cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the bottom nepheloid layer and late Holocene deposition on Nitinat Fan: Implications for lutite dispersal and deposition

A study of 56 sediment cores and 121 nephelometer profiles from Nitinat deep-sea fan shows variations in late Holocene accumulation rates and sediment texture which parallel variations in thickness and suspended sediment load of the bottom nepheloid layer. Furthermore, accumulation rates, sediment texture, and nepheloid layer variables all show a substantial degree of correlation with fan topography. In general, the nepheloid layer thickens (>100 m) and suspended sediment loads increase (>100 µg/cm 2 ) above Cascadia Channel (the major channel crossing the fan) as well as above the northern flank of the fan. Over levees and the western portion of the fan, the nepheloid layer thins to 2 . Cascadia Channel and the northern flank of the fan have been loci of rapid sedimentation, with accumulation rates ranging from approximately 5 to greater than 12 mg/cm 2 /yr. In contrast, the apex and western reaches of the fan have significantly lower accumulation rates: 1 to 5 mg/cm 2 /yr. Detailed size analysis of bottom sediments shows that areas characterized by rapid sedimentation and a thick, heavily loaded nepheloid layer have more medium to fine silt (5 to 7 ϕ) than the clay-rich (>8 ϕ) sediments from interchannel areas with low accumulation rates and a thin, lightly loaded nepheloid layer. The data suggest that turbid water moves continuously down Cascadia Channel and the northern flank. The transport mechanism is size-selective and topographically controlled, concentrating silt-sized detritus in topographic lows. The data also suggest a positive downward flux of sediment particles within the nepheloid layer, at least when averaged over a significant period of time.
Valve-Sparing Aortic Root Replacement With Translocation of Anomalous Left Coronary Artery

An anomalous left main coronary artery arising from the right coronary with a single coronary ostium is an exceptionally rare anatomic variant. Here, we report a patient with a left main coronary artery arising from the right coronary and also an aortic root aneurysm associated with mild aortic insufficiency. Valve-sparing aortic root replacement and coronary translocation were performed with an excellent outcome in this case.
Role of Protein Interactions in Defining HIV-1 Viral Capsid Shape and Stability: A Coarse-Grained Analysis

Coarse-grained models of the HIV-1 CA dimer are constructed based on all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Coarse-grained representations of the capsid shell, which is composed of ∼1500 copies of CA proteins, are constructed and their stability is examined. A key interaction between carboxyl and hexameric amino terminal domains is shown to generate the curvature of the capsid shell. It is demonstrated that variation of the strength of this interaction for different subunits in the lattice can cause formation of asymmetric, conical-shaped closed capsid shells, and it is proposed that variations, in the structure of the additional carboxyl-amino terminal binding interface during self-assembly, are important aspects of capsid cone formation. These results are in agreement with recent structural studies of the capsid hexamer subunit, which suggest that variability in the binding interface is a cause of the differences in subunit environments that exist in a conical structure.
Dinitrobenzene induces methemoglobin formation from deoxyhemoglobin in vitro.

Abstract The reaction of hemoglobin (Hb) with dinitrobenzenes (DNBs) was studied to develop a molecular-level understanding of such reactions that will enhance the development of toxicokinetic models that employ Hb adducts as biomarkers for exposure. Methemoglobin (metHb) is formed during the reaction and UV/VIS spectroscopy was used to follow the reaction of DNB isomers with deoxy-(dxHb), oxy-(HbO 2 ) and carboncarbxoxy-(HbCO) hemoglobin. HPLC chromatography of dxHb treated with radiolabelled DNB was employed to detect possible adduct formation. Deconvolution of the spectra and the presence of well-defined isobestic points imply that DNB induces a direct conversion of dxHb to metHb, but little or no conversion occurs for either HbCO or HbO 2 . This implies that the reaction of DNB with Hb may require direct access to the heme and/or that the reaction is initiated by oxidation of the heme, which occurs more readily in the deoxy state. Labelled DNB formed no detectable covalent Hb adducts in the presence of dxHb, providing evidence that metHb formation is not linked to adduct formation.
A Multicomplex Riemann Zeta Function

After reviewing properties of analytic functions on the multicomplex number space $${\mathbb{C}_{k}}$$ (a commutative generalization of the bicomplex numbers $${\mathbb{C}_{2}}$$ ), a multicomplex Riemann zeta function is defined through analytic continuation. Properties of this function are explored, and we are able to state a multicomplex equivalence to the Riemann hypothesis.
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. Clinical and immunologic characterization

The clinical course of a patient with extensive skin involvement due to T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia is described. The malignant cells isolated from the patient's blood and skin were studied utilizing cytochemical analysis and multiple monoclonal antibodies directed against cell surface antigens. The leukemic cells displayed a surface antigen phenotype similar to that of normal post thymic suppressor T-cells. On the basis of this study together with the few published reports, it appears that T-prolymphocytic leukemia is derived from lymphocytes demonstrating either the suppressor or helper phenotype, and that extensive dermal infiltration may be independent of phenotypic classification. Although T-prolymphocytic leukemia shares certain morphologic, cytochemical, and immunologic features with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, it is an aggressive disease with an average survival of approximately 6 months and is best thought of as a distinct pathologic entity. Cancer 52:2049-2054, 1983.
Multiplet Splitting of Metal-Atom Electron Binding Energies

