cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The shape of translation policy: a comparison of policy determinants in Bangor and Brownsville

The idea that there is something scholars can call “translation policy” has existed since the very early days of the field. As studies continue to spring forward, new perspectives continue to help our understanding of how translation policy evolves. Generally speaking, these studies tend to look closely at the role that the authorities play in shaping translation policy. Such an approach has led to useful insights, and for the foreseeable future, it will probably continue to provide enriching perspectives. But oftentimes, translation policy takes shape in official domains as a response to factors outside the domains themselves. In other words, there are insights to be gleaned by looking beyond the official domains. For example, interesting perspectives may come from looking at broader historical and demographic determinants that help shape translation policy. In that spirit, this paper will consider translation policy in two different settings: Gwynedd (Wales) and Cameron (Texas). It will compare and contrast these two regions in terms of history and demography, where some surprising parallels can be found. Then the article will describe translation policies in both places, where some stark contrasts become immediately apparent. Then this paper will analyze these differences in terms of how the minority language is viewed in these regions.
The social network: Impact of host and microbial interactions on bacterial antibiotic tolerance and persistence

Abstract Antibiotics have vastly improved our quality of life since their discovery and introduction into modern medicine. Yet, widespread use and misuse have compromised the efficacy of these compounds and put our ability to cure infectious diseases in jeopardy. To defend themselves against antibiotics, bacteria have evolved an arsenal of survival strategies. In addition to acquiring mutations and genetic determinants that confer antibiotic resistance, bacteria can respond to environmental cues and adopt reversible phenotypic changes that transiently enhance their ability to survive adverse conditions, including those brought on by antibiotics. These antibiotic tolerant and persistent bacteria, which are prevalent in biofilms and can survive antimicrobial therapy without inheriting resistance, are thought to underlie treatment failure and infection relapse. At infection sites, bacteria encounter a range of signals originating from host immunity and the local microbiota that can induce transcriptomic and metabolic reprogramming. In this review, we will focus on the impact of host factors and microbial interactions on antibiotic tolerance and persistence. We will also outline current efforts in leveraging the knowledge of host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions in designing therapies that potentiate antibiotic activity and reduce the burden caused by recurrent infections.
Pulse Recovery from Frequency-Resolved-Optical-Gating Traces of Trains of Unstable Pulse Shapes

We show that the recently introduced RANA FROG pulse-retrieval approach provides an exceptionally reliable indication of pulse-shape stability vs. instability in trains of pulses.
Immunopharmacology and Quantitative Analysis of Tyrosine Kinase Signaling

In this article we describe the use of pharmacological and genetic tools coupled with immunoblotting (Western blotting) and targeted mass spectrometry to quantify immune signaling and cell activation mediated by tyrosine kinases. Transfer of the ATP γ phosphate to a protein tyrosine residue activates signaling cascades regulating the differentiation, survival, and effector functions of all cells, with unique roles in immune antigen receptor, polarization, and other signaling pathways. Defining the substrates and scaffolding interactions of tyrosine kinases is critical for revealing and therapeutically manipulating mechanisms of immune regulation. Quantitative analysis of the amplitude and kinetics of these effects is becoming ever more accessible experimentally and increasingly important for predicting complex downstream effects of therapeutics and for building computational models. Secondarily, quantitative analysis is increasingly expected by reviewers and journal editors, and statistical analysis of biological replicates can bolster claims of experimental rigor and reproducibility. Here we outline methods for perturbing tyrosine kinase activity in cells and quantifying protein phosphorylation in lysates and immunoprecipitates. The immunoblotting techniques are a guide to probing the dynamics of protein abundance, protein-protein interactions, and changes in post-translational modification. Immunoprecipitated protein complexes can also be subjected to targeted mass spectrometry to probe novel sites of modification and multiply modified or understudied proteins that cannot be resolved by immunoblotting. Together, these protocols form a framework for identifying the unique contributions of tyrosine kinases to cell activation and elucidating the mechanisms governing immune cell regulation in health and disease. © 2020 The Authors. Basic Protocol 1: Quantifying protein phosphorylation via immunoblotting and near-infrared imaging Alternate Protocol: Visualizing immunoblots using chemiluminescence Basic Protocol 2: Enriching target proteins and isolation of protein complexes by immunoprecipitation Support Protocol: Covalent conjugation of antibodies to functionalized beads Basic Protocol 3: Quantifying proteins and post-translational modifications by targeted mass spectrometry.
A predictive model of preoperative risk factors for venous thromboembolism after fusion for degenerative conditions of the thoracolumbar spine

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to identify preoperative risk factors for VTE and develop a predictive model that can be integrated into electronic health records (EHRs). Methods Retrospective review of patients undergoing thoracolumbar fusion from 2016 to 2018 in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was performed. Results Increasing age, BMI, and several other factors were significant predictors of increased risk for postoperative VTE. The predictive model had an area under the curve of 0.683, indicating acceptable discrimination. Discussion Our findings build upon previous studies by presenting a model equation that can be rapidly integrated into EHRs for validation.
Not Particles, Not Quite Fields: An Ontology for Quantum Field Theory

