cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Bismarckian Empire as a Federal State, 1866–1880: A Chronicle of Failure

As the centennial of the Franco-Prussian War and the founding of the German Empire approaches, historians are likely to find renewed interest in the Bismarckian political edifice. It may be hoped that studies which result will examine the Empire from points of view different from those which have dominated most treatments during the last half century. However valuable some of these may have been, they have sought answers to questions other than those which properly should concern the profession in the future. Twentieth-century students of German history have lived and worked under the impact of two catastrophic world wars. They have understandably been mostly interested in exploring those aspects of German history which seemed to offer an explanation for Germany's role in bringing about those catastrophes. In recent years several scholars have begun to investigate the impact on German politics during the Bismarck era of various old and new socio-economic groupings as they responded to the sweeping changes which the nineteenth century brought to the German and the world economic structure. Their work has contributed new and valuable insights as well as opening the way to further research and controversy. What follows is still another effort to cast familiar ingredients into a new mold so that the product will be at once a closer approximation of the reality of the past and more meaningful to scholars of the present.
A continuous wave technique for the measurement of the elastic properties of cortical bone

A continuous wave technique is described for measuring the nine independent orthotropic elastic coefficients from a single cubic specimen. The side dimensions of this cubic specimen are on the order of 5 mm. Because of the small size of the specimen, the spatial resolution of material inhomogeneity using this technique is quite good. Although it is possible to apply this technique to any elastic material such as woods or metals, the elastic properties of human and canine cortical femora are presented here. The orthotropic elastic coefficients and the variation of these coefficients are presented as a function of anatomical position.
Forced unfolding of coiled-coils in fibrinogen by single-molecule AFM

Fibrinogen is a blood plasma protein that, after activation by thrombin, assembles into fibrin fibers that form the elastic network of blood clots. We used atomic force microscopy to study the forced unfolding of engineered linear oligomers of fibrinogen, and we show that forced extension of the oligomers produces sawtooth patterns with a peak-to-peak length consistent with the independent unfolding of the coiled-coils in a cooperative two-state manner. In contrast with force plateaus seen for myosin coiled-coils that suggested rapid refolding of myosin, Monte Carlo simulations of fibrinogen unfolding confirm that fibrinogen refolding is negligible on experimental timescales. The distinct behavior of fibrinogen seems to be due to its topologically complex coiled-coils and an interaction between fibrinogen's αC-domains and its central region.
Malevolence, splitting, and parental ratings by borderlines.

Malevolent object relations as well as splitting have long been considered by psychodynamic theorists as central features of borderline personality disorder. We tested the hypotheses that borderlines would a) perceive their parents more negatively than both nonborderline major depressive patients and nonpatient normal controls, and b) split their representations of their parents into opposites more than the comparison subjects. Borderlines (N = 31), who were identified by the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines, Research Diagnostic Criteria major depressives (N = 15), and nonpatient controls (N = 14) were asked to rate each parent on the Adjective Check List (ACL; Gough and Heilbrun, 1983). Seven ACL scales were studied: Favorable, Unfavorable, Critical Parent, Nurturing Parent, Nurturance, Aggression, and Dominance. Correlations were performed between scores for mother and father on the various scales for each of the three cohorts. Analysis of variance and one-way t-tests with Bonferroni correction were used to test group differences. Borderlines rated their parents, especially their fathers, not only as more unfavorable on negative scales than depressives or normals, but as less favorable on positive scales than the comparison groups. Analysis of covariance revealed that a significant portion of the variance in father scores, but not in mother scores, was related to age of respondent and history of sexual abuse. While borderlines did not appear to split their parents into one good and one bad parent, they did show significantly less correlation between parents on the Favorable scale when compared with either depressives or normal subjects. The results imply that borderlines have a greater tendency to view the world in negative, malevolent ways than to split their object representations. Language: en
The micro foundations of the corporate economy

This paper challenges the orthodox microeconomic theory of the firm which is being gradually replaced as the consensus view by managerialist, behaviourist, institutionalist and post-Keynesian schools of thought. From this new microeconomics is emerging a synthesis which is providing the foundations for a theory of the ‘megacorp’. Megacorps have behaviour patterns at odds with those of the atomistic firm. Unless this is understood and an appropriate theory developed, attempts to manage the economy by traditional means are doomed to failure. The paper lays the foundations of such a theory at both the micro and macro levels.
Hyperspectral imaging for dermal hemoglobin spectroscopy

