cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of rising labour costs on global supply chains: the case of China’s cotton yarn industry

Rapid economic growth in China and India has resulted in rapidly rising labour costs in those countries. In this study a Muth-type model is used to assess the potential effects of this development ...
Immunohistochemistry: Applications to the Evaluation of Lung and Pleural Neoplasms: Part 1

Immunohistochemistry has come to occupy a key position among the armamentarium of tools pathologists apply to the evaluation of lung and pleural neoplasms. This technique uses antibodies that bind to specific antigens, usually proteins, enabling microscopic detection of the antigens. Over the last several decades, an impressive array of antibodies has become commercially available, and many of these antibodies have become integrated into the routine practice of pathology. Evaluation of tissue or cytology samples with these antibodies can facilitate determination of tumor type and site of origin. Comments citing results of immunohistochemical staining with these antibodies frequently appear in pathology reports and may be difficult to translate for those less familiar with the technique. This review presents, in two parts, common diagnostic applications of immunohistochemistry, with information about strategies taken for frequently encountered differential diagnostic scenarios. This, the first of two parts, offers a basic overview of the technique and discusses its applications in the diagnosis of common primary lung carcinomas.
Coupling general physical environmental process models with specific question-driven ecological simulation models

Abstract The mechanistic basis for problem-specific, question-driven ecological simulation models often includes general physical phenomena. Although linking general physical environmental process models with custom-written spatially-explicit ecological models appears conceptually straightforward, practical implementation of such structures is often problematic for ecological modellers and may require specific software engineering knowledge. We describe a general coupling framework that introduces an intermediate layer between the two types of models. We used a popular programming language (NetLogo) to implement a spatially-explicit simulation model for insect population growth and migration, and a commonly-used complex atmospheric dispersion model (HYSPLIT) to project air particle (here insect pest) transport, dispersion and deposition. We developed an algorithm that facilitates an ongoing dialogue between these two models. The dialogue takes place along a temporal scale with frequency and duration constrained only by the study objective. Our approach should be readily adaptable to analogous problems.
Peridynamic Modeling of Frictional Contact

This paper reviews several existing peridynamic models for frictional contact (previously documented only in the gray literature), and extends them to remedy various shortcomings. In particular, we introduce a state-based nonlocal friction formulation that corrects for loss of angular momentum balance and objectivity in a widely used frictional extension of short-range contact forces. We demonstrate the properties of various peridynamic contact models by applying them in finite element and meshfree peridynamic analyses of benchmark problems and an impact/penetration test.
Metaplastic breast cancer has a poor response to neoadjuvant systemic therapy

Metaplastic breast cancer (MetaBC) is a rare breast cancer subtype poorly responsive to systemic therapy in the metastatic setting with high recurrence rates in the adjuvant setting. However, limited data exist regarding response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). We performed a single institutional study to assess the clinical and pathological complete response rates (pCR) of MetaBC to NAC. Mayo Clinic Rochester patients with MetaBC treated with NAC were identified using the institutional medical index. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, chemotherapy treatment, clinical and pathological response, and long-term outcomes were reviewed. Pathologic response was assessed by direct pathology review (n = 14) or review of outside surgical and pathology reports (n = 4). Women with MetaBC (n = 18) received NAC from January 1991 to June 2014. The mean age was 50 years (range 33–79) with a mean tumor size of 5.1 cm (range 2.3–11 cm) and 6/18 had pathologically confirmed lymph nodes prior to surgery. The majority (13/18; 72%) were estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER-2 negative (TNBC), and 1/18 (5.5%) was HER-2 positive. Five had BRCA testing and 2/5 were BRCA-2 positive. The chemotherapy regimens included anthracycline/cyclophosphamide (AC) (n = 1), AC/taxane (n = 3), AC/taxane/platinum (n = 8), taxane/platinum-based regimens (n = 4), taxane/cyclophosphamide (n = 1) and taxane/trastuzumab (n = 1). Five of 18 (28%) progressed on initial treatment including two who developed metastatic disease during NAC. The overall pCR rate was 2/18 (11%). MetaBC is poorly responsive to NAC, with a pCR rate (11%), that is lower than expected in a predominantly TNBC cohort. MetaBC patients should be considered for clinical trials testing new NAC regimens and in the absence of clinical trial enrollment, MetaBC patients with resectable disease should proceed directly to definitive operative management.
The views of many: 360 feedback for child welfare leadership development

ABSTRACTThe stressful and ever-changing work of child welfare requires skilled and adaptable leaders, though formal preparation and feedback related to that role is rare. This study explored the fe...
A Flexible Parameterization for Shortwave and Longwave Optical Properties of Ice Crystals and Derived Bulk Optical Properties for Climate Models

AbstractWe provide a parameterization of the extinction efficiency, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetry parameter of single ice crystals with any combination of particle volume, projected area,...
Self‐Propelled Supracolloidal Fibers from Multifunctional Polymer Surfactants and Droplets

