cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local Structure of Defects on Hydrogen‐ and Vacuum‐Reduced TiO2 Surfaces

A comparative study was performed on two TiO2 (110) surfaces: one annealed in vacuum, the other annealed in hydrogen. Local geometric and electronic structures were characterized using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, in conjunction with conventional surface analytical techniques. Each surface exhibited a distinct pattern of electronic and geometric inhomogeneity. The origin of the defect structure resulting from the two treatments is discussed in terms of reduction mechanisms, defect formation thermodynamics, and chemical reactivity. The implication of local variation in the defect structure to the TiO2 interaction with reactive species is also addressed.
Party Formation and Policy Outcomes under Different Electoral Systems

I introduce a model of representative democracy that allows for strategic parties, strategic candidates, strategic voters, and multiple districts. If the distribution of policy preferences is sufficiently similar across districts and sufficiently close to uniform within districts, then the number of effective parties is larger under Proportional Representation than under Plurality Voting (extending the Duvergerian predictions), and both electoral systems determine the median voter’s preferred policy outcome. However, for more asymmetric distributions of preferences the Duvergerian predictions can be reversed ,a nd the policy outcome with Proportional Representation is always (weakly) more moderate than the one produced through Plurality Voting. Welfare analysis can be done, and the results do not depend on whether voters are sincere or strategic. Sincere voting induces more party formation, and strategic voting should be observed more often under Proportional Representation.
Synthesis of (±)-Brazilin Using IBX

A short synthesis of (±)-brazilin is reported. This synthesis uses several interesting and underutilized transformations including a regioselective dirhodium-catalyzed aryl C−H insertion, a regioselective IBX phenol → o-quinone oxidation, a tautomerization of an o-quinone to a p-quinone methide, and an intramolecular aryl cyclization with a p-quinone methide.
XBP-1 regulates signal transduction, transcription factors and bone marrow colonization in B cells

XBP-1, a transcription factor that drives the unfolded protein response (UPR), is activated in B cells when they differentiate to plasma cells. Here, we show that in the B cells, whose capacity to secrete IgM has been eliminated, XBP-1 is induced normally on induction of differentiation, suggesting that activation of XBP-1 in B cells is a differentiation-dependent event, but not the result of a UPR caused by the abundant synthesis of secreted IgM. Without XBP-1, B cells fail to signal effectively through the B-cell receptor. The signalling defects lead to aberrant expression of the plasma cell transcription factors IRF4 and Blimp-1, and altered levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor. Using XBP-1-deficient/Blimp-1-GFP transgenic mice, we find that XBP-1-deficient B cells form antibody-secreting plasmablasts in response to initial immunization; however, these plasmablasts respond ineffectively to CXCL12. They fail to colonize the bone marrow and do not sustain antibody production. These findings define the role of XBP-1 in normal plasma cell development and have implications for management of B-cell malignancies.
Attenuation of acoustic waves in glacial ice and salt domes

[1] Two classes of natural solid media, glacial ice and salt domes, are under consideration as media in which to deploy instruments for detection of neutrinos with energy >10 18 eV. Though insensitive to 10 11 to 10 16 eV neutrinos for which observatories (e.g., AMANDA and IceCube) that utilize optical Cherenkov radiation detectors are designed, radio and acoustic methods are suited for searches for the very low fluxes of neutrinos with energies >10 17 eV. This is because owing to the very long attenuation lengths of radio and acoustic waves produced by interactions of such neutrinos in ice and salt, detection modules can be spaced at horizontal distances ∼1 km, in contrast to the 0.12 km distances between strings of IceCube modules. In this paper, I calculate the absorption and scattering coefficients as a function of frequency and grain size for acoustic waves in glacial ice and salt domes and show that experimental measurements on laboratory samples and in glacial ice and salt domes are consistent with theory. For South Pole ice with grain size ∼0.2 cm at depths <600 m, scattering lengths are calculated to be 2000 and 25 km at frequencies 10 and 30 kHz, respectively; for grain size ∼0.4 cm at 1500 m (the maximum depth to be instrumented acoustically), scattering lengths are calculated to be 250 and 3 km. These are within the range of frequencies where most of the energy of the acoustic wave is concentrated. The absorption length is calculated to be 9 ± 3 km at all frequencies above ∼100 Hz. For NaCl (rock salt) with grain size 0.75 cm, scattering lengths are calculated to be 120 and 1.4 km at 10 and 30 kHz, and absorption lengths are calculated to be 3 x 10 4 and 3300 km at 10 and 30 kHz. Existing measurements are consistent with theory. For ice, absorption is the limiting factor; for salt, scattering is the limiting factor. Both media would be suitable for detection of acoustic waves from ultrahigh-energy neutrino interactions.
Fitted Elmore delay: a simple and accurate interconnect delay model

