cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Energy of Running Waters

This chapter discusses the energy of running waters. The energy of the flowing water is lost through friction among the water molecules and between the rocks and the water. The stored water in the reservoir behind the dam contains a potential energy that can readily be utilized by allowing the water to flow through the dam, through an efficient modern water wheel, called a hydraulic turbine. The energy delivered by a turbine depends on the weight of water that flows through it in a second, and the height of the dam. While hydraulic power stations are expensive to build, the electricity supplied by them is very cheap. One of the advantages of hydroenergy production is its high efficiency. While over 60% of the fossil fuel energy is lost as waste heat in a thermal power plant, with hydraulic turbines the conversion efficiency is about 90%, which is a remarkable figure. An entirely different concept of energy utilization from water is based on the temperature differences in nearby water bodies, which is called hydrothermal energy.
Spanish-influenced rhythm in Miami English

This study found that monolingual English speakers from Miami speak an English variety influenced by Spanish. In this study, speech from Miami English monolinguals, English monolinguals not from Miami, and early and late Spanish-English bilinguals were collected, and rhythm metrics (Ramus et al., 1999) were compared between groups. Surprisingly, results also suggest that Miami English monolinguals with English-speaking parents and from neighborhoods with a lower Hispanic population may be leading this change. These results support Labov’s (2014) claim that children may reject features of their parent language (in this case, English) when the speech community is highly stratified.
Register file circuits and post-deployment framework to monitor aging effects in field

This paper presents novel 6-T SRAM register file (RF) circuits and in-field framework for managing chip's lifetime after deployment. Our proposed RF circuits can in-situ sense threshold voltages (V t ) of all six transistors of every bitcell in an RF robustly against temperature variations. This allows us (1) to monitor aging effects of both NMOS and PMOS such as negative and positive bias temperature instabilities (NBTI, PBTI) and (2) to monitor those in the post deployment condition where environmental parameters, notably temperature, cannot be easily controlled. Using these sensed V t 's, our proposed post-deployment framework can estimate critical circuit-level parameters of an RF such as data retention voltage (DRV) and read access time (T ACC ). After chip's deployment, our proposed sensing circuits and framework can be periodically (e.g., every month) exercised to diagnose the reliability of an RF through chip's lifetime. We can use the results of the diagnosis to potentially trigger countermeasures. The area overhead of adding our proposed sensing capability to a 32×32b RF is 8.5%.
The Fundamental Flaws in the Euro Zone Framework

Europe has not done well in the years since the 2008 crisis, with a double dip recession and a recovery far slower than that of the US from whence the crisis came. Among the key reasons for this dismal performance is the euro, or more precisely, the structure of the Eurozone, the institutions, rules, and regulations that were created to ensure growth and stability of a single currency amongst a diverse set of countries—and the failure to do some of the things (like the establishment of a common deposit insurance system) that should have been done. The paper describes how Europe created a divergent system, with increasing disparities between the richer and poorer countries, and the role of certain beliefs, prevalent at the time, but since questioned, about what makes for good economic performance.
Indomethacin and nifedipine reduced coughing induced by captopril therapy

Source Citation Fogari R, Zoppi A, Tettamanti F, et al. Effects of nifedipine and indomethacin on cough induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a double-blind, randomized, cross-over s...
Self-aligned contact metallization to AlGaN/GaN heterostructures

Nitride device scaling and large scale integration requires the increased manufacturability of self-aligned processes. To date, excellent contacts to GaN heterostructures with 2DEG are achieved through lithographically-defined metallization [1], despite the so-called self-aligned regrowth processes used [2,3]. We have developed a novel self-aligned contact metallization process using Titanium to make ohmic contacts (R C = 0.36 Ω-mm) to AlGaN/GaN hetero-structures. After metal selection experiments, the field dielectric, selective wet etch chemistry, surface pre-treatment and ohmic anneal are engineered to realize the salicide-like process. A CHF 3 +O 2 surface pre-treatment is found to be vital to implementation of the self-aligned contact. Gate-last transistor devices demonstrate the feasibility of the unique process module. These results demonstrate the first truly self-aligned contact module for AlGaN/GaN 2DEG devices.
Computer-Based Administration and Grading of Free-Response Practical Examination Items: a Comparison of Assessment Programs and Case Study

This descriptive article compares the functionality of frequently used assessment platforms and details, through a case study, the process of using an iPad application to administer and grade free-response practical examinations. The approach presented in this study resolves reported issues, such as cueing effects inherent to other computer-based assessment formats. In a human gross anatomy course, medical students used their iPads during a traditional practical examination to input answers directly from pure recall. Grading procedures and efficiencies of this system are described along with the benefits and limitations of administering practical examinations in this electronic format.
Paisagens de Aprendizagem: acampamentos norte-americanos de verão e suas possibilidades educacionais

