cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rat liver and kidney contain high densities of σ1 and σ2 receptors: characterization by ligand binding and photoaffinity labeling

Rat liver and kidney were investigated for the presence of sigma (σ) receptor subtypes by radioligand binding with three highly selective σ probes and by photoaffinity labeling using [H]azido-di-o-tolyguanidine ([3H]azido-DTG). [3(+)- Pentazocine, a highly selective σ1 probe, bound to sites in liver membranes with Kd = 7.5 nM and Bmax = 2929 fmol/mg protein. [3H](+)-Pentazocine binding sites in kidney had Kd = 23.3 nM and Bmax = 229fmol/mg protein. [3H1,3- Di-o-tolylguanidine ([3H]DTG) and [3H](+)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl-N-(1-propyl)piperidine ([3H](+)-3-PPP) label both σ1 and σ2 receptors. Parameters for [3H]DTG in the liver were Kd = 17.9 nM and Bmax - 11 895 fmol.mg protein. Similar parameters were observed for [3H](+)-3-PPP, Kd = 51.9 nM and Bmax = 11 070 fmol/mg protein. [3H]DTG bound to rat kidney with Kd = 45.8 nM and Bmax = 1190 fmol/mg protein. The observation that either [3H]DTG or [3H](+)-3-PPP labeled a higher number of sites relative to [3H](+)-pentazocine suggested that liver and kidney contain both subtypes of σ receptor. This was confirmed by competition studies vs. [3H](+)-pentazocine and [3H]DTG (in the presence of dextrallorphan to mask σ1 sites). In both tissues, [3H](+)-pentazocine labeled sites with high affinity for haloperidol and enantioselectivity for (+)-benzomorphans over (−)-benzomorphans. [3H]DTG + dextrallorphan labeled sites in both tissues which also high affinity for haloperidol, but which had the characteristic σ2 property of low affinity for (+)-benzomorphans and enantioselectivity for (−)-benzomorphans over the corresponding (+)-isomer. Similar results were obtained with [3H](+)-3-PPP + dextrallorphan. Several novel aryl diamines, such as 1S, 2R-cis-N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenylethyl]-N-methyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexylamine BD737) and N-2- (3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethylamine (BD1008), bound to both sites with high affinity. Photoaffinity labeling with 10 nM [3H]azido-DTG resulted in specific labeling of polypeptides of 25 kDa and 21.5 kDa and 21.5 kDa. Dextrallorphan (100 nM or 500 nM) completely blocked labeling of the 25 kDa polypeptide, but had no effect on labeling of the lower molecular weight protein. (+)-10,11-Dihydro-5-methyl-5H-dibenzol[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine((+)_-MK-801) had no effect on labeling of either polypeptide. These data are consistent with the notion that the 25 kDa and 21.5 proteins represent σ2 and σ2 receptors, respectively. Thus, rat liver and kidney contain high densities of σ1 and σ2 receptors, with σ2 sites comprising 75–80% of the total σ population. The high density of σ receptor subtypes may indicate important functions in hepatic and renal tissues.
Closeness Coefficients between Euclidean-Embeddable Homologous Configurations

Measurement of closeness between homologous configurations is often of interest. For configurations that can be embedded onto the Euclidean space, we attempted to develop closeness coefficients between corresponding Euclidean coordinate matrices. A suitable closeness coefficient was required to satisfy the following five properties: 1) It must range between 0 and 1; 2) It must be invariant over translation, rotation and dilation of coordinate matrices, namely, TRD- invariance; 3) It must be one between equivalent coordinate matrices; 4) It must be zero between coordinate matrices whose corresponding configurations are orthogonal; and 5) It must be symmetric between any pair of coordinate matrices. We showed that the following two closeness coefficients derived based on different approaches were equivalent and both satisfied the five required properties: 1) a goodness of fit coefficient GF based on minimum distance fitting of coordinate matrices by translation, rotation and dilation; and 2) the Gower-Lingoes-Schonenman coefficient RGLS based on the maximum of correlations of coordinate matrices over rotation. In addition, the Escoufier's RV coefficient was also shown to satisfy all the five properties. Finally, RGLS, or equivalently GF, and RV were all shown to be a function of centered forms or singular values of coordinate matrices.
Noradrenergic and serotonergic projections to the superior olive: potential for modulation of olivocochlear neurons

The distribution and density of noradrenergic (NA) and serotonergic (5-HT) varicosities in the superior olive (SO) and periolivary region (PO) and their relationship to olivocochlear neurons was studied. Antibodies against 5-HT and the NA precursor enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase were utilized to examine the density of innervation of SO and PO. To determine the relationship of these varicosities to efferent neurons projecting to the cochlea, olivocochlear neurons were retrogradely labeled with biotinylated dextranamine (BDA). NA and 5-HT varicosities were found adjacent to labeled olivocochlear neuron cell bodies and dendrites. More than 50% of labeled medial olivocochlear (MOC) neurons showed likely contact with NA varicosities and more than 90% of labeled MOC neurons with 5-HT varicosities. There was no apparent difference in the number of lateral olivocochlear (LOC) neurons in close proximity to NA and 5-HT varicosities versus MOCs in close proximity to NA and 5-HT varicosities. Our results suggest that the NA and 5-HT systems are in a position to modulate auditory brainstem processing. The specific relationship of NA and 5-HT varicosities to olivocochlear neurons suggests that one possible level of modulation is prior to signal transduction.
51.1: Invited Paper: Flexible CMOS and Electrophoretic Displays

