of reaction. By using the extraction agent, 1-octanol solidified on active C, the produced dilute CH 2 O can be effectively condensed. The efficiency of extraction can reach 34%. The method provides a possibility for an industrial application of the reaction.
On Interfacial Fracture Toughness Measurements of a Single Glass Fiber

The interfacial relationship between a glass fiber bundle and epoxy resin is investigated. A cylindrical notched specimen with a single bundle of fibers along the axis is created to observe debonding behavior. It is subsequently subjected to a quasi-static tensile test. The purpose of the test is to examine the interfacial debonding between fiber and resin from the point of breakage. All specimens reached a critical stress value and exhibited debonding to some degree. Experimental composite material properties are calculated and compared to technical data.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Parabrachial lesions increase plasma norepinephrine concentration, plasma renin activity and enhance baroreflex sensitivity in the conscious rat

Electrolytic lesions of the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) caused significant increases in basal plasma renin activity (+433%) and basal plasma norepinephrine concentration (+98%) in conscious rats. Plasma epinephrine concentration, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, hematocrit, plasma osmolality and plasma sodium and potassium concentrations were not significantly affected by the lesions. Atenolol reduced the elevated plasma renin activity in the lesion group to a value similar to that of a control group (sham lesions or lesions in areas adjacent to the PBN). Captopril significantly lowered mean arterial pressure in the lesion group, but it had no effect on arterial pressure in the control group. Lesions of the PBN also increased the baroreflex-mediated bradycardia evoked by an abrupt elevation of arterial pressure. We propose that the PBN tonically inhibits sympathetic activity, sympathetically mediated renin release and baroreflex sensitivity.
Errors in site identification arising from incomplete selectivity of markers visualized electron microscopically.

Abstract Errors of identification encountered in selective staining for microscopic analysis are evaluated in terms of the Bernoulli expansion and are interpreted in terms of the number of micrographs of a stained site that is required to identify the site with any given probable error.
Utterance Complexity and Stuttering on Function Words in Preschool-Age Children Who Stutter

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the relation between utterance complexity and utterance position and the tendency to stutter on function words in preschool-age children who stutter (CWS). Two separate studies involving two different groups of participants (Study 1, n = 30; Study 2, n = 30) were conducted. Participants were preschool-age CWS between the age of 3, 0 and 5, 11 who engaged in 15–20 min parent–child conversational interactions. From audio–video recordings of each interaction, every child utterance of each parent–child sample was transcribed. From these transcripts, for each participant, measures of language (e.g., length and complexity) and measures of stuttering (e.g., word type and utterance position) were obtained. Results of Study 1 indicated that children stuttered more frequently on function words, but that this tendency was not greater for complex than simple utterances. Results of Study 2, involving the assessment of utterance position and MLU quartile, indicated that that stuttering was more likely to occur with increasing sentence length, and that stuttering tended to occur at the utterance-initial position, the position where function words were also more likely to occur. Findings were taken to suggest that, although word-level influences cannot be discounted, utterance-level influences contribute to the loci of stuttering in preschool-age children, and may help account for developmental changes in the loci of stuttering. Educational objectives The reader will learn about and be able to: (a) describe the influence of word type (function versus content words), and grammatical complexity, on disfluent speech; (b) compare the effect of stuttering frequency based on the position of the word in the utterance; (c) discuss the contribution of utterance position on the frequency of stuttering on function words; and (d) explain possible reasons why preschoolers stutter more frequently on function words than content words.
Cell Cycle-dependent Phosphorylation of the DNA Polymerase Epsilon Subunit, Dpb2, by the Cdc28 Cyclin-dependent Protein Kinase

DNA polymerase ϵ (Polϵ), one of the three major eukaryotic replicative polymerases, is comprised of the essential catalytic subunit, called Pol2 in budding yeast, and three accessory subunits, only one of which, Dpb2, is essential. Polϵ is recruited to replication origins during late G1 phase prior to activation of replication. In this work we show that the budding yeast Dpb2 is phosphorylated in a cell cycle-dependent manner during late G1 phase. Phosphorylation results in the appearance of a lower mobility species. The appearance of that species in vivo is dependent upon the Cdc28 cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK), which can directly phosphorylate Dpb2 in vitro. Either G1 cyclin (Cln) or B-type cyclin (Clb)-associated CDK is sufficient for phosphorylation. Mapping of phosphorylation sites by mass spectrometry using a novel gel-based proteolysis protocol shows that, of the three consensus CDK phosphorylation sites, at least two, Ser-144 and Ser-616, are phosphorylated in vivo. The Cdc28 CDK phosphorylates only Ser-144 in vitro. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we show that Ser-144 is sufficient for the formation of the lower mobility form of Dpb2 in vivo. In contrast, Ser-616 appears not to be phosphorylated by Cdc28. Finally, inactivation of all three CDK consensus sites in Dpb2 results in a synthetic phenotype with the pol2-11 mutation, leading to decreased spore viability, slow growth, and increased thermosensitivity. We suggest that phosphorylation of Dpb2 during late G1 phase at CDK consensus sites facilitates the interaction with Pol2 or the activity of Polϵ
Carcinoma of the Seminal Vesicle-with Particular Reference to the Angiographic Appearances

