cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-ray microprobe using multilayer mirrors

Abstract Multilayer reflectors for the X-ray region have now progressed beyond the experimental stage to the point where they can be relied upon as optics for experimental systems, in synchrotron radiation research as well as in other fields. This paper reviews the design considerations for an X-ray microprobe, and summarizes experience with prototypes tested at both SSRL and NSLS. The optical systems described employ multilayer-coated spherical mirrors arranged in the Kirkpatrick-Baez configuration to demagnify the X-ray source by a factor of several hundred. By this means a spot of X-rays less than 10 μm square can be produced. The optical aberrations and other factors that limit the performance are detailed, and possible ways to improve the performance are discussed. In the prototypes the spot is directed on the specimen which is carried on a stage that can be translated horizontally and vertically. The characteristic fluorescent X-rays excited by the focused 10 keV photons are analysed by an energy-dispersive Si(Li) detector, so that by scanning the stage an elemental concentration map of the specimen is built up. In a companion paper [A.C. Thompson, J.H. Underwood, Y. Wu, R.D. Giauque, K.W. Jones and M.L. Rivers, these Proceedings, p. 318] some experimental programs are described, and estimates of the elemental sensitivity are provided.
Subcritical crack growth at bimaterial interfaces: Part III. shear-enhanced fatigue crack growth resistance at polymer/metal interface

Fatigue crack growth along an Al/epoxy interface was examined under different combinations of mode-I and mode-II loadings using the flexural peel technique. Fatigue crack growth rates were obtained as a function of the total strain energy rate for GII/GI ratios of 0.3 to 1.4, achieved by varying the relative thickness of the outerlayers for the flexural peel specimen. Fatigue crack growth resistance of the interface was found to increase with increasing GII/GI ratio. Such a shear-enhanced crack growth resistance of the interface resulted in a gradual transition of crack growth mechanism from interfacial at the low GII/GI ratio to cohesive at the high GII/GI ratio. Under predominantly mode-I loading, the damage in the polymer took the form of crazing and cavitation. In contrast, laminar shear occurred under highly shear loading, resulting in a larger amount of plastic dissipation at the crack tip and improved fatigue crack growth resistance.
On the Explanatory Role of Correspondence Truth

An intuitive argument for scientific realism suggests that our successes in predicting and intervening would be inexplicable if the theories that generate them were not approximately true. This argument faces many objections, some of which are briefly addressed in this paper, and one of which is treated in more detail. The focal criticism alleges that appeals to success cannot deliver conclusions that parts of science are true in the sense of truth-as-correspondence that realists prefer. The paper responds to that criticism, in versions proposed by Michael Williams, Michael Levin, and, especially, Paul Horwich, by arguing that critics typically stop at a shallow level of psychological explanation. If we probe more deeply we discover a genuine explanatory role for correspondence truth.
Service learning and criminal justice: an exploratory study of student perceptions

In recent years, more university programs have been encompassing service learning components to augment their academic studies. Service learning engages students in activities that meet community needs. The students acquire a deeper understanding of course content, requirements within the discipline, and civic responsibilities. This paper will explore the attitudes and perceptions that Criminal Justice students have toward service learning. A sample of 54 undergraduate students from a liberal arts university in the Pacific Northwest were asked to reflect on their service learning classes, out of class activities, and discuss any barriers that made service learning classes more difficult. The results indicate that while students found service learning experiences beneficial to their undergraduate education, the barriers of time, money, and family obligations prevent many students from participating. Educators can utilize this insight when deciding if and when to utilize service learning in their courses.
Human tumor infiltrating lymphocytes cooperatively regulate prostate tumor growth in a humanized mouse model

The complex interactions that occur between human tumors, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and the systemic immune system are likely to define critical factors in the host response to cancer. While conventional animal models have identified an array of potential anti-tumor therapies, mouse models often fail to translate into effective human treatments. Our goal is to establish a humanized tumor model as a more effective pre-clinical platform for understanding and manipulating TIL. The immune system in NOD/SCID/IL-2Rγnull (NSG) mice was reconstituted by the co-administration of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) or subsets (CD4+ or CD8+) and autologous human dendritic cells (DC), and animals simultaneously challenged by implanting human prostate cancer cells (PC3 line). Tumor growth was evaluated over time and the phenotype of recovered splenocytes and TIL characterized by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Serum levels of circulating cytokines and chemokines were also assessed. A tumor-bearing huPBL-NSG model was established in which human leukocytes reconstituted secondary lymphoid organs and promoted the accumulation of TIL. These TIL exhibited a unique phenotype when compared to splenocytes with a predominance of CD8+ T cells that exhibited increased expression of CD69, CD56, and an effector memory phenotype. TIL from huPBL-NSG animals closely matched the features of TIL recovered from primary human prostate cancers. Human cytokines were readily detectible in the serum and exhibited a different profile in animals implanted with PBL alone, tumor alone, and those reconstituted with both. Immune reconstitution slowed but could not eliminate tumor growth and this effect required the presence of CD4+ T cell help. Simultaneous implantation of human PBL, DC and tumor results in a huPBL-NSG model that recapitulates the development of human TIL and allows an assessment of tumor and immune system interaction that cannot be carried out in humans. Furthermore, the capacity to manipulate individual features and cell populations provides an opportunity for hypothesis testing and outcome monitoring in a humanized system that may be more relevant than conventional mouse models.
Modeling and analysis of a multiple product manufacturing system with split and merge

