cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ANXIETY AND ITS CORRELATES AMONG OLDER ADULTS ACCESSING AGING SERVICES

Objectives To assess the characteristics of anxiety in aging services network (ASN) clients. Methods Interviews were conducted as part of an academic-community partnership for studying the mental health needs of community-dwelling older adults. Participants consisted of ASN clients in Monroe County, NY, that were aged 60 years and older and received an in-home assessment for care management services. The Goldberg Anxiety Scale screened for anxiety symptoms, and instruments covering the domains of associated mental health, physical health and disability, social support, negative life events, and other areas relevant to delivery of aging services were administered. Results Of 378 subjects enrolled, 27% had clinically significant levels of anxiety. In bivariate analyses anxiety was associated with having a current major depressive episode (MDE), five or more medical conditions, pain, younger age, less income, and negative life events. After controlling for MDE in multivariate analyses, medical conditions, pain, negative life events, and younger age were significant correlates of anxiety in ASN clients. Conclusions Anxiety was common among ASN clients who received in-home care management services. These anxious clients suffered from a combination of mental, medical, and social issues that suggests the need for multidisciplinary care. Because aging services providers work with their clients to ameliorate conditions that are highly correlated with anxiety, the ASN represents a promising venue for detecting, managing, and preventing anxiety among older adults. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of an aerobic activity program on the cholesterol levels of adolescents.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 15-week aerobic activity program on the total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels of 25 high school students, ages 14–17 years (experimental group = 14, control group = 11). Participants in the activity program exercised 4 days per week in a specially designed physical education class, while the control group participated in the regular physical education program. Results of the analysis of covariance found significant reductions in TC in the training group (control group Adj M = 190.2 mg/dl, experimental group Adj M = 173.1 mg/dl, p > .05), but no significant changes in HDL-C (control group Adj M = 49.8 mg/dl, experimental group Adj M = 50 mg/dl). While the exercise program appeared to have a beneficial effect on TC in 12 of 14 participants (86%), HDL-C also dropped in 12 of 14 participants (86%).
Computing Associative Functions Distributively in Spite of Link Failures

Repeated computation of associative functions is central to many asynchronous distributed algorithms reported in the literature. We present efficient distributed algorithms for computing associative functions in spite of undetectable link failures in non-partitioned distributed systems. Two distributed; algorithms are presented for function computation assuming that the distributed system is preprocessed by a one-time preprocessing step that uses O(|E| |V|) messages (where |E| and |V| are the number of links and the number of nodes of the system, respectively). The first algorithm tolerates single link failures using O(|V| log |V|) messages and the second algorithm, which is an extension of the first algorithm, copes with the simultaneous failure of k links using O(k|E| log |V|) messages. Efficient computation of associative functions in the presence of multiple link failures has been an open problem, and our work solves this open problem.
Standardization of a Preparative Ultracentrifuge Method for Quantitative Determination of Protein Binding of Seven Antibiotics

A preparative ultracentrifuge method was standardized for determination of quantitative binding of cephalothin, cefamandole, cefazolin, cefaclor, erythromycin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol to human serum proteins. At achievable in vivo concentrations, serum binding was 78.5% for cephalothin, 79.9% for cefamandole, 88.5% for cefazolin, 23.5% for cefaclor, 41.9% for erythromycin, 22.7% for gentamicin, and 59.5% for chloramphenicol. Techniques that use semipermeable cellophane or diaflow membranes, cross-linked dextran, inhibition of bacterial growth, protein precipitation, or liquid partitioning all have inherent problems with either the ligand or the antibiotic adversely interacting with the experimental apparatus. Ultracentrifugation provides a rapid, reproducible technique for protein-binding determinations of the classes of antibiotics described.
Use of drinking water treatment solids for arsenate removal from desalination concentrate

Abstract Desalination of impaired water can be hindered by the limited options for concentrate disposal. Selective removal of specific contaminants using inexpensive adsorbents is an attractive option to address the challenges of concentrate management. In this study, two types of ferric-based drinking water treatment solids (DWTS) were examined for arsenate removal from reverse osmosis concentrate during continuous-flow once-through column experiments. Arsenate sorption was investigated under different operating conditions including pH, arsenate concentration, hydraulic retention time, loading rate, temperature, and moisture content of the DWTS. Arsenate removal by the DWTS was affected primarily by surface complexation, electrostatic interactions, and arsenate speciation. Results indicated that arsenate sorption was highly dependent on initial pH and initial arsenate concentration. Acidic conditions enhanced arsenate sorption as a result of weaker electrostatic repulsion between predominantly monovalent H2AsO4− and negatively charged particles in the DWTS. High initial arsenate concentration increased the driving force for arsenate sorption to the DWTS surface. Tests revealed that the potential risks associated with the use of DWTS include the leaching of organic contaminants and ammonia, which can be alleviated by using wet DWTS or discarding the initially treated effluent that contains high organic concentration.
Determinacy and extended sharp functions on the reals, Part II : obtaining sharps from determinacy

Abstract For several partial sharp functions # on the reals, we characterize in terms of determinacy, the existence of indiscernibles for several inner models of “#( r ) exists for every real r ”. Let # 1 0 =1# 1 0 be the identity function on the reals. Inductively define the partial sharp function, β # 1 γ+1 , on the reals so that # 1 γ+1 ( r )=1# 1 γ+1 ( r ) codes indiscernibles for L ( r ) [# 1 1 , # 1 2 ,…, # 1 γ ] and ( β +1)# 1 γ+1 ( r )=# 1 γ+1 ( β # 1 γ+1 ( r )). We sho w that the existence of β # 1 γ (0) follows from the determinacy of (γ* Π 0 1 , ( β −1)* Σ 0 1 ) * + games (whose definition we provide). Part I proves the converse.
MK-801 impedes the acquisition of a spatial memory task in rats.

