cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Categorical habituation to male and female faces: Gender schematic processing in infancy**

Experiment 1 used an infant-controlled habituation procedure to assess 5-, 7-, 9-, and 12-month-old infants' ability to discriminate pictures of adult male and female faces categorically. The 9-and 12-month-old groups habituated to a series of male or female faces, generalized habituation to a new face of the same sex, and dishabituated when shown an opposite-sex face, showing discrimination of male and female faces as separate categories. Use of an individual criterion to determine which infants in each group showed this effect indicated that a proportion of infants at each age were capable of making the discrimination categorically. In Experiment 2, the stimuli were altered so that different groups of 12-month-olds saw men and women pictured with unisex clothing, the women pictured with short hair, or the women pictured with short hair and both sexes pictured with unisex clothing. Decrements in categorical responding were significant only when both hair and clothing were altered. Individually, a proportion of infants in each group demonstrated categorical recognition of male and female faces despite the changes in the stimuli. These findings indicate that by 1 year of age, infants have incipient categories for men and women, and that these categories may include information about sex-typical hair length and clothing styles.
Anticipation and the artificial: aesthetics, ethics, and synthetic life

If complexity is a necessary but not sufficient premise for the existence and expression of the living, anticipation is the distinguishing characteristic of what is alive. Anticipation is at work even at levels of existence where we cannot refer to intelligence. The prospect of artificially generating aesthetic artifacts and ethical constructs of relevance to a world in which the natural and the artificial are coexistent cannot be subsumed as yet another product of scientific and technological advancement. Beyond the artificial, the synthetic conjures the understanding of aesthetics and ethics no longer from the perspective of the How? type of question, but rather the Why? Given the current infatuation with synthetic biology (i.e., making life from non-life), there is a practical consequence to such considerations. Synthetic life, as any other form of life, implies the possibility of evolution. Anticipation, which is the underlying factor of evolution, is thus expected. At the level of human existence, anticipation is expressed, for instance (but not exclusively), in aesthetic forms and ethical values. This translates, in turn, into an argument for the role aesthetics and ethics play in the process. Consequently, to qualify as life, the synthesis of the physical and the living will have to efficiently handle ambiguity. Current computational facilities, regardless of their nature or performance, operate exclusively in the semiotic domain of the well defined non-ambiguous.
Diameter-dependent coloration of silver nanowires

Silver nanowires were synthesized with a green method and characterized with microscopic and diffractometric methods. The correlation between the colors of the nanowires deposited on a solid substrate and their diameters was explored. Silver nanowires that appear similar in color in the optical micrographs have very similar diameters as determined by atomic force microscopy. We have summarized the diameter-dependent coloration for these silver nanowires. An optical interference model was applied to explain such correlation. In addition, microreflectance spectra were obtained from individual nanowires and the observed spectra can be explained with the optical interference theory. This work provides a cheap, quick and simple screening method for studying the diameter distribution of silver nanowires, as well as the diameter variations of individual silver nanowires, without complicated sample preparation.
Effect of clonidine and chlorpromazine on centrally evoked electrodermal responses and their interaction with yohimbine

Abstract Both clonidine and chlorpromazine reduced the amplitude of electrodermal responses (EDR) evoked by stimulation of the hypothalamus at a constant submaximal frequency (10–16 Hz). The ED 50 for clonidine was approximately 5 μg/kg and that for chlorpromazine was about 1 mg/kg. Yohimbine pretreatment (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) antagonized the effects of clonidine but did not alter the effectiveness of clorpromazine in inhibiting these responses. Yohimbine alone was without effect on these sympathetic-cholinergic responses. These results suggest that clonidine and chlorpromazine depress central sympathetic reactivity by different mechanisms.
Binding of Steroid Hormones by the 105,000 x g Supernatant Fraction from Homogenates of Rat Skin and Variations during the Hair Cycle*

Abstract Binding for testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, estradiol-17β, and progesterone by the 105,000 x g supernatant fraction of homogenates of rat skin was demonstrated by equilibrium dialysis. The binding ability was pH-dependent (maximum binding for 5α-dihydrotestosterone at pH 7.5) and was destroyed after heating at 60° for 5 min. The content of soluble proteins in rat skin was found to increase and decrease cyclically with the growing (anagen), transition (catagen), and resting (telogen) phases of the hair cycle, and in anagen the content was about twice that in telogen. Binding for testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol-17β also fluctuated cyclically. Maximum binding for testosterone was in catagen, and for 5α-dihydrotestosterone and estradiol-17β in telogen. Minimum binding for both androgens was in mid-anagen, whereas for estradiol-17β was in late telogen or early anagen. Binding for progesterone was demonstrable but did not show remarkable variation. Gel filtration through Sephadex G-200 estimated the molecular weight of the binding protein for 5α-dihydrotestosterone at about 9 x 104, while that for estradiol-17β was about 5 x 104.
Strategic Ambidexterity in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Implementing Exploration and Exploitation in Product and Market Domains

