cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What features of stigma do the public most commonly attribute to Alzheimer's disease dementia? Results of a survey of the U.S. general public

Abstract Introduction Understanding the prevalence of beliefs, attitudes, and expectations about Alzheimer's disease dementia in the public could inform strategies to mitigate stigma. Methods Random sample of 317 adults from the U.S. public was analyzed to understand reactions toward a man with mild-stage Alzheimer's disease dementia. Results In adjusted analyses, over half of respondents expected the person to be discriminated against by employers (55.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 47.0–65.2) and be excluded from medical decision-making (55.3%; 95% CI=46.9–65.4). Almost half expected his health insurance would be limited based on data in the medical record (46.6%; 95% CI=38.0–57.2), a brain imaging result (45.6%, 95% CI=37.0–56.3), or genetic test result (44.7%; 95% CI=36.0–55.4). Discussion Public education and policies are needed to address concerns about employment and insurance discrimination. Studies are needed to discover how advances in diagnosis and treatment may change Alzheimer's disease stigma.
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Measures and Clinical Outcomes in CKD.

Rationale & Objective Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) provides a noninvasive assessment of body composition. BIA measures of cell integrity (phase angle) and hydration (vector length) have been associated with mortality among patients receiving dialysis. Whether these measures are associated with clinical outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unknown. Study Design Observational study. Settings & Participants We studied 3,751 participants with CKD in the prospective multicenter Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) who had baseline single-frequency BIA performed. Predictors Predictors included phase angle and vector length, which were calculated from measurements of resistance and reactance from BIA. We ranked phase angle and vector length into quartiles and compared the 2 narrower quartiles of phase angle and shorter quartiles of vector length with the 2 upper quartiles. Outcomes Mortality, heart failure, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and progression of CKD (30% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate or end-stage kidney disease). Analytic Approach We tested associations of phase angle and vector length with risks for mortality and progression of CKD using Cox proportional hazard models and the association with heart failure and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease using Fine and Gray models. All models were adjusted for demographics, comorbid conditions, and kidney function. Results Mean phase angle and vector length were 6.6°±1.8° and 470 ± 96 Ω/m, respectively. Relative to phase angle ≥ 6.40o, narrower phase angle ( Limitations Observational study. Conclusions Adjusted for key confounders, BIA-derived measures of cellular integrity and tissue hydration were significantly associated with death and incident heart failure, respectively.
PET/CT in Abdominal and Pelvic Malignancies: Principles and Practices

Current multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) allows for rapid acquisition of data sets with accurate anatomic detail and high spatial resolution. This provides valuable multi-planar information regarding the morphologic features and attenuation values of both normal anatomic structures and pathologic lesions. Since its introduction more than 25 years ago, CT has become widely used and can be considered the modality of choice for much cross-sectional imaging, particularly of oncologic entities. A limitation of CT, however, is its reliance on morphologic changes in the size, shape, or attenuation values of a structure to detect pathologic processes. Therefore, CT is less sensitive in the imaging of early disease processes and in the detection of disease recurrence in tissues that are already morphologically abnormal as a result of treatment.
Gas-Phase Analytical Methods and Instruments

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a specific and major advance in analytical chemical methodology—the development and use of gas-phase analytical instruments and analytical systems. Columns used in gas chromatographic (GC) instruments vary greatly in size and shape, and in the nature of the column packing. The most widely used types are of glass, in U, W, or coil configurations—depending upon the nature of the heating chamber and the application; the commonest lengths are 4, 6, 9, and 12 ft; the internal diameter is usually 2 or 3.4 mm—fabricated from ordinary 4-mm o.d. or 2-ram i.d. capillary tubing. Metal tubing—copper, stainless steel, aluminum—may be used in some applications, but almost all work with samples of biological origin is presently carried out with glass columns. Column packings are prepared by coating a liquid phase on a suitable support. The packing, if properly prepared, is dry and granular and may be packed easily in columns of 2 mm i.d. or greater.
Focal Cortical Degenerations

Many neurodegenerative syndromes are associated with a signature pattern of focal cortical degeneration. These patterns may predominantly involve an area of the frontal, temporal, or parietal lobe. Focal cortical degenerations tend to be asymmetrical, particularly involving the left hemisphere when language impairment is the predominant feature of the syndrome, although bilateral patterns of focal cortical degeneration occur. In this article, we will review eight neurodegenerative syndromes that are associated with patterns of focal cortical degeneration. These eight syndromes include behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease, semantic dementia, primary progressive apraxia of speech, progressive agrammatic aphasia, logopenic progressive aphasia, progressive limb apraxia, and posterior cortical atrophy.
High-strength Steel Pipeline Economics

