cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Axiomatizations of Approval Voting

There has been a number of axiomatic studies of approval voting since its introduction by Brams and Fishburn (1978). The axiomatic characterizations of approval voting have given researchers a better understanding of the structure of approval voting, and have made the pros and cons of approval voting much sharper. In this article, we present a survey of various axiomatic characterizations of approval voting that are there in the literature.
Materializing Colonial Pasts: African Archaeological Perspectives

This volume brings together a collection of original analyses of African colonial worlds that illustrate the relevance of African archaeologies to the study of colonial materialities in other archaeological contexts, and to the related fields of anthropology and history. This introduction outlines critical and theoretical problems framing the book, and offers background on the conversations informing its interventions. I situate the volume in relation to three broad intellectual fields: (1) how, historically, African archaeology has grappled with colonial situations; (2) archaeology’s implication with questions of colonial modernity, and more recently, with themes and perspectives inspired by postcolonial theory; and (3) anthropologies of colonialism, and the foregrounding of embodied practice and materiality in the making of colonial worlds. This review identifies zones of mutual engagement between archaeological, historical, and anthropological studies of colonialism. African archaeology, I argue, stands out by its interdisciplinary commitments, theoretical insights derived from African cultural contexts, and hybrid knowledges, which, in turn, can productively mesh with archaeological work on colonialism elsewhere. Concurrently, archaeology’s particular take on temporality and materiality can also contribute to histories and anthropologies of colonial contact in Africa, especially by materializing ineffable histories that challenge common perceptions about colonialism and bring into view the persistence of its legacies in the present. In this sense, archaeological scholarship on colonialism carries resonance beyond the past into the political present of postcolonies.
Narratives of Reading in Luke-Acts

The six narrations of reading in the Gospel of Luke and Acts of the Apostles reflect an oral/aural culture in which texts and traditions were routinely experienced through verbal recitation and reading. These narratives of reading also participate in ancient moral discourses that highlight the importance of the reader’s character in the event of reading. When read within their cultural and narrative contexts, Luke’s accounts are seen to represent reading as a practice that shapes community by virtue of the reader. This insight is of special significance to the depiction of Jesus and the people of God in Luke-Acts. These conclusions raise a number of questions for theological librarians about present-day approaches to reading and research.
Intelligent Agents for Decision Support

Abstract Many environmental, geological and meteorological studies have been enthusiastically undertaken in the Arctic Region producing vast quantities of data. Unfortunately, these are frequently unassociated efforts and the methods of data retrieval and interpretation are, in most cases, dissimilar. The SynCon Project is an ambitious effort to compile this data into a cohesive geographical information system (GIS) and create a knowledge base system, that can be easily used to aid in research and remediation planning for this sensitive environmental region.
Cooperative Multi-agent Control Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

This work considers the problem of learning cooperative policies in complex, partially observable domains without explicit communication. We extend three classes of single-agent deep reinforcement learning algorithms based on policy gradient, temporal-difference error, and actor-critic methods to cooperative multi-agent systems. To effectively scale these algorithms beyond a trivial number of agents, we combine them with a multi-agent variant of curriculum learning. The algorithms are benchmarked on a suite of cooperative control tasks, including tasks with discrete and continuous actions, as well as tasks with dozens of cooperating agents. We report the performance of the algorithms using different neural architectures, training procedures, and reward structures. We show that policy gradient methods tend to outperform both temporal-difference and actor-critic methods and that curriculum learning is vital to scaling reinforcement learning algorithms in complex multi-agent domains.
Hyperon Polarization at High Energy

Since the beginning of this Symposium series our field has collected an impressive amount of data on the polarization of hyperons produced by high energy protons./1/ Unpolarized protons interacting with any target produce polarized Λ, ∑+, ∑−, ∑0, Ξ0, and Ξ−when the produced hyperon is in the fragmentation region of the incident proton. On the other hand Ω− and anti-Λ produced the same way are unpolarized. There is as yet no consensus on the origin of the polarization at any fundamental level but the pattern and behavior of these data have seemed to make sense within the context of the valence quark picture of baryon spin structure./2/ Other data on the spin transfer from polarized protons to Λ and ∑0 also fit the pattern. Now our sense of comfort with hyperon polarization has been disturbed by new data on anti-Ξ− polarization reported at this meeting./3/ In this talk I will first review the state of our knowledge of the polarization of hyperons produced by protons and then indicate the impact of this new result.
Hierarchically Patterned Noncovalent Functionalization of 2D Materials by Controlled Langmuir–Schaefer Conversion

