cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What's the Matter with Books?

crocomputers and the Emergence of Post-Typographical Culture (New York: Teachers College Press, 1986); Sven Birkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: The Fate of Reading in an Electronic Age (Boston: Faber and Faber, 1994); Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, “The End of the Book? Some Perspectives on Media Change,” American Scholar 64:4 (1995): 541–555; Charles T. Meadow, Ink into Bits: A Web of Converging Media (Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 1998); Raymond Kurzweil, “The Future of Libraries,” in CyberReader, ed. Victor J. Vitanza
Illustration of the Theory of True and Error Scores: Computer Based Method of Idealized Data Sets:

A Fortran program for structured instruction of selected topics covering the area of the classical measurement theory of true and error scores is presented. Program applications call for construction of idealized data sets which should conform to necessary assumptions and possess properties required by the theory of true and error scores. The program allows for continuous testing of these requirements and provides feedback to the students regarding their task performance.
Bile pigments in pulmonary and vascular disease.

The bile pigments, biliverdin and bilirubin, are endogenously-derived substances generated during enzymatic heme degradation. These compounds have been shown to act as chemical antioxidants in vitro. Bilirubin formed in tissues circulates in the serum, prior to undergoing hepatic conjugation and biliary excretion. The excess production of bilirubin has been associated with neurotoxicity, in particular to the newborn. Nevertheless, clinical evidence suggests that mild states of hyperbilirubinemia may be beneficial in protecting against cardiovascular disease in adults. Pharmacological application of either bilirubin and/or its biological precursor biliverdin, can provide therapeutic benefit in several animal models of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. Furthermore, biliverdin and bilirubin can confer protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury and graft rejection secondary to organ transplantation in animal models. Several possible mechanisms for these effects have been proposed, including direct antioxidant and scavenging effects, and modulation of signaling pathways regulating inflammation, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and immune responses. The practicality and therapeutic-effectiveness of bile pigment application to humans remains unclear.
Information-Channel Preferences and Information-Opportunity Structures

Providing an empirical base to flesh out the notion of ‘information capital’, this article charts the elusive linkages between information-seeking practices, vocational preferences, and information-opportunity structures. Drawing on data from focus group interviews with over 300 advantaged and disadvantaged students, the research examines the information-seeking practices and circumstances of students attending high schools in an agricultural region of California. The article outlines a novel typology of four distinctive information-seeking situations: Internet-reliant information-seeking (IRIS), personal community-reliant information-seeking (PCRIS), educator-reliant information-seeking (ERIS), and multi-channel information-seeking (MCIS). Each of these situations brings together particular information-seeking strategies with specific vocational and educational preferences and particular information-opportunity structures. The four groups of information-seekers exhibit distinctive internalized stances to...
Cocaine-induced rotation: sex-dependent differences between left- and right-sided rats.

Cocaine elicited dose-related rotation (circling) in naive rats. The maximum effect was greater than observed previously with other drugs. Overall, females were more sensitive to cocaine than males. However, right-biased females were more sensitive than left-biased females, whereas left-biased males were more sensitive than right-biased males. The results suggest that sex-dependent differences in brain asymmetry may be an important determinant of cocaine sensitivity.
Biomechanical Properties of Abdominal Organs In Vivo and Postmortem Under Compression Loads

Accurate knowledge of biomechanical characteristics of tissues is essential for developing realistic computer-based surgical simulators incorporating haptic feedback, as well as for the design of surgical robots and tools. As simulation technologies continue to be capable of modeling more complex behavior, an in vivo tissue property database is needed. Most past and current biomechanical research is focused on soft and hard anatomical structures that are subject to physiological loading, testing the organs in situ. Internal organs are different in that respect since they are not subject to extensive loads as part of their regular physiological function. However, during surgery, a different set of loading conditions are imposed on these organs as a result of the interaction with the surgical tools. Following previous research studying the kinematics and dynamics of tool/tissue interaction in real surgical procedures, the focus of the current study was to obtain the structural biomechanical properties (engineering stress-strain and stress relaxation) of seven abdominal organs, including bladder, gallbladder, large and small intestines, liver, spleen, and stomach, using a porcine animal model. The organs were tested in vivo, in situ, and ex corpus (the latter two conditions being postmortem) under cyclical and step strain compressions using a motorized endoscopic grasper and a universal-testing machine. The tissues were tested with the same loading conditions commonly applied by surgeons during minimally invasive surgical procedures. Phenomenological models were developed for the various organs, testing conditions, and experimental devices. A property database-unique to the literature-has been created that contains the average elastic and relaxation model parameters measured for these tissues in vivo and postmortem. The results quantitatively indicate the significant differences between tissue properties measured in vivo and postmortem. A quantitative understanding of how the unconditioned tissue properties and model parameters are influenced by time postmortem and loading condition has been obtained. The results provide the material property foundations for developing science-based haptic surgical simulators, as well as surgical tools for manual and robotic systems.
Interaction between sphingomyelin and a cytolysin from the sea anemone Stoichactis helianthus

