cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making an Impossible Mission Possible

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is widespread in developing countries. Hypertension is a major contributor of CVD. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a risk marker in hypertensive populations. Identification of LVH and treatment of high-risk patients can result in more effective use of the limited resources. LVH is diagnosed by echocardiography, often unavailable in developing countries. In Gambia, we used a hand-carried ultrasound (HCU) to examine 1,997 people. Seventeen percent had hypertension; of these, LVH was found in 65%. The battery-powered HCU permits clinicians to detect LVH in areas with limited access to diagnostic equipment, allowing identification of a high-risk hypertensive population.
Letter to the Editor---A Simple Proof of a Theorem in Exponential Smoothing

A simple proof is given of a theorem in exponential smoothing that is sometimes referred to as “the fundamental theorem”. This theorem states that a polynomial, of degree N at most, minimizes the exponentially-discounted sum of squares of the errors if and only if it satisfies the set of N + 1 equations obtained by equating the ith iteration of the exponentially-discounted average of the sequence to the corresponding average of the polynomial, i = 1, 2,..., N + 1.
Haemophilus influenzae: genetic variability and natural selection to identify virulence factors

The evolutionary processes of natural selection govern the nucleotide sequences of bacterial genes such that during replication over many generations, bacterial virulence factor genes change and their products become diverse. This diversity, which both facilitates and reflects an organism's ability to survive in a variety of ecologic niches and under different environmental conditions, occurs through two general strategies—variation in gene expression, which is driven by mechanisms governing gene transcription or translation, and variation in gene content, which is driven by either vertical or horizontal evolution. In this regard, vertical evolution refers to the passage of genetic material from parent to offspring through cell division, with its attendant mutations resulting from mistakes in replication such as point mutations, gene inversions, or spontaneous deletions. Horizontal evolution in bacterial cells occurs by the acquisition of new genetic material from transformation of native DNA, transduction by phages, or conjugation by plasmids; this new genetic material is then passed on to subsequent generations through vertical evolution. Until recently, bacterial pathogens were characterized solely by their phenotypic characteristics, which describe only gross strain-to-strain differences. While extremely useful, these techniques are limited in their ability to identify unique members of widely variable bacterial populations. Recent advances in bacterial genomics, furthered by the availability of complete genomic sequences from a growing number of organisms, suggest that some “clonal” designations may be misguided, given the high level of genetic diversity of bacterial strains from the same species. For example, sequence comparisons have shown up to 25% differences in gene content among strains of Neisseria meningitidis, Helicobacter pylori, and Escherichia coli (5). While individual fitness characteristics of bacteria foster the survival of individual organisms, the population dynamics of bacteria encompass fitness characteristics that foster the survival of the group. As in all populations, not every member of a bacterial population needs to succeed in all possible environments; rather, the sum of the specialized fitnesses of individual bacteria ensures the survival of the population in variable environments. Thus, gene products required for bacterial survival in one environmental niche may not be required in another niche. Over time and under the influence of natural selection, the gene contents of organisms from the same species living in different niches will be altered to reflect the necessity for certain genes and the dispensability of others. Bacterial factors that are highly diverse are most susceptible to this process of selection. In this paper we describe how the results of evolutionary processes, as reflected by bacterial population characteristics, may be used to identify potential bacterial virulence factors. We use Haemophilus influenzae, whose known virulence factors are highly variable, as an example.
Efficient inference on known phylogenetic trees using Poisson regression

Motivation: We suggest the use of Poisson regression for time inference and hypothesis testing on a bifurcating Phylogenetic tree with known topology. This method is computationally simple and naturally accommodates variable substitution rates across different sites, without requiring the estimation of these rates. We identify the assumptions under which this is a maximum-likelihood inference approach and show that in some realistic situations---in particular, when the probability of repeated mutation within each branch of the tree is small---these assumptions hold with high probability. Results: Our motivating domain is human mitochondrial DNA trees, and we illustrate our method on a problem of estimating the time to most recent common ancestor of all non-African mtDNA, using publicly available data. We test for molecular clock violations using multiple comparisons, and conclude that the global molecular clock hypothesis cannot be rejected based on these data. Contact: srosset@us.ibm.com
A disparada rumo ao capitalismo

