cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon nanotubes: nanomechanics, manipulation, and electronic devices

Carbon nanotubes are novel materials with unique electrical and mechanical properties. Here we present results on their atomic structure and mechanical properties in the adsorbed state, on ways to manipulate individual nanotubes, on their electrical properties and, finally, on the fabrication and characteristics of nanotube-based electron devices. Specifically, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and molecular mechanics simulations are used to investigate the effects of van der Waals interactions on the atomic structure of adsorbed nanotubes. Both radial and axial structural deformations are identified and the interaction energy itself is obtained from the observed deformations. The conditions under which the structure of a nanotube will adjust to the topography of the substrate are defined. We show that the strong substrate–nanotube interaction allows the manipulation of both the position and shape of individual nanotubes at inert surfaces using the AFM. AFM manipulation is then utilized to position individual nanotubes on electrical pads so that their electrical characteristics can be evaluated. We demonstrate the operation of a field-effect transistor based on a single semiconducting nanotube and of a single-electron transistor using a nanotube bundle as Coulomb island. Finally, conducting nanotubes are employed as tips for AFM lithography.
Sensor networks for high-resolution monitoring of volcanic activity

We developed and deployed a wireless sensor network for monitoring seismoacoustic activity at Volcan Reventador, Ecuador. Wireless sensor networks are a new technology and our group is among the first to apply them to monitoring volcanoes. The small size, low power, and wireless communication capabilities can greatly simplify deployments of large sensor arrays and are very attractive for this application domain. This project is a follow-on to our previous infrasonic sensor network deployed at Volcan Tungurahua, also in Ecuador, in July 2004 [1].
Accuracy of Cricothyroidotomy Performed in Canine and Human Cadaver Models during Surgical Skills Training

Abstract Background Surgical skills training is an integral component of the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) Course. Teaching techniques are continuously reevaluated and updated. Recognition of recurring technical errors in the performance of cricothyroidotomy in canine models prompted this comparison to the performance of the procedure in human cadavers. Study design Thirty-three ATLS physician students performed cricothyroidotomy in canine models. Ten flight nurses performed a bimonthly surgical skills practicum on similarly prepared animals. Neck specimens were excised, fixed, and later mapped by the investigators. Subsequent courses used human cadavers obtained through the Wright State University School of Medicine Anatomical Gift Program. Cricothyroidotomy sites were mapped in situ. Results In the canine models, 47 necks with 52 attempted cricothyroidotomies were inspected and mapped by the investigators. Four specimens had multiple tracheotomy sites: three had two and one had three. If these multiple attempts are excluded from analysis, 13 of the 43 cricothyroidotomies in the canine models were misplaced (30.2%). Cricothyroidotomy placement in human cadavers was correct in 27 of 28 attempts (96.4%). Conclusions It is imperative that cricothyroidotomy, a high-risk procedure, be taught in an appropriate model to best prepare students to perform it in a life-saving situation. Placement accuracy in canine models is low. Alternative models for teaching this procedure should be considered.
Future cost-effective MRI will be at high field

The most cost effective MR imaging system is the one that provides the highest quality images (allowing the earliest possible diagnosis), the largest number of applications (allowing bundling of services and one-stop shopping for consumers), and the highest throughput (should it become necessary to scan a large number of patients in a capitated world). When all other parameters are normalized (eg, the skill and training of the radiologist and technologist as well as the RF, computer, and gradient subsystems), high field provides faster, higher resolution, thinner slice, and higher contrast MR images than low field. For these reasons, high field MRI will remain more cost effective than its lower field counterparts in the future.
Infrared reflectance spectra of doped BaTi4O9

Abstract Dielectric ceramics such as BaTi 4 O 9 have been widely used as microwave resonators in communication systems. In order to study the effect of doping on dielectric properties, infrared reflection spectra of BaTi 4 O 9 doped with Mn, Sn, Zr, Ca, Sr, and Pb were studied from 20 to 6000 cm −1 at temperatures ranging from 15 to 297 K. The reflectance data was converted to the dielectric data using Kramers-Kronig analysis. The dielectric parameters k , Q , and τ k calculated from the reflectance data were in agreement with resonant cavity measurements at 4 GHz.
ISS inhibits expression of MMP-9 and MMP-2 in a mouse model of airway remodeling