Advanced synthetic materials are needed to produce nano- and mesoscale structures that function autonomously, catalyze reactions, and convert chemical energy into motion. This paper describes supracolloidal fiber-like structures that are composed of self-adhering, or "sticky," oil-in-water emulsion droplets. Polymer zwitterion surfactants serve as the key interfacial components of these materials, enabling multiple functions simultaneously, including acting as droplet-stabilizing surfactants, interdroplet adhesives, and building blocks of the fibers. This fiber motion, a surprising additional feature of these supracolloidal structures, is observed at the air-water interface and hinged on the chemistry of the polymer surfactant. The origin of this motion is hypothesized to involve transport of polymer from the oil-water interface to the air-water interface, which generates a Marangoni (interfacial) stress. Harnessing this fiber motion with functional polymer surfactants, and selection of the oil phase, produced worm-like objects capable of rotation, oscillation, and/or response to external fields. Overall, these supracolloidal fibers fill a design gap between self-propelled nano/microscale particles and macroscale motors, and have the potential to serve as new components of soft, responsive materials structures.
Synthetic anticoagulant heparan sulfate attenuates liver ischemia reperfusion injury

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan abundant on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix and has several biological activities including anticoagulation and anti-inflammation. Liver ischemia reperfusion injury is associated with coagulation and inflammatory responses. Here, we synthesized HS oligosaccharides with defined sulfation patterns and show that synthetic anticoagulant HS oligosaccharides limit liver ischemia reperfusion injury in a mouse model. Using a small targeted HS library, we demonstrate that an oligosaccharide that possesses both anticoagulant activity and binding affinity to HMGB1, the inflammatory target, decreases injury greater than oligosaccharides that only bind to HMGB1 or only have anticoagulant activity. HS oligosaccharides may represent a potential new therapeutic option for decreasing liver damage resulting from ischemia reperfusion injury.
Anisotropic Magnetoresistance in Antiferromagnetic Sr 2 IrO 4

Spintronics, which exploits both an electron's spin and magnetic moment, may help revolutionize new memory-storage techniques. Scientists show how the anisotropic magnetoresistance of Sr${}_{2}$IrO${}_{4}$ changes with magnetic field strength, shedding light on the properties of antiferromagnetic oxides.
Teacher-perceived developmental predictors of family involvement in prekindergarten

Family involvement is critical for children’s early learning and development. Consequently, it is important to identify predictors of family involvement in early childhood. The present study used teacher-report data to examine child-level developmental predictors of family involvement as defined by three aspects: absenteeism, tardiness, and family efforts to help children be prepared for school. We used a sample of N = 334 prekindergarten students whose teachers report as eligible for free/reduced-price lunch. Two-level models revealed that teachers perceived prekindergarten students’ entering social-emotional development as predictive of family involvement by the end of the year. Implications for both research and practice are discussed. In particular, we provide ideas for research and practice in light of the potential accuracy and inaccuracy of teachers’ perceptions.
Persuasion Contest: Disclosing Own and Rival Information

This paper investigates a contest in information revelation between firms that seek to persuade consumers by revealing positive own information and negative information about the rival. In the face of limited bandwidth, firms are forced to make a trade-off between disclosing their own positive information and their rival’s negative information. A negative-communication equilibrium, in which firms disclose rival’s negative information whenever possible, exists when consumers have poor outside options or when firms are better informed. Bandwidth limitations make competitive firms more likely to disclose information compared to when they have no limitations. When firms strictly prefer consumers to choose the outside option over the rival (as in political contests), there is a greater prevalence of the negative communication equilibrium while the incidence of positive communication is lowered. Finally, when firms are asymmetric in their ex-ante quality valuations, the higher quality firm is less likely to engage in negative communication.
Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)

Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is an uncommon primary brain tumor where radiation therapy is utilized for recurrence or adjuvant treatment after surgery. This chapter addresses considerations for contouring and treatment planning approaches.
Benefits, Facilitators, and Recommendations for Digital Health Academic-Industry Collaboration: A Mini Review

Digital health remains a growing and challenging niche in public health practice. Academic-industry collaboration (AIC) offers a mechanism to bring disparate sectors together to alleviate digital health challenges of engagement, reach, sustainability, dissemination, evaluation, and equity. Despite the ongoing endorsements for AIC in digital health, limited understanding exists of successful AIC exists. Most published research highlights the barriers of collaboration rather than efficacy, leaving collaborators asking: What are the benefits and facilitators of AIC and do they apply in digital health? As an initial effort to fill the gap in the literature, the purpose of this mini review outlines the benefits and facilitators from previous AIC and offers recommendations specific to digital health.
Can Alloplastic Total Temporomandibular Joint Reconstruction be Used in the Growing Patient? A Preliminary Report

