cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Properties of La 0.7 Ca 0.3 MnO 3 under extreme tensile strain

The complex phase diagram of manganites with simultaneously active spin, charge, orbital, and lattice degrees of freedom continues providing surprises. In a recent groundbreaking experiment, membranes of the perovskite manganite ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.7}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.3}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ (LCMO) deposited on a flexible polymer layer were strained up to 8% [S. S. Hong et al., Science 368, 71 (2020)], much more than achieved by regular strain induced by a rigid substrate. By increasing this strain, a metal-insulator transition was reported. Here we reproduce the results of the experiments using Monte Carlo simulations of the two-orbital double-exchange model including Jahn-Teller distortions at hole density $x=1/3$. The full phase diagram with varying temperature and Jahn-Teller coupling $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is presented. When the bandwidth $W$ of mobile electrons is reduced, thus when the effective Jahn-Teller coupling $\ensuremath{\lambda}/W$ is increased, a metal-insulator transition is found in our simulations, between a ferromagnetic metallic state with uniform charge distribution and an insulator with diagonal charge stripes that retains its ferromagnetic character. In between the hole-rich diagonals, staggered orbital order occurs. We also report resistivity and magnetization measurements alongside with spin correlations and charge structure factors. Our overall conclusions are in agreement with the recent experimental and density functional theory results by Hong et al., and we confirm much earlier ground state predictions of striped ferromagnetic order using energy optimization techniques by T. Hotta et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4922 (2001)]. The experimental observation of one of the states predicted by theory suggests that diagonal stripes could be achieved at other hole densities as well, such as $x=1/4$, if LCMO membranes with that hole doping were subject to similar strains.
Is anticoagulation with bivalirudin comparable to heparin for pediatric extracorporeal life support? Results from a high-volume center.

There is a paucity of data regarding the use of direct thrombin inhibitors such as bivalirudin for children on extracorporeal life support (ECLS). We sought to compare the outcomes of children on ECLS anticoagulated with bivalirudin versus heparin. Patients transitioned from heparin to bivalirudin were treated as a separate group. A single-institution, retrospective review of all consecutive children (neonate to 18 years) placed on ECLS in the cardiac or pediatric intensive care units was performed (June 2018-December 2019). Data collected included demographics, anticoagulation strategy, number of circuit interventions, blood product use on ECLS, survival to decannulation, and survival to discharge. Fifty-four children were placed on ECLS for a total of 56 runs. Demographics and venovenous versus venoarterial ECLS were similar. The bivalirudin group had longer median duration of support compared to the heparin group--11.0 days [IQR 6.2, 23.1] versus 3.3 days [2.1, 6.2], P < .001. Patients switched from heparin to bivalirudin had a similar duration of support (10.3 days [8.3, 18.3]) as those on bilvalirudin alone. However, there was no difference in red blood cell, fresh frozen plasma, or platelet transfusions. There was no difference in the number of circuit interventions, survival to decannulation or discharge. The freedom to first circuit intervention was longer with bivalirudin compared to heparin. Our data suggest that even with longer pediatric ECLS runs on bivalirudin, there were no differences in the outcomes between the heparin and bivalirudin groups, with longer freedom from first circuit intervention with bivalirudin. While this is the largest reported series comparing children on ECLS anticoagulated with heparin versus bivalirudin, larger studies are needed to determine the optimal anticoagulation strategy for this diverse and complicated group of children.
Immobilization of cesium and iodine into Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite-silica composites and core-shell waste forms with high waste loadings and chemical durability.

Abstract Cs3Bi2I9, a defect perovskite derivative, is a potential host phase to immobilize iodine and cesium with high waste loadings. In this work, two strategies were explored to form Cs3Bi2I9-silica composites and a core-shell structure in order to improve chemical durability of waste form materials meanwhile maintaining high waste loadings. Cs3Bi2I9 loadings as high as 70 wt.% were incorporated into a silica matrix to form silica-ceramic composites, and 20 wt.% Cs3Bi2I9 was encapsulated into silica to form a core–shell structure by low temperature spark plasma sintering. Chemical durability of the composite and core-shell waste forms was evaluated by semi-dynamic leaching experiments, and Cs and I were incongruently released from waste form matrices. A BiOI alteration layer formed, acting as a passivation layer to reduce the release of radionuclides. The long-term iodine release rate was low (30 mg m−2 day-1) for the 70 wt.% Cs3Bi2I9–silica composite leached in deionized water at 90 °C, which can be further reduced to 5 × 10−3 mg m−2 day−1 for the 20 wt.% core-shell structure. This work highlights a robust way to immobilize the highly mobile radionuclides with high waste loadings through encapsulation into durable matrices and a surface passivating mechanism that can greatly reduce the elemental transport from waste form materials and significantly enhance their chemical durability.
Le français non‐binaire: Linguistic forms used by non‐binary speakers of French

