cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Service combinators for Web computing

The World Wide Web is rich in content and services, but access to these resources must be obtained mostly through manual browsers. We would like to be able to write programs that reproduce human browsing behavior, including reactions to slow transmission-rates and failures on many simultaneous links. We thus introduce a concurrent model that directly incorporates the notions of failure and rate of communication, and then describe programming constructs based on this model.
Density Functional Theory studies of dehydrogenated and zwitterionic glycine and alanine on Pd and Cu surfaces

Abstract Chiral modification of achiral metal catalysts with chiral auxiliary molecules is a promising method of creating chiral surfaces for heterogeneous catalysis. The ability of a chiral template overlayer to affect the adsorption enantioselectivity of a probe molecule depends on the local adsorption geometry of the template molecule. One potential class of chiral modifiers are the amino acids. Previous experimental studies demonstrated that glycine is adsorbed on the Cu(1 0 0) and Cu(1 1 0) surfaces in its dehydrogenated form, NH2CH2COO, at room temperature. In contrast, recent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments indicate zwitterionic adsorption of glycine to Pd(1 1 1). Using Density Functional Theory, we have studied the adsorption of glycine on Pd(1 1 1), Cu(1 0 0) and Cu(1 1 0) to examine this apparent difference in chemical states on these surfaces. We conclude that at equilibrium, glycine is adsorbed preferentially to these surfaces in its dehydrogenated form, implying that observation of zwitterions is likely a kinetic effect due to the conditions of the experiment.
Developing preventive therapies for chronic diseases: lessons learned from Alzheimer's disease.

A remarkable rise in life expectancy during the past century has made Alzheimer's disease (AD) the most common form of progressive intellectual failure in humans. Patients with AD lose their most human qualities—reasoning, abstraction, language, and memory. The brain plaques that Alois Alzheimer first described 100 years ago have inspired the search for genetic alterations that underlie AD. Four genes have been unequivocally implicated to date in inherited forms of AD, where mutations or natural variations in these genes cause excessive accumulation of the amyloid fi-protein, the building block of amyloid plaques. This aggregation leads to subsequent neuronal degeneration in brain regions important for memory and cognition. The discovery of the genes involved in the mechanisms of amyloid β-protein build-up in AD, coupled with cell culture and animal models of their involved pathways, has led to the development of specific pharmacological strategies to lower amyloid fi-protein levels as a way of treating or preventing all forms of the disease. While hard work lies ahead, the movement from basic research to the clinic in AD represents a triumph of reductionist biology applied to the most complex of all biological systems, the human cerebral cortex.
Optimization of Carrot Dehydration Process using Response Surface Methodology

The effect of temperature and time in a fluidized bed dryer, the concentration of biopolymcr treatment and blanching time on quality attributes of dehydrated carrots was evaluated by response surface methodology. Optimization maximized rehydration ratio and minimized bulk density and carotene loss. Based on surface responses and contour plots, optimum conditions were: drying temperature of 150oC, exposure time of 12.5 minutes, biopolymer concentration of 1.40%, and blanching time of 12 minutes. Experimentally determined values for rehydration ratio, bulk density, and carotene loss in product processed under the optimum conditions were very close to the predicted values of 9.5, 0.05, and 15.7%, respectively.
Cellular Mechanisms of Neurovascular Damage and Repair After Stroke

The biological processes underlying stroke are complex, and patients have a narrow repertoire of therapeutic opportunities. After the National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened the Stroke Progress Review Group in 2001, stroke research shifted from having a purely neurocentric focus to adopting a more integrated view wherein dynamic interactions between all cell types contribute to function and dysfunction in the brain. This so-called "neurovascular unit" provides a conceptual framework that emphasizes cell-cell interactions between neuronal, glial, and vascular elements. Under normal conditions, signaling within the neurovascular unit helps maintain homeostasis. After stroke, cell-cell signaling is disturbed, leading to pathophysiology. More recently, emerging data now suggest that these cell-cell signaling mechanisms may also mediate parallel processes of neurovascular remodeling during stroke recovery. Because plasticity is a signature feature of the young and developing brain, these concepts may have special relevance to how the pediatric brain responds after stroke.
Microbial Electrolysis: Novel Biotechnology for Hydrogen Production from Biomass

Driven by the world-wide energy crisis, global interest in hydrogen production ­continues to increase. Currently, over 95% of the hydrogen supply in the USA is derived from nonrenewable materials, including coal, oil, and natural gas. Remediation of environmental stress related to fossil fuel use requires hydrogen production from renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and biomass. A recently invented microbial electrolysis technology demonstrates a new avenue for sustainable hydrogen production from renewable biomass. It has potential to become an economically feasible approach for hydrogen production due to its high hydrogen yield compared to fermentative hydrogen production and much lower energy requirement (about 10% in theory) compared to hydrogen production via water electrolysis. In this chapter, we begin with an introduction of microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) and the stoichiometry and energetics, followed by a section on the microorganisms in MECs and their plausible electron transfer mechanisms. The state-of-art designs, operation, and evaluation of MECs are also discussed.
What to expect from US “democracy promotion” in Iraq

