cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Search of Meaning: Why We Still Don't Know What Digital Data Represent

In the early years, researchers greeted the internet and digital data with almost wide-eyed wonder and excitement. The opportunities provided by digital media such as websites, bulletin boards, and blogs—and later by social media platforms and mobile apps—seemed nearly endless, and researchers were suddenly awash in data. The bounty was so great that it required new methods for processing, organizing, and analysis. Yet in all the excitement, it seems that the digital research community largely lost sight of something fundamental: a sense of what all these data actually represent. In this essay, I argue that moving forward, researchers need to take a critical look into, be more open about, and develop better approaches for drawing inferences and larger meaning from digital data. I suggest that we need to more closely interrogate what these data represent in at least two senses: statistical and contextual. In the former instance I call for much greater modesty in digital social research. In the latter, I call for heuristic models that permit bolder, more robust comparisons throughout our work.
A Physics Based Deep Learning Technique for Prognostics

Remaining useful life (RUL) estimation is one of the most important aspects of prognostics and health management (PHM). Various deep learning (DL) based techniques have been developed and applied for the purposes of RUL estimation. One limitation of DL is the lack of physical interpretations as they are purely data driven models. Another limitation is the need for an exceedingly large amount of data to arrive at an acceptable pattern recognition performance for the purposes of RUL estimation. This research is aimed to overcome these limitations by developing physics based DL techniques for RUL prediction and validate the method with real run-to-failure datasets. The contribution of the research relies on creating hybrid DL based techniques as well as combining physics based approaches with DL techniques for effective RUL prediction.
Of integrated information theory: a philosophical evaluation

Tononi’s Integrated Information Theory (IIT) explains consciousness as integrated information (Φ), that is, the informational state produced by the whole system over the sum of its parts. Many phil...
Surface Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Fragments on Transition Metals: Towards Understanding Catalytic Processes

The central issue of this review is the importance of selectivity in heterogeneous catalysis. The implications of our mechanistic studies on model systems to the interpretation of catalytic processes are discussed. In particular, it is our thesis that the optimization of catalytic selectivity may require a different approach than that needed to increase overall catalytic activity. This is so because a given intermediate in the reaction mechanism may be slow to form, but able to react by following more than one relatively fast pathway. In the case of hydrocarbon reforming, while activity is often controlled by alkane activation, selectivity is likely to depend on the regioselectivity of the subsequent dehydrogenation of the resulting alkyl surface intermediates. Similar arguments can be used to explain the selectivity between dehydrogenation and dehydration reactions on alcohols. Additional complications arise from the build up of carbonaceous deposits on the surface of the catalyst under reaction conditions. Surface-science studies have led to the conclusion that these deposits modify the properties of the exposed catalytic metal, opening up new channels for mild reactions but still allowing for the occurrence of the more demanding reactions involved in hydrocarbon reforming and oxidation processes. Lastly, catalyst modification can be introduced in a controlled fashion, as in the case of the bestowing of chirality to normal hydrogenation catalysts by the addition of small amounts of chiral cocatalysts to the reaction mixture. A brief survey of our recent investigation of these systems is provided.
Active acoustic telemetry tracking and tri-axial accelerometers reveal fine-scale movement strategies of a non-obligate ram ventilator

California horn sharks (Heterodontus francisci) are nocturnally active, non-obligate ram ventilating sharks in rocky reef habitats that play an important ecological role in regulating invertebrate communities. We predicted horn sharks would use an area restricted search (ARS) movement strategy to locate dense resource patches while minimizing energetic costs of travel and nighttime activity. As ectotherms, we predicted environmental temperature would play a significant role in driving movement and activity patterns. Continuous active acoustic tracking methods and acceleration data loggers were used to quantify the diel fine-scale spatial movements and activity patterns of horn sharks. First passage time was used to identify the scale and locations of patches indicative of ARS. Activity was assessed using overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) as a proxy for energy expenditure. Behavior within a patch was characterized into three activity patterns: resting, episodic burst activity, and moderate, consistent activity. After resting in daytime shelters, individuals travelled to multiple reefs throughout the night, traversing through depths of 2–112 m and temperatures of 10.0–23.8 °C. All sharks exhibited area restricted search patch use and arrived at their first patch approximately 3.4 ± 2.2 h (mean ± SD) after sunset. Sharks exhibited moderate, consistent activity in 54% of the patches used, episodic burst activity in 33%, and few (13%) were identified as resting at night. ODBA peaked while sharks were swimming through relatively deeper (~ 30 m), colder channels when traversing from one patch to the next. There was no consistent pattern between ODBA and temperature. We provide one of the largest fine-scale, high-resolution paired data sets for an elasmobranch movement ecology study. Horn sharks exhibited ARS movement patterns for various activity patterns. Individuals likely travel to reefs known to have profitable and predictable patches, potentially tolerating less suitable environmental temperatures. We demonstrate how gathering high-resolution information on the movement decisions of a community resident enhances knowledge of community structure and overall ecosystem function.
Cu-Mediated Butadiene ATRP