There are significant problems involved in determining the ontology of quantum field theory (QFT). An ontology involving particles seems to be ruled out due to the problem of defining localized position operators, issues involving interactions in QFT, and, perhaps, the appearance of unitarily inequivalent representations. While this might imply that fields are the most natural ontology for QFT, the wavefunctional interpretation of QFT has significant drawbacks. A modified field ontology is examined where determinables are assigned to open bounded regions of spacetime instead of spacetime points.
Rapid, low-cost, and in-situ analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soils and sediments by ambient 3D-printed cone spray ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract A rapid method to empirically determine the presence of trace per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in solid media, such as soils, sands, and sediments, without any sample preparation, through ambient ionization mass spectrometry (MS), is described. 3D-printed cone spray ionization (3D-PCSI) is an ambient ionization technique that employs a 3D-printed conductive plastic cone to perform both sampling and ionization. The 3D-PCSI sources are fabricated in the shape of a hollowed square pyramid to hold bulk matrices, and consist of rigid walls to aid in the uniformity and consistency of sampling and ionization. Solid samples are placed within the hollowed pyramid and a solvent is added to perform an in-situ extraction, followed by spray-based ionization when a voltage is applied. The low cost of 3D-printing, its reproducibility at scale, and lack of sample preparation, enables 3D-PCSI-MS to rapidly and efficiently screen for trace PFAS, in-situ, in bulk samples. Demonstrated here is the detection of trace PFAS that were doped into six different soil and sediment matrices, by 3D-PCSI-MS, to validate the universality of the method, irrespective of matrix composition. All PFAS were identified by their indicative MS3 spectra and ranged in detection limits from 100 ppt to 10 ppb depending on the compound and soil classification. Legacy aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) were analyzed in soil by 3D-PCSI-MS, as were soil samples collected around an AFFF testing facility. The sampling rate for 3D-PCSI-MS was less than 2 min per sample, demonstrating the applicability to high-throughput mapping of a contaminated area.
Tandem Use of Underpotential Deposition and Self-Assembly

A Summary Report to The Electrochemical Society for the 1997 Department of Energy Summer Research Fellowship.
A Comparative Survey of Visual Cortex Organization in Mammals

A large region of posterior neocortex in a number of species of mammals has been found to be responsive to visual stimuli. In some of these mammals more detailed studies have subdivided the responsive region into separate systematic maps or representations of visual space, and there are several reasons for thinking that these maps are important as functionally distinct subdivisions of the visual system. For instance, it appears that each systematic map is associated with a cortical region having a unique architectonic character and a distinctive pattern of connections with other visual structures. In addition, there is evidence that neurons in separate visual representations differ in the way they respond to visual stimuli. Finally, lesions of different visual maps have produced distinctively different behavior changes.
Histone deacetylase inhibitor enhances IUdR-mediated radiosensitization in human glioblastoma U251 cells

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 3105 Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and treatment-resistant human brain tumor in adults. 5-Iodo-2’-deoxyuridine (IUdR) as a clinical radiosensitizer can only enhance the survival to 18 month. In this study, we are developing a new chemo-radiotherapy strategy of the combined treatment of IUdR and histone deacetylase inhibitor, in an attempt to further enhance IUdR-mediated radiosensitization for these tumors. Three histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) of different classes were tested in this study including MS-275, Trichostatin A (TSA) and Valproic acid (VPA). The U251 cells were co-treated with IUdR and HDACi before ionizing radiation (IR) and were then grown in the medium with HDACi after IR. The preliminary results showed that compared with IUdR or HDACi treatment alone the co-treatment of IUdR and HDACi before IR significantly sensitized U251 cells to radiation. The interaction between IUdR and HDACi before IR was examined. HDACi slightly enhanced IUdR DNA incorporation. IUdR slightly reduced HDACi-induced acetylated-H3 and -H4, but enhanced HDACi-induced p21. IUdR also slightly reduced HDACi-induced G2 population before IR. DNA damage signaling responses were examined early after IR. The levels of gammaH2AX (as a marker of DNA double strand breaks) was found to be the lowest while pChk1 (S317) and pChk2 (T68) were the highest in the IUdR/HDACi pretreated cells at 30 min following IR. Cell cycle analysis showed that IUdR/HDACi pretreated cells had a sustained larger G2/M arrest population following IR. When the cell death pattern was studied, the IUdR/HDACi pretreated cells showed apoptotic cell death between 24 to 72h following IR as measured by sub-G1 population. However, a significant amount of the cells appeared to be alive with an enlarged or elongated morphology before eventual death. We hypothesize that HDACi enhances IUdR radiosensitization through chromatin modification interference. HDACi changes the pattern of histone acetylation, which may change the location of H2AX in the chromatin and further may affect phosphorylation of H2AX in response to DNA damage. Insufficient formation of gammaH2AX may compromise the repair of IUdR-enhanced IR-induced DNA double strand breaks due to the important role of gammaH2AX in the assembly of DNA repairosome. This novel two-agent chemo-radiotherapy approach may have a potential as a treatment strategy for glioblastoma. Supported by NIH grant CA112963 to TJK.
Glutamate synthase from Escherichia coli—An iron-sulfur flavoprotein: Separation and analysis of non-identical subunits