Balancing exploration and exploitation is a critical challenge that is particularly difficult for smaller, nascent organizations that lack the resources, capabilities, and experience necessary to successfully implement ambidexterity. To better understand how small and medium-sized enterprises achieve ambidexterity, we develop theoretical arguments that link organizational performance to strategic combinations of exploration and exploitation in both product and market domains. We test the hypotheses with a longitudinal study in a dynamic industry that combines objective measures of competition, firm size, age, and revenue performance with self-reported measures of product and market exploration and exploitation. The empirical results offer new insights with respect to several tensions at the heart of the ambidexterity challenge: (1) pure strategies that combine product exploration with market exploration or product exploitation with market exploitation have complementary interaction effects on revenue, (2)...
Comparing the Performance of the Optical Glucose Assay Based on Glucose Binding Protein with High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Electrochemical Detection: Efforts to Design a Low-Cost Point-of-Care Glucose Sensor

Background: The glucose binding protein (GBP) is one of many soluble binding proteins found in the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria. These proteins are responsible for chemotactic responses and active transport of chemical species across the membrane. Upon ligand binding, binding proteins undergo a large conformational change, which is the basis for converting these proteins into optical biosensors. Methods: The GBP biosensor was prepared by attaching a polarity-sensitive fluorescent probe to a single cysteine mutation at a site on the protein that is allosterically responsive to glucose binding. The fluorescence response of the resulting sensor was validated against high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with pulsed electrochemical detection. Finally, a simple fluorescence reader was built using a lifetime-assisted ratiometric technique. Results: The GBP assay has a linear range of quantification of 0.100–2.00 μM and a sensitivity of 0.164 μM -1 under the specified experimental conditions. The comparison between GBP and HPAEC readings for nine blind samples indicates that there is no statistical difference between the analytical results of the two methods at the 95% confidence level. Although the methods of fluorescence detection are based on different principles, the response of the homemade device to glucose concentrations was comparable to the response of the larger and more expensive tabletop fluorescence spectrophotometer. Conclusions: A glucose binding protein labeled with a polarity-sensitive probe can be used for measuring micromolar amounts of glucose. Using a lifetime-assisted ratiometric technique, a low-cost GBP-based micromolar glucose monitor could be built.
Simple algorithms for approximating the complex envelope in terms of real samples

The sampled complex envelope of a waveform may be approximated by using linear combinations of two or more successive real samples as complex samples. Simple algorithms are adequate in the case of bandwidths up to about 50 percent. In certain signal processing applications the use of such algorithms permits a reduction in costs by eliminating demodulators.
Optimizal Design and Control Strategies for Novel Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Fuel Cell Systems: Part II of II—Case Study Results

Innovative energy system optimization models are deployed to evaluate novel fuel cell system (FCS) operating strategies, not typically pursued by commercial industry. Most FCS today are installed according to a “business-as-usual” approach: 1) stand-alone (unconnected to district heating networks and low-voltage electricity distribution lines), 2) not load following (not producing output equivalent to the instantaneous electrical or thermal demand of surrounding buildings), 3) employing a fairly fixed heat-to-power ratio (producing heat and electricity in a relatively constant ratio to each other), and 4) producing only electricity and no recoverable heat. By contrast, models discussed here consider novel approaches as well. Novel approaches include 1) networking (connecting FCSs to electrical and/or thermal networks), 2) load following (having FCSs produce only the instantaneous electricity or heat demanded by surrounding buildings), 3) employing a variable heat-to-power ratio (such that FCS can vary the ratio of heat and electricity they produce), 4) co-generation (combining the production of electricity and recoverable heat), 5) permutations of these together, and 6) permutations of these combined with more “business-as-usual” approaches. (The detailed assumptions and methods behind these models are described in Part I of this article pair. Reprinted from Part 1, TABLE 1 below summarizes twelve novel operating strategies investigated by the models.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Anakinra and related drugs targeting interleukin-1 in the treatment of cryopyrin- associated periodic syndromes

