cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An experiment in a user-oriented computer system

A version of a software-hardware system for the purpose of facilitating the programming and analysis of well-formulated problems is described. A modified Flexowriter is used to generate computer-acceptable input when equations or computable requests are typed in much the same manner as they would appear in conventional mathematical texts. The typing and language rules are quite flexible and unrestrictive. While the compiler part is efficient, the system as a whole has much broader aspects as a tool for the study of problem solving and self-teaching systems.
Maternal serum α-fetoprotein screening: Low and high values for detection of genetic abnormalities☆☆☆

Abstract In initiating a maternal serum α-fetoprotein screening program, we pursued not only elevated values for the detection of neural tube defects but also low values to detect trisomic fetuses. We detected neural tube defects (0.2%) as expected but were surprised by the efficacy with which low serum α-fetoprotein values identified aneuploid fetuses. In 1421 pregnant women, 132 (9.3%) showed maternal serum α-fetoprotein values
CBPR in Indian Country: Tensions and Implications for Health Communication

There is a common perspective among public health researchers and community members that although health promotion or disease prevention practices, programs, and projects should be done with rather than to individuals and communities, for various practical, economic, political, and cultural reasons, this is easier said than done. This study examines community-based participatory research (CBPR) in a university-based research center conducting health promotion and disease prevention research in Indian Country. This article reviews the tensions between CBPR ideologies, its practical application in Indian Country, and the impact of this theory/practice dialectic on the ability to conduct health promotion and disease prevention research. It concludes that far from empowering individuals and communities, status quo research in Indian Country perpetuates a type of “clientism” that reinforces researcher/researched relationships.
A Comprehensive Aspect-Oriented Use Case Method for Modeling Complex Business Requirements

The aspect-oriented approach separates cross-cutting concerns and models them as aspects. In this paper, we present a comprehensive aspect-oriented use case approach for modeling complex business requirements. We identify four categories of aspects: high level non-functional requirements, extending or optional requirements, included or subordinate requirements, and business rules. Our aspect-oriented use-case model comprises three different templates: base use cases, aspectual use cases, and nonfunctional aspects. The proposed method offers a systematic approach for identifying different potential aspects from complex business requirements. Moreover, our method provides a comprehensive model for documenting identified aspects and their composition to the core functionalities at an early stage of software development. The contributions of our paper include identifying and utilizing the four types of aspects and proposing the templates to document them.
Cell-specific promoter in adenovirus vector for transgenic expression of SERCA1 ATPase in cardiac myocytes

Adenovirus-mediated transfer of cDNA encoding the chicken skeletal muscle sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA1) yielded selective expression in cultured chick embryo cardiac myocytes un...
CO2 transported in xylem sap affects CO2 efflux from Liquidambar styraciflua and Platanus occidentalis stems, and contributes to observed wound respiration phenomena

The [CO2] in the xylem of tree stems is typically two to three orders of magnitude greater than atmospheric [CO2]. In this study, xylem [CO2] was experimentally manipulated in saplings of sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) by allowing shoots severed from their root systems to absorb water containing [CO2] ranging from 0.04% to 14%. The effect of xylem [CO2] on CO2 efflux to the atmosphere from uninjured and mechanically injured, i.e., wounded, stems was examined. In both wounded and unwounded stems, and in both species, CO2 efflux was directly proportional to xylem [CO2], and increased 5-fold across the range of xylem [CO2] produced by the [CO2] treatment. Xylem [CO2] explained 76–77% of the variation in pre-wound efflux. After wounding, CO2 efflux increased substantially but remained directly proportional to internal stem [CO2]. These experiments substantiated our previous finding that stem CO2 efflux was directly related to internal xylem [CO2] and expanded our observations to two new species. We conclude that CO2 transported in the xylem may confound measurements of respiration based on CO2 efflux to the atmosphere. This study also provided evidence that the rapid increase in CO2 efflux observed after tissues are excised or injured is likely the result of the rapid diffusion of CO2 from the xylem, rather than an actual increase in the rate of respiration of wounded tissues.
Sulfide Oxidation Coupled to Arsenate Reduction by a Diverse Microbial Community in a Soda Lake

We characterized the arsenate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing population of Mono Lake, California, by analyzing the distribution and diversity of rrnA, cbbL, and dissimilatory arsenate reductase (arrA) genes in environmental DNA, arsenate-plus sulfide-amended lake water, mixed cultures, and isolates. The arsenate-reducing community was diverse. An organism represented by an rrnA sequence previously retrieved from Mono Lake and affiliated with the Desulfobulbaceae (Deltaproteobacteria) appears to be an important member of the arsenate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing community. Sulfide oxidation coupled with arsenate reduction appears to proceed via a two-electron transfer, resulting in the production of arsenite and an intermediate S compound that is subsequently disproportionated. A realgar-like As/S mineral was formed in some experiments.
Managing United States Public Lands in Response to Climate Change: A View From the Ground Up

