cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of digital archival collections on historical research

A number of digital projects have been implemented for archival and special collections. The amount of funds and effort devoted to such projects is enormous, and now they are providing greater opportunities and convenience for researchers to view and make use of important, rare, and/or brittle historical materials. However, little attention has been paid in the information science field as to how much impact these projects to digitalize archival collections have had on actual historical research publications. Existing studies are largely devoted to system designs and the user/usability interface, as well as users' search behaviors. Little has been done to determine the direct relationship between digital resources and historical research. This study surveyed research articles in the field of history to observe how frequently and widely digital collections were used, what kinds of digital collections were used more extensively and for what purposes, and what the current status of digital archival collections among other resources is in historical research. Citations and figures in articles of the American Historical Review for the period 2001–2010 were analyzed with a specific focus on digital archives collection. The usage patterns by material types and formats of references and the impacts of digital archival collections among other sources are identified from two perspectives of impact: intensity and extensity. Observation of the direct relationships with digital collections and historical studies suggest some practical guidelines for future digital projects with concrete data. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Marine control of biological production in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean

The eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean is the site of approximately 20–50% of new biological production in the global oceans1. This region is also responsible for the greatest efflux of CO2 from oceans to the atmosphere2. New production, which fixes carbon in response to external inputs of nutrients as opposed to supply from local nutrient recycling, is thought to modulate the CO2 release3. But what controls new production in this region is less clear. Here we present a quantitative reconstruction of biological production in the surface ocean for this region over the past 130,000 years, which shows that the equatorial Pacific Ocean exhibits higher-frequency variations than the South Equatorial Current. Comparison of these records with palaeotemperature reconstructions indicates that atmospherically driven mechanisms—such as aeolian flux of iron or wind-driven changes in upwelling rate of nutrient-rich waters—are unlikely to have influenced longer-term rates of production in this region. Instead, biological production appears to be governed by changes in ocean circulation and the chemical composition of upwelled water.
Spherical grating based x-ray Talbot interferometry.

Purpose: Grating interferometry is a state-of-the-art x-ray imaging approach, which can acquire information on x-ray attenuation, phase shift, and small-angle scattering simultaneously. Phase-contrast imaging and dark-field imaging are very sensitive to microstructural variation and offers superior contrast resolution for biological soft tissues. However, a common x-ray tube is a point-like source. As a result, the popular planar grating imaging configuration seriously restricts the flux of photons and decreases the visibility of signals, yielding a limited field of view. The purpose of this study is to extend the planar x-ray grating imaging theory and methods to a spherical grating scheme for a wider range of preclinical and clinical applications. Methods: A spherical grating matches the wave front of a point x-ray source very well, allowing the perpendicular incidence of x-rays on the grating to achieve a higher visibility over a larger field of view than the planer grating counterpart. A theoretical analysis of the Talbot effect for spherical grating imaging is proposed to establish a basic foundation for x-ray spherical gratings interferometry. An efficient method of spherical grating imaging is also presented to extract attenuation, differential phase, and dark-field images in the x-ray spherical grating interferometer. Results: Talbot self-imaging with spherical gratings is analyzed based on the Rayleigh–Sommerfeld diffraction formula, featuring a periodic angular distribution in a polar coordinate system. The Talbot distance is derived to reveal the Talbot self-imaging pattern. Numerical simulation results show the self-imaging phenomenon of a spherical grating interferometer, which is in agreement with the theoretical prediction. Conclusions: X-ray Talbot interferometry with spherical gratings has a significant practical promise. Relative to planar grating imaging, spherical grating based x-ray Talbot interferometry has a larger field of view and improves both signal visibility and dose utilization for pre-clinical and clinical applications.
Frequency domain analysis of two-pass rotation algorithm

The rotation of a digital image is a computer graphics transformation which is increasingly used in the video industry. Because of the apparent unordered nature of this geometric transformation, it seems that two full frame buffers would be needed. Recently Catmull and Smith [1] have proposed a two-pass algorithm which overcomes this difficulty by constraining all manipulations to be limited to either vertical or horizontal scanline. An important property of this transformation is that it can be done "in-place" with an extra video line buffer. In this paper we will analyze this rotation algorithm viewed as a two-dimensional linear transformation. In particular we will investigate its effects on the spectrum of the image being transformed. Theoretical and simulation results will be presented.
H1 but not H2 histamine receptor activation contributes to the rise in skin blood flow during whole body heating in humans