Abstract Rationale MMPs are involved in the regulation of collagen deposition in the extracellular matrix. We investigated whether repetitive allergen challenge in mice induces expression of MMPs and TIMP-1 in the remodeled airway and whether ISS modulates expression of MMPs and TIMP-1. Methods Mice were repetitively challenged with OVA for 3 months to assess levels of MMP and TIMP expression (Elisa, immunohistochemistry). Levels of total lung collagen were measured by the Sircol soluble collagen assay. The effect of ISS on MMP and TIMP-1 expression was assessed by pretreating ova challenged mice with ISS every 2 weeks. Results Repetitive ova challenge induced a significant increase in the levels of lung MMP-9, MMP-2, and TIMP-1 (p=0.01). ISS treatment of ova challenged mice significantly reduced the levels of MMP-9,-2 and TIMP-1 compared to ova challenged mice not treated with ISS (p=0.01). Repetitive ova challenge induced a significant increase in the levels of lung collagen(p=0.01). ISS treatment of ova challenged mice significantly reduced the levels of lung collagen compared to ova challenged mice not treated with ISS (p=0.01, n=16). Conclusion Repetitive ova challenge induces increased levels of lung collagen which is associated with increased levels of expression of MMP-9, -2, and TIMP-1. ISS reduces lung collagen levels, as well as levels of MMP-9, -2 and TIMP-1, suggesting a role for ISS in inhibiting airway remodeling.
Calibration of the MODIS PFM SRCA for on-orbit cross-track MTF measurement

The SpectroRadiometric Calibration Assembly (SRCA) instrument performs spatial, radiometric, and spectral in-flight calibration of the MODIS PFM instrument on the TERRA satellite. In spatial mode, the SRCA is intended to characterize focal plane registration by measuring cross-track spatial shifts of individual detectors (channels), and in-track band centroid shifts. In this paper, we investigate the suitability of the SRCA to evaluate the MODIS MTF on-orbit. Using the SRCA to evaluate the MODIS MTF requires information on the optical quality of the SRCA itself, particularly since it is not designed specifically for MTF measurements. Because the SRCA illumination fills only 1/4 of the optical aperture of the MODIS system, the illumination conditions are significantly different from those of normal MODIS imaging. We characterize the SRCA’s spatial performance by estimating its MTF from the pre-launch SRCA and Integration and Alignment Collimator (IAC) datasets, the IAC being assumed to be of significantly higher quality than the SRCA. This analysis shows that the SRCA, after calibration by comparison to the IAC, may serve as one source for on-orbit MTF measurements of MODIS PFM.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SYMBIOSIS OF PERIDINIUM BALTICUM AND ITS INTRACELLULAR ALGA. I. ULTRASTRUCTURE1,2

SUMMARY The ultrastructure of Peridinium balticum indicates that an eudosymbiont is present within the dinoflagellate. The structure and probable function of the organelles of both protists arc described and discussed. The origin of photosynthetic dinoflagellates from heterotrophic forms by means of a chrysophyte-like endosymbiont is postulated.
Using a secondary reservoir for pump suckers to avoid the generation of foam during CPB procedures in pediatric patients.

The primary goal of “translational research” is to take research from the “bench-to-bedside”.Selection of the components of the circuitry should be based solely on scientific evidence. Translational research must be done at independent institutions with no financial or any other benefit from their research pro-jects other than selecting the safest products for their patients. As a routine practice at Penn State Hershey Children’s Hospital, every single new CPB component is evaluated at the Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center prior to using them in patients.
SMRT interactions, repression, and Flt3-ITD

NEOPLASIA It is well established that mutations of the Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3) receptor tyrosine kinase occur in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).[1][1]-[3][2] Approximately 20% to 30% of AML cases are characterized by the presence of mutant Flt3 proteins with internal tandem duplications
Predicting the density and tensile strength of viscoelastic soy powder compacts

Abstract The key physical property of compact density is important for scale up and influences the mechanical properties such as tensile strength. Hence, the objective of this research was to develop semi-mechanistic models for density of Soy Flour (SF) and Soy Protein Concentrate (SPC) powder compacts as a function of viscoelastic properties and process variables. Each of the powders was compacted at a punch speed of 5 mm/min to final compaction pressures in the range of 26–230 MPa, in a 13 mm diameter cylindrical die. Pressure–time profile during compaction, compact height and force relaxation during the dwell time were also recorded. Compact density was measured under maximum pressure and 24 h post ejection. The force relaxation data was fit to linear Maxwell model for a viscoelastic solid ( R 2 > 0.99) and the viscoelastic properties of the pure solid material were estimated by extrapolating to zero compact porosity. Although density of compacts from either powder was found to be comparable, SPC produced much stronger compacts compared to SF due to higher bonding. The estimated compact density under pressure was found to be much higher than the pycnometer measured true densities. The contact area between two particles was estimated using Lum and Duncan-Hewitt (1999) using median particle size, pressure–time during compaction and material viscoelastic properties. Power law and logarithmic models that express the compact density and tensile strength respectively as a function of total viscoelastic contact area in a compact were successfully developed ( R 2 > 0.95–0.99). Thus, viscoelastic properties were found to influence compact density and tensile strength through their influence on the contact area.
Calcium in the oxygen-evolving complex: structural and mechanistic role determined by X-ray spectroscopy.

