cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benchmarking of the dose planning method (DPM) Monte Carlo code using electron beams from a racetrack microtron.

A comprehensive set of measurements and calculations has been conducted to investigate the accuracy of the Dose Planning Method (DPM) Monte Carlo code for dose calculations from 10 and 50 MeV scanned electron beams produced from a racetrack microtron. Central axis depth dose measurements and a series of profile scans at various depths were acquired in a water phantom using a Scanditronix type RK ion chamber.Source spatial distributions for the Monte Carlo calculations were reconstructed from in-air ion chamber measurements carried out across the two-dimensional beam profile at 100 cm downstream from the source. The in-air spatial distributions were found to have full width at half maximum of 4.7 and 1.3 cm, at 100 cm from the source, for the 10 and 50 MeV beams, respectively. Energy spectra for the 10 and 50 MeV beams were determined by simulating the components of the microtron treatment head using the code MCNP4B. DPM calculations are on average within ±2% agreement with measurement for all depth dose and profile comparisons conducted in this study. The accuracy of the DPM code illustrated in this work suggests that DPM may be used as a valuable tool for electron beam dose calculations.
The UMass X-Pol Mobile Doppler Radar: Description, Recent Observations, and New System Developments

Accurate detection and forecasting of severe storms has driven radar tornado probing as an important research topic that has added significantly to the understanding and prediction of severe weather phenomena. The need for close range observation, coupled with the fact that significant information is buried at low altitudes, has made mobile Doppler radars an important tool in the characterization of severe storms and related weather phenomena. The UMass XPol radar is one such truck mounted dual-polarized Doppler radar operating at 9.41 GHz. This paper documents the existing mobile radar system and presents close range, high resolution observations of Doppler velocity, reflectivity, differential reflectivity and cross-polarization correlation coefficient of a variety of storms observed during 2007. Additionally, the architecture of a planned pulse compression system upgrade is described.
Digital radiography of the musculoskeletal system: The optimal image

Digital radiography (DR) is replacing screen-film (SF) radiography for musculoskeletal examinations in our institution. After an iterative process of image quality improvement, our DR images are now preferred to SF images, and we have detailed our current optimized settings for the Fuji 9000 (Fuji Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan). DR offers the advantages of improved contrast resolution, adjustable image contrast, the ability to reprocess the image, and the ease of transferring the image to an image management and communication system (IMAC).
Motivation and individual differences in learning: An integration of developmental, differential and cognitive perspectives

Abstract Cognitively-based motivational processes are examined from achievement and goal setting perspectives to provide a common basis for: (1) resolution of discontinuities in the empirical literature; (2) analysis of the role of motivational dispositions; and (3) consideration of motivation-cognitive processing interactions during complex skill acquisition. Goal orientation and goal attributes are examined with respect to their detrimental and beneficial influence on performance through effects-on goal choice and self-regulatory activities. Theoretically-related differential approaches to motivational processing are found to differ in their utility for understanding motivation among children and adults. The effects of motivational processing on cognitive processes during complex skill acquisition are considered for the purpose of identifying when, how, and for whom specific motivational interventions might be most effective.
An assessment of crystal growth behavior in lithium disilicate glass

Abstract Growth rates of lithium disilicate crystals are measured as a function of water concentration in the glass and at temperatures in the deeply undercooled regime ( T =454–635°C). The observed crystal growth rates do not appear to be significantly affected by the amounts of water present in glasses prepared under normal conditions. Combining our growth rate data with data reported in the literature, we assess the applicability of standard models of crystal growth for the description of experimental results over a very broad temperature range. We find the reduced growth rate versus undercooling graph to consist of three regimes. For undercoolings less than 140°C, the reduced growth rate curve is suggestive of either 2D surface nucleation or screw dislocation growth. For undercoolings greater than 400°C, the reduced growth rate plot suggests that the operative crystal growth mechanism is 2D surface nucleation, but detailed calculations cast doubt upon this conclusion. In the intermediate undercooling range, there appears to be some sort of transitional behavior for which none of the standard models appear to be applicable. Further, we find that small differences in the viscosity data employed can produce enormous differences in the predicted growth rates at larger undercoolings. The results of our kinetic analyses seem to indicate that the nature of the kinetic rate coefficient used in the standard growth models may be incorrect.
Consumer Response to Drug Risk Information: The Role of Positive Affect.