It has been shown previously that images collected at selected wavelengths in a sufficiently narrow bandwidth can be used to produce maps of the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the dermis. A four-wavelength algorithm has been developed based on a two-layer model of the skin, in which the blood is contained in the lower layer (dermis), while the upper layer attenuates some of the reflection and adds a clutter term. In the present work, the algorithm is compared analytically to simpler algorithms using three wavelengths and based on a single-layer model. It is shown through Monte-Carlo models that, for typical skin, the single-layer model is adequate to analyze data from fiber-optical reflectance spectroscopy, but the two-layer model produces better results for imaging systems. Although the model does not address the full complexity of reflectance of a two-layer skin, it has proven to be sufficient to recover the oxygen saturation, and perhaps other medically relevant information. The algorithm is demonstrated on a suction blister, where the epidermis is removed to reveal the underlying dermis. Applications for this imaging modality exist in dermatology, in surgery, and in developing treatment plans for various diseases.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Political Issue or Policy Matter?: The U.S. Federal Communications Commission's Third Biennial Review of Broadcast Ownership Rules

Throughout the third biennial review of broadcast ownership rules, it became clear that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) handled the issue as a policy matter, limiting the debate within the agency to selected groups of experts, rather than as a political matter, which would have involved a much wider range of participants. Accordingly, the authors'analysis shows howmost of the 12 studies the FCC used in its reviewfocused predominantly on economic aspects. Contextualizing media ownership primarily as an economic issue tends to disengage the broader public from such policy debates and facilitates the deregulatory agenda sought by the FCC's most active stakeholders and monitors—the regulated industries. Although this issue has begun to resonate with the broader public, such efforts to narrow the FCC's analytic perspective on media ownership rules marginalizes certain categories of stakeholders, as well as their issues and concerns, from the policy-making process.
Deuterium solid echo line shape study of poly(ethylene oxide) dynamics in a blend with poly(methyl methacrylate)

Deuterium solid echo line shapes were measured on deuterated poly(ethylene oxide) (d4PEO) in a blend with protonated poly(methyl methacrylate) to characterize chain dynamics of this component in the blend. Line shapes were observed as a function of temperature from 183 to 243 K and echo delay times from 10 to 100 μs on a blend containing 20 wt % d4PEO. The line shapes and the associated relative intensities were quantitatively interpreted in terms of segmental motion and libration. The results of the interpretation are compared to an earlier study of deuterium spin-lattice relaxation times over the temperature range of 313 to 413 K. A combined interpretation of both sets of data is developed based on bimodal distribution of correlation times that are separated by about 2 orders of magnitude in time. The faster mode is 30% of the correlation function with a stretched exponent near one while the slower mode is characterized by an exponent of 0.5. The source of the bimodal character is not revealed by the line shape and relaxation data but is consistent with the presence of two glass transition temperatures in this miscible blend and anomalous translational diffusion of diethyl ether through the blend. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2433–2444, 2005
National and Imported Culture in Israel

Abstract This study examines the creation and consumption of indigenous culture in Israel in its first 25 years of statehood, from 1948 to 1973. Focusing on the theater, some of the economic, political, and cultural constraints affecting theater-making and theater-going are analyzed. The study shows that the repertoire of the Israeli theater consists for the most part of non-Israeli (foreign) plays which are translated and performed in Hebrew. Analysis of audience reaction shows that there is no preferential attitude toward home-made versus imported culture. The conflict of the theater (and other media) between creating national culture and importing foreign (primarily Western) culture is examined. The study shows that the imbalance between indigenous and imported culture in Israel is also characteristic of other small and new nations. It suggests that this imbalance is a result of the conflict between the homogenizing orientations, inherent in the process of cultural modernization, and the search of new ...
Cold-Flow Testing of a Subscale Model Exhaust System for a Space-Based Laser

Abstract : The purpose of this research was to continue a study of gas-dynamic phenomena that occurred in stacked cylindrical rings of nozzles and an exhaust manifold as reported by Captain Scott Bergren in 2002. The rings and exhaust manifold were part of a 1/5-scale model of one quadrant of the conceptual Space Based Laser Integrated Flight Experiment (SBL IFX) gas dynamic laser. This model was mated to a blow- down/vacuum wind tunnel and consisted of a nozzle array, centerbody, supersonic diffuser, and a transition structure to mate the vacuum and test section. During Capt Bergren's research, supersonic flow was found to only last for 0.2 seconds from wind tunnel startup. The short duration of the supersonic flow was due to the transition structure being too small and not being able to "swallow" the shock wave. The objectives of this research were to remodel the transition structure and evaluate the test section to see if simulation of the expected fluid flow properties in the conceptual SBL IFX design was possible using cold-flow. The transition structure was remodeled to capture the entire vacuum line entrance area while still mating to the diffuser exit. Using rapid data acquisition and schlieren photography, results indicated that supersonic flow lasted for approximately 10 seconds from startup. During this time, a well-defined oblique shock wave inside the optical cavity attached to the leading edge of the centerbody, where the flow reached a velocity of Mach 2.8.
The phase shift index for marking functional asynchrony in Alzheimer's disease patients using fMRI.

