cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient approximation of Jacobian matrices involving a non-uniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT).

There is growing interest in learning k-space sampling patterns for MRI using optimization approaches. For non-Cartesian sampling patterns, reconstruction methods typically involve non-uniform FFT (NUFFT) operations. A typical NUFFT method contains frequency domain interpolation using Kaiser-Bessel kernel values that are retrieved by nearest neighbor look-up in a finely tabulated kernel. That look-up operation is not differentiable with respect to the sampling pattern, complicating auto-differentiation routines for backpropagation (stochastic gradient descent) for sampling pattern optimization. This paper describes an efficient and accurate approach for computing approximate gradients with respect to the sampling pattern for learning k-space sampling. Various numerical experiments validate the accuracy of the proposed approximation. We also showcase the trajectories optimized for different iterative reconstruction algorithms, including smooth convex regularized reconstruction and compressed sensing-based reconstruction.
Quantum Monte Carlo Level Spectroscopy

The new method of analysis combining the level spectroscopy and the quantum Monte Carlo method will be developed in this chapter. The finite-size scaling method performs well and elicits the universality class correctly for many continuous phase transitions. However, for the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition where the correlation length exponentially diverges at the critical point, this conventional scaling method does not work practically because exponentially large systems need to be calculated. For overcoming the difficulty of the analysis, the level spectroscopy was invented. This method has been combined with the diagonalization so far; the application has been restricted to small-size systems. For the combination with the Monte Carlo method, the precise gap calculation is inevitable. Thus, we will devise an improved gap estimator that can overcome the notorious difficulty of the numerical inverse Laplace transformation. We will demonstrate the effectiveness for the spin-Peierls model and the \(\mathrm{S}=1\) alternating bond model. The quantum Monte Carlo technique for the twisted boundary condition for detecting the transition point will also be presented.
Well-Being in the West: Hygieia Before and After the Demographic Transition

The West inherited a view of health from the ancient Greeks as being more than the absence of illness (i.e., pathogenesis) but also the presence of positive health, or well-being (i.e., salutogenesis). In this chapter, we argue that all nations undergo a process of the rise of pathogenic views of health that is followed by the need for the rise of a salutogenic view of health as a result of changes in economic development that affects a nation’s demographic transition. This transition begins with a reduction in mortality rates that is followed by a reduction in fertility rates that increase population size and life expectancy and cause a shift in the causes of death from acute and infectious to chronic diseases. The result is increased pressure on further economic development due to a larger and an aging population that requires greater investment in the promotion of good, or positive, health that can help to prevent chronic illness.
Specific peptide probes for G-protein interactions with receptors.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes regions on G-protein α subunits involved in interactions with receptors. The main model system to be employed is the light receptor rhodopsin and the rod G protein transducin (G t ). The visual signaling pathway is similar to that of other transduction cascades involving receptor–G-protein–effector coupling. Light activation of rhodopsin leads to the formation of metarhodopsin II (Meta II), which displays sites on the cytoplasmic surface for interaction with heterotrimeric G t . Meta II catalyzes a conformational change in the G t α subunit ( α t ) which opens its nucleotide binding pocket and decreases the affinity of guanosine-diphosphate (GDP). “Empty-pocket” G t displays transient high affinity for rhodopsin which normally is terminated when guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) binds and causes a second conformational change, leading to decreased affinity of α t for both rhodopsin and βγ . In the absence of GTP, the molecular basis for the high-affinity interaction between receptor and G protein is examined in the chapter in great detail.
NGOS and Changing Patterns of Governance: Clear Roles or Growing Complexity?

This paper examines the impact of the explosion of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on governance in the world’s developing countries. Looking specifically at service provision in Kenya, it analyzes how the proliferation of NGOs has changed they way service allocation decisions are made, as well as how development policy is formulated and implemented. In so doing, it also explores shifting NGO-government relations over time. Counter to arguments that the opening of public space to private actors has created a clear division of labor between policy-making government and policy-implementing private actors, public administration in Kenya has become a complex and intertwined affair. NGOs sit on national policymaking committees, second government employees to their offices and send their employees to work in government, and even create projects that government implements. Through such changes, developing countries are witnessing a blurring of the lines between public and private. Indeed, NGOs extend the organizational form of the state beyond the civil service. As a result, governance in Kenya has become more democratic.
ICU use of haloperidol prior to the 2002 SCCM sedation and analgesia guidelines

Delirium occurs in as many as 80% of mechanically ventilated (MV) medical intensive care unit (ICU) patients and is associated with poor outcomes. MV patients spend 43% of all ICU days in delirium, while all patients who become delirious spend about 25% of their ICU days in delirium. The 2002 SCCM sedation and analgesia guidelines call for routine delirium screening and treatment with haloperidol. We sought to understand whether these guidelines represented a change from current practice by examining haloperidol use in the ICUs of a large tertiary care academic medical center.
A regression modeling approach for studying carbonate system variability in the northern Gulf of Alaska