Abstract Risk disclosure is an essential element of the marketing of prescription drugs and other medical products. This study examines how consumers respond to verbal information about the frequency and severity of medical-product risks and how media-induced affect can moderate such responses. The study finds that consumers tend to overestimate the actual likelihood of adverse events described with words such as “common” or “rare” (compared with the probabilities such terms are typically intended to convey) and that consumers tend to give little weight to such probability language when forming product use intentions. However, consumers in positive media-induced moods seem to engage in more nuanced evaluation of product risk information, weighing both frequency and severity information and using such information to make inferences about other product attributes (e.g., product efficacy). These findings suggest that medical marketers and regulators need to devise more effective means of communicating risk p...
Control and Anticipation of Social Interruptions: Reduced Stress and Improved Task Performance

Social interruptions are frequent occurrences that often have distressing consequences for employees, yet little research has gauged their effect on individuals. Participants were exposed to 2 social interruptions as they engaged in a computer task with an accepted performance goal. Participants who were able to anticipate social interruptions performed significantly better than did those who could not anticipate them. Participants who had the opportunity to prevent interruptions reported significantly less stress than those who did not have this opportunity. This reduction in stress resulted even when participants did not take advantage of this opportunity. Implications for job performance and job satisfaction are discussed. Organizational strategies for how leaders can help employees manage social interruptions are suggested. In recent years, as networking within organizations has become more complex, interactive, and interdependent, the social interruption has established itself as a widespread problem (Perlow, 1999). Although managers frequently cite social interruptions as among the most burdensome of workplace realities, research on interruptions has been predominantly limited to the domains of communications, technology, computing, aviation, and cognition, with little investigation by social psychologists or scholars in organizational behavior (for a review, see McFarlane and Latorella, 2002). Specifically, little academic research has investigated the best methods for curtailing the negative consequences of social interruptions. We propose that two basic functions of social perception, control and anticipation, will allow individuals to cope better with the debilitating consequences of these disruptions to work flow and concentration.
Meningiomas presenting in the paranasal sinuses and temporal bone

Head and neck meningiomas are primarily intracranial neoplasms; they rarely present in extracranial locations. Two cases of meningiomas in the paranasal sinuses and seven cases in the temporal bone are described. The pathology, pathogenesis, clinical evaluation, and therapy are discussed. It is stressed that intracranial components of such meningiomas be sought and, as appropriate, treated.
Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Usage Associates with Mortality among Hemodialysis Patients

Many prescribe anticoagulants and antiplatelet medications to prevent thromboembolic events and access thrombosis in dialysis patients despite limited evidence of their efficacy in this population. This retrospective cohort study examined whether use of warfarin, clopidogrel, and/or aspirin affected survival in 41,425 incident hemodialysis patients during 5 yr of follow-up. The prescription frequencies for warfarin, clopidogrel, and aspirin were 8.3, 10.0, and 30.4%, respectively, during the first 90 d of initiating chronic hemodialysis. Compared with the 24,740 patients receiving none of these medications, Cox proportional hazards analysis suggested that exposure to these medications was associated with increased risk for mortality (warfarin hazard ratio [HR] 1.27 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18 to 1.37]; clopidogrel HR 1.24 [95% CI 1.13 to 1.35]; and aspirin HR 1.06 [95% CI 1.01 to 1.11]). The increased mortality associated with warfarin or clopidogrel use remained in stratified analyses. A covariate- and propensity-adjusted time-varying analysis, which accounted for longitudinal changes in prescription, produced similar results. In addition, matching for treatment facility and attending physician revealed similar associations between prescription and mortality. We conclude that warfarin, aspirin, or clopidogrel prescription is associated with higher mortality among hemodialysis patients. Given the possibility of confounding by indication, randomized trials are needed to determine definitively the risk and benefit of these medications.
The Impact of Stakeholder Power on Corporate Reputation: A Cross-Country Corporate Governance Perspective

Corporate reputation has roots in national beliefs about the role of the business corporation in society; these beliefs are constructed in accordance with the preferences of powerful stakeholders. Building on a stakeholder-power approach to corporate governance, we investigate whether differences in the legal rights and protections of shareholders, creditors, and workers across countries affect the general public’s reputation assessments of business corporations. Using a sample of 593 of the largest publicly traded companies in the world from 32 countries during 2007 to 2011, we find that in societies where shareholders enjoy a high degree of legal rights, the impact of stock market returns on corporate reputation becomes more positive. Likewise, the negative relationship between earnings volatility and reputation becomes greater when creditor rights are stronger. Contrary to expectations, we found no evidence of an interaction effect between labor rights and corporate social performance on corporate repu...
Recognizing constant curvature discrete groups in dimension 3

We characterize those discrete groups G which can act properly discontinuously, isometrically, and cocompactly on hyperbolic 3-space IHI3 in terms of the combinatorics of the action of G on its space at infinity. The major ingredients in the proof are the properties of groups that are negatively curved (in the large) (that is, Gromov hyperbolic), the combinatorial Riemann mapping theorem, and the Sullivan-Tukia theorem on groups which act uniformly quasiconformally on the 2-sphere.
Congenital hypothyroidism – what's new?