Q1 .. :i ue os ultimos .meses foram marcados pelas maiores transformacoes dos nossos tempos e uma questao sobre a qual nao preciso insistir. O que se tem revelado apenas um pouco menos evidente e o fluxo de conselhos economicos que tem cruzado as fronteiras nacionais durante esses meses. No consenso geral, tendo falhado o comunismo, triunfou o capitalismo. E dai a conclusao: do alto sacerdocio do capitalismo deve agora partir a orientacao, na verdade a intimacao, acerca do que os paises previamente afligidos devem ter e fazer. Quem poderia estar melhor qualificado para prestar conselhos e orientacao do que os mais inflexiveis expoentes do bem-sucedido sistema?
Psychiatric Hospitalization of Children With Autism or Intellectual Disability: Consensus Statements on Best Practices

Psychiatric hospitalization of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and/or Intellectual Disability (ID), is both common and challenging. Children with ASD are six times more likely to be psychiatrically hospitalized than children without ASD.1 Due to the limited number of specialized psychiatric units for children and adolescents with ASD or ID in the United States, most admissions are to general child and adolescent psychiatric units. Staff may have limited experience with this population, and the treatment approach and therapeutic milieu may not be well adapted to children with ASD or ID. General units typically use verbal interventions (e.g., individual, family and group therapies), programming with high social demands, and general reinforcements (e.g., level systems). These interventions can be less effective in children with ASD or ID, who have impairments in social communication and cognitive abilities and may have rigid routines and preferences. Specialized units have shown improvement in the behavioral functioning of children with ASD or ID two months after discharge2, as well as decreased readmissions,3 in two uncontrolled studies with an average length of stay of 26–42 days. To identify best practices for psychiatric inpatient care of children with ASD or ID a panel of expert clinicians (child and adolescent psychiatrists, psychologists and pediatricians) from six United States specialized units convened. Due to the limited amount of research in this area, evidence-based recommendations were not feasible, and the panel undertook a consensus process based on existing literature and expert opinion gathered from a survey, a semi-structured telephone interview with the participants and regular conference calls. Although inpatient facilities can have significant resource constraints, the following consensus statements encompass trends in practices currently utilized by specialized units, and offer a vision of how to best serve this population. As such, the panel sought to strike a balance between identifying best practices and providing recommendations that may be attainable on general units.
A Study of the Impact of Professional Development on Middle Level Advisors

Middle level advisors are faculty members whose role is to develop meaningful relationships and to facilitate conversations with a group of 10 to 12 students on a regular basis regarding the studen...
Rethinking patents: From ‘intellectual property’ to ‘private taxation scheme’

Tracing back to the Venetian patent law of the 1400s the motivation underlying the grant of the patent was to encourage inventorship and contribution to society. Today patents have become a financial commodity treated much as any other asset of a business. Despite the evolution of the social construct in which ideas become financial assets, the public narrative of intellectual property (IP) and patents remains focused on the concept of the individual inventor and the encouragement of creative activity. The narrative is a valuable one from the standpoint of large industrial and post-industrial organizations. If an individual expends his or her effort in generating a new idea, he or she should reap suitable rewards for the contribution to society.A patent generally gives its owner the right to prevent third parties from exploiting that same invention or creation. As a reward or encouragement, it empowers the patent owner to secure a ‘producer surplus’ above that which would be provided in a purely competitive environment. The producer surplus in favor of the patent owner reduces the funds in the hands of consumers, and consumer expenditures in favor of other producers. The patent owner benefits from a government-mandated right to exclude. Patents are, in essence, a private right to tax, although a tax that is dependent (in most cases) on the willingness of consumers to pay it.There is a fundamental question regarding the allocation of a monopolistic private tax to large industrial and post-industrial organizations: that is, does the power to collect a monopoly tax entail public responsibilities? The underlying theme of public discourse is ‘no’. That is, the financial asset (i.e. patent) is regarded as freely alienable property that may be used as the owner deems fit, subject only to the general restrictions on uses of property. So, for example, there is no apparent limitation on the level of private tax that may be collected, and no concept of progressive taxation such as might ordinarily be adopted by a government taxing authority. Moreover, there is no restriction on what uses may be made of the tax. Unlike a government that is typically constrained concerning the areas in which it might make expenditure, the recipient of the private monopoly patent tax is free to make whatever use of it is deemed appropriate.This essay addresses a fundamental issue, that is, the basis on which public discourse concerning patents takes place. One way to begin to shift towards legislative responsibility is by changing the language of the discourse. Patents are not ‘intellectual property’. They are ‘private monopolies’ established by legislatures. They should be subject to regulation as such.
Utilizing intentional internal resonance to achieve multi-harmonic atomic force microscopy

During dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM), the deflection of a scanning cantilever generates multiple frequency terms due to the nonlinear nature of AFM tip-sample interactions. Even though each frequency term is reasonably expected to encode information about the sample, only the fundamental frequency term is typically decoded to provide topographic mapping of the measured surface. One of main reasons for discarding higher harmonic signals is their low signal-to-noise ratio. Here, we introduce a new design concept for multi-harmonic AFM, exploiting intentional nonlinear internal resonance for the enhancement of higher harmonics. The nonlinear internal resonance, triggered by the non-smooth tip-sample dynamic interactions, results in nonlinear energy transfers from the directly excited fundamental bending mode to the higher-frequency mode and, hence, enhancement of the higher harmonic of the measured response. It is verified through detailed theoretical and experimental study that this AFM design can robustly incorporate the required internal resonance and enable high-frequency AFM measurements. Measurements on an inhomogeneous polymer specimen demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed design, namely that the higher harmonic of the measured response is capable of enhanced simultaneous topography imaging and compositional mapping, exhibiting less crosstalk with an abrupt height change.
Crime Clearance and Temporal Variation in Police Investigative Workload: Evidence from National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Data

Police workload’s relationship with crime clearance has been studied widely. In the challenging environment now facing police, even small and possibly temporary changes in investigative workload could harm clearance. However existing workload-clearance research either used only a yearly average that obscures temporal variability in caseload, or explored proxy rather than direct measures of workload’s short-term variation. Our improved workload measures capture caseload’s daily changes as crimes are reported, cleared, or remain uncleared but reach the end of active investigation. We examine relationships between clearance and both long- and short-term variability in workload. Using NIBRS and LEMAS data, we calculated between-agency (typical or long-term) and time-varying, within-agency (daily fluctuating or short-term) workload measures. We used these and other agency/jurisdiction- and incident-level variables in multi-level survival analysis of clearance by arrest for serious violent incidents from 2007 NIBRS. Both workload measures were significantly and negatively related to the clearance hazard rate; higher long- and short-term workloads are associated with reduced chance of a case being cleared. The estimated relationship between longterm workload and clearance became progressively stronger (more negative) as the crime incident’s legal seriousness decreased. However, estimates indicated greater sensitivity of the clearance hazard to short-term workload fluctuations for more serious crimes, though the workload-clearance relationship remained negative for all crime types. Crime clearance should be considered by police agency planners when addressing workload through staffing decisions. Refinement of our workload measures will require additional information, and should be considered in future agency- and incident-level data collection.
Soldier Recommendations for Improving Mental Health Treatment Seeking in the Military

ABSTRACTDespite the prevalence of mental health issues in the military, only a minority of personnel who experience problems seek treatment. The underutilization of mental health services continues to be an important topic that deserves attention from both science and practice. Two studies were conducted with active-duty soldiers to assess their recommendations for actions that can be taken by soldiers who are experiencing mental health problems, their peers, their leaders, mental health professionals, and the upper-level chain of command to facilitate mental health treatment seeking. In addition, we compiled their recommendations to raise awareness, reduce stigma, and improve attitudes toward mental health treatment.
Assessment of life after prematurity in 9- to 10- year-old children.

