cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor-Induced STAT3 Signaling in Myeloid Cells Impairs Dendritic Cell Generation by Decreasing PKCβII Abundance

A major mechanism by which cancers escape control by the immune system is by blocking the differentiation of myeloid cells into dendritic cells (DCs), immunostimulatory cells that activate antitumor T cells. Tumor-dependent activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling in myeloid progenitor cells is thought to cause this block in their differentiation. In addition, a signaling pathway through protein kinase C βII (PKCβII) is essential for the differentiation of myeloid cells into DCs. We found in humans and mice that breast cancer cells substantially decreased the abundance of PKCβII in myeloid progenitor cells through a mechanism involving the enhanced activation of STAT3 signaling by soluble, tumor-derived factors (TDFs). STAT3 bound to previously undescribed negative regulatory elements within the promoter of PRKCB, which encodes PKCβII. We also found a previously undescribed counter-regulatory mechanism through which the activity of PKCβII inhibited tumor-dependent STAT3 signaling by decreasing the abundance of cell surface receptors, such as cytokine and growth factor receptors, that are activated by TDFs. Together, these data suggest that a previously unrecognized cross-talk mechanism between the STAT3 and PKCβII signaling pathways provides the molecular basis for the tumor-induced blockade in the differentiation of myeloid cells, and suggest that enhancing PKCβII activity may be a therapeutic strategy to alleviate cancer-mediated suppression of the immune system.
Decreased critical mixed venous oxygen tension and critical oxygen transport during induced hypothermia in pigs

The effects of hypothermia on oxygen delivery and tolerance to hypoxia were studied in 8 normothermic (36.8°C) and 10 hypothermic (29.3°C) pigs that had been anesthetized and surgically implanted with instruments. Cardiac output (\(\dot Q\)t),\(\dot V\)o2 [oxygen consumption, or\(\dot Q\)t ×\(C(a - \bar v)O_2 \), where\(C(a - \bar v)O_2 \) is arteriovenous oxygen content difference], arterial and mixed venous blood gas values, and lactate concentrations were measured as the animals were made progressively hypoxic. Under control, normoxic conditions, mixed venous oxygen tension (\(P\bar vO_2 \)) was 41.4 ± 2.1 mm Hg (mean ± SE) in the normothermic animals and 26.1 ± 1.6 mm Hg in the hypothermic animals; these values are close to those predicted in our previous theoretical analysis. To study tolerance to hypoxia during hypothermia, critical\(P\bar vO_2 \) and critical total oxygen transport (TOT =\(\dot Q\)t × CaO2, where CaO2 is oxygen content of arterial blood) were determined by decreasing the inspired oxygen concentration (FiO2) in steps and measuring the point where\(\dot V\)o2 and blood lactate levels becamePo2 or TOT dependent. Again as predicted, the critical\(P\bar vO_2 \) was lower in the hypothermic animals (15.5 ± 1.0 mm Hg at 29.3°C compared with 22.0 ± 1.4 mm Hg at 36.8°C), but critical venous oxyhemoglobin saturation values were not statistically different at the two temperatures. Critical TOT was also decreased during hypothermia, as was the margin of reserve in both\(P\bar vO_2 \) and TOT (the difference between the normoxic and the critical values).
Solution of a Riemann problem for elasticity

This paper describes a numerical algorithm for the Riemann solution for nonlinear elasticity. We assume that the material is hyperelastic, which means that the stress-strain relations are given by the specific internal energy. Our results become more explicit under further assumptions: that the material is isotropic and that the Riemann problem is uniaxial. We assume that any umbilical points lie outside the region of physical relevance. Our main conclusion is that the Riemann solution can be obtained by the iterative solution of functional equations (Godunov iterations) each defined in one- or two-dimensional spaces.
Organizations of the Future: Greater Hybridization Coming

The diff erences between public and private organizations have preoccupied the fi eld of public administration almost since its inception, partially because the distinction has had a signifi cant role in defi ning the fi eld (Bozeman 1987, 2007; Dahl and Lindblom 1953; Wamsley and Zald 1973). While public administration scholars have long been engaged in the process of specifying the defi ning characteristics of public organizations, public administration research has also noted and documented the blurring of the public and private sectors (Benn and Gaus 1983; Dahl and Lindblom 1953; Wamsley and Zald 1973). Th e “blurring” is not a function of some opaque atomistic force, but rather may be attributed to a variety of factors in the environment of public organizations. For example, while not actually initiating the involvement of private sector organizations in the production of public services (such activity has been in evidence since the American Revolution), the privatization movement of the 1980s and 1990s served to increase the degree of private organization involvement in the provision of public services in everything from corrections to social services.
The effect of injected cycloheximide on early amphibian development