Anakinra is an interleukin (IL) receptor antagonist that works by blocking the biological activity of IL-1 by competitively inhibiting binding of IL-1 to the type 1 interleukin receptor. IL-1 production is induced in response to inflammatory stimuli and mediates various physiological mechanisms, including inflammation and immunological reactions. Patients with neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID) produce excess IL-1 β, a major proinflammatory cytokine that regulates innate immune responses. Anakinra binds competitively and this results in a rapid reduction in disease severity. NOMID, also known as chronic infantile neurologic, cutaneous, articular syndrome, is the most severe clinical phenotype in the spec- trum of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes. It is characterized by cutaneous symptoms, arthropathy, and central nervous system involvement. Extensive studies in patients with NOMID have led to advances in characterizing the extent of organ-specific involvement and damage that occurs with chronic overproduction of IL-1β. NOMID is caused predominantly by mutations in the NLRP3/CIAS1 gene that encodes for the protein cryopyrin, leading to activation of the "NLRP3 inflammasome complex". This in turn regulates the maturation and secretion of the inflammatory cytokine, IL-1 β. The clinical value of IL-1β has been demonstrated by the positive response of patients after treatment with anakinra, with rapid improvement in clinical symptoms, markers of inflammation, and a significant decrease in major organ manifestations.
Racial differences in fibroid prevalence and ultrasound findings in asymptomatic young women (18-30 years old): a pilot study

Objective 1) To determine the prevalence of fibroids in asymptomatic young black and white women (ages 18–30 y); 2) to determine other differences in uterine and adnexal anatomy; and 3) to obtain preliminary data for sample size calculations. Design Pilot cross-sectional study. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) One hundred one nonparous black and white women, ages 18–30 years, with no known diagnosis of fibroids or clinically suggestive symptoms. Intervention(s) A transvaginal ultrasound was performed in the follicular phase in all subjects. Main Outcome Measure(s) 1) Presence of fibroids; 2) endometrial thickness; 3) ovarian findings. Result(s) Of the 101 participants (mean age 24.5 ± 3.5 y), 43% self-identified as black and 57% as white. The prevalence of ultrasound-diagnosed fibroids was 15% overall (26% in black women and 7% in white women). The mean fibroid size was 2.3 ± 2.1 cm. There was a significant difference in endometrial thickness between races, even after adjusting for contraception use and fibroid presence. Conclusion(s) Racial differences in fibroid prevalence exist even before women become symptomatic. Findings of thicker endometrium in black women could have clinical implications and warrants further investigation.
Transcriptional Profiling of Equine Endometrium During the Time of Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy

Establishment and maintenance of pregnancy are critically dependent on embryo-maternal communication during the preimplantation period. To gain new insights into this complex process in the horse, transcriptional profiling of Day 13.5 pregnant and cyclic endometrial tissue samples was carried out using custom-designed microarrays. Selected array data were validated using quantitative RT-PCR, and proteins of interest were localized using immunohistochemistry. One hundred and six transcripts were up-regulated, whereas 47 transcripts showed lower expression levels in pregnant mares, that is, were down-regulated in pregnant mares. Half of the genes with known or inferred function are classically regulated by estrogens. Elevated transcript levels were found for genes involved in cell-cell signaling, heat shock response, and secretory proteins, among others. Solute carrier family 36 (proton/amino acid symporter), member 2, SLC36A2, was one of the most highly up-regulated genes, potentially reflecting the nutritional needs of the rapidly developing embryo. Among the genes showing lower expression in pregnant mares, estrogen receptor 1 was of particular interest because of its potential involvement in the initiation of luteolysis in cyclic mares. We hypothesize that either conceptus' estrogens or luteinizing hormone of uterine origin is involved in the observed down-regulation of estrogen receptor 1. Several of the genes identified in the current study are known to play a role in early pregnancy in species other than the horse. Thus, products of these commonly expressed genes likely contain universal activities for controlling endometrial receptivity to the conceptus, whereas other factors play unique roles within specific species in ensuring ongoing corpus luteum function. This is the first systematic study of endometrial transcriptome changes in response to the presence of an embryo during maternal recognition of pregnancy and an important step toward deciphering the embryo-maternal dialogue in equids.
Perspectives on Depression Among Black Americans

Although research shows a prevalence of depression among black as well as white Americans, black Americans do not seek or receive treatment to an equal extent. Social workers should become better educated about depression and develop skills in recognizing this illness. Outreach efforts are needed to increase black Americans' awareness of depression and of the availability of treatment. Through development of ethnically sensitive mental health services and through working relationships with physicians, social workers can contribute to the identification of depressive symptoms, which can help avoid misdiagnosis.
Hydrologic response of a Hawaiian watershed to future climate change scenarios

