cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence That HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Employs the DNA 3′ End-directed Primary/Secondary RNase H Cleavage Mechanism during Synthesis and Strand Transfer

Abstract We previously analyzed strand transfers catalyzed by human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 reverse transcriptase (RT) in a hairpin-containing RNA template system. In this system, RT produces a series of adjacent RNase H cuts before the hairpin base on the first, or donor template that clears a region of the donor, facilitating invasion by the second, or acceptor RNA. Here we analyze characteristics of the prominent cuts before the hairpin base and their role in strand transfers. Analysis of the template cleavage pattern during synthesis suggested that the RT performs DNA 3′ end-directed primary and secondary cuts while paused at the hairpin base and that these cuts contribute to creation of the invasion site. RT catalyzed similar cleavages on a substrate representing a paused cDNA-template intermediate. DNA 3′ end-directed secondary cuts, which require positioning of the polymerase active site downstream of the primer terminus, had previously not been specifically identified during synthesis. Our findings indicate that during synthesis DNA 3′ end-directed primary and secondary cuts occur at pause sites. RT mutants with substitutions at the His539 residue in the RNase H active site were defective in secondary cleavages. Analysis of the template cleavage pattern generated by the His539 mutants during synthesis revealed inefficient cleavage at the invasion site, correlating with defects in strand transfer. Overall, results indicate RT can catalyze pause-associated DNA 3′ end-directed primary and secondary cuts during synthesis and these cuts can contribute to strand transfer by creation of an invasion site.
Hemoglobin A1c and the Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification Among Adults Without Diabetes

OBJECTIVE Higher levels of hemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c ) are associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk among individuals without diabetes and may also be positively associated with coronary artery calcification (CAC). This study investigated the association of HbA 1c with CAC progression in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We included 2,076 participants with HbA 1c and noncontrast computed tomography (CT) assessed at baseline (2005–2006), and CT repeated 5 years later (2010–2011). CAC progression was defined as 1 ) incident CAC (increase >0 Agatston units among those with no CAC at baseline), 2 ) any CAC progression (increase >10 Agatston units between examinations), and 3 ) advanced CAC progression (increase >100 Agatston units between examinations). RESULTS During the 5-year follow-up period, 12.9% of participants without baseline CAC developed incident CAC; among all participants, 18.2% had any CAC progression and 5.4% had advanced CAC progression. Higher HbA 1c was associated with incident CAC (risk ratio [RR] = 1.45; 95% CI 1.02, 2.06), any CAC progression (RR = 1.51; 95% CI 1.16, 1.96), and advanced CAC progression (RR = 2.42; 95% CI 1.47, 3.99) after adjustment for sociodemographic factors. Additional adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors attenuated the associations of HbA 1c with incident CAC (RR = 1.05; 95% CI 0.74, 1.49) and any CAC progression (RR = 1.13; 95% CI 0.87, 1.47). In contrast, the association of HbA 1c with advanced CAC progression persisted in multivariable adjusted models (RR = 1.78; 95% CI 1.08, 2.95). CONCLUSIONS Higher HbA 1c was independently associated with advanced CAC progression among individuals without diabetes, while the associations with incident CAC and any CAC progression were accounted for by other established cardiovascular risk factors.
Teacher Teams and Distributed Leadership: A Study of Group Discourse and Collaboration

Purpose:This article explores distributed leadership as it relates to two teacher teams in one public secondary school. Both situational and social aspects of distributed leadership are foci of investigation.Methods:The qualitative study used constant comparative analysis and discourse analysis to explore leadership as a distributed phenomenon. Data from field notes and video recordings of two teacher teams during one semester were used.Findings:Three constructs emerged that informed our understanding of collaborative interaction within each professional learning team: purpose, autonomy, and patterns of discourse. Purpose and autonomy, manifest as organizational conditions, largely shape patterns of discourse that characterize the interaction of the team members. We argue that the nature of purpose and autonomy within a teacher team can influence the social distribution of leadership.Conclusions:The nature of teams in shared governance structures—the fact that teams can organize to either find or solve pr...
Comparison of NNA Agar Culture and Selective Broth Culture for Detection of Group B Streptococcal Colonization in Women

