cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chloramphenicol-sensitive labelling of protein in microsomes of Neurospora crassa.

SEVERAL peptides are synthesised on mitochondrial chloramphenicol-sensitive ribosomes1. In the presence of cycloheximide (∼ 200 µg ml −1), amino acids are incorporated exclusively into mitochondrial proteins in Neurospora crassa2 and the flight muscle of Locusta migratoria3, leading to the generally accepted idea that mitochondrially synthesised proteins remain in the mitochondria. It is possible, however, that the high concentration of cycloheximide used in those experiments could inhibit any potential export of such proteins to other parts of the cell, particularly since the drug has been shown to affect several vital cellular processes independently of its effect on protein synthesis; for example, it stimulates the catabolism of nucleic acids and decreases intracellular ATP (ref. 4). This may explain some published indications of export of mitochondrially synthesised proteins in experiments in which cycloheximide was not used, such as the continued synthesis of myelin proteolipid in crude mitochondrial fractions of rat brain homogenates treated with RNase5; and the cytoplasmic location of the mutation in a line of Zea mays responsible for the susceptibility of its root plasma membrane K+-stimulated ATPase to the toxin of Helminthosporium maydis race T.6 We describe here observations on the incorporation of radioactivity into membranes of the post-mitochondrial supernatant of homogenates of N. crassa which had been pulsed with radioactive amino acids in the presence of cycloheximide (25 µg ml −1) then grown for 2h in drug- and label-free medium. We have been unable to account for this solely on the basis of mitochondrial fragmentation. Of the membranes present in the postmitochondrial supernatant, we have investigated in detail a microsomal fraction enriched for endoplasmic reticulum, as a first step in determining the nature of this incorporation.
Electromagnetic induced timing defects in the synthetic aperture radar of the Magellan spacecraft

The Magellan spacecraft synthetic aperture radar experienced a failure when the receiver protect circuitry in the PRF/Timing subsystem failed. The receiver protect circuitry failed due to electromagnetic coupling from the ultra stable oscillator/clock generator circuit located on an adjacent board. Some ICs in this ultra stable oscillator/clock generator circuit had previously become detached from their traces when a thermal test caused the conformal coating to expand. The ICs were re-attached to the PCB traces using "smallwire loops" which apparently radiated significantly to cause the failure of the receiver protect circuits. The analysis which discovered the above failure mechanism is discussed. The analysis also includes the use of the method of moments to model the radiation from a portion of the noisy board and coupling into the susceptible circuits of another board. The analysis also derives expressions for the near field coupling between the radiating structure and the susceptible circuit. Only one of such models is discussed herein for brevity. The simple solution to the electromagnetic coupling problems is discussed in the conclusion of this work.
Use of the Trendelenburg position by critical care nurses: Trendelenburg survey

Background Little evidence indicates that changing a patient's body position to the Trendelenburg (head lower than feet) or the modified Trendelenburg (only the legs elevated) position significantly improves blood pressure or low cardiac output. This intervention is still used and is often the first measure implemented for treatment of hypotension. Objectives The purpose of this research was to assess the degree of use of Trendelenburg positions by critical care nurses, the clinical uses of these positions, and the sources of knowledge and beliefs of nurses about the efficacy of the positions. Method A survey was mailed to 1000 nurses whose names were randomly selected from the membership list of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. Results The return rate was 49.4%. Ninety-nine percent of the respondents had used the Trendelenburg position, and 80% had used the modified Trendelenburg position, mostly for treatment of hypotension. Most used this intervention as an independent nursing action, and most learned about these positions from their nursing education, nurse colleagues, supervisors, and physicians. The Trendelenburg position was used for many nonemergent reasons; the most frequent use was for insertion of central IV catheters. Although 80% of the respondents believed that use of the Trendelenburg position improves hypotension almost always or sometimes, many respondents recognized several adverse effects associated with use of this position. Discussion and conclusions The results provide evidence that tradition-based therapy still underlies some interventions used in the care of critically ill patients and that some nurses may be relying on an outdated knowledge base that is not supported by the current literature.
Uniqueness of Nonnegative Solutions for Semipositone Problems on Exterior Domains

Abstract We consider the problem { − Δ u = λ K ( | x | ) f ( u ) , x ∈ Ω u = 0 if | x | = r 0 u → 0 as | x | → ∞ , where λ is a positive parameter, Δ u = div ( ∇ u ) is the Laplacian of u , Ω = { x ∈ R n ; n > 2 , | x | > r 0 } , K ∈ C 1 ( [ r 0 , ∞ ) , ( 0 , ∞ ) ) is such that lim r → ∞ K ( r ) = 0 and f ∈ C 1 ( [ 0 , ∞ ) , R ) is a concave function which is sublinear at ∞ and f ( 0 ) 0 . We establish the uniqueness of nonnegative radial solutions when λ is large.
Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: The first 35 years