The impact of potential future climate change scenarios on streamflow and evapotranspiration (ET) in a mountainous Hawaii watershed was studied using the distributed hydrology soil vegetation model (DHSVM). The hydrologic response of the watershed was simulated for 43 years for different levels of atmospheric CO2 (330, 550, 710 and 970 ppm), temperature (+1.1 and + 6.4 °C) and precipitation (±5%, ±10% and ±20%) on the basis of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR4 projections under current, B1, A1B1 and A1F1 emission scenarios. Vegetation leaf conductance and leaf area index were modified to reflect the increase in CO2 concentration. The relative departure of streamflow and ET from their levels during the reference scenarios was calculated on a monthly and annual basis. Results of this study indicate that the streamflow and ET are less sensitive to changes in temperature compared with changes in precipitation. However, temperature increase coupled with precipitation showed significant effect on ET and streamflow. Changes in leaf conductance and leaf area index with increasing CO2 concentration under A1F1 scenario had a significant effect on ET and subsequently on streamflow. Evapotranspiration is less sensitive than streamflow for a similar level of change in precipitation. On the basis of a range of climate change scenarios, DHSVM predicted a change in ET by ±10% and streamflow between −51% and 90%. From the six ensemble mean scenarios for AR4 A1B, simulations suggest reduction in streamflow by 6.7% to 17.2%. These reductions would produce severe impact on water availability in the region. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AGING AND THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS

Knee OA in the older adult is often the result of multiple factors, some of which are intrinsic to the joint tissues and related to aging and others, such as obesity, which are extrinsic and influence the rate of development and severity of the disease. Obesity and quadricep weakness are factors that may be modifiable. The focus in managing patients with knee OA should not only be centered on the improvement of pain but also improvement in function. A combination of simple analgesics and nonpharmacologic measures, including exercises to strengthen the knee extensors, should be employed. Patients also can benefit from aerobic exercises, such as a walking or swimming program and strategies for joint protection. When medications are needed, the least toxic drugs possible should be used given the increased susceptibility of older adults to unwanted side effects.
Experience, Coherence, and Culture: The Significance of Dilthey's 'Descriptive Psychology' for the Anthropology of Consciousness

This paper explores Dilthey's "descriptive psychology "and its significance for the anthropology of consciousness. To do justice to the complexities of Dilthey's project a significant portion of the paper is devoted to an exposition of the basic tenets of his"descriptive psychology." Most notably, his views on"experience,""aconsciousness,""introspection,"and"objectified mind"are discussed before turning to examine his concept of the"acquired psychicnexus." After outlining these basic tenets the paper turns to explore how Dilthey's "descriptive psychology"can serve to shed light on current anthropological research on the experience of pain. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of the contemporary relevance of Dilthey's project as it explores how his ideas may further inform current theoretical perspectives in anthropology about the relationship between consciousness, culture, and experience.
Commentary: psychiatric advance directives at a crossroads--when can PADs be overridden?

Current statutes enabling psychiatric advance directives (PADs) typically include provisions allowing override of patients’ choices by treatment staff. Lest the purpose of the PAD be vitiated by too broad an application of the override mechanism, its use should be carefully limited. In inpatient settings, voluntary patients should have the right to decline treatments in advance, although not an absolute right to demand treatments of their choosing. The situation of involuntary patients is more complex. Permitting PADs to trump commitment statutes would undercut the combined parens patriae/police power rationale for commitment, a path taken currently by no U.S. jurisdiction. Moreover, PADs should not be permitted to negate the usual mechanisms for involuntary treatment of committed patients; to do otherwise risks forcing facilities to confine indefinitely persons they cannot treat. Even in those circumstances, however, where PADs provide evidence of reasonable patient preferences (e.g., for one medication over another), the choices they embody should be respected.
Commentary. Health and Behavior CPT Codes: An Opportunity to Revolutionize Reimbursement in Pediatric Psychology

Recently accepted codes in the Current Procedural Terminology system permit licensed pediatric psychologists to deliver psychological services utilizing billing codes that focus on improving medical and physical health. They potentially allow pediatric psychologists to obtain third-party reimbursement for services within a biopsychosocial model of care without requiring a concurrent psychiatric diagnosis. These codes represent a potential major paradigm shift whereby the services of a pediatric psychologist are provided and billed within the context of physical health care. Information is provided on the history of these codes along with detailed information regarding their utilization. Future directions for implementation, teaching, and research are provided along with a strong encouragement for use of these codes by pediatric psychologists.
The Motivational and Transfer Potential of Disassemble/Analyze/Assemble Activities

Background Reverse engineering and product dissection, more broadly termed Disassemble/Analyze/Assemble (DAA) activities, have been a regular practice in industry. The systematic analysis of the benefits of these activities for learning and instruction is, however, a relatively recent phenomenon. A number of studies have provided highly descriptive accounts of curricula and possible learning outcomes of DAA activities, but relatively few have compared participants performing DAA activities to a control group doing more traditional activities. Purpose (Hypothesis) A study was designed to investigate the relative potential of DAA activities to motivate students and promote transfer, the ability for students to apply or adapt their knowledge to develop novel solutions. It was hypothesized that students who engaged in the DAA activity would be more motivated and would demonstrate greater transfer of knowledge. Design/Mscethod A within-subjects experiment, counterbalanced for order of treatment, was conducted with 290 first-year engineering students to compare a DAA activity to a more traditional step-by-step laboratory activity for potential effects on learning and motivation. Results The DAA activity elicited significantly higher ratings of learning, enjoyment, and perceived helpfulness than traditional instruction. On a redesign task, a significantly higher frequency of students showed transfer from the DAA activity than from the traditional instructional activity. Conclusions DAA activities may offer a potential solution to the challenge of poor instruction, a cited cause of discontentment among undergraduates in STEM. They have the potential to motivate and to facilitate the transfer of knowledge.
Use of a modified ovate pontic in areas of ridge defects: a report of two cases.

