cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sunlight Flavor in Milk. I. A Study of Components Involved in the Flavor Development

Summary Samples of milk were exposed to sunlight and to monochromatic light of various wavelengths for different time intervals. Quantitative determinations of riboflavin and tryptophane were made on samples of milk. Flavor scores were obtained on samples of milk subject to monochromatic light of 424, 450, and 479 µ . A relationship existed between riboflavin destruction, tryptophane destruction, and the intensity of sunlight flavor development; maximum riboflavin destruction and flavor development occurred at 450 µ ; oxygen was necessary for flavor development; and the flavor principle was nondialyzable.
PET Radiotracers for Imaging the Proliferative Status of Solid Tumors

Two different strategies have been developed for imaging the proliferative status of solid tumors with the functional imaging technique, PET. The first strategy uses carbon-11 labeled thymidine, or more recently, fluorine-18 labeled thymidine analogs. These agents are a substrate for the enzyme thymidine kinase-1(TK-1) and provide a pulse label of the number of cells in S phase. The second method for imaging the proliferative status of a tumor uses radio-labeled ligands that bind to the sigma-2 receptor which has a 10-fold higher density in proliferating (P) tumor cells versus quiescent (Q) tumor cells. This article compares and contrasts the two different strategies for imaging the proliferative status of solid tumors, and describes the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.
The Ontological Argument

There are several styles of ontological argument. Here are examples of the first style.God has all perfections.Existence is a perfection.∴God exists.All perfect beings exist.God is a perfect being.∴God exists.God couldn't be improved.A being that doesn't exist could be improved (by coming to be).∴God exists.
Patients' expectations of lumbar spine surgery.

Purpose Patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery are a heterogeneous population and their expectations of surgery are likely to vary depending on individual and group characteristics. Our goal was to assess associations between expectations and demographic, psychological, and clinical characteristics in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery.
Section 9 epidemiological and political determinants of social policies regarding the public heatlh

Abstract This paper is organized into three major sections. The first (A) discusses a personal view of social policy as the underlying ideology and purposive action adopted by government, ostensibly on behalf of the public, with the intention of beneficially altering the health and welfare of citizens through the provision of services and/or income. The second section (B) considers the following six propositions which ought to shape any future social policies concerning the public health: 1. 1. Specific medical measures and the expansion of medical services have little effect on the overall health of populations. 2. 2. There is little relationship between conventional medical care inputs and traditional health outcomes. 3. 3. Prevention of disease by social and environmental management offers greater promise than any other means presently available. 4. 4. The modern state is in fiscal crisis and serves other than the public interest. 5. 5. Financial and industrial capital has invaded, transformed and now dominates the medical/health care arena. 6. 6. Much of established medical and health practice is either known to be ineffective, or has never been evaluated on commonly accepted scientific grounds. The third section (C) outlines some guidelines and an appropriate methodology for informing decisions upon the allocation of resources in the context of the international fiscal crisis.
Direct measurements of water adsorption enthalpy on hafnia and zirconia

A commercial surface area analyzer and Calvet-type microcalorimeter were combined for measurements of heats of gas–solid interactions, providing enhanced resolution, flexibility, and throughput compared to conventional methods. Integral adsorption enthalpies for half monolayer coverage on HfO2 and ZrO2 surfaces were found to be in the range −130–190 and −110–170kJ per mole of gaseous H2O for differently prepared monoclinic phases and −70 and −90kJ∕mole for tetragonal phases from precipitation. The surface enthalpy for anhydrous tetragonal ZrO2 was derived as 1.23±0.04J∕m2 from water adsorption and high-temperature solution calorimetry data.
μHall Chip for Sensitive Detection of Bacteria

Sensitive, rapid and phenotype-specific enumeration of pathogens is essential for the diagnosis of infectious disease, monitoring of food chains, and for defense against bioterrorism. Microbiological culture and genotyping, techniques that sensitively and selectively detect bacteria in laboratory settings, have limited application in clinical environments due to high cost, slow response times, and the need for specially trained staff and laboratory infrastructure. To address these challenges, we developed a microfluidic chip-based micro-Hall (μHall) platform capable of measuring single, magnetically tagged bacteria directly in clinical specimens with minimal sample processing. We demonstrated the clinical utility of the μHall chip by enumerating Gram-positive bacteria. The overall detection limit of the system was similar to that of culture tests (~10 bacteria), but the assay time was 50-times faster. This low-cost, single-cell analytical technique is especially well-suited to diagnose infectious diseases in resource-limited clinical settings.
Successful management of stage 4S neuroblastoma and severe hepatomegaly using absorbable mesh in an infant

