cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GRID COMPUTING IN THE SCEC COMMUNITY MODELING ENVIRONMENT

In our work on the Southern California Earthquake Center Community Modeling Environment (SCEC/CME) Project (Jordan et al., 2003), we are developing computer systems to support dynamic distributed scientific collaborations. Scientists participating in SCEC collaborations are often willing to share their computer resources, particularly if in return they can gain access to computing capabilities that they do not currently possess. Interorganizational computer sharing can be difficult to achieve due to the many organizational and technical differences between groups. Recently, however, a new software technology called grid computing (Foster et al., 2001) has emerged which is designed to help dynamic organizations, such as SCEC, share heterogeneous collections of computer and storage resources. Grid technology enables organizations to share computer resources with other organizations even when the shared computers are administered differently and have dissimilar hardware and operating systems. Organizations can create a grid environment to provide their users with computer resources such as CPU cycles, disk storage, and software programs that are available outside of their local computer administrative domains. This is done by creating a new computer administrative domain referred to as a virtual organization (VO). A VO has its own set of administrative policies that represents a combination of local computer policies, the computer policies of the groups you are sharing with, plus some administrative policies required by the VO itself. When we run a program on the “grid”, we are saying, in a sense, that our program is running outside of our own local administrative domain. Grid middleware is used to facilitate the execution of computer programs in a VO. In addition to creating multiorganizational administrative domains, grid middleware also strives to hide the heterogeneity of the shared computing environment. Grid software provides a set of commands to perform basic computing operations, and these commands are the same regardless …
Aloha America: Hula circuits through the US Empire, by Adria L. Imada

Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2012. 392 pp. hardcover $89.95; softcover $24.95
Appreciating Life in the Midst of Adversity: Savoring in Relation to Mindfulness, Reappraisal, and Meaning

A man is insensible to the relish of prosperity ‘till he has tasted adversity. — Sa'di (1258/1890, Chapter 5, Story 10)In their target article, “Mindfulness Broadens Awareness and Builds Eudaimonic...
Bionomics of Scymnus (Pullus) louisianae J. Chapin (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) as a Predator of the Soybean Aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Abstract A field population of Scymnus louisianae Chapin (Coccinellidae) was found attacking soybean aphids, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Aphidae), a pest recently introduced into Kentucky. This coccinellid had not previously been found in Kentucky. A greenhouse population of S. louisianae was established and its predation on A. glycines studied under laboratory conditions. Total time to develop from egg to adult was about 20 d. About 70% of immatures survived to adulthood and they consumed ≈100 aphid nymphs per beetle larva during the beetle’s four larval instars. Adults lived for an average of 47 d (mated males) and 63 d (mated females) and, during their total adult lifetime, mated males consumed an average of 665 nymphs and mated females consumed 1261 nymphs. All developmental times and predation rates were comparable to those reported for other aphidophagous Scymnus spp. which, in conjunction with reports that Scymnus spp. are effective predators of cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover, suggests that S. ...
LOGLINEAR MODELING WITH INEXPENSIVE COMPUTING EQUIPMENT

Loglinear models are finding increasing application in the analysis of data from epidemiologic studies and increasing attention in statistics courses taken by epidemiologists in training. This paper describes a program for microcomputers written in BASIC which fits hierarchic loglinear models to categoric data organized into multiway contingency tables of any dimensionality. For each model specifed by the user the program can be directed to calculate and display: 1) 2 goodness--of--fit statistics and their corresponding degrees of freedom and p values; 2) expected cell counts under the fitted model; 3) maximum likelihood estimates of the models terms and for saturated models their standard errors; and 4) for models involving a dichotomous response variable the corresponding logistic regression model. The program can be run on most microcomputers with at least 16k bytes of random access memory including some costing less than $100. (authors)
The adsorption orientation and electrochemical oxidation of hydroquinone at smooth platinum electrodes

The adsorption, orientation and electrochemical oxidation of hydroquinone at smooth Pt electrodes in 1 M HClO4 have been studied as a function of electrode potential. Adsorption and oxidation measurements were based on thin-layer coulometric methods. The packing density, orientation and reactivity at a given concentration were independent of the potential of adsorption in the range of 0.00 V < E < 0.50 V. At −0.10 and 0.60 V, the packing densities decreased by about 15%, although the shapes of the Γ vs. log c curves remained unchanged. At extremely negative or positive potentials, the adsorbed amounts were significantly lowered; the presence of two distinct Γ plateaus in the adsorption isotherms persisted at these potentials, but the transition to higher Γ started at higher concentrations. Regardless of the potential during adsorption, oxidation data for species adsorbed at low concentrations were characteristic of flat orientations, and, for intermediates formed at high concentrations, were typical of edge orientations. The oxidation data also indicated that species adsorbed at −0.200 and 0.80 V undergo partial hydrogenation and oxidation, respectively, to an extent which was greater for flat orientations than for edge orientations. The data further suggested that species formed at a given orientation in the presence of adsorbed hydrogen or oxygen retained their original orientation when the co-adsorbed species were removed. The results of the present study indicate that the effect of potential on the adsorption properties of aromatic compounds on Pt electrodes in aqueous solutions is manifested only indirectly through the (potential-de-pendent) extent of hydrogen or oxygen electrosorption.
High spatial resolution diffusion weighted imaging on clinical 3 T MRI scanners using multislab spiral acquisitions

A diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) approach that is signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) efficient and can be applied to achieve sub-mm resolutions on clinical 3 T systems was developed. The sequence combined a multislab, multishot pulsed gradient spin echo diffusion scheme with spiral readouts for imaging data and navigators. Long data readouts were used to keep the number of shots, and hence total imaging time, for the three-dimensional acquisition short. Image quality was maintained by incorporating a field-inhomogeneity-corrected image reconstruction to remove distortions associated with long data readouts. Additionally, multiple shots were required for the high-resolution images, necessitating motion induced phase correction through the use of efficiently integrated navigator data. The proposed approach is compared with two-dimensional (2-D) acquisitions that use either a spiral or a typical echo-planar imaging (EPI) acquisition to demonstrate the improved SNR efficiency. The proposed technique provided 71% higher SNR efficiency than the standard 2-D EPI approach. The adaptability of the technique to achieve high spatial resolutions is demonstrated by acquiring diffusion tensor imaging data sets with isotropic resolutions of 1.25 and 0.8 mm. The proposed approach allows for SNR-efficient sub-mm acquisitions of DWI data on clinical 3 T systems.
Experience with Duplex System Anomalies Detected by Prenatal Ultrasonography

AbstractWe reviewed 39 neonates with prenatally diagnosed duplex system anomalies. Principal diagnoses were ureterocele in 15 patients, ureteral ectopia in 15, lower polar vesicoureteral reflux in 6, lower pole ureteropelvic junction stasis in 2 and yo-yo reflux in an incompletely duplicated system in 1. Several patients had other ipsilateral and contralateral urinary anomalies. Ten patients (26%) had relevant physical signs and only 1 became symptomatic, with urosepsis, neonatally. At initial assessment, before any accounted urinary tract infection, renal polar function as judged by radionuclide examinations almost always was severely impaired in the presence of major ureteral ectopia or severe reflux. By contrast, function was usually well preserved when there was obstruction, or lesser degrees of ectopia or reflux. A total of 19 patients underwent surgery (14 electively and 5 after episodes of urosepsis), while 20 have been managed nonoperatively for 12 to 84 months (mean 34) during which time the appe...
Do military veteran and civilian students function differently in college

ABSTRACTObjective: The authors sought to assess military veterans' functioning in college by comparing their experience with that of civilian students. Participants: The study, conducted from April 2012 to February 2013, included 445 civilian and 61 student service member/veteran (SSM/V) undergraduates, drawn from a community college and two 4-year Catholic colleges, in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. Methods: Participants completed anonymous online surveys. Six areas of functioning in transition to college were examined: Health, Fitting In, Emotional Adjustment, Productivity, Perceived Career Support, and Social Engagement. Results: Students, both SSM/V and civilian, with past exposure to a potentially traumatic event fit in worse than students without such exposure. Past exposure to trauma was associated with poorer emotional adjustment in civilian students, but not in SSM/V. Conclusions: Implications of results were discussed.
Oxidations of chromene-annulated chlorins.

A chromene-annulated chlorin is a meso-pentafluorophenyl-2,3-dihydroxychlorin in which one of the hydroxy groups is linked to the ortho-position of a flanking meso-aryl group, thereby forming an annulated chromene moiety; the second hydroxy group is unprotected. This report illustrates the oxidation chemistry of the chromene-annulated chlorin under a number of different oxidation conditions. In some reactions, chromene annulation is retained and the non-protected alcohol is oxidized, generating chlorin-like chromophores carrying pyrroline β-carbons in oxidation states between those found in typical porphyrins and chlorins. Other products have lost the chromene moiety. The reactivity of the pyrroline carbon with respect to undergoing radical chemistry is shown with the formation of a number of products following a Swern oxidation, including the formation of two directly linked pyrroline–pyrroline and pyrroline–pyrrole chlorin dimers. This work contributes to the further understanding of the chemistry of chlorins. Selected compounds possess functionalities at their periphery susceptible to nucleophilic attack by MeOH, suggesting their use as chemosensors.
Lingering representations of stimuli influence recall organization.

