cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contemporary Political Speech Writing.

Political speech writing is more influential and complex than either the public or the academic community realizes. Rather than being the product of one or two men, the contemporary political speech is usually the product of a three‐tiered authorship comprising media advisors, researchers, and drafters. At each decision point, and within each functional group, speech writers have impact on the final product.
Defined media strategies for the biosynthesis of Cephalosporin C

A stirred reactor process is described for the production of Cephalosporin C in high yields. Using a chemically defined medium, fermentation control strategies were developed to optimize the production of the antibiotic. The highest yields were obtained with carbon as the limiting substrate during both the rapid growth and synthetic phases of the process; the relative merits of glucose and lipid as carbon sources were examined.
Does the direct lateral approach to the hip joint jeopardize the superior gluteal nerve

The purpose of this anatomical study was to determine the location and course of the superior gluteal nerve in relation to the superior pole of the greater trochanter and the surgical pathway for the direct lateral approach to the hip joint. Twenty adult cadaveric lower extremities in ten patients (five male and five female) were carefully dissected to identify the location of the superior gluteal nerve and its terminal branches. The most inferior branch of the superior gluteal nerve was variable, could be asymmetrical, and was located 3–6.5 cm above the superior tip of the greater trochanter. During the lateral approach to the hip, it is recommended that the proximal extension be limited to 3 cm above the most superior aspect of the greater trochanter.
Rock−Water Interactions Controlling Zinc, Cadmium, and Lead Concentrations in Surface Waters and Sediments, U.S. Tri-State Mining District. 2. Geochemical Interpretation

We have studied principle rock−water interactions that control trace metal concentrations in a complex geochemical environment containing multiple contaminants and multiple solid phases by combining kinetic and thermodynamic evaluation of the water chemistry with spectroscopic analyses of the sediments. This approach allows the number of geochemical reactions needed to model and predict trace metal mobility over a range of natural settings to be greatly constrained. In the U.S. Tri-State Mining District (Kansas−Missouri−Oklahoma) the most important geochemical interactions are degassing of CO2(g)-rich waters; the short-term uptake and release kinetics of zinc, cadmium, and lead; competition between iron oxyhydroxides and carbonates for zinc, cadmium, and lead; and catalysis of sulfide dissolution by iron in near-neutral waters. In our field study, degassing of CO2(g) waters is responsible for the range of pH measured at each site over the 1-year field study. Trace metal release and uptake kinetics by iron...
Factors affecting early neurobehavioral and sleep outcomes in preterm infants

Abstract Evaluation of risk factors and short-term outcomes in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are essential to identify infants in need of developmental intervention after discharge. This study examined risk factors with the potential to affect short-term neurobehavioral and sleep outcomes in preterm infants born at
Characteristics of the electromyogram recorded from the mesometrium of the pregnant ewe from 106 days' gestation to delivery: similarities with and differences from the electromyogram obtained from the myometrium.

Electromyographic recordings from 12 pregnant sheep were analyzed in four gestational age groups (106 to 115, 116 to 125, 126 to 135, and 136 to 145 days) and by the day of delivery. Mesometrial electromyographic activity was present in all animals studied. Contracture activity was synchronous in both mesometrium and myometrium. The frequency distribution of electromyographic events of different duration in the mesometrium was qualitatively identical to that recorded from the myometrium. The frequency of events
Ecosystem management in the eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan: A case history

Abstract In 1992, a group composed of state and federal government agencies, a non-government organization, and industrial land holders formed to coordinate management efforts in the eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan (EUP). The EUP landscape, characterized by a variety of glacial landforms, encompasses 1.6 million ha. Members of the group represent organizations that manage two-thirds of the land in the EUP. The group's mission is to facilitate complementary management of public and private lands for all appropriate uses, using an ecological approach to sustain and enhance representative ecosystems, globally significant communities and landscapes, and threatened and endangered species. Several factors make this a challenging mission. First, the EUP contains a wide variety of ecological units, each with a unique suite of species and management considerations. Second, the management goals of the stakeholders are diverse, ranging from preservation of natural and cultural resources to economically profitable timber production. Finally, the group has to deal with many of the issues that have recently received national attention: threatened and endangered species management, forest fragmentation, old growth, deer browsing, fire management, forest conversion, effects of management decisions on local and regional economies, and maintenance of ecosystem function. This paper chronicles the efforts and group dynamics of the eastern Upper Peninsula Ecosystem Management Group. The complexity of managing a large and diverse area is illustrated by describing the area's ecology and biological significance, ownership patterns, and management goals of stakeholders. Partners work together informally, making decisions by consensus, stressing communication, understanding, and cooperation, rather than formal procedures and protocols. Working this way, the group communicates openly and honestly and has established working relationships built on trust. We also highlight accomplishments to date including the development of an ecological classification system that serves as a foundation for our efforts. We conclude with a discussion of the direction and projected activities of the group and obstacles the group faces.
Kondo-like zero-bias anomaly in electronic transport through an ultrasmall Si quantum dot