Introduction Although primarily reserved for adult patients, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) total joint reconstructive (TJR) surgery is rarely used in the pediatric population due to its many challenges; it is only performed after all other non-invasive or invasive procedures have been exhausted. Although autogenous grafting has been discussed in the literature, there is very little regarding synthetic or alloplastic materials. In this study, we performed alloplastic TMJ reconstruction on 5 patients with severe ankylosis due to various craniofacial deformities and prior traumatic injuries. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective case series analysis of skeletally immature patients who received alloplastic TMJ reconstruction for recurrent and advanced ankylosis. Our inclusion criteria were as follows: less than 16 years of age, diagnosis of TMJ ankylosis, skeletally immature patients, and unilateral/bilateral total alloplastic TMJ reconstruction. We used the maximum incisal opening (MIO) changes as 1 component to assess for functional improvement. Results Since many of these cases involved gross discrepancies from the normal variants, it was difficult to quantitatively compare the patients with one another. Nevertheless, we used cephalometric analysis to compare pre- and postoperative results on each patient. For this study, we used MIO as our primary assessment: the preoperative average for MIO was 7.4 mm, and the postoperative average 24 mm. Conclusion It is our experience that the use of alloplastic material will not result in harm to either the growth of the mandible or patient's ability to achieve an improved MIO based on our long- and short-term results. These results demonstrate that for even complex craniofacial deformities and traumatic injuries, our patients experienced a significant improvement in MIO, 1 of the main indicators for TMJ function. We conclude that the alloplastic joint can provide a predictable pathway to restore patient's MIO and obviate the need for repeated surgeries, which can be a more challenging alternative with poorer outcomes.
Neuropeptide Modulation Increases Dendritic Electrical Spread to Restore Neuronal Activity Disrupted by Temperature.

Peptide neuromodulation has been implicated to shield neuronal activity from acute temperature changes that can otherwise lead to loss of motor control or failure of vital behaviors. However, the cellular actions neuropeptides elicit to support temperature-robust activity remain unknown. Here, we find that peptide neuromodulation restores rhythmic bursting in temperature-compromised central pattern generator (CPG) neurons by counteracting membrane shunt and increasing dendritic electrical spread. We show that acutely rising temperatures reduced spike generation and interrupted ongoing rhythmic motor activity in the crustacean gastric mill CPG. Neuronal release and extrinsic application of Cancer borealis tachykinin-related peptide Ia (CabTRP Ia), a substance-P-related peptide, restored rhythmic activity. Warming led to a significant decrease in membrane resistance and a shunting of the dendritic signals in the main gastric mill CPG neuron. Using a combination of fluorescent calcium imaging and electrophysiology, we observed that postsynaptic potentials and antidromic action potentials propagated less far within the dendritic neuropil as the system warmed. In the presence of CabTRP Ia, membrane shunt decreased and both postsynaptic potentials and antidromic action potentials propagated farther. At elevated temperatures, CabTRP Ia restored dendritic electrical spread or extended it beyond that at cold temperatures. Selective introduction of the CabTRP Ia conductance using a dynamic clamp demonstrated that the CabTRP Ia voltage-dependent conductance was sufficient to restore rhythmic bursting. Our findings demonstrate that a substance-P-related neuropeptide can boost dendritic electrical spread to maintain neuronal activity when perturbed and reveals key neurophysiological components of neuropeptide actions that support pattern generation in temperature-compromised conditions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Changes in body temperature can have detrimental consequences for the well-being of an organism. Temperature-dependent changes in neuronal activity can be especially dangerous if they affect vital behaviors. Understanding how temperature changes disrupt neuronal activity and identifying how to ameliorate such effects is critically important. Our study of a crustacean circuit shows that warming disrupts rhythmic neuronal activity by increasing membrane shunt and reducing dendritic electrical spread in a key circuit neuron. Through the ionic conductance activated by it, substance-P-related peptide modulation restored electrical spread and counteracted the detrimental temperature effects on rhythmic activity. Because neuropeptides are commonly implicated in sustaining neuronal activity during perturbation, our results provide a promising mechanism to support temperature-robust activity.
Implicit attitudes matter for social judgments of others’ preference, but do not make those judgments more or less accurate

Abstract Drawing from a large dataset of responses to implicit and explicit attitude measures and social judgments of others' preferences (N = 97,176) across 95 distinct attitude domains, this Registered Report utilized a componential analysis of judgment accuracy to examine whether implicit attitudes affected the accuracy of social judgment. I found evidence that judgments of the population's preferences were associated with the population's true implicit (but not explicit) attitudes, and that individuals projected their implicit attitudes in addition to the projection of explicit attitudes when judging the population's true preferences. However, I found no evidence that stronger or weaker implicit attitudes were uniquely associated with greater or less accuracy in judging the population's true preferences. These results provide generalizable evidence that implicit attitudes matter greatly for social judgment accuracy in distinct and nuanced ways.
Intraoperative lateral rectus electromyographic recordings optimized by deep intraorbital needle electrodes.