In 1996, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended the use of a selective broth culture for the improved detection of genital tract or anorectal carriage of group B streptococci (GBS) in pregnant women. In order to verify this recommendation in our laboratory, we compared the sensitivity of Todd-Hewitt medium with gentamicin and nalidixic acid (SBM) with our current method of direct plating on blood agar medium containing neomycin and nalidixic acid (NNA). Five hundred consecutive cervicovaginal and anorectal specimens submitted for GBS culture were included in the study. Swabs were plated onto NNA and the swabs were immersed in SBM, followed by overnight incubation at 35°C. On the following day, the NNA plates were examined for colonies typical of GBS and the organisms were identified by the CAMP test or by latex agglutination. SBM cultures were subcultured onto blood agar and CNA agar plates, and the plates were reincubated for 24 h. Negative specimens from either medium were incubated for an additional 24 h and were examined again before finalization of the results. GBS were recovered from 78 specimens by both methods; from SBM only for 17 specimens (sensitivity, 86%) and from NNA only for 16 specimens (sensitivity, 85%). A moderate to heavy growth of Enterococcus faecalis was observed on plates containing NNA-positive, SBM-negative specimens. Competitive growth studies suggested that E. faecalis suppressed the growth potential of GBS in SBM. Our study suggests that direct plating on NNA, as a single method, is equivalent in sensitivity to SBM for the recovery of GBS, and the results are often available 24 h sooner. However, it appears that both direct plating and selective broth amplification techniques are required for the maximum level of identification of colonization with GBS in pregnant women.
Cyclotron ion source testing facility

A facility has been set up for development and testing of cyclotron ion sources with special emphasis on capability for rapid phase-space density measurements. (As has been shown1 the ultimate resolution which can be achieved in nuclear reaction experiments is determined by this density.) Ions from the test source are accelerated into a 60 kV D. C. "dee" and magnetically deflected thru 180°. A system of remotely adjustable slits are mounted inside the dee including: (a) an adjustable slit directly behind the puller to define the radial width and position of the beam, (b) a pair of adjustable slits located 90° from the puller, one defining the radial position, the other the vertical position of the beam and (c) an adjustable current collecting probe located at 180°. In order to permit testing of sources for heavy ions, a considerably larger magnetic field has been provided than is required for conventional sources (protons, deuterons, alphas). Ions with e/m ranging down to 1/30 can be deflected 180° with the dee potential at the full 60 kV; ions with lower e/m can be tested at reduced voltage. Polarities of both magnetic field and dee potential are reversible to allow convenient study of negative ion emission when desired.
CREATING A LAB IN THE FIELD: ECONOMICS EXPERIMENTS FOR POLICYMAKING

In this paper, I focus on the role that artefactual and certain framed field experiments (what I term “lab-like field experiments” or LFEs) play in informing policymaking. Using examples, primarily from rural contexts in developing countries, I identify four main purposes of LFEs: (1) to test theories or heuristic principles; (2) to identify and estimate parameters associated with characteristics; (3) to explore the structural nature of parameters derived from empirical methods including other types of experiments; and (4) to assess methodological difficulties associated with LFEs and how these can impact parameter estimates. I address the importance of generalizability for LFEs that are intended to inform policymaking and in the process, emphasize the complementary role between LFEs and other empirical methods, in particular other experiments. Finally, I discuss nine basic principles for conducting LFEs and suggest four directions for future research.
Performance of UWB TH-PPM multiple access schemes in dense multipath fading environment

This paper presents the performance analysis of multiple access (MA) time hopping-pulse position modulated (TH-PPM) ultra wideband (UWB) radio systems in a fading multipath environment. In particular, we provide expressions of the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINK) and bit error rate (BER) as a function of the number of users, the number of multipath components, transmitted signal power and fading parameter.
Comparison of Systemic and Coronary Hemodynamics in the Normal Human Male and Female

Coronary and systemic hemodynamics were compared in 15 normal men and 15 normal women. Systemic hemodynamics were very similar. The women had 26.5 per cent greater coronary flow and 19.6 per cent more oxygen consumption/100 Gm. of left ventricular myocardium. Their calculated coronary vascular resistance was 35 per cent less. Significant negative correlations between coronary flow and calculated heart weight, and between cardiac oxygen consumption and calculated heart weight, as well as between coronary flow and hematocrit probably explain the differences in part. Whether hormonal or anatomic differences are also significant is not known.
Oxidant Stress as a Marker for Cardiovascular Events Ox Marks the Spot

During the past decade, numerous experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that many common conditions predisposing to atherosclerosis, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking, are associated with a reduced vascular availability of nitric oxide (NO•). Nitric oxide not only produces vasodilation but also has potent antiatherogenic properties. These properties include inhibition of platelet aggregation, prevention of smooth muscle cell proliferation, reduction of lipid peroxidation, and inhibition of adhesion molecule expression. Thus, the loss of NO• observed in these various conditions not only alters vascular tone but also may explain in part why these conditions are risk factors for atherosclerosis. See p 2673 Given this apparent link between loss of nitric oxide and atherosclerosis, several groups have been interested in the concept that endothelium-dependent vasodilation, a surrogate for NO• bioavailability, may predict cardiovascular events. Indeed, Suwaidi et al1 followed 157 patients with mildly diseased coronary arteries for an average of 28 months and observed cardiac events only in the patients with the lowest tertile of coronary vasodilation to acetylcholine. Similarly, in a study of 147 patients, Schachinger et al2 used 3 different stimuli for endothelial release of NO: acetylcholine, cold pressor testing, and increased blood flow. The authors showed that responses to each of these stimuli were independent predictors of cardiovascular events during a follow-up period of ≈8 years. Perticone et al3 also demonstrated that endothelial dysfunction in the forearm circulation predicts cardiovascular events in hypertensive subjects. There have been several explanations for why the various risk factors impair endothelial function. One that has received substantial attention is increased production of reactive oxygen species within the vessel.4 In particular, superoxide (O2•-) reacts rapidly with NO•, resulting in the formation of the peroxynitrite anion and loss of NO• …
Extensions and improvements to the chordal graph approach to the multi-state perfect phylogeny problem

