cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of Individual and Paired Interactional Problem Solving Behavior of Rats

Two studies on the relationship between "solitary" and "social" variables for SKINNER-box activities are reported. The first investigation dealt with the relationship between the maximum response rate achieved in solitary training and the assumption of worker-dependent roles in a paired situation. The second experiment concerned the differential effects of partial and invariable reward upon the assumption of these roles. Neither maximum response rate or kind of training produced more workers or dependents. However, further analysis of the data led to a distinction between role a s s u m p t i o n and role style, the way in which the role was carried out. The data suggest that for this latter feature of the paired behavior in the SKINNER-box, the kind of reinforcement schedule is significant. The behavior of partially reinforced animals who became workers was different from that of invariably reinforced animals who became workers. The animals, after meeting a criterion level in the paired situation, were then placed with different partners in a "transfer" situation. There was a reversal of roles in only two pairs. This was explained by the principle of generalization. Finally, there were some observations on problems arising from the procedures involved in introducing variable reward schedules.
On path-based learning and its applications in delay test and diagnosis

This paper describes the implementation of a novel path-based learning methodology that can be applied for two purposes: (1) In a pre-silicon simulation environment, path-based learning can be used to produce a fast and approximate simulator for statistical timing simulation. (2) In post-silicon phase, path-based learning can be used as a vehicle to derive critical paths based on the pass/fail behavior observed from the test chips. Our path-based learning methodology consists of four major components: a delay test pattern set, a logic simulator, a set of selected paths as the basis for learning, and a machine learner. We explain the key concepts in this methodology and present experimental results to demonstrate its feasibility and applications.
Extracellular Adenosine 5′-Triphosphate Alters Motility and Improves the Fertilizing Capability of Mouse Sperm

Extracellular adenosine 5 0 -triphosphate (ATPe) treatment of human sperm has been implicated in improving in vitro fertilization (IVF) results. We used the mouse model to investigate mechanisms of action of ATPe on sperm. ATPe treatment significantly enhanced IVF success as indicated by both rate of pronuclear formation and percentage cleavage to the 2-cell stage. However, ATPe did not increase the percentage of sperm undergoing spontaneous acrosomal exocytosis nor change the pattern of protein tyrosine phosphorylation normally observed in capacitated sperm. ATPe altered sperm motility parameters; in particular, both noncapacitated and capacitated sperm swam faster and straighter. The percentage of hyperactivated sperm did not increase in capacitated ATPe-treated sperm compared to control sperm. ATPe induced a rapid increase in the level of intracellular calcium that was inhibited by two distinct P2 purinergic receptor inhibitors, confirming that these receptors have an ionotropic role in sperm function. The observed motility changes likely explain, in part, the improved fertilizing capability when ATPe-treated sperm were used in IVF procedures and suggest a mechanism by which ATPe treatment may be beneficial for artificial reproductive techniques.
Late Pliocene reorganization of deep vertical water-mass structure in the western South Atlantic: Faunal and isotopic evidence

Changes in the vertical water mass structure of the Vema Channel during the Pliocene have been inferred from benthic foraminiferal assemblages and stable isotopic analyses from three sites of DSDP Leg 72 (South Atlantic). Faunal and isotopic results from Sites 516A and 518 suggest that a major change occurred in deep-water circulation patterns in the late Pliocene near 3.2 Ma. Benthic oxygen isotopic records from Sites 516A and 518 show a characteristic increase in δ 18 O values near 3.2 Ma. This has been documented in numerous Pliocene isotopic records. The magnitude of the oxygen isotopic enrichment near 3.2 Ma appears to increase with water depth from an average enrichment of 0.34‰ in Site 516A (1,313 m) to an average enrichment of 0.58‰ in Site 518 (3,944 m). We suggest that this enrichment resulted partly from a change in deep-water circulation patterns which included a decrease in bottom-water temperatures. Planktonic δ 18 O values near 3.2 Ma show no evidence of an enrichment which would be indicative of an increase in global ice volume. On the contrary, δ 18 O values in Sites 517 and 518 become more depleted near 3.2 Ma, indicating a surface-water warming perhaps due to a change in the strength and/or position of the Brazil Current. An increase in the relative abundance of the benthic foraminifer Nuttalides umbonifera , which is associated with Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) in the modern ocean, coincides with the benthic 18 O enrichment in Site 518. At 3.2 Ma, oxygen and carbon isotopic gradients between Sites 518 (3,944 m) and 516A (1,313 m) show a marked increase such that Site 518 becomes enriched in 18 O and depleted in 13 C relative to Site 516A. This enrichment in δ 18 O is interpreted as partly representing a temperature decrease at Site 518; the depletion in δ 13 C indicates a corrosive water mass which is high in metabolic CO 2 . We suggest that benthic foraminiferal and stable isotopic changes in Site 518 resulted from a pulse-like increase in the formation of AABW near 3.2 Ma. The cause of this circulation event may have been linked to global cooling and/or the final closure of the Central American Seaway.
Reaction of high-velocity atomic oxygen with carbon

