cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic regulation by SIRT3: implications for tumorigenesis

Cancer cells meet their needs for energy and biomass production by consuming high levels of nutrients and rewiring metabolism to support macromolecular biosynthesis. Mitochondrial enzymes play central roles in anabolic growth, and acetylation may provide a key layer of regulation over mitochondrial metabolic pathways. As a major mitochondrial deacetylase, SIRT3 regulates the activity of enzymes to coordinate global shifts in cellular metabolism. SIRT3 promotes the function of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the electron transport chain and reduces oxidative stress. Loss of SIRT3 triggers oxidative damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated signaling, and metabolic reprogramming to support proliferation and tumorigenesis. Thus, SIRT3 is an intriguing example of how nutrient-sensitive, post-translational regulation may provide integrated regulation of metabolic pathways to promote metabolic homeostasis in response to diverse nutrient signals.
Achieving full 1.8 MJ, 500 TW laser performance on the national ignition facility

We have achieved the NIF design goals for power and energy by delivering 1.86 MJ of ultra-violet energy in a wide dynamic range (>300:1), 22.5-ns shaped ignition pulse with a peak power of 520 TW.
Stress intensity factors for deep edge cracks in bending

Abstract This note concerns the Mode I stress intensity factors at edge cracks in strips under pure bending. When these cracks penetrate three quarters or more of the width of the strip, expressions in standard handbooks can give rise to distinctly different results for K I . By applying an appropriately tested finite element procedure, guidance is provided in the selection of the correct value of K I for such configurations.
Behavioral ecology of alpine yellow-bellied marmots

1. An investigation of the behavior and ecology of several contiguous harems of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) was conducted in an alpine area of North Pole Basin, Gunnison County, Colorado. At an elevation of 3,400 m, the study site differed from those of previous marmot studies in that no forest restricted interharem movement or social contact. 2. Meadow vegetation was patchily distributed and covered half the study area; clumps of willow comprised most of the remaining vegetation. Eighty-two marmot burrows within the study area (most of which were unoccupied) were randomly distributed. The 26 most frequently occupied burrows (hibernacula and summer residences) also had a random spatial distribution. 3. Two or more marmots commonly occupied the same hibernacula and summer residence burrows, resulting in a highly clumped spatial distribution of marmots. 4. Ecological densities of adult and yearling residents in North Pole Basin were usually higher than densities at East River Valley study sites in the same region (Table 9). 5. In contrast to annual reproduction commonly observed at lower elevations, no alpine female marmot was observed to produce young in consecutive years. 6. Burrowmates were generally much more closely related than nonburrowmate members of the same harem (Table 4). 7. The intensity of foraging activity varied throughout the active season, being low in May, June, and September and very high in July and August (Fig. 1). Forage ranges of individuals varied in size from 0.1 to 2.2 ha (Table 5), and were larger in the year of low food availability. The average degrees of forage range exclusivity for each level of social organization were: individuals, 10%; burrow groups, 41%; and harem groups, 88%. 8. Rates of social interactions changed throughout the active season; agonistic and sexual rates of interactions generally decreased and the amicable interaction rate generally rose between early June and late August (Fig. 6). 9. Among burrowmates, social interactions were predominantly amicable. But between nonburrowmate members of the same harem and between members of different harems, agonistic interactions predominated. 10. Yearling offspring that remained resident in their natal harem throughout the summer had predominantly amicable social interactions with their parents. Social interactions of these yearlings with nonparent adults were primarily agonistic ones in which the yearlings were subordinant. 11. Environmental parameters, population dynamics, resource utilization patterns, and social dynamics were evaluated in terms of their relationships to population density, intraspecific competition, parent—offspring relations, and male territoriality.
Long-term comparison of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) to open surgery for the treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms

Objective Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has become a widely established treatment for a variety of thoracic aortic pathologic diseases despite limited long-term data to support its use. We compared the long-term outcomes of TEVAR with the 3 commercially available stents grafts for thoracic aortic aneurysms to results in control subjects undergoing open surgery. Methods Demographic, clinical radiographic parameters were collected prospectively on patients enrolled in trials assessing the Gore TAG (55), Medtronic Talent (36) and Cook TX2 (15) devices. Outcomes were compared with 45 contemporaneous open controls. Detailed clinical and radiographic information was available for analysis. Standard univariate, survival, and regression methods were used. Results During the study period (1995-2007) 106 patients were enrolled in TEVAR trials and there were 45 open controls. TEVAR patients were older and had significantly more comorbidities including diabetes and renal failure. TEVAR patients had 2.3 ± 1.3 devices implanted. Mortality (2.6% TEVAR, 6.7% open; P = .1), paralysis/paraparesis (3.9% TEVAR, 7.1% open; P = .2), and prolonged intubation more than 24 hours (9% TEVAR, 24% open; P = .02) tended to be more common in the open controls. Overall survival at 10 years was similar between groups (log rank P = .5). Multivariate predictors of late mortality included age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, and chronic renal failure. Use of TEVAR versus open surgery did not influence mortality (hazard ratio, 0.9 95% confidence interval, 0.4-1.6). Over 5 years of radiographic follow-up in the TEVAR group, mean aortic diameter decreased from 61 to 55 mm. Freedom from reintervention on the treated segment was 85% in TEVAR patients at 10 years. Conclusions TEVAR is a safe and effective procedure to treat thoracic aortic aneurysms with improved perioperative and similar long-term results as open thoracic aortic repair. TEVAR-treated aneurysm diameters initially decrease and then stabilize over time.
The Constrained-Input Problem