The US plan for “promoting democracy” in Iraq is an integral component of its overall interventionist project in the Middle East. US rulers are deeply divided over the invasion and occupation of Ir...
Core Body Temperature and Social Arousal

Arousal can be thought of as basic metabolic activity, which produces heat. Considerable metabolic activity takes place in the brain. Temperature measured at the tympanic membrane (ear- drum) is highly correlated with core temperature at the hypo thalamus and may provide an index of arousal. In two experi ments tympanic temperature was observed to increase during so cial interaction. Temperature increased less with three part ners than with one, possibly due to the diffusion of attention from others.
Comparison of a Self-Inflating Bulb Syringe and a Colorimetric CO2 Indicator With Capnography and Radiography to Detect the Misdirection of Naso/Orogastric Tubes Into the Airway of Critically Ill Adult Patients

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to develop a mechanism of discovering misdirection into the airway of naso/orogastric (NG) tubes before they reach their full depth of placement in adults. METHODS A prospective, observational study was performed in humans, evaluating both the self-inflating bulb syringe (SIBS) and a colorimetric CO 2 detector. A prospective convenience sample of 257 NG tube placements was studied in 199 patients in medical ICUs of a tertiary care medical center. Findings were compared to a “standard” (ie, end tidal CO 2 results of a capnograph and the results of a chest radiograph performed at the completion of the tube placement). RESULTS On the first tube placement attempt in any patient, the SIBS had a sensitivity of 91.5% and a specificity of 87.0% in detecting nonesophageal placement, while the colorimetric device exhibited 99.4% sensitivity and 91.3% specificity. On subsequent insertions, the SIBS showed 95.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity, while the colorimetric device exhibited 97.8% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The colorimetric device was eight times more expensive than the SIBS. CONCLUSIONS The SIBS and the colorimetric CO 2 detector are very good at detecting NG tube malpositioning into the airway, although the colorimetric device is slightly more sensitive and specific. Neither method adds substantial time or difficulty to the insertion process. The colorimetric device is substantially more expensive. The decision as to which method to use may be based on local institutional factors, such as expense.
Completions, valuations and ultrapowers of Noetherian domains

We examine for a Noetherian domain R the relationship between the completion of R and its ultrapowers R*, and we describe prime ideals of R* that arise from filtrations on the base ring R.
Transneuronal tracing from sympathectomized lumbar epaxial muscle in female rats.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) has been used as a transneuronal tracer to study central neural networks, including the central control of the lordosis-producing, lumbar epaxial muscles. Within muscles, however, the sympathetic innervation of blood vessels poses a confounding source of tracer labeling in the CNS. The present study destroyed sympathetic nerves before injection of PRV, thereby allowing for a more selective uptake by somatic motoneurons. Specifically, a focal sympathectomy was created by the injection of dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunotoxin (DHIT). When PRV was injected into control rats, both somatic motoneurons within the ventral horn of the spinal cord and sympathetic preganglionic neurons within the intermediolateral column (IML) of the spinal cord became labeled. Additionally, labeled neurons were observed in many brain regions, including those previously implicated in the control of the lordosis reflex (e.g., the medullary reticular formation; MRF) and those previously implicated in the control of vasomotor tone (e.g., the rostral ventrolateral medulla; RVLM). When injected into DHIT-pretreated animals, PRV labeling in ventral horn neurons persisted in many animals; however, labeling in IML was eliminated in almost every case. In these animals, PRV labeling was absent in brain areas traditionally associated with vasomotor tone, such as RVLM, whereas labeling persisted in brain areas previously implicated in the control of the lordosis response, such as MRF. The results support the connectivity of spinal and medullary structures with the somatic control of the lordosis-producing muscles and provide a more detailed description of these portions of the putative lordosis-relevant neurocircuitry. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 48: 278–290, 2001
Immunology: Insulin auto-antigenicity in type 1 diabetes.