Recent evidence suggests a role for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in active vasodilatation and it has been shown that VIP-mediated vasodilatation includes a nitric oxide (NO) and histamine component. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the role of H1 and H2 histamine receptors and to examine a potential interaction between NO and histamine receptors in cutaneous active vasodilatation. Eleven subjects were instrumented with four microdialysis fibres. Site 1 served as a control and site 2 was perfused with l-NAME to inhibit nitric oxide synthase. Site 3 was perfused with either the H1 antagonist pyrilamine maleate or the H2 antagonist cimetidine. Site 4 was perfused with l-NAME plus pyrilamine maleate or l-NAME plus cimetidine. Laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used as an index of skin blood flow and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as LDF/mean arterial pressure and normalized to maximal vasodilatation achieved via 28 mm sodium nitroprusside infusion. During whole body heating, subjects' sublingual temperature increased a minimum of 0.8°C. In the H1 antagonist studies, CVC in l-NAME, pyrilamine, and combined l-NAME plus pyrilamine sites was significantly reduced compared with control (P < 0.001). The l-NAME and combined l-NAME plus pyrilamine sites were significantly reduced compared with pyrilamine only sites (P < 0.05) but no significant differences were observed between sites. In the H2 receptor antagonist studies, CVC in control sites was not significantly different from cimetidine sites. There was no difference between the l-NAME and combined l-NAME plus cimetidine sites but these sites were significantly attenuated compared with control and cimetidine only sites (P < 0.05). These data suggest the rise in skin blood flow during whole body heating contains an H1 histamine receptor component but do not support an H2 histamine receptor component. Furthermore, part of the NO-dependent component of active vasodilatation can be explained by H1 receptor activation.
A rapid multi-layer perceptron training algorithm

A fast algorithm for training multilayer perceptrons is presented as an alternative to the backpropagation algorithm. Training time is reduced considerably over standard backpropagation. The philosophy behind this method is the same as that introduced by R. Scalero and N. Tepedelenlioglu (1991), where the normal equation is obtained and solved at every node in the network using a Kalman filter. The algorithm introduced replaces the Kalman filter by a conjugate-gradient method of updating. This algorithm shortens the training time by several orders of magnitude for the classification problem considered. >
Chronic kidney disease as a risk factor for bleeding complications after coronary artery bypass surgery

Abstract Background: The aim of the study is to define the role of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as a risk factor for postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of 238 consecutive patients who underwent isolated CABG surgery. Patients were followed up for the event of a significant bleed, defined as administration of either three or greater units of packed red blood cells, three or greater units of platelets, three or greater units of fresh frozen plasma, or any cryoprecipitate within 72 hours after a CABG procedure or undergoing a surgical revision for bleeding. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at baseline was calculated using the Cockroft-Gault formula. A final multiple logistic regression model was selected from a large set of presurgical and intraoperative covariates by using backward elimination ( P > 0.20). Results: After controlling for age, sex, elective versus emergent surgery, intraoperative activated clotting time, serum albumin level, extracorporeal bypass time, and baseline hematocrit, we found that even mild levels of renal impairment were associated with increased risk for postoperative bleeding: patients with a GFR of 40 mL/min or less had six times the odds of postoperative bleeding than patients with a GFR greater than 100 mL/min (odds ratio [OR], 6.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.87 to 22.66); those with a GFR of 41 to 60 mL/min had nearly four times the risk (OR, 3.87; 95% CI, 1.21 to 12.35). Even patients with mild CKD at a GFR of 61 to 80 mL/min were at an elevated risk (OR, 2.11); however, the 95% CI of 0.79 to 5.64 included the null value. Similar results were found when using the cruder Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative classification of CKD. Conclusion: CKD is associated with risk for postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing CABG surgery, not only at more advanced stages, but probably at relatively mild levels of renal impairment, as well. Am J Kidney Dis 41:84-89. © 2003 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
Tunable Bandpass Filter Using Partially Magnetized Ferrites With High Power Handling Capability

Low-loss tunable bandpass filters (BPFs) using partially magnetized ferrites is presented. A magnetic field tunable BPFs was designed based on partially magnetized yttrium iron garnet (YIG) operating at 6.17 GHz, which shows low insertion loss and a large frequency tunability of ~6% under a low bias field of 100 Oe. Power handling measurement on the tunable BPF with partially magnetized YIG slab showed an IP1dB of 11.5-18 dBm within the bias field of 0 to 100 Oe, and over 30 dBm in a saturated state.
Uniform versus differentiated protective tariffs

(1969). Uniform versus differentiated protective tariffs. The Journal of Development Studies: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 262-269.
Inducing Resistance to Freezing and Desiccation in Plants by Decenylsuccinic Acid.

Decenylsuccinic acid induces resistance to desiccation, cold, and frost in young bean plants. When decenylsuccinic acid is sprayed on flowering peach, apple, and pear trees, most of the flowers are resistant to a frost of —6°C.
Charge transfer between C 2 + and H 2 , N 2 , He, and CO at electron-volt energies

We measured the total charge-transfer rate coefficients for ${\mathrm{C}}^{2+}$ with ${\mathrm{H}}_{2},$ ${\mathrm{N}}_{2},$ and CO using a cylindrical radiofrequency ion trap. ${\mathrm{C}}^{2+}$ ions were produced by the electron impact of residual CO in an ultrahigh-vacuum chamber. The rate coefficients for ${\mathrm{C}}^{2+}$ with ${\mathrm{H}}_{2},$ ${\mathrm{N}}_{2},$ and CO are measured to be $8.77(0.71)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${(T}_{\mathrm{equiv}}=2.63\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{3}\mathrm{K}),$ $1.08(0.07)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${(T}_{\mathrm{equiv}}=1.17\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}\mathrm{K}),$ and $4.58(0.29)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${(T}_{\mathrm{equiv}}=1.17\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}\mathrm{K}).$ The rate coefficient for ${\mathrm{C}}^{2+}$ with He is estimated to be less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${(T}_{\mathrm{equiv}}=4.38\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{3}\mathrm{K}).$
Preparation and characterization of polysaccharide phosphates.