Despite over two decades of research, butadiene (BD) remains one of the most challenging monomers for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). A comprehensive mechanistic investigation of the e...
24 – Nuclear Explosives

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the nuclear explosion on an unclassified basis, and reviews the means by which proliferation of nuclear weapons is discouraged. The chapter discusses some of the potential applications of explosives for peaceful purposes. As fissile material such as U-235 and Pu-239 can be used for either power or destruction, certain safeguards must be exercised in any civilian nuclear power program to avoid diversion of strategic materials for illegal purposes. It is possible to create an explosive fission chain reaction by two different procedures: (1) rapidly bringing together two chunks of fissile material to achieve a supercritical mass — the so-called “gun” technique, and (2) compressing a sphere of uranium or plutonium by application of concentrated high explosives, the “implosion” method. Nuclear explosives release their energy in several ways. First is the blast effect, in which a shock wave moves outward in air, water, or rock, depending on where the event occurs. Second is the thermal radiation from the heated surrounding material, at temperatures typically 6000°C. Finally, there is the nuclear radiation, consisting mainly of neutrons and gamma rays.
Modelling and synthesis of Magnéli Phases in ordered titanium oxide nanotubes with preserved morphology.

The presence of Magneli phases in titanium oxide nanotubes (NTs) can open up frontiers in many applications owing to their electrical and optical properties. Synthesis of NTs with Magneli phases have posed a challenge due to the degradation and loss of morphology in NTs upon high-temperature treatments (>600 °C) in a reducing environment. This study reports on the synthesis of anodically formed NTs containing Magneli phases through a double annealing route: oxygen (O2) annealing followed by annealing in 2% hydrogen with a nitrogen balance (2%H2-N2). The nucleation, growth, and transformation of anodized amorphous NTs into crystalline phases was investigated. The NTs obtained through this route were highly ordered and composed of mixed phases of anatase, rutile, and the Magneli phase (Ti4O7). Experimental results from scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM), and Raman spectroscopy were combined with first principle calculations to develop an understanding of the sequential phase transformations during annealing. A predictive model was developed using density functional theory (DFT) to potentially predict the titanium oxides formed and their stability with reference to the mole fraction of oxygen. The change in the density of states (DOS), band structure, optical properties, and stability of phases are also discussed using DFT simulations. The combination of experimental characterization and modelling helped to understand the nucleation of anatase and rutile and the reorganization of these phases to form Magneli phases on the anodized amorphous NTs through annealing treatment.
Preparing for Post-Secondary Transition

This chapter begins by describing the relationship between person-centred planning and quality of life outcomes for students with disability, with a focus on the goals of transition planning. Secondary education should help prepare students with disability to meet their goals for post-secondary school life. Quality of life outcomes are lower for individuals with disability in Australia than for people without disability, which highlights the need for improved secondary to post-high school transition practices.
An Up-to-Date Review of the Meniscus Literature: A Systematic Summary of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses:

Background:A large number of systematic reviews and meta-analyses regarding the meniscus have been published.Purpose:To provide a qualitative summary of the published systematic reviews and meta-an...
Transitions Catalyst Model: Testing within- and between-Person Associations between Social Relationships and Alcohol Use, Motives, and Consequences among Young Adults

Background: The Transitions Catalyst Model suggests increased drinking during young adulthood is due to the notion that alcohol facilitates friendships and romantic/sexual relationships during a de...
The Paratext and the Plantation: Technologies of Containment in Maria Gowen Brooks’s Zophiel

Maria Gowen Brooks’s Zophiel; or, The Bride of Seven does not directly confront enslavement. However, since the epic poem was composed on a coffee plantation in Cuba, enslavement surrounds and stru...
Current Trends in Adoption As Seen in an Infertility Center

Fifty infertile couples who were successful in adopting a child either during or following their infertility evaluation and treatment completed questionnaires concerning their experiences during the process of adoption. Their success in adopting young children at reasonable cost and within a short time was surprising, and the data are presented.
Purification of Deoxythymidine Kinase by Preparative Disc Gel Electrophoresis and the Effects of Various Halogenated Nucleoside Triphosphates on Its Enzymatic Activity