Cycloheximide is a known inhibitor of cytoribosomal translation. Previously published results indicated that embryos cultured in cyclo-heximide developed only to the midblastula stage. The current study involved injecting one μg of cycloheximide into each developing embryo of Rana pipiens. The three stages selected for the injection were the two-cell, late four-cell, and morula. The embryos stopped developing at the four-cell, sixteen-cell and midblastula stages, respectively. Control embryos injected at the same stages with Holtfreter's solution developed normally. The results would indicate that de novo protein synthesis is necessary, not just at the midblastula stage, but throughout the entire cleavage period. The results are discussed in light of previous investigations.
Identification of Thyroidal Iodoamino Acids by Gel Filtration and Automated 127 I Determination

Hydrolysates of thyroid tissue from 4 patients with diverse thyroid disease have been subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex G-25. Iodide (I-), monoiodotyrosine (MIT), diiodotyrosine (DIT), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4) were determined both by an automated chemical analysis of m I and by 131I counting. Detection of these compounds by 127I analysis reliably reflects their presence in the thyroid gland and under certain circumstances may allow a more accurate evaluation of possible iodotyrosine coupling defects than 131I counting. A portion of the thyroid gland from one of the patients was stored for a prolonged period at −4 C. Gel filtration of a hydrolysate of this stored thyroid tissue gave results similar to those obtained immediately post thyroidectomy. Gel filtration of thyroid hydrolysates offers a simple, reliable and highly reproducible means of separating iodide and the thyroidal iodoamino acids.
Continuous water purification system for Langmuir film studies

Abstract A system for continuous purification of water to make it suitable for use in Langmuir film studies has been designed and implemented in our laboratory. The system incorporates particulate filtration, activated carbon adsorption, deionization by reverse osmosis, and continuous distillation under a nitrogen sweep. Surface tension in excess of 99% of theoretical and resistivity of 18 Megohm-cm at 25°C have been achieved without the use of organic ion exchange resins.
Immigrants and Long-distance Elder Care: An Exploratory Study

In this paper we explored the rationales and the processes among five Ghanaian immigrants residing in two cities in the Mid-Atlantic region of the USA for providing care and support to their older adult relatives in Ghana. Although some of our participants indicated that elder care duties could sometimes be overwhelming, all expressed their willingness and desire to continue to provide care for their older adult relatives. Provision of elder care was viewed as a way to show family solidarity, and a means to demonstrate respect and appreciation to one’s older adult relatives and others who had provided support in the past. Our findings suggest older adults in Ghana can still rely on their family members who have migrated for care and support.
Using instruction block signatures to counter code injection attacks

With more computing platforms connected to the Internet each day, computer system security has become a critical issue. One of the major security problems is execution of malicious injected code. In this paper we propose new processor extensions that allow execution of trusted instructions only. The proposed extensions verify instruction block signatures in run-time. Signatures are generated during a trusted installation process, using a multiple input signature register (MISR), and stored in an encrypted form. The coefficients of the MISR and the key used for signature encryption are based on a hidden processor key. Signature verification is done in the background, concurrently with program execution, thus reducing negative impact on performance. The preliminary results indicate that the proposed processor extensions will prevent execution of any unauthorized code at a relatively small increase in system complexity and execution time.
Autism Risk Factors: Moving From Epidemiology to Translational Epidemiology

c I n this issue of the Journal, two articles focus on nonspecific risk factors for autism and autism spectrum disorder (ASD)—socioeconomic status (SES) and maternal age. The relation of parental characteristics, including high intelligence, to autism was raised in Leo Kanner’s classic study, “Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact.” Subsequently, it was proposed that children diagnosed with ASDs are overrepresented in families with a higher SES. The findings have been mixed; similar numbers of studies have reported a positive correlation with a higher SES and equivalent numbers have found none. Thus, the issue is not resolved. A 2010 cross-sectional study used data from the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network to identify 8-year-old children with ASD among defined populations. The investigators found a positive correlation with a higher SES, more so in previously ascertained cases, and no SES difference in those with diagnoses of ASD and intellectual disability. Questions persist about whether the association is genuine or, potentially, a consequence of ascertainment bias. If the difference is due is to ascertainment bias, children from lower SES families may not be receiving needed services. If not due to ascertainment bias alone as proposed in this study, further investigation is needed. To address the SES question, Rai et al. carried out a study in Scandinavia where health care is free and assessment services for children with developmental problems are readily available. Their study was a gender-matched, case-control study of children up to age 17 years. The investigators hypothesized that prenatal measurements of a low SES (education, income, occupational status) rather than a high SES would be associated with an increased risk of offspring with an ASD. Indeed, the investigators found that children of parents who were employed in manual occupations and had lower incomes were at higher risk. Parental education, parental ages, comorbid intellectual dis-
Biliary dyskinesia: a surgical disease rarely found outside the United States.