Abstract Several studies have reported that MK-801 impairs the acquisition of various learning and memory tasks, while others suggest that MK-801 may interfere with performance rather than having a specific effect on memory. To characterize further the effects of MK-801 on learning and memory, MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg, SC) was administered prior to or immediately after learning trials in a trial-independent water maze task. Since MK-801 may affect nonassociative variables that may influence learning and memory, motor activity and general reactivity measures were also determined for 0.0125, 0.025, or 0.05 mg/kg of MK-801 administered SC. Since MK-801 may also be used to treat children with epilepsy, we investigated the possible persistent cognitive effects on neonates. MK-801 (0.02 mg/kg, SC) was administered at postnatal days 9–15 and tested in the same task as above starting at day 36 of age. There were no persistent effects of neonatal treatment. However, in adult rats, MK-801 impaired the acquisition of the water maze task but did not affect performance during a recall task in the same apparatus. At doses affecting learning, there were no effects on motor activity or general reactivity in adult rats. These results are consistent with the conclusion that MK-801 interferes with acquisition of spatial learning in the rat.
Thermal Diffusion of C60 Molecules and Clusters on Au(111)

The structure and dynamics of partial monolayers of C60 on the Au(111) surface were observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under ambient conditions. At submonolayer coverages, C60 molecule...
The mutagenicity of the acridine mustard (ICR-170) and the structurally related compounds in Neurosopora

The mutagenicity of ICR-170, a monofunctional nitrogen mustard derivative of acridine (2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-[3-(ethyl-2-chloroethyl) amino propylamino] acridine dihydrochloride), was compared with other specific mutagens, NA, EMS, and HA, to characterize the genetic alterations produced by ICR-170 at the molecular level. A comparison was also made of the mutagenicity of compounds closely related in structure to ICR-170 to determine which parts of ICR-170's molecular structure are important for their different mutagenic activities. Assays for specific revertibility were made on a series of 8 ad-3B mutants of Neurosopora crassa comprised of a tester set of 4 mutants that revert by base-pair substitutions, 2 that revert by base-pair insertion and/or deletion, and 2 that revert only spontaneously. In such tests ICR-170 produces predominantly base-pair insertions or deletions as well as a lower frequency of base-pair substitutions. Tests with the structurally related compounds showed that (1) Atabrine, which has a molecular structure similar to ICR-170 and lacks the nitrogen mustard group, is not mutagenic; (2) that ICR-174 and ICR-172, which have the same aliphatic side chain as ICR-170 but only the left two-thirds or the right two-thirds of the acridine ring, show a low nonspecific mutagenic activity; and (3) that ICR-177, a monofunctional nitrogen mustard with the same aliphatic side chain as ICR-170, and the common bifunctional nitrogen mustard (HN2) induce reversions in all the mutants that revert by base-pair substitutions and in one of the mutants that reverts by base-pair insertion or deletion. The mutagenic activity of the compounds structurally related to ICR-170 has been interpretated as indicating that (1) the nitrogen mustard group is essential for the mutagenicity of ICR-170, (2) that theintact acridine ring is required to produce reversions due to base-pair insertion and/or deletion, and (3) that the lower frequency of reversions produced by ICR-170 in the mutants that revert by base-pair substitution can be attributed to the monofunctional nitrogen mustard group. In summary, both the acridine ring and the nitrogen mustard group of the ICR-170 molecule are essential for its mutagenic activity as well as for its antioplastic activity (as shown previously by Dr. H. J. Creech, Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, Pa., (U.S.A.).
Fifty years of smelling sulfur

On the occasion of his 70th birthday, the author summarizes his contributions to the scientific literature.
Sensitivity analysis of a general rangeland model

