cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forming coordination group for coordinated traffic congestion management schemes

Abstract It has been well known that properly coordinating travelers’ route choices will help mitigate urban traffic congestion. Accordingly, coordinated routing mechanisms (CRMs), functioned as coordinated network congestion management schemes, have been developed in recent years. They often employ game theory models to strategically coordinate the route decisions of a group of travelers en route with the aim to reduce network traffic congestion. However, existing studies do not provide the solution about how to form the traveler groups, such as who and how many travelers the CRMs should involve. This issue may jeopardize the efficiency and scalability of the CRMs in practical applications. To make up this gap, this study seeks to develop the clustering aided network modeling approaches to form the coordination groups (CGs), which have the proper members and sizes for supporting the merits of the congestion management schemes. Specifically, we define coordination potential as an index to indicate the potential benefit for coordinating travelers’ route decisions on network congestion reduction. Then we develop rigorous approaches to understand the mathematical features and further quantify the coordination potential between two travelers, and among multiple travelers. Built upon that, we form the CGs through a well-designed adaptive centroid-based clustering algorithm (ACCA). It secures a local optimal clustering solution, balancing the intra-cluster and inter-cluster CP, so that we can ensure a small system performance loss as we implement a CRM on each CG. The efficiency of the CG formation approach is evaluated by the CG-CRM scheme, which partitions the travelers into multiple CGs and independently coordinates the travelers’ route choices in each CG by a CRM. The numerical experiments built upon both Sioux Falls and Hardee city networks confirm the efficiency and effectiveness of the CG formation approach. Mainly, the CG-CRM outperforms the independent best response routing mechanism in system performance. As compared to the CRM working on a single group involving all travelers, the CG-CRM requires significantly less computation load with a minor compromise on the system performance. This merit becomes more apparent under high penetration and congested traffic condition. Therefore, we claim that the CG formation approach will significantly help the implementation of the coordinated congestion mitigation schemes in practice.
Landsat 9 Operational Land Imager2 (OLI2) enhanced on-orbit linearity characterization

Like Landsat 8, Landsat 9 will carry an Operational Land Imager (OLI), a visible to short-wave infrared pushbroom sensor. Referred to as OLI-2, this sensor has 8 spectral bands with about 7000 detectors and one panchromatic band with about 14000 detectors. Maintaining uniformity of the data products is a challenge, particularly at the low end of the response’s dynamic range, as the on-board diffuser provides a high signal level. Water color analyses in coastal and inland areas imaged by Landsat, are one of the more demanding science applications of the OLI data, in part due to the low signal levels. OLI data are serving such demanding science applications due to its excellent noise, stability and calibration characteristics. A new set of on-orbit calibration collects planned for OLI-2 are aimed at enhancing the linearity characterization; these collects should help in keeping uniform imagery through a wide dynamic range. Improved pre-launch characterization of the OLI-2 radiometric response non-linearity led to the idea of using two sets of on-orbit collects to confirm the stability of non-linearity correction across a wider range of response. Collects will be taken where the detector integration time is varied while looking at a constant target: a bright solar diffuser panel and a dimmer internal lamp. Both objects are integral parts of the existing OLI calibration assembly subsystem, but only the diffuser was used in this manner on Landsat 8 OLI. Using pre-launch test data, we demonstrate how the combination of these two sets of data collects will assist in confirming the non-linearity correction is maintained to be under 0.5% across much of the dynamic range. If the on-orbit results show changes, then with such data we should be able to refine the calibration parameters until they minimize the residual errors in the non-linearity throughout the dynamic range.
Smart and Connected Mask for Protection beyond the Pandemic : (Invited Paper)

The rapid spread of COVID-19 prompted many to take precautions to control the transmission of the virus. The most crucial of these is face coverings, such as face masks, as the virus is an airborne pathogen capable of transmission via respiratory droplets. While there are developments in smart mask technologies, they only provide passive protection through filtration and internal decontamination against the virus. This paper describes a new approach to smart mask technology that actively monitors for airborne pathogens using a PM sensor and reduces the wearer’s exposure to them by an active mitigation strategy. This strategy involves using a mist spray to increase the pathogen’s particle size, which reduces their ability to linger in the air. This system can be controlled wirelessly via a mobile application, which also displays the monitoring data. Deployment areas of this smart mask include classrooms, hospitals, and workspaces. Our experimental results demonstrate that increasing droplet sizes reduces the settling time for pathogens. Our future work includes a more precise detection of pathogens and improvements in deploying mitigation using fine-grained analysis about the aerosol and artificial intelligence.
Obstructive Coronary Atherosclerosis in a Patient with a Calcium Score of Zero

Museum images feature novel multimodality imaging that illuminates the important role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of on unusual cases and conditions. Image files should be accompanied by a contextual description of approximately 100 to 300 words. Videos are welcome, and abstracts are unnecessary. To submit museum images to be considered for peer review, please visit journal.houstonmethodist.org .
The influence of diethylstilbestrol on the progress and outcome of pregnancy as based on a comparison of treated with untreated primigravidas.