Abstract This review describes the results from X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy studies that have contributed to an understanding of the role of Ca in the photosynthetic water-oxidation reaction. The results include the first Mn, Ca and Sr X-ray spectroscopy studies using Ca or Sr-substituted PS II samples that established the presence of a MnCa heteronuclear structure and its orientation, and the most recent Sr X-ray spectroscopy study using biosynthetically prepared Sr-containing PS II in the various S-states that provide important insights into the requirement for Ca in the mechanism of the Mn 4 Ca catalytic center.
Current Trends in Retirement: Implications for Career Counseling and Vocational Psychology

This paper provides an overview of emerging trends in retirement, examines demographic trends in the labor force, and provides practical recommendations for working with older workers across cultures (e.g., women and racial/ethnic minorities, among others). Increasingly, older workers in the United States remain in the workforce for reasons related to financial security, healthcare, and personal fulfillment. Although retirement trends have become more complex, there is limited empirical literature addressing this issue and the research available does not attend to the needs of a diverse workforce. Therefore, implications for training, practice, advocacy, and research with regards to working with older workers across cultures (e.g., women and racial/ethnic minorities, among others) are provided.
Tissue transglutaminase promotes serotonin-induced AKT signaling and mitogenesis in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells

Tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme that cross-links proteins with monoamines such as serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) via a transglutamidation reaction, and is associated with pathophysiologic vascular responses. 5-HT is a mitogen for pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) that has been linked to pulmonary vascular remodeling underlying pulmonary hypertension development. We previously reported that 5-HT-induced PASMC proliferation is inhibited by the TG2 inhibitor monodansylcadaverine (MDC); however, the mechanisms are poorly understood. In the present study we hypothesized that TG2 contributes to 5-HT-induced signaling pathways of PASMCs. Pre-treatment of bovine distal PASMCs with varying concentrations of the inhibitor MDC led to differential inhibition of 5-HT-stimulated AKT and ROCK activation, while p-P38 was unaffected. Concentration response studies showed significant inhibition of AKT activation at 50 μM MDC, along with inhibition of the AKT downstream targets mTOR, p-S6 kinase and p-S6. Furthermore, TG2 depletion by siRNA led to reduced 5-HT-induced AKT activation. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that 5-HT treatment led to increased levels of serotonylated AKT and increased TG2-AKT complex formations which were inhibited by MDC. Overexpression of TG2 point mutant cDNAs in PASMCs showed that the TG2 C277V transamidation mutant blunted 5-HT-induced AKT activation and 5-HT-induced PASMC mitogenesis. Finally, 5-HT-induced AKT activation was blunted in SERT genetic knock-out rat cells, but not in their wild-type counterpart. The SERT inhibitor imipramine similarly blocked AKT activation. These results indicate that TG2 contributes to 5-HT-induced distal PASMC proliferation via promotion of AKT signaling, likely via its serotonylation. Taken together, these results provide new insight into how TG2 may participate in vascular smooth muscle remodeling.
Thermal shock behavior of fiber-reinforced ceramic composites

The influence of fiber type and method of composite fabrication on the thermal shock behavior of 2-D fiber-reinforced ceramic composites is studied. Thermal shock tests are performed using a water quench technique, and thermal shock damage is characterized by both destructive and nondestructive techniques. It is shown that the composites possessed superior resistance to thermal shock damage than the monolithic ceramics. Catastrophic failure due to severe thermal stresses is prevented in composites and a significant portion of their original strength is retained at a quench temperature difference up to 1,000 C. These results along with an analysis of the thermal shock damage mechanism based on the destructive and nondestructive tests is described.
The effect of mastication on surface fire behaviour, fuels consumption and tree mortality in pine flatwoods of Florida, USA

Mastication of understorey shrubs and small trees to reduce fire hazard has become a widespread forest management practice, but few empirical studies have quantified the effects of this mechanical treatment on actual fire behaviour and fire effects at the stand scale. We conducted experimental burns in masticated pine flatwoods with palmetto/gallberry understories, a common ecosystem of the Southern US Coastal Plain. Fire behaviour (flame height, rate of spread) and fire effects were compared between treated and untreated sites burned in the typical winter prescribed burning season. Mastication effectively reduced flame heights by 66%, but recovering shrubs (cover, height) influenced fire behaviour within six months following treatment, suggesting time-limited effectiveness. Trees had less crown scorch and bole char in masticated sites, but tree mortality was minimal on both treated and untreated sites. Consumption of masticated fuel was substantial across both treatments, but little duff was consumed under the moist soil conditions. When burning is conducted soon after treatment, mastication may effectively reduce fire behaviour in pine flatwoods sites, but the duration of treatment efficacy remains unclear.
Using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to screen for depression in cardiac patients