In this brief, we present a new interconnect delay model called fitted Elmore delay (FED). FED is generated by approximating HSPICE delay data using a curve fitting technique. The functional form used in curve fitting is derived based on the Elmore delay (ED) model. Thus, our model has all the advantages of the ED model. It has a closed-form expression as simple as the ED model and is extremely efficient to compute. Interconnect optimization with respect to design parameters can also be done as easily as in the ED model. In fact, most previous algorithms and programs based on ED model can use our model without much change. Most importantly, FED is significantly more accurate than the ED model. The maximum error in delay estimation is at most 2% for our model, compared to 8.5% for the scaled ED model. The average error is less than 0.8%. We also show that FED can be more than 10 times more accurate than the ED model when applied to wire sizing.
Consumption Commitments and Risk Preferences

Many households devote a large fraction of their budgets to “consumption commitments”— goods that involve transaction costs and are infrequently adjusted. This paper characterizes risk preferences in an expected utility model with commitments. We show that commitments affect risk preferences in two ways: (1) they amplify risk aversion with respect to moderate-stake shocks, and (2) they create a motive to take large-payoff gambles. The model thus helps resolve two basic puzzles in expected utility theory: the discrepancy between moderate-stake and large-stake risk aversion and lottery playing by insurance buyers. We discuss applications of the model such as the optimal design of social insurance and tax policies, added worker effects in labor supply, and portfolio choice. Using event studies of unemployment shocks, we document evidence consistent with the consumption adjustment patterns implied by the model. Many households have “consumption commitments” that are costly to adjust when shocks such as job loss or illness occur. For example, most homeowners do not move during unemployment spells and have a commitment to make mortgage payments. Consumption of many other durable goods (vehicles, furniture) and services (insurance, utilities) may also be difficult to adjust. Data on household consumption behavior show that more than 50 percent of the average household’s budget is fixed over moderate income shocks (see Section I). This paper argues that incorporating consumption commitments into the analysis of risk preferences can help explain several stylized facts and yields a set of new normative implications. The canonical expected utility model of risk preferences does not allow for commitments because it assumes that agents consume a single composite commodity. This assumption requires that agents can substitute freely among goods at all times. When some goods cannot be costlessly adjusted, a composite commodity does not exist, and the standard expected utility model cannot be applied. We analyze the effect of commitments on risk preferences in a model where agents consume two goods— one that requires
Commutation relations and Markov chains

It is shown that the combinatorics of commutation relations is well suited for analyzing the convergence rate of certain Markov chains. Examples studied include random walk on irreducible representations, a local random walk on partitions whose stationary distribution is the Ewens distribution, and some birth–death chains.
Phase Retrieval via Wirtinger Flow: Theory and Algorithms

We study the problem of recovering the phase from magnitude measurements; specifically, we wish to reconstruct a complex-valued signal $ \boldsymbol {x}\in \mathbb {C}^{n}$ about which we have phaseless samples of the form $y_{r} = \left |{\langle \boldsymbol {a}_{r}, \boldsymbol {x} \rangle }\right |^{2}$ , $r = 1,\ldots , m$ (knowledge of the phase of these samples would yield a linear system). This paper develops a nonconvex formulation of the phase retrieval problem as well as a concrete solution algorithm. In a nutshell, this algorithm starts with a careful initialization obtained by means of a spectral method, and then refines this initial estimate by iteratively applying novel update rules, which have low computational complexity, much like in a gradient descent scheme. The main contribution is that this algorithm is shown to rigorously allow the exact retrieval of phase information from a nearly minimal number of random measurements. Indeed, the sequence of successive iterates provably converges to the solution at a geometric rate so that the proposed scheme is efficient both in terms of computational and data resources. In theory, a variation on this scheme leads to a near-linear time algorithm for a physically realizable model based on coded diffraction patterns. We illustrate the effectiveness of our methods with various experiments on image data. Underlying our analysis are insights for the analysis of nonconvex optimization schemes that may have implications for computational problems beyond phase retrieval.
From modelling tools towards the market itself ‐an opportunity for sustainability assessment?

Abstract Market based analyses of residential property value traditionally fall within two broad research traditions: a ‘ more practical'value analysis tradition and a ‘ more academic’ market analysis tradition. While there is a steady flow of information from the latter to the former direction, until recently very little such information diffusion has occurred from the former to the latter modelling tradition. In such a learning process, the value modelling performance could serve as a guideline for what kind of market model is valid and feasible for a given dataset with certain recognisable tendencies. On the other hand, the characterisation of particular market circumstances is a key determinant of real estate sustainability. A sustainable market generates a sustainable value, which then can be used as an attractiveness indicator in a broader sense; or in the opposite case, an unsustainable market diagnoses a problem in unsustainable value.
ART neural networks for remote sensing: vegetation classification from Landsat TM and terrain data

