cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Personal Journey with Grounded Theory Methodology. Kathy Charmaz in Conversation With Reiner Keller

Kathy CHARMAZ gehort zu den wichtigsten Vordenker/innen der Grounded-Theory-Methodologie (GTM). Ihr wegweisendes Arbeiten zur konstruktivistischen GTM inspiriert weltweit Forschungen quer durch die Disziplinen. Im vorliegenden Interview reflektiert sie uber die Stimmung in der qualitativen Forschung im Kalifornien der spaten 1960er und fruhen 1970er Jahre und uber die Lehrerfahrungen, die sie selbst in ihren ersten Gehversuchen in der empirischen Forschung machte. Im Anschluss diskutiert sie die Entwicklung der Grounded-Theory-Forschung seit diesen fruhen Tagen und erlautert in deren Zusammenhang die Entstehung und Grundlagen ihrer eigenen Perspektive der konstruktivistischen GTM. Dabei betont sie die Bedeutung der Traditionen der Chicago School und des symbolischen Interaktionismus fur die aktuellen Arbeiten der GTM und reflektiert deren Stellenwert in der gegenwartigen qualitativen Forschung. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1601165
Black Interiority, Freedom, and the Impossibility of Living

“Here is proof of the necessity of slavery. The African is incapable of self-care and sinks into lunacy under the burden of freedom. It is a mercy to give him guardianship and protection from menta...
Nonlinear Optical Properties of PBT in Nematic Solutions

Third-order nonlinear optical properties of lyotropic liquid crystal poly(1,4-phenylene-2,6-benzobisthiazole), PBT, solutions are studied by third harmonic generation measurements. Besides the enhancement observed for this coefficient with respect to the pure PBT, coupling is observed between the mean filed nematic director n and the incident fundamental polarization {vnE0}. Different geometries, with respect to the relative orientation of {vnE0} and n, provided different harmonic Maker Fringe Patterns. These data are compared using refractive index measurements, independently achieved on these materials, and necessary for Maker Fringe analysis.
Nanocomposites containing nanoclusters of metals or semiconductors

Neutral, low-valent complexes of transition metals or an organometallic compound of Ge are prepared containing ancillary ligands which bear silicate ester or (alkoxy)silicon functional groups. Inclusion of these molecules as dopant species in a conventional sol-gel synthesis of silica xerogels affords silica xerogels in which dopant molecules have presumably been covalently incorporated into the xerogel matrix with uniform and high dispersion. Subsequent thermal treatment of these molecularly doped xerogels under reducing or oxidizing/reducing conditions gives nanocomposites containing nanoclusters of metals or semiconductor substances. By this procedure, nanocomposites containing nanoclusters of Ag, Cu, Pt, Os, CCo 3 , Fe2P, Ni 2 P, or Ge have been prepared. Preliminary evidence for the formation of a nanocomposite containing Pt-Sn nanoclusters derived from a bimetallic molecular precursor is also presented. Characterization data for the nanocomposite materials include TEM, electron diffraction, EDS, XRD, and selected use of micro-Raman spectroscopy. These results support the hypothesis that covalent incorporation of molecular precursors containing low-valent metals into a silica xerogel can afford nanocluster phases with high dispersion, relatively small particle size, and unusual elemental composition.
Research on Fuzzy Self-adaptive PID Control and Its Emulation

The tuning of parameters for traditional PID controllers was based on the mathematical model of the object and on some rules,which was difficult to adapt to complicated and variable control systems. In view of the shortcomings of PID controllers such as bad parameter tuning,not good enough performance and weak adaptability,a self-adaptively adjusted fuzzy-PID controller is proposed. The use of fuzzy logic controller makes the parameter self-adapting of PID controller possible,it also perfects the properties of PID controller and improves the precision of control system. The result of simulation in fuzzy logic toolbox of Matlab proves that the controller possess both the precise character of PID controller and the flexible advantage of fuzzy controller,and can guarantee that regulation system has good dynamic and static quality. It has further prospect in engineering application.
A Review of Divestment by Medical Organizations and Academic Institutions of Shareholdings in Tobacco Companies

Over the past twenty years, various individuals and organizations, most notably in the health professions, have aired concerns about the ethics of profiting from investments in tobacco. The accepted definition of social investing is the integration of financial and social criteria when making investment decisions. The premise is that investing is not “value neutral,” meaning that ethical and social criteria should be considered in how we use our money and profit from an investment. Proponents of social investing believe that one can feel good about the nature of an investment and derive profit at the same time.
Construction, calibration and evaluation of a tissue phantom with reproducible optical properties for investigations in light emission tomography