Federal land managers are faced with the task of balancing multiple uses and goals when making decisions about land use and the activities that occur on public lands. Though climate change is now well recognized by federal agencies and their local land and resource managers, it is not yet clear how issues related to climate change will be incorporated into on-the-ground decision making within the framework of multiple use objectives. We conducted a case study of a federal land management agency field office, the San Juan Public Lands Center in Durango, CO, U.S.A., to understand from their perspective how decisions are currently made, and how climate change and carbon management are being factored into decision making. We evaluated three major management sectors in which climate change or carbon management may intersect other use goals: forests, biofuels, and grazing. While land managers are aware of climate change and eager to understand more about how it might affect land resources, the incorporation of climate change considerations into everyday decision making is currently quite limited. Climate change is therefore on the radar screen, but remains a lower priority than other issues. To assist the office in making decisions that are based on sound scientific information, further research is needed into how management activities influence carbon storage and resilience of the landscape under climate change.
Creating positive incentives for farm composting

With the growing concern about the impact of agriculture on water quality and heightened interest in managing agricultural by-products economically, the use of composting by U.S. farmers is increasing. Over 8,000 farms are now composting animal mortalities, manure, crop residues, and selected organic materials from communities and industries. At least 75% of farm composting operations are composting poultry mortalities. Based on discussions with contacts in leading agricultural states and organizations, this paper provides examples of technical and economic incentive programs encouraging farmers to adopt composting as a way to manage farm by-products. These programs have been established largely by the public sector, including state agencies, public universities, USDA, and USEPA. However, they are often initiated by or conducted in partnership with the private sector entities such as farms, livestock and poultry product companies, and composting businesses. Examples of incentive programs include research and demonstration projects, extension educational programs, technical standards, regulatory incentives, cost-sharing, financial grants, and low-interest loans. Many projects have succeeded in expanding the practice of composting among farms. For example, the now common practice of composting poultry mortalities can be traced to research and educational programs at the Universities of Maryland and Delaware, which were followed by a national technical standard adopted by the USDA. Similar success stories are apparent in other composting incentive programs, such as for composting of swine mortalities in Missouri, dairy manure in Michigan, and non-farm materials in California and Pennsylvania.
Referral-to-Placement Ratio: A Finding in Need of Reassessment?

Previous research has reported that the number of evaluated children placed in special education is as high as three out of four. The purpose of the present study is to reassess, extend, and update referral-to-placement research. Subjects consisted of 236 predominantly white children referred for special education evaluation from 12 suburban and rural school districts. Of the 236 pupils referred, 128 were diagnosed as learning disabled (LD) by a multidisciplinary team (MDT). The 128 students identified as eligible for services for students with LD had a mean 1Q of 96.43 and a mean age of 10.2. The majority of the subjects were male (70%). The results suggest that the number of students referred who are actually placed is lower (approximately one out of two) than previously reported. It is concluded that further research is needed to verify the current referral-to-placement ratio and to explore the factors influencing this ratio.
Myocardial Function After Gut Ischemia/Reperfusion: Does NFκB Play a Role?

BACKGROUND Mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a common problem in critically ill patients and is frequently associated with myocardial dysfunction. Several potential mechanisms have been proposed to be involved in the myocardial dysfunction associated with mesenteric I/R, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappaB)-mediated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) release leading to cardiodepression. Thus, we sought to investigate the effect of NF kappaB inhibition on mesenteric I/R-associated myocardial dysfunction in a large animal model (dog). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 21 mongrel dogs were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated. Animals were instrumented with a Swan-Ganz Catheter, left ventricle (LV) pressure manometer, and ultrasonic crystals. Mesenteric I/R consisted of 60 min of ischemia followed by 180 min of reperfusion. Seven animals received pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 100 mg/kg) prior to mesenteric I/R (I/R PDTC). Another group of animals (n = 7) without mesenteric ischemia received PDTC following baseline measurements and served as control for the effect of PDTC alone (PDTC). Preload recruitable stroke work, +/-dp/dt(max), isovolumic relaxation (tau), and cardiac output were measured. Myocardial tissue was analyzed for NF kappaB activity, TNF-alpha production, and myocardial apoptosis. RESULTS Mesenteric I/R impaired both LV systolic and diastolic function. Administration of PDTC worsened LV function impairment following I/R. In addition, PDTC resulted in decreased LV function even without mesenteric I/R. NF kappaB, TNF-alpha, and myocardial apoptosis were not different among the groups. CONCLUSIONS Mesenteric I/R affects LV function independent of NF kappaB and TNF-alpha pathways. PDTC acts as a cardiac depressant through a thus far unknown mechanism. Therefore, evaluation of cardiac and hemodynamic function in experimental setups using PDTC has to be carefully interpreted.
Effect of Dietary Fluoride on Dairy Cattle: Growth of Young Heifers

