cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further Studies on Bacterium Abortus and Related BacteriaIII. Bacterium Abortus and Related Bacteria in Cow's Milk

In any consideration of the infectiousness of a food substance, the number of virulent contaminating organisms is an important factor. In the study reported in this paper, the methods were designed to give results as to the numbers as well as kinds of bacteria of the type of Bacterium abortus and related strains found in freshly drawn milk. The methods were practically the same as those employed in an earlier work of which this is a continuation. The data presented in this paper are therefore supplemental to the earlier report.1 It was reported in the earlier paper that besides the typical virulent strains of Bact. abortus, other bacteria of similar morphology were eliminated from the udders of many cows whose milk was examined. The history of those cows was not known. Many other samples of milk have been examined from cows whose history is known in order to determine whether there might be any correlation between the presence of organisms similar to Bact. abortus in the milk and the occurrence of abortion. The fact that the serum of a certain small percentage of aborting cows does not react on the,typical strains of Bact. abortus suggested the possibility that some of these bacteria may sometimes be responsible for abortion.
ENDOSCOPIC DIAGNOSIS OF UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE.

Records of 186 patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding seen at Massachusetts General Hospital over a two year period were studied to determine the accuracy of diagnostic methods employed and to evaluate results of gastrointestinal endoscopy. Of 177 endoscopic diagnoses, 152 were correct, 11 falsely negative, and 14 incorrect. Of 191 x-ray diagnoses, 89 were correct, 34 falsely negative, and 68 incorrect. The combination of x-ray and endoscopy yielded correct preoperative diagnoses in 97 per cent of 86 patients operated on.Results obtained in this series indicate that endoscopy is a safe and accurate diagnostic method in upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Shrub Encroachment Increases Transpiration Water Loss from a Subtropical Wetland

Encroachment of woody shrubs into graminoid-dominated wetlands can impact ecosystem carbon and water cycling due to differences in species physiology. In subtropical Florida, shortened hydroperiods have led to the expansion of Carolina willow (Salix caroliniana) in sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense) marsh communities, potentially compromising ecosystem health. In this study, we assessed differences in leaf gas exchange between willow and sawgrass in Blue Cypress Marsh Conservation Area (BCMCA). Stomatal conductance (g s) and photosynthetic CO2 exchange (A net) were measured across a range of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; 0–2000 μmol m−2 s−1). Leaf area index (LAI; m2 leaf m−2 ground) was determined for each species and used in conjunction with land cover estimates to extrapolate leaf measurements to the plant canopy and assess the consequences of shrub encroachment on landscape atmospheric carbon and water exchange. Willow had higher average rates of leaf g s and A net than sawgrass. However, willow had lower water use efficiency (WUE) and greater LAI, resulting in greater loss of water through transpiration by willow populations and diminishing projected landscape water availability despite marginally increased C assimilation. Climate drying or potential positive feedbacks of shrubs to autogenic drying may accelerate shrub encroachment and increase risk of wetland loss.
Richard C. Jeffrey’s Logic of First and Higher-Order Preferences

In his article “Preferences Among Preferences” Richard C. Jeffrey endeavors to present a logic of preferences having successive orders. He claims that the formal analysis of complex implicational relations involving preferences (independently of how “first-order” preferences are interpreted) is possible through the use of a new preference connective belonging to the same syntactic category as C. I. Lewis’ symbol ‘→’, for strict implication. This connective is taken as providing a means for clearly expressing the intricate “modal involvement” which discourse concerning successive orders of preference comes to presuppose. Jeffrey’s innovation in part is to treat the mutually self-excluding constituents of preferences as sentential relata, which when related by the preference connective ‘Pref’, are found to convey complex molecular propositions.1
WE-H-209-00: Carson/Zagzebski Distinguished Lectureship: Image Guided Ultrasound Therapy

Focused ultrasound has been shown to be the only method that allows noninvasive thermal coagulation of tissues and recently this potential has been explored for image-guided drug delivery. In this presentation, the advances in ultrasound phased array technology for energy delivery, exposure monitoring and control will be discussed. Experimental results from novel multi-frequency transmit/receive arrays will be presented. In addition, the feasibility of fully electronically focused and steered high power arrays with many thousands of transducer elements will be discussed. Finally, some of the recent clinical and preclinical results for the treatment of brain disease will be reviewed. Learning Objectives: 1.Introduce FUS therapy principles and modern techniques 2.Discuss use of FUS for drug delivery 3.Cover the technology required to deliver FUS and monitor therapy 4.Present clinical examples of the uses of these techniques This research was supported by funding from The Canada Research Chair Program, Grants from CIHR and NIH (no. EB003268).; K. Hynynen, Canada Foundation for Innovation; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Focused Ultrasound Surgery Foundation; Canada Research Chair Program; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ontario Research Fund; National Institutes of Health; Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute; The Weston Brain Institute; Harmonic Medical; Focused Ultrasound Instruments
The role of CD44 and cancer stem cells

