cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial evaluation of alternative nonpoint nutrient regulatory instruments

[1] Recent work has shown that because of differences in the physical environment across an area the choice of an instrument for regulation of nonpoint source agricultural pollution is an empirical question. The objective of this study is an empirical comparison of an economic incentive policy (an input tax) for reduction of agricultural fertilizer application with a command and control policy. Although a “first-best” policy would be administered at the farm level, transactions costs practically require a single policy for the whole area. In an application to the Columbia plateau, a 300% input tax is shown to be preferred to a mandated 25% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer on financial and policy efficiency grounds.
Development of a Cognitive strategies group for vocational training after traumatic brain injury

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a group cognitive skills training model. Thirty-three clients with traumatic brain injury participated in the group over a one year period. Their vocational rehabilitation rate was compared to that of a baseline condition of 64 matched clients who receive similar services but who did not participate in the group. The results indicated a 76% rehabilitation rate for those clients who participated in the group. Fifty-eitht percent of the baseline clients returned to work. A description of the group activities is presented that can be implemented by virtually any facility.
Multiple NPY Receptors Coexist in Pre- and Postsynaptic Sites: Inhibition of GABA Release in Isolated Self-Innervating SCN Neurons

Although NPY has been shown to influence the action of many transmitters in the brain, modulation of GABA, the primary inhibitory transmitter, has not been detected with electrophysiology. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recording, we found that NPY has a large modulatory effect on GABAergic neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) that act as the circadian clock in the mammalian brain. NPY, acting at both Y1- and Y2-like receptors, reduced the frequency of spontaneous miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents while having little effect on the postsynaptic GABA receptors, suggesting a presynaptic mechanism of NPY action. In single self-innervating neurons, application of either Y1 or Y2 agonists to the same neuron significantly inhibited the evoked autaptic GABA release. The use of single-neuron microcultures has allowed the demonstration that a single peptide, NPY, has two different receptors coded for by different genes in the same axon terminal. The Y1 and Y2 agonists also inhibited whole-cell calcium currents when applied to the same neuron, indicating a coexistence of Y1- and Y2-like receptors in the postsynaptic cell body. The self-innervating cell model we use here may be applicable generally for discriminating presynaptic versus postsynaptic actions of other neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and locating their subtype receptors.
Growth parameters of doped ZnS crystals

Abstract Single crystals of ZnS doped with transition-metal impurities were grown from the vapor phase using the self-sealing method. The size of the crystals varied from 1 to 3 cm3. The parameters studied were the temperature difference between the charge and the site of initial nucleation and the temperature gradient in the growth zone. The parameters were different for different impurity systems. The values of these parameters as compared with those for undoped ZnS can be attributed to an impeded crystal growth and a decreased thermal conductivity of the doped crystals.
Prevention of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis☆

The occurrence of hemorrhagic cystitis with the use of high-dose cyclophosphamide is thought to be a toxic effect of cyclophosphamide metabolites directly on the bladder mucosa. To decrease both the concentration of metabolites in contact with the bladder mucosa and the time of such contact, a regimen of diuresis and frequent voiding or catheter drainage was instituted in patients at risk for the development of hemorrhage. Prior to institution of this regimen, 8 of 97 patients experienced massive clot-producing hemorrhage, three-quarters of whom died as a direct result of such hemorrhage. Subsequent to use of this regimen, only 1 of 198 patients experienced this degree of hemorrhage. Although this is only a phase II study, the dramatic decrease in the incidence of hemorrhage strongly suggests the efficacy of this regimen in decreasing the potential morbidity associated with cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.
Effects of test orientation on fracture and fatigue crack growth behavior of third generation as-cast Ti–48Al–2Nb–2Cr

Abstract The effects of changes in test orientation and load ratio on the room temperature fracture and fatigue crack growth behavior of as-cast Ti–48Al–2Nb–2Cr titanium aluminide was investigated to determine the presence of any anisotropy in mechanical properties. As-cast samples were tested in the longitudinal and transverse directions to the casting direction at room temperature in air. Load ratios ranging from R = 0.1 to R = 0.9 were used in the fatigue tests in order to determine its effects on the threshold for fatigue cracking, the Paris law slope, and fatigue crack instability toughness, Kc, in addition to determining both notched and fatigue-precracked values for toughness. Optical metallography and SEM fractography were used to document the effects of orientation on the fracture path and morphology. Significant effects of changes in load ratio were obtained on the fatigue threshold and Paris law slope, while its effects on Kc and the effects of sample orientation were found to be minimal. These are rationalized by considering microstructural effects on the properties measured and are compared to similar materials processed via different techniques.
Age Differences in Color Discrimination

(1943). Age Differences in Color Discrimination. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 191-226.
Commentary: A Summary and Analysis of Twenty-Seven Years of Geoscience Conceptions Research

Seventy-nine studies in geoscience conceptions appeared in peer-reviewed publications in English from 1982 through July 2009. Summaries of the 79 studies suggest certain recurring themes across sub...
CHEMICAL VARIATIONS AMONG L-GROUP CHONDRITES I. THE AIR, APT AND TOURINNES-LA-GROSSE (L6) CHONDRITES

Petrographic, mineralogical and bulk chemical data are presented for three of approximately 25 L-group chondrites with which we are attempting to define and interpret major element chemical variations in the L-group. Two of these unbrecciated L6 chondrites - Air and Apt - have olivine and feldspar characteristics that testify to shock pressures of approximately 240–260 kb; they contain sparse veins and pockets of glass. The third, Tourinnes-la-Grosse, experienced a lower shock pressure and lacks such evidence of melting.
Listening: An Empirical Comparison of Discussion Length and Level of Incentive.