Abstract Objective We demonstrate the advantages and safety of long, intraorbitally-placed needle electrodes, compared to standard-length subdermal electrodes, when recording lateral rectus electromyography (EMG) during intracranial surgeries. Methods Insulated 25 mm and uninsulated 13 mm needle electrodes, aimed at the lateral rectus muscle, were placed in parallel during 10 intracranial surgeries, examining spontaneous and stimulation-induced EMG activities. Postoperative complications in these patients were reviewed, alongside additional patients who underwent long electrode placement in the lateral rectus. Results In 40 stimulation-induced recordings from 10 patients, the 25 mm electrodes recorded 6- to 26-fold greater amplitude EMG waveforms than the 13 mm electrodes. The 13 mm electrodes detected greater unwanted volume conduction upon facial nerve stimulation, typically exceeding the amplitude of abducens nerve stimulation. Except for one case with lateral canthus ecchymosis, no clinical or radiographic complications occurred in 36 patients (41 lateral rectus muscles) following needle placement. Conclusions Intramuscular recordings from long electrode in the lateral rectus offers more reliable EMG monitoring than 13 mm needles, with excellent discrimination between abducens and facial nerve stimulations, and without significant complications from needle placement. Significance Long intramuscular electrode within the orbit for lateral rectus EMG recording is practical and reliable for abducens nerve monitoring.
Development of Prehensile Feeding in Ring Doves (Streptopelia risoria): Learning Under Organismic and Task Constraints

Birds use their beaks as visually guided prehensile (reaching/grasping) effectors, employing the beak for functions critical to survival. The beak is used to pick up and ingest food, preen the feathers, gather nesting material and assemble the nest. In many altricial species, beak-mediated prehension is involved in the delivery of food to the young, either by grasping the beaks of the young and delivering food regurgitatively, or by using the beak to seize food and carry it back to the nest. In aggressive interactions the beak is used to grasp forcefully and to twist the skin and feathers of the opponent. The beak is also involved in critical non-prehensile tasks; notably, song production, drinking, and aggressive jabbing. As well as showing variation in beak use across functions, some species must show flexibility in their beak movements within a task, such as feeding.
Enredos historiográficos: Lope ante Lepanto

This article proposes that the long maligned blend of love intrigue and battle chronicle within Lope de Vega’s La Santa Liga merits reconsideration in terms of how Spaniards negotiated the cultural memory of the Battle of Lepanto (October 7, 1571).
Written Tests in Activity Classes.

(1981). Written Tests in Activity Classes. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 21-83.
Aviation Safety and Security

Operations research contributes to decision-making about aviation safety and security in two distinct ways: (i) it quantifies the risk that safety and security threats pose to air travelers and (ii) it facilitates analyses about which measures to reduce aviation risk are most likely to be beneficial. This introductory article illustrates both kinds of contributions, focusing on passenger jet aviation and using data about safety and security over the last fifty years. Keywords: air transportation; aviation safety; aviation security; passenger mortality risk
A Variable-Memory Model of Visual Search:

Previous models of visual search have hypothesized either a random search or a repeated systematic search strategy. Although both models reproduce well the cumulative search time distribution, F(t)...
Hard-of-Hearing and Deaf Clients: Using the WISC-IV with Clients Who Are Hard-of-Hearing or Deaf

Publisher Summary This chapter intends to help clinicians understand the unique issues that arise when they use the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) with deaf or hard-of-hearing children. The primary concern confronting examiners who are charged with assessing the intelligence of deaf and hard-of-hearing children is differentially diagnosing intellectual deficits from experiential deficits. Deaf and hard-of-hearing children vary substantially in their means of communication. Slightly more than half (54.9%) of the deaf and hard-of-hearing students in U.S. schools receive instruction using formal sign systems, and slightly less than half (44.5%) are taught exclusively via speech. Examiners must identify relevant communication needs and ensure they accommodate those needs when communicating with and assessing deaf or hard-of-hearing children who rely primarily or exclusively on spoken communication. Given the complexity of these issues, examiners should consider carefully whether they have the competence for assessing deaf and hard-of-hearing children. Research on tests of intelligence using deaf and hard-of-hearing examinees yields a number of findings that examiners should consider when interpreting test scores.
Analyze Horizontal Well Tests Using Reservoir Simulation Approach–a Case Study

Analysis based on analytical solutions dominates in conventional well testing analysis. Analytical solutions, however, meet their challenges under some complex test conditions. This paper presents a case study of horizontal well testing analysis using simulation approach. In this case study, we show an example that the horizontal well tests, sometimes, could not be analyzed using conventional well testing methods, but they could be analyzed using simulation approach (a single well model in this case). By history matching the well tests, we calibrated the single well model. Then using the calibrated model, we analyzed the actual well performance. We also used the single well model to design a new drawdown test. The new drawdown test was successfully conducted and analyzed using an analytical model. The analysis results are consistent with those obtained from the earlier tests analyzed using simulation approach. Key words: Reservoir simulation approach; Horizontal well; ECLIPSE; PanSystem
Polymer‐bound diphenyl chlorosilane