This paper presents an iterative approach to model and analyze one type of flexible manufacturing systems with common lines and dedicated branches to process different products. The mathematical procedures, associated with the justification of convergence and accuracy, are provided. A case study is presented to illustrate the applicability of the method.
Severe neonatal presentation of Kleefstra syndrome in a patient with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and 9q34.3 microdeletion

Background Kleefstra syndrome arises from haploinsufficiency of EHMT1 caused by either microdeletions at 9q34.3 or intragenic mutations. Patients with Kleefstra syndrome have multisystem involvement including intellectual disability, hypotonia, and characteristic facial features. Methods We report on the severe neonatal presentation of the first case of Kleefstra syndrome associated with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and multicystic renal disease in a patient with a 9q34.3 microdeletion. Results Array-CGH analysis revealed a 2.1 Mb deletion at 9q34.3, including EHMT1 and NOTCH1. Conclusion Kleefstra syndrome is a multisystem disorder with a high frequency of congenital heart disease and less frequently, renal defects. Mortality has rarely been documented, particularly in infancy. Based on the present case and the extant literature, a routine echocardiogram and renal ultrasound should be ordered in all cases of Kleefstra syndrome. The cardiac changes seen in this patient could be the result of the haploinsufficiency of EHMT1, NOTCH1, or their combined effect. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:985–990, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential glycemic effects of morphine in diabetic and normal mice.

Abstract C57BL/6J ob/ob mice, C57BL/6J +/? lean mice and A/J mice were given injections of 10 mg/kg of morphine or an equal volume of saline, and then blood was sampled by retroorbital sinus puncture. In addition, animals from each strain were exposed to a brief experimental stress ten minutes after the administration of morphine or saline. While morphine produced significant increases in serum glucose in albino mice, morphine lowered blood insulin in both C57BL/6J ob/ob and C57BL/6J + /? mice. Morphine significantly lowered blood insulin in A/J mice, but effects in C57BL/6J mice were not significant. In contrast, morphine attenuated blood glucose and insulin during stress in C57BL/6J ob/ob but did not significantly affect either glucose or insulin during stress in lean C57BL/6J or A/J mice. These results are interpreted in the light of other data suggesting that endogenous opiates modulate the effects of sympathetic nervous system activity in type II diabetes.
The Phylogenetic Diversity of Metagenomes

Phylogenetic diversity—patterns of phylogenetic relatedness among organisms in ecological communities—provides important insights into the mechanisms underlying community assembly. Studies that measure phylogenetic diversity in microbial communities have primarily been limited to a single marker gene approach, using the small subunit of the rRNA gene (SSU-rRNA) to quantify phylogenetic relationships among microbial taxa. In this study, we present an approach for inferring phylogenetic relationships among microorganisms based on the random metagenomic sequencing of DNA fragments. To overcome challenges caused by the fragmentary nature of metagenomic data, we leveraged fully sequenced bacterial genomes as a scaffold to enable inference of phylogenetic relationships among metagenomic sequences from multiple phylogenetic marker gene families. The resulting metagenomic phylogeny can be used to quantify the phylogenetic diversity of microbial communities based on metagenomic data sets. We applied this method to understand patterns of microbial phylogenetic diversity and community assembly along an oceanic depth gradient, and compared our findings to previous studies of this gradient using SSU-rRNA gene and metagenomic analyses. Bacterial phylogenetic diversity was highest at intermediate depths beneath the ocean surface, whereas taxonomic diversity (diversity measured by binning sequences into taxonomically similar groups) showed no relationship with depth. Phylogenetic diversity estimates based on the SSU-rRNA gene and the multi-gene metagenomic phylogeny were broadly concordant, suggesting that our approach will be applicable to other metagenomic data sets for which corresponding SSU-rRNA gene sequences are unavailable. Our approach opens up the possibility of using metagenomic data to study microbial diversity in a phylogenetic context.
BALANCING LIFE-STYLE AND GENOMICS RESEARCH FOR DISEASE PREVENTION

Genetic and environmental factors, including diet and life-style, both contribute to cardiovascular disease, cancers, and other major causes of mortality, but various lines of evidence indicate that environmental factors are most important. Overly enthusiastic expectations regarding the benefits of genetic research for disease prevention have the potential to distort research priorities and spending for health. However, integration of new genetic information into epidemiologic studies can help clarify causal relations between both life-style and genetic factors and risks of disease. Thus, a balanced approach should provide the best data to make informed choices about the most effective means to prevent disease.
Self-weighing in weight management: A systematic literature review