We have studied charge transport through an ultrasmall Si single electron transistor. We find that at low temperatures, the Coulomb blockade is partially lifted at certain gate voltages. Furthermore, we observed an enhancement of the differential conductance at zero bias. The magnetic field dependence of this zero-bias anomaly is different from that of the Kondo peaks reported in GaAs quantum dots: we observed no splitting of the zero-bias peak with magnetic field. @S0163-1829~99!50948-X#
Management of the Spastic Wrist and Hand in Cerebral Palsy

Research from the last 5 years on the pathophysiology and treatment of upper extremity sequelae of cerebral palsy (CP) is presented. The development of new treatments of CP-affected limbs, utilizing the brain's inherent neuroplasticity, remains an area of promising and active research. Functional magnetic resonance imaging scans have evaluated the role of neuroplasticity in adapting to the initial central nervous system insult. Children with CP appear to have greater recruitment of the ipsilateral brain for motor and sensory functions of the affected upper limb. Studies have also shown that constraint-induced movement therapy results in localized increase in gray matter volume of the sensorimotor cortex contralateral to the affected arm targeted during rehabilitation. Recent therapy interventions have emphasized the role of home therapy programs, the transient effects of splinting, and the promise of constraint-induced movement therapy and bimanual hand training. The use of motion laboratory analysis to characterize the movement pattern disturbances in children with CP continues to expand. Classification systems for CP upper limb continue to expand and improve their reliability, including use of the House Classification, the Manual Ability Classification System, and the Shriner's Hospital Upper Extremity Evaluation. Surgical outcomes have greater patients' satisfaction when they address functional limitations, also in addition to aesthetics, which may improve patients' self-esteem. Surgical techniques for elbow, wrist, fingers, and thumb continue to be refined. Research into each of these areas continues to expand our understanding of the nervous system insults that cause CP, how they may be modified, and how hand surgeons can continue to serve patients by improving their upper limb function and aesthetics.
Differential carbon source utilization by Campylobacter jejuni 11168 in response to growth temperature variation

Abstract Campylobacter spp. readily colonize the intestinal tracts of both human and avian species. While most often commensal organisms in birds, campylobacters remain the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. The association of campylobacters with poultry is well established as a primary route for human exposure. The difference in normal core body temperature between chickens (42 °C) and humans (37 °C) has been suggested to trigger potential colonization or virulence factors and investigators have demonstrated differential gene expression at the two temperatures. Campylobacter spp. exhibit unique nutritional requirements and have been thought to only utilize amino acids and Kreb cycle intermediates as carbon sources for growth. We evaluated the ability of the genome-sequenced strain of Campylobacter jejuni 11168 (GS) to oxidize 190 different substrates as sole carbon sources at 37 °C and 42 °C using phenotype microarray (PM) technology. Results indicate that the expected amino acids, l -serine, l -aspartic acid, l -asparagine, and l -glutamic acid were utilized in addition to a number of organic acids. In general, oxidation of the substrates was greater at 42 °C than at 37 °C with a few exceptions. By employing the PM method, we observed a number of potential false-positive reactions for substrates including the triose, dihydroxyacetone; and the pentose sugars, d -xylose, d -ribose, l -lyxose, and d - and l -arabinose. The presence of genes possibly responsible for utilization of pentose sugars is supported by the genomic sequence data, but actual utilization as sole carbon sources for active respiration has not been observed. A better understanding of the metabolic pathways and nutritional requirements of campylobacters could lead to improvements in culture media for detection and isolation of the pathogen and to future intervention methods to reduce human exposure.
Acidic Calcium Stores Contribute to Secretory Activity Following Elevation of Camp in the Salivary Gland

Calcium signaling in response to autonomic neural input drives fluid and protein secretion within salivary glands. Previous research focused primarily on the canonical IP3-mediated calcium release from ER stores. However, other important reservoirs for calcium release exist such as lysosomes, endosomes, and secretory granules. Whether and how these acidic stores are activated remains largely undefined in terms of their contributions to global calcium signals, protein exocytosis and saliva production in salivary tissue. To address this question we used lysotracker red, a fluorescent dye that labels acidic organelles. Confocal images demonstrated that mouse parotid acini had abundant stores that were apically located and whose pH gradients were dissipated by treatment with the vacuolar H-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1. In contrast, parotid ductal cells displayed only a punctate and dispersed or perinuclear labeling. The functional effect of bafilomycin treatment was tested using live cell imaging methods. Bafilomycin treatment resulted in a two-thirds diminishment of peak calcium release amplitudes evoked by a threshold level of carbachol stimulation. The diminishment in peak amplitude and in the rate of rise of the evoked calcium signal was only evident in cells where cAMP was first elevated by either forskolin or the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. There is evidence that acidic store calcium release can be triggered by the dinucleotide second messenger NAADP. Consistent with this, NED19, a NAADP receptor antagonist, diminished by half the peak calcium response. This data indicates that calcium release from acidic stores in mouse parotid acinar cells is cAMP-dependent and may be mediated by NAADP. In addition, bafilomycin and NED19 treatment significantly reduced exocytotic secretory activity, even without cAMP elevation, supporting the idea that acidic stores may contribute to vesicle fusion and protein release.
Mandibular Fractures as Related to the Site of Trauma and the State of Dentition

