cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associations between air pollution indicators and prevalent and incident diabetes in an African American cohort, the Jackson Heart Study.

Background Diabetes is especially prevalent among African Americans. Prior studies suggest that long-term exposure to ambient air pollution may be associated with greater incidence of diabetes, but results remain heterogeneous. Few studies have included large numbers of African Americans. Methods We assessed diabetes status and concentrations of 1- and 3-year fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) among African American participants of the Jackson Heart Study at visits 1 (2000-2004, N = 5128) and 2 (2005-2008, N = 2839). We used mixed-effect modified Poisson regression to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of incidence of diabetes by visit 2 and prevalence ratios (PRs) of the association between air pollution exposure and prevalent diabetes at visits 1 and 2. We adjusted for potential confounding by patient characteristics, as well as inverse probability weights of diabetes at visit 2, accounting for clustering by census tract. Results We observed associations between incident diabetes and interquartile range increase in 1-year O3 (RR 1.34, 95% CI = 1.11, 1.61) and 3-year O3 (RR 0.88, 95% CI = 0.76, 1.02). We observed associations between prevalent diabetes and 1-year PM2.5 (PR 1.08, 95% CI = 1.00, 1.17), 1-year O3 (PR 1.18, 95% CI = 1.10, 1.27), and 3-year O3 (PR 0.95, 95% CI = 0.90, 1.01) at visit 2. Conclusions Our results provide some evidence of positive associations between indicators of long-term PM2.5 and O3 exposure and diabetes. This study is particularly relevant to African Americans, who have higher prevalence of diabetes but relatively few studies of environmental pollution risk factors.
Applying Biomechanics in Teaching and Coaching

Professionals teaching motor skills (fitness instructors, physical educators, and coaches) teach a wide variety of human movement skills. Biomechanics concepts and principles provide a rationale key teaching points (critical features) and for qualitative diagnosis of technique. Biomechanics also allows educators to identify exercises and physical activities that contribute to the physical development of various muscle groups and fitness components. Traditionally, careers in coaching have focused on working with the physically gifted in interscholastic athletics; however, there are many other levels of coaching: from parents who volunteer to coach their child’s team, to the coach of a national team, and to a coach for an individual professional athlete. This chapter illustrates how biomechanical knowledge and the nine principles of biomechanics can be integrated with other sport sciences in qualitative diagnosis of four motor skills. Real movement performances have been illustrated, and typical teaching cues are used to show how biomechanics is applied to real-world teaching and diagnosis of movement technique. Biomechanical knowledge is also important to teachers and coaches when coordinating their efforts for clients with sports medicine professionals.
A qualitative examination of the mental health impact of Covid-19 in marginalized communities in Guatemala: The Covid Care Calls survey.

Background:The mental health impact of Covid-19 from the perspective of individuals experiencing psychological distress during lockdown period in marginalized, high-risk communities remains underin...
Children’s Lexical Anticipation When Listening to Rhymes

Rhyme awareness is a varied skill emerging consistently only in late preschool, yet children respond to rhythmic and phonological patterns to spontaneously complete rhymes in everyday settings. Our...
Lumbopelvic-Hip Complex Contribution During Lower Extremity Screening Tests in Elite Figure Skaters.

CONTEXT Figure skating requires power and stability for take-off and landing from multi-rotational jumps and various on-ice skills. Repetitive forces may cause overuse injuries distally making lumbopelvic-hip endurance, strength, and neuromuscular control imperative. OBJECTIVE The purpose was to compare lumbopelvic-hip endurance and neuromuscular control in elite figure skaters between sex and limbs using common screening tests. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Training Center. PARTICIPANTS Forty elite figure skaters (23.2±4.3 years, 169.1±12.2 cm, 20F, 40R landing limb) performed the Y-balance test, single leg squat (SLS), single leg squat jump (SLSJ), and unilateral hip bridge endurance test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Normalized reach difference (% of leg length) and composite scores (((Anterior + Posteromedial + Posterolateral)/Limb length x 3) x100) were calculated for Y-balance test. Skaters held the unilateral hip bridge until failure with a maximum allotted time of 120s. Participants performed 5 SLS and SLSJ, barefooted with the contralateral limb held behind them to mimic a landing position. Both tests were scored by the number of times the patella moved medially to the first ray (medial knee displacement (MKD)). MANOVA with post-hoc independent t-tests were performed between groups and sex. Paired t-tests were used to analyze limb differences. RESULTS Females had a larger composite Y-balance score (R:+10.8, p=.002; L:+10.5, p=.001) and hip bridge hold time (R:+26.4 sec, p=.004; L:+28.2 sec, p=.002) on both limbs compared to males. Males held the hip bridge longer on their landing limb. During the SLS and SLSJ, 6 skaters performed worse on their non-landing limb during the SLS, and 11 skaters had no MKD with either test. CONCLUSIONS Females performed better on the Y-balance and unilateral hip bridge tests. Increased MKD for some skaters in the SLS and SLSJ may indicate hip abductor weaknesses. Understanding proximal lumbopelvic-hip variables during take-off and landing may elucidate contributing factors to distal overuse injuries.
Genes and Environment

