cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IDENTIFICATION OF A GENE REGULATING THE TISSUE EXPRESSION OF A PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE LOCUS IN RAINBOW TROUT

Nine percent of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) from a hatchery source have a greater than 100-fold increase in expression of a phosphoglucomutase (PGM) locus, Pgm1, in the liver but have normal expression of this locus in other tissues. The results of genetic crosses are consistent with a single regulatory gene with additive inheritance being responsible for the differences in the amount of PGM activity in the liver.--The allele responsible for the expression of Pgm1 in the liver is apparently a recent mutation. This is supported by its restricted distribution in rainbow trout and the absence of liver Pgm1 expression in closely related species. This genetic system is valuable for future analysis of the control of gene expression and in determining the relative evolutionary importance of genetic variation at structural and regulatory genes.
The Puzzle of Persistently Negative Interest Rate-Growth Differentials: Financial Repression or Income Catch-Up?

The interest rate-growth differential (IRGD) shows a marked correlation with GDP per capita. It has been on average around 1 percentage point for large advanced economies during 1999-2008; but below -7 percentage points among non-advanced economies - exerting a powerful stabilizing influence on government debt ratios. We show that large negative IRGDs are largely due to real interest rates well below market equilibrium - possibly stemming from financial repression and captive and distorted markets, whereas the income catch-up process plays a relatively modest role. We find econometric support for this conjecture. Therefore, the IRGD in non-advanced economies is likely to rise with financial integration and market development, well before their GDP per capita converges to advanced-economy levels.
Early Immunologic Events in Mucosal and Systemic Lymphoid Tissues after Intrarectal Inoculation with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

+monocyte lineage cells expressing HLA-DR and/or B7-2 in local and peripheral immune inductive sites, but not in mucosal effector sites, as early as 7 days after inoculation and up to 50 days after inoculation. Moreover, at 21 and 50 days after inoculation, not only the gut but also the lung mucosa were depleted of CD4 + T cells, which suggests that early loss of CD4 + T cells may be a common feature of mucosal effector sites. These data suggest that, after intrarectal inoculation with SIV, early activation occurs within the monocyte lineage cell population at immunologic inductive sites, which is followed by a loss of CD4 + T cells at local and distant mucosal effector sites. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission through the rectal mucosa remains a major mode of infection, particularly in the Western Hemisphere. The hallmark of HIV infection is the loss of CD4 T cells, which results in the development of AIDS. The peripheral loss of CD4 T cells is measured most commonly in the peripheral blood but may not be detected in HIV-infected persons for many years. By use of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)‐rhesus macaque model of AIDS, several groups [1‐4] have reported a rapid and selective loss of CD4 T cells from the intestinal mucosa long before any significant T cell alterations occurred in the blood or peripheral lymph nodes. This occurred whether the inoculation was via the intravenous [1, 3, 4] or intrarectal routes [2]. These data suggest that examination of peripheral lymph nodes or blood provides only a limited view of the immunopathologic processes
Academic Freedom in Higher Education Within a Conservative Sociopolitical Culture

This paper examines the potential threat that a conservative sociopolitical culture poses to academic freedom in state colleges and universities. Already a number of states are considering legislation that would restrict professors’ rights to discuss political issues within their classes, especially political issues having religious or moral implications. The proposed legislation would permit professors to discuss political issues substantively linked to the official subject matter of courses, but would limit professors’ role in such discussion to one of political neutrality. The paper addresses the possibility of discussing controversial sociopolitical issues in college and university classes without alienating an institution’s external support base.
The increasing importance of percutaneous mechanical circulatory assist device therapy in heart failure management.

Introduction: Advances in medical and surgical care have made it possible for an increasing number of patients with Congenital Heart disease (CHD) to live into adulthood. Transposition of the great vessels (TGV) is the most common cyanotic congenital cardiac disease where the right ventricle serves as systemic ventricle. It is not uncommon for these patients to have systemic ventricular failure requiring transplantation. Study Design: Hemodynamic decompensation in these patients can be swift and difficult to manage. Increasingly percutaneous LVAD's such as the Impella (Abiomed, Mass, USA) are gaining popularity in these situations owing to their relative ease of placement, both in and outside of the operating room. Conclusion: In this paper we demonstrate that Impella (IMP) CP placement through the axillary artery approach shows to be suitable option for short term cardiac support and improvement of end organ perfusion in anticipation of cardiac transplantation.
"Talk to Me - I'm Human": The Story of a Girl, Her Personhood, and the Failures of Health Care

