cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Apparent Life-Threatening Events: So What Happens Next?

In this issue of Pediatrics , Bonkowsky et al1 review their experience and “long-term” outcomes of infants admitted to their tertiary care facility and health care system who had been evaluated for apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs). This is a difficult topic to analyze objectively, and the authors should be congratulated for their efforts. From the outset, difficulty emerges in that an accepted definition of the term ALTE is somewhat evanescent. The commonly used definition was provided by the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on infantile apnea and home monitoring from 1986,2 which defined an ALTE in a child less than 1 of year of age as an episode that is “frightening to the observer and that is characterized by some combination of apnea …, color change …, marked change in muscle tone …, choking, or gagging. … The observer fears that the infant has died.”2 Explicit in this definition is the interpretation by the observer that the infant has died and manifests a significant alteration in appearance, activity, and signs of life (ie, breathing and color). There are a multitude of clinical phenomena exhibited by infants that may be frightening to an observer or at least recognized as abnormal infant behavior and trigger extreme anxiety, whereas the same event observed by another caretaker may not elicit the same response. Thus, our definition of an ALTE is centered on the perception of the observer when the event occurs. It should not be surprising that ALTEs encompass a heterogeneous collection of correlated etiologies and outcomes. The terminology, near–sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), has been abandoned because previous studies have derived no data to garner support for a relationship between apnea and SIDS.3,4 The Bonkowsky et al study used a broad definition … Address correspondence to Francis J. DiMario, Jr, MD, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Division of Pediatric Neurology, 282 Washington St, Suite 2A, Hartford, CT 06106. E-mail: fdimari{at}ccmckids.org
Effects of CO2 enrichment on mineral accumulation and nitrogen relations in a submersed macrophyte

1. Six- to eight-week greenhouse experiments with independent control of pH and dissolved CO2 evaluated the potential for CO2 enrichment to stimulate the accumulation of Al, Fe, P and N in shoots of Vallisneria americana, particularly at pH 5. These minerals were provided only as they occurred in natural lake sediments. 2. The effect of CO2 enrichment at pH 5 v pH 7.3 on growth and tissue N concentration was also determined. 3. CO2 enrichment at pH 5 effected 5.5- and 7-fold increases in total shoot accumulation of Al and Fe, respectively. In a two-way factorial experiment, CO2 enrichment yielded 6- to 11-fold greater total shoot P accumulation in plants grown on less and more fertile sediments, respectively. 4. In a three-way factorial experiment, CO2 enrichment stimulated Vallisneria growth, especially at pH 5, and resulted in a 31–58% reduction in tissue [N] for different pH × sediment combinations. These are greater reductions than previously reported. It also increased total shoot N accumulation up to 6-fold, and there were significant interactions with pH and sediment source: the CO2 enrichment effect on shoot N accumulation was greater at pH 5 than at pH 7.3, and it was greater with the more fertile sediment at pH 5. 5. Water chemistry (pH and/or [CO2]) and sediment fertility thus both indirectly influenced the accumulation of sediment-derived minerals in macrophyte shoots within the water column.
Microwave Antenna Sensors for Fatigue Crack Monitoring Under Lap Joints

This paper presents a microwave antenna sensor that has the ability to monitor fatigue cracks between lap joints where compressive force is present or in any other areas where a crack is hidden between two parts of a structure. The sensor is designed to be low profile, light weight, and conformal, making it ideal for aerospace applications where lap joints are a common design feature, and thus minimizing manual inspection times. The design of the fatigue sample for simulating a lap joint will be presented. The experiment results validated the microwave antenna sensor’s capability to effectively monitor fatigue cracks under lap joints.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The political geography of the Dayton accords

After twenty days of intense negotiations in November 1995 at Wright‐Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio among the presidents of Bosnia‐Herzegovina, Serbia (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) and Croatia, peace finally came to war‐ravaged Bosnia. This article applies political‐geographic approaches to an analysis of the Dayton Accords so as to provide constructive criticism and analytical insights, and to suggest policy recommendations. The literature of political geography provides a number of useful conceptual approaches with which to analyse particular aspects of the Agreement. This article applies boundary and frontier studies, peace geography and Hartshorne's functional approach to selected aspects of the Dayton Accord, yielding some recommendations and interesting insights as well as raising some serious questions about the longer‐term viability of the Bosnian State.
Constraints on Lorentz invariance violating quantum gravity and large extra dimensions models using high energy γ-ray observations

Abstract Observations of the multi-TeV spectra of the nearby BL objects Mkn 421 and Mkn 501 exhibit the high energy cutoffs predicted to be the result of intergalactic annihilation interactions, primarily with infrared photons having a flux level as determined by various astronomical observations. After correction for this absorption effect, the derived intrinsic spectra of these multi-TeV sources can be explained within the framework of simple synchrotron self-Compton emission models. Stecker and Glashow have shown that the existence of such annihilations via electron–positron pair production interactions up to an energy of 20 TeV puts strong constraints on Lorentz invariance violation. Such constraints have important implications for Lorentz invariance violating (LIV) quantum gravity models as well as LIV models involving large extra dimensions. We also discuss the implications of observations of high energy γ-rays from the Crab Nebula on constraining quantum gravity models.
How Priming the Private Self or Collective Self Affects the Relative Weights of Attitudes and Subjective Norms