Abstract In a clinical experiment aimed at determining the value of diethylstilbestrol in the prevention of the complications of late pregnancy, 387 primigravidous women in the prenatal clinic at the Boston Lying-in Hospital were given the drug in gradually increasing doses from the early part of pregnancy (weeks 12 to 20) to the thirty-sixth week. So far as was possible, alternate primigravidous women who presented themselves for prenatal care before the twentieth week were treated, the synchronous untreated patients, of whom there were 555, serving as controls. Except for stilbestrol administration, the obstetrical care of the two groups was identical. The incidence of late pregnancy toxemia was very low ( 2.3 per cent ) in the stilbestrol-treated patients. The difference between this figure and the 6.8 per cent incidence in the control series could not have occurred by chane. In the few cases that developed despite stilbestrol, the disease was later in onset and less severe than in the control group. Analysis of the data on spontaneous premature delivery revealed that the premature infants of stilbestrol-treated mothers were unusually large and mature for their gestational ages. If prematurity is defined in terms of weight of the babies, the incidence of this abnormality was significantly less in the treated patients than in the controls. On the basis of week of delivery, on the other hand, there was no real difference between the two groups. Postmaturity was significantly less frequent in the stilbestrol-treated patients than in the controls. The incidence of unexplained stillbirth was 1.1 per cent in the controls and 0.5 per cent in the treated patients. This difference could have occurred by chance. There were four fetal deaths in the stilbestrol-treated patients, an incidence of 1.0 per cent as against twenty-one, or 3.8 per cent , in the untreated patients; a highly significant difference. This reduction in fetal mortality would appear to be due largely to two factors: (1) the lower incidence and later onset of toxemia, and (2) the greater size and maturity of prematurely delivered infants. A complete analysis of the data on the uncomplicated term pregnancies of the treated and control patients revealed no difference so far as the mothers were concerned (e.g., length of labor, uterine inertia, intrapartum or post-partum bleeding, weight gain). Analysis of the data on full-term infants, however, revealed that significantly more babies of stilbestrol-treated mothers weighed over eight pounds and were more than 21 inches long at birth.
Variation of the intertrial interval in human classical conditioning

The effect of using a short intertriai interval (ITI) in eyeblink classical conditioning in humans was examined. The performance of normal young adults in 750-msec delay conditioning was compared at ITIs of 5, 10, and 30 sec. All groups successfully acquired the task. Performance of each ITI group was similar for pseudoconditioning, conditioning, and extinction trials. Use of shorter ITIs during eyeblink conditioning should reduce test time and possible subject boredom or inattention, thus making the eyeblink conditioning task more useful as part of a neuropsychological test battery for evaluating brain damage and drug effectiveness. Shorter ITIs would also allow eyeblink classical conditioning to be used in concert with other technologies, such as PET scanning, to assess functional activity of the brain during learning.
Purification and kinetic characterization of a monovalent cation-activated glycerol dehydrogenase from Aerobacter aerogenes.

Abstract Glycerol dehydrogenase from Aerobacter aerogenes has been partially purified. Kinetic constants for the substrates are reported and an Ordered Bi Bi mechanism based on product inhibition studies is presented. An investigation of the kinetics of monovalent cation activation shows that substrate affinities, particularly those for glycerol and dihydroxyacetone, are affected by monovalent cations, but that the kinetic mechanism remains unaffected. Specifically, at pH 7.5, the affinity for NAD was not affected when assayed in 0.1 m NH4Cl instead of 0.1 m (CH3CH2)4NCl; the affinity for NADH was increased 2-fold. More striking was the 22-fold decrease in the Km value for glycerol and the 25-fold decrease in the Km value for dihydroxyacetone. The maximum velocity in 0.1 m NH4Cl was nearly 3 times that in 0.1 m (CH3CH2)4NCl with all other conditions identical. The relative activating efficiency of the various cations as measured by the resultant maximum velocity, NH4+ g Tl+ g K+ g Rb+, is the same for both oxidation and reduction and is independent of pH. In contrast, the affinities for the monovalent cation were dependent on pH. When the pH varied from 6.1 to 7.5 to 9.0, the affinity for NH4+ and T1+ decreased whereas the affinity for K+ and Rb+ increased. The requirement for a monovalent cation was not eliminated by a proton.
Feedback Control of Underactuated Systems via Sequential Composition: Visually Guided Control of a Unicycle

We present a newapproach to developing hybrid feedback policies for the control of systems with nonholonomic constraints.We extend the idea of sequential composition and use it to to switch between controllers in a state based manner, resulting in a globally convergent, pure feedback policy. Individual controllers in the palette are inspired by variable constraint control. We solve a vision guided unicycle navigation problem and present experimental results.
Search and social integration

