cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic pain in adolescents is associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors

Abstract Adults who suffer from chronic pain are at increased risk for suicide ideation and attempts, but it is not clear whether adolescents with chronic pain are similarly at elevated risk. This study investigates whether chronic pain is associated with an increase in suicidal ideation/attempts independent of depression in a population sample of adolescents. We analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the United States (N = 9,970). Most chronic pain was related to suicide ideation/attempt both in the last year (odds ratio [OR] 1.3–2.1) and during the subsequent year (OR 1.2–1.8). After controlling for depressive symptoms, headaches (OR = 1.3 last year, OR = 1.2 subsequent year) and muscle aches (OR = 1.3 last year) remained associated with suicide ideation but not suicide attempt. These findings show that chronic pain in adolescence is a risk factor for suicide ideation; this effect is partly but not fully explained by depression. Youth with comorbid depression and chronic pain are at increased risk of thinking about and attempting suicide. Clinicians should be alert to suicide ideation/attempt and comorbid depression in this at-risk population. Perspective Adolescents who suffer from chronic pain are at increased risk for suicide ideation and attempt. Depressive symptoms account for the link between chronic pain and suicide attempt, but do not completely explain why adolescents with chronic pain show suicide ideation.
The effect of impregnation sequence on the hydrogenation activity and selectivity of supported Pt/Ni bimetallic catalysts

Abstract The effect of impregnation sequence on the formation of Pt/Ni bimetallic nanoparticles supported on γ-Al2O3 was investigated for catalysts with Pt/Ni atomic ratios of 3/1 and 1/1. These bimetallic catalysts were prepared with a fixed Pt loading (5 wt.%) by incipient impregnation of one metal precursor and calcination, followed by the impregnation of the second metal precursor and a second calcinations step. The disproportionation activity of cyclohexene and the hydrogenation selectivity of acetylene in ethylene were used as probe reactions to compare the effect of the impregnation sequence. The bimetallic Pt/Ni catalysts showed significantly higher activity toward the disproportionation of cyclohexene than either Pt/γ-Al2O3 or Ni/γ-Al2O3. For catalysts with the Pt/Ni ratio of 3/1, the Pt-first catalyst, 1/3Ni-1Pt/γ-Al2O3, showed higher activity than the Ni-first catalyst, 1Pt-1/3Ni/γ-Al2O3. The effect of impregnation sequence was not as significant for catalysts with the Pt/Ni ratio of 1/1. In addition, kinetic analysis of the selective hydrogenation of acetylene in ethylene revealed an increase in the acetylene hydrogenation selectivity for 1/3Ni-1Pt/γ-Al2O3 as compared to both 1Pt-1/3Ni/γ-Al2O3 and monometallic 1Pt/γ-Al2O3. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements of the Pt LIII edge indicated that Pt Ni bimetallic bonds were formed in 1/3Ni-1Pt/γ-Al2O3 but not in 1Pt-1/3Ni/γ-Al2O3. The Pt Ni bonds were formed for the 1/1 ratio catalysts with both impregnation sequences. Overall, our results indicate that, at low Ni loadings, the impregnation sequence has a significant effect on the formation of Pt Ni bimetallic bonds, which in turn lead to different catalytic behavior for both the disproportionation of cyclohexene and the selective hydrogenation of acetylene in ethylene.
Equine sperm-oocyte interaction: results after intraoviductal and intrauterine inseminations of recipients for oocyte transfer.

Abstract Insemination of recipients for oocyte transfer and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) in five experiments were reviewed, and factors that affected pregnancy rates were ascertained. Oocytes were transferred into recipients that were (1) cyclic and ovulated at the approximate time of oocyte transfer, (2) cyclic with aspiration of the preovulatory follicle, and (3) noncyclic and treated with hormones. Recipients were inseminated before, after, or before and after transfer. Intrauterine and intraoviductal inseminations were done. Pregnancy rates were not different between cyclic and noncyclic recipients (8/15, 53% and 37/93, 39%). The highest numerical pregnancy rates resulted when recipients were inseminated with fresh semen from fertile stallions before oocyte transfer or inseminated with cooled transported semen before and after oocyte transfer. Oxytocin was administered to recipients before oocyte transfer when fluid was imaged within the uterus. Administration of oxytocin to recipients at the time of oocyte transfer resulted in significantly higher pregnancy rates than when oxytocin was not administered (17/26, 65% and 28/86, 33%). Intraoviductal and intrauterine inseminations of recipients during oocyte transfer resulted in similar embryo development rates when fresh semen was used (12/22, 55% and 14/26, 55%). However, embryo development rates significantly reduced when frozen (1/21, 5%) versus fresh sperm were inseminated into the oviduct. Results suggest that insemination of a recipient before and after transfer could be beneficial when semen quality is not optimal; however, a single insemination before transfer was adequate when fresh semen from fertile stallions was used. Absence of a preovulatory follicle did not appear to affect pregnancy rates in the present experiments. The transfer of sperm and oocytes (GIFT) into the oviduct was successful and repeatable as an assisted reproductive technique in the equine.
How the dog got its spots

