cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A closer look at the migration and diversification of the false foxgloves (genus: Agalinis; family: Orobanchaceae) in temperate North America

The genus Agalinis (commonly known as the “false foxgloves”) belonging to the family Orobanchaceae, is native to the Western Hemisphere. Approximately 40 species are distributed across temperate North America, and a large group is native to Missouri and the Midwestern United States. Twenty-one species of this genus warrant conservation measures. Our main aims were to understand the migration and diversification of temperate North American Agalinis, as well as focusing on the six species native to the state of Missouri. This study is the first to investigate the evolutionary diversification of this genus in temperate North America. Computer applications including BEAST (Bayesian evolutionary analysis sampling trees) and SDIVA (statistical dispersal vicariance analysis), and secondary calibrations from previous studies were implemented to understand the diversification timings and ancestral areas of this group. Our study points to southeastern United States as the center of diversity and place of origin of the Agalinis in temperate North America, from which they spread to the rest of the United States and even migrated to Canada, around the mid-late Miocene period. We were also able to trace the biogeography of the Missouri natives which diversified between the late Miocene and the Pleistocene period. It may be hypothesized that climatic shifts and increase in seasonality during the mid-late Miocene period was one of the primary causes leading to the migration and diversification of this genus throughout temperate North America.
Data Mining of Rare Alleles to Assess Biogeographic Ancestry

The United States Department of Defense (DoD) routinely seeks more efficient ways to examine genetic data applied to cases of foreign or domestic crime. The process of identifying biogeographic ancestry groups using forensic DNA data to provide investigative leads is currently performed on Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP). The motivation for this project was to determine whether SNP assessment of biogeographic ancestry can be replicated using analysis of autosomal Short Tandem Repeats (STR) while preserving predictive accuracy. Replacing SNP analysis with STR analysis is theoretically more efficient. STR data can be generated from a significantly smaller amount of DNA. Additionally, readily available genetic data can be analyzed well after collection. Moreover, in contrast to SNP analysis, STR analysis is more cost effective per sample. Several considerations for this paper were necessary: 1) Whether or not STR profiles at 24 loci can be distinguished into distinct clusters using microvariants and off-ladder alleles. 2) Given that there is identifiable clustering, whether or not these clusters can be probabilistically identified as members biogeographic ancestry groups. STR profiles consisting of 24 loci from N=2,348 subjects were analyzed. The present analysis employed multidimensional scaling (MDS), which provides a measure of dissimilarity between STR profiles and reduces the tabular profiles into two latent dimensions. Using the scaled MDS coordinates, a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) was constructed which provides probabilities of belongingness for every data point to each cluster. Results from the model indicated separations between certain biogeographic ancestry groups with the probabilities generated from the GMM providing a posteriori confidence levels for group membership. Such analyses may be of benefit for efforts in future crime investigation where biogeographic ancestry identification is needed.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal motor neuron degenerative disease. Multiple genetic and non-genetic risk factors are associated with disease pathogenesis, and several cellular processes, including protein homeostasis, RNA metabolism, vesicle transport, etc., are severely impaired in ALS conditions. Despite the heterogeneity of the disease manifestation and progression, ALS patients show protein aggregates in the motor cortex and spinal cord tissue, which is believed to be at least partially caused by aberrant phase separation and the formation of persistent stress granules. Consistent with this notion, many studies have implicated cellular stress, such as ER stress, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and growth factor depletion, in ALS conditions. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a fundamental mitogen/stress-activated signal transduction pathway that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and death. Here we summarize the fundamental role of MAPK in physiology and ALS pathogenesis. We also discuss pharmacological inhibitors targeting this pathway tested in pre-clinical models, suggesting their role as potential drug candidates.
Binge ethanol exposure in mice represses expression of genes involved in osteoblast function and induces expression of genes involved in osteoclast differentiation independently of endogenous catalase.

Excessive ethanol consumption is a risk factor for osteopenia. Since a previous study showed that transgenic female mice with overexpression of catalase are partially protected from ethanol-mediated trabecular bone loss, we investigated the role of endogenous catalase in skeletal ethanol toxicity comparing catalase knockout to wild-type mice. We hypothesized that catalase depletion would exacerbate ethanol effects. The mice were tested in a newly designed binge ethanol model, in which 12-week-old mice were exposed to four consecutive days of gavage with ethanol at 3, 3, 4, and 4.5 g ethanol/kg body weight. Binge ethanol decreased the concentration of serum osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation. The catalase genotype did not affect the osteocalcin levels. RNA sequencing of femoral shaft RNA from males was conducted. Ethanol exposure led to significant downregulation of genes expressed in cells of the osteoblastic lineage with a role in osteoblastic function and collagen synthesis, including the genes encoding major structural bone proteins. Binge ethanol further induced a smaller set of genes with a role in osteoclastic differentiation. Catalase depletion affected genes with expression in erythroblasts and erythrocytes. There was no clear interaction between binge ethanol and the catalase genotype. In an independent experiment, we confirmed that the binge ethanol effects on gene expression were reproducible and occurred throughout the skeleton in males. In conclusion, the binge ethanol exposure, independently of endogenous catalase, reduces expression of genes involved in osteoblastic function and induces expression of genes involved in osteoclast differentiation throughout the skeleton in males.
Challenges in Building Digital Libraries for the 21st Century