A new methodology for automatic mapping from Landsat thematic mapper (TM) and terrain data, based on the fuzzy ARTMAP neural network, is developed. System capabilities are tested on a challenging remote sensing classification problem, using spectral and terrain features for vegetation classification in the Cleveland National Forest. After training at the pixel level, system performance is tested at the stand level, using sites not seen during training. Results are compared to those of maximum likelihood classifiers, as well as back propagation neural networks and K nearest neighbor algorithms. ARTMAP dynamics are fast, stable, and scalable, overcoming common limitations of back propagation. Best results are obtained using a hybrid system based on a convex combination of fuzzy ARTMAP and maximum likelihood predictions. A prototype remote sensing example introduces each aspect of data processing and fuzzy ARTMAP classification. The example shows how the network automatically constructs a minimal number of recognition categories to meet accuracy criteria. A voting strategy improves prediction and assigns confidence estimates by training the system several times on different orderings of an input set.
A spatial analysis of the impact of West German television on protest mobilization during the East German revolution

Formal models of revolutionary collective action suggest that ‘informational cascades’ play a crucial role in overcoming collective action problems. These models highlight how information about the aggregate level of participation in collective action conveys information about others’ political preferences, and how such informational cues allow potential participants to update their beliefs about the value of participating in antiregime collective action. In authoritarian regimes, foreign mass media are often the only credible source of information about antiregime protests. However, limited robust evidence exists on whether foreign media can indeed serve as a coordination device for collective action. This article makes use of a detailed dataset on protest events during the 1989 East German revolution and exploits the fact that West German television broadcasts could be received in most but not all parts of East Germany. Across a wide range of Cox proportional hazards models and conditional on a rich set...
Social Learning with Private and Common Values

We consider an environment where individuals sequentially choose among several actions. The payoff to an individual depends on her action choice, the state of the world, and an idiosyncratic, privately observed preference shock. Under weak conditions, as the number of individuals increases, the sequence of choices always reveals the state of the world. This contrasts with the familiar result for pure common-value environments where the state is never learned, resulting in herds or informational cascades. The medium run dynamics to convergence can be very complex and non-monotone: posterior beliefs may be concentrated on a wrong state for a long time, shifting suddenly to the correct state.
Composition of zero-knowledge proofs with efficient provers

We revisit the composability of different forms of zero- knowledge proofs when the honest prover strategy is restricted to be polynomial time (given an appropriate auxiliary input). Our results are: When restricted to efficient provers, the original Goldwasser–Micali–Rackoff (GMR) definition of zero knowledge (STOC ‘85), here called plain zero knowledge, is closed under a constant number of sequential compositions (on the same input). This contrasts with the case of unbounded provers, where Goldreich and Krawczyk (ICALP ‘90, SICOMP ‘96) exhibited a protocol that is zero knowledge under the GMR definition, but for which the sequential composition of 2 copies is not zero knowledge. If we relax the GMR definition to only require that the simulation is indistinguishable from the verifier’s view by uniform polynomial-time distinguishers, with no auxiliary input beyond the statement being proven, then again zero knowledge is not closed under sequential composition of 2 copies. We show that auxiliary-input zero knowledge with efficient provers is not closed under parallel composition of 2 copies under the assumption that there is a secure key agreement protocol (in which it is easy to recognize valid transcripts). Feige and Shamir (STOC ‘90) gave similar results under the seemingly incomparable assumptions that (a) the discrete logarithm problem is hard, or (b) ${\mathcal{UP}}\not\subseteq {\mathcal{BPP}}$ and one-way functions exist.
Chemokine expression and control of muscle cell migration during myogenesis

Adult regenerative myogenesis is vital for restoring normal tissue structure after muscle injury. Muscle regeneration is dependent on progenitor satellite cells, which proliferate in response to injury, and their progeny differentiate and undergo cell–cell fusion to form regenerating myofibers. Myogenic progenitor cells must be precisely regulated and positioned for proper cell fusion to occur. Chemokines are secreted proteins that share both leukocyte chemoattractant and cytokine-like behavior and affect the physiology of a number of cell types. We investigated the steady-state mRNA levels of 84 chemokines, chemokine receptors and signaling molecules, to obtain a comprehensive view of chemokine expression by muscle cells during myogenesis in vitro. A large number of chemokines and chemokine receptors were expressed by primary mouse muscle cells, especially during times of extensive cell–cell fusion. Furthermore, muscle cells exhibited different migratory behavior throughout myogenesis in vitro. One receptor–ligand pair, CXCR4–SDF-1α (CXCL12), regulated migration of both proliferating and terminally differentiated muscle cells, and was necessary for proper fusion of muscle cells. Given the large number of chemokines and chemokine receptors directly expressed by muscle cells, these proteins might have a greater role in myogenesis than previously appreciated.
Darwin and the Declaration

