cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cupules and the creation of the Tewa Pueblo world

[Resesarch Article] Stone cupules remain an enigma to archaeologists due to both their ubiquity in the archaeological record and apparent ‘non-utilitarian’ function. While researchers have primarily focused on the functional aspects of cupules, including their symbolic meaning, the global ethnographic record suggests that the act of creating a cupule can be as important as the resulting cupule itself. Cupules are artefacts of practice and reflect the actions, representation, and negotiations of people who were pounding on boulders and bedrock. I argue that cupule studies should move beyond ahistorical interpretation and acknowledge that the action and intentionality of creating cupules – and the resulting material remains of these practices – are subject to historical change. To illustrate this change I examine the history of the Tewa Pueblos of northern New Mexico who historically pounded cupules on landscape features to communicate with the spiritual world through prayers and offerings. I document both the morphology and landscape context of cupules associated with ancestral Tewa sites to demonstrate that while elements of cupule morphology remain constant, the context (and possibly the meaning) of cupule practice changes through time. This suggests that long-lived practices of prayer (creating cupules) were reinterpreted in the crucible of dramatic social and residential transformation.
The DataQ Story

EDITOR'S SUMMARY Longstanding frustration about the single-purpose use of valuable data led author Andrew Johnson to a career in librarianship, a focus on scientific data curation and, ultimately, creation with colleague Megan Bresnahan of the DataQ project. Johnson's concerns about research data management being a silo within the profession were overcome with the realization that many librarians, especially those at smaller institutions, saw the need for effective curation but felt untrained and unequipped to deal with it. DataQ was established as a service and resource for library personnel to ask questions on data curation and learn through expanding group knowledge. Launched in August 2015, the project draws on a team of 15 editors and additional support members and has been widely and positively received. Funding by the Institute of Museum and Library Services, the Greater Western Library Alliance and others will help expand the effort to provide an important service to the library community.
The discovery of hatching and transition to feeding young by male Mountain Bluebirds

In many bird species, only females incubate the eggs, but both sexes feed nestlings. The means by which males of such species discover hatching and transition to feeding their offspring remains almost completely unexplored. Of particular interest are species with nests whose contents are concealed from view. During June and early July 2015 in the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming, we used continuous video-recording of nests of cavity-nesting Mountain Bluebirds (Sialia currucoides) to document the transition to feeding young by males. We saw no evidence that females used distinct vocal or visual displays to signal hatching to males. Observing mates carrying eggshells away from, or food into, nest boxes did not appear to trigger provisioning by males. Rather, at all 24 nests observed, males did not begin feeding until they had come to nest boxes and presumably sensed the presence of hatchings directly. Individual males varied, however, in both the manner in which they inspected nest contents and the number of times they did so before starting to feed young. Although most males fully entered nest boxes where they could see, touch, hear, and possibly smell hatchlings (or eggshell parts), other males may have detected hatchlings only by sound or possibly smell while perched at a nest-box entrance. Based on past studies of mice and doves, we suggest that, for provisioning behavior to begin, some kind of direct sensation of offspring may be necessary to activate relevant neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus of males, an area of the brain important in parental care. Additional research is necessary to test this, and to examine the effects of factors such as hormone levels and breeding experience on the means and rapidity by which males discover hatching and transition to nestling provisioning.
Scaling Far from Thermal Equilibrium

Patterns and flows far from thermal equilibrium such as interfacial growth1,2 and fluctuations in sandpiles3 have been shown to exhibit scaling in both their spatial and temporal behaviour. Similar scaling behaviour has been known to exist in fully developed turbulent flows in both the inertial and dissipative regimes for well over half a century4. These diverse phenomena are united by the fact that they are all describable by a special class of non-linear partial differial equations.
Competition for Resources Among Consumers

In the previous chapter we examined growth of populations whose reproductive rate was constant. In nature, the rate of population growth very often varies. If r varies randomly, a population may become extinct or, alternatively, suffer enormous increases in abundance, since the reproductive potential of any species is capable of producing very large numbers of new individuals. Since few environments are overwhelmed by living organisms, there must be mechanisms that inhibit increase in abundance as density increases. This, in brief, is the theory behind the logistic equation,* first suggested by P. F. Verhulst in 1838 and later derived independently by R. Pearl and L. J. Reed in 1920 (Hutchinson, 1978). The logistic equation is $$dN/dt = rn(K - N)/K,$$ (4–1) which is the exponential growth equation modified by a factor (K - N)/K that reduces dN/dt as the number of individuals (N) increases and approaches the carrying capacity of the particular environment (K). This results in a sigmoid pattern of population growth, in which N has a smooth, decelerating approach to K.
A Comparison of Anterior and Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusions: Complications, Readmissions, Discharge Dispositions, and Costs.

