cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of the diurnal tide and thermospheric heat sources on the formation of mesospheric temperature inversion layers

One hundred eighty nine hours of mesopause region temperature, meridional wind, and Na density measurements were made at the Urbana Atmospheric Observatory (40°N, 88°W) during both day and night in Sep/Oct 1996. The data are used to study tidal oscillations and their relationship to mesospheric temperature inversion layers. The observations show that thermospheric forcing by UV and EUV absorption plays an important role in establishing the tidal characteristics in the upper mesosphere. Because of the large tidal amplitudes and strong thermospheric heating during the day, the general characteristics of the background temperature structure can only be established by measuring temperature throughout the diurnal cycle. When the temperature profile is averaged over the complete diurnal cycle, the mesopause is considerably warmer (196 K compared to 190 K) and lower (96 km compared to 101 km) than that observed at night. Furthermore, there is little evidence of the prominent inversion layers frequently reported in nighttime measurements. These features appear to be artifacts associated with incomplete sampling of the strong diurnal tide.
Value dependence graphs: representation without taxation

The value dependence graph (VDG) is a sparse dataflow-like representation that simplifies program analysis and transformation. It is a functional representation that represents control flow as data flow and makes explicit all machine quantities, such as stores and I/O channels. We are developing a compiler that builds a VDG representing a program, analyzes and transforms the VDG, then produces a control flow graph (CFG) [ASU86] from the optimized VDG. This framework simplifies transformations and improves upon several published results. For example, it enables more powerful code motion than [CLZ86, FOW87], eliminates as many redundancies as [AWZ88, RWZ88] (except for redundant loops), and provides important information to the code scheduler [BR91]. We exhibit a fast, one-pass method for elimination of partial redundancies that never performs redundant code motion [KFS92, DS93] and is simpler than the classical [MR79, Dha91] or SSA [RWZ88] methods. These results accrue from eliminating the CFG from the analysis/transformation phases and using demand dependences in preference to control dependences.
Propriospect and the Acquisition of Culture

Returning to some unfinished business from the “old” culture-and-personality days, the author notes that although no one really acquires culture, we employ no widely recognized term to point to the unique constellation of cultural competencies that an individual does actually achieve in the course of a lifetime. Grappling with this issue years ago, Ward Goodenough suggested the term propriospect, which he defined as the totality of the private, subjective view of the world and its contents that each human develops out of personal experience. Tracing the historical roots of several related ideas and concepts, the author suggests that we need, and can make good use of, a term like propriospect, both in doing and in teaching anthropology, with the added caution that no one really “acquires” propriospect, either.
Tracheal occlusion in fetal rats alters expression of mesenchymal nuclear transcription factors without affecting surfactant protein expression.

Abstract Background/Purpose Mesenchymal nuclear transcription factors (MNTF) are involved in lung development and maturation and regulate surfactant protein (SP) expression. Prolonged (>2 weeks) fetal tracheal occlusion (TO) has been shown to accelerate lung growth and inhibit pulmonary surfactant synthesis. The effects of TO on SP expression and MNTF, however, have not been formally assessed. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of short-term (3 days) TO on normal lung growth and protein expression of pulmonary MNTF involved in SP synthesis. Methods At E19 (term, 22 days), 2 fetuses per time-dated Sprague-Dawley rats underwent either TO (n = 23) or a sham (n = 22) operation. Lungs were harvested 72 hours post surgery. Pulmonary SP-A; SP-B; SP-C messenger RNA (mRNA) expression; and SP-A and SP-B, Hoxb5, thyroid transcription factor 1, and retinoic X receptor– α protein expression were analyzed. Results Lung weight was significantly increased by TO (TO 0.32 ± 0.02g vs SHAM 0.14 ± 0.01 g; P P = .25), SP-B-mRNA (87.7 ± 0.2 TO vs 87.4 ± 0.02 SHAM; P = .33), and SP-C-mRNA (186.5 ± 3.2 TO vs 183.2 ± 2.7 SHAM; P = .45) expression was found. Surfactant protein A (175.6 ± 25.3 TO vs 192.5 ± 19.8 SHAM; P = .59) and SP-B (163.4 ± 5.2 TO vs 166.8 ± 9.3 SHAM; P = .75) protein expression were similar in both groups; however, Hoxb5 (70.3 ± 18.9 TO vs 130.6 ± 5.1 SHAM; P = .02) and thyroid transcription factor 1 (102.6 ± 19 TO vs 181.1 ± 6.3 SHAM; P = .007) expression were significantly decreased. Retinoic X receptor– α expression tended to be increased by TO (171.9 ± 6.0 TO vs 155.4 ± 6.7 SHAM; P = .06). Conclusions Short-term TO late in gestation induces rapid lung growth. Surfactant protein–mRNA and protein expression are not significantly altered. Thyroid transcription factor 1 and Hoxb5 are down-regulated by TO, suggesting that duration and timing of occlusion are important in balancing the effects of TO on lung growth vs lung maturation.
Ascertaining disabling perceptions using perceptual mapping: applications to teachers’ perceptions of adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Research has demonstrated that humans form perceptions as a result of a variety of complex cognitive processes. The purpose of this pilot study is to demonstrate the potential use of perceptual mapping as a means to capture the perceptions of groups of individuals who work closely with people with disabilities and examine their perceptions in a graphic display that is understandable to the group and may be a means to help them to better recognize, understand, and ultimately alter any faulty perceptions of people with disabilities. In this case, a pilot group of 10 teachers was used to examine their perceptions of adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using perceptual mapping. The pilot study offers support for perceptual mapping as an effective means to collect, organize, and convey information regarding perceptions of disability, which may be useful to facilitate a deeper understanding by those who hold flawed perceptions that can be disabling to those with whom they interact. The met...
Comparative mapping on the mouse and human X chromosomes of a human cDNA clone encoding the vasopressin renal-type receptor (AVP2R)

