cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concurrent diseases and conditions in cats with renal infarcts.

Background Renal infarcts identified without definitive association with any specific disease process. Objective Determine diseases associated with diagnosis of renal infarcts in cats diagnosed by sonography or necropsy. Animals 600 cats underwent abdominal ultrasonography, necropsy, or both at a veterinary medical teaching hospital. Methods Information obtained from electronic medical records. Cats classified as having renal infarct present based on results of sonographic evaluation or necropsy. Time-matched case-controls selected from cats that underwent the next scheduled diagnostic procedure. Results 309 of 600 cats having diagnosis of renal infarct and 291 time-matched controls. Cats 7–14 years old were 1.6 times (odds ratio, 95% CI: 1.03–2.05, P = .03) more likely to have renal infarct than younger cats but no more likely to have renal infarct than older cats (1.4, 0.89–2.25, P = .14). All P = .14 are statistically significant. Cats with renal infarcts were 4.5 times (odds ratio, 95% CI: 2.63–7.68, P < .001) more likely to have HCM compared to cats without renal infarcts. Cats with renal infarcts were 0.7 times (odds ratio, 95% CI: 0.51–0.99, P = .046) less likely to have diagnosis of neoplasia compared to cats without renal infarcts. Cats with diagnosis of hyperthyroidism did not have significant association with having renal infarct. Cats with renal infarcts were 8 times (odds ratio, 95% CI: 2.55–25.40, P ≤ .001) more likely to have diagnosis of distal aortic thromboembolism than cats without renal infarcts. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Cats with renal infarcts identified on antemortem examination should be screened for occult cardiomyopathy.
Neutron effects in thermally treated glasses

Abstract Dielectric measurement and small angle X-ray scattering techniques were used to examine the structure of a binary Li2O-2SiO2 glass after exposure to an integrated flux of 1017 nvt fast neutrons. There is little change in the dielectric properties of the ascast, amorphous glass. However, the results indicate that irradiation accelerates the sequence of crystallization reactions occurring during thermal treatment of the glass. The dissolution rate of lithium metasilicate crystals which appear as a percursor to equilibrium crystallization appears to be enhanced.
Comparative antithrombotic activities of the phosphodiesterase inhibitors pelrinone (AY-26,768), AY-31,390 and milrinone.

Abstract The phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors AY-31,390, milrinone and pelrinone (AY-28,768) were analyzed in human platelet aggregatory systems and in a rabbit arteriovenous shunt model to delineate their activity. AY-31,390 showed a remarkably potent capacity to inhibit human antithrombotic platelet aggregation. AY-31,390 inhibited arachidonic acid, U46619, collagen, epinephrine (second phase) and adenosine diphosphate (second phase) induced platelet aggregation (PA) with IC 50 values of 0.18, 0.21, 0.54, 0.43 and 0.20 μM, respectively. Milrinone, although less potent than AY-31,390, inhibited PA with IC 50 values of 2.1, 2.0, 5.4, 3.7 and 4.1 μM and pelrinone's IC 50 values were 2.8, 6.6, 13.3, 18.6 and 11.8 μM, respectively. Platelets which were incubated with AY-31,390, milrinone or pelrinone, washed with Hanks' balanced salt solution and then resuspended in platelet poor plasma, lost their inhibitory activity in collagen and arachidonic acid PA systems. These results suggested that AY-31,390, milrinone and pelrinone did not bind tightly to cAMP PDE. If human platelet-rich plasma was pretreated with adenosine deaminase, an enzyme that degrades adenosine, the inhibitory effect of milrinone and to a lesser extent pelrinone was reversed. AY-31,390 did not produce a loss of activity with adenosine deaminase in the arachidonic acid system and only a small loss in the collagen system. Adenosine did not appear to be a meaningful factor in AY-31,390's inhibitory activity. Pelrinone, milrinone to a greater extent, and AY-31,390 to the greatest extent were effective inhibitors of white thrombus formation in the in vivo rabbit arteriovenous shunt model. These PDE III inhibitors were potent deterrants of platelet aggregation and white thrombus formation; these agents would be expected to be efficacious therapeutic antithrombotics.
Ecological correlates of hind-limb length in the Carnivora

What determines the lengths and proportions of mammalian limbs? While the answer to this question is still largely unknown, a number of workers have recently begun analysing the selection of morphology in a rigorous framework, searching for quantitative links between structure, performance, and their ecological and behavioural context. The present study investigates a variety of ecological and behavioural variables to determine whether or not they are correlated with hind-limb length in the Carnivora. Data were analysed by using phylogenetically independent contrasts and phylogenetic analysis of covariance. We found that traditional perceptions of limb length are often inaccurate; some species widely regarded as relatively long-legged actually have limb lengths near those expected for their body size. Interestingly, relative hind-limb length is not a significant predictor of distance moved daily, home-range area, or prey size. Phylogenetic ANCOVA results, however, indicate a relationship between prey-capture behaviour and relative hind-limb length. These findings suggest that the evolution of carnivoran limb length has been most influenced by selection for prey-capture behaviour. These results, coupled with those of other studies, can be used to suggest which performance variables could most fruitfully be studied in the laboratory to understand the selection of the structure of the mammalian limb. We suggest that relevant performance variables might be: maximum jump height and/or length, the ability to generate outforces, and levels of stress tolerance in limb bones during prey pursuit/capture.
Megahertz Visualization of Compression-Corner Shock Structures