PURPOSE To determine the extent to which alterations in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and special healthcare needs are experienced by children born prematurely, compared to those born at term. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A descriptive comparative design was utilized. A total of 96 children (preterm N = 47, term N = 49) completed the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales 8- to 12-year-old self-report version. Parents of both groups of children completed the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales parent-proxy version, the Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Screener, and a demographic data form. RESULTS Special healthcare needs were experienced by more than one half of the premature children evaluated. Mean HRQOL scores were significantly different between the children born prematurely and their peers born at term. Parents of both groups reported higher HRQOL scores than their children self-reported. CLINICAL NURSING IMPLICATIONS Given the sustained high rate of premature birth, understanding of current health status of children born prematurely is critical for maternal-child nurses. Advocacy and coordination of care are important to improve the healthcare provided to families of children born prematurely. Future nursing research should incorporate assessment of special healthcare needs and HRQOL of children.
Suicide prevention in rural, tribal communities: The intersection of challenge and possibility.

Suicide prevention in rural areas presents unique challenges, including isolation and lack of support services. In rural Indian Country, suicide continues to be a cause for community concern and can be viewed as one outcome of historical trauma. In light of this, a paradigm shift is needed that honors indigenous perspectives more fully regarding etiology, collective symptomology, and collective responsibility for determining appropriate intervention. Suicide prevention and intervention efforts must occur on individual, community, and systemic levels, and should include integration of traditional healing methods. Community settings such as primary care, emergency departments, and schools can play a critical role in the delivery of mental health and suicide prevention services. This article provides an overview of current challenges and opportunities for service provision in rural tribal communities, as well as an overview of evidence-based and promising practices for intervention. It also provides practical recommendations for schools, communities, and policy leaders. Language: en
Advancing Design Through the Creation and Visualization of Virtual Population Representing U.S. Civilians

Visualization of the U.S. civilian population provides perspective on the variability of body size and shape, enabling designers and engineers to better understand the needs of their target users. This paper presents a virtual population of digital human models, representative of the U.S. civilian population, and the methods used to create it. It is based on the observed variability in stature, BMI, and waist circumference in the data from the 2007–2010 CDC NHANES survey. The NHANES data were used in conjunction with regression models to develop the required model parameters. The models were then presented such that the variability and distribution of variability in anthropometry can be easily seen.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
A Cross-Division Process and Its Application to the Extraction of Roots

(1926). A Cross-Division Process and Its Application to the Extraction of Roots. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 198-206.
Embolization of skull base meningiomas and feeding vessels arising from the internal carotid circulation.

Background Practice patterns regarding the preoperative embolization of skull base tumors vary widely among institutions and are driven by surgeon preference and concerns about safety. Objective We present a recent experience at our institution with a specific focus on procedural decision-making, embolization of vessels arising from the internal carotid circulation, and complication rates. Methods During a 7.5-year period, 262 meningiomas were referred for embolization. of which 119 (45%) originated from the skull base. Tumors were categorized by location, feeding artery origin, and arteries embolized. Complication rates were reviewed. Results Sixty-four of 119 patients with skull base tumors (54%) underwent embolization of at least 1 feeding artery. Feeding arteries arose from the external carotid artery (ECA) circulation in 26 (22%), the internal carotid artery (ICA) circulation in 30 (25%), a combination of ECA/ICA/Vert in 54 (45%), and had only pial supply in 10 (8%). In total, 15 of 85 (18%) ICA feeding vessels were embolized. This included 9 of 28 vessels from the meningohypopheseal trunk, 3 of 4 vessels from the anterior temporal artery, 1 of 35 vessels from the ophthalmic artery, 1 of 8 vessels directly from the ICA, and 1 of 5 vessels from the inferolateral trunk. Complete devascularization occurred in 6 of 64 patients; subtotal devascularization was seen in 58 of 64. The overall angiographic complication rate for all meningiomas embolized in the study period was 2.5% (5/199). None of the complications occurred in the skull base group. Conclusion Preoperative embolization of skull base meningiomas and ICA feeding vessels can be done with low complication rates when intraprocedural decision-making favors complication avoidance over complete devascularization.
Abstract 5224: Angiotensin-(1-7) inhibits proliferative and fibrotic signaling mechanisms in triple negative breast cancer