Noncovalent monolayer chemistries are often used to functionalize 2D materials. Nanoscopic ligand ordering has been widely demonstrated (e.g., lying-down lamellar phases of functional alkanes); however, combining this control with micro- and macroscopic patterning for practical applications remains a significant challenge. A few reports have demonstrated that standing phase Langmuir films on water can be converted into nanoscopic lying-down molecular domains on 2D substrates (e.g., graphite), using horizontal dipping (Langmuir–Schaefer, LS, transfer). Molecular patterns are known to form at scales up to millimeters in Langmuir films, suggesting the possibility of transforming such structures into functional patterns on 2D materials. However, to our knowledge, this approach has not been investigated, and the rules governing LS conversion are not well understood. In part, this is because the conversion process is mechanistically very different from classic LS transfer of standing phases; challenges also ari...
Hematologic Disease in Implantation Failure

Successful embryo implantation involves a number of events that occur at the microvascular level. Hematologic pathology, specifically inherited and acquired thrombophilias, has been proposed as a potential etiology for implantation failure. This idea has largely evolved from the robust body of literature surrounding thrombophilias and recurrent pregnancy loss. The impact of thrombophilias on recurrent implantation failure is less clear, although it is thought to have a similar underlying mechanism, namely, that microthrombosis causes disturbed blood flow to the endometrium and, in the case of recurrent implantation failure, impairs the initial vascularization process that is necessary for successful implantation to occur. In this chapter, the available literature regarding the potential role of thrombophilias in implantation failure and the evidence for possible therapeutic options will be reviewed.
Trinucleotide Rolling Circle Amplification: A Novel Method for the Detection of RNA and DNA.

Most natural DNA and RNA are devoid of long trinucleotide (TN) sequences that lack one specific nucleotide (missing nucleotide (MN)). Here we developed a novel method that is based on rolling circle amplification (RCA), in which the TN-information of short TN stretches is sequence-specifically recognized, transferred, extended, amplified and detected by padlock probes that consist entirely of nucleotides complementary to the three nucleotides present in the target sequence (complementary TN-information). Upon specific head-to-tail annealing and ligation to the TN-target sequence, these padlock probes represent extended complementary TN versions of the target sequence that can be further amplified by trinucleotide rolling circle amplification (TN-RCA). Since during TN-RCA the MN (as dNTP) is not added, background amplification is minimized with endogenous RNA/DNA (which mostly would require all four dNTP). Therefore, various labelled dNTP can be added to the TN-RCA reaction that enables the separation, isolation and detection of the amplified single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Here the TN-RCA method is exemplified with RNA/DNA from Zika virus and from human papilloma virus (HPV). TN-RCA is a novel isothermal amplification technique that can be used for sensitive sequence-specific detection and diagnosis of natural and synthetic DNA or RNA containing TN stretches with low background in short time.
From Parsons to Profession

Counseling psychology, counselor education, and guidance and counseling as representative of different professional areas in counseling share much common history with other areas of applied psychology and education. These counseling fields share much of the same history, both in terms of societal factors, significant events, and important people. Counseling shares much with educational movements such as vocational education and individual education. Psychology has provided counseling a theoretical base for understanding and changing human behavior. These factors do little to separate counseling from educational psychology as elaborated earlier in this book. However, a strong case could be made for the striking lack of commonality between counseling and educational psychology. Educational psychology has become less interested in application whereas counseling is by definition oriented toward change and the application of principles of change.
Overview and performance prediction of the baseline 4-meter telescope concept design for the habitable-zone exoplanet observatory

The Habitable Exoplanet Observatory Mission (HabEx) is one of four missions under study for the 2020 Astrophysics Decadal Survey. Its goal is to directly image and spectroscopically characterize planetary systems in the habitable zone around nearby sun-like stars. Additionally, HabEx will perform a broad range of general astrophysics science enabled by 100 to 2500 nm spectral range and 3 x 3 arc-minute FOV. Critical to achieving the HabEx science goals is a large, ultra-stable UV/Optical/Near-IR (UVOIR) telescope. The baseline HabEx telescope is a 4-meter off-axis unobscured three-mirror-anastigmatic, diffraction limited at 400 nm with wavefront stability on the order of a few 10s of picometers. This paper summarizes the opto-mechanical design of the HabEx baseline optical telescope assembly, including a discussion of how science requirements drive the telescope's specifications, and presents analysis that the baseline telescope structure meets its specified tolerances.
7‐Ethyl­amino‐4‐(tri­fluoro­methyl)­coumarin

The title compound, C12H10F3NO2, also known as coumarin 500, exhibits a planar coumarin ring system with an ethyl group essentially perpendicular to it. The mol­ecules form layers, which are stacked along the c axis.
A relational perspective of the microfoundations of dynamic managerial capabilities and transactive memory systems

Abstract The concept of dynamic managerial capabilities – the capabilities with which managers create, extend, and modify the ways in which firms make a living – helps to explain the relationship between the quality of managerial decisions, strategic change, and organizational performance. We organize our paper around the three core underpinnings of dynamic managerial capabilities: managerial cognition, managerial social capital, and managerial human capital. We also incorporate transactive memory system theory to bridge dynamic managerial capabilities theory and networking capabilities theory. In particular, we focus on multi-level relational aspects of dynamic managerial capabilities and networking capabilities in in the context of business relationships in uncertain and changing (i.e., dynamic) network contexts. Finally, we offer an agenda for future research at the intersection of dynamic managerial capabilities, transactive memory systems, and networking capabilities.
Counselor Identity - A National Imperative

The author presents evidence that supports Professional Counseling as a national, professional organization. The history of the profession will be briefly delineated followed by the component parts...
How Does Peacekeeping Held Secure Post-Conflict Peace?