Study design Retrospective database review. Objective To understand medical complication rates, readmission rates, costs, and discharge dispositions in anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIFs) versus transforaminal lumbar interbody fusions (TLIFs)/posterior lumbar interbody fusions (PLIFs) for lumbar degenerative disease. Summary of background data Indications for ALIFs versus PLIFs can vary, though benefits of anterior approach surgery include full access to the anterior column and ability to place fusion devices. Methods The PearlDiver Database of Medicare records was utilized for this retrospective database review. A study group consisting solely of ALIF procedure patients was selected for. Similarly, a TLIF/PLIF group was selected for. Both groups were queried for comorbidities, 30 and 90-day complication and readmission rates. Additionally, discharge dispositions, and in-hospital/30-day/90-day Medicare reimbursements were determined. Results At both 30 and 90 days postoperatively odds of ileus, wound infection, and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis were significantly increased in the ALIF. However, unadjusted rates and adjusted odds of transfusion or dural tear were significantly decreased in the ALIF patients. Odds of 30-day readmission were 4 times higher in ALIF patients. Additionally, 30 and 90-day total costs of care in ALIF patients were significantly increased by approximately $4800 and $5800 respectively, as compared with patients undergoing TLIF/PLIF. Conclusion Despite higher initial routine discharge rates, readmissions and costs of postoperative care were significantly increased in ALIF procedures. It is necessary to evaluate etiology of degenerative pathology as ALIFs are successful solutions to anterior translational instability and anterior disc slippage, but may not have the best long-term outcomes and may not be cost-effective compared with a TLIF/PLIF. In light of our data, it is important to assess the risks and benefits of the varying approaches, and the necessity to access the anterior column, when deciding on surgical technique to treat lumbar degenerative pathology. Level of evidence 4.
A Second Western Atlantic Species of Vitularia (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

In 1967 the writer reported the occurrence of the gastropod Vitularia in the Pinecrest Beds of southern Florida. This marked the first knowledge of the genus in the western Atlantic fauna, the only previously known New World species being from the eastern Pacific. Consequently, it was with great delight that a second western Atlantic species was recognized in collections made during the Summer, 1976, in the Gurabo Formation of the Dominican Republic.
Mn-Fe systematics in major planetary body reservoirs in the solar system and the positioning of the Angrite Parent Body: A crystal-chemical perspective

A revised diagram plotting the Fe/Mn ratio of pyroxene and olivine verses the anorthite content of plagioclase indicates that the Angrite Parent Body originated from a solar system reservoir with a similar Mn-Fe signature to that from which the Earth was derived. The major difference in terrestrial and angritic basalts is the extreme volatile depletion (particularly Na and K) in the latter. Considerable research and publication has been focused on angrite meteorites, which are among the oldest objects in the solar system (~4.56 Ga; Keil 2012). These meteorites include a silica-undersaturated mafic mineral assemblage. The identity and location of their parent body is still unknown and widely debated. Our new work on angrites SAH 99555, LEW 86010, NWA 10463, LEW 87051, and Angra dos Reis focused on olivine and is interpreted in the context of existing pyroxene and plagioclase data sets. This paper improves the “Mn-Fe in olivine and anorthite content of plagioclase tool for planetary parentage” specifically targeted at finding members of the angrite group of meteorites.
Review of Clinical Next-Generation Sequencing.

Context.— Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a technology being used by many laboratories to test for inherited disorders and tumor mutations. This technology is new for many practicing pathologists, who may not be familiar with the uses, methodology, and limitations of NGS. Objective.— To familiarize pathologists with several aspects of NGS, including current and expanding uses; methodology including wet bench aspects, bioinformatics, and interpretation; validation and proficiency; limitations; and issues related to the integration of NGS data into patient care. Data Sources.— The review is based on peer-reviewed literature and personal experience using NGS in a clinical setting at a major academic center. Conclusions.— The clinical applications of NGS will increase as the technology, bioinformatics, and resources evolve to address the limitations and improve quality of results. The challenge for clinical laboratories is to ensure testing is clinically relevant, cost-effective, and can be integrated int...
Clinical features and prognosis of patients with isolated severe aortic stenosis and valve area less than 1.0 cm2

