cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vigilance and Attention among U.S. Service Members and Veterans After Combat

In this article we explore the two emotional experiences of hypervigilance and attention. These emotions are associated with both military training and with posttraumatic stress among other disorders. We consider the way that these emotions can be experienced after exposure to combat as well as grievous bodily injury, and seek to untangle situations in which they are artifacts of military training and identity rather than symptoms. The data for this article are drawn from interviews and observations with former patients of the US Armed Forces Amputee Patient Care Program at the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center. An experience like hypervigilance is often treated as a symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or mild traumatic brain injury. Some experts place the number of returning service members with either or both of these disorders in the hundreds of thousands. While some participants in our study have received diagnoses of either PTSD or mild traumatic brain injury, in many cases they experience emotions like hypervigilance, differently. Rather than being troubled by hypervigilance, they experience it as a valued legacy of their military training and an important characteristic that distinguishes them from civilians.
An Analysis of Initiative Selection in CollaborativeTask-Oriented Discourse

In this paper we propose a number of principles and conjectures for mixed-initiative collaborative dialogs. We explore some methodologies for managing initiative between conversational participants. We mathematically analyze specific initiative-changing mechanisms based on a probabilistic knowledge base and user model. We look at the role of negotiation in managing initiative and quantify how the negotiation process is useful toward modifying user models. Some experimental results using computer–computer simulations are presented along with some discussion of how such studies are useful toward building human–computer systems.
Genome Growth and the Evolution of the Genotype-Phenotype Map

that can aect the variational properties of the genome and its evolvability. One consequence of selective genome growth is a form of genic selection: genes with large potential for generating new useful genes when duplicated ought to proliferate in the genome, rendering it ever more capable of generating adaptive variants. A second consequence is that alleles of new genes whose creation produced a selective advantage may be more likely to also produce a selective advantage, provided that gene creation and allelic variation have correlated phenotypic eects. A tness distribution model is analyzed which demonstrates these two eects quantitatively. These are eects that select on the nature of the genotype-phenotype map. New genes that perturb numerous functions under stabilizing selection, i.e. with high pleiotropy, are unlikely to be advantageous. Therefore, genes coming into the genome ought to exhibit low pleiotropy during their creation. If subsequent ospring genes also have low pleiotropy, then genic selection can occur. If subsequent allelic variation also has low pleiotropy, then that too should have a higher chance of not being deleterious. The eects on pleiotropy are illustrated with two model genotype-phenotype maps: Wagner’s linear quantitative-genetic model with Gaussian selection, and Kauman’s \NK" adaptive landscape model. Constructional selection is compared with other processes and ideas about the evolution of constraints, evolvability, and the genotype-phenotype map. Empirical phenomena such as dissociability in development, morphological integration, and exon shuing are discussed in the context of this evolutionary process.
Recent Studies on Nutrition and Parkinson’s Disease Prevention: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic progressive movement disorder, affecting primarily people over sixty years of age. With aging populations, some estimates indicate as many as nine million people will be impacted by this disease by 2030. Thus it is imperative to identify means of prevention, delay of onset, and management of symptoms. Many elements of diet and nutrition have been investigated to accomplish these goals. This review will examine recent studies of potential diet and nutrition factors and PD incidence. Methods: A PubMed Search was conducted using the keywords “Parkinson, prevention and nutrition”, and “Parkinson, prevention, and diet.” Search parameters were limited to articles published in English, and published between 2005 and February 2015. Results: Nineteen studies were selected for closer evaluation, with twelve ultimately included in the analysis. Selected papers all included large samples (N > 200), comparisons of individuals with and without diagnosed PD and detailed descriptions of how nutritional intakes were assessed. Conclusions: Several specific dietary components emerged as being of potential importance in PD prevention. Dairy products, most specifically liquid whole milk, were identified as increasing PD risk. Coffee and black tea, but not green tea, seemed to be protective, most likely due to their caffeine content. Vegetables from the solenaceae family, specifically peppers, had a protective effect, possibly due to their nicotine content. Mediterranean diet adherence, with a relatively high intake of vegetables, may also be protective. The role of dietary fats is not yet clear. Dietary cholesterol was found to be protective in men, but not women, with dietary mono-unsaturated fatty acids being protective in women but not men. These results are consistent with a preliminary report for the 2015 US Dietary Guidelines, which addresses diet and risk of neurodegenerative disorders for the first time.
Geometry and Subdural Hematoma Volume

To the Editor: Gebel and colleagues1 reported a seemingly simple and accurate method for estimating the volume of a subdural hematoma. However, as 17th century philosopher and mathematician Thomas Hobbes wrote about a similarly bewildering calculation, “To understand this for sense it is not required that a man should be a geometrician or a logician, but that he should be mad.”2 The ABC/2 method for an intraparenchymal hematoma is based on the formula for the volume of a ellipsoid which is …
Experimental analysis of privacy loss in DCOP algorithms