The recent development of X120 (Grade 825) high-strength steel linepipe enables gas producers to realize significant savings in the total cost of long-distance gas transmission pipelines, lowering the cost of supplying gas to market. These savings can be achieved from cost reductions in multiple areas, including material, construction, compression and integrated project operations. This paper describes methods of achieving these savings and presents examples of pipeline project scenarios where application of X120 linepipe in higher-pressure, smaller-diameter pipelines results in total project cost savings of 5% to 15%.
Acoustic–Phonetic Descriptions of Speech Production in Speakers with Cleft Palate and Other Velopharyngeal Disorders

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the acoustic-phonetic descriptions of speech production in speakers with cleft palate and other velopharyngeal disorders. Descriptions of the speech-language characteristics associated with velopharyngeal disorders have been derived from perceptually based information. Data from anatomic, radiographic, and electromyographic studies have documented the physiologic bases for the influence of velopharyngeal valving on speech. “Nazalization” refers not only to a change in the oral and nasal resonance balance when coupling of the oral and nasal cavities directs airflow nasally, but also to changes in other aspects of speech sound production which accompany nasal airflow. An understanding of the effects of nasalization on speech requires knowledge of the requirements for normal speech production and of nazalization as it occurs in normal speech, and the influence of nazalization occurring as a result of velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI). This understanding is necessary for interpretation of data derived not only from acoustic studies of speech but also from perceptual, radiographic, aerodynamic, and electromyographic studies.
Problems of Interpersonal Style among the Nisei

(1986). Problems of Interpersonal Style among the Nisei. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 29-45.
A batch fabrication-compatible multifunctional thermal sensor based on thin film thermocouple and thermopile elements

Abstract A novel high temperature, multi-functional thermal sensor is presented which is capable of being batch-produced using industry standard microfabrication techniques. The thin film thermocouple and thermopile features were designed to provide both surface temperature and surface heat flux data simultaneously. In addition, its small size allows for installation and usage without significantly disrupting heat or fluid flow from the component of interest. Single crystal sapphire served as the substrate material for its cost effectiveness and high temperature compatibility. Refractory materials tungsten and molybdenum were chosen as the thin film thermocouple/thermopile components, with magnesium oxide acting as a protective coating. All the materials utilized in the sensor have high melting point and comparable coefficients of thermal expansion. Thermal testing of the sensors up to 800 °C determined the thermocouple and thermopile outputs at a variety of temperatures and heat flux conditions. Results showed an increase in thermovoltage with temperature for the thermocouple elements, while the thermopile output increased linearly with applied heat flux. In terms of reliability, the sensor was able to perform continuously for ten hours at 800 °C within an unregulated air environment. Finally, finite element analysis of the sensor was utilized along with experimental test data to gain further insights into its internal temperature distribution and enhance interpretation of the experimental results.
ZEUSSS: Zero Energy Ubiquitous Sound Sensing Surface Leveraging Triboelectric Nanogenerator and Analog Backscatter Communication

ZEUSSS (Zero Energy Ubiquitous Sound Sensing Surface), allows physical objects and surfaces to be instrumented with a thin, self-sustainable material that provides acoustic sensing and communication capabilities. We have built a prototype ZEUSSS tag using minimal hardware and flexible electronic components, extending our original self-sustaining SATURN microphone with a printed, flexible antenna to support passive communication via analog backscatter. ZEUSSS enables objects to have ubiquitous wire-free battery-free audio based context sensing, interaction, and surveillance capabilities.
Personalized Human Activity Recognition using Wearables: A Manifold Learning-based Knowledge Transfer

Human activity recognition (HAR) is an important component in health-care systems. For example, it can enable context-aware applications such as elderly care and patient monitoring. Relying on a set of training data, supervised machine learning algorithms form the core intelligence of most existing HAR systems. Meanwhile, the accuracy of an HAR model highly depends on the similarity between the training and the operating context. Therefore, there is a need for developing machine learning algorithms that can easily adapt to the operating context at hand. In this paper, we propose a cross-subject transfer learning algorithm that links source and target subjects by constructing manifolds from feature-level representation of the source subject(s). Our algorithm assigns labels to the unlabeled data in the current context using the manifold learned from the source subject(s). The newly labeled data is used to develop a personalized HAR model for the current context (i.e., target subject). We demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithm using a publicly available dataset on HAR. We show that the proposed framework improves the accuracy of activity recognition by up to 24%.
Gender Influences Gait Asymmetry following Bicruciate-Retaining Total Knee Arthroplasty