Abstract Several prominent theories posit that information about recent experiences lingers in the brain and organizes memories for current experiences, by forming a temporal context that is linked to those memories at encoding. According to these theories, if the thoughts preceding an experience X resemble the thoughts preceding an experience Y, then X and Y should show an elevated probability of being recalled together. We tested this prediction by using multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) of fMRI data to measure neural evidence for lingering processing of preceding stimuli. As predicted, memories encoded with similar lingering thoughts about the category of preceding stimuli were more likely to be recalled together. Our results demonstrate that the “fading embers” of previous stimuli help to organize recall, confirming a key prediction of computational models of episodic memory.
Rooms: Richard Hamilton and Postmodernism

In 1978, Richard Hamilton mounted The artist's eye at the National Gallery, London, the second in the museum's series of artist-designed exhibitions. The result was a strange space in which Bosch a...
Notes on the extended distribution of two threatened species of Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) in Kerala, India

The extended distributional record of two threatened species of Strobilanthes namely S. canarica and S. campanulata in Kerala is provided. They exhibit narrow range of habitats in Western Ghats with highly restricted distribution. Notes on taxonomy, phenology, distribution and conservation status are also given.
GPU-UniCache: Automatic Code Generation of Spatial Blocking for Stencils on GPUs

Spatial blocking is a critical memory-access optimization to efficiently exploit the computing resources of parallel processors, such as many-core GPUs. By reusing cache-loaded data over multiple spatial iterations, spatial blocking can significantly lessen the pressure of accessing slow global memory. Stencil computations, for example, can exploit such data reuse via spatial blocking through the memory hierarchy of the GPU to improve performance. However, approaches to take advantage of such blocking require complex and tedious changes to the GPU kernels for different stencils, GPU architectures, and multi-level cached systems. In this work, we explore the challenges of different spatial blocking strategies over three cache levels of the GPU (i.e., L1 cache, scratchpad memory, and registers) and propose a framework GPU-UniCache to automatically generate codes to access buffered data in the cached systems of GPUs. Based on the characteristics of spatial blocking over various stencil kernels, we generalize the patterns of data communication, index conversion, and synchronization (with abstracted ISA-friendly interfaces) and map them to different architectures with highly optimized code variants. Our approach greatly simplifies the design of efficient and portable stencil computations across GPUs. Compared to stencil kernels based on hardware-managed memory (L1 cache) and other state-of-the-art GPU benchmarks, the GPU-UniCache can achieve significant improvements.
A split-array, C-2C switched-capacitor power amplifier in 65nm CMOS

A multiphase RF, C-2C split-array switched-capacitor power amplifier (SCPA) is introduced that allows the resolution and quality factor of the SCPA to be independently controlled. This allows the SCPA to be designed up to the resolution limit of the process, as determined by capacitor matching and jitter in the clock. In prior SCPAs, the resolution was limited by the choice of the output matching network quality factor and the minimum sized capacitor available in the process. A split-array, C-2C SCPA is implemented in 65nm CMOS and occupies 0.85×2mm2. It delivers a peak output power of 24.05 dBm with a peak system efficiency (SE) of 40.6%. When transmitting a 1.4 MHz, 64 QAM LTE signal it outputs 18.8 dBm at 21.6% SE, with a measured EVM of 2.65 %-rms at 1.8 GHz.
Acute Lower Gastrointestinal (GI) Hemorrhage

Lower GI hemorrhage is 3 times less common than upper GI hemorrhage, but more commonly seen by Interventional Radiologists due to the use of upper endoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic modality.
Motivation, Needs Support, and Language Arts Classroom Practices: Creation and Validation of a Measure of Young Adolescents’ Perceptions

AbstractEarly adolescence is a critical time for examining academic motivation, specifically motivation to read. To support self-determined motivation to read, students’ needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness must be met within the classroom context. Because classroom instructional practices are a key component of adolescents’ daily experiences in the classroom, research that investigates the influence of these practices on students’ intrinsic motivation to read is needed. In addition, the perceptions of students regarding the degree to which classroom instructional practices meet students’ needs as well as the influence of classroom instructional practices on students’ motivation to read should be considered. The field is lacking an established measure of early adolescents’ perceptions of classroom instructional practices and the degree to which they support students’ needs (i.e., competence, autonomy) and intrinsic motivation to read. This study, guided by self-determination theory, sought to a...
Two-photon production of dilepton pairs in peripheral heavy ion collisions

