cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Macrophages Prevent Human Red Blood Cell Reconstitution In NOD/SCID and NOD/SCID/γc−/− Mice.

Abstract Abstract 3723 An animal model supporting human erythropoiesis will be highly valuable for assessing the biological function of human RBCs under physiological and disease settings, and for evaluating protocols of in vitro RBC differentiation from human embryonic stem cells. Although immunodeficient mice on the NOD background have been widely used to study human hematopoietic stem cell function in vivo, the successful use of these mice in the study of human erythropoiesis and RBC function has not been reported. We have previously shown that co-transplantation of human fetal thymic tissue (under renal capsule) and CD34+ fetal liver cells (FLCs; i.v.) in NOD/SCID or NOD/SCID/γc−/− mice results in the development of multilineage human hematopoietic cells. Here, we analyzed human RBC reconstitution in these humanized mice. Although a large number of human erythrocytes, which consisted predominantly of immature nucleated erythrocytes, were detected in the bone marrow of human fetal thymus/CD34+ FLC-grafted mice, human RBCs were undetectable in blood of these mice, even in those with nearly full human chimerism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Recipient mouse macrophage-mediated rejection is, at least, one of the major mechanisms responsible for the lack of human RBCs in these mice, as human RBCs became detectable in blood following macrophage depletion and disappeared again after withdrawal of treatment. Furthermore, treatment with human erythropoietin (EPO) and human IL-3 significantly increased human RBC reconstitution in mice that were depleted of macrophages. Like the human RBCs developed in the humanized mice, exogenously injected normal human RBCs were also rapidly rejected by macrophages in NOD/SCID mice. Taken together, our data demonstrate that human RBCs are highly susceptible to rejection by macrophages in immunodeficient mice. Thus, strategies for preventing human RBC rejection by macrophages are required for using immunodeficient mice as an in vivo model to study human erythropoiesis and RBC function. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Thrombus Extension into the Common Femoral Vein after Endovenous Ablation of the Greater Saphenous Vein for the Treatment of Venous Insufficiency

Increasingly, endovenous ablation of the greater saphenous vein (GSV) is used for the treatment of symptomatic varicose veins. The propagation of thrombus can result in a “tail of thrombus” within ...
Development and Eruption of the Premolar Region of Prosimians and Its Bearing on Their Evolution

Among the complexes most frequently called on in the establishment of relationships within and between various mammal groups, dentition stands out as perhaps the most important traditional avenue of comparative investigation. That dental morphology has been so greatly relied on in paleontological studies is not surprising, as teeth survive the processes of fossilization far better and much more frequently than do other parts of the skeleton. The application to paleontology (and neontology as well) most commonly undertaken is the comparative study of occlusal morphology, whereby identifications of taxa are based on such criteria as the number of cusps, their disposition within the tooth, the presence of cingula, and the presence or absence of such structures as conules, stylids, and lophs. However, when one is dealing with such final stages of development, one is faced solely with static morphologies which may on the surface appear to be similar but which in fact may only represent secondary and convergent modifications of the final stages of processes which are different on a more fundamental level. This is equally the case with other morphologies such as the ear region. In other words, crown and root morphology represent only one, the last, of many levels of dental organization.
Occupied Thoroughfares: Haitian Women, Public Space, and the United States Occupation, 1915–1924

Throughout the United States occupation of Haiti (1915–1934), supporters of the armed invasion pointed toward the transportation infrastructure as the principal contribution of the intervention. Although many of the thoroughfares were built using forced labor, Haitian-American contact on roads, bridges, and railways blurred the boundaries between the occupied and the occupiers. Traffic exchanges on the occupied streets and bridges of Haiti simultaneously revealed social and political anxieties of the period and also facilitated moments where women challenged and complied with the US military invasion.
Frequency of ALK rearrangement among patients (pts) with non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), stratified by race.

e13068Background: The presence of an ALK rearrangement in tumor cells is associated with responsiveness to treatment with ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors in pts with NSCLC. The frequency of ALK rearrangement is 4-5% in an unselected NSCLC population, and is seen more commonly in Asian pts, females, and never smokers. The relative incidence of ALK rearrangement among Black pts is not well known. We sought to determine if there was any association between Black race and ALK rearrangement among pts with NSCLC receiving treatment at the Abramson Cancer Center (ACC) of the University of Pennsylvania. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 611 NSCLC pts undergoing ALK rearrangement analysis at the ACC between January 2011 and July 2015. Clinical, lab and pathologic data were abstracted from the pts’ electronic medical records. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables and Student’s t test for continuous variables. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determ...
Pricing a Private Label: The National Brand’s Wholesale Price Is Irrelevant