Differences among dog breeds provide unique opportunities for studying the genetics of behavior, morphology and complex disease. Two new studies demonstrate how the unique evolutionary history of domestic dogs is particularly well suited to analysis by genome-wide association.
Quasicrystalline transformation by ion irradiation

Amorphous $\mathrm{Al}\ensuremath{-}M$ films, where $M=\mathrm{Cr}, \mathrm{Mn}, \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Fe}$, were made by coevaporation and by room-temperature ion irradiation of multilayer films. The amorphous phase was transformed into the quasicrystalline state by ion-beam-assisted thermal anneals. All of the systems examined have essentially the same reciprocal-lattice spacings and fivefold diffraction patterns.
A generation in search of a future

To many executives and practicing engineers, the turmoil in the universities has been a bewildering phenomenon. At the Fourth of March meeting at M.I.T. to protest the misuse of science and engineering (IEEE Spectrum, April 1969, p. 8), Professor George Wald of Harvard?notable for his undergraduate teaching as well as for the research on vision that brought him a Nobel Prize?addressed the question of what is worrying the young. He spoke without a text, but a tape preserved his eloquent indictment of the way things are. The standing ovation it evoked is testimony that his talk resonated strongly with the minds of the audience convoked by the Union of Concerned Scientists, an M.I.T. faculty group. It is printed here, with his permission, for the insight it gives into the ferment which, though less strong on engineering campuses than in some other places, is giving social relevance a strong place in the values and professional aspirations of the next generation of electrical engineers.
Literacy as Symbolic Strategy in Greece: Methodological Considerations of Topic and Place

AbstractAgainst reification: what is a context? This paper provides me with an opportunity to suggest why the study of orality and literacy/literality in modern Greece has some theoretical as well as purely descriptive or local significance. For social anthropology, comparison between societies and cultures is a central task. While the study of modern Greek culture displays a remarkably persistent level of methodological introversion, its singular characteristics are very germane to the comparativist perspective. In part, this is due to the peculiar political circumstances that make the ancient forebears of the Greeks so much a part of current debates about the status of the modern culture. The ancient culture, which is responsible (blamed?) for some of our current theoretical concerns with literate discourse, becomes in the modern Greek context an object of ethnographic interest, and the high authority consequently given to the written word in at least one reading of modern Greek culture allows us to see...
Earth Sciences and Societal Needs Explored at National Research Council Meeting

“It is increasingly incumbent on all of us as Earth scientists to help make the connection between scientific data and decision makers,” Kathryn Sullivan, acting administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), stated during a keynote address at an 18 November meeting of the U.S. National Research Council's Board on Earth Sciences and Resources (BESR).
Depolarized light scattering spectroscopy of Ca0.4K0.6(NO3)(1.4): a reexamination of the "knee".

The ``knee'' found in the depolarized light scattering spectra of ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.4}{\mathrm{K}}_{0.6}({\mathrm{NO}}_{3}{)}_{1.4}$ at low temperatures by G. Li, W.M. Du, X.K. Chen, H.Z. Cummins, and N.J. Tao [Phys. Rev. A 45, 3867 (1992)] appears to have been an experimental artifact. The origin of this feature is analyzed, and its implications for the mode coupling theory of the liquid-glass transition are considered.
TYPE 2 ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI WITH DOUBLE-PEAKED [O III] LINES: NARROW-LINE REGION KINEMATICS OR MERGING SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE PAIRS?

We present a sample of 167 type 2 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with double-peaked [O III] lambdalambda4959,5007 narrow emission lines, selected from the Seventh Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The double-peaked profiles can be well modeled by two velocity components, blueshifted and redshifted from the systemic velocity. Half of these objects have a more prominent redshifted component. In cases where the Hbeta emission line is strong, it also shows two velocity components whose line-of-sight (LOS) velocity offsets are consistent with those of [O III]. The relative LOS velocity offset between the two components is typically a few hundred km s{sup -1}, larger by a factor of approx1.5 than the line full width at half maximum of each component. The offset correlates with the host stellar velocity dispersion sigma{sub *}. The host galaxies of this sample show systematically larger sigma{sub *}, stellar masses, and concentrations, and older luminosity-weighted mean stellar ages than a regular type 2 AGN sample matched in redshift, [O III] lambda5007 equivalent width, and luminosity; they show no significant difference in radio properties. These double-peaked features could be due to narrow-line region kinematics, or binary black holes. The statistical properties do not show strong preferencemore » for or against either scenario, and spatially resolved optical imaging, spectroscopy, radio or X-ray follow-up are needed to draw firm conclusions.« less
On the constitution of some Ga-M-P systems (where M represents Co, Rh, Ir, Ni or Pt)

