cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo Calculation of Resonance Yield Curves and Resonance Energy Determination

Yield curves for the Al/sup 27/(p, gamma )Si/sup 28/ reaction at 992 kev were studied extensively for thick and thin targets. Thick-target curves show a peak a few hundred ev above the resonance energy due to the discrete nature of energy losses suffered by protons as they penetrate the target. Theoretical thick and thin-target yield curves were obtained for this resonance by Monte Carlo calculations. Effects produced by discrete energy losses, by target contamination, and by nonuniform target thickness are investigated. Theoretical fits to experimental data for aluminum indicate that target contamination plays a major role in determining the shape of experimental thick-target yield curves. Experimental thick-target yield curves for the Ni/sup 58/(p, gamma )Cu/sup 59/ resonances af 1424 and 1844 kev exhibit peaks in qualitative agreement with those predicted for other resonances by Monte Carlo calculations. (auth)
Electron-induced weak processes in C 12 and the behavior of the cross section near the maximal angle

Differential cross sections for the reaction ${\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${+}^{12}$C\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{e}{+}^{12}}$B are obtained for the outgoing nucleus for incoming electron energies of 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 GeV near the maximal angle. A kinematic singularity at the maximal angle is investigated and eliminated by the use of a wave packet.
Sexual selection and predator avoidance in an acoustic moth: discriminating females take fewer risks

Sexual activities in both males and females are expected to incur energetic costs and risk. We tested the expectation that females who exhibit a higher level of discrimination of potential mates' signals incur greater risk than females who are relatively indiscriminate by assaying mate choice and predator evasion in an acoustic moth, Achroia grisella. Female A. grisella evaluate males on the basis of their song, only orienting toward males whose ultrasonic songs are delivered at pulse rates above a lower threshold value. Non-flying females also respond negatively, by ceasing all movement, upon hearing ultrasonic pulses delivered at rates below an upper threshold value; this response is assumed to represent evasion of predatory bats, specifically gleaning species. We found that both the lower and upper pulse-rate thresholds varied considerably among individual females and that the upper pulse-rate threshold for defensive response was always equal to or slightly lower than the lower pulse-rate threshold for a mating response. Thus, females who exhibit heightened discrimination of potential mates' signals experience less, not more, predatory risk. This relationship may reflect the evolutionary origin of acoustic sexual communication in A. grisella as a cooption of the ancestral function of hearing in evasion of predatory bats.
An alternate model of CW dye laser intracavity absorption

Abstract A new model is presented for intracavity absorption in a CW multimode dye laser based on the similarity between the laser and a self-quenched super- regenerative oscillator. The model suggest that the primary interaction mechanism between the atomic absorber and the laser is through a modification of the background radiation level from which the oscillation builds up. Numerical calculations are carried out leading to a prediction of the spectral line shape to be observed in intracavity absorption as well as the dependence of the signal on absorber density and pump power.
SU-EE-A2-05: A Portal Image Based Quality Assurance Program Using a Commercial Portal Dosimetry Software

Purpose: There is an increasing trend in Radiation Oncology Departments to replace film as a tool for localization hence Medical Physicists increasingly find themselves without access to a film processor. Films are typically used for standard routine quality assurance (QA) of linear accelerators and IMRT commissioning and verifications. The purpose of this work is to develop a QA program using a commercial electronic portalimager(EPID) and commercial portaldosimetry software available on Varian Linear Accelerators.Method and Materials: Using Varian aS500 PortalImager with the PortalDosimetry Calculation (PDC) from Eclipse (commissioned according to manufacturer's recommendations), we perform a series of measurements associated with Linac QA (light‐field coincidence, flatness and symmetry, off‐axis ratios, etc ), IMRT verifications and static and dynamic MLC QA. For light‐filed coincidence we use the gradicule to “mark” the edges of the light field. For flatness and symmetry we determine a “baseline” using a phantom measurement at 10cm depth and establishing a correspondence with the PortalImager measurement. Similar baselines are established for off‐axis ratios and other measurements. Results: We present the results of our QA measurements; analyze their level of difficulty and convenience as compared with the use of film. The QA measurements performed with the portalimager are consistent with the results from our film measurements. The IMRT verifications performed with the EPID are also consistent with the ones performed with our commercial two‐dimensional diode array. We find that after we became familiar with the use of the PortalImager and the software, the QA measurements with the portalimager are adequate and in many cases more convenient than the use of film. Conclusion: An appropriate Linac and IMRT QA program can be developed using the Varian aS500 EPID in combination with the Eclipse PortalDosimetry Calculation.
The Role of Capillarity in the VAPEX Process