Our previous study suggested that the functional magnetic resonance imaging MRI (fMRI) COSLOF Index (CI) could be used as a quantitative biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The fMRI CI was lowest in the AD group (0.13±0.10), followed by the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) group (0.20±0.05) and the control group (0.34±0.09). The current study continues an investigation into which of the following two factors has a dominant role in determining the CI: the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or the phase shift of spontaneous low-frequency (SLF) components. By using a theoretical model for SLF components, we demonstrated that the normalized CI does not depend on the SNR of the SLF components. Further analysis shows that by taking the ratio of the cross-correlation coefficient to the maximum-shifted cross-correlation coefficient, the SNR factor can be canceled. Therefore, the determination of the phase shift index (PSI) method is independent of the SNR, and the PSI provides an accurate measure of the phase shift between SLF components. By applying this PSI method to the control, MCI and AD groups of subjects, experimental results demonstrated that the PSI was highest in the AD group (72.6±11.3°), followed by the MCI group (58.6±5.7°) and, finally, the control group (40.6±8.4°). These results suggest that the larger is the PSI value, the more asynchrony exists between SLF components.
Stable isotope geochemistry of organic matter alteration in Animikie Basin sediments within the thermal aureole of the Duluth Ccomplex

Abstract We have determined total organic carbon (TOC), total carbonate carbon (TCC), and δ 13 C values for TOC in samples from the Early Proterozoic Animikie Basin sediments (Virginia and Biwabik Iron Formations) that have been variably metamorphosed by the Duluth Complex. TOC values for the variably metamorphosed Virginia Formation show no systematic variation with distance from the intrusion (TOC from 0.06 to 2.54%). In the Biwabik Iron Formation, samples outside the thermal aureole of the intrusion have TOC generally below 1% compared to 1.7–6.2% for samples within the thermal aureole. This enrichment may reflect extensive remobilization of organic carbon within the thermal aureole. However, δ 13 C org values measured for both the Virginia and Biwabik Iron Formations within the thermal aureole are not significantly different from those outside the thermal aureole. It thus appears that, in the Iron Formation, the thermal shock caused by the intrusion induced migration of labile organic carbon that was isotopically similar to the residual kerogen. The relatively low TCC in samples within the thermal aureole of the intrusion appear to indicate decarbonation of the Iron Formation also occurred.
The challenge of target sequence specificity in C-->U RNA editing.

There is increasing awareness that multiple, often overlapping mechanisms exist for amplifying the repertoire of protein products specified through the mammalian genome. An expanding array of processing and targeting mechanisms is now emerging, each representing a potentially important restriction point in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression, and each expanding the possibilities specified by the literal code of the genome. These co- and posttranscriptional regulatory events include capping, alternative splicing, differential polyadenylation, RNA editing, nuclear export, alternative decay and degradation pathways, as well as alterations in ribosomal loading or translation. Recent advances suggest important links between RNA editing, particularly C→U editing, and other co- and posttranscriptional events regulating gene expression.
Ciliary signaling goes down the tubes.

The focus of research on polycystic kidney disease (PKD) has recently shifted to the primary cilia of renal epithelial cells. A new study shows that the protein products of the genes mutated in PKD mediate mechanosensory calcium mobilization, suggesting that a disruption of fluid-flow sensing triggers abnormal cell proliferation and cyst growth.
Seven studies of performance expectancy as a determinant of actual performance

Seven experiments were performed to explore the effects of expectancy-performance inconsistency on the undoing of correct responses (Aronson and Carlsmith, 1962). Experiments 1 and 2 reproduced the Expectancy × Performance interaction; the dissonant effect of High Performance on Low Expectancy was significantly reduced from 1 to 2 by reducing the number of trials used to induce Expectancy in 2. Experiments 3 to 7 failed to yield an Expectancy × Performance interaction. Experiments 3 to 6 examined the effects of trial-by-trial feedback on expectancy strength and hypothesis invention. Experiment 7, which included conditions requiring recall of previous judgments, suggested that the repeated finding of greater response change by Low-Performance Ss may be explained by differences in memory as well as by differences in motivation to do well.
Optimal growth and recursive utility: Phase diagram analysis

The dynamics of the one-sector optimal growth model with recursive utility is analyzed through the use of a phase diagram. The steady state uniquely exists and is a saddle point. An increase in recursivity lowers both the steady-state capital and steady-state consumption. The model differs from the constant discount rate model in that a reduction in the population growth rate or a Hicks-neutral technical progress increases the steady-state consumption but not necessarily the steady-state capital.
Dimensions of Family Functioning: Perspectives of Low-Income African American Single Parent Families.

