cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Evolution and Geographic Distribution of Headache Medicine Fellowship Programs and Graduates: An Observational Study

Objectives We sought to assess the experiences, growth, and distribution of accredited headache medicine fellowships since accreditation began in 2007, and to examine the number and current practice locations of fellows graduated from those programs. Background There are no data on the distribution of headache fellowship programs and their graduates throughout the United States. Methods We surveyed directors of Headache Medicine fellowship programs accredited by the United Council of Neurologic Subspecialties as of April 1, 2014. We recorded the geographic locations of accredited programs and fellowship graduates and determined their distribution in relation to the overall and selected minority populations of US census divisions, regions, and states. Results In early 2014, there were 25 accredited Headache Medicine fellowship programs in the United States. Thirty-two (63%) US states lack a headache fellowship program and 24 (47%) do not have a practicing United Council for Neurologic Subspecialties fellowship graduate. Fifty-two of 96 fellows (54%) entered practice in the same state where they did their training. The northeastern United States has the best ratio of fellowship programs and graduates to population (0.28 and 0.35 per million inhabitants) and land area (6.38 and 8 per 100,000 square miles). The Pacific Northwest has the worst (0.05 and 0.02 fellowship programs and graduates per million inhabitants and 2.3 and 1.1 per 100,000 square miles). Fifty-five percent of the US Hispanic population lives in areas of the country with only 32% of practicing certified headache specialists, 28% of accredited fellowship programs, and which have attracted only 27% of fellowship graduates. Thirty-three percent of the US black population lives in areas with just 8% of fellowship programs and 27% of fellowship graduates. Fellowship directors report that funding for fellowship positions is an important challenge. Conclusions The number of fellowship programs has increased dramatically since 2007, but their geographic distribution is uneven and so are the subsequent practice locations of fellow graduates. At present, the distribution of training programs and headache specialists is not well matched to the US population as a whole or to the location of important racial and ethnic minorities. Increasing the overall supply of headache specialists is important, but geographic inequalities in specialist distribution must also be addressed or disparities will increase.
Utilization of aquatic plants Elodea canadensis and Hydrilla verticillata in broiler chick diets

A 21-day study was conducted to assess the feeding value of elodea (Elodea canadensis Michx.) and hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata Rich.). One hundred and ninety-two 2-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments. Each treatment had 6 replicates with 8 chicks each. For the dietary treatments, dried ground aquatic plants replaced ground yellow maize and soya-bean meal, as follows: (1) control (basal); (2) basal with 5% elodea; (3) basal with 10% elodea; (4) basal with 5% hydrilla. Elodea and hydrilla had higher concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium and trace elements, especially iron and manganese, than maize and soya-bean meal. Chicks given 5 or 10% elodea had similar feed conversion, feed intake and body weight gain to controls. However, 5% hydrilla significantly (P < 0.05) depressed feed conversion, feed intake and body weight gains. The relatively high ash and/or calcium content of hydrilla may be responsible for lowered performance. Hydrilla may possibly need to be washed with tap water to remove sand and/or calcium accumulation on the leaves before giving it to poultry.
Dynamic hit logic with embedded 8Kb SRAM in 45nm SOI for the zEnterprise™ processor

With the push to ever higher core frequencies, more logic functions are making their way onto critical path SRAMs in the L1 cache look up structure. Described in this paper is a 14 bit dynamic hit logic scheme with an embedded 8K bit SRAM in IBM's 45nm SOI [3]. The hit logic uses a “search-for-a-hit” scheme (i.e., XOR's followed by AND functions, pre-charged to a miss) to provide optimal performance, timing, and power. A custom microcode programmable Array-Built-In-Self-Test (ABIST) engine tests both the SRAM and hit logic function jointly, resulting in comprehensive “at-speed” test coverage to guarantee circuit functionality and timing margins. The SRAM is organized as a 64×15b×8W (way, or set) array and uses a 6T SRAM cell (1Read/1Write, 0.462μm2) in a “domino” hierarchal dual read bitline approach [1]
Virulence of Agrobacterium on Larix decidua and Their Cellular Interactions as Depicted by Scanning Electron Microscopy

European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) seedlings were inoculated with a number of Agrobacterium strains to screen susceptibility to infection by agrobacteria. Nine of fourteen Agrobacterium strains tested were virulent on this conifer species. The attachment of virulent Agrobacterium to larch seedling tissues was examined using scanning electron microscopy
The use of laser capture microdissection to study the infection of Glycine max (soybean) by Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode).

The soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) is an obligate parasite of soybean (Glycine max). It is the most destructive pathogen of G. max, accounting for approximately 0.46–0.82 billion dollars in crop losses, annually, in the U.S. Part of the infection process involves H. glycines establishing feeding sites (syncytia) that it derives its nourishment from throughout its lifecycle. Microscopic methods (i.e., laser capture microdissection [LCM]) that faithfully dissect out those feeding sites are important improvements to the study of this significant plant pathogen. Our isolation of developing feeding sites during an incompatible or a compatible reaction is providing new ways by which this important plant-pathogen interaction can be studied. We have used these methods to create cDNA libraries, clone genes and perform microarray analyses. Importantly, it is providing insight not only into how the root is responding at the organ level to H. glycines, but also how the syncytium is responding during its maturation into a functional feeding site.
The Contributions of Phonatory Volume and Transglottal Airflow to the S/Z Ratio

This investigation tested two underlying premises of the s/z ratio. Interpretation of the ratio rests on the assumptions of equal phonatory volumes in producing both consonants and of increased air...
Contraceptive Action of Glycerol on Chicken Spermatozoa in Oviducal Organ-Slice Cultures

Chicken spermatozoa in diluent with and without glycerol were evaluated after coculture with oviducal tissues. The motility of glycerolized (G) spermatozoa was lower in the cultures of vaginal tissue than in uterine tissue. The percentage of dead, G spermatozoa increased in cultures of the vagina and uterus but not in infundibulum cultures. Glycerol significantly increased the percentage of dead spermatozoa in both vaginal and uterovaginal cultures when compared to nonglycerolized spermatozoa in the same cultures. The percentage of dead G spermatozoa was higher for semen in vaginal culture than in uterovaginal culture. Uterovaginal tissue appeared to protect spermatozoa from some of the detrimental effects of glycerol. Incubation time had a significant detrimental effect on motility and percentages of dead and abnormal spermatozoa regardless of semen or tissue treatment.
Apparent dose-dependent levetiracetam-induced de novo major depression with suicidal behavior.

Levetiracetam (LEV) is a novel antiepileptic drug (AED) approved for the adjunctive treatment of generalized and partial seizures. LEV has no clinically significant drug interactions and has limited adverse effects. The psychiatric adverse effects of LEV include de novo psychosis, affective disorder, and aggression. LEV-induced suicidal behavior has been reported infrequently with a past history of affective disorders. The authors report an apparent dose/concentration-dependent LEV-induced de novo major depression with near fatal suicide attempt in a patient without prior history of affective disorder. Psychiatric evaluation with emphasis on historic/current affective disorders, impulsive–aggressive behaviors, and assessment of risk factors for suicidal behaviors is indicated in treating patients with epilepsy with LEV. Clinicians should consider therapeutic drug monitoring to optimize therapeutic LEV treatment.
First-layer island growth during epitaxy

We study the growth of first-layer islands making use of a mean-field model to describe the diffusion of free adatoms on the uncovered substrate. Model parameters are determined from recent experimental results for the growth of metals. The growth law is found using the quasi-steady-state approximation and we show that this result is consistent, at short times where this approximation may be questioned, with the exact asymptotic result. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A kernelised fuzzy-Support Vector Machine CAD system for the diagnosis of lung cancer from tissue images

This research describes a non-interactive process that applies several forms of computational intelligence to classifying biopsy lung tissue samples. Three types of lung cancer evaluated (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and bronchioalveolar carcinoma) together account for 65?70% of diagnoses. Accuracy achieved supports hypothesis that an accurate predictive model is generated from training images, and performance achieved is an accurate baseline for the process's potential scaling to larger datasets. Feature vector performance is good or better than Thiran and Macq's in every case. Except bronchioalveolar carcinomas, each individual cancer classification task experienced improvement, with two groupings showing nearly 20% classification accuracy.
Beware of Frequency Shifts

It is common practice to study physico-chemical phenomena by a procedure customarily referred to as variational spectroscopy. This approach entails the collection of spectra as some physical parameter is varied—for example, the temperature. Temperature-induced changes in the spectra are then monitored by measuring some spectral parameter, such as band position (or frequency), intensity, or width. Over the years we and others have used this type of measurement extensively to study temperature- and pressure-induced phase transitions of biological membranes. In the course of recent experiments on specifically labeled 13C=O phospholipids, we came across an unexpected and intriguing example of how one can be misled by a frequency shift.
Tidally oscillating bisulfide fluxes and fluid flow rates observed with in situ chemical sensors at a warm spring in Monterey Bay, California

Abstract An In Situ Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer (ISUS) was coupled to a benthic chamber to characterize the bisulfide flux emanating from a warm spring at the Extrovert Cliff locality within Monterey Bay, California. The chamber was periodically flushed with bottom seawater to reset chemical concentrations, which enabled deployments over multiple days. Data from several deployments, each lasting at least 10 days, were used to calculate flow rates, fluid concentrations, and fluxes over time. The bisulfide concentration of the fluid entering the chamber varied from 75 to 4500 μmol l −1 . Positive temperature anomalies up to 3.5° were associated with these elevated concentrations. Linear flow rates ranged from 2 to >17 m day −1 , while the bisulfide fluxes varied from 0.2 to 80 mol m −2 day −1 . The bisulfide originated at depth and was not produced in the surface sediments via an anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to sulfate reduction. Tides modulated the flow as well as the composition of the fluid entering the chamber. It appeared that a deep sourced fluid, which supplied the bisulfide, was mixed with a second, ambient seawater-like fluid before entering the flux chamber. At low tides, flow rates were at their highest and the contribution of the deep sourced fluid to the fluid entering the chamber was at a maximum.
Stabilization of Feedback Systems Via Distribution of Delays