The acetaminophen nomogram including its uses and limitations is discussed as well as the development of the N-acetylcysteine protocol. While it has taken many years to elucidate the genetic variability and true multiplicity of the cytochrome P450 “mixed function oxidase system” many publications early on looked at the enzyme system as a single entity. Numerous articles indicated that barbiturates, anticonvulsants, and others could induce “P450” and add to the toxicity of acetaminophen. It rapidly became apparent that just because “P450” was induced when measured as a whole, not all other substrates would have changed metabolic activity. The role of diet and ethanol induction and inhibition on CYP2E1, the enzyme of greatest interest for acetaminophen is multifaceted. The lack of enhancement of acetaminophen toxicity by phenytoin and in fact, the potential for reduction of toxicity with that agent is a good example of the evolution of our knowledge. Further complicating our understanding is the introductio...
Effects of historical climate change, habitat connectivity, and vicariance on genetic structure and diversity across the range of the red tree vole ( Phenacomys longicaudus ) in the Pacific Northwestern United States.

Phylogeographical analyses conducted in the Pacific Northwestern United States have often revealed concordant patterns of genetic diversity among taxa. These studies demonstrate distinct North/South genetic discontinuities that have been attributed to Pleistocene glaciation. We examined phylogeographical patterns of red tree voles ( Phenacomys longicaudus ) in western Oregon by analysing mitochondrial control region sequences for 169 individuals from 18 areas across the species’ range. Cytochrome b sequences were also analysed from a subset of our samples to confirm the presence of major haplotype groups. Phylogenetic network analyses suggested the presence of two haplotype groups corresponding to northern and southern regions of P. longicaudus ’ range. Spatial genetic analyses ( SAMOVA and Genetic Landscape Shapes) of control region sequences demonstrated a primary genetic discontinuity separating northern and southern sampling areas, while a secondary discontinuity separated northern sampling areas into eastern and western groups divided by the Willamette Valley. The North/South discontinuity likely corresponds to a region of secondary contact between lineages rather than an overt barrier. Although the Cordilleran ice sheet (maximum ∼ ∼ ∼ 12 000 years ago) did not move southward to directly affect the region occupied by P. longicaudus , climate change during glaciation fragmented the forest landscape that it inhabits. Signatures of historical fragmentation were reflected by positive associations between latitude and variables such as Tajima’s D and patterns associated with location-specific alleles. Genetic distances between southern sampling areas were smaller, suggesting that forest fragmentation was reduced in southern vs. northern regions.
Quality: Some Simple Things You Might Change

The prolonged national debate about health care has led to specific passage of functional changes mandated by Obamacare. Given the vagaries of its many new segments, the most salient has been the modification of insurance overage. Of the triumvirate of access, cost and quality, the emphasis of the legislation has been on the first, the critics have focused on the second and to some degree quality has taken a backseat. Yet it is still on the bus!
Real-Time Distributed Multi-Object Tracking Using Multiple Interactive Trackers and a Magnetic-Inertia Potential Model

This paper presents a method which avoids the common practice of using a complex joint state-space representation and performing tedious joint data association for multiple object tracking applications. Instead, we propose a distributed Bayesian formulation using multiple interactive trackers that requires much lower complexity for real-time tracking applications. When the objects' observations do not interact with each other, our approach performs as multiple independent trackers. However, when the objects' observations exhibit interaction, defined as close proximity or partial and complete occlusion, we extend the conventional Bayesian tracking framework by modeling such interaction in terms of potential functions. The proposed "magnetic-inertia" model represents the cumulative effect of virtual physical forces that objects undergo while interacting with each other. It implicitly handles the "error merge " and "object labeling" problems and thus solves the difficult object occlusion and data association problems in an innovative way. Our preliminary simulations have demonstrated that the proposed approach is far superior to other methods in both robustness and speed
Time Reversal Beamforming for Microwave Breast Cancer Detection

Microwave radiation is well known as a diagnostic imaging method for many medical applications, for example, early stage breast cancer detection. Microwave detection of breast tumors is a non-ionising, potentially low cost, in vivo modality that relies on the dielectric contrast between healthy and malignant breast tissues. The scattering environment in a breast often appears to be inhomogeneous due to changing dielectric properties of the breast tissues. Time reversal (TR) is an adaptive waveform transmission scheme that utilizes the rich scattering medium to best match to the target response. In this paper, we develop the microwave time reversal beamformer for breast tumor detection. The TR beamforming scheme is examined based upon a breast model using the two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. We show that time reversal microwave beamforming is a more robust, higher resolution imaging scheme than conventional beamforming schemes.
Learning Spaces in Digital Libraries

The Alexandria Digital Earth Prototype (ADEPT) Project is developing services to support the construction and use of "learning spaces", or personalized DLs of geospatially referenced information and services, with applications in science education. The project is focused on helping students attain deep understanding (concept development) and scientific reasoning skills (hypothesis development.) In relation to its use of concepts and hypotheses for organizing and using collections and services in ways that support such student learning activities, we describe four Project activities focused on developing: (1) use scenarios to inform the ADEPT specification process; (2) both the concept of learning spaces (LSs) and instances of LSs; (3) clients for LSs; and (4) meta-information environments, including topic maps, that support LSs.
Objective response of multiply recurrent low-grade gliomas to bevacizumab and irinotecan.