(reagent used as an alcohol protecting group and linker for solid-phase organic synthesis) Alternate Name: (diphenyl chlorosilane)polystyrene. Physical Data: IR absorptions at 1430 and 1108 cm−1.1 Preparative Methods: lithiated polystyrene can be prepared via direct lithiation of cross-linked polystyrene with BuLi and TMEDA (1:1) at 65 °C in cyclohexane (eq 1).1 Subsequent addition of diphenyl dichlorosilane in benzene followed by washing with excess benzene and drying in vacuo provides the desired functionalized polymer. Loading can be determined by hydrolysis and acid-base titration.1 (1) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: reagent is water sensitive and cannot be stored for prolonged periods.
Thermal instability in gravitationally stratified plasmas: implications for multiphase structure in clusters and galaxy haloes

We study the interplay among cooling, heating, conduction and magnetic fields in gravitationally stratified plasmas using simplified, plane-parallel numerical simulations. Since the physical heating mechanism remains uncertain in massive haloes such as groups or clusters, we adopt a simple, phenomenological prescription which enforces global thermal equilibrium and prevents a cooling flow. The plasma remains susceptible to local thermal instability, however, and cooling drives an inward flow of material. For physically plausible heating mechanisms in clusters, the thermal stability of the plasma is independent of its convective stability. We find that the ratio of the cooling time-scale to the dynamical time-scale tcool/tff controls the non-linear evolution and saturation of the thermal instability: when tcool/tff≲ 1, the plasma develops extended multiphase structure, whereas when tcool/tff≳ 1 it does not. (In a companion paper, we show that the criterion for thermal instability in a more realistic, spherical potential is somewhat less stringent, tcool/tff≲ 10.) When thermal conduction is anisotropic with respect to the magnetic field, the criterion for multiphase gas is essentially independent of the thermal conductivity of the plasma. Our criterion for local thermal instability to produce multiphase structure is an extension of the cold versus hot accretion modes in galaxy formation that applies at all radii in hot haloes, not just to the virial shock. We show that this criterion is consistent with data on multiphase gas in galaxy groups and clusters; in addition, when tcool/tff≳ 1, the net cooling rate to low temperatures and the mass flux to small radii are suppressed enough relative to models without heating to be qualitatively consistent with star formation rates and X-ray line emission in groups and clusters.
Perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics in Inelastic and Elastic Processes

Several topics under the heading of perturbative quantum chromodynamics (pQCD) are discussed.
The visual world of monkeys deprived of striate cortex: effective stimulus parameters and the importance of the accessory optic system.

Abstract Behavioral and anatomic studies were conducted to define the effective stimulus parameters and the necessary structures for visually guided behavior after complete exclusion of the striate cortex. It was found that operated monkeys mastered several combinations of total luminous flux-equated targets differing in luminance with markedly less errors in successive tests, thus showing a certain degree of brightness constancy. Some of these animals could also learn a triangle vs. circle discrimination, and exhibited signs of color vision. Enlarging the lesions to include most of areas 18 and 19 resulted in monkeys which could not master a brightness and size discrimination in the absence of luminous flux cues. Section of the optic chiasma did not affect the residual luminous flux discrimination whereas destruction of the accessory optic system abolished this capacity. Following eye-enucleations, electron microscopic examination revealed “dark” degeneration without a hyperfilamentous stage in the contralateral and ipsilateral accessory optic nuclei. Findings suggest that monkeys without striate area may still exhibit some of the approximate constancies which allow the perception of a structured visual space, provided that the peristriate and parastriate cortices are relatively preserved. The accessory optic system appears to be necessary for the basic discrimination of total luminous flux. Its nucleus receives crossed and uncrossed optic fibers, and many other non-optic afferents.
Shear stress modulates RAGE-mediated inflammation in a model of diabetes-induced metabolic stress

Atherosclerosis occurs preferentially at sites of disturbed blood flow despite the influence of risk factors contributing to systemic inflammation. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (...
Moist‐Soil Plants as Ecohydrologic Indicators for Recovering the Flood Pulse in the Illinois River

The hydrologic regime of the Illinois River has been substantially altered by locks and dams, floodplain levees, water diversion, and development of the watershed over the past 100 years. The natural flood pulse, a fundamental rhythm to which the plants and animals of both the river and its floodplain had adapted, has been disrupted. State, federal, and non-governmental organizations are currently trying to naturalize the Illinois floodplain-river system. Little, however, is known about how to recover those elements of the flood pulse essential to the native biota. In this study we propose moist-soil plants, whose life history is dependent upon flood pulsing, as ecohydrologic indicators of the flood pulse. We explain how moist-soil plants are supported by the natural flood pulse and present a conceptual framework that links the flooding regimes of the river and the reproductive success of the plants. Successful germination and full growth of moist-soil plants can be a useful indicator for optimum naturalization of flood regimes. The framework also shows how the interdisciplinary linkages between hydrology, ecology, and spatial analysis assist in predicting, measuring, and comparing consequences of alternative naturalization scenarios. A new ecohydrologic parameter, lowest elevation for successful moist-soil plant production, is presented.
Dissociation of slow potentials and phasic multiple unit activity.