Abstract The cytolytic toxin from the sea anemone Stoichactis helianthus was inhibited up to 90–95% by suspensions of sphingomyelin but not by phosphatidylcholine or other membrane lipids. When the toxin was incubated with spingomyelin and the mixture fractionated either by isoelectric focusing or Sephadex gel filtration, the residual hemolytic units migrated together with the lipid and not as free toxin. Incubation with phosphatidylcholine, however, did not shift the toxin peak in either type of column. A toxin-ferritin conjugate retaining hemolytic activity was observed by negative staining to bind to liposomers prepared with sphingomyelin but not with liposomes containing phosphatidylcholine. The results provide evidence that the membrane binding site of the toxin is sphingomyelin.
Governance, Structure, and Democracy : Luther Gulick and the Future of Public Administration

Luther Gulick was both an academic and a reformer. In the latter role, he thought seriously about what the future of public administration might look like. This essay examines his work as a lens through which to view the future of public administration in 2020. Gulick suggests that public administration needs a governance orientation to link scholarship with the realities of practice, a recognition of the bias of structures, a stress on the informal elements of organization, additional research on almost every question, a recognition of the importance of ethics, a stress on the importance of context, and a fundamental appreciation of the role that public management plays in fostering democracy.
Isolation of Ubiquitous Au40(SR)24 Clusters from the 8 kDa Gold Clusters

We report chromatographic isolation of a new thiolate-protected gold cluster species from the ∼8 kDa Aun(SR)m clusters. This new cluster is separated by size-exclusion chromatography from Au38(SC2H4Ph)24 (a previously reported main component in the ∼8 kDa gold−thiolate species). Based on detailed MALDI and ESI mass spectrometry analyses, the new cluster possesses a core mass of ∼8.6 kDa and its formula is determined to be Au40(SC2H4Ph)24. The Au40(SR)24 species is also found to exist in other thiolate systems, including —SR═SC6H13 and SC5H11, indicating that Au40(SR)24 is a ubiquitous cluster as is Au38(SR)24.
The theory of precipitation/dissolution waves

The concepts of coherence and composition paths, originally developed for multicomponent chromatography, are used to establish a simple theory of transport in systems with precipitation and dissolution in the course of multicomponent, single-phase flow in permeable media. Composition route construction in phase diagrams in combination with distance-time diagrams yields concentration profiles without recourse to trial-and-error procedurs. Detailed results are given for systems with three ions A, B, and X and up to two precipitates AX and BX. The extension to systems with additional, nonprecipitating species is described. The new approach confirms most conclusions of Bryant's earlier theory, removes assumptions stipulated in the latter, and is simpler to handle.
Adaptive equalization with neural networks: new multi-layer perceptron structures and their evaluation

Nonlinear equalizers find use in communication applications where the channel distortion is too severe for a linear equalizer to handle. Because of their nonlinear capability and other attractive properties, neural networks have become appealing candidates for equalization problems. The application of neural networks to adaptive equalization problems is investigated. In particular, realization structures (MLP-I, MLP-II) of a multilayer perceptron (MLP) with a backpropagation training algorithm are introduced, and it is shown that they work well for both PAM and QAM signals of any constellation size (e.g., 4-PAM, 8-PAM, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM). It is demonstrated that both MLP structures outperform the least mean square (LMS)-based linear equalizer when channel distortions are nonlinear. >
Heterophile antibodies indicate progression of autoimmunity in human Type 1 diabetes mellitus before clinical onset

We previously reported serum cytokines in a group of long term non-progressors to Type 1 diabetes; this reactivity detected in ELISA is now identified as heterophile antibody in some sera. Here, we characterize heterophile antibody activity. A 14 kDa-polypeptide from heterophile antibody containing serum bound to an anti-IL-4 column, but IL-4 was not detected by Western blot or by MS/MS sequencing. However, in 2/13 heterophile antibody positive sera, T-cell growth was potentiated and was blocked by an anti-human immunoglobulin. To examine the relationship between low affinity heterophile antibody presence and disease progression, 1100 archived serum samples were analyzed with two pairs of antibodies from 443 diabetes-free first degree relatives of Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients for heterophile antibody; 95 individuals developed diabetes on follow-up. Twenty-two individuals, whose serum was heterophile antibody positive with the second pair of antibodies (but negative with the first pair of antibodies), had a significantly higher incidence of developing diabetes after five years. Thirty-seven individuals with heterophile antibody reactivity with the first pair of antibodies, regardless of reactivity with the second pair of antibodies, had a significantly lower incidence of developing diabetes. While we cannot exclude the presence of genuine cytokine in all sera, these data indicate the presence of distinct groups of heterophile antibodies in patients at high risk to develop diabetes. Thus, anti-Ig heterophilic antibodies with different immunochemical reactivities are linked to the progression of or protection from Type 1 diabetes autoimmunity.
LOW-ENERGY LIMIT OF THE PHOTODISINTEGRATION OF THE DEUTERON