Abstract This report describes the use of an absorbable mesh in an infant with stage 4S neuroblastoma who required decompressive laparotomy. At the time of laparotomy, a SILASTIC ® silo was placed. After 12 days, the liver had not reduced in size despite chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Because of concern for infection, the silo was removed, and an absorbable polygalactin (Vicry) mesh was placed. Wet-to-dry dressings were used to manage the mesh. A granulation base developed that provided a physiological closure of the abdominal cavity. Forty-two days after placement of the absorbable mesh, the liver had reduced to a size that permitted mobilization of skin flaps for a surgical abdominal closure. The liver continued to reduce in size, allowing the fascial edges to draw together. The patient is now 2 years old with no signs of residual tumor or ventral hernia.
Correlations and self-consistency in pion scattering (I)

Abstract We propose a new approach for calculating higher-order effects in pion multiple scattering. Our theory includes nucleon-nucleon correlations and incorporates the idea of self-consistency. We examine the theory analytically in the case of nonoverlapping scatterers and find that : (i) higher-order terms are more moderate in size than found previously; (ii) the Kisslinger anomaly cannot occur ; and (iii) the pion mean free path at resonance is comparable to the interparticle spacing at high density. The ideas are developed within the framework of the Foldy-Walecka theory but are applicable in more comprehensive theories.
The Aristocrat in the Mirror: Male Vanity and Bourgeois Desire in William Makepeace Thackeray's Vanity Fair

39 Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old R´´gime and the French Revolution, trans. Stuart Gilbert (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Doubleday, 1955), pp. 88-89.Taking their cue from Thomas Carlyle9s Sartor Resartus (1833-34), scholars of Regency and early-Victorian dandyism have focused on a supposed opposition between the dandyism of a declining aristocracy and the moral earnestness of a rising bourgeoisie. This historical model obscures the full complexity of relations between the nineteenthcentury British bourgeoisie and aristocracy, a complexity that can be illuminated by a closer examination of William Makepeace Thackeray9s works. Thackeray9s novels and sketches, which are surprisingly filled with middle-class dandies (such as Vanity Fair9s George Osborne and Jos Sedley) and vigorous, hypermasculine aristocrats (such as Vanity Fair9s Rawdon Crawley), reverse the Victorian literary stereotypes of effete aristocrats and manly bourgeoisie. Focusing particularly on Vanity Fair (1847- 48) and on Thackeray9s sketch journalism, I seek to understand why Thackeray repeatedly depicts bourgeois men who are feminized both by their vanity and by their homosocial-even homoerotic-desire for more powerful aristocratic men. My essay places Thackeray9s works within recent historiographical models that emphasize the fusion of, rather than the opposition between, the nineteenth-century British bourgeoisie and aristocracy. Protesting against this fusion in the name of bourgeois independence, Thackeray indicts the British middle classes for their obsession with aristocratic concepts of gentility, a phenomenon that he was the first to label "snobbism." For Thackeray, I argue, the comic trope of bourgeois male vanity becomes an especially powerful device for critiquing "snobbism." By calling upon the scandalous figure of the mirror-gazing man, Thackeray attempts to shock his middle-class readers into acknowledging the artificial and performative nature of their own class personae.
Clinical evaluation for osteoporosis

This article focuses on the clinical evaluation of patients diagnosed with osteoporosis either by bone densitometry or by presence of a fragility fracture, with an emphasis on the search for secondary causes. In the vast majority of cases, osteoporosis results from the loss of sex steroids after menopause in women (‘‘postmenopausal osteoporosis’’) or from the normal physiologic processes that occur in both men and women as they age (involutional or ‘‘senile’’ osteoporosis). Individuals develop osteoporosis through a complex interplay of genetics, lifestyle choices, hormonal factors, and medical disorders. Some are destined to develop osteoporosis relatively early in life by failing to achieve a high ‘‘peak bone mass.’’ For others, osteoporosis occurs as a consequence of accelerated bone loss later in life. In 11% to 31% of women [1,2] and in 30% to 64% of men [3,4], however, an unexpected secondary cause of osteoporosis can be identified. It is critical to diagnose these secondary causes of osteoporosis in order to treat reversible conditions, avoid unnecessary therapies, and uncover serious underlying disorders. Certain clinical scenarios suggest that a patient may have a secondary cause of osteoporosis. A list of these scenarios is presented in Table 1. In these clinical situations, the evaluation should be much more detailed than for the debilitated nursing home patient who presents with her first hip fracture at age 80. Yet even for this patient, a modified work-up is warranted (see below).
Use of social networking sites for product communication

Information motivation predicts attitudes toward the site in both groups.Socializing motivation predicts attitudes toward the site among Hispanics only.Entertainment motivation predicts attitudes toward the site among whites only.Attitudes toward the site predict use intensity, interactive use and recommendation. This study extends the uses and gratification theory and examines SNS use in a specific context, namely product communication, among Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites, two important consumer segments in the U.S. market. It tests the relationships between motivations, attitudes, and usage outcomes that are unique to SNSs in an integrative model. Structural equation modeling analysis of the results obtained from an Internet-based survey (N=595) demonstrates that the information motivation predicts favorable attitudes and various usage outcomes in both groups. However, the motivation to socialize positively predicts attitudes and usage outcomes among Hispanics only, while the entertainment motivation emerges as a determining factor for whites only. Results from this study provide theoretical and managerial implications for the development of effective marketing communication in the area of social networking sites.
The history and impact of state initiatives to eliminate affirmative action

As diversity increases in the general population, U.S. colleges and universities are struggling to maintain campus diversity in the context of legislative elimination of affirmative action in admissions.
Edging Toward a New Politics in Malaysia: Civil Society at the Gate?

