cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of calculation abilities in middle- and low-income children after formal instruction in school☆

Abstract This study provides follow-up data on the development of calculation abilities in middle- and low-income children after formal instruction in first grade. Two conventional verbal calculation tasks (story problems, number-fact problems) and one nonverbal calculation task were used. Before formal instruction, middle-income kindergarten children performed better than low-income kindergarten children on both verbal calculation task, but the two income groups did not differ in performance on the nonverbal calculation tasks (Jordan, Huttenlocher, & Levine, 1992). After formal instruction in first grade, there still were no income group differences on the nonverbal calculation tasks. Moreover, there no longer were income group differences on number-fact problems. This finding was associated with the development of more effective calculation strategies among the low-income children. However, on story problems low-income children still performed more poorly than middle-income children. The findings show that even after formal instruction low-income children have difficulties with certain verbal arithmetic tasks.
Nitric oxide induces MUC5AC mucin in respiratory epithelial cells through PKC and ERK dependent pathways

Nitric oxide (NO) is generally increased during inflammatory airway diseases. This increased NO stimulates the secretion of mucin from the goblet cell and submucosal glands but the mechanism is still unknown precisely. In this study, we investigated potential signaling pathways involving protein kinase C (PKC) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the NO-induced MUC5AC mucin gene and protein expression in A549 cells. Nitric oxide was donated to the A549 cells by NOR-1. MUC5AC mucin levels were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MUC5AC promoter activity was determined by measuring luciferase activity after the lysing the transfected cells. Activation of PKC isoforms were measured by assessing the distribution of the enzyme between cytosolic and membrane fractions using immunoblotting. Immunoblotting experiments using a monoclonal antibody specific to PKC isoforms were performed in the cytosol and membrane fractions from A549 cells. Western blot analysis for pERK and p38 were performed using the corresponding antibodies from the cell lysates after donating NO to the A549 cells by NOR-1. The transcriptional activity of MUC5AC promoter was maximal at the concentration of 0.1 mM NOR-1 for 1 hour incubation in transfected A549 cells. (±)-(E)-methyl-2-((E)-hydroxyimino)-5-nitro-6-methoxy-3-hexenamide (NOR-1) markedly displaced the protein kinase C (PKC)α and PKCδ from the cytosol to the membrane. Furthermore, the PKC-α,βinhibitors, GO6976 (10 nM) and PKCδ inhibitors, rottlerin (4 μM) inhibited the NOR-1 induced migration of PKCα and PKCδ respectively. NOR-1 also markedly increased the MUC5AC promoter activity and mRNA expression, mucin synthesis and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The PKC inhibitors also inhibited the NOR-1 induced MUC5AC mRNA and MUC5AC protein synthesis by inhibiting the activation of PKCα and PKCδ with ERK1/2 pathways. Exogenous NO induced the MUC5AC mucin gene and protein through the PKCα and PKCδ – ERK pathways in A549 cells. Inhibition of PKC attenuated NO-mediated MUC5AC mucin synthesis. In view of this findings, PKC inhibitors might be useful in the treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis patients where NO and mucus are increased in the bronchial airways.
Temperature and metabolism in Leishmania. I. Respiration in L. donovani, L. mexicana, and L. tarentolae☆

Abstract Leptomonads of Leishmania donovani, L. mexicana , and L. tarentolae were grown in blood-agar-Locke's-overlay medium, harvested by centrifugation, and their respiration measured by conventional Warburg techniques from 30 to 39 °C in (1) Locke's Solution without glucose, (2) Locke's with glucose, and (3) Locke's with one-half volume hemolyzed, citrated whole rabbit blood. Both the endogenous and substrate-stimulated respiratory rates of all species rose with temperature but dropped above 35 °C in L. mexicana and L. tarentolae and above 37°C in L. donovani . In addition, the respiratory rate of L. mexicana and L. donovani in dilute blood dropped during the first 2 hours of measurement but could be significantly increased by the addition of fresh blood up to 33 °C in L. mexicana and up to 39 °C in L. donovani . It was concluded that the metabolism of the cutaneous L. mexicana was adversely affected at a lower temperature than that of the visceral L. donovani . The respiratory temperature coefficients of the mammalian L. mexicana and L. donovani also differed significantly from those of L. tarentolae (of reptilian origin), indicating perhaps a temperature-stabile system for utilization of exogenous substrate in the latter species.
Reliability of the 8-repetition maximum test in men and women