Three experiments tested the hypothesis that the accessibility of the private self and the collective self affects the relative weights given to attitudes and subjective norms when forming a behavioral intention. The results of Experiment 1 indicate that increasing the accessibility of the private self caused participants to place more weight on attitudes than subjective norms but that increasing the accessibility of the collective self caused participants to place more weight on subjective norms than on attitudes. Experiments 2 and 3, using a subtle priming procedure, replicated this pattern of results. In addition, the findings of Experiment 3 provided direct evidence for the differential priming of the two self-concepts. Hence, the data suggest an intimate connection between the accessibility of the private and collective selves and whether people use attitudes or subjective norms to make behavioral intentions.
Emergency department thoracotomy for trauma: a collective review

A decade of experience with resuscitative thoracotomy for the trauma victim in extremis has been gained since the pioneering efforts of Mattox and his associates in 1974. It appears, from a review of the various reports from different trauma centers, that there is an emergence of a consensus as to the best indications for the procedure. It is generally agreed upon that ERT is fruitless in the patient with severe head trauma or when vital signs were absent at the scene of the injury. In the absence of penetrating thoracic injuries ERT yields a very poor survival in patients without vital signs on admission to the emergency center. It is widely accepted that the best results for ERT are in patients with cardiac tamponade. The prognosis is hopeless in patients without vital signs after sustaining blunt trauma.
Laboratory measurements of 50 300 eV X rays from collisions of cometary interest: Ne and S L X rays, Fe M X rays and others

Abstract Laboratory measurements simulating the impact of certain solar wind ions on CO have been made. Preliminary analysis of the X rays in the 50–300 eV energy range produced by these collisions suggests that a dominant role is played by electron capture and subsequent relaxation of the electron to the n = 2 levels of solar wind ions such as Ne and S. In particular our data show that X rays from Ne play a role that is at least as significant as that of the more dominant solar wind ion O6+ in this X-ray energy range. It may be assumed that Mg and Si may also play an important role; however, these ions were not included in the present experiment.
Static Strength Evaluation of Six External Skeletal Fixation Configurations

The relative strength of six different configurations of external skeletal fixation was determined by subjecting them to axial compression, and shear and torsion forces while measuring the load they would sustain before failing. The double clamp, single connecting bar, double connecting bar, quadrilateral frame, full pin splintage and three- dimensional tent configurations were found to be successively stronger in all three of the tests with the exception of the quadrilateral frame being more resistant to shear force than the full pin splintage configuration.
Effects of interview context on a self-report scale of depressive symptoms

In a study of the recovery of women who had undergone a mastectomy, the respondents' mean score on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale CES-D) was three points lower (indicatine less depression) than the mean score of a sample of women from the general population interviewed as a comparison group. The social and demographic characteristics of the two groups were similar, as were the women's responses to other attitudinal questions. In addition, patterns of association between variables were similar in both populations. The authors concluded that the answers of the mastectomy patients were influenced by the context of the CES-D-i.e., the point at which it was administered during the interview.
Chiral Lipidomics of E-Series Resolvins: Aspirin and the Biosynthesis of Novel Mediators

Control of the inflammatory response is of wide interest given its important role in many diseases. In recent years we identified novel mechanisms and lipid mediators that play an active role in stimulating the resolution of self-limited acute inflammation. These novel pro-resolving mediators include the essential fatty acid-derived lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins. Members of each possess a unique pro-resolving mechanism of action; each limits neutrophilic infiltration, regulates local mediators (chemokines, cytokines) as well as stimulates macrophage-enhanced clearance of apoptotic PMN, cellular debris and microbes. Given this unique mechanism of action, resolvins have already been shown to play pivotal roles in regulating key events in a wide range of experimental inflammatory diseases. These pro-resolving mediators also provide a molecular link between omega-3 essential fatty acids (e.g. EPA, DHA) and the resolution process of inflammation and tissue homeostasis. Here, we review recent evidence obtained using chiral LC-MS-MS-based lipidomics to identify a novel 18S-series of resolvins derived from EPA. Resolvin E1 possesses potent actions in vivo and in vitro demonstrated now in many laboratories, and herein we review comparisons in E-series resolvin biosynthesis and action of 18S-resolvin E1 and 18S-resolvin E2. The biosynthesis and formation of both 18S and 18R-series are enhanced with aspirin treatment and involve the utilization of dietary EPA as well as recombinant human 5-lipoxygenase and LTA(4) hydrolase in their stereospecific biosynthesis. Herein we also demonstrate the utility of LC-MS-MS-based lipidomics in identifying resolvins, protectins and related products in marine organisms such as Engraulis (Peruvian anchovy). These new findings emphasize the utility of chiral LC-MS-MS lipidomics and the potential for identifying new resolution circuits with chiral LC-MS-MS-based lipidomics and metabolomics.
Right Ventricular Dysplasia: The Mayo Clinic Experience

