cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Enhancement by Aggregated Silver Nanocube Monolayers Assembled by the Langmuir−Blodgett Technique at Different Surface Pressures

The surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectrum of poly(vinyl) pyrrolidone (PVP) molecules capping 50 nm silver nanocubes assembled in a monolayer via the Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) technique is studied at different surface pressures (at different nanoparticle densities). The observed correlation between the intensity of different SERS bands of the PVP with the nanoparticle density and those of the extinction intensity of the localized surface plasmon resonance bands (as a measure of the surface plasmon field) suggests the following: (1) the observed SERS enhancement results mostly from surface fields of the aggregated nanoparticles; and (2) the relative intensities of the different Raman bands are in reasonable agreement with those expected from the electromagnetic mechanism of enhancement. Besides the large surface plasmon field used in the Raman scattering enhancement, the broad SPR band of the aggregated nanocubes provides an additional advantage in the analytical applications of Raman spectroscopy.
An analysis of 25 Milliman & Robertson guidelines for surgery: data-driven versus consensus-derived clinical practice guidelines.

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Managed care guidelines such as those by Milliman & Robertson (MR rather, it should be considered a cautionary note that all guidelines must be reviewed scientifically to determine their soundness, applicability, and credibility.
Home accessibility and adaptive equipment in duchenne muscular dystrophy: a case report.

Purpose This case report describes the history of a 26-year-old man with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The report includes descriptions of the natural progression of his physical disability and the adaptive equipment and home modifications that were used to maintain independence. Summary of key points The transition from childhood to adulthood for individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy requires a physical therapy care plan that focuses on the use of assistive technology to maintain independence in mobility and to minimize or to facilitate caregiver assistance. Recommendations Disability in Duchenne muscular dystrophy can be minimized by the use of properly fitting and functioning equipment. Assisting the family with available equipment options, documentation of medical necessity, and coordination of services are all important tasks for the physical therapist in carrying out a comprehensive plan of care.
ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS TYPE 6 IS RETROGRADELY TRANSPORTED IN THE NON-HUMAN PRIMATE BRAIN

We recently demonstrated that axonal transport of adeno-associated virus (AAV) is serotype-dependent. Thus, AAV serotype 2 (AAV2) is anterogradely transported (e.g., from cell bodies to nerve terminals) in both rat and non-human primate (NHP) brain. In contrast, AAV serotype 6 (AAV6) is retrogradely transported from terminals to neuronal cell bodies in the rat brain. However, the directionality of axonal transport of AAV6 in the NHP brain has not been determined. In this study, two Cynomolgus macaques received an infusion of AAV6 harboring green fluorescent protein (GFP) into the striatum (caudate and putamen) by magnetic resonance (MR)-guided convection-enhanced delivery. One month after infusion, immunohistochemical staining of brain sections revealed a striatal GFP expression that corresponded well with MR signal observed during gene delivery. As shown previously in rats, GFP expression was detected throughout the prefrontal, frontal and parietal cortex, as well as the substantia nigra pars compacta and thalamus, indicating retrograde transport of the vector in NHP. AAV6-GFP preferentially transduced neurons, although a few astrocytes were also transduced. Transduction of non-neuronal cells in the brain was associated with the upregulation of the major histocompatibility complex-II and lymphocytic infiltration as previously observed with AAV1 and AAV9. This contrasts with highly specific neuronal transduction in the rat brain. Retrograde axonal transport of AAV6 from a single striatal infusion permits efficient transduction of cortical neurons in significant tissue volumes that otherwise would be difficult to achieve.
Skepticism and Stability: Reevaluating U.S. Policy during Poland's Democratic Transformation in 1989

This article evaluates the U.S. role in the revolutions of 1989, specifically the claim that the U.S. government was a catalyst, accelerating the pace of change in Eastern Europe. Drawing from memoirs, declassified U.S. cables, Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs reports, and underground literature from the Polish opposition, the article shows that the policy of George H. W. Bush's administration was not a “catalyst” and did not even “grease the skids” to remove Communist governments from power during the first ten months of 1989. Rather, the United States pursued a much more cautious policy that actively sought to impede the pace of change. The evidence indicates that U.S. policy was much more fixated on promoting stability in Eastern Europe, preferring evolutionary change to revolutionary transformation. The article concludes by placing these findings in the context of the emerging scholarship on the revolutions of 1989 and the Bush administration's foreign policy
Cerenkov type phase-matched second harmonic generation in polymeric channel waveguides

Abstract Fabrication of polymer channel waveguides by etching on glass is reported. Results on second harmonic generation (SHG) in the Cerenkov mode from stable poled polymeric channel waveguides are presented. The waveguide conversion efficiency for doubling of Nd:YAG laser beam was estimated to be 0.1%/W with a total efficiency of 4.9×10 −7 %/W.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Inhaled Glucocorticoids