Abstract Does the prima facie contradiction between the Declaration of Independence's description of the separate and unique “creation” of human beings and Darwin's evolutionary account indicate a broader contradiction between theories of human rights and Darwinian evolution? While similar troubling questions have been raised and answered in the affirmative since Darwin's time, this article renews, updates and significantly fortifies such answers with original arguments. If a “distilled” formulation of the Declaration's central claims, shorn of complicating entanglements with both theology and comprehensive philosophical doctrines, may still be in contradiction with Darwinian evolutionary theory, this should be cause for substantial concern on the part of all normative political theorists, from Straussians to Rawlsians. Despite the notable recent efforts of a few political theorists, evolutionary ethicists and sociobiologists to establish the compatibility of Darwinian evolutionary theory with moral norms...
Trade reform in Vietnam : opportunities with emerging challenges

In 1986 Vietnam initiated a transition from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented economy where the government would keep playing a leading role. These renovation (doi moi) policies were successful at generating economic growth and reducing poverty. In the ten-year socioeconomic strategy endorsed by the Ninth Party Congress in April 2001, the authorities further articulated their development objectives in terms of economic growth and poverty reduction. To reach these objectives, the government indicated that its structural reform priorities were to change Vietnam's trade and financial policies, liberalize the climate for private investment, increase the efficiency of public enterprises, and improve governance. The author argues that the pace of implementation of trade reform-which has been impressive so far-is raising new challenges. On one side, fast liberalization of trade reform may soon conflict with the slow pace of implementation of other reforms, including restructuring of state-owned enterprises and state-owned commercial banks. On the other side, Vietnam would greatly benefit from fast implementation of trade reform and particularly fast accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), especially after China's recent WTO accession. Auffret concludes that implementation of trade reform will be a testing ground to reveal the extent of Vietnam's commitment to a market-oriented economy.
Implied Volatility Functions: Empirical Tests

Derman and Kani (1994), Dupire (1994), and Rubinstein (1994) hypothesize that asset return volatility is a deterministic function of asset price and time, and develop a deterministic volatility function (DVF) option valuation model that has the potential of fitting the observed cross section of option prices exactly. Using S&P 500 options from June 1988 through December 1993, we examine the predictive and hedging performance of the DVF option valuation model and find it is no better than an ad hoc procedure that merely smooths Black–Scholes (1973) implied volatilities across exercise prices and times to expiration.
Efficient Protiodesilylation of Unactivated C(sp3)–SiMe2Ph Bonds Using Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride

The protiodesilylation of unactivated C(sp3)−SiMe2Ph bonds proceeds efficiently by treatment with tetrabutylammonium fluoride in wet DMF or THF via isolable dimethylsilanol intermediates.
Data mining for censored time-to-event data: a Bayesian network model for predicting cardiovascular risk from electronic health record data

Models for predicting the risk of cardiovascular (CV) events based on individual patient characteristics are important tools for managing patient care. Most current and commonly used risk prediction models have been built from carefully selected epidemiological cohorts. However, the homogeneity and limited size of such cohorts restrict the predictive power and generalizability of these risk models to other populations. Electronic health data (EHD) from large health care systems provide access to data on large, heterogeneous, and contemporaneous patient populations. The unique features and challenges of EHD, including missing risk factor information, non-linear relationships between risk factors and CV event outcomes, and differing effects from different patient subgroups, demand novel machine learning approaches to risk model development. In this paper, we present a machine learning approach based on Bayesian networks trained on EHD to predict the probability of having a CV event within 5 years. In such data, event status may be unknown for some individuals, as the event time is right-censored due to disenrollment and incomplete follow-up. Since many traditional data mining methods are not well-suited for such data, we describe how to modify both modeling and assessment techniques to account for censored observation times. We show that our approach can lead to better predictive performance than the Cox proportional hazards model (i.e., a regression-based approach commonly used for censored, time-to-event data) or a Bayesian network with ad hoc approaches to right-censoring. Our techniques are motivated by and illustrated on data from a large US Midwestern health care system.
SO(10) GUT models and their present success in explaining mass and mixing data

Some features of SO(10) GUT models are reviewed, and a number of such models in the literature are compared. While some have been eliminated by recent neutrino data, others are presently successful in explaining the quark and lepton mass and mixing data. A short description of one very predictive model is given which illustrates some of the features discussed. Future tests of the models are pointed out including one which contrasts sharply with those models based on an L{sub e}-L{sub {mu}}-L{sub {tau}} type symmetry.
Small angle neutron scattering from single-wall carbon nanotube suspensions: evidence for isolated rigid rods and rod networks

We report small angle neutron scattering (SANS) from dilute suspensions of purified individual single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in D2O with added sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate ionic surfactant. The scattered intensity scales as Q � 1 for scattered wave vector, Q, in the range 0:005 < Q < 0:02 � � 1
Codes of Conduct and Standard Setting in the Forest Sector : Constructing Markets for Democracy?

