cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Citycenter (E): Blow Up the Harmon?

Casino owner considers whether to implode, complete, or do nothing with a 26 story vacant new building on the Las Vegas Strip. This case continues a series of pieces about the progress of CityCenter, an $11bn project in Las Vegas said to be the largest private construction project in the history of the United States. As in the prior observations of this project, issues around measurement of demand, architecture, construction, scheduling, and finance all interact. At the time of the case, court hearings have just started with a possible swing in the outcomes of $600,000,000.Learning Objective: Sets out programmatic and architectural options depending on how the court case is decided.
Politics and Regulatory Policy Analysis

Many of the scholarly and political debates about cost-benefit analysis (CBA) focus on the merits or problems of the technique itself. But there has been little consideration of what role cost-benefit analysis has already had, and whether institutional constraints affect the regulatory process. Indeed, there is little empirical evidence that CBA makes regulation more cost effective or that CBA is an impediment to the regulatory process. Over the past two decades of federal regulation, executive review, and not CBA, has controlled the regulatory process.
Navigating SWANCC: An Examination of the Army Corps of Engineers' Authority Under the Clean Water Act

Virtually since the passage of the Clean Water Act (CWA) more than 30 years ago, a debate has raged over the scope of regulatory authority the CWA affords to federal agencies, particularly the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Army Corps of Engineers. In Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County (SWANCC) v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Supreme Court considered and rejected these agencies' broad assertions of authority to regulate the use of isolated wetlands. This article places the SWANCC decision in the historical context of federal regulation of navigable waters, examines the legislative history of the CWA, and reviews counterarguments to the Supreme Court's SWANCC rationale. The author concludes that, in view of SWANCC and the historical record, the Corps' and EPA's statutory authority to regulate under the CWA properly extends only to navigable waters as they have been traditionally defined, and to wetlands adjacent to such waters.
Development of a high resolution detector for positron emission mammography

Various PET detector configurations were investigated for the design of a compact, high spatial resolution PET detector block for the PET/X system. This system is being designed as a dedicated breast imager with high quantitative accuracy for monitoring response to new cancer therapies. The block's spatial resolution, count rate capability, number of readout channels, energy and timing resolution were optimized. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to model the expected singles rates from the breast and surrounding organs on the PET detector blocks. The results were used to optimize the block size and determine the expected pileup probability. Silicon photomultiplier based photosensor arrays from Hamamatsu and SensL were evaluated with two different scintillator arrays consisting of 2×2 mm2 crystals separated by ESR and sub-surface laser engraving. Row/column readout electronics were used to study light sharing within the scintillator crystals and to optimize light spread through light guides when coupling the scintillators to the photosensors. 4-corner readout electronics were chosen to readout the detector block, as this minimized the number of readout channels per block. A block consisting of an ESR-separated LYSO crystal array coupled to Hamamatsu's through-silicon-via MPPC array demonstrated excellent crystal resolvability, 14% energy resolution and 1.2 ns coincidence resolving time. In addition, the depth-of-interaction of the incident photons was found by adding an extra layer of ESR-separated LYSO crystals staggered by 1 mm in each axis.
Dangerous Undertakings: Sacred Texts and Copyright's Myth of Aesthetic Neutrality

At a rhetorical level, American courts have maintained a steadfast commitment to aesthetic neutrality in their copyright jurisprudence. In holding that pedestrian commercial copy would receive the same protection under the law as high-brow art, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes once famously cautioned that “It would be a dangerous undertaking for persons trained only to the law to constitute themselves final judges of the worth of pictorial illustrations, outside of the narrowest and most obvious limits.” Yet for all this rhetorical solicitude, courts inevitably make aesthetic judgments when approaching copyright cases. Dangerous Undertakings examines how subtle aesthetic considerations in the fair use calculus impact the extent to which courts permit unauthorized reinterpretations of canonical works and other cultural content. To develop this point, this Essay compares juridical reasoning in three widely observed infringement cases: the controversy over Alice Randall’s lacerating rendition of Gone with the Wind, the ill-fated attempt of J.D. California to publish an unauthorized sequel to Catcher in the Rye and the unlicensed use of a collection of Rastafarian photographs in renowned appropriation artist Richard Prince’s Canal Zone series. Through the course of its analysis of Suntrust v. Houghton Mifflin, Salinger v. Colting and Cariou v. Prince, this Essay undermines the myth of aesthetic neutrality and considers how juridical conceptions of history, hierarchy and value help consecrate cultural meaning and develop epistemological narratives. As Dangerous Undertakings ultimately argues, to better understand the adjudication of copyright questions, we must not only recognize the elusive nature of aesthetic neutrality; rather, we must also appreciate the power of embedded cultural norms and assumptions in driving copyright law’s development.
Revision of the Genus Cophura Osten Sacken (Diptera: Asilidae)

The exact limitations of Cophura have been a subject of speculation among American workers since Osten Sacken (1886) described the genus. Various writers have added species to the genus with the understanding that it is heterogeneous, including diverse forms. No treatise of relationships has been attempted, probably because of the difficulty of getting together described species. Most of these species are known in literature only by the original descriptions, and limited special collecting in the southwestern States has given the impression that they are rare. Largely due to the success of rather recent collecting, the author has been able to accumulate nearly all the known species and so enabled to make a comprehensive revision.
Tests for chemical mutagens in Drosophila using the vaginal douche technic.

