cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do Antifibrinolytic Agents Reduce the Risk of Blood Transfusion in Children Undergoing Spinal Fusion?: A Propensity Score-matched Comparison Using a National Database.

Study design Retrospective cohort. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of antifibrinolytic (AF) agents in reducing perioperative blood transfusion in pediatric patients undergoing spinal fusion. Summary of background data The potential for AF to decrease bleeding and reduce exposure to allogenic transfusions has led to widespread off-label use in a number of major pediatric surgical procedures. Recent reviews call for improving the body of evidence for their effectiveness and safety in pediatric spinal fusion. Methods Children undergoing spinal fusion were identified in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Pediatric (NSQIP-P) 2016 and 2017 databases. Univariate analyses of patient and perioperative characteristics informed the creation of a propensity score model predicting treatment with AF, followed by 1:1 matching to allow comparison of allogenic red blood cell transfusion rates and secondary outcomes between treated and untreated patients. Results Of 6626 total patients, 5434 (81%) received AF and 1533 (23%) received a blood transfusion. Analysis of data for 1192 propensity score-matched pairs revealed that treatment with AF was associated with a statistically non-significant 16% reduction in perioperative transfusion (OR 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.68-1.05, p = 0.119) and a statistically significant 43% reduction in postoperative transfusion (OR 0.57, 95% confidence interval 0.39-0.81, p = 0.002). No differences in the incidences of postoperative seizure or thrombosis were observed, with overall rates of 7.5 and 22.5 events per 10,000 patients, respectively. Conclusions AF agents appear to reduce postoperative allogenic transfusion in children undergoing spinal fusion surgery. Adverse drug effects such as thromboembolic complications and seizure were extremely rare and warrant continued monitoring, though this is the largest study to date providing evidence for the safety profile of these drugs. Level of evidence 3.
CHAPTER 5-1 – GENERAL APPLICATIONS

Publisher Summary The metal–carbon bonds in organo-metallic compounds, metal–ligand bonds in coordination compounds, and bonds in π-complexes are often relatively weak and may break and reform at a rate that leads to observable results in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. In the cases of aluminium, cadmium, mercury, magnesium, and zinc compounds, rapid ligand exchange, leading to disproportionation in suitable cases, can be observed from averaging effects in NMR spectra and the rates of some of these reactions. Exchange rates of ligands of other types—for example, ethylenediamine tetraacetate complexes and zirconium chelates—have also been studied, and in some cases, exchange rates have been obtained from line broadening. The important problem of the structure of the Grignard reagents, as reflected in their NMR spectra, has received a great deal of attention. This chapter outlines the concepts of hydrogen exchange and hydrogen bonding, ligand exchange, partial double-bond character, valence-bond tautomerism, conformational changes, and other miscellaneous processes.
Exploring the action landscape via trial world-lines

The Hamilton action principle, also known as the principle of least action, and Lagrange equations are an integral part of intermediate and advanced undergraduate mechanics. Although the Hamilton principle is oft stated as 'the action for any nearby trial world-line is greater than the action for the classical world-line', the landscape of action in the space of world-lines is rarely explored. Here, for three common problems from introductory physics—a free particle, a uniformly accelerating particle, and a simple harmonic oscillator—we present families of trial world-lines, characterized by a few parameters, that evolve continuously from their respective classical world-lines. With explicit analytical expressions available for the action, they permit a graphical visualization of the action landscape in the space of nearby world-lines. Although these trial world-lines form only a subset of the space of all nearby world-lines, they provide a pedagogical tool that complements the traditional Lagrange equation approach. This tutorial is aimed at advanced undergraduate physics students.
A Global Compilation of U-series Dated Fossil Coral Sea-levelIndicators for the Last Interglacial Period (MIS 5e)

Abstract. This dataset is a comprehensive, global compilation of published uranium series (U-series) dated fossil coral records from ~150–110 thousand years ago, as well as associated elevation measurements and sample metadata. In total, 1312 U-series measurements from 994 unique coral colonies are included in the current version of the dataset, all of which have been normalized and recalculated using the same decay constant values. Two example geochemical screening criteria have been included to assist users with identifying altered fossil corals that display geochemical open-system behaviour, and the originally published interpretations on age quality have been preserved within the sample metadata. Additionally, a clear distinction has been made between coral colonies that are in primary growth position, which may be used for relative sea-level reconstructions and colonies that have been transported/reworked, which cannot be used for these purposes. Future research efforts involving fossil coral sea-level reconstructions should emphasize an integrated and holistic approach that combines careful assessment of U-series age quality with high-precision surveying techniques and detailed facies/stratigraphic observations. This database is available at http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4309796 (Chutcharavan and Dutton 2020).
In-situ digital image correlation and thermal monitoring in directed energy deposition additive manufacturing