Objective To determine the initial clinical manifestations and echocardiographic features of sright ventricular dysplasia as encountered in a major cardiovascular referral center in the United States. Design We conducted a retrospective study of cases of right ventricular dysplasia diagnosed at the Mayo Clinic between January 1978 and January 1993. Material and Methods In an institutional database search, we identified 20 patients with right ventricular dysplasia. Echocardiographic, electropbysiologic, Holter monitoring, cardiac catheterization, and endomyocardial biopsy results were analyzed. The mean duration of follow-up was 7 years. Results In the 12 female and 8 male patients (mean age, 30 years; range, 3 to 60), the initial manifestations of right ventricular dysplasia included ventricular arrhythmia (45%), congestive heart failure (25%), heart murmur (10%), asymptomatic (10%), complete heart block (5%), and sudden death (5%). First-order relatives were affected in 30% of the patients. Ventricular tachycardia with morphologic features of left bundle branch block was inducible in seven of nine patients. On Holter monitoring, all but 2 of 15 patients studied had frequent ventricular ectopic activity (Lown grade 2 or more). Characteristic fatty infiltration of the myocardium was present in 7 of 13 right ventricular biopsy specimens. Inordinate right ventricular enlargement was present in 60% of the patients at first echocardiographic assessment and in two other patients on follow - up assessment. Variable left ventricular involvement was noted in 50% of the cases. During the follow up period, four patients died: two died suddenly, one died of congestive heart failure, and one died of respiratory failure after a coronary artery bypass operation. Of the 16 living patients, 8 are doing well, 3 have an implanted cardiac defibrillator, 3 are receiving antiarrhythmic agents, and 2 have undergone cardiac transplantation because of progressive biventricular failure. Conclusion Patients with right ventricular dysplasia have varied initial manifestations and a high frequency of serious cardiovascular symptoms and complications.
Multispectral analysis of ancient Maya pigments: implications for the Naj Tunich corpus

Naj Tunich, in southeastern Peten, Guatemala, is one of only five caves currently known to contain Maya hieroglyphic writing. It is universally recognized as the preeminent Maya cave site because its corpus ofinscriptions exceeds those of the other four caves combined. In June of 1998, over half of these inscriptions were documented at visible and near-infrared wavelengths using multi-spectral imaging techniques. Spectral differences were noted in the Naj Tunich images especially in the infrared. Spectral signatures were used to identify differences in the Naj Tunich pigments and suggest that at least three different pigments were used. More importantly, the ability to document spectral differences reveals far more complexity in the Naj Tunich corpus than previously appreciated. Several instances of over-painting, repainting or touching up were discovered. The cases of over-painting reveal the temporal complexity of the drawings and suggest that the painting occurred over a longer period of time than had been proposed by previous investigation. The ability to characterize pigment composition using spectral data has also led the authors to question a number of relational differences and similarities between drawings proposed on the basis of stylistic analysis.
Using information about patient progress in supervision: Are outcomes enhanced?

It is surprising and even ironic that clinical supervision is frequently conducted in the absence of systematic monitoring of patient progress. The use of a monitoring system that provides feedback to trainees and focuses attention on potential treatment failures is described. Potential advantages of such a practice include continued session attendance, enhanced outcome, and its ability to complement the goals considered essential to clinical supervision. Recommendations include routine use of patient tracking with supervision that focuses on the “failing” patient. Supervision may thus become a routine and integral part of treatment to prevent failure and enhance the quality of clinical services.
Lower respiratory illness in infants and young children with cystic fibrosis

The purpose of our study was to assess the effect on pulmonary function of adding intravenous hydrocortisone to the standard treatment of infants with cystic fibrosis (CF) hospitalized for lower respiratory illnesses (LRI). Twenty CF infants were randomized and received 10 days of hydrocortisone (10 mg/kg/day) or placebo in addition to standard treatment with intravenous antibiotics, chest physiotherapy, and an aerosolized-agonist with cromolyn. Functional residual capacity (FRC) and forced expiratory flows (V′max, FRC) were measured on admission, on Day 10 of hospitalization, and as outpatients 1–2 months following hospital discharge. Pulmonary function values were adjusted for differences in body length and expressed as Z-scores. Upon admission, flows were decreased, and FRC was increased in both groups; there were no differences between the groups. The change in pulmonary function from admission to Day 10 of hospitalization was not different for the two groups. From admission to outpatient follow-up after hospitalization, there was a significant increase in flows for the steroid group, but not for the placebo group. In addition, the direction of change in FRC was significantly different for the two groups; the steroid group had a small decrease in FRC, while the placebo group had a small increase in FRC. These findings suggest that the addition of intravenous hydrocortisone to the standard treatment of CF infants hospitalized for a LRI may produce a greater or a more sustained improvement in lung function following hospitalization. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1997;24:48–51. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Integral and peripheral association of proteins and protein complexes with Yersinia pestis inner and outer membranes

