cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lightweight network support for scalable end-to-end services

Some end-to-end network services benefit greatly from network support in terms of utility and scalability. However, when such support is provided through service-specific mechanisms, the proliferation of one-off solutions tend to decrease the robustness of the network over time. Programmable routers, on the other hand, offer generic support for a variety of end-to-end services, but face a different set of challenges with respect to performance, scalability, security, and robustness. Ideally, router-based support for end-to-end services should exhibit the kind of generality, simplicity, scalability, and performance that made the Internet Protocol (IP) so successful. In this paper we present a router-based building block called ephemeral state processing (ESP), which is designed to have IP-like characteristics. ESP allows packets to create and manipulate small amounts of temporary state at routers via short, predefined computations. We discuss the issues involved in the design of such a service and describe three broad classes of problems for which ESP enables robust solutions. We also present performance measurements from a network-processor-based implementation.
The two extra element theorem

The two extra element theorem (2EET), a logical extension of the single EET, enables a transfer function to be assembled, essentially in final form, from separate calculations on a circuit model that is simpler by the absence of two elements. The 2EET provides not only a potentially shorter, simpler, and easier analysis method, but also contributes a low-entropy expression in which the ordering and grouping of terms contain useful design-oriented information. As an example, the 2EET is used in the design-oriented analysis of a bridged-T filter. >
"Honey, Have You Taken Your Polyphenols Today?"

Many of us are familiar with the debilitating effects that an ischemic stroke can have on someone close. Although preventive measures are widely adopted and specialized stroke units improve prognosis, recent unsettling reports suggest that stroke risk has shifted to include younger people. With an overall risk of a recurring event after the initial stroke in as many as one out of five cases, emphasis in public health lies on modifying risk and expanding treatment options. Now, Clark and colleagues add to the accumulating evidence that resveratrol, a nutritional polyphenol commonly found in grape skins, berries, and nuts, might have therapeutic value in stroke management. In a rodent model that emulates the human condition of recurring mild cerebral ischemia, the authors demonstrated that resveratrol protects the brain from further damage. Neuronal cell death, activation of microglia, resident macrophages in brain tissue, and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were reduced in rats given resveratrol either before the first single stroke or before the recurrent one, both compared with controls. Potential systemic effects of resveratrol—on blood pressure or heart rate, for example—did not explain this finding. Subsequent mechanistic studies in the same rat model unraveled resveratrol’s role in ameliorating disruptive changes in vascular permeability at the blood-brain barrier that occurs during ischemia; the previously proposed hypothesis that resveratrol improves cerebral blood flow in areas of ischemia was determined to be a less likely mechanism of action. Last, the researchers defined direct cellular effects of resveratrol. Compared with controls, endothelial cells exposed to resveratrol demonstrated better survival in an environment of oxygen and glucose withdrawal. This protection was partially abrogated by blocking the sirtuin SIRT-1, an enzyme associated with various cell functions and activated by resveratrol. The researchers conclude that SIRT-1 activation participates as an underlying mechanism to safeguard the vasculature in the brain from ischemic lesions in recurrent strokes. The role of sirtuins—not only in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases but also in metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer—raises the question of whether resveratrol’s beneficial effects can be best harnessed through dietary intake or targeted small-molecule drugs. But first things first: These observations in a mouse model must hold their standing in the context of human disease. D. Clark et al ., Protection against recurrent stroke with resveratrol: Endothelial protection. PLoS One 7 , e47792 (2012). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0047792
A comparative study on the uptake and incorporation of radiolabeled methionine, choline and fluorodeoxyglucose in human astrocytoma.