Abstract This paper investigates the results of distributing the delay of a single feedback system. To distribute the delayed feedback, the single delay is replaced by the sum of two distinct delays with the same effective delay. The statistical properties of the new distribution function in the feedback, namely the sum of two delta functions, are used to quantify the effectiveness of delay distribution. We show that the distribution is effective in reducing the magnitude of the open loop transfer function, thereby, decreasing the gain-crossover frequency and improving the phase margin. Using these results, we explain the stabilizing effects of a delayed controller proposed in another publication. Finally, we demonstrate a potential application.
Characterization of Vibrational Resonances of Water-Vapor Interfaces by Phase-Sensitive Sum-Frequency Spectroscopy

Phase-sensitive sum-frequency spectroscopy provides correct characterization of vibrational resonances of water-vapor interfaces and allows better identification of interfacial water species contributing to different parts of the spectra. Iodine ions emerging at an interface create a surface field that tends to reorient the more loosely bonded water molecules below the topmost layer.
Human genetics in dentistry: a summary of three national conferences.

The impact of human genetics on delivery of dental health care was studied; guidelines were formulated to define the role of genetics in dental education.
Identification and molecular cloning of a neuropeptide Y homolog that produces prolonged inhibition in Aplysia neurons.

Abstract The neuroendocrine bag cell neurons of the marine mollusk Aplysia produce prolonged inhibition that lasts for more than 2 hr. We purified a peptide from the abdominal ganglion that mimics this inhibition. Mass spectrometry and microsequence analysis indicate that the peptide is 40 as long and is amidated at its carboxyl terminus. It is highly homologous to vertebrate neuropeptide Y (NPY) and other members of the pancreatic polypeptide family. As determined from cloned cDNA, the gene coding for the precursor protein shares a common structural organization with genes encoding precursors of the vertebrate family. The peptides may therefore have arisen from a common ancestral gene. Bag cell neurons are immunoreactive for Aplysia NPY, and Northern blot analysis indicates that as with its vertebrate counterparts, the peptide is abundantly expressed in the CNS. This suggests that peptides related to NPY may have important functions in the nervous system of Aplysia as well as in other invertebrates.
Hindered E1 decay of the 6 keV individual particle state of73Ta181

Abstract The halflife of the 6.25 keV first excited state of Ta 181 has been determined by a delayed coincidence experiment with a time-to-pulse height conversion method and found to be t ½ = (6.8±0.4) × 10 −6 s. The E1 gamma transition probability of the state is smaller by a factor of 5×10 5 than the single particle estimate in qualitative accord with Nilsson's asymptotic selection rules. The normalized transition probability agrees within a factor of five with four other E1 transitions occurring between levels of neighbouring nuclei which are predicted to be almost identical according to the unified theory.
Gonadal steroid hormone-dependence of β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in the medial preoptic area of the rat

Gonadal steroid hormones are known to alter the expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA in neurons of the arcuate nucleus (ARC). These neurons send projections to the medial preoptic area (MPOA), wherein mu-opiate receptor density is cyclical and gonadal steroid hormone-dependent. Although beta-endorphin-(beta-Endo) content in the MPOA is known to vary across the estrous cycle, the effect of gonadal hormones on the distribution and density of beta-Endo-like immunoreactive (IR) fiber density in the preoptic area is unknown. In the present study, immunohistochemical staining was used to investigate the effects of gonadal steroid hormone treatment on beta-Endo-like IR fibers in the MPOA of ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. The density of beta-Endo-like IR fibers was low in the MPOA of OVX rats, but increased slightly following treatment with 17 beta-estradiol (E2) or 3 h after subsequent progesterone (P) injection. However, beta-Endo-like IR fiber density increased significantly 27 h after E2P treatment, and remained elevated 51 h after E2P treatment in the periventricular zone and in the medial portion of the medial preoptic nucleus, although the general distribution of fibers was unchanged. These results suggest that the density of MPOA beta-Endo innervation is normally gonadal steroid hormone-dependent and that the medial MPOA contains greater opioid tone than the lateral MPOA regardless of the hormonal state. Furthermore, since beta-Endo-like IR fiber density remained elevated even though gonadal hormone levels decreased, additional factors might modulate the release or turnover of beta-Endo in the MPOA during normal estrous cycling.
Ultrastructure of the embryonic stem cells of the 8-day pig blastocyst before and after in vitro manipulation: development of junctional apparatus and the lethal effects of PBS mediated cell-cell dissociation.

