cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age-related decreases in GTP-cyclohydrolase-I immunoreactive neurons in the monkey and human substantia nigra.

Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I (GTPCHI) is a critical enzyme in catecholamine function and is rate limiting for the synthesis of the catecholamine co-factor tetrahydrobiopterin. The present study assessed the distribution of GTPCHI immunoreactivity (-ir) within the monkey and human ventral midbrain and determined whether its expression is altered as a function of age. Light and confocal microscopic analyses revealed that young monkeys and humans displayed GTPCHI-ir within melanin-containing and tyrosine-hydroxylase-ir neurons in primate substantia nigra. Stereological counts revealed that there was a 67.4% reduction in GTPCHI-ir neuronal number, a 63.5% reduction in GTPCHI-ir neuronal density, and a 37.6% reduction in neuronal volume in aged monkeys relative to young cohorts. Similar age-related changes were seen in humans, in whom there were significant reductions in the number of GTPCHI-ir nigral neurons in middle age (58.4%) and aged (81.5%) cases relative to young cohorts. The density of GTPCHI-ir neurons within the nigra was similarly reduced in middle-aged (63.0%) and aged (81.8%) cases. In contrast to monkeys, aged humans did not display shrinkage in the volume of GTPCHI-ir nigral neurons. The presence of numerous melanin-positive, but GTPCHI-ir immunonegative, neurons in the aged monkey and human nigra indicates that these decreases represent an age-related phenotypic downregulation of this enzyme and not a loss of neurons per se. These data indicate that there is a dramatic decrease in GTPCHI-ir in nonhuman primates and humans as a function of age and that loss of this enzyme may be partly responsible for the age-related decrease in dopaminergic tone within nigrostriatal systems. J. Comp. Neurol. 426:534–548, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Interpretation of the Attitudinal and Behavioral Effects of Puffery

Although the FTC has increased its activity in the monitoring of deceptive advertising, the law nonetheless continues to recognize most puffery as harmless and permits a firm to argue that a claim is puffery in defense against a charge of fraud or misrepresentation. This paper is designed to explore the view that puffery may be equivalent in impact to literal deception. A review of the relevant theoretical and empirical literature in the areas of expectation creation, attitude formation, and disconfirmation is presented which suggests that puffery achieves its intended impact through a combination of preexposure and postpurchase effects. Specifically, it is argued that puffed claims create high expectations used in attitude and intention formation prior to purchase. The nature of these claims is such that many cannot be disconfirmed after purchase while others are repressed due to the consumer's reluctance to acknowledge discrepancy. Moreover, the initial inflated attitude serves to bolster the postpurchase attitude when the consumer is exposed to and recognizes a negative disconfirmation. Implications of this interpretation for the marketing and legal communities are discussed.
Heart rate variability pattern recognition in ambulatory environments

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in the world. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) has been known as a measure of cardiac electrophysiology that independently predicts sudden death in CHD patients. In this paper, we develop a Poincare encoding based HRV patterns discovering Incremental Artificial neural Network (PHIAN). Long-term Electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings are made in various daily activities under the controlled heart rate and breathing frequency. Incremental training is exploited to achieve the ability to train the classifier model with new data without destroying the previously learned patterns. The hidden layer of the network is updated by new node insertions based on local errors. However, the insertion in the overlapping decision areas has to be stopped when it on longer improves the performance of the classification model. The algorithm effectiveness is finally assessed in terms of classification error in relation to the data set structure and network structure. The results manifest that PHIAN with a satisfactory number of nodes outperforms the previous techniques.
Relationship between gender and knowledge of U.S. state names and locations

Two experiments were conducted to assess gender differences in knowledge of U.S. state names and locations. Subjects for both experiments were drawn from a population that was approximately 95% Caucasian, 2% Native American, 1% Black, 1% Asian, and 1% Hispanic. Experiment 1 demonstrated superior male performance with respect to ability to correctly label state outlines on a blank map. Providing subjects with a list of state names (as a recall aid) resulted in performance deficits that were of equivalent magnitude for both males and females. It is suggested that this may have changed subjects' labeling strategy. Experiment 2, which assessed ability to list state names, showed no gender differences and no effect for providing a blank map (as a recall aid). Therefore, the performance differences obtained in Experiment 1 appear mediated by a gender difference in geographical knowledge and not by a gender difference in knowledge of state names. Implications of geographical knowledge deficits are briefly discussed.
The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993: What Employers Need to Know

This article reviews the most important provisions of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. Topics covered include: effective dates, employer coverage,employee coverage, leave requirements, posting and notice requirements, and damages for employer failure to comply. The article also discusses suggestions to employers on implementing their programs to comply withthe FMLA.
High-PSRR all-digital delay locked loop with burst update mode and power noise damping scheme