Abstract Background Our objective was to determine if cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia (BD) was performed more commonly in the United States than in 4 comparator countries around the world. Methods Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, we extracted and analyzed data for cholecystectomy from 1991 to 2011 using ICD-9 (International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision) procedure codes. To derive the number of cholecystectomies performed for BD, we used the ICD-9 code 575.8, greater than 80% of which are patients with BD. The same or equivalent code was used for the international comparator group. Through a SURGINET query we obtained data from verifiable national databases in 4 developed countries including the Swedish quality registry for surgical treatments of gallstone-related conditions (GallRiks), the Norwegian Cholecystectomy Registry, the Australian Bureau of Statistics, and the Polish National Health Insurance Agency. Results In the years ranging from 2008 to 2011, the number of cholecystectomies for BD per 1,000,000 population per year was less than 25 in the 4 comparator countries and greater than 85 in the United States ( P P Conclusions These data strongly suggest that cholecystectomy for BD is over utilized in the United States. In addition, this trend continues to increase in frequency.
Finding the common core: evidence-based practices, clinically relevant evidence, and core mechanisms of change.

Improving the quality of children’s mental health care can benefit from the adoption of evidence based and evidence informed treatments. However, the promise of moving science into practice is hampered by three core elements that need to be addressed in the current conversation among key stakeholders: (1) expanding our understanding of the clinical relevance of different types of evidence, (2) emphasizing the identification of core mechanisms of change, and (3) re-conceptualizing what evidence-based practice means. This paper focuses on these elements in an attempt to find a common core among stakeholders that may create opportunities for more inclusive conversation to move the field of children’s mental health care forward.
Conversion of amylose into a (1→4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranuronan and its 2-N-sulfo derivative, a heparin analog

By a modification of a previously established reaction-sequence involving successive oxidation with methyl sulfoxide-acetic anhydride, oximation, and reduction with lithium aluminum hydride, 6-O-tritylamylose (1) was converted into a 6-O-tritylated (1→4)-α-D-linked glucan (3) containing 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose residues and some O-(methylthio)methyl groups. Removal of the ether groups from this product gave a 2-aminated amylose (4) of degree of substitution (d.s.) by amine of 0.54 that underwent cleavage by fungal alpha-amylase to give oligosaccharides containing amino sugar residues. N-Trifluoroacetylation of 3 followed by removal of the ether groups, oxidation at C-6 with oxygen-platinum, and removal of the N-substituent, gave a (1 →4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranuronan 7 having d.s. by amine of up to 0.65, and by carboxyl, of 0.46. Sulfation of this product with sulfur trioxide-pyridine and then with chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine gave a (1→4)-2-deoxy-2-sulfoamino-α-D-glucopyranuronan, isolated as its sodium salt 8, which showed appreciable blood-anticoagulant activity.
Circadian rhythms in narcolepsy: studies on a 90 minute day

Following a baseline night recording, 8 narcoleptic subjects and 8 sex- and age-matched controls were maintained on a 90 min sleep/wake schedule for 48-72 h. Each cycle consisted of 60 min of enforced wakefulness out of bed, followed by a 30 min "nap" period in which subjects were asked to try and fall asleep. Upon completion of the 90 min sleep/wake protocol, subjects were permitted to sleep ad libitum for 24 h. All sleep periods were monitored polygraphically; in addition, tympanic temperature and subjective sleepiness were recorded during the 90 min sleep/wake schedule. Narcoleptics and controls differed dramatically in their sleep patterns during the 90 min sleep/wake schedule. On average, narcoleptics obtained 2 more hours per day of total sleep time (TST) than did the controls, with REM sleep comprising nearly 2/3 of the incremental sleep time. The two groups did not differ with respect to the amount of slow wave sleep (stage 3 + 4; SWS). The sleep latency rhythms observed in control subjects were markedly diminished in narcoleptics; narcoleptic subjects remained objectively sleepy (i.e., had low sleep latencies) even at times corresponding to maximum alertness in the control subjects. Rhythms in subjective sleepiness and core temperature were, however, robust in both groups. Although TST in narcoleptics exceeded that of controls during the 90 min sleep/wake schedule, narcoleptics did not obtain more sleep than controls during the baseline or recovery periods. These findings suggest that the homeostatic process of sleep regulation is intact in narcoleptics. Moreover, it appears that the circadian clock itself is functioning normally in narcoleptics. An attenuated clock effector mechanism responsible for promoting alertness may, however, explain excessive daytime sleepiness in narcoleptics.
Recursive binary dilation using digital line-structuring elements in arbitrary orientations

