cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aqueous polymer–nitrate solution deposition of YBCO films

Abstract High critical current density YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) films were prepared by solution deposition of aqueous non-fluorine precursors. Non-fluorine polymer-assisted deposition (PAD) processes utilizing rheology modifiers and chelating agents were used to produce 50 nm films with a critical current density (Jc) over 3 MA/cm2 and 400 nm films with Jc > 1 MA/cm2. Tc measurements indicated that films have Tc values near 90 K. The total heat treatment time to produce these high performance films was less than 4 h. Rheology modifiers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) were used to increase the thickness of deposited films independent of the solution cation concentration. Chelating agents such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and sucrose increased the barium ion solubility. Nitrate crystallization during deposition was controlled through rapid drying with vacuum and coating with hot solutions.
Shear-induced capping of L-selectin on the neutrophil surface during centrifugation.

Abstract l -selectin on leukocytes is critical in leukocyte tethering and adhesion to inflamed endothelium and lymphocyte homing to lymphoid organs. The spatial distribution of l -selectin on leukocytes controls cellular adhesive function in hydrodynamic shear. How l -selectin changes its position on the cell membrane remains an open question, but a possible candidate is shear stress encountered on the cell surface. Here we demonstrate shear-induced l -selectin polarization on the membrane during the process of centrifugation of resting neutrophils via immunofluorescent microscopy. It was found that randomly distributed l -selectin on neutrophils moves to a polar cap at one end of the cell after centrifugation (300 × g for 2 min) without inflammatory stimuli. This l -selectin redistribution under shear was predicted by Monte Carlo simulations that show how convection dominates over diffusion, leading to l -selectin cap formation during centrifugation at 280 × g or during leukocyte adhesion to the endothelial wall at 1 dyn/cm 2 . Those results point to a role for shear stress in the modulation of l -selectin distribution, and suggest a possible alternate mechanism and reinterpretation of previous in vitro studies of l -selectin mediated adhesion of neutrophils isolated via centrifugation.
Understanding Retail Food Price Formation and Transmission: Discussion

patterns in turn affect costs, we need to understand both to answer questions about market power or farmers' revenues. It is typically said that farm or agricultural and marketing costs drive prices from the supply side and consumers' preferences from the demand side. However, there is an important and increasing gap between these two pieces of the puzzle that stems from the costs of choice, quality, convenience, variety, and other food product characteristics that are in increasing demand. So, if prices or the retailfarm gap increase, does this imply market power or costs of these attributes? Important structural changes involving input composition and the potential for cost economies from coordination and information
Intrauterine Contraception in Adolescents and Young Women: A Descriptive Study of Use, Side Effects, and Compliance

OBJECTIVE: Describe characteristics compliance efficacy and side effect profile of adolescents and young women who use intrauterine contraception (IC). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review of adolescent and young women who had IC devices placed over a 3-year period. Comparative statistics between devices and population characteristics were performed using the Fisher exact and the t test. RESULTS: Eighty-nine patients were included in the study. The mean age at insertion was 19.5 years (range 16-22 years). Copper was used in 13% of patients; levonorgestrel (LNG) was used in 87%. The mean duration of use was 331.3 days (copper vs LNG; P = .2254). Side effects included infection (9% but no pelvic inflammatory disease) pain (28%) partner felt strings (9%) and bleeding (32%). Reasons for removal included side effects (25%) desired fertility (5%) expulsion (3%) and pregnancy (2%). There were no pregnancies associated with the LNG IC and there were fewer removals because of side effects than with the copper IUD (P = .0180). CONCLUSION: IC is a reliable method of contraception in teens and young adults. There were fewer removals because of side effects in the LNG group although overall other variables are similar between methods. Copyright A(c) 2011 North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Salt fog corrosion behavior of high-velocity oxygen-fuel thermal spray coatings compared to electrodeposited hard chromium

Abstract The corrosion behavior of several coating/substrate combinations was determined using the ASTM B117 Salt Fog Test. The coatings were electrodeposited hard chromium (EHC) and two high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal-sprayed coatings, tungsten-carbide/cobalt (WC/Co) and Tribaloy 400 (T400). The substrates were 4340 steel, 7075 aluminum alloy, and PH13-8 stainless steel. On the 7075 Al alloy, a sulfamate nickel layer was deposited prior to the deposition of hard chromium. The results indicated that on the 4340 steel none of the coatings provided significant protection, with equivalent performance between the EHC and WC/Co coatings and slightly poorer performance for the T400. On the 7075 Al alloy, the EHC with sulfamate nickel exhibited excellent performance as no pits or blisters were noted on the faces or edges of the samples. The WC/Co showed no pitting or blistering on the faces but had a significant amount of pitting along the edges. The EHC and WC/Co coatings performed well on the 13-8 stainless steel as no pits or blisters were noted on the faces or edges. The T400 coatings had rust stains on the faces and edges but defects could not be seen with the unaided eye or at a 7× magnification.
Operating temperature windows for fusion reactor structural materials