Solid tumors are composed of mutually interacting cancer cells and tumor microenvironment. Many environmental components, such as extracellular matrix (ECM), mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial and immune cells, and various growth factors and cytokines, provide signals, either stimulatory or inhibitory, to cancer cells and determine their fates. Meanwhile, cancer cells can also educate surrounding cells or tissues to undergo changes that are in favorable of tumor progression. CD44, as a transmembrane receptor for hyaluronic acid (HA) and many other ECM components and a coreceptor for growth factors and cytokines, is a critical cell surface molecule that can sense, integrate, and transduce cellular microenvironmental signals to membrane-associated cytoskeletal proteins or to cell nucleus to regulate a variety of gene expressions that govern cell behaviors. Mounting evidence suggests that CD44, particularly CD44v isoforms, are cancer stem cell (CSC) markers and critical regulators of cancer stemness, including self-renewal, tumor initiation, and metastasis. Thus, CD44 is widely used alone or in combination with other cell surface markers to isolate or enrich CSCs through fluorescence-activated cell sorting of dissociated single cells that originate from the patient, xenograft tumor tissues, or tumor cell cultures. Sorted cells are cultured in a specialized culture medium for spheroid formation or inoculated into immunodeficient mice for the analysis of tumorigenic or metastatic potential. In this chapter, detailed experimental methods regarding CD44+ tumor cell isolation, spheroid culture, and characterization will be described.
Activated Sintering of Uranium Monocarbide

The difficulties encountered in conventional sintering of uranium monocarbide impose serious economic restrictions on the use of this potentially important nuclear fuel. At the high temperatures ordinarily used for sintering, chemical control of the carbide is ineffective and the resultant density is not attractively high. Sintering aids alleviate these difficulties, but any microconstituents resulting from the additive should be eliminated to avoid adverse effects in service.
Using MODIS remote sensing data for mapping the spatio-temporal variability of water quality and river turbid plume

Fox River is the main source of land-based pollutants that flows into the southern Green Bay of Lake Michigan. Evaluation of water quality is normally based on time consuming and expensive in situ measurements. Remotely sensed data is an efficient alternative for field monitoring because of its spatial and temporal coverage. In this study, remote sensing imagery combined with in situ measurements of water quality were used to estimate an empirical relationship between water surface reflectance and water quality parameters including water turbidity and Total Suspended Sediment (TSS). Surface reflectance values is obtained from MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the Aqua satellite. The empirical equations were derived from data over summers 2011–13 and show high correlation coefficients of equal to 0.83 and 0.87 for TSS and turbidity respectively. The validity of the proposed equations was tested for summer 2014 data. The NRMSE for prediction of measured data by the proposed equations are 0.36 and 0.3 for TSS and turbidity. Remotely sensed data was also used to produce water quality maps to improve our understanding of the spatiotemporal variations of Fox River turbid plume. The proposed approach can be extended to other coastal regions of Great Lakes and provide a framework to study pollution transportation in coastal areas.
Rapid Analysis of Tetrakis(dialkylamino)phosphonium Stability in Alkaline Media

Hydroxide-stable organic cations are crucial components for ion-transport processes in electrochemical energy systems, and the tetrakis(dialkylamino)phosphonium cation is a promising candidate for this application. These phosphoniums are known to be highly resistant to alkaline media; however, very few investigations have systematically evaluated how these cations decompose in the presence of hydroxide or alkoxide anions. The excellent stability of several tetraaminophosphoniums in 2 M KOH/CH3OH at 80 °C led us to design experiments for the rapid assessment of phosphonium degradation in homogeneous solution and under phase-transfer conditions. The analysis illustrated how substituents around the cation core affect both degradation pathways and rates. β-H elimination and direct attack at the phosphorus atom are the most common degradation pathways observed in an alcoholic solvent, while α-H abstraction and direct attack are observed under phase-transfer conditions (PhCl and 50 wt % NaOH/H2O). The collected...
Variations in student learning in an inquiry-based freshmen electrical engineering course

In this work, effects of inquiry cycles on freshmen engineers are evaluated. In particular reflection based methods are studied and discussed. The paper summarizes our early findings of a phenomenographical analysis of student reflections. A first year engineering course was designed as Deweyean inquiry-base class allows freshmen engineers to think, learn and engage with old and new concepts while developing aptitude for systematic thinking, problem solving and critical thinking. students' reflections were analyzed at different points in time during the semester and selected keywords were phenomenographically classified into superficial and deep learning. Our assessment shows that most students were initially in the lower stages of learning and describing, and by adopting reflective practices students could move to higher learning stages. However, design of reflection questions and instruction styles do need to be modified to assist superficial learners to modify their learning methods.
Strategic Planning for Urban Centers: Present and Future

