cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High resolution detection of chromosome abnormalities with single copy fluorescence in situ hybridization

Precise delineation of rearranged chromosomes in genetic diseases and cancer by fluorescence in situ hybridization can identify the primary etiologies of these disorders. We present a novel approach for defining these abnormalities based on sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of arrays of single copy genomic probes. These arrays consist of sequence-defined synthetic DNA products that can be produced at significantly higher genomic densities than recombinant probes used in conventional FISH. Single copy FISH (scFISH) probes are 50-100 fold shorter than those used for conventional FISH. With scFISH, chromosome abnormalities can be determined at a resolution equivalent to molecular genetic approaches such as Southern analysis. We show how line minimization and bracketing techniques can be used to select probes to optimize strategies for translocation breakpoint determination.
Temporal sequence of neuroendocrine events associated with the transfer of male golden hamsters from a stimulatory to a nonstimulatory photoperiod.

The transfer of male golden hamsters from long day (LD) to short day (SD) conditions results in gonadal atrophy within 8 weeks and significant reductions in LH, FSH, and prolactin (Prl) secretion as early as 4 weeks, Changes in hypothalamic neurotransmitter metabolism precede these changes in pituitary hormone secretion. Thus median eminence norepinephrine (NE) turnover declines steadily after SD exposure, although the differences as compared to turnover in LD hamsters are not significant until Week 4. Median eminence dopamine (DA) turnover is reduced significantly within 1 week. Turnover of NE and DA in the medial basal hypothalamus also changes significantly within 1 or 2 weeks of SD exposure, but the changes are not maintained through Week 8, despite continued reductions in levels of circulating LH, FSH, and PrI. Reductions in median eminence NE metabolism appear to be responsible for the decrease in LH and FSH release. Initial decreases in Prl release appear to be hypothalamic in origin, but the hypothalamic factor(s) responsible for this change is not evident. An increase in inhibitory input from tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons is clearly not involved.
Evaluation of a volunteer community-based health worker program for providing contraceptive services in Madagascar☆

Background Madagascar recently scaled up their volunteer community health worker (CHW) program in maternal health and family planning to reach remote and underserved communities.
Optimization in real time

A search algorithm called real-time search (RTS) for solving combinatorial optimization problems under real-time constraints is presented. The algorithm aims at finding the best possible solution within a given deadline. Since this objective is generally not achievable without first solving the problem, the authors use an alternative heuristic objective that looks for the solution with the best ascertained approximation degree. The algorithm schedules a sequence of guided depth-first searches, each searching for a more accurate solution (based on the approximation degree set), or solutions deeper in the search tree (based on the threshold set), or a combination of both. Five versions of the RTS algorithm for setting approximation degrees and/or thresholds are formulated, evaluated, and analyzed. The authors describe the experimental results obtained for the five versions of RTS. >
Internal Tides Generated on a Corrugated Continental Slope. Part II: Along-Slope Barotropic Forcing*

Recent measurements in a region of continental slope characterized by ridges and valleys running up and down the slope reveal interesting high mode structure in the tidal band velocity signals, with enhanced mixing above the corrugations. In order to understand these observations, numerical simulations of the internal tide generation in this region of topography were performed. Here the focus is on the response of the flow to along-slope barotropic tidal forcing. For small-amplitude barotropic forcing, internal waves are generated over the continental slope that propagate toward the ocean surface and toward shallower water. When higher-amplitude forcing is combined with large-amplitude corrugations, the flow is locally supercritical downstream of ridges, and transient internal hydraulic jumps result. As the flow relaxes each half tidal period, these jumps are released as internal wave packets, which propagate up into the thermocline. The internal hydraulic jumps are a source of mixing in the valleys, while the small-scale shears associated with the internal waves could lead to mixing higher up the water column. Over the forcing range considered, the response is dominated by slightly higher harmonics of the tidal forcing frequency than predicted by existing analytic theories.
MR angiography of midaortic syndrome

A 12-year-old boy presented with hypertension and intermittent lower extremity claudication. Breath-hold high spatial resolution MRA at 3.0 T (gradient recalled echo sequence; 10 ml of Magnevist) revealed abdominal aortic coarctation (Fig. 1, thin long arrow), severely narrowed right renal artery and atrophy of the ipsilateral kidney (Fig. 1b, arrowhead), and hypertrophied inferior mesenteric artery (Fig. 1a, thick short arrow) feeding the superior mesenteric artery (Fig. 1a, thin short arrow) through the arc of Riolan (Fig. 1a, arrowhead). The child had previously undergone placement of an aorto-aortic graft (Fig. 1, thick long arrow). Fig. 1 3-D volume-rendered MR angiograms (Vitrea 3.6; Vital Images, Minneapolis, MN) Midaortic syndrome (MAS) is a rare disease caused by segmental narrowing of the abdominal or distal descending thoracic aorta associated with concomitant stenoses involving the renal (63%) and visceral (33%) arteries [1]. MAS can be congenital or acquired caused by giant cell or Takayasu arteritis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, Williams syndrome, fibromuscular dysplasia, neurofibromatosis, and mucopolysaccharidosis [1, 2]. Noninvasive diagnosis is made by MRA or CT angiography [2]. Surgical bypass grafting is the optimal method of treatment [1].
THE 3 μm SPECTRUM OF JUPITER's IRREGULAR SATELLITE HIMALIA

