cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Other Applications

Setting of the problem. Consider a potential flow of an ideal incompressible fluid over a plane. The coordinate normal to the plane is denoted by x, the Cartesian coordinates in the plane by x α , and Greek indices run through the values 1, 2. The depth of the fluid at a point x α at time t is denoted by h(x α , t) (Fig. 19.1). The fluid is under action of the gravity force with the potential gx. The pressure on the free surface of the fluid is assumed to be constant. Since pressure is defined up to an additive constant inside the fluid, it can be set equal to zero on the free surface. The fluid is either unbounded in the plane directions or contained in a vessel with the vertical walls.
Citrinin: Analysis and Occurrence

Citrinin was first isolated and identified from cultures of the fungus Penicillium citrinum. Citrinin [(3R-trans)-4,6-dihydro-8-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-6-oxo-3H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid] has a molecular weight of 250.24 and an empirical formula of C13H14O5. The chemistry and occurrence of citrinin and the fungi and plants reported to produce citrinin have been reviewed by Betina (1984) and Wilson and Abramson (1992). As a mycotoxin, citrinin is of interest because it acts as a nephrotoxin and often occurs together with ochratoxin A. Citrinin is not extremely stable, is an acid, and can bind metal ions. Therefore, it is not easy to develop analytical methods for its determination in foods and feeds.
Bugs in the wild: examining the effectiveness of static analyzers at finding real-world bugs

Static analysis is a powerful technique to find software bugs. In past years, a few static analysis tools have become available for developers to find certain kinds of bugs in their programs. However, there is no evidence on how effective the tools are in finding bugs in real-world software. In this paper, we present a preliminary study on the popular static analyzers ErrorProne and SpotBugs. Specifically, we consider 320 real Java bugs from the BugSwarm dataset, and determine which of these bugs can potentially be found by the analyzers, and how many are indeed detected. We find that 30.3% and 40.3% of the bugs are candidates for detection by ErrorProne and SpotBugs, respectively. Our evaluation shows that the analyzers are relatively easy to incorporate into the tool chain of diverse projects that use the Maven build system. However, the analyzers are not as effective detecting the bugs under study, with only one bug successfully detected by SpotBugs.
MARIHUANA AND CELL FUNCTION

Summary Δ9- and Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinols produce a complex series of cellular responses. These include an enhancement of the inhibition of macromolecular synthesis in the presence of dexamethasone (dx). THC altered the uptake of dx in HTC cells and enhanced the translocation of the dx-receptor complex to the nucleus even at 4°C. Both nuclear and cell membrane effects of THC are demonstrated in several different cell lines in tissue culture. A model is presented which takes into account what is presently known about such cannabinoid cell interactions.
SUN-183 Prolonged Glycosuria after Canagliflozin Discontinuation in a Patient with Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Background: Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an uncommon side effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Prolonged glycosuria has been reported after discontinuation of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients treated for euglycemic DKA. Clinical Case: A 52-year old woman with type 2 DM, obesity (BMI 36 kg/m2) and tongue cancer was admitted for elective hemi-glossectomy. Type 2 DM was treated with Metformin and Glimepiride for about 6 years. She started taking Canagliflozin 4 days prior to the surgery because of uncontrolled T2DM (A1C 11.2%). She had never had an episode of DKA prior to the surgery. Canagliflozin was discontinued 2 days prior to the surgery. Her DM was treated with intravenous insulin infusion intraoperatively then subcutaneous insulin injections postoperatively. On postoperative day 2, she was found to have anion gap metabolic acidosis (PH 7.22, n 7.35 – 7.45; Anion gap 17 mmol/L, n < 16 mmol/L; bicarbonate 13 mmol/L, n 21 - 33 mmol/L) with a normal lactic acid level and an elevated beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) level (4.18 mmol/L, n < 0.27 mmol/L). Blood glucose was relatively controlled (120-206 mg/dL) so she was diagnosed with euglycemic DKA. It was successfully treated with intravenous insulin and glucose infusion. Because recurrent ketosis was reported previously, her urine glucose and serum BHB levels were monitored while she was treated with insulin infusion. In spite of relatively controlled serum glucose levels (120-209 mg/dL) on insulin drip, her urine glucose levels remained inappropriately high (≥ 500 mg/dL) for at least 9 days after Canagliflozin discontinuation. Quantified random urine glucose was 2646 mg/dL 4 days after the last dose of canagliflozin, and 246 mg/dL 10 days after the drug was discontinued. Her kidney function and urine output were normal during the hospital stay. Conclusion: Similar to previous case reports of SGLT2 inhibitors related euglycemic DKA, glycosuria persisted for at least 9 days after SGLT2 inhibitor discontinuation in this case despite very brief exposure. The duration of glycosuria was far longer than expected based on medication half-life. This raises the question whether there are genetic factors influencing SGLT2 inhibitor-induced glycosuria or SGLT2 inhibitor-related ketosis that need to be answered in further studies.
Diagnosis of an Acute Lobar Nephronia in the Emergency Department Using POINT-OF-CARE Ultrasound.