Summary The angiographic findings in a case of primary adeno-carcinoma of the seminal vesicle have been presented. The arteriographic features were those of vascular neoplasms in general; involvement of the middle vesical branches of the hypogastric artery may, however, suggest the diagnosis.
A simple model of the large-scale circulation of Mediterranean Water and Labrador Sea Water

Abstract A steady, 2 1 2 layer planetary geostrophic model is used to study the circulation and mixing of Mediterranean Water (MW) and Labrador Sea Water (LSW). The model includes parameterizions of salt fingering, mesoscale variability, and meddies. A close relationship between the vertical density ratio (and expected strength of salt fingering) and the potential vorticity anomaly of the upper salt tongue is identified and used to parameterize salt fingering as a spatially nonhomogeneous diapycnal mass flux. A balance between baroclinic Rossby wave propagation and salt fingering produces an asymmetric tongue of potential vorticity extending into the interior from the eastern boundary, consistent with the observed Mediterranean salt tongue. The resulting internal pressure gradients give rise to a large-scale anticyclonic circulation in the upper layer of the salt tongue with northward flow at mid-latitudes, consistent with geostrophic flow estimates based on hydrographic data. Salt fingering that attains maximum strength at mid-latitudes forces a large-scale circulation in the lower MW/LSW depth range that advects water from the western boundary into the eastern basin near 50°N, where it then flows to the south under the upper MW, and finally returns to the western boundary. This pattern is generally consistent with a variety of estimates for the circulation of LSW, and suggests that the eastward flow of LSW off the western boundary may be, at least in part, forced by salt fingering in the interior. The addition of mixing due to mesoscale eddies modifies the details of the potential vorticity distribution, but does not change the qualitative behavior. Representing meddies as a distributed source of mass to the upper layer results in a further westward extension of the salt tongue signature and enhances the strength of the deep recirculation.
Seven Premises for Improving Teacher Evaluation

In order to meet the needs of both evaluators and evaluatees, this writer says, evaluation programs must be developed that are both flexible and structured. He offers some basic premises for guiding teacher evaluation on the following pages.
Inequality in democracies: Testing the classic democratic theory of redistribution

The classic democratic theory of redistribution claims that an increase in the mean-to-median (MM) income ratio causes a majority coalition in the electorate to collectively demand more redistribution. The functional dependence of redistribution on the MM income ratio is tested in parametric and nonparametric regression frameworks using an OECD panel dataset. While the parametric regression model is found to be misspecified rendering subsequent inference invalid, the robust nonparametric regression model fails to uncover evidence that the MM income ratio is relevant for predicting redistribution.
Specific Heat of Rhenium between 0.15 and 4.0 K

The specific heat of rhenium has been measured in the normal state between 0.15 and 4.0 K and in the superconducting state between 0.3 and 1.7 K. The specific heat in the normal state between 0.15 and 4.0 K was found to be ${C}_{n}=\ensuremath{\gamma}T+\ensuremath{\alpha}{T}^{3}+\frac{A}{{T}^{2}}$, where $\ensuremath{\gamma}=2290\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20$ \ensuremath{\mu}J/mole ${\mathrm{deg}}^{2}$, $\ensuremath{\alpha}=27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2$ \ensuremath{\mu}J/mole ${\mathrm{deg}}^{4}$, and $A=49\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2$ \ensuremath{\mu}J deg/mole. Below ${T}_{0}=1.700$ K, the electronic contribution to the specific heat in the superconducting state was found to be ${C}_{s}=\ensuremath{\gamma}{T}_{0}a{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{b{T}_{0}}{T}}$, where $a=8.14$ and $b=1.413$. The above parameters were consistent with the vanishing of the entropy difference ${S}_{n}\ensuremath{-}{S}_{s}$ at ${T}_{0}$. The value of the Debye temperature at absolute zero, ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}=416$ K, agrees with the value derived from measurement of elastic constants. The density of states at the Fermi level, $N(\ensuremath{\zeta})$, derived from the measured value of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, is 0.484 states of one spin per eV atom. The value for the superconducting energy gap derived from the value of $b$ deduced in this work is $3.43k{T}_{0}$, compared to a value of $3.30k{T}_{0}$ deduced from thermal-conductivity measurements. The critical-field parameter ${H}_{0}$ was found to be 211 Oe, and the deviation of the critical-field curve from parabolic dependence was less than 3.7%. The resonant frequencies corresponding to the interaction between the nuclear quadrupole moment and the crystalline field are estimated to be 41 and 82 MHz.
Peptidic Tumor Targeting Agents: The Road from Phage Display Peptide Selections to Clinical Applications