The rate of reaction of solid carbon with atomic oxygen impacting at a translational energy of approximately 100 kJ/mole has been measured at carbon surface temperatures ranging from 300-400 K. The magnitudes of the rates and the apparent activation energy (with respect to the carbon surface temperature) of approximately 15 kJ/mole are in good agreement with rates reported in the literature for the reaction of atomic oxygen with carbon at thermal impact energies. The relatively good agreement among these two sorts of laboratory measurements and reaction rates inferred from exposure of carbon to the low Earth orbit environment on various flights of the Space Shuttle suggests that there is little or no dependence of the rate of this reaction on the translational energy with which the atomic oxygen strikes the carbon surface.
A new methodology to measure the running biomechanics of amputees

We present a new methodology to measure the running biomechanics of amputees. This methodology combines the use of a spring-mass model and symmetry index, two standard techniques in biomechanics li...
NONLINEAR LONGITUDINAL CONTROLLER IMPLEMENTATION AND COMPARISON FOR AUTOMATED CARS

In this paper, the authors describe the implementation and comparison of nonlinear controllers used in the longitudinal control of cars in a platoon. The controllers, which include an adaptive sliding mode controller, a dynamic sliding mode controller, and a dynamic back- stepping multiple surface controller., are compared for their performance. Results from real-time tests show that each controller has its own characteristics. Emphasis is on the dynamic back-stepping multiple surface controller.
The Income and Health Effects of Tribal Casino Gaming on American Indians

The legalization of American Indian casino gaming in the late 1980s allows examination of the relationship between income and health in a quasi- experimental way. Revenue from gaming accrues to individual tribes and has been used both to supplement tribe members' income and to finance tribal infrastructure. We assembled annual data from 1988-2003 on tribal gaming, health care access (from the Area Resource File), and individual health and socioeconomic characteristics data (from the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System). We use this information within a structural, difference-in-differences framework to study the effect of casino gaming on tribal members' income, health status, access to health care, and health- related behaviors. Our difference-in-differences framework relies on before-after com- parisons among American Indians whose tribe has at some time operated a casino and with-without comparisons between American Indians whose tribe has and those whose tribe has not initiated gaming. Our results provide identified estimates of the positive effect of gaming on American Indian income and on several indicators of American Indian health, health-related behaviors, and access to health care.
Does fat suppression via chemically selective saturation affect R2*-MRI for transfusional iron overload assessment? A clinical evaluation at 1.5T and 3T.

Purpose Fat suppression (FS) via chemically selective saturation (CHESS) eliminates fat–water oscillations in multiecho gradient echo (mGRE) R2*-MRI. However, for increasing R2* values as seen with increasing liver iron content (LIC), the water signal spectrally overlaps with the CHESS band, which may alter R2*. We investigated the effect of CHESS on R2* and developed a heuristic correction for the observed CHESS-induced R2* changes. Methods Eighty patients [female, n = 49; male, n = 31; mean age (± standard deviation), 18.3 ± 11.7 y] with iron overload were scanned with a non-FS and a CHESS-FS mGRE sequence at 1.5T and 3T. Mean liver R2* values were evaluated using three published fitting approaches. Measured and model-corrected R2* values were compared and statistically analyzed. Results At 1.5T, CHESS led to a systematic R2* reduction (P < 0.001 for all fitting algorithms) especially toward higher R2*. Our model described the observed changes well and reduced the CHESS-induced R2* bias after correction (linear regression slopes: 1.032/0.927/0.981). No CHESS-induced R2* reductions were found at 3T. Conclusion The CHESS-induced R2* bias at 1.5T needs to be considered when applying R2*-LIC biopsy calibrations for clinical LIC assessment, which were established without FS at 1.5T. The proposed model corrects the R2* bias and could therefore improve clinical iron overload assessment based on linear R2*-LIC calibrations. Magn Reson Med, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recurrent events of positive selection in independent Drosophila lineages at the spermatogenesis gene roughex.