Flexible CMOS has been achieved by combining nMOS a-Si:H with pMOS pentacene thin film transistors on a plastic substrate. Flexible CMOS enables more than 300x reduction in power consumption for integrated source drivers for an electrophoretic display compared to a-Si:H only source drivers. Importantly, flexible CMOS reduces the source driver power well below the power required by the electrophoretic display backplane greatly extending battery life. Measurements on the electrical stress induced degradation of flexible CMOS logic gates are also presented.
536: The validity of a national reference birthweight nomogram for asian and hispanic women

AND HISPANIC WOMEN NADAV SCHWARTZ, LEAH PRICE, JOONHEE PARK, JULIAN MIERLAK, FERESHTEH BOOZARJOMEHRI, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, NYU School of Medicine, , New York, SUNY Buffalo-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, , New York, NYU School of Medicine; Gouverneur Health Care Services-NYC Health and Hospitals Corporation, , New York OBJECTIVE: While it is apparent that maternal BMI varies greatly by ethnicity, we were interested to see if these ethnic variations affect the validity of using a national reference nomogram for newborn birthweight. STUDY DESIGN: The clinical database for Gouverneur Health Care Services, a clinic serving a largely immigrant population, was queried for all deliveries occurring from November 2002 through June 2006. The ethnic groups of interest were Chinese and Hispanic women who delivered 36 weeks gestation. Only foreignborn women were included in an attempt to minimize heterogeneity. Subjects were stratified by gestational age at delivery for the analyses. RESULTS: The query yielded 1876 Chinese and 1401 foreign-born Hispanic pregnancies. The mean maternal pre-gravid BMI was significantly lower in the Chinese group (20.8 vs 26.3, p 0.001). There was a poor correlation between BMI and birthweight for each ethnic group (Chinese-0.19; Hispanic-0.11). Wilcoxon rank sum test analysis showed statistically significant variations in birthweight distribution for 38, 39 and 40 weeks; however, these were clinically insignificant as the medians and 10th and 90th percentiles were all within 100gms. In addition, when comparing our 37 weeks deliveries to a national reference standard (Alexander et al. 1999), there was no significant difference between the proportion of Chinese vs Hispanic birthweights that were below the 10th percentile at any gestational age. In fact, at 36 weeks, a higher percentage of Hispanic births were below the 10th percentile compared to Chinese births (20% vs 4.3%, p 0.03). CONCLUSION: There is no clinically significant divergence in the distribution of neonatal birthweight between Chinese and Hispanic immigrants. National reference birthweight nomograms are equally applied to both groups to define a smallfor-gestational-age fetus. Assuming a constitutionally small fetus based on ethnicity and BMI should be avoided and appropriate surveillance should be implemented.
Performance Evaluation and Economic Analysis of a Grid Connected Photovoltaic System in a Multi-Family Residential Building

A 2 kW photovoltaic (PV) system with battery storage for emergency power supply was designed and installed as a test demonstration in a 112 square meter apartment. The system was installed to demonstrate the potential of a photovoltaic system (using thin-film solar modules) as an environmentally friendly and renewable source of energy compared to conventional electricity generation. Barriers to installation and preliminary estimations of system performance and costs are presented.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Ab initio computation of the UV resonance Raman intensity pattern of aqueous imidazole

The UV resonance Raman (RR) spectrum of aqueous imidazole was modeled by evaluating the gradients of the resonant ππ* excited state, using various levels of theory. To take account of H-bonding effects, two water molecules were included in the model, one accepting an H-bond from and the other donating an H-bond to imidazole. The ground-state geometry and force field of the ImH·2H2O complex was computed via SQM-DFT theory, with the B3LYP functional, yielding good agreement with experimental vibrational wavenumbers for the in-plane imidazole modes. Evaluation of excited-state gradients with the semiempirical ZINDO method, which has previously been applied successfully to metalloporphyrin RR spectra, failed to reproduce the imidazole UVRR spectrum. However, the ab initio CIS method gave fairly good results. Agreement with the experimental intensity pattern improved when minimal STO-3G or 3–21G* basis sets were upgraded to 6–31G*, but further refinement, to 6–31G**, did not alter the pattern, and addition of diffuse functions actually degraded the spectral quality. Likewise, more elaborate levels of ab initio theory, TDDFT and CASSCF(4,4), gave poorer agreement with experiment then CIS. Thus optimum modeling of the UVRR spectrum was achieved with the popular CIS/6–31G* methodology. Application of the Kramers–Kronig transform frequency correction to the ωk2 approximation (‘short-time limit’) altered the intensity distribution only slightly. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional Communication in Individuals with Chronic Severe Aphasia Using Augmentative Communication

