cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laughter in Twelfth Night and Beyond: Affect and Genre in Early Modern Comedy

This essay situates the two plots of Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night in the early modern discourse about the regulation of passions. Combining the framework of historical phenomenology with the emerging field of “affect studies,” the essay shows how early modern perception of laughter as a bodily experience had important implications for the way playwrights wrote comedy as a genre and thought about modeling audience response. The essay’s methodology thus moves away from the New Historicist exclusive preoccupation with politics and power and towards a new consideration of plays as passionate entities, which accomplish “affective” work. The body of the essay demonstrates that Twelfth Night ’s division into plot and subplot embodies two early modern regimes of emotional regulation. The subplot focused on the deception of Malvolio critiques the passionate economy advocated by early modern humanists─ the idea that audience laughter should “captured” and used to ridicule social vices, in this case, Malvolio’s vices of arrogance and self-love. The play shows that this regime of emotional regulation is misguided and does not result in social or individual profit. Instead, the main love plot proposes a new model for thinking about passions: it imagines emotion as a space of possibility and an avenue of freedom, which opens up individual bodies and national communites to utopian transformation and change. Affect, rather than the play's social or political agenda, becomes the primary lens through which to read Twelfth Night .
Sub-Surface Residual Stress Measurements by Means of Neutron Diffraction: Aluminum, Steel, and Depleted Uranium

Neutron diffraction closely parallels x-ray diffraction in methodology and analytical formalism. However, in the normal diffraction range (λ ~ 1 A) neutrons are nondestructive and are generally about a thousand times more penetrating than x-rays. We have made use of these properties, and an energy-dispersive experimental mode, to measure sub-surface residual stress, nondestructively, in several samples: an aluminum shrink-fit ring-plug specimen, an elastically bent steel bar, and two depleted uranium cylindrical rods. The former two specimens were calibration samples for the technique and were successfully characterized. The depleted uranium rods were of unknown stress distributions but differed significantly in their thermomechanical histories: slow furnace cooled vs. quick-quenched and rotary straightened. With the energy-dispersive neutron diffraction technique we have determined radial, tangential, and axial residual stress components within depleted uranium specimens and find them to be consistent with the heat treatments.
Determining the in vivo transverse relaxation time of GABA in the human brain at 7T

Purpose To measure in vivo transverse relaxation times (T2) of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at 7T using the experimental spectral-editing method.
The Hausdorff distance measure for feature selection in learning applications

Recent advances in computing technology in terms of speed, cost, as well as access to tremendous amounts of computing power and the ability to process huge amounts of data in reasonable time has spurred increased interest in data mining applications. Machine learning has been one of the methods used in most of these data mining applications. It is widely acknowledged that about 80% of the resources in a majority of data mining applications are spent on cleaning and pre-processing the data. However, there have been relatively few studies on pre-processing data used as input in these data mining systems. In this study, we present a feature selection method based on the Hausdorff distance measure, and evaluate its effectiveness in pre-processing input data for inducing decision trees. The Hausdorff distance measure has been used extensively in computer vision and graphics applications to determine the similarity of patterns. Two real-world financial credit scoring data sets are used to illustrate the performance of the proposed method.
Excitation and Damping of Solar Acoustic Oscillations

The stochastic excitation mechanism of solar acoustic oscillations is reviewed. Using a simple model problem it is shown that the energy input rate in low degree modes is consistent with the observed rates. I describe how asymmetric line profiles of p-modes and the power spectrum above the acoustic cutoff frequency provide information about the source location in the convection zone.
How can we really reduce the morbidity of inflammatory bowel disease - Research on genes and cytokines, or find out the causative factors in the environment?

Dear Sir, Right now, millions of patients all over the world are suffering from the devastating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), both of which have very high incidences in children and adolescence and are still regarded as incurable.1,2 Currently, the main efforts of research on IBD remain largely on genes, cytokines, and other cellular and molecular changes,1 with the utmost finding by the recent genome-wide association study that more than 30 distinct susceptibility loci are associated with CD.3 It revealed the complex …
Zooxanthellae‐produced O2 promotes sea anemone expansion and eliminates oxygen debt under environmental hypoxia

During exposure to hypoxic conditions in darkness, Anthopleura elegantissima remains contracted and incurs a physiological oxygen debt. Both of these phenomena are eliminated by maintaining anemones in the light, but not if photosynthesis by their endosymbiotic zooxanthellae is chemically inhibited, suggesting that the intracellular production of O2 stimulates expansion and enables aerobic metabolism to continue.
Irritable bowel syndrome medications side effects survey.

