cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hybrid inventory control system approach applied to the food industry

The appropriate production and inventory control policy is a key factor for modern enterprises' success in competitive environment. In the food industry, most of food manufacturers adopt the make-to-order policy to improve their punctuality and flexibility, while some scholars provided other different opinions. This study provides a hybrid policy combining a make-to-order push strategy with priority with a make-to-stock pull strategy. In this policy, the pull strategy is considered for the regular demands while customers who tell their demand needs in advance are treated with a push strategy and are given a higher priority than those who don't share information. Through a set of simulation experiments by AutoMod model, this policy is proved to be of great efficiency, effectiveness and applicability.
Folate Nutrition and Prostate Cancer Incidence in a Large Cohort of US Men

Folate has important roles in DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation and is inversely associated with the risk of some cancers. The authors examined this association among 65,836 men in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. During 9 years of follow-up, 5,158 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer. Folate intakes were estimated from the questionnaire administered at enrollment in 1992-1993, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard rate ratios adjusted for potential confounders. Neither dietary nor total folate intake was associated with prostate cancer overall. However, higher folate levels were associated with a nonsignificant decreased risk of advanced prostate cancer (multivariate rate ratio=0.78, 95% confidence interval: 0.53, 1.15 for the highest vs. lowest quintiles of dietary folate and rate ratio=0.79, 95% confidence interval: 0.54, 1.17 for the highest vs. lowest quintile of total folate). The association was similar for quintiles 2-5, suggesting that only a small increase in folate intake was needed to alter the risk of advanced prostate cancer. Because the statistical power of the analysis with advanced prostate cancer was limited by the low number of cases, further study is needed to establish this association.
Properties of Some Calcium Aluminate Cement Compositions

The properties of some high-purity calcium aluminate cement compositions in that portion of the lime-alumina system from 64 to 86% alumina were investigated. The laboratory preparation of seven hydraulic compositions in this system is described. Methods of appraising the properties, both in the neat cement and in castable formulations, are given. Data on bond strength, setting properties, heat of hydration, refractoriness, and aging characteristics are presented. A cement composition represented by the empirical molar formula CaO 2. 5Al2O3 was found to be optimum for balanced bond strength and refractoriness in high-temperature castables.
Social Ecological Approaches to Individuals and Their Contexts: Twenty Years of Health Education & Behavior Health Promotion Interventions

Social ecological models that describe the interactive characteristics of individuals and environments that underlie health outcomes have long been recommended to guide public health practice. The extent to which such recommendations have been applied in health promotion interventions, however, is unclear. The authors developed a coding system to identify the ecological levels that health promotion programs target and then applied this system to 157 intervention articles from the past 20 years of Health Education & Behavior. Overall, articles were more likely to describe interventions focused on individual and interpersonal characteristics, rather than institutional, community, or policy factors. Interventions that focused on certain topics (nutrition and physical activity) or occurred in particular settings (schools) more successfully adopted a social ecological approach. Health education theory, research, and training may need to be enhanced to better foster successful efforts to modify social and political environments to improve health.
Postoperative PSA and PSA velocity identify presence of prostate cancer after various surgical interventions for benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Objectives To determine whether prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values can distinguish those with prostate cancer (CaP) from those with histologic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) only after surgical intervention. Prostatic adenoma inevitably remains after BPH surgery; therefore, patients remain at risk of developing CaP. Although the PSA level can be used for CaP screening in this population, it might be influenced by the efficacies of different BPH procedures. Methods We performed a review of patients who had undergone transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP; n = 343), holmium laser resection of the prostate (HoLRP; n = 54), or open prostatectomy (OP; n = 68). The PSA and PSA velocity values were collected at regular intervals both pre- and postoperatively for all patients. Only patients with histologic BPH and those with incidental CaP who underwent a watchful waiting strategy were included. Results The average preoperative PSA values were significantly different between the TURP, HoLRP, and OP groups. Only 1 patient had incidental CaP in the HoLRP group. No differences were present between the preoperative PSA values for patients with histologic BPH and those with incidental CaP undergoing a watchful waiting strategy (P > .05). However, the postoperative PSA values were increased in the patients with CaP (watchful waiting compared with the patient with BPH only (2.4 vs 1.7 ng/mL TURP and 4.1 vs 1.1 ng/mL OP). Similarly, patients with incidental CaP had a significantly elevated postoperative mean PSA velocity compared with patients without CaP (0.38 vs 0.06 ng/mL/y TURP and 0.47 vs −0.13 ng/mL/y OP; P Conclusions Postoperative PSA and PSA velocity measurements can be used to distinguish patients with CaP from those with histologic BPH only.
Theory of the shock process in dense fluids