[1] The northern Gulf of Alaska (GOA) shelf experiences carbonate system variability on seasonal and annual time scales, but little information exists to resolve higher frequency variability in this region. To resolve this variability using platforms-of-opportunity, we present multiple linear regression (MLR) models constructed from hydrographic data collected along the Northeast Pacific Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics (GLOBEC) Seward Line. The empirical algorithms predict dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) using observations of nitrate (NO3−), temperature, salinity and pressure from the surface to 500 m, with R2s > 0.97 and RMSE values of 11 µmol kg−1 for DIC and 9 µmol kg−1 for TA. We applied these relationships to high-resolution NO3− data sets collected during a novel 20 h glider flight and a GLOBEC mesoscale SeaSoar survey. Results from the glider flight demonstrated time/space along-isopycnal variability of aragonite saturations (Ωarag) associated with a dicothermal layer (a cold near-surface layer found in high latitude oceans) that rivaled changes seen vertically through the thermocline. The SeaSoar survey captured the uplift to <100 m of dense, high-pCO2 waters at the shelf break that had been forced by the passage of a Yakutat eddy. During this event, the aragonite saturation horizon (depth where Ωarag = 1) shoaled to a previously unseen depth in the northern GOA. This work is similar to recent studies aimed at predicting the carbonate system in continental margin settings, albeit demonstrates that a NO3−-based approach can be applied to high-latitude data collected from platforms capable of high-frequency measurements.
Calcium Supplementation Does Not Augment Bone Gain in Young Women Consuming Diets Moderately Low in Calcium

In earlier observational work, the dietary calcium:protein ratio was directly related to bone accrual in healthy postadolescent women. In this study, we sought to test the hypothesis that augmented calcium intake would increase postadolescent skeletal consolidation, using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design. We recruited 152 healthy young women (age 23.1 2.7 y, BMI 22.5 3.0 kg/m 2 ); their usual diets, as assessed by 7-d food diaries, were low in calcium (605 181 mg/d; 15.1 4.5 mmol/d) and in the calcium:protein ratio (10.1 2.0 mg/g). The subjects were randomly assigned to supplemental calcium (500 mg calcium (12.5 mmol) as the carbonate, 3 times/d, with meals) or placebo capsules identical in appearance; all participants also took a daily multivitamin, and they were followed for up to 36 mo with bone densitometry (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; DXA) at 6-mo intervals. A total of 121 subjects remained in the study for at least 12 mo (median time in the study, 35 mo), with a mean compliance level (observed/expected tablet consumption) of 87.7%. DXA data for these 121 subjects indicated modest but significant mean rates of increase (i.e., 0.24 to 1.10%/y) in bone mineral content (BMC; total body, total hip, and lumbar spine) and in lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) but no change in total hip BMD. None of these rates of change differed by group, i.e., calcium supplementation did not have any measurable effect on bone mass accrual. By midstudy, the calcium content of the subjects' usual diets for both groups had risen by 15%. The combined effect of improved intakes of dietary calcium and the small amount of calcium added by the multivitamin tablets resulted in a mean calcium intake for the control group 800 mg (20 mmol)/d, possibly at or near the threshold beyond which additional calcium has no further effect on bone accrual. J. Nutr. 135: 2362-2366, 2005. An adequate intake of calcium (Ca) is generally recognized as essential for acquisition and maintenance of the skeletal mass called for in the genetic program as modified by mechan- ical loading activity (1-7). However, Ca is also recognized as a threshold nutrient (2,6), i.e., the effect of variations in intake are evident only up to some threshold intake level, above which further increases in intake produce no further change in skeletal mass. Precisely what those threshold values may be at various life stages remains uncertain. This study was designed to examine a life stage (skeletal consolidation in the 3rd decade) for which, to our knowledge, no controlled trials have been performed or published. In an earlier observational study from our research unit, physical activity, nutrient intakes, and bone mass were ob- served longitudinally for up t o5yi n 156healthy, college-aged women (8). In this group, bone mass was increasing at a yearly rate of 1.25% for the total body and 0.59% at the lumbar spine. Overall, bone gain was directly related to the calcium
Cation‐Dependent Switching of DNA Nanostructures

DNA is a versatile building material for nanoconstruction because of its remarkable molecular-recognition capability and well-predicted duplex conformation. A number of DNA motifs have been engineered, which can assemble into well-defined nanostructures in Mg 2+ -containing buffer solution. XRD studies reveal that the DNA conformation is slightly influenced by divalent cations (such as Mg 2+ or Ca 2+ ). This phenomenon can be utilized in DNA self-assembly for regulating self-assembled DNA nanostructures. As an initial step, a symmetric cross motif forms flat, periodic, 2D lattices in Mg 2+ -containing solutions, but long nanofibers in Ca 2+ -containing solutions. The obtained DNA fibers can serve as templates to fabricate CaCO 3 nanotubes and nanowires.
The extent of separation in single permeation stages

Abstract Rony's extent of separation is used to compare the separation obtained in single permeation stages with idealized flow patterns inside the stage, including countercurrent, cocurrent, cross-flow and perfect mixing. An example is presented using the models of Stern and co-workers to show how the extent of separation varies with stage cut and area. The extent of separation clearly shows how the “goodness” of separation varies with stage cut and which stage cut represents the best separation. For the example used (the separation of air) the maximum extent of separation is significantly different for the different flow patterns. The effectiveness is in the order countercurrent > cross-flow > cocurrent > perfect mix.
Chest-wall reconstruction using the external oblique muscle.