Abstract Congenital hypothyroidism (CHT) represents an anatomical, biochemical and clinical spectrum with associated implications in terms of management and outcome. At one end of the spectrum of primary thyroid dysfunction is the child with thyroid agenesis and no significant endogenous thyroid function. This baby will require full thyroxine replacement. At the other end of the spectrum is the baby with a subtle increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, a normally sited thyroid gland and significant associated endogenous thyroid hormone generation. This baby will require a smaller dose of thyroxine supplementation to normalise TSH concentrations. The TSH ‘threshold’ that warrants intervention is unknown, although local thyroid hormone ‘normal ranges’ may be derived from adults and hence may not be representative of thyroid hormone levels in healthy neonates. The outlook for treated babies with CHT is excellent but there may still be subtle, long-term consequences of relatively low thyroxine concentrations in utero despite prompt diagnosis and treatment.
A note on a quadratic measure of deviation of density estimates

The results of Rosenblatt on quadratic measure of deviations of density estimates have been generalized to a wider class of weight functions. It is pointed out that the proof of Theorem 1 of Rosenblatt is incorrect. A corrected version of the proof is also provided.
Impact of substitution patterns on phonological learning by misarticulating children

Learning and generalization of treated sounds to different word positions is a desired outcome of intervention in the phonologically disordered child's system. Unfortunately, children do not always learn the sound that is treated; nor do they always demonstrate across-word generalization. One possible explanation for differences in treatment outcome may relate to the pretreatment substitution patterns used by different disordered children. This post-hoc analysis of treatment data examines the effects on sound learning and generalization of consistent versus inconsistent substitutes. With a consistent substitute across-word position (CS), the same phone was used in initial, medial and final position for a phoneme that was not in the child's inventory. An inconsistent substitute was evidenced by a different phone for a target sound in each position of a word (InAP), or even within word position (InWP) for an error sound. Fourteen children with severe phonological disorders were treated on an obstruent in in...
THE USE OF BENZOPHENONE AS A PHOTOAFFINITY LABEL, LABELING IN p‐BENZOYLPHENYLACETYL CHYMOTRYPSIN AT UNIT EFFICIENCY

—p-Benzoylphenylacetyl chymotrypsin, an acyl enzyme derivative containing the benzophenone group in the hydrophobic binding pocket, was prepared and is indefinitely stable at low pH. Photolysis of this covalent derivative leads to loss of enzymic activity and incorporation of the labeling group via formation of a second covalent bond. The efficiency of the photochemical processes is exceptionally high, producing 100% incorporation and at least 92% inactivation. Analysis of active site titration data for the photolyzed enzyme show that at least two different photochemical processes must be involved. Elimination of phosphorescence emission and reduction of UV absorption upon photolysis are consistent with initial hydrogen abstraction by benzophenone triplet state, followed by radical coupling, much as has been observed for the photoreaction of benzophenone with model systems. Photoaffinity labeling of chymotrypsin is also efficiently accomplished using two benzophenone derivatives which bind noncovalently to the enzyme's active site, although the rates of labeling are somewhat less than in the covalent complex.
A Preliminary Investigation of Potential Biases in Phonation Threshold Pressure Analysis

Summary Objective Phonation threshold pressure (PTP) is a voice measure used in both research and clinic. PTP data analysis is susceptible to bias from investigator awareness of experimental hypothesis, and poor investigator training. The objective of this study was to systematically examine the role of these two biases on PTP data analysis. Study Design Prospective design. Methods Two trained investigators analyzed PTP datasets. The datasets were identical, but uniquely labeled so that the investigators were not aware that the datasets contained the same data. Each investigator analyzed two datasets. For one dataset, investigators were “blinded” to the experimental hypothesis. For the other dataset, the investigators were “unblinded” and provided a fake experimental hypothesis. Intraclass correlations were used to examine intrarater and interrater reliability. Results For both investigators, intraclass correlations within the excellent range were obtained for intrarater reliability. In contrast, lower intraclass correlations were obtained for interrater reliability. Conclusions The high intrarater reliability obtained in this preliminary study suggests that awareness of experimental hypothesis may not significantly bias PTP analysis. Conversely, lower interrater reliability is indicative of differences between investigators analyzing the same data. Our findings contribute to the growing body of literature that seeks to standardize the use of PTP in research and the clinic. Future investigations are needed to identify methods to improve interrater reliability and that quantify the effects of biases on PTP data collection.
Controlled cross-over study in normal subjects of naloxone-preceding-lactate infusions; respiratory and subjective responses: relationship to endogenous opioid system, suffocation false alarm theory and childhood parental loss.

BACKGROUND The expanded suffocation false alarm theory (SFA) hypothesizes that dysfunction in endogenous opioidergic regulation increases sensitivity to CO2, separation distress and panic attacks. In panic disorder (PD) patients, both spontaneous clinical panics and lactate-induced panics markedly increase tidal volume (TV), whereas normals have a lesser effect, possibly due to their intact endogenous opioid system. We hypothesized that impairing the opioidergic system by naloxone could make normal controls parallel PD patients' response when lactate challenged. Whether actual separations and losses during childhood (childhood parental loss, CPL) affected naloxone-induced respiratory contrasts was explored. Subjective panic-like symptoms were analyzed although pilot work indicated that the subjective aspect of anxious panic was not well modeled by this specific protocol. METHOD Randomized cross-over sequences of intravenous naloxone (2 mg/kg) followed by lactate (10 mg/kg), or saline followed by lactate, were given to 25 volunteers. Respiratory physiology was objectively recorded by the LifeShirt. Subjective symptomatology was also recorded. RESULTS Impairment of the endogenous opioid system by naloxone accentuates TV and symptomatic response to lactate. This interaction is substantially lessened by CPL. CONCLUSIONS Opioidergic dysregulation may underlie respiratory pathophysiology and suffocation sensitivity in PD. Comparing specific anti-panic medications with ineffective anti-panic agents (e.g. propranolol) can test the specificity of the naloxone+lactate model. A screen for putative anti-panic agents and a new pharmacotherapeutic approach are suggested. Heuristically, the experimental unveiling of the endogenous opioid system impairing effects of CPL and separation in normal adults opens a new experimental, investigatory area.
Epidemiology of aortic aneurysm repair in the United States from 2000 to 2010.