Family functioning is influenced by socioeconomic status, culture, family structure, and developmental stage, and is assessed primarily using instruments developed for middle-income European American two-parent families. These instruments may not validly assess low-income African American single-parent families. This qualitative study was conducted to provide rich descriptions of families and family functioning in order to inform research on this underrepresented group. Interviews were conducted with 20 low-income African American single mothers and 20 adult family members recruited from a large midwestern city. Content analysis revealed the essential dimensions of family functioning: Effective families provide emotional nurturing, communicate, do things together, help each other, and parent children appropriately.
Smithsonian Standards for Physical Apparatus

ON the occasion of a scientific expedition of which I had charge many years ago, the need of common standards of size for the parts of different astronomical and physical instruments was brought forcibly to mind; for the instruments used, while of the latest and best construction, were necessarily dismembered, and then transported in fragments to their scarcely accessible destination by numerous independent bearers; and if any accident happened to any fragment of any piece of apparatus, it was found, as a rule, that the whole was rendered useless, since it could not be replaced from the like parts of other pieces which were spared. The weapons of attack of the little scientific force were, then, in one important respect, far inferior to those of modern warfare, in that there had been no attempt to make their parts interchangeable.
Long-term follow-up of patients with recurrent unexplained syncope evaluated by electrophysiologic testing.

Electrophysiologic testing was performed in 53 patients with recurrent syncope that remained unexplained despite a thorough neurologic and noninvasive cardiac evaluation. Fifteen patients had no structural heart disease, 9 had mitral valve prolapse and 29 had structural heart disease other than mitral valve prolapse. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia was induced in 15 patients (28%), sustained ventricular tachycardia was induced in 9 (17%), ventricular fibrillation was induced in 4 (8%) and sinus node function was abnormal in 2 (4%). Female sex and lack of structural heart disease were independently associated with a negative electrophysiologic study (p In patients with recurrent unexplained syncope undergoing electrophysiologic testing, a potential cause of syncope is least likely to be found in women without structural heart disease. The results of programmed ventricular stimulation must be interpreted with regard to the method of induction of ventricular tachycardia and the type of ventricular tachycardia induced. The excellent response rate in patients with inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia whose therapy is guided by the results of electropharmacologic testing suggests that sustained ventricular tachycardia is a clinically significant response. However, polymorphic nonsustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation induced by an aggressive stimulation protocol may be a nonspecific response; syncope may recur despite treatment based on results of electropharmacologic testing.
Assignment of exchangeable proximal histidine resonances in high-spin ferric hemoproteins: Substrate binding in horseradish peroxidase☆

Abstract Single-proton, exchangeable resonances have been detected in the high spin ferric hemoproteins, met-aquo myoglobin and horseradish peroxidase, which can be assigned to the proximal histidyl imidazole by virtue of their very large hyperfine shifts. While this proton is relatively labile in myoglobin, it is exchangeable in HRP only at extreme pH values, indicating a buried heme pocket. The insensitivity of the imidazole peak of HRP to substrate binding argues against direct interaction of imidazole and substrate.
Non-profits and the life cycle

Abstract This paper reports on a study of New Hampshire non-profit agencies. The study used the life cycle model to hypothesize action at the trustee, executive director, and/or staff levels, and made a limited test via interviews of the hypothesized management of non-profits. The study suggests that the life cycle model is appropriate not only for the evaluation of non-profits, but for generating topics for future research.
Global spherical harmonic models of the internal magnetic field of the Moon based on sequential and coestimation approaches

[1] Three new models of the global internal magnetic field of the Moon based on Lunar Prospector (LP) fluxgate magnetometer observations are developed for use in understanding the origin of the Moon's crustal magnetic field and for modeling its interaction with the solar wind. The models are at spherical harmonic degree 170, corresponding to 64 km wavelength resolution, from 30 km mean altitude LP observations. Coverage is complete except for a few areas near each pole. Original signal amplitudes are best preserved in the sequential approach map, whereas feature recognition is superior in the coestimation and harmonic wave number correlation maps. Spherical harmonic degrees less than 15, corresponding to 666 km wavelength, are largely absent from the Moon's internal magnetic field. We interpret this bound in terms of the Moon's impact history. A derived magnetization map suggests magnetizations may locally exceed 0.2 A/m in the lunar crust at the survey resolution if the magnetic crust is as thick as 40 km.
On generalized momentum

Abstract We point out that, with a simple modification of reasoning commonly used, one can get, easily, thermodynamic restrictions on constitutive equations for generalized momenta.
On persistent disequilibrium