Background Chemotherapy has taken on a prominent role in the treatment of pediatric low-grade gliomas not amenable to gross total resections; however, there are few proven effective options for children with multiply recurrent tumors. Bevacizumab, a humanized immunoglobulin, monoclonal antibody that inhibits the activity of vascular endothelial growth factor and irinotecan have been used with some success in adults with malignant gliomas. Methods Ten children with multiply recurrent low-grade gliomas were treated with the combination of bevacizumab and irinotecan. Patients received treatment at a median of 5.2 years of age, range 1.5–11.1 years. The majority had diencephalic tumors, three had neurofibromatosis type 1, and two had disseminated disease at the time of treatment. Nine of 10 patients had progressed after three or greater chemotherapy regimens and one also had received radiation therapy. Results Seven patients had an objective neuroradiographic response, which was a complete response in one, partial response in three, and minor response in three. Clinical improvements were noted in seven, including improved visual acuity (2), improved motor function (2), weight gain in four with a diencephalic syndrome, and reversal of psychomotor retardation (3). Dose-limiting toxicities included transient leukoencephalopathy (1) and grade 3 protienuria (1). Response was durable in the majority of patients and six remain on treatment, for up to 22 months. Conclusions Multiply recurrent low-grade gliomas in children are responsive to the combination of bevacizumab and irinotecan. The drug combination has been relatively well tolerated, including in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1, and warrants further study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:791–795. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Microstructural examination of irradiated V-(4-5%)Cr-(4-5%)Ti.

Microstructural examination results are reported for two heats of V-(4-5%) Cr-(4-5%)Ti irradiated in the EBR-II X530 experiment to 4.5 dpa at {approximately}400 C to provide an understanding of the microstructural evolution that may be associated with degradation of mechanical properties. Fine precipitates were observed in high density intermixed with small defect clusters for all conditions examined following the irradiation. The irradiation-induced precipitation does not appear to be affected by preirradiation heat treatment at 950-1125 C. There was no evidence for a significant density of large (diameter >10 nm) dislocation loops or network dislocations. Analytical investigations successfully demonstrated that the precipitates were enriched in titanium, depleted in vanadium and contained no nitrogen. These results are discussed in terms of future alloy development options.
Educating for the real world: an illustration of John Dewey’s principles of continuity and interaction

The principles of interaction and continuity (intersection between experience and education) form a major part of John Dewey’s philosophical discourse. According to Dewey, these principles determine the quality of educative experience for meaningful life‐long learning. In this article, I argue that nowhere is the relationship between experience and education better illustrated than in Carter G. Woodson’s work, The mis‐education of the Negro, and in Malcolm X’s intrinsic life experiences.
‘To benefit the world by whatever means possible’: Adolescents' constructed meanings for global citizenship

This article reports on the ways that 77 students in an international studies programme constructed meanings for global citizenship. The focus was on their personal meanings for the topic and how they articulated a global identity with their national civic beliefs. Data were collected from online discussion boards, written essays and 20 interviews. A key finding was that the students' political language for global citizenship, examined here in terms of purpose, membership and relationship with national citizenship, was predominantly a moral commitment framed in universal language. A second finding was that the students understood global citizenship as a heterogeneous and complex affiliation shaped by a range of sources. The implication is that citizenship education emphasizing a narrow notion of patriotism may encourage students to disengage from civic life because it does not represent their lived experiences and identities. Insights for making citizenship education practices more inclusive are discussed.
Do Multiple Representations Need Explanations? The Role of Verbal Guidance and Individual Differences in Multimedia Mathematics Learning