In response to shifting sociocultural constructions of gender and the emerging visibility of non‐binary subject positions, grammatically binary linguistic systems, such as French, are being challenged, subverted, and adapted. This paper describes and analyzes formal, structural, and ideological aspects of how contemporary French speakers are confronting and innovating beyond the gender binary, highlighting the lack of scholarly attention and increase in public salience afforded to these issues. Survey data from 174 adult speakers of French are used to outline the forms used by non‐binary Francophones, the degree of form variance, and the self‐reported comprehensibility ratings of these forms. The findings establish consistent trends in the non‐binary language forms used and their comprehensibility, while highlighting the importance of variance for individual agency in non‐binary Francophone communities. These findings are foundational to a consideration of the of teaching non‐binary forms in foreign language classrooms and curricula for inclusivity and competence development.
Plausible Cause: Exploring the Limits of Loss Causation in Pleading and Proving Market Fraud Claims Under Securities Exchange Act Section 10(b) and SEC Rule 10b-5

Loss causation is a critical element in both pleading and proving private market fraud actions asserting violations of Securities Exchange Act §10(b) and SEC Rule 10b-5. In the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Dura Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Broudo, in which the Court made clear that plaintiff investors asserting “fraud-on-the-market” claims must demonstrate that alleged market losses are actually linked to an actionable information failure constituting a violation of these provisions, lower courts have wrestled with the sufficiency of pleading loss causation on motions to dismiss, and as a matter of presenting evidence on motions for summary judgment, and more recently at trial. “Corrective disclosures,” “manifestation of a concealed risk,” “disclosure events” on a market deception timeline, along with “confounding factors” and “disaggregation” of investor losses have all become paramount considerations in framing actual, recoverable investor losses. In this article, the prominence of loss causation as a determinative element in pleading and proving market fraud claims is explored with a view to establishing limits as a matter of law and common sense in an open market setting.
Host genetics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review is meant to describe the genetic associations with pediatric severe COVID-19 pneumonia and the postinfectious complication of the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Multiple genetic approaches have been carried out, primarily in adults with extrapolation to children, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), whole exome and whole genome sequencing (WES/WGS), and target gene analyses. RECENT FINDINGS: Data from adults with severe COVID-19 have identified genomic regions (human leukocyte antigen locus and 3p21.31) as potential risk factors. Genes related to viral entry into cells (ABO blood group locus, ACE2, TMPRS22) have been linked to severe COVID-19 patients by GWAS and target gene approaches. Type I interferon (e.g. IFNAR2) and antiviral gene (e.g. TLR7) associations have been identified by several genetic approaches in severe COVID-19. WES has noted associations with several immune regulatory genes (e.g. SOCS1). Target gene approaches have identified mutations in perforin-mediated cytolytic pathway genes in children and adults with severe COVID-19 and children with MIS-C. SUMMARY: Several genetic associations have been identified in individuals with severe COVID-19 and MIS-C via various genetic approaches. Broadly speaking, COVID-19 genetic associations include genes involved with antiviral functions, viral cell entry, immune regulation, chemotaxis of white blood cells, and lymphocyte cytolytic function.
East Asian citizenship education and its pedagogical justification

In 2019, Incheon Metropolitan City Office of Education (IMCOE), South Korea launched a new curriculum called, East Asian citizenship education (EACE) by criticising the over-broadness and abstractn...
Sensitivity Analysis of Power Generation System and Preventive Measures for Power Paralysis

Several extreme weather events in 2021 caused the power generation paralysis in many parts of the United States and other countries. The sensitivity analysis of the power generation capacity of the power grid can estimate the existing power generation capacity to cope with the impact of various extreme situations. Firstly, this article analyzes the necessity of sensitivity analysis. Secondly, after discussing with the power outage report and related literature, the author lists the quantitative factors from the local to the whole that should be considered in the sensitivity analysis. Finally, this article summarizes some effective mitigation measures to extreme situations. Through the analysis of the above content, the author found that simplifying the startup measures of the power system is more likely to avoid large-scale power paralysis.
Factors Affecting the Crevice Corrosion Susceptibility of Alloy 22

The susceptibility or Alloy 22 (N06022) to crevice corrosion may depend on environmental or external factors and metallurgical or internal factors. Some of the most important environmental factors are chloride concentration, inhibitors, temperature and potential. The presence of a weld seam or second phase precipitation in the alloy are classified as internal factors. The localized corrosion resistance of Alloy 22 has been extensively investigated in the last five years, however not all affecting factors were considered in the studies. This paper discusses the current findings regarding the effect of many of these variables on the susceptibility (or resistance) of Alloy 22 to crevice corrosion. The effect of variables such as temperature, chloride concentration and nitrate are rather well understood. However there are only limited or no data regarding effect of other factors such as pH, other inhibitive or deleterious species and type of crevicing material and crevice geometry. There are contradictory results regarding the effect of metallurgical factors such as solution heat treatment.
Probabilistic theorem proving