Given a combinational output function f and an input constraint φ = 0, there is a set G( f, φ) of output functions equivalent to f with respect to φ. A function belongs to G( f, φ), that is, provided its evaluations agree with those of f for all argument combinations satisfying the constraint φ = 0. We define the constrained-input problem as that of generating G( f, φ), given f and φ. A general solution for this problem is developed. Applications to the "don't-care" problem and to translator synthesis are discussed.
Induction of Fcγ receptors on a subpopulation of human T lymphocytes by adenosine and impromidine, An H2-Histamine agonist

Abstract Incubation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) at 37 °C with adenosine or impromidine, an H 2 -histamine agonist, increased the percentage of cells bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (RFc γ ). Maximal RFc γ enhancement was observed after 30 min with 10 −5 M adenosine and 60 min with 10 −4 M impromidine. RFc γ induced by these agents persisted for more than 18 hr at 37 °C after removal of the drugs. Adenine did not increase the number of RFc-bearing cells and the adenosine-induced increase was blocked by theophylline, suggesting that the RFc γ -enhancing effects of adenosine are mediated via an adenosine receptor. The effect of impromidine on RFc γ expression appears to be mediated by an H 2 -histamine receptor. Cimetidine, an H 2 antagonist, blocked the impromidine-induced increase in RFc γ -positive cells and 2-(2-pyridyl) ethylamine, an H 1 agonist, decreased the number of RFc γ -bearing lymphocytes. Adenosine and impromidine induction of RFc γ is inhibited by puromycin, azide, or incubation at 4 °C, indicating that this is an active process requiring oxidative phosphorylation and protein synthesis. Adenosine and impromidine increased RFc γ only in T-lymphocyte preparations. T lymphocytes were isolated from PBL by rosetting with sheep erythrocytes (E S ) followed by Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation. Non-T-cell preparations showed no increase in the percentage of lymphocytes bearing RFc γ after exposure to these drugs. T lymphocytes were further fractioned according to the lability of their E S receptors to theophylline. Adenosine and impromidine increased RFc γ -bearing cells only in fractions containing T lymphocytes with theophylline-resistant (T R ) E S receptors. The T R fraction is depleted of RFc γ -bearing lymphocytes (12 ± 2%) and can act as a “helper” cell in pokeweed mitogen-induced differentiation of B cells to cytoplasmic immunoglobulin-containing plasma cells. Adenosine or impromidine treatment of the T R cells results in a loss of “helper” activity corresponding in magnitude to the increase in RFc γ expression. The data provide evidence for the existence of a T-lymphocyte subset, bearing theophylline-resistant E S receptors, which can be induced to display RFc γ , as well as alter regulatory function, upon activation of specific adenosine and H 2 receptors.
A new approach for detecting riboswitches in DNA sequences

Motivation: Riboswitches are short sequences of messenger RNA that can change their structural conformation to regulate the expression of adjacent genes. Computational prediction of putative riboswitches can provide direction to molecular biologists studying riboswitch-mediated gene expression. Results: The Denison Riboswitch Detector (DRD) is a new computational tool with a Web interface that can quickly identify putative riboswitches in DNA sequences on the scale of bacterial genomes. Riboswitch descriptions are easily modifiable and new ones are easily created. The underlying algorithm converts the problem to a ‘heaviest path’ problem on a multipartite graph, which is then solved using efficient dynamic programming. We show that DRD can achieve ∼88–99% sensitivity and >99.99% specificity on 13 riboswitch families. Availability and implementation: DRD is available at http://drd.denison.edu. Contact: ude.nosined@llivah Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Impact on the quality of life of lymphoedema patients following introduction of a hygiene and skin care regimen in a Guyanese community endemic for lymphatic filariasis: A preliminary clinical intervention study

Background Hygiene and skin care are effective and important interventions in the management of lymphoedema secondary to lymphatic filariasis. We analyzed the impact on the quality of life that education and introduction of a designated nurse had on lymphoedema patients in a community that was endemic for lymphatic filariasis.
Chronic pain and occupation: an exploration of the lived experience.