What is the role of verbal guidance in promoting mathematics learning from a discovery-based multimedia game? Are there important individual differences for which a multimedia game helps some kinds of learners more than others? These are important questions both for research and for the application of research, to improve instruction and learning outcomes in learning mathematics with multimedia programs. Our first question is concerned with the issue of how one should design multimedia games to enhance student learning and focuses on the role of verbal guidance as an aid to meaning making. To answer this question, we examined the cognitive consequences of learning how to add and subtract positive and negative numbers within a discovery-based multimedia game either with or without verbal guidance. Our second question is concerned with the issue of how individual differences influence learning from interactive multimedia games. More specifically, we were interested in examining the role that students’ computer experience and latency to solve problems had when students were asked to learn from a discovery-based computer game that presented multiple representations (symbolic and visual) of the arithmetic procedure. The main goal of this study was to investigate if the benefits of guidance that had been documented in past research on discoverybased strategies in the classroom extended into the realm of multimedia learning. In our study, elementary students studied 16 addition and subtraction problems involving positive and negative numbers in each of four training sessions with two representations of the arithmetic procedure: a symbolic representation consisting
A screening procedure for the intracellular expression of native proteins by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: discrimination of diphtheria toxin-resistant mutants.

A genetal method is described for screening Saccharomyces cerevisiae colonies for the intracellular expression of native proteins. Colonies are replicated onto nitrocellulose membranes and yeast walls are removed enzymatically. The resulting spheroplasts are rapidly lysed by placing chromatography paper soaked in hypotonic buffer on the membranes. Intracellular proteins released by spheroplast lysis are bound in situ to the nitrocllulose under non-denaturing conditions and potentially can be examined using enzymatic or immunologeic methods. For example, in the present study colonies were screened for the presence of elongation factor 2 (EF-2) that can be [32P]ADP-ribosylated by diphtheria toxin and [32P]NAD+. Recognition by the toxin requires the presence in EF-2 of the unique posttranslationally modifed histidine derivative, dipthamide. The procedure described here reliably discriminates between wild-type yeast colonies and mutant colonies that do not synthesize diphthamide. In addition to faciliating the study of dipthamide biosynthesis in yeast, the more general application of this procedure of this procedure will enable the screening of colonies with assays that require native proteins.
Human temporal impulse response speeds up with increased stimulus contrast

It is well known that raising mean luminance speeds-up the visual response to temporal change. At higher mean luminance, the temporal impulse response function (IRF) becomes more transient or biphasic. An analogous effect is observed physiologically when stimulus contrast is increased, at constant mean luminance. As stimulus contrast is raised, the temporal response to flicker advances in phase and becomes more transient (bandpass). The MC (magnocellular) retinal ganglion cells manifest this temporal contrast gain control, but the PC (parvocellular) cells do not. We show psychophysically that the temporal response in humans speeds-up in an analogous manner as stimulus contrast is raised. Low spatial-frequency gratings, of suprathreshold contrast, were presented as pairs of pulses, separated by brief delays. Responses became more transient with increasing contrast in both our motion task (direction discrimination) and in our flicker task ('agitation' discrimination), mimicking the temporal contrast gain control seen in the physiological studies. Results could be modeled with a nonlinearity, in which the IRF shortens with increasing contrast.
Effects of culture conditions on the sensitivity of a phoxocephalid amphipod, rhepoxynius abronius, to cadmium in sediment

Experiments were conducted to determine (a) the feasibility of maintaining laboratory cultures of the infaunal phoxocephalid amphipod Rhepoxynius abronius (Barnard), (b) the relative sensitivities of cultured versus freshly collected adult animals, (c) the sensitivities of adult versus juvenile R. abronius to cadmium in sediment and (d) the effect of handling on cultured amphipods. R. abronius held in sediment in a flow‒through seawater system for various lengths of time showed high survival, growth and sexual maturation for periods of up to 180 d. Cultured amphipods appeared normal and survived well (93%) under control toxicity test conditions, but were more sensitive to cadmium in sediment (LC50 = 4.4) than were freshly collected amphipods (LC50 = 8.7). Differences in cadmium LC50s between size classes (LC50 = 8.2 for juveniles and 11.5 for adults) were statistically significant, but not substantial. We recommend that large juveniles and adults (3 to 5 mm) be used in sediment toxicity tests because they are available from natural populations throughout the year, and that amphipods be collected within 14 d of use in sediment toxicity tests to minimize the interaction between culture and contaminant stresses.
Building portable middleware services for heterogeneous cyber-physical systems

Software development in wireless sensor networks has traditionally focused on stand-alone applications statically linked with the operating system code, and relying on fixed models for scheduling, synchronization, and resource allocation. Middleware services and network protocols, are usually considered to be part of the operating system. As the number of available WSN platforms and operating systems grows, and the emergence of cyber-physical systems results in the creation of networks of hetrogeneous devices (sensor nodes, microcontrollers, mobile devices, etc.), portability and interoperation emerge as major considerations in the software development process. We propose breaking the tight integration between middleware services and the operating system. We demonstrate how adopting a service-oriented computing approach to WSN middleware services improves portability and enables the creation of heterogeneous sensor networks and cyber-physical systems. The adoption of a service-oriented architecture does not necessarily translate into a significant loss of performance. An extremely light-weight and flexible method for local and remote service interaction is proposed.
Rearticulating E-dentities in the Web-based Classroom: One Technoresearcher's Exploration of Power and the World Wide Web.