Abstract Purified glutamate synthase from Escherichia coli has been disaggregated with sodium dodecylsulfate and resolved into two non-identical subunits (molecular weights 135 000 and 53 000) using agarose gel filtration in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. The ratio between the content of the two subunits in the native enzyme is in agreement with the ratio between subunit molecular weights suggesting that the subunits occur in equal numbers in the native enzyme. Amino acid analysis and N-terminal analysis of the separate subunits confirm their nonidentity.
A multi-project MEMS lecture and laboratory course

This paper will describe a senior/graduate level, elective, lecture and laboratory course Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMs). The course was designed for students in RIT's microelectronic engineering program. Therefore, the students had a basic understanding of most processing technologies. The lecture focused on physical fundamentals of mechanical structures and MEMs specific process technology. The laboratory part of the program included device design, process design, maskmaking, processing and testing of a multi-project chip.
Properties of Ionic Channels in Excitable Membranes

Excitable cells respond to appropriate stimuli with changes in their transmembrane potential. We will briefly review the origin of the membrane potential and the ways that it can be modified. Two main classes of excitability will be discussed: chemical excitability, in which the stimulus is a chemical transmitter released by another cell; and electrical excitability, in which the stimulus is a change in the membrane potential itself.
Influence of Response Mode on Order Effects in the Interview

Two experiments involving students (N = 142 and N = 174, respectively) were conducted to investigate the effects of response mode and order on the evaluation of a hypothetical interviewee. Response mode (step-by-step or end-of-sequence) and order of positive and negative interview responses were manipulated in both studies. Competing hypotheses based on the belief adjustment model and predecisional distortion were tested. In both studies, the evaluation of the hypothetical candidate was more consistent with predictions of the belief adjustment model than with predecisional distortion. The results suggest that structured interviews are not immune to order effects. Furthermore, the belief adjustment model may be used to predict whether primacy or recency effects in interviews are likely to occur.
Stereospecificity of the transfer of hydrogen from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in each of the two reductive steps catalyzed by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase.

Abstract β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl coenzyme A and the hemithioacetal addition compound of mevaldic acid and CoA were separately reduced by either Form A or B of [3H]NADPH in the presence of a partially purified β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase obtained from yeast. Tritium was incorporated into product, mevalonic acid, in high yield from Form A of [3H]NADPH in each of these reactions. Only a trace of radioactivity was associated with mevalonic acid when the reduction was carried out under identical conditions with Form B of [3H]NADPH. Therefore, hydrogen is transferred from the A side of the pyridine ring of NADPH in each of these dehydrogenase-catalyzed reductions (ester (NADPH)/→ aldehyde-derivative (intermediate) (NADPH)/→ alcohol).
Hormone Replacement Therapy: Women's Decision-Making Process

Abstract Making an informed decision about whether to take hormone replacement therapy to offset short—and'or long-range effects of decreased estrogen due to menopause is particularly important because of the health-related risks and benefits associated with hormone replacements. A qualitative study was conducted in which a cohort of menopausal women were interviewed for the purpose of investigating their decision-making process regarding HRT. Findings illuminate the major factors contributing to the decision, the kinds and sources of information used in arriving at a decision, the decision-making process followed, and whether the decision was informed. Clinical and research implications of the findings are examined.
ALTERNATE CONCEPTS AND NEW EXPERIMENTS IN EXISTING DEVICES FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF THERMONUCLEAR REGIMES

ABSTRACT Fusion reactors can ignite with a range of electron and ion temperatures and energy confinement times. The characteristics of ignited reactors will depend on these factors as well as the fuel used. Hot ion mode operation, which is the natural ignited state of a tokamak, leads to enhanced possibilities for utilization of the deuterium-deuterium fuel cycle and achievement of an attractive reactor. These reactors give new scope for application of modern plasma physics.
A Model For The Credit-Apportionment Process in Rule-Based Systems

The problem of Apportioning payoffs (feedback) to rules in a rule-based system is called the credit-apportionment problem. A model for the credit-apportionment processis proposed in this paper. This model provides a formal framework for analysis of the credit-apportionalent problem and synthesis of credit-apportionment algorithms. It includes (i) a system-environment sub-model, which presents an integrated view about payoff, internal and external aspects of a rule-based system, (ii) principles of usefulness, which define the usefulness of rule actions and (iii) definitions of the credit-apportionment problem, which guide the algorithm synthesis.
Response of Bacillus spores to combinations of germinative compounds.

