cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superficial hyperthermia and irradiation for recurrent breast carcinoma of the chest wall: prognostic factors in 196 tumors.

Purpose: To correlate patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related factors with subsequent local tumor control. Methods and Materials: From 1977 to 1990, 196 subcutaneous/superficial lesions (179 measurable, 17 microscopic) in 151 patients with recurrent breast carcinoma of the chest wall were treated with superficial 915-MHz microwave hyperthermia and irradiation. The definition of min t 43 ≥ 10 min is that all monitored tumor catheters had a minimum of 1 hyperthermia session with temperatures >43°C for at least 10 min. Results: Factors correlating with local control on univariate analysis included length of survival (≥1 year vs. 10 min (p < 0.0001), tumor volume (p < 0.0001), tumor surface area (p < 0.0001), tumor depth (p = 0.0002), number of hyperthermia sessions (p = 0.0003), and current radiation dose (p = 0.0012). On multivariate analysis, the factors best correlated with ultimate local control were SAR (p < 0.001) and number of hyperthermia sessions (p = 0.003). Conclusions: Multivariate analysis supports the importance of adequate specific absorption rate (SAR) coverage as a better predictor of local control than tumor volume, surface area, or depth. The explanation is that SAR can be correlated with the tumor surface area and depth, depending on the hyperthermia applicator characteristics. It is recommended that future clinical trials stratify study lesions into either SAR ≥ 25% or <25% because this can be readily estimated prior to initiating treatment. It is also recommended that future clinical trials attempt to have adequate lengths of follow-up after therapy to assess the results in long-term survivors.
The Value of Web Log Data in Use-based Design and Testing.

Web-based logs contain potentially useful empirical data with which World Wide Web (Web) designers and design theorists can assess usability and effectiveness of design choices. Most Web design guidelines from artistic or usability principles feature no empirical validation, while empirical studies of Web use typically rely on observer ratings. Web server logs and client-side logs can provide naturally-occurring, unobtrusive usage data, partially amenable to normative use assessments but particularly useful in experimental research comparing alternative Web designs. Identification of types of Web server logs, client logs, types and uses of log data, and issues associated with the validity of these data are enumerated. Frameworks that outline how sources of use-based data can be triangulated to assess Web design are illustrated. Finally, an approach to experimentation that overcomes many data validity issues is presented and illustrated through a pilot experiment that used server logs to compare user responses to frames, pop-up, and scrolling arrangements of a single Web site.
Use of a sedation-analgesia datasheet in closed shoulder reductions

A three-page conscious sedation (CS) monitoring datasheet and sedation-analgesia policy were implemented at the Lincoln Hospital Emergency Department (LHED) to maintain compliance with JCAHO and New York State standards on CS monitoring. The datasheet included areas for physical examination, medications, and vital signs. To determine effects of the new datasheet and policy, charts containing all closed shoulder reductions done at LHED from April 3, 1996 to June 30, 1999 (n = 237) were reviewed for use of CS, defined as the use of an analgesic and sedative-hypnotic concurrently. Utilization of CS during equal time periods of 591 days before and after datasheet implementation was analyzed and compared. Before use of the datasheet, 64.3% received CS before closed shoulder reduction, compared with 41.8% after its use began (p < 0.05). A subsequent survey was conducted to determine physician perception of the CS datasheet. Attending-level LHED physicians suggested that use of the datasheet increased charting time and liability.
How Much War Will we see?: Explaining the Prevalence of Civil War

Quantitative studies of civil war have focused on war initiation (onset) or war duration and termination and produced important insights into these processes. An empirical analysis of civil war prevalence is used to show that the prevalence or amount of war observed at any given time is important. Civil war prevalence is defined as the probability of observing either a new war onset or the continuation of an ongoing war or both. Two economic theories of war onset and duration are combined to estimate the prevalence of civil war across more than 150 countries and over 40 years. The analysis is consistent with the findings of earlier studies on war onset and duration. New findings that result from slight improvements in the data and estimation methods show that democracy and ethnic diversity are significant determinants of civil war prevalence.
Common femoral artery anatomy is influenced by demographics and comorbidity: implications for cardiac and peripheral invasive studies.

We assessed the angiographic size of the common femoral artery (CFA) and the influence of demographics and comorbidites. In addition, the location of the CFA bifurcation and the site of femoral puncture were also assessed. Consecutive CFA angiograms (n = 200) were prospectively analyzed. CFA diameter was 6.9 +/- 1.4 mm and length 43.3 +/- 16.2 mm. By multivariate analysis, only diabetes (P < 0.001), female gender (P < 0.0005), and small body surface area (P < 0.01) predicted small vessel size. Vessel length correlated with patient height (P < 0.0005). CFA bifurcation occurred at or below the femoral head center in 98.5%. The femoral puncture was into a vessel other than the CFA in 13%, and 54% of punctures were in a less than ideal anatomical location. In conclusion, the CFA is a relatively small diameter vessel, particularly in diabetics and women. Puncture above the femoral head center and below the superior margin of the acetabulum accurately predicts an ideal puncture site. Thus, routine fluoroscopic guidance should be considered. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:289-295.
Coherency and Loss of Coherency in Multilayers