Search and Social have been widely considered to be two separate applications. Indeed, most people use search engines and visit social sites to conduct vastly different activities. This talk presents opportunities where search and social can be integrated synergistically. For instance, on the one hand, a search engine can mine search history data to facilitate uses to engage in social activities. On the other hand, user activities at social sites can provide information for search engines to improve personalized targeting. This talk uses Confucius, a Q&A system which Google develops and has launched in more than 60 countries, to illustrate how computer algorithms can assist synergistic integration between search and social. Algorithmic issues in data mining, information ranking, and system scalability are discussed.
Lysine methylation of mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit c stored in tissues of dogs with hereditary ceroid lipofuscinosis

Certain forms of ceroid lipofuscinosis, a hereditary degenerative disease, are characterized by accumulation of large amounts of subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase in lysosomal storage bodies of numerous tissues. The subunit c protein appears to constitute a major fraction of the total storage body protein. In previous studies it was demonstrated that hydrolysates of total storage body protein from affected humans and sheep contain significant amounts of epsilon-N-trimethyllysine (TML). This finding suggested that one or both of the two lysine residues of subunit c might be methylated in the stored form of the protein. The normal subunit c protein from mitochondria does not appear to be methylated. Using a putative canine model for the juvenile form of ceroid lipofuscinosis, analyses were conducted to determine whether lysosomal storage of subunit c was accompanied by lysine methylation of this protein. In affected dogs, as in humans and sheep with hereditary ceroid lipofuscinosis, the storage bodies were found to contain large amounts of subunit c protein, as indicated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and partial amino acid sequence analysis. The subunit c protein partially purified from isolated storage bodies was found to contain lysine and TML in an almost equimolar ratio. Normal subunit c contains 2 lysine residues, one at position 7 and the other at position 43. Removal of the first 7 residues of the partially purified protein through sequential Edman degradation resulted in a dramatic increase in the TML to lysine ratio in the residual protein. This suggests that lysine residue 43 is methylated. Confirmation that residue 43 of the stored protein is TML was obtained by amino acid sequence analysis after cleavage of the protein with trypsin. This finding strongly suggests that specific methylation of lysine residue 43 of mitochondrial ATP synthase plays a central role in the lysosomal storage of this protein.
A Branch and Cut Framework for Multi-Stage Stochastic Programming Problems Under Endogenous Uncertainty

Abstract To ensure that decisions in multi-stage stochastic programming (MSSP) formulations do not anticipate future outcomes, it is necessary to introduce nonanticipativity constraints (NACs). In the case of endogenous uncertainty, NACs grow very quickly making all but the smallest multi-stage stochastic programming models computationally intractable. To address this challenge, we first present a number of theoretical results that allow us to formulate substantially smaller and tighter MSSP models. Second, we discuss a branch and cut algorithm where necessary inequality NACs are removed from the starting formulation and added only if they are violated. Our theoretical results coupled with the proposed algorithm allow us to generate and solve problems that were previously intractable. The methods were applied to the resource-constrained scheduling of clinical trials in the pharmaceutical research and development pipeline.
VLBA Imaging of Small-Scale Structure in Galactic H I

We have used the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) and the phased Very Large Array (VLA) to image Galactic H I in absorption in the direction of three bright extragalactic objects: 3C 138, QSO 2255+416, and CJ1 0404+768. The angular resolution of these images is 20 milliarcseconds (mas) in the case of 3C 138 and 10 mas for 2255+416 and 0404+768. H I optical depth variations up to a factor of 2 are observed in the directions of 3C 138 and 2255+416 on angular scales larger than 10–20 mas. The source 0404+768 shows no significant optical depth variations from 10 mas up to the angular size of the source, about 150 mas. This is the first source for which significant variations are not observed, which possibly indicates an inner scale of a few AU for the H I small-scale structure. The small-scale opacity structures seen toward 3C 138 and 2255+416 could be due to density variations, spin temperature variations, velocity turbulence in the atomic gas, or a combination of these effects. If the opacity variations are due to fluctuations in density, the data suggest high-density structures (~106 cm-3) in the cold neutral medium on physical scales less than 10 AU. However, if the large column density variations are due to elongated structures such as filaments or sheets observed edge-on, the densities (and pressures) can be reduced by invoking an elongation factor along the line of sight. Measurements of Stokes V in the H I absorbing gas show no indication of Zeeman splitting of the absorption line, which result in 2 σ upper limits for the line-of-sight magnetic fields of 40 μG for 3C 138, 100 μG for 2255+416, and 700 μG for 0404+768.
On Heat Transfer in Laminar Boundary Layers at High Prandtl Number