For over 100 years educational researchers have concerned themselves with a “summer learning gap” for students who experience academic losses during the summer months they are away from school. Simultaneously, American summer residential camps have provided landscapes of learning for generations of school children to improve skills and build competencies. Despite the current availability for camp experiences to fill the “summer learning gap” experienced by students during the summer vacation, contemporary education reform initiatives have largely not recognized the seemingly natural connection between camp and school. This article examines the significant historical linkages and theoretical underpinnings that relate the American camp movement and formal school settings, as well as contemporary possibilities for camps to serve as learning landscapes for 21st century learning outcomes that include relationship building, role modeling, collaboration, confidence, independence, and academic enhancement. Conclusions of the article indicate the significant role of camp experiences in the learning lives of children, and the need for policy makers to adopt reforms that include provisions for out-of-school time learning opportunities such as summer camp.
Patterns of vascular calcification in patients with end-stage renal disease and calcific uremic arteriolopathy.

Key Clinical Message Calcific uremic arteriolopathy or calciphylaxis is a rare and potentially fatal condition, which manifests as skin ischemia and necrosis, usually seen in patients with end-stage renal disease. It is frequently associated with vascular calcification visible on plain radiographs, which can occur in various patterns.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Aplastic Anemia

Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare, life-threatening bone marrow failure (BMF) disorder that affects patients of all ages and is caused by lymphocyte destruction of early hematopoietic cells. Diagnosis of AA requires a comprehensive approach with prompt evaluation for inherited and secondary causes of bone marrow aplasia, while providing aggressive supportive care. The choice of frontline therapy is determined by a number of factors including AA severity, age of the patient, donor availability, and access to optimal therapies. For newly diagnosed severe aplastic anemia, bone marrow transplant should be pursued in all pediatric patients and in younger adult patients when a matched sibling donor is available. Frontline therapy in older adult patients and in all patients lacking a matched sibling donor involves immunosuppressive therapy (IST) with horse antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine A. Recent improvements in upfront therapy include encouraging results with closely matched unrelated donor transplants in younger patients and the emerging benefits of eltrombopag combined with initial IST, with randomized studies underway. In the refractory setting, several therapeutic options exist, with improving outcomes of matched unrelated donor and haploidentical bone marrow transplantation as well as the addition of eltrombopag to the non-transplant AA armamentarium. With the recent appreciation of frequent clonal hematopoiesis in AA patients and with the growing use of next-generation sequencing in the clinic, utmost caution should be exercised in interpreting the significance of somatic mutations in AA. Future longitudinal studies of large numbers of patients are needed to determine the prognostic significance of somatic mutations and to guide optimal surveillance and treatment approaches to prevent long-term clonal complications.
Judas and the Economics of Salvation in Medieval English Literature

Medieval English devotional literature holds out two models of salvation to audiences, each echoing a different form of economic organization. The first, based on the manorial economy, applies the ethics of stewardship to the afterlife. The second, based on the commercial relationships of the marketplace, positions the sinner and God as equivalent parties in a business deal, with salvation as a bargain to be won from God through shrewd negotiation. This chapter explores how the figure of Judas mediates these contradictory messages in Middle English drama and poetry. It studies the cycle dramas, the gospel harmony The Southern Passion, and the anonymous ballad “Judas,” and it concludes with observations on the echoes of Judas in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice.
Using primary organotypic mouse midbrain cultures to examine developmental neurotoxicity of silver nanoparticles across two genetic strains.

Abstract Micromass culture systems have been developed as three-dimensional organotypic in vitro alternatives to test developmental toxicity. We have optimized a murine-based embryonic midbrain micromass system in two genetic strains to evaluate neurodevelopmental effects of gold-cored silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of differing sizes and coatings—20 nm AgCitrate, 110 nm AgCitrate, and 110 nm AgPVP. AgNPs are increasingly used in consumer, commercial, and medical products for their antimicrobial properties and observations of Ag in adult and fetal brain following in vivo exposures to AgNPs have led to concerns about the potential for AgNPs to elicit adverse effects on neurodevelopment and neurological function. Cytotoxicity was assessed at three time points of development by both nominal dose and by dosimetric dose. Ag dosimetry was assessed in cultures and the gold core component of the AgNPs was used as a tracer for determination of uptake of intact AgNPs and silver dissolution from particles in the culture system. Results by both nominal and dosimetric dose show cell death increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner at later time points (days 15 and 22 in vitro) that coincide with differentiation stages of development in both strains. When assessed by dosimetric dose, cultures were more sensitive to smaller particles, despite less uptake of Ag in smaller particles in both strains.
Microbial Transformation of Nitrogen During Composting