Thirty 5 to 6-mo-old Holstein heifer calves were divided into three groups and fed a control ration or the control ration with sufficient NaF added to furnish an additional 30 or 50 ppm F based on total dry matter intake. Fluoride content of the hay and grain was 5 and 15 ppm, respectively. The addition of 30 or 50 ppm F had no effect on growth or dry matter intake over the next 70 wk. After 1 yr on experiment, concentrations of F for animals in the control, 30, and 50 ppm F groups were 402, 2509, and 3743 ppm F in vertebral biopsies; .06, .21, and .27 ppm F in serum; and 1, 8, and 13 ppm F in urine. Fluoride ingestion had no influence on various indices of anemia, thyroid function, or on differential white cell counts, nor did it influence ration digestibility. These data suggest that young heifers can be fed up to 50 ppm of a soluble fluoride in their ration with no adverse effect.
Authorship Issues Related to Software Tools

The case report by Welker and McCue in the current issue of JAMIA1 raises a number of important ethical concerns, both directly and indirectly. First is the longstanding debate, discussed by Welker and McCue, about what constitutes authorship. Some recent reports2–6 suggest replacing “authorship” with “contributorship.” Under such a model, submitted manuscripts would list all individuals contributing to a publication, along with careful documentation of each individual's actual contribution(s) to the work. This model would provide for only a small number of “key” project members, such as the principal investigator and individual(s) who both contribute in major ways and who also write large segments of the manuscript, to have “author” status. Even short of authorship, there exists an ethical impetus to acknowledge important contributors to published works. One might address the dilemma presented in the case report by Welker and McCue simply by placing in the Acknowledgments section of a paper a citation to the original (local) developers of the software tools used. Similarly, the Acknowledgments section might also list the agencies that funded local development of software tools used. Mechanisms exist for developers of biomedical software tools to describe their software, per se, in the literature. For example, JAMIA publishes Methods papers describing new approaches to a … Correspondence and reprints: Dr. Randolph A. Miller, Room B003C Eskind Biomedical Library, 2209 Garland Ave., Nashville, TN 37232; e-mail:
Virucidal hand treatments for prevention of rhinovirus infection

Rhinovirus infections are associated with substantial morbidity and economic cost. The available common cold remedies are of limited utility and specific antiviral approaches have been unsuccessful. Viral contamination of the hands appears to play an important role in the transmission of rhinovirus from person-to-person. Interruption of this step in transmission presents a potential target for intervention. Initial studies demonstrated that the common cold could be prevented by treatment of hands with iodine. Inactivation of the rhinoviruses by acid is well known and a survey of organic acids considered safe for consumer use revealed that salicylic acid and pyroglutamic acid have potent virucidal activity for the rhinoviruses that persists for several hours after application to the hands. A subsequent evaluation in human volunteers confirmed the prevention of rhinovirus infections by these acids and suggested that these agents have promise as cosmetically acceptable virucidal agents for interruption of the transmission of these infections.
Variation in Human Body Size and Shape

▪ Abstract Evolutionary trends in human body form provide important context for interpreting variation among modern populations. Average body mass in living humans is smaller than it was during most of the Pleistocene, possibly owing to technological improvements during the past 50,000 years that no longer favored large body size. Sexual dimorphism in body size reached modern levels at least 150,000 years ago and probably earlier. Geographic variation in both body size and shape in earlier humans paralleled latitudinal clines observed today. Climatic adaptation is the most likely primary cause for these gradients, overlain in more recent populations by nutritional effects on growth. Thus, to distinguish growth disturbances, it is necessary to partition out the (presumably genetic) long-term differences in body form between populations that have resulted from climatic selection. An example is given from a study of Inupiat children, using a new index of body shape to assess relative body mass.
Left invariant control systems on infinite-dimensional homogeneous spaces

We consider the problem of estimation in infinite dimensions and of the control of systems on homogeneous space in finite and infinite dimensions. Firstly we analyze an infinite-dimensional estimation problem via Morse theory. Secondly we show how symplectic methods can be used to analyze controllability of a system on a symplectic homogeneous space in finite and infinite dimensions.
Fat patterning of adolescents: Allometry of fatfolds