Objective Regular self-weighing, which in this article is defined as weighing oneself regularly over a period of time (e.g., daily, weekly), is recommended as a weight loss strategy. However, the published literature lacks a review of the recent evidence provided by prospective, longitudinal studies. Moreover, no paper has reviewed the psychological effects of self-weighing. Therefore, the objective is to review the literature related to longitudinal associations between self-weighing and weight change as well as the psychological outcomes. Methods Electronic literature searches in PubMed, Ovid PsycINFO, and Ebscohost CINAHL were conducted. Keywords included overweight, obesity, self-weighing, etc. Inclusion criteria included trials that were published in the past 25 years in English; participants were adults seeking weight loss treatment; results were based on longitudinal data. Results The results (N = 17 studies) revealed that regular self-weighing was associated with more weight loss and not with adverse psychological outcomes (e.g., depression, anxiety). Findings demonstrated that the effect sizes of association between self-weighing and weight change varied across studies and also that the reported frequency of self-weighing varied across studies. Conclusions The findings from prospective, longitudinal studies provide evidence that regular self-weighing has been associated with weight loss and not with negative psychological outcomes.
Cerebrovascular Accident Secondary to Paradoxical Embolism Following Arteriovenous Graft Thrombectomy

Thrombectomy is a common procedure performed to declot thrombosed dialysis arteriovenous fistula (AVF) or arteriovenous graft (AVG). Complications associated with access thrombectomy like pulmonary embolism have been reported, but paradoxical embolism is extremely rare. We report a case of a 74-year-old black man with past medical history significant for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), atrial fibrillation on anticoagulation with warfarin, who presented to our hospital with lethargy, aphasia, and right-sided hemiparesis following thrombectomy of a clotted AVG. Computed tomography (CT) scan of brain showed a hypodensity within the left posterior parietal lobe. INR was 2.0 on admission. Echocardiogram revealed a normal sized left atrium with no intracardiac thrombus, and bubble study showed the presence of right-to-left shunting. These findings suggest that the stroke occurred as a result of an embolus originating from the AVG. Paradoxical cerebral embolism is uncommon but can occur after thrombectomy of clotted vascular access in ESRD patients. Clinicians and patients should be aware of this serious and potentially fatal complication of vascular access procedure.
T cell receptor V alpha-V beta repertoire and cytokine gene expression in active multiple sclerosis lesions

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system with presumed autoimmune etiology. A recent study has suggested the presence of a restricted T cell receptor (TCR) V alpha repertoire in MS lesions. The presence of such a restricted TCR repertoire at the site of inflammation would have important consequences for the pathogenesis and the ultimate treatment of MS. To further characterize the TCR V alpha and V beta repertoire in MS plaque tissue, we examined a series of 26 histologically well-characterized central nervous system (CNS) tissue specimens from six MS patients as well as samples from five normal postmortem cases and a case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. RNA was extracted from frozen sections and cDNAs were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using primers for TCR V alpha (V alpha 1-18) and V beta (V beta 1-19) gene families. This analysis demonstrated a broad TCR V alpha-V beta repertoire in active lesions, while fewer TCR V genes were detected in chronic plaques and control samples. Even though a large number of TCR V alpha and V beta gene segments were present in the majority of active lesions, there were clear differences in the TCR repertoire between plaques from the same case, suggesting that local events influence the TCR repertoire at the level of T cell recruitment or T cell expansion. Examination of cytokine mRNAs demonstrated that IL-1 mRNA was present in the majority of acute and subacute plaques, while IL-2 and IL-4 mRNA were detected in only a few acute lesions. These data demonstrate that the TCR repertoire in MS plaques is polyclonal. However, autoreactive alpha/beta T cells thought to be critical in the initiation of the inflammatory process probably represent a minor fraction of T cells in active MS plaques and may use a limited number of TCR V gene segments for recognition of the autoantigen.
Aspects of Receptor Systems Possibly Relevant to Neuron-Glial Interactions and Multiple Sclerosis

Receptor mediated phenomena can be subdivided into categories based upon the chemical nature of ligand or receptor, the cellular location of functional receptor sites, and the mechanisms of transduction of ligand-receptor interactions into cellular responses. These classifications reflect the very broad range of receptor systems which may share only one quality: specificity. A principle value of the classifications is their utility as mental frameworks with which to approach the analysis of specific interactions in biological systems. At present, neuron-glial cell interactions are understood so fragmentarily that a major effort is needed to determine which elements of the interactions show specificity.
On Structural Layout using Multidelity Geometry in Aircraft Conceptual Design