Objective Broad application of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has led to a rapid decline in open aneurysm repair (OAR) and improved patient survival, albeit at a higher overall cost of care. The aim of this report is to evaluate national trends in the incidence of unruptured and ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), their management by EVAR and OAR, and to compare overall patient characteristics and clinical outcomes between these two approaches. Methods A retrospective analysis of the cross-sectional National Inpatient Sample (2000-2010) was used to evaluate patient characteristics and outcomes related to EVAR and OAR for unruptured and ruptured AAAs. Data were extrapolated to represent population-level statistics through the use of data from the U.S. Census Bureau. Comparisons between groups were made with the use of descriptive statistics. Results There were 101,978 patients in the National Inpatient Sample affected by AAAs over the 11-year span of this study; the average age was 73 years, 21% were women, and 90% were white. Overall in-hospital mortality rate was 7%, with a median length of stay (LOS) of 5 days and median hospital charges of $58,305. In-hospital mortality rate was 13 times greater for ruptured patients, with a median LOS of 9 days and median charges of $84,744. For both unruptured and ruptured patients, EVAR was associated with a lower in-hospital mortality rate (4% vs 1% for unruptured and 41% vs 27% for ruptured; P P Conclusions The overall use of EVAR has risen sharply in the past 10 years (5.2% to 74% of the total number of AAA repairs) even though the total number of AAAs remains stable at 45,000 cases per year. In-hospital mortality rates for both ruptured and unruptured cases have fallen by more than 50% during this time period. Lower mortality rates and shorter LOS despite a 27%-36% higher cost of care continues to justify the use of EVAR over OAR. For patients with suitable anatomy, EVAR should be the preferred management of both ruptured and unruptured AAAs.
Inflammation after Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating clinical event without effective therapies. Increasing evidence suggests that inflammatory mechanisms are involved in the progression of ICH-induced brain injury. Inflammation is mediated by cellular components, such as leukocytes and microglia, and molecular components, including prostaglandins, chemokines, cytokines, extracellular proteases, and reactive oxygen species. Better understanding of the role of the ICH-induced inflammatory response and its potential for modulation might have profound implications for patient treatment. In this review, a summary of the available literature on the inflammatory responses after ICH is presented along with discussion of some of the emerging opportunities for potential therapeutic strategies. In the near future, additional strategies that target inflammation could offer exciting new promise in the therapeutic approach to ICH.
Behaviorism For New Psychology: What Was Wrong With Behaviorism and What is Wrong With it Now

The evolution of behaviorism from its explicit beginning with John B. Watson's declaration in 1913 to the behaviorisms of the present is considered briefly. Contributions of behaviorism to scientific psychology then and now are critically assessed, arriving at the conclusion that regardless of whether or not its opponents and proponents are aware, the essential points of behaviorism have now been absorbed into all of scientific psychology. It will assist the progress of the science of psychology if its focus now shifts away from incessant relivings of outdated argumentation to empirical discovery and theory construction based on those discoveries.
Communicative Competence during Nursing Admission Interviews of Elderly Patients in Acute Care Settings

This study explored communication patterns between nurses and elderly patients during nursing admission interviews in acute care hospital settings. The sample consisted of 2O nursing admission interviews. Verbatim transcripts of these interactions and investigator-conducted individual participant interviews were analyzed. Findings indicated that misperception of speech events represented an important source of conflict in the relationship. Task-oriented communication approaches most often resulted in failure to explore the psychosocial needs of the elderly subject.
Incidence of occult upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients presenting to the ED with hematochezia.