The interactions between shock waves and turbulent boundary layers in a Mach 2.5 wind tunnel have been visualized by a megahertz-rate imaging system. The shock waves were produced by two-dimensional compression corners having angles of 14 and 24 deg, and the flows were, respectively, attached and separated. At the compression corner, the sequential images clearly indicate the correlation between the shock motion and the incoming turbulent boundary layer. Some large eddies in the boundary layer cause the shock to move in the streamwise direction for distances as large as the boundary-layer thickness at a frequency as high as large-eddy frequency (U e /δ), but other eddies seem to have minor effect on the shock wave. The images also indicate how the shock waves influence the boundary-layer structures
Cyclosporine treatment of severe ulcerative colitis in children.

1. Bernstein L J, Bye MR, Rubinstein A. Prognostic factors and life expectancy in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Am J Dis Child 1989;143:775-8. 2. Scott GB, Hutto C, Makuch RW, et al. Survival in children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1989;32l:1791-6. 3. Centers for Disease Control. Guidelines for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for children with human immunodefieiency virus infection/exposure. MMWR 1991 ;40: t13. 4. Kovacs A, Frederick T, Church J, et al. CD4 T-lymphocsee counts and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in pediatric HIV infection. JAMA 1991;265:1698-703. 5. Yanase Y, Tango T, Okumura K, et al. Lymphocyte subsets identified by monoclonal antibodies in healthy children. Pediatr Res 1986;20:1147-51. 6. Connor E, Bagarazzi M, McSherry G, et al. Clinical and laboratory correlates of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children infected with HIV. JAMA t991;265:1693-7. 7. Masur H. Prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Rev Infect Dis 1989;11:S1664-8. 8. Butler KM, Husson RN, Balis FM, et al. Dideoxyinosine in children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1991;324:137-44. 9. Hughes WT, Rivera GK, Schell M J, et al. Successful intermittent chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1627-32. 10. Fischl MA, Dickinson GM, LaVoie J. Safety and efficacy of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS. JAMA 1988; 259:1185-9. 1 l. Kovacs JA, Hiemenz JW, Maeher AM, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a comparison between patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and patients with other immunodeficiencies. Ann Intern Med 1984;100:663-71. 12. DeLorenzo L J, Huang CT, Maguire GP, Stone DJ. Roentgenographic patterns of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 104 patients with AIDS. Chest 1987;91:323-7. 13. Hughes WT. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. In: Pizzo PA, Wilfert CA, eds. Pediatric AIDS. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1991:288-98. 14. Leibovitz E, Rigaud M, Pollack H, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in infants infected with the human immunodeficiency virus with more than 450 CD4 T-lymphocytes per cubic millimeter. N Engl J Med 1990;323:531-3. 15. Phair J, Munoz A, Detels R, et aL The risk of Pneumocystis earinii pneumonia among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med 1990;322:161-5.
Distribution of α-Amylase Activity in Selected Broiler Tissues

Abstract In an examination of broiler α-amylase, significant variation in the serum enzyme activity level was noted, adult levels were lower than those of young chicks. Analysis of α-amylase activity in various body fluids and tissues of 11-day and 7-week-old broilers indicated that the liver cannot be considered a source of α-amylase, although there was activity in both liver tissue and bile of 10 units/g wet weight and 35 units/100 ml, respectively. Fluid from the oral cavity had low levels of α-amylase activity,
Effects of perceived causality on perceptions of persons who stutter

Abstract This study examined the effects of the perceived cause of stuttering on perceptions of persons who stutter (PWS) using a 7-item social distance scale, a 25-item adjective pair scale and a 2-item visual analogue scale. Two hundred and four university students rated vignettes which varied on describing a PWS with different causalities for stuttering (psychological, genetic, or unknown). Ratings differed significantly according to assigned causality. The vignette with the stuttering due to psychological causes was rated more negatively on 14 adjective pairs and the Social Distance Scale Index when compared to the ratings of vignettes with stuttering caused by either genetic or unknown causes. Interestingly, there were no significant differences between ratings of the vignettes attributing stuttering to either genetic or unknown causes. Neither familiarity with PWS nor the perceived curability of stuttering had any significant association to the ratings. Implications of findings regarding negative stereotypes, stigmatization and perceived causality for PWS are discussed. Educational objectives: Readers will be able to describe and explain: (1) research regarding negative stereotypes and stigma associated with stuttering, (2) research about attribution theory and stigma, (3) two methods used to evaluate stereotypes and stigma in adults, and (4) the negative effects on ratings of PWS due to psychological causality.
Research Advances in Vadose Zone Hydrology through Simulations with the TOUGH Codes: Preface from the Guest Editors

