cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal allocation of cooperative search capability in aircraft formation under uncertain environment

In this paper,search theory and random programming are introduced to formation cooperative search analysis.Firstly,the probability density of target discovered by airborne radar is taken as a quantitative performance index for continuous aerial target detecting,and the formula of formation cooperative search is proposed.Secondly,considering the normal expectation model,the hybrid intelligent algorithm is presented.Finally,aerial detection region is partitioned according to the position of the targets.Then the expectation value model for optimal allocation of formation cooperative search capability is constructed.Simulation results show that the model is effective.
Distribution and drug resistance of non-fermenting bacteria causing ventilator-associated pneumonia in PICU

OBJECTIVE To study the distribution and drug resistance of the non-fermenting bacteria causing ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP)in pediatrics department so as to guide the reasonable clinical use of antibiotics. METHODS Totally 194children with VAP,who were treated in the PICU of Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University from Jan 2009to Jun 2012,were recruited in the study,then the distribution and drug resistance of the non-fermenting bacteria were analyzed.RESULTS A total of 375strains of non-fermenting bacteria have been isolated during 2009-2012,the Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Burkholderia cepacia,Acinetobacter baumannii, and Stenotrophomonas mahophilia ranked the top 4species,accounting for 27.47%,24.54%,20.00%,and 14.93%,respectively.The drug resistance analysis showed that the P.aeruginosa had higher drug resistant rate but was highly sensitive to aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin;the Burkholderia cepacia was susceptible to the third and fourth generation cephalosporins,quinolones,meropenem,and piperacillin-tazobactam;the A.baumannii was susceptible to imipenem,quinolones,aminoglycosides,and antimicrobial agents containingβ-lactamase inhibitors;the S.maltophilia was highly resistant to most of the antibiotics and was only susceptible to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim,quinolones,and antibiotics compounded withβ-lactamase inhibitors.CONCLUSION The nonfermenting bacteria are dominant among the pathogens causing VAP in the children and are multidrug-resistant; the strains vary significantly in the drug susceptibility;it is necessary for the hospital to use antibiotics reasonably based on the result of drug susceptibility testing and the drug resistance mechanism.
Discrepancy Bounds for Mixed Sequences

A mixed sequence is a sequence in the $s$-dimensional unit cube which one obtains by concatenating a $d$-dimensional low-discrepancy sequence with an $s-d$-dimensional random sequence. We discuss some probabilistic bounds on the star discrepancy of mixed sequences.
Relative quality of different systematic datasets for cetartiodactyl mammals: assessments within a combined analysis framework

High congruence, support, stability, resolution and decisiveness are seen as positive attributes by many systematists. Within a cladistic context, the consistency index, the retention index, branch support, data decisiveness, the number of nodes resolved in a strict consensus tree and the incongruence length difference are direct measures of these qualities. Phylogenetic analyses of 29 datasets for cetartiodactyl mammals show that for a particular character partition, these indices can vary radically in separate versus combined analysis of datasets. The quality of any single dataset is of little importance in comparison to a thorough sampling of the available character space.
Abstract IA21: AML genomics: An update.

Our fundamental understanding of the genomic landscape of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has significantly improved due to large-scale genomic characterization of AML genomes, transcriptomes and methylomes. Retrospective analyses of primary and relapse disease genomes has also illustrated the changes in heterogeneity that occur during progression, and studies of mouse xenografts of AML have illustrated the biological competition among subclones to seed progressive disease. I will discuss next steps in our clinical sequencing of AML, aimed at beginning to apply our fundamental knowledge about the disease to the cancer care setting. Various technical challenges will be highlighted as well as discussing the overall framework for beginning to understand the data we will generate. Citation Format: Elaine R. Mardis. AML genomics: An update. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Hematologic Malignancies: Translating Discoveries to Novel Therapies; Sep 20-23, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(17 Suppl):Abstract nr IA21.
Predicting Mortality of Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in the Era of Endovascular Repair

Background Previous risk prediction models of mortality after ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) repair have been limited by imprecision, complexity, or inclusion of variables not available in the preoperative setting. Most importantly, these prediction models have been derived and validated before the adoption of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) as a treatment for rAAA. We sought to derive and validate a new risk-prediction tool using only easily obtainable preoperative variables in patients with rAAA who are being considered for repair in the endovascular era. Methods We used the Vascular Study Group of New England (VSGNE) database to identify all patients who underwent repair of RAAA (2006–2015). Variables were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model to identify independent predictors of 30-day mortality. Linear regression was then used to develop an equation to predict risk of 30-day mortality. Results During the study period, 649 patients underwent repair of rAAA; of these, 247 (38.1%) underwent EVAR and 402 (61.9%) underwent an open repair. The overall mortality associated with rAAA was 30.7% (open, 33.4% and EVAR, 26.2%). On multivariate modeling, the primary determinants of 30-day mortality were advanced age (>76 vs. ≤76 years, odds ratio [OR] = 2.91 and CI: 2.0–4.24), elevated creatinine (>1.5 mg/dL vs. ≤1.5 mg/dL, OR = 1.57 and CI: 1.05–2.34), and lowest systolic blood pressure (SBP) (BP 76) + 9 * (creatinine >1.5) + 20 * (bp Using this model, patients can be stratified into different groups, each with a specific estimated risk of 30-day mortality ranging from a low of 14% to a high of 65%. Conclusions In the endovascular era where both open and endovascular treatment are offered for the treatment of rAAA three variables, easily obtained in an emergency setting, accurately predict 30-day mortality for patients operated on for rAAA. This simple risk prediction tool could be used as a point of care decision aid to help the clinician in counseling patients and their families on treatment of those presenting with rAAA.
New features and applications of the H.264 video coding standard