Abstract A 530-fold purification of deoxythymidine kinase from extracts of Escherichia coli B cells has been achieved by the use of preparative polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis in the final stages of the purification procedure. Purified preparations of the enzyme contained one major protein band when examined by analytical polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. 5-Iodo-2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate and 5-bromo-2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate were more potent allosteric activators of deoxythymidine kinase than the naturally occurring effector 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate throughout the pH range of 5.2 to 9.3. Although 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate (IdUTP) activated the enzymes at basic pH values, it exerted an inhibitory effect in a manner comparable to 2'-deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate below pH 6.5. Whereas the inhibitory effect produced by IdUTP at pH 5.4 could not be prevented by even a 12-fold excess of dCTP, the activation caused by IdUTP at pH 7.8 is completely prevented by dTTP. Zone sedimentation studies in sucrose gradients have shown that the sedimentation coefficient of deoxythymidine kinase at pH 7.8 is increased by 5-bromo-2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate and 5-iodo-2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate to a greater extent than that produced by dCTP. IdUTP caused an even more marked effect on the sedimentation coefficient observed at pH 5.6 and 7.8 and was similar to that produced by dTTP. Linear reciprocal plots were obtained for varying concentrations of deoxythymidine in the presence of each halogenated effector at pH 5.4 and 7.8. At pH 5.4 IdUTP, like dTTP, was a competitive inhibitor of thymidine phosphorylation. The synthesis of 5-iodo-2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate from dCTP by direct iodination is described.
Leg regeneration in insects: An experimental analysis in Drosophila and a new interpretation

Abstract Fragments from prospective distal regions of Drosophila male foreleg imaginal discs failed to undergo proximal intercalary regeneration across leg segment borders when mechanically intermixed and cultured for 8 days with various fragments from prospective proximal disc regions. The failure of the distal cells to regenerate proximal leg segments was not due to a general restriction in their developmental potentials: Distal fragments, when deprived of their distal-most tips, regenerated in the distal direction at a high frequency. It is concluded that there exist in Drosophila leg discs the same restrictions with respect to regeneration along the proximodistal leg axis as had been previously observed in legs of several hemimetabolous insect species: Intersegmental discontinuities between grafted tissue pieces are not eliminated by intercalation. Based on the available evidence in hemimetabolous insects and in Drosophila , a new interpretation of the different aspects of regeneration in insect legs is offered. It is proposed that the two categories of regulative fields observed in insect legs, the leg segment fields and the whole leg field, represent the units of regulation for two fundamentally different regulative pathways that a cell at a wound edge can follow, the intercalative pathway and the terminal pathway, respectively. It is suggested that the criterion used by cells at healing wounds to choose between the two pathways is the difference in circumferential positional information between juxtaposed cells. The intercalative regulative pathway is switched on when cells with disparities in their axial positional information, or cells with less than maximal disparities in their circumferential information, contact one another. The terminal regulative pathway is triggered whenever cells with maximal circumferential disparities come into contact.
High‐resolution interseismic velocity data along the San Andreas Fault from GPS and InSAR

[1] We compared four interseismic velocity models of the San Andreas Fault based on GPS observations. The standard deviations of the predicted secular velocity from the four models are larger north of the San Francisco Bay area, near the creeping segment in Central California, and along the San Jacinto Fault and the East California Shear Zone in Southern California. A coherence spectrum analysis of the secular velocity fields indicates relatively high correlation among the four models at longer wavelengths (>15–40 km), with lower correlation at shorter wavelengths. To improve the short-wavelength accuracy of the interseismic velocity model, we integrated interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations, initially from Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) ascending data (spanning from the middle of 2006 to the end of 2010, totaling more than 1100 interferograms), with GPS observations using a Sum/Remove/Filter/Restore approach. The final InSAR line of sight data match the point GPS observations with a mean absolute deviation of 1.5 mm/yr. We systematically evaluated the fault creep rates along major faults of the San Andreas Fault and compared them with creepmeters and alignment array data compiled in Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF2). Moreover, this InSAR line of sight dataset can constrain rapid velocity gradients near the faults, which are critical for understanding the along-strike variations in stress accumulation rate and associated earthquake hazard.
Agonists and Antagonists for P2 Receptors

Recent work has identified nucleotide agonists selective for P2Y1, P2Y2 and P2Y6 receptors and nucleotide antagonists selective for P2Y1, P2Y12 and P2X1 receptors. Selective non-nucleotide antagonists have been reported for P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y6, P2Y12, P2Y13, P2X(2/3)/P2X3 and P2X7 receptors. For example, the dinucleotide INS 37217 (Up4dC) potently activates the P2Y2 receptor, and the non-nucleotide antagonist A-317491 is selective for P2X(2/3)/P2X3 receptors. Nucleotide analogues in which the ribose moiety is substituted by a variety of novel ring systems, including conformationally locked moieties, have been synthesized as ligands for P2Y receptors. The focus on conformational factors of the ribose-like moiety allows the inclusion of general modifications that lead to enhanced potency and selectivity. At P2Y1,2,4,11 receptors, there is a preference for the North conformation as indicated with (N)-methanocarba analogues. The P2Y1 antagonist MRS2500 inhibited ADP-induced human platelet aggregation with an IC50 of 0.95 nM. MRS2365, an (N)-methanocarba analogue of 2-MeSADP, displayed potency (EC50) of 0.4nM at the P2Y1 receptor, with >10000-fold selectivity in comparison to P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptors. At P2Y6 receptors there is a dramatic preference for the South conformation. Three-dimensional structures of P2Y receptors have been deduced from structure activity relationships (SAR), mutagenesis and modelling studies. Detailed three-dimensional structures of P2X receptors have not yet been proposed.
A Heuristic Algorithm for the k-Center Problem with Vertex Weight