Yersinia pestis proteins were sequentially extracted from crude membranes with a high salt buffer (2.5 M NaBr), an alkaline solution (180 mM Na2CO3, pH 11.3) and membrane denaturants (8 M urea, 2 M thiourea and 1% amidosulfobetaine-14). Separation of proteins by 2D gel electrophoresis was followed by identification of more than 600 gene products by MS. Data from differential 2D gel display experiments, comparing protein abundances in cytoplasmic, periplasmic and all three membrane fractions, were used to assign proteins found in the membrane fractions to three protein categories: (i) integral membrane proteins and peripheral membrane proteins with low solubility in aqueous solutions (220 entries); (ii) peripheral membrane proteins with moderate to high solubility in aqueous solutions (127 entries); (iii) cytoplasmic or ribosomal membrane-contaminating proteins (80 entries). Thirty-one proteins were experimentally associated with the outer membrane (OM). Circa 50 proteins thought to be part of membrane-localized, multi-subunit complexes were identified in high Mr fractions of membrane extracts via size exclusion chromatography. This data supported biologically meaningful assignments of many proteins to the membrane periphery. Since only 32 inner membrane (IM) proteins with two or more predicted transmembrane domains (TMDs) were profiled in 2D gels, we resorted to a proteomic analysis by 2D-LC-MS/MS. Ninety-four additional IM proteins with two or more TMDs were identified. The total number of proteins associated with Y. pestis membranes increased to 456 and included representatives of all six β-barrel OM protein families and 25 distinct IM transporter families.
A LEAST-SQUARES METHOD FOR SOLVING THE MIXED FORM OF THE GROUNDWATER FLOW EQUATIONS

The mixed form of the areal groundwater flow equations is solved with a least-squares finite element procedure (LESFEM). Hydraulic head and x- and y-directed fluxes are state variables. Physical parameters and state variables are approximated using a bilinear basis. Grid refinements and irregular domain boundaries are implemented on rectangular meshes. Residuals are constructed at collocation points for conservation of mass and Darcy's law. Boundary condition residuals are constructed at discrete points along the boundary. The residuals are weighted, squared and summed. A set of algebraic equations is formed by taking the derivatives of the weighted sum of the squares of the residuals with respect to each unknown parameter in the approximation for the state variable and setting them to zero. Proper choice of a potential scaling parameter and residual weights is essential for the effective application of the algorithm. Test problem results demonstrate that the method is effective for both transient and steady state cases. The LESFEM algorithm generates a C°-continuous velocity field. The continuous velocity field and the rectangular mesh simplify the implementation of algorithms that require tracking. In addition, rectangular meshes simplify mesh and boundary generation.
Stated versus Observed Performance Levels in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain.

This study examined the relationship between perceived (stated) levels of function and the measured (observed) performance in squatting and stair climbing activities of 20 patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) and 20 healthy volunteers. Subjects were asked through an interview to self-assess their ability to comfortably perform stair climbing and squatting as well as other tolerances. The subjects were then asked to perform the activities and their performance levels were recorded. Results revealed that patients' estimate of squatting and stair climbing abilities as well as their demonstrated levels were significantly lower (p < 0.001) than those of the healthy subjects. There was a significant difference between groups in terms of the time required to perform squatting but not stair climbing. Both groups underestimated their physical capabilities. Findings indicate that the use of actual performance measurement combined with self-report of functional abilities is needed when assessing performance le...
Poly(ethylene glycol) as a biointeractive electron‐beam resist

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) can serve as an electron-beam (e-beam) resist to modulate protein adsorption on and cell adhesion to surfaces. PEG preferentially crosslinks under e-beam irradiation to create microgels with controllable properties. Here, atomic-force, scanning electron, and confocal microscopies are used to study discrete microgels formed from solvent-cast PEG thin films by focused e-beams with energies between 2 and 30 keV and point doses between 10 and 1000 fC. Consistent with experimental findings, Monte Carlo simulation of electron energy deposition identifies three structures within each microgel: a highly crosslinked core near the point of electron incidence; a lightly crosslinked near corona surrounding the core; and a far corona at the PEG-Si interface. The nature and relative sizes of these three regions and, hence, the microgel-protein interactions depend on the incident electron energy and dose. The far corona creates protein-repulsive surface hundreds of nanometers or more from the microgel core. The highly crosslinked core is largely shielded by the near corona. These findings can help guide the choice of irradiation conditions to most effectively modulate protein-surface interactions via PEG microgels patterned by e-beam lithography. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1543-1554
Narrative's Virtues