Arising from: M. Nakayama et al. Nature 435, 220–223 (2005) and S. C. Kent et al. Nature 435, 224–228 (2005); D. A. Hafler et al. reply Spontaneous type 1 diabetes occurs when the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-islet cells prevents production of the hormone insulin. This causes an inability to regulate glucose metabolism, which results in dangerously raised blood glucose concentrations. It is generally accepted that thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) are critically involved in the onset and progression of type 1 diabetes, but the antigens that initiate and drive this destructive process remain poorly characterized — although several candidates have been considered1. Nakayama et al.2 and Kent et al.3 claim that insulin itself is the primary autoantigen that initiates spontaneous type 1 diabetes in mice and humans, respectively, a result that could have implications for more effective prevention and therapy. However, I believe that this proposed immunological role of insulin may be undermined by the atypical responses of T cells to the human insulin fragment that are described by Kent et al.3.
English and Shona in Zimbabwe

: Most efforts to teach non-Western languages focus on their complex phonological and syntactic systems. However, students of languages like Shona, a Bantu language spoken in Zimbabwe, also need to learn about the sociolinguistic setting in which the language is spoken. In the case of Shona, in the largely monolingual rural area of Zimbabwe, foreign speakers are able to speak the language in almost all situations, reflecting local use of Shona to meet formal, consultative and informal functions. However, many native speakers of Shona in urban areas have a multilingual repertoire, reflecting the pattern of English/Shona diglossia which is a legacy of the British colonial period. For these speakers, Shona marks their ethnicity, while English identifies them as educated citizens of the world. Foreign language learners need to know that there are some situations in which using Shona will not be judged as appropriate – when, indeed, it may be deemed offensive by some interlocutors. Only a knowledge of the roles of English and Shona in the culture will enable learners to make the appropriate language choices in the target language environment.
How helminth lipid-binding proteins offload their ligands to membranes: differential mechanisms of fatty acid transfer by the ABA-1 polyprotein allergen and Ov-FAR-1 proteins of nematodes and Sj-FABPc of schistosomes.

Three different classes of small lipid-binding protein (LBP) are found in helminth parasites. Although of similar size, the ABA-1A1 (also designated As-NPA-A1) and Ov-FAR-1 (formerly known as Ov20) proteins of nematodes are mainly α-helical and have no known structural counterparts in mammals, whereas Sj-FABPc of schistosomes is predicted to form a β-barrel structure similar to the mammalian family of intracellular fatty acid binding proteins. The parasites that produce these proteins are unable to synthesize their own complex lipids and, instead, rely entirely upon their hosts for supply. As a first step in elucidating whether these helminth proteins are involved in the acquisition of host lipid, the process by which these LBPs deliver their ligands to acceptor membranes was examined, by comparing the rates and mechanisms of ligand transfer from the proteins to artificial phospholipid vesicles using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay. All three proteins bound the fluorescent fatty acid 2-(9-a...
Soil carbon pools and fluxes in long-term corn belt agroecosystems

The dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) play an important role in long-term ecosystem productivity and the global C cycle. We used extended laboratory incubation and acid hydrolysis to analytically determine SOC pool sizes and fluxes in US Corn Belt soils derived from both forest and prairie vegetation. Measurement of the natural abundance of 13 C made it possible to follow the influence of continuous corn on SOC accumulation. The active pools (Ca) comprised 3 to 8% of the SOC with an average field mean residence time (MRT) of 100 d. The slow pools (Cs) comprised 50% of SOC in the surface and up to 65% in subsoils. They had field MRTs from 12‐28 y for C4-C and 40‐80 y for C3-derived C depending on soil type and location. Notill management increased the MRT of the C3-C by 10‐15 y above conventional tillage. The resistant pool (Cr) decreased from an average of 50% at the surface to 30% at depth. The isotopic composition of SOC mineralized during the early stages of incubation reflected accumulations of labile C from the incorporation of corn residues. The CO2 released later reflected 13 C characteristic of the Cs pool. The 13 C of the CO2 did not equal that of the whole soil until after 1000 d of incubation. The SOC dynamics determined by acid hydrolysis, incubation and 13 C content were dependent on soil heritage (prairie vs. forest), texture, cultivation and parent material, depositional characteristics. Two independent methods of determining C3 pool sizes derived from C3 vegetation gave highly correlated values. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Stable inversion of continuous-time nonlinear systems by finite-difference methods

Introduces finite-difference methods for stable inversion of continuous-time nonlinear systems. A relationship between the new finite-difference methods and the existing Picard methods is established. A damped Newton finite-difference method is shown to possess superior convergence properties, and its effectiveness is illustrated with an inverted pendulum example.
RAN translation at CGG repeats induces ubiquitin proteasome system impairment in models of fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome

Abstract Fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the 5' UTR of the Fragile X gene, FMR1. FXTAS is thought to arise primarily from an RNA gain-of-function toxicity mechanism. However, recent studies demonstrate that the repeat also elicits production of a toxic polyglycine protein, FMRpolyG, via repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN)-initiated translation. Pathologically, FXTAS is characterized by ubiquitin-positive intranuclear neuronal inclusions, raising the possibility that failure of protein quality control pathways could contribute to disease pathogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we used Drosophila- and cell-based models of CGG-repeat-associated toxicity. In Drosophila, ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) impairment led to enhancement of CGG-repeat-induced degeneration, whereas overexpression of the chaperone protein HSP70 suppressed this toxicity. In transfected mammalian cells, CGG repeat expression triggered accumulation of a UPS reporter in a length-dependent fashion. To delineate the contributions from CGG repeats as RNA from RAN translation-associated toxicity, we enhanced or impaired the production of FMRpolyG in these models. Driving expression of FMRpolyG enhanced induction of UPS impairment in cell models, while prevention of RAN translation attenuated UPS impairment in cells and suppressed the genetic interaction with UPS manipulation in Drosophila. Taken together, these findings suggest that CGG repeats induce UPS impairment at least in part through activation of RAN translation.
Impact of fiber optics on grounding of distributed electronics