Abstract Phase equilibria are established in the GaP-rich regions of five Ga-M-P systems (where M represents Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, or Pt) at 700 °C (or 600 °C for the Ni-bearing sample) using X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of the present study, in conjunction with previous work on the Ga-Pd-P system, give a complete picture of phase equilibria between GaP and the gallides and phosphides of the Co and Ni groups. Based on these data, it is concluded that many binary metal gallides, including CoGa3, CoGa, Rh2Ga9, RhGa9, Rh10Ga17, RhGa, Ir2Ga9, IrGa3, Ni2Ga3, PdGa, Pt3Ga7, PtGa2 and Pt2Ga3, may potentially serve as contact materials for use in high-temperature GaP-based electronic devices.
Crystal structure of [(1,2,3,4,11,12-η)-anthracene]tris­(tri­methyl­stann­yl)cobalt(III)

The asymmetric unit of the title structure, [Co(η6-C14H10){Sn(CH3)3}3], contains two independent mol­ecules. Each anthracene ligand is η6-coordinating to a CoIII cation and is nearly planar [fold angles of 5.4 (3) and 9.7 (3)°], as would be expected for its behaving almost entirely as a donor to a high-oxidation-state metal center. The slight fold in each anthracene ligand gives rise to slightly longer Co—C bond lengths to the ring junction carbon atoms than to the other four. Each CoIII cation is further coordinated by three Sn(CH3)3 ligands, giving each mol­ecule a three-legged piano-stool geometry. In each of the two independent mol­ecules, the trio of SnMe3 ligands are modeled as disordered over two positions, rotated by approximately 30%, such that the C atoms nearly overlap. In one mol­ecule, the disorder ratio refined to 0.9365 (8):0.0635 (8), while that for the other refined to 0.9686 (8):0.0314 (8). The mol­ecules are well separated, and thus no significant inter­molecular inter­actions are observed. The compound is of inter­est as the first structure report of an η6-anthracene cobalt(III) complex.
Fundamental relationships inherent to lidar waveforms for classification

Full-waveform laser altimetry has been used in the research community since the mid-1990s and this technology holds great potential for the science and defense communities. Laser waveforms are a digital recording of the entire temporal profile from the reflected laser energy. The shape of the returned laser waveform is a function of both laser and surface properties. Waveform metrics were extracted for each waveform and include peak amplitude, peak standard deviation, integrated canopy energy, integrated ground energy, total waveform energy, ratio between canopy and ground energy, rise time to the first peak, fall time of the last peak, and vegetation height. The utilization of such metrics provides a potential for discriminating and identifying discrete targets on a per-shot basis. Analysis of the entire reflected laser energy profile provides a detailed description of distributed targets/features along the laser line-of-sight. Waveform data collected over Camp Shelby, Mississippi reveal separation of conifer from broadleaf vegetation. Metrics such as integrated canopy energy and fall time were found to be higher in hardwood forest than pine forest. Other landscape features such as the presence of a burn are also detected with full-waveform data, which would otherwise be missed with discrete return elevation data. With new full-waveform systems entering the commercial sector, new possibilities emerge to utilize the lidar data to classify land cover as well as quantify surface parameters.
Noble Infirmity Love of Fame in Hume

The love of fame is a common theme in republican thought. But few, historically or now, have examined with rigor this sentiment’s nature, purpose, and worth. The work of David Hume is an exception....
High-temperature thermodynamic properties of hypo- and hyper-stoichiometric uranium carbides

Abstract Measurements of carbon activity over univariant and bivariant UC x compositions, including the difficult region near stoichiometry, have been made in the temperature range 2155–2455°K. A flowing-gas technique was used with H 2 -CH 4 mixtures in order to fix the carbon potential in the gas stream. The shape of the isotherms showed a sharp decrease in carbon activity near the stoichiometric composition as the composition of the condensed phase was reduced toward the lower phase boundary in the hypostoichiometric region. With argon as the carrier gas, a congruent vaporization composition of C/U ≈ 1.05 was obtained. Values for the free energy and heats of formation, relative partial molar enthalpies and entropies of solution, enthalpy of vaporization and uranium activity are presented.
The Biology of Cleavage Fragments: A Brief Synthesis and Analysis of Current Knowledge:

Asbestos is a commercial term referring to 6 fibrous minerals from 2 mineralogical classes: serpentine and amphibole. Chrysotile, or white asbestos, is the only serpentine mineral. The asbestiform habit of amphibole asbestos is far more toxic than chrysotile. However, most amphibole minerals are found in the “non-asbestiform” state that pose few, if any, health risks. Comminution, whether deliberate during crushing or grinding, or incidental in usage may produce structures known as “cleavage fragments” from a wide variety of sources. A considerable body of evidence, gathered over the last 30 years, demonstrates that amphibole cleavage fragments do not show the same toxicity as their asbestiform analogues. Since there still continues to be confusion and controversy on this point, this review is aimed at resolving a major portion of this controversy. It has done so by bringing together the supporting mineralogical, animal and human evidence from many sources. These observations demonstrate that cleavage fragments and amphibole asbestos fibers have fundamentally different properties and these differences are biologically relevant. Indeed, the toxicity of respirable cleavage fragments is so much less than that of the fibrous amphiboles that by any reasonable measure they are not biologically harmful.
Gender and Grade Level Differences in the Development of Concepts about Print.