Abstract This article argues that in order to be critical agents for change, web-based instructors must interrogate the contradictions and ambiguities of cultural narratives about the World Wide Web. Because cultural narratives of technology affect the possible range of instructor and student e-dentities, computer composition instructors must better understand, negotiate, and build strategies for creating more democratic learning environments in the web-based classroom. This article discusses a semester-long, articulatory study of web-based composition teaching at Purdue University. An identification, description, and analysis of the cultural narrative of the Web as a global village in relationship to participant instructors’ classroom experiences demonstrates the challenge to create complex e-dentities in the computer classroom. This article suggests ways of rearticulating the role of the instructor as critical agent through contextualized teacher training.
Numerical integration formulas of degree two

Numerical integration formulas in n-dimensional nonsymmetric Euclidean space of degree two, consisting of n+1 equally weighted points, are discussed, for a class of integrals often encountered in statistics. This is an extension of Stroud's theory [A.H. Stroud, Remarks on the disposition of points in numerical integration formulas, Math. Comput. 11 (60) (1957) 257-261; A.H. Stroud, Numerical integration formulas of degree two, Math. Comput. 14 (69) (1960) 21-26]. Explicit formulas are given for integrals with nonsymmetric weights. These appear to be new results and include the Stroud's degree two formula as a special case.
Adjustable Autonomy for the Real World

Adjustable autonomy refers to agents’ dynamically varying their own autonomy, transferring decision making control to other entities (typically human users) in key situations. Determining whether and when such transfers of control must occur is arguably the fundamental research question in adjustable autonomy. Previous work, often focused on individual agent-human interactions, has provided several different techniques to address this question. Unfortunately, domains requiring collaboration between teams of agents and humans reveals two key shortcomings of these previous techniques. First, these techniques use rigid one-shot transfers of control that can result in unacceptable coordination failures in multiagent settings. Second, they ignore costs (e.g., in terms of time delays or effects of actions) to an agent’ team due to such transfers of control.
Nitrated Lipids Defining Their Bioactivity

Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenously generated diffusible messenger that mediates a multitude of physiological and pathological processes. Normally, NO is produced in low concentrations and acts both as a messenger and cytoprotective factor via direct interactions with transition metals and other free radicals. However, in the setting of inflammation or shock, the substantial amounts of NO released may lead to the formation of cytotoxic species. When NO is transformed into a nitrating or nitrosating species it can readily react with many other factors potentially modulating their biological activity. These NO-dependent interactions are central in the regulation of many processes affecting vascular and atherothrombotic disease. Previous studies have shown that NO reacts with both lipids and lipoproteins. The interaction of NO with oxidizing lipids can be either protective to the vasculature or enhance inflammatory-mediated vascular injury. In certain situations, low levels of NO generated by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) can terminate lipid radical chain propagation reactions.1 Conversely, prooxidant reactions can occur after superoxide reacts with NO and leads to the formation of potent secondary oxidants, such as peroxynitrite and nitrogen dioxide, that can enhance inflammatory injury to vascular cells.2 Unsaturated lipids of membranes and lipoproteins can be critical targets of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, suggesting potential relevance for nitrogen-containing lipid products. When NO is transformed into a nitrating and nitrosating species, it has been shown to react with unsaturated lipids.3,4⇓ Recently, such nitrated lipids have been demonstrated to be formed in vivo.5 The oxidation product of NO, NO2, has been shown to react with arachidonic acid generating …
Smart Hydrogels Designed for use in Microfabricated Sensor Arrays

Hydrogels are considered smart materials because they respond to environmental stimuli. Sensors that monitor the body’s pH levels would be helpful for doctors to determine the severity of a patient’s condition, especially if they exhibit signs of shock. The motivation of this project is to create a biomedical device that can be worn sublingually or implanted into the body to help doctors with diagnosing a patient’s condition. The magnitude of the swelling/deswelling behavior can be measured by placing a sample of the hydrogel in a piezoresistive sensor. The degree of swelling/deswelling is directly proportional to the change in pH of the aqueous solution it is placed in. In this study, a variety of compositions of pH responsive hydrogels were designed and tested to determine the response time and magnitude for use in both macro and micro sensor arrays. This pressure sensor has been designed for use with thinner gels than have been used in the past. The results for swelling time and magnitude were compared to determine the effect of the thickness of the hydrogel samples on the swelling/deswelling kinetics of the material in order to find the appropriate composition, thickness and device that will yield the desired response rate and sensitivity.
Stress-Testing Portfolio-Specific Risk