Inhaled corticosteroids are used widely to treat asthma. A number of different steroids and inhalation devices are available. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the different inhaled corticosteroids may influence their efficacy and safety profiles. Properties of an ideal inhaled corticosteroid include low oropharyngeal deposition, low oral bioavailability, high lung deposition, long pulmonary residence times, high receptor affinity, high plasma protein binding, and efficient systemic clearance. Attention to these parameters might help clinicians optimally balance between the safety and efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids in treating individual patients with asthma.
Structural Antecedents to Knowledge and Participation: Extending the Knowledge Gap Concept to Participation

This paper investigates relationships between community characteristics and levels of knowledge and participation examined at both the individual and the community levels. This research extends the knowledge gap concept to a parallel phenomenon, the participation gap. Results from the Social Capital Benchmark Survey 2000 showed that community density, education, and cohesion were significant positive predictors of knowledge but less consistent predictors of participation at the individual level. At the community level, relationships were even stronger, though cohesion was associated with higher mean levels of participation and reduced participation gaps, whereas population density was associated with lower levels of participation and increased gaps.
Ectopic pregnancy: Value of transabdominal sonography without deliberate bladder distention

We reviewed 19 consecutive patients with ectopic pregnancy in whom pelvic sonography demonstrated findings highly predictive of the diagnosis. The correct diagnosis was established by transabdominal sonography without attempting bladder distention in 12 patients (63%); the bladder was full in only one patient. Transabdominal sonography performed without waiting for the bladder to fill and thus with no delay or patient discomfort can establish the presence of ectopic pregnancy and obviate the need for transvaginal sonography in a substantial proportion of patients in whom the diagnosis can be made sonographically. In patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy, we recommend that transabdominal sonography without waiting for bladder distention be attempted before transvaginal sonography is performed.
A comparison of homologous genes encoding aminopeptidases among bird and human Encephalitozoon hellem isolates and a rabbit E. cuniculi isolate

Encephalitozoon cuniculi and E. hellem are often recognized as the agents of human microsporidiosis, but less than optimal therapy is available for treatment. The identification of enzymes critical to the parasitic life cycle is an important step in finding targets for potential drug development. Aminopeptidase gene sequences were obtained from cDNA and gDNA from avian and human E. hellem isolates and from a rabbit E. cuniculi isolate. At the amino acid level, the aminopeptidase sequences from the E. hellem human and bird isolates share >99% identity and are nearly 70% identical with the E. cuniculi sequence. Conserved HEXXH and GAMEN motifs classify the predicted aminopeptidase in the MA clan of the M1 family. The obtained aminopeptidase gene sequences are likely homologous to the previously reported E. cuniculi glutamyl aminopeptidase. The conservation of this aminopeptidase between species and divergence from mammalian aminopeptidases indicate that this enzyme may be a valid target for drug therapy.
MRI Tracking of FePro Labeled Fresh and Cryopreserved Long Term In Vitro Expanded Human Cord Blood AC133+ Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Rat Glioma

Background Endothelial progenitors cells (EPCs) are important for the development of cell therapies for various diseases. However, the major obstacles in developing such therapies are low quantities of EPCs that can be generated from the patient and the lack of adequate non-invasive imaging approach for in vivo monitoring of transplanted cells. The objective of this project was to determine the ability of cord blood (CB) AC133+ EPCs to differentiate, in vitro and in vivo, toward mature endothelial cells (ECs) after long term in vitro expansion and cryopreservation and to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the in vivo migratory potential of ex vivo expanded and cryopreserved CB AC133+ EPCs in an orthotopic glioma rat model. Materials, methods and results The primary CB AC133+ EPC culture contained mainly EPCs and long term in vitro conditions facilitated the maintenance of these cells in a state of commitment toward endothelial lineage. At days 15-20 and 25-30 of the primary culture, the cells were labeled with FePro and cryopreserved for a few weeks. Cryopreserved cells were thawed and in vitro differentiated or i.v. administered to glioma bearing rats. Different groups of rats also received long-term cultured, magnetically labeled fresh EPCs and both groups of animals underwent MRI 7 days after i.v. administration of EPCs. Fluorescent microscopy showed that in vitro differentiation of EPCs was not affected by FePro labeling and cryopreservation. MRI analysis demonstrated that in vivo accumulation of previously cryopreserved transplanted cells resulted in significantly higher R2 and R2* values indicating a higher rate of migration and incorporation into tumor neovascularization of previously cryopreserved CB AC133+ EPCs to glioma sites, compared to non-cryopreserved cells. Conclusion Magnetically labeled CB EPCs can be in vitro expanded and cryopreserved for future use as MRI probes for monitoring the migration and incorporation to the sites of neovascularization.
Gender Differences in Psychopathic Traits, Types, and Correlates of Aggression Among Adjudicated Youth

The current study investigated gender differences in types and correlates of aggression among 150 adjudicated youth (M age = 15.2, SD = 1.4). In cluster analysis, consistent with past studies, one aggressive group characterized by moderate levels of reactive aggression and one characterized by high levels of proactive and reactive aggression emerged and these patterns were consistent across gender. For both boys and girls, the combined proactive/reactive aggression cluster showed the greatest levels of aggression, impulsivity, and callous-unemotional traits, supporting a severity over a typology model of proactive and reactive aggression. Girls displayed significantly higher rates of physical and relational aggression than boys. Girls were highly aggressive toward both girls and boys, whereas boys were highly aggressive only toward other boys. Girls also showed multiple indications of severity and emotionality, indexed by higher rates of negative affect, anxiety, distress about social provocations, and empathy.
Scanning electron microscopy and chemical excystation of Fascioloides magna (Trematoda) metacercariae.