Abstract The vapor extraction (VAPEX) process warrants the oil industry attention because of its applicability to recover viscous oil in the cases when steam assisted gravity drainage fails due to the presence of bottom water aquifer, low heat conductivity, thin pay zone, and excessive heat losses to the adjacent formations. Dilution of heavy oil and thus lowering the viscosity, density, interfacial tension, and capillary pressure is regarded as the basic mechanism of the VAPEX process. Although researchers have studied many influencing factors on oil recovery in VAPEX, the effect of capillary pressure has never been studied or understood completely. The objective of this study is to explore the effects of capillary pressure in the VAPEX process by combining experimental results with simulation studies. Extensive experimental studies are conducted in a rectangular transparent visual cell. Grain size distribution and model height are kept constant, while the viscosity of the targeted oil is varied. Capilla...
Optimal seismic design of steel frame buildings based on life cycle cost considerations

A multi-objective optimization procedure is presented for designing steel moment resisting frame buildings within a performance-based seismic design framework. Life cycle costs are considered by treating the initial material costs and lifetime seismic damage costs as two separate objectives. Practical design/construction complexity, important but difficult to be included in initial cost analysis, is taken into due account by a proposed diversity index as another objective. Structural members are selected from a database of commercially available wide flange steel sections. Current seismic design criteria (AISC-LRFD seismic provisions and 1997 NEHRP provisions) are used to check the validity of any design alternative. Seismic performance, in terms of the maximum inter-storey drift ratio, of a code-verified design is evaluated using an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom system obtained through a static pushover analysis of the original multi-degree-of-freedom frame building. A simple genetic algorithm code is used to find a Pareto optimal design set. A numerical example of designing a five-storey perimeter steel frame building is provided using the proposed procedure. It is found that a wide range of valid design alternatives exists, from which a decision maker selects the one that balances different objectives in the most preferred way. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Home intravenous antibiotic therapy (HIVAT): indications, patients and antimicrobial agents

Concern regarding escalating costs of inhospital intravenous (i.v.) antibiotic treatment has stimulated interest in providing i.v. antibiotic therapy in outpatient or home settings (HIVAT). HIVAT should be considered when patients no longer need careful observation and daily nursing care. Successful HIVAT can be accomplished utilizing a team approach emphasizing the respective roles of the physician, pharmacist, nurse and patient. This paper is based on a retrospective review of approximately 1500 patients (19 500 days of HIVAT), treated between 1978 and 1993, in a hospital-based programme. This review addresses which infectious diseases can be treated with HIVAT, with special emphasis on patient and antibiotic selection criteria and the importance of patient monitoring and preliminary data on the outcomes of such therapy.
Survival and allozyme expression in diploid and triploid hybrids between chum, chinook, and coho salmon

Abstract Persistent problems in salmon aquaculture include the mortality of pen-cultured fish due to early maturation of males, the added expense of rearing juveniles of some species in freshwater, and the stress and mortality which can be associated with transferring those same species to sea water. Hybridizations may ameliorate some of these problems, and triploid hybrids frequently survive and growth much better than corresponding diploids. We determined the viabilities and allozyme phenotypes of progeny from diploid and triploid interspecific matings between coho ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ), chum ( O. keta ), and chinook ( O. tshawytscha ) salmon. Allozyme data suggested that coho × chum salmon and chinook × coho salmon matings yielded progeny which were spontaneous gynogens, aneuploids, or possibly incompatible at regulatory loci. Combinations with promising survival included (female parent first) triploid chum × chinook salmon, diploid or triploid coho × chinook salmon, and possibly triploid chinook × coho salmon.
Singlet e-H scattering at intermediate energies

Using Fredholm techniques employing only square-integrable basis functions, elastic $s$- and $p$-wave singlet electron---hydrogen---atom cross sections are calculated for the energy range 10-27 eV, that is, at energies where a continuum of open channels is present. The $s$ and $p$ amplitudes are combined with higher partial-wave amplitudes taken from earlier close-coupling results,to give singlet $e\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{H}$ elastic angular distributions at and above the ionization threshold.
Language dominance in interpersonal deception in computer-mediated communication☆

Dominance is not only a complicated social phenomenon that involves interpersonal dynamics, but also an effective strategy used in various applications such as deception detection, negotiation, and online community. The extensive literature on dominance has primarily focused on the personality traits and socio-biological influence, as well as various nonverbal and paralinguistic behaviors associated with dominance. Nonetheless, language dominance manifested through dynamically acquired linguistic capability and strategies has not been fully investigated. The exploration of language dominance in the context of deception is even rarer. With the increasing use of computer-mediated communication (CMC) in all aspects of modern life, language dominance in CMC has emerged as an important issue. This study examines language dominance in the context of deception via CMC. The experimental results show that deceivers: (1) demonstrate a different trend of language dominance from truthtellers over time; (2) manipulate the level of language dominance by initiating communication with low dominance and gradually increasing the level over the course of interaction, and (3) display higher levels of dominance in terms of some linguistic behaviors than truthtellers. They suggest that in CMC, deceivers not only adjust the level of language dominance more frequently, but also change it more remarkably than truthtellers.
The Fundamental Ribosomal RNA Transcription Initiation Factor-IB (TIF-IB, SL1, Factor D) Binds to the rRNA Core Promoter Primarily by Minor Groove Contacts