Activists from civil society contributed significantly to the strong performance of the opposition in Malaysia9s March 2008 elections, strategizing opposition collaboration, standing as candidates, informing debates, and expanding media options. These efforts boosted the excitement of the polls and the opposition9s odds, but they also pose new challenges for the future.
Ultrasonic Induced Preparation of the Inclusion Complex of Perilla frutescens Essential Oil with β-Cyclodextrin

In order to get Perilla frutescens (L.) seed oil (PSO) inclusion compound with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The ultrasonic induced preparation parameters was studied. Basis on the signal factor test, an orthogonal experiment L9(3)4 was applied to optimize the best preparation conditions. The optimum preparation parameters were determined as follows: ultrasonic power200W, ultrasonic time20min, inclusion temperature 48°C and ratio of PSO to β-CD 1:5 (ml/g). Under optimized conditions, the inclusion ratio was 81.1%. All the results indicated that ultrasonic induced preparation of PSO inclusion compound with β-CD was a suitable method for it has shorter time and higher inclusion ratio.
PET imaging of thin objects: measuring the effects of positron range and partial-volume averaging in the leaf of Nicotiana tabacum

Abstract Introduction PET imaging in plants is receiving increased interest as a new strategy to measure plant responses to environmental stimuli and as a tool for phenotyping genetically engineered plants. PET imaging in plants, however, poses new challenges. In particular, the leaves of most plants are so thin that a large fraction of positrons emitted from PET isotopes ( 18 F, 11 C, 13 N) escape while even state-of-the-art PET cameras have significant partial-volume errors for such thin objects. Although these limitations are acknowledged by researchers, little data have been published on them. Methods Here we measured the magnitude and distribution of escaping positrons from the leaf of Nicotiana tabacum for the radionuclides 18 F, 11 C and 13 N using a commercial small-animal PET scanner. Imaging results were compared to radionuclide concentrations measured from dissection and counting and to a Monte Carlo simulation using GATE (Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission). Results Simulated and experimentally determined escape fractions were consistent. The fractions of positrons (mean±S.D.) escaping the leaf parenchyma were measured to be 59±1.1%, 64±4.4% and 67±1.9% for 18 F, 11 C and 13 N, respectively. Escape fractions were lower in thicker leaf areas like the midrib. Partial-volume averaging underestimated activity concentrations in the leaf blade by a factor of 10 to 15. Conclusions The foregoing effects combine to yield PET images whose contrast does not reflect the actual activity concentrations. These errors can be largely corrected by integrating activity along the PET axis perpendicular to the leaf surface, including detection of escaped positrons, and calculating concentration using a measured leaf thickness.
Anti-Cheating: Detecting Self-Inflicted and Impersonator Cheaters for Remote Health Monitoring Systems with Wearable Sensors

In remote health monitoring of patient's physical activity, ensuring correctness and authenticity of the received data is essential. Although many activity monitoring systems, devices and techniques have been developed, preventing patient cheating of an activity monitor has been a primarily unaddressed challenge across the board. Patients can manually shake an activity monitor device (sensor) with their hand and watch their physical activity points or rewards increase, we define this as "self-inflicted" cheating. A second type of cheating, "impersonator" cheating, is when subjects hand the activity sensor over to a friend or second party to wear and perform physical activity on their behalf. In this paper, we propose two novel methods based on classification algorithms to address the cheating problems. The first classification framework improves the correctness of our data by detecting self-inflicted cheatings. The second technique is an advanced classification scheme that extracts and learns unique patient-specific activity patterns from prior data collected on a patient to distinguish the true subject from an impersonator. We tested our proposed techniques on Wanda, a remote health monitoring system used in our Women's Heart Health study of 90 African American women at risk of cardiovascular disease. We were able to distinguish cheating from other physical activities such as walking and running, as well as other common activities of daily living such as driving and playing video games. The self-inflicted cheating classifier achieved an accuracy of above 90% and an AUC of 99%. The impersonator cheater framework results in an average accuracy of above 90% and an average AUC of 94%. Our results provide insight into the randomness of cheating activities, successfully detects cheaters, and attempts to build more context-aware remote activity monitors that more accurately capture patient activity.
Withdrawal from ethanol: Simple quantitative behavioral tests for its evaluation