Perspectives on the concept of personhood and its relationship to health care delivery are considered in the context of the life of an adolescent with multiple disabilities. One phenomenological interview lasting 3 hours illuminated life-long experiences of suffering, healing, and the quest to be treated as human, as perceived by a 16-year-old girl disfigured by multiple cancer treatments. Age-appropriate development is the ground of her existence, whereas the quality of relationships with care providers and the extent to which they demonstrate regard for her value as a person are figural. Health care providers have often failed to interact with her in ways supporting dignity and growth, treating her with “care” that is antithetical to the aims of their professions. The case has relevance for health care education and practice, challenging professionals to examine their views on personhood and self-care agency, and the ways in which those views impact the care they provide.
LMWH for Perioperative Anticoagulation in Patients on Chronic Warfarin Therapy

OBJECTIVE:To review current data regarding low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) use for perioperative anticoagulation in patients receiving chronic warfarin therapy.DATA SOURCES:Data were obtained from the Sixth American College of Chest Physicians Consensus Conference on Antithrombotic Therapy guidelines and a MEDLINE search (1996-January 2003). Search terms included heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, warfarin, perioperative care, and anticoagulants.DATA SYNTHESIS:Heparin is the most common agent used as bridge therapy for perioperative anticoagulation in patients on chronic warfarin therapy; LMWHs are also used. Studies that evaluated enoxaparin and/or dalteparin were reviewed.CONCLUSIONS:Although published studies demonstrate efficacy and safety of LMWHs, more data are needed to support their use as bridge therapy.
Fast Admission Control for Short TCP Flows

Over the last decade, numerous admission control schemes have been studied to allocate network resources. Although per-flow control schemes can provide guaranteed QoS, such schemes face scalability issues in large networks due to the tremendous number of flows present. While aggregation-based approaches such as Differentiated Services relieve the storage of state in the core, admission control of flows, especially short-lived flows, is still a serious bottleneck. To that end, we propose an admission control scheme, Fast Admission for Short Flows (FASF), that enables accelerated admission control at the edge rather than via centralized or in-path mechanisms. FASF not only reduces the burden on admission control by largely distributing the dominant resource requests (i.e. short-lived flows), but also improves flow completion time and hence network goodput.
Studying copy number variations (CNVs) using a nanofluidic platform

AACR Centennial Conference: Translational Cancer Medicine-- Nov 4-8, 2007; Singapore A57 Copy number variation (CNV) is an important polymorphism found in the human genome and has been studied extensively recently because of its close association with drug metabolism, cancer, immune diseases, and neurological disorders. The most prevalent approach to CNV analysis utilizes SNP-based microarrays and comparative genomic hybridization platforms and is subject to low sensitivities and resolutions. Other existing technologies such as real time PCR systems are limited because of their inability to reliably distinguish less than a two-fold difference in copy number of a particular gene. We have performed CNV studies using a new nanofluidics platform: the Digital Array. A digital array has 12 sample input ports and each sample gets partitioned into 765 reaction chambers in each of the 12 panels. The ability of the digital array to quantitate DNA samples is based on the fact that single DNA molecules are randomly distributed in the chambers. In order to ensure that apparent difference in gene copy numbers in different samples are real, and not distorted by differences in sample amounts, we normalize the specific signals with that of a single-copy reference gene. Our data show that the digital array has the ability to distinguish less than two-fold differences in gene copy number with great accuracy, and can reliably differentiate between 1, 2, 3 and 4 copies of genes in different samples. This approach has been used to measure copy number variations in the CYP2D6 in human DNA samples. The results were confirmed using a Long Range PCR technique. We observe similar levels of copy number variation using the DPYD gene. We have also developed a technique to measure the copy number of a gene when multiple copies of the gene are closely linked on the same chromosome using a preamplification protocol. The digital array provides an accurate and reliable technique to study CNVs, with a greater sensitivity than standard real time PCR.
Determination of glyphosate and related compounds using HPLC with tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection

Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)3post staggered 2+) electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) is investigated for the detection of glyphosate (HO2CCH2NHCH2PO3H2, N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) and several structurally related compounds separated by ion exchange chromatography. These related compounds are iminodiacetic acid (IDA, HO2CCH2NHCH2CO2H), diethanol amine (DEA, HOCH2CH2NHCH2CH2OH), hydroxyethyl glycine (HEG, HO2CCH2NHCH2CH2OH), and glycine (NH2CH2CO2H). Resulting ECL intensities increase in the order: glycine <DEA <HEG <IDA < glyphosate. The study of the effect of pH on chemiluminescence (CL) emission intensity for the compounds investigated showed that this detection method is most sensitive in the alkaline pH range. The detection limit for glyphosate is 0.01 μM with a linear working range that extends five orders of magnitude. The separation is done using both cation exchange and anion exchange chromatography. For the cation exchange separation, both post-column addition of Ru(bpy)3post staggered 2+ and adjustment of pH is required. Incorporating Ru(bpy)3post staggered 2+ in the mobile phase has no benefit since post-column adjustment of pH is still necessary. For the anion exchange separation, studies are done with both post-column addition of Ru(bpy)3post staggered 2+ and with Ru(bpy)3post staggered 2+ incorporated in the mobile phase. Including Ru(bpy)3post staggered 2+ in the mobile phase eliminates the need for any post-column reagent addition, decreasing band broadening and simplifying instrumental set-up. Including Ru(bpy)3post staggered 2+ in the mobile phase also modifies the stationary phase, which causes retention times of the analytes to decrease. With anion exchange chromatography, separation of the analytes is accomplished using both isocratic and step-gradient elution. Although step-gradient elution gives the best separation of the analytes examined, the method of including Ru(bpy)3post staggered 2+ in the mobile phase works best when the compounds of interest can be separated isocratically.
Revisiting the importance of common body motion in human action perception

Human actions are complex dynamic stimuli comprised of two principle motion components: 1) common body motion, which represents the translation of the body when a person moves through space, and 2) relative limb movements, resulting from articulation of limbs after factoring out common body motion. Historically, most research in biological motion has focused primarily on relative limb movements while discounting the role of common body motion in human action perception. The current study examined the relative contribution of posture change resulting from relative limb movements and translation of body position resulting from common body motion in discriminating human walking versus running actions. We found that faster translation speeds of common body motion evoked significantly more responses consistent with running when discriminating ambiguous actions morphed between walking and running. Furthermore, this influence was systematically modulated by the uncertainty associated with intrinsic cues as determined by the degree of limited-lifetime spatial sampling. The contribution of common body motion increased monotonically as the reliability of inferring posture changes on the basis of intrinsic cues decreased. These results highlight the importance of translational body movements and their interaction with posture change as a result of relative limb movements in discriminating human actions when visual input information is sparse and noisy.
Taxation and state-building: The tax reform under the Nationalist Government in China, 1928–1949

Using primary sources and drawing on insights from the new accounting history and the new fiscal sociology, this paper examines the tax reform launched by the Nationalist Government in China during 1928–1949 as a case study to enrich an understanding of the relationship between taxation and state building. Among other things, the paper reveals a shift from the traditional Confucian ideology of “low taxes” to the Western-derived ideology of “good taxes,” used by the state to justify new taxes. It discusses how the Chinese Civil War and the Sino-Japanese War differently affected the Nationalist Government's political legitimacy and state finance and taxation. It analyzes how tax compliance was pursued by the Nationalist Government through state-society negotiations and compromises over taxation, in the absence of representative political institutions, as well as coercive enforcement of tax laws and regulations–the two approaches together actualized and delimited the new tax regime and the growing state power (legitimacy and capacity). These history/culture-specific features may be understood as variations to a general historical pattern of taxation and state building based on European-American experiences.
Does Seeing One Another’s Gaze Affect Group Dialogue? A Computational Approach

In a previous study, we found that real-time mutual gaze perception (i.e., being able to see the gaze of your partner in real time on a computer screen while solving a learning task) had a positive effect on students’ collaboration and learning (Schneider & Pea, 2013). The goals of this paper are to: 1) explore a variety of computational techniques for analyzing the transcripts of students’ discussions; 2) examine whether any of those measures sheds new light on our previous results; and 3) test whether those metrics have any predictive power regarding learning outcomes. Using various natural language processing algorithms, we found that linguistic coordination (i.e., the extent to which students mimic each other in terms of their grammatical structure) did not predict the quality of student collaboration or learning gains. However, we found that a simple computational measure of students’ verbal coherence (i.e., the extent to which students build on each others’ ideas) was positively correlated with their learning gains. Additionally, this measure was significantly different across our experimental conditions: students who could see the gaze of their partner in real time were more likely to develop a coherent discussion. Finally, using various language metrics, we were able to roughly predict (i.e., using a median-split) learning gains with a 94.4% accuracy using Support Vector Machine. The accuracy dropped to 75% when we used our model on a validation set. We conclude by discussing the benefits of using computational techniques on educational datasets.
Convergence in Global Markets: The Great Standardization Versus Localization Debate Is (Finally) Put to Rest