The relationship between thickness and fat mass of 101 male and 66 female adolescents (10-16 y examined with the allometric equation y = bx". Body composition was assessed by underwater weighing and 5 fatfolds were measured: triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abd Percent body fat ranged from 4.9% to 56.1%. The log of each fatfold thickness was plotted versus the log of fat mass. All the relationships were linear and exhibited monophasic allometry. All the alpha coefficients (slope of the log-log plots) exhib- ited positive allometry. The prepubescent male and female alphas were similar and had the same pattern. The pattern contrasted the trunk with the extremity fatfolds. No differences (P > .05) were found between the alphas for the pubescent males. The triceps alpha of the pubescent females was less (P .05) different. In conclusion, the trunk was the predominant site of subcutaneous fat deposition for prepubes- cents, while pubescents exhibit a more general pattern of fat distribution. Q 1992 U'iley-Liss, Inc
BOLD MRI monitoring of changes in cerebral perfusion induced by acetazolamide and hypercarbia in the rat.

To evaluate MRI methods for estimating cerebrovascular reserve, we computed changes in the R 2 * and R 2 transverse relaxation rate and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) at 2.0 Tesla in five rats after administration of 30 mg of acetazolamide and in four rats during inhalation of 20% carbon dioxide gas. Significant decreases in R 2 * , corresponding to increases in gradient echo MRI signals, occurred in both the acetazolamide (average change -8.3%, P=0.005) and the carbon dioxide (-2.7%, P=0.009) treated animals. The computed values for R 2 and ADC were unchanged. The magnitude of the gradient echo MRI changes observed should permit anatomic mapping of blood flow reactivity patterns in normal human subjects and in patients at risk for cerebrovascular disease
Abnormal aminotransferase activity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was abnormal in 30% of 70 female infertility patients with polycystic ovary syndrome in whom causes other than nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were excluded by history and serum testing. Women with elevated ALT had significantly higher body mass index, waist circumference, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol–to–HDL-cholesterol ratio, and degree of insulin resistance.
Prosthetic ankle push-off work reduces metabolic rate but not collision work in non-amputee walking

Prosthetic ankle push-off work reduces metabolic rate but not collision work in non-amputee walking
Supine lower body negative pressure exercise simulates metabolic and kinetic features of upright exercise

Exercise within an artificial gravity environment may help prevent microgravity-induced deconditioning. We hypothesized that supine lower body negative pressure (LBNP) exercise simulates physiologi...
A deep ensemble learning method for monaural speech separation

Monaural speech separation is a fundamental problem in robust speech processing. Recently, deep neural network (DNN)-based speech separation methods, which predict either clean speech or an ideal time-frequency mask, have demonstrated remarkable performance improvement. However, a single DNN with a given window length does not leverage contextual information sufficiently, and the differences between the two optimization objectives are not well understood. In this paper, we propose a deep ensemble method, named multicontext networks, to address monaural speech separation. The first multicontext network averages the outputs of multiple DNNs whose inputs employ different window lengths. The second multicontext network is a stack of multiple DNNs. Each DNN in a module of the stack takes the concatenation of original acoustic features and expansion of the soft output of the lower module as its input, and predicts the ratio mask of the target speaker; the DNNs in the same module employ different contexts. We have conducted extensive experiments with three speech corpora. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. We have also compared the two optimization objectives systematically and found that predicting the ideal time-frequency mask is more efficient in utilizing clean training speech, while predicting clean speech is less sensitive to SNR variations.
Symbols, meaning, and action: The past, present, and future of symbolic interactionism

Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical perspective in sociology that addresses the manner in which society is created and maintained through face-to-face, repeated, meaningful interactions among ...
Utilizing an Adjustment Factor to Scale Between Multiple Fidelities Within a Design Process: A Stepping Stone to Dialable Fidelity Design

The conceptual and preliminary design stages of aircraft design have traditionally been two separate, time intensive design phases. However, the concept of dialable fidelity is one in which the gap between these two phases, conceptual and preliminary design, is bridged by introducing physics into the design process at an earlier stage than traditionally employed. This introduction of physics at an earlier stage eliminates the need for separate conceptual and preliminary design phases and consequently reduces total design time. The concept of dialable fidelity does however pose certain obstacles such as determining how and when to dial or switch between different fidelity models. This paper explores the ability to apply an adjustment factor to low fidelities models so as to scale them to high fidelity models. A response surface approximation of said adjustment factor is constructed using information of previous high and low fidelity simulations at corresponding design points using kriging. In doing so, finite difference estimations for sensitivities of a high fidelity model can be obtained using low fidelity models. It is shown that the error between predictions of a high fidelity model and low fidelity model decreases by applying an adjustment factor to the low fidelity model. Likewise, the error between the high fidelity and adjusted low fidelity model tends to decrease as more data is available for construction of the kriging model used to determine the adjustment factor.
Diabetic ketoacidosis, sodium glucose transporter-2 inhibitors and the kidney