Abstract A critical analysis is presented of the operating temperature windows for nine candidate fusion reactor structural materials: four reduced-activation structural materials (oxide-dispersion-strengthened and ferritic/martensitic steels containing 8–12%Cr, V–4Cr–4Ti, and SiC/SiC composites), copper-base alloys (CuNiBe), tantalum-base alloys (e.g. Ta–8W–2Hf), niobium alloys (Nb–1Zr), and molybdenum and tungsten alloys. The results are compared with the operating temperature limits for Type 316 austenitic stainless steel. Several factors define the allowable operating temperature window for structural alloys in a fusion reactor. The lower operating temperature limit in all body-centered cubic (BCC) and most face-centered cubic (FCC) alloys is determined by radiation embrittlement (decrease in fracture toughness), which is generally most pronounced for irradiation temperatures below ∼0.3 T M where T M is the melting temperature. The lower operating temperature limit for SiC/SiC composites will likely be determined by radiation-induced thermal conductivity degradation, which becomes more pronounced in ceramics with decreasing temperature. The upper operating temperature limit of structural materials is determined by one of four factors, all of which become more pronounced with increasing exposure time: (1) thermal creep (grain boundary sliding or matrix diffusional creep); (2) high temperature He embrittlement of grain boundaries; (3) cavity swelling (particularly important for SiC and Cu alloys); or (4) coolant compatibility/corrosion issues. In many cases, the upper temperature limit will be determined by coolant corrosion/compatibility rather than by thermal creep or radiation effects. The compatibility of the structural materials with Li, Pb–Li, Sn–Li, He and Flibe (Li 2 BeF 4 ) coolants is summarized.
United States patents and fungal cultures

Fungal biotechnology has generated a voluminous amount of technical literature and scientific data. Patents probably contain the most complete and detailed information about the use of fungal cultures in biotechnology. This article contains a brief review of the United States patent system where microorganisms form an integral part of the disclosure and explains the role of the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) as a patent culture depository. A list based on the application of the ATCC fungal strains which have been cited or used in US patents and the names of the inventors, the titles of the inventions, and their patent numbers are included. This provides resource material particularly for developing countries as they begin to establish their own biotechnology.
Surgical complications in Henoch-Schönlein Purpura in childhood.

Abstract Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is a medical disorder of unknown aetiology. Surgical problems may develop in some patients. Intussusception, perforation and necrosis may occur. In the present study 186 patients with HSP were investigated for surgical complications between 1977-1986 at the Izmir Children's Hospital. Surgical complications encountered in our series were intussusception (ileo-ileal 4, ileocolic 1), acute appendicitis (1), medically treated ileus (1). Operation had no added risk for the patients. The patient with HSP should be followed up in case of an abdominal emergency, intervention in time may be life-saving.
Kinetics of polymer adsorption and desorption.

We study adsorption-desorption kinetics of polymer chains at a solid surface. Protio polystyrene, adsorbed from cyclohexane to a single surface of oxidized silicon, was displaced by deuterio poly- styrene. A single time constant, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{off}}$, described displacement for a significant time (1--2 h). An aging effect, in which ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{off}}$ continued to increase even after mass adsorbed had equilibrated, implied surprisingly slow rearrangements of adsorbed chains in the direction of conformational equilibrium. After equilibration, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{off}}$ increased exponentially with length of adsorbed chains.
A queuing model for multi-user teleprocessing system line speed decisions

Determining the appropriate line speed is one of many critical success factors in the design of teleprocessing systems. This paper integrates queuing formula into a comprehensive model to support line speed decisions. The model includes response time, message lengths and volumes, and computer processing speeds in a manner not previously described in the literatures.
THEORETICAL INTERPRETATION OF A RECENT EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE PHOTON REST MASS

It is shown that both small-dimensional, extremely low-frequency resonant circuits and long coaxial cables are unsuited to the setting of significant limits on the photon rest mass.
Two Didactic Strategies at the End of Herodotus' Histories (9.108––122)

Although most scholars now seem to agree that Herodotus was to some extent a didactic historian writing for the instruction of his readers, the systematic nature of his didacticism has perhaps not been fully appreciated. The Histories ' concluding episodes reveal at least two didactic programs or strategies: first, the reader is to be trained in the application of Herodotean thinking to events subsequent to the period covered by the narrative; second, the reader is to be warned of the moral and intellectual dangers posed by the ““wonders”” that have played so conspicuous a role in Herodotus' work. The existence of these programs helps to explain several features of the last chapters of the Histories , including the prominent position given to the peculiar story of Xerxes and Masistes (9.108––13).
Effect of enzymes on microfiltration of apricot puree