With sufficient energy imparted to the mandible by an impact, the bone will fracture. But where? Is the location of mandibular fractures haphazard and arbitrary, or are there predisposing factors which tend to influence this location? No doubt the shape of the bone itself plays an important role in determining the location of some of the fractures. The narrow neck of the mandible, with its reduced cross-sectional area, is probably less strong than the body or the symphysis. Also in this regard the magnitude of the energy of the impact will be significant. If the amount of energy imparted to the mandible is above the elastic limit of the bone, a fracture will occur, with most of the energy being dissipated in producing the one fracture. However, if the magnitude of the energy greatly exceeds the elastic limit, more fractures are likely to be produced. Does the state of dentition or the site of trauma have any influence on the location of these fractures? Up to this time, no clinical or experimental evidence has been presented to substantiate or refute these questions. It is the purpose of this report to present data regarding the relationship of the location of mandibular fractures and number of fractures with the site of impact, the state of dentition, and the age of the individual.
Altered expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in normal saphenous vein and in arterialized and stenotic vein grafts.

Abstract Background Myointimal thickening is a major cause saphenous vein graft failure. The prominence of medial and adventitial microvessels in stenotic vein grafts and the known angiogenic effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) lead us to investigate the expression of VEGF and its receptors in vein graft arterialization and stenosis. Methods Normal and arterialized vein graft segments were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for expression of VEGF-R1 (flt), VEGF-R2 (KDR), and neuropilin-1. The cells expressing VEGF, VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2, and neuropilin-1 were identified in normal, stenotic, and arterialized vein graft segments by immunohistochemistry. Results Vascular endothelial growth factor, detected in the wall in endothelial cells and adventitial microvessels in normal vein, localized to smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and adventitial microvessels in arterialized and stenotic vein. VEGF-R1 and VEGF-R2 were expressed infrequently on endothelial cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells in arterialized and stenotic vein. Neuropilin-1 was detected in all specimens. RT-PCR demonstrated significantly greater expression of neuropilin-1 in normal vein compared with arterialized vein ( P Conclusions The differential expression of VEGF and its receptors in normal, arterialized, and stenotic vein grafts suggests that alterations in VEGF/VEGF-R2/neuropilin-1 interactions may be important determinants of the adaptive response of vein grafts to arterialization.
Genetic transformation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae shows a strand preference

Natural transformation is the main means of horizontal genetic exchange in the obligate human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Neisseria spp. have been shown to preferentially take up and transform their own DNA by recognizing a non-palindromic 10 or 12 nucleotide DNA uptake sequence (DUS10 or DUS12). We investigated the ability of the DUS12 to enhance single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) transformation. Given the non-palindromic nature of the DUS12, we tested whether both strands of the DUS equally enhance transformation. Recombinant single-stranded M13 phage harboring transforming DNA with the Watson DUS12, the Crick DUS12, or no DUS (DUS0) were constructed and circular ssDNA was purified. Southern blots of the purified DNA probed with strand-specific oligonucleotide probes showed > 10,000 : 1 ratio of ssDNA to contaminating dsDNA. The Crick strand of the DUS12 enhanced ssDNA transformation 180- to 470-fold over DUS0 ssDNA, whereas the Watson strand of the DUS only modestly enhanced ssDNA transformation in two strains of N. gonorrhoeae. These data confirm that ssDNA efficiently transforms N. gonorrhoeae, but that there is a strand preference and that part of this strand preference is a greater efficiency of the Crick strand of the DUS12 in enhancing transformation.
Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography in northern grasshopper mice (Onychomys leucogaster) — the influence of Quaternary climatic oscillations on population dispersion and divergence

The details of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogenetic structure of the northern grasshopper mouse Onychomys leucogaster were examined using populations from a postulated area of endemism that includes three arid regions (Colorado Plateaus, Interior Plains, and Wyoming Basins) in western North America. Fifteen tetra- and heptanucleotide restriction enzymes were used to assay restriction-site variation in a 2150-bp PCR-amplified fragment of mtDNA representing the ND2 and part of the COI gene regions. A total of 18 mtDNA haplotypes were detected. Although overall genetic divergence among these haplotypes was low (average = 1.1%), phylogeographic structuring was apparent. Notably, a clear phylogenetic split separated one group of haplotypes restricted to the Wyoming Basins from all others. This phylogenetic split was further corroborated by examination of nucleotide sequence variation from a 270-bp stretch of the mtDNA cytochrome b gene. Overall geographic and phylogenetic patterns suggest a complex history of geographic structuring and subsequent mixing of populations of grasshopper mice throughout the late Pleistocene. These patterns of variation are evaluated relative to alternative hypotheses about biotic responses to Quaternary climatic oscillations in western North American arid regions.
Efficiency of electric power generation in the United States: Analysis and forecast based on data envelopment analysis