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious metabolic condition that may occur in patients with either Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. The accumulation of ketoacids in the serum is a consequence of insulin deficiency and glucagon excess. Sodium Glucose Transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are novel therapeutic treatments for improving glucose homeostasis in patients with diabetes. Through reductions in glucose reabsorption by the kidney, they lower serum glucose in patients with Type 2 diabetes and they improve glucose control whether used alone or in combination with other therapies. Mechanistically, these drugs increase serum ketoacids and increase glucagon production, which in some individuals, can lead to formation of diabetic ketoacidosis. This review will first focus in how the kidney normally handles ketoacids, and second will discuss how the SGLT2 inhibitors affect the kidney in such a way so as to enhance the risk for development of ketoacidosis in susceptible individuals.
Clinical Management of Pyogenic Liver Abscesses

Pyogenic liver abscesses are rare but if handled inappropriately can be life-threatening. Early experiences with the management of these liver abscesses yielded high morbidity and mortality. However, over the last three decades, treatment has moved away from surgery as the front-line therapy and has evolved to include less invasive interventional radiologic procedures. This change in paradigm has been accompanied by shorter length of hospital stay and decreased morbidity and mortality. Despite these findings in the general population, patients that develop pyogenic liver abscesses following a liver transplant have a much higher morbidity and mortality, with some ultimately requiring retransplantation. When managed appropriately and in many cases with a multi-modality approach, patients with pyogenic liver abscesses can achieve excellent clinical outcomes.
Representing Clients with Mental Health and/or Cognitive Impairments in Treatment Courts

This white paper, prepared for the American University School of Public Affairs’ Justice Programs Office, is meant as a guide for lawyers representing clients with mental disabilities, especially in the context of drug courts. It argues that the task of improving the skills level of defense counsel in this representation of persons with mental disabilities in drug courts has to be approached simultaneously on two parallel, interlocking tracks:1. Education about mental disabilities and their impact on defendants in the criminal justice system, especially those in drug courts, and2. Education about those factors that contaminate the entire criminal justice process: sanism, pretextuality, heuristics, and the use of false “ordinary common sense”.Unless the second track is included, education – standing alone – is not a sufficient predicate for systemic meaningful change. In this paper, I discuss (1) the appalling statistics as to the percentage of persons in the criminal justice system who have a mental disability (including psychosocial disabilities [commonly referred to as “mental illness”] and intellectual disabilities [previously referred to as “mental retardation”]), (2) the key definitional criteria as to some of these disabilities, (3) some key factors to consider in how these disabilities are significantly different (although they are all too often commingled by judges, jurors and lawyers) from each other, and (4) some of the areas of criminal defense practice in which the presence of one of these disabilities is critically important. Lawyers must understand that a client’s mental health and cognitive impairment matter at every stage of the lawyer client relationship, from the first meeting to case strategizing to the plea/trial decision to the sentencing process and beyond, and must take seriously the full range of legal issues and behavioral issues that are presented. These issues include (1) the omnipresent “fear of faking” that plagues this system, (2) the impact of prescribed medications on client behavior and interaction with counsel, and (3) the likelihood of undiagnosed or misdiagnosed disabilities, I argue that it is critical that defense lawyers understand the differences between different disabilities, and how these differences may be critical in the representational process, whether the case involves the incompetency status, insanity defense, mitigation in a death penalty case, mitigation at sentencing, diversion to a problem-solving court, or, simply, as part of the entire “toolkit” that a lawyer brings to the representation of a “regular” criminal case in the context of plea negotiations or trial.
Women, Wealth and Law: Anglo-Hindu and Anglo-Islamic Inheritance Law in British India

ABSTRACTIn the late nineteenth century, Anglo-Hindu and Anglo-Islamic inheritance law in British India treated women very differently. Anglo-Hindu inheritance law precluded women from both inheriting a portion of the estate and disposing of their property. Anglo-Islamic inheritance law allowed women to inherit property and did not restrict how they could use this property. The differing treatment of women by both systems allowed Anglo-Hindu inheritance law to encourage wealth accumulation, whereas Anglo-Islamic inheritance law encouraged estate fragmentation. An overview of both systems of inheritance law and case summaries illustrate how differences in the treatment of women affected the relationship between each system of inheritance law and wealth accumulation.
A vista particular, de Ricardo Lísias

