cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Rise and Fall of Scientific Curriculum Movement in the Social Studies, 1916–1929

In this historical study, the author reexamines the relationship and role of social efficiency and scientific curriculum making in the early years of the social studies (1916–1929). The author argues that historians have applied the term social efficiency too bluntly to label and ultimately dismiss a variety of educational reformers in the social studies, many of whom offered promising reform agendas. A closer look at scientific curriculum making in the social studies reveals that the movement was not inherently anti-academic, or anti-intellectual—critiques historians commonly associate with the social efficiency and scientific curriculum making—but rather an attempt to update the curriculum to be consistent with its own stated goals.
Assessment of chlorination by human neutrophils

On phagocytosing a microorganism, the neutrophil zpolymor-phonuclear leukocyte, PMN) consumes oxygen at a sharply elevated rate1. The oxygen is used to kill the microorganism, presumably being used to produce a potent oxidizing agent or agents. Candidates for these bactericidal agents are singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical and chlorinating agents (that is, species containing ‘active’ Cl in a formal +1 oxidation state: HOCl, Cl2, N-chloroamides, and so on)1–5. We now report a semiquantitative assay for PMN-generated active chlorine based on its trapping with 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (TMB). Using this assay, we have found that at least 28% of the oxygen consumed by stimulated normal human PMNs is converted to active chlorinating agents.
Reflection on the Last 17 Years

This PDF file contains the editorial “Reflection on the Last 17 Years” for JM3 Vol. 3 Issue 03
Evidence for a discrete UTP receptor in cardiac endothelial cells

1. We have examined the effects of various purine and pyrimidine nucleotides upon cells cultured from guinea-pig cardiac endothelium (CEC), and find the P2Y-agonist 2-methylthioadenosine triphosphate (2MeSATP) to be a potent (EC50 = 85 +/- 10.2 nM) stimulator of increase in intracellular calcium concentrations, while uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) are less potent but equipotent with one another (EC50s = 2.1 +/- 0.3 and 1.8 +/- 0.2 microM, respectively). 2. While the P2Y receptor exhibited rapid homologous desensitization, this had no effect upon subsequent responsiveness of CEC to either ATP or UTP. Effects of maximal concentrations of ATP and UTP were not only additive, but did not cross-desensitize. Responses to UTP (but not to ATP or 2MeSATP) were blocked by treatment with pertussis toxin (PTX); all three nucleotides appeared to liberate calcium from an intracellular pool. 3. Suramin (30 microM) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the EC50 for ATP-dependent increases in intracellular calcium (5.3 +/- 2.2 microM vs. 2.0 +/- 0.9 microM in the absence of suramin), while it completely blocked the response to 2MeSATP. Suramin had no effect upon responses to UTP at concentrations of 100 microM. 4. We conclude that in addition to the P2Y and P2U subtypes of the ATP receptor, an additional receptor responsive to UTP but exhibiting no affinity for purine nucleotides is present in CEC; this "pyrimidine receptor' liberates intracellular calcium via a G-protein, and may partly mediate the contractile response to UTP in the coronary vasculature.
Diverse Delayed Effects in Human Lymphoblastoid Cells Surviving Exposure to High-LET 56Fe Particles or Low-LET 137Cs Gamma Radiation

To obtain information on the origin of radiation-induced genomic instability, we characterized a total of 166 clones that survived exposure to (56)Fe particles or (137)Cs gamma radiation, isolated approximately 36 generations after exposure, along with their respective control clones. Cytogenetic aberrations, growth alterations, responses to a second irradiation, and mutant frequencies at the Na(+)/K(+) ATPase and thymidine kinase loci were determined. A greater percentage of clones that survived exposure to (56)Fe particles exhibited instability (defined as clones showing one or more outlying characteristics) than in the case of those that survived gamma irradiation. The phenotypes of the unstable clones that survived exposure to (56)Fe particles were also qualitatively different from those of the clones that survived gamma irradiation. A greater percentage (20%) of the unstable clones that survived gamma irradiation than those that survived exposure to (56)Fe particles (4%) showed an altered response to the second irradiation, while an increase in the percentage of clones that had an outlying frequency of ouabain-resistant and thymidine kinase mutants was more evident in the clones exposed to (56)Fe particles than in those exposed to gamma rays. Growth alterations and increases in dicentric chromosomes were found only in clones with more than one alteration. These results underscore the complex nature of genomic instability and the likelihood that radiation-induced genomic instability arises from different original events.
Noise and Transmission Delays in Mutual Synchronization Systems

This paper considers the effects of noise and transmission delays in a phase-averaging mutual synchronization system. The basic analytical ideas are developed with respect to a two-station system which contains first-or second-order analog phase-lock loops. From the equation describing the phase error dynamics of each system, a generalized Fokker-Planck equation is derived. It is used to obtain a good approximate analytic expression for the phase error probability density function (PDF), which is confirmed by simulation. An important quantity for such mutual synchronization systems, under random disturbances, is the variance of the frequency deviation. This may be obtained directly from a knowledge of the phase error PDF. The above development is then extended to a mutual synchronization system of arbitrary size.
Strategic issues in sensors and smart structures