Ultrastructural examination of 8-day hatched pig blastocysts (large and small), their cultured inner cell mass (ICM), and cultured epiblast tissue (embryonic stem cells) was undertaken to assess the development of epiblast cell junctions and cytoskeletal elements. In small blastocysts, epiblast cells had no desmosomes or tight junction (TJ) connections and few organized microfilament bundles, whereas in large blastocysts the epiblast cells were connected by TJ and desmosomes with associated microfilaments. ICM isolation by immunodissection damaged the endoderm cells beneath the trophectoderm cells but did not appear to damage the epiblast cells or their associated endoderm cells. Epiblast cells in cultured ICMs were similar in character to those in the intact large blastocyst except that perinuclear microfilaments were observed. Isolated pig epiblasts, cultured for ∼36 hr on STO feeder layers, formed a monolayer whose cells were connected by TJ, adherens junctions and desmosomes with prominent microfilament bundles running parallel to the apical cytoplasmic membranes. Perinuclear microfilaments were a consistent feature in the ∼36 hr cultured epiblast cells. A feature characteristic of differentiation into notochordal cells, i.e., a solitary cilium, was also observed in the cultured epiblast. Exposure of the cultured epiblast cells to Ca++-Mg++-free phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 5–10 min resulted in extensive cell blebbing and lysis. The results may indicate that pig epiblast cells could be more easily dissociated from early blastocysts (∼400 μm in diameter) if immunodissection damage to the ICM can be avoided. It may be difficult, however, to establish them as embryonic stem cell lines because the cultured pig epiblast cells were easily lysed by standard cell–cell dissociation methods. Anat Rec 264:101–113, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sampling efficiency for an alternating poisson process

The efficiency of schemes for sampling an alternating Poisson process (0,1 observations) is evaluated by the inverse ratio of the variance of the proportion estimate, p, to the binomial variance. The variance ratio presented by D.R. Cox (in Renewal Theory) for fixed interval sampling is generalized to accommodate random sampling and random sampling after a time delay equal to a fixed proportion, γ , of the mean time between observations, δ. The result is a sampling design tool that provides quantifications for the effect of various spacings between observations and of fixed vs. random sampling. Direct application is made to thes field of work sampling.
Expression of the ζ Protein Subunit in CD3- NK Effectors Derived from Human Thymus

Abstract The origin, lineage derivation, and sites of human natural killer (NK) cell differentiation are presently unresolved. The vast majority of NK cells found in peripheral blood have surface membrane expression of CD2 and CD16. Both antigens trigger activation pathways which require the ζ protein, a signal-transducing subunit of the CD3-T cell receptor (CD3-TCR) complex which is found as an isolated homodimer (ζ-ζ or heterodimer (ζ-FccRIγ) in human NK cells. Unlike NK cells found in adult peripheral blood, NK cells derived in vitro from human CD34 + hematopoietic progenitor cells lack CD2 and CD16, and those found in fetal liver constitutively express CD3 and δ proteins. However, NK effectors derived in vitro from immature human CD3 - thymocytes show striking phenotypic and functional similarities to adult human NK cells. In this report, we characterize ζ protein expression in CD3 - thymocytes following short-term culture in recombinant (r)IL-2. CD3 - CD56 + thymocyte NK effectors express the ζ protein as a disulphide-linked homodimer of 32 kDa, yet lack other protein components of the CD3-TCR complex. Both CD16 + and CD16 populations were found to express ζ and within the CD16 + fraction, ζ is physically associated with CD16. These data provide evidence of additional similarities between adult peripheral blood NK cells and CD3 CD56 + NK effectors derived from human thymocytes, and suggest that under these experimental conditions, human NK cells can arise from early thymic precursors.
STOCHASTIC BEHAVIOR OF FLUIDIZED PARTICLES IN A LIQUID-SOLID FLUIDIZED BED

In a liquid-solid fluidized bed, the apparently irregular or stochastic behavior of particles gives rise to various flow regimes depending on parameters such as the particle size, liquid flow rate, static bed height and axial position in the bed. It is highly plausible that this irregular behavior manifests itself as pressure fluctuations; thus, the effects of these parameters on the particle behavior or the particle flow regime were investigated through measurement and spectral analysis of the pressure fluctuations. The results indicate that the amplitude of pressure fluctuations exhibits a maximum and that the decay constant in the autocorrelation function attains its minimum at the intermediate liquid flow rate where the particle flow regime undergoes transition from the cluster circulation to the individual quasi random motion. The model composed of the periodic and stochastic components of pressure fluctuations, is in good accord with the experimental results in terms of both the autocorrelation and ...
Elements of teacher communication competence

This study employs a perceptual theory of competence to examine the relationships among student‐teachers’ communication skills, motivation, and knowledge in relation to perceived teaching effectiveness, communicator style and teacher credibility. The results indicate that communication skill instruments may be helpful in differentiating successful from non‐successful student teachers.
2,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid and 2,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid.