In this paper, the NP-hard k-center problem with vertex weight is investigated. The problem is to choose k vertices as service centers so that the maximum weighted service delivery distance to any vertex is minimized. The notions of a neighbor vertex set and a d-restricted digraph based on weighted distance are introduced. The proposed algorithm uses a greedy strategy to choose the vertex with maximum vertex weight as the next service vertex. We have proved that the proposed algorithm generates results that are guaranteed to be no greater than twice the optimal solution values. This is the best possible polynomial time heuristic unless P=NP.
Fast Nonnegative Tensor Factorization with an Active-Set-Like Method

We introduce an efficient algorithm for computing a low-rank nonnegative CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (NNCP) decomposition. In text mining, signal processing, and computer vision among other areas, imposing nonnegativity constraints to the low-rank factors of matrices and tensors has been shown an effective technique providing physically meaningful interpretation. A principled methodology for computing NNCP is alternating nonnegative least squares, in which the nonnegativity-constrained least squares (NNLS) problems are solved in each iteration. In this chapter, we propose to solve the NNLS problems using the block principal pivoting method. The block principal pivoting method overcomes some difficulties of the classical active method for the NNLS problems with a large number of variables. We introduce techniques to accelerate the block principal pivoting method for multiple right-hand sides, which is typical in NNCP computation. Computational experiments show the state-of-the-art performance of the proposed method.
Shorebird roost-site selection at two temporal scales: Is human disturbance a factor?

Summary 1 Roost-site selection in shorebirds is governed by ambient factors, including environmental conditions and human disturbance. Determination of the extent to which these factors affect roost use and the associated implications for shorebird habitat protection is important for conservation strategies and informed management of human recreational use of these habitats. Shorebird conservation as a whole is a high priority world-wide because a large proportion of shorebird species is in decline. However, little is understood about the consistency of roost use by different species, what conditions affect species-specific roost-site selection, and at what spatial and temporal scales conditions influence selection. 2 We studied high-tide roost-site selection by eight species of non-breeding shorebirds on a critically important stopover and wintering refuge. We calculated spatial and temporal variability in roost use for each species based on counts and consistency of incidence. We then examined roost-site selection in relation to structural, environmental and human disturbance factors, and how this varied across spatial and temporal scales. 3 Most roosts were used less than 50% of the time, although larger roosts were used more consistently. This varied among species, with red knot Calidris canutus tending to concentrate at a few roosts and American oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus, dowitcher Limnodromus griseus and Limnodromus scolopaceus and ruddy turnstone Arenaria interpres more diffusely distributed among roosts. 4 At an annual scale, the principal factors affecting shorebird presence at roosts were roost length (size), local region, substrate and aspect. The extent and direction of these effects varied among species. Among years, red knots avoided roosts that had high average boat activity within 1000 m, but disturbance did not appear to be a factor for other species. 5 Daily roost use was influenced primarily by wind speed and the ability of roosts to provide shelter from the wind. Only dowitchers appeared to track daily disturbance, avoiding prospective roosts when boat activity within 100 m was high. 6 Synthesis and applications. Our findings emphasize the need to consider species-specific differences in temporal- and spatial-scale effects of roost-site selection factors, including human disturbance, when employing conservation measures for shorebirds. We suggest that conservation management should aim to provide a wide range of potential roosts (both natural and artificial) that could be used under different wind conditions and that are within reasonable travelling distance of preferred feeding areas. Roost use is often highly variable, and monitoring efforts must take this into account before making inferences about changes in use or selection of roost sites.
MR thermometry characterization of a hyperthermia ultrasound array designed using the k-space computational method.