This chapter explores a different kind of convergence—the convergence among consumer segments in the global marketplace. Growing convergence among consumer segments has increasingly enabled firms to formulate standardized marketing strategies for their brands. This has led to the great standardization versus specialization debate. For over 50 years, both academics and marketers have argued over the degree to which firms should globalize or customize their marketing programs across countries. In the following pages, we address the advantages to each approach and highlight empirical studies that have shed light on the debate. The remainder of the chapter addresses frameworks for understanding international advertising strategy and the application of cultural dimensions to international advertising research. The chapter concludes with the implications of convergence for international marketing managers.
Imaging of Acute Thoracic Trauma

Thorax injury remains the third most common type of injury in trauma patients. With the number of trauma cases on the increase, the incidence of injuries to the thorax is proportionally increasing. The overall mortality rate of thoracic trauma is approximately 10 % and is highest in patients with cardiac or tracheobronchial-esophageal injuries. More than two-thirds of cases of trauma in developed countries are caused by motor vehicle collisions. The remaining cases are the result of falls or blows from blunt objects.
Combination of 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) and valproic acid (VPA) in advanced solid cancers: A phase I study

3547 Background: 5-AZA is a DNA hypomethylating agent. VPA is a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI). The combination of hypomethylating agents and HDACI has synergistic anticancer activity in vit...
Catapres® (Boehringer Ingelheim)

Catapres is an antihypertensive agent whose mechanism of action appears to be central alpha-adrenergic stimulation resulting in the inhibition of sympathetic outflow.
Reactivity and Regioselectivity of Insertion of Unsaturated Molecules into M−C (M = Ir, Rh) Bonds of Cyclometalated Complexes

The reactivity of four different cyclometalated iridium and rhodium complexes (1, Ir−N−Me; 2, Rh−N−Me; 3, Ir−N−Py; 4, Rh−N−Py) with ancillary ligands with different electronic and steric properties has been investigated by reactions of ethylene (a), propylene (b), carbon monoxide (c), tert-butylisocyanide (d), acetylene (e), and phenylacetylene (f). Only coordination products were obtained for the reactions of ethylene and propylene with 1 and 3, while inserted and rearranged products were achieved for the reactions with 2 and 4. Insertion of a single equivalent of acetylene was observed for the reactions with 2, 3, and 4, whereas reaction with 1 produces a product in which 4 equiv of acetylene has undergone insertion. The reactions with carbon monoxide showed clean M−C bond insertion products, while tert-butylisocyanide formed only terminal adducts. Two equivalents of phenylacetylene were observed to insert for all of the cyclometalated complexes. The regioselectivity was also investigated for each cyclo...
Effects of varying streamwise and spanwise spacing in pin-fin arrays

Pin-fin channels are commonly used for cooling the trailing edges in turbine blades and vanes. While many studies have investigated heat transfer performance of pin-fin channels, few studies have investigated pin-fin flowfields. The present study compares the time-dependent near wake flow and the time-mean surface heat transfer for varying pin-fin configurations at a Reynolds number of 2.0e4. Pin-fin aspect ratio showed little influence on pin-surface heat transfer coefficients when increasing H/D from 1.0 to 2.0. Changes in streamwise and spanwise spacing, however, were found to significantly impact the behavior of the near wake flow and local heat transfer coefficients. Decreasing spanwise spacing from S/D = 3.0 to 1.5 in a single pin-fin row was found to suppress downstream vortex shedding and create biased, asymmetric wakes. Local heat transfer coefficients on the trailing side of the pin-fin reflected that vortex shedding, observed for spanwise spacings S/D ≥ 2.0, was beneficial for heat transfer on the pin-surface. Similarly, decreasing streamwise spacing from X/D = 3.03 to 2.16 was found to suppress vortex shedding in the first row of a seven row array. For those cases that support vortex shedding, X/D ≥ 2.60, pin-fin heat transfer increased on the trailing side but array heat transfer in downstream rows decreased.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Study on the Current State of Diagnosis and Treatment of Cesarean Scar Dehiscence

Cesarean scar dehiscence is the primary cause for uterine bleeding in long term after cesarean section,currently there is no unified standard for its clinical diagnosis and treatment. The prominent clinical manifestations of it include menostaxis,irregular vaginal bleeding and infertility,uterine rupture and scar pregnancy bleeding during the subsequent pregnancy,etc. It is necessary to exclude the endocrine factors when making the diagnosis,to analyze the causes,and to choose the reasonable auxiliary examinations. Current treatments are mainly based on the conservative treatment with traditional Chinese medicine,female hormone,etc..But when the therapeutic effect of conservative treatment is poor,surgical treatment is suggested to improve the local fluid circulation in the diverticulum,or even resect the lesion. According to the patients' condition and the diverticulum type,different individualized ways of surgical treatment should be appropriately selected. Hysteroscope,laparoscope and transvaginal operation are the effective options for surgical treatment.
Development of a Project Definition Rating Index (PDRI) for General Building Projects