Acanthamoeba castellaniitranscription initiation factor-IB (TIF-IB) is the TATA-binding protein-containing transcription factor that binds the rRNA promoter to form the committed complex. Minor groove-specific drugs inhibit TIF-IB binding, with higher concentrations needed to disrupt preformed complexes because of drug exclusion by bound TIF-IB. TIF-IB/DNA interactions were mapped by hydroxyl radical and uranyl nitrate footprinting. TIF-IB contacts four minor grooves in its binding site. TIF-IB and DNA wrap around each other in a right-handed superhelix of high pitch, so the upstream and downstream contacts are on opposite faces of the helix. Dimethyl sulfate protection assays revealed limited contact with a few guanines in the major groove. This detailed analysis suggests significant DNA conformation dependence of the interaction.
RIZ1 is epigenetically inactivated by promoter hypermethylation in thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND. Allelotype studies have suggested that chromosome 1p is frequently lost in thyroid cancers, thus suggesting that there is an important tumor suppressor at this location. RIZ1 (PRDM2), located on 1p36, is a recently described tumor suppressor gene and is a member of the protein methyltransferase superfamily. RIZ1 expression is lost in a variety of tumors, primarily by means of epigenetic mechanisms that involve promoter hypermethylation. METHODS. RIZ1 expression was examined in a panel of thyroid tumor cell lines and primary thyroid tissues (14 normal, 19 benign, and 31 cancerous) by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methylation status of the RIZ1 promoter was studied using bisulfite sequencing and methylation-specific PCR. RESULTS. The authors demonstrated that RIZ1 expression is lost in thyroid tumor cell lines and is also significantly reduced in thyroid carcinomas, when compared with normal thyroid tissues (P < .0001) and benign tumors (P = .0003). The current study results also showed that loss of RIZ1 is mediated by aberrant cytosine methylation of the RIZ1 promoter. One hundred percent of carcinomas were methylated, compared with 33% of normal thyroid tissues (P = .001). RIZ1 mRNA expression was significantly higher (P = .02) in unmethylated (1.22 ± 1.2, mean ± standard deviation [SD]), compared with methylated tissues (0.37 ± 0.42, mean ± SD). Last, treatment with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor led to reactivation of RIZ1 expression in cell lines that had negligible RIZ1 expression at baseline. CONCLUSIONS. The current study suggested an important role for RIZ1 expression in thyroid tumorigenesis and identified a potential novel therapeutic target for tumors unresponsive to other therapies. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Surface Electronic Structure of Si(111)-(7 × 7) Resolved in Real Space

We have obtained the first energy-resolved real-space images of the filled and empty surface states of the Si(111)-(7 × 7) surface, with 3-A lateral resolution. This ability to resolve spatially these surface states with a scanning tunneling microscope depends upon a new method to acquire and separate geometric and electronic information. Our results not only are in good agreement with previous spectroscopic studies but also directly reveal the atomic location and geometric origin of the Si(111)- (7 × 7) surface states.
Homocysteine-thiolactone and S-nitroso-homocysteine mediate incorporation of homocysteine into protein in humans.

Indirect pathways, involving homocysteine (Hcy)-thiolactone and S-nitroso-Hcy, allow incorporation of Hcy into protein. Hcy-thiolactone, synthesized by methionyl-tRNA synthetase in all organisms investigated, including human, modifies proteins post-translationally by forming adducts in which Hcy is linked by amide bonds to e-amino group of protein lysine residues. S-Nitroso-Hcy, synthesized in human vascular endothelial cells, is incorporated translationally into peptide bonds in protein at positions normally occupied by methionine. Hcy-N-hemoglobin and Hcy-N-albumin constitute a major pool of Hcy in human blood. Hcy-thiolactone is present in human plasma. Modification with Hcy-thiolactone leads to protein damage. Hcy-thiolactone is detoxified by Hcy-thiolactonase/paraoxonase present in a subset of high-density lipoprotein particles in humans.
Community Settings as Buffers of Life Stress? Highly Supportive Churches, Mutual Help Groups, and Senior Centers

Examined the stress-buffering potential of community settings in three studies. The first study focused on economic stress among 162 members of three churches, the second on bereavement stress among 80 members of eight mutual help groups for bereaved parents, and the third on bereavement stress among 85 members of six senior centers. In each study, high and low support settings were defined by aggregate measures. For churches and mutual help groups, high life stress individuals reported greater well-being in high support than low support settings while low life stress individuals did not differ across settings. Tangible aid receipt (churches) and friendship development (mutual help groups) contributed to the stress-buffering findings. For senior centers, aggregate setting support was related to well-being in main effect fashion. The implications for inquiry and action at the community setting level of analysis are discussed.
Berlin's Failed Bid to Host the 2000 Summer Olympic Games: Urban Development and the Improvement of Sports Facilities