Ultrasound induced hyperthermia is a useful adjuvant to radiation therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer. A uniform thermal dose (43°C for 30 minutes) is required within the targeted cancerous volume for effective therapy. This requires specific ultrasound phased array design and appropriate thermometry method. Inhomogeneous, acoustical, three-dimensional (3D) prostate models and economical computational methods provide necessary tools to predict the appropriate shape of hyperthermia phased arrays for better focusing. This research utilizes the k-space computational method and a 3D human prostate model to design an intracavitary ultrasound probe for hyperthermia treatment of prostate cancer. Evaluation of the probe includes ex vivo and in vivo controlled hyperthermia experiments using the noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) thermometry. A 3D acoustical prostate model was created using photographic data from the Visible Human Project®. The k-space computational method was used on this coarse grid and inhomogeneous tissue model to simulate the steady state pressure wavefield of the designed phased array using the linear acoustic wave equation. To ensure the uniformity and spread of the pressure in the length of the array, and the focusing capability in the width of the array, the equally-sized elements of the 4 × 20 elements phased array were 1 × 14 mm. A probe was constructed according to the design in simulation using lead zerconate titanate (PZT-8) ceramic and a Delrin® plastic housing. Noninvasive MRI thermometry and a switching feedback controller were used to accomplish ex vivo and in vivo hyperthermia evaluations of the probe. Both exposimetry and k-space simulation results demonstrated acceptable agreement within 9%. With a desired temperature plateau of 43.0°C, ex vivo and in vivo controlled hyperthermia experiments showed that the MRI temperature at the steady state was 42.9 ± 0.38°C and 43.1 ± 0.80°C, respectively, for 20 minutes of heating. Unlike conventional computational methods, the k-space method provides a powerful tool to predict pressure wavefield in large scale, 3D, inhomogeneous and coarse grid tissue models. Noninvasive MRI thermometry supports the efficacy of this probe and the feedback controller in an in vivo hyperthermia treatment of canine prostate.
New medium-dispersion fiber with large effective area and low dispersion slope

We designed and fabricated MDF with a dualring index profile. The fiber realized a large effective area of approximately 100 /spl mu/m/sup 2/, small dispersion slope of 0.065 ps/nm/sup 2//km, low attenuation of 0.212 dB/km. The splice loss between the fiber and a SM fiber was 0.12 dB. Consequently, the MDF is suitable for high bit rate and long haul systems over S-, C-, L- bands.
Earth Radiation Budget Observations, Old and New

A brief review of the climatology of radiation budget observations from satellites is presented, emphasizing the possibility of making estimates of energy transport. Then as an example of new data, calculations of the cloud feedback estimated from the new NIMBUS-7 ERB observations are discussed.
From modelling to inversion: designing a well-adapted simulator

ABSTRACT This paper describes a few mild design constraints that permit rapid adaptation of the modelling code for linear wave propagation to imaging/inversion or design optimization applications, retaining parallelism and other performance enhancements of the underlying simulator. It also describes an abstract software framework preserving the modularity of both optimization and modelling software in building inversion applications and illustrates this possibility via an example framework implemented in C++. Wave inverse problems tend to be afflicted by a variety of features, including extreme ill‐conditioning and nonlinearity, which degrade the performance of optimization formulations. Extended modelling variants of least‐squares inversion, motivated by migration velocity analysis, may relieve some of these difficulties. The framework described also accommodates these extensions to standard inversion.
Precision measurements using laser cooled atoms

A number of experimental applications of laser cooling of neutral atoms are described. In an experiment on atomic fountains, laser-cooled atoms pushed up on a vertical trajectory by radiation pressure were observed to turn around due to gravity. A compact cesium fountain that would give three to four orders of magnitude increase in the counting rate over the first experiment can be designed, and the trapping and cooling can be done with diode lasers, suggesting a practical clock. In order to increase the time-averaged flux of such a fountain and also create a continuous fountain, an atomic funnel that can produce an atomic beam of very low velocity ( approximately 270 cm/s) at densities of 10/sup 8/ atoms/cm/sup 2/ has been devised. >
Feminism, Foucault, and the Critique of Reason: Re-reading the History of Madness

This paper situates Lynne Huffer’s recent queer-feminist Foucaultian critique of reason within the context of earlier feminist debates about reason and critically assesses Huffer’s work from the point of view of its faithfulness to Foucault’s work and its implications for feminism. I argue that Huffer’s characterization of Enlightenment reason as despotic not only departs from Foucault’s account of the relationship between power and reason, it also leaves her stuck in the same double binds that plagued earlier feminist critiques of reason. An appreciation of the profoundly ambivalent nature of Foucault’s critique of reason offers feminists some insights into how to navigate those double binds. What feminists should learn from the early Foucault is precisely his commitment to engage in a rational critique of reason that highlights reason’s dangerous entanglements with power while resisting the temptation to reject or refuse reason altogether.
Instructional Course Lectures, The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons - Arthroscopic Meniscal Repair with Use of the Outside-in Technique*†