Foerster, Harold F. (University of Texas, Austin), and J. W. Foster. Response of Bacillus spores to combinations of germinative compounds. J. Bacteriol. 91:1168-1177. 1966.-Spores of 21 strains of Bacillus megaterium and 25 other strains representing 13 species of Bacillus were produced under standardized conditions. The germination of a washed spore suspension of each strain was measured as a response to various combinations of 30 different germinative compounds. The strains were first typed with respect to their response to "primary" germination compounds, i.e., glucose, l-alanine, inosine, and l-alanine-inosine mixture, and also Na(+) and K(+). The second stage was the determination of the response to various organic and inorganic anions and cations, each strain being supplied with the "primary" compounds best for it. Marked differences in germination patterns were observed among species and strains of the same species. No relation to established taxonomic lines was evident. A nonspecific requirement for ions was found for all strains, but not all ions were effective. A striking degree of interchangeability of germinative chemicals was found. "Fractional germination" was very common. A mixture of l-alanine and inosine and various ions was the best germinative solution for most strains. Some anomalous germination patterns were encountered. Those studied included a strain whose cells lysed spontaneously upon germination and other strains for which l-leucine had striking germinative powers.
A convergence model for the analysis of some blind equalization algorithms

A convergence model that predicts the evolution of the mean-square-error (MSE) trajectory of some blind equalization algorithms is presented. The authors consider the Sato algorithm and its computationally efficient sign versions, namely the Sato sign-error algorithm and the Sato sign-data algorithm. In their analysis they consider only the real system. Simulation results confirm the validity of the approach. >
Physics and engineering of diluted magnetic semiconductor superlattices

Abstract In this paper we review recent developments in our work with II–VI compound semiconductor superlattices containing magnetic constituents, with emphasis on electronic phenomena which may be useful in light emitting devices in the blue-green region of the spectrum. As a specific example, we discuss spatially selective introduction (delta-doping) of Te isoelectronic traps into ZnSe/(Zn,Mn)Se quantum wells and how the use of the magnetic aspect of Mn provides direct insight into the nature of this strongly binding center for excitons.
Self-Defence and Innocence: Aggressors and Active Threats

Although people generally agree that innocent targets of culpable aggression are justified in harming the aggressors in self-defence, there is considerable disagreement regarding whether innocents are justified in defending themselves when their doing so would harm other innocent people. I argue in this essay that harming innocent aggressors and active innocent threats in self-defence is indeed justified under certain conditions, but that defensive actions in such cases are justified as permissions rather than as claim rights. This justification therefore differs from that of self-defence against culpable aggressors, since defensive acts of the latter type are justified as claim rights rather than mere permissions. I argue, however, that the two justifications are alike in that both rest on considerations of distributive justice.
The engagement factor: building a high‐commitment organization in a low‐commitment world

Purpose – Attracting and retaining a talented work force is a strategic imperative. Doing so requires organizations to create an overall context through a set of macro‐level organizational practices we refer to as the HR value chain. However, this organizational context must be supplemented at the micro level through leader behavior, job characteristics, and challenging goals. An evidence‐based integrative model of organizational practices is developed that will lead to a high level of employee engagement.Design/methodology/approach – The paper addresses several key questions: Do engaged employees perform better than those that are not engaged? How should companies best organize their HR processes at a firm‐wide level to foster employee engagement? What should companies do at an employee level to foster engagement? What is the role of employee to manager trust in employee engagement? A review and summary of existing empirical literature from the areas of employee engagement, human resources, strategy, and...
Asymmetric synthesis of (−)-fosfomycin and its trans-(1S,2S)-diastereomer using a biocatalytic reduction as the key step

Abstract Fosfomycin is a gram positive and gram negative antibiotic that contains an asymmetric epoxide. An enzyme library was screened for its ability to reduce dimethyl(1-chloro-2-oxopropyl)phosphonate to the corresponding asymmetric chlorohydrin. Homology models were built in MOE, which were shown to accurately model the enzyme–substrate complex displaying the stereoselectivity that we observed. Two enzymes, YDR368w and YHR104w, were chosen for the scale up and synthesis of fosfomycin and its trans-(1S,2S)-diastereomer.
Orbital metastases from prostatic carcinoma.