Objective Current guidelines define severe aortic stenosis (AS) as an aortic valve area (AVA)≤1.0 cm 2 , but some authors have suggested that the AVA cut-off be decreased to 0.8 cm 2 . The aim of this study was, therefore, to better describe the clinical features and prognosis of patients with an AVA of 0.8–0.99 cm 2 . Methods Patients with isolated, severe AS and ejection fraction ≥55% with an AVA of 0.8–0.99 cm 2 (n=105) were compared with those with an AVA 2 (n=155) and 1.0–1.3 cm 2 (n=81). The endpoint of this study was a combination of death from any cause or aortic valve replacement at or before 3 years. Results Patients with an AVA of 0.8–0.99 cm 2 group comprised predominantly normal-flow, low-gradient (NFLG) AS, while high gradients and low flow were more often observed with an AVA 2 . The frequency of symptoms was not significantly different between an AVA of 0.8–0.99 cm 2 and 1.0–1.3 cm 2 . The combined endpoint was achieved in 71%, 52% and 21% of patients with an AVA of 0.8 cm 2 , 0.8–0.99 cm 2 and 1.0–1.3 cm 2 , respectively (p 2 , NFLG AS was associated with a lower hazard (HR=0.40, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.68, p=0.001) of achieving the combined endpoint with outcomes similar to moderate AS in the first 1.5 years of follow-up. Patients with high-gradient or low-flow AS with an AVA of 0.8–0.99 cm 2 had outcomes similar to those with an AVA 2 . The sensitivity for the combined endpoint was 61% for an AVA cut-off of 0.8 cm 2 and 91% for a cut-off of 1.0 cm 2 . Conclusions The outcomes of patients with AS with an AVA of 0.8–0.99 cm 2 are variable and are more precisely defined by flow-gradient status. Our findings support the current AVA cut-off of 1.0 cm 2 .
Virtual and augmented reality for mechanism motion modeling in technical applications

This paper presents the activities of our team to study and to establish a configuration for technical applications of a mechanism motion modeling using virtual and augmented reality. It is also presented a constraint-based methodology for reconstructing the 3D motion given image observations. For that we used the virtual and augmented reality to modeling and to analyze the moving of a mechanism in education and technical applications.
Isolation and provisional identification of plasma membrane populations from cultured human retinal pigment epithelium.

We have attempted to isolate samples of apical and basal-lateral plasma membranes from cultured fetal human RPE. Cells from confluent, dome-forming cultures were disrupted with a Dounce apparatus. Nuclei and melanin granules were sedimented by centrifugation at 2600 g for 10 min. The supernates were layered over gradients of 17.5-65% sorbitol and centrifuged at 122,000 g for 5 hr. Fractions were grouped into "density windows" on the basis of their biochemical marker contents. Na,K-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase overlapped but did not precisely parallel one another, suggesting associations with two partially separated membrane populations; in density window I, alkaline phosphatase was enriched 4.3-fold, and Na,K-ATPase was enriched 1.7-fold, whereas in window II the corresponding enrichment factors were 7.7 and 6.7. These markers were well resolved from a mitochondrial marker, but they were overlapped by endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi markers. Additional density gradient centrifugations, performed after samples had been suspended in 55% sorbitol, further separated alkaline phosphatase- and Na,K-ATPase-containing membranes from endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes, yielding alkaline phosphatase and Na,K-ATPase cumulative enrichment factors of 6.8 and 2.5 for the sample from window I and 9.3 and 10.9 for the sample from window II. Subsequent phase partitioning analysis of the sample from window I further enriched an alkalinephosphatase-rich membrane population, which is believed to represent the RPE basal-lateral membranes. The sample from density window II contained two membrane populations, both enriched in Na,K-ATPase, alkaline phosphatase, and galactosyltransferase, and both of which appear to be derived from the apical plasma membrane. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting confirmed a correlation between Na,K-ATPase catalytic activity and Na,K-ATPase alpha subunit immunoreactivity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:863-878,1990
Origin of the Extant Text of the Dimension of the Circle

On the basis of the texts P, T, and S, presented in the preceding chapter, we can recover the probable form of the source version in accordance with the following plan. Where P and T are in verbatim agreement, they must both be transcribing the source P*; but where they are significantly divergent, as in their handling of the convergence arguments, the source must have been tacit, leaving the commentators to their own resources to supply what is missing. Where T seems merely to be touching up the phrasing we read in P, I presume that P transmits a more faithful version of P*. As for the additions in T absent from P, they are for the most part to be assigned to Theon. In general, S confirms this reconstruction, by tending to agree with P and T where they agree, and by diverging where they diverge. But in the case of line [h], which is present in T, but absent from P, its standing in S indicates that it must have been present in P*. Similarly, line [t], present in T but absent from P, seems implied by S: [u], so that [t] is likely to have appeared in P*.
Molecular Beam Epitaxy of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

Abstract Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are a class of layered materials of significant interest due to their scalability and thickness-dependent electrical and optical properties. The growth of these materials by molecular beam epitaxy has enabled high purity films and novel heterostructures. The weak van der Waals bonding between successive layers of these TMDs enables the growth of these heterostructures with minimal concern for lattice mismatch and the subsequent strain common in epitaxial growth. This field of “van der Waals epitaxy” has grown substantially in recent years primarily focusing on understanding the growth kinetics and materials physics of TMDs. In this chapter, we will discuss the fundamental nature of these materials, their nucleation and growth, optimal growth conditions, and the ability to form complex heterostructures with other layered materials with no misfit dislocations despite significant lattice mismatch.
John Locke and the Limits of Religious Liberty: Marriage License Refusal, Religious Freedom Laws, Vaccine Refusal, Contraception Mandate Exemptions, and Ultrasound Requirements