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to measure splittings of metal-atom electron binding energies in both inorganic solids and gases. These splittings are due to the various possible multiplet states formed by coupling a hole in a metal-atom subshell to an unfilled valence subshell. Splittings are observed in various solids containing $3d$-series atoms. In particular, the $3s$ binding energy is split into a doublet with as much as 7.0-eV separation between the two components. The instrumental resolution is \ensuremath{\sim} 1.0 eV. $3s$ splittings are exhibited by inorganic compounds containing Mn and Fe, as well as by Fe metal, Co metal, and Ni metal. Theoretical predictions are in good agreement with experiment, provided that the effects of covalency in chemical bonding are taken into account. For Fe metal, the $3s$ splitting is identical both above and below the Curie point. The $3p$ binding energies of these solids also appear to show multiplet effects, but the interpretation of these results is less straight-forward. The $2p$ binding energies in Mn${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ are broadened by at least 1.3 eV, and this is shown to be consistent with multiplet splitting. XPS results for gaseous monatomic Eu also indicate the presence of multiplet splittings. The two components in the $4d$ photoelectron spectrum are found to have an intensity ratio in disagreement with observed ratios for neighboring atoms with filled valence subshells. Also, the width of the $4f$ photoelectron peak above the instrumental contribution can be explained in terms of multiplet effects.
The fragmentation behavior of the endo‐ and exo‐octahydro‐4,7‐methano‐1H‐indene systems

The electron impact induced fragmentations of the endo- and exo-octahydro-4,7-methano-1H-indene systems have been studied. The principal decomposition reactions have been elucidated by deuterium labelling. Two generic fragmentation patterns appeared: one involved the bisection of the molecule and the second involved the loss of various alkyl fragments.
Pulsed Fiber Holography: A New Technique For Hologram Interferometry

The advantage of the rapid development of fiber optics for communication purposes is that now holographic investigations can be made much more flexible if fibers are used. The use of optical fibers in connection with cw lasers has already found interferometric applications within metrology. The possibility of using a pulsed laser with fibers will open important new applications for hologram interferometry within science, industry, and medicine. A fiber coupling technique for pulsed lasers is described, as well as suitable equipment for pulsed or cw laser holographic investigations. Possible applications also are discussed.
Quantitation of nitric oxide-derived nitrite from activated macrophages using microdialysis sampling

Abstract An HPLC method for detecting nitrite in microdialysis samples obtained from activated RAW 264.7 macrophages in cell culture has been developed. Nitrite was quantified using a pre-column derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) followed by HPLC–UV analysis of the azide product. For dialysates, the detection limit of nitrite was 750 nM and the quantitation limit was 2.5 μM. The microdialysis relative recovery of nitrite in the macrophage cell culture medium was determined to be 86±2% ( n =3) at a flow rate of 0.7 μl/min. Nitrite produced from activated macrophages was measured immediately after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation using microdialysis sampling.
“Kitchen Gardens” in Tajikistan: The Economic and Cultural Importance of Small-Scale Private Property in a Post-Soviet Society

From the earliest days of the Soviet Union, the people of Tajikistan were allowed to have small “kitchen gardens” attached to their homes or in the vicinity of their apartments in which they could augment their diets with fresh food and also keep a milk cow and perhaps chickens. Over time however, families began to produce far more than they needed and would sell the surplus in local markets, along roads, and even in nearby cities—an early example of market-oriented, investment agriculture in Central Asia. By the end of the Soviet era, as much as one third of food sold in the markets was from kitchen gardens. In post-independence Tajikistan, these gardens have allowed families facing civil war, drought, and demodernization to feed themselves and earn some extra income. This paper describes the historic geography, layout and crops of kitchen gardens, and provides quantitative data on the economic importance of these gardens.
On the Growth of Convergence Radii for the Eigenvalues of the Mathieu Equation

It is proved that the convergence radii ρn of the eigenvalues of the Mathieu equation satisfy lim inf ρn/n2 > kk′K2 = 2.0418., where the modulus k of the complete elliptic integrals is determined by 2E = K.
Exascale science: the next frontier in high performance computing

