cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tortoise or hare: Will resprouting oaks or reseeding pines dominate following severe wildfire?

Abstract Post-fire shifts in species composition and growth are driven in part by alterations in resource availability. However, less is known about the extent to which differences in fire severity will affect leaf-level physiological responses in co-occurring species. Therefore, this study tested loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) saplings’ and resprouting oaks’ (Quercus stellata Wangenh. (post oak) and Q. marilandica Muenchh. (blackjack oak)) responses to various stresses following a catastrophic wildfire in 2011 that occurred in the Lost Pines region in Texas, USA. General plant responses (height, stem number, and plant density) and leaf-level stress indicators [gas exchange (photosynthesis (A), transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (gs), pressure-volume parameters, and leaf biochemistry] were monitored along resource availability gradients (two burn severities and three soil types) in the summer of 2016. Nearly 5 years after the fire, there were 180% more pines in moderate severity transects than high severity transects. However, pines in high severity areas were similar in height to those growing in moderate severity areas. Pines consistently had low A, E, and gs rates when compared to co-occurring oaks. Pine osmotic potential at full turgor (ΠFT), turgor loss point (ΠTLP), and bulk modulus of elasticity (e) were 33, 30, and 58% greater, respectively, than those of oaks. Loblolly pine leaf-level gas exchange and pressure-volume results suggest this species adopts a drought-avoidance strategy for survival. Low gas exchange rates in pine saplings may reflect greater stomatal control, which could reduce cavitation risks, or may have arisen from reduced access to water resources by saplings’ shallow roots. Gas exchange and pressure-volume parameters of the oaks reflect greater drought tolerance than pine, with post oak being the more tolerant of the two oak species. Leaf-level gas exchange and pressure-volume measurements were coordinated, and results suggest that post oak utilized osmotic adjustment to maintain gas exchange in the more exposed, high severity areas. Additionally, differences in foliar nutrient and phenolic contents between oaks and pines may reflect differences in their leaf-level gas exchange capabilities. Results suggest loblolly pine regeneration may be slower in high burn-severity areas, and that differences in physiological strategies to cope with water stress among the three species may shift stand composition to oak dominance in parts of this region following wildfire.
The Pediatric SmartShoe: Wearable Sensor System for Ambulatory Monitoring of Physical Activity and Gait

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of nonprogressive neuro-developmental conditions occurring in early childhood that causes movement disorders and physical disability. Measuring activity levels and gait patterns is an important aspect of CP rehabilitation programs. Traditionally, such programs utilize commercially available laboratory systems, which cannot to be utilized in community living. In this study, a novel, shoe-based, wearable sensor system (pediatric SmartShoe) was tested on 11 healthy children and 10 children with CP to validate its use for monitoring of physical activity and gait. Novel data processing techniques were developed to remove the effect of orthotics on the sensor signals. Machine learning models were developed to automatically classify the activities of daily living. The temporal gait parameters estimated from the SmartShoe data were compared against reference measurements on a GAITRite mat. A leave-one-out cross-validation method indicated a 95.3% average accuracy of activity classification (for sitting, standing, and walking) for children with CP and 96.2% for healthy children. Average relative errors in gait parameter estimation (gait cycle, stance, swing, and step time, % single support time on both lower extremities, along with cadence) ranged from 0.2% to 6.4% (standard deviation range = 1.4%–9.9%). These results suggest that the pediatric SmartShoe can accurately measure physical activity and gait of children with CP and can potentially be used for ambulatory monitoring.
Multiple-Load Transfer

Multiple loads need be charged from a single source in some practical scenarios, such as a charging platform for many consumer electronics, wireless charging for sensor networks. Different application scenarios require different multiple-load structures.
Evidence based diagnosis and management of chronic subdural hematoma: A review of the literature.

Abstract Chronic subdural hematomas are encapsulated blood collections within the dural border cells with characteristic outer “neomembranes”. Affected patients are more often male and typically above the age of 70. Imaging shows crescentic layering of fluid in the subdural space on a non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scan, best appreciated on sagittal or coronal reformats. Initial medical management involves reversing anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapies, and often initiation of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). Operative interventions, such as twist-drill craniostomy (TDC), burr-hole craniostomy (BHC), and craniotomy are indicated if imaging implies compression (maximum fluid collection thickness >1 cm) or the patient is symptomatic. The effectiveness of various surgical techniques remains poorly characterized, with sparse level 1 evidence, variable outcome measures, and various surgical techniques. Postoperatively, subdural drains can decrease recurrence and sequential compression devices can decrease embolic complications, while measures such as early mobilization and re-initiation of anticoagulation need further study. Non-operative management, including steroid therapy, etizolam, tranexamic acid, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) also remain poorly studied. Recurrent hemorrhages are a major complication affecting around 10–20% of patients, and therefore close follow-up is essential.
Simulation-Based training of ill-defined social domains: the complex environment assessment and tutoring system (CEATS)