Whether new cities will be built to accommodate increase populations that could no longer be served by existing city infrastructure and services is in question. The accommodations include clean water, sufficient food, acceptable housing, access to adequate sanitation, garbage/waste collection and secure waste disposal, transportation, personal security, and others. As noted in Chap. 1, during the latter half of the twentieth century three new major cities were purpose built: Brasilia, Brazil, from 1956–1960, Abuja, Nigeria, from 1982–1987, and Astana, Kazakhstan, 1994–1998. The planning for each was careful and precise according previously cited norms and spacing of components that made these urban centers sustainable as well functioning metropolises mindful of the well being of its population. Egypt planned a new city 45 km (28 mi) east of Cairo with construction to start in 2017 to serve 5 million Egyptians and thus relieve Cairene population pressure. The plan includes 1.1 million homes in 21 residential districts and 25 dedicated districts to house the 5 million inhabitants, creation of more than one million jobs, 2000 schools and colleges, 663 health care facilities, and 1250 mosques and churches, all in 5–7 years. However, the cost could not be borne by the country in 2017 and plans to start construction for the new city have been put on hold. China is also planning to build a new city, Xiongan, from scratch 62 mi (100 km) southwest of Beijing to reduce the population pressure (and air pollution) stressing China’s capital city. The China Geological Survey has studied the area and found it good geologically and environmentally for surface and underground development as a new economic zone. The project received $19 billion in 2017 to start planning a “green” city to house 2.5–5 million people, accommodate some government offices, and receive industries that move from the Beijing area with the hope of reducing air pollution there. The project is expected to take 15 years to complete at a cost of more than US$290 billion [1, 2].
ON ATKINSON'S INDEX AND CONSENSUS IN RANKINGS OF INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS

This paper considers the conditions under which it is possible to achieve consensus on the welfare and inequality rankings of income distributions. For income distributions with equal means, any degree of stochastic dominance implies that Atkinson inequality indices are ordered; with unequal means the Atkinson welfare indices are ordered. This implies that if the rankings by the Atkinson indices for two degrees of inequality aversion conflict, consensus on the ranking of the income distributions cannot be achieved. A necessary and sufficent condition for stochastic dominance at some degree is an ordering of the moment generating functions.
Synthesizing Combinational Logic to Generate Probabilities: Theories and Algorithms

As CMOS devices are scaled down into the nanometer regime, concerns about reliability are mounting. Instead of viewing nano-scale characteristics as an impediment, technologies such as PCMOS exploit them as a source of randomness. The technology generates random numbers that are used in probabilistic algorithms. With the PCMOS approach, different voltage levels are used to generate different probability values. If many different probability values are required, this approach becomes prohibitively expensive. In this chapter, we demonstrate a novel technique for synthesizing logic that generates new probabilities from a given set of probabilities. We focus on synthesizing combinational logic to generate arbitrary decimal probabilities from a given set of input probabilities. We demonstrate how to generate arbitrary decimal probabilities from small sets – a single probability or a pair of probabilities – through combinational logic.
AXONAL CATECHOLAMINES FOLLOWING SUBDURAL BRAIN TRAUMA: EXAMINATION USING AN IMPROVED SPG HISTOFLUORESCENCE METHOD

ABSTRACT An improved SPG histofluorescence method for tissue monoamines was used to study the pre- and terminal axonal varicosities in rat cortex following a sudden, epidural impact injury. Results suggest anatomic and morphologic changes in the catecholamine (CA) cortical ascending fibers.
Clinician Response to a Child Who Completes Suicide

Although suicide is a leading cause of death for children and adolescents, there is a dearth of literature on clinician responses to suicides in that age group. However, most psychiatrists experience the death of a patient by suicide, with resulting grief reactions including shock, isolation, rumination, self-doubt, and impact on clinical decision making. The impact is more pronounced in trainee clinicians. Postvention is the clinical, administrative, legal, and emotional processes following a suicide. These processes are discussed in detail, with recommendations for policies and training that assist clinicians with this tragic, but common, professional crisis.
Processing MWEs: Neurocognitive Bases of Verbal MWEs and Lexical Cohesiveness within MWEs

Multiword expressions have posed a challenge in the past for computational linguistics since they comprise a heterogeneous family of word clusters and are difficult to detect in natural language data. In this paper, we present a fMRI study based on language comprehension to provide neuroimaging evidence for processing MWEs. We investigate whether different MWEs have distinct neural bases, e.g. if verbal MWEs involve separate brain areas from non-verbal MWEs and if MWEs with varying levels of cohesiveness activate dissociable brain regions. Our study contributes neuroimaging evidence illustrating that different MWEs elicit spatially distinct patterns of activation. We also adapt an association measure, usually used to detect MWEs, as a cognitively plausible metric for language processing.
Toward a Multi-Agent System Architecture for Insight & Cybersecurity in Cyber-Physical Networks