Mutations in the gene for the human renal-type vasopressin receptor (V2R) have recently been identified in patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). Both V2R and NDI have been independently mapped to Xq28. Using a combination of genetic and physical mapping, we have localized the murine V2r locus to within 100 kb of L1Cam on the mouse X chromosome in a region syntenic with human Xq28. Based on conserved gene order of mouse and human loci in this region, physical mapping using DNA derived from human lymphoblasts has established that the corresponding human loci V2R and L1CAM are linked within 210 kb. The efficiency and precision of genetic mapping of V2r and other loci in the mouse suggest that it might be easier to map additional human genes in the mouse first and infer the corresponding human location. More precise physical mapping in man could then be performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and/or yeast artificial chromosomes.
Ultrasonic attenuation in heavy fermion superconductors

Abstract The large effective electron mass in the heavy fermion superconductors UPt 3 and UBe 13 can produce peaks and other features in the temperature and magnetic field dependent sound attenuation.
Algorithm 856: APPSPACK 4.0: asynchronous parallel pattern search for derivative-free optimization

APPSPACK is software for solving unconstrained and bound-constrained optimization problems. It implements an asynchronous parallel pattern search method that has been specifically designed for problems characterized by expensive function evaluations. Using APPSPACK to solve optimization problems has several advantages: No derivative information is needed; the procedure for evaluating the objective function can be executed via a separate program or script; the code can be run serially or in parallel, regardless of whether the function evaluation itself is parallel; and the software is freely available. We describe the underlying algorithm, data structures, and features of APPSPACK version 4.0, as well as how to use and customize the software.
The effect of mashing on malt endoproteolytic activities.

During malting and mashing, the proteinases of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and malt partially hydrolyze their storage proteins. These enzymes are critical because several aspects of the brewing process are affected by the soluble proteins, peptides and/or amino acids that they release. To develop improved malting barleys and/or malting and brewing methods, it is imperative to know whether and when the green malt endoproteinases are inactivated during malting and mashing. These enzyme activities are totally preserved during kilning and, in this study, we have determined when they were inactivated during mashing. Samples were removed from experimental mashes that mirrored those used in commercial breweries and their endoproteolytic activities were analyzed. The malt endoproteinases were stable through the 38 °C protein rest phase, but were quickly inactivated when the mash temperature was raised to 72 °C for the conversion step. All of the proteinase activities were inactivated at about the same rate. These...
Genetic Residues of Prehistoric Migrations: An End to Biological Essentialism and the Reification of Race

Recent advances in molecular genetics allow tracing of past human migrations by markers on human mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome DNA. The results show that humanity is very young compared to other species and that as a result there is very little intr-specific variation (about .1%). Further only a small portion of that .1% about 10% is distributed geographically. This means that traditional racial divisions mean almost nothing. They are confined to differences in population frequencies of certain external traits (skin color, hair texture) and susceptibility to certain diseases. Searching for racial differences on in basic human capabilities or dispositions is, therefore a fool's errand.
Gene therapy for diabetes mellitus in rats by hepatic expression of insulin.