The exact transition amplitude for the photodisintegration of the deuteron at the zero-energy limit of the incident $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray is presented as a function of the electric charges and the magnetic moments of the proton, neutron, and deuteron, the effective range for triplet $n\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering, and the binding energy of the deuteron. The method used in this article is based on the theory of composite particles in quantum theory which has been developed by Nishijima, Zimmermann, and Haag. The low-energy limit presented here is the generalization of the Kroll-Ruderman theorem of pion photoproduction to the problem, including a composite particle.
The location of the intervertebral lumbar disc on the posterior aspect of the spine

BACKGROUND Epidural fibrosis or scar formation is considered one cause of failed lumbar discectomy. Avoidance of unnecessary bony resection of the lamina may prevent or decrease postoperative scar formation. The knowledge of the precise location of the projection of the lumbar disc may also facilitate surgery and decrease patient morbidity. No studies exist regarding the projection of the lumbar disc on the posterior aspect of the lumbar spine. METHODS Thirty-six whole lumbar spine specimens from L1 to L5 (180 lumbar vertebrae) and sacra were used for this study. Anatomic evaluation included the distance between the superior border of the vertebral body (inferior border of the intervertebral disc) and the superiormost margin of the lumbar lamina, and the distance between the inferior border of the vertebral body (superior border of the intervertebral disc) and the inferiormost margin of the lumbar lamina. The width of the interlaminar space was also measured. RESULTS The data showed that the level of the superior margin of the lamina was consistently inferior to the superior border of the corresponding vertebral body from L1 to S1. This distance for both sexes ranged from 10 to 11 mm for L1-L5 and 14 mm for S1. The level of the inferior margin of the lamina varied from 3 mm inferior to 9 mm superior to the inferior border of the corresponding vertebral body for L1-L5. The width of the interlaminar space averaged from 16.8 mm for L1 to 31.0 mm for L5. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the superior margin of the lamina represents a consistent, useful landmark in determining the location of the lumbar disc on the posterior aspect of the spine. The relationship between the inferior margins of the lamina and the vertebral body is not consistent.
Electron microscopy of intracellular aggregates in pea (Pisum sativum) infected with clover yellow mosaic virus.

Abstract Abundant cytoplasmic inclusions were observed in thin sections of pea leaf tissue systemically infected with clover yellow mosaic virus (CYMV). The inclusions were variable in size and shape, but all consisted of aggregates of flexuous, rod-shaped particles sectioned in various planes. The particles in the inclusions were similar to those observed in embedded and sectioned purified preparations of CYMV. Tissue from noninoculated plants did not contain inclusions similar to those formed by CYMV. Possible relationships between the intracellular aggregates found in infected tissue and aggregation of purified virus are discussed.
Organizational Structure, Work Process, and Proposal Making in Administrative Bureaucracies

This paper examines the effect of organizational structures and processes on the reported proposals of innovation by middle and lower echelon officials in 44 Belgian bureaucracies. Technical and ad...
Monoclonal antibodies to chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins

Abstract A thyroglobulin conjugate of dioxin (thyroglobulin-2 adipamide, 3,7,8-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) (TG-TCDD) was used to immunize BALB c mice. Hybridomas were produced by cell fusion between immune spleen cells and mouse myelomas SP2 0 , P3, or NS1. To screen the thousands of resultant cultures for production of monoclonal antibodies (MoAb), a rapid, solid-phase radioimmunoassay for antibody to dioxins was developed. This procedure involved attaching bovine serum albumin coupled with trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (BSA-TCDD) to polystyrene plates to be used as a solidphase target antigen for reaction with MoAb. Fourteen hybridomas were identified that produced MoAb reacting with BSA-TCDD but not with BSA alone. Antibodies were tested for binding to BSA-aniline to eliminate those with limited binding specificity. Initial studies indicated that most MoAbs bound BSA-aniline as well as BSA-TCDD. More detailed analyses indicated that while most MoAbs showed some reaction with BSA-aniline, two showed preferential binding to BSA-TCDD of more than 200-fold whereas rabbit antisera demonstrated only a 5-fold discrimination. MoAb 391-1B was purified from mouse ascites fluid and after radioiodination, was tested for direct binding to BSA-TCDD or BSA-aniline. 125I-MoAb 391-1B showed no significant binding to BSA-aniline while demonstrating high binding to BSA-TCDD (Ka = 4.5 × 108liters/mol).
Lanthanide–humic substances complexation. I. Experimental evidence for a lanthanide contraction effect

