cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution and Robustness of the Forecasting Models During a Period of Financial Innovation and Deregulation 1977–1983

The forecasting models described in the previous chapter for the various component ratios of the money multipliers were specified and estimated during the period 1977–1978. In the succeeding years, these models have been regularly applied in forecasting exercises to determine the projected path of the monetary aggregates given the monetary base or bank reserves supplied to the economy by the Federal Reserve System. Unfortunately, this period has been one of considerable turmoil in financial markets. There have been a large number of innovations on the part of aggressively competitive financial institutions. There have been major changes in the regulatory environment facing all financial institutions, and there has been a continuing stream of redefinitions of the published monetary aggregates. Finally, there have been two major changes in the monetary policy regime: the first in October, 1979, when the Federal Reserve announced its relaxation of federal funds rate targeting in favor of more attention to control procedure using nonborrowed reserves, and the second in October, 1982, when the Federal Reserve announced that it would deemphasize the attention that it would pay to the M1 monetary aggregate.
Techniques to quantify the sensitivity of deterministic model uncertainties

Several existing methods for the assessment of the sensitivity of output uncertainty distributions generated by deterministic computer models to the uncertainty distributions assigned to the input ...
Heuristics for Designing the Control of a UAV Fleet With Model Checking

We describe a pursuer-evader game played on a grid in which the pursuers can move faster than the evaders, but the pursuers cannot determine an evader’s location except when a pursuer occupies the same grid cell as that evader. The pursuers’ object is to locate all evaders, while the evader’s object is to prevent collocation with any pursuer indefinitely. The game is loosely based on autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with a limited field-of-view attempting to locate enemy vehicles on the ground, where the idea is to control a fleet of UAVs to meet the search objective. The requirement that the pursuers move without knowing the evaders’ locations necessitates a model of the game that does not explicitly model the evaders. This has the positive benefit that the model is independent of the number of evaders (indeed, the number of evaders need not be known); however, this has the negative side-effect that the time and memory requirements to determine a pursuer-winning strategy is exponential in the size of the grid. We report significant improvements in the available heuristics to abstract the model further and reduce the time and memory needed.
Living Maize Embryo Influences Accumulation of Aflatoxin in Maize Kernels.

Kernels from two maize populations, MAS:gk and MAS:pw,nf, showed significant postharvest resistance to aflatoxin contamination by Aspergillus flavus but showed no significant inter-population variation for this resistance. Growth of A. flavus on both populations was significantly less than on susceptible control lines. Kernels from the resistant populations retained resistance when wounded through the pericarp prior to inoculation with A. flavus , despite the fact that the exposed endosperm supported good fungal growth. Kernels from these populations also retained resistance when they were acetone washed before inoculation. Resistance to aflatoxin contamination was lost in kernels that were autoclaved, crushed, or embryo wounded. All assays were incubated under conditions favorable to kernel germination. Results suggest that postharvest resistance to aflatoxin contamination in these two populations is related to metabolic activities of the living com embryo.
Bilateral breast carcinoma.

Patients who have a history of carcinoma in one breast have an increased incidence of developing either primary or metastatic carcinoma in the opposite breast (Egan 1976; Haagensen 1971; Gutter 1976; Leis et al. 1965), and mammography contributes greatly to the detection of these lesions (Egan 1976; Gutter 1976). It is of significant prognostic value and imperative in clinical management to distinguish between bilateral primary carcinomas and metastasis from a primary carcinoma to the opposite breast. Nonsimultaneous bilateral breast carcinomas only occur after a patient survives a first primary carcinoma, but then subsequently develops a second, the first carcinoma having a relatively favorable prognosis. In contrast, metastasis from the opposite breast is a sign of advanced disease. Clinical differentiation of a second primary carcinoma versus metastatic carcinoma is frequently uncertain. Haagensen’s (1971) criteria for diagnosis a primary carcinoma were that the primary be a solitary lesion and of a different histologic type from the other lesion, and that there be no distant metastases or evidence of local spread across the midline. However, since our whole-organ studies (Egan 1982) demonstrate that 70% of breasts with carcinomas are multicentric with or without multiple histologic types, insistence on a solitary site or different histologic type is an imprecise method of distinguishing primary from metastatic disease.
Reasoning Using Cases

This chapter discusses the range of inference tasks case-based inference supports and the effects of those inferences across a variety of reasoning tasks. MEDIATOR, the earliest case-based program, for example, used case-based inference to support a variety of different inference tasks, ranging from problem elaboration to solution framing to blame assignment to repair. MEDIATOR'S means of doing these tasks was to use the problem specification to find cases similar to the new situation and then to focus its attention on the part of the old case in which its current reasoning sub-goal was achieved. Thus, when trying to choose an abstract plan, it would focus on the plan used to solve the previous problem. To understand a failure, it would focus on the failure classification from the recalled case. It extracted the appropriate piece of the previous case and, after checking its appropriateness, installed it in the new case. MEDIATOR shows that case-based inference processes have their greatest advantage in situations where a long chain of reasoning is necessary to reach a conclusion.
Save Point/s: Competing Values and Practices in the Field of Video Game Preservation.