Scientific computation has come into its own as a mature technology in all fields of science and engineering. Never before have we been able to accurately anticipate, analyze, and plan for complex events in the future --- from the analysis of a human cell to the climate change well into the future. In combination with theory and experiment, scientific computation provides a valuable tool for understanding causes as well as identifying solutions as we look at complex systems containing billions of elements. However, we still cannot do it all and there is a need for more computation capacity especially in areas such as the study of biology and medicine, materials science, climate, and national security.The petascale systems (capable of 1015 floating point operations per second) of today have accelerated studies that were not possible 3 years ago --- and address some of the challenges in the areas mentioned. However, indications from researchers are that they would need far more powerful computing tools to meet the ever increasing challenges of an increasingly complex world. Exascale systems (capable of 1018 floating point operations per second), with a processing capability close to that of the human brain, will enable the unraveling of longstanding scientific mysteries and present new opportunities. The question now is --- What does it take to build an exascale system?The path from Teraflops to Petaflops was driven by the growth of multi-core processors. While it is likely that an exascale system will be comprised of millions of cores, just riding the multi-core trend may not allow us to develop a sustainable exascale system. A number of challenges surface as we start increasing the number of cores in a CPU (Central Processing Unit). The first and most pressing issue is power consumption. Assuming today's technology to build an exascale system, it would consume over a Gigawatt of power. Other issues such as software scalability, memory, IO, and storage bandwidth, and system resiliency stem from the fact that processing power is outpacing the capabilities of all the surrounding technologies.But the sky isn't really falling. While it appears like there are no ideal solutions today, new approaches will emerge that will provide fundamental breakthroughs in hardware technology, parallel programming, and resiliency. In this talk, the speaker addresses the challenges that we face as we take on the task of developing an exascale system along with the technical shifts needed to mitigate some of these challenges.
Differences in Serological Properties of Macroglobulins from Cancer And Normal Sera.

Discussion and SummaryStudies on the alpha-2 macroglobulins isolated from the sera of patients with various types of cancer and from the sera of healthy individuals revealed definite serological differences between the two groups of fractions. These differences relate to flocculation of bentonite particles, reaction with coelomic fluid substance, and precipitin reactions with anti-alpha-2 sera.The alpha-2 fraction from cancer sera was found to flocculate bentonite particles in 91.5% of the fraction tested, while the reaction was negative in 77.1% of the fractions from normal sera. This is in accord with previous investigation in which the addition of bentonite particles reduced the alpha-2 content of cancer, but not of normal sera. The increased affinity of macroglobulins from cancer sera to bentonite may be based on differences in total electric charge. This, however, should be investigated using ion exchangers to separate the fractions from both types of sera.Treatment of cancer sera and normal sera of ...
Improved PCB via pattern to reduce crosstalk at package BGA region for high speed serial interface

Crosstalk is one of the root causes to violate jitter compliance in high speed serial link, as the data rate increase and signal density goes up. To minimize cancellation or crosstalk impact, many techniques have been investigated. However, unlike horizontal crosstalk, crosstalk at vertical interconnection has limitation to eliminate. In particular, coupling occurs at the interface of chip and PCB is one of the unavoidable sources of crosstalk. Among three coupling types, TX to TX, RX to RX and TX to RX, TX to RX coupling is detrimental compared to others since the aggressor TX swing is large with high slew rate and the victim RX signal has low swing and slow edge. RX jitter performance is more sensitive to noise coupling. Therefore, it is important to investigate crosstalk impact on RX performance on the system level including IOs, package and PCB. In this paper, the impact of transmitter to receiver crosstalk induced at package balls and PCB vias is characterized. Critical factors causing this near-end crosstalk are identified and analyzed. Additionally, the PCB via pattern is proposed to minimize field interference between TX and RX as simply rotating TX via pair perpendicularly to RX via pair. It is demonstrated that the proposed structure reduces crosstalk significantly.
Numerical investigation of hemodynamics at an end-to-side junction with a laterally diffused bypass graft

Intimal hyperplasia (IH) at arterial bypass graft is a major factor responsible for graft failure. Several techniques are used to explain IH formation at the end-to-side anastomosis junction. Abnormal hemodynamics contributing to the development of disease at the junction is the one of most common theories. This study describes a means of modifying the area of bypass graft at the junction part. This procedure, called the laterally diffused bypass graft (LDBG), is able to alter the hemodynamics in the end-to-side anastomosis. The LDBG model, due to an expansion of the outer curvature in the graft, reduces the velocity on the artery bed, side and top junction walls. The recirculation with velocity vectors on the host artery is significantly altered near the heel region on the host artery. Wall shear stress is decreased by up to 34% on the floor of artery centerline at the peak systole and by 61.9% on the top junction of artery during the systole deceleration. Corresponding time-averaged wall shear stresses are found to decrease by 40.5%. Secondary flow is observed to be decreased significantly at the distal junction.
In situ detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures by fluorescent Hoechst 33258 stain

Abstract A simple, fast, and easily reproducible routine laboratory technique for detecting mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures is reported. Cells grown on a coverslip are fixed directly with Carnoy's, air-dried, stained with DNA-specific fluorescent Hoechst 33258, and examined microscopically. All cultures that were infected with mycoplasmas had readily discernible, small, morphologically uniform, bright fluorescent bodies in the extranuclear and intercellular space in contrast to the non-contaminated control cultures in which the extra-nuclear background appeared uniformly dark. To probe the degree of sensitivity to detect mycoplasmas, control cultures were infected with aliquots from serially diluted cells or media collected from Mycoplasma hyorhinus infected cultures. The lowest infection rate (0.40% by sampling 1 000 cells in average per culture 4–24 h after infection) scored presently, however, can easily be lowered by increasing sample size since a cell infected with even one mycoplasma can be discerned. These mycoplasmas resisted centrifugation at 2 500 rpm for 30 min and easily filtered through 0.22 μm pore-size filter membrane. Amazingly infection rate of 0.63% scored from 24 h post-infection incubation attained 100% contamination with several hundreds of mycoplasmas per host cell within 120 h.
Steroidal heterocycles. 15. 4,4-Dialkyl-delta 5-3-oxosteroids, 1,4'-spiro [cycloalkyl-delta 5-3-oxo-steroids] and derivatives.