Nearly two hundred fifty years into its existence, the American polity faces a conundrum over a core founding principle: religious liberty. Multiple debates have emerged over the extent and limits ...
Impact of Trade Policies from the Stakeholder Perspective: A Case Study of Car Manufacturing Industries in Malaysia

Through facilitative efforts by AFTA, the Malaysian government has entered into trade agreements with other ASEAN member states. The current body of literature provides a general understanding of the effects of trade policies on developing nations, but it does not provide specifics, such as how those trade policies affect a given industry or even a specific developing nation. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of the AFTA trade liberalization policies on Malaysia’s automotive industry. A case study was conducted using the triangulation of empirical statistical data collected from secondary sources, an analysis of policy documents, and from qualitative interviews conducted with consumers, automotive industry workers, and experts in the automotive industry or in the realm of policy analysis and trade politics. The Malaysian government entered into trade agreements out of a desire to protect domestic industry, with a focus on protecting the automotive industry. However, these trade agreements have not always worked in Malaysia’s favour, and the country has experienced challenges as a result of the trade policies in the region. While economic growth has been high for the past several decades, the automotive industry is still developing, and the country is still classified as a developing nation. Results indicated that consumers had the lowest level of awareness of these policies even though they were some of those that were the highest effected because of the implementation of those policies. Synthesis of data from the analysed interviews indicated that the results of Malaysia’s entry into AFTA on the automotive industry have been both deep and far reaching, but that no one group is aware of all of the effects of those trade agreements, or that the trade agreements have resulted in positive changes for the country as a whole. Keywords — Malaysia, automotive sector, stakeholder perspectives
Allene epoxidation. Oxidative cyclizations of allenyl alcohols.1

Abstract The dimethyldioxirane oxidation of various allenic alcohols yields highly functionalized tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydropyran derivatives via intramolecular nucleophilic addition of the hydroxy group to an intermediate allene diepoxide.
Improving Low-Bandgap Tin–Lead Perovskite Solar Cells via Contact Engineering and Gas Quench Processing

Low-bandgap Sn/Pb ABX3 perovskites have reached photovoltaic power conversion efficiencies >20%, but they usually have poor stability due to the common use of acidic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene...
Education and Human Capital Development among Geographically Isolated Regions and Marginalized Groups in Kenya

In the wake of independence, most governments in developing African countries invested in creating human capital aimed at increasing a working force for developing, newly formed nations. Education was not only seen as the most viable means to social and economic development but also as a panacea to a plethora of many other sociocultural, political, and economic problems. However, girls from many geographically isolated regions and marginalized groups from these locales continue to experience poverty, poor education, and extenuating health concerns. There is, therefore, not only need to continue with the development debates, especially for girls’ education but to also substantiate inequalities within geographic regions and populations within countries, down to within households and for specific individuals, to address development inequalities.
Comparative performance studies of turning 4140 steel with TiC/TiCN/TiN-coated carbide inserts using MQL, flooding with vegetable cutting fluids, and dry machining

This paper presents an experimental machining study of turning medium carbon alloy steel 4140 on Haas CNC turning center with TiC/TiCN/TiN-coated carbide inserts under different lubricating conditions. Cutting speed and feed rate were controlled at three different levels while a constant depth of cut is employed throughout the entire experimental study. The cutting fluid used in the study was produced from a genetically modified soybean oil and is hence biodegradable, renewable, less toxic, and sustainable to the environment. The three lubricating conditions tested in the study were dry, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) (40 mL/min), and flood (1.3 L/min) conditions. With cutting speed and feed rate being control variables and cutting lubricate condition as noise factor, in total, 27 experimental runs were conducted according to Taguchi’s L9 (34) orthogonal array. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA found that feed rate is a significant factor impacting surface roughness while cutting speed does not impact tool wear due to the range of speeds selected and use of coated insert. This study also concludes that dry condition generates the best result as the applications of cutting fluid in flood or MQL format did not generate significantly better surface roughness and lower tool wear. This implies that cutting fluids may be eliminated with careful selection of cutting parameters and tooling materials.
Paleomagnetic results from Upper Triassic and Middle Jurassic strata of east-central New Mexico, and implication for North American apparent polar wander path