Objectives This study was conducted to determine the frequency and severity of side effects (SEs) experienced during treatment with standard medications used to treat patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with constipation (IBS-C). Methods In January of 2002, 668 subjects responded to a survey addressed to an online panel of 25,000 physician-diagnosed IBS sufferers. Of the survey respondents, 504 had constipation as a predominant bowel habit (median age 45 years, and 88% were women). Respondents answered questions about the therapies they used to relieve their IBS symptoms and about any SEs they experienced while taking these therapies; they were also asked to rate their satisfaction with their current/past medications. To gauge IBS impact, respondents were also asked about the number of times they either visited or called their health-care provider about their IBS symptoms and approximately how many days of work or school they missed because of their IBS symptoms. Results Subjects reported having tried an average of 3.9 +/- 3.3 medications for their IBS-C symptoms with virtually all subjects (99%) having tried at least 1 medication. Subjects reported an average of 3.3 +/- 2.7 SEs. Nearly three quarters reported discontinuing treatment because of SEs, and many sought medical help or missed work, school, or social activities because of SEs. Conclusions Traditional therapies for IBS-C, including laxatives, fiber, and stool softeners, are associated with SEs that negatively affect the lives of IBS sufferers.
piRNA biogenesis during adult spermatogenesis in mice is independent of the ping-pong mechanism

piRNAs, a class of small non-coding RNAs associated with PIWI proteins, have broad functions in germline development, transposon silencing, and epigenetic regulation. In diverse organisms, a subset of piRNAs derived from repeat sequences are produced via the interplay between two PIWI proteins. This mechanism, termed "ping-pong" cycle, operates among the PIWI proteins of the primordial mouse testis; however, its involvement in postnatal testes remains elusive. Here we show that adult testicular piRNAs are produced independent of the ping-pong mechanism. We identified and characterized large populations of piRNAs in the adult and postnatal developing testes associated with MILI and MIWI, the only PIWI proteins detectable in these testes. No interaction between MILI and MIWI or sequence feature for the ping-pong mechanism among their piRNAs was detected in the adult testis. The majority of MILI- and MIWI-associated piRNAs originate from the same DNA strands within the same loci. Both populations of piRNAs are biased for 5' Uracil but not for Adenine on the 10th nucleotide position, and display no complementarity. Furthermore, in Miwi mutants, MILI-associated piRNAs are not downregulated, but instead upregulated. These results indicate that the adult testicular piRNAs are predominantly, if not exclusively, produced by a primary processing mechanism instead of the ping-pong mechanism. In this primary pathway, biogenesis of MILI- and MIWI-associated piRNAs may compete for the same precursors; the types of piRNAs produced tend to be non-selectively dictated by the available precursors in the cell; and precursors with introns tend to be spliced before processed into piRNAs.
Identifying antecedents of virtual team collaboration

Purpose – Virtual teams are comprised of members who are located in more than one physical location. This team trait has fostered extensive use of a variety of forms of computer‐mediated communication that enable geographically dispersed members to coordinate their individual efforts and inputs. Perhaps even more important, however, is the reality that virtual teams need to effectively collaborate to harness their full performance capabilities in order to compete in the highly competitive environments of contemporary organizations. This paper seeks to address the topic of virtual team collaboration from a “back door” perspective by identifying conditions that need to be present in order for it to effectively occur.Design/methodology/approach – This paper looks at how the depth of relationships, trust, and shared understandings among the team members feed into a team's collaborative ability, based on a thorough review of the literature. It also examines the interrelationships among these factors while sugg...
Advanced component technologies for energy-efficient turbofan engines

The paper reviews NASA's Energy Efficient Engine Project which was initiated to provide the advanced technology base for a new generation of fuel-conservative engines for introduction into airline service by the late 1980s. Efforts in this project are directed at advancing engine component and systems technologies to a point of demonstrating technology-readiness by 1984. Early results indicate high promise in achieving most of the goals established in the project.
Immunocytochemical Localization of Lymphatic and Venous Vessels in Colonic Polyps and Adenomas

Histopathological localization of lymphatic vessels has been hindered because of a lack of suitable immunocytochemical markers for lymphatic vessels. Using lymphatic vessels endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1) immunocytochemical staining, hyperplastic polyps, tubular adenomas to villous adenomas, were investigated for lymphatic vessels compared with immunostained blood vessels using factor-8. Four cases each of hyperplastic polyps, tubular adenomas to villous adenomas, were routinely fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin and were immunostained using goat anti-LYVE-1 for lymphatic vessels and rabbit anti-factor-8 for blood vessels. In normal colon and hyperplastic polyps, slender lymphatic vessels were noted in muscularis mucosa, which spread into the base of colonic crypt, whereas round venous vessels, they extend into lamina propria. In tubular adenomas, small lymphatic and venous vessels were noted in broad fibrous stalks. In villous adenomas, smaller lymphatic and venous vessels were noted in fine intervillous stroma. In normal colon and hyperplastic polyps, slender, irregularly shaped lymphatic vessels were present in muscularis mucosa, spreading into the base of the colonic crypt. In tubular adenomas, small lymphatic and venous vessels were noted in fibrous stalks. In villous adenomas, smaller lymphatic and venous vessels were noted in intervillous stroma. There are no increased lymphatic and venous vessels in intermucosal stroma and stalks of adenomas compared with normal colon.
Scene segmentation in automated histopathology: techniques evolved from cytology automation