This is an experimental study. Gender has been reported to influence outcomes in patients with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, the influence of gender on three-dimensional (3D) in vivo kinematics during gait remains unclear. This study aimed to determine if 3D gait kinematics, including 3D knee translations and rotations, differed in men and women following bicruciate-retaining (BCR) TKA. Twenty-nine well-functioning unilateral BCR TKA patients (14 males and 15 females) underwent evaluation of both knees during level walking on a treadmill at a self-selected speed using a dual fluoroscopic imaging system. Interlimb comparisons of in vivo 6 degree-of-freedom kinematics were compared between male and female patients. Differences of pre- and postoperative Knee Society scores (KSSs) were compared between the groups. Both groups were matched regarding age and body mass index. Both male and female patients demonstrated improvement in their postoperative KSSs. Statistically significant differences were observed with respect to spatiotemporal anterior-posterior interlimb translations (p < 0.05). Although females presented more femoral posterior translation in the operative knee than the nonoperative knee during most of the stance phases (2.8 vs. -1.6 mm), males exhibited less femoral translation in the operative knee than the nonoperative knee (2.3 vs. -1.8 mm), when interlimb differences were detected during stance phase. Results demonstrated that there are 3D motion asymmetries of the knee in both male and female unilateral BCR TKA patients during gait with anterior-posterior interlimb asymmetries significantly greater in female than male participants. This suggests that gender may influence the in vivo knee kinematics in BCR TKA patients during gait.
Creating and Sharing Sound in the Music Classroom

SoundCloud and SoundTrap have both been mentioned in conversations with colleagues recently, and it is time for me to investigate these platforms personally. This article will describe both platfor...
Neighborhood Diversity and Food Access in a Changing Urban Spatial Structure

AbstractThis paper examines food access disparity in relation to neighborhood diversity, especially race/ethnicity and poverty in a changing intrametropolitan spatial structure, using the Atlanta M...
Accelerated Progression of Cognitive Impairment to Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia among People with Heart Failure

Introduction Cognitive impairment is prevalent among people with heart failure (HF). One common comorbidity of HF is Alzheimer's disease (AD) especially with aging. Little is known about influences of HF on the rate and timing of conversion to a more serious cognitive impairment and genetic risk factors (i.e., apolipoprotein E [APOE] and brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]). Aims Aims were to compare conversion rates and time to conversion from normal cognition (NC) to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD between people with and without HF and examine influences of APOE and BDNF on conversion. Methods In this longitudinal observational study, data were retrieved from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center and Alzheimer's Disease Genetic Consortium. A total of 4,245 participants data were included and the follow-up ranged from 1 to 11 years. Chi-square and t-tests were used for the first aim and logistic regressions were used for the second aim. Results During the follow-up, 4.5% (n=3) HF participants who had NC at baseline converted to MCI, 9.1% (n=6) to AD, and 9.1% (n=6) to non-AD dementia. Among the 33 HF participants who had MCI, 60.6% (n=20) converted to AD and 15.2% (n=5) to non-AD dementia. Differences in conversion rates were not statistically significant between HF and non-HF participants (Table 1). However, the average years to convert from NC to MCI (1.5 vs. 3.3 years, p Conclusion Compared with participants without HF, participants with HF had similar conversion rates to MCI, AD, and non-AD dementia over time. However, the time to convert to a more serious cognitive impairment was shorter in HF. The results need to be confirmed in a prospectively designed study with equal numbers of participants with and without HF.
Feature-Based Classification of Pronoun Errors: Implications for Clinical Practice

Purpose A variety of pediatric clinical populations have difficulty with the correct use of pronouns. The available clinical literature labels these errors in inconsistent terms leading to great va...
Delayed Lagrangian continuum models for on-board traffic prediction

Abstract In this paper we build Lagrangian continuum traffic flow models that are able to utilize trajectory information transmitted between connected vehicles via vehicle-to-everything (V2X) connectivity. These models capture three important features of traffic flow: (i) the propagation of congestions in time, (ii) the propagation of congestions in space, (iii) the string instability (or stability) of traffic that is related to the amplification (or decay) of traffic waves. The proposed models have only three tunable parameters to capture these three features. One of these parameters is the time delay that models the actuator lag in vehicle dynamics, the reaction time of human drivers, and the communication and feedback delays of connected and automated vehicles. The proposed Lagrangian continuum traffic models with delays establish a framework for traffic prediction and control. On one hand, connected vehicles may use predictions about the future motion of neighboring vehicles or their own. On the other hand, the continuum nature of these models allows one to study the large-scale impact of connected vehicles on the traffic flow. This opens the path for Lagrangian (vehicle-based) traffic control that supplements existing Eulerian (location-based) traffic control techniques.
Reproductive and obstetric outcomes in women of racial minorities aged 40 years and older undergoing IVF

