cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medulloblastoma: Role of OTX2 Transcription Factors

Orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2) is a ­member of the highly conserved family of bicoid-like transcription factors that is responsible for the patterning of early brain development. It is primarily expressed in the rostral part of the embryo, corresponding to the presumptive fore- and mid-brain and disappears later in life. OTX2 is also a known oncogene for medulloblastoma, and aberrant over-expression has been correlated with poorer survival in medulloblastoma patients. Oncogenic OTX2 is implicated to function in the MYC pathway; however, the relationship of OTX2 to other common genomic pathways implicated in medulloblastoma, such as Notch and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, is unclear. Whether OTX2 is a member of one of these pathways or represents another interconnected pathway entirely remains to be elucidated. In OTX2-dependent medulloblastomas, such as the anaplastic histopathologic subtype, targeting OTX2 expression via siRNA or exogenously applied all-trans retinoic acid has shown promise in reducing cellular proliferation. Studies in tumors of common ontologic relationship further support the role of OTX2 as an oncogene in medulloblastoma and may serve as additional avenues to explore how OTX2 is overexpressed to support the growth and proliferation of OTX2-dependent medulloblastomas.
Functional envelope for model-free sufficient dimension reduction

Abstract In this article, we introduce the functional envelope for sufficient dimension reduction and regression with functional and longitudinal data. Functional sufficient dimension reduction methods, especially the inverse regression estimation family of methods, usually involve solving generalized eigenvalue problems and inverting the infinite-dimensional covariance operator. With the notion of functional envelope, essentially a special type of sufficient dimension reduction subspace, we develop a generic method to circumvent the difficulties in solving the generalized eigenvalue problems and inverting the covariance directly. We derive the geometric characteristics of the functional envelope and establish the asymptotic properties of related functional envelope estimators under mild conditions. The functional envelope estimators have shown promising performance in extensive simulation studies and real data analysis.
Compression of α-Ca3N2 to 137 Kb

This communication describes a room temperature-high pressure investigation of the structure of Ca3N2. Conventional Debeye-Scherrer powder diffraction photographs were taken of a sample of powdered α-Ca3N2 mixed with powdered Au and contained within a brass gasket in a diamond anvil high pressure cell (DAC). The data collection was facilitated by the use of monochromatic x-radiation from the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS). Diffraction data were recorded at 8.4 Kb, 91 Kb and 137 Kb, as determined by monitoring the diffraction lines of Au and using it as a pressure calibrant. At 8.4 Kb the diffraction lines attributable to Ca3N2 could be indexed to the α-Ca3N2 structure, which has the space group of Ia3. The 8.4 Kb structure represents a compression of the room pressure structure to V/V0 equals 0.820 (a() = 11.473 A to a = 10.739 A). At 91 Kb the diffraction lines associated with the Ia3 α-Ca3N2 structure had vanished and were replaced by a set of diffraction lines which could be indexed to another cubic unit cell with a lattice parameter of a = 9.697 A. This novel cubic structure persisted at 137 Kb, the highest pressure attained in the study, with the lattice parameter compressed to a = 9.444 A. It is speculated that the low pressure, cubic Ia3 calcium nitride lattice collapses to a cubic Fm3m calcium nitride structure in which the nitride anions form a cubic closest packed array. Such a structure represents an inverse fluorite lattice in which the calcium ions occupy the tetrahedral holes of the ccp array of nitride anions. The Ca3N2 stoichiometry forces such a structure to have 2 tetrahedral holes, or cation vacancies, in the elementary unit cell. Because of the large value for the lattice parameter of this cubic Fm3m structure (a = 9.697 A at 91 Kb), and the presence of 2 cation vacancies per elementary unit cell, it is proposed here that the high pressure Ca3N2 structure is a supercell of 2x2x2 ordinary defect Fm3m cubic cells, each containing 4 nitride ions and 6 calcium ions, in which the cation vacancies are ordered along axes of the supercell. There are thus 32 nitride anions and 48 calcium cations in the actual cubic Fm3m supercell.
The Search for Finite Simple Groups

The eighty year quest for the building blocks of group theory reflects sporadic growth spurts whenever new basic techniques were discovered.
An Overview of Cross-language Transfer in Bilingual Reading

Abstract The focus of this chapter is on the influence of first-language knowledge, strategies and processes on reading in a second language, that is, on cross-language transfer. We identify major subcomponents of the reading process and review research that examines the influence of the first language within those subcomponents.
Elliptic Modules: Analytic Definition

Let p be a prime number, d a positive integer, q=p d , \({\mathbb{F}}_{q}\) a field of q elements, C an absolutely irreducible smooth projective curve defined over \({\mathbb{F}}_{q}\), and F the function field \({\mathbb{F}}_{q}(C)\) of C over \({\mathbb{F}}_{q}\), that is, the field of rational functions on C over \({\mathbb{F}}_{q}\). At each place v of F, namely a closed point of C, let F v be the completion of F at v and A v the ring of integers in F v . Fix a place ∞ of F. Let C ∞ be the completion of an algebraic closure \({\overline{F}}_{\infty }\) of F ∞ .
Neurophysiology of Sustained Attention