Many representation schemes combining first-order logic and probability have been proposed in recent years. Progress in unifying logical and probabilistic inference has been slower. Existing methods are mainly variants of lifted variable elimination and belief propagation, neither of which take logical structure into account. We propose the first method that has the full power of both graphical model inference and first-order theorem proving (in finite domains with Herbrand interpretations). We first define probabilistic theorem proving (PTP), their generalization, as the problem of computing the probability of a logical formula given the probabilities or weights of a set of formulas. We then show how PTP can be reduced to the problem of lifted weighted model counting, and develop an efficient algorithm for the latter. We prove the correctness of this algorithm, investigate its properties, and show how it generalizes previous approaches. Experiments show that it greatly outperforms lifted variable elimination when logical structure is present. Finally, we propose an algorithm for approximate PTP, and show that it is superior to lifted belief propagation.
Toward the theory of strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma

We review recent progress toward understanding of sQGP. The phenomenological part includes discussion of elliptic and conical flows at RHIC. Then we proceed to first quantum mechanical studies of manybody states at $T>Tc$, the ``polymeric chains'' $\bar q.g.g... q$ and baryons. A new model for sQGP is a classical dynamical system, in which color vector is changed via the Wong equation. First Molecular Dynamics (MD) results for its diffusion and viscosity are reported. Finally we speculate how strong correlations in matter may help solve puzzles related to jet quenching, both the magnitude and angular distribution.
{Max-Margin Zero-Shot Learning for Multi-class Classification}

Due to the dramatic expanse of data categories and the lack of labeled instances, zero-shot learning, which transfers knowledge from observed classes to recognize unseen classes, has started drawing a lot of attention from the research community. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised max-margin learning framework that integrates the semisupervised classification problem over observed classes and the unsupervised clustering problem over unseen classes together to tackle zero-shot multi-class classification. By further integrating label embedding into this framework, we produce a dual formulation that permits convenient incorporation of auxiliary label semantic knowledge to improve zero-shot learning. We conduct extensive experiments on three standard image data sets to evaluate the proposed approach by comparing to two state-of-the-art methods. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed framework.
Stochastic Optimal Path Problem with Relays

Abstract This paper studies the optimal path problem for travelers driving with vehicles of a limited range, such as most battery electric vehicles currently available in the market. The optimal path in this problem often consists of several relay points, where the vehicles can be refueled to extend its range. We propose a stochastic optimal path problem with relays (SOPPR), which aims at minimizing a general expected cost while maintaining a reasonable arrival probability. To account for uncertainty in the road network, the travel speed on a road segment is treated as a discrete random variable, which determines the total energy required to traverse the segment. SOPPR is formulated in two stages in this paper. In the first stage, an optimal routing problem is solved repeatedly to obtain the expected costs and arrival probabilities from any node to all refueling nodes and the destination. With this information, the second stage constructs an auxiliary network, on which the sequence of refueling decisions can be obtained by solving another optimal path problem. Label-correcting algorithms are developed to solve the routing problems in both stages. Numerical experiments are conducted to compare the stochastic and deterministic models, to examine the impact of different parameters on the routing results, and to evaluate the computational performance of the proposed algorithms.
Consumer Preferences for Quality and Safety Attributes of Duck in Restaurant Entrees: Is China A Viable Market for The U.S. Duck Industry?

1 Rachel A. Carnegie (rcarnegi@purdue.edu) is a graduate research assistant in the Agricultural Economics department at Purdue University; Holly H. Wang (wanghong@purdue.edu) is a professor of Agricultural Economics at Purdue University; and Nicole Olynk Widmar (nwidmar@purdue.edu) is an assistant professor of Agricultural Economics at Purdue University. 2 David L. Ortega (dlortega@msu.edu) is an assistant professor of Agricultural, Food & Resource Economics at Michigan State University.
Returns on Indian Art during 2000–2013

The market for modern Indian art is an emerging art market, having come into a proper existence only in the late 1990s. This market saw tremendous growth in its initial years, then a downturn that started around 2007–2008. Using data from auctions conducted by a major Indian art auctioneer, we estimate via hedonic regression a price index for paintings and drawings by Indian artists sold during 2000–2013. We are able to thus estimate a rate of return on Indian art as an investment and also shed light on what drives the price of a painting in the Indian market.
Aspects of Arranged Marriages and the Theory of Markov Decision Processes