Abstract Polysaccharide phosphate monoesters with degrees of substitution up to 1.75 can be made by reaction of polysaccharides with a tetrapolyphosphoric acid-trialkylamine mixture of about 3:1 molar ratio at temperatures of 120 °. Phosphate monoesters of amylose, amylopectin, waxy corn starch, dextran, and cellulose are prepared. The esters are very resistant to saponification but are less stable to acid hydrolysis. Viscosities of polysaccharide phosphates increase with ester content and increase very rapidly with solution concentration although the solutions are thixotropic. The solution viscosities show some temperature dependence and are lowered by addition of salts. Polysaccharide phosphate monoesters do not precipitate soluble proteins from neutral solutions but may cause precipitation at low pH values.
Rapid-Recording A-C Bridge

A power-factor and capacitance bridge capable of unattended recording has been described. Changes in the specimen may be fully recorded within one second of their occurrence. The bridge may be used in connection with life tests, during treating processes, and for recording tests on large numbers of nominally identical structures, in the process of production. The automatic control circuits described in this paper are not limited only to application to the Schering bridge, but may be used for automatic balancing of practically any other type of a-c bridge as well.
Can the Internet help improve Machine Translation

This paper summarizes a largely automated method that uses online post-editing feed-back to automatically improve translation rules. As a starting point, bilingual speakers' local fixes are collected through an online Translation Correction Tool. Next, the Rule Refinement Module attacks the problem at its core and uses the local fixes to detect incorrect rules that need to be refined. Once the grammar and lexicon have been refined, the Machine Translation system not only produces the correct translation as fixed by the bilingual speaker, but is also able to generalize and correctly translates similar sentences. Thus, this work constitutes a novel approach to improving translation quality. Enhanced by the reaching power of the Internet, our approach becomes even more relevant to address the problem of how to automatically improve the quality of Machine Translation output.
Rebamipide Activates Genes Encoding Angiogenic Growth Factors and Cox2 and Stimulates Angiogenesis: A Key to Its Ulcer Healing Action?

Clinical and experimental data indicate that rebamipide accelerates ulcer healing, improves scar quality, and prevents ulcer recurrence. However, the mechanisms responsible for these rebamipides' actions are not fully elucidated. We studied, using gene expression microarray analysis, which of the ulcer healing genes are activated by rebamipide treatment. Normal rat gastric epithelial cells (RGM1) were treated with either vehicle or rebamipide. Gene expression was determined using Affymetrix rat genome U34A gene chip arrays and data were analyzed using the GeneSpring program. Activation of some of the genes and protein translation were also examined by RT/PCR and Western blotting. Rebamipide significantly upregulated the proangiogenic genes encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), by 7.5-fold, heparin binding epidermal growth-like factor (HB-EGF), by ∼5-fold, fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR2), by 4.4-fold, and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2), by 9.3-fold, as well as growth promoting genes, e.g., insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), by 5-fold. RT/PCR and Western blotting demonstrated that Cox2 mRNA and protein were upregulated; the latter, ∼6-fold. Treatment of rat gastric mucosal endothelial cells with rebamipide stimulated in vitro angiogenesis by ∼240% (vs. controls, P < 0.001). Conclusions are as follows. (1) Rebamipide activates in gastric epithelial RGM-1 cells a genetic program that promotes angiogenesis and signals cell growth and tissue regeneration. (2) In addition, rebamipide treatment directly stimulates angiogenesis in gastric microvascular endothelial cells. Thus rebamipide has two separate and distinct mechanisms of proangiogenic action: one through activation in gastric epithelial cells of proangiogenic growth factor genes and the second a direct angiogenic action on microvascular endothelial cells.
Mechanistic investigations of iron/sulfur-catalyzed bond scission in aromatic hydrocarbons. A catalytic hydrogen atom transfer step involving a late transition state

Abstract The mechanism of carbon-carbon bond scission by ‘iron sulfide’ catalysts is explored through the use of substituted diphenylmethane model compounds. The reaction kinetics are shown to be first order in model compound with the methylene-arene carbon-carbon bond adjacent to the most substituted arene being selectively cleaved. These results are consistent with the catalyst acting as a hydrogen atom transfer agent.
Rotational and Translational Diffusion of Peptide-Coated CdSe/CdS/ZnS Nanorods Studied by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