There is emerging consensus that international intervention can secure peace by helping combatants resolve commitment problems following civil wars. But how do interveners accomplish this? One theory suggests that intervention primarily works through force. Another claims that interveners commonly condition political, economic, and legal incentives on compliance with peace processes. Despite a rich literature on intervention, little effort has been made to systematically test the underlying mechanisms. This paper takes a first step toward this end, using new data on mechanisms employed by United Nations peacekeepers (1989-2012). Contrary to conventional wisdom, we question the extent to which military coercion is employed. Moreover, missions that employs conditional incentives is consistently correlated with a reduced risk of conflict recurrence, regardless of whether missions are also authorized to use force, and even when controlling for potential selection effects. These findings have important implications for international efforts to secure peace in civil conflicts worldwide.
Families Fleeing: Family Membership as a Basis for Asylum

Hundreds of thousands of people each year risk the dangerous journey to the U.S. border, many seeking refuge from serious human rights abuses in their home countries. In an effort to keep them out, the Trump Administration has restricted access to the ports-of-entry, ramped up immigration detention, and advocated for interpretations of the law that make it considerably more difficult for asylum seekers to prevail in court. On July 29, 2019, Attorney General Barr issued a decision challenging asylum for individuals who were harmed because of their family membership, which has until now been one of the more promising pathways to protection for many migrants, in particular Central Americans fleeing gang violence. This article (1) analyzes the existing state of U.S., foreign, and international law on persecution on account of “membership in a particular social group” defined by family; and (2) explores how this theory can be applied in practice. I argue that despite Barr’s recent ruling, the decades-long legal foundation for family-based claims should not and cannot be erased with a stroke of the pen.
Review of Risks and Complications of Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF).

Background Extreme lateral interbody fusions (XLIF) and Minimally Invasive (MIS) XLIF were developed to limit the vascular injuries associated with anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), and minimize the muscular/ soft tissue trauma attributed to transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF), posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF), and posterolateral lumbar fusion (PLF). Methods Nevertheless, XLIF/MIS XLIF pose significant additional risks and complications that include; multiple nerve injuries (e.g. lumbar plexus, ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, and subcostals (to the anterior abdominal muscles: abdominal oblique), and sympathectomy), major vascular injuries, bowel perforations/postoperative ileus, seromas, pseudarthrosis, subsidence, and reoperations. Results The risks of neural injury with XLIF/MIS XLIF (up to 30-40%) are substantially higher than for TLIF, PLIF, PLF, and ALIF. These neural injuries included: lumbar plexus injuries (13.28%); new sensory deficits (0-75% (21.7%-40%); permanent 62.5%); motor deficits (0.7-33.6%-40%); iliopsoas weakness (9%-31%: permanent 5%), anterior thigh/groin pain (12.5-34%), and sympathectomy (4%-12%). Additional non-neurological complications included; subsidence (10.3%-13.8%), major vascular injuries (0.4%), bowel perforations, recurrent seroma, malpositioning of the XLIF cages, a 45% risk of cage-overhang, pseudarthrosis (7.5%), and failure to adequately decompress stenosis. In one study, reviewing 20 publications and involving 1080 XLIF patients, the authors observed "Most (XLIF) studies are limited by study design, sample size, and potential conflicts of interest." Conclusion Many new neurological deficits and other adverse events/complications are attributed to MIS XLIF/ XLIF. Shouldn't these significant risk factors be carefully taken into consideration before choosing to perform MIS XLIF/XLIF?
Linking Health and Housing Data to Create a Sustainable Cross-Sector Partnership

In response to the growing regional (and national) focus on health and housing intersections, two public housing authorities (PHAs) in Washington—the King County Housing Authority and the Seattle H...
Lyapunov-based Economic Model Predictive Control with Taylor Series State Approximations

A method for integrating optimization and control during on-line process operation is known as economic model predictive control (EMPC). EMPC optimizes a general cost function which reflects process economics subject to a model of the process. One formulation of EMPC which can maintain closed-loop stability in the presence of sufficiently small disturbances is Lyapunov-based EMPC (LEMPC). In this work, we make precise connections between closed-loop stability considerations under LEMPC and numerical approximations (via Taylor series) of the solution of the nonlinear dynamic model of the process used in the controller. A chemical process example is utilized to demonstrate the concepts developed.
Is the Body Positive Movement Too Narrow?: Extra Large Insights Into Plus Size Men and Clothing Offerings