Abstract Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by severe insulin deficiency secondary to the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Patients need to be controlled by periodic insulin injections to prevent the development of ketoacidosis, which can be fatal. Sustained, low-level expression of the rat insulin 1 gene from the liver of severely diabetic rats was achieved by in vivo administration of a recombinant retroviral vector. Ketoacidosis was prevented and the treated animals exhibited normoglycemia during a 24-hr fast, with no evidence of hypoglycemia. Histopathological examination of the liver in the treated animals showed no apparent abnormalities. Thus, the liver is an excellent target organ for ectopic expression of the insulin gene as a potential treatment modality for type 1 diabetes mellitus by gene therapy.
Extracts from Agassiz's Lectures on Geology and Paleontology (1856-1861)

Selected passages, typical of Agassiz's teaching of geology and paleontology, are presented from his students' notes to illustrate what he was teaching at the Museum of Comparative Zoology during the period of 1856-61. Included are remarks on coral reefs, ancient rocks, geological periods, fossil records, mountain building, and river valleys. Personal comments are also included.
The Arab psychogenomic repository for bipolar disorders in Doha, Qatar

Bipolar Affective Disorders are disorders of mood regulation that affect 1-5% of the population worldwide. The severe mood swings that are the hallmark of this disorder can interfere with the patient's personal life and career and often result in marked distress for the patient and family. While the etiology of the disorder remains somewhat elusive, genetic factors are known to be major contributors. Research in patients of European descent have identified several genes that are strongly associated with bipolar disorder. These genes include CACNA1C, ANK3 and Syne1 genes. However these findings have not always been replicated and it is not known whether these or other genes are also associated with bipolar disorder in populations of other racial/ethnic origin. In an effort to address this issue, we recruited 120 patients with bipolar disorder from different Arab countries. The majority were Qataris. All patients were clinically assessed with the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS) that we translated into Arabic and adapted to the local culture. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the patient population will be presented. Compared to patients recruited in other parts of the world, our population sample is unique in at least three different and important ways: 1) there is a high frequency of psychosis among our patients (>60%); 2) co-morbidity with alcohol and/or substance abuse is relatively rare (<20%) and 3) about 30% of patients had a family history of a similar disorder in first degree relatives. DNA extracted from a blood sample was obtained on each patient. The DNA was sent for whole genome sequencing at the Hudson Alpha Institute in Huntsville, Alabama in the USA. The sequencing was completed at a depth of 30X. The genetic variants across the genome through all genes, regulatory regions and intronic genetic sequence were encoded in the data. The total amount of data exceeded 10 Tbytes. We have just started the long and tedious process of data analysis that will be shared. These projects lay the foundation for the establishment here in Doha of a repository of clinical and biological data for patients with bipolar disorders. We hope this work will eventually lead to the establishment of the first Arab Psychogenomic Repository for Bipolar Patients in the Middle East.
Systems analysis in a complex environment: an interactive educational approach

Abstract Many approaches have been proposed for systems analysis but few researchers propose a continuous educational exchange between users and systems analysts. This type of exchange is critical to successful system implementation when the environment is complex and subject to change. Both users and systems analysts must be informed of the others' roles and the purposes and objectives of the system. This paper presents a conceptual model of providing education to both users and analysts in each phase of system development and an application and discussion of the model.
Previous cancer and radiotherapy as risk factors for lung cancer in lifetime nonsmokers

A history of previous primary cancer and of radiotherapy were investigated as risk factors for lung cancer in lifetime nonsmokers in a hospital-based case-control study. By design, subjects with a previous tobacco-related primary (of the lung, larynx, oropharynx, esophagus, kidney, bladder, or pancreas) were excluded. Information was available on 30 male and 47 female lung cancer cases and 87 male and 132 female controls, all lifetime nonsmokers, interviewed in hospitals in four United States cities between 1985 and 1990. In males, neither a history of a previous primary nor a history of radiotherapy was associated significantly with lung cancer; however, the numbers of exposed cases were small. In females, after adjustment for age, education, hospital, lifetime environmental tobacco-smoke exposure, and body mass index, both a history of a reproductive primary and a history of radiotherapy were associated significantly with lung cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 4.9, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.4-17.7, and OR = 4.4, CI = 1.3-15.1, respectively). Due to a high correlation between a history of a reproductive primary and a history of radiotherapy in the cases, it was not possible to estimate the effect of one exposure independent of the other. These results are consistent with the possibility that endocrine factors may play a role in some lung cancers in women.
Career Development: A Vital Part of Contemporary Education:

In the 1960s, the world was not ready for the reform movement called career education, and implementation efforts were sporadic and largely fleeting. Today the world requires, and educators need to find ways to meet the career readiness and career development needs of all students, and this goal needs to be integrated into the mission of all education.
Prevalence and distribution of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in salvage radical prostatectomy specimens after radiation therapy.