Distributed Constraint Optimization (DCOP) is rapidly emerging as a prominent technique for multiagent coordination. Unfortunately, rigorous quantitative evaluations of privacy loss in DCOP algorithms have been lacking despite the fact that agent privacy is a key motivation for applying DCOPs in many applications. Recently, Maheswaran et al. [3, 4] introduced a framework for quantitative evaluations of privacy in DCOP algorithms, showing that early DCOP algorithms lose more privacy than purely centralized approaches and questioning the motivation for applying DCOPs. Do state-of-the art DCOP algorithms suffer from a similar shortcoming? This paper answers that question by investigating the most efficient DCOP algorithms, including both DPOP and ADOPT.
Many-body calculation of hyperfine structure

Abstract The many-body perturbation theory of Brueckner and Goldstone is used to calculated the hyperfine contact interaction of oxygen. The calculated value for |ψ(0)|2 is 0.0601.
Assessing climate change vulnerability in Alaska's fishing communities

Abstract Alaska's communities are experiencing impacts from unprecedented climate-related changes in the harvests of natural resources. Residents of rural Alaska are reporting heretofore unseen changes in the geographic distribution and abundance of marine resources, increases in the frequency and ferocity of storm surges in the Bering Sea, changes in the distribution and thickness of sea ice, and increases in river and coastal erosion. When combined with ongoing socio-economic change, climate, weather, and changes in the biophysical system interact in a complex web of feedbacks and interactions that make life in rural Alaska challenging. We present a framework of indicators to assess three basic constituents of community vulnerability: exposure to the bio-physical effects of climate change, dependence on resources that will be affected by climate change, and a community's adaptive capacity to offset negative impacts of climate change. We conduct three principal components analyses, one for each vulnerability constituent, for 315 Alaska communities to assess each community's overall vulnerability to climate change. This research can be used to inform communities about the ways in which their communities are vulnerable to climate change and help develop adaptation strategies. While this study focuses on Alaska communities, the framework is easily adaptable to other regions with different risk factors and sensitivities to climate change.
Particle velocimetry in high-gradient/high-curvature flows

Particle-velocimetry techniques typically rely on the assumption that particle velocities match fluid velocities. However, this assumption may be invalid if external forces or inertia cause the particle motion to differ from that of the flow. In this paper, particle motion through premixed stagnation flames is modeled, including Stokes-drag and thermophoretic forces. The finite time interval employed in particle-tracking techniques can act as a low-pass filter in flow regions with large curvature in the velocity field. To account for this effect, the modeled-particle-tracking profile for a specified time interval is estimated from the predicted particle position in time and compared to measurements. The implementation presented here is applicable to other simulated flow fields and allows direct comparisons with particle-velocimetry measurements. Expressions are also derived that allow particle-tracking data to be corrected for these effects.
Infections Due to Wangiella dermatitidis in Humans: Report of the First Documented Case from the United States and a Review of the Literature

Wangiella dermatitidis, a normally saprophytic dematiaceous fungus, has rarely been reported as a cause of disease in humans. A review of the worldwide literature yielded eight validly documented cases of W. dermatitidis infections. Reported herein is a subcutaneous knee infection due to W. dermatitidis in a diabetic man with impaired T-cell function and cutaneous anergy. Repeated cultures of the lesion were positive for W. dermatitidis despite therapy with amphotericin B. It is believed that this represents the first well-documented case of infection due to W. dermatitidis in North America, although the fungus has previously been isolated from nature in several states. The current state of knowledge of this organism, based on previously reported cases and isolations from nature, are discussed. No curative medical therapy is known for this infection, but surgical excision seems to be the treatment of choice for circumscribed W. dermatitidis infections.
On the Polar Vibrations of Alkali Halides

The long wave-length, polar lattice vibrations of alkali halide crystals are discussed without making any specific assumptions about the detailed interactions between the ions. This is made possible by the introduction of the effective charge, ${e}^{*}$, of an ion defined as follows: All of the positive ions in a crystal slab are displaced by an equal amount in a direction perpendicular to the faces of the slab and all of the negative ions in the opposite direction. Then ${e}^{*}$ is the ratio of the dipole moment per ion pair induced in the slab by this displacement to the relative displacement of the positive and the negative ions. Expressions are obtained for the frequency, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{l}$, of the longitudinal vibration and the frequency, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{t}$, of the transverse vibration in terms of the dielectric constant, $k$, of the crystal, the dielectric constant, ${k}_{0}$, obtained by extrapolating the square of the index of refraction of the crystal from high frequencies to zero frequency, and ${e}^{*}$. The ratio of the two frequencies is found to be independent of ${e}^{*}$ and given by $\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{l}}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{t}}={(\frac{k}{{k}_{0}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$.
An Investigation of the Effect of Pyridine Derivatives on the Oxidative Polymerization Process of 2,5-Dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole and Its Disulfide Dimer