UNLABELLED A modified design for ovate pontics is proposed to achieve the esthetic, functional, and hygienic requirements for fixed partial dentures. This design should aid the clinician in preparing the edentulous area, thus resulting in less discomfort for the patient because little to no ridge augmentation is required. The same emergence profile can be developed as with the classic ovate pontic design. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE A modified ovate pontic has the following advantages: excellent esthetics because it produces a correct emergence profile; fulfilled functional requirements; greater ease of cleaning as compared with the ovate pontic; an effective air seal, which eliminates air or saliva leakage; the appearance of a free gingival margin and interdental papilla; elimination or minimization of the "black triangle" between the teeth; and little or no ridge augmentation required prior to the final restoration.
Server selection with delay constraints for online games

Improving latency is the key to a successful online game-playing experience. With the use of multiple servers along with a well-provisioned network it is possible to reduce the latency. Given a network of servers, game clients, and a desired delay bound, we have designed algorithms to determine the subnetwork of servers whose cardinality is minimal. We have considered the cases wherein the subnetwork architecture is a client-server and a peer-to-peer. We have also provided exhaustive empirical evaluations of our algorithms and compared their performance with the optimum. Experimental results show that our polynomial-time algorithms could find good solutions quickly.
Troubling the edTPA: Illusions of Objectivity and Rigor

AbstractHigh-stakes, standardized teacher performance assessments (TPAs) are dramatically shifting the landscape of educator preparation. In this article, we examine illusions of objectivity and rigor embedded in edTPA, focusing on the reductive nature of standardized teacher assessments and the corrosive impact of the burgeoning TPA industry. We assert that TPAs corrupt the preparation process by discouraging authentic, multifaceted, longitudinal evaluations of candidate readiness, thereby undermining the very rigor and accountability they purport to ensure.
Physiological measurement of luminal stirring in perfused rat jejunum

Poor stirring of intestinal contents yields a preepithelial diffusion barrier that is thought to be the rate-limiting step in absorption of many compounds. In many previous studies, the resistance of this barrier is equal to an unstirred water layer of 300-800 micron. Using three probes, CO, glucose, and [14C]warfarin, we measured the preepithelial resistance in a 30-cm segment in rats that were 1) conscious, 2) anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, or 3) anesthetized and laparotomized. Measurements with each of the probes showed that the maximal preepithelial resistance in conscious rats was equivalent to an unstirred layer of only approximately 100 micron. Anesthesia roughly doubled this resistance, and anesthesia and laparotomy caused a sixfold increase (unstirred layer of approximately 600 micron). We conclude that the luminal stirring is much more efficient than previously has been appreciated. The very thick jejunal unstirred layers reported previously (300-800 micron) reflect the results of studies performed under nonphysiological conditions or studies employing inappropriate techniques to measure luminal stirring.
Basis-image reconstruction directly from sparse-view data in spectral CT

In the work, we investigate the feasibility of using sparse data from spectral CT systems with multiple data sets. We develop an optimization-based reconstruction method that may avoid the limitations of standard data-based decomposition methods in spectral CT, such as overlapping rays and dense angular sampling. We generated data from two distinct diagnostic range kVp spectra based on two non-overlapping cone-beam CT scanning geometries. Realistic noise level is added to the data. In specific, we employ the constrained total-variation minimization reconstruction program with beam-hardening-corrected adaptives-teepest-descent-projection-onto-convex-sets algorithm and apply to the full and sparse data for directly reconstructing basis images. Results indicate that images reconstructed from sparse data can be visually comparable to those from full data, with both free of beam-hardening artifacts, demonstrating the feasibility of the sparse data acquisition in spectral CT with multiple data sets for potentially reducing radiation dose.
Procedure for Bioassaying the Sex Attractant of the Boll Weevil

A newly developed laboratory bioassay procedure showed that male boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, produce an air-borne pheromone that is attractive to females. In 1- and 16-hour tests when weevils were preconditioned by 3 different treatments, significantly more females responded to males than to females. When callow adult weevils were removed from the rearing medium before they made contact with other insects, response of females to males increased significantly over those having such contact. In 1-hour tests a slight response of males to males was observed and significantly fewer males responded to females than to other males.
A reduction in the knee adduction moment with medial thrust gait is associated with a medial shift in center of plantar pressure