In an age of globalization, there is a growing perception that state regulatory instruments may be an inadequate means of regulating firm conduct. Increasingly, scholars are evaluating how corporate codes of conduct may operate as regulatory mechanisms. This article examines competing codes of conduct in the forest sector. Through a detailed case study of code adoption, innovation, and diffusion in the forest sector, focusing on mechanisms of vertical, horizontal and competitive diffusion, it is found that non-governmental organization (NGO) codes have placed competitive pressure to adopt higher standards on competing schemes. However, NGO schemes have been limited in constructing fluid markets for their own goods. The article examines which strategies for codes regimes are most likely to diffuse high standards throughout contemporary markets.
Scalable routing on flat names

We introduce a protocol which routes on flat, location-independent identifiers with guaranteed scalability and low stretch. Our design builds on theoretical advances in the area of compact routing, and is the first to realize these guarantees in a dynamic distributed setting.
2-Substituted Tryptamines: Agents with Selectivity for 5-HT6 Serotonin Receptors |

Several 2-alkyl-5-methoxytryptamine analogues were designed and prepared as potential 5-HT(6) serotonin agonists. It was found that 5-HT(6) receptors accommodate small alkyl substituents at the indole 2-position and that the resulting compounds can bind with affinities comparable to that of serotonin. In particular, 2-ethyl-5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (8) binds with high affinity at human 5-HT(6) receptors (K(i) = 16 nM) relative to 5-HT (K(i) = 75 nM) and was a full agonist, at least as potent (8: K(act) = 3.6 nM) as serotonin (K(act) = 5.0 nM), in activating adenylate cyclase. Compound 8 displays modest affinity for several other populations of 5-HT receptors, notably h5-HT(1A) (K(i) = 170 nM), h5-HT(1D) (K(i) = 290 nM), and h5-HT(7) (K(i) = 300 nM) receptors, but is otherwise quite selective. Compound 8 represents the first and most selective 5-HT(6) agonist reported to date. Replacing the 2-ethyl substituent with a phenyl group results in a compound that retains 5-HT(6) receptor affinity (i.e., 10: K(i) = 20 nM) but lacks agonist character. 2-Substituted tryptamines, then, might allow entry to a novel class of 5-HT(6) agonists and antagonists.
Magnetic x-ray microdiffraction

Magnetic x-ray microdiffraction uses the structural specificity of x-ray diffraction to probe complex magnetic structures at the length scales relevant to physical phenomena including domain dynamics and phase transitions. Conventional magnetic crystallography techniques such as neutron or x-ray diffraction lack this spatial resolution. The combination of both reciprocal space and real space resolution with a rich magnetic cross section allows new microscopy techniques to be developed and applied to magnetism at the scale of single domains. Potential applications include a wide range of magnetic problems in nanomagnetism, the interaction of strain, polarization and magnetization in complex oxides and spatially resolved studies of magnetic phase transitions. We present the physical basis for x-ray microdiffraction and magnetic scattering processes, review microdiffraction domain imaging techniques in antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic materials and discuss potential directions for studies.
Force-free electrodynamics around extreme Kerr black holes

Plasma-filled magnetospheres can extract energy from a spinning black hole and provide the power source for a variety of observed astrophysical phenomena. These magnetospheres are described by the highly nonlinear equations of force-free electrodynamics, or FFE. Typically these equations can only be solved numerically. In this paper we consider the FFE equations very near the horizon of a maximally spinning black hole, where the energy extraction takes place. Thanks to an enhanced conformal symmetry which appears in this near-horizon region, we are able to analytically obtain several infinite families of exact solutions of the full nonlinear equations.
Microbial pathway prediction: A functional group approach

We have developed a system to predict microbial catabolism, using the University of Minnesota Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database (UM-BBD, http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/) as a knowledge base. The present system, available on the Web (http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/predict/), can predict biodegradation of most of the major aliphatic and aromatic organic functional groups containing C, H, N, O, and halogens. It can duplicate at least one known biodegradation pathway for 60% of the compounds in a 84-member validation set; most pathways that did not completely duplicate known metabolism could plausibly occur in nature. Users are encouraged, and have begun, to submit additional biotransformation rules and comment on existing rules; the system will further develop under the direction of the scientific community.
A bayesian network scoring metric that is based on globally uniform parameter priors

We introduce a new Bayesian network (BN) scoring metric called the Global Uniform (GU) metric. This metric is based on a particular type of default parameter prior. Such priors may be useful when a BN developer is not willing or able to specify domain-specific parameter priors. The GU parameter prior specifies that every prior joint probability distribution P consistent with a BN structure S is considered to be equally likely. Distribution P is consistent with S if P includes just the set of independence relations defined by S. We show that the GU metric addresses some undesirable behavior of the BDeu and K2 Bayesian network scoring metrics, which also use particular forms of default parameter priors. A closed form formula for computing GU for special classes of BNs is derived. Efficiently computing GU for an arbitrary BN remains an open problem.
A video based training program improves defibrillator inspection compliance.

