cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic resistance in Chlamydiae

There are few documented reports of antibiotic resistance in Chlamydia and no examples of natural and stable antibiotic resistance in strains collected from humans. While there are several reports of clinical isolates exhibiting resistance to antibiotics, these strains either lost their resistance phenotype in vitro, or lost viability altogether. Differences in procedures for chlamydial culture in the laboratory, low recovery rates of clinical isolates and the unknown significance of heterotypic resistance observed in culture may interfere with the recognition and interpretation of antibiotic resistance. Although antibiotic resistance has not emerged in chlamydiae pathogenic to humans, several lines of evidence suggest they are capable of expressing significant resistant phenotypes. The adept ability of chlamydiae to evolve to antibiotic resistance in vitro is demonstrated by contemporary examples of mutagenesis, recombination and genetic transformation. The isolation of tetracycline-resistant Chlamydia suis strains from pigs also emphasizes their adaptive ability to acquire antibiotic resistance genes when exposed to significant selective pressure.
Formalizing the LLVM intermediate representation for verified program transformations

This paper presents Vellvm (verified LLVM), a framework for reasoning about programs expressed in LLVM's intermediate representation and transformations that operate on it. Vellvm provides a mechanized formal semantics of LLVM's intermediate representation, its type system, and properties of its SSA form. The framework is built using the Coq interactive theorem prover. It includes multiple operational semantics and proves relations among them to facilitate different reasoning styles and proof techniques.To validate Vellvm's design, we extract an interpreter from the Coq formal semantics that can execute programs from LLVM test suite and thus be compared against LLVM reference implementations. To demonstrate Vellvm's practicality, we formalize and verify a previously proposed transformation that hardens C programs against spatial memory safety violations. Vellvm's tools allow us to extract a new, verified implementation of the transformation pass that plugs into the real LLVM infrastructure; its performance is competitive with the non-verified, ad-hoc original.
DIPLOID-TRIPLOID MOSAICS AMONG UNISEXUAL HYBRIDS OF THE MINNOWS PHOXINUS EOS AND PHOXINUS NEOGAEUS.

Diploid-triploid mosaics are rarely found in vertebrates, and until now they were known to be common in only two vertebrate species complexes. Here we report that diploid-triploid mosaics are widespread among unisexual hybrids of the minnows Phoxinus eos and Phoxinus neogaeus, a complex already known to contain diploid and triploid forms. Using chromosome counts and flow cytometry, we show that the mosaics occur throughout the known range of the unisexuals and are abundant in many of these natural populations. The mosaics are highly heterogeneous, showing individual variation in the ratio of diploid to triploid cells, and as a group they appear to form a continuum between the pure diploid and triploid forms. Tissue-graft analysis shows that the third genome present in the triploid cells of a mosaic is expressed, because grafts made from the mosaics show an incidence of rejection intermediate between that of the diploid (clonal) and triploid (nonclonal) biotypes.
Crystallographic and energetic analysis of binding of selected anions to the yellow variants of green fluorescent protein.

The fluorescence emission of yellow fluorescent proteins (YFPs) has been shown to respond rapidly and reversibly to changes in the concentration of some small anions such as halides; this allows for the use of YFPs as genetically encodable Cl(-) sensors that may be targeted to specific organelles in living cells. Fluorescence is suppressed due to protonation of the chromophore upon anion binding, with a stronger level of interaction at low pH values. At pH 6.0, the apparent dissociation constant (K(app)) for Cl(-) is 32 mM for YFP and 22 mM for YFP-H148Q, whereas at pH 7.5, K(app) is 777 mM and 154 mM, respectively. In the cytosol, YFP-H148Q appears most promising as a halide sensor due to its high degree of sensitivity towards I(-) (K(app)=23 mM at pH 7.5). To aid in the design of variants with improved levels of specificity and affinity for Cl(-), we solved apo and I(-)-bound crystal structures of YFP-H148Q to 2.1 A resolution. The halide-binding site is found near van der Waals contact with the chromophore imidazolinone oxygen atom, in a small buried cavity adjacent to Arg96, which provides electrostatic stabilization. The halide ion is hydrogen bonded to the phenol group of T203Y, consistent with a mutational analysis that indicates that T203Y is indispensible for tight binding. A series of conformational changes occurs in the amphiphilic site upon anion binding, which appear to be propagated to the beta-bulge region around residue 148 on the protein surface. Anion binding raises the chromophore pK(a) values, since delocalization of the phenolate negative charge over the chromophore skeleton is suppressed. Extraction of microscopic binding constants for the linked equilibrium between anion and proton binding indicates that anion selectivity by YFP is related to hydration forces. Specific suggestions to improve Cl(-) binding to YFP-H148Q based on size and hydration energy are proposed.
Crystal Lattices and Reciprocal Lattices

In this chapter, the basic unit vectors in real space and the basic unit vectors in reciprocal space, as well as their reciprocal relationships, are described. The commonly used Bravais lattices are summarized. The direction, plane, and interplanar spacing in a real space lattice are defined. The wavevectors, momentum change, Bragg condition, Miller indices, and reciprocal lattice vectors used in wave diffraction are defined. The reason one needs the reciprocal space to determine structure is explained.
Recovery of Semicircular Canal Primary Afferent Activity in the Pigeon After Streptomycin Ototoxicity