SummaryVaginal douches of 4% methyl bis (β-chloroechyl) amine hydrochloride produced 53 lethals in 5488 egg and sperm X chromosomes tested while only 13 lethals were observed in the 6271 sperm or egg X chromosomes tested after treatments with formaldehyde, copper sulfate, 2,4-dinitrophenol, hydrazine hydrate and trypsin. The practicality of the vaginal douche technic for the induction of mutations with N mustard in both sperm and eggs, suggested from previous experiments, is confirmed in that 30 lethals occurred in the 2951 sperm tested and 23 in the 2537 eggs tested. The number of sperm X chromosome lethals seems to be considerably higher in F1 females resulting from single copulations within a two hour period from the time of injection (23 lethals in 1416 tests) than it is in females from copulations after this interval (7 lethals in 1535 tests); the mutation rate for the egg X chromosome under these conditions remains apparently unaffected (9/1083 and 14/1454, respectively). Whereas the 30 sperm lethal...
Assessment of the degree of cleanliness of environment control areas with grey relation

Objective To explore a method for evaluating the degree of cleanliness of environment control areas and to obtain scientific and comparable experimental data from every clean room Methods Data of nine indexes(airborne particles,settling microbe ,airborne microbe, wind speed, noise, illumination, temperature, relative humidity and static pressure difference) were collected from 449 clean rooms in 66 food industries, pharmaceutical industries, hospitals and research institutes which were tested from 2001 to July of 2004 by Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention These data were classified by four aspects of level, category, area and year and analyzed with the method of grey relation.In this way , quality of cleanliness would be assessed Results Hundred thousand level was the best in all levels, pharmaceutical industries were the best in all categories , Putian was the best in all areas and the year of 2003 was the best in all years Conclusion Grey relation is an accurate and practical method for comprehensive evaluation
Ionization Behavior of Polyphosphoinositides Determined via the Preparation of pH Titration Curves Using Solid-State 31 P NMR

Detailed knowledge of the degree of ionization of lipid titratable groups is important for the evaluation of protein-lipid and lipid-lipid interactions. The degree of ionization is commonly evaluated by acid-base titration, but for lipids localized in a multicomponent membrane interface this is not a suitable technique. For phosphomonoester-containing lipids such as the polyphosphoinositides, phosphatidic acid, and ceramide-1-phosphate, this is more conveniently accomplished by (31)P NMR. Here, we describe a solid-state (31)P NMR procedure to construct pH titration curves to determine the degree of ionization of phosphomonoester groups in polyphosphoinositides. This procedure can also be used, with suitable sample preparation conditions, for other important signaling lipids. Access to a solid-state, i.e., magic angle spinning, capable NMR spectrometer is assumed. The procedures described here are valid for a Bruker instrument, but can be adapted for other spectrometers as needed.
Avicaching: A Two Stage Game for Bias Reduction in Citizen Science

Citizen science projects have been very successful at collecting rich datasets for different applications. However, the data collected by the citizen scientists are often biased, more aligned with the citizens' preferences rather than scientific objectives. We introduce a novel two-stage game for reducing data-bias in citizen science in which the game organizer, a citizen-science program, incentivizes the agents, the citizen scientists, to visit under-sampled areas. We provide a novel way of encoding this two-stage game as a single optimization problem, cleverly folding (an approximation of) the agents' problems into the organizer's problem. We present several new algorithms to solve this optimization problem as well as a new structural SVM approach to learn the parameters that capture the agents' behaviors, under different incentive schemes. We apply our methodology to eBird, a well-established citizen-science program for collecting bird observations, as a game called Avicaching. We deployed Avicaching in two New York counties (March 2015), with a great response from the birding community, surpassing the expectations of the eBird organizers and bird-conservation experts. The field results show that the Avicaching incentives are remarkably effective at encouraging the bird watchers to explore under-sampled areas and hence alleviate the eBird's data bias problem.
Cultural and religious diversity

This is an excellent contribution that integrates a diverse literature and suggests many avenues for further research. It makes a convincing case for the cultural ecosystem approach. The article mi...
Chiari II Malformation: MR Imaging Evaluation

The purpose of this study was to explore the value of high-detail MR imaging in the diagnosis of the Chiari II malformation. Twenty-four patients with known Chiari II malformation as diagnosed by CT scanning were evaluated with cranial MR scans. Two patients also had spine scans. The sagittal-plane images were the most informative, and abnormalities of the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, rhomboencephalon, upper spinal cord, and mesencephalon were shown extremely well. We found MR to be an easy and accurate method for demonstrating the abnormalities of the Chiari II malformation, and it is our procedure of choice.
Measuring and Modeling Transformations of Information Between Brain Regions with fMRI

Investigating how information is transformed from brain region to brain region is a crucial step to understand the neural foundations of cognitive processes. This investigation requires a characterization of the representations encoded in different regions, and models of how they are transformed that can match the complexity of neural processes. We introduce an approach in which representations are characterized as points in multidimensional spaces, and processes transforming representations from region to region are modeled as nonlinear functions using artificial neural networks. Across multiple experiments with different stimuli and tasks, we show that this approach reveals functionally relevant network structure and outperforms comparable linear models at predicting independent data.
Labor use and profitability associated with pasture systems in grass-fed beef production.