Scanning electron microscopy was used to study encysted metacercariae and newly excysted juveniles ofFascioloides magna. The outer cyst was rough, coarse and discontinuous in the ventral aspect; the inner cyst was smooth. The newly excysted metacercaria was plump and contained numerous tegumentary spines; large dome-shaped papillae were prominent around the oral sucker and on the rim of the acetabulum. Encysted metacercariae with outer cysts were excysted in an alkaline bile salts-trypsin medium at an elevated temperature in the absence of acid saline or acid pepsin pretreatment. Pretreatment in acid saline slightly decreased subsequent excystation, while pretreatment in acid pepsin slightly enhanced subsequent excystation in the alkaline bile saltstrypsin medium.
Cohort studies of etiology and survival after cancer: the unique needs for uninterrupted funding

The existing prospective cohorts are providing key data that are guiding public health and clinical practice in many different areas. The existing cohorts can also provide the biological specimens and data to address genetic determinant of cancer now, rather than in a decade, and at far less cost than that proposed for a new national U.S. cohort. Review and funding mechanisms are needed to avoid disruption in follow-up and the associated damage to existing cohorts.
Enhancing the performance of a high-gain free electron laser operating at millimeter wavelengths

A high-gain, high extraction efficiency, free electron laser (FEL) amplifier operating at the Experimental Test Accelerator (ETA) at 34.6 GHz has demonstrated a small signal gain of 13.4 dB/m. With a 30 kW input signal, the amplifier has produced a saturated output of 80 MW and a 5% extraction efficiency. Comparison of these results with a linear model at small signal levels indicates that the amplifier can deliver saturated output starting from noise, if the brightness of the electron beam is sufficiently high. The brightness of the ETA is far below that possible with optimized choice of practical design characteristics such as peak voltage, cathode type, gun electrode geometry, and focusing field topology. In particular, the measured brightness of the ETA injector is limited by plasma effects from the present cold, plasma cathode. As part of a coordinated theoretical and experimental effort to improve injector performance, we are using the EBQ gun design code to explore the current limits of gridless, relativistic, Pierce columns with moderate current density (>50 A/cm/sup 2/) at the cathode. The chief component in our experimental effort is a readily modified electron gun that will allow us to test many candidate cathode materials, types, and electrodemore » geometries at field stresses up to 1 MV/cm. 8 references, 5 figures.« less
Segmental reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Clinical and scintigraphic criteria☆

Clinical and scintigraphic criteria are proposed for the diagnosis of segmental reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Eight patients met previously described clinical criteria for reflex sympathetic dystrophy with involvement limited to only a portion of the hand. The delayed phase of the three-phase radionuclide bone scan was found to be highly sensitive (100%) for this small group of patients. Consecutive bone scans (n = 127) performed during a 6-month period for a variety of upper extremity problems were reviewed, and a segmentally diffuse pattern of tracer uptake was found to be highly specific (98%) for segmental reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Recognition and documentation of a more localized form of reflex sympathetic dystrophy will allow earlier recognition and treatment, which is an important factor in a successful outcome for managing pain dysfunction disorders.
Digital intravenous angiographic diagnosis of post-traumatic arteriovenous fistula.

Persistent arteriovenous fistula after penetrating renal trauma is an uncommon but significant complication. In the past, renal arteriography has been essential for the diagnosis. Recently, introduction of a new radiologic technique, digital video subtraction angiography, has made possible diagnostic visualization of the major renal circulation following intravenous injection of contrast material. We present a case in which post-traumatic renal arteriovenous fistula was diagnosed and serially evaluated following therapeutic embolization by digital video subtraction angiography.
Surgical management of squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate: factors predictive of outcome.