The impact of fiber optics on the grounding of distributed electronic systems in chemical plants is discussed. Fiber optics, when used as the physical medium in communications, enables the use of single-point ground concepts for sensitive electronic equipment. The result is improved safety and performance. To implement this scheme, the electrical engineer must have a clear understanding of distributed electrical power and electronic systems, and must integrate his grounding knowledge base with communication and networking techniques. It is shown how fiber optics is being used to enable proper single-point grounding of distributed electronic systems in industrial facilities with varying existing grounding approaches. It is argued that in all situations grounding must be recognized first and foremost as a safety method and must adhere to the US National Electrical Code (NEC). >
Concentrated Capital Losses and the Pricing of Corporate Credit Risk

Using proprietary credit default swap (CDS) data from 2010 to 2014, I show that capital fluctuations for sellers of CDS protection are an important determinant of CDS spread movements. I first establish that markets are dominated by a handful of net protection sellers, with five sellers accounting for nearly half of all net selling. In turn, a reduction in their total capital increases CDS spreads. Capital fluctuations of the largest five sellers account for over 10 percent of the time-series variation in spread changes, a significant amount given that observable firm and macroeconomic factors account for less than 17 percent of variation during this time period. I then demonstrate that the concentration of sellers creates fragility — higher concentration results in more volatile risk premiums. I also employ a number of complimentary approaches to address identification, such as using the 2011 Japanese tsunami as an exogenous shock to the risk bearing capacity of CDS traders. My findings are consistent with asset pricing models with limited investment capital, but also suggest that both the level and distribution of capital are crucial for accurately describing price dynamics.
Spatial variation in delaware bay (U.S.A.) marsh creek fish assemblages

Delaware Bay is one of the largest estuaries on the U.S. eastern seaboard and is flanked by some of the most extensive salt marshes found in the northeastern U.S. While physicochemical and biotic gradients are known to occur along the long axis of the bay, no studies to date have investigated how the fish assemblage found in salt marsh creeks vary along this axis. The marshes of the lower portion of the bay, with higher salinity, are dominated by Spartina spp., while the marshes of the upper portion, with lower salinity, are currently composed primarily of common reed, Phragmites australis, S. alterniflora, or combinations of both. Extensive daytime sampling (n 5 815 tows) during May- November 1996 was conducted with otter trawls (4.9 m, 6 mm mesh) in six intertidal and subtidal marsh creek systems (upper and lower portions of each creek) where creek channel depths ranged from 1.4-2.8 m at high tide. The fish taxa of the marsh creeks was composed of 40 species that were dominated by demersal and pelagic forms including sciaenids (5 species), percichthyids (2), and clupeids (7), many of which are transients that spawn outside the bay but the early life history stages are abundant within the bay. The most abundant species were Morone americana (24.3% of the total catch), Cynoscion regalis (15.4%), Micropogonias undulatus (15.3%), Anchoa mitchilli (12.0%), and Trinectes maculatus (10.8%). Non-metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling ordination of catch per unit effort (CPUE) data indicated two fish as- semblages that were largely independent of the two major vegetation types, but generally corresponded with spatial variation in salinity. This relationship was more complex because some of the species for which we could discriminate different age classes by size had different patterns of distribution along the salinity gradient.
Legal restrictions on use of program materials

The important questions of copyright and other legal limitations on the use of broadcast program materials arc usually considered “too complex” for the broadcaster without legal training. Although no substitute for specific professional advice, Professor Emery's article is designed to assist the lay broadcaster in preventing legal difficulties and in understanding some of the complexities of this field.
Integrating Decision Making and Mental Health Interventions Research: Research Directions

The importance of incorporating patient and provider decision-making processes is in the forefront of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) agenda for improving mental health interventions and services. Key concepts in patient decision making are highlighted within a simplified model of patient decision making that links patient-level/“micro” variables to services-level/“macro” variables via the decision-making process that is a target for interventions. The prospective agenda for incorporating decision-making concepts in mental health research includes (a) improved measures for characterizing decision-making processes that are matched to study populations, complexity, and types of decision making; (b) testing decision aids in effectiveness research for diverse populations and clinical settings; and (c) improving the understanding and incorporation of preference concepts in enhanced intervention designs.
A transform-domain G-PrOBE algorithm