Li, Weidong and Manning J. Correia. Recovery of semicircular canal primary afferent activity in the pigeon after streptomycin ototoxicity. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 3297–3311, 1998. The electrophysiolog...
Supercritical fluid-aerosolized vitamin E pretreatment decreases leak in isolated oxidant-perfused rat lungs

Hybertson, Brooks M., Roger P. Kitlowski, Eric K. Jepson, and John E. Repine. Supercritical fluid-aerosolized vitamin E pretreatment decreases leak in isolated oxidant-perfused rat lungs.J. Appl. P...
The influence of anemia on phagocytic functions in rats.

1. Young male albino rats were subjected to weekly bleedings by cardiac puncture for eleven weeks. Phagocytic activity of the granulocytes in this blood was determined at each bleeding by a whole blood in vitro technic and compared to that of the blood from a control group consisting of 5 animals. Total blood cell counts and hemoglobin determinations were also made each week with both groups. The control animals were not bled more frequently than once in six weeks. 2. Phagocytic function in the bled animals increased approximately 40 per cent above the values for the controls during the period of weekly bleeding. There was no evidence of anemia developing during this period. 3. The experimental animals were then bled three times weekly for five weeks. Phagocytosis increased about 80 per cent above control values and the anemia became severe. Macrophages obtained from a peritoneal exudate stimulated by injections of mineral oil at the end of this five week period became approximately twice as phagocytic as macrophages from control animals. 4. With the cessation of bleeding, there was a complete remission of the anemia as measured after two weeks and the phagocytic activity of the blood had dropped below normal. There was a partial return to normal within four weeks, but it was still slightly subnormal at six weeks. The macrophages, on the other hand, were normal when tested four weeks after recovery. 5. Control animals subjected to ether anesthesia thrice weekly for six weeks showed normal phagoctyic functions, as measured with blood and macrophages. 6. These results are discussed in the light of earlier experiments on the phagocytic activity of blood from anemic humans.
Prevalence and Hospital Discharge Status of Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in the United States:

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a noninfectious complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that has gained in importance since the advent of antiretroviral therapy. HIV-associated PAH (HIV-PAH) has a higher prevalence than idiopathic PAH (IPAH), although the vascular pathology seen in HIV-PAH is virtually identical to that seen in IPAH. Initiating therapy for PAH at an early stage is associated with a better prognosis; however, because of the nonspecific symptoms associated with PAH, the diagnosis is often delayed. In addition, because of the low prevalence of HIV-PAH, routine screening for this condition has never been recommended. We hypothesize that the failure to create screening guidelines for HIV-PAH has resulted in underdiagnosis of the condition. This, in turn, results in individuals with HIV-PAH remaining undetected, allowing the disease to progress to more advanced stages or even remain unrecognized until death. If this hypothesis is correct, it may provide a strong argument for HIV-PAH screening guidelines, because HIV-PAH portends a poor prognosis and creates a significant economic burden if left untreated. To address this issue, we conducted a retrospective review of the National Hospital Discharge Survey data and the multiple-cause mortality data to determine the prevalence of HIV-PAH at hospital discharge and death. Using these large data sets, we observed that the prevalence of HIV-PAH among HIV-infected individuals at hospital discharge and death was significantly lower than the reported prevalence in the literature. In addition, we found that PAH was designated as the most common cause of mortality in patients with HIV-PAH.
Complete Genome Sequence of Human Norovirus GII.4_2006b, a Variant of Minerva 2006.

ABSTRACT In 2006, the National Calicivirus Laboratory at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmed multistate outbreaks of norovirus infection and identified two new GII.4 norovirus strains (Minerva and Laurens) through partial sequencing of the major capsid (VP1) gene. Here, we report the first complete genome sequence of the GII.4 Minerva isolate.
Caco-2 cells express type I interleukin-1 receptors: ligand binding enhances proliferation

We examined the effect of interleukin-1 (IL-1) on the rate of proliferation of the human colon carcinoma Caco-2 and characterized the human intestinal epithelial cell IL-1 receptor (IL-1R). IL-1 dose dependently increased tritiated thymidine uptake in confluent Caco-2 monolayers fed complete growth medium. An anti-IL-1 beta completely blocked the increase in tritiated thymidine uptake, whereas an IL-1 receptor antagonist human recombinant blocked it partially. In long-term culture, IL-1 increased DNA content over control, an effect similar to that of epidermal growth factor (EGF). Unlike EGF, IL-1 did not enhance tritiated thymidine uptake in Caco-2 monolayers grown in serum-free medium, implying that IL-1 needs a cofactor(s) to elicit its proliferative effect. Cross-linking 125I-IL-1 beta to Caco-2 membranes revealed a binding protein of approximately 80 kDa with binding saturated at approximately 2.5 x 10(9) M-1 consistent with that for the type I IL-1R. cDNA transcribed from Caco-2 mRNA and amplified by polymerase chain reaction, using complementary oligonucleotides, resulted in a reaction product matching the sequence of the type I IL-1R. Our results demonstrate that IL-1 enhances proliferation of Caco-2 cells. This effect requires the presence of an unidentified cofactor(s). Also, Caco-2 cells express the type I IL-1R.
High-pressure and high-temperature titanium solution mechanisms in silicate-saturated aqueous fluids and hydrous silicate melts