Abstract Research question Do women of racial minorities aged 40 years or older have similar reproductive and obstetric outcomes as white women undergoing IVF? Design A retrospective cohort study conducted at a single academic university-affiliated centre. The study population included women aged 40 years or older undergoing their first IVF cycle with fresh cleavage-stage embryo transfer stratified by racial minority status: minority (black or Asian) versus white. Clinical intrauterine pregnancy and live birth rate were the primary outcomes. Preterm delivery ( Results A total of 2050 cycles in women over the age of 40 years were analysed, 561 (27.4%) of which were undertaken by minority women and 1489 (72.6%) by white women. Minority women were 30% less likely to achieve a pregnancy compared with their white (non-Hispanic) counterparts (adjusted OR 0.68, CI 0.54 to 0.87). Once pregnant, however, the odds of live birth were similar (adjusted OR 1.23, CI 0.91 to 1.67). Minority women were significantly more likely to have lower gestational ages at time of delivery (38.5 versus 39.2 weeks, P = 0.009) and were more likely to have extreme preterm birth delivery 24–28 weeks (5.5 versus 1.0%, P = 0.021). Conclusion Minority women of advanced reproductive age are less likely to achieve a pregnancy compared with white (non-Hispanic) women. Once pregnancy is achieved, however, live birth rates are similar albeit with minority women experiencing higher rates of preterm delivery.
Hypervitaminosis A in Pediatric Patients With Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease.

Objective Hypervitaminosis A is well-described but overlooked in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and has been associated with hypercalcemia, contributing to mineral bone disease. Our objective is to assess prevalence of hypervitaminosis A and its association with bone health in an advanced-CKD population. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 58 children with CKD 4-5 to examine the association between vitamin A levels and bone health and compared these values between a primarily formula-fed (FF) and nonprimarily formula-fed cohort (NFF). Results Fifty-six of 58 patients (97%) had hypervitaminosis A with a mean vitamin A level of 1,475 ± 597 mcg/dL. When compared with the upper limit of normal vitamin A level for age, the FF group's vitamin A level was 2.9x upper limit of normal and the NFF group's vitamin A level was 2.2x upper limit of normal (P = .02). The mean calcium level was 10.3 mg/dL in the FF group and 9.8 mg/dL in the NFF group (P = .057). Percent of patients lower than, within, or greater than goal parathyroid hormone range was statistically significant with 15 (62%) of the FF group lower than goal and 16 (72%) of the NFF cohort greater than goal (P = .006). Conclusions We concluded vitamin A and calcium levels are higher in the FF versus the NFF population. FF patients are more likely to have parathyroid hormone levels lower than the goal range, placing them at risk for adynamic bone disease. We recommend monitoring vitamin A levels as part of routine nutritional assessments and dietary interventions to prevent hypervitaminosis A to improve bone health in late CKD.
From the terrorists' point of view : what they experience and why they come to destroy

Preface Why Consider the Terrorists' Point of View? Identity Needs and Globalization The Staircase to Terrorism Ground Floor: Growing Dissatisfaction Among the Multitudes First Floor: How Do We Fight This Unfair System? Second Floor: Those Americans Are to Blame! Third Floor: The Ends Justify the Means Fourth Floor: It's Us against Them Fifth Floor: This "Heroic" Act Will Improve the World Contextualized Democracy as a Solution to Terrorism Selected Bibliography
Bones of Contention: The Regulation of Paleontological Resources on The Federal Public Lands

The edifice of human understanding is ... formed of material put together stone by stone. No one could be so presumptuous as to believe himself capable of taking all the reports of a new truth and deducing from it all the consequences, in assigning value to it for all the centuries to come. A discovery may appear to be nothing but a hollow speculation. What practical value does it have? Time will teach us in determining its application to the arts and the new chemistry ... will reveal to us many other marvels.'
Analysis of Higher Plants by Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the process of development of flow cytometry and cell sorting procedures for the analysis of higher plant cells. The development of the flow cytometry and cell sorting technologies provides the ways in which the acquisition of unique information about populations of cells and subcellular organelles, coupled to the manipulation of these populations in a manner not possible using other techniques, can significantly augment the understanding of the molecular organization of living cells. A fundamental aspect of instrumentation used in flow cytometry and cell sorting centers is based on the optical properties of populations of individual cells suspended within a high-velocity fluid stream. The principle type of measurement made with flow cytometers involves the detection and quantitation of fluorescence. The characteristics and attributes that are unique to plant systems are: (1) the direct isolation of rare mutant or variant types, including those possessing enhanced capabilities for embryogenesis and those exhibiting altered photosynthetic activities, (2) the isolation of mutant or variant gametophytes, such as pollen at the microspore level, and (3) the isolation of transformed protoplasts in vivo .
Including Early Modern Women Writers in Survey Courses: A Call to Action

There are many reasons to include texts written by women in early modern philosophy courses. The most obvious one is accuracy: women helped to shape the philosophical landscape of the time. Thus, to craft a syllabus that wholly excludes women is to give students an inaccurate picture of the early modern period. Since it seems safe to assume that we all aim for accuracy, this should be reason enough to include women writers in our courses. This article nonetheless offers an additional reason: when students are exposed to philosophical texts written by women, they learn that women have been, are, and can be philosophers. Given how underrepresented women are in philosophy, this finding is significant. If we aim to change the face of philosophy—so that it includes more women—we must include texts written by women in our syllabi. The article considers various obstacles faced by those who work to respond to this call to action.
TripAdvisor.com vs. NYCGO.com: Evaluation of Functional Components of Generalist and Specialist Tourism Websites