Abstract An extensive sensitivity analysis of a model for the Simulation of Production and Utilization on Rangelands (SPUR) was conducted. A perturb and observe approach was employed in a series of fractional factorial experiments. State variables selected as sensitivity indicator variables included: peak standing crop, maximum plant nitrogen to carbon ratio, integrated year-long mineralization of soil nitrogen, integrated season-long plant death, integrated season-long carbon assimilation, integrated effect of soil moisture on net photosynthesis, integrated season-long forage intake by steers and cummulative season-long change in steer weight. The 1st of three stages of the analysis showed dynamics which affect simulated warm and cool-season grasses, warm and cool-season forbs and shrubs were similar in the absence of grazing. Therefore, one plant functional group (warm-season grasses) was used in subsequent stages, allowing a greater number of plant species specific parameters to be examined. In the 2nd stage, also without grazing, optimum, minimum and maximum temperatures for plant activity, the day senescence ends and their joint effects had the largest impacts on the plant component. Characteristics of the soil and soil-water relationships had only minor effects on plant-related indicators. Grazing caused many of the interactions which previously affected plant-related indicators to become less important. Effects associated with day senescence ends were greatly reduced in both magnitude and importance. Steer forage intake and weight change were sensitive to stocking rate and the parameter which converts the percent nitrogen of the forage into total digestible nutrients. Plant parameters which affected the relative quantities of carbon and nitrogen in plant biomass, tended to mediate the effects of livestock-related parameters.
Plasma Modifications to the Interface in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Matrices

Abstract Radio frequency glow discharge oxygen plasma was used to modify the surfaces of PAN-based and mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers. Surface chemical changes to the fibers were monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and by fiber wetting studies evaluated in terms of dispersive-polar components of surface energy and acid-base contribution to the work of adhesion. Physical changes to these fibers were monitored by scanning electron microscopy. Stress transferability of these fibers was evaluated by the embedded single fiber test in poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly(methacrylonitrile) and poly(vinyl chloride) as these matrices offered varying degrees of dispersive-polar and acid-base character. Experimentally determined critical aspect ratios were compared to the theoretical work of adhesion determined by dispersive-polar interactions and with the Lewis acid-base nature of the matrices.
Effect of specimen collection method on newborn screening for PKU

Abstract Introduction: Although heelstick followed by direct spotting of blood on filter paper is usually the method of choice for routine newborn screening of phenylketonuria (PKU) and other disorders, current National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) recommendations provide guidelines for blood collection by capillary tube and dorsal vein, finding that these methods are acceptable alternatives. These latter methods are used for newborn blood collection by a number of hospitals in the US. In large newborn screening programs, however, standardization and cutoffs are set by large-scale testing of specimens collected by direct spotting on filter paper. Methods: Three separate groups of 21 149, 111 035, and 120 837 newborn filter paper specimens were analyzed for phenylalanine concentration by a fluorometric method to determine the effect of collection method of phenylalanine values. The three methods examined were direct spotting of blood from heelstick on filter paper, collection of blood into capillary tube with transfer to filter paper and dorsal hand venipuncture with transfer to filter paper. Results: The mean phenylalanine levels were 2.63 mg/dl, 2.46 mg/dl, and 2.28 mg/dl for direct spotting, capillary tube, and dorsal hand vein, respectively. Actual presumptive positive rates for the three methods were 23 10 000 , 11 10 000 and 0 10 000 , respectively. These differences were consistent when controlling for laboratory and Area Genetic Center (AGC) origin. Discussion: Since guidelines generally recommend or require direct spotting, values obtained by this method should remain the standard for setting cutoffs; deviations from this method could lead to missed cases, particularly for early-tested infants with borderline elevated values.
The calcium binding proteins calbindin, parvalbumin, and calretinin have specific patterns of expression in the gray matter of cat spinal cord.

Calcium binding proteins (CBPs) regulate intracellular levels of calcium (Ca2+) ions. CBPs are particularly interesting from a morphological standpoint, because they are differentially expressed in certain sub-populations of cells in the nervous system of various species of vertebrate animals. However, knowledge on the cellular regulation governing such cell-specific CBP expression is still incomplete. In this work on the L7 segment of the cat spinal cord, we analyzed the localization and morphology of neurons expressing the CBPs calbindin-28 KD (CB), parvalbumin (PV), and calretinin (CR), and co-expressing CB and PV, CB and CR, and PV and CR. Single CBP-positive (+) neurons showed specific distributions: (1) CB was present in small neurons localized in laminae I, II, III and X, in small to medium size neurons in laminae III–VI, and in medium to large neurons in laminae VI–VIII; (2) PV was present in small size neurons in laminae III and IV and in medial portions of laminae V and VI, medium neurons and in lamina X at the border with lamina VII, in medium to large neurons in laminae VII and VIII; (3) CR labeling was detected in small size neurons in laminae I, II, III and VIII, in medium to large size neurons in laminae I and III–VII, and in small to medium size neurons in lamina X. Double labeled neurons were a small minority of the CBP+ cells. Co-expression of CB and PV was seen in 1 to 2% of the CBP+ cells, and they were detected in the ventral and intermediate portions of lamina VII and in lamina X. Co-localization of CB and CR was present in 0.3% of the cells and these cells were localized in lamina II. Double labeling for PV and CR occurred in 6% of the cells, and the cells were localized in ventral part of lamina VII and in lamina VIII. Overall, these results revealed distinct and reproducible patterns of localization of the neurons expressing single CBPs and co-expressing two of them. Distinct differences of CBP expression between cat and other species are discussed. Possible relations between the cat L7 neurons expressing different CBPs with the neurons previously analyzed in cat and other animals are suggested.
Characterization of octyl glucoside-solubilized cell membrane receptors for binding measles virus