Abstract Background Over the past decade, point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has been performed increasingly in pediatric emergency medicine for a variety of indications. POCUS is a focused, limited, goal-directed examination at the bedside performed and interpreted by a physician trained in POCUS with the purpose of answering a specific question. Applying POCUS for immediate evaluation of specific emergent complaints may allow for faster and safer management of ill patients in the pediatric emergency department (ED). Case Report A 5-year-old female presented to the pediatric ED with fever, vomiting, and back pain. Based on the real-time gray scale and color Doppler POCUS findings, a diagnosis of an acute lobar nephronia (ALN) was made by a pediatric emergency physician and the patient was admitted to the hospital before laboratory and urinalysis findings were resulted. This case report illustrates how POCUS and knowledge of the sonographic characteristics of an ALN were beneficial for shortening the time to decision for admission, rapidly ruling out hydronephrosis (which may have required other interventions), and conveying important information to the admitting team. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Performing a kidney POCUS and knowing the sonographic characteristics of an ALN can assist in its diagnosis, especially in patients where pyuria is absent. In addition, performing a kidney POCUS in patients with a suspected upper urinary tract infection may shorten the time to decision for admission and improve communication with the pediatric admitting resident regarding diagnosis and indication.
Turn left at transquility base: Astrobotic's autonomous navigation will help lunar landers, rovers, and drones find their way

NEIL ARMSTRONG made it sound easy. "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed," he said calmly, as if he had just pulled into a parking lot. In fact, the descent of the Apollo 11 lander was nerve-racking. As the Eagle headed to the moon's surface, Armstrong and his colleague Buzz Aldrin realized it would touch down well past the planned landing site and was heading straight for a field of boulders. Armstrong started looking for a better place to park. Finally, at 150 meters, he leveled off and steered to a smooth spot with about 45 seconds of fuel to spare. • "If he hadn't been there, who knows what would have happened," says Andrew Horchler, throwing his hands up. He's sitting in a glass-walled conference room in a repurposed brick warehouse, part of Pittsburgh's Strip District, a hub for tech startups. This is the headquarters of space robotics company Astrobotic Technology. In the coming decades, human forays to the moon will rely heavily on robotic landers, rovers, and drones. Horchler leads a team whose aim is ensuring those robotic vessels can perform at least as well as Armstrong did. • Astrobotic's precision-navigation technology will let both uncrewed and crewed landers touch down exactly where they should, so a future Armstrong won't have to strong-arm her landing vessel's controls. Once they're safely on the surface, robots like Astrobotic's will explore the moon's geology, scout out sites for future.
Employee Mobility Barriers and Inventor Collaborativeness in Firms

Although robust inventor collaboration is known to enhance innovation in firms, relatively little is known about the drivers of inventor collaborativeness within firms. We posit that barriers to em...
Evaluation of studies on extended versus standard infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics.

Purpose To summarize the current literature on the use and clinical efficacy of extended-infusion (EI) beta-lactam antibiotics, including piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, and cefepime. Summary Gram-negative infections are a serious concern among hospitalized patients and require innovative pharmacokinetic dosing strategies to achieve clinical success, especially as the emergence of resistant gram-negative pathogens has outpaced the development of new antibiotics. Beta-lactam antibiotics exhibit time-dependent activity, which means that optimal efficacy is achieved when free drug concentrations stay above the minimum inhibitory concentration for an extended duration of the recommended dosage interval. EI piperacillin-tazobactam therapy has demonstrated improved clinical outcomes and decrease mortality in critically ill patients with gram-negative infections, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. EI meropenem has shown higher therapeutic success rates for patients with febrile neutropenia and shorter intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) with a reduction in ventilator days in patients with multidrug-resistant ventilator-associated pneumonia. However, a larger study showed no difference in clinical outcomes between standard-infusion and EI meropenem. EI cefepime has been associated with decreased mortality and shorter ICU LOS in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Common challenges associated with EI beta-lactam antibiotics include Y-site incompatibilities, lack of intravenous access, and tubing residuals. It is important to note that factors such as diverse patient populations and study methodology, along with various antibiotic dose regimens, may have contributed to conflicting data on EI beta-lactam therapy. Conclusion Based on most published literature, there appears to be a favorable trend toward use of EI beta-lactam therapy in clinical practice, particularly in critically ill patients with gram-negative infections.
Effects of Encapsulated Cells on the Physical-Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Gelatin Methacrylate Hydrogels.

Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) has been gaining popularity in recent years as a photo-crosslinkable biomaterial widely used in a variety of bioprinting and tissue engineering applications. Several studies have established the effects of process-based and material-based parameters on the physical–mechanical properties and microstructure of GelMA hydrogels. However, the effect of encapsulated cells on the physical–mechanical properties and microstructure of GelMA hydrogels has not been fully understood. In this study, 3T3 fibroblasts were encapsulated at different cell densities within the GelMA hydrogels and incubated over 96 h. The effects of encapsulated cells were investigated in terms of mechanical properties (tensile modulus and strength), physical properties (swelling and degradation), and microstructure (pore size). Cell viability was also evaluated to confirm that most cells were alive during the incubation. It was found that with an increase in cell density, the mechanical properties decreased, while the degradation and the pore size increased.
Semantic memory: A review of methods, models, and current challenges

Adult semantic memory has been traditionally conceptualized as a relatively static memory system that consists of knowledge about the world, concepts, and symbols. Considerable work in the past few decades has challenged this static view of semantic memory, and instead proposed a more fluid and flexible system that is sensitive to context, task demands, and perceptual and sensorimotor information from the environment. This paper (1) reviews traditional and modern computational models of semantic memory, within the umbrella of network (free association-based), feature (property generation norms-based), and distributional semantic (natural language corpora-based) models, (2) discusses the contribution of these models to important debates in the literature regarding knowledge representation (localist vs. distributed representations) and learning (error-free/Hebbian learning vs. error-driven/predictive learning), and (3) evaluates how modern computational models (neural network, retrieval-based, and topic models) are revisiting the traditional "static" conceptualization of semantic memory and tackling important challenges in semantic modeling such as addressing temporal, contextual, and attentional influences, as well as incorporating grounding and compositionality into semantic representations. The review also identifies new challenges regarding the abundance and availability of data, the generalization of semantic models to other languages, and the role of social interaction and collaboration in language learning and development. The concluding section advocates the need for integrating representational accounts of semantic memory with process-based accounts of cognitive behavior, as well as the need for explicit comparisons of computational models to human baselines in semantic tasks to adequately assess their psychological plausibility as models of human semantic memory.
Left thoracotomy vs full sternotomy for centrifugal durable LVAD implantation: 1-year outcome comparison post-LVAD and post-heart transplantation

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantations have traditionally been approached through a full median sternotomy (FS). Recently, a minimally invasive left thoracotomy (LT) approach has been popularized. This study sought to compare the outcomes of FS and LT patients post-primary LVAD implantation and post-subsequent heart transplant (HT). This was a single-center retrospective study. 83 patients who underwent primary centrifugal durable LVAD implantation from January 2014 to June 2018 were included (FS, n = 41; LT, n = 42). 41 patients had a subsequent HT (FS, n = 19; LT, n = 22). Pre-operative patient demographics, intraoperative variables, post-operative 1-year survival, length of hospital stay, complications, and outcomes for LVAD implantation and following HT were analyzed. Intraoperative data showed that the LT group had a 23.4% longer mean LVAD implant surgical time (p < 0.01). One-year post-LVAD survival was similar between the two groups (p = 0.05). Complication rates, with the exception of the rate of hemorrhagic stroke (p = 0.04) post-LVAD implant were similar. One-year survival post-HT was similar between groups (p = 0.35). Complication rates and mean length of hospital stay were also similar (p = 1.0) post-HT. Our study demonstrated that LT approach does not negatively affect post-LVAD implantation or post-HT outcomes. Further, larger studies may determine more detailed effects of LT approach.
Representation of women in HPC conferences

Women are acutely underrepresented in the HPC workforce. Addressing this gap requires accurate metrics on the representation of women and its associated factors. The goal of this paper is to provide current, broad, and reproducible data on this gender gap. Specifically, this study provides in-depth statistics on women's representation in HPC conferences, especially for authors of peer-reviewed papers, who serve as the keystone for future advances in the field. To this end, we analyzed participant data from nine HPC and HPC-related peer-reviewed conferences. In addition to gender distributions, we looked at post-publication citation statistics of the papers and authors' research experience, country, and work sector. Our main finding is that women represent only 10% of all HPC authors, with large geographical variations and small variations by sector. Representation is particularly low at higher experience levels. This 10% ratio is lower than even the 20--30% ratio in all computer science.
Life Extending Control - A Concept Paper

The concept of Life Extending Control is defined. Life is defined In terms of mechanical fatigue life. A brief description is given of the current approach to life prediction using a local, cyclic, stress-strain approach for a critical system component. An alternative approach to life prediction based on a continuous functional relationship to component performance is proposed. Based on cyclic life prediction an approach to Life Extending Control, called the Life Management Approach is proposed. A second approach, also based on cyclic life prediction, called the Implicit Approach, is presented. Assuming the existence of the alternative functional life prediction approach, two additional concepts for Life Extending Control are presented. These are called the Measured Damage Approach, and the Estimated Damage Approach. A simple, hydraulic actuator driven, position control system example is used to illustrate the main ideas behind the Life Extending Control concept and is based on a cyclic fatigue damage model. Some results are given which demonstrate that system durability can be maximized by more effectively managing the resource of critical component life. Some additional research is proposed to develop a functional life prediction method and to demonstrate the concept of Life Extending Control.
Reversal of synaptic vesicle docking at central synapses

We used quantitative fluorescence imaging of vesicles labeled with membrane-soluble dyes to determine rates of undocking and spontaneous exocytosis of vesicles docked to the active zone of hippocampal synapses in culture. Individual vesicles undock about once per two minutes and spontaneously exocytose about once per eight minutes. Thus, not only does undocking occur, but it is over threefold faster than spontaneous fusion.
The cytopathic 18f strain of Hepatitis A virus induces RNA degradation in FrhK4 cells.