Abstract Transposed muscle is invaluable material in the repair of chest-wall defects following resection. The strength of the muscle, its size and good blood supply make it suitable for pleural seal, stabilisation and mediastinal protection. The muscle provides an excellent surface for skin grafts and if more stabilisation of the chest wall is needed, a free bone graft can be inserted at the same time. We report the use of the external oblique muscle in the reconstruction of the chest wall after resection of a large radionecrotic ulcer.
Numerical analysis of a smooth-bore magnetron with mobility-dominated transport

Self-consistent nonlinear solutions for the space-charge flow in a smooth-bore magnetron with collision-dominated transport are discussed. Although oscillatory solutions were anticipated, none were found. The solutions do, however, clearly demonstrate the ability of the Buneman scattering mechanism to explain current flow below Hull cutoff.
Bighorn Sheep β2-Integrin LFA-1 Serves as a Receptor for Mannheimia haemolytica Leukotoxin

Mannheimia haemolytica is an important cause of pneumonia in bighorn sheep (BHS; Ovis canadensis). Leukotoxin (Lkt), the primary virulence determinant of M. haemolytica, induces cytolysis of all subsets of leukocytes. Previously, we have shown that CD18, the β subunit of β2-integrins, mediates Lkt-induced cytolysis. However, it is not clear whether CD18 of all three β2-integrins, LFA-1, Mac-1, and CR4, mediates Lkt-induced cytol-ysis. The objective of this study was to determine whether BHS LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) serves as a receptor for Lkt. Plasmids encoding cDNA for BHS CD11a and CD18 were cotransfected into Lkt-resistant HEK-293 cells. Flow cytometric analysis of transfectants confirmed cell surface expression of BHS LFA-1, Lkt-LFA-1 binding and Lkt-induced intracellular calcium elevation. More importantly, the transfectants were efficiently lysed by Lkt in a concentration-dependent manner. Collectively, these results indicate that BHS LFA-1 serves as a functional receptor for M. haemolytica Lkt.
Exploring Body Comparison Tendencies: Women Are Self-Critical Whereas Men Are Self-Hopeful

This study examined similarities and differences in women’s and men’s comparison tendencies and perfection beliefs when evaluating their face, body shape, and physical abilities, as well as how the...
Research on the infrared and visible Power-Equipment image fusion for inspection robots

In this paper we present a novel and robust fusion algorithm for the infrared and visible Power-Equipment image, which is invariant to large-scale changes and illumination changes in the real operating environment of Power Equipments. Firstly, the Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm is used to extract and describe the feature points from the infrared and visible images. Secondly, the best feature matching for each feature point of visible images is found by identifying its nearest neighbor in the database of feature points from infrared images. Thirdly, the Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) technology is chose to select the appropriate geometric transformation model and estimate the transformation parameters of this geometric model. Finally, the bicubic interpolation method is employed to implement grayscale interpolation and coordinate transformation, then obtain the fusion image of visible and infrared images. Extensive experimental results on the Power-Equipment dataset demonstrate that our method has high stability and excellent performance.
Do nominal devaluations lead to real devaluations in LDCs

Abstract Devaluation or depreciation of nominal exchange rate is a policy to boost exports. However, since any favorable effects of devaluation could be offset by its inflationary effects, one must consider real devaluation. This note investigates whether nominal devaluation leads to real devaluation by employing a relatively new method of cointegration and error-correction modeling.
Are different hemodynamic patterns of antihypertensive drugs clinically important

Since vascular resistance is elevated in hypertension, it is suggested that vasodilators lower the blood pressure by a physiologic mechanism and therefore must be more useful than cardiac output-lowering drugs. This is not entirely correct. Drugs that lower cardiac output are also relative vasodilators, but the vasodilation occurs at a lower level of cardiac output. It is also not necessarily true that all vasodilators are good antihypertensive agents. The clinical profile of a vasodilator depends on its effect on the venous return, cardiac output, regional blood flow, renin-angiotensin system, and sympathetic reflexes. From the viewpoint of hemodynamics, an ideal antihypertensive drug is a vasodilator that does not excessively increase cardiac output, causes no fluid retention, does not induce a great deal of venodilation, and does not elicit substantial neurohumoral counterregulation. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, some calcium antagonists, and some combined alpha/beta-blocking agents come close to satisfying the hemodynamic definition of an ideal antihypertensive drug.
Evaluation of the halophyte Salsola soda as an alternative crop for saline soils high in selenium and boron