The purpose of this study was presentation of a detailed, computer-based augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) training protocol for use with chronic non-fluent aphasia (NA). Two NA adults and their caregivers were trained via a specific programmatic sequence of prompts/cues to use the Dialect with Speaking Dynamically Pro (Zygo Industries, Inc., 2004) as a functional means of iconic communication. Documentation of treatment outcome and pre- and post-training testing with the Western Aphasia Battery, ASHA FACS, ASHA Quality of Communication Life Scale, and Communicative Effectiveness Index revealed: improvement in language and cognitive functioning, increased communicative independence, and improvement in caregivers’ perception of overall communication for both participants. Moreover, both individuals used the device to improve communication across all settings.
The dayglow of the O2 atmospheric band system

The dayglow of the O2 atmospheric O2(1Sigma) band system has been simulated by taking into account the three main production mechanisms of the O2(1Sigma) state resonance fluorescence, a photochemical term due to quenching of O(1D), and a pure chemical process. Values of the emission rate, which are involved in the resonant scattering of the O2 atmospheric bands (A, B, and gamma), have been obtained as a function of altitude (0-120 km) and solar zenith angle using a line-by-line calculation. The values of the emission rate, along with updated rate coefficients, have been used in the calculation of the production rate of O2(1Sigma) and the volume emission rate of the (O2 1Sigma, v prime = 0)-(O2 3Sigma, v double prime = 0) transition. The results of these calculations are compared to observational measurements and are found to be in excellent agreement.
On the identification of inhomogeneous parameters in dynamic linear partial differential equations

Abstract The task of identifying inhomogeneous (position-dependent) coefficients of linear dynamic partial differential equations on the basis of a finite collection of points of the solution has practical importance and is the subject of many published analyses, some of which are described herein. The purpose of the present paper is to present new developments on a simple yet appealing method due to the hydrologist B. Sagar. The technique exploits the viewpoint that the coefficient values of the partial differential equation at any point x are uniquely determined by the solution values in a small neighborhood of x . The identification algorithm which results from these considerations is extremely simple, and yet, in view of technical considerations and experimental evidence set forth here, it seems effective. In particular, we have been able to derive error bounds, which the authors believe is a new feature in the literature of identification of partial differential systems.
Pre-Engraftment Syndrome after Double-Unit Cord Blood Transplantation: A Distinct Syndrome not Associated with Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Pre-engraftment syndrome (PES) occurring after cord blood transplantation (CBT) is poorly characterized. We reviewed 52 consecutive double-unit CBT recipients treated for high-risk hematologic malignancies. PES was defined as unexplained fever >38.3°C (101°F) not associated with infection and unresponsive to antimicrobials, and/or unexplained rash occurring before or at neutrophil recovery. CBT recipients (median age, 38 years; range, 3-66 years) received either myeloablative (MA; n=36) or nonmyeloablative (NMA; n=16) conditioning. Sixteen patients (31%) fulfilled PES criteria: 15 with fever (median at onset, 39°C [102.2°F]), 13 of whom also had rash, and 1 with rash alone. The median onset was 9 days (range, 5-12 days) posttransplantation (a median of 14 days before neutrophil recovery). Sixteen patients (14 with PES and 2 with infection and possible PES) received intravenous methylprednisolone (median dose, 1mg/kg; median duration, 3 days); 15 (94%) experienced resolution of fever within 24hours. Recurrent PES (n=3) resolved with retreatment. There was no association between the development of PES and the likelihood of sustained donor engraftment, speed of neutrophil recovery, grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), day-180 treatment-related mortality (TRM), or survival. PES is common after CBT, precedes neutrophil recovery, is distinct from and does not predict for aGVHD, and responds promptly to short-course corticosteroid therapy.
Formulation of a method for the optimization of coils for electromagnetic induction systems in the presence of magnetic soil

Continuous-wave (CW) electromagnetic induction (EMI) systems operating in the presence of magnetic soil often encounter issues with the voltage that the soil induces in the receive coil. A formulation is developed to allow the calculation of the soil response of a CW EMI coil head that is represented by stream functions. This formulation is then included in an optimization procedure for stream-function coils that is designed to optimize a coil head for improved sensitivity while nulling the coil head's soil response at a specific height above the soil. Example coils are created using the optimization method, and the new coils are compared to other common coil types.
The magnetic anisotropy phase diagram of R2(Co1−xFex)17 compounds

Abstract The easy axis-easy plane magnetic anistropy phase diagram (temperature, composition) of the lanthanide rare earth pseudobinary compounds R 2 (Co 1− x Fe x ) 17 can be rationalized when one takes into account: (i) the shape — oblate or prolate — of the rare earth 4f charge density; (ii) the composition dependence of the Curie temperature, and; (iii) the magnetic anisotropy of the background cobalt-iron matrix. At each composition x , there is a temperature below which the rare earth dominates and above which the background determines the easy direction. The larger x , the lower this temperature. Thus, at room temperature, toward the cobalt end, the rare earth determines the easy direction, because T c is high. But toward the iron end the magnetization lies in the plane, because T c is low, the rare earth is significantly unmagnetized, and the transition metal background dominates.
An analytical model for the prediction of the local concentration of cryophylactic agents in perfused organs