A study of the asymptotic behavior of the heat transfer in laminary boundary layers for large Prandtl Number is presented. The analysis is based on the observation that, for large Prandtl Number, the conduction term in the energy equation must be important only in a region that is very narrow compared with the velocity boundary layer, but that, in that region, both convection and conduction are essential. A transformation (based on the Prandtl Number) of the coordinate normal to the body surface leads to a form of the energy equation in which the appropriate convection and conduction terms can be balanced with respect to their asymptotic dependence on the Prandtl Number, and the behavior of the local heat-transfer coefficient can be deduced immediately. The general method is applied to the well-known problems of forced convection over a body and of the plate thermometer, where it confirms results previously obtained by other methods. The problems of natural convection over a vertical body, of the flow above a rotating disc, and of the Hamel converging channel flow are then treated; new theoretical results are obtained for these cases.
Purification and characterization of a novel enzyme, alpha-neoagarooligosaccharide hydrolase (alpha-NAOS hydrolase), from a marine bacterium, Vibrio sp. strain JT0107.

Abstract A novel enzyme, alpha-neoagarooligosaccharide hydrolase (EC 3.2.1.-), which hydrolyzes the alpha-1,3 linkage of neoagarooligosaccharides to yield agaropentaose (O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-->4)-O-3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranosyl (1-->3)-D-galactose], agarotriose [O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-->4)-O-3,6-anhydro- alpha-L-galactopyranosyl (1-->3)-D-galactose], agarobiose [O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-->4)-3,6-anhydro-L-galactose], 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose, and D-galactose was isolated from the marine bacterium Vibrio sp. strain JT0107 and characterized. This enzyme was purified 383-fold from cultured cells by using a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, successive anion-exchange column chromatography, gel filtration, and hydroxyapatite chromatography, gel filtration, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The purified protein gave a single band (M(r), 42,000) on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Estimation of the M(r) by the gel filtration method gave a value of 84,000, indicating that the enzyme is dimeric. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed it to have a single N-terminal sequence that has no sequence homology to any other known agarases. The optimum temperature and pH were 30 degrees C and 7.7, respectively. The Km and maximum rate of metabolism for neoagarobiose were 5.37 mM and 92 U/mg of protein, respectively.
Hormonal regulation of alveolarization: structure-function correlation

Dexamethasone (Dex) limits and all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) promotes alveolarization. While structural changes resulting from such hormonal exposures are known, their functional consequences are unclear. Neonatal rats were treated with Dex and/or RA during the first two weeks of life or were given RA after previous exposure to Dex. Morphology was assessed by light microscopy and radial alveolar counts. Function was evaluated by plethysmography at d13, pressure volume curves at d30, and exercise swim testing and arterial blood gases at both d15 and d30. Dex-treated animals had simplified lung architecture without secondary septation. Animals given RA alone had smaller, more numerous alveoli. Concomitant treatment with Dex + RA prevented the Dex-induced changes in septation. While the results of exposure to Dex + RA were sustained, the effects of RA alone were reversed two weeks after treatment was stopped. At d13, Dex-treated animals had increased lung volume, respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation. On d15, both RA- and Dex-treated animals had hypercarbia and low arterial pH. By d30, the RA-treated animals resolved this respiratory acidosis, but Dex-treated animals continued to demonstrate blood gas and lung volume abnormalities. Concomitant RA treatment improved respiratory acidosis, but failed to normalize Dex-induced changes in pulmonary function and lung volumes. No differences in exercise tolerance were noted at either d15 or d30. RA treatment after the period of alveolarization also corrected the effects of earlier Dex exposure, but the structural changes due to RA alone were again lost two weeks after treatment. We conclude that both RA- and corticosteroid-treatments are associated with respiratory acidosis at d15. While RA alone-induced changes in structure andrespiratory function are reversed, Dex-treated animals continue to demonstrate increased respiratory rate, minute ventilation, tidal and total lung volumes at d30. Concomitant treatment with Dex + RA prevents decreased septation induced by Dex alone and results in correction of hypercarbia. However, these animals continue to have abnormal pulmonary function and lung volumes. Increased septation as a result of RA treatment alone is reversed upon discontinuation of treatment. These data suggest that Dex + RA treatment results in improved gas exchange likely secondary to normalized septation.
Writing efficient programs

The primary task of software engineers is the cost-effective development of maintainable and useful software. There are many secondary problems lurking in that definition. One such problem arises from the term "useful": to be useful in the application at hand, software must often be efficient (that is, use little time or space). The problem we will consider in this book is building efficient software systems. There are a number of levels at which we may confront the problem of efficiency. These are defined in Section 1.2 and include the overall system design, the program's algorithms and data structures, the translation to machine code, and the underlying system software and hardware; many books discuss efficiency. at each of those levels. In this book we will investigate efficiency at a design level that is practiced by many but discussed by few. This level is called "writing efficient code" and can be defined as follows: The activity of writing efficient code takes as input a high-level language program (which incorporates efficient algorithms and data structures) and produces as output a program in the same high-level language that is suitable for compilation into efficient machine code. The operations undertaken at this level are beneath most work on algorithms and data structures yet are too complex for most current and foreseeable compilers.
Eponymous Abdominal Hernias, Part II