Abstract Optimum conditions were determined for solubilizing cell membrane receptors for binding measles virus (MV). Evidence for specific receptors was shown from the saturability of MV binding to intact Vero cells or African Green Monkey erythrocytes (MRBCs). Receptors, solubilized from Vero cells and MRBC with 1.5% octyl glucoside, inhibited MV attachment, infectivity, and hemagglutination activities. Extracts from chicken erythrocytes, which did not bind MV, were inactive in all assays. MV binding activity in Vero or MRBC extracts was stable to heating (100° 10 min) or neuraminidase treatment, but was inactivated by a range of proteases, including chymotrypsin, and bound to lentil and pea lectin agaroses, to indicate a glycoprotein component.
HL-A ANTIGENS AND CHORIOCARCINOMA

Abstract A woman with disseminated gestational choriocarcinoma who gave birth to a full-term, live infant as the product of the pregnancy from which her tumour arose was studied with respect to histocompatibility factors using both leucocyte serotyping and mixed-leucocyte culture. HL-A antigenic differences were found between the infant and his mother with both techniques, disproving the hypothesis that the survival and dissemination of postgestational choriocarcinoma are dependent upon histocompatibility between the malignant graft and the maternal host.
A note on obtaining reduced order optimal control problems by singular perturbations

This note considers two methods of obtaining reduced order problems (by singular perturbations) in optimal control theory and shows that both methods lead to the same set of equations.
Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 by “multi-prong” surface binding groups

A novel strategy of blocking the active site accessibility of MMP-9 by “multi-prong” surface binding groups is described
Multiresolution voxel decomposition of complex-valued BOLD signals reveals phasor turbulence

High spatial resolution functional MRI (fMRI) technology continues to enable smaller voxel sizes, providing details about neuronal activity in terms of spatial localization and specificity. The BOLD contrast mechanism can be examined by numerical simulation. By representing a complex timeseries with a dynamic phasor in a polar coordinate system, a complex-valued BOLD signal manifests as an inward spiral: the radial distance represents the signal amplitude and the polar angle the signal phase angle. For normal fMRI settings (millimeter resolution, 3T main field, and 30ms relaxation time), the BOLD phasors usually evolve in a form of inward spiraling. Under some extreme parameter settings (high resolution, high field, or long relaxation time), the phasors may become turbulent (i.e. exhibit disordered spiraling). In this paper, we will report on a BOLD phasor turbulence phenomenon resulting from coarse-to-fine multiresolution voxel decomposition. In our implementation, a vasculature-laden voxel (320×320×320 micron 3 ) is decomposed into a sequence of subvoxels (160×160 ×160, 80×80×80, 40×40×40, 20×20×20 micron 3 ). Our simulations reveal the following phenomena: 1) Ultrahigh spatial resolution (several tens of microns, e.g. 20micron) BOLD fMRI may cause signal turbulence, primarily occurring at vessel boundaries; 2) The intravascular signal is prone to turbulence but its contribution to the voxel signal is greatly suppressed by the blood volume fraction; 3) There is no signal turbulence under small angle condition; 4) For millimeter-resolution fMRI with small relaxation time (< 30ms), signal turbulence is unlikely to occur. We explain the high-resolution BOLD signal turbulence from the perspective of the emergence of BOLD field irregularity.
The Molecular Diversity of Dscam Is Functionally Required for Neuronal Wiring Specificity in Drosophila

Alternative splicing of Dscam generates an enormous molecular diversity with maximally 38,016 different receptors. Whether this large diversity is required in vivo is currently unclear. We examined the role of Dscam in neuron-target recognition of single mechanosensory neurons, which connect with different target cells through multiple axonal branches. Analysis of Dscam null neurons demonstrated an essential role of Dscam for growth and directed extension of axon branches. Expression of randomly chosen single isoforms could not rescue connectivity but did restore basic axonal extension and rudimentary branching. Moreover, two Dscam alleles were generated that each reduced the maximally possible Dscam diversity to 22,176 isoforms. Reduction of Dscam diversity resulted in specific connectivity defects of mechanosensory neurons. Furthermore, the observed allele-specific phenotypes suggest functional differences among isoforms. Our findings provide evidence that a very large number of structurally unique receptor isoforms is required to ensure fidelity and precision of neuronal connectivity.
Economics within a Pluralist Ethical Tradition

Ethical pluralism is the recognition that multiple ethical frameworks operate in social settings to solve problems of moral hazard. In particular, non-consequentialist considerations of duty and virtue operate to restrain self-interest and lower transaction costs in exchange, such as when asymmetric information exists. Positive economics has tended to rely exclusively on a behavioral model that assumes utility maximization, but this approach fails to give credit to the neglected foundations of duty and virtue. Consequences, duties, and virtues all play a role in sustaining businesses, for example, and in promoting the search for truth within the economic research community. Normative welfare economics can also benefit from understanding vertical and horizontal pluralism.
Cumacea From Puget Sound and Off the Northwestern Coast of Washington, With Descriptions of Two New Species 1)