In pilot plant flitration tests, using a ceramic microfilter, it was shown that pectinase was effective in increasing flux at an enzyme level as low as 75 ppm and that flux increased with time during filtration. Cellulase was shown to inhibit flux when used alone or in combination with pectinase, even though it contributed to reducing viscosity of the puree. Both cellulase and pectinase were partially held back by the filter; usually more than half the pectinase was retained. This resulted in increased enzyme concentration with time in retentate. Retained enzymes might be used by continuously adding fresh puree with reduced enzyme to retentate after startup.
XX Sex Reversal: Molecular Analysis of the SRY/ZFY Regions

AbstractPurpose: The mammalian sex determining gene, sex region Y chromosome (SRY), is now firmly established as the testis determining locus. The SRY is close to the short arm Y terminus and just distal to zinc finger Y region (ZFY), a locus previously thought to be involved in testicular differentiation and the male phenotype. We report on XX sex reversal, a rare sex chromosomal disorder in humans.Materials and Methods: Routine amniocentesis revealed in XX fetal karyotype, although at birth the neonate was phenotypically male. Radiographic evaluation showed a normal male urethra and the absence of any female internal genitalia. Subsequent molecular analysis with polymerase chain reaction amplified sequences of the SRY and ZFY loci were positive.Results: This case is the fourth in our series XX sex reversed male individuals and to our knowledge the first to diagnosed perinatally. In all cases the SRY and ZFY loci are present, presumably on the paternal x chromosome, as well as a Klinefelter phenotype. Th...
SMALL-STRAIN MINIMUM ENERGY CONFIGURATIONS OF LARGE SCIENTIFIC BALLOONS AT FLOAT ALTITUDE

In this paper, the total energy of an elastic scientific balloon is minimized in order to estimate its strained shape at float altitude. The model includes the gravitational potential due to the lifting gas, balloon film, and load tapes, as well as the strain energy of the film and load tapes. The balloon is constructed from long flat tapered sheets of polyethylene called gores. The gores are triangulated and the collection of flat gores serves as the reference configuration. The equilibrium shape is a deformation of the reference configuration. The deformed balloon envelope is triangulated, and each of its facets is identified with a triangle in the reference configuration. A constant strain model is used to describe the state of strain within each facet. An energy minimizing shape is computed for a 28.4 million cubic foot balloon at float altitude. An isotropic plane-stress constitutive model is used to estimate the stress distribution. We find good qualitative agreement when our results our compared with previous results that were obtained using a standard finite element package.
Utility of postoperative laboratory studies after female pelvic reconstructive surgery.

Objective We sought to determine the frequency of laboratory studies after female pelvic reconstructive surgery and the rate of intervention based on the results of these laboratory values at a single institution. Study Design We conducted a retrospective review of all patients undergoing female pelvic reconstructive surgery for pelvic organ prolapse by 5 fellowship-trained pelvic reconstructive surgeons at a single institution from Jan. 1, 2010, through Dec. 31, 2010. Exclusion criteria were outpatient procedures, isolated hysterectomy, and a combined surgery with another surgical team performing a separate procedure. Interventions based on the number of laboratory studies were classified as minor (electrolyte repletion, repeat laboratory tests, initiation of antibiotics) or major (transfusion, delayed discharge). Results A total of 356 patients were included in the final dataset and 100% of patients had routine postoperative laboratory studies. A total of 8771 laboratory values were obtained with a mean of 25 ± 18 laboratory values (0-133) per patient. One-third of postoperative patients (n = 120) underwent a total of 207 interventions based on abnormal laboratory results. The majority of interventions were minor (96%). Of the 120 patients who had a minor intervention, electrolyte repletion was the most common (78%), followed by repeat blood collection (40%) and initiation of antibiotics (4%). The major intervention rate was 4% (n = 8) and all underwent transfusion. Of the 8 transfused patients, 7 demonstrated clinical instability before transfusion and 1 was transfused based on laboratory values and a significant cardiac history. Conclusion Routine postoperative laboratory studies are not necessary for all patients after female pelvic reconstructive surgery and more judicious use based on clinical findings may limit unnecessary minor interventions.
MIMO robust disturbance rejection for uncertain plants

Investigates in a unified framework two basic feedback optimization problems, rejection of output disturbances in the presence of plant uncertainty, and contraction of radius of uncertainty for MIMO plants. Duality theory is provided showing existence of optimal feedback laws. Optimal and nearly optimal solutions are characterized, and flatness conditions are derived. The theory developed allows previous convex programming based numerical methods to be applied to this class of problems.
Factors affecting maize forage quality development in the northeastern USA