Abstract Image analysis techniques developed for cytology automation are shown to be applicable or adaptable to the analysis of fixed tissue sections in some relatively simple cases. More sophisticated techniques, developed as extensions of the basic methods, are suggested for more complicated cases. Techniques highlighted include: isodensity contour tracing, geometrical boundary repair, heuristic search, regional pre-processing, Hough transforms, and general parallel edge finding algorithms. Applications include: leukocyte analysis (in blood, marrow, and tissue), morphometric analysis of bone tissue, morphometry of muscle and nerve fibers, and the grading of non-Hodgkins lymphomas and of intraductal breast lesions.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sepsis after elective vaginal prolapse surgery

Colonization with the virulent pathogen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is becoming more prevalent and can result in serious consequences for surgical patients. A 75-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus underwent elective uterovaginal prolapse surgery after an unsuccessful pessary trial. She was noted preoperatively to have MRSA colonization of the urine, and received 10 days of oral linezolid prior to surgery. Four weeks following surgery, the patient was hospitalized for MRSA sepsis. Numerous questions remain regarding the optimal approach to the prevention of MRSA infections in surgical patients. With the increased prevalence of community-acquired MRSA infections, further management strategies and identification of colonization status are necessary to circumvent potentially serious outcomes.
Intraorganizational influences on business-to-business pricing strategies: A political economy perspective

Abstract Historically, researchers have addressed pricing issues from many different perspectives, including the firm's business model (cost structure, experience curve), stakeholders (customers and channel partners), competition (market structure and intensity), and macroeconomic issues (interest rates, economic growth). An important dimension of organizational price setting that has been neglected is the impact that the firm's internal political system, reflected in interdepartmental coordination and rivalry, has upon price setting. A study of managers who are influential in shaping the firm's pricing strategy was conducted to identify intraorganizational issues and their relative impact on the firm's pricing strategy. The results of the study provide important implications for the development and execution of a firm's pricing strategy.
Early Evolution of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the only significant solar energy storage process on Earth and is the source of all of our food and most of our energy resources. An understanding of the origin and evolution of photosynthesis is therefore of substantial interest, as it may help to explain inefficiencies in the
Interspecific negotiations: Mutual gain in exchanges of a limiting resource

Abstract Observations on three sympatric species of hermit crab revealed that in the majority of exchanges of gastropod shells, both individuals gained in shell fit. This was true for both intra- and interspecific exchanges. Predictions of the outcome of interactions based upon a ‘mutual gain’ model were correct more frequently than were predictions from an ‘aggression’ model. In this system, interspecific exchanges of a mutually limiting resource may result in benefits to individuals of both species of crab.
Order of substrate binding in bacterial phenylalanine hydroxylase and its mechanistic implication for pterin-dependent oxygenases.

Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) is a pterin-dependent non-heme metalloenzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of phenylalanine to tyrosine, which is the rate-limiting step in the catabolism of Phe. Chromobacteriumviolaceum phenylalanine hydroxylase (cPAH) has been prepared and its steady-state mechanism has been investigated. The enzyme requires iron for maximal activity. Initial rate measurements, done in the presence of the 6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin (DMPH4) cofactor, yielded an average apparent kcat of 36±1 s–1. The apparent KM values measured for the substrates DMPH4, L-Phe, and O2 are 44±7, 59±10, and 76±7 µM, respectively. Steady-state kinetic analyses using double-reciprocal plots revealed line patterns consistent with a sequential ter-bi mechanism in which L-Phe is the middle substrate in the order of binding. The occurrence of a line intersection on the double-reciprocal plot abscissa when either pterin or O2 is saturated suggests that, prior to O2 binding, DMPH4 and L-Phe are in associative pre-equilibrium with cPAH. Together with an inhibition study using the oxidized cofactor, 7,8-dimethyl-6,7-dihydropterin, it is conclusive that the mechanism is fully ordered, with DMPH4 binding the active site first, L-Phe second, and O2 last. This represents the first conclusive steady-state mechanism for a PAH enzyme. Electronic supplementary material is available if you access this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00775-002-0395-6. On that page (frame on the left side), a link takes you directly to the supplementary material.
Reduced heat shock proteins--a mechanism to explain higher cardiovascular events associated with doxazosin.