Abstract Objective: The 8-repetition maximum test has been recommended as a method of prescribing an intensity for resistance training in healthy adults, athletes, and patients with health conditions. Yet, limited research related to the reliability of 8-repetition maximum testing has been conducted. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of the 8-repetition maximum test in men and women. Design: Test–retest reliability study. Methods: Twenty-eight people (14 males, 14 females, mean age = 23.0 years [standard deviation = 1.3]) with no exercise contraindications participated in this study. After familiarization, each participant underwent 8-repetition maximum testing using 4 different exercises. For all participants, the 8-repetition maximum test was performed during 2 sessions with 2–3 days between sessions. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC[1,2]), typical error as the coefficient of variation (TECV), and the Bland–Altman plot were used to assess reliability. Unpaired t-test was used to determine the influence of gender on differences between initial test and retest values. Results: Excellent reliability of the 8-repetition maximum test was found for all exercises (ICC[1,2] > 0.9). The range of TECV values was 3.4–10.4%. The Bland–Altman plot illustrated that 27 out of 28 data points for total 8-repetition maximum scores were within the 95% limits of agreement. Unpaired t-test indicated no significant difference between men and women in variations between initial test and retest 8-repetition maximum scores. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that an 8-repetition maximum test protocol that includes familiarization is reliable in men and women.
Local- and distant-charge compensation of Eu 3+ ions in defect centers of SrTiO 3

Site-selective spectroscopy of rare-earth-doped materials has proven to be a powerful method for investigating solid-state defect chemistry at the atomic level. In this paper, the spectral transitions of single-crystal and polycrystalline samples of ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$:${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ are sorted by site-selective laser spectroscopy into the major and minor sites that are found in this perovskite-structure material. The major site is shown to have crystal-field multiplicities, relative fluorescence and absorption intensities, level lifetimes, and level degeneracies that are consistent with the tetragonal symmetry associated with a distantly-charge-compensated center. The electronic and vibronic levels for all the visible transitions are determined for this center. These levels exhibit temperature-dependent splittings and shifting that reflects the cubic-tetragonal phase transition that occurs at 106 K. In addition, there are eleven other centers that are assigned to centers with local compensation by vacancies or electronic defects. Electronic defects are also evident from the photobleaching and photoinduced darkening that is also observed in these samples. These effects are observed in both single-crystal and polycrystalline samples, although the linewidths and line shapes of the polycrystalline samples are shown to be dependent on the preparation conditions.
Limits to effective leadership style and tactics in critical incident interventions

Leadership effectiveness takes many forms. Its impact on performance can be critical, but by no means does it stand alone, and hence cannot truly be evaluated in isolation. Nor can it be assumed th...
A rapid method for preparing Ficoll-hypaque step gradients and gradient overlays.

Abstract A rapid method for preparing Ficoll-Hypaque gradients for isolating lymphocytes from human blood is described.
Options Trading and the CAPM

This article studies equilibrium asset pricing when agents face nonnegative wealth constraints. In the presence of these constraints it is shown that options on the market portfolio are nonredundant securities and the economy's pricing kernel is a function of both the market portfolio and the nonredundant options. This implies that the options should be useful for explaining risky asset returns. To test the theory, a model is derived in which the expected excess return on any risky asset is linearly related (via a collection of betas) to the expected excess return on the market portfolio and to the expected excess returns on the nonredundant options. The empirical results indicate that the returns on traded index options are relevant for explaining the returns on risky asset portfolios. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
Application of headspace analysis, solvent extraction, thermal desorption and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry to the analysis of chemical warfare samples containing sulphur mustard and related compounds

Abstract Samples of soil, munition fragments and wool, associated with a chemical warfare incident involving sulphur mustard, were analysed using headspace, solvent extraction and thermal desorption techniques combined with full scanning gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. Quantitative analysis was undertaken for sulphur mustard, mustard sulphoxide and thiodiglycol, using solvent extraction and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. In a soil sample contaminated at ppm (w/w) levels all methods gave positive results for mustard and related compounds. Selected ion monitoring and thermal desorption were the more useful techniques at low ppb (w/w) levels. Cyclic decomposition products 1,4-thioxane and 1,4-dithiane appear to be useful indicators of mustard contamination when using thermal desorption analysis. The hydrolysis product thiodiglycol and hydrolysis/elimination product 2-(vinylthio)ethanol appear to be useful indicators of mustard contamination in soil samples when employing extraction methods.
Destruction of cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin by hydroxyl radicals and sulfate radicals using UV-254 nm activation of hydrogen peroxide, persulfate and peroxymonosulfate

Abstract With increasing worldwide incidence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in bodies of water, cylindrospermopsin (CYN) has become a significant concern to public health and water management officials. In this study, the removal of CYN by UV-254 nm-mediated advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) was evaluated. Cylindrospermopsin, at an initial concentration of 1 μM, was significantly degraded, 75% at a UV fluence of 80 mJ cm−2, 100% at 20 mJ cm−2, and 100% at 40 mJ cm−2, by UV/H2O2, UV/S2O82−, and UV/HSO5− processes, respectively, at an initial oxidant dose of 1 mM. The calculated second-order rate constants of CYN with hydroxyl radicals, k OH/CYN, was 5.1 × 109 M−1 s−1 and with sulfate radicals, k SO 4 − / CYN , was 4.5 × 109 M−1 s−1. The observed pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant increased linearly with increasing initial oxidant concentration. The destruction of CYN by both radicals was inhibited by radical scavengers, such as natural organic matter (NOM) and alkalinity. The presence of transition metals in tap water samples appeared to enhance the treatment efficiency of CYN by UV/HSO5−. The ICP-MS analysis of the metals in the water samples, revealed copper residual of 40.6 ± 3.3 μg L−1 in tap water, and 13.6 and 8.1 μg L−1 in two natural water samples. Results of this study suggest that the presence of transition metals in natural water sources could be an important factor in AOPs. This study is a new and feasible approach to remove CYN as well as other organic contaminants from water resources.
Should MAGE be the rage in myeloma