Rapid advances have been made in recent years in the development of sensor-based technologies, which greatly expand the range and effectiveness of this application to civil, mechanical, and aerospace engineering systems. This paper attempts to overview the research conducted in recent years and the state-of-the-art. Key research topics are presented, and future strategic directions are suggested. Emerging needs for engineering application in civil infrastructure and mechatronics systems, and natural and artificial disaster mitigation are described. A review of NSF's sponsored research program activities in dynamic systems, modeling, sensing and control is also given. Strategic issues in advancing sensors and smart structural technologies and their applications are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Ethanol Preservation on Fish Fin Stable Isotopes: Does Variation in C:N Ratio and Body Size Matter?

Abstract Although chemical preservation of stable isotope samples has been studied in a variety of species and tissue types, the effects of ethanol preservation on fish fin tissue have not been examined. Using caudal fin samples from juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and Rainbow Trout O. mykiss or steelhead (the anadromous form of Rainbow Trout), we investigated how storage time (2, 4, and 6 months), fin composition (C:N ratio), and fish body size (50–130 mm FL) influence preservation-induced changes in δ13C and δ15N. In both species, we found that treatment fins (frozen and later preserved in ethanol) exhibited higher δ13C than did paired reference fins (frozen). The changes in δ15N, however, were smaller in magnitude and less consistent. Preservation-induced increases in fin δ13C, but not δ15N, were significantly correlated with the change in C:N ratio (treatment–reference) in both species. In addition, these increases in δ13C were more highly correlated with body size in O. mykiss than i...
Neurophysiological examination of the role of D-1 dopamine receptors in the regulation of neuronal activity in the basal ganglia.

Basal ganglia output is clearly affected by dopamine receptor stimulation. However, the relative roles of the different dopamine receptors in mediating changes in basal ganglia output are not yet well defined. These receptors can be divided into different subtypes on the basis of either their pharmacological properties or their location. D-1 and D-2 subtypes have been characterized, as have dopamine cell body autoreceptors, terminal autoreceptors, and postsynaptic dopamine receptors, which are located on cells innervated by dopamine neurons. It is currently believed that the autoreceptors are of the D-2 subtype, while both D-1 and D-2 receptors are found postsynaptic to the dopamine neurons in the basal ganglia (Walaas and Greengard, 1984; Martres et al., 1985; Dawson et al., 1986). The D-2 receptor subtype was, for many years, considered the dopamine receptor most critically involved with mediating the behav-iorally and neurophysiologically significant effects of dopamine and dopamine agonists. Much evidence has supported the idea that dopamine agonist-induced inhibition of dopamine cell activity is mediated through D-2 autoreceptors (Mereu et al., 1985; Carlson et al., 1986; 1987a; Kelland et al., 1986; Molloy et al., 1986; Napier et al., 1986). In addition, most behavioral and neurophysiological effects of postsynaptic dopamine receptor stimulation were believed mediated through postsynaptic D-2 receptors. However, recent evidence from neurophysiological investigations, reviewed in the present paper, as well as from behavioral studies, strongly suggests that D-1 receptors do play an important role in regulating the activity of basal ganglia cells located postsynaptic to the dopamine neurons. Neurophysiological studies have also indicated that dopamine cell activity can be affected by D-1 receptor stimulation, although this is probably an indirect effect mediated by D-1 receptors on nondopaminergic neurons rather than by receptors on the dopamine cells themselves (Carlson et al., 1987b).
Association of insulin receptor substrate 1 with simian virus 40 large T antigen

Mouse embryo cells expressing a wild-type number of insulin-like growth factor I receptors (IGF-IR) (W cells) can be transformed either by simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40 T) or by overexpressed insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), singly transfected. Neither SV40 T antigen nor IRS-1, individually, can transform mouse embryo cells with a targeted disruption of the IGF-IR genes (R- cells). However, cotransfection of SV40 T antigen and IRS-1 does transform R- cells. In this study, using different antibodies and different cell lines, we found that SV40 T antigen and IRS-1 are coprecipitated from cell lysates in a specific fashion, regardless of whether the lysates are immunoprecipitated with an antibody to SV40 T antigen or an antibody to IRS-1. The same antibody to SV40 T antigen, however, fails to coprecipitate another substrate of IGF-IR, the transforming protein Shc, and two other signal-transducing molecules, Grb2 and Sos. Finally, an SV40 T antigen lacking the amino-terminal 250 amino acids fails to coprecipitate IRS-1 and also fails to transform R- cells overexpressing mouse IRS-1. These experiments indicate that IRS-1 associates with SV40 T antigen and that this association plays a critical role in the combined ability of these proteins to transform R- cells. This finding is discussed in light of the crucial role of the IGF-IR in the establishment and maintenance of the transformed phenotype.
Indirect Sensing for Misfire Detection with MSMA, TriC and MulC