We present a medium resolution spectrum of Jupiter's irregular satellite Himalia covering the critical 3 μm spectral region. The spectrum shows no evidence for aqueously altered phyllosilicates, as had been suggested from the tentative detection of a 0.7 μm absorption, but instead shows a spectrum strikingly similar to the C/CF type asteroid 52 Europa. 52 Europa is the prototype of a class of asteroids generally situated in the outer asteroid belt between less distant asteroids which show evidence for aqueous alteration and more distant asteroids which show evidence for water ice. The spectral match between Himalia and this group of asteroids is surprising and difficult to reconcile with models of the origin of the irregular satellites.
Outage capacities and optimal power allocation for fading multiple-access channels

We derive the outage capacity region of an M-user fading multiple-access channel (MAC) under the assumption that both the transmitters and the receiver have perfect channel side information (CSI). The outage capacity region is implicitly obtained by deriving the outage probability region for a given rate vector. Given a required rate and average power constraint for each user, we find a successive decoding strategy and a power allocation policy that achieves points on the boundary of the outage probability region. We discuss the scenario where an outage must be declared simultaneously for all users (common outage) and when outages can be declared individually (individual outage) for each user.
Synergy and Sensibility: A Course on Entrepreneurship in Gerotechnologies

“Health, Technology, and Aging” is a course developed to address three significant contemporary trends: aging populations, increasingly ubiquitous technology, and the economic imperative to encourage entrepreneurship. Course content is a blend of gerontology, informatics, and entrepreneurship designed for nonbusiness majors. Six interdisciplinary faculty modeled synergistic teamwork for the student teams. Findings suggest that students appreciated the interdisciplinary approach to teaching and learning and perceived gerotechnology as a promising market for business development. An external panel of judges scored student projects as well described, persuasive, and creative. Two plans of the four projects were judged to have potential for funding.
A new application of texture unit coding to mass classification for mammograms

Texture is one of important features of masses in mammograms. A recent texture unit-based texture spectrum approach, referred to as texture unit coding (TUC) has shown promise in texture classification. This paper presents a new application of the TUC to mass classification in mammograms. The TUC generates a texture spectrum for a texture image that can be used to describe the characteristics of masses. It also develops an information divergence (ID)-based discrimination criterion to measure the discrepancy between two texture spectra, a concept yet to explore in texture analysis. The TUC along with ID are further applied to mass classification in mammograms where the minimammographic database provided by the Mammographic Image Analysis Society (MIAS) is used for experiments.
Recovering clipped OFDM symbols with Bayesian inference

A major problem with multicarrier transmissions is the near Gaussian behavior of the data stream entering the high power amplifier (HPA). This causes distortion (some samples are clipped) that must be corrected at the transmit-or receive-end, in order to improve the detection performance. We propose a new approach that recovers the distorted samples at the receiver. It is based on an "augmented" Bayesian model which captures the nonlinear behavior of the HPA. Estimates of the input symbols are then obtained with a hybrid deterministic/stochastic algorithm. Simulations over frequency selective channels show that when clipping is severe, our method outperforms existing methods.
Evaluation of a ventilatory muscle endurance training program in the rehabilitation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

To evaluate the role of ventilatory muscle endurance training (VMET) in the rehabilitation of outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, we carried out a prospective random allocation trial of VMET versus IPPB. Data were obtained from 15 men allocated to VMET and from 17 men assigned to IPPB. The mean age of our experimental cohort was 61 ± SEM 1 yr, and the FEV;1 was 1.2 ± 0.1 L. Prior to and after 6 wk of daily therapy, the following data were obtained on each subject: (1)vital statistics, (2) standard pulmonary function tests, (3)activities of daily living (ADL), (4) maximal sustainable ventilatory capacity (MSVC), (5) psychologic status (PS), and (6) exercise tolerance (ET). Prior to therapy, the VMET and IPPB groups showed no significant differences with respect to these parameters. After therapy, VMET subjects exhibited a greater increase (p < 0.05) in MSVC than did IPPB subjects. However, VMET and IPPB groups did not differ with respect to improvements noted in ADL, PS, and ET. These r...
The importance of being a lumen