CdSe/CdS/ZnS nanorods (NRs) of three aspect ratios were coated with phytochelatin-related peptides and studied using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Theoretical predictions of the NRs' rotational diffusion contribution to the correlation curves were experimentally confirmed. We monitored rotational and translational diffusion of NRs and extracted hydrodynamic radii from the extracted diffusion constants. Translational and rotational diffusion constants (Dtrans and Drot) for NRs were in good agreement with Tirado and Garcia de la Torre's as well as with Broersma's theories when accounting for the ligand dimensions. NRs fall in the size range where rotational diffusion can be monitored with higher sensitivity than translational diffusion due to a steeper length dependence, Drot ∼ L-3 versus Dtrans ∼ L-1. By titrating peptide-coated NRs with bovine serum albumin, we monitored (nonspecific) binding through rotational diffusion and showed that Drot is an advantageous observable for monitoring bind...
Black/White Differences in Health Status and Mortality Among the Elderly

Grade of membership (GOM) representations are used to characterize and compare the health status of a very heterogeneous sample of blacks and whites in an elderly cohort of 2,806 noninstitutionalized men and women living in New Haven, Connecticut. They were interviewed in 1982 as part of the Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (EPESE). Ideal profiles based on functional disabilities, chronic diseases, and selected biomedical and behavioral risk factors are constructed empirically. Each individual in the sample is represented by a set of GOM scores, interpreted as degrees of similarity of his or her health record to each of the profiles. Four profiles emerge from GOM analyses: healthy elderly, elderly with cognitive impairment, elderly with impairment in mobility function and physical performance and with selected chronic conditions, and elderly with major limitations in activities of daily living and multiple chronic conditions. Although elderly blacks and whites generally have similar configurations of profiles, there are important differences, especially when chronic conditions are related to specific types of functional impairments. Questions about and claims for black/white mortality crossovers at older ages, usually addressed with aggregate data, are examined conditional on GOM scores that correspond to diverse combinations of disabilities (or lack thereof) together with housing characteristics of cohort members (e.g., whether they live in public housing for the elderly or in owned or rented housing in the community).
Lateral meristems, successive cambia and their products: a reinterpretation based on roots and stems of Nyctaginaceae

Anatomical studies of stems and roots with lateral growth from eight species of seven genera of Nyctaginaceae provide material for analysis of meristematic activity and histological products of that activity. Ideas about occurrence of meristems that achieve lateral growth in Nyctaginaceae are reviewed. The interpretation offered for the family differs from those of other workers, although the new interpretation is clearly implicit in Solereder's figure of secondary growth in Pisonia. A lateral meristem produces secondary cortex to the outside. To the inside, it produces conjunctive tissue (both parenchymatous and fibrous), true rays (except in Bougainvillea and Heimerliodendron) and a succession of vascular cambia. As each vascular cambium is produced, the lateral meristem outside of the vascular cambium tends to become quiescent, returning to activity when the vascular cambium internal to it has become less active. Quiescence of the lateral meristem at these points coordinates the amount of tissue produced to the inside in zones without vascular cambia with that produced in zones with cambia. Heimerliodendron is rayless; Bougainvillea has minimal differentiation between conjunctive tissue parenchyma and ray parenchyma. Vascular cambia do not produce rays in Nyctaginaceae (lateral meristems do), although vascular cambia produce vessels, axial parenchyma and sometimes fibres to the inside and indefinite amounts of secondary phloem to the outside (earlier increments of phloem are crushed). Conjunctive tissue is held to have both parenchymatous and fibrous components and is readily distinguished from products of vascular cambia. Nonbordered perforation plates characterize Nyctaginaceae, as they do many families of Caryophyllales. The anatomical plan of Heimerliodendron is markedly different from that of Pisonia s. s., and Pisonia sect. Prismatocarpus (which includes Heimerliodendron in some treatments) may merit generic recognition. The lateral meristems of all Nyctaginaceae studied are storied (stratified), as are products except for fibres, which undergo such extensive intrusive growth that a storied pattern is not achieved at maturity. The terms ‘included phloem’ and ‘interxylary phloem’ must be abandoned for descriptions of vascular tissue in families of the order Caryophyllales. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 146, 129–143.
Small bowel absorption after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Abstract Introduction: Obesity affects 30% of US population. For those patients refractory to conventional weight-loss therapy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass operation (RYGB) is a proven method to induce sustained weigh-loss, although the mechanisms of weight loss remain speculative. We hypothesize that RYGB in a rat model induces a decrease in small bowel absorption, contributing to weight loss. Methods: Fourteen 3–4 weeks old Sprague Dawley (SD) pups, weighing 73 ± 0.9g were made obese by feeding a high-energy diet for 12 weeks. They were randomly divided into two groups (n = 7/gp): RYGB and Sham Operated obese (SO-obese). Postoperatively, body weight (BW), food intake (FI) and weight of the feces were measured daily for 4 weeks, following which small bowel absorption was measured using D-xylose. Data are expressed in M+-SE and were analyzed using ANOVA and Mann Whitney test. Results: Pre-operative BW of the rats was 757 ± 23g. After 4 weeks, BW in RYGB decrease to 579 ± 10g (24% loss; p Conclusions: RYGB in obese rats reduced BW, decreased FI and small bowel absorption. The reductions of small bowel absorption of nutrients and the increase in fecal volume after RYGB in this rat model contributes to the weight loss observed in diet induced obese rats.
Channel-interaction effects on the 3 p -subshell photoionization of chlorine