We propose a computationally attractive transform-domain gradient-with-projection-on-bounding-ellipsoid (G-PrOBE) algorithm. The main idea in the proposed frequency-domain G-PrOBE algorithm is that the system parameters are computed by projecting the gradient estimate onto a set that is updated using a priori information from the instantaneous error magnitude. Experimental results demonstrate that the transform-domain G-PrOBE algorithm is more robust towards burst errors and tends to exhibit smaller parameter variance relative to gradient-type algorithms especially under low signal excitation.
Homocysteine inhibits neoangiogenesis in mice through blockade of annexin A2–dependent fibrinolysis

When plasma levels of homocysteine (HC), a thiol amino acid formed upon methionine demethylation, exceed 12 muM, individuals are at increased risk of developing large vessel atherothrombosis and small vessel dysfunction. The annexin A2 complex (termed "A2") is the cell surface coreceptor for plasminogen and TPA and accelerates the catalytic activation of plasmin, the major fibrinolytic agent in mammals. We previously showed that HC prevents A2-mediated, TPA-dependent activation of plasminogen in vitro by disulfide derivatization of the "tail" domain of A2. We also demonstrated that fibrinolysis and angiogenesis are severely impaired in A2-deficient mice. We now report here that, although hyperhomocysteinemic mice had a normal coagulation profile and normal platelet function, fibrin accumulated in their tissues due to reduced perivascular fibrinolytic activity and angiogenesis was impaired. A2 isolated from hyperhomocysteinemic mice failed to fully support TPA-dependent plasmin activation. However, infusion of hyperhomocysteinemic mice with fresh recombinant A2, which localized to neoangiogenic endothelial cells, resulted in normalization of angiogenesis and disappearance of peri- and intravascular fibrin. We therefore conclude that hyperhomocysteinemia impairs postnatal angiogenesis by derivatizing A2, preventing perivascular fibrinolysis, and inhibiting directed endothelial cell migration. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for microvascular dysfunction and macrovascular occlusion in individuals with hyperhomocysteinemia.
Uranium(VI) bis(imido) disulfonamide and dihalide complexes: Synthesis density functional theory analysis

Abstract Novel cis- and trans-bis(imido) uranium disulfonamide derivatives have been prepared from iodide metathesis reactions between two equivalents of K[N(Me)(SO2Ar’)] (Ar’ = 4-Me-C6H4) and U(NtBu)2(I)2(L)x (L = OPPh3, x = 2; Me2bpy, x = 1; Me2bpy = 4,4’-dimethyl-2,2’-bipyridyl). These bis(amide) derivatives serve as useful precursors for the synthesis of the trans-diphenolate complex U(NtBu)2(O-2-tBuC6H4)2(OPPh3)2 (5), cis- and trans-dithiolate complexes U(NtBu)2(SPh)2(L)x (L = OPPh3 (6); Me2bpy (7)), and cis- and trans-dihalide complexes with the general formulas U(NtBu)2(X)2(L)x (X = Cl, L = OPPh3 (8), L = Me2bpy (10); X = Br, L = OPPh3 (9), L = Me2bpy (11)). DFT calculations performed on the trans-dihalide series U(NtBu)2(X)2(L)2 and the UO22+ analogues UO2X2(OPPh3)2 suggest that the uranium centers in the [U(NtBu)2]2+ ions possess more covalent character than analogous UO22+ derivatives but that the U-X bonds in the U(NtBu)2X2L2 complexes possess a more ionic nature.
Home Environment and Adaptive Social Behavior Among Premature, Low Birth Weight Children: Alternative Models of Environmental Action

Used data from 465 premature, low birth weight children representing three major sociocultural groups (Caucasian, African American, Hispanic) to examine the relation between children's home environments and their adaptive social behavior. Results showed low to moderate associations between scores on the HOME Inventory at 1 and 3 years and scores on two measures of adaptive social behavior at 30 to 36 months, the Adaptive Social Behavior Inventory, and observations of mother-child interaction in a structured laboratory situation. Results indicated that responsive, nurturant care at both 1 and 3 years are related to child adaptive social behavior, as are cognitively stimulating experiences and materials. However, canonical correlational analysis indicated that only Acceptance and Variety of Experience, measured at age 3, and Variety of Experience measured at age 1 accounted for independent amounts of variance in adaptive social behavior as perceived by mothers. Also, only sociocultural group status and Learning Materials at 36 months contributed to the prediction of persistence and enthusiasm as observed in the laboratory setting.
Density‐related foraging behaviour in Closterocerus tricinctus, a parasitoid of the leaf‐mining moth, Cameraria hamadryadella