An analytical model has been developed for the prediction of the spatial and temporal distribution of the concentration of cryophylactic agent (CPA) in perfused tissues and organs. Perfusate concentration of the CPA is allowed to change according to a protocol in which the concentration increases linearly from zero during a time interval t0. Between time t0 and tf, the concentration is constant. The numerical results of this analysis show that the typical time required to reach an appropriate CPA concentration by simple diffusion alone is sufficiently long that the natural vascular network must be employed as a means of introducing the CPA. The results of this analysis also demonstrate the importance of careful protocol design with the aid of this model. There is evidence to show that protocols previously reported in the literature failed to achieve the appropriate CPA concentration. Further work in this area requires more detailed information concerning the diffusion coefficients of the various CPA's in biological tissues. With the aid of this information and the present model, optimum protocols can be designed so that the CPA concentration can be increased to the desired level without inducing osmotic shock.
Young Children's Motivation to Read and Write: Development in Social Contexts.

In a 3-year longitudinal, mixed-method study, 67 children in two schools were observed during literacy activities in Grades 1–3. Children and their teachers were interviewed each year about the children's motivation to read and write. Taking a grounded theory approach, content analysis of the child interview protocols identified the motivations that were salient to children at each grade level in each domain, looking for patterns by grade and school. Analysis of field notes, teacher interviews, and child interviews suggests that children's motivation for literacy is best understood in terms of development in specific contexts. Development in literacy skill and teachers' methods of instruction and raising motivation provided affordances and constraints for literate activity and its accompanying motivations. In particular, there was support for both the developmental hypotheses of Renninger and her colleagues (Hidi & Renninger, 2006) and of Pressick-Kilborne and Walker (2002). The positions of poor readers ...
Relapsed nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma and therapy-related myeloid sarcoma in a mediastinal mass.

![Figure][1] A 19-year-old man with nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma, diagnosed on mediastinal mass biopsy, was in remission after completing 12 weeks of Stanford V chemotherapy, which includes adriamycin, vincristine, nitrogen mustard, bleomycin, etoposide, and prednisone, followed by
Active sensitization in human beings

W ALZERll 2 and his coworkers demonstrated by a special technic that in nloet normal human beings the gastrointestinal tract is permeable to protein in an unaltered state. Hence the blood stream is being constantly invaded by antigenic substances which have been ingested and also, as Cohen and his coworkers3 subsequently showed, by antigens which are absorbed through the respiratory tract; yet only 7 per cent of the white population of this country are atopic, and not all of these manifest sensitivity to the common atopens. It would seem, therefore, that antigenic stimulation alone would not satisfactorily explain the development of atopic hypersensitiveness. The production of a.topic reagins as a result of unusual antigenic stimulation is a. frequent occurrence in normal, i.e., nonatopic individuals. Cooke and Spain4 reported the production of skin sensitizing reagins in a nonatopic person following the injection of horse serum. Tuft5 showed that following the injection of horse serum or insulin in nonatopic persons, skin reactions and the production of reagins and precipitins resulted in a certain percentage of cases a.nd that these phenomena were only transient. Fulleborn and Kikuth6 induced skin sensitiveness after two weeks in a non-sensitive person by the injection of ascaris extract. This persisted for six months. Coca’ reported a. similar observation in one instance. The anti-ascaris reagins were first demonstrated by Rackemann and Stevens* and were shown by Brunner,g Fulleborn, and others to be present in all cases in which a marked immediate positive skin test was present. This occurred in both atopic and nonatopic individuals. The present work was undertaken to determine whether human beings could be actively sensitized, like the experimental animal, by repeated subcutaneous injections of various excitants, and if this could be accomplished, to study the nature of such an induced sensitivity. Out of a series of 40 human beings consisting of atopic and nonatopic individuals, into whom one or more antigens were injected subcutaneously over variable periods of time, 15 cases were selected for this report. They represent those cases which were treated most intensively and were observed the longest. The individual case reports are presented herewith and the results tabulated in Table I.
Increased intra-abdominal, intrathoracic, and intracranial pressure after severe brain injury: multiple compartment syndrome.

Objectives:Fluid therapy and/or acute lung injury may increase intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and intrathoracic pressure, thereby increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Further fluid administration to support cerebral perfusion or increasing ventilatory support to
Investigation of the photoactivated frontal polymerization of oxetanes using optical pyrometry

An investigation of the photoactivated cationic ring-opening frontal polymerization of a series of 3,3-disubstituted oxetanes was carried out with the aid of a novel technique, optical pyrometry. Using this technique, the effects of various experimental parameters such as photoinitiator type and concentration, light intensity and sample configuration as well as the effects of monomer structure on the frontal behavior of these monomers were examined. Upon photoactivation with UV light, 3,3-disubstituted oxetanes display a long dormant period at room temperature as the result of the formation of metastable tertiary oxonium ions. Only small amount of thermal activation energy is required to induce the further reaction of these species with resulting exothermic autoaccelerated ring-opening polymerization. Frontal polymerization was observed for both mono- and difunctional oxetane monomers and the velocity of propagation of a given monomer was found to be related to its oxetane equivalent weight.
Portal venous ultraviolet B–irradiated donor alloantigen prevents rejection in circumferential rat tracheal allografts