The proposed all-digital delay locked loop (DLL) eliminates power noise jitter over all frequency range by combining two methods: Burst update mode and power noise damping filter. The design is fabricated in Hynix's late 30nm DRAM process and tested with DRAM full-chip operations. The jitter of the proposed DLL was measured in a single-para ATE (Automatic Test Equipment). In 1333Mbps, the measured jitter is 34ps at VDD of 1.5V with the operation current of 1.5mA.
Sensitivity of MM5-Simulated Boundary Layer Characteristics to Turbulence Parameterizations

Abstract The sensitivity of high-resolution mesoscale simulations to boundary layer turbulence parameterizations is investigated using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) and observations from two field campaigns. Three widely used turbulence parameterizations were selected for evaluation, two of which [Blackadar (BK) and Medium Range Forecast (MRF) schemes] are simple first-order nonlocal schemes and one [Gayno–Seaman (GS) scheme] of which is a more complex 1.5-order local scheme that solves a prognostic equation for turbulence kinetic energy (TKE). The two datasets are the summer 1996 Boundary Layer Experiment (BLX96) in the southern Great Plains and the autumn 2000 Vertical Transport and Mixing (VTMX) field campaign in the Salt Lake Valley in Utah. Comparisons are made between observed and simulated mean variables and turbulence statistics. Despite the differences in their complexity, all three schemes show similar skill predicting near-surface and boundary lay...
Calculating the variance of the finite rate of population change from a matrix model in Mathematica

Abstract The finite annual rate of population increase ( λ ) is a fundamental demographic parameter that characterizes the relative annual change in animal numbers. Uncertainty in the estimation of λ from demographic population viability analyses (PVAs) has been largely limited to sensitivity analysis, calculating a pseudo-distribution for λ ˆ using Monte Carlo methods, or by use of bootstrap methods. The delta method has been used and suggested by several researchers, but no one has provided the computational means to implement it. In this paper, we present Mathematica code to calculate λ and its variance based on eigenvalue calculations of a Leslie transition matrix. We demonstrate the procedure using data from a Hawaiian hawk ( Buteo solitarius ) study.
The Role of Iron-Deficiency Stress Responses in Stimulating Heavy-Metal Transport in Plants

Plant accumulation of Fe and other metals can be enhanced under Fe deficiency. We investigated the influence of Fe status on heavy-metal and divalent-cation uptake in roots of pea ( Pisum sativum L. cv Sparkle) seedlings using Cd 2+ uptake as a model system. Radiotracer techniques were used to quantify unidirectional 109 Cd influx into roots of Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient pea seedlings. The concentration-dependent kinetics for 109 Cd influx were graphically complex and nonsaturating but could be resolved into a linear component and a saturable component exhibiting Michaelis-Menten kinetics. We demonstrated that the linear component was apoplastically bound Cd 2+ remaining in the root cell wall after desorption, whereas the saturable component was transporter-mediated Cd 2+ influx across the root-cell plasma membrane. The Cd 2+ transport system in roots of both Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient seedlings exhibited similar Michaelis constant values, 1.5 and 0.6 μm, respectively, for saturable Cd 2+ influx, whereas the maximum initial velocity for Cd 2+ uptake in Fe-deficient seedlings was nearly 7-fold higher than that in Fe-grown seedlings. Investigations into the mechanistic basis for this response demonstrated that Fe-deficiency-induced stimulation of the plasma membrane H + -ATPase did not play a role in the enhanced Cd 2+ uptake. Expression studies with the Fe 2+ transporter cloned from Arabidopsis, IRT1, indicated that Fe deficiency induced the expression of this transporter, which might facilitate the transport of heavy-metal divalent cations such as Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ , in addition to Fe 2+ .
Assessing millennial‐scale variability during the Holocene: A perspective from the western tropical Pacific

We investigate the relationship between tropical Pacific and Southern Ocean variability during the Holocene using the stable oxygen isotope and magnesium/calcium records of cooccurring planktonic and benthic foraminifera from a marine sediment core collected in the western equatorial Pacific. The planktonic record exhibits millennial-scale sea surface temperature (SST) oscillations over the Holocene of ~0.5°C while the benthic δ18Oc document ~0.10‰ millennial-scale changes of Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW), a water mass which outcrops in the Southern Ocean. Solar forcing as an explanation for millennial-scale SST variability requires (1) a large climate sensitivity and (2) a long 400 year delayed response, suggesting that if solar forcing is the cause of the variability, it would need to be considerably amplified by processes within the climate system at least at the core location. We also explore the possibility that SST variability arose from volcanic forcing using a simple red noise model. Our best estimates of volcanic forcing falls short of reproducing the amplitude of observed SST variations although it produces power at low-frequency similar to that observed in the MD81 record. Although we cannot totally discount the volcanic and solar forcing hypotheses, we are left to consider that the most plausible source for Holocene millennial-scale variability lies within the climate system itself. In particular, UCDW variability coincided with deep North Atlantic changes, indicating a role for the deep ocean in Holocene millennial-scale variability.
Real-time Performance Monitoring for an Enterprise Information Management System