Microorganisms are fundamentally involved in important changes to the N compounds during composting. However, their role in composting systems is not well understood. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the microbial transformation of nitrogen during composting of spent pig litter-sludge and poultry litter in forced-aeration piles. Most N in spent pig litter sludge and poultry litter is in organic forms, which serve as a reservoir of N. During composting, some of the organic N was slowly converted to the much smaller inorganic N pools. The mineralization process was continued further by conversion of ammonium to nitrite/nitrate by nitrifiers. The ammonium- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria are the microorganisms that gain their energy from these inorganic oxidations. Denitrification occurred during the early stage of composting, as indicated by a higher population of denitrifying bacteria. However, as composting proceeded, the population of denitrifying bacteria declined significantly, indicating that very little denitrification took place once the air was forced into the pile. The multiple regression analysis showed that the physico-chemical properties of the spent pig litter-sludge and poultry litter are the most critical factors affecting the changes in N and its different forms during composting. The equilibria and rates of N were affected by interactions between microbial biomass community structure and the physico-chemical properties of the manure such as temperature, water content, pH, and C:N ratio during composting.
Classic pneumatosis intestinalis and hepatic portal venous gas in setting of severe abdominal aorta atherosclerosis

An 86-year-old man with extensive past medical history was referred to Emergency Department for evaluation of dehydration, hyperkalemia and worsening of mental status. In physical examination, abdomen was distended and tender with no bowel sounds. Abdominal computed tomographic imaging revealed pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) and hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) in presence of severe atherosclerotic calcification of abdominal aorta.
miRVIT: A Novel miRNA Database and Its Application to Uncover Vitis Responses to Flavescence dorée Infection.

Micro(mi)RNAs play crucial roles in plant developmental processes and in defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In the last years, many works on small RNAs in grapevine (Vitis spp.) were published, and several conserved and putative novel grapevine-specific miRNAs were identified. In order to reorganize the high quantity of available data, we produced "miRVIT," the first database of all novel grapevine miRNA candidates characterized so far, and still not deposited in miRBase. To this aim, each miRNA accession was renamed, repositioned in the last version of the grapevine genome, and compared with all the novel and conserved miRNAs detected in grapevine. Conserved and novel miRNAs cataloged in miRVIT were then used for analyzing Vitis vinifera plants infected by Flavescence doree (FD), one of the most severe phytoplasma diseases affecting grapevine. The analysis of small RNAs from healthy, recovered (plants showing spontaneous and stable remission of symptoms), and FD-infected "Barbera" grapevines showed that FD altered the expression profiles of several miRNAs, including those involved in cell development and photosynthesis, jasmonate signaling, and disease resistance response. The application of miRVIT in a biological context confirmed the effectiveness of the followed approach, especially for the identification of novel miRNA candidates in grapevine. miRVIT database is available at http://mirvit.ipsp.cnr.it. Highlights: The application of the newly produced database of grapevine novel miRNAs to the analysis of plants infected by Flavescence doree reveals key roles of miRNAs in photosynthesis and jasmonate signaling.
Methods to Rapidly Prepare Mammalian 26S Proteasomes for Biochemical Analysis.

Rapid, gentle, isolation of 26S proteasomes from cells or tissues is an essential step for studies of the changes in proteasome activity and composition that can occur under different physiological or pathological conditions and in response to pharmacological agents. We present here three different approaches to affinity purify or to prepare proteasome-rich cell fractions. 1) The first method uses affinity tags fused to proteasome subunits and has been useful in several cell lines (see Table 1) for studies of proteasome structure by cryo-electron microscopy and composition by mass spectrometry. 2) A second method uses the proteasome’s affinity for a ubiquitin-like (UBL) domain and can be used to purify these particles from any cell or tissue. This method does not require expression of a tagged subunit and has proven very useful to investigate how proteasomes activity changes in different physiological states (e.g. fasting or aging), with neurodegenerative diseases, and with drugs or hormones that cause subunit phosphorylation. 3) A third, simple method that is based on the 26S proteasome’s high molecular weight (about 2.5 MDa), concentrates these particles greatly by differential centrifugation. This method maintains the association of proteasomes with ubiquitin (Ub) conjugates and many other loosely-associated regulatory proteins and is useful to study changes in proteasome composition under different conditions (see Table 2). Table 1. Cell lines expressing tagged-proteasome subunits
Self-organizing conflicts: Group assessment and the spatio-temporal dynamics of ant territory battles.

Abstract Territorial battles among ants exhibit temporal and spatial patterns that self-organize, arising spontaneously from distributed decisions by large numbers of individuals. We describe agent-based models of inter-group fights in ants and show that two behavioral mechanisms that are rarely quantified have large effects on the dynamics of intraspecific battles; specifically, the pattern of search by unengaged ants, and assessment of relative numbers. In the absence of assessment, recruitment by both colonies rises to steady averages. Alternatively, if ants tend to lay trails only when they detect that their nestmates outnumber opponents, fights can be rapidly resolved as one colony ceases recruiting. If ants tend to lay trails when their nestmates are locally outnumbered, the position of the battle may oscillate. We show that the collective ability of fighting ants to accurately compare group sizes may be high even if each ant has limited perception and memory. However, amplification of small initial numerical advantages can lead to priority effects favoring the first colony to recruit even if it is the smaller colony.
Using PBPK Modeling to Predict Drug Exposure and Support Dosage Adjustments in Patients With Renal Impairment: An Example with Lamivudine.