On December 19, 1985, Lazaro Faraga, 27, was driving from Texas to Miami with his girlfriend, Sherry Royal. In the car with them were Sherry’s 5-year-old daughter, their younger twins, and a 2-month-old infant. Just a few days earlier Faraga had been released in Dallas on a $75,000 bond for trafficking in cocaine. Near Jackson, Mississippi, the two got into an argument, apparently over the paternity of the youngest child. Stopping his car in the right lane of the interstate, Faraga first tried to push Sherry and her daughter, who was clinging to her legs, into the path of an oncoming truck. As the argument heated, truck drivers and other motorists stopped to see what was happening. Sherry got back into the car and shut the door. However, Faraga got the door open and pulled her and the infant from the car. Tearing the child from his mother’s arms, Faraga slammed it on the hood of a yellow car that had pulled over. Then he picked up the baby, raised it over his head and threw it onto the pavement in front of oncoming traffic. In terror, Sherry scooped up the child and ran to a truck that also had stopped, only to find the passenger door locked. Faraga again grabbed the infant and threw it to the pavement a second time. The baby died of multiple skull fractures and injuries to the brain. Faraga was later found guilty of capital murder and sentenced to death.1
Planting Date and Polymer-Coated Seed Effects on Corn

Introduction This project is designed to study the effect of planting polymer-coated seed throughout the season on its emergence and subsequent corn yield. The coating technology used is the Intellicoat Early PlantSeed Coating Technology. Intellicoat is derived from natural, biodegradable fatty acids that act as temperature-sensitive switches. Thus when soil temperatures warm above 55°F for several days the polymer allows water to permeate the seed and germination proceeds.
Biochemical Consequences of Adenosine Deaminase Inhibition in Vivo

The biochemical mechanisms whereby an inherited deficiency of adenosine deaminase (ADA; EC 3.5.4.4) activity results in selective toxicity to lymphoid cells has been the subject of considerable interest. Experimental evidence obtained with cultured lymphoid cell lines in vitro has indicated that 2'-deoxyadenosine, a substrate for ADA, is selectively phosphorylated to dATP in T lymphoblasts'~2 and that dATP accumulation directly correlates with inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell death.'.' An alternative hypothesis for the lymphocyte depletion in ADA deficiency entails the accumulation of S-adenosylhomocysteine and consequent inhibition of methylation reactions mediated by S-adenosylmethionine?6 Accumulation of S-adenosylhomocysteine could in theory result either from an excess of adenosine generated by ADA inhibition or from inactivation of the catabolic enzyme S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (EC 3.3.1.1) by deoxyadenosine.6 A third possibility is that ATP depletion may be a concomitant of dATP accumulation in mature lymph~ytes'.~ and could directly mediate the toxicity to these cells. In examining the therapeutic efficacy of 2'-deoxycoformycin (dCF), a tight-binding inhibitor of ADA: in refractory lymphoid malignancies we were directly concerned with elucidating the biochemical consequences of inhibiting ADA activity in vivo. Our goal was to correlate the biochemical sequelae with both the efficacy and the clinical toxicity of deoxycoformycin treatment. We also hoped to shed additional light on the mechanism by which lymphoid cells are lysed by pharmacologic inhibition of ADA activity in vivo.
Complete response to induction therapy in patients with Myc-positive and double-hit non-Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with prolonged progression-free survival.

BACKGROUND Myc-positive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) with or without a B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) rearrangement is associated with inferior progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). In this study, the authors reviewed the outcomes of patients with myc-positive and double-hit NHL at The Ohio State University. METHODS All patients who had non-Burkitt, aggressive B-cell NHL from 2008 to 2011 were assessed for the t(14;18) translocation and for v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (CMYC) rearrangements at diagnosis, and all myc-positive patients were included in the current analysis. Associations with clinical characteristics were described, and univariable and multivariable models were used to assess correlations between clinical variables and outcomes. RESULTS Of 49 myc-positive patients, 29 patients also had BCL2 rearrangements (double-hit NHL). No patients underwent autologous stem cell transplantation in first remission. For all myc-positive patients, the median PFS was 16.6 months, and the median OS was 37.7 months. For patients who had double-hit NHL, the median PFS was 8 months, and the median OS was 12.5 months; whereas the median PFS and OS were not reached for myc-positive patients. A complete response (CR) after front-line therapy, the presence of t(14;18), International Prognostic Index (IPI) group, and age were associated with PFS; whereas only the achievement of a CR and age >60 years were associated with OS in the multivariable setting. The median PFS was 3.3 months, and the median and OS was 7.0 months for patients who did not attain a CR; and the medians were not reached for patients who achieved a CR (P < .00001). CONCLUSIONS The achievement of a CR with front-line therapy is associated with a prolonged PFS and OS in patients with myc-positive NHL, even after adjusting for type of initial therapy, histology, age, IPI, or the presence of a concurrent BCL2 translocation. Cancer 2014;120:1677–1685. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Arthrodesing operations on the feet : Edwin W. Ryerson MD (1872-1961). The 1st president of the AAOS 1932.