In this paper the windowed selected moving autocorrelation (WSMA) and the tri-correlation (TriC) are reviewed first. The multi-correlation (MuIC) is discussed. Then these algorithms are used for indirect sensing of engine misfire. Very often, computation resource limitation exists for real-time applications such as engine controller. The WSMA and TriC offer more opportunities for indirect sensing for engine misfires and other real-time monitoring and feedback control applications in the frequency domain due to their high efficiencies. Simulation and vehicle test results for engine misfire sensing are presented in this paper
Learning Styles in Adult Education: a Study of County Extension Agents

This Study explored the effectiveness of Kolb's Learning Style Inventory in identifying learning styles and implications for designing education programs for County Extension Agents in Ken tucky (N = 349) to assess its usefulness in identifying learning styles and in designing appropriate adult learning experiences. The results indicate a variety of learning styles among the population adult learning experiences. The results indicate a variety of learning styles among the population with one dominant style being identified. Despite minimal correlations between individual learn ing styles and preferences for particular educational techniques, it is contended that the inven tory provides a potentially useful framework for designing and conducting adult educational pro grams.
Reconstructing grassland vegetation and paleotemperatures using carbon isotope ratios of bison tooth enamel

Carbon isotope ratios ( 13 C values) of herbivores reflect the 13 C values of dietary plants, and the 13 C values of grazers (animals that consume 90% grass) reflect the local abundance of C3 versus C4 grasses. Because grassland C3/C4 ratios correlate with climate, the 13 C of fossil grazers may serve as a proxy for reconstructing paleoclimates and paleovegetation patterns. However, the accuracy of environmental reconstructions based on herbivore 13 C values is often uncertain, because the relationship between the 13 C of many animals and the abundance of C4 and C3 grasses has not been precisely quantified. We analyzed the 13 C of tooth enamel carbonate from modern bison (Bison bison bison) from nine localities in the United States. The C4 grass biomass at these sites ranged from 1% to 95% of the total grass biomass. The mean 13 C of enamel for each population correlated well with the local abundance of C4 grasses and with variations in mean annual temperatures. The variability of enamel 13 C values did not differ among habitats and was not correlated with the abundance of C4 grasses. These results demon- strate that analyses of the 13 C values of fossil bison can be used as a quantitative proxy for reconstructing grassland C3/C4 ratios and paleotemperatures, and they will serve as a baseline for interpreting the 13 C of fossil bison and other large herbivores in North
Effect of modularity on maintainability of rule-based systems

Software engineers have for many years employed modularity in conventional programming. Recently, Jacob and Froscher proposed a new method for achieving modularity in rule-based systems. We conducted the first experiments to evaluate the effect of their new method on the maintainability of rule-based systems. Our results were encouraging. Subjects who used a modular rule-based system tended to accomplish modifications more correctly and more quickly than those who used a non-modular version.
Ideational Theorizing in the Social Sciences since “Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State”

In the years since Peter Hall's seminal 1993 article “Policy Paradigms, Social Learning and the State” appeared, the ideational research agenda has expanded enormously, to the point where it now includes everyone from constructivists to rational choice theorists. This article assesses what we have learned about the role of ideas in political life since “Policy Paradigms” appeared, analyzes how well social scientists have taken up the challenges and questions “Policy Paradigms” put forward, and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of current ideational scholarship. Based on this, the article concludes that the way forward for ideational scholars must include coming up with clearer, more easily agreed upon definitions of ideational variables, more extensive study of the processes through which ideas become institutionalized and thus able to affect political outcomes over time, and more careful investigations of the ways in which ideas shape or form both actors' motivations and contexts.
HLS: a framework for composing soft real-time schedulers

Hierarchical CPU scheduling has emerged as a way to (1) support applications with diverse scheduling requirements in open systems, and (2) provide load isolation between applications, users, and other resource principals. Most existing work on hierarchical scheduling has focused on systems that provide a fixed scheduling model: the schedulers in part or all of the hierarchy are specified in advance. In this paper we describe a system of guarantees that permits a general hierarchy of soft real-time schedulers one that contains arbitrary scheduling algorithms at all points within the hierarchy - to be analyzed. This analysis results in deterministic guarantees for threads at the leaves of the hierarchy. We also describe the design, implementation, and performance evaluation of a system for supporting such a hierarchy in the Windows 2000 kernel. Finally, we show that complex scheduling behaviors can be created using small schedulers as components and describe the HLS programming environment.
Simplified Surface Preparation for GaAs Passivation Using Atomic Layer-Deposited High- $\kappa$ Dielectrics