We describe in details the materials and methods used to construct, calibrate and evaluate tissue phantoms and light sources; we describe the method for acquiring the data and present quantitative results for light intensity reconstruction using the reproducible phantom's optical properties as a priori information. We consider a tissue phantom imaging with optical properties which match those for typical mouse tissues, as a useful part of light diffusion studies in heterogeneous biological media in order to obtain important parameters for any reconstruction technique. Solid tissue phantoms are particularly useful for the study of light-tissue interaction and are still an active area of investigation.
A Cost-Effective Production DC/RF On-Wafer GaAs FET Measurement System

This paper describes a cost-effective DC and microwave test system for production screening of discrete and process-monitor GaAs FETs. Topics covered include system hardware, test software and data storage, DC error-correction, RF GaAs FET modeling, RF probe card technology, error-correction for common-mode inductance, and on-wafer calibration.
Forensics and Fallibility: Comparing the Views of Lawyers and Judges

Forensic evidence plays an increasingly prominent role in criminal practice, leading some to worry that depictions in popular media might make jurors over-reliant on forensics — a so-called CSI effect. There is little empirical evidence of such a CSI effect among jury-eligible laypersons; any such influence also depends upon a case proceeding to a trial. As the Supreme Court has put it: “criminal justice today is for the most part a system of pleas, not a system of trials.” However, a CSI effect could be more consequential if it affects how criminal lawyers assess forensic evidence when they negotiate pleas or decide what evidence to present at trial. In this Essay, we begin to examine how criminal defense lawyers and prosecutors assess forensics, and we compare their views to those expressed by lay jurors. Part I of this Essay surveys the literature on the role that evidence plays in the plea bargaining process. In Part II, we present the results of two surveys that examine views on fingerprint and DNA evidence. Our focus was on two types of forensics: DNA evidence and fingerprint evidence. The evidence we gathered suggests misperceptions of both the evidence and how jurors will view the evidence. We found defense lawyers, in particular, may be far more skeptical of forensic evidence than jurors; indeed, defense lawyers may be overly skeptical of even DNA evidence. Most remarkable, however, was the great weight that jury-eligible adults placed on fingerprint evidence, just as many of the lawyers surveyed would have predicted, and even when compared to the weight they placed on DNA evidence. These results suggest far more must be done to study what information and influences shape the weight both lawyers and jurors place on forensics. We conclude in Part III by outlining how these surveys can provide a useful starting place for further research and policy.
Biological Control of Sapwood-Inhabiting Fungi by Metabolites from Streptomyces Rimosus

Benko (1988a,b) studied the suitability of several bacteria as biological control agents for preventing discoloration and deterioration of wood by sapwood-inhabiting fungi. In a study by Highley et al. (1991), metabolites produced by Streptomyces rimosus were effective in controlling sapwood-inhabiting fungi. The unconcentrated metabolites inhibited spore germination of all the sapwood-inhabiting fungi tested and prevented discoloration of pine blocks. However, Penicillium and Aureobasidium pullulans were able to attack sweetgum blocks treated with the metabolites.
Transmission of Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria to Health Care Worker Gowns and Gloves during Care of Nursing Home Residents in Veterans Affairs Community Living Centers.

ABSTRACT The objectives of the study were to estimate the risk of transmission of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (RGNB) to gowns and gloves (GG P
Abstract WP378: Use of Code Head Bleed to Promote Hemorrhagic Stroke Awareness in the Emergency Department

Background and Purpose: Providers recognize the need for quick recognition and allocation of resources when ischemic stroke patients arrive at the emergency department. Hemorrhagic stroke patients ...
Isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant glioma: Evolving clinical and therapeutic implications

The metabolic genes isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 are commonly mutated in low-grade glioma and in a subset of glioblastoma. These mutations co-occur with other recurrent molecular alterations, including 1p/19q codeletions and tumor suppressor protein 53 (TP53) and alpha thalassemia/mental retardation (ATRX) mutations, which together help to define a molecular signature that aids in the classification of gliomas and helps to better predict clinical behavior. A confluence of research suggests that glioma development in IDH-mutant and IDH wild-type tumors is driven by different oncogenic processes and responds differently to current treatment paradigms. Herein, the authors discuss the discovery of IDH mutations and associated molecular alterations in glioma, review clinical features common to patients with IDH-mutant glioma, and highlight current understanding of IDH mutation-driven gliomagenesis with implications for emerging treatment strategies. Cancer 2017;123:4535-4546. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Stepping up Your Game: Workplace Experiences of Second-Generation Nigerians in the USA

This article discusses the workplace experiences of second-generation Nigerian adults in the USA. Drawing on data from semi-structured interviews with 67 respondents, I show that second-generation Nigerians differ in whether they perceive racial discrimination in the workplace. There was an almost even split between subjects who felt they had been discriminated against because of their race and those who said they had not experienced anti-black discrimination. For those who felt they had been racially discriminated against at work, their experiences took very similar forms to those of African Americans, with many drawing analogies between their workplace experiences and those of African Americans and other blacks. But there was evidence of intra-black dynamics with some experiencing ethnic discrimination from African Americans and some enjoying an advantage over African Americans because they are children of black immigrants. I showcase two strategic responses found among respondents: minimizing ethnic difference and stepping up one’s game, which were used to negotiate racism and achieve economic mobility. This is consistent with the minority cultures of mobility thesis; that minority groups have cultures of mobility that foster upward social mobility, and it challenges segmented assimilation theory’s perception that black immigrant groups and their children lack tenacity or adaptive strategies.
Disorders of the rectus abdominis muscle and sheath: a 22-year experience.