A number of recent research studies have proven the importance of the preproject planning phase of the construction life cycle. Specifically, a complete scope definition improves project performance in the area of cost, schedule, and operational characteristics. The building construction industry, however, has lacked a publicly available tool for determining the adequacy of scope definition during this critical stage of the project. Aiming to develop a generic, user-friendly preproject planning tool, a multi-disciplinary research team at the Construction Industry Institute (CII) has developed a Project Definition Rating Index (PDRI) to address this need. Specifically, the PDRI for buildings is a comprehensive checklist of 64 scope definition elements weighted according to their relative importance and presented in a score sheet format. Similar to an earlier version developed for industrial projects, the PDRI provides a means for an individual or team to evaluate the status of a building project during preproject planning with a score corresponding to its level of definition. This paper will discuss the development process of the PDRI, including the methodology used and how industry input from 69 professionals has been incorporated in weighting each of the 64 elements. Key project scope definition elements will be identified. Also included are a description of the potential uses of the PDRI and a summary of the benefits it will provide to the U.S. building construction industry.
How We Do it

(1930). “How We Do it”. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 44-46.
Two Notions of Freedom in Classical Chinese Thought: The Concept of Hua 化 in the Zhuangzi and the Xunzi

This essay is an attempt to sketch out two contrasting notions of freedom in the Zhuangzi and the Xunzi. I argue that to understand the classical Chinese formulations of freedom we should look at the concept of hua 化 (transformation or to transform). It is a kind of freedom that highlights the moral and/or spiritual transformation of the self and its entailments on the connection between the self and various domains of relationality. The Zhuangzian hua is the transformation of the self in such a way that the self becomes supremely attuned to the complexity of the world and can thus navigate various domains of relationality with extraordinary grace, ease, and efficacy. The Xunzian hua is the transformation of the self so that the self can extend its relationality to include the entire world and transform it from a raw and uncouth world to a civilized one through ritual practices.
A sensitivity study of the impact of dynamic vegetation on simulated future climate change over Southern Europe and the Mediterranean

Recent projections of climate change from general circulation and regional climate models over southern Europe and the Mediterranean basin show strong warming and pronounced decrease in precipitation over large portion of the region, especially in the summer. While the role of vegetation in modulating the region's climate is widely recognized, most, if not all, of these climate change projections do not account for the response of the dynamic biosphere to the potential climate changes. In this study we investigate the role of climate–vegetation interactions in a regional climate model (RegCM3) linked to a dynamic vegetation model (CLM-DGVM). High spatial resolution (20 km) simulations of future climate with static vegetation (i.e. vegetation fixed at the present day state) show surface temperature increases across the entire southern Europe/Mediterranean domain in 2085–2089 relative to 1985–1989 due to the radiative and physiological effects of CO2 increase. In terms of precipitation the simulations exhibit substantial precipitation decreases for most of the domain and both summer and winter seasons. Accounting for the effects of structural vegetation changes significantly alters the simulated climate change effects over these areas, but most substantially over the Mediterranean where vegetation feedback reduces summer warming by 1 K and reverts the 28% precipitation decrease to a 4% increase. These results emphasize the importance of including vegetation feedback in the projections of climate change impacts on the Mediterranean climate including extreme climatic events and storms.
The delicate balance of keeping it all together: Using social capital to manage multiple medications for patients on dialysis.

Abstract Objectives Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) typically have high medication burdens with numerous medications and specialized instructions. Limited data exist regarding ESKD patient perspectives on medication management. Why can some patients self-manage? Which organizational techniques are used? This project sought to determine experiences and attitudes regarding medication management among hemodialysis patients. Methods Group interviews were conducted with adult patients from 3 dialysis facilities. Semi-structured interviews solicited information about medication self-management and views on related services. Interviews were recorded and transcribed and data were analyzed using inductive, thematic coding. Results Participants reported medication regimens complicated by the dialysis schedule, co-morbid conditions and multiple prescribers. Patients engaged in various coping strategies, including reliance on activating social capital and/or family social support, to manage their medications and health. When described, most thought medication management services would be beneficial, but not necessarily for themselves, despite some having histories of medication mismanagement. Discussion Patients on hemodialysis often develop strategies for managing medications that rely heavily on a social network, and strategies may not be discussed with healthcare providers. Social capital is a useful framework for considering patients' lifestyles and support structure when designing a medication regimen. Future research should explore this idea more proactively.
Lock-in programs and the opioid epidemic: A call for evidence