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) provides a unique opportunity to integrate high-quality gate dielectrics on III-V compound semiconductors. The physics and chemistry of a III-V compound semiconductor surface or interface are problems so complex that even after three decades research understanding is still limited. We report a simplified surface preparation process using ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) to remove the native oxide and make the hydroxylated GaAs surface ready for ALD Al2O3 surface chemistry. The effectiveness of GaAs passivation with ALD is demonstrated with small hysteresis, 1%-2% frequency dispersion per decade at accumulation capacitance, and a mid-bandgap D it of 8 times1011 to 1times 1012 cm-2 ldr eV-1determined by the Terman method. The results from ammonium sulfide [(NH4)2S-,and hydrofluoric acid (HF)-, and hydrochloric acid (HCl)-treated surfaces and a surface with native oxide are also presented to compare with the results from the ammonium-hydroxide-treated surface. Fermi-level unpinning is also easily demonstrated on the ALD HfO2 and p-type GaAs interface.
Carboxyhemoglobin in the rat: Improvements in the spectrophotometric measurement and comparison to other studies

An improved and simplified spectrophotometric method for the determination of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) is described, which employs an equation to correct for the dissociation error during analysis. Two microliters, or less, of blood is diluted with an ammonium hydroxide solution directly in the measuring cuvette. A layer of light mineral oil overlying the diluent was found to increase measured COHb saturation of blood equilibrated with 100% CO. Sodium dithionite treatment of the oil further increased this value in one case. The measured COHb was shown to be affected directly by factors that alter hemoglobin concentration in the diluent (i.e. blood volume, hematocrit). Blood samples kept cold and under oil may be stored safely for as long as 10 days. Measurement of COHb by this method in rats exposed to 525, 900, 1800 and 2400 ppm CO produces higher values than those obtained with the 1965 spectrophotometric method of Commins and Lawther. Variations on the method of Commins and Lawther, as well as COHb values available in the literature for animals exposed to CO, are reviewed briefly.
Assembly of zinc metallacrowns with an α-amino hydroxamic acid ligand

Abstract In the assembly of metallacrowns for molecular recognition, luminescence, and molecular magnetism applications, substituting the ring ion can have profound effects on the structure, stability, and physical properties of the inorganic macrocycle. The assembly of Zn(II) metallacrowns with an α-amino hydroxamic acid ligand (pheHA) was investigated to compare the assembly behavior with the well studied metallacrowns containing Cu(II) and Ni(II). Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry reveals that the benchmark species Zn5(pheHA)42+ and LnZn5(pheHA)53+ assemble in pyridine, which is consistent with the behavior of Cu(II) and Ni(II). A LnZn4(pheHA)43+ species is also observed in a 1:1 DMF-pyridine mixture. An unprecedented La(III)[16-MCZn(II),pheHA,HpheHA-6]5+ complex was crystallographically characterized that possesses unusual C2 symmetry. These results provide insights into the design of functional metallacrowns through ring ion substitution.
EVALUATION OF BEHAVIORAL SKILLS TRAINING FOR TEACHING ABDUCTION‐PREVENTION SKILLS TO YOUNG CHILDREN

This study examined the effectiveness of individual behavioral skills training in conjunction with in situ training in teaching 13 preschool children abduction prevention skills. Children's performance was measured during baseline, training, and at 2-week, 1-month, and 3-month follow-ups using in situ assessments in which abduction prevention skills were measured in naturalistic settings. Results revealed that all the children learned the skills and all the children available at the 2-week and 1-month follow-ups maintained the skills at criterion level. All but 3 children's criterion-level performances were maintained at the 3-month follow-up as well.
Presynaptic Facilitation Revisited: State and Time Dependence

The mechanisms underlying short-term presynaptic facilitation, the enhancement of transmitter release from sensory neurons in Aplysia, induced by serotonin (5-HT), can be divided into two categories: (1) changes in ionic conductances leading to spike broadening and enhancement of Ca2+ influx; and (2) actions on the machinery for transmitter release that are independent of spike broadening and the resulting increases in Ca2+ influx. Spike broadening and the associated enhancement of excitability are induced by the modulation of K+ conductances in the sensory neuron. The cellular mechanisms that contribute to the enhancement of release that is independent of spike broadening are not known and may involve vesicle mobilization or other steps in exocytotic release. These two facilitatory actions of 5-HT are mediated by at least two second-messenger-activated protein kinase systems, protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC). These two second-messenger cascades overlap in their contributions to synaptic facilitation. However, their relative contributions to enhancement of transmitter release are not simply synergistic but are state- and time-dependent. The state dependence is a reflection of the synapse's previous history of activity. When the synapse is rested (and not depressed), a brief pulse of 5-HT (lasting from 10 sec to 5 min) produces its actions primarily through PKA via both spike broadening-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The broadening primarily involves the modulation of a voltage-dependent K+ current, IKV, with a small contribution by a voltage-independent K+ current, IKS. By contrast, the enhancement of excitability is mediated primarily by the modulation of IKS. As the synapse becomes depressed with repeated activity, the contribution of PKC becomes progressively more important. As is the case with PKA, PKC produces its action both by broadening the spike via modulation of IKV and by a spike broadening-independent mechanism. In addition to being state-dependent, the mechanisms of facilitation are time-dependent. There are differences in the response to 5-HT when it is given briefly to produce short-term facilitation or when the exposure is prolonged. When exposure is brief (< or = 5 min), PKA dominates. When exposure is prolonged (10-20 min), PKC becomes dominant as it is with depressed synapses. Thus, synaptic plasticity appears to be expressed in several overlapping time domains, and the transition between very short-term facilitation and various intermediate duration phases seems to involve interactive processes between the kinases.
A New Method for Determining First-Motion Focal Mechanisms