Abstract Purpose: The goal of this investigation was to evaluate uptake and incorporation of 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG), 11 C-methionine, and 11 C-choline in 17 patients suspected of grade-II and grade-III tumors using positron emission tomography (PET) and use in vitro astrocytoma cell lines in order to support in vivo findings. Methods: Seventeen patients with suspected astrocytomas (9 grade-II and 8 grade-III) were studied by PET with FDG and 11 C-methionine; and one patient (grade-III) with FDG, 11 C-methionine and 11 C-choline. Uptake of PET molecular imaging probe was quantitative based on tumor to corresponding contralateral-region uptake ratio, tumor to mean-cortical-uptake ratio, and tumor to white matter uptake ratio. This was correlated with World Health Organization histology grading system and clinical follow-up. Uptake and incorporation of 3 H-methionine, 3 H-choline and FDG into lipid, RNA, DNA, and protein were investigated in a grade-III human tumor brain-14 astrocytoma cell line. Results: A time-dependent increase in the total uptake of 3 H-methionine, 3 H-choline and FDG was observed in human tumor brain-14 astrocytoma-III cell line. 3 H-methionine was incorporated predominantly into proteins (in excess of 40% at 1 h) while 3 H-choline incorporated primarily into lipids (in excess of 60% at 1hr). Total uptake of FDG was accounted for in the free-pool supernatant fraction. In all patients, PET images of 11 C-methionine and FDG provided higher tumor to white matter ratios than tumor to corresponding contra-lateral region ratios and tumor to mean cortical uptake ratios. In grade II patients, FDG did not exhibit significant increase in tumor uptake, while 11 C-methionine was a good predictor with ratios of approximately 1.50 ± 0.48. In grade III patients, both FDG and 11 C-methionine exhibited higher ratios than for grade II, with 11 C-methionine being the greatest (ratios of 2.50 ± 0.85), possibly suggesting enhanced protein synthesis. With respect to tumor delineating potential, 11 C-choline may be equal to or slightly better than 11 C-methionine in the subject evaluated with all three probes. Conclusions: Results suggest that a combination of FDG and 11 C-methionine is useful in the prediction of histological grade of astrocytomas. In addition, 11 C-methionine is better than FDG in delineating tumor boundary for low-grade gliomas. In vitro results suggest that 3 H-methionine is significantly incorporated into proteins and provides the major driving force in the uptake of 11 C-methionine observed in PET images. (Mol Imag Biol 2002;4:147–156)
Antagonism of α1-adrenergic and serotonergic receptors in the hypoglossal motor nucleus does not prevent motoneuronal activation elicited from the posterior hypothalamus

Abstract The perifornical (PF) region of the posterior hypothalamus plays an important role in the regulation of sleep–wake states and motor activity. Disinhibition of PF neurons by the GABA A receptor antagonist, bicuculline, has been used to study the mechanisms of wake- and motor activity-promoting effects that emanate from the PF region. Bicuculline activates PF neurons, including the orexin-containing cells that have major excitatory projections to brainstem noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons. Since premotor aminergic neurons are an important source of motoneuronal activation, we hypothesized that they mediate the excitation of motoneurons that results from disinhibition of PF neurons with bicuculline. In urethane-anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated rats, we found that PF bicuculline injections (1 mM, 20 nl) made after combined microinjections into the hypoglossal (XII) nucleus of α 1 -adrenergic and serotonergic receptor antagonists (prazosin and methysergide) increased XII nerve activity by 80 ± 16% (SE) of the control activity level. Thus, activation of XII motoneurons originating in the hypothalamic PF region was not abolished despite effective elimination by the aminergic antagonists of the endogenous noradrenergic and serotonergic excitatory drives to XII motoneurons and abolition of XII motoneuronal activation by exogenous serotonin or phenylephrine. These results show that a major component of XII motoneuronal activation originating in the posterior hypothalamus is mediated by pathways other than the noradrenergic and serotonergic projections to motoneurons.
Copolymerization of phenylacetylene with vinylpyridine

Experiments on the copolymerization of phenylacetylene with 2-vinylpyridine gave values for the copolymerization ratios, r1 = 4.0 ± 0.7 and r2 = 0.20 ± 0.05. Estimates of the copolymerization constants, Q = 0.3 and e = −0.6, from these experiments agree with those estimated from values of copolymerization constants recently reported by Doak from studies of copolymerization of phenylacetylene with methyl acrylate and acrylonitrile. The experiments reported herein support the report by Doak that phenylacetylene acts as a marked retarder, as well as a commoner.
AMPK exerts dual regulatory effects on the PI3K pathway.

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a fuel-sensing enzyme that is activated when cells experience energy deficiency and conversely suppressed in surfeit of energy supply. AMPK activation improves insulin sensitivity via multiple mechanisms, among which AMPK suppresses mTOR/S6K-mediated negative feedback regulation of insulin signaling. In the present study we further investigated the mechanism of AMPK-regulated insulin signaling. Our results showed that 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1 ribonucleoside (AICAR) greatly enhanced the ability of insulin to stimulate the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1)-associated PI3K activity in differentiated 3T3-F442a adipocytes, leading to increased Akt phosphorylation at S473, whereas insulin-stimulated activation of mTOR was diminished. In 3T3-F442a preadipocytes, these effects were attenuated by expression of a dominant negative mutant of AMPK α1 subunit. The enhancing effect of ACIAR on Akt phosphorylation was also observed when the cells were treated with EGF, suggesting that it is regulated at a step beyond IR/IRS1. Indeed, when the cells were chronically treated with AICAR in the absence of insulin, Akt phosphorylation was progressively increased. This event was associated with an increase in levels of phosphatidylinositol -3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) and blocked by Wortmannin. We then expressed the dominant negative mutant of PTEN (C124S) and found that the inhibition of endogenous PTEN per se did not affect phosphorylation of Akt at basal levels or upon treatment with AICAR or insulin. Thus, this result suggests that AMPK activation of Akt is not mediated by regulating phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN). Our present study demonstrates that AMPK exerts dual effects on the PI3K pathway, stimulating PI3K/Akt and inhibiting mTOR/S6K.
Noradrenergic Inhibition of the Goat Carotid Body