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive and invasive tumor type that accounts for 15% of all breast cancers, disproportionately affects both young, premenopausal women as well as women of African-American and Hispanic descent. TNB tumors display increased activation of both the MAPK and PI3K-Akt proliferative signaling pathways which promote tumor growth and survival. TNB tumors lack estrogen and progesterone receptors and do not over-express the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), severely limiting therapeutic strategies for targeted treatment. Thus, there is a clear need for novel targeted therapies for TNBC patients. Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is an endogenous, seven amino acid peptide hormone of the renin-angiotensin system that activates the G protein-coupled receptor mas. We previously showed that Ang-(1-7) treatment of mice with orthotopic MDA-MB-231 TNB tumors significantly increases the MAPK phosphatase DUSP1 and reduces activation of the MAPKs ERK1 and ERK2 as well as Akt. We now find that incubation of TNBC cells with Ang-(1-7) increases the Akt phosphatase PP2A 3-fold (n=3-4, p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5224. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5224
A simplified semiautomatic saccharogenic method for serum amylase assay.

A simplified semiautomatic saccharogenic assay for serum amylase activity was developed for routine and emergency use. Readily available cornstarch was used for preparation of substrate according to Somogyi. The prepared substrate was found to be highly stable when stored in the refrigerator. The procedure calls for incubation at 50 C. for 30 min., using commercially available reference material for calibration. Automation was accomplished by using the AutoAnalyzer and manifold routinely used for glucose determinations. The upper limit of linearity for this method was found to be 450 Somogyi units per dl. The coefficient of variation at various amylase levels was found to be 4%. Normal values for healthy men and women were found to be 40 to 180 and 30 to 160 Somogyi units per dl., respectively. Close correlation (coefficient = 0.94) with a manual Somogyi saccharogenic amylase assay was observed.
Rule bending, sociological citizenship, and organizational contestation in microfinance

This article explores how loan officers enact and adapt organizational policies within microfinance institutions. Some loan officers frequently bend or choose not to enforce written rules in an effort to better address client needs, while others enforce the rules strictly. These differences in enforcement styles are analyzed to explore the structural characteristics that generate and sustain rule-bending behavior. In microfinance, the pressures to standardize and automate lending decisions challenge loan officers' ability to manage clients because context uncertainty cannot be fully captured by centralized policies. The article shows that officers exercise discretion productively, as measured by the organization's own criteria to (i) better serve client needs when policies can lead to bad outcomes; (ii) purposefully improve the rules themselves; and (iii) defend loan officer status within the organization. The article unveils two inherent tensions in microfinance. First, increased efforts to centralize and enforce policies in fact only increase the motivation for loan officers to work outside the organization's regulations. Second and ironically, the value of the productive rule bending displayed by some loan officers is best captured when other officers are strict enforcers.
In Situ Study of Isothermal Strain Relaxation in Si-Ge Heteroepitaxial Films Using Substrate Curvature Measurements

Understanding die kinetics and mechanisms of strain relaxation in Si-Ge heteroepitaxial films is pertinent to several device applications. In this paper we present a method for determining the evolution of the mobile dislocation density with time during the course of strain relaxation taking place in an isothermal annealing experiment. Wafer curvature measurements using a laser scanning technique are used to determine the elastic strain after growth in films of variable thickness and to follow the strain relaxation during isothermal annealing experiments. By coupling the strain relaxation measurements with previous TEM measurements of dislocation velocities in this system, the mobile threading dislocation density and its evolution with time are determined.
Chandler on the contingently possible

A propos de S. Chandler "Plantinga and the Contingently Possible" (ibid., 36.2) sur le possible contingent et l'identification des choses a travers les divers mondes possibles inspiree d'une identification dans le temps.
Acute, Recurring and Chronic Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is receiving an increasing amount of attention from the internist and surgeon alike. There are three main types: (1) acute pancreatitis, (2) recurring or relapsing pancreatitis and (3) chronic pancreatitis. The clinical and surgical features of these three forms of the disease are considered in this paper.
Effect of wearing tight pants on the trunk flexion and pelvic tilting angles in the stand-to-sit movement and a seated posture