Sustained attention requires the elaborated processing of sensory information by an alert and aroused nervous system. The spectrum of the electroencephalogram provides useful information concerning the state of CNS arousal as related to vigilance performance. Similarly, taskevoked pupillary responses reflect the intensity of cognitive processing, which declines during prolonged sensory monitoring. Such effects are not confined to simple sensory tasks, but are also observed in monotonous tests of complex reasoning.
Impact of a Modified Ketogenic Diet on Seizure Activity, Biochemical Markers, Anthropometrics and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Adults with Epilepsy

The classic low-carbohydrate, high-fat ketogenic diet (KD) effectively reduces seizure frequency in children with epilepsy. However, limited studies have been conducted in adults with a modified KD...
Comment on “The earliest modern humans outside Africa”

Hershkovitz et al (Reports, 26 January 2018, p. 456) interpreted the Misliya-1 fossil maxilla as evidence of the earliest known anatomically modern human outside Africa. However, the fossil's reported age of 177,000 to 194,000 years relies on flawed interpretations of uranium-series data. We contend that those data support a minimum age of no more than ~60,000 to 70,000 years.
Loss of Expression of a Novel Chromatin Remodeler SMARCA1 in Soft Tissue Sarcoma.

Introduction Vital cellular processes such as proliferation and differentiation are regulated by chromatin remodeling complexes. A variety of neoplasms have been discovered to have genomic alterations (GAs) and loss of immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of chromatin remodelers ARID1A (BAF250A), SMARCA2 (BRM), SMARCA4 (BRG1), and SMARCB1 (INI1). SMARCA1 (SNF2L) is another member of the chromatin remodelers, and has not yet been studied in neoplasia. As SMARCA1 is located on chromosome X, could be potentially inactivated by a single hit. We aimed to evaluate GAs and protein expression of SMARCA1 in soft tissue tumors. Method The publically available cBioPortal.32e34 platform was queried to analyze data on soft tissue tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas project (TCGA) related to SMARCA1 GAs. Our institutional archives were queried to collect 26 cases of soft tissue tumors including 10 undifferentiated sarcomas, 5 leiomyosarcomas, 6 liposarcomas, and 5 malignant peripheral sheath tumors (MPNST). IHC for SMARCA1 with an SNF 2C4 monoclonal antibody was performed on whole tissue sections. Results SMARCA1 GAs were present in 8/261 soft tissue sarcomas (3%) in the TCGA dataset. Leiomyosarcomas had most common SMARCA1 GAs in 6/99 cases. SMARCA1 deletions existed in 1/56 dedifferentiated liposarcomas and 1/48 undifferentiated sarcomas. No SMARCA1 GAs occurred in other sarcoma subtypes. SMARCA1 IHC was studied in the sarcoma subtypes with potential SMARCA1 alterations in our institutional cases. SMARCA1 nuclear expression was lost in 3/10 cases (30%) of undifferentiated sarcoma, and 2/5 cases of MPNST (40%). SMARCA1 expression was intact in all cases of leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma. Conclusion This is the first study to demonstrate loss of expression of SMARCA1 in soft tissue sarcomas subtypes, including undifferentiated sarcoma. Our study highlights merit for further investigation on the role of SMARCA1 in the differentiation process and molecular mechanisms of SMARCA1 inactivation.
Sleep, Stress, and Traumatic Memory

Intense stress has the potential to produce traumatic memories that are core features of chronic mental disorders. However, encountering even intense stress most often does not have a persisting negative impact on health. Stress outcomes appear to involve complex interactions of sleep, learning, stressor qualities, and individual differences in resilience and vulnerability. This chapter will discuss how these interactions can impact the formation of traumatic memories, with a focus on factors that can differentially lead to normal and pathological stress outcomes. It will discuss the potential roles of different types of learning, stress resilience and vulnerability, and the neurobiological substrates that regulate interactions of stress, sleep, and the formation of traumatic memories. A case will be made that, given its role in learning and the processing of emotion, sleep may be key to fully understanding normal and pathological outcomes of intense stress.
Mechanical testing setups affect spine segment fracture outcomes.