A multilayer consisting of parallel sided, elastically isotropic layers with thicknesses much smaller than their dimensions in the plane of the layers may develop large coherency stresses when the layers are thin enough. General formulae are given for the stress tensors in a flat periodic fully coherent multilayer which may contain any number of layers, each with different lattice parameters, elastic constants and thicknesses. As the thicknesses of the layers increase there is an increasing tendency for the interfaces to become incoherent thereby relaxing the elastic stresses, at the expense of creating higher energy interfaces between the layers. This tendency is particularly marked for unusually thick or unusually rigid layers or for layers with very large or small lattice parameters. Unlike the case of thin films on massive substrates, there is no single thickness at which coherency is lost. In this paper, the loss of coherency is explored by searching for energy minima in irregular multilayers.
Fracture mechanics model of stone comminution in ESWL and implications for tissue damage

Focused shock waves administered during extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) cause stone fragmentation. The process of stone fragmentation is described in terms of a dynamic fracture process. As is characteristic of all brittle materials, fragmentation requires nucleation, growth and coalescence of flaws, caused by a tensile or shear stress. The mechanisms, operative in the stone, inducing these stresses have been identified as spall and compression-induced tensile microcracks, nucleating at pre-existing flaws. These mechanisms are driven by the lithotripter-generated shock wave and possibly also by cavitation effects in the surrounding fluid. In this paper, the spall mechanism has been analysed, using a cohesive-zone model for the material. The influence of shock wave parameters, and physical properties of stone, on stone comminution is described. The analysis suggests a potential means to exploit the difference between the stone and tissue physical properties, so as to make stone comminution more effective, without increasing tissue damage.
The role of statistics as a tool of management

Summary Growth of the mass production industries has posed new and complex problems in industrial management. Scientific solution of these problems necessitates statistical analysis of the vast quantities of data generated in these industries as a by-product. To date, selected but limited headway has been made in using these data to solve the problems of industrial management. Improvements bordering on the spectacular have been achieved in selected instances of industrial applications of statistical analysis. Quality control and market research afford two such instances. These improvements have been mainly the result of commencing to use facts at all (to replace hunch) rather than the result of superior analysis of data long utilized. In consequence, these pioneering adventures in industrial applications of statistics have been made largely without the aid of statisticians. However, the great need for science in management, and the presence of vast quantities of data on which to base a science, suggest that industry will use trained statisticians in increasing numbers, to the extent that industry may become a principal employer of statisticians. The professional statistical societies can do much to aid the greater utilization of statistics in industry by: (a). organizing in each society u nrujor division to deal with the problems of statistics in industry. (b). sponsoring joint meetings with societies of managers, industrial engineers, and others interested in industrial statistics. (c). injecting into the current literature and into the statistical text-books, cases and problems drawn from industry. (d). research to develop new statistical tools, and to simplify existing tools for use by industrial personnel. (e). recognizing useful work in industrial statistics through honors and awards.
Uniquely oriented epidermal lipid.

AN important function of the stratum corneum of skin is to limit the penetration of substances1. This is dependent on a lipid-protein complex which can be disrupted by a variety of polar organic solvents2, and diffusion studies suggest that filamentous protein and certain polar lipids are involved3. We describe here a lipid which has a characteristic orientation with respect to the long axis of the keratin filaments and which may be an important component of the lipid-protein complex.
Diazotization and formylation of 7-amino-3- tert -butyl-8-R-pyrazolo[5,1- c ][1,2,4]triazin-4(6 H )-ones

We previously synthesized 7-amino-3-tert-butyl-4oxo-4,6-dihydropyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine-8-carbonitrile (I) and the corresponding ethyl ester II by reaction of 4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-methylsulfanyl-1,2,4triazin-5(4H)-one with malononitrile and ethyl cyanoacetate, respectively, in pyridine [3]. Heating of nitrile I in alcoholic alkali gave amide III in a good yield [4]. The reactivity of compounds I–III toward carbonyl compounds was studied, and the corresponding derivatives at the amino group and pyrimido[4′,5′ : 3,4]pyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazines were thus obtained [3–5]. The goal of the present work was to examine the reactivity of the amino group in compounds I–III.
Mutation or deletion of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAT3/NUP133 gene causes temperature-dependent nuclear accumulation of poly(A)+ RNA and constitutive clustering of nuclear pore complexes.