Reduced heat shock proteins: a mechanism to explain higher cardiovascular events associated with doxazosin
Comparison of Alzheimer’s disease in American Indians, whites, and African Americans

Abstract Background The recent development of a national Alzheimer’s disease database makes it possible to compare the course of illness in various ethnic groups. Methods The National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center database was used to compare the clinical presentation and course of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in American Indians with whites and African-Americans, and to compare findings in American Indians seen in Oklahoma with those seen elsewhere. We ascertained the diagnosis of probable and possible AD, gender, education, history of affected first-degree relative, depression, history of stroke, Parkinson symptoms, age at onset of dementia, initial visit, and death. We also ascertained years from symptom onset and initial evaluation to death, initial Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score adjusted for education, and years from onset of symptoms. Results Data from 30,993 subjects were analyzed. There were statistically significant but only small differences between groups. American Indians had the lowest proportion of affected first-degree relatives, depression, and extrapyramidal symptoms. Whites had the highest proportion of subjects with affected first-degree relatives and depression, but the lowest history of stroke. African Americans had the most frequent history of stroke and extrapyramidal symptoms. Indians seen in Oklahoma had a lower proportion of affected first-degree relatives than did those seen elsewhere. Conclusions Although there were no clinically significant differences in course of illness between these self-identified ethnic groups, this finding with regard to American Indians must be interpreted with caution, because the subjects for whom we had information regarding ancestry reported a smaller proportion of American Indian (25%) than white (75%) heritage.
Brains versus brawn: an empirical test of Barker's brain sparing model.

The Barker model of the in utero origins of diminished muscle mass in those born small invokes the adaptive “sparing” of brain tissue development at the expense of muscle. Though compelling, to date this model has not been directly tested. This article develops an allometric framework for testing the principal prediction of the Barker model—that among those born small muscle mass is sacrificed to spare brain growth—then evaluates this hypothesis using data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). The results indicate clear support for a negative relationship between the allometric development of the two tissues; however, a further consideration of conserved mammalian fetal circulatory patterns suggests the possibility that system-constrained patterns of developmental damage and “bet-hedging” responses in affected tissues may provide a more adequate explanation of the results. Far from signaling the end of studies of adaptive developmental programming, this perspective may open a promising new avenue of inquiry within the fields of human biology and the developmental origins of health and disease. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Markets, standards, and the information infrastructure

The author presents a synthesis of thinking within the economics field about network development and standardization. The analysis focuses on understanding economic factors shaping important contemporary events and the development of standards in tomorrow's information infrastructure. The motivation for such a synthesis is that many observations about market mechanisms are not consistent with one another, nor do they all transparently synthesize into a single policy vision. The key to understanding this confusion is that standards take on a dual role, as a coordinator and as a constraint. These insights should be useful for the development of appropriate public policy and management strategy. >
The Wax and Wane of Interstate Migration Patterns in the USA in the 1980s: A Demographic Effectiveness Field Perspective

Demographic effectiveness (or efficiency) is a measure of the unidirectionality of migration to and from geographic areas. This author explores the structure of temporal change in the demographic effectiveness of migration in the United States during the 1980s. The analysis is based on a times series of (51×51) matrices of state-to-state movements derived from matched income tax forms. A number of hypotheses are explored about how in-migration and out-migration fields wax and wane, thereby giving rise to the overall shifts in demographic effectiveness measured over the period. The results highlight the characteristics of recent (1980–88) shifts in US internal migration patterns including net migration reversals from strong net in-migration to strong net out-migration for states with significant energy sectors, the stanching of net out-migration from many states of the American manufacturing belt, the turnaround to net in-migration for all of northern New England, and the continuance of highly effective ne...
Embedding frequencies of trees

A graph γ is said to be embedded in a graph Γ if γ is isomorphic to a subgraph of Γ. The embedding frequency for γ in Γ,N( Γ, γ), is the number of different subgraphs of Γ to which γ is isomorphic. We use a computer program to calculate the embedding frequencies of subtrees within trees. We computeN(Γ, γ) for trees through 10 vertices and present the results in tabular form. When trees are partially ordered by valence class, their subtrees lie in corresponding order; we give a formal proof of this subtree embedding property. The structure of the embedding relation is exhibited in a topological picture of the zeta function showing the non-zero values ofN(Γ, γ).
Atrial synchronous ventricular inhibited pacing (VDD): an underutilized mode of pacing

The design of atrial synchronous, ventricular inhibited (VDD) pacemakers has been improved. Physiologic long-term benefit has now been established, although this mode of pacing accounts for approximately one percent of implanted devices. With the ultimate control of pacemaker-mediated tachycardia through atrial refractory programming close at hand or already available, one might expect an increase in VDD pacing in patients with exercise-induced high degree heart block and stable sinus node function.
[D14] HaptiGo: A navigational ‘tap on the shoulder’