Abstract Optic neurotomy in cats with chronically implanted electrodes has the following effects during rapid eye movement sleep: (i) eye movement-correlated slow potentials in LGN are diminished while those in visual cortex are augmented in amplitude; (ii) eye movement-correlated phasic peaks of integrated multiple unit activity in LGN and visual cortex are unchanged; and (iii) background levels of integrated multiple unit activity in these sites are diminished. This dissociation of these normally concurrent electrophysiological events provides evidence concerning the electrophysiological basis of these activities and dictates that although the two activities co-occur in normal animals, they may not be treated as equivalent.
Utility of laser altimeter and stereoscopic terrain models: Application to Martian craters

Abstract The use of numerical datasets of the same type derived from remote sensing instruments is often treated as equivalent in value and utility, within the limits of their spatial resolution. Surface topography is a good example of this. We used gridded digital terrain models (DTMs) derived from both laser altimetry and stereo pairs as well as the original laser data points to quantify the topography of impact craters, which have well-studied morphometry. The primary purpose was to test the accuracy of laser data given an image-based DTM with approximately a factor of 10 better spatial resolution; we used the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter and High-Resolution Stereo Camera datasets for this work. We found that the ability to derive accurate topographic information in laser altimetry diminished well before the ability to visually resolve the feature in the dataset, but we also found that laser point and gridded data-based results were in good agreement down to their resolution limits. Relative to the image-based DTM, pixel-for-pixel, the laser data were more useful in their ability to visibly resolve the impact craters. This work has implications for remote sensing in general, but specifically the application to limited sources of data for planetary surface topography, such as Mercury where the northern hemisphere topography is being measured with a laser altimeter but the southern hemisphere topography is based only on stereo pairs.
An Asymmetrical Double-Gate VCO with Wide Frequency Range

Independently-controlled double-gate devices using asymmetrical (n+/p+) gates are applied to the design of a novel VT-controlled voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The VCO supports high operating frequencies and a wide tuning range. The back gates of the asymmetrical double-gate devices are used to modulate the threshold voltages of the front gate devices. A two-fold frequency tuning range is observed without the complexity of additional devices, resulting in improved performance, noise immunity, and power efficiency over conventional well/body bias techniques. These results are validated through mixed-mode MEDICI simulations
Raman spectra of O−2 and O−3 ions in alkali-metal superoxides and ozonides

Abstract Raman spectra of polycrystalline NaO2, KO2, RbO2, CsO2, KO3, and CsO3 were measured from 75 to 300°K. Solid-solid phase transition effeccts were noted in spectra of the sodium, potassium, and rubidium superoxides, but none was detected with CsO2. External mode frequencies were observed in the 211−200, 146−122, and 89−62 cm−1 regions in the low temperature spectra of KO2 and RbO2. Spectra of KO3 and CsO3 exhibited a single band at ca. 1010 cm−1 which was assigned to the symmetric stretching mode of the O−3 ion.
Enterprise Wisdom Captured Socially

Data availability in online social networks as well as the business world has lately not been an issue. Vast amounts of data are being generated by social networking users in the form of informal interactions. What has been an issue, is the transformation of data into useful information, that in time and with appropriate processing becomes knowledge. In this paper we examine knowledge generation under informal social communications, based on semantically enriched user-generated data and associated metadata. We dynamically capture users' interests and expertise using such semantically enriched content. Knowledge networks of users emerge, exhibiting collective intelligence. To capture such collective knowledge, we propose a novel knowledge base paradigm, which seamlessly integrates information from multiple platforms and facilitates knowledge extraction, mining, discovery and inferencing. Using semantically enriched user profiles, we compute semantic similarity between users and content in a joint semantic space, driving numerous applications.
Enabling gate etch process development using scatterometry

Within the past few years, scatterometry has been embraced for many in-line measurement and disposition applications in the semiconductor industry. Yet, there remains some hesitation to fully rely on scatterometry for advanced process development, and instead to depend on CDSEMs and traditional failure analysis imaging methods (cross-section, TEM, FIB) to provide CD as well as profile information. This paper investigates whether scatterometry can be used as a suitable tool to supplement and sometimes replace XSEM metrology, and is an extension of the work from M. Sendelbach et. al. entitled "Improving STI etch process development by replacing XSEM metrology with scatterometry" from the 2005 SPIE Microlithography conference. A very large number of cross-sections were completed on the scatterometry grating targets as well as in-line disposition target and compared to optical measurements of the gratings with the purpose of decisively answering this question. The targets used for this work were etched 65nm node NFET gate structures. Measurements from cross-sections and scatterometry were processed to understand the top CD, middle CD, bottom CD and sidewall angle correlations. The investigation led to some interesting results, such as the existence of significant variation within a grating. In fact, there was enough variation to indicate that one or a few cross-sections may not represent the actual process or the "average" state of an array of lines, making XSEM metrology a poor quantitative method when used for process development. Scatterometry measurements of middle and bottom CDs show excellent correlation to cross-section results of both the grating and disposition targets.
Low-cost sound-based localization using programmable mixed-signal systems-on-chip