Abstract Consider a standard model of a Walrasian economy where the time derivative of price change is a sign preserving function of excess demand. The only steady states of such a system are the Walrasian equilibria. For if the system is not at a Walrasian equilibrium then there must be excess demands or supplies in some market and thus those prices must be changing. Walras' law implies that all prices cannot change in the same direction, and thus relative prices must change. However, it seems that in real world economies there have been states of persistent disequilibrium. How can this be? How can there be stationary states of an economy that are not Walrasian equilibria ? The answer presented in this paper goes something like this: the demands actually presented to the market, i.e., the demands that affect price movements, are not the Walrasian demands. Rather, these demands, the effective demands , are a function of both price and quantity signals. There is no reason why there cannot be equilibria of the effective demand system that are not equilibria of the Walrasian demand system. In this paper, I present a simple abstract model of effective demand systems and given a condition for this system to have non-Walrasian equilibria. I also present a simple example of this phenomena. Finally I discuss the real world implications of this model. Related concepts of effective demand are discussed in [ A 1 H ], [2], [3], [ L 5], and [ L 6].
Oxygen 630.0- and 557.7-nm line source for thermospheric dynamics studies

A novel design of a rf afterglow source of the oxygen forbidden lines at 630.0 and 557.7 nm for use in thermospheric dynamics studies is presented. With a repetitive discharge–afterglow excitation cycle, the source yields adequate afterglow intensities of the OI lines that are sufficiently free of background continuum for use in Fabry–Perot interferometer measurements of spectral line profiles. These lines provide accurate zero-velocity references in Fabry–Perot determinations of Doppler shifts in the OI thermospheric lines. The design considerations for the rf source are described, together with its preparation and filling by an ultrahigh-vacuum gas-handling system. Examples are given of the source’s output spectrum, as measured by a grating spectrometer, and its spectral line profiles, as determined by a Fabry–Perot interferometer. Comparative interferometry between the OI afterglow source lines and nearby (within ∼0.01–0.02-nm) lines from hollow-cathode sources illustrates the means of establishing secondary reference sources in cases in which the primary OI afterglow source is not available.
Some theoretical aspects of CH3. O bonding

Abstract The variations on the CH distance and infrared stretching frequency of H-bond formation, computed theoretically, and their relation to the hybridization of carbon are presented. Theoretical predictions of the deuteron quadrupole coupling constants using a simple model are also examined.
In silico Optimization of a Fragment‐Based Hit Yields Biologically Active, High‐Efficiency Inhibitors for Glutamate Racemase

A novel lead compound for inhibition of the antibacterial drug target, glutamate racemase (GR), was optimized for both ligand efficiency and lipophilic efficiency. A previously developed hybrid molecular dynamics-docking and scoring scheme, FERM-SMD, was used to predict relative potencies of potential derivatives prior to chemical synthesis. This scheme was successful in distinguishing between high- and low-affinity binders with minimal experimental structural information, saving time and resources in the process. In vitro potency was increased approximately fourfold against GR from the model organism, B. subtilis. Lead derivatives show two- to fourfold increased antimicrobial potency over the parent scaffold. In addition, specificity toward B. subtilis over E. coli and S. aureus depends on the substituent added to the parent scaffold. Finally, insight was gained into the capacity for these compounds to reach the target enzyme in vivo using a bacterial cell wall lysis assay. The outcome of this study is a novel small-molecule inhibitor of GR with the following characteristics: Ki=2.5 μM, LE=0.45 kcal mol(-1) atom(-1), LiPE=6.0, MIC50=260 μg mL(-1) against B. subtilis, EC50, lysis=520 μg mL(-1) against B. subtilis.
Forays of an Anthropologist in Management Consulting: How Anthropology Brings Needed Diversity of Thought to Companies and Clients

Corporate consulting, or in particular, the field of management consulting, is a business model where clients pay a large firm to come in and address a problem that, ostensibly, the client either cannot solve or does not have the time to do so. The field of corporate consulting firms includes McKinsey & Company, Boston Consulting Group, Bain, and what's known as the Big Four firms (The Economist 2013).1 Consultants2 (and the firms in which they reside) are uniquely faced with the paradox of being hired by clients because of their subject matter expertise, yet are expected to solve an organization's most difficult challenges without pushing a particular point of view and having the best interest of the client in mind.
Composition, Yield, Texture, and Sensory Characteristics of Mexican White Cheese

Abstract Manufacturing procedures and compositional parameters for three Mexican white cheese varieties were characterized. Two varieties were manufactured by the same procedure, utilizing milk containing either 1.0 or 2.2% fat, lactic acid, and rennet. They had an open texture and were moist and almost rubbery. The third cheese was manufactured from milk with 1.0% fat, lactic acid bacteria culture, and rennet. This cheese had a dry, crumbly, and open texture. Yields were calculated based on percent recovery of total milk solids, gram cheese per gram casein, and gram cheese per 100g milk. The highest yield was associated with 2.2% fat plus lactic acid regardless of the method used to calculate yield. Cheese made with culture had the lowest yield. Sensory evaluation by Hispanic and Anglo-American taste panels was conducted to determine acceptability. Mexican cheese containing 2.2% fat and lactic acid had the highest mean score and the variety made with 1% fat plus culture was the least acceptable. Cheese made with 1% fat plus culture was gummier, chewier, harder, and more brittle than cheese made with 1.0 or 2.2% fat plus lactic acid. Varieties made with 1.0 and 2.2% milk fat plus lactic acid exhibited similar texture characteristics. The Mexican white cheese methods investigated show promise for development of marketable products. Ease of manufacture, high yield characteristics, and good acceptability by Anglo-American and Hispanic individuals were favorable characteristics of these cheese varieties.
Can gamma radiation be produced in the electrical environment above thunderstorms