Recently scholars have become interested in how the Olympic Games can create a positive legacy for the cities that host them. These benefits often include state-of-the-art sports facilities, improved transportation infrastructure and beautification projects, such as the creation of parks. Stimulated by the Olympic Games, cities may embark on large-scale urban development projects that may otherwise not be carried out or would be carried out on a much more limited scale. As cities now compete for hosting the Olympic Games, they often try to gain an advantage over other candidate cities by starting some of the projects before submitting their bid documents. Therefore, even an unsuccessful bid may arguably be beneficial. In this article, I describe Berlin's planning goals and overall concept for the 2000 Summer Olympics, as well as the individual projects that were planned. I then discuss why some of these projects have been realized despite the failed bid, while others were abandoned. I argue that the bid provided a stimulus for the improvement of some sports facilities in Berlin because these projects complemented wider planning goals, while other projects were eventually carried out due to other landmark events, such as the move of the federal government to the city. Resume Des etudes se sont interessees recemment a la facon dont les Jeux olympiques peuvent laisser un heritage positif dans leurs villes d'accueil. Ces atouts comptent souvent des installations sportives ultramodernes, une amelioration des infrastructures de transport et des projets d'embellissement, telle la creation de parcs. Sous l'impulsion des J.O., des villes se lancent parfois dans de vastes projets d'urbanisme qui, sinon, n'auraient pas existe ou auraient ete realises a une echelle bien plus modeste. Desormais, etant donnee la competition entre les villes candidates, celles-ci tentent souvent de prendre le pas sur leurs concurrentes en demarrant certains projets avant meme le depot de leur dossier. En consequence, meme une candidature rejetee peut, d'une certaine maniere, etre profitable. Cet article decrit les objectifs d'amenagement et le concept d'ensemble proposes par Berlin pour les J.O. d'ete de 2000, ainsi que les differents projets prevus. Il analyse ensuite pourquoi certains de ces projets ont vu le jour malgre le refus du dossier, d'autres etant abandonnes. La candidature a procure l'elan necessaire a une amelioration d'installations sportives berlinoises, car ces projets venaient en complement d'objectifs d'amenagement plus larges; par ailleurs, d'autres projets ont finalement abouti dans le cadre d'autres grands evenements, comme le transfert du gouvernement federal a Berlin.
Histamine Release From Human Lung by a Component of Cotton Bracts

Tyrode-soluble extracts of cotton bracts, pericarps, and fibers, and compound 48/80 were tested for their capacity to release histamine in vitro from chopped human autopsy lung. Average total histamine was 12.61 μg/gm (N = 25). Average histamine released nonspecifically (control), with bracts extract or with compound 48/80 was, respectively, 1.72 (N = 25), 0.47 (N = 8), 4.17 (N = 25) micrograms per gram of lung per 30 minutes. No release was obtained from extracts of pericarps or fibers. Bracts extract contained a steam volatile component that released an average of 1.20 (N = 9) micrograms histamine per gram of lung at 30 minutes. This component had similar physicochemical behavior to methyl piperonylate. Synthetic methyl piperonylate released histamine from chopped human lung when incubated at 5 × 10-11 to 5 × 10-5M. The optimum concentration was 5 × 10-8M when the average release of histamine was 1.35 (N = 4) micrograms per gram of lung per 30 minutes. Histamine release by methyl piperonylate was stimul...
A naturalistic study of school children's private speech in an academic problem-solving task

Private speech emitted by 25 first-grade children during an academic problem-solving task was investigated. Each child was videotaped twice while individually completing both a hard and an easy version of a fill-in-the-blank sentence reading and writing assignment and while wearing a wireless microphone. The coding system developed for this study coded speech by function, temporal order in relation to the motor act of writing, and to whose behavior the speech referred. Coded speech was correlated with standardized measures of cognitive ability. Although the pre-ponderance of speech occurred prior to the motor act associated with it, few self-instructional strategies were used. Lower IQ children, who were also less successful in the tasks, employed the same number of self-instructions as high IQ students. The only form of self-instruction used more frequently by high IQ children was phonetic reading, a directly trained strategy. These findings question the efficacy of self-instructional training for this type of task.
Optical parameters of euphausiid eyes as a function of habitat depth

The relationships between habitat depth, eye diameter relative to body length, and the dimensions of rhabdoms and crystalline cones have been examined for 13 species of three oceanic euphausiid genera with habitats ranging from near-surface waters to the deep-sea. Rate of eye growth decreases with depth. Longer rhabdoms may increase the visual sensitivity to point and extended light sources by an eye of a particular size with depth. Larger interommatidial angles suggest that visual acuity decreases at depth. Depth-related changes in euphausiid eyes are considered with respect to the probable roles of vision and bioluminescence in the deep-sea. Unusual features of the eyes of several species are described.
Vitamins A & D inhibit the growth of mycobacteria in radiometric culture.