Abstract Objective There is an increasing interest in trying to identify patients with chronic physical illness who would benefit from interventions to decrease psychological distress. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is one measure that can be effectively used to identify patients struggling with anxiety and/or depression in addition to comorbid medical illness such as cardiac disease. The aim of this study is to determine if the HADS correctly identified patients with depression according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fourth Edition [determined using the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD), a gold-standard diagnostic tool], as depressed and to determine which items on the HADS most strongly predicted the PRIME-MD major depression diagnosis among cardiac patients. Method Patient data were obtained from a randomized controlled trial of treatment for psychological distress in patients surviving recent myocardial infarction or life-threatening ischemic heart disease. The HADS was used to evaluate depression and/or anxiety among patients hospitalized for heart disease, and the PRIME-MD was used to diagnose major depressive disorder (MDD) in these patients. We used receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves and logistic regression to analyze patient responses to both of these measures. Results Among the 79 study patients, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the HADS depression subscale was 0.81 with an S.E. of 0.05, and the AUC was 0.70 for the HADS anxiety subscale with an S.E. of 0.06. Using a cutoff of 7 on each HADS subscale to determine PRIME-MD diagnosis of MDD, the sensitivity and specificity were 81% and 54%, respectively, for the depression subscale and 81% and 40%, respectively, for the anxiety subscale. In addition, a few individual HADS items predicted PRIME-MD diagnosis of MDD, namely, concentration and positive anticipation (depression items) and relaxed and worry (anxiety items), each of which were strongly correlated with PRIME-MD diagnosis of MDD. Finally, items positive anticipation and relaxed provided reasonable approximations to the results found from the HADS depression subscale measure, which performed better than the HADS anxiety subscale in predicting PRIME-MD diagnosis of depression. Conclusions Using the HADS to detect mental disorders in primary care populations can save valuable physician time, and perhaps ensure that patients are treated for their mental distress as well as medical disease.
Effects of intracerebroventricular L-DOPA on caudate unit firing ☆

Single units were recorded bilaterally from the caudate nuclei of cats before and after 50 microliter injections of either Merlis solution or L-DOPA (200 microgram) dissolved in Merlis into the left lateral cerebral ventricle. After injection of L-DOPA, but not Merlis solution, there was a period of unit silence in both caudates with an onset of about 10 min and a duration of 30-50 min. This period of caudate silence was coincident with a significant reduction of systolic blood pressure and heart rate. Upon resumption of unit firing in caudate, it was found that the interspike intervals on the contralateral side were markedly increased from 30 min-2 hr postinjection while there was no change on the side of injection. The similarity of this response to that following lesions which interrupt the caudate to thalamus pathway unilaterally was discussed. It is suggested that L-DOPA injection may produce this lesion-like effect by altering the firing of caudate output neurons.
Public Employee Unioniza Tion in the States A Comparative Analysis

After briefly noting several problem areas for students of unionization, the authors focus on public employee perceptions of union impacts in five states. State public employee unions were found to be occupationally quite different from other public and private sector unions, with professional employees predominating. Stages of union development also emerged, with the breadth of union membership and the number of employees covered by union contracts being the key descriptive variables. The developmental stages were also found to be directly related to whether and how unions had affected their working conditions.
A multiresolution technique for 3-D image compression

The compression of 3-D digital images, such as those obtained from magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography, for efficient storage and transmission of data is discussed. Although there is a trade off between compression and resolution, it is believed that a substantial decrease in the number of voxels (volume elements) will not noticeably degrade the 3-D image. As a result, to the clinician, the efficacy of the image will not be changed, but the amount of bytes needed to represent the image will be decreased. A multiresolution image representation is used as a basis for constructing an approximation to the original image, and this method is based on 3-dimensional, separable splines. A multiresolution algorithm that computes the solution to the approximation problem in O(log N), on a single-instruction, multiple-data architecture (SIMD) is being developed. SIMD is a fine grain parallel architecture and N is the number of voxels in the original image. >
Lectures on Mechanics

Publisher's description: The use of geometric methods in classical mechanics has proven fruitful, with wide applications in physics and engineering. In this book, Professor Marsden concentrates on these geometric aspects, especially on symmetry techniques. The main points he covers are: the stability of relative equilibria, which is analyzed using the block diagonalization technique; geometric phases, studied using the reduction and reconstruction technique; and bifurcation of relative equilibria and chaos in mechanical systems. A unifying theme for these points is provided by reduction theory, the associated mechanical connection and techniques from dynamical systems. These methods can be applied to many control and stabilization situations, and this is illustrated using rigid bodies with internal rotors, and the use of geometric phases in mechanical systems. To illustrate the above ideas and the power of geometric arguments, the author studies a variety of specific systems, including the double spherical pendulum and the classical rotating water molecule.
Evaluation of interns by senior residents and faculty: is there any difference?