The multi-state perfect phylogeny problem is a classic problem in computational biology. When no perfect phylogeny exists, it is of interest to find a set of characters to remove in order to obtain a perfect phylogeny in the remaining data. This is known as the character removal problem. We show how to use chordal graphs and triangulations to solve the character removal problem for an arbitrary number of states, which was previously unsolved. We outline a preprocessing technique that speeds up the computation of the minimal separators of a graph. Minimal separators are used in our solution to the missing data character removal problem and to the solution of the perfect phylogeny problem with missing data discussed in [10].
Spatial Information to Make a Difference: Value Added Decision-Making in the Health Sector with Geographical Information Systems

This chapter addresses the problem of diffusing geographic information system (GIS) technology to policy-makers, planners and managers. Although GIS holds enormous potential for improving the public’s health, its use still is limited. This is in part due to the sociopsychological differences between information producers (technicians) and the consumers of GIS products (public health policy-makers and managers). The design and implementation of GIS applications must be guided by the principle of user orientation. The elaboration of information products, the major outputs of these systems, must be carefully tailored to provide decision support to intended clients. Mechanisms also must be elaborated that assure close interaction between decision-makers and GIS technicians. Included among these are staffing of projects, information audits and client-technician forums. These approaches are elaborated and illustrated based on the authors’ experience with such projects.
An Introduction to Elliptic Surfaces

The goal of this chapter is to survey the classification of elliptic surfaces. We begin with a preliminary section on general fibrations. Next we give Kodaira’s classification of singular fibers of elliptic fibrations, and describe the canonical bundle and other basic invariants of an elliptic surface. We give a complete discussion of elliptic surfaces with a section and discuss, without proofs, the mechanism for obtaining all elliptic surfaces starting with those which have a section. Finally, we describe some of the basic topological invariants of an elliptic surface.
Forensic Evaluation of Child Abuse

This chapter is an overview of the evaluation of child abuse and neglect for use in forensic settings. The topic of child abuse and neglect is relevant to numerous legal proceedings. They include criminal prosecution of perpetrators, contested child custody and visitation determinations, and civil liability. Two different components of evaluation are discussed: the determination of whether or not abuse or neglect has occurred, and the determination of the causality, or identification of a specific perpetrator. Various definitions of child abuse and neglect are discussed and contrasted as they differ from state to state in the USA. Federal efforts at definition are also discussed. Standards and guidelines for forensic evaluation of child abuse and neglect are also reviewed. Other responsibilities of examiners such as mandates for reporting child abuse to authorities and the need to protect the child from harmful aftereffects of the examination are also discussed. Specific procedures for the evaluation of suspected child abuse and neglect are reviewed and critiqued. These include methods of interviewing and observation as well as use of corroborating information. Relevant research is described and cited. Case studies are used to illustrate different applications of evaluation techniques that insure the validity and reliability of findings and safeguard the admissibility of findings. Topics related to courtroom testimony of forensic evaluators of child abuse and neglect are also discussed. These include admissibility of expert testimony as defined by Rule of Evidence 702 based on Frye and Daubert standards, which also vary from state to state.
The Function of Interlocking Canines in Rain Forest Peccaries (Tayassuidae)

Interlocking canines of rain forest peccaries ( Tayassu tajacu and T. pecari ) may function to resist forces tending to dislocate the lower jaw when these animals bite hard nuts and seeds. This hypothesis suggests a scenario for the evolutionary divergence between peccaries and pigs that focuses on differences in feeding ecology. Other features of the cranial anatomy of peccaries also appear to reflect use of highly resistant foods.
Sugar Feeding of the Adult Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Laboratory