Plus size men constitute approximately 70% of the U.S. population and as of 2018 the male plus size market had grown to over $1 billion in revenue (Howland, 2019; IBIS World, 2019). According to the CDC (2019), the average man in the United States weighs approximately 200 pounds and has a 40 inch waist, placing him in the plus size category of apparel. As a response to the strict appearance norms, the Body Positive Movement (BPM) developed as social campaign to include and celebrate all types of bodies in media (Dastagir, 2017; “The body positive,” 2019). The current research has left out the male experience with the BPM and apparel, even though they represent a significant share of the plus size market (Howland, 2019). Research is needed to understand plus size men’s perceptions of the BPM and its effect on their appearance and shopping experience.
Method for Calculating the Equivalent Inertia of Power Systems Considering the Frequency Heterogeneity

To improve the safe and stable operation of the system and to provide risk warning and operation guidance, it is necessary to monitor the equivalent rotational inertia of the system. As the uneven distribution of rotational inertia in the system is becoming more and more obvious, the calculation method of rotational inertia by simple summing is extremely erroneous. This paper proposes a calculating method of power system rotational inertia that takes frequency heterogeneity into account. The definition and calculation method of perturbation power distribution factors is introduced in this paper, and its validity has been verified by simulation. Based on the perturbation power distribution factors, the equivalent rotational inertia of the system can be calculated more precisely for each power perturbation node, which can provide more accurate estimation of the frequency.
Drill-Bit Parity: Supply-Side Links in Oil and Gas Markets

Previous economic analyses focused on relationships between crude oil and natural gas markets centered primarily on demand-side considerations. We provide evidence that two important supply-side connections play important roles in understanding crude oil and natural gas market integration. First, crude oil production and natural gas production require a common capital input: rotary drilling rigs. Competition for this capital input should be expected to keep the diﬀerence between crude oil and natural gas prices in check. Second, crude oil wells produce associated gas, while natural gas wells often produce associated oil or oil substitutes. This latter supply-side connection could cause divergence in crude oil prices and natural gas prices, because a price shock for one commodity will increase associated production of the other commodity. Understanding which eﬀect dominates at a particular time is essential to understanding oil and gas market integration. We construct a theoretical model based on the proﬁt-maximizing decisions of a drilling-rig allocating ﬁrm to delineate the role played by these supply-side factors in oil and gas market integration. If rig competition is the more important supply-side factor then gas-rig allocations and oil prices will be negatively related, and vice versa, while if associated commodity ﬂows are more important then gas-rig allocations and oil prices will be positively related, and vice versa. We then test the predictions of the theoretical model using three econometric methods, and ﬁnd ample evidence of long-run relationships driven by these supply-side factors. However, we provide evidence indicating that drilling responses to price changes are unstable across time, and drilling rig competition has come to play a more important role since the onset of increasing production from shale gas and tight oil wells, which began in the mid-2000’s.
Cost-conscious robotic restorative proctectomy has similar economic and oncologic outcomes to open restorative proctectomy: Results of a long-term follow-up study.

Background In this study, we hypothesized that the direct hospital costs of robotic restorative proctectomy (RP) would be similar to those of open RP when a cost-conscious approach was employed in rectal cancer patients. Methods We included consecutive patients with rectal cancer who underwent RP between 12/2011 and 10/2014. A cost-conscious approach was employed in robotic surgery. We compared demographics, long-term oncologic outcomes, and direct hospital costs between the open and robotic groups. Results There were 32 robotic and 68 open RP procedures performed. Compared to open RP, the robotic RP group had a longer operative time but less estimated blood loss, intraoperative transfusions, overall short-term morbidity, decreased length of stay. After the initial five robotic cases, overall hospital costs were comparable between the groups (1±0.5 vs. 1±0.4, open and robotic RP, respectively, p=0.90). Conclusion Increasing surgeon experience and a cost-conscious approach may improve the value of care of robotic RP in patients with rectal cancer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Sex differences in behavior, response to LPS, and glucose homeostasis in middle-aged mice