We build a model of quality-price competition between a national brand manufacture and a retailer who introduces a private label. The manufacturer decides the wholesale price of his national brand, and the retailer optimizes her combined profit using a product-line pricing. We find that the wholesale price of the national brand is not relevant to the optimal pricing decision of the private label. Instead, the price solely depends on the relative quality of the private label against the national brand. The national brand’s wholesale and retail prices decrease due to the new competition, but its demand level stays the same. The market coverage of the combined demand is twice the initial NB-only demand, and the total channel profit increases as a result.
O11.1 Decline in genital shedding in the year after first clinical episode genital herpes simplex virus type 1

Introduction Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has emerged as the leading cause of first episode genital herpes among adolescents and young adults. The natural history of genital and oral shedding after first episode genital HSV-1 must be described to understand the risk of transmission to sexual partners. Methods Persons with laboratory documented first clinical episode genital HSV-1 infection obtained daily self-collected genital and oral swabs for two 30 day sessions starting 2 months and 11 months after the first genital HSV-1 outbreak. HSV was detected in swabs using real-time quantitative HSV-1 PCR. Rates of genital and oral shedding were compared during the first and second swabbing sessions using Poisson regression models. Results Of 52 persons who completed the first swabbing session, 27 (52%) were HSV-1 seronegative (primary infection) at presentation and 25 (48%) were HSV-1 seropositive at initial presentation. Twenty-five persons completed both sessions (11–12 months). Genital HSV-1 shedding was detected in 176 (12.2%) of 1438 swabs from the first shedding session, and declined to 46 (7.1%) of 645 swabs in the second session. The rate of genital lesions was 61 of 1595 (3.8%) days in the first session and 12 of 746 (1.6%) days in the second session. Oral shedding was detected infrequently, with 3.6% of swabs HSV-1 positive in the first session, and 3.3% during the second session. Oral lesions were rare in both sessions. Conclusions Genital HSV-1 shedding occurs substantially less frequently than genital HSV-2 shedding, and declines in the first year after genital HSV-1 acquisition. These results will inform counselling messages about risk of sexual transmission to persons with first episode genital HSV-1 infection.
An expressive voting model of anger, hatred, harm and shame

To consider some political implications of angry voters, we alter the standard expressive model in a fundamental way. One result is that an angry voter with a strong sense of shame at the thought of voting to harm others, may still do so, even when the harm is brutal. Indeed, his willingness to vote for harming others may increase if the proposed harm becomes more severe, even though the angry voter is more “decent” (less willing to harm others) than most of us sometimes are. Several examples are given that are consistent with the most troubling implications of the model. An empirical appendix follows the concluding section which tests the implications of the model indirectly.
Association of Cx43 rs2071166 polymorphism with an increased risk for atrial septal defect.

Atrial septal defect is one of the most common CHD. The pathogenesis of atrial septal defect still remains unknown. Cx43 is the most prevalent connexin in the mammalian heart during development. Its genetic variants can cause several CHD. The aim of our study was to investigate the association of genetic variations of the Cx43 with sporadic atrial septal defect. A total of 450 paediatric patients were recruited, including 150 cases with atrial septal defect and 300 healthy controls. The promoter region of Cx43 was analysed by sequencing after polymerase chain reaction. All data were analysed by using the Statistic Package for Social Science 19.0 software. The frequency of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs2071166 was significantly higher in atrial septal defect cases than in healthy controls. The CC genotype at rs2071166 site in Cx43 was correlated with an increased risk for atrial septal defect (p<0.0001, odds ratio=3.891, 95% confidence interval 1.948–7.772) and the C allele was positively correlated with atrial septal defect (p=0.007, odds ratio=1.567, 95% confidence interval 1.129–2.175). In conclusion, our results confirmed that rs2071166 in Cx43 may be relevant with an increased atrial septal defect risk.
Vor welchen wissenschaftlichen Aufgaben steht die Psychoanalyse

Grunbaum befast sich in seinem wichtigen Buch (Grundlagen) mit einer seit langem bestehenden Streitfrage — der Frage nach dem wissenschaftlichen Status der Psychoanalyse. Dieses Thema ist seit nunmehr fast 100 Jahren Gegenstand von Kontroversen, seit Freud etwa Mitte 1880, nach seiner Ruckkehr vom Studium bei Charcot an der Salpetriere in Paris, seine erste psychoanalytische Veroffentlichung herausgebracht hatte. Die Psychoanalyse erfuhr insbesondere in ihrer freudianischen Form grose Anerkennung in literarischen Kreisen, bei Sozialtheoretikern und Personen, die im psychologischen Bereich tatig waren, einschlieslich Psychiatern, klinischen Psychologen und Sozialarbeitern. Von Wissenschaftlern wurde sie jedoch bestenfalls mit gemischten Gefuhlen aufgenommen.
Experimental and numerical investigation on the bond strength of self-sensing composite joints