Urbanization, industrial development, and intensive agriculture have caused soil contamination and land degradation in many areas of the world. Salinization is one important factor contributing to land degradation and it affects agricultural production and environmental quality. When salinization is combined with soil pollution by trace elements, as it occurs in many arid and semi-arid regions around the world, strategies to phyto-manage pollutants and sustain crop production need to be implemented. In this study, we present the case of saline soils in the West side of Central California which contain naturally-occurring selenium (Se), boron (B), and other salts, such as NaCl, CaCl2, Na2SO4, and Na2SeO4. To sustain crop production on Se- and B-laden arid saline soils, we investigated the potential of the halophyte "agretti" (Salsola soda L.) as an alternative crop. The aim of our greenhouse study was to examine adaptability, B tolerance, and Se accumulation by S. soda grown on soils collected from a typical saline-laden field site located on the West side of the San Joaquin Valley (SJV). Our results showed that S. soda tolerates the saline (EC ∼ 10 dS m(-1)) and B-laden soils (10 mg B L(-1)) of the SJV even with the additional irrigation of saline and B rich water (EC ∼ 3 dS m(-1) and 4 mg B L(-1)). Under these growing conditions, the plant can accumulate high concentrations of Na (80 g Na kg(-1) DW), B (100 mg B kg(-1) DW), and Se (3-4 mg Se kg(-1) DW) without showing toxicity symptoms. Hence, S. soda showed promising potential as a plant species that can be grown in B-laden saline soils and accumulate and potentially manage excessive soluble Se and B in soil.
Function of Isolated Bovine Thyroid Polyribosomes

Polyribosomes prepared from bovine thyroid glands were examined for their ability to synthesize thyroglobulin. The polyribosomal amino acid incorporating system was reconstructed with unfractionated or differentsized membrane-free polyribosomes and rat liver amino acid activating enzymes supplemented with GTP and an ATP generating system. Active incorporation of amino acids including 14C-phenylalanine and 3H-tyrosine was shown, but there was very little incorporation of 14C-glutamic acid or 14C-glutamine into protein. Glutamic acid was converted to glutamine by the incorporating system. A considerable portion of the labeled products was identified as thyroglobulin-related protein by its immunochemical properties. The heavier polyribosomes (10–35 ribosomes) showed a somewhat greater capacity for amino acid incorporation and a higher proportion of incorporation into thyroglobulin-related protein than did the smaller ones, although both showed a similar ratio of incorporation of different amino acids. (Endoc...
Attitudes toward cheating: general and specific.

College freshmen were given one of two questionnaires, which asked how justified cheating would be in each of 32 situations. In one questionnaire, the situational variables were the interest level of the course, the meaningfulness of the tests, their difficulty, the teaching of the professor, and whether he leaves or stays during tests. In the other questionnaire, the variables were the warmth of the professor, the frequency with which he discovers cheating, the meaningfulness of the tests, whether they are essay or objective, and the student's grade in the course. The extent to which a student said cheating was justified was hypothesized to be a compromise between a negative attitude toward cheating in general and the need to defend it because situational pressures result in the temptation to cheat. The data showed the predicted J-curve of conformity for “good” situations, as well as the predicted deviation from this curve for “bad” situations. In contrast to previous data, it was found that the women sa...
A review of environmental impacts of salts from produced waters on aquatic resources

Abstract Salts are frequently a major constituent of waste waters produced during oil and gas production. These produced waters or brines must be treated and/or disposed and provide a daily challenge for operators and resource managers. Some elements of salts are regulated with water quality criteria established for the protection of aquatic wildlife, e.g. chloride (Cl−), which has an acute standard of 860 mg/L and a chronic standard of 230 mg/L. However, data for establishing such standards has only recently been studied for other components of produced water, such as bicarbonate (HCO3−), which has acute median lethal concentrations (LC50s) ranging from 699 to > 8000 mg/L and effects on chronic toxicity from 430 to 657 mg/L. While Cl− is an ion of considerable importance in multiple geographical regions, knowledge about the effects of hardness (calcium and magnesium) on its toxicity and about mechanisms of toxicity is not well understood. A multiple-approach design that combines studies of both individuals and populations, conducted both in the laboratory and the field, was used to study toxic effects of bicarbonate (as NaHCO3). This approach allowed interpretations about mechanisms related to growth effects at the individual level that could affect populations in the wild. However, additional mechanistic data for HCO3−, related to the interactions of calcium (Ca2 +) precipitation at the microenvironment of the gill would dramatically increase the scientific knowledge base about how NaHCO3 might affect aquatic life. Studies of the effects of mixtures of multiple salts present in produced waters and more chronic effect studies would give a better picture of the overall potential toxicity of these ions. Organic constituents in hydraulic fracturing fluids, flowback waters, etc. are a concern because of their carcinogenic properties and this paper is not meant to minimize the importance of maintaining vigilance with respect to potential organic contamination.
Unusual surgical lesions of the parathyroid gland.