This paper provides a brief overview of the H.264 video coding standard, focusing on its new features and applications. Outperforming all the previous standards over a wide range of bit-rates, H.264 is expected to flood the market in a large number of applications ranging from the real-time conversational services, to TV broadcasting or Internet streaming. At the basis of its high performance there is: a layered structure, improving the network friendliness; the adoption of clean and simple solutions enabling efficient implementations; the capability of allowing flexible delays for a variety of services; in addition to a powerful set of tools maximizing the coding efficiency.
Identification of a Myeloid Pathway of NK Cell Development and a Myeloid- NK Cell Precursor

NK cells are CD56 + CD3 − innate immune effector cells that play important roles in tumor surveillance. Since the identification of a common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) and the demonstration that NK cells can be derived from CLPs, the ontogeny of NK cells has been assumed to be exclusively lymphoid. Our laboratory has been studying NK cell development using CD34 + hematopoietic progenitors (HPCs) cultured on a murine fetal liver stromal cell line (EL08.1D2) in the presence of cytokines (IL-3 for the first week, IL-7, IL-15, SCF and FLT-3L) and hydrocortisone (HDC). After 3–4 weeks under these conditions, NK cells develop. We set out to determine the impact of stroma and HDC on NK cell development. Previous studies had identified antigens on CD34 HPCs that were associated with a greater propensity to become NK cells when cultured in cytokines (including CD7, CD161, CD45RA and intergrin b7). FACS purifying CD34 cells that lacked these receptors (CD34 + NKlin − ) identified a subset of CD34 cells that was absolutely dependent on stroma or HDC for functional NK cell development (using limiting dilution assays, p + NKlin − cells showed myeloid lineage (CD13 and CD33) outgrowth. Likewise, under the influence of cytokines, HDC and stroma, CD34 + NKlin − cells appeared to first acquire CD13 and/or CD33, then CD56. These results lead us to hypothesize that the mechanism of HDC and stroma was to “skew” myeloid cells to the NK lineage. To test this, CD34 + NKlin − cells were cultured for 2 wks and CD13 low/− , CD13 int and CD13 high cells were FASC sorted. Culture of sorted populations with cytokines alone did not give rise to NK cells. The addition of either HDC or stroma resulted in the development of NK cells and their combination was additive (p + NKlin − HPCs were cultured for two weeks and then CD14 + cells were isolated. NK cells again developed with the combination of cytokines, HDC and stroma, but not with cytokines alone. To further query whether myeloid cells could become NK cells, we isolated CFU-GMs from 3 wk methylcellulose colonies and cultured them with cytokines or cytokines, HDC and stroma. NK cell developed only in the presence of cytokines, HDC and stroma (0/36 vs. 9/51, p high CD56 − CD115 + and CD115 − cells were isolated and tested for their ability to give rise to NK cells. Strikingly, both could give rise to NK cells, but CD115 + progenitors required HDC and stroma for full NK cell maturation. Addition of high doses of M-CSF to CD115 + progenitors abolished NK cell development. Lower doses of M-CSF lead to NK cells that co-expressed CD14, supporting the existence of a common NK-myeloid progenitor. Lastly, the NK cells derived from the myeloid progenitors (CD117 high CD56 − CD115 + ) were compared to the remaining “lymphoid” fraction. The myeloid derived NK cells expressed significantly more KIR receptors and had remarkably higher killing against B-LCL cells (721-221) (p high CD56 − CD115 + ).
Trash in fashion: Stylising rags and refuse in nineteenth- and twentieth-century French culture:

This article discusses the complex and problematic processes involved in the aesthetic representation of the urban street dweller from nineteenth-century Paris to today’s post-modern images on the internet. By analysing the figure of the chiffonnier, the turn-of-the-century fille de joie, and contemporary images that link high fashion with pauperism, we see the social mechanisms discerned by Bourdieu that maintain the disequilibrium in power relationships across classes and thereby reinforce the social status quo. In the nineteenth century this is apparent in prose (novels, critiques, feuilletons and the press) as well as theatre, and in the emphasis on visual spectacle and media at the fin de siecle and in the proliferation of high-contrast images in contemporary advertising, news and social media. Despite the span of almost two centuries, similar practices in the deployment of symbolic power reify social hierarchies.
Anamorelin hydrochloride in the treatment of cancer anorexia–cachexia syndrome: design, development, and potential place in therapy

Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome (CACS) is a complex and largely untreatable paraneoplastic complication common in advanced cancer. It is associated with profoundly deleterious effects on quality of life and survival. Since its discovery over a decade ago, anamorelin hydrochloride (anamorelin), a mimetic of the growth hormone secretagogue ghrelin, has shown considerable promise in ameliorating components of CACS when administered to patients with advanced cancer, including loss of lean body mass and reversal of anorexia. This review summarizes the development of anamorelin and its safety and efficacy in clinical investigations. The potential future role of anamorelin in treating CACS is also discussed.
Distal Humeral Transcondylar Fractures

Transcondylar fractures of the distal humerus have characteristic transverse, anterior shear, or posterior shear fracture patterns. Transverse fractures may be amenable to column screws. Anterior and posterior fractures require plate fixation in a buttress mode to prevent recurring displacement because of the shear forces.
Is There Natural Killer Cell Memory and Can It Be Harnessed by Vaccination? Vaccination Strategies Based on NK Cell and ILC Memory.

Studies over the last decade have decisively demonstrated that innate immune natural killer (NK) cells exhibit enhanced long-lasting functional responses following a single activation event. With the increased recognition of memory and memory-like properties of NK cells, questions have arisen with regards to their ability to effectively mediate vaccination responses in humans. Moreover, recently discovered innate lymphoid cells (ILC) could also potentially exhibit memory-like functions. Here we review different forms of NK cell memory, and speculate about the ability of these cells and ILCs to meaningfully contribute to vaccination responses.
Common Adverse Effects of Novel Therapies for Multiple Myeloma (MM) and Their Management Strategies

The purpose of this review was to evaluate management strategies for common adverse effects of novel therapies in multiple myeloma (MM), including immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and a histone deacetylase inhibitor. There are several adverse effects that occur across multiple classes of antimyeloma drugs, including rash, peripheral neuropathy, infusion reactions, and cardiotoxicity, but most can be managed without complete discontinuation of the agent or abandonment of the class. Additionally, several agents have critically important drug-drug interactions or dose-modification implications in hepatic or renal insufficiency that can be easily overlooked, and exacerbate adverse effects. As treatment of MM moves from fixed-duration traditional chemotherapy to novel agent-based regimens, commonly administered continuously until disease progression or intolerable toxicities, providers must adopt their management strategies for both acute and long-term adverse effects. Early and frequent monitoring for therapy-related complications, dose adjustments when needed, and timely treatment for toxicities are all important steps toward ensuring longevity of treatment from a limited array of therapeutic options that currently exist for a disease with a relapsing and remitting course.
Modulation of Carrier Type in Nanocrystal-in-Matrix Composites by Interfacial Doping

Inorganic nanocomposites synthesized by combination of colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) and inorganic clusters have recently emerged as new materials with novel and unique functionalities. Much of the demonstrated promise of nanocomposites derives from the unique interactions between NC and matrix components—this generates new material properties, which direct unique transport behavior in the overall solid or nanocomposite—be it mass, charge, or heat. While measured empirically, it has remained largely impossible to take an a priori look at material properties and use those as a guideline to design desired transport behavior. Fundamentally, this is because the structural and electronic changes manifest at those interfaces have remained hidden from examination. Here, we provide experimental evidence that transport behavior in nanocrystal-in-matrix (NIM) composites is dictated primarily by interfacial charge transfer associated with electronic and structural reconstructions as the composite forms. Our approach ...
A computational study of the three-dimensional fluid–structure interaction of aortic valve

Abstract In this paper, we describe a three-dimensional simulation of the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) of the aortic valve using a direct-forcing immersed-boundary method. The geometry of the valve is taken from a bioprosthetic valve, and the computational framework is based on a previous partitioned approach that is versatile for handling a range of biological FSI problems involving large deformations. When applying the approach in the heart valve simulation, we implemented an efficient parallel algorithm based on domain decomposition to handle the costly flow simulation. As compared with previous simulations of the aortic valve, our simulation was able to capture both realistic deformation of the leaflets and vortex structures in the flow, thus providing a balanced modeling approach for the flow and the valve. The results show that the pressure distribution on the leaflet surface is highly nonuniform and the jet flow contains a sequence of vortices during the opening process. After the valve is fully opened, both the three leaflets and the jet still experience significant oscillations. The drag resistance of the valve is also characterized, and it is found that the resistance is approximately equivalent to the inertial force of accelerating the fluid column of three diameter length. These details could be potentially used to characterize FSI of the aortic valve.
The ratio of concentrations of aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid that prevent plasmin activation of platelets does not provide equivalent inhibition of plasmatic fibrinolysis