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of nasogastric (NG) aspiration revealing a clinically unsuspected upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with hematochezia. A secondary aim was to identify factors associated with an upper GI source. Methods: Data were prospectively collected from patients 18 years or older with either bright red blood per rectum or maroon stools. Patients were excluded if their history revealed hematemesis or their examination revealed melena, bleeding from an external hemorrhoid, or anal fissure. An NG tube was placed, and initial and postlavage aspirates were inspected and tested with Gastrocult (Beckman Coulter, Inc, Palo Alto, CA) for the presence of blood. Additional data included demographics, history, vital signs, and laboratory results. Results: Of 114 patients, 11 (9.6%; 95% confidence interval, 4.9%-16.6%) had a positive NG aspirate. There were no statistically significant differences in age, sex, or race between the 2 groups. Factors associated with a positive aspirate were history of upper GI bleeding (P = .04), heart rate (P = .055), and hemoglobin (P = .03). Conclusion: Patients presenting to the ED with hematochezia require NG tube placement and aspiration to exclude an upper GI source of bleeding. History of an upper GI bleeding and anemia were associated with a positive NG aspirate.
Isolation of chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase cDNAs from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.): highest transcript levels occur in young roots and root tips

Flavonoids are involved in several different interactions between plants and microorganisms. In the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, they play an important role as inducers of rhizobial nodulation (nod) genes. We have identified from an alfalfa cDNA library four clones for chalcone synthase (CH S) and two clones for chalcone isomerase (CHI); CHS and CHI are key enzymes in flavonoid biosynthesis. In Medicago sp., CHS is encoded by 8-12 genes, and CHI is encoded by 1-2 genes. Here we report the DNA sequence of these clones as well as their relatedness to other legume CHS and CHI clones. In addition, we report on the expression patterns of two CHS gene family members as well as the CHI gene in M. sativa cv. Iroquois. While CHS and CHI transcript levels are high in root tips and entire young roots, they are low in effective nodules elicited by wild-type strains of Rhizobium meliloti and very low in aerial portions of the plant (stems, leaves, flowers). However, wounding the cotyledons results in a rapid increase in transcript levels of both chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase genes in these organs.
The Writing Systems of the World. By Florian Coulmas. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1989. ix, 302 pp. $19.95.

Preface. Part I: Theoretical Perspectives:. 1. What Writing Is All About. 2. From Icon to Symbol: The General Trend of Evolution. 3. Units of Speech and Units of Writing. Part II: Writing Systems:. 4. Sacred Characters: The Theocratic Script of Egypt. 5. From Word to Syllable I: Cuneiform Writing. 6. An Alternative to the Alphabet: The Chinese Writing System. 7. From Word to Syllable II: Chinese Characters for other Languages. 8. Semitic Writing: Syllables or Consonants?. 9. The Alphabet. 10. Writing in India. Part III: Practical Problems:. 11. From Letter to Sound: Deciphering Written Languages. 12. From Sound to Letter: Creating Alphabets. 13. Writing Reform: Conditions and Implications. Part IV: Conclusion:. 14. What Writing Means for Linguistics. References. Appendix I: Ancient Near Eastern Chronology. Appendix II: Far Eastern Chronology. Index.
Clinical results of computerized tomography-based simulation with laser patient marking.

Abstract Purpose: Accuracy of a patient treatment portal making device and computerized tomograph (CT) simulation have been clinically tested. Methods and Materials: A CT-based simulaor has been assembled based on a commercial CT scanner. This includes visualization software and a computer-controlled laser drawing device. This laser drawing devise is used to transfer the setup, central axis, and/or radiation portals from the CT simulator to the patient for appropriate patient skin marking. A protocol for clinical testing is reported. Twenty-five prospectively, sequentially accessioned patients have been analyzed. Results: The simulation process can be completed in an average time of 62 min. Under many cases, the treatment portals can be designed and the patient marked in one session. Mechanical accuracy of the system was found to be within ± 1 mm. The portal projection accuracy in clinical cases is observed to be better than ± 1.2 mm. Operating costs are equivalent to the conventional simulation process it replaces. Conclusion: Computed tomography simulation is a clinically accurate substitute for conventional simulation when used with an appropriate patient marking system and digitally reconstructured radiographs. Personnel time spent in CT simulation is equivalent to time in conventional simulation.
Quantal Response Equilibrium and Overbidding in Private-Value Auctions

This paper reports the results of a private-values auction experiment in which expected costs of deviating from the Nash equilibrium bidding function are asymmetric, with the implication that upward deviations will be more likely in one treatment than in the other. Overbidding is observed in both treatments, but is more prevalent in the treatment where the costs of overbidding are lower. We specify and estimate a noisy (quantal response) model of equilibrium behavior. Estimated noise and risk aversion parameters are highly significant and consistent across treatments. The resulting two-parameter model tracks both the average bids and the distribution of bids remarkably well. Alternative explanations of overbidding are also considered. The estimates of parameters from a nonlinear probability weighting function yield a formulation that is essentially equivalent to risk aversion in this context. A model in which players experience a "joy of winning" provides a reasonable fit of the data but does significantly worse than the risk aversion model.
Test generation based diagnosis of device parameters for analog circuits

With the increasing complexity of manufacturing processes and the shrinking of device geometries, the performance metrics of integrated circuits (ICs) are becoming increasingly sensitive to random fluctuations in the manufacturing process. We propose a diagnosis methodology that can be used to infer the cause(s) of variations in performance of analog ICs. The methodology consists of (a) a device parameter computation technique which is used to compute the device parameters of an IC from measurements made on it and (b) a cause-effect analysis module that is used to compute the cause of the variation in performance metrics of a given set of ICs. Simulation results to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique are presented.
High‐efficiency (19%) screen‐printed textured cells on low‐resistivity float‐zone silicon with high sheet‐resistance emitters