This paper estimates the efficiency of electric power generation in the United States for the period of 1991 through 2004 using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Operating expenses and energy loss are used as inputs, utilization of net capacity, as an output. Obtained results point to a relative stability in efficiency from 1994 through 2000 at levels of 99–100% with a sharp decline to 94–95% levels in the years following. Efficiency is also forecasted for year 2010, and calculated to equal 96.80%, which means it remains below the values of previous years. Lastly, a model of efficiency management is introduced and discussed.
Hearing Loss, Aging, and Speech Perception in Reverberation and Noise

The present investigation examined the effect of reverberation and noise on the perception of nonsense syllables by four groups of subjects: younger (≤35 years of age) and older (>60 years of age) ...
The dependent variable of the independent sector: the definition and measurement of giving and volunteering

This paper addresses three topics to which researchers should turn their attention in regard to the dependent variable of giving and volunteering. The first is to develop an expanded definition of philanthropy revolving around the notion of ‘gift’ and the relations of exchange and around the theological virtue of charity and the emotional dispositions of care, altruism, and love of neighbour. The second is to attend to measurement problems in regard to operationalising giving and volunteering; obtaining comparable information from givers and non-givers; improving the reliability of the data, including an effort to reduce the amount of missing data; and establishing a consistent unit of analysis. The third direction is to conduct some innovative research activity to obtain better measures and understandings of giving and volunteering, including development of a diary study, closer analysis of the relationship between class and giving, and attention to measuring the social effects or outcomes of philanthropic activity.
Prospective evaluation of antibiotic prophylaxis prior to cystometrogram and/or cystogram studies: Oral versus intramuscular routes☆

Abstract Objective: To compare empiric single-dose gentamicin versus culture-specific oral antibiotics as prophylaxis before cystometrogram and/or cystogram. Comparisons with regards to infection, patient preference, and cost were made. Design: Prospective randomized control trial. Setting: Impatient and outpatient rehabilitation hospital. Patients: Seventy received oral antibiotics and 72 received intramuscular gentamicin. Intervention: Cystometrograms and/or cystograms were performed. Main Outcome Measure: Patient interviewed and chart reviewed for infection. Convenience and comfort were rated by patient. Results: Oral antibiotics and gentamicin have similar efficacy. Patients rated the gentamicin more convenient ( p p Conclusion: Gentamicin should be used as the method of choice for cystometrogram/cystogram prophylaxis.
Povidone-iodine may provide small adjunctive benefit to scaling and root planing.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Systematic review on the effect of rinsing with povidone-iodine during nonsurgical therapy. Sahrmann P, Puhan MA, Attin T, Scmidlin PR. J Periodontal Res 2010;45:153-64. Reviewer Mark V. Thomas, DMD Purpose/Question In patients with chronic periodontitis, does intrasulcular irrigation with povidone-iodine (PVP-I) offer an adjunctive benefit over conventional scaling and root planing (SRP)? Source of Funding None disclosed Type of Study Design Systematic review with meta-analysis Level of Evidence Level 3: Other evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade C: Consensus, disease-oriented evidence, expert opinion
Influence of Porosity on Plane Strain Tensile Crack-Tip Stress Fields in Elastic-Plastic Materials: Part II

This paper continues the investigation of Drugan and Miao. There we studied analytically the influence of a uniform porosity distribution on the stress field near a plane strain tensile crack tip in ductile material, assuming that material very near the tip is at yield at all angles about the tip. Our solutions exhibited completely continuous stress fields for porosity f<0.02979, but for higher porosities they involved radial surfaces of radial normal stress jumps. Here we investigate whether, for this higher range of porosity, relaxing our assumption of yield at all angles about the tip will facilitate solutions exhibiting fully continuous stress fields
A computer text analysis of four cohesion devices in english discourse by native and nonnative writers

Abstract Nonnative speakers (NNSs) of English in U.S. colleges and universities often hove difficulty writing adequate academic prose. One research area which has sought to identify and solve the problems of English as a Second Language (ESL) writing is contrastive rhetoric: the study of texts written in English by native speakers (NSs) of different languages to determine syntactic and rhetorical differences. This study examined 768 essays written in English by native speakers of Arabic, Chinese, Spanish, and English in order to determine whether distinctive, quantifiable differences in the use of four cohesion devices existed between and among the four language backgrounds. The corpus consisted of four essay prompts: two topic types and two topic tasks for each topic. The Writer's Workbench (WWB), a computer text-analysis program originally developed by AT&T/Bell Laboratories, was used to analyze the four cohesion variables in the corpus. Results of the analyses showed frequent co-occurrence of certain cohesion devices that differed significantly between and among language backgrounds and between topic types.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of Oxygen Insertion into Trialkylsilanes by Methyltrioxorhenium Catalyst