Abstract Laboratory experiments demonstrate that a novel carbon nanotube (CNT)-based sensing layer embedded in the bondline of an adhesively bonded structural joint can detect and monitor deformation and damage progression of the adhesive layer. In this study, experimental and numerical investigations were performed to identify any effect of an embedded CNT-based sensing layer on the bond strength of that joint. To evaluate the mechanical behavior of such a bondline configuration, two sets of single-lap specimens, with and without sensing layer, were prepared and tested to determine the bond strengths of the respective types. Two-dimensional digital image correlation (2D DIC) was utilized to estimate the load-displacement response of the test specimens. Three-dimensional cohesive surface finite element models of the test specimens, with and without the sensing layer, were created and validated using the experimental measurements. It is shown that the embedded CNT-based sensing layer does not influence the bond strength of the single-lap joint.
Rac1 and connective tissue growth factor. The missing link between atrial remodeling and the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia and a major cause of morbidity and mortality ([1][1]). AF typically occurs after cardiac surgery or in patients with hypertension or ischemic, valvular, structural, or metabolic heart disease ([2][2]). In some cases, AF has no
Diet, anaerobic bacterial metabolism, and colon cancer: a review of the literature

Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated variations in the incidence of colon cancer between populations and socioeconomic groups. Differences in dietary habits have been implicated in the risk of developing colon cancer. Diet appears to influence our colonic microflora. Such variations may allow for future utilization of the fecal flora as markers for screening and diagnosis of colon cancer. The composition of the diet not only dictates the available substrates for the flora but also helps to establish predictable and competitive relationships between intestinal bacteria. To appreciate the significance of populations deemed high and low risk based on host flora, an understanding of several dynamic microbial relationships and metabolites produced is necessary. In this review, we explore the critical relationships between bile acid 7 alpha-dehydroxylation, sulfidogenesis, methanogenesis, and how they relate to carbohydrate and bile acid metabolism. We summarize the chemopreventative, anticarcinogenic, and detoxifying activity of probiotics and prebiotics, as well as potential mechanisms for protection against colon cancer.
Pulmonary Mechanical Function and Gas Exchange

The lungs provide an extensive surface for the exchange of gases between the ambient environment and the blood. This function is highly dependent on the tightly controlled balance existing between parameters of ventilation, breathing mechanics, and vascular perfusion. To evaluate the ability of the lungs to carry out this essential function, basic researchers and clinicians use pulmonary function testing. This chapter provides a review of basic mechanical pulmonary function, the effects of inhaled air toxicants, and their impact on the respiratory system, which includes discussions on the parameters of ventilation, airway sensory nerves, and vascular resistance, and pulmonary circulation and diffusion as a critical component of gas exchange. In particular, the reader is presented with methodologies that have been traditionally used by toxicologists to evaluate lung function. Such systems, which were devised for human clinical testing, have now been adapted to rodent model testing methods. These techniques permit assessment of lung performance as it relates to structural alterations which may result from disease or injury due to inhalation of air toxicants.
From the social to the moral to the spiritual: the postmodern exaltation of the history of science

The history of science, insofar as it remains a scholarly discipline, must inevitably share the fate common to all scientific and scholarly disciplines in our postmodern era, viz., disintegration and dissolution. Disciplinarity and the disciplines are inventions of modernity. Disciplinarity as constructed social-cultural ideal, and the disciplines as institutional realizations of it, are collective implementations of the enlightenment project utilizing a specifically modern personality structure – take it as governed by Weber’s Protestant ethic or by Freud’s superego. It was the disciplines that, ostensibly, conducted and directed the huge enterprise of knowledge-for-its-own-sake research and publication that grew up in the first two thirds of the 20th century. But what modernity gave to the production of knowledge, postmodernity is taking away. Disciplinarity enters the 21st century deprived of much of its material and all of its ideological supports. Such support, however qualified, as disciplinarity received from governmental and commercial research establishments peaked in the third quarter of the 20th century, and has now almost disappeared. Meanwhile, in institutions of higher learning, the unqualified support that disciplinarity formerly received has deteriorated to bare toleration by administrators who confidently anticipate the disciplines’ future extinction. With hardly anyone anywhere willing to say a good word about disciplinarity or defend it against the ubiquitous deprecations of the disciplines as institutions for knowledge production, there is no plausible prospect for arresting, let alone reversing, our, or any other, discipline’s slide toward extinction. 1 The demise of the discipline ‘history of science’ does not, of course, equate to disappearance of the subject ‘history of science’. The subject is far older, and will continue far longer. For some while the discipline of the history of science will itself continue in its present postmodern mode as a continually renovated – but hardly cumulative – body of representations of science past, even as we aged bearers of the discipline will continue to find those representations on the whole ever more arbitrary and insufficient. Meanwhile, we have already begun to see a revival of that genre against which our discipline in its formation so largely defined itself, the history of science written by scientists – written now by scientists in a commendable though inevitably futile endeavor to buttress their disciplinary 1 P. Forman, “In the Era of the Earmark: The Recent Pejoration of Meritocracy – and of Peer
Recurrence analysis for effective array prefetching in Java: Research Articles