We establish a relationship between the idiosyncratic risk of portfolios and a parsimonious group of market variables. Because we are able to summarize idiosyncratic risk with this small group of variables, we are able to design stress-tests that describe portfolio-specific risks as market variables change. These stress tests provide portfolio managers with important information that cannot be gleaned from standard volatility forecasts.
Higher Dimensional Fair Option Pricing and Hedging Under HARA and CARA Utilities

By means of the optimal portfolio approach, and in particular by finding what we call the "fundamental matrix of derivatives pricing and hedging", we have formulated a very compact, yet very general form of a Black-Scholes type pricing PDE, and of Black-Scholes type hedging, for any contract in complete or incomplete, multi-factor, multi-tradable, Ito-SDE-setting, under HARA or CARA utility. Our approach to pricing is the one first introduced by Kallsen, called "neutral derivative pricing", which assumes that the considered derivative is traded actively. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between HARA and CARA option pricing theories, and provide an example of a model with stochastic interest rates (in an incomplete market) for which between HARA and CARA ("neutral") pricing theories, only HARA theory is possible.
Bimodal bilingualism reveals mechanisms of cross-language interaction

In the recent swell of research on bilingualism and its consequences for the mind and the brain, there has been a warning that we need to remember that not all bilinguals are the same (e.g., Green & Abutalebi, 2013; Kroll & Bialystok, 2013; Luk & Bialystok, 2013). There are bilinguals who acquired two languages in early childhood and have used them continuously throughout their lives, bilinguals who acquired one language early and then switched to another language when they entered school or emigrated from one country to another, and others who only acquired a second language (L2) as an adult. Among these forms of bilingualism there are differences in both the context and amount of time spent in each language and differences in the status of the languages themselves. The L2 may be a majority language, spoken by almost everyone in the environment, or a minority language, spoken only by a few. The native or first language (L1) may also be the dominant language or may have been overtaken by the influence of the L2 given the circumstances imposed by the environment. Likewise, the L1 and L2 may vary in how similar they are structurally, whether they share the same written script, or whether one language is spoken and the other signed.
Both/And, Not Either/Or: A Call for Methodological Pluralism in Research on Masculinity

The authors point out an uncomfortable fact for the psychology of men and masculinity. Namely, that our research used to challenge essentialist thinking about traditional masculinity is vulnerable to reifying and essentializing masculinity by using scale scores to assess masculinity. Although I share the concerns, I reach different conclusions about the remedies. In the paper, I discuss how we might think about the nature of masculinity, address intraindividual variability, and I argue that there is a social reality in which individuals construct masculinity. Finally, I suggest that instead of recreating the same problem of overreliance on a single methodology, the field embrace methodological pluralism in advancing our understanding of men and masculinity issues.
Uniaxial Compression Test of Kaolinitic Clay Green Bodies for Wet-Forming

The deformation behavior of kaolinitic clay green bodies, Kuyama kibushi clay, Georgia kaolin and Kentucky Tennessee clay, was investigated by the uniaxial compression test to determine the formability for the wet-forming process. In accordance with a plastic deformation theory, linear relationships and yield points were observed on stress-diameter/height curves. Below the yield points, the slopes of the stress-strain curves at the initiation of compression were obtained by differentiating the approximation formulas of the curves. Because the slopes were not influenced by the yield points, the deformation behavior of the green bodies below the yield points was considered to be viscoelastic. Since the yield point is related to load during forming and the slope of the stress-strain curve at the initiation of compression is related to form retentivity, the formability of kaolinitic clay green bodies for wet-forming can be determined from the relationship between the yield point and the slope of the stress-strain curve at the initial stage.
Imaging after head trauma. Who needs what

Decisions about the optimal imaging strategy in patients after acute head trauma can be based on clinical observations. Low-risk patients do not require radiographic imaging. CT is the procedure of choice for imaging moderate- and high-risk patients after head trauma. Because of its limited ability to guide therapy, plain skull radiography should be used sparingly; it may be useful in equivocal cases of bony injury not detected by CT or in selected moderate-risk patients (especially children under the age of 2 years). MR imaging rivals CT in the detection of intracranial injuries but is more expensive and cumbersome in seriously ill subjects and does not image bony structures. MR imaging is recommended after initial CT if subtle acute nonhemorrhagic and subacute hemorrhagic lesions are suspected, especially in the evaluation of child abuse. Otherwise, MR imaging is rarely needed in the emergency department management of acute head injury patients.
One‐Year Mortality After Hip Fracture: Development and Validation of a Prognostic Index