Several behavioral manifestations were evaluated after withdrawal from ethanol in rats maintained for 6 weeks on an all-liquid diet containing ethanol. Compared with control animals (on a sucrose diet) or with animals on the chronic ethanol-containing diet, animals undergoing withdrawal displayed a greatly decreased locomotor activity in a runway, as indicated by the number of runs per trial and the time required to complete the first run. These animals also had a markedly decreased head-poke and rearing activity. All of these behavioral disturbances persisted for 3–5 days after termination of ethanol. It is suggested that behaviors such as these, which require no pretraining of animals, can be used to evaluate quantitatively the severity of withdrawal in rats.
Characteristics of Strong Commitments to Intergenerational Family Care of Older Adults

Objective The purpose of this research was to describe the characteristics of strong commitment to home-based elder care among intergenerational family caregivers. Methods I conducted two qualitative studies using in-depth interviews with primary and secondary intergenerational caregivers. A total of 45 primary caregivers, 10 spouses, and 11 adult grandchildren discussed development of their relative's care, their caregiving experiences, use of paid services, and how caregiving affected their lives. I followed McCracken's five-step method for analysis of long interviews. Result Strongly committed caregivers composed half of the total sample. All primary caregivers with strong commitments were women; some strongly committed secondary caregivers were men. Strong commitments had moral, religious, and affectionate bases. Participants gave compassionate care and reframed adverse situations as manageable challenges. Family members and paid providers assisted primary caregivers. Participants viewed caregiving as rewarding and as an opportunity to teach compassion to children. Discussion Results suggest that strongly committed intergenerational caregivers need support from both family and formal care services to sustain their commitments to care. Future research can investigate the role of resilience in caregiver commitments and develop caregiver commitment measures for use in elaborating models of informal long-term care.
Declaration of the Rights of Older Persons

At the first United Nations World Assembly on Ageing in 1982, some consideration was given to human rights issues, and in 2000, Mary Robinson, United Nations Commissioner on Human Rights, emphasized the importance of protecting the human rights of older persons. However, no official United Nations document has ever identified and specified what these rights are and why they are important. In April 2002 the second United Nations World Assembly on Ageing will be held in Madrid, Spain. As a nongovernment organization in consultative status with the United Nations, the International Longevity Center– USA, in collaboration with its sister centers in Japan, France, the United Kingdom, and the Dominican Republic, will highlight this critical subject. The International Longevity Center–USA proposes that the following Declaration of the Rights of Older Persons become the basis of action as well as discussion at the Assembly and beyond. This Declaration comes at a time of misery and chaos for many older citizens of the world who have lost children and grandchildren in armed conflicts, who are often homeless and destitute, who suffer from malnutrition and ill health, and who live in societies that cannot provide them with the basic necessities of life. It comes at a time of global disharmony in the context of powerlessness and attendant rage, shaped in part by vast divides in education, wealth, and longevity as well as ideology and theology. It comes at a time when the United World Assembly on Ageing meets, with the goal of creating bridges to intergenerational cooperation and mutual respect between developing and developed nations. May this Declaration, which concerns societies as well as individuals, serve to advance the struggle for human rights. We must not simply bear witness. We must compel change.
RNA recognition and base flipping by the toxin sarcin.

Sarcin is a member of a fungal toxin family that enters cells and specifically cleaves one of the thousands of RNA phosphodiester bonds in the ribosome. As a result, elongation factor binding is disrupted, translation is inhibited and apoptosis is triggered. The toxin targets a universal RNA structure in the ribosome called the sarcin/ricin loop (SRL). A 1.11 A resolution structure of a minimal SRL RNA substrate (∼30-mer) shows that the loop portion of the substrate folds into two common building blocks of RNA structure: a bulged-G motif (recognition site) and a GAGA tetraloop (cleavage site). To elucidate the structural basis of toxin action, we determined two cocrystal structures of the sarcin homologue restrictocin bound to different analogs of a minimal SRL RNA substrate. Our studies argue that site selection by the toxin depends on direct base and shape recognition of the SRL RNA, and that cleavage by the toxin depends on a base flipping mechanism that positions the nucleophile for in-line attack on the scissile bond.
Differential regulation of γ-aminobutyric acid receptor channels by diazepam and phenobarbital

The anticonvulsant activity of diazepam and phenobarbital may be mediated in part by enhancement of inhibition involving γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). While both diazepam and phenobarbital increase GABA receptor chloride current, they may have different mechanisms of action, since they bind to different sites on the GABA receptor—chloride channel complex. We used the patch clamp technique to compare the effects of diazepam and phenobarbital on single GABA receptor currents. Outside-out patches were obtained from mouse spinal cord neurons grown in cell culture for 2 to 4 weeks. GABA (2 μM) evoked single channel currents that occurred as single brief openings or in bursts of multiple openings. Diazepam (20 nM) and phenobarbital (500 μM) both increased the GABA receptor current by increasing mean open time without altering channel opening frequency. However, the temporal grouping of openings into bursts suggested that the enhancement occurred via different mechanisms. Diazepam increased the frequency of bursting GABA receptor currents with minimal effect on the duration of bursts. Phenobarbital increased the duration of bursting GABA receptor currents without altering the frequency of bursts. These results suggest that diazepam binds to a site that may enhance single channel burst frequency by increasing the affinity of GABA binding, while phenobarbital may stabilize the bursting open state of the channel by binding to a different modulatory site at or near the chloride channel.
A Two-Color Fluorescent Lithium Ion Sensor