We introduce a new method for determining earthquake focal mecha- nisms from P-wave first-motion polarities. Our technique differs from previous meth- ods in that it accounts for possible errors in the assumed earthquake location and seismic-velocity model, as well as in the polarity observations. The set of acceptable focal mechanisms, allowing for the expected errors in polarities and takeoff angles, is found for each event. Multiple trials are performed with different source locations and velocity models, and mechanisms with up to a specified fraction of misfit po- larities are included in the set of acceptable mechanisms. The average of the set is returned as the preferred mechanism, and the uncertainty is represented by the dis- tribution of acceptable mechanisms. The solution is considered adequately stable only if the set of acceptable mechanisms is tightly clustered around the preferred mechanism. We validate the method by demonstrating that the well-constrained mechanisms found for clusters of closely spaced events with similar waveforms are indeed very similar. Tests on noisy synthetic data, which mimic the event and station coverage of real data, show that the method accurately recovers the mechanisms and that the uncertainty estimates are reasonable. We also investigate the sensitivity of focal mechanisms to changes in polarities, event depth, and seismic-velocity model, and we find that mechanisms are most sensitive to changes in the vertical velocity gradient.
The thermotropic and lyotropic liquid‐crystalline properties of acetoacetoxypropyl cellulose

Acetoacetoxypropyl cellulose, formed by the acetoacetylation of hydroxypropyl cellulose using a diketene/acetone adduct at elevated temperature, forms both thermotropic and lyotropic liquid-crystalline phases. DSC and hot-stage polarized light microscopy confirmed the thermotropic nature of the bulk polymer. Thin layers showed green reflection colors at room temperature. The wavelength λ0 of selective reflection was measured spectrophotometrically. The crystalline structure of the polymer was investigated using x-ray diffraction. A lyotropic mesophase formed in acetic acid at ≥ 40 wt% polymer. The value of λ0 for the lyotropic cholesteric mesophase was determined by optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) and circular dichroism (CD) of a thin layer of a wholly anisotropic solution.
Electrical Activity and Structure of Retinal Cells of the Aplysia Eye: II. Photoreceptors

1.Photoreceptors of the eye of Aplysia were studied by intracellular recording and Lucifer yellow injection. 2.Two basic photoreceptor types were observed, R and H. Two other types of cells were occasionally encountered: one was neurone-like, giving only a slight depolarization but large action potentials (APs) in response to light; the other was presumably glial. 3.Type R photoreceptors were found in the pigmented layer of the retina, had large distal (photoreceptor) processes extending toward the lens and an axon in the optic nerve. They are probably the large, microvillous receptor type with vesicle-filled cytoplasm observed previously in electron microscope studies. Action potentials were observed in the axon but not the cell body of the R receptor. The light response was an increasing conductance, 2 component depolarization followed by hyperpolarization. All 3 components were affected by light adaptation. Electrical coupling between R receptors and secondary neurones was apparent and the system produces the synchronous compound action potentials (CAPs) in the optic nerve. 4.Type H photoreceptors gave a slight depolarization to light with APs, followed by a hyperpolarization, followed by a late depolarization and more APs. They were in the pigmented layer of the retina and had smaller cell bodies and distal processes, but larger axons than R receptors. They may correspond to the photoreceptors with short microvilli and occasional cilia described previously in electron microscope studies. Electrical and dye coupling occurred between the receptors. The H receptors do not contribute to the CAP, but produce separate unitary potentials in the optic nerve.
Elevated Body Mass Index and Decreased Diet Quality among Women and Risk of Birth Defects in Their Offspring

BACKGROUND We examined whether risks of 32 birth defects were higher than expected in the presence of overweight or obese body mass index (BMI) and low diet quality, based on estimating individual and joint effects of these factors and calculating relative excess risk due to interaction. METHODS Analyses included mothers of 20,250 cases with birth defects and 8617 population-based controls without birth defects born from 1997 to 2009 and interviewed for the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. We used logistic regression to generate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) reflecting the combined effects of BMI and diet quality. We focused analyses on 16 birth defects (n = 11,868 cases, 8617 controls) for which initial results suggested an association with BMI or diet quality. RESULTS Relative to the reference group (normal weight women with not low diet quality, i.e., >lowest quartile), AORs for low diet quality among normal weight women tended to be >1, and AORs for overweight and obese women tended to be stronger among women who had low diet quality than not low diet quality. For 9/16 birth defects, AORs for obese women who had low diet quality-the group we hypothesized to have highest risk-were higher than other stratum-specific AORs. Most relative excess risk due to interactions were positive but small (<0.5), with confidence intervals that included zero. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence for the hypothesis of highest birth defect risks among offspring to women who are obese and have low diet quality but insufficient evidence for an interaction of these factors in their contribution to risk.
Explaining and Predicting Supreme Court Decision Making: The Burger Court's Establishment Clause Decisions