The effects of pyridine and several derivatives (3-chloropyridine and lutidine) on the redox reactions of 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DMcT) and the disulfide dimer of DMcT have been examined using cyclic voltammetry and UV−vis spectroscopy. In the presence of these bases, the oxidative coupling reactions of DMcT and its disulfide dimer to give a disulfide-containing polymer are facilitated, presumably due to proton-transfer processes with the bases. The potentials at which the oxidative polymerization and reductive depolymerization occur in the presence and absence of such proton transfer reagents are discussed. Also, it is observed that the oxidation of DMcT is facilitated in the presence of DMSO or NMP. The relevance of these results to the possible use of DMcT/polyaniline composite materials as a cathode material in secondary lithium batteries is discussed, especially with regard to the potentials at which the various redox processes can occur.
Efficacy of Concentrated Algal Paste During Greenwater Phase of Cobia Larviculture

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine if concentrated algal paste could effectively replace live algae during the greenwater stage of cobia fingerling production without negative impact upon larval growth or survival. Mean cobia survival per tank from 2 dph through post weaning at 28 dph for the live algae treatment was 24.44 ± 2.43% (mean ± SD) as compared to 24.47 ± 2.48% for the algal paste treatment. Furthermore, the number of fish produced per liter for the live algae treatment was 2.44 ± 0.24 fish/L compared to 2.47 ± 0.25 fish /L recorded from the algal paste treatment. Mean fish weight for cobia weanlings from the live algae treatment was 0.417 ± 0.059 g compared to 0.411 ± 0.026 g for the algal paste treatment. These observations demonstrate that during the greenwater stage of cobia larviculture, live algae can be completely replaced with commercially available, concentrated algal paste without negative impact upon cobia growth, survival, or resultant weanling production per unit vo...
Rapid Method for Determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Ampicillin for Haemophilus influenzae

A rapid method for determining the minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) of ampicillin using Haemophilus influenzae as the test organism is described. This semiautomated technique using the Autobac system was compared with the agar dilution MIC method. Fifty-seven isolates of both susceptible and resistant H. influenzae were tested. There was exact quantitative agreement with 65% of the isolates, and 91% of the isolates showed no more than a one-dilution-interval difference when MICs were determined by both methods. Total testing time was 3 to 4 h.
Projection-based switched system optimization

The Pontryagin Maximum Principle is applied to the switched system optimization problem resulting in a generalization of a well known necessary condition for switching time optimality. The switched system optimization may be formulated as an infinite dimensional problem where the switching control design variables, at any given time, are constrained to the integers. This paper analyzes projection-based techniques for handling the integer constraint. The necessary condition derived in this paper uses the cost composed with the projection of the design variables onto the feasible set. A specific form of projection is considered and two candidate projections are proposed — one projects the immediate value of the switching control and neglects the state while the second is variable on the projected state error.
Automatic Brightness Stabilizers

The Automatic Brightness Stabilizer, ABS, is that part of the X-ray control system which keeps the light output of the image intensifier constant over variations of patient attenuation and system geometry. This permits consistent TV or film exposures during a series of fluoroscopic examinations. (Ref. 1) A properly designed ABS will operate with several constraints: 1. It will hold the image brightness constant for variations of patient thickness and attenuation. 2. It will ignore marginal flashes and the effects of normal coning. 3. It will preserve image contrast and minimize noise. 4. It will keep the operation within generator ratings. 5. It will effect a reasonable compro-mise between patient exposure and image quality. 6. It will keep patient exposure to below 5 R/min except when an override is used. 7. It will respond fast enough to track during an examination. 8. It will correct for system variables such as IA mode, camera rate, etc. 9. It can be shut off and held at a particular value (after reaching equilibrium) prior to injection of contrast media. 10. It can be shut off to allow manual control of factors.© (1975) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thermal stresses due to a plane crack in general anisotropic material

A solution is given for the thermoelastic stress field due to the obstruction of a uniform heat flux by a plane crack in a generally anisotropic body. A Green's func­ tion formulation is used to reduce the problem to a set of singular integral equations which are solved in closed form. When the crack is assumed to be traction free, the crack opening displacement is found to be negative over one half of the crack unless a sufficiently large far field tensile stress is superposed. The problem is, therefore, reformulated assuming a contact zone at one crack tip. The extent of this zone and the stress intensity factors in all three modes at each crack tip are obtained as func­ tions of the applied stress and heat flux.
Effect of cardiac transplantation on Cheyne-Stokes respiration occurring during sleep☆

Abstract In conclusion, CSR that occurs during sleep in patients with severe CHF is eliminated by HT.
Finite method for a nonlinear allocation problem