The authors calculations indicate that regions above large mesoscale convective systems may be favorable electrical environments for the production of gamma radiation by runaway electrons in bremsstrahlung collisions. It is well known that an electric field however small can accelerate an electron continuosly until the electron leaves the region of the electric field, as long as the electric is larger than the opposing force of friction. Since the force of friction is proportional to the density of air, the resistance on an electron decreases with altitude. The resistance can be expressed in terms of a critical field, which is the strength the field needs to exceed in order to initiate the runaway phenomena. The critical field characterizing the friction is between 7x10{sup {minus}15} and 15x10{sup {minus}15} V-cm{sup 2} times the number density of air. Thus a reasonable electric field (500 V/m) at high altitudes results in a force that can be larger than the force of friction. The rate for producing high energy electrons by the electric fields over large thunderstorms is estimated from Gurevich`s model of runaway electrons in a weakly ionized plasma. It is found that the number of gamma photons produced by the runaway electrons in themore » discharge volume is consistent with the data recently observed by satellite. 18 refs., 2 figs.« less
The Vlasov-Poisson-Landau system in a periodic box

The classical Vlasov-Poisson-Landau system describes dynamics of a collisional plasma interacting with its own electrostatic eld as well as its grazing collisions. Such grazing collisions are modeled by the famous Landau (Fokker-Planck) collision kernel, proposed by Landau in 1936. We construct global unique solutions to such a system for initial data which have small weighted H norms, but can have large H(k 3) norms with high velocity moments. Our construction is based on accumulative study on the Landau kernel in the past decade [G1] [SG1-3], with four extra ingredients to overcome the speci c mathematical di¢ culties present in the Vlasov-Poisson-Landau system: a new exponential weight of electric potential to cancel the growth of the velocity, a new velocity weight to capture the weak velocity di¤usion in the Landau kernel, a decay of the electric eld to close the energy estimate, and a new bootstrap argument to control the propagation of the high moments and regularity with large amplitude.
Effects of Ambient Temperature and Seating Arrangement on Personal and Environmental Evaluations

Summary Forty male and 40 female undergraduates participating in same-sex pairs were seated either facing each other or adjacent to each other in a room maintained at either 73°F (23°C) or 97°F (36°). The warmer room led to more negative affect and to marginally more negative evaluations of the environment. Moreover, males and females evaluated the environment more favorably when seated adjacent to each other than when across from each other. None of the independent variables influenced interpersonal attraction, performance on a symbol cancellation task, nor responses to two self-report measures of personal space.
Analysis of glycosaminoglycans within the extracellular environments encountered by migrating neural crest cells.

Abstract The vertebrate trunk neural crest originates as an undifferentiated cell population which subsequently differentiates in response to environmental cues encountered during its migration. Glycosaminoglycans are major components of the embryonic extracellular environment which have been implicated as important in the control of several morphogenetic events. To examine the hypothesis that glycosaminoglycans may also affect the development of trunk neural crest derivatives, glycosaminoglycans within relevant embryonic regions were characterized by micro-spectrophotometric measurements of enzyme-sensitive alcian blue staining. The results indicate that the trunk neural crest initiates migration in an extracellular matrix relatively and absolutely rich in hyaluronic acid. By the completion of crest cell migration, the major derivatives of the trunk neural crest are surrounded by extracellular environments containing different and characteristic concentrations of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate. The presumptive melanoblasts and sympathoblasts (which subsequently undergo a secondary migration) are both found in regions of mesenchyme which contain high, although different, levels of extracellular glycosaminoglycans. In contrast, the nascent spinal ganglion contains relatively little extracellular glycosaminoglycan. These results suggest that glycosaminoglycans may be important in the differentiation of the trunk neural crest.
The elimination of sulfur dioxide interference in the low level chemical oxygen demand analysis