Improperly maintained defibrillators are an important cause of defibrillation delay or failure during in-hospital cardiac arrest. This study investigated whether a brief training video of how to properly inspect crash carts and defibrillators would improve the quality and frequency of these inspections. The study was a before–after cohort design. Crash cart inspection logs were explicitly examined, and the electronic archive records of the defibrillators were interrogated. The compliance and quality of inspections were compared before and after the implementation of the training video program. The missed-inspection rate for defibrillators significantly improved from 8.9% to 6.9% (p = 0.037) after video training program implementation. The missed-inspection rate for crash carts, however, actually worsened from 2.7% before to 8.0% (p = 0.0001). The introduction of a new crash cart inspection training video program improved the frequency and quality of defibrillator inspections but not crash cart inspections. The inspection of crash carts and defibrillators is a vital hospital task. Because available training time for clinical personnel is limited, our 15-minute video can be viewed on a ward computer workstation at the most convenient time.
Tree amplitudes and color decomposition in broken SU(2)

We propose a color decomposition for general tree amplitudes in a SU(2) gauge theory which is spontaneously broken via the Higgs mechanism. Working in the unitary gauge, we construct color-ordered amplitudes by explicitly presenting a set of color-ordered Feynman rules. Those primitive amplitudes are gauge-invariant, and they preserve perturbative unitarity in the high-energy limit. Serving as building blocks of color-dressed tree amplitudes, they allow for efficient evaluation of tree-level scattering amplitudes involving gauge bosons and the Higgs boson via the Berends-Giele recursion relations for color-ordered currents. We demonstrate the efficiency of this computational scheme by calculating on-shell amplitudes for scattering of five, six and nine W-bosons in the limit of vanishing Weinberg angle.
Coverage and connectivity in three-dimensional networks

Although most wireless terrestrial networks are based on two-dimensional (2D) design, in reality, such networks operate in three-dimensions (3D). Since most often the size (i.e., the length and the width) of such terrestrial networks is significantly larger than the differences in the third dimension (i.e., the height) of the nodes, the 2D assumption is somewhat justified and usually it does not lead to major inaccuracies. However, in some environments, this is not the case; the underwater, atmospheric, or space communications being such apparent examples. In fact, recent interest in underwater acoustic ad hoc and sensor networks hints at the need to understand how to design networks in 3D. Unfortunately, the design of 3D networks is surprisingly more difficult than the design of 2D networks. For example, proofs of Kelvin's conjecture and Kepler's conjecture required centuries of research to achieve breakthroughs, whereas their 2D counterparts are trivial to solve. In this paper, we consider the coverage and connectivity issues of 3D networks, where the goal is to find a node placement strategy with 100% sensing coverage of a 3D space, while minimizing the number of nodes required for surveillance. Our results indicate that the use of the Voronoi tessellation of 3D space to create truncated octahedral cells results in the best strategy. In this truncated octahedron placement strategy, the transmission range must be at least 1.7889 times the sensing range in order to maintain connectivity among nodes. If the transmission range is between 1.4142 and 1.7889 times the sensing range, then a hexagonal prism placement strategy or a rhombic dodecahedron placement strategy should be used. Although the required number of nodes in the hexagonal prism and the rhombic dodecahedron placement strategies is the same, this number is 43.25% higher than the number of nodes required by the truncated octahedron placement strategy. We verify by simulation that our placement strategies indeed guarantee ubiquitous coverage. We believe that our approach and our results presented in this paper could be used for extending the processes of 2D network design to 3D networks.
Glottal source estimation using a sum-of-exponentials model

An algorithm for estimating the glottal source waveform in voiced speech is described. The glottal source waveform is described using the LF model proposed by Fant et al. (1985). The vocal tract filter is modeled as a pole-zero system. The analysis of vowel sounds from several talkers shows that the analysis procedure leads to an accurate estimate of the glottal source. >
Benford’s law for coefficients of modular forms and partition functions

Here we prove that Benford's law holds for coefficients of an infinite class of modular forms. Expanding the work of Bringmann and Ono on exact formulas for harmonic Maass forms, we derive the necessary asymptotics. This implies that the unrestricted partition function p(n), as well as other natural partition functions, satisfies Benford's law.
A cross‐linguistic fMRI study of perception of intonation and emotion in Chinese