The mechanism responsible for the induction of apoptosis by the rapidly replicating HM175/18f strain of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) was investigated. Full length HAV RNA and viral capsid protein VP1 were detected in 18f infected cells at earlier times post-infection than in HM175/clone 1 infected cells. Analysis of total cellular RNA from HM175/18f infected FrhK4 cells by denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis and Northern blot hybridization revealed extensive degradation of both the 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules. Similar degradation was observed when these cells were infected with Human coxsackievirus B1, a fast replicating enterovirus. In contrast, the parental strain of 18f, HM175/clone 1 did not induce RNA degradation. Inhibition of RNA degradation correlated with inhibition of virus replication. The pattern of rRNA degradation resembled degradation of rRNAs by RNase L, an enzyme activated in interferon-treated cells following infection with certain viruses. Ribosomal RNA degradation was accompanied by the reduction in the levels of several cellular RNAs including those for β-actin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, while the levels of c-myc and c-jun were higher. Interferon mRNAs could not be detected in either infected or mock-infected control cells, and STAT1, a key regulator of interferon action was not phosphorylated following virus infection. These results reveal a heretofore-undescribed pathway that involves the regulation of RNA degradation and apoptosis following HAV/18f replication in FrhK4 cells.
Process Capability Indices, Alternatives to†

Since we (the statistical community) are to blame for the introduction of process capability indices (PCIs) and their ensuing use and abuse in the industrial world, it is now up to us to provide an alternative to PCIs that is both statistically sound and relatively simple to understand. The problems with the present capability indices have been well documented elsewhere (e.g., Gunter 1, Kotz 2, Journal of Quality Technology (JQT) 24 3) and these will not be addressed here. Instead, the dual roles of specifications and PCIs in process and product development and in the manufacturing environment will be discussed. A basic approach to meet most of the goals of PCIs without some of their problems will then be introduced. Incorporated into the measures will be the concepts of confidence level and sample size. An example of this procedure is included. The relatively simple assumptions of this approach can then be modified to meet requirements where PCIs are presently being applied. These measures are intended to be a foundation rather than a total solution to all the needs of PCI users. However, these techniques will provide a direction for future work. Keywords: process capability indices (PCIs); specification limit definitions; product and process quality measures
The Regenerative Amplifer: A Source for Synchronized, Variable-Duration Pulses

Regenerative amplifiers (RA) are flexible and stable devices for amplifying and varying the pulsewidth of picosecond pulses. With a Nd:YAG-RA we have demonstrated amplifications up to 14 orders of magnitude with a stability of ± 2%. We have also demonstrated variable pulsewidths over the range 10-11 to 10-9 sec for a fixed injection pulsewidth. With these capabilities, the RA can be used in a dual-pulse system to provide stable, accurately synchronized pulses of widely different duration. Such a system greatly extends the range of pulse-probe experiments for studies of relaxation phenomena, photochemistry, and laser-generated plasmas.
Rigidity of poly‐L‐glutamic acid scaffolds: Influence of secondary and supramolecular structure

Poly-l-glutamic acid (PGA) is a widely used biomaterial, with applications ranging from drug delivery and biological glues to food products and as a tissue engineering scaffold. A biodegradable material with flexible conjugation functional groups, tunable secondary structure, and mechanical properties, PGA has potential as a tunable matrix material in mechanobiology. Recent studies in proteins connecting dynamics, nanometer length scale rigidity, and secondary structure suggest a new point of view from which to analyze and develop this promising material. We have characterized the structure, topology, and rigidity properties of PGA prepared with different molecular weights and secondary structures through various techniques including scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, light, and neutron scattering spectroscopy. On the length scale of a few nanometers, rigidity is determined by hydrogen bonding interactions in the presence of neutral species and by electrostatic interactions when the polypeptide is negatively charged. When probed over hundreds of nanometers, the rigidity of these materials is modified by long range intermolecular interactions that are introduced by the supramolecular structure.
Large-scale simultaneous hypothesis testing

Current scientific techniques in genomics and image processing routinely produce hypothesis testing problems with hundreds or thousands of cases to consider simultaneously. This poses new difficulties for the statistician, but also opens new opportunities. In particular, it allows empirical estimation of an appropriate null hypothesis. The empirical null may be considerably more dispersed than the usual theoretical null distribution that would be used for any one case considered separately. An empirical Bayes analysis plan for this situation is developed, using a local version of the false discovery rate to examine the inference issues. Two genomics problems are used as examples to show the importance of correctly choosing the null hypothesis.
Making the right connections: Network biology and plant immune system dynamics ☆