Background: The role of vitamins in the combat of disease is usually conceptualized as acting by modulating the immune response of an infected, eukaryotic host. We hypothesized that some vitamins may directly influence the growth of prokaryotes, particularly mycobacteria. Methods: The effect of four fat-soluble vitamins was studied in radiometric BactecH culture. The vitamins were A (including a precursor and three metabolites,) D, E and K. We evaluated eight strains of three mycobacterial species (four of M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), two of M. avium and two of M. tb. complex). Principal Findings: Vitamins A and D cause dose-dependent inhibition of all three mycobacterial species studied. Vitamin A is consistently more inhibitory than vitamin D. The vitamin A precursor, b-carotene, is not inhibitory, whereas three vitamin A metabolites cause inhibition. Vitamin K has no effect. Vitamin E causes negligible inhibition in a single strain. Significance: We show that vitamin A, its metabolites Retinyl acetate, Retinoic acid and 13-cis Retinoic acid and vitamin D directly inhibit mycobacterial growth in culture. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that complementing the immune response of multicellular organisms, vitamins A and D may have heretofore unproven, unrecognized, independent and probable synergistic, direct antimycobacterial inhibitory activity.
Estimating Sturgeon Abundance in the Carolinas Using Side-Scan Sonar

AbstractSturgeons (Acipenseridae) are one of the most threatened taxa worldwide, including species in North Carolina and South Carolina. Populations of Atlantic Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus in the Carolinas have been significantly reduced from historical levels by a combination of intense fishing and habitat loss. There is a need for estimates of current abundance, to describe status, and for estimates of historical abundance in order to provide realistic recovery goals. In this study we used N-mixture and distance models with data acquired from side-scan sonar surveys to estimate abundance of sturgeon in six major sturgeon rivers in North Carolina and South Carolina. Estimated abundances of sturgeon greater than 1 m TL in the Carolina distinct population segment (DPS) were 2,031 using the count model and 1,912 via the distance model. The Pee Dee River had the highest overall abundance of any river at 1,944 (count model) or 1,823 (distance model). These estimates do not account for sturgeon less than 1 m...
T2 mapping of the heart with a double-inversion radial fast spin-echo method with indirect echo compensation

Background The abnormal signal intensity in cardiac T2-weighted images is associated with various pathologies including myocardial edema. However, the assessment of pathologies based on signal intensity is affected by the acquisition parameters and the sensitivities of the receiver coils. T2 mapping has been proposed to overcome limitations of T2-weighted imaging, but most methods are limited in spatial and/or temporal resolution. Here we present and evaluate a double inversion recovery radial fast spin-echo (DIR-RADFSE) technique that yields data with high spatiotemporal resolution for cardiac T2 mapping.
GEOTHERMAL METHODS OF ESTIMATING THE AGE OF THE EARTH.

Tables are given by means of which the temperatures in a homogeneous radioactive and non‐radioactive earth, subject to a constant temperature at the surface, can be calculated rigorously with a minimum amount of labor. The rigorous calculations lead to some unexpected results. Among them is the fact that a temperature of 76000°C. at the center of the earth is consistent with observed temperature gradients and that melting of the rocks at a depth of 500 kilometers is a possible result of radioactive heat.
Staphylococcus-associated abortions in ewes with long-term central venous catheterization.

Forty-two ewes had an intravenous catheter sewn in place in a prepared area over the jugular vein and beginning at 60 days of gestation received an infusion 3 times daily. The infusion consisted of...
Secondary follicle growth and oocyte maturation during encapsulated three-dimensional culture in rhesus monkeys: effects of gonadotrophins, oxygen and fetuin

background: An alginate-based matrix supports the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of non-human primate follicles and, in the presence of FSH, permits the in vitro development of pre-antral follicles to the small antral stage, including the production of ovarian steroids and paracrine factors. The current study investigated the ability of gonadotrophins, fetuin and oxygen (O2) to improve primate follicle growth and oocyte maturation in vitro. methods: Macaque secondary follicles were isolated from the early follicular phase ovaries, encapsulated in a sodium alginate matrix and cultured individually for 40 days in supplemented medium. The effects of recombinant human (rh) FSH (15, 3 and 0.3 ng/ml for high, medium and low FSH, respectively), bovine fetuin (1 or 0 mg/ml) and O2 (5 or 20% v/v) were examined. Half of the follicles in each culture condition received rhLH on Day 30 –40. Follicles that reached antral stage were treated with rh chorionic gonadotrophin for 34 h to initiate oocyte
Communication-aware surveillance in mobile sensor networks