Abstract Orbital metastases from prostatic cancer is rare. Herein we present 4 patients with metastatic carcinoma involving the orbit. Metastatic carcinoma of the prostate should be considered in the elderly male with proptosis.
Density-dependent changes in individual foraging specialization of largemouth bass

Individual foraging specializations are an important source of intraspecific variability in feeding strategies, but little is known about what ecological factors affect their intensity or development. We evaluated stomach contents in marked individual largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and tested the hypothesis that diet specialization is most pronounced during periods with high conspecific densities. We collected diet data over 10 years from an unexploited population of largemouth bass that displayed a greater than threefold variation in density. Although diet composition of the aggregate bass population did not change during the study, bass body condition was inversely correlated with population size. Individual marked bass exhibited high diet consistency (diet overlap between successive captures) during years with high population densities. Diet overlap between randomly assigned pairs of bass was not correlated with population size. We did not detect the expected positive relationship between diet breadth and population size. Our analyses demonstrate that population responses to density changes may represent the sum of many unique individual foraging responses and would be obscured by pooled sampling programs. Behavioral flexibility of individuals may contribute to the ability of largemouth bass to function as a keystone predator in many aquatic communities.
Use of Pitressin in Local Anesthesia.

SummaryThe addition of pitressin to a solution of a local anesthetic agent prolongs anesthesia on intradermal injection, and permits of sterilization. Both pitressin and epinephrine increase the intravenous toxicity of a local anesthetic. While epinephrine by delaying absorption reduces the subcutaneous toxicity, pitressin does not.
Photoplastic studies of strain distributions in the cold drawing of polycarbonate cylindrical bars: the rate effect

Strain distributions in the cold drawing of polycarbonate cylindrical bars were obtained at three nominal strain rates using the method of photoplasticity. Optical-mechanical constitutive equations were interpreted based on a physical model. The strain distribution in the necked portion of the rod is shown to be nonuniform, regardless of the strain rate. Comparison between the integrated diameters and the measured diameters gives an average error between 4 and 12 percent. An interesting trend in the fringe patterns with and without a central loop has been observed and attributed to the higher strain-rate effect for patterns without a central loop.
Age Dependence of Total Cerebral Blood Flow Volume from Childhood to Adulthood

In a prospective study of the natural development of total cerebral blood flow volume (CBFV), the common, external and internal carotid and vertebral arteries were examined in 94 healthy children and adolescents between 3 and 18 years of age (sex and age evenly distributed) using a 7.0-MHz transducer of a computed sonography system. Intravascular flow volumes were calculated with the product of angle-corrected time-averaged flow velocity and the cross-sectional area of the vessel. CBFV was determined as the sum of flow volumes in the internal carotid and vertebral arteries of both sides. CBFV increased significantly between 3 and 6.5 years of age (from 687 +/- 85 to 896 +/- 110 ml/min; age correlation, p < or = 0.01) and declined thereafter (p < or = 0.001) to a constant level of approximately 700 ml/min at 15 years of age. There was no difference in CBFV between sexes. The proportion of bilateral vertebral artery flow volume in total CBFV decreased significantly between the ages of 3 and 18 years (p < or = 0.001). As the flow volumes of the external carotid arteries increased markedly from childhood to adulthood, flow volumes of the common carotid arteries were not representative of CBFV. Intrasession test-retest correlation of CBFV was high (r = 0.89, p < or = 0.0001). Reference data for the childhood years presented here and previously described results from healthy adults allow us to outline the natural evolution of CBFV in humans. The reliability of the method has already been demonstrated. Thus, it may now be introduced into clinical application.
Oculomotor tracking strategy in normal subjects with and without simulated scotoma.

Purpose Experiments were conducted on five subjects with no visual impairment to assess tracking strategy differences in subjects with and without a simulated central scotoma. Methods Subjects were asked to visually track horizontally moving periodic and nonperiodic sinusoidal stimuli through a +/-5 degrees range. Scotoma simulation was achieved electronically with a closed-loop feedback system using horizontal eye movement measurements from a monocular limbus eye tracker updated at a rate of 500 Hz. The scotoma was centrally located and had defined horizontal half widths of 1, 2, and 3 degrees . Vertical eye position measurements from a video-based dark-pupil tracker were used to identify and remove trials in which extreme vertical eye position deviations reduced the effectiveness of the simulation. Results All subjects developed a preferred retinal locus (PRL) in the left visual field and demonstrated a tendency for saccadic redirection to this area. Saccadic endpoints into the PRL outnumbered foveally directed saccades by a factor of 2:1. The PRL was located outside the compromised central vision region, typically near the edge of the scotoma boundary, for all subjects except one. This subject had a PRL within the simulated scotoma under two conditions, but the percentage of total time spent at the "compromised" PRL was less than for other subjects. Conclusions Subjects with no visual impairment confronted with a central scotoma develop a preferred retinal locus to replace the nonfunctional fovea and appear to suppress normal refoveating saccadic behavior in favor of this location.
Abstract 1645: Genome-wide association studies identify several new loci for human pigmentation traits

