cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study of high temperature creep in LiF single crystals

Abstract The high temperature/low stress creep behaviour of low dislocation density single crystals of lithium fluoride containing less than 1 p.p.m. divalent cation impurities has been studied. The creep behaviour is found to be sigmoidal in character and to conform to the dislocation multiplication model of creep developed by Haasen and co-workers for covalent crystals. Comparison of the data with the Haasen model permits an indirect determination of the stress and temperature dependence of the average dislocation velocity as well as a determination of the parameters which describe dislocation multiplication and dislocation-dislocation interactions. The dislocation densities predicted by the Haasen model are in good agreement with the measured etch-pit densities. Analysis of the creep data leads to the following expression for the average dislocation glide velocity: where τe is the effective shear stress (in g/mm2) acting on the dislocations, m = 7.8 and U = 3.94 ev is the apparent activation energy for...
Informal caregiving in Hematopoietic Blood and Marrow Transplant patients

Abstract Purpose Hematopoietic cell transplant patients are among the most vulnerable and acutely ill cancer populations ( Bevans et al., 2008 ). The responsibility of caring for the daily physical and psychosocial needs of these patients after transplant is placed mostly on family caregivers ( Williams, 2007 ). The purpose of this descriptive correlational research study was to describe caregiving experiences of 56 caregivers of HCT patients 3–12 months following transplant. Methods & sample Patients and caregivers were recruited from two west coast regional transplant programs in the United States. Variables studied were: relationship quality, rewards of caregiving, predictability, role strain, patient function, caregiving activities, and caregiver quality of life (QOL). Key results Results indicated that all areas of role strain are significantly negatively correlated with caregiver’s QOL. Predictability was negatively associated with problem solving and emotional strain indicating that as the level of predictability of the situation decreases, caregiver strain and problem solving increase. Predictability was positively correlated to caregiver QOL indicating that as the situation is more predictable caregiver QOL increases. Emotional strain, problem-solving strain, and usual care strain were significantly positively related, indicating that emotional strain and problem-solving strain increased together. As usual care strain increased, so did problem-solving strain and emotional strain. Conclusions Suggestions for interventions include assessing and responding to caregiver issues such as emotional strain, problem-solving strain, usual care strain, unpredictability, and QOL. Examples of caregiver-focused interventions include providing timely appropriate information about these caregiver concerns including elements that make the caregiving situation predictable, and incorporating best practices for preventing and minimizing caregiver emotional strain.
Effects of cigarette smoking on diagnostic tests for work‐related hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Data from an outbreak of lung disease in metalworkers

Background It is widely believed that development of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is forestalled in cigarette smokers. We encountered the largest outbreak of HP in metalworkers yet reported [Hodgson et al. (2001): Am J Ind Med 39:616–628] and subsequently did a chart review of the 61 patients seen in connection with the outbreak [Dangman et al. (2002a): Am J Resp Crit Care Med 165(8):A528; Dangman et al. (2002b): Am J Ind Med 42:150–162], developing a diagnostic index for this disease. Methods A re-examination of data from the chart review was carried out to explore possible effects of cigarette smoking on the clinical tests used to diagnose HP [Hodgson et al. (2001): Am J Ind Med 39:616–628]. Results Cigarette smokers with HP were less likely than non-smokers with HP to develop crackles in the lungs, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESRs), and restrictive spirometry. Smoking habits had little effect on diffusion capacity and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients in the patients with HP. Smokers were more likely to have abnormal gallium scans than non-smokers. Conclusions It appears that cigarette smoking can affect the physical examination findings, spirometry, and ESR changes associated with HP, making these tests less sensitive and specific, and potentially obscuring the diagnosis. Such changes may contribute to the apparent “protective” effect of smoking on the development of HP. Am. J. Ind. Med. 45:455–467, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Developmental and Environmental Regulation of AaeIAP1 Transcript in Aedes aegypti

Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is a tightly regulated physiological process. The inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are key regulators for apoptosis. An inhibitor of apoptosis protein gene IAP1 was recently cloned from Aedes aegypti (L.) (AaeIAP1, GenBank accession no. DQ993355); however, it is not clear whether AaeIAP1 is developmentally and environmentally regulated. In this study, we applied quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to investigate the expression levels of the AaeIAPI transcript in different developmental stages and under different environmental conditions. Our results revealed that the expression of the AaeIAP1 transcript was detectable in all life stages ofAe. aegypti, with significantly higher levels in pupal and adult stages than in larval stages. Furthermore, when Ae. aegypti was exposed to all stressful environmental conditions (e.g., low and high temperatures, UV radiation, acetone, and permethrin insecticide treatment), the expression level of AaeIAP1 transcript was increased significantly. Our results suggest that AaeIAP1 might play an important role in both the physiological development ofAe. aegypti and stress-induced apoptosis.
The Price of Partnering: The Role of Economic Well-Being in Young Adults' First Union Experiences