Abstract To identify genes whose products play potential roles in the nucleocytoplasmic export of messenger RNA, we isolated temperature-sensitive strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and examined them by fluorescent in situ hybridization. With the use of a digoxigen-tagged oligo-(dT)50 probe, we identified those that showed nuclear accumulation of poly(A)+ RNA when cells were shifted to the nonpermissive temperature. We describe here the properties of yeast strains bearing the rat3-1 mutation (RAT-ribonucleic acid trafficking) and the cloning of the RAT3 gene. When cultured at the permissive temperature of 23 degrees C, fewer than 10% of cells carrying the rat3-1 allele showed nuclear accumulation of poly(A)+ RNA, whereas approximately 70% showed nuclear accumulation of poly(A)+ RNA, whereas approximately 70% showed nuclear accumulation of poly(A)+ RNA after a shift to 37 degrees C for 4 h. In wild-type cells, nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are distributed relatively evenly around the nuclear envelope. Both indirect immunofluorescence analysis and electron microscopy of rat3-1 cells indicated that NPCs were clustered into one or a few regions of the NE in mutant cells. Similar NPC clustering was seen in mutant cells cultured at temperatures between 15 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The RAT3 gene encodes an 1157-amino acid protein without similarity to other known proteins. It is essential for growth only at 37 degrees C. Cells carrying a disruption of the RAT3 gene were very similar to cells carrying the original rat3-1 mutation; they showed temperature-dependent nuclear accumulation of poly(A)+ RNA and exhibited constitutive clustering of NPCs. Epitope tagging of Rat3p demonstrated that it is located at the nuclear periphery and co-localizes with nuclear pore proteins recognized by the RL1 monoclonal antibody. We refer to this nucleoporin as Rat3p/Nup133p.
Effect of Cluster Ion Analysis Fluence on Interface Quality in SIMS Molecular Depth Profiling

Cluster ion beams are being routinely utilized in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) for molecular depth profiling analyses, including the generation of three-dimensional data sets. Certain sam...
Cortical Architectural Abnormalities and MIB1 Immunoreactivity in Gangliogliomas: A Study of 60 Patients with Intracranial Tumors

Gangliogliomas are generally low grade neoplasms composed of mixtures of neoplastic glial and neuronal elements whose origin and exact nature are still controversial. We studied a series of 60 intracranial gangliogliomas looking for coexistent cortical architectural abnormalities (cortical dysplasia, microdysgenesis) and to determine if tumor behavior correlates with MIB1 (marker of cellular proliferation) labeling. The patients included 34 males and 26 females who ranged in age from 6 months to 55 years (mean 20 years). Thirty-eight tumors (63%) were located in the temporal lobe and 6 (10%) in the frontal lobe. Fifty-four patients (90%) presented with seizures (most with intractable epilepsy) and the duration of seizures ranged from 1 to 38 years (mean 14 years). In all cases, the predominant glioma component resembled a low grade fibrillary astrocytoma. In 14 tumors (23%), an oligodendroglial component was present. In one case, the glial component resembled an anaplastic astrocytoma. The tumors were characterized variously by perivascular chronic inflammation (N = 45, 75%), vascular proliferation (N = 36, 60%), granular bodies (N = 54, 90%), binucleated neurons (N = 36, 60%), calcification (N = 28, 47%), and cystic degeneration (N = 26, 43%). Meningeal involvement by tumor was observed in five (8%) cases. In 38 patients, sufficient tissue was resected to evaluate for the presence of concomitant cortical architectural abnormalities. Cortical architectural abnormalities were identified near to but clearly separate from the tumor in 19 (50%) patients. Only four patients including the anaplastic tumor died with tumor progression. MIB1 indices (positive tumor cells/1,000 tumor cells counted) in 54 cases ranged from 0 to 10.2 (mean 1.1 ± 1.0). Mortality did not reliably correlate with the MIB1 index; however, the highest index was observed in the anaplastic tumor. The high incidence of associated architectural abnormalities suggests that gangliogliomas may arise on a maldevelopmental basis. Although generally benign and slow-growing tumors, as indicated by the generally low MIB1 indices, gangliogliomas can rarely behave in a malignant fashion. It is not possible to reliably predict prognosis on the basis of histologic features or MIB1 immunoreactivity.
Construction of a microgrid communication network

The advent of microgrids has made possible a host of applications geared toward the enhancement of the efficiency, reliability, resiliency, and sustainability of an electric power system. With a large penetration of microgrids in a power distribution system, a dedicated communication network infrastructure is needed to coordinate their control actions under various system operating conditions. This paper evaluates the ability of the current wireless communication infrastructure to meet some specific requirements and proposes some remedial actions. To this end, we have implemented communications models on the OPNETTM simulation tool and have investigated the impacts of latency and packet losses on the ability of microgrids' responses to some disturbances in the main grid. We found that the communications infrastructure must implement suitable channel access mechanisms for wireless transmission and must also support differentiated services to accommodate the variety of traffic patterns generated by the microgrids' control actions. If there are no differentiated services like the AQM, the performance of the controllers degrades.
Defining the Principalship: Instructional Leader or Middle Manager.