Aminocaproic acid (EACA) availability has recently been decreased whereas tranexamic acid (TXA) is still available as an antifibrinolytic agent to decrease blood loss associated with procedures involving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) by inhibiting plasmin mediated platelet activation. Given that the clinical inclination is to substitute TXA for EACA, we sought to compare the antifibrinolytic efficacy of the two agents using the clinically accepted molar ratio of EACA:TXA (7.9:1) that prevents platelet activation in a viscoelastic based system under a variety of conditions in human plasma; 25–50% therapeutic concentration (EACA 32.5–65 µg/ml, TXA 5–10 µg/ml) in the presence of 1500–3000 IU tissue-type plasminogen activator, with 0–50% dilution of plasma with buffer. In all equipotent concentrations, TXA provided superior antifibrinolytic action compared to EACA. It is hoped that this work will serve as a rationale to further investigate these and other similar agents, especially now in a time of unpredictable unavailability of key medications needed to optimize patient care. It is also our wish that these data assist perfusionists, anesthesiologists and cardiothoracic surgeons with their consideration of using an antifibrinolytic agent when managing complex patients with hypercoagulable states (e.g., ventricular assist device explant, infective endocarditis) undergoing CPB.
The Metal-Insulator Transition at Millikelvin Temperatures

The physics of the metal-insulator transition has been explored for over thirty years now, but our understanding is still incomplete. As emphasized in the classic papers of Mott1 and Anderson2, electron correlation and disorder are essential ingredients in the phenomenon of electron localization. However, their exact manifestation in real systems remains a subject of active study and dispute.
Management of Migraine Headaches with Botulinum Toxin and Fat Transfer

Migraine headaches (MH) affect millions of people, and cost billions of dollars annually for treatment and in loss of productivity. Surgery for migraine headaches was performed during the twentieth century, but was limited by the high degree of morbidity associated with the procedures used. The intersection of plastic surgery and surgical treatment of migraine headaches began in the later part of the twentieth century, when procedures performed for aesthetic rejuvenation of the face and brow were noted to relieve migraine headaches. Currently, botulinum toxin A can be used as a diagnostic aid to identify trigger sites. Sites (frontal, temporal, or occipital) are injected based on patients’ descriptions of symptoms, and patients who demonstrate at least a 50% reduction in intensity or frequency of headaches are considered surgical candidates. Surgical candidates with a frontal trigger site undergo resection of the corrugator supercilii muscle, and fat grafting to the glabella. The fat graft minimizes contour deformities, protects the nerves, and provides a rejuvenated appearance to the glabellar region. The occipital area use of a flap that contains adipose shields the greater occipital nerve and reduces the potential for irritation of this nerve.
Conformational analysis—CI

Abstract It is concluded that the gauche-butane interaction which is one of the cornerstones of conformational analysis has been incorrectly interpreted as to origin, and that the gauche relationship between methyl (or methylene) groups is not the cause of the relative instability of gauche conformations. Rather, the gauche interactions between vicinal-2,3-hydrogens are mainly responsible. By the same taken, a substituent on a cyclohexane ring should not be said to have a preference for the equatorial position. Rather, the tertiary hydrogen has an energetic preference for an axial position, which leaves the substituent in the equatorial position by default. Several poorly understood phenomena are better interpreted on this basis.
Digitization and Financial Reporting – How Technology Innovation May Drive the Shift toward Continuous Accounting

Technological forces, including but not limited to blockchain and artificial intelligence platforms, are driving change not only in the accounting profession, but business at large. In a business environment where data is produced nearly continuously, and stakeholder groups expect an increasing variety of information, current accounting processes do not appear sufficient. This research examines and applies current market forces, linked to both technology, including an analysis of both blockchain and artificial intelligence, and the increased influence of stakeholders on the reporting process, to do the following. First, an analysis of items to consider and review as the shift toward more continuous accounting and reporting begins is postulated. Second, and arguably more important for the combined practitioner and academic audience this research is intended for, implications and applications of more continuous accounting are put forth to assist as individuals and organizations embrace this transformative process.
Review of Klimenkowa, Alla (2017) Sprachkontakt und lexikalische Innovation in der karibischen Kontaktzone: Die Beispiele bozal, cimarrón und criollo

This article reviews Sprachkontakt und lexikalische Innovation in der karibischen Kontaktzone: Die Beispiele bozal, cimarron und criollo $66.80
The Theorist and the Theorized: Indigenous Critiques of Performance Studies

Performance studies requires an engagement with Native studies scholarship and settler colonial critiques to be fully accountable to the global stakes of indigeneity and Indigenous performance. An ...
A GNPTAB nonsense variant is associated with feline mucolipidosis II (I-cell disease)