Abstract Young children's development of concepts about print is an important component of their emerging understanding and acquisition of conventional reading and writing ability. Few studies have investigated the effects of age or gender on the construction of these concepts. The purpose of this study was to examine the knowledge and understanding about print children brought to a first school situation and how it changed as a function of grade in school and gender. Results indicate that children come to preschool with some knowledge about the functions and conventions of print but do not achieve mastery of these concepts until second or third grade. There was a significant gender effect, but different patterns of that effect for each of the concepts about print task. A discussion follows of possible reasons for this difference.
Synthesis of 3-substituted-4-methyl-5-acetyl-4-thiazoline-2-thione

The reaction of various potassium salts [RNHC(=S)SK, R = N(CH3)2, morpholino, piperidino, and hexahydro-1-(1H)-azepinyl] with 3-chloro-2,4-pentanedione in ethanol at 25–30° afforded the 1-acetylacetonyl substitutedaminodithiocarbamates 1–4 [RNHC(=S)SCH(COCH3)2]. Under refluxing conditions, the same reactants gave the heterocyclic compounds 5–8. Possible mechanism and supporting ir, nmr and mass spectral data are discussed.
Precision Motion and Control for Scanning Beam Interference Lithography

Precision motion and control is crucial in patterning nanometer-scale diffraction gratings over large optical substrates with sub-wave errors using scanning beam interference lithography. Innovative design and integration of commercial technologies can meet the strict requirements.
FERRITIN AND APOFERRITIN.

Publisher Summary In 1894, Schmiedeberg prepared an iron-containing protein from pig's liver, containing about 7% iron. This poorly defined compound was obtained in a denatured condition. The first decisive step was made with Laufberger's discovery of a readily crystallizable protein, containing as much as about 20% of iron, in the ferric state. It was obtained from horse spleen and other organs of different animals by means of a simple method that essentially depends on the fact that this iron protein readily crystallizes from its solution on addition of cadmium sulfate. In deference to Schmiedeberg's “ferratin,” but in distinction from that questionable compound, Laufberger called the well defined, reproducible compound “ferritin.” The protein, apoferritin, appears to be synthesized when it is to be used for the storage of iron. When a new kind of protein is discovered, there is always the suspicion that it may be an enzyme or coenzyme. So far no chemical process, either of specific hydrolytic or oxidative-reductive character, is found for which apoferritin would function either as an enzyme or as a coenzyme. Its sole function appears to be storage of iron. Why this particular protein, apoferritin, is able to store iron is not understood.
Effects of personal competence on the significance of interpersonal agreement and disagreement: Physiological activation and social evaluations

Two psychological theories, affect-reinforcement theory and consistency theory, were compared for their usefulness in predicting arousal during a social episode. One-hundred twelve males met in pairs to discuss their attitudes on one topic. Half of the subjects rated themselves as competent to defend the correctness of their attitude; the other half rated themselves as not competent to defend the correctness of their position on the specific topic under discussion. The topic was selected by the experimenter such that half of the pairs were in agreement in their attitude, while the other half of pairs had opposing attitudes for the topic. The three factors (competence of Person A, competence of Person B, and similarity of attitude) were crossed to produce eight conditions. Skin conductance was continuously recorded throughout the social interaction. Following the discussion period, subjects rated each other on the Evaluative-Behavioral Attraction Measure. Skin conductance data supported the affect-reinforcement hypothesis with a significant interaction between self-rated competence and similarity of attitude factors (p < .05). Hearing disagreement from the other person was highly arousing when a subject said he was competent to present his position on the topic. Other significant effects for physiological activation during the social episode, which were not predicted, are consistent with the affect-reinforcement theory. There was no significant effect for the attraction measure.
Regional Wage Differentials, Fluctuations in Labor Demand, and Migration:

The structure of regional wage patterns over time is examined in the context of long-run equilibrium nominal wage differentials. Changes in regional demand for labor and the resulting short-run wage variation are analyzed in the context of the expected duration of the demand change. Cross sections of time series data on wages in selected manufacturing industries are utilized to control for systematic spatial differences in wage behavior and year-specific business cycle influences. Empirical results indicate important variations in wage patterns as a result of differences in the expected duration of labor demand and supply changes. The findings also suggest that migration has an important effect on regional wage patterns.
COMPARTMENTALIZED AND INTEGRATED CONTROL: AN ASSESSMENT OF SOME EVIDENCE FOR TWO KINDS OF COMPETENCE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CLASSROOM1

This paper provides some empirical support for the hypothesis that there are two types of language control: compartmentalized control in which performance on discrete point tests or achievement tests is relatively unrelated to performance on communication tests and intergrated control in which the two types of performance are more highly related. Data is presented from three studies: one, a study of individual differences; the other two, controlled experiments in foreign language instruction. The evidence tends, in general, to support the posited distinction, and three factors are suggested as accounting for the two types of competence. Next, the paper considers the hypothesis that integration indicates acquisition in Monitor Theory terms, and the data is interpreted in terms of this hypothesis. Finally, a method of teaching for integration is suggested which incorporates the three factors identified in the empirical studies.
Efficacy of pentoxifylline in patients with stable angina pectoris