Lower abdominal hernias comprise a wide range of protrusions, nearly each one affixed to an eponym. Above the lower pelvis can be found the Littre hernia of Meckel’s diverticulum and the Littre-Richter hernia of a part of the bowel walls. In addition to the common inguinal hernias, both direct and indirect, there is also an inguinal hernia sac containing the appendix (Amyand hernia) the Holthouse hernia just under the skin, the subperitoneal hernia of Kronlein and the infantile Malgaigne hernia [1]. The differences may be slight but the advent of CT now allows a pre-operative diagnosis of each.
An argument for the definition of justice in Plato's Republic (433E6–434A1)

My interpretation of the argument, then, fully generalized, is this: The advantage of this view is that it, unlike that of Vlastos, does not need to supply problematic premisses, such as (S2), in order to render Plato's argument valid. Moreover, I have argued that there is good reason to suppose that a proper reading of Plato's first premiss contains a notion that Vlastos' interpretation had to supply in an additional premiss (S1). One aspect of what I have argued is the correct understanding of Plato's argument does need to be supplied, however, namely, that for one to do one's own one must accomplish one's beneficent aims. Although it is true that Plato only talks of the rulers' aims in the law courts, I think there is good reason to supply the accomplishment condition, for without it, Plato leaves open two possibilities that would embarass his view. First, without this added condition, we could have a case where A did his own with reference to B and C, yet B and C did not have their own as a result of A 's action. Secondly, there could be a case where A did his own, and B and C had their own as a result of A's doing something, yet B and C would not have their own as a result of A's doing his own with reference to B and C.The reason Plato does not consider these problems, I think, is because he would not have considered cases in which his rulers had beneficent aims, but were ineffective in achieving them purposefully. The guarantee of justice in Plato's just state is that it would be administrated by rulers who are both utterly beneficent and utterly efficient. Under these conditions, all will have their own, for all will do their own. This implication, I have argued, is all we need to protect Plato's utopian state from the potential for πλeoνeξία, and it is all we need to provide a valid reading of the argument from 433E6–434A1.
Priming effects and recognition memory in young and elderly adults.

Abstract The present study explores the effects of age on the priming of alternate homophone spellings and recognition memory. Sixteen young and sixteen elderly adults were given a general information test, a spelling test, and a test of recognition memory. By embedding the less frequently spelled member of different homophone units (e.g., write vs. right) in the general information questions, certain of the homophones were primed during this task. The effect of this priming was assessed through the subjects' choice of spelling for these words on the spelling test. Recognition memory was assessed by asking subjects to indicate which words from a longer list were presented during the spelling test. As found in prior research priming effects were observed in younger subjects; however, no significant priming effects occurred in the older age group. On the recognition test, homophones were more often correctly recognized than nonhomophones, and priming affected the scores of the young negatively, but had no e...
The coordination of eye and head movement during smooth pursuit

Eye and head movements during tracking of a smoothly moving visual target were recorded in trained monkeys. The head movement clearly followed the target, although with considerable variability from cycle to cycle. The eye stayed relatively near the primary position and moved in an apparently irregular fashion; however, the sum of eye and head, or gaze, remained accurately on target despite the irregularity of the individual eye and head movements. When compared with tracking with head fixed, head free tracking was not measurably different in accuracy. Further experiments were performed which demonstrated a role for the vestibular system in coordinating eye and head during smooth pursuit. The results of these experiments can be best explained by postulating an internal smooth pursuit command driving both eye and head movements. In the case of the eye movement, this smooth pursuit command is combined with vestibular feedback from head movement before being forwarded to eye movement centers.
Characterization and Application of a Radioimmunoassay for Reduced, Carboxymethylated Human Luteinizing Hormone α-Subunit

We have established a double antibody RIA using a rabbit antiserum prepared against reduced, carboxymethylated (RCXM) human LH α-subunit, with RCXM-α as tracer and standard. This antiserum did not cross-react with any native gonadotropins or subunit, and reacted only weakly with RCXM-α. A tryptic digest of RCXM α-subunit was completely reactive, while chymotryptic digestion abolished all immunoreactivity. By testing with separate tryptic fragments, the recognition site could be localized to a segment close to the amino-terminus of the peptide chain. When applied to measurement of serum and urine, an immunoreactive species, parallel to RCXM α-subunit by serial dilution, was found in concentrations of 1–2 ng/ml in serum and 3–4 ng/ml in urine. Similar levels of the immunoreactive component were found in conditions of elevated gonac otropins (e.g. pregnancy) as well as gonadotropin deficiency (panhypopituitarism and Kallmann's syndrome). After stimulation with LHRH, no rise was noted at times up to 6 h despi...
Biochemistry in Relation to Dermatology in The Past 25 Years

Great progress has been made during the past 25 years in biochemical studies and similar progress has been made in investigative dermatology. The progress originally depended upon the development of a group of leaders who won support for research endeavors, and in the future its continuation will depend upon support for basic research in clinical departments. Current studies on melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptors, the role of filaments in pigment cells, and the role of cyclic AMP in melanocytes are reviewed.
Units and class groups in cyclotomic function fields

Abstract A unit index-class number formula is proven for “cyclotomic function fields” in analogy with similar results in cyclotomic number fields. The main theorem generalizes to arbitrary modules work done earlier for prime power modules.
Reflection and transmission of plane unbounded electromagnetic waves at an absorbing-nonabsorbing interface with numerical calculations for an ocean-air interface.