Numerical simulators are playing an increasingly important role in advancing our fundamental understanding of hydrological systems. They are indispensable tools for managing groundwater resources; analyzing proposed and actual remediation activities at contaminated sites; optimizing recovery of oil
Studying new forms of participation and identity in mathematics classrooms with integrated communication and representational infrastructures

Wireless networks are fast becoming ubiquitous in all aspects of society and the world economy. We describe a method for studying the impacts of combining such technology with dynamic, representationally-rich mathematics software, particularly on participation, expression and projection of identity from a local to a public, shared workspace. We describe the types of mathematical activities that can utilize such unique combinations of technologies. We outline specific discourse analytic methods for measuring participation and methodologies for incorporating measures of identity and participation into impact studies.
Theoretical estimation of retinal oxygenation in chronic diabetic retinopathy

This paper uses computer modeling to estimate the progressive decline in oxygenation that occurs in the human diabetic retina after years of slowly progressive ischemic insult. An established model combines diffusion, saturable consumption, and blood capillary sources to determine the oxygen distribution across the retina. Incorporating long-term degradation of blood supply from the retinal capillaries into the model yields insight into the effects of progressive ischemia associated with prolonged hyperglycemia, suggesting time-scales over which therapeutic mitigation could have beneficial effect. A new extension of the model for oxygen distribution introduces a feedback mechanism for vasodilation and its potential to prolong healthy retinal function. A model for retinal oxygenation estimates ischemia associated with diabetes.The model employs diffusion, saturable consumption, and a nonlinear transport.The model's results reinforces the need for tighter glycemic control.A new extension includes vasodilation as a feedback response to ischemia.
Self-description and the origin of the genetic code

The genetic code presents an important conceptual challenge within the broader context of the origin of life. Translation of genetic information captures a fundamental property of living systems, i.e. the ability of decoding proteins (e.g. aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases) to reproduce themselves from self-contained RNA/DNA descriptors. Silvano Colombano and I, as graduate students with Howard Pattee in the 1970s, focused on achieving this closure of self-description and self-reproduction in the genetic code. Simulation and analysis of competitive models that allowed alternate code assignments, exploring initial conditions, arbitrary descriptor-catalyst relationships, and degree of non-linearity, indicated that these dynamical systems undergo bifurcations, transforming initial ambiguous stable states to unstable states. New, stable, steady states, progressively closer to a code, became available as the descriptor parameters were varied. The efficiency of utilization of raw materials for the production of a coding family of catalysts is proposed as a selection criterion that drives such systems towards a coded state.
A Pipeline for Determining Protein–Protein Interactions and Proximities in the Cellular Milieu

It remains extraordinarily challenging to elucidate endogenous protein-protein interactions and proximities within the cellular milieu. The dynamic nature and the large range of affinities of these interactions augment the difficulty of this undertaking. Among the most useful tools for extracting such information are those based on affinity capture of target bait proteins in combination with mass spectrometric readout of the co-isolated species. Although highly enabling, the utility of affinity-based methods is generally limited by difficulties in distinguishing specific from nonspecific interactors, preserving and isolating all unique interactions including those that are weak, transient, or rapidly exchanging, and differentiating proximal interactions from those that are more distal. Here, we have devised and optimized a set of methods to address these challenges. The resulting pipeline involves flash-freezing cells in liquid nitrogen to preserve the cellular environment at the moment of freezing; cryomilling to fracture the frozen cells into intact micron chunks to allow for rapid access of a chemical reagent and to stabilize the intact endogenous subcellular assemblies and interactors upon thawing; and utilizing the high reactivity of glutaraldehyde to achieve sufficiently rapid stabilization at low temperatures to preserve native cellular interactions. In the course of this work, we determined that relatively low molar ratios of glutaraldehyde to reactive amines within the cellular milieu were sufficient to preserve even labile and transient interactions. This mild treatment enables efficient and rapid affinity capture of the protein assemblies of interest under nondenaturing conditions, followed by bottom-up MS to identify and quantify the protein constituents. For convenience, we have termed this approach Stabilized Affinity Capture Mass Spectrometry. Here, we demonstrate that Stabilized Affinity Capture Mass Spectrometry allows us to stabilize and elucidate local, distant, and transient protein interactions within complex cellular milieux, many of which are not observed in the absence of chemical stabilization.
A comparison of SSB-SC and conventional AM under a peak power limitation