As in welding, directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing (AM) generates complex residual stresses and distortions commensurate with the complexity of the scan pattern used for deposition. To date, measuring DED distortions on complex geometries has only been achieved post process, discarding the complex thermomechanical history that leads to that final material state. In this work, surround stereo digital image correlation (DIC) is used to 3D map surfaces and strain tensors in-situ in a powder-blown laser DED system. Infrared thermography is then projected onto these surfaces to record the full thermomechanical history of printed parts. DIC presents a unique challenge to DED AM, as no part exists at the beginning of deposition, which (a) prevents application of an appropriate speckle pattern and (b) denies the user a zero strain reference frame. Solutions to these problems are proposed and their limitations explored herein. In sum, this work presents a relatively low-cost solution to monitoring and optimizing the unique temporal artifacts induced by complex scan strategies that was previously unobtainable.
Introducing High School Students to the Avogadro Number and the Mole Concept Using Discovery with Calculations Based on Physical Properties of Elements, Crystal Structures, and 28Si Spheres

An instructional approach is presented for teaching the mole concept to high school introductory-level chemistry classes. Extensions to the strategy are presented for more advanced classes. The strength of the approach is based upon discovery. Students discover the Avogadro number and the mole concept. The discovery is based upon calculations that are similar to that used by the International Avogadro Coordination (IAC) in determining the Avogadro constant. Students in advanced classes use data from the IAC to calculate the most precise and accurate values for the Avogadro constant.
Serial Intralesional Steroid Injection for Subglottic Stenosis: Systemic Side Effects and Impact on Surgery-Free Interval.

Objectives In-office serial intralesional steroid injections (SILSIs) have become a commonly used treatment for subglottic stenosis. We characterized the impact of SILSIs on the time between operating room visits and incidence of glucocorticoid systemic side effects. Study Design Retrospective case series. Setting Academic tertiary care center. Methods All patients with subglottic stenosis receiving SILSIs at 1 institution from 2016 to 2020 were included. Surgery-free interval was compared using paired t tests. Side effect incidence was calculated with Kaplan-Meier methodology for visualization. Results Nineteen patients and 207 procedures were included. The majority of patients were White (95%) and female (95%) and had idiopathic subglottic stenosis (53%). Mean surgery-free interval for all patients was 8.7 months (95% CI, 5.6-11.8) before initiating SILSIs. Of 11 patients with calculable surgery-free interval, 10 experienced improvement, with a mean surgery-free interval increase of 4.6 months (95% CI, 2.4-6.7). Seven patients have not required surgery since initiation of SILSIs, with a mean follow-up time of 28 months (95% CI, 25-31). Noncutaneous systemic side effects occurred at a mean 3.2 months (95% CI, 2.4-4.0) from first injection and included Cushing's syndrome, increased intraocular pressure, central serous chorioretinopathy, and new insulin requirement in the setting of diabetes. Conclusions Ninety-one percent of patients who initiated SILSIs and had a subsequent return to the operating room experienced a mean 4.6-month increase in surgery-free interval. Systemic side effects of glucocorticoids occurred in 32% of patients after initiating SILSIs. This should be considered in preprocedure counseling and side effect monitoring during treatment.
Self to Self: Selected Essays

1. Introduction 2. A brief introduction to Kantian ethics 3. The genesis of shame 4. Love as moral emotion 5. The voice of conscience 6. A rational superego 7. Don't worry, feel guilty 8. Self to self 9. The self as narrator 10. From self psychology to moral philosophy 11. The centered self 12. Willing the law 13. Motivation by ideal 14. Identification and identity.
There is No Norm of Intervention or Non-Intervention in International Law: Comments

Comments on Prof. Jianming Shen’s position that humanitarian intervention is unlawful under international law and that there is a principle of non-intervention in international law that is so powerful that it amounts to a jus cogens prohibition.
DNA microarray time series analysis: automated statistical assessment of circadian rhythms in gene expression patterning.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the use of DNA microarrays in elucidation of network dynamics of circadian gene regulation. Application of this technology to circadian biology is particularly apropos given the molecular basis of intracellular circadian regulation, a system of transcriptional–translational feedback control. The COSOPT algorithm evolved as an extension of the CORRCOS algorithm and has been applied to search for diurnal/circadian gene expression profiling in mammalian and Drosophila microarray time series. Simulated data sets were prepared to approximate gene chip profiles from the experimental examinations of expression time series. The straightforward, direct approximation by nonlinear least squares optimization of a single-frequency cosine function to the data in question produced admirable performance under conditions in which pointwise uncertainties are not considered, but produced the highest false-positive rate of all the methods when pointwise uncertainties were considered. It is found that COSOPT also reports information about mean expression level and can use this information as an exclusionary criterion.
Chemical Complementation Assays