Summary. 1. We examined the foraging behaviour of the parasitoid wasp, Closterocerus tricinctus (Ashmead) (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), as it visited larvae of the leaf-mining moth, Cameraria hamadryadella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), in an outbreak population. 2. We tracked females of C.tricinctus, recording the time spent searching for mines and handling host larvae. The density of leaf-mines (host larvae) and their condition were recorded for each leaf visited. A subset of leaves visited by C. tricinctus was enclosed in fine mesh bags so that foraging success could be determined by rearing or dissection. The average density of mines and the average leaf-area mined was estimated for a random sample of leaves from each tree. 3. The selection of leaves upon which to forage appears to be densitydependent. C. rricincrus visits leaves with leaf-mine densities twice the average, and when switching leaves lands directly on leaf-mines 5 times more often than expected assuming random landings. 4. The total time spent foraging on a leaf, the average time spent handling hosts, and the total search time within leaves tend to decline on leaves with many hosts, but the observed declines are not statistically significant. 5. The proportion of leaf-mines visited within a leaf is strongly inversely density-dependent. 30% of visits to leaf-mines are re-visits and 29% of handling time is spent re-handling previously visited hosts. Furthermore, only 21% of visits to mines lead to successful parasitism. We suggest that self-interference and the avoidance behaviour of the host may reduce the number of visits of leafmines by Cfricincfus within a leaf. 6. The effect of the strongly inversely density-dependent foraging investment within leaves is to offset the observed density-dependent pattern of leaf visitation making the overall spatial pattern of visitation by C.fricinctus to mines of C. hamadryadella inversely density-dependent. 7. We suggest that the uncertainty of C.tricinctus surviving on multiply mined leaves because of density-dependent host mortality due to intraspecific competition in high-density host populations, the rarity of high-density host populations, and the rarity of multiply-mined leaves in low-density host populations combine to select against an aggregative response within leaves by C. tricinctus.
Numerical Simulation of Internal Kelvin Waves and Coastal Upwelling Fronts

Two three-dimensional primitive equation numerical ocean models are applied to the problem of internal Kelvin waves and coastal upwelling in the Great Lakes. One is the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) with a terrain-following (sigma) vertical coordinate, and the other is the Dietrich/Center for Air Sea Technology (DIECAST) model with constant z-level coordinates. The sigma coordinate system is particularly convenient for simulating coastal upwelling, while the z-level system might be better for representing abrupt topographic changes. The models are first tested with a stratified idealized circular lake 100 km in diameter and 100 m deep. Two bottom topographies are considered: a flat bottom and a parabolic depth profile. Three rectilinear horizontal grids are used: 5, 2.5, and 1.25 km. The POM was used with 13 vertical levels, while the DIECAST model was tested with both 13 and 29 vertical levels. The models are driven with an impulsive wind stress imitating the passage of a weather system. In the case of the flat-bottom basin, the dynamical response to light wind forcing is a small amplitude internal Kelvin wave. For both models, the speed of the Kelvin wave in the model is somewhat less than the inviscid analytic solution wave speed. In the case of strong wind forcing, the thermocline breaks the surface (full upwelling) and a strong surface thermal front appears. After the wind ceases, the edges of this thermal front propagate cyclonically around the lake, quite similar to an internal Kelvin wave. In the case of parabolic bathymetry, Kelvin wave and thermal front propagation is modified by interaction with a topographic wave and a geostrophic circulation. In both models, higher horizontal resolution gives higher wave and frontal speeds. Horizontal resolution is much more critical in the full upwelling case than in the Kelvin wave case. Vertical resolution is not as critical. The models are also applied to Lake Michigan to determine the response to strong northerly winds causing upwelling along the eastern shore. The results are more complex than for the circular basin, but clearly show the characteristics of cyclonically propagating thermal fronts. The resulting northward warm front propagation along the eastern shore compares favorably with observations of temperature fluctuations at municipal water intakes after a storm, although the model frontal speed was less than the observed speed.
Internal consistency of Kaluza-Klein theories

We consider the internal consistency of the five-dimensional Kaluza-Klein theories and the implications for its higher-dimensional extensions. In particular we restrict our analysis to the vacuum field equations and the geodesic equation for free test particles. It is shown that a consistent formulation of the five-dimensional Kaluza-Klein theory is not equivalent to the Einstein-Maxwell theory. The difference between these theories should be experimentally testablewithout building 1019GeV accelerators.
Calculations of Proton Uptake in Rhodobacter Sphaeroides Reaction Centers