OBJECTIVE. There is limited research on the relationship between chronic pain and occupation. This phenomenological research study explored the lived occupational experiences of people who have chronic pain. METHOD. Via demographic questionnaires, semistructured interviews, and field notes, data were collected on 13 participants with various types of pain. RESULTS. Thematic analysis yielded one main theme: �Chronic Pain Is Life Changing.� The following subthemes also emerged: �Chronic Pain Triggers Emotional Distress�; �Chronic Pain Reveals the Strength of Relationships�; �Chronic Pain and Occupation Are Reciprocally Related Forces�; and �Chronic Pain Elicits Innovative Adaptive Responses.� Study participants reported experiencing myriad troubling emotions; however, they resourcefully modified their routines and tasks and found enhanced meaning in favored occupations. CONCLUSIONS. This study illuminates the importance of therapeutic listening, the innovativeness of people who have chronic pain, and the possible therapeutic potential of occupation.
Currency regimes and currency crises: What about cocoa money?

Since the mid-1990s, there has been a significant shift towards floating exchange rate regimes by developing nations, primarily due to the lack of a viable alternative. Hard-peg systems, which both eliminate independent monetary policy and, if not credible, are subject to speculative attack, are increasingly viewed as a poor choice. This paper explores, theoretically and empirically, the potential benefits and drawbacks of an alternative: commodity-backed money. While proposals for commodity-based money in the industrialized world date back to 1934, with the seminal work by Benjamin Graham, this work analyzes its application to the developing world and its key commodity products.
Conversation patterns of three adults using aided speech: variations across partners

This exploratory study describes the conversation patterns of three aided speakers and their communication partners and focuses on the question of whether patterns vary across different types of partners. The aided speakers were videotaped engaging in unstructured conversation with both a natural speaker and another aided speaker. Comparisons of conversation patterns were made across the two types of conversation dyads. The study explores several questions relating to conversational control, including (a) who introduces topics of conversation, (b) whether partners are equally likely to make conversational contributions, (c) whether summoning power is distributed equally, and (d) what proportion of the interactions are devoted to conversation repair, as opposed to topic development and other conversation maintenance functions. The findings suggest that patterns varied markedly across the two types of conversation dyads and that conversations between the aided speakers were noticeably more symmetric and les...
A Phrase-Based Alignment Model for Natural Language Inference

The alignment problem---establishing links between corresponding phrases in two related sentences---is as important in natural language inference (NLI) as it is in machine translation (MT). But the tools and techniques of MT alignment do not readily transfer to NLI, where one cannot assume semantic equivalence, and for which large volumes of bitext are lacking. We present a new NLI aligner, the MANLI system, designed to address these challenges. It uses a phrase-based alignment representation, exploits external lexical resources, and capitalizes on a new set of supervised training data. We compare the performance of MANLI to existing NLI and MT aligners on an NLI alignment task over the well-known Recognizing Textual Entailment data. We show that MANLI significantly outperforms existing aligners, achieving gains of 6.2% in F1 over a representative NLI aligner and 10.5% over GIZA++.
The effect of melt history, pressure, and crystallization temperature on spherulite size in bulk isotactic polypropylene

Melt history, pressure, and crystallization temperature are three variables that may be used to vary spherulite size in polymer systems. In this study, bulk polypropylene samples were given various melt treatments and then isothermally crystallized under constant pressure. Spherulite size was found to increase with increasing severity (i.e., increased temperature or time at temperature) of melt treatment, explained by the thermal deactivation of nucleation sites. Spherulite size also increases with increasing crystallization temperature, owing to a smaller driving force for nucleation and the deactivation of increasing numbers of nuclei at higher crystallization temperatures. An analogous effect of pressure was also found, and a simple model to compare increased pressure and decreased crystallization temperature was derived.
Wartime Prosperity? A Reassessment of the U.S. Economy in the 1940s

Relying on standard measures of macroeconomic performance, historians and economists believe that “war prosperity” prevailed in the United States during World War II. This belief is ill-founded, because it does not recognize that the United States had a command economy during the war. From 1942 to 1946 some macroeconomic performance measures are statistically inaccurate; others are conceptually inappropriate. A better grounded interpretation is that during the war the economy was a huge arsenal in which the well-being of consumers deteriorated. After the war genuine prosperity returned for the first time since 1929.
EVIDENCE FOR QUASIPARTICLE DECAY IN PHOTOEMISSION FROM UNDERDOPED CUPRATES

I argue that the {open_quotes}gap{close_quotes} recently observed at the Brillouin zone face of cuprate superconductors in photoemission by Marshall {ital et al.}[Phys.Rev.Lett.{bold 76}, 4841 (1996)] and Ding {ital et al.}[Nature {bold 382}, 54 (1996)] is evidence for the decay of the injected hole into a spinon-holon pair. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Comparative DNA Sequence Analysis of Mouse and Human Protocadherin Gene Clusters