Reacting to the charge that personal narratives, especially illness narratives, constitute a “blind alley” that misconstrues the essential nature of narrative by substituting a therapeutic for a sociological view of the person, this article speaks back to critics who regard narratives of suffering as privileged, romantic, and/or hyperauthentic. The author argues that this critique of personal narrative rests on an idealized and discredited theory of inquiry, a monolithic conception of ethnographic inquiry, a distinctly masculine characterization of sociology, and a veiled resistance to the moral, political, existential, and therapeutic goals of this work. Layering his responses to the critique with brief personal stories regarding the suppressed emotionality that motivates academics to oppose innovations, the author examines his own motives as well as those of the critics, concluding that multiplicity is easier to pronounce than to live and urging a commitment to a social science that can accommodate dive...
The trauma constellation identification scale: A measure of the psychological impact of a stressful life event

This investigation reports the development of a self-report instrument designed to assess maladaptive cognitive schemata and negative affects associated with a stressful or traumatic life event. Participants included undergraduate university students (N=228) who completed a questionnaire packet including the Approach-Avoidance Scale (AAS), the Trauma Constellation Identification Scale (TCIS), the Impact of Event Scale (IES), and the SCL-90-R. The data were analyzed to determine the psychometric properties of the TCIS. The TCIS has high internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.94), and its 15 subscales load on two higher-order factors. TCIS scores were significantly related to intrusions, denial, avoidance coping, and all SCL-90-R psychological outcome variables. There was also evidence for the subscales to have differential relationships with coping and outcome variables as well as type of stressor. The TCIS may be utilized for research or in a clinical setting to document an individual's affective and cognitive response profile.
Interaction between Radiation-Induced Adaptive Response and Bystander Mutagenesis in Mammalian Cells

Abstract Zhou, H., Randers-Pehrson, G., Geard, C. R., Brenner, D. J., Hall, E. J. and Hei, T. K. Interaction between Radiation-Induced Adaptive Response and Bystander Mutagenesis in Mammalian Cells. Radiat. Res. 160, 512–516 (2003). Two conflicting phenomena, the bystander effect and the adaptive response, are important in determining biological responses at low doses of radiation and have the potential to have an impact on the shape of the dose–response relationship. Using the Columbia University charged-particle microbeam and the highly sensitive AL cell mutagenic assay, we reported previously that nonirradiated cells acquired mutagenesis through direct contact with cells whose nuclei had previously been traversed with either a single or 20 α particles each. Here we show that pretreatment of cells with a low dose of X rays 4 h before α-particle irradiation significantly decreased this bystander mutagenic response. Furthermore, bystander cells showed an increase in sensitivity after a subsequent challeng...
Resonant MEMS Mass Sensors for Measurement of Microdroplet Evaporation

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based resonant mass sensors have been extensively studied due to their high sensitivity and small size, making them very suitable for detecting micro- or nanosized particles, as well as monitoring microscaled physical processes. In a range of physical and biological applications, accurate estimation and precise control of the evaporation process of microdroplets are very important. However, due to the lack of appropriate measurement tools, the evaporation process of microdroplets has not been well characterized. Here, we introduce a self-oscillating MEMS mass sensor with a uniform mass sensitivity to directly measure the mass changes of evaporating microdroplets. The mass sensor has a unique spring structure to provide spatially uniform mass sensitivity. The sensor's velocity is fed back to the actuation signal to induce self-oscillation, enabling rapid determination of the resonant frequency. The evaporation rates of single microdroplets of dimethyl sulfoxide and water at various temperatures are obtained. With the measured evaporation rates and the simulated surface area of the microdroplet, the enthalpies of vaporization of both liquids are extracted and found to be in agreement with those in the literature. The method developed in this work can be a valuable tool to enhance our understanding of microscaled physical processes involving rapid mass change, such as evaporation, deposition, self-assembly, cryopreservation, and other biological applications.
Structure and definability in general bounded arithmetic theories