Abstract Network analysis has been a recent focus in biological sciences due to its ability to synthesize global visualizations of cellular processes and predict functions based on inferences from network properties. A protein–protein interaction network, or interactome, captures the emergent cellular states from gene regulation and environmental conditions. Given that proteins are involved in extensive local and systemic molecular interactions such as signaling and metabolism, understanding protein functions and interactions are essential for a systems view of biology. However, in plant sciences these network-based approaches to data integration have been few and far between due to limited data, especially protein–protein interaction data. In this review, we cover network construction from experimental data, network analysis based on topological properties, and finally we discuss advances in networks in plants and other organisms in a comparative approach. We focus on applications of network biology to discover the dynamics of host–pathogen interactions as these have potential agricultural uses in improving disease resistance in commercial crops.
Influence of hydration and airflow on thermoregulatory control in the heat

Abstract Exercise-heat exposure results in significant sweat losses due to large biophysical requirements for evaporative heat loss. Progressive body water losses will increase plasma tonicity and decrease blood volume (hypertonic–hypovolemia). The result is reduced dry and evaporative heat exchange through alterations in the core temperature threshold for initiation of skin blood flow and sweating as well as changes in the sensitivity of these thermo-effectors. Regulation of reduced sweating conserves body water, which reduces heat loss and increases exercise hyperthermia, but the magnitude of this effect is modified by environmental heat transfer capabilities. The focus of this paper is to (1) examine the major mechanisms by which hypohydration alters thermoregulatory responses in the heat, and (2) illustrate how important differences in environmental airflow characteristics between laboratory and field settings may modify these effects.
Crown of the Continent, Backbone of the World: The American Wilderness Ideal and Blackfeet Exclusion from Glacier National Park

The creation and early management of Glacier National Park in the 1910S and 1920S reflected the maturation of American ideas about wilderness as scenic playground, national symbol, and sacred remnant of Nature's original handiwork. These years also marked a heightened interest in the "vanishing Indian," and the Blackfeet, whose reservation borders the park on the east, became an important feature in early park promotions. Although the presence of Indian dancers in front of the park's grand hotels tantalized visitors who had come to "meet noble [Indians in]...their native home," park officials vigorously enforced a series of programs that excluded the Blackfeet from the rest of the park., The importance of Indians to the Glacier tourist experience seems odd when juxtaposed with policies that banned Indians from the Glacier backcountry, but this apparent irony holds an internal consistency when viewed in terms of early twentieth-century ideas about Native Americans and wilderness. As "past tense" Indians, those Blackfeet men and women who entertained tourists appeared to be living museum specimens who no longer used the Glacier wildernessif, indeed, they ever had. On the other hand, those Indians who continued to use the park illegally seemed simply un-American in their lack of appreciation for the national park and almost barbaric in their unwillingness to let go of traditional practices. The eastern half of Glacier National Park once was part of the Blackfeet reservation, and the tribe has long maintained that an 1895 agreement with the United States reserves certain usufruct rights within the park. Conversely, the Department of the Interior has argued repeatedly that the Glacier National Park legislation of 1910 extinguished all Blackfeet claims to the mountains on their reservation's western boundary. The impasse stemmed from two very different conceptions of Glacier's wilderness, both rooted in powerful ideas about national identity and cultural persistence.
Overexpression of Bcl-xL Promotes Chemotherapy Resistance of Mammary Tumors in a Syngeneic Mouse Model

Bcl-x L , a prosurvival member of the Bcl-2 family that is expressed in many tumors, represses apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic drugs in vitro . However, the contribution of apoptosis and prosurvival Bcl-2-related proteins to chemotherapy resistance in vivo is unknown and has been challenged by recent results with clonogenic survival assays. To test the ability of Bcl-x L to provide chemotherapy resistance to tumors, we transfected the mouse bcl-x L gene into the tumorigenic SCK mammary cell line and assessed the response of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs in clonogenic assays and in a syngeneic mouse model. Bcl-x L conferred protection on SCK cells against methotrexate at certain drug concentrations, but not at all against 5-fluorouracil in clonogenic survival assays in vitro . Injection of SCK cells transfected with Bcl-x L or control plasmid in the mammary fat pads of syngeneic recipient mice resulted in tumors of similar size. However, although the volume of control tumors regressed up to 80% after 4 to 5 days of chemotherapy, SCK tumors expressing Bcl-x L did not regress and continued to grow in the presence of methotrexate or 5-fluorouracil. In addition, numbers of apoptotic cells were significantly higher in control tumors as compared to Bcl-x L -expressing tumors in animals treated with methotrexate or 5-fluorouracil. These results provide evidence that inhibition of apoptosis through Bcl-x L overexpression can promote resistance to chemotherapy in tumors in vivo .
Performance of space-power liquid metal MHD CYCLES utilizing a two-phase flow generator.