Topographical features in the northeastern USA result in temperature and soil water differences between locations of close proximity. Dairy producers frequently inquire how these differences affect forage quality of maize (Zea mays L.). Field experiments were established in 1990 and 1991 at two locations and two planting dates to evaluate temperature and soil water effects on neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), lignin, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Whole-plant IVDMD at harvest (R5 stage) had correlation coefficients (r) of -0.61 with NDF and -0.63 with lignin concentration at silking. Also, IVDMD had r = -0.90, - 0.72, and 0.75 with NDF, lignin, and grain content, respectively, at the R5 stage. Stover lignin concentration and grain content explained 83% of the variability in whole-plant IVDMD at the R5 stage. In the dry 1991 growing season, IVDMD was higher and fiber components were lower than in the wetter 1990 season. Locations, which had average temperature differences of 3.5°C from the eighth-leaf (V8) to R5 stage, did not affect forage quality in 1990, but the cool location in 1991 had somewhat higher IVDMD and lower fiber components than the warm location. Nevertheless, regression analysis indicated that temperature did not contribute significantly to IVDMD variability and contributed only a small portion to NDF variability at harvest. In contrast, a calculated water deficit index value explained 74% of the variability in IVDMD at early grain-fill and 61% at harvest. Clearly, maize forage quality in this study was associated more with soil water differences than with temperature differences.
Seizure Prediction Using a Dynamic Model with Hidden Variable

Seizure is a kind of brain disorder and sometimes has vital effect on patients. Correct seizure prediction will provide huge help for patients and doctors. We have developed a novel approach to predict seizures. Wavelet transform is used to calculate the energy of a specific frequency band of 4-12 Hz to remove noise in the signal and to pick up useful information. A dynamic model is developed to describe this process with a hidden variable. We assume that the initial state of hidden variable has Gaussian distribution and it follows the second order autoregressive (AR) process. The hidden variable in the model can be solved by modified particle filters. Four patients' intracranial EEG data are used to test our algorithm including 30 hours of ictal EEG with 15 seizures and 45 hours of normal EEG recordings. The first seizure from each patient is supposed to be known for parameter determination purpose. The results show that our algorithm can successfully predict 10 out of the 11 seizures and average prediction time is 33.5 minutes before seizure onset. The sensitivity is 90.9% and the false prediction rate is approximately 0.11FP/h.
Gene Expression and Mutation Assessment Provide Clues of Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms in Liver Tumors of Oxazepam-Exposed Mice

Liver tumors from a previous National Toxicology Program study were examined using global gene expression and mutation analysis to define the mechanisms of carcinogenesis in mice exposed to oxazepam. Five hepatocellular adenomas and 5 hepatocellular carcinomas from male B6C3F1 mice exposed to 5000 ppm oxazepam and 6 histologically normal liver samples from control animals were examined. One of the major findings in the study was upregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Genes that activate β-catenin, such as Sox4, were upregulated, whereas genes that inhibit Wnt signaling, such as APC and Crebbp, were downregulated. In addition, liver tumors from oxazepam-exposed mice displayed β-catenin mutations and increased protein expression of glutamine synthetase, a downstream target in the Wnt signaling pathway. Another important finding in this study was the altered expression of oxidative stress-related genes, specifically increased expression of cytochrome p450 genes, including Cyp1a2 and Cyp2b10, and decreased expression of genes that protect against oxidative stress, such as Sod2 and Cat. Increased oxidative stress was confirmed by measuring isoprostane expression using mass spectrometry. Furthermore, global gene expression identified altered expression of genes that are associated with epigenetic mechanisms of cancer. There was decreased expression of genes that are hypermethylated in human liver cancer, including tumor suppressors APC and Pten. Oxazepam-induced tumors also exhibited decreased expression of genes involved in DNA methylation (Crebbp, Dnmt3b) and histone modification (Sirt1). These data suggest that formation of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in oxazepam-exposed mice involves alteration of the Wnt signaling pathway, oxidative stress, and potential epigenetic alterations.
Testing a Simulation of Peripheral Vision Using an Image Discrimination Task

The appearance of images in peripheral vision is an important consideration in the design of both wide-field and area-of-interest simulators, and can be simulated using vision models that account for the change in sensitivity as a function of retinal eccentricity. Simulations based on three different contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs), and a wide range of fundamental eccentricity constant (FECs) [cf., Peli et al., 1991, JOSA A, 8; 1762-1774] were tested here using an image discrimination task. Subjects were asked to discriminate an original image from a mirror image of the original processed at various fundamental eccentricity constant (FEC) levels. It was found that a combination of the foveal CSF and an appropriate FEC could characterize the discrimination of images with peripheral vision. The required FEC was found to be significantly larger for high sensitivity detection CSF as compared to the lower sensitivity orientation discrimination CSF. All FECs found here are larger than those computed from CSF measurements obtained across the retina. This difference may be due to masking by superimposed or adjacent image detail, which may result in a more rapid decline of detection performance as retinal eccentricity is increased (i.e., crowding or lateral masking effects).
Influence of menstrual cycle and gender on alprazolam pharmacokinetics