Performing morphological operations such as dilation and erosion of binary images, using very long line structuring elements is computationally expensive when performed brute- force following the definitions. In this paper, we present a two-pass algorithm that runs at constant time for obtaining dilations, irrespective of the lengths and orientations of the line structuring elements. We use the concept of orientation error between the continuous line and its discrete counterpart in generating the basic digital line structuring element used in obtaining what we call the dilation transform. To obtain any dilation, we just threshold the dilation transform with a value that is the length of the desired line structuring element. We implemented the algorithm in general image processing system environment on a sun sparc station 10, and tested them on a set of 240 X 250 sized salt and pepper noise images with probability of a pixel being a 1-pixel set to 0.25, for orientations (theta) (epsilon) [ (pi) /2, 3(pi) /2 ] of the normals of the continuous lines, of which the digital line structuring elements are a discretization, and their lengths in the range 5 to 145 pixels. We achieved a speed up of about 50 over the conventional methods when the structuring elements had lengths of 145 pixels. The algorithm ran at a constant time of 200ms. We required only one minimum operation per result pixel.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multiple trace element toxicities in plants

Abstract A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Improved Tendergreen) in solution culture in which elements Cu, Ni and Co were applied at levels high enough to cause stress on the plants. Plants were grown in a Hoagland type solution in 3700 ml containers for 15 days. Solution pH values were near 4.5. Plant parts were washed in 1/10N HCl and deionized water and assayed for minerals by optical emission spectrometry. A concentration of 89 μg Cu/g dry weight for trifoliate leaves resulted in 42% yield reduction and 54 μg Co/g dry weight resulted in 68% yield reduction. The Colby (1968) technique of multiplication of relative yields was used to determine the nature of the multiple trace metal toxicities (additive, synergistic or protective). The combination of excess Cu and Ni resulted in a relative yield of trifoliate leaves of 7% of control. The relative yields of the two trace metals applied separately were 28 and 58% and when multiplied they are 16% which...
A comparison of the energy operator and the Hilbert transform approach to signal and speech demodulation

Abstract The Hilbert transform together with Gabor's analytic signal provides a standard linear integral approach to estimate the amplitude envelope and instantaneous frequency of signals with a combined amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) structure. A recent alternative approach uses a nonlinear differential ‘energy’ operator to track the energy required to generate an AM-FM signal and separate it into amplitude and frequency components. In this paper, we compare these two fundamentally different approaches for demodulation of arbitrary signals and of speech resonances modeled by AM-Fm signals. The comparison is done from several viewpoints: magnitude of estimation errors, computational complexity, and adaptability to instantaneous signal changes. We also propose a refinement of the energy operator approach that uses simple binomial convolutions to smooth the energy signals. This smoothed energy operator is compared to the Hilbert transform on tracking modulations in speech vowel signals, band-pass filtered around their formants. The effects of pitch periodicity and band-pass filtering on both demodulation approaches are examined and an application to formant tracking is presented. The results provide strong evidence that the estimation errors of the smoothed energy operator approach are similar to that of the Hilbert transform approach for speech applications, but smaller for communication applications. In addition, the smoothed energy operator approach has smaller computational complexity and faster adaptation due to its instantaneous nature.
Shooting an elephant.

In George Orwell’s 1936 essay “Shooting an Elephant,” he describes the daunting task, required of him as a young police officer stationed in colonial Burma, of bringing down a rogue bull elephant with a smallcaliber Winchester. In this issue of Annals, Quinn et al1 have taken aim at a no less formidable target, one that conceptually approximates the magnitude and scale of Orwell’s: the derivation of a clinical decision rule predicting short-term outcome among patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with undifferentiated syncope. Stiell and Wells2 have proposed rigorous methodologic standards for the development of clinical decision rules in emergency medicine. Extending and modifying earlier work by Wasson et al3 and Feinstein,4 these authors have suggested 8 criteria against which the methodologic quality of the “derivation phase” in the development of a clinical decision rule can be measured. These include: (1) definition of the main target outcome variable; (2) definition of each predictor variable; (3) assessment of the reliability of each predictor variable; (4) description of patient selection; (5) justification of sample size; (6) reporting of mathematical techniques; (7) assessment of the “sensibility” of the rule; and (8) analysis of the accuracy of the rule’s performance in the derivation set.2 By holding the article by Quinn et al1 up to the bright light of the exacting specifications outlined by Stiell and Wells,2 we can develop a systematic, point-by-point critical appraisal of the methodology used in the derivation of the San Francisco Syncope Rule.1
Synthesis of 7200 small molecules based on a substructural analysis of the histone deacetylase inhibitors trichostatin and trapoxin.