After a decade of research and development, digital libraries are becoming operational systems and services. This paper summarizes some of the challenges required for that transition. Digital libraries as systems are converging with digital libraries as institutions, particularly as we consider the service aspects. They are enabling technologies for applications such as classroom instruction, information retrieval, and electronic commerce. Because usability depends heavily upon context, research on uses and users of digital libraries needs to be conducted in a wide array of environments. Interoperability and scaling continue to be major issues, but the problems are better understood. While technical work on interoperability and scaling continues, institutional collaboration is an emerging focus. Concerns for an information infrastructure to support digital libraries is moving toward the concept of "cyberinfrastructure," now that distributed networks are widely deployed and access is becoming ubiquitous. Appropriate evaluation methods and metrics are requirements for sustainable digital libraries that have received little attention until recently. We need to know what works and in what contexts. Evaluation has many aspects and can address a variety of goals, such as usability, maintainability, interoperability, scalability, and economic viability. Lastly, two areas that have received considerable discussion elsewhere are noted -- digital preservation and the role of information institutions such as libraries and archives.
Signal-transducing protein phosphorylation cascades mediated by Ras/Rho proteins in the mammalian cell: the potential for multiplex signalling

The features of three distinct protein phosphorylation cascades in mammalian cells are becoming clear. These signalling pathways link receptor-mediated events at the cell surface or intracellular perturbations such as DNA damage to changes in cytoskeletal structure, vesicle transport and altered transcription factor activity. The best known pathway, the Ras-->Raf-->MEK-->ERK cascade [where ERK is extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and MEK is mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase/ERK kinase], is typically stimulated strongly by mitogens and growth factors. The other two pathways, stimulated primarily by assorted cytokines, hormones and various forms of stress, predominantly utilize p21 proteins of the Rho family (Rho, Rac and CDC42), although Ras can also participate. Diagnostic of each pathway is the MAP kinase component, which is phosphorylated by a unique dual-specificity kinase on both tyrosine and threonine in one of three motifs (Thr-Glu-Tyr, Thr-Phe-Tyr or Thr-Gly-Tyr), depending upon the pathway. In addition to activating one or more protein phosphorylation cascades, the initiating stimulus may also mobilize a variety of other signalling molecules (e.g. protein kinase C isoforms, phospholipid kinases, G-protein alpha and beta gamma subunits, phospholipases, intracellular Ca2+). These various signals impact to a greater or lesser extent on multiple downstream effectors. Important concepts are that signal transmission often entails the targeted relocation of specific proteins in the cell, and the reversible formation of protein complexes by means of regulated protein phosphorylation. The signalling circuits may be completed by the phosphorylation of upstream effectors by downstream kinases, resulting in a modulation of the signal. Signalling is terminated and the components returned to the ground state largely by dephosphorylation. There is an indeterminant amount of cross-talk among the pathways, and many of the proteins in the pathways belong to families of closely related proteins. The potential for more than one signal to be conveyed down a pathway simultaneously (multiplex signalling) is discussed. The net effect of a given stimulus on the cell is the result of a complex intracellular integration of the intensity and duration of activation of the individual pathways. The specific outcome depends on the particular signalling molecules expressed by the target cells and on the dynamic balance among the pathways.
Pattini: The Anthropological Consummation of a Goddess

The Cult of the Goddess Pattini. Gananath Obeyesekere. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. xvii + 629 pp. $42.50 (cloth).
Angle-resolved photoemission from CO on Fe(110)

Abstract We report normal emission, angle-resolved photoemission measurements of the system p (1×2)Co-Fe(110) at several photon energies. The lower bind-energy feature, commonly attributed to emission from both the 1π and 5σ molecular orbitals of CO, shifts from 6.9 to 8.1 eV (relative to the Fermi energy) as the photon energy is increased from 21 to 30 eV. We attribute this dispersion to a large variation in cross section for photoionization of the 1π- and 5σ-derived orbitals and use symmetry selection rules to Identify the 6.9 eV component as the 1π and the 8.1 eV component as the 5σ. This ordering is reversed from the gas phase ordering.
Synthesis of Isonitrile, Iminoacyl, and Aminocarbene Tp′Pt Complexes†