Objectives To determine the spectrum of diseases that can involve the rectus abdominis muscle and sheath (RMS) and to describe the clinical features of these conditions. Method A retrospective medical record review of RMS disorders seen at The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center from 1971 to 1992. Results A total of 40 patients with diseases of the RMS were identified. Thirty patients had primary diseases of the RMS, most commonly desmoid tumor and hematoma. Secondary disorders of the RMS included abscesses from diverticulitis, a perforated sigmoid carcinoma, gallbladder empyema, and disseminated actinomycosis. Eleven of 18 patients with desmoid tumors had familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). The desmoid tumors in patients with FAP resulted in greater morbidity and mortality than those in patients without FAP. All patients with hematomas were on anticoagulation or had a history of trauma, vigorous coughing, or physical exertion. Conclusions 1) RMS disease should be suspected in patients with a palpable abdominal mass and a history of familial adenomatous polyposis, trauma, anticoagulation, or vigorous coughing or exercise. 2) The most common non-neoplastic condition of the RMS is a hematoma. 3) The desmoid tumor is the most common neoplasm of the RMS. 4) Abdominal ultrasonography and CT readily distinguish RMS disease from intraabdominal pathology.
Under Erasure: William Kentridge, Derrida, and Post-Apartheid South Africa

ABSTRACTThis article aims to read the work of South African artist William Kentridge through the prism of Jacques Derrida’s notion of trace. Kentridge utilizes a unique style of filmic animation: c...
Has the Euro Promoted Eurozone’s Growth?

This study aims to assess whether the introduction of the euro promotes systematic growth for the Eurozone. The empirical analysis is based on a natural experiment where the difference-in-differences method is applied to compare Eurozone’s growth rate with that of selected non-Eurozone economies. The major finding of the study is that there are no significant growth effects for the Eurozone emerging from the introduction of the euro.
Bioactive compounds and biological activity of extracts from Virginia-grown sweet potatoes affected by different cooking methods

Sweet potato is one of the potential alternatives to tobacco in Virginia and is well-adapted to environmental conditions of southern Virginia. Bioactive compounds and biological activity of extracts from five Virginia-grown sweet potato varieties (‘Beauregard’, ‘Bellevue’, ‘Hayman’, ‘Porto Rico’, and ‘Purple’) and their responses to three cooking methods (baking, boiling and steaming) were investigated. Cooking methods and variety had significant (P < 0.05) interaction on the properties analyzed. Total phenolic content (TPC) of the processed samples were either unchanged or significantly increased, except baked and steamed ‘Beauregard’ and steamed ‘Porto Rico’ in which TPC significantly decreased. The effect of processing on total flavonoid content (TFC) was dependent on variety and flesh color. Compared to their raw form, all processed yellow-fleshed ‘Porto Rico’ had significantly lower TFC, while white-fleshed ‘Hayman’ and purple-fleshed ‘Purple’ had the highest TFC. Boiling appears to be an effective cooking method for retaining or enhancing both TPC (42.1%) and TFC (68.1%). Anthocyanins were only detected in ‘Purple’. All cooking methods significantly increased total anthocyanin content and steaming is the most effective method (2.05 mg CGE/g sample). β-Carotene was presented primarily in orange-fleshed ‘Beauregard’ and ‘Bellevue’ and yellow-fleshed ‘Porto Rico’, and its content was markedly reduced in all processed samples. Of the five varieties investigated, ‘Hayman’ exhibited the highest in vitro antioxidant (14.5 µmol TE/g sample) and anticancer effect in human breast cancer cell line BT-549 with cell viability reducing to 50%. Cooking significantly increased their antioxidant capacity but decreased anticancer activity. Our results demonstrated that cooking methods had different effects on bioactive compounds and biological activities of sweet potatoes.
The Changing Climate for Public Affairs Education

(2011). The Changing Climate for Public Affairs Education. Journal of Public Affairs Education: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 1-6.
Preparing Your Data for DEA

DEA and its appropriate applications are heavily dependent on the data set that is used as an input to the productivity model. As we now know there are numerous models based on DEA. However, there are certain characteristics of data that may not be acceptable for the execution of DEA models. In this chapter we shall look at some data requirements and characteristics that may ease the execution of the models and the interpretation of results. The lessons and ideas presented here are based on a number of experiences and considerations for DEA. We shall not get into the appropriate selection and development of models, such as what is used for input or output data, but focus more on the type of data and the numerical characteristics of this data.
An Evaluation of Prostaglandin Activity and Pathologic Changes Following Carbon Dioxide Laser Endarterectomy