The interaction of the lanthanides (Ln) with humic substances (HS) was investigated with a novel chemical speciation tool, Capillary Electrophoresis-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS). By using an EDTA–ligand competition method, a bi-modal species distribution of LnEDTA and LnHS is attained, separated by CE, and detected online by sector field ICP-MS. We quantified the binding of all 14 rare earth elements (REEs), Sc and Y with Suwannee river fulvic acid, Leonardite coal humic acid, and Elliot soil humic acid under environmental conditions (pH 6–9, 0.001–0.1 mol L−1 NaNO3, 1–1000 nmol L−1 Ln, 10–20 mg L−1 HS). Conditional binding constants for REE–HS interaction (Kc) ranged from 8.9 < log Kc < 16.5 under all experimental conditions, and display a lanthanide contraction effect, ΔLKc: a gradual increase in Kc from La to Lu by 2–3 orders of magnitude as a function of decreasing ionic radius. HS polyelectrolyte effects cause Kc to increase with increasing pH and decreasing ionic strength. ΔLKc increases significantly with increasing pH, and likely with decreasing ionic strength. Based on a strong correlation between ΔLKc values and denticity for organic acids, we suggest that HS form a range of tri- to tetra-dentate complexes under environmental conditions. These results confirm HS to be a strong complexing agent for Ln, and show rigorous experimental evidence for potential REE fractionation by HS complexation.
Mobility support in unified communication networks

Rapid advances in communication networks and device technologies have enabled people with powerful means of communications. It is common for any individual to be associated with a number of heterogeneous communication devices (such as phones, pagers, PDAs) or a variety of applications (such as e-mail, instant messaging, or chat-rooms). This phenomenon has spurred a great demand for unifie dcommunication [20] services which integrate one's various communication mechanisms in a meaningful and seamless fashion. To meet this demand, the research community and communication industry are experimenting and building Internet-based, unified communication network systems (UCN) in which heterogeneous devices are unified for individuals and access networks are linked together through a core IP network. In this paper, we investigate the mobility issues in UCN systems. We discuss traditional mobility problems such as personal mobility and terminal mobility in the new UCN context, and present our design, analysis, and implementation of a new form of mobility in UCNs, service mobility [12] where active services can be retained across heterogeneous devices and networks.
CYTOSKELETAL ACTIN REORGANIZATION IN NEUTROPHILS FROM PATIENTS WITH LOCALIZED JUVENILE PERIODONTITIS

Localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) is an early-onset periodontal disease associated with a polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) defective migratory response. Kinetics of actin polymerization–depolymerization determine the shape changes occurring in the plasma membrane-associated cytoskeleton and provide the driving force for directed cell migration (chemotaxis). Therefore, we investigated the relation between an abnormality in LJP PMN chemotaxis and an altered reorganization of the actin filament network. PMNs isolated from peripheral blood of LJP patients (n=14) and matching control subjects (n=12) were evaluated for random and directed migration in a Boyden chamber assay, and the kinetics of actin polymerization were studied by flow cytometry. Three groups of LJP patients could be distinguished on the basis of their PMN–chemotactic response compared to their matched control: depressed (n=6), normal (n=4), and elevated (n=4). The abnormal (depressed or elevated) chemotaxis was generally not related to ...
Metabolic Fate of Methyl 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-N-Methoxy-N-Methylterephthalamate (OCS-21693) Herbicide in a Lactating Cow

Abstract The fate of the forage herbicide methyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-N-methoxy-N-methylterephthalamate (OCS-21693) has been studied in a dairy cow. The herbicide was not detectable in milk. The compound was largely excreted as its hydrolysis product, 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-carboxy-N-methoxy-N-methyl benzamide, in urine and manure (feces). The herbicide was also rapidly converted to this acid hydrolysis product in the presence of fresh beef liver slices or homogenate. The herbicide was stable in the presence of fresh rumen fluid.
The Effect of Calcium Ions and Peptide Ligands on the Relative Stabilities of the Calmodulin Dumbbell and Compact Structures

A combination of ion mobility and mass spectrometry methods was used to characterize the molecular shape of the protein calmodulin (CaM) and its complexes with calcium and a number of peptide ligands. CaM, a calcium-binding protein composed of 148 amino acid residues, was found by X-ray crystallography to occur both in a globular shape and in the shape of an extended dumbbell. Here, it was found, as solutions of CaM and CaM complexes were sprayed into the solvent-free environment of the mass spectrometer, that major structural features of the molecule and the stoichiometry of the units constituting a complex in solution were preserved in the desolvation process. Two types of CaM structures were observed in our experiments: a compact and an extended form of CaM with measured cross sections in near-perfect agreement with those calculated for the known globular and extended dumbbell X-ray geometries. Calcium-free solutions yielded predominantly an extended CaM conformation. Can2+−CaM complexes were observed ...
Breast cancer cells promote a notch-dependent mesenchymal phenotype in endothelial cells participating to a pro-tumoral niche