Achtzehn Cumaceen-Arten wurden auf 41 Stationen im Puget Sound und vor der Kuste von Washington (U.S.A.) gefunden. Die bekannte Verbreitung zweier Arten wird gegen Suden, die von drei anderen Arten gegen Norden erweitert. Eine Art ist neu fur die Westkuste Nordamerikas. Campylaspis hartae und C. nodulosa werden neu beschrieben.
Phosphorylation at the Interface

Proteomic studies have identified thousands of eukaryotic phosphorylation sites (phosphosites), but few are functionally characterized. Nishi et al., in this issue of Structure, characterize phosphosites at protein-protein interfaces and estimate the effect of their phosphorylation on interaction affinity, by combining proteomics data with protein structures.
Interpretation of Field Measurements in the Cathode Region of Glow Discharges

A theory for the cathode region of glow discharges is developed in which the major assumptions are: (a) electron emission from the cathode due to positive ion impact is the dominant secondary mechanism; (b) the probability of ionization by electrons occurring in the high-field cathode region is small, so that electrons carry a negligible portion of the total tube current there; and (c) in this region the positive ions drift towards the cathode with a velocity governed by a mobility law. This theory is found to agree well with measurements in abnormal discharges in various gases at pressures above about 0.1 mm Hg. For lower pressures, measurements indicate that a great number of electrons are present in the cathode-negative glow space, probably due to ionization by high-energy positive ions and molecules; and, that at high enough values of $\frac{E}{p}$, the application of a mobility theory becomes completely invalid.
Taxonomy, anatomy and evolution of physical dormancy in seeds

Physical dormancy (PY) is caused by a water-impermeable seed or fruit coat. It is known, or highly suspected, to occur in nine orders and 15 families of angiosperms (sensuAngiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998), 13 of which are core eudicots. The Zingiberales is the only monocot order, and Cannaceae (Canna) the only monocot family, in which PY is known to occur. Six of the nine orders, and 12 of the 15 families, in which PY occurs are rosids. Furthermore, six of the families belong to the Malvales. The water-impermeable palisade layer(s) of cells are located in the seed coats of 13 of the families, and in the fruit coats of Anacardiaceae and Nelumbonaceae. In all 15 families, a specialized structure is associated with the water-impermeable layer(s). The breaking of PY involves disruption or dislodgment of these structures, which act as environmental ‘signal detectors’ for germination. Representatives of the nine angiosperm orders in which PY occurs had evolved by the late Cretaceous or early Tertiary (Paleogene). Anatomical evidence for PY in fruits of the extinct species Rhus rooseae (Anacardiaceae, middle Eocene) suggests that PY had evolved by 43Ma, and probably much earlier. We have constructed a conceptual model for the evolution of PY, and of PY+ physiological dormancy (PD), within Anacardiaceae. The model begins in pre-Eocene times with an ancestral species that has large, pachychalazal, non-dormant (ND), recalcitrant seeds. By the middle Eocene, a derived species with relatively small, partial pachychalazal, orthodox seeds and a water-impermeable endocarp (thus PY) had evolved, and by the Oligocene, PD had been added to the seed (true seed + endocarp) dormancy mechanism. It is suggested that climatic drying (Eocene), followed by climatic cooling (Eocene–Oligocene transition), were the primary selective agents in the development of PY. An evolutionary connection between PY and recalcitrance is suggested by the relatively high concentration of these two character states in the rosids. Phylogenetic data and fossil evidence seem to support the PY→(PY+PD) evolutionary sequence in Anacardiaceae, which also may have occured in Leguminosae.
Experiences Using the Xilinx Microblaze Softcore Processor and uCLinux in Computer Engineering Capstone Senior Design Projects

This paper describes the use of the Xilinx Microblaze 32-bit, soft-core processor in a series of senior design projects. The Microblaze was implemented on a commercial-off-the-shelf FPGA- based single board computer. The FPGA is pre-configured with the Microblaze running a version of Linux called uCLinux. Using this platform, students can develop custom hardware that can interface to the Microblaze using the OPB bus, and custom software that runs as a thread (or threads) on uClinux.
Professionalism and the shift mentality: how to reconcile patient ownership with limited work hours.

The Halstedian tradition imbued the art of surgery with a deeply rooted sense of re-sponsibility and a powerful work ethic. As apprentice surgeons, junior residents gained reputations for professionalism when they immersed themselves in patient care so deeply and for such long periods that they owned their patients. No detail of patient care was so trivial that it could escape the effective intern. The introduction of strict limits on resident work hours brought many positive changes to training programs nationwide. An unintended consequence of this policy is the potential for the loss of patient ownership by trainees. Patient ownership is the philosophy that one knows everything about one's patients and does everything for them. It is a central tenet of surgical professionalism dating back decades and is fundamental when facing critical patient care decisions. The shortened duty periods and subsequent frequent transfer of responsibility to others pose a challenge to the trainee's sense of professionalism and the continuity of patient care. This challenge must be addressed head-on. Residents must learn a New Professionalism that stems from sharing responsibility for the care of their patients. They must be given a new understanding of their responsibilities, new methods for organizing and sharing patient information, and new skills for directing team-based care as they work toward competency in systems-based practice. Residents, particularly junior residents, may lack many of these skills. The craft of conveying pertinent patient data to permit team-based care must be learned, just as all other forms of clinical communication are learned. And the unwillingness to relinquish patient ownership-the deep-seated desire to say, Nothing to do, I'll grab a nap and be back in a couple of hours-must be unlearned.
A Reynolds Stress Function for Wall Layers