Laser endarterectomy has been proposed as a method to recanalize narrowed or occluded arteries, especially coronarles. Since a substantial number of patients with anterior cerebral circulation ischemic symptoms have evidence of obstructive carotid lesions, laser angioplasty may perhaps be a useful technigue for the treatment of cerebrovascular disease. Most of the endarterectomy studies performed to date have been performed using argon lasers (1). Alterations in clotting have been associated with argon laser angioplasty (2,3). Such alterations would have considerable impact on cerebro-vascular circulation where thrombosis and embolism are poorly tolerated. Very little basic science data has been published regarding carbon dioxide laser irradiation of vessel surfaces. CO2 lasers generally induce more superficial lesions in tissue than argon or YAG so as to make them perhaps more useful in the performance of laser angioplasty. McVicker et al have recently published results from CO2 laser treatments of canine carotid and femoral vessels studying the acute thrombotic conseguences of laser irradiation (4). The current study set out to attempt to reproduce those data as well as to evaluate the delayed effects, observed after several hours of recirculation of CO2 laser endarterectomy.
Addicted to cellphones: exploring the psychometric properties between the nomophobia questionnaire and obsessiveness in college students

Abstract A potential new clinical disorder is arising due to the addiction to cellphones called nomophobia—or feelings of discomfort or anxiety experienced by individuals when they are unable to use their mobile phones or utilize the conveniences these devices provide. However, before being able to officially classify this disorder as clinically relevant, more research needs to be conducted to determine how nomophobia relates to existing disorders. In a sample of 397 undergraduate students, the present study examined the relationship between the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) and the Obsessiveness Content Scale (OBS) of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (the MMPI-2). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test whether the OBS Content Scale would be related to a one-factor NMP-Q solution (Fig. 1) or a four-factor NMP-Q solution (Fig. 2). Convergent and divergent validity were also investigated. The four-factor model was a better fit than the one-factor model as indicated by most fit indices. The findings showed that the OBS latent variable was correlated with all of the four NMP-Q latent variables. Mixed support was found for convergent validity, but high support was found for the divergent validity of the NMP-Q factors. This study contributes to a growing body of literature seeking to better understand the addictive nature of cellphones and takes a new perspective on addiction research and obsessiveness. These findings provide a better understanding between pre-existing assessments of personality disorders (e.g., obsessiveness) that are emerging from the overuse of mobile phones or the excessive fear of losing one's cell phone.
Ending Global Poverty: Why Money Isn't Enough

Between 1981 and 2013, the share of the global population living in extreme poverty fell by 34 percentage points. This paper argues that such rapid reductions will become increasingly hard to achieve for two reasons. First, the majority of the poor now live in middle-income countries where the benefits of growth have often been distributed selectively and unequally. Second, a reservoir of extreme poverty remains in low-income countries where growth is erratic and aid often fails to reach the poor. If the international community is to most effectively leverage available resources to end extreme poverty, it must ensure that its investments in institutions and physical infrastructure actually provide the poor the capabilities they need to craft an effective pathway out of poverty. We term the human and social systems that are required to form this pathway "invisible infrastructure" and argue that an effective domestic state is central to building this. By corollary, ending extreme poverty will require both expanding state capacity and giving the poor power to demand reforms they need by solving agency problems between citizens, politicians, and bureaucrats.
Infinitely Many Primes Using Generating Functions

In this short paper we present an elementary proof of the infinitude of primes. Our proof is similar in spirit to Euler's proof that the reciprocals of primes diverges and only uses tools from elementary number theory and calculus. In addition, our proof highlights an interesting use of generating functions.
The Sharing Economy and the Edges of Contract Law: Comparing U.S. and U.K. Approaches

Technology and the rise of the on-demand or sharing economy have created new and diverse structures for how businesses operate and how work is conducted. Some of these matters are intermediated by contract, but in other situations, contract law may be unhelpful. For example, contract law does little to resolve worker classification problems on new platforms, such as ridesharing applications. Other forms of online work create even more complex problems, such as when work is disguised as an innocuous task like entering a code or answering a question, or when work is gamified and hidden as a leisure activity. Other issues involve internet users making contributions to online communities, believing their efforts are volunteer, when in fact they are being monetized by others. To date, courts in the United States have largely failed to recognize what is happening in these new online work cases, and plaintiffs have yet to find a solid doctrinal ground for recovery. Contract law is stymied in many of these online work situations because assent — widely acknowledged as foundational to contract — is generally absent. In some of these situations, one party was unaware that work was even being performed, or that their work might later be monetized. A comparative approach with law in the United Kingdom is therefore helpful. Even though the U.S. courts that have examined these cases have purported to use an unjust enrichment or restitution formulation to analyze the issues, in reality they are defaulting to traditional notions of agreement or assent that are grounded in contract law. Referring to the more richly nuanced and developed law of unjust enrichment and restitution in U.K. law may result in a more fruitful and well-reasoned analysis of online work cases.
Synthesis, structures and antibacterial properties of Cu(II) and Ag(I) complexes derived from 2,6-bis(benzothiazole)-pyridine