This paper presents a Bourdieuvian way of understanding video game preservation as a nascent field with its discourse and praxis shaped by ontological differences and conflicting power structures. This is illustrated through a spectrum of valuation that treats video games as material artifacts on one end and embraces its ephemerality on the other. Video game preservation literature and initiatives are likely to lean towards one of these extremes which focuses either on ensuring the playability of games or documenting of gameplay and its expressions. These competing values and practices can be seen further by classifying and mapping out participants, illustrating power relations. There are points of overlap and tensions between industry players, cultural institutions, and fans given their respective conflicting nature, intent, and mechanisms when it comes to video game preservation. The shape and sustainability of this emerging field and frontier, the paper posits in the end, depend on how these tensions are addressed, hopefully towards inclusion and collaboration.
Extratropical Cyclone Clouds in the GFDL Climate Model: Diagnosing Biases and the Associated Causes

AbstractThe clouds in Southern Hemisphere extratropical cyclones generated by the GFDL climate model are analyzed against MODIS, CloudSat, and CALIPSO cloud and precipitation observations. Two mode...
Provider Counseling and Women's Family Planning Decisions in the Postpartum Period.

Introduction: Provider counseling may influence women's postpartum family planning decisions. Materials and Methods: We conducted an anonymous Internet-based cross-sectional survey of postpartum wo...
Cardiometabolic risk factors are associated with immune cell mitochondrial respiration in humans

Independent of other cardiometabolic risk factors, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure were found to be negatively associated with several parameters of mitochondrial r...
Work Patterns and Financing College: A Descriptive Regional Report Regarding Students at Hispanic-Serving Institutions in New Mexico and Texas.

College students at 14 Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs) in New Mexico and Texas were surveyed about their experiences in and perceptions of higher education. Three primary foci were students’ employment status, work commitments, and means of financing college. Most of the informants reported working while in college and, similar to previously reported national averages, 69.4% of the informants were actively employed. Twice as many of the actively employed informants worked off campus as on campus and over three-quarters of employed students reported working part-time. There were no significance differences in these areas by gender, ethnicity, or even when broken out as Latinas, Latinos, non-Hispanic females and non-Hispanic males but students of non-traditional age reported a work commitment at significantly higher levels. For hours of work per week, there were also no significant differences by gender, ethnicity, and for the four possible subsets (Latinas, Latinos, etc.) but being a non-traditional aged student and being married/cohabiting were associated with working more hours at statistically significant levels. Students at the HSIs in New Mexico also reported more hours of work at statistically significant levels. Differences by gender, ethnicity, age, relational status, and state were found for means of funding college.
Periods and Workplace Policy

Menstrual management is an obstacle to full workplace equality and economic security. Menstruation happens at work, but workplaces are not universally set up to support workers needs to address their periods. For example, existing employment laws fail to require breaks, flexible scheduling, or access to sanitary spaces to apply menstrual products. Periods and blood also are stigmatized, gendered, and subject to religious, social and other mythology. The corresponding shame and lack of menstrual education makes some workers susceptible to discrimination, intimidation, and harassment. This structural mismatch prevents people from properly managing periods at work. It also ignores the adverse employment decisions that are taken on the basis of menstruation or otherwise against menstruating individuals. Building on the 2010 federal law that created breastfeeding accommodations, this paper proposes a new menstrual management workplace protection law. This three-part proposal expands the menstrual equity movement and normalizes and destigmatizes menstrual management by: (1) creating menstrual accommodations at work, including access to reasonable, job protected break time and safe products that allow people to menstruate at work in the way they want, without fear of retaliation or retribution; (2) requiring access to clean water and sanitary facilities to address blood exposure; and (3) covering menstruating individuals under existing discrimination laws.
Environmental Correlates of Lyme Disease Emergence in Southwest Virginia, 2005-2014

Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease in North America. Though human infection is mostly transmitted in a limited geography, the range has expanded in recent years. One notable area of recent expansion is in the mountainous region of southwestern Virginia. The ecological factors that facilitate or constrain the range of human Lyme disease in this region remain uncertain. To evaluate this further, we obtained ecological data, including remotely sensed data on forest structure and vegetation, weather data, and elevation. These data were aggregated within the census block groups of a 9,153 km2 area around the cities of Blacksburg and Roanoke, VA, an area with heterogeneous Lyme disease transmission. In this geographic area, 755 individuals were reported to have Lyme disease in the 10 yr from 2006 to 2015, and these cases were aggregated by block group. A zero-inflated negative binomial model was used to evaluate which environmental variables influenced the abundance of Lyme disease cases. Higher elevation and higher vegetation density had the greatest effect size on the abundance of Lyme disease. Measures of forest edge, forest integrity, temperature, and humidity were not associated with Lyme disease cases. Future southward expansion of Lyme disease into the southeastern states may be most likely in ecologically similar mountainous areas.
Bovine Field Restraint