Abstract Sulfur dioxide is a reduced compound which acts as a positive interference in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis. Significant amounts of sulfur dioxide present in industrial waste samples may therefore result in erroneously high COD values, compared to that of a sample with only the organic portion of the waste. By adding 65 mg l−1 Mn2+ to a secondary wastewater sample spiked with 500 mg l−1 sulfur dioxide, and oxygenating the sample for 6 min, sulfur dioxide was oxidized completely to sulfate. This oxidation procedure provides a statistically valid means of removing SO2 interference in the COD analysis. The procedure provides an efficient means of investigating the organic COD of industrial effluents laden with SO2 or its dissociation products.
WE‐A‐AUD A‐02: Imaging for Planning Verification: In Room Imaging: Pre‐Treatment Verification

It was not too long ago when CT based treatment planning was reserved for the few patients that was critical to have volumetric imaging, and treatment verification was limited to planar films of mediocre quality from a megavoltage imaging source. Today, we use multi‐modality based planning (CT,MRI,PET etc) and we employ sophisticated imaging tools and techniques to verify the correct delivery of the treatment. Such imaging capabilities include electronic portal imaging devices coupled with megavoltage (MV) or kilovoltage (kV) x‐ray sources, MV and kV cone beam CT,ultrasound guidance, optical systems, MV computed tomography,CT on rails and others. The goal of any in‐room imaging device is to verify that the patient setup is accurate and in accordance to the treatment plan. While some modalities allow for pre‐treatment verification, others can also provide on‐treatment verification feedback. The choice of the modality to use depends largely on user preference but also on the investment the clinic is willing to make to purchase the necessary equipment. Nonetheless, image based treatment verification has become a necessary and valuable aspect of our clinical practice and is enabling us to become a lot more aggressive with the planning and delivery of radiation treatments.Image Guided Radiation Therapy(IGRT) is undoubtedly the future of radiation therapy. In this presentation we will discuss some of the most popular methods of imaging for treatment verification techniques. Clinical examples will also be presented to demonstrate the implementation, use, and clinical experience with these modalities. Educational Objectives: 1. Review of existing image based treatment verification modalities. 2. Discuss pros and cons of each modality and appropriateness of use.
The Bootstrap Variance of the Square of a Sample Mean

A motivating microarray analysis leads to examining the bootstrap variance estimator of the square of a sample mean of independent and identically distributed observations. This variance is approximately three times too large when the true mean is zero, even when the observations are normally distributed and the sample size is large. A double bootstrap variance estimator as well as other suggested modifications to the bootstrap for this problem are examined.
Crohn's disease of the mouth and ovary

A patient is presented who has granulomatous involvement of the gingiva, ileum, cecum, appendix, and ovary consistent with Crohn's disease. A discussion of the uncommon oral and ovarian lesions is presented.
Management of interferon relapsers.

Abstract Relapse in patients who have evidenced an initial response to a course of interferon monotherapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been a major frustration. At least 70% of responders will relapse after a 6-month course of treatment and more than 50% will relapse after a 12-month course of treatment, usually within the first 3 to 6 months after treatment discontinuation. At most, half of patients relapsing after an initial 6-month course will have a sustained response to a second, 12-month course of interferon monotherapy. A more promising second-line regimen is the combination of interferon plus ribavirin. A recent multicenter international trial has shown that this regimen results in a sustained virologic response rate of nearly 50%, fully 10-fold higher than the sustained response rate observed with a second 6-month course of interferon alone (49% vs 5%, respectively). In patients with non-1 genotype and viral levels no greater than 2 million copies/mL, the likelihood of sustained response to the second course of combination therapy was 100%. Biochemical and virologic responses (normalization of liver enzymes and disappearance of HCV RNA from the serum) were frequently accompanied by histologic improvement. HCV-RNA levels ≤2 million copies/mL and non-1 viral genotype predicted treatment response, whereas age, gender, body weight, source of infection, type of interferon used for the first round of treatment, and elapsed time since first treatment had no effect. Based on these data, combination therapy with interferon and ribavirin is now considered the treatment of choice for relapsers. It is not clear whether 12 months of combination therapy might have produced even better rates of viral eradication in relapsed patients.
Coupling of tunneling and hopping transport interactions in neutron scattering lineshapes

Abstract The results of a recently presented formalism for neutron scattering lineshape calculations are used to characterize the observable consequences of the coupling of tunneling and hopping interactions of atoms moving in solids and are compared with those of another development, which treats the two interactions but neglects the coupling.
Semiclassical Quantization of the Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation

Abstract Using the functional integral technique of Dashen, Hasslacher, and Neveu, we perform a semiclassical quantization of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, which reproduces McGuire's exact result for the energy levels of the theory's bound states. We show that the stability angle formalism leads to the one-loop normal ordering and self-energy renormalization expected from perturbation theory and demonstrate that taking into account center-of-mass motion gives the correct nonrelativistic energymomentum relation. We interpret the classical solution in the context of the quantum theory, relating it to the matrix element of the field operator between adjacent bound states in the limit of large quantum numbers. Finally, we quantize the NLSE as a theory of N component fermion fields and show that the semiclassical method yields the exact energy levels and correct degeneracies.
Use of urban greenways: insights from Indianapolis☆