This study was designed to compare strategies used to improve listening skills in business communication settings. It analyzed the effect of discussion length and incentive level on the ability of subjects to listen to and identify main points in twenty‐two short dialogues. The results suggest that both discussion length and incentive level have an effect on listening ability.
Intracellular neutralization of SV40 tumor antigens following microinjection of specific antibody

Summary Hamster sera raised against SV40 tumors contain antibodies which recognize the SV40 large and small T antigens. IgG from such sera and from preimmune hamster serum has been purified and injected into green monkey kidney cells and murine fibroblasts infected with SV40. The results of these maneuvers were marked and selective immune IgG inhibition of SV40 DNA synthesis in the former case and a substantial reduction in virus-induced abortive transformation in the latter. The immune IgG fraction used in these studies lacked detectable antibody against any of the late viral proteins. Furthermore, it was inhibitory to both of these processes when injected 6 hr after virus infection. Thus the observed inhibition does not result from a block to viral penetration and uncoating. Injection of immune IgG did not significantly reduce the viability of SV40-infected murine fibroblasts. Moreover, the cloning efficiency in methylcellulose of an isogenic cell line transformed by murine sarcoma virus was not specifically inhibited by immune IgG injection. In addition, when parallel cultures of a rat fibroblast line infected by either polyoma or SV40 were injected with immune or preimmune IgG, only the immune IgG-injected, SV40-infected culture sustained a reduction in subsequent cloning efficiency in methylcellulose. In keeping with this result, the immune IgG used had no detectable affinity for the large, middle or small polyoma T antigens. Thus we conclude that injection of antibody from anti-SV40 tumor sera into SV40-infected cells results in a significant blockade of elements of large and/or small T antigen function.
Do Language-Based Processing Tasks Separate Children with Language Impairment from Typical Bilinguals?

We report results from 2 language-based processing tasks designed to investigate the performance of linguistically diverse learners. The tasks were the Competing Language Processing Task (CLPT) and Non-Word Repetition (NWR). Participants were 100 school-age children in 1 of 3 different experimental groups: monolingual English-speaking children with specific or primary language impairment (LI), typical English-only-speaking children (EO), or typical Spanish–English bilingual children (BI). On both CLPT and NWR, EO group performance was best and LI group performance was poorest, with BI group performance falling in between. Likelihood ratios indicated that performance on these tasks does not provide compelling diagnostic power for separating typically developing bilinguals from monolingual children with LI. One exception is that children who obtained an NWR score of 93 percent or higher could be ruled out of the LI group with a high degree of confidence.
The disturbing case of the concentration of power in human geography

The increasing concentration of power in academic disciplines with the introduction of Research Assessment Exercises is noted. The case of human geography in the UK is discussed.
Photonic true-time delay line for signal processing

Tapped delay line is a fundamental building block for designing filters and signal processors, specially the adaptive ones. For an example, true time-delay lines are indispensable for electronically beam steered phased array antenna system with multiple nulling capability. Photonic implementation of the delay line with wide bandwidth approaching 100 GHz uses either variable length or variable group velocity as a function of wavelength. Fiber Bragg reflection grating plays an important role for the first case whereas highly dispersive fiber/waveguide or material are the ingredients for the second case. High dispersion is obtained near a resonance of the transmission or absorption curve of the fiber. The resonance properties can be enhanced by using nanoparticles with complex structures such as metal coated dielectric spheres or using so-called photonic bandgap materials. This paper reviews the status of photonic implementation of the delay lines using Bragg gratings, high dispersion fibers, bandgap engineered materials, among others. Theoretical and experimental results are presented for a high dispersion fiber achieved by resonances in a thin metallic film surrounding the fiber core.
The influence of plasma catecholamines on methotrexate-enhanced rat salivary gland protein secretion.

Abstract The acetylcholine-elicited secretory output of parotid protein and amylase, and of submandibular protein from rats receiving 15 mg methotrexate (MTX)/kg for 3 days were 3–6 times greater than that from control animals. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in MTX-treated animals were 4–14 times greater than control values. Adrenalectomy reduced the plasma-catecholamine levels, and the acetylcholine-stimulated salivary protein and amylase output. Thus MTX-enhanced salivary protein secretion evoked by acetylcholine stimulation may be mediated, at least in part, by elevated levels of circulating catecholamines.
Numerical analysis of stress singularities in composite materials

Abstract The stress field in the vicinity of singular points which occur at the interface of two anisotropic materials is investigated. The focus is on the development of computational procedures for the determination of those parameters of the stress field which control delamination phenomena in composite materials. The results presented herein provide for the computation of parameters of the stress field, which may serve as a basis for analytical/experimental treatment of delamination phenomena. Using p- and hp-extension procedures in finite element analysis, the accuracy and reliability may be ascertained. An example which is typical of current problems in the aerospace industry is presented.
Coupling reactions in aldehydes adsorbed on V(100) single-crystal surfaces.