Implementing 3D models in an aircraft conceptual design setting introduces certain advantages over typical design methods. A broader multidisciplinary view of the design becomes possible with the inclusion of subsystem components, such as structural layouts. Due to the fully-realizable geometry representation of 3D models, highdelity analysis tools also become applicable earlier in design. In addition, by giving special attention to the 3D model construction and its subsequent role in a design framework, the model becomes a central, highdelity geometry representation from which multidisciplinary and multi delity analysis can extract the requisite geometry. This aspect of the 3D model lends to a consistent de nition of lower delity sub-models and improves the ability to map analysis results from one sub-model to another. Furthermore, emerging parametric 3D model construction and development methods can be applied to structural layouts for assembly with outer mold-line de nitions, thus resulting in 3D assembly models that exhibit malleability, robustness and exibility. As a result of this work, aircraft conceptual design can include structural layout optimization that resides within the bounds of an outer mold-line design space. The development of an example 3D assembly model and associated geometric handling within a parametric study is presented to illustrate the principles that could be used within a full design framework.
The heterogeneous effects of a food price crisis on child school enrollment and labor : evidence from Pakistan

Using a panel survey, this paper investigates how the increase in food prices in Pakistan in 2008-2010 affected children's school enrollment and labor. The causal identification relies on geographical variations in the price of food (wheat). The results show that the negative impacts of food price increase on school enrollment differ by gender, economic status, and the presence of siblings. The negative effects on school do not directly correspond to the increase in child labor because the transition from being idle to labor activity or from school to being idle are significant, particularly among the poor girls. The results also show that children in households with access to agricultural land are not affected by higher food prices. The analyses reveal a more dynamic picture of the impact of food price increase on child status and contribute to broader policy discussion to mitigate the impact of crises on children's education.
Always Vote for Principle, Though You May Vote Alone: American Political Support for Multilateral Development Loans, 2004-2011

What motivates the United States when it casts votes in international organizations? Answers to this question have long suffered from the opaque manner by which many international organizations operate and the recalcitrance of U.S. officials to publicly disclose U.S. voting behavior. In this paper, we test several hypotheses explaining how the United States takes a position on loan decisions in the multilateral development banks (MDBs). Our quantitative study uses U.S. Treasury data for U.S. positions on loan decisions from 2004-2011 in the World Bank Group (IBRD, IDA, IFC, and MIGA), the Inter-American Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the African Development Bank, Global Environment Facility, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Our results indicate bilateral trade relations, recipient need, and regime type are robustly related to U.S. support for MDB loans. Other factors, such as whether a recipient is a U.S. coalition partner in Iraq or Afghanistan, were not found to be significant. We also find that in most lending windows a high percentage of projects not supported by the United States are still routinely approved.
CTLA4 blockade and GM-CSF combination immunotherapy alters the intratumor balance of effector and regulatory T cells

CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) blockade releases inhibitory controls on T cell activation and proliferation, inducing antitumor immunity in both preclinical and early clinical trials. We examined the mechanisms of action of anti-CTLA4 and a GM-CSF-transduced tumor cell vaccine (Gvax) and their impact on the balance of effector T cells (Teffs) and Tregs in an in vivo model of B16/BL6 melanoma. Tumor challenge increased the frequency of Tregs in lymph nodes, and untreated tumors became infiltrated by CD4+Foxp3- and CD4+Foxp3+ T cells but few CD8+ T cells. Anti-CTLA4 did not deplete Tregs or permanently impair their function but acted in a cell-intrinsic manner on both Tregs and Teffs, allowing them to expand, most likely in response to self antigen. While Gvax primed the tumor-reactive Teff compartment, inducing activation, tumor infiltration, and a delay in tumor growth, the combination with CTLA4 blockade induced greater infiltration and a striking change in the intratumor balance of Tregs and Teffs that directly correlated with tumor rejection. The data suggest that Tregs control both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activity within the tumor, highlight the importance of the intratumor ratio of effectors to regulators, and demonstrate inversion of the ratio and correlation with tumor rejection during Gvax/anti-CTLA4 immunotherapy.
Failure of directly observed treatment for tuberculosis in Africa: a call for new approaches.

The tuberculosis pandemic continues to evolve. In some parts of the world tuberculosis case rates have decreased to historically low levels whereas in other parts of the world the incidence of tuberculosis is increasing. In sub-Saharan Africa tuberculosis continues to be a major threat to individual and public health as incidence rates surpass 1000 cases per 100000 population in some regions. In 1994 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared tuberculosis a global emergency and introduced the directly observed treatment short course (DOTS) strategy for global tuberculosis control but the plan has produced variable success. In the face of this intensified effort to diagnose and treat tuberculosis the rates in sub-Saharan Africa continue to climb. Various experts have argued that the failure of the DOTS strategy to control tuberculosis results from failed implementation poor public health infrastructure poverty the lack of interventions that are sensitive to personal preferences and the HIV epidemic. Although each of these reasons may contribute the problem with the DOTS strategy may be even more fundamental. What is the rationale for the DOTS strategy? Is it a public health intervention designed to curb the spread of tuberculosis or is it a treatment guideline for tuberculosis? (excerpt)
Elbow fractures: from fixation to replacement.