Cancer has become the number one cause of death amongst Americans, killing approximately 1,600 people per day. Novel methods for early detection and the development of effective treatments are an eminent priority in medicine. For this reason, isolation of tumor-specific ligands is a growing area of research. Tumor-specific binding agents can be used to probe the tumor cell surface phenotype and to customize treatment accordingly by conjugating the appropriate cell-targeting ligand to an anticancer drug. This refines the molecular diagnosis of the tumor and creates guided drugs that can target the tumor while sparing healthy tissues. Additionally, these targeting agents can be used as in vivo imaging agents that allow for earlier detection of tumors and micrometastasis. Phage display is a powerful technique for the isolation of peptides that bind to a particular target with high affinity and specificity. The biopanning of intact cancer cells or tumors in animals can be used as the bait to isolate peptides that bind to cancer-specific cell surface biomarkers. Over the past 10 years, unbiased biopanning of phage-displayed peptide libraries has generated a suite of cancer targeting peptidic ligands. This review discusses the recent advances in the isolation of cancer-targeting peptides by unbiased biopanning methods and highlights the use of the isolated peptides in clinical applications.
Composition of the lipids from the frontal gland of the major soldiers of Macrotermes goliath

Abstract Lipids from the frontal gland and other body parts of the major soldiers of Macrotermes goliath were investigated by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography as well as by visual spectrophotometry. All lipid fractions contained a high percentage of hydrocarbons, which consisted of saturated n- alkanes and iso-alkanes ranging from C22 to C34. Total hydrocarbons from the frontal gland and surface lipids had a very similar quantitative composition. Surface lipids had a fairly high content of triglycerides, which were completely absent from the frontal glands. The phospholipids consisted predominantly of phosphatidylethanolamine, with smaller quantities of phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, and probably polyglycerophosphatides. Very small quantities of phosphatidylcholine were also present. Free fatty acids from the frontal gland consisted mainly of C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2. Fatty acids from phospholipids were rather similar in composition, but contained also some odd-numbered fatty acids.
Generation of near-optimal universal Boolean functions

A Boolean function U(z"1, z"2,...,z"m) is universal for given n>=1 if it realizes all Boolean functions f("x"1,...,x"n) by substituting for each z"j a variable of the set {0, 1, x"1,...,x"n, "1,...,"n}). An easily applied method based on linear algebra is developed for finding universal Boolean functions having a small number m of arguments. It is shown that this number is asymptotically minimal.
Status of Marine Mammals in the United States

Abstract: The 1994 amendments to the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act required, for the first time, an assessment of the status of every marine mammal stock in the United States. We draw conclusions about the status of marine mammals from assessments of 153 stocks conducted to meet the requirements of these amendments. We found important regional differences in the status of stocks. Most stocks in the Atlantic and Pacific experience human-induced mortality (takes), primarily from gill-net fisheries. The proportion of stocks with takes was lower in the Gulf of Mexico and Hawaii, areas with few gill-net fisheries. Estimated takes exceeded removal limits for 29% of stocks in the Atlantic, 14% in the Pacific, 8% in Alaska, 7% in the Gulf of Mexico, and 0% in Hawaii. Twenty-eight stocks are listed as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Most, but not all, baleen whale stocks are recovering after cessation of commercial harvests. Many species of pelagic cetaceans, including beaked and sperm whales, are vulnerable to mortality in pelagic drift-net fisheries. Most pinniped stocks experience takes, but none of these takes exceeds removal limits, and all pinniped stocks on mainland coasts of the United States are increasing in abundance. Quantitative data on trends in abundance are available for few cetacean stocks, emphasizing the difficulty of monitoring trends in these species. These stock assessments have greatly advanced our understanding of the status of marine mammals in the United States, but information gaps remain, particularly regarding stock structure and possible mortality in unmonitored fisheries.
A spectroscopic and electron microscopic examination of the highly condensed DNA structures formed by denaturation in Mg(ClO4)2

Abstract 1. 1. Thermal denaturation in 1.5 M Mg(ClO4)2 of the DNA from bacteriophage λ results in four well-separated subtransitions, as monitored by the accompanying increase in absorbance. The midpoint of the hyperchromic spectrum is significantly lowered compared to either 1.5 M MgCl2 or 3.0 M NaClO4. 2. 2. The first two subtransitions are associated with the melting of the A · T-richest regions of the λ DNA, as revealed by electron micrographs following fixation with formaldehyde. 3. 3. Commencing with the third subtransition, an unusual DNA structure is observed in electron micrographs. In this structure the A · T-rich half of the molecule appears completely condensed, whereas the G · C-rich half remains native. 4. 4. During the fourth subtransition DNA molecules condense completely and eventually aggregate to form extremely high molecular weight particles containing centers of electron density. Tendrils of DNA, primarily duplex, radiate outward from these centers. 5. 5. The aggregation may be reversed by the removal of magnesium. The intramolecular condensation may be at least partly reversed by increasing the Mg(ClO4)2 concentrations to saturating levels.
Textured AZO on silicon oxy-nitride barrier films for enhanced light trapping in micromorph tandem junction solar cells