Objectives To develop a prediction index for 1-year mortality after hip fracture in older adults that includes predictors from a wide range of domains. Design Retrospective cohort study. Settings Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Participants HRS participants who experienced hip fracture between 1992 and 2010 as identified according to Medicare claims data (N = 857). Measurements Outcome measure was death within 1 year of hip fracture. Predictor measures were participant demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, social support, health, geriatric symptoms, and function. Variables independently associated with 1-year mortality were identified, and best-subsets regression was used to identify the final model. The selected variables were weighted to create a risk index. The index was internally validated using bootstrapping to estimate model optimism. Results Mean age at time of hip fracture was 84, and 76% of the participants were women. There were 235 deaths (27%) during the 1-year follow up. Five predictors of mortality were included in the final model: aged 90 and older (2 points), male sex (2 points), congestive heart failure (2 points), difficulty preparing meals (2 points), and not being able to drive (1 point). The point scores of the index were associated with 1-year mortality, with 0 points predicting 10% risk and 7 to 9 points predicting 66% risk. The c-statistic for the final model was 0.73, with an estimated optimism penalty of 0.01, indicating very little evidence of overfitting. Conclusion The prognostic index combines demographic, comorbidity, and function variables and can be used to differentiate between individuals at low and high risk of 1-year mortality after hip fracture.
Monolaurin and acetic acid inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes attached to stainless steel.

Individual and combined antimicrobial effects of monolaurin and acetic acid on Listeria monocytogenes planktonic cells or stainless-steel-adherent cells were determined in order to evaluate cell viability during a 25-min exposure period at 25 degrees C. A 10(7)-colony-forming units (CFU)/ml population of planktonic cells was completely inactivated by the synergistic combination of 1% acetic acid with 50 or 100 microg/ml of monolaurin within 25 or 20 min, respectively. Either compound alone caused partial but incomplete inactivation within the same time periods. A population of 10(5) CFU/cm2 of 1-day adherent cells on stainless steel was completely inactivated within 25 min, but with the highest concentrations of the combined chemicals, i.e., 1% acetic acid and 100 microg/ml of monolaurin. The combined chemical treatment again synergistically produced greater inhibition. A 10(6)-CFU/cm2 population of 7-day adherent cells was not completely inactivated within 25 min of exposure, although counts did decline. The results demonstrate increased resistance of attached L. monocytogenes to acetic acid and monolaurin and show that resistance increased with culture age. Combinations of organic acids and monolaurin might be considered as sanitizers of food contact surfaces, but activities of such combinations are likely to be less than other commonly used sanitizers.
Extrema of a Function of One Variable

Let f(x) be a function of a real variable x. f(x) is said to attain a strict or strong local maximum (or minimum) value at x = x 0 if f(x 0 ) is greater (or less) than f(x) for all values of x in the given domain which are in a neighborhood of x 0. This neighborhood may be as small as one chooses, i.e., one may choose values of x as close to x 0 as one wishes.
Factors associated with married women's support of male circumcision for HIV prevention in Uganda: a population based cross-sectional study.

Despite the protective effect of male circumcision (MC) against HIV in men, the acceptance of voluntary MC in priority countries for MC scale–up such as Uganda remains limited. This study examined the role of women’s sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge of HIV and sexual bargaining power as determinants of women’s support of male circumcision (MC). Data from the Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey, 2011 were analyzed (n = 4,874). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses with random intercept were conducted to identify factors that influence women’s support of MC. Overall, 67.0 % (n = 3,276) of the women in our sample were in support of MC but only 28.0 % had circumcised partners. Women who had the knowledge that circumcision reduces HIV risk were about 6 times as likely to support MC than women who lacked that knowledge [AOR (adjusted odds ratio) = 5.85, 95 % CI (confidence interval) = 4.83–7.10]. The two indicators of women’s sexual bargaining power (i.e., ability to negotiate condom use and ability to refuse sex) were also positively associated with support of MC. Several sociodemographic factors particularly wealth index were also positively associated with women’s support of MC. The findings in this study will potentially inform intervention strategies to enhance uptake of male circumcision as a strategy to reduce HIV transmission in Uganda.
Behavioral Modeling of Sequential Logic

In this chapter, we will look at modeling sequential logic using the more sophisticated behavioral modeling techniques presented in Chap. 8. We will begin by looking at modeling sequential storage devices. Next, we will look at the behavioral modeling of finite state machines. Finally, we will look at register transfer level, or RTL modeling. The goal of this chapter is to provide an understanding of how hardware description languages can be used to create behavioral models of synchronous digital systems.
The effects of elevated subcutaneous fat stores on fatty acid composition and gene expression of proinflammatory markers in periparturient dairy cows

