cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microscopy techniques used in polymer research

Microstructural analyses with optical and scanning electron microscopy can identify processing variables that lead to less than optimum mechanical properties of molded and friction welded polymer components. Delineation of the major phase arrangements in blends of polycarbonate (PC) and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) was key to identifying stress concentrations and internal defects. Phase separations, crystalline arrangement, structure refinements, and shear stresses introduced during molding or friction welding were evident and help to explain the unpredictable impact fracture mode and strength. The techniques help identify when the brittle ribbonlike PC phase extends to the surface without being encapsulated or surrounded by the PBT phase.
The complexity of pursuit on a graph

Abstract A robber and k cops choose starting vertices in a graph and move in alternation from vertex to vertex along the edges of the graph; capture occurs if a cop ever shares a vertex with the robber. If k is not fixed and if either the graph is directed or initial positions are given, we show that the problem is EXPTIME-complete. Similar techniques lead to the PSPACE- and EXPTIME-completeness of some other combinatorial games that were previously only known to be NP- and PSPACE-hard.
Paths of psychological health: Examination of 40-year trajectories from the intergenerational studies.

Abstract Patterns of stability and change in psychological health, as assessed via the California Psychological Inventory’s v3 scale, are examined in two long-term longitudinal samples (N = 279). Longitudinal hierarchical linear modeling analyses indicate a modest, but significant, linear increase in v3 from age 33 to 75 for the sample as a whole, with significant individual differences in v3 change also evident. When psychological health is categorized as either high or low, using a v3 cut-off score of 36, the majority of individuals show stable high psychological health from age 33 to 75; significant minorities show stable low, increased, and decreased psychological health with age. Differential patterns of psychological health change are successfully predicted by preadult psychological health resources, adult cognitive and social resources, and early adult norm-orientation. Overall, results illustrate the complexity of normal adult development, and the differential mechanisms involved in maintaining, attaining, and losing psychological health over a 40-year period.
The response of an aerosol particle to an impulse at small values of Knudsen number

Abstract The response of an aerosol particle to an instantaneous momentum transfer is derived. Results are presented for various values of the Knudsen number and are particularly suited for predicting the recoil responses of radioactive aerosol species in air. The results are compared with previous calculations concerning the velocity response of an aerosol particle to a step change in force.
History: A Critical Scene Within Jesse Jackson's Rhetorical Vision

Within a given drama, characters act out their roles within scenes that are known as "setting themes." Bormann (1972, 1980, 1982, 1983) defined setting themes as fantasy themes that depict the location of where life dramas take place. An analysis of the discourse revealed that Jesse Jackson's drama took place in four different settings or scenes: (a) in history, (b) in a society where many people are "stuck at the bottom" and have been left out of the "American Dream," (c) in a world that is interdependent and dangerous, and (d) in a beloved country that can be made better-resulting in a future that is brighter, more peaceful, and just (Callahan, 1987). The purpose of this article is to document how history has played a major role in the establishment of Jackson's rhetorical vision and to explain why the setting of history is so important.
Systematic study of the genus Brazoria ( Lamiaceae ), and Warnockia ( Lamiaceae ), a new genus from Texas

A revisionary treatment ofBrazoria is rendered. Three taxa are recognized:B. arenaria andB. truncata, the latter with two intergrading morphogeographical varieties: var.truncata and var.pulcherrinma (Lundell)M. W. Turner, comb. nova. A fourth taxon, orignally described asB. scutellarioides, is separated as a new monotypic genus,Warnockia, resulting in the new combinationWarnockia scutellarioides (Engelm. & A. Gray)M. W. Turner. Descriptions, illustrations, a phylogenetic analysis, dot-maps, keys to species and complete synonymy are presented. The relationship ofWarnockia to its most closely related genera,Brazoria, Physostegia andMacbridea, is discussed.
Torsten Husén: A case of ethnocentrism in U.S. educational research?

This paper documents and discusses the lack of reference by U.S. educational researchers to the work of noted Swedish social scientist and educational researcher, Torsten Husen. The paucity of U.S. textbook or journal citations of Husen's writings and research is interpreted as an example of “cultural ethnocentrism” and “academic imperialism” in U.S. educational and psychological research. Crosscultural perspectives, interdisciplinary analyses, and “global learning” are proposed as methods of overcoming the methodological parochialism, overspecialization, and international fragmentation Husen describes as characteristic of much educational and social scientific research.
The peabody picture vocabulary test as a pre-screening tool for global cognitive functioning in childhood brain tumor survivors.