Photoionization cross sections and photoelectron angular distributions (asymmetry parameters) are obtained for $3p$-subshell ionization of the Cl ground state. A substantial amount of bound-state electron correlation is taken into account through use of a multiconfiguration description of the ground state and residual ionic core. Both independent-channel and coupled-channel final states are used in evaluating the length and velocity forms of the dipole transition amplitudes. In the coupled-channel case, channel interaction is included via the reaction-matrix ($K$-matrix) method which diagonalizes the total $N$-electron atomic Hamiltonian in the manifold of single-channel basis states of the model Hamiltonian. In all of the $^{2}D$ and $^{2}P$ final-state channels, the photoabsorption transition probabilities exhibit significant contributions from interchannel interaction. In determining the cross sections for any of the $^{2}S$ channels, it was necessary to include the low-lying $3s3{p}^{6}$; $^{2}S$ bound state because of its large Coulomb interaction with the continuum of the $3{p}^{4}^{1}D$, $\ensuremath{\epsilon}d$; $^{2}S$ channel. The addition of the channels which originate from a $3s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\epsilon}p$ transition into the set of interacting $^{2}S$ channels nearly cancels the effect of the $3s3{p}^{6}$; $^{2}S$ discrete state on the cross sections of both the $3{p}^{4}^{1}D$,$\ensuremath{\epsilon}d$; $^{2}S$ and $3{p}^{4}^{1}S$,$\ensuremath{\epsilon}s$; $^{2}S$ channels. The asymmetry parameters for the three ionic multiplets $^{3}P$, $^{1}D$, and $^{1}S$ all show strong channel-interaction effects. The effects of the $3s3{p}^{6}$; $^{2}S$ bound state and the $3s3{p}^{5}$; $^{3,1}P$,$\ensuremath{\epsilon}p$; $^{2}S$ channels on the $^{1}D$ and $^{1}S$ $\ensuremath{\beta}$ parameters are discussed.
Airline passenger information systems and process improvements

In the highly competitive airline industry, differentiation between service offerings plays a crucial role in maintaining existing customer base and attracting new clientele. There are myriad ways to approach this goal. Separating the significant few from the trivial many involves listening to market demands and responding with process improvements that provide solutions. This paper reviews existing boarding processes and the gate hold room environment and proposes improvements through a threefold approach. First, add dynamic informational displays that update information regarding boarding status. Second, reengineer the boarding sequence to reduce boarding time. And third, reengineer the process of loading carry-on luggage.
On the resonance frequencies of a membrane of a dielectric elastomer

Abstract The resonance frequencies of a pre-stretched circular membrane of a dielectric elastomer are investigated. The resonance frequencies increase with mode and thickness of the membrane, but they decrease in air from those in vacuum due to the added mass of air. The damping of air is low and has negligible effect on the frequencies; however, it helps to reduce the amplitude of vibration, comparing with that in the vacuum. The frequencies decrease with an increase of the applied voltage, the mass of the electrodes, and the radius of the circular membrane. The effect of applied pressure on the resonance frequencies of the membrane is not significant.
Substituted pyridine N-oxide complexes. VI Spectral and magnetic properties of some 4-substituted pyridine N-oxide complexes with transition metal perchlorates

Abstract Visible spectra, infrared spectra and magnetic properties of 4-substituted pyridine N-oxide complexes of the general formula [M(4-RC 5 H 4 NO) 6 ](ClO 4 ) n , where R = OCH 3 , CH 3 , H, Cl and NO 2 ; M = Cr(III), Fe(III), Co(II) and Ni(II); and n = 2 or 3, are reported. For M = Cu(II); tetrakis derivatives are formed for all R substituents and the hexakis complex is additionally isolated with R = H. The magnetic and spectral data indicate that the six coordinate complexes are high-spin octahedral species and that the four coordinate copper(II) complexes are probably square planar. From infrared spectral measurements nitrogen-oxygen and metal-oxygen stretching vibrations are assigned and the former are found to correlate with the σ + values of the ligands. Crystal field parameters are evaluated from diffuse reflectance and mull spectra and differences and trends discussed.
Pricing Optimal Distributions to Overlapping Generations: A Corollary to Efficiency Pricing