In the system Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-TiO2, the behavior of Ti-containing structural complexes has been determined in H2O-saturated silicate melts and in coexisting silicate-saturated aqueous fluids as well as in silicate-rich supercritical fluids to 900 °C and 2225 MPa. Titanium speciation in aqueous fluids in the system TiO2-H2O was also characterized. All measurements were carried out in situ at the desired temperature and pressure using confocal microRaman and microFTIR spectroscopy. The experiments were carried out in an Ir-gasketed hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell (HDAC) with K-type thermocouples for temperature measurement and the Raman shift of 13C synthetic diamond to monitor pressure. In the system Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-TiO2, four or five O atoms surround a central Ti4+ cation in melts, fluids, and supercritical fluids. In this environment, the titanium solubility mechanism is the same for melt, fluid, and single-phase liquid and can be described with the equation, 4Q1Si(Na)4H2O + TiO2 ↔ 4QSi(HNa) + QTi(Na). Subscripts denote the nature of central cation, superscripts, the number of bridging oxygens, and the symbol(s) in parentheses the type(s) of cation(s) that form bonds with nonbridging oxygen in the Q-species. The Δ H of this reaction is on the order several tens of kJ/mol. Because of the structural similarity of Ti-complexes in hydrous silicate melts and silicate-rich aqueous fluid, the fluid/melt partition coefficients also resemble one another. The partition coefficient is between 0.1 and 1 and is positively correlated with temperature, pressure, and Al/(Al+Si) of the silicate melt or aqueous fluid. In the chemically simpler system TiO2-H2O, titanium in aqueous fluid occupies the central position in oxygen polyhedra surrounded by approximately six O atoms. Here, the enthalpy change for the solution reaction is between 50 and 60 kJ/mol absent pressure corrections for volume differences between TiO2 in rutile and in aqueous solution. The Ti concentration in aqueous fluid is on the order of fractions to a few tens of parts per million. This solubility is orders of magnitude lower than in Ti solubility in silicate-saturated aqueous fluid in the system Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-TiO2 at similar pressures and temperatures. In natural environments such as high-grade metamorphic terranes and subduction zones, aqueous fluids are silicate-saturated. Such fluids are more efficient solvent refractory oxides, perhaps by 2–3 orders of magnitude for an oxide such as TiO2, than inferred from their solubility in pure H2O fluids.
A Natural Science of Behavior

We are evolved organisms, and our selection in that evolution depended on what our ancestors were able to do. Behavior should not be viewed as a symptom of something else, such as mind or brain; it...
The Tradeoffs and Side-Effects of Migrating from Wireless Computer to PDA-Based Support for Medication Administration

This research involved evaluating a PDA application developed to provide a more mobile version of an existing Veterans Administration software program called BCMA (Bar Code Medication Administration). The original application was designed to be operable from a wireless desktop or laptop computer situated on a cart and connected with a bar code scanner to scan patient wristbands and medication labels. The primary goals of this system are to verify the medications about to be given to a particular patient are those ordered and to document the process. The PDA version is intended to meet the same goals utilizing a scanner built into the PDA itself, but also offer the benefits of a small, light-weight, mobile system. The evaluation involved usability inspection, usability testing, and structured interviews. The results describe (1) how the operating system's virtual keyboard display interacted with critical data in the application; (2) how the application software developers dealt with the challenge of a smal...
Significance of the deviations of the crack front into the plane perpendicular to the crack propagation direction - I. Crack-front dislocation generation

A static crack front deviates more and more from straight line in a solid as I. the number of dislocations generated from the crack front increases and/or II. the temperature increases. The significance of these deviations into the plane perpendicular to the crack propagation direction is the subject of the present study, which we divide into two parts. In this paper (Part I), the influence of dislocation generation on the shape of a static crack front and on the conditions for crack motion are investigated. We have considered an elastic-plastic crack model in which, due to dislocation generation during mode I loading, the initially straight crack front deviates in the sinusoidal form in a plane perpendicular to both the average crack plane and the direction of fracture propagation. No crack opening displacement is allowed. The dislocations generated form a plastic zone separated from the crack by a dislocation free zone. Both the crack and the plastic zone are described in terms of continuous distributions of dislocations that are sinusoidal and straight edges, respectively. Expressions for the dislocation distributions, the relative displacement of the faces of the crack, the number of dislocations in the plastic region, and the crack opening force G per unit length of the crack front are evaluated. The similarities with isolated cracks (planar and wavy) are emphasized. It is shown that the stress at the front of the sinusoidal crack is unbounded in the mean fracture plane but bounded outside. Consequently, only the crack front sites located on the average crack plane are possible sites for the initiation of crack motion. G differs from that of the planar crack by a geometrical factor that depends on a new parameter, the crack front inclination angle θ. This is an acute angle, measured in the plane perpendicular to the crack propagation direction, between the crack front and the average fracture plane. As θ increases with the number of dislocations generated, G decreases and is ultimately zero for a critical value θc=tan −1(1/sqrtν) where ν is the Poisson ratio. This is a new condition for crack arrest in solids. Applying the theory to a steel, it is found that this condition could be achieved under localized plastic yielding at crack tips.
Determining Location and Magnitude of Historical (Pre‐1963) Events in the Rio Grande Rift Region Using Intensity Information