BACKGROUND Lamivudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used to treat HIV and hepatitis B. It is primarily cleared by the kidney with renal secretion mediated by OCT2 and MATE. OBJECTIVE To use PBPK modeling to assess the impact of renal impairment on lamivudine pharmacokinetics using the Simcyp® Simulator. METHODS The model incorporated the Simcyp® Mechanistic Kidney Model option to predict renal disposition. The model was initially verified using the Simcyp® Healthy Volunteer population. Two discrete patient populations were then created for moderate (GFR 10-40 mL/min) and severe (GFR < 10 mL/min) renal failure (RF), and model simulations were compared to published data. The developed model was then utilized in a clinical study evaluating the clinical experience and plasma exposure of lamivudine when administered at higher than recommended doses to HIV-infected patients with varying degrees of renal impairment. RESULTS Predicted systemic exposure metrics (Cmax, AUC) compared favorably to published clinical data for each population, with the following fold errors (FE, ratio of predicted and observed data) for Cmax/AUC: Healthy Volunteers 1.04/1.04, Moderate RF 1.03/0.78, Severe RF 0.89/0.79. The model captured lamivudine plasma concentrations measured pre- and post-dose (0.5-1.5hr) in study participants (n = 34). Model simulations demonstrated comparable systemic profiles across patient cohorts, supporting the proposed dosage adjustment scheme. CONCLUSION This study illustrates how PBPK modeling can help verify dosing guidelines for patients with varying levels of renal impairment. This approach may also be useful for predicting potential changes in exposure during renal insufficiency for compounds undergoing clinical development.
Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease

Sleep is an essential function of life and clearly serves a crucial role in the promotion of health and performance. Poor sleep quality and sleep disorders have been a recurrent finding in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can contribute to hypertension, diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and worsen obesity, all of which are implicated in the etiology of CKD, but CKD itself may lead to OSA. Mechanisms specific to OSA could hasten a decline in renal function. OSA, in spite of its high prevalence, remains underdiagnosed and undertreated in CKD patients. Optimal sleep duration and quality play a significant role in improving control of T2DM. Insufficient sleep increases the risk of obesity. OSA, restless legs syndrome (RLS) and insomnia worsen health-related quality of life in CKD patients. RLS and depression are associated with increased mortality in CKD patients. There is emerging evidence linking insomnia and RLS to an increased risk of CVD, which is an important cause of mortality in CKD patients. Addressing sleep disorders could help to prevent not only the development but also the progression of CKD.
Deep Learning for Direct Automatic Target Recognition from SAR Data

Automatic target recognition for synthetic aperture radar involves three processing steps: imaging, identifying regions of interests and processing of the identified regions for target classification. Motivated by the successes of data driven approach in various fields, we establish a framework for synthetic aperture radar target recognition that does not require image formation. We present a deep neural network architecture that classifies targets directly from the slow-time and fast-time sampled received signal. Classification decisions are made based on how closely optimized sets of vectors corresponding to each class represent a new sample, and these vectors from all classes under consideration collectively forms a dictionary.
Generating the Blood Exposome Database Using a Comprehensive Text Mining and Database Fusion Approach.

Background: Blood chemicals are routinely measured in clinical or preclinical research studies to diagnose diseases, assess risks in epidemiological research, or use metabolomic phenotyping in resp...
Asymptotic Derivation of Nonlinear Plate Models from Three-Dimensional Elasticity Theory

A framework for the asymptotic derivation of plate models from three-dimensional elasticity theory is reviewed and extended. This is shown to subsume the pure membrane and bending limits that have been derived via gamma convergence or alternative asymptotic methods, and to incorporate Koiter’s model for finite deformations with small midsurface strains. A model that accommodates large midsurface strains and which satisfies the relevant Legendre-Hadamard necessary condition for energy minimizers is also proposed.
Longitudinal effects of social media experiences on depression and anxiety in LGB+ and heterosexual young adults