The thermal chemistry of formaldehyde on vanadium (100) single-crystal surfaces was characterized under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions by using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in combination with isotope-labeling experiments. Particular emphasis was placed on establishing a mechanism for the formation of ethylene, which was observed to desorb in two temperature regimes, at 290 and 540 K. The low-temperature reaction was determined to occur via the coupling of methylene groups formed on the surface upon dissociation of the C−O bond in adsorbed formaldehyde. The high-temperature ethylene, on the other hand, was proven to require the prior formation of a diolate, −OCH2CH2O−, intermediate. This chemistry was shown to be quite general, also occuring in cross-coupling mode between two different coadsorbed aldehydes.
Ineffective lengths in metal matrix composites

Abstract A finite element model (FEM) analysis has been conducted to evaluate ineffective lengths in metal matrix composites. The results are compared with those of a modified analytical treatment based on a previous analysis of Rosen. Ineffective lengths obtained by both treatments are in good agreement, but differ considerably from those predicted by Rosen's original formulation. The influence of different boundary loading conditions at the fiber end on the efficiency of stress transfer to the fiber has also been investigated by the FEM. In addition, an elastic-plastic FEM analysis has been used to study the influence of matrix plastic deformation on ineffective lengths. As is also discussed, the FEM approach may be useful for defining criteria for delamination at the fiber-matrix interface.
Distribution of the human average movement potential.

Abstract Preliminary to the possible clinical use of average movement potentials (AMP) to examine motor dysfunction in patients, we have studied further the distribution of these potentials over the human scalp and their temporal relationship to movement. Although our results are consistent with most of the previous literature in showing that all components of the AMP are generally largest and most bilaterally asymmetrical anterior to the rolandic fissure, we were unable to obtain unequivocal evidence that any component is generated primarily in motor cortex. The gradual, pre-motion negativity (N1) was too large posterior to rolandic fissure to conclude that this component is a motor potential. The subsequent abrupt negativity (N2) was most asymmetrical and largest in front of the motor cortex. Its onset lags that of the movement-generated EMG, and it may well be a polarity reversal of a positive component of the somatic evoked response. Neither of two ways of measuring the postmotion positivity (P2) yielded evidence that it was largest and most asymmetrical predominantly over motor cortex. In our opinion, the motorial origin of the AMP has not been adequately demonstrated. Thus, its clinical usefulness in the study of motor dysfunction remains in doubt.
A quantitative discourse analysis of student-initiated checks of understanding during teacher-fronted lessons

Abstract Recent research highlights the paradoxical importance of students’ being able to check their understanding with teachers and of teachers’ constraining student participation. Using quantitative discourse analysis, this paper examines third graders’ discursive strategies in initiating such checks and teachers’ strategies in constraining them. The results show students regularly raise hands outside teacher-led discussions, presumably to initiate interactions, but teachers seldom acknowledge them and, when they do, often use discursive strategies that constrain student contributions. However, although teachers ignore most unauthorized utterances, they respond favorably to called-out requests and repairs, thus enabling students to check their understanding without teachers’ having to call on them outside controlled discussions. Some students seem ill disposed to call out, though, which may impede their ability to check their understanding, thus hindering their learning. Evaluation of various alternatives shows none is sufficient by itself. Offering students multiple ways of checking their understanding is recommended.
Dextromethorphan-induced near-fatal suicide attempt in a slow metabolizer at cytochrome P450 2D6.

BACKGROUND: Dextromethorphan (DXM) is a common ingredient in several prescriptions and over-the-counter cough preparations. Its metabolism in humans includes hepatic O- and N-demethylation to form dextrorphan and 3-methoxymorphinan, respectively, followed by conjugation. The active metabolite dextrorphan is a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist that has been linked with psychosis, especially in rapid metabolizers at cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6. CASE SUMMARY: The patient was a 66-year-old married, retired Portuguese American male, with no prior psychiatric history. He presented to the emergency department following a brief psychotic episode leading to a near-fatal suicide attempt after ingesting an excessive quantity of DXM. The patient had started by ingesting 3 tablespoons (45 mL) of cough syrup per day (total, 1575 mg/d) instead of the prescribed 3 teaspoons (15 mL). In the days preceding the admission, his frequency of use had increased substantially (up to 6 times per day). During the treatment of this episode, he was initially started on sertraline 50 mg/d, which was discontinued within 48 hours, given the lack of depressive symptoms, and risperidone was initiated at 1 mg BID. The medication was discontinued after several months, and the patient completely recovered. Possible medical and psychiatric etiologies related to this brief psychotic episode in a geriatric patient are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Caution should be exercised in prescribing DXM to geriatric patients, as they may be more susceptible to the drug's adverse effects because of increased clearance time. It appears that dose may play a greater role in causing psychosis, rather than the rate of metabolism, as evident in our patient who, contrary to the more often described scenario, was a slow metabolizer at CYP2D6. Language: en
Return to play after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in National Football League athletes.

BackgroundRupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a common and potentially career-threatening injury in the National Football League (NFL). The return to play (RTP) percentage and the factors affecting RTP after ACL reconstruction in NFL players are not well defined.PurposeTo determine the actual rate of return to professional football play in the NFL after ACL reconstruction surgery and to determine what factors can predict ability to RTP. We hypothesize that the RTP percentage in this unique patient population will differ from previously reported populations.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsForty-nine NFL athletes who had undergone primary ACL reconstruction at our institution were followed to determine their RTP percentages and factors predicting RTP.ResultsSixty-three percent (31 of 49) of NFL athletes returned to NFL game play at an average of 10.8 months after surgery. Age at time of surgery, position, and the type and number of procedures were not significantly differ...
Offshore geotechnical instrumentation

This brief discussion of instrumentation for geotechnical engineering applies to fixed bottom supported structures, as well as to sea floor connected floating structures, pipelines, and buoys. At the outset, it is important to recognize the interaction among: 1) local soil conditions at the site of a structure, 2) the structural configuration itself, and 3) the sampling and testing techniques that might be used. The interaction occurs, of course, in the sense that the types of soils that occur at sites certainly influence the techniques of soil sampling and testing that are appropriate. Further, the local soil conditions can influence the selection of the configuration of the structure and foundation system. Soil provides a basic foundation support for all of these sttuctures.
Methylmercury enhances arachidonic acid release and cytosolic phospholipase A2 expression in primary cultures of neonatal astrocytes

Abstract Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) stimulates the hydrolysis of sn-2 ester bond in membrane phospholipids releasing arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophospholipids. The present study examined the effect of methylmercury (MeHg) on cPLA2 activation and AA release in primary cultures of neonatal rat cerebral astrocytes. Astrocytes were preloaded overnight at 37 °C with 3H-AA to metabolically label phospholipids. The effect of MeHg on the activation of cPLA2 was measured by the release of 3H-AA from astrocytes over 120 min. MeHg (5 μM) caused a significant increase in AA release at 10, 30, 60, and 120 min, whereas 2.5 μM MeHg significantly increased AA release only at 120 min. MeHg-induced increase in 3H-AA release was due to cPLA2 activation, since arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3), a selective inhibitor of cPLA2, completely abolished MeHg’s effect. Consistent with these observations, MeHg (5.0 and 10.0 μM) increased cPLA2 mRNA (6 h) and cPLA2 protein expression (5.0 and 10.0 μM; 24 h). The time-course of these effects suggests an immediate direct or indirect effect of MeHg on cPLA2 activation and 3H-AA release as well as a long-term effect involving the induction of cPLA2. Thin layer chromatographic analysis of 3H-AA-labeled phospholipids showed that MeHg-stimulated astrocyte 3H-AA release was not due to increased incorporation of 3H-AA into the putative substrates of cPLA2. These results invoke cPLA2 as a putative target for MeHg toxicity, and support the notion that cPLA2-stimulated hydrolysis and release of AA play a critical role in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity.
Plasma cholesterol levels of cholesterol fed control and pyridoxine deficient monkeys.

SummaryAd libitum feeding of a low or moderate fat diet containing 1% cholesterol to rhesus monkeys resulted in a greater hypercholesterolemia in the pyridoxine deficient monkey than it did in the control monkey. This occurred despite the fact that the cholesterol intake of the control animal was 2-4 times greater than that of the deficient animals.
The distribution of GAD67-mRNA in the adult zebrafish (teleost) forebrain reveals a prosomeric pattern and suggests previously unidentified homologies to tetrapods

We used in situ hybridization on sections to examine the distribution of GAD67-expressing cell populations in the entire forebrain of the adult zebrafish. GAD67 is predominantly expressed in the olfactory bulb (OB), all regions of the subpallium (including the dorsal, ventral, central, and lateral nucleus of the area ventralis [Vd, Vv, Vc, and Vl, respectively]), as well as preoptic (PPa, PPp, and PM), pretectal (PPd, PPv, PCN, PSp, and PSm), ventral (= pre-) thalamic (I, VM, and VL), hypothalamic (Hr, Hi, and Hc), preglomerular (P, PGa, PGl, PGm, and RT), and posterior tubercular (TPp and TPm) nuclei. Only scattered GAD67-expressing cells are seen in all pallial zones (Dm, Dd, Dc, Dl, and Dp) and in the previously unidentified bed nucleus of the stria medullaris (BNSM). The BNSM appears to be the adult teleostean derivative of the larval eminentia thalami (EmT). We identify the GAD67-positive entopeduncular nucleus proper (EN) as being homologous to the entopeduncular nucleus of nonprimate mammals. GAD67 is strongly expressed in the anterior thalamic nucleus (A). The anterior thalamic nucleus is laterally bordered by a distinct GAD67-expressing cell population, which we interpret as the previously unidentified reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) of teleosts. Furthermore, we identified a GAD67-positive thalamic nucleus, the intercalated nucleus (IC), which is sandwiched between the GAD67-negative dorsal (DP) and central posterior (CP) thalamic nuclei. Overall, the distribution of GAD67-expressing cells highly resembles the distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/GAD67-expressing cells found in the early zebrafish (teleost) forebrain and thus allows us to propose a prosomeric fate map of GABAergic cell populations.
Binding of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase to Recombinant Constructs Containing the Inner Lipoyl Domain of the Dihydrolipoyl Acetyltransferase Component

The dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase (E2) component of the mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex forms a 60-subunit core in which E2′s inner domain forms a dodecahedron shaped structure surrounded by its globular outer domains that are connected to each other and the inner domain by 2-3-kDa mobile hinge regions. Two of the outer domains are ~ 10 kDa lipoyl domains, an NH2-terminal one, E2L1 , and, after the first hinge region a second one, E2L2 . The pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase binds tightly to the lipoyl domain region of the oligomeric E2 core and phosphorylates and inactivates the pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) component. We wished to determine whether lipoyl domain constructs prepared by recombinant techniques from a cDNA for human E2 could bind the bovine E1 kinase and, that being the case, to pursue which lipoyl domain the kinase binds. We also wished to gain insights into how a molecule of kinase tightly bound to the E2 core can rapidly phosphorylate 20-30 molecules of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) component which are also bound to an outer domain of the E2 core. We prepared recombinant constructs consisting of the entire lipoyl domain region or the individual lipoyl domains with or without the intervening hinge region. Constructs were made and used both as free lipoyl domains and fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST). Using GSH-Sepharose to selectively bind GST constructs, tightly bound kinase was shown to rapidly transfer in a highly preferential way from intact E2 core to GST constructs containing the E2L2 domain rather than to ones containing only the E2L1 domain. GST•E2L2 -kinase complexes could be eluted from GSH-Sepharose with glutathione. Delipoylation of E2L2 by treatment with lipoamidase eliminated kinase binding supporting a direct role of the lipoyl prosthetic group in this association. Transfer to and selective binding of the kinase by E2L2 but not E2L1 was also demonstrated with free constructs using a sucrose gradient procedure to separate the large E2 core from the various lipoyl domain constructs. E2L2 but not E2L1 increased the activity of resolved kinase by up to 43%. We conclude that the kinase selectively binds to the inner lipoyl domain of E2 subunits and that this association involves its lipoyl prosthetic group. We further suggest that transfer of tightly bound kinase between E2L2 domains occurs by a direct interchange mechanism without formation of free kinase (model presented). Such interdomain movement would explain how a kinase molecule can rapidly phosphorylate a large complement of pyruvate dehydrogenase tetramers which are bound throughout the surface of the E2 oligomer.
Counting on Chebyshev Polynomials

where Tn is the Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind, defined by T0(x) = 1, Tx(x) = x, and for n > 2, Tn(x) = 2xTn.x{x) - Tn_2(x). (2) For example, T2(x) = 2x2 - 1, T3(x) = 4x3 - 3x, T4(x) = 8x4 - 8x2 + 1. This gen erates the familiar trigonometric identity eos(20) = 2 cos2 9 ? 1, and the less familiar cos(36>) = 4 cos3 9 - 3 cos 9 and cos(4#) = 8 cos4 9 - 8 cos2 9 + 1. If we change the initial conditions to be Uo(x) = 1 and Ux(x) = 2x, but keep the same recurrence Un(x) = 2xUn-i(x) - Un-2(x), we get the Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind. For instance, U2(x) = Ax1 ? 1, U3(x) = Sx3 - Ax, U4(x) = 16x4 - I2x2 + 1. The Chebyshev polynomials generate many fundamental sequences, including the constant sequence, the sequence of integers, and the Fibonacci numbers. It's easy to show that for all n > 0, Tn(l) = 1 and Un(l) = n + l, Tn(~l) = (-If, Un(-l) = (? l)n(n + 1). When we substitute complex numbers, such as x = i/2, the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers appear. Specifically,
Attitudes Toward Animals: Age-Related Development Among Children.

This paper reviews the results of a study of 267 children in the 2nd, 5th, 8th, and 11th grades. A battery of tests was used to examine children’s knowledge and attitudes towards animals, and behavioral contacts with animals. A typology of basic attitudes towards animals and appropriate scales was employed. Children’s knowledge and attitudes towards animals were also compared to those of adults 18 years of age and over. Major differences occurred among children distinguished by age, sex, ethnicity, and urban/rural residence. Additionally, significant knowledge and attitude variations occurred among diverse animal-related activity groups (e.g., among children who hunted, birdwatched, learned about animals in school). Perhaps the most important finding was the identification of three stages in the development of children’s perceptions of animals. The transition from 6 to 9 years of age primarily involved major changes in affective, emotional relationships to animals. The change from 10 to 13 years of age was marked by a major increase in cognitive, factual understanding and knowledge of animals. The shift from 13 to 16 years of age witnessed a dramatic broadening in ethical concern and ecological appreciation of animals and the natural environment.
Improving practice by taking steps toward technological improvements in academic intervention in the new millennium