A derivative of the dipyridophenazine (DPPZ) ligand has been developed that changes both color and intensity of fluorescence upon exposure to lithium ion in solution. In nonpolar solvents, the green fluorescence of the ligand is shifted to yellow and enhanced upon addition of Li+; in polar solvents, the yellow fluorescence of the ligand is quenched and shifted to orange upon addition of Li+.
News You Can Use : Contemporary SDI and Anticipatory Reference for Government Information

ABSTRACT Government information is becoming available to citizens more quickly than ever before due to electronic dissemination via the Internet. Two projects that rapidly capture, organize, and publicize regionally relevant government information are examined: Government News for Montana and New Mexico News Plus. These news-based sites serve as tools for collection development and digital archiving, proactive reference, content alerting services, information literacy, promotion, and outreach. Issues to consider and suggestions for the application of these services at other libraries are discussed.
Video Games and Human Performance

Workers are frequently bored with monotonous work. Thirty-three subjects, principally welders, at a local manufacturing plant were either in an experimental or a control group. They either played video games during breaks or not. A number of perceptual-motor skill tests showed no improvement due to games. Neither did supervisory ratings of job performance. However, work performance improved significantly for the one month period. Other and longer test periods are desirable.
Unusual Facial Selectivity in the Cycloaddition of Singlet Oxygen to a Simple Cyclic Diene1

Syntheses of 5-isopropyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene and syn-5-isopropyl-2,3-dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, by routes that would allow completely diastereoselective introduction of deuterium labels, are described. The reaction of the isopropyl cyclohexadiene with singlet oxygen is shown to give an endoperoxide that is derived by preferential attack on the more sterically hindered face of the diene. A possible mechanistic explanation of this result is that the attack from the less hindered face leads to “ene” reaction rather than endoperoxide formation. However, this mechanism would require that the “ene” reaction and cycloaddition proceed via a common intermediatepresumably a perepoxide.
Some aspects of the design of v.h.f. mobile radio systems

Mobile radio systems are defined, the frequency bands available are given and present practice in this field is outlined. Methods of operation of complete systems, including the use of selective calling, are described. The merits of amplitude and frequency modulation for systems of this type are compared, and the problems of better utilization of the available frequency bands by closer channel spacing are discussed. Finally, some of the valve problems are briefly mentioned.
Measuring robustness of computing systems

Abstract System builders are becoming increasingly interested in robust design. We believe that a methodology for generating robustness metrics will help the robust design research efforts and, in general, is an important step in the efforts to create robust computing systems. The purpose of the research in this paper is to quantify the robustness of a resource allocation, with the eventual objective of setting a standard that could easily be instantiated for a particular computing system to generate a robustness metric. The paper exposes how not considering the uncertainties can result in gross overestimation of the system capacity, and shows a method for reducing the impact of uncertainty, and even use it to our advantage if the uncertainties are correlated. We present our theoretical foundation for a robustness metric and give its instantiation for a particular system.
User-centered design and usability testing of a web site: An illustrative case study

Administrators at a large midwestern university recognized that their World Wide Web site was rapidly becoming an important factor in recruiting new students. They also expected this Web site to serve many different types of information needs for existing students, faculty, staff, and alumni. an interdisciplinary team of faculty, graduate students, and staff was formed to evaluate the existing Web site. A group from this team first conducted a needs analysis to determine the kinds of information the target population was seeking. This analysis led to the creation of a new information structure for the Web site. Usability tests of the both the new and old designs were conducted on paper. Users were able to find answers to frequently asked questions much more rapidly and successfully with the new information structure. This structure was further refined through additional usability tests conducted on the Web itself. This descriptive case study illustrates the value of user-centered design and usability testing of World Wide Web sites.
Temperature dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy of InAs/GaAs solar cells

The InAs/GaAs quantum dot system has been shown to improve device performance when included in single junction GaAs solar cells. The management of electrons and holes in the barrier material, well material and between the two is important for the successful function of such nanostructured devices. Since carriers produced in these confined materials can only be collected if they are extracted to the conduction band, it is of interest to investigate the energy needed, or the activation energy of the wells. Extraction is strongly aided by phonon interaction and is therefore a temperature dependent process. Here, temperature dependent spectroscopy experiments are performed on both test structures and solar cells and are used in the study of thermal influence on device performance as well as carrier dynamics. Relatively temperature insensitive sub bandgap conversion is shown and activation energies ranging from 38meV to 400meV are determined and their meaning analyzed. Improvements to InAs/GaAs solar cells are suggested from the information.
Use of oral oxymorphone in the elderly.