Summary form only given, as follows. Complex inter-personal interactions occur in the course of pedestrian navigation. Within familiar environments, prior knowledge helps pedestrians reach their destination seamlessly. However, in unexplored environments or when otherwise engaged, a greater awareness of surroundings or higher cognitive loads are required. We propose HaptiGo, a lightweight haptic vest that provides pedestrians both navigational intelligence and obstacle detection capabilities. HaptiGo consists of optimally-placed vibro-tactile sensors that utilize natural and small form factor interaction cues, thus emulating the invisible sensation of being passively guided towards the intended direction. We evaluated HaptiGo through a study conducted on a group of pedestrians, whom were tasked with navigating through several different waypoints while engaged in cognitively demanding tasks. We found that HaptiGo was able to successfully navigate users with timely alerts of incoming obstacles without increasing cognitive load, thereby increasing their environmental awareness. Additionally, we show that users are able to respond to directional information without training.
Simplified gravimetric determination of total fat in food composites after chloroform‐methanol extraction

A modification of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method 983.23 for the quantitative determination of total lipid in food composites was evaluated for the measurement of total fat. The procedure is based on the Bligh and Dyer chloroform/methanol total lipid extraction. Relative to AOAC 983.23, the proposed method is less labor-intensive and is applicable to batch analysis of a larger number of samples, thus reducing the cost of analysis and increasing sample throughput. Total lipid values from the proposed method are comparable to those from AOAC 983.23 and slightly higher than total fat determined by acid hydrolysis (AOAC 954.02, 945.44, or 922.06). Recoveries of standard additions of different food-grade oils from a mixed food composite were essentially quantitative, ranging from 96 to 101%. Total lipid measured in Total Diet Standard Reference Material 1548 (SRM 1548, National Institute of Standards and Technology) was 101% of the certified mean total fat content and within the certified range. The method is to be suitable for analysis of food composites with between 0.15 and 1.5 g total fat (3 to 30% by weight). More than 600 samples of a variety of total diet composites were collected and assayed as diet quality control samples for two National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute-sponsored multicenter clinical feeding trials: DELTA (Dietary Effects on Lipoproteins and Thrombogenic Activity) and DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension). The mean coefficient of variation was 1.2% for duplicate assays of these samples over the course of two years and multiple analysts. In addition, total lipid values for more than 200 samples of a diet composite quality control material, used in this laboratory over a two-year period, had a 3.99% coefficient of variation. Although the accuracy of all gravimetric total fat methods with respect to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Nutritional Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) definition of total fat as the sum of triglycerides remains to be determined, the reported modification of AOAC 983.23 yields a total fat content of acceptable accuracy relative to other gravimetric methods, and with proper quality control the method has excellent precision.
METHOD OF CORRELATING CHEMICAL COMPOSITION RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF GLASSY BOND AND PROPERTÍES OF CERAMIC BODIES

A method is given for correlating the chemical composition, relative amounts of glassy bond, and properties of fired ceramic bodies. The procedure consists of (1) plotting the compositions expressed in simplified terms on a reference diagram and (2) plotting data on the physical properties vertically from the plane of the reference diagram. Because the reference diagram contains the appropriate equilibrium diagram, the quantities of liquid and crystalline phases calculated for preparations of pure raw materials heated to equilibrium at a given temperature are useful (1) in estimating the relative quantities of glassy bond in fired bodies and (2) in differentiating fired bodies with respect to phase constituents. Data on fired whiteware are used to illustrate the relation of composition to the following properties: porosity, shrinkage, dielectric strength, and specific gravity.
Attribution processes in distressed and nondistressed couples: 5. Real versus hypothetical events

The majority of studies on attribution in marriage have examined hypothetical behaviors, raising the possibility that results are not applicable to actual marital events. In addition, it is not known whether attribution biases found for partner versus self-behavior in distressed and nondistressed spouses occur for clinically relevant problem behaviors. To examine these issues, wives seeking marital therapy and nondistressed wives from the community made responsibility attributions for self- and partner behaviors identified as problematic for the relationship and for hypothetical behaviors used in past research. The pattern of responses obtained for distressed and nondistressed groups was not affected by the real or hypothetical nature of the behavior. In addition, attributions for problem-related and hypothetical behaviors predicted marital satisfaction equally well. In regard to attribution biases, distressed spouses saw their own behavior as more unselfishly motivated and unintentional than spouse behavior. Nondistressed spouses made equally benign attributions for both self- and partner behavior. The conceptual and clinical significance of the results are outlined.
NUCLEAR PHYSICS OF DARK MATTER DETECTION