Aluminum doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) films have been reported as the transparent front contact layer in single and tandem junction thin film silicon solar cells. AZO films form highly transparent and conductive layers on glass surfaces with the possibility of further enhancement of solar cell performance by light trapping through wet-chemical texturing of the AZO surface. However, most reports have demonstrated such AZO films either on alumino-borosilicate glasses which are prohibitively expensive for low cost solar modules, or on commercial glass with barrier films deposited by other deposition methods.
Fusion of Aortic Valve Commissures in Patients Supported by a Continuous Axial Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device

Background Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are an important therapy for selected individuals with advanced heart failure unable to wait for a suitable donor for transplantation. Pulsatile LVADs are associated with commissural fusion of the aortic valve, yet little is known about this association with newer generation continuous axial flow LVADs. Methods We retrospectively reviewed pathologic samples from 9 patients enrolled in the HeartMate II Bridge to Transplantation Trial. Echocardiograms at 1, 6 and 12 months after device placement were evaluated for aortic valve opening and aortic insufficiency. At the time of transplantation, explanted hearts were examined for gross pathologic valvular abnormalities and histologic analysis. Results All but 1 explant had evidence of commissural fusion of the native aortic valve leaflets. Over time there was a decreasing prevalence of aortic valve opening and an increasing prevalence of mild to moderate aortic insufficiency independent of pump speed. All patients had improvements in their functional status and were successfully bridged to orthotopic heart transplantation. Conclusions Commissural fusion of the native aortic valve leaflets occurs frequently with an increasing prevalence of aortic insufficiency during continuous flow LVAD support. With the potential broader use of non-pulsatile LVADs and the prospect of using LVADs as means to assist in myocardial recovery, special attention should be given to evaluating aortic valve function during LVAD support.
A mechanism for the production of lunar crater rays

Observations of high resolution photographs of part of one of the prominent rays of the lunar crater Copernicus show that there is a concentration of small bright rayed and haloed craters within the ray. These craters contribute to the overall ray brightness; they have been measured and their surface distribution has been mapped. Sixty-two percent of the bright craters can be identified from study of high resolution photographs as concentric impact craters. These craters contain in their ejecta blankets, rocks from the lunar substrate that are brighter than the adjacent mare surface. It is concluded that the brightness of the large ray from the crater Copernicus is due to the composite effect of many small concentric impact craters with rocky ejecta blankets. If this is the dominant mechanism for the production of other rays from Copernicus and other large lunar craters, then rays may not contain significant amounts of ejecta from the central crater or from large secondary craters. They may in fact only reflect local excavation of mare substrate material by myriads of small secondary or tertiary impact craters.
Germ cell quantitation in human testicular biopsy

Quantitative analysis of human seminiferous epithelium was carried out using an improved method of glutaraldehyde and osmium fixation with plastic embedding. Part of each biopsy specimen was fixed in Bouin's fixative and embedded in paraffin for comparison. Epon embedded tissue had very little artifactual damage compared with paraffin embedded tissue sections. The germ cell to Sertoli cell ratios were determined by counting the various germ cells per “unit” tubular area. Data obtained by this method reflect a remarkable stability of Sertoli cell number and germ cell-Sertoli cell ratios both between biopsies from different individuals and between biopsies from right and left testes from the same individual. Agreement between the present results and those of earlier studies based on paraffin embedded testicular specimens supports the validity of this method of germ cell quantitation of human testicular biopsy samples.
The Danto-Wollheim Meaning Theory of Art

Arthur Danto in The Transfiguration of the Commonplace and Richard Wollheim in Painting as an Art have each advanced a certain meaning theory of art (MT), more specifically, a theory according to which something is a work of art just in case it expresses a proposition. The first part of this essay sets out that view in more detail, with textual support that Danto and Wollheim do in fact hold that theory. The second part offers reasons against accepting MT. (1) There seem to be persuasive counterexamples to MT: objects that are clearly works of art but which do not appear to exhibit any tendency towards propositionality. (2) Neither theorist provides an explanation as to why someone with something to say would choose to, as it were, hide his thought behind a painting. (3) MT will force a theory of the evaluation of art that parallels the evaluation of (say) scientific or philosophical thought. Artworks will be judged according to the profundity of the thoughts they express rather than by their aesthetic features – which would make Duchamp a greater artist than Monet!
Angle resolved second harmonic generation from silver and copper surfaces