High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is the most likely precursor of prostate cancer. The effect of radiation therapy (RT) on the prevalence of PIN is uncertain. We studied 86 patients who underwent salvage radical prostatectomy after irradiation failure at the Mayo Clinic. The prevalence, volume, multicentricity, spatial proximity to cancer, and architectural patterns of PIN were evaluated. High-grade PIN was identified in 53 (62%) of 86 prostatectomy specimens. Multiple architectural patterns were usually observed, including tufting in 87%, micropapillary in 66%, cribriform in 38%, and flat in 17%. The mean volume of PIN was 0.12 cm 3 (range, 0.05-1.20 cm 3 ). PIN was usually multicentric (70%), with a mean number of PIN foci of 2.5 (range, 1-10). Ninety-four percent of PIN foci were located within 2 mm of invasive cancer. There was no correlation between PIN and pathologic stage, surgical margin, tumor size, DNA ploidy, post-RT Gleason score, time interval from RT to biopsy-proven recurrence, postoperative prostate-specific antigen level, distant metastasis-free survival, or cancer-specific survival. Our examination of salvage radical prostatectomy specimens indicated that the prevalence and extent of PIN appeared to be reduced after RT compared to published studies of prostatectomies without prior RT.
Thermal conductivity of neon in the temperature range 400–2400K

Abstract Accurate measurements of the thermal conductivity of neon are given in the temperature range 400–2400K as obtained on an improved thermal conductivity column instrument. These data are found to be in good agreement with the earlier measurements of thermal conductivity from this laboratory and also with the available viscosity values. The present conductivity data are also compared with the predictions of kinetic theory in conjunction with several different forms for the intermolecular potential.
The Cellular Content of Non-Erythroid Spectrins and Ankyrins is Modulated by External Forces

Cells are exposed to mechanical forces in the form of stretch, shear stress, and hydro-static pressure and they transduce those forces into physical as well as biochemical responses. An important, mechanical cell-component that also takes part in this process of mechano-transduction is the spectrin based membrane skeleton. In the context of non-erythroid cells this structure has seen very little attention so far, while its counterpart in erythroid cells, which lack any other significant mechanical structure, has been extensively studied. For example, it was investigated that the erythroid α-spectrin has an E2/E3 ubiquitination site that allows it to either ubiquitinate itself or spectrin associated Ankyrin. Interestingly, the corresponding domain in non-erythroid α-Spectrins is both conserved and is located at a mechano-sensitive site within a tri-helical spectrin repeat. Thus, we looked at the change in non-erythroid Spectrins' and Ankyrins', suspected targets' contents in NIH-3T3 Fibroblasts and multipotent-10T1/2 cells as they are exposed to stretch magnitudes of 20% at a frequency of 1Hz. Using a combination of fluorescence microscopy, quantitative gel analysis and immunoprecipitation, we find that spectrin content drastically decreases by up to 80%, while ankyrin content increases by up to 30% in the two cell types when they are exposed to bi-axial stretch. Technically, we were also able to establish that quantitative fluorescence microscopy on immunostained fixed cells is as suitable to measure relative changes in protein content as immunoprecipitated Coomassie blue stained protein gels. Finally, our results from co-immunoprecipitation and Western blotting indeed suggest that the cause of these changes in protein content is the poly-ubiqutination activity of spectrin on itself as well as ankyrin. Since both proteins act also as scaffolds for membrane associated proteins, these force induced changes should also impact membrane organization and structure.
Experimental performance of calibration and direction-finding algorithms

In sensor array processing, high-resolution eigenbased direction-finding algorithms are known to be sensitive to sensor gain, phase, and mutual coupling errors. In order to approach the algorithms' theoretical direction-finding performance in actual arrays, methods are required to measure these errors and compensate for them. The authors develop calibration procedures based on least squares fitting of known measured direction vectors. After calibration any appropriate direction-finding algorithm may be applied. Experimental results from an ultrasonic array testbed demonstrate the performance of the calibration algorithms. A previously proposed autocalibration algorithm is discussed. The algorithm is shown to give nonunique solutions for linear arrays. >
Tubercidin and isopropylureidopurine--inhibitors of ribothymidine synthesis in vitro.

Abstract Two purine analogs, 7-deazaadenosine (tubercidin) and isopropylureidopurine (IPUP), have been found to inhibit the uracil tRNA-methylating enzymes of Escherichia coli. Conversion of isopropylureidopurine to its ribonucleoside derivative rendered it ineffective as a methylation inhibitor. The uracil tRNA-methylating enzyme system, which specifically catalyzes the biosynthesis of ribothymidine in transfer RNA, is relatively resistant to inhibition by a number of adenine derivatives that were previously shown to interfere with the activity of enzymes that catalyze the methylation of guanine in tRNA. Included amongst the substances that inhibited the enzymatic transfer of methyl groups to tRNA guanine, but at comparable concentrations did not significantly affect uracil tRNA methylation, were kinetin riboside, 6-methylaminopurine riboside, isopentenyladenosine and 6-isoamylureidopurine riboside. Tubercidin and IPUP, however, inhibited both guanine and uracil tRNA-methylating enzymes. These results indicate that the structural requirements for inhibitors of the various base specific tRNA-methylating enzymes are not identical. It, therefore, seems possible that the relative activities of these enzymes can be selectively altered by drugs and that they may be separately regulated in vivo.
What's a little collusion between friends?