Originally published in: Enzyme Assays. Edited by Jean-Louis Reymond. Copyright © 2006 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3-527-31095-1 The sections in this article are Introduction Complementation Assays Introduction Early Complementation Assays Enzymology by Complementation Directed Evolution by Complementation Development of Chemical Complementation Introduction Three-hybrid Assay Original Yeast Three-hybrid System Dexamethasone–Methotrexate Yeast Three-hybrid System Technical Considerations Other Three-hybrid Systems Chemical Complementation Selection Scheme and Model Reaction Results General Considerations Related Methods Applications of Chemical Complementation Introduction Enzyme-Inhibitor Interactions Rationale Screen Strategy Enzyme Library Screen General Considerations Glycosynthase Evolution Rationale Selection Scheme Glycosynthase Assay Directed Evolution General Considerations Conclusion Keywords: enzyme assays; chemical complementation; complementation assays; development of chemical complementation; application; three-hybrid assay; enzyme-inhibitor interactions
Spells, images, and maṇḍalas: Tracing the evolution of Esoteric Buddhist rituals, by Koichi Shinohara

As the second volume in the Sheng Yen Series in Chinese Buddhist Studies published by Columbia University Press, Koichi Shinohara’s Spells, images, and maṇḍalas is a tour de force and the culminati...
Study of the relationship between dynamic and static equilibrium methods for the measurement of hydrophobicity

Abstract The capacity factors for twelve 5,5-disubstituted barbituric acid derivatives in a reversed-phase chromatographic system are reported. The solvophobic theory was used to described the relationship between the capacity factor and eluent composition in order to determine log k ′ w (the hypothetical capacity factor in totally aqueous eluent) for each solute. The dynamically derived descriptor of hydrophobicity, log k ′, was compared with log P , a static equilibrium descriptor. Comparisons were made between log k ′ values determined at various solvent compositions and log P values measured using solvents of differing polarities as the organic component of the binary mixture.
Surface induced dissociation of chromium hexacarbonyl on fluorinated alkanethiolate surface in ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer: studies of energetics of the process using recursive internal energy distribution search method

Abstract Energy transfer in ion-surface collisional activation is characterized for 0–30 eV collisions of chromium hexacarbonyl molecular cations with a monolayer of fluorinated alkanethiolate self-assembled onto a solid gold surface. This surface was mounted on the back trapping plate of the Infinity® cell of a Bruker BioApex 7T ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer on the B-field axis orthogonal to the ion beam direction. Internal energy deposition was deduced from fragmentation spectra using a recursive internal energy distribution search method. The efficiency of energy transfer into the ion slowly increases with incident ion energy to a maximum value of 20% at about 23 eV collision energy. Approximate kinetic energy distributions of the fragments were measured by deducing the dependence of ion abundance on trapping potential. From the kinetic energy dependence on mass we infer that rapid decomposition of the molecular cation occurs after it recoils from the surface. Knowledge of both internal and kinetic energy distributions of collisionally activated ions enabled us to deduce the energy deposited into the self-assembled monolayer as a function of collision energy.
Effect of Standardized Electronic Discharge Instructions on Post-Discharge Hospital Utilization

Several physician organizations and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) support compliance measures for written discharge instructions. CMS has identified clear discharge instructions with specific attention to medication management as a necessary intervention. We tested the hypothesis that implementing a standardized electronic discharge instructions document with embedded computerized medication reconciliation would decrease post-discharge hospital utilization. Retrospective pre- and post-implementation comparison cohort study. Subjects were hospitalized patients age 18 and older discharged between November 1, 2005 and October 31, 2006 (n = 16,572) and between March 1, 2007 and February 28, 2008 (n = 17,516). Implementation of a standardized, templated electronic discharge instructions document with embedded computerized medication reconciliation on December 18, 2006. The primary outcome was a composite variable of readmission or Emergency Department (ED) visit within 30 days of discharge. Secondary outcomes were the individual variables of readmissions and ED visits within 30 days. The implementation of standardized electronic discharge instructions with embedded computerized medication reconciliation was not associated with a change in the primary composite outcome (adjusted OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.98–1.10) or the secondary outcome of 30-day ED visits (adjusted OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.98–1.10). There was an unexpected small but statistically significant increase in 30-day readmissions (adjusted OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01–1.16). Implementation of standardized electronic discharge instructions was not associated with reduction in post-discharge hospital utilization. More studies are needed to determine the reasons for post-discharge hospital utilization and to examine outcomes associated with proposed process-related recommendations.
Reclaiming cultural identities under settler rule: case studies of the Hakkas and the Taiwanese Indigenous Peoples

Chinese settler rule was established in Taiwan in 1945. The Chinese settler rulers' national identity policies strongly suppressed the cultural identities of two local ethnic minority groups: the Hakkas and the Taiwanese Indigenous Peoples. By reviewing the relevant literature, this paper investigates how these two ethnic groups reclaimed their self-identification under settler rule. When the increasing population of these two minority groups moved to Taipei City, the capital of Taiwan, they established many urban-based societies. With Taiwan's democratisation in the 1980s, these societies were able to launch grassroots movements to shake the settler rulers' legitimacy. This eventually drove political decision-makers to establish policies benefiting these two groups' self-identification. This paper elaborates this identity-reclaiming process and therefore contributes to the wider academic debate concerned with settler colonial studies.
The Factor Structure of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale in Alzheimer's Disease:

The factor structure of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) is well established with young psychiatric patients. A study by Overall and Beller showed, however, that its factor structure was different with geropsychiatric patients. Although the BPRS has been used in assessing the behavioral characteristics of patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD), its factor structure has not been established with these patients. The present study investigated the factor structure of the BPRS among patients with clinically diagnosed AD by (NINCDS/ADRDA) criteria. The scale had limited usefulness with outpatients with mild AD. The factor structure obtained was similar to that found with other patient groups, but a unique factor, including the items Tension and Uncooperativeness, probably reflects the behavioral and psychological agitation characteristic of some AD patients. We recommend caution be taken in generalizing data from younger psychiatric samples to older adult patients with dementia.
Effect of Bile Salts and Bile Salt Mixtures on the Recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica

The effect of sodium salts of cholic, deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, glycocholic and taurocholic acids and of Bacto-bile salts, Bacto-bile salts #3 and Bacto-oxgall on the recovery of nine strains representing seven serotypes (0:3, 0:8, 0:9, 0:11, 24, 0:12, 25, 0:16, 0:17) of Yersinia enterocolitica was determined. Serotypes 0:3, 0:8, 0:9 and 0:17 were resistant to 3% sodium taurocholate, 3% Bacto-bile salts or 3% Bacto-oxgall. Serotypes 0:11, 23, 0:12, 25, 0:16 and 0:17 were significantly inhibited by 3% sodium deoxycholate, 2.5% chenodeoxycholate and 3% Bacto-bile salts #3. Differences in the inhibitory effects of bile salt mixtures could not be explained only on the basis of their bile acid composition as determined by gas-liquid chromatography.
Nitric oxide-induced hyperpermeability of human intestinal epithelial monolayers is augmented by inhibition of the amiloride-sensitive Na(+)-H+ antiport: potential role of peroxynitrous acid.

Abstract Background . Nitric oxide (NO•) increases the permeability of cultured intestinal epithelial monolayers. NO• reacts with superoxide anion to form peroxynitrite anion, which can beprotonated under mildly acidic conditions to form the potent and versatile oxidizing agent, peroxynitrous acid. We hypothesized that intracellular acidosis induced by the Na + -H + antiport blocker, amiloride, would favor the formation of peroxynitrous acid and thereby augment hyperpermeability induced by the NO• donor, SIN-1. Methods . Caco-2 BBe human intestinal epithelial monolayers were grown on permeable supports in bicameral chambers. The permeability of monolayers was assessed by measuring the transepithelial flux of fluorescein disulfonic acid (FS). Results . Incubation of monolayers with SIN-1 increased permeability to FS. Adding amiloride augmented SIN-1-induced hyperpermeability. SIN-1 plus amiloride also decreased cellular adenosine triphosphate content and caused derangements of the actin-based cytoskeleton as demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy. Coincubation of monolayers with several free-radical or peroxynitrous acid scavengers (deferoxamine, mannitol, dimethyl sulfoxide, or ascorbate) ameliorated hyperpermeability induced by SIN-1 plus amiloride. Conclusions . Amiloride augments NO•-induced intestinal epithelial permeability, apparently by promoting the development of intracellular acidosis and thereby favoring the formation of the peroxynitrous add.
Educational inequality in Colombia: family background, school quality and student achievement in Cartagena

This study examines the effects of family socio‐economic disadvantage and differences in school resources on student achievement in the city of Cartagena, Colombia. Using data from the ICFES and C‐600 national databases, we conduct a multilevel analysis to determine the unique contribution of school‐level factors above and beyond family background. The results from the hierarchical linear models show that while family socio‐economic background significantly affects student achievement, school composition and school resources explain as much as half of the effects of family background. More specifically, the achievement gap in public schools is explained in large part by differential resource allocation and concentration of poor students in public schools, which in turn lowers student achievement.
Depairing effects in rotating superconductors

Abstract Maki's discussion of the depairing effects of persistent currents and magnetic fields is used to study a rotating superconducting cylindrical film.
Variations in catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in inbred strains of rats

Abstract Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity was measured in nine strains of rats aged 9 to 11 weeks. Hepatic COMT activity levels in Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 animals varied from 48% to 66% of those in livers of the other strains studied. Kidney COMT levels in these same two strains were only 50% and 60%, respectively, of those in Wistar-Furth animals. There was no difference in the recovery of purified rat liver COMT added to homogenates of liver and kidney from Fischer 344 and Wistar-Furth animals, a finding that makes it less likely that the different levels of COMT activity were due to differences in levels of endogenous enzyme activators or inhibitors. Enzyme activity in heart, brain, and blood differed much less among the nine strains of rat than did hepatic COMT activity. Hepatic COMT activity levels in Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 animals were already significantly less than those in other strains at 2 weeks of age (p
TCAD modeling of accumulated damage during time-dependent mixed-mode stress