Advances in tissue engineering and microtechnology have enabled researchers to more easily generate in vitro tissue models that mimic the tissue geometry and spatial organization found in vivo (e.g., vessel or mammary duct models with tubular structures). However, the widespread adoption of these models for biological studies has been slow, in part due to the lack of direct comparisons between existing 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional cell culture models and new organotypic models that better replicate tissue structure. Using previously developed vessel and mammary duct models with 3-dimensional lumen structures, we have begun to explore this question. In a direct comparison between these next generation organotypic models and more traditional methods, we observed differences in the levels of several secreted growth factors and cytokines. In addition, endothelial vessel geometry profoundly affects the phenotypic behavior of carcinoma cells, suggesting that more traditional in vitro assays may not capture in vivo events. Here, we seek to review and add to the increasing evidence supporting the hypothesis that using cell culture models with more relevant tissue structure influences cell fate and behavior, potentially increasing the relevance of biological findings.—Bischel, L. L., Sung, K. E., Jimenez-Torres, J. A., Mader, B., Keely, P. J., Beebe, D. J. The importance of being a lumen.
Multi-Rate High-Throughput LDPC Decoder: Tradeoff Analysis Between Decoding Throughput and Area

In order to achieve high decoding throughput (hundreds of MBits/sec and above) for multiple code rates and moderate codeword lengths, several LDPC decoder solutions with different levels of processing parallelism are possible. Selection between these solutions is based on a threefold criterion: hardware complexity, decoding throughput, and error-correcting performance. In this work, we determine the multi-rate LDPC decoder architecture with the best tradeoff in terms of area cost, error-correcting performance, and decoding throughput. The prototype architecture of this decoder is implemented on an FPGA.
Tight-optimal circulants vis-à-vis twisted tori

In 1991, Tzvieli presented several families of optimal four-regular circulants. Prominent among them are three families that include graphs having (2a+d)a vertices for each a>=5, where d=-1,0,+1. The step sizes in each case are 1 and (2a+d)k-1, where gcd(a,k)=1 and [email protected][email protected][email protected]?12(a-1)@?. For d=0, the graphs are called dense bipartite circulants, which were studied at length by the author recently. This paper examines the other two families and shows that the circulants in each of them are systematically obtainable from the twisted torus TT(2a+d,a) by trading up to 2a edges for as many new edges, where d=-1,+1. In the process, the graphs seamlessly inherit all good characteristics of the twisted torus. In particular, each circulant in each family is tight-optimal, hence its average distance is the least among all circulants of the same order and size. Further, it admits a perfect dominating set under certain conditions on a and k.
Second-Class Citizens in the Making The Rights of Street Children in Chile

Despite the guarantees stemming from the ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, children of different social classes in Chile are accorded differential protection of their basic human rights. Two cases of police violence in Santiago de Chile in 2001—a political protest demonstration by high-school students and a raid on a shelter for street children accused of kidnapping—highlight these discrepancies. Both cases received wide media attention, but the representations of the children involved were not the same. Whereas the students received the support of the media and the public for their political action, the street children were treated as criminals. The differences suggest that perceived social status determines the value assigned by society to the two categories of children and consequently the rights and protections they enjoy. In the process, the street children are being turned into second-class citizens. Restructuring of the government's approach to dealing with t...
Characterization of the Human IgG Antibody VL Repertoire to Haemophilus influenzae Type b Polysaccharide

The human antibody response to the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a good model for examining human V region repertoires. While the VL repertoire of human antibodies to Hib polysaccharide is relatively simple and dominated by the product of a germline V kappa II gene named A2, at least five other VL genes can be expressed by some individuals. These include at least two V kappa I products and at least one V kappa III, one V kappa IV, and one V lambda product. The epitope recognized by a monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody is on the A2 V kappa II product.
HATS: hierarchical adaptive transmission scheduling for multi-application adaptation

Applications running on a mobile wireless device most be able to adapt gracefully to limited and fluctuating network resources. When multiple applications run on the same device, control over bandwidth scheduling becomes fundamental in order to coordinate the adaptation of the multiple applications. This paper presents the designe and evaluation of our Hierarchical Adaptative Transmission Scheduler (HATS), which adds control over bandwidth scheduling to the Puppeteer adaptation system. HATS enables the implementation of system-wide adaptation policies that can drastically improve the user’s perception of network performance.
Heterotrimeric-G-protein-coupled Receptor Signaling in Yeast Mating Pheromone Response

The DNAs encoding the receptors that respond to the peptide mating pheromones of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated in 1985, and were the very first genes for agonist-binding heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to be cloned in any organism. Now, over 30 years later, this yeast and its receptors continue to provide a pathfinding experimental paradigm for investigating GPCR-initiated signaling and its regulation, as described in this retrospective overview.
Implementation issues and performance evaluation of deadbeat-direct torque and flux control drives