Generation of a reactive Tp′PtMe fragment (Tp′ = hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate) in the presence of free isonitrile leads to a σ-isocyanide Pt(II) complex. Related Pt(II) aminocarbene complexes can be synthesized by nucleophilic attack at the isonitrile carbon followed by addition of acid. Protonation at nitrogen produces the observed aminocarbene product. Nucleophilic attack at the carbon of the coordinated isonitrile by metal alkyl reagents followed by addition of iodomethane as an electrophilic reagent results in Pt(IV) iminoacyl complexes of the type Tp′Pt(RC═N(2,6-C6Me2H3))Me2, where R = Me, Et. Alternatively, the Pt(II) aminocarbene complexes can be converted to these same Pt(IV) iminoacyl products by deprotonation of the N−H site followed by addition of iodomethane, with the outcome reflecting methylation at platinum. Addition of acid to the Pt(IV) iminoacyl complex generates a rare cationic Pt(IV) aminocarbene complex via protonation at the iminoacyl nitrogen as {Tp′Pt(C(R)NH(2,6-C6Me2H3...
Use of Fear Appeals in Dental Health Education

This study investigated the effect on oral hygiene of different fear arousing communications. Three groups of boys were exposed to one of three appeals: a high fear appeal followed by recommendations, a low fear appeal followed by recommendations, and a presentation of the recommendations only. Behavioral and questionnaire measures administered several days before and after the presentations indicate that all appeals were equally effective in motivating the boys to brush their teeth; the low fear group indicated greater adoption of the recommendations; the recommendations-only group was the most likely to indicate that the message had an effect on them; and the high fear group retained more of the information than did the other two groups.
Antiviral activity of ginseng extract against respiratory syncytial virus infection

Panax ginseng has been known to have a number of immuno-modulatory effects. In this study, we investigated whether Panax Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) has in vitro and in vivo antiviral effects on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. KRGE improved the survival of human lung epithelial cells against RSV infection and inhibited RSV replication. In addition, KRGE treatment suppressed the expression of RSV-induced inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-6 and IL-8) and the formation of reactive oxygen species in epithelial cell cultures. Oral administration of mice with KRGE resulted in lowering lung viral loads after RSV infection. Additionally, the in vivo effects of KRGE showed an enhanced level of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) producing dendritic cells subsequent to RSV infection. Taken together, these results suggested that KRGE has antiviral activity against RSV infection.
Human liver microsomes are efficient catalysts of 1,3-butadiene oxidation: evidence for major roles by cytochromes P450 2A6 and 2E1

Previously, we provided evidence for the involvement of multiple cytochrome P450 enzymes in the metabolism of 1,3-butadiene, a rodent and possibly a human carcinogen, to butadiene monoxide in mouse and rat liver microsomes. In this study, 1,3-butadiene oxidation by seven cDNA-expressed human P450 enzymes and by human, mouse, and rat liver microsomes was characterized. Incubations with cDNA-expressed human P450 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2D6, and 2E1 resulted in the formation of butadiene monoxide, whereas incubations with P450 1A1 and 3A4 did not lead to the detection of any metabolite. Of the active isozymes examined, P450 2A6 and 2E1 were the most active when butadiene monoxide formation rates were normalized for the P450 content of the microsomes. With six human liver microsomal samples, 1,3-butadiene oxidation exhibited nearly threefold individual variation in the amounts of butadiene monoxide detected, and butadiene monoxide formation was NADPH- and time-dependent and was inhibited by the addition of 1-benzyl-imidazole or 4-methylpyrazole, known cytochrome P450 inhibitors. Correlation studies provided evidence for major roles by P450 2A6 and 2E1 in 1,3-butadiene oxidation in human liver microsomes. Butadiene monoxide formation rates in human liver microsomes were similar, or higher, than the rate obtained in mouse liver microsomes, whereas 1,3-butadiene oxidation rates in human and mouse liver microsomes were higher than the rate obtained in rat liver microsomes. These results provide direct evidence that 1,3-butadiene is a substrate for multiple P450 enzymes and suggest that humans may be at higher risk of expressing 1,3-butadiene toxicity compared to mice or rats. In addition, these results suggest that the mouse may be the more appropriate animal model to assess human risk.
Use of alternative lipids and finishing feeds to improve nutritional value and food safety of hybrid striped bass

Abstract The present study assessed the use of saturated fatty acid-rich lipids to replace fish oil in grow-out feeds in conjunction with a fish oil-rich finishing diet to determine if this strategy could produce hybrid striped bass with equal production performance, and equivalent fillet long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) levels, and reduced fillet persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations. Final weight (597.8 ± 11.1 g, mean ± SE, p = 0.29), percent weight gain (2743.1 ± 45.1%, p = 0.11), feed conversion ratio (1.4 ± 0.02, p = 0.28), dress-out (23.5 ± 0.3%, p = 0.46), hepatosomatic index (0.9 ± 0.02, p = 0.54), or liposomatic index (1.5 ± 0.04, p = 0.62) was not adversely affected by any of the feeding regimens. However, fillet composition was altered, with fillets of fish consuming less fish oil having lower LC-PUFA (31.45 ± 0.75 to 16.94 ± 0.78 g/100 g FAME, p
Parametric study of thermal mass property of concrete buildings in US climate zones