Our understanding of the role of positive selection in the evolution of genes with male-biased expression can be hindered by two observations. First, male-biased genes tend to be overrepresented among lineage-specific genes. Second, novel genes are prone to experience bursts of adaptive evolution shortly after their formation. A thorough study of the forces acting on male-biased genes therefore would benefit from phylogenywide analyses that could distinguish evolutionary trends associated with gene formation and later events, while at the same time tackling the interesting question of whether adaptive evolution is indeed idiosyncratic. Here we investigate the roughex (rux) gene, a dose-dependent regulator of Drosophila spermatogenesis with a C-terminal domain responsible for nuclear localization that shows a distinct amino acid sequence in the melanogaster subgroup. We collected polymorphism and divergence data in eight populations of six Drosophila species, for a total of 99 rux sequences, to study rates and patterns of evolution at this male-biased gene. Our results from two phylogeny-based methods (PAML and HyPhy) as well as from population genetics analyses (McDonald–Kreitman-based tests) indicate that amino acid replacements have contributed disproportionately to divergence, consistent with adaptive evolution at the Rux protein. Analyses based on extant variation show also the signature of recent selective sweeps in several of the populations surveyed. Most important, we detect the significant and consistent signature of positive selection in several independent Drosophila lineages, which evidences recurrent and concurrent events of adaptive evolution after rux formation.
Creating ADO Objects

While many of you know (or think you know) how to construct ADO or other COM objects, bear with me for a minute while I walk you through some basics. I’ve seen too many suspect examples in publications whose technical editors should know better, to skip over this. I talk below about setting the references, or writing the code on an ASP to do so, and about a couple of mistakes that many developers are still making.
Robot mechanical structure optimization design

According to the multi-objective, multi-constraint, multi-variable characteristics of robot mechanical structure optimization design (RMSOD), taking the solid propellant missile wall grinding robot for example, multi-objective simplification method and design variables division method are presented to simplify the optimization model of RMSOD. Moreover, on the basis of the solution characteristics of discrete variable optimization model, trend meet judgment is used in the calculation of rotating coordinate method to reduce the optimum design variables search space. Ultimately, using the discrete complex method gets the optimum solution of the RMSOD.
Effects of diversity of tree species and size on forest basal area growth, recruitment, and mortality

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship, or lack thereof, between growth and diversity of tree species and size in conifer stands of western North America. Growth was measured by net basal area growth and its components: survivor growth, recruitment, and mortality. The analysis used inventory data from permanent plots in the Douglas-fir/western hemlock forest type in Oregon and Washington, and in the mixed-conifer forest type in California. The methods consisted of generalized least square regression with spatial autocorrelation, controlling for the effect of other stand characteristics. Other things being equal, in the two forest types under study there was a strong positive relationship between net basal area growth and tree-species diversity. This effect was associated with higher recruitment in stands of higher tree-species diversity. Neither mortality nor growth of survivors was related to tree-species diversity. The relationship between growth and tree-size diversity was less clear. For Douglas-fir/western hemlock, net basal area growth was negatively correlated with tree-size diversity, essentially because recruitment waslower onplots of high tree-size diversity.Formixed conifers, netbasal area growthtended alsoto be lower inplots of high tree-size diversity, but this was mostly because mortality was higher in plots of higher tree-size diversity. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Inhibition of hepatic regeneration in rats by acute and chronic ethanol intoxication

Abstract We studied the effects of acute and chronic ethanol feeding on hepatic regeneration in rats after partial hepatectomy and toxic liver injury produced by D-galactosamine. Ethanol, when administered as a single dose (6 g/kg), inhibited 3 H-thymidine incorporation into hepatic DNA; this effect depended in part on the time of ethanol feeding after partial hepatectomy. Multiple ethanol feedings produced an even greater inhibition, which persisted for at least 48 hr after partial hepatectomy. Rats chronically fed ethanol for 30 days also failed to achieve a hepatic proliferative response to either partial hepatectomy or D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis, comparable with isocaloric pair-fed controls. These investigations suggest that there may be a certain metabolic state in the hepatocyte cell cycle that is most susceptible to the action(s) of ethanol; inhibition of liver regeneration by acute or chronic ethanol consumption may result in delayed recovery from prior or coincident liver injury.
Disposition and metabolism of N,N-dimethylacetoacetamide in male F344 and Wistar-Han rats and female B6C3F1 mice

N,N-dimethylacetoacetamide (DMAAm) is a β-dicarbonyl compound used as an industrial intermediate. This study investigated the disposition and metabolism of [14C]DMAAm in male rats and female mice.A single oral dose of [14C]DMAAm (target dose of 10 or 130 mg/kg) was administered to male F344 and Wistar-Han rats. [14C]DMAAm was almost completely absorbed and excreted in urine, with ca. 80−90% of the dose recovered within 24 h for both rat strains. Fecal excretion and CO2 exhalation were minimal (1 and 2%, respectively). Less than 3% of the dose remained in tissues at 24 h. There was no apparent dose- or strain-related difference in the disposition of [14C]DMAAm in rats.In female B6C3F1 mice administered 8 mg/kg [14C]DMAAm, 80% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in urine and cage rinse in 24 h.Urinary metabolites were isolated and characterized by liquid chromatography /mass spectrometry following oral administration of 435 mg/kg [14C]DMAAm in male F344 rats. Metabolism occurred via reduction of...
Pre-transplant myeloid dendritic cell deficiency associated with cytomegalovirus infection and death after kidney transplantation