Restraint of cattle is a vital portion of practice. Knowing and applying methods of basic physical restraint is a necessity. By combining physical restraint methods with multimodal chemical restraint, better patient cooperation and analgesia enhance results.
PMC: A more precise classifier of POLE mutations to identify candidates for immune therapy.

3548Background: Specific somatic mutations in DNA polymerase epsilon (POLE) can cause a hypermutant phenotype with tumor mutation burden (TMB) in excess of 100 mutations per megabase. It has been r...
Sex Differences in Pulmonary Eicosanoids and Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Response to Ozone Exposure.

Ozone (O3) is a criteria air pollutant known to increase the morbidity and mortality of cardiopulmonary diseases. This occurs through a pulmonary inflammatory response characterized by increased recruitment of immune cells into the airspace, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and pro-inflammatory lipid mediators. Recent evidence has demonstrated sex-dependent differences in the O3-induced pulmonary inflammatory response. However, it is unknown if this dimorphic response is evident in pulmonary lipid mediator metabolism. We hypothesized that there are sex-dependent differences in lipid mediator production following acute O3 exposure. Male and female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 1 part per million O3 for 3 hours and were necropsied at 6 or 24 hours following exposure. Lung lavage was collected for cell differential and total protein analysis, and lung tissue was collected for mRNA analysis, metabololipidomics, and immunohistochemistry. Compared to males, O3-exposed female mice had increases in airspace neutrophilia, neutrophil chemokine mRNA, pro-inflammatory eicosanoids such as prostaglandin E2, and specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) such as resolvin D5 in lung tissue. Likewise, precursor fatty acids (arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid; DHA) were increased in female lung tissue following O3 exposure compared to males. Experiments with ovariectomized females revealed that loss of ovarian hormones exacerbates pulmonary inflammation and injury. However, eicosanoid and SPM production were not altered by ovariectomy despite depleted pulmonary DHA concentrations. Taken together, these data indicate that O3 drives an increased pulmonary inflammatory and bioactive lipid mediator response in females. Furthermore, ovariectomy increases susceptibility to O3-induced pulmonary inflammation and injury, as well as decreases pulmonary DHA concentrations.
Empire and Memory: The Representation of the Roman Republic in Imperial Culture

The memory of the Roman Republic exercised a powerful influence on several generations of Romans who lived under its political and cultural successor, the Principate or Empire. Empire and Memory explores how (and why) that memory manifested itself over the course of the early Principate. Making use of the close relationship between memoria and historia in Roman thought and drawing on modern studies of historical memory, this book offers case-studies of major imperial authors from the reign of Tiberius to that of Trajan (AD 14–117). The memory evident in literature is linked to that imprinted on Rome's urban landscape, with special attention paid to the Forum of Augustus and the Forum of Trajan, both which are particularly suggestive reminders of the transition from a time when the memory of the Republic was highly valued and celebrated to one when its grip had begun to loosen.
Gene and genome construction in yeast.

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has the capacity to take up and assemble dozens of different overlapping DNA molecules in one transformation event. These DNA molecules can be single-stranded oligonucleotides, to produce gene-sized fragments, or double-stranded DNA fragments, to produce molecules up to hundreds of kilobases in length, including complete bacterial genomes. This unit presents protocols for designing the DNA molecules to be assembled, transforming them into yeast, and confirming their assembly. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 94:3.22.1-3.22.17. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: DNA assembly; DNA construction; in vivo recombination; yeast recombination; yeast transformation; gene construction; genome construction; synthetic biology
Cobalamins and folates as seen through inborn errors of metabolism: a review and perspective.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the inborn errors of metabolism that helps to understand the normal metabolism of folates and cobalamins, especially how they relate to the normoblastic development of the bone marrow, and megaloblastic anemia. The chapter provides information about the metabolism of these two vitamins and reviews some of the research techniques and their limitations. Selective patients with inborn errors of folate and cobalamin metabolism, and the concepts evolving from such errors, are presented in the chapter. Most biochemical studies done on megaloblastic anemia in the past were on bone marrow aspirates. These studies focused on the deoxyuridine suppression test. Dihydrofolate (DHF), an end product of de novo thymidine synthesis, is not reduced to tetrahydrofolate in the bone marrow as it has been shown that most of the dividing bone marrow cells have little or no dihydrofolate reductase activity. It is suggested that the constant supply of reduced folates to the bone marrow is derived from plasma formyltetrahydrofolates (formylTHFs). The inborn errors involving 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and methionine synthase (MS) reactions support this conclusion. An alternative route could be the formylation of THF.
Improved point-to-point and collective communication performance with output-queued high-radix routers