Distal humerus fractures may range from a simple extra-articular fracture pattern to a complex pattern, involving extensive destruction of the articular surface with comminution and bone loss in the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction of the bone. The management decision in the younger patient requires complete anatomical reconstruction and early active range of motion. Different approaches to the distal humerus will be discussed, as will be different fixation methods. I will also present relevant clinical cases and outline the known outcomes of these fractures. In the elderly with osteoporotic fractures especially those with preexisting arthritis, there is an emerging trend for primary total elbow replacement. The outcomes of such replacement have been shown to be comparable to those of total elbow replacement in arthritis. However, there have been a few complications reported in the literature and this method is best reserved for complex comminuted distal humerus fractures in patients with significant osteoporosis and those above the age of 70. I will also discuss complex fracture dislocations of the elbow joint in terms of the management decisions and outcomes of these difficult problems.
Comparison of Various Requirements of the Quality Assurance Procedures for 18F-FDG Injection*

The quality assurance (QA) requirements (i.e., test procedure, acceptance criteria, and testing schedule) for fludeoxyglucose 18F (18F-FDG) injection listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP); the draft Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA); and the European Pharmacopeia (EP) were compared. The FDA Modernization Act of 1997 requires that the QA of compounded PET drug products be in compliance with the PET compounding standards and official monographs included in the USP. However, the “sunset” clause of the PET section within the FDA Modernization Act of 1997 stipulates that all PET drug products, in due course, must meet the requirements for drug approval procedures and current good manufacturing practice, and the FDA has issued a draft CMC that includes QA specifications for 18F-FDG injection. The purpose of this article is to discuss the pros and cons of each of the QA tests stated in the USP, CMC, and EP and to propose a practical testing method for each required test, thereby helping end users to ensure the quality of the 18F-FDG injection product. It is hoped that this article will stimulate further cooperation among various countries worldwide in the development of a set of harmonized and sensible QA standards for all PET drug products.
IQ at Age 4 in Relation to Maternal Alcohol Use and Smoking During Pregnancy

Examined the relationship of prenatal alcohol exposure to the IQ of children at age 4 in a longitudinal prospective, population-based study. Multiple-regression analyses on data from 421 children indicated that use of more than 1.5 oz (44 ml, or approximately 3 drinks) of alcohol per day during pregnancy was significantly related to an average IQ decrement of almost 5 IQ points (Yt of a standard deviation; p = .008), even after adjustment for maternal and paternal education, race, prenatal nutrition, aspirin and antibiotics, child's sex and birth order, mother-child interaction, and preschool attendance. We caution against using these data to describe "safe" drinking levels, because other outcomes, more sensitive than IQ tests, show significant alcohol effects at lower drinking levels. In this study, we examine the early childhood consequences of prenatal exposure to alcohol and tobacco. Theoretically, this kind of research is conceptualized as human behavioral teratology. Teratogens are substances capable of producing death, malformations, growth deficiency, or behavioral aberrations as a result of prenatal exposure (Wilson, 1977a), and a behavioral teratogen is a substance that produces behavioral deviations as a result of prenatal exposure (Hutchings, 1980; Riley & Vorhees, 1987; Vorhees & Butcher, 1982). In this article, we examine IQ
Negotiating Understanding Through the Young Adult Literature of Muslim Cultures

Although United States citizens generally pride themselves on their understanding and acceptance of diversity, all too many of them harbor a fear of Muslims, which transformed into widespread bigotry after September 11, 2001. Knowing that young adult literature can be a powerful means of negotiating understanding of the other, this article presents literature that challenges readers to new levels of tolerance and understanding of Muslim cultures. By learning to respect the rights and freedoms of others, as portrayed in the literature, readers will acquire a global perspective of awareness and tolerance for others. In addition to a large bibliography of young adult literature, this article includes two experiential learning strategies: a Socratic seminar and a process drama.
Time and Frequency Standards Based on Charged Particle Trapping

Microwave or optical frequency standards based on internal resonance transitions of ions confined in electromagnetic traps have the fundamental advantages of long observation times and small perturbations. These advantages are somewhat offset by low signal to noise ratios. Work at NBS has concentrated on microwave hyperfine transitions of atomic ions stored in Penning-type ion traps. The use of narrowband, tunable light sources for state selection and detection and for reducing the average kinetic energy of the ions (laser cooling) is an important feature of this work. Results to date include the fluorescence detection and cooling to about 50 mK of a single Mg+ ion and the observation of a 0.012 Hz linewidth on a 300 MHz 25Mg+ hyperfine transition. A frequency standard based on 201Hg+ ions is under development. Related work, mostly based on RF-type ion traps, is underway at several other labs.
A dynamic search range algorithm for H.264/AVC full-search motion estimation