Seventy-two hundred potential inhibitors of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme family, based on a 1,3-dioxane diversity structure, were synthesized on polystyrene macrobeads. The compounds were arrayed for biological assays in a “one bead-one stock solution” format. Metal-chelating functional groups were used to direct the 1,3-dioxanes to HDAC enzymes, which are zinc hydrolases. Representative structures from this library were tested for inhibitory activity and the 1,3-dioxane structure was shown to be compatible with HDAC inhibition.
Chemically activated 1,1‐dimethylcyclopropane from photolysis of isobutene–neopentane–diazomethane–oxygen mixtures

A study of the structural isomerization rate of chemically activated 1,1-dimethylcyclopropane from singlet methylene addition to the double bond of isobutene is reported. Singlet methylenes were produced from the 4358- and 3660-A photolysis of diazomethane in the presence of added oxygen. Theoretical rates calculated via RRKM theory are in excellent agreement with experiment for calculations utilizing activated complex structures and critical energies consistent with known thermal Arrhenius parameters, and excitation energies consistent with previous determinations of ΔH(CH2) + E*(CH2) = 116.1 and 112.6 kcal/mole for diazomethane photolyses at 3660 and 4358 A, respectively.
Performance comparison of IP implementations on ATM networks

ATM is one of the leading high-speed networking technologies which has found wide acceptance in the last few years. In order to allow conventional protocols such as IP to run over ATM, various standards have been defined by the ATM Forum. These standards allow traditional applications such as those using TCP/IP or UDP/IP protocols and those applications running over broadcast networks to run unchanged over ATM networks. In this paper, we compare the performances of two common IP implementations over ATM namely, Classical IP and LANE, using local area ATM network testbeds consisting of DEC Alpha workstations and Intel Pentium machines. All hosts run windows NT 4.0 and are connected to a DEC GIGAswitch/ATM. We use metrics such as application throughput, latency, and CPU usage for comparing performances since they have a direct impact on the Quality of Service that is delivered to end-user applications. In addition, we also explore experimentally the effects of ATM adapters, protocols (TCP or UDP), host architectures, and processor speeds on application performance when using Classical IP and LANE over ATM.
Bootstrap estimation of diagnostic accuracy with patient-clustered data

Rationale and Objectives. The purpose of this study was to describe a simple bootstrap approach for estimating sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for multisite test outcome data. Materials and Methods. The performance of bootstrap estimates was evaluated and compared with that of analytic estimates by using a simulation study. Bootstrapping was demonstrated by using data from a previous study comparing two angiographic methods. Results. Analytic and bootstrap estimates had similar coverage rates for 95% confidence intervals. With many sites per patient, bootstrap estimates had slightly better coverage than analytic estimates. Bootstrap percentile intervals had better coverage than asymptotic normal bootstrap intervals. Conclusion. Bootstrapping is a useful method of estimating confidence intervals for the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity when data are correlated.
Bangladesh Military: Political Institutionalization and Economic Development

As Bangladesh completes 18 years of freedom it will also complete almost 14 years of military government or governments dominated by the military. This chapter examines the praetorian regimes of late President Ziaur Rahman (1975-81 ) and President Hussain Muhammad Ershad (since 1982) who took over the reign of government soon after the assassination of President Zia. Although both leaders used a similar approach their strategies and tactics were different. Zia sought initial support from the military/civilian bureaucracy but dealt harshly with military uprisings during this regime and later reduced resource allocation to the military/civilian bureaucracy channeling more resources to the business groups and rural areas. Ershad on the other hand continues to maintain the support of the military/civilian bureaucracy by providing them with more resources while at the same time seeking rural support. Neither has gained legitimacy although Ziaur Rahman came closer to attaining it.
Identification of a Drosophila activin receptor

Abstract Activins are cytokines of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that control various events during vertebrate embryo development and cell differentiation in the adult, and act through transmembrane receptors that contain a cytoplasmic protein-serine/threonine kinase domain. We describe the identification, deduced primary structure, and expression pattern of Atr-II, a receptor serine/threonine kinase found in Drosophila. With the exception of the spacing of 10 cysteine residues, the extracellular domain of Atr-II is very dissimilar from those of vertebrate activin receptors, yet it binds activin with high affinity and specificity. The kinase domain sequence of Atr-II is 60% identical to those of activin receptors from vertebrates, suggesting similarities in their signaling mechanisms. Maternal Atr-II transcript and its product are abundant in the oocyte. During development, the highest levels of Atr-II transcript and protein are observed in the mesoderm and gut. The possible role of an activin signaling system in Drosophila development is discussed.
Letter Writing as an Intervention in Family Therapy With Adolescents who Engage in Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

Family therapy can be an important component of a comprehensive treatment plan when counseling adolescents who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury. The authors provide a rationale for the use of letter writing as a therapeutic intervention when counseling families in which an adolescent engages in nonsuicidal self-injury. Descriptions of types of therapeutic letters are provided and illustrated in a case example.
Aqueous-phase hydrodeoxygenation of sorbitol with Pt/SiO2―Al2O3: Identification of reaction intermediates