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of wearing the tight pants on the trunk flexion and pelvic tilting angles in the stand-to-sit movement and a seated posture. [Subjects] Nine male subjects were recruited. [Methods] The trunk flexion angle and pelvic posterior tilting angle were measured using a motion-capture system during the stand-to-sit movement and in a seated posture. [Results] The trunk flexion and the posterior pelvic tilting angles during the stand-to-sit movement and in the seated posture when wearing tight pants significantly increased compared with those when wearing of general pants. [Conclusion] Therefore, wearing tight pants could produce musculoskeletal disorders via abnormal movement and posture in the lumbar spine and pelvis. So the effects of wearing tight pants need to be investigated in further studies to reveal their direct relationship to musculoskeletal problems.
Epidemiological characteristics of Japanese encephalitis in Jinhua, China from 2007 to 2012

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Japanese encephalitis(JE) in Jinhua, China from 2007 to 2012 and to provide the foundation for prevention and control of JE.MethodsThe data on JE was collected from the reporting system for JE, and the epidemiological characteristics of JE in Jinhua during 2007-2012 were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology.ResultsFrom 2007 to 2012, a total of 33 cases of JE were reported in Jinhua, and 1 case was fatal; the average incidence rate was 0.11/100 000. The cases were mainly distributed in cities of Yiwu, Dongyang and Yongkang. Thirty two(96.97%) of all cases were aged under 15 years. The migrant population from other provinces accounted for 72.73% of all cases. The peak season was during July to August. No history of immunization was found in 84.85% of all patients. According to the vector surveillance,Culex pipiens pallenswas the dominant species of mosquitoes, accounting for 63.73%.ConclusionFrom 2007 to 2012, the migrant children from other province, who had no history of immunization with JE, constituted a large proportion of JE cases in Jinhua. Therefore, effective JE control measures should be taken to reinforce the vaccination among migrant children and strengthen the personal protection against mosquitoes in migrant population. Meanwhile, the surveillance of mosquito vectors and reservoir hosts should be conducted.
Teleconferences to Facilitate Multidisciplinary Care and Education in IBD

The medical and surgical management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients necessitates the coordination of multiple medical disciplines. Patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis often experience comorbid illnesses and medical complications for which consultation with outside academic centers is sought. Recent technological advancements have significantly improved the ability for physicians to interact remotely. Intra-institutional videoconferences that include specialists from disciplines such as medicine, surgery, pathology, and radiology are often held to discuss patient management. More recently, teleconferencing between major academic and clinical centers is being used to help care for IBD patients. These team interactions increase physicians’ knowledge base and therapeutically benefit patients by sharing ideas about superior as well as novel pathways of care.
Using Conditional Probability and a Nonlinear Kriging Technique to Predict Potato Early Die Caused by Verticllium Dahliae

Verticillium dahliae is a plant pathogenic fungus that can be devastating to commercial potato production. Potato growers in the state of Michigan have experienced yield declines and decreased marketability as a direct result of the persistence of V. dahliae in soil. A team of researchers at Michigan State University conducted a soil evaluation using geostatistics and geographic information systems (GIS). The use of a nonlinear Kriging method allowed the team to predict where infection may occur. Nonlinear Kriging is a useful tool for creating conditional probability maps based on a threshold, which can be built into the equation. Verticillium dahliae has an inoculum threshold needed to cause infection in a potato plant. Using this threshold, maps can be created based on a probability of any point in space being greater than the threshold. The methods used in this paper show how geostatistics can be a valuable tool for commercial growers.
Human-Security States to the Rescue

Paul Amar. (2013). The Security Archipelago: Human-Security States, Sexuality Politics, and the End of Neoliberalism . Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 310 pp., $25.95, paperback (ISBN 978-0-8223-5398-0). When postcolonial and critical International Relations (IR) scholars analyze global politics, they often examine how the Global North draws upon and strengthens international hierarchy by engaging the Global South via international law, militarized humanitarianism, and neoliberal policies. A small but growing number of scholars are focusing on the agency of countries and communities in the Global South, particularly in terms of shaping encounters with the Global North but also within the Global South; accordingly, these scholars challenge perceptions of how hierarchy works and expand understandings of non-Western sovereignty (Rao 2010; Ling 2014). Paul Amar’s stunning, imaginative, and meticulously researched book fits into this conversation by exploring how regimes of governance originate in the Global South, focusing particularly on the semi-peripheral sites of Cairo, Egypt, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. How do states in the Global South respond when local social movements demand that their governments address deep polarization, inequalities, and fears within the society, much of which neoliberalization has catalyzed? Amar traces how states react by deploying the concept of “human security,” recasting economic and social repression as crises of morality and cultural authenticity that can be solved through “humanitarian” intervention, enforced by the military and police. Through a combination of policing, counterinsurgency, peace enforcement, and alliance with a wide range of political actors, … mnayak{at}pace.edu
THE OPINIONS OF PLANCK, BOHR, AND SCHRÖDINGER