Background: Social media has become increasingly widespread among young adults, yet its relationship to depression and anxiety may depend on the users’ experiences. For LGB+ individuals, who exhibi...
What Impacts HPV Vaccination Recommendations? An Exploration of Medical Residents' Knowledge, Training, Barriers, and Practices.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Increasing human papillomavirus vaccination (HPVV) uptake is critical to the prevention of cervical cancer. Effective physician communication and clinical workflow policies have a significant impact on vaccination rates. However, resident training programs vary in the inclusion of training in effective HPVV practices. At Dell Medical School in Austin, Texas, HPVV rates at primary care residents' clinic sites vary. We examined HPVV-related knowledge, training, barriers, and practices among residents in pediatrics (Peds), family medicine (FM), obstetrics and gynecology (Ob/Gyn), and internal medicine (IM) with the aim of identifying interventional targets to improve vaccination rates. METHODS This was a mixed-method study including qualitative interviews and a survey. We interviewed a sample of residents from each specialty to assess their training experiences and how they discuss HPVV. We recorded, transcribed, and coded interviews for thematic analysis. All residents were offered the opportunity to complete an electronic survey to quantitatively evaluate knowledge and vaccine practices. We performed χ2 and Fisher exact analysis to compare results between disciplines. RESULTS HPVV-related knowledge was similar across all four specialties and between resident year. Peds residents reported always recommending the HPVV significantly more than FM and Ob/Gyn residents for 11-17-year-old females. Only Peds residents reported receiving evidence-based vaccine communication training. Among all residents, the primary HPVV barriers included forgetting to offer the vaccine and time constraints. When discussing the vaccine, many interviewed residents were not offering a confident recommendation to all eligible patients, and instead were using a risk-based approach to vaccination. CONCLUSIONS There were inconsistencies across programs related to how and where residents receive HPVV training. This may impact the frequency and strength of resident vaccine recommendations. To increase HPVV rates, residency programs should prioritize implementation of multimodal interventions, including opt-out workflows and education on how to give confident vaccine recommendations.
Country-level determinants of COVID-19 case rates and death rates: An ecological study.

Introduction The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a variable worldwide impact, likely related to country-level characteristics. In this ecological study, we explored the association of COVID-19 case rates (per 100,000 people) and death rates (per 100,000 people) with country-level population health characteristics, economic and human development indicators, and habitat-related variables. Methods To calculate country-level COVID-19 case and death rates, the number of cases and deaths were extracted from the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center through September 30, 2021. Country-level population health characteristics, economic, human development, and habitat-related indicators were extracted from several publicly available online sources of international organizations. Results were tabulated according to world zones and country economies. Unadjusted and adjusted multiple imputation linear regression analyses were performed to examine the association between country-level variables (per 1-standard deviation [SD] increase) and COVID-19 case rate and death rate. To satisfy the linear regression model assumptions of normality of residuals, we used the square root transformation of both outcomes. Results A total of 187 countries and territories were analyzed, with a median (25th , 75th percentiles) aggregate COVID-19 case rate of 3,605 (463, 8,228) per 100,000 a death rate of 45.9 (8.9, 137.1) per 100,000, and a case-fatality rate of 1.6% (1.2%, 2.6%). On multivariable analyses, each country-level 1-SD higher percentage of adults with obesity (β coefficient 13.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 13.7; 8.9, 18.4), percentage of smokers (5.8; 95% CI 1.2, 10.5), percentage of adults with high blood pressure (4.9; 95% CI 0.3, 9.6), and gross national income (GNI) per capita (9.5; 95% CI 4.6, 14.5) was independently associated with higher square root of COVID-19 case rate per 100,000, while average household size (-1.7; 95% CI -12.3, -3.2) was independently associated with lower square root of COVID-19 case rate per 100,000. Similarly, each 1-SD higher percentage of adults with obesity (1.76; 95% CI 0.99, 2.52), percentage of adults with high blood pressure (1.11; 95% CI 0.48, 1.74), percentage of adults with physical inactivity (1.01; 95% CI 0.10, 1.191), and travel & tourism competitiveness index (1.05; 95% CI 0.06, 2.04) was independently associated with higher square root of COVID-19 death rate per 100,000, whereas GNI per capita (-0.92; 95% CI -1.81, -0.03), and average household size (-1.07; 95% CI -1.87, -0.27) was independently associated with lower square root of COVID-19 death rate per 100,000. Conclusion This ecological study informs the need to develop country-specific public health interventions to better target populations at high risk for COVID-19, and test interventions to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2, taking into consideration cross-country differences in population health characteristics, as well as economic, human development, and habitat-related variables. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Frontal Lobe Syndromes

The frontal lobes are anatomically defined by the central fissure at their posterior border as it is proximal to the somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe. Anatomical landmarks exposed on the lateral surfaces of the frontal lobes include the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri. A gyrus is a cortical ridge surrounded by sulci or grooves produced with a folding of the surface of the brain to increase surface area. Prominent anatomical regions within the frontal lobes, which have been the subject of much research, include the motor cortex anterior to the central fissure, the premotor cortex anterior to the motor cortex, the prefrontal regions and frontal eye fields, the supplementary motor region, the orbitofrontal region, the cingulate gyrus, and the frontal poles. It is fair to say that the frontier of neuroscience and clinical research corresponds with the anterior-most regions of the frontal lobes: the frontal poles and the orbitofrontal and the basal frontal regions.
Abschließende Betrachtungen zur Dreischichtung der Formalen Logik als Apophantischer Analytik: die Lösung

Die Ergebnisse der nunmehr vorliegenden Untersuchungen zu der strukturellen Dreischichtung der formalen Logik als formaler Apophantik bzw. apophantischer Analytik im Sinne des 1. Kapitels des I.
TEMPORALLY ACTIVE DATABASES := ACTIVE DATABASES + TIME