We study the accumulated degradation of SiGe HBTs under time-dependent mixed-mode stress using a new physics-based TCAD degradation model that simulates hot carrier generation and propagation to oxide interfaces, resulting in trap formation. We calibrate the avalanche generation and also do a multipoint calibration of damage on the I-V output plane to accurately predict the accumulated stress damage for a single device over multiple bias points. Looking at the region of the output plane dominated by trap formation, we show that accumulation of traps can be path-independent as long as trap availability is not limiting. We demonstrate this with good correlation between simulation and measurement.
Resistance to Extinction as a Function of Instrumental Training under Two Levels of Food Deprivation and a Shift in Incentive

Summary.-Four groups of 8 albino rats each were magazine trained under high or low drive, barpress trained with the same 32% sucrose incentive or water (designed to produce "frustration"), and tested in extinction with an inoperative magazine. The results confirmed earlier ones obtained with an inaccessible-food training operation in that the major factor determining extinction performance was terminal level of reinforced responding in training. This report concerns the second in a series of experiments performed to test the proposition that habits formed under a high level of frustration acquire less strength than those formed under a low level of frustration (see Marx, 1956). In the first experiment (Marx, in press), 64 albino rars were divided into 8 groups in a 2 by 2 Sy 2 factorial design. Half of the Ss were magazine trained under high-drive and half under low-drive conditions; each of these groups was split into subgroups given one day of fixed-interval reinforced or nonreinforced (inaccessible food pellets) barpress training; and half of each of these subgroups were tested in extinction (empty food cups) under high drive and half under low drive. The most important result of this study was the determination of extinction performance by the terminal level of barpress training. When this variable was controlled by analysis of covariance none of the otherwise reliable differences in extinction remained. The purpose of the present experiment was to replicate the first experiment with a different frustration-producing operation. Animals were magazine trained in the same apparatus, and in the same general manner, but instead of inaccessible food as a consequence of the instrumental barpress response in training, experimental Ss received water; control Ss obtained the same 32% sucrose solution in water on which all Ss had been magazine trained.
A meta-analysis of predictors of postpartum depression

A meta-analysis of 44 studies was conducted to determine the magnitude of the relationship between postpartum depression and each of the following predictor variables: prenatal depression, history of previous depression, social support, life stress, child care stress, maternity blues, marital satisfaction, and prenatal anxiety. Effect sizes were calculated three ways: unweighted, weighted by sample size, and weighted by quality index score. Moderate to large significant effect sizes were revealed between these eight predictor variables and postpartum depression. The mean r effect size indicator range for each predictor variable was as follows: prenatal depression (.49 to .51), child care stress (.48 to .49), life stress (.36 to .40), social support (.37 to .39), prenatal anxiety (.30 to .36), maternity blues (.35 to .37), marital satisfaction (.29 to .37), and history of previous depression (.27 to .29).
Dual role of NADP(H) in the reaction of a flavin dependent N-hydroxylating monooxygenase

Abstract Aspergillus fumigatus siderophore A (Af SidA) is a flavin-dependent monooxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of ornithine, producing N5-hydroxyornithine. This is the first step in the biosynthesis of hydroxamate-containing siderophores in A. fumigatus. Af SidA is essential for virulence, validating this enzyme as a drug target. Af SidA can accept reducing equivalents from either NADPH or NADH and displays similar kinetic parameters when using either coenzyme. When the enzyme is reduced with NADPH and reacted with molecular oxygen, a C4a-hydroperoxyflavin intermediate is observed. When the enzyme is reduced with NADH, the intermediate is 2-fold less stable. Steady-state kinetic isotope effect values of 3 and 2 were determined for NADPH and NADH, respectively. The difference in the isotope effect values is due to differences in the rate of flavin reduction by these coenzymes. A difference in the binding mode between these coenzymes was observed by monitoring flavin fluorescence. Limited proteolysis studies show that NADP+, and not NAD+, protects Af SidA from proteolysis, suggesting that it induces conformational changes upon binding. Together, these results are consistent with NADPH having a role in flavin reduction and in the modulation of conformational changes, which positions NADP+ to also play a role in stabilization of the C4a-hydroperoxyflavin.
Lateral arm microvascular flap in head and neck reconstruction.