Among the reactions of hydrogen peroxide that are catalyzed by methyltrioxorhenium, the oxidation of alkylsilanes is unique. It is not a reaction in which an oxygen atom is added to a substrate, but one featuring a net insertion, R{sub 3}Si{single{underscore}bond}H + H{sub 2}O{sub 2}{r{underscore}arrow} R{sub 3}Si{single{underscore}bond}OH + H{sub 2}O. Kinetic studies were carried out on 10 compounds. Rate constants were determined for the bimolecular reaction of the silane with the peroxo compound CH{sub 3}Re(O)({eta}{sup 2}-O{sub 2}){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O). The variation of rate constant with the alkyl groups R follows two trends: the values of log(k) are linear functions of (a) the stretching frequency of the Si{single{underscore}bond}H group and (b) the total Taft constant for these substituents. The reactions of (n-Bu){sub 3}Si{single{underscore}bond}H and (n-Bu){sub 3}Si{single{underscore}bond}D exhibit a kinetic isotope effect of 2.1 at 0 C. From these data, a model for the transition state was formulated in which O{single{underscore}bond}H and Si{single{underscore}bond}O bond making accompany Si{single{underscore}bond}H bond breaking. Quantum mechanical calculations have been carried out on the gas-phase reaction between Et{sub 3}SiH and CH{sub 3}Re(O){sub 2}({eta}{sup 2}-O{sub 2}). These results support this structure, calculating a structure and energy that are in agreement. The theoretical activation energy is 28.5 kcal mol{sup {minus}1}, twicemore » the experimental value in aqueous acetonitrile, 12.4 kcal mol{sup {minus}1}. The difference can be attributed to the solvation of the polar transition state in this medium.« less
Fast Low-Power-Drain Logic System for Use in Nuclear Experiments on Scientific Satellites

A fast low-power-drain logic system has been developed for use in nuclear experiments on scientific satellites. The system consists of a compatible set of AND and NAND gates, pulse generators, delays and bistables. Each basic circuit unit has a response time in the 10 nanosecond range and power drain in the 2.0 milliwatt range. The basic units may be directly interconnected to form a required logic system. The basic circuit units, their use in a typical coincidence anti-coincidence system and their possible use in event priority and wide dynamic range pulse height analyzer systems is described.
Short-rotation woody crop supply systems in the United States: what do we know and what do we need to know?

Abstract Short-rotation woody crop (SRWC) supply systems have been proposed over the past 20 years as a means of rapidly producing biomass for fiber and fuels. The U.S. Department of Energy, through the Biofuels Feedstock Development Program and its partners, has selected model species, developed silvicultural systems and created genetically improved clonal planting stock for use in SRWC supply systems. Spacing, fertilizer and pesticide prescriptions have been developed for several species and regions within the U.S. Breeding and genetic improvement projects continue to identify and select plant materials which display increased productivity and pest resistance. Genetic transformation, somaclonal variation and marker-assisted selection are being used to supplement traditional breeding work. Harvesting and handling methods are currently relying on traditional combinations of existing equipment. Nevertheless, technical and environmental issues related to: (1) long-term use of fertilizers and irrigation; (2) deployment of clonal planting stock; and (3) development of customized harvesting equipment remain as unresolved issues related to further deployment and commercialization of SRWC systems. Overall determination of SRWC sustainability will require resolution of these issues.
From the Editor---Operations Research: The Next Three Years

Stefanos Zenios, editor in chief of Operations Research, provides his vision and goals for the journal's next three years.
A Program To Obtain Reliable Photoabsorption Cross Sections

A program to obtain reliable photoabsorption cross sections for a broad range of elements has been initiated at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Using well-characterized samples, absolute measurements have been made with overall uncertainties of /+-/10% or less over energy ranges from about 50 eV to several keV, at several synchrotron radiation facilities. More than a dozen elements have been investigated and other measurements are being planned for elements beryllium (Z-4) through uranium (Z-92). Among the interesting phenomena observed are the resonances/enhancements which seem to accompany virtually every inner shell threshold. Specific examples discussed in this paper include carbon, nickel and uranium. Comparison with theory and existing data compilations/data bases indicate the need for substantial theoretical and compilation improvements. 24 refs., 6 figs.
Single-Mode Polymer Optical Fiber Sensors for Large Strain Applications