This paper proposes a fundamentally different approach to addressing the challenge posed by colluding nodes to the sustainability of cooperative services. Departing from previous work that tries to address the threat by disincentivizing collusion or by modeling colluding nodes as faulty, this paper describes two new notions of equilibrium, k-indistinguishability and k-stability, that allow coalitions to leverage their associations without harming the stability of the service.
Inhibition of Toll-like receptor and cytokine signaling: A unifying theme in ischemic tolerance

Cerebral ischemia triggers acute inflammation, which exacerbates primary brain damage. Activation of the innate immune system is an important component of this inflammatory response. Inflammation o...
The Michigan equine monitoring system. II. Frequencies and impact of selected health problems

Abstract A prospective study was designed to document the frequencies of equine health problems in the state of Michigan, USA. A total of 2469 horses from a random sample of 138 equine operations were monitored in the study in two 12-month periods: 1992–1993 and 1993–1994. All the major breeds of horses in the state were proportionately represented in the sample. Using weighted annual incidence densities as measures of disease frequencies, the 10 most frequently observed groups of health problems were (from most to least frequent) leg lameness, dermatological problems, respiratory problems, hoof and foot problems, reproductive problems, systemic problems, colic, whole body lameness, neurological problems and gastrointestinal problems (other than colic). This ranking of the top 10 health problems was different from the ranking provided by equine owners/operators at the beginning of the study. Overall, very low specific mortality rates were observed in the study. However, the conditions that were associated with mortality resulted in fairly high case fatalities. The five specific illnesses that most commonly resulted in fatalities were (from greatest to least case fatality risk) systemic problems, colic, gastrointestinal problems (other than colic), neurological problems, and foot and hoof problems. Impact of disease was evaluated in terms of average duration of a case and days lost for performance. Neurological problems, lameness and dermatological problems had the longest duration per case. Neurological problems, lameness, respiratory problems and gastrointestinal problems (other than colic) had the longest average days lost per case.
Northern Summer Tropical Circulations During Drought and Normal Rainfall Months

Abstract We contrast the 200 mb flow regimes during a drought year (1972) with those during a normal rainfall year (1967) over the global tropics for the northern summer months. It is shown that the deficient rainfall over central India and western Africa during 1972 may be related to the following: 1) warm sea surface temperatures over the equatorial Pacific; 2) excessive number of typhoon days over the western Pacific; 3) strong east-northeasterlies over the equatorial eastern Indian ocean (related to upper level outflows from typhoons); 4) weaker tropical easterly jet; 5) weaker meridional pressure gradient over India; 6) weaker Tibetan high; 7) a southeastward shift of the major circulation patterns as well as of several dynamical parameters; 8) weaker vertical wind shear and a weaker measure of the combined barotropic-baroclinic instability over West Africa; and 9) weaker westward steering for rain-producing disturbances over India and a consequent stronger influence of the mountains. A sequential in...
The Human Resource Executive Effect in Initial Public Offering Firms

There is much discussion about firms putting human resource management (HRM) to strategic use, in part by hiring senior HRM executives. This study explored whether that recommendation can help entrepreneurial, growth-oriented companies. By applying organizational inertia concepts, the authors investigated whether having a senior HRM executive reporting to a firm's CEO affected firm performance in a sample of firms making their initial public offerings (IPOs). Results indicate that smaller, fast-growing IPOs experience the most gain from having senior human resource executives.
Single-domain and superparamagnetic titanomagnetite with variable Ti content in young ocean-floor basalts: No evidence for rapid alteration

High resolution electron microscope studies have been carried out on ‘zero-age’ (New Flow) basalts from the Juan de Fuca Ridge and on young (< 20 ka) basalts from the axis of the East Pacific Rise at 12°N. Such data lead to characterization of the magnetic minerals, especially those of smaller grain size, which have been hypothesized by Kent and Gee to have undergone grain size-dependent alteration. In addition to larger titanomagnetite grains, abundant submicrometer titanomagnetite has been observed in globules within a glassy matrix. These grains, likely to be single-domain (SD) or superparamagnetic, are associated with apatite, uncommon pyrrhotite and residual glass. The submicrometer titanomagnetite grains have a wide compositional range (0 < x < 0.8), where x is the fraction of ulvospinel component, whereas the larger, multi-domain (MD)-sized titanomagnetite grains have a narrow composition range of approximately x = 0.6. This variability in Ti content provides a ready explanation for the thermal rock magnetic properties observed by Kent and Gee and eliminates the need to invoke extremely rapid (< 20 ka) alteration of these young basalts.
Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis of the cervical spine

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis of the cervical spine are rare entities. The nomenclature and detailed anatomic features of these conditions are discussed. Four new cases are presented and the world literature is reviewed.
Engineering a compact parallel delaunay algorithm in 3D

We describe an implementation of a compact parallel algorithm for 3D Delaunay tetrahedralization on a 64-processor shared-memory machine. Our algorithm uses a concurrent version of the Bowyer-Watson incremental insertion, and a thread-safe space-efficient structure for representing the mesh. Using the implementation we are able to generate significantly larger Delaunay meshes than have previously been generated—10 billion tetrahedra on a 64 processor SMP using 200GB of RAM.The implementation makes use of a locality based relabeling of the vertices that serves three purposes—it is used as part of the space efficient representation, it improves the memory locality, and it reduces the overhead necessary for locks. The implementation also makes use of a caching technique to avoid excessive decoding of vertex information, a technique for backing out of insertions that collide, and a shared work queue for maintaining points that have yet to be inserted.
Effect of hyperthermia on hypoxic cell fraction in tumor.