The problem considered is as follows:m resources are to be allocated ton activities, with resourcei contributing linearly to the potential for activityj according to the coefficientE(i,j). The objective is to minimize some nonlinear function of the potentials. If the objective function is sufficiently well behaved, the problem can be solved in finitely many steps using the method described in this paper.
Evidence for a gradual mobility transition in band tails of heavily doped GaAs

Abstract An analysis is given of previously reported transport measurements in band tails of heavily-doped, closely-compensated GaAs. By use of a model density of states, the temperature dependence of the Fermi energy in the tail and the distribution of electrons among the states are found. Then the temperature dependence of the conductivity is calculated using the Kubo-Greenwood formula with a variable energy dependence of the mobility. A criterion is proposed for designating a mobility edge as sharp or not and comparison with the experimental data indicates that in these samples the criterion is not met. Thus the energy dependence of the mobility in the band tail is regarded as “gradual”.
Computer technology and the urban fiscal crisis

Abstract The extensive use of computer technology is often proposed as one tool to alleviate the fiscal problems facing many urban local governments. Employing data from a nationwide study of computer use in more than 500 larger city and county governments, this paper assesses the current and near-future financial impacts of computer technology on local government operations. There have been a variety of financial benefits from computer use, although few are dramatic. Of all local government functions, computer technology has been applied most extensively in the finance-oriented functional areas. Most current automated applications are unsophisticated: but those applications most commonly under development concentrate on exploiting the technology more fully in order to enhance financial control and to improve the capabilities for revenue generation. Computer technology seems one of the most feasible techniques available for short-term relief from the symptoms of the urban fiscal crisis.
A rare cause of esophageal strictures: Actinomyces

This is the ﬁrst re-ported case of successful ﬂexible endoscopic septoplasty.Endoscopic septoplasty in a bilobed diverticulum is tech-nically more challenging than in a standard Zenker’s di-verticulum because it requires working closer to the wallof the oropharynx and/or esophagus. Nevertheless, thiscase illustrates that ﬂexible endoscopic septoplasty with aneedle-knife can be a successful therapy for bilobeddiverticula.
Paranormal Activity and the revenge of the Mulveyan male gaze

This paper argues that the film Paranormal Activity crystallizes a dialectics of the gaze for the new millennium. The film's unseen demon can be seen as representing the return of an aggressive male gaze directed at its female protagonist. At the same time, the film lays bare the paradox of the contemporary digital gaze: the fact that we have left behind the era of scopophilia based on the unattainability of visual desires and are now immersed in the era of pornodomesticity, in which all things are presumed to be fully and freely viewable.
The validity of the minimum data set in measuring the cognitive impairment of persons admitted to nursing homes.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the construct validity of two cognitive scales from the federally mandated Minimum Data Set (MDS) of the nursing home Resident Assessment Instrument. DESIGN: A cross-sectional comparisons of the MDS measures, with scales provided by the resident, a proxy person, and nursing staff. SETTING: Subjects residing in 59 nursing homes (NHs) in Maryland from 1992 to 1995. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects were 1939 new admissions to NHs, aged 65 and older, with complete MDS information at admission. MEASUREMENTS: Two MDS scales, the Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS) and the MDS Cognition Scale (MDS-COGS), were compared with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the staff rating on the Psychogeriatric Dependency Rating Scale (PGDRS) Orientation scale, as well as measures of functioning and functional decline. RESULTS: The CPS and the MDS-COGS were highly correlated (r = 0.92). Both correlated moderately well with the MMSE (r = −0.65 and −0.68) and with staff's rating on the PGDRS Orientation scale (r = 0.63 and r = 0.66). Correlations with the MMSE (r < 0.70) are lower than previously reported (r ≥ 0.80). The proportion of cognitively impaired residents in this NH admission cohort was higher using the MDS-COGS than the CPS (65% vs 57%), but both MDS scales produced lower proportions than the MMSE (70%) and higher proportions than the PGDRS (47%). The internal consistency of the CPS was better without the comatose item (alpha = 0.80 vs 0.70). The MDS-COGS had higher internal consistency (alpha = 0.85) and was simpler to compute. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to examine the validity of the MDS in a large sample of residents and NHs in situations where the MDS was not completed by research-trained staff. Compared with other instruments, the MDS-COGS and the CPS had moderate and similar validity for assessing cognitive impairment. Differences in the scales could provide different estimates of impairment among persons admitted to nursing homes.
SU-E-T-477: Influence of Eye Size on Radiation Absorbed Dose Delivered to Non- Targeted Tissues during Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: This work determines how variations in eye size will influence the radiation absorbed dose delivered to non‐targeted tissues within the eye during stereotactic radiosurgery of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) using the IRay™ treatment.Methods: Stylized models of the eye were created with axial lengths of 20, 22, 24, 26, and 28mm. Each model was based upon the reference eye model from NCRP Report 130 and then scaled appropriately for each axial length. Models were incorporated with MCNPXradiation transport code in order to simulate the three beam IRay™ delivery system. Simulation results were assessed for both the mean absorbed dose and dose‐volume histograms (DVH) for both target (macula) and non‐ targeted eye tissues, including the lens, retina, central retinal artery, and optic nerve. Results: For each of the three beams, an average dose of 8Gy was delivered to the macula resulting in a total average dose of 24Gy for each eye model. The lens of the eye received a total average dose ranging from 146 to 189mGy, with the larger doses occurring in the smaller eye models since the beams traverse through the sciera closer to the limbus. The distal tip (1.5mm) of the central retinal artery received a total average dose ranging from 499 to 567mGy, with the larger doses occurring in the larger eye models due to increased scatter resulting from longer tissue path length to the nominal target. The optic nerve received a total average dose ranging from 207 to 225mGy, with the larger doses occurring in the smaller eye models. Conclusions: The small variation in dose to the lens, central retinal artery, and optic nerve suggests that eye size does not significantly affect radiationdose to non‐targeted eye tissues. This work was sponsored by Oraya Therapeutics.
Relationships among Agronomic Traits and Grain Composition in Oat Genotypes Grown in Different Environments