In this paper, we consider a surveillance problem, where a number of mobile nodes are tasked with surveying an area for the possible presence of stationary targets and reporting their findings back to a fixed base station, in the presence of realistic fading communication channels. We develop a mathematical framework for robust communication-aware surveillance, in order to survey the environment efficiently while maximizing the probability of connectivity of the nodes to the base station at all the time. More specifically, we show how to design local motion planning strategies that properly integrate both sensing and communication goals. By using Chernoff bound on the probability of detection error, we prove that the motion planning objective can be separated into a sensing function that maximizes the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between the maximum uncertainty state and the current one, and a communication function, that maximizes the probability of being connected. The resulting motion trajectories provide the right balance between sensing and communication objectives and demonstrate interesting tradeoffs. Our simulation results then show the performance of our proposed communication-aware surveillance framework.
Starch gel electrophoresis of cobra and rattlesnake venoms.

The effect of pH on gradient starch gel electrophoresis of the venoms of Crotalus adamanteus and Naja flava has been examined. Sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.1, ionic strength 0.020, appeared most eff...
Lessons Learned during the Development of HumaPen® Memoir™, an Insulin Pen with a Memory Feature:

Insulin pens are developed to address specific needs of diabetes patients for their pens, such as ease of use, portability, and discreetness. Like many consumer-based products, the development of insulin pens can pose significant challenges to the development team in that they must balance substantial accuracy requirements with aesthetic desires. The HumaPen® Memoir™ team learned valuable lessons throughout the development process that may be worth highlighting. A keen understanding of the unmet needs of the patient population and a skillfully planned product generation map are critical to successful device development. A development team must decide whether to use a Quality Functional Deployment or system engineering-based development plan and, additionally, recognize where proof of concept ends and product development begins to maintain a strict timeline for the project. A proficiency in understanding and managing technical risk is critical to ensure a timely and high-quality product launch to the marke...
Clinical documentation: composition or synthesis?

Objective To understand the nature of emerging electronic documentation practices, disconnects between documentation workflows and computing systems designed to support them, and ways to improve the design of electronic documentation systems. Materials and methods Time-and-motion study of resident physicians' note-writing practices using a commercial electronic health record system that includes an electronic documentation module. The study was conducted in the general medicine unit of a large academic hospital. Results During the study, 96 note-writing sessions by 11 resident physicians, resulting in close to 100 h of observations were seen. Seven of the 10 most common transitions between activities during note composition were between documenting, and gathering and reviewing patient data, and updating the plan of care. Discussion The high frequency of transitions seen in the study suggested that clinical documentation is fundamentally a synthesis activity, in which clinicians review available patient data and summarize their impressions and judgments. At the same time, most electronic health record systems are optimized to support documentation as uninterrupted composition. This mismatch leads to fragmentation in clinical work, and results in inefficiencies and workarounds. In contrast, we propose that documentation can be best supported with tools that facilitate data exploration and search for relevant information, selective reading and annotation, and composition of a note as a temporal structure. Conclusions Time-and-motion study of clinicians' electronic documentation practices revealed a high level of fragmentation of documentation activities and frequent task transitions. Treating documentation as synthesis rather than composition suggests new possibilities for supporting it more effectively with electronic systems.
A Case of Ramsay Hunt-Like Syndrome Caused by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2

We report an immunocompetent patient with recurrent auricular and facial vesicles associated with painful paresthesias and facial paralysis, consistent with Ramsay Hunt syndrome, due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2. Clinical and laboratory-proven acyclovir resistance developed during therapy. Immunologic assays revealed normal reactivity to HSV-2.
Cheaters divide and conquer.

Three ‘killer genes’ in one species of fission yeast act selfishly and keep it reproductively isolated from a closely related species.
Where the big money is

Someone once told the author that toy manufacturers had greater influence over computer design than computer scientists and this is true-the really big bucks are in consumer software products (about $90 billion per year), not information processing ($30-40 billion), client/server software (a few billion), scientific computing (maybe $2 billion), or multimedia (tens of billions). The author discusses the reasons for this and makes some predictions about the future of the computing industry. >
VMAT-Mediated changes in quantal size and vesicular volume

It has been well established that the volume of secretory vesicles can be modulated. However, we present the first data demonstrating that the amount of transmitter in a vesicle can regulate its volume. Amperometry and transmission electron microscopy have been used to determine that l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and reserpine increase and decrease, respectively, the volume of single pheochromocytoma cell vesicles as well as their catecholamine content. Because changes in vesicular catecholamine content are tracked by changes in vesicle volume, our results indicate that when quantal size is altered via the vesicular monoamine transporter the concentration of catecholamines within the vesicles remains relatively constant. This previously unidentified cellular response provides new insight into how catecholamines can be packaged in and released from secretory vesicles.
Changing Times: Findings From the First Longitudinal Study of Later High School Start Times