Abstract Two new coinage metal complexes, namely [Cu(bztpy)Cl2] (1) and [Ag2(bztpy)2](CF3SO3) (2) (where bztpy = 2,6-bis(benzothiazole)-pyridine) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The coordination geometry of 1 is distorted square pyramidal, while in case of the dinuclear complex 2, the two crystallographically distinct Ag centers resides in a highly distorted trigonal coordination environment. In this structure the two ligands bind the metal centers in a way that results in a double helical pattern. Both complexes exert strong antimicrobial actions against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strain. The zone of bacterial clearance by complex 2 in SSTI (soft tissue and skin infection) model is found to be comparable to that by silver nitrate. For both types of pathogens, complex 2 inflicts superior growth inhibition compared to complex 1 under same experimental conditions.
The Impact of Ignoring Multilevel Data Structure on the Estimation of Dichotomous Item Response Theory Models.

Applying single-level statistical models to multilevel data typically produces underestimated standard errors, which may result in misleading conclusions. This study examined the impact of ignoring multilevel data structure on the estimation of item parameters and their standard errors of the Rasch, two-, and three- parameter logistic models in item response theory (IRT) to demonstrate the degree of such underestimation in IRT. Also, the Lord’s chi-square test using the underestimated standard errors was used to test differential item functioning (DIF) to show the impact of such underestimation on the practical applications of IRT. The results of simulation studies showed that, in the most severe case of multilevel data, the standard error estimate from the standard single-level IRT models was about half of the minimal asymptotic standard error, and the type I error rate of the Lord’s chi-square test was inflated up to .35. The results of this study suggest that standard single-level IRT models may seriously mislead our conclusions in the presence of multilevel data, and therefore multilevel IRT models need to be considered as alternatives.
13 C-Fingerprinting and Metabolic Flux Analysis of Bacterial Metabolisms

13C-assisted metabolism analysis provides rigorous calculations of the intracellular reaction rates (i.e., fluxes) within the central metabolism of microbial hosts. This mapping of the intracellular network within microbes has proven to be essential for understanding the cell physiology. The approach is also a key to identifying central metabolic nodes, probing the rigidity of a metabolic network, revealing cofactor balances, and delineating hidden pathways. Here we present the methodology of using stable isotopic carbon substrates for both qualitative (13C-fingerprinting of functional pathways) and quantitative (Metabolic Flux Analysis) metabolism studies on bacterial species. In this methodology, we include step-by-step instructions to use the open source WUflux software for the steady-state flux calculations based on labeling information of amino acids or free metabolites.
Moral Hazard and Reform of the Government Safety Net: A Comment

Frederic Mishkin makes two essential points in this thoughtful and provocative paper. First, the argues that there is a strong rationale for a government-provided safety net in the banking sector and that it is neither appropriate nor realistic to attempt to eliminate that support. However, deposit insurance, he asserts, does cause moral hazard (excessive risk taking), which he would like to limit. Second, he proposes to reduce the scope of deposit insurance by limiting such insurance to narrow bank deposits. In other words he would tell depositors that if they are happy earning money market returns, with high quality underlying instruments in turn held in narrow bank accounts, then the government will provide this largely superfluous deposit insurance—superfluous because it would only be called on in the rare instances of fraud. Funds held in the same bank but in accounts that are allowed to take risk get no insurance in this proposal. As Mr. Mishkin recognizes the possibility that too-big-to-fail institutions still could gamble and then be bailed out, he further proposes that in order to increase the likelihood that the safety net will only be used in systemic situations, banks will be told that the first large bank to get into trouble will be allowed to fail.
The Growth of Wormholes

Wormholes or Einstein-Rosen bridges grow with time. To illustrate this fact we examine the Penrose diagram Fig. 12.1 of an AdS “eternal” black hole, or what is really two entangled black holes connected by an Einstein-Rosen bridge.
Latent Models of Molecular Dynamics Data: Automatic Order Parameter Generation for Peptide Fibrillization