Despite many advances in deadbeat, direct torque and flux control (DB-DTFC) drives, practical implementation and evaluation challenges remain. Unlike field oriented control drives with current vector inner loops embedded, DB-DTFC drives utilize flux linkage estimates and inverse torque models to directly calculate Volt.-sec vectors, which yield significant difference in implementation and evaluation processes. Moreover, deadbeat controllers can only be formulated in the discrete time domain, which requires estimating states at the next sample instant and a clear events timing sequence between each sample instant. This paper is dedicated to presenting detailed implementation and evaluation approaches for DB-DTFC drives, with particular foci on processor events timing, discrete time current/flux observers tuning and evaluation, closed-loop DB-DTFC control law implementation, and feasible Volt-sec ranges to achieve deadbeat responses. Based on experimental results on induction machines and permanent magnet synchronous machines, this paper contributes to a systematic procedure for implementation of DB-DTFC.
Attraction of Female Boll Weevils to Traps Baited with Males or Extracts of Males

When female Anthonomus grandis Boheman in large plots or cages were captured in 12 kinds of traps, all baited with males or various extracts of males, a small Stikem®-coated plywood trap and a Plexiglas® screen funnel trap proved to be the most efficient designs. Few or no females responded to empty traps (controls), and a preponderance of captured females came to the traps from downwind. Thus, a wind-borne sex attractant is produced by male boll weevils. The captures of females indicated a preference for live males over extracts of males of 1.8:1 when the comparisons were made on different days and of 6.2:1 when they were made on the same day.
The Efficiency of Three Methods of Teaching High School Biology

TODAY'S HIGHLY complex and technologic ally geared society has made imperative the needfor un derstanding science and for developing more scien tists. This need has implications for the science education program in our secondary schools. Since it is generally agreed that one of the basic objec tives of the secondary school is to prepare students to live a rich and full life, the school is faced with the challenge of studying and modifying its program so that youth may be assisted in their adjustment to this new society with its new and increasing de
Digital Image Analysis to Supplement Direct Measures of Lettuce Biomass

Plant growth and biomass assessments are required in production and research. Such assessments are followed by major decisions (e.g., harvest timing) that channel resources and influence outcomes. In research, resources required to assess crop status affect other aspects of experimentation and, therefore, discovery. Destructive harvests are important because they influence treatment selection, replicate number and size, and the opportunity for true repeated measures. This work sought to establish the limits to which image acquisition and analysis may replace standard, destructive measures of fresh lettuce biomass. Outdoor, high tunnel, and greenhouse plantings of three cultivars of red and green leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were direct-seeded in raised beds and plastic trays in spring, summer, and fall seasons in 2009–10 in Wooster, OH. Overhead images (624 in total) were captured at specific time points after seeding using handheld and tripodmounted commercial digital cameras. Fresh weight and leaf area of destructive plant samples within the digital images were also collected. Images were analyzed using user-defined settings in WinCAM software (Regent Instruments, Quebec, QC, Canada). A reference grid captured within each image allowed for the calculation of crop canopy cover (percent of two-dimensional image area covered by leaves). Calculations of canopy cover require differentiating leaves and rooting medium by color. The rooting medium was dark in color, and differentiating red leaves against this background was less reliable than differentiating green leaves from background. Nevertheless, in samples collected in the greenhouse 7 to 16 days after sowing (DAS), significant correlations (r) of 0.85 to 0.96 (P < 0.05) were observed between measures of canopy cover calculated by image analysis software and leaf area obtained with a leaf area meter on harvested plant material. In outdoor and high tunnel plots 16 to 30 DAS, correlation coefficients between direct measures of plant biomass and WinCAM estimates of canopy cover were 0.71 to 0.95 (P < 0.0001). We conclude that digital image analysis may be useful in real-time, nondestructive assessments of early stage leaf lettuce canopy development, particularly when the leaf area index (LAI) is less than one and settings are dominated by green leaves.
Documentary Film: The Next Step in Qualitative Research to Illuminate Issues of Social Justice in Urban Education

This conceptual paper explores the unique contribution to traditional qualitative research methodology and urban educational renewal that documentary film can achieve through illumination of issues of social justice and existing inequities in public education in the United States. Through arts-based inquiry, the authors incorporated critical race theory with digital video to explore the truths and realities of schooling for urban students in the Midwestern United States. The purpose of these two film projects was to help educators and community members think more deeply about the socialization of children within institutions, where enduring historical and socio-cultural ideologies may exist. Friend and Caruthers assert that adopting documentary film as a research paradigm creates opportunities to share stories from schools that illuminate diverse perspectives of voice, which can be used to transform school communities.
The influence of pulmonary insufficiency on ventricular function following repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Evaluation using radionuclide ventriculography