Operational Technology (OT) networks existed well before the dawn of the Internet, and had enjoyed security through being air-gapped and isolated. However, the interconnectedness of the world has found its way into these OT networks, exposing their vulnerabilities for cyber attacks. As the global Internet continues to grow, it becomes more and more embedded with the physical world. The Internet of Things is one such example of how IT is blurring the cyber-physical boundaries. The eventuality will be a convergence of IT and OT. Until that day comes, cyber practitioners must still deal with the primitive security features of OT networks, maintain a foothold on enterprise and cloud networks, and attempt to instill sound security practices in burgeoning IoT networks. In this paper, we propose a new method to bring cyber security to OT and IoT-based networks, through Multi-agent Systems (MAS). MAS are flexible enough to integrate with fixed legacy networks, such as ICS, as well with be burned into newer devices and software, such as IoT and IT networks. In this paper, we discuss the features of MAS, the opportunities that exist to benefit cyber security, and a proposed architecture for a OT-based MAS.
Antonio Gramsci: Towards an ethnographic Marxism

“Culture” was always for Gramsci an important aspect of political struggle. In the Prison Notebooks he insists on the need for «a cultural front alongside the merely economic and merely political ones» (Gramsci 1995: 345). We should note, however, that the concept of culture we find in the notebooks is rather different from that of mainstream anthropology (see Crehan 2002). At the same time Gramsci’s approach to culture and the relation of culture to history can be seen as informed by an ethnographic sensibility , which is always determined to seek out, and take seriously, the narratives others use to make sense of their world and navigate their way through it. To clarify the nature of the ethnographic sensibility we find in the notebooks and the letters from prison, the article compares this sensibility to that of Bronislaw Malinowski as laid down in the famous “Introduction” to Argonauts of the Western Pacific (termed by George Stocking, anthropology’s mythic charter). The article argues that Gramsci’s ethnographically-informed approach can help anthropologists and others trace out the complicated passage between the material structures that shape the basic social and political landscapes within which people live, and the narratives by which they live. And that understanding this is a crucial foundation for any effective political movement that would bring about a more just and fair world.
Gender and Frequent Mental Distress: Comparing Transgender and Non-Transgender Individuals' Self-Rated Mental Health.

Abstract Background: Transgender individuals are more likely to experience social and economic barriers to health and health care, and have worse mental health outcomes than cisgender individuals. ...
A geometric approach for the optimal control of difference inclusions

Difference inclusions provide a discrete-time analogue of differential inclusions, which in turn play an important role in the theories of optimal control, implicit differential equations, and invariance and viability, to name a few. In this paper we: (i) introduce a framework suitable for the study of difference inclusions for which the state evolves on a manifold; (ii) use this framework to develop necessary conditions for optimality for a broad class of discrete-time problems of dynamic optimization in which the state evolves on a manifold M. The necessary conditions for optimality we derive include the case for which the state $$q_i$$ is subject to constraints $$q_i \in S_i \subseteq M$$ , for $$S_i$$ a closed set. The resulting necessary conditions for optimality appear as discrete-time versions of the Euler–Lagrange inclusion studied by Ioffe (in Trans Am Math Soc 349(7):2871–2900, 1997), Ioffe and Rockafellar (in Calc Var Partial Differ Equ 4(1):59–87, 1996), Mordukhovich (in SIAM J Control Optim 33(3):882–915, 1995), Mordukhovich (in Variational analysis and generalized differentiation II: applications. Springer, Berlin, 2006), and Vinter and Zheng (in SIAM J Control Optim 35(1):56–77, 1997) generalized in a natural way to the case in which the state is evolving on a manifold.
Pediatric pneumonia: An analysis of cost & outcome influencers in the United States

Abstract Background Pediatric pneumonia is a significant cause of inpatient care in the United States. Significant resource utilization and the high cost of care necessitate careful evaluation, especially with continuously decreasing financial resources. Several studies have evaluated subsets and regional impact of these diagnoses, but only a few have evaluated these on a national level. Methods This retrospective analysis utilized the 2009–2012 HCUP KID Inpatient Dataset to evaluate the relationship between pneumonia diagnosis and factors affecting cost for patients between 0 and 21. One hundred forty-five thousand one hundred forty-six patients’ charges with primary pneumonia diagnosis were evaluated based on LOS, chronic conditions, severity, mortality and region. Results Majority of cases of diagnosis were of unspecified organism: 11,4811 (78%) of the total population. RSV-related pneumonia diagnosis presented second with a total of 8,156 (5.5%). Charges for pneumonia in the Emergency Department (ER) were about $13,104 and non-ER presentation at $10,238. LOS affected total charge and mortality risk for all patient population regardless of age. Conclusion This nationwide study provides a unique preview of the cost associated with care for pediatric pneumonia. Such information is essential in developing strategies to improve health outcomes and resources allocation.
Lepromatous leprosy: an elusive mimicker mistaken for polyarteritis nodosa and disseminated tuberculosis