Considering the ubiquity of concrete's structural, architectural, and environmental applications in buildings, a research study was carried out to determine how the thermal mass property of concrete could improve the energy performance of buildings. The results have shown that extreme climate zones can better exploit the thermal mass property of the material. This article initially reviews the fundamental concepts of thermal mass. It then specifically explores the impact of thermal mass concrete on building energy performance in six U.S. climate zones through Energy Plus simulation and analysis. The building occupancy types (office and residential), window-to-wall area ratio, and height are chosen as the parameters to evaluate the impact of thermal mass on building energy performance. In addition, the annual heating and cooling energy demands are selected as the measurement indices of building energy consumption. This article presents the results of the study, interprets them, and draws conclusions about ...
Cognition and the Power of Continuous Dynamical Systems

Traditional approaches to modeling cognitive systems are computational, based on utilizing the standard tools and concepts of the theory of computation. More recently, a number of philosophers have argued that cognition is too `subtle' or `complex' for these tools to handle. These philosophers propose an alternative based on dynamical systems theory. Proponents of this view characterize dynamical systems as (i) utilizing continuous rather than discrete mathematics, and, as a result, (ii) being computationally more powerful than traditional computational automata. Indeed, the logical possibility of such `super-powerful' systems has been demonstrated in the form of analog artificial neural networks. In this paper I consider three arguments against the nomological possibility of these automata. While the first two arguments fail, the third succeeds. In particular, the presence of noise reduces the computational power of analog networks to that of traditional computational automata, and noise is a pervasive feature of information processing in biological systems. Consequently, as an empirical thesis, the proposed dynamical alternative is under-motivated: What is required is an account of how continuously valued systems could be realized in physical systems despite the ubiquity of noise.
Opposing actions of TGFβ and MAP kinase signaling in undifferentiated hen granulosa cells

Abstract The present studies were conducted to establish interactions between transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family members, TGFα and betacellulin (BTC), relative to proliferation and differentiation of granulosa cells in hen ovarian follicles. Results presented demonstrate expression of TGFβ isoforms, plus TGFα, BTC, and ErbB receptors in prehierarchal follicles, thus establishing the potential for autocrine/paracrine signaling and cross-talk within granulosa cells at the onset of differentiation. Treatment with TGFα or BTC increases levels of TGFβ1 mRNA in undifferentiated granulosa cells, while the selective inhibitor of mitogen activated protein kinase signaling, U0126, reverses these effects. Moreover, TGFβ1 attenuates c-myc mRNA expression and granulosa cell proliferation, while TGFα blocks both these inhibitory effects. Collectively, these data provide evidence that EGF family ligands regulate both the expression and biological actions of TGFβ1 in hen granulosa cells, and indicate that the timely interaction of these opposing factors is an important modulator of both granulosa cell proliferation and differentiation.
Temporal variability of microparticle properties in polar ice sheets

Abstract Four recent ice core studies reveal a consistently recurring temporal correlation between increased microparticle concentrations and lower global temperatures (more negative 13 O/ 16 O ratios). A continuous 900-year record of particle deposition from the 101-m South Pole core was obtained by analyzing 6218 samples. The concentration of insoluble particles with diameters >0.63 μ m increases substantially between A.D. 1450 and 1850, a period of slightly reduced global temperatures encompassing the latest Neoglacial or Little Ice Age. There is evidence suggesting that some of the additional material may be volcanic, although further substantiation is required. The microparticle analyses of selected sections from three deep cores coupled with the respective σ 18 O measurements reveal that in all three cores the last glacial or Late Wisconsin ice contained great quantities of microparticles. The ratio of the average microparticle concentration in Wisconsin sections to that in Holocene sections is 6 for the 905-m Dome C, Antarctica core, 3 for the 2164-m Byrd Station, Antarctica core and 12 for the 1387-m Camp Century, Greenland core. Microparticle increases of this magnitude can not be accounted for merely by a reduction in net accumulation. These data suggest that the global atmosphere was heavily laden with suspended particulates near the end of the last major glaciation.
Indirect Exchange Interactions in Metals

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the indirect exchange interactions in a metal. The indirect interaction in a metal proceeds as follows: The magnetic moment of one nucleus of spin I 1 scatters a conduction electron of spin s by means of the hyperfine interaction between electronic and nuclear magnetic moments, and then the magnetic moment of the second nucleus of spin I 2 sees the scattered electron. The two nuclear moments see each other in this way. When the contact I.s part of the hyperfine interaction is dominant, the indirect exchange is isotropic, of the form I 1 .I 2 . The primary emphasis is on the coupling between two nuclear magnetic moments, and secondary emphasis is on the coupling between the electronic magnetic moments of substitutional paramagnetic ions in a dilute alloy. The primary area is the simpler to handle theoretically; the secondary area is of wider scientific and technological importance because of the application to magnetic order in the rare-earth metals.
THE CONSISTENCY OF STRATEGIES IN THE LEARNING OF MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURES

The term strategy abounds these days in our educational literature. Children are alleged to have strategies for playing games and for solving problems; teachers are encouraged to develop strategies of instruction. But like its cousin style, strategy is often applied loosely and inappropriately to any sort of regularity in behavior. Researchers in mathematics education should be cautious in using the term. One assumes, for example, that if a person has a strategy for playing a game, he will be aware that he is acting according to some plan, however vague or rudimentary. If the pattern of questions a person asks or moves he makes is to be called a strategy, moreover, then one ought to expect that when faced with a similar task on another occasion, the person's behavior will show a similar pattern. On the other hand, if the pattern of behavior is neither conscious nor consistent across tasks and oc-
Temperature dependence of the epitaxial growth of Pt on basal-plane sapphire

Abstract We have investigated the temperature-dependent growth characteristics of epitaxial Pt(111) on Al2O3(0001) using in-situ scanning tunneling microscopy. For temperatures near the onset of epitaxy (600°C), the Pt films grown by ion-beam sputtering, are flat and well-ordered. With increasing substrate deposition temperature, the surfaces grow rougher and at 700°C display island-on-island growth with up to 12 monosteps visible. When subjected to a post-deposition anneal of 950°C, the Pt becomes very smooth and the initial growth temperature becomes less important. Finally, we show that the Pt provides an excellent seed layer on which to grow and investigate metals such as Co and Cu.
Child welfare caregivers: An evaluation of access to pediatric health care

Abstract This study's purpose was to identify differences in pediatric health care barriers and utilization among children in child welfare by caregiver type (birth parents, kin, and unrelated foster). Surveys were administered to 237 caregivers in the waiting room of an outpatient pediatric clinic in Los Angeles, California. Least-square means of access-to-care barriers derived from general linear models were compared across three types of caregivers. Multiple logistic regression models were employed to compare odds of good health status, availability of regular physician, and up-to-date vaccination across caregiver types. In the multivariate analysis, birth parents with children in child welfare were more likely to rate transportation as an access barrier (p = 0.05) and unrelated caregivers were less likely to rate clinic hours inconvenient (p = 0.03) than other caregivers. Children with unrelated foster caregivers were less up-to-date on their vaccinations. All caregivers rated “difficulty understanding doctor's explanation”, “wait too long to see a doctor”, and “clinic hours inconvenient” as the most difficult access barriers. Children who remain at home with their birth parents and receive child welfare services have similar pediatric health access barriers as children in foster care and should be included in policy initiatives about improving health care for children in child welfare.
Human babesiosis on Nantucket Island, USA: description of the vector, Ixodes (Ixodes) dammini, n. sp. (Acarina: Ixodidae).

The Ixodes vector of human babesiosis in the northeastern United States represents a new species. All active stages of this tick, designated Ixodes dammini , n. sp., are described and compared with I. scapularis Say and I. muris Bishopp & Smith. In the Nantucket babesiosis focus, adult I. dammini most commonly feed on deer; larvae and nymphs are numerous on mice. Throughout the recorded species range (coastal areas in New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts; as well as Wisconsin and Ontario), each active stage feeds on a variety of vertebrates.
Characterization of oscillatory instability in lid driven cavity flows using lattice Boltzmann method.