Background Squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate (SCCSP) is uncommon. The aim of this study was to report our experience and identify factors predictive of outcome. Methods Between 1976 and 2005, 186 patients with SCCSP were treated with curative intent. In all, 150 patients had primary surgery, of whom 112 patients (75%) had cT1/T2 tumors and 103 patients (69%) had cN0 necks. Overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were determined by the Kaplan–Meier method and factors predictive of outcome were identified. Results Five-year OS, DSS, and RFS for surgical patients were, respectively, 52%, 71%, and 56%. DSS for cT1T2N0 and cT1T2N+ were 79% and 56%, respectively. For OS and DSS, multivariate analysis showed cN classification was predictive of outcome. For RFS and distant RFS, margin status was a significant predictor, whereas the cT classification was a significant predictor for local RFS. Conclusions Outcomes of patients with early-stage SCCSP managed by surgery were excellent. These patients may be suitable for transoral robotic or endoscopic surgical procedures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
AN ESTIMATION OF r BASED ON SUBJECTIVE SIMILARITY EVALUATIONS

Very recent research (Bratfisch & Ekrnan, 1969; Magnusson & Ekman, 1968) suggests "that a simple, regular relation exists between correlation and [judged] similarity, indicating a close connection between the 'objective' domain of performance and the 'subjective' correlates of performance as perceived by Ss themselves" (Bratfisch & Ekman, 1969, p. 613). Ekman and his Swedish associates, based on three independent sets of experimental data, suggest that perceived similarity (ru) , when scaled by the method explained in Ekman (1965), bears a linear relation to rij2 (coefficient of determination). Bratfisch and Ekman list two derived (from different and independent sets of bivariate data) linear regression equations (si! = 0.24 + 1.46rij2 and sij = 0.23 + 1.16rti2). Both of these equations are "in the same ball park" with the equation presented by Magnusson and Ekrnan, sij = 0.00 + 1.26rdY. These three equations for sij were derived from judgmental data obtained from 31, 128, and 10 judges, respectively. On the basis of descriptions regarding these judges it seems unlikely that any were overly familiar (if at all) with the concept of product-momenc correlation. Ekman and his associates, in both these reported investigations, chose to describe J,, as a function of rrj as they were interested in possibly uncovering some principle or rationale underlying the mechanism of subjective similarity. Actually, a reversed form of their equations, rij as a function of sij, might have some practical utility. Almost without exception it is much easier to obtain evaluations, from knowledgeable observers, regarding the similarity of two percepts than it is to obtain multiple measurements regarding the two percepts and then to correlate the two using the covaried multiple measurements.
Muscle and bone plasticity after spinal cord injury: review of adaptations to disuse and to electrical muscle stimulation

The paralyzed musculoskeletal system retains a remarkable degree of plasticity after spinal cord injury (SCI). In response to reduced activity, muscle atrophies and shifts toward a fast-fatigable phenotype arising from numerous changes in histochemistry and metabolic enzymes. The loss of routine gravitational and muscular loads removes a critical stimulus for maintenance of bone mineral density (BMD), precipitating neurogenic osteoporosis in paralyzed limbs. The primary adaptations of bone to reduced use are demineralization of epiphyses and thinning of the diaphyseal cortical wall. Electrical stimulation of paralyzed muscle markedly reduces deleterious post-SCI adaptations. Recent studies demonstrate that physiological levels of electrically induced muscular loading hold promise for preventing post-SCI BMD decline. Rehabilitation specialists will be challenged to develop strategies to prevent or reverse musculoskeletal deterioration in anticipation of a future cure for SCI. Quantifying the precise dose of stress needed to efficiently induce a therapeutic effect on bone will be paramount to the advancement of rehabilitation strategies.
INREAL Intervention for Language Handicapped and Bilingual Children

INREAL was an HCEEP-funded demonstration model project from 1974-77. The major goal of the project was to improve the language and related leaming skills of 3 to 5-year-old language handicapped and...
Induction of superoxide dismutase and cytotoxicity by manganese in human breast cancer cells.

Abstract MnCl 2 induced manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) expression (mRNA, immunoreactive protein, and enzyme activity) in human breast cancer Hs578T cells. The induction of MnSOD immunoreactive protein in Hs578T cells was inhibited by tiron (a metal chelator and superoxide scavenger), pyruvate (a hydrogen peroxide scavenger), or 2-deoxy- d -glucose (DG, an inhibitor of glycolysis and the hexose monophosphate shunt), but not by 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide (a superoxide scavenger), N -acetyl cysteine (a scavenger for reactive oxygen species and precursor of glutathione), diphenylene iodonium (an inhibitor of flavoproteins such as NADPH oxidase and nitric oxide synthase), or SOD (a superoxide scavenger). Northern blotting demonstrated that tiron or DG affected at the mRNA level, while pyruvate affected Mn-induced MnSOD expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. These results demonstrate that Mn can induce MnSOD expression in cultured human breast cancer cells. Mn also induced apoptosis and necrosis in these cells. Since inhibitors of Mn-induced MnSOD induction did not affect cell viability, MnSOD induction is probably not the cause of the Mn-induced cell killing.
Down-regulation of decorin, a transforming growth factor–beta modulator, is associated with scarless fetal wound healing☆☆☆