The title compounds (both C9H10O4) have nearly planar structures, and the methyl and/or carboxylic acid groups lie out of the molecular plane, as dictated by steric interactions. 2,5-Di­methoxy­benzoic acid (2,5-DMBA) forms an unusual intramolecular hydrogen bond between the carboxylic acid group and the O atom of the methoxy group in the 2-position [O⋯O = 2.547 (2) A and O—H⋯O = 154 (3)°]. 2,4-DMBA forms a typical hydrogen-bond dimer with a neighboring mol­ecule.
Pseudocleft constructions in Marshallese wh- questions

This paper argues for an analysis of Marshallese wh- questions comparable to other Austronesian languages and claims that Marshallese questions with an initial wh- word do not involve wh- movement in the traditional sense. Rather, I argue that this type of question is a pseudocleft and consists of a headless relative clause subject and a wh- predicate that is base generated in the normal predicate position. The wh- predicate then moves to an initial functional projection within the left periphery. In support of this analysis, I discuss (i) the existence of non-identity effects, (ii) the absence of island effects, (iii) the existence of resumptive pronouns, (iv) the appearance of the relative clause complementizer, and (v) the word order of possessive phrases in wh- questions. Further, relevant diagnostics—which include the existence of headless relative clauses in argument positions, the possibility of dummy heads in the relative clause, and the absence of pied piping of non-locative prepositional phrases—also support the conclusion that these questions are pseudoclefts rather than clefts.
Inflammatory toxin from Mycoplasma bovis: isolation and characterization

An inflammatory toxin was extracted from Mycoplasma bovis with 75 percent aqueous ethanol. The toxin is a complex polysaccharide composed of glucose, glucosamine or galactosamine, and a heptose, is heat-stable, devoid of protein and lipid, and has a molecular weight of 73,000. The holotoxin in the cell membrane is a glycoprotein; however, it is the polysaccharide portion that is toxic. This inflammatory toxin increases vascular permeability and is capable of activating complement. Infusion of 0.9 milligram of toxin into the bovine udder resulted in the characteristic eosinophilic mastitis produced by Mycoplasma bovine.
WE‐C‐213CD‐01: Decision Support for Radiation Therapy

Informatics in radiation therapy is less understood. Decision support for, or knowledge‐guided, radiation therapy, is a major component of informatics, where the data is mined, modeled and turned into computable knowledge. It is critically important for radiation therapy as it employs highly complex procedures, such as IMRT and IGRT, where radiation related normal tissue/organ damages and clinical outcomes require delicate balance. Decision support can be provided in passive, active, and cooperative modes. The passive mode focuses on improved presentation of available data and knowledge to minimize cognitive burden in decision making. The active mode applies machine learning algorithms, such as support vector machines, to generate decision suggestions based on existing knowledge. The cooperative mode allows users to interact with the decision support system to iteratively reach an optimal decision. Decision support for the execution of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) is another important area in which significant improvement can be achieved by helping physicians following best clinical practices specified in the guidelines. In radiation therapy, significant data, algorithms, knowledge, and guidelines have been developed in the past two decades. Various modes of decision support systems have been proposed in recent years that incorporate different data, optimization algorithms, knowledge representations, and machine learning algorithms. In this session, we will first review concepts and systems of clinical decision support in general; followed by specific applications of decision support in radiation therapy. The basic principles of making decisions when the outcomes of any available actions are uncertain are discussed. Methods for applying these principles in medical environments are described. We will conclude our discussion with a number of state‐of‐the‐art techniques for decision support in radiation treatment planning and quality assurance. Learning Objectives: 1. To discuss the need for decision support in health care and specifically in radiation therapy 2. To review major concepts and approaches in clinical decision support systems 3. To describe example systems for decision support in radiation therapy 4. To present a number of new techniques for decision support in intensity modulated radiation treatment planning
Hydrophobic chromatography of β‐galactosidase

The hydrophobic interaction of beta-galactosidase with Sepharose 4B substituted with 3,3'-diaminodipropylamine was studied in both batch and column experiments. The equilibrium and the binding rate constants were determined for different phosphate buffer concentrations. The equilibrium constants exhibit a hysteresis effect, i.e., desorption constants are less than adsorption constants, and the higher the ionic strength to start the desorption, the larger the effect. The rate data are not satisfactorily described by a simple reversible first-order model. The column chromatographic data are semiquantitatively described by a local equilibrium theory without axial dispersion or intraparticle diffusion.
Steric effects of cis‐trans isomerism on neighboring residues in proline oligopeptides: A 13C‐nmr study of conformational heterogeneity in linear tripeptides

A series of proline-containing linear oligopeptides (4 dipeptides and 15 tripeptides) were synthesized and examined in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions using 13C-nmr spectroscopy. Spectra of linear tripeptides showing cis-trans isomerism about the X-Pro bond (X = Pro, Gly, and Ala) also show neighboring effects on the chemical shifts of residues both preceding and following the prolyl moiety. The extent of cis-trans isomerism observed about the X-Pro peptide bond correlates not only with the nature of X, but also depends on the size of the residue following proline; the larger substituents favor an increase in cis content about the X-Pro bond.
Parenting, Family Life, and Well-Being Among Sexual Minorities: Nursing Policy and Practice Implications