Minimal acceptable global intelligence is often a determinant for entry into studies utilizing children’s self-reported health-related quality of life (HRQL) or symptoms’ appraisal. However, most measures of cognitive functioning are lengthy and require a trained psychologist for administration. We used the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (third edition; PPVT-III) to assess adequacy of verbal comprehension and language flexibility before entry into a pilot pharmacologic intervention trial in pediatric BT survivors who were >1 year from treatment, and received >23.4 gray as part of therapy. Participation included the ability to complete self-reported measures of HRQL. Among thirteen BT survivors who were screened, twelve proceeded to the full intervention trial and then underwent a detailed baseline neurocognitive assessment including the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), administered by a neuropsychologist. Correlation of PPVT-III with WASI was 0.90 for full scale IQ (P < 0.0001), 0.89 for verbal IQ (P = 0.0001) and 0.75 for performance IQ (P = 0.0004) The PPVT-III is easy to administer by trained clinical staff and is a reliable clinic-based screening tool for research studies. While it is not designed to replace in depth neuropsychological evaluation of potential areas of cognitive dysfunction, it provides an estimation of minimal global cognitive functioning for entry into studies that rely on self-report in childhood BT survivors and other cancer survivors who have received central nervous system-directed therapy.
Multi-patch nonsingular isogeometric boundary element analysis in 3D

Abstract A multi-patch nonsingular isogeometric boundary element method (IGABEM) for 3D problems is presented that provides accurate solutions for multi-patch IGABEM. In order to conveniently implement this method, based on the Greville abscissae, a new collocation method moves the first and the last collocation points of each parametric direction inside of their patches, and a simple method for merging equations handles the extra equations. The numerical results verify the accuracy and efficiency of the present method by comparing it to the conventional IGABEM.
Gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors: Comparing growth-retarding effectiveness on apple

The relative growth inhibitory activities of paclobutrazol [(2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol]; XE-1019 [(E)-(1-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol]; flurprimidol [α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoromethyloxy)-phenyl]-5-pyrimidine-methanol]; and triadimefon (a fungicide) [1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-butanone] were evaluated and compared by treating the root zone of young greenhouse-grown tissue-culture-propagated ‘Gala’ (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees. At 0.25 mg/plant, only XE-1019 significantly reduced new stem length and number, area, and dry weight of leaves after 115 days. Paclobutrazol and flurprimidol both significantly reduced growth compared to controls when applied at 0.5 mg/plant, but XE-1019 was more effective. All three gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis inhibitors effectively retarded growth at a dosage of 1 mg/plant. Triadimefon applied at 10 mg/plant had essentially no effect on growth, but at 50 and 100 mg/plant it caused significant but less dramatic growth retardation when compared with the GA inhibitors. Major differences in effectiveness among the triazole GA biosynthesis inhibitors may be due to longevity of effect as well as to extent of inhibition.
X-ray production in fluorine by highly charged boron, carbon, and oxygen ions *

Abstract K-shell X-ray production cross sections of fluorine have been measured as a function of ion charge state for boron and carbon ions at 10 MeV and oxygen ions at energies of 8, 10, and 12 MeV. From the projectile charge-state dependence of the cross sections, both direct-ionization and electron-capture contributions were extracted for comparison to the Coulomb ionization theory, ECPSSR, which accounts for energy loss and Coulomb deflection of the projectile as well as for relativistic and perturbed stationary states of the inner-shell electrons.
Is the public's ignorance of politics trivial?

Abstract Examination of a comprehensive database of political knowledge, constructed from pooled 1988 and 1992 National Election Studies, refutes criticisms that haue sometimes been lodged against standard tests that seem to reveal profound levels of public ignorance. Although most people know something about politics, the typical citizen is poorly informed, and only a small group is very knowledgeable about politics. Differentiating people according to their perceptions of the most important national problem does not reveal pockets of well‐informed “issue publics” among the electorate. The NES data also show that knowledge makes a difference in how people feel about government spending for social‐welfare programs, and in how well citizens were able to connect their partisanship and ideological proclivities to their votes in the 2000 presidential election.
Bone formation and resorption around developing teeth transplanted into the femur.

Seven of 24 newborn hamsters developing maxillary molars which were transplanted to the femur for 28 days showed growth and development of crowns and roots. Enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone proper developed in their normal locations just as they had done previously in molars transplanted into subcutaneous connective tissues. Several relationships were observed between alveolar bone proper, developed in the foreign body environment and under the inductive influence of the tooth root, and femoral bone. Femoral bone was continuous with alvolar bone and supported the tooth socket. In some areas near transplanted molar roots, femoral bone was built out to join and support alveolar bone. In other areas, femoral bone was resorbed by the development of a molar root or the molar root was diverted from its normal direction of development. Despite the effort to orient transplanted molars for eruption, the orientation was altered and no evidence for tooth eruption was observed.
Some mathematical aspects of wave motion

A survey is made of some mathematical techniques and theorems which can have relevance at a moderately advanced level to certain classes of wave propagation problems.
Globalization and the Evolution of Democratic Civil Society: Democracy as Spatial Discourse