We present an output-queued switch architecture with cross-point buffering that has improved performance for both point-to-point communication and hardware accelerated collective communication. In the past, output queuing architectures have been less popular as they require more internal speedup and buffering. However, with current technology it is possible to build output-queued switches with a relatively large number of ports. We demonstrate that our output-queued architecture performs well for point-to-point messages, specially in a fat-tree topology. We also show that output-queued architectures facilitate efficient implementations of multicasts and reductions. We present performance of multicasts and reductions on individual switches and a network of switches interconnected in a fat-tree topology. We also present simulation results based on synthetic workloads that emulate a molecular dynamics application.
A Method for the Fractionation and Quantitative Determination of the 17-Oxosteroids of Urine

A method for the quantitative fractionation and estimation of urinary 17-oxosteroids is presented. The method utilizes paper chromatographic technics for separation of the steroids, which are quantitated with the Zimmerman reaction using m-dinitrobenzene. Details of the chromatographic procedure are given, with a comparison of this with other methods in use.
Bayesian inversion for facies detection: An extensible level set framework

[1] In many cases, it has been assumed that the variability in hydrologic parameters can be adequately described through a simple geostatistical model with a given variogram. In other cases, variability may be best described as a series of “jumps” in parameter behavior, e.g., those that occur at geologic facies contacts. When using indirect measurements such as pump tests to try to map such heterogeneity (during inverse modeling), the resulting images of the subsurface are always affected by the assumptions invoked. In this paper, we discuss inversion for parameter fields where prior information has suggested that major variability can be described by boundaries between geologic units or facies. In order to identify such parameter fields, we propose a Bayesian level set inversion protocol framework, which allows for flexible zones of any shape, size, and number. We review formulas for defining facies locations using the level set method and for moving the boundaries between zones using a gradient-based technique that improves fit through iterative deformation of the boundaries. We describe the optimization algorithm employed when multiple level set functions are used to represent a field with more than two facies. We extend these formulas to the investigation of the inverse problem in a Bayesian context in which prior information is taken into account and through which measures of uncertainty can be derived. We also demonstrate that the level set method is well suited for joint inversion problems and present a strategy for integrating different data types (such as hydrologic and geophysical) without assuming strict petrophysical relations. Our framework for joint inversion also contrasts with many previous methods in that all data sources (e.g., both hydrologic and geophysical) contribute to boundary delineation at once.
Interseeding Cover Crops into Soybean and Subsequent Corn Yields

Organic producers in the northeastern USA have difficulty establishing cover crops after soybean [Glycine Max (L.) Merr.] harvest. We interseeded species into soybean on an organic farm without livestock to identify cover crops that do not interfere with soybean harvest, provide significant ground cover, and increase subsequent corn (Zea mays L.) yields. Foenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.), and Austrian winter pea (Dolichos lignosus L.) did not meet establishment and height requirements at the time of harvest. White clover (Trifolium repens L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), barrel medic (Medicago lupulina L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) met these requirements and generally provided >30% ground cover. Interseeded grasses provided the most biomass (0.5-1.1 Mg ha -1 ) at spring plowdown. Interseeded legumes did not establish well in 1996-1997 and produced only 0.1 to 0.2 Mg ha -1 biomass in 1997. Corn yielded more following Dutch white clover (7.2 Mg ha 1 ) and medium red clover (6.7 Mg ha -1 ) than following no cover (5.7 Mg ha 1 ) in 1996 but yielded the same in 1997 (5.7, 6.3, and 6.2 Mg ha -1 , respectively). Corn yielded less following annual ryegrass (5.3 Mg ha -1 ) and creeping red fescue (5.1 Mg ha ') than following no cover in 1997. More research is needed to identify conditions that would reduce the risk of poor establishment of interseeded legumes or reduced corn yields following interseeded grasses.
Some features of double-resonance detection of 17O NQR in ice