Introduction Both senior residents and faculty members evaluate family practice interns (PGY-1) on the inpatient family medicine service at the University of Missouri-Columbia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the content and nature of narrative comments on a clinical evaluation sheet. Methods Objective 1. The authors placed the subjective comments made by faculty and senior residents in their evaluations of PGY-1 residents into 12 distinctive categories. Objective 2. Comments were coded with a positive or negative valence. Objective 3. The genders of the evaluator and learner were recorded. Results All evaluations made between 1996 and 1999 were analysed. A total of 1341 individual comments were reviewed. Objective 1. Categories used most often were generic comments (20.2%), personal attributes (18%), and clinical competence (14.1%). There was no difference in category use based on the experience level of the evaluator (P = 0.17). Objective 2. The majority of the comments (81.9%) were positive in nature. Senior faculty members were significantly less likely to make negative comments than were junior faculty members or senior residents (P = 0.004). Objective 3. There were no differences in category use based on the gender of the evaluator (P = 0.13). Conclusions Objective 1. Narrative evaluation comments may be placed into 12 distinctive categories. Most comments are generic and do not help to inform learning. Objective 2. A total of 82% of comments were positive. Residents were more likely to make negative comments than senior faculty members. Objective 3. There was no demonstrable gender bias in writing negative comments.
Risk for Substance Abuse: Memory as a Common Etiological Pathway:

Memory processes may be part of the causal chain by which known antecedents of alcohol and drug abuse influence drinking. Recent findings on alcohol expectancies are consistent with a memory model and help articulate how consumption may be influenced by memory representations of biological and environmental characteristics. This line of research suggests novel prevention and intervention strategies.
Multiple non-orthogonal bases representations for images

Conventional image compression techniques usually involve use of a single transform in conjunction with other techniques like vector quantization etc. In this paper, the concept of using more than one transform, i.e., using multiple non-orthogonal bases functions representation, for still image compression, is presented. Sample results show that this approach used in conjunction with an efficient vector quantization technique - an adaptive energy based split vector quantization technique, gives improved reconstruction quality of images for the same bit rate compared to existing single transform methods.
The Evaluation of Application Controls in Accounting Software: A Short Instructional Case

Internal control is a central topic in auditing and accounting information systems courses and is even more important since enactment of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002. The purpose of this case is to help students identify whether appropriate controls exist by attempting to execute unauthorized or improper transactions in a popular accounting software package. Students then compose a memo to summarize and explain the results of their transactions. This case helps students (1) identify application controls, (2) think about controls that may be weak, missing, or violated by an employee, and (3) consider and document potential risk exposures to an organization.
Palliative Care of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most fatal malignancies. Palliative care represents an important aspect of management in patients with pancreatic malignancy. Identifying and treating disease related symptoms are very important. As a physician taking care of these patients it is essential to know these symptoms and treatment modalities. Common problems include biliary obstruction, anticoagulation, and pain management. This review discusses the data presented at the 2011 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting symptom management and supportive care strategies including Abstracts #e14665, #e14622, and #LBA9014. Success is needed in managing these symptoms to palliate patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. It is important for oncologists to recognize the importance of supportive measures that can minimize the symptoms of advanced disease and side effects of cancer treatment. Image: The Thinker (Le Penseur) of Auguste Rodin at Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Mitochondrial and Next-Generation Sequence Data used to Infer Phylogenetic Relationships and Species Limits in the Clapper/ King Rail Complex

Abstract. The family Rallidae is a distinct, species-rich group of birds, many of which are exceptional at long-distance colonization. Six of the ten species in the genus Rallus are distributed in the Americas. Among these, R. longirostris and R. elegans have an interwoven taxonomic history that reflects their weak phenotypic differentiation, the multiplicity of allopatric, morphologically distinct populations, a long zone of secondary contact in the eastern U.S. along which hybridization occurs, and apparent ecological “replacement” of each other in marshes of varying salinity. We used mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences, the latter generated from next-generation sequencing, to infer phylogenetic relationships in the complex from a sample of 70 individuals collected throughout their distribution. Average levels of mitochondrial and nuclear divergence were relatively low (<2%) both within and between the species. The complex is composed of three distinct biogeographic groups: (1) eastern North Americ...
Essential elements of a licensed, mammalian plasmid origin of DNA synthesis

We developed a mammalian plasmid replicon with a formerly uncharacterized origin of DNA synthesis, 8xRep*. 8xRep* functions efficiently to support once-per-cell-cycle synthesis of plasmid DNA which initiates within Rep*. By characterizing Rep*'s requirements for acting as an origin, we have uncovered several striking properties it shares with DS, the only other well-characterized, licensed, mammalian plasmid origin of DNA synthesis. Rep* contains a pair of previously unrecognized Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1)-binding sites that are both necessary and sufficient in cis for its origin activity. These sites have an essential 21-bp center-to-center spacing, are bent by EBNA1, and recruit the origin recognition complex. The properties shared between DS and Rep* define cis and trans characteristics of a mammalian, extrachromosomal replicon. The role of EBNA1 likely reflects its evolution from cellular factors involved in the assembly of the initiation machinery.
Effect of salt and sodium tripolyphosphate on texture, organic volatiles, and sensory characteristics of irradiated and nonirradiated pork