Data for the Reynolds stress near a wall are correlated by employing the theory of perturbation methods to form a composite expansion. This absorbs, to first order, the effects of Reynolds number. Published data from three experimental and three direct numerical simulations of channel flow and one experimental and two direct numerical simulations of pipe flow were examined. A single curve fits the results to within the scatter of the data. If Reynolds number effects exist, they are hidden in the scatter. A closed-form equation, with one arbitrary constant, represents the data and has the proper limiting behavior both very near and very far from the wall.
Vitamin D, vitamin D binding protein gene polymorphisms, race and risk of incident stroke: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study

Background and purpose Low vitamin D levels, measured by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], are associated with increased stroke risk. Less is known about whether this association differs by race or D binding protein (DBP) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) status. Our objective was to characterize the associations of and interactions between 25(OH)D levels and DBP SNPs with incident stroke. It was hypothesized that associations of low 25(OH)D with stroke risk would be stronger amongst persons with genotypes associated with higher DBP levels. Methods 25(OH)D was measured by mass spectroscopy in 12 158 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (baseline 1990–1992, mean age 57 years, 57% female, 23% black) and they were followed through 2011 for adjudicated stroke events. Two DBP SNPs (rs7041, rs4588) were genotyped. Cox models were adjusted for demographic/behavioral/socioeconomic factors. Results During a median of 20 years follow-up, 804 incident strokes occurred. The lowest quintile of 25(OH)D (<17.2 ng/ml) was associated with higher stroke risk [hazard ratio (HR) 1.34 (1.06–1.71) versus highest quintile]; this association was similar by race (P interaction 0.60). There was weak evidence of increased risk of stroke amongst those with 25(OH)D < 17.2 ng/ml and either rs7041 TG/GG [HR = 1.29 (1.00–1.67)] versus TT genotype [HR = 1.19 (0.94–1.52)] (P interaction 0.28) or rs4588 CA/AA [HR = 1.37 (1.07–1.74)] versus CC genotype [HR = 1.14 (0.91–1.41)] (P interaction 0.11). Conclusions Low 25(OH)D is a risk factor for stroke. Persons with low 25(OH)D who are genetically predisposed to high DBP (rs7041 G, rs4588 A alleles), who therefore have lower predicted bioavailable 25(OH)D, may be at greater risk for stroke, although our results were not conclusive and should be interpreted as hypothesis generating.
Endothelial dysfunction and the metabolic syndrome.

The metabolic syndrome is a highly prevalent multifaceted clinical entity produced through the interaction of genetic, hormonal, and lifestyle factors. A distinctive constellation of abnormalities precedes and predicts the accelerated development of atherogenesis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Abnormalities of inflammation and coagulation represent emerging risk contributors associated with obesity and insulin resistance, central components of the metabolic syndrome, which act in concert with traditional abnormalities to increase cardiovascular risk. The initiation and progression of atherosclerosis may have its origins in impaired endothelial function that can be detected at the earliest stages of development of the syndrome. The basic elements of the metabolic syndrome and accelerated phase of atherogenesis are often silent partners that present many years before the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The ability to detect and monitor subclinical vascular disease, as a reflection of the multiple factors that contribute to impair arterial wall integrity, holds potential to further refine cardiovascular risk stratification. Noninvasive assessment of vascular health may also aid the clinical decision-making process by guiding therapeutic interventions to optimize vascular protection in the metabolic syndrome.
Patterns of phosphorus supply and utilization in Lake Washington and Findley Lake1,2

Patterns of phosphorus supply and utilization were investigated for 2 years. In Lake Washington, the phytoplankton bloom began in February or early March, reaching peaks of 2,165 ( 1974) and 1,885 mg Cm rnd2 * d-l (1975). Most of the P utilized was from phosphate accumulated in the water, resulting in depletions of soluble reactive phosphorus in the euphotic zone of 260-12 mg POrP .rne2. Zooplankton excretion supplied phosphate during the later stages of the bloom and in summer. In Findley Lake, the blooms were of shorter duration and reached maxima of 400-711 mg C *m-2*d-1. Phosphate was supplied from fluvial inputs and zooplankton excretion, with little accumulation (lo-50 mg P0,-P*m-2). Comparison of the measured rate constants for turnover (k,) with the constants expected for photosynthesis (k,) showed P flux patterns. In Lake Washington, k, varied from k, (O.OS.h-l). 0 1 ft n y a er phosphate depletion did the usual pattern of rapid uptake and release occur. Nutrient addition and isotope partitioning experiments suggested that the divergence of kt and k, reflected a stressed physiological condition of the algae that prevented incorporation and promoted compensatory rapid turnover of phosphate.
How did we get here