The effects of menstrual cycle phases and gender on alprazolam pharmacokinetics were evaluated in normal volunteers. Alprazolam (1 mg) was administered to seven women during the late follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle and to eight men on one occasion. No difference in alprazolam pharmacokinetic parameters was observed during the menstrual cycle phases. Mean alprazolam clearance (+/- SD) was 0.0037 +/- 0.0009 ml/hr during the follicular phase and 0.0036 +/- 0.001 ml/hr during the luteal phase (p greater than 0.05, difference not significant). With use of weight as a covariant, there was no difference in alprazolam pharmacokinetic parameters between women and men. Mean alprazolam clearance (+/- SD) was 0.0036 +/- 0.0009 ml/hr in women compared with 0.0041 +/- 0.0006 ml/hr in men (p greater than 0.05, difference not significant). Although alprazolam metabolism was similar on the 2 days tested, alterations may occur at other times during the menstrual cycle. Further investigation is needed to understand the effects of menstrual cycle phases and gender on drug metabolism.
Application of Accident Prediction Models for Computation of Accident Risk on Transportation Networks

Accident risk has been applied extensively in transportation safety analysis. Risk is often used to describe the level of safety in transportation systems by incorporating a measure of exposure, such as traffic flow or kilometers driven. The most commonly applied definition of accident risk states that risk is a linear function of accidents and traffic flow. This definition, however, creates problems for transportation systems that are characterized by a nonlinear relationship between these variables. The primary objective of the original research was to illustrate the application of accident prediction models (APMs) to estimate accident risk on transportation networks. (APMs are useful tools for establishing the proper relationship between accidents and traffic flow.) The secondary objective was to describe important issues and limitations surrounding the application of APMs for this purpose. To accomplish these objectives, APMs were applied to a computerized transportation network with the help of EMME/...
An overview of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) project

The JWST project at the GSFC is responsible for the development, launch, operations and science data processing for the James Webb Space Telescope. The JWST project is currently in phase B with its launch scheduled for August 2011. The project is a partnership between NASA, ESA and CSA. The U.S. JWST team is now fully in place with the recent selection of Northrop Grumman Space Technology (NGST) as the prime contractor for the telescope and the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) as the mission operations and science data processing lead. This paper will provide an overview of the current JWST architecture and mission status including technology developments and risks.
Relative tissue expression of homologous torsinB correlates with the neuronal specific importance of DYT1 dystonia-associated torsinA

A three base-pair deletion in the widely expressed TOR1A gene causes the childhood onset, neurological disease of DYT1 dystonia. Mouse Tor1a gene knockout also specifically affects the developing nervous system. However, in both cases, the basis of neuronal tissue specificity is unknown. TorsinA is one of four predicted mammalian torsin ATPases associated with assorted cellular activities (AAA+) proteins, raising the possibility that expression of a functionally homologous torsin compensates for torsinA loss in non-neuronal tissues. We find that all four mammalian torsins are endoplasmic reticulum resident glycoproteins. TorsinA, torsinB and torsin2 are all present in large M r complexes, which suggests that each assembles into an oligomeric AAA+ enzyme. Introducing a mutation (WB EQ ) that typically stabilizes AAA+ proteins in a substrate-bound state causes torsinA and torsinB to associate with a shared nuclear envelope (NE) binding partner and this NE localization requires the torsinA interacting protein, lamina associated polypeptide 1. Although torsin proteins are widely expressed in the adult mouse, we identified that embryonic neuronal tissues contain relatively low torsinB levels. Therefore, our results reveal that torsinB expression inversely correlates with the cell and developmental requirement for torsinA. In conclusion, multiple cell types appear to utilize torsin AAA+ proteins and differential expression of torsinB may contribute to both the neuronal specific importance of torsinA and the symptom specificity of DYT1 dystonia.
The memory of bandwidth bottleneck and its amelioration by a compiler

As the speed gap between CPU and memory widens, memory hierarchy has become the primary factor limiting program performance. Until now, the principal focus of hardware and software innovations has been overcoming latency. However, the advent of latency tolerance techniques such as non-blocking cache and software prefetching begins the process of trading bandwidth for latency by overlapping and pipelining memory transfers. Since actual latency is the inverse of the consumed bandwidth, memory latency cannot be fully tolerated without infinite bandwidth. This perspective has led us to two questions. Do current machines provide sufficient data bandwidth? If not, can a program be restructured to consume less bandwidth? This paper answers these questions in two parts. The first part defines a new bandwidth-based performance model and demonstrates the serious performance bottleneck due to the lack of memory bandwidth. The second part describes a new set of compiler optimizations for reducing bandwidth consumption of programs.
Conclusion: The Uses of Form

We may draw a few lessons from the range of examples, particularly those from the music of Europe of the past thousand years, cautioning ourselves with the reminder that we have lifted only a few drops from a great sea. We ask what our examples, when set alongside one another for comparison, teach us about the devices music employs to choose its elements and to knit them together.
Two new species of Sarcoscypha (Sarcosyphaceae, Pezizales) from Taiwan

After studying the Sarcoscypha specimens deposited in the herbarium of the National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan (TNM), four species of Sarcoscypha , S. humberiana , S. mescoscyatha , S. minuta and S. tatakensis were recognized by morphological and molecular characteristics. Sarcoscypha mescoscyatha is new to Taiwan, and S. minuta and S. tatakensis are new to science. Sarcoscypha minuta is characterized by small apothecia and asci, and a single large guttule in each ascospore while S. tatakensis is characterized by sessile to subsessile apothecia, and small ascospores with truncate ends.
Impact of intensive lifestyle intervention on preference-based quality of life in type 2 diabetes: Results from the Look AHEAD trial.