Nesta resenha de A vista particular (2016), concentro-me na manipulacao que caracteriza toda arte, para entender como o romance lida com essa questao, politizando-a.
How Busy Are You?: Predicting the Interruptibility Intensity of Mobile Users

Smartphones frequently notify users about newly available messages or other notifications. It can be very disruptive when these notifications interrupt users while they are busy. Our work here is based on the observation that people usually exhibit different levels of busyness at different contexts. This means that classifying users' interruptibility as a binary status, interruptible or not interruptible, is not sufficient to accurately measure their availability towards smartphone interruptions. In this paper, we propose, implement and evaluate a two-stage hierarchical model to predict people's interruptibility intensity. Our work is the first to introduce personality traits into interruptibility prediction model, and we found that personality data improves the prediction significantly. Our model bootstraps the prediction with similar people's data, and provides a good initial prediction for users whose individual models have not been trained on their own data yet. Overall prediction accuracy of our model can reach 66.1%.
Improving Prehospital Management of Children With Respiratory Distress

Abstract For prehospital providers, guidelines for managing children with respiratory distress are often based on expert opinion, extrapolated from studies in the inpatient or emergency department setting or studies with adult patients. Implementing research protocols to develop best practices for pediatric prehospital management is challenging due to the infrequent opportunities emergency medical services (EMS) providers have to provide care to pediatric patients. Critically ill or injured children with respiratory distress due to airway compromise or underlying illness such as severe asthma exacerbations are relatively low frequency but high risk events in the prehospital setting. Improving the pipeline from prehospital scientific research to clinical practice for higher quality evidence has been an Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendation for over a decade. The objective of this article is to describe current evidence guiding prehospital management of children with respiratory distress and to discuss potential research opportunities.
A Mental Approach to Software Testing: (Abstract Only)

Many software engineering students make the transition from an academic setting to professional software development careers. Due to its popularity in the software industry, it is important for students to learn software testing skills and adhere to professional practices to prepare them for their transition and be successful. Software testing is an important skill for students but there are many different approaches that enables students to gain this skill. We created a unique approach that enables students to learn software testing with a unique mentality and developed a tool to make educational assessments and feedback quick and scalable. Our approach is implemented within an undergraduate classroom where students are separated into two groups. Each group develops software tests through Test-Driven Development (TDD) with a different mentality. With this approach, we hope to see an improvement in the quality of software that students produce.
Do Anti-Oxidants Vitamin D3, Melatonin, and Alpha-Lipoic Acid Have Synergistic Effects with Temozolomide on Cultured Glioblastoma Cells?

Background: Cancer patients often take over-the-counter anti-oxidants as primary treatment or in combination with chemotherapy. Data about such use in glioblastoma is limited. Methods: Cultured U87-MG cells, a primary glioblastoma cell line (MU1454), U87-MG derived stem-like cells (scU87), and MU1454 derived stem-like cell lines (scMU1454) were pre-treated with one of three anti-oxidants—Vitamin D3, Melatonin, and alpha-lipoic acid (LA)—for 72 h, followed by a 72 h treatment with temozolomide (TMZ). MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assessed cell proliferation. DCFDA Cellular ROS Detection Assay and Glutathione peroxidase (GP×1) activity assessed the anti-oxidant effect of TMZ +/− an anti-oxidant drug. Results: Vitamin D3 did not affect MU1454, but had slight TMZ synergism for U87-MG. Melatonin 1 mM decreased U87-MG and MU1454 cell proliferation. As pretreatment to TMZ, melatonin 1 mM and 50 nM significantly reduced proliferation. LA 1 mM had a significant effect alone or with TMZ on U87-MG and MU1454. LA 250 uM also reduced proliferation by almost 50%. Melatonin and LA significantly enhanced the responsiveness of scMU1454 to TMZ, while Melatonin 50 nM exerted similar effects on scU87. The anti-oxidants were associated with generally decreased reactive oxygen species and limited GP×1 effects. Conclusions: Anti-oxidants may have synergistic effects with TMZ. LA offers the most promise, followed by melatonin.
Conservation Easements: Perpetuity and Beyond

Perpetual conservation easements are intended to protect the particular land they encumber for the conservation purposes specified in the deed of conveyance in perpetuity, or at least until circumstances have changed so profoundly that continued protection of the land for those purposes is no longer feasible. To protect the public interest and investment in perpetual conservation easements, and, at the same time, permit adjustments to be made to respond to changing conditions, such easements should be treated like any other form of charitable asset acquired by a government or charitable entity for a particular charitable purpose - i.e., as subject to equitable charitable trust principles. This Article outlines the considerable support for applying charitable trust principles to perpetual conservation easements, including uniform laws, the Restatement of Property, federal tax law, and judicial activity on this issue to date. This Article cautions that perpetual land protection is not appropriate in all circumstances and recommends a more considered use of perpetual conservation easements as a land protection tool. This article also explores the possible use of a number of nonperpetual conservation easements to accomplish land protection goals.
Rapid Thermal Multiprocessing for a Programmable Factory for Manufacturing of ICs