Mucolipidosis II (ML II; I-cell disease) is caused by a deficiency of N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase (GNPTAB; EC 2.7.8.17), which leads to a failure to internalize acid hydrolases into lysosomes for proper catabolism of various substances. This is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease and causes severe progressive neuropathy and oculoskeletal dysfunction in humans (OMIM 252500). A naturally occurring disease model has been reported in juvenile domestic cats (OMIA 001248–9685) with clinical signs similar to human patients. We investigated the molecular genetic basis of ML II in a colony of affected cats by sequencing the coding and regulatory regions of GNPTAB from affected and clinically healthy related and unrelated domestic cats and compared the sequences to the published feline genome sequence (NCBI-RefSeq accession no. XM_003989173.4, Gene ID: 101100231). All affected cats were homozygous for a single base substitution (c.2644C > T) in exon 13 of GNPTAB. This variant results in a premature stop codon (p.Gln882*) which predicts severe truncation and complete dysfunction of the GNPTAB enzyme. About 140 GNPTAB variants have been described in human ML II patients, with 41.3% nonsense/missense mutations, nine occurring in the same gene region as in this feline model. Restriction fragment length polymorphism and allelic discrimination real-time polymerase chain reaction assays accurately differentiated between clear, asymptomatic carriers and homozygous affected cats. Molecular genetic characterization advances this large animal model of ML II for use to further define the pathophysiology of the disease and evaluate novel therapeutic approaches for this fatal lysosomal storage disease in humans.
Freedom and Prison: Putting Structuralism Back into Structural Inequality

Critics of structural racism frequently miss structuralism as a field of historical inquiry. This essay reviews the rise of structuralism as a mode of historical analysis and applies it to the mass incarceration debate in the United States, arguing that it enriches the work of prevailing scholars in the field.
Determination of Total Chlorogenic Acids in Commercial Green Coffee Extracts.

Abstract Obesity and type II diabetes are serious health problems and are among the leading causes of death. There are a few prescription weight loss drugs, but they have a high cost and their adve...
Gauging genetic diversity of generalists: A test of genetic and ecological generalism with RNA virus experimental evolution.

Generalist viruses, those with a comparatively larger host range, are considered more likely to emerge on new hosts. The potential to emerge in new hosts has been linked to viral genetic diversity, a measure of evolvability. However, there is no consensus on whether infecting a larger number of hosts leads to higher genetic diversity, or whether diversity is better maintained in a homogeneous environment, similar to the lifestyle of a specialist virus. Using experimental evolution with the RNA bacteriophage phi6, we directly tested whether genetic generalism (carrying an expanded host range mutation) or environmental generalism (growing on heterogeneous hosts) leads to viral populations with more genetic variation. Sixteen evolved viral lineages were deep sequenced to provide genetic evidence for population diversity. When evolved on a single host, specialist and generalist genotypes both maintained the same level of diversity (measured by the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) above 1%, P = 0.81). However, the generalist genotype evolved on a single host had higher SNP levels than generalist lineages under two heterogeneous host passaging schemes (P = 0.001, P < 0.001). RNA viruses' response to selection in alternating hosts reduces standing genetic diversity compared to those evolving in a single host to which the virus is already well-adapted.
System Design Methodologies for Safety and Security of Future Wireless Technologies in Aviation

Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) uses the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) to pinpoint the aircraft’s location. Wireless technology is also connecting ground-based aviation facilities to each other via the internet protocol (IP). The use of ADS-B, GNSS, and wireless technologies raises many safety and security concerns. A number of potential solutions have been suggested. But as Kocher and others have pointed out, security is best built into a system design itself, rather than added later. While we cannot rebuild the ADS-B system, we can reconsider its security issues from scratch. In this paper, we use the Universal Modeling Language (UML) to specify security and safety threats to ADS-B. These UML diagrams will support thorough investigations of safety and security solutions, which will aid in making ADS-B more safe and secure. Our eventual goal is to develop an ADS-B formal specification for ADS-B model-checking.
Integrated iterative musculoskeletal modeling predicts bone morphology following brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI)

Abstract Brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) is the most common nerve injury among children. The glenohumeral joint of affected children can undergo severe osseous deformation and altered muscle properties, depending on location of the injury relative to the dorsal root ganglion (preganglionic or postganglionic). Preganglionic injury results in lower muscle mass and shorter optimal muscle length compared to postganglionic injury. We investigated whether these changes to muscle properties over time following BPBI provide a mechanically-driven explanation for observed differences in bone deformity between preganglionic and postganglionic BPBI. We developed a computational framework integrating musculoskeletal modeling to represent muscle changes over time and finite element modeling to simulate bone growth in response to mechanical and biological stimuli. The simulations predicted that the net glenohumeral joint loads in the postganglionic injury case were nearly 10.5% greater than in preganglionic. Predicted bone deformations were more severe in the postganglionic case, with the glenoid more declined (pre: −43.8°, post: −51.0°), flatter with higher radius of curvature (pre: 3.0 mm, post: 3.7 mm), and anteverted (pre: 2.53°, post: 4.93°) than in the preganglionic case. These simulated glenoid deformations were consistent with previous experimental studies. Thus, we concluded that the differences in muscle mass and length between the preganglionic and postganglionic injuries are critical mechanical drivers of the altered glenohumeral joint shape.
Structural relationships and absorption spectroscopy of β-[NH4][UF5] and [NH4][Pu3F13]

β-[NH4][UF5] and [NH4][Pu3F13] have been prepared by mild hydrothermal reactions. Their single-crystal structures have been observed to offer unexpected similarities in topology. β-[NH4][UF5] (P21/...
INFLUENCE OF PREVENTIVE TRAINING PROGRAM FEEDBACK COMPLEXITY ON ATHLETE INJURY RISK

Background:Preventive training programs (PTPs) reduce injury risk in youth athletes. Corrective verbal feedback is an integral component of PTP implementation; however, too many cues delivered at o...
Relationship Between Muscle-Strengthening Activity and Cause-Specific Mortality in a Large US Cohort.