Abstract The purpose of the work presented here was to establish an experimental testing configuration that would generate a bending compression fracture in a laboratory setting. To this end, we designed and fabricated a fixture to accommodate a three level spine segment and to be able to perform mechanical testing by applying an off-centric compressive loading to create a flexion-type motion. Forces and moments occurring during testing were measured with a six-channel load cell. The initial testing configuration (Fixture A) included plates connected to the superior potted vertebral body and to the ball-socket joint of the testing system ram. Surprisingly, while all cadaveric specimens underwent a similar off-centric compressive loading, most of the specimens showed extension outcomes as opposed to the intended pure-flexion motion. The extension was due to fixture size and weight; by applying an off-centric load directly on the top plate, unintended large shear forces were generated. To resolve the issue, several modifications were made to the original fixture configuration. These modifications included the removal of the superior plates and the implementation of wedges at the superior surface of the fixture (Fixture B). A synthetic sample was used during this modification phase to minimize the number of cadaveric specimens while optimizing the process. The best outcomes were consistently observed when a 15°-wedge was used to provide flexion-type loading. Cadaveric specimens were then experimentally tested to fracture using the modified testing configuration (Fixture B). A comparison between both fixtures, A and B, revealed that almost all biomechanical parameters, including force, moment, and displacement data, were affected by the testing setup. These results suggest that fixture design and implementation for testing is of extreme importance, and can influence the fracture properties and affect the intended motion.
The Discourse of Explicitness: Mathematics Explanatory Talk and Self-Assessment by Spanish-Speaking Emergent Bilingual Students in Elementary Classrooms.

ABSTRACTThis article addresses the importance of supporting specific language practices of emergent bilingual students in classroom settings that are tied to the development of disciplinary knowled...
Are Universities Liberal or Socratic

Emily Chamlee-Wright does us a service by teaching that the discussion of speech in higher education ought not to stop at the question of who has the right to say what. If members of an intellectual community are to learn from each other, they need to develop an understanding of when to speak and when to hold back from speaking. I question, though, whether Adam Smith’s idea of the impartial spectator, seemingly conceived especially to damp down conflict among individuals who can’t get enough sympathy from each other, is appropriate for a community of truth-seekers.
Collaboration of human pickers and crop-transporting robots during harvesting – Part I: Model and simulator development

Abstract Some specialty crops, such as strawberries and table grapes, are harvested by large crews of pickers who spend significant amounts of time carrying empty and full (with the harvested crop) trays. A step toward increasing harvest automation for such crops is to deploy harvest-aid robots that transport the empty and full trays, thus increasing harvest efficiency by reducing pickers’ non-productive walking times. To that end, this work addresses human-robot collaboration modeling in a harvesting context. First, a modeling framework for all-manual and robot-aided harvesting was developed, which can be used for off-line simulation by system designers, but also as a representation model for robot control, during real-time operation. To serve both functions, the framework utilizes hybrid systems to model picker and robot activities. Finite state machines model discrete operating states, and difference equations describe motion and mass transfer within each discrete state. To capture the variability in human behavior and performance during harvesting, the human activity model utilizes stochastic parameters (e.g., picking time, walking speed) that can be estimated by measurements during harvesting. The stochastic model does not require direct yield measurements, which are not available for most specialty crops. Second, a stochastic simulator was developed based on the developed model. For a given field and crew size, the simulator samples all stochastic parameters to generate many instances of the harvest operation, and estimates metrics such as pickers’ non-productive time and harvest operation efficiency. Part II of this work presents the calibration and evaluation of the simulator based on field data, and a case study that evaluates the effect of various robot scheduling algorithms on harvest efficiency.
Minimally invasive esophagectomy is associated with superior survival, lymphadenectomy and surgical margins: propensity matched analysis of the National Cancer Database.

Despite excellent short-term outcomes of minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE), there is minimal data on long-term outcomes compared to open esophagectomy. MIE's superior visualization may have improved lymphadenectomy and complete resection rate and therefore improved long-term outcomes. We hypothesized that MIE would have superior long-term survival. Patients undergoing an esophagectomy for cancer between 2010 and 2016 were identified in the National Cancer Database. MIE included laparoscopic/robotic approach, and conversions were categorized as open. A 1:1 propensity match was performed. Lymphadenectomy and margin status were compared between MIE and open using Stuart Maxwell marginal homogeneity and Wilcoxon matched-pair signed-rank test. Survival was compared using log-rank test. 13,083 patients were identified: 8,906 (68%) open and 4,177 (32%) MIE. Propensity matching identified 3,659 'pairs' of MIE and open esophagectomy patients. Among them, MIE was associated with higher number lymph nodes examined (16 vs. 14, P < 0.001) and similar number of positive lymph nodes (0 vs. 0, P = 0.33). MIE had higher rate of negative pathologic margin (95 vs. 93.5%, P < 0.001). MIE was also associated with shorter hospitalization (9 vs. 10 days, P < 0.001). Survival was improved among MIE patients (46.6 vs. 41.4 months for open, P = 0.003) and among pathologic node-negative patients (71.4 vs. 61.5 months, P = 0.005). These data suggest that MIE has improved short-term outcomes (improved lymphadenectomy, pathologic margins, and length of stay) and also associated improved overall survival. The etiology of superior overall survival is likely secondary to many factors related and unrelated to surgical approach.
Part V – Macroeconomic Planning

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the macroeconomic forecasting planning and models. The simplest and most widely used macroeconomic model in development is the Harrod–Domar model, an extension of Keynes aggregate demand approach. The capital stock and depreciation rate present different problems. Few countries have data on the capital stock, though most do estimate depreciation for the national accounts. If investment and depreciation data are available for 10 years or more, an acceptable approximation may be to cumulate for as many years as possible and to let the capital stock equal cumulated gross investment less cumulated depreciation. The rate of depreciation follows from this estimate.
Centralized command and coalition victory

Building upon research that found that coalitions are more likely to win wars, recent work has sought to differentiate effective from ineffective coalitions. Much of this work focuses on characteri...
Squeezing the Parameter Space for Lorentz Violation in the Neutrino Sector by Additional Decay Channels.