Abstract Sex and age have distinct influences and roles in behavior and immune reactivity; yet, most studies use adult male rodents with little attention to middle age, a time associated with key physiological transitions in both sexes. Thus, this study investigated sex differences during middle age in behavior, immune response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and glucose regulation in C57BL/6 mice with GFP-tagged monocytes/microglia. Behaviorally, males performed better in tests of motor function (Open Field [OF], Grip Strength, Sticker Removal, Gait, and Pole tests) and displayed less depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors across multiple mood tests (OF, Elevated Zero Maze, Sucrose Preference, and Swim test). However, females performed better in tests of cognition (Barnes Maze and Novel Object Recognition). Following behavioral assessment, mice were given LPS to characterize sex-dependent inflammagen responses. Females displayed greater sickness behavior in the OF, higher levels of peripheral cytokines, and subtle neuroinflammation in the cortex, striatum, and hippocampus . A separate middle-aged cohort was used for glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity testing. Both sexes had excessive blood glucose rebound after insulin challenge, but displayed differences following glucose administration, where males had higher baseline glucose and females remained hyperglycemic. This study suggests that during middle-age male mice have better emotional regulation and motor function, but not cognitive ability than females. Further, males are less sensitive than females to the acute effects of LPS peripherally and centrally, but both sexes showed sex-specific impairments in blood glucose regulation. Overall, it appears that middle age is an important transition point with multiple sex differences, some of which are unique to this stage of life.
You Really, Truly, Have to “Be There”: Video Journalism as a Social and Material Construction

News organizations are turning increasingly to video journalism as survival strategy in the era of convergence. Video journalism, the process by which one person shoots, writes, and edits video sto...
Combined outpatient laparoscopic sterilization with therapeutic abortion

Combined outpatient laparoscopic sterilization and therapeutic abortion were evaluated at Charlotte Memorial Hospital and Presbyterian Hospital. Two hundred and four patients underwent the procedure, which proved to be safe and effective, requiring only a brief hospital stay.
Research Note: Hail to the Chief: Assessing the Economic Impact of Presidential Inaugurations on the Washington, DC, Local Economy

While presidential inaugurations routinely attract hundreds of thousands or more visitors to Washington, DC, for the quadrennial celebration, the authors' examination of employment from the Current Employment Statistics survey from 1939 to the present, and both employment and unemployment from the Current Population Survey from 1977 to the present, finds no noticeable effect from the event on either variable. The residents of DC should not expect an inauguration to make them any richer and the city should not count on any economic benefits generated by the event to cover the significant costs of hosting it.
Alcohol Abuse on a College Campus: A Needs Assessment.

This paper reports the results of a needs assessment study conducted by a university-based alcohol abuse prevention project. Data are presented on the drinking patterns and drinking problems of a random sample of 462 students. Results suggest that students are experiencing numerous difficulties in the physical, educational, legal and psychosocial areas due to their use of alcoholic beverages. Implications for prevention and intervention programming are discussed and the need for planning programs from a data-based perspective rather than a rational and intuitive approach is stressed.
Application of few-body methods to atomic and molecular structure

A considerable effort has been devoted to the development and elucidation of various many-body scattering theories [i]. One aspect of this is very recent work establishing that some but not all n-particle transition operator formalisms have associated with them a wave-function-type formalism as well [2]. As discussed by several authors, wave function descriptions provide a framework equivalent to the SchrSdinger equation and are useful in analyzing the asymptotic nature of a scattering system [2,3]. In addition, as pointed out independently by Goldflam and Kouri [4] and by Levin and Kz4/ger [5], an n-particle wave function formalism might possibly be a useful alternate means for describing n-partlcle bound state systems, e.g., atoms and molecules. That this possibility could be successfully realized was first shown in the framework of arrangement channel quantum mechanics (ACQM) [3a] by Levin and KrUger for the H2+ and H 2 molecules [5,6]; further successful applications have been made by Levin and co-workers at Brown University to twoelectron atoms [7] and to the HeH + and H 2 molecules [8].
Shakespeare’s Machiavellian Moment: Discovering Ethics and Forming a Leadership Narrative in Henry V

Shakespeare’s Henry V, like the historical Henry V, was an enlightened and effective executive leader. Shakespeare attributes part of Henry’s success to adroit image manipulation and unhesitating decisiveness, presenting him as a proto-Machiavellian prince. But in Henry V, Shakespeare also paints a portrait of a prince who acts with restraint, adheres to a well-defined moral framework, and refrains from extremes in pursuit of policy objectives. The changing social and political context of Henry’s England called for a new model of leadership, and Henry adapted himself to tackle these realities through a deliberately constructed leadership narrative.
Gateless depletion mode field effect transistor for macromolecule sensing

In this work, we create a gateless, depletion mode field effect transistor that operates as a molecular recognition based electronic sensor. The transistor consists of source and drain diffusions, a depletion-mode implant, and an insulating layer. The insulating layer is chemically modified by immobilized molecular receptors that enable miniaturized label-free molecular detection that is amenable to high-density array formats. Here, we describe the development of a microelectronic multi-sensor capable of reagent-free detection of a variety of biological macromolecules. Moreover, we study the effectiveness of the device for sensing macromolecules (such as proteins or DNA) quantitatively and in real time. Such capability can lead to the early detection of a variety of diseases and toxins including, but not limited to strains of cancer, influenza, and anthrax. The response of the sensor to buffer, proteins, and the antibody antigen-recognition event is also provided.
The Role of Organizational Social Capital in Performance Management

ABSTRACTThis article introduces the concept of organizational social capital and connects it to research on performance management, providing a conceptual definition and discussing related measurement issues. The article theorizes that structural (“social interaction”), relational (“trust”), and cognitive (“common goals”) organizational social capital foster the use of performance information and thereby relates social capital to an outcome variable that has recently received much attention in research on performance management reforms. The article bridges performance management studies to the broader organizational science literature, pointing out a gap in prior work and setting the stage for further research.
Cardiac effects of magnesium with special reference to anaesthesia: a review.