age improves both milling yield and energy density for livestock. Genotypeandenvironmentaremajordeterminantsofplantpheno- Improvement of agronomic traits has been the pritype. Economically important quantitative traits include agronomic mary objective of oat breeders for many years. Breeders characteristics and grain composition. This study examined relationhave also measured and selected for certain grain physiships among agronomic traits and grain composition as influenced by cal traits such as test weight, kernel weight, and groat genotype and environment. Thirty-three oat (Avena sativa L.) geno
Unusual stable isotope ratios in amino acid and carboxylic acid extracts from the Murchison meteorite

Much effort has been directed to analyses of organic compounds in carbonaceous chondrites because of their implications for organic chemical evolution and the origin of life. We have determined the isotopic composition of hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon in amino acid and monocarboxylic acid extracts from the Murchison meteorite. The unusually high D/H and ^(15)N/^(14)N ratios in the amino acid fraction (δD = 1,370‰, after correction for isotope exchange; δ^(15)N = 90) are uniquely characteristic of known interstellar organic materials. The δD value of the monocarboxylic acid fraction is lower (377‰), but still consistent with an interstellar origin. These results confirm the extraterrestrial origin of both classes of compound, and provide the first evidence suggesting a direct relationship between the massive organo-synthesis occurring in interstellar clouds and the presence of pre-biotic compounds in primitive planetary bodies. The isotope data also bear on the historical problem of distinguishing indigenous material from terrestrial contaminants.
Impact of source of drinking water on fluoride supplementation.

The benefits of water fluoridation and systemic fluoride to public dental health are well established. The incidence of dental caries is lower in communities with an optimal concentration of fluoride in the drinking water. 1 The daily intake of fluoride as a supplement provides the same benefit in communities with water fluoride levels at less than the optimal level. 2, 3 Oral fluoride supplementation is currently recommended by both the American Academy of Pediatrics 4 and the Council on Dental Therapeutics, American Dental Association. 5 The use of bottled or filtered water in the United States has increased tremendously during recent years. 6, 7 Many households and businesses use bottled or filtered water for their drinking and cooking needs, largely because of concerns over industrial contamination of groundwater, poor quality control of municipal water, and leakage of lead from water pipes, as well as the increase in health "awareness." Furthermore, bottled water has become a status symbol, an alternative to soft drinks and alcoholic beverages. Bottled waters may be marketed as "distilled water," "purified water," "drinking water," "mineral water," or "natural spring water." They also may be carbonated (hence, "sparkling") or noncarbonated. These bottled waters may serve as the major source of drinking water for children, as well as being used to reconstitute infant formulas. Recently, several studies have focused on the fluoride content of bottled waters, 6, 8, 9 but as far as we know, no literature exists on the efficacy of filtering systems in trapping fluoride, or on the consistency of fluoride content in bottled
Defining value through quantity and quality—Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) undervalue food quantities when items are broken

Decision-making largely is influenced by the relative value of choice options, and the value of such options can be determined by a combination of different factors (e.g., the quantity, size, or quality of a stimulus). In this study, we examined the competing influences of quantity (i.e., the number of food items in a set) and quality (i.e., the original state of a food item) of choice items on chimpanzees’ food preferences in a two-option natural choice paradigm. In Experiment 1, chimpanzees chose between sets of food items that were either entirely whole or included items that were broken into pieces before being shown to the chimpanzees. Chimpanzees exhibited a bias for whole food items even when such choice options consisted of a smaller overall quantity of food than the sets containing broken items. In Experiment 2, chimpanzees chose between sets of entirely whole food items and sets of initially whole items that were subsequently broken in view of the chimpanzees just before choice time. Chimpanzees continued to exhibit a bias for sets of whole items. In Experiment 3, chimpanzees chose between sets of new food items that were initially discrete but were subsequently transformed into a larger cohesive unit. Here, chimpanzees were biased to choose the discrete sets that retained their original qualitative state rather than toward the cohesive or clumped sets. These results demonstrate that beyond a food set's quantity (i.e., the value dimension that accounts for maximization in terms of caloric intake), other seemingly non-relevant features (i.e., quality in terms of a set's original state) affect how chimpanzees assign value to their choice options.
An Application Adaptation Approach to Mitigate the Impact of Dynamic Thermal Management on Video Encoding