Circulating catecholamines are considered to be respiratory stimulants in humans. This conclusion is based on studies in which intravenous infusion of norepinephrine or epinephrine produced ventilatory stimulation (Cunningham, et al., 1963; Heistad et al., 1972). Because the respiratory stimulation was diminished during hyperoxia, it was concluded that the carotid bodies were responsible for the reflex effect. Studies of norepinephrine and epinephrine in non-human species have revealed complex and sometimes conflicting effects on the carotid body and ventilation. Joels and White (1968) found tht in anesthetized and decerebrate cats, these agents stimulate ventilation, an effect eliminated by carotid sinus nerve transection. Folgering et al. (1982) found that norepinephrine and epinephrine produced transient inhibition followed by excitation of carotid chemoreceptor afferent neural discharge frequency in cats. Although similarly complex effects were found in rabbits (Matsumoto et al., 1981), Bisgard et al. (1979) found primarily inhibition but also excitation of the carotid body in dogs. More recently, the possibility of a prominent alpha-2 adrenergic inhibitory mechanism in the cat carotid body has been described (Kou et al., 1991).
A reactance theorem

A formula is derived for the frequency derivative of the input reactance of any linear, passive, time-invariant electromagnetic system. It consists of five terms, each of which is identifiable uniquely with one of the following five physical attributes of the system: time-average stored magnetic energy, time-average stored electric energy, radiation, dispersion by the medium, and dissipation by the medium.
An Analytical Model to Study Optimal Area Breakdown between Cores and Caches in a Chip Multiprocessor

A key design issue for chip multiprocessors (CMPs) is how to exploit the finite chip area to get the best system throughput.The most dominant area-consuming components in a CMP are processor cores and caches today.There is an important trade-off between the number of cores and the amount of cache in a single CMP chip.If we have too few cores, the system throughput will be limited by the number of threads.If we have too small cache capacity, the system may perform poorly due to frequent cache misses.This paper presents a simple and effective analytical model to study the trade-off of the core count and the cache capacity in a CMP under a finite die area constraint.Our model differentiates shared, private, and hybrid cache organizations.Our work will complement more detailed yet time-consuming simulation approaches by enabling one to quickly study how key chip area allocation parameters affect the system performance.
Estimation of smooth regression functions in monotone response models

We consider the estimation of smooth regression functions in a class of conditionally parametric covariate-response models. Independent and identically distributed observations are available from the distribution of (Z;X), where Z is a real{valued covariate with some unknown distribution, and the response X conditional on Z is distributed according to the density p( ; (Z)), where p( ; ) is a one-parameter exponential family. The function is a smooth monotone function. Under this formulation, the regression function E(X j Z) is monotone in the covariate Z (and can be expressed as a one{one function of ); hence the term \monotone response model". Using a penalized least squares approach that incorporates both monotonicity and smoothness, we develop a scheme for producing smooth monotone estimates of the regression function and also the function across this entire class of models. Pointwise asymptotic normality of this estimator is established, with the rate of convergence depending on the smoothing parameter. This enables construction of Wald{type (pointwise) as well as pivotal condence sets for and also the regression function.
Evaluation of the transverse oscillation method using the cramer–rao lower bound [Correspondence]

The transverse oscillation method enables lateral displacement tracking by generating an oscillation orthogonal to the conventional RF signal. The widely varying methods used in the field to create such oscillations and perform displacement estimation make it difficult to compare the expected performance of alternative techniques. We derive closed-form expressions for the oscillating pressure fields produced by two common apodization functions—the rectangular and bi-lobed Gaussian apodizations—after heterodyning demodulation is applied to separate the orthogonally-oscillating signals. With these fields and spectra we present a form of the Cramer–Rao lower bound for ultrasonic signals that contains a spectrum shape term, allowing theoretical prediction of relative performance across different techniques and parameter choices. Simulations show good agreement with the trends predicted by the theoretical results for the chosen class of aperture functions. The simulations demonstrate the importance of frequencyspace analysis in devising a transverse oscillation scheme and suggest that the study of other classes of aperture functions and field formation techniques should be continued to further improve the accuracy of lateral displacement tracking.
Electoral and party system effects on ruling party durability

Political scientists have not paid sufficient attention to the driving forces of ruling party stability, although other areas of political stability, such as democratic stability, leadership stability and cabinet stability have been studied extensively. This research fills a significant gap. It focuses on electoral rules and political party systems to explain ruling party durability. It demonstrates the following: (1) ruling parties’ hazard rates under the first-past-the-post systems are initially lower than those under proportional representation rules, but this tendency reverses over time, and (2) ruling parties’ hazard rates under two-party systems are initially lower than those under multiparty systems, but this too reverses.
1062 Echocardiographic assessment of semilunar valve incompetence useful as screening tool but unreliable in quantification: correlation with cardiac MR velocity mapping