INTRODUCTION Muscle-strengthening activity (MSA) has beneficial effects on hypertension, glucose homeostasis, and other health conditions; however, its association with mortality is not as well understood. METHODS We analyzed data from the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort (data collection 1982-2014), a prospective US cohort that consisted of 72,462 men and women who were free of major chronic diseases; 18,034 of the cohort died during 13 years of follow-up (2001-2014). We used Cox proportional hazards modeling, controlling for various potential confounding factors, to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for MSA (none, >0 to 0 to 0 to <1 hr/wk of MSA was associated with a 19% lower risk (HR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71-0.92) of cardiovascular disease mortality, but more time spent in MSA was not associated with reduced risk (quadratic trend P value =.005). Associations did not vary by amount of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic physical activity. CONCLUSION Engaging in ≥2 hours per week of MSA was associated with lower all-cause mortality, independent of aerobic activity. Reasons for the lack of association with higher amounts of MSA are unclear. Our findings support recommending muscle-strengthening activities for overall health.
LINER/Hii “Transition” Nuclei and the Nature of NGC 4569

Motivated by the discovery of young, massive stars in the nuclei of some LINER/H ii "transition" nuclei such as NGC 4569, we have computed photoionization models to determine whether some of these objects may be powered solely by young star clusters rather than by accretion-powered active nuclei. The models were calculated with the photoionization code CLOUDY, using evolving starburst continua generated by the STARBURST99 code of C. Leitherer and coworkers. We find that the models are able to reproduce the emission-line spectra of transition nuclei, but only for instantaneous bursts of solar or higher metallicity, and only for ages of ~3-5 Myr, the period when the extreme-ultraviolet continuum is dominated by emission from Wolf-Rayet stars. For clusters younger than 3 Myr or older than 6 Myr, and for models with a constant star formation rate, the softer ionizing continuum results in an emission spectrum more typical of H ii regions. This model predicts that Wolf-Rayet emission features should appear in the spectra of transition nuclei. While such features have not generally been detected to date, they could be revealed in observations having higher spatial resolution. Demographic arguments suggest that this starburst model may not apply to the majority of transition nuclei, particularly those in early-type host galaxies, but it could account for some members of the transition class in hosts of type Sa and later. The starburst models during the Wolf-Rayet-dominated phase can also reproduce the narrow-line spectra of some LINERs, but only under conditions of above-solar metallicity and only if high-density gas is present (ne 105s cm–3). This scenario could be applicable to some "Type 2" LINERs which do not show any clear signs of nonstellar activity.
Genetic Mosaicism as a Cause of Inborn Errors of Immunity

Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders due to genetic defects in the immune response that have a broad clinical spectrum. Diagnosis of the precise genetic cause of IEI has led to improved care and treatment of patients; however, genetic diagnosis using standard approaches is only successful in ~40% of patients and is particularly challenging in “sporadic” cases without a family history. Standard genetic testing for IEI evaluates for germline changes in genes encoding proteins important for the immune response. It is now clear that IEI can also arise from de novo mutations leading to genetic variants present in germ cells and/or somatic cells. In particular, somatic mosaicism, i.e., post-zygotic genetic changes in DNA sequence, is emerging as a significant contributor to IEI. Testing for somatic mosaicism can be challenging, and both older sequencing techniques such as Sanger sequencing and newer next-generation sequencing may not be sensitive enough to detect variants depending on the platform and analysis tools used. Investigation of multiple tissue samples and specifically targeting sequence technologies to detect low frequency variants is important for detection of variants. This review examines the role and functional consequences of genetic mosaicism in IEI. We emphasize the need to refine the current exome and genome analysis pipeline to efficiently identify mosaic variants and recommend considering somatic mosaicism in disease discovery and in the first-tier of genetic analysis.
Metropolitan population change in Russia and the Former Soviet Union 1897-1997.