Background Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells critical for immunity. We previously demonstrated a significant association between pre-transplant blood myeloid dendritic cell (mDC) and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) deficiency and post-transplant BK viremia in renal transplant recipients. In the current post-hoc analysis, we studied the association of these same pre-transplant DC levels with other post-transplant outcomes. Methods Pre-transplant peripheral blood mDC and pDC levels were quantified using flow cytometry in 78 patients undergoing kidney transplantation. Post-transplant outcomes were analyzed, including infection, rejection, and patient death, with a median follow-up of 5.3 years. Associations between DC levels and outcomes were assessed using logistic regression analysis and Cox proportional hazards models. Results An independent association of mDC levels with post-transplant cytomegalovirus infection (adjusted odds ratio 7.0, P = 0.01) and patient death (adjusted hazard ratio 13.0, P = 0.015) was found. No associations were demonstrated between levels of either DC subtype and bacterial infections or rejection. Conclusions Pre-transplant mDC deficiency is significantly associated with CMV infection and death after kidney transplantation.
The demographic impacts of shifts in climate means and extremes on alpine butterflies

Summary 1. Climate change impacts organismal performance via both shifts in mean conditions and acute thermal stress events. Yet, we know little about the relative fitness impacts of climate means and extremes, and how phenotypes mediate these effects. 2. Here, we incorporate demography in a biophysical model of two alpine butterflies with distinct phenotypes to examine the impacts of recent climate change in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. 3. The model suggests that shifts in available flight time (mediated by weather means) and egg viability (mediated by weather extremes) over time have varied between phenotypes and along the elevation gradient. Generally, small declines in egg viability may be more than offset by large increases in available flight time at higher elevations. 4. Interactions between environmental conditions and phenotypes may produce unexpected, individualistic responses to climate change.
On the rectangular p‐center problem

The p-center problem involves finding the best locations for p facilities such that the furthest among n points is as close as possible to one of the facilities. Rectangular (sometimes called rectilinear, Manhattan, or l1) distances are considered. An O(n) algorithm for the 1-center problem, an O(n) algorithm for the 2-center problem, and an O(n logn) algorithm for the 3-center problem are given. Generalizations to general p-center problems are also discussed.
Creating a Global Grid of Distributed Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions from Nighttime Satellite Imagery

The potential use of satellite observed nighttime lights for estimating carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions has been demonstrated in several previous studies. However, the procedures for a moderate resolution (1 km2 grid cells) global map of fossil fuel CO2 emissions based on nighttime lights are still in the developmental phase. We report on the development of a method for mapping distributed fossil fuel CO2 emissions (excluding electric power utilities) at 30 arc-seconds or approximately 1 km2 resolution using nighttime lights data collected by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS). A regression model, Model 1, was initially developed based on carbon emissions from five sectors of the Vulcan data produced by the Purdue University and a nighttime satellite image of the U.S. The coefficient derived through Model 1 was applied to the global nighttime image but it resulted in underestimation of CO2 emissions for most of the world’s countries, and the states of the U.S. Thus, a second model, Model 2 was developed by allocating the distributed CO2 emissions (excluding emissions from utilities) using a combination of DMSP-OLS nighttime image and population count data from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) LandScan grid. The CO2 emissions were distributed in proportion to the brightness of the DMSP nighttime lights in areas where lighting was detected. In areas with no DMSP detected lighting, the CO2 emissions were distributed based on population count, with the assumption that people who live in these areas emit half as much CO2 as people who live in the areas with DMSP detected lighting. The results indicate that the relationship between satellite observed nighttime lights and CO2 emissions is complex, with differences between sectors and variations in lighting practices between countries. As a result it is not possible to make independent estimates of CO2 emissions with currently available coarse resolution panchromatic satellite observed nighttime lights. However, the nighttime lights image in conjunction with the population grid can help in more accurate disaggregation of national CO2 emissions to a moderate resolution spatial grid.
Resources and limitations of medical centers in the United States.

A profile is provided of the range of opportunities and limitations for foreign nationals who seek access to the U.S. health care education and training system. The system is complicated, and entry depends on numerous variables. Facility in the English language is considered a prerequisite. Among opportunities, clinical training is probably most sought in the form of either residencies or clinical fellowships. Many major medical centers are eager to host earnest students and trainees from abroad. Yet such opportunities are limited, since most programs are unable to accept additional trainees once the first year of the program has been filled. Additional residency positions are not likely to be created and funded. In general, the larger academic medical centers tend to be the first to introduce new technologies and newer diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Other settings may offer better, or at least equally good, environments for other kinds of post-M.D.-degree training. U.S. educational opportunities also exist in health policy and health systems education, nursing education, allied health and non-physician education, and research. All those seeking to study in the United States are urged to consult one of the several agencies that are knowledgeable about the opportunities and requirements for entering the programs offered.
Novel ${\cal L}_{1}$ Neural Network Adaptive Control Architecture With Guaranteed Transient Performance