Drawing on the literature on the links between economic resources and the transition to marriage this study examines the role of economic well-being in the formation of marital and cohabitational unions [in the United States]. I use event history models with data from a large longitudinal data set of young adults. In general economic well-being has a weaker association with cohabitation than with marriage but this differs by sex. Further results suggest that both men and women who are economically unstable are likely to cohabit. The findings suggest that cohabitation may provide an attractive alternative for those who are in romantic relationships but lack the economic well-being required for marriage or lack the occupational stability that would make them attractive candidates for the long-term contract that marriage implies. (EXCERPT)
The placenta in stillbirth

Summary Stillbirth is an absolute indication for pathological examination of the placenta. Placental histopathology can shed light on the cause of the stillbirth and help in the management of future pregnancies and in the resolution of medicolegal issues. Placental lesions that are likely causes of stillbirth are discussed. They can be broadly classified into umbilical cord lesions, fetal vascular lesions, maternal uteroplacental insufficiency and placental inflammation. In some of these lesions, the direct contribution to the stillbirth may be obvious; in others, it may be debatable. Medicolegal questions that are frequently posed in placental examination in stillbirths are the timing of fetal demise and whether there was fetal distress.
Philosophy of Stem Cell Biology – an Introduction

This review surveys three central issues in philosophy of stem cell biology: the nature of stem cells, stem cell experiments, and explanations of stem cell capacities. First, I argue that the fundamental question ‘what is a stem cell?’ has no single substantive answer. Instead, the core idea is explicated via an abstract model, which accounts for many features of stem cell experiments. The second part of this essay examines several of these features: uncertainty, model organisms, and manipulability. The results shed light on the form of our emerging knowledge of stem cells: mechanistic explanations. The third part of the essay sketches some key features of these explanations, which are constructed by a collaborative experimenting community.
Chemistry and safety of phosphates injections.

I.V. phosphate supplements are currently available in the United States only as mixtures of inorganic monobasic (dihydrogen) and dibasic (monohydrogen) phosphates salts of potassium or sodium. The purposes of this article are to elaborate on the acid–base equilibria and safety of phosphates
DNA Variants in NOS3 Are Associated with Improved Small Artery Elasticity and Decreased Systolic Blood Pressure in Asymptomatic Individuals

Fourteen miRNA transcripts were quantified following reverse transcription and realtime polymerase chain reaction; expression levels were normalized to an internal control. After testing for normality, group comparisons were performed using a ttest. ROC curves were generated to evaluate diagnostic utility of miRNA expression. Results: No age or gender association was observed with any miRNA expression. Of 14 miRNA tested, 6 were significantly associated with ISHF, 5 with ID-HF and 4 with both (Table 1). By ROC analysis miRNA expression robustly differentiates HF groups from HC (Table 2).
Prognostic significance of thyroid or cricoid cartilage invasion in laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer treated with organ preserving strategies.

Background The utility of definitive radiotherapy (RT) for locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx or hypopharynx in the setting of thyroid or cricoid cartilage invasion (TCCI) is controversial. A retrospective review of our experience was performed.
Using counterexamples for improving the precision of reachability computation with polyhedra

We present an extrapolation with care set operator to accelerate termination of reachability computation with polyhedra. At the same time, a counterexample guided refinement algorithm is used to iteratively expand the care set to improve the precision of the reachability computation. We also introduce two heuristic algorithms called interpolate and restrict to minimize the polyhedral representations without reducing the accuracy. We present some promising experimental results from a preliminary implementation of these techniques.
Local control with multimodality therapy for stage 4 neuroblastoma.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of 21 Gy hyperfractionated radiotherapy for local control in conjunction with surgery and intensive systemic therapy for patients with Stage 4 neuroblastoma. Methods and Materials: After achieving a partial or complete remission, 47 children, ages 1–10 years, with Stage 4 neuroblastoma were treated on four consecutive institutional protocols (N4–N7) with dose-intensive multi-agent chemotherapy, maximal surgical debulking, and hyperfractionated radiotherapy (1.5 Gy twice a day to 21 Gy). Radiotherapy fields encompassed the initial tumor volume and regional lymph nodes plus a 3-cm margin. This was followed by consolidation with either autologous bone marrow transplantation (N4 and N5) or immunotherapy (N6 and N7). Results: Forty-five of 47 patients had a complete response to surgery and chemotherapy prior to radiotherapy. Five-year actuarial rates of local control, progression-free survival, and overall survival were 84%, 40%, and 45%, respectively. Among 26 patients who relapsed, 1 failed only at the primary site, 22 developed distant metastases exclusively, and 3 had both local and distant failures. There were no acute complications of radiotherapy. Conclusion: Hyperfractionated radiotherapy to 21 Gy, in conjunction with dose-intensive systemic therapy and aggressive surgical resection, is well tolerated and is associated with durable local control for most patients with Stage 4 neuroblastoma.
Evolution of titanium dioxide one-dimensional nanostructures from surface-reaction-limited pulsed chemical vapor deposition