Methods A single center review was performed of all patients with both ECHO and CMR assessment of SVI (1/04-1/07) within 60 days of each other. The qualitative assessment (mild, moderate, severe) of SVI and RV dilation (RVd) were recorded for all patients with pulmonary incompetence (PI). SVI and LV dimension at end diastole (LVEDd) were obtained in patients with aortic incompetence (AI). RF was quantified by CMR using phase-contrast velocity mapping of the respective outflow tracts. ANOVA was used for statistical analysis.
Single- and double-stranded DNA: building a trigger of ATR-mediated DNA damage response

The DNA damage signaling pathways mediated by the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and the ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) kinases play crucial roles in the maintenance of genomic integrity and may function as an anti-cancer barrier during early tumorigenesis. Although the ATM and ATR pathways share some of their downstream functions, the DNA damage that evoke these two pathways are distinct. While ATM plays a primary role in the response to double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs), ATR controls the response to a much broader spectrum of DNA damage, including many that interfere with DNA replication. And, unlike ATM, ATR is crucial for maintaining genomic integrity during S phase of the cell cycle, and is indispensable for cell survival. Clearly, revealing the DNA structure that elicits the ATR pathway would be a critical step toward understanding the essential function of ATR and the genomic instability that it counters. The versatility of the ATR pathway in DNA damage response suggests that this pathway is likely able to sense a common signal generated by different types of DNA damage and genomic instability. Two simple structures commonly generated at sites of DNA repair and stressed DNA replication forks are single-stranded DNA coated with replication protein A (RPA-ssDNA) and junctions of singleand doublestranded DNA. Both of these structures have been implicated in the activation of ATR checkpoint by a number of studies using different model organisms. In this issue of Genes & Development, Cimprich and colleagues (MacDougall et al. 2007) report that circular singlestranded DNA (ssDNA) annealed with primers specifically triggers the ATR-mediated checkpoint responses in Xenopus egg extracts, revealing the first defined DNA structure sufficient to activate the ATR checkpoint pathway.
Design and Implementation of Markets for Groundwater Pumping Rights

Groundwater is an important resource for agricultural and urban water users. In a number of regions around the world, there is rapid change in water management institutions as a result of the impacts of groundwater use on neighboring wells, streams, and groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Increasingly, regulations are based on quantification, monitoring, and enforcement of irrigation rights. Under these conditions, allowing water users to trade pumping rights is a cost-effective mechanism to reduce the costs of regulations on water users. Indeed, despite high transaction costs, nascent markets for tradable groundwater pumping rights have emerged. This chapter describes the history, current institutional context, and economic framework of markets for groundwater pumping rights. In particular, we compare key differences in design and management between groundwater pumping rights markets and surface water markets. We provide a case study that compares groundwater trading to alternate water allocation systems in the Republican River Basin in the United States, an area with active interstate water conflict.
Carbon Monoxide-Mediated Vasoprotection Involves Vagal Nerve Signaling

INTRODUCTION: Impaired diabetic wound healing, a source of significant disability, has been attributed to the reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and an overabundance of oxidative stress. We demonstrated that xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), important in purine metabolism and reactive oxygen species production, is highly expressed in regenerating skin. It is also a strong nitrite reductase that can produce NO from nitrite. We hypothesized that XOR can be harnessed to generate NO from nitrite and may improve diabetic wound healing.
10Gbps parametric short-wave infrared transmitter

We demonstrate the first 10Gb/s parametric transmitter in short-wave Infrared band. The device operates by converting 1278nm signal over 85THz to generate channel at 2002nm using highly-nonlinear-fiber and was characterized by error-free performance.
A Randomized Trial of Central Venous Catheter Type and Thrombosis in Critically Ill Neurologic Patients.

Observational studies suggest peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs) are associated with a high risk of catheter-related large vein thrombosis (CRLVT) in critically ill neurologic patients. We evaluated the difference in thrombosis risk between PICCs and centrally inserted central venous catheters (CICVCs). We conducted a pragmatic, randomized controlled trial of critically ill adult neurologic patients admitted to neurological and trauma critical care units at two level I trauma centers. Patients were randomized to receive either a PICC or CICVC and undergo active surveillance for CRLVT or death within 15 days of catheter placement. In total, 39 subjects received a PICC and 41 received a CICVC between February 2012 and July 2015. The trial was stopped after enrollment of 80 subjects due to feasibility affected by slow enrollment and funding. In the primary intention-to-treat analysis, 17 (43.6 %) subjects that received a PICC compared to 9 (22.0 %) that received a CICVC experienced the composite of CRLVT or death, with a risk difference of 21.6 % (95 % CI 1.57–41.71 %). Adjusted common odds ratio of CRLVT/death was significantly higher among subjects randomized to receive a PICC (adjusted OR 3.08; 95 % CI 1.1–8.65). The higher adjusted odds ratio was driven by risk of CRLVT, which was higher in those randomized to PICC compared to CICVC (adjusted OR 4.66; 95 % CI 1.3–16.76) due to increased large vein thrombosis without a reduction in proximal deep venous thrombosis. Our trial demonstrates that critically ill neurologic patients who require a central venous catheter have significantly lower odds of ultrasound-diagnosed CRLVT with placement of a CICVC as compared to a PICC.
Chinas Entry Into WTO And Its Impact On EU