Radappertized pork rolls and chops were prepared using fresh pork muscles with sodium chloride (0.75 percent) and sodium tripolyphosphate (0.3 percent or 0.5 percent) additions. The irradiated and nonirradiated samples were tested by technological panels for sensory characteristics and consumer panels for preference. Texture measurements were made with an Allo-Kramer Shear Press. Total organic volatiles were determined using a steam distillation method. The addition of 0.75 percent NaCl and 0.3 percent or 0.5 percent TPP resulted in a significant improvement in the sensory characteristics and preference ratings of the irradiated pork rolls and pork chops. Textural measurements from the shear press showed significant improvements with the addition of NaCl and further improvements with TPP additions. No organic volatiles were found that could be attributed to the addition of NaCl or TPP. Cooking losses were significantly reduced by the addition of the NaCl and tripolyphosphate.
Incorporating a user model to improve detection of unhelpful robot answers

Dialogues with robots frequently exhibit social dialogue acts such as greeting, thanks, and goodbye. This opens the opportunity of using these dialogue acts for dialogue management, in particular for detecting misunderstandings. Our corpus analysis shows that the social dialogue acts have different scopes of their associations with the discourse features within the dialogue: greeting in the user's first turn is associated with such distant, or global, features as the likelihood of having questions answered, persistence, and ending with bye. The user's thanks turn, on the other hand, is strongly associated with the helpfulness of the preceding robot's answer. We therefore interpret the greeting as a component of a user model that can provide information about the user's traits and be associated with discourse features at various stages of the dialogue. We conduct a detailed analysis of the user's thanking behavior and demonstrate that user's thanks can be used in the detection of unhelpful robot's answers. Incorporating the greeting information further improves the detection. We discuss possible applications of this work for human-robot dialogue management.
The Physician and the Children's Cancer Center: ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF CHILDREN'S CANCER CLINICS

IT HAS BEEN suggested that my role in this conference be twofold: first, supposedly the confessions of a pediatric oncologist; second, the description of our program here in Seattle. The first one is rather difficult to detail concretely. Having been in general pediatric practice at one time, I think the role we oncologists have is one of the most frustrating and difficult but, at times, the most gratifying one in medicine. No one wants to take care of dying children by preference. Most of us have been hematologists and have gotten into the field of oncology because of the therapeutic effects of chemotherapeutic agents, especially in children with leukemia. I think from prior experience we recognize immediately upon original diagnosis the fatal outcome of a child with leukemia. We also try to transmit our deep compassion to the parents and to give them some ray of hope. We often look upon this area as that of a religious experience in which one has to have some beliefs to go on taking care of these children. We must believe within ourselves that a cure is possible, rarely at the present time, but hopefully in the future. I do not think this is being untruthful to the parent because we must give them some ray of hope—either control of the child9s disease for a specific length of time or, aside from leukemia, more hope for potential cure. We are sometimes a little schizoid in our actions because we will treat a child with acute leukemia believing that the treatment of the child is worthwhile, while on the other hand we may cause considerable prolonged emotional conflict in the parents with repeated episodes of crises.
Responding to 'Educating Lawyers': An Heretical Essay in Support of Abolishing Teaching Evaluations

The Carnegie Report and other assessments of legal education are unflattering, to say the least. The implication is that law professors care too little about teaching. This essay suggests that surprisingly the explanation for the apparent failure of legal education is that legal educators focus TOO MUCH attention on "teaching." We pay too much attention to evaluating the quality of teaching and too little on assessing student learning. In evaluating a professor's teaching, we tend to focus exclusively on the performance of the professor. In doing so, we accomplish little. While there are numerous flaws in the way we evaluate teaching, the most troublesome may be that we do not agree on what good teaching is and thus we can debate endlessly the accuracy of every assessment. Interminable discussion about what is good teaching or bad teaching leads to little improvement. This essay argues that if we seriously want to encourage change, we must get beyond the "what is good teaching?" debate. To do that, we should abolish teaching evaluations entirely! Instead, we should focus on student learning. By focusing our attention on assessing student learning, we would create incentives for faculty members to develop their effectiveness as teachers. We would also create incentives for professors - and faculty evaluation committees - to develop methods of demonstrating effectiveness. Results, not style, would thus become important. Thus, as heretical as it may seem, the first step towards improving law school teaching is to abolish the use of teaching evaluations entirely.
The First Amendment's Forgotten Clauses

Two books published in 2012 – Liberty’s Refuge: The Forgotten Freedom of Assembly by John D. Inazu and Reclaiming The Petition Clause by Ronald J. Krotoszynski, Jr. – are devoted to explaining the final clauses of the First Amendment. They share a central complaint: namely, that current doctrine fails to give much independent force to either clause, instead channeling all inquiries into a speech clause that does not effectuate the distinct goals of the assembly and petition clauses. Yet the two books have curiously little to say to each other. The cases the authors cite and the slices of legal and social history they explore have almost no overlap. This joint review (forthcoming in the Journal of Legal Education) describes the two books, identifying some of the more intriguing puzzles identified by each. It closes with some ideas about what it means for two nearly simultaneous books about “forgotten” clauses of the First Amendment to pass silently like ships in the night.
Fluid identities: poetry and the navigation of mixed ethnicities in Late Antique Gaul