At its core, the evolution of democratic civil society is a process of transcending existing, historical social space, a process that desires to dissolve “political society” into “civil society” and with it to reformulate space as more democratic, participatory public space, and global spheres of interaction. In this article, the author examines the implications of globalization and the evolution of democratic civil society. Drawing on the work of French theorists de Certeau and Lefebvre, the author examines the nature of space as a social construct and the importance of understanding space as a practiced place in relation to the evolution of democratic civil society that makes transnational space a practiced place for global civil society. The author argues that as globalization spreads across nation-states, spatial forces produced by economic, cultural, and political discourses and practices give way to the potential for the evolution of democratic civil society.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, AIDS, and Smoking Cessation: The Time is Now

Treatments for persons who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or who have developed AIDS have advanced to the point where death is no longer the inevitable outcome of diagnosis. Combination antiretroviral therapy has made HIV infection less of a terminal condition and more of a medically manageable chronic disease. Thus, efforts to improve the health status and quality of life of HIV-infected persons have become one of the highest treatment priorities for the next decade. Cigarette smoking is highly prevalent among HIV-infected persons, and quitting smoking would greatly improve the health status of these individuals. However, to date, no studies have evaluated the efficacy of a smoking-cessation intervention specifically tailored to this population. This article reviews the evidence and rationale for advancing smoking-cessation treatments specifically tailored to the needs of HIV-infected persons and provides recommendations for future treatment studies.
An Experimental Study of the Change in Phase Accompanying Reflection of Light from Thin Evaporated Films

The phase change accompanying reflection from thin evaporated films was measured for three different cases: first, front surface deposits of silver on glass; second, back surface deposits of silver and gold on glass; and third, front surface deposits of dielectrics on nearly opaque silver layers. In all three cases the phase change was determined as a function of the thickness of the deposit. When the deposits exceeded several hundred angstroms the results were consistent with boundary value solutions of the equations of electromagnetic theory but for thinner deposits they are explained by light scattering rather than reflection from uniform layers. From index of refraction determinations it was found that films of cryolite and MgF2 were non-porous but that CaF2 was highly porous. Very thin films of ZnS showed density anomalies.
College women's career and motherhood expectations: New options, old dilemmas

Women who desire to both work and parent are faced with the dilemma of how to integrate potentially conflicting roles and responsibilities. This study explores 250 college women's thinking about careers and childbearing. The results suggest that although these young women have been rethinking their career options and expanding their career choices into areas that have been traditionally male dominated, there is little indication of a reciprocal change in thinking about the primacy of mothering. All of the women expected to have careers, but few planned to be child free or have only one child. Women pursuing innovative careers were, however, less child oriented than those planning careers moderately innovative or traditional for women. The findings are discussed in the context of these women's proposed strategies for managing conflicting demands of work and family roles. These strategies include delayed childbearing, equalitarian marriages, and part-time work.
A Heterologous Hormone Response Element Enhances Expression of Rat β-Casein Promoter-Driven Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Fusion Genes in the Mammary Gland of Transgenic Mice

Previous studies have demonstrated that the entire rat beta-casein (R beta C) gene and a -524/+490 R beta C fragment-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) fusion gene are expressed preferentially in the mammary gland of transgenic mice in a developmentally regulated fashion. However, transgene expression was infrequent, less than 1% of that observed for the endogenous gene, and varied as much as 500-fold, presumably due to the site of chromosomal integration. To determine whether a heterologous hormone-responsive enhancer could be used to increase both the level and frequency of expression in the mammary gland, a fragment derived from the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat containing four hormone response elements (HREs) was inserted into the R beta C promoter at a site not known to contain transcriptional regulatory elements. Transgenic mice generated which carried HRE-enhanced R beta C-CAT fusion genes expressed CAT activity in the mammary glands of all founder lines examined at levels that were on average 13-fold greater than for lines generated with similar constructs not carrying HREs. In the highest expressing line, the level of HRE-enhanced transgene expression was found to be developmentally regulated, increasing 14-fold in the mammary gland from virgin to day 10 of lactation. In this line, expression was also observed in the thymus and spleen; however, the level of CAT activity was 4-fold lower than in the mammary gland and was not developmentally regulated. In adrenalectomized mice, the administration of dexamethasone stimulated CAT expression in the mammary gland but not in the thymus and spleen. These studies demonstrate that in the context of the R beta C promoter, the HRE functions in the mammary gland to increase both the frequency and level of transgene expression.
Organizing Diffuse Alveolar Damage Associated With Progressive Systemic Sclerosis

Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) is a relatively nonspecific pattern of acute lung injury that can be observed in a wide range of clinical circumstances. DAD has often been recognized in association with various connective tissue diseases; however, to our knowledge, it has not been previously reported in the setting of progressive systemic sclerosis. Herein we describe two patients with established diagnoses of progressive systemic sclerosis who had development of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Open-lung biopsy specimens from both patients showed a histologic pattern of DAD with no identifiable cause other than their progressive systemic sclerosis. Our results suggest that DAD should be added to the list of pleuro-pulmonary complications of progressive systemic sclerosis.
Frequency stabilization of a fiber laser to rubidium: a high-accuracy 1.53-μm wavelength standard