The EU and China on May 19, 2000 reached a bilateral agreement toward Chinas membership in the WTO. The agreement brings China ever closer to completing its 14-yeas-old accession bid. China and the EU, two of the biggest markets in the world, have a everything to gain by deepening their commercial tides. Since 1978, EU and China trade has increased more than l0-fold. China is now the third largest important non-European trading partner. A strengthening of trade relations between China and EU is happening at the multilateral and bilateral level. Multilaterally, the EU is one of the keenest advocates of Chinas early accession to the WTO. Bilaterally, the EU supports Chinas economic and trade reforms, while encouraging further market opening. What is the EUs view on Chinas WTO accession? How does Chinas entry into WTO impact the EU? How will China benefit from joining the WTO? How does Chinas entry into WTO impact the EU? Will China comply with the agreements committed to EU? The purpose of this research is to evaluate trade performance, problems, current disputes, and other trade barriers between EU and China.
Perivascular Oxygen Tensions in a Transplantable Mammary Tumor Growing in a Dorsal Flap Window Chamber

Fischer 344 rats with R3230 Ac mammary carcinomas implanted in dorsal flap window chambers served as a model to obtain measurements of perivascular and stromal oxygen tension in normal and tumor tissues using Whalen recessed-tip microelectrodes (3- to 6-microns tip). Perivascular measurements were made adjacent to vessels with continuous blood flow. Thus the measurements and models provided are reflective of conditions leading to chronic hypoxia. Perivascular oxygen tensions averaged 72 +/- 13 mmHg in normal tissue vessels adjacent to tumor, 26 +/- 5 mmHg in tumor periphery, and 12 +/- 3 mmHg in tumor central vessels. There was a significant trend toward lower perivascular oxygen tensions in the tumor center (Kruskal-Wallis test, P = 0.002). A similar tendency was seen with a limited number of stromal measurements. Krogh cylinder models, which incorporate these data for perivascular oxygen tension, along with morphometric data obtained from the same tumor model suggest that hypoxic regions will exist between tumor vessels in the tumor center unless O2 consumption rates are well below 0.6 ml/100 g/min. The low perivascular measurements observed near the tumor center combined with the theoretical considerations suggest, for this model at least, that tissue oxygenation may best be improved by increasing red cell velocity and input pO2 and reducing oxygen consumption. The low perivascular oxygen tensions observed near the center also suggest that conditions conducive to increased red cell rigidity exist, that drugs which can decrease red cell rigidity could improve tumor blood flow and oxygenation, and that the endothelium of those vessels may be susceptible to hypoxia-reoxygenation injury.
The Estimation of the Total Fish Population of a Lake

(1938). The Estimation of the Total Fish Population of a Lake. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 348-352.
Regulation of cellulase biosynthesis and secretion in fungi.

The cellulase complex of the mesophilic fungus Trichoderma reesei is capable of efficiently hydrolysing crystalline cellulose to glucose and provides a potential route to the conversion and recycling of renewable cellulosic biomass. To date, however, the high cost of these enzymes has hampered their large-scale industrial application. This high cost is principally due to the low yield and low specific activity of enzymes produced by the available microbial strains. In recent years a number of improved mutant strains have been isolated, many of which produce as much as 20mg of extracellular protein/ml with substantial increases in yields of cellulase (for a review see Montenecourt, 1983). However, only one strain, RL-P37, exhibits an increase in specific activity (Sheir-Neiss & Montenecourt, 1984). In spite of the improvements that have been made in strain development of T. reesei, major new advances cannot be anticipated until the mechanisms controlling the synthesis and secretion of cellulases are fully understood.
Survey Experiments with Google Consumer Surveys: Promise and Pitfalls for Academic Research in Social Science

In this article, we evaluate the usefulness of Google Consumer Surveys (GCS) as a low-cost tool for doing rigorous social scientific work. We find that its relative strengths and weaknesses make it most useful to researchers who attempt to identify causality through randomization to treatment groups rather than selection on observables. This finding stems, in part, from the fact that the real cost advantage of GCS over other alternatives is limited to short surveys with a small number of questions. Based on our replication of four canonical social scientific experiments and one study of treatment heterogeneity, we find that the platform can be used effectively to achieve balance across treatment groups, explore treatment heterogeneity, include manipulation checks, and that the provided inferred demographics may be sufficiently sound for weighting and explorations of heterogeneity. Crucially, we successfully managed to replicate the usual directional finding in each experiment. Overall, GCS is likely to be a useful platform for survey experimentalists.
Poised for development