It is rare that science owes a debt to law. To lawmakers, surely, such as those who regularly make generous appropriations to the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. But law, in the sense of the process and products of litigation? It’s hard to imagine. But this special supplement is deeply in debt to law in just that sense. The funding that supports the research reported on in this special issue owes everything to an unlikely lawsuit. Broin v. Philip Morris, Inc.1 was filed in 1991, when everybody knew that it was impossible to sue tobacco companies successfully. It was a class action, brought under a Florida court rule modelled on a federal rule that had generally been understood to bar class actions for “mass torts”. This particular class action, …
Improved Algorithms for Detecting Negative Cost Cycles in Undirected Graphs

In this paper, we explore the design of algorithms for the problem of checking whether an undirected graph contains a negative cost cycle (UNCCD). It is known that this problem is significantly harder than the corresponding problem in directed graphs. Current approaches for solving this problem involve reducing it to either the b -matching problem or the T -join problem. The latter approach is more efficient in that it runs in O (n 3) time on a graph with n vertices and m edges, while the former runs in O (n 6) time. This paper shows that instances of the UNCCD problem, in which edge weights are restricted to be in the range { *** K ··K } can be solved in O (n 2.75·logn ) time. Our algorithm is basically a variation of the T -join approach, which exploits the existence of extremely efficient shortest path algorithms in graphs with integral positive weights. We also provide an implementation profile of the algorithms discussed.
Automatic Spectral Database and Archive System for Optical Spectroscopy

With the advent of computerized data acquisition in spectroscopy, it has become possible to acquire large quantities of data with relative ease. Without a convenient method for archiving and accessing the data at a later date, a number of the capabilities inherent in these systems are unrealized. We have developed a generalized archival system which automatically archives all raw data and generates a rapidly searchable database of text information and spectral data for all spectroscopic results covering the spectral regions from 30 nm to 1000 μm (3.3 × 105 to 10 cm−1). The system executes on a local area network (LAN) of personal computers and consists of a customized file-naming and comment convention that organizes data by research notebooks, an integrated data backup routine, and a spectral database system. The data backup and spectral database consist of two programs; (1) a DOS level copy routine to back up the system and data to an optical write once/read many (WORM) drive, and (2) a spectral database program written in the Lab Calc spectroscopy environment. Stored with each spectral library entry are searchable text fields of character data parsed from a standardized comment line which is entered prior to data acquisition. This system is used consistently with three different spectrophotometers, allowing all results to be treated equivalently for further numerical analysis.
Setting the clock back to zero property of a class of bivariate life distributions

In a previous paper. B. R. Rao and Talwalker (1993) considered absolutely continuous life distributions and extended the Lack of Memory Property (L.M.P.) of the exponential distribution and showed that several classes of life distributions have this property, which was called the 'setting the clock back to zero' property. ¶Its analog is discussed in the present paper for hivariate and multivariate classes of life distributions. As a simple application of this analog, it is proved that the Life expectancy and the Percentile Residual Life vectors of a population of individuals under the influence of multiple competing risks have simple expressions if the class of their joint life distributions has the setting the clock back to zero property,
Mechanism and kinetics of lead capture by kaolinite in a downflow combustor

An 18 kW, 6 m long, gas-fired downflow combustor was used to examine the postflame reaction between lead vapor and kaolinite. Since the focus of this work was to evaluate the reaction with lead vapor, samples were extracted at a temperature above the metal dew point. The sample was rapidly diluted with nitrogen such that lead vapor homogeneously nucleated to form small particles in the presence of a pre-existing particle population. These small lead particles were easily distinguished from lead reacted to large sorbent particles: hence, multicomponent particle size distributions were used to determine the extent of lead capture. A parametric study was conducted in which sorbent/metal molar ratio and sorbent injection temperature were controlled. Temperatures and residence times were varied by changing the sorbent injection point in the combustor, which had the approximate time and temperature profile of practicalscale units. The effect of chlorine was evaluated by doping chlorine gas into the flame. Results show that lead capture by kaolinite was reduced at higher temperatures and in the presence of chlorine. A two-reaction mechanism is proposed to model the apparent temperature inhibition. In the primary capture reaction, lead oxide reacts with activated kaolinite and forms a lead aluminosilicate product. Subsequently, a reaction between this product and activated kaolinite acts to inhibit further lead capture. First-order rate expressions are proposed for each reaction, and kinetic parameters are estimated from experimental results. The primary capture reaction appears to have an activation energy that is approximately zero. The inhibition reaction has an activation energy of ∼10 2 kJ mol −1 . To model the effect of chlorine, the reaction scheme is modified to account for the partitioning of lead between lead oxide and lead chloride. Based on experimental results, the concentration of lead chloride vapor in the system is significantly higher than predicted by equilibrium calculations.
Packaging and thermal management of high-power, slab-coupled optical waveguide laser arrays for beam combining