Abstract The total parathyroid surgical experience at the Mayo Clinic (1928 through 1967) has been reviewed for cases presenting the surgeon and the pathologist with perplexing problems in the operating room. Eighty-nine cases of unusual surgical and pathologic interest were studied, including fifty-eight cases of multiple glandular disease, nine cases of parathyroid carcinoma, twenty-one cases of parathyroid cysts, seventeen cases of wasserhelle hyperplasia, and three cases of tertiary hyperplasia. Of special interest were the thirty-eight cases of multiple glandular disease which were classified as primary adenomatous hyperplasia in thirty-two cases and multiple (two) adenomas in six cases. The pathologic aspects of this differentiation are discussed. Surgical aspects of this problem are presented with stress on visualization of all four glands to ensure adequate estimation of the problem. Other unusual parathyroid lesions such as cancer, cysts, and wasserhelle hyperplasia present somewhat lesser challenges to the surgeon.
Determination of nanomolar chromate in drinking water with solid phase extraction and a portable spectrophotometer.

Abstract Determination of chromate at low concentration levels in drinking water is an important analytical objective for both human health and environmental science. Here we report the use of solid phase extraction (SPE) in combination with a custom-made portable light-emitting diode (LED) spectrophotometer to achieve detection of chromate in the field at nanomolar levels. The measurement chemistry is based on a highly selective reaction between 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) and chromate under acidic conditions. The Cr–DPC complex formed in the reaction can be extracted on a commercial C18 SPE cartridge. Concentrated Cr–DPC is subsequently eluted with methanol and detected by spectrophotometry. Optimization of analytical conditions involved investigation of reagent compositions and concentrations, eluent type, flow rate (sample loading), sample volume, and stability of the SPE cartridge. Under optimized conditions, detection limits are on the order of 3 nM. Only 50 mL of sample is required for an analysis, and total analysis time is around 10 min. The targeted analytical range of 0–500 nM can be easily extended by changing the sample volume. Compared to previous SPE-based spectrophotometric methods, this analytical procedure offers the benefits of improved sensitivity, reduced sample consumption, shorter analysis time, greater operational convenience, and lower cost.
Testing for Long Run Purchasing Power Parity: An Examination of Korean Won

Most previous recent studies that have tested the Purchasing Power Parity Theory (PPP) have used cointegration technique and bilateral exchange rates. In this paper we too use cointegration technique, but effective exchange rate concept to test the PPP for Korean won. Using monthly data on exchange rates and price levels of 19 trading partners of Korea, we provide enough evidence to reject the PPP, a result similar to those of previous studies. [F31]
Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Oxygen Desaturation in Obese Patients

Fourteen morbidly obese subjects, referred to our Institution for bypass surgery for obesity, were studied with regard to pulmonary function and respiratory patterns during sleep. The seven female patients experienced no episodes of desaturation or disordered breathing during sleep. Six of the seven male patients experienced desaturation or disordered breathing. The one who did not had hypogonadism, suggesting that testosterone may have a role in the regulation of breathing during sleep. The two patients with the most frequent episodes of apnea and lowest oxygen saturation had a clinical picture consistent with the pickwickian syndrome. This supports the relationship previously noted between the degree of hypoxia and the presence of hypersomnolence.
Genotypic Variation for Root Penetration of a Soil Pan

ABSTRACT Cotton production has increased dramatically on the Coastal Plain of the southeastern USA since eradication of the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis [Boh.]) in the late 1980s. Most of the cotton production in this area occurs on soils possessing subsoil pans. Soil pans limit root growth, requiring mechanical disruption to increase the root zone and facilitate cotton growth. Mechanical amelioration of a soil pan has several disadvantages including expenses for equipment and energy, equipment to break up the pan may not be available, and the effects of mechanical disruption are temporary and contribute to soil erosion. The need for soil pan disruption might be eliminated or reduced with cotton germplasm capable of rooting through high strength soil. Our objective was to identify germplasm with superior rooting ability and thereby initiate breeding efforts incorporating this trait into cultivars. Cultivars and Pee Dee germplasm lines were evaluated at Florence, SC for 2-yr without irrigation for root ...
The major contribution of brain GABAergic function to anoxic survival.

the paper by ellefsen et al. ([3][1]) is a fascinating large-scale analysis of genes associated with GABA neurotransmission in an extremely important model of anoxia tolerance, the crucian carp, Carassius carassius . Under conditions of anoxia the crucian carp brain increases its extracellular GABA
Rydberg Atoms in "Circular" States

The population of a beam of lithium atoms has been transferred from a low angular momentum Rydberg state to a state with $|m|=n\ensuremath{-}1$, with nearly 100% efficiency. Selective field ionization is employed to detect the high $|m|$ state. Transfer occurs by a series of adiabatic rapid passages; it can also occur by a single multiphoton process.
Simultaneous determination of neutral and amino sugars in biological materials

A method is described for the simultaneous analysis of nine neutral and three amino sugars. Mixtures of standard sugars and biological samples were acid hydrolyzed with a two step Saeman procedure, neutralized with BaCO3, reduced with sodium borohydride, acidified, evaporated and alditol acetates prepared. Baseline resolution was achieved on a glass-capillary SP-2340 column in ca. 52 min. Reproducibility, response factors and hydrolysis losses were determined. Quantitation was linear over the range of 10-20 micrograms/ml to 2000 micrograms/ml. Conditions were defined for the reproducible quantitation of muramic acid.
A Real-Time Edge Detector