Comment on Jungbluth et al, page [167][1] Jungbluth and colleagues have identified 2 cancer testis antigens as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in multiple myeloma. Despite the advent of mechanistically diverse agents with important clinical efficacy, multiple myeloma remains an
Response of the uppermost mantle to Indo-Eurasian collisional tectonics

Abstract The rheological law for the power law creep field of peridotite suggested by Chopra and Paterson (1981, 1984) is combined with theoretically modelled thermal and stress perturbations for continent-continent collisions (Bird et al., 1975; Bird, 1978a) to determine the effect of such collisions on the uppermost mantle below the zone of convergence. The model predicts a change from continental to oceanic geotherms during the oceanic subduction phase, followed by a rapid rise in differential stress during the collisional phase. These perturbations, when combined, cause a cyclical change in the steady state flow of the uppermost mantle ending with a re-equilibration of thermal and stress regimes. The thermal re-equilibration proceeds at a much slower rate, with a suggested total re-equilibration period of about 100 m.y. after collision has ceased. The combination of the flow law with the model predicts that the perturbations in the mantle are limited in depth with no changes in mantle behavior below about 100 km.
Low noise single-ended mixer for 230 GHz

Performance of a single-ended fundamental frequency diode mixer, designed for cooled operation in the frequency range 190-260 GHz, is reported. At 230 GHz the best single sideband (SSB) mixer temperature obtained was 300 K, when the mixer was cooled to 20 K, with a corresponding SSB conversion loss of 5.9 dB. The significant improvement compared to previously reported results is attributed to the novel mixer mount design and to the optimum empirical choice of diode electrical parameters.
Path space ideas and minimal unitary dilations

Two special features of Minimal Unitary Dilations for kernels on general groups are examined: the existence of a reflection operator and the semigroup property for kernels. The somewhat intermediate property of reflection positivity is analyzed. The relation of these notions to path spaces, Markov path spaces and Osterwalder-Schrader path spaces is determined.
Hemodynamic findings in 123 patients with acute myocardial infarction on admission.

Hemodynamic and clinical evaluations of 123 patients with acute myocardial infarction were performed during the first hour of admission to the hospital. In the 123 patients, the right atrial pressure was less than 10 mm Hg in 49 patients, the right atrial oxygen saturation was less than 70% in 97 patients, the arteriovenous oxygen difference was greater than 5.0 vol% in 78 patients. The arterial Po2 was less than 90 mm Hg in 101 of 107 patients who could be evaluated while breathing room air. The cardiac index was depressed below 3.0 L/min/m2 in 65 of 98 patients. The hemodynamic findings generally correlated with the clinical status of the patient; however, within each clinical class of patients there was a wide spectrum of values for each measurement evaluated. There was also considerable overlap of the values found within each clinical classification. It is concluded that hemodynamic evaluation of patients with acute myocardial infarction presents a profile of the patient which is frequently different ...
An empirical examination of bias in revenue forecasts by state governments

Abstract This analysis examines the influence of economic forecast errors and political and institutional factors on the general fund revenue forecast errors of 23 states for the period 1978 to 1987. During this period states in the sample underestimated their revenue by only 0.5%. This modest tendency toward conservative forecasting is further reduced after controlling for economic uncertainty. Moreover, the analysis reveals no systematic relationship between revenue forecast errors and state political and institutional factors. Thus, the results cast substantial doubt on the prevailing belief as found in the literature, that state revenue forecasts have a pronounced conservative bias.
Application of Forster resonance energy transfer to interactions between cell or lipid vesicle surfaces

Abstract Calculations are presented which demonstrate the efficacy of a Forster resonance energy transfer technique to measurement of the aggregation of cells and lipid vesicles.
Effect of [PMDETA]/[Cu(I)] Ratio, Monomer, Solvent, Counterion, Ligand, and Alkyl Bromide on the Activation Rate Constants in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

A detailed study on the effect of [PMDETA]/[Cu(I)] ratio, monomer, solvent polarity, counterion, ligand, and alkyl bromide on the activation rate constant (kact) in ATRP was carried out. The highest values of kact for Cu(I)Br were obtained at [PMDETA]/[Cu(I)Br] ∼ 1/1 in more polar solvents and ascribed to a neutral [Cu(PMDETA)Br] structure of the complex. However, in less polar solvent mixtures a relatively fast reaction was observed already at the 0.5/1 ratio with the smaller rate increase up to [PMDETA]/[Cu(I)Br] ∼ 1/1. The highest values of kact for Cu(I)PF6 were observed at [PMDETA]/[Cu(I)Br] ∼ 1/1 in more polar, less polar solvent mixtures and monomer, which was explained by the formation of an ionic [Cu(PMDETA)]+PF6- complex. In both more polar and less polar media, the values of kact were slightely larger for PF6- than Br- counterion. However, in methyl acrylate, kact was 1.9 times larger for Br- than PF6- counterion. This was attributed to monomer coordination through the open coordination site of...
Opioids induce dissociable forms of long-term depression of excitatory inputs to the dorsal striatum