The United States Supreme Court in the last fifty years has been asked repeatedly to interpret and then reinterpret the two clauses of the First Amendment which deal with the area of religion. The amendment mandates that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. . . ." While these clauses may appear to be straightforward at first glance, upon further reflection one realizes that they allow for numerous inter pretations and at times may conflict with one another. These differing interpretations have led to a number of bitter disputes over the years. As Martha McCarthy has noted, "The relationship between religion and government has created extensive controversy in the history of this nation."1
Relationship of Leukemia to Lung and Stomach Tumors in Mice Fed Benzo(a) Pyrene

SummaryCFW mice fed 0.25 mg of benzo(a)pyrene/g of food develop gastric papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas, pulmonary adenomas, and leukemia. Mice that develop leukemia have a significant increase in the number of pulmonary adenomas. There is no relationship, however, between the occurrence of pulmonary adenomas and gastric tumors in this nonleukemic group of mice.
The DSM-5 and forensic psychiatry

In his first Law and Psychiatry column for the Journal of Psychiatric Practice, the author discusses potential forensic consequences of the publication of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). While the transition to DSM-5 may prove challenging for both patients and clinicians, the scrutiny and adversarial process associated with forensic psychiatric practice will entail a unique set of challenges. The philosophy of innovation behind the DSM-5, and the attendant changes, could lead to some unintended consequences, particularly in medicolegal settings. This column highlights some of the major changes in DSM-5 and explores points of particular concern for forensic psychiatric practice, such as the move toward a non-multiaxial diagnostic system and dimensional severity ratings being superimposed on certain categorical diagnoses. The innovative changes featured in DSM-5, and the controversies surrounding some of them, could yield an environment of increased cynicism in courts of law, with renewed skepticism regarding mental health diagnoses and the forensic psychiatrists who testify about them. Fortunately, the best method for forensic psychiatric practice in this environment of change is to continue to adhere to a meticulous and transparent medicolegal process, with recognition that changes in the diagnostic manual will seldom alter essential medicolegal conclusions. Forensic psychiatrists may enhance their credibility and the strength of the opinions they offer by proactively illustrating how nuances in diagnosis do not change legally defined constructs such as insanity or incompetence.
Site-specific modification of calmodulin Ca2+ affinity tunes the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor activation profile

The skeletal muscle isoform of the ryanodine receptor Ca²(+)-release channel (RyR1) is regulated by Ca²(+) and CaM (calmodulin). CaM shifts the biphasic Ca²(+)-dependence of RyR1 activation leftward, effectively increasing channel opening at low Ca²(+) and decreasing channel opening at high Ca²(+). The conversion of CaM from a RyR1 activator into an inhibitor is due to the binding of Ca²(+) to CaM; however, which of CaM's four Ca²(+)-binding sites serves as the switch for this conversion is unclear. We engineered a series of mutant CaMs designed to individually increase the Ca²(+) affinity of each of CaM's EF-hands by increasing the number of acidic residues in Ca²(+)-chelating positions. Domain-specific Ca²(+) affinities of each CaM variant were determined by equilibrium fluorescence titration. Mutations in sites I (T26D) or II (N60D) in CaM's N-terminal domain had little effect on CaM Ca²(+) affinity and regulation of RyR1. However, the site III mutation N97D increased the Ca²(+)-binding affinity of CaM's C-terminal domain and caused CaM to inhibit RyR1 at a lower Ca²(+) concentration than wild-type CaM. Conversely, the site IV mutation Q135D decreased the Ca²(+)-binding affinity of CaM's C-terminal domain and caused CaM to inhibit RyR1 at higher Ca²(+) concentrations. These results support the hypothesis that Ca²(+) binding to CaM's C-terminal acts as the switch converting CaM from a RyR1 activator into a channel inhibitor. These results indicate further that targeting CaM's Ca²(+) affinity may be a valid strategy to tune the activation profile of CaM-regulated ion channels.
Delay-Doppler estimation via structured low-rank matrix recovery

The estimation of a narrowband time-varying channel under finite block length and transmission bandwidth is investigated. A novel method is proposed for estimation in the delay-Doppler domain by exploiting structural constraints on low-rank matrix recovery. The proposed algorithm uses Gauss-Seidel iterations on the low-rank parameterization under noisy training signal measurements. Theoretical global identifiability results for the channel leakage (due to finite block length and transmission bandwidth) are stated and the necessity of considering Doppler shift induced structure is demonstrated. Justification is provided for the choice of simulation parameters and initialization strategies to achieve good convergence rates and some ill-posed scenarios are also described. It is further shown that simple sparsity-based algorithms like basis pursuit/nuclear norm minimization do not perform well on the said constraint set for measurement operators arising out of training sequences.
Guardianship as a therapeutic option.