The authors discuss an opioid epidemic in America in relation to the U.S. Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act (CARA) which was passed in 2016 and contains a provision implementing drug management programs for at-risk beneficiaries (lock-in programs or LIPs) in Medicare Part D prescription drug plans beginning in January 2019. American public health interventions and drug overdose rates are examined, along with education and other services that are contained in LIPs.
Preventing Ischemic Optic Neuropathy during Posterior Spine Surgery

Blindness following anesthesia and surgery is a devastating complication. It occurs most commonly following posterior spine surgery but may occur after other types of surgery. The etiology is unknown but possible explanations for its cause and recommendations for its prevention are provided.
Classification of Smokeless Powders Using Laser Electrospray Mass Spectrometry and Offline Multivariate Statistical Analysis

A direct, sensitive, and rapid method for the detection of smokeless powder components, from five different types of ammunition, is demonstrated using laser electrospray mass spectrometry (LEMS). Common components found in powder, such as ethyl centralite, methyl centralite, dibutyl phthalate, and dimethyl phthalate, are detected under atmospheric conditions without additional sample preparation. LEMS analysis of the powders revealed several new mass spectral features that have not been identified previously. Offline principal component analysis and discrimination of the LEMS mass spectral measurements resulted in perfect classification of the smokeless powder with respect to manufacturer.
What is wrong with the conservative power theory (CPT)

The Conservative Power Theory (CPT) is one of the latest approaches to definitions of powers and compensation in systems with nonsinusoidal voltages and currents. It is shown in this paper that the CPT misinterprets power phenomena in electrical systems, however, and it does not create right fundamentals for the power factor improvement by reactive compensation. In particular, capacitive compensation of the “reactive energy” W, as defined in the CPT, can even degrade the power factor. It is also demonstrated in the paper that the unbalanced current in the CPT is wrongly defined.
Statistical Tests and Inferences

Brain imaging techniques have increased in popularity and complexity in recent years. Assessing statistical significance in the face of increasingly large and intricate data sets has become a challenging task. In this article we discuss neuroimaging analysis techniques, with a focus on functional MRI, posed as a problem of massive data reduction. Standard preprocessing steps are outlined in detail along with common methods for modeling data at both the individual subject and group level. Various issues regarding display/communication of neuroimaging data are considered, including choice of statistical threshold, corrections for multiple comparisons, and region-of-interest analyses. Closing remarks briefly highlight other techniques used to make inferences about brain activity.
Ignition and dynamics of nanosecond pulsed helium streamers over a water electrode

Applications of atmospheric pressure non-equilibrium plasma jets for a variety of biomedical applications have motivated fundamental studies of the gas-phase plasma in the presence of water. The initiation of guided streamers, excited with 164 ns, 5.2 kV pulses, as well as the dynamics of the streamer were investigated using a micro-hollow needle-to-plate configuration with and without water. Addition of water to the ground plate results in the enhanced ionization at the needle anode, earlier streamer formation, greater total energy deposition, and stronger emissions by excited states including N2, N2 +, OH, and O. Importantly, spatiotemporally-resolved emission spectroscopy reveals that excitation transfer via collisions with heavy particles played an important role in the production of OH(A2Σ) in addition to direct electron impact.
I Will Use Declarative Self-Talk . . . or Will I? Replication, Extension, and Meta-Analyses

A series of studies was conducted by Senay et al. in 2010 to replicate and extend research indicating that self-posed questions have performance benefits. Studies 1–3 compared the effects of the self-posed interrogative question (“Will I?”) to declarative (“I will”) and control self-talk, and found no significant group differences in motivation, perceived exertion, or performance. In Studies 4–5, interrogative, declarative, and control self-talk primes were compared, and no outcome differences were found. In Study 6, the effects of self-talk on motivation, perceived exertion, and physical performance were assessed. The self-talk groups performed better and were more motivated than the control group, but declarative and interrogative groups did not differ from each other. Finally, meta-analyses of the six studies indicated no significant differences among conditions. These results highlight the value of replication and suggest that factors other than grammatical form of self-posed questions may drive the d...
Using National-Scale Data To Develop Nutrient-Microcystin Relationships That Guide Management Decisions.