The STAR collaboration has observed an excess production of ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ pairs in relativistic heavy ion collisions, over the expectations from hadronic production models. The excess pairs have transverse momenta ${p}_{T}l150\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}/c$ and are most prominent in peripheral gold-gold and uranium-uranium collisions. The pairs exhibit a peak at the $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ mass, but include a wide continuum, with pair invariant masses from $400\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{MeV}/c}^{2}$ up to $2.6\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{GeV}/c}^{2}$. The ALICE Collaboration observes a similar excess in peripheral lead-lead collisions, but only at the $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ mass, without a corresponding continuum. This paper presents a calculation of the cross section and kinematic for two-photon production of ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ pairs, and find general agreement with the STAR data. The calculation is based on the starlight simulation code, which is based on the Weizs\"acker-Williams virtual photon approach. The STAR continuum observations are compatible with two-photon production of ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ pairs. The ALICE analysis required individual muon ${p}_{T}$ be greater than 1 GeV/c; this eliminated almost all of the pairs from two-photon interactions, while leaving most of the $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ decays.
Social Science Theories on Teachers, Teaching, and Educational Systems

These are but a few examples of the plethora of books that analyze the crisis in education and classrooms and propose measures to fix problems in our education systems across the years. Each new era – political administration, economic trend, global crisis – brings new suggestions for changes in education processes. To understand how education systems work – or don’t work – social scientists develop theories providing logical explanations to better understand educational systems. These theories inform research on education and provide valuable insights into classroom interactions and methods of teaching students. Some theories have limited value, but others stand the test of time and have relevance beyond the immediate circumstances that generated them. However, the link between social science theory and schools is complicated. A major problem is that educational systems are often governed by political or ideological agendas of those in power at the time, and not on long-term planning or policy based on available theories and research. Part of this problem also lies with social science researchers who may not make findings based on social science theory readily accessible to policy makers. As with the books listed above, social science theories fall in and out of favor as the tides of educational reform change. Theories rarely drive educational reforms, rather they often carry on and support particular waves of educational reforms. As such, these social science theories shape and provide support for the context within which teachers teach, including the way we think about and carry out the responsibilities of teaching, the structure of the curriculum, how schools operate, and links to the students and communities that schools serve. SOCIAL SCIENCE THEORIES ON TEACHERS, TEACHING, AND EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Utilization of an electronic medical record trigger to promote palliative care consultation in ambulatory oncology.

e18201Background: Research insupportive care demonstrates improvements in overall survival, quality of life, symptom management, and reductions in the cost of care. Despite the American Society of ...
Benefits over risks: A case study of government support of energy development in the Russian North

Abstract Projected benefits serve as the driving force behind hydrocarbon development. Such benefits are analysed in conjunction with the risks posed by proposed oil and gas activities, leading to an ostensibly rational decision on whether to proceed with the development. This article explores the ways and extent to which government policies aimed at supporting the oil and gas sector affect the outcomes of decision-making processes regarding new hydrocarbon projects. The article is premised upon a case study of the Russian Arctic and Subarctic. The study utilizes transcripts of key presidential meetings and speeches, as well as applicable programmatic policy statements, laws, and administrative regulations. The data is subjected to the complimentary and corroborative discourse and legal analyses. The article concludes that the dominance of benefits over risks in the policy discourse is particularly impactful in the decision-making process regarding new oil and gas development in Russia.
Adaptive Group-Based Zero Knowledge Proof-Authentication Protocol in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a particular subclass of mobile ad hoc networks that raise a number of security challenges, notably from the way users authenticate the network. Authentication technologies based on existing security policies and access control rules in such networks assume full trust on roadside unit (RSU) and authentication servers. The disclosure of authentication parameters enables user’s traceability over the network. VANETs’ trusted entities (e.g., RSU) can utilize such information to track a user traveling behavior, violating user privacy and anonymity. In this paper, we proposed a novel, light-weight, adaptive group-based zero knowledge proof-authentication protocol (AGZKP-AP) for VANETs. The proposed authentication protocol is capable of offering various levels of users’ privacy settings based on the type of services available on such networks. Our scheme is based on the zero-knowledge-proof crypto approach with the support of tradeoff options. Users have the option to make critical decisions on the level of privacy and the amount of resources usage they prefer such as short system response time versus the number of private information disclosures. Furthermore, AGZKP-AP is incorporated with a distributed privilege control and revoking mechanism that render user’s private information to law enforcement in case of a traffic violation.
Treatment of hereditary and acquired forms of transthyretin amyloidosis in the era of personalized medicine: the role of randomized controlled trials.