A new study tracks the distribution of bivalent H3K4me3/H3K27me3 chromatin in male germ cells of six vertebrate species. The results have big implications for understanding the mechanisms that specify animal development.
The Role of Selenoproteins in Resolution of Inflammation

Inflammation is an evolutionarily conserved physiological response mounted with an intention to resolve the insult inflicted on the biological system. This process is extremely well orchestrated, where many cells, including macrophages, play key roles in facilitating discreet steps leading to the successful resolution and wound healing. As a result of oxidative stress during the initial phase of inflammation, cellular redox homeostasis holds utmost importance in shaping and dictating the cellular response, where selenoproteins play a critical role. Our studies in mice that lack macrophage expression of selenoproteins, via the deletion of Trsp, have demonstrated selenoprotein expression to be key in their polarization from a pro-inflammatory cell type towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, which aids in resolution of inflammation and wound healing. Such a transition is accompanied by changes in cellular metabolism, particularly that of arachidonic acid, which leads to the formation of many bioactive oxylipids, including cyclopentenone prostaglandins (CyPGs). These endogenous metabolites differentially modulate signaling cascades and transcription factors to effect the switch in macrophage polarization. The ramifications of selenoprotein-dependent macrophage polarization in the resolution of inflammation in rodent models involving gut inflammation by chemical injury and parasitic infections are discussed here. In addition, the anti-carcinogenic role of macrophage-derived CyPG, produced in a selenoprotein-dependent manner, to impact the viability of cancer stem cells in hematologic malignancies will be discussed. Finally, we describe a new role for selenoproteins in the tissue microenvironment in shaping efficient stress erythropoiesis that is critical to resolve anemia that follows inflammation.
Mechanism for Bundling and Tying of Red Raspberry Primocanes

Abstract: In red raspberry production, two years old canes are removed every year and remaining one year old canes are bundled together to provide a firm canopy structure for next year’s crop. Currently, cane bundling and tying is completed manually, which is a highly labor intensive operation. Automation and mechanization has a potential to reduce the labor use and associated cost for this field operation. There are some bundling and tying mechanisms presently available, but most of these mechanisms are designed with post-harvest agricultural products in mind. Such mechanisms have the flexibility of utilizing change in position and orientation of the products supported by dexterous manual control. However very few mechanisms exist which are capable of bundling and tying horticultural plants or canes in a growing stage in field environment. The authors present a novel mechanism designed to work in field conditions in trellised red-raspberry production system. A hydraulically controlled cane gripping mechanism was designed, fabricated and evaluated in a red-raspberry plot, along with a tape tying end-effector prototype that was fabricated using 3D printed parts. The prototype mechanism successfully bundled and tied red-raspberry plants with up to 7 canes. Improvement and further evaluation will be carried out to accommodate plants with larger number of canes.
DISPLACED FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES IN THE 50–60 YEAR OLD: DILEMMAS OF CHOICE

Few will disagree that the best femoral head that a young patient can have is his or her own, native femoral head. In the active, healthy patient under age 60 with a displaced femoral neck fracture, well-done, timely ORIF presents the best chance of preserving the patient9s native femoral head. Arthroplasty is generally reserved for older patients, over age 60, where attempts at ORIF in this setting have demonstrated failure rates over 40%. “Physiologic age” is a somewhat nebulous term that takes into account the health and ambulatory status of the patient. For example, a 52-year-old with end stage renal failure, severe osteoporosis, and a displaced femoral neck fracture may best be treated with arthroplasty. However, in reality, such situations are quite rare. Recent studies have documented that approximately 80% of young patients with displaced femoral neck fractures treated with ORIF will keep their own femoral head for 10 years after injury. The variables under the surgeon9s control include timing of fixation, quality of reduction, accurate implant placement and implant selection, and capsulotomy. All of these variables potentially affect outcomes. Fractures in this young age group are frequently high shear angle (vertical) Pauwels type 3 fractures, and benefit from fixed angle fixation. The author prefers anatomic reduction and stabilization with a sliding hip screw and a superiorly placed derotation screw. Careful attention to detail is important to obtain an anatomic reduction, which is the most important variable in the outcome of these challenging injuries.
Too Heavy a Yoke: Black Women and the Burden of Strength

To the list of caricatures and stereotypes of African–American women created in the mind of an American public and residing in historical memory – Mammy, Jezebel, the Tragic Mulatta, Sapphire, Tops...
Development of Allosteric Inhibitors of the Interaction of AML1 and CBFβ for the Treatment of Leukemia.