Abstract The bounded arithmetic theories R 2 i , S 2 i , and T 2 i are closely connected with complexity theory. This paper is motivated by the questions: what are the Σ i+1 b -definable multifunctions of R 2 i ? and when is one theory conservative over another? To answer these questions we consider theories R 2 i , S 2 i , and T 2 i where induction is restricted to prenex formulas. We also define T 2 i,τ which has induction up to the 0 or 1-ary L 2 -terms in the set τ . We show S 2 i =S 2 i and T 2 i =T 2 i and for i>1, R 2 i ≼ B( Σ i b ) R 2 i . We show that the Σ i+1 b -multifunctions of T i,τ 2 are FP Σ i p (wit,|τ|) and that those of R 2 i are FP Σ i p (wit, loglog ) . For Σ i+k+2 b -definability we get FP Σ i+k+1 p (wit,1) for all these theories. Write 2 τ for the set of terms 2 min (l(x),|t(x)|) where l is a finite product of terms in τ and t∈L 2 . We prove T 2 i,2 τ ≼ B( Σ i+1 b ) T 2 i+1,τ and we show T 2 i,τ ⊢ Δ i+1 b - IND τ provided τ⊆O 2 (|id|) . This gives a proof theoretic proof that S 2 i ⊢Δ i+1 b - LIND and R 2 i ⊢ Δ i+1 b - LLIND solving an open problem. For τ⊆O 2 (|id|) , we define C 2 i,τ using weak replacement axioms and show T 2 i,τ ≼ B( Σ i+1 b ) C 2 i,τ . We show if T 2 i = T 2 i+1,τ′ or if T 2 i = C 2 i+1,τ′ or if C 2 i,τ = T 2 i+1,τ′ where τ′ has an unbounded term then PH=B(Σ i+2 p ) . We separate P Σ i p (A) ({||l||}) from P Σ i p (A) ({||l|| 2 }) for behaved l and deduce theory separations. We lastly introduce a notion of a model separating two theories and derive some consequences.
In-plane elastic moduli of covalently functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes

Effective utilization of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as reinforcements in composites necessitates their strong interfacial bonding with the surrounding matrix. The covalent functionalization of SWCNTs is an effective method to enhance this bonding. However, covalent bonds introduced by a functional group may alter the pristine structure of the SWCNT and affect its mechanical properties. Thus it is important to delineate effects of covalent functionalization on elastic properties of a SWCNT. We study here effects of covalent functionalization on Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio and shear modulus of a SWCNT in the graphitic plane. We consider hydrogen (–H), hydroxyl (–OH), carboxyl (–COOH), and amine (–NH2) as model functional groups in this work. We use molecular mechanics (MM) simulations with the MM3 potential and the software TINKER to analyze simple tension and torsional deformations of pristine and functionalized SWCNTs. As is commonly assumed, we hypothesize that the response of a SWCNT to these deformations is the same as that of an energetically and geometrically equivalent continuum cylinder of wall thickness 3.4 A. From curves of the strain energy density of deformation versus the axial strain and the shear strain for each functionalization group, values of Young’s modulus and the shear modulus, respectively, are deduced. From results of the tension tests on a pristine and a SWCNT fully functionalized with hydrogen (–H), Poisson’s ratio is computed. It is found that for each functional group studied and 20% functionalization, Young’s modulus and the shear modulus decrease by about 34% and 43%, respectively, and Poisson’s ratio of the functionalized SWCNT is more than that of the pristine SWCNT. These results should help in determining mechanical properties of SWCNT reinforced nanocomposites by using a micromechanics approach.
Population trends and implications for monitoring cactus ferruginous pygmy owls in Northern Mexico

Although once described as common in lowland central and southern Arizona (Bendire 1888, Fisher 1893, Breninger 1898, Gilman 1909, Bent 1938), cactus ferruginous pygmy owls (Glaucidium brasilianum cactorum; hereafter, pygmy owls) have been extirpated throughout much of their former range in Arizona. As a result, this northernmost subspecies of ferruginous pygmy owls (Van Rossem 1937, Johnsgard 1988) are now listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS 1997, Hardy et al. 1999). Immediately south of Arizona in northern Sonora, Mexico, pygmy owls occur primarily in desert-scrub and grassland vegetation communities where woodlands are near stands of large saguaro cacti (Carnegia gigantea) (Flesch 2003a). Because pygmy owls are thought to be abundant in northern Sonora, these populations may prove critical for recovery in Arizona as well as for long-term persistence of pygmy owls in the Sonoran Desert. Natural or facilitated dispersal of pygmy owls from Sonora may augment populations in Arizona, especially when combined with habitat management (USFWS 2003). Numerous threats to pygmy-owl habitat exist in northern Sonora, however, including woodcutting, vegetation clearing for agriculture or buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare), and overgrazing, and there are few regulatory mechanisms in place to protect habitat. Despite the importance of pygmy-owl populations in northern Sonora, there are currently no data on population trends or on design parameters for population monitoring. Therefore, between 2000 and 2004 we monitored relative abundance of pygmy owls in northern Sonora, estimated temporal variation in relative abundance, and assessed the efficacy of different sampling designs for monitoring population trends. Our goals were to assess population trends, determine environmental factors that explained variation in trends, and evaluate the statistical power of our monitoring program for future monitoring efforts.
Volatile organic compounds in plasma for the diagnosis of esophageal adenocarcinoma: a pilot study