Abstract Proton oxygen-17 double resonance was used to detect the NQR signals of 17 O in natural abundance and isotope-enriched ice. When a nonmodulated rf irradiation was applied to a search for the NQR signals, absorptions due to the “solid state effect” which were shifted toward higher frequencies from resonance were detected only in enriched samples. In such circumtances, a saturation phenomenon was observed; at a given frequency (in the vicinity of a resonance) and 17 O concentration, the scaling-down factor of the proton signal reaches a characteristic minimum value. The dependence of this value on the 17 O concentration indicates that the two spin systems evolve toward a common final spin temperature in the rotating frame, limiting the signal detection to enriched ice. When the NQR irradiation was modulated at a frequency comparable to the dipole-dipole interaction energy between the two nuclear spin systems and applied at resonance, the proton spin temperature evolved to infinity, thus allowing signal detection even at very low concentrations such as the natural abundance of 17 O. Distinct signals were detected at 1615 ± 5, 1710 ± 5, and 3320 ± 10 kHz, which yield the quadrupolar parameters e 2 qQ = 6.42 MHz and η = 0.924, consistent with a recent report by Brosnon and Edmonds.
Mobile shopping motivation: an application of multiple discriminant analysis

Purpose – This study aims to examine mobile shoppers' shopping motivations compared with those of non‐mobile shoppers (i.e. potential adopters) and to identify driving motivations for consumers to use the mobile shopping channel.Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 400 mobile service users was drawn from a purchased consumer panel who completed a web‐based survey. Multiple discriminant analysis was used to analyze the data.Findings – The results indicate that idea, efficiency, adventure, and gratification shopping motivations are significant determinants of mobile shoppers, implying that those shopping motivations are push factors of mobile shopping.Research limitations/implications – The sample of this study consists primarily of US consumers with the largest group of respondents aged 19 to 30 years old; thus, the result may have a limited application to other countries and other age groups. Future research is encouraged to categorize mobile shopping service characteristics into shopping motivations...
Mechanisms of autoimmunity in type I diabetes

The work presented in this review suggests that in human and murine type I diabetes, defective MHC class I expression on APC is linked to autoimmunity. The defect in self-antigen presentation is present on prediabetic and diabetic APC, and this presumably delivers abnormal or lack of signals to T cells to allow self tolerance. Since most autoimmune diseases have strong genetic linkage to MHC class II region, our recent results additionally demonstrating low MHC class I expression on lymphoid cells in a diversity of autoimmune diseases (hypothyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, etc.) suggest that this pathway of abnormal class I presentation of self epitopes may be important for tolerance to many tissue-specific antigens (40). Certainly, the unanswered genetic questions will address the role of the specific genes controlling self-antigen presentation through MHC class I followed by T-cell education to self.
Effects of subchronic amphetamine or amfonelic acid on rat brain dopaminergic and serotonergic function

Repeated doses of direct or indirect CNS stimulants are known to cause behavioral hyper sensitivity. The biochemical basis for hypersensitization remains unclear. Since the dopaminergic system uses a large storage pool that is only slowly mobilized to releasable sites, a change in this relationship may underlie the biochemical changes leading to increased responsiveness to stimulants. To test this hypothesis, rats were first tested with low doses of 2.5 mg/kg amphetamine or 1.0mg/kg amfonelic acid (AFA) for their locomotor response, then 5.0mg/kg amphetamine or 2.5mg/kg AFA were injected daily for 7 days and the rats retested with the lower doses of amphetamine or AFA, respectively. Both drugs produced hypersensitivity, but the cataleptic response to acute dopamine (DA) receptor blockade by haloperidol was unaltered. The ability of haloperidol to increase DA metabolism was unaltered and the ability of acute AFA to synergize with haloperidol was similar in the striatum of stimulant and saline treated rats, but reduced in the medial prefrontal cortex of both AFA and d-amphetamine treated rats. Additional rats had DA2 receptor sensitivity measured in the striatum and frontal cortex, but no significant differences were found. Only amphetamine caused a significant decrease in frontal cortex serotonin type 2 receptors. Since there was no alteration in the ability of AFA to increase neurogenic release of DA in the striatum and a decrease occurred in prefrontal cortex, an increase in the storage to functional pool exchange in the nigrostriatal and mesocortical DA containing neurons seems unlikely. In contrast, both the amphetamine and AFA treatment groups had their brain 5HT and 5HIAA levels reduced by about 50%. This suggests that changes in other transmitter systems may have a permissive effect allowing exaggerated responses to excessive DA release.
The expanding role of PM machines in direct-drive applications

It is widely recognized that permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machines are attractive candidates for direct-drive applications that eliminate gearboxes or other mechanical transmission components between the machine and the load. But it raises the question of what is special about PM machines that makes them such suitable candidates for these applications? The physical basis of this appealing feature of PM machines is explored in comparison to induction machines and other familiar types of ac machines. Several applications are used to highlight both the strengths and the limitations of PM machines in direct-drive applications, illuminating key engineering tradeoffs that must be carefully evaluated when developing such designs. The major impact that direct-drive permanent magnet machines have already demonstrated in some application areas is highlighted, providing insight into technology changes that are currently under way in other fields.
A Meta-analysis of the Predictive Accuracy of Postoperative Mortality Using the American Society of Anesthesiologists’ Physical Status Classification System