The protein-protein interaction between the subunits of the nuclear transcription factor core binding factor, RUNX1 (CBFα) and CBFβ, plays a critical role in hematopoiesis. Chromosomal rearrangements that target CBF genes are among the most common mutations in leukemia, including t(8;21) found in approximately 12% of cases of AML and resulting in the protein AML1-ETO. We describe the development of small molecule inhibitors of the interaction between RUNX1 and CBFβ. We used virtual screening to identify lead compounds. These leads were used to generate a library of compounds to explore the structure-activity relationships and optimize activity, resulting in the identification of low micromolar IC50 inhibitors of this protein-protein interaction. We confirmed by FACS FRET that inhibition also occurs in mammalian cells. HEK-293 cells were transfected with Cerulean-Runt domain and Venus-CBFβ. FRET emission from cells was monitored on a flow cytometer to assess binding of CBFβ and the Runt domain. Results with drug were compared to FRET between Runt and wild-type CBFβ and FRET between Runt and a mutant CBFβ with 2 point mutations abrogating binding to Runt. The small molecule inhibitor KG-3-275 inhibited CBFβ - Runt domain binding in a dose dependent manner (Table 1). Treatment of the t(8;21) leukemia cell lines Kasumi-1 and SKNO-1 results in inhibition of proliferation. SKNO-1 cells are inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by KG-3-275 but not by the weak inhibitor KG-1-253 (Fig 1). KG-3-275 does not inhibit the growth of renal tubular and hepatocellular cell lines (Fig 1). Kasumi-1 and SKNO-1 undergo apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner upon treatment with KG-3-275 (Table 2). Finally, KG-3-275 shows synergy with ATRA in increasing differentiation of Kasumi-1 cells as measured by CD11b expression, consistent with recent published results establishing a link between AML1-ETO and repression of RAR signaling (Fig 2). These data indicate drugs inhibiting CBF interactions hold promise as targeted agents in the treatment of CBF leukemias. | Cerulean-Runt domain + Venus-CBFb | 4.07 +/− 0.1 | || | Cerulean-RD + Venus-CBFb61/104 | 1.85 +/− .09 | | C-RD + V-CBFb + KG-3-275 200 mcm | 3.05 +/− .15 | | C-RD + V-CBFb + KG-3-275 100 mcm | 3.25 +/− 0.1 | | C-RD + V-CBFb + KG-3-275 50 mcm | 3.45 +/− .25 | | C-RD + V-CBFb + KG-3-275 25 mcm | 3.6 +/− 0.2 | Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Geometric Mean in HEK-293 Cells | Kasumi-1 | 0.25% DMSO | 91.2 +/− 0.9 | || | | KG-3-275 25 mcm | 91.2 +/− 1.2 | | | KG-3-275 50 mcm | 85.9 +/− 2.4 | | | KG-3-275 100 mcm | 66.7 +/− 6.7 | | SKNO-1 | 0.25% DMSO | 77.6 +/− 3.4 | | | KG-3-275 25 mcm | 77.6 +/− 2.3 | | | KG-3-275 50 mcm | 63.7 +/− 3.6 | | | KG-3-275 100 mcm | 13.7 +/− 6.8 | % Cells Annexin V/PI Negative at 72 Hrs ![Figure][1] Cellular Proliferation as measured by MTTAssay at 72 Hrs ![Figure][1] Kasumi-1 Differentiation Measured by CD11b expression at 72 Hrs [1]: pending:yes
Does it Matter if We Disagree? The Impact of Incongruent Care Preferences on Persons with Dementia and Their Care Partners.

Purpose To gain a better understanding of how actual and perceived incongruence of care preferences affects the psychosocial well-being of persons with dementia and their family caregiver. Design and methods In-depth interviews were conducted with 128 dyads each consisting of a person with dementia and a family caregiver. Baseline data from an intervention study were used to examine the relationship between the caregiver's care-related preferences, the person with dementia's care-related preferences, and the caregiver's perception of the person with dementia's preferences. Preferences for three care-related domains were recorded: personal activities of daily living (PADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), and socioemotional issues. Primary outcomes included dyadic relationship strain, quality of life, and mood for both the caregiver and person with dementia. Results Perceived incongruence of care preferences was a better predictor of negative psychosocial outcomes than actual incongruence. Actual incongruence for socioemotional care preferences was a predictor of greater relationship strain and worse mood for the person with dementia, whereas perceived incongruence for socioemotional care preferences was related to lower quality of life and worse mood for the caregiver. Interestingly, perceived incongruence for PADLs predicted higher quality of life and better mood for the caregiver. Implications Findings have implications for communication between care partners, especially regarding socioemotional care preferences. Socioemotional preferences, which might be overlooked in the creation of a care plan, may influence the person with dementia's well-being.
Dyadic perceptions of depression and anxiety in romantic relationships

This study investigated dyadic perceptions of the causes of mental health symptoms within dating couples. We tested the extent to which a participant’s beliefs about their romantic partner’s attrib...
Brief of 11 Professors as Amici Curiae in Support of Amgen in Amgen v. Sandoz