AbstractThere have now been randomized controlled trials of four different therapeutics for hereditary amyloid polyneuropathy related to transthyretin (TTR) deposition and one for amyloidotic cardi...
How a Democracy Killed Tamir Rice: White Racial Frame, Racial Ideology, and Racial Structural Ignorance in the United States

The systemic killing of unarmed black women and men by law enforcement has made black death a normative part of the United States social structure. Historically, during the Civil Rights Movement video footage of unjustified violence towards black bodies was used as a tool to awaken the moral conscience of America. This research examines how video footage of 12-year old Tamir Rice being killed by police officers has influenced the narrative on race and racism. Technological innovation does not exist neutrally, but rather operates within the current racial structure. An exploratory research design that incorporated 20 in-depth interviews was used to examine contemporary racialized discourse around video footage of police brutality. The results indicate that white Americans did not use colorblind rhetoric to explain the murder of Tamir Rice, given all the participants contend that race played a factor in the shooting, but rather explained racism as a product of individual actors and not a social structure. The term epistemology of racial structural ignorance is developed to explain white Americans’ ability to admit that Tamir Rice’s race played a factor in his death, but inability to link racism with the way in which society is organized.
Gamification of Undergraduate Computer Science Data Structures

Computer Science contains many abstract concepts, which are both difficult to teach, and to comprehend. Many attempts have been made to help students learn these concepts through visualizations and various teaching techniques; however, these methods are mostly limited to the classroom and do not allow the student time to fully explore the concepts by themselves. By enabling students to interact with the material at their own pace, through an easily accessible and dynamic learning environment, students should be better able to retain and understand the concepts of Computer Science. Binary Search Tree (BST) is an abstract concept which can easily be converted into an interactive format suitable for student self-learning. To see whether an interactive format enhances students learning, a web-based prototype was created. The game consists of forming links between orbs, selecting orbs, copying orbs and removing orbs. This allows for all operations of Binary Search Trees to be explored while presenting the concept in a simple manner. As operations are preformed, and links are made, pseudocode is highlighted in the information menu as a way to reinforce learning and provide context to the operations. In order to measure the effectiveness of the prototype, a pre-survey and a post survey are integrated into the web application.
Peer Effects in Academic Cheating

Using self-reported academic honor violations from the classes of 1959 through 2002 at the three major U.S. military service academies (Air Force, Army, and Navy), we measure how peer honesty influences individual cheating behavior. All else equal, we find higher levels of peer cheating result in a substantially increased probability that an individual will cheat. We identify through separate estimation procedures an exogenous (contextual or pre-treatment) peer effect and an endogenous (during treatment) peer effect. Results for the (first-order) exogenous peer effect indicate that one additional high school cheater creates 0.33 to 0.48 new college cheaters. Results for the (first-order) endogenous peer effect indicate that one additional college cheater creates 0.55 to 0.80 new college cheaters. These results imply, in equilibrium, the social multiplier for academic cheating ranges between 2.20 to 4.90. We also find evidence that the peer effect should be thought of as an evolving social norm of toleration versus congestion in enforcement of honor codes.
Management of diabetes in elderly patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: current and future perspectives

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the entire population with the most deleterious effects in elders. Elders, especially those with diabetes, are at the highest risk of COVID-19 related adverse outcomes and mortality. This is usually linked to the comorbidities that accumulate with age, diabetes-related chronic inflammation, and the pandemic's psychosocial effects.Areas covered: We present some approaches to manage these complicated elderly patients with diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the inpatient setting, we suggest similar (pre-pandemic) glycemic targets and emphasize the importance of using IV insulin and possible use of continuous glucose monitoring to reduce exposure and PPE utilization. Outside the hospital, we recommend optimal glycemic control within the limits imposed by considerations of safety. We also describe the advantages and challenges of using various technological platforms in clinical care.Expert opinion: The COVID-19 pandemic has lifted the veil off serious deficiencies in the infrastructures for care at both the individual level and the population level and also highlighted some of the strengths, all of which affect individuals with diabetes and COVID-19. We anticipate that things will not return to 'normal' after the COVID-19 pandemic has run its course, but rather they will be superseded by 'New Normal.'
Management of upper extremity arterial penetrating vascular trauma.

Abstract Penetrating vascular injuries in the upper extremity are relatively uncommon; suboptimal treatment may result in significant morbidity including amputation. Arterial trauma accounted for 68% of amputations (24% in the upper extremity) during World War II. Although surgical techniques including microsurgical principles have matured, results vary secondary to the mechanism of injury, systemic factors, anatomic considerations and physiologic events. This annotated review article is based upon the literature and the author's 42 years of vascular trauma experience including over 1500 revascularizations and replantations. It discusses the complex interplay of associated injuries; the mechanism of injury, the location of the injury; the collateral circulation; the extent of soft tissue damage; the adequacy of debridement; the significance of pre-existing conditions; and magnitude of wound contamination. Based upon this evaluation, a guide to indications for arterial reconstruction is provided and a comprehensive management plan for vascular trauma may be derived.
INVARIANT IMBEDDING RELATION FOR DISCRETE SPACES

This chapter discusses invariant imbedding relation for discrete spaces. Within the discrete-space setting, the local interaction principle can be used to derive the invariant imbedding relation and the principles of invariance. The local interaction principle is applicable to discrete space. A hierarchy of discrete spaces is a finite sequence of quotient spaces whose initial member is a given discrete space. An extensive and complex optical medium can be partitioned into two radiometrically interacting subsets, each of which can be considered a point and on each of which the interaction property holds. The result is an inherently simpler object than the original space, and it gives simpler access to the appropriate formulation of the given problem. The invariant imbedding relation is a compact symbolic statement that, as a special case, yields the four principles of invariance on a wide class of spaces, for example, on all the classical one-parameter carrier spaces of radiative transfer theory.
Capillary Electrophoresis Single-Strand Conformational Polymorphisms as a Method to Differentiate Algal Species.