Conflicting data from neurobehavioral studies of the perception of intonation (linguistic) and emotion (affective) in spoken language highlight the need to further examine how functional attributes of prosodic stimuli are related to hemispheric differences in processing capacity. Because of similarities in their acoustic profiles, intonation and emotion permit us to assess to what extent hemispheric lateralization of speech prosody depends on functional instead of acoustical properties. To examine how the brain processes linguistic and affective prosody, an fMRI study was conducted using Chinese, a tone language in which both intonation and emotion may be signaled prosodically, in addition to lexical tones. Ten Chinese and 10 English subjects were asked to perform discrimination judgments of intonation (I: statement, question) and emotion (E: happy, angry, sad) presented in semantically neutral Chinese sentences. A baseline task required passive listening to the same speech stimuli (S). In direct between-group comparisons, the Chinese group showed left-sided frontoparietal activation for both intonation (I vs. S) and emotion (E vs. S) relative to baseline. When comparing intonation relative to emotion (I vs. E), the Chinese group demonstrated prefrontal activation bilaterally; parietal activation in the left hemisphere only. The reverse comparison (E vs. I), on the other hand, revealed that activation occurred in anterior and posterior prefrontal regions of the right hemisphere only. These findings show that some aspects of perceptual processing of emotion are dissociable from intonation, and, moreover, that they are mediated by the right hemisphere.
Cost-effectiveness of CT and PET-CT for determining the need for adjuvant neck dissection in locally advanced head and neck cancer

Background: Patients with node-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNC) have a significant risk of residual disease (RD) in the neck after treatment, despite optimal chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Adjuvant neck dissection (ND) after CRT has been considered standard treatment, but its morbidity has led investigators to consider using post-CRT imaging to determine the need for surgery. We analyzed the cost-effectiveness of computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT) as predictors of the need for ND compared with ND for all patients. Materials and methods: We developed a Markov model to describe health states in the 5 years after CRT for HNC in a 50-year-old man. We compared three strategies: dissect all patients, dissect patients with RD on CT, and dissect patients with RD on PET-CT. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were carried out to model uncertainty in PET-CT performance, up-front and salvage dissection costs, and patient utilities. Results: ND only for patients with RD on PET-CT was the dominant strategy over a wide range of realistic and exaggerated assumptions. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses confirmed that the PET-CT strategy was almost certainly cost-effective at a societal willingness-to-pay threshold of $500 000/quality-adjusted life year. Conclusion: Adjuvant ND reserved for patients with RD on PET-CT is the dominant and cost-effective strategy.
A spatial theory of party formation

Members of an assembly that chooses policies on a series of multidimensional ideological issues have incentives to coalesce and coordinate their votes, forming political parties. If an agent has an advantage to organize a party at a lower cost, a unique party forms and the policy outcome moves away from the Condorcet winning policy, to the benefit of party members. If all agents have the same opportunities to coalesce into parties, at least two parties form. The results are robust to the consideration of an endogenous agenda, and to generalizations of the distribution of preferences.
Tail-Hedge Discounting and the Social Cost of Carbon

The choice of an overall discount rate for climate change investments depends critically on how different components of investment payoffs are discounted at differing rates reflecting their underlying risk characteristics. Such underlying rates can vary enormously, from ≈ 1 percent for idiosyncratic diversifiable risk to ≈ 7 percent for systematic nondiversifiable risk. Which risk-adjusted rate is chosen can have a huge impact on cost-benefit analysis. In this expository paper, I attempt to set forth in accessible language with a simple linear model what I think are some of the basic issues involved in discounting climate risks. The paper introduces a new concept that may be relevant for climate-change discounting: the degree to which an investment hedges against the bad tail of catastrophic damages by insuring positive expected payoffs even under the worst circumstances. The prototype application is calculating the social cost of carbon. (JEL C51, Q54, Q58)
How a Clebsch-Gordan transform helps to solve the Heisenberg hidden subgroup problem

It has recently been shown that quantum computers can efficiently solve the Heisenberg hidden subgroup problem, a problem whose classical query complexity is exponential. This quantum algorithm was discovered within the framework of using pretty good measurements for obtaining optimal measurements in the hidden subgroup problem. Here we show how to solve the Heisenberg hidden subgroup problem using arguments based instead on the symmetry of certain hidden subgroup states. The symmetry we consider leads naturally to a unitary transform known as the Clebsch-Gordan transform over the Heisenberg group. This gives a new representation theoretic explanation for the pretty good measurement derived algorithm for efficiently solving the Heisenberg hidden subgroup problem and provides evidence that Clebsch-Gordan transforms over finite groups are a new primitive in quantum algorithm design.
Simulation of transonic viscous flow over a fighter-like configuration including inlet

The simulation of transonic viscous flow over a modified F-16A including inlet is presented. A zonal approach is utilized which allows appropriate clustering suitable for viscous calculations on all solid surfaces. Computational efficiency is enhanced by solving the thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations in viscous zones adjacent to the aircraft and the Euler equations on those coarse zones away from the aircraft. The flow conditions for this transonic case are freestream Mach number of 0.9, angle of attack of 4.12 deg, and a Reynolds number (based on root chord) of 4.5 million. A total of 19 zones are utilized yielding a total of 350,000 grid points. This case required about 3000 iterations to reduce the residual by three orders, which takes about 10 hr of CPU time on the Cray X-MP/48 computer. Pressure distributions on the wing and on cross sections through the inlet region compare favorably with the experimental data for this transonic case.
Coherent Thermal Emission From Modified Periodic Multilayer Structures