Linear arrays of slab coupled optical waveguide lasers (SCOWL) are nearly ideally suited for beam combining of array elements. SCOWL array elements have very high brightness, low divergence, nearly-diffraction-limited optical output beams with Watt-level performance. Both wavelength beam combining (WBC) and coherent beam combining (CBC) of SCOWL array elements have been successfully demonstrated. In this presentation, the packaging techniques developed to ensure proper performance of SCOWL arrays will be described, with particular emphasis on the application to beam combining. Arrays up to 1.2 cm wide, containing 120 elements on 100-mum element-to-element pitch have been demonstrated and used for WBC experiments. Aggressive thermal management was required in order to ensure optimum CW performance of these arrays and to minimize thermal cross talk between array elements. Commercial high performance micro impingement coolers (MIC) were used to accomplish this task. A numerical thermal model was constructed and used to investigate the thermal performance for several alternative packaging schemes using the MIC coolers. Assembly procedures were also developed in order to promote uniform optical performance of SCOWL array elements. These techniques resulted in minimal contraction (~2 mum) and smile (~1 mum) of the laser bar during the packaging process, which were sufficiently small to have minimal impact on the resultant WBC beam quality. CBC of SCOWL arrays required the ability to adjust the phase of the individual array elements. Packaging providing both individual electrical addressability of SCOWL array elements and good thermal performance has been developed and demonstrated, allowing for phase control by current adjustment. Individually addressable, 10-element SCOWL arrays have been demonstrated with total uncombined output power levels of >10 W CW. Coherent combining of ~7 W CW of optical power has been demonstrated from these 10-element SCOWL arrays.
Chronic Cryptosporidium parvum Infections in Congenitally Immunodeficient SCID and Nude Mice

Severe combined immune deficient (SCID) and athymic National Institutes of Health (NIH)-III (bg/nu/xid) mice were evaluated for susceptibility to Cryptosporidium parvum infections as neonates and as adults after challenge with inocula of 5 x 10(4) and 1 x 10(6) oocysts/mouse, respectively. SCID and NIH-III nude mice developed chronic infections that persisted over 12 weeks. Cryptosporidial organisms were observed in the small and large intestines of all mice. Colonization of the gallbladder and hepatobiliary duct epithelium occurred in a majority of the NIH-III nude mice and a smaller number of the SCID mice. Severe infections in both mouse strains were associated with clinical deterioration followed by death. Signs in these mice included dehydration, icterus, and emaciation. Deaths apparently resulted from hepatic dysfunction. Control mice experienced transient infections with no clinical signs. Immunodeficient mice should prove useful in studies of disease pathogenesis and in evaluating potential anticryptosporidial agents.
Lead Exposure Promotes Translocation of Protein Kinase C Activities in Rat Choroid Plexus in Vitro, but Not in Vivo

Lead (Pb) exposure reportedly modulates PKC activity in brain endothelial preparations, which may underlie Pb-induced damage at the blood-brain barrier. Our previous work indicates that Pb accumulates in the choroid plexus and causes dysfunction of this blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier. The present studies were undertaken to test the hypothesis that Pb in the choroid plexus may alter PKC activity and thus affect the functions of the blood-CSF barrier. When choroidal epithelial cells in a primary culture were exposed to Pb (10 microM in culture medium), the membrane-bound PKC activity increased by 5.2-fold, while the cytosolic PKC activities decreased, an indication of the induction of PKC translocation by Pb. The effect of Pb on cellular PKC was concentration dependent in the range of 0.1-10 microM. We further evaluated PKC activity of the choroid plexus in rats chronically exposed to Pb in the drinking water (control, 50 or 250 micrograms Pb/ml) for 30, 60, or 90 days. Two-way analysis of variance revealed a significant age-related decline of PKC activities in both cytosol and membrane of the choroid plexus. However, Pb treatment did not alter plexus PKC activities. In addition, we found that short-term, acute Pb exposure in rats did not significantly change PKC activities nor did it affect the expression of PKC isoenzymes in the choroid plexus. Our results suggest that Pb exposure may promote the translocation of PKC from cytosol to membrane in rat blood-CSF barrier in vitro, but not in vivo.
High relative humidity affects vitreousness of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. var. durum (Desf)].

Vitreousness is an important quality characteristic that affects the yield of semolina during milling of durum wheat. It has been observed that kernel vitreousness seems to be lower when durum is exposed to damp conditions just before harvest. The main objective of this research was to determine the effect of high relative humidity (RH) on kernel vitreousness of ten durum wheat cultivars. Spikes were exposed to 88% RH at room temperature for 1 and 3 days. This resulted in increased spike moisture, kernel moisture and kernel size. Vitreous kernel content (vitreousness) decreased 23.6% after spikes were exposed to high relative humidity for 3 days. Exposure to 88% RH caused the greatest decline in vitreousness with the cultivar ‘Ben’.
DYNORAII: A REAL-TIME PLANNING ALGORITHM

There has been a recent rise in research on real-time planning algorithms. Most of these algorithms address either the issue of response-time constraints or the issue of dynamic environments. We propose a new real-time planning algorithm, DYNORAII, to address both of these issues simultaneously. DYNORAII is structured as a sequence of “partial planning and execution” cycles to avoid obsolescence of planned solutions at the time of execution. DYNORAII uses a stopping criterion to balance planning cost and execution cost to achieve near optimal response times. DYNORAII was used for the routing problem to optimize total cost in both static and dynamic environments. It shows better average-case time complexity than traditional real-time algorithms.