A shock is assumed to be a steady plane wave, and irreversible thermodynamics is assumed valid. The fluid is characterized by heat conduction and by viscous or viscoelastic response, according to the strain rate. It is shown that setting the viscosity zero produces a solution which constitutes a lower bound through the shock process for the shear stress, and upper bounds for the temperature, entropy, pressure, and heat current. It is shown that there exists an upper bound to the dynamic stresses which can be achieved during shock compression, that this bound corresponds to a purely elastic response of the fluid, and that solution for the shock process along this bound constitutes lower bounds for the temperature and entropy. It is shown that a continuous steady shock is possible only if the heat current is positive and the temperature is an increasing function of compression almost everywhere. In his theory of shocks in gases, Rayleigh showed that there is a maximum shock strength for which a continuous steady solution can exist with heat conduction but without viscosity. Two more limits are shown to exist for dense fluids, based on the fluid response in the leading edge of the shock: for shocks at the overdriven threshold and above, no solution is possible without heat transport; for shocks near the viscous fluid limit and above, viscous fluid theory is not valid, and the fluid response in the leading edge of the shock is approximately that of a nonplastic solid. The viscous fluid limit is estimated to be 13 kbar for water and 690 kbar for mercury.
Lipid Peroxidation in Rat Brain Cortical Slices as Measured by the Thiobarbituric Acid Test

: Malonaldehyde formation by cortical brain slices from rat brain was determined as a function of incubation time and of oxygen pressure. This substance, a byproduct of lipid peroxidation, was detected by the thiobarbituric acid test. Significant amounts of malonaldehyde were formed by brain slices during incubation in the 0.2 (air) to 10 atm oxygen range, and a portion of it was released into the medium. The rate of malonaldehyde formation was the highest during the first 10 min. Elevation of oxygen pressure above 1 atm caused further increments in malonaldehyde production with kinetic properties similar to that seen at 1 atm pressure, but the increments per additional oxygen pressure were diminishing. The formation of a given amount of malonaldehyde can be expressed as a function of atm oxygen × min. This function has the shape of a saturation curve approaching a maximum at around 300 atm × min. The results indicate extensive lipid peroxidation in brain slices under standard incubation conditions.
Site of action of vasopressin in causing corticotropin release.

The corticotropin-releasing properties of lysine vasopressin and that of a porcine pituitary extract were compared by means of injections into hypothalamic sites or into the adenohypophysis of dexamethasone-pretreated rats of both sexes. In all cases the doses used for central injections were below the minimal dose capable of causing an increase in adrenal secretion of corticosterone after intravenous injection, so that corticotropin (ACTH-like) effects or contamination by ACTH could be excluded as a cause of increased adrenal secretion of corticosterone after the central injections. Vasopressin provoked extensive release of ACTH when it was placed in the median eminence of the hypothalamus, as did the pituitary extract. When the 2 substances were tested by intra-adenohypophysial injection, the vasopressin caused much less ACTH release and the extract caused more ACTH release than observed after intrahypothalamic injections. Morphine abolished the ACTH release after vasopressin injections at either site, ...
Assessing the current state of commercially available membranes and spacers for energy production with pressure retarded osmosis