This paper provides a conceptual blueprint for academic intervention research in the new millennium. Academic intervention in schools will be improved when available technologies can guide professional decision making in ways that improve student achievement. Several conditions necessary for the development of useful technologies with broad applicability are discussed. A case demonstration is provided where an instructional decision-making model that adheres to the conceptual blueprint described in this paper is used to guide assessment, treatment, and evaluation of outcomes for a student having difficulty learning to read. The implications of this approach for linking research and practice are addressed through an examination of professional judgment issues confronting school psychologists in the field. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cooling atoms in a far-detuned optical lattice

A new method of studying and cooling trapped atoms is discussed, with particular attention to atoms in far detuned, 3D optical lattices. The technique, projection cooling, uses a combination of microwave and optical fields to cycle atoms between hyperfine sublevels. A single vibrational level will remain dark to both the light and the microwaves, so atoms will accumulate there. Cooling below the photon recoil limit is possible with this technique. As a diagnostic tool it promises to yield detailed information about atoms in the lattice, including vibrational spectra and the distribution of atoms among vibrational levels, even in the limit of relatively weak binding to lattice sites. Atoms cooled in this way and then allowed to adiabatically expand in their potentials could reach the Bose-Einstein condensation point in less than a second, or at least get close enough to reach it after only a modest amount of evaporative cooling in a larger volume trap. Atoms so cooled and trapped are also of interest for precision measurements.
Changes in the prevalence of non-medical prescription drug use and drug use disorders in the United States: 1991-1992 and 2001-2002

Abstract Objective To examine changes in the prevalence of non-medical prescription drug use and DSM-IV non-medical prescription abuse and dependence in the United States between 1991–1992 and 2001–2002. Method Comparison of the prevalence of past-year non-medical prescription drug use and drug use disorders in the total sample and among lifetime non-medical users in two large national surveys conducted 10 years apart. Results From 1991–1992 to 2001–2002, the prevalence of DSM-IV non-medical prescription drug use increased by 53%, from 1.5% to 2.3% (p Conclusions There have been substantial increases in the prevalence of prescription drug non-medical use and prescription drug use disorders in the United States. Given the clinical utility of prescription drugs, urgent action is needed to find approaches that balance the need for access to these medications among those who need them, against their potential for abuse and dependence in subgroups of vulnerable individuals.
Inflation is Always and Everywhere a Monetary Phenomenon: Richmond vs. Houston in 1864

On April 1, 1864 the Confederate Currency Reform Act reduced the money supply in the Eastern Confederacy by one third. The delayed implementation of the reform west of the Mississippi provides a counterfactual view of what may have happened in the east had the reform not been enacted. This episode is a natural experiment illustrating the relative importance for prices of war news vs. the quantity of money in circulation. Our analysis of the major eastern and western gold markets, Richmond and Houston, strongly suggests that money matters more than war news in the post-reform period. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Mass evacuation in disasters

The emergency physician plays an important role in disaster planning and management. Some disasters will require the removal of a segment of the population for their own safety; this removal is referred to as mass evacuation. This aspect of disaster planning is frequently ignored or, at best, given a few short sentences in overall plans for coping with disasters. Very little has been written on this important aspect to permit one to make intelligent evacuation plans. This article summarizes previous studies on the reactions of people to, and their behavior during, actual mass evacuations. The information is used to outline important points that must be addressed by all those involved in disaster plans so that people may be removed from danger quickly, with as few problems as possible.
DISSOCIATION BETWEEN THE MAGNITUDE OF NUCLEAR BINDING AND THE BIOPOTENCY OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS

After 5 days of incubation with 10 nM tritiated dexamethasone, the amount of glucocorticoid displaceably-bound by the ACTH-secreting, glucocorticoid-responsive AtT-20 mouse pituitary tumor cell decreases by 70-80%. This decrease takes place in both the cytosolic and nuclear fractions. Although one might predict that there should be a decrease in agonist efficacy associated with this loss of nuclear binding, there was not; long-term incubations with dexamethasone revealed that the AtT-20 cells showed no tendency to resume secreting ACTH. Hence, although there was a dramatic decrease in the amount of nuclear-bound steroid, there was not a resulting decrease in the steroid's biopotency. These results suggest that the agonist-induced decrease in receptor content is either a means of removing redundant nuclear receptors, or a new, previously unrecognized, step in the mechanism of glucocorticoid hormone action.
Effect of microwave radiation drying on soil chemical and mineralogical analysis 1

