cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magneto-Telluric Effects Observed in Dallas, Texas, from the July 9, 1962, High-Altitude Nuclear Event

The U. S. Atomic Energy Commission detonated a megaton-range nuclear device over Johnston Island at an altitude of 250 miles on July 9, 1962, at about 09 hr 00 min 09 sec, U.T. Data are preserted on magnetic field and electric field variations at Dallas, Texas, produced by this event. (C.H.)
Complications of liner locking system in MicroStructured Omnifit acetabular components: A radiographic evaluation of 887 hips followed for 5-10 years

We evaluated 887 hips in 672 patients with uncemented MicroStructured Omnifit acetabular components for liner locking complications. We found 2 types of radiographic signs of liner locking system complications in 7 hips, developing between 2 and 4 years postoperatively. The incidence of liner locking system complications was 0.8% using this modular acetabular component. We recommend that a patient who has received a total hip arthroplasty including a MicroStructured Omnifit acetabular component should be monitored frequently for radiographic signs of liner locking system complications, especially with a polyethylene thickness of less than 8 mm.
Applications of free-electron lasers to the biological and physical sciences (Invited Paper)

Representative examples of applications research based on Free-Electron Lasers are reviewed. Research highlights include: observation of absolute negative conductance in semiconductor superlattices using a terahertz Free-Electron Laser at the University of California, Santa Barbara; infrared photon echoes as a technique in nonlinear spectroscopy to investigate vibrational dynamics in liquids and glasses using an infrared Free-Electron Laser at Stanford University; attributing the 20.1 μm stellar spectral feature to titanium carbide clusters using an infrared Free-Electron Laser in The Netherlands; human laser neurosurgery and ophthalmic laser surgery using an infrared Free-Electron Laser at Vanderbilt University; imaging of nanoscale island dynamics during thin film growth using the ultraviolet Free-Electron Laser at Duke University; and nuclear resonant fluorescence measurements for parity assignments in 138 Ba using the high intensity gamma ray source at Duke University.
Service-Learning in Business Schools: A Case Study in an Intermediate Accounting Course

Abstract Universities cannot afford to remain shores of affluence, self-importance and horticultural beauty at the edge of island seas of squalor, violence and despair. Emphasizing service has the potential to enrich learning and renew communities, but will also give new dignity to the scholarship of service. Ernest Boyer(1994) In this article, the authors provide guidance regarding implementation of service-learning projects as an active learning strategy in business courses. Their experience in the use of service-learning assignments in an intermediate accounting course revealed 5 steps necessary for a successful service-learning platform: developing institutional and individual conviction for the value of community service, developing alliances with the community agencies, establishing the pedagogical legitimacy of service-learning, motivating the faculty and students about the benefits of service-learning, and selecting appropriate assignments. Their results indicate that service-learning assignments ...
Rigorous solutions for sound radiation from circular ducts with hyperbolic horns or infinite plane baffle

A rigorous treatment is presented of sound radiation from circular ducts with either a hyperbolic horn or an infinite plane baffle. In the analysis hyperboloidal wave functions are used, which are defined here, for the first time, as a class of eigensolutions of the wave equation for oblate spheroidal co-ordinates. The numerical results include the complex conversion (or reflection) coefficients and the radiation directivity for various incident wave modes, spinning modes as well as axisymmetric modes. The solutions are valid for the whole frequency range including frequencies above and below the cut-off frequencies of the duct modes involved.
A preliminary correlation between macroscopic and microscopic polymer properties: Dynamic storage modulus vs. CPMAS NMR cross polarization rates

A correlation has been established between the dynamic storage modulus (E') and the mean cross polarization time constants 〈TCH〉 for a set of five morphologically diverse polymers, including one at two temperatures and one at two plasticizer concentrations. The correlation is only possible when the TCH values for all of the motional environments within the polymers are considered. An inversion recovery cross polarization (IRCP) NMR technique is used to obtain motional and morphological information from the main chain carbons of each polymer. After comparing simplified correlation functions for the two parameters, an experimental relationship between them is established that suggests that TCH and E' are both modulated by a similar distribution of molecular motions.
Comments on Bellack, Hersen, and Turner's paper on the validity of role-play test

A paper by Bellack, Hersen, and Turner ( Behavior Therapy , 1978, 9 , 448–461) concerning the validity of role-play test is critically reviewed. While regarded as a step in the right direction, the studies reviewed are evaluated as possessing some methodological shortcomings which make interpretations of the results difficult. Some problems associated with the studies of Bellack et al. involve a less than satisfactory subject sample, a less than adequate description of the judges training procedures, a somewhat inadequate description of some of the constructs rated, differences in the media on which the observations were made, and the appropriateness of the situations chosen to observe the behavior. These shortcomings are reviewed in the context of the numerous problems faced by an investigator wishing to obtain validity data for assessment instruments relevant to the social skill area. Suggestions are made regarding the development of social skill assessment instruments and a methodological approach to testing the generalizability of these instruments mentioned.
Using Computer-Based Technology to Determine Emergent Classroom Discipline Styles in Preservice Teacher Education:

Problems related to disruptive behaviors of children in schools continue to be a topic of public debate and empirical inquiry among teachers and researchers across America. Although this problem is historic, it has resurfaced, with momentous attention during recent years. This article focuses on a computerized simulation used as an integrated component of a curriculum course. The simulation includes discipline issues with certain situations as one of six categories of emphasis. The researchers attempted to ascertain the extent to which the simulation influenced selected disciplines styles of preservice teachers before and after field experience. Chi-square, Somers'd, Gamma, Correlation, and Regression were applied to the data using after field experience as a dependent variable. Significant difference was found on “rating of simulation on discipline before–after field experience” with Chi-square analyses (χ2 = 27.196; df = 12; p < 0.007), and with regression analyses (b = .249). Thus, preservice teachers ...
Gemini-induced columnar jointing in vitreous ice. Cryo-HRSEM as a tool for discovering new colloidal morphologies.

A gemini surfactant is able to promote columnar jointing in vitreous ice where long pillars, often of hexagonal cross section, are formed. This jointing is visible by cryo-high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (cryo-HRSEM), in which colloidal suspensions in bulk water are cooled rapidly in liquid ethane, thereby avoiding the potential artifacts with other types of EM. The jointing is proposed to arise from a new type of colloidal morphology where the surfactant self-assembles into hexagonal columns. Evidence for this mechanism comes from a cryo-HRSEM photo of an ice-free hexagonal “skeleton” composed of surfactant. Cryo-HRSEM, a method that is just beginning to realize its potential, would seem to have a promising future in the discovery of additional and as yet unimagined colloidal structures.
Munro Jets and the Origin of Tektites

THE theory of Spencer1 that tektites splashed out of terrestrial craters met with support from Cohen2, Gentner and Zahringer3 and others, but also with objections, summarized by O'Keefe4. The main objection was that the air resistance of bodies as small as tektites on their upward flight is too large to allow them to escape from the crater at the velocities (2–8 km/sec) required for their observed ranges. Vand5,6 proposed a detailed mechanism of a tektite jet formation through an implosion of a conical cavity lined with molten glass which is formed immediately after impact, and showed that a jet of tektites can survive the upward atmospheric journey if of sufficient total mass; that is, if it originated in a crater more than some 4 km in diameter. The escape is further facilitated by the low density of the hot train left after the passage of the meteorite. The high-velocity jet overtakes the general debris and keeps tektites from crystalline contamination. If moldavites are from the 24 km diameter Ries Kessel crater in Germany, the tektite jet from an initial conical cavity 4 km deep and 1 km in diameter would be a cylinder about 5 km long and 40 m in diameter, moving initially at 2.36 km/sec and carrying some 1010 kg glass with it. The original of the required cone wall implosion velocity of about 0.15 km/sec was not well understood, as such a phenomenon had not then been observed in laboratory cratering experiments, and gravity collapse could only account for part of the velocity.
Propagator and pionic vertex of a virtual nucleon

Abstract We discuss the πNN vertex in the case where one nucleon is virtual, as well as the related nucleon propagator. After summarizing results valid in any relativistic field theory which reproduces the observed πN scattering amplitudes in the P11 and S11 channels, we obtain explicit results from a generalized version of the Lee model. As expected from the general studies, our results show a strong enhancement of the proper form factor near the threshold energy for πN scattering, associated with a quenching of the propagator. Implications for the pion-exchange aspects of the NN interaction are briefly discussed.
Linear statistics in change‐point estimation and their asymptotic behaviour

ABSTRACT The limiting behaviour of Bayes procedures in the asymptotic setting of the change-point estimation problem is studied. It is shown that the distribution of the difference between the Bayes estimator and the parameter converges to the distribution of a fairly complicated random variable. A class of linear statistics is introduced, and the form of the Bayes estimator within this class is deduced. The asymptotic properties of this linear estimator are investigated in two different settings for the prior distribution. Dans le probleme asymptotique de l'estimation de rupture, le comportement a la limite de la procedure bayesienne est etudie. On demontre que la distribution de la difference entre l'estimateur bayesien et le parameetre converge vers la distribution d'une variable aleatoire assez compliquee. Une classe de statistiques lineaire est introduite et l'estimateur bayesien parmi ces estimateurs est etudie sous deux differentes hypotheses de la distribution a priori.
Measuring and detecting associations: Methods based on robust regression estimators or smoothers that allow curvature