Socio-cultural problems have special challenges that complicate training design. Problems in these domains have been called “wicked problems” due to their intractability [4]. Such problems are ill-defined: characterized by conflicting stakeholder values, disagreements over solutions, and interconnectedness between problems. Simulation-based learning can be used to explore these problems, but assessment is a bottleneck for training ill-defined domains. Problems in ill-defined domains are heterogeneous: some problems have clear right and wrong answers, but others are subjective, context-dependent, or emergent. A possible solution is hybrid tutoring, which combines multiple tutoring approaches [2]. A hybrid tutor could match different pedagogical interventions for different types of problems. However, hybrid tutoring lacks established design principles for matching domain problems with suitable interventions. The Complex Environment Assessment and Tutoring System (CEATS) follows two principles to support hybrid tutoring. First, semantic interfaces are used to decouple components, transforming the simulation environment into meaningful metrics. Assessments use metrics as evidence to calculate measures about domain concept qualities. The second principle is to support families of assessments. Together, this design decouples assessments from the simulation and embeds meta-data to make them meaningful for reporting and tutoring modules. The Complex Environment Assessment and Tutoring System uses metrics as a semantic API for the learning environment. This allows different environments (e.g. simulation vs database) to share the same metric specifications, but implement their own function and query implementations. A metrics engine currently exists for use with a real-time simulation (described below) and a second metrics engine is being added to support metrics on a database of simulation runs.
Phonology is Used to Access Word Meaning during Silent Reading: Evidence from Lexical Ambiguity Resolution

This chapter reviews a series of eye movement studies that address the role of phonological information in accessing word meaning during silent reading by examining the role of phonological information in lexical ambiguity resolution. The data converge on a model of skilled silent reading in which phonological information is active early in word processing, and is involved in activating word meaning. The fact that effects of phonological information persist even when activation of that information is not to the readers’ benefit, and that these effects persist even for high frequency words lead us to conclude that phonological coding is an integral part of early word processing in silent reading.
Magnetic Breakdown in Magnesium and Zinc

The concept of magnetic breakdown (MB) was introduced by Cohen and Falicov1 to explain the presence of the “giant orbit” which Priestley2–3 observed in his pulse field de Haas-van Alphen (DHVA) measurements in magnesium. Since then, the effects of MB have been observed in several metals such as zinc,4–8 aluminum,9,10 thallium,11–13 beryllium,14 rhenium,15–16 tin,17 and iron.18 Thus, the effect is quite common and must be taken into consideration when experiments are performed to study the electronic band structure of metals.
Hardware Metering: A Survey

This chapter provides the first comprehensive overview of hardware integrated circuits (IC) protection by metering. Hardware metering, or IC metering refers to mechanisms, methods, and protocols that enable tracking of the ICs postfabrication. Metering is particularly needed in the horizontal semiconductor business model where the design houses outsource their fabrication to (mostly offshore) contract foundries to mitigate the manufacturing and labor costs. The designers and/or the design intellectual property (IP) holders are vulnerable to piracy and overbuilding attacks due to the transparency of their designed IP to the foundry that requires a complete description of the design components and layout to fabricate the chips. Because of the prevalence of counterfeit and overbuilt items, and the widespread usage of ICs in a variety of important applications, the problem has recently gained an increased attention by the industry, government, and research community. Post-silicon identification and tagging of the individual ICs fabricated by the same mask is a precursor for metering: In passive metering, each ICs is specifically identified, either in terms of its functionality or by other forms of unique identification. The identified ICs may be matched against their record in a preformed database that could reveal unregistered ICs or overbuilt ICs (in case of collisions). In active metering, not only the ICs are uniquely identified but also parts of the chip’s functionality can be only accessed, locked (disabled), or unclocked (enabled) by the designer and/or IP rights owners with a high level knowledge of the design that is not transferred to the foundry. We provide a systematic view of the field, along with the first detailed taxonomy and descriptions of the various passive and active hardware metering methods available.
Phi-Residual Based on Minimum Phi-Divergence Estimator in the Loglinear Model of Symmetry

In this paper, we introduce and study a new family of standardized residuals for the loglinear model of symmetry based on o-Divergence statistic.
A phase I study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor Tipifarnib in combination with the epidermal growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitor Erlotinib in patients with advanced solid tumors