Dr. Edwin Warner Ryerson was born in New York City, graduated from Harvard, then trained at Boston Children’s Hospital [1]. After visiting centers in Berlin and Vienna he moved to Chicago in 1899, where he accepted a post at Rush Medical College. In 1916 he was named professor and head of orthopaedics at the University of Illinois College of Medicine. Owing to WWI he entered military service in 1918–1919. Afterward he became head of orthopaedics at Northwestern University until his retirement from the university in 1935. He continued in private practice until 1947, when he retired to Florida. Dr. Ryerson maintained a lifelong interest in teaching and service to the orthopaedic community. He became a member of the American Orthopaedic Association in 1905 and was President in 1925. Dr. Ryerson was active in the Clinical Orthopaedic Society, which also had a role in forming American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons [4]. In the archives of the AAOS, he was described as “a forensic and parliamentary expert” [6]. He was a founding member of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery in 1934, became its vice President in 1935, and served on the Board until 1940 [11]. The article reproduced here describes the triple arthrodesis [9]. Ryerson modified a technique earlier described by Hoke which advocated fusing the subtalar and talo-navicular joints [7]. According to Campbell [5] Ryerson popularized the name “triple arthrodesis.” Hoke had not mentioned fusion of the calcaneo-cuboid joint, although Gill, in a discussion following Hoke’s description states, “an additional arthrodesis os calcis and cuboid is unnecessary.” Thus, it is possible Ryerson introduced the third fusion of the triple arthrodesis, although the record is not clear on this point. Ryerson’s operation, however, was commonly used to stabilize the hindfoot in polio patients, and continues to be used less commonly today for other indications. It is likely Ryerson met Adolf Lorenz (1854–1946), the Professor of Orthopaedics at the University of Vienna at the time of his visit [8, 10]. Lorenz, in turn, had trained with Eduard Albert (1841–1900) who conceived the idea of arthrodesis for paralyzed extremities [2, 3]. As with most surgeons of the time, Ryerson wrote on a wide variety of topics related to spine surgery, infection, and congenital anomalies, although he seemed to have a particular interest in foot surgery. References
Stepfamilies from a Policy Perspective: Guidance from the Empirical Literature

A number of legal scholars in the United States (US) have expressed concerns about the uncertain status of stepfamilies in the law (Mahoney, 1994; Ramsey, 1994). Stepfamily members are typically not granted a number of rights and the accompanying responsibilities that are afforded members of biological families. In addition, their treatment under the law varies depending on the issue and, because laws affecting families in the United States are decided at the state level, geographic location. For example, Mahoney (1994) shows that the stepparent-stepchild relationship has received its greatest legal recognition in the area of Workers Compensation law, which addresses who receives benefits in the event of injury or death in an industrial accident. By contrast, this relationship has received relatively little legal recognition in the area of inheritance, where, in the absence of a will, stepchildren are seldom allowed to inherit from their stepparents. Thus, the status of stepfamilies in US law is somewhat ambiguous and inconsistent across issues and states. The most common generalization is that stepfamily relationships are not legally recognized. As Mahoney (1994) stated, the stepparent-child relationship is not regarded as a legal status (p. 232). Given the inconsistencies in legal status and the general lack of recognition, one might think that there would be strong pressures to invoke policy reforms. However, this does not seem to be the case, as
Assessing cumulative effects of multiple activities in New England watersheds

A cumulative effect analysis (CEA) is a tool that can be utilized for the review of multiple anthropogenic projects or activities for the purposes of planning, regulation, conservation, or the general evaluation of environmental health. Such an assessment is problematic because spatially consistent and temporally repeated data informing the condition of a location are often not available. When such data can be identified, the potential response of that resource to additional impacts may be unpredictable. Despite these limitations, in many cases, it may be critical to identify those locations for further scrutiny which may be vulnerable to collective impacts from development or other environmental challenges. Here, we present an approach which considers the vulnerability of aquatic resources in relation to the anticipated effects of development-related activities that could be used to identify locations where the potential for cumulative effects is the greatest. This application considers CEA in the context of identifying where development-related activities of minimal impact may be viewed as relatively more substantial when viewed cumulatively. We identify HUC 8-level watersheds where the current resource condition and anticipated development-related activities may have greater potential to result in an impact on watershed condition (i.e., water quality, water quantity, and habitat value). The vulnerability of the watershed was estimated from the number, type, and location of a specific suite of reported activities. The existing condition of the watershed was measured as a function of existing assessments of resource conditions. The relationship between the vulnerability and the existing watershed condition was used to project future conditions and to identify watersheds that warrant further scrutiny. This is a unique approach to CEA which allows for transparent, repeatable identification of watersheds which may be adversely impacted by further activities or projects.
Abstraction for solving large incomplete-information games

Most real-world games and many recreational games are games of incomplete information. Over the last dozen years, abstraction has emerged as a key enabler for solving large incomplete-information games. First, the game is abstracted to generate a smaller, abstract game that is strategically similar to the original game. Second, an approximate equilibrium is computed in the abstract game. Third, the strategy from the abstract game is mapped back to the original game. In this paper, I will review key developments in the field. I present reasons for abstracting games, and point out the issue of abstraction pathology. I then review the practical algorithms for information abstraction and action abstraction. I then cover recent theoretical breakthroughs that beget bounds on the quality of the strategy from the abstract game, when measured in the original game. I then discuss how to reverse map the opponent's action into the abstraction if the opponent makes a move that is not in the abstraction. Finally, I discuss other topics of current and future research.
Benefits of planar and SPECT/CT imaging in lymphscintigraphy for melanoma