This paper will exploit the structural similarity of the two period overlapping generations model and the dynamic capital accumulation model to provide a pricing characterization of Pareto optimal distributions. With some very simple structural interpretations, the techniques which were developed to characterize efficient capital accumulation, apply directly to the overlapping generations model of the most general form; where generations consist of heterogenous consumer types of varying lifespans.
Research Trends in Judgment and Their Implications for the Schmidt-Hunter Global Estimation Procedure

Abstract Examination of basic research in judgment has been suggested by several utility researchers (Bobko, Karren, & Kerkar, 1987; Schmidt, Hunter, McKenzie, & Muldrow, 1979). The fractile method has often been used in judgment research to elicit estimates of characteristics of frequency distributions. It is very similar to the Schmidt-Hunter global estimation procedure used to estimate the standard deviation of job performance in dollars. Examination of the judgment literature indicates that most individuals underestimate the amount of variability in frequency distributions under most conditions. Further, this literature suggests that key variables affecting the estimation process include the amount of content knowledge, the availability of feedback, and the amount of uncertainty inherent in the estimation task. Studies have also shown that individuals are generally better calibrated in the middle of distributions rather than their "tails." Finally, this literature suggests that group methods of judgment may hold promise to increase the accuracy and confidence of subjects in their final estimate.
Contingency Contracts: A Step-By-Step Format

How to plan and develop contingency contracts for children with learning and behavior problems.
Endotoxin Exposure and Childhood Wheeze and Asthma: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Background. Exposure to endotoxin has been widely investigated as a potential factor for asthma and associated symptoms in children with different results. To clarify a potential relationship, we performed the present meta-analysis to integrate the results of studies examining the association of endotoxin exposure with wheeze and asthma in children. Methods. A search for relevant studies and reviews was conducted in MEDLINE, Highwire, CINAHL, and The Cochrane Library databases. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for endotoxin exposure and wheeze or asthma were retrieved and pooled to generate summary effect estimates in STATA 11.1. Results. Nineteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. The summary estimates suggested that endotoxin was positively associated with wheeze in infants and toddlers (meta-OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.10–1.98), but negatively related to asthma in school-aged children (meta-OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.69–0.97 for endotoxin concentration and 0.68, 95% CI...
Variation of residual thermal stresses in graphite/epoxy laminates

Abstract The cure cycle of thermoset composites can cause residual stresses and strains in a laminated structure due to the directional characteristics of the materials. Accurate analysis of residual stresses is critical for the prediction of laminate strength. A three-dimensional finite element analysis is utilized in this study to obtain a detailed residual thermal stress/strain field. Applicability of the classical lamination theory and edge effects are discussed. In the area of a laminate more than six ply thicknesses away from the edge, three-dimensional analysis and classical lamination theory provide comparable results.
Verification of Treaty Compliance -- Revisited

In a series of papers, the author has documented the evolution at the Sandia National Laboratories of a solution to the problem of how two mutually deceitful and distrusting parties -- the host and the monitor -- can both trust a data acquisition system whose function is to inform the monitor, and perhaps third parties, whether the host has or has not violated the terms of a treaty. The national interests of the various participants, host, monitor and third parties, at first appear to be mutually irreconcilable, however the conclusion of this paper will be that it is possible to simultaneously satisfy the interests of all parties. The technical device on which this fourth, and hopefully final, iteration of treaty verification systems is based is the concatenation of two or more two key cryptographic systems. In the resulting system no part of the rneasage need be kept secret from any participant at anytime; no party, nor collusion of fewer than all of the parties can utter an undetectable forgery; no unilateral action on the part of any party can lessen the confidence of the others as to the authenticity of the data and finally third parties can be logically persuaded of the authenticity of messages. Thus, finally after a decade of development a complete technical solution is in hand for the problem of the verification of treaty compliance.
Rayleigh Scattering and Critical Dynamics at Structural Phase Transitions in Perovskites

It is shown that light scattering from phonon density fluctuations recently reported by Lyons and Fleury should have a critical depolarized component in systems such as SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ near the 105\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K transition. Its size is calculated on the basis of available neutron-scattering, specific-heat, and birefringence data. It is concluded that with an appropriate experimental arrangement this component could become observable.
Descending modulation of opioid-containing nociceptive neurons in rats with peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia.