Homologs of 17-hydroxy-4,4-17α-trimethyl-3-oxo-androst-5-ene-2α-carbonitrile (6d), such as the 4,4-diethyl-(6a), 4,4-cyclopentyl-(6c) and 4,4-cyclohexyl-(6b) analogs were synthesized.
Inactivation of NF-kappaB by genistein is mediated via Akt signaling pathway in breast cancer cells

Genistein, a natural isoflavonoid found in soybean products, has been proposed to be associated with a lower rate of breast cancer in Asian women. Studies from our laboratory and others have shown that genistein can induce apoptosis by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related genes in breast cancer cells. However, the precise molecular mechanism(s) by which genistein induces apoptotic cell death is not clear. In order to investigate such mechanism, we tested the role of Akt and NF-kappaB in genistein-treated MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. We found that inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis by genistein are partly mediated through the downregulation of Akt and NF-kappaB pathways. Gel shift assay showed that NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity in MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with Akt cDNA was induced, suggesting that there is a cross-talk between NF-kappaB and Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, we found that genistein could abrogate EGF and Akt induced NF-kappaB activation. From these results, we conclude that the inactivation of NF-kappaB by genistein in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells is partly mediated via Akt pathway, which could be useful for rational design of strategies for the prevention and/or treatment of breast cancer.
Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of a Depsipeptide Mimic of Tendamistat

The cyclic hexadepsipeptide framework of enniatin B was identified as a template matching the β-turn tripeptide of tendamistat. The modified analog 1 was synthesized as a tendamistat mimic and compared to the acyclic derivative 2 and the tripeptide Ac-Try-Arg-Tyr-OMe. These compounds were assembled from the dimeric esters 3−5. As an inhibitor of α-amylase, 1 is twice as potent as 2 and comparable to the tripeptide. NMR studies of 1 reveal four conformers in equilibrium in a 50:25:15:10 ratio; the ring conformation of the major component is similar to that of the enniatin B template, with the cis geometry of the α-hydroxyisovaleryl-N-methylvaline amide linkage; the other conformers differ in the position or presence of the cis amide linkage.
Possible mechanism of action of morphine on brain.

WE have sought to extend previous studies1–3 on the possible relationship between the effects of morphine on behaviour and alterations of biogenic amine metabolism. We propose that if morphine alters the metabolism of serotonin and catecholamines in brain, changing the relative amount of their free forms available for synaptic transmission and degradation, then depletion of the amines before administration of morphine should modify the effects of the narcotic on behaviour. The recent report by Way et al.2 that depletion of brain serotonin inhibits the development of morphine tolerance in mice supports this proposal.
Glucocorticoid control of developmentally regulated adipose genes

We have analyzed the hormonal basis for the acceleration of differentiation by dexamethasone in the stable adipogenic cell line TA1. These cells, which were derived from 5-azacytidine-treated 10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts, undergo differentiation in culture after reaching confluence. Using cDNA clones corresponding to mRNAs that are induced during adipogenesis, we find that dexamethasone elicits the precocious accumulation of differentiation-specific gene products. This effect appears to be mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor, yet unlike standard steroid inductions, most of the RNAs reach the same maximal levels in the absence of dexamethasone. Glucocorticoids thus may increase the expression of a regulatory factor required for activating the entire set of differentiation-dependent genes. We also describe a gene whose transcription is not only activated during adipogenesis, but is also specifically inducible by dexamethasone in the mature adipocyte. Moreover, the glucocorticoid responsiveness of this gene in differentiated cells appears to be dependent on its prior developmental activation.
Prostaglandin E2 and α2 adrenoceptor agonists inhibit the pentose phosphate shunt in pancreatic islets

Abstract Glucose utilization in isolated pancreatic islets of the rat was inhibited by prostaglandin (PG) E 2 and the α 2 adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine, to a similar extent; other prostaglandins did not affect glucose utilization. Islet oxidation of [1- 14 C]glucose and [6- 14 C]glucose demonstrated that the pentose phosphate shunt was inhibited by PGE 2 and clonidine. Pertussis toxin antagonizes the effects of clonidine and PGE 2 on total glucose utilization and pentose phosphate shunt activity. The results suggest that PGE 2 and α 2 adrenoceptor agonists may regulate glucose metabolism through similar transduction mechanisms, and that a guanine nucleotide binding regulatory (G) protein modulates certain metabolic effects of prostaglandins and adrenergic agonists.
Use of natural radionuclides to determine the time range of the accidental melting of an orphan radioactive source in a steel recycling plant.