This paper uses the work of Late Antique (4th-6th century) Latin poets to demonstrate the ways that pre-modern sources can be a part of scholarly discussions of the development of environmental imaginations and can usefully contribute to the development of the environmental humanities. The three poets (Ausonius, Sidonius Apollinaris, and Venantius Fortunatus) have many works that explore and describe nature; one theme that emerges is that they closely connected the rivers of Gaul to their concerns over political and cultural identity. Rivers, including the Rhone and the Mosel, were intricately woven into the daily life and cultural identities of 4th-6th century Gaul, and were both tangible and fluid political boundaries. These poems use rivers to confirm cultural identities, validate the Christian cultural experience, and express broader cultural and political concerns about cultural integration and hybridity. Resumen En este ensayo se utilizan textos de poetas latinos de la antiguedad tardia (siglos IV y VI) para demostrar como algunos recursos pre-modernos pueden formar parte de discusiones academicas sobre el desarrollo de la imaginacion ambiental y contribuir al desarrollo de las humanidades ambientales. Los tres poetas que se discuten aqui—Ausonio, Sidonio Apolinar y Venancio Fortunato—tienen obras que exploran y describen la naturaleza. Uno de los temas que surgen es que ellos conectan los rios de la Galia con su preocupacion por la identidad politica y cultural. Algunos rios, entre ellos el Rodano y el Mosela, eran fronteras politicas fluidas y tangibles que estaban intrincadamente relacionadas con la vida diaria y las identidades culturales de la Galia durante los siglos IV y VI. Estos poemas usan los rios para confirmar las identidades culturales, validar la experiencia cultural cristiana, y expresar profundas inquietudes culturales y politicas sobre la integracion cultural y la hibridez.
Perspective on the Influence of Interactions Between Hard and Soft Templates and Precursors on Morphology of Hierarchically Structured Porous Materials

When surfactant templates and hard templates are combined to synthesize silica and other inorganic solids with hierarchical pore structure, the mesopore development and orientation are influenced by interactions between the surfactant templates and the hard templates. Effects such as confinement, surface interactions, and curvature can be used to control the relative mesopore alignment. Such control is important for numerous applications that rely on access to the mesopores and incorporation of multiple components in a hierarchical structure. This review highlights how the interactions between molecular and block-copolymer surfactant micelles and confining surfaces can be used to influence mesopore architecture. After a brief review of block-copolymer systems, more complex systems will be considered that combine block-copolymers and inorganic precursors on a single surface, between two planar surfaces, confined in channels of porous anodic alumina membranes, in colloidal crystal templates, and in three-di...
Some relationships between intracranial pressure and EEG frequency in cats.

Summary1. In the curarized, unanesthetized cat, the EEG frequency varies inversely with the intracranial pressure. 2. During seizures induced by high partial pressures of oxygen or by Metrazol, the intracranial pressure varies directly with the EEG frequency. 3. No explanation for our findings is offered at present.
Cosmetics for the elderly.

This article discusses the specific physiologic changes of elderly skin and possible physician recommendations to correct the effects of these changes.
Skin allograft survival and lowered maternal immunologic reactivity.

Rejection of skin allografts in mice was delayed from an average of 10.5 days to 13.1 days by daily intraperitoneal injections of cortisone, and to 16.2 days by cortisone plus human chorionic gonadotropin. Placental extract administration resulted in a slightly, but not significantly, increased graft survival. HCG alone, and in combination with other steroids, was ineffective.
Myocardial oxygen utilization after reversible global ischemia.

We tested in 20 sheep the hypothesis that oxygen consumption increases after reversible, global myocardial ischemia. Left ventricular oxygen consumption before and after 25 minutes of warm (37 degrees C) global ischemia was linearly related to a function (integral) of left ventricular circumferential systolic wall stress, altered by changing afterload. The relation is expressed in the two regression equations: LVO2 (preischemic) = 1.06.SSI + 16.8 (n = 129; r = 0.79); LVO2 (postischemic) = 4.35.SSI + 5.6 (n = 89; r = 0.65). The fourfold increase in slope (4.35 versus 1.06) indicates (p = 0.0001) a massive increase of oxygen consumption in postischemic, globally "stunned" myocardium. The inferences are that globally stunned myocardium causes severe impairment of oxygen utilization efficiency, and increased vulnerability to further ischemia if coronary vessels are diseased.
Changes in alcohol use following the transition to motherhood: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.