Objective To review the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, tolerability, dosing, and role of oral oxymorphone immediate-release (IR) and extended-release (ER). Data source A MEDLINE/PUBMED search (1970 to September 2006) of English language studies. Additional references were obtained from their bibliographies. Study selection All human studies of oxymorphone were reviewed. Data synthesis Oral oxymorphone IR/ER tablet formulations were approved in June 2006. Oxymorphone, a semi-synthetic -opioid receptor agonist structurally similar to hydromorphone, has an oral bioavailability of approximately 10%. Oxymorphone is extensively metabolized to oxymorphone-3-glucuronide and the active 6-hydroxyoxymorphone. Rapid clearance mandates every four- to six-hour dosing (IR) and every 12-hour dosing (ER). Hepatic impairment, renal impairment, and aging enhance systemic exposure. Oxymorphone IR was superior to placebo and oxycodone IR (acute pain studies). Oxymorphone ER was superior to placebo and equivalent to oxycodone CR and morphine CR (one acute and five chronic pain studies). Oxymorphone exhibits the expected opioid side effects, being comparable to oxycodone and morphine in clinical trials. Coadministration with ethanol causes "dose-dumping" (ER) and increases intersubject variability in drug absorption. Oxymorphone IR is indicated for the relief of moderate-to-severe pain, while oxymorphone ER is indicated for persistent pain. Initial doses (opioid-naive) are 10 mg to 20 mg every 4 to 6 hours (IR) and 5 mg every 12 hours (ER). Dosage adjustment is recommended in mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class A), renal impairment (creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min), and in the elderly. Conclusion Oxymorphone is the newest oral opioid to enter a crowded marketplace now totaling 12 Schedule 2 opioids. It does not appear to have any unique assets or liabilities and should be considered as one of many oral opioids for the management of acute and persistent pain of moderate-to-severe intensity.
Direct observation of stepped proteolipid ring rotation in E. coli FoF1-ATP synthase

Although single-molecule experiments have provided mechanistic insight for several molecular motors, these approaches have proved difficult for membrane bound molecular motors like the FoF1-ATP synthase, in which proton transport across a membrane is used to synthesize ATP. Resolution of smaller steps in Fo has been particularly hampered by signal-to-noise and time resolution. Here, we show the presence of a transient dwell between Fo subunits a and c by improving the time resolution to 10 μs at unprecedented S/N, and by using Escherichia coli FoF1 embedded in lipid bilayer nanodiscs. The transient dwell interaction requires 163 μs to form and 175 μs to dissociate, is independent of proton transport residues aR210 and cD61, and behaves as a leash that allows rotary motion of the c-ring to a limit of ∼36° while engaged. This leash behaviour satisfies a requirement of a Brownian ratchet mechanism for the Fo motor where c-ring rotational diffusion is limited to 36°.
Numerical-Asymptotic Expansion Matching for Computing a Viscous Flow Around a Sharp Expansion Corner

A computational technique which is based on a numerical-asymptotic expansion matching for computing the local singular behavior of a viscous flow around a sharp right-angle expansion corner is presented. Moffatt's (1964) asymptotic solution is extended and a matching with a time-marching finite-difference scheme of the Navier--Stokes equations is formulated. Local mesh refinement around the corner is required to meet the validity of the asymptotic solution. Flows in an expanding channel with expansion ratio D/d=3 at various Reynolds numbers 1≤Re≤700 are simulated. The results are compared with those from a standard finite-difference scheme that uses second-order forward/backward differences near the corner. It is found that the results of the standard scheme converge toward those of the present technique as the level of local refinement near the corner is increased. The time-dependent parameters of the first two terms of the asymptotic solution at the steady-state solution are also described for various cases of Re and D/d. It is demonstrated that the present method enhances the accuracy of the simulations and requires less refinements near the corners to achieve converged numerical results.
Benzo[b]thiophene derivatives. XX. The sulfur isostere of 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine†

3β-Aminoethyl-5,6-dihydroxybenzo[b]thiophene, the sulfur bioisostere of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, a selective neurotoxin, has been synthesized and shown to have significant effect on biogenic amine levels both centrally and peripherally. A derivative, 3β-aminoethyl-5,6-isopropylidenedioxybenzo[b]thiophene, showed significant but opposite activity. The syntheses and preliminary pharmacology are reported.
USP2a Protein Deubiquitinates and Stabilizes the Circadian Protein CRY1 in Response to Inflammatory Signals