While tourism websites are becoming increasingly pervasive, there is a lack of empirical research that captures and documents the quality of different types of tourism websites. In this regard, this study compares the effectiveness of generalist and specialist tourism websites in terms of the functional components they employ to communicate travel information. The findings of the study suggest that there indeed exist variations in the functional features adopted by websites to communicate travel information between generalist and specialist tourism websites, and the differences fundamentally come from the scale and technical assets of the websites. The findings provide valuable illustration of the characteristics and limitations generalist and specialist online media can typically possess. In addition, there are implications for tourism information providers and tourism website users in terms of better system design and more effective travel planning.
Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of anilinium hypophosphite with alkenyl bromides and triflates: application to the synthesis of GABA analogs

Abstract Alkenyl bromides and triflates undergo palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling with anilinium hypophosphite to afford monosubstituted phosphinates (salts of alkenylphosphonous acids). The reaction is an extension of our previously reported methodology for the synthesis of aryl- and benzyl-phosphonous acids. Our preliminary results show that the best reaction conditions are observed with Pd(OAc)2/dppp as a catalyst, in refluxing benzene or tetrahydrofuran. This novel PC bond forming reaction is applied to the synthesis of (1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA), a selective competitive antagonist for GABAC receptors. The divergent synthesis proceeds through protected (1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-phosphinic acid, a previously unknown isoguvacine-like GABA analog. This synthetic intermediate is also an ideal precursor to other biologically interesting GABA analogs.
Surface Driven Evolution and Activity of Atmospheric Magnetic Structures

The magnetic structure of the solar corona influences solar activity, including coronal heating and solar flares. Magnetic loops and arcades are observed to dominate the structure of the corona; they are formed by the interaction of high-β photospheric convection with low-β coronal magnetic fields. We show the results of 3-D MHD simulations of the response of coronal fields to convective and shear-flow driving from the photosphere. The principal examples include the micro-flare activity in the Parker loop-heating archetype (Schnack and Mikic 1994), and the formation and revolution of 3-D coronal loops (Van Hoven et al. 1995a).
Endothelium-derived factors modulate contraction of bronchial smooth muscle

Experiments were designed to determine how changes in the ratio of specific vascular endothelium-derived factors might affect reactivity of bronchial smooth muscle. The epithelium was mechanically removed from rings of third-order canine bronchi, and the rings were suspended in organ chambers for measurement of isometric force. Rings of pulmonary artery were cut; in some the endothelium was mechanically removed. The arterial rings were everted and pairs, with and without endothelium, were incubated with control solution, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), indomethacin, or both L-NMMA and indomethacin for 90 min. They were then inserted into the lumen of the bronchial rings. Cumulative concentration-response curves to acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were obtained. There was no significant difference in response between bronchi containing arteries with or without endothelium incubated with control solution. Contractions of bronchi containing arteries without endothelium, incubated in either L-NMMA or indomethacin, increased from control. However, in rings containing arteries with endothelium, incubation with either inhibitor decreased bronchial contractions. Incubation with both inhibitors eliminated the difference. These results suggest that the vascular endothelium produces factors that can both contract and relax bronchial smooth muscle. With inhibition of production of either nitric oxide with L-NMMA or prostanoids with indomethacin, release of other endothelium-derived factors occurs that attenuates contractions of bronchial smooth muscle. Therefore, an imbalance in the ratio of production of endothelium-derived factors may contribute to bronchospastic disorders.
Smart Growth's Blind Side

Problem: For many cities and planners, adopting smart-growth sprawl-containing strategies is associated with the conversion of relatively inexpensive industrial-zoned land to land zoned for mixed-u...
Evaluating Affirmative Action Programs: A Case Study

This article describes an evaluation conducted on a single affirmative action training program. It demonstrates the type of information an evaluation contains, alerts readers to the possibility for evaluation in their own organization, and raises questions regarding whether training programs designed to change attitudes are sufficient if behavioral change is needed.
Model-independent interpretation of the dynamic hyperfine effect in muonic atoms with an application to /sup 192/Os

The Ford-Wills-Barrett model-independent interpretation of muonic-atom transition energies is generalized to the dynamic hyperfine effect. Parameters necessary for the analysis of the most important case (quadrupole excitation by the 2p states) are calculated for all nuclei. These results are applied to new data for /sup 192/Os. The sign of the quadrupole moment of the first excited 2/sup +/ state is found to be negative; a previously reported measurement of its magnitude (0.5 b) is inconsistent with the present experiment. Under the assumption that the transition charge is located near the nuclear surface, a new measurement of the quadrupole moment (Q/sub 2/+ = -1.0 b) is obtained. The equivalent quadrupole radius of the 0/sup +/ ..-->.. 2/sup +/ transition is found to be 7.1 fm.
Misalignment modes in off-axis lithography projection cameras