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by the obligate intracellular microorganism, Mycobacterium leprae and presents as skin lesions and peripheral neuropathies with upper respiratory mucosa involvement. We present a case of a 36-year-old immunocompromised female whom was recently diagnosed polyarteritis nodosa vasculitis (PAN) in Trinidad and returned back to the US with a two week history of pleuritic chest pain, fever, chills, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, epistaxis and cough. Physical examination revealed a diffuse rash. Pancytopenia prompted a bone marrow biopsy, which revealed acid-fast bacteria, suspicious for disseminated tuberculosis. Histologic examination of the skin lesions revealed disseminated acid-fast, Fite-positive microorganisms within the dermis and nerves. She developed anuric renal failure and purpura fulminans with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). PCR results from the skin sample shortly thereafter revealed the presence of M. leprae DNA. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA was not identified.This case demonstrates an unusual presentation of leprosy with bone marrow involvement and highlights the importance of utilizing histologic examination together with molecular diagnostic techniques to aid in establishing the correct diagnosis and treatment. This case also cautions that leprosy can be misdiagnosed as a vasculitis, specifically PAN, as there is overlap in the clinical presentation of each disease and that clinicopathologic correlation is essential.
Spatial Fingerprinting of Biogenic and Anthropogenic Volatile Organic Compounds in an Arid Unsaturated Zone

Subsurface volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can pose risks to human and environmental health and mediate biological processes. Volatile organic compounds have both anthropogenic and biogenic origins, but the relative importance of these sources has not been explored in subsurface environments. This study synthesized 17 yr of VOC data from the Amargosa Desert Research Site in Nevada with the goal of improving understanding of spatial and temporal variations that distinguish sources of VOCs from a landfill and from ambient sources including biogenic VOCs (bVOCs). Gas samples were collected from 1999 to 2016 from an array of shallow sample points (0.5- and 1.5-m depth) and from vertical profiles at three deep boreholes: two (109 m deep) near the border of a waste facility (33 and 100 m distant), and one (29 m deep) in a remote area 3 km to the south. Samples were analyzed for target VOCs and a subset was analyzed for non-target VOCs to enumerate a greater variety of potential bVOCs. Principal components analysis of the target and non-target VOCs provided an assessment of the spatial variability of VOCs originating from the landfill site and from ambient sources. Ambient VOCs occurred at all sample sites across a range of depths, and most were consistent with biogenic origins, indicating for the first time the presence of bVOCs in the deep unsaturated zone. Because some VOCs have both anthropogenic and biogenic sources, discrimination of sources can be important for estimating the extent and migration of anthropogenic plumes in arid unsaturated zones.
Bile acids in glucose metabolism and insulin signalling — mechanisms and research needs

Of all the novel glucoregulatory molecules discovered in the past 20 years, bile acids (BAs) are notable for the fact that they were hiding in plain sight. BAs were well known for their requirement in dietary lipid absorption and biliary cholesterol secretion, due to their micelle-forming properties. However, it was not until 1999 that BAs were discovered to be endogenous ligands for the nuclear receptor FXR. Since that time, BAs have been shown to act through multiple receptors (PXR, VDR, TGR5 and S1PR2), as well as to have receptor-independent mechanisms (membrane dynamics, allosteric modulation of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D). We now also have an appreciation of the range of physiological, pathophysiological and therapeutic conditions in which endogenous BAs are altered, raising the possibility that BAs contribute to the effects of these conditions on glycaemia. In this Review, we highlight the mechanisms by which BAs regulate glucose homeostasis and the settings in which endogenous BAs are altered, and provide suggestions for future research. This Review outlines the mechanisms by which bile acids regulate glucose homeostasis and the settings in which endogenous bile acids are altered, and provides suggestions for future research.
Co-Delivery of PARP and PI3K Inhibitors by Nanoscale Metal–Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Tumor Chemoradiation

Due to their complementary activity, the use of DNA damage repair (DDR) inhibitors during radiotherapy (RT) has yielded promising results. Unfortunately, this approach is often hindered by toxicity and poor in vivo stability of the DDR inhibitors. Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs) represent an emerging class of crystalline materials which exhibit advantageous properties over traditional nanomaterials and demonstrate great potential in oncology. Herein, a unique, synergistic treatment strategy for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of RT via nMOF-mediated drug delivery and RT enhancement was evaluated. A nMOF containing the high-Z element Hf and the ligand 1,4-dicarboxybenzene (Hf-BDC) was synthesized and loaded with the two DDR inhibitor drugs, talazoparib and buparlisib (TB@Hf-BDC-PEG). TB@Hf-BDC-PEG augmented RT by increasing reactive oxygen species generation and thus DNA damage of which repair was inhibited thereafter. Synergistic enhancement was demonstrated in vivo where the combination of concurrent radiation with intravenous TB@Hf-BDC-PEG administration resulted in improved tumor control and increased apoptosis. Importantly, no apparent toxicity was observed with nMOF treatment, supporting its potential as an attractive candidate over traditional nanomaterials. This work provides the first report of nMOFs employed to enhance the therapeutic response to RT through DDR inhibitor delivery and physical radiation dose enhancement.
“What Can We Do If They Are Not Getting?”: Perspectives of Teachers on Inclusive Education in a Low-Fee Paying Private English-Medium School

Focusing on one private, low-fee paying English-medium school in India, which served students from low socioeconomic backgrounds, this study sought to understand teachers’ perspectives on inclusive education and student failure. Data included interviews with six teachers, classroom observations, and student work samples. The study found that the teachers believed they were not responsible for ensuring that students learn. This was illustrated by their largely negative views of their students’ background, minimal engagement with academically struggling students, and a focus on teacher-led instruction emphasizing rote memorization instead of conceptual and linguistic comprehension. Despite efforts toward Education For All, poor students continue to be the most disadvantaged in their access to quality education.
Cervicofacial actinomycosis of the mandible in a paediatric patient.