Abstract Inflammation and hyperalgesia induce a dramatic up-regulation of opioid messenger RNA and peptide levels in nociceptive neurons of the spinal dorsal horn. Descending axons modulate nociceptive transmission at the spinal level during inflammatory pain, and may play a role in the development of persistent pain. The role of descending bulbospinal pathways in opioid-containing nociceptive neurons was examined. Removal of descending inputs to the spinal cord was performed by complete spinal transection at the midthoracic level. Seven days after spinal transection, rats received a unilateral hindpaw injection of complete Freund's adjuvant, a noxious stimulus that produces inflammation and hyperalgesia. Tissues from the L4 and L5 segments of the spinal cord were removed and analysed by northern blotting and immunocytochemistry. Spinal transection resulted in a further increase in both dynorphin and enkephalin messenger RNA content following complete Freund's adjuvant injection. There was a similar distribution and number of dynorphin-immunoreactive cells in transected rats compared to rats which received sham surgery. These data suggest that increased dynorphin messenger RNA ipsilateral to inflammation, in rats without descending axons, was due to increased expression within the same cells and not to recruitment of additional dynorphin-expressing cells. This reflects a greater dynamic response of nociceptive neurons to noxious stimuli in the absence of descending modulation. Therefore, the net effect of descending afferents on spinal nociceptive circuits may be to reduce the response of opioid-containing neurons to noxious stimulation from the periphery.
A framework for synchronous delivery of time-dependent multimedia data

Multimedia data often have time dependencies that must be satisfied at presentation time. To support a general purpose multimedia information system, these timing relationships must be managed to provide utility to both the data presentation system and the multimedia author. Timing management encompasses specification, data representation, temporal access control, playout scheduling, and run-time intermedia synchronization. In this paper we describe the components of our framework for supporting time-dependent multimedia data encompassing these areas and how they are assembled into a unified system.
Asset price volatility and information structures

In this paper the hypothesis that asymmetric information in financial markets can increase asset price volatility is examined. Within the framework of the Grossman and Stiglitz (1980) model, a sufficient condition for such a hypothesis to hold is derived. The intuition is that, while uninformed agents react in a ‘damped’ way to signals (which reduces volatility), they react to noise as well. This latter effect can become dominant.
Superconducting Cu-Nb 3 Sn composites produced by cold extrusion of fine powders

Multifilamentary Cu-Nb composites were produced by cold P/M processing. Elementary powders of \leq 40 \mu m diameter were first cold extruded and subsequently drawn to wires or ribbons. Cu-Nb 3 Sn composites were produced by electrochemical Sn plating of the Cu-Nb composite, followed by a reaction annealing at temperatures between 650 and 850°C. After cross-sectional reduction by a factor R = 500, a sample of the composition Cu-30%Nb (20 at%Sn) had a J c value of 104A/cm2at 12 T, which is comparable to the values obtained by other techniques. This cold P/M technique is adaptable to a wide range of superconducting systems and appears to be promising for industrial applications.
Neutron Diffraction in Liquid Sulfur, Lead, and Bismuth

A new type of neutron diffraction instrument has been developed to minimize the disadvantage of the broad energy spectrum of available slow neutron sources. It has been used to study the neutron diffraction patterns of the elements sulfur, lead, and bismuth in the liquid state. The patterns have been interpreted in terms of the distribution in separation distance of neighboring pairs of atoms. The results are in reasonable agreement with x-ray diffraction of others. In liquid sulfur each atom has two nearest neighbors at 2.1A. In liquid lead there are 12 nearest neighbors at 3.4A. In liquid bismuth an atom has on the average eight neighbors within 4A, but the nearest neighbors are not well separated from those at greater distance.
Linear Models for the Analysis of Longitudinal Studies

Abstract Longitudinal investigations play an increasingly prominent role in biomedical research. Much of the literature on specifying and fitting linear models for serial measurements uses methods based on the standard multivariate linear model. This article proposes a more flexible approach that permits specification of the expected response as an arbitrary linear function of fixed and time-varying covariates so that mean-value functions can be derived from subject matter considerations rather than methodological constraints. Three families of models for the covariance function are discussed: multivariate, autoregressive, and random effects. Illustrations demonstrate the flexibility and utility of the proposed approach to longitudinal analysis.
Color sameness: what to do when Grassmann additivity fails experimentally

Device-independent color reproduction depends on matching colors that arise from different spectral power distributions. The spectral differences of matching lights are particularly great between light produced by VDU phosphors and light reflected by pigmented materials. The least frequently questioned assumption in this difficult situation is the Grassmann additivity rule, that if matching lights are added to two sides of a match, the result is also a match. However, recent experiments by Thornton suggest there is strong Grassmann additivity failure for human color vision. In particular, a color-match of a test light with one set of primaries does not persist when each of these primaries is replaced by a matching mixture of a second set of primaries. The present paper examines two covering theories for Grassmann additivity in search of consistency with Thornton's results. The theories are as follows: (1) Power- function theory. Each cone performs a weighted wavelength sum of an exponentiated value of photon flux over wavelength (not simply a weighted count on the photons, in which the implicit exponent is 1); and (2) Photodepletion theory. The density of unbleached photopigment in a cone is decreased under the action of light, and this leads to an integral- equation expression for the quantum catch instead of a simple spectrum integral. When Thornton's color-matching data are examined in terms of both these theories, the conventional Grassmann theory is found to fit the data best.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pressure dependence of shallow bound states in gallium arsenide