We discuss the calculation and effect of rigid-body- perturbation misalignment modes in two off-axis extreme- ultraviolet lithography projection cameras: a 4-mirror, 0.14-numerical-aperture (NA) design and a 6-mirror, NA equals 0.2 design. Two sets of modes are considered: (1) modes associated with camera distortion within the design ring field of view and (2) modes associated with camera exit- pupil wavefront 632.8-nm-light metrology data. We show that in the case of the 4-mirror design, a significant distortion misalignment mode coincides with a difficult-to-detect metrology misalignment mode.
Polymeric surfactants based on oleic acid. II. Copolymerization of sodium acrylamidostearate and 10‐undecen‐1‐ol in a lamellar liquid crystal

Copolymerization of sodium acrylamidostearate (NaAAS) and 10-undecen-1-ol (UdOH) was performed in the lamellar liquid crystal (LLC) formed by NaAAS, UdOH, and water. After the polymerization the lamellar structure remained, and the disorder of the lamellar liquid crystal was, to some extent, reduced. Surface tension, small-angle X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, viscosity, and fluorescence methods were used to study the properties of the copolymer. The polymeric surfactant behaves like polyelectrolyte and is more surface active than its precursor, i.e., NaAAS. The polymeric surfactant is capable of forming uni-molecular micelles through coiling of its hydrophobic chains. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 2863–2872, 1999
Comparison of Real-Time Instruments Used To Monitor Airborne Particulate Matter

Measurements collected using five real-time continuous airborne particle monitors were compared to measurements made using reference filter-based samplers at Bakersfield, CA, between December 2, 1998, and January 31, 1999. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the suitability of each instrument for use in a real-time continuous monitoring network designed to measure the mass of airborne particles with an aerodynamic diam less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) under wintertime conditions in the southern San Joaquin Valley. Measurements of airborne particulate mass made with a beta attenuation monitor (BAM), an integrating nephelometer, and a continuous aerosol mass monitor (CAMM) were found to correlate well with reference measurements made with a filter-based sampler. A Dusttrak aerosol sampler overestimated airborne particle concentrations by a factor of approximately 3 throughout the study. Measurements of airborne particulate matter made with a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) were found to be lower than the reference filter-based measurements by an amount approximately equal to the concentration of NH4NO3 observed to be present in the airborne particles. The performance of the Dusttrak sampler and the integrating nephelometer was affected by the size distribution of airborne particulate matter. The performance of the BAM, the integrating nephelometer, the CAMM, the Dusttrak sampler, and the TEOM was not strongly affected by temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, or wind direction within the range of conditions encountered in the current study. Based on instrument performance, the BAM, the integrating nephelometer, and the CAMM appear to be suitable candidates for deployment in a real-time continuous PM2.5 monitoring network in central California for the range of winter conditions and aerosol composition encountered during the study.
Winter Season Tree Sap Flow and Stand Transpiration in an Intensively-Managed Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantation

On the lower gulf coastal plain of the southeastern United States, meteorological conditions during the winter months of November to February remain conducive to aboveground physiological activity, with frequent periods of high radiation, and temperatures seldom falling below freezing. While a number of studies have investigated southern pine physiology during the winter months (Drew and Ledig, 1981; 156 Boltz et al., 1986; Day et al., 1991; Teskey et al., 1994; Murthy et al., 1997), most of these studies have focused on organ-level responses. Few, if any, have examined physiological processes at the whole-tree or stand level. The primary objective of this study was to quantify winter season transpiration rates of trees and stands of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine. Transpiration is an important process, both in terms of hydrology (Whitehead and Kelliher, 1991; McNulty et al., 1996) as well as tree and stand physiology (e.g., Monteith 1995), and is closely linked to productivity at various scales (Leuning, 1995; Le Maitre and Versfeld, 1997). As such, measurements of winter transpiration rates will be useful for understanding the environmental limits to southern pine productivity. In addition, by conducting measurements in plantations that have undergone intensive cultural treatments, we will gain insight into the water balance of stands under management scenarios that are becoming increasingly common (Sedjo and Botkin, 1997).
Diagnosis of bladder cancer with microelectromechanical systems-based cystoscopic optical coherence tomography.