Endothelial cells (ECs) are responsible for creating a tumor vascular niche as well as producing angiocrine factors. ECs demonstrate functional and phenotypic heterogeneity when located under different microenvironments. Here, we describe a tumor-stimulated mesenchymal phenotype in ECs and investigate its impact on tumor growth, stemness, and invasiveness. Xenograft tumor assay in NOD/SCID mice and confocal imaging were conducted to show the acquisition of mesenchymal phenotype in tumor-associated ECs in vivo. Immunocytochemistry, qPCR and flow cytometry techniques showed the appearance of mesenchymal traits in ECs after contact with breast tumor cell lines MDA-MB231 or MCF-7. Cell proliferation, cell migration, and sphere formation assays were applied to display the functional advantages of mesenchymal ECs in tumor growth, invasiveness, and enrichment of tumor initiating cells. qPCR and western blotting were used to investigate the mechanisms underlying EC mesenchymal transition. Our results showed that co-injection of ECs and tumor cells in NOD/SCID mice significantly enhanced tumor growth in vivo with tumor-associated ECs expressing mesenchymal markers while maintaining their intrinsic endothelial trait. We also showed that a mesenchymal phenotype is possibly detectable in human neoplastic breast biopsies as well as ECs pre-exposed to tumor cells (ECsMes) in vitro. The ECsMes acquired prolonged survival, increased migratory behavior and enhanced angiogenic properties. In return, ECsMes were capable of enhancing tumor survival and invasiveness. The mesenchymal phenotypes in ECsMes were the result of a contact-dependent transient phenomenon and reversed upon removal of the neoplastic contexture. We showed a synergistic role for TGFβ and notch pathways in this phenotypic change, as simultaneous inhibition of notch and TGFβ down-regulated Smad1/5 phosphorylation and Jag1KD tumor cells were unable to initiate the process. Overall, our data proposed a crosstalk mechanism between tumor and microenvironment where tumor-stimulated mesenchymal modulation of ECs enhanced the constitution of a transient mesenchymal/endothelial niche leading to significant increase in tumor proliferation, stemness, and invasiveness. The possible involvement of notch and TGFβ pathways in the initiation of mesenchymal phenotype may propose new stromal targets.
Dietary factors in aetiology and prevention of cancer in man.

Chemical carcinogenesis, as presently understood, involves a number of carcinogenic factors which act in series of steps. Some industrial carcinogens may pollute the natural environment and penetrate into food. Many substances which are potent carcinogens in experimental animals exist in nature and are present in the human diet. On the other hand, many substances which are known to inhibit experimental carcinogenesis also exist in human diet. The present review discusses experimental and epidemiological data connected with the human cancer and diet. It also postulates that the dietary prevention of human cancer through “prudent” modification of diet and dietary patterns may be of importance; many of the present data are still confusing and conflicting.
Democratization, Energy Poverty, and the Pursuit of Symmetry

type="graphical" xml:id="gpol12103-abs-0002"> In an era where citizens' demands for an expansion and deepening of inclusionary economic and political institutions punctuate the globe; it remains curious that policy makers have not robustly connected the two areas explicitly.
Posture Perfect: The Role of Positioning During Bronchodilator Administration With Oxygen or Heliox

Over the years there has been great interest in treatment of patients with moderate to severe asthma presenting to the emergency department. To make a dent in these exacerbations, clinicians have modified label recommendations for short-acting bronchodilators with innovative delivery techniques,
Expanding the Governance Construct: Functions and Contributions of Nonprofit Advisory Groups:

Despite continuing interest in nonprofit governance issues, little debate has occurred about the identity of participants in governance other than trustees and executive staff. This article finds, however, that advisory groups are also a critical instrument of governance in many public benefit organizations with government grants or contracts. Advisory group members perform numerous primary organizational activities, link nonprofits to key stakeholder groups in the environment, and strengthen ties of cooperation and shared purpose with other community actors. They supplement governance activities carried out by nonprofit boards of directors. In addition, some groups establish new ties to various elites; others connect or reconnect nonprofits to grassroots community constituencies. Nonprofit governance theory should take into account the functions and contributions to governance of advisory groups.
Unilateral optic nerve transection decreases 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin binding in retinorecipient areas and visual pathways of chick brain

In chick brain, specific 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin-binding was localized primarily in the visual system, i.e., retinorecipient and relay nuclei and fiber tracts of the tectofugal, thalamofugal, circadian and accessory visual pathways. Unilateral transection of the optic nerve (ONX) significantly reduced the binding of 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin (75 pM) in many, but not all, primary retinal targets and visual pathways at 7 and 14 days, but not 1 day, postlesion. As measured using quantitative autoradiography, 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin binding was decreased by 90% in both the central portion of the lesioned optic tract and one of its targets, the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR). Other retinorecipient areas exhibiting substantial decreases (60%) in 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin-binding included the optic tectum, lateroventral and dorsolateral geniculate nuclei and tectal gray area contralateral to the lesion. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that melatonin receptors are located presynaptically on incoming optic nerve terminals in many retinorecipient areas. This localization may account for most of the binding sites in nBOR. In other primary visual areas, however, melatonin receptors also appear to be located on postsynaptic cells and/or non-retinal afferents. ONX had no significant effect on 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin binding in two retinorecipient areas, the visual suprachiasmatic nucleus and the dorsolateral anterior thalamus, which are part of the circadian/oculomotor and thalamofugal pathways, respectively. An unexpected consequence of ONX was that 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin binding was decreased in certain secondary (nucleus rotundus, isthmi nuclei) and tertiary level (ectostriatum) nuclei along the prominent tectofugal visual pathway. Binding in the tectorecipient nucleus triangularis was not significantly altered, however. Analysis of secondary level relay nuclei in the oculomotor pathway revealed that binding after ONX was decreased in the ipsilateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus but not in the oculomotor nuclei. Selective transsynaptic changes in 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin binding after lesion of the visual input most likely reflect activity-dependent regulation and functional plasticity of central melatonin receptors.
Dopants on Si(100) surfaces: useful probes of silicon atomic layer epitaxy?