Background and Aims A noninvasive screening test that can detect esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) at an earlier stage could improve the prognosis associated with EAC. The role of plasma volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for the diagnosis of EAC has not been previously studied. Methods Plasma samples were collected from subjects with EAC and GERD before endoscopy. Twenty-two preselected VOCs were analyzed with selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Results The headspaces from 39 plasma samples (20 EAC, 19 GERD) were analyzed. The levels of 9 VOCs (acetonitrile, acrylonitrile, carbon disulfide, isoprene, 1-heptene, 3-methylhexane, [E]-2-nonene, hydrogen sulfide, and triethylamine) were significantly altered in EAC patients compared with GERD patients. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to build a model for the prediction of EAC. The model identified patients with EAC with an area under the curve of 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.98). Conclusions Plasma VOCs may be useful in diagnosing EAC. Larger studies are needed to confirm our pilot study observations.
Shareholder Welfare and Substantial Share Acquisitions Outside of the Williams Act

We argue that non-professional shareholders are not generally harmed by open market or negotiated purchases during or shortly after the termination of a tender offer. With widespread availability of fair price amendments, share control statutes, poison pill amendments, and fair value appraisals, market sweeps should not result in unequal treatment of shareholder groups or in diminished takeover premiums, and arbitragers should not systematically receive disproportionately favorable treatment relative to other shareholders, due to the competition.
Are Discriminatory Tax Rates Ethically Justifiable

This paper explores the question of whether discriminatory tax rates are ethically justifiable. The author looks at the issue from various ethical perspectives and concludes that charging different rates to different people cannot be justified on any ethical grounds.
Mist-Blower Applications for Control of Flower Thrips and Southern Cone Rust in a Slash Pine Seed Orchard

During 1967 and 1968, tests were conducted to determine if a flower thrips, Gnophothrips fuscus (Morgan), and southern cone rust, Cronartium strobilinum (Arthur) Hedgcock and Hahn, could be controlled with mist-blower applications of the fungicide ferbam combined with either malathion or heptachlor. Testing was done in a seed orchard of 8- and 9-year-old slash pine, Pinus elliottii Var. elliottii Engelmann, in northern Florida. Two applications of 0.25% heptachlor or 0.75% malathion effectively reduced thrips attacks on female strobili. Malathion was the most effective and reduced total thrips attacks by 75%, and thrips kill of strobili by more than 80%. Ferbam did not deter allacks by thrips. Ferbam protected artificially inoculated strobili from infection by C. strobilinum , but the feasibility of controlling southern cone rust with mist-blower applications of ferbam in seed orchards was not substantiated because of lack of natural infection. None of the treatments adversely affected total seed yields, full seed yields, or percentage full seed germination.
Use of Intellective and Non-Intellective Factors in Classifying Female Elementary and Secondary Teacher Trainees

SPACE-AGE-THINKING has helped crystallize the concern of educators and the public alike for improving the over-all quality of American educa tion. Teacher-training institutions have found them selves squarely face with the implications of t h i s problem. A pronounced aspect of this problem lies in the initial selection of the studens for teacher training programs. Even though there are short ages among elementary and secondary teachers,
Comparison of two different formulas for body surface area in adults at extremes of height and weight.

BackgroundDifferent equations for predicting body surface area have been derived. The DuBois and Mosteller body surface area equations are considered equivalent, but the accuracy in adult patients at extremes of height and weight is unknown.PurposeTo compare body surface area in patients at extremes of height and weight using both formulas to determine whether a difference affected chemotherapy dose.MethodsAnthropometric data were extracted from the 2012 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vital and Health Statistics. Data for both males and females were examined. The 50th percentiles of weight and height were used to calculate the body surface area with both formulas. Calculations were repeated using the 5th through 95th percentiles for weight, then the 5th through 95th percentiles for height, and so forth until all extremes of height and weight were examined. Each body surface area was used to calculate a chemotherapy dose. A difference of ≥4.5% in dose was considered clinically significant.Resul...
Review on radiation characteristics and temperature measurement techniques for exhaust flames of solid rockets

The exhaust flames radiation characteristics of solid rocket, and the principle and application of several measuring methods are introduced, such as thermo-couple pyrometer, electron plasma probe, optical fiber pyrometer, temperature measurement method of line reversal, radiation-absorption spectroscopy, Raman scattering spectrum, microwave attenuation method, infrared spectroscopy and multi-spectral thermometry. Adaptabilities of these measurement methods are evaluated. Finally the development tendency of multi-spectral thermometry is presented.
Electrical infusion pumps for postoperative epidural analgesia

Two types of new electrical infusion pumps (pump) scheduled to be introduced to the Japanese market in this autumn, were featured focusing on patient controlled analgesia (PCA). For the successful introduction of PCA pumps into clinical practice, initial investments including both finance and manpower may be required. The clinical application of these PCA pumps should benefit both patients and medical staffs and gain more than the initial investment eventually.
Building Physical 3D Models