Abstract Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) is an osmotically driven membrane process that utilizes the energy of mixing between streams of high and low chemical potential to generate electrical energy. High power density of a PRO membrane is essential to maximize process efficiency and minimize the capital and operating costs. Thus, robust PRO membranes that can support high pressure and have high water flux, low reverse salt flux, low structural parameter, and a good membrane support structure are needed. In this study, four commercial forward osmosis (FO) membranes for use in PRO were compared. The effect of operating pressures, membrane spacers (type, orientation, and arrangement), and flow velocities on process performance were investigated. A thin film composite polyamide membrane from Hydration Technology Innovations was found to be the most robust and selective membrane. Compared to other spacer configurations, the use of unique feed channel spacer orientations was found to increase PRO power density by up to 46%, yielding a power density of 22.6 W/m2 (3 M NaCl draw solution and 4.1 MPa hydraulic pressure). However, membrane deformation was observed when operating pressures exceeded 3.5 MPa. The use of unique spacers coupled with decreased draw solution cross-flow velocities was found to increase PRO process efficiency.
Further implications of a computational model of septohippocampal cholinergic modulation in eyeblink conditioning

Previously we have shown that Gluck and Myers’s (1993) corticohippocampal model could be extended to incorporate Hasselmo and Schnell’s (1994) hypothesis that septohippocampal cholinergic processes regulate the amount of information storage in hippocampus. The generalized model could account for the effect of the anticholinergic drug scopolamine in delaying onset of eyeblink conditioning (Myers et al., 1996). Here, we show that the model also accounts for additional eyeblink results, including quick recovery after scopolamine is removed, preserved latent inhibition, learned irrelevance and extinction under scopolamine, and no effect of systemic scopolamine after hippocampal lesion. Additionally, the model is consistent with data concerning localized scopolamine injections to the medial septum, the lateral septum, and the hippocampus and their effect on eyeblink conditioning.
Spontaneous systemic sporotrichosis in nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus)

Two captive, adult, male, nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) were diagnosed as having spontaneous systemic sporotrichosis. Cultures, histopathology, and immunofluorescence were used to diagnose the disease. Sporotrichosis has not been recorded previously in armadillos.
Effect of cellular medium composition on Cu(II)ATSM metabolism by the A549 cell line

1138 Objectives Numerous in vitro studies have tested uptake of CuATSM in cells as a function of hypoxia and reoxygenation. Many results were consistent with its potential as a hypoxia-imaging agent, but some were not and recent evidence shows similar biodistribution kinetics for CuAcetate and CuATSM. We were concerned that components of the cell culture medium, e.g. serum proteins and antibiotics such as pen/strep, might be biasing the results. To investigate these issues we treated the well-characterized A549 adenocarcinoma cell line with 64CuATSM in the presence and absence of fetal bovine serum (FBS). Methods 64CuATSM was synthesized by literature methods. A549 cells were grown to near confluence in DMEM/Ham’s f12 medium with 10% FBS and pen/strep. The cells were split into 4 plates at low confluence (to ensure log-phase growth for the uptake study) and 2 of these were rinsed with fresh medium without FBS. 64CuATSM was added to each plate to 1µCi/mL. Samples of medium were taken at intervals over 2 hours and split into 3 fractions: one was extracted with octanol, one fraction was spun on a 3KDa Nanosep centrifugal filtration unit, and one was retained as a standard. Results In both types of media, little ( 90% small molecules ( 3 KDa. Conclusions In spite of the lack of 64Cu uptake, A549 cells clearly modify CuATSM to metabolites that are bound by proteins in FBS. CuATSM also binds to FBS proteins, affecting its ability to be taken up and modified by cells. CuATSM can be modified by cells without the Cu being intracellular. Human studies have demonstrated that CuATSM imaging is a useful predictor of poor outcome but these results and others show that identifying it as a hypoxia-imaging agent is inappropriate. Research Support US DOE under award DE-SC0012445 and NIH CA042045
Metacognition and the next generation of cognitive radio engines

Much of the previous research on cognitive radio has focused on developing algorithms based on artificial neural networks, the genetic algorithm, and reinforcement learning, each with its pros and cons. In this research, we present a new approach based on metacognition. We believe that the metacognitive framework can be the foundation for the next generation of CRs and further the performance improvements in CR. In this work, we present the elements involved in metacognitive radio, discuss the challenges in their development, present solutions to the challenges along with a possible meta-CR architecture, and show results from our implementation. Each cognitive engine (CE) algorithm has strengths and limitations that make it more suitable for certain operating scenarios (channel conditions, operating objective, available hardware, etc.) than other algorithms. A meta-CE can adapt faster and improve performance by exploiting the characteristics and expected performance of the individual CE algorithms. It understands the operational scenarios and utilizes the most appropriate algorithm for the current operational scenario by switching between the algorithms or adjusting them as necessary.
Have Gun, Can't Travel: The Right to Arms under the Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV

David Bach is a former Navy SEAL, a commissioned officer in the Naval Reserve, an experienced firearms instructor, and an attorney. He is now employed by the Department of Defense, where he holds a Top Secret security clearance. This model citizen resides in the Commonwealth of Virginia, where he is licensed to carry a concealed weapon. Bach periodically takes his wife and three young children to upstate New York by car in order to visit his parents. This lengthy journey goes through several high-crime areas in New York, and he wants to carry a defensive firearm on his person, either openly or concealed, in case of a criminal assault during one of these trips. New York issues licenses to carry firearms to its own citizens who meet certain statutory criteria, and to nonresidents who have their principal place of employment or business in the state, but not to visitors like Bach. If he carried his personal weapon with him, he would be committing a felony. The Second Circuit rejected Bach's claim that New York law violates the Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV. This brief essay argues that Bach's Privileges and Immunities claim is valid, and that the nature of the claim throws an interesting light on a provision of the Constitution whose importance exceeds the amount of attention it has received from the Supreme Court.
Obama Positions in the Aftermath of Supreme Court’s Rejection of Bush Detention Policies at Guantanamo

The four Supreme Court cases culminating in the 2008 decision in Boumediene v. Bush are a watershed in American jurisprudence as to the separation of powers and vitality of the writ of habeas corpus. The context was the status of persons captured primarily in the US invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq and held at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Guantanamo was chosen by the Bush administration in the belief that the writ of habeas corpus could not reach outside the United States. The administration further maintained that the Executive had plenary power over the conduct of war, including capture and treatment of those whom it considered to be “enemy combatants.” The Supreme Court decisions reflected caution in the exercise of judicial review, but proceeded, in decision after decision, to limit or reject the administration’s positions. The government’s sovereignty-based test for habeas corpus was replaced by a pragmatic case-by-case approach. Further, the Court looked to a full range of sources for the standards to be applied by a court on habeas corpus, recognizing the references in American law to the Geneva Conventions and international law. Thus the Boumediene line of cases strengthened the legal basis for limits on the power of the American government to detain alleged enemy combatants, expanded the availability of the writ of habeas corpus to challenge detention, and affirmed the applicability of the international law of armed conflict.There are still many unanswered questions. The application of habeas corpus to detainees held indefinitely who are legal residents of the U.S., held at Guantanamo, or held outside the U.S. are pending in the courts and raise significant issues of constitutional and international law. The decision of the Obama administration to continue a number of the measures of the Bush administration, including military commissions, indefinite detention, and secret prisons abroad, raise, despite increased procedural safeguards, the same kind of legal and constitutional objections that the Boumediene cases asserted against Bush policies. Finally, the Obama administration’s struggle to close Guantanamo, with its attendant problems of release of detainees into the U.S., trial of certain detainees in civilian courts, and trial of others before military commissions, pose difficult political and legal issues that will have to be resolved.
Diet Ph Effects on Mass Rearing of Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The effects of dietary pH on larval development of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capituta (Wiedemann), were studied in laboratory and pilot scale mass-rearing operations. Laboratory scale diets were formulated at eight different initial pHs ranging from 3.2 to 8.0, and the effect on larvae were evaluated based on larval development time and pupal yield. Optimal larval development occurred at pH 5.0-5.5 and pupal yield was highest between 3.2 and 5.5. Diet pHs of 6.0 or higher were found to delay larval development and reduce pupal survival. Diet pHs of 3.2 and 4.0 also delayed larval development. Pilot-scale evaluations were subsequently conducted at pH 4.0 and 5.0 and compared with the normal Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service production diet for cumulative yield and pupal weight. Optimal diet pH for pupal size, larval yield, and rapid development was determined to be 5.0 in pilot-scale tests. Optimizing physiochemical factors such as pH can improve overall yield of mass-reared C. capitata.
Abstract 2924: Constitutively active androgen receptor splice variants function independently of full-length androgen receptor in a cell-based model of castrate-resistant prostate cancer