Abstract Two apparent polar wander (APWP) paths for North America (NA) diverge during the Jurassic. The path based on paleomagnetic results from igneous rocks of eastern NA, well-dated Ontario kimberlites, and carbonates and radiolarites of Adria (northern Italy - transformed to NA coordinates) has a large gap at high latitude, which could document rapid plate motion or True Polar Wander. The APWP from coeval NA sedimentary rocks define a lower-latitude, more continuous path. The discrepancy between the two paths has been attributed to inclination error (IE) from deposition and compaction of the sediments. New paleomagnetic results from Upper Triassic (Garita Creek, Trujillo, and Redonda Formations) and Middle Jurassic (Entrada, Summerville, and Lower Morrison Formations) sedimentary units of east-central New Mexico have positive reversal and fold tests, which indicate their magnetization, mostly carried by detrital hematite, is primary. Interpretation of noisy and non-linear demagnetization paths was facilitated by a smoothing scheme, which did not bias the mean directions. Using sample-level directions from line fits, IE was estimated ~20° for the Jurassic units, but is negligible for the Triassic units because mean directions are horizontal. Mean paleomagnetic poles for the ~223 Ma (Garita Creek and Trujillo) and ~214 Ma Redonda Formations are 55.7°N/78.7°E/A95 = 3.2° and 59.7°N/81.0°E/A95 = 4.0°; those for the ~163 Ma Summerville and ~155 Ma Morrison Formations are 59.3°N/138.1°E/A95 = 6.5° and 48.7°N/151.8°E/A95 = 7.8°. Simulated ~163 Ma paleomagnetic poles based on Summerville results and a wide range of IE show that no amount of IE correction to the Summerville directions would produce poles consistent with the high-latitude Jurassic APWP. Furthermore, paleomagnetic poles for Trujillo, Redonda, Summerville, and Lower Morrison Formations of east-central New Mexico, even with IE-correction, streak approximately along the 60° parallel (present coordinates) for most of late Triassic and Jurassic, which validates the lower-latitude APWP. Another explanation for the APWP discrepancy is required.
The increasing toll of racism and discrimination on California agricultural workers and their families under the Trump administration

Over 800,000 Mexican agricultural workers are employed in California each year, of which approximately 400,000 are estimated to be undocumented immigrants. Previous studies have found President Tru...
Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy of a new A3Πi-X3Σ− system of NiO

Abstract A new A3Πi-X3Σ− electronic transition of NiO has been observed in the near infrared region extending from 2.1 to 2.6 μm. The molecule was excited in emission from an Ni hollow cathode discharge and the spectra were observed using a Fourier transform spectrometer. The observed spectrum consists of the 0-0 band for the 3Π0-3Σ1−, 3Π1-3Σ0− subbands and the 1-1 band of the 3Π1-3Σ0− subband. The subbands involving 3Π2 spin component were not observed. The molecular constants including the Λ-doubling constants in the excited A3Πi state have been determined. The principal constants for the new excited state obtained from this analysis are T0 = 4337.5554(12) cm−1, A0 = −283.3713(16) cm−1, and B0 = 0.494659(11) cm−1.
Clinical outcomes for patients with lateral lumbar radiculopathy treated by percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy versus tubular microdiscectomy: A retrospective review.

Abstract Background Surgical management of lateral lumbar radiculopathy is evolving. TMD (Tubular microdiscectomy) and TELD (Transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy) have emerged as viable MIS treatments. We aim to compare clinical outcomes of both techniques for the treatment of lateral lumbar radiculopathy in relation to pre-operative lumbar foraminal stenosis grade (LFS). Methods Retrospective observational cohort study of patients with back and leg pain from single level foraminal nerve root compression that underwent TMD or TELD. Data analyzed included pre- and post-operative VAS leg and back pain, MacNab clinical outcome scores, hospital length of stay, complication rates, and operative time. Outcomes were correlated with a pre-operative MRI grading system for LFS. Results 109 patients were enrolled (71 TELD and 38 TMD). Back and leg VAS pain scores improved in TELD and TMD (p Conclusions Both TELD and TMD are viable for treating lateral lumbar radiculopathy. Higher-grade foraminal stenosis can be indicative of poorer outcomes regardless of procedure type, however, the severity of pre-operative LFS correlates with clinical outcomes in TELD more significantly than TMD.
Raw scores on subjective sleepiness, fatigue, and vigor metrics consistently define resilience and vulnerability to sleep loss.

Study objectives Although trait-like individual differences in subjective responses to sleep restriction (SR) and total sleep deprivation (TSD) exist, reliable characterizations remain elusive. We comprehensively compared multiple methods for defining resilience and vulnerability by subjective metrics. Methods 41 adults participated in a 13-day experiment:2 baseline, 5 SR, 4 recovery, and one 36h TSD night. The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and the Profile of Mood States Fatigue (POMS-F) and Vigor (POMS-V) were administered every 2h. Three approaches (Raw Score [average SR score], Change from Baseline [average SR minus average baseline score], and Variance [intraindividual SR score variance]), and six thresholds (±1 standard deviation, and the highest/lowest scoring 12.5%, 20%, 25%, 33%, 50%) categorized Resilient/Vulnerable groups. Kendall's tau-b correlations compared the group categorization's concordance within and between KSS, POMS-F, and POMS-V scores. Bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrapped t-tests compared group scores. Results There were significant correlations between all approaches at all thresholds for POMS-F, between Raw Score and Change from Baseline approaches for KSS, and between Raw Score and Variance approaches for POMS-V. All Resilient groups defined by the Raw Score approach had significantly better scores throughout the study, notably including during baseline and recovery, whereas the two other approaches differed by measure, threshold, or day. Between-measure correlations varied in strength by measure, approach, or threshold. Conclusion Only the Raw Score approach consistently distinguished Resilient/Vulnerable groups at baseline, during sleep loss, and during recovery‒‒we recommend this approach as an effective method for subjective resilience/vulnerability categorization. All approaches created comparable categorizations for fatigue, some were comparable for sleepiness, and none were comparable for vigor. Fatigue and vigor captured resilience/vulnerability similarly to sleepiness but not each other.
International Variability in Spinal Metastasis Treatment: A Survey of the AO Spine Community.