In this paper, we present a novel neural network (NN) adaptive control architecture with guaranteed transient performance. With this new architecture, both input and output signals of an uncertain nonlinear system follow a desired linear system during the transient phase, in addition to stable tracking. This new architecture uses a low-pass filter in the feedback loop, which consequently enables to enforce the desired transient performance by increasing the adaptation gain. For the guaranteed transient performance of both input and output signals of the uncertain nonlinear system, the L1 gain of a cascaded system, comprised of the low-pass filter and the closed-loop desired reference model, is required to be less than the inverse of the Lipschitz constant of the unknown nonlinearities in the system. The tools from this paper can be used to develop a theoretically justified verification and validation framework for NN adaptive controllers. Simulation results illustrate the theoretical findings.
Nanoscale intracellular organization and functional architecture mediating cellular behavior.

Cells function based on a complex set of interactions that control pathways resulting in ultimate cell fates including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The interworkings of this immensely dense network of intracellular molecules are influenced by more than random protein and nucleic acid distribution where their interactions culminate in distinct cellular function. By probing the design of these biological systems from an engineering perspective, researchers can gain great insight that will aid in building and utilizing systems that are on this size scale where traditional large-scale rules may fail to apply. The organized interaction and gradient distribution in intracellular space imply a structural architecture that modulates cellular processes by influencing biochemical interactions including transport and binding-reactions. One significant structure that plays a role in this modulation is the cell cytoskeleton. Here, we discuss the cytoskeleton as a central and integrating functional structure in influencing cell processes and we describe technology useful for probing this structure. We explain the nanometer scale science of cytoskeletal structure with respect to intracellular organization, mechanotransduction, cytoskeletal-associated proteins, and motor molecules, as well as nano- and microtechnologies that are applicable for experimental studies of the cytoskeleton. This biological architecture of the cytoskeleton influences molecular, cellular, and physiological processes through structured multimodular and hierarchical principles centered on these functional filaments. Through investigating these organic systems that have evolved over billions of years, understanding in biology, engineering, and nanometer-scaled science will be advanced.
Descriptions for a programming environment

PIE is an experimental personal information environment implemented in Smalltalk that uses a description language to support the interactive development of programs. PIE contains a network of nodes, each of which can be assigned several perspectives. Each perspective describes a different aspect of the program structure represented by the node, and provides specialized actions from that point of view. Contracts can be created that monitor nodes describing different parts of a program's description. Contractual agreements are expressible as formal constraints, or, to make the system failsoft, as English text interpretable by the user. Contexts and layers are used to represent alternative designs for programs described in the network. The layered network database also facilitates cooperative program design by a group, and coordinated, structured documentation.
SIMEMS: an intelligent support system for manufacturing enterprise

A fundamental framework that provides an integrated view of production planning and control from the enterprise level is described. The framework provides coordination of activities among functional units to achieve a tactical goal as well as linkage between operational control at the functional level and strategic consideration at the enterprise level. Such a framework is realized by SIMEMS, which draws on AI, OR, system analysis, database, and user interface technology. >
The influence of terminal group and repeat unit structure on mass-mobility correlations observed for homologous series

Mass-mobility correlations were investigated by ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) for 11 structurally-unique homologous series composed of commercially-available compounds. Structural variation involved the inclusion of different repeat units (i.e., glucose, propylene glycol, or ethylene glycol) in oligomeric series and different terminal groups in CH2-homologous series. Terminal group structures included both aliphatic and aromatic acids, as well as aliphatic and aromatic amines. Mass-mobility correlations were also investigated for select CH2-homologous series identified in a pyrolysis bio-oil and compared with results observed for commercial series. A linear mass-mobility correlation (R 2 ≥ 0.996) was established for all series except those in which a substantial change in the gas-phase conformation of ions was probable. Slopes observed for CH2-homologous series with a single terminal group were significantly steeper than slopes observed for series containing two terminal groups. Additionally, a correlation between slope and double bond equivalents (DBE) suggested that the CH2-homologous series identified in bio-oil were structurally similar to commercial series containing two terminal groups.
Anodic Reaction of Co(η5-C5H5)(CO)(PPh3): An Oxidatively Induced Ligand Exchange Involving a 17 e−/18 e− Redox Pair