Quantitative models that predict cyanotoxin concentrations in lakes and reservoirs from nutrient concentrations would facilitate management of these resources for recreation and as sources of drinking water. Development of these models from field data has been hampered by the high proportion of samples in which cyanotoxin concentrations are below detection limits and by the high variability of cyanotoxin concentrations within individual lakes. Here, we describe a national-scale hierarchical Bayesian model that addresses these issues and that predicts microcystin concentrations from summer mean total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations. This model accounts for 69% of the variance in mean microcystin concentrations in lakes and reservoirs of the conterminous United States. Mean microcystin concentrations were more strongly associated with differences in total nitrogen than total phosphorus. A general approach for assessing this and similar types of models for their utility for guiding management de...
Portal hypertension in children

Abstract Portal hypertension (PH) is an important complication of chronic liver disease. It can also be caused by a wide range of extrahepatic pathologies in children, and is often clinically silent. Acute variceal haemorrhage (VH) is the most serious consequence of portal hypertension associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Management of PH in children consists of medical, endoscopic and surgical approaches which are mainly focused on acute treatment as well as reducing the risk of variceal haemorrhage. Current treatment strategies for children with PH are mostly based on extrapolation of data from adult studies and expert opinion and consensus. A structured protocol, consisting of surveillance endoscopy with primary and secondary prophylactic therapy by endoscopic variceal ligation or sclerotherapy, is increasingly becoming the standard of care. This article discusses the causes and current treatment options for PH in childhood.
In-plane soil-structure interaction excited by incident plane SV waves

Abstract The subject of in-plane soil-structure interaction of a shear wall on a rigid circular foundation embedded in a linear elastic half-space under an incident plane P wave is revisited. It is known that satisfying the zero stress condition on the ground surface has been the major obstacle when developing an analytic solution of this model. Early solution procedures approximated the ground surface by the surface of a large cylinder. In this paper, two sets of closed-form solutions are derived based on the new approaches: one approach neglects the boundary conditions on the ground surface, while the other includes all boundary conditions by means of the weighted residue method. The objective of this work is to study the relative importance of these boundary conditions and evaluate the results generated from these two solution procedures. Foundation and building responses, as well as surface displacement and stress are compared for the two solutions and to previously published approximate solutions.
A 177–205 GHz 249 mW CMOS-Based Integer-N Frequency Synthesizer Module for Planetary Exploration

This letter discusses the development of a 177–205 GHz CMOS synthesizer module to support planetary science THz instrumentation. The developed synthesizer chip employs a CMOS system-on-chip device containing a 50 GHz phase-locked loop with programmable divider and both 100 and 200 GHz frequency doublers to provide the output carrier. The chip also contains a power sensor for calibration of output power and a dosimeter and thermometer for environmental monitoring of radiation and temperature. The chip is integrated into a board with a microcontroller and USB interface for providing frequency commands and sensor readback. The module is shown to deliver at least 10 μ W across the 177–205 GHz lock range while consuming 249 mW of dc power.
Race, Sex, and their Influences on Introductory Statistics Education

ABSTRACTThe Survey of Attitudes Toward Statistics or SATS was administered for three consecutive years to students in an Introductory Statistics course at Cornell University. Questions requesting demographic information and expected final course grade were added. Responses were analyzed to investigate possible differences between sexes and racial/ethnic groups. The findings showed that female students had significantly lower average scores than their male counterparts in affect, cognitive competency, and subject difficulty. In addition, they expected lower average final course grades. When expected and achieved grades were compared, both male and female students overestimated their final scores, but female students did so to a lesser extent. No differences in attitudinal scores or grade expectations were found between racial/ethnic groups. However, significant differences between racial groups were found when comparing student's expected and actual grades. Asian students outperformed the other groups in b...
Beyond the Big Five: does grit influence the entrepreneurial intent of university students in the US?

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between grit and entrepreneurial intent. Grit involves maintaining effort and interest in the pursuit of long-term goals, despite adversity, stagnation, or failure. Entrepreneurial intentions are a well-established indicator that represents an individual’s conscious determination to start a new business. Secondary variables included the personality traits measured in the Big Five model (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism). Survey data were collected from over 500 undergraduate students at a Midwestern university in the United States. The results confirmed that there was a strong positive association between grit and entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore, independent samples t-tests revealed that high grit students showed greater entrepreneurial intent than low grit students. The data also indicated that grit fully mediated the predictive effect of conscientious and neuroticism on entrepreneurial intent. Overall, a better understanding of the influence of grit on entrepreneurial intent, given the presence of various diverse personality constellations, may help inform educators in preparing and delivering course content. The influence of grit may reduce the failure rate of new and young businesses launched by college-educated entrepreneurs.
Heterogeneity of human neutrophil phagolysosomes: functional consequences for candidacidal activity.