2703 Objectives Using lymphoscintigraphy to detect the sentinel lymph node in patients with melanoma for removal and examination has become an integral part of the testing and staging process. The SNMMI’s Guideline for Lymphoscintigraphy in Melanoma recommends only planar imaging. SPECT/CT imaging for breast cancer lymphoscintigraphy is gaining more support, but it is still not common practice, according to literature. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of combining planar imaging with SPECT/CT imaging for patients with melanoma. Methods Personal observation of patients undergoing lymphoscintigraphy, combined with a review of the most recent literature regarding using SPECT/CT imaging for patients with melanoma was used to evaluate the use of a combination protocol. All patients observed received the recommended dose of Tc-99m Filtered Sulfur Colloid, injected intradermally around the site of the melanoma. Dynamic imaging was done immediately post-injection, followed by static transmission images and SPECT/CT images. Results Planar imaging is valuable for visualizing the lymphatic drainage patterns to find the sentinel lymph node. However, SPECT/CT has the advantage of providing attenuation correction data as well as the anatomical location of nodes. Because SPECT/CT cameras are becoming more available, both in the U.S. and outside, the additional imaging does not create undue expense for the provider, and there is only a small increase in the radiation dose to the patient from the CT. Conclusions The addition of SPECT/CT imaging in lymphoscintigraphy procedures is a valuable tool for the surgeon, because it has been shown to give more anatomical data. It is recommended to combine the SPECT/CT imaging with dynamic planar imaging, giving the surgeon optimal information with which to create a plan of action. Research Support Ishihara, T., Kaguchi, A., Matsushita, S., Shiraishi, S., Tomiguchi, S., Yamashita, Y., & ... Ono, T. (2006). Management of sentinel lymph nodes in malignant skin tumors using dynamic lymphoscintigraphy and the single-photon-emission computed tomography/computed tomography combined system. International Journal Of Clinical Oncology, 11(3), 214-220. Kraft, O., & Havel, M. (2012). Sentinel Lymph Node Identification in Breast Cancer - Comparison of Planar Scintigraphy and SPECT/CT. Open Nuclear Medicine Journal, 45-13. Van der Ploeg, I., Olmos, R., Kroon, B., Rutgers, E., & Nieweg, O. (2009). The hidden sentinel node and SPECT/CT in breast cancer patients. European Journal Of Nuclear Medicine And Molecular Imaging, 36(1), 6-11. doi:10.1007/s00259-008- 0910-2 Vermeeren, L., Valdes Olmos, R., Klop, W., van der Ploeg, I., Nieweg, O., Balm, A., & van den Brekel, M. (2011). SPECT/CT for sentinel lymph node mapping in head and neck melanoma. Head & Neck, 33(1), 1-6. doi:10.1002/hed.21392
Detection of CO using bulk ZnO Schottky rectifiers

Bulk Pt/ZnO Schottky rectifiers show gas sensitivities for CO of 4% and 8%, respectively, at 150 °C for 1 and 10% CO in N2. The current or voltage changes are time dependent, with an activation energy of 40.7 kJ mol-1. Over a limited range of partial pressures of CO (PCO) in the ambient gas, the on-state resistance R of the sensor at fixed bias voltage decreased according to R=(RO+A(PCO)0.5)-1, where A is a constant and RO is the resistance in N2. Since these devices are also sensitive to H2 and C2H4, the ZnO rectifiers appear promising for a range of gas-sensing applications.
How do residents prioritize smoking cessation for young "high-risk" women? Factors associated with addressing smoking cessation.

Abstract Background. Sixty-seven percent of physicians report advising their smoking patients to quit. Primary care residents' priorities for preventive health for a young “high-risk” female are unknown. Factors related to residents addressing smoking also need examining. Methods. One hundred residents completed a survey about preventive health issues for a woman in her 20s “who leads a high-risk lifestyle.” Residents indicated which topics they would address, and the likelihood that they would address each of 12 relevant preventive health topics, their outcome expectancies that the patient would follow their advice on each topic, their confidence that they could address the topic, and perceived barriers for addressing the topic. Results. Residents listed STD prevention most frequently. Drug use and smoking cessation were second and third most frequently listed. Residents who believed that the patient would follow their advice were more likely to list smoking cessation than residents who had lower outcome expectancies for that patient. Higher barriers were negatively related to addressing smoking cessation. Conclusions. When time is not a barrier, residents are likely to address smoking cessation. Teaching residents how to incorporate this subject into their clinical practice is needed. Raising residents' outcome expectancies may increase their likelihood of addressing smoking cessation.
Testing for scale families using total variation distance

Total variation distance is used to make inferences about scale families. We examine the distribution of the test statistic for both large and small samples and show that, for large samples, the test statistic converges to a half normal distribution. The procedure can also be used to test whether two independent samples come from identical distributions vs. the hypothesis that they come from different distributions. The one-sample test is shown to be applicable to a number of families. In particular, tests for the Weibull distribution and the gamma distribution are developed as a special application of the single-sample case.
A review of the pelagic ophidioid fish genus Brotulataenia with descriptions of two new species