The well established importance of the meniscus in load transmission across the knee joint has led to the development of techniques to repair meniscal tears. Advances in our understanding of the basic biology and the healing of the meniscus have improved our ability to select appropriate tears for repair and to design methods to enhance meniscal healing. Both open and arthroscopic repair techniques have been found to be effective for meniscal suturing. The outside-in technique of arthroscopic repair of the meniscus was developed by Warren as a method to decrease the risk of injury to the peroneal nerve during arthroscopic repair of the lateral meniscus37. This technique is especially useful for repairing tears in the anterior portion of the meniscus, for suturing a meniscal replacement (such as an allograft or a collagen meniscal implant), and for inserting a fibrin clot into a repair site. This paper reviews the technique, indications, and results of meniscal repair with use of the outside-in method. The indications for meniscal repair have been well defined. The important factors for consideration include the location of the tear, the type of tear, the quality of tissue, chronicity, the age of the patient, and the stability of the knee. The most important factor in determining repairability is the location of the tear, as tears in the vascular periphery of the meniscus can mount a healing response. The ideal tear is an acute, vertical, longitudinal tear in the peripheral one-third of the meniscus in a young patient who has a stable knee or will have concomitant reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Because of the importance of the meniscus, repair can be considered for tears that extend into the central, avascular zone of the meniscus in younger patients. In support of invasive attempts to repair such tears, …
A topology of financial versus manufacturing management information systems

Manufacturing management information systems (MIS) are in a relatively less mature state than financial information systems. This difference in maturity is due, in part, to historical reasons, and to the complex and dynamic nature of manufacturing system attributes. This paper compares the various system attributes belonging to manufacturing and financial information systems. Application of inappropriate system design techniques (based on these system attribute differences) has contributed to the relatively high failure rate of manufacturing MIS. The paper analyzes the need for the development of design tools geared specifically toward manufacturing MIS.
Green's function for gratings: parametric problems

Abstract The free-space Helmholtzian Green function (GF) commonly used in analyses of wave scattering by periodic surfaces has an infinite set of parametric singularities, whose branch-point nature is of wide interest. But concomitant infinities at the singularities remain neglected. This flaw in the standard GF, under various guises, its neglect and consequences are discussed and a remedy proposed. We illustrate the problem and verify our solution via a Schwinger variational example.
Non-selective isolation, stability and longevity of hybrids between normal human somatic cells.

FIFTEEN years after the first somatic cell hybridisation1, there are still no reports of the successful isolation of proliferating populations of pure synkaryons between strains of euploid mammalian cells. Migeon et al.2 fused suitably marked human fibroblasts and lymphocytes using a selective medium, but they were unable to isolate further and characterise the presumptive hybrid subpopulation. No one, to our knowledge, has been able to obtain synkaryons between euploid cells without the use of biochemical selective techniques. Such an achievement would be highly significant, since it would facilitate mating between any pair of euploid somatic cells for which there are few selective2, but many3 differentiating markers.
Oxygen production and respiration in the Antarctic Polar Front region during the austral spring and summer

Abstract Gross and net O2 production and dark community respiration rates were measured during austral spring and summer from 53°S to 70°S along 170°W across the Antarctic Polar Front (APF). Integrated production and respiration rates were compared for stations north of the APF (53–59°S), within the front (59–61.5°S) and south of the APF (61.5–71°S). Production and respiration rates in the spring were highest north of the polar front and at the seasonal ice-edge (∼65°S) during a phytoplankton bloom. Depth-integrated rates of gross C, net C production and community respiration across the region were 155, 84 and –71 mmol C m−2 d−1, respectively. During the austral summer integrated gross O2 production rates remained high north of the APF and were similar to rates measured there in the spring, but decreased within the front and south of it. Production exceeded respiration north of the APF, but net heterotrophic conditions were observed within and south of the front. Depth-integrated rates of gross C, net C production and community respiration for the transect were 87, 5 and –37 mmol C m−2 d−1. Higher rates of oxygen consumption in the light suggest that phytoplankton respiration may have been a significant sink for gross production in the summer. Net O2 production estimated from mixed-layer O2 saturation levels was about a factor of two lower than in vitro bottle incubations and confirmed that respiration slightly exceeded production over much of the region in the summer.
Is phospholipase A2 a “glucose sensor” responsible for the phasic pattern of insulin release?