This paper considers the problem of estimating the overall strength of an association, including situations where there is curvature. The general strategy is to fit a robust regression line, or some type of smoother that allows curvature, and then use a robust analogue of explanatory power, say eta(2). When the regression surface is a plane, an estimate of eta(2) via the Theil-Sen estimator is found to perform well, relative to some other robust regression estimators, in terms of mean squared error and bias. When there is curvature, a generalization of a kernel estimator derived by Fan performs relatively well, but two alternative smoothers have certain practical advantages. When eta(2) is approximately equal to zero, estimation using smoothers has relatively high bias. A variation of eta(2) is suggested for dealing with this problem. Methods for testing H(0): eta(2)=0 are examined that are based in part on smoothers. Two methods are found that control Type I error probabilities reasonably well in simulations. Software for applying the more successful methods is provided.
Circadian rhythms and the pharmacology of affective illness.

Abstract The chronic effects of antidepressant drugs (ADs) on circadian rhythms of behavior, physiology and endocrinology are reviewed. The timekeeping properties of several classes of ADs, including tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, serotonin agonists and antagonists, benzodiazepines, and melatonin are reviewed. Pharmacological effects on the circadian amplitude and phase, as well as effects on day-night measurements of motor activity, sleep-wake, body temperature (Tb), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, cortisol, thyroid hormone, prolactin, growth hormone and melatonin are examined. ADs often lower nocturnal Tb and affect the homeostatic regulation of sleep. ADs often advance the timing and decrease the amount of slow wave sleep, reduce rapid eye movement sleep and increase or decrease arousal. Together, AD effects on nocturnal Tb and sleep may be related to their therapeutic properties. ADs sometimes delay nocturnal cortisol timing and increase nocturnal melatonin, thyroid hormone and prolactin levels; these effects often vary with diagnosis, and clinical state. The effects of ADs on the coupling of the central circadian pacemaker to photic and nonphotic Zeitgebers are discussed.
Pension expectations as disincentives to job mobility

I address the measurement problem of the extent to which workers in an industry face disincentives to changing employment because of an interest in private pension benefits. I take an individual worker as the unit of analysis and represent job mobility over the work life by a time-varying point process. I treat the various plan types (pension systems) in a unified way through a general reward function (accumulated benefit function). By merging the employment termination process with this function, I derive two other benefit functions to measure the pension expectations of a worker from current and future employments. I then use these functions to construct a loss function that trades off the benefit gains and losses faced by a worker in a pension system at the time of a potential job change. I apply the methodology developed in the paper to the United States pension system, using data from the 1989 Survev of Consumer Finances.
Evaluation of a Handwipe Disclosing Method for Lead

A qualitative chemical screening method for lead in wipe samples was evaluated for its utility in detecting the presence of lead in collected dust; preliminary evaluation of the performance of the method is reported here. In evaluating the method on pure lead compounds, the observed intensity of the characteristic color change due to the presence of lead was generally consistent with the relative solubilities of the tested compounds. Some pure (non-lead) metal compounds (e.g., those of Ag, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Hg, and Sr) were found to give false positive results. Several representative lead-containing reference materials were also tested, and the qualitative test results differed for different materials. For materials collected on wipes, the method was found to be effective for detecting lead in several sample matrices commonly found in occupational settings. The technique was also applied on-site on dermal samples collected at field locations.
Denitrification kinetics in packed beds

Bench scale packed columns were used to study the kinetic behavior of biological denitrification. After tracer studies were run to determine flow characteristics, steady state nitrate profiles were determined. A first-order rate expression with an Arrhenius temperature dependence is an adequate model of the reaction for nitrate-nitrogen concentrations of < 100 mg/l and temperature of 5° to 20°C. The rate constants are proportional to the packing surface area.
Learning by subtraction: Hippocampal activity and effects of ethanol during the acquisition and performance of response sequences

Learning is believed to be reflected in the activity of the hippocampus. However, neural correlates of learning have been difficult to characterize because hippocampal activity is integrated with ongoing behavior. To address this issue, male rats (n = 5) implanted with electrodes (n = 14) in the CA1 subfield responded during two tasks within a single test session. In one task, subjects acquired a new 3-response sequence (acquisition), whereas in the other task, subjects completed a well-rehearsed 3-response sequence (performance). Both tasks though could be completed using an identical response topography and used the same sensory stimuli and schedule of reinforcement. More important, comparing neural patterns during sequence acquisition to those during sequence performance allows for a subtractive approach whereby activity associated with learning could potentially be dissociated from the activity associated with ongoing behavior. At sites where CA1 activity was closely associated with behavior, the patterns of activity were differentially modulated by key position and the serial position of a response within the schedule of reinforcement. Temporal shifts between peak activity and responding on particular keys also occurred during sequence acquisition, but not during sequence performance. Ethanol disrupted CA1 activity while producing rate-decreasing effects in both tasks and error-increasing effects that were more selective for sequence acquisition than sequence performance. Ethanol also produced alterations in the magnitude of modulations and temporal pattern of CA1 activity, although these effects were not selective for sequence acquisition. Similar to ethanol, hippocampal micro-stimulation decreased response rate in both tasks and selectively increased the percentage of errors during sequence acquisition, and provided a more direct demonstration of hippocampal involvement during sequence acquisition. Together, these results strongly support the notion that ethanol disrupts sequence acquisition by disrupting hippocampal activity and that the hippocampus is necessary for the conditioned associations required for sequence acquisition.
RE: “MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH INJURY RATES BY MODE OF TRAVEL, UNITED STATES: USING EXPOSURE-BASED METHODS TO QUANTIFY DIFFERENCES”