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been widely conducted and numerous new loci have been associated with various outcomes. Multiple GWASs have been completed in the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, and we have accrued more than 15,000 individuals with genome-wide genotype data. More recently, with the data released from the 1000 Genomes Project, we have imputed about 10 million SNPs based on the genotyped SNPs and haplotypes from the 1000 Genomes Project. Based on the knowledge that light human pigmentation is a host risk factor for skin cancer development, we conducted the GWASs on pigmentary traits in multiple GWAS datasets in the two cohorts using the newly imputed data. We systematically evaluated the traits of natural hair color (ordinal coding from blonde, light brown, dark brown to black, excluding red hair color), eye colors (blue, green and brown eye colors as co-dominant outcomes), tanning ability (ordinal coding from practically no tan, moderate tan to deep tan) and the number of sunburns (continuous variable). We adjusted for the four largest principal components of genetic variation in the regression model for each component dataset, and performed a meta-analysis to combine the results of all these datasets. No systematic deviation from the expected distribution was detected for any of these pigmentation GWASs. Using a multistage study design, we identified a new region on chromosome 13q22 associated with natural hair color that reached the GWAS significance level. The most significant SNP in this region reached a p-value of 2.4 ×10 −14 (p = 5.4×10 −9 in the discovery stage and p = 1.2×10 −6 in the replication stage). We also newly identified and replicated the association of a SNP on 1q32.3 with brown eye color (p = 7.0×10 −8 in the combined set), a SNP on 5p15 with green eye color (p = 9.1×10 −7 in the combined set), and a SNP on 11q25 with the number of sunburns (p = 5.6×10 −6 in the combined set). Of note, the SNP associated with the number of sunburns was also associated with the expression of a local gene based on the transcript expression profiling data of 87 HapMap CEU cell lines (NCBI GEO database, accession GSE7792). These novel pigmentation SNPs identified by our GWASs are strong candidates to evaluate skin cancer risk. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1645. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1645
Optic Nerve Involvement in Dysthyroidism

Although its prevalence in dysthyroidism is estimated at less than 5%, optic neuropathy should be recognized as a preventable cause of disabling visual loss. Obscured by more obvious external congestive signs, it is usually insidiously progressive and bilateral, but may be acute and unilateral. Neuro-ophthalmic findings are nonspecific (prechiasmal field defects, normal or swollen nerveheads), and the diagnosis should be suspected in the context of typical adnexal changes of dysthyroidism. Optic nerve involvement is probably secondary to apical orbital compression by congested muscles. Treatment with oral corticosteroids, irradiation, or orbital decompression has been beneficial, especially in the early phases.
Drug therapy of Alzheimer's disease: realistic or not?

Abstract Hollister, Leo E.: Drug therapy of Alzheimer's disease: Realistic or not? Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1986, 10 (3–5): 139–446. 1. 1. Drug therapy of Alzheimer's disease is either symptomatic, directed against behavioral manifestations, or specific, presumably directed against some hypothetical pathogenetic mechanism. 2. 2. Symptomatic treatment involves the use of antipsychotic drugs, alone or combined with benzodiazepines, to curb disturbed behavior, restore a normal sleep-wake cycle and improve self-care. Antidepressants can be used cautiously when indicated. 3. 3. Specific treatment has employed many different drugs over the years, including stimulants, cerebral vasodilators, drugs for certain hypothesized causes of the disorder, and drugs assumed to enhance metabolism of the brain, or to protect it against various insults. 4. 4. Of the metabolic enhancing drugs, ergoloid mesylates, nafronyl and piracetam are of the greatest current interest. Ergoloid mesylates have been the most extensively studied, but many questions about this drug, such as its mechanism of action, its proper dose, the proper duration of treatment, and the proper goals of treatment, remain unanswered. 5. 5. Symptomatic treatment is essential, both of the sake of patients and those who attend them. Specific treatment is more controversial. If specific treatment is warranted, ergoloid mesylates might be a reasonable first-choice. 6. 6. A number of experimental approaches aimed at enhancing deficient neurotransmission, or remedying deficient neuropeptides, are currently being investigated. 7. 7. Meanwhile, it is realistic to attempt to do the best one can for the afflicted patients.
Silicon photonic integrated components for add, drop, and VOA in a 4-channel data-center network

We design and demonstrate a compact silicon photonic chip (1.30 mm x 0.52 mm) that integrates electrically-tunable 4-channel add, drop and power control functionalities for a 24x10 Gbit/s WDM data-center network with low power consumption.
Parental reactions to phenylketonuria in the family