Abstract Background Little is known about the impact of motherhood on alcohol use beyond the acute reductions observed in pregnancy. This study characterizes changes in alcohol use for women who did and did not become mothers over three years. Methods Data are from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Participants were female respondents aged 18–44 years who did not have children and were not pregnant at wave 1, and who reported having at least one drink in the year prior to wave 1 (n = 2118). Women were classified as mothers (n = 325) if they reported having a child between waves 1 and 2, and non-mothers if they did not (n = 1793). At each wave, participants provided information on past-year frequency of alcohol use and heavy episodic drinking, and usual number of alcoholic beverages consumed per occasion. Results At baseline, women who did and did not become mothers reported similar levels of alcohol use. Women who became mothers reported significant reductions in alcohol use indicators from wave 1 to wave 2 (i.e., 22 fewer drinking days, 15 fewer heavy drinking days, 1 less drink per occasion), whereas women who did not become mothers showed a modest increase in alcohol use frequency (i.e., 7 more drinking days). Motherhood remained significantly associated with reductions in alcohol use after adjusting for sociodemographic variables and baseline alcohol use. Conclusions The transition to motherhood is associated with marked reductions in alcohol consumption. Similar reductions were not observed for women who did not become mothers.
Seventh-Grade Social Studies versus Social Meliorism.

ABSTRACTThe Wake County Public School System (WCPSS), in the state of North Carolina, has gone through considerable recent effort to revise, support, and assess their seventh-grade social studies curriculum in an effort to serve three goals: comply with the Common Core State Standards (Common Core), comply with the North Carolina Essential Standards (Essential Standards), and create a curriculum that best serves students. Meanwhile, the curriculum theory of social meliorism was conceived of over a century ago. Since its inception it has influenced curriculum development and provided a foundation for many other curriculum theories that all start from an assumption that social meliorism holds to an accepted truth that the purpose of education is to improve society and address its injustices. Given contemporary discussions about how to achieve social justice, this is a philosophy that seems particularly meaningful when thinking about the ways that schools can help to accomplish the goals of social justice. I...
Case 2: The Inconsolable Newborn

A 5-day-old male newborn of 39 weeks’ gestational age was brought to the emergency department (ED) with a complaint of “shaking of upper and lower extremities and fussiness” since birth. After the initial episode at home, he presented to the primary care physician with 2 more shaking episodes that occurred in clusters of 3 minutes described as jerking of both upper and lower extremities with occasional head jerking. The shaking is not associated with eye rolling or with feeds. Concerned about possible seizures, the physician recommended admission to the NICU for further evaluation. The patient did not have a fever, rash, or upper respiratory tract infection symptoms. There was 1 episode of nonbilious, nonbloody vomiting on the day of presentation. He had 10 to 11 wet diapers per day and 8 to 9 stools per day. There was no change in alertness and energy. He is a term infant, born by repeat cesarean delivery to a 32-year-old gravida 5-3-0-2-3 mother, who had received adequate prenatal care. The pregnancy was pertinent for a history of Escherichia coli –positive urinary tract infection at 24 weeks’ gestation and a medical history that included a Chlamydia infection, which had been diagnosed and treated before this pregnancy. Fetal movement and cervical examination findings were normal. She was group B Streptococcus negative, rapid plasma reagin test nonreactive, rubella immune, and hepatitis B surface antigen …
Latent variable modeling improves AKI risk factor identification and AKI prediction compared to traditional methods

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is diagnosed based on postoperative serum creatinine change, but AKI models have not consistently performed well, in part due to the omission of clinically important but practically unmeasurable variables that affect creatinine. We hypothesized that a latent variable mixture model of postoperative serum creatinine change would partially account for these unmeasured factors and therefore increase power to identify risk factors of AKI and improve predictive accuracy. We constructed a two-component latent variable mixture model and a linear model using data from a prospective, 653-subject randomized clinical trial of AKI following cardiac surgery (NCT00791648) and included established AKI risk factors and covariates known to affect serum creatinine. We compared model fit, discrimination, power to detect AKI risk factors, and ability to predict AKI between the latent variable mixture model and the linear model. The latent variable mixture model demonstrated superior fit (likelihood ratio of 6.68 × 1071) and enhanced discrimination (permutation test of Spearman’s correlation coefficients, p < 0.001) compared to the linear model. The latent variable mixture model was 94% (−13 to 1132%) more powerful (median [range]) at identifying risk factors than the linear model, and demonstrated increased ability to predict change in serum creatinine (relative mean square error reduction of 6.8%). A latent variable mixture model better fit a clinical cohort of cardiac surgery patients than a linear model, thus providing better assessment of the associations between risk factors of AKI and serum creatinine change and more accurate prediction of AKI. Incorporation of latent variable mixture modeling into AKI research will allow clinicians and investigators to account for clinically meaningful patient heterogeneity resulting from unmeasured variables, and therefore provide improved ability to examine risk factors, measure mechanisms and mediators of kidney injury, and more accurately predict AKI in clinical cohorts.