Java is an attractive choice for numerical, as well as other, algorithms due to the software engineering benefits of object-oriented programming. Because numerical programs often use large arrays that do not fit in the cache, they suffer from poor memory performance. To hide memory latency, we describe a new unified compile-time analysis for software prefetching arrays and linked structures in Java. Our previous work used data-flow analysis to discover linked data structure accesses. We generalize our prior approach to identify loop induction variables as well, which we call recurrence analysis. Our algorithm schedules prefetches for all array references that contain induction variables. We evaluate our technique using a simulator of an out-of-order superscalar processor running a set of array-based Java programs. Across all of our programs, prefetching reduces execution time by a geometric mean of 23p, and the largest improvement is 58p. We also evaluate prefetching on a PowerPC processor, and we show that prefetching reduces execution time by a geometric mean of 17p. Because our analysis is much simpler and quicker than previous techniques, it is suitable for including in a just-in-time compiler. Traditional software prefetching algorithms for C and Fortran use locality analysis and sophisticated loop transformations. We further show that the additional loop transformations and careful scheduling of prefetches from previous work are not always necessary for modern architectures and Java programs. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental Perspectives on Family Theory and Psychopathology

A developmental perspective on family theory and psychopathology is not uniquely different from other views. Systems, social learning, and the cognitiveintrapsychic models all have developmental features. The difference between this chapter and others in this section is one of emphasis. Here, our attention will be on change over time. In traditional developmental psychology, the individual has been the unit of study, even when studied in groups; and textbooks in this area tend to follow individual development from infancy to adulthood (or old age, in life-span development) with respect to motor, cognitive, social, and personality functioning. The family has also been taken as the unit of developmental study and has been followed in its course from marriage to old age. In this chapter, we will adopt the latter perspective and focus primarily on the interactional dynamics of the family as they unfold over time and as they relate to psychopathological behavior.
Abstract 3700: A window into human tumor progenitor cell subsets: Functionalizing a novel platform, the micropallet array, for molecular evaluation of single adherent cells with defined cell surface phenotype

The recognition of unique cellular elements such as cancer stem cells (CSCs) and processes such as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) raises predictions that are biologically provocative and clinically impactful. To better understand the interplay between individual cellular elements, and improve current molecular and cellular characterizations of an individual9s cancer, the development of a technology to rapidly identify, isolate, and evaluate a patient9s tumor biopsy at single cell resolution is required. The micropallet array is a photoresist-based technology that provides a means to isolate and recover single adherent cells on individual pedestals, termed “micropallets”. We have functionalized this platform to identify cells of defined surface phenotype in heterogeneous mixtures, such as would be obtained from a tumor tissue biopsy, by incorporating multicolor immunofluorescent confocal imaging to interrogate the expression pattern of up to 6 different cell surface molecules on heterogeneous cell mixtures distributed over a micropallet array. The ability to interrogate the expression of multiple cell surface molecules provides a critical addition to the existing micropallet array platform, in that it enables the identification, enumeration, and along with the previously demonstrated capacity to release and retrieve micropallets carrying single adhered cells, the study of single cells of defined cell surface phenotype. Herein, we report functionalization of the platform and its application to human breast tumors as a proof of principle for its application. We demonstrate the capacity to identify, retrieve, and study single adherent cells that are characterized as; putative CSCs, endothelial progenitor cells, bulk malignant epithelium, leukocytes, and cells with hybrid cell surface phenotype suggestive of cells undergoing EMT, using a panel of antibodies to detect select surface molecules (CD24, CD44, CD45, CD133, CD309, and CD326 [Epithelial Surface Antigen or ESA]). Furthermore, we have applied single cell nanoString analyses to characterize their respective molecular profiles. This provides a unique and unmatched platform for the study of minimally perturbed, primary human tumor cellular subsets, obtained from standard small volume tumor biopsies, and to address biological and cancer biology questions, at single cell resolution, that have been heretofore beyond reach. Citation Format: Edward L. Nelson, Trisha Westerhof, Giulia Giammo, Guann-Pyng Li, Mark Bachman. A window into human tumor progenitor cell subsets: Functionalizing a novel platform, the micropallet array, for molecular evaluation of single adherent cells with defined cell surface phenotype [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3700.
Confiding Secrets and Well-Being:

How does confiding secrets relate to well-being? The current work presents the first empirical examination of mechanisms by which confiding diverse real-world secrets to known others predicts well-...
Behavioral Health of Gulf Coast Residents 6 Years After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: The Role of Trauma History.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between oil spill exposure, trauma history, and behavioral health 6 years after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DHOS). We hypothesized that prior trauma would exacerbate the relationship between oil spill exposure and behavioral health problems. METHODS The sample included 2,520 randomly selected adults in coastal areas along the Gulf of Mexico. Participants reported their level of oil spill exposure, trauma history, depression, anxiety/worry, illness anxiety, and alcohol use. RESULTS Individuals with more traumatic experiences had a significantly higher risk for all measured behavioral health problems after controlling for demographic factors and DHOS exposure. Those with higher levels of DHOS exposure were not at greater risk for behavioral health problems after controlling for prior trauma, with the exception of illness anxiety. There was no evidence that trauma history moderated the association between DHOS exposure and behavioral health. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that trauma exposure may be a better indicator of long-term behavioral health risk than DHOS exposure among disaster-prone Gulf Coast residents. DHOS exposure may be a risk factor for illness anxiety but not more general behavioral health concerns. Trauma history did not appear to exacerbate risk for behavioral health problems among Gulf residents exposed to the DHOS. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:497-503).
Pensando la integración Chile-Perú desde una comprensión de la escuela como espacio público transfronterizo: Thinking of Chile-Peru integration from understanding school as a cross-border public space

Como parte de los estudios que se han realizado acerca de la integracion Chile y Peru, el presente trabajo quiere proponer la nocion de una escuela como espacio publico transfronterizo para pensar en como la educacion puede ayudar al acercamiento entre ninos chilenos y peruanos. No obstante, dicha nocion no debe pensarse en abstracto, sino a partir de experiencias que ya se esten realizando. Al respecto, las experiencias entre tacnenos y ariquenos resultan de particular interes.
Reduced soil disturbance: Positive effects on greenhouse gas efflux and soil N losses in winter wheat systems of the southern plains

Abstract Soils produce greenhouse gases (GHG) from carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization. The GHGs of interest in cropped soils are carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). Greenhouse gases of cropped soils in response to management disturbance in the Southern Plains of the United States after tillage have not been monitored and reported to date in the literature. It was hypothesized that undisturbed no-tillage treatment would produce less CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions compared to conventional tillage due to a flush of labile N and aeration of soil immediately after tillage. Methane emissions were hypothesized to increase following tillage due to disturbance. This study was conducted at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grazinglands Research Laboratory at El Reno, OK on 21–28 July 2015 and 25 July–August 1, 2016, post-harvest. Efflux rates of GHGs were monitored using stationary chambers and soil nitrogen, carbon and water were monitored before tillage, 0, 3, 6, 9, 24, 48, 96, 168 and 336 h after tillage in conventional (CT) and no-till (NT) management systems. Soil water content was lower in CT than NT in both years. Tilling the soil resulted in a doubling of CO2 and N2O efflux. Methane assimilation decreased by two fold post tillage compared to before tillage efflux. Soil nitrate and ammonium increased after tillage and remained elevated. This study confirmed that water-filled pore space (WFPS) was an important driver of CO2. Mechanical disturbance through tillage appeared to be the biggest driver of N2O efflux and produced a flush of soil N. However, soil N availability, as a result of tillage, caused a transition of assimilation to efflux for CH4 that was not affected by WFPS.
Co-delivery of 2-DG and V9302 via a Prodrug Micellar Formulation for Synergistic Targeting of Metabolism in Cancer

The unique metabolic demand of cancer cells suggests a new therapeutic strategy targeting the metabolism in cancers. V9302 is a recently reported inhibitor of ASCT2 amino acid transporter which shows promising antitumor activity by blocking glutamine uptake. However, its poor solubility in aqueous solutions and tumor cells’ compensatory metabolic shift to glucose metabolism may limit the antitumor efficacy of V9302. 2-Deoxyglucose (2-DG), a derivative of glucose, has been developed as a potential antitumor agent through inhibiting glycolysis in tumor cells. In order to achieve enhanced antitumor effect by inhibiting both metabolic pathways, a 2-DG prodrug-based micellar carrier (POEG-p-2DG) was developed. POEG-p2DG well retained the pharmacological activity of 2-DG in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, POEG-p-2DG could self-assemble to form micelles that were capable of loading V9302 to achieve co-delivery of 2-DG and V9302. V9302-loaded POEG-p2DG micelles were small in sizes (~10nm), showed a slow kinetics of drug release and demonstrated targeted delivery to tumor. In addition, V9302 loaded POEG-p-2DG micelles exhibited improved anti-tumor efficacy both in vitro and in vivo with decreased toxicity compared to free drug combination. These results suggest that POEG-p2DG prodrug micelles may serve as a dual functional carrier for V9302 to achieve synergistic targeting of metabolism in cancers.
CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS IN PERNICIOUS ANEMIA. STUDY OF THREE CASES BEFORE AND AFTER THERAPY.