What is the proper role of the princi pal-instructional leader or middle manager? Can these roles be com bined, or are they intrinsically sepa rate and conflicting?
Fundamental data to be obtained with the Los Alamos Fourier Transform Spectrometer

Abstract The characteristics and capabilities of the Los Alamos National Laboratory Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) Facility are presented. The FTS is briefly described, including design parameters and specifications. Preliminary experiments are being carried out in a spectral window in the visible with extension into the u.v. and i.r. to be achieved in the near future. The type of fundamental data that will be obtained with the FTS facility is discussed, as well as the areas for future research.
Linguistic variation within university classroom talk: A corpus-based perspective

Abstract The primary goal of this study is to identify intra-textual linguistic variation in university classroom talk, applying corpus-based techniques to the analysis. First, based on the automatically identified vocabulary patterns in classroom talk a large number of class sessions are segmented into smaller units of analysis. Second, the co-occurring patterns of a range of linguistic features are identified in these units applying multi-dimensional analytical techniques. Relying on these patterns, three dimensions of linguistic variation are identified in university classroom talk: (1) Contextual, directive orientation versus Conceptual, informative focus; (2) Personalized framing versus Lack of personalized framing; (3) Interactive dialogue versus Teacher monologue. Finally, taking these dimensions, session initial differences in the discourse patterns in six disciplines and three instructional levels are discussed.
Ventricular cholecystic shunts in children

Hydrocephalus is a prevalent pediatric problem, and ventricular peritoneal shunting is the preferred procedure for surgical treatment. A system may become dysfunctional if the distal end of the catheter fails to drain because of intraabdominal adhesions, cerebral spinal fluid cysts, or peritonitis. Then additional revisions become necessary. Pediatric surgeons can come to the aid of their neurosurgical colleagues by placing the distal end of the catheter into the pleural space, cardiac atrium, ureter, stomach, or fallopian tube. These have all met with limited success. The ventricular cholecystic shunt has been used in some difficult-to-manage cases of hydrocephalus, and our experience with the procedure is described. In the complicated patient, we have had success placing the distal catheters in the gallbladder. Between 1986 and 1995 sixteen patients have had ventriculocholecystic shunts placed. The mean age was 10.8 years, ranging from 0.9 to 23 years. Prior shunting procedures averaged 4.1 (range 0 to 11). The follow-up period ranged from 4 weeks to 7.5 years, with a median follow-up of 3 years. No shunts were removed or revised specifically because of gallbladder complications such as infected bile, stones, or distal catheter occlusion. Seven patients experienced other shunt-related problems that were not caused by distal catheters, ie, staphylococcal infections and intracerebral problems. Eleven of the original shunts are still functioning. Two patients died of causes not related to the ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Because of their simplicity of placement, low incidence of complication, and similarity to ventriculoperitoneal shunts, the ventricular cholecystic shunt should be considered when other sites are unattainable.
The effects of perinatal hypoxic risk on developmental outcome in early and middle childhood: a twin study

The goal of this study of 66 twins was to determine whether motor and cognitive functions assessed in early and middle childhood are vulnerable to perinatal hypoxic risk. In an earlier study of 76 infant and toddler twins (S. Raz, F. Shah, & C. Sander, 1996), the authors found that intrapair discrepancy on the Mental Developmental Index, but not on the Psychomotor Developmental Index, of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development was associated with discordance for perinatal hypoxic risk. The twins at lower risk outperformed their higher risk co-twins. In the present study the authors sought to establish in a new sample of preschool and school-age twins whether gaps in performance persist into early and middle childhood. Although the disparity in hypoxic risk between the co-twins was typically moderate, significant intrapair differences were observed on the measure of motor performance. Among the motor abilities examined, skills involving visually guided ballistic arm movements appeared to be the most vulnerable to perinatal risk.
The Case for Irreversible Chemical Stratification of the Mantle

Chemical differentiation of the Earth into a buoyant, olivine-rich upper mantle, along with protocrustal materials, a perovskite-rich deeper layer, and an iron-rich core occurred continuously during accretion. Dense komatiitic liquids and eclogitic solids sank to mid-mantle depths. The large-ion lithophile elements and primordial gases accumulated in the proto-upper mantle. During subsequent evolution, most of the crustal elements were sweated out of the upper mantle; the layer at the base of the mantle collected light dross from the core and dense dregs from the mantle and reacted with the core. This fractionation and gravitational sorting of primordial materials according to density, solubility, silicate compatibility, and melting point became irreversible as the planet grew because of the effect of pressure on thermal expansion. Chemical boundaries are hard to detect by seismic techniques, but evidence favors one such boundary near 1000 km. Below this, the mantle is probably depleted in volatiles and the heat-producing elements, and represents the accreted material minus the buoyant and fusable compounds and the accompanying trace elements. Observations also favor a thick, chemically distinct layer at the base of the mantle that may extend, in places, more than 1000 km from the core-mantle boundary. This layer exhibits large-scale sluggish behavior as appropriate for high Prandtl number, low Rayleigh number convection. This kind of chemical and gravitational stratification resolves various geodynamic and geochemical paradoxes, and is more consistent with petrology and mineral physics than one- and two-layer models, and reversible stratification.
Distribution of a natural and an alien form of tobacco mosaic virus in the shoot apex of Nicotiana glauca Grah.