Three pasture systems for grass-fed beef that are representative of those used in the U.S. Gulf Coast region are compared by labor use and profitability. In addition to means comparisons, stochastic efficiency with respect to a function analysis allows us to incorporate the role of risk preference in determining the most preferred production system. Five years of experimental data from the Iberia Research Station in Louisiana are used to develop revenue, expense, and labor use estimates for the three systems. Results suggest that, with or without including charges for labor, the most profitable system is the least complex bermudagrass-ryegrass system. If labor is included, a medium-complexity forage system becomes preferred for more risk averse farmers. The most complex forage system might become competitive if a carbon market were developed and/or farmers were able to realize higher grass-fed beef prices on the basis of product quality.
Bcl-2 Family Dysregulation in AML1-ETO-Expressing Human Hematopoietic Cells

Abstract A subset of acute myeloid leukemia is caused by the chromosomal translocation (8;21), resulting in the expression of the AML1-ETO (AE) fusion protein. AE expression in human CD34+ umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells causes an expansion of the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) compartment, but alone does not cause leukemia. We have recently shown that AE represses DNA damage repair genes, resulting in higher mutation frequency as well as p53 activation and increased basal apoptosis. Interestingly, we found that AE expression in CD34+ UCB cells was associated with high Bcl-xL levels, while control cells showed a gradual loss of Bcl-xL protein. Furthermore, expression of AE in aged HSPC that had already downregulated Bcl-xL also led to Bcl-xL protein upregulation. In addition, Bcl-xL protein, but not mRNA, was decreased by pharmacological and RNAi-mediated inhibition of p53 in AE cells and increased by low-intensity γ-irradiation, implying that Bcl-xL turnover may be post-translationally regulated by p53 levels. Bcl-xL knock-down by short-hairpin RNA in AE cells resulted in even higher p53 activity and growth disadvantage, suggesting that AE cells depend largely upon Bcl-xL for survival in the context of p53 activation. AE cells are also more sensitive than long-term cultured UCB cells to GX15-070, a BH3-mimetic drug that binds and inhibits all anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. The sensitivity of AE cells to Bcl-xL inhibition and GX15-070 treatment may be due to upregulation of various pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. Surprisingly, p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) mRNA levels were decreased or remained unchanged in association with AE expression, even in the context of an upregulated p53 signaling pathway. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that AE binds to and AML1 binding site in the putative promoter of PUMA, in a region distinct from the p53 consensus binding site. Indeed, PUMA expression is increased in response to γ-irradiation in cells expressing AE. This suggests that AE may directly repress PUMA gene expression, but does not prevent p53 binding. Taken together, our data indicate that AE expression may lead to re-establishment of a new balance between the pro-apoptotic signals conveyed by the activated p53 signaling pathway and the pro-survival signals, presumably Bcl-xL upregulation and PUMA repression, within the Bcl-2 family proteins to ensure cell survival and propagation.
High speed mapping of Ga compositional profiles in CuIn 1−x Ga x Se 2 solar cells by spectroscopic ellipsometry

The dielectric functions of CuIn 1−x Ga x Se 2 (CIGS) alloys as deduced by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) have been parameterized versus CIGS bandgap E g and versus x. As a result, E g can serve as a free parameter in regression analyses of SE data acquired on multilayer structures incorporating CIGS. This enables the determination of CIGS bandgap profiles in solar cell structures with SE measurement times < 1 s. Such a capability further enables module scale mapping of Ga profiles with on-line SE instrumentation. This capability has been demonstrated by presenting maps of depth profile information on Ga composition for three stage co-evaporation of CIGS solar cells with thin absorbers. The Ga profiles have been simulated with two linear segments, and the compositions at the junction, at the minimum within the absorber, and at the back contact have been mapped. Spatial variations in x at the junction correlate with the cell's open circuit voltage, supporting the validity of the methods.
The Penrose dodecahedron and the Witting polytope are identical in CP3

Abstract The 40 states of a spin-3/2 particle used by Zimba and Penrose to prove the Kochen–Specker and Bell theorems are shown to be identical (i.e., unitarily equivalent) in CP 3 to the 40 rays that follow from the vertices of the Witting polytope. The Witting polytope also gives rise to 120 rays in RP 7 that give rise to well over a billion parity proofs of the Kochen–Specker theorem. The implications of these results are discussed.
Book Review: Sacred Precincts: The Religious Architecture of Non-Muslim Communities across the Islamic World