An authority on population change and urbanization in the countries of the former USSR assesses metropolitan population trends in Russia and the FSU over the period 1897-1997, focusing on the most recent period 1970-1997. The paper also examines internal population shifts within metropolitan areas–defined as an area of over one million in population consisting of a central city plus other urban centers of over 15,000 population within a 50-mile radius. Metropolitan processes in Russia and the FSU are compared with those in other major world metropolitan areas based on a comparable definition of “metropolitan.” Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O18, R12, R23. 1 figure, 7 tables, 60 references.
Teaching the content and context of science: The effect of using historical narratives to teach the nature of science and science content in an undergraduate introductory geology course

This study reports the use of historically accurate narratives (short stories) to simultaneously teach geology content and the nature of science in an introductory, undergraduate geology course. The stories describe key events involved in the development of geologists’ ideas about continental drift/plate tectonics and deep time/the age of the Earth. The design of the stories provides a highly contextualized setting which is designed to promote NOS and geology understanding by explicitly attending students to fundamental concepts and requiring students to reflect on the short story content. Evidence is reported to support the conclusion that students using these short stories constructed a better understanding of 1) the variety of processes involved in the construction of scientific knowledge, 2) the subjective nature of data that allows it to be interpreted differently by different scientists, and 3) the roles that culture and society play in determining the way in which scientific work is conducted and scientific ideas are constructed, while maintaining equal levels of understanding of geology content when compared to students who did not use the short stories. In some cases, students’ preconceptions about objectivity in science, the degree to which scientific ideas can be considered as “proven” or “true,” and the role of discovery in science appear to have adversely affected their ability to interpret the short story content in the ways intended. In addition, students’ misconceptions about differences in how oceanic and continental plates were formed and geologists’ use of relative and absolute dating techniques, especially the appropriate uses of radio-isotopic dating, are described. This study has implications for science instructors as they make efforts to efficiently use class time and curriculum resources to teach about the both the content and context of
Supporting software evolution through dynamically retrieving traces to UML artifacts

The ability to trace new and changed requirements to their impacted components provides critical support for managing change in an evolving software system. Unfortunately numerous studies have shown the difficulties of maintaining links using traditional traceability methods. Information retrieval techniques can be used to dynamically generate traces and alleviate the need to maintain explicit links, however prior work in this area has focused primarily on establishing intra-requirement links or links between requirements and code. We compare several retrieval techniques for generating links between requirements, code, and UML models. Tracing to UML elements provides a higher perspective on the proposed change than would be possible if links were generated directly to the code and supports the growing trend towards model driven development. Our experiment returned better results for establishing links to UML artifacts than to code, suggesting the usefulness of establishing links to code via UML artifacts. We conclude the paper by discussing the implications of this approach for managing the evolution of a software system.
Effect of Sorption on the Degradation of Aromatic Acids and Bases

The availability and degradation of selected ionizable organic compounds sorbed to pure mineral phases are discussed. Substrates sorbed to mineral surfaces may or may not be protected from microbial attack; the degree of protection appears to be dependent on the type and cell density of the microorganism involved. The currently available data, however, demonstrate that there is little, if any, consensus on the types of reactions or interactions that facilitate sorbed substrate utilization. Rates of degradation of organic bases and cations that sorb to clay minerals via an exchange reaction are suggested to be directly related to substrate binding intensity and conformation on the clay surface. Similarly, rates of degradation of organic acids sorbed to the surface of oxides are suggested to be related to their interaction with the surface and the type of oxide sorbent. Although the rate-limiting step in microbial utilization of sorbed acids and bases is apparently a desorption process, the rate of desorption is itself linked to the compound's binding intensities on a given sorbent. Thus, as the binding intensities of compounds increase, chemical kinetic reactions, rather than mass-transfer processes, appear to limit the rate of desorption.
Periodic X-Ray Emission from the O7 V Star θ1 Orionis C

We report the discovery of large-amplitude, periodic X-ray emission from the O7 V star θ1 Orionis C, the central star of the Orion Nebula. Ten ROSAT HRI snapshots of the Trapezium cluster taken over the course of 21 days show that the count rate of θ1 Ori C varies from 0.26 to 0.41 counts s-1 with a clear 15 day period. The soft X-ray variations have the same phase and period as Hα and He II λ4686 variations reported by Stahl et al. and are in antiphase with the C IV and Si IV ultraviolet absorption features. We consider five mechanisms which might explain the amplitude, phase, and periodicity of the X-ray variations: (1) colliding-wind emission with an unseen binary companion, (2) coronal emission from an unseen late-type pre-main-sequence star, (3) periodic density fluctuations, (4) absorption of magnetospheric X-rays in a corotating wind, and (5) magnetosphere eclipses. The ROSAT data rule out the first three scenarios but cannot rule out either of the latter two which require the presence of an extended magnetosphere, consistent with the suggestion of Stahl et al. that θ1 Ori C is an oblique magnetic rotator. As such, θ1 Ori C may be the best example of a high-mass analog to the chemically peculiar, magnetic Bp stars.
A new method to measure homogeneous nucleation rates in shock tubes

The centered expansion wave of a shock tube is utilized to expand and supersaturate a condensable vapor in small concentration in an inert carrier gas. The supersaturated state, located at the rear of the expansion wave, is preserved for a controlled period and then terminated by a recompressing shock wave. During the period of supersaturation, condensation nuclei are formed homogeneously. The nucleation rate is measured as a function of supersaturation by a Mie-light scattering technique. The method is tested using water and the results are compared with classical nucleation theory.
JPSS-1 VIIRS prelaunch RSB/DNB RVS characterization and water vapor correction