Abstract Dephasing of the second harmonic light generated at silver and copper surfaces is studied as a function of roughness. The degree of sample roughness was limited to the range where the reflected light was predominantly specular in nature. The second harmonic from these roughened surfaces was compared both in intensity and in angular diffusiveness to that from smooth silver and copper surfaces. Smooth surfaces produced well collimated second harmonic light. As the roughness increased, the second harmonic light became largely diffuse and significant enhancement was observed. This suggests that the process that leads to surface roughness enhancement also rapidly leads to the dephasing of the second harmonic light.
Use of mycophenolate mofetil in steroid-dependent and -resistant nephrotic syndrome

Cyclosporin (Cs-A) is an effective treatment for difficult cases of nephrotic syndrome (NS), but its use can be complicated by renal toxicity and a high incidence of relapses after withdrawal. We reviewed the charts of 10 Cs-A-dependent patients and 4 patients with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS) not previously treated with Cs-A therapy. All patients had persistent NS, even after prior treatment with oral cyclophosphamide. Of 10 patients treated with Cs-A, 4 had surveillance renal biopsies consistent with Cs-A toxicity, and 8 of 10 had interstitial fibrosis prior to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Patients were treated with MMF, at 1,200 mg/m2 per day, in an attempt to allow weaning of Cs-A and/or steroid therapy, and reduce the frequency of relapses. Overall, a significant decrease in frequency of relapses was noted after initiation of MMF therapy. In addition, 5 patients were weaned off Cs-A by 1–2 years of follow-up. One patient was weaned off Cs-A and MMF, and remained in complete remission. However, the subgroup of patients with frequently relapsing SDNS not treated with Cs-A appeared to have a reduction in the number of relapses while on MMF that did not reach statistical significance. Two patients with intractable steroid-resistant NS continued to relapse repeatedly on MMF and Cs-A therapy. We conclude that in this small, single-center, uncontrolled experience, MMF therapy in patients with Cs-A-dependent NS appears to be effective in reducing Cs-A exposure. In addition, MMF appears to significantly decrease the frequency of relapses in this patient population. Further controlled studies are warranted to better define the potential efficacy and side effects of long-term MMF therapy in this setting.
Multiclass support vector machines for power system disturbances classification based on wide-area frequency measurements

The intelligent, robust and fast multi-class classification of power system disturbances is very important to improve control algorithms for ensuring power system security and reliability, an essential function for smart grid infrastructure. Moreover, in a future power system mostly consisting of distributed generators and renewable energy resources on which the disturbance has more impact, the analysis of disturbances by classifying and categorizing real-time frequency data is rather critical. Fortunately, wide area frequency data from a nation-wide frequency monitoring network (FNET) provides a means by which disturbances can be detected. However, so far none of strategies reported to date has good performance at classifying the disturbances although many of them are used currently in on-line analysis. The complex and irregular pattern characteristics of each kind of disturbance are the main reason. Artificial intelligence methods could be one of the solutions, but the large number of input values and an insufficient number of training examples has slowed the reduction of artificial intelligence methods to practice. Therefore, a mathematical model of common disturbances is proposed to generate a training database for artificial intelligence method and feature extraction by computing the wavelet coefficients, parameterizing the results and computer generating the data. This paper uses a multi-class support vector machine model to be trained on the extracted features to discern the otherwise hard-to-classify disturbances pattern and upon testing, yields good performance.
Tidal freshwater forest accretion does not keep pace with sea level rise

Soil properties, accretion, and accumulation were measured in tidal freshwater forests (tidal forests) of the Ogeechee, Altamaha, and Satilla rivers of the South Atlantic (Georgia USA) coast to characterize carbon (C) sequestration and nutrient (nitrogen-N, phosphorus-P) accumulation in these understudied, uncommon, and ecologically sensitive wetlands. Carbon sequestration and N and P accumulation also were measured in a tidal forest (South Newport River) that experiences saltwater intrusion to evaluate the effects of sea level rise (SLR) and saltwater intrusion on C, N and P accumulation. Finally, soil accretion and accumulation of tidal forests were compared with tidal fresh, brackish and salt marsh vegetation downstream to gauge how tidal forests may respond to SLR. Soil accretion determined using 137C and 210Pb averaged 1.3 and 2.2 mm yr−1, respectively, and was substantially lower than the recent rate of SLR along the Georgia coast (3.0 mm yr−1). Healthy tidal forest soils sequestered C (49–82 g m−2 yr−1), accumulated N (3.2–5.3 g m−2 yr−1) and P (0.29–0.56 g m−2 yr−1) and trapped mineral sediment (340–650 g m−2 yr−1). There was no difference in long-term accretion, C sequestration, and nutrient accumulation between healthy tidal forests and tidal forests of the South Newport River that experience saltwater intrusion. Accelerated SLR is likely to lead to decline of tidal forests and expansion of oligohaline and brackish marshes where soil accretion exceeds the current rate of SLR. Conversion of tidal forest to marshes will lead to an increase in the delivery of some ecosystem services such as C sequestration and sediment trapping, but at the expense of other services (e.g. denitrification, migratory songbird habitat). As sea level rises in response to global warming, tidal forests and their delivery of ecosystem services face a tenuous future unless they can migrate upriver, and that is unlikely in most areas because of topographic constraints and increasing urbanization of the coastal zone.
Non-Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient on Cell and FPGA Based Hybrid Supercomputer Nodes