ABSTRACT Spectroscopy of the rubidium 5P3, —* 4D5, transition near 1.529 m has been performed using a single-longitudinal-mode erbium-doped fiber laser. Rubidium atoms were laser-cooled and confined in a vapor-cell Zeeman optical trap. This produced a dense sample of cold atoms and reduced theDoppler broadening of the transition to less than the natural linewidth. Transition linewidths of 10 MHz were observed on the 5P3, —+ 4D5, transition and the fiber laser was actively stabilized to the 5P3,2, F=3 —* 4D5,, F' =3 line of 87Rb. 1. INTRODUCTIONA goal of the NIST wavelength standard research is to produce primary wavelength standards, inthe optical communications regions, which are stable and reproducible to better than 1 MHz. Accurate wavelength standards are important for many of the proposed optical communication schemes involving wavelength division multiplexing, frequency division multiplexing, and coherent detection. At present,the 1 .5 m region is favored for optical communication due to the success of the erbium-doped fiberamplifier. I have developed a wavelength standard scheme which uses a 1 .5 m fiber laser stabilizedto narrow resonances in laser-cooled rubidium. Other research on wavelength standards in the 1 .5region has concentrated on the stabilization of diode lasers to various atomic (krypton,' neon,2 and
Experience with the hierarchical method for diagnosis of faults in nuclear power plant systems

Abstract Expert systems to aid nuclear power plant operators detect and diagnose abnormal conditions have been under development at The Ohio State University over the past eight years. These systems, genetically called operator advisors (OA), are designed to continuously monitor plant parameters and when an abnormality is detected, trigger a diagnostic module. Methods of diagnosis used by these OAs have employed variations of hierarchical classification. Hierarchical classification as a tool for diagnosis of complex systems is described and three systems using different methods for decomposing the hierarchy are presented. Decomposition of the hierarchy by both system and function is introduced and it is shown that a hybrid of the two methods is the optimum if there is good accessibility to operators and system designers, and if the goal is to emulate the operator's approach to diagnosis. In the case of systems operating in different modes it is shown that the most direct method for applying hierarchical diagnosis is by developing a generic function based hierarchy and by incorporating multiple knowledge groups into the nodes in the hierarchy.
Mating behavior of Centropages typicus (Copepoda: Calanoida)

Observations were made on approximately 300 mating couples of Centropages typicus Kroyer. Mating behavior consists of 4 distinct stages: pre-copulation, spermatophore extrusion, copulation, and post-copulation. Successful copulation requires proper positioning of the spermatophore complex on the female urosome and is dependent upon precise movements and orientation of the male during the mating encounter. Sub-optimal mating encounters, resulting in the improper placement of the spermatophore complex, were observed and adaptations tending to reduce spermatophore wastage are discussed.
Photoionization of N-alkylphenothiazines in titanosilicate mesoporous TiSBA-15 molecular sieves

Abstract N -alkylphenothiazines (PC n , where n =1, 6, 10, 16) have been incorporated into titanosilicate mesoporous TiSBA-15 molecular sieve and photoionized at room temperature to form stable alkylphenothiazine cation radicals (PC n + ), which are monitored by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The results show that the photoyield and stability of PC n + radicals strongly depend on the titanium content in the TiSBA-15 framework, suggesting that framework Ti(IV) serves as an effective electron acceptor. The overall photoyield and stability of PC n + increase with increasing titanium content of 2–4% in TiSBA-15 and with increasing alkyl chain length of the alkylphenothiazine.
Revisiting the issue: can the reading for serologic reactivity following 37°C incubation be omitted?

Background Omitting the 37 degrees C reading from screening tests for unexpected antibodies results in failure to detect some Rh, K, and Jk agglutinins of potential significance (wanted positives). However, this measure avoids unwanted positive tests due to cold agglutinins. Study design and methods Using data from prior publications, actual risk calculations (ARCs) were made to predict the risk of eliminating the 37 degrees C reading, pretransfusion direct antiglobulin test (DAT), and routine indirect antiglobulin crossmatch (IAT-XM). ARCs used the equation: wanted positives missed x 0.34 (or 0.80) x 5 x percent antigen-positive, where 0.34 = percent of patients transfused (ARCs for 37 degrees C reading and DAT); 0.80 = percent of crossmatched patients transfused (ARCs for IAT-XM); 5 = average number of units transfused. Following elimination of the 37 degrees C reading, the impact of this change on patient care was monitored. Antibody detection and identification data and transfusion reaction reports for 6 months after the change were reviewed. Recently transfused patients with new antibodies were evaluated for immune hemolysis by review of clinical and laboratory data. The findings were compared with those from the same dates of the preceding year. Results The risk of transfusing incompatible blood by eliminating the DAT, IAT-XM, and 37 degrees C reading is approximately 1:13,000, 1:2,000, and 1:2,400 units transfused, respectively. The cumulative risk from eliminating all three tests is approximately. 1 :1,000 units. With respect to the 37 degrees C reading, there were no differences between the pre-change and post-change study periods in the incidence of reported transfusion reactions or cases of immune hemolysis associated with newly formed antibodies. However, unwanted positive tests decreased from 162 to 61 following elimination of the 37 degrees C reading. This represents a decrease of 20 percent in the number of samples requiring antibody identification annually. Conclusions Eliminating the 37 degrees C reading from pretransfusion antibody screening tests imposes less risk than omitting the routine IAT-XM, and it avoids the time and costs of evaluating unwanted positive tests, thus reducing expenditures and delays in patient care.
Tribo-Oxidation of Tantalum During ECMP