Abstract Uniform Nicotiana glauca Grah., plants were systemically infected with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) strains representing the form of the virus which occurs naturally in this host. The strains used were U5 and A. Similar plants were inoculated with strain U1, which is characteristic of the form of TMV occurring naturally in tobacco, N. tabacum L. U1 is alien to N. glauca , i.e., is seldom found infecting it under natural conditions. Pieces of leaf, stem, and stem apex of experimental plants were tested for virus content by inoculation to N. glutinosa L. Stem apexes were cut out and cultured on agar, and their virus content was tested after about 6 months. The main differences between strains were that U5 invaded the tissues of N. glauca more extensively than U1 and that it penetrated in assayable quantities closer to the stem apex. Strain A multiplied in cells where neither U1 nor U5 appeared in high concentrations. Each of the natural strains thus held an advantage over U1 that would favor its persistence in N. glauca , even though U1 in tobacco, its natural host, was the more invasive and virulent.
Characterization of olfactory bulb glomeruli in schizophrenia

Olfactory deficits, observed in schizophrenia, may be associated with a disruption of synaptic transmission in the olfactory system. Using immunohistochemistry and optical densitometry, we assessed the integrity of the synaptic connection between olfactory receptor neurons and olfactory bulb target neurons in schizophrenia by comparing the level of eight proteins, expressed in the olfactory bulb glomeruli, among schizophrenia and control subjects. In schizophrenia, no change was observed in the levels of OMP, GAP43 and NCAM, proteins expressed by olfactory receptor neurons, suggesting an intact innervation of the olfactory bulb by these neurons. This was supported by the absence of change in calbindin level, which has been shown to decrease after the destruction of the olfactory epithelium. The level of synaptophysin, a pre-synaptic protein, was also unchanged. These findings suggested that axons of olfactory receptor neurons establish synapses with their olfactory bulb targets in schizophrenia. The absence of change in the level of poorly phosphorylated neurofilament of moderate and high molecular weight (NFM/HP) suggested no lack of dendritic innervation despite a previously seen reduction of glomerular MAP2 level in schizophrenia subjects. This and above findings were consistent with the absence of change in the level of β-tubulin III, a protein expressed by neurons of both olfactory epithelium and bulb. Finally, we noted no significant decrease in trkB level, a neurotrophin receptor involved in the olfactory epithelium maintenance. This study showed no evidence of major structural alteration of the synapse between the olfactory epithelium and bulb in schizophrenia.
The Facilitation and Maintenance of the Therapeutic Alliance in Family Therapy

The formation and maintenance of the therapeutic alliance in family therapy involves complexities pertaining to the stabilizing tendency of family systems, and the necessity for negotiation of the goals and tasks of therapy with and among multiple individuals (i.e., the family members) in a context of systemic reciprocity and mutual influence. This article explores the complexities associated with the establishment and maintenance of the therapeutic alliance in family therapy. Alliance stances are presented as clinical applications designed to assist therapists in working with split alliances, establishing within family collaboration, and in negotiating homeostatic processes.
Drafting New York Civil-Litigation Documents: Part XXVIII - Disclosure Motions Continued

This column, the 28th in a series on drafting civil-litigation documents in New York, continues the discussion about disclosure motions.
Effect of the counterion on the rate of electron transfer in dendrimer films

The electrochemical behavior of a film composed of a redox-active dendrimer was studied as a function of the type of counterion available during its reduction and reoxidation. The rate of permeation/migration of counterions into the film appeared to be the bottleneck to electron transfer through the film. Because the dendrimer is rather hydrophobic, increasing the hydrophobicity of the counterion increased the rate and extent of electron hopping within the films.
Perceived Risk of Amputation, Emotions, and Foot Self-care Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes:

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the influence of having a family member who experienced an amputation on one’s own perceived risk and fear of experiencing a diabetes-related amput...
Plateau's problem in symmetric spaces

On fait des estimations fines et on resout certaines inegalites aux derivees partielles non lineaires qui sont d'interet geometrique dans des domaines non bornes. Leurs solutions representent celles orientees vers le probleme de Plateau dans des espaces symetriques
Performance and Thermal-Aware Steiner Routing for 3-D Stacked ICs

In this paper, we present a performance and thermal-aware Steiner routing algorithm for three-dimensional (3-D) stacked integrated circuits. Our algorithm consists of two steps: tree construction and tree refinement. Our tree construction algorithm builds a delay-oriented Steiner tree under a given thermal profile. We show that our 3-D tree construction involves minimization of two-variable Elmore delay function. In our tree refinement algorithm, we reposition the through-silicon-vias (TSVs) used in existing Steiner trees while preserving the original routing topology for further thermal optimization under a performance constraint. We employ a novel scheme to relax the initial nonlinear programming formulation to integer linear programming and consider all TSVs from all nets simultaneously. Our tree construction algorithm outperforms the popular 3-D maze routing by 52% in terms of performance at the cost of 15% wirelength and 6% TSV count increase for four-die stacking. In addition, our TSV relocation results in 9% maximum-temperature reduction at no additional area cost. We also provide extensive experimental results, including the following: (1) the wirelength and delay distribution of various types of 3-D interconnects; (2) the impact of TSV RC parasitics on routing and TSV relocation; and (3) the impact of various bonding styles on routing and TSV relocation. Last, we provide results on two-die stacking.
Intracoronary ultrasound evaluation of interventional technologies