Enterprise information management systems deal with management of business information within organizations in order to support decision-making processes or day-to-day operations that require the availability of knowledge. The business information from such systems is typically analyzed using monitoring systems that are designed with traditional data-warehouse and batch ETL (extract, transform and load) technologies. Often, the batch nature of such technologies imposes undesirable delays in the visibilities and evaluation of the performance, opportunity, and threats for the rapidly changing business environment. In this paper, we present the architecture and implementation of a business performance monitoring system with real-time monitoring capability for an enterprise information management system that handles electronic contracts. A novel capture, transform, and update process based on database triggers that is capable of incrementally updating the performance data warehouse in real time will be given in detail. To simplify and support real-time data, an effective data model based on database views to combine historical and real time data is introduced in the data store of the monitoring system. An actual implementation of a performance monitoring dashboard will be given to demonstrate the effectiveness and practicability of our architecture.
Statistical Properties and Adaptive Tuning of Support Vector Machines

In this paper we consider the statistical aspects of support vector machines (SVMs) in the classification context, and describe an approach to adaptively tuning the smoothing parameter(s) in the SVMs. The relation between the Bayes rule of classification and the SVMs is discussed, shedding light on why the SVMs work well. This relation also reveals that the misclassification rate of the SVMs is closely related to the generalized comparative Kullback-Leibler distance (GCKL) proposed in Wahba (1999, Scholkopf, Burges, & Smola (Eds.), Advances in Kernel Methods—Support Vector Learning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press). The adaptive tuning is based on the generalized approximate cross validation (GACV), which is an easily computable proxy of the GCKL. The results are generalized to the unbalanced case where the fraction of members of the classes in the training set is different than that in the general population, and the costs of misclassification for the two kinds of errors are different. The main results in this paper have been obtained in several places elsewhere. Here we take the opportunity to organize them in one place and note how they fit together and reinforce one another. Mostly the work of the authors is reviewed.
SOME PROBLEMATIC CASES OF VP ELLIPSIS

It has been widely assumed that VP ellipsis is governed by an identity condition: the elided VP is interpreted as an identical copy of another expression in surrounding discourse. For example, Sag (76) imposes an identity condition on Logical Form representations of VP's. A basic feature of this account is the requirement that a syntactic VP be available as the antecedent. This requirement is reflected in most subsequent accounts as well. In this paper I examine three cases of VP ellipsis in which the antecedent cannot be identified with any VP. These cases, which are illustrated using naturallyoccurring examples, present a fundamental problem for any of the standard approaches. I will argue that they receive a natural treatment in the system I have developed, in which VP ellipsis is treated by storing VP meanings in a discourse model.
DNA Damage Activates the SAC in an ATM/ATR-Dependent Manner, Independently of the Kinetochore

The DNA damage checkpoint and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) are two important regulatory mechanisms that respond to different lesions. The DNA damage checkpoint detects DNA damage, initiates protein kinase cascades, and inhibits the cell cycle. The SAC relies on kinetochore-dependent assembly of protein complexes to inhibit mitosis when chromosomes are detached from the spindle. The two checkpoints are thought to function independently. Here we show that yeast cells lacking the DNA damage checkpoint arrest prior to anaphase in response to low doses of the DNA damaging agent methyl methane sulfonate (MMS). The arrest requires the SAC proteins Mad1, Mad2, Mad3, Bub1, and Bub3 and works through Cdc20 and Pds1 but unlike the normal SAC, does not require a functional kinetochore. Mec1 (ATR) and Tel1 (ATM) are also required, independently of Chk1 and Rad53, suggesting that Mec1 and Tel1 inhibit anaphase in response to DNA damage by utilizing SAC proteins. Our results demonstrate cross-talk between the two checkpoints and suggest that assembling inhibitory complexes of SAC proteins at unattached kinetochores is not obligatory for their inhibitory activity. Furthermore, our results suggest that there are novel, important targets of ATM and ATR for cell cycle regulation.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma in pregnancy

A 37-year-old pregnant woman presented at 18 weeks' gestation with unrelenting chest and shoulder pain, massive pleural effusion, and a large thoracic mass. Biopsy revealed an undifferentiated sarcomatous pleural mesothelioma. Malignant mesothelioma is a rare thoracic malignancy, which has not been described in pregnancy and appears to be minimally affected by the pregnant state.
Direct and indirect relationships between genetic diversity of a dominant grass, community diversity and above-ground productivity in tallgrass prairie