Cervicofacial actinomycosis remains a rare pathogenic finding in the paediatric population. Diagnosis is challenging, as findings are often non-specific and Actinomyces species are generally difficult to culture. Treatment is a prolonged course of antibiotics, either intravenous and oral, often combined with a surgical procedure to remove the lesion. This patient had non-specific intermittent left mandibular pain for 8 months that was eventually attributed to an Actinomyces odontolyticus infection in the mandible. Diagnosis required incisional biopsy, and treatment involved 12 months of oral antibiotics.
A facile and sensitive method of quantifying glutaminase binding to its inhibitor CB-839 in tissues

Many cancer types reprogram their metabolism to become addicted to glutamine. One of the critical enzymes in the utilization of glutamine in these cells is glutaminase. CB-839 (telaglenastat) is a drug that targets glutaminase that is currently being evaluated in many clinical trials for efficacy in various cancer types that are known to be driven by glutamine metabolism. Despite its use, there are limited assays available for testing the pharmacodynamic on-target effects of CB-839 on the limited, small-volume patient samples that are obtained in early-phase clinical trials. Thus, we developed an assay based on the cellular thermal shift assay technique using AlphaLISA technology to show that CB-839 specifically engages glutaminase in colon cancer cell lines in vitro and in minute quantities of mouse xenograft tumors. Notably, we show that this assay detects CB-839 binding to glutaminase in platelets of patients collected while receiving CB-839 on a clinical trial. This assay may be used to study the pharmacodynamic profile of CB-839 in very small tissue samples obtained from patients on a clinical trial and may be useful in future studies designed to screen other inhibitors of glutaminase.
Structural modeling and validation of laminated stacks in magnetic gearing applications

Abstract Laminated structures are commonly employed in magnetic gears based on their ability to direct magnetic flux, while inhibiting eddy currents. Unfortunately, the stiffness of the laminated structure is much lower than a solid part, which can lead to unacceptable deflections, given the large magnetic forces and small air gaps in magnetic gears. Finite element analysis of laminations to accurately predict these deflections can be computationally expensive due to the small elements needed to model the thin lamination dimensions. These analyses also have some uncertainty due to the assignment of bonding stiffness. This paper presents a means of accurately modeling the deflection of a laminated stack with reduced complexity and computational time, which is compared to experimental results. The resulting methods are then used to assess the magnetic and mechanical advantages of different designs for the modulating pieces of a magnetic gear.
Right-sided scrotal varicocele and its association with malignancy: a multi-institutional study.

To determine the prevalence of isolated right-sided varicocele due to an obstructing malignancy in patients with no other evidence of malignancy. This retrospective, multi-institutional study included a text search for right-sided varicocele in consecutive reports of scrotal ultrasound studies performed between 4/22/1999 and 06/24/2018. Diagnosis was confirmed by a radiologist based on the following criteria: pampiniform plexus vein diameter of ≥ 2 mm, which has augmented flow or increases by ≥ 1 mm on Valsalva. Inclusion criteria for adequate follow-up were (1) abdominopelvic CT or MRI performed within 3 months prior to, or any time after, the ultrasound study; or (2) presence of clinical documentation more than 2 years after the ultrasound date. Exclusion criteria were existing cancer diagnosis in the abdomen or pelvis, epididymo-orchitis, intratesticular or intrascrotal mass, and prior scrotal surgery. Images of available CT or MRI studies were reviewed for presence of any explanation of right-sided varicocele. 210 patients with right-sided varicocele met inclusion and exclusion criteria. 118/210 had abdominopelvic CT or MRI in the assigned timeframe. Of these, no patients had malignancy that could account for right-sided varicoceles. Of the 92/210 patients without CT or MRI but with available clinical follow-up, none had a malignancy that could have caused an isolated right-sided varicocele. There was no underlying malignancy to explain the right-sided varicocele in any of the patients, 0/210, 95% CI [0.0–1.4%]. No associated malignancy was found in patients with isolated right-sided varicoceles to support additional imaging for malignancy screening.
HYPERBOLIC PHENOMENA IN THE FLOW OF VISCOELASTIC FLUIDS