The theory of Markov decision processes (MDP) can be used to analyze a wide variety of stopping time problems in economics. In this paper, the nature of such problems is discussed and then the underlying theory is applied to the question of arranged marriages. We construct a stylized model of arranged marriages and, inter alia, it is shown that a decision maker's optimal policy depends only on the nature of the current marriage proposal, independent of whether there is recall (storage) of previous marriage proposals.
Human/machine sharing control for telerobotic systems*

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a new approach to the planning and control of telerobotic operations, which enables the telerobotic system to cope with some unexpected events. To interface a human operator with a robotic system, various planning and control schemes for telerobotic systems are proposed. Based on the event-based planning and control theory, a unified model is presented that integrates the human operator command with the autonomous motion plan. This makes it possible for human operator to adjust or modify the autonomous motion plan online to cope with unexpected events and it significantly improves the robustness of the teleoperation. Additionally, this method provides a scheme to automatically coordinate the dual-arm in a teleoperation, which significantly reduces the human operator's required operating skill level. The proposed methods provide a mechanism for integrating various sensor information with human operator command, which can be easily extended to a general theory for modeling, analyzing, and designing a human/machine interaction system.
Capturing the severity of type II errors in high-dimensional multiple testing

The severity of type II errors is frequently ignored when deriving a multiple testing procedure, even though utilizing it properly can greatly help in making correct decisions. This paper puts forward a theory behind developing a multiple testing procedure that can incorporate the type II error severity and is optimal in the sense of minimizing a measure of false non-discoveries among all procedures controlling a measure of false discoveries. The theory is developed under a general model allowing arbitrary dependence by taking a compound decision theoretic approach to multiple testing with a loss function incorporating the type II error severity. We present this optimal procedure in its oracle form and offer numerical evidence of its superior performance over relevant competitors.
Performance evaluation and analysis of K-way join variants for association rule mining

Data mining aims at discovering important and previously unknown patterns from the dataset in the underlying database. Database mining performs mining directly on data stored in (relational) database management systems (RDBMSs). The type of underlying database can vary and should not be a constraint on the mining process. Irrespective of the database in which data is stored, we should be able to mine the data. Several SQL92 approaches (such as K-way join, Query/Subquery, and Two-group by) have been studied in the literature. In this paper, we focus on the K-way join approach. We study several additional optimizations for the K-way join approach and evaluate them using DB2 and Oracle RDBMSs. We evaluate the approaches analytically and compare their performance on large data sets. Finally, we summarize the results and indicate the conditions for which the individual optimizations are useful. The larger goal of this work is to feed these results into a layered optimizer that chooses specific strategies based on the input dataset characteristics.
Employeeism, Corporate Governance, and the J-Firm

It has been alleged that the management of the Japanese firm is shielded from market discipline and left free to pursue employee welfare maximization. In this paper, employees and management are constituent members of the Japanese firm, and the Japanese firm practices a labor-management philosophy dubbed as employeeism. I maintain that the appearance of employee corporatism be understood in the overall scheme of bank-based corporate governance coupled with employees′ extensive residual control within the firm. I propose that the standard principal-agent formulation be modified to incorporate institutional features of bank-firm relations and the modus operandi of residual control. J. Comp. Econom., June 1993, 17(2), pp. 443-469. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567, Japan.
Alternative target density functions for radar imaging

In this paper, three alternative Target Density Functions (TDF) are proposed to image the radar targets. While the target density functions are developed by new techniques, they are obtained by considering a novel range and scanning angle plane different from the conventional methods. Although the imaging techniques are obtained via the linear phased array radars, the problem associated with beamforming is bypassed in these algorithms.
Two-dimensional full-wave scattering from discrete random media in layered rough surfaces

Modeling of electromagnetic scattering from discrete random media in layered rough surfaces finds various applications, including depth retrieval of layered snow-covered ice and remote sensing of vegetation canopy. In this paper, a coherent technique for solving scattering from discrete random media in layered rough surfaces is presented. The significance of the development of a full-wave solution to this problem stems from the fact that both co-polarized phase difference and polarized scattering coefficients can only be accurately determined using a coherent approach. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to formulate a full-wave solution for scattering from discrete random media in layered rough surfaces as well as to demonstrate the potential in the retrieval of subsurface parameters pertaining to the physical properties of rough surfaces and discrete random media using polarized scattering coefficients and co- polarized phase difference. The core of our technique lies in the use of plane wave decomposition. Plane wave solution for the scattered field due to a rough surface is obtained using extended boundary condition method (EBCM). The recursive T-matrix algorithm together with cylindrical-waves-to-plane-waves transformation matrices is employed to deal with scattering from discrete random media. Subsequently, plane wave solutions for the scattered fields due to rough surfaces and discrete random media are then cast into reflection and transmission matrices. These reflection and transmission matrices facilitate the application of scattering matrix technique which coherently accounts for electromagnetic interactions between layered rough surfaces and discrete random media. Various numerical results are examined and it is shown that the subsurface parameters may significantly impact backscattering coefficients and co-polarized phase difference even when the subsurface ground is covered by a rough layer of discrete random media.
Adaptable analysis of dependable system architectures through monitoring