The genomic organization of the human protocadherin alpha, beta, and gamma gene clusters (designated Pcdh alpha [gene symbol PCDHA], Pcdh beta [PCDHB], and Pcdh gamma [PCDHG]) is remarkably similar to that of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes. The extracellular and transmembrane domains of each protocadherin protein are encoded by an unusually large "variable" region exon, while the intracellular domains are encoded by three small "constant" region exons located downstream from a tandem array of variable region exons. Here we report the results of a comparative DNA sequence analysis of the orthologous human (750 kb) and mouse (900 kb) protocadherin gene clusters. The organization of Pcdh alpha and Pcdh gamma gene clusters in the two species is virtually identical, whereas the mouse Pcdh beta gene cluster is larger and contains more genes than the human Pcdh beta gene cluster. We identified conserved DNA sequences upstream of the variable region exons, and found that these sequences are more conserved between orthologs than between paralogs. Within this region, there is a highly conserved DNA sequence motif located at about the same position upstream of the translation start codon of each variable region exon. In addition, the variable region of each gene cluster contains a rich array of CpG islands, whose location corresponds to the position of each variable region exon. These observations are consistent with the proposal that the expression of each variable region exon is regulated by a distinct promoter, which is highly conserved between orthologous variable region exons in mouse and human.
Substitutions in the amino-terminal tail of neurospora histone H3 have varied effects on DNA methylation.

Eukaryotic genomes are partitioned into active and inactive domains called euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. In Neurospora crassa, heterochromatin formation requires methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9) by the SET domain protein DIM-5. Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) reads this mark and directly recruits the DNA methyltransferase, DIM-2. An ectopic H3 gene carrying a substitution at K9 (hH3K9L or hH3K9R) causes global loss of DNA methylation in the presence of wild-type hH3 (hH3WT). We investigated whether other residues in the N-terminal tail of H3 are important for methylation of DNA and of H3K9. Mutations in the N-terminal tail of H3 were generated and tested for effects in vitro and in vivo, in the presence or absence of the wild-type allele. Substitutions at K4, K9, T11, G12, G13, K14, K27, S28, and K36 were lethal in the absence of a wild-type allele. In contrast, mutants bearing substitutions of R2, A7, R8, S10, A15, P16, R17, K18, and K23 were viable. The effect of substitutions on DNA methylation were variable; some were recessive and others caused a semi-dominant loss of DNA methylation. Substitutions of R2, A7, R8, S10, T11, G12, G13, K14, and P16 caused partial or complete loss of DNA methylation in vivo. Only residues R8-G12 were required for DIM-5 activity in vitro. DIM-5 activity was inhibited by dimethylation of H3K4 and by phosphorylation of H3S10, but not by acetylation of H3K14. We conclude that the H3 tail acts as an integrating platform for signals that influence DNA methylation, in part through methylation of H3K9.
Gene gun application in the generation of effector T cells for adoptive immunotherapy.

We utilized the gene gun to transfect subcutaneous D5 melanoma and MT-901 mammary carcinoma tumors in situ with a granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plasmid complexed to gold particles. There was diminished tumor growth following bombardment with GM-CSF plasmid, which was apparent only during the period of administration. Transgenic GM-CSF was produced by the skin overlying the tumors and not by the tumors themselves. GM-CSF plasmid bombardment resulted in increased cell yields within tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN) with at least a 12-fold increase in the percentage of dendritic cells (8.9%) compared to controls (0.7%). Secondarily activated TDLN cells from animals transfected with GM-CSF demonstrated enhanced cytokine release (interferon γ, GM-CSF and interleukin-10) in response to tumor stimulator cells compared to controls, and had an increased capacity to mediate tumor regression in adoptive immunotherapy. There was a small, but detectable, non-specific immune adjuvant effect observed with gold particle bombardment alone, which was less than with GM-CSF plasmid. The adjuvant effect of GM-CSF plasmid required peri-tumoral transgene expression since gene bombardment away from the tumor was ineffective.
Prevalence and Predictors of Depressive Symptoms Among Cancer Caregivers 5 Years After the Relative's Cancer Diagnosis

OBJECTIVE Few studies address the longer term psychological adjustment of family caregivers who provide care to a relative with cancer. This study aimed to document levels of depressive symptoms among caregivers 5 years after their relative's initial diagnosis and to identify psychosocial factors that may prospectively predict caregivers' depressive symptoms at that time. METHOD Cancer caregivers participated in a prospective longitudinal study (N = 416; mean age = 55, 65.4% female, 92.9% non-Hispanic White). Demographics and caregiving experiences were measured 2 years after their relative's cancer diagnosis at Time 1 (T1). Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (Radloff, 1977) at T1 and again at 5 years postdiagnosis (T2). By T2, caregivers had emerged into 3 groups: former caregivers whose recipients were now in remission, current caregivers, and bereaved caregivers. RESULTS Controlling for T1 depressive symptoms, T1 caregiving stress and lack of social support were both significant prospective predictors of greater depressive symptoms at T2 (ps < .02). Independently, bereaved caregivers reported the greatest depressive symptoms both prior to and after the relative's death. Those who were actively caregiving at T2 displayed the largest increase in depressive symptoms from T1 to T2 (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the importance of caregiving stress and social support early in caregivership, even for outcomes that emerge 3 years later. Findings suggest that family members who are actively involved in cancer care at the 5-year mark may benefit from programs designed to improve their adjustment to long-term caregiving.
Children's Moral Evaluations of Ecological Damage: The Effect of Biocentric and Anthropocentric Intentions