Beck et al. (Am J Epidemiol 2007;166(2):212-8.) obtained a counterintuitive result when they found that injury rates per trip were higher when the primary mode was walking compared with when the primary mode was driving in a passenger vehicle. The 2001 U.S.A. National Household Travel Survey, from which Beck et al. obtained numbers of trips by mode, categorized multileg trips by their predominant mode of travel. For example, a trip that included a walk from home to the curb to enter an automobile, followed by a passenger-vehicle trip to the supermarket, followed by a walk between the parked passenger vehicle and the supermarket, would be categorized by the National Household Travel Survey as a single "passenger-vehicle" trip to the supermarket. In the analysis by Beck et al., however, such a trip should have been counted as three separate trips, including one with a mode of "passenger vehicle" and two with modes of "walking." This was necessary because crash injuries that occurred while walking to or from a parked passenger vehicle would have been counted by the injury and fatality databases analyzed by Beck et al. as pedestrian injuries and, thus, would have been included in the numerator of Beck et al. when they calculated the rate of injuries incurred during walking trips. Adding these ingress/egress pedestrian trips to the denominator of walking trips would have increased the denominator used in calculating the "walking trips" injury rate from the value of 4,846 shown in table 1 of Beck et al. to a larger number, which would likely be equal to 35,366 plus a number between 698,250 (= twice 349,125, i.e., the number of passenger-vehicle trips) and 349,125, depending on how many of the ingress/egress trips between passenger vehicles and other locations could be ignored because they were associated with zero risk of being struck by a motor vehicle (e.g., trips within single-family homes from the living areas to either in-home garages or the homes' driveway). The denominator for injuries associated with walking trips also should have been increased to reflect the same sorts of ingress/egress trips that occurred during trips whose primary modes were via motorcycle, bus, bicycle, and "other vehicles," as pedestrian injuries or fatalities also could have occurred during ingress or egress from these vehicles. It thus seems likely that Beck et al. grossly exaggerated the risk per walking trip by underestimating the number of walking trips. If events can appear in the numerator of a rate, then risk-associated activities that led to those events must be included in the denominator. Corrected denominators would likely show the rate of injuries on walking trips to have been substantially less than those on passenger-vehicle trips. Persons concerned with transportation policy should not rely on the conclusion by Beck et al. that walking is less safe on a per-trip basis than motorized vehicle travel. Language: en
Pulsed 1-watt heterojunction bipolar transistors at 35 GHz

High-peak-power pulsed operation of common emitter AlGaAs-GaAs HBTs, at 35 GHz is reported. A 1.0-W peak power with 2.3-dB associated gain and power-added efficiency of 28% is obtained. Small devices gave up to 43% power-added efficiency with 190-mW output at 4.8-dB gain. The pulse length was 300 ns, and the duty cycle was 33%. The device design, small-signal characteristics, and power results obtained are described. >
Natural variation and the capacity to adapt to ocean acidification in the keystone sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

A rapidly growing body of literature documents the potential negative effects of CO2 -driven ocean acidification (OA) on marine organisms. However, nearly all this work has focused on the effects of future conditions on modern populations, neglecting the role of adaptation. Rapid evolution can alter demographic responses to environmental change, ultimately affecting the likelihood of population persistence, but the capacity for adaptation will differ among populations and species. Here, we measure the capacity of the ecologically important purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus to adapt to OA, using a breeding experiment to estimate additive genetic variance for larval size (an important component of fitness) under future high-pCO2 /low-pH conditions. Although larvae reared under future conditions were smaller than those reared under present-day conditions, we show that there is also abundant genetic variation for body size under elevated pCO2 , indicating that this trait can evolve. The observed heritability of size was 0.40 ± 0.32 (95% CI) under low pCO2 , and 0.50 ± 0.30 under high-pCO2 conditions. Accounting for the observed genetic variation in models of future larval size and demographic rates substantially alters projections of performance for this species in the future ocean. Importantly, our model shows that after incorporating the effects of adaptation, the OA-driven decrease in population growth rate is up to 50% smaller, than that predicted by the 'no-adaptation' scenario. Adults used in the experiment were collected from two sites on the coast of the Northeast Pacific that are characterized by different pH regimes, as measured by autonomous sensors. Comparing results between sites, we also found subtle differences in larval size under high-pCO2 rearing conditions, consistent with local adaptation to carbonate chemistry in the field. These results suggest that spatially varying selection may help to maintain genetic variation necessary for adaptation to future OA.
Expression of hypoglossal long-term facilitation differs between substrains of Sprague-Dawley rat.