The American Society of Anesthesiologists’ physical status (ASA) tool has been applied to determine compensation, risk adjustment and risk prediction, but little is known about the accuracy and generalizability of this tool for prediction of postoperative mortality. We systematically investigated prior published reports of associations between ASA physical status and mortality to test the hypothesis that ASA physical status will have varying accuracy in prediction of postoperative mortality across surgical populations with varying surgical risk of mortality. We used random effects models and metaregression to account for heterogeneity. Combining 77 studies with 165,705 patients, the ASA physical status tool demonstrated the following pooled performance (95 % confidence intervals)—sensitivity 0.74 (0.73, 0.74), specificity 0.67 (0.67, 0.67), and area under summary receiver operating curve 0.736 (0.725, 0.747). Metaregression revealed that study death rates and surgical specialty were significant factors. ASA physical status is a better predictor of postoperative mortality in settings with lower rather than higher death rates.
Measurement of FRET efficiency and ratio of donor to acceptor concentration in living cells.

Measurement of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency and the relative concentration of donor and acceptor fluorophores in living cells using the three-filter cube approach requires the determination of two constants: 1), the ratio of sensitized acceptor emission to donor fluorescence quenching (G factor) and 2), the ratio of donor/acceptor fluorescence intensity for equimolar concentrations in the absence of FRET (k factor). We have developed a method to determine G and k that utilizes two donor-acceptor fusion proteins with differing FRET efficiencies—the value of which need not be known. We validated the method by measuring the FRET efficiency and concentration ratio of the fluorescent proteins Cerulean and Venus in mammalian cells expressing a series of fusion proteins with varying stoichiometries. The method greatly simplifies quantitative FRET measurement in living cells as it does not require cell fixation, acceptor photobleaching, protein purification, or specialized equipment for determining fluorescence spectra or lifetime.
Moonquakes: Mechanisms and Relation to Tidal Stresses

Observed features of moonquakes are combined with theoretical calculations of the tidal stresses to interpret the moonquake mechanisms. Tidal stresses, together with a postulated ambient tectonic stress, are sufficient to explain the depth, periodicity, and polarity reversal of moonquakes. Both of these stresses are small (on the order of 1 bar) and consistent with the small magnitudes of moonquakes.
Automatically generating instruction selectors using declarative machine descriptions

Despite years of work on retargetable compilers, creating a good, reliable back end for an optimizing compiler still entails a lot of hard work. Moreover, a critical component of the back end---the instruction selector---must be written by a person who is expert in both the compiler's intermediate code and the target machine's instruction set. By generating the instruction selector from declarative machine descriptions we have (a) made it unnecessary for one person to be both a compiler expert and a machine expert, and (b) made creating an optimizing back end easier than ever before.Our achievement rests on two new results. First, finding a mapping from intermediate code to machine code is an undecidable problem. Second, using heuristic search, we can find mappings for machines of practical interest in at most a few minutes of CPU time. Our most significant new idea is that heuristic search should be controlled by algebraic laws. Laws are used not only to show when a sequence of instructions implements part of an intermediate code, but also to limit the search: we drop a sequence of instructions not when it gets too long or when it computes too complicated a result, but when too much reasoning will be required to show that the result computed might be useful.
TU‐C‐AUD‐02: Study of Neutron Exposure During Passively Scattered Proton Therapy

Purpose: Stray radiation exposures are of concern for patients receiving protonradiotherapy and vary strongly with several treatment factors such as proton energy, field size and modulation width. The purposes of this study were to conservatively estimate neutron exposures for a contemporary passive scatteringprotontreatment unit and to understand how they vary with treatment factors. Method and Materials: We simulated all 24 options (each range modulator and second scatterer combination is accounted for one option) for a passive scatteringproton therapy unit with MCNPX. Spectral neutron fluence from simulations was then converted to neutrondose equivalent using corresponding dose conversion factors. We studied the neutrondose equivalent per therapeutic absorbed dose (H/D) as a function of treatment factors including proton energy, location in the treatment room, treatmentfield size, and spread‐out Bragg peak (SOBP) width using Monte Carlo simulation.Results: The H/D value at isocenter for a 250‐MeV medium field size option was estimated to be 20 mSv Gy−1. H/D decreased to about 20% from 250 Mev to 160 MeV. H/D fell off sharply with distance from the treatment unit, approximately following a power law; H/D was about 10% higher for a large field option than a medium field option for the same energy. H//D almost doubled when SOBP width was increased from a pristine peak to 16 cm. An analytical model was developed, which predicted H/D values within 28% of those obtained in simulations; this value is within typical neutron measurement uncertainties. Conclusion: The results quantified how treatment factors influence H/D values. The in‐air method with a closed aperture presented here provides a simple and straightforward approach that could be adopted for facility inter‐comparisons. In addition, an analytical model was developed to quickly estimate H/D values.
The structural basis for hydrolysis resistance in the esters of (2-formylphenyl)boronic acid 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones

Under conditions that typically afford bicyclic boron heterocycles directly, (2-formylphenyl)boronic acids react with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in ethanol to give highly water-resistant diethyl boronate esters. Two such 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones were prepared and their X-ray crystal structures determined. Contrary to a previous suggestion that their unusual stability is due to an intramolecular N→B coordination giving a six-membered BN 2 C 3 ring system based on a (Z)-hydrazone, these compounds instead were found to be (E)-hydrazones internally stabilized by a weak intramolecular interaction between nitrogen and boron from within a five-membered ring. Further study revealed that the electron deficiency of the starting hydrazine reagent plays a key role in determining the structure of the hydrazone isolated, and that the water-resistant boronate esters can be hydrolyzed under forcing conditions to the boronic acids.
Biased Experimental Fineness and Maturity Results

In an earlier paper, we developed models and performed computer simulations to understand the variability in coefficients of determination (R2) between fineness and maturity, micronaire and fineness, and micronaire and maturity of cotton. We subsequently concentrated on derivation and testing of several diagnostic models to enhance the R2 and provide information about the analytical quality (accuracy) of the results. We then introduced modeling of biased fineness and maturity results. Error functions were derived based on micronaire values, specifically, Lord's micronaire model. This paper demonstrates testing of a key diagnostic model on two different sample sets of 21 cottons. The results from one sample set — analyzed on the fineness and maturity tester — fit the model. Results from the other sample set — analyzed on both the advanced fiber information system (AFIS) A-2 and AFISPRO — demonstrate a lack of fit to the diagnostic model. This lack of fit is due to bias in the AFIS fineness and maturity mea...
Evolution of the zygomaticomaxillary region in the genusHomo and its relevance to the origin of modern humans

Metrical and non-metrical analyses of the midfacial region of the genusHomo as viewed innorma frontalis reveal distinct geographical differences in cheek morphology which do not support a replacement model for the origin of modern humans. With the recovery of new Asian fossil hominids it is now clear that fossil Asian faces contrast markedly with many European and African contemporaries. Fossil Asians exhibit much smaller upper and lower midfaces with more horizontally oriented zygomatic bones, pronounced and more medially situated malar tubercles, a distinctincisura malaris, a more acute and inferiorly situated zygomaticomaxillary angle and a vertically shorter maxilla. In comparison with African and Eurasian populations, all these features are also found in higher frequencies in extant Mongoloid populations. European fossil hominids exhibit larger upper and lower facial areas, obliquely oriented zygomatic bones, vertically taller maxillae and zygomatic bones which lack a malar tubercle andincisura malaris. Both Europeans and Mongoloids diverge from the conditions seen in specimens of earlyHomo in Africa. Morphological traits previously restricted only to fossil Asians now occur in all populations of modern humans. However, their frequency remains higher in populations deriving from or occupying the Far East. The world-wide dissemination of morphological traits which first appeared in the Asian fossil record, suggest that at least some of the facial traits associated with the emergence of modern humans, resulted not from a single African origin, but from admixture and gene flow between different regions of the Old World.
Half Empty or Half Full: Staffing Trends in Academic Libraries at U.S. Research Universities, 2000-2008

This study is a quantitative analysis of FTE staffing levels at academic libraries at 176 U.S. research universities between 2000 and 2008. Results showed that overall staffing levels at these libraries declined but that the average number of professional librarian FTE positions modestly increased. Other professional staff positions increased at a significantly higher rate than librarian positions. In addition, a significant percentage of libraries in the study showed a decrease in librarian FTE positions while gaining other professional positions. Results of this study provide an empirical reference point for organizational transformations occurring in academic libraries and a starting point for further quantitative and qualitative inquiry.
Positional isomer differentiation of monoalkylated naphthalenes using principal components analysis and mass spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry has been used to differentiate positional isomers of some monoalkylated naphthalenes. The basis of the distinction is the cluster of peaks from m/z 150 to 155. Principal components analysis can extract isomer-specific information that is not obvious from simple visual inspection of the spectra. The analysis led to the observation of similar trends in single-stage electron impact mass spectra.
Flexural properties of southern yellow pine small beams loaded on true radial and tangential surfaces

Values of moduli of rigidity (GLR andGLT), obtained from static bending tests of small southern yellow pine beams with square cross sections and true radial and tangential surfaces, are not significantly different. Values of moduli of elasticity and rupture of small southern pine beams at span-to-depth ratio of 14: 1 loaded on a true radial surface are not significantly different from values obtained from matched beams loaded on a true tangential surface.
Effects of age on H1N1-specific serum IgG1 and IgG3 levels evaluated during the 2011–2012 influenza vaccine season