The importance of Max Planck's lectures, pamphlets, and books on the philosophy of science cannot be overestimated. The man who shattered the very foundations of classical physics was, by character, a resolute builder. He would not leave behind him some battered ruins, but he wanted to rebuild, starting from the foundations, and his papers are really fundamental. This chapter summarizes his viewpoint and explains one of his most important pamphlets. Planck's discussions are really inspiring, the style is clear, the thinking is brilliant and unprejudiced, and the ideas are supported by a great variety of examples. Planck's viewpoint and Erwin Schrodinger's statement are very close, especially if the words understandability and objectivity are taken with a rather broad meaning. Schrodinger was intrigued by the problems of the philosophical background of science. Neils Bohr explains a number of examples of his theory of complementarity that plays a prominent role in quantum theories.
Community policing in Israel

Modern Israel, the youngest of the four countries reviewed here, is a product of nineteenth-century and post-Second World War nationalism forces, an extensive and unique history, geo-strategic location,1 and colonial forces, that shaped not only its national character and fate in the region but also its legal and policing heritage. The strong influence of the Turkish Ottoman Empire was reflected in early pre-state policing arrangements that were mostly agricultural in nature, attempting to protect property and crops from sabotage and theft. These arrangements were overhauled with the takeover by the British Empire in 1917 and the installation of the British Mandatory Government. By 1922 the purely colonial police force had added local elements (Arab and Jewish) which became the prevalent police force in the mandatory territory by 1926 following the British police order (Brewer et al., 1988; Shane, 1980). That order remains in effect as the basic code for police functioning in Israel as the newly established government adopted the British system as the law of the land in 1948.
Decision Aids Can Support Cancer Clinical Trials Decisions: Results of a Randomized Trial

BACKGROUND Cancer patients often do not make informed decisions regarding clinical trial participation. This study evaluated whether a web-based decision aid (DA) could support trial decisions compared with our cancer center's website. METHODS Adults diagnosed with cancer in the past 6 months who had not previously participated in a cancer clinical trial were eligible. Participants were randomized to view the DA or our cancer center's website (enhanced usual care [UC]). Controlling for whether participants had heard of cancer clinical trials and educational attainment, multivariable linear regression examined group on knowledge, self-efficacy for finding trial information, decisional conflict (values clarity and uncertainty), intent to participate, decision readiness, and trial perceptions. RESULTS Two hundred patients (86%) consented between May 2014 and April 2015. One hundred were randomized to each group. Surveys were completed by 87 in the DA group and 90 in the UC group. DA group participants reported clearer values regarding trial participation than UC group participants reported (least squares [LS] mean = 15.8 vs. 32, p < .0001) and less uncertainty (LS mean = 24.3 vs. 36.4, p = .025). The DA group had higher objective knowledge than the UC group's (LS mean = 69.8 vs. 55.8, p < .0001). There were no differences between groups in intent to participate. CONCLUSIONS Improvements on key decision outcomes including knowledge, self-efficacy, certainty about choice, and values clarity among participants who viewed the DA suggest web-based DAs can support informed decisions about trial participation among cancer patients facing this preference-sensitive choice. Although better informing patients before trial participation could improve retention, more work is needed to examine DA impact on enrollment and retention. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This paper describes evidence regarding a decision tool to support patients' decisions about trial participation. By improving knowledge, helping patients clarify preferences for participation, and facilitating conversations about trials, decision aids could lead to decisions about participation that better match patients' preferences, promoting patient-centered care and the ethical conduct of clinical research.