The knee adduction moment (KAM) is an established marker of compartmental load distribution across the tibiofemoral joint. Research suggests a link between the magnitude of the KAM and center of plantar pressure (COP) thus alterations in the two may be related. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the COP predictably shifts when the KAM is reduced through a gait adaptation. Twenty healthy adults underwent gait analysis walking with their normal gait pattern and with medial thrust gait, a gait adaptation known to significantly reduce the KAM. Simultaneous COP and 3-D kinetics were acquired to allow for a comparison of the change in COP to the change in the KAM. The COP was quantified by determining a customized medial-lateral pressure index (MLPI) which compares the COP tracing line during the first and second halves of stance to the longitudinal axis of the foot. Linear regressions assessing the association between the changes in KAM and MLPI indicated that 48.3% (p=0.001) of the variation in MLPI during the first half of stance can be explained by the KAM during the same period. A trend was observed between the association between the KAM and MLPI during the second half of stance (R(2)=0.16, p=0.080). Backwards elimination regression analysis was used to explore whether simultaneous consideration of the KAM and other potential confounding factors such as sagittal plane knee moments and speed explained variance in the MLPI during the first half of stance. Only the KAM exhibited explanatory power (β=0.695, p=0.001). During medial thrust gait, a reduction in the KAM was associated with a medial shift in the MLPI, and an increase in the KAM was associated with a lateral shift in the MLPI, especially in the first half of the stance phase. Together, these results demonstrate an inherent link between foot pressure and the KAM during medial thrust gait, and suggest that manipulating foot pressure may be a biomechanical mechanism for an intervention designed to improve loading conditions at the knee.
Awareness and health behavior of community women about breast cancer control in Shanghai City

[Objective]To understand the present situation of awareness and health behavior of community women about breast cancer control.[Methods]Adopting the questionnaire of rural women on breast cancer and cerical carcinoma according to" The Implementation Plan of Screening Breast Cancer among Rural Women in Shanghai City",1989 women aged 35-59 years in the town of Zhangyan of Jinshan District were surveyed by questionnaire.[Results]The knowledge levels of the different signs and symptoms of breast cancer were significantly different.The knowledge levels of tumor in the breast(49.37%)were significantly higher than the knowledge levels of rough shin(12.12%)and hollow on breast skin(8.60%),fluid on the nipple and the tumor under the armpits(5.63%),when suffering from breast cancer,the differences were significant(χ2 =1628.863,P0.05).The rate of healthy behavior about preventing breast cancer was lower among community women.The rate of cancer self-examination,clinical palpation,B-ultrasound and X-ray mammography examination was 2.87%,2.16%,1.81% and 0.15%,respectively.The differences were significant(χ2 =46.064,P0.01).[Conclusion]The positive meaning of early detection of breast cancer lies in health education and effective screening.The health education,knowledge levels and health behavior improvement about breast cancer control play an important role in health promotion and early screening of breast cancer in community.
Screening of sensors for deterioration of tilapia quality using electronic nose system

The odor information of vacuum-packed tilapia during refrigerated storage were captured by electronic noses,its recognition sensors and the feature extraction were analyzed based on fish quality change,to aim at screening the suitable sensor types and feature extraction for distinguishing fish quality.The results showed that the response signal of some sensors increased with the enhancement of the odor concentration during the storage,which fish freshness was decreased gradually.The signal of 40~42 s was stable,and was more consistent with quality change trends,it could be used for feature extraction;the sensors types with good linear relationships of quality indictors were obtained by using correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis;these screened sensors and feature extraction were used for pattern recognition,it could well distinguish different fish quality grades,indicating that the screening conditions of sensors could be used for quality determination.
A Generalization and Application of Gronwall-Bellman Inequality

In this paper,we extend Gronwall Bellman inequality, and give its application in a differential dynamic system.
Sky segmentation in the wild: An empirical study

Automatically determining which pixels in an image view the sky, the problem of sky segmentation, is a critical preprocessing step for a wide variety of outdoor image interpretation problems, including horizon estimation, robot navigation and image geolocalization. Many methods for this problem have been proposed with recent work achieving significant improvements on benchmark datasets. However, such datasets are often constructed to contain images captured in favorable conditions and, therefore, do not reflect the broad range of conditions with which a real-world vision system must cope. This paper presents the results of a large-scale empirical evaluation of the performance of three state-of-the-art approaches on a new dataset, which consists of roughly 100k images captured "in the wild". The results show that the performance of these methods can be dramatically degraded by the local lighting and weather conditions. We propose a deep learning based variant of an ensemble solution that outperforms the methods we tested, in some cases achieving above 50% relative reduction in misclassified pixels. While our results show there is room for improvement, our hope is that this dataset will encourage others to improve the real-world performance of their algorithms.
Two-plaque-size variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus differing in neutralization by guinea-pig antisera.