Recent studies suggest that progression to castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is due to generation of androgen receptor (AR) splice variants, lacking the ligand binding domain. These AR variants originally identified in cell-based models of CRPC, have also been detected in benign and malignant human prostate tissue, with the highest levels observed in late state CRPC. The diversity and complexity of AR variants is well appreciated but not fully understood. Using RT-PCR we assessed the expression of a number of AR variants in cell-based models of both castrate-resistant and androgen-dependent prostate cancer. Several AR variants were expressed in both 22Rv1 and VCaP cells, but not in LNCaP cells. Coding sequences for AR variants were cloned into expression vectors and constitutive transcriptional activity was observed using a luciferase reporter assay. Augmented transcriptional activity of AR variants was observed in cells that express full-length AR, when full-length AR was silenced using shRNA targeting exons 7/8. This observation suggests the constitutive activity of AR variants may be independent of full-length AR. We profiled the AR variant transcriptome in 22Rv1 cells, using the Illumina HumanHT12 v4 whole-genome expression array platform. shRNA targeting exon 1 was used to silence all AR isoforms and shRNA targeting exons 7/8 was used to silence full-length AR. 5,256 genes were modulated by knocking down all AR isoforms and 5,086 genes were modulated by knocking down full-length AR. A total of 3,714 genes were common to both groups, leaving 1542 genes modulated by AR variants and 1372 modulated by full-length AR (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2924. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2924
Left Brain Right Stuff: How Leaders Make Winning Decisions

Listed in the Best Business Books of 2014, Phil Rosenzweig's book presents an interesting point of view on why it is important to consider both left brain (analytic) and right brain (intuitive and judgment based) approaches in any consideration of leadership and managerial behavior. The book is timely because a lot of interest has been focused very recently on "big data" and how managers today have extensive real time data from the marketplace and how, as a consequence, detailed analytical bases can inform managerial decisions. But, the main point of the book is that while analytic (left brain) approaches have indeed expanded greatly as a consequence of our ability to collect and make sense of vast amounts of data inexpensively (often uncovering relationships between managerial decision variables that were not even anticipated), true success in leadership/management often requires an appreciation of specific aspects of the context in which a decision has to be made including the nature of competition which the manager can only gain through employing what the author refers to as the "right stuff" i.e. a careful consideration of the manager's biases and other "qualitative" aspects of the decision context which are then individually discussed in the book's twelve chapters. Before a formal review of the book's content, it is also worth noting that the author is a professor at IMD, Lausanne (Switzerland) which is a major center of executive education and the book, therefore, represents deep insights gained by the author over a long career in consulting and executive teaching.
Analysis on Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water in Yuxi City in 2009

[Objective]To understand the microbial contamination status of drinking water in Yuxi city in 2009,provide the decision basis for health administration,so as to safeguard the health of people.[Methods]The Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water (GB/T 5750-2006) implemented in July 1,2007 by National Ministry of Health was adopted to tested,and the Standard for Drinking Water Quality (GB 5749-2006) was applied to evaluate.[Results]There were significant differences in the qualified rate among 4 kinds of drinking water (municipal water,spring water,deep well water and surface water) in Yuxi city in 2009 (χ2=357.32,P0.01).The total qualified rate of microbiological index was 87.74%.There were significant differences in the total bacterial count and total coliform contamination between municipal water and surface water,and there was no significant difference among municipal water,spring water and deep well water.[Conclusion]The problems still existed in the drinking water of Yuxi city,and related departments should pay attention to the serious microbial contamination of surface water especially.In order to ensure the drinking water safety of rural residents,it is necessary to emphasize that only water dealt with the professional purification and disinfection is suitable for drinking.
6 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM CARNITINE AND PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1 IN AFRICAN AMERICAN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS.

Elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) has been associated with cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients. Carnitine, an amino acid-derived nutrient, is often decreased in hemodialysis patients and is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and peripheral vascular dysfunction. The aim of this study was to determine a relationship between serum carnitine and PAI-1 levels and the composite cardiovascular end point (a history of angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, peripheral vascular disease) in this predominantly African American patient population. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 41 African American patients (14 M, 27 F; 60 ± 16 years) who were on hemodialysis $ 3 months. Patient demographics and medical histories were obtained. Predialysis serum PAI-1 (ELISA) and serum carnitine levels (spectrophotometry) were measured. Other markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, including C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-a, were also measured (ELISA). The subjects were divided into two groups: group 1 (n = 36) - low total serum carnitine (
Responses to parallel fiber stimulation in the guinea pig dorsal cochlear nucleus in vitro.