The accuracy of pre-launch VIIRS response versus scan angle (RVS) characterization is vitally important to the quality of calibrated radiance products. The RVS correct the optical system’s scan angle dependency with respect to the calibrator scan angle. In this document, we describe the methodology used in JPSS-1 RSB RVS characterization and the efficacy of MODTRAN5 in water vapor correction. The RVS is characterized using a 2 nd order polynomial fit over the measured scan angles. The results show high fitting accuracy for all bands except for M9 due to water vapor absorption. To improve M9 RVS, MODTRAN®5 is used to correction water vapor absorption variation during the RVS measurements. This correction greatly reduced M9 RVS characterization uncertainty with a RVS that is up to 0.4% difference compared with RVS prior to water vapor correction.
Vitamin B-6 Activity for Rats of ɛ-Pyridoxyllysine Bound to Dietary Protein

The biological activity of protein bound epsilon-pyridoxyllysine residues in a phosphopyridoxyl-bovine serum albumin (PP-BSA) preparation was evaluated. Previous studies have demonstrated that pyridoxal phosphate may bind to food proteins as epsilon-pyridoxyllysine complexes during processing and storage. The present research, employing PP-BSA as a model, was initiated to determine the nutritional consequences of epsilon-pyridoxyllysine formation in foods. The concentration of epsilon-pyridoxyllysine residues in the PP-BSA was determined spectrophotometrically and chromatographically. Rat bioassay of the PP-BSA revealed that epsilon-pyridoxyllysine exhibited 60% activity relative to the molar potency of pyridoxine. These results suggest the partial release of bound vitamin B-6 possibly by in vivo enzymatic hydrolysis of epsilon-pyridoxyllysine. The presence of PP-BSA in a test diet containing 0.25 microgram added pyridoxine per g of diet inhibited the utilization of approximately half of the free pyridoxine by the rats. It is postulated that the observed inhibition resulted from an antivitamin B-6 effect of intact epsilon-pyridoxyllysine. This effect requires further investigation.
9,10‐Dihydrophenanthrene

9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene reactant: phenanthrene product: 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene Keywords: reduction, CC HCCH; catalysts, metal, copper chromite; phenanthrene; catalysts, metal, Raney nickel W-6; sodium; sodium, disposal
Achieving minimum coverage breach under bandwidth constraints in wireless sensor networks

This paper addresses the coverage breach problem in wireless sensor networks with limited bandwidths. In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes are powered by batteries. To make efficient use of battery energy is critical to sensor network lifetimes. When targets are redundantly covered by multiple sensors, especially in stochastically deployed sensor networks, it is possible to save battery energy by organizing sensors into mutually exclusive subsets and alternatively activating only one subset at any time. Active nodes are responsible for sensing, computing and communicating. While the coverage of each subset is an important metric for sensor organization, the size of each subset also plays an important role in sensor network performance because when active sensors periodically send data to base stations, contention for channel access must be considered. The number of available channels imposes a limit on the cardinality of each subset. Coverage breach happens when a subset of sensors cannot completely cover all the targets. To make efficient use of both energy and bandwidth with a minimum coverage breach is the goal of sensor network design. This paper presents the minimum breach problem using a mathematical model, studies the computational complexity of the problem, and provides two approximate heuristics. Effects of increasing the number of channels and increasing the number of sensors on sensor network coverage are studied through numerical simulations. Overall, the simulation results reveal that when the number of sensors increases, network lifetimes can be improved without loss of network coverage if there is no bandwidth constraint; with bandwidth constraints, network lifetimes may be improved further at the cost of coverage breach.
Efficiency enhancement of solid-state PbS quantum dot-sensitized solar cells with Al2O3 barrier layer

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was used to grow both PbS quantum dots and Al2O3 barrier layers in a solid-state quantum dot-sensitized solar cell (QDSSC). Barrier layers grown prior to quantum dots resulted in a near-doubling of device efficiency (0.30% to 0.57%) whereas barrier layers grown after quantum dots did not improve efficiency, indicating the importance of quantum dots in recombination processes.
Evidence for enzymatic activity in the absence of solvent in gas-phase complexes of lysozyme and oligosaccharides

Abstract Hen egg-white lysozyme complexed to substrate and nonsubstrate oligosaccharides are examined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Heated capillary dissociation and collision induced dissociation (CID) are used to characterize the complexes. The relative order of stability obtained in gas phase agrees well with their solution-phase association constants. A proton transfer reaction occurs during the CID of substrate complexes that is not observed with non-substrate complexes. Oligosaccharide fragments are also observed with lysozyme–chitohexaose complex during CID. The possibility of lysozyme activity in the gas phase, or a gas-phase enzymatic activity, is explored.