Due to limitations of cooling methods such as using fan and heat sink, dynamic thermal management (DTM) is being widely adopted to manage the temperature of computing systems. However, application of DTM can reduce the system performance and thereby affect the quality of real-time applications. Real-time video encoding, which has high computational need and hard deadlines, is a commonly used application that can be severely affected by the usage of DTM. We study the effect of DTM on a widely used H.264 video encoder and formulate a multidimensional optimization problem to maximize video quality and minimize bit rate while ensuring that the video encoder can run in real time in spite of DTM effects. We model the effects of adapting encoding parameters on video quality, bit rate, and encoder speed. We propose a dynamic application adaptation method to efficiently solve the optimization problem by optimally adapting the encoding parameters in response to DTM effects. In addition, we show that the proposed dynamic application adaptation method would reduce the need for cooling methods such as forced convection cooling. We implement the proposed approach on an Intel® Core™ 2 Duo platform where dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) is used for DTM. Our measurements with several videos reveal that when DTM is applied, the video quality is affected significantly. However, using the proposed adaptation algorithm, the encoder can run in real time, and the quality loss is minimized with only a marginal increase in the bit rate.
New pathophysiological mechanism explaining post-burn oedema*

WI-nXE cell sticking and emigration as part of the inflammatory process has recently been reviewed (Grant, 1974; Wilkenson, 1974). During the inflammatory reaction, white blood cells adhere or stick to the vascular wall, emigrate through the wall and travel some distance through the extravascular tissues. During the phase when the white blood cells are stuck to the vessel wall, they seem to cause a partial obstruction of the vessel. Although many investigators have described white cell sticking and emigration, this phenomenon has not been quantitated or related to changes in peripheral microvascular resistance. In the present study white cell sticking and emigration were studied after a 20 per cent fullthickness scald burn in anaesthetized rats. Using the intravital microscope, quantitation of the number of stuck white blood cells in a given segment of venule in the mesentery of the rat was attempted. This was done before and after burn. Using formulae of fluid mechanics, the increase in post-capillary resistance was calculated.
Short distance physics and the consistency relation for scalar and tensor fluctuations in the inflationary universe

Recent discussions suggest the possibility that short distance physics can significantly modify the behavior of quantum fluctuations in the inflationary universe, and alter the standard large scale structure predictions. Such modifications can be viewed as due to a different choice of the vacuum state. We show that such changes generally lead to violations of the well-known consistency relation between the scalar to tensor ratio and the tensor spectral index. Vacuum effects can introduce an observable modulation to the usual predictions for the scalar and tensor power spectra.
Surviving Two Critiques by Block? The Resilient Big Five Have Emerged as the Paradigm for Personality Trait Psychology

In a career spanning more than 50 years, Jack Block has made numerous important contributions, especially in the fields of personality assessment, development, and structure. Block also spent a sur...
Medical imaging of renal diseases — Suggested indications for different modalities

The diagnostic work-up of the urologic patient must be tailored to the presenting symptom complex, carefully selecting from the many modalities available, those most likely to establish the diagnosis and extent of the suspected lesions. Intravenous urography is the most rewarding initial procedure for many presenting symptoms, including suspected masses, pyuria, hematuria, and flank pain. Nuclear imaging is particularly effective in differentiating renal lobulations from true masses, in demonstrating parenchymal scarring in chronic pyelonephritis when the IVP is equivocal, and in assessing the decrease in perfusion and function in obstructive nephropathy when the IVP is indeterminate. It is the preferred procedure for acute renal infarction and acute tubular necrosis and has a greater sensitivity of detection for renal trauma than the IVP. Gallium-67 renal imaging appears helpful in the detection of occult pyelonephritis or interstitial nephritis. However, it cannot differentiate focal acute pyelonephritis from abscess or abscess from neoplasm. Ultrasonography is the initial procedure of choice in the differentiation of cystic from solid renal masses and in anuria or oliguria. When a kidney fails to visualize by IVP or nuclear imaging, it can confirm or rule out obstruction. In upper tract infections, it may demonstrate renal or perirenal abscess. Although retrograde pyelography is performed less frequently in recent years, it remains extremely useful in confirming and relieving obstructive uropathy and in delineating tumors of the collecting system. Computed tomography effectively demonstrates hydronephrosis, renal abscess, tumors, and cysts and retroperitoneal involvement. More experience is needed to judge the efficiency of "dynamic" CT for the quantification of renal function. Renal angiography remains invaluable as a secondary procedure (as opposed to initial screeing) in renal trauma, vascular anomalies, and in renal tumors to delineate the anatomy of the arterial supply and possible renal vein involvement.
Determination of nucleic acid sequence homologies and relative concentrations by a dot hybridization procedure