Abstract The mechanisms involved in the characteristic, normal biphasic pattern of glucose-induced insulin release (which is grossly altered in type II diabetics) have not been definitely elucidated. However, the temporal pattern of arachidonic acid release induced by cellular phospholipases precisely mimics that of first-phase insulin release, both being characterized by a burst of release peaking near 2—3 minutes and followed by a “trough” or apparent refractory period most apparent at 5–10 minutes. The latter appears temporally related not only to decreased arachidonate release but also to stimulation of its re-esterification. Pancreatic islets contain a glucose-sensitive phospholipase A 2 , and glucose has been shown to increase the accumulation of islet lipoxygenase-derived products which appear to be “third messengers” mediating insulin release. Blockade either of islet phospholiphase(s) or of islet lipoxygenase totally abrogates glucose-induced insulin release. The hypothesis is therefore proposed that phospholiphase A 2 could be one beta cell “glucose sensor”, and that the released arachidonate is coupled to an islet lipoxygenase. Labile oxygenated metabolites (lipid peroxides and epoxides) transduce the glucose signal into insulin release. The available data (albeit incomplete) are compatible with the formulation that the biphasic pattern of glucose-induced insulin release could be explained by dynamic changes in the availability of arachidonic acid and its consequent oxygenation.
Local, community and global centrality methods for analyzing networks

We examine whether the prominence of individuals in different social networks is determined by their position in their community, the whole network or by the location of their community within the network. To this end, we introduce two new measures of centrality, both based on communities in the network: local and community centrality. Community centrality is a novel concept that we introduce to describe how central one’s community is within the whole network. We introduce an algorithm to estimate the distance between communities and use it to find the centrality of communities. Using data from several social networks, we show that central communities incorporate actors who are involved in mainstream activities for that network. We then conduct a detailed study of different social networks and determine how various global measures of prominence relate to structural centrality measures. We show that depending on the underlying measure of prominence, different combinations of local, global and community centrality play an important role in determining the prominence. Local and community centrality measures add new information on top of existing global measures. We show robustness of our results by studying different partitions of the data and different clustering methods. Our deconstruction of centrality allows us to study the underlying processes that contribute to prominence in more detail and develop more detailed and accurate models.
A BODIPY-luminol chemiluminescent resonance energy-transfer (CRET) cassette for imaging of cellular superoxide

Spectroscopic and in cellulo studies are here reported on the very first BODIPY-luminol chemiluminescent resonance energy-transfer (CRET) cassette where the luminol CL agent is covalently linked to the BODIPY energy-transfer acceptor in a molecular dyad. The efficiency of intramolecular CRET investigated for the BODIPY-luminol dyad was found to be 64% resulting in a dual emissive response. Successful in cellulo biochemiluminescence via CRET was achieved in PMA activated splenocytes.
On the exact distribution of Hotelling's generalized T02

A general method for determining the exact null density and distribution of U(p), a constant times Hotelling's generalized T02 statistic, for integral values of m ( = (n1 − p − 1)2) is provided by inversion of Laplace transforms. The density of U(p) has been given explicitly for p = 3 and 4, and small values of m. Three approximations to the distribution of U(p) are also discussed and comparisons made with the exact distribution.
Debugging support for security properties of software architectures

Determining whether a software architecture meets its security requirements is an early step in assuring the security of the products developed from the architecture. In this paper, we propose a tool-based technique using an authorization scheme to analyze the security of software architectures. Such technique will serve as debugging support for software architectures to identify the portion in the software architecture that fails to meet the required level. Security is analyzed in terms of its aggregate attributes: availability, confidentiality, and integrity. In this paper, we address confidentiality and show that integrity is measured in a complementary manner to confidentiality. A scenario based approach is taken to analyze security in a software architecture. Our work is implemented in the OSATE environment and analyzes software architectures modeled using AADL (Architecture Analysis and Design Language).
Studies of fast reactions in detonations

The time-dependent behavior of the flow in reaction zones of the detonating homogeneous explosives nitromethane, liquid TNT, and ideal gases has been investigated using one- and two-dimensional Lagrangian and Eulerian numerical hydrodynamics with Arrhenius chemical reaction. A general model for bulk decomposition of heterogeneous explosives, called Forest Fire, has been developed, which gives the rate of explosive decomposition as a function of local pressure. The model permits description of the process of heterogeneous explosive initiation, propagation, and failure.
Bakhtin, Phaedrus, and the Geometry of Rhetoric

This question, the engine humming at the center of Bakhtin's vision, generating alien words like heteroglossy and polyphony, is one that rhetoricians do not ask. And our work is poorer for the silence. We make inquiries, sometimes very probing ones, into ethos, and occasionally we investigate some rhetor in great detail. But we take identity for granted. It is "Plato" or "Socrates" or "Burke" doing the speaking. What we fail to notice is that these labels do not designate autonomous, univocal entities. They designate composites-collections of voices, some in harmony, some in conflict. Mikhail Bakhtin, then, has something to tell us: listen. Listen and you will hear a verbal carnival of such depth and diversity, of such extravagance and exuberance, that your ears will never be the same again. The most immediate consequence of this newfound affluence is that the traditional triangular paradigm of rhetorical events becomes lopsided. The speaker's corner becomes very heavy. But two questions, in parallel with Bakhtin's obsessive probe, present themselves-"Who is listening?" and "What is being said?" -and they find similarly multivocal answers. This additional plurality does not so much balance the triangle as burden it. That is, as soon as we start to listen more carefully, the paradigm proves hopelessly inadequate. It simplifies interactions to the point of insignificance, it undervalues or ignores essential elements, and it effects an artificial closure on an inherently openended process. Applying it to any rhetorical event, once we are fitted with our new ears, reveals this inadequacy, but, to keep things in the family, consider how the paradigm fares in an examination of multivalence in the Phaedrus.
A method for measurement of multiple constitutive properties for composite materials