During the periparturient period, elevated circulating nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) from excessive lipid mobilization affect not only the circulating fatty acid (FA) composition, but also that of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL). However, the changes to specific lipid fractions remain unknown. We hypothesized that elevated lipid mobilization will alter FA profiles and gene expression of selected proinflammatory mediators in PBMC and PMNL. Starting -28 d relative to expected calving (d 0), treatment cows (n = 18) received a dry cow ration plus an additional 10 kg of corn/head per day, while the control cows (n = 16) received the dry cow ration (no additional corn) supplemented with 400 mg of monensin/head per day to minimize lipid mobilization. Postpartum, treatment cows were feed deprived for 8 h on d +3. For FA analysis, serum was collected on d -28 and -7 relative to expected parturition and d +1, +3, +6, +15, and +21 postpartum, in addition to milk samples. Immune cells, PBMC and PMNL, were isolated on d -28, +3, +12, and +21 for FA analysis and gene expression analysis by reverse-transcription PCR. Serum, PBMC, and PMNL lipids were fractionated into NEFA and phospholipids (PL). The FA composition of milk, serum, PBMC, and PMNL was analyzed by gas chromatography. Data were analyzed as repeated measures ANOVA using mixed model procedures in SAS (9.3) with significance declared at P ≤ 0.05. Several FA varied by treatment and across time and parity. Within the serum PL fraction, FA associated with altered immune function, C18:3n-6, C20:4, C20:5, total n-3, and the ratio of n-6 to n-3 varied significantly by a treatment × parity × time interaction. Overall, FA composition of NEFA and PL fractions from PBMC and PMNL did not significantly reflect FA of serum. Gene expression for IL-1β in PBMC was greater for control, whereas ICAM, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were greater in primiparous than multiparous cows, without a detectable treatment effect. Whereas gene expression of CASP, IL-8R, and SELL in PMNL changed over time, no treatment effect was detected. In summary, high-energy prepartal diets altered FA profile in serum, milk, PBMC, and PMNL lipids; however, gene expression of selected proinflammatory mediators was not significantly affected.
Preventing Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens in the Intensive Care Unit

Infection control in the intensive care unit (ICU) has seen many advances, including rapid molecular screening tests for resistant organisms and chlorhexidine use in daily baths. Although these developments advance the cause of infection prevention, compliance with some of the basic measures remains elusive. Hand hygiene, antimicrobial stewardship, and reduction in device use remain the low-technology interventions that could have a major impact on nosocomial transmission of antimicrobial-resistant organisms. Although continued research is needed on new and old ways of preventing nosocomial infections, ICU staff must persevere in improving adherence with the measures that are known to be effective.
Abnormalities of signal transduction networks in chronic schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a serious neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by disruptions of brain cell metabolism, microstructure, and neurotransmission. All of these processes require coordination of multiple kinase-mediated signaling events. We hypothesize that imbalances in kinase activity propagate through an interconnected network of intracellular signaling with potential to simultaneously contribute to many or all of the observed deficits in schizophrenia. We established a workflow distinguishing schizophrenia-altered kinases in anterior cingulate cortex using a previously published kinome array data set. We compared schizophrenia-altered kinases to haloperidol-altered kinases, and identified systems, functions, and regulators predicted using pathway analyses. We used kinase inhibitors with the kinome array to test hypotheses about imbalance in signaling and conducted preliminary studies of kinase proteins, phosphoproteins, and activity for kinases of interest. We investigated schizophrenia-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms in one of these kinases, AKT, for genotype-dependent changes in AKT protein or activity. Kinome analyses identified new kinases as well as some previously implicated in schizophrenia. These results were not explained by chronic antipsychotic treatment. Kinases identified in our analyses aligned with cytoskeletal arrangement and molecular trafficking. Of the kinases we investigated further, AKT and (unexpectedly) JNK, showed the most dysregulation in the anterior cingulate cortex of schizophrenia subjects. Changes in kinase activity did not correspond to protein or phosphoprotein levels. We also show that AKT single nucleotide polymorphism rs1130214, previously associated with schizophrenia, influenced enzyme activity but not protein or phosphoprotein levels. Our data indicate subtle changes in kinase activity and regulation across an interlinked kinase network, suggesting signaling imbalances underlie the core symptoms of schizophrenia. A study by US scientists indicates that changes in the activity of key signaling proteins may underlie core symptoms of schizophrenia. Protein kinases mediate the activation of intracellular signaling events and analyses of the kinome, the complete set of protein kinases encoded in the genome, previously revealed significant changes in phosphorylation patterns in postmortem brain tissue from patients with schizophrenia. Based on these findings, Jennifer McGuire at the University of Cincinnati and colleagues investigated the upstream regulation of these proteins. They identified both established and novel proteins associated with schizophrenia in the anterior cingulate cortex, with JNK and AKT activity being the most disrupted in schizophrenia patients. Their findings highlight how subtle changes in the activity of a small number of signaling proteins can propagate and have major consequences for mental health.