Moral evaluations of ecologically damaging events were studied in 5th, 8th, and 11th graders and college students (N = 246). Participants made 4 kinds of judgments about 2 scenarios: decision rightness, damage rightness, blame of the decision maker, and blame of the agents causing the damage. In both scenarios, the decision maker's intentions varied (biocentric vs. anthropocentric) as did the damage severity. Overall, participants' judgments were less harsh when the decision maker had biocentric intentions and when the damage was less severe. However, there were age differences in use of intentions to judge decision rightness. The proposition that judgments of blame of the decision maker should be a joint function of decision and damage rightness was also supported.
INCOME TAX ASPECTS OF LIQUIDATION IN MULTIPERIOD LINEAR GROWTH MODELS

Since the mid-1960s, agricultural economists CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKhave given much attention to research on farm-firm growth. One procedure used in this type of Boussard suggests that the relevant lengthresearch has been multiperiod linear program- of a planning horizon is the time needed toming models,' e.g. [1, 6, 9, 11, 14, 17]. Several make a decision for the first period [7, p. 468].researchers using the multiperiod linear pro- This definition implies that anything affectinggramming framework have compared optimiz- the first period decision should be included ining criteria [6, 9, 14]. Generally, comparisons the planning horizon. Therefore, in setting thewere made between maximizing some type of planning horizon one should consider thepresent value criterion and maximizing net appropriate condition of continuity for (1) aworth at the end of the planning horizon. The firm with indefinite liquidation plans or (2) adifferent assumptions associated with the two firm which ceases operations and liquidates itsmaximizing criteria have resulted in different assets. These two situations are common in theoptimal growth patterns, real world. The former firms are the usualTheoretically, both criteria are acceptable going concerns with no plans to terminateobjectives. Hicks [10, p. 197] states that the operations, and the latter are firms such asfirm should choose the plan which maximizes farms with retiring owner-operators andthe present value of the stream of expected net limited-life tax shelter farms.
Comparison of experimental and computational functional group mapping of an RNase A structure: implications for computer-aided drug design

One relatively new computational approach to the drug discovery process involves calculating functional group maps of a target structure. Experimental functional group mapping techniques have also recently emerged. In this paper, the structure of RNase A with two bound formates (i.e. carboxylate functionalities) is used as a model system to test the computational methodology. Functional group maps of the RNase A structure were calculated using the Multiple Copy Simultaneous Search (MCSS) method and compared with experimentally determined formate and water positions. The calculations indicate that the protonation state of active-site histidines determines the ability of the enzyme to bind formate. The results also suggest an ordered binding mechanism for the two formates. An improved strategy for using the MCSS method to design new candidate ligands is discussed.
Predicting support for non-pharmaceutical interventions during infectious outbreaks: a four region analysis.

Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are an important public health tool for responding to infectious disease outbreaks, including pandemics. However, little is known about the individual characteristics associated with support for NPIs, or whether they are consistent across regions. This study draws on survey data from four regions—Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and the United States—collected following the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak of 2002–03, and employs regression techniques to estimate predictors of NPI support. It finds that characteristics associated with NPI support vary widely by region, possibly because of cultural variation and prior experience, and that minority groups tend to be less supportive of NPIs when arrest is the consequence of noncompliance. Prior experience of face-mask usage also results in increased support for future usage, as well as other NPIs. Policymakers should be attentive to local preferences and to the application of compulsory interventions. It is speculated here that some public health interventions may serve as ‘gateway’ exposures to future public health interventions.
A Moralist and Modernizer: Mary Scharlieb and the Creation of Gynecological Knowledge, ca. 1880–1914

The professionalization—and popularization—of gynecological medicine reached a crescendo in the early twentieth century, just as increasing numbers of trained women doctors entered the field. One of the most influential of these was Mary Scharlieb, dubbed by one historian the “most important medical woman of her generation.” As the first female gynecological surgeon at a major London hospital, a member of a Royal Commission on Venereal Disease, and a sought-after authority on sexual and reproductive issues, Scharlieb left a large imprint on the development of women’s medicine in both Britain and India. She also influenced popular audiences through dozens of pamphlets and books written for daughters and their mothers, including the widely circulated Youth and Sex (1913; rep. 1919). Her reputation as a wife, mother, and devout Anglo-Catholic softened her image as a pioneering feminist doctor and positioned her well to be a national voice on sex education. The constitutive links between religious belief and medical work have been well established in analyses of nineteenth-century women nurses and medical missionaries, but less clear is how religion shaped the views of doctors and contributed to the development of women’s medicine. Analysis of the interplay between religious and scientific ideas is particularly relevant for understanding the emergence of public health in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a process that historians have typically framed as “an ideological struggle between moralists and modernizers.” The case of Mary Scharlieb reveals a more complex relationship between religious ideas and emergent medical knowledge and practice than has typically been represented.
Analysis of basic pulse-tube refrigerator with regenerator