Long-term facilitation (LTF) is a prolonged, serotonin-dependent augmentation of respiratory motor output following episodic hypoxia. Previous observations lead us to hypothesize that LTF is subjec...
The Millennium Cohort Study.

Introduction and Relevance Concern has been raised in the decade following the Persian Gulf War of 1990-91 that military service, and operational deployments in particular, may lead to long-term health problems. Chronic, multi-symptom illnesses have been especially challenging to assess in post-deployment troops. Retrospective epidemiologic analyses have been both difficult and costly for the US Department of Defense. Rationale US policymakers, academicians, and veterans groups called for a prospective cohort study to better assess the relationship between chronic health problems and military service. Methods Beginning in 2001, the Millennium Cohort began enrollment of a stratified random sample of more than 140,000 service members, with the intention of following their health for up to 20 years. Cohort members will provide self-reported data on medical symptoms, functional status, and health-related behavior every 3 years. New and existing sources of objective data on health and health-related exposures, both during and after service, will be leveraged and linked to the cohort at regular intervals over the next 20 years. Results Nearly 80,000 service members enrolled in the Millennium Cohort in the first phase of the study. Participants are demographically well representative of the target population. Enrollment surveys demonstrate greater than 95% completion rates. Initial data capture from all sources, including internet-based surveys, is rapidly progressing. Conclusions The Millennium Cohort Study has been successfully launched. This 20-year project is expected to better define the long-term health of US military service members. The study’s ability to prospectively evaluate both objective and subjective health status, in relation to deployments and other occupational exposures, will make results of high interest to both military and civilian public health professionals.
Predicting small‐mammal responses to climatic warming: autecology, geographic range, and the Holocene fossil record

Forecasting how species will respond to climatic change requires knowledge of past community dynamics. Here we use time-series data from the small-mammal fossil records of two caves in the Great Basin of the American West to evaluate how contrasting and variable local paleoclimates have shaped small-mammal abundance dynamics over the last � 7500 years of climatic change. We then predict how species and communities will respond to future scenarios of increased warming and aridity coupled with continued spread of an invasive annual grass (Bromus tectorum). We find that most community-level responses to climatic change occur in the mammalian abundance structure at both sites; the dominance of the community by individuals from species with a southern geographic affinity increases with climatic warming. This suggests that responses occurred in situ rather than by the immigration of new taxa over this time interval. Despite predictability at the community-scale, species-level relationships between abundance and climate are variable and are not necessarily explained by a species’ geographic affinity. Species present at both sites, however, exhibit remarkably similar responses to climate at each site, indicating that species autecology (specifically dietary functional group) is important in determining response to climatic warming. Regression-tree analyses show remarkable concordance between the two cave faunas and highlight the importance of a granivorous dietary strategy in this desert ecosystem. Under projections of increased temperature and decreased precipitation over the next 50 years, our results indicate that granivores should thrive as communities become more dominated by individuals with a southern geographic affinity. Granivores, however, are negatively impacted by the invasion of cheatgrass. The last century of anthropogenic impacts has thus placed granivores at a greater risk of extinction than predicted under climate-only scenarios.
Cholesterol Curves to Identify Population Norms by Age and Sex in Healthy Weight Children

Objective. Develop clinically applicable charts of lipid values illustrating fluctuations throughout childhood and by sex among healthy weight children. Methods. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2008) was used to estimate total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides by age and sex in healthy weight children age 3 to 17 years. Using LMS procedures, the authors created smoothed curves demonstrating population-based 50th percentile for age and the 75th and 95th percentiles. Results. The curves were based on 7681 children meeting inclusion criteria. Total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL demonstrated peaks at approximately 8 to 12 years for boys. Similar peaks were evident for girls at slightly younger ages, approximately 7 to 11 years. Triglycerides showed peaks for girls, but values were similar across ages for boys. Conclusions. The use of fixed lipid value cutoffs in established guidelines regardless of age or sex likely mislabels m...
PowerGraf: an educational software package for power systems analysis and design