Abstract Submonolayer coverages of N, B, Ge and Sn were studied on Si(100) surfaces using time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectroscopy. Thin Si layers were grown on top of the dopants, and these layers are designated Si ∗ . The thermal stability of Si ∗ /N/Si(100), Si ∗ /B/Si(100), Si ∗ /Sn/Si(100) and Si ∗ /Ge/Si(100) structures is compared here. Attenuation of the elemental dopant signals by Si ∗ is used to study Si atomic layer epitaxy. The dopant is called an elemental “marker” in this context. Plots of direct recoiling intensity vs. incident angle are used to distinguish surface marker layers from marker layers buried under Si ∗ .
Deaths related to lead poisoning in the United States, 1979–1998

This study was conducted to describe trends in US lead poisoning-related deaths between 1979 and 1998. The predictive value of relevant ICD-9 codes was also evaluated. Multiple cause-of-death files were searched for records containing relevant ICD-9 codes, and underlying causes and demographic characteristics were assessed. For 1979-1988, death certificates were reviewed; lead source information was abstracted and accuracy of coding was determined. An estimated 200 lead poisoning-related deaths occurred from 1979 to 1998. Most were among males (74%), Blacks (67%), adults of age >/=45 years (76%), and Southerners (70%). The death rate was significantly lower in more recent years. An alcohol-related code was a contributing cause for 28% of adults. Only three of nine ICD-9 codes for lead poisoning were highly predictive of lead poisoning-related deaths. In conclusion, lead poisoning-related death rates have dropped dramatically since earlier decades and are continuing to decline. However, the findings imply that moonshine ingestion remains a source of high-dose lead exposure in adults.
Psychosocial Treatments for Individuals with Schizophrenia and Tobacco Dependence

While the underutilization of psychosocial treatments for tobacco dependence may be problematic in general, it is especially problematic in smokers with schizophrenia who may need more assistance than those in the general population. Psychosocial approaches are important for motivating ambivalent smokers with schizophrenia to make a quit attempt (i.e., via motivational interviewing) and for providing the smoker with the tools necessary for a successful quit attempt. This paper discusses psychosocial treatment approaches available to the general population, those used in published clinical trials of tobacco dependence for smokers with schizophrenia, and an ongoing clinical trial comparing a high vs. moderately intensive psychosocial treatment for tobacco dependence in smokers with schizophrenia. We also discuss a new consumer advocacy program for smokers with schizophrenia and make recommendations for using psychosocial approaches to treat tobacco dependence in smokers with schizophrenia.
Studies of Atomic Self-Consistent Fields. II. Interpolation Problems

By studying the self-consistent-field (SCF) functions tabulated in the literature, it is shown that a quantity, which for a hydrogenlike function would equal the atomic number $Z$, for SCF functions will represent a form of "effective nuclear charge" ${Z}_{\mathrm{eff}}$, which for a series of consecutive atoms or ions appears to be an almost linear function of the atomic number, convenient for interpolation purposes. The positions and magnitudes of maxima and minima, nodes, derivatives in origin, eigenvalues, etc., are investigated by considering the corresponding effective nuclear charges. It is important that the nodes may be interpolated separately, since the logarithm of an SCF function, divided by a polynomial having the same zero points as the function itself, may be used for interpolating SCF functions as a whole. This logarithm may also be used for defining a continuously varying effective charge ${Z}_{\mathrm{eff}}(r)$, which is convenient for interpolation purposes or for estimating fields with exchange from those without exchange.
The lion's share: Britain's export performance revisited, 1899–1929

Abstract The decline in the British share of world trade from the 1870s onward has been attributed to its failure to shift resources from low to high growth sectors, i.e. those of increasing importance in world trade. This thesis is examined for the period 1899–1929 using detailed data and a new method of constant market shares analysis. The results indicate that neither the adaptability of Britain's export sector nor the commodity or country pattern of world trade was working against it to a degree sufficient to account for most of its loss of share in world trade. Instead, the British loss of market share in its traditional exports to its traditional markets explains the overwhelming proportion of the decline.
Earth-rotation aperture synthesis

Resolution for radio astronomy in the order of 1" is necessary for the study of distant radio galaxies and quasars, for detecting faint sources, and for the mapping of clouds of hydrogen and other molecules. To obtain these resolutions many new or planned radio instruments use arrays of moderate size radio telescopes to synthesize large physical apertures. These instruments are generally composed of one or several linear arrays and utilize the rotation of the earth to change the relative orientation of the array and the radio source. The techniques used for earth-rotation aperture synthesis are discussed. The response of a two-element interferometer and the geometry associated with earth-rotation synthesis are reviewed; the current and proposed designs for these instruments and their performance are described; and, finally, the inversion methods for determining the angular power distribution of a radio source from the array response (visibility function) are outlined.
Nanoscale chemical phase separation in FeTe 0.55 Se 0.45 as seen via scanning tunneling spectroscopy