Variational autoencoders are artificial neural networks with the capability to reduce highly dimensional sets of data to smaller dimensional, latent representations. In this work, these models are applied to molecular dynamics simulations of the self-assembly of coarse-grained peptides to obtain a singled-valued order parameter for amyloid aggregation. This automatically learned order parameter is constructed by time-averaging the latent parametrizations of internal coordinate representations and compared to the nematic order parameter which is commonly used to study ordering of similar systems in literature. It is found that the latent space value provides more tailored insight into the aggregation mechanism's details, correctly identifying fibril formation in instances where the nematic order parameter fails to do so. A means is provided by which the latent space value can be analyzed so that the major contributing internal coordinates are identified, allowing for a direct interpretation of the latent space order parameter in terms of the behavior of the system. The latent model is found to be an effective and convenient way of representing the data from the dynamic ensemble and provides a means of reducing the dimensionality of a system whose scale exceeds molecular systems so-far considered with similar tools. This bypasses a need for researcher speculation on what elements of a system best contribute to summarizing major transitions and suggests latent models are effective and insightful when applied to large systems with a diversity of complex behaviors.
Conservation Easements and the Proceeds Regulation

This Article provides an in-depth look at Treasury Regulation section 1.170A-14(g)(6)(ii), known as the proceeds regulation. The proceeds regulation is intended to protect the public investment in conservation if a perpetual conservation easement that was the subject of a charitable deduction under Internal Revenue Code section 170(h) is later extinguished. A proper understanding of the proceeds regulation is critical because the public investment in deductible easements is significant—billions of dollars are invested in such easements annually—and the regulation has recently been subject to challenges regarding its interpretation and validity. This Article examines the history and operation of the proceeds regulation as well as possible alternatives. It explains that the proceeds regulation provides a simple and easy-to-implement rule that avoids a host of future valuation difficulties. It demonstrates that the proceeds regulation is neither irrational nor inherently unfair to donors or subsequent property owners, and that the regulation serves to temper the perverse incentive property owners may have to seek to extinguish easements. This Article concludes that the proceeds regulation provides a reasonable solution to a difficult problem: ensuring that, if a deductible easement is extinguished, the conservation purpose of the charitable contribution will nonetheless be protected in perpetuity as required by section 170(h)(5)(A).
Parallelizing Subgradient Methods for the Lagrangian Dual in Stochastic Mixed-Integer Programming

The dual decomposition of stochastic mixed-integer programs can be solved by the projected subgradient algorithm. We show how to make this algorithm more amenable to parallelization in a master-wor...
Identification in the Random Utility Model

The random utility model is known to be unidentified. However, there are times when a data set is uniquely rationalizable by the random utility model. We ask the question for which data sets does the random utility model have a unique representation. Our first result characterizes which data sets admit a unique representation. Our second result provides a finite test which determines if a distribution of preferences is observationally equivalent to some other distribution of preferences. We then explore the implications of our results in the context of other random utility models.
A Brief Psychological Intervention for Chronic Pain in Primary Care: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective Although evidence-based psychological interventions improve chronic pain, many patients do not engage in behavioral health services. Offering a brief intervention in a medical setting may provide benefits to patients with chronic pain. The purpose of this study was to examine preliminary outcomes of a brief psychological intervention for chronic pain delivered in primary care. Design Pilot randomized controlled trial. Setting Primary care clinic. Subjects Sixty participants with chronic pain were randomized to a 5-session psychological intervention or treatment-as-usual control group. Methods Participants completed pre- and post-intervention measures assessing pain severity, pain interference, pain catastrophizing, depression, and anxiety. Results Most participants (76.7%) randomized to the intervention completed all sessions. Compared to the control group, those in the intervention had decreases in pain severity (P = .048), pain catastrophizing (P = .04), and depression (P = .01) from pre- to post-intervention. Within the intervention group, there was a significant improvement in pain interference scores (P = 0.02). Within the intervention group, effect sizes were medium to large for changes in pain severity, pain interference, pain catastrophizing, and depression scores. There were no significant changes in anxiety scores. Conclusion Results suggest that delivery of a brief psychological intervention for chronic pain in primary care appears to offer improvements in pain severity, pain interference, pain catastrophizing, and depression. Findings suggest that shorter-term psychological interventions may offer similar benefits as longer-term ones. Furthermore, offering a brief intervention in primary care may increase access and engagement in behavioral pain management services. Future research should examine this through a fully-powered trial with longer-term outcomes.
Removing heavy metals from landfill leachate using electrospun polyelectrolyte fiber mat-laminated ultrafiltration membrane