Objectives: To report our results of a study of 28 patients who underwent sequential reconstructions of the head and neck using the lateral arm flap. To discuss the situations where we have found the procedure useful, report the complication rates, and delineate the advantages and disadvantages of using this flap. Design: A clinical series of patients was followed up prospectively. The swallowing function of a subgroup that underwent oropharyngeal reconstruction was compared with that of a simultaneous control group that underwent reconstruction with the pectoralis major flap. Setting: University medical center. Participants: Patients with malignant neoplasms of the head and neck who underwent resections and reconstruction with the lateral arm flap. Interventions: Twenty-eight patients underwent head and neck reconstruction using lateral arm flaps. In 17 patients, the lateral arm flaps were used for pharyngeal and posterior oral cavity defects. Thirteen of these patients underwent reinnervation. Nine combined palatal and midfacial defects were reconstructed, and 1 lateral facial defect was reconstructed. Most cases were advanced malignant neoplasms and represented a selected minority of similar resections performed at our institutions. Three maxillary reconstructions were performed secondarily. All other reconstructions were performed at the time of tumor ablation. Main Outcome Measures: Data were collected regarding flap survival, return of sensation in flaps, complication rates, and the ability to feed orally. Results: All flaps survived in their entirety. Of 7,5 tested flaps acquired sensation. Of 14 patients with large oropharyngeal defects, 8 resumed early oral feeding and all survivors eventually obtained nutrition orally. The ability to swallow was superior to the results obtained in a retrospective analysis of a group reconstructed using pectoralis major flaps. Conclusions: A unique feature of this flap is that it incorporates both thin skin from the proximal forearm and thicker skin from the upper arm. This is ideal for an oropharyngeal defect, where the thin malleable portion can be used in the posterior oral cavity or pharyngeal wall and the thicker portion in the tongue base. Either portion can be used alone as well. The availability of intermediate tissue bulk can also be advantageous for midfacial reconstruction. Sensation can be reliably reconstituted with this flap. We think that the lateral arm flap is versatile and has particularly low donor-site morbidity. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;123:830-836
The Relationship between Negative Affect and Reported Cognitive Failures

The purpose of this study was to expand our understanding of the range of negative affect associated with reported problems with everyday functions and activities, measured by the cognitive failures questionnaire (CFQ). Evidence from previous research indicates that individuals meeting criteria for mood disorders, such as major depression or seasonal affective disorder, experience cognitive deficits in memory and attention that can lead to problems with everyday activities reported in the CFQ. The Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) was used to assess potential correlations with a wider range of negative emotions. Findings for a sample of 129 college students revealed that negative affective experiences were significantly correlated with failures of memory and attention on the CFQ (fear = .41, hostility = .38, sadness = .28, and guilt = .43). Conversely, positive affect was negatively correlated with distractibility (r = -.21). Additional affective scales on the PANAS (e.g., shyness and fatigue) were also associated with higher reports of cognitive failures. The results provide converging evidence of a relationship between negative affective experiences and reported frequency of problems on the cognitive failures questionnaire.
Adolescents' Moral Engagement in Urban Settings

Adolescents who live in urban settings regularly encounter a complex array of people and circumstances that require sophisticated decision-making skills. Using their personal standards, adolescents coordinate moral thoughts and emotions when deciding how to act. After defining what the author refers to as moral engagement, several empirical examples are introduced to illustrate how parents and teachers might incorporate conversations into family and classroom routines that enhance moral engagement. These findings support several conclusions about the mental health benefits of teaching adolescents to appraise situations using moral standards.
Respiratory syncytial virus infections in children.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory disease in young children in both developing and developed countries. By age 2, nearly all children have been infected by RSV.The clinical manifestations range from mild upper respiratory symptoms to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. First infections are nearly always symptomatic and frequently cause lower respiratory tract disease, whereas subsequent infections are generally milder. Although children with underlying conditions such as prematurity, chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, and immuno-suppression are at high risk for severe disease, many children without underlying conditions require hospitalization. Treatment is supportive. Immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab or RSV immune globulin may benefit children born prematurely, especially those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. To date, the development of an effective vaccine has been unsuccessful.
Droplet-based pyrosequencing using digital microfluidics.

The feasibility of implementing pyrosequencing chemistry within droplets using electrowetting-based digital microfluidics is reported. An array of electrodes patterned on a printed-circuit board was used to control the formation, transportation, merging, mixing, and splitting of submicroliter-sized droplets contained within an oil-filled chamber. A three-enzyme pyrosequencing protocol was implemented in which individual droplets contained enzymes, deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), and DNA templates. The DNA templates were anchored to magnetic beads which enabled them to be thoroughly washed between nucleotide additions. Reagents and protocols were optimized to maximize signal over background, linearity of response, cycle efficiency, and wash efficiency. As an initial demonstration of feasibility, a portion of a 229 bp Candida parapsilosis template was sequenced using both a de novo protocol and a resequencing protocol. The resequencing protocol generated over 60 bp of sequence with 100% sequence ...
Emerging treatment strategies for alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is among the most important health care problems worldwide. Appropriately, the development of effective treatment for AD is a primary focus of the pharmaceutical industry as well as academic medical centers. Five drugs have now been approved in the United States for the treatment of AD. The first four of these are cholinesterase inhibitors, indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate AD. Numerous pivotal studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of these agents in modestly improving cognitive function and global clinical status, while stabilizing behavior and function. Memantine, the latest drug to be approved, is an uncompetitive antagonist of theN-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor. Studies show that memantine provides symptomatic benefits as monotherapy and when added to donepezil in the treatment of moderate to severe AD. Much attention is now directed toward the development of disease-modifying agents to alter the course of AD, with antiamyloid approaches receiving the greatest effort.
Electromagnetic Scattering Pathways for Metallic Nanoparticles: A Near-Field Optical Study

Apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy is used at 415.4 nm to investigate the normal component of the field scattered by silver and gold nanoparticles. Resonant excitation of the plasmon for silver produces a confined field distribution in the vicinity of the particle. For gold, driven off-resonance, the near-field response shows a pronounced contribution from propagating components to the scattered field. The differing near-field features are analyzed by considering the polarizability of the particles, the spatial evolution of the field as a function of distance from the sample, and the interactions with the near-field probe.
Showing What People Can and Cannot Do: Human Capacity and Limitations Demonstrations

To communicate Human Factors Design Principles to audiences of computer programmers, community groups, junior college and college students, the authors have combined a set of thirteen demonstrations of Human Capabilities and Limitations into an effective, stand-alone presentation lasting from one to two hours. Each of the demonstrations and the implications of each demonstration for product design will be explained. The content areas include:MemoryClassical ConditioningOperant ConditioningCognitive LearningObedience to Authority.Rule UsagePerceptionAdaptationResponse CompetitionThe primary goal of this paper is to provide the Human Factors Educator, Practitioner or Graduate Student with an alternative way to introduce the topic of Human Factors in one or two consolidated sessions to a variety of audiences which will be informative, popular, easy to prepare for, and very inexpensive. A secondary goal is to provide some demonstration ideas which might be used to supplement traditional classroom lectures.
Brain-derived peptides increase blood–brain barrier GLUT1 glucose transporter gene expression via mRNA stabilization

The present investigation studied the effect of the brain-derived peptide preparation Cerebrolysin (CI, EBEWE, Austria) on the turnover rate and gene expression of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) GLUT1 glucose transporter mRNA. Studies were performed in brain endothelial cultured cells transfected with the human (h) GLUT1 transcript. In control cells, the full length 2.8 Kb hGLUT1 mRNA was rapidly degraded following transfection, and the abundance of this transcript at 4 and 6 h was comparable to background mRNA levels seen in cells transfected without hGLUT1 mRNA. On the contrary, the decay of the hGLUT1 mRNA was stabilized in CI-treated cells resulting in a marked reduction in the fractional turnover rate (72.4 and 4.0%/h, control and CI, respectively). In parallel experiments, CI induced a significant increase in the levels of immunoreactive GLUT1 protein measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In conclusion, data presented here demonstrate that factors in CI increase BBB-GLUT1 transcript stability, and that this is associated with an induction of BBB-GLUT1 gene expression in brain endothelial cultured cells.
Heat capacities and entropies of silicate liquids and glasses

The heat capacities of several dozen silicate glasses and liquids composed of SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, FeO, MgO, CaO, BaO, Li2O, Na2O, K2O, and Rb2O have been measured by differential scanning and drop calorimetry. These results have been combined with data from the literature to fit C pas a function of composition. A model assuming ideal mixing (linear combination) of partial molar heat capacities of oxide components (each of which is independent of composition), reproduces the glass data within error. The assumption of constancy of ¯C p,iis less accurate for the liquids, but data are not sufficient to adequately constrain a more complex model. For liquids containing alkali metal and alkaline earth oxides, heat capacities are systematically greater in liquids with high “field strength” network modifying cations. Entropies of fusion (per g-atom) and changes of configurational entropy with temperature, are similarly affected by composition. Both smaller cation size and greater charge are therefore inferred to lead to greater development of new structural configurations with increasing temperature in silicate liquids.
Representing Sex in the Brain, One Module at a Time

Sexually dimorphic behaviors, qualitative or quantitative differences in behaviors between the sexes, result from the activity of a sexually differentiated nervous system. Sensory cues and sex hormones control the entire repertoire of sexually dimorphic behaviors, including those commonly thought to be charged with emotion such as courtship and aggression. Such overarching control mechanisms regulate distinct genes and neurons that in turn specify the display of these behaviors in a modular manner. How such modular control is transformed into cohesive internal states that correspond to sexually dimorphic behavior is poorly understood. We summarize current understanding of the neural circuit control of sexually dimorphic behaviors from several perspectives, including how neural circuits in general, and sexually dimorphic neurons in particular, can generate sexually dimorphic behaviors, and how molecular mechanisms and evolutionary constraints shape these behaviors. We propose that emergent themes such as the modular genetic and neural control of dimorphic behavior are broadly applicable to the neural control of other behaviors.
Adaptive plasticity in predator-induced defenses in a common freshwater snail: altered selection and mode of predation due to prey phenotype