Recognizing the importance of consistency on the part of adult caregivers to the children they care for, a number of states have amended the guardianship law to provide new options for permanency. These options include standby guardianships, co-guardianships, and subsidized guardianships. This article summarizes the evolution of guardianship law in response to the HIV / AIDS epidemic and highlights a number of the challenges that remain.
SU-F-SPS-09: Parallel MC Kernel Calculations for VMAT Plan Improvement

Purpose: Adding kernels (small perturbations in leaf positions) to the existing apertures of VMAT control points may improve plan quality. We investigate the calculation of kernel doses using a parallelized Monte Carlo (MC) method. Methods: A clinical prostate VMAT DICOM plan was exported from Eclipse. An arbitrary control point and leaf were chosen, and a modified MLC file was created, corresponding to the leaf position offset by 0.5cm. The additional dose produced by this 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm kernel was calculated using the DOSXYZnrc component module of BEAMnrc. A range of particle history counts were run (varying from 3 × 106 to 3 × 107); each job was split among 1, 10, or 100 parallel processes. A particle count of 3 × 106 was established as the lower range because it provided the minimal accuracy level. Results: As expected, an increase in particle counts linearly increases run time. For the lowest particle count, the time varied from 30 hours for the single-processor run, to 0.30 hours for the 100-processor run. Conclusion: Parallel processing of MC calculations in the EGS framework significantly decreases time necessary for each kernel dose calculation. Particle counts lower than 1 × 106 have too large of an error to output accurate dose for a Monte Carlo kernel calculation. Future work will investigate increasing the number of parallel processes and optimizing run times for multiple kernel calculations.
Ghosts and their contemporary return: the case of Yu Hua’s The Seventh Day

This essay notes the return of ghosts to the contemporary literary landscape and argues that contemporary literary ghosts are primarily historical ghosts, illustrative not of awe for the unknown, or concern over individual morality but of awareness of the problematic of modernity and anxiety over dispossession and moral responsibility. This essay analyzes Yu Hua’s ghost fiction The Seventh Day (2013) and argues that it not only evokes familiar elements of the zhiguai genre, such as issues of rites, boundary and time, but also reworks these elements responding to a new historical context and addressing new concerns. Ghosts in The Seventh Day neither abide to the historical time of development nor enter the cyclical time of reincarnation. Their final place of rest, the land of the unburied, evinces a utopian impulse, which must be understood in connection with the dystopian vision of the mundane world.
From artificial neural network inversion to hidden Markov model inversion: application to robust speech recognition

The gradient based hidden Markov model (HMM) inversion algorithm is studied and applied to robust speech recognition tasks under general types of mismatched conditions. It stems from the gradient-based inversion algorithm of an artificial neural network (ANN) by viewing an HMM as a special type of ANNs. The HMM inversion has a conceptual duality to HMM training just as ANN inversion does to ANN training. The forward training of an HMM, based on either the Baum-Welch reestimation or gradient method, finds the model parameters /spl lambda/ to optimize some criteria (e.g., maximum likelihood, maximum mutual information, and mean squared error) with given speech inputs s. On the other hand, the inversion of an HMM finds speech inputs s that optimize some criterion with given model parameters /spl lambda/. The performance of the proposed gradient based HMM inversion for noisy speech recognition under additive noise corruption and microphone mismatch conditions is compared with the robust Baum-Welch HMM inversion technique along with other noisy speech recognition technique, i.e., the robust MINIMAX classification technique.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Cefazolin in Serum and Adipose Tissue From Overweight and Obese Women Undergoing Cesarean Delivery

The optimal antibiotic prophylaxis dosing regimen of cefazolin for cesarean delivery (CD) in overweight and obese women is unknown. This study was done to compare the duration that cefazolin concentrations remain above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in adipose tissue (AT). Serum and AT concentrations from 3 previous studies in CD patients were comodeled using the nonparametric adaptive grid algorithm in Pmetrics. AT concentrations for 5000 overweight and obese patients receiving 1-, 2-, and 3-g cefazolin regimens were simulated to calculate the probability that free drug concentrations remained above an MIC of 2 μg/mL at 1, 1.5, and 2 hours after administration. Sixty-seven patients (mean body mass index 38.7 kg/m2; range 25.5-55.8 kg/m2) provided data. A 2-compartment model with 1 of the compartments representing AT fit the data best. Final model parameters were clearance 7.38 ± 5.34 L/h, volume of central compartment 11.8±9.36 L, and AT volume of distribution 80.12 ± 55.47 L. The mean±SD (median) penetration ratio of cefazolin into AT was 0.81 ± 2.06 (0.62). At 1.5 and 2 hours, 1-, 2-, and 3-g regimens achieved AT concentrations above the MIC in 71.2%, 92.4%, and 94.7%, and 55.7%, 86.8%, and 91.7%, respectively, of simulated patients. Cefazolin achieved good penetration into AT. Because CD duration is commonly less than 1.5 hours, a 2-g dose has a high probability of providing AT concentrations above the target pathogens’ MIC for overweight and obese females. A second dose may be considered for longer surgeries.
Role of endobronchial ultrasound scan in the diagnosis and management of intrapulmonary bronchogenic cyst misdiagnosed by low-dose CT scan of the chest as lung mass