Single-sideband (SSB) and AM signals are analyzed using a waveform that can be varied in shape from a spike through a sine wave to a square wave by varying a parameter. The average sideband powers and the peak envelope powers are then calculated and compared. It is shown that the ratio of average sideband power to peak envelope power for AM is more favorable than that for SSB for 'squarish' modulating signals. However, the ratio for SSB is about 9 dB higher than it is for AM for modulating signals ranging in shape from a sine wave to a spike. >
Fast and scalable pattern matching for content filtering

High-speed packet content inspection and filtering devices rely on a fast multi-pattern matching algorithm which is used to detect predefined keywords or signatures in the packets. Multi-pattern matching is known to require intensive memory accesses and is often a performance bottleneck. Hence specialized hardware-accelerated algorithms are being developed for line-speed packet processing. While several pattern matching algorithms have already been developed for such applications, we find that most of them suffer from scalability issues. To support a large number of patterns, the throughput is compromised or vice versa. We present a hardware-implementable pattern matching algorithm for content filtering applications, which is scalable in terms of speed, the number of patterns and the pattern length. We modify the classic Aho-Corasick algorithm to consider multiple characters at a time for higher throughput. Furthermore, we suppress a large fraction of memory accesses by using Bloom filters implemented with a small amount of on-chip memory. The resulting algorithm can support matching of several thousands of patterns at more than 10 Gbps with the help of a less than 50 KBytes of embedded memory and a few megabytes of external SRAM. We demonstrate the merit of our algorithm through theoretical analysis and simulations performed on Snort's string set.
Neural networks and the New Fuzzy Reasoning Method: a fuzzy association patch approach

Fuzzy systems map fuzzy sets to fuzzy sets f:X/spl rarr/Y. The fuzzy Cartesian product A x B defines fuzzy patches in the X /spl times/ Y input-output space. In the New Fuzzy Reasoning Method (NFRM) the fuzzy patches are weighted and averaged to estimate a desired function f. The subsets of the input universe of discourse and of the output universe of discourse are defined by a domain expert by use of a membership function, m/sub A/(x)/spl rarr/ [0,1]. If these subsets, or fit vectors, do not change with time, the size and location of the fuzzy association patches in input-output space remain constant. The relation matrix R, which weighs each association (A,B) can be manipulated to tune the fuzzy controller. Park et al. (1994) showed that genetic algorithms can be used to tune the fuzzy controller by optimizing the fuzzy relation matrix R. The authors propose a feedforward neural network trained using a gradient descent technique to tune the strength R of each fuzzy patch. Finally, the authors show how the output membership functions can be incorporated into the NN to improve performance of the controller. >
Education for Spatial Thinking

Spatial thinking is a powerful form of human cognition. It is used in a plethora of occupational activities (e.g., reading architectural blueprints), educational curriculum (e.g., using graphs and molecular models in science class), and everyday tasks (e.g., packing suitcases into a car trunk). Developmental psychologists, differential psychologists, and educational psychologists have studied the emergence of spatial thinking over the life course, identified meaningful differences among individuals and groups, and demonstrated that spatial thinking can be improved through interventions. The finding that many individuals do not achieve high spatial skills on their own implies the need for explicit spatial education. Recognizing that adding a standalone spatial education curriculum is unrealistic, it is argued that spatial education should be infused within existing courses. One particularly good vehicle for enhancing spatial instruction is geography, a discipline that places spatial thinking at its core. Furthermore, a key tool of geography (as well as of many other disciplines) – the map – is a flexible and powerful spatial representation. Thus, map education is singled out for particular focus. The chapter provides reviews of major qualities and functions of maps and of developmental changes in map mastery, and offers illustrations of both traditional and developmentally motivated map education curriculum. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some practical challenges in map education, and urges continued efforts in devising, implementing, and evaluating programs designed to educate spatial thinkers. Keywords: children; cognitive development; developmental psychology; education; geography; geography education; map education; maps; sex differences; spatial cognition; spatial education; spatial skills; spatial thinking
Response of Layer Breeders to Dietary Acetylsalicylic Acid. 4. Egg Residue Studies

Abstract Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), the active ingredient of aspirin, has been evaluated as a potential feed ingredient in laying hen rations because of its antipyretic and antiprostaglandin properties. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine whether dietary ASA or its metabolites are transferred to the egg. A single oral dose of 14 C-carboxyl-labeled ASA administered to White Leghorn hens resulted in eggs containing approximately .02% of the administered dose. More 14 C-label was found in the first egg laid than in subsequent eggs laid, and more 14 C-label was detected in the albumen than in the yolk when eggs were analyzed on an entire egg component basis. The distribution of the 14 C-label changed markedly with each egg laid, as 96.5, 33.5, and 12.0% of the radioactivity was present in the albumen in the first three eggs laid following dosing. Conversely, 3.5, 66.5, and 88.0% of the egg radioactivity was present in the yolk of the first three eggs laid postdosing. White Leghorn breeder hens fed .100, .200, and .400% ASA for an entire (13 mo) production cycle laid eggs containing measurable amounts of salicylic acid (SA, the major metabolite of ASA) in the albumen and yolk, with no detectable levels found in eggs of hens fed 0, .025, and .050% ASA. Again, more SA was detected in the albumen than in the yolk, when expressed either on a per gram or entire egg component basis, from hens fed .200 and .400% ASA. Thus, it appears that ASA can be fed to hens at dietary levels of .05% or lower for an entire production cycle without detectable accumulation (
Black Women's Achievement Orientation: Motivational and Cognitive Factors