This paper reviews the recent development of surface-reaction-limited pulsed chemical vapor deposition (SPCVD) technique for the growth of TiO2 one-dimensional nanostructures. SPCVD uses separated TiCl4 and H2O precursor pulses, and the anisotropic growth of TiO2 crystals is attributed to the combined effects of surface recombination and HCl restructuring at high temperature during elongated purging time. Therefore, the crystal growth is effectively decoupled from precursor vapor concentration, which allows uniform growth of TiO2 nanorods (NRs) inside highly confined spaces. The phase of TiO2 NRs can be tuned from anatase to rutile by raising the deposition temperature. Au catalysts are able to enhance the growth rate and led to bifurcated nanowire (NW) morphology. A high density three-dimensional (3D) NW architecture was created by SPCVD growing TiO2NRs inside dense Si NW forests. Such 3D structures offer both large surface area and excellent charge transport property, which substantially improved the efficiency of photoelectrochemical devices.
Study of the base‐catalyzed cellulose–d,l‐butadiene diepoxide reaction

The reaction of cotton cellulose with d,l isomers of butadiene diepoxide (BDO) in the presence of base catalysis has been investigated as a continuation of work previously reported on the reaction between cotton cellulose and the meso isomer (BDE). The BDO has been found to react similarly out of CCl4 solutions with fabrics pretreated with dilute solutions of base. However, unlike the meso isomer, which is less soluble in concentrated base, the BDO has been found to increase dry as well as wet crease resistance of cotton pretreated with aqueous solutions as concentrated at 23% NaOH. Increased wet crease resistance was imparted to cotton at low add-ons of BDO to fabric pretreated with all concentrations of base. Increased dry crease resistance was imparted at low add-ons of BDO to only those fabrics pretreated with dilute solutions of NaOH. For those fabrics pretreated with 10% or 15% NaOH, higher add-ons of BDO were required to impart high dry as well as high wet crease resistance. Speed of the reaction was increased with increase of base concentration or by removal of water from fabrics pretreated with dilute base. With the latter, rate of increase of dry crease resistance also increased. Optical microscopical examinations of fibers and electron micrographs of ultrathin cross sections of these fibers after immersion in cuene gave evidence of degree of crosslinking of the cellulose. Evidence from these microscopical observations has been correlated with textile properties of fabrics. Intersting changes in fabric properties of BDO treated cotton with heat have been investigated. Optimum fabric properties have been obtained by reducing the amount of water in cotton after pretreatments with aqueous base and thus reducing the degree of polymerization of BDO. Data are also given to show influence of hydration of cation of strong base on degree of polymerization of BDO.
The Networked Polity: Regional Development in Western Europe

Drawing together work in comparative politics, public administration, organization theory, and economic sociology, this article describes a distinctive form of modern polity-the ‘networked polity’. In the networked polity, states are strongly embedded in society and pursue their objectives by operating through networks of societal associations. Both state agencies and societal associations take the form of ‘network’ or ‘organic’ organizations-decentralized, team-based organizations with strong lateral communication and coordination that crosses functional boundarieswithin and between organizations. These organizations are then linked together by means of cooperative exchange relationships around common projects. The role of the state is to empower stakeholders and facilitate cooperation among them. The concept is illustrated through an examination of regional development strategies in Western Europe.
Phenological Monitoring Aids Habitat Management of Threatened Plant

ABSTRACT: Western prairie fringed orchid (WPFO, Platanthera praeclara Sheviak & Bowles) is a federally threatened Great Plains forb incapable of regeneration if above-ground parts are damaged within a given growing season. The invasion of smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss) reduces diversity and alters resources in northern tall grass prairies, including those occupied by WFPO. Prescribed fire is most effective for brome reduction when it is timed to its phenology. This timing could also interfere with the growth of non-target species, including WPFO. Our objective was to document the emergence and growth of WPFO and to determine the degree of phenological overlap between WFPO and smooth brome. We monitored orchid phenology to detect emergence dates and tracked growth of flowering and non-flowering WFPO. We found that WFPO individuals likely to flower emerge earlier and their growth is more rapid than plants not destined to flower. We augmented orchid monitoring with observations of smooth brome for two y...
High spatial and temporal resolution black-blood dynamic contrast-enhanced carotid artery wall MRI using compressed sensing.