Introduction Based on preclinical cytotoxic synergy between tipifarnib and erlotinib, a phase I study of this combination was conducted in patients with advanced solid tumors to evaluate safety, tolerability, maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and preliminary evidence of efficacy. Methods Patient enrollment followed the traditional “3 + 3” dose escalation scheme, through 4 dose levels, ranging from tipifarnib 200 mg twice daily plus erlotinib 75 mg once daily to tipifarnib 300 mg twice daily plus erlotinib 150 mg once daily. After the MTD of the combination was identified, 12 additional patients were treated to better define the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these agents. Results A total of 27 patients were enrolled in the study (dose escalation, 15; dose expansion, 12). Dose limiting toxicity was seen in one patient at dose level 4 (grade 3 diarrhea). The MTD was reached at erlotinib 150 mg once daily combined with tipifarnib 300 mg twice daily. The most common side effects of the combination of all grades were diarrhea (85.2%), fatigue (77.8%), rash (70.4%), and anorexia (59.3%). Overall, 2 patients (7.4%; with liver cancer and melanoma, respectively) had partial responses, 10 (37%) had stable disease, 11 had progressive disease (40.7%) and 4 stopped treatment prematurely for assessment. Conclusion The combination of tipifarnib and erlotinib was well tolerated. Erlotinib 150 mg once daily for 28 days combined with tipifarnib 300 mg twice daily for 21 days was identified as the recommended phase 2 dose. Tipifarnib is currently being evaluated in HRAS mutant tumors, providing a potential opportunity to further test this combination.
A Novel Terrain Topology Classification and Navigation for an Autonomous CAN Based All-Terrain Vehicle

The demand for highway vehicles that can autonomously navigate has increased in the past few years. These vehicles typically rely on predefined maps, roadway markings, GPS, and a wide array of sensors to accomplish this feat. These techniques have proven themselves robust for highway navigation, however, these same sensors and navigation techniques do not convert well to off-road autonomous driving where visual cues and landmarks are fewer and the feat of terrain movement is more taxing on the vehicle. The authors have proposed a novel topology classification technique based on location data received by a wireless sensor network. The topology classification is used to aid in the navigation of treacherous terrain to allow an All-Terrain vehicle to navigate a set path.
Follicle-stimulating hormone, but not cardiorespiratory fitness, is associated with flow-mediated dilation with advancing menopausal stage.

OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate if there are differences in endothelial function before and after acute exercise in women at different menopausal stages with high and low cardiorespiratory fitness. METHODS Participants were healthy high-fit premenopausal (n = 11), perimenopausal (n = 12), and postmenopausal women (n = 13) and low-fit perimenopausal (n = 7) and postmenopausal women (n = 8). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured before and after acute moderate intensity exercise. FMD was calculated as (Diameterpeak-Diameterbaseline)/ Diameterbaseline) × 100. Differences between high-fit women and between high- and low-fit perimenopausal and postmenopausal women were assessed with repeated-measure ANOVAs. Relations with FMD were assessed with Pearson correlations. RESULTS FMD was reduced with progressive menopausal stage in high-fit women (P = 0.005) and was lower in perimenopausal compared to postmenopausal women (P = 0.047). FMD was lower in high-fit compared to low-fit women (P = 0.006) and there was no relation between FMD and VO2peak (P > 0.05). There was an inverse relation between FMD and follicle-stimulating hormone (P 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that endothelial function is lower with progressive menopausal stage in women with high cardiorespiratory fitness; that FMD is lower in women with higher cardiorespiratory fitness; and that FSH, but not estradiol, is associated with FMD.
The Decomposition in the Variation of Constants Formula

Consider the equation $${\rm{\dot x}}\left( {\rm{t}} \right) = {\rm{L}}\left( {{\rm{x}}_{\rm{t}} } \right)$$ (24.1) and the nonhomogeneous system $${\rm{\dot x}}\left( {\rm{t}} \right) = {\rm{L}}\left( {{\rm{x}}_{\rm{t}} } \right) + {\rm{f}}\left( {\rm{t}} \right)$$ (24.2) where \({\rm{f}} \in L_{{\rm{loc}}}^1 \left( {\left[ {0,\infty } \right],{\rm{R}}^{\rm{n}} } \right)\) From our general results on linear systems, the general solution of (24.2) is $${\rm{x}}_{\rm{t}} = {\rm{T}}\left( {{\rm{t}} - {\rm{\sigma }}} \right){\rm{\phi }} + \int_{\rm{\sigma }}^{\rm{t}} {{\rm{T}}\left( {{\rm{t}} - {\rm{s}}} \right){\rm{X}}_0 {\rm{f}}\left( {\rm{s}} \right){\rm{ds}}} $$ (24.3) where $${\rm{X}}_0 \left( \theta \right) = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} 0 & { - r \le \theta < 0} \\ 1 & {\theta = 0} \\\end{array}} \right.$$ (24.4) .
Vibrio flagellar synthesis

Vibrio spp. are highly motile Gram-negative bacteria, ubiquitously found in aquatic environments. Some Vibrios are responsible for disease and morbidity of marine invertebrates and humans, while others are studied for their symbiotic interactions. Vibrio spp. are motile due to synthesis of flagella that rotate and propel the bacteria. Many Vibrio spp. synthesize monotrichous polar flagella (e.g., V. cholerae, V. alginolyticus); however, some synthesize peritrichous or lophotrichous flagella. Flagellar-mediated motility is intimately connected to biological and cellular processes such as chemotaxis, biofilm formation, colonization, and virulence of Vibrio spp. This review focuses on the polar flagellum and its regulation in regard to Vibrio virulence and environmental persistence.
The Politics of “America First”: Problematizing the Economy and Trade on the Campaign Trail