An osteological study and a taxonomic diagnosis are presented for the mesopelagic, oviparous ophidioid fish genus Brotulataenia. Its relationships are probably with a large group of benthic deep-sea oviparous genera. Brotulataenia has been known previously from three North Atlantic specimens assigned to two species. The present study is based on 33 specimens from the North and South Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the Indian Ocean, and placed in four species, two of which are described as new. Two species are excessively elongate and are interpreted as being derived forms; they are lighter in color than are the two short-bodied species and may live higher in the water column.
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON DEXTERITY

As musicians occasionally report that their dextral facility is improved by recent exercise, it was hypothesized that manual dexterity would be influenced by a task requiring exertion. Before and after exertion on the Harvard Step Test, the experimental group's (n = 25) manual dexterity was tested on a grooved peg board. The control group's (n = 40) manual dexterity was measured before and after an inactive period. In both groups learning was significantly faster with the nondominant hand than with the dominant hand. Reasons why the hypothesis was not fully supported are discussed and suggestions for research noted.
Monoclonal antibodies to the bovine immunoglobulin G2a allotypes A1 and A2.

Summary Production of murine monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to bovine IgG2a-A1 and A2 allotypes resulted in three Mabs being selected as anti-IgG2a-A1 and A2 reagents. Two Mabs recognize the A1 allotype and 1 recognizes the A2 allotype. Initial epitope mapping with the Mabs indicates that one of the A1 epitopes resides in the hinge region and the other epitope resides more toward the C-terminus of the immunoglobulin. The A2 epitope recognized by the A2 Mab does not appear to reside in the hinge region of the immunoglobulin but apparently resides more C-terminal.
The Preparation and Characterization of Highly Fluorinated Poly(arylene alkylene ether)s

A series of highly fluorinated poly(arylene alkylene ether)s, P6CFXs (X = Non, S, K, SO, Ox) have been prepared by polycondensation reactions of 1H,1H,6H,6H,-perfluorohexane-1,6-diol (6CF-diol) with a series of decafluorodiphenyl compounds (DFPXs) including decafluorobiphenyl (DFP), decafluorodiphenyl sulfide (DFPS), decafluorobenzophenone (DFPK), decafluorodiphenyl sulfone (DFPSO), and decafluorodiphenyl oxadiazole (DFPOx). This aromatic nucleophilic substitution polycondensation can be effectively activated by cesium fluoride (CsF) and was completed in a few hours in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) at room temperature. High molecular weight polymers (Mn = 28 200−64 200 Da) have been prepared from DFP, DFPS, DFPSO, and DFPOx, while the reaction from DFPK only yields low-molecular weight materials (Mn < 8 000 Da). A model reaction using excess 6CF-diol (2.5 equiv of DFPK) reveals that the ketone linkage of the DFPK unit is cleaved by the attack of the activated hydroxyl group in the diol during the polyconde...
Local Structure of Alkaline‐Earth Boroaluminate Crystals and Glasses: I, Crystal Chemical Concepts—Structural Predictions and Comparisons to Known Crystal Structures

This paper presents a model which predicts glass structures based on local charge balance considerations. The model is shown to be consistent with known structures of borate, aluminate, and boroaluminate crystals and predicts that boroaluminate glasses should contain 3- and 4-coordinate boron, 4-, 5-, and 6-coordinate aluminum, and oxygens coordinated to one, two, three, and perhaps even four network-forming cations. The predicted glass structures are more complex than previous models for boroaluminate glasses, explaining the solid-state NMR data for the boroaluminate glasses discussed in Part II.
JFlow: practical refactorings for flow-based parallelism

Emerging applications in the domains of recognition, mining and synthesis (RMS); image and video processing; data warehousing; and automatic financial trading admit a particular style of parallelism termed flow-based parallelism. To help developers exploit flow-based parallelism, popular parallel libraries such as Groovy's GPars, Intel's TBB Flow Graph and Microsoft's TPL Dataflow have begun introducing many new and useful constructs. However, to reap the benefits of such constructs, developers must first use them. This involves refactoring their existing sequential code to incorporate these constructs - a manual process that overwhelms even experts. To alleviate this burden, we introduce a set of novel analyses and transformations targeting flow-based parallelism. We implemented these ideas in JFlow, an interactive refactoring tool integrated into the Eclipse IDE. We used JFlow to parallelize seven applications: four from a previously known benchmark and three from a suite of large open source projects. JFlow, with minimal interaction from the developer, can successfully parallelize applications from the aforementioned domains with good performance (offering up to 3.45x speedup on a 4-core machine) and is fast enough to be used interactively as part of a developer's workflow.
Friction Theory and Free-Volume Theory Coupled with Statistical Associating Fluid Theory for Estimating the Viscosity of Pure n-Alkanes

Two viscosity models, the friction theory and the free-volume theory, are coupled with the statistical associating fluid theory equations of state, such as SAFT1 and PC-SAFT, to model the viscosity of pure n-alkanes. The parameters of both viscosity models are found to scale linearly with molecular weight so that the models can predict the viscosity of long n-alkanes.
Incorporation of tritium of 3H-arginine into DNA as the explanation of "late synthesis of protein" on the human X chromosome.