Background Dynamic gadolinium contrast-enhanced (DCE) vessel wall imaging has been used to quantitatively assess the inflammatory status of carotid plaques[1]. However, several limitations of current techniques that may potentially compromise quantitative accuracy include: a) vessel wall blurring during high-spatial-resolution imaging due to arterial pulsation; b) inadequate separation between vessel wall and lumen; and c) relatively low temporal resolution (~20-40 sec). Recently, a black-blood DCE technique using ECG-triggering and saturation and double-inversion combined (SRDIR) preparation were proposed to overcome the first two limitations yet at the expense of temporal resolution[2]. This work aimed to accelerate the acquisition by using compressed sensing that has been applied to dynamic MRI studies[3].
Ethical Challenges of Military Social Workers Serving in a Combat Zone

Often faced with ethical challenges that may appear extraordinary, military social workers comprise a distinctive subgroup of the social work profession. From the unique paradigms in which they practice their craft, obvious questions about how military social workers address the ethical challenges inherent to their wartime mission arise. Using a concept mapping design, this qualitative phenomenological study addresses some of the ethical challenges faced by 24 military social workers who were deployed during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom (combat operations inAfghanistan).The results visually display approaches to dealing with the ethical concern of balancing the needs of the client and the needs of the military combat mission. Most participants reported that they used clinical judgment rather than moral reasoning when dealing with such situations. Other ethical concerns are also explored: confidentiality and privacy, conflicts with commanders, relationships and boundaries, and diagnosis and treatment. Understanding of these ethical challenges is relevant to all social workers as they represent an important component of the values,knowledge, and skills germane to the social work profession.
INVESTIGATION OF A NEW FRACTURE MECHANICS SPECIMEN FOR THIN FILM ADHESION MEASUREMENT

We have investigated mechanical probing of a precracked fine line structure as a new type of thin film fracture mechanics specimen. An idealized mechanics analysis is first presented. Experimentally, two types of precracks are formed. A thin carbon layer to which other layers weakly adhere creates a “processed precrack” by integrated circuit processing techniques. An “indented processed precrack” is formed by precision alignment of a sharp microwedge. The processed precrack is found to reduce the critical tangential load by 50% from a non-precracked line, while the indented processed precrack lowers the load by 200%. From this, a reasonable value of adhesion may be directly calculated. Crack path behavior is observed to depend on strength of the interface. In the case of a weak interface, the crack remains in the interface as it extends. For a strong interface, it kinks into the substrate if the crack is initially short, but remains in the interface if it is initially long. Given the experimental evidence, the mechanics are slightly modified to quantitatively model the experimental data.
The Use of Psychiatric Evaluations in the Determination of Sentencing

Of all the issues in the criminal law that a forensic psychiatrist is likely to address, sentencing is surely one of the most understated. Compared with competency to stand trial and insanity, postconviction sentencing all but goes unnoticed as a phase of the criminal law process that includes psychiatric participation. And yet, psychiatric presentencing evaluations are presumably obtained with some degree of regularity. In the determination of sentencing, legal and clinical aims can complement and confound each other.
Seasonal Activity of the Florida Kingsnake Lampropeltis getula floridana (Serpentes: Colubridae) in Southern Florida

Abstract During a 2 y study (February 1993–January 1995) I searched a total of 519.4 km of canal and levee banks in 304.4 h to study Florida kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula floridana) activity. I gathered and compared data on seasonal activity patterns of two populations in southern peninsular Florida, around Lake Okeechobee and southern Dade County. Snakes from both populations exhibited two activity peaks, one in spring and one in fall. The highest frequency of encounters was in March and April during the peak of the breeding season. During this time males were encountered more often than females, possibly because they are actively searching for mates. Encounter rates are constrained by temperature rather than precipitation. The majority of snakes were found in the open aboveground between 24 C to 29 C, with the highest frequency at 27 C. At lower and higher temperatures encounter rates decreased as snakes may retreat into refugia. Adults were encountered more often than juveniles. Adults are primarily d...
Antibody-mediated fusion of FL amnion cells infected with parainfluenza virus type 2.

Addition of viral or cellular antiserum to FL amnion cells infected with type 2 parainfluenza virus caused the formation of polykaryons not observed during viral replication in the absence of antibody. This antibody-mediated fusion, which did not occur with Sendai virus-infected cells, is probably effected through close apposition of membrane segments bearing newly synthesized viral envelope constituents and does not directly involve glycoprotein receptors.
Production Efficiency and the Cross Section of Stock Returns

This paper documents a robust new fact about the cross section of stock returns: stocks of companies with higher past production efficiency earn significantly higher average returns in the future. The return difference between the high production efficiency and the low production efficiency portfolio is 25.7% annually, after adjusted for exposures to the market return, size, value and momentum factor. The production efficiency retains its forecasting capability even on large capitalization stocks, and the abnormal return associated with the production efficiency is the strongest within small capitalization stocks. The predicting power of the production efficiency is more persistent for large capitalization stocks than for small capitalization stocks. The empirical finding casts doubt on the measures that use the firm’s productivity as one of the determinants to assess the firm’s financial constraint.
The Earned Income Tax Credit and the Child Tax Credit Under the Tax Act of 2001

In this article, they analyze the interaction of the earned income tax credit, the child tax credit, and the income tax under the recently enacted tax act for 2001, and the reduction in the EITC marriage penalty that will begin in 2002. The act made the child tax credit partially refundable and introduced a new 10 percent income tax bracket, thereby significantly altering the interaction; they focus attention on the pattern of marginal tax rates generated by the interaction because this pattern is important for incentives and fairness, and conclude that reducing the marginal tax rate should be a high priority for future reform. The act also introduced a more generous schedule for married couples beginning in 2002 to reduce the marriage penalty; they estimate, however, that the act makes only a modest contribution toward reducing the EITC marriage penalty, so that further marriage penalty reduction should also be a high priority for future reform.
There Used to Be a New York Racetrack There: But Where was it?