Numerical and morphologic chromosomal aberrations were demonstrated in three cases of pernicious anemia in relapse. The morphological abnormalities including chromatid breaks, gaps and "giant" chromosomes were reduced in remission following vitamin B12 therapy. The numerical changes consisted of aneuploidy (45 and 44 chromosomes) with the most common finding encountered (6 to 100 per cent of the cells) being monosomy involving the G 21 chromosome. This was present, not only in the marrow cells, but also in other tissues, e.g., peripheral blood and possibly skin fibroblasts, thus suggesting a more generalized disorder. The numerical anomalies persisted in remission. It is postulated that the structural anomalies, namely chromatid breaks, gaps, acentric fragments and "giant" chromosomes are related to vitamin B12 deficiency and are correctable. The cause of the aneuploidy, since it was not correctable by treatment, is not clear. Since the patients were not studied before the disease had ensued, a congenital or acquired predisposition to megaloblastosis on the basis of G 21 monosomy cannot be excluded. The origin and significance of the extra chromatin material translocated onto the short arms of G 21 chromosomes in cases 1 and 3 remains unexplained.
A 1.87-mm 2 56.9-GOPS Accelerator for Solving Partial Differential Equations

Solving partial differential equations (PDEs) require high-precision numerical iterations that are demanding in both computation and memory. We apply the multigrid method with a hybrid layer update to reduce iterations and improve speed, and to transform both fine and coarse grids to a residual form to reduce the precision requirement. The reduced precision enables the mapping of a high-precision PDE solver on SRAMs that perform low-precision parallel multiply-accumulates (MACs) in memory, reducing both energy and area. We employ a delay-locked loop to generate well-controlled unit pulses for driving word lines and a dual-ramp single-slope analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to convert bitline outputs. The design is prototyped in a 1.87-mm2 180-nm test chip made of four $320\times 64$ MAC SRAMs, each supporting 128 $\times $ parallel 5 b $\times $ 5 b MACs with 32 5-b output ADCs and consuming 16.6 mW at 200 MHz. The test chip is demonstrated to reach an error tolerance of 10−8 in solving PDEs at a grid update rate of 1.38-G entries/s.
Wildfire decision support tools: an exploratory study of use in the United States

In the United States, many decision support tools exist to provide fire managers with weather and fire behaviour information to inform and facilitate risk-based decision-making. Relatively little is known about how managers use these tools in the field and when and how they may serve to influence decisions. To address this gap, we conducted exploratory interviews with 27 wildfire management and fire weather professionals across the United States. Results reveal that barriers to the use of decision support tools are structural and social. Specifically, fire weather and behaviour models may not generate reliable output and managers may not use the information they provide, but technical specialists on incident management teams (IMTs) play an active role in trying to overcome these barriers through their technical expertise and their relationships with other members of the IMT. Although researchers suggest tools such as the Wildland Fire Decision Support System (WFDSS) inform broad, strategic decision-making for line officers and IMTs, our results suggest fire weather and behaviour models are also important for communication and strategic or tactical planning within the IMT, especially for operations. We find that ultimately, managers may make use of fire weather and behaviour models, but they do not dictate decisions.
Success Criteria for Preclinical Testing of Cell-Instructive Hydrogels for Tendon Regeneration

Tendon injuries are difficult to heal in part because intrinsic tendon healing, which is dominated by scar tissue formation, does not effectively regenerate the native structure and function of healthy tendon. Further, many current treatment strategies also fall short of producing regenerated tendon with the native properties of healthy tendon. There is increasing interest in the use of cell-instructive strategies to limit the intrinsic fibrotic response following injury and improve the regenerative capacity of tendon in vivo. We have established multi-functional, cell-instructive hydrogels for treating injured tendon that afford tunable control over the biomechanical, biochemical, and structural properties of the cell microenvironments. Specifically, we incorporated integrin-binding domains (RGDS) and assembled multi-functional collagen mimetic peptides (mfCMPs) that enable cell adhesion and elongation of stem cells within synthetic hydrogels of designed biomechanical properties and evaluated these materials using targeted success criteria developed for testing in mechanically-demanding environments like tendon healing. The in vitro and in situ success criteria were determined based on systematic reviews of the most commonly reported outcome measures of hydrogels for tendon repair and established standards for testing of biomaterials. We then showed, using validation experiments, that multi-functional and synthetic hydrogels meet these criteria. Specifically, these hydrogels have mechanical properties comparable to developing tendon; are non-cytotoxic both in 2D bolus exposure (hydrogel components) and 3D encapsulation (full hydrogel); are formed, retained, and visualized within tendon defects over time (two-weeks); and provide mechanical support to tendon defects at the time of injection and in situ formation. Ultimately, the in vitro and in situ success criteria evaluated in this study were designed for preclinical research to rigorously test the potential to achieve successful tendon repair prior to in vivo testing and indicate the promise of multi-functional and synthetic hydrogels for continued translation.
Resource curse impacts on the co-evolution of emerging economy institutions and firm internationalization