Abstract Soils dried by microwave radiation drying had chemical test values different from those of either air‐ or oven‐dried soils. The effects, however, were not consistent among the four soils tested, indicating that neither clay content nor organic matter governed the observed response. Some test values were correlated to accumulative radiation received, but not always for the same analysis or the same soil. The erratic chemical response soils exhibited to microwave drying indicate that this method should not be used in any chemical‐test procedure without first establishing a suitable correlation factor for soil type and drying time. Microwave drying did not alter the clays or any of their properties tested which suggests that this method could be used to prepare slides for X‐ray diffraction analysis in substantially less time than is required with air drying. Microwave drying reduced the tendency of clay suspensions to crack and peel from the glass slides.
On some Lp inequalities in best approximation theory

h(x) = ,JxP ’ - p - (Ax - p)” ~ ’ is strictly increasing in the interval p/J O; thus h(x)=0 has a unique solution x(p). (Note that x( l/2) = 1.) x(p) is strictly increasing in p and x(0 + ) is the unique solution of the equation (p-2)xP-‘+(p- l).F2= 1 in the interval 0 6 x < 1. (1.1) In [ 11, we proved the inequality
The solution space of genome sequence alignment and LIS graph decomposition

In this paper we present an algorithm to discover the optimal solution space of genome sequence alignment. The solution space is an LIS (longest increasing subsequence) graph, which can be constructed in O(n2) time, where n is the number of MUMs in given genome sequences. The LIS graph has many unique properties that lead to the development of efficient decomposition algorithms. With the availability of the solution space, users can examine all possible solutions and pick the one that best meet their needs. We provide the decomposition tree traversal algorithm, which outputs the solution in an elegant and compact clustered form. Moreover, the solution space can also be used to study the homology of genome sequences.
Genome-Environmental Risk Assessment of Cocaine Dependence

Cocaine-associated biomedical and psychosocial problems are substantial 21st century global burdens of disease. This burden is largely driven by a cocaine dependence process that becomes engaged with increasing occasions of cocaine product use. For this reason, the development of a risk prediction model for cocaine dependence may be of special value. Ultimately, success in building such a risk prediction model may help promote personalized cocaine dependence prediction, prevention, and treatment approaches not presently available. As an initial step toward this goal, we conducted a genome-environmental risk prediction study for cocaine dependence, simultaneously considering 948,658 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), six potentially cocaine-related facets of environment, and three personal characteristics. In this study, a novel statistical approach was applied to 1045 case-control samples from the Family Study of Cocaine Dependence. The results identify 330 low- to medium-effect size SNPs (i.e., those with a single locus p-value of less than 10-4) that made a substantial contribution to cocaine dependence risk prediction (AUC=0.718). Inclusion of six facets of environment and three personal characteristics yielded greater accuracy (AUC=0.809). Of special importance was childhood abuse (CA) among trauma experiences, with a potentially important interaction of CA and the GBE1 gene in cocaine dependence risk prediction. Genome-environmental risk prediction models may become more promising in future risk prediction research, once a more substantial array of environmental facets are taken into account, sometimes with model improvement when gene-by-environment product terms are included as part of these risk predication models.
Coastal Wind-Driven Circulation in the Vicinity of a Bank. Part II: Modeling Flow over the Heceta Bank Complex on the Oregon Coast

Abstract This study investigates wind-driven circulation in the vicinity of the Heceta Bank complex along the Oregon shelf. Numerical experiments forced with steady winds (0.1 Pa) are conducted; upwelling and downwelling cases are compared. The asymmetric bank bathymetry is the only configurational difference from the symmetric bank runs analyzed in Part I (Whitney and Allen). Upwelling-favorable winds generate an upwelling front and southward baroclinic jet. Model results indicate the upwelling jet is centered on the 100-m isobath along the straight shelf. The jet follows this isobath offshore around the northern part of the bank but separates from sharply turning isobaths in the southern half and flows over deeper waters. The jet turns back toward the coast farther downstream. Inshore of the main jet, currents reverse and flow back onto the bank. These reversed currents turn southward again (at the bank center) and join a secondary southward coastal upwelling jet. This secondary coastal jet converges wi...
The propagation of cracks and crack-like defects in thin adhered polymer films

The strain energy release rateG of a through-thickness crack in a thin film that adheres to a rigid substrate is shown to vary linearly with the film thickness at constant film stress.G is normally small, so adhered polymer films are only expected to crack in the presence of an aggressive environmental agent unless the polymer is very brittle. A minimum film thickness for cracking is likely to be observed. The propagation of crack-like defects in a polyimide in the presence of xylene was examined experimentally. The defects grew at a constant rate (independent of their length) that increased rapidly with film thickness. The minimum film thickness for defect growth was found to be about 2μm.
Neutral and cationic oxo-methyl complexes of rhenium(V); X-ray structure of ReOMe2Cl(PMe3)2