The economy is frequently a reliable predictor of electoral outcomes. In 2016, there were some distinctive pivots from conventional discussion of economic indicators. The Trump campaign introduced policy proposals that pointed to policies and practices that engendered protectionist behavior on part of the USA that marked a notable departure from conventional Republican positions and, more widely, US policy on trade. This chapter examines the rhetoric that revolved around the topic of the US economy and trade. The analysis examines voters’ candidate affect response toward Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton and how it affected appraisals of the US economy and policy directed at managing the role of the USA in free-trade agreements.
Carbon stocks and biodiversity of coastal lowland forests in South Africa: implications for aligning sustainable development and carbon mitigation initiatives

AbstractIndigenous forests represent South Africa’s smallest biome, yet they are critical spaces for aligning sustainable development goals with carbon mitigation activities and conservation. The o...
Secondary Cleft Rhinoplasty in 1720 Patients: Are National Practices Consistent With Guidelines?:

Objective:To assess the timing, type, and associated adjunct procedures for secondary cleft rhinoplasty nationally.Design:Data were extracted from a national database of all secondary cleft rhinopl...
Joint between-sample normalization and differential expression detection through ℓ 0 -regularized regression

A fundamental problem in RNA-seq data analysis is to identify genes or exons that are differentially expressed with varying experimental conditions based on the read counts. The relativeness of RNA-seq measurements makes the between-sample normalization of read counts an essential step in differential expression (DE) analysis. In most existing methods, the normalization step is performed prior to the DE analysis. Recently, Jiang and Zhan proposed a statistical method which introduces sample-specific normalization parameters into a joint model, which allows for simultaneous normalization and differential expression analysis from log-transformed RNA-seq data. Furthermore, an l0 penalty is used to yield a sparse solution which selects a subset of DE genes. The experimental conditions are restricted to be categorical in their work. In this paper, we generalize Jiang and Zhan’s method to handle experimental conditions that are measured in continuous variables. As a result, genes with expression levels associated with a single or multiple covariates can be detected. As the problem being high-dimensional, non-differentiable and non-convex, we develop an efficient algorithm for model fitting. Experiments on synthetic data demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing methods in terms of detection accuracy when a large fraction of genes are differentially expressed in an asymmetric manner, and the performance gain becomes more substantial for larger sample sizes. We also apply our method to a real prostate cancer RNA-seq dataset to identify genes associated with pre-operative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in patients.
The 'bad women drivers' myth: the overrepresentation of female drivers and gender bias in China's media

The body of literature on underrepresentation and gender inequality is vast. However, despite its potential to perpetuate gender stereotypes, the overrepresentation of women in media has received i...
A Comparison of the Bacterial Nasal Microbiome in Allergic Rhinitis Patients Before and After Immunotherapy.

Objectives/hypothesis Recent research has examined the nasal microbiome in rhinosinusitis and nondiseased states. Given immunologic alterations in allergic rhinitis (AR) and after allergen immunotherapy (IT), we evaluated the nasal microbiome in these conditions. Study design Cross-sectional comparison. Methods In this cross-sectional study, nasal swabs for microbiome analysis were collected from three patient groups: IT-naive AR patients, AR patients undergoing IT for greater than 12 months, and a control group without sinonasal inflammatory disease. Results Nasal swabs were successfully collected for 14 IT-naive AR patients, 20 post-IT patients, and 17 controls. The α diversity showed a statistical difference in evenness but not in richness amongst samples, whereas the β-diversity was significantly different between groups. Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus were the most prevalent bacteria across all groups. Conclusions β-diversity was found to be significantly different across the three groups, but the AR groups were found to be more similar to each other than to the controls. Although there is symptomatic improvement in the AR group undergoing IT, the microbiome does not appear to transition to a healthy microbiome composition. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 2020.
Predicted Secondary Malignancies following Proton versus Photon Radiation for Oropharyngeal Cancers.

Abstract Purpose: There has been a recent epidemic of human papillomavirus (HPV)–positive oropharyngeal cancer, accounting for 70% to 80% of diagnosed cases. These patients have an overall favorabl...
Association of Patients' Perception of Primary Care Provider Listening With Emergency Department Use.