A method of adding time to active databases is described in this paper. This is achievedby incorporating operators of temporal logic, temporal actions, and different temporal clausesinto the Event-Condition-Action model of a rule. In addition, a temporal recognize-act cycleis described and new temporal conflict resolution strategies are proposed. A conflict avoidancestrategy for temporal rules is also described.
A tale of two metallurgical enterprises: Marketization and the social contract in Russian Industry

Abstract Students of post-communist labor relations have argued that the social contract would deteriorate with privatization, as managers secured ownership rights and enterprises reoriented toward the market. To examine this expectation, we investigated the state of labor relations in two enterprises in the metallurgical industry. In St Petersburg, marketization brought little positive change in production and the social contract decayed, while Tula's management embarked on an ambitious reform program, rewriting the social contract. We attribute the variations in the outcomes to differing regional conditions that affected the mutual dependence of labor and management and, hence, “exit options” of both parties.
On the Mechanism of Transient Instability of Power Systems: Improved Results

In recent studies, using energy functions associated with a critical group of machines, transient stability results which are less conservative than other existing results, have been obtained. The existence and identity of a critical group is ascertained in these studies by off-line simulations. In the present paper, we establish stability results for a multi-machine power system with non-uniform damping, and use these to establish the identity of the critical group of machines in a power system due to a given fault. The applicability of the present results in obtaining an estimate of the domain of attraction of an asymptotically stable equilibrium of a power system is demonstrated by means of a specific example.
Increasing diversity in higher education by examining African-American STEM mentors' mentoring approaches

National reports and initiatives indicate a critical need to produce more U.S. scientists and engineers and specify plans to fulfill this need by tapping into underrepresented populations such as women and minorities. Thus, it is crucial to address how diversity plays a role in higher education environments and the persistence of these populations in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors. Mentoring may be a mechanism that assists minority students, such as African Americans, with persisting in STEM majors which may help to increase diversity in higher education. However, there is a lack of understanding about what is occurring in African-American mentoring relationships and how mentors advise their proteges. The purpose of this study is to understand and interpret the mentoring approaches of select African-American STEM mentors in higher education. Ten select African-American STEM mentors were interviewed. Polkinghorne's narrative analysis and an open coding process were used to identify pervasive themes that emerged about mentors' mentoring approaches. Findings indicate that African-American STEM mentors employ mentoring approaches with their African-American STEM undergraduates that focus on providing resources and listening and relating to their proteges.
Angiomas of the skeletal muscle

Abstract Two cases of angioma of the skeletal muscles are here presented, unusual because of multiplicity, location, and size of the tumors, and the associated congenital deformities which include asymmetry and hypertrophy of bone and soft parts. A review of the literature gives incidence of angiomas in different locations, discussion of etiology and treatment. The treatment in the two cases shows that surgical removal of even extensive angiomas can be attempted without excessive blood loss. In one case, surgery was followed by roentgen therapy and in the other it was preceded by radium therapy. Adequate treatment by surgery, irradiation or surgery combined with radium or roentgen rays is advised, beginning at an age as young as possible since the vascular tissues of embryonic character yield readily to regressive changes. The prognosis is good in these cases, and no fatality has been noted from surgical or other treatment.
Strain Differences in Cortical Electroencephalogram Associated with Isoflurane-induced Loss of Consciousness

INTRODUCTION Previously observed increased sensitivity to noxious stimulation in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat strain (SS/JrHsdMcwi, abbreviated as SS) compared to Brown Norway rats (BN/NhsdMcwi abbreviated as BN) is mediated by genes on a single chromosome. The current study used behavioral and electrocortical data to determine if differences also exist between SS and BN rats in loss of consciousness. METHODS Behavioral responses, including loss of righting, (a putative index of consciousness) and concurrent electroencephalogram recordings, in 12 SS and BN rats were measured during isoflurane at inhaled concentrations of 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2%. RESULTS In SS compared to BN rats, the mean ± SEM EC50 for righting was significantly less (0.65 ± 0.01% vs. 0.74 ± 0.02% inhaled isoflurane) and delta fraction in parietal electroencephalogram was enhanced 50-100% at all isoflurane levels during emergence. The frequency decay constant of an exponential fit of the parietal electroencephalogram spectrum graphed as a function of isoflurane level was three times less steep (mean ± SEM slope -57 ± 13 vs. -191 ± 38) and lower at each level of isoflurane in SS versus BN rats (i.e., shifted toward low frequency activity). Electroencephalogram differences between strains were larger during emergence than induction. CONCLUSIONS Sensitivity is higher in SS compared to BN rats leading to unconsciousness at lower levels of isoflurane. This supports using additional strains in this animal model to study the genetic basis for differences in anesthetic action on mechanisms of consciousness. Moreover, induction and emergence appear to involve distinct pathways.
A 46-kDa antigen associated with estrogen receptor in human breast cancer.