The mammalian circadian clock coordinates various physiological activities with environmental cues to achieve optimal adaptation. The clock manifests oscillations of key clock proteins, which are under dynamic control at multiple post-translational levels. As a major post-translational regulator, the ubiquitination-dependent proteasome degradation system is counterbalanced by a large group of deubiquitin proteases with distinct substrate preference. Until now, whether deubiquitination by ubiquitin-specific proteases can regulate the clock protein stability and circadian pathways remains largely unclear. The mammalian clock protein, cryptochrome 1 (CRY1), is degraded via the FBXL3-mediated ubiquitination pathway, suggesting that it is also likely to be targeted by the deubiquitination pathway. Here, we identified that USP2a, a circadian-controlled deubiquitinating enzyme, interacts with CRY1 and enhances its protein stability via deubiquitination upon serum shock. Depletion of Usp2a by shRNA greatly enhances the ubiquitination of CRY1 and dampens the oscillation amplitude of the CRY1 protein during a circadian cycle. By stabilizing the CRY1 protein, USP2a represses the Per2 promoter activity as well as the endogenous Per2 gene expression. We also demonstrated that USP2a-dependent deubiquitination and stabilization of the CRY1 protein occur in the mouse liver. Interestingly, the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, increases the CRY1 protein level and inhibits circadian gene expression in a USP2a-dependent fashion. Therefore, USP2a potentially mediates circadian disruption by suppressing the CRY1 degradation during inflammation.
Semantic Indexing of Video Simulations for Enhancing Medical Care During Crises

We propose a machine learning based speaker segmentation and identification system that provides the physician with automated tools to segment, semantically index and retrieve specific segments from a large database of medical simulation video sessions. Instead of working directly in the original feature space, our approach maps low-level audio features to more meaningful histogram descriptors using possibilistic membership functions. The parameters of the membership functions are learned from representative training data. Using 4 medical simulation videos, we show that our approach outperforms existing speaker identification algorithms using standard MFCC and PLP speech features. The proposed speaker identification algorithm was integrated in a GUI to facilitate video retrieval and analysis. Using this GUI, the physician can efficiently identify who spoke and when. In addition, our system can extract useful statistics and features in a completely unsupervised way.
SUCCESSION AND CURRENT DEMAND RELATIONSHIPS OF DIATOMS ON ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES IN PRATER'S CREEK, SOUTH CAROLINA1,2

SUMMARY A study concerning the colonization of glass slides by diatoms was conducted in Prater's Creek, Pickens County. S. C., to observe qualitatively and quantitatively the responses of the periphytic community to current velocities for varied lengths of time. Over short time periods (1, 2 and 4 weeks) diatoms seemed to adhere best at slow current velocities. Over longer periods (6 weeks) growth, of the initial colonizers seemed to be the density governing factor; consequently, the highest diatom densities developed at the higher current, velocities. The interaction of time and current resulted in a reversal of the diatom deposition phenomenon.
Facilitated transport of inosine and uridine in cultured mammalian cells is independent of nucleoside phosphorylases

Abstract The zero- trans uptake of uniformly and base-labeled inosine and uridine was measured at 25°C in suspensions of Novikoff rat hepatoma cells, Chinese hamster ovary cells, mouse L cells, mouse S49 lymphoma cells and a purine-nucleoside phosphorylase-deficient subline thereof (NSU-1), and in monolayer culture of mouse 3T3 and L cells. The initial velocities of uptake of both nucleosides were about the same in all cell lines investigated, regardless of the position of the label or of the substrate concentration between 3 and 300 μM or whether or not the cells possessed uridine or purine-nucleoside phosphorylase activity. The kinetic parameters for the facilitated transport of uridine and inosine were also similar in phosphorylase positive and negative cell lines ( K = 120–260 μ M and V = 6–40 pmol/μl cell water per s) and the transport activities of the cells exceeded their total phosphorylase activities by at least 10-fold for uridine and 1–2-fold for inosine. Chromatographic fractionation of the intracellular contents and of the culture fluid showed that the free nucleosides appeared intracellularly prior to and more rapidly than their phosphorolysis products. During the initial 20–60 s of uptake of U- 14 C-labeled nucleosides the rates of intracellular appearance of ribose-1- P and base were about the same. After several minutes of incubation, on the other hand, the main intracellular component was ribose-1- P whereas the base attained a low intracellular steady-state concentration and accumulated in the medium due to exit transport. Other nucleosides, dipyridamole and nitrobenzylthionosine, specifically inhibited the transport of uridine and inosine, and depressed the intracellular accumulation of ribose-1- P and the formation of base commensurate with that inhibition. The data indicate that the metabolism of inosine and uridine by the various cell lines can be entirely accounted for by the facilitated transport
Some perspectives on the paper industry's use of waste paper

The paper industry has traditionally sought fibrous resources from trees, wood residues and waste paper. Emphasis is shifting back to waste paper after 30 yr of relative decline in recycling. Management of fiber resources by major timber holding companies is being expanded to include waste paper. In the next decade the structure of the paper industry will reflect a residuals based process technology relating to both city and forest.
The nsp3 Macrodomain Promotes Virulence in Mice with Coronavirus-Induced Encephalitis