At Stanford University we have developed concepts of a programmable factory, an alternative Adaptable Manufacturing Systems (AMS) approach to IC fabrication, which may offer more economical small or large scale production, higher flexibility to accommodate many products on several processes, and faster turnaround to hasten product innovation [1–3]. This approach is based on a new generation of single-wafer, flexible, multifunctional equipment with extensive use of computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) to further enhance the flexibility. In this approach programmable equipment quickly processes one semiconductor wafer at a time, performs several process steps insitu in contrast to the conventional alternative of slowly processing many wafers simultaneously and one step per equipment [1–3]. Single-wafer processing facilitates the use of in-situ monitoring and real-time control. Extensive use of CIM for specification, monitoring, control, and information management should make switching between processes faster and more reliable, should increase the ease by which large numbers of different products could simultaneously be routed and tracked through the factory, and should maximize equipment utilization.
Muscle Pain Treatment

Muscles represent approximately 40–50 % of the body by weight yet are generally absent from our evaluation and treatment protocols for common pain syndromes. This chapter will provide a brief background on the history of the understanding of muscle pain, its epidemiology and pathophysiology, problems in implementing a universally accepted approach to its diagnosis and treatment, and a suggested protocol for the inclusion of muscle evaluation and treatment in all instances of subacute and chronic pain presentations.
Orthoplastic Reconstruction of the Arms and Legs

By definition, a patient sustaining an open fracture in an arm or leg has a soft tissue injury, as well as a bony injury. These two injuries are inextricably linked. Since the days of Hippocrates, fractures have been stabilized by using splints or external furators, and soft tissue injuries have been treated with various potions and salves. Techniques for proper limb alignment and soft tissue as well as fracture healing have been the subject of medicine throughout the modern era.
An Efficient Fluctuation Measurement Method in Image Processing Considering Order

The standard deviation can measure the spread out of a set of numbers and entropy can measure the randomness. However, they do not consider the order of the numbers. This can lead to misleading results where the order of the numbers is vital. An image is a set of numbers (i.e. pixel values) that is sensitive to order. In this paper, an efficient method for measuring the fluctuation is proposed considering the order of the numbers. The proposed method sums up the changes of consecutive numbers and can be used in image processing applications. Simulation shows that the proposed method is 8 to 33 times faster than other related works.
Faith and Doubt in an American Working Landscape: The Importance of Scale, Work, and Place in Rural Development Planning

The term “working landscape” (WL) is increasingly used by American planners and policy makers to describe the rural places and livelihoods they aim to shape. This paper draws from a mixed-methods s...
The Multiple Levels of 'Property' in IP and Why That Matters for the Natural Versus Regulatory IP Debates

The intellectual property field is polarized between what are variously called skeptics or minimalists, on the one hand, and pro-IP or maximalists, on the other. An important skein in this debate is as between those who view IP as purely regulatory law and those who view it as natural property. The former hold IP rights to be malleable creations of the state that exist only to generate an optimal supply of inventions and creations; any stronger rights are seen as harmful. The latter hold IP rights to be fundamental property that should be protected as other natural rights. This article argues that the two camps are talking past each other because they are focused on different levels of “property” in things we think of as IP. In fact, there are four levels of property rights in IP: inchoate or natural property rights in private knowledge, methods, or creative expression; state-issued IP title deeds (formal patents or copyrights); physical embodiments of IP as personal property; and contracts (usually licenses) regarding IP or the physical embodiments (or both). Digital artifacts, poised ambiguously between the tangible and the intangible, present a new level of confusion precisely because of this straddling of two different species of property. Ultimately this article argues that the way out of the current unhelpful polarization is acknowledgment of the different levels and a new conceptualization of IP based on them.
Geometric modeling of knitted fabrics using helicoid scaffolds

We present a bicontinuous, minimal surface (the helicoid) as a scaffold on which to define the topology and geometry of yarns in a weft-knitted fabric. Modeling with helicoids offers a geometric ap...
The role of parental incarceration in predicting trajectories of child internalizing problems