As prescription opioid analgesic abuse rates rise, so does the need to understand the long-term effects of opioid exposure on brain function. The dorsal striatum is an important site for drug-induced neuronal plasticity. We found that exogenously applied and endogenously released opioids induced long-term depression (OP-LTD) of excitatory inputs to the dorsal striatum in mice and rats. Mu and delta OP-LTD, although both being presynaptically expressed, were dissociable in that they summated, differentially occluded endocannabinoid-LTD and inhibited different striatal inputs. Kappa OP-LTD showed a unique subregional expression in striatum. A single in vivo exposure to the opioid analgesic oxycodone disrupted mu OP-LTD and endocannabinoid-LTD, but not delta or kappa OP-LTD. These data reveal previously unknown opioid-mediated forms of long-term striatal plasticity that are differentially affected by opioid analgesic exposure and are likely important mediators of striatum-dependent learning and behavior.
Is Animal Cruelty a “Red Flag” for Family Violence? Investigating Co-Occurring Violence Toward Children, Partners, and Pets

Cross-reporting legislation, which permits child and animal welfare investigators to refer families with substantiated child maltreatment or animal cruelty for investigation by parallel agencies, has recently been adopted in several U.S. jurisdictions. The current study sheds light on the underlying assumption of these policies-that animal cruelty and family violence commonly co-occur. Exposure to family violence and animal cruelty is retrospectively assessed using a sample of 860 college students. Results suggest that animal abuse may be a red flag indicative of family violence in the home. Specifically, about 60% of participants who have witnessed or perpetrated animal cruelty as a child also report experiences with child maltreatment or domestic violence. Differential patterns of association were revealed between childhood victimization experiences and the type of animal cruelty exposure reported. This study extends current knowledge of the links between animal- and human-directed violence and provides initial support for the premise of cross-reporting legislation.
Serologic prevalence of antibodies to Helicobacter pylori in internationally adopted children.

Background.Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been linked to gastritis, diarrhea, peptic ulcers, failure-to-thrive, anemia, as well as predisposition to gastric malignancies. Because many internationally adopted children have diarrhea, failure-to-thrive, and anemia on arrival to the US, we determined the prevalence of HP antibodies among these children. Methods. Serum samples from 226 unselected children from 18 countries who were evaluated in the International Adoption Clinic at New England Medical Center were tested for antibodies to H. pylori. The results of serologic screening were analyzed in relation to age at adoption, site of residence prior to adoption, weight and height, and the presence or absence of anemia, diarrhea, or intestinal parasites. Results. 31% of internationally adopted children had antibodies to H. pylori. The presence of H. pylori-antibodies was associated with residence in an orphanage (vs. foster care) prior to adoption, older age at adoption, and coinfection with intestinal parasites. No direct effects on height or weight were identified; no associations with diarrhea or anemia were found. Conclusions. Internationally adopted children have a high incidence of exposure to H. pylori, as diagnosed serologically. Residence in an orphanage (compared with foster care), older age at adoption, and coinfection with intestinal parasites were more common among children seropositive for anti-H. pylori antibodies.
What respondents recall about walking and what self-report items elicit about walking

Abstract Background . Research on the cognitive processing of survey questions suggests that the distribution of walking bouts (e.g., mean, skew) may influence retrospective self-report responses. Methods . Undergraduate women ( N = 209) kept a weekly log of their walking behavior, then responded to four different self-report measures of walking [National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), Context, Fuzzy-Typical, and Fuzzy-Maximum]. The logs were evaluated to determine which walking characteristics best summarized their walking behavior. Principal components analysis yielded three components of walking behaviors: Frequency, Duration, and Maximum. Multiple regression was used to determine if the walking components differentially predicted the four self-report measures of walking. Results . The Maximum walking component was a significant predictor of all self-report measures of walking. The Context score was also predicted by the Frequency Component. The Frequency and Duration walking components did not predict the NHIS or Fuzzy self-report measures independently of Maximum walking. Conclusions . Frequency-by-duration self-report measures of walking appear to be more sensitive to the maximum rather than the frequency or duration of walking behavior. Measurement of the frequency of bouts may be best accomplished by providing a framework of recall cues around which walks of different types occur.
National Lung Cancer Screening Trial American College of Radiology Imaging Network Specimen Biorepository Originating from the Contemporary Screening for the Detection of Lung Cancer Trial (NLST, ACRIN 6654): Design, Intent, and Availability of Specimens for Validation of Lung Cancer Biomarkers