Question Both genetic diversity within a dominant species and species diversity have been shown to affect productivity. However, these two levels of diversity have the potential to affect productivity in similar or opposing ways. Our study assessed direct and indirect relationships between genetic diversity of a dominant grass species and plant community diversity on productivity within a mesic grassland with naturally co-occurring genotypes and species. Location Konza Prairie Biological Station, Kansas, USA (39°05′35″ N, 96°33′31″ W). Methods We conducted a study at two sites (~65 plots per site) in intact tallgrass prairie that have been subjected to frequent (burned 14 times) and infrequent (burned nine times) fire treatments for ~30 yrs. With frequent burning, the dominant C4 grass, Andropogon gerardii, typically has higher abundance; in contrast, infrequently burned sites typically have higher species diversity but lower abundance of A. gerardii. Therefore, we hypothesized that genetic diversity within A. gerardii would have a significant direct relationship with productivity for the frequently burned site due to higher population abundances of A. gerardii overall, whereas species diversity would have a significant direct relationship with productivity for the infrequently burned site. Results Contrary to our predictions, genetic diversity of A. gerardii was not related to above-ground productivity either directly or indirectly via traits, while diversity at the community level had a negative indirect relationship with productivity via a negative effect of A. gerardii abundance on community diversity for both frequently and infrequently burned sites. Conclusions While much of the focus of diversity–productivity research has been on direct relationships between diversity at the community or population level separately, future studies should examine the indirect and potentially interactive effects of both levels of diversity in natural communities.
Excitatory Dentate Granule Cells Normally Contain GAD and GABA, but Does That Make Them GABAergic, and Do Seizures Shift Granule Cell Function in the Inhibitory Direction?

Few subjects in the field of epilepsy research are more actively discussed than the possible defects and disturbances in the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system that might cause epilepsy. The early finding that baby food deficient in vitamin B6 (a cofactor of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD) caused vitamin-reversible seizures provided one of the first clues that seizures might be caused by reduced synthesis of GABA 1, 2. Accordingly, GABA neurons have been alternately proposed to be highly vulnerable or relatively invulnerable after insults known to cause epilepsy 3, 4, and GABA-mediated inhibition is reportedly decreased, increased, lost and recovered, or none of these, in a variety of constantly compared but greatly dissimilar animal models 5. A number of recent articles focused on the seemingly paradoxic idea that the glutamatergic granule cells of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, which are possibly the most lethally excitatory cells in the brain, also may be GABAergic and may shift their functional state in the inhibitory direction after seizures occur 6. If GABA neurons are defined as cells normally expressing GAD and GABA, then granule cells are clearly GABA neurons, but what does that mean when everyone knows that granule cells are excitatory 7? Before diving into the reductionist world of experimental minutiae in which an endless number of possible mechanisms can be argued endlessly, and in which a broad perspective is the first casualty, it may be worthwhile to consider the “big picture.”
Share Prices and Alternative Measures of Earnings Per Share

SFAS No. 128, Earnings Per Share, changes the way publicly held companies measure and report earnings per share. It replaces primary earnings per share with basic earnings per share and fully diluted earnings per share with diluted earnings per share. The FASB's objectives were (1) to respond to the criticism that computations were too complex and (2) to harmonize U.S. financial reports with international standards. We observe that the market values earnings as a meaningful measure of performance. This holds for all three versions of earnings per share. While basic and primary earnings per share appear to be equally useful to investors, we find that the fully diluted earnings per share measure is more informative than either of these two measures. Thus, reporting the effects of dilution appears to be relevant to investors. Our results indicate that the alternative measures are incrementally informative to each other. Furthermore, the new reporting combination of basic and diluted earnings per share explains stock prices as well as the old combination of primary and fully diluted earnings per share. These results suggest that the FASB has achieved its goals of simplification and harmonization with no reduction in usefulness.
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Reactor Analysis: A WEB-BASED REACTOR DESIGN GAME

An approach to explain chemical engineering through a web-based interactive game design was developed and used with college freshman and junior/senior high school students. The goal of this approach was to demonstrate how to model a lab-scale experiment, and use the results to design and operate a chemical reactor. The game incorporates both technical and economic considerations, such as inherent market uncertainty. The procedure that was followed and the student feedback are presented.
Current laboratory approaches to diagnosis of CNS fungal infections.

Brigham & Women’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Microbiology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA *Author for correspondence: Tel.: +1 617 732 7432; Fax: +1 617 732 6083; jlyons5@partners.org **Author for correspondence: Tel.: +1 410 955 5077; Fax: +1 410 614 8087; szhang28@jhmi.edu
Lithospheric records of orogeny within the continental U.S.