Abstract Photoluminescence and PL-excitation of high-purity n-type GaAs is reported at He temperatures and hydrostatic pressures of up to 80 kbar in diamond anvil cells. At low pressures intense PL aises from direct-gap free and bound excitons and band-to-acceptor transitions. Band structure becomes indirect at 41.3 kbar and spectra resemble n-type GaP. Weak indirect (X1c)-gap recombination attributable to donor-bound-excitons and free excitons is identified. All bound states remain shallow and follow their band edges, thus giving the most precise Γ1c-Γ15v and X1c-Γ15v gap dependences on pressure (10.73 and -1.34 meV/kbar, respectively) yet reported. New indirect band gaps are derived for GaAs at atmospheric pressure.
Multiple Flow Patterns and Heat Transfer in Confined Jet Impingement

The flow field of a 2-D laminar confined impinging slot jet is investigated. Numerical results indicate that there exist two different solutions in some range of geometric and flow parameters. The two steady flow patterns are obtained under identical boundary conditions but only with different initial flow fields. Three different exit boundary conditions are investigated to eliminate artificial effects. The different flow patterns are observed to significantly affect the heat transfer. A flow visualization experiment is carried out to verify the computational results and both flow patterns are observed. The bifurcation mechanism is interpreted and discussed.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Automated process for improved uniformity and versatility of layer-by-layer deposition.

The recently developed practice of spraying polyelectrolyte solutions onto a substrate in order to construct thin films via the layer-by-layer technique has been further investigated and extended. Here we describe a fully automated system capable of depositing thin polymer films from atomized mists of solutions containing species of complementary functionality. Film growth is shown to be similar to that in conventional “dipped” LbL assembly, whereas the reported technology allows us to realize 25-fold decreases in process times. Furthermore, complete automation removes human interaction and the possibility of operator-induced nonuniformities. We extend the versatility of the spray LbL technology by depositing both weak and strong polyelectrolyte films, hydrogen-bonded films, and dendritic compounds and nanoparticles, broadening its range of future applications. Finally, the technology is used to uniformly coat an otherwise hydrophobic substrate from aqueous solutions. ESEM images indicate that the atomiza...
Unraveling the complexities of sphingosine-1-phosphate function: The mast cell model

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a lipid mediator involved in diverse biological processes, from vascular and neural development to the regulation of lymphocyte trafficking. Many of its functions are regulated by five widely expressed S1P G-protein-coupled receptors (S1P(1-5)). S1P is produced mostly intracellularly, thus, much of its potential as an autocrine and paracrine mediator depends on how, when, and where it is generated or secreted out of the cells. However, S1P can also have intracellular activity independent of its receptors, adding to the complexity of S1P function. The mast cell, a major effector cell during an allergic response, has proven instrumental towards understanding the complex regulation and function of S1P. Antigen (Ag) engagement of the IgE receptor in mast cells stimulates sphingosine kinases, which generate S1P and are involved in the activation of calcium fluxes critical for mast cell responses. In addition, mast cells secrete considerable amounts of S1P upon activation, thus affecting the surrounding tissues and recruiting inflammatory cells. Export of S1P is also involved in the autocrine transactivation of S1P receptors present in mast cells. The in vivo response of mast cells, however, is not strictly dependent on their ability to generate S1P, but they are also affected by changes in S1P in the environment previous to Ag challenge. This review will discuss the recent advances towards understanding the intricacies of S1P generation, secretion and regulation in mast cells. In addition, how S1P receptors are activated and their involvement in mast cell functions will also be covered, including new insights on the role of S1P in the mast cell-mediated allergic response of systemic anaphylaxis.
Compressive Sampling Vs. Conventional Imaging

Compressive sampling (CS), or "compressed sensing," has recently generated a tremendous amount of excitement in the image processing community. CS involves taking a relatively small number of non-traditional samples in the form of randomized projections that are capable of capturing the most salient information in an image. If the image being sampled is compressible in a certain basis (e.g., wavelet), then under noiseless conditions the image can be much more accurately recovered from random projections than from pixel samples. However, the performance of CS can degrade markedly in the presence of noise. In this paper, we compare CS to conventional imaging by considering a canonical class of piecewise smooth image models. Our conclusion is that CS can be advantageous in noisy imaging problems if the underlying image is highly compressible or if the SNR is sufficiently large.
Support Groups and Treatment Adherence in a Geriatric Outpatient Clinic

The misuse of prescription medication costs America between $30.1 and 136.8 billion each year through sickness, hospitalization, and death (M. J. Johnson, M. Williams, & E. S. Marshall, 1999). Despite the efforts of many researchers to address the issue of nonadherence, few validated solutions have been developed. The current study assessed the existing medication adherence rates of 30 male participants and subsequently assigned them to one of the two conditions. The experimental condition was a 5-week multicomponent treatment adherence support group, whereas the control condition was a 5-week attention control group. All members of both conditions were compared on the measures of pill count, Seniors' Lifestyle Inventory, and Symptom Checklist-90-R. Members of the treatment adherence support groups demonstrated a significant increase in their medication adherence rate over the 5-week course of intervention.