Feeding behavior of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie). was studied by administering known quantities of sugar solutions (0. 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50%) to restrained, unmated moths. Feeding rates decreased over time, within a feeding bout (for concentrations ≤12.5%) and from day to day. The rate of volume intake reached a maximum at 12.5%. although the rate of sucrose intake peaked at 50%. The kind of sugar (sucrose. fructose, or glucose) did not significantly affect feeding rate. At concentrations of 12.5 to 50%. Moths ingested more solution on the first day after emergence than on subsequent days; distilled water was taken only in minute quantities on the first day. A curvilinear relationship existed between sucrose intake and both fecundity and longevity. Sugar type did not significantly affect fecundity or longevity.
EFFECTS OF THE GULF STREAM ON WIND WAVES IN SWADE

Preliminary results of a numerical study of wave-current interactions in SWADE for 20 Oct. 1990 to 31 Oct. 1990 are presented. The results are obtained with the wave model WAVEWATCH, which incorporates both wave-current interactions and a full description of the dynamics wave growth and decay. It is shown that wave-current interactions are expected to be sufficiently strong to be observed in mean wave parameters, but that significant effects of interactions occur close to the Gulf Stream only. Furthermore, wave growth and decay are strongly influenced by the currents. Thus, modelling of wave-current interactions on the scales considered requires a comprehensive assessment of both (conservative) wave-current interactions and of the dynamics of wave growth and decay.
Metabolomics in Drug-induced Toxicity and Drug Metabolism

New drugs might be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) if the chemicals can demonstrate therapeutic efficacy and lack of serious adverse effects by a series of rigorous preclinical tests and clinical trials. Toxicology assessments are routinely used in preclinical animal studies to evaluate the harmful effects of a potential new drug candidate and its major drug metabolites. Despite the rigorous testing of new drug candidates in the screening and preclinical developmental phases, there are still some drugs that have toxic side effects that arise in the clinical testing phase and/or post-market. The failure of a drug candidate due to safety concerns at the end stages of testing or pulling it off the market after approval, is a public safety concern and results in an enormous loss to the pharmaceutical company in terms of both time spent (average 8-10 years from the drug development to ultimate approval by US FDA) in development and overall costs (estimated cost of developing a new drug candidate was over 1 billion dollars in 2006) [1]. The current set of clinical chemistry biomarkers used to diagnose liver injuries include serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and bilirubin levels while blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine are used to monitor kidney injury. The kidney injury markers BUN and creatinine only increase after significant organ damage has occurred. ALT is usually considered as a liver damage biomarker but can also increase due to muscle injury. Therefore, significant energy and monetary efforts have been invested by the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies to discover novel, more specific and/or sensitive biomarkers. Currently, the highthroughput omics technologies, which comprise transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, are promising platforms in terms of finding new translational biomarkers of drug-induced toxicity.
Biochemical Disorders in Nonhuman Primates with Hyperbilirubinemias

Close similarities exist in the hyperbilirubinemic responses in inherited and acquired hepatic disorders between human and nonhuman primates (1); only little differences exist in the chemical structure of fetal and adult bile pigments and hepatic bilirubin conjugating enzymes (2). Analogies between different primate species suggest that nonhuman primates are in most cases the animal models of choice in which to study human hepatic disease mechanisms involving jaundice.
Analysis on total mercury content in blood among 170 healthy adults in Xiaogan City

[Objective]To analyze the total mercury content in the blood of 170 healthy adults in Xiaogan City,know the real level of total mercury content in the blood,and provide comprehensive and scientific reference basis for accurately determining the mercury exposure level.[Methods]The whole blood samples of healthy adults were collected and detected,and total mercury content in the blood was determined by microwave digestion-atomic fluorescence spectroscopy.[Results]The geometrical mean of total mercury content in the blood of healthy adults was 4. 18 μg /L,M = 3. 87 μg /L,P5= 0. 2 μg /L,P25= 1. 93 μg /L,P75= 6. 89 μg /L,P95= 15. 98 μg /L. The maximal and minimum value of total mercury content in the blood of healthy adults was 16. 0 μg /L and 0. 2μg/L respectively.[Conclusion]The mean value of total mercury content in the blood of healthy adults is low in Xiaogan City,and the exposure level is safe.
ECG Analysis of High Temperature Exposed Workers in Guang-Mei-Shan Railway

[Objective]To understand the effect of long-term exposure to high temperature on workers' ECG.[Methods] 613 high temperature exposed workers of Guang-Mei-Shan Railway Corporation were selected as high-temperature group;330 workers including indoor workers,trainmen and administrative managers were selected as control group.The ECG results were compared and analyzed by χ2 test.[Results] The rate of abnormal ECG in high temperature group was higher than that of control group(χ2=12.00,P0.01).Main changes of ECG were arrhythmia,Left ventricular high-voltage,Ventricular hypertrophy,bundle branch block and fascicular block,and ST-T abnormal,etc.[Conclusion]Long-term exposure to high temperature has adverse effect on cardiovascular system.In order to protect the health of workers exposed to high temperatures.Regularly examination by ECG contributes to the early detection of high temperature on the cardiovascular system damage and protects the health of high-temperature exposed workers
A stochastic approach to optimum placement of photovoltaic generation in distribution feeder

Distribution systems are being challenged by voltage fluctuation due to the increasing penetration of distributed photovoltaic generation. In this paper, a stochastic approach based on kernel density estimation is proposed to identify the optimal location for the PV plant installation in distribution systems so that the voltage deviation and network losses are minimized. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, the model of a real distribution feeder has been used. The feeder is located in Walterboro, SC, USA, which is composed of 38-bus and includes a photovoltaic plant. The simulation model has been validated against field measurement so that the simulation results of the proposed stochastic method are reliable and realistic.
Effect of induced liver cirrhosis on the reproductive system of the male rat.