Abstract In the present work, lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is applied for simulating flow in a three-dimensional lid driven cubic and deep cavities. The developed code is first validated by simulating flow in a cubic lid driven cavity at 1000 and 12,000 Reynolds numbers following which we study the effect of cavity depth on the steady-oscillatory transition Reynolds number in cavities with depth aspect ratio equal to 1, 2 and 3. Turbulence modeling is performed through large eddy simulation (LES) using the classical Smagorinsky sub-grid scale model to arrive at an optimum mesh size for all the simulations. The simulation results indicate that the first Hopf bifurcation Reynolds number correlates negatively with the cavity depth which is consistent with the observations from two-dimensional deep cavity flow data available in the literature. Cubic cavity displays a steady flow field up to a Reynolds number of 2100, a delayed anti-symmetry breaking oscillatory field at a Reynolds number of 2300, which further gets restored to a symmetry preserving oscillatory flow field at 2350. Deep cavities on the other hand only attain an anti-symmetry breaking flow field from a steady flow field upon increase of the Reynolds number in the range explored. As the present work involved performing a set of time-dependent calculations for several Reynolds numbers and cavity depths, the parallel performance of the code is evaluated a priori by running the code on up to 4096 cores. The computational time required for these runs shows a close to linear speed up over a wide range of processor counts depending on the problem size, which establishes the feasibility of performing a thorough search process such as the one presently undertaken.
Impact of Perioperative Fluid Administration on Postoperative Morbidity and Length of Hospital Stay Following Maxillomandibular Advancement for Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the volume of perioperative fluids administered to patients undergoing maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative complications and prolonged length of hospital stay. Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort study design was implemented and patients undergoing MMA for OSA at the Mayo Clinic were identified from 2001 through 2014. The primary predictor variable was the total volume of intravenous fluids administered during MMA. The primary outcome variable was length of hospital stay in hours. Secondary outcome variables included the presence of complications incurred during postoperative hospitalization. Additional covariates abstracted included basic demographic data, preoperative body mass index, preoperative apnea-hypopnea index, preoperative Charlson comorbidity index, preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists score, type of intravenous fluid administered, surgical complexity score, duration of anesthesia, duration of surgery, and the use of planned intensive care unit admission. Univariate and multivariable models were developed to assess associations between the primary predictor variable and covariates relative to the primary and secondary outcome variables. Results Eighty-eight patients undergoing MMA for OSA were identified. Total fluid volume was significantly associated with increased length of stay (odds ratio [OR] = 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.71; P = .020) in univariate analysis. Total fluid volume did not remain significantly associated with increased length of hospital stay in stepwise multivariable modeling. Total fluid volume was significantly associated with the presence of postoperative complications (OR = 1.69; 95% CI, 1.08-2.63; P = .021) in univariate logistic regression. Conclusion Fluid administration was not found to be significantly associated with increased length of hospital stay after MMA for OSA. Increased fluid administration might be associated with the presence of postoperative complications after MMA; however, future large multicenter studies will be required to more comprehensively assess this association.
Apathy and Cognitive Test Performance in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Testing

Background. Psychiatric comorbidity is common in patients with cardiovascular disease, with the literature indicating that this population may be at risk for apathy. The current study examined the prevalence of apathy in patients with cardiovascular disease and its relation to aspects of cognitive function. Methods. 123 participants from an outpatient cardiology clinic completed a brief neuropsychological battery, a cardiac stress test, and demographic information, medical history, and depression symptomatology self-report measures. Participants also completed the Apathy Evaluation Scale to quantify apathy. Results. These subjects reported limited levels of apathy and depression. Increased depressive symptomatology, history of heart attack, and metabolic equivalents were significantly correlated with apathy (P < 0.05). Partial correlations adjusting for these factors revealed significant correlations between behavioral apathy and a measure of executive function and the other apathy subscale with a measure of attention. Conclusion. Findings revealed that apathy was not prevalent in this sample though associated with medical variables. Apathy was largely unrelated to cognitive function. This pattern may be a result of the mild levels of cardiovascular disease and cognitive dysfunction in the current sample. Future studies in samples with severe cardiovascular disease or neuropsychological impairment may provide insight into these associations.
On the zeros, initial undershoot, and relative degree of collinear lumped-parameter structures

This paper considers collinear lumped-parameter structures where each mass in the structure has a single degree of freedom. Specifically, we analyze the zeros and relative degree of the single-input, single-output (SISO) transfer function from the force applied to an arbitrary mass to the position, velocity, or acceleration of another mass. In particular, we show that every SISO force-to-motion transfer function of a collinear lumped-parameter structure has no positive (real open-right-half-plane) zeros. In addition, every SISO force-to-position transfer function of a spring-connected collinear lumped-parameter structure has no non-negative (real closed-right-half-plane) zeros. As a consequence, the step response does not exhibit initial undershoot. In addition, we derive an expression for the relative degree of SISO force-to-position transfer functions. The formula depends on the placement of springs and dashpots, but is independent of the values of the spring constants and damping coefficients. Next, we consider the special case of serially connected collinear lumped-parameter structures. In this case, we show that every SISO force-to-position transfer function of a serially connected collinear lumped-parameter structure is minimum phase, that is, has no closed-right-half-plane zeros. The proofs of these results rely heavily on graph-theoretic techniques.
Children's Moral Reasoning about Family and Peer Violence: The Role of Provocation and Retribution

Several theories assume that the approval of violence is related to deficits in moral reasoning. However, this assumption has rarely been empirically tested. This inquiry examined violent and nonviolent children's moral reasoning about violence in family and peer situations. 108 subjects (54 violent and 54 nonviolent, aged 8–1, 10–2, 12–2) selected from 2 inner city schools were asked to evaluate unprovoked and provoked violent situations. All the children condemned unprovoked violence using moral reasoning. With provoked situations, the violent group focused more on the immorality of the provocation and perceived “hitting back” as a form of reciprocal justice. The nonviolent group perceived “hitting” worse than the psychological harm of the provocation and condemned the violence. The results suggest that both the approval and disapproval of violence were justified by moral reasoning. It was proposed that the violent children's greater focus on psychological provocations may be due to experiences and self-perceptions of victimization.
The Absorption Spectrum of Chlorine Dioxide