Abstract On any given day, millions of U.S. children have at least one parent in jail or in prison. As the number of children facing this situation has increased considerably over the past several decades, interest has intensified regarding the impact of this experience on child adjustment. Although substantial research has focused on the link between parental incarceration and child externalizing behaviors, comparatively little research has examined the impact of parental incarceration on child internalizing problems across time. This leaves a critical gap in understanding child outcomes as a whole, as internalizing problems can have implications for psychopathology and other problematic issues not only across childhood but also across adulthood. To address this gap, the effects of parental incarceration on developmental trajectories of internalizing problems were examined while controlling for key individual, parental and family influences. Using four trajectory groups – Low-Stable, Preadolescent-Limited, Moderate-Increasing, and High-Decreasing – found in previous analyses of data from a longitudinal study of 655 youth, we fit unadjusted and adjusted multinomial logistic regression models. The models included all predictors of interest on the categorical outcome of the specific internalizing problem trajectory using the Low-Stable individuals as the reference group. Study results suggest that when controlling for other family risks, parental incarceration is not a significant risk factor for any of the trajectories in the development of internalizing problems. These findings provide evidence that parental incarceration may be a risk marker, rather than a unique risk factor, for internalizing problems among youth.
Neuroplasticity and Other Treatment Options for Cognitive and Behavioral Neurological Syndromes

It would be a remiss not to have a section enunciating potential treatments of the several hundred cognitive and behavioral syndromes mentioned in the foregoing chapters. There has been renewed focus on working with the brain’s inherent neuroplasticity, which has been relatively ignored until recently. The predominant focus over the past few decades has been on neuropharmacological or pill-centric approaches. Furthermore, we have also had a gene-centric approach that had been initially promising since the recently completed Human Genome Project. This too has given way to the epigenetic and small RNA science from direct environmental influences. Finally, due to a memory-centric culture over the past few decades, much of clinical dementia and mild cognitive impairment may have been obscured by other important symptoms and dementias other than Alzheimer’s disease.
The effect of thermal therapy on the blood-brain barrier and blood-tumor barrier.

The blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers represent highly specialized structures responsible for tight regulation of molecular transit into the central nervous system. Under normal circumstances, t...
LANDISVIEW 2.0: An upgraded visualization and analytical tool for landscape modeling

A major challenge in landscape modeling is to effectively visualize and analyze a massive amount of simulation outputs, which usually are in various raster and vector geospatial data formats. Because the task is often time-consuming and costly, available handy data viewers are limited. Yet, it is a useful tool for land managers to prepare and deploy their management plan in a landscape scale. Here, we upgraded our previous LANDISVIEW (version 1.0) to significantly enhance both visualizing and analyzing four major raster and vector geospatial data formats: ERDAS GIS/ASCII Raster (gis/.asc), ERDAS IMAGINE (.img) and Tagged Image (.tiff), which are the images formats widely used in remote sensing and landscape models (e.g., LANDIS). In addition, the version 2.0 software can serve as a converter for linking spatial data to other widely used landscape spatial analysis tools, including FRAGSTATS. Using this updated version 2.0, we were able to effectively assess a wildfire effect on forest structure and predict forest growth dynamics in responses to future wildfire and drought in northeastern California.
Princesses or Monsters?: An Analysis of the Role of the Freak Show in Toddlers & Tiaras

This essay explores a modern-day incarnationof the historical freak show: the child beautypageant reality show Toddlers & Tiaras. The author draws connections between both freak shows and Toddlers’ use of the concepts of normalcy, display, and consent, which ultimately reveals that shows such as these have a detrimental effect on how audiences view young girls, and the contestants themselves may feel negative about their self-worth and femininity after participating in pageants.
Automatic Romanization of Arabic Bibliographic Records.

International library standards require cataloguers to tediously input Romanization of their catalogue records for the benefit of library users without specific language expertise. In this paper, we present the first reported results on the task of automatic Romanization of undiacritized Arabic bibliographic entries. This complex task requires the modeling of Arabic phonology, morphology, and even semantics. We collected a 2.5M word corpus of parallel Arabic and Romanized bibliographic entries, and benchmarked a number of models that vary in terms of complexity and resource dependence. Our best system reaches 89.3% exact word Romanization on a blind test set. We make our data and code publicly available.
Isotopic Analysis of Seventh-Century B.C. Perirrhanteria

In 1890, the geologist G. R. Lepsius identified as Lakonian the marble used to sculpt a small, fragmentary, battered lion (Fig.l) found at Olympia (1). In the century that has since elapsed, the little marble lion from Olympia has been recognized as part of a perirrhanterion, or marble cult basin. As many as seventeen perirrhanteria are now known from the seventh century B.C.; they form an important and still-growing group among the earliest examples of Greek marble sculpture.