Abstract The effect of hyperthermia on the proportion of hypoxic cells in SCK mammary tumor of A/J mice was investigated. About 45% of clonogenic cells in the unheated control tumor were radiobiologically hypoxic. Upon heating with a 43.5°C water bath for 30 min, the proportion of hypoxic cells increased and then decreased: it was 95% at 5 hr and 60% at 12 and 24 hr after heating. Despite the increase in the proportion of hypoxic cells 5 hr after heating, the absolute number of hypoxic cells in the tumors at this time was significantly smaller than that in the unheated control tumors because of a decrease in the total number of surviving tumor cells. The initial increase in the proportion of hypoxic cells after heating may be attributed mainly to vascular occlusion. Proliferation of cells in the oxic area, and thus an increase in oxic cell number, appears to account for the decline in the proportion of hypoxic cells from 5 hr after heating.
Evidence for a role for cardiac myosin in regulating the contractile response.

Abstract Dinitrophenylated bovine cardiac myosin incorporates 1.3 mol of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitro-benzene per 5 × 105 g of protein. Concomitantly there was an activation of the Ca2+-ATPase activity and an inhibition of the K+(EDTA)-ATPase activity. The dinitrophenyl group is located in the smallest active proteolytic fragment, subfragment 1. Virtually all of the labeling occurs in the region containing the heavy chains of cardiac myosin as judged by dissociation experiments in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Dinitrophenylated myosin failed to form calcium-sensitive actomyosin when tested in an ATPase assay system containing actin, tropomyosin, troponin and ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)N,N′-tetraacetic acid. Thiolysis of the dinitrophenyl group from myosin with 2-mercaptoethanol restored its ability to form a calcium-sensitive actomyosin. The Ca2+ and K+(EDTA)-ATPase activities were also restored to control values. These results indicate that cardiac myosin participates in the regulation of the interaction between the contractile proteins.
Structural characterization of α-helices of implicitly solvated poly-alanine

The structural characteristics of α-helices in poly-alanine-based peptides have been investigated via molecular dynamics simulation with the goal of understanding the basic features of peptide simulations within the context of a model system, classical molecular dynamics with generalized Born (GB) solvation, and to shed insight into the formation and stabilization of α-helices in short peptides. The effects of peptide length, terminal charges, proline substitution, and temperature on the α-helical secondary structure have been studied. The simulations have shown that distinct secondary structure begins to develop in peptides with lengths approaching 10 residues while ambiguous structures occur in shorter peptides. The helical content of peptides with lengths ≥10 amino acids is observed to be nearly constant up to (Ala)40. Interestingly, terminal charges and proline in the second position from the N-terminus alter the secondary structure locally with little effect on the overall α-helical content of the pe...
Effect of monocrotaline ingestion on liver, kidney, and lung of rats

Abstract Young, male rats were administered monocrotaline (MCT) ad libitum in the drinking water (22 μg/ml) for up to 28 days, and the development of toxicity in lung, liver, and kidney was examined. Clearance of perfused 5-hydroxytrytptamine by isolated lungs of treated rats was decreased as early as 14 days. This was accompanied by increases in lung/body weight ratio and in lactate dehydrogenase activity in cell-free bronchopulmonary lavage fluid. Hypertrophy of the right heart and increased inflow perfusion pressure of isolated lungs were apparent by 21 days of MCT treatment. The magnitude of the changes in all of these parameters increased with duration of treatment. After 28 days of treatment biliary indocyanine green excretion was decreased and plasma glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity was slightly elevated. Twenty-eight days of treatment also resulted in elevated blood urea nitrogen, decreased accumulation of p -aminohippuric acid by kidney slices, and increased accumulation of tetraethylammonium by kidney slices. Thus, lung, liver, and kidney are each affected by this MCT treatment regimen, and functional effects on lung precede effects on other tissues.
A Variational Assimilation System for Nearshore Wave Modeling