Enhancement of thermal emission and control of its direction are important for applications in optoelectronics and energy conversion. A number of structures have been proposed as coherent emission sources, which exhibit a large emissivity peak within a narrow wavelength band and at a well-defined direction. A commonly used structure is the grating, in which the excited surface polaritons or surface waves are coupled with propagating waves in air, resulting in coherent emission for p polarization only. One-dimensional photonic crystals can also support surface waves and may be modified to construct coherent emission sources. The present study investigates coherent emission from a multilayer structure consisting of a SiC film coated atop a dielectric photonic crystal (PC). By exciting surface waves at the interface between SiC and the PC, coherent emission is predicted for both p and s polarizations. In addition to the excitation of surface waves, the emission from the proposed multilayer structure can be greatly enhanced by the cavity resonance mode and the Brewster mode.
Expectations, Learning and Business Cycle Fluctuations

This paper explores an alternative theory based on learning dynamics. In the con text of an otherwise standard stochastic growth model, we consider an environment in which households and firms have an incomplete model of the macroeconomy, knowing only their own objectives, constraints, and beliefs. Agents are optimizing, have a completely specified belief system, but do not know the equilibrium map ping between primitive disturbances, the aggregate state of the economy, and mar ket clearing prices. By extrapolating from historical patterns in observed data they approximate this mapping to forecast variables that are exogenous to their decision problems, such as the rental rate of capital and the real wage. This belief structure has the property that beliefs affect the true data generating process of the economy which in turn affects belief formation. The economy is therefore self-referential: shifts in beliefs about future returns to labor and capital affect current market clear ing prices which in turn can reinforce beliefs. In this environment, current prices can become less informative about future economic conditions generating fluctuations in real activity. This kind of mechanism driving business cycle fluctuations is found in early writ ings on macroeconomic dynamics. For example, Alfred C. Pigou (1927), on page 122, writes:
On the (non-)lattice structure of the equilibrium set in games with strategic substitutes

This paper studies models where the optimal response functions under consideration are not increasing in endogenous variables, and weakly increasing in exogenous parameters. Such models include games with strategic substitutes, and include cases where additionally, some variables may be strategic complements. The main result here is that the equilibrium set in such models is a non-empty, complete lattice, if, and only if, there is a unique equilibrium. Indeed, for a given parameter value, a pair of distinct equilibria are never comparable. Therefore, with multiple equilibria, some of the established techniques for exhibiting increasing equilibria or computing equilibria that use the largest or smallest equilibrium, or that use the lattice structure of the equilibrium set do not apply to such models. Moreover, there are no ranked equilibria in such models. Additionally, the analysis here implies a new proof and a slight generalization of some existing results. It is shown that when a parameter increases, no new equilibrium is smaller than any old equilibrium. (In particular, in n-player games of strategic substitutes with real-valued action spaces, symmetric equilibria increase with the parameter.)
Was There Ever a Ruling Class? A Proposal for the study of 800 Years of Social Mobility

This paper reports on a preliminary investigation of surnames distributions as a measure long run social mobility. In England this suggests two surprising claims. First, England, all the way from the heart of the Middle Ages in 1250 to at least 1860, was a society without persistent social classes. It was a world of social mobility, with no permanent over-class and under-class, a world of complete equal opportunity. There was, however, a gain from being in the upper class in any generation in the form of leaving more copies of your DNA permanently in later populations. Second, signs of persistent social classes have only emerged in societies like England and the United States in recent years. Instead of moving from a world of immobility and class rigidity to a world of equal opportunity, we have moved in the opposite direction.
The Rate of Progress in Agricultural Biotechnology

The average quality of agricultural biotechnology patents appears to have declined substantially during the past two decades. This quality deterioration may reflect either a decline in the significance of new inventions or an increased use of patents as “protective thickets” against competitors' challenges to more important discoveries. Either way, patent proliferation may be boosting the transaction costs in intellectual property markets, imperiling intellectual exchange and hence technical progress.
Assessing Big-Bang nucleosynthesis.

Systematic uncertainties in the light-element abundances and their evolution complicate a rigorous statistical assessment. However, using Bayesian methods we show that the following statement is robust: The predicted and measured abundances are consistent with 95% credibility only if the baryon-to-photon ratio is between 2{times}10{sup {minus}10} and 6.5{times}10{sup {minus}10} and the number of light neutrino species is less than 3.9. Our analysis suggests that the {sup 4}He abundance may have been systematically underestimated. {copyright} {ital 1995} {ital The} {ital American} {ital Physical} {ital Society}.