This paper treats the problem of hyperbolicity, change of type and nonlinear wave propagation in the flow of viscoelastic fluids. Rate equations for fluids with and without instantaneous elasticity are derived and discussed. The equations of fluids with instantaneous elasticity are hyperbolic in unsteady flow and can change type in steady flow. The wave speeds depend on velocities and stresses. Some estimates of wave speeds into states of rest are given. For many of the popular models of fluids the vorticity is the field variable which changes type. The vorticity of all fluids with instantaneous elasticity can change type in motions which perturb rigid ones. Experiments and analysis exhibiting vorticity of changing type are exhibited. The linearized viscoelastic problem is governed by equations having the properties of a telegraph equation. The damping is small when the fluid is very elastic. Elastic fluids have a long memory, a large time (Weissenberg number) for relaxation. The damping is rapid when the relaxation time is small even when the flow is very supercritical. It is shown that steady flow around a body is of “transonic” type. The linearized problem for flow over a flat plate is reduced to an integral equation for the vorticity distribution on the plate. The problem of nonlinear wave propagation is discussed and the problems of nonlinear smoothing and shocking are considered. It is shown (by M. Slemrod) that the shocks of vorticity can arise from smooth data in some models and shocks of velocity in other models.
A Laboratory Set-Up for Cyber Attacks Simulation Using Protocol Analyzer and RTU Hardware Applying Semi-Supervised Detection Algorithm

The integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) into the modern power system makes it a complicated cyber-physical system (CPS). In this case, an adversary may find some loopholes, penetrate to CPS layer, compromise data, and consequently result in security and stability issues. In this paper, we proposed a laboratory set up to emulate the attacker's behavior and then detect the injected false data. To this end, RTU hardware and software are used to simulate a typical SCADA system. A protocol analyzer software is also employed to simulate a cyber-attack, inject false data, and send it to the control center. In the second stage, we developed a two-stage framework to detect FDIA. First, the LSTM, as a supervised learning algorithm, is utilized to build a predictive model. In this process, hyperparameter optimization is implemented to improve the accuracy of the developed model. In the second stage, an unsupervised scoring algorithm is applied to the real-time data to find the sequences of injected false data. Also, a penalty factor is considered during the detection procedure to prevent the algorithm from greedy search behavior. Simulation results on a real-world data set (Chicago load/weather) show the proposed method's effectiveness in the cyberattack implementation and FDIA detection problem.
Early Experience With Ahmed Clear Path Glaucoma Drainage Device in Childhood Glaucoma.

PURPOSE The aim was to evaluate the short-term outcomes of Ahmed clear path (ACP) valveless glaucoma drainage device in childhood glaucoma. METHODS Retrospective chart review of all patients 16 years or below with childhood glaucoma who had ACP implantation at Boston Children's Hospital from December 2019 to June 2020 with at least 6 months follow-up period. RESULTS The study included 7 eyes of 5 patients implanted by a single surgeon. The median follow-up was 12 months. The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) was reduced from 36±3.5 mm Hg on a mean of 2.7±0.6 glaucoma medications preoperatively to a mean IOP of 12.4±2.8 mm Hg (P<0.001) on a mean of 0.7±0.8 medications postoperatively at final follow-up (P=0.0009). Complete success was achieved in 4 eyes while qualified success was achieved in 3 eyes. CONCLUSION The ACP glaucoma drainage device provided good short-term IOP control and technical advantages for implantation for pediatric eyes were observed.
Equilibrium Models and Option Prices

In an equilibrium framework the dynamics of the aggregate dividend are taken as given and the volatility of the wealth portfolio is determined by the prices of risk in the model. Since option prices depend strongly on volatility they are very informative about these risk prices. We use this observation to compare the pricing of S&P 500 options to a model in which preferences are recursive and aggregate consumption has stochastic growth and volatility. We find that the pricing of the risk of shocks to the growth rate of consumption is inconsistent with a model in which the representative agent has isoelastic recursive utility.
Socioecological Factors and Farmer Perceptions Impacting Pesticide Use and Pollinator Conservation on Cucurbit Farms

While research suggests that pollinator decline is linked with agricultural practices, it is unclear whether farmers share this view and adapt management to promote pollinators based on their understanding of these threats. To address these issues, we surveyed farmers of pollinator-dependent cucurbit crops across four states in the Midwest, USA. We grouped farmers by their perceptions of pollinator declines and routes of pesticide exposure and used statistical models to evaluate if farmers manage pests and pollinators based on these perceptions. Out of 93 completed surveys, 39% of farmers believed pollinators were in decline. When grouped, 17% of farmers were classified as proponents, ranking (on a 1 - 5 Likert scale) the factors mediating pesticide exposure and pollinator declines as important or highly important. For comparison, 44 and 39% of farmers were classified as neutral or skeptical, respectively, of these same factors. Compared to the neutral and skeptic groups, proponents were on average younger, had fewer years farming but more years in family farming, and were more dependent on income from outside the farming system. Proponents also on average reported smaller farms, higher pest richness, more land in cucurbit production, and greater richness of crops that are not pollinator dependent, when compared to the neutrals and skeptics. We did not find pest and pollinator management to be related to farmer perceptions of pollinator decline or routes of pesticide exposure, but farmers classified as pollinator “proponents” were more likely to indicate participation in future pollinator habitat restoration programs. Rather, management strategies were better explained by on-farm environmental conditions (e.g., pest richness, farm size, number of pollinator dependent crops) and economic factors (e.g., sources of income). Generally, our research shows that farmers who perceive pollinator threats may not be using pollinator supportive practices. Thus, while some farmers believe in pollinator declines, there remains a need to connect this knowledge with on-farm practices.
Examining Export-Led Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa and China