The literature on motivational and cognitive factors related to the achievement orientation of black women is reviewed. Achievement motivation and fear of success are discussed, and the inconclusiveness of the findings for black women is noted. The limited data concerning black women's expectations for and causal attributions about achievement outcomes are also examined. Directions for future research are discussed with emphasis on the necessity of considering sex role concerns as mediators of black women's achievement behavior.
Immune Transfer Protects Severely Immunosuppressed Mice from Murine Cytomegalovirus Retinitis and Reduces the Viral Load in Ocular Tissue

3‐4 3 10 after the transfer, the eyes that had received donor cells were studied histologically, titered for infectious virus, and analyzed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Adoptive transfer of total MCMV-immune lymph node (LN) cells or enriched LN lymphocytes specifically and significantly protected immunosuppressed mice from retinitis even after the initiation of infection. The transfer resulted in a reduced viral load, as measured by both plaque assay and PCR. This replenishment model will be useful for determining the specific immune parameters of protection from CMV retinitis. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpesvirus that generally causes inapparent infections in healthy individuals. However, in situations of immunosuppression such as organ transplantation or infection with AIDS, a primary infection or reactivation of latent CMV can result in significant disease. Within a susceptible host, CMV can infect and cause disease in several organ systems, including the eye (for reviews, see Britt and Alford [1], Hirsch [2], and Plachter et al. [3]). CMV retinitis, a sight-threatening result of ocular infection, is a focal, progressive, necrotic infection of the retina. It is the most common infectious ophthalmic complication in people with AIDS [4‐6], affecting up to 40% of patients with AIDS not receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy, and is the leading cause of blindness in this population [7, 8].
Benchmarking Natural Gas Pipeline Projects

The U.S. natural gas industry shows growth in revenues and an all-time high in net incomes. Project costs, however, are on the rise and cost overruns seem to be more common than in the past. Organizations are, consequently, interested in benchmarking, or comparing their organizations with industry leaders in order to potentially emulate best practices. Benchmarking, however, is often difficult because the required data is either proprietary or not available. The purpose of this study is to use a public data source to identify factors that affect project performance and, based on these performance indicators, propose a benchmarking model. The data for this study is gathered from submittals to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) for natural gas projects completed from 2005 to 2010. The method used for this study is a covariate analysis, and model validation includes residual diagnostics. Findings are that project type, pipeline length addition, compression/power addition, storage capacity addition, and construction duration are significant predictors of cost performance. The discussion includes a practical application of how organizations may use this model to measure performance and identify best practices. The conclusion includes recommendations on how this model may be expanded with ongoing research.
Genotator: A Workbench for Sequence Annotation

Sequencing centers such as the Human Genome Center at LBNL are producing an ever-increasing flood of genetic data. Annotation can greatly enhance the biological value of these sequences. Useful annotations include possible gene locations, homologies to known genes, and gene signals such as promoters and splice sites. Genotator is a workbench for automated sequence annotation and annotation browsing. The back end runs a series of sequence analysis tools on a DNA sequence, handling the various input and output formats required by the tools. Genotator currently runs five different gene-finding programs, three homology searches, and searches for promoters, splice sites, and ORFs. The results of the analyses run by Genotator can be viewed with the interactive graphical browser. The browser displays color-coded sequence annotations on a canvas that can be scrolled and zoomed, allowing the annotated sequence to be explored at multiple levels of detail. The user can view the actual DNA sequence in a separate window; when a region is selected in the map display, it is highlighted automatically in the sequence display, and vice versa. By displaying the output of all of the sequence analyses, Genotator provides an intuitive way to identify the significant regions (for example, probable exons) in a sequence. Users can interactively add personal annotations to label regions of interest. Additional capabilities of Genotator include primer design and pattern searching. [Further details for obtaining Genotator are available at http://www.cshl.org/gr.]
Measuring proteins and voids in proteins

Common geometric models for proteins and other molecules are the space filling diagram, the solvent accessible surface, and the molecular surface. We describe software that computes metric properties of these models, including volume and surface area. It also measures voids or empty space enclosed by the protein, and it keeps track of surface area contributions of individual atoms. The software is based on 3-dimensional alpha complexes and on inclusion-exclusion formulas with terms derived from the simplices in this complex. >
Perinatal Iron Deficiency Alters the Neurochemical Profile of the Developing Rat Hippocampus