This work presents a detailed implementation of a double precision, non-preconditioned, Conjugate Gradient algorithm on a Roadrunner heterogeneous supercomputer node. These nodes utilize the Cell Broadband Engine Architecture™ in conjunction with x86 Opteron™ processors from AMD. We implement a common Conjugate Gradient algorithm, on a variety of systems, to compare and contrast performance. Implementation results are presented for the Roadrunner hybrid supercomputer, SRC Computers, Inc. MAPStation SRC-6 FPGA enhanced hybrid supercomputer, and AMD Opteron only. In all hybrid implementations wall clock time is measured, including all transfer overhead and compute timings.
Domain-specific cognitive complexity in survivors of child abuse

This study investigated the effects of abusive family environments on domain-specific cognitive complexity and extremity among college students (N = 81). Those from abusive and nonabusive families did not differ in cognitive complexity for the domains of abusive families, nonabusive families, or the self. Analyses did suggest that a history of sexual abuse predicted greater levels of self-complexity and that complexity overall differed between abusive and nonabusive domains. The findings raised questions concerning specific aspects of Linville's (1982, 1985, 1987; Linville & Jones, 1980) theory of cognitive complexity, particularly the link between experience and complexity. They also have more general implications for research in cognitive complexity, including issues of definition and measurement. Comparisons of current findings to other recent research suggest that abuse survivors may be distinguished by the content rather than the complexity of their constructions.
Suicide bombers: business as usual

Muslims have been using religion sanctioned suicide as an effective tool against the West for several centuries. In keeping with this practice, Islamic suicide bombers attack a superior Israeli military and government. Suicidal terrorism is actually an act of martyrdom that can trace its origins back 13 centuries to the Battle of Karbala. Appealing to tradition, recruiters enlist potential bombers from schools and mosques in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Bombers study religion, politics, and explosives. Students willingly become martyrs to secure a future for their families. Understanding that suicidal terrorism is not anathema to a significant proportion of the Muslim population is the first step in countering the problem.
Acute effects of novel selenazolidines on murine chemoprotective enzymes

Abstract Novel selenazolidines, designed as l -selenocysteine prodrugs and potential cancer chemopreventive agents, were examined for their ability to affect the transcription of murine hepatic chemoprotective enzymes. Compounds investigated were selenazolidine-4( R )-carboxylic acid (SCA) and six 2-substituted derivatives that cover a C log P range of −0.512 to −3.062. Their biological effects were compared with those of l -selenocystine. Gene transcripts were examined 24 h after a single dose, administered i.p. and i.g., and covered a range of chemoprotective enzymes; alpha, mu and pi class glutathione transferases (Gsts), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (Ugts) 1a1, 1a6, 1a9, and 2b5, glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx), thioredoxin reductase (Tr), NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo), and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (Meh). When given i.g., 2-butyl SCA (BSCA) resulted in elevations in alpha, mu and pi class Gsts, Ugt1a6, Tr, and Gpx, and 2-phenyl SCA (PhSCA) elevated GstP, Ugt1a9, Tr, Gpx (3 kb), and Meh. Other derivatives with C log P values both lower [2-(2′-hydroxy)phenyl SCA (PhOHSCA) and 2-methyl SCA (MSCA)] and higher [2-cyclohexyl SCA (ChSCA) and 2-oxo SCA (OSCA)] than BSCA and PhSCA elevated far fewer transcripts; PhOHSCA (Ugt1a1, Gpx), MSCA (Ugt1a1, Meh), ChSCA (Ugt1a1, Ugt1a9), and OSCA (Ugt1a6, Ugt1a9, GstM). When given i.p., the most pervasive transcript changes were parallel increases in Nqo and Tr transcripts which occurred with BSCA, PhSCA, MSCA, and OSCA. PhSCA also increased GstP, and PhOHSCA increased Ugt1a1 and Ugt1a6 levels. Unique among the compounds, PhSCA reduced the transcript levels of GstA, and the 1.6 kb transcript of Gpx although only when given i.p. Neither l -selenocystine nor SCA affected the level of any transcript and no compound altered the amount of Ugt2b5 mRNA. Despite chemical similarity and common ability to potentially serve as a source of l -selenocysteine, each selenazolidine compound appeared to elicit a unique pattern of mRNA responses and by either route of administration, there was no correlation between the magnitude of response of any gene and the calculated C log P values of the organoselenium compounds.
Axon formation: a molecular model for the generation of neuronal polarity.