Study DesignInternational survey.ObjectivesTo assess variability in the treatment practices for spinal metastases as a function of practice setting, surgical specialty, and fellowship training amon...
Henle, Friedrich Gustav Jakob

1809–1885 German anatomist and pathologist who provided intellectual background to the rise of the germ theory. Keywords: anatomy; pathology; aetiology; the germ theory
Big Data, Big Questions| Working Within a Black Box: Transparency in the Collection and Production of Big Twitter Data

Twitter seems to provide a ready source of data for researchers interested in public opinion and popular communication. Indeed, tweets are routinely integrated into the visual presentation of news and scholarly publishing in the form of summary statistics, tables, and charts provided by commercial analytics software. Without a clear description of how the underlying data were collected, stored, cleaned, and analyzed, however, readers cannot assess their validity. To illustrate the critical importance of evaluating the production of Twitter data, we offer a systematic comparison of two common sources of tweets: the publicly accessible Streaming API and the “fire hose” provided by Gnip PowerTrack. This study represents an important step toward higher standards for the reporting of social media research.
Order recursive method of moments: a powerful computational tool for microwave CAD and optimization

The method of moments (MoM) continues to be the most frequently used electromagnetic simulation technique for application to CAD and optimization of microwave circuits. In this paper, we present an order-recursive variant of standard LU decomposition for the efficient solution of large linear systems arising in the application of MoM to iterative design problems. In comparison with the existing matrix methods, which solve the linear system from scratch at each design iteration, the proposed order-recursive MoM allows a very large portion of recomputation to be avoided, leading to extremely efficient design iterations. Therefore, this contribution is a major advance toward EM simulation-based (or full-wave) CAD and optimization of microwave circuits.
The Simplex Method in Matrix Notation

So far, we have avoided using matrix notation to present linear programming problems and the simplex method. In this chapter, we shall recast everything into matrix notation. At the same time, we will emphasize the close relations between the primal and the dual problems.
Treatment of Simple Elbow Dislocation Using an Immediate Motion Protocol

The results of treatment after closed reduction of elbow dislocation vary. Twenty consecutive patients with closed posterior elbow dislocations were treated prospectively on a rapid motion, nonimmobilized functional regimen. This treatment protocol emphasizes immediate active range of motion under close supervision. No slings or splints were employed. Final range of motion averaged -4 degrees to 139 degrees. All patients attained final extension within 5 degrees of the contralateral side. Each patient achieved his final range of motion within an average of 19 days after reduction of the dislocation. Arm circumference returned to normal at an average of 6.5 days. There was one redislocation. After treatment, all patients met qualification for graduation from the U.S. Naval Academy and were able to pursue unrestricted athletic and career options. Our findings suggest that an aggressive immediate motion rehabilitation allows nearly full final elbow motion and an excellent functional outcome.
Interactions of Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a are essential for neural tube patterning

Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a have been postulated to share functional redundancy in spinal cord morphogenesis due to their homologies in protein structure and overlapping expression patterns. In this study, antisense oligonucleotides and a murine whole embryo culture system were used to examine functional interactions of Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a in late gastrulation and neurulation. Early somite mouse embryos were injected with combinations of Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a antisense oligonucleotides and then grown in vitro for up to 48 hr. Simultaneous inhibition of Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a expression resulted in pattern loss in the presumptive spinal cord, which was apparent within 4 hr following antisense treatment. The neural tube was wavy, there was a reduction in the number of nuclear layers in the walls of the neural tube, and evidence of decreased cell adhesion between neuroepithelial cells by 12 hr postinjection. In addition, notochord and primitive streak abnormalities accompanied neural tube abnormalities. The existence of regulatory interactions between Wnt-1, Wnt-3a, and engrailed genes was also examined in this study. Antisense inhibition of Wnt-1 or Wnt-3a expression resulted in reduction of engrailed protein levels in the brain, somites, and spinal cord. However, simultaneous inhibition of both Wnt genes resulted in more complete loss of engrailed protein in these regions. Herein, we present data suggesting functional redundancy of Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a in neural tube patterning and in regulation of engrailed expression.
Introduction: The Winning Papers From the 2012 SfAA Tourism and Heritage Topical Interest Group Student Paper Competition