Sacred Precincts: The Religious Architecture of Non-Muslim Communities across the Islamic World. Edited by Mohammad Gharipour. Arts and Archaeology of the Islamic World, vol. 3. Leiden: Brill, 2015. xxxviii + 542 pp. $249.00 (cloth).Printed on heavy stock, laden with over two hundred photographs (many in color), and featuring an attractive cover, Sacred Precincts is a volume beautiful enough to adorn my coffee table, yet useful enough to merit a place on my office bookshelf. Mohammad Gharipour has assembled twentyfive essays by a roster of authors, including both seasoned and emerging scholars hailing from (or now studying or working in) the United States, Portugal, Iran, Scotland, Austria, Italy, Canada, England, Malta, The Gambia, Nigeria, Syria, Palestine, Mali, Iraq, Cyprus, and Morocco.The books underlying principle is that sacred architecture-defined as "the visible and invisible sites, complexes, structures, and spaces (natural and built) where members of a community manifest their devotion and summon divine presence by performing the recitations, rituals, and processions that distinguish them as adherents to a particular set of beliefs" (p. xi)- offers "unique insights into the complex interactions between Islam and other religious and spiritual traditions" (p. xi). Use of architecture as a window into interreligious interaction requires a cross-disciplinary approach. Thus this book is informed by historical, sociological, anthropological, and even theological methods, but does not sit entirely within any of these disciplines. A pleasant surprise, given the large number of contributors and the variety of their disciplines, is how smoothly the book reads as a whole. Particularly helpful to the non-specialist, and no less useful to the specialist, is the provision of a comprehensive glossary, even though foreign terms are defined on first mention in each chapter.Essays are grouped in four parts: "Identity," "Design," "Construction," and "Re-use." Part 1 offers an exploration of mutual relations between religious, social, and ethnic identities; the formation and development of nonMuslim religious sites in Islamic contexts; and ways in which architecture has been an implement for reflecting identity. Part 2, which opens with an essay on "Devotional and Artistic Responses" to contests between Christians and Muslims over a particular worship space in thirteenth-century Cairo, considers "formal, material, and spatial elements of the designed and built environment" (p. 3)-particularly contextual issues and approaches to selfexpression by minority groups. …
Crustal structure and surface-wave dispersion, Part III: Theoretical dispersion curves for suboceanic Rayleigh waves

Theoretical Rayleigh wave dispersion curves for three different types of sub-oceanic basement layering are presented. Previous conclusions concerning the dispersion of Rayleigh waves across ocean basins are re-examined in the light of the new data.
Apolipoprotein E ϵ 4 allele was a risk factor for Alzheimer disease

Source Citation Evans DA, Beckett LA, Field TS, et al. Apolipoprotein E e 4 and incidence of Alzheimer disease in a community population of older persons. JAMA. 1997 Mar 12;277:822-4.
TetrisOS and BreakoutOS: Assembly Language Projects for Computer Organization

TetrisOS and BreakoutOS are projects developed for a sophomore-level computer organization course. Each project teaches a wide range of x86 assembly language topics, including iteration, function calls, data storage, segmentation, communication with devices, and polling-based and interrupt-based I/O. They run "bare-metal" and avoid system calls. Each game can run natively on any PC and boot from a USB stick. The projects were tested on six classes of students over three semesters at two universities, and though rigorous, had a high completion rate.
PPB level gas quantification by bubble chromatography

This paper reports the part-per-billion (ppb) level quantification capability of a bubble gas chromatography technique. Previously we reported the concept and operation principle of a bubble chromatography that identified different gas types by monitoring bubble diameters of different gases [1]. One unique capability of the bubble chromatography is the capture of a gas into multiple bubbles, thus potentially enabling quantification by counting the number of bubbles. This paper first time reports such a quantifying capability down to 26.9 ppb in a linear response range between 2.09 pL and 1.00 μL. The microfluidic device generated 400 bubbles/second and enabled measurement down to 0.84 nL pentane/second with an increment of only 2.09pL/bubble resolution.
Forest fragmentation and loss reduce richness, availability, and specialization in tropical hummingbird communities