ABSTRACT All coronaviruses encode a macrodomain containing ADP-ribose-1″-phosphatase (ADRP) activity within the N terminus of nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3). Previous work showed that mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59) with a mutated catalytic site (N1348A) replicated similarly to wild-type virus but was unable to cause acute hepatitis in mice. To determine whether this attenuated phenotype is applicable to multiple disease models, we mutated the catalytic residue in the JHM strain of MHV (JHMV), which causes acute and chronic encephalomyelitis, using a newly developed bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based MHV reverse genetics system. Infection of mice with the macrodomain catalytic point mutant virus (N1347A) resulted in reductions in lethality, weight loss, viral titers, proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression, and immune cell infiltration in the brain compared to mice infected with wild-type virus. Specifically, macrophages were most affected, with approximately 2.5-fold fewer macrophages at day 5 postinfection in N1347A-infected brains. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon (IFN) signaling were not required for effective host control of mutant virus as all N1347A virus-infected mice survived the infection. However, the adaptive immune system was required for protection since N1347A virus was able to cause lethal encephalitis in RAG1 −/− (recombination activation gene 1 knockout) mice although disease onset was modestly delayed. Overall, these results indicate that the BAC-based MHV reverse genetics system will be useful for studies of JHMV and expand upon previous studies, showing that the macrodomain is critical for the ability of coronaviruses to evade the immune system and promote viral pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Coronaviruses are an important cause of human and veterinary diseases worldwide. Viral processes that are conserved across a family are likely to be good targets for the development of antiviral therapeutics and vaccines. The macrodomain is a ubiquitous structural domain and is also conserved among all coronaviruses. The coronavirus macrodomain has ADP-ribose-1″-phosphatase activity; however, its function during infection remains unclear as does the reason that coronaviruses have maintained this enzymatic activity throughout evolution. For MHV, this domain has now been shown to promote multiple types of disease, including hepatitis and encephalitis. These data indicate that this domain is vital for the virus to replicate and cause disease. Understanding the mechanism used by this enzyme to promote viral pathogenesis will open up novel avenues for therapies and may give further insight into the role of macrodomain proteins in the host cell since these proteins are found in all living organisms.
STUDIES ON PLASMINOGEN. III. PURIFICATION OF BOVINE AND HUMAN PLASMINOGEN BY CONTINUOUS ELECTROPHORESIS.

Euglobulin from bovine plasma or outdated human blood plasma was freed of interfering impurities and applied to the anode side of the paper curtain of a Beckman Spinco CP electrophoresis apparatus ...
Immunopathogenetic roles of leukotrienes in human diseases.

The recent definition of the pathways of generation and structures of diverse products of the lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid has established the identity of a new family of mediators of hypersensitivity and inflammation. Studies of the effects of these mediators have shown that leukotrienes C, D, and E, the constituents of the slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), are extremely potent smooth muscle contractile and vasoactive factors. Leukotriene B is a highly active stimulus of neutrophil and eosinophil functions and suppresses the immunological capabilities of T lymphocytes. The development of specific and sensitive radioimmunoassays has permitted the detection of elevated concentrations of leukotrienes in tissues or exudates in several diseases, including asthma, diverse allergic states, adult respiratory distress syndrome, psoriasis, spondyloarthritis, and gout. The application of selective inhibitors and antagonists of leukotrienes will clarify their pathogenetic contributions in human diseases and may yield new therapeutic approaches.
Patterns within patterns

Design patterns enable people to envision the future: not only developers, but all stakeholders.
Boys, masculinity and school violence: reaping what we sow

In this paper the author explores the relationship between masculinity and violence. She begins by pointing out that although all of the recent school shootings in the US have been perpetrated by boys, very few are associating the acts with the gender of the offenders. Perhaps this connection is not made because society is so conditioned to the fact that men and boys have always made up the preponderance of violent offenders in the US. In this paper the attitudes and behaviors associated with the socially constructed culture of masculinity that lend themselves to male violence and aggression are explored. It includes a discussion of a Freirean approach to the problem and concludes with practical suggestions for transformation.
Self-reported dermatitis and skin cancer in California farm operators.

Background High rates of skin diseases and higher non-melanoma skin cancer rates have been reported in farmers. Methods Self-report of dermatitis and skin cancer was among the information collected from 1947 California farm operators, mostly men, in a telephone survey. The majority of the farmers cultivated fruits, nuts, or other field crops. Results Dermatitis was reported by 8.9% of men and 15.8% of women during the previous 12 months. In a logistic regression model, female gender (OR 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.3–3.0) and respiratory atopy (OR 1.4, 1.01–1.90) were the only significant independent risk factors for reported dermatosis. There was significantly less reporting of skin cancer among field farmers when compared to others. Regular sunscreen use was reported significantly more often by women (42%) as compared to men (11%). Conclusions More in-depth studies are needed to get information on the role of agrochemicals as risk factors for dermatitis and skin cancer. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:136–141, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.