In order to better understand the tectonic evolution of the North American continent, we utilize data from the EarthScope Transportable Array network to calculate a three-dimensional shear velocity model for the continental United States. This model was produced through the inversion of Rayleigh wave phase velocities calculated using ambient noise tomography and wave gradiometry, which allows for sensitivity to a broad depth range. Shear velocities within this model highlight the influence of orogenic and postorogenic events on the evolution of the lithosphere. Most notable is the contrast in crustal and upper mantle structure between the relatively slow western and relatively fast eastern North America. These differences are unlikely to stem solely from thermal variations within the lithosphere and highlight both the complexities in lithospheric structure across the continental U.S. and the varying impacts that orogeny can have on the crust and upper mantle.
CLIMATE AND EVOLUTION IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA DURING MIDDLE PLIOCENE TIME

My studies of late Tertiary floras indicate that those of Middle Pliocene age reflect a semiarid climate, milder and warmer than exists at present in the western United States. This climate was of a highly distinctive type for it finds expression in all known Middle Pliocene floras even though vegetation during thi, stage was diversified, changing rapidly in composition with latitude and position with repect to the ocean and mountain ranges. Middle Pliocene climate differed sufficiently from that prevailing earlier in the epoch to have greatly modified vegetation over the western United States. As judged from comparative studies of Pliocene floras, there appears to be good evidence for relatively rapid evolution of both species and vegetation during the middle of this epoch. In order to understand more clearly the nature of midPliocene climate, and to discuss its general implications, itis desirable to review first the outstanding features of Middle Pliocene climate as interpreted from fossil floras of this age in California, the Great Basin and border areas, and the High Plains. With respect to the interpretation of these floras, paleobotanists now consider that most trees and shrubs of late Cenozoic age are essentially identical with the living. Close relationship is indicated not only by details of leaf and seed morphology, but also by the regular association of fossil species in assemblages which are duplicated closely by modern communities. By reference to the present day climate in which similar communities survive, it is possible to infer the former conditions under which equivalent late Tertiary floras lived. In a reconstruction of past climate, analysis is based not so much on the modern occurrence of a particular species as on the assemblages represented in a given flora. This is because individual species, such as the living aspen (Populus tremuloides) or sandbar willow (Salix exigua), are not always restricted in climatic relations and may therefore be untrustworthy as close indicators of climate. Since each late Tertiary flora commonly includes members of two or more communities whose modern counterparts are confined to climate which may be defined within rather narrow physical limits, each flora can be considered as an indicator of climate. Interpretation on this basis provides insight into the conditions under which vegetation lived during late Tertiary time (Chaney, 1938a).
Using interdisciplinary teams to develop comprehensive integrated digital marketing communication campaigns

The need for interdisciplinary experiences has been well documented by policymakers, governmental agencies, higher education stakeholders and major funding organizations. The goal of these groups has been to encourage higher education to incorporate interdisciplinary educational experiences so that students are ready to solve complex problems that often require a range of skillsets that are not available in one discipline. Higher education needs to explore ways to incorporate interdisciplinary work into its curriculum. This paper describes a one-semester course, Knacktive, which incorporates a highly select group of undergraduate students that replicates the intense teamwork atmosphere of a technology-oriented, professional marketing communication agency. As an interdisciplinary learning opportunity, Knacktive melds students from six disciplines into an interactive, team-based course facilitated by faculty members from five departments, across two colleges. The paper describes the course organization, industry involvement, the course outcomes and lessons learned from this interdisciplinary project.
Solid organ transplant antibiograms: an opportunity for antimicrobial stewardship.

Abstract Objectives We aimed to compare the antimicrobial susceptibility percentages in blood and urine bacterial isolates recovered from solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients with those reported in the hospital-wide antibiogram. Methods Retrospective review of the antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial isolates recovered from SOT recipients at a 1550-bed hospital over a 2-year period. Antibiograms were categorized by anatomic site (blood and urine). Percentage of bacterial susceptibilities to specific antibiotics were compared with the hospital-wide antibiogram. Results A total of 1889 unique cultures were identified. Blood and urine isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had significantly lower susceptibility to first and second line antibiotics compared to the hospital-wide antibiogram. Conclusion Significant differences in susceptibilities between isolates from blood and urine cultures from SOT recipients and the hospital-wide antibiogram were found. A population-based strategy for the development of antibiograms specific for this group of high-risk patients could better guide appropriate empiric antimicrobial selection.
Review: The Chicago Schoolhouse: High School Architecture and Educational Reform, 1856–2006 by Dale Allen Gyure; Das Klassenzimmer vom Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts bis heute / The Classroom: From the Late 19th Century until the Present Day by Thomas Müller and Romana Schneider; Small Wonder: The Little Red Schoolhouse in History and Memory by Jonathan Zimmerman