Hummingbirds are important pollinators of many native Neotropical plants but their abundance and diversity in landscapes dominated by intensive human uses such as agriculture have rarely been examined, despite such land-uses prevailing in the tropics. We examined how tropical deforestation affects hummingbird community structure in premontane forest patches embedded in a tropical countryside of Coto Brus Canton, Costa Rica. We captured hummingbirds in fourteen landscapes representing a gradient in patch size and forest amount, and tested for the effects of these variables on (1) hummingbird captures at flowers (pollinator availability); (2) species richness; and (3) filtering of functional traits. After accounting for sampling effects, both hummingbird availability and species richness declined by 40% and 50%, respectively, across the gradient in deforestation that we observed (9–66% forest within 1000 m). Focal patch size was the strongest predictor, even after statistically accounting for the amount of forest and matrix composition of landscapes. These reductions in availability and richness were well predicted by functional traits; morphologically specialized species with the capacity to transport long-distance outcrossed pollen and low functional redundancy within the pollinator network showed the greatest sensitivity to landscape change. We hypothesize that declines in hummingbird availability, diversity, and functional traits are important mechanisms driving the observed pollen limitation of ornithophilous flowers in fragmented tropical landscapes. Efforts to conserve large forest patches and enhance matrix permeability are critical for maintaining forest hummingbird communities and pollination services under current and predicted deforestation regimes.
Selective, Accurate, and Precise Quantitation of Glutarylcarnitine in Human Urine from a Patient with Glutaric Acidemia Type I

Background: Although correctly used in expanded newborn screening programs to identify patients with possible diseases, flow-injection tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) acylcarnitine “profiles” are inadequate for standard clinical uses owing to their limited quantitative accuracy and lack of selectivity. We report the application of our selective, accurate, and precise method for quantification of acylcarnitines, applied to urine glutarylcarnitine from a patient with glutaric acidemia type I (GAI). Methods: A previously validated acylcarnitine ultra-HPLC-MS/MS method was used, with a focus on analysis of glutarylcarnitine. Calibrants and samples were isolated by solid-phase extraction and derivatized with pentafluorophenacyl trifluoromethanesulfonate. Acylcarnitine pentafluorophenacyl esters were eluted in 14-min chromatograms. Standardized calibrants and a 13-point, 200-fold concentration range calibration curve were used for accurate quantification of glutarylcarnitine. Quality control samples validated method accuracy and long-term analytic stability. Results: Quantification of glutarylcarnitine in urine from a patient with GAI is reported. Long-term analytical stability of the method over a 5-year period is shown. Conclusions: Our method for acylcarnitine quantification is shown to be selective, accurate, and precise; thus, we recommend it for confirmatory testing and monitoring of plasma and urine samples from patients with GAI.
A Review of Developments and Applications in Item Analysis

This chapter summarizes ETS contributions concerning the development and application of item analysis procedures. The focus is on dichotomously scored items, which allows for a simplified presentation that is consistent with the focus of the original developments and which has straightforward application to polytomously scored items.
High frequency, megawatt gyrotron experiments at MIT

Results from megawatt gyrotron experiments operating between 110 and 140 GHz will be presented. The beam velocityspread has been measured using a retarding potential diagnostic. The measured perpendicular velocity spread was typicallybetween A‚Â±10% and A‚Â±15% for velocity ratios between 1.5 and 2.0. The spread was larger at higher beam currents. Goodagreement was also obtained between two separate measurements of the velocity ratio. A new experiment at 110 GHz is nowbeing assembled. This device will operate in the TE22,6,1 mode and will have an internal converter to produce a Gaussianoutput beam.
Controlled release of flavor oil nanoemulsions encapsulated in filled soluble hydrogels.

Abstract The goal of this project was to create hydrogels, a type of soluble biopolymer delivery system to encapsulate flavored nanoemulsions that are released under artificial saliva conditions. Low methoxyl (LM) pectin and whey protein isolate (WPI) at pH 4.0 were used to form the hydrogels at a ratio of 4:1 (w/w), respectively. Orange oil, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil, and WPI were used to make stable nanoemulsions loaded with flavor oil. The nanoemulsions were encapsulated into hydrogels with a mean diameter of 768 ± 36 nm. The ability of the hydrogels to encapsulate the orange oil and release the flavor in the presence of artificial saliva was determined using size distribution data, confocal microscopy, and the release of limonene as assessed by solid-phase microextraction using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Results showed that the encapsulation of flavor nanoemulsions in filled hydrogels reduces the release of limonene.
Evaluating the Assumptions in an Empirical Jet-Surface Interaction Noise Model

A set of empirical jet-surface interaction noise models, developed for single-stream round nozzles exhausting over a simple surface in a static ambient, are evaluated for use in more realistic applications that include multi-stream nozzle systems, multi-plane surface geometries, and a flight-stream. The simple-single-stream models have several advantages when used in system-level noise studies: they are robust, they are quickly computed, and they are generally applicable to a wide range of configurations. However, these models require simplifying assumptions when applied to more complex jet exhaust systems; for example, previous work on multi-stream jets used an empirical formula to compute a single-stream equivalent jet potential core length that could be used to predict the noise using simple-single-stream jet-surface interaction models. This paper considers the effect of flight and multi-plane surfaces using a similar approach: introducing assumptions to simplify the complex system, applying the simple-single-stream models, and evaluating the uncertainty.
Memorial de la municipalidad de Quito al Gobierno de la Gran Colombia, en solicitud de una disminución de la deuda de censos

El documento original se halla en el Archive del Congreso de Bogota, subserie del Senado, anos 1820-23, T. LXVII, folios 288-290. Hemos actualizado la ortografia. Hay que advertir que este documento no es sino la primera pieza de un expediente mas largo, referente a las quejas ecuatorianas sobre deuda de censos eclesiasticos y otros problemas afines. El expediente completo sigue hasta el folio 311 del mismo Torno del Archivo del Congreso de Bogota. Los titulillos del margen han sido puestos por los editores.
Radiosurgery for brain metastases.