We describe the elastic scattering of weakly interacting dark matter particles from nuclei, with laboratory detection in mind. We focus on the lightest neutralino (a neutral fermion predicted by supersymmetry) as a likely candidate and discuss the physics needed to calculate its elastic scattering cross section and interpret experimental results. Particular emphasis is placed on a proper description of the structure of the proposed detector nuclei. We include a brief discussion of expected count rates in some detectors.
A melissopalynological study of 54 Louisiana (U.S.A.) honeys

Abstract Pollen analyses were made of 54 commercial Louisiana (U.S.A.) honeys collected during 1967–1968. Fifty-eight different pollen types were identified. A direct correlation was assumed between a plant's pollen quantity and its nectar contribution. On this basis, the major Louisiana honey plants that were determined are: Fabaceae, predominantly Trifolium repens (99%), Rubus, Berchemia scandens , and Salix . Plants established as important for their nectar contributions in isolated samples are: Cephalanthus occidentalis, Sapium sebiferum , miscellaneous Compositae (Asteraceae), Glycine max , and Parthenocissus quinquefolia . Native plants such as Rubus, Berchemia scandens , and Salix contribute more to Louisiana's honey sources than do cultivated plants or introduced plants. Most samples originated from six to fifteen different plant types and thus do not appear to be of particularly diverse botanical origin. The pollen types that indicate late spring, summer, or fall honeys include: Glycine max, Cassia fasciculata, Polygonum, Lagerstroemia indica, Lythrum, Ampelopsis, Trachelospermum difforme , and others. Thirty-one samples could be considered unifloral honeys. Most Louisiana honeys were a clear color and from nectar of flowers and not honeydew. Honeys collected from different regions of Louisiana are not easily distinguished from one another geographically by pollen types except in a few instances. Three pollen types characteristic of Mississippi and Red River floodplain honeys are: Cephalanthus occidentalis, Mimosa strigillosa , and Forestiera acuminata. Castanea and Ilex form a characteristic pollen combination in honeys produced from the pine-oak-hickory uplands and longleaf pine flatwoods of western Louisiana.
Preferential targeting of vesicular stomatitis virus to breast cancer cells

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a candidate for development for cancer therapy. We created a recombinant replicating VSV (rrVSV) with an altered surface protein that targeted preferentially to breast cancer cells. The rrVSV genome contained a single glycoprotein (gp) gene derived from Sindbis virus. This gene expressed a chimeric Sindbis E2 binding gp and the native Sindbis E1 fusion gp. The chimeric E2 binding gp, called Sindbis-SCA-erbb2, was modified to reduce its native binding function and to contain a single chain antibody (SCA) with specificity for the human epidermal growth factor receptor Her2/neu protein, erbb2. These viruses selectively infected, replicated in and killed cells expressing erbb2. The titer of rrVSV on SKBR3 cells, a human breast cancer cell line which highly expresses erbb2 was 3.1 x 10(7)/ml compared with a titer of 7.3 x 10(5)/ml on 143 cells, a human osteosarcoma cell line which does not express erbb2. The titer of rrVSV on D2F2/E2 cells, a mouse mammary cancer cell line stably transfected to express human erbb2 was 2.46 x 10(6)/ml compared with a titer of 5 x 10(4)/ml on the parent D2F2 cells which do not express erbb2. When titered on erbb2-negative cells, non-replicating pseudotype VSV coated with Sindbis-SCA-erbb2 had <3% the titer of pseudotype VSV coated with wild type Sindbis gp indicating that the chimeric Sindbis gp had severely impaired binding to the natural receptor. Analysis of the protein composition of the rrVSV found low expression of the modified Sindbis gp on the virus.
Privatization of Municipal Wastewater Treatment

Privatization of wastewater treatment facilities was encouraged by changes in the law and in the attitude of government officials during the early 1980s The idea was for localities to benefit from the efficiency gains expected when operations were transferred from municipal administration to a profit-making organization. However, significant differences between the ideal and reality often existed, particularly when contracts all but eliminated the profit motive.
Stability of a Shear Flow in an Unstable Layer

The stability with respect to small perturbations of a piecewise linear velocity profile of the half‐jet (or shear layer) type in a layer with an unstable entropy gradient has been studied. The maximum instabilities are found to be either in the plane of the velocity profile or perpendicular to it depending on a critical Richardson number which is quite insensitive to the depth of the layer.
Operating regimes and performance optimization in mode-locked fiber lasers

We derive a theoretical model to characterize the mode-locking dynamics in a single-mode fiber laser cavity with a combination of waveplates and a passive polarizer. The averaging process results in the cubic-quintic Ginzburg-Landau equation (CQGLE) where all the coefficients depend explicitly on the setting of the waveplates as well as the fiber birefringence. A comparison between full numerical simulations and the CQGLE shows a good agreement that allows for characterizing the stability and operating regimes of the laser cavity. A low-dimensional model is developed via the method of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to study the multi-pulsing transition of the CQGLE, and the results agree qulitatively with the CQGLE model. The theory allows one to develop guidelines for engineering and optimizing high-energy, high peak-power pulses in the laser cavity.
Class A Color Designation for Light Sources Used in General Illumination