Abstract We used intensity information from five calibration earthquakes to estimate an intensity attenuation model for the Rio Grande rift region (encompassing west Texas, New Mexico, and southern Colorado). The attenuation model lies between similar models developed for the Basin and Range Province and central and eastern North America. Analysis of two test earthquakes occurring in 1931 and 2014 validated that the intensity attenuation relation adequately predicted the events’ magnitudes and epicenters. We then analyzed intensity information for nine historical (1906–1960) earthquakes to determine their magnitudes and epicenters. Our results indicate that the largest earthquakes of the 1906 Socorro, New Mexico, sequence had intensity magnitudes ( M I ) 5.7–5.9 and may represent north‐to‐south migration of seismicity associated with the Socorro magma body. Moderate earthquakes in 1935 and 1960 also are associated with the magma body. The 1938 Arizona–New Mexico border earthquake sequence occurred about 50 km northeast of the ongoing 2014 Arizona–New Mexico border sequence. The 17 September earthquake of the 1938 sequence had an M I (4.1) that was about 1.0 units less than that of the 29 June 2014 Arizona–New Mexico event ( M I 4.9).
Integrated Diagnosis of Transformer Faults Based on Three-layer Bayesian Network

In order to diagnose transformer faults fully and accurately,we established a three-layer Bayesian network by analyzing the causal relation of undesirable service conditions,failure modes,and abnormal symptoms.In this network model,undesirable service conditions and abnormal symptoms are treated as evidence in order to diagnose.According to the situation that undesirable service conditions are not included in existing transformers diagnosis methods which will result in imperfect evidence for diagnosis,the established model overcomes this deficiency.A Bayesian network reasoning method is used to obtain the most probable explanation of the network,including the concurrent fault that the transformer possibly confronts,and the condition of abnormal symptoms that are not detected.The results provide an important basis for following diagnostic tests.
CT Scan for Diagnosis and Therapeutic Efficancy Evaluation in Patients with Hypooxic - ischemic Encephalopathy

this paper analysed the CT features and evaluated therapeutic efficacy with two different methods of treatment in sixty neonate with hypooxic -ischemic encephalopathy(HIE). The results showed that cases treated with reinfusion of ultraviolet irradiated blood were more effective and less sequelae than those treated with the conventional drugs and/or high pressure oxygen cabin treatment in control group (P0. 01). The authors suggested that CT scan was a safe and significant procedure for the diagnosis and evaluation of therapy tfficacy in HIE
Health Care for Deaf Adolescents.

In an attempt to make up for a dearth of literature on deaf adolescents, the author offers a definition of "deafness" and "deaf culture" in the U.S., explains the social roles that people take depending on their audiologic and social characteristics, discusses controversies surrounding American Sign Language, and suggests ways for practitioners to approach and offer services to deaf adolescents.
Writing the Wolf Away

This essay explores themes of food writing and food memory—conveyors and components of what Annie Hauck-Lawson terms “food voice”—against the backdrop of war, in particular World War II. It focuses on three surprisingly interconnected works: M.F.K. Fisher's How to Cook a Wolf; the autobiographical memoir Nobody Knows the Truffles I've Seen by George Lang; and In Memory's Kitchen, the harrowing, defiant collection of recipes compiled by women in Theresienstadt. Linking all three books are themes of shortage and plenty, survival and celebration, food and food writing as humanizing forces, sources of comfort, and even acts of resistance.
Body Mass Index and Intracerebral Hemorrhage (P7.137)

OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess the relationship between BMI and ICH etiology. BACKGROUND: Extremes of body mass index (BMI) are associated with an increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). DESIGN/METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed spontaneous ICH cases admitted to our institution between 2008 and 2010. ICH was categorized as lobar and deep (including pontine) based upon CT imaging. We excluded secondary ICH, multiple ICH, and cerebellar ICH. BMI (calculated based on weight and height) was categorized as underweight ( 2 ), normal (18.5 to 24.9 kg/m 2 ), overweight (25 to 29.9 kg/m 2 ), and obese (>30 kg/m 2 ). We performed univariate and multivariate analysis of BMI and other relevant factors associated with ICH etiology. RESULTS: Among the 461 patients, 295 were deep and 166 were lobar. In univariate analysis, deep and lobar ICH differed significantly in age (p< 0.0001), gender (p= 0.03), race (p< 0.0001), hypertension (p= 0.001), and category of BMI (p= 0.008). Patients with deep ICH were significantly younger (mean age 58.6 vs 67), more likely to be African American (69% vs 44%), had higher rate of hypertension (80% vs 66%), and higher rate of obesity (41% vs 25%). In multivariable analysis, age (p< 0.001), hypertension (p< 0.001), and BMI category (p< 0.001) remained independent predictors of ICH etiology. No significant difference was found between BMI and ICH etiology when BMI was analyzed as a continuous variable (p= 0.96), suggesting that small incremental changes in BMI are not as significant as the category of BMI. CONCLUSIONS: The BMI category is associated with ICH etiology, with a higher frequency of obesity seen in deep ICH compared with lobar ICH. Further studies aimed at understanding the association of BMI category with ICH are warranted. Study Supported by: Rush University Medical Center Disclosure: Dr. Holmes has nothing to disclose. Dr. Garg hasr eceived research support from the American Health Association, and RTSC. Dr. Conners has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lee has nothing to disclose.
Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy in the Perinuclear Space

The importance of the nuclear envelope extends well beyond separating the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. The perinuclear space (PS) located within the nuclear envelope contains proteins involved in many cellular functions including cellular signaling, force transduction, and mechanical properties of the cell. Protein oligomerization plays a central role in the control of these biological processes. Currently, there is no technique that allows for quantitative, real time exploration of the oligomeric state of proteins inside the PS. We previously used fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (FFS) with brightness analysis to measure the oligomeric state of protein complexes in the cytoplasm, the nucleus, and the plasma membrane. To extend these measurements to the PS we performed z-scan FFS to account for the layered structure of the nuclear envelope within the cell. However, the conventional analysis tools that allowed us to quantify protein complexes in the cytoplasm and at the plasma membrane failed in the PS. To overcome this obstacle we explored an alternative analysis approach and tested it on fluorescent proteins that were co-translationally targeted to the PS. We compared the recovered diffusion and brightness of these proteins in the PS and in the cytoplasm. We extended our investigation to functional proteins, including SUN2, and demonstrate that measurements of the oligomeric state of protein complexes in the PS are feasible. This work has been supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (R01 GM64589).
Estimating the Risks of Adverse Radiation Effects After Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformations.

Background and Purpose— We evaluated risk factors associated with the development of adverse radiation effects (ARE) after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Methods— We evaluated 755 patients with AVM who underwent a single Gamma Knife SRS procedure with at least a 2-year minimum follow-up. Eighty-seven patients (12%) underwent previous resection and 128 (17%) had previous embolization. The median target volume was 3.6 mL (range, 0.1–26.3 mL). The median margin dose was 20 Gy (range, 13–27 Gy). Results— Fifty-five patients (7%) developed symptomatic ARE at a median follow-up of 75 months. The cumulative rates of symptomatic ARE were 3.2%, 5.8%, 6.7%, and 7.5% at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Factors associated with a higher rate of developing symptomatic ARE included larger AVM volume, higher margin dose, larger 12-Gy volume, higher Spetzler–Martin grade, and higher radiosurgery-based score. The rates of developing symptomatic ARE were higher in the brain stem (22%) or thalamus (16%), compared with AVMs located in other brain locations (4%–8%). Nineteen patients (3%) sustained irreversible new neurological deficits related to ARE, and 1 patient died. The rates of irreversible symptomatic ARE were 0.8%, 1.9%, 2.1%, and 2.8% at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years, respectively. The 5-year cumulative rates of irreversible symptomatic ARE were 9.1% in thalamus, 12.1% in brain stem, and 1.4% in other locations. Conclusions— The knowledge of ARE risk rates after AVM radiosurgery can assist informed consent for patients with AVM, their families, and healthcare providers.
A unified spectral method for FPDEs with two-sided derivatives; part I: A fast solver

Abstract We develop a unified Petrov–Galerkin spectral method for a class of fractional partial differential equations with two-sided derivatives and constant coefficients of the form D t 2 τ 0 u + ∑ i = 1 d [ c l i a i D x i 2 μ i u + c r i x i D b i 2 μ i u ] + γ u = ∑ j = 1 d [ κ l j a j D x j 2 ν j u + κ r j x j D b j 2 ν j u ] + f , where 2 τ ∈ ( 0 , 2 ) , 2 τ ≠ 1 , 2 μ i ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) and 2 ν j ∈ ( 1 , 2 ) , in a ( 1 + d )-dimensional space–time hypercube, d = 1 , 2 , 3 , ⋯ , subject to homogeneous Dirichlet initial/boundary conditions. We employ the eigenfunctions of the fractional Sturm–Liouville eigen-problems of the first kind in [1] , called Jacobi poly-fractonomials, as temporal bases, and the eigen-functions of the boundary-value problem of the second kind as temporal test functions. Next, we construct our spatial basis/test functions using Legendre polynomials, yielding mass matrices being independent of the spatial fractional orders ( μ i , ν j , i , j = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , d ). Furthermore, we formulate a novel unified fast linear solver for the resulting high-dimensional linear system based on the solution of generalized eigen-problem of spatial mass matrices with respect to the corresponding stiffness matrices, hence, making the complexity of the problem optimal, i.e., O ( N d + 2 ) . We carry out several numerical test cases to examine the CPU time and convergence rate of the method. The corresponding stability and error analysis of the Petrov–Galerkin method are carried out in [2] .
Non-canonical Wnt signaling regulates neural stem cell quiescence during homeostasis and after demyelination.

Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in a specialized microenvironment, the subventricular zone (SVZ), which provides them with unique signaling cues to control their basic properties and prevent their exhaustion. While the signaling mechanisms that regulate NSC lineage progression are well characterized, the molecular mechanisms that trigger the activation of quiescent NSCs during homeostasis and tissue repair are still unclear. Here, we uncovered that the NSC quiescent state is maintained by Rho-GTPase Cdc42, a downstream target of non-canonical Wnt signaling. Mechanistically, activation of Cdc42 induces expression of molecules involved in stem cell identity and anchorage to the niche. Strikingly, during a demyelination injury, downregulation of non-canonical Wnt-dependent Cdc42 activity is necessary to promote activation and lineage progression of quiescent NSCs, thereby initiating the process of tissue repair. Following demyelination injury, neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone switch to an activated state. Here, the authors show that a transient shift from non-canonical to canonical Wnt signaling is necessary for activation of quiescent NSCs to achieve tissue homeostasis and brain repair.
PRELIMINARY MEASUREMENTS OF POLARIZATION TRANSFER IN 4He(→d,→d)4He ELASTIC SCATTERING*

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview on polarization transfer measurements for deuteron-4He elastic scattering. These measurements are sufficiently complete to allow an unambiguous determination of the scattering matrix at the chosen energies and angles. This information can be used to make certain that a given set of energy-dependent phase shifts is on the correct branch. This helps in assigning positions, quantum numbers, and widths to the various states in 6Li. An approximate knowledge of the phase shifts, but with assurance that one is on the right branch, should help in the determination of whether the required condition is met. If it is met, a valuable calibration standard for deuteron tensor polarization will be obtained. The data presented in the chapter was taken at a laboratory deuteron angle 30o. Eleven polarization transfer coefficients were measured for 4.8, 6.3, and 7.7 MeV while six were measured for 8.6 MeV. This constitutes the determination of the matrix; in principle, only three properly selected coefficients, together with the analyzing tensors and the cross section, are required. The chapter also highlights the experimental technique and delineates graph plots of the polarization transfer coefficients for d-α elastic scattering at a laboratory angle of 30°.
MINIMALIST: An Extensible Toolkit and Framework for Asynchronous Burst-Mode Synthesis

Minimalist is a new extensible environment for the synthesis and verification of burst-mode asynchronous finite-state machines. Minimalist embodies a complete technology-independent synthesis path, with a number exact and heuristic asynchronous synthesis algorithms, e.g. optimal state assignment (Chasm), two-level hazard-free logic minimization (Hfmin, Espresso-HF, and ImpyMin), and synthesis-for-testability.
Uroflowmetry in the Female

Uroflowmetry is the study of voiding velocity. This can be measured eloquently with electronic uroflowmetry as demonstrated in Fig. 3.1, or can be measured simply by using a stopwatch to time the patient’s voiding effort and calculating a mean flow rate when the volume is measured. However, since uroflowmetry is usually used to determine obstructive voiding, mean flow rates do not have as much significance as maximal flow rates.
Making Sense of Policy Paradoxes: A Case Study of Teacher Leadership:

In this article we present findings from case study research conducted in one district that was implementing inclusive special education programs and new testing and accountability policies in site...
Cancer-Specific Splicing Changes and the Potential for Splicing-Derived Neoantigens

In this issue of Cancer Cell, Kahles et al. perform a comprehensive analysis of RNA splicing across cancer types and identify novel correlations between genetic alterations and splicing in cancer. In addition, they identify that tumor-specific splicing has the potential to generate a large new class of tumor-specific neoantigens.
Abstract 187: Temporal Trends in Sex and Age Disparities in Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment and Outcomes in the United States From 2004 to 2014

Background: Data on trends in intravenous thrombolysis (tPA) and mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients are outdated. We aim to: (1) Evaluate current age and sex-speci...
Predictors of Symptom Outcome in Interpretation Bias Modification for Dysphoria