Tribo-oxidation of metals plays important roles in electro-chemical-mechanical planarization (ECMP). Using an electrochemical-tribological technique, we conducted investigation of tantalum tribo-oxidation during ECMP. Adding an electrochemical system to a tribometer, we were able to monitor surface changes through friction. We were able to generate tantalum oxides with assistance of friction. It was found that meta-stable suboxides of tantalum formed. The mechanisms of tribo-oxidation are experimentally studied and discussed here.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A Statistical Evaluation of Lid Strength on Deep Convection

Abstract A statistical analysis of the effects of lower-tropospheric inversions (called lids) on deep convection was made using a “logistic” model and reports of deep convection for a six month period over the central two-thirds of the United States during 1982. Observations consist of radar echo intensity, radar echo height and direct reports of severe storm sightings or damage. We find that both the lid strength and buoyancy (lifted index) effects need to be considered jointly. Lid strength appears to exhibit an effective cutoff value, above which deep convection becomes relatively unlikely, even for unstable values of the buoyancy term. On the other hand, deep convection is unlikely for stable buoyancy values. Further, for a given value of buoyancy the probability of severe convection increases with increasing lid strength, although the total probability of deep convection diminished with increasing lid strength. This result seems to support the idea that the lid allows high values of θw to form near t...
The Influence of Time and Task Demonstrability on Decision-Making in Computer-Mediated and Face-to-Face Groups

Decision-making groups tend to favor the introduction and use of shared over unshared information, often leading teams to make suboptimal decisions. This study examined the influence of time (restricted vs. ample) and perceptions of task demonstrability (solve vs. judge) on information sampling and decision quality in computer-mediated and face-to-face groups. Three-person face-to-face and computer-mediated groups were asked to read about a fictional murder investigation and to determine which of the three suspects was the guilty individual. The results indicated that the computer-mediated groups, who were given a solve set of instructions and ample time to discuss the task, had the highest solution rates. Analyses of the computer-mediated discussion logs indicated that the solve groups who were given extended time repeated and recalled more unshared information.
Arsenic toxicity changes in the presence of sediment.

Arsenic has been widely used in herbicides resulting in high soil and sediment concentrations in some areas. D. magna has been a commonly used indicator of aquatic toxicity and standardized methods have been developed for acute toxicity testing. Arsenic is quite similar chemically to phosphorus and sulfur, thus it produces toxic effects, in part, by replacing these elements in essential metabolic processes. The effect of sediments on ameliorating metal toxicity to Daphnia has not been reported. However, arsenic and other metalloids/metal are known to concentrate in sediment and adsorb to particulates. This study investigated the effect of sediments on standard arsenite LC50 determinations with D. magna and alkaline phosphatase activity (APA).
Generation of rf-driven currents by Lower-hybrid-wave injection in the versator II tokamak

Experimental verification of lower-hybrid rf current drive in the Versator II tokamak is presented. The experiments show that efficient current drive exists only in low-density discharges (n-bar/sub e/< or approx. =6 x 10/sup 12/ cm/sup -3/ in the ''slide-away'' regime where a preformed suprathermal electron tail exists prior to the applicationof the rf power.
Influence of growth conditions on the properties of small diameter bubble garnet films grown from PbO-B2O3 flux

Abstract The properties of (Y, Gd, Sm, Tm) 3 (Fe, Ga) 5 O 12 films grown from PbO-B 2 O 3 melts for magnetic bubble memory devices can be controlled by growth rate. Key film properties such as bubble diameter, saturation magnetization and uniaxial anisotropy are not always monotonic functions of growth rate, and for some conditions these properties can change drastically for small changes in growth rate. Different growth mechanisms seem to predominate at different growth rates and caused maximum and minimum values of the distribution coefficients for some ions between the growth solution and the film. This study of the effects of growth conditions upon film properties was necessary to reproducibly grow films at the proper rate and with the desired properties.
Grain Yield and Yield Components of Doublecropped Winter Wheat as Affected by Wheat and Previous Soybean Production Practices