The hypothesis of Lorentz violation in the neutrino sector has intrigued scientists for the last two to three decades. A number of theoretical arguments support the emergence of such violations first and foremost for neutrinos, which constitute the "most elusive" and "least interacting" particles known to mankind. It is of obvious interest to place stringent bounds on the Lorentz-violating parameters in the neutrino sector. In the past, the most stringent bounds have been placed by calculating the probability of neutrino decay into a lepton pair, a process made kinematically feasible by Lorentz violation in the neutrino sector, above a certain threshold. However, even more stringent bounds can be placed on the Lorentz-violating parameters if one takes into account, additionally, the possibility of neutrino splitting, i.e., of neutrino decay into a neutrino of lower energy, accompanied by "neutrino-pair Cerenkov radiation". This process has negligible threshold and can be used to improve the bounds on Lorentz-violating parameters in the neutrino sector. Finally, we take the opportunity to discuss the relation of Lorentz and gauge symmetry breaking, with a special emphasis on the theoretical models employed in our calculations.
Synthesis and structure of a 1:1 co-crystal of hexa-methyl-ene-tetra-mine carb-oxy-borane and acetamino-phen.

Hexa­methyl­ene­tetra­mine carboacetamino­phenborane, a mol­ecule with two pharmacophores attached to a central carb­oxy­borate moiety, was synthesized and crystals were grown with an acetamino­phen co-crystal former to result in the title 1:1 co-crystal [hexa­methyl­ene­tetra­mine 4-acetamido­phenyl 2-boranyl­acetate–4-acet­amido­phenol (1/1)], C15H22BN5O3·C8H9NO2. In the first of these mol­ecules, both the borate-ester and acetyl­amino groups are considerably twisted away from the plane of the inter­vening benzene ring [dihedral angles = 76.89 (9) and 65.42 (9)°, respectively]. The extended structure of this co-crystal features N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which link the components into (100) sheets and weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds help to consolidate the structure.
Framework for automated sorting of neural spikes from Neuralynx-acquired tetrode recordings in freely-moving mice.

Background Extracellular recording represents a crucial electrophysiological technique in neuroscience for studying the activity of single neurons and neuronal populations. The electrodes capture voltage traces that, with the help of analytical tools, reveal action potentials ('spikes') as well as local field potentials. The process of spike sorting is used for the extraction of action potentials generated by individual neurons. Until recently, spike sorting was performed with manual techniques, which are laborious and unreliable due to inherent operator bias. As neuroscientists add multiple electrodes to their probes, the high-density devices can record hundreds to thousands of neurons simultaneously, making the manual spike sorting process increasingly difficult. The advent of automated spike sorting software has offered a compelling solution to this issue and, in this study, we present a simple-to-execute framework for running an automated spike sorter. Methods Tetrode recordings of freely-moving mice are obtained from the CA1 region of the hippocampus as they navigate a linear track. Tetrode recordings are also acquired from the prelimbic cortex, a region of the medial prefrontal cortex, while the mice are tested in a T maze. All animals are implanted with custom-designed, 3D-printed microdrives that carry 16 electrodes, which are bundled in a 4-tetrode geometry. Results We provide an overview of a framework for analyzing single-unit data in which we have concatenated the acquisition system (Cheetah, Neuralynx) with analytical software (MATLAB) and an automated spike sorting pipeline (MountainSort). We give precise instructions on how to implement the different steps of the framework, as well as explanations of our design logic. We validate this framework by comparing manually-sorted spikes against automatically-sorted spikes, using neural recordings of the hippocampus and prelimbic cortex in freely-moving mice. Conclusions We have efficiently integrated the MountainSort spike sorter with Neuralynx-acquired neural recordings. Our framework is easy to implement and provides a high-throughput solution. We predict that within the broad field of bioelectronic medicine, those teams that incorporate high-density neural recording devices to their armamentarium might find our framework quite valuable as they expand their analytical footprint.
Stability theory of nonlinear operational differential equations in Hilbert spaces

Existence, uniqueness, and stability criteria for linear and nonlinear operational differential equations in Banach and Hilbert spaces
Functional Nasal and Sinus Surgery