The spectrum of the visible and ultraviolet absorption bands of Cl${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ has been studied under various dispersions. The band heads were measured with high precision. The result of the vibrational analysis shows that the bands may be represented by ${\ensuremath{\nu}=20957.2+302.9({{v}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})\ensuremath{-}2.3{({{v}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})}^{2}+721.68({{v}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})}{\ensuremath{-}2.797{({{v}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})}^{2}+271.2({{v}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})}{\ensuremath{-}4.42({{v}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})({{v}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})\ensuremath{-}3.9({{v}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})({{v}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})}{\ensuremath{-}5.9({{v}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})({{v}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})\ensuremath{-}529.0({{v}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})}{\ensuremath{-}1104.8({{v}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})\ensuremath{-}954.4({{v}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})+4.8{({{v}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})}^{2},}$ yielding three normal frequencies for each upper and lower electronic state. The essential difference between the present analysis and that of the previous investigators is discussed. Rotational lines are partially resolved on the plates taken in the second order with a 21-foot grating. Two fundamental and one combination bands in the region 4-11\ensuremath{\mu} were located with a self-recording spectrometer, and these are compared with the recent observation of Bailey and Cassie. Molecular constants have been calculated from a characteristic determinant given by Yates. They are found to be consistent with the observed isotope effect of chlorine.
Time-Mapping Using Space-Time Saliency

We describe a new approach for generating regular-speed, low-frame-rate (LFR) video from a high-frame-rate (HFR) input while preserving the important moments in the original. We call this time-mapping, a time-based analogy to high dynamic range to low dynamic range spatial tone-mapping. Our approach makes these contributions: (1) a robust space-time saliency method for evaluating visual importance, (2) a re-timing technique to temporally resample based on frame importance, and (3) temporal filters to enhance the rendering of salient motion. Results of our space-time saliency method on a benchmark dataset show it is state-of-the-art. In addition, the benefits of our approach to HFR-to-LFR time-mapping over more direct methods are demonstrated in a user study.
Protein Methylation in Cerebellar Synaptosomes

Synaptosomes from five regions of adult rat brain were isolated, analyzed for methyl acceptor proteins, and probed for methyltransferases by photoaffinity labeling. Methylated proteins of 17 and 35 kDa were observed in all regions, but cerebellar synaptosomes were enriched in a 21-26-kDa family of methyl acceptor proteins and contained a unique major methylated protein of 52 kDa and a protein of 50 kDa, which was methylated only in the presence of EGTA. When cerebellar and liver subcellular fractions were compared, the cytosolic fractions of each tissue contained methylated proteins of 17 and 35 kDa; liver membrane fractions contained few methylated proteins, whereas cerebellar microsomes had robust methylation of the 21-26-kDa group. Differential centrifugation of lysed cerebellar synaptosomes localized the 17- and 35-kDa methyl acceptor proteins to the synaptoplasm, the 21-26-kDa family to the synaptic membranes, and the 52-kDa to synaptic vesicles. The 21-26-kDa family was identified as GTP-binding proteins by [alpha-32P]GTP overlay assay; these proteins contained a putative methylated carboxyl cysteine, based on the presence of volatile methyl esters and the inhibition of methylation by acetylfarnesylcysteine. The 52-kDa methylated protein also contained volatile methyl esters, but did not bind [alpha-32P]GTP. When synaptosomes were screened for putative methyltransferases by S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]methionine photoaffinity labeling, a protein of 24 kDa was detected only in cerebellum, and this labeled protein was localized to synaptic membranes.
Responsiveness of outcome measures for upper limb prosthetic rehabilitation.

Background:There is limited research on responsiveness of prosthetic rehabilitation outcome measures.Objectives:To examine responsiveness of the Box and Block test, Jebsen–Taylor Hand Function tests, Upper Extremity Functional Scale, University of New Brunswick skill and spontaneity tests, Activity Measure for Upper Limb Amputation, and the Patient-Specific Functional Scale.Study design:This was a quasi-experimental study with repeated measurements in a convenience sample of upper limb amputees.Methods:Measures were collected before, during, and after training with the DEKA Arm.Results:Largest effect sizes were observed for Patient-Specific Functional Scale (effect size: 1.59, confidence interval: 1.00, 2.14), Activity Measure for Upper Limb Amputation (effect size: 1.33, confidence interval: 0.73, 1.90), and University of New Brunswick skill test (effect size: 1.18, confidence interval: 0.61, 1.73). Other measures that were responsive to change were Box and Block test, Jebsen–Taylor Hand Function light a...
Acyclic N10 Fails as a High Energy Density Material