The following articles represent the top three papers from the first annual SfAA Tourism and Heritage Topical Interest Group (TIG) Student Paper Competition, which was established to recognize student contributions to the anthropology of tourism and heritage. The paper competition was created to compliment the existing Valene Smith Student Poster Award, which was in its sixth year in 2012. The winning student posters are also featured in this issue. We received 25 submissions from students all over the world which was remarkable for a competition in its first year. Originally, the plan was to select the top five papers for inclusion in a TIG organized paper session at the 2012 SfAA meetings in Baltimore. Because the number of submissions was greater than anticipated however, and because so many of the submissions were exceptional, we decided to organize a double paper session instead. The selected papers represented new and innovative approaches to tourism and heritage issues and constituted a diverse arr...
The cerebellar fastigial nucleus contributes to CO2-H+ ventilatory sensitivity in awake goats

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that an intact cerebellar fastigial nucleus (CFN) is an important determinant of CO2-H + sensitivity during wakefulness. Bilateral, stainless steel microtubules were implanted into the CFN (N = 9) for injection (0.5–10 μl) of the neurotoxin ibotenic acid. Two or more weeks after implantation of the microtubules, eupneic breathing and CO2-H + sensitivity did not differ significantly (P > 0.10) from pre-implantation conditions. Injection of ibotenic acid (50 mM) did not significantly alter eupneic PaCO2 (P > 0.10). The coefficient of variation of eupneic PaCO2 was 4.0±0.6 and 3.7±0.4% over the 2 weeks before and after the lesion, respectively. CO2-H + sensitivity expressed as inspired ventilation/PaCO2 decreased from 2.15±0.17 pre-lesion to 1.58±0.26 l/(min mmHg) 3–6 days post-lesion (P 0.10) recovery of sensitivity between 7 and 10 days post-lesion. The lesion also increased (P < 0.05) the day-to-day variability of this index by nearly 100%. When CO2 sensitivity was expressed as elevated inspired CO2/room air V, values at 7%, but not 3 and 5% inspired CO2, were reduced and more variable (P < 0.05) after the ibotenic acid injections. We conclude that during wakefulness, the CFN contributes relatively more to overall ventilatory drive at high relative to low levels of hypercapnia.
Methods for testing hypotheses across studies: Applications for teratologists and toxicologists

Methods are presented for analyzing research results across independent studies. These techniques allow researchers to test hypotheses across studies using multiple investigations as data points. The procedures and rationale are developed for purposes of research synthesis and interpretation in teratology and toxicology.
Weakly Secure Network Coding for Wireless Cooperative Data Exchange

We consider the problem of secure cooperative data exchange in wireless networks. The cooperative data exchange problem includes a set of wireless clients that exchange information over a lossless broadcast channel. The clients are missing some packets but collectively know all packets. Each client can transmit packets it currently has or a combination thereof. The problem asks for a scheme that allows all clients to recover all packets with the minimum number of transmissions. We focus on secure information exchange in the presence of an eavesdropper that can observe all packets transmitted over the broadcast channel. Our goal is to construct a \emph{weakly secure} solution to the cooperative data exchange problem, i.e., a solution that does not reveal information about any single packet. This is in contrast to \emph{strongly secure} solutions that do not reveal any data about the entire set of packets. Weakly secure solutions can be implemented more efficiently in practical settings and do not require sharing secret keys. Our paper makes the following contributions. First, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the feasibility of weakly secure data exchange for any given instance of the weakly secure data exchange problem. Second, we show that if it is possible to obtain a weakly secure solution for an instance of the cooperative data exchange problem, then weak security can be achieved with no penalty in terms of the total number of transmissions. Finally, we present an algorithm that finds an optimal weakly secure solution to the cooperative data exchange problem.
Contact feature extraction on a balancing manipulation platform

The dynamic behavior of an inverted pendulum platform inherently reveals information about its interaction with the environment. The closed loop controller puts the unstable plant into dynamic equilibrium, where very small external forces result in persistent excitation of the system. Our previous work has shown that we are able to detect and estimate external forces on an inverted pendulum base using only dynamic state information from the controller. The Yale Inverted Pendulum Door Opening Robot (YIPDOR) has gained a simple 4 degree of freedom (DOF) arm with the goal of opening and traversing doorways with both heavy and sprung doors. We have explicitly omitted dedicated force sensors. Estimation methods using only the Jacobian and joint torques do not provide adequate estimates of external forces on this system. While improved force estimation continues to be a goal for the project, we propose that traversal of sprung doors may be accomplished with low-level, dynamic postures and detection of changes in dynamics rather than explicit force estimation and control. Changes in the equations of motion and dynamic constraints (contact, unlatching, door movement) are detected by using filtered derivatives of relevant parameters. This feature extraction research increases the safety and performance of the balancing and manipulation system without any additional dedicated sensors.
Self-Cam: feedback from what would be your social partner

We present Self-Cam, a novel wearable camera system that analyzes, in real-time, the facial expressions and head gestures of its wearer and infers six underlying affective-cognitive states of mind: agreeing, disagreeing, interested, confused, concentrating, and thinking. A graphical interface summarizes the wearer’s states over time. The system allows you to explore what others may see in your face during natural interactions, e.g., “I looked ‘agreeing’ a lot when I spoke with that researcher I admire.” Self-Cams will be available for SIGGRAPH attendees to explore this technology’s novel point-of-view, and gain insight into what their facial expressions reveal during natural human interaction.
Abstract PR5: The receptor tyrosine kinase layer of breast cancer cell lines is predictive of the response to therapeutic drugs