This article reviews the history of racetracks in New York State and shows where the defunct tracks were located.
Relationships Between Students' Situational Interest, Experience, and Engagement in DDR

Abstract This abstract will be among those presented in the Free Communication: Dance Education-Physical Education ses-sion scheduled for Thursday, March 18, 2:15-4:15 p.m
How to Predict Nesting Sites and How to Measure Shoreline Erosion: Fuzzy and Probabilistic Techniques for Environment-Related Spatial Data Processing

In this paper, we show how fuzzy and probabilistic techniques can be used in environment-related data processing. Specifically, we will show that these methods help in solving two environment-related problems: how to predict the birds’ nesting sites and how to measure shoreline erosion.
Influence of Stabilizer on the Behavior of Electroless Ni-P Solution and Anti-Corrosion of Electroless Ni-P Coating

The influence of different kinds of stabilizer on the behavior of electroless Ni-P solution and anti-corrosion of electroless Ni-P coating was studied. The results showed that KI had superiority in stability and longevity of plating solution and anti-corrosion of coating; The defects and the rate of porosity were less;Pb~(2+) had good stability in plating solution,but longevity of plating solution and anti-corrosion were worse.H_2NSCN was worst in stability and longevity of plating solution and anti-corrosion of coating ;The defects and the rate of porosity were more. It had been learned that the rate of porosity and morphology of the coating were one of the factors that influent anti-corrosion of electroless plating.The defects was less, the corrosion resistance was better.
Advanced Concepts and Controversies in Emergency Department Pain Management

Pain is the most common complaint for which patients come to the emergency department (ED). Emergency physicians are responsible for pain relief in a timely, efficient, and safe manner in the ED. The improvement in our understanding of the neurobiology of pain has balanced the utilization of nonopioid and opioid analgesia, and simultaneously has led to more rational and safer opioid prescribing practices. This article reviews advances in pain management in the ED for patients with acute and chronic pain as well as describes several newer strategies and controversies.
Ureterocystoplasty: A Unique Method for Vesical Augmentation in Children

Abstract Vesical augmentation may be accomplished by using small bowel, large bowel or stomach, and by detrusor myotomy or the autoaugmentation technique. The use of intestinal segments is associated with variable mucus production, electrolyte absorption and the risk of malignant transformation. Autoaugmentation is free of these potential risks but may be unsuccessful in creating sufficient improvement in vesical compliance and capacity. Ureterocystoplasty with a bladder based native ureteral flap has been used in neurovesical dysfunction in association with a nonfunctional refluxing kidney, in a noncompliant valve bladder associated with posterior urethral valves and a nonfunctional kidney, and in augmentation of a small bladder after closure of cloacal exstrophy. Adequate bladder capacity and compliance have been achieved without the use of extra urinary epithelium. The surgical approach is simple and uncomplicated. Ureterocystoplasty in selected cases will provide for adequate bladder capacity and compliance when augmentation cystoplasty is required.
Special Education Funding in Pennsylvania: The Effects of a Policy of Neglect

The past 10 years have seen substantial changes in special education enrollments and funding in Pennsylvania. School district enrollments have been declining slightly, while the number of special education students in charter schools has been increasing. District expenditures for special education have steadily increased, while state subsidies for special education have stagnated for the past six years and the state share of support has declined. This state policy choice has resulted in an increase in districts’ costs of over $500 million to replace the lost state share. Along with the charter school enrollment increases have come substantial district tuition payments to charter schools, totaling over $1 billion from 2009–2010 through 2013–2014. Over half of these payments, $550 million, are in excess of the charter schools’ reported expenditures for special education, providing charter schools with a disguised subsidy for their general operations. The new special education funding formula from the legislature, while a step in the right direction, has not yet provided enough new money to make any substantial difference for district budgets.
Battling severe mental illnesses with smartphones: how patients' smartphone data can help improve clinical care.