The Federal Circuit ruled in Amgen v. Sandoz that the premarket information exchange process in the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (sometimes known as the “patent dance”) — which begins when a biosimilar applicant complies with section 351(l)(2)(A) of the Public Health Service Act (the applicant “shall provide” a copy of its marketing application) — is optional for biosimilar applicants. This amicus brief explains why the discovery and development of new biological medicines is expensive, time-consuming, and risky. It notes that the United States has led the world for decades in the development of important new biologics for serious and life–threatening diseases, and it explains that this innovation is made possible by robust patent protection. The brief then describes the importance of permitting patent enforcement prior to market launch of infringing medicines. It also explains that the Federal Circuit misunderstood the purpose of the artificial act of infringement where biosimilar applicants fail to comply, because the court failed to take account of the difference (particularly in FDA’s role) between this statute and the Hatch-Waxman generic drug statute. Finally, the brief describes the process culminating in enactment of the BPCIA, noting the many arguments and proposals to make the premarket information exchange and patent litigation processes optional. As Sandoz noted publicly right after enactment, Congress chose instead to make participation mandatory.
The Psychology Of Work: Changes In The 21st Century

Work is something common to all of humanity and it always has been. Throughout human history there have been many major revolutions in the world of work that have changed how people work and the types of things that they produce. The Agricultural Revolution changed how people produced and used food and changed how and where they lived. Similarly, when humans started producing pottery and metal tools and weapons there were additional changes in work and what kinds of things people did to support and protect themselves. The Industrial Revolution resulted in significant changes in the nature of work, but also where people worked and lived and they kinds of products they were now able to produce. More recently, the Information Revolution has also dramatically changed the nature of work and what people do while at work. This paper will review the nature of work and look at this topic as an important part of the psychology of humans and how work has changed over the centuries and millennia and what it looks like today. By work we mean, “A purposeful activity that is intended to facilitate survival, comfort, protection of the society, and self-fulfillment.” In addition to examining the history and evolution of work, this paper examines the functional nature of work and how that has changed and evolved as well. In addition, the motivational basis of work will be examined and the various reasons why people work will also be explored as well. One of the principal foci of this paper will be a thorough examination of how work is changing in the 21 st century and looking at how globalization and technology have changed the world of work and the psychological importance of work today.
Equatorial magnetic field of the near‐Earth magnetotail

The equatorial magnetic field of the nightside magnetosphere is critical for understanding not only the configuration of the magnetotail but also its state and dynamics. The present study observationally addresses various aspects of the equatorial magnetic field, such as its spatial distribution, possible antisunward gradients, and extremely weak magnetic fields, with emphasis on the transition region between dipolar and stretched magnetotail configurations. The results are summarized as follows: (1) the transition of the tail magnetic field from a near-Earth dipolar configuration to a stretched one farther out takes place around -12 ≤ Xagsm ≤ -9 RE, although instantaneous configurations can vary significantly; (2) the average equatorial magnetic field in this transition region is noticeably weaker at solar minimum presumably reflecting weaker nightside magnetospheric currents closer to Earth; (3) the statistical comparison of equatorial magnetic fields measured simultaneously at two locations indicates that the gradient of the equatorial magnetic field is directed predominantly earthward, and it is suggested that apparent tailward gradients observed can be very often attributed to other factors such as structures in the Y direction and local fluctuations; (4) however, the gradient can be transiently directed tailward in association with the dipolarization of local magnetic field; (5) extremely weak (≤ 2 nT) magnetic fields are occasionally observed in the transition region during the substorm growth phase and during prolonged quiet intervals, but the association with steady magnetospheric convection, which was suggested before, cannot be confirmed possibly because of its rare occurrence.
First-Line Treatment of Pediatric Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

The current first-line treatment strategies in pediatric Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) are based on extent of disease at diagnosis and early response to treatment. For limited forms of disease, such as single-bone lesions and isolated skin LCH, a wait-and-watch strategy is advised after the diagnosis has been made; other forms of treatment, including local and systemic therapies, may also be considered in some circumstances. For more extensive forms of LCH, systemic therapy is indicated. The treatment backbones most often used are those of vinblastine and corticosteroids, or cytarabine and corticosteroids. In multifocal bone LCH, the optimal treatment duration has not been established yet. For multisystem LCH, it has become clear that early intensification in unresponsive disease is very important. Prolongation of maintenance treatment to a year has resulted in a decrease in the reactivation rates. The effect of further prolongation is being studied in the current LCH-IV protocol of the Histiocyte Society. It is to be expected that in the (near) future, the use of BRAF and MEK inhibitors may be introduced in first-line therapy, especially for very high-risk patients. For these and other patients, recently identified risk factors need to be validated in ongoing and future trials, and new risk factors need to be identified. This should subsequently allow for the development of more refined risk-adapted treatment strategies.