Dale Allen Gyure The Chicago Schoolhouse: High School Architecture and Educational Reform, 1856–2006 Chicago: Center for American Places at Columbia College, Chicago, distributed by University of Chicago Press, 2011, 294 pp., 81 b/w illus. $40, ISBN 9781935195191 Thomas Muller and Romana Schneider Das Klassenzimmer vom Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts bis heute / The Classroom: From the Late 19th Century until the Present Day Tubingen, Germany: Ernst Wasmuth Verlag, 2011, 304 pp., 400 color and 400 b/w illus. $65, ISBN 9783803033482 Jonathan Zimmerman Small Wonder: The Little Red Schoolhouse in History and Memory Icons of America series, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009, 233 pp., 13 b/w illus. $26 (cloth), ISBN 9780300123265 All of a sudden, architectural historians are thinking about schools. I hope this is evidence of a new trend to document educational landscapes, because for too long, far too long, places made for children to learn (and live and play) have received short shrift from our scholarly community. The encouraging evidence of interest includes a new history of children’s spaces in Denmark, several of open-air schools in Europe, and one study of British schools.1 In the United States, architectural historians have started to consider spaces for children, including in this journal.2 But the absence of book-length works on school design in the U.S. is puzzling, because schooling is the central experience of modern children and schools the central site where modern childhood is lived. For many reasons, the social construction of childhood changed in the nineteenth century, prompting parents to treasure children for their emotional contribution to family life and child savers to insist kids deserved to learn and play, rather than work. The transition was not easy or smooth, but as education came to be the job of every child, communities built public schools and hired architects to design many of them. Imagine the extent of this public works project, as important as any other in shaping a modern nation. Architects, some well known, others less so, designed buildings that, coupled with compulsory education, fulfilled the state’s interest in teaching children to read, write, and calculate. In the nineteenth century, this significant claim on the public purse demanded construction of hundreds of thousands of buildings in the U.S., from one-room schools in the country to grammar and high schools in cities and suburbs, and the manufacture of huge quantities of equipment, including desks. Immediately, these and other artifacts showed the cultural landscape of public education to be …
Separating NBTI and PBTI effects on the degradation of Ring Oscillator frequency

Ring Oscillators (RO) have traditionally been utilized to assess the effect NBTI transistor degradation on operating frequency. RO stress results are difficult to interpret for technologies with metal gates and high-k dielectrics, since the circuit degrades from both NBTI in PFETs and PBTI in NFETs. We have successfully designed and tested specialized circuits that separate the contribution of each BTI mechanism on RO frequency degradation. Because of their simplicity, these structures are suitable for early learning in the development cycle.
Non-destructive evaluation of polyolefin thermal aging using infrared spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is an information-rich method that reveals chemical bonding near the surface of polymer composites. FTIR can be used to verify composite composition, identify chemical contaminants and expose composite moisture content. Polymer matrix changes due to thermal exposure including loss of additives, chain scission, oxidation and changes in crystallinity may also be determined using FTIR spectra. Portable handheld instruments using non-contact reflectance or surface contact attenuated total reflectance (ATR) may be used for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of thermal aging in polymer and composite materials of in-service components. We report the use of ATR FTIR to track oxidative thermal aging in ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) materials used in medium voltage nuclear power plant electrical cable insulation and jacketing. Mechanical property changes of the EPR and CPE materials with thermal degradation for correlation with FTIR data are tracked using indenter modulus (IM) testing. IM is often used as a local NDE metric of cable jacket health. The FTIR-determined carbonyl index was found to increase with IM and may be a valuable NDE metric with advantages over IM for assessing cable remaining useful life.
Corn Snake, Elaphe guttata, Eggs Predated Under Laboratory Conditions by Polyphagous Dipteran Larvae of the Family Phoridae

ABSTRACT In the wild, reptile nests are often predated, parasitized or scavenged. However, such events under controlled, artificial conditions are rare. In 1996, three clutches of com snake, Elaphe guttata, (43 eggs) were infested by dipteran larvae of the family Phoridae. Of these, 42 eggs were predated and the 43rd egg produced a single fully developed, stillborn embryo. This is the first reported case of snake egg predation by fly larvae. Invertebrates may infest reptile clutches for several reasons. These may include the nutritional value of eggs for developing larvae environmental condition for oviposition (i.e., a warm, moist microclimate). Three techniques are suggested for preventing invertebrate infestations from incubation m aterials. In addition, recommendations on sanitation are provided to reduce its occurrence in captivity. Veterinarians and herpeto-culturists should be aware of the negative effects of such infestations and be knowledgeable on how to minimize or prevent their occurrence.
Themes Arising in Group Therapy for Adolescents With Cancer and Their Parents

The introduction of a diagnosis such as cancer to an adolescent confounds an already stressful existence, as chronically ill adolescents face the same developmental tasks and challenges as healthy adolescents. Understanding and enhancing the unique coping strategies employed by teenagers is an important method to improve adjustment to cancer. Through two series of group therapy sessions for adolescents with cancer and their parents we discovered four primary challenges that adolescent cancer survivors face as well as various strategies that they use to cope with these challenges.
The Present State of the Philosophy of Science