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) was first described in the late 1970s and has become increasingly popular in the last 30 years. With its high success rate and low risk of major complications, it is one of the most commonly performed ambulatory surgical procedures in otolaryngology [1]. Chronic sinusitis affects approximately 35 million Americans annually and accounts for 11.6 million visits to a physician [2]. It is common in all ages and ethnic groups. Chronic sinusitis has been shown to have a dramatic effect on quality of life, comparable to that seen in conditions such as coronary artery disease and asthma [3]. In addition to its use for the treatment of chronic sinusitis, the FESS approach has expanded to a variety of other surgical procedures including skull base surgery, transphenoidal pituitary tumor resection (Chap. 18), and the treatment of vascular malformations [4].
Anticipating the Unknown

The prospects of a fully exploited knowledge of how to manipulate the nano world can be frightening. The possibilities imagined by both advocates and opponents of research and development in the nano world range from the mundane like pants that can’t be stained, to the horrific in military applications. The problem is what should we do now to ensure the benefits of nano technologies and to avoid the horrors. This situation is in principle no different from the one we faced with the advent of techniques for splicing and recombining DNA in the 1970s. How do we go about shaping the future when the genie is out of the bottle? Specifically, how should we think about the ethical and social consequences of developing various nano-technologies?
How controls influence organizational information processing: insights from a computational modeling investigation

In this study, we use a series of computational models to investigate an information processing perspective on organizational control use. We evaluate and compare the information processing capabilities of various formal and informal control configurations under different information uncertainty conditions. We find that a wide range of formal controls can be used to direct subordinates performing interdependent tasks while a more narrow range of informal controls are most effective for directing subordinates who perform complex tasks. Results of this study provide a basis for formalizing an information processing perspective on organizational control implementation that differs but is complementary to the current emphasis on agency in organizational control research.
Immunity to Marek's disease

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of several immunological cells and immune responses to Marek's disease (MD). Immunity to MD involves a complex interplay of innate and acquired responses, the latter including both cell-mediated and antibody responses. Macrophages play a pivotal role in innate immunity and the development of adaptive immune responses by acting as antigen-presenting cells. Macrophages help in reducing MD viremia in the early cytolytic phase, hence reducing the likelihood of clinical MD development. Macrophages from MD virus–infected chickens also have a marked suppressive effect on the in vitro proliferation of splenocytes. Natural killer (NK) cells play key roles in MD that contribute to the genetic resistance, vaccinal protection, and antitumor responses. Antibodies to several MDV glycoproteins have been identified in convalescent antisera. However, the exact role of these antibodies is not certain. Antiviral immunity against herpesviruses is principally mediated by CD8αβ+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and CD4+ helper cells that secrete cytokines. The cytokines also control the innate and acquired immune responses in MD. Immunity can also be induced by vaccination. However, it has not been able to engender a sterilizing immunity, which is a fundamental drawback and one of the major factors contributing to the vaccination-induced pressure on Marek's disease virus to evolve to greater virulence.
Multinationals, Techno-Entrepreneurs, and the Globalization of Technology Value Chains

An important element of technology globalization is the rise of technology-based entrepreneurs in China, India, Mexico and other emerging economies. Increasingly, these techno-entrepreneurs are strategically important as part of the innovation value chain of multinational enterprises (MNEs). Some of these linkages began as MNEs sought to cut costs by outsourcing activities to offshore firms. More recently, however, MNEs are globally dispersing more and more of their engineering work, and increasingly the MNEs are having emerging economy techno-entrepreneurs do much of their higher-level engineering and technology development work.This has major potential consequences for the MNEs, their home countries, their host countries, and the on-going development of global technology value chains. Before assessing these potential consequences, however, we need a much clearer understanding of how these local entrepreneurial firms fit into the strategies of the MNEs and of the processes by which the entrepreneurial firms come into being and develop as key parts of global technology creation chains. We need to understand better the role the new entrepreneurial firms are playing in the development of technologies that the MNEs use to serve customers not just in the emerging economies, but around the world.The specific organizational form of Techno-entrepreneurship, the inter-firm linkages, the growth trajectories as well as the implications for national policies have been under conceptualized in the existing literature. Technology entrepreneurship that is linked to MNEs is, we hypothesize, different from the general category of entrepreneurship. Further, we consider the extent to which linkages with offshore techno-entrepreneurs are complements to, and the extent to which they are substitutes for, MNE linkages with techno-entrepreneurs in their home country. The implications for MNEs and national competitiveness are also examined.Based on field work carried out in the U.S., EU, Japan, China, India, and Mexico by the authors and their collaborators from these countries, this paper presents brief case descriptions of the processes by which technology entrepreneurs from the emerging economies are becoming part of worldwide technology value chains.
An algorithmic framework for improving heuristic solutions: Part I. A deterministic discount coupon traveling salesman problem

Abstract The efforts to develop solution algorithms for combinatorial optimization problems can be classified broadly into two categories, heuristic and rigorous approaches. These two approaches have ever-conflicting advantages and disadvantages in their computational load and solution quality. Due to the computational infeasibility of the rigorous approach for many practical combinatorial applications problem-specific heuristics are prevalent, even though they cannot provide any guarantee on the solution’s quality. In this paper, we propose a novel way to improve upon a solution obtained from heuristics by applying dynamic programming to the subset of the states visited during simulation of the heuristics. The method represents a way to take a family of solutions and patch them together as an improved solution. However, ‘patching’ is accomplished in state space rather than in solution space. We develop and apply the approach to a new traveling salesman problem (TSP) variant, which illustrates the important notions of optional and conditional tasks in planning and scheduling applications, to examine the degree of improvement that can be obtained by the method. For a small problem, we compare the quality of the solution with the globally optimal one. The proposed method can be generalized to other planning and scheduling problems as long as a reasonable set of heuristics exist for their solution.
Molecular cloning of complementary DNA to mouse tissue plasminogen activator mRNA and its expression during F9 teratocarcinoma cell differentiation.