High-efficiency 4cm 2 screen-printed (SP) textured cells were fabricated on 100Ω/sq emitters using a rapid single-step belt furnace firing process. The high contact quality resulted in a low series resistance of 0.79 Ωcm 2 , high shunt resistance of48 836 Ωcm 2 , a low junction leakage current of 18·5 nA/cm 2 (n 2 = 2) yielding a high fill factor (FF) of 0·784 on 100 Ω/sq emitter. A low resistivity (0·6 Ωcm) FZ Si was used for the base to enhance the contribution of the high sheet-resistance emitter without appreciably sacrificing the bulk lifetime. This resulted in a 19% efficient (confirmed at NREL) SP 4cm 2 cell on textured FZ silicon with SP contacts and single-layer antireflection coating. This is apparently higher in performance than any other previously reported cell using standard screen-printing approaches (i.e., single-step firing and grid metallization). Detailed cell characterization and device modeling were performed to extract all the important device parameters of this 19% SP Si cell and provide guidelines for achieving 20% SP Si cells.
The Living Arrangements of Children and Their Educational Well-Being

The author uses data from the 1997 and 1999 rounds of the National Survey of America's Families to estimate a set of descriptive regression equations examining the relationship between a detailed measure of childhood living arrangements and the educational well-being of children measured as their engagement in school and participation in extracurricular activities. He considers three dimensions of family environment linked to childhood living arrangements that might generate differences in school engagement and participation in extracurricular activities. These dimensions of family environment are turbulence (degree of instability in children's social and physical environment), parenting context (parental activities experienced by children), and economic resources (family income relative to poverty). The author finds strong bivariate relationships between childhood living arrangements and the measures of educational well-being that are reduced and sometimes eliminated when differences in turbulence, paren...
A case of drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome complicating airway management.

Purpose Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a severe multi-system reaction defined by fever, rash, eosinophilia, and internal organ involvement. The condition typically occurs one to eight weeks following exposure to inciting medications. In severe cases, it can develop into multi-organ system failure and death. We present a case of DRESS syndrome with mucosal edema that led to extreme difficulties with airway management.
Development of a devolatilization model in multi-phase simulation for a hybrid entrained-flow and fluidized bed mild gasifier

A mild gasification process has been developed to provide an alternative form of clean coal technology called the Integrated Mild Gasification Combined Cycle (IMGCC), which can be utilized to build a new, highly efficient, and compact power plant or to retrofit an existing coal-fired power plant in order to achieve lower emissions and significantly improved thermal efficiency. The core technology of the mild gasification power plant lies on the design of a compact and effective mild gasifier that can produce synthesis gases with high energy volatiles through a hybrid system: utilizing the features of both entrained-flow and fluidized bed gasifiers. To aid in the design of the mild gasifier, a computational model has been developed to investigate the thermal-flow and gasification process inside this mild gasifier using the commercial CFD solver ANSYS/FLUENT. The EulerianEulerian method is employed to model both the primary phase (air) and the secondary phase (coal particles). However, the Eulerian-Eulerian model used in the software does not facilitate any built-in devolatilization model. The objective of this study is therefore to develop a devolatilization model (along with demoisturization) and incorporate it into the existing code. The Navier-Stokes equations and seven species transport equations are solved with three heterogeneous (gassolid) and two homogeneous (gas-gas) global gasification reactions. Development of the complete model starts from adding demoisturization first, then devolatilization, and then adding one chemical equation at a time until finally all reactions are included in the multiphase flow. The result shows that the demoisturization and devolatilization models are successfully incorporated and a large amount of volatiles are preserved as high-energy fuels in the syngas stream without being further cracked or reacted into lighter gases. The overall results are encouraging but require future experimental data for verification.
Primary therapy of medulloblastoma with surgery, radiation and methotrexate and BCNU — A pilot study

From 1976 to 1981, 15 patients, aged 2½ to 22 years, with histologically proven medulloblastoma were treated in a pilot study with surgical resection, craniospinal irradiation and one year of adjuvant chemotherapy with intermediate dose methotrexate (500mg/m2) and BCNU (100 mg/m2). Nine out of 15 patients (60%) are disease-free 27 months to 84 months (median 41 months) from diagnosis. Six patients relapsed at 7, 17, 19, 27, 28, and 31 months and they all died from disease. The degree of initial surgical resection is of prognostic importance. Six out of 7 patients (86%) who had grossly complete resection are alive without disease at 39 to 84 months (median 53 months) from diagnosis, whereas only 3 out of 8 patients (38%) who had incomplete resection of tumor are disease-free at 27, 39, and 83 months from diagnosis (p(2) = 0.07, Cox Mantel test). The chemotherapy was well tolerated without major toxicity (in particular leukoencephalopathy). Intermediate dose methotrexate appears to be a suitable agent for future preradiotherapy chemotherapy trials for medulloblastoma, especially for those patients at high risk for relapse.
A Review of “Appalachian Aspirations: The Geography of Urbanization and Development in the Upper Tennessee River Valley, 1865–1900”