Tangible Landscape works with many types of physical 3D models. When used to sculpt topography the physical model should be built of a malleable material such as sand or clay so that users can easily deform the surface. When used for object recognition the physical model can be built of a rigid material such as a wood product, foam, plastic, or resin. When both modes of interaction are combined the physical model should use malleable materials for the base and rigid materials for the objects. These models can be built by hand or digitally fabricated using 3D printing or computer numerically controlled (CNC) manufacturing. Tangible Landscape’s difference analytic can be used as an aid for hand-making models. The final model should be opaque, have a light color, and have a matte finish so that the projected image is crisp and vivid, since transparent materials such as acrylic cannot be 3D scanned. Some 3D printing and casting materials like resin may appear opaque, but have translucent properties—this will diffuse the projection. If we desire a very crisp and vivid image on a rigid model made of wood products or resins we recommend painting the model white. In this chapter we discuss different types of physical models and explain how to fabricate them.
Abstract 3292: Manipulating osteoblast differentiation in order to inhibit protection of AML cells within the bone marrow

While standard chemotherapeutics can initially induce remission in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), patients often relapse in part due to the protective bone marrow microenvironment, which promotes the survival of AML cells. Using an in vitro cell culture model of the bone marrow, our lab recently showed that differentiating osteoblasts potently protect AML cells from apoptosis. In addition, we found that differentiating osteoblasts treated with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) fail to protect AML cells in this model. Since HDACi decreased the expression of genes required for osteoblast differentiation, we hypothesize that blocking specific stage(s) of osteoblast differentiation may make AML cells within the bone marrow more susceptible to chemotherapy. We are currently disrupting specific osteoblast differentiation stages via molecular or therapeutic drug manipulation and exploring the impact on AML cell survival both in cell culture models of the bone marrow microenvironment and in a mouse model of AML. The results of our studies will characterize novel bone marrow molecular and cellular interactions that promote the survival of AML cells. Targeting these interactions in combination therapies may more completely eradicate the AML cell reservoir and better prevent relapse. Citation Format: Rosalie Sterner, Kimberly Kremer, Amel Dudakovic, Scott Kaufmann, Jennifer Westendorf, Andre van Wijnen, Karen Hedin. Manipulating osteoblast differentiation in order to inhibit protection of AML cells within the bone marrow. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3292.
Nonaccidental Trauma in Pediatric Surgery

This article presents an overview of nonaccidental trauma in children, including common clinical presentation, evaluation, and diagnosis.
Mössbauer study of ferromagnetic phase transitions in ( Pd 1 − x Ag x ) 0.99 Fe 0.01 alloys

The effect of varying the host-matrix susceptibility of the ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{0.99}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.01}$ alloy system has been investigated through M\"ossbauer analysis of several ${({\mathrm{Pd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ag}}_{x})}_{0.99}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.01}$ alloys with silver concentrations given by $x=0, 0.005, 0.025, 0.10, 0.25, \mathrm{and} 0.50$. We have shown that the Curie temperature varies linearly with the spin paramagnetic susceptibility of the Pd-Ag host matrix, in agreement with theoretical predictions. This was done for silver concentrations up to 25 at.% and assumes a constant value for the spin of the iron impurity. From the observed linear dependence of the ordering temperature on the host-matrix susceptibility evaluated at ${T}_{c}$, we obtain a value for the exchange parameter of 0.11 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.01 eV which is used in estimating the saturation moment per iron atom. Assuming a molecular-field model, values for the saturation hyperfine field are deduced from temperature-extrapolated hyperfine-field measurements. Changes in those values with silver addition suggest changes in the polarization of $3d$ electrons and a possible correlation with the saturation magnetization. Isomer-shift measurements of these alloys are found to be concentration independent up to $x=0.25$ and to increase by 20% at about $x=0.50$.
Is Marc-Antoine Jullien De Paris the "Father" of Comparative Education?.

More than any other historical figure, Marc-Antoine Jullien of Paris has been considered the ‘Father’ of Comparative Education, and his Esquisse d’un ouvrage sur l’education compare, appearing in 1...
Epic explosive exploits

For a long time, we have been waiting for the definitive story of the Los Alamos Laboratory during the Second World War. Lillian Hoddeson, a historian of science, and her associates have now ended that wait. They have studied hundreds of documents, interviewed dozens of participants, and distilled out of it a coherent and accurate story.
MCMC diagnostics for higher dimensions using Kullback Leibler divergence

ABSTRACTIn the existing literature of MCMC diagnostics, we have identified two areas for improvement. Firstly, the density-based diagnostic tools currently available in the literature are not equipped to assess the joint convergence of multiple variables. Secondly, in case of multi-modal target distribution if the MCMC sampler gets stuck in one of the modes, then the current diagnostic tools may falsely detect convergence. The Tool 1 proposed in this article makes use of adaptive kernel density estimation, symmetric Kullback Leibler divergence and a testing of hypothesis framework to assess the joint convergence of multiple variables. In cases where Tool 1 detects divergence of multiple chains, started at distinct initial values, we propose a visualization tool that can help to investigate reasons behind their divergence. The Tool 2 proposed in this article makes a novel use of the target distribution (known up till the unknown normalizing constant), to detect divergence when an MCMC sampler gets stuck in...