A dot hybridization method is presented for rapidly determining the relative concentrations of nucleic acids in a mixture, as well as the extent of sequence homology between related RNA or DNA species.
Use Of A Parallel Cellular Processing System For Fast Generation Of Perspective Plots

A perspective plot is an important tool used for the interpretation of raw or processed image data. Unfortunately, most developers must give up resolution of their plotted images in order to obtain results in a timely fashion. Conventional plotting methods are computationally intensive, and as a result often limit the 'size of plotted images to 128 pixels on a side, or less. The technique presented in this paper has been used with favorable results on images as large as 1024 pixels on a side, with processing times of under one second.
Feeding Complications in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome After the Norwood Procedure: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Gastrointestinal and feeding complications after the Norwood procedure in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome increases morbidity and mortality. These problems are the result of intraoperative challenges, shunt-dependent physiology, and the absence of best-practice guidelines. In response, a systematic review of feeding-related complications and management strategies was performed. A literature search from 1950 to March 2010 identified 21 primary research articles and 4 reviews. Dysphagia, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and poor nutritional status are significant feeding-related complications. Three studies directly compared the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt with the right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit (RV-PA). Patients palliated with either shunt had impaired mesenteric blood flow. Mortality did not differ between shunt types. Three studies demonstrated improved outcomes, e.g., increased survival, decreased incidence of NEC, and decreased median time to recommended daily allowance of calories, with a postoperative feeding algorithm. Two studies showed increased survival between stage I and II surgical palliation after implementation of a home-monitoring system consisting of daily weight and systemic oxygen saturation measurements. The RV-PA shunt does not significantly alter mortality or increase mesenteric blood flow. A postoperative feeding algorithm and a home-monitoring system may improve outcomes and decrease average hospital length of stay (LOS). Additional studies are needed to determine which interventions, as part of a standardized protocol, improve survival and decrease complications.
Temperature and pressure effects on charge transfer absorption bands

Abstract The frozen dipole approximation of dielectric continuum theory is shown to apply to the glass-to-fluid transition for charge transfer absorption bands.
Renal prostaglandins and sodium balance in normal man

Abstract We investigated the relationship between urinary prostaglandin E (PGE) excretion and sodium and water balance. PGE excretion was measured in thirteen healthy male volunteers on the metabolic ward during conditions of high sodium (200 mmols/day) and low sodium diets (40 mmols/day) and during intravenous administration of saline and of dextrose and water, using each subject as his own control. PGE excretion was higher on the high sodium than on the low sodium diet (191±37 SE versus 98±41 ng/6h, p
Fully dynamic computer simulation of self-interstitial diffusion in tungsten

A fully dynamic model of interstitial diffusion in W yields an energy of activation in good agreement with the static relaxation method. However, random-walk statistics are inapplicable except for large diffusion distances; correlation effects are strong and clearly temperature dependent. The latter observations are reconciled with the spatial configuration of the static potential to give a self-consistent explanation.
Trait Distinctiveness and Accessibility in the Self-Schema

The distinctiveness of trait adjectives as self-descriptors was assessed in two ways. One method focused on how many people the trait described (self only, or self and others), whereas the other focused on how much it describes the self When distinctiveness is defined in terms of how many people the trait characterizes, distinctive traits yield slower self-reference decisions than common traits, regardless of degree of descriptiveness. On the other hand, when distinctiveness is defined as degree of descriptiveness, an inverted-U function results, with traits at either extreme of descriptiveness yielding faster decisions than those of intermediate descriptiveness. The results indicate these alternative definitions assess different aspects of distinctiveness, and conclusions drawn from one assessment may not apply to the other.
The Ecology of Family Day Care.

Abstract The study examined the interrelationships of multiple levels of the family day care system (family, child care, and children) in order to portray the ecology of family day care in a small midwestern city and surrounding rural areas. Fifty-seven children, their mothers, and caregivers ( n = 30) participated. Caregiver characteristics, conditions of caregiving, and quality of care in the family day care homes were assessed. Family background information (SES, education, stress, social support, and childrearing preferences) was obtained. Children's cognitive, language, and social development were assessed using static and process measures of each domain. Results revealed that families did not choose caregivers who resembled themselves with respect to SES, childrearing preferences, and stress, nor did they select child care whose quality varied systematically with their characteristics. Family and child care characteristics appeared to have additive effects on children's development.
Substrate-bonded hyaluronic acid exhibits a size-dependent stimulation of chondrogenic differentiation of stage 24 limb mesenchymal cells in culture