Lung cancer continues to be a major public health problem, and more patients die from this disease than any other cancer. The vast majority of patients present with advanced stage disease when therapeutic options are limited and the overall 5 year survival rate remains approximately 15%. Screening with low dose helical computed tomography (CT)has been suggested for early detection, although the effect on mortality is currently under investigation. As part of the National Lung Cancer Screening Trial, a specimen biorepository including blood, sputum, and urine were collected serially for the primary purpose of validating early detection lung cancer biomarkers. In addition tumor samples have been obtained from patients diagnosed with lung cancer to be included in a tissue microarray. This commentary describes the rationale, composition, intent, and availability of specimen in the biorepository.
Double-blind comparison of liquid antacid and placebo in the treatment of symptomatic reflux esophagitis

Although antacids have been the mainstay of pharmacologic therapy for reflux esophagitis, their effectiveness has not been tested in a placebo-controlled double-blind trial. We report a double-blind comparison of liquid antacid vs placebo in the treatment of reflux esophagitis in 32 patients with chronic heartburn. Entry criteria included the presence of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux confirmed by both an acid perfusion (Bernstein) test and by intraesophageal pH probe. Drug treatment consisted of 15 ml (80 mEq) doses of antacid (Maalox Therapeutic Concentration, William H. Rorer) or placebo taken 7 times daily, ie, 1 and 3 hr after meals and at bedtime. Both groups showed significant improvement (P less than 0.05) in both frequency and severity of heartburn. The time to reproduce heartburn with the timed Bernstein test was increased with both active drug and placebo therapy. The mean increase was 402% (41 +/- 20 sec to 169 +/- 66 sec) for the placebo group and 286% (42 +/- 16 to 120 +/- 57 sec) in the antacid group. Both the antacid and placebo groups showed improvement in the degree of esophagitis as assessed endoscopically. The current study asked: does regular antacid therapy have a favorable influence on the natural history of symptomatic reflux esophagitis, ie, does therapy heal or otherwise change esophagitis so that painful episodes are either less frequent, less severe, or both? We found that the natural history of symptomatic reflux esophagitis was to improve with either antacid or placebo. There was no significant difference in antacid or placebo on the (short-term) natural history of the disease.
The use of the Sonosite ultrasound device for intraoperative evaluation of the aorta

Abstract Objective : Neurologic complications remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in cardiac surgery. Risk factors for neurologic injuries include the presence of atheromatous disease in the aorta. Epiaortic ultrasound has been shown to be superior in detecting the extent and location of atheromatous disease. The SonoSite Corporation (Bothell, WA) has recently introduced an affordable, portable, high-resolution ultrasound device. This new device was compared with the Hewlett-Packard Sonos 5550 ultrasound device (currently manufactured by Philips, Andover, MA) to determine suitability for this purpose. Design : Prospective, serial comparison of 2 devices. Setting : University hospital. Participants : Fifty consecutive cardiac surgery patients. Interventions : Intraoperative epiaortic ultrasound images were obtained using a SonoSite 180 Plus ultrasound device and a Hewlett-Packard Sonos 5500 ultrasound device. Three observers graded recorded images based on extent of atheromatous disease. Measurements and Main Results : Two patients were excluded because of errors in recording images. For the 48 remaining patients, consensus (median) grades had an observed agreement of 93.6% compared with a chance agreement of 67.7%. This correlates to a kappa value of 0.80 or near-excellent agreement. Conclusions : The near-excellent agreement of the 2 devices is acceptable, thus providing a unique opportunity to expand the use of epiaortic ultrasound imaging.
Acute Alcohol-induced Impairment of Cognitive Functions: Past and Present Findings

This paper deals with the acute impairing effects of alcohol on cognitive functions in healthy, non-alcohol dependent adults. The paper begins by describing how different aspects of human performance are not equally sensitive to the impairing effects of alcohol and that the majority of research on these differences poses unique challenges for summarizing and communicating this large body of evidence. The paper then discusses speeded and divided attention tasks as methods commonly used to assess the cognitive theories that have been offered to account for the findings based on these tasks. This is followed by a review of more contemporary methods and techniques that focus on how the drug impairs specific cognitive mechanisms that underlie the control and regulation of behavior. The paper concludes by explaining how acute impairments of such mechanisms might actually contribute to the abuse potential of alcohol for some individuals.
Influence of varying electroosmotic flow on the effective diffusion in electric field gradient separations