Solid state lighting has reignited interest among lighting specialists and manufacturers in the color qualities of illumination used in architectural applications. This renewed interest has highlighted the known problems with the two currently accepted metrics used by the lighting industry to communicate the color qualities of sources of illumination, correlated color temperature (CCT) and color rendering index (CRI). These two metrics are poor predictors of viewer responses to the color characteristics of illumination and both metrics are poorly understood among consumers. The proposed “Class A color” designation serves two important purposes for helping to move the consumer market toward a broader acceptance of solid state lighting. First, the “Class A color” designation reflects bundled metrics shown to be predictive of user acceptance of color attributes from sources of illumination and, second, the designation can be readily understood by consumers as denoting light sources of high color quality.
Dollar-sterling exchange rate in the 1920s : purchasing power parity and the Norman conquest of $4.86

The issue of long-run purchasing power parity for the US dollar–UK sterling exchange rate during the 1920s float is re-examined, and it is concluded that a form of long-run purchasing-power parity did in fact hold for dollar-sterling during this period. The new results are also employed to gauge the degree of overvaluation of sterling relative to the imposed pre-war parity of $4.86 on its return to gold in 1925 and for 12 months afterwards.
Infrared spectroscopic studies of the rare gas atom perturbed S1(0) rovibron band of solid parahydrogen

Abstract We report high resolution infrared absorption studies of rare gas (Rg) atom doped solid parahydrogen in the hydrogen S 1 (0) region around 4486 cm −1 . At low Rg atom concentrations (∼0.1%), satellite transitions appear in the S 1 (0) region due to rovibrational excitation of parahydrogen molecules with one nearest-neighbor Rg atom. The Ne satellite feature differs qualitatively from the Ar, Kr, and Xe satellite features for reasons described within. The frequency of the S 1 (0) satellite features linearly shift to lower energy as the polarizability of the Rg atom increases while the absorption coefficients increase with the square of the Rg atom polarizability. Rotational calculations are performed for H 2 with a nearest-neighbor Rg atom assuming a rigid hexagonal close-packed lattice structure. The calculated fine structure of the S 1 (0) satellite features agree qualitatively with lifting of the 2 J +1 degeneracy of the v = 1, J = 2 upper state caused by the anisotropy in the Rg–H 2 intermolecular potential. The discrepancy between the calculated and measured Rg atom S 1 (0) satellite features may signal partial delocalization of the J = 2 roton onto neighboring parahydrogen molecules.
Past, Current, and Future Roles of Child Psychiatry in Mental Retardation

Abstract. The history of psychiatry and mental retardation from their common beginnings in the early 1800s through the period of eugenic alarm of the early 1900s is reviewed. The resulting isolation of the retarded during the first half of this century and its serious negative consequences are then described. Four major factors that have come together during the past 20-30 years to reverse this trend are identified: improved understanding of human development and attachment; advances in the medical treatment of emotional disturbances; community psychiatry; and the strong advocate position taken by parent groups
Outcome measures for urinary incontinence

Abstract Objectives. To discuss the rudiments of data that need to be collected in order to develop validated reproducible, well-accepted efficacy instruments for assessing treatment outcomes in urinary incontinence (UI). Methods. Information is presented from two reports issued by the Urodynamics Society: "Definition and Classification of Urinary Incontinence" and "Standards of Efficacy for Evaluation of Treatment Outcomes in Urinary Incontinence." Results. Instruments to assess the efficacy of treatment should be reliable and valid. Such instruments include structured histories, questionnaires, structured physical examinations, urodynamics, voiding diaries, and pad tests. Recommended primary outcome variables include the number of incontinent episodes, volume of urinary loss, and type of incontinence. Secondary measures include patient satisfaction, quality of life, bladder symptoms, uroflow, postvoid residual urine, and other urodynamic variables. General considerations for the development of clinical trials include 1) using a standard lexicon, 2) consistent timing of follow-up, 3) proper outcome assessment at each follow-up, 4) proper data collection, 5) proper data analysis, and 6) formulating conclusions that are supported by the data. Conclusions. At the present time, there are no validated, reproducible, well-accepted efficacy instruments for assessing treatment outcomes in UI. Further work directed toward the development of such instruments is warranted.
A model for moisture capacities of composite materials Part I: formulation