SummaryPathologic changes in the liver and kidneys of male rats fed carbon tetra-chloride is described. Striking atrophy of the secondary sex organs but no significant changes in weight of testes follows variable periods of carbon tetrachloride feediug. Withdrawal of the poisonous agent results in healing of the liver and partial weight recovery of the sex accessories.
Preparation and photocatalytic activity of nonmetal Co-doped titanium dioxide photocatalyst

A series of boron and sulfur co-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts were prepared by a sol-gel method using boric acid, thiourea and tetrabutyl titanate [Ti(OC4H9)4] as precursors. The photoabsorbance of as-prepared photocatalysts was measured by UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and its microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and N2 adsorption-desorption measurements. The prepared photocatalysts consisted of the anatase phase mainly in the form of spherical particles. The photocatalytic performance was studied by photodegradation of methyl blue (MB) in water under UV and visible light irradiation. The calcination temperature and the codoping content influenced the photoactivity. The synergistic effect of boron and sulfur co-doping played an important role in improving the photocatalytic activity. In addition, the possibility of cyclic usage of codoped TiO2 was also confirmed, the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 remained above 91% of that of the fresh sample after being used four times. It was shown that the co-doped TiO2 could be activated by visible light and could thus be potentially applied for the treatment of water contaminated by organic pollutants.
localization Studies in Patients with Hyperparathyroidism

Parathyroid localization studies have been advocated for routine use prior to surgery to improve outcome, to save time, and to reduce cost. Because of the high success rate for surgery alone,these studies are indicated for reoperative cases only. A new algorithm that combines sestamibi imaging and ultrasonography is proposed.
Patient Ownership and the Millennial Learner.

Quality of care has decreased as physician trainees have reduced ownership of treatment decisions. Dubov and colleagues (2016) clearly reinforce the link between patient outcome and decision owners...
On the Modal Logic of Subset and Superset: Tense Logic over Medvedev Frames

Viewing the language of modal logic as a language for describing directed graphs, a natural type of directed graph to study modally is one where the nodes are sets and the edge relation is the subset or superset relation. A well-known example from the literature on intuitionistic logic is the class of Medvedev frames$${\langle W, R\rangle}$$?W,R? where W is the set of nonempty subsets of some nonempty finite set S, and xRy iff $${x\supseteq y}$$x?y, or more liberally, where $${\langle W, R\rangle}$$?W,R? is isomorphic as a directed graph to $${\langle \wp(S)\setminus\{\emptyset\},\supseteq\rangle}$$??(S)\{?},??. Prucnal (Stud Logica 38(3):247---262, 1979) proved that the modal logic of Medvedev frames is not finitely axiomatizable. Here we continue the study of Medvedev frames with extended modal languages. Our results concern definability. We show that the class of Medvedev frames is definable by a formula in the language of tense logic, i.e., with a converse modality for quantifying over supersets in Medvedev frames, extended with any one of the following standard devices: nominals (for naming nodes), a difference modality (for quantifying over those y such that $${x\not= y}$$x?y), or a complement modality (for quantifying over those y such that $${x\not\supseteq y}$$x?y). It follows that either the logic of Medvedev frames in one of these tense languages is finitely axiomatizable--which would answer the open question of whether Medvedev's (Sov Math Dokl 7:857---860, 1966) "logic of finite problems" is decidable--or else the minimal logics in these languages extended with our defining formulas are the beginnings of infinite sequences of frame-incomplete logics.
Basics of Toxicity Testing

This chapter continues some of the discussion from the introductory chapter. Additional descriptions of the types of testing most commonly used in ecotoxicology are given, along with a discussion of statistical procedure.
Trace Fossils as the Physical Evidence of Evolution of Insect Behavior