Cognitive deficits in human infants at risk for gestationally acquired perinatal iron deficiency suggest involvement of the developing hippocampus. To understand the plausible biological explanations for hippocampal injury in perinatal iron deficiency, a neurochemical profile of 16 metabolites in the iron-deficient rat hippocampus was evaluated longitudinally by 1H NMR spectroscopy at 9.4 T. Metabolites were quantified from an 11-24 microL volume centered in the hippocampus in 18 iron-deficient and 16 iron-sufficient rats on postnatal day (PD) 7, PD10, PD14, PD21 and PD28. Perinatal iron deficiency was induced by feeding the pregnant dam an iron-deficient diet from gestational d 3 to PD7. The brain iron concentration of the iron-deficient group was 60% lower on PD7 and 19% lower on PD28 (P < 0.001 each). The concentration of 12 of the 16 measured metabolites changed over time between PD7 and PD28 in both groups (P < 0.001 each). Compared with the iron-sufficient group, phosphocreatine, glutamate, N-acetylaspartate, aspartate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, phosphorylethanolamine and taurine concentrations, and the phosphocreatine/creatine ratio were elevated in the iron-deficient group (P < 0.02 each). These neurochemical alterations suggest persistent changes in resting energy status, neurotransmission and myelination in perinatal iron deficiency. An altered neurochemical profile of the developing hippocampus may underlie some of the cognitive deficits observed in human infants with perinatal iron deficiency.
A Rare Fracture, an Even Rarer Treatment: The Arthroscopic Reduction and Internal Fixation of an Isolated Femoral Head Fracture

This case report describes the first documented arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation of a rare isolated femoral head fracture without associated dislocation. A large suprafoveal osteochondral fracture was arthroscopically reduced by use of crossover techniques gained from experience performing arthroscopic femoroacetabular impingement surgery. An innovative "chopstick" maneuver was used to rotate the mobilized osteochondral fragment into anatomic position, followed by arthroscopic Herbert screw fixation. Relevant surgical techniques and clinical outcome are presented. Although this case shows arthroscopic osteosynthesis for a rare fracture, the techniques described herein may permit broader arthroscopic applications. As hip arthroscopy evolves, the role of arthroscopic surgery in the traumatized hip may expand beyond diagnostic arthroscopy and foreign/loose body removal. An anatomic reduction with stable internal fixation permitting early joint motion trumps the ability to perform outpatient arthroscopic procedures. However, if the equivalent procedure can indeed be accomplished in a safe and minimally invasive manner, one can envision a future expansion of the role of hip arthroscopic surgery in fracture management.
The Effect of Giving Informal Performance Feedback on Subsequent Formal Memory-Based Performance Evaluations1

Two experiments tested the hypothesis that raters' formal memory-based performance evaluations can be significantly influenced by their having previously given the ratee informal performance feedback. In Experiment 1 subjects either did or did not give informal feedback to another person who performed either well or poorly on an interviewing task. In Experiment 2 subjects role played giving informal feedback about behavior relevant to only one of the two performance dimensions subsequently evaluated. In both experiments subjects later ratcd the interpersonal and task performance of the feedback recipient. The results of both studies support the hypothesis for ratings of interpersonal performance. Giving informal feedback to a ratee exhibiting good interpersonal performance led to more positive interpersonal performance ratings, whereas giving informal feedback to a ratee exhibiting poor interpersonal performance led to more negative interpersonal performance ratings. Task performance ratings, on the other hand, were not affected. Conditions likely to have mitigated the impact of giving informal feedback on the task performance ratings are discussed, as are the implications of the results for practical strategies to improve the quality of formal memory-based performance evaluations.
Saving the Next Generation: Political Capacity and Infant Mortality Decline in India's States

National political development and its effect on economic and demographic changes are topics extensively addressed by power transition theory. Studies in political demography demonstrate that the p...
Fault-tolerant design of VLSI circuits and systems

The ever-increasing complexity of very large scale integration (VLSI) has a considerable impact on the design and implementation of fault-tolerant circuits and systems. The techniques of fault-tolerance are well established. VLSI, however, introduces problems in fault-tolerant design. An overview of the design and implementation of fault-tolerant systems in a VLSI environment is presented. >
Interactions between dendrimers and charged probe molecules. 1. Theoretical methods for simulating proton and metal ion binding to symmetric polydentate ligands

Binding of protons and metal ions to dendrimers is investigated using a multishell model, in which concentric binding sites are approximated by continuous and uniformly charged shells. The electrostatic interactions among the shells are assumed to be the sole source of site-to-site interactions, and an analytical formula for the total interaction energy, which includes Coulomb screening from mobile electrolyte ions, has been derived. The formula permits numerical simulation of proton and metal-ion binding equilibria using two computational methods. The first method is a statistical approach in which the partition function is simplified by a meanfield approximation. The second method is derived by considering ion binding as a surface adsorption problem, and the resulting binding isotherm is a Frumkin isotherm. In most cases, the two methods give nearly the same results, but the isotherm method requires much less computation time. Proton binding as a function of pH for an individual shell follows a trend very similar to that for the overall averaged binding. Selective protonation of alternating shells, as observed for a previously described Ising model, is not observed in this study; instead, proton binding becomes increasingly weak as one moves from an outer shell toward the center of the dendrimer.
Are We Responsible for Who We Are? The Challenge for Criminal Law Theory in the Defenses of Coercive Indoctrination and "Rotten Social Background"