CHERNICK'S1 demonstration of apparent late synthesis of protein on the X chromosome of female lymphocytes labelled with 3H-arginine1 interested me—for several years ago I carried out a similar experiment. The studies were done on an individual with an iso-X chromosome so that there was no question of the identification of the late replicating X chromosome. Lymphocytes were grown in culture with phytohaemagglutinin and, after 72 h, 25 µCi/ml. of 3H-arginine (Schwarz BioResearch, Inc.) and 0.1 µg/ml. of colchicine were added to the culture. Three h later the cultures were collected, treated with hypotonic, fixed in acetic acid–methanol and flame-dried. They were then stained with aceto-orcein, covered with Kodak AR-10 stripping film, and autoradiographed for 48 days. The iso-X chromosome was late labelled (Fig. 1) in a pattern identical to that seen with 3H-thymidine. Similar studies with normal female lymphocytes also showed a labelling pattern that mimicked that of 3H-thymidine.
A histochemical study of follicular atresia in the snake ovary.

By employing histochemical techniques, the follicular atresia and problems of interstitial cells have been worked out in the ovaries of two species of snakes (Naja tripudians and Bungarus coeruleus). Large follicles with a polymorphic granulosa show more atresia from September to November. Details of morphological and histochemical changes in the yolk nucleus substance, mitochondria and lipid bodies of oocyte and granulosa have been described. During atresia the theca interna is greatly hypertrophied and is loaded with lipids consisting of first phospholipids, then phospholipids and triglycetides and finally triglycerides, cholesterol and its ester and little phospholipids. Finally the oocyte, zona pellucida, granulosa cells and most of the cells of theca interna regress and disappear, leaving behind some residual cells of theca interna. The histochemistry of normal and atretic follicle of snakes and lizards has also been compared and contrasted with that in mammals. The “interstitial cells” of snake ovary have been discussed in the light of recent researches carried out on similar cells in the mammalian ovary.
HSP-90 inhibitor ganetespib is synergistic with doxorubicin in small cell lung cancer

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) at advanced stage is considered an incurable disease. Despite good response to initial chemotherapy, the responses in SCLC patients with metastatic disease are of short duration and resistance inevitably occurs. Although several target-specific drugs have altered the paradigm of treatment for many other cancers, we have yet to witness a revolution of the same magnitude in SCLC treatment. Anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin, have definite activity in this disease, and ganetespib has shown promising activity in preclinical models but underwhelming activity as a single agent in SCLC patients. Using SCLC cell lines, we demonstrated that ganetespib (IC50: 31 nM) was much more potent than 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), a geldanamycin derivative (IC50: 16 μM). Ganetespib inhibited SCLC cell growth via induction of persistent G2/M arrest and Caspase 3-dependent cell death. MTS assay revealed that ganetespib synergized with both doxorubicin and etoposide, two topoisomerase II inhibitors commonly used in SCLC chemotherapy. Expression of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIP1), a protein that may function as a pro-survival scaffold protein or a pro-death kinase in TNFR1-activated cells, was induced by doxorubicin and downregulated by ganetespib. Depletion of RIP1 by either RIP1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) or ganetespib sensitized doxorubicin-induced cell death, suggesting that RIP1 may promote survival in doxorubicin-treated cells and that ganetespib may synergize with doxorubicin in part through the downregulation of RIP1. In comparison to ganetespib or doxorubicin alone, the ganetespib+doxorubicin combination caused significantly more growth regression and death of human SCLC xenografts in immunocompromised mice. We conclude that ganetespib and doxorubicin combination exhibits significant synergy and is efficacious in inhibiting SCLC growth in vitro and in mouse xenograft models. Our preclinical study suggests that ganetespib and doxorubicin combination therapy may be an effective strategy for SCLC treatment, which warrants clinical testing.
Influence of excitability on the ventricular fibrillation threshold in dogs.

Abstract The influence of the excitability threshold on the ventricular fibrillation threshold was studied in dogs during myocardial ischemia and potassium and aprindine infusion. Interventions that influenced excitability threshold were associated with similar changes in ventricular fibrillation threshold although the percent change in both values differed. Although it is possible that the interventions studied caused parallel but independent changes in excitability threshold and ventricular fibrillation threshold, it is likely that the excitability threshold influences the ventricular fibrillation threshold. An increase in excitability threshold could result in an increase in ventricular fibrillation threshold in spite of an increase in the actual tendency of the heart to fibrillate spontaneously. Such discordance between the “electrical stability of the heart” and the ventricular fibrillation threshold was found during myocardial ischemia.
What is different across an ocean? How Singapore and US elementary mathematics curricula introduce and develop length measurement

This article compares the opportunity to learn length measurement in the USA and Singapore as revealed in the close analysis of some of their written elementary curriculum materials. Written curricula strongly influence students’ learning of mathematics, without completely determining it. The Trends in Third International Mathematics and Science study 2007 showed the relatively low performance of the US and Singapore fourth graders in measurement, which was attributed in part to the learning opportunities provided to the students. We examined and coded all instances of length measurement in three different US curricula and one Singapore curriculum through Grade 3, using a very detailed scheme that identified particular elements of conceptual, procedural and conventional knowledge and the textual forms that present this knowledge. Results show strong emphasis on measurement procedures, across all grades and curricula, in both countries. However, in numerous ways, the Singapore curriculum is more focused, organizationally, procedurally and conceptually. US curricula provide more diverse access to conceptual knowledge where Singapore materials focus on independent work involving procedures, within and across grade levels. Limitations of the curricula in both countries are discussed.
Future directions and needs for academic education in agricultural meteorology