Motion estimation plays an important role in inter-frame prediction for the video coding standards such as H.264/AVC, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, VC-1, and so on. Its huge computation complexity, however, makes it difficult to achieve real-time coding for the HDTV1080p. In this paper, we propose a dynamic search range algorithm which reduces about 80% of search points in full search algorithm for the H.264/AVC. In addition, we design the corresponding VLSI architecture of integer motion estimation. The proposed integer motion estimation can achieve real-time coding for 30fps HDTV1080p operating at 166 MHz.
Influence of the Surface Treatment of Graphitized Carbon Fibers on the Curing of an Amine Catalyzed Epoxy-Anhydride System

The surface of graphitized carbon fibers is oxidatively treated by nitric acid. Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy has been utilized to monitor the influence of the surface species on the curing of an epoxy system. A curve fitting program is used to deconvolve the overlapped infrared bands. The integrated intensities of the ester, anhydride, epoxy, and carboxylic acid, plotted against the curing time, clearly show the dependence of the crosslinking process on the concentration of the surface species. The surface groups themselves act as a catalyst: there exists an optimal concentration below which an activation of the curing process occurs. Above that concentration, a retardation of the curing process has been detected.
HIF1α and HIF2α Exert Distinct Nutrient Preferences in Renal Cells

Background Hypoxia Inducible Factors (HIF1α and HIF2α) are commonly stabilized and play key roles related to cell growth and metabolic programming in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The relationship of these factors to discretely alter cell metabolic activities has largely been described in cancer cells, or in hypoxic conditions, where other confounding factors undoubtedly compete. These transcription factors and their specific roles in promoting cancer metabolic phenotypes from the earliest stages are poorly understood in pre-malignant cells. Methods We undertook an analysis of SV40-transformed primary kidney epithelial cells derived from newborn mice genetically engineered to express a stabilized HIF1α or HIF2α transgene. We examined the metabolic profile in relation to each gene. Results Although the cells proliferated similarly, the metabolic profile of each genotype of cell was markedly different and correlated with altered gene expression of factors influencing components of metabolic signaling. HIF1α promoted high levels of glycolysis as well as increased oxidative phosphorylation in complete media, but oxidative phosphorylation was suppressed when supplied with single carbon source media. HIF2α, in contrast, supported oxidative phosphorylation in complete media or single glucose carbon source, but these cells were not responsive to glutamine nutrient sources. This finding correlates to HIF2α-specific induction of Glul, effectively reducing glutamine utilization by limiting the glutamate pool, and knockdown of Glul allows these cells to perform oxidative phosphorylation in glutamine media. Conclusion HIF1α and HIF2α support highly divergent patterns of kidney epithelial cell metabolic phenotype. Expression of these factors ultimately alters the nutrient resource utilization and energy generation strategy in the setting of complete or limiting nutrients.
Linguistic Systems and Linguistic Change in an Interlanguage

The question central to interlanguage research, and all language acquisition research, is ‘How do acquirers internalize linguistic patterns of the target language?’ Much research addressing this question is based on the hypothesis that the language of the second language acquirers represents a systematic linguistic continuum. The interlanguage hypothesis suggests two questions which are prerequisite to answering the central question cited above: 1) What are the form-function relationships of the interlanguage? and 2) How do those form-function relationships change as the acquirer revises the interlanguage?The current paper reports on a one-year longitudinal analysis of the interlanguage of an adult acquiring English without formal instruction (Huebner 1983). It presents observations of the form-function relationships in the early interlanguage and of the ways these relationships change over the twelve months of the study.It describes features of the early interlanguage related to presupposed-asserted information, topic-comment organization of information, and referentiality, which express both pragmatic/discourse functions and semantico-grammatical case functions (Pfaff 1982) in the interlanguage, and examines the changing functions of these forms with attention to the role of set phrases, quasi-spontaneous speech, and processes of neutralization in the changing interlanguage system. The paper concludes by proposing two ways in which hypotheses may be neutralized and speculates that these two processes are reciprocally linked.
Synthesis of reblastatin, autolytimycin, and non-benzoquinone analogues: potent inhibitors of heat shock protein 90.