Abstract Purpose: Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) bioactivity has been implicated as a potential regulator of the transition from scarless healing to scar formation in fetal wounds. Decorin is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan that regulates TGF-β bioactivity and assists in collagen fibrillogenesis. To determine its role in scarless repair, the authors examined decorin expression in fetal fibroblasts, skin, and wounds. Methods: A single, full-thickness, 2-mm open wound was created on the dorsal surface of fetal rats at 16.5 days (E16) and 18.5 days (E18) gestational age (term, 21.5 days [E21]). Wounds were harvested at 24 and 72 hours (n = 12 wounds per time-point). Nonwounded fetal skin at E17, E19, and E21 was harvested for analysis of decorin expression during skin development and as controls for wounds. In addition, fetal (E14, E18) and adult dermal fibroblasts were cultured for in vitro analysis. Reduced-cycle, specific primer, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed to quantitate decorin expression. Results: Decorin expression increased rapidly with increasing gestational age in both fetal fibroblasts and skin. Expression was increased 22-fold in E18 fibroblasts ( P P P P P P > .05). Conclusions: Early gestation fetal fibroblasts and fetal skin express decorin at lower levels than late gestation fetal and adult fibroblasts and skin. Decorin expression is down-regulated in scarless (E16) compared with scar (E18) wounds. Thus, increased decorin expression is associated with both skin development and scar formation. Conversely, decreased decorin expression is associated with scarless repair. J Pediatr Surg 36:1666-1671. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Achieving consistency: A Study of basketball officiating

Abstract This study investigates the characteristics of professional basketball referees which can account for their successful or unsuccessful performance on the court. Several role inactment skills such as achievement via independence contribute to the prediction of this performance. The main determinant identified, however, is at the group or organizational level. Superior referees have less interindividual variance than do average or relatively unsuccessful referees. This result is discussed in terms of the role requirements of performance in this case. Interpersonal consistency of judgment is relied on for matters permitting only consensual validity. Extensions of these findings to other role enactments are suggested.
Pilot trial of bone-targeted therapy combining zoledronate with fluvastatin or atorvastatin for patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma

Objective The biologic rationale for this study came from the observation that bisphosphonates and statins affect bone metastasis in different ways; thus, combination therapy may provide synergistic benefit. This pilot trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of combining a bisphosphonate and statin in patients with renal-cell carcinoma (RCC) metastatic to bone.
Photocatalytic hydrogen production from water employing a Ru, Rh, Ru molecular device for photoinitiated electron collection.

A molecular device for photoinitiated electron collection at a metal center, [{(bpy)2Ru(dpp)}2RhCl2](PF6)5, has been studied and shown to photocatalytically produce H2 from H2O. This system absorbs visible light and in the presence of an electron donor is reduced by multiple electrons. In the presence of water, the [{(bpy)2Ru(dpp)}2RhCl2](PF6)5 system photocatalytically produces H2 that varies linearly with photolysis time. The photocatalyst functions in the presence of chloride, but the yield of H2 is lower, consistent with chloride loss being important in the photocatalysis cycle
A WELL-POSED NUMERICAL METHOD TO TRACK ISOLATED CONFORMAL MAP SINGULARITIES IN HELE-SHAW FLOW

We present a new numerical method for calculating an evolving 2D Hele-Shaw interface when surface tension effects are neglected. In the case where the flow is directed from the less viscous fluid into the more viscous fluid, the motion of the interface is ill-posed; small deviations in the initial condition will produce significant changes in the ensuing motion. This situation is disastrous for numerical computation, as small roundoff errors can quickly lead to large inaccuracies in the computed solution. Our method of computation is most easily formulated using a conformal map from the fluid domain into a unit disk. The method relies on analytically continuing the initial data and equations of motion into the region exterior to the disk, where the evolution problem becomes well-posed. The equations are then numerically solved in the extended domain. The presence of singularities in the conformal map outside of the disk introduces specific structures along the fluid interface. Our method can explicitly track the location of isolated pole and branch point singularities, allowing us to draw connections between the development of interfacial patterns and the motion of singularities as they approach the unit disk. In particular, we are able to relate physical features such as finger shape, side-branch formation, and competition between fingers to the nature and location of the singularities. The usefulness of this method in studying the formation of topological singularities (self intersections of the interface) is also pointed out.
Influence of air and soil temperature on water relations and freezing tolerance of spinach (Spinacia oleracea)

Root and shoot temperatures were varied independently to determine the importance of root temperature during cold acclimation. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cvs Harbin and Bloomsdale) plants were subjected to 20/20°C. 20/5°C, 5/20°C, and 5/5°C (shoot/root) temperature treatments. Leaf freezing tolerance, water potential, stomatal resistance, osmotic potential, and water content were measured at 0.25. 1.25, 3.25, and 7.25 days of treatment. There was no change in freezing tolerance or the water relations of the 20/20°C treated plants during the course of the experiment. Freezing tolerance was increased by the 5°C shoot temperature treatments, but was not enhanced by water stress induced by the low root temperature. Leaf water potential and water content decreased and stomatal resistance increased within 6 h in the 20/5°C plants. By day 3, osmotic potential began decreasing in the 20/5°C plants. Leaf water content, osmotic potential, and water potential decreased more gradually in plants grown with 5°C shoot temperature, irrespective of root temperature. Decreased water content and osmotic potential were not correlated with increased freezing tolerance as reported for other herbaceous crop plants.
Resolution and stability of oxazepam enantiomers