Parenting and family life are fundamental social constructs in human society and in law and public policy. Family structures and support systems provide important economic and psychological advantages for parents as well as for their children. Stigma toward lesbian and gay parents often marginalize individuals in these families and restrict family members' full expression of social citizenship, humanity, and personhood. Stigma directly contributes to increased risk for substance abuse, anxiety, and depressive illness among both parents and children. This article reviews the relevant policy literature to deconstruct the impacts of stigma on the psychological health and well-being of sexual minority parents so that psychiatric/mental health nurses and other health care providers can identify and counter these effects in their practices and advocate for policy improvements.
Conditioned suppression in the adult rat following chronic exposure to lead

Abstract Conditioned suppression was examined for control (N = 8) and lead-treated (N = 8) adult rats. Treated animals were exposed daily to 10 mg/kg lead administered via the diet as lead acetate. 40 days of oporant lever press training on a multiple schedule using food as reward was given. Lever press training continued for an additional 5 days but during this period subjects experienced superimposed 3 min tone presentations followed by electric shock (1.3 mA, 1.5 s duration) to a grid floor. Tone presentations were observed to be significantly more disruptive of operant steady state responding for treated subjects as compared to controls. This finding supports earlier claims that lead exposure enhances emotionality.
Analysis of input-output relationships of CPG elements and their contributions to rhythmic output

We use the dynamic clamp technique [1] to explore how synaptic input patterns affect motor output (see Figure ​Figure1A).1A). We show that leech motor neuron intrinsic properties make a contribution to their output phasing. Then, we show that leech motor neurons receiving the same complement of synaptic inputs can still be organized into a coordinated motor pattern given that a gradient of synaptic strengths exists and that the premotor interneurons fire at different times [2]. In both of these cases, measuring motor neuron responses provides a direct assay for how premotor input patterns produce stereotyped motor output. We are currently extending this analysis to the crayfish swimmeret system, a system in which four segmental oscillators are interconnected by coordinating interneurons to produce a metachronal wave of swimmeret movements [3]. In this system, ascending (ASC) and descending (DSC) coordinating interneurons (see Figure ​Figure1B)1B) encode salient features about the activity pattern of their home segment and are exported (via spikes) to other segmental oscillators. Interestingly, when the system is driven across periods by different concentrations of neuromodulators, the number of spikes of a given coordinating interneuron remains constant although their duty cycles change. We are currently building a single-compartment, conductance-based model of the ASC and DSC coordinating neurons, with the goal of understanding how these coordinating neurons encode information in their home modules and how this encoding can be modulated when the swimmeret system is driven at different periods. Figure 1 Circuit diagrams and rhythmic motor output from the leech heartbeat central pattern generator (A) and the crayfish swimmeret system (B). A, left: Heart (HE) motor neurons in segments 8 and 12 both receive synaptic input from premotor hear (HN) interneurons ...
Reconfigurable firmware-defined radios synthesized from standard digital logic cells

This paper presents recent work on reconfigurable all-digital radio architectures. We leverage the flexibility and scalability of synthesized digital cells to construct reconfigurable radio architectures that consume significantly less power than a software defined radio implementing similar architectures. We present two prototypes of such architectures that can receive and demodulate FM and FRS band signals. Moreover, a radio architecture based on a reconfigurable alldigital phase-locked loop for coherent demodulation is presented.
Transit time for quantum tunneling

Abstract A new procedure is presented for evaluating the transit time for tunneling with a one-dimensional barrier. For large barriers the most probable energy fluctuations have a minimum product of their magnitude and the transit time, and the semi-classical time is obtained. There is a separate solution for very small barriers, in which the transit time is indeterminate but bounded.
Transport of Nitrate and Chloride in Variably Saturated Porous Media

AbstractIncreasing concern for groundwater pollution with nitrate (NO3–) has motivated the use of solute-transport studies to explore and predict the transport behavior of NO3–. The main objective of this study was to examine the effect of pore-water velocity on nonequilibrium solute-transport parameters in variably saturated homogeneous and layered soil columns. A second objective was to evaluate the effect of solute concentration on nonequilibrium solute-transport parameters in layered soil columns. The study was conducted in 10-cm long columns repacked with air-dried and sieved (Number 10 sieve) sand and loam soils. A 0.1 M calcium nitrate and calcium chloride [CaCl2+Ca(NO3)2] solution was applied to the columns at −0.30 kPa suction to generate Cl– and NO3– breakthrough curves. The CXTFIT program was used to determine the two-region model parameters. Additional experiments were conducted with repacked layered soil columns downscaled from existing soil profile at New Mexico State University experimenta...
The iridoid glycoside, catalpol, as a deterrent to the predatorCamponotus floridanus (Formicidae)