The reason I have chosen to present this survey is that I always find it difficult to present my own views on any specific topic, and I wish to explain this difficulty somewhat. My views are those of an apostate and one from the school of Sir Karl Popper, who was for long little known and less understood yet whose popularity is now rising somewhat. I find it hard to assume my audience to be sufficiently familiar with Popper’s views to enable me to proceed to criticize him without much explanation and offer modifications to his ideas as I would wish to do. I shall soon present some gross misconceptions of Popper’s views which, I feel, I have to clear beforehand. But there is a more serious obstacle than mere misconceptions. Those who are familiar with Popper’s views are often defenders of the majority views; this is to be expected of course, yet it causes for me no small difficulty. I am always wary of being taken as a critic of Popper from the majority’s viewpoint (from the right, as it were) whereas, in fact, if I at all enter the debate between Popper and the majority I am so much on Popper’s side that my disagreement with him becomes negligible. This is, of course, no enviable position either. I confess I have myself found it amusing that, say, members of different religious camps unite against the threat of agnosticism; yet, this amusement is only just when aimed at some petty politics of a disagreement; otherwise it is perfectly reasonable that Catholic and Protestant should view differences between their views as secondary compared with what they share in opposing the agnostic.
Significance of speciation in group D streptococcal bacteremia

Group D streptococci from 44 bacteremic patients were speciated. Twenty-two of the isolates wereStr. faecalis, 11 wereStr. bovis, 6Str. faecium, 3Str. equinus, and one eachStr. avium andStr. durans. There was a significant correlation between the species, the presence of endocarditis, the antibiotic susceptibility of the organism and the mortality.
Paleoarchean Gneisses in the Minnesota River Valley and Northern Michigan, USA

Abstract Paleoarchean to Mesoarchean gneisses are exposed in the Minnesota River Valley (MRV) and in northern Michigan, USA. The MRV rocks include a complex of granitic migmatites, schistose to gneissic amphibolite, metagabbro, and paragneisses. The best-known units are the Morton gneiss and the Montevideo gneiss. U–Pb geochronology for the MRV rocks shows that they have a long and complex history, with initial crystallization at c.3500 Ma and other igneous events at c.3420 Ma, c.3385 Ma, and c.3140 Ma. Many gneisses are clearly now mixtures of material formed, probably by both tectonic and magmatic processes, during at least the first three of these events. Hf and Nd isotopic systematics suggest derivation from precursor material that had resided in the crust for at least 100 m.y. prior to 3500 Ma and further demonstrate closed-system melting and remelting for about 1000 m.y. The ancient gneisses were intruded by synkinematic granite at 2603 Ma and by syenogranite and aplite at 2590 Ma, igneous events likely related to granulite facies metamorphism recorded in paragneisses and events related to suturing of the MRV terrane to the Superior craton. Rocks exposed in northern Michigan include tonalitic gneiss and granite. Although they are less well-studied, the tonalitic gneiss is c.3600 Ma and a late-granitic intrusion is c.2650 Ma. Thus, the two terranes are similar and were probably once continuous, constituting a major feature on the southern margin of the Superior craton. Similarly ancient rocks are known on the northern margin of, and within, the Superior craton. Thus, the MRV rocks were likely a crustal component that was sutured to the Superior Province during the 2.6 Ga Sacred Heart Event.
Critical Theory as Social Justice Pedagogy

Education is not a neutral phenomenon that takes place in an ideological vacuum. Rather, education is characterized by social and political contestations that have led to educational inequalities, especially among marginalized communities. This chapter argues about the role and importance of critical theory in combating educational and social inequalities that are perpetuated through school curriculum and educational policy and practice. This, I argue, is important to help our educational institutions achieve the goal of teaching toward social justice education. First, I explain the origins of critical theory, its proponents, and its meaning and understanding of school curriculum in the twenty-first century. Second, I discuss the relationship between critical theory and social justice education. Put differently, I argue about the contributions and the importance of critical theory in creating a socially just curriculum that can eliminate the long-standing educational inequalities in our public schools.
Craniocervical approach: Transcervical