Unlike a number of other monocarbonyl-substituted complexes CoCp(CO)L (Cp = (η5-C5H5)), chemical oxidation of the L = triphenylphosphine derivative CoCp(CO)(PPh3), 1, is known to give, in the absence of added PPh3, the disubstituted phosphine complex [CoCp(PPh3)2]+ rather than the simple 17-electron radical cation 1+. Electrochemistry of 1 in CH2Cl2/[NBu4][B(C6F5)4] (E1/2(1/1+) = −0.38 V vs ferrocene) shows that the favored anodic products depend on the concentration of 1. At low concentrations (e.g., 10−4 M) and on the cyclic voltammetry time scale, the radical cation 1+ dominates, but at higher concentrations and longer reaction times, a quantitative mixture of CoCp(CO)2 and [CoCp(PPh3)2]+ is produced in an overall “half-electron” process. On the basis of cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, bulk electrolysis, and IR spectroelectrochemistry, a “radical−substrate” mechanism is proposed involving the reaction of 1+ with 1 to give transient [Co2Cp2(CO)2(PPh3)2]+. This putative dimer radical cation interm...
Local virial and tensor theorems.

We show that for any wave function and potential the local virial theorem can always be satisfied by choosing a particular expression for the local kinetic energy. In addition, we show that for each choice of local kinetic energy there are an infinite number of quasi-probability distributions which will generate the same expression. We also consider the local tensor virial theorem.
Semiconducting conjugated polymer-inorganic tetrapod nanocomposites.

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) tetrapods were synthesized via multiple injections of the Te precursor by utilizing bifunctional ligands. Subsequently, tetrapod-shaped semiconducting inorganic–organic nanocomposites (i.e., P3HT–CdTe tetrapod nanocomposites) were produced by directly grafting conjugated polymer ethynyl-terminated poly(3-hexylthiophene) (i.e., P3HT–≡) onto azide-functionalized CdTe tetrapods (i.e., CdTe–N3) via a catalyst-free click chemistry. The intimate contact between P3HT and CdTe tetrapod rendered the effective dispersion of CdTe tetrapods in nanocomposites and facilitated their efficient electronic interaction. The success of coupling reaction was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The grafting density of P3HT chains on the CdTe tetrapods was estimated by thermogravimetric analysis. The photophysical properties of P3HT–CdTe tetrapod nanocomposites were studied using UV–vis and photoluminescence spectroscopies. These intimate sem...
Durkheim and Individualism Revisited: Response to Chandler

Professor Chandler levels two criticisms at my attempt to develop and test a Durkheimian model of development, equality, and homicide. First, he charges that the argument is internally inconsistent. Second, he asserts that the interpretation of Durkheim's theory that informs the analysis is in error. With respect to the latter issue, I would simply note that Durkheim's theory of societal development has been and will undoubtedly continue to be susceptible to varied interpretations. The clearly stated purpose of my research (225-26) was to apply one widely respected interpretation-that of Anthony Giddens-in an original context (the explanation of homicide rates). As the title of my article indicates, I recognize that my study represents a test of "a" Durkheimian model and not "the" Durkheimian model. The charge of internal inconsistency warrants a slightly more detailed response. Chandler argues that, given my exposition of Durkheim's theory, the measure of moral individualism should be negatively related to homicide, rather than positively related to homicide as I have asserted. Chandler arrives at this conclusion by the following line of reasoning. Moral individualism serves as the basis of organic solidarity, and the development of organic solidarity decreases the homicide rate. Hence, the measure of moral individualism should be positively associated with organic solidarity (which is not directly measured) and negatively related with the measure of homicide. Chandler thus concludes that the finding of a negative relationship between one of the indicators of moral individualism (percent Protestant) and homicide is really consistent with the proposed theoretical model despite my claims to the contrary. My disagreement with Chandler centers around the role of social structural changes in the emergence of organic solidarity. Following Gid-
Billing Yard Inspection of Nursery Stock

This paper deals more with the different types of inspection, rather than billing yard inspection. The types of inspection may be as follows: Field, Destination and Billing Yard. The type most used is Field Inspection. The purpose of this inspection is to detect insects and diseases during the growing period and to correct them. Certificate is issued on this insepction. There are both advantages and disadvantages in this system. The inspection of Destination is made when trees or plants are delivered. Billing yard inspection is given when trees or plants are being shipped. All diseases and irregularities are checked during this inspection. Its importance cannot be overestimated. Neither of the three systems when used alone is sufficient. Best results can be obtained from combination of the three.
Impact of As-Synthesized Ligands and Low-Oxygen Conditions on Silver Nanoparticle Surface Functionalization

Here, we compare the ligand exchange behaviors of silver nanoparticles synthesized in the presence of two different surface capping agents: poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (MW = 10 or 40 kDa) or trisodium citrate, and under either ambient or low-oxygen conditions. In all cases, we find that the polymer capping agent exhibits features of a weakly bound ligand, producing better ligand exchange efficiencies with an incoming thiolated ligand compared to citrate. The polymer capping agent also generates nanoparticles that are more susceptible to reactions with oxygen during both synthesis and ligand exchange. The influence of the original ligand on the outcome of ligand exchange reactions with an incoming thiolated ligand highlights important aspects of silver nanoparticle surface chemistry, crucial for applications ranging from photocatalysis to antimicrobials.
Development of the DORADO mapping vehicle for multibeam, subbottom, and sidescan science missions: Research Articles