Studies of putatively adaptive plasticity, such as inducible defenses, frequently explore the fitness consequences of expressing alternative phenotypes in alternative environments, but few studies examine how and why the pattern of selection changes in relation to trait induction. We induced snails in the presence/absence of nonlethal predatory crayfish, exposed both phenotypes (alone and combined) to selection by lethal crayfish, and quantified linear and nonlinear selection differentials. Crayfish induced an increase in mass, shell thickness, and absolute (but not relative) shell dimensions. Crayfish predation on uninduced snails was rapid, accomplished via shell-crushing and revealed strong selection for increased size (i.e., mass and shell dimensions). Conversely, crayfish predation on predator-induced snails was slower, often accomplished using an alternative mode of predation (shell-crushing 70% of the time, but shell-extraction 30% of the time), and revealed selection for wide apertures and thick shells. Crayfish selection on uninduced snails in the presence of predator-induced snails was stronger than predation on uninduced snails alone demonstrating that selection can be frequency dependent. Therefore, predator-induced changes in size and shell thickness appear to be adaptive and, along with reciprocal adjustments in the mode of predation, result in altered patterns of selection.
An adult with childhood medical trauma treated with psychoanalytic psychotherapy and EMDR: a case study.

PROBLEM. Adverse childhood experiences have been found to be a strong predictor of emotional and physical problems in adulthood. However, the long-term sequelae for children who have suffered critical illness and exposure to invasive medical procedures are less well documented. METHODS. This is a case study of an adult client who sought treatment for depression and attention deficit disorder. The psychotherapy treatment is discussed and the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is described targeting a memory of a medical trauma resulting from a tonsillectomy when the client was 8 years old. CONCLUSIONS. Significant healing outcomes were attained as a result of the therapy, i.e., decreased depression, less hypervigilance, and increased ability to concentrate, which resulted in the discontinuation of medication for depression and ADHD as well as significant improvement in overall functioning.
Ultrasonic appearance of acute poststreptococcalglomerulonephritis

We have described a case of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in which the ultrasound findings resemble multiple solid renal masses. The diagnosis of this inflammatory lesion should be considered in the proper clinical setting.
Potato quality XVI. Low temperature storage of raw French-fry cuts and potato slices for chipping

Fresh French-fry cuts and potato chip slices may be stored for 14 to 16 days at33 F and 40 F. Using a 0.048M NaHSO3 dip plus a saturated H2CO3 dip for two minutes delays the browning reaction. With the use of this treatment, the accumulation of reducing sugars at low temperature is delayed. Thirty-pound polyethylene bags were used to simulate commercial practices. Cool’ng the dipping solution aids in retaining the H2CO3 solution near pH 5.0–5.2. The pH of the dip solution is rapidly determined with indicator paper and additional CO2 may be bubbled into the solution to maintain this pH. The use of dry ice had the same beneficial results. Fresh potato slices held 16 days at 33 F did not increase in brown discoloration when fried. There was no off-flavor or odor and the slices had not lost their turgidity prior to frying. The containers should remain sealed at least two days, and after this, beneficial results are still obtained. The recommended treatments result in an increase in shelf life without intensifying color from low temperature storage.
The preparation and selected properties of Mg-doped p-type iron oxide as a photocathode for the photoelectrolysis of water using visible light

Abstract Stable Mg-doped iron oxides that exhibit p -type character have been synthesized. These have been utilized in the form of sintered polycrystalline disks for the photodissociation of water. We report the influence of sintering temperature, surface oxygen deficiency, Mg-doping level, and solution chemistry on the photoactivity of the Mg-doped iron oxide photocathodes.
PERIODIC LATTICE DISTORTION ACCOMPANYING THE CHARGE-DENSITY-WAVE TRANSITION FOR SN/GE(111)

The periodic lattice distortion (PLD) accompanying the charge-density-wave (CDW) transition (at -60 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) in the \ensuremath{\alpha} phase of Sn on Ge(111) has been determined by combining the distinct sensitivities of low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and surface x-ray diffraction (SXRD). New LEED $I\ensuremath{-}V$ data combined with a SXRD analysis yield a significant lattice distortion. The PLD accompanying the CDW transition is a 0.37-\AA{} vertical rippling of the Sn atoms accompanied by a perpendicular (0.17 \AA{}) and parallel (0.12 \AA{}) distortion of the first-layer Ge atoms, consistent with a band Jahn-Teller-like distortion.
Coupled Soil-Structure Interaction Effects of Building Clusters during Earthquakes

This study addresses the responses of idealized building clusters during earthquakes, their effects on ground motion, and the ways individual buildings interact with the soil and with each other. W...