Abstract Agricultural meteorology, because it deals with various aspects of agricultural sustainability, approaches to managing natural resources and areas of concern in global change and environmental quality, is a very relevant science for addressing some of the most important issues facing society today and in the future. Agricultural meteorologists must be actively involved in developing educational programs to introduce students and teachers in the primary and high school grades to the exciting contributions that agricultural meteorologists can make to these issues. A revised and expanded curriculum in agricultural meteorology is needed to prepare undergraduate and graduate students to deal effectively with solving current and future agricultural and environmental problems. Because of financial constraints and the relatively small number of agricultural meteorologists, innovative approaches to sharing information, expertise and educational materials should be explored and adopted where appropriate. These approaches would include use of satellite delivery of courses to many institutions, offering short courses and workshops for credit, and the opportunity for students to spend one or more semesters at a visiting institution to take relevant courses not available at their home institution.
Studies on the binding of RNA polymerase to polynucleotides.

Abstract A simple, rapid method for detecting the binding of RNA polymerase to native DNA has been developed. Whereas native DNA and RNA polymerase, separately, pass through Millipore membrane filters, a complex of the two is quantitatively retained. With this technique the stoichiometry and some properties of the complex between native T7 DNA and RNA polymerase have been measured; we estimate that there are 35 to 70 binding sites for RNA polymerase per mole of T7 DNA. Other polynucleotides block the formation of the T7 DNA-RNA polymerase complex if added to RNA polymerase before but not after the T7 DNA. Measurements of the effect of polynucleotide concentration on the extent of inhibition of complex formation between T7 DNA and RNA polymerase suggest that the number of binding sites of RNA polymerase to nucleic acids depends upon the primary and secondary structure of the polynucleotides.
Structure in dehydrated trehalose dihydrate--evaluation of the concept of partial crystallinity.

(i) To use trehalose as a model compound to evaluate the concept of crystallinity in pharmaceuticals. (ii) To understand the structural nature of dehydrated trehalose dihydrate. Trehalose dihydrate was dehydrated isothermally at several temperatures below 100°C and the anhydrous product was characterized by XRD, DSC and water vapor sorption. XRD and DSC suggested that the dehydration product was a partially crystalline α-polymorphic form of anhydrous trehalose % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaaeaart1ev0aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX% garmWu51MyVXgatuuDJXwAK1uy0HwmaeHbfv3ySLgzG0uy0Hgip5wz% aebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8qrps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaq% Fr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qq% Q8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeWaeaaakeaada% qadaqaaiaabsfadaWgaaWcbaGaeqySdegabeaaaOGaayjkaiaawMca% aaaa!3BC5! $${\left( {{\text{T}}_{\alpha } } \right)}$$ . An increase in the temperature of dehydration resulted in a decrease in lattice order. In agreement with earlier findings, the ordered regions in the dehydrated lattice % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaaeaart1ev0aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX% garmWu51MyVXgatuuDJXwAK1uy0HwmaeHbfv3ySLgzG0uy0Hgip5wz% aebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8qrps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaq% Fr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qq% Q8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeWaeaaakeaada% qadaqaaiaabsfadaWgaaWcbaGaaeySdaqabaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaa% aaa!3B5D! $${\left( {{\text{T}}_{{\text{ $ \alpha $ }}} } \right)}$$ converted to the dihydrate at much lower RH values than amorphous trehalose. However, the lattice order in the dehydrated product dictated the RH at which this conversion was initiated—the higher the lattice order the lower this RH. The structural nature of these samples can be explained based on the one-state model of crystallinity. In dehydrated trehalose, there is a continuum in lattice order ranging from highly crystalline % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaaeaart1ev0aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX% garmWu51MyVXgatuuDJXwAK1uy0HwmaeHbfv3ySLgzG0uy0Hgip5wz% aebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8qrps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaq% Fr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qq% Q8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeWaeaaakeaaca% qGubWaaSbaaSqaaiabeg7aHbqabaaaaa!3A32! $${\text{T}}_{\alpha } $$ to a completely disordered (i.e., amorphous) state. The extent of lattice order in anhydrous trehalose % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaaeaart1ev0aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX% garmWu51MyVXgatuuDJXwAK1uy0HwmaeHbfv3ySLgzG0uy0Hgip5wz% aebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8qrps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaq% Fr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qq% Q8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeWaeaaakeaada% qadaqaaiaabsfadaWgaaWcbaGaeqySdegabeaaaOGaayjkaiaawMca% aaaa!3BC5! $${\left( {{\text{T}}_{\alpha } } \right)}$$ was dictated by the kinetics of water removal from trehalose dihydrate. The partially crystalline nature of anhydrous trehalose produced by dehydration could be described on a continuous scale of lattice order based on the one-state model of crystallinity.
The comparative effects of [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] on tension generation in the fibers of skinned frog skeletal muscle and mechanically disrupted rat ventricular cardiac muscle