Every day, our society becomes more dependent on complex software systems with high availability requirements, such as those present in telecommunications, air traffic control, power plants and distribution lines, among others. In order to facilitate the task of maintaining and evolving such systems, dynamic software architecture infrastructures have recently been in the research agenda. However, complexity and dynamic evolution of dependable systems bring some challenges for verification. Some of these challenges are associated to modifications in the set of properties being verified and also in the types of analysis being performed during system operation. In this work, we present a multiple specification and architectural-based approach for software monitoring that allows the adaptation of analysis tasks in order to properly handle the challenges mentioned above.
A strategic market game with active bankruptcy

Abstract We construct stationary Markov equilibria for an economy with fiat money, one nondurable commodity, countably many time periods, and a continuum of agents. The total production of commodity remains constant, but individual agents' endowments fluctuate in a random fashion from period to period. In order to hedge against these random fluctuations, agents find it useful to hold fiat money , which they can borrow or deposit at appropriate rates of interest; such activity may take place either at a central bank (which fixes interest rates judiciously) or through a money-market (in which interest rates are determined endogenously). We carry out an equilibrium analysis , based on a careful study of Dynamic Programming equations and on properties of the invariant measures for associated optimally controlled Markov chains. This analysis yields the stationary distribution of wealth across agents, as well as the stationary price (for the commodity) and interest rates (for the borrowing and lending of fiat money). A distinctive feature of our analysis is the incorporation of bankruptcy , both as a real possibility in an individual agent's optimization problem, and as a determinant of interest rates through appropriate balance equations. These allow a central bank (a money-market) to announce (to determine endogenously) interest rates in a way that conserves the total money-supply and controls inflation. General results are provided for the existence of such stationary equilibria, and several explicitly solvable examples are treated in detail.
Killing Daddy: Developing a Self-Defense Strategy for the Abused Child

The first legal exploration of the the connection between child abuse and parricide in the context of developing a self-defense claim. This seminal analysis of the early cases and nascent psychological and social theories of child abuse provided a new perspective on the legal problems raised when child/teenage defendants claim self-defense and profer a history of abuse by the parricide victim.
Galactic and Anomalous Cosmic Rays in the Heliosphere

We discuss the present status of our understanding of the transport and acceleration of anomalous cosmic rays and the transport of galactic and CIR-accelerated particles in the heliosphere. Currently, two- and three-dimensional numerical codes can accurately model many of the observed phenomena – with the major current uncertainties being the values of the parameters such as the diffusion coefficients and the effects of the poorly understood structure beyond the termination shock. We illustrate the nature of the phenomena by discussing in detail the response of energetic particles to co-rotating interaction regions, the acceleration of singly- and multiply-charged anomalous cosmic rays, and the effects of galactic cosmic rays on the structure of the solar wind and its termination shock.
Sexual Function in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinologic disorder. Little is known about the effects of PCOS on overall sexual functioning, phases of the sexual response cycle, and sexual satisfaction.
Flavour changes in beer: oxidation and other pathways

Most brewers seek to minimize staling but consumers may not have an adverse reaction to it. The blander the beer, the more pronounced aged character becomes. Diverse flavour changes can occur, especially the development of a papery/cardboard aroma. Precursors include hop bitter acids, alcohols, amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids. Some of these changes may occur upstream in processing but the longest shelf life for beer is achieved by minimizing the oxygen level in the final package and maintaining beer at the lowest possible non-freezing temperature. Prediction of flavour life is not simple: the most reliable procedures are sensory-based ones.
Security Analyst Experience and Post-Earnings-Announcement Drift

Prior research suggests that various financial anomalies are related to investors' inability to process historical earnings and price information. In particular, analysts' failure to incorporate appropriately the serial correlation in earnings surprises provides at least a partial explanation for post-earnings-announcement drift. Because prior work documents that analysts more fully incorporate the information in prior earnings surprises as they gain experience, we examine if firms followed by more experienced analysts exhibit less drift. Measuring analyst firm-specific forecasting experience as the number of prior quarters for which the analyst has issued an earnings forecast for the firm, we find that post-earnings-announcement drift associated with firms with a more experienced analyst following is 18 percent less than that for firms with a less experienced analyst following. This result suggests that the efficiency of a firm's market price is affected by the aggregate experience level of its analyst f...
i-hop homomorphic encryption and rerandomizable Yao circuits