This chapter reconstructs the development of ideas and methodology, from the first insect behaviors described to the incorporation of trace fossils in the study of evolution of behavior. The knowledge on the behavior of extinct species of a given group should necessarily contribute to our understanding of its behavioral evolution. Trace fossils are the physical evidence of such behavioral evolution, the only direct record of past behaviors. Despite this had to wait until recent years to gain some acceptance and to be applied. The concept of evolution of behavior and behavioural homologies went through a long history of controversies, which are briefly reviewed in this chapter. Before the last part of the 80s any mention to evolution of behavior in insects implied series of steps from simple to complex behaviors independent from phylogeny. During the late 80s and early 90s cladistics started its methodological integration with studies on evolution of behavior stressing the necessity to base such studies on known phylogenies. By the same time it was discussed the incorporation of fossils to phylogenies, at once by considering only their morphological information, and later, their stratigraphic information through the dating of nodes or the calibration of molecular clocks. In parallel, the ichnological approach of evolution of behavior was to recognize series of trace fossils that reflected increasing morphological complexity over millions of years. This procedure does not consider possible producers and their phylogenies. More recently were proposed some criteria to recognize monophyletic ichnotaxa. The incorporation of trace fossils in phylogenies was only possible after the integration of cladistics with paleontology. In accordance, one of the uses of trace fossils in evolution of behavior may be to attribute ages to nodes in a cladogram, establishing in turn, minimal ages for the appearance of certain behaviors, or to calibrate molecular clocks. Curved bee cells, dung beetle pupation chambers, and sweat bee nests are used as examples of these last approaches.
Cross-cultural Adaptation of International College Students in the United States

The number of international students attending U.S. colleges and universities has increased considerably over the past decade, and the adaptation of these students is an important concern in cross-cultural research. Using survey data collected from a sample of 169 international students attending a U.S. university, this study examines the temporal patterns of students’ psychological and socio-cultural adaptation. Theresults suggest a two-phase U-curved process of psychological adaptation, with the most obvious culture shock occurring during a student’s first nine to 24 months of residence. Socio-cultural adaptation is found to increase steadily over time, without significant retreat. Interpretations, implications, and limitations of the findings are provided.
The Influence of Gender on the Medical Student Evaluation of High-Risk Behaviors in an Adolescent Patient

Physicians are key in identifying and addressing adolescent high-risk behaviors. We evaluated the influence of patient and student gender on medical students’ assessment of adolescent behaviors. Performance on an adolescent Objective Structured Clinical Exam (OSCE) was compared between male and female students and the four student-patient gender pairs. From 2009 to 2013, 396 students completed the OSCE. Overall scores were significantly higher for females. All students scored poorly on the question addressing sexual behavior, but female students scored significantly higher than males. Students are weak in screening adolescent sexual behaviors and gender impacts screening practices. Further research evaluating this impact is needed.
Dinuclear zinc(II) pyrazolates with different degrees of ring-fluorination and their use in zinc(II) mediated olefin aziridination

Zinc complexes [{(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)ZnEt}2(μ-THF)] (1), [{(3-(CF3),5-(t-Bu)Pz)ZnEt}2(μ-THF)] (2), and [{(3,5-(i-Pr)2Pz)ZnEt}2(μ-THF)] (3) adopt dinuclear structures with zinc sites bridged by a THF molecule and two pyrazolate ligands. The zinc complex 1 that features the weakest donating pyrazolate is the best catalyst among the three for the aziridination of styrene and cis-cyclooctene with PhINTs.
Interleaved logic-in-memory architecture for energy-efficient fine-grained data processing

For a growing pool of data-intensive applications, data transfer, rather than processing speed, has emerged as the major bottleneck to performance and energy scalability. In this paper, we propose a novel interleaved logic-in-memory architecture, referred to as MISK, which leverages fine-grained integration of logic functions within dense, 2-D static random-access memory (SRAM) arrays for in-situ information processing. We have custom designed a complete MISK fabric using Cadence physical design toolsets, and simulated a set of nine application kernels to evaluate the effectiveness and scalability of the approach. Results are compared to an unmodified OpenRISC CPU, demonstrating an average 1.9× latency reduction and 1.6x increase in energy efficiency, while contributing only 9% additional area overhead compared to a MISK-free CPU.
Dominated options in consumer tradeoff modeling: Is their occurrence recognized?

Recent Monte Carlo simulations indicate that the ability of compensatory models to mimic certain non-compensatory choice rules is severely limited, particularly in Pareto optimal choice settings. This paper reports the results of an empirical analysis of choice data which suggest that consumers may not recognize dominated options in choice settings involving large numbers of attributes, even if the offered set is relatively small.
Principles of Practice

For decades, menopausal-range women have been treated as a homogenous subgroup, with HT seen as a one-size-fits-all prescription. Hormone therapy can no longer be expected to be the automatic prescription and “cure” for female aging that clinicians only a few years ago desired it to be. Today, HT and menopause management demand a focus on managing individual symptoms, paying close attention to what the patient reports, understanding the science, and helping patients demystify the many confusing popular reports they may have heard about menopause and about hormone therapies. The menopausal-range years offer a window of therapeutic opportunity, in which clinicians can help women move from their years of reproductive potential, to the postmenopausal period, with concern for symptomatic relief and general good health.
Mitteleuropa in Eclipse