SUMMARY The antigenic characteristics of 2 plaque-size variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus were studied by scrum neutralization kinetics. Although antigenically related and of the same serotype and strain, each variant could be specified by its homologous guinea-pig antiserum; the homologous strain was neutralized more rapidly than the heterologous strain.
Functional appliances: a mortgage on mandibular position.

It is a popular article of faith that clinicians and academics are polar opposites. In recent years, the supposed chasm separating town and gown has been the subject of aggrieved letters to the editor and embarrassing, intemperate comments at meetings. The seemingly eternal none of contention is the standard of proof necessary to the conduct of a rational clinical practice.
Structural alterations of the myocardium induced by chronic work overload.

When the heart is subjected to a stress which produces an increased work load, which may be either volume or pressure overload, the usual response of the otherwise normal myocardium is an increase in mass. Cardiac enlargement is generally considered to be due to an increase in cell size, that is, hypertrophy, rather than to an increase in cell number, or hyperplasia. Linzbach (34) has proposed, however, based on morphometric studies of hypertrophied human hearts, that when a certain critical size is reached, then cellular hyperplasia occurs. This hypothesis has not been adequately tested in experimental animals since the presently available models for production of hypertrophy seldom produce even a twofold increase in myocardial mass, the critical size of Linzbach. With cellular hypertrophy, however, there is an increased number of organelles, implying that there has been an “organelle hyperplasia” (25).
Continous Measures Taken over Time

Table 6.1 displays the results of exercise testing for 40 angina patients in a crossover study comparing drug A to placebo. Patients were given four exercise tests:
Biological Sonar and the World of Bats

The study of echolocating bats represents a major triumph in attempts to elucidate the neural basis of behavior. An elegant and comprehensive picture has emerged. It encompasses the entire auditory system from cochlea to cortex, and shows many of the mechanisms that allow these animals to form percepts of the external world through their sense of hearing.
Marriage and Parenthood on Classical Period Bronze Mirrors: The Case of Latva and Tuntle

The scenes that enhanced the reverse sides of the Etruscans’ bronze mirrors were not just a form of entertainment. Rather, mirror iconography provided elite Etruscans of both genders with a range of ideas to ponder as they fashioned their appearances daily within the domestic sphere. During the 4th century BCE, the number of depictions of parents drawn from the broad Hellenic repertoire known to the Etruscan aristocracy soars. Two individuals who stand out as particularly popular were Latva (Leda) and Tuntle (Tyndareos), who appear in the context of a specifically Etruscan narrative known as the “Delivery of Elinai’s (Helen’s) Egg.” This study focuses on the social significance of these scenes and the messages they imparted through their compositional structure and the various attributes of the characters depicted. It is suggested that they can be read as promoting positive paradigms of marriage and parenthood that served as enduring inspirations for the mirrors’ users and viewers. DOI:10.2458/azu_jaei_v10i1_carpino
Imaging Functional Networks With MRI

This chapter builds on the previous chapter that introduced the basics of magnetic resonance imaging (chapter: Imaging Structural Networks With MRI ). First, we will discuss the coupling between neurons and the vascular system that is the source of the signals measured with fMRI. Then we will review the main fMRI acquisition and data analysis strategies, including their advantages and limitations.
Comparison of SISCOM, STATISCOM and MIMneuro for seizure localization