Objectives To examine the utility and potential limitations of microelectromechanical systems-based spectral-domain cystoscopic optical coherence tomography (COCT) so as to improve the diagnosis of early bladder cancer. Methods An optical coherence tomography catheter was integrated into the single instrument channel of a 22F cystoscope to permit white-light-guided COCT over a large field of view (4.6 mm wide and 2.1 mm deep per scan at 8 frames/s) and 10-μm resolution. Intraoperative COCT diagnosis was performed in 56 patients, with a total of 110 lesions examined and compared with biopsied histology. Results The overall sensitivity of COCT (94%) was significantly higher than cystoscopy (75%, P = .02) and voided cytology (59%, P = .005); the major enhancement over cystoscopy was for low-grade pTa-1 cancer and carcinoma in situ ( P P = .49), but significantly higher than cystoscopy (62.5%, P = .02). Conclusions The microelectromechanical systems-based COCT, owing to its high resolution and detection sensitivity and large field of view, offers great potential for “optical biopsy” to enhance the diagnosis of nonpapillary bladder tumors and their recurrences and to guide bladder tumor resection.
Use of Poretics® 0.7 μm pore size glass fiber filters for determination of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen in seawater and freshwater

Abstract Poretics® glass fiber filters of 0.7 μm nominal pore size (GF-75) were evaluated for determination of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen in seawater and freshwater. Carbon and nitrogen blanks determined by CHN analysis of precombusted 25 mm filters were, respectively, 0.8 ± 0.3 and 0.02 ± 0.01 μmol for Poretics® GF-75 filters, compared to 1.7 ± 0.7 and 0.19 ± 0.12 μmol for Whatman® GF/F filters. These results suggest that GF-75 filters are characterized by lower blanks and better analytical precision for determination of carbon and nitrogen than GF/F filters. Comparable POC and PON concentrations were obtained using GF-75 and GF/F filters on paired analyses of samples from the Gulf of Maine, Narragansett Bay, and a freshwater creek. Depth profiles of POC and PON determined using GF-75 filters are presented for the Gulf of Maine and the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean. Results reported in this study demonstrate that the Poretics® GF-75 filter is a suitable, cost effective, alternative to the widely used Whatman® GF/F filter.
An alternate approach to formal parsing methods

Finite state automata have proven quite useful in the processing of free format input, in that it can be proven that for most grammars, a finite state automata exists to recognize and parse said grammar. In theory, this is easily implemented and understood in the undergraduate software development class. In reality, many undergraduates have trouble with formal parsing methods due to a lack of a formal mathematical background, failure to understand grammars, as well as other reasons. One other problem is that many undergraduate students will also rely on automated parsers during software development, and are then comprised when arriving at work and discovering that no automated parser exists at that site. For these reasons, as well as others, this author tried a different approach to teaching these useful, but often complex, techniques. What follows is a discussion of the method used, as well as the results of that experiment.
The Pursuit of Wisdom: A Modest, but Essential, Prescription for the Future.

Although higher education leaders are occupied with important issues such as accessibility, globalization, funding, and innovation, another issue - moral education - must be addressed if we are to equip students to navigate the future. One need not adhere to a particular religious orthodoxy or propound any sectarian dogma to engage students in the examination of values. The rare context and crucible of heterogeneous and heterodox postsecondary institutions provide an environment in which students, guided by their professors, can learn to wrestle with thorny questions, to maintain their intellectual and moral autonomy, and to take responsibility for their actions.
HALL-EFFECT SIGN REVERSAL IN CARUO3 AND SRRUO3 THIN FILMS

Hall-effect measurements on epitaxial thin films of the metallic oxides ${\mathrm{CaRuO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{SrRuO}}_{3}$ show a sign change from negative to positive as temperature is increased through \ensuremath{\sim}50 K. The presence of both signs together with the low- and high-temperature magnitudes of the Hall coefficients indicate that these materials are highly compensated metals. The sign change with temperature suggests that large regions of the Fermi surfaces in both materials have nearly zero band curvature. Comparisons to recent band-structure calculations are made. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Predators mediate host plant resistance to a phytophagous pest in cabbage with glossy leaf wax

This study examined the role of generalist predators in producing higher mortality of Plutella xylostella L. (Plutellidae) larvae on glossy vs. normal-wax cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. To test this, survival and feeding of P. xylostella were measured on individually caged glossy and normal-wax plants with and without each of three generalist predators, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Chrysopidae), Orius insidiosus (Say) (Anthocoridae), and Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Coccinellidae). In the greenhouse, predators always significantly reduced survival of P. xylostella larvae on glossy plants, but never on normal-wax plants. In the field, predators significantly reduced P. xylostella survival on glossy plants, but only C. carnea was effective on normal-wax plants. In similar experiments with excised leaves, O. insidiosus and C. carnea were more effective predators on the glossy leaves, while H. convergens was equally effective on both kinds of leaves. Patterns for feeding were similar, but significance levels differed from those for P. xylostella survival. The greater effectiveness of predators on glossy plants is apparently due to the reported improved mobility of these animals on glossy leaf surfaces. The data also suggest that reduced mining by P. xylostella exposes the larvae to more predation on glossy plants and contributes some to the resistance. Regardless of the mechanism, resistance to P. xylostella on glossy B. oleracea appears to depend on the action of generalist predators for its full expression. This dependence on predation must be considered in the development and deployment of glossy insect-resistant B. oleracea.
Hubbard model in infinite dimensions