Aqueous-phase hydrodeoxygenation of sugar and sugar-derived molecules can be used to produce a range of alkanes and oxygenates. In this paper, we have identified the reaction intermediates and reaction chemistry for the aqueous-phase hydrodeoxygenation of sorbitol over a bifunctional catalyst (Pt/SiO2–Al2O3) that contains both metal (Pt) and acid (SiO2–Al2O3) sites. A wide variety of reactions occur in this process including CC bond cleavage, CO bond cleavage, and hydrogenation reactions. The key CC bond cleavage reactions include: retro-aldol condensation and decarbonylation, which both occur on metal catalytic sites. Dehydration is the key CO bond cleavage reaction and occurs on acid catalytic sites. Sorbitol initially undergoes dehydration and ring closure to produce cyclic C6 molecules or retro-aldol condensation reactions to produce primarily C3 polyols. Isosorbide is the major final product from sorbitol dehydration. Isosorbide then undergoes ring opening hydrogenation reactions and a dehydration/hydrogenation step to form 1,2,6-hexanetriol. The hexanetriol is then converted into hexanol and hexane by dehydration/hydrogenation. Smaller oxygenates are produced by CC bond cleavage. These smaller oxygenates undergo dehydration/hydrogenation reactions to produce alkanes from C1–C5. The results from this paper suggest that hydrodeoxygenation chemistry can be tuned to make a wide variety of products from biomass-derived oxygenates.
Axial butadiynyl adducts on a tetrakis- (di(m-methoxyphenyl)formamidinato)diruthenium core: first examples of M-M bonded complexes containing sigma-poly-ynyl ligand.

The transmetalation reaction between chlorotetrakis(di(m-methoxyphenyl)formamidinato)diruthenium(II,III) and excess LiC⋮CC⋮CSiMe3 resulted in the concurrent formation of complexes bearing one (1) and two (2) axial C⋮CC⋮CSiMe3 ligands.
Clinician's Commentary on Gibson and Shields(1).

Gibson and Shields' systematic review1 investigates the effectiveness of combining aquatic and land-based rehabilitation programmes following hip and knee arthroplasty relative to land-only rehabilitation. In Australia, it is common practice for people who have undergone total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) to participate in both aquatic and land-based rehabilitation in the acute-care setting; Gibson and Shields aimed to determine whether or not the extra cost of the pool is justified.
Incentive issues in inter-firm relationships☆

Abstract This paper discusses the incentive problems to which buyer-supplier transactions are subject and, by surveying the incentives literature, discusses some of the inter-firm design instruments that can be used to mitigate these problems. Most of the literature discussed is based on the incomplete contracting model, which is better suited to analyzing inter-firm issues. We also discuss some of the managerial accounting issues which are raised by this literature and suggest some managerial accounting issues for further research.
Performance Metrics of a 5 nm, Planar, Top Gate, Carbon Nanotube on Insulator (COI) Transistor

The performance of a planar, 5 nm top gate, carbon nanotube on insulator (COI) field-effect transistor (COIFET) with source/drain underlaps is analyzed. The performance metrics of switching delay time and cutoff frequency are calculated. A 2 nm thick, relatively low-K, SiO 2 gate dielectric combined with a source/drain underlap geometry and insulating substrate minimizes the parasitic gate to source CGS and gate to drain CGD capacitances and results in a 23 fs switching delay time. The simplicity of the device design is required to satisfy the constraints of a self-assembly process. The device analyzed is also a scaled version of recently demonstrated CNTFETs on sapphire
A Novel Catastrophic Presentation of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy

Objective: We report a novel presentation of childhood cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: status epilepticus followed by abrupt and catastrophic neurologic deterioration.
An Unsuspected Lacuna in the Exeter Book: Divorce Proceedings for an Ill-Matched Couple in the Old English Riddles

THE large collection of verse riddles in the Exeter Book provides a reader alternately with poetical excitement, casual amusement, and sheer agonized bewilderment. Sometimes the bewilderment is attributable to the artful deceptions of the riddler and the fact that the compiler has not supplied us with solutions. Sometimes, however, a collaborator in the game of deception is no other than that unceremonious destroyer of men's works known to the Anglo-Saxons as Wyrd seo mcare. A freshly detected instance of her malice in its relatively playful aspect is the occasion for this paper. The edition of the Exeter Book by Krapp and Dobbie offers, as Riddle 70, the following six lines of verse: Wiht is wraetlic ]am be hyre wisan ne conn. Singer ]urh sidan. Is se sweora woh, orsoncum geworht; hafa] eaxle tua scearp on gescyldrum. His gesceapo [dreoget]S be swa wraetlice be wege stonde heah ond hleortorht haele]um to nytte.2
Safeguarding Your Customers: The Guest's View of Hotel Security

A study of 930 hotel guests found relatively high acceptance of certain security measures, along with a willingness to pay extra for some of them. In particular, respondents were favorable to security cameras and requiring photo identification, and they would support having a first-aid kit in every hotel room. Study participants were mixed on more intrusive security efforts, such as metal detectors, visible security guards, and background checks of guests to see whether they have police records. Respondents younger than forty were both more likely to accept stringent security measures and more willing to pay for them. Women were also more supportive of strong security measures than were men, particularly men who are frequent travelers.
Role of hydrophobic interactions in enzyme inhibition by drugs.