The problem of how plane unbounded electromagnetic waves in an absorbing medium are reflected and transmitted at an interface between an absorbing medium and a nonabsorbing medium is a problem of much current interest. In this paper, we will present a Maxwellian boundary-type solution to this problem in which the forms of the E and H components are determined from Maxwell’s equations and the boundary conditions, and the radiant fluxes, represented by the Poynting vector, evaluated in both media. From these radiant fluxes, it is possible to determine the forms of the radiant flux flow lines and to see how the propagation characteristics differ in the two media. In the second medium, we again find, as in total internal reflection [ A. I. Mahan C. V. Bitterli , Appl. Opt.17, 509 ( 1978)], that inhomogeneous nontransverse waves appear, whose planes of constant phase are normal to the refracted rays and whose planes of constant amplitude are parallel to these refracted rays. Because of these inhomogeneous waves, the second medium, although nonabsorbing under more familiar conditions, now exhibits refractive indices and absorption coefficients, which are functions of the more conventional optical constants and the angle of incidence, and new laws for reflection and transmission appear along the interface for both polarizations. These equations have been applied specifically to an ocean–air interface for a frequency of 100 Hz, and extensive calculations were carried out in which the radiant fluxes and their associated radiant flux flow line forms were determined along the interface and at other points outside the interface for both polarizations under steady state, time changing, and time average conditions. The radiant flux flow lines in the air above the ocean take the forms of up and over radiant fluxes, some of which are trapped above the interface and the remaining flow lines come out of the interface and return to the interface. These ideas are extensions of our earlier work on total internal reflection and show how the radiant fluxes and their associated flow lines in the second medium can be changed markedly by simply making the incident medium absorbing.
Evidence for the preferential localization of glutamate receptor-1 subunits of AMPA receptors to the dendritic spines of medium spiny neurons in rat striatum

Although immunohistochemical studies have typically found the perikarya of striatal projection neurons to be devoid of immunohistochemical labelling for the GluR1 AMPA type glutamate receptor subunit, the striatal neuropil is rich in GluR1 immunolabelling and in situ hybridization histochemistry has indicated the presence of GluR1 message in many striatal neurons. To explore the possibility that GluR1 subunits may be synthesized by many striatal projection neurons, but selectively localized to their dendrites, we have used light-microscopic and electron-microscopic immunohistochemistry in combination with single-cell reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Light-microscopic immunohistochemical studies confirmed the presence of abundant GluR1 immunoreactivity in the striatal neuropil in rats. Perikaryal labelling was restricted to neurons previously identified as parvalbuminergic neurons. Single-cell reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction for individual striatal neurons in rats confirmed that most striatal projection neurons (i.e. containing either or both substance P message or enkephalin message) make GluR1 message. For example, 94% of enkephalin-containing neurons, 75% of substance P-containing neurons, and 87% of enkephalin and substance P co-containing neurons expressed GluR1 messenger RNA. Electron-microscopic immunohistochemistry revealed that GluR1 immunolabelling was prominent in 61% of dendritic spines and 53% of dendritic shafts. While prominent perikaryal GluR1 immunolabelling was observed only in a small population of interneurons, sparse perikaryal GluR1 immunolabelling was found associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, the outer membranes of the mitochondria, and the outer envelope of the nucleus of about 30% of striatal projection neurons (identified by their non-indented nuclei). These results indicate that striatal projection neurons selectively target GluR1 subunits to their spines and dendritic shafts. Our finding has implications for the functioning of striatal projection neurons and for the general issue of whether neurons can control the subcellular localization of glutamate receptors.
A vegetation index based technique for spatial sharpening of thermal imagery