We present an exact mapping of the Hubbard model in infinite dimensions onto a single-impurity Anderson (or Wolff) model supplemented by a self-consistency condition. This provides a mean-field picture of strongly corrrelated systems, which becomes exact as d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}. We point out a special integrable case of the mean-field equations, and study the general case using a perturbative renormalization group around the atomic limit. Three distinct Fermi-liquid regimes arise, corresponding to the Kondo, mixed-valence, and empty-orbitals regimes of the single-impurity problem. The Kondo resonance and the satellite peaks of the single-impurity model correspond to the quasiparticle and Hubbard-bands features of the Hubbard model, respectively.
The effects of China's growth on the food prices and the food exports of other developing countries

This article explores the impacts of China's growth in the international markets of agricultural products along two dimensions: food price inflation and export growth in other developing countries. China's food imports of vegetable oils have grown dramatically over the last decade, linking China's economic growth to the recent increases in global food prices. If China is a source of global food price inflation, exporting countries will benefit whether they sell directly to China or not. These direct and indirect linkages are explored using a short-run, partial-equilibrium model of international trade in agricultural products in which consumer prices and trade costs are derived from bilateral trade flows. China's effects on food prices and exports are estimated by reducing Chinese food expenditures in 2007 by half, roughly China's level of expenditures in 1995. Results indicate that food prices as measured by CES price indexes in developing Asia, Africa, and Latin America would have been reduced by 1.27%, 0.32%, and 0.22%, respectively. China has been an important source of growth for exporters selling directly to China. There is no evidence of export growth due to an overall increase in food prices caused by China's growth.
Dynamical features simulated by recurrent neural networks

The evolution of two-dimensional neural network models with rank one connecting matrices and saturated linear transfer functions is dynamically equivalent to that of piecewise linear maps on an interval. It is shown that their iterative behavior ranges from being highly predictable, where almost every orbit accumulates to an attracting fixed point, to the existence of chaotic regions with cycles of arbitrarily large period.
Backwater control on riffle pool hydraulics, fish habitat quality, and sediment transport regime in gravel-bed rivers

Summary The importance of channel non-uniformity to natural hydrogeomorphic and ecological processes in gravel-bed rivers is becoming increasingly known, but its use in channel rehabilitation lags behind. Many projects still use methods that assume steady, uniform flow and simple channel geometries. One aspect of channel non-uniformity that has not been considered much is its role in controlling backwater conditions and thus potentially influencing patterns of physical habitat and channel stability in sequences of riffles and pools. In this study, 2D hydrodynamic models of two non-uniform pool–riffle–pool configurations were used to systematically explore the effects of four different downstream water surface elevations at three different discharges (24 total simulations) on riffle–pool ecohydraulics. Downstream water surface elevations tested included backwater, uniform, accelerating, and critical conditions, which are naturally set by downstream riffle-crest morphology but may also be re-engineered artificially. Discharges included a fish-spawning low flow, summer fish-attraction flow, and a peak snowmelt pulse. It was found that the occurrence of a significant area of high-quality fish spawning habitat at low flow depends on riffles being imposed upon by backwater conditions, which also delay the onset of full bed mobility on riffles during floods. The assumption of steady, uniform flow was found to be inappropriate for gravel-bed rivers, since their non-uniformity controls spatial patterns of habitat and sediment transport. Also, model results indicated that a “reverse domino” mechanism can explain catastrophic failure and re-organization of a sequence of riffles based on the water surface elevation response to scour on downstream riffles, which then increases scour on upstream riffles.
TEACHING NOTES: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES AND SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION

This study surveyed social work educators about the importance of multiple intelligences for social work practice and social work education. The sample consisted of 91 faculty members who responded to an online survey that asked them to rate the importance of 7 intelligences (linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, and intrapersonal) for overall social work practice, culturally competent practice, and social work education content areas. Interpersonal, intrapersonal, and linguistic intelligences were endorsed as the most important intelligences for social work practice and education; bodily-kinesthetic, musical and spatial intelligences for culturally competent social work practice. Implications for social work education and future work in this new area are recommended.
Leverpecking elicited by signaled presentation of grain

The pairing of a keylight with food elicited downward-pecking movements directly in front of the key. These pecks were recorded, using an appropriately positioned lever. Leverpecks and keypecks, which developed later, were maintained by stimulus-reinforcer pairings; occurrence of either response extended the trial duration and postponed food, thereby precluding adventitious reinforcement. Pecking movements, approach to the key, and keypecking may be considered three distinct response classes because approach to the key does not insure that ongoing pecking will be directed at it.