In the early 1990s, medical research found that teenagers have biologically different sleep and wake patterns than the preadolescent or adult population. On the basis of that information, in 1997 the seven comprehensive high schools in the Minneapolis Public School District shifted the school start time from 7:15 a.m. to 8:40 a.m. This article examines that change, finding significant benefits such as improved attendance and enrollment rates, less sleeping in class, and less student-reported depression. Policy implications are briefly discussed, acknowledging this to be a highly charged issue in school districts across the United States. Recent research information about the sleep needs of adolescents and the influence of sleep on learning and behavior has captured the attention of school districts across the United States. Physicians, parents, school board members, and others are asking school administrators and policymakers to acknowledge the medical evidence about the biological sleep patterns of teenagers and to adjust school schedules accordingly. The discussions and debates have been intense because this is a multifaceted issue. School administrators are being asked to weigh the factual information about the biology of adolescents’ sleep patterns against the competing demands of teachers’ work preferences, athletic and afterschool activity schedules, and bus transportation schedules. This article presents findings from a 4-year study in a large, urban school district that altered high school start times significantly from 7:15 a.m. to 8:40 a.m. This change affected more than 12,000 secondary students within a total K‐12 population of nearly 51,000 students. Theoretical Perspectives
Host-Finding and Ovipositional-Boring Responses of Apple Maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Different Apple Genotypes

Abstract We studied relationships between adult apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), and apple genotypes in the field and laboratory by counting male and female flies trapped on unbaited sticky red spheres and by counting fruit punctures in choice tests. Six apple genotypes were chosen for both field and laboratory tests grouped into three categories of phenological development (early, mid, and late ripening). In the field, where comparisons were made over a 2-yr period in five commercial orchards, apple maggot trap captures tended to be aggregated on trees of certain genotypes rather than uniformly distributed. For early ripening genotypes, traps on Jersey Mac accumulated moderately high to high numbers of apple maggot during early and mid-season, whereas traps on Paula Red accumulated few flies during both periods. For mid-ripening genotypes, traps on Gala accumulated high numbers of apple maggot during early, mid-, and late season, whereas traps on McIntosh accumulated comparatively small number...
Cognitive Human Performance Modeling by Demonstration

Cognitive human performance models have enjoyed a rich history in human-computer interaction but have yet to make a widespread impact in system design, possibly because they are difficult to construct. We employed user-centered design techniques to develop a new tool that is easier to use than previous methods or tools. CogTool combines a familiar method of prototyping, modeling by demonstration, and the ACT-R cognitive architecture to enable user interface designers to make valid human performance models with little effort.
Effect of 2-Mercaptoethanol on Rabbit Pancreas Isoantibodies.∗:

SummarySucrose density gradient ultra-centrifugation has shown that anti-rabbit pancreas rabbit isoantibodies could be classed with the 7S globulins. In agar electrophore-sis, the anti-rabbit pancreas rabbit antibody had a mobility of γ1 globulin. These antibodies were sensitive to reduction by 0.1 M mercaptoethanol. Reduction with mercaptoethanol and alkylation with iodoacetamide did not alter their sedimentation coefficient or precipitability by goat antiserum. There was, however, a total loss of complement fixation ability, and marked reduction in both passive cutaneous anaphylactic and precipitating abilities. The degree of reduction of these two abilities seemed to depend upon the height of the titer before treatment. The greater the titer, the more residual antibody after reduction. Naturally occurring antibodies to gastrointestinal mucosa also sedimented as 7S globulin and were inactivated by mercaptoethanol. 7S antibody to bovine serum albumin was mercaptoethanol resistant.
Minority Stress in the Context of Rural Economic Hardship: One Lesbian Mother's Story

ABSTRACTIn this article, we use case study methodology to provide a detailed description of the life of Lucy, a single, lesbian mother living in a rural community on a low income. Using the lens of stigma and minority stress theory (Meyer, 2003), we highlight the ways in which sexual-minority stress interacts with other life stressors, and analyze how they affect health and well-being. Four main themes emerged to describe Lucy's understanding of these stress processes: the intersection of her identities as a local, lesbian mother; the portability or mobility of these identities; conflicting messages of support and hostility; and the permanent or transitory nature of her stress. We contribute to the literature by examining the tenets of Meyer's original minority stress model and extending its theoretical applications.
Use of a Predator, Podisus maculiventris, to Distribute Virus and Initiate Epizootics