The inability to reliably monitor disease progression is one of psychiatry’s most glaring weaknesses. Unlike our colleagues in other fields, who can, for example, monitor diabetes via patients’ hemoglobin A1c, psychiatrists do not have reliable biomarkers. Furthermore, the ways in which mental illnesses manifest are heterogeneous, the vast majority of the patient data in psychiatry is based on subjective patient self-reporting, and practice variation is significant. The inability to monitor disease progression and detect clinical decompensation is a particularly vexing problem for patients suffering from severe mental illnesses (SMI), who die on average 25 years earlier than the general population (1). Clearly we need a more reliable way to track patients’ clinical progress, which is why there is increasing interest in augmenting care with insights derived from smartphone data.
Auxiliary field loop expansion of the effective action for a class of stochastic partial differential equations

Abstract We present an alternative to the perturbative (in coupling constant) diagrammatic approach for studying stochastic dynamics of a class of reaction diffusion systems. Our approach is based on an auxiliary field loop expansion for the path integral representation for the generating functional of the noise induced correlation functions of the fields describing these systems. The systems we consider include Langevin systems describable by the set of self interacting classical fields ϕ i ( x , t ) in the presence of external noise η i ( x , t ) , namely ( ∂ t − ν ∇ 2 ) ϕ − F [ ϕ ] = η , as well as chemical reaction annihilation processes obtained by applying the many-body approach of Doi–Peliti to the Master Equation formulation of these problems. We consider two different effective actions, one based on the Onsager–Machlup (OM) approach, and the other due to Janssen–deGenneris based on the Martin–Siggia–Rose (MSR) response function approach. For the simple models we consider, we determine an analytic expression for the Energy landscape (effective potential) in both formalisms and show how to obtain the more physical effective potential of the Onsager–Machlup approach from the MSR effective potential in leading order in the auxiliary field loop expansion. For the KPZ equation we find that our approximation, which is non-perturbative and obeys broken symmetry Ward identities, does not lead to the appearance of a fluctuation induced symmetry breakdown. This contradicts the results of earlier studies.
Mobile Commerce Competitive Advantage: A Quantitative Study of Variables that Predict M-Commerce Purchase Intentions

Seeking to fill a gap in current research on the conditions that would facilitate user acceptance of m-commerce, the present study investigated m-commerce users’ perceptions of performance and effo...
Emotional Reactions to Conditional Rules of Reciprocal Altruism

A seminal article on the evolution of social behavior (Trivers, 1971) outlined a number of emotional responses that were predicted to result from various reciprocal altruism (RA) situations. These include the emotions of liking, aggression, gratitude, guilt, trust, and suspicion, each of which was a
The spatial accuracy of two frameless, linear accelerator-based systems for single-isocenter, multitarget cranial radiosurgery

Single-isocenter, multitarget cranial stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is more efficient than using an isocenter for each target, but spatial positioning uncertainties can be magnified at locations away from the isocenter. This study reports on the spatial accuracy of two frameless, linac-based SRS systems for multitarget, single-isocenter SRS as a function of distance from the isocenter. One system uses the ExacTrac platform for image guidance and the other localizes with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). For each platform, a phantom with 12 target BBs distributed up to 13.8 cm from the isocenter was aligned starting from five different initial offsets and then imaged with the treatment beam at seven different gantry and couch angles. The distribution of the resulting positioning errors demonstrated the value of adding a 1-mm PTV margin for targets up to about 7-8 cm from the isocenter. For distances 10 cm or more, the CBCT-based alignment remained within 1.1 mm while the ExacTrac-based alignment differed by up to 2.2 mm.
Adaptive high-order discretization of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract In this article, a dual-consistent high-order flux reconstruction (FR) or correction procedure via reconstruction (CPR) method is developed to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with the modified Spalart and Allmaras (SA) model. In this model, the non-dimensional length scale r depends on the distance to the nearest wall. To compute this distance to the nearest curved polynomial wall boundaries for each solution point, the FR/CPR high-order discretization is extended to solve the Eikonal equation. One internal and three external flow problems including a three-element high-lift configuration are considered to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the present Eikonal solver. Additionally, an adjoint-based adaptive mesh refinement method is utilized to minimize the output error. The present method is demonstrated for several benchmark turbulent flow problems. The adaptive results are compared to other simulations or experimental data.
Collimated superfine x-ray beam based x-ray luminescence computed tomography

X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) is a hybrid imaging modality with the potential to achieve a spatial resolution up to several hundred micrometers for targets embedded in turbid media with a depth larger than several millimeters. In this paper, we report a high spatial resolution XLCT imaging system with a collimated superfine x-ray beam in imaging the deeply embedded targets. A collimator with a 100 micrometer pinhole was mounted in the front of a powerful x-ray tube to generate a superfine x-ray pencil beam with a beam diameter of 0.175 mm. For the phantom experiment of four capillary targets with an edge-to-edge distance of 400 micrometers, we were able to reconstruct the targets in a depth of 5 mm successfully, which were validated with microCT images. We have further investigated the effect of different x-ray beam diameters on the reconstructed XLCT images with numerical simulations. Our results indicate that XLCT has the ability to image successfully multiple deeply embedded targets when the collimated x-ray beam diameter is less than or equal to the target edge-to-edge distance. Our numerical simulations also demonstrate that XLCT can achieve a spatial resolution of 200 micrometers for targets embedded at a depth of 5 mm if the scanning beam has a diameter of 100 micrometers.
Quantifying LDM mobile TV service coverage spillover into fixed rooftop reception: Increased coverage overlap between U.S. service areas