Atomically resolved structural and electronic properties of FeTe${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Se${}_{x}$ ($x$ $=$ 0 and 0.45) have been studied with scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS). In contrast to the extreme flatness of the Te-terminated FeTe surface, nanoscale chemical phase separation between Te and Se atoms is unambiguously revealed on the surface of FeTe${}_{0.55}$Se${}_{0.45}$. A statistical counting of the two kinds of atoms has the same ratio as that in the bulk. Remarkably, there is no electronic phase separation seen in the tunneling spectroscopy. This indicates that the optimally doped superconductor is chemically inhomogeneous but electronically homogeneous, in contrast to many correlated electron materials.
Philanthropy and the housing crisis: The dilemmas of private charity and public policy

Abstract American philanthropy has historically sought to address the nation's housing crisis, especially among the poor. This article compares private philanthropy's response to the housing crisis in two important eras of economic transformation: the period between the Civil War and World War I (the Progressive Era), when the United States was undergoing large‐scale urbanization and industrialization, and the period from the 1980s through today, when the United States became integrated in a global economy and confronted the shock of deindustrialization, widening economic disparities, and deepening urban decay. Following the historical review, the article focuses briefly on the current housing crisis and the dilemmas that private foundations and nonprofit organizations face in trying to develop a coherent strategy to address the problem. It closes with a proposal for a partnership between private foundations and housing organizations that can address the need to change both public opinion and public polic...
Diel vertical migration of the marine copepod Calanopia americana . II. Proximate role of exogenous light cues and endogenous rhythms

The marine copepod Calanopia americana Dahl undergoes twilight diel vertical migration (DVM) in the Newport River estuary, North Carolina, USA, in synchrony with the light:dark cycle. Copepods ascend to the surface at sunset, descend to the bottom around midnight, and make a second ascent and descent before sunrise. Behavioral assays with C. americana in the laboratory during fall 2002/2003 and summer 2004 investigated aspects of three hypotheses for the proximate role of light in DVM: (1) preferendum hypothesis (absolute irradiance), (2) rate of change hypothesis (relative rates of irradiance change), and (3) endogenous rhythm hypothesis. Results suggest that C. americana responds to exogenous light cues consistent with its DVM pattern; changes in absolute irradiance evoked swimming responses that would result in an ascent at sunset and descent at sunrise, while relative rates of irradiance decrease at sunset (−0.0046 s−1) evoked an ascent response, and relative rates of irradiance increase at sunrise (0.0042 s−1) evoked a descent response. Furthermore, C. americana expressed an endogenous rhythm in vertical migration that was positively correlated with field observations of twilight DVM. Collectively, these results indicate that both exogenous light cues and endogenous rhythms play a proximate role in twilight DVM of C. americana, providing redundancy in the causes of its vertical migration.
Cognitive-disruptive effects of the psychotomimetic phencyclidine and attenuation by atypical antipsychotic medications in rats.

Background Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are severe and do not respond well to available treatments. The development and validation of animal models of cognitive deficits characterizing schizophrenia are crucial for clarifying the underlying neuropathology and discovery of improved treatments for such deficits.
Effects of UV photofunctionalization on the nanotopography enhanced initial bioactivity of titanium

This study addresses the control of the biological capabilities of titanium through specific nanosurface features and its potential modulation by UV photofunctionalization. Rat bone marrow derived osteoblasts were cultured on titanium disks with micropits alone, micropits with 100 nm nodules, micropits with 300 nm nodules, or micropits with 500 nm nodules, with or without UV treatment. After a 24 h incubation protein adsorption, as well as the attachment, retention, and spread of osteoblasts were examined in correlation with the topographical parameters of the titanium substrates. Each of the biological events was governed by a different set of multiple surface topographical factors with a distinctive pattern of regulation. For instance, without UV treatment the protein adsorption and cell attachment capability of titanium substrates increased linearly with increasing average roughness (Ra) and surface area of titanium disks, but increased polynomially with increasing nanonodule diameter. The cell retention capability increased polynomially with increasing nanonodular diameter and Ra, but increased linearly with increasing surface area. Consequently, the micropits with 300 nm nodules created the most favorable environment for this initial osteoblast behavior and response. UV treatment of the nanonodular titanium surfaces resulted in considerable enhancement of all biological events. However, the pattern of UV-mediated enhancement was disproportionate; exponential and overriding effects were observed depending upon the biological event and topographical parameter. As an example of overriding enhancement, the cell retention capability, which fluctuated with changes in various topographical parameters, became invariably high after UV treatment. The present data provide a basis for understanding how to optimize nanostructures to create titanium surfaces with increased biological capabilities and uncover a novel advantage of UV photofunctionalization of titanium substrates that synergistically increases its nanotopography enhanced biological capabilities whereby most of the initial biological events of osteoblasts were overwhelmingly enhanced beyond a simple proportional increase.
Si/Ge avalanche photodiode based electrical comb generator for photonic ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless communication with very-high data rate