Pentoxifylline, a methyl xanthine derivative, improves symptoms of peripheral vascular disease probably by reducing whole blood viscosity. The authors assessed the value of this agent in treating myocardial ischemia in 11 patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease and stable angina pectoris. Maximal, symptom limited treadmill exercise stress tests were performed before and after six weeks of therapy with 1200 mg of pentoxifylline per day. Clinical symptoms proved in 9 [82%] of patients; none developed drug side effects. After therapy, mean total exercise time [7.7 +/- 1.3 vs 10.1 +/- 1.2 minutes], time to onset of angina [5.5 +/- 0.9 vs 7.9 +/- 1.0 minutes], heart rate at onset of angina [93.4 +/- 6.7 vs 112.0 +/- 10.5 beats/min] and rate at onset of ST depression [94.0 +/- 5.8 vs 115.9 +/- 7.4 beats/min] all increased significantly [p less than 0.05]. Mean maximum ST segment depression also decreased [1.6 +/- 0.3 vs 1.2 +/- 0.4mm], but the difference was not significant. Thus, pentoxifylline increases exercise performance in patients with angina pectoris and increases exercise capacity before development of of myocardial ischemia. It may, therefore, be a useful agent for treating ischemic heart disease.
The Pharmacodynamics of Parenteral Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors

Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonists are a unique class of antiplatelet agents introduced for the management of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and those presenting with unstable angina or non-ST segment elevation (NSTE) myocardial infarction (MI), collectively recognized as acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Eptifibatide, abciximab, and tirofiban HCl are three GPIIb/IIIa antagonists approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration. Of the three agents, eptifibatide is approved for use in both PCI and NSTE ACS patient populations, whereas abciximab is indicated for patients undergoing PCI, and tirofiban is approved for patients with NSTE A CS. Dose selection for the initial trials using the three parenteral antagonists was based on in vitro and ex vivo pharmacodynamic assays conducted under different blood collection and platelet function assay conditions. Recent comparative pharmacodynamics studies, which used newly defined and standardized assay conditions, indicate that the platelet aggregation inhibition achieved with these dosing regimens is variable. Therefore, the differences in clinical efficacy as evidenced in the more recent clinical studies (e.g., Enhanced Suppression of the Platelet Receptor GPIIb/IIIa using Integrilin Therapy [ESPRIT], Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries TV Acute Coronary Syndromes [GUSTO-IV ACS], and Do Tirofiban HCl and ReoPro Give Similar Efficacy Outcomes Trial [TARGET]) may be related to the variable antiplatelet effects of the approved dose regimens.
Interfacing Surface Electrochemistry with Solid-State NMR. Characterization of Surface CO on Polycrystalline Platinum

Abstract A single-channel NMR probe and an electrochemical cell were built to interface surface electrochemistry to NMR. Using a 300 MHz solid-state NMR instrument with a spin-echo pulse sequence and an electrochemical cell configuration, 13 C-enriched carbon monoxide adsorbates as a function of the electrode potential were monitored. The adsorbates were obtained via catalytic decomposition of 13 C-enriched methanol on a high-surface-area electrode made of powdered platinum. Narrowing of the solid-like NMR peak of the surface CO at more positive potentials was observed. This has been interpreted to result from a transformation of a mixed, predominantly bridge- and linear-bonded CO population to essentially a linear-bonded CO. It has been shown that the 13 CO adsorbate is stable in a natural ( 12 C) methanol environment even at relatively high electrode potentials, which demonstrates that an exchange of surface CO with solution methanol is practically absent.
Wolter X-Ray Microscope Calibration

A 22 x Wolter microscope was calibrated after several months of operation in the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Inertial Confinement Fusion program. Placing a point x-ray source at the microscope focus, I recorded the image plane spectrum, as well as the direct spectrum, and from the ratio of these two spectra derived an accurate estimate of the microscope solid angle in the 1-4 keV range. The solid angle was also calculated using the microscope geometry and composition. Comparison of this calculated value with the solid angle that was actually measured suggests contamination of the microscope surface.
Effects of breast cancer surgery and surgical side effects on body image over time

We examined the impact of surgical treatments (breast-conserving surgery [BCS], mastectomy alone, mastectomy with reconstruction) and surgical side-effects severity on early stage (0–IIA) breast cancer patients’ body image over time. We interviewed patients at 4–6 weeks (T1), six (T2), 12 (T3), and 24 months (T4) following definitive surgical treatment. We examined longitudinal relationships among body image problems, surgery type, and surgical side-effects severity using the Generalized Estimating Equation approach, controlling for demographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors. We compared regression coefficients of surgery type from two models, one with and one without surgical side-effects severity. Of 549 patients enrolled (mean age 58; 75% White; 65% BCS, 12% mastectomy, 23% mastectomy with reconstruction), 514 (94%) completed all four interviews. In the model without surgical side-effects severity, patients who underwent mastectomy with reconstruction reported poorer body image than patients who underwent BCS at T1–T3 (each P < 0.02), but not at T4. At T2, patients who underwent mastectomy with reconstruction also reported poorer body image than patients who underwent mastectomy alone (P = 0.0106). Adjusting for surgical side-effects severity, body image scores did not differ significantly between patients with BCS and mastectomy with reconstruction at any interview; however, patients who underwent mastectomy alone had better body image at T2 than patients who underwent mastectomy with reconstruction (P = 0.011). The impact of surgery type on body image within the first year of definitive surgical treatment was explained by surgical side-effects severity. After 2 years, body image problems did not differ significantly by surgery type.
Suppression of Native Fish Populations by Green Sunfish in First-Order Streams of Piedmont North Carolina