ATSC 3.0 is likely to be used to deliver service targeted to mobile receivers as well as service to fixed rooftop antennas, likely using Scalable Hierarchical Video Coding (SHVC) to minimize total bitrate, and Layered Division Multiplexing (LDM) to maximize mobile coverage. A Physical Layer Pipe (PLP) with robust coding optimized for reception by mobile receivers in an area comparable to a TV station's ATSC 1.0 coverage will be readily receivable by rooftop antennas over a much larger area than today's 15 dB coverage contour. In the U.S., this larger coverage area will give rise to increased overlap between same-network TV station affiliates. We calculate the extent of increased overlap among affiliates of the four largest networks (ABC, CBS, NBC and Fox) over the population of the continental U.S. and conservatively estimate that as much as 75% of the population will have access to at least one redundant network affiliate, and 60% will have over-the-air access to two affiliates or more for all four major networks. U.S. broadcasters rely increasingly on retransmission consent fees from Multichannel Video Program Distributors (MVPDs). When multiple independently-owned affiliates of the same network overlap an MVPD's subscriber footprint, the MVPD can pit them against each other in bargaining over retransmission consent fees. We use a case study based on the Pittsburgh local TV market area to describe the retransmission consent negotiation issues that may arise and the regulatory framework that today conditions these negotiations.
1 H, 15 N, and 13 C chemical shift assignments of the regulatory domain of human calcineurin

Calcineurin (CaN) plays an important role in T-cell activation, cardiac system development and nervous system function. Previous studies have demonstrated that the regulatory domain (RD) of CaN binds calmodulin (CaM) towards the N-terminal end. Calcium-loaded CaM activates the serine/threonine phosphatase activity of CaN by binding to the RD, although the mechanistic details of this interaction remain unclear. It is thought that CaM binding at the RD displaces the auto-inhibitory domain (AID) from the active site of CaN, activating phosphatase activity. In the absence of calcium-loaded CaM, the RD is disordered, and binding of CaM induces folding in the RD. In order to provide mechanistic detail about the CaM-CaN interaction, we have undertaken an NMR study of the RD of CaN. Complete 13C, 15N and 1H assignments of the RD of CaN were obtained using solution NMR spectroscopy. The backbone of RD has been assigned using a combination of 13C-detected CON-IPAP experiments as well as traditional HNCO, HNCA, HNCOCA and HNCACB-based 3D NMR spectroscopy. A 15N-resolved TOCSY experiment has been used to assign Hα and Hβ chemical shifts.
Dapsone for Recalcitrant Eosinophilic Annular Erythema: A Case Report and Literature Review

Eosinophilic annular erythema (EAE) is a rare entity of unknown etiology that is possibly related to a hypersensitivity reaction and presents as annular erythematous plaques with tissue eosinophilia. It is classified as a figurate erythema with a controversial relationship to Wells syndrome (WS) in the literature, where it is generally considered a separate entity or subset based on clinical and histopathologic differences. EAE typically presents with recurrent, erythematous, arcuate, and annular plaques on the trunk and proximal extremities. The course of the disease is often chronic, recurrent, and relapsing. Responses to treatment are variable but are typically best with systemic steroids and antimalarials. We report a patient refractory to other therapies who had a striking response to dapsone.
Three-dimensional conductive network formed by carbon nanotubes in aqueous processed NMC electrode

Abstract Aqueous processing of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2, NMC 532) cathodes was investigated by incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the conductive additive. Morphology observation showed CNTs evenly disperse across the electrode, uniformly covering each primary particle, and form three-dimensional electronic pathways. A resistance measurement indicated the CNTs can improve the electronic conductivity of the composite electrode by an order of magnitude compared to carbon black. CNTs based electrodes showed higher rate performance, lower hysteresis, and better cycling performance with 99.4% capacity retention after 200 cycles in full pouch cells compared to 94.6% for carbon black based electrode. Meanwhile, the content of active materials in the electrode was increased from 90 wt% to 96 wt% and the energy density was increased by 11.7%. This research demonstrates an effective combined approach for achieving aqueous processed cathodes with enhanced durability while simultaneously achieving higher energy density by reducing the content of inactive components.
Total Synthesis of the Marine Phosphomacrolide, (-)-Enigmazole A, Exploiting Multicomponent Type I Anion Relay Chemistry (ARC) in Conjunction with a Late-Stage Petasis-Ferrier Union/Rearrangement.