Capillary electrophoresis single-strand conformational polymorphism (CE-SSCP) was explored as a fast and inexpensive method to differentiate both prokaryotic (blue-green) and eukaryotic (green and brown) algae. A selection of two blue-green algae (Nostoc muscorum and Anabaena inaequalis), five green algae (Chlorella vulgaris, Oedogonium foveolatum, Mougeotia sp., Scenedesmus quadricauda, and Ulothrix fimbriata), and one brown algae (Ectocarpus sp.) were examined and CE-SSCP electropherogram “fingerprints” were compared to each other for two variable regions of either the 16S or 18S rDNA gene. The electropherogram patterns were remarkably stable and consistent for each particular species. The patterns were unique to each species, although some common features were observed between the different types of algae. CE-SSCP could be a useful method for monitoring changes in an algae species over time as potential shifts in species occurred.
Highly linear continuous-time MASH ΔΣ ADC with dual VCO-based quantizers

This paper proposes a new continuous-time (CT) MASH delta sigma (ΔΣ) modulator topology in which dual VCO-based quantizers are incorporated. The nonlinearity of both voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) caused by their nonlinear voltage-to-frequency (V-to-F) transfer curve are systematically suppressed without any calibration schemes. After the input voltage is directly digitized by a VCO-based quantizer (VCOQ), the residue error, obtained through passive subtraction with a current digital-to-analog converter (DAC), contains its noise-shaped quantization noise as well as the harmonics. This residue error is subsequently processed for fine digitization via a 2nd-order CT ΔΣ modulator where a second VCOQ is incorporated. The harmonics in the first VCOQ's output are fully cancelled at the final digital output, which is collected by summing together the digital bits of the two VCOQs. Behavioral-model simulations demonstrate a 49dB SNDR improvement from the first VCOQ of only 39.3dB SNDR.
Increasing the size of rAAV-mediated expression cassettes in vivo by intermolecular joining of two complementary vectors.

Increasing the size of rAAV-mediated expression cassettes in vivo by intermolecular joining of two complementary vectors
Abstract MP75: The Influence of Income on Global Dietary Habits by Country, Age, Sex, and Time

Background: Income may influence diet, especially in low and middle-income countries, and particularly in the setting of relatively high recent food prices and the global financial crisis. Yet, the influence of income on dietary habits in most countries is not well established, nor how this influence varies by age, sex, or time across different countries. Aim: To assess the relation of income with dietary habits globally, including from least developed to highly industrialized countries, and by age, sex, and time. Methods: We estimated the income elasticities of consumption of 11 food categories in 180 countries using the Global Dietary Database, based on 325 national surveys on individual-level dietary intakes worldwide. Per-capita income by country in real terms and on purchasing power parity basis were obtained from the World Bank. Elasticities were modelled using a modified Working’s expenditure share model by country, age (20-80+ in 5-year intervals), sex, and time (1990, 2005, 2010). Results: Signif...
A LARGE ORBIT ELECTRON GUN DESIGN FOR A TERAHERTZ HARMONIC GYROTRON

Design of an axis-encircling large-orbit electron gun for a terahertz harmonic gyrotron is presented. Based on a canonical momentum conservation theory, analytical calculations are carried out to determine critical electron gun parameters. This procedure provides a fast optimization process to determine electron gun parameters. The calculated results are compared with electron gun code.
Implicit Theories Relate to Youth Psychopathology, But How? A Longitudinal Test of Two Predictive Models.

Research shows relations between entity theories-i.e., beliefs that traits and abilities are unchangeable-and youth psychopathology. A common interpretation has been that entity theories lead to psychopathology, but another possibility is that psychopathology predicts entity theories. The two models carry different implications for developmental psychopathology and intervention design. We tested each model's plausibility, examining longitudinal associations between entity theories of thoughts, feelings, and behavior and psychopathology in early adolescents across one school year (N = 59, 52 % female, ages 11-14, 0 % attrition). Baseline entity theories did not predict increases in psychopathology; instead, baseline psychopathology predicted increased entity theories over time. When symptom clusters were assessed individually, greater youth internalizing (but not externalizing) problems predicted subsequent increases in entity theories. Findings suggest that the commonly proposed predictive model may not be the only one warranting attention. They suggest that youth psychopathology may contribute to the development of certain kinds of entity theories.
Well-Posed Problems and Error Bounds in Optimization