Introduction This study examined whether patients' perceptions of their primary care providers' (PCP) listening frequency were associated with emergency department (ED) utilization, including a comparison to patients without PCPs. Methods Data were obtained from the 2015 California Health Interview Survey. Respondents were asked if they had a PCP and how often their PCPs listened, resulting in five groups: patients without a PCP (n=4,407), and patients with a PCP who perceived the PCP's listening frequency to be never (n=254), sometimes (n=1,282), usually (n=3,440), or always (n=11,651). Multiple linear regression was performed to determine if patient-perceived listening frequency of the PCP was associated with the patient's number of ED visits in the prior year, adjusting for various demographic, social, and health factors. Results Compared to patients without a PCP, patients with a PCP had on average 0.15 more ED visits in a year, highest among those whose PCPs were perceived as listening the least: never=0.55 more visits per year (95% CI: 0.09-1.02, P=.02), sometimes=0.26 (0.01-0.51, P=.04), usually=0.03 (-0.17-0.24, P=.73), and always=0.16 (-0.05-0.36, P=.13). Other significant increases in ED visits were associated with public insurance, African-American race, English proficiency, younger age, self-rated fair-to-poor health, asthma, and hypertension. Conclusions Patients who perceived their PCP as listening less frequently had more ED visits than patients whose PCPs were perceived as listening more frequently, and compared to patients without a PCP.
Women Physicians and the Suffrage Movement.

Women physicians have a long history of advocacy, dating to the 19th century women’s suffrage movement. As history recounts the work of the suffragists, many women physicians bear mention. Some were leaders on the national scene, and others led suffrage efforts in their own state. In this article, we provide a snapshot of 7 prominent suffragists who were also physicians: Mary Edwards Walker, Mary Putnam Jacobi, Esther Pohl Lovejoy, Marie Equi, Mattie E. Coleman, Cora Smith Eaton, and Caroline E. Spencer. In sharing their stories, we hope to better understand some of the challenges and struggles of the suffrage movement and how their advocacy paved the way not only for women’s voting rights but also the role of women physicians as advocates for change.
Anisocoria? No Sweat! A Case Series of Anticholinergic Mydriasis (4570)

Objective: We present three cases of pharmacologic anisocoria caused by inadvertent ocular exposure to a product marketed for axillary hyperhidrosis. Background: Causes of anisocoria range from benign to life-threatening, making it a common reason for urgent Neuro-Ophthalmology referrals. The pathways controlling pupillary size and reactivity are complex and affected by lesions along this pathway or by systemic or topical agents. Design/Methods: Case series and review of literature. Results: A 15-year-old female had transient episodes of anisocoria and bilateral pupillary dilation. On exam, both pupils were mydriatic to 8.5 mm and nonreactive to light, without response to 1% pilocarpine eyedrops. A 16-year-old female, referred for Adie tonic pupil, experienced a single episode of blurred vision, photophobia, and a dilated left pupil that lasted two days. She believed her symptoms were related to new contact lenses and had since worn her glasses without further recurrence. A 38-year-old female noted three episodes of blurred vision accompanied by a dilated, nonreactive left pupil, lasting one to two days. Patient-provided photos showed a 4-mm right pupil and a fixed 7-mm left pupil. The rest of the exam for all three patients was normal. All three patients failed to list any medications that could explain their symptoms. Further questioning revealed the recent addition of an antiperspirant cloth wipe. Glycopyrronium (Qbrexza) cloth is an anticholinergic drug that received FDA approval in June 2018 for topical use to treat primary axillary hyperhidrosis. Conclusions: Mydriasis is a well-known side-effect of anticholinergic agents. This is one of the first case reports of pharmacologic anisocoria due to a new topical product intended for primary axillary hyperhidrosis. As more pharmacologic agents are incorporated into commercial beauty and hygiene products, clinicians should be mindful of this benign etiology to alleviate patient and physician worry and reduce unnecessary testing. Disclosure: Dr. Potekhina has nothing to disclose. Dr. Holicki has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nagia has nothing to disclose. Dr. Antonio has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Cochrane Clinical Answers. Dr. Glisson has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Alexion.
Surgical Management of Stage 4 ROP

Although the vast majority of eyes with type 1 ROP successfully regress following treatment, some eyes develop fibrosis. This fibrosis typically occurs along the ridge tissue and can contract, causing traction and resulting in retinal detachment. Over the last 40 years, the surgical approach to repair stage 4 ROP associated retinal detachments have been refined. With an understanding of the vectors of traction, surgery for stage 4 ROP retinal detachments has a high success rate, often with excellent visual outcomes, especially when performed early in the disease process.
Association Between Restaurant Menu Item Descriptions and Their Nutrient Content