Long-standing pulmonary insufficiency after repair of tetralogy of Fallot may adversely affect ventricular function. We evaluated 20 patients at a mean of 9 years after repair by radionuclide ventriculography, 24 hour Holter monitoring, and M-mode echocardiography. The mean age at complete repair was 7.1 ± 2.6 years. Patients were divided into groups as follows: Group I (eight patients), no clinical pulmonary insufficiency; Group II (12 patients), moderate to severe pulmonary insufficiency. Group II was further divided: Group IIa, transannular patch (six patients): Group IIb, no transannular patch (six patients). There was no difference between groups for age at operation, duration of follow-up, right ventricular pressure, or right ventricular-pulmonary arterial gradient. No patient had a residual shunt and all were in New York Heart Association Class I. Serious ventricular dysrhythmias occurred in 38% of Group I patients and 50% of Group II (p = NS). The echocardiographic ratio of right to left ventricular end-diastolic dimension was greater in patients with pulmonary insufficiency than in those without pulmonary insufficiency: 0.83 ± 0.17 versus 0.55 ± 0.15, p
Personality composition alters the transmission of cuticular bacteria in social groups

The initial stages of a disease outbreak can determine the magnitude of the ensuing epidemic. Though rarely tested in unison, two factors with important consequences for the transmission dynamics of infectious agents are the collective traits of the susceptible population and the individual traits of the index case (i.e. ‘patient zero’). Here, we test whether the personality composition of a social group can explain horizontal transmission dynamics of cuticular bacteria using the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola . We exposed focal spiders of known behavioural phenotypes with a GFP-transformed cuticular bacterium ( Pantoea sp.) and placed them in groups of 10 susceptible individuals (i.e. those with no experience with this bacterium). We measured bacterial transmission to groups composed of either all shy spiders, 10% bold spiders or 40% bold spiders. We found that colonies with 40% bold spiders experienced over twice the incidence of transmission compared to colonies with just 10% bold individuals after only 24 h of interaction. Colonies of all shy spiders experienced an intermediate degree of transmission. Interestingly, we did not detect an effect of the traits of the index case on transmission. These data suggest that the phenotypic composition of the susceptible population can have a greater influence on the degree of early transmission events than the traits of the index case.
Organic Brain Dysfunction and Autism

A population-based neurobiological study of 35 children with autistic disorder (AD) and 17 with autistic-like conditions (ALC) is reported from the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goteborg, Sweden.
Longitudinal analysis of changes in weight and waist circumference in relation to incident vasomotor symptoms: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN)

Objective Greater body mass index (BMI) and body fat are associated with vasomotor symptoms (VMS). Thus, weight loss may prevent VMS. We analyzed whether concurrent BMI or waist circumference and/or changes in weight or waist circumference predicted incident VMS and whether these relations differed by menopause stage or race/ethnicity. Methods Data from 10 follow-up visits for 1,546 participants in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation who reported no VMS at baseline were modeled for time to first symptomatic visit in relation to concurrent BMI and waist circumference and change in weight and waist circumference during early and late menopause using discrete survival analyses, adjusting for covariates. Results Greater concurrent BMI and waist circumference were significantly related to greater any and frequent (≥6 d in the last 2 wk) incident VMS in early menopause and lower VMS risk in late menopause. Percentage weight change since baseline and since the prior visit was unrelated to incident any VMS in either menopause stage. Percentage weight change since baseline had a significant shallow U-shaped association with incident frequent VMS in early menopause (P = 0.02), a shallow inverse U-shape in late menopause (P = 0.02), and a significant interaction with menopause stage (P = 0.004) but not with race/ethnicity. Recent weight change was unassociated with incident VMS in either menopause stage. Results were similar for waist change. Conclusions Concurrent BMI and waist circumference were positively related to incident VMS in early menopause and negatively related in late menopause. Maintaining healthy weight in early menopause may help prevent VMS.
Selling Centers and Buying Centers: Formulating Strategic Exchange Patterns

AbstractWhile significant attention has been given to group decision-making processes in a buying context, only limited discussion has centered on group selling processes. Consistent with the rising interest in marketing strategy implementation, the concept of the organizational selling center is offered as an organizing framework for designing and coordinating responsive industrial selling strategies. The selling center concept provides a vehicle for classifying alternative selling situations and clarifying the roles assumed by various functional areas in the selling process. Key sales management implications are Highlighted.
An efficient estimation of probability of first-passage in a linear system