The role of hydrophobic interactions in inhibiting the relatively specific enzymatic reactions of five enzyme systems by series of congeneric drugs has been illustrated by the use of substituent constants and regression analysis. The inhibition of lipoxygenase by alcohols, the inhibition of D-amino acid oxidase by maleimides, and the inhibition of hydroxyindole-o-methyltransferase by N-acyltryptamines are found to be linearly dependent on the lipohydrophilic character of the inhibitors (log P or π). The inhibition of carbonic anhydrase by sulfonamides is found to be linearly dependent on the log P and Hammett's σconstant. For monoamine oxidase inhibition by substituted β-carbolines, a parabolic equation of log P gives the most significant correlation. The ideal lipohydrophilic character (log Po) for maximum inhibition is found to be 2.74.
Simultaneous Dynamic Voltage Scaling of Processors and Communication Links in Real-Time Distributed Embedded Systems

Dynamic voltage scaling has been widely acknowledged as a powerful technique for trading off power consumption and delay for processors. Recently, variable-frequency (and variable-voltage) parallel and serial links have also been proposed, which can save link power consumption by exploiting variations in the bandwidth requirement. This provides a new dimension for power optimization in a distributed embedded system connected by a voltage-scalable interconnection network. At the same time, it imposes new challenges for variable-voltage scheduling as well as flow control. First, the variable-voltage scheduling algorithm should be able to trade off the power consumption and delay jointly for both processors and links. Second, for the variable-frequency network, the scheduling algorithm should not only consider the real-time constraints, but should also be consistent with the underlying flow control techniques. In this paper, we address joint dynamic voltage scaling for variable-voltage processors and communication links in such systems. We propose a scheduling algorithm for real-time applications that captures both data flow and control flow information. It performs efficient routing of communication events through multihops, as well as efficient slack allocation among heterogeneous processors and communication links to maximize energy savings, while meeting all real-time constraints. Our experimental study shows that on an average, joint voltage scaling on processors and links can achieve 32% less power compared with voltage scaling on processors alone
Effective and comprehensive solution to traffic grooming and wavelength assignment in SONET/WDM rings

In high-speed SONET/WDM rings, the dominant system cost may be the cost of electronic components, or in other words, the cost of SONET ADMs (S-ADMs). The number of S-ADMs can be dramatically reduced by using wavelength ADMs (WADMs) and grooming traffic (i.e., multiplexing lower rate signals) appropriately. In this paper, we proposed optimal or near- optimal algorithms for traffic grooming and wavelength assignment to reduce both the number of wavelengths and the number of S-ADMs. The algorithms proposed are generic in that they can be applied to both unidirectional and bidirectional rings with an arbitrary number of nodes under both uniform and non-uniform traffic with an arbitrary grooming (multiplexing) factor. Lower bounds on the number of wavelengths and S-ADMs required for a given traffic pattern are derived, and used to determine the optimality of the proposed algorithms. Our study shows that these lower bounds can be closely approached in most cases or even achieved in some cases using the proposed algorithms. In addition, even when using the minimum number of wavelengths, the savings in S-ADMs due to traffic grooming (and the use of WADMs) are significant, especially for large networks.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Theory of Filtration of Ceramics: II, Slip Casting on Radial Surfaces

The theory of filtration of slip casting of incompressible beds of ceramic materials in planar molds is extended to deposition on internal and external cylindrical surfaces. Formulas are developed for (a) calculating the variation of the liquid pressure in both cake and mold as a function of the radius and (b) determining the time to produce a given thickness of a consolidated body. Assuming that the mold permeability Km and capillary suction Pcap are related by an inverse parabolic relation, KmPcap2=J, there is a mold with a specific permeability that produces a maximum rate of deposition from the slip. The theory presented in this paper strictly applies only to incompressible cakes and should be used cautiously with moderately compactible beds. For highly flocculated slurries yielding highly compressible bodies, the equations would not be expected to yield reliable results. Radial geometry leads to mathematical complexities not encountered in analyses of planar molds.
Regional Grey Matter Atrophy in Clinically Isolated Syndromes at Presentation

Background: The presence and degree of neuronal degeneration already existing in patients at their initial presentation with a clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis (CIS) is unclear, and whole brain or whole normalised grey matter analyses have not demonstrated significant atrophy in CIS cohorts at clinical presentation. Voxel-based analyses allow detection of regional atrophy throughout the brain and, therefore, may be sensitive to regional atrophy in CIS patients, and these changes may correspond with clinical disability. Methods: This study used a modified voxel-based morphometry (VBM) method to correct for lesion effects to analyse regional atrophy and perform voxel-wise correlations between volume and clinical metrics in 41 untreated CIS patients at presentation compared with 49 healthy controls. Results: The results confirmed that there was no significant difference in whole normalised grey matter volume between CIS and controls, whereas VBM showed significant areas of bilateral thalamic, hypothalamic, putamen and caudate atrophy. Voxel-wise correlations with clinical measures showed that cerebellar volumes correlated with clinical cerebellar function, nine-hole peg test scores and the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) score, and that the MSFC score was also correlated with putamen volume. Lastly, T1 lesion volumes were found to correlate with thalamic and hippocampal atrophy, suggesting a link between white matter lesions and grey matter degeneration at the earliest stages of multiple sclerosis. Conclusions: Atrophy is present in CIS patients at presentations, particularly in the thalamus, and other deep grey matter structures. Furthermore, the correlations with clinical metrics suggest the importance of this atrophy to clinical status and the correlation with T1 lesion load suggests a possible role of Wallerian degeneration.
Titrating angiotensinogen in salt sensitive hypertension.