A solvent mixture containing dioxane, acetonitrile, and hexane was found to be suitable as a mobile phase to resolve oxazepam enantiomers by chiral stationary phase high performance liquid chromatography using covalent Pirkle columns. The resolved oxazepam enantiomers in this solvent mixture had a racemization half-life greater than 3 days at 23°C. When desiccated at 0°C as dried residue, OX enantiomers were stable for at least 50 days with less than 2% racemization. The conditions which stabilized OX enantiomers significantly facilitated the determination of racemization half-lives of OX enantiomers in a variety of aqueous and nonaqueous solvents and at different temperatures. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Magnetic data recording theory: Head design

AN ANALYSIS of the process of magnetic recording of digital data is presented from which qualitative design concepts are developed and their usefulness demonstrated, both in the evaluation of magnetic head structures and in their design for high-density storage.
Fabrication and thermal stability of Co nanopillars in diamondlike carbon films

Co/Diamondlike Carbon (DLC) nanocomposite films consisting of well-defined, self-organised nanopillars were successfully fabricated by plasma-assisted magnetron sputtering. The nanopillars were identified as a defect-rich e-Co structure. The shape of such nanopillars is stable up to 350?C and dissociates into several nano particles at 500?C. The defective e-Co structure of the nanopillars is stable up to 250?C and then transforms into: polycrystalline δ'?Co2C at 300?C; a textured structure of lamellar δ'?Co2C and α-Co with a minor phase of Co3C at 350?C; α-Co at 500?C. The underlying processes in this nano scale manufacturing are discussed.
Hierarchical analysis of multiple noisy abundance indices

Fisheries analysts often rely on relative abundance indices for assessing stock status. However, trends in abundance can be difficult to discern when there are multiple indices or when correlation among indices is weak or negative. In this paper, I present a hierarchical framework for analyzing multiple, noisy indices with the goal of estimating a single time series of relative abundance. An implicit assumption is that each index is measuring the same quantity (relative abundance) but that each is subject to process error (attributable to variation in catchability, spatial distribution, etc.) in addition to an estimable level of within-survey variance (i.e., sampling error). I use simulation to explore estimator performance under a number of scenarios, including several that violate underlying assumptions. In general, the hierarchical approach produced estimators with reasonable properties. I illustrate the method with an analysis of seven fishery-dependent catch-per-unit-effort indices of Spanish mackere...
Growth and structure of epitaxial CeO2 films on yttria-stabilized ZrO2

Abstract Thirty to a hundred-nm thick epitaxial CeO 2 layers are grown on YSZ (100), (110) and (111) surfaces of yttria-stabilized ZrO 2 (YSZ) by electron beam evaporation of Ce in oxygen at reduced pressure. Their growth, structure and thermal stability are studied with several bulk and surface sensitive techniques including Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, cross-sectional high resolution electron microscopy, low energy electron diffraction and low energy reflection electron microscopy. Excellent epitaxy is obtained on all YSZ surfaces at a growth temperature of 750 K. The surfaces of films grown on (111)-oriented substrates are flat, whereas those on the other substrates are faceted into small (111) planes. The grain sizes in the films are in the 10 nm range and smaller.
Angiographic and clinical outcome in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients receiving an adjunctive double bolus regimen of tirofiban for primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

Background Because of different dosages, the efficacy of adjunctive tirofiban therapy for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is currently unclear. The hypothesis that a double bolus regimen of tirofiban will improve angiographic and clinical outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing PCI was tested in the present study. Methods and Results Primary PCI was performed in 217 STEMI patients: 80 received standard PCI (control group) and 137 received tirofiban (tirofiban group). Tirofiban was given as a bolus (10 mg/kg) in the emergency room and again upon arrival at the cardiac catheterization laboratory, followed by infusion of 0.15 mg · kg-1 · min -1 until the total dose reached 12.5 mg. The primary endpoint was emergency target vessel revascularization, recurrent myocardial infarction, or cardiovascular mortality at 30 days and 1 year. Baseline clinical and angiographic variables of the 2 groups were similar, as were angiographic results after PCI and bleeding complications at 30 days. The primary 30-day and 1-year endpoints were 5.1% and 11.7% in the tirofiban group, respectively, vs 10.0% (p=0.171) and 18.8% (p=0.151) in the control group. Conclusion Although angiographic and clinical benefits were not demonstrated, the results suggest that research into an effective and uniform dosing regimen of adjunctive tirofiban therapy for PCI is warranted. (Circ J 2006; 70: 536 - 541)
Carbohydrate-Based Fat Substitute is an Acceptable Replacement for Margarine in Pumpkin Bar Recipe