Abstract A 65-kDa estrogen receptor (ER) protein has been demonstrated both by sucrose gradient analysis and by immunoblot, using anti-ER monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Since the ER is denatured in many experimental situations, such as formaldehyde fixing of samples for histochemistry and electroimmunoblotting studies, in this work we used a denatured 60–70-kDa ER-rich protein preparation as antigen for mice immunization in order to raise anti-ER MAbs. That material was obtained by affinity purification on an allyl-estradiol matrix of the MCF-7 cytosolic ER, followed by further isolation and enrichment by PAGE. NS-1 myeloma cells and spleen lymphocytes from the immunized mice were fused, and resultant hybridoma colonies were screened by [ 125 I]-estradiol-labelled nuclear ER immunoprecipitation. The isolated MAb, E476, shows a moderate ability to precipitate ER and reacts strongly with a 46-kDa antigen in Western blot assay. The 46-kDa antigen was not detectable in native cytosol but became reactive after 50% ammonium sulfate precipitation of cytosolic proteins. The 46-kDa antigen appeared concentrated in the NaSCN plus estradiol eluate of the affinity column used for cytosolic ER purification. Freshly prepared 60–70-kDa material from the preparative gel electrophoresis did not show any E476 reactivity. However, when the 60–70-kDa proteins were frozen, thawed and speed vacuum concentrated, the 46-kDa antigen became detectable. Storage increased the reactivity of the 60–70-kDa material with the E476 MAb. The 46-kDa antigen was present only in the ER positive cell lines, and was absent in all negative cell lines tested. The 46-kDa protein is also present in the ER positive human breast cancer specimens. We conclude that the 46-kDa protein identified with the E476 MAb in human breast cancer is probably a naturally occurring ER fragment.
Self-Evaluation with and without Feedback as a Predictor of Attributions

Attribution is often offered as an explanation for the observed difference between own and supervisor's evaluation of performance. Levy's (1993) attributional model posits self-evaluation as one of several predictors of a composite measure of individuals' attributions. This relation was investigated with the addition of performance feedback and analysis of both locus of control and stability attributional dimensions. Self-evaluation was the best predictor of the internal dimension of attribution, but no measure explained variance of the external attributional dimensions. Results were mixed for the stable and unstable dimensions and no conclusions were possible. These results suggest modification of Levy's model to enhance its predictive ability.
Stress intensity factors in a reinforced thick-walled cylinder☆

An elastic thick-walled cylinder containing a radial crack is considered. It is assumed that the cylinder is reinforced by an elastic membrane on its inner surface. The model is intended to simulate pressure vessels with cladding. The formulation of the problem is reduced to a singular integral equation. Various special cases including that of a crack terminating at the cylinder-reinforcement interface are investigated and numerical examples are given. Results indicate that in the case of the crack touching the interface the crack surface displacement derivative is finite and consequently the stress state around the corresponding crack tip is bounded; and generally, for realistic values of the stiffness parameter, the effect of the reinforcement is not very significant.
Purification and substrate and inhibitor specificities of carboxylesterases of the pea (Pisum sativum L.)

1. 1. Carboxylesterases (carboxylic ester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.1) active toward phenyl propionate were purified from an aqueous extract of the pea (Pisum sativum L.) by precipitation of inactive material with protamine sulfate and chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE cellulose. Three active fractions were obtained. 2. 2. Inhibitor specificities determined with DFP, diethyl p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate and p-chloromercuribenzoate, and substrate specificity toward nine substrates indicated that two of these fractions were isozymes. The third fraction, which had differences in inhibitor and substrate specificities, showed one major esterase band on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis.
A comparison of the orowan stress with the threshold stress for creep for Ni20Cr2ThO2 single crystals

Room temperature tensile tests were conducted on Ni-20Cr-2ThO/sub 2/ alloy single crystals to determine the value of the Orowan stress and to compare it with the apparent threshold stress for creep. It was found that the observed creep threshold does not correspond with the Orowan stress and that creep occurs below the Orowan stress by some mechanism other than Orowan bowing. (JRD)
Data encodings and their costs

This paper is devoted to developing and studying a precise notion of the "encoding" of a "logical data structure" in a "physical storage structure," that is motivated by considerations of computational efficiency. The development builds upon the notion of an encoding of one graph in another. The cost of such an encoding is then defined so as to reflect the structural compatibility of the two graphs, the (externally specified) costs of "implementing" the host graph, and the (externally specified) set of intended "usage patterns" of the guest graph. The stability of the constructed framework is demonstrated in terms of a number of results; the faithfulness of the formalism is argued in terms of a number of examples from the literature; and the tractability of the model is hinted at by several results and by further references to the literature.
PREPARATIVE SUPERCRITICAL DEUTERIUM EXCHANGE IN ARENES AND HETEROARENES