Abstract Interpretation Bias Modification (IBM) interventions have been effective in reducing negative interpretation biases theorized to underlie depressive psychopathology. Although these programs have been highlighted as potential short-term interventions for depression, mixed evidence has been found for their effects on depressive symptoms. There is a need to examine attitudes towards training as well as individual difference factors that may impact symptom outcomes for IBM depression interventions. Seventy-two dysphoric young adults were randomly assigned to receive either an IBM targeting negative interpretation bias in personal evaluations or interpersonal situations or a healthy video control (HVC) condition. Compared to those who received HVC, participants in the IBM condition reported lower negative interpretation bias at posttreatment. No differences between conditions were found for symptom outcomes. Greater perceived treatment credibility and expectancy were associated with better treatment outcomes for both the IBM and HVC groups. Within the IBM group, a greater tendency toward assimilation with treatment scenarios was significantly associated with better treatment outcomes for both depressive and anger symptoms. This effect was unique from treatment credibility and expectancy. Pretreatment psychological reactance did not predict treatment response for either condition. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for alcohol dependence: Findings from a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Objectives To assess the effects of mindfulness-based relapse prevention for alcohol dependence (MBRP-A) intervention on drinking and related consequences. Methods 123 alcohol-dependent adults in early recovery, recruited from outpatient treatment programs, were randomly assigned to MBRP-A (intervention plus usual-care; N = 64) or Control (usual-care-alone; N = 59) group. MBRP-A consisted of eight-weekly sessions and home practice. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 8 weeks and 26 weeks (18 weeks post-intervention), and compared between groups using repeated measures analysis. Results Outcome analysis included 112 participants (57 MBRP-A; 55 Control) who provided follow-up data. Participants were 41.0 ± 12.2 years old, 56.2% male, and 91% white. Prior to “quit date,” they reported drinking on 59.4 ± 34.8% (averaging 6.1 ± 5.0 drinks/day) and heavy drinking (HD) on 50.4 ± 35.5% of days. Their drinking reduced after the “quit date” (before enrollment) to 0.4 ± 1.7% (HD: 0.1 ± 0.7%) of days. At 26 weeks, the MBRP-A and control groups reported any drinking on 11.5 ± 22.5% and 5.9 ± 11.6% of days and HD on 4.5 ± 9.3% and 3.2 ± 8.7% of days, respectively, without between-group differences (ps ≥ 0.05) in drinking or related consequences during the follow-up period. Three MBRP-A participants reported “relapse,” defined as three-consecutive HD days, during the study. Subgroup analysis indicated that greater adherence to session attendance and weekly home practice minutes were associated with improved outcomes. Conclusions MBRP-A as an adjunct to usual-care did not show to improve outcomes in alcohol-dependent adults in early recovery compared to usual-care-alone; a return to drinking and relapse to HD were rare in both groups. However, greater adherence to MBRP-A intervention may improve long-term drinking-related outcomes.
Revisiting the institutional determinants of central bank independence

ABSTRACTReform towards greater central bank independence is generally seen as intertwined with institutional development more broadly. However, the largest empirical study to date on the determinan...
The PMK-3 (p38) Mitochondrial Retrograde Response Functions in Intestinal Cells to Extend Life via the ESCRT Machinery.

ABSTRACT The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) PMK-3 controls a life-extending retrograde response in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that is activated following mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) disruption and is distinct from known longevity-promoting pathways. Here we show that the long isoform of PMK-3 expressed exclusively in the gut, rather than neurons, is sufficient to fully extend the life of animals exposed to mild ETC dysfunction. Surprisingly, constitutive activation of PMK-3 using a gain-of-function MAP3K/DLK-1 mutant does not extend the life of wild-type worms due to dampening of the DLK-1/PMK-3 signaling axis with age. We further show that core components of the ESCRT-III machinery, including ISTR-1, CHMP2B (CC01A4.2) and RAB-11.1, are required for life extension following ETC disruption. ESCRT proteins are needed for extracellular vesicle (EV) formation, lysosomal traffic and other functions requiring membrane encapsulation away from the cytoplasm. Together, our findings underscore PMK-3 as a pivotal factor controlling life extension in worms following mitochondrial ETC disruption and illustrate the importance of the endomembrane system to this process. Our findings raise the possibility that EVs may act as intra-organismal signaling vehicles to control aging.
Practices and policies of marijuana retail stores in the first two US states to legalize recreational marijuana sales

With the recent introduction of recreational marijuana retail stores throughout the United States and other jurisdictions, research is warranted on whether responsible sales practices are implement...
National Prevalence of Disability and Clinical Accommodations in Medical Education.

Background:This study aimed to evaluate and report the national prevalence of disability across undergraduate medical education (UME) and examine differences in the category of disability, and acco...
Sixty-day unplanned readmissions after robot-assisted versus open-radical prostatectomy.

244Background: Options for clinically localized prostate cancer include radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy and active surveillance. Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) is increasingly...
Dielectron Measurements in STAR

Ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions provide a unique environment to study the properties of strongly interacting matter. Dileptons, which are not affected by the strong interactions, are an ideal penetrating probe. We present the dielectron results for p+p and Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV, as measured by the STAR experiment. We discuss the prospects of dilepton measurements with the near-future detector upgrades, and the recent lower beam energy Au+Au measurements.
Leaving Space for Nature: The Critical Role of Area-Based Conservation by Nigel Dudley, & Sue Stolton, ( 2020 ) 194 pp., Routledge, Abingdon, UK. ISBN 978-0-367407537 (pbk), GBP 34.99