Abstract The effects of introduced green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus on native fish communities in headwater streams of North Carolina's Piedmont region were assessed from stream surveys and removal experiments. Green sunfish occurred in most first-order tributaries; when they were present, their abundance and biomass almost always exceeded that of any other coexisting species. Green sunfish also occurred in all second- and third-order streams surveyed, but they never dominated the fish community by numbers or weight in those situations. When green sunfish were removed from three first-order streams, most native species increased in numbers and biomass; in two streams the increase more than made up (within 2 years) the biomass that had been lost by removing green sunfish. These removal experiments indicate that green sunfish suppress native fish populations in Piedmont headwaters. Predation on the young of other species is one likely means by which they do this. Received July 12, 1984 Accepted April 24, 1985
Crystalline Aflatoxin M1 from Urine and Milk

Allcroft and Carnaghan1 and de Iongh et al.2 reported the appearance in milk of a compound related to aflatoxin B1, and Allcroft et al.3 showed by thin-layer chromatography and ultra-violet studies that a similar factor appeared in the urine of sheep given mixed aflatoxins. Holzapfel et al.4 isolated the urinary compound and established that it was aflatoxin M1 (Fig. 1).
Accessory cell requirement for anti-IgM-induced proliferation of B lymphocytes.

THE nature of the signals which B lymphocytes must receive so as to proliferate and differentiate are not yet completely understood. It is likely that B cells with different triggering requirements exist1,2, and that B-cell proliferation and B-cell differentiation require separate signals3–6. Because of this heterogeneity in signalling, it has been difficult to define precisely what is necessary to induce the expansion and differentiation of a particular B-cell clone after its exposure to antigen. It has been suggested that direct antigen binding to specific membrane immunoglobulin initiates at least one of the necessary activation signals7–9. Further activation signals may come from T cells and/or macrophages7–9. We have been studying the nature of the stimuli required for the induction of B-cell proliferation. We report here that using soluble goat anti-mouse IgM as a surface Ig cross-linking agent, we have confirmed that interactions with surface Ig can induce the proliferation of at least a subset of mouse B cells10–12. In addition, we have found a requirement for radioresistant phagocytic adherent cells in the polyclonal stimulation of B cells by this antibody.
A study of MIPS programs

Data from a study of both static and dynamic instruction traces of popular workstation type programs for a MIPS processor is presented. The instruction traces were analyzed to extract the branch distances, and instruction sequences of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 instructions.
Update on surgical treatment of the epilepsies. Summary of the Second International Palm Desert Conference on the Surgical Treatment of the Epilepsies (1992).

Original research reported by the author was supported in part by grants NS-02808, NS-15654, and GM-24839 from the National Institutes of Health, and contract DE-AC03-76-SF00012 from the Department of Energy. The 1992 International Conference on the Surgical Treatment of the Epilepsies was supported by NIH conference grant NS-29615 and conference grants from the American Epilepsy Society and the Epilepsy Foundation of America, with additional contributions from Abbott Laboratories, Adtech Medical Instrument Corporation, Biomagnetic Technologies, Inc., Biomedical Monitoring Systems, Inc., Burroughs Wellcome, CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceutical Corporation, The Coelho Foundation, Dainippon Pharmaceutical, Ltd., DigiTrace Care Services, Inc., Elekta Instruments, Inc., Grass Instrument Company, The Esther A. and Joseph Klingenstein Fund, Inc., Marion Merrell Dow, Inc., NeuroConcepts, Inc., Nihon Kohden America, Inc., Parke-Davis (Division of Warner-Lambert Company), PMT Corporation, Preferred Instruments, Inc., Rhodes Medical Instruments, Stellate Systems, Telefactor Corporation, Wallace Laboratories (Division of Carter Wallace, Inc.), and Wyeth-Ayerst Research.
Inhibition of the succinic oxidase system by some structural analogs of succinic and malonic acids.