An effective late-stage large-fragment union/rearrangement exploiting the Petasis–Ferrier protocol, in conjunction with multicomponent Type I Anion Relay Chemistry (ARC) to access advanced intermediates, permits completion of a convergent, stereocontrolled total synthesis of the architecturally complex phosphomacrolide (−)-enigmazole A (1).
Virtual Tai-Chi System: A smart-connected modality for rehabilitation

Abstract This work intends to develop an intelligent, four-dimensional (namely X-Y-Z plus somatosensory), partial control, and virtual-reality-enabled Tai-Chi System (VTCS). Tai-Chi is a traditional mind-body wellness and healing art, and its clinical benefits have been well documented. VTCS integrates Tai-Chi with a series of cutting-edge computer technologies including 4D sensor technology, big-data, signal processing and analysis, human body kinematics, deep learning, virtual reality, and 4D-reconstruction, etc. The aforementioned system will generate a controllable and consistent 4D experience to help, push and coach (HPC) people to get involved in sports activities. In particular, VTCS makes Tai-Chi movements suitable to individuals who suffer from mobility disabilities due to diseases or injuries as an accessible rehabilitation and fitness modality. VTCS consists of the following modules: acquisition, transmission and reconstruction of user׳s 4D data, data preprocessing, identification of user׳s kinetic movement, and individualized movement choreography. Under the support of collaborative hospitals, the physiological and psychological benefits brought about by VTCS will be critically assessed.
Molecular Diagnosis of Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG)

Glycosylation is the addition of sugars (glycans) to proteins and lipids. Defective synthesis, assembly, or processing of glycans results in a group of disorders known as congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology is used in many molecular diagnostic laboratories and consists of comprehensive panels of genes associated with particular disorders and whole exome sequencing (WES) which has recently debuted in the diagnostic laboratory. Cautions and challenges with using NGS panels and WES in the clinical setting using CDG as an example are discussed. A comprehensive NGS panel for CDG is being used when there is no indication either biochemically or clinically what gene defect may be present. In the research setting, WES was successfully used to identify the gene defect in several individuals with unknown types of CDG. New gene discoveries for CDG are leading to improved molecular diagnostic testing for CDG, including an updated comprehensive NGS panel. Identification of new CDG genes also provides direction for translational research, which is already occurring for several subtypes of CDG.
Doomsday: predicting which node will fail when on supercomputers

Predicting which node will fail and how soon remains a challenge for HPC resilience, yet may pave the way to exploiting proactive remedies before jobs fail. Not only for increasing scalability up to exascale systems but even for contemporary supercomputer architectures does it require substantial efforts to distill anomalous events from noisy raw logs. To this end, we propose a novel phrase extraction mechanism called TBP (time-based phrases) to pin-point node failures, which is unprecedented. Our study, based on real system data and statistical machine learning, demonstrates the feasibility to predict which specific node will fail in Cray systems. TBP achieves no less than 83% recall rates with lead times as high as 2 minutes. This opens up the door for enhancing prediction lead times for supercomputing systems in general, thereby facilitating efficient usage of both computing capacity and power in large scale production systems.
Adapting Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy to Where Patients Live: A Comparative Case Study.

Objectives Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy has been demonstrated to effectively reverse the abnormal physiology of sleep apnea and improve a variety of patient outcomes, yet helping patients adapt and adhere to CPAP has proven to be a challenging issue in the effective treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). As a home-based intervention trial, the “Sleep Apnea in Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke: Reducing Cardiovascular Risk with Positive Airway Pressure” (“sleep tight”) study was uniquely positioned to capture and evaluate challenges faced by patients over time during their introduction to CPAP therapy. Methods A comparative case study design was used to better understand the process whereby patients adapted CPAP therapy in order to fit their own personal set of circumstances. Cases were identified from patients enrolled in the “enhanced intervention” group of the sleep tight trial. Results These comparative case studies illustrated how adherence to CPAP therapy is an adaptive process where personal context matters. The case studies also demonstrated how some patients overcame challenges and barriers by themselves to integrate CPAP therapy into their own lives, while others required help from study staff to overcome these barriers and some were never able to successfully adapt CPAP therapy in order to fit their personal contexts, despite study staffs’ best efforts. Conclusions A major opportunity to improve CPAP adherence appears to exist in placing greater emphasis on supporting patients in adapting CPAP therapy for “where they live.”
What Do Construction Workers Really Want? A Study about Representation, Importance, and Perception of US Construction Occupational Rewards

AbstractThe construction industry in the United States employs thousands of workers in various jobs and accounted for over $645 billion of the US Gross Domestic Product in 2017. Given the reported ...
Hypothetical Soil-Culture System Sub-Models

This chapter describes how conceptual sub-models for soil and soil-sand-culture bioassays in conjunction with quantitative relationships described in the previous chapters and the literature may be used to model how various system elements of soil and soil-sand cultures can potentially modify or control the actions and effects of simple phenolic acids on cucumber seedlings.