In this paper we present a very large scale integration (VLSI) architecture of a new edge detection algorithm, which has a very regular computational structure. The new algorithm detects weak edges and produces single-pixel localized edges. Due to its highly pipelined structure, the VLSI implementation of the algorithm outputs one edge-pixel every clock cycle. The VLSI architecture is a complete realization of the algorithm, where no degradation is introduced to the ASIC output when compared to edges produced by the algorithm. The detector is capable of processing video graphic array (VGA) sized images at 30 frames/s at a clock rate of 10 MHz in a stand-alone mode, where no additional glue logic is required. The ASIC was laid out and fabricated using Samsung/s 0.8?m double-metal CMOS process.
Kink bands, nonlinear elasticity and nanoindentations in graphite

Abstract Herein we report on the response of graphite single crystals––loaded parallel to their c -axis––to a 13.5 μm radius spherical diamond nanoindenter. Up to loads of 5 mN, corresponding to stresses of ≈0.5 GPa, fully reversible hysteresis loops are observed. At stresses >0.5 GPa, the first loops are slightly open; subsequent loops, in the same location, are fully reversible and harder than the first. Simple compression experiments on polycrystalline cylinders yielded qualitatively similar results. Our results, together with much of the literature on the mechanical properties of graphite, can be explained by invoking the formation of incipient kink bands, IKB's, that give way to mobile dislocation walls that, in turn, coalesce into kink boundaries with increasing stress. The IKB's are fully reversible; the dislocation walls result in plastic deformation, and the kink boundaries explain the hardening. Since the dislocations are confined to the basal planes, they cannot entangle and can thus move reversibly over relatively large distances resulting in the dissipation of substantial amounts (up to 100 MJ/m 3 ) of energy during each cycle. At stresses >1.5 GPa, massive pop-ins––of the order of 60 μm––are observed. Examination of the craters formed provided direct evidence for kink bands and the formation of a multitude of subgrains under the indenter. Based on this work, it is clear that graphite is a member of a larger class of solids––kinking nonlinear elastic solids––that includes the M n +1 AX n phases, layered silicates, nonlinear mesoscopic elastic solids, among others.
Orofacial pain of psychogenic origin: current concepts and classification

An overview o f the classification of psychogenic pain and pain disorders is presented. The orofacial pain states often identified as psychogenic are also discussed in relation to their strong association by researchers and clinicians with psychological or psychosocial factors. This article presents an overview of the classification of psychogenic pain by both the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Ill-Revised (DSM-III-R) of the American Psychiatric Association and the recently published Taxonomy of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP); discusses those orofacial pain states often identified as psychogenic because they are perceived by many researchers and clinicians to be strongly associated with psychological or psychosocial factors; and describes how both the DMS-III and the IASP taxonomy would classify chronic orofacial pain conditions that are difficult to understand.
Elastic imaging and time-lapse migration based on adjoint methods

We have drawn connections between imaging in exploration seismology, adjoint methods, and emerging finite-frequency tomography. All of these techniques rely on spatial and temporal constructive interference between observed and simulated waveforms to map locations of structural anomalies. Modern numerical methods and computers have facilitated the accurate and efficient simulation of 3D acoustic, (an)elastic, and poroelastic wave propagation. Using a 2D cross section of the SEG/EAGE salt model, we have determined how such waveform simulations might be harnessed to improve onshore and offshore seismic imaging strategies and capabilities. We have found that the density sensitivity kernel in adjoint tomography is related closely to the imaging principle in exploration seismology, and that in elastic modeling the impedance kernel actually is a better diagnostic tool for reflector identification. The shear- and compressional-wave speed sensitivity kernels in adjoint tomography are related closely to finite-frequency banana-doughnut kernels, and these kernels are well suited for mapping larger-scale structure, i.e., for transmission tomography. These ideas have been substantiated by addressing problems in subsalt time-lapse migration.
Some Uses of the Air-Driven Spinning Top

SINCE no measurements have so far been published, from any country, on colloidal systems using the air-driven spinning top of Henriot and Huguenard1, it is evident that the great importance of this remarkable tool has escaped the attention of most laboratories. This is especially surprising in view of the fact that any good mechanic can make the necessary simple equipment (a stator and a hollow rotor) for a cost of about two or three pounds, and that for most purposes no special precautions need be taken as to constancy of temperature or control of pressure. With much less than the pressure of air available in an ordinary garage, the top may spin at several thousand revolutions per second, producing centrifugal forces of the order of 105106 times gravity.
Bounding the smallest robustly control invariant sets in networks with discrete disturbances and controls