Two tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) cDNA clones were isolated from mouse cDNA libraries and characterized. The sequence coding for mature mouse tPA protein including its 29-residue signal peptide, as well as that for the 3‘ and part of the 5‘-nontranslated regions of the mRNA was determined. The mature protein consists of 530 amino acids and is encoded by a transcript of approximately 2800 nucleotides. The mouse tPA protein has 81% homology with its human counterpart, and amino acid sequence conservations suggest that the multidomain-like structure found for human tPA is maintained in the mouse enzyme. The tPA cDNA has been used as a probe to analyze tPA gene expression during F9 cell differentiation. tPA mRNA is not detected in F9 stem cells. When F9 cells are induced to differentiate with retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP, tPA mRNA accumulates. We demonstrate that this induction occurs at least in part because of an increase in tPA gene transcription.
Medical Issues with Adult Victims of Family Violence

Interhuman violence is generally estimated to affect millions of persons in the United States. Violence in the context of this chapter refers to physical force that contravenes societal norms or penal codes. Abuse can generally be categorized as verbal abuse, battering, mobility restriction, communication restriction, or economic exploitation. A more inclusive categorization of abuse involves physical abuse (e.g., infliction of pain or injury), sexual abuse (e.g., rape, sexually transmitted diseases), emotional abuse (e.g., derogation, humiliation), neglect (e.g., abandonment, deliberate denial of food, medications), or financial exploitation (e.g., illegal or improper use of funds).
Building a thriving CS program at a small liberal arts college

In this paper we describe several techniques that have helped increase enrollment in the computer science program from 23 computer science majors in 2008 to 42 computer science majors in 2010 - an increase of 82.6%. We discuss issues related to curriculum, programming assignments, and professor-student interactions that have made the discipline more attractive and manageable to a variety of students within the setting of a small liberal arts college.
Energetic neutrinos from the Sun and Earth and dark matter substructure

Dark matter halos contain a wealth of substructure in the form of subhalos and tidal streams. Enhancements in the dark matter density of these regions leads to enhanced rates in direct detection experiments, as well as enhanced dark matter capture rates in the Sun and the Earth. Direct detection experiments probe the present-day dark matter density, while energetic neutrinos probe the past history of the dark matter density along the solar system's orbit about the Galactic center. We discuss how an elevated energetic neutrino flux can be used to probe the level of substructure present at the Galactic radius of the solar system.
Poloidal field coil system optimization for the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT)

In the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) design, the poloidal-field coil system (PF) is located symmetrically about the Z=0 plane. The system consists of seven pairs of coils external to the toroidal-field coil system, (TF), and two pairs of coils internal to the TF coils. The external PF coil system has three coils making up the central solenoid, and four ring coils. Previous designs for CIT called for a self-supporting central solenoid (called wedged design because the TF coil inner legs wedged under the radial inward loading) and a PF system capable of providing a flux swing and equilibrium and shaping fields for an 11 MA plasma. The current (bucked) design calls for a 12.3 MA plasma with a central solenoid that is partially supported by, and partially supports, the TF coil inner legs. A comparison of the two design options is made from the PF coil system standpoint. The operating points and structural and thermal requirements of the central solenoid lead to the selection of different conductors for the two cases. >
Identifying montages that best detect electrographic seizure activity during polysomnography.