Brain metastases represent the most common intracranial neoplasm, and they have become the most common indication for radiosurgery. The authors present a review summarizing the major issues surrounding the management of brain metastases and an English-language literature review of 21 independent reports, using either Gamma Knife or linear accelerator- based radiosurgery, with over 1700 patients and more than 2700 lesions available for analysis.
Transition from Tubes to Sheets-A Comparison of the Properties and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene

Abstract This chapter provides a systematic comparison of band structures, physical properties as well as associated applications between carbon nanotubes and graphene. Both these two carbon-based nanomaterials are composed of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms based on sp2 hybridization and thus share some relevant characteristics. However, they have significantly different electronic states due to their morphological variation in quantum confinement, which is responsible for their different electrical, mechanical, and optical properties. This chapter provides readers some basic knowledge, hints, and insights for choosing appropriate carbon-based nanomaterials for specific applications in electronics, machines, composites, optics, optoelectronics, and other areas.
Cardiovascular Function: Central Nervous System Control

The cardiovascular system is precisely regulated and integrated with other systems in the body, by the nervous system, to maintain appropriate perfusion of tissues. This regulation is controlled by the brain and is exerted primarily by the autonomic nervous system, but other endocrine and behavioral responses also contribute to this regulation. Arterial pressure is maintained within a narrow range by the baroreceptor reflex, but multiple additional neural mechanisms are activated by other stimuli, both internal and external to the organism, which elicit highly patterned and coordinated cardiovascular responses with the goal of providing optimal perfusion of all tissues under a variety of conditions.
The Singularity Expansion Representation of Surface Current on a Perfectly Conducting Scatterer

The term “singularity expansion” was coined by Baum [1] to apply to the characterization of the scattering phenomenon in terms of the complex natural resonances of the scattering object. The use of the concept of complex natural resonance appears in the literature from time to time previous to Baum’s 1971 work (e.g. Schelkunoff [2]), but it is Baum’s work that motivated a substantial effort during the 1970fs to put the concept on a sounder mathematical footing and to apply it in a variety of applications and to a variety of geometries.
Chaga (Inonotus Obliquus) Mushroom: Nutraceutical Assesement Based on Latest Findings

Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) is a white-rot fungus growing on birch trees. It looks like burnt coal, has edibility and is regarded a traditional medicinal mushroom in China, Russia, Poland, other Baltic countries. It is hailed as a folk remedy against diabetes, digestive disorders, intestinal worms, liver ailments, cardiovascular diseases, tuberculosis and cancer etc. Recently, it has grabbed attention from mainstream medicine as a therapeutic mushroom. The discovery of a diverse range of secondary metabolites including, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, melanins, lanosterol, inotodiol, ergosterol and trametenolic acid have promoted it as a potential drug candidate. Biological roles as antioxidant, antiinflammation, anticancer, immunomodulation, antiallergy, antilipemic, hypoglycaemic, antiviral, neurostimulation have been validated. This chapter delves into the biological roles and mechanisms governing the effects.
A Distributed Algorithm for Distribution Network Reconfiguration

Distribution network reconfiguration algorithms change the status of sectionalizing and tie switches to reduce network line losses, relieve network overloads, minimize loss of load, or increase hosting capacity for distributed energy resources. Most of the existing work adopt centralized or hierarchical approaches to solve the network reconfiguration problem. This paper proposes a distributed scheme for network reconfiguration. In the distributed approach, the switches are represented by edge computing agents who communicate and work collectively with their neighbors to find the optimal reconfiguration solution. This scheme breaks the complex computation tasks required by centralized algorithms into much smaller ones. It also relieves the communication and data sharing burden via neighbor-to-neighbor communication. Simulation results on a 16-bus distribution test feeder demonstrate that the quality of the distributed solution is comparable to that of the centralized approach.
Fighting the Financial Crisis of 2008

Set in January 2009, this case summarizes the events surrounding the financial crisis of 2008 as well as leading theories of its origin. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson must brief the incoming Obama administration on what initiatives have been taken to fight the financial crisis and on what remains to be done. This is an exercise in self-evaluation: What should he say? The case highlights eight notable departures (or “pivots”) in public policy. It has been taught successfully in Darden online and in-person classes. Excerpt UVA-F-1833 Rev. Sept. 23, 2020 Fighting the Financial Crisis of 2008 When challenges to our prosperity emerged, we rose to meet them. Facing the prospect of a financial collapse, we took decisive measures to safeguard our economy. These are very tough times for hardworking families, but the toll would be far worse if we had not acted. —President George W. Bush, Farewell Address, January 15, 2009 US Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson listened to the president's words and contemplated the extraordinary actions taken over the past year to confront the worst US financial crisis in 72 years. Aspects of the crisis response (see Exhibit1) had inflamed critics. Paulson publicly argued that the responses had been appropriate and proportional to the threat as the crisis had evolved. But now, in preparing to brief the leaders of the incoming Obama administration, Paulson needed to frame his presentation candidly and self-critically around three sets of questions. First, what was the current state of the financial crisis? Second, what had been done, which actions had been most consequential, and how succesUVsful were the responses? And third, what remained to be done: In what order of priority should be future actions of rescue, reform, relief, and recovery? . . .
Use of Complementary and Integrative Therapies by Fibromyalgia Patients: A 14-Year Follow-up Study.