The modem coercive crime-control doctrines of general deterrence and incapacitation would not support an excuse in such cases. On the contrary, persons whose Rotten Social Background (RSB) incline them toward crime would be special targets for deterrent threats and incapacitative control by the criminal justice system. An environment of extreme poverty and deprivation creates in individuals a propensity to commit crimes. "Poverty causes crime" is a favorite mantra among some liberals, and it seems a wise crime-control policy that we should shape society to minimize RSBs. The effective operation of the criminal justice system depends upon the cooperation, or at least the acquiescence, of those involved in it—offenders, judges, jurors, witnesses, prosecutors, police, and others. Criminal law, in particular, plays a central role in creating and maintaining the social consensus necessary for sustaining moral norms. Many people—including people with RSBs—will point out the obvious: that the vast majority of people with RSBs do not become criminals.
“Not Designed Merely to Heal”: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals

Children were a special concern of women reformers in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. Assembling in federations and associations, women were, as Mary Odem has written, “especially active in efforts that aimed to protect women, children, and the home from the harmful effects of rapid urban growth and industrial capitalism.” Poor children were at risk due to industrial accidents, epidemics, and the stress and exhaustion of simply surviving in crowded tenements and polluted cities. Daphne Spain has suggested that women “saved the city” by starting political coalitions, improving neighborhood environments, and fighting for a wide range of protective legislation. Among those reforms was the nationwide movement to establish medical services for children. New pediatric wards and children's hospitals were intended to be places of comfort and cure as well as moral and spiritual education for the “little sufferers” and their parents.
Age, Body Mass Index, and Frequency of Sexual Activity are Independent Predictors of Testosterone Deficiency in Men With Erectile Dysfunction

Objectives To identify clinical predictors of testosterone deficiency (TD) in men with erectile dysfunction (ED), thereby identifying subgroups that are most likely to benefit from targeted testosterone screening. Methods Retrospective review was conducted on 498 men evaluated for ED between January 2013 and July 2014. Testing for TD by early morning serum measurement was offered to all eligible men. Patients with history of prostate cancer or testosterone replacement were excluded. Univariable linear regression was conducted to analyze 19 clinical variables for associations with serum total testosterone (TT), calculated free testosterone (cFT), and TD (T Results A total of 225 men met inclusion criteria. Lower TT levels were associated with greater body mass index (BMI), less frequent sexual activity, and absence of clinical depression on multiple regression analysis. TT decreased by 49.5 ng/dL for each 5-point increase in BMI. BMI and age were the only independent predictors of cFT levels on multivariable analysis. Overall, 62 subjects (27.6%) met criteria for TD. Older age, greater BMI, and less frequent sexual activity were the only independent predictors of TD on multiple regression. We observed a 2.2-fold increase in the odds of TD for every 5-point increase in BMI, and a 1.8-fold increase for every 10 year increase in age. Conclusions Men with ED and elevated BMI, advanced age, or infrequent sexual activity appear to be at high risk of TD, and such patients represent excellent potential candidates for targeted testosterone screening.
Digital Banking: Perspectives & Challenges

In the backdrop of phenomenal potential of digitization of the processes across various sectors, Financial Services sector as a whole & Banking in particular is on the verge of becoming Digital. After all that’s where the future of banking lies. Banks have started incorporating digital strategies in general. Moreover, deliberate adoption of disruptive model in people & IT-the two engines of retail banking-would deliver better results.
Lateral habenula integration of proactive and retroactive information mediates behavioral flexibility

The lateral habenula (LHb) is known to play an important role in signaling aversive or adverse events that have happened or are predicted by cues under Pavlovian conditions. In rodents, it is also required for behavioral flexibility when changes in reward outcomes signal that strategies should be changed. It is not known whether the LHb also controls appetitive behaviors when an animal is able to utilize external cues proactively to guide upcoming decisions. In order to test this, male Long-Evans rats were trained to switch between two arms of a figure eight maze based on the tone presented prior to the choice. Importantly, the tones were switched every three to six trials so rats were able establish a response pattern before being required to switch. This caused rats to rely on both proactive (tones) and retroactive information (reward feedback) to guide behavior. Inactivation of the LHb with the GABA agonists baclofen and muscimol impaired overall performance by increasing both errors when the tones are switched (switch errors) as well as on subsequent trials (perseverative errors) indicating that both proactive and retroactive information are utilized by the LHb to guide behavioral flexibility. Once a correct choice was made in a given block, LHb inactivated rats did not make more errors than controls. A control study revealed that the LHb is not required for tone or reward magnitude discrimination per se. These results demonstrate for the first time that the LHb contributes to behavioral flexibility through utilizing both proactive and retroactive information when performing appetitive tasks.
Electronic devices: Nanoparticles make salty circuits