Abstract In the rare event that an orphan radioactive source is melted in an Electric Arc Furnace steel recycling plant, the radionuclides present are partitioned in the different products, by-products and waste. As a consequence of an unforeseen melting of a radiocesium source, cesium radioisotopes can be found in the dust, together with many natural radionuclides from the decay of radon and thoron, which are present in the atmosphere, picked up from the off-gas evacuation system and associated with the dust of the air filtration system (“baghouse”). In this work we verified that the activity concentration of 212 Pb in this dust is essentially constant in a specific factory so that it is possible to use it to date back to the time of the accidental melting of the orphan radioactive source. The main features of this method are described below, together with the application to a particular case in which this method was used for dating the moment in which the dust was contaminated with 137 Cs.
On the Flow Criteria for Suspending Solid Particles in Inductively Stirred Melts: Part I. Newtonian Behavior

A mathematical formulation has been developed to represent the behavior of both buoyant and nonbuoyant particles in a fluid which is undergoing turbulent recirculating flow. In the formulation the fluid velocity field is represented by the turbulent Navier-Stokes equations, in conjunction with thek-ɛ model for the turbulent viscosity. Regarding the fluid-particle interactions in calculating the drag, allowance has been made for both the time smoothed and the fluctuating velocity components. The principal findings of the work are that turbulence plays a key role in suspending the particles in the melt, and that for identical density differences, it is much easier to prevent the flotation of a buoyant particle than the sedimentation of a particle which is heavier than the fluid.
PS-b-PHEMA: synthesis, characterization, and processing of a high χ polymer for directed self-assembly lithography

As an alternative lithography technique, directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers has shown to be promising for next generation high resolution patterning. PS-b-PMMA has been widely studied for its use as a block copolymer in directed self-assembly and has demonstrated patterned features down to size scales on the order of 20 nm pitch. However, due to the modest χ value for PS-b-PMMA (χ=0.038), this 20 nm feature pitch representes roughly the limiting capability of PS-b-PMMA. To achieve smaller pitch features, new block copolymers with higher χ values must be developed for use in DSA lithography. Here, poly(styrene)-b-poly(hydroxyehtylmethacrylate) or PS-b-PHEMS is introduced as one possible such high χ polymer. PS-b-PHEMA with controlled Mw and PDI was successfully synthesized via ATRP and fully characterized by NMR, GPC and FTIR. As a first demonstration of sub-20 nm pitch capability in PS-b-PHEMA, a 15 nm pitch size lamella structure in PS-b-PHEMA is shown. PS-b-PHEMA has good thermal stability, allowing it to be rapidly annealed thermally. PS-b-PHEMA also is shown to have improved etch contrast between the two blocks as compared to PS-b-PMMA. The χ value for PS-b-PHEMA is estimated to be 0.37 based on experimental pitch scaling studies, which is almost 10 times of the χ value for PS-b-PMMA.
Atomic Bond Deficiency Defects in Amorphous Metals

Atomic bond deficiency (BD) is considered to be characteristic structural defects in amorphous metals. They are the necessary feature of local atomic configurations that facilitate various atomic transports under different driving forces. Compared with vacancies in crystalline solids, they are “small” in terms of their formation energies, volume costs, and elementary steps involved in atomic transport. This article reviews the authors’ recent efforts made to analyze how various local configurations containing BD are related to amorphous metal’s unique characteristics, such as glass transition, diffusion, shear flow, and structural relaxation.
The clinical impact and outcomes of immunohistochemistry-only metastasis in breast cancer.

Abstract Background Modern surgical and pathological techniques can detect small-volume axillary metastases in breast cancer with unknown clinical significance. Methods A retrospective database review from 1996 through 2004 identified all patients with immunohistochemical (IHC)-only sentinel node (IHC-SN) metastases and compared them with negative controls (Neg-SN). Results When comparing the 232 IHC-SN patients with the 252 Neg-SN controls, the IHC-SN patients had larger tumors, more lobular histology, a higher grade, and more HER2/neu positivity. They also received more systemic therapy. With a median follow-up of 5 years, there were no differences in recurrence-free survival or overall survival. In 123 IHC-SN patients treated with axillary dissection (axillary lymph node dissection), 16% had positive non-SLNs. Patients with positive non-SLNs tended to have worse outcomes. Conclusions IHC-only sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases were associated with worse prognostic features and higher rates of systemic therapy. However, no outcomes differences were noted.
New light-amplifier-based detector designs for high spatial resolution and high sensitivity CBCT mammography and fluoroscopy.

New cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) mammography system designs are presented where the detectors provide high spatial resolution, high sensitivity, low noise, wide dynamic range, negligible lag and high frame rates similar to features required for high performance fluoroscopy detectors. The x-ray detectors consist of a phosphor coupled by a fiber-optic taper to either a high gain image light amplifier (LA) then CCD camera or to an electron multiplying CCD. When a square-array of such detectors is used, a field-of-view (FOV) to 20 x 20 cm can be obtained where the images have pixel-resolution of 100 μm or better. To achieve practical CBCT mammography scan-times, 30 fps may be acquired with quantum limited (noise free) performance below 0.2 μR detector exposure per frame. Because of the flexible voltage controlled gain of the LA's and EMCCDs, large detector dynamic range is also achievable. Features of such detector systems with arrays of either generation 2 (Gen 2) or 3 (Gen 3) LAs optically coupled to CCD cameras or arrays of EMCCDs coupled directly are compared. Quantum accounting analysis is done for a variety of such designs where either the lowest number of information carriers off the LA photo-cathode or electrons released in the EMCCDs per x-ray absorbed in the phosphor are large enough to imply no quantum sink for the design. These new LA- or EMCCD-based systems could lead to vastly improved CBCT mammography, ROI-CT, or fluoroscopy performance compared to systems using flat panels.
Variants in PDE11A and PDE1A are not associated with citalopram response.