Study objectives Recognizing epileptic seizures during video polysomnography (VPSG) can be challenging, particularly when using standard, limited EEG montages and paper speed. Few sleep laboratories have PSG equipment that allows for the recording of 18 channels of EEG without compromising the ability to detect sleep apnea, periodic limb movements, and parasomnias. We studied the ability of sleep medicine- and EEG-trained polysomnographers to correctly identify epileptic seizures during PSG using 4, 7, and 18 channels of simultaneous EEG, recording at conventional PSG and EEG paper speeds. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of limited EEG montages viewed with EEG reformatting capability in the identification of seizures during PSG. Design Blinded EEG analysis of seizures and arousals during VPSG. Setting Tertiary care hospital with sleep laboratory and epilepsy monitoring unit. Patients Subjects with focal (partial) epilepsy that underwent video-EEG monitoring. Interventions We designed two 7-channel EEG montages that might facilitate the identification of seizures arising from the frontal and temporal lobes. Sleep medicine- and EEG-trained polysomnographers were asked to review tracings containing frontal or temporal lobe epileptic seizures and arousals from sleep. Utilizing the capability of our digital recording equipment to reformat EEG channels and change paper speeds, we asked the readers to classify events recorded with 4, 7, and 18 channels of simultaneous EEG, at paper speeds of 10 and 30 mm/sec. Measurements and results 6 readers viewed 32 sleep-related events (13 frontal lobe seizures, 11 temporal lobe seizures, and 8 arousals). The following factors were analyzed for their influence on accuracy of event detection: 1) the type of training of the reader (EEG vs. sleep medicine); 2) the number of EEG channels (4, 7, or 18); and 3) paper speed (10 vs. 30 mm/sec). Pair-wise comparisons and generalized estimating equations were used to identify factors leading to more accurate detection of seizures and arousals. 77% of events were correctly identified: 74% of seizures and 88% of arousals. Seizure detection was better using 7 and 18 channels (sensitivity of 82% and 86%, respectively) than 4 EEG channels (sensitivity of 67%) for temporal lobe seizures only. The number of EEG channels did not affect the accuracy of frontal lobe seizure detection. For EEG-trained readers, accuracy was greater using 30 mm/sec than 10 mm/sec paper speed (85% vs. 78% correct, respectively). Conclusions Adding EEG channels and EEG reformatting capabilities to PSG interpretation improves the detection of some types of epileptic seizures. Accuracy of temporal lobe seizure detection using an abbreviated 7-channel montage approximates that of an 18-channel EEG recording. However, the same is not true of frontal lobe seizures in which accuracy was similar regardless of the number of EEG channel available. Further studies are needed to identify specific EEG montages that would best detect epileptiform activity during VPSG.
The response of midlatitude jets to increased CO2: Distinguishing the roles of sea surface temperature and direct radiative forcing

In Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models, the zonal-mean tropospheric circulation shifts robustly poleward in the Southern Hemisphere extratropics in response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropics, the circulation response to CO2 is largely absent in the zonal mean and is instead characterized by complex regional anomalies. This study decomposes the atmospheric circulation response to CO2 forcing in CMIP5 models into two components: a direct component due to CO2 radiative forcing and an indirect component associated with sea surface temperature (SST)-mediated changes. The direct radiative forcing of CO2 drives a weak poleward jet shift in both hemispheres, whereas the indirect (SST) component of the CO2 forcing dominates the total response and drives a zonally asymmetric response in the NH. Hence, understanding the SST-mediated component of atmospheric CO2 forcing appears crucial to unlocking the mechanisms that contribute to forced extratropical circulation changes.
Li3−xTi2(PO4)3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1): A new mixed valent titanium(III/IV) phosphate with a NASICON-type structure

A new NASICON-related structure of lithium titanium phosphate Li{sub 2.72}Ti{sub 2}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3} has been determined. This compound crystallizes in an orthorhombic system, Pbcn, with a = 12.064 (3) {angstrom}, b = 8.663 (3) {angstrom}, c = 8.711 (4) {angstrom}, V = 910.4 (8) {angstrom}{sup 3}, and Z = 4. The single crystal structure of this novel mixed valent titanium(III/IV) phosphate reveals one titanium atom per asymmetric unit. Two lithium sites are characterized by a pair of distorted polyhedra, Li(1)O{sub 4} and Li(2)O{sub 5}, which share a common edge resulting in a short Li(1) . . . Li(2) distance, i.e., 2.29 (5) {angstrom}. Magnetic susceptibility and microprobe analysis confirmed the structural composition. The room temperature ionic conductivity is comparable with that of the known Li{sub 1+x}Ti{sub 2{minus}x}{sup IV}In{sub x}{sup III}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3}, which suggests possible fast ionic conductivity.
An invariant measure for finitely generated rational semigroups

For a finitely generated rational semigroup G; we establish the existence of a probability measure μ=μ G on the Julia set J(G)which has a certain invariance property with respect to the semigroup.
Effect of pressure on the absorption spectrum of some heme compounds.

Abstract Increased hydrostatic pressure shifts the spectra of several derivatives of menhaden hemoglobin towards longer wavelengths, producing a difference spectrum similar to that described by Adams and Schuster (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 58, 525). The effect requires the protein, but is similar for the R and T-forms of both liganded and deoxyhemoglobins.
Demonstration and Partial Characterization of a Rabbit Serum Protein Which Binds Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone

A protein in the serum of the adult male rabbit which binds testosterone and dihydrotestosterone is demonstrated. It is salted out by 50% ammonium sulfate and has a greater Rf than the analogous human protein at pH 9.5 in polyacrylarride gel electrophoresis. It can be separated from rabbit corticosteroid-binding globulin on Sephadex G200 and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The concentration of specific binding sites in pooled serum is 1.8 X 10-7M and the association constant for dihydrotestosterone at 4C is 1.4 X l-9M-1. A number of steroids were examined for their ability to compete with testosterone for binding sites. In contrast to the human protein, estradiol was an extremely poor competitor. (Endocrinology 92: 1700, 1973)
A New Species of Wadotes (Araneae: Agelenidae) from North Georgia