Homomorphic encryption (HE) schemes enable computing functions on encrypted data, by means of a public Eval procedure that can be applied to ciphertexts. But the evaluated ciphertexts so generated may differ from freshly encrypted ones. This brings up the question of whether one can keep computing on evaluated ciphertexts. An i-hop homomorphic encryption scheme is one where Eval can be called on its own output up to i times, while still being able to decrypt the result. A multi-hop homomorphic encryption is a scheme which is i-hop for all i. In this work we study i-hop and multi-hop schemes in conjunction with the properties of function-privacy (i.e., Eval's output hides the function) and compactness (i.e., the output of Eval is short). We provide formal definitions and describe several constructions. First, we observe that "bootstrapping" techniques can be used to convert any (1-hop) homomorphic encryption scheme into an i-hop scheme for any i, and the result inherits the function-privacy and/or compactness of the underlying scheme. However, if the underlying scheme is not compact (such as schemes derived from Yao circuits) then the complexity of the resulting i-hop scheme can be as high as nO(i). We then describe a specific DDH-based multi-hop homomorphic encryption scheme that does not suffer from this exponential blowup. Although not compact, this scheme has complexity linear in the size of the composed function, independently of the number of hops. The main technical ingredient in this solution is a re-randomizable variant of the Yao circuits. Namely, given a garbled circuit, anyone can re-garble it in such a way that even the party that generated the original garbled circuit cannot recognize it. This construction may be of independent interest.
The rise and rise of citation analysis

With the vast majority of scientific papers now available online, the author describes how the Web is allowing physicists and information providers to measure more accurately the impact of these papers and their authors. Provides a historical background of citation analysis, ISI's citation databases, and the impact factor. Discusses the strengths and weaknesses of Web of Science and other more recent citation data sources (e.g., Scopus and Google Scholar), the impact of the Web on citation analysis, and the emergence of new citation-based research assessment measures (e.g., h-index). Argues that the use of multiple Web-based citation tools allows more accurate visualizations of scholarly communication networks. Also argues that publishing a journal article is now only the first step in disseminating one's work.
Poor, or Just Feeling Poor? On Using Subjective Data in Measuring Poverty

The challenges faced in calibrating poverty and welfare measures to objective data have long been recognized. Until recently, most economists have resisted a seemingly obvious solution, namely to ask people themselves:"Do you feel poor?"The paper studies the case for and against this approach. It is argued that, while one would not want to use self-assessments as welfare metrics in their own right, there is scope for using such data to help calibrate multidimensional measures. Indeed, the idea of a"social subjective poverty line"(below which people tend to think they are poor, but above which they do not) is arguably the most conceptually appealing way of defining poverty. However, the paper points to a number of concerns that have received insufficient attention, including the choice of covariates, survey design issues, measurement errors, frame-of-reference effects, and latent heterogeneity in personality traits and personal tradeoffs. Directions for future research are identified.
Beef Mission 2001: Chengdu, Guangzhou, Panyu, and Hong Kong, China

The U.S. beef industry has many reasons for optimism about the potential for increasing beef and beef variety meat exports to China. China's recent accession to the World Trade Organization lowers tariff rates on imported beef muscle meats and variety meats, low per capita consumption among Chinese consumers means there is good potential for increased consumption, and increasing incomes will allow consumers to purchase more beef. In addition, the Chinese market is highly complementary to the U.S. domestic market and offers potential for additional exports of beef cuts and variety meats that are underutilized in the United States. Observations from a recent trip to China offer insight into the current and potential market for U.S. beef.
Infiltrating breast carcinoma smaller than 0.5 centimeters: is lymph node dissection necessary?

BACKGROUND The incidence of axillary lymph node metastases from infiltrating breast carcinomas measuring 1.0 cm or smaller reported in the literature varies from 0% (for tumors measuring ≤0.5 cm) to 27.1% (for all tumors ≤1 cm). METHODS The authors examined all infiltrating breast carcinomas measuring 1.0 cm or smaller with axillary lymph node dissections in patients seen at their institution between January 1990 and March 1997 (117 cases) to determine the incidence of axillary lymph node metastases. All tumors were evaluated for patient age, histologic type of tumor, modified Bloom–Richardson grade, estrogen and progesterone receptor status, ploidy, S-phase fraction, and angiolymphatic vessel invasion, to determine whether there was a relation between the indicators and axillary lymph node metastases. The authors also performed immunohistochemical stains for the basement membrane components laminin and Type IV collagen on the tumors demonstrating metastases and on an equal number of size- and date-matched tumors not demonstrating metastases. RESULTS Twelve cases of infiltrating carcinoma with axillary lymph node metastases were identified (a 10.3% overall incidence of metastases). Lymph node metastases were not identified in any of the cases with tumors measuring ≤0.5 cm (24 cases). The incidence of axillary lymph node metastases for carcinomas 0.6–1.0 cm was 12.9% (12 of 93 cases). High nuclear grade was found to correlate with the presence of lymph node metastases (P = 0.007). No statistically significant correlation was found between the other indicators examined and axillary lymph node metastases or between basement membrane staining and axillary lymph node metastases. CONCLUSIONS The authors concluded that infiltrating breast carcinomas measuring ≤0.5 cm are unlikely to have demonstrable axillary lymph node metastases. Lymph node dissections in these women may be unnecessary. Nuclear grade may be the best predictor of lymph node metastases in T1b tumors. Cancer 1999;85:2206–11. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Accessing the Néel phase of ultracold fermionic atoms in a simple-cubic optical lattice