High spatial resolution (∼100 m) thermal infrared band imagery has utility in a variety of applications in environmental monitoring. However, currently such data have limited availability and only at low temporal resolution, while coarser resolution thermal data (∼1000 m) are routinely available, but not as useful for identifying environmental features for many landscapes. An algorithm for sharpening thermal imagery (TsHARP) to higherresolutionstypicallyassociated withthe shorterwavebands(visibleandnear-infrared)usedtocomputevegetation indicesisexaminedoveran extensive corn/soybean production area in central Iowa during a period of rapid crop growth. This algorithm is based on the assumption that a unique relationship between radiometric surface temperature (TR) relationship and vegetation index (VI) exists at multiple resolutions. Four different methods for defining a VI −TR basis function for sharpening were examined, and an optimal form involving a transformation to fractional vegetation cover was identified. The accuracy ofthe high-resolution temperature retrieval was evaluated using aircraft andLandsat thermal imagery, aggregated to simulate native and target resolutions associated with Landsat, MODIS, and GOES short- and longwave datasets. Applying TsHARP to simulated MODISthermalmapsat1-kmresolutionandsharpeningdownto ∼250m(MODISVIresolution)yieldedroot-mean-squareerrors(RMSE)of0.67– 1.35 °C compared to the ‘observed’ temperature fields, directly aggregated to 250 m. Sharpening simulated Landsat thermal maps (60 and 120 m) to Landsat VI resolution (30 m) yielded errors of 1.8–2.4 °C, while sharpening simulated GOES thermal maps from 5 km to 1 km and 250 m yielded RMSEs of 0.98 and 1.97, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential for improving the spatial resolution of thermal-band satellite imagery overthistypeofrainfedagriculturalregion.BycombiningGOESthermaldatawithshortwaveVIdatafrompolarorbiters,thermalimagerywith250m spatial resolution and 15-min temporal resolution can be generated with reasonable accuracy. Further research is required to examine the performance of TsHARP over regions with different climatic and land-use characteristics at local and regional scales. © 2006 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Expression of apoptosis-related proteins in experimental coxsackievirus myocarditis

Objective: The extent to which apoptosis contributes to myocyte cell loss during acute carditic viral infection is unknown. To assess whether apoptosis occurs in acute viral myocarditis, and how it is modulated, we studied mice inoculated with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). Methods: Five CD1 and C3H.HeJ (C3H) mice/group were sacrificed as saline vehicle-injected controls, and at 1, 2, and 3 weeks post-inoculation (p.i.) with 5×106 pfu CVB3. Histopathological status and terminal transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assays quantified inflammation, necrosis and apoptosis in myocardium. Apoptosis-related protein immunoreactivity defined presence and location of Bax, Fas, Fas Ligand (FasL), Bcl-2, interleukin-1β converting enzyme (ICE), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the proto-oncogene p53. Results: Both strains exhibited significant histopathology at all time points. Saline-injected control animals showed no signs of inflammation and no significant difference in apoptosis-related protein immunoreactivity was observed between strains. Myocardial TUNEL-positive cells were exceedingly rare though apoptosis was present in thymic medulla and spleen follicles. Pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, Fas, and FasL were present in all groups though no clear correlation with histopathology was apparent. By contrast, the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 showed mild immunoreactivity in controls, which increased following infection and correlated well with histopathological scores in both strains. Myocardial iNOS immunoreactivity displayed a similar though weaker staining pattern to Bcl-2 over the 3 week study period in both strains. Neither ICE nor p53 immunoreactivity could be demonstrated in myocardium. Conclusion: Thus, despite marked inflammatory activity, myocyte apoptosis is rare in acute CVB3 myocarditis in CD1 and C3H.HeJ mice.
PR‐Set7‐mediated monomethylation of histone H4 lysine 20 at specific genomic regions induces transcriptional repression

Increasing evidence indicates that the post-translational modifications of the histone proteins play critical roles in all eukaryotic DNA-templated processes. To gain further biological insights into two of these modifications, the mono- and trimethylation of histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me1 and H4K20me3), ChIP-chip experiments were performed to identify the precise genomic regions on human chromosomes 21 and 22 occupied by these two modifications. Detailed analysis revealed that H4K20me1 was preferentially enriched within specific genes; most significantly between the first ∼5% and 20% of gene bodies. In contrast, H4K20me3 was preferentially targeted to repetitive elements. Among genes enriched in H4K20me3, the modification was typically targeted to a small region ∼1 kb upstream of transcription start. Our collective findings strongly suggest that H4K20me1 and H4K20me3 are both physically and functionally distinct. We next sought to determine the role of H4K20me1 in transcription since this has been controversial. Following the reduction of PR-Set7/Set8/KMT5a and H4K20me1 in cells by RNAi, all H4K20me1-associated genes analyzed displayed an ∼2-fold increase in gene expression; H4K20me3-associated genes displayed no changes. Similar results were obtained using a catalytically dead dominant negative PR-Set7 indicating that H4K20me1, itself, is essential for the selective transcriptional repression of H4K20me1-associated genes. Furthermore, we determined that the H4K20me1-associated DNA sequences were sufficient to nucleate H4K20me1 and induce repression in vivo. Our findings reveal the molecular mechanisms of a mammalian transcriptional repressive pathway whereby the DNA sequences within specific gene bodies are sufficient to nucleate the monomethylation of H4K20 which, in turn, reduces gene expression by half. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 609–619, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Quantifying non-hardware balance of system costs for photovoltaic installations in the United States using a combined annual expenditure-labor hour productivity approach