Summary Neurons have unique structural and functional polarity. In general, information flows from the short dendrites to the long axon, and each neuron has multiple dendrites but only one axon. A detailed description of the cellular events leading to the establishment of axonal-dendritic polarity has been given from an in vitro hippocampal culture model system. Little is known, however, about the nature of the underlying molecular events. New data strongly suggest that actin depolymerization at a growth cone is crucial for axon fate determination. We hypothesize that an autocatalytic positive feedback loop at all growth cones locally regulates actin dynamics and other cellular events required for axon formation. Meanwhile, a negative feedback signal, produced by the positive feedback loop, propagates from all growth cones throughout the neuron and counteracts the positive feedback loops. Such feedback regulation provides a robust mechanism for spontaneous symmetry breaking and the formation of only one axon, even in a symmetric in vitro environment. Based on data from studies of cell migration, axon guidance, vesicle exocytosis, and the regulation of actin and microtubule polymerization, we propose a molecular scheme for the positive feedback loop and discuss possible negative feedback signals. BioEssays 22:172‐179, 2000. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Crowdsourced Digital Goods and Firm Productivity: Evidence from Open Source Software

As crowdsourced digital goods become more widely available and more frequently used as key inputs by firms, understanding the impact they have on productivity becomes of critical importance. This study measures the firm-level productivity impact of one such good, non-pecuniary (free) open source software (OSS). The results show a positive and significant return to the usage of non-pecuniary OSS that has gone unmeasured in prior studies of the economics of IT. The study addresses the endogeneity issues inherent in productivity studies by using inverse probability weighting, an instrumental variable approach, and firm fixed effects to add support for a causal interpretation. Across firms, a 1% increase in the amount of non-pecuniary OSS used by a firm leads to a .073% increase in productivity. This translates to a $1.38 million increase in value-added production for the average firm in the sample. This effect is greater for larger firms and for firms in the services industry. These findings show that firms willing to take on the risks associated with non-pecuniary OSS reap benefits from collective intelligence and labor spillovers. Further, the results indicate that existing studies underestimate the amount of IT at the firm, and therefore underestimate the importance of IT to firm productivity.
Redefining the Sjögren-Larsson syndrome: Atypical findings in three siblings and implications regarding diagnosis

Abstract Background: The Sjogren-Larsson syndrome is a rare condition characterized by ichthyosis, spasticity, and mental retardation. Patients have deficient activity of the aldehyde portion of the fatty alcohol:nicotinamide adenine denucleotide (NAD + ) oxidoreductase complex. Objective: Our purpose was to describe atypical findings in three siblings with the Sjogren-Larsson syndrome and implications regarding diagnosis. Methods: Medical histories were taken and physical examinations performed on four siblings and their parents. Analysis of fibroblast fatty alcohol:NAD + oxidoreductase or fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (or of both) was determined in each. Results: Decreased fibroblast fatty alcohol:NAD + oxidoreductase or fatty aldehyde dehydrognase levels (or both) were present in three of four siblings. The fourth sibling and the parents had levels similar to obligate heterozygotes. None of the affected siblings fulfilled the classic criteria for the syndrome. Conclusion: Although all affected siblings had abnormally low activity of the fatty alcohol:NAD + dehydrogenase complex, their clinical findings were variable. This divergence of clinical features in siblings has not been previously reported. We propose that deficient activity of the fatty alcohol:NAD + dehydrogenase complex be considered part of the definition of the Sjogren-Larsson syndrome that would also include the probable, but not absolute, presence of ichthyosis, mental retardation, and spasticity.
Role of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MT-1-MMP), MMP-2, and its inhibitor in nephrogenesis

Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, their integrin receptors, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), the ECM-degrading enzymes, are believed to be involved in various biological processes, including embryogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the role of membrane type MMP, MT-1-MMP, an activator pro-MMP-2, in metanephric development. Also, its relationship with MMP-2 and its inhibitor, TIMP-2, was studied. Since mRNAs of MT-1-MMP and MMP-2 are respectively expressed in the ureteric bud epithelia and mesenchyme, they are ideally suited for juxtacrine/paracrine interactions during renal development. Northern blot analyses revealed a single ∼4.5-kb mRNA transcript of MT-1-MMP, and its expression was developmentally regulated. Inclusion of MT-1-MMP antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) in the culture media induced dysmorphogenetic changes in the embryonic metanephros. MMP-2 antisense ODN also induced similar changes, but they were relatively less; on the other hand TIMP-2 antisense ODN induced a mild increase in the size of explants. Concomitant exposure of MT-1-MMP and MMP-2 antisense ODNs induced profound alterations in the metanephroi. Treatment of TIMP-2 antisense ODN to metanephroi exposed to MT-1-MMP/MMP-2 antisense notably restored the morphology of the explants. Specificity of the MT-1-MMP antisense ODN was reflected in the selective decrease in its mRNA and protein expression. The MT-1-MMP antisense ODN also resulted in a failure in the activation of pro-MMP-2 to MMP-2. These findings suggest that the trimacromolecular complex of MT-1-MMP:MMP-2:TIMP-2 modulates the organogenesis of the metanephros, conceivably by mediating paracrine/juxtacrine epithelial:mesenchymal interactions.
Four-branch vibrational spectrum of double-walled carbon nanotube model