Introduction Item descriptions on restaurant menus often include claims about health and other attributes, and these are much less regulated than the language on packaged food labels. This study tests whether menu items with claims have different nutritional content from items without claims. Methods Investigators compiled a data set of menu items, their claims, and their nutrition content using MenuStat. Data included 84,788 item-year observations at up to 96 of the top-selling restaurant chains from 2012 to 2018. Items were identified with general health, health-related ingredients, nutrient content, product sourcing, and vegan or vegetarian claims through a matching algorithm. Mixed-effects models were used to examine the effect of claims on calories, nutrients to limit (e.g., saturated fat and sodium), and other nutrients by dish types (sides, main dishes, desserts). Results Most dishes with claims were lower in calories; however, items with claims were not consistently lower in other nutrients to limit (sodium, saturated fat, sugar, or trans fat). Vegan or vegetarian desserts had 128 mg (95% CI=20.9, 235.1) more sodium than desserts without this claim. Main and side dishes with claims had equivalent or higher sugar content than items without claims. Many items with claims were lower in saturated fat, especially main dishes with a nutrient content claim (−2.8 percentage points, 95% CI= −3.4, −2.2). Conclusions Items with claims were high in nutrients to limit. Additional efforts to increase transparency around excessive ingredients, such as the sodium warning labels, could be implemented by the restaurant industry.
Equity‐based incentives and shareholder say‐on‐pay

We study the relationship between CEO pay‐performance sensitivity, pay‐risk sensitivity, and shareholder voting outcomes as part of the “say‐on‐pay” provision of the 2010 US Dodd‐Frank Act. Consistent with our hypothesis, we provide evidence that shareholders tend to approve of compensation packages that are more sensitive to changes in stock price (pay‐performance sensitivity). Our findings are consistent with theoretical predictions that outside owners approve of equity incentives as a means of aligning managers' interests with those of shareholders. We also document that future changes to equity‐based incentives are related to voting outcomes and that shareholders incorporate CFO incentives into their votes. Collectively, these results provide evidence of the importance of equity‐based incentives from the perspective of those most concerned with firm value and of the effectiveness of say‐on‐pay as a governance mechanism.
Revascularization versus medical therapy in patients aged 80 and older with stable ischemic heart disease.

Background Older patients are underrepresented in landmark randomized trials for stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD). Therefore, we sought to evaluate the benefits of revascularization in patients ≥80 years old with SIHD. Methods Retrospective study of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography (ICA) for SIHD between 2009 and 2019. Patients were grouped according to treatment: revascularization (percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI] or coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG]) versus initial medical therapy alone. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW)-adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed. Outcomes evaluated were all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), and repeat revascularization. Results A total of 1015 patients (median age 83.0, interquartile range [IQR] 81.3-85.2 years; 29% female) underwent ICA for SIHD. Of these, 557 (55%) were treated with revascularization and 458 (45%) with initial medical therapy alone. Baseline characteristics were well balanced after IPTW adjustment. At median follow-up of 3.5 years (IQR 1.7-5.9 years), there were no differences in all-cause mortality and non-fatal MI between treatment groups; but there was an increased need for repeat revascularization (IPTW adjusted hazard ratio 2.22, 95% confidence interval 1.53-3.22) with revascularization. Separately comparing PCI or CABG alone versus medical therapy yielded similar results; as well as in subgroup analysis (except for patients ≥90 years old and those without prior CABG). Conclusion There were no differences in all-cause mortality and non-fatal MI with invasive revascularization (either PCI or CABG) versus medical therapy alone in patients ≥80 years old with SIHD. Large randomized trials focusing on older patients are warranted to guide clinical practice in this growing population.
Using Narrative Media to Satisfy Intrinsic Needs: Connecting Parasocial Relationships, Retrospective Imaginative Involvement, and Self-Determination Theory

Taking advantage of the divergent strategies for instruction at different universities during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study presents a quasi-experiment comparing narrative media use by students at an online-only university (lower social interaction) with those at an in-person university (higher social interaction). To do so, we rely on perspectives from research on parasocial relationships, retrospective imaginative involvement, and self-determination theory. Students with lower social interaction were expected to rely more heavily on narrative media content to satisfy intrinsic needs by engaging in parasocial relationships with media characters and also retrospectively imagining media content. Our results confirmed that parasocial relationships and retrospective imaginative involvement were predictive of need satisfaction through narrative media;however, these patterns were similar among students at both universities—likely due to extreme feelings of isolation in both groups © 2021 American Psychological Association
Two brains, one child: interhemispheric information transfer deficits and confabulatory responding in children aged 4, 7, 10.

Abstract In an investigation of developmental trends in the ability to transfer information between the cerebral hemispheres, 138 children, ages 4, 7, and 10, viewed pictures presented to either the right or left hemisphere and were asked to describe what was viewed. Responses were scored for the number of accurate pictorial features reported (inclusion score), confabulation (erroneous embellishment), perceptual, semantic, and syntactic errors. Misses (failure to provide a response) were also noted. A preponderance of errors were found, such that 4-year olds engaged in a significant degree of confabulatory responding following right vs. left presentation. A significant inverse relationship was found between inclusion and confabulation such that the larger the gap in information reported the greater was the tendency to insert (confabulate) erroneous material. In addition, all children were given a tactile-shape recognition task employing both transfer and non-transfer conditions and requiring tactile exploration and visual recognition. Significantly more errors were found on the transfer vs. non transfer task among the 4-year olds only. In that deficits in information transfer were not complete but only partial, and given that significant intra-hemispheric (non-transfer) errors were also discovered, it was concluded that the hemispheres of children age 4 are not completely but only partially disconnected, and that intra-hemispheric (cortical) immaturity plays a significant role in the production of processing deficits.
Ultrafast Photoinduced Ferromagnetic Order in a Magnetic Semiconductor Heterostructure