For a given minimization problem with a nonempty solution set, we study the notion of well-posedness and the existence of two associated error bounds for the problem. We give sufficient conditions for the problem to be well-posed and the existence of these error bounds. We show that the well-posedness can be characterized in terms of these error bounds when the problem is a convex program. As an application, we reproduce known error bound results in mathematical programming.
WSN13-1: Position-based Routing using Virtual Small World in MANETs

Routing is the foremost issue in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In a wireless environment characterized by small bandwidth and limited computation resources, position- based routing is attractive because it requires little communication and storage overhead. To guarantee delivery and improve performance, most position-based routing protocols, e.g. GFG, forward a message in greedy mode until the message is forwarded to a node that has no neighbor closer to the destination. They then switch to a less efficient mode. Face routing, where the message is forwarded along the perimeter of the void, is one example. This paper tackles the void problem from a different angle. We construct a virtual small world network by adding virtual long links to reduce the chance of a protocol encountering local minima in greedy mode, and thus decrease the chance to invoke inefficient methods. Experiments show that this method effectively improves the performance of the greedy-face combinations in terms of average hop count.
Female mate choice copying affects sexual selection in wild populations of the ocellated wrasse

Explaining the factors that determine the distribution of mating success among males is essential to our understanding of sexual selection. Classic theory has focused on how competition among males and female choice for traits of the male or his territory drive sexual selection. Recent theory has also shown that female mate choice copying can alter the strength and direction of selection on male traits. Yet, we know very little about the prevalence and importance of nonindependent female choice in wild populations. In a species with male territoriality and paternal care (the ocellated wrasse, Symphodus ocellatus), I first show that females express nonindependent mate choice, responding both to the recent mating success of the male and to the presence of other spawning females rather than to variation in male courtship or defence of the nest. Females were significantly more likely to spawn with the same male when another spawning female was present than when they were alone at the nest, providing some of the first direct evidence of female mate choice copying under natural conditions in the wild. I further show that a short-term experimental increase in a territorial male's mating success attracts more females in the future and increases male paternal care. These observed patterns of female choice and male care are consistent with female choice for the direct benefits of male care where the best indicator trait of male parental effort is the mating behaviour of other females rather than male courtship behaviour or physical traits.
Targeted Gene Disruption of the Caenorhabditis elegans l-Isoaspartyl Protein Repair Methyltransferase Impairs Survival of Dauer Stage Nematodes

The methylation of abnormal L-isoaspartyl residues by protein L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.77) can lead to their conversion to L-aspartyl residues. For polypeptides damaged by spontaneous reactions that generate L-isoaspartyl residues, these steps represent a protein repair pathway that can limit the accumulation of potentially detrimental proteins in the aging process. We report here the construction and the characterization of an animal model deficient in this methyltransferase. We utilized Tc1-transposon-mediated mutagenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to construct a homozygous excision mutant lacking exons 2-5 of the pcm-1 gene encoding this enzyme. Nematodes carrying this deletion exhibited no detectable L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase activity. These worms demonstrated normal morphology and behavior and adult mutant nematodes exhibited a normal lifespan. However, the survival of dauer-phase mutants was diminished by 3.5-fold relative to wild-type dauers after 50 days in the dauer phase. The fitness of the pcm-1 deletion nematodes was reduced by about 16% relative to that of wild-type nematodes as measured by the ability of these mutants to compete reproductively against a wild-type population. We found that the absence of the functional methyltransferase gene leads to a modest accumulation of altered protein substrates in aged dauer worms. However, in the viable fraction of these dauer worms, no differences were seen in the levels of altered substrate proteins in the parent and methyltransferase-deficient worms, suggesting that the enzyme in wild-type cells does not efficiently catalyze the repair of spontaneously damaged proteins.
Increased discharge capacity of a Li-air activated carbon cathode produced by preventing carbon surface passivation

A significant discharge capacity increase (larger than 3 times) for the gas-diffusion-electrode (GDE) used in Li-air cells was demonstrated through modification of the carbon surface with long-chain hydrophobic molecules. The capacity loss of the Li-air activated carbon cathode was found to be caused by the formation of undesired surface passivation. The mechanism of such passivation was identified as the formation of dense Li oxide films directly on the surface of the carbon during the oxygen reduction reaction. Such dense layers of Li oxide are here identified as the root cause of the undesired passivation, which blocks electrochemical reactions, increases the impedance and drops the discharge voltage rapidly. This investigation reveals that the capacity for the gas-diffusion-electrode can be substantially increased, if the activated carbon is modified by attaching long-chain hydrophobic molecules onto the surface. The carbon surface modification significantly delays the formation of the dense Li oxide layers. Therefore, the discharge capacity for the GDE is substantially increased.
How much "effort" should be devoted to memory?