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To examine the acceptability of a carbohydrate-based fat substitute in pumpkin bars A study was conducted to determine the acceptability of pumpkin bars when half or all of the fat was replaced with a commercial carbohydrate based fat substitute (Mrs. Bateman's Baking Butter, Rigby, ID). The fat substitute was comprised of dextrins, modified food starches, polydextrose, and gums. Forty university students participated as sensory judges. Three fat variations were tested: a control (C) product with margarine, a half tat replacement (HFR) with half margarine and half fat substitute, and a total fat replacement (TFR) with fat substitute. The percentage of calories from fat in the control, HFR, and TFR were 53%, 38%, and 15%, respectively. Sensory testing assessed preference, pumpkin flavor intensity, moistness, and tenderness among the three varieties. The pumpkin flavor intensity in the HFR and C were significantly higher than in TFR (p 9 inch plexiglas cylinder probe. No significant difference in penetration force was found between variations, but HFR and TFR had significantly lower compression force than C. Results indicated that both HFR and TFR pumpkin bars were as acceptable as C. The findings conclude that acceptable pumpkin bars can be produced utilizing this fat substitute to replace half or all of the fat in this product.
Study of Dispersion in Packed Chromatographic Columns by Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFGNMR) allows the direct determination of the average value of the axial and transverse apparent dispersion coefficient in a packed bed over a certain volume of this bed. From these data, the dependence of the local value of the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) of a chromatographic column on the fluid velocity can be measured accurately. The results are shown to be exactly accounted for by the Giddings equation. The PFGNMR measurements are made over a very short period of time. Hence they give the value of the HETP averaged over a limited volume of packing and a short time. This value is markedly smaller than the one afforded by the classical methods of chromatography and which is derived from the width of the distribution of the residence time of a small sample. The difference is explained by systematic variations of the local mobile-phase velocity across the column. PFGNMR techniques also allow the determination of the tortuosity of the c...
Preliminary study of cationic copolymerization of α-methyl-styrene and isobutyl vinyl ether I

Cationic copolymerination of α-MS and IBVE was successfully carried out using “H2O”/EtAlCl2 initiator system and CH2Cl2 solvent at −50°C. The effect of monomer feed concentration on the copolymer yield and composition was studied. Small concentrations of IBVE had significant effect on the copolymer yield and composition, while that of α-MS had only marginal effect. Tg of the copolymers was linearly dependent on the α-MS content strongly indicating that the copolymerization was of random nature.
Materials and processing for lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion battery technology is projected to be the leapfrog technology for the electrification of the drivetrain and to provide stationary storage solutions to enable the effective use of renewable energy sources. The technology is already in use for low-power applications such as consumer electronics and power tools. Extensive research and development has enhanced the technology to a stage where it seems very likely that safe and reliable lithium-ion batteries will soon be on board hybrid electric and electric vehicles and connected to solar cells and windmills. However, the safety of the technology is still a concern, service life is not yet sufficient, and costs are too high. This paper summarizes the state of the art of lithium-ion battery technology for nonexperts. It lists materials and processing for batteries and summarizes the costs associated with them. This paper should foster an overall understanding of materials and processing and the need to overcome the remaining barriers for a successful market introduction.
New strategy for the synthesis of proaporphine and homoproaporphine-type alkaloids from a common intermediate

Abstract Starting with 3-bromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde 14, it was coupled with the boronic anhydride 15 using standard Suzuki reaction conditions to give 16 (91%). The aldehyde 16 was exposed to classical nitro-aldol reaction conditions to give 17 (88%), and conjugatively reduced with DIBAL-H to give 18 (91%). Protection of the amine 18 as its N-carbamate derivative 19, followed by condensation with glycol aldehyde dimer under acidic reaction conditions gave 20 (78%). Subsequent conversion of 20 into its mesylate derivative 21, and exposure to CsF under aprotic reaction conditions gave 22 (81%). Deprotection of 22 gave (±)-stepharine 10 in 29% overall yield though 8 steps. A similar sequence of reaction conditions converted the amine 18 into the -NTs protected homoproaporphine adduct 28.
The A-type granitoids: A review of their occurrence and chemical characteristics and speculations on their petrogenesis

Abstract A variety of granitoid suites, which have been classified as A-types, are reviewed in this paper. Based on this review, the general characteristics of the A-type granitoids are summarized as follows. The A-type granitoid suites vary in composition from quartz syenites to peralkaline granites and their respective volcanic equivalents. These suites are emplaced into non-orogenic settings — both within plate and along plate margins during the waning stages of subduction-zone-related magmatism. With respect to I- and S-type granitoids, the A-types are characterized by their relatively high alkali contents and low CaO contents (at SiO2 = 70%: Na2O + K2O = 7−11%, CaO FeO T MgO ratios (at SiO2 = 70%: FeO T MgO = 8−80 ), and often elevated halogen, particularly F, contents (F = 0.05−1.7%). The major element chemistry is reflected in the mineralogy by the occurrence of iron-rich micas, amphiboles and pyroxenes and in the peralkaline varieties by the occurrence of alkali-rich amphiboles and pyroxenes. Trace element abundances, particularly elevated concentrations of high-field-strength cations, are distinctive. Y Nb and Yb Ta ratios are relatively constant for each A-type suite and thus serve as useful indices for chemical comparisons. A-type suites with Y Nb are derived from sources chemically similar to those of oceanic island basalts while suites with Y Nb >1.2 are derived from sources chemically similar to island arc or continental margin basalts. In combination with isotopic and other trace element data, these relationships suggest that A-type granitoids are generated by a variety of processes including fractionation from mantle-derived basaltic magmas, interaction between these mantle-derived magmas and continental crust and in some cases by the formation of anatectic, halogen-rich, melts during the remelting of a terrane from which a previous melt had been extracted.
Early Birds, Late Risers, and Sleeping Beauties: Bank Credit Growth to the Private Sector in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans

Following a period of privatization and restructuring, commercial banks in Central and Eastern Europe and, more recently, in the Balkans have rapidly expanded their lending to the private sector. This paper describes the causes of this expansion, assesses future trends, and evaluates its policy implications. It concludes that bank credit to the private sector is likely to continue rising faster than GDP in the next few years throughout the region, picking up also in countries where so far it has been stalled. Although this growth should be regarded as a structural and positive development, policymakers will have to evaluate carefully its implications for macroeconomic developments and financial stability.
Efficient algorithm for primitive ring statistics in topological networks

An efficient algorithm for finding primitive rings in a topological network has been developed. The calculation of complete ring statistics, with virtually no upper limit on ring size, becomes feasible for very large network systems. The computing time and memory usage are vastly reduced by utilizing the primitive ring properties and a four-point directing method. Various ring definitions are also discussed and analyzed in detail. Finally, examples are provided for analyzing alkali-rich regions in silicate glasses using ring statistics up to 33-membered primitive rings, obtained by this algorithm.
Discussion: Malament on Time Reversal*

David Malament has recently responded to David Albert’s argument that classical electrodynamics is not time‐reversal invariant by introducing a novel conception of time reversal, which supports the conventional view that under time reversal the magnetic field changes sign but the electric field remains unchanged. I will argue here that Malament’s transformation has both passive and active versions. I will claim that the passive version is not relevant to Albert’s argument, and the active version does not lead to the conventional transformation.
Quantum Theory of Many-Particle Systems. III. Extension of the Hartree-Fock Scheme to Include Degenerate Systems and Correlation Effects

In treating a system of $N$ antisymmetric particles, it is shown that, if the total Hamiltonian ${\mathcal{H}}_{\mathrm{op}}$ is degenerate, the eigenstates of the operator used for classifying the corresponding degenerate states may be selected by means of a "projection operator" $\mathcal{O}$. If the total wave function is approximated by such a projection of a single determinant, the description of the system may be reduced to the ordinary Hartree-Fock scheme treating this determinant, if the original Hamiltonian is replaced by a complete Hamiltonian ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\mathrm{op}}={\mathcal{O}}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}{\mathcal{H}}_{\mathrm{op}}\mathcal{O}$ containing also many-particle interactions. This approach corresponds to a "fixed" configurational interaction, but the scheme has preserved the physical simplicity and visuality of the Hartree-Fock approximation. The idea of "doubly filled" orbitals is abandoned, and the orbitals associated with different spins will automatically try to arrange themselves in such a way that particles having antiparallel spins will tend to avoid each other due to their mutual repulsion.
Modeling the benefits of an artificial gravity countermeasure coupled with exercise and vibration

Abstract The current, system-specific countermeasures to space deconditioning have limited success with the musculoskeletal system in long duration missions. Artificial gravity (AG) that is produced by short radius centrifugation has been hypothesized as an effective countermeasure because it reintroduces an acceleration field in space; however, AG alone might not be enough stimuli to preserve the musculoskeletal system. A novel combination of AG coupled with one-legged squats on a vibrating platform may preserve muscle and bone in the lower limbs to a greater extent than the current exercise paradigm. The benefits of the proposed countermeasure have been analyzed through the development of a simulation platform. Ground reaction force data and motion data were collected using a motion capture system while performing one-legged and two-legged squats in 1-G. The motion was modeled in OpenSim, an open-source software, and inverse dynamics were applied in order to determine the muscle and reaction forces of lower limb joints. Vibration stimulus was modeled by adding a 20 Hz sinusoidal force of 0.5 body weight to the force plate data. From the numerical model in a 1-G acceleration field, muscle forces for quadriceps femoris, plantar flexors and glutei increased substantially for one-legged squats with vibration compared to one- or two-legged squats without vibration. Additionally, joint reaction forces for one-legged squats with vibration also increased significantly compared to two-legged squats with or without vibration. Higher muscle forces and joint reaction forces might help to stimulate muscle activation and bone modeling and thus might reduce musculoskeletal deconditioning. These results indicate that the proposed countermeasure might surpass the performance of the current space countermeasures and should be further studied as a method of mitigating musculoskeletal deconditioning.