Development and grain yield of doublecropped winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are influenced by the production practices used to produce the wheat crop and potentially by those used to produce the previous crop. This 2-yr field study was conducted on a Goldsboro loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Aquic Kandiudult) to determine whether production practices used in the spring to produce the previous soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] crop affect wheat grain yield and yield component responses to fall production practices. Treatments were deep tillage the previous spring prior to planting soybean using row widths of 19 or 76 cm, deep tillage in the fall prior to wheat planting, deep tillage in both the spring and fall, and no deep tillage for wheat planted with and without surface tillage. Fall deep tillage was the only treatment that consistently increased grain yield and all of the yield components; increasing grain yield, fertile head number per square meter, kernel number per head, and individual kernel weight by an average of 27, 11, 10, and 3%, respectively, over all other treatments. Grain yield and kernel number per square meter responses to fall deep tillage were greatest with no spring deep tillage, with no surface tillage, or when the previous soybean was grown using 76-cm-row widths. Grain yield, fertile head number per square meter, and kernel weight were all higher without surface tillage than with surface tillage. Results from this study show that production practices used to produce the previous soybean crop, such as row width and spring deep tillage, can have a significant effect on the grain yield and yield component responses of wheat to fall production practices.
Socialization to Adulthood: Different Concepts, Different Policies.

This essay has analyzed a number of serious dysfunctions in the socialization arrangements around uppermiddle-class children and adolescents. It seem likely that these dysfunctions will affect a growing proportion of our young people. The policy implications are substantial: the continuance of our society depends upon the appearance of successive cohorts of socialized adults. Evidently, a number of major, long-range R and D proposals are warranted. These proposals will require substantial revisions in school and college policies as well as the involvement of a far greater diversity of persons and institutions in the socialization of our young. Unquestionably, these proposals will demand time for their consideration, planning, and implementation. However, we had better get started; we need all the time we can find.
Oral shedding of herpes simplex virus type 1 in immunocompetent persons

Background: Reactivation of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) can result in recurrent herpes labialis lesions (RHL) and in oral shedding of virus. This study utilized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to document the frequency and quantity of such shedding. Methods: Thirty adults with greater than three RHL episodes per year were followed through one recurrence. They collected swabs for PCR every 12 h starting at prodrome and for 10 days thereafter. Shedding was analyzed with regard to frequency, timing and quantity. Results: HSV-1 was detectable in 87% of participants for a mean of 4 days. Shedding occurred most frequently during the vesicle/ulcer stage (91% of subjects), but was common in both clinical and subclinical stages (50% vs. 23%, average log DNA copy number/ml2 2.6 vs. 1.4). Conclusion: The majority of RHL patients shed viral DNA. Shedding occurred before and after the appearance of clinical lesions. Such findings may be useful in designing methods to reduce viral shedding and prevent transmission.
Tumour length measured on PET-CT predicts the most appropriate stage-dependent therapeutic approach in oesophageal cancer

To compare the accuracy of determining the most appropriate treatment approach based on a visual analysis on combined PET-CT, based on a visual analysis on PET (reviewed side-by-side with CT) and based on tumour length measurements (on PET and PET-CT). Tumour length, SUV, and the length-SUV index (length × SUV) were assessed (on PET and PET-CT) in benign oesophageal lesions (reflux oesophagitis; n = 29), in potentially curable stages of oesophageal cancer (Tis; T1-T3NxM0; curable group; n = 52), and in stages of oesophageal cancer best treated with palliative therapy (T4NxMx; TxNxM1; palliative group; n = 30). All lesions were histopathologically proven. Based on a visual analysis, PET-CT (sensitivity: 77%;specificity: 96%) was more accurate than PET (sensitivity: 67%; specificity: 89%) in assessing the appropriate treatment (curative vs. palliative). The length-SUV index was the most accurate quantitative parameter to distinguish palliative from curable stages (sensitivity: 93%; specificity: 90%) and to predict survival. The highest overall accuracy was reached when combining the results of the quantitative (length-SUV index) analysis with those of the qualitative (visual) analysis (sensitivity: 93%; specificity: 96%). Moreover, neither tumour length nor SUV can be used to distinguish reflux oesophagitis from early malignant lesions (T1 stage). Tumour length measured with PET-CT or PET is associated with stage and overall survival of oesophageal cancer and helps to guide the appropriate treatment approach.
Mössbauer studies of tin(IV) complexes with chelating anionic ligands

Abstract Mossbauer parameters are reported for tin(IV) complexes with anions of 3,5-diphenyl,4-methyl, 1-hydroxy-2-pyrazole N-oxide (I), 8-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide(II), 8-quinoline thiol(III), N,N′-o-phenylenebis(salicylaldimine) (IV) and N,N′-o-phenylenebis(pyrrolaldimine) (V). Correlations are made of isomer shifts reported for octahedraldihalotin(IV)complexes with fifteen chelating anionic ligands. The dihalotin complexes of (I) have larger isomer shifts than those with any other OO − ligand reported to date. The dichloro- and dibromotin complexes with (III) have the largest quadrupole splittings reported for octahedral dihalotin complexes. The diorganatin complexes with (I) are highly distorted. Data available to date indicate that six-membered chelate rings effect a lower electron density at the tin nucleus than do five-membered rings in neutral dihalotin(IV) complexes. Sn119CH coupling constants are reported for (CH3)2 Sn(I)2. (CH32Sn(III)2 and (CH3)Sn(2-SPyO)2 in DCCl3.
Toxicity of tomato phenolic compounds to the fruitworm, heliothis zea