Parents who had one or more children with phenylketonuria (PKU) were asked to respond to a questionnaire which elicited information concerning (1) their attitudes, (2) their feelings, (3) their knowledge, and (4) their responses and/or reactions to PKU in their family. The information obtained by this method suggests that the efforts to impose dietary restriction of phenylalanine intake affect the emotional climate of the total family; that the parents need constant support, orientation, and counseling to enable them to maintain a realistic attitude toward their child with PKU; and that termination of the dietary restrictions frequently improves the emotional climate of the family. The purpose of this study was to delineate the emotional forces that are encountered within families living with phenylketonuric children, whose daily management involves the use of a highly restrictive dietary regimen. An effort was made to examine the emotional components involved in being the parent of and rearing a child with PKU.
Psychiatric Contributions to the Understanding of International Terrorism

A summary of the psychodynamics and personality types of terrorists is presented. The Stockholm syndrome is discussed in the context of survival identification and the issue of hostage negotiation is addressed. The differentiation of the emotional aspects of terrorists is presented in the context of different authors' opinions.
Fostering Creativity in Product and Service Development: Validation in the Domain of Information Technology

Objective: This research is intended to empirically validate a general model of creative product and service development proposed in the literature.Background: A current research gap inspired construction of a conceptual model to capture fundamental phases and pertinent facilitating metacognitive strategies in the creative design process. The model also depicts the mechanism by which design creativity affects consumer behavior. The validity and assets of this model have not yet been investigated.Method: Four laboratory studies were conducted to demonstrate the value of the proposed cognitive phases and associated metacognitive strategies in the conceptual model. Realistic product and service design problems were used in creativity assessment to ensure ecological validity.Results: Design creativity was enhanced by explicit problem analysis, whereby one formulates problems from different perspectives and at different levels of abstraction. Remote association in conceptual combination spawned more design cre...
BROMINE ANALYSIS IN 5-BROMOURACIL-LABELED DNA BY X-RAY FLUORESCENCE.

The degree of replacement of thymine by 5-bromouracil in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the thymine-deficient bacterium Escherichia coli B 15 T - has been determined by a nondispersive x-ray fluorescence method. A measure of the fraction by weight of bromine in the purified DNA is required for determining the degree of thymine replacement. This fraction is experimentally determined on 35-µg samples of DNA by x-ray spectroanalysis.
A systems analysis of the ARIES tokamak reactors

The multi-institutional ARIES study has completed a series of cost-of-electricity optimized conceptual designs of commercial tokamak fusion reactors that vary the assumed advances in technology and physics. A comparison of these designs indicates the cost benefit of various design options. A parametric systems analysis suggests a possible means to obtain a marginally competitive fusion reactor.
Computer-aided building design economics: An open or closed system?☆

The use of economics in evaluating building designs has been proposed by a variety of authors over a number of years (see, for example, Stone, 1966 and Handler, 1970). The basic principles have not changed as reflected in more recent works on the subject of life cycle costs (Haviland, 1977; Marshall and Ruegg, 1980); and a set of generally accepted standards have been promulgated to insure the technical adequacy of life cycle cost procedures (ASTM E917-83). Nevertheless, life cycle cost principles have been slow in achieving acceptance as an integral part of the building design process. A number of reasons for this reluctance have been proposed, including the variability of cost data, forecasting and uncertainty, interactions between the building and its users, and questions concerning the reliability and cost of life cycle cost analysis (Flanagan, 1984). While these arguments all have substantial merit, others (Kelly, 1984) suggest that significant acceptance will occur only when cost evaluation methods are presented to the designer in terms that the designer understands. This paper suggests that there are more fundamental issues involved in the use of economics within the design process. These issues revolve around the notion that building design economics is inextricably tied to a wide spectrum of design decisions involving assessments of both economic as well as non-economic performance issues. Most significant design decisions, it is argued, are made in this extremely rich and complex context. Designers intuitively make “trade-offs” and “cost-benefit” decisions that simultaneously consider many factors. The use of special purpose, stand-alone economic evaluation systems is inappropriate for this type of decision-making. This paper explores the implications of developing a computer-aided design system where economics is an integral, rather than separate, element in the design decisionmaking process.
The human mineralocorticoid receptor gene promoter: Its structure and expression

The structure and expression of a clone containing the promoter region, all of exon 1, and part of the first intron of the human mineralocorticoid receptor (hMR) gene is presented. The clone has three sets of CAAT and TATA elements, one located at the very 5'-end of the clone, one located just 5'- to the start of transcription, and one set located in intron A, approximately 300 bp into the intron. The major start of transcription site by primer extension analysis and ribonuclease protection assays is located 26 bp downstream of a TATA-like box (TTTAA) and 90 and 143 bp downstream, respectively, of two CCAAT boxes. Putative cis-transcription factor binding sites are as follows: two potential AP1 sites, one potential AP2 site, two ATF/CREB sites, six potential GC boxes or SP1 sites, one potential perfect half-palindromic estrogen response element, and three potential PEA3 sites. Therefore, the hMR promoter region contains elements characteristic of both regulated genes and "housekeeping" genes. CAT assays of overlapping deletions of the promoter region demonstrated tissue-specific regulation in human neuroepithelioma (SK-N-MC-IXC) and non-neuronal, peripheral choriocarcinoma cell lines (JEG-3).
Induction of Tumor Suppressor p53 and DNA Fragmentation in Organotypic Hippocampal Cultures Following Excitotoxin Treatment