35 Objectives Ictal-interictal subtraction SPECT with co-registration to MRI provides a valuable non-invasive method to locate seizure-onset zone. Both conventional subtraction methods (e.g. SISCOM) and statistical parametric mapping (SPM)-based methods (e.g. STATISCOM) have been employed to aid epilepsy pre-surgical work-up. Among them, SPM methods accounting for normal variation between two SPECT scans have been shown to provide better localization. However, SPM-based methods require specialized programming tools and are more complex to use than subtraction methods. Commercial software packages that are more easily integrated into the clinical practice are now becoming available. The current study compares SISCOM, STATISCOM, and a commercial package, MIMneuro (MIM Software), which uses both cluster analysis and statistical differences in co-registered images, in epilepsy patients. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 378 patients who underwent ictal/interictal Tc99m-ECD SPECT scans. 28 patients were identified who had SPECT and MRI data sufficient for image analysis, surgical resection of the suspected epileptogenic site and follow-up for at least one year. Hyper- and hypo-perfusion SPECT images were analyzed and co-registered to MR images using SISCOM, STATISCOM and MIMneuro. SISCOM analysis was performed with a z-score of 1.5 and 2, respectively. STATISCOM tool compared difference images with normal controls using an unpaired 2-sample t-test. MIMneuro was performed with a camera resolution of 7 mm and no additional smoothing. A blind review tool was built to randomly present a set of co-registered hyper- and hypo-perfusion images in the same coordinates and color scales. Two observers, blinded to all clinical information except radiotracer injection timing and brief scalp EEG findings, marked up to 2 regions of the most prominent hyper- and hypo-perfusion with confidence ratings. Resection site was used as a reference to calculate the sensitivity of each analysis method. Results The averaged sensitivity of STATISCOM was 85.7%, followed by MIMneuro (83.9%), both of which were superior to SISCOM with a z-score of 2 (67.9%) and 1 (51.8%). When based on the observers’ first choice of seizure localization, all sensitivities decreased with STATISCOM and MIMneuro remaining the highest (both 75.0%). MIMneuro yielded the best inter-observer agreement between the two observers (kappa=0.816), while kappa score was 0.742 for STATISCOM, 0.517 for SISCOM with a z-score of 2, and 0.441 for SISCOM with a z-score of 1.5. The averaged confidence rating was 2.5, 2.3, 1.6 and 1.1 for STATISCOM, MIMneuro, SISCOM with a z-score of 2 and 1.5, respectively. In addition, on a standard windows 7 workstation (Intel Core i5-4300U CPU and 8GB of RAM), processing time per patient took about 3-4 min with MIM Neuro, and took 10-15 min with STATISCOM. Conclusions STATISCOM and MIMneuro showed better localization and higher inter-observer agreement compared to SISCOM. MIMneuro took less computation time than STATISCOM and provided further benefit to clinical workflow.
Scalable parallel self-assembly of nanoparticle anti-reflection coatings

Abstract Here we report a simple, inherently parallel, and scalable bottom-up approach for fabricating nanoparticle anti-reflection coatings on large glass substrates. Negatively charged silica nanoparticles are electrostatically adsorbed onto a surface-functionalized glass substrate with positive surface charges to form a disordered monolayer nanoparticle coating. Systematic experiments have been conducted to optimize the critical process parameters, including the dispersing dielectric media, nanoparticle concentration of the colloidal suspensions, and the coating time, that significantly affect the uniformity and the anti-reflection properties of the final coatings. Specular reflection and transmission measurements demonstrate that good anti-reflection performance (with 99%) can be achieved by the self-assembled nanoparticle coatings. This innovative technology also enables the simultaneous coating of multiple 5-in.-sized glass substrates with high and reproducible qualities. Importantly, we combine experiments with theoretical calculations to address a fundamental question faced by the fabrication of monolayer nanoparticle-based anti-reflection coatings — what is the optimal nanoparticle surface area coverage for best anti-reflection performance? Our optical simulations based on a rigorous coupled-wave analysis model indicate that the optimal nanoparticle coverage is ~ 60% which is readily achievable by this electrostatics-assisted bottom-up technology.
Willingness to Use Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): An Empirical Test of the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) Model among High-Risk Drug Users in Treatment

Evidence from recent pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) trials has demonstrated its safety and efficacy in significantly reducing the risk of HIV acquisition for those who are at considerable risk of acquiring HIV infection. With a rapid increase in the amount of research on the efficacy of PrEP for HIV prevention, complementary research on the willingness to use PrEP has grown, especially among MSM, but limited research has been focused among people who use drugs (PWUD). As part of the formative process, we utilized the information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model of health behavior change to characterize and guide intervention development for promoting willingness to use PrEP among high-risk PWUD. The analysis included 400 HIV-negative high-risk PWUD enrolled in a community-based methadone maintenance treatment who reported drug- and/or sex-related HIV risk behaviors in the past 6-months. Analyses revealed support for the IMB model as PrEP-related behavioral skills were found to mediate the influence of PrEP-related information and motivation on willingness to use PrEP. The results provide evidence as to the utility of the IMB model to increase willingness to use PrEP among high-risk PWUD. It therefore makes an important contribution to our understanding of the applicability of theoretically-grounded models of willingness to use PrEP among high-risk PWUD, who are one of the key risk populations who could benefit from the use of PrEP.
Dis/possessive collectivism: Property and personhood at city’s end

Abstract This article uses the case of anti-eviction politics to examine the urban land question. Following the ideas and practices of the Chicago Anti-Eviction Campaign and its global interconnections, it traces the potentialities and limits of poor people’s movements as they battle displacement and enact a politics of emplacement. In doing so, it seeks to expand existing understandings of dispossession. Drawing on critical race studies and postcolonial theory, the article pays attention to the relationship between property and personhood in the context of long histories of racial exclusion and colonial domination. It asks: what politics of home and land is possible outside the grid of secure possession and sovereign self? The work of the Chicago Anti-Eviction Campaign points to how various modes of collectivism can be asserted through practices of occupation as well as through global frameworks of human rights. Challenging the secure categories of property and personhood through which liberalism is constituted, such politics is attuned to the present history of racial banishment but is also subject to aspirations of resolution and possession.