Laboratory and field cage studies established that surface-contaminated Podisus Maculiventris (Say) can effectively transmit a Trichoplusia ni single-embedded nuclear polyhedrosis virus to plant surfaces for at least 1 week and thus initiate disease in the cabbage looper, T. ni (Hubner). Leaf discs sequentially exposed for 24-h intervals to virus-contaiminated P. maculiventris were bioassayed with cabbage looper larvae to determine presence of virus, and the resulting mortalities were: day 1, 100%; day 3,96%; day 5, 80%; day 8, 65%; day 11, 50%; and day 14, 19%. Virus-contaminated P. maculiventris were released in field cages containing populations of cabbage loopers; virus infections of the looper populations were initiated, and within 3 to 4 weeks, epizootics gave a high level of population suppression.
Cooperative Geolocation with UAVs Under Communication Constraints

Cooperative tracking of a ground target using camera measurements on SeaScan UAVs with periodic access to inter-vehicle communication is considered. The optimal solution to the communication limited estimation problem for systems with known measurement equations and statistics is derived and insight from this solution is used to develop two new methods. These methods attempt to approximate the information matrix updates to be communicated. The first method uses a piecewise constant approximation to the information matrix updates and the second method estimates the information matrix updates to be shared directly from estimates of the cooperating UAV states. These new methods are evaluated using flight test data and show tracking accuracy comparable to the full communication accuracy even with a drastic reduction in communication.
Managing School Integration and White Flight: The Debate over Chicago’s Future in the 1960s

This article explores the policy conversation and efforts around school integration in Chicago during the 1960s. It analyzes how a conversation that originated in demands for equality for black stu...
Analysis on drug-resistance of Staphylococcus aureus causing infection in children

Objective To realize the drug-resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in infected children and clindamycin resistance induced by erythromycin.Methods Staphylococcus aureus were collected from patients who were hospitalized between January 2005 and December 2007,2 086 strains were isolated from children with impetigo herpetiformis in department of dermatology and 158 strains were from children without impetigo herpetiformis in the other departments,analysis was made on antimicrobial susceptibility tests of the above strains against 13 kinds of antimicrobial agents performed with Kirby-Bauer methods,drug-resistant phenotype of clindamycin induced by erythromycin was detected by D-test.Results The drug-resistant rates of 2 086 strains of Staphylococcus aureus causing impetigo herpetiformis to penicillin,erythromycin and clindamycin were high,which were 96.2%,83.2% and 61.9% respectively,but drug-resistant rates to the other antimicrobial agents were low(0~6.2%);27 strains(1.29%)were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA).The drug-resistant rates of Staphylococcus aureus causing non-impetigo herpetiformis infection against penicillin,erythromycin and clindamycin were 97.5%,56.9% and 32.9% respectively,drug-resistant rates to cephalosporins were 14.6%~27.3%,drug-resistant rates against the other antimicrobial agents were all5%;28 strains(17.72%)were MRSA,432 strains were erythromycin-resistant but clindamycin-sensitive,232 strains were positive in inducible test,53.70% strains were clindamycin-resistant strains induced by erythromycin.Conclusion The detection rate of MRSA was low in children with impetigo herpetiformis but high in non-impetigo herpetiformis infection,both were highly resistant to penicillins,macrolides and lincosamides,but the resistant rates to the other antimicrobial agents were low.The detection of D-test to determine the phenotype of lincomycin induced by erythromycin can help clinicians to use macrolides,lincosamides and streptogramin correctly.
Women and Family in Contemporary Japan

Japanese women, singled out for their commitment to the role of housewife and mother, are now postponing marriage and bearing fewer children. Japan has become one of the least fertile and fastest aging countries in the world. Why are so many Japanese women opting out of family life? To answer this question, the author draws on in-depth interviews and extensive survey data to examine Japanese mothers' perspectives and experiences of marriage, parenting, and family life. The goal is to understand how, as introspective, self-aware individuals, these women interpret and respond to the barriers and opportunities afforded within the structural and ideological contexts of contemporary Japan. The findings suggest a need for changes in the structure of the workplace and the education system to provide women with the opportunity to find a fulfilling balance of work and family life.
Antithrombotic and Fibrinolytic Therapy

SUMMARY Antithrombotic therapy with heparin is effective in reducing the incidence of thromboembolic disease when given prophylactically to high-risk patients. Heparin followed by oral antithrombotic therapy is accepted practice for the management of established thromboembolism. Fibrinolytic therapy has been demonstrated to be effective in recanalization of vessels occluded by thrombus, but is contraindicated if the effect of peripheral embolization from the occlusion is likely to result in severe morbidity. 51 The use of heparin and oral antithrombotic drugs is associated with an increased frequency of bleeding, and requires careful clinical and laboratory control, for which the best methods have not yet been determined. Low-molecular-weight preparations of heparin have been shown to have effectiveness when administered once or twice a day, but not to have less risk for hemorrhage than regular heparin. Fibrinolytic therapy is entering a new phase with the conclusion of clinical trials of the newer agents that are associated with a reduced risk of systemic anticoagulation.