The purpose of PowerGraf is to present a graphical user interface (GUI) and a convenient tool for building one-line diagrams displaying data. The GUI is open and friendly for power systems design, analysis and control, because a picture provides a better illustration of cause and effect relationships than a tabular printout does. Basic elements such as buses, lines and transformers are given such that the power system topology is easily drawn with this tool, and the system parameters are entered on the picture and checked visually. This enables the power system topology and the system data to be shown on one picture page. Advantages of these graphics are that users can view overloads, low voltage problems, and outages on overall (total) system. In addition, it is possible to see the impact of contingencies on the system. To date, PowerGraf 3.0 together with an instructional demo has been used to teach power systems courses in the Electrical Engineering Department at the University of Missouri-Rolla (UM-Rolla). It is also available on the Computer Learning Center network to help students design their own optimal power systems.
Frozen Section Discrepancy in the Evaluation of Central Nervous System Tumors

Abstract Context.—Frozen section (FS) evaluation of central nervous system (CNS) lesions provides an assessment of specimen adequacy and facilitates triage for ancillary studies. Frozen section also provides an accurate preliminary diagnosis; however, certain lesions are recognized to cause diagnostic challenges at FS. Objective.—To identify cases in which there was a discrepancy between the FS diagnosis and final diagnosis in the case to heighten awareness of common diagnostic pitfalls in surgical neuropathology. Design.—All CNS FS cases involving a tumor diagnosis at FS or permanent section (N = 2156) from September 1997 until June 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. Discrepancies between the FS and final diagnoses were identified. Results.—Of the 2156 cases identified, 57 (2.7%) discrepant diagnoses were found. Twelve (21.1%) of 57 discrepancies involved errors in classification of spindle cell lesions, most commonly confusing schwannomas or meningiomas with other lesions. Twelve (21.1%) of 57 cases in...
Primary tumor resection in stage IV breast cancer: consistent benefit, or consistent bias?

The recommended primary treatment approach for women with metastatic breast cancer and an intact primary tumor is the use of systemic therapy, with local therapy for the primary tumor reserved for palliation of symptoms. The past 6 years have seen an accelerating pace of publication of studies examining survival outcomes relative to the surgical resection of the intact primary tumor in women with metastatic breast cancer. 1–4 These show that in fact about half the women presenting with de novo metastatic disease undergo resection of the primary tumor and suggest that women so treated survive longer than those treated without resection. In analyses that adjust for tumor burden (number of metastatic sites), types of metastases (visceral, nonvisceral), and the use of systemic therapy, the hazard of death is reduced by 40–50% in women receiving surgical treatment of the primary tumor. Thus, five retrospective studies including the report by Fields et al. 5 in the present issue of the Annals of Surgical Oncology, present us with consistent evidence that either surgical therapy of the primary tumor has a substantial survival benefit in women with metastatic breast cancer, or there is a strong and consistent selection bias driving the use of surgery in women who have more favorable profiles (i.e., younger age, smaller tumor burden, better access to care). It is also possible that surgery is a surrogate indicator of more aggressive therapy overall, including more aggressive systemic therapy, which translates into better survival. All authors acknowledge the problem of selection bias in the interpretation of these data, and all advocate for a randomized trial to settle this question. In this setting, what can we learn from additional single-institution retrospective series addressing this question? Single-institution studies are necessarily smaller than the large data sets that are available from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) 1 and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results (SEER) program, 4 but provide richer detail regarding the specifics of local and systemic therapy and the course of the local disease. Such detailed information can garner data on trends and practices to guide the design of a randomized trial. Local therapy questions that require further definition include the timing of surgery, the importance of free surgical margins, and the benefit of axillary clearance and radiotherapy. Additionally, data from single-institution series may generate hypotheses regarding subsets of patients who are more likely to benefit from local therapy. The timing of surgery (early, after response to systemic therapy or later, only if indicated for palliation) has not been examined in any detail, although large databases such as NCDB and SEER capture the first course of treatment most accurately, and therefore women reported as having had surgical therapy would most likely have received this early in their course. This issue is relevant to the hypothesis that local therapy of the primary tumor is beneficial for
Hardware-software interactions in SYMBOL-2R's operating system

This paper describes the chief attributes of the Virtual Processor placed at the disposal of each user of the SYMBOL-2R time-shared multiprocessor system, and the mechanisms by which SYMBOL's hardwired operating system manages processing-mode transitions for individual Virtual Processors and allocates hardware resources -- processors and memory space -- among competing Virtual Processors. It describes the provisions by which the unusually high-level capabilities of the hardware are augmented by software, and contrasts the structure of the software component of the operating system with that of the hardware component. Finally, it describes the hardware/software partition of resource-allocation functions, in which allocation policies are controlled by software and executed by hardware.
Optical interconnects for intrachip global communication: motivation & validation

Optical interconnects have the potential to prevent the performance saturation due to the limitations of global wires in future microchips. Global communication issues are analyzed and potential optical interconnect-based solutions are motivated and validated.
Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics on Smart Wing Design