In the first stages of photosynthesis carried out in proteins such as bacterial reaction centers (RCs) the energy of an absorbed photon is used to initiate a series of intra-protein electron transfers. These reactions have been well characterized (see reference 1 for a review). One important consequence of the resulting charge separation is proton uptake from the interior of the cell. The stoichiometry of proton uptake on formation of different redox states as a function of pH has been described in detail.2–6 More recent studies have monitored the influence of specific amino acids on proton uptake stoichiometry and kinetics.7–12 It is of interest to understand how the RCs three dimensional structure yields the observed coupling of electron and proton transfers.
13 Tumor necrosis factor-α gene expression before and after exercise in middle-aged and older horses

s / Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 35 (2015) 383e391 388 13 Tumor necrosis factor-a gene expression before and after exercise in middle-aged and older horses M.M. Darby*, S.R. Malone , D.W. Horohov , and D.E. Chappell 1 Morehead State University, Morehead, KY, USA; University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is expressed at different levels depending on the age of the horse. Age influences the animal's ability to launch an appropriate immune response and as horses age they exhibit a lower inflammatory response. Twenty-six adult horses (n 1⁄4 8 mares; n 1⁄4 18 geldings) were used to test the hypothesis that older horses would have higher pre-exercise TNF-a values and lower postexercise values than middle-aged horses. Horses were used in a University riding program andwere ridden for approximately one hour undergoing exercise of varying intensity. Blood samples (~4 mL) were collected via venipuncture into PAXgene tubes before exercise (pre) and 3 h after exercise (post). Blood samples were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with equine-specific primers. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 and analysis was done using an ANOVA. Horses were split into age groups, middle-aged (<15 years; n 1⁄4 13; mean age 10 years; range 7e14 years) and older (1⁄4 15 years; n 1⁄4 13; mean age 17.6 years; range 15e21 years). The results are displayed as the mean ± SEM. Older horses had similar (P 1⁄4 0.24) pre-exercise TNF-a mRNA expression as middle-aged horses (middle-aged 0.075 ± 0.06; older 0.18 ± 0.07). Post-exercise there was no significant difference (P 1⁄4 0.119) between groups for TNF-a mRNA expression (middle aged 0.32 ± 0.08; older 0.14 ± 0.07). The magnitude of the response to exercise was similar in both groups of horses. Older horses had slightly, but not significantly, higher TNF-a mRNA expression pre-exercise and this could be expected due to chronic inflammation or underlying conditions. Future studies may focus on a more diverse age population with a wider gap betweenmiddle-aged and older horses andmore control over underlying medical conditions.
Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Meat Quality, Color, Grade, Heat Ring, and Palatability

In the late 1960s, scientists at Texas A&M University (TAMU) developed a process for tenderization of carcasses that was ultimately called “Texas A&M Tenderstretch” (Orts et al. 1971). Despite extensive research documenting its effectiveness in increasing tenderness of beef and lamb, the “Tenderstretch” process was not implemented by packers in the United States. The process is used commercially by a few packers in North America and some packers in South America and it has been used extensively in Australia and New Zealand. It was the use of “Tenderstretch” to prevent toughness in rapidly processed (chilling and/or freezing) lamb carcasses in New Zealand that led, ultimately, to TAMU investigations of electrical stimulation.
Left ventricular diastolic and systolic performance during chronic experimental aortic regurgitation

To study the time course of left ventricular structural and functional responses to chronic aortic regurgitation, aortic regurgitation was surgically induced in rabbits, and Doppler echocardiography was performed preoperatively and serially postoperatively for up to 2.5 yr. Twenty-five New Zealand White rabbits underwent surgical induction of aortic regurgitation and 13 control animals underwent sham operation. Left ventricular endocardial and epicardial surfaces were digitized from M-mode echocardiograms to measure the rates of change of cavity dimensions and wall thicknesses during diastolic relaxation and systolic contraction. Aortic regurgitant animals developed left ventricular dilatation and eccentric hypertrophy that remained relatively stable throughout the follow-up period. Compared with baseline values, left ventricular mass increased 120% and left ventricular internal dimension at end diastole increased 40%, whereas posterior wall thickness at end diastole and fractional shortening remained relatively stable. Left ventricular diastolic performance was enhanced at 6 mo after operation, a finding associated with increased volume load and heart rate following induction of aortic regurgitation. Diastolic performance was then reduced at 12 mo after operation and demonstrated no further decline throughout the remainder of the follow-up period. In contrast, left ventricular systolic performance was not altered following operation and remained preserved until the final assessment at up to 2.5 yr. Thus alterations in diastolic performance occurred without impairment of systolic performance during long-term follow-up of chronic experimental aortic regurgitation.
Using Spreadsheet Modeling to Teach Exchange Curves (Optimal Policy Curves) in Inventory Management.

Inventory management is widely researched and the topic is taught in business programs across the spectrum of operations and supply chain management. However, the concepts are notoriously difficult for students to practice once they finish school and become managers responsible for inventory control. This article explains the structure and details of an inventory management class module designed to bridge the gap between learning inventory management theory and applying the learning to practice. Through an active learning exercise, groups of logistics management graduate students in two sections of an introductory inventory management class (in-residence and online) are taught the exchange curve concept, introduced to its use in practice, and given a tool for implementing this learning in a variety of practical scenarios. The exercise is valuable as it is well suited for students with a limited math background because it allows the exchange curve concept to be taught and demonstrated without presenting complicated mathematics. A three-tiered assessment of the exercise reveals its effectiveness in meeting the goals of providing an engaging and interesting use of learning time and giving the students an in-depth practical understanding of the exchange curve concept. The exercise is designed to be equally useful for application in an undergraduate class.
Transcription factor expression in lymphocyte development: clues to the evolutionary origins of lymphoid cell lineages?