This paper characterizes an intrinsic, single-mode, polymer optical fiber (POF) sensor for use in large-strain applications such as civil infrastructures subjected to earthquake loading or systems with large shape changes such as morphing aircraft. The opto-mechanical response was formulated for the POF including a second-order (in strain) photoelastic effect as well as a second-order (in strain) solution for the deformation of the POF during loading. It is shown that four independent mechanical and opto-mechanical constants are required for the small deformation regime and six additional independent mechanical and opto-mechanical constants are required for the large deformation regime. The mechanical nonlinearity of a typical polymer optical fiber was experimentally measured in tension at various loading rates. The secant modulus of elasticity measured at small strains, roughly up to 2% strain, was measured to be ∼4GPa whereas at larger strains, roughly up to 4.5% strain, the secant modulus was measured to be ∼4.8GPa. As the loading rate was increased the yield strain increased, ranging from ∼3.2% at 1mm/min to ∼5% at 305 mm/min.
The Normal Electrocardiogram

An attempt has been made to show that the data available are not altogether adequate for establishing exact criteria for the normal electrocardiogram. Some of the more recent efforts to correct this situation have been reviewed and synthesized so far as possible into a form which it is hoped may be immediately useful. It is emphasized that this report is merely of recent clinical progress in the field. A more comprehensive and statistically complete investigation of the normal electrocardiogram in all age groups remains to be done.
Magnetic properties of CoO nanocrystals prepared with a controlled reaction atmosphere

In this work CoO nanocrystals with a cubic crystal structure were prepared by the thermal decomposition of cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate in a mixture of oleylamine and oleic acid with a controlled reaction atmosphere. The particle size is controlled by the binding capability of the ligands which is affected by the presence or absence of oxygen. The magnetic properties of the CoO nanocrystals of different particle sizes were studied and compared. Large exchange bias was found for the smaller CoO nanoparticles (58 nm) prepared in the presence of oxygen due to uncompensated spins on the surface. The magnetic behavior for the larger nanocrystals (275 nm) is dominated by the spins associated with the defects inside the CoO nanoparticles.
Dynamics of two interacting particles in classical billiards

The problem of two interacting particles moving in a d-dimensional billiard is considered here. A suitable coordinate transformation leads to the problem of a particle in an unconventional hyperbilliard. A dynamical map can be readily constructed for this general system, which greatly simplifies calculations. As a particular example, we consider two identical particles interacting through a screened Coulomb potential in a one-dimensional billiard. We find that the screening plays an important role in the dynamical behavior of the system and only in the limit of vanishing screening length can the particles be considered as bouncing balls. For more general screening and energy values, the system presents strong nonintegrability with resonant islands of stability. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Genomes, Proteomes, and the Central Dogma

Systems biology, with its associated technologies of proteomics, genomics, and metabolomics, is driving the evolution of our understanding of cardiovascular physiology. Rather than studying individual molecules or even single reactions, a systems approach allows integration of orthogonal data sets from distinct tiers of biological data, including gene, RNA, protein, metabolite, and other component networks. Together these networks give rise to emergent properties of cellular function, and it is their reprogramming that causes disease. We present 5 observations regarding how systems biology is guiding a revisiting of the central dogma: (1) It deemphasizes the unidirectional flow of information from genes to proteins; (2) it reveals the role of modules of molecules as opposed to individual proteins acting in isolation; (3) it enables discovery of novel emergent properties; (4) it demonstrates the importance of networks in biology; and (5) it adds new dimensionality to the study of biological systems.
Reducing operand transport complexity of superscalar processors using distributed register files

A critical problem in wide-issue superscalar processors is the limit on cycle time imposed by the central register file and operand bypass network. Here, a distributed register file architecture that employs fully distributed functional unit clusters is presented. It utilizes a local register mapping table and a dedicated register transfer network to support distributed register operations. In addition, an eager transfer mechanism is developed to reduce penalties caused by incomplete operand transport interconnection. Distributed register files can be employed to reduce operand access time by a factor of two with associated average IPC penalties of 14% and 21% on 4- and 8-way superscalar architectures across a broad range of symbolic, scientific, and multimedia applications. The IPC penalties are only 3% and 10% for SpecINT2000 applications.
Review: Improving Students' Web Use and Information Literacy: A Guide for Teachers and Teacher Librarians

Herring, James E. Improving Students’ Web Use and Information Literacy: A Guide for Teachers and Teacher Librarians. U.K.: Facet Publishing, 2011. 143 pp. ISBN: 9781856047432. $85 Hardcover.
On Floquet-Fourier Realizations of Linear Time-Periodic Impulse Responses

We show that a linear time-periodic system with a smooth impulse response can be arbitrarily well approximated by a linear time-periodic state-space representation in so-called Floquet-Fourier form. The Floquet-Fourier form has a constant state matrix and the input and output matrices have only finitely many nonzero Fourier coefficients. Such representations are easier to use for analysis and control design than the impulse response or fully general state-space forms. The construction of the Floquet-Fourier form is done using methods for model approximation of infinite-dimensional linear time-invariant systems. We also propose a method for constructing minimal realizations from impulse responses of a special structure.
Catchability of Walleyes to Fyke Netting and Electrofishing in Northern Wisconsin Lakes