At the very time that the mid-European enthusiasm was losing its buoyant optimism and sense of direction in the German world, Mitteleuropa loomed ominously for the West and remained a center of Entente attention to the end of the war. Professor Masaryk’s memoranda advocating an independent Bohemia as the best guarantee against realization of the so-called Berlin-Bagdad dream had filtered through to the highest British policymaking levels, and to President Wilson even while America was still neutral.’ In London the New Europe was beginning its counter-offensive, soon to be seconded by the Monde Slave from Paris. The Daily Review of the Foreign Press,at the British War Office, had established Mitteleuropa as a major intelligence objective and presented a mass of assorted information under that heading.2 Similarly the American Committee on Public Information devoted its efforts of 1917–18 to documenting the conviction that Mitteleuropa was the Imperial German war aim. Colonel House praised Andre Cheradame for writing so ably upon international affairs, and Lloyd George informed Wilson of the tremendous resources organized by the Germans ‘as part of the defense of their new Empire of Mittel-Europa.’ 3
Proto-Indo–European Morphology

Proto-Indo–European (PIE), like its earliest daughters (Hittite, Vedic Sanskrit, Avestan, Greek, Latin, etc.) was a highly inflected language. It is important to emphasize this fact in view of the many ways in which our view of PIE morphology has changed since the 1960s. For much of the 20th century, the burning questions in IE linguistics lay in the area of phonology, as scholars struggled to determine the number and character of the laryngeal consonants assignable to the protolanguage. It was only later, with the emergence of a consensus on laryngeals and the development of new methods of linguistic and philological analysis, that the 20th-century revolution in IE phonology began to spill over into morphology. Here the result was an even more radical rethinking of the traditional picture. The new look of PIE morphology differs profoundly from the classical account by Brugmann (b. 1897) and newer works in the Brugmannian tradition. But attempts to portray PIE as a ‘simpler’ (i.e., less morphophonemically complex) language than its daughters have proved misguided.
End-of-treatment and serial PET imaging has prognostic value and clinical utility in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma following dose-adjusted EPOCH-R - Response to Adams et al.

We recently published additional and extended followup results from our prospective phase 2 study and independent series of DA-EPOCH-R in the front-line treatment of primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL).[1][1] In this study, analyses of singular and serial end-of-treatment (EOT) FDG-PET
Modeling Student Teachers’ Information-Seeking Behaviors While Learning With Network-Based Tutors:

Information seeking and acquisition is fundamental to learning from hypermedia, but student teachers often fail to regulate their own learning. A total of 68 students learned with either a static o...
Risk Factors for Postoperative Venous Thromboembolic Events in Patients Undergoing Lumbar Spine Surgery

Study Design:Retrospective, database study.Objectives:The aim of this study was to investigate incidence and risk factors associated with venous thromboembolic events (VTEs) after lumbar spine surg...
A Longitudinal Examination of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Risky Sexual Behavior: Evaluating Emotion Dysregulation Dimensions as Mediators

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been linked to a wide array of risky and health-compromising behaviors, including risky sexual behavior (RSB). Cross-sectional studies reveal positive associations between emotion dysregulation and both PTSD and RSB. This study extended that work by exploring whether intermediate levels of emotion dysregulation across multiple dimensions account for the relation between baseline PTSD symptoms and RSB (i.e., number of vaginal sex partners, number of instances of condomless sex, and number of instances of risky/impulsive sex) 16 months later. Participants were 447 trauma-exposed young adult women from the community (60.0% White; M age = 21.80 years) who completed five assessments (separated by 4-month increments) over a 16-month period. Baseline PTSD symptoms were significantly positively associated with all emotion dysregulation dimensions at 8 months and the number of instances of risky/impulsive sex at 16 months. Further, results revealed significant indirect effects of baseline PTSD symptoms on (1) 16-month vaginal sex partners through both the nonacceptance of negative emotions and difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors when distressed at 8-month and (2) 16-month risky/impulsive sex through difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors when distressed at 8 months. Results provide support for the mediating roles of nonacceptance of negative emotions and difficulties controlling behaviors when distressed in the relation between PTSD symptoms and later RSB.
The thiocyanogen values of the methyl esters of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids

Thiocyanogen values were determined on the methyl esters of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids and on six different mixtures of these esters, using 0.1 and 0.2 normal thiocyanogen solutions. The values determined with 0.1 N solutions showed less variation than those determined with 0.2 N.
Growth and Landscape Performance of Three Landscape Plants Produced in Conventional and Pot-In-Pot Production Systems

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the growth of Ilex × attenuata Ashe ‘Savannah’, Lagerstroemia indica × fauriei ‘Natchez’, and Magnolia × Soulangiana Soul.-Bod. grown in a conventional ab...
The Influence of CEO Political Outspokenness on Stock Market Reaction and Firm Performance

CEOs’ public communications have been shown to influence firm performance by shaping stakeholders’ valuations of the firm. Recently, there has been a growing trend of CEOs publicly “weighing in” on...
Carboplatin versus cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy in elderly patients with stages IB, II, and IIIA non-small cell lung cancer in the community setting.