We demonstrate novel Si/Ge avalanche photodiodes based electrical comb-line generators, which can directly generate ultra-wideband (10 GHz) comb-lines and short-pulse. By using this device, 1.5Gbps error-free ultra-wideband short-pulse photonic wireless-linking have been successfully achieved.
How Stable and Reasonable is Postcommunist Public Opinion? The Case of the Czech Republic

The quality of democracy depends on both politicians and citizens. While most attention has focused on politicians, this paper looks at citizens. There has been some scepticism about whether the postcommunist public is prepared to rule their countries. The legacies of communism and the rigours of the transition may have produced citizens whose opinions are unstable and ill-informed and therefore a poor basis for democratic policy making. This paper tests this proposition by considering the nature of public opinion in the Czech Republic. Its main conclusion is that postcommunist public opinion is more reasonable than conventional wisdom suggests. Opinions on most policies change slowly if at all and when they do change the changes are prompted more by gradual shifts in mores than by political manipulation. This suggests that citizens in the region are prepared to have a significant voice in policy making.
Low-cost distributed solar-thermal-electric power generation

Due to their high relative cost, solar electric energy systems have yet to be exploited on a widespread basis. It is believed in the energy community that a technology similar to photovoltaic (PV), but offered at about $1/W would lead to widespread deployment at residential and commercial sites. This paper addresses the investigation and feasibility study of a low-cost solar thermal electricity generation technology, suitable for distributed deployment. Specifically, we discuss a system based on nonimaging solar concentrators, integrated with free-piston Stirling engine devices incorporating integrated electric generation. We target concentrator-collector operation at moderate temperatures, in the range of 125°C to 150°C. This temperature is consistent with use of optical concentrators with concentration ratios on the order of 1-2. These low ratio concentrators admit wide angles of radiation acceptance and are thus compatible with no diurnal tracking, and no or only a few seasonal adjustments. Thus, costs and reliability hazards associated with tracking hardware systems are avoided. Further, we note that in the intended application, there is no shortage of incident solar energy, but rather it is the capital cost of the solar-electric system that is most precious. Thus, we outline a strategy for exploiting solar resources in a cost constrained manner. The paper outlines design issues, and a specific design for an appropriately dimensioned free-piston Stirling engine. Only standard low-cost materials and manufacturing methods are required to realize such a machine.
Hyperprolactinemia-related adverse events associated with antipsychotic treatment in children and adolescents.

Abstract Purpose To characterize factors related to the development of hyperprolactinemia and the ensuing reproductive/sexual adverse events in children and adolescents treated with antipsychotic and other psychotropic agents, and the additional risk posed for those with comorbid obesity, metabolic, or endocrine disorders. Methods A retrospective cohort design evaluating medical and pharmacy claims from South Carolina's Medicaid program was used to compare incidence rates for sexual/reproductive adverse events in 4140 children and adolescents who were newly prescribed one of six atypical or two conventional antipsychotic medications, and a random sample of 4500 children not treated with psychotropic medications, January 1998 to December 2005. Logistic and Cox Proportional Hazards regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed. Results The treated cohort was not significantly more likely to evince hyperprolactinemia-related disorders than the control sample, but females and adolescents 13 and older were. Incident reproductive/sexual conditions were more likely for females (odds ratio [OR] = 9.52; confidence interval [CI] = 7.63–11.90), adolescents (OR = 3.91; CI=3.25–4.70), those also taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (OR = 2.04; CI=1.56–2.37) or valproic acid derivatives (OR = 1.29; CI = 1.03–1.64), and those with comorbid obesity/weight gain (OR = 1.92; CI=1.56–2.37), metabolic (OR = 1.41; CI=1.12–1.78), or endocrine disorders (OR = 2.76; CI=1.98–3.84). Conclusion In this treated cohort, female adolescents exposed to SSRIs or valproic acid derivatives and those with comorbid obesity, metabolic, or endocrine disorders while taking antipsychotics were at higher risk of developing hyperprolactinemia and ensuing sexual/reproductive adverse events.
The Use of Bayesian Hierarchical Models for Adaptive Randomization in Biomarker-Driven Phase II Studies

The role of biomarkers has increased in cancer clinical trials such that novel designs are needed to efficiently answer questions of both drug effects and biomarker performance. We advocate Bayesian hierarchical models for response-adaptive randomized phase II studies integrating single or multiple biomarkers. Prior selection allows one to control a gradual and seamless transition from randomized-blocks to marker-enrichment during the trial. Adaptive randomization is an efficient design for evaluating treatment efficacy within biomarker subgroups, with less variable final sample sizes when compared to nested staged designs. Inference based on the Bayesian hierarchical model also has improved performance in identifying the sub-population where therapeutics are effective over independent analyses done within each biomarker subgroup.