About one third of hypertensive humans have the so-called low renin hypertension with suppressed plasma renin activity (PRA) and relatively high circulating aldosterone (ALD) values. Further 5–10% of hypertensive humans, dependent on blood pressure severity, have primary aldosteronism in which PRA is even more suppressed and hypertension is presumed to be solely mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-dependent. Both of these hypertension forms are particularly salt sensitive. The prototype animal model of MR-dependent hypertension is desoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt hypertension. The model is contrived because renal mass is
Computation of the electric and magnetic fields induced in a plasma created by ionization lasting a finite interval of time

S.C. Wilks et al. (1988) showed that when an infinite expanse of gas, carrying a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave, is instantly ionized, the initial wave is frequency upshifted. This phenomenon of frequency upconversion through flash ionization gives rise to steady-state transmitted and reflected electromagnetic waves and to a time-independent magnetic field. The case in which the final state of ionization is achieved not instantly but in a finite turn-on time, 0 >
Apolipoprotein A-II Modulates the Binding and Selective Lipid Uptake of Reconstituted High Density Lipoprotein by Scavenger Receptor BI *

High density lipoprotein (HDL) represents a mixture of particles containing either apoA-I and apoA-II (LpA-I/A-II) or apoA-I without apoA-II (LpA-I). Differences in the function and metabolism of LpA-I and LpA-I/A-II have been reported, and studies in transgenic mice have suggested that apoA-II is pro-atherogenic in contrast to anti-atherogenic apoA-I. The molecular basis for these observations is unclear. The scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) is an HDL receptor that plays a key role in HDL metabolism. In this study we investigated the abilities of apoA-I and apoA-II to mediate SR-BI-specific binding and selective uptake of cholesterol ester using reconstituted HDLs (rHDLs) that were homogeneous in size and apolipoprotein content. Particles were labeled in the protein (with125I) and in the lipid (with [3H]cholesterol ether) components and SR-BI-specific events were analyzed in SR-BI-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. At 1 μg/ml apolipoprotein, SR-BI-mediated cell association of palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine-containing AI-rHDL was significantly greater (3-fold) than that of AI/AII-rHDL, with a lowerKd and a higher Bmax for AI-rHDL as compared with AI/AII-rHDL. Unexpectedly, selective cholesterol ester uptake from AI/AII-rHDL was not compromised compared with AI-rHDL, despite decreased binding. The efficiency of selective cholesterol ester uptake in terms of SR-BI-associated rHDL was 4–5-fold greater for AI/AII-rHDL than AI-rHDL. These results are consistent with a two-step mechanism in which SR-BI binds ligand and then mediates selective cholesterol ester uptake with an efficiency dependent on the composition of the ligand. ApoA-II decreases binding but increases selective uptake. These findings show that apoA-II can exert a significant influence on selective cholesterol ester uptake by SR-BI and may consequently influence the metabolism and function of HDL, as well as the pathway of reverse cholesterol transport.
Use of White Blood Cell Count and Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Differential to Improve the Predictive Value of Ultrasound for Suspected Appendicitis in Children.

Background The objective of this study was to examine the use of WBC count and polymorphonuclear leukocyte differential (PMN%) for improving the predictive value of ultrasound (US) in children with suspected appendicitis. Study Design We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children undergoing US for suspected appendicitis between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2012 at a single children's hospital (n = 845). Negative (NPV) and positive predictive values (PPV) for appendicitis were calculated for common constellations of US findings and compared with and without the use of laboratory thresholds (WBC >9 × 10 3 /μL and PMN% >65% for PPV; WBC ≤9 × 10 3 /μL and PMN% ≤65% for NPV). Results Fifty-one percent of US were considered "equivocal" (ie, appendix incompletely visualized, no primary or secondary signs, or presence of fluid only) and NPV increased significantly for this cohort using laboratory thresholds (41.9% vs 95.8%; p 95% and PPV >95%) on the basis of combined US and laboratory data could have reduced the number of CTs by 27.1% (101 of 373) during the study period. Conclusions The incorporation of WBC count and PMN% can substantially improve the predictive value of US in the diagnosis of suspected appendicitis in children.