Opsonized yeast phase Candida albicans, incubated with human neutrophils, are internalized into two classes of phagosomes. One class, termed “unsealed vacuoles,” comprises approximately 40% of the total and maintains functional communication to the cell's exterior that is sufficient to permit ingress of dyes, such as trypan or methylene blue. The remaining cell-associated yeasts are contained in “sealed vacuoles,” completely sequestered from the external milieu. Approximately 71.8% of C albicans within sealed vacuoles are rendered nonviable within 60 minutes, whereas only 14.5% of organisms within unsealed vacuoles are killed during this time. We conclude that vacuolar sealing mechanisms are imperfectly developed in normal human neutrophils and that incompletely sealed vacuoles support antimicrobial processes substantially less well than do completely sealed ones.
The Quantized Hamiltonian for a Charged Particle in an Electromagnetic Field

Electric fields and magnetic fields exert a manifest influence, or effect, on the energy levels of an atom. These effects, revealed for example by the splitting of spectral lines, are called Stark and Zeeman effects, respectively. The Stark effect (first observed by Johannes Stark in 1913) plays an important role, for example, in theoretical attempts to understand the formation of molecules from atoms. Our interest will be in the Zeeman effect—especially as we consider the notion of “spin,” and spin wave functions in the next chapter, particularly in Section 9.3 there.
Intelligent Platforms for Disease Assessment: Novel Approaches in Functional Echocardiography

Accelerating trends in the dynamic digital era (from 2004 onward) has resulted in the emergence of novel parametric imaging tools that allow easy and accurate extraction of quantitative information from cardiac images. This review principally attempts to heighten the awareness of newer emerging paradigms that may advance acquisition, visualization and interpretation of the large functional data sets obtained during cardiac ultrasound imaging. Incorporation of innovative cognitive software that allow advanced pattern recognition and disease forecasting will likely transform the human-machine interface and interpretation process to achieve a more efficient and effective work environment. Novel technologies for automation and big data analytics that are already active in other fields need to be rapidly adapted to the health care environment with new academic-industry collaborations to enrich and accelerate the delivery of newer decision making tools for enhancing patient care.
Computer design and digital fit of clothing

Abstract: This chapter discusses clothing design and fit based on the development of computer-related technology and its use for designing and improving the fit of clothing. The chapter first reviews the role and application of computer technologies in clothing design and fit assurance, such as computer-aided design (CAD), three-dimensional (3D) body scanning, virtual simulation and the use of sizing systems. The chapter then describes ways of integrating computer-related technologies with clothing design processes to resolve current design and/or fit issues and promote sustainability in the fashion industry for the future.
“I am concerned with the future of my children”: the project economy and shifting views of education in a Tibetan pastoral community

ABSTRACTTibetan pastoralists have been subject to large-scale state-led development policies over the past three decades. The provisioning of institutionalized state schooling, in particular, has a...
When good animals love restored habitat in bad neighborhoods: ecological traps for eastern cottontails in agricultural landscapes

Large-scale restoration programs have been implemented worldwide to counteract habitat loss and fragmentation from expansion and intensification of agriculture. These agri-environment programs create habitat patches imbedded in an agricultural matrix. The assumption is these patches benefit wildlife and that individuals either avoid agricultural fields or use them to increase their fitness. We selected eastern cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus) as a focal species on restored grasslands in Illinois, USA to assess survival and to determine if maladaptive habitat selection for agricultural fields could create an ecological trap. We also investigated whether a mismatch between real and perceived predation risk could explain their habitat selection. We radiotracked 95 cottontails and estimated habitat-specific survival using known-fate models, and measured habitat selection using Manly’s standardized selection ratios. We also assessed perceived predation risk with giving-up density experiments. Survival of cottontails was higher in restored grasslands relative to agricultural and developed areas. Habitat selection did not reflect this spatial variation in mortality risk, however, when crops were present on the landscape. Agricultural lands created an equal-preference trap. Cottontails did not accurately assess predation risk; they did not recognize that agricultural fields were risky. This mismatch could be due to cottontails’ emphasis on protecting themselves from avian predators rather than from coyotes (Canis latrans), which currently are their main predator. Our novel study demonstrates how dynamic landscape context can create ecological traps. Such unexpected outcomes can reduce the conservation benefits of restoration programs.
Integrin α6β4E variant is associated with actin and CD9 structures and modifies the biophysical properties of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions.

Hemidesmosomes (HDs) require α6β4 integrin and are defective in prostate cancer. A novel integrin β4 splice variant lacking essential domains for HD formation was studied in normal human prostate g...