Abstract We investigate natural resource “curse” impacts on co-evolutionary relationships between emerging economy institutions and firm internationalization. We discuss how these relationships challenge and extend IB institutional research using three predominant resource curse characteristics (boom and bust cycles with related public discourse and “Dutch Disease” with associated manufacturing sector investment crowd-out). These characteristics alter regulative, normative and cognitive institutional impacts on state- and privately-owned firm internationalization during an emerging economy’s resource curse. We develop propositions describing these processes using oil and gas, manufacturing and service sector examples in several emerging economies. We discuss our theoretical contributions to the resource curse and international business literatures and outline future research directions.
A Brief History of Learning with Data

Cicero, a noted Roman scholar and statesman, famously described history as life’s teacher (magistra vitae). Even within the inescapably modern context of data and technology, understanding of origins can be highly beneficial not only to making sense of what-is but also to becoming better prepared for what will be. In keeping with that belief, the goal of this chapter is to offer a retrospective look at historical genesis of the idea of organizational learning, with a particular emphasis on the current data analytic tools and technologies’ roots and their developmental paths. With that as the focal point, this chapter is set in the context of the key cognitive axial periods, which represent distinct jumps in human sensemaking abilities and offer a historically meaningful setting for understanding the past evolutionary development, the current state and the anticipated future value of data.
EXTENDED WEARING TRIAL OF TRIFIELD PRISM VISUAL AID FOR TUNNEL VISION AMONG PATIENTS WITH RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA OR CHOROIDEREMIA

Purpose: “Tunnel vision” (severely restricted visual fields) impairs mobility. We evaluated a novel spectacle-based prism device proposed to assist such patients6,8. Methods: To extend the visual fields, two prisms separated by a vertical junction (like a Franklin bifocal) were fitted apex-to-apex over one eye. The other eye had a conventional correction. This creates visual confusion (two different objects at the same apparent direction). Nine patients with advanced retinitis pigmentosa or choroideremia and an average visual field width of 12 ± 5 degrees wore the Trifield glasses for an average of 11 ± 6 weeks. Adaptation to the change in perceived direction of objects seen through the prisms, a perceptual integration of the Trifield device, was evaluated with a pointing task. The ability to navigate and walk safely in an unfamiliar shopping mall was also assessed. Perceived quality of life was evaluated using questionnaires (Rasch analysis5) before and after study. Results: Visual field expansion with Trifield glasses was demonstrated using perimetry. Patients reported detection of obstacles that would otherwise be outside their visual field. However, generally they were unable to determine the location of the obstacle and we found no adaptation to perceived direction. With Trifield glasses, patients walked more slowly in the mall at the end of the study. There were no changes in mobility-related quality of life. At the end of the study, only 4 of 8 patients reported a benefit from Trifield glasses. It is possible that our study length did not provide sufficient time to adjust to the complex visual scene created by the Trifield glasses, particularly since patients only wore them about 0.5 hour per day. However, 10 ± 2 months after completing the study only 1 of 5 patients continued to use Trifield glasses. Conclusions: Trifield glasses provided some benefit to some patients, by giving warning of nearby objects and aid in search for missing objects. However, the benefits were limited and only experienced by 4 out of 8 patients. Adaptation to binocular confusion is difficult even when it provides VF expansion. Supported in part by NIH Grant EY12890, a grant from the FFB, and a grant from the JCRC (SERI/MEEI).
The Adequate Award: A Footnote

Mr. Melvin M. Belli in his interesting article The Adequate Award' in the March, 1951, number of this Review makes the point that damage awards have not risen proportionately to the cost of living. It may be of interest to note that this problem has been the subject of consideration by courts in the United Kingdom. Very recently the House of Lords, which is the supreme court of appeal for both England and Scotland, made some observations on the point in Glasgow Corporation v. Kelly,2 decided in February of this year. This was an appeal from the Scottish courts and was an action brought by a husband on behalf of himself and his five children in respect of the death of his wife as the result of injury negligently inflicted by the corporation's servant. The trial judge found that the deceased and the corporation's driver were equally to blame. He assessed the damages at ?150 for the husband and ?100 for each of the children and then halved the aggregate sum because of the deceased's contributory negligence. On appeal to the Scottish Court of Sessions, the court increased the assessment to ?250 for the husband, ?150 for the child of 13, ?200 for the child of 9, ?250 for the child of 8, ?300 for the child of 7 and ?350 for the child of 5. These sums were then halved because of the deceased's contribu-
Corotating Birkeland currents in Jupiter's magnetosphere - An Io plasma-torus source