Reliability analysis of a structure under random vibratory loads involves estimation of the probability of the response exceeding a limit. The classical, brute force approach to such analysis is the Monte Carlo method. However, due to its slow convergence rate, it is often impractical for large-scale engineering structures. In many engineering applications, such as offshore platforms under wave loads, the excitation is represented by Power Spectral Density (PSD) functions. Random time histories of the excitation are generated using a linear combination of sinusoids that are consistent with the PSD of input load. This paper proposes a method that reduces the computational cost of MCs of a linear system with a separable performance function; that is, a function that can be decomposed into parts and calculated independently. The method generates sinusoidal functions of the excitation, finds the system response to each sinusoid, and stores the responses in a database. Then it samples with replacement the sinusoids of the response from the database, finds the system response to the superposition of these sinusoids and checks for failure. This procedure yields a very large number of values of the failure indicator function even from a database with a modest number of sinusoids because it uses sampling with replacement. The efficiency of the proposed approach is demonstrated by estimating the probability of the first excursion in a ten-bar truss model. In this example, the method predicts the probability of failure using less than 0.2 % of the calculated values of the failure indicator function than the standard MCs.
On meta-obfuscation of physical layouts to conceal design characteristics

Intellectual property theft by reverse engineering leads to loss of revenue and threatens security of integrated circuits. A number of design obfuscation techniques been proposed to counter IC reverse engineering. Most such techniques rely on functional misdirection at gate or module level but, do not prevent leakage of visual information about design characteristics from the physical layout. For example, capitalizing on relative difference in sizes among various functional units and their pin counts, an attacker may still be able to hypothesize about function of a unit, irrespective of any obfuscation performed on them. Hence, we propose meta-obfuscation techniques to harden other obfuscation mechanisms against physical information leakage. Our aim is to add complexity in the visual domain so that the physical characteristics of a design do not have notable correlation to its functionality. We explore various metrics to quantify the quality of the proposed meta-obfuscation and apply them in design automation. Experimental results show improvement in metrics used and also, highlight relevant overheads for meta-obfuscation.
Tumor-Vessel Relationships in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma at Multidetector CT: Different Classification Systems and Their Influence on Treatment Planning.

CT evaluation of borderline resectable disease involves identification of the circumferential and longitudinal relationship of the tumor with its neighboring vessels, markers of vascular invasion, and aberrant anatomic structures, to identify patients with limited vascular involvement who can potentially undergo surgical resection.
Complications of Fresh Frozen Bone Allografts for Tumor Reconstruction and Their Management

The use of bone allograft for skeletal reconstruction is not a new technique. There has been increased enthusiasm in recent years because of the good clinical results reported by Mankin and others [7,10–15,18]. Despite these reports, complications are frequently associated with bone allografts and need to be managed appropriately. The most frequent complications directly related to allograft surgery include deep infection, allograft fracture, delayed or nonunion, and joint instability [8, 9, 16]. In addition, articular fragmentation with secondary degenerative arthritis and malalignment have been associated with osteoarticular allografts [4]. Most of these problems can be corrected with follow-up surgery. Some authors contend that allograft replacement restores bone stock and makes subsequent revision or reconstructive surgery easier. The effects of adjuvant therapy frequently used in bone tumor patients are not fully known. Some authors have seen little effect on allograft reconstruction, while others feel radiation and chemotherapy are a cause of failure [1, 2]. The purpose of this review is to analyze complications associated with allograft surgery. Those complications, both early and late, specifically related to the allograft along with their management will be emphasized.
Survival benefit needed to undergo chemotherapy: Patient and physician preferences.

BACKGROUND Published studies have suggested that most patients with early stage breast cancer are willing, for modest survival benefits, to receive 6 months of adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil, an older regimen that is used infrequently today. We examined preferences regarding the survival benefit needed to justify 6 months of a contemporary chemotherapy regimen. METHODS The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Protocol 5103 was a phase 3 trial that randomized breast cancer patients to receive standard adjuvant doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel with either bevacizumab or placebo. Serial surveys to assess quality of life were administered to patients enrolled between January 1, 2010, and June 8, 2010. Survival benefit needed to justify 6 months of chemotherapy by patients was collected at the 18-month assessment. A parallel survey was sent to physicians who had enrolled patients in the study. RESULTS Of 519 patients who had not withdrawn at a time point earlier than 18 months, 87.8% responded to this survey. A total of 175 physicians participated. We found considerable variation in patient preferences, particularly for modest survival benefits: for 2 months of benefit, 57% would consider 6 months of chemotherapy, whereas 96% of patients would consider 6 months of chemotherapy for 24 months. Race and education were associated with the choices. Physicians who responded were less likely to accept chemotherapy for modest benefit. CONCLUSIONS Among patients who received contemporary adjuvant chemotherapy in a randomized controlled trial, we found substantial variation in preferences regarding benefits that justified undergoing chemotherapy. Differences between patients' and physicians' choices were also apparent. Eliciting preferences regarding risks and benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy is critical. Cancer 2017;123:2821–28. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Characterizing Scientific Reporting in Security Literature: An analysis of ACM CCS and IEEE S&P Papers