Abstract A previously presented thermodynamic analysis of the basic pulse-tube refrigerator is extended to the case with a regenerator. In this case there is a heat exchanger at the warm end of the regenerator, in addition to the cold and warm heat exchangers at the ends of the pulse tube. The analysis is based on a four-step cycle: adiabatic compression of the gas in the pulse tube; isobaric heat transfer from the gas to the wall of the pulse tube; adiabatic expansion of the gas in the pulse tube; and isobaric heat transfer from the wall of the pulse tube to the gas. The pressure is taken to be uniform during the entire cycle. Gas elements inside the regenerator are assumed to be at the local temperature of the regenerator. The performance of the regenerator and its adjacent heat exchangers is investigated using control volume analysis to determine enthalpy flows, and by control mass analysis to determine heat flows associated with individual gas elements. The mechanism by which heat is transported from the cold end to the warm end of the regenerator is discussed. The addition of the regenerator is found to yield significant improvements in the heat removed per cycle, the coefficient of performance and the refrigeration efficiency. Detailed results for these quantities are presented as a function of the temperature ratio of the heat exchangers.
Stability with respect to the initial data and monotonicity of an implicit difference scheme for a homogeneous porous medium equation with a quadratic nonlinearity

We study the stability and monotonicity of a conservative difference scheme approximating an initial-boundary value problem for a porous medium equation with a quadratic nonlinearity under certain conditions imposed only on the input data of the problem. We prove a grid analog of the Bihari lemma, which is used to obtain a priori estimates for higher derivatives; these estimates are needed both in the proof of the continuous dependence of the solution on small perturbations in the input data and for the analysis of monotonicity in the nonlinear case. We show that, regardless of the smoothness of the initial condition, the higher derivatives can become infinite in finite critical time. We give an example in which there arises a runningwave solution, which justifies the theoretical conclusions.
A Case Study Of The Music Industry

very industry in the world is affected by technological advancements. As new products and methods are invented, old products and methods become obsolete. Perhaps no industry illustrates this basic principle better than the music industry. From the invention of sheet music to the digital music files known today, the music industry has remade itself time after time. With the development of the latest technology, old products have repeatedly been abandoned. This case will explore the history of the music industry by highlighting the various technologies that changed the industry. In addition, a discussion will be offered to explore possible future directions of the industry.
Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy: An Overview for the Practicing Surgeon

Locoregional control of breast cancer is the shared domain and responsibility of surgeons and radiation oncologists. Because surgeons are often the first providers to discuss locoregional control and recurrence risks with patients and because they serve in a key gatekeeping role as referring providers for radiation therapy, a sophisticated understanding of the evidence regarding radiotherapy in breast cancer management is essential for the practicing surgeon. This paper synthesizes the complex and evolving evidence regarding the role of radiation therapy after mastectomy. Although substantial evidence indicates that radiation therapy can reduce the risk of locoregional failure after mastectomy (with a relative reduction of risk of approximately two-thirds), debate persists regarding the specific subgroups who have sufficient risks of residual microscopic locoregional disease after mastectomy to warrant treatment with radiation. This paper reviews the evidence available to guide appropriate referral and patient decision making, with special attention to areas of controversy, including patients with limited nodal disease, those with large tumors but negative nodes, node-negative patients with high risk features, patients who have received systemic chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant setting, and patients who may wish to integrate radiation therapy with breast reconstruction surgery.
Measurement of magnetic resonance T2 for physiological experiments

Hardy, Peter A., and Guang Yue. Measurement of magnetic resonance T2 for physiological experiments. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(3): 904–911, 1997.—The proton transverse relaxation time (T2) of human skele...
Opportunity/Threat Spirals in the U.S. Women's Suffrage and German Anti-Immigration Movements