Two alternative modes of historical explanation tend to characterize books written about the economic geography of the Appalachia region. According to the first, Appalachia followed a distinct, if ...
CHROMOSOMAL VARIATION IN PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS POPULATIONS ALONG AN ELEVATIONAL GRADIENT

The relation of changes in chromosome structure to gene flow and speciation is of evolutionary interest. Although all mice of the genus Peromyscus have 48 chromosomes, there is considerable morphological variation among the chromosomes in different populations and species (Hsu and Arrighi, 1971). A number of investigators (Deaven et al., 1977; Greenbaum et al., 1978a; Greenbaum et al., 1978b) have confirmed that pericentric inversions and additions of heterochromatin are responsible for the chromosomal variation in Peromyscus. In contrast, in the Sigmodon and Mus genera, chromosomal variations are characterized by tandem and centric fusions (Robbins and Baker, 1981), in agreement with White's (1975) hypothesis that karyotypic orthoselection is common to rodents. Two studies report a relationship between chromosomal variation and environmental differences in Peromyscus maniculatus. Waterbury (1972) and Dixon et al. (1980) studied clinal variation in populations at different altitudes in California and in Colorado, respectively. In both studies more acrocentric chromosomes were found in Peromyscus maniculatus living at lower altitudes. The present study, an extension of the Dixon et al. (1980) report, was undertaken to determine the Q-banded karyotypes of mice from all the altitudes sampled, and to determine whether there were mice heteromorphic for an inversion in chromosome 6. If gene flow exists among the different altitudes, some hybrid individuals for chromosome pair 6 are expected.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia With an Unusual Histologic Pattern Mimicking Metastatic Carcinoma in Bone Marrow:A Diagnostic Pitfall

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) involving a packed hypercellular bone marrow can exhibit a variety of histologic patterns. Sometimes, the histologic features resemble metastatic carcinoma or lymphoma. The neoplastic process inducing marrow fibrosis can result in failed marrow aspiration (dry tap), leading to diagnostic difficulties. …
Numerical Simulation of the Sound Field Generated by Gate Valve Inner Leakage

Based on the Lighthill aerodynamic acoustics equation,the jet sound field generated by the inner leakage of gate valve according to different opening height is numerically simulated with the difference method.Numerical results show that jet sound pressure has flow direction in the influence of jet disturbance and wall reflection,The acoustic intensity of backward position is 15~30dB more than upper position's,and reaches the highest level near the enlarged pressure space,Numerical results provide advice and theory bases to acoustic examination of valve gas inner leakage.
An FTO Gene Variant Moderates the Association between Parental Restriction and Child BMI.

Objective This study aimed to explore whether a common variant in the FTO gene moderates the relationship between parental restriction and child BMI. Methods This study reports on baseline data from 178 parent-child (ages 9–10 years) dyads. Parents completed the Child Feeding Questionnaire and reported on socio-demographic characteristics. Each child’s height, weight and FTO rs9939609 genotype was assessed. Ordinary least squares regression was used to fit the child’s BMI-percentile on parental restriction and the child’s FTO genotype, adjusted for covariates. A likelihood ratio test was used to compare a model with and without a multiplicative interaction term between restriction and genotype. Results Most participants (93.3%) were white, non-Hispanic. Twenty-three percent of children were overweight/obese and FTO genotype was associated with weight status. Mean parental restriction was statistically higher among overweight/obese vs. normal weight children: 3.3 (SD 0.8) vs. 2.8 (SD 1.0); t-test p-value = 0.002. Parental restriction was positively associated with child BMI-percentile and BMI-z only among children with two copies of the high-risk FTO allele (p for interaction = 0.02), where each one-point increase in parental restriction was associated with a 14.7 increase in the child’s BMI-percentile or a 0.56-point increase in the child’s BMI z-score. Conclusion For only the children with two high-risk alleles, parental restriction was positively associated with child BMI-percentile.
The Remigration of Ethnic Chinese in Korea to the u.s. and Their Floating Ethnic Identity (在韓華僑赴美國的再移民及他們漂移的族群認同)