A full account of an asymmetric synthesis of reblastatin (1) and the first total synthesis of autolytimycin (2) and related structural compounds is described. The syntheses expand the utility of a ...
Benign Polypoid and Papillary Lesions

Urologic patients who have symptoms of hematuria, frequency, urgency, or recurrent urinary tract infections are often advised to undergo cystoscopic examination. Although malignant lesions of the bladder typically have a fairly characteristic appearance, there are a number of benign lesions of the bladder that may be encountered and occasionally confused with a malignant process.
Organometallic Vapor Phase Epitaxial Growth of ZnGeAs2 and (ZnGeAs2)xGe1−x on GaAs

Epitaxial single crystal (001) chalcopyrite-structure ZnGeAs2 and single crystal (100) zinc blende-structure (ZnGeAs2)xGe1−x alloys have been grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy on (100) GaAs. Selected area electron diffraction was used to determine the crystal structure for several Zn:Ge molar flow ratios. Bulk chemical composition was determined by electron microprobe and correlated to crystal lattice constants obtained from x-ray diffraction. Due to the lattice mismatch between chalcopyrite-structure ZnGeAs2 and the GaAs substrate, the epitaxy is elastically strained, compressing the a-lattice constant and elongating the c-lattice constant. Optical absorption and transmission spectroscopy indicate the zinc-blende-structure material has an indirect band gap of approximately 0.6 eV, whereas the chalcopyrite ZnGeAs2 has a direct band gap of 1.15 eV. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy reveals significant Zn diffusion into the GaAs substrate if the Zn:Ge molar flow ratio exceeds the ratio required for stoichiometric chalcopyrite-structure crystal growth.
Indoor Radon Prevention and Mitigation

Indoor radon risk reduction depends on the extent and effectiveness of prevention strategies included in the design and construction of new buildings and the mitigation or remediation of radon in existing buildings. The specific techniques used for indoor radon control depend on the mix of radon sources and radon transport mechanisms as well as the design, construction, and operation of the building(s). The primary radon source is predominantly the soil and the underlying geology, and radon is mainly transported from the soil to the indoor occupied space due to air pressure differences. Occasionally, radon may be transported by diffusion, emanation from building materials, or well water. The principal way indoor radon concentrations are controlled is by reversing the air pressure relation between the soil and the indoor space via either active or passive soil depressurization (ASD or PSD). ASD has a continuously operating fan whereas PSD relies upon thermal buoyancy to change air pressure relationships. ASD produces greater and more reliable radon reduction than PSD. The vast majority of mitigation techniques use ASD whereas PSD may be used in new construction. In schools and large buildings, ventilation systems may be used to reduce radon entry due to pressurization of the indoor space.
The Surgical Tray

Injury may occur with a disorganized surgical tray in which sharps are covered with gauze or wrappers, needles are left loose on the tray, and when an unstable stand is used. Injury from hand-to-hand passing of sharps is common. Establish a sharps-free neutral zone on the tray to obviate hand-to-hand instrument transfer. Proper setup is facilitated by pre-arranged equipment sets for common procedures. Verify that instruments are sterile before unpacking them. Position the tray close to the field. Have all anticipated instruments on hand to prevent the temptation of improvising. Track sutures via sponge, magnet, or suture box. Use forceps to sift through the tray, especially during clean-up. One person should be assigned to clean up so sharps are traced appropriately. Keep sharps disposal containers close to the tray, and replace them before they are overfilled.
Leila Avrin. Scribes, Script and Books: The Book Arts from Antiquity to the Renaissance . Ill. by Malla Carl and Noah Ophir. Chicago and London: American Library Association and The British Library, 1991; reprinted 2010. xxxii, 356 pp. ISBN 978-0-8389-1038-2. $50

In Scribes, Script and Books , Leila Avrin has provided the rare book world with a nearly comprehensive review of the history of writing and hand-bookmaking, from the earliest evidence of logographic symbols up to the eve of letterpress printing in Europe. The text is lavishly illustrated with 350 black and white photos, figures, and maps, and has an extensive bibliography. The work was originally published in 1991 and is now available as a reprint. In the introduction, Avrin clearly states that her intent is to synthesize the work of the many historians preceding her, not to present original research. This . . .
Current knowledge and impressions of speech-language pathologists of the swallow of persons who are obese.

AbstractPurpose: The overall goal of this study was to provide insight on the topic of dysphagia in the obese population. More specifically, the purpose of this study was to obtain preliminary descriptive data on the knowledge and impressions of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) working in the field of dysphagia on the swallow of persons who are obese. Methods: One hundred seventy-seven SLPs responded to a web-based survey that was posted on two popular listserves that serve the dysphagia community. Results: Descriptive results showed that nearly all SLPs have assessed and treated patients who are obese for dysphagia, that there is little consensus as to how the obese swallow compares to the normal swallow, and that there is a consensus that dysphagia observed in the obese population is most likely related to other concomitant disorders. Conclusions: Results provide preliminary insight into the knowledge and impressions of SLPs working with dysphagia and highlight the need for future research to determi...
T Lymphocyte Polyclonal Proliferation and Stress Response Style