Abstract Reaction of ReO(OEt)Cl2(py)2 with 1 equivalent of AlMe3 in the presence of 2 equivalents of PMe3 or PMe2Ph produces ReOMe2Cl(PMe2R)2 (R = Me or Ph) and reaction of ReOMe2Cl(PMe2R)2 with dmpe gives ReOMe2Cl(dmpe). Spectroscopic studies and an X-ray structure of the PMe3 derivative show that the compounds are octahedral with a trans-[ClReO] group and cis-methyl ligands. Reactions of an excess of ZnMe2 with ReOMe2Cl(PMe2R)2 and ReOMe2Cl(dmpe) give square-pyramidal ReOMe3(PMe2R) (R = Me and Ph) and octahedral ReOMe3(dmpe), respectively. The trimethyl complexes are unstable at room temperature (t1/2 ≈ 3 h for ReOMe3(PMe3) in C6D6). The complexes ReOMe2Cl(PMe2R)2 and ReOMe2Cl(dmpe) react with [Ag(CH3CN)2][BF4] to give [ReOMe2(PMe2R)2(CH3CN)][BF4] (R = Me and Ph) and [ReOMe2(dmpe)(CH3CN)[BF4], respectively. The cations are octahedral and contain a trans-[CH3CNReO] moiety. Both the PMe3 and PMe2Ph derivatives exist in solution as a mixture of cis- and trans-phosphine isomers; variable temperature NMR studies show that the trans isomer predominates at low temperatures.
An attempt to isolate Brucellaabortus from uterine flushings of brucellosis-reactor donor cattle

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test for the recovery of brucella organisms from uterine flushings and harvested embryos of sero-positive embryo donor females. In Experiment I, 16 sero-positive cows were superovulated with FSH treatments and artificially inseminated at 12, 24 and 36 hours following the onset of estrus with brucella-free semen. At 48 hours after the onset of estrus, one half the potential donor females were administered an intrauterine inoculation of 3.3 to 4.6 × 10 4 Brucella abortus (strain 2308) organisms while the remainder received a control inoculation. In Experiment II, the same 16 cows were similarly administered superovulatory treatments and inseminated following estrus. The uterine inoculation was increased to 1.5 to 2.5 × 10 8 organisms administered 48 hours following estrus. Samples of recovered flushing medium and homogenized embryo residues were placed into a validated in vitro culture system to detect the presence of brucella bacteria. Uterine flushings and embryos recovered from 31 females exhibiting estrus following FSH treatments were free from either field strain or the inoculated B. abortus (strain 2308) contamination. The flushings obtained from a single female, which did not respond with estrus following FSH treatment but was inoculated at appointment, did contain B. abortus which was identified as the inoculated strain 2308 and not field strain organisms. These results indicate that brucella contamination of flushing media and harvested embryos will not likely be incurred when collecting embryos from sero-positive donor females. These findings offer further encouragement for the use of embryo transplantation as a method to produce brucella-free offspring from infected cows.
Study of the intermediate mixed state of niobium by small-angle neutron scattering

A precise study of fluxoid line lattice (FLL) in the intermediate mixed state (IMS) in a niobium-crystal sphere has been made with a neutron-scattering technique. Accurate FLL unit-cell size determinations are facilitated by the high angular resolution of the technique so that reversibility of the microscopic flux density with applied-field history in and near the IMS can be demonstrated for the first time. Structural changes associated with hysteresis in the IMS are revealed through integrated intensities and full widths at half maxima of the FLL rocking curves.
Dideoxycytidine permeation and salvage by mouse leukemia cells and human erythrocytes

Abstract Transmembrane equilibration of dideoxycytidine (ddCyd) in P388 mouse leukemia cells and human erythrocytes was only 1% as rapid as that of uridine and 2'-deoxycytidine, which is mediated by the facilitated nucleoside transporter of these cells. ddCyd entry was nonsaturable up to a concentration of 1 mM but was partially inhibited by dipyridamole, nitrobenzylthioinosine and nucleosides, but not by nucleobases. Thus, entry was partly (70–80%) mediated, though very inefficiently, by the nucleoside carrier. Intracellular phosphorylation of ddCyd in P388 cells was also very inefficient compared to that of 2'-deoxycytidine and uridine and not rate limited by its slow entry into the cells.
Supersymmetric QED at finite temperature and the principle of equivalence.

Unbroken supersymmetric QED is examined at finite temperature and it is shown that the scalar and spinor members of a chiral superfield acquire different temperature-dependent inertial masses. By considering the renormalization of the energy-momentum tensor it is also shown that the T-dependent scalar-spinor gravitational masses are also no longer degenerate and, moreover, are different from their T-dependent inertial mass shifts implying a violation of the equivalence principle. The temperature-dependent corrections to the spinor (g-2) are also calculated and found not to vanish.
Isolation of α-amino adipic acid from mature dermal collagen and elastin. Evidence for an oxidative pathway in the maturation of collagen and elastin

Abstract α-amino adipic acid has been isolated in significant amounts from acid hydrolysates of mature bovine dermal collagen, in contrast to the small amounts present in very young skin and bone collagen. Even higher yields were obtained from elastin. These results indicate that one of the possible pathways of the age-related changes during the maturation of collagen and elastin involves an oxidative mechanism. We suggest that the α-amino adipic acid could be derived mainly from dehydro-hydroxylysinonorleucine, the major intermolecular cross-link present in young collagen, following oxidation from its aldimine form to a peptide bond during maturation. The presence of α-amino adipic acid in elastin suggests that a similar oxidation of the aldimine bond dehydro-lysinonorleucine could be taking place in elastic tissue.