Scientific advancement is fueled by solid fundamental research, followed by replication, meta-analysis, and theory building. To support such advancement, researchers and government agencies have been working towards a "science of security". As in other sciences, security science requires high-quality fundamental research addressing important problems and reporting approaches that capture the information necessary for replication, meta-analysis, and theory building. The goal of this paper is to aid security researchers in establishing a baseline of the state of scientific reporting in security through an analysis of indicators of scientific research as reported in top security conferences, specifically the 2015 ACM CCS and 2016 IEEE S&P proceedings. To conduct this analysis, we employed a series of rubrics to analyze the completeness of information reported in papers relative to the type of evaluation used (e.g. empirical study, proof, discussion). Our findings indicated some important information is often missing from papers, including explicit documentation of research objectives and the threats to validity. Our findings show a relatively small number of replications reported in the literature. We hope that this initial analysis will serve as a baseline against which we can measure the advancement of the science of security.
Food Fraud and the Partnership for a ‘Healthier’ America: A Case Study in State-Corporate Crime

At a moment of heightened public concern over food-related health issues, major corporations in the food industry have found their products and practices under scrutiny. Needing to be understood as socially responsible, these corporations have established partnerships with the state to construct a positive, proactive, and cooperative public image. One major public–private partnership that evolved from former First Lady Michelle Obama’s Let’s Move initiative—the Partnership for a Healthier America—serves as a case study in this paper, which analyzes the consequences and social harms perpetuated by a public health campaign bound by the imperative to maximize profit. By using trusted state actors to deliver accurate but deceptive claims about food companies’ commitment to public health, this public–private partnership actively misleads the public and potentially exacerbates public health challenges, warranting a skeptical revision of how we understand corporate social responsibility and neoliberal governance on issues of health and nutrition. As a form of fraud, these attempts to mislead the public go beyond the actions of public sector individuals or members of corporate boards, but are structurally incentivized by the legal rights, regulatory privileges, and profit-related incentives central to the modern corporate form. While conventional criminological research tends to underemphasize state and corporate harms, we make use of a critical criminological perspective to analyze state-corporate partnerships in the space between food industry practices and public health policy.
Influence of process conditions and interventions on metals content in biocrude from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae

Abstract We determined how different reaction conditions influence the metals contents in biocrude oil and other product fractions from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of microalgae. We then assessed the effect of using different solvents for biocrude recovery and adding catalysts on the metal content in the biocrude. The Fe content was lower and the Na content higher in biocrude produced at higher temperature (400 vs 350 °C) and longer holding time (60 vs 3 min). The Fe and Na contents were reduced over 50% and 95%, respectively, by use of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) rather than dichloromethane as the organic solvent for biocrude recovery and they were reduced over 98% via additional application of a supported Ni catalyst during HTL. This work demonstrates that the hydrothermal treatment conditions influence the metal content in biocrude and that judicious selection of solvent and catalyst can lead to significant reduction in the metal content in biocrude.
CHAPTER 66 – Large and Medium Vessel Vasculitides

Publisher Summary It is noted that vasculitides are infrequent yet clinically challenging diseases because they threaten blood supply to vital organs. Damage to large and medium-sized arteries immediately puts the host at risk for severe clinical consequences, as compensatory mechanisms for losing the function of the aorta and its major branches are very limited. In contrast to non-inflammatory vasculopathies, arteritides are characterized by a combination of ischemic tissue damage and a syndrome of generalized inflammation. Pathogenic mechanisms relevant for these two dimensions of disease may be distinct and respond differentially to therapy. Systemic inflammation is caused by the excessive production of cytokines. In the cases of giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu's arteritis (TA), induction of an abrupt and massive acute phase response is typical. As part of the acute phase response, patients produce hepatic acute phase proteins that give rise to diagnostically important laboratory abnormalities, such as increases in ESR and C-reactive protein (CRP). Furthermore, the ultimate challenge in understanding GCA and TA remains the identification of the initial triggers of the disease processes.
A Framework for Preventing the Exploitation of IoT Smart Toys for Reconnaissance and Exfiltration

There are many concerns that come along with the Internet of Things that should be addressed because of its growing popularity. One major concern is the security issues related to connected devices. Connected toys are a category of IoT devices that are commonly overlooked when considering these issues, yet they are just as susceptible to attacks as any other device. This paper will look at recent incidents related to security issues involving connected toys and establish a framework with the intention of providing manufacturers with a set of standards that must be adhered to before a device can be marketed. The affected products in the discussed incidents are then tested against the proposed framework.
A twitter case study for assessing digital sound