*Many have noted that protesters sometimes expand political opportunities for later protests, but there has been little analysis of how this occurs. The problem can be addressed by analyzing opportunity/threat spirals, which involve positive feedback among: actions by challengers (bold protests and the formation of alliances between challenger groups); opportunity-increasing actions by authorities and elites (elite divisions and support, procedural reforms, substantive concessions, and police inaction); and threat-increasing actions by authorities and elites (new grievance production and excessive repression). Interactions among these eight mechanisms are demonstrated in two cases of social movement growth, the U.S. women's suffrage movement of the 1910s and the German anti-immigration movement of the early 1990s. The cases show similar positive feedback processes despite many other differences, a finding which suggests that the specified interactions may operate in a wide range of social movements in democratic countries. Political-opportunity and political-process theories of social movements have been surprisingly unidirectional. They have mostly posited conditions under which movements are likely to begin, expand, and succeed in their goals. Causation flows in one direction, from the political environment to movement activity. Yet movements include actors who aim to build power and sometimes do so; protesters sometimes affect their environments and hence the course of protest. In this article, I argue for the greater inclusion of positive-feedback processes in theories that set out to explain why some movements grow in activity and power. Briefly, the claim is that one condition of movement growth is that positive feedback develops among certain kinds of actions by protesters, their elite allies, and authorities. The positive feedback creates spirals of increasing opportunity, threat, or both. The next section shows that social-movement theories have touched on these interactions but left them largely unexplored. I then describe positivefeedback processes in terms of eight kinds of actions, or mechanisms, and the ways they tend to reinforce each other when movements are growing. The mechanisms and the interactions among them are demonstrated through two case studies: the U.S. women’s suffrage movement (19101920), and, more briefly, the German anti-immigration movement (1991-1993). These cases were chosen in a strategy of universalizing comparison. If the same kind of positive-feedback processes occur in such disparate cases, it is likely they can be found in a wide range of growing social movements in democratic countries. The conclusions suggest some ways to simplify our analysis of complex opportunity/threat spirals as well as how to relate them to external causes.
Abstinence-based programs for prevention of adolescent pregnancies. A review.

This article assesses the abstinence-based programs developed by family life educators and the factors associated with positive results through a review of abstinence promotion programs of the federal government. In 1996 Section 510 was added to Title V of the Social Security Act allocating US$50 million annually from 1998-2000 to fund abstinence education programs while in 1997 a National Strategy to Prevent Teen Pregnancy was launched by the Office of Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention to provide teen pregnancy programs to at least 25% of the communities. Presented in this paper is a discussion of the Abstinence Only programs which focus on the prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease among adolescents and the Abstinence Plus programs which emphasize other prevention methods as well as abstinence. Evaluation of Abstinence Only programs include Success Express Project Taking Charge Sex Respect Teen Aid Values and Choices and Facts and Feelings. Moreover programs such as Reducing the Risk Postponing Sexual Involvement Project Education Now and Babies Later were evaluated under the Abstinence Plus programs. Several programs evaluated have shown to have a positive effect on attitudes among adolescents but are not proven to have a significant effect on sexual behavior. In conclusion this article encourages exploration of new approaches to address teen pregnancy and the increasing incidence of sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents while the federal government must utilize the implementation of existing programs with positive effects.
Meristematic Activity in Relation to Wound Xylem Differentiation

Many plant tissues and organs display a biphasic growth response. During the first phase, growth is brought about primarily by an increase in cell number, with little change in the average cell size. As the rate of cell division declines, the second mode of growth is exhibited in which the average cell size increases as many of the derivatives become characteristically differentiated, but these changes are accompanied by a comparatively small increase in cell number, if any. This developmental pattern is typical of root growth,6,15,23 wnere the two growth processes tend to be spatially separated, and of leaf growth,9,28,33 where the two processes tend to be separated in time.
Modeling cytokinesis of eukaryotic cells driven by the actomyosin contractile ring.

Summary A three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic model for cytokinesis of eukaryotic cells is developed, in which we model dynamics of actomyosins in the cell cortex, in particular, along the cytokinetic ring formed in the cortex and in the neighborhood of the cell's division plane explicitly. Specifically, the active force actuated by the actomyosin's activity along the cytokinetic ring is modeled by a surface force whose strength is proportional to the actomyosin concentration while the cell morphology is tracked by a phase field model. The model is then solved in 3D space and time using a finite difference method on graphic processing units. Dynamical morphological patterns of eukaryotic cells during cytokinesis are numerically simulated with the model. These simulated morphological patterns agree quantitatively with experimental observations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ! b-Heat Equation on Quadric Manifolds

In this article, we give an explicit calculation of the partial Fourier transform of the fundamental solution to the □ b -heat equation on quadric submanifolds M⊂ℂ n ×ℂ m . As a consequence, we can also compute the heat kernel associated with the weighted $\overline{\partial}$ -equation in ℂ n when the weight is given by exp (−φ(z,z)⋅λ) where φ:ℂ n ×ℂ n →ℂ m is a quadratic, sesquilinear form and λ∈ℝ m . Our method involves the representation theory of the Lie group M and the group Fourier transform.
Effect of metabolic "stress" on development of tumor following inoculation of Walker carcinosarcoma cells.