The feasibility and applicability of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) of the coronary arteries were evaluated in 65 patients undergoing 70 coronary interventional procedures. Morphologic and quantitative analyses were performed with a mechanically rotated IVUS catheter (4.8Fr, 20 MHz) and with orthogonal view cineangiography. A semiautomated edge-detection algorithm was used for cineangiographic quantification. Coronary interventions included 45 percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasties, 9 excimer lasers, 11 directional coronary atherectomies, 3 rotational atherectomies and 2 stents. Most lesions consisted of a mixture of plaque composition (hard, n = 30; soft, n = 64). Other unique morphologic data by IVUS were plaque topography (eccentric, n = 34; concentric, n = 36) and vessel dissection (IVUS [n = 29] versus angiography [n = 14], p < 0.05). Postprocedure minimal lumen diameter and cross-sectional area measured by IVUS were larger and poorly correlated with angiography (r = 0.28, standard error of the estimate = 0.52 mm; r = 0.08, standard error of the estimate = 1.0 cm2, respectively). IVUS is more sensitive than angiography when assessing postintervention lesion characteristics including vessel dissection and plaque morphology. Catheter-based ultrasound appears to be a useful adjunct to contrast angiography when evaluating and comparing the therapeutic impact of conventional percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with new technologies.
Qualitative analysis of neck kinematics during low-speed rear-end impact

Abstract Objective. To analyze neck kinematics and loading patterns during rear-end impacts. Design. The motion of each cervical vertebra was captured using a 250 frame/s X-ray system during a whole body rear-end impact. These data were analyzed in order to understand different phases of neck loading during rear-end impact. Background. The mechanism of whiplash injury remains largely unknown. An understanding of the underlying kinematics of whiplash is crucial to the identification of possible injury mechanisms before countermeasures can be designed. Methods. Metallic markers were inserted into the vertebral bodies and spinous processes of each of the seven cervical vertebrae. Relative displacement-time traces between each pair of adjacent cervical vertebrae were calculated from X-ray data. Qualitative analyses of the kinematics of the neck at different phase of impact were performed. Results. The neck experiences compression, tension, shear, flexion and extension at different cervical levels and/or during different stages of the whiplash event. Conclusions. Neck kinematics during whiplash is rather complicated and greatly influenced by the rotation of the thoracic spine, which occurs as a result of the straightening of the kyphotic thoracic curvature. Relevance Understanding the complicated kinematics of a rear-end impact may help clinicians and researchers shed some light on potential mechanisms of whiplash neck injury.
Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of acoustic neuromas: Preliminary results

Abstract Purpose : To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of fractionated, stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) for acoustic neuromas. Methods and Materials : Twelve patients with acoustic neuroma were treated with SRT between June 1992 and October 1994. Follow-up ranged from 16–44 months. Patient age ranged from 27–70 (median: 45). Eight patients were treated with primary SRT and four patients were treated after primary surgical intervention for recurrent [3] or persistent [1] disease. Tuor received 1.8 Gy/day normalized to the 95% isodone line. Patients received a minimum prescribed dose of 54 Gy in 27–30 fractions over a 6-week period. Result : After a median follow-up of 26.5 months, local control was obtained in 12 out of 12 lesions. Tumor regression was noted in three patients, and tumor stabilization was found in the remaining nine patients. No patients developed a new cranial nerve deficit. One patients developed worsening of preexisting Vth cranial neuropathy and another experienced a decrease in hearing. However, all nine patients with useful hearing prior to SRT maintained useful hearing at last follow-up. Conclusions : Stereotactic radiotherapy provided excellent local control without new cranial nerve deficits. These results must be viewed as tentative in nature because of the small number of patients and the short median follow-up period.
Sprue-like histology in patients with abdominal pain taking olmesartan compared with other angiotensin receptor blockers.

Aims A severe syndrome characterised by life-threatening diarrhoea and severe sprue-like histology has been described in patients taking the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) olmesartan. It is unknown whether there are any histopathological changes in patients without severe diarrhoea exposed to this medication. It is also unknown whether other ARBs cause sprue-like histology. Methods Retrospective cohort study of patients with abdominal pain undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with duodenal biopsy who were taking ARBs. Patients taking olmesartan (n=20) and a non-olmesartan ARB (n=20) were compared with age and sex-matched controls. Histological features (classic sprue-like and other inflammatory changes) were analysed. Results No single histopathological finding was significantly more common in olmesartan-using patients than controls. However, 10 of 20 olmesartan patients had one or more sprue-like histological features compared with 4 of 20 age-matched and sex-matched controls not taking ARBs (p=0.10). Patients taking ARBs other than olmesartan were not more likely than controls to have one or more of these sprue-like histological features (9/20 vs. 12/20, p=0.34). Conclusions There were no statistically significant differences between olmesartan users with abdominal pain and controls for any single histopathological abnormality. However, there were trends towards significance for individual abnormalities as well as for a composite outcome of sprue-like changes. This raises the possibility that there is a spectrum of histological changes associated with olmesartan use.
Generalised Reed-Muller codes and power control in OFDM modulation