A comprehensive study has been made of two-phase liquid metal MHD generators incorporated in oneand two-component cycles. Included in the analysis is a realistic appraisal of friction losses and two-phase conductivity limitations. The concept of fluid recycle to limit the void fraction within the generator is proposed, and the effect on cycle efficiency is determined. Under the assumptions of this study, the two-component Li-Cs system has a realizable efficiency of 10%, which is higher than has been calculated for other liquid metal MHD power cycles that have been proposed for space power application. For the one-component cycle, the maximum efficiency that can be demonstrated is 8%. This efficiency is obtained with extensive recycle of the Ko.4-Hgo.6 working fluid. Serious limitations on obtainable voltage and electrical efficiency of liquid metal MHD generators are shown to exist. These are due entirely to cycle considerations and electrical shunt losses. In order to achieve attractive voltage and generator efficiencies, the analysis shows that the electrical end losses must be reduced by at least 80%.
How effective is continuing care for substance use disorders? A meta-analytic review

Abstract Given the often chronic nature of substance use disorders, patients sometimes receive less intensive continuing care following an initial period of more intensive treatment. This meta-analysis estimated the effect of continuing care and formally tested several proposed moderators (intervention duration, intensity, modality, and setting) of that effect. A systematic search identified 33 controlled trials of continuing care; 19 included a no/minimal treatment condition and were analyzed to assess the overall effect of continuing care versus control. Continuing care had a small, but significant, positive effect size, both at the end of the continuing care interventions ( g =0.187, p g =0.271, p
The effect of forced convection on the melt gradient and growth rate during the Bridgman and gradient freeze crystal growth of silver-doped lead bromide

The Bridgman and the gradient freeze growth of lead bromide doped with silver bromide has been studied in a partially transparent furnace both with and without vigorous forced convection. The forced convection was accomplished using coupled vibrational stirring, a vortex mixing technique. Growth rates for PbBr 2 under static conditions were found to vary with the fraction of the melt solidified. This variation was from 0.13 to 5.8 times the rate predicted from the furnace gradient. This suggested that the temperature gradient varied during growth. Growth rates calculated from the temperature gradients measured at the crucible wall during growth closely matched the observed growth rate. The change in gradient under strong forced melt convection and its effect on the growth rate were also studied, and showed results similar to those found under static conditions.
The fluorescence excitation spectrum of s-tetrazine cooled in a supersonic free jet

The fluorescence excitation spectrum of the 1B3u(v′ = 0) ← 1Ag(v″ = 0) transition in s-tetrazine has been observed and measured. The sample was cooled to a rotational temperature of <1 K by expansion in a supersonic free jet. In this way the rotational structure arising from asymmetry split low J lines could be observed. The rotational A and B axes of the 2H112C214N4 isotope were observed to interchange upon electronic excitation and a theory describing the effect of this interchange upon the optical selection rules has been developed. Analysis of the resolved rotational structure suggests that the geometry change upon electronic excitation is smaller than that deduced from previous analysis of the room temperature optical spectrum.
Comparative effects of antacids, enteric coating, and bile salts on the efficacy of oral pancreatic enzyme therapy in cystic fibrosis.

70% of the areas obtained when chloramphenicol was administered orally. Our experience confirms that of others 3. ' that the wide variation in chloramphenicol metabolism and excretion requires monitoring of serum concentrations periodically during therapy to ensure therapeutic concentrations and at the same time minimize the risk of dose-related toxicity. Dosage requirements may vary threefold in children of the same age. This variation is even greater in newborn and young infants, making monitoring of serum concentration even more imperative in this age group. We gratefully acknowledge the collaboration of Dr. Ronald Poland, Chief of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, in collecting data on some of the infants in this study.
Similar effects of ethanol and flumazenil on acquisition of a shuttle-box avoidance response during withdrawal from chronic ethanol treatment.

Abstract 1. Acquisition of a two-way shuttle-box avoidance response is facilitated by ethanol. This facilitated acquisition of an avoidance response to ethanol was attenuated during withdrawal from chronic-ethanol diet intake (i.e. tolerance developed by ethanol). The deficit in the avoidance task after chronic ethanol treatment could be overcome by increasing the dose of ethanol. 2. Flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist, also facilitated acquisition of the avoidance response in control rats. This response to flumazenil was significantly reduced during withdrawal from chronic-ethanol treatment. This reduced avoidance responding during withdrawal also could be overcome by increasing the dose of flumazenil. 3. The benzodiazepine-inverse agonist, RO 15-4513, produced a deficit in avoidance responding that was antagonized by both ethanol and flumazenil in a dose-related manner. 4. To determine whether flumazenil has the properties of a benzodiazepine agonist, it was established that, unlike the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide, flumazenil did not enhance the ethanol-induced deficit in the aerial righting reflex. Additionally, flumazenil blocked the action of chlordiazepoxide in this procedure, consistent with the benzodiazepine antagonist action of flumazenil. 5. Data collected are consistent with the hypothesis that an endogenous substance with the properties of a benzodiazepine-inverse agonist antagonizes the anticonflict actions of acutely administered ethanol during withdrawal from chronic-ethanol exposure.
DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FECAL STREPTOCOCCI IN MUSCOID FLIES.