This paper is concerned with the reliability of logistics networks, specifically the problem of guaranteeing their robustness to uncertainties in operating conditions while maintaining economical storage costs. Indeed, we investigate logistics networks in a setup where both the disturbances and control actions take their values in prescribed finite alphabet sets, we revisit recently derived bounds on the 'l1' norm of the smallest invariant hyperbox sets, we show that the existing bounds are conservative, and we propose a tighter new lower bound.
Tachistoscopic thresholds following three kinds of paired-associate learning

Three experiments employed various methods of PA learning; after learning, tachistoscopic thresholds were measured for stimulus (S) words, response (R) words, and control (C) words. Tachistoscopic measurements found thresholds for R words to be significantly lower than thresholds for S words following only two of the methods: standard anticipation with pronunciation of R words only and the discriminative situation, which also required pronunciation of R words only.
Task driven feedback control of robot arms: A step toward intelligent control

The process of connecting task descriptions originating from machine intelligence planning programs to the mechanization of feedback control of robot arms is analyzed. It is shown in this paper that control theories and practices can be extended to a higher level where feedback control of robot arms directly can respond to work space task commands provided that the work space task as a command is given in the form of a closed function of time. A general mathematical procedure using tools from differential geometry is introduced for synthesizing task space motion planning so that the planned motion can be used as a direct input to the robot arm feedback control system to achieve desired robot hand motion. By definition, "intelligent control" is being manifested through robot performance in the task space relative to task space commands. Thus, the capability of implementing feedback control of robot arms directly driven by appropriate task descriptions in the workspace as commands is a step toward intelligent control.
Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management

Abstract Today, the field of Human Resource Management (HR) is experiencing numerous pressures for change. Shifts in the economy, globalization, domestic diversity, and technology have created new demands for organizations, and propelled the field in some completely new directions. However, we believe that these challenges also create numerous opportunities for HR and organizations as a whole. Thus, the primary purposes of this article are to (a) examine some of the challenges and opportunities that should influence the future of HR, and (b) provide an overview of the very interesting articles included in the special issue. We also consider implications for future research and practice in the field.
The effect of caloric restriction and glycemic load on measures of oxidative stress and antioxidants in humans: Results from the calerie trial of human caloric restriction

Decreasing oxidative stress and increasing antioxidant defense has been hypothesized as one mechanism by which caloric restriction (CR) increases longevity in animals. A total of 46 moderately overweight volunteers (BMI: 252-30 kg/m2), ages 20–42 yr were randomized to either high glycemic (HG) or low glycemic (LG) dietary load CR regimen at either 10% (n=12) or 30% (n=34) of basal caloric intake. All food was provided to participants for 6 mo. Overall, after controlling for CR levels and dietary regimen for 6 mo, plasma glutathione peroxidase activity increased (p=0.04) and plasma protein carbonyl levels decreased (p=0.02) and a non-significant decrease in plasma 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α level was observed (p=0.09). No significant change was observed in other plasma antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. These findings indicate that short term CR (10% or 30%) in moderately overweight subjects modulates some but not all measures of antioxidant defense and oxidative stress.
KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF REACTIONS OF cis-(PIPERIDINE)(L)Mo(CO)4 COMPLEXES WITH PHOSPHINES AND PHOSPHITES

Abstract The kinetics and mechanism of ligand-exchange reactions of cis(pip)(L)Mo(CO)4 complexes (pip = piperidine; L = P(OCH3)3, P(OC2H5)3, P(OCH(CH3)2)3, P(OC6H5)3, P(C6H5)3. P(OCH2)3CCH3, P(C6HI2N3); L' = P(OCH(CH3)2)3, and L = P(OCH(CH3)2)3; L' = P(OCH3)3, P(OC2H5)3, P(OC6H5)3, P(C6H5)3, P(OCH2)3CCH3, P(n-C4H9)3, have been studied. Both the reactants and products (15 complexes) for these reactions have been synthesized and characterized. All reactions cleanly follow a mechanism involving initial Mo-pip hond-breaking, followed by competition between pip and L' for the resulting five-coordinate [(L)Mo(CO)4] intermediate. These data complete the study of these systems for the series of metals, Cr, Mo, W. The activation parameters for Mo-pip bond-breaking in the reactions of cis-(pip)(L)Mo(CO)4 with L' have been obtained. Where L is a trialkyl phosphite, both the enthalpies and entropies of activation are in very close agreement. These values, when compared to those for complexes where L is a trialkyl pho...
Stability of Almost Periodic Systems Having a Time Varying Delay

This paper develops stability criteria for fast oscillating linear systems with special classes of time varying state delay. The results are compared to known results for constant delay and for zero delay.
Oxygen tracer diffusion in La1 − xSrxCoO3