Controlling the peak-to-mean envelope power ratio (PMEPR) of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexed (OFDM) transmissions is a notoriously difficult problem, though one which is of vital importance for the practical application of OFDM in low-cost applications. The utility of Golay complementary sequences in solving this problem has been recognized for some time. In this paper, a powerful theory linking Golay complementary sets of polyphase sequences and Reed-Muller codes is developed. Our main result shows that any second-order coset of a q-ary generalization of the first order Reed-Muller code can be partitioned into Golay complementary sets whose size depends only on a single parameter that is easily computed from a graph associated with the coset. As a first consequence, recent results of Davis and Jedwab (see Electron. Lett., vol.33, p.267-8, 1997) on Golay pairs, as well as earlier constructions of Golay (1949, 1951, 1961), Budisin (1990) and Sivaswamy (1978) are shown to arise as special cases of a unified theory for Golay complementary sets. As a second consequence, the main result directly yields bounds on the PMEPRs of codes formed from selected cosets of the generalized first order Reed-Muller code. These codes enjoy efficient encoding, good error-correcting capability, and tightly controlled PMEPR, and significantly extend the range of coding options for applications of OFDM using small numbers of carriers.
On a wing and a prayer

The article talks about recent Defense Research Projects Agency (DARPA) presolicitation notice in the area of hybrid insect micro-electromechanical systems (MEMs). DARPA's goal is to fund promising interdisciplinary research that will permit the creation of "insect-cyborgs"
Angiogenic Therapy of the Human Heart

The field of angiogenesis research was initiated 27 years ago by a hypothesis that tumors are angiogenesis-dependent.1 Shortly thereafter, in the early 1970s, it became possible to passage vascular endothelial cells in vitro for the first time.2 Bioassays for angiogenesis were developed subsequently throughout that decade. The early 1980s saw the purification of the first angiogenic factors.3 4 5 6 By the mid-1980s, angiogenesis inhibitors began to be discovered.7 8 9 Translation of these laboratory findings to clinical application started in 1989, when interferon alfa was first used for the treatment of life-threatening hemangiomas in infants.10 11 12 Clinical applications of angiogenesis research are being pursued along three general lines: (1) prognostic markers in cancer patients,13 14 (2) antiangiogenic therapy (for review, see Reference 1515 ), and (3) angiogenic therapy. The first angiogenic therapy of ischemic vascular disease was the administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular permeability factor to patients with severe peripheral vascular disease in …
Single-polarisation fibre amplifier

A novel single-polarisation fibre amplifier design is presented. The use of a Faraday mirror in a double-pass design yields optical gain with high efficiency, without spatial hole burning and independent of gain-fibre birefringence. An amplifier, tunable polarised laser, and a high-power polarised super-fluorescent source are demonstrated.
Clostridium botulinum type E occurs and grows in the alga Cladophora glomerata.

In recent years, massive avian die-offs from Clostridium botulinum type E infection have occurred in the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (SLBE) area of Lake Michigan. These outbreaks have be...
Constitutional Revision in France

THE FRENCH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY formally opened the process for amending the constitution on November 30, 1950, when it adopted by 369 votes to 181 a resolution calling for the amendment of all or parts of eleven articles of the constitution. Four years later, to the day, the National Assembly completed the process by adopting by 412 votes to 141 a bill of amendments which became the Constitutional Laws of December 7, 1954, upon their promulgation in the Journal Officiel of December 8. That the amendment process should have taken so long is hardly surprising. The amendment procedure, prescribed by Articles 90 and 20 of the constitution, does not require extensive delays in deliberation, but it does require large majorities if a referendum is to be avoided; to build either a three-fifths majority in both houses of Parliament on a single text, or a two-thirds majority in the National Assembly requires long and patient negotiation. It was apparent from the moment when the original amending resolution was passed in 1950 that broad agreement on a set of amendments would be difficult to achieve. A large majority could be found in the National Assembly to support the resolution because it was necessary at that time only to list the articles or parts of articles of the constitution to be amended and not to state specifically how they should be amended. The Assembly's debates in 1950 indicated that the parties in the National Assembly had differing notions of what changes should be made; and the debates of January, 1951, in the Council of the Republic, which adopted the same resolution as the National Assembly, revealed that there would be considerable conflict between the two houses of Parliament as well.1 At its orizin in 1950, the movement for constitutional revision
Cualidades corporativas en el derecho y la sociedad: un caso de los Estados Unidos