Currently, clinicians use the levels of the hormone receptors for estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) and amplifications of the ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) to distinguish three groups of breast cancers and guide the choice of therapeutic treatments. In this work we show that a limited number of measurements characterizing breast cancer cell lines at the level of RTKs can be used to predict cell line sensitivity to therapeutic inhibitors. We chose a panel of approximately 40 breast cancer cell lines, treated them with 22 different growth factors and cytokines at a saturating and subsaturating dose for 10, 30, and 90 min and measured the phosphorylation of key kinases downstream of the receptors. In addition, we measured the expression and phosphorylation levels of approximately 20 RTKs under serum starvation conditions. We used the measurements to predict the GI50 values of the cell lines in response to over 70 therapeutic inhibitors by partial least square regression. We found that our measurements are sufficient to predict the response to about half of the drugs studied. The majority of drugs we are able to predict target RTKs directly or kinases immediately downstream of the receptors. In some cases we are able to predict the response to drugs that target processes seemingly unrelated to our measurements. We are currently exploring the data to uncover what drives sensitivity and resistance to drugs, gain mechanistic insight in the action of cancer therapeutics, and find predictors of drug response that may be useful in a clinical setting. Our results suggest that a carefully selected set of measurements might be sufficient to classify responsiveness of breast cancers to a number of cancer drugs currently used in the clinic. This is particularly relevant in the case of cancers like triple-negative breast cancers for which choosing effective treatment has proven difficult. This proffered talk is also presented as Poster A17.This proffered talk is also presented as Poster A17. Citation Format: Mario Niepel, Marc Hafner, Emily Pace, Birgit Schoeberl, Peter K. Sorger. The receptor tyrosine kinase layer of breast cancer cell lines is predictive of the response to therapeutic drugs [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chemical Systems Biology: Assembling and Interrogating Computational Models of the Cancer Cell by Chemical Perturbations; 2012 Jun 27-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(13 Suppl):Abstract nr PR5.
Microcomputer Courseware Production and Evaluation Guidelines for Students with Learning Disabilities

The research reported in this Research Brief established the first empirically derived guidelines for the production and evaluation of microcomputer courseware for students who are learning disabled. Sixteen components specifically recommended for inclusion in courseware for this group of handicapped students were extracted from the literature. The major purpose of the study was to determine if LD teachers ranked some of these components more essential than others for the optimal benefit of their students. A second purpose was to determine if those essential components were already found in existing courseware. The study concluded that seven components were considered essential and that those seven components were not consistently found in the courseware evaluated.
Diabetes status differentiates endothelial function and plasma nitrite response to exercise stress in peripheral arterial disease following supervised training

Abstract Aims To determine if type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) differentiates endothelial function and plasma nitrite response (a marker of nitric oxide bioavailability) during exercise in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) subjects prior to and following 3 months supervised exercise training (SET). Methods In subjects with T2D + PAD (n = 13) and PAD-only (n = 14), endothelial function was measured using brachial artery flow-mediated dilation. On a separate day, venous blood draws were performed at rest and 10 min following a symptom-limited graded treadmill test (SL-GXT). Plasma samples were snap-frozen for analysis of nitrite by reductive chemiluminescence. All testing was repeated following 3 months of SET. Results Prior to training both groups demonstrated endothelial dysfunction, which was correlated with a net decrease in plasma nitrite following a SL-GXT (p ≤ 0.05). Following SET, the PAD-only group demonstrated an improvement in endothelial function (p ≤ 0.05) and COT (p ≤ 0.05), which was related to a net increase in plasma nitrite following the SL-GXT (both p ≤ 0.05). The T2D + PAD group had none of these increases. Conclusions T2D in the presence of PAD attenuated improvements in endothelial function, net plasma nitrite, and COT following SET. This suggests that T2D maybe associated with an inability to endogenously increase vascular NO bioavailability to SET.
Review: In vitro spermicidal tests

This review analyzes in vitro spermicidal tests that have been used to evaluate the spermicidal activity of contraceptive products. Special requirements and processes in numerous technologies were also reviewed. Nonoxynol-9 (N-9) was used as an example of a vaginally delivered spermicidal agent, and its spermicidal potency was compared by various spermicidal tests, such as Sander-Cramer, computer-assisted semen analysis, hypoosmotic swelling test, cervical mucus penetration test, and flow cytometry, and advantages and disadvantages of each test were specified. This provides an insight into the different aspects of sperm functionality on which each spermicidal agent exerts its activity. A rationale of the best combination of in vitro spermicidal tests, with particular emphasis on a simple and efficient strategy that targets the complete fertility control, was explained.