We examine the phase diagram of a simple-cubic optical lattice half filled by two species of fermionic atoms with a repulsive $s$-wave contact interaction. We use the Hartree approximation in the regime of weaker interactions and a Hubbard model approximation in the Mott insulating phase. The regime where the N\'eel phase of this system is likely to be most accessible to experiments is at intermediate lattice strengths and interactions, and our two approximations agree fairly well in this regime. We discuss the various issues that may determine where in this phase diagram the N\'eel phase is first produced and detected experimentally, and analyze the quantum phases that occur in the intermediate lattice strength regime.
On temporal evolution in data streams

In recent years, the progress in hardware technology has made it possible for organizations to store and record large streams of transactional data. This results in databases which grow without limit at a rapid rate. This data can often show important changes in trends over time. In such cases, it is useful to understand, visualize, and diagnose the evolution of these trends. In this talk, we discuss a method to diagnose the changes in the underlying data stream and other related methods for change detection in streams. We also discuss the problem of data stream evolution in the context of mining algorithms such as clustering and classification. In many cases, mining algorithms may not function as effectively because of the change in the underlying data. We discuss the effects of evolution on mining and synopsis construction algorithms and a number of opportunities which may be available for further research on the topic.
The Modern Problem-Solving Court Movement: Domination of Discourse and Untold Stories of Criminal Justice Reform

This Article examines modern criminal justice reforms. It focuses on the claims of the contemporary problem-solving court movement — a movement that has resulted in the development of thousands of specialized criminal courts across the country over the last two decades.
Extraordinary transformations to achieve the synthesis of remarkable aromatic compounds.

Note from the Editor: When we walk around a sculpture, it can speak to us in many ways, sometimes quite differently from various view points. Central to Tetsuo Nozoe and the Nozoe Autograph Book project are novel aromatic compounds. Just look at nearly any page and such compounds jump out at us. We can categorize them in many ways. Their structures. Their physical properties. Their pharmacological and toxicological properties. Their commercial utilities. Their symmetry. Their size. In this essay, Graham Bodwell brings to us his analysis of the various ways in which some of the most remarkable of these compounds have been ingeniously synthesized. We are privileged to have Bodwell's vision and his sense of organization and beauty. Tetsuo Nozoe would have beamed! —Jeffrey I. Seeman Guest Editor University of Richmond Richmond, Virginia 23173, USA E-mail: jseeman@richmond.edu
Changing trade patterns after conflict resolution in the South Caucasus

Since the breakup of the USSR, the South Caucasus region has experienced a range of political conflicts, resulting in a number of hot and cold wars and border closures. The author analyzes the probably short-term impacts of peace in the region as a result of a resolution of the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the Nagorney Karabakh region and an end to the associated trade blockades, with an emphasis on Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. The conflict has seriously distorted trade flows in the region, disrupted transport routes, and stifled export and import opportunities for Armenia and Azerbaijan. Georgia has enjoyed higher-than-normal transit through its territory. Trade has stopped in gas (from Azerbaijan to Armenia) and electricity (from Armenia to Turkey). Transport tariffs are unusually high, aggravated by government-imposed transit fees (taxes). Over time, trade restrictions have eased and trading partners have found ways to conduct trade despite closed borders and blockades--but at a cost. Applying a gravity model to regional trade, the author concludes that South Caucasus countries trade enough with the CIS countries and politically friendly neighbors, but too little with the European Union, the United States, and hostile neighbors. Lifting the blockades would alleviate trade distortions and bring about short-term improvements, including: 1) More rational trade flows; 2) A resumption of (or an increase in) regional trade in major commodities such as energy; and 3) Lower prices or higher profit margins (or both) on some important consumption and production goods. With peace, Armenia could more than double its exports if Azerbaijani and Turkish markets open, which could reduce Armenia's trade deficit by a third to a half and increase its GDP by 30 percent. Improving transport routes would produce immediate savings and relieve pressure on domestic prices, especially for energy. Azerbaijan could increase its exports by $100 million, or 11 percent of 1999 levels, reducing its trade deficit by a quarter and raising its GDP by 5 percent. Its exports and imports would benefit from transport savings. Transit through Georgia might decline, but probably not by more than a quarter of the freight service surplus.
Imaging life at high spatiotemporal resolution