This paper is focused on two-dimensional design of a bending airfoil and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling of them. Scientists and engineers all over the world are trying to explore the possibilities of making adaptive wings a reality—wings with the ability to change its shape. Using smart materials this objective has been achieved—which would improve the structural integrity of the control surface of a wing. In this paper a parametric design is created for the adaptive wing and its performance characteristics are analyzed.
Clinical, radiographic, and scintigraphic findings associated with enthesitis of the lateral collateral ligaments of the tarsocrural joint in Standardbred racehorses

Injury of the lateral collateral ligaments of the tarsocrural joints was diagnosed in nine Standardbred pacers. The average age was 4.9 years. The severity of the lameness varied from severe to subtle and joint effusion was seen in eight of 10 tarsocrural joints. A positive hindlimb flexion test was seen in four of six cases in which results were recorded. The identification of the site of involvement was based on a focal intense 'hot spot' seen on scintigraphy, and new bone formation seen radiographically at the anatomical sites of insertion of the long lateral collateral ligament of the tarsocrural joint in nine limbs and the short lateral collateral ligament of one limb. The authors believe this injury to be enthesitis caused by the cyclic trauma of training and racing speed. The primary therapy was rest. Of six cases which returned to training, three raced as well or better than before injury.
A maximum-likelihood detection scheme for rapid imaging of string-like samples in atomic force microscopy

In this paper, we present a sample-detection scheme designed for non-raster scanning in atomic force microscopy. The scheme utilizes a maximum-likelihood estimator applied over a moving window and enables the tracking of a string-like sample. By tracking, the tip is kept in proximity to the sample, reducing the total imaging time by eliminating the measurement of unnecessary information. We combine the new estimator with previously reported results and apply the algorithm in simulation to actual data obtained through a raster-scan image of DNA.
Intra-arterial papaverine for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND Intra-arterial papaverine (IAP) has been described as a treatment for cerebral vasospasm refractory to standard therapy. METHODS We report a series of 15 consecutive patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in which IAP was employed for the treatment of symptomatic vasospasm. All patients exhibited delayed ischemic neurologic deficits, focal cerebral hypoperfusion on stable xenon-enhanced computerized tomography cerebral blood flow studies, and angiographically defined arterial narrowing. Papaverine was infused into 32 arteries on 23 occasions. Six patients required multiple treatments between 1 and 8 days apart. In five instances, IAP was combined with angioplasty. RESULTS Angiographically defined vasospasm was at least partially reversed immediately following treatment on 18 of 23 occasions. The associated clinical improvement was major on 6 occasions, and either minor or none on 17. Post-treatment cerebral blood flow was assessed on 13 occasions and showed improvement in previously ischemic areas on six occasions and no improvement on seven. Complications were encountered on four occasions. Systemic hypotension and transient brain-stem depression were seen with vertebral artery infusions; a generalized seizure and paradoxical aggravation of vasospasm resulting in hemispheric infarction occurred with internal carotid artery infusions. CONCLUSIONS Intra-arterial papaverine resulted in reversal of arterial narrowing in the majority of cases (78%). However, this angiographic improvement was associated with cerebral blood flow augmentation in only 46% of cases analyzed, and major clinical improvement in 26%.
Endovenous Thermal Ablation of Incompetent Truncal Veins in Patients with Superficial Venous Insufficiency

EVTA should be considered a scientifically acceptable option to eliminate truncal reflux. The procedures can be performed without sedation in an ambulatory setting and are very effective, safe and associated with virtually immediate recovery. EVTA appears to be associated with a lower rate of recurrent SVI due to a virtual absence of the high rate of groin neovascularity seen with high ligation and stripping of the GSV. EVTA procedures have already begun to supplant traditional surgery for truncal incompetence.
Estimation of multi-output production functions with incomplete data: A generalised maximum entropy approach

One problem commonly encountered when analysing multiproduct-multifactor firms is the lack of activity-specific input data. The present study contributes to the empirical literature on production functions by presenting an information theoretic approach to estimating production functions in the absence of activity-specific input allocations. The procedure relies solely on production data, so that behavioural hypotheses (e.g., profit maximisation) are not required and estimation can proceed in the absence of price data. In addition, the method can be applied to ill-posed problems. The proposed procedure is demonstrated with simulated production data and exhibits favourable statistical properties. Copyright 1998 by Oxford University Press.
Performance Evaluation of a BatcherBanyan Interconnection Network with Output Pooling