Recently, Wong et al.1 investigated an association between polymorphisms in phosphodiesterase (PDE) genes and antidepressant response in a Mexican-American population. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with remission in response to either fluoxetine or desipramine although sample sizes for remitter and nonremitter groups were of limited size. Association between the reported PDE gene SNPs and remission in response to antidepressants requires further investigation using larger sample sizes. We sought to replicate the response phenotype data for two SNPs, rs1549870 (PDE1A) and rs1880916 (PDE11A) in a similar ethnic group for the nonremitter vs remitter analysis in the Wong et al. study. Additionally, we examined this potential association in Non-Hispanic Caucasians and African-American samples.
Flow modification in the two-roll mill

Abstract The flow behavior of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids has been examined in a two-roll mill. Both flow visualization and laser Doppler velocimetry techniques were utilized. It was found that the Newtonian fluid exhibits a flow pattern that remains the same with increasing roller speed and a velocity profile that remains symmetric with increasing roller speed. However, the non-Newtonian fluids exhibit flow pattern changes and velocity profile asymmetry as a function of roller speed. Differences in flow behaviour of the newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid were related to normal stresses (due to both shearing and extension) that occur in this flow geometry.
In Vitro Effects of the Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Antagonist c7E3 Fab on the Activated Clotting Time

Background In the Evaluation of 7E3 for the Prevention of Ischemic Complications study (EPIC), the activated coagulation (clotting) times (ACTs) were longer in heparinized patients treated with c7E3 Fab than in those treated with placebo. The present study was designed to further investigate this observation by assessing whether the in vitro addition of c7E3 Fab to blood would affect the ACT. Methods and Results Native or heparinized blood obtained from normal volunteers was preincubated with antibodies c7E3 Fab (anti-GPIIb/IIIa and anti-αvβ3), 10E5 (anti-GPIIb/IIIa), or LM609 (anti-αvβ3). The ACTs of the heparinized, but not native samples were significantly prolonged by the addition of c7E3 Fab and 10E5 but not LM609, indicating that the prolongation was due to GPIIb/IIIa blockade. The addition of c7E3 Fab also significantly prolonged the ACTs of blood anticoagulated with the direct thrombin inhibitors hirudin and d-phenylalanyl-l-prolyl-l-arginyl chloromethyl ketone, indicating that the effect of c7E3 ...
Dislocation loops and bond-orientational order in the Abrikosov flux-line lattice.

An Abrikosov flux-line lattice with an equilibrium concentration of unbound dislocation loops is considered as a way to describe the entangled flux liquid that arises in high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors. The long-wavelength properties of this dislocation loop gas are discussed using continuum elastic theory. We show explicitly that edge dislocations drive the long-wavelength shear modulus to zero, i.e., melt the lattice, analogous to what happens in two dimensions. Dislocations do not, however, destroy the sixfold long-range orientational order of the crystal in the xy plane. The flux-line lattice with dislocations is therefore a hexatic liquid crystal of lines rather than an isotropic liquid. The expected signature of an entangled hexatic liquid from neutron diffraction is discussed. Long-range orientational order relaxes in the z direction with a correlation length due to flux-line entanglement mediated by screw dislocations.
Silicon photonics for compact, energy-efficient interconnects [Invited]

Feature Issue on Nanoscale Integrated Photonics for Optical Networks The goal of the research program that we describe is to break the emerging performance wall in microprocessor development arising from limited bandwidth and density of on-chip interconnects and chip-to-chip (processor-to-memory) electrical interfaces. Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor compatible photonic devices provide an infrastructure for deployment of a range of integrated photonic networks, which will replace state-of-the-art electrical interconnects, providing significant gains at the system level. Scaling of wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) architectures using high-index-contrast (HIC) waveguides offers one path to realizing the energy efficiency and density requirements of high data rate links. HIC microring-resonator filters are well suited to support add-drop nodes in dense WDM photonic networks with high aggregate data rates because they support high Q's and, due to their traveling-wave character, naturally support physically separated input and drop ports. A novel reconfigurable, 'hitless' switch is presented that does not perturb the express channels either before, during, or after reconfiguration. In addition, multigigahertz operation of low-power, Mach-Zehnder silicon modulators as well as germanium-on-silicon photodiodes are presented.
The Prevalence of Handicapping Conditions Among Juvenile Delinquents