A variational data assimilation system is developed for the stationary, homogeneous portion of the wave model Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN). The system is based on a numerical adjoint constructed for the discrete forward SWAN code; its performance is compared to that of an earlier system based on a discretized analytical adjoint (Walker; Veeramony et al.). This paper describes the development and validation of individual numerical adjoint subroutines, followed by the testing and evaluation of the assimilation system as a whole with an idealized twin experiment and with data from Duck, North Carolina. In the twin experiment, the present system performs on par with that of Walker. Estimates of wave spectra and spectral statistics also compare well to measured spectral data at Duck, North Carolina. The error in these estimates is partly due to the exclusion of nonlinear source and sink terms from the adjoint and partly due to different spectral processing techniques used for different types of instruments.
Robustness of joint transform correlator versus VanderLugt correlator

The robustness of the joint transform correlator (JTC) versus the VanderLugt correlator (VLC) are evaluated based on the transversal and the longitudinal misalignment. We show that the VLC is very sensitive to the transversal misalignment, while the JTC is not. Although the VLC performs better in terms of longitudinal alignment, the tolerable misalignment in recording the joint transform power spectrum (JTPS) is in the order of a millimeter, which can be easily adjusted in practice. In short, we conclude that the JTC is far more robust than the VLC.
Cognitive and Clinical Characteristics of Sexual and Religious Obsessions

Sexual and religious obsessions are often grouped together as unacceptable thoughts, symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder hypothesized to be maintained by maladaptive beliefs about the importance and control of thoughts. Although there is empirical justification for this typology, there are several reasons to suspect that sexual and religious obsessions may differ with respect to associated obsessional beliefs and personality traits. In this study, we examined the associations between sexual and religious obsessions (separately) and (a) putatively obsessional cognitive styles, especially beliefs about the importance and control of thoughts, and responsibility, (b) obsessive-compulsive personality traits, and (c) schizotypal personality traits. Whereas sexual obsessions were predicted only by increased beliefs about the importance and control of thoughts, and contamination obsessions were predicted only by inflated responsibility appraisals and threat estimation, religious obsessions were independently predicted by both of these constructs. In addition, only religious obsessions were related to self-reported obsessive-compulsive personality traits. Researchers and clinicians should be cognizant of potentially important distinctions between sexual and religious obsessions, and the possibility that scrupulous OCD shares processes with both autogenous and reactive presentations.
Optical pumping and hyperpolarized spin relaxation

Optical pumping is to use light photons to polarize the atomic electron spins first and then the nuclear spins of noble gases get polarized through the spin exchange between atomic electron spins and nuclear spins. Using optical pumping nuclear spins of noble gases such as 3 He and 129 Xe can be polarized to 50% or higher, hundred thousand times higher than the proton polarization in conventional MRI. It has been found in this theoretical work that the conventional spin relaxation equations are not valid for the hyperpolarized spins. We find that hyperpolarization and spin coupling result in the multipole spin orders. These multipole spin orders cross-relax each other. New longitudinal relaxation equations for the dipole-dipole coupled hyperpolarized spins at room temperature have been derived. These new equations predict that the longitudinal magnetization relaxation of hyperpolarized spins is, in general, bi-exponential decay instead of single exponential decay. The potential applications of the findings in quantifying the paramagnetic source in lung and other tissue and in modeling hyperpolarized spin relaxation in bio-compatible media are pointed out as well.
Education, Social ‘Structure’ and the Power of Individuals

Abstract This paper addresses the question of the relative contribution of individuals and of social ‘structures’ to the form and content of education in society. Premises underlying arguments according primacy to socio-structural forces are compared with social assumptions embedded in concepts focusing on educational consequences of individual activity. The utility and limitations of both views are identified and discussed. Suggestions for educational praxis are offered on the basis of the theoretical position adopted as most appropriate.
Tacit Knowledge and Knowledge Management: The Keys to Sustainable Competitive Advantage

B competitive advantage is increasingly found in knowing how to do things, rather than in having special access to resources and markets, knowledge and intellectual capital have become both the primary bases of core competencies and the key to superior performance. This article explores how companies can best grow their knowledge resources to create not simply competitive advantage, but sustainable competitive advantage. In recent years, the development of “hypercompetition” and shortened product lifecycles have reduced the degree to which much special knowledge can provide companies with sustained competitive advantage. Shrinking logistical and communication costs, along with new organizational designs, have enabled multinational corporations (MNCs) to function as truly global companies, rather than as conglomerations of national ones. Global companies introduce their newest products worldwide and effectively share knowledge across country units. Fueling hypercompetition, many industries now have several MNCs competing against each other on a worldwide basis, rather than a few local companies and only one MNC competing in each market. New product innovation has become the key to competing successfully. MNCs use their deep pockets to fund research and development (R&D), and they reverse engineer each other’s products and turn to consultants to learn about best practices in their industry. Companies develop or acquire new knowledge so rapidly that having special knowledge is no longer a basis for sustainable competitive advantage. To provide sustained competitive advantage, one needs knowledge that is difficult for outsiders to copy as well as the ability to rapidly develop new knowledge. In a graphic demonstration of the transient value of much knowledge, Michael Tushman began his courses at Columbia Business School by asking what the following list of products had in common: watches, cars, cameras, color TVs, hand tools, radial tires, industrial robots, machine tools, electric motors, financial services, food processors, microwave ovens, stereo equipment, athletic equipment, computer chips, optical equipment, medical equipment, and consulting services. The answer: each of these industries was initially dominated by a company with specialized knowledge, but that company rapidly lost its lead as other companies acquired the knowledge required to compete. Also illustrating the situation, fewer than 40% of the Fortune 500 companies of 1970 still existed in their original form by 1991. In today’s environment, much of the Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 164–178, 2001 ISSN 0090-2616/01/$–see frontmatter © 2001 Elsevier Science, Inc. PII S0090-2616(01)00026-2
Cell Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction—Where Do We Go From Here?