La sociedad neoliberal engloba tanto poderes estatales como no estatales, de modo tal que plantea nuevos retos interpretativos a los antropologos y sociologos del derecho interesados en la significacion social y cultural del derecho. Desarrollo aqui un “estudio de caso” en torno a un dictamen reciente del Tribunal Supremo de los Estados Unidos en el cual esos aspectos figuran entre los temas que contempla. Examino el asunto Comision de Elecciones Federales contra Ciudadanos Unidos [Citizens United] —un caso que implicaba el derecho de las empresas a invertir dinero en campanas electorales federales. El resultado fue altamente polemico en Estados Unidos, ya que eliminaba antiguas restricciones relativas a la inversion empresarial en la esfera politica. Desde un punto de vista etnografico, sin embargo, la relevancia del dictamen puede estar menos en lo que permite a las corporaciones decir y hacer en el contexto electoral que en el modo en que cualidades peculiares de caracter social, pretendidamente (por el Tribunal) inherentes a las empresas, son valoradas y priorizadas. Sugiero que la multiforme naturaleza de las cualidades de las empresas, tal como las define el Tribunal, apunta al significado potencial del caso para la vida cotidiana que alcanza al sentido de la propia diferenciacion entre derecho y sociedad.
Enhancing multiple‐point geostatistical modeling: 2. Iterative simulation and multiple distance function

This series addresses a fundamental issue in multiple-point statistical (MPS) simulation for generation of realizations of large-scale porous media. Past methods suffer from the fact that they generate discontinuities and patchiness in the realizations that, in turn, affect their flow and transport properties. Part I of this series addressed certain aspects of this fundamental issue, and proposed two ways of improving of one such MPS method, namely, the cross correlation-based simulation (CCSIM) method that was proposed by the authors. In the present paper, a new algorithm is proposed to further improve the quality of the realizations. The method utilizes the realizations generated by the algorithm introduced in Part I, iteratively removes any possible remaining discontinuities in them, and addresses the problem with honoring hard (quantitative) data, using an error map. The map represents the differences between the patterns in the training image (TI) and the current iteration of a realization. The resulting iterative CCSIM—the iCCSIM algorithm—utilizes a random path and the error map to identify the locations in the current realization in the iteration process that need further “repairing;” that is, those locations at which discontinuities may still exist. The computational time of the new iterative algorithm is considerably lower than one in which every cell of the simulation grid is visited in order to repair the discontinuities. Furthermore, several efficient distance functions are introduced by which one extracts effectively key information from the TIs. To increase the quality of the realizations and extracting the maximum amount of information from the TIs, the distance functions can be used simultaneously. The performance of the iCCSIM algorithm is studied using very complex 2-D and 3-D examples, including those that are process-based. Comparison is made between the quality and accuracy of the results with those generated by the original CCSIM algorithm, which demonstrates the superior performance of the iCCSIM.
14C studies on ketogenicity of metabolites in lactating dairy cows.

SummaryThe relative transfer of carbon-14 from propionate-2-14 C, carbonate-14 C. glucose-1-14 C. glycine-1-14 C. butyrate-2-14 C. and norvaline-3-14 C into the 2, 3, 4 carbon atoms of urinary B-hydroxybutyric and acetoacetic acid, and acetone has been determined. Carbon-14 atoms of norvaline-314 C and butyrate-2-14 C were more ketogenic than those present in the other compounds investigated.
Beyond appendicitis: evaluation and surgical treatment of pediatric acute abdominal pain.

Purpose of review Evaluation of the child with acute abdominal pain is challenging because of the wide range of potential diagnoses. Presenting symptoms, clinical examination, and laboratory findings can guide selection of diagnostic imaging. Recent findings Intussusception and intestinal malrotation are potentially serious causes of intestinal obstruction, which are best evaluated by ultrasound and upper gastrointestinal series, respectively. Ultrasound has diagnostic importance in the evaluation of multiple diseases, including appendicitis, by potentially decreasing the need for inpatient observation, cholecystitis and complications of gall stones such as pancreatitis, and ovarian diseases. Pelvic inflammatory disease should be considered in evaluation of a teenage girl with lower abdominal pain. Less common causes of acute abdominal pain include ingested foreign bodies, infected congenital anomalies, and perforated peptic ulcer disease. Summary Presenting symptoms and physical examination findings can narrow the number of potential diagnoses in pediatric acute abdominal pain and thereby guide diagnostic imaging selection. Abdominal/pelvic ultrasound, rather than computed tomography scan, is the preferred modality for initial evaluation of many potential causes of pediatric abdominal pain.
Arginase activity in vitamin E-deficient rats.

Summary1. Male rats were raised on a vit. E-deficient diet; some animals were given daily supplements of arginine monohydro-chloride. 2. Arginase activity of liver and kidney determined by the method of Kochak-ian. 3. There was no difference in arginase content of livers and kidneys of animals maintained on a vit. E-supplemented diet, a vit. E-deficient diet and. vit. E-deficient diet containing a supplement of arginine. 4. Administration of arginine did not delay or modify the development of testicular degeneration resulting from vit. E-deficiency.