Abstract Background: Before tracheal transplantation can be considered as a method of reconstruction in patients with extensive circumferential tracheal defects, we must achieve a state of nontoxic, donor-specific tolerance so that the risks of such a transplant do not outweigh the benefits. Objective: Our objective was to determine whether a single intraportal injection of modified donor alloantigen achieves donor-specific immunosuppression for major histocompatibility complex–mismatched rat tracheal allografts. Study Design: Buffalo (recipient) rats were pretreated with either a single portal-vein administration of ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated donor splenocytes (n = 4) or an intraportal inoculation of nonirradiated donor splenocytes (n = 4). Major histocompatibility complex–mismatched Lewis (donor) tracheal allograft segments were then grafted into treatment groups 7 days after donor-cell pretreatment. Tracheal rejection was assessed by histologic analysis, mucosal cilia motility, and in vitro immunologic assessment. Results: The UVB-treated group demonstrated no acute or chronic rejection as well as complete functional recovery. In vitro immunologic assessment demonstrated a donor-specific hyporesponsiveness and donor allospecificity. Untreated animals and those receiving nonirradiated donor splenocytes showed acute rejection of their tracheal allografts. Conclusion: Recipient pretreatment with intraportally administered UVB-irradiated donor splenocytes prevents rejection of circumferential rat tracheal allograft segments by inducing a donor-specific immune hyporesponsiveness. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;124:481-8.)
High‐power nonplanar quantum well heterostructure periodic laser arrays

Optical pulsed powers of 8 W from a single uncoated facet and low (<200 A/cm2) threshold current densities have been obtained from 3.1‐mm‐wide (cavity length=483 μm) nonplanar periodic quantum well heterostructure laser diode arrays grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition over a selectively etched corrugated substrate. The resulting nonplanar lateral active layer profile provides index guiding and suppresses lateral lasing regardless of device width.
First-principles calculations of solubilities and doping limits: Li, Na, and N in ZnSe.

We present a comprehensive theoretical approach to determine concentrations of dopant impurities in semiconductors. The formalism is applied to the problem of acceptor doping in ZnSe. Formation energies and concentrations of impurities and native defects are expressed as a function of chemical potentials, for which experimentally accessible ranges are calculated. We show that limitations in the achievable hole concentrations can be explained by two mechanisms: one is the competition between various substitutional and interstitial configurations (compensation), the other is the solubility limit imposed by formation of other phases. Nitrogen is most promising among the dopants examined.
Exploring family needs during withdrawal of life support in critically ill patients

Withdrawal of life support is a process where medical interventions are taken away from the patient with the expectation that the patient will die. This deliberate decision occurs when it is determined that medical options are exhausted and the prognosis is terminal. With this study, the primary family member of twenty adult patients who had undergone withdrawal of life support was contacted and interviewed by the research team 3-5 weeks after the patients' death. Interview questions related to their experience with the withdrawal of life support process. Specifically, whether or not the situation was anticipated, a description of the events surrounding withdrawal, events that made the process easier, and what they would like to see changed. This information was used to determine if and to what extent family needs are met and to determine if further interventions are required.
Selective antimalarial activity of tetrandrine against chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum.

Abstract Antimalarial activity of tetrandrine was studied using a continuous in vitro culture of Plasmodium falciparum . Experimental results showed that tetrandrine has potent antimalarial effect on both chloroquine sensitive and resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum . Interestingly, tetrandrine is about three times more potent against the chloroquine resistant strain than it is against the sensitive strain based on their IC50 values, which were 5.09 × 10−7 M for the sensitive strain and 1.51 × 10−7 M for the resistant strain. In addition, reversal experiments revealed that tetrandrine cannot reverse chloroquine-resistance, although it nas verapamil-like, calcium-channel-blocker activity.
LIGA and LIGA-like processing with high energy photons

High energy X-rays, in the present case photons near 20,000 eV, can be used in LIGA-like processing. Heating problems with this type of photon flux can be avoided by proper filtration via transmission filters. The exposure of PMMA with high energy photons leads to cost effective exposures with full cost recovery estimates of $0.10 per square centimeter at 200 μm photoresist thickness. The cost advantage originates from increased PMMA absorption lengths and the ability to fabricate large area masks without diaphragms which permit large exposure fields.
Optical design of a high-power fiber-optic coupler