Multiple clinical trials have been performed to test the hypothesis that administration of bone-marrow-derived progenitor and stem cells (BMCs) may improve left-ventricular (LV) function following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). These studies have generally confirmed that cell therapy administration can be safely administered; however, consensus has not been reached on whether this approach results in an improvement in LV function or clinical outcomes. Although many of the published studies have been randomized, placebo-controlled trials, many important questions regarding patient selection, methodology and trial design still exist. To date, almost no information has been obtained in regard to optimal dosing and cell type, timing of administration and preferred method of delivery. As a result, current cell therapy administration for AMI finds itself at the crossroads. In this review we have highlighted some of the important questions that remain unanswered in the field of cell therapy after AMI. We believe that future cell therapy trials should attempt to incorporate these important issues in designing upcoming clinical trials in order for the field to move forward.
Block Programs: Improving Efficiency of Verifiable Computation for Circuits with Repeated Substructures

In the cloud computing paradigm, clients outsource computation to professional service providers. However, service providers may be error-prone or otherwise not entirely trustworthy, and therefore oftentimes the returned results need to be thoroughly verified. As such, the problem of verifiable computation has been motivating a rapidly-growing body of research, yielding increasingly-efficient systems, which currently achieve nearly-practical verifiable computation. Most recent solutions firstly transform the computation task into an arithmetic circuit, and then based on this circuit they design a verification protocol using argument systems.In this paper we focus on the verification protocol after the circuit generation. We notice the state of the art involve a considerable cost, including the verifier's amortized cost, (i.e., the cost that needs to be amortized over a large number of work instances), and the prover's cost of proof generation. The most efficient argument systems still incur an amortized cost that is linear in the size of the circuit. In this paper, we show that verifiable computation can be made more efficient by taking advantage of computations with corresponding circuits containing repeated substructures (e.g. loops). Since loops play a pivotal role in the real world of computing (not only compute-intensive computations but also data-intensive computations such as big data applications), we take loops as a typical example, propose a new verification protocol for repeated structures and show that the circuit generated from computation with loops can indeed lead to a lower amortized cost and a lower cost of proof generation. Using the theory of arithmetic circuit complexity we prove that for most programs our design results in very significant savings. Our verification design for loops is based on Block Programs (BPs), an innovative encoding scheme for circuits with repeated structures.
Cardiopulmonary interactions in acute lung injury.

Abstract PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Through shared anatomy, pressures, and endothelial connections, the respiratory and cardiovascular systems affect each other in complex but clinically important ways. RECENT FINDINGS: Lung injury has clinically important circulatory effects, especially with regards to right ventricular function. Mechanical ventilation and PEEP produce a host of circulatory consequences, some beneficial, some life-threatening. At the same time, circulatory impairments and treatments can magnify the impact of lung failure. SUMMARY: Cardiopulmonary interactions underpin current views of fluid management and mechanical ventilation. Understanding cardiopulmonary interactions and their physiological basis has direct clinical relevance.
Divergence of the Kalman filter

The Kalman estimation technique is examined from the point of view of the asymptotic behavior of the errors in the estimates. It is shown that, under certain conditions, the mean-square errors may become unbounded with time, and that this divergence may or may not be correctable by increasing the intensity of process noise assumed in the filtering model General results are derived for multidimensional systems, and both "true" and "apparent" divergence are demonstrated by a simple scalar system. Divergence due to numerical inaccuracies is considered, and an example problem in orbital navigation is used to demonstrate divergence and its elimination.
Operationalization of Learning Scenarios on Open and Distance Learning Platforms: The Case of the Moodle Platform

This paper aims to facilitate the operationalization of scenarios on learning platforms. We propose an approach based on the explicitation and the formalization of the implicit business language in order to use it as a mean of communication with external design tools without losing the semantic of the designed scenario. The originality of our approach relies in performing the scenarios operationalization by the development of a simple API based on the implicit language of the platform. Our proposal is based on a theoretical framework inspired from the Domain Specific Modeling. Finally, we detail the implementation of our proposal on MOODLE.