7533 Background: It remains controversial whether completely resected elderly NSCLC patients should receive adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) and with what treatment regimen. We previously reported from ...
When mom is wrong: Preschoolers place increasing limits on parental authority with age

Research suggests that young children possess a relatively complex understanding of adult authority that varies by social cognitive domain. However, little is known about how children react to adul...
The Essence of Myth

Myth has a convoluted etymological history in terms of its origins, meanings, and functions. Throughout this essay, I explore the signification, structure, and essence of myth in terms of its source, force, form, object, and teleology derived from archaic ontology. Here, I offer a theoretic typology of myth by engaging the work of contemporary scholar, Robert A. Segal, who places fine distinctions on criteria of explanation versus interpretation when theorizing about myth historically derived from methodologies employed in analytic philosophy and the philosophy of science. Through my analysis of an explanandum and an explanans, I argue that both interpretation and explanation are acts of explication that signify the ontological significance, truth, and psychic reality of myth in both individuals and social collectives. I conclude that, in essence, myth is a form of inner sense.
Breast Imaging: How to Talk to Patients

The primary purpose of this paper is to offer advice to breast imagers on how they can better communicate with their patients and to demonstrate the value of honing their communication skills. Recent findings show that breast imagers must now fill a clinical role, as well as an imaging one. Breast imagers are the only ones who can synthesize all the imaging, pathology, and clinical information and present it to their patients in a meaningful and clinically relevant way. By developing good communication skills, breast imagers can better serve their patients’ medical needs and win their trust as both concerned physicians and caring human beings.
Incident dementia and faster rates of cognitive decline are associated with worse multisensory function summary scores.

Introduction We created a summary score for multiple sensory (multisensory) impairment and evaluated its association with dementia. Methods We studied 1794 adults aged 70 to 79 who were dementia-free at enrollment and followed for up to 10 years in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. The multisensory function score (0 to 12 points) was based on sample quartiles of objectively measured vision, hearing, smell, and touch summed overall. Risk of incident dementia and cognitive decline (measured by two cognitive tests) associated with the score were assessed in regression models adjusting for demographics and health conditions. Results Dementia risk was 2.05 times higher (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50-2.81) comparing "poor" to "good" multisensory score tertiles and 1.45 times higher comparing the "middle" to "good" tertiles (95% CI 1.09-1.91). Each point worse in the multisensory function score was associated with faster rates of cognitive decline (P Conclusions Worsening multisensory function, even at mild levels, was associated with accelerated cognitive aging.
Reasoning Dynamically About the Area of a Rectangle: The Case of Lora and Isaac

This article reports on an exploratory study that engaged students in dynamic experiences of generating the area of a rectangle as a sweep of a line segment over a distance. A case study from a design experiment with one pair of third-grade students is presented to initiate a discussion around the forms of reasoning that students may exhibit as a result of their engagement with these dynamic motion tasks and the characteristics of the design that supported these particular forms of reasoning. The findings of this study show that engaging students in dynamic experiences of area may help them develop a conceptual understanding of the area of a rectangle as a continuous structure that can dynamically change based on the two linear measures that generate it: the length of the line segment swept and the distance of the sweep. These experiences can also help students from an early age develop a flexible understanding of a unit and reason covariationally about the continuous change of the quantities in measurement.
An electrode-level prelithiation of SiO anodes with organolithium compounds for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract Silicon monoxide (SiO) is considered an attractive alternative to conventional graphite anodes due to its high specific capacity and good cycling performance. However, it suffers from low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) due to a large irreversible capacity and large volume change during cycling. Both deficiencies hinder the commercial use of SiO anodes. A new organolithium compound (Li−9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluorene−tetrahydrofuran) with lower redox potential is reported to prelithiate a SiO-based anode. An SEI layer is formed during prelithiation and a controllable amount of reversible lithium is preloaded into the SiO electrode. The ICE of a prelithiated SiO-based electrode in half-cell format is increased greatly to ~90.7%. When matched with a LiNi0·6Co0·2Mn0·2O2 cathode, the full cell with the prelithiated SiO/G anode exhibits a much improved ICE in comparison with the pristine one (87.1% vs. 61.1%). This facile prelithiation method is proved to be a practical solution for the commercial application of SiO-based materials.