Abstract Tracer diffusion of 18 O in dense, polycrystalline La 1− x Sr x CoO 3 for x = 0.1 has been measured in the temperature range 400 to 600 °C and at 500 °C for x = 0.2 at an oxygen partial pressure of 1 × 10 5 Pa. Depth profiles were obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The diffusion coefficient for La 0.9 Sr 0.1 CoO 3 is given by D = (17–247) exp[(−232 ± 8 kJ/mole)/ RT ] cm 2 /s. This value is several orders of magnitude lower than D extrapolated from the results for x = 0.2 measured in the 700–900 °C temperature range. One possible explanation for the discrepancy is that the two measurements reflect different diffusion paths. As expected, La 0.8 Sr 0.2 CoO 3 exhibits a higher diffusivity at 500 °C than does La 0.9 Sr 0.1 CoO 3 .
Distribution and chemistry of suspended particles from an active hydrothermal vent site on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 26°N

Abstract Suspended particles were collected from an area of active hydrothermal venting at the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) Hydrothermal Field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and analyzed for Fe, Mn, Cd, Zn, Cu, V, Ni, Cr, Pb, Mg, Ca, Al and Si. Rapid advection of vent-derived precipitates produced a lens with total suspended matter (TSM) loadings of 14–60 μg/l at 200–700 m above the seafloor; TSM concentrations > 60 μg/l were observed only at near-vent sites. The distribution of suspended particles correlated well with increased dissolved Mn concentrations and particulate Fe values near the vent source. Particulate Fe values decreased linearly relative to TSM concentrations as hydrothermal precipitates mixed with background suspended matter. Near-vent precipitates were characterized by up to 35% Fe, 2% Zn, 0.6% Cu and > 100 μg/g Cd. In comparison to Fe, particulate Cd, Zn and Cu values decreased dramatically away from the vent source. This trend supports differential settling and/or dissolution of Cd-, Zn- and Cu-bearing phases. Particulate Mn and Fe values were inversely related with only 50 μg Mn/g in the near-vent particles. At near-vent sites, > 99% of the total Mn was in solution; this fraction decreased to 75–80% at background TSM values. In contrast to Cd, Zn and Cu, particulate V levels show a continuous, linear decrease with particulate Fe values. This trend is explained by adsorption of V on Fe-oxides in the vent plume. Scavenging of Cr, Pb and Mg by hydrothermal precipitates is also suggested by the data. Nickel and Al values were low in near-vent particles at
Experimental observations and theoretical studies on solidification processes in saline solutions

Abstract A detailed study is presented with experimental and theoretical parts on the transition from a planar solid-liquid interface to a cellular structure during a transient solidification process in a saline solution. A new experimental system that facilitates control over the freezing process, continuous tracking of the solid-liquid interface, and accurate evaluation of the temperature distribution on the interface is described. Experimental results are shown, including photographs of the solid-liquid interface instability and the transition from a planar interface to a cellular structure. A numerical technique that combines experimental data with “front-tracking” finite-element analysis is introduced. It is shown that the numerical results correlate well with the experimental observations. Incorporating the numerical results in the Mullins-Sekerka stability criterion leads to good predictions of the onset of the freezing interface instability during transient solidification in a saline solution.
Intracellular Iron Transport and Storage: From Molecular Mechanisms to Health Implications

Maintenance of proper “labile iron” levels is a critical component in preserving homeostasis. Iron is a vital element that is a constituent of a number of important macromolecules, including those involved in energy production, respiration, DNA synthesis, and metabolism; however, excess “labile iron” is potentially detrimental to the cell or organism or both because of its propensity to participate in oxidation–reduction reactions that generate harmful free radicals. Because of this dual nature, elaborate systems tightly control the concentration of available iron. Perturbation of normal physiologic iron concentrations may be both a cause and a consequence of cellular damage and disease states. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms responsible for regulation of iron absorption, transport, and storage through the roles of key regulatory proteins, including ferroportin, hepcidin, ferritin, and frataxin. In addition, we present an overview of the relation between iron regulation and oxidative stress and we discuss the role of functional iron overload in the pathogenesis of hemochromatosis, neurodegeneration, and inflammation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 10, 997–1030.
Characterization of conantokin Rl-A: molecular phylogeny as structure/function study.

A multidisciplinary strategy for discovery of new Conus venom peptides combines molecular genetics and phylogenetics with peptide chemistry and neuropharmacology. Here we describe application of this approach to the conantokin family of conopeptides targeting NMDA receptors. A new conantokin from Conus rolani, ConRl-A, was identified using molecular phylogeny and subsequently synthesized and functionally characterized. ConRl-A is a 24-residue peptide containing three γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues with a number of unique sequence features compared to conantokins previously characterized. The HPLC elution of ConRl-A suggested that this peptide exists as two distinct, slowly exchanging conformers. ConRl-A is predominantly helical (estimated helicity of 50%), both in the presence and absence of Ca++. The order of potency for blocking the four NMDA receptor subtypes by ConRl-A was NR2B > NR2D > NR2A > NR2C. This peptide has a greater discrimination between NR2B and NR2C than any other ligand reported so far. In summary, ConRl-A is a new member of the conantokin family that expands our understanding of structure/function of this group of peptidic ligands targeted to NMDA receptors. Thus, incorporating phylogeny in the discovery of novel ligands for the given family of ion channels or receptors is an efficient means of exploring the megadiverse group of peptides from the genus Conus. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.