Oceanographic science is frequently hindered by a lack of spatial and temporal resolution for most parameters oceanographic science desires to measure. This paper discusses our effort to advance the current state of bathymetric mapping as part of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) charter. MBARI scientists and engineers, in consultation with the external community, have produced a new multibeam mapping autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) system. The system is intended to reduce some of the impediments encountered by science trying to resolve specific portions of the oceans bottom. Starting with the established and in-house developed Dorado AUV technology, MBARI engineering refined the AUV into a full ocean depth capable and now operational multibeam mapping system (MBAUV). The MBAUV system conducts regular multibeam bathymetry, subbottom, and sidescan surveys for oceanographic science. MBAUV is a torpedo-shaped, 6000 m rated vehicle operating the aforementioned sonars simultaneously. The endurance of the MBAUV is approximately 8 h at 3 kn and is designed to support 16 h operations at 3 kn by adding an additional battery section. This paper describes the basics of the MBAUV and our design trades and modifications to the Dorado AUV in support of multibeam mapping missions. The paper also reviews a sampling of the results from a series of missions that demonstrate the performance of various subsystems and the science quality data available from the MBAUV. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of cardiac revascularization procedures by means of tissue lactic acid determinations in induced myocardial infarctions.

Summary The lactic acid rise test appears to be a fairly simple way of evaluating those myocardial revascularization procedures in which the surface of the myocardium remains surgically accessible. The test is a direct measure of the effective myocardial tissue blood flow and oxygen utilization. It appears to substitute more precise data for the 1+ to 4+ data that have been used in the past to evaluate myocardial revascularization procedures. It is also of value that, after the lactic acid rise test is completed, the animal can be saved or subjected to other methods of evaluation as the test does not harm or alter the animal. In the present study, the Vineberg procedure was found to be capable of providing effective areas of myocardial tissue perfusion and oxygenation in 60 per cent of the animals tested. An experimental procedure consisting of the ligation of the coronary sinus and the production of a coronary sinus-left atrial shunt was found to be completely ineffective as a method for producing intracoronary collateral circulation. Ligation of the left pulmonary artery was found to encourage the development of bronchial artery-circumflex artery collateral channels. It was demonstrated by the lactic acid rise test that, in 89 per cent of the animals, the collateral channels were able effectively to perfuse and oxygenate the myocardium after circumflex coronary artery occlusion. It was also determined by the lactic acid rise test that ligation of the artery to only one of the lobes of the left lung affords some protection from subsequent circumflex coronary artery occlusion.
On the effects of vertical offset and core structure in streamwise-oriented vortex–wing interactions

This article explores the three-dimensional flow structure of a streamwise-oriented vortex incident on a finite aspect-ratio wing. The vertical positioning of the incident vortex relative to the wing is shown to have a significant impact on the unsteady flow structure. A direct impingement of the streamwise vortex produces a spiralling instability in the vortex just upstream of the leading edge, reminiscent of the helical instability modes of a Batchelor vortex. A small negative vertical offset develops a more pronounced instability while a positive vertical offset removes the instability altogether. These differences in vertical position are a consequence of the upstream influence of pressure gradients provided by the wing. Direct impingement or a negative vertical offset subject the vortex to an adverse pressure gradient that leads to a reduced axial velocity and diminished swirl conducive to hydrodynamic instability. Conversely, a positive vertical offset removes instability by placing the streamwise vortex in line with a favourable pressure gradient, thereby enhancing swirl and inhibiting the growth of unstable modes. In every case, the helical instability only occurs when the properties of the incident vortex fall within the instability threshold predicted by linear stability theory. The influence of pressure gradients associated with separation and stall downstream also have the potential to introduce suction-side instabilities for a positive vertical offset. The influence of the wing is more severe for larger vortices and diminishes with vortex size due to weaker interaction and increased viscous stability. Helical instability is not the only possible outcome in a direct impingement. Jet-like vortices and a higher swirl ratio in wake-like vortices can retain stability upon impact, resulting in the laminar vortex splitting over either side of the wing.
EPCA and EPCA-2 as Potential Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer Detection

The detection of prostate cancer using a blood test has by many standards been extremely successful. Despite this remarkable success, there have been limitations attributed to the use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a means for prostate cancer screening and detection. PSA is not specific for prostate cancer and as such is often found elevated in other conditions associated with the aging male such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatitis. The magnitude of this problem is large in that there are more than 25 million men who have had at least one negative biopsy due to an elevated PSA level. In many of these individuals it is uncertain whether cancer was missed upon the biopsy or actually not present. A more specific tool that could identify which individuals actually have prostate cancer and differentiate them from those without the disease would be of tremendous value.
Spinning σ-model solitons in 2+1 anti-de Sitter space