Extracellular matrix molecules including glycosaminoglycans have been implicated in several differentiative and morphogenetic processes including cell aggregation and migration. Previous reports have shown that plating of stage 24 limb mesenchyme cells onto hyaluronic acid (HA) bonded to the culture substrate causes an increase in the number of cells exhibiting chondrogenesis. This increased chondrogenesis is now shown to be dependent upon the source of the HA. When limb mesenchymal cells are plated onto HA from bovine vitreous humor, human umbilical cord, or large molecular weight HA (Healon), increased chondrogenesis is observed only on the bovine vitreous humor HA. Unsulfated chondroitin, which has a structure and charge density similar to those of HA, is capable of enhancing chondrogenesis, while cells plated onto sulfated glycosaminoglycan substrates are indistinguishable from controls. The evidence in this report suggests that the differentiation response is related to the molecular size of the HA bound to the culture substrate. Healon and human umbilical cord HA are ineffective because their molecular weight is too large, while smaller HA derived from these larger molecules or normally present in bovine vitreous humor preparations stimulates the chondrogenic differentiation of stage 24 limb mesenchymal cells in culture. The most active size class of HA elutes from a Sepharose CL-2B column with a Kav between 0.6 and 0.7 and, thus, has a molecular weight of approximately 200,000-400,000. These observations reinforce the hypothesis that local cues have an informational effect on the differentiation of chick limb mesenchymal cells.
THE EFFICACY OF GOVERNMENT SAFETY POLICIES ON TRAFFIC-RELATED FATALITIES: EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES FROM JAPAN.

A time-series analysis of Japanese data for the period 1966–85 estimates the effectiveness of seat belt and government safety policies on various types of traffic-related fatalities. The results indicate that these policies reduce the risk of death for both motor vehicle occupants and non-occupants.
Dye-Capped Semiconductor Nanoclusters. One-Electron Reduction and Oxidation of Thionine and Cresyl Violet H-Aggregates Electrostatically Bound to SnO2 Colloids

SnO2 colloids are capped with the cationic dyes thionine and cresyl violet by electrostatic interaction. The close packing of these dyes on the negatively charged SnO2 colloids resulted in the formation of H-aggregates. One-electron reduction and oxidation of these H-aggregates bound to SnO2 colloids has been investigated by pulse radiolysis. The spectral features of semireduced, •OH-adduct, and semioxidized forms of dye monomers and aggregates are compared by recording time-resolved transient absorption spectra. The bimolecular rate constants for the reaction of dye-capped SnO2 colloids with aqueous electrons (5−6 × 109 M-1 s-1) and •OH radicals (3.5 × 108 M-1 s-1) are nearly an order of magnitude smaller than those for the corresponding reactions of dye monomers. The slower diffusion of colloidal particles is likely to influence the diffusion kinetics of reactions involving dye-capped SnO2 colloids.
The effect of modality shifts on proactive interference in long-term memory

Two experiments examined the effects of shifts in the modality on proactive interference in long-term memory. In Experiment 1 subjects learned a 40-word list presented in one of two forms of auditory/visual change—blocked or random. In the blocked conditions, learners were presented half the words in one modality followed by the remaining 20 words in the other modality. Subjects in random conditions also received 20 nouns in each modality, but the presentation was random. Following a delay, all subjects completed an 80-item recognition test. Analysis of these data showed a definite effect (p < .001) for the random change in modality when compared to the blocked presentation. As predicted, distinct reduction in serial position effects was found with the modality of presentation was random. In contrast, the blocked presentation produced two well-defined serial position curves. In Experiment 2 the effects of a shift in the modality of presentation on proactive interference were studied with high and low conceptual rigid subjects. Four similar prose passages were presented with a modality shift taking place in the last passage in a shift condition. Subjects in nonshift conditions were presented the passages exclusively in either the auditory or visual mode. The results showed that a shift in the modality of presentation of a prose passage provided a powerful releaser from proactive interference. The superior performance of rigid thinkers regardless of experimental group membership was explained in terms of organizational memory strategies.
Harary's conjectures on integral sum graphs

Abstract Let N denote the set of positive integers and Z denote all integers. The (integral) sum graph of a finite subset S ⊂ N(Z) is the graph (S, E) with uv ϵ E if and only if u + v ϵ S. A graph G is said to be an (integral) sum graph if it is isomorphic to the (integral) sum graph of some S ⊂ N(Z). The (integral) sum number of a given graph G is the smallest number of isolated nodes which when added to G result in an (integral) sum graph. We show that the integral sum number of a complete graph with n ⩾ 4 nodes equals 2n − 3, which proves a conjecture of Harary. And we disprove another conjecture of Harary by showing that there are infinitely many trees which are not caterpillars but are integral sum graphs.