Lymphocyte development provides an excellent model system for studying the evolutionary divergence of cell lineages. Based on their appearance in vertebrate phylogeny, the origins of lymphoid cell lineages are likely to lie in events which occurred during a defined range of time at least 450 million years ago. The dramatic emergence of both B cells and T cells in the cartilaginous fish (Litman et al. 1999) indicates the occurrence of at least one major event pivotal for the development of lymphocytes as we know them, after the divergence of the vertebrates from the other chordates but before the diversification of the jawed vertebrates. One such event may have been the acquisition, perhaps by horizontal transfer, of the recombination-activating genes (RAGs; Agrawal et al. 1998). The large-scale gene duplication events which are believed to have occurred at approximately this same time (Holland et al. 1994; Pebusque et al. 1998) may have provided another powerful mechanism for rapid evolutionary change. Lymphoid development is dependent upon networks of transcription factors, which serve not only to activate a series of temporally controlled gene batteries during differentiation but also to stabilize the mature phenotype. These transcription factors are generally members of multigene families whose origins are far more ancient than the lymphoid lineages in which they operate and provide a bridge across phylogenetic distances which have been thus far inaccessible to the study of rearranging antigen receptors. Furthermore, it is likely that duplication and/or divergence of both the cis-regulatory regions and the structural portions of transcription factor family members has contributed to the diversification of hematopoietic cell types in vertebrates.
Prediction of Human Glomerular Filtration Rate from Preterm Neonates to Adults: Evaluation of Predictive Performance of Several Empirical Models

The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive performance of several allometric empirical models (body weight dependent, age dependent, fixed exponent 0.75, a data-dependent single exponent, and maturation models) to predict glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in preterm and term neonates, infants, children, and adults without any renal disease. In this analysis, the models were developed from GFR data obtained from inulin clearance (preterm neonates to adults; n = 93) and the predictive performance of these models were evaluated in 335 subjects (preterm neonates to adults). The primary end point was the prediction of GFR from the empirical allometric models and the comparison of the predicted GFR with measured GFR. A prediction error within ±30% was considered acceptable. Overall, the predictive performance of the four models (BDE, ADE, and two maturation models) for the prediction of mean GFR was good across all age groups but the prediction of GFR in individual healthy subjects especially in neonates and infants was erratic and may be clinically unacceptable.
Power and Effective Study Size in Heritability Studies.

Correlation between study units in quantitative genetics studies often makes it difficult to compare important inferential aspects of studies. Describing the relatedness between study units is critical to capture features of pedigree studies involving heritability, including power and precision of heritability estimates. Blangero et al. (Adv Genet 81:1–31, 2012) showed that in pedigree studies the power to detect heritability is a function of the true heritability and the eigenvalues of the kinship matrix. We extend this to a more general setting which allows statements about expected precision of heritability estimates. Using two different Taylor series approximations, we summarize the relatedness in a study design by one or two parameters. These relatedness summary parameters (RSPs) are functions of the eigenvalues or log-eigenvalues of the kinship matrix. Using the RSPs based on the log-eigenvalues, we accurately approximate the expectation of the likelihood ratio test and expected confidence interval widths. We define an effective sample size of a target study as one which has the equivalent power and precision to a reference design. Using unrelated sibpairs as the reference design provides very accurate assessments of power. RSPs and effective sample sizes provide new tools for comparing studies and communicating information about relatedness in heritability studies.
Sufferers and Healers: The Experience of Illness in Seventeenth-Century England

Reveals the wide spectrum of seventeenth-century healers, from the housewife to local bonesetters to formally accredited surgeons.
Improved Characteristic-Based Split Finite Element Method for Fluid Dynamics

With extensive finite element analysis and characteristics of fluid flow studies,an exact explicit discrete method for characteristics via local Taylor expansion was developed.Momentum equation along the characteristics was formulated and the FEM governing equations of the split method were derived.The proposed method had been achieved using in-house software package AADS(Automatic Analysis and Design of Space structure) and was verified using numerical examples documented in the literature.Comparison with numerical examples indicates that the proposed exact explicit discrete method can accurately predict incompressible fluid flow.
Environment Contamination Problems of Photosensitive Material Waste and Countermeasures

The fast development of processing industry of photosensitive material,produces a large number of photosensitive material wastes,which has caused pollution to the environment seriously,influenced the steady development of the society economy,endangered human health.Some countermeasures suitable for our country are put forward.