The p53 tumor suppressor gene encodes a cell cycle regulatory protein that is induced by DNA damage and has been implicated in apoptosis. To investigate whether excitotoxic cell death due to kainic acid (KA) and cell death due to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) share similar molecular mechanisms, we studied p53 expression and DNA fragmentation in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures following excitotoxin treatment. Cellular analyses showed that both p53 induction and DNA fragmentation occurred only in injured neurons following exposure to either excitotoxin. The temporal profiles of these changes demonstrated that p53 induction preceded DNA fragmentation. The extent of regional alterations in p53 expression and DNA fragmentation correlated with drug-related toxicity (i.e., NMDA > KA). These results support the hypothesis that p53 is a marker of neuronal death in the CNS and suggest the possibility that excitotoxin-mediated neuronal death may occur through a p53-dependent pathway.
First MMW characterization of ErAs/InAlGaAs/InP semimetal-semiconductor-Schottky diode (S3) detectors for passive millimeter-wave and infrared imaging

We present the first mm-wave characterization of Semimetal Semiconductor Schottky (S3) diodes for direct detector applications from 94 GHz to 30 THz. The S3 devices use molecular-beam epitaxy growth of binary compounds that are closely lattice-matched and crystallographically perfect across the heterointerface to reduce 1/f and burst noise while maintaining ultra-high-frequency performance. The S3 diodes are fabricated from an InAlGaAs/InP based material system with both the Schottky layer and contact layer having n and n+ doping levels. The semimetal Schottky contact is ErAs which is grown in-situ during the MBE growth. By varying the InAlAs percentage content in the epitaxial layer structure, the diode dc I-V characteristics and its zero bias responsivity are optimized. Diode s-parameter data from dc-100 GHz is used to determine the diode responsivity as a function of frequency and diode capacitance and resistance. These measurements then allow the device intrinsic and extrinsic equivalent-circuit elements to be optimized for direct detection from 94 GHz to ~30 THz.
Adaptive Output Feedback Control for an Aeroelastic Generic Transport Model: A Parameter Dependent Riccati Equation Approach

This paper presents the application of an adaptive output feedback control design for an aeroelastic genetic transport model. The adaptive design uses a novel parameter dependent Riccati equation approach. The adaptive controller is intended to augment a nominal, fixed g ain, observer based output feedback control law. Although the formulation is in the setting of model following adaptive control, the realization of the adaptive controller does not require implementing the reference model. In this regard, the cost of implementing the adaptive controller, above that of a fixed gain control law, i s far less than that of other methods. In addition, it is applicable to output feedback adaptive control design for non-minimum phase plants. I. Introduction Research in adaptive output feedback control of uncertain nonlinear systems is motivated by the many emerging applications that employ novel actuation devices for active control of flexible structures and fluid flows. These applications include actuators such as piezo-electric films and s ynthetic jets, which are typically nonlinearly coupled to t he plant dynamics they are intended to control. Models for these applications vary from accurate low frequency models to models that crudely approximate the true dynamics even at low frequencies. Examples of applications include active damping of flexible structures, control of aeroservoelasti c aircraft, and active control of flows. Adaptive control can be used to satisfy performance requirements in the presence of large scale parameter uncertainty, and improved safety in the event of actuator failure. The adaptive output feedback approach used in this paper is taken from Ref. 1. It assumes that a state observer is employed in the nominal controller design. The observer design is modified and employed in the adaptive part of the design. This is combined with a novel adaptive weight update law. The weight update law ensures that estimated states follow both the reference model states and the true st ates so that both state estimation errors and state tracking errors are bounded. Although the formulation is in the setting of model following adaptive control, the realization of the adaptive controller uses the observer of the nominal controller in place of the reference model to generate an error signal. Thus the only components that are added by the adaptive controller are the realizations of the basis functions and the weight adaptation law. The realization is even less complex than that of implementing a model reference adaptive controller in the case of state feedback. The stabi lity analysis employs a Lyapunov candidate function that entails the solution of a parameter dependent Riccati equation (rather than a Lyapunov equation) to show that all error signals are uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB). It is shown how the upper limit for the Riccati equation parameter is employed in the design of the adaptive law, and also influen ces the ultimate bounds for the state estimate error and the adapted weight error.
The Effect of Behavior Contracting on Grades

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to determine the effect of behavior contracting on grades attained by disadvantaged junior high school students. The contract included both academic and social behaviors for which the students were awarded points. Students under contract received a grade each day on which their nine weeks’ grades were based. Grades of students under contract increased the semester the contract was applied, whereas the grades of a similar control group declined slightly.