This study focuses on the meiguo hanhua (美國韓華), ethnic Chinese immigrants from Korea who migrated to the U.S. , and their ethnic identities, in particular, on how they evolved into meiguo hanhua , a new sub-ethnic group of Chinese, instead of identifying themselves simply as Chinese Americans. By employing the concept of a floating ethnic identity, this study illustrates the specific historical circumstances and situations in which meiguo hanhua ethnic identities were formed, molded and redefined. It especially concerns how such identities continually adopt, struggle, and negotiate within changing global environments such as the rise of the Chinese economy and the Taiwanization of the Republic of China as well as their personal concerns such as aging and emotional attachment to Shandong province, their imagined homeland. (This article is in English.)本文探討「美國韓華」這一族群認同（ethnic identities）所形成的歷史環境與背景。「美國韓華」指的是移民到美國的韓國華僑。從1975 到1985年之間，有 一萬四千名韓國華僑移民到美國，相當於旅韓華僑的三分之一。目前居住在美國的韓國出身的華僑人口有兩萬人。當他們在韓國被當地政府與社會的壓迫時，仍保持自己的華人身份。移民美國以後，主要來自山東的韓國華僑無法在美國華人既有的廣東系、福建系等的認同結構下找到位置，他們因此發展出自成一格的族群認同。這個族群認同並不是固定的，而是隨著國際環境的變化與個人經濟利益的考量，而在美國人、中國人、韓國人甚至是臺灣人這幾個不同的身份之間擺蕩。本文因此提出「漂移的族群認同」這一概念，來探討具體的環境和歷史條件如何影響他們在這些族群身份上的選擇和調整。
Magmatism and Metallogeny of the Altai and Adjacent Large Igneous Provinces Reimar Seltmann, Alexander Borisenk, and Geliy Fedoseev, Editors. Pp. 294. IAGOD Guidebook Series 16. CERCAMS/Natural History Museum. London. 2007. ISBN: 5-91220-008-6. Price £50.

This volume was the guidebook for the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Center for Russian and Central EurAsian Mineral Studies Studies of the British Natural History Museum (IGM-IAGOD) 2007 field trips “Metallogeny of the southeastern Altai (Russia) and northwestern Mongolia ore district—Permian-Triassic boundary,” and “Permian-Triassic, Devonian, and Early Paleozoic igneous provinces of the Altai-Sayan fold system (Kolyvan-Tomsk fold zone, Kunetsk and Minusinsk Troughs, Kuznetsk Alatau).” The field trips were associated with a symposium, “Large Igneous Provinces of Asia, Mantle Plumes, and Metallogeny,” held in Novosibirsk, Russia, August 13–16, 2007. The goal of the trips was to look at mineral deposits associated with intrusive complexes in order to gain greater understanding of the links between ore formation and magmatic events. The volume also includes a lengthy essay by Celâl Sengor and Boris Natal’in wherein they provide a comprehensive account of the history of thought on the tectonic …
Development of Optical Metasurfaces: Emerging Concepts and New Materials

The development of optical metamaterials enabled new light–matter interaction effects based on nano-structural engineering rather than the natural properties of the constituent materials. This facilitated applications unachievable with natural materials; however, practical applications of the proposed three-dimensional devices are limited by costly and complicated fabrication. In addition, many experimental realizations of metamaterial-based devices suffer from large losses due to metal inclusions. Recent research approaches have evolved to deal with these challenges on both the structural and the material levels. The rise of optical metasurfaces and the inclusion of alternative plasmonic materials compose two complementary approaches that have recently emerged to improve metamaterial devices, or metadevices. Metasurfaces have enabled a whole new family of planar optical devices through wavefront engineering of light. They are easily assembled and more suitable for on-chip fabrication. Simultaneously, other plasmonic materials including highly doped semiconductor oxides and metal nitrides have extended the spectral performance of plasmonic structures and have realized novel concepts such as epsilon-near-zero operation. They can also meet application-specific challenges associated with high power signals and local heating. In addition, their tunable optical properties enabled by free carrier modulation provide a strong avenue to build active metasurfaces and metadevices.
Energy storage capability of the dye sensitized solar cells via utilization of highly porous carbon electrodes

Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have shown promising results in the field of renewable energy owing to their low cost and portable features. In practical applications, their harvested energy could be stored in a supercapacitor once it exceeds the regular consumption. Various methods of manipulation of the active electrode have been examined to facilitate the energy storage of the system, whereas the counter electrode has always been known for its catalytic functionality and its contribution to the capacitive response of the device left a well-oriented study to be desired. In this work, the substitution of the platinum electrode with a specific porous electrode resulted in a supercapacitive behavior of the device. The photoactive electrode was fabricated using zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO) grown on a conductive transparent substrate with hydrothermal deposition method. The electrode was used to make a standard DSSC using a ruthenium dye, iodide/triiodide standard redox electrolyte, and a platinum counter electrode. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) study of the device showed a low capacitance with 350 mV open circuit voltage. Replacing the platinum counter electrode with a particularly designed porous paper-based carbon nanotube electrode resulted in a considerable difference in the CV response. A capacitive behavior was observed due to the large surface area of the counter electrode and the ZnO nanostructures on the photoactive electrode. Due to the large capacitance and relatively small photocurrent, the change in the open circuit voltage was limited. However, enhancement of the photocurrent could improve both the energy harvesting and charge storage in the device.
Psychiatric Consultation to a Parole Board

Parole, the early release from a felony prison incarceration to community supervision, is a common part of the criminal justice system’s response to crime. By 1981, it was estimated that 243,880 adults, representing 11% of all those under some form of correctional supervision, were on parole in the United States.1 That same report also noted that “approximately 75% [of all eligible prisoners] are released to parole supervision.”