Abstract Objective To reevaluate the frequency and pattern of complementary and integrative medicine (CIM) use in patients with fibromyalgia (FM). Patients and Methods Consecutive patients with FM who were referred to the Mayo Clinic fibromyalgia treatment program from January 5 through July 27, 2017, were invited to complete a survey about their use of CIM therapies in the preceding 6 months. The survey asked about 3 primary CIM domains: treatments and techniques, vitamins and minerals, and herbs and other dietary supplements. For direct comparative purposes, we reused the survey instrument from our prior analogous study of CIM use, performed in 2003. Results Of the 310 patients who completed the survey, 304 (98.1%) reported using some form of CIM, similar to the percentage reported in our 2003 study (98%). The most frequently used CIM therapies in the current cohort were spiritual healing (54.0% [163 of 302]), massage therapy (50.0% [152 of 304]), chiropractic treatments (39.3% [118 of 300]), aromatherapy (39.0% [117 of 300]), exercise for a specific medical problem (38.6% [117 of 303]), melatonin (37.9% [77 of 203]), magnesium (36.3% [107 of 295]), green tea (36.1% [73 of 202]), and fish oil (34.5% [68 of 197]). We noted numerous substantial differences from the 2003 data in terms of the pattern of CIM use. Conclusion The use of CIM therapies among patients with FM continues to be extremely common for adult patients of all ages. Given the continued high prevalence of CIM use, health care professionals must have awareness and knowledge of these various modalities and their potential incorporation into a multifaceted FM treatment regimen.
Tests der Relativitätstheorie

Wir untersuchen zunachst den experimentellen Stand der Grundlagen der SR: das Relativitatsprinzip und die Konstanz der Lichtgeschwindigkeit. Danach wenden wir uns Konsequenzen der SR zu: der Zeitdilatation, der Korperkontraktion und der Aquivalenz von Masse und Energie. Wir betrachten den Dopplereffekt als Test der Relativitat an sich. Das Ende dieses Kapitels bestimmen weitergehende Fragen: Sind Raum und Zeit nicht doch grundverschieden? Eignet die kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung sich als bevorzugtes ‚Machsches‘ Bezugssystem? Sind Naturkonstanten wirklich konstant?
Bone mineral density in adolescent urinary stone formers: is sex important?

Urinary stone disease (USD) is affecting a greater number of children and low bone mineral density (BMD) and increased skeletal fractures have been demonstrated in stone patients; however, the mechanism(s) driving bone disease remain unclear. This pilot study was undertaken to assess an adolescent kidney stone cohort’s BMD and evaluate for an inverse correlation between BMD and urine concentration of lithogenic minerals and/or inflammatory levels. Prospective case–control study was carried out at a large pediatric center. 15 participants with USD (12–18 years of age, 8 female) were matched by age, sex, and body mass index to 15 controls. Lumbar and total body BMD z-score did not differ between groups. When stone formers were separated by sex, there was a significant difference between male stone formers vs. controls total body BMD z-score (Fig. 1). BMD z-score did not significantly correlate with urine calcium, oxalate, citrate or magnesium. Higher urine IL-13 did significantly correlate with higher total body BMD z-score (r = 0.677, p = 0.018). Total body BMD z-score did significantly correlate with body mass index (BMI) as expected for the control group (r = 0.6321, p = 0.0133). However, this relationship was not present in the USD group (r = − 0.1629, p = 0.5619). This is a small but hypothesis-generating study which demonstrates novel evidence of male-specific low BMD in adolescent stone formers. Furthermore, we demonstrated a positive association between urine IL-13 and total body BMD z-score USD patients as well as a lack of a positive BMD and BMI correlations in stone formers.
SARS-CoV-2 and Bats: From Flight to Fighting COVID-19.

Bats have been getting a lot of bad press lately, following the revelation that the genomic sequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) shared 96.2% sequence identity with Bat CoV RaTG13 ([1][1]). If one can move beyond the zoonotic public relations nightmare caused by
Lentiviral-Vector-Based Dendritic Cell Vaccine Synergizes with Checkpoint Blockade to Clear Chronic Viral Infection.