Abstract This study investigated the removal of selected heavy metals from landfill leachate by electrospun polyacrylic acid (PAA)/polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH)-laminated ultrafiltration (UF) membranes (PAA/PAH-UF). The effect of leachate matrix on metal removal by the PAA/PAH-UF membrane was also examined. In synthetic metal solutions, the PAA/PAH-UF membrane exhibited 38–85% higher removal efficiency when compared to the unmodified membrane. This could be attributed to complexation of the metal ions with the carboxylate ions (–COO-) from the PAA/PAH fiber mats. Heavy metal removal was generally higher (up to approximately 18%) in landfill leachates than the laboratory-prepared solutions, likely resulting from the fouling of PAA/PAH fiber mat and the UF membrane substrate and the metal-organic complexation. The higher metal ion removal efficiencies (up to 20%) by the PAA/PAH-UF membranes in the presence of Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) were associated with the higher concentrations (50 and 100 mg/L) of SRNOM. When compared to the lower concentration (10 mg/L), metal removal increased (up to 30%) at higher concentrations (50 and 100 mg/L), with the influence of SRNOM being the most pronounced for Cu, followed by Cd and Pb. The enhanced metal removal, in the presence of SRNOM, can be attributed to metal complexation with SRNOM functional groups in addition to the rich functional groups from the PAA/PAH fiber mats. The trivial difference in flux decline of the PAA/PAH-UF membrane compared to the unmodified membrane may be outweighed by the marked enhancement in heavy metal removal when functionalizing the membrane with PAA/PAH fiber mats.
Endovascular treatment of vertebral artery dissecting aneurysms : a 20-year institutional experience.

Background The ideal treatment for unruptured vertebral artery dissecting aneurysms (VADAs) and ruptured dominant VADAs remains controversial. We report our experience in the management and endovascular treatment of patients with VADAs. Methods Patients treated endovascularly for intradural VADAs at a single institution from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2019, were retrospectively reviewed. Primary neurological outcomes were assessed using modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores, with mRS >2 considered a poor neurological outcome. Additionally, any worsening (increase) in the mRS score from the preoperative neurological examination was considered a poor outcome. Results Ninety-one patients of mean (SD) age 53 (11.6) years (48 (53%) men) underwent endovascular treatment for VADAs. Fifty-four patients (59%) presented with ruptured VADAs and 44 VADAs (48%) involved the dominant vertebral artery. Forty-seven patients (51%) were treated with vessel sacrifice of the parent artery, 29 (32%) with flow diversion devices (FDDs), and 15 (17%) with stent-assisted coil embolization (stent/coil). Rates of procedural complications and retreatment were significantly higher with stent/coil treatment (complications 4/15; retreatment 6/15) than with vessel sacrifice (complications 1/47; retreatment 2/47) or FDD (complications 2/29; retreatment 4/29) (p=0.008 and p=0.002, respectively). Of 37 patients with unruptured VADAs treated, only two (5%) had mRS scores >2 on follow-up. Conclusion Endovascular FDD treatment of VADAs appears to be associated with lower retreatment and complication rates than stenting/coiling, although further study is required for confirmation. Endovascular treatment of unruptured VADAs was safe and was associated with favorable angiographic and neurological outcomes.
Variable structure Human Intention Estimator with mobility and vision constraints as model selection criteria

Abstract In this paper, a novel method for early estimation of a human’s action intention is presented. Human intention, modeled as a goal location associated with a hand motion and eye gaze dynamics, is inferred by fusing information from collected hand motion and gaze motion data. The algorithm, called Human Intention Estimator with Variable Structure (HIEVS), uses two variable structure Interacting Multiple Model (VS-IMM) filters in parallel to process the hand motion and gaze data and generate posterior model probabilities associated with a finite set of action models. The posterior model probabilities from each filter are then fused at the end of each iteration and the current intention is estimated as the model, which has the highest fused posterior model probability. Two model set augmentation (MSA) algorithms are presented to select the active models for each VS-IMM during each iteration. For the hand motion filter, an MSA algorithm which computes the human’s reachable workspace is used. The MSA algorithm for the gaze filter utilizes the human’s visual span to determine the active models. This method allows for accurate early prediction of the human’s intention even when the total model set is large. A real world experiment is performed to validate the proposed method.
A Coxoperitoneal Shunt as Salvage for a Recurrent Giant Seroma of the Hip After Periprosthetic Joint Infection: A Case Report.

CASE A giant seroma developed in the hip of a 44-year-old man after resection arthroplasty performed for recurrent periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). The seroma persisted despite joint reconstruction but was ultimately treated successfully by internal drainage through a coxoperitoneal shunt. CONCLUSION Resection arthroplasty of the hip is considered a salvage procedure for failed implant retention in the situation of persistent PJI. Nevertheless, functional results are poor and further soft-tissue complications may occur. A giant seroma of the hip may be drained into the peritoneal cavity, permitting healing without risking contamination from external, percutaneous drainage.
Deformation of buried large diameter steel pipes during staged construction and compaction-case study and finite element analysis