Academic and cultural heritage institutions around the world have made measurable strides in the development of digital sound archives oriented towards research and access, but their impact on scholarship and society has been little studied. Traditionally, impact has been measured by citations; yet these are problematic metrics for nontraditional outputs like sound recordings. Social media data provide a promising avenue of investigation for measuring scholarly as well as societal impact. Twitter in particular has been shown to provide a high number of references for cultural and research outputs in all disciplines. This study analyzes Twitter references pertaining to the collections of five digital sound archives: British Library Sounds, Europeana Sounds, the Internet Archive Audio Archive, PennSound, and UbuWeb. By using text analysis methods to identify highâ€ frequency events and trends, and labeling them with a rubric designed for measuring the impact of digital heritage resources, this study provides preliminary insights on user values as they relate to digital sound collections. Despite the limitations of using social media data, the evidence gathered in this case study characterizes aspects of the use of digital sound collections, and may point to future priorities for the digital preservation of sound.
A semantic challenge to non-realist cognitivism

Recently, some philosophers have attempted to escape familiar challenges to orthodox nonnaturalist normative realism by abandoning the robust metaphysical commitments of the orthodox view. One such view is the ‘Non-Metaphysical Non-Naturalism’ or ‘Non-Realist Cognitivism’ proposed by Derek Parfit and a few others. The trouble is that, as it stands, Non-Realist Cognitivism seems unable to provide a substantive non-trivial account of the meaning and truth conditions of moral claims. The paper considers various strategies one might use to address the challenge. There is a rich field of views that are cognitivist and non-realist. But the paper is skeptical of the prospects of Non-Realist Cognitivism.
Cyber-Physical Scheduling for Predictable Reliability of Inter-Vehicle Communications

Predictable inter-vehicle communication reliability is a basis for the paradigm shift from the traditional singlevehicle-oriented safety and efficiency control to networked vehicle control. The lack of predictable interference control in existing mechanisms of inter-vehicle communications, however, makes them incapable of ensuring predictable communication reliability. For predictable interference control, we propose the Cyber-Physical Scheduling (CPS) framework that leverages the PRK interference model and addresses the challenges of vehicle mobility to PRK-based scheduling. In particular, for lightweight control signaling and effective interference relation estimation, CPS leverages the physical locations of vehicles to define the gPRK interference model as a geometric approximation of the PRK model; for effective use of the gPRK model, CPS leverages cyber-physical structures of vehicle traffic flows, particularly, the spatiotemporal interference correlation as well as the macroand micro-scopic vehicle dynamics. Through experimental analysis with high-fidelity ns-3 and SUMO simulation, we observe that CPS enables predictable reliability while achieving high throughput and low delay in communication. To the best of our knowledge, CPS is the first field-deployable method that ensures predictable interference control and thus reliability in inter-vehicle communications.
Policy Success in an Age of Gridlock: How the Toxic Substances Control Act was Finally Reformed

Since 1990, polarization hindered changing environmental policy statutorily. Yet, in mid-2016 the Lautenberg Act regulating toxics - chemicals employed in commerce - was passed, winning business and environmental support. What might explain this? Has the Trump administration undercut the law's effects? Does the Act's passage portend more progressive actions? We show that the Act was a function of the status quo changing due to regulatory efforts abroad and in the United States, and from outside pressures on business. These influences impacted implementation, with the Trump administration not targeting toxics regulation analogous to other programs. Further, the processes we observe for toxics may not be unique.
Collagen degradation in ischaemic rat hearts.

Myocardial extracellular matrix is organized into a complex arrangement of intercellular and pericellular fibres and fibrils that serves as a supporting framework for contracting cells. Recent evidence suggests that changes in ventricular shape and function occurring after ischaemic injury may be related to alterations of this matrix. In this report we describe the rapid and extensive loss of collagen in myocardial infarction produced by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery of the rat for 1-3 h. The total collagen content in the myocardial infarct zones after 1, 2 and 3 h of ligation was 75 +/- 8%, 65 +/- 7% and 50 +/- 10% respectively (mean +/- S.D.) of that of either the non-infarcted tissue controls or of the same regions in sex- and age-matched normal left ventricles. A marked decrease also occurred in the residual collagens which were not extractable with 6 M-guanidine hydrochloride, suggesting that rapid degradation of insoluble collagen fibres may also occur. The decreased collagen content in the 3 h myocardial infarct coincided with the appearance of several enzyme activities. Collagenase, other neutral proteinase and presumed lysosomal serine proteinase activities were increased by 3, 3 and 2 times the control values respectively. These results suggest that the increased activities of collagenase and other neutral proteinases may be responsible for the rapid degradation of extracellular matrix collagen in myocardial infarct.