Objective To assess the effect of an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) compared with standard diabetes support and education (DSE) on preference-based health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in persons with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes. Methods Look AHEAD was a multisite, randomized trial of 5,145 participants assigned to ILI or DSE. Four instruments were administered during the trial: Feeling Thermometer (FT), Health Utilities Index Mark 2 (HUI2), Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3), and Short Form 6D (SF-6D). Linear mixed effect models were used to estimate the mean difference in preference scores by treatment group for 9 years. Results The ILI had higher mean FT (0.019, 95% CI, 0.015-0.024, P < 0.001) and SF-6D (0.011, 95% CI, 0.006-0.014, P < 0.001) scores than the DSE. No significant group differences were observed for the HUI2 (0.004, 95% CI, −0.003 to 0.010, P = 0.23) and HUI3 (0.004, −0.004 to 0.012, P = 0.36). In year 1, the ILI had higher mean preference scores for all instruments. Thereafter, the increases remained significant only for FT and SF-6D, and the effects also become smaller. Conclusions ILI aimed at reducing body weight among persons with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes improves preference-based HRQOL in the short term, but its long-term effect is unclear.
PKC-β1 mediates EGF protection of microtubules and barrier of intestinal monolayers against oxidants

Using monolayers of human intestinal (Caco-2) cells, we found that oxidants and ethanol damage the cytoskeleton and disrupt barrier integrity; epidermal growth factor (EGF) prevents damage by enhan...
Surface Adsorption Kinetics of Ga Wire Arrays on Si(112)

The growth and energetics of Ga chains on a Si(112) facet surface have been investigated. Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Reflectance Difference Anisotropy (RDA) experiments have been performed in UHV to examine the kinetics of the Ga atom chain formation process along the Si steps. This is a self-limiting process for substrate temperatures in the 400°C to 500°C range, since the binding energy of the metal atoms at the step edges is greater than that on the (11l)-type terraces. At saturation coverage, the Ga chains exhibit sixfold periodicity along the step edges, but below saturation, these chains exhibit fivefold periodicity. A model has been suggested from these results in which the periodicities of the chains are determined by the metal atom vacancies, which balance the tensile stress created by the larger metal atoms. We have used RDA to study the time evolution of the surface kinetics and changes in the surface reconstruction of Ga deposited on these facet (112) Si surfaces, as a function of substrate temperature and Ga deposition rate. The RDA measurement is shown to be sensitive to the formation of both the 5×1 as well as 6 × 1 reconstructions and to island formation at low substrate temperatures. The diffusion-controlled Ga line formation process at low temperatures has also been characterized as well as the evaporation controlled regime, which is evident at substrate temperatures over 400°C.
Crystallization, Crystal Structure, and Isothermal Melt Crystallization Kinetics of Novel Polyamide 6/SiO2 Nanocomposites Prepared Using the Sol–Gel Technique

Polyamide 6/SiO2 (PA6/SiO2) nanocomposites with varying amounts of SiO2 were prepared by using a novel sol–gel technique. These nanocomposites were formed in situ by hydrolysis and through the condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) using formic acid with a small amount of water as the solvent for PA6. Observations of TGA showed that the thermal stability of PA6 nanocomposite was significantly improved compared to that of neat PA6. Microstructure development during the thermally induced crystallization of PA6/SiO2 nanocomposites was investigated with a combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and AFM. FTIR spectroscopy was used to determine the crystal form of these nanocomposites, and it was concluded that SiO2 nanoparticles have the γ-nucleating effect. The crystallinity of nanocomposites decreased with increasing TEOS loading as compared to that for neat PA6. SEM showed a very fine dispersion of nanoscale silica whereas SEM and Zeta...
Forest cover changes due to hydrocarbon extraction disturbance in central Pennsylvania (2004–2010)

ABSTRACTThe state of Pennsylvania has a long history of oil and gas extraction. In recent years with advances in technology such as hydraulic fracturing, hydrocarbon sources that were not profitable in the past are now being exploited. Here, we present an assessment of the cumulative impact of oil and gas extraction activities on the forests of 35 counties in Pennsylvania and their intersecting sub-watersheds between 2004 and 2010. The assessment categorizes counties and sub-watersheds based on the estimated amount of change to forest cover in the area. From the data collected we recognize that although forest cover has not been greatly impacted (with an average loss of percent forest coverage of 0.16% at the county level), landscape structure is affected. Increase in edge forest and decrease in interior forest is evident in many of the counties and sub-watersheds examined. These changes can have a detrimental effect on forest biodiversity and dynamics.
To Show Itself in the " Turn" ——Overview of the Development of Philosophy of Technology in Foreign Countries

On the basis of integrating two research traditions,that is,engineering philosophy of technology and humanities philosophy of technology,foreign philosophy of technology in its modern development introduces the research methods of constructivism from sociology of scientific knowledge and the research methods of contextualism from philosophy of science.It presents itself as various turns from traditional to contemporary philosophy of technology,including empirical turn in research paradigms,constructivist and contextual turns in research methods,the epistemological turn in research contents and the practical turn in research objectives.Contemporary development of foreign philosophy of technology shows itself in a variety of "turns".
Tobacco use among adolescents. Strategies for prevention.