Abstract Planners in many urban areas are working to develop systems of greenways — linear open spaces along natural or artificial corridors, such as riverfronts, streams, ridgelines, abandoned railroad right-of-ways, canals, or scenic roads. Many greenways include trails for active recreasonal use, including walking, running, bicycling, and skating. Previous studies of greenways have classified local trails as those with the majority of users living within five miles of the trail. These studies suggest that levels of trail use depend on location and trail characteristics, but specific factors that determine variations in patterns of use are not well understood. This paper reports the results of counts and surveys of users on three linked greenway trails in Indianapolis, IN. Methods for counting and surveying users are described. It is shown that use of trails is significant, but that intensity and patterns of use vary considerably by trail segment. Results are compared with the findings of previous studies, and the need to refine definitions of local trails to account for trails that serve primarily neighborhoods is noted. Differentiation among local trails, trail segments in neighborhoods, and trail activity type is necessary to design market segmentation strategies for trail development.
Abstract 1508: Gene expression analysis of perfusable nodules grown onex vivo3D model shows effects on extracellular matrix, cell signaling and immune response.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Tumor microenvironment plays a very important role in regulating the cell behavior within a tissue, largely by interacting with the extracellular matrix (ECM). Recently, our lab has developed a novel ex vivo lung model that forms perfusable tumor nodules, which mimic human lung cancer histopathology and protease secretion patterns better than tumor cells grown on a petri dish. In this study, we have compared the genome-wide gene expression profiles (Affymetrix 430_2) and protein arrays (Reverse phase protein array or RPPA) of 2D (monolayer) culture versus our ex vivo 3D cell culture using 393p cells, derived from mice lung cancer. Expression array data showed a set 1314 gene probes differentially expressed between monolayer 2D culture and 3D ex vivo cell culture. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed genes showed the upregulation of several genes associated with extracellular matrix (ECM1, BMP15, FMOD, cathepsin, MMP9, MMP10), cell signaling (VEGFA, TGFB2, FGF20), and immune response (C1, C3, MHC class II, IL1α, IL1RA, IL13, TNF receptor superfamily, CXCL2). Selected genes were also validated using real time PCR. We found 46 proteins with significant (p<0.01) differential levels in 2D vs 3D cell cultures of 393p. The proteins associated with extracellular matrix (Collagen VI, Caveolin1, Fibronectin) and cell signaling (mTOR, p38 (phosphorylated), Caspase 7 (Cleaved), BAD (phosphorylated), PI3K) were upregulated in 3D ex vivo cell culture compared to conventional 2D culture. Thus, our results showed the insightful influence of the 3D ex vivo model and its three-dimensional perfusable environment over cell growth and its behavior in terms of significant differences in gene expression and protein patterns as compared to the same cells grown on conventional 2D cell cultures. Citation Format: Dhruva K. Mishra, Chad Creighton, Yiqun Zhang, Don L. Gibbons, Jonathan M. Kurie, Min P. Kim. Gene expression analysis of perfusable nodules grown on ex vivo 3D model shows effects on extracellular matrix, cell signaling and immune response. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1508. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1508
Education Research: Changing medical student perceptions of dementia An arts-centered experience

Background: Medical students9 comfort level working with dementia is poorly understood, and may impact subsequent experiences with patients and caregivers. Early experiences that take place in a nonmedical setting may allow students to gain a more comprehensive understanding of quality of life and disease management in everyday life. Methods: We studied Columbia University preclinical medical students9 perceptions of dementia relative to attending a nonclinical art-centered, museum-based experience designed for people with dementia and their caregivers. Participants individually attended a single 90-minute museum-based art-centered program designed to engage patients with dementia and caregivers; programs are attended by 6–10 patient-caregiver dyads and led by trained museum educators at existing New York City sites including The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Cloisters, The Studio Museum in Harlem, and The New-York Historical Society. Results: The Dementia Attitudes Scale (DAS) was administered before and after the intervention (least favorable = 20, neutral = 80, most favorable = 140). A total of 19 students completed baseline and postintervention DAS. At baseline, DAS mean = 97.4 (SD = 11.2). To limit bias of taking the test, 9 students completed a second preintervention DAS (≥1 week apart); among these, DAS increased from 95.7 (SD = 7.7) to 98.7 (SD = 7.4) ( p = 0.09). Following the intervention, DAS favorably and significantly increased to 105.8 (SD = 11.0) ( p ≤ 0.01 for all comparisons, paired-samples t test); greater differences were identified in comfort than knowledge of dementia. Conclusions: Although further study is warranted to confirm findings, given the increasing availability of such programs, it is reasonable to consider inclusion of these alongside other nonclinical programs that are already part of medical school curricula.