Chlorogenic acid and rutin, major phenolic constituents of tomato foliage, as well as a phenolic-rich aqueous extract of tomato foliage, inhibit early larval growth of the fruit-worm, Heliothis zea, when added to an artificial diet for this insect. Linear dose-response relationships between dietary concentration and inhibition of growth indicate that chlorogenic acid and rutin are equitoxic. In contrast, an uncharacterized anthocyanin isolated from tomato foliage had no inhibitory effect on H. zea. A steroidal glycoalkaloid from tomato foliage, α-tomatine, is significantly more toxic than all of the phenolics tested. Dietary concentrations of chlorogenic acid or rutin up to 1% wet weight had no adverse effects on feeding rate, digestibility and dietary utilization of food, or weight gain when fed to 3rd- or 5th-instar larvae. Early instar larvae (neonate to 2nd-instar) are sensitive to toxicosis from rutin whereas later stage larvae (3rd-5th-instars) are not, and toxicity can be overcome within 48 hr by transferring larvae from a rutin-enriched diet to control diet. RESUME Toxicite des composes phenoliques de la tomate sur Heliothis zea L'acide chlorogenique et la rutine, principaux composes phenoliques du feuillage de la tomate, aussi bien que l'extrait acqueux de feuilles riche en phenols, inhibent la croissance d'Heliothis zea. On a obtenu une relation entre la concentration dans le regime alimentaire et l'inhibition de la croissance en etudiant les chenilles neonates sur regimes impregnes de ces composes ou extraits. L'acide chlorogenique et la rutine ont ete equitoxiques pour les chenilles neonates. A l'oppose, une anthocyanine, non caracterisee, isolee du feuillage de tomate, n'a pas eu d'effet inhibiteur sur H. zea. Un glycoalcaloide steroidal (une α-tomatine) du feuillage de tomate est significativement plus toxique que tous les composes phenoliques testes. Cependant, les concentrations jusqu'a 1% w/wt d'acide chlorogenique et de rutine n'ont pas d'effets negatifs sur la consommation, la digestibilite et l'utilisation alimentaire de la nourriture, ou sur le gain de poids quand ils sont consommes par les chenilles de 3eme ou 5eme stade. Les stades precoces (neonate a 2eme stade) sont plus sensibles aux toxicoses a la rutine que les stades plus tardifs (3eme ou 5eme stade), et la toxicite peut etre surmontee dans les 48 h apres transfert des chenilles d'un regime enrichi en rutine sur un regime temoin.
Method for determining the optical constants of semitransparent films.

It is demonstrated that the interference oscillations in the intensity of light reflected from a substrate during deposition of a semitransparent film allows one to determine the optical constants of the film by graphical techniques. The method assumes that the optical constants of the substrate are known, and that the optical constants of the film are not a function of film thickness. This technique is applicable in any wavelength region, although surface irregularities, which are more important at short wavelengths, will generally lead to an overestimate of k. A discussion of probable errors is presented. Because the method is dependent on multiple reflections through the deposited film it is useful only for small k, or, more precisely, 2πk/n < 1.
Females in 1988 Middle School Music Textbooks: An Analysis of Illustrations

A content analysis of all pictures of music-related figures appearing in sixth-, sev-enth-, and eighth-grade music textbooks published in 1988 revealed that females were underrepresented. An equity criterion of 50% females in illustrations was met only in the case of one activity and a few musical instruments. Furthermore, the illustrations as a group tended to reflect music-related sex stereotypes. More music education research needs to focus on equity in curricular materials, and, more studies in music education should address gender-related issues.
Overload Surge Investigation Using CFD Data

Pressure oscillations triggered by the unstable interaction of dynamic flow features of the hydraulic turbine with the hydraulic plant system - including the electrical design - can at times reach significant levels and could lead to damage of plant components or could reduce component lifetime significantly. Such a problem can arise for overload as well as for part load operation of the turbine. This paper discusses an approach to analyze the overload high pressure oscillation problem using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling of the hydraulic machine combined with a network modeling technique of the hydraulic system. The key factor in this analysis is the determination of the overload vortex rope volume occurring within the turbine under the runner which is acting as an active element in the system. Two different modeling techniques to compute the flow field downstream of the runner will be presented in this paper. As a first approach, single phase flow simulations are used to evaluate the vortex rope volume before moving to more sophisticated modeling which incorporates two phase flow calculations employing cavitation modeling. The influence of these different modeling strategies on the simulated plant behavior will be discussed.
Refractory vs. intractable congestive heart failure