Recently the use electric field gradient focusing (EFGF) to enhance focusing of proteins has been proposed and explored to provide significant improvement in separation resolution. The objective of EFGF is to focus proteins of specific electrophoretic mobilities at distinct stationary locations in a column or channel. This can be accomplished in a capillary by allowing the electric potential to vary in the streamwise direction. Because the electric field is varying, so also is the electrokinetic force exerted on the proteins and the electroosmotic velocity of the buffer solution. Due to the varying electric field, the Taylor diffusion characteristics will also vary along the column, causing a degradation of peak widths of some proteins, dependent on their equilibrium positions and local velocity distributions. The focus of this paper is an analysis that allows characterization of the local Taylor diffusion and resulting protein band peak width as a function of the local magnitude of the EOF relative to the average fluid velocity for both cylindrical and rectangular channels. In general the analysis shows that as the ratio of the local electroosmotic velocity to the average velocity deviates from unity, the effective diffusion increases significantly. The effectiveness of EFGF devices over a range of protein diffusivities, capillary diameters, flow velocities, and electric field gradient is discussed.
An equivalence between the Kyle (1985) and the Glosten—Milgrom (1985) models

Abstract This note introduces a binary version of the Kyle (1985) model, and shows that there is an essential equivalence between the Kyle (1985) and Glosten-Milgrom (1985) extensive forms. In particular, this allows the pricing rule in a binary version of the Kyle (1985) model to be interpreted as the bid-ask quotes in a Glosten-Milgrom (1985) model.
Adolescent Suicide and Defensive Style

This empirical study investigated the relation between ego defense mechanisms, diagnoses, and suicidality among 200 adolescent psychiatric patients ages 12 to 16 years. Based on a structured diagnostic interview, adolescents were divided into three groups: suicide attempters, suicidal ideators, and nonsuicidal patients. Using the Defense Mechanisms Inventory (DMI), suicidal adolescents scored higher on the defense of turning-against-self and lower on reversal, as compared to nonsuicidal adolescents. Although suicide was significantly more common among adolescents with an affective disorder, turning-against-self remained significantly associated with suicide attempt even when diagnosis was controlled for. Results demonstrate the importance of defense mechanisms in understanding adolescent suicidal behavior.
MODULAR FORM CONGRUENCES AND SELMER GROUPS

Motivated by Cremona and Mazur's notion of visibility of elements in Shafarevich–Tate groups [6, 27], there have been a number of recent works which test its compatibility with the Birch and Swinnerton–Dyer conjecture and the Bloch–Kato conjecture. These conjectures provide formulas for the orders of Shafarevich–Tate groups in terms of values of -values.
The use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of occult fracture of the radial neck. A case report.

Fractures of the radial neck have been reported to account for approximately 6 per cent of all fractures about the elbow in children; in the combined series reported by Wilkins et al., for example, 289 of 4490 fractures about the elbow in children involved the radial neck10. Fractures about the elbow in skeletally immature patients are often difficult to assess on plain radiographs because of the absence of, or variations in the appearance of, the secondary centers of ossification of the distal aspect of the humerus and the proximal aspects of the radius and olecranon. Clinical examination may be inconclusive because of diffuse swelling, the absence of localized tenderness, and the inability of a young patient to identify the site of pain appropriately. Additional studies, such as stress radiography, arthrography1,4, and magnetic resonance imaging3, often are needed in order to diagnose the injury accurately. However, these procedures are associated with a number of disadvantages; specifically, stress radiography can be painful for the patient, arthrography is invasive and often necessitates the use of sedation or anesthesia, and magnetic resonance imaging is relatively expensive. Ultrasonography has been advocated as an alternative method for the evaluation of injuries of the elbow in children because of its non-invasive nature and relatively low cost. Barr and Babcock as well as Markowitz et al. demonstrated the usefulness of ultrasonography in accurately identifying the unossified epiphysis of the distal aspect of the humerus and the proximal aspects of the ulna and radius. Davidson et al. subsequently demonstrated the ability of ultrasonography to provide diagnostic images of physeal separations and supracondylar fractures of the distal humeral epiphysis. This case report illustrates the usefulness of ultrasonography in the evaluation of an injury of the elbow in a skeletally immature patient who …
Impacts of Alternative Emissions Allowance Allocation Methods Under a Federal Cap-and-Trade Program

There has been intense focus on the issue of how emissions allowances might be allocated under a potential federal cap-and-trade program. What fraction of the allowances should be auctioned out, as opposed to given out free? How much free allocation would be sufficient to preserve profits in various industries? What are the economy-wide implications of alternative uses of whatever auction revenues are collected?This paper employs a dynamic general equilibrium model of the U.S. economy to address these issues. The model’s unique treatment of capital dynamics permits close attention to the impacts of alternative policies on industry profits.We find that freely allocating a relatively small fraction of the emissions allowances generally suffices to prevent profit losses among the eight industries that, without free allowances or other compensation, would suffer the largest percentage losses of profit. Under a wide range of cap-and-trade designs, freely allocating less than 15 percent of the total allowances prevents profit losses to these most vulnerable industries. Allocating 100 percent of the allowances substantially overcompensates these industries, in many cases causing more than a doubling of profits.These results indicate that profit preservation is consistent with substantial use of auctioning and the generation of considerable auction revenue. GDP costs of cap and trade depend critically on how such revenues are used. When these revenues are employed to finance cuts in marginal income tax rates, the resulting GDP costs are about 33 percent lower than in the case where all allowances are freely allocated and no auction revenue is generated. On the other hand, when the auction proceeds are returned to the economy in lump-sum fashion (for example, as rebate checks to households), the potential cost-advantages of auctioning are not realized.Our results are robust to cap-and-trade policies that differ according to the presence or absence of provisions for offsets or intertemporal banking of allowances, or in terms of policy stringency.
Taking notes together: Augmenting note taking