Export-led growth is an economic hypothesis that links the level of a nation’s exports to economic growth in that country. Seen primarily as a model for low-income, developing nations to accelerate convergence as China began to do in the 1980s, the hypothesis theoretically still stands for developed nations. However, there exists significant discussion and doubt as to the strength and causality of the relationship between exports and growth, especially after a nation has industrialized and established itself as a major exporter. This paper examines and compares the effect of exports, imports, and net exports on economic growth for a set of low-income nations (Sub-Saharan Africa) and a country that has already undergone a significant economic transformation (China, at the provincial level). I regress the share of exports, imports, and net exports against GDP growth for Sub-Saharan African nations and Chinese provinces, and use instrumental variables to check for robustness. I find that while in Sub-Saharan Africa the share of exports and net exports exhibit a positive relationship with economic growth, higher shares of exports and net exports in China are associated with lower economic growth. This suggests that export-led growth is valid in Sub-Saharan Africa, but no longer is in China. I pose two potential explanations for this outcome in China: inefficient trade with low-income nations or decreasing trade with high-income nations. Regressions of China’s exports to these two types of economies over time indicate that the latter is the primary cause of the distinction in the effect of exports.
Trauma-Informed Sex Positive Approaches to Sexual Pleasure

This paper develops a trauma-informed sex-positive framework as a public health, clinical, and research approach to sexual experience over the life course. The framework centers trauma-informed sex...
Cassini Solstice Mission Maneuver Experience: Year Two

The Solstice Mission is the final extension of the Cassini spacecraft s tour of Saturn and its moons. To accommodate an end-of-mission in 2017, the maneuver decision process has been refined. For example, the Cassini Project now prioritizes saving propellant over minimizing maneuver cycles. This paper highlights 30 maneuvers planned from June 2012 through July 2013, targeted to nine Titan flybys and the final Rhea encounter in the mission. Of these maneuvers, 90% were performed to maintain the prescribed trajectory and preserve downstream delta V. Recent operational changes to maneuver executions based on execution-error modeling and analysis are also discussed.
On the least absolute remainder Euclidean algorithm

The usual operation of the Euclidean algorithm uses the least positive remainder at each step of division. However, the Euclidean algorithm can be modified to allow positive or negative remainders provided the absolute value of the remainder is less than the divisor in each step of division. For example, in computing the greatest common divisor of 3 and 5, there are three Euclidean algorithms in this extended sense:
Comparison of Peripheral Blood versus Bone Marrow Blast Immunophenotype in Pediatric Acute Leukemias

Due to continued improvement in molecular and immunodiagnostic methods, more leukemia subtypes are being defined and diagnosed by their genetic and immunophenotypic profiles rather than by morphologic features alone. These advances, while relegating morphologic review and bone marrow (BM) blast counts to a lesser relevance, have elevated expectations of a full diagnostic work up using any specimen containing blasts, regardless of BM blast status. In some clinical situations, the pathologist is often asked to render a complete diagnostic and prognostic work up of leukemia on a peripheral blood (PB) sample, due to poor specimen quality or blast yield in a BM sample, with the intuitive assumption that PB and BM blasts, in the same patient and at a given point of time, are identical. In an attempt to evaluate the immunophenotypic aspects of this assumption, we searched our records for cases of acute leukemia that had immunophenotyping of both PB and BM at the time of diagnosis, and found 5 cases: 2 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 3 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases. Utilizing similar pre-analytical conditions and similar FC gating strategy, positivity of the blasts in PB vs BM for some commonly used markers was compared. Significant differences were seen in several myeloid, lymphoid and platelet markers in all patients.
Radio and Optical Observations of Pulsars

I shall assume that you are familiar with the most basic characteristics of pulsars; there is strictly periodical radiation of discrete pulses of energy, the pulses varying in shape and intensity from one pulse to the next and from one radio frequency to another.
Spontaneous intracranial arterial dissection in the young: diagnosis by CT angiography

Background Spontaneous carotid artery dissections have been rarely reported in children. Diagnosis has traditionally been confirmed by catheter arteriography. More recently diagnosis has been made by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography; however the sensitivity of these techniques has yet to be determined. The authors are unaware of reports of carotid dissection confirmed by dynamic computed tomography (computerized tomographic arteriography) in the young.