Finally, the inter-relationship between magnesium and the mitochondrial enzyme systems concerned with oxidative phosphorylation is stressed. The early detection of magnesium deficiency by routine methods is imperative for the prevention of abnormal cardiac metabolism and the maintenance of the functional and structural integrity of cardiac muscle during anaesthesia.
Effect of diabatic correlation on the reactions of O(2 3P, 2 1D) with N2 O and CO2

Abstract Although correlation diagrams based upon the application of spin and angular momentum conservation have been shown to be a useful device in interpreting the chemistry of electronically excited atoms, experimental observations suggest that a more complete understanding of such chemical processes requires some insight into the electronic structure of the collision complex. In the absence of such information, it is possible to consider the role of diabatic correlations on the energetics of elementary processes with a view toward analyzing the behavior of the reactants along the reaction coordinate. Here, the aeronomically interesting reactions of ground state and electronically excited oxygen atoms with N 2 O and CO 2 are analyzed and the effects of low-lying molecular excited states on the reactivity of these molecules assessed.
Transcriptional analysis of purified histone acetyltransferase complexes.

Acetylation of lysine residues within the amino-terminal tails of the core histone proteins is strongly correlated to the regulation of gene transcription in vivo. To directly study the effects of histone acetylation on transcription, we have developed a biochemical system examining the regulation of RNA polymerase II-directed transcription by native histone acetyltransferases (HATs). For the promoter sequences investigated, it has been demonstrated that HATs facilitate transcription from nucleosomal DNA templates in an acetyl-CoA-dependent fashion but do not affect transcription from histone-free templates. Here, protocols are presented describing the in vitro assembly of evenly spaced nucleosomal arrays on DNA fragments harboring gene regulatory sequences and the use of these templates with purified HAT complexes in transcription assays.
Oscillations during inductive turn-off in rectifiers

Abstract The voltage waveform during unclamped reverse recovery of pin diodes under an inductive load may exhibit oscillations during, not after reverse recovery. This phenomenon has been observed both experimentally and using coupled circuit and device simulations. A simple equivalent circuit model is used to explain the existence of these oscillations.
Comparison of the Reactivity of M(allyl)3 (M = Rh, Ir) with Donor Ligands

Reactions of M(allyl)3 [M = Rh, Ir] with a variety of donor ligands have been investigated. While both complexes are unreactive toward “hard” N- and O-donor ligands, “soft” ligands such as tolylisothiocyanate, tertiary phosphines, CO, and aryl isocyanides are readily added. Whereas ligand additions to Rh(allyl)3 are often accompanied by reduction of the Rh(III) center, analogous reactions with Ir(allyl)3 afford stable trivalent products containing σ-allyl ligands. The molecular structures of several derivatives are presented, including Ir(σ-allyl)(π-allyl)2(PPh3), Ir(σ-allyl)2(π-allyl)(PMe3)2, and Ir(σ-allyl)3(C⋮N-2,6-Me2C6H3)3.
Development of an economic system model to optimize the performance of a swine waste digestion system

Abstract An economic system model of a swine confinement facility and anaerobic digestion system is utilized to find the optimal performance and sensitivity. Fully dynamic models for manure production, manure collection, digestion, parasitic energy needs and energy utilization are developed, which include the effect of varying manure and ambient temperature inputs. The best system configuration included flushing manure collection, effluent heat recovery and direct combustion of the gas. The economic performance of thermophilic systems was found to be significantly better than systems with mesophilic operation, and optimization revealed an operating point close to thermophilic conditions which improved performance still further. The results are most sensitive to, variables or inputs which can change the size of the digester, the price of energy, and the efficiency of energy conversion.
Backbone-assisted reactions of polymers. VII: Kinetics of isomerization of poly[(chloromethyl)thiirane] in the absence of solvent

The kinetics of the repeating unit isomerization of poly[(chloromethyl)thiirane] have been determined at four temperatures in the absence of solvent. The reaction can be treated as a reversible first-order process with rate constants and activation energies similar to those observed in analogous reactions of β-chlorosulfides of low molecular weight. These observations are consistent with a mechanistic scheme that involves rate determining cyclization to a thiiranium ion intermediate, followed by rapid ring opening by chloride ion attack.
Mechanisms underlying comprehension of health information in adulthood: The roles of prior knowledge and working memory capacity