A 57-year-old man was referred to the pulmonology clinic for a 3.4 cm right hilar mass seen in a low-dose CT scan performed for lung cancer screening (figure 1). It was reported as a possible enlarged lymph node or lung mass or vascular abnormality. The patient underwent endobronchial ultrasound scanning, which showed a cystic structure at the right upper lobe and bronchus intermedius bifurcation (figure 2). Endobronchial ultrasound-guided aspiration of the cyst was performed and 14 mL of clear yellowish fluid was aspirated and sent for cytological examination. The …
Metformin-SGLT2, Dehydration, and Acidosis Potential

Clinicians are aware of the risks and benefits of metformin in type 2 diabetes. In geriatric populations lactic acidosis due to diminishing kidney function is an issue. The recent addition of a group of agents to control diabetes through increased glycosuria may increase the risk of dehydration and acidosis. This may happen due to gastrointestinal loss from metformin diarrhea or urine loss from diuretics. A typical example is presented.
Symmetric simple random walks

Random walks denote a general class of stochastic processes for which the definition significantly varies across the literature. Since the ultimate target of this textbook is spatial stochastic processes, the random walks we are interested in are the symmetric simple random walks on graphs as defined in Example 7.2. As previously mentioned, the random walk on the integers can be generated from the consecutive flips of a fair coin and is therefore a natural mathematical object that was already studied in the 17th century by Bernoulli and de Moivre. However, it was only as recently as 1905 that the term random walk was introduced in [81].
Weakly Coupled Oscillators

When coupling is weak, the equations of pulse-coupled oscillators can be simplified, in a way that is mathematically attractive and facilitates analysis, by averaging the effects of several discrete pulses over time.
Entrepreneurial Storytelling in Moments of Friendship: Antenarratives of business plans, risk taking, and venture capital narratives

Storytelling is important for understanding business plans, risk taking, and venture capital. Narratives can limit the entrepreneur’s ability to dynamically change. Friendship is when entrepreneurs can focus on antenarratives and living stories instead of static narratives. Friendship happens in the future before it becomes a narrative past. In this article we outline fore-having, fore-telling, fore-structure, and fore-conception. These relate to four antenarratives before, bet, beneath, and between. We do this is so that we can answer the questions "how can we understand entrepreneurial storytelling processes in moments of friendship?" and "How can entrepreneurial storytelling overcome narrative degradation of living story?" At its core, the answer is is that in the entrepreneurial storytelling moments of friendship can allow living story interactions by creating new fraternity.
Factors Associated with Postoperative Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation in Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients

Introduction. Almost all pediatric orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) recipients require mechanical ventilation in the early postoperative period. Prolonged postoperative mechanical ventilation (PPMV) may be a marker of severe disease and may be associated with morbidity and mortality. We determined the incidence and risk factors for PPMV in children who underwent OLT. Methods. This was a retrospective analysis of data collected on 128 pediatric OLT recipients. PPMV was defined as postoperative ventilation ≥ 4 days. Perioperative characteristics were compared between cases and control groups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios for PPMV after controlling for relevant cofactors. Results. An estimated 25% (95% CI, 17.4%–32.6%) required PPMV. The overall incidence of PPMV varied significantly by age group with the highest incidence among infants. PPMV was associated with higher postoperative mortality () and longer intensive care unit () and hospital length of stay (). Multivariable analysis identified young patient age, preoperative hypocalcemia, and increasing duration of surgery as independent predictors of PPMV following OLT. Conclusion. The incidence of PPMV is high and it was associated with prolonged ICU and hospital LOS and higher posttransplant mortality. Surgery duration appears to be the only modifiable predictor of PPMV.
Comparative study of the simplified methods of Eurocode 2 for second order analysis of slender reinforced concrete columns

Abstract Usually, reinforced concrete design codes indicate only one simplified method for second order analysis of slender columns. The Eurocode 2 (EC2), on the other hand, adopts two simplified methods: one based on nominal stiffness and other based on nominal curvature. It would be desirable that both methods could provide similar solutions. However, this is not the case, as shown in this paper. On the contrary, the two EC2 simplified methods can provide very different results, leaving the engineer uncertain about which method he should use. The objective of this work is to compare these two simplified methods presenting the contradictions between them. Several experimental results available in the literature have been analysed and compared. The method based on the nominal curvature showed to be the most accurate; therefore, it is suggested to be used.
Reconstruction of lateral ligament tears of the ankle. An experimental study and clinical evaluation of seven patients treated by a new modification of the Elmslie procedure.

Experimental cadaver studies showed that Elmslie type of repair for rupture of the anterior and interior lateral ligaments of the ankle and subtalar joints is more effective that other procedures. A new modification of the Elmslie operation is described. It has been used successfully on seven patients followed for over two years. The procedure is simple and effective, although it does cause limitation of foot inversion amounting to 15 to 30 degrees.