We report ultrafast enhancement of ferromagnetism in GaMnAs via photo-excited holes. The ultrafast magnetization increase close to the critical Curie temperature constitutes the first transient evidence of photoinduced phase transition from para- to ferromagnetic state.
On the value of legal representation

In this paper we investigate how the advice that lawyers provide to their clients affects the disclosure of evidence and the outcome of adjudication, and how the adjudicator should allocate the burden of proof in light of the effect. Despite lawyers’ expertise in assessing the evidence, their advice is found to have no effect on adjudication in a broad set of circumstances, if legal advice is costless and the lawyers follow undominated strategies in disclosure. A lawyer’s advice can influence the outcome to his client’s favor, either if he can credibly advise his client to suppress some favorable evidence or if there is a cost associated with legal advice. The effect is socially undesirable in the former case, but it is desirable in the latter case although the benefit rests on its purely dissipative role as a “money burning” device rather than on his expertise.
Bile flow in response to pharmacologic agents. Hepatic DNA as a reference standard.

Abstract Bile flow was measured in controls and in rats treated with phenobarbital, ethinyl estradiol, 3-methylcholanthrene and 6-methylprednisolone, using hepatic DNA as a reference index. Bile flow was increased after phenobarbital, decreased after ethinyl estradiol, and unchanged after 3-methylcholanthrene, consistent with the accepted effects of these drugs in studies using either body weight or liver weight as a reference index. In addition, the controversial effect of glucocorticoids (6-methylprednisolone) on bile flow was evaluated. The reported increase in bile flow when related to body weight and the failure of bile flow to increase when evaluated by liver weight were both confirmed. When measured as a function of hepatocyte number, bile flow was increased by glucocorticoids. The values for DNA demonstrate that drug-induced hepatomegaly by phenobarbital and 6-methylprednisolone is due to cellular hypertrophy rather than to an increase in cell number, suggesting that the increases in bile flow are due to enhanced hepatocyte function. These findings emphasize the benefit of relating physiologic and pharmacologie effects to a cell specific reference when studying subcellular functions.
Overview of clinical trials with MIT-MANUS: a robot-aided neuro-rehabilitation facility

We are applying robotics and information technology to assist, enhance, and quantify neuro-rehabilitation. Our goal is a new class of interactive, user-affectionate clinical devices designed not only for evaluating patients, but also for delivering meaningful therapy via engaging "video games". Notably, the novel robot MIT-MANUS has been designed and programmed for clinical neurological applications, and has undergone extensive clinical trials for more than four years at Burke Rehabilitation Hospital - White Plains, NY. This paper will review results of the first clinical trial of 20 patients, which showed that: Stroke patients treated daily with additional robot-aided therapy during acute rehabilitation had improved outcome in motor activity at hospital discharge, when compared to a control group that received only standard acute rehabilitation treatment. This improved outcome was sustained after three years. The neuro-recovery process continued far beyond the commonly accepted 3 months post-stroke interval.
Modeling and formal verification of inverted pendulum based two-wheeled transportation vehicle

Formal methods have been used to verify the correctness and stability of hardware and software systems for the last few decades. It has numerous applications in system's analysis, safety and detection of subtle bugs and errors. The approach utilizes certain mathematical properties, methods and axioms to exhaustively explore all the states of the system. It gives precise and better results than simulation and numerical methods based analysis and verification, since the later techniques cannot give exhaustive results and could suffer from discretization and round-off errors. Model checking is an important formal method that verifies systems by exhaustively exploring the system's abstract mathematical model using smart domain-specific abstraction techniques. For certain reasons, model checking has not been previously used for the verification of control systems. But in the very near few years, some model checking tools have also been developed for control systems verification. This paper includes the verification of a controlled system and proposes the formal verification of the stability of coaxially parallel two-wheeled transportation vehicle. The control system model perceived is a dynamic, inverted pendulum based, coaxially parallel two-wheeled human transportation vehicle. The dynamic physical model of the system is simplified and designed for 2-D motion that is the pitch control and the linear forward/backward motion. A mathematical model is then developed from this dynamic physical model of the system, using the state-space approach. Then, a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) with an observer is designed to stabilize this system. Later, the system is formally verified for stability using the model checker SpaceEx.
Employee stock option valuation under sfas no. 123 and alternative models : evidence from private data