Abstract Before treating refractory heart failure, the physician should establish a complete and accurate diagnosis. Next, he should correct all remediable conditions such as anemia, infections, electrolyte imbalance, arrhythmias, hypertension, and surgically amenable lesions. Lastly, he should obtain optimal conditions for diuresis by establishing complete bed rest, full digitalization, thoracentesis and paracentesis when indicated. Then, and only then, should treatment utilizing potent diuretic combinations be employed. These multiple diuretic regimens include combinations of parenteral mercurials, benzothiadiazines, ethacrynic acid, and antialdosterone agents with acidifying drugs and other substances which potentiate diuretic activity. Lastly, dialytic procedures including hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis may be used in the treatment of refractory cardiac edema, especially when it is associated with renal failure or electrolyte disturbances.
The Heritage of Religion and Spirituality in the Field of Gerontology: Don Clingan, Tom Cook, and the National Interfaith Coalition on Aging

SUMMARY This article presents the history of the National Interfaith Coalition on Aging. This organization, like many, owes its founding to many important people. Two key individuals are Donald Clingan and Thomas Cook, Jr. To understand the history of this organization is to understand the labors of these two witnesses. The authors interviewed these two men in order to both celebrate their contributions to this organization as well as to fully understand the history of this important organization.
The role of constant region carbohydrate in the assembly and secretion of human IgD and IgA1

Abstract Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins, containing N- linked carbohydrates in the heavy chain constant regions of all isotypes and O-linked carbohydrates in the hinge regions of human IgA1 and IgD. A previous study showed that IgD synthesized in the presence of tunicamycin and lacking the three N-linked glycans on the heavy chain was not secreted (Shin, S. U., Wei, D. F., Amin, A. R., Thorbecke, G. J., and Morrison, S. L. (1992) Hum. Antibodies 3, 65–74). The contribution of each of the carbohydrates in the Fc of IgD to assembly and secretion was now analyzed by eliminating the carbohydrate addition sequence, Asn-X-Ser/Thr, through site-directed mutagenesis. Only the carbohydrate nearest the sole disulfide bond between heavy chains, which remained high mannose and appeared to be buried within the folded molecule, was found to be essential for secretion. When IgD lacked that glycan, assembly reached only the heavy/light chain half-molecule stage, and heavy chains were held inside the endoplasmic reticulum. Using benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-d-galactopyranoside (BADG) to inhibit complete O-linked glycosylation, we found that IgA1 and IgD with incomplete hinge carbohydrates were assembled and secreted from cells. Thus, one N-linked glycan plays a structural role in IgD and is required for proper assembly and secretion, but the O-linked carbohydrates in the hinge of IgD and IgA1 are not required for folding and export.
Baryon Physics at CEBAF

The accelerator and the three experimental halls at CEBAF are briefly described, and an introduction is given to the program at CEBAF to study the physics of nucleons and electromagnetically produced excited baryons. The latter will be studied mainly in Hall B with the photon tagger and CLAS detector, which are also briefly described. Experiments to look at final states involving strange quarks and to study Compton scattering from nucleons are examined. Finally, a brief summary is given of all three lectures.
Towards Scalable and Robust Service Discovery in Ubiquitous Computing Environments via Multi-hop Clustering

Large-scale ubiquitous computing environments require scalable and robust service discovery to enable "anytime, anywhere" computing, which is hard to be satisfied in flat network architecture. In this paper, a multi-hop Cluster-based Architecture for Service Discovery (CASD) in ubiquitous computing environments is presented. Based on the Neighborhood Benchmark (NB) which quantifies the connectivity and link stability of mobile nodes, CASD organizes the network consisting of heterogeneous mobile computing devices to be multi-hop clusters, and constructs each cluster to be a local DHT-based p2p network for distributed storage of service indices. The clusterheads are connected together to form a virtual backbone, based on which service discovery messages are disseminated among clusters. It is shown that CASD can control the communication overhead of service discovery when the network scale increases, and that CASD can achieve robust service discovery by maintaining controllable redundancy of service indices in each cluster. The scalability and robustness of our approach in various types of network settings are shown by intensive simulations.
Topology Control for Secured Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we present a new control method that makes some node adjustments in local areas in an effort to cover the "holes" in wireless sensor networks. Many security applications often face the problem of holes when some sensor nodes are disabled from the collaboration due to their failures and misbehavior. Affected by malicious attacks, these holes may occur dynamically and such a problem cannot be solved completely by simply deploying more redundant sensors. We propose a snake-like cascading replacement process in a local area in order to fill in the vacant area with trusted nodes. Only 1-hop neighborhood is used in our approach. Its implementations under both a passive model and an active model are discussed. The simulation results of our new control method show substantial improvements in total moving distance, total number of moves, and process converging speeds, compared with the best result known to date.