Abstract Accurate stress–strain constitutive properties are essential for understanding the complex deformation and failure mechanisms for materials with highly anisotropic mechanical properties. Among such materials, glass-fiber- and carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer–matrix composites play a critical role in advanced structural designs. The large number of different methods and specimen types currently required to generate three-dimensional allowables for structural design slows down the material characterization. Also, some of the material constitutive properties are never measured due to the prohibitive cost of the specimens needed. This work shows that simple short-beam shear (SBS) specimens are well-suited for measurement of multiple constitutive properties for composite materials and that can enable a major shift toward accurate material characterization. The material characterization is based on the digital image correlation (DIC) full-field deformation measurement. Two key elements show advantage of using DIC in the SBS tests. First, tensile, compressive, and shear stress–strain relations are measured in a single experiment. Second, a counter-intuitive feasibility of closed-form stress and modulus models, normally applicable to long beams, is demonstrated for short-beam specimens. The modulus and stress–strain data are presented for glass/epoxy and carbon/epoxy material systems.
Increasing Access to Treatment for Chagas Disease: The Case of Morelos, Mexico

Chagas disease is a neglected vector-borne disease with an estimated prevalence of 1.1 million cases in Mexico. Recent research showed that access to treatment of Chagas disease is limited in Mexico, with < 0.5% of infected cases treated. This brief report used quantitative data from the Morelos Program on Chagas disease and qualitative analysis of key informant interviews to examine strategies to increase treatment access for infected patients in Morelos, Mexico. From 2007 to 2011, 263 (9.2%) of the registered cases of Chagas disease in Mexico occurred in Morelos. Among these, 152 (57.8%) were treated and 97.3% of those treated received benznidazole. The assessment finds that state officials decided to directly purchase benznidazole from the distributor to increase access and improve clinical quality of treatment of patients in their state. They also faced significant barriers, especially in regulation and health system organization, which limited efforts to make high quality treatment available.
Skeletal metabolism in early infancy: urinary hydroxyproline.

Healthy newborn infants were studied in regard to daily urinary output of free and total hydroxyproline and the results correlated with other recognized indices of skeletal metabolism and growth, such as serum alkaline phosphatase activity and urinary excretion of creatinine, calcium, and phosphorus. The low excretion rate of hydroxyproline noted at birth and the rapid increase noted subsequently were attributed to changing rate of growth and alterations in renal function.
Predicting isotherms in micropores for different molecules and temperatures from a known isotherm by improved Horvath-Kawazoe equations

Our improved Horvath-Kawazoe (H-K) equations (by considering the isotherm nonlinearity) for three pore geometries are first summarized. These equations apply to adsorption in microporous materials at subcritical temperatures. From a known isotherm at a given temperature, these equations are used to predict isotherms of the same adsorbate molecules at other temperatures, and also to predict isotherms for other adsorbate molecules at the same (or any subcritical) temperature. A reasonable agreement is obtained between predictions and experimental data. Since the H-K formulation only involves dispersion forces, it underpredicts for gas-solid systems in which other forces also exist. The N2-zeolite system is one of these systems.
Near-Infrared Spectrometry for the Quantification of Dermal Absorption of Econazole Nitrate and 4-Cyanophenol

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the utility of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for the in vitro quantification of econazole nitrate (EN) and 4-cyanophenol (4-CP) in hairless guinea pig skin. NIR spectra were collected from each of the following: EN and 4-CP powders, EN and 4-CP in solution, and skin samples following topical exposure to either 4-CP in water or EN in propylene glycol and topical creams. To predict drug concentration from NIR spectra, principal component regression (PCR), interval PCR, and uninformative variable elimination PCR were each used with a leave-one-out cross-validation, and results were compared. NIR results were validated against known skin concentrations measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of solvent extracts. NIR results matched the HPLC results for the quantification of 4-CP and EN in skin exposed to saturated solutions and topical creams with an r2 > 0.90, a standard error of estimation <7.0%, and a standard error of performance <8.0%. This experiment demonstrated that NIR closely parallels results obtained from tissue extraction and HPLC analysis, proving its potential utility for the rapid and noninvasive determination of topical bioavailability/bioequivalence of EN and quantification of the model chemical 4-CP. Investigation of drugs in human skin is now justified.