Abstract We quantified relationships between both fyke-net catch rates (catch/net-night) and electrofishing catch rates (catch/mi) and population densities (number/acre) of walleye Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) for adult population estimates and total population estimates to determine whether catchability was density dependent. Fyke-net catch rates were modeled as a nonlinear function of adult walleye density and of four size-classes of the adult population, and electrofishing catch rates were modeled as a nonlinear function of adult and total walleye density and four size-classes of the adult and total populations. The results showed nonlinear relationships between catch rate and density for the adult and total populations. We accounted for measurement errors in catch rates and densities by estimating bias-corrected slopes by means of Monte Carlo simulations and estimated measurement-error ratios by means of an errors-in-variables model. We found that the bias-corrected slopes were highe...
High-coherence semiconductor lasers based on integral high-Q resonators in hybrid Si/III-V platforms

The semiconductor laser (SCL) is the principal light source powering the worldwide optical fiber network. The ever-increasing demand for data is causing the network to migrate to phase-coherent modulation formats, which place strict requirements on the temporal coherence of the light source that no longer can be met by current SCLs. This failure can be traced directly to the canonical laser design, in which photons are both generated and stored in the same, optically lossy, III-V material. This leads to an excessive and large amount of noisy spontaneous emission commingling with the laser mode, thereby degrading its coherence. High losses also decrease the amount of stored optical energy in the laser cavity, magnifying the effect of each individual spontaneous emission event on the phase of the laser field. Here, we propose a new design paradigm for the SCL. The keys to this paradigm are the deliberate removal of stored optical energy from the lossy III-V material by concentrating it in a passive, low-loss material and the incorporation of a very high-Q resonator as an integral (i.e., not externally coupled) part of the laser cavity. We demonstrate an SCL with a spectral linewidth of 18 kHz in the telecom band around 1.55 μm, achieved using a single-mode silicon resonator with Q of 106.
Marijuana effect and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol plasma level

delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) kinetics and dynamics of self-reported psychologic "high" effect are analyzed in six subjects who smoked marijuana cigarettes of three different potencies. Correlation of the pharmacologic response to smoking a marijuana cigarette with plasma THC levels was done with compartmental models and phase plots. It was concluded that the effect compartment for psychologic high is directly coupled to the central (plasma) compartment. It was observed that effect is directly proportional to mean THC levels from approximately 1 to 4 hr after the start of smoking a marijuana cigarette.
Production, characterization and utility of a panel of monoclonal antibodies for the detection of toluene diisocyanate haptenated proteins

Diisocyanates (dNCOs) are highly reactive low molecular weight chemicals used in the manufacture of polyurethane products and are the most commonly reported cause of occupational asthma. Mechanistic disease studies and development of biomonitoring and research tools, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been hampered by dNCOs' ability to self-polymerize and to cross-link biomolecules. Toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), with potential use in immunoassays for exposure and biomarker assessments, were produced and reactivities characterized against mono- and diisocyanate and dithioisocyanate protein conjugates. In general, TDI reactive mAbs displayed stronger recognition of isocyanate haptenated proteins when the NCO was in the ortho position relative to the tolyl group, and were capable of discriminating between isocyanate and isothiocyanate conjugates and between aromatic and aliphatic dNCOs. Preliminary studies using TDI vapor exposed cells suggest potential utility of these mAbs for both research and biomonitoring.
Regional differences in African Americans' high risk for stroke: the remarkable burden of stroke for Southern African Americans.