Tobacco use is a major public health issue that has its onset primarily during the pediatric years. Preventing the onset of tobacco use by children and adolescents should be a priority. A comprehensive strategy includes interventions by pediatricians and other health professionals, policy changes, advertising restrictions, comprehensive school health education programs, and community advocacy. Because the physician–parent–child relationship is unique, physicians have many opportunities to help prevent tobacco use, both in their offices and in their communities.
Effects of mononuclear cells on pulmonary arteries from rejecting transplanted lungs

Experiments were designed to determine responses of pulmonary arteries from an acutely rejecting, transplanted lung to rejection-activated mononuclear cells. Pulmonary arteries and macrophage-depleted mononuclear cells were obtained from unoperated dogs (control) and dogs with rejecting single lung allotransplants (transplanted, rejecting). In some arteries, the endothelium was removed deliberately. Pulmonary arteries were suspended for measurement of isometric force in organ chambers. Contractions to potassium chloride (60 M) were greater in rings of pulmonary arteries from rejecting compared with control dogs. Mononuclear cells from both control and transplanted dogs caused cell number-dependent contractions of autogenous pulmonary arteries. Contractions to cells were decreased when the endothelium was present only in arteries from control dogs; these contractions were increased by the L-arginine analog N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (10(-4) M) but not by indomethacin (10(-5) M). Contractions to mononuclear cells were reduced by superoxide dismutase (150 U/ml) and catalase (1,200 U/ml) in arteries without endothelium from control but not transplanted dogs. In arteries from transplanted dogs, contractions to mononuclear cells were reduced by desferoxamine (10(-3) M). Results suggest that interactions between mononuclear cells and pulmonary arteries are modified during rejection of lung allografts so that, during rejection, 1) endothelium-derived nitric oxide no longer antagonizes contractions to substances produced by the mononuclear cells and 2) contractions of smooth muscle from rejecting arteries to mononuclear cells may be mediated by radicals other than superoxide.
Packaging in dsRNA Viruses

Several families of viruses have segmented genomes with 3-12 chromosomes. They are capable of packaging these segments in a precise manner so that each virus particle contains one each of the genomic segments. The Cystoviridae are a family of bacteriophages that contain three genomic segments of dsRNA. During infection, the virus produces empty dodecahedral core particles that have the ability to specifically package plus strand transcripts of the genomic segments. The program of packaging makes use of the conformational changes in the surface of the particle as each transcript is packaged. The particles have complexes of a hexameric NTPase that serve as motors to bring the transcripts into the particle, and they have polymerase molecules in the interior that synthesize minus and plus strand copies of the genomic segments.
Laparoscopic repair of a Morgagni hernia

Morgagni hernias are unusual diaphragmatic hernias which usually present in adulthood. They have traditionally been repaired through transabdominal or transthoracic approaches. The authors present a case of a laparoscopic repair of a Morgagni hernia in a 52-year-old female. A tension free repair of the defect was accomplished utilizing Goretex (W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., North Elkton, MD) mesh. The patient had an uneventful recovery and is asymptomatic at 6 months follow-up. The etiology, diagnosis and traditional surgical approaches to this problem are discussed. A technique for laparoscopic repair of a Morgagni hernia is described. The literature on the laparoscopic repair of a Morgagni hernia is reviewed and different operative techniques are discussed.
Dynamics of Arsenic dose loss at the SiO2 interface during TED

The transient behavior of arsenic dose loss at the silicon-SiO2 interface during transient enhanced diffusion has been studied. Careful sample preparation and high precision surface SIMS are successfully used to achieve highly reproducible and accurate dose measurements. Effects of differention implantation and annealing conditions on dose loss are studied. A dopant trapping/detrapping model at the interface is used to simulate the experimental results.
Judicious Use of L1 in L2 Arabic Speaking Practice Sessions

This study investigated the contexts for “optimal” use of first language (L1) in second language (L2) one-on-one speaking practice sessions in a study abroad program where English was the L1 and Arabic was the L2 of students, and the opposite applied to their speaking partners. Drawing on insights from sociocultural theory to investigate data from 17 audiorecorded speaking sessions, the study shows that judicious use of students’ L1 for certain purposes does indeed work as one of several interactional resources that contribute to enhancing the development of the L2 by operating as a mediating tool to cultivate communication and L2 learning. The argument for L1 optimal use is demonstrated in two particular contexts: (1) during speaking sessions to ask for or provide linguistic assistance, and (2) at the periphery of these speaking sessions for various goals, such as showing solidarity, warming up, and agreeing on what to discuss and how to proceed during interaction. Pedagogical implications are discussed.
Time Interval from Last Chemotherapy to Stem Cell Collection Correlates with Peripheral Blood Absolute Lymphocyte Count at Apheresis and Survival Post-Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma.