The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) is a deep, anatomically complex region that is affected by a wide variety of pathologies. As a result, surgical approaches must be tailored to allow the surgeon to safely and effectively achieve appropriate surgical objectives. Currently, the transoral-transpharyngeal approach is most commonly used to reach the anterior CVJ. It can be modified with a Le Fort osteotomy or transmandibular osteotomy and circumglossal approach to expand the working area, particularly for large tumor resections. However, significant morbidities associated with traversing the oral cavity could occur in this approach, including postoperative bacterial meningitis, especially in the setting of intraoperative dural tears, the need for tracheostomy, pharyngeal wound dehiscence, dysphasia, changes in phonation, airway impairment, and suboptimal cosmetic outcomes. Recently, Wolinksy et al. described an anterior transcervical approach to the CVJ, which allowed for ventral brainstem and spinal cord decompression as well as odontoid resection while avoiding the oral cavity altogether. When combined with endoscopy, neuronavigation, and intraoperative fluoroscopy, the transcervical approach allows access to the ventral CVJ with the decreased risk of bacterial meningitis or other complications associated with a transoral or transnasal approach. In this chapter, we aim to describe the techniques, indications, advantages, and limitations of the anterior transcervical craniocervical approach.
Prevalence and clinical characteristics of inappropriate myocardial perfusion imaging tests at a community hospital

Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a cornerstone for the diagnosis and management of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the persistence of inappropriate MPI tests as documented by meta-analyses undermines their clinical utility.1 Inappropriate MPI tests reduce diagnostic accuracy and increase false-positive results that can subject patients to unnecessary invasive procedures with additional risks, including radiation exposure, renal insufficiency and bleeding.2 3 Indirect effects at our hospital include prolongation of waiting time for procedures and referrals (currently 5 months for outpatient MPI) and consumption of limited healthcare resources ($350–$500 per test)4 in a predominately uninsured population.5 Inappropriate tests led to more than $500 million of additional costs in 2010 alone.6 To address these challenges, cardiovascular societies promulgated appropriate use criteria (AUC) for MPI, and Congress directed the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to consider AUC in reimbursement decisions.7 Risk calculators that emerged from these efforts are useful to identify appropriate patients who may benefit from MPI tests but remain underused. To investigate the utility of this approach, we evaluated …
Leveraging existing high-occupancy vehicle lanes for mixed-autonomy traffic management with emerging connected automated vehicle applications

Transportation agencies have started including phased deployment of connected and automated vehicle (CAV) technologies in their transportation plans and programs. While theoretical analyses have in...
Development and Application of Response Curve Library for Asymmetric Fault Recovery Process of Intermittent Power Generation Equipment

Facing the challenges of global energy resources, environmental pollution and so on, Large-scale development and utilization of clean energy is imperative. Clean energy has a strong intermittent characteristics, The simulation analysis of the faults and the recovery process of this kind of equipment also need to be carried out in large numbers. In order to meet the large-scale asymmetric fault in intermittent power generation equipment recovery curve simulation results of the process data storage requirements, the development of a rapid retrieval simulation curve library a massive data oriented, successfully applied to the simulation results of the process of data storage.This paper studies the data preprocessing, data compression, data indexing technology, efficient memory database technology, the real-time memory database of mass storage data of historical documents in the library data cache to efficient operation, so as to realize the rapid retrieval simulation curve database for massive data.
Kant and the Provisionality of Property

The problem of the provisionality of private law in Kant is an enduring philosophical and interpretive puzzle. Kant seems to claim both that ownership interests in objects, choices, and statuses are actual rights even in a state of nature and that such rights are only grounded in the civil condition. For the purposes of this paper I will focus on ownership interests in objects (Sachenrecht), which itself bears a problematic relationship to modern theories of property law (to which it is often too hastily assimilated). If Kant shares the general problem of the modern concept of property, his solution to that problem is unique and distinctive of the German social condition in the Sattelzeit period (1770–1830). Two features of that period are central to understanding Kant’s view on provisionality. First, the practical problem of ownership rights is not that of determining the boundaries of exclusive titles, but rather of disentangling and reweaving a complex set of ownership relations. Second, the relevant contrast to which the state of nature versus civil condition distinction refers is not a contrast between a situation of no political authority and one with political authority. It is, rather, a contrast between a society which had many different political authorities and one in which only the state had political authority.
Estimating brown bear abundance and harvest rate on the southern Alaska Peninsula.

Abundance estimation of hunted brown bear populations should occur on the same geographic scale as harvest data analyses for estimation of harvest rate. Estimated harvest rates are an important statistic for managing hunted bear populations. In Alaska, harvest data is collected over large geographic units, called Game Management Units (GMUs) and sub-GMUs. These sub GMUs often exceed 10,000 km2. In the spring of 2002, we conducted an aerial survey of GMU 9D (12,600 km2) and GMU 10 (4,070 km2) using distance sampling with mark-resight data. We used a mark-resight distance sampling method with a two-piece normal detection function to estimate brown bear abundance as 1,682.9 (SE = 174.29) and 316.9 (SE = 48.25) for GMU 9D and GMU 10, respectively. We used reported hunter harvest to estimate harvest rates of 4.35% (SE = 0.45%) and 3.06% (SE = 0.47%) for GMU 9D and GMU 10, respectively. Management objective for these units support sustained, high quality hunting opportunity which harvest data indicate are met with an annual harvest rate of approximately 5–6% or less.