Summary Methionic and 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acids, analogs of malonic and succinic acids, respectively, inhibit the oxidation of succinate. Arsonoacetic and β-phosphonopropionic acids, however, exert no inhibitory action. Other analogs containing rings which fix the spatial orientation of the carboxyl groups ( cis - and trans -1,2-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acids, 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid, phthalic acid, and o -sulfoben-zoic acid) show inhibitory properties, but they cannot be sufficiently differentiated in their effects to establish the configuration of the enzyme-substrate complex.
A computer search for contractible 3-manifolds

Abstract A theorem is proved giving a necessary condition for a standard spine of a prime homology 3-ball to be minimal. This result enables an inspection of all standard spines with five or fewer vertices, by computer. There are exactly two such minimal spines, one for the 3-ball and one for the dodecahedral homology-ball of Poincare. Corollary: No counterexample to the Poincare Conjecture exists having a standard spine with five or fewer vertices.
Distribution of Pendant Alkyl Groups in the Argonne Premium Coals

The ruthenium(VIII) oxidation reaction has been employed to determine the distribution of alkyl groups that are bonded to aromatic structural elements in lignin and the Argonne Premium Coals. The lignin, as expected, has few aromatic methyl groups, 0.02 per 100 carbon atoms. The results for the coals, Beulah-Zap 0.86, Wyodak 1.16, Illinois No. 6 1.76, Blind Canyon 2.45, Pittsburgh No. 8 2.05, Lewiston-Stockton 2.39, Upper Freeport 2.09, and Pocahontas No. 3 7.28 methyl groups per 100 carbon atoms, exhibit a steeply stepped discontinuous rank dependence. The abundances of the other small alkyl groups, which are least prevalent in the lignin and the low-rank coals, range from about 0.2 ethyl and 0.05 propyl groups to about 0.01 butyl groups per 100 carbon atoms in the bituminous coals. The curious rank dependence for the methyl group abundances may be the consequence of major structural changes that accompany the transformation of a medium-volatile bituminous coal into a low-volatile bituminous coal. The ch...
Derivation of atmospheric extinction profiles and wind speed over the ocean from a satellite-borne lidar

A simulated analysis is presented that shows that returns from a single-frequency space-borne lidar can be combined with data from conventional visible satellite imagery to yield profiles of aerosol extinction coefficients and the wind speed at the ocean surface. The optical thickness of the aerosols in the atmosphere can be derived from visible imagery. That measurement of the total optical thickness can constrain the solution to the lidar equation to yield a robust estimate of the extinction profile. The specular reflection of the lidar beam from the ocean can be used to determine the wind speed at the sea surface once the transmission of the atmosphere is known. The impact on the retrieved aerosol profiles and surface wind speed produced by errors in the input parameters and noise in the lidar measurements is also considered.
Effect of Thyroid Hormones on Epidermal Growth Factor Concentration in Neonatal Mouse Skin

T4 and epidermal growth factor (EGF), given exogenously, both promote similar maturational events in the skin of newborn mice, i.e. precocious incisor eruption and eyelid opening. Moreover, T4 markedly increases the concentration of EGF in developing mouse submandibular glands. To examine the effect(s) of thyroid hormones on local cutaneous levels of EGF, a rapid and sensitive double antibody RIA was developed and standardized for newborn mouse skin. After fixed daily injections of T4, immunoreactive EGF concentrations in whole skin homogenates showed a dose-dependent increase when measured on postnatal days 4, 6, and 17. A similar increase was seen after T3 treatment, but administration of the structurally similar, metabolically inactive analog rT3 produced no significant effect on EGF concentrations. Induction of experimental hypothyroidism with propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole produced a relative decrease in skin EGF levels on postnatal day 8. Maternal sialoadenectomy did not result in a significant decrease in neonatal skin EGF, suggesting the presence of an extrasalivary source(s). These studies suggest that the epidermal maturation that follows thyroid hormone administration is mediated by local tissue levels of EGF. Moreover, the results admit of a possible physiological relation between thyroid hormones and EGF during postnatal cutaneous development.
Photodynamic therapy in the biliary tract

Biliary tract cancers are rare malignancies usually characterized by slow growth and a low propensity for metastasis. Despite the relatively localized nature of these cancers, the only therapeutic measure with curative potential to date is surgical intervention. Because symptoms occur late, the diagnosis is rarely made at an early stage, and therefore only about half of the patients can have curative surgery. Patients with advanced disease face a dismal prognosis because palliative treatment options are limited. This review outlines recent advances in treatment of biliary cancer. Encouraging results from prospective, single-arm phase II trials of photodynamic therapy in nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma suggest considerable promise for this new palliative treatment modality. However, the apparent benefit of photodynamic therapy on survival, jaundice, and quality of life must be confirmed in a randomized multicenter trial.
Sigma Geminorum (K1 III + ?) - Variability of the ultraviolet emission lines near conjunction

Far-ultraviolet IUE echelle spectra of the moderate-period RS CVn system Sigma Geminorum (K1 III + ?) are reported. Despite the location of the red-giant primary of Sigma Gem in a portion of the H-R diagram where cool stellar winds are common, no evidence for circumstellar absorption features or blueward asymmetries is found in the chromospheric O I (or Mg I and Mg II) emission cores. However, observations on two consecutive days indicate significant changes in the profiles of high-excitation species such as Si IV and C IV which likely were produced by the rotation of a large-scale active region (Fried et al., 1983) off the visible hemisphere of the primary.
Coming Home: The -Relationship of Expatriate Expectations with Repatriation Adjustment and Job Performance

Recently, the topic of expatriate cross-cultural adjustment has received increased scholarly attention; however, adjustment after an international assignment (repatriation adjustment) has received relatively little systematic investigation. This study examined the relationship of managers' expectations with repatriation adjustment and job performance. In general, managers whose job and nonwork expectations were met reported higher levels of repatriation adjustment and job performance than those whose expectations were either underor overmet. Both research and practical implications are discussed.
Lumbar intraspinal synovial cysts: conservative management and review of the world's literature.