We have previously reported an age-related impairment in the serum antibody response to pandemic (p)2009 H1N1, measured by hemagglutination inhibition assay and ELISA. The present study extends these observations and evaluates IgG subclass distribution in healthy individuals of different ages vaccinated during the 2011–2012 season. The 2011-2012 vaccination season was characterized by a vaccine containing the pandemic (p)2009 H1N1 strain for the third consecutive year. All of our subjects were previously immunized, and therefore seroprotected at t0. Nevertheless, aging impaired the serum antibody response to H1N1, as antibody titers increased after vaccination in young and less in elderly individuals. The peak of the response was at day 7 (t7), in contrast with what is usually seen at day 21–28, suggesting a memory response characterized by the induction of an IgG subclass with a shorter half-life. We hypothesized that the IgG3 response, with its much shorter half-life, might be more represented. Antibodies were predominantly of the IgG1 subclass in both age groups, although a robust IgG3 response was also induced and accounted for a significant proportion of the overall response. IgG2 and IgG4 antibodies were at indiscernible levels. We showed a much higher percentage of IgG3 (40–50%) than previously in the literature (less than 10%). To explain if this was associated with a particular cytokine profile, we measured H1N1-induced T cell cytokines in vitro and found that IgG3 levels were positively correlated with TNF-α and IL-6. Moreover, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) mRNA expression, a predictive biomarker of optimal in vivo vaccine response, was found to significantly correlate with IgG3 and also with IgG1 similar to what we have shown previously for total IgG. In the 2011–2012 season, the pandemic (p)2009 H1N1 strain was present in the vaccine for the third consecutive year and therefore each individual was seroprotected at t0. The peak of the response was at t7, suggesting a memory response characterized by a robust induction of IgG3, which was associated with TNF-α and IL-6 production. Both IgG1 and IgG3 responses were decreased by age. AID was confirmed to be a predictive biomarker of optimal vaccine responses.
Condition of Electrolytes in the Blood

ARE the salts present in the blood ionised to an equal extent as similar concentrations of these salts in aqueous solution? Are the ions absorbed by the protein? These are questions that have been attracting the attention of physiologists and biological chemists. Investigators have attempted to answer these questions principally by two methods—compensatory dialysis of the serum (Rona, Michealis, and their co-workers) or filtration with pressure (Starling, Cushny, Richter-Quittner).
Reactions of Iron Atoms with Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide in Excess Argon: Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations of Iron Carbonyl Nitrosyl Complexes†

Laser-ablated iron atoms react with CO and NO during condensation in excess argon to produce a series of iron carbonyl nitrosyl complexes. The Fe(CO)(NO), Fe(CO)2(NO), Fe(CO)(NO)2, and Fe(CO)2(NO)2 complexes are formed as reaction products during sample deposition and further annealing, which leads to dominance for the saturated Fe(CO)2(NO)2 complex. The Fe(CO)(NO) complex isomerizes to Fe(CO)(η2-NO) on visible photolysis and to the isocyanate species OFeNCO on ultraviolet irradiation. The observed absorption bands were identified by isotopic substitution (13C16O, 15N16O, 15N18O, and mixtures) and reproduced by DFT calculations of vibrational fundamentals. The FeCO subunit observed here in different nitrosyl environments appears to distort and stiffen with an increase in positive charge on iron, which may relate to the deformability of the FeCO subunit in heme proteins. The nature of bonding and reaction mechanism are discussed.
Thermal habit, metabolic rate and the evolution of mitochondrial DNA.

The hallmarks of animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are a rapid rate of sequence evolution, a small genome carrying the same set of homologous genes, maternal inheritance and lack of recombination. Over the past few years, a variety of different observations has challenged these accepted notions of mitochondrial biology. Notable examples include evidence for variable rates of mtDNA sequence evolution among taxa, evidence for large and variable mitochondrial genome sizes in certain groups, and a growing number of cases in metazoans of 'paternal leakage' in the inheritance of mtDNA. Several recent studies have uncovered different lines of evidence suggesting that an organism's thermal habit, or metabolic rate, can influence the evolution of mtDNA.
A Numerical Likelihood-Based Approach to Combining Correlation Matrices

Numerical approaches to developing accurate and efficient approximations to combined likelihoods of population correlation matrices in meta-analysis under normality assumptions for the data are studied. The likelihood is expressed as a multiple integral over the unit cube in (p − 1)-dimensional space, where p is the row and column dimensionality of the correlation matrix. Three types of computation are proposed as ways to calculate the likelihood for any population correlation matrix P. As an application, inference is explored concerning intercorrelations among math, spatial and verbal scores in a SAT exam. Comparisons are made with conventional methods.