There have been extensive theoretical studies on sound-based localization using both, a pair of microphones and microphone arrays. In contrast, there has been much less work on implementing and experimenting sound-based localization realized as customized electronic designs. This paper presents a low-cost implementation of the sound-based localization method proposed in Halupka et al. 11]. A new method called wave counting is proposed in this paper, as an alternative to the Maximum Likelihood procedure used in 11]. The implementation uses PSoC programmable mixed-signal embedded system-on-chip, which incorporates microcontroller, on-chip SRAM and flash memory, programmable digital blocks, and programmable analog blocks, all integrated on the same chip. The paper presents an extensive set of experiments to characterize the quality of localization using the proposed low-cost design.
Degradation of Escherichia coli DNA: evidence for limitation in vivo by protein X, the recA gene product

DNA is more extensively degraded after it is damaged in recA mutants of E. coli than in wild type cells. All data presented here are consistent with the recA gene product, protein X, being an inhibitor of nalidixic acid induced degradation of the bulk DNA (but not of newly replicated DNA). Production of protein X also is correlated with appearance of various "S.O.S." repair functions. Evidence was obtained by comparing the rates of protein X synthesis and solubilization of uniformly-labeled DNA in intact cells, incubated in the presence of nalidixic acid. A set of mutants at the lexA locus produced protein X at different rates and degraded their DNA at rates which were inversely correlated to their rates of protein X production. A low concentration of rifampicin quite specifically inhibited protein X production by wild type E. coli, and allowed more rapid DNA degradation. After the DNA was damaged by the incubation of cells in the presence of nalidixic acid, cells preloaded with protein X degraded their DNA more slowly. We propose that protein X could protect DNA against degradation by binding to single-stranded regions, thereby inhibiting nuclease action.
A novel method for assessing postoperative femoral head reduction in developmental dysplasia of the hip

Abstract Purpose Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) affects approximately 1 % of live births. Dislocated hips require reduction and stabilisation in a spica cast, and reduction efficacy is assessed radiologically. Numerous measurements are used to ascertain the adequacy of reduction but can be inconsistent in evaluating femoral head position. This study describes the morphology of the developing acetabulum in DDH and validates a novel method to assess adequate reduction of the dysplastic hip following closed or open reduction. Methods A retrospective review was performed of 66 consecutive patients undergoing reduction of hip dislocation over a 2-year period. Three independent reviewers evaluated postoperative CT scans to assess anterior-posterior (AP) displacement and modified Shenton’s line. Acetabular morphology was also assessed along with hip congruency using a described novel ‘posterior neck line’. Results Dislocated hips were successfully identified using the posterior neck line with a sensiti...
Regulation of Type I Collagen Gene Expression in Bone

The regulation of COL1A1 gene expression in bone was studied by measuring the activity of type I collagen promoter fusion genes (ColCAT) in permanently transfected osteoblastic cells and calvariae from transgenic animals. The basal activity of ColCAT fusion genes in transfected cells is mediated by DNA sequences between -3.5 to -2.3 kb while expression in vivo requires sequences between -2.3 and -1.7 kb. Parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and interleukin-1 decrease the activity of ColCAT fusion genes in osteoblastic cells and transgenic calvariae. Because there may be differences between the expression of ColCAT fusion genes in cultured cells and intact bone, it will be important to compare data obtained from transfected cells with an in vivo model such as calvariae from transgenic mice.
Bleomycin may be activated for DNA cleavage by NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase

In the presence of NADPH and O2, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase was found to activate Fe(III)-bleomycin A2 for DNA strand scission. Consistent with observations made previously when cccDNA was incubated in the presence of bleomycin and Fe(II) + O2 or Fe(III) + C6H5IO, degradation of DNA by NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activated Fe(III)-bleomycin A2 produced both single- and double-strand nicks with concomitant formation of malondialdehyde (precursors). Cu(II)-bleomycin A2 also produced nicks in SV40 DNA following activation with NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, but these were not accompanied by the formation of malondialdehyde (precursors). These findings confirm the activity of copper bleomycin in DNA strand scission and indicate that it degrades DNA in a fashion that differs mechanistically from that of iron bleomycin. The present findings also-establish the most facile pathways for enzymatic activation of Fe(III)-bleomycin and Cu(II)-bleomycin, provide data concerning the nature of the activated metallobleomycins, and extend the analogy between the chemistry of cytochrome P-450 and bleomycin.
Placement preferences among children living in foster or kinship care: A cluster analysis