We investigated the role of the iridoid glycoside, catalpol, as a deterrent to the predator,Camponotus floridanus. Four laboratory colonies of this ant were offered buckeye caterpillars (Junonia coenia: Nymphalidae) raised on diets with and without catalpol. The same colonies were offered sugar-water solutions containing varying concentrations of catalpol, in both no-choice and choice tests. Regardless of diet, buckeye caterpillars appeared to be morphologically protected from predation by the ants, possibly because of their large spines or tough cuticle. However, buckeyes raised on diets with catalpol had high concentrations of catalpol in their hemolymph; extracts of this high-catalpol hemolymph proved to be an effective deterrent to the ants. When starved ants were not given the choice of food items, they were more likely to consume sucrose solutions that contained 5 mg catalpol/ml or 10 mg catalpol/ml than they were to consume solutions with 20 mg catalpol/ml. When they were given a choice of sugar solution or a sugar solution containing catalpol, the ants avoided solutions with catalpol at any of these concentrations. Ant colony responses to catalpol in sucrose solutions varied considerably over time and among colonies.
Cardiac rhabdomyoma simulating pulmonic stenosis.

The angiographic and echocardiographic findings of a right ventricular pedunculated rhabdomyoma prolapsing through the pulmonic valve which mimicked the hypoxic spells of tetralogy of Fallot are presented. A dense mass of echoes was seen within the pulmonic valve during systole. The presence of a right ventricular tumor was confirmed by angiography and surgery. The abnormal echoes were no longer seen following surgical excision of the tumor.
BAKING PERFORMANCE OF 1BL/1RS SOFT RED WINTER WHEATS

Baking performance of nine 1BL/1RS soft red winter wheat (SRWW) lines and six non-1BL/1RS lines was assessed during two crop years, 1995-96 and 1996-97, and at two locations, Blacksburg and Warsaw, Virginia. The 1BL/1RS flours produced cookies with significantly smaller diameters than non-1BL/1RS flours (p ≤ 0.0026) across both growing years and locations. There was a highly significant negative correlation (r = -0.709) between cookie spread and alkaline water retention capacity (AWRC) of SRWW flours. Overall, there was no significant difference (p = 0.2552) in biscuit volume of 1BL/1RS and non-1BL/1RS flours. There were no significant differences in cake volumes of 1BL/1RS and non-1BL/1RS flours when data from both years and locations were combined, p = 0.0710; or when Blacksburg and Warsaw locations were considered separately, p = 0.2009 and 0.1882, respectively. Finally, there were no significant differences in the texture of cakes made from 1BL/1RS and non-1BL/1RS flours regardless of growing year or location. These results suggest that the 1BL/1RS translocation significantly reduces the cookie spread of SRWW flours but has no significant impact on biscuit or cake quality. L'aptitude a la cuisson de neuf lignees de ble d'hiver tendre 1BL/1RS recoltees en 1995-96 en Virginie a ete comparee a celle des lignees non 1BL/1RS. L'etalement et le volume des biscuits a ete considere. Les bles issus de la translocation 1BL/1RS fournissent des biscuits qui s'etalent plus, mais l'impact sur la qualite des biscuit n'est pas significatif.
The Effect of Demographic Variables on Ethnic Experience

Research on ethnicity and health has increased recently, but there is still comparatively little known about the nuances of ethnicity and how they might influence health and health behaviors. Using the Scale of Ethnic Experience, this study revealed ethnic differences on perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and mainstream comfort. Within the African American sample, socioeconomic status (SES), age, and gender influenced these factors. However, Caucasian Americans reported less perceived discrimination and ethnic identity than did African Americans regardless of age, gender, or SES. They also perceived more control over their ability to succeed in mainstream society than did African Americans. These findings suggest that ethnicity consists of multiple components, which may be influenced by demographic factors in African Americans. It is possible that each aspect of ethnicity differentially relates to health outcomes.
Laser-Induced Ionization and Mobility Measurements of Very Small Particles in Premixed Flames at the Sooting Limit

Abstract Laser-induced ionization signals are observed in a premixed C2H2/air flame at the sooting limit and are attributed to thermal ionization of very small particles. The mobilities of these species are derived from ion velocity measurements and compared with the mobility of Na+ for identical flame conditions. From a series of measured mobilities, estimates are made for the particle mass (2300-6100 amu) and diameter (1.6-2.2 nm). This experimental method is thus a new optical means for probing the early stages of soot formation.
Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Morrison and Cedar Mountain formations, NE Utah-NW Colorado; relationships between nonmarine deposition and early Cordilleran foreland-basin development