Fiber optic beam delivery systems are replacing conventional mirror delivery systems for many reasons (e.g., system flexibility and redundancy, stability, and ease of alignment). Commercial products are available that use of fiber optic delivery for laser surgery and materials processing. Also, pump light of dye lasers can be delivered by optical fibers. Many laser wavelengths have been transported via optical fibers; high power delivery has been reported for argon, Nd:YAG, and excimer. We have been developing fiber optic beam delivery systems for copper vapor laser light; many of the fundamental properties of these systems are applicable to other high power delivery applications. A key element of fiber optic beam delivery systems is the coupling of laser light into the optical fiber. For our application this optical coupler must be robust to a range of operating parameters and laser characteristics. We have access to a high power copper vapor laser beam that is generated by a master oscillator/power amplifier (MOPA) chain comprised of three amplifiers. The light has a pulse width of 40--50 nsec with a repetition rate of about 4 kHz. The average power (nominal) to be injected into a fiber is 200 W. (We will refer to average powermore » in this paper.) In practice, the laser beam's direction and collimation change with time. These characteristics plus other mechanical and operational constraints make it difficult for our coupler to be opto-mechanically referenced to the laser beam. We describe specifications, design, and operation of an optical system that couples a high-power copper vapor laser beam into a large core, multimode fiber. The approach used and observations reported are applicable to fiber optic delivery applications. 6 refs., 6 figs.« less
Tunneling matrix elements in three-dimensional space: The derivative rule and the sum rule.

In this paper, a systematic derivation of the tunneling matrix elements in three-dimensional space is presented. Based on a modified Bardeen tunneling theory, explicit expressions for the tunneling matrix elements for localized tip states are derived with use of the Green's-function method. It is shown that by expanding the vacuum tail of the tip wave function in terms of spherical harmonics, the tunneling matrix elements are related to the derivatives of the sample wave functions at the nucleus of the apex atom (taken as the center of the spherical-harmonics expansion), in a simple and straightforward way. In addition, an independent derivation based on a general sum rule is also presented, which is valid in a number of curvilinear coordinate systems. In spherical coordinates, a general form of the derivative rule follows. In parabolic coordinates, similar results are obtained. Physical meanings of these matrix elements, as well as their implications to the imaging mechanism of scanning-tunneling microscopy, are discussed.
Influences of Mechanized Thinning and Prescribed Fire on Understory Vegetation in an Uneven-Aged Jeffrey Pine Stand

Thinnings using cut-to-length and whole-tree harvesting systems followed by prescribed underburning were assessed for their effects on shrub, forb, and grass understory species in a second-growth Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) stand. Prior to treatment installation, a mixed shrub-dominated understory featuring antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata [Pursh] DC.) with mules ears (Wyethia mollis A. Gray) as the only forb and Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda J. Presl) the most prominent among sparse grasses was inventoried such that both percent cover and dry weight by species were revealed. Five growing seasons after thinning and four after underburning, this inventory was repeated. By either abundance measure, bitterbrush was reduced by approximately two-thirds in the cut-to-length treatment and by one-half in the whole-tree treatment in comparison to that in the unthinned control at the final inventory. For the cut-to-length treatment, a similar reduction in mules ears was noted, but that in ...
Theatre as a liberal art: A plea

An analysis of the failures resulting from the liberal art/ fine art dilemma of theatre education suggests that those who teach this discipline must redefine their methods and priorities if they are to matter or even survive.
Renal Function Assessment in the Era of Chronic Kidney Disease: Renewed Emphasis on Renal Function Centered Patient Care

Purpose: Chronic kidney disease is more common than previously appreciated and it is now established as a major independent contributor to mortality. Serum creatinine is known to be an inaccurate reflection of the presence or development of chronic kidney disease. Since urologists frequently treat patients with coexistent chronic kidney disease, we reviewed the merits and limitations of the current methods to estimate renal function, and recent data indicating the importance of optimizing renal function during treatment.Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was performed to evaluate the laboratory, computational and imaging techniques for renal function estimation.Results: Approximately 30% of elderly patients with normal serum creatinine (1.4 mg/dl or less) have chronic kidney disease based on an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 ml per minute per 1.73 m2. The National Kidney Foundation currently recommends using a creatinine based estimate of glomerular filtration r...
Two Watson-Crick-like metallo base-pairs.

Two Watson−Crick-like metallo base-pairs are described with mutually independent geometries that have similar dimensions and stabilities to their natural, hydrogen-bonded counterparts.
Photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 in Phaseolus vulgaris L. is altered by growth response to nitrogen supply

Abstract Long-term exposure of plants to elevated CO2 often leads to downward photosynthetic acclimation. Nitrogen (N) deficiency could potentially exacerbate this response by reducing growth rate and the sink for photosynthates, but this has not always been observed. Experimentally, the interpretation of N effects on CO2 responses can be confounded by increasing severity of tissue N deficiency over time when N supply is not adjusted as demand increases. In this study, N supply ranged from sub- to supra-optimal (20–540 kgN ha–l equivalent), and relatively stable levels of tissue N concentration were obtained in all treatments by varying twice-weekly application rates in proportion to plant growth. The effects of N on photosynthesis and growth of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) raised at ambient (35 Pa) and three elevated (70, 105, 140 Pa) CO2 partial pressures (pCO2) were evaluated. Averaging across N treatments, leaf total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) were 2.5- to 3-fold higher and leaf N concentrations were 31–35% lower at elevated compared to ambient pCO2. Light-saturated net CO2 assimilation rates measured at growth pCO2 (Asatg) were significantly higher (26–40% depending on N supply) in plants grown at elevated compared to ambient pCO2. When measured at a common pCO2 of 35 Pa, the Asat of plants grown at elevated CO2 was 15–29% less than that of plants grown at 35 Pa, indicative of downward photosynthetic acclimation. The magnitude of downward photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 was greater in plants grown at high (180 and 540 kgN ha–l) compared to low (20 and 60 kgN ha–l) N supply, and this was associated with a higher Asat at growth pCO2, higher leaf area ratio (leaf area/total biomass), and higher TNC in leaves of high-N plants. Our results indicate that the effect of N on acclimation to CO2 will depend on the balance between supply and demand for N during the growing period, and the effect this has on biomass allocation and source-sink C balance at the whole-plant level.
A three‐dimensional multilayer composite finite element for stress analysis of composite laminates