Prior knowledge, working memory capacity (WMC), and conceptual integration (attention allocated to integrating concepts in text) are critical within many contexts; however, their impact on the acquisition of health information (i.e. learning) is relatively unexplored.We examined how these factors impact learning about nutrition within a cross-sectional study of adults ages 18 to 81. Results showed that conceptual integration mediated the effects of knowledge and WMC on learning, confirming that attention to concepts while reading is important for learning about health. We also found that when knowledge was controlled, age declines in learning increased, suggesting that knowledge mitigates the effects of age on learning about nutrition.
Mastery Learning and Instructional Design Originally published in 1988, PIQ 1.1

Comparisons are drawn between the ideas of mastery learning and those of instructional design. Considerable agreement is noted concerning the main factors contributing to the quality of instruction. Similarities are pointed out in Bloom's alterable variables and a number of the events of instruction described by Gagne. Differences exist in the taxonomic categories of learned performances of the two systems, and in the proposal of instructional design that each category requires a different set of instructional tactics. A noteworthy area of agreement is emphasis on the instructional importance of skill automaticity.
Determining the position of adverbial phrases in English

In this paper we compare three approaches to adverbial positioning using lexical, syntactic, semantic and sentence-level features. We find that: (a), one- and two-stage classification-based approaches can achieve almost 86% accuracy in determining the absolute position of adverbials; (b) a classifier trained with only syntactic features gives performance close to that of a classifier trained with all features; and (c) a surface realizer incorporating a two-stage classifier for adverbial positioning as the second stage gives improvements of at least 10% in simple string accuracy over a baseline realizer for sentences containing adverbials.
In support of nuclear power

The widespread utilization of electricity is perhaps the greatest technological advance of our age; certainly, electricity has affected every aspect of our lives. For comfort, in summer and winter, we use electricity. For communications, worldwide, and from the basement to the kitchen, we use electricity. For safety, with giant early warning radars and with small household smoke detectors, we use electricity. Appliances cannot distinguish electricity generated by nuclear power from electricity generated by “conventional” means.
The metabolism of Brucellae; the oxidation of succinate as a function of pH and concentration.

A markedly disparate increase in the rate of uptake over the rate of oxidation of succinate in Brucella abortus results when the concentration of hydrogen ions or the substrate is grossly increased. The relation of this and other findings to possible alteration of the permeability of the cells has been considered in another paper (1). The present experiments are concerned specifically with the metabolic fate of the excess succinate that is consumed with these environmental changes and generally with the terminal oxidative mechanisms in this organism.
The effect of thiolate organic compounds on methylmercury accumulation and redistribution in sheepshead minnows, Cyprinodon variegatus.

Methylmercury (CH3Hg(II)) was measured in various tissues and whole body of sheepshead minnows, Cyprinodon variegatus, following exposure to 100 ng/L methylmercury chloride (CH3HgCl) alone or in combination with one of the organic compounds cysteine (CH3Hg-Cys), thiourea (CH3Hg-Thu), or thioglycolate (CH3Hg-Thg). Overall, the CH3Hg(II) concentration in sheepshead minnows in all the treatments increased with time and was significantly different from the unspiked controls after 24 h. Addition of the organic compounds increased the bioavailability of CH3Hg(II) in the whole body of the fish after 72 h. In particular, the CH3Hg(II) concentration after CH3Hg-Thg and CH3Hg-Thu exposure was, respectively, approximately 1.3- and 1.6- fold higher than with CH3HgCl exposure. A composite of the CH3Hg(II) concentrations in the visceral organs (gill, liver, and intestine) highlighted the effect of the organic compounds, where concentrations in all mercury-thiolate treatments were significantly higher than CH3HgCl alone after 72 h. The most dramatic changes in the different tissues measured were observed in the liver, where the CH3Hg(II) concentrations in the sulfur treatments were significantly higher than the CH3HgCl treatment after 72 h. The results of this study suggest that the CH3Hg-thiolate complexes were bioavailable to sheepshead minnows and effectively induced CH3Hg(II) uptake in tissues at environmentally realistic CH3HgCl concentrations.
Nucleic acid and protein synthesis in melanocytes of Amphiuma liver: A radioautographic study