Abstract We obtain numerical solutions for rotating topological solitons of the nonlinear σ -model in three-dimensional anti-de Sitter space. Two types of solutions, i ) and ii ), are found. The σ -model fields are everywhere well defined for both types of solutions, but they differ in their space–time domains. Any time slice of the space–time for the type i ) solution has a causal singularity, despite the fact that all scalars constructed from the curvature tensor are bounded functions. No evidence of a horizon is seen for any of the solutions, and therefore the type i ) solutions have naked singularities. On the other hand, the space–time domain, along with the fields, for the type ii ) solutions are singularity free. Multiple families of solutions exhibiting bifurcation phenomena are found for this case.
Non-Silicon MOSFET Technology: A Long Time Coming

A summary of the important materials science issues associated with the realization of viable III-V MOSFET technologies is presented. The key science breakthrough was the unambiguous identification of which components of the non-stoichiometric native oxides were responsible for surface Fermi level pinning (FLP). The components that cause FLP are the anion oxides and the elemental anion associated with a particular III-V compound semiconductor. For GaAs, these are As2O3 and elemental As respectively. The physics of FLP is also applicable to Schottky barriers. Although many attempts were made to explain FLP, the most comprehensive theory is that the elemental anion acts to cause FLP via its Schottky barrier workfunction. During the past decade several technologies have succeeded in mitigating these chemical barriers and III-V MOSFET technology is now a component of the MOSFET menu.
Engineering the National Ignition Facility

The engineering team of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) has developed a highly optimized hardware design that satisfies stringent cost, performance and schedule requirements. After a 3-year effort, the design will culminate at the end of FY98 with the completion of major Title II design reviews. Every element of the facility from optic configuration, facility layout and hardware specifications to material selection, fabrication techniques and part tolerancing has been examined to assure the minimum cost per joule of laser energy delivered on target. In this paper, the design of the major subsystems will be discussed from the perspective of this optimization emphasis. Focus will be placed on the special equipment hardware which includes laser, beam transport, opto-mechanical , system control and target area systems. Some of the unique features in each of these areas will be discussed to highlight how significant cost savings have been achieved while maintaining reasonable and acceptable performance risk. Key to the success has also been a vigorous development program that commenced nearly 4 years ago and has been highly responsive to the specific needs of the NIF project. Supporting analyses and prototyping work that evolved from these parallel activities will also be discussed.
Contingent Magnitude of Reward in a Human Operant IRT>15-S-LH Schedule

In an IRT >15-s schedule, either the number of points was fixed or a lesser number was awarded the later a response occu rred during the 5-s LH. As an additional means for enhancing feedback about performance, a response that exceeded the LH yielded minimal reward (vs. no reinforcer and clock reset), thus allowing differentiation between excessively long IRTs and anticipatory responses. It was expected that the “graded” scale of reward magnitude, coupled with delivery of one point for exceeding the LH, would increase precision of performance. Providing a point for overestimations did increase the percentage of IRTs falling within the LH, and graded magnitude of reward did enhance the proportion of IRTs taking place earlier within the LH. It was suggested that contingent incentive value, as incorporated in the present laboratory paradigms, effectively influenced performance and, in general, represents the nature of contingencies that prevail in the “real world.”
Hand Surgeons and Orthopedic Trauma Surgeons Call Coverage of Acute Upper Extremity Injuries: Where Should the Line Be Drawn?

BACKGROUND There is a lack of consensus as to which subspecialty service should cover acute upper extremity injuries in the emergency department (ED). The purpose of the present study is to understand how upper extremity injuries are currently triaged to specialists and to assess the current opinion among hand and orthopedic trauma specialists as to how these injuries should be best triaged based on injury location and severity. METHODS The American Association for Hand Surgery (AAHS) membership and Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) membership were surveyed using a 28-item online questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 103 responses from the AAHS and 114 responses from the OTA were received. Nearly 50% of the respondents report no formal anatomic line as to how upper extremity injuries are triaged to specialists from the ED. Approximately 57% of the AAHS respondents feel that hand call should begin at the distal radius or proximal, while 71% of the OTA respondents feel that hand call should begin at the radiocarpal joint or distal. There was increasing agreement that more complex injuries be assigned to the hand surgeon. CONCLUSIONS There is agreement that proximal to the elbow, the trauma consultant should be called, and distal to the distal radius, the hand consultant should be called. However, there is a lack of agreement as to who should be responsible for call between the elbow and the hand. To optimize patient care, better allocate consultant resources, and minimize conflict between consultants, establishing anatomic guidelines for consultation should be considered.