Abstract The infused autograft absolute lymphocyte count (A-ALC) is an independent prognostic factor for survival after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (AHSCT) in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Previous studies have shown that A-ALC directly correlates with the peripheral blood absolute lymphocyte count (PC-ALC) at the time of apheresis collection. However, factors affecting the PC-ALC at apheresis remain undefined. We hypothesized that one possible factor impacting PC-ALC may be the time interval from last chemotherapy to stem cell collection (TILC). Data from 160 patients who underwent AHSCT for treatment of relapsed NHL at Mayo Clinic between 1993 and 2001 were collected and analyzed. The primary end point of this study was correlation between TILC and PC-ALC, and our analysis revealed a strong correlation (r = 0.67, p Download : Download high-res image (269KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure
Evaluating Exercise as Evidence-Based Practice for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Background: The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to evaluate empirical support for the use of exercise as an evidence-based practice (EBP) for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), aged 1 to 21 years, using the Adapted Physical Activity Taxonomy (APAT)1. Method: A systematic review of research, published within the past 10 years and accessible in SPORTDiscus, ProQuest Nursing, Science Direct, ERIC, Ovid MEDLINE, and PsychINFO databases, was conducted following seven inclusion criteria. An initial 169 articles were identified of which twenty-three articles were found that met the inclusion criteria including implementation of an exercise intervention for participants diagnosed with ASD and utilization of an experimental/quasi experimental, correlational, single subject or qualitative research design. These 23 articles were evaluated using the APAT to determine the quality of the research and the strength of the recommendation in establishing exercise as an EBP. Results: Of the 23 articles evaluated, 17 employed an experimental/quasi experimental design, 1 article employed a correlational design, and 5 articles employed a single subject design. Only 1 article2 was found to meet the minimum overall quality indicator of moderate (i.e., level 2) when evaluated on the APAT. All total, 13 of the 23 articles (57%) had method sections evaluated as weak, and 17 of the 23 articles (74%) had results sections evaluated as weak. Conclusion: From the findings of this systematic review, and in accordance with the Every Student Succeeds Act of 20153 definition of an EBP, it appears that exercise can be considered an EBP for school-aged children with ASD. However, this recommendation is based solely on moderate evidence from one well-designed and well-implemented experimental study, therefore, generalization is still pending further similar findings. Recommendations for future research are offered.
The Case for Limiting Federal Criminal Jurisdiction over State and Local Campaign Contributions

The thesis of this article is that Congress should amend the honest services fraud statute, 18 U.S.C. §1346, to bar the Justice Department from using it to prosecute individuals for making or receiving allegedly “corrupt” campaign contributions in state or local elections. This reform is necessary for three reasons. First, it is deeply unfair to subject state and local defendants to federal criminal liability on the basis of a vague federal statute and at a time when campaign finance law at all levels of government is in a state of flux. Second, federal prosecutors’ controversial use of Section 1346 to prosecute state and local candidates and contributors undermines the Justice Department’s reputation for political neutrality. Third, Section 1346 prosecutions of state and local candidates and contributors contradict basic principles of federalism. Curtailing the use of the honest services fraud statute will prevent federal prosecutors from imposing their own vision of campaign finance law on candidates and contributors in state and local elections. It will restore state attorneys general to their proper place as the principal enforcers of state campaign finance law. And it will help reduce, if not eliminate, the growing perception that political considerations improperly influence honest services fraud prosecutions.
Multiauthored International Publications: Something Lost in Translation?

![Figure][1] Globalization has been embraced as essential for the overall improvement of mankind. Discovery and innovation have also benefitted tremendously from the pooling of expertise and resources. An inevitable consequence of such collaborative research is publications with multiple
On the Superdimension of an Irreducible Representation of a Basic Classical Lie Superalgebra

In this paper we prove the Kac-Wakimoto conjecture that a simple module over a basic classical Lie superalgebra has non-zero superdimension if and only if it has maximal degree of atypicality. The proof is based on the results of [Duflo and Serganova, On associated variety for Lie superalgebras, math/0507198] and [Gruson and Serganova, Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, doi:10.1112/plms/pdq014].We also prove the conjecture in [Duflo and Serganova, On associated variety for Lie superalgebras, math/0507198] about the associated variety of a simple module and the generalized Kac-Wakimoto conjecture in [Geer, Kujawa and Patureau-Mirand, Generalized trace and modified dimension functions on ribbon categories, arXiv:1001.0985v1] for the general linear Lie superalgebra.