Diodes, logic gates and sensors can be built from metal nanoparticles coated with charged organic ligands.
Image-guided Blended Neighbor Interpolation of Scattered Data

Uniformly sampled images are often used to interpolate other data acquired more sparsely with an entirely different mode of measurement. For example, downhole tools enable geophysical properties to be measured with high precision near boreholes that are scattered spatially, and less precise seismic images acquired at the earth’s surface are used to interpolate those properties at locations far away from the boreholes. Image-guided interpolation is designed specifically to enhance this process. Most existing methods for interpolation require distances from points where data will be interpolated to nearby points where data are known. Image-guided interpolation requires non-Euclidean distances in metric tensor fields that represent the coherence, orientations and shapes of features in images. This requirement leads to a new method for interpolating scattered data that I call blended neighbor interpolation. For simple Euclidean distances, blended neighbor interpolation resembles the classic natural neighbor interpolation.
Introducing the Concept of Emissions Liability Insurance in Managing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions and Promoting Sustainability in Construction Projects

With growing concern about global warming and climate change, the construction industry, as a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, has begun to realize its essential role in improving the environment by reducing emissions through the life cycle of buildings and infrastructure. In the meanwhile, despite conflicting scientific evidence as to the severity of GHG emissions' impact on climate change, the insurance industry has more of an incentive than any other industry to catalyze upon global action to promote sustainability. In the long term, these strategies could help mitigate the risk of catastrophic natural hazards that would affect many insurance lines, including property and casualty, business interruption, health, and life. Although green insurance is a relatively new concept, first started in 2006 by Fireman’s Fund, insurance companies has provided a variety of products or services covering renewable energy, energy efficiency, and green buildings, either new or upgrades of existing buildings to a more resilient status following a loss. However, with government entities seeking to launch incentive-based regulations and bidding standards for reducing carbon footprints, insuring against the risk of discrepancy between the actual and expected performance of GHG emissions during construction is another aspect that is often overlooked. Drawing an analogy from the construction professional liability insurance, this paper explores the possibility of introducing emissions liability insurance, an innovative insurance product designed to manage embodied carbon in the building process. This paper initially elaborates on the role of insurance in sustainability risk management and follows this with an investigation on the Insurability of GHG Emissions Liability. Finally, a conceptual model is presented to illustrate how to utilize emissions liability insurance to guarantee the performance of GHG emissions during the construction phase.
Simple Splint for Finger Injuries

A simple, durable splint for phalangeal fractures allows movement of the adjacent digits while immobilizing the injured finger. The splint can easily be applied in five minutes. The only materials necessary are foam-backed aluminum strips, cast padding, benzoin tincture, and adhesive tape. X-rays can be taken with the splint in place, as it does not obscure bony contours.
Eradication of prostatic high grade intraepithelial neoplasia: Hypothesis and clinical proof

1534 Background: Recently normal prostate tissue has been found to contain a high concentration of retinoid X receptors (RXRs), they are found in the highest concentrations in ectodermal tissue. Lo...
Food Service Perspectives on National School Lunch Program Implementation.

Objectives Explore barriers and facilitators to implementation of the new National School Lunch Program (NSLP) policy guidelines.
History and Vocation in Poems (1817)

Chapter 2 explores the ways in which Keats’s Cockney affiliations helped him establish a professional identity and begin his career. The chapter focuses on Poems (1817), first, for Keats’s gestures of poetic self-validation, especially his presentation of himself as the heir to a vocationally legitimating tradition; and secondly, for the volume’s coterie aspect, as extended by Keats’s historicism beyond Hampstead to a broader community of supportive “presiders.” There are readings of the poems in which Keats envisions a Spenserian genealogy for his own poetic identity; of “I stood tip-toe” and “Sleep and Poetry” for their historicizing of myth; and of the “Chapman’s Homer” sonnet, in which Cortez’s speechlessness, figuring the inaccessibility of the historical subject, concedes the limits of the historical imagination.
Human prion diseases

The prion diseases, sometimes referred to as the “transmissible spongiform encephalopathies,” include kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease of humans as well as scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy of animals. For many years, the prion diseases were thought to be caused by viruses despite intriguing evidence to the contrary. The unique characteristic common to all of these disorders, whether sporadic, dominantly inherited, or acquired by infection, is that they involve the aberrant metabolism of the prion protein (PrP). In many cases, the cellular prion protein is converted into the scrapie isoform by a posttranslational process that involves a conformational change. Often, the human prion diseases are transmissible to experimental animals and all of the inherited prion diseases segregate with PrP gene mutations.