Abstract This research provides a longitudinal assessment regarding children's placement preferences, distinguishing between what children prefer to be permanent home situations and what children expect will be permanent situations. Cluster analysis was used in an effort to classify the responses of 1313 children, ages 6–14, in foster or kinship care, over a three year period, regarding placement preferences. Results of the cluster analyses indicate classification in the following four groups of permanency preferences: 1) I don't want to be here/going home; 2) I can stay here, but I don't want to/going home; 3) I can stay here and I want to, but no adoption; and 4) I can stay here and I want to, with adoption. Findings indicate that across waves of data collection, children express a sense of belonging in their foster homes. Older children were more agreeable to their current placements as long as there was no option of permanency/adoption. Also, White children were more likely to prefer and expect to go home. This research provides great utility in evaluative efforts that include listening to the voices of the children by encouraging their participation in case planning and service evaluation.
Association of the HOPA12bp allele with a large X-chromosome haplotype and positive symptom schizophrenia

HOPA is a X-chromosome gene that encodes an essential nuclear receptor co-activator. Previously, we have demonstrated that an exonic polymorphism, termed HOPA(12bp), in the Opa (Opposite Paired) domain of this gene that is critical for neuronal growth and differentiation is associated with a low risk for schizophrenia. But curiously, we have also noted that all HOPA(12bp) probands have the same haplotype immediately surrounding the HOPA(12bp), and other investigators have found evidence of population stratification with the HOPA(12bp) allele. Since deleterious alleles are weeded from the population, and the HOPA(12bp) allele is not rare, these prior findings suggest the possibility that positive selection may be occurring with respect to the HOPA(12bp) allele and that unique phenotypic features may be associated with this allele. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed symptom data collected from schizophrenic probands and conducted haplotyping studies around the HOPA(12bp) polymorphism. Consistent with our hypotheses, genotyping studies of 43 unrelated HOPA(12bp) males and 137 HOPA(wild) males demonstrated that the HOPA(12bp) allele is associated with a large conserved DNA haplotype that extends over several genes known to be critical for human survival. Furthermore, ANOVA analysis of symptom data demonstrated that HOPA(12bp) schizophrenic probands (n = 14) have significantly lower severity of negative symptoms (P < 0.002) and better attention (P < 0.002) than matched controls (n = 30). Taken together, these findings further refine the behavioral endophenotype associated with the HOPA(12bp) allele and suggest that the sequence surrounding HOPA may need to be considered to fully understand the molecular basis of the phenotype associated with the HOPA(12bp) allele.
Large-scale parallel computation of the phonon Boltzmann Transport Equation

Abstract Non-equilibrium heat conduction, as occurring in modern-day sub-micron semiconductor devices, can be predicted effectively using the Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) for phonons. In this article, strategies and algorithms for large-scale parallel computation of the phonon BTE are presented. An unstructured finite volume method for spatial discretization is coupled with the control angle discrete ordinates method for angular discretization. The single-time relaxation approximation is used to treat phonon–phonon scattering. Both dispersion and polarization of the phonons are accounted for. Three different parallelization strategies are explored: (a) band-based, (b) direction-based, and (c) hybrid band/cell-based. Subsequent to validation studies in which silicon thin-film thermal conductivity was successfully predicted, transient simulations of non-equilibrium thermal transport were conducted in a three-dimensional device-like silicon structure, discretized using 604,054 tetrahedral cells. The angular space was discretized using 400 angles, and the spectral space was discretized into 40 spectral intervals (bands). This resulted in ∼9.7 × 109 unknowns, which are approximately 3 orders of magnitude larger than previously reported computations in this area. Studies showed that direction-based and hybrid band/cell-based parallelization strategies resulted in similar total computational time. However, the parallel efficiency of the hybrid band/cell-based strategy—about 88%—was found to be superior to that of the direction-based strategy, and is recommended as the preferred strategy for even larger scale computations.
Asymptotic Pion-Pion Elastic Scattering Amplitude

The elastic scattering amplitude for neutral pseudoscalar particles is calculated in the limit of high energies and small momentum transfer. We have kept all inelastic channels in the intermediate state and exchanging only two particles. This resulting expression gives the upper and lower bounds on the total cross section $\frac{b}{s}l\ensuremath{\sigma}(s)l\frac{a}{{s}^{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}$, where $\ensuremath{\epsilon}g0$ and $a$, $b$ are real constants. A special case of this elastic scattering amplitude is shown to be of the form suggested on the basis of the Regge theory of complex angular momentum. If the slope of the Regge trajectory is taken to be $\frac{a\ensuremath{\simeq}}{50}$ we obtain a total cross section which decreases very slowly $\ensuremath{\sigma}(s)=(\frac{k}{16\ensuremath{\pi}}){s}^{\ensuremath{-}0.005}$, where $k$ is some real constant.