Information regarding the prevalence of handicapping conditions among juvenile delinquents is scattered throughout various educational and correctional journals and institutional and governmental reports. Research on this topic has been sporadic, and results of studies have been inconsistent. Nevertheless, taken together the studies suggest that a high percentage of young offenders are indeed handicapped, and that the prevalence of certain disabilities may be much greater among this population than among the general population of children and youth. These findings have important implications concerning the identification of handicapped delinquents and the provision of appropriate special education services.
Orthogonal frequency coding for SAW device applications

This paper presents the concept of orthogonal frequency coding (OFC) for applications to SAW device technology. OFC is the use of orthogonal frequencies to encode a signal. which spreads the signal bandwidth in a manner similar to a fixed M-ary frequency shift signal. Also, a pseudo noise (PN) sequence can be added for additional coding. The OFC technique provides a wide bandwidth spread spectrum signal with all the inherent advantages obtained from the time-bandwidth product increase over the data bandwidth. The theory of OFC is presented and discussed, defining the fundamental equations and showing the time and frequency domain relationships. The application of OFC to SAW devices for tagging is introduced.
An Optimal cis-Replication Stem-Loop IV in the 5′ Untranslated Region of the Mouse Coronavirus Genome Extends 16 Nucleotides into Open Reading Frame 1

The 288-nucleotide (nt) 3' untranslated region (UTR) in the genome of the bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and 339-nt 3' UTR in the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SCoV) can each replace the 301-nt 3' UTR in the mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) for virus replication, thus demonstrating common 3' cis-replication signals. Here, we show that replacing the 209-nt MHV 5' UTR with the ∼63%-sequence-identical 210-nt BCoV 5' UTR by reverse genetics does not yield viable virus, suggesting 5' end signals are more stringent or possibly are not strictly 5' UTR confined. To identify potential smaller, 5'-common signals, each of three stem-loop (SL) signaling domains and one inter-stem-loop domain from the BCoV 5' UTR was tested by replacing its counterpart in the MHV genome. The SLI/II domain (nucleotides 1 to 84) and SLIII domain (nucleotides 85 to 141) each immediately enabled near-wild-type (wt) MHV-like progeny, thus behaving similarly to comparable 5'-proximal regions of the SCoV 5' UTR as shown by others. The inter-stem-loop domain (nt 142 to 173 between SLs III and IV) enabled small plaques only after genetic adaptation. The SLIV domain (nt 174 to 210) required a 16-nt extension into BCoV open reading frame 1 (ORF1) for apparent stabilization of a longer BCoV SLIV (nt 174 to 226) and optimal virus replication. Surprisingly, pleiomorphic SLIV structures, including a terminal loop deletion, were found among debilitated progeny from intra-SLIV chimeras. The results show the inter-stem-loop domain to be a potential novel species-specific cis-replication element and that cis-acting SLIV in the viral genome extends into ORF1 in a manner that stabilizes its lower stem and is thus not 5' UTR confined.
C/EBPβ (CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein) Controls Cell Fate Determination during Mammary Gland Development

Deletion of the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)beta results in a severe inhibition of lobuloalveolar development in the mouse mammary gland. Because progesterone receptor (PR) is requisite for alveolar development, the expression of PR was investigated in C/EBPbeta-/- mice. Unexpectedly, the number of PR-positive cells, as well as the levels of PR mRNA, were elevated 3-fold in the mammary glands of C/EBPbeta-/- mice. Furthermore, in contrast to wild-type nulliparous mice, in which PR distribution shifted from a uniform to nonuniform pattern between 8-12 weeks of age, C/EBPbeta-/- mice exhibited uniform PR distribution throughout all stages of mammary development analyzed. No change in C/EBPbeta mRNA levels was observed in the mammary glands of PR-/- mice, suggesting that PR acts in a pathway either in parallel to or downstream of C/EBPbeta. The overexpression and disrupted cellular distribution of PR in C/EBPbeta-/- mice were coincident with a striking 10-fold decrease in cell proliferation after acute steroid hormone treatment, assayed by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. In wild-type mice, PR and bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells were adjacent to each other and rarely colocalized. No differences in the level or pattern of PR expression were observed in the uterus, suggesting that C/EBPbeta influences PR in a mammary-specific fashion. Together, these data suggest that C/EBPbeta may control cell fate decisions in the mammary gland through the appropriate temporal and spatial expression of molecular markers, such as PR, that induce the proliferation of alveolar progenitor cells via juxtacrine mechanisms.
Representation of Stochastic Processes of Second Order and Linear Operations

Abstract Series representations are obtained for the entire class of measurable, second order stochastic processes defined on any interval of the real line. They include as particular cases all earlier representations; they suggest a notion of “smoothness” that generalizes well-known continuity notions; and they decompose the stochastic process into two orthogonal parts, the smooth part and a strongly discontinuous part. Also linear operations on measurable, second order processes are studied; it is shown that all “smooth” linear operations on a process, and, in particular, all linear operations on a “smooth” process, can be approximated arbitrarily closely by linear operations on the sample paths of the process.
Type-I GaSb-Based Laser Diodes Operating in 3.1- to 3.3- $\mu$ m Wavelength Range