Sufficient tools for students with learning disabilities and attention deficit disorder have not yet been established. We believe that the current tools these students can use call for a drastic change in traditional learning paradigms by either the instructor or the pupil. To fill this gap, we propose our tool, taking notes together (TNT), as a collaborative note taking tool that will help in equalizing the classroom for students with disabilities. This tool allows students to collaboratively tag classroom lecture/discussion in real time through synchronized transcription and audio recording. TNT provides a visualization that highlights the important classroom points and we argue facilitates better recall and a deeper understanding of the classroom material. Through our evaluation we were able to prove that all students can benefit from this tool. We also present a case study of one student with ADD and how they benefited. The tool makes the learning experience, particularly for students with special needs like LD and ADD, less stressful while still being active in the note-taking.
Sipros/ProRata: a versatile informatics system for quantitative community proteomics.

Summary: Sipros/ProRata is an open-source software package for end-to-end data analysis in a wide variety of community proteomics measurements. A database-searching program, Sipros 3.0, was developed for accurate general-purpose protein identification and broadrange post-translational modification searches. Hybrid Message Passing Interface/OpenMP parallelism of the new Sipros architecture allowed its computation to be scalable from desktops to supercomputers. The upgraded ProRata 3.0 performs label-free quantification and isobaric chemical labeling quantification in addition to metabolic labeling quantification. Sipros/ProRata is a versatile informatics system that enables identification and quantification of proteins and their variants in many types of community proteomics studies. Availability: Both programs are freely available under the GNU GPL license at Sipros.omicsbio.org and ProRata.omicsbio.org. Contact: panc@ornl.gov Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The use of and and or in a natural language computer interface

A study of the use of and and or for specifying intersection and union relationships between conjoined qualifiers of varying characteristics was conducted using a simulated natural language query system. Subjects always used or correctly to indicate union but and was used to indicate both union and intersection. Interpretation rules were defined that could be used to clarify the intended meaning for and for some but not all of the cases. The results indicated subjects could implicitly learn to be more precise. These results suggest that natural language interfaces can be built to recognize ambiguous input and should prompt users for clarification. Simple syntactic elements that would distinguish the meaning of and can be defined and taught to users.
Observations of wave breaking and surf zone width from a real-time cross-shore array of wave and current sensors at Duck, NC

Data from a cross-shore array of acoustic sensors at the US Army Corps of Engineers Field Research Facility is examined for evidence of wave transformation and longshore currents across the surf zone by comparing several events in 2009–10 with different wave statistics. Hurricane Bill (H s = 3+ m, T p = 18 s) was a long-period wave event with strong evidence of non-linear wave transformations, and a track that was offshore such that the coast received very little wind. A strong depth-uniform longshore current was observed at the 5 and 6 m sites (up to 1.8 m/s) that was in-phase with the wave energy. Weak currents were measured at the 8 and 11 m depth sites, indicating that the limit of the surf zone extended to between 6 and 8 m depth. Hurricane/Nor'easter Ida (H s = 5+ m, T p = 12 s) was a typical large wave event in the fall, with strong winds (wind-sea a major wave component) and rotating wind direction. Hurricane Earl (H s = 4+ m, T p = 15 s) was the first major wave event with all sensors in place, since the sensors at the 2 and 3 m depths were added in August 2010. For the selected events we present the observations of wave evolution across the surf zone. The offshore extent of wave breaking was determined from Argus Station imagery by analyzing pixel intensity for time exposure images along cross-shore transect. Surf zone widths are compared to the estimated extent of breaking by comparing wave energy across the array and the magnitude of the longshore current. The alongshore momentum balance was estimated to determine the contribution of radiation stress gradients to observed longshore current. The results provide a comparison of the seaward limit of the surf zone and width of the wave-driven current for different wave forcing conditions.
Modeling mixed-mode DC and RF stress in SiGe HBT power amplifiers

The degradation of SiGe HBTs due to mixed-mode DC and RF stress (simultaneous application of high current and voltage) has been modeled for the first time. State-of-the-art 200 GHz SiGe HBTs were first characterized, and then DC and RF stressed. Using TCAD simulations and calculations based upon a reaction-diffusion model, the excess base current due to stress was modeled as a function of the stress current and voltage. This physics-based stress model was then designed as a sub-circuit in Cadence, and incorporated into a cascode SiGe PA design to predict the DC and RF stress-induced excess base current. Predicted degradation is in agreement with RF stress results.
Melting of constrained drawn nylon 6 yarns