Nucleic acid and protein synthesis was studied in the melanocytes and hepatocytes of the liver of Amphiuma with H3 thymidine, H3 cytidine and H3 leucine. In this organism, the hepatic melanocytes are highly pigmented (containing an abundance of melanin-containing organelles, polymelanosomes), have only a small area of non-pigmented cytoplasm (containing smooth endoplasmic reticulum and no polymelanosomes). The presence of polysomes in both pigmented and non-pigmented areas could not be demonstrated. Only an occasional melanocyte and 2% of the hepatocytes were labeled with H3 thymidine. Rate of RNA metabolism in melanocytes was slower than in hepatocytes. Actinomycin D had no significant effect on nuclear incorporation of H3 cytidine in melanocytes, but it inhibited nuclear uptake in hepatocytes by 86% of controls. Cytoplasmic incorporation of H3 cytidine in both cell types was insensitive to actinomycin D treatment. Protein synthesis, as based on H3 leucine uptake, was less in the pigmented areas than in non-pigmented ones. Although protein synthesis on the basis of grain count/cell appeared greater in hepatocytes than in melanocytes, the density of grain count was equal after correction for differences in cell size. The incorporation of H3 leucine was not reduced in the melanocytes or the hepatocytes 96 hours after actinomycin D treatment.
Molecular Mechanism(s) for UV-B Irradiation-Induced Glutathione Depletion in Cultured Human Keratinocytes¶

Glutathione (GSH) plays a central role in maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis and protection against oxidative injury. Ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiation-induced GSH depletion is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of several cutaneous disorders. In this study, the molecular mechanism(s) of UV-B-induced GSH depletion was investigated in cultured human keratinocytes, HaCaT cells. We found that UV-B irradiation caused GSH depletion in a dose- and time-dependent manner in HaCaT cells. The mechanistic studies showed that UV-B-induced GSH depletion did not result from the GSH efflux. UV-B irradiation appeared to cause a slight decrease in enzymatic activity of gamma-glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), a rate-limiting enzyme in GSH biosynthesis. UV-B irradiation resulted in the GCL cleavage through the activation of a caspase cascade. Inhibition of total caspase activity by the general caspase inhibitor, zVAD-fmk, partially reversed the UV-B-induced GSH depletion. More importantly, we found that UV-B irradiation could dramatically decrease the cystine uptake through the functional inhibition of the system Xc(-), a cystine transporter on the cell membrane. The results suggest that the inactivation of cystine transporter system Xc(-) was a major contributor to the UV-B-mediated decrease of GSH levels in human keratinocytes.
Measurement and Interpretation of CO and Kr + Xe in Irradiated ThO2‐Containing HTGR Fuel Particles

The irradiation of microspheres of ThO2 and Th0.81U0.19O2in the form of high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) particles resulted in the buildup of CO as well as Kr + Xe within the particle. The particles were later equilibrated at 1325T2270 K, crushed, and the CO and Kr + Xe contents were measured. Oxygen released as CO can be represented by the expression O/f=74.6F exp (–7400/T), where O/f is the moles of oxygen released per mole of fissioned actinide, F is fission per initial heavy-metal atom, and T is the equilibration temperature. This oxygen release is reasonably consistent with that predicted from thermodynamic data for the oxides of the fuel and fission products. The burnup dependence of the release of Kr and Xe to the void space within the particle was consistent with published data and approached the theoretical value for the 233u-235U system, (Kr+Xe)/f0.32.
The editor's roundtable: JUPITER follow-up.

Dr. Friedewald has received honoraria for speaking from Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey; and NiCox, Warren, New Jersey. Dr. Friedewald is a consultant for AstraZeneca, Wilmington, Delaware. Dr. Ballantyne has received grant and research support from Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois; AstraZeneca; GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Merck, Whitehouse Station, New Jersey; Sanofi-Synthelabo, Bridgewater, New Jersey; Schering-Plough, Kenilworth, New Jersey; Takeda, Skokie, Illinois; the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; the American Diabetes Association, Alexandria, Virginia; and the American Heart Association, Dallas, Texas. Dr. Ballantyne is a consultant for Abbott Laboratories; Amylin, San Diego, California; AstraZeneca; Bristol-Myers Squibb, New York, New York; GlaxoSmithKline; Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Montgomery, Alabama; Merck; Merck/ Schering-Plough; Metabasis, La Jolla, California; NicOx; Novartis; Pfizer, New York, New York; Resverlogix, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Roche, Basel, Switzerland; SanofiSynthelabo; Schering-Plough; and Takeda. Dr. Ballantyne s a member of the speaker’s bureaus of AstraZeneca; laxoSmithKline; Merck; Merck/Schering-Plough; Pfizer; Schering-Plough. Dr. Ballantyne has received honoraria from Abbott Laboratories; AstraZeneca; GlaxoSmithKline; Merck; Merck/Schering-Plough; Novartis; Pfizer; Sanofi-
“In vivo” pH values of the estrous reproductive tract of the gilt

Abstract The hydrogen ion concentration of the fluids of various portions of the reproductive tract was determined in 6 estrous gilts. Determinations were made with a pH cardiovascular catheter electrode placed in the lumen of the oviduct, uterus, cervix and vagina and a reference electrode placed in the peritoneal cavity. The mean pH values were 7.02, 6.98, 7.49, and 6.61 for the oviduct, uterus, cervix and vagina, respectively.