Abstract Deflection control of large diameter steel pipes, as a part of water infrastructure, has been a significant serviceability concern to utilities and water authorities. The horizontal pressure due to soil compaction during installation significantly affects the final deflection of these pipes. In current work, the deflection of a buried 2100 mm (84 in.) diameter steel pipe with a thickness of 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) over a length of 120 m (400 ft.) is measured using the laser video profile method and compared to allowable limits. In addition, three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis of the soil-pipe system has been carried out, where staged construction has been modeled through a step-by-step change of the FE mesh and geometry. The compaction-induced horizontal pressure on the pipe is estimated based on well-known theory of elasticity formulations and is applied to the pipe-soil system using an equivalent thermal loading. The developed FE model is validated with the performed field measurements and results from literature, where compaction of the surrounding soil is carried out using embedment wheels and jumping jack rammers. Results show that the proposed method for compaction modeling is accurately predicting the maximum and final deflections of large diameter steel pipes buried in trenches with rigid and flexible walls. However, more comprehensive experimental and numerical studies seem necessary for full implementation and predicting deflection in the intermediate stages of construction for soft soils.
Math anxiety differentially impairs symbolic, but not nonsymbolic, fraction skills across development

Although important for the acquisition of later math skills, fractions are notoriously difficult. Previous studies have shown that higher math anxiety (MA) is associated with lower performance in symbolic fraction tasks in adults and have suggested that MA may negatively impact the acquisition of fractions in children. However, the effects of MA on fraction skills in school-aged children remain underexplored. We, therefore, investigated the impact of MA on the performance of younger (second and third graders) and older (fifth and sixth graders) children in math fluency (MF), written calculation, fraction knowledge (FK), and symbolic fraction and nonsymbolic ratio processing. On the basis of our prior work suggesting a perceptual foundation for fraction processing, we predicted that symbolic, but not nonsymbolic, math skills (especially fractions) would be impaired by MA. As predicted, higher MA was associated with lower performance in general mathematics achievement and symbolic fraction tasks, but nonsymbolic ratio processing was not affected by MA in either age group. Furthermore, working memory capacity partially mediated the effects of MA on general mathematics achievement, FK, and symbolic fraction processing. These results suggest that understanding the bidirectional interactions between MA and fractions may be important for helping children acquire these critical skills.
Nucleation of voids at second phase particles at lithium–ceramic interface degrades cell performance

We show that foreign second phase particles incorporated into the lithium metal-ceramic-electrolyte interface catalyze nucleation of voids, which, at first, lead to higher voltage and then to voltage collapse in constant current experiments. Voltage increases because voids grow the area-specific resistance. The collapse is caused by dendrites. Cell manufacture in high class clean room environments is recommended for the sake of reliability and increased performance.
Conditional rescue of the dunce learning/memory and female fertility defects with Drosophila or rat transgenes.

Mutations in the Drosophila dunce gene, the structural gene for a cAMP- specific phosphodiesterase (PDE), disrupt normal learning and memory and lead to female sterility. Our experiments address a long-standing question in the genetic dissection of learning and memory of whether dnc is involved in physiological processes underlying learning. Conditional expression of dunce transgenes in dnc adults shortly before training significantly improves learning over nontransgenic controls. Remarkably, behavioral rescue was also observed after induction of a transgene carrying a rat counterpart of dunce. Induction of the transgenes in adult dnc females confers partial rescue of the female sterility phenotype. These data are consistent with a major physiological requirement for the gene9s activity in the learning process and show that a rat counterpart can substitute functionally for the Drosophila gene.
Computational and experimental investigation of magnetized target fusion

Summary form only given, as follows. In magnetized target fusion (MTF), a preheated and magnetized target plasma is hydrodynamically compressed to fusion conditions. Because the magnetic field suppresses losses by electron thermal conduction in the fuel during the target implosion heating process, the compression may be over a much longer time scale than in traditional inertial confinement fusion. Bigger targets and much lower initial target densities than in ICF can be used, reducing radiative energy losses. Therefore, "liner-on-plasma" compressions, driven by relatively inexpensive electrical pulsed power, may be practical. Potential MTF target plasmas must meet minimum temperature, density, and magnetic field starting conditions, and must remain relatively free of high-Z radiation-cooling-enhancing contaminants. At Los Alamos National Laboratory, computational and experimental research is being pursued into MTF target plasmas, such as deuterium-fiber-initiated Z-pinches, and the Russian-originated "MAGO" plasma. In addition, liner-on-plasma compressions of such target plasmas to fusion conditions are being computationally modeled, and experimental investigation of such heavy liner implosions has begun.
Description, Conversion, and Planning For Semantic Interoperability

The issue of semantic interoperability pervades distributed systems whose components are designed independently. For example, when a source intends 70 to mean “70 meters, with 20% error”, the receiver must not interpret the result as “70 feet, exactly”. We examine semantic interoperability problems in a distributed object management environment, i.e., for a system of distributed objects and services rather than for a database. A semantic interoperability service is defined, and its required functional components — argument describers, conversion functions, and a planner — are identified. We categorize levels of service that each component may provide, and how these choices affect system functionality and evolution. We also begin to examine the various ways to map the functional architectures to software components — sources, receivers, mediators, and request broker — and data administration tasks. Finally, we contrast with semantic interoperability for database clients, and discuss why the type system should not be the repository for conversion knowledge.