A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to study the melting behavior of drawn nylon 6 yarns which were prevented from shrinking during heating. The DSC curves exhibit a single melting peak at a higher temperature instead of the double peaks which, as reported previously, were observed in the unconstrained state. The curve is explained quantitatively in terms of the perfecting of the original crystals followed by monotonic melting of these crystals during heating. The single peak results from the absence of the partial melting–recrystallization process which plays an important role in the appearance of double peaks. The temperature of the melting peak for the constrained sample increases linearly with draw ratio, and is unaffected by drawing temperature and by annealing at constant length after drawing. The elevation of the melting temperature is discussed on the basis of the entropy effects predicted theoretically by Zachmann. Thermal analysis of constrained samples has proved to be useful for detecting oriented crystals which coexist with unoriented ones.
Gliosarcoma metastatic to the cervical spinal cord: case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND We describe a case of an intramedullary metastasis to the cervical spinal cord from a temporal gliosarcoma. CASE DESCRIPTION A 48-year-old man with known temporal lobe gliosarcoma presented with a new onset of ipsilateral hemiparesis. A MRI scan revealed the presence of an intramedullary lesion in the spinal cord behind the body of C2. Despite repeated craniotomy, radiation, and chemotherapy, the patient succumbed to a rapidly progressive disease. CONCLUSION The case illustrates the ability of gliosarcoma to metastasize to other locations in the neuroaxis. We believe this to be the first case report of an intramedullary spinal cord metastasis from a gliosarcoma. The pathological features and available literature are reviewed.
Successful surgical treatment of spontaneous coronary artery dissection

To present a case of spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is rare and often difficult to surgically repair. Additionally, diagnosis by coronary angiography is uncommon. We present a case of SCAD in a postpartum woman who underwent successful surgical correction of the left anterior descending artery. Such surgical intervention in cases similar to ours is critical for survival.
Primary cardiac lymphoma: diagnosis and treatment guided by transesophageal echocardiogram perfusion imaging.

al Primary cardiac lymphoma (PCL) can be detected by a variety of imaging modalities such as angiography, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The use of contrast perfusion echocardiography under TEE guidance to diagnose and follow the treatment of PCL has not been previously described. We report a case of a left atrial (LA) intracardiac mass that was clinically suggestive of a thrombus. Contrast perfusion echocardiography with TEE was able to exclude the diagnosis of thrombus and
Broadband coax-waveguide transitions

A broadband coax-waveguide transition for the high power test of the PEP-II RF cavity HOM waveguides has been studied. The design requirements are that it must have a VSWR less than 2 over the frequency range 714 MHz to 2500 MHz and transmit 10 kW average power from a 250 mm/spl times/25.4 mm rectangular waveguide to a 50 Ohm coaxial line. A double ridged waveguide section with the same cut-off frequency as the rectangular waveguide has been selected to keep its impedance near 50 Ohm over the frequency range. HFSS calculation results and design of the transition are reported.
Design of a system for image registration and compensation based on spectral analysis

Estimation of the values of the parameters of affine transformations are crucial in dealing with the compensation problem in image acquisition and image registration. We investigate these problems using spectral, Fourier and complex analysis. We furthermore introduce some new techniques for obtaining spectral transformations and computing of the so-called crosspower spectrum of an image, allowing a fast and efficient solution of the problem of image registration under affine transformation.
Ultrasound induced permeabilization of cell membranes as a therapy for cytotoxic neuronal edema

One of the consequences of ischemic injury to neurons is cytotoxic edema, which has several undesirable consequences including an increase in the intra-cranial pressure. This project tests the hypothesis that pressure gradients induced by ultrasonic waves can be used to permeabilize the cell membrane leading to changes in ionic gradients and an efflux of water reversing the swelling effect. In a N1E mouse neuroblastoma cell culture model of lactacidosis, swelling was induced by lowering the pH of the medium. Flow cytometry measurements indicate dramatic Increased scatter intensity accompanied by an increase in the complexity of the dendritic arbors at pH of 4.0. Upon sonication at 1 MHz and an intensity of 0.1 W/cm/sup 2/ for 3 minutes, the top 30% of scatter intensity values dropped by 18% accompanied by a decrease in complexity and size. In a similar model, swelling was also induced in N2A mouse neuroblastoma where the pH of the medium was dropped to 4.0. Upon sonication at 1 MHz and an intensity of 0.1 W/cm/sup 2/ for 3 minutes a reduction in swelling was imaged captured using a camera and an inverted microscope. In conclusion, ultra-sound induced permeabilization may be a potentially promising approach for treating cytotoxic neuronal edema.
Maximum and asymptotic UDP throughput under CHOKe

A recently proposed active queue management, CHOKe, aims to protect TCP from UDP flows. Simulations have shown that as UDP rate increases, its bandwidth share initially rises but eventually drops. We derive an approximate model of CHOKe and show that, provided the number of TCP flows is large, the UDP bandwidth share peaks at (e+1)-1 = 0.269 when the UDP input rate is slightly larger than the link capacity, and drops to zero as UDP input rate tends to infinity, regardless of the TCP algorithm.