St~nmary.-18 subjects were measured on cell-mediated immunity (T lymphocyte polyclonal proliferation) and four behavioral indices including over-all life stress, stress-avoidance tendency, stress-intrusion tendency, and tendency toward cardiovascular Type A behavior. Of Pearson correlations computed between T lymphocyte polyclonal proliferation and each of the four behavioral indices, the only significant value was that, .47, between T cell immunity and tendency toward stress avoidance. Of the variables investigated, the best predictor of T cell immunocompetence is the tendency toward avoiding stress. Results are discussed in terms of implications for research. Considerable research has demonstrated the effects of psychological stress on immune functions in both animals and humans (Udelman & Udelman, 1983). A consistent finding in the human literature is that highly stressed subjects exhibit significantly lower levels of T lymphocyte polyclonal proliferation (TLPP) in response to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA).' In orher words, stress leads to suppression of the cellmediated immune response. Although prior research has assessed the immunological response to the presence of "objective" srressor events, a broad literature suggests that perceptions of and ways of responding to stress are of equal importance. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of over-all stress and of response style to stress on immunological competence, as measured by PHA response magnitude, in a group of physically healthy adults. 'IZPP in response to PHA has been demonstrated to represent a reliable and valid measure of cellular immune function (Rose & Friedman, 1980). Eighteen volunteer subjects were given the Social Readjustment Scale (a measure of over-all stress) (Holmes & Rahe, 1967), the Impact of Events Scale Avoidance Subscale (measuring strength of avoidance as a way of coping with stress) (Horowitz, Wilner, & Alvarez, 1979), the Impact of Events Scale Intrusion Subscale (measuring extent to which one copes with stress by focusing one's attention on or allowing stressors to intrude into one's consciousness) (Horowitz, es d., 1979), and the Glazer Stress Control Life Style Questionnaire (providing a measure of the extent to which one can be characterized as cardiovascular Type A) (Glazer, 1982). Blood was drawn from each subject, and via a procedure described elsewhere (Dorian, et al.. 1982) lymphocytes were stimulated with PHA. After i ncubatioo and pulsing with 3H-thymid ine, cells were harvested and polyclonal proliferation (measured by 3H-thymidine upcake) was assessed via a Beta scincillation counter. An immune response score (i.e., the TLPP score) was
Discussion on Induced Voltage Test for UHV Transformer

Along with the further increased voltage grades and relatively decreased insulation levels,the contradiction between ACSD and ACLD which has been exposed preliminarily in 500 kV voltage grade is becoming more acute.In order to seek unity of induced voltage test principles and satisfy the demands of UHV transformer induced voltage test,the ACLD partial discharge voltage in advance in different voltage grades was compared and discussed based on the dielectric test principles specified by GB and IEC.It is put forward that the ACLD partial discharge voltage in advance should not be less than 1.1 times of measuring voltage and not exceed 85% rated short-time induced withstand voltage.The ACSD and SI withstand voltage test principle was compared and discussed too.It is put forward that The ACSD rated short-time induced withstand voltage is not suitable for UHV transformer.The UHV transformer insulation design and induced voltage test should be taken as actual operation conditions to give consideration to both reliability and economical indexes.Therefore,it is suggested that the test research of UHV transformer ACLD with switching impulse voltage in advance should be developed.
Automated Explanation of Research Informed Consent by Virtual Agents

A virtual agent that explains research informed consent documents to study volunteers is described, along with a series of development efforts and evaluation studies. A study of nurse administration of informed consent finds that human explanations follow the structure of the document, and that much of information provided verbally is not contained in the document at all. A study of pedagogical strategies used by a virtual consent agent finds that automatic tailoring of document content based on users’ knowledge receives the highest ratings of satisfaction compared to two control conditions that provided fixed amounts of information. We finally report on an approach that lets clinicians construct their own virtual agents for informed consent, along with a study that finds that nurses are able to use the system to develop and extend agents to explain their own study consent forms.
Single-trial EEG RSVP classification using convolutional neural networks

Traditionally, Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) have been explored as a means to return function to paralyzed or otherwise debilitated individuals. An emerging use for BCIs is in human-autonomy sensor fusion where physiological data from healthy subjects is combined with machine-generated information to enhance the capabilities of artificial systems. While human-autonomy fusion of physiological data and computer vision have been shown to improve classification during visual search tasks, to date these approaches have relied on separately trained classification models for each modality. We aim to improve human-autonomy classification performance by developing a single framework that builds codependent models of human electroencephalograph (EEG) and image data to generate fused target estimates. As a first step, we developed a novel convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture and applied it to EEG recordings of subjects classifying target and non-target image presentations during a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) image triage task. The low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of EEG inherently limits the accuracy of single-trial classification and when combined with the high dimensionality of EEG recordings, extremely large training sets are needed to prevent overfitting and achieve accurate classification from raw EEG data. This paper explores a new deep CNN architecture for generalized multi-class, single-trial EEG classification across subjects. We compare classification performance from the generalized CNN architecture trained across all subjects to the individualized XDAWN, HDCA, and CSP neural classifiers which are trained and tested on single subjects. Preliminary results show that our CNN meets and slightly exceeds the performance of the other classifiers despite being trained across subjects.