Employee stock options (ESOs) are call options granted to employees in compensation for labor services. Beginning December 15, 1996, financial statement footnote disclosure of ESO fair values is required under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 123. Theoretical studies have predicted that ESO values will be overstated by the traded option-pricing model calculations specified under this standard due to ESO contract terms that violate the assumptions underlying traded option-pricing theory. Empirical testing of the predicted overstatement and estimation of its magnitude has been hindered by lack of (1) a market for trading ESOs, and (2) publicly available ESO individual grant and exercise data. This study uses private data on 45 million shares granted under ESOs to examine valuation differences between SFAS No. 123 model values and three alternative model values that adjust for ESO contract terms. The three alternative models considered in this study are (1) the "perfect foresight" model of discounted exercise wealth, (2) the expected value model proposed by Hemmer, Matsunaga, and Shevlin [1994], and (3) the minimum value model. Results indicate that SFAS No. 123 ESO values are significantly greater than alternative valuations with median differences of 3% to 27%. The data are also used to test theoretical contentions that assumption violations are related to overvaluation. Since the functional form of this relation is unknown, a rank regression is used. Results indicate that the relative valuation difference is strongly related to violation of the constant volatility assumption under all three alternative models, but violations of the assumptions of fixed and known time to exercise, and constant dividend yield, are significant in the predicted direction under the minimum value model only. This study documents that the SFAS No. 123 ESO values are significantly larger than alternative model values. Given that sample SFAS No. 123 values would reduce net income by 13% on average, valuation differences may have economic as well as statistical significance. Knowledge of the size of the valuation differences and assumptions which appear to contribute most to such differences can lead to improved valuation methods used by scholars and practitioners.
The Effects of Ethnic Identity, Ethnicity, and Gender on Adolescent Well-Being

Ethnic identity was conceptualized into three categories: (1) unexamined, (2) searching for identity, and (3) achieved ethnic identity. Analyses of data collected from 12,386 adolescents showed that ethnic identity is an important qualifier of the relationships between independent variables of ethnicity and gender, and dependent variables of global self-esteem, academic self-confidence, and purpose in life. Whites and Native Americans had lower ethnic identity, and Blacks and Hispanics had higher ethnic identity. Asians and repondents of mixed ethnicity had intermediate levels of ethnic identity. The greater the ethnic identity, the higher the self-esteem, purpose in life and self-confidence. This mechanism applies to ethnic minorities and to women among whom achieved ethnic identity may blunt the negative effects of social denigration and stereotyping, and it applies to whites, too. The paper argues that multiculturalism in the schools can increase ethnic identity.
Eddy Current Signal Calculations for Surface Breaking Cracks

This paper contains a brief status report on analytical modeling of the probe-flaw interactions for surface breaking cracks and some data on comparisons of theory and experiment for EDM notches and true fatigue cracks. The goal of the work reported here and in companion papers by Rummel and Rathke (1984), Auld, et al. (1984), and Martinez and Bahr (1984) is to improve the quantitative character of eddy current testing. In this joint effort, the role of probe-flaw interaction modeling is to provide engineering tools not previously available for: (1) setting design guidelines to optimize sensitivity and spatial resolution, (2) permitting analytic extrapolation of measured flaw response data, (3) defining a test basis for monitoring probe calibration, and (4) establishing a rational inversion procedure based on multifrequency measurements and the shape signature of a scanned flaw signal as a function of position.
What to do with Contradictory Data? Approaches to the Integration of Multiple Malingering Measures

This study describes the potential problems and possible solutions to the integration of multiple malingering measures. Multivariate prediction models, using both discriminant function analyses and regression tree approaches, are compared. Study measures, including an abbreviated version of the SIRS (SIRS-A), the MMPI-2, the TOMM and the VIP Verbal subtest, were administered to 29 community members instructed to malinger and 87 psychiatric patients instructed to respond honestly. Predictive accuracy varied substantially across measures and the correlations between tests ranged from .19 to .79. Further, 48% of the psychiatric sample were misclassified as malingering by at least one test and 46% of the malingering sample were classified as honest by at least one test; “unanimous” findings occurred in only half of the cases. Multivariate models identified the SIRS-A as the strongest predictor of malingering, but the MMPI-2, TOMM, and VIP provided significant contributions to these models. The implications of...
Shifts in Attachment Relationships: A Study of Adolescents in Wilderness Treatment.

This study examined shifts in adolescents’ attachment relationships with parents and peers during a 7-week wilderness therapy program. Ninety-six adolescents, aged 14–17, completed three quantitative measurements evaluating attachment relationships with mother, father and peers pre and post treatment. Adolescents reported improved attachment relationships in terms of decreased anger and increased emotional connection towards parents. Results also showed adolescents’ more troubled attachment relationships in terms of trust and communication with parents by the end of treatment. Adolescents reported similarly mixed results in both a positive and negative direction regarding peers. These findings indicate the complexity of parent–adolescent relationships particularly considered in the context of out-of-home care and point to the importance of continued exploration in this area.