Asymptotic distribution of the discrete spectrum eigenvalues for a recently developed model of a double-walled carbon nanotube is presented in this paper. The corresponding initial boundary-value problem is reduced to an evolution equation, whose dynamics generator is a non-self-adjoint matrix differential operator with a purely discrete spectrum. It is shown in the paper that the entire spectrum asymptotically splits into four spectral branches. Asymptotic representation is derived for the eigenvalues along each spectral branch as the number of an eigenvalue tends to infinity. To prove the results, a two-step procedure involving the construction of the left- and right-reflection matrices has been used.
Effect of Cold Acclimation on the Broiler Chicks’ Resistance to Acute Aflatoxicosis

Abstract The effect of acclimation to environmental temperatures of 10 to 12, 14 to 16, or 28 to 30 C on the resistance of broiler chicks to acute aflatoxicosis was studied in a series of four experiments. Chicks acclimated to 10 to 12C were more resistant to a single oral dose of aflatoxin (8mg per kg of BW) after 10 and 20 days than chicks acclimated to 28 to 30 C. However, chicks acclimated to 14 to 16 C required 20 days of acclimation before an increase in resistance was observed. Acclimation to 10 to 12 C for 14 days followed by acclimation to 28 to 30 C for 7 days resulted in no increase in the resistance of the chicks to an aflatoxin dose (8 mg per kg of BW) at 21 days, indicating that the resistance conveyed by cold acclimation was temporary. Sodium-pentobarbital sleeping time was significantly decreased and the cytochrome P-450 content was significantly increased after acclimating broiler chicks to 10 to 12 C. These observations suggest that stimulation of the microsomal mono-oxygenase system after cold acclimation may be responsible for the increased resistance of the broiler chick to acute aflatoxicosis.
Sulfaquinoxaline Effective Treatment for Coccidiosis

(1948). Sulfaquinoxaline Effective Treatment for Coccidiosis. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 187-188.
Commentary: Striking a balance between less invasive approaches and optimal tumor resection

COMMENTARY ON: Xie T, Qian J, Wu X, et al. Unilateral, multilevel, interlaminar fenestration in the removal of a multisegment cervical intramedullary ependymoma. Spine J 2013;13:747–53 ( in this issue ).
Towards a Brain-Machine-Brain Interface (BMBI) for Anatomical Rewiring of Cortical Circuitry

One major hurdle in designing prosthetic devices to restore function after brain injury is the inability for the mature brain to reestablish normal neuronal connection patterns. Combining neurobiological tools with state-of-the-art implantable device technology could potentially offer a novel approach for orchestrating new long-range connections in the cerebral cortex after injury. In this paper, we report on our progress towards developing a fully implantable brain-machine- brain interface (BMBI) to reshape cortical connections after brain injury by coupling activity between distant cortical locations using CMOS-integrated recording, neural signal processing, and microstimulation circuitry.
Identifying fluorescently labeled single molecules in image stacks using machine learning.

In the past several years, a host of new technologies have made it possible to visualize single molecules within cells and organisms (Raj et al., Nat Methods 5:877-879, 2008; Pare et al., Curr Biol 19:2037-2042, 2009; Lu and Tsourkas, Nucleic Acids Res 37:e100, 2009; Femino et al., Science 280:585-590, 1998; Rodriguez et al., Semin Cell Dev Biol 18:202-208, 2007; Betzig et al., Science 313:1642-1645, 2006; Rust et al., Nat Methods 3:793-796, 2006; Fusco et al., Curr Biol 13:161-167, 2003). Many of these are based on fluorescence, either fluorescent proteins or fluorescent dyes coupled to a molecule of interest. In many applications, the fluorescent signal is limited to a few pixels, which poses a classic signal processing problem: how can actual signal be distinguished from background noise? In this chapter, I present a MATLAB (MathWorks (2010) MATLAB. Retrieved from http://www.mathworks.com) software suite designed to work with these single-molecule visualization technologies (Rifkin (2010) spotFinding Suite. http://www.biology.ucsd.edu/labs/rifkin/software.html). It takes images or image stacks from a fluorescence microscope as input and outputs locations of the molecules. Although the software was developed for the specific application of identifying single mRNA transcripts in fixed specimens, it is more general than this and can be used and/or customized for other applications that produce localized signals embedded in a potentially noisy background. The analysis pipeline consists of the following steps: (a) create a gold-standard dataset, (b) train a machine-learning algorithm to classify image features as signal or noise depending upon user defined statistics, (c) run the machine-learning algorithm on a new dataset to identify mRNA locations, and (d) visually inspect and correct the results.