Abstract Moisture capacity is defined as the change of moisture content in a porous material due to a change of internal pressure at certain temperature. It is one of the material parameters characterizing transport behaviors. A composite model for effective moisture capacity is developed based on extreme energy principles, which have been used to evaluate effective heat capacities of two phase composite materials. In the method, potential energy is expressed in terms of Helmholtz free energy; complementary energy in terms of Gibbs free energy. These two free energies are derived in terms of material parameters related to moisture transfer, and based on the relevant thermodynamic principals. The effective moisture capacities obtained in the present study are composed of two terms. One is the volumetric average of the moisture capacities of the constituent phases, and the other is the coupling effect which depends on bulk moduli, shrinkage coefficients of the constituents, as well as on volume fraction of the inclusion. Among these influential parameters, the coupling effect is controlled mainly by the difference of the shrinkage coefficients between the two constituent phases. When the difference increases, so does the contribution of the coupling effect.
The dilemmas of patient treatment for end-stage renal disease.

In past years, physicians responsible for the treatment of chronic uremia have faced dilemmas that have been methodologic and economic while attempting to provide good patient care. These have been overcome, but in the course of time a larger one has developed. The current dilemma is one of high costs for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) management and the failure of current treatment programs to adequately rehabilitate the ESRD patient. In spite of widespread concern about this dilemma, few current data and even fewer projections exist about the eventual costs for their care. Existing data demonstrate several problems that are the basis of this dilemma: (1) the projections of incidence and prevalence of ESRD patients have been too low; (2) renal transplantation has failed to develop into a dominant (and least costly) form of ESRD therapy; (3) home dialysis programs have failed to offset the rapidly expanding in-center dialysis population; and (4) prevalence of and costs for chronic hemodialysis have increased far beyond expected levels. Using current data for the US population as to the incidence and overall mortality rate of ESRD patients, it is apparent that the dialysis population is only 39% of the way toward a steady state—corresponding to only the 4th year of a calculated 25-year growth curve. Although the current costs for maintenance of ESRD patients exceeds $1.3 billion, based upon such projections with the current distribution of patient treatment modalities, the overall annual cost will be in excess of $3.3 billion before a steady state is achieved. Improvement in mortality rates or increases in the incidence of patients will increase the steady state prevalence and the overall costs. Renal transplantation, unless kidney survival rate is increased so that it approximates patient survival, is unlikely to offset the rapidly increasing costs. New technology that would reduce the costs for center-based chronic hemodialysis has not been identified. Emphasis upon home dialysis modalities as a method of increasing patient rehabilitation and reducing costs appears to be a short-term necessity. Increased research and development in prevention of ESRD and in achieving better transplant kidney survival appear to be extremely important as long-term goals.
Simulation and Fabrication of Two Dimensional Nonlinear Photonic Crystals using Barium Titanate Thin Films

Photonic crystal (PhC) can potentially result in enhanced optical properties around critical points in the photonic band gap. Of interest here are enhanced nonlinear optical effects. In this study, one and two dimensional nonlinear PhC were designed and fabricated using barium titanium oxide (BTO) thin films as the active medium. Nonlinear PhC made with barium titanate thin films potentially provide integrated devices with the advantages of wide tunability and high stability. Films 500 nm thick deposited on MgO substrates were utilized. Two dimensional PhC structures were defined by focused ion beams (FIB). Before patterning, a thin metal layer was deposited on the barium titanate layers in order to improve the conductivity of the samples. After writing the patterns, cylindrical air holes were generated in the thin film layers. The PhC lattice constant and the hole radius were selected in sub-micron region in order to satisfy the requirement of wave resonance. The PhCs with sub-micron features were characterized by the atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and near field optical microscopy (NSOM). The transmission spectra of the PhC waveguides were calculated with a continuous wide band source that covered 1 to 2 micron wavelength. Simulations of the transmission characteristics were performed using the two dimensional finite difference time domain method (FDTD).
Structural and functional analysis of the HIV gp41 core containing an Ile573 to Thr substitution: implications for membrane fusion.

The envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 consists of the surface subunit gp120 and the transmembrane subunit gp41. Binding of gp120 to target cell receptors induces a conformational change in gp41, which then mediates the fusion of viral and cellular membranes. A buried isoleucine (Ile573) in a central trimeric coiled coil within the fusion-active gp41 ectodomain core is thought to favor this conformational activation. The role of Ile573 in determining the structure and function of the gp120−gp41 complex was investigated by mutating this residue to threonine, a nonconservative substitution in HIV-1 that occurs naturally in SIV. While the introduction of Thr573 markedly destabilized the gp41 core, the three-dimensional structure of the mutant trimer of hairpins was very similar to that of the wild-type molecule. A new hydrogen-bonding interaction between the buried Thr573 and Thr569 residues appears to allow formation of the trimer-of-hairpins structure at physiological temperature. The mutant envelope glycoprot...