The effects of intracellular Mg2+ on Ca2+-activated isometric tension generation in rat cardiac muscle fibers and frog skeletal muscle were compared. The membranous sarcolemmal barrier was removed from rat cardiac muscle fibers by mechanical disruption and from frog skeletal muscle by skinning. Tension was recorded in the fibers in bathing solutions of different Ca2+ concentrations and either 5×10−5 M or 1×10−3 M Mg2+ concentration (the same concentrations used in a previous study on single skinned frog skeletal muscle fibers [3]). The amount of Ca2+ required to activate the muscle increased with Mg2+ concentration for both rat ventricular muscle and frog skeletal muscle. These data indicate that intracellular Mg2+ concentration could strongly modulate Ca2+-activated tension in cardiac muscle and that very similar molecular mechanisms are responsible for Ca2+-activated tension in rat ventricular muscle and frog skeletal muscle. The possible sites of action of Mg2+ on Ca2+-activated tension are discussed.
A Sensitive and Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Assay for the Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Retinitis

Purpose To develop a sensitive and specific laboratory assay for the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Method We used a polymerase chain reaction-based assay for detection of cytomegalovirus DNA in vitreous samples. We attempted to detect cytomegalovirus DNA in 19 vitreous samples from patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who had untreated cytomegalovirus retinitis and in 40 vitreous samples from patients with AIDS who had been treated with systemic ganciclovir or foscarnet, or both. We also attempted to detect cytomegalovirus DNA in vitreous samples from 54 immunocompetent patients, including 32 with retinal detachment or macular hole, 11 with vitreous inflammation, and 11 with vitreous hemorrhage. Additionally, we attempted to detect cytomegalovirus DNA in 15 vitreous samples from patients with AIDS who had vitreoretinal inflammation not caused by cytomegalovirus. Results Cytomegalovirus DNA was detected in 18 of 19 eyes with untreated cytomegalovirus retinitis. We detected cytomegalovirus DNA in 19 of 40 vitreous samples from patients with previously treated cytomegalovirus retinitis. Cytomegalovirus DNA was not detected in any of 69 patients who did not have a clinical diagnosis of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Thus, the assay had an estimated sensitivity of 95% in detecting untreated cytomegalovirus retinitis and a sensitivity of 48% in detecting cytomegalovirus retinitis that had been treated with systemic ganciclovir or foscarnet, or both. The assay did not give false-positive results in patients with vitreous hemorrhage or vitreous inflammation. Most important, the assay did not give false-positive results in AIDS patients with vitreous inflammation from causes other than cytomegalovirus retinitis. Conclusion We have developed a sensitive and specific diagnostic assay that will assist in the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus retinitis.
Depression and family interaction among low-income, predominantly hispanic cancer patients: a longitudinal analysis

Purpose Among cancer patients, family interaction has been associated with depression. According to the stress generation theory, depression among cancer patients triggers stressful interpersonal events that contribute to poor family interactions and additional depression. This conflict may occur with a spouse/partner or other family member, including extended family. This study evaluated the longitudinal association between depression and marital and family conflict among low-income, predominantly Hispanic cancer patients.
SU-GG-T-548: Exclusion of Seminal Vesicles (SV) Spares Bladder More Than Rectum During IMRT for Prostate Cancer

Purpose: To study the relationship between SV volumes versus dose to SV, rectum and bladder during 81 Gy IMRT to prostate, either excluding SV or including SV to 45 or 81 Gy. Method and Materials: SV, prostate, rectum and bladder were contoured on CTimages. Proximal SV was defined as SV including 2‐cuts superior to prostate. Prescription with two IMRT plans was 45 and 36‐Gy to prostate+SV and to prostate, respectively, with 0.5–1 cm margins. Dose‐volume constraints were to keep dose to 70%, 50% and 30% of bladder and rectum less than 30%, 50% and 70% of 81‐Gy. Priority: PTV>rectum>bladder. DVH data from plans with no SV, or SV to 45 or to 81‐Gy were compared for 42 patients. Linear regression and paired ‘t’ test were used for statistical analysis.Results: Mean (±SD) and (range) of volumes (cc): SV: 11.7±5.14, (1.9–22.8); prostate: 53.3±24, (17.2–139); rectum: 124±24, (50–235), and bladder: 207±129, (25–561). Dose to rectum and bladder was not related to SV volumes (P>0.05). Inclusion of SV to 45‐Gy increased dose to rectum and bladder up to 30% but not at 10% volume. Dose (Gy) to 30% bladder, and rectum with no SV: B‐27.8±16.8, R‐40.4±6.7; SV to 45‐Gy: B‐35.6±14.2, R‐44±5.2; and SV to 81‐Gy: B‐42.4±14.7, R‐48.9±5.5, respectively. Excluding SV spared bladder (53%) more than rectum (21%) at 30% volume (P<0.001). Mean dose to SV to 45‐Gy: entire SV − 68.3±6 (57.4–79.4) and proximal SV − 74.5±2.5 (66.8–79.4). For small SV volumes, dose to bladder and rectum was same with SV to 45 or 81‐Gy. Conclusion: Margins, priority and inverse‐optimization might be reasons for sparing bladder more than rectum with SV exclusion during IMRT. Single plan to 81‐Gy for small SV cases would reduce planning and QA time to half. These results suggest reevaluation of reasons for inclusion/exclusion of SV during IMRT.