Three different technologies that balance the inevitable tradeoffs of spatial resolution, speed, and non-invasiveness in fluorescence microscopy will be described: 3D localization microscopy of cellular ultrastructure; nonlinear structured illumination microscopy of live cell dynamics in the sub-100 nm regime; and lattice light sheet microscopy of rapid 3D dynamic processes in vivo.
Superdirective arrays for hearing aids

Microphone arrays are the most effective of the techniques that have been proposed for improving speech intelligibility in noise for the hearing impaired. Superdirective arrays are attractive since optimal performance can be obtained for a stationary random noise field. A constrained superdirective array suitable for hearing-aid applications is discussed in the paper. >
Penrose limit of N=1 gauge theories

We find a Penrose limit of AdS_5 × T^(1,1) which gives the pp-wave geometry identical to the one that appears in the Penrose limit of AdS_5 × S^5. This leads us to conjecture that there is a subsector of the corresponding N = 1 gauge theory which has enhanced N = 4 supersymmetry. We identify operators in the N = 1 gauge theory with stringy excitations in the pp-wave geometry and discuss how the gauge theory operators fall into N = 4 supersymmetry multiplets. We find similar enhancement of symmetry in some other models, but there are also examples in which there is no supersymmetry enhancement in the Penrose limit.
Causal transportability of experiments on controllable subsets of variables: z -transportability

We introduce z-transportability, the problem of estimating the causal effect of a set of variables X on another set of variables Y in a target domain from experiments on any subset of controllable variables Z where Z is an arbitrary subset of observable variables V in a source domain. Z-Transportability generalizes z-identifiability, the problem of estimating in a given domain the causal effect of X on Y from surrogate experiments on a set of variables Z such that Z is disjoint from X. z-Transportability also generalizes transportability which requires that the causal effect of X on Y in the target domain be estimable from experiments on any subset of all observable variables in the source domain. We first generalize z-identifiability to allow cases where Z is not necessarily disjoint from X. Then, we establish a necessary and sufficient condition for z-transportability in terms of generalized z-identifiability and transportability. We provide a sound and complete algorithm that determines whether a causal effect is z-transportable; and if it is, produces a transport formula, that is, a recipe for estimating the causal effect of X on Y in the target domain using information elicited from the results of experimental manipulations of Z in the source domain and observational data from the target domain. Our results also show that do -calculus is complete for z-transportability.
Simulations of halo supernova remnants

High latitude observations find C3+, N4+, and O5+, while shadowing by intervening hydrogen clouds indicates the presence of soft X-ray emitting gas in the halo of our galaxy. This paper reports on detailed hydrocode simulations of one of the possible source types: isolated supernova remnants evolving in the tenuous ambient medium of the halo. Their O5+ column densities are similar to those observed from the halo. The N4+, C3+, and X-ray properties are also simulated and discussed. The calculations may also be of interest for the Local Bubble, external galaxies, and non-thermal pressure estimations.
Testing for Volatility Changes in Grain Markets

The dramatic rise in grain prices that occurred in 2007 began an unprecedented level of volatility in grain markets. For example, corn prices before 2007 fluctuated within a range of $0.5 per bushel around an average price in the low $2 range. However, they swung within a range of $2 per bushel around $5 per bushel in the 2007-2008 commodity boom. Increased price volatility results in greater costs for managing risks, such as more costly crop insurance premiums, higher option premiums, and higher hedging costs. In 2010 grain markets witnessed increases in volatility again. It adds to concern on price risk for stakeholders in grain markets so that regulators of the futures market are prompted to consider regulations on positions and trading limits. But, before appropriate policies are recommended to deal with consequences of the dramatic price swing, it is necessary to seek answers to many questions: Is the volatility change permanent or transitory? Is the change timing simultaneous across grain sectors? What are sources of the volatility change? This study attempts to answer these questions. We investigate the nature of the change in the variability of grain prices by testing for the existence of structural changes in daily volatilities for two selected grain futures (corn and soybean) over the period 2001-2010. Traditionally volatility is treated as a latent variable as is the case in ARCH and stochastic volatility models. However, volatility becomes observable due to a flurry of recent research on the use of high frequency data for measuring volatility (e.g. Andersen, Bollerslev, Diebold, and Labys, 2001, among others). This measure, called realized volatility (RV), is constructed from the sum of intraday squared returns and provides an accurate estimate of the unobserved volatility. Therefore we investigate the evidence for structural changes in reduced form time series models of RV. We use the heterogeneous autoregressive (HAR) model proposed by Corsi (2004) to