Stalwarts of the protected area movement for more than 2 decades, the authors have penned an unassuming gem that seeks to provide a ‘contemporary assessment of area-based conservation and its implications for nature and society’ (back cover). The loss in revenue to protected area authorities from a collapse in tourism, and to conservation organizations through economic decline, is having a huge effect. Perhaps there remains room for discussions around human health and population, human–wildlife conflict, and the complementary discipline of species conservation.
Dangerous Disconnect: Voter Backlash, Elite Misperception, and the Costs of Violence as an Electoral Tactic

Why do politicians use violence as an electoral tactic, and how does it affect voting behavior? Theories of election-related violence focus on the electoral benefits such violence is said to provide, relying on the assumption that when parties and candidates employ violence, they do so based on an accurate assessment of its relative costs and benefits. Far less attention has been paid to the costs of violence as an electoral tactic, including the potential for voter backlash against it. This study provides evidence that voter backlash against violence is more significant than both scholars and politicians tend to assume. Moreover, that backlash can diminish the electoral advantages that violence provides. Combining survey experiments with Kenyan voters and observational data on violence and election outcomes, I find compelling evidence for broad-based voter backlash against violence that undermines its effectiveness as an electoral tactic. At the same time, data from parallel survey experiments and qualitative interviews with Kenyan politicians demonstrate that they underestimate the extent to which violence diminishes their support among voters. The results highlight the often underappreciated costs of violence as an electoral tactic and the role that elite misperceptions can play in its persistence.
Regional Spread of blaNDM-1-Containing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST147 in Post-Acute Care Facilities.

BACKGROUND Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) harboring blaKPC have been endemic in Chicago-area healthcare networks for more than a decade. During 2016-2019, a series of regional point-prevalence surveys identified increasing prevalence of blaNDM-containing CRE in multiple long-term acute care hospitals (LTACHs) and ventilator-capable skilled nursing facilities (vSNFs). We performed a genomic epidemiology investigation of blaNDM-producing CRE to understand their regional emergence and spread. METHODS We performed whole-genome sequencing on New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM)+ CRE isolates from 4 point-prevalence surveys across 35 facilities (LTACHs, vSNFs, and acute care hospital medical intensive care units) in the Chicago area and investigated the genomic relatedness and transmission dynamics of these isolates over time. RESULTS Genomic analyses revealed that the rise of NDM+ CRE was due to the clonal dissemination of an sequence type (ST) 147 Klebsiella pneumoniae strain harboring blaNDM-1 on an IncF plasmid. Dated phylogenetic reconstructions indicated that ST147 was introduced into the region around 2013 and likely acquired NDM around 2015. Analyzing the relatedness of strains within and between facilities supported initial increases in prevalence due to intrafacility transmission in certain vSNFs, with evidence of subsequent interfacility spread among LTACHs and vSNFs connected by patient transfer. CONCLUSIONS We identified a regional outbreak of blaNDM-1 ST147 that began in and disseminated across Chicago area post-acute care facilities. Our findings highlight the importance of performing genomic surveillance at post-acute care facilities to identify emerging threats.
Speed and accuracy of reorientation from a bird's eye view: Does the type of spatial information matter?

Abstract This set of studies examines accuracy and reaction times of human adults in a reorientation task when the spatial information available is manipulated. All experiments used within subjects designs in which participants saw figures containing different types of useful spatial information (Experiment 1: a landmark, a geometric cue, a landmark and a geometric cue, and no useful cue) or pairs of different cues (Experiment 2a: two landmarks, two geometric cues, and a landmark and a geometric cue together; Experiment 2b: two configurations of two landmarks, two geometric cues, and a landmark and a geometric cue together) on a computer screen and were asked to find a location on a rotated version of the figure following a short delay. In Experiment 1, participants were less accurate in the landmark condition and the conditions that included geometric elements were faster. In Experiments 2a and 2b, the conditions that included geometry were faster than the landmark only condition that had no geometry. The results are discussed in terms of theoretical accounts of the processing of featural and geometric sources of information.
Hyperovals in Desarguesian Planes of Even Order

In this survey we shall present all the known hyperovals of the title, including the most recently discovered such hyperovals. The latest examples were found by computer searches and some of the results of these searches in the Desarguesian plane of order 32 will also be given. A number of open problems are posed.
Genes that regulate morphogenesis and growth of the temporomandibular joint: A review

Compared with the joints of the limbs, our understanding of the genes that regulate development and growth in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is fairly limited. Because the morphogenesis of the secondary cartilage and other intra-articular structures in the TMJ occurs later and in a different manner than in the limbs, the genetic control of TMJ development might reasonably be assumed to differ from that in the limbs. However, studies of the specific genes regulating TMJ morphogenesis and growth have only begun to appear in the literature within the last decade. This review attempts to survey and interpret the existing knowledge on this topic and to suggest fruitful avenues of investigation for the future. Studies to date using knockout and over-expression of candidate genes suggest that a developmental hierarchy of joint structures exists, with condyle development primary. A hierarchy of gene expression also exists: Runx2 and Sox9 expression is critical for condylar cartilage formation. Several of the other genes discussed in this report may regulate TMJ morphogenesis by affecting Sox9 and Runx2 expression and control the ihh-PTHrP axis by means of these genes.