ABSTRACT Sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and petrologic analysis of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Morrison and Cedar Mountain formations of Utah and Colorado provides information on the timing and nature of early Cordilleran foreland-basin development. The Morrison Formation can be subdivided into three depositional facies assemblages: (1) lower progradational shallow marine, lacustrine, fluvial, and eolian facies deposited during Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian retreat of the Stump-Sundance sea; (2) a middle assemblage containing sandy-gravelly braided fluvial deposits, which are overlain by meandering fluvial channel and overbank facies; and (3) an upper assemblage of laterally stable, low-sinuosity, fluvial channel facies deposited during Tithonian-early Neocomian (?) time. The upper part of this assemblage shows evidence of alteration and early diagenesis related to development of an Early Cretaceous unconformity. The overlying Cedar Mountain Formation is subdivided into two facies assemblages: (1) the Neocomian Buckhorn Conglomerate was deposited by northeast-trending, sandy-gravelly braided rivers that were incised into the underlying Morrison Formation; (2) an upper assemblage containing laterally stable, low-sinuosity, fluvial channel facies deposited during late Neocomian-Albian time. The base of the unit contains a thick calcrete zone that formed during an unconformity following Buckhorn deposition. Morrison and Cedar Mountain formation sandstones contain three petrofacies: a feldspar-rich lower Morrison petrofacies (%QmFLt = 70, 19, 11), and chert-rich upper Morrison and Buckhorn/Cedar Mountain petrofacies (%QmFLt = 54, 5, 41 and 69, 4, 27, respectively). Sandstone composition and paleocurrent data indicate a Cordilleran source area composed of Proterozoic, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. The Morrison Formation and Buckhorn Conglomerate were deposited in the back-bulge depozone of the Late Jurassic Cordilleran foreland-basin system and onlapped a flexural forebulge located in central Utah. Late Neocomian eastward migration of the forebulge uplifted areas in eastern Utah, producing an unconformity, while the foredeep in central Utah underwent flexural subsidence. The upper part of the Cedar Mountain Formation represents overfilling of the foredeep and deposition above the forebulge.
Practice Patterns for Thoracic Aneurysms in the Stent Graft Era: Health Care System Implications

Background The US Food and Drug Administration approved the first thoracic aneurysm endograft in 2005. However, because the United States lacks a thoracic aneurysm endovascular repair registry, implications of Food and Drug Administration endograft approval on surgical management of thoracic aneurysms in clinical practice are unknown. Methods Retrospective review of thoracic aneurysm repair rates for 2000 to 2007 and analysis of patient characteristics and complications for 2006 and 2007 cohorts uses the National Inpatient Sample. International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision codes were used to identify unruptured descending thoracic aneurysm cases undergoing either thoracic endovascular aortic repair (39.73) or open repair (38.45). Results Thoracic aneurysm open repair averaged 3.3 per million from 2000 to 2002 and increased to 5.6 per million in 2003 with introduction of 16 slice computed tomographic scanners. In 2005 endovascular repair was 1.2 repairs per million, which increased dramatically to 6.1 repairs per million in 2006. In 2007, endovascular repair decreased to 4.8 repairs per million while the open repair rate was 3.1 repairs per million. The 2006 and 2007 open repair cohorts had more favorable baseline characteristics compared with the endovascular cohort. Open repair mortality was significantly greater than endovascular mortality in 2006 (estimated relative risk, 8.48; 95% confidence interval 3.03 to 23.75), but not in 2007 (estimated relative risk, 0.71; 95% confidence interval 0.12 to 4.24). Length of stay was greater for open repair in 2006 and 2007. Conclusions Thoracic endovascular aortic repair has been rapidly adopted in the United States resulting in increased treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms. Despite older age and comorbidities, endovascular repair had better outcomes and shorter hospital stays.
A Survey of Analysis Techniques for Discrete Algorithms

This survey includes an introduction to the concepts of problem complexity, analysis of algorithms to find bounds on complexity, average-case behavior, and approximation algomthms The major techmques used m analysis of algorithms are reviewed and examples of the use of these methods are presented. A brief explanation of the problem classes P and NP, as well as the class of NP-complete problems, is also presented.
The Impact of Work and Family Life Histories on Economic Well-Being at Older Ages

Motivated by theoretical and empirical research in life course sociology, we examine relationships between trajectories of work and family roles across the life course and four measures of economic well-being in later adulthood. Using data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS), and multiple trajectory-generating methods, we first identify latent trajectories of work and family roles between late adolescence and age 65. We then model economic well-being (at age 65) as a function of these trajectories and contemporaneously measured indicators of older adults' work, family, and health statuses. Our central finding is that trajectories of work and family experiences across the life course have direct effects on later-life economic well-being, as well as indirect effects that operate through more proximate measures of work, family, and other characteristics. We argue that these findings have important implications for how social scientists conceptualize and model the relationship between later-life economic outcomes and people's work and family experiences across the life course.
GA optimization in electric machines

Genetic algorithms (GAs) have been successfully applied to the design optimization of electromagnetic devices. In this paper, practical issues relating to the implementation the technique are examined. The possibility of a premature convergence in some applications is studied. Recommendations and guidelines to take these practical implementation issues into consideration are explained through application examples.