It is proposed that a persistent longitudinally asymmetric pattern of Birkeland (magnetic-field aligned) currents flow between the Jovian ionosphere and the plasma torus that encircles Jupiter near Io's orbit. A specific longitudinal sector of the torus (i.e., the active sector) contains more plasma and is therefore more massive than the rest of the torus. This asymmetry causes Birkeland currents to flow between Jupiter's ionosphere and the torus. The principal currents are confined to the longitude range of the active sector; an upper limit to their magnitude is approximately 5,000,000 A. Current flows upward from the ionosphere in the longitude range = 290 + or - 30 deg at the torus, which maps down the magnetic field lines in the northern hemisphere to a longitude range between 215 and 300 deg. Similarly, the downward Birkeland current, which flows between 230 + or - 30 deg at the torus, maps down to a longitude range within 180 and 215 deg at ionospheric heights in the northern hemisphere. The model also contains a possible weaker source in the southern hemisphere, removed approximately 180 deg in longitude from the primary northern-hemisphere source.
Professional productivity and quality assurance

Reliability of physician performance is analyzed by use of performance spectra for selected parameters. An audit technique for assurance of equality care is evolved. A classification of emergency medicine problems is identified. An appropriate problem oriented medical record (POMR) and system are adapted for emergency medicine. Physician productivity is studied comparing both POMR and current undisciplined record documentation. The results invalidate the oft heard objection the use of POMR that "it takes too much time."
Differential classification of acute myocardial infarction into ST- and non-ST segment elevation is not valid or rational.

Background: The distinction between ST elevation and nonST elevation infarcts is widely accepted and is employed as a guide to management. Aim: This is review of the world literature to assess the basis for this distinction, since the two studies on which it is based are seriously flawed in method and conclusions. Method: Pathologic and clinical studies were reviewed from the world literature. Finding: The pathology of the two subsets is identical as are the morbidity, mortality and clinical course. Non-ST elevation infarcts are likely to be subsequent, to occur in older patients and to involve the circumflex artery: this subset therefore includes a high-risk group. ST deviation in any part of the electric field of the heart will predictably be accompanied by reciprocal deviation if the entire field of the heart is mapped. Further, ST deviation of infarction is often transient, resolving in minutes so that infarcts will be predictably misclassified. ST deviation per se is therefore not a rational basis for classification of infarcts. In fact, invasive therapy is indicated in both subsets with identical results. Conclusion: The distinction between ST elevation and non-ST elevation infarcts is baseless. The high risk subgroup included in the non-ST elevation infarct set should not be denied the benefit of early invasive therapy. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2010;15(3):191–199
Aging of Autonomic Synapses1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the aging of autonomic synapses. The maintenance of a normal synapse depends on the delivery of enzymes necessary for the synthesis and metabolism of neurotransmitters, trophic factors, and other proteins that are transported via axoplasmic transport. There is evidence indicating that fast axoplasmic flow is influenced by aging. It has been reported that the amount or rate of axonal transport, measured by means of [3H]fucose, in the septohippocampal pathways of rat brain is reduced by aging. In a study, it was also observed that AChE visualized histochemically was accumulating more strongly above the crushed area in sciatic nerves of young than of old rats, which could indicate a slowing of axonal transport. The chapter discusses the changes occurring in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), particularly in autonomic ganglia and their target organs. It presents the differences between central nervous system and PNS during aging.
Amazonian societies on the brink of extinction.

Objectives: Greater Amazonia harbors as many as 100 locations of isolated indigenous peoples. Few options are available to assess the demographic health of these populations given their limited contact with the outside world. Remote sensing offers one option. Methods: An isolated village in Brazil near the Peruvian border is visible with Google Earth imagery from 2006. The area of the fields and village, as well as the living area of the four longhouses, are measured and compared to population-by-area measurements for 71 other Brazilian indigenous communities. Results: The estimated population of the village is no more than 40 people. A village as small as this one, if it has become disconnected from a metapopulation, risks imminent extinction if it has fallen below a minimum viable population size. Conclusions: An active remote surveillance program is urgently needed to track the movements and demographic health of isolated peoples in hopes of improving their dire chances for long-term survival. They need protected areas that are large enough to mitigate against external threats. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:570–572, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Limb Salvage: The Infected Retrograde Tibiotalocalcaneal Intramedullary Nail

Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis utilizing a retrograde intramedullary nail has been used for nearly a decade. The indications for retrograde intramedullary nailing to achieve a tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis have expanded from systemic arthritides and post-traumatic arthritis to use in diabetic patients with severe Charcot neurarthropathy and hindfoot malalignment. Results with this procedure have been good, with low infection rates when used in nonimmunocompromised hosts. As indications have expanded to include diabetic deformities, infection rates may increase. We report on the results of a salvage technique and management plan utilized in the treatment of infected tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis in five high-risk (immunocompromised) patients. The majority of these patients had diabetes with Cierny-Mader IVB osteomyelitis, and would have required an above-knee or below-knee amputation due to their infection.
A scattering parameter method for the transient analysis of nonlinearly terminated lossy coupled transmission lines

A transient analysis method to simulate networks defined in the time or frequency domain is discussed. Frequency domain-defined elements include lossy and nonuniform coupled transmission lines. To demonstrate the validity of the methodology and the associated computer program, a simple linear circuit is simulated. >