Purpose The stroke mortality rate for African Americans aged 45 to 64 years is 3 to 4 times higher than for whites of the same age, with a decreasing black-to-white mortality ratio with increasing age. There is also a “STROKE BELT” with higher stroke mortality in the southeastern United States. This study assesses if there are also geographic variations in the magnitude of the excess stroke mortality for African Americans. Methods The age- and sex-specific black-to-white mortality ratio was calculated for each of 26 states with a sufficient African American population for stable estimates. The southern excess was calculated as the percentage excess of southern over nonsouthern rates. Results Across age and sex strata, the black-to-white stroke mortality ratio was consistently higher for southern states, with an average black-to-white stroke mortality ratio that ranged from 6% to 21% higher among southern states than in nonsouthern states. Conclusions The increase in stroke mortality rates for African Americans in southern states is even larger than expected. That southern states that are not part of the “STROKE BELT” (Virginia and Florida) also have an elevated black-to-white mortality ratio suggests the mechanism of higher risk for African Americans may be independent of the causes contributing to “STROKE BELT.”
Citalopram Treatment of Pediatric Recurrent Abdominal Pain and Comorbid Internalizing Disorders: An Exploratory Study.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the potential efficacy, tolerability, and safety of citalopram in the treatment of functional pediatric recurrent abdominal pain and comorbid internalizing disorders. Method Twenty-five clinically referred children and adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain aged 7 to 18 years, inclusive, participated in a 12-week, flexible-dose, open-label trial of citalopram. Primary outcome measure was the Clinical Global Impression Scale-Improvement, with responders defined by ratings of 1 (very much improved) or 2 (much improved). Secondary measures included self- and parent reports of abdominal pain, anxiety, depression, other somatic symptoms, and functional impairment. Side effects were assessed using a standardized checklist. Data were analyzed using an intent-to-treat format and the last observation carried forward procedure. Results Twenty-one subjects (84%) were classified as responders (Clinical Global Impression Scale-Improvement score ≤2). Citalopram was generally well tolerated. Four subjects withdrew prematurely, one due to reported visual side effects. Ratings of abdominal pain, anxiety, depression, other somatic symptoms, and functional impairment all improved significantly over the course of the study compared with baseline. Conclusions Citalopram is a promising treatment for functional pediatric recurrent abdominal pain and deserves additional study with a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Ziria: wireless programming for hardware dummies

Software-defined radio (SDR) brings the flexibility of software to the domain of wireless protocol design, promising both an ideal platform for research and innovation and the rapid deployment of new protocols on existing hardware. Most existing SDR platforms require careful hand-tuning of low-level code to be useful in the real world. In this talk I will describe Ziria, an SDR platform that is both easily programmable and performant. Ziria introduces a programming model that builds on ideas from functional programming and that is tailored to wireless physical layer tasks. The model captures the inherent and important distinction between data and control paths in this domain. I will describe the programming model, give an overview of the execution model, compiler optimizations, and current work. We have used Ziria to produce an implementation of 802.11a/g and a partial implementation of LTE.
Survival Analysis of Cancer Risk Reduction Strategies for BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers

Purpose Women with BRCA1/2 mutations inherit high risks of breast and ovarian cancer; options to reduce cancer mortality include prophylactic surgery or breast screening, but their efficacy has never been empirically compared. We used decision analysis to simulate risk-reducing strategies in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and to compare resulting survival probability and causes of death. Methods We developed a Monte Carlo model of breast screening with annual mammography plus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from ages 25 to 69 years, prophylactic mastectomy (PM) at various ages, and/or prophylactic oophorectomy (PO) at ages 40 or 50 years in 25-year-old BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Results With no intervention, survival probability by age 70 is 53% for BRCA1 and 71% for BRCA2 mutation carriers. The most effective single intervention for BRCA1 mutation carriers is PO at age 40, yielding a 15% absolute survival gain; for BRCA2 mutation carriers, the most effective single intervention is PM, yielding a 7% survival gain if performed at age 40 years. The combination of PM and PO at age 40 improves survival more than any single intervention, yielding 24% survival gain for BRCA1 and 11% for BRCA2 mutation carriers. PM at age 25 instead of age 40 offers minimal incremental benefit (1% to 2%); substituting screening for PM yields a similarly minimal decrement in survival (2% to 3%).
Effect of Combination Therapy With Fenofibrate and Simvastatin on Postprandial Lipemia in the ACCORD Lipid Trial

OBJECTIVE The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes lipid study (ACCORD Lipid), which compared the effects of simvastatin plus fenofibrate (FENO-S) versus simvastatin plus placebo (PL-S) on cardiovascular disease outcomes, measured only fasting triglyceride (TG) levels. We examined the effects of FENO-S on postprandial (PP) lipid and lipoprotein levels in a subgroup of ACCORD Lipid subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 139 subjects (mean age of 61 years, 40% female, and 76% Hispanic or black) in ACCORD Lipid, from a total 529 ACCORD Lipid subjects in the Northeast Clinical Network. PP plasma TG, apolipoprotein (apo)B48, and apoCIII were measured over 10 h after an oral fat load. RESULTS The PP TG incremental area under the curve (IAUC) above fasting (median and interquartile range [mg/dL/h]) was 572 (352–907) in the FENO-S group versus 770 (429–1,420) in the PL-S group ( P = 0.008). The PP apoB48 IAUC (mean ± SD [μg/mL/h]) was also reduced in the FENO-S versus the PL-S group (23.2 ± 16.3 vs. 35.2 ± 28.6; P = 0.008). Fasting TG levels on the day of study were correlated with PP TG IAUC ( r = 0.73 for FENO-S and r = 0.62 for PL-S; each P CONCLUSIONS FENO-S lowered PP TG similarly in all participants compared with PL-S. However, levels of atherogenic apoB48 particles were reduced only in individuals with increased fasting levels of TG. These results may have implications for interpretation of the overall ACCORD Lipid trial, which suggested benefit from FENO-S only in dyslipidemic individuals.