Abstract Background context Lumbar intraspinal synovial cysts are an important cause of axial and radicular spine pain. Controversy about nonsurgical versus surgical treatment persists. Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of nonsurgical management of symptomatic lumbar intraspinal synovial cysts (LISCs). Study design/setting Retrospective review set in outpatient physiatry office. Patient sample Ten patients (8 women, 2 men; average age, 60 years) with LISCs and average symptom duration of 7.9 months. Outcome measures Numerical pain rating scale (NRS-11), Roland-Morris disability outcome measure, patient satisfaction, and surgery. Methods Patients with LISCs were identified and their charts were reviewed. Those patients whose symptoms correlated with the level of LISC-induced extradural compression were eligible. All patients received conservative care and a fluoroscopic-guided lumbar spine injection. The primary author conducted telephone follow-up. Results All 10 patients had unilateral radicular pain. Seven had stable neurologic deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography/myelography, respectively, identified a LISC in 8 and 2 patients. Five patients had cyst aspiration followed by steroid instillation; 5 patients had cyst aspiration followed by a transforaminal epidural steroid injection. Average length of follow-up was 50.4 weeks. Only 1 patient had sustained benefit. One patient had no benefit and refused surgery. Eight patients underwent surgery and had a good result. Conclusion In our opinion, nonsurgical management in patients with LISC-induced radicular pain does not appear to be as successful as surgery.
Relationship between Serum Leptin Concentration and Low-Density Muscle in Postmenopausal Women

The accretion of fat within skeletal muscle has been associated with metabolic abnormalities. Leptin increases muscle fatty acid oxidation and triglyceride hydrolysis. Therefore, leptin concentrations may affect muscle fat content. The objective of this study was to determine if serum leptin concentrations were associated with im lipid content, as reflected in the mid-thigh low-density skeletal muscle area (LDMA). In addition, we evaluated whether hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or ethnicity affected this relationship. Our study population consisted of 80 postmenopausal women aged 45-55 yr, (72 Caucasian and 8 African-American). Both HRT users (n = 50) and nonusers (n = 30) were recruited. Total fat mass was estimated using total body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Fat and muscle areas at the mid-thigh were measured using computed tomography scanning. Results showed that, after adjusting for total fat mass, higher-density muscle area, and ethnicity, higher serum leptin concentration was associated with lower LDMA (P < 0.05). African-American women had greater LDMA than Caucasian women, after controlling for leptin concentration (P < 0.05). Use of HRT did not significantly influence LDMA. These results support the hypothesis that leptin decreases skeletal muscle lipid content, promoting lipid oxidation.
Egypt under Muʿāwiya Part II: Middle Egypt, Fusṭāṭ and Alexandria

The first part of this paper discussed a large collection of documents from Upper Egypt illustrative of society and economy in the time of Mu c āwiya. Here, further papyri, of pagarchs of Arsinoe, present supplementary information about grain production, taxation, great estates, the postal service and the role of the church in the local economy. Information about Fustāt and Alexandria depends on literary sources and archaeology. Fustāt, which started as a camp, became more organized and controlled under Mu c āwiya's governors when the main shipyard was moved there. Alexandria, despite romantic descriptions, was at least partly ruined. Like Fustāt, it was the seat of a major garrison. Taken together, the evidence from Egypt shows much administrative continuity from Byzantine times, but with important new taxes and requisitions and a tighter central control. It suggests that Mu c āwiya ran a sophisticated and effective state.
Fiber Optics. Part III. Field Flatteners

A method of field flattening using a bundle of transparent fibers is studied in some detail. Different optical arrangements of field flatteners are proposed and their relative merits are investigated. An improved type of field flattener which also acts as two Fresnel lenses has been developed and the term “Fresnel lens type field flattener” is proposed to denote it. A gain in image quality and weight of a flight periscope system seems possible by the use of such a field flattener. The methods of alignment and fabrication of these field flatteners are described. Working models using 200 μ diameter glass fibers have been constructed which demonstrate the expected gain.
ARGUMENTS FOR QUASI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL ROOM TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN CARBON NANOTUBES

In this article and references herein, I provide over twenty arguments for room temperature superconductivity in carbon nanotubes. The one-dimensionality of the nanotubes complicates the right-of-passage for prospective quasi-one-dimensional superconductors. The Meissner effect for individual tubes is less visible because the diameters of the tubes are much smaller than the penetration depth. Zero resistance is less obvious because of the quantum contact resistance and significant quantum phase slip, both of which are associated with a finite number of transverse conduction channels. Nonetheless, on-tube resistance at room temperature has been found to be indistinguishable from zero for many individual multi-walled nanotubes and a large Meissner effect has been observed in large bundles of multi-walled nanotubes at room temperature. On the basis of these arguments, I suggest that carbon nanotubes deserve to be classified as room temperature superconductors.