SummaryThe effect of acute starvation and dehydration in rats, on “takes” of Walker 256 cells following their injection subcutaneously has been investigated. Our results indicate that starvation and dehydration for 48 hours do not increase susceptibility of the rat to subcutaneous inoculation of Walker tumor, but if starvation is continued for 7 days there is increase in percentage “takes” of the tumor as compared to incidence in normal healthy animals. There is also an increase in “takes” of implanted tumor in young rats 28 days of age compared to more mature rats.
Study of K * − ( 890 ) and K * − ( 1430 ) production in the reaction K − p → K ¯ 0 π − p at 100 and 175 GeV/ c

The reaction K/sup -/p..-->..K/sup 0/..pi../sup -/p has been studied at 100 and 175 GeV/c and the reaction ..pi../sup -/p..-->..K/sup 0/K/sup -/p at 50, 100, and 175 GeV/c. Both reactions are dominated by production of resonances, K((890), K((1430) and A/sub 2/(1320), A/sub 2/(2040), respectively. Production cross sections, t distributions, and decay-angular distributions are studied. Isoscalar natural-parity exchange is dominant. The energy dependence of the K( and A/sub 2/ resonance production between 10 and 175 GeV/c is well described by a Regge-pole model. Our data on A/sub 2/ corrects that in an earlier paper.
Alcoholism Prevention and Black Youth

This paper examines forces internal and external to the black community which must be considered in developing alcoholism prevention strategies targeted to the needs of black youth. Norms and value...
Intracranial subdural empyema after surgery for lumbar lipomyelomeningocele: A rare complication.

Background Surgery is routinely recommended for lumbar lipomyelomeningocele, especially in the setting of tethered cord syndrome. The most common complications are wound infections and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, which remain confined to the surgical site. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no prior reports relating an intracranial subdural empyema following detethering surgery. Prompt diagnosis is essential since subdural empyema is a neurosurgical emergency. Case description The patient was an 11-month-old male who underwent detethering surgery for a lumbar lipomyelomeningocele. This was followed by wound drainage consistent with CSF leak, requiring revision. Cultures grew three aerobes (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and Klebsiella) and three anaerobes (Clostridium, Veillonella, and Bacteroides). He was started on cefepime, vancomycin, and flagyl. The patient required two more wound revisions and placement of an external ventricular drain (EVD) secondary to persistent wound leakage. A subsequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain was carried out due to protracted irritability, which revealed extensive left subdural empyema along the parietooccipital region and the inferior and anterior temporal lobe. He underwent evacuation of the subdural empyema where cultures exhibited no growth. Subsequently, he progressed well. His lumbar incision continued to heal. Serial MRI brains and inflammatory markers were reassuring. He weaned off his EVD and went home to complete a 6-week course of antibiotics. Upon completion of his antibiotics, he returned for a clinic visit; he exhibited no interim fevers or wound issues; cranial imaging documented no evidence of a residual or recurrent subdural empyema. Conclusion Intracranial subdural empyema may occur after wound complications from detethering surgery despite early initiation of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Possible etiology may be local wound infection that seeds the subdural space and travels to the cranium, leading to meningitis and subdural empyema. Such a scenario should prompt surveillance imaging of the head as undiagnosed subdural empyema may lead to devastating consequences.
Therapeutic Molecular Biomarkers in Gynecological Cancers.

1Profiles should be measurable across populations, useful for detection of cancer at an early stage, or assist in identification of high-risk individuals. As tech nology has developed, so has our ability to explore tumor biology down to the level of gene expression. Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries and the second most common in developing countries. Patients typically present with symptoms such as postmenopausal bleeding, which allows for detection at an earlier stage. Ovarian cancer is less common but carries a poorer prognosis given its typical late stage of diagnosis. This section will discuss developments in the treatment of endometrial and ovarian cancer at a molecular level. Considerable breakthroughs have been made in the area of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in BRCA mutated ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancers. Epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (EpCAM) overexpression has been a target for the treatment of malignant ascites in ovarian cancer. There has been utility in targeting hormone receptors in the setting of recurrent endometrial cancer while the role of human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) and mTOR inhibitors shows promise but remains investigational.
Sequential kidney-liver transplantation from the same living donor for lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase deficiency.

Background Lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of lipoprotein metabolism that results in end stage renal disease (ESRD) necessitating transplantation. Since LCAT is produced in the liver, combined kidney and liver transplantation was proposed to cure the clinical syndrome of LCAT deficiency. Methods A 29-year-old male with ESRD secondary to LCAT deficiency underwent a sequential kidney-liver transplantation from the same living donor. One year later, auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplant (APOLT) of a left lateral segment from the same donor was performed. Results At five years follow-up, there have been no major complications, readmissions, or rejection episodes. Serum lipid abnormalities recurred within the first year, but liver and kidney allograft function remains intact. Conclusion Few cases of sequential transplantation from the same living donor have been performed in adults. This is the first APOLT and multi-organ transplant done for LCAT deficiency. Sequential organ transplant from the same living donor for ESRD secondary to a metabolic disorder of the liver is feasible in adults and should be further investigated. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.