The basic Batcher-Banyan interconnection network with input queueing is characterized by two intrinsic limitations: the head-of-line blocking severely limits the maximum switch throughput and the available bandwidth is not allocated fairly to the requesting users. A Batcher-Banyan interconnection network that overcomes these two limitations is proposed here and its performance is evaluated. The throughput limitations of the interconnection network are substantially reduced by defining pools of outputs, in which groups of outputs that offer the same service behave each as a set of servers sharing a single waiting list. Through a careful system design and a suitable priority scheme, the servers in a set can be evenly allocated to the users requesting service from the inputs of the interconnection network. For this purpose, three different solutions are proposed for the allocation of the output channels within a pool to those users requesting the same pool. Extensive computer simulation is used to evaluate the overall packet delay performance and the degree of fairness provided by each of these solutions.
An Investigation of the Non-Traditional Student: Success in an Upper-Division Undergraduate Accounting Course-Predictors and Outcomes Assessment

Many assessment activities are conducted within the context of AACSB International reaffirmation of business and accounting programs. Central to the AACSB evaluation process is assurance of learning standards. In evaluating a program, AACSB considers both general and management-specific goals related to each discipline in the business school. These learning goals will vary among institutions because of "differences in mission, faculty expectations, student body composition, and other factors" (AACSB, 2003, p.56). The objective of this research is to determine the factors that influence the academic performance of students in an upper-division accounting course and assess student performance against the learning goals of the course. Results indicate that the academic factor, GPA, is significant in predicting performance outcomes. The findings of the study also show that student course loads and employment status do not equally impact learning outcomes and that a self-assessment of course learning objectives is significantly and directly related to grade performance. This research extends existing research by investigating factors which influence the success of non-traditional students in their first upper-division accounting course.
Shear Wave Velocity Structure from Interface Waves at Two Deep Water Sites in the Pacific Ocean

The shear wave velocity structure of two deep ocean sites has been studied by detonating explosives on the ocean floor and examining the slowly moving Stoneley waves that were generated at the ocean floor interface. At the southern California site, the structure was found to be uniform insofar as the relatively sparse sampling can resolve. At the central California site, the velocities and velocity gradients were found to be variable over the space of 1 or 2 km. At both sites, the shear wave velocity at the seafloor is very low, between 27 and 32 m s-1. The shear wave velocity gradient at the southern California site in the top 1 m of the sediments is 5.2 ni s-1m-1and 3.1 m s-1 m1in the next 100 m. At the northern site, the velocity gradient for the top 1 ni varies between 5.0 m s_1m1and 8.0 m s-1to1and for the next 20 m it varies between 4.5nis-1m-1and 7.0nis1m1.
Safety-Informed Design: Using Cluster Analysis to Elicit Hazardous Emergent Failure Behavior in Complex Systems

Identifying failure paths and potentially hazardous scenarios resulting from component faults and interactions is a challenge in the early design process. The inherent complexity present in large engineered systems leads to non-obvious emergent behavior, which may result in unforeseen hazards. Current hazard analysis techniques either focus on small slices of failure scenarios (fault trees and event trees), or lists of known hazards in the domain (hazard identification).Early in the design of a complex system, engineers may represent their system as a functional model. A function failure reasoning tool can then exhaustively simulate qualitative failure scenarios. Some scenarios will be identified as hazardous by hazard rules specified by the engineer, but the goal is to identify scenarios representing unknown hazards.A clustering method is applied repetitively to the large set of failure propagation results. Then, an algorithm identifies the scenario most likely to be hazardous, and presents it to the engineer. After viewing the scenario and judging its safety, the engineer may have insight to produce additional rules. The collaborative process of computer rating and human judgment will identify previously unknown hazards.The feasibility of this methodology is being tested on a relatively simple functional model of an electrical power system. Related work applying function failure reasoning to a team of robotic rovers will provide data from a more complex system.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Neotropical Sarcophaginae with Impressed Scutellum (Diptera, Sarcophagidae)

New genera and species are described, keyed, and illustrated: Chaptiniola impressa (male, Colombia), Steatopyga mirabilis (female, Colombia), Boetia curiosa (genotype; male, Peru), B. covai (female, Venezuela), Tolucamyia marstoniana (genotype; male and female Mexico) and T. cavagnaroi (male, Guatemala).
Efficacy of insecticidal seed treatments against wireworms on lima beans and corn

Insecticidal seed treatments on baby lima beans effected a 45% mortality of the eastern field wireworm, Limonius agonus (Say), found in a row 18 days after planting. Average gains of (61.6% in stand and 36.4% in whole plant weight were attributed to seed treatments, as measured at harvesttime. No advantage was found in using lindane, dieldrin, heptachlor or aldrin at more than 0.5 oz. per 100 pounds of seed. Averages from three separate corn experiments in loam soil infested with wireworms ( Agriotes mancus (Say) and Melanotus sp.), showed 5.8% increase in stand and a 5.7% increase in yield using 0.1 and 0.25 oz. of heptachlor. dieldrin, or aldrin per bushel of seed. These gains were 52.7 and 25.7%. respectively, of the benefits derived from “maximum control” plots where 1.5 pounds of heptachlor per acre were employed as a soil treatment. There was no significant difference between the three insecticides or between the two dosages employed.