Abstract Fecal streptococci were recovered from 78 perdent of 1174 muscoid flies representing 18 species trapped in rural and urban areas of Los Angeles County. The largest number of flies was taken in a rural farm area and the lowest number in an isolated rural area. Enterococcus and enterococcus biotype groups of fecal streptococci were recovered most frequently from 249 individual flies. The frequency of occurrence of fecal streptococci in the flies indicates relatively common contact with streptococcal sources which could be feces, refuse, plants, or soil. The low recovery of these bacteria in isolated rural areas suggests that contact with streptococcal sources is less common in these areas. The possibility that carriage of these organism is transitory and in small numbers cannot be overlooked.
Modeling and animating myriapoda: a real-time kinematic/dynamic approach

Unlike two, four, six, and eight legged animals, Myriapoda---i.e., centipedes, millipedes, etc.---have been largely overlooked in the computer graphics literature. We present an artificial life framework for modeling these arthropods and animating their locomotive behavior over regular or irregular surfaces in real time with compelling physical and biological realism. Our hybrid approach combines kinematic and dynamic simulation, as well as a decentralized, distributed leg control system whose emergent behavior is suitable for animating simulated myriapoda of different morphologies with the characteristically vivid leg wave patterns of their biological counterparts. The simulated creature's antennae sense its virtual environment and the sensory information guides its adaptive behaviors, including obstacle avoidance and foraging.
New product development practice application to an early-stage firm: the case of the PaperPro® StackMaster™

New product development research on applied tools and practices has typically been associated with large, well-established firms, not start-up companies. In this paper, we describe a simplified new product development process for new ventures and detail its application to a consumer product over a two-year period. The process illustrates how established firm NPD practices such as phase gates and market planning can be successfully adopted by early-stage firms and highlights practices that are critical to project success. The case also illustrates that virtual team communication, CAD efficiency, and physical prototype iteration are key drivers in the race towards successful commercialization.
Wind-generated gravity-capillary waves: laboratory measurements of temporal growth rates using microwave backscatter

The growth rates of wind-induced water waves at fixed fetch were measured in a laboratory wave tank using microwave backscatter. The technique strongly filters out all wavenumber component pairs except for a narrow window at the resonant Bragg scattering conditions. For these waves the spectral amplitude was measured as a function of the time after a fixed wind was abruptly started. The radars were aligned to respond to waves travelling in the downwind direction at wavelengths of 0·7-7 cm. Wind speeds ranged from 0·5 to 15 m/s. Fetches of 1·0, 3·0 and 8·4 m were used. In every case, the spectral amplitude initially grew at a single exponential rate β over several orders of magnitude, and then abruptly ceased growing. No dependence of the growth rate on fetch was observed. For all wavelengths and wind speeds the data can be fitted by \[ \beta (k,u_{*},{\rm fetch})=f(k)\,u^n_{*}, \] with n = 1·484 ± 0·027. Here u* is the friction velocity obtained from vertical profiles of mean horizontal velocity. For each wind speed, f(k) had a relative maximum near k = kn ≃ 3·6 cm−1. Rough estimates of β/2ω, where ω is the water wave frequency, and of the wind stress supported by short waves indicate that the observed growth rates are qualitatively very large. These waves are tightly coupled to the wind, and play a significant role in the transfer of momentum from wind to water.
Parasitism, predation, and disease in the bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Psychidae).

Approximately 43% of the larval bagworm population in the Athens, Ga., area were killed by naturally occurring biotic factors during the period July through Sept., 1970. About 71% were killed in 1971 and 66% in 1972. Nineteen insect species including parasitoids, hyperparasites, and scavengers were reared from dead bagworm larvae and pupae. The bagworm is a new host record for 9 of these insects. Bagworm pathogens included bacilliform bacteria, a polyhedrosis virus, and fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Geotrichum, Paecilomyces, Hirsutella, Beauveria, Cordyceps, Scopulariopsis , and Pestalotia . An inverse relationship existed between the levels of fungal disease and parasitism in larval populations. During 1971 a high level of fungal disease (51%) and a low level of parasitism (10%) were recorded. In 1970 and 1972, high levels of parasitism (29% and 46%, respectively) and low levels of fungal disease (13% and 17%, respectively) were recorded. It appears that fungi contributed most heavily to bagworm mortality during wet periods and that insect parasitoids were the predominant mortality factor during dry periods.
Estimating Highway Investment Requirements with Uncertain Demands