A molecule is a good candidate for a high energy density material (HEDM) if it reacts to release large amounts of energy but resists dissociation and/or isomerization well enough to serve as a stable fuel. Recent theoretical studies have suggested that acyclic N8 is not a good candidate for HEDM but acyclic N9 is. To determine a possible trend among acyclic all-nitrogen molecules, theoretical calculations are carried out on an acyclic isomer of N10. The potential energy surface has been calculated for the dissociation reaction N10 → N8 + N2, and barriers to that reaction have been calculated using Hartree−Fock theory, perturbation theory, and coupled-cluster theory (CCSD and CCSD(T)). The Dunning correlation-consistent basis sets are employed, and basis set effects on the N10 dissociation barrier are discussed. The CCSD(T) results indicate a barrier of approximately 17−18 kcal/mol, which is too low for an HEDM. The acyclic N10 would dissociate easily, resulting in an N8 molecule that would also dissociate...
Simulation study of the ionizing front in the critical ionization velocity phenomenon

The simulation of the critical ionization velocity for a neutral gas cloud moving across the static magnetic field is presented. A low-beta plasma is studied, using a two and a half-dimensional electrostatic code linked with the Plasma and Neutral Interaction Code (Goertz and Machida, 1987). The physics of the ionizing front and the instabilities which occur there are discussed. Results are presented from four numerical runs designed so that the effects of the charge separation field can be distinguished from the wave heating.
TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON OCEAN POUT, AN UNEXPLOITED FISH SPECIES, FOR DIRECT HUMAN CONSUMPTION

Ocean Pout, an under-utilized fish species, is present in abundance during the winter season in the New England Atlantic waters. The shelf life of the intact fish was estimated to be 6–8 days in ice, which coincided with an abrupt increase in the ratio of proteolytic to total bacterial count and also coincided with the intersection of the curves of increasing tyrosine value and decreasing NPN. The parasitic lesions, which are easily detectable by candling, possess high proteolytic activity which could be abolished by soaking the fillets in either water or brine. The fillets showed an average loss of 40% of the weight, length and volume after heating in various media and for different times. Among the prefreezing treatments, TPP was the most effective in reducing the drip and maintaining high protein solubility, while the citrate/ascorbate dip was the most protective against lipid oxidation.
Adrenal surgery: Trends during the seventies

Surgical experience with adrenal disease from 1970 to 1979 was reviewed in 315 patients. The pathologic conditions that were encountered were hypercortisolism (74 patients), hyperaldosteronism (46 patients), adrenocortical carcinoma (35 patients), pheochromocytoma (77 patients), and nonfunctioning adenoma (47 patients). In addition, 5 patients with metastatic lesions, 14 with cysts, and 4 with myelolipoma were surgically treated. The accuracy of localizing adrenal lesions increased from about 50 percent to almost 100 percent during the decade studied. The increase was due mainly to the introduction of computerized tomography, the most important advance in the management of adrenal disease. The present study shows that adrenal surgery can be performed with low morbidity and mortality. Operative deaths were confined to patients with malignant disease or increased secretion of cortisol or catecholamines. Only patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (2 year survival probability, 34 percent) or hypercortisolism due to cortical hyperplasia (5 year survival probability, 76 percent) had significantly decreased survival.
Ovid as a Hesiodic Poet: Atalanta in the Catalogue of Women (fr. 72-6 M-W) and the Metamorphoses (10.560-707)1)

This article discusses the Hesiodic character of the Metamorphoses vis-a-vis the Homeric character of the Aeneid, taking as a case study the tale of Atalanta. On the one hand I focus on the intertextual dialogue between Homeric and Hesiodic epic, on the other I argue that the interplay between the Iliad and the Catalogue of Women (also known as theEhoiai) is reflected in Ovid’s Atalanta as a juxtaposition between the Aeneid and the Metamorphoses. Ovid’s references to the Catalogue, which have not been noticed by critics, evoke an intergeneric discourse between martial epic and ehoie-poetry.
Carbon and Hydrogen Induced Yellow Luminescence in Gallium Nitride Grown by Halide Vapor Phase Epitaxy

Yellow luminescence (YL) from GaN was systematically investigated through the intentional introduction of carbon, from propane, and excess H2 during growth by the halide vapor phase epitaxy technique. All GaN films were studied by photoluminescence, X-ray diffraction and Hall measurements. The unintentionally doped GaN showed undetectable or very weak YL signal, while both C-doping and H2 addition resulted in a significant enhancement of YL. The blue- and red-shift of the YL band of the C-doped and ‘H2-grown’ GaN with the increasing temperature indicated that different mechanisms existed in these two cases. The temperature dependence of the integrated intensity of the YL band of both groups implicated that shallow donors, not ‘shallow’ acceptors participated the YL transition and that there were more than one radiative recombination channel within the YL band.
Galactosyltransferase of Neurospora.

An enzyme, galactosyltransferase, able to catalyze the formation of galactose polymers was detected in cell-free extracts of a wild type strain of Neurospora crassa. Enzyme activity was found in both the supernatant and the particle fractions after centrifugation at 100,000 xg. The enzyme assayed in the 100,000 xg supernatant showed a 4fold difference in specific activity as compared to that found in the particle fraction.