Dendritic cell vaccines are a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases but have met with mixed success. We report on a lentiviral vector-based dendritic cell vaccine strategy that generates a cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8) T cell response that is much stronger than that achieved by standard peptide-pulsing approaches. The strategy was tested in the mouse lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from SAMHD1 knockout mice were transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing the GP33 major-histocompatibility-complex (MHC)-class-I-restricted peptide epitope and CD40 ligand (CD40L) and injected into wild-type mice. The mice were highly protected against acute and chronic variant CL-13 LCMVs, resulting in a 100-fold greater decrease than that achieved with peptide epitope-pulsed dendritic cells. Inclusion of an MHC-class-II-restricted epitope in the lentiviral vector further increased the CD8 T cell response and resulted in antigen-specific CD8 T cells that exhibited a phenotype associated with functional cytotoxic T cells. The vaccination synergized with checkpoint blockade to reduce the viral load of mice chronically infected with CL-13 to an undetectable level. The strategy improves upon current dendritic cell vaccine strategies; is applicable to the treatment of disease, including AIDS and cancer; and supports the utility of Vpx-containing vectors.
Assessing Tropical Cyclones' Contribution to Precipitation over the Eastern United States and Sensitivity to the Variable-Resolution Domain Extent

AbstractTropical cyclones (TCs) can subject an area to heavy precipitation for many hours, or even days, worsening the risk of flooding, which creates dangerous conditions for residents of the Unit...
Depression and Perceived Social Support in Asian American Medical Students

Recent data reported that 21.5% of medical students in the United States of America (USA) are Asian American (AA). With the growing focus on developing medical school wellness programs, authors conducted a systematic, nationwide survey to assess prevalence of depression among AA medical students with a focus on disaggregating the AA population. A survey tool comprised of PHQ-9 and depression history, and questions on social support were emailed to members of the Asian Pacific American Medical Students Association enrolled in a USA medical school during the 2016–2017 academic year. Participants were grouped as East Asian American (EAA), Southeast Asian American (SEAA), and South Asian American (SAA). We evaluated associations between depression and regional ethnicity, depression history, and perceived support. A total of 457 AA medical students were surveyed. SAA medical students were more likely to endorse symptoms of depression than EAA students. Students who identified as female were more likely to endorse symptoms of depression than their male-identifying counterparts. There was no significant relationship between students’ perception of the support they received and their depressive symptoms. Medical school administration should be aware of the unique needs of the heterogeneous population that comprises AA medical students. SAA students and those who identify as female are more likely to endorse symptoms of depression than their AA counterparts. Further research must be done to evaluate the factors that influence the mental health needs of AA medical students.
I, Vaccine: Or, How to Appreciate the Beautifully Simple

Who can’t feel good about the mind-blowingly short duration it’s taken to develop a safe and effective vaccine? For the same reason, we should also be amazed at the complexity of its distribution. The Wall Street Journal captures the point. The effort to vaccinate the nation relies on chemists, factory workers, truck drivers, pilots, data scientists, bureaucrats, pharmacists and health-care workers. It requires ultracold freezers, dry ice, needles, masks and swabs converging simultaneously at thousands of locations across the country. To work, ever one of the many and complicated links of the chain has to hold. The distribution has been widely described as the biggest mobilization since World War II. Bravo!, I say. We need some awe-inspiring words to befit this marvelous spectacle. And yet, the vaccine itself is a relatively simple compound. It consists of Pfizer’s modified mRNA plus seven inactive ingredients as common as table sugar. The mRNA itself stands as an unprecedented achievement. Yet the compound is ordinary, even elegantly so. And it will save millions. What beauty in the simple! For many, this facet of the story evokes the classic essay bestowing the curious title, “I, Pencil: My Family Tree as Told to Leonard Reed”. Originally published in 1958, this essay skillfully describes the materials that comprise an ordinary pencil, and the far reaches of the world from whence those materials source. It also artfully describes the innumerable myriad of people around the world whose daily work contributes crucially to putting ordinary items such as pencils on nearby stores shelves.
Recent Developments and Analysis of U.S.–South Korean Agricultural Trade

EC Agricultural Commissioner Ray MacSharry surprised many by suggesting dramatic reductions in EC commodity prices, which would in effect recouple much of its agriculture with world prices. In July, all twelve EC agriculture ministers accepted the MacSharry proposal as the basis for negotiation. The entire package will be voted on in October 1991, and the general consensus is that some version of the MacSharry proposal will be adopted at that time. There exists a real possibility, therefore, that the European Community will eventually find an agricultural price reform proposal that is acceptable to the United States and other GATT participants. Should this occur, it will inevitably be in the closing moments of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations. One can then imagine a scenario in which the South Korean or Japanese negotiators are forced to decide between accepting a proposal that is politically unacceptable at home or being blamed for the failure of the GATT round. If this situation occurs and if the round fails, the South Korean and Japanese negotiators will be criticized in the United States for having assumed that the U.S. and EC negotiators would fight to a standstill and that, by adopting a wait-and-see attitude, the South Koreans could have avoided the ill will that the GATT negotiations have generated.