We focus on the issue of whether cognitive effort is causally related to memory. We begin with a discussion of the concept of cognitive effort as derived from capacity models of attention. We then suggest that the theoretical analysis of memory may involve concepts from different levels of psychological analysis, and we draw a distinction between concepts that represent boundary conditions and sufficient cause. When applied to memory phenomena, attentional concepts serve only as a boundary-or limiting-function in memory theory. In contrast, concepts that represent memorial processes serve as a sufficient cause function. In some instances, cognitive effort appears to have been used as a sufficient cause concept, resulting in some confusion. A review of the literature reveals a haphazard correlation between indexes of cognitive effort and of memory performance. Alternatively, the application of cognitive effort or capacity to the memory performance of certain populations (clinical, children, and elderly) illustrates a potentially more appropriate use of the concept.
Dealing with the Aftermath: A Qualitative Analysis of Mental Health Social Workers' Reactions after a Client Suicide

Social workers provide services to populations with mental health issues, including suicidal ideations and are thus at risk of experiencing a client suicide at some point during their career. Limited research using quantitative methods has explored the effect of client suicide on social workers, but little is known about their reactions from a qualitative standpoint-a method of study that is essential for fully understanding a social science phenomenon. This study addresses the gap in the literature by providing findings from an in-depth qualitative study of 25 mental health social workers who shared their experiences and reactions in the aftermath of a client suicide. Major themes were identified, including both professional and personal reactions of denial, anger, grief, and acceptance. Avoidance and intrusion, as well as additional themes of professional incompetence, responsibility, isolation, and justification were indicated and discussed in the conceptual framework of grief and secondary traumatic stress. The implications for practitioners, administrators, and educators are discussed.
The Ability/Performance Dimension of Self-esteem: Implications for Women's Achievement Behavior:

A 33-item measure, the Performance-Self-Esteem Scale (PSES), was developed to tap self-evaluations of ability and performance. Evidence from four samples of undergraduates (a total of 224 women and...
Synthesis and characterization of polysulfone-containing sulfonated side chains for direct methanol fuel cells

Abstract Two series of novel polysulfone-based ionomers containing pendant sulfonic acid groups (designated as PSf-sph-y and PSf-sna-z) have been prepared using commercially available polysulfone and sulfoaryl monomers. The synthesized ionomers have been characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The thermal characterization data show that these polymers are stable up to 210 °C in acid form and 270 °C in salt form in air. Ion exchange capacity, water uptake, swelling, proton conductivity, and methanol permeability of the membranes have been investigated and compared with those of Nafion 115. The PSf-sna-z membranes bearing highly ionic groups on the flexible side chains show lower water uptake, swelling, and methanol permeability compared to the PSf-sph-y and Nafion 115 membranes. The optimized PSf-sna-58 membrane shows better performance in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) than Nafion 115 membranes.
Lack of support for staff to combat racism.

I am currently managing an incident where a nurse in a nursing home requested, on behalf of a resident, a white doctor to attend the resident out of hours.1 All our telephone contacts are recorded. It was chilling to listen to an Asian nurse identify …
ECDYSONE-MEDIATED STIMULATION OF DOPA DECARBOXYLASE ACTIVITY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN AEDES AEGYPTI

Very little dopa decarboxylase activity is detectable in adult female mosquitoes Aedes aegypti which have not been allowed to engorge blood. However, when such females are injected with the molting hormone s-ecdysone a marked stimulation of this enzyme's activity is observable. No stimulation is observed in males similarly injected, nor in females injected with cholesterol or a juvenile hormone mimic. In addition, ecdysone injection initiates ovarian development in these anautogenous non-blood-fed mosquitoes. The extent of stimulation in both cases is dependent upon the amount of s-ecdysone administered. These results suggested that ecdysone may play a role in ovarian development in Aedes and led us to hypothesize that a normal blood meal may trigger the synthesis, activation, or release of this hormone endogenously. Using the radioimmune assay for ecdysone developed by Borst and O'Connor ( Science [ Wash. D. C. ] 178: 4–18.), we found that the titer of an antigenic-positive material, presumably ecdysone or a closely related analogue, substantially increased 24 h after blood feeding, thereby supporting our postulation.
Significant enhancement of the dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit of the binary Ag2Te

In this article, we demonstrate that a significant enhancement of the thermoelectric performance of Ag2Te can be achieved, if the material is synthesized using high purity elements, and following a synthesis procedure which results in a high density sample. Specifically, we obtain a maximum ZT = 0.64 at T = 575 K which is a significant improvement to the previous value of ZT = 0.27 at T = 370 K.