A three-dimensional multilayer composite finite element method has been developed based on a composite variational functional which takes three in-plane strains ex, ex, exy and three transverse stresses σz, σyz, σxz as the basic variables. The continuity of the transverse stresses σz, σyz, σxz across the laminate thickness is assured a priori by introducing a partial stress field parameter α which is associated with the lower and upper surfaces of a lamina in a laminate. A method has been developed to form the partial stress field based on the assumed displacement field. With this method, a three dimensional (3-D) multilayer composite finite element is formulated for stress analysis of composite laminates. A numerical example is given, which shows some advantages of this composite element.
Social Networks and Social Control of Probationers with Co-Occurring Mental and Substance Abuse Problems

Probationers with co-occurring mental and substance abuse problems (PCPs) are both subject to considerable social control, and at high risk of probation failure. In this study, we screened 601 probationers for symptoms, interviewed 82 identified PCPs about their relationships, and then followed these PCPs for eight months to record treatment nonadherence and other probation violations. First, PCPs’ social networks were small, heavily comprised of professionals and opposing forces who engaged in risky behavior, and saturated with pressure to adhere to treatment. Second, the size and composition of PCPs’ social networks were more relevant to rule compliance than social support and undermining. Third, the quality of PCPs’ relationships was key: satisfying relationships with clinicians and, to a lesser extent, officers and the core network related to low perceived coercion, high treatment adherence, and low risk of future violations. In particular, having a likable clinician who engaged in participatory decision-making reduced the risk of violations. Implications for contextually sensitive risk reduction efforts are discussed.
Surface Structure and Chemical Switching of Thioctic Acid Adsorbed on Au(111) As Observed Using Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure

Thioctic acid (alpha-lipoic acid) is a molecule with a large disulfide-containing base, a short alkyl-chain with four CH{sub 2} units, and a carboxyl termination. Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) films of thioctic acid adsorbed on Au(111) have been investigated with near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine film quality, bonding and morphology. Using standard preparation protocols for SAMs, that is, dissolving thioctic acid in ethanol and exposing gold to the solution, results in poor films. These films are highly disordered, contain a mixture of carboxyl and carboxylate terminations, have more than monolayer coverage, and exhibit unbound disulfide. Conversely, forming films by dissolving 1 mmol thioctic acid into 5% acetic acid in ethanol (as previously reported with carboxyl-terminated alkyl-thiols) forms ordered monolayers with small amounts of unbound sulfur. NEXAFS indicates tilted over endgroups with the carboxyl group normal on average 38{sup o} from the surface normal. Slight dichroism in other features indicates alkyl chains statistically more upright than prostrate on the surface. Reflection-absorption Fourier transform infrared (RA-FTIR) spectra indicate hydrogen bonding between neighboring molecules. In such well-formed monolayers, a stark reorientation occurs upon deprotonation of the endgroup by rinsing in a KOH solution. The carboxylate planemore » normal is now about 66{sup o} from sample normal, a much more upright orientation. Data indicate this reorientation may also cause a more upright orientation to the alkyl portion of the molecules.« less
Strain-Induced Porosity during Cogging of Extra-Low Interstitial Grade Ti-6Al-4V

The phenomenon of strain-induced porosity (SIP) in extra-low interstitial (ELI) grade Ti-6Al-4V with a transformed β starting microstructure is investigated to understand its origin during α-β cogging. For this purpose, the constitutive behavior of the material is coupled with finite-element method (FEM) simulations of the cogging process. Two distinct types of SIP relevant to cogging speeds and temperatures, viz., shear cracking and void nucleation, are identified. While the former occurs at the prior β grain boundaries below 825 °C, the latter occurs at the prior colony boundaries when the deformation temperature is close to the β transus. The FEM simulations have shown that deformation conditions existing in the midregion of the billet are favorable for void nucleation. The mechanism of void growth in the presence of tensile residual stress and temperature during resoaking is modeled using the Cocks-Ashby coupled growth model. Repeated cogging and resoaking steps cause multiplication of void population in large numbers. To avoid both types of defects in any region of the billet, a practical solution has been developed by introducing a differential temperature profile from the surface to the center, and the validity of the proposed scheme is verified with FEM heat-transfer simulations.
Regulation of glycolipid synthesis in HL-60 cells by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to glycosyltransferase sequences: Effect on cellular differentiation

Abstract Treatment of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase (GM2-synthase; EC 2.4.1.92) and CMP-sialic acid:alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (GD3-synthase; EC 2.4.99.8) sequences effectively down-regulated the synthesis of more complex gangliosides in the ganglioside synthetic pathways after GM3, resulting in a remarkable increase in endogenous GM3 with concomitant decreases in more complex gangliosides. The treated cells underwent monocytic differentiation as judged by morphological changes, adherent ability, and nitroblue tetrazolium staining. These data provide evidence that the increased endogenous ganglioside GM3 may play an important role in regulating cellular differentiation and that the antisense DNA technique proves to be a powerful tool in manipulating glycolipid synthesis in the cell.
Elastic building blocks for confined sheets.