Type-I quantum-well (QW) diode lasers based on AlInGaAsSb-InGaAsSb-AlInGaAsSb heterostructure active region with narrow waveguide and high indium content in the barrier were fabricated. Room-temperature continuous-wave output power of 190, 165, and 50 mW for devices emitting 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 μm correspondingly were demonstrated. Experiment shows that improvement of the hole confinement in QWs by use of 32% indium in AlGaInAsSb barrier is a promising way of further enhancement of the device performance.
Unsteady vortex structure over a delta wing

The structure of the shear layer which emanates from the leading edge of a 76-deg sweep delta wing and forms the primary vortex is investigated numerically. The flow conditions are Mv_ = 0.2, Re = 50,000 and angle of attack of 20.5 deg. Computational results are obtained using a Beam-Warming-t ype algorithm. The existence of a Kelvin-Helmholtz-type instability of the shear layer which emanates from the leading edge of the delta wing is demonstrated. A description is provided of the three-dimensional, unsteady behavior of the smallscale vortices associated with this instability. The numerical results are compared qualitatively with experimental flow visualizations exhibiting a similar behavior.
P6C-8 Correcting for Focusing when Estimating Attenuation for Tissue Characterization Based on Gaussian Approximations of the Beam Profile

Tissue attenuation has shown potential for characterizing soft tissues for many years, but natural biological variability has limited its effectiveness in many applications as a sole indicator of tissue health. Recently however, there has been increased interest in measuring tissue attenuation due to the need to compensate for frequency-dependent attenuation when quantifying scatterer correlation length and scatterer concentration. Correlation length and concentration might be capable of distinguishing benign from malignant tumors if attenuation can be accurately estimated. In this study, the traditional attenuation-estimation algorithm based on measuring the down-shift in center frequency of the ultrasound backscattered signal with propagation depth was modified to correct for focusing along the beam axis. Whereas previous approaches required a reference phantom to correct for the focusing, which is more challenging at higher frequencies, this approach corrected for the focusing by assuming that the field pattern along the focal zone could be approximated by a Gaussian function. Based on this approximation, a correction term was introduced to compensate for the effects of focusing when estimating attenuation in the focal region. The algorithm was verified using computer simulations and an ex vivo tissue sample, both of which used a 33-MHz spherically focused transducer with a focal length of 9 mm and an f-number of 3. The algorithm was validated in computer simulations by moving the region of interest used to obtain the attenuation through the focal region. The algorithms' sensitivity to noise was also assessed by varying the frequency bandwidth used in the Gaussian fit to find the spectral-peak frequency from 15 to 50 MHz. The accuracy of the attenuation estimate in the computer simulations was on the order of 10% for all of the cases while the precision of the estimates varied from 5 to 35% depending on the available bandwidth. Similarly, the attenuation of the ex vivo tissue sample was 2.6plusmn0.6 dB/cm-MHz using the developed algorithm compared to 2.5plusmn0.4 dB/cm-MHz as measured using an insertion loss technique.
Rehabilitation versus Control: An Organizational Theory of Prison Management:

Traditionally, the organizational effectiveness of prisons has been seen in terms of control, rather than rehabilitation, of inmates. Consequently, control-oriented organizational models have been presumed to be the most effective. Historical and contemporary prison management models are discussed. It is suggested that control-oriented models have had an inhibitory effect on the performance of other organizational goals of prisons, notably those of rehabilitation and treatment. Implications of control-oriented organizational models for the management of personnel working in the prison are examined, as are the potential impacts of such models on the delivery of rehabilitation services by private-sector providers.
Long-term prognosis after transient ischemic attacks.

A retrospective follow-up study of 243 patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA) is reported. The long-term mortality of the patients was higher than that of the corresponding general population. It is demonstrated that the excess mortality over the whole period of observation, irrespective of the age and sex of the patients, can be characterized by a single figure expressing the slope of the curve obtained by semilogarithmic plotting of the ratios of observed to expected survival against time. The use of this numerical expression – in the present series –0.04 – will thus facilitate comparisons of the survival of TIA patients drawn from different populations. Unfavourable prognostic factors were: carotid TIA, associated extra-cerebral disease, and a history of hypertension. Fatal strokes, being four times as frequent as expected according to published incidence figures, accounted for 20 % of the deaths, heart disease 38 %. Stroke deaths tended to occur earlier than cardiac deaths. The results support the concept that most TIAs, like strokes, are incidents in the progressive course of a generalized vascular disease. The finding of a constant excess mortality over the years following a TIA makes it difficult to recommend a discontinuation of prophylactic therapy at any particular time.
Detector Solid Angle Formulas for Use in X-Ray Energy Dispersive Spectrometry

With the advent of silicon drift X-ray detectors, a range of new geometries has become possible in electron optical columns. Because of their compact size, these detectors can potentially achieve high geometrical collection efficiencies; however, using traditional approximations detector solid angle calculations rapidly break down and at times can yield nonphysical values. In this article we present generalized formulas that can be used to calculate the variation in detection solid angle for contemporary Si(Li) as well as new silicon drift configurations.
Group Structure and the Behavior of Individuals in Small Groups

(1954). Group Structure and the Behavior of Individuals in Small Groups. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 139-149.