This paper presents results from the first U.S. based data collection effort to quantify non-hardware, business process costs for PV systems at the residential and commercial scales, using a bottom-up approach. Annual expenditure and labor hour productivity data are analyzed to benchmark business process costs in the specific areas of: (1) customer acquisition; (2) permitting, inspection, and interconnection; (3) installer labor costs associated with third party financing; and (4) installation labor. Annual cost and labor hour data were collected from 87 installers. After eliminating outliers, the survey sample consists of 75 installers, representing approximately 13% and 4% of 2010 added PV installations at the residential and commercial scales, respectively. Results indicate that business process costs benchmarked in this analysis (including assumed permitting fees) total $1.52/W1 for residential systems (ranging from $0.66/W to $1.66/W between the 20th and 80th percentiles). For commercial systems, the survey results suggest business process costs of $0.99/W for systems &#60;250 kW (ranging from $0.51/W to $1.45/W between the 20th and 80th percentiles), and $0.25/W for systems >250 kW (ranging from $0.17/W to $0.78/W between the 20th and 80th percentiles)2. We conclude that business process costs present significant opportunities for cost reductions.
Hemochromatosis-associated morbidity in the United States: an analysis of the National Hospital Discharge Survey, 1979-1997.

Hemochromatosis-associated morbidity in the United States: An analysis of the National Hospital Discharge Survey, 1979–1997
Authentication without Identification

Many authentication transactions performed today require us to disclose more information than is strictly needed, just for verification purposes. Fortunately, modern cryptography provides us with a way to solve the verification problem without leaking unnecessary personal information. These techniques are fast, secure, and preserve privacy.
Late Onset Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Infants following Use of a Xanthan Gum-Containing Thickening Agent

Adverse event reports submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration suggested a possible association between necrotizing enterocolitis and ingestion of a commercial feed thickener by premature infants. Review in 2011 of 22 cases with exposure revealed a distinct illness pattern.
Can We Measure Prior Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Use? The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions Trial

The objective of this study was to assess: 1) the accuracy of a single self-report question about postmenopausal estrogen use; and 2) the performance and repeated measures agreement of a standardized hormone use interview. Women (n = 863) in the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions Trial (PEPI) completed a self-report baseline questionnaire (BQ) at enrollment and a History of Hormone Use interview (HHU) at the 3-month follow-up visit (HHU3mos). A subsample of 101 women completed a second HHU interview 3 years later (HHU3yrs). As determined by the HHU3mos, 479 (56%) of women had ever used postmenopausal estrogen and 261 (30%) had ever used postmenopausal progestin. The mean number of years since last estrogen or progestin use was 2.2 and 1.3 years, respectively. Overall, there was 95% agreement between self-reported estrogen use on the BQ and the HHU3mos (kappa = 0.91). Using the HHU3mos as the criterion standard, the BQ misclassified 2.3% of women as false positives and 6.3% as false negatives. The average duration of estrogen use in the false-negative classifications was 1.9 years (range: 1-9 years). On the HHU3mos, 39.7% of participants could not recall at least one of the specific details of estrogen use (preparation, dose, route, or starting or stopping year); similar patterns of recall were found for progestin use. Factors associated with discordant reporting of ever-use of ERT (BQ vs. HHU3mos) or incomplete reporting of estrogen/progestin use on the HHU3mos were: route of administration, recency of hormone use, duration of hormone use, and race. Age, years since menopause, education, income, and hysterectomy status were not related to discordant and/or incomplete reporting. Agreement between the HHU3mos and HHU3yrs for ever-use of estrogen was 85.2% (kappa = 0.71). In sum, a single self-report question was adequate to ascertain ever-use of postmenopausal estrogen. When a structured interview form was used, details of postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use were not well remembered. Some features of hormone use and participant characteristics were associated with completeness of recalled hormone use, which suggests the potential for differential misclassification.
Preparation of riboflavin specifically labeled in the 5′‐hydroxymethyl terminus using a vitamin B2‐aldehyde‐forming enzyme from Schizophyllum commune

A method is described for synthesis of riboflavin selectively labeled in the hydrogens at the 5′-hydroxymethyl position. In this method, a vitamin B2-aldehyde-forming enzyme from Schizophyllum commune is used to specifically and completely oxidize the 5′-hydroxymethyl of riboflavin to the 5′-aldehyde. This reaction is monitored spectrophotometrically by the reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol at 600 nm. Appearance of aldehyde product was directly quantitated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Product is extracted from the incubation mixture by phenol after saturation with (NH4)2SO4 and then further purified by benzyl alcohol extraction. The 5′-aldehyde is reduced with appropriately labeled sodium borohydride to yield the vitamin specifically labeled in the 5′-hydroxymethyl group.