We study the behavior of thin elastic sheets that are bent and strained under a weak, smooth confinement. We show that the emerging shapes exhibit the coexistence of two types of domains. A focused-stress patch is subject to a geometric, piecewise-inextensibility constraint, whereas a diffuse-stress region is characterized by a mechanical constraint---the dominance of a single component of the stress tensor. We discuss the implications of our findings for the analysis of elastic sheets under various types of forcing.
DNA Damage–Specific Control of Cell Death by Cryptochrome in p53-Mutant Ras–Transformed Cells

The main feedback loop driving circadian rhythm in mice is controlled in part by the genes encoding the cryptochromes Cry1 and Cry2. Targeted mutation of both Cry1 and Cry2 delay the early onset of tumor formation in p53 null mutant mice. Furthermore, Ras-transformed p53 and Cry null mouse skin fibroblasts are more sensitive than p53 mutants to apoptotic cell death initiated by agents that activate either the intrinsic or extrinsic apoptosis pathways. Here we investigated the effect of Cry1 and Cry2 mutations on cell death by other genotoxic agents that generate alkylated bases, interstrand crosslinks, DNA-protein crosslinks and double-strand breaks. Both UV and the UV mimetic compound oxaliplatin and the radiomimetic compound doxorubicin promoted apoptosis by upregulating the tumor suppressor p73. However, only the UV and oxaliplatin-induced upregulation of p73 mediated by the transcription factor Egr1, but not the doxorubicin-induced upregulation mediated by the transcription factor E2F1, was enhanced by Cry1/Cry2 double mutation. Accordingly, Egr1 downregulation reduced oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis whereas E2F1 downregulation reduced doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Our findings establish distinct roles for cryptochromes in intrinsic apoptosis induced by UV-mimetic and radiomimetic agents.
Sulfated glucuronyl glycolipids and gangliosides in the optic nerve of humans

Pathologically delayed visual evoked potentials may be present in patients with neuropathy associated with IgM M-proteinemia, which is directed against myelin-associated glycoprotein and sulfated glucuronyl glycolipids (SGGLs), but there are no reports of these antigens in the optic nerve. We recently examined human optic nerve and occipital lobe tissues for the occurrence of SGGLs using the technique of immunostaining on thin-layer chromato-graphic plates and found them in the optic nerve, but not the occipital lobe. SGGLs in the optic nerve may represent target antigens for CNS involvement by the M-protein in patients with neuropathy. We also studied the ganglioside composition of the optic nerve and found it different from that of the brain. Human optic nerve is characterized by an abundance of the b-series gangliosides, including GDlb, GTlb, and GQlb. GDla, which is usually a major component of brain gangliosides, is only a minor species of the optic nerve ganglioside fraction.
A review of phase 2-3 clinical trial designs.

This article reviews phase 2–3 clinical trial designs, including their genesis and the potential role of such designs in treatment evaluation. The paper begins with a discussion of the many scientific flaws in the conventional phase 2 → phase 3 treatment evaluation process that motivate phase 2–3 designs. This is followed by descriptions of some particular phase 2–3 designs that have been proposed, including two-stage designs to evaluate one experimental treatment, a design that accommodates both frontline and salvage therapy in oncology, two-stage select-and-test designs that evaluate several experimental treatments, dose-ranging designs, and a seamless phase 2–3 design based on both early response-toxicity outcomes and later event times. A general conclusion is that, in many circumstances, a properly designed phase 2–3 trial utilizes resources much more efficiently and provides much more reliable inferences than conventional methods.
The Role of Hydrogen In The Structure of γ-Alumina

The structure of a-alumina (α-A1 2 O 3 ) is well known to be hexagonal close packed. In contrast, the structures of the so-called transition aluminas (-γ-alumina, η-alumina,…) are the subject of controversy. We report theoretical calculations which show that -γ-alumina is actually a sequence of compounds with the general formula H 3m Al 2−m O 3 . (0 ≤ m ≤ ⅓). m = ⅛ is a unique form, HAl 5 O 8 , with a perfect spinel structure. For m > 8, there are interstitial H atoms whereas for m ⅛ by calculations of material density and proton vibrational frequencies. The results are in excellent agreement with measured values. The present new systematic approach accounts for a wide range of seemingly contradictory data and leads to the conclusion that γ-alumina behaves as a “reactive sponge” by storing and releasing water in a novel reactive way.