A new species of spider, Wadotes georgiensis , from the mountains of northern Georgia, is described and illustrated. A diagnosis is given to distinguish this species from closely related ones.
Implicit learning and tacit knowledge

I examine the phenomenon of implicit learning, the process by which knowledge about the ralegoverned complexities of the stimulus environment is acquired independently of conscious attempts to do so. Our research with the two, seemingly disparate experimental paradigms of synthetic grammar learning and probability learning is reviewed and integrated with other approaches to the general problem of unconscious cognition. The conclusions reached are as follows: (a) Implicit learning produces a tacit knowledge base that is abstract and representative of the structure of the environment; (b) such knowledge is optimally acquired independently of conscious efforts to learn; and (c) it can be used implicitly to solve problems and make accurate decisions about novel stimulus circumstances. Various epistemological issues and related prob1 lems such as intuition, neuroclinical disorders of learning and memory, and the relationship of evolutionary processes to cognitive science are also discussed. Some two decades ago the term implicit learning was first used to characterize how one develops intuitive knowledge about the underlying structure of a complex stimulus environment (Reber, 1965, 1967). In those early writings, I argued that implicit learning is characterized by two critical features: (a) It is an unconscious process and (b) it yields abstract knowledge. Implicit knowledge results from the induction of an abstract representation of the structure that the stimulus environment displays, and this knowledge is acquired in the absence of conscious, reflective strategies to learn. Since then, the evidence in support of this theory has been abundant, and many of the details of the process have been sharpened. This article is an overview of this evidence and an attempt to extend the general concepts to provide some insight into a variety of related processes such as arriving at intuitive judgments, complex decision making, and, in a broad sense, learning about the complex covariations among events that characterize the environment. Put simply, this is an article about learning. It seems curious, given the pattern of psychological investigation of the middle decades of this century, that the topic of learning should be so poorly represented in the contemporary literature in cognitive psychology. The energies of cognitive scientists have been invested largely in the analysis and modeling of existing knowledge rather than in investigations of how it was acquired. For example, in an important recent article on the general topic of unconscious memorial systems, Schacter (1987) never came to grips with the distinction between implicit learning and implicit memory. The latter, the focus of his review, was dealt with historically, characterized, out
Influence of carbon monoxide, and its interaction with nitric oxide, on the adrenocorticotropin hormone response of the normal rat to a physico-emotional stress.

We determined whether the gas carbon monoxide (CO) altered the adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) response to mild inescapable electrofootshocks, and whether it interacted with nitric oxide (NO). Peripheral injection of the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor Nwnitro-L-arginine-methylester (L-NAME), a compound which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, produced the expected blunting of the ACTH response to the shocks. This effect was mimicked by other arginine analogues such as L-nitroarginine (L-NNA) and NG-methyl-L-arginine (NMMA). The subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of the heme oxygenase (HO) blockers tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP) or tin protoporphyrin (SnPP) significantly decreased brain HO levels, indicating that both compounds had penetrated the brain. Blood pressure showed a modest increase in response to SnMP, and no change after SnPP. SnMP and SnPP both decreased shock-induced ACTH release, though the magnitude of this effect was slightly less than that of L-NAME. The influence of SnPP was further augmented in rats with concomitant blockade of NO formation, which suggests that both NO and CO are necessary for the full response of this axis to electrofootshocks. Finally, the ability of SnPP to significantly blunt the expression of the mRNA for the immediate early gene NGFI-B in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats exposed to shocks, indicates that the influence of CO was exerted on hypothalamic neuronal activity. Collectively, our results show that NO and CO exert a stimulatory effect on the HPA axis response to mild electrofootshocks, and that at least part of this influence takes place on hypothalamic neurons and/or their afferents.
Probing the electronic structure at semiconductor surfaces using charge transport in nanomembranes.

The electrical properties of nanostructures are extremely sensitive to their surface condition. In very thin two-dimensional crystalline-semiconductor sheets, termed nanomembranes, the influence of the bulk is diminished, and the electrical conductance becomes exquisitely responsive to the structure of the surface and the type and density of defects there. Its understanding therefore requires a precise knowledge of the surface condition. Here we report measurements, using nanomembranes, that demonstrate direct charge transport through the π* band of the clean reconstructed Si(001) surface. We determine the charge carrier mobility in this band. These measurements, performed in ultra-high vacuum to create a truly clean surface, lay the foundation for a quantitative understanding of the role of extended or localized surface states, created by surface structure, defects or adsorbed atoms/molecules, in modifying charge transport through semiconductor nanostructures. As the electrical properties of nanostructures are strongly influenced by their surface, a thorough understanding of the surface properties is desirable. The authors demonstrate the use of charge transport in silicon nanomembranes to perform spectroscopy of the electronic structure of the surface states.