Abstract Deuterated homo- and heterocyclic aromatic substrates bearing various functionalities were prepared by isotope exchange in supercritical deuterium oxide, with little or no formation of byproducts. Equilibration was attained rapidly (1 – 24 hrs), and deuterium exchange extended to alpha positions of alkyl homologs. Nitro- and haloarenes, thioethers, telluroethers, and some heterocyclic substrates were unstable.
Hydrodynamics of Micropipette Aspiration

The dynamics of human neutrophils during micropipette aspiration are frequently analyzed by approximating these cells as simple slippery droplets of viscous fluid. Here, we present computations that reveal the detailed predictions of the simplest and most idealized case of such a scheme; namely, the case where the fluid of the droplet is homogeneous and Newtonian, and the surface tension of the droplet is constant. We have investigated the behavior of this model as a function of surface tension, droplet radius, viscosity, aspiration pressure, and pipette radius. In addition, we have tabulated a dimensionless factor, M, which can be utilized to calculate the apparent viscosity of the slippery droplet. Computations were carried out using a low Reynolds number hydrodynamics transport code based on the finite-element method. Although idealized and simplistic, we find that the slippery droplet model predicts many observed features of neutrophil aspiration. However, there are certain features that are not observed in neutrophils. In particular, the model predicts dilation of the membrane past the point of being continuous, as well as a reentrant jet at high aspiration pressures.
A Poisson approximation with applications to the number of maxima in a discrete sample

We present a Poisson approximation with applications to extreme value theory. Let X1,X2,… be i.i.d. and let Mn(1)⩾Mn(2)⩾⋯⩾Mn(j) be the j largest order statistics. Then the asymptotic behavior of the vector (Mn(1),…,Mn(j)) is the same as that of (MN(1),…,MN(j)) where N is a random variable which is independent of X1,X2,… and has a Poisson distribution with mean n. The distribution of (MN(1),…,MN(j)) is easy to obtain since the points X1,X2,…,XN form a Poisson process on the real line. The mean measure is ndF where F is the distribution function of the Xi. We apply this to the problem of multiple maxima in discrete samples, in particular from the geometric distribution where it is known that the number of maxima has no limiting distribution.
The ballistocardiogram in functional heart disease.

Abstract In summary, I would like to re-emphasize the following concepts: 1. 1. The simple direct body technic recording forces in the single head-foot direction may be a completely practicable method of cardiac evaluation if we understand that we are interested in the comparative, qualitative, variations of the patterns and not in the quantitation of those forces. 2. 2. In recording the forces of a pump that circulates fluid through a static system we must keep in mind that the conduits of this system play as much of a role in the resulting forces recorded as does the pumping mechanism itself. 3. 3. The sites and degree of pooling of the circulating blood may play a dominant role in the determination of the form of the recorded pattern by determining the amount of blood available to the heart. 4. 4. The deteriorating effect of pooling on the pattern may be counteracted by the application of an abdominal binder or the apparently comparable maneuver of suspending breathing in mid-inspiration. 5. 5. The HI component of the direct body acceleration ballistocardiogram appears to be the most significant element in determining the organic state of the myocardium. The deterioration of this component even in the presence of an otherwise normal ballistocardiogram, electrocardiogram or other laboratory studies, may be evidence of an underlying myocardial infarction. 6. 6. The J and L waves may represent, predominantly, the forces within the vascular tree which may be best detected by instrumentation confined to the lower frequency range.
Polarization gradient cooling of a trapped ion.

We discuss semiclassical polarization gradient cooling of a trapped ion with the transition scheme ${\mathit{j}}_{1}$=1/2\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{j}}_{2}$=3/2 in the limits of small vibration amplitude and low light intensity. The minimum excitation energy of the ion reached by laser cooling is about one vibrational quantum above the zero-point energy.
Fabry-Perot interferometers in a parallel arrangement

The intensity equation of two Fabry-Perot interferometers operated in parallel is obtained and discussed. It is observed that the distribution complementary to that of a single Fabry-Perot instrument has very significant properties and may be obtained by such an arrangement.
Microwave Cherenkov radiation as a diffraction phenomenon

Cherenkov radiation results when the velocity of a charge particle exceeds the phase velocity of light in a medium. The wave front moves in a direction given by the Cherenkov angle θ c with respect to the moving charge. The appearance of the well defined Cherenkov cone is a consequence of the assumption of an interaction length which is infinite when compared to the wavelength of the radiation observed. When the interaction region of the charged particle with the medium is finite, the Cherenkov radiation pattern is modified by diffraction. This condition is readily attained for microwave wavelengths. Microwave Cherenkov radiation in air has been observed to exhibit this diffraction characteristic. Coherence of radiation emitted from all the electrons in a micropulse of an rf linac has also been observed. For electron bunches periodic in time with frequency ν o , radiation is emitted at ν o and harmonics thereof, in contrast to the continuous frequency distribution observed for a single charge. These and additional consequences of a finite interaction length are discussed.