This paper proposes a systems approach for estimating investment requirements for a highway network with uncertain demands. The problem is formulated as a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints, assuming that travel demands belong to an ellipsoidal likelihood region and that traffic flows on the underlying network are in user equilibrium. The proposed algorithm obtains a solution by solving a sequence of problems. Numerical results from the nine-node and Sioux Falls networks demonstrate that the proposed approach is able to produce a solution that guarantees the future system performance without requiring an excessive amount of investment.
Correction of cerebrospinal fluid levels and brain growth demonstrated by serial fetal magnetic resonance imaging following

DEMONSTRATED BY SERIAL FETAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FOLLOWING ENRICO DANZER, MARK P. JOHNSON, MICHAEL BEBBINGTON, R. DOUGLAS WILSON, LARISSA BILANIUK, ERIN SIMON, ALAN FLAKE, LESLIE SUTTON, N. SCOTT ADZICK, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Fetal Diagnosis & Treatment, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania OBJECTIVE: Physiological levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may influence brain growth and maturation during fetal development. Fetuses with myelomeningocele (MMC) have diminished extra-axial CSF levels and altered brain growth. We evaluated extra-axial CSF levels and brain growth following fetal MMC repair by serial assessment of brain morphometry using ultrafast MRI. STUDY DESIGN: Axial measurements were taken at defined anatomical landmarks and in utero repaired MMC fetuses (n = 35) were compared to cohorts of age-matched control fetuses (prenatal = 18, postnatal = 9) and MMC fetuses that underwent postnatal repair (prenatal = 9, postnatal = 22). The brain/ventricular ratio was calculated as transverse diameter of the brain at the level of the atria divided by mean ventricular diameter. RESULTS: In fetuses with MMC, initial MRI scans showed significant cerebellar herniation and almost complete absence of extra-axial and posterior fossa CSF. In utero repair fetuses showed significant reversal of hindbrain herniation. In fetuses with postnatal MMC repair, CSF levels remained low. No differences in postnatal extra-axial CSF levels were found between normal and in utero MMC repaired newborns. The mean increase in ventricular diameter after fetal MMC repair was 33.9% compared to 71.6% in the cohorts of MMC fetuses that underwent postnatal repair. The mean mantle-thickness at the level of atria increased by 28.5 mm (141.8%) in the fetal repair group, by 32.1mm (191.5%) in the control group and by 24 mm (105.3%) in the postnatal repair group cohorts. The mean increase in brain/ventricular ratio after fetal repair was 36.8%, in normal controls 53.1% and 10.4% in postnatal repaired MMC cohorts. CONCLUSION: Midgestational MMC repair results in reestablishment of the extra-axial CSF space. Normalization of CSF volume in the posterior fossa reflects reversal of hindbrain herniation. Increases in mantle thickness and brain/ ventricular ratio suggest increased brain growth in fetuses following in utero repair.
Framework and Extraframework Tin Sites in Zeolite Beta React Glucose Differently

Here, we show that framework tin sites in pure silica zeolite Beta (Sn-Beta) can isomerize glucose to fructose by a Lewis acid-mediated intramolecular hydride shift in aqueous solvent, but not in methanol solvent. Mechanistic studies using isotopically labeled (2H, 13C) glucose reactants show that in methanol, Sn-Beta instead epimerizes glucose to mannose by a Lewis acid-mediated intramolecular carbon shift mechanism known as the Bilik reaction. We also provide evidence that extraframework tin sites located within the hydrophobic channels of zeolite Beta can isomerize glucose to fructose in both water and methanol solvent, but through a base-catalyzed proton-transfer mechanism. SnO2 particles located at external zeolite crystal surfaces or supported on amorphous silica catalyze isomerization in methanol but not in water, suggesting that contact with bulk water inhibits isomerization at SnO2 surfaces. 119Sn MAS NMR spectroscopy was used to unambiguously identify framework Sn sites, which give resonances fo...
Literature Discussion Groups: An Examination of Gender Roles.

Abstract In this article we highlight the experiences of three females who were members of peer‐led literature discussion groups to more closely examine the notions of empowerment, student voice, and student silence. The experiences of these three girls revealed that gendered talk exists in literature discussions that often reinforces sexist stereotypes, and that a group's notion of power may influence whose voices are allowed to be heard and whose voices are silenced. The discussion groups of which the girls were a part appeared to enact different conceptions of power. One group utilized a “power as property” notion of power where power was viewed as a commodity that existed in a limited amount and could be given or taken away. Using such a conception of power, the boys in this group attempted to “take power away” from the girls in their group by silencing them. The second group displayed an understanding of power that allowed different members to exercise their personal power in whatever ways they felt ...
A damage-based cohesive zone model of intergranular crack growth in a nickel-based superalloy

A cohesive zone model is utilized to simulate grain boundary interface decohesion under load reversals with hold time being imposed at the maximum load level. This study considers the role of creep...