1. Parallel fibers of the guinea pig dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) were electrically stimulated at the pial surface of the nucleus in a brain-slice preparation. Extracellular field potentials produ...
Bionanomaterials with Antioxidant Effect for Skin Regeneration

Oxidative processes are an important path to degradation for many materials. Usually oxidative stress is the term used to describe the effect of this type of reactions on biosystems. Skin, as the largest organ in the body, is understandably an important target for oxidative stress leading to aging of the skin, to skin disorders, and skin disease. The balance between the rate of renewal (growth) and the rate of degradation is what imparts the general look to the skin. Aging translates into decrease in resistance to stress of any type together with decrease in function. Besides these intrinsic factors common to all unavoidable aging processes, in the case of skin there is influence from extrinsic (environmental) factors such as sun exposure and UV radiation (responsible for photoaging—the superimposition of damage produced by light on the aging process), whose action can be prevented/limited [1]. There is a difference in how these types of factors work. While physiological aging of the skin results in a slow decline in skin’s defense mechanisms, UV irradiation accelerates skin aging and may also induce inflammation which may result in accelerated breakdown of collagen and hyperproliferative processes in the epidermis. When, more recently, peroxidation was highlighted as involved in aging and cancer it became generally accepted that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals have an important role in skin aging [2] and disease and that UV exposure can lead to DNA damage (see Chap. 2) hence malignancies [3].
Nitrogen and carbon fractionation during core–mantle differentiation at shallow depth

Abstract One of the most remarkable observations regarding volatile elements in the solar system is the depletion of N in the bulk silicate Earth (BSE) relative to chondrites, leading to a particularly high and non-chondritic C:N ratio. The N depletion may reflect large-scale differentiation events such as sequestration in Earth's core or massive blow off of Earth's early atmosphere, or alternatively the characteristics of a late-added volatile-rich veneer. As the behavior of N during early planetary differentiation processes is poorly constrained, we determined together the partitioning of N and C between Fe–N–C metal alloy and two different silicate melts (a terrestrial and a martian basalt). Conditions spanned a range of fO2 from ΔIW−0.4 to ΔIW−3.5 at 1.2 to 3 GPa, and 1400 °C or 1600 °C, where ΔIW is the logarithmic difference between experimental fO2 and that imposed by the coexistence of crystalline Fe and wustite. N partitioning ( D N metal / silicate ) depends chiefly on fO2, decreasing from 24 ± 3 to 0.3 ± 0.1 with decreasing fO2. D N metal / silicate also decreases with increasing temperature and pressure at similar fO2, though the effect is subordinate. In contrast, C partition coefficients ( D C metal / silicate ) show no evidence of a pressure dependence but diminish with temperature. At 1400 °C, D C metal / silicate partition coefficients increase linearly with decreasing fO2 from 300 ± 30 to 670 ± 50 . At 1600 °C, however, they increase from ΔIW−0.7 to ΔIW−2 ( 87 ± 3 to 240 ± 50 ) and decrease from ΔIW−2 to ΔIW−3.3 ( 99 ± 6 ) . Enhanced C in melts at high temperatures under reduced conditions may reflect stabilization of C–H species (most likely CH4). No significant compositional dependence for either N or C partitioning is evident, perhaps owing to the comparatively similar basalts investigated. At modestly reduced conditions (ΔIW−0.4 to −2.2), N is more compatible in core-forming metal than in molten silicate ( 1 ≤ D N metal / silicate ≤ 24 ), while at more reduced conditions (ΔIW−2.2 to ΔIW−3.5), N becomes more compatible in the magma ocean than in the metal phase. In contrast, C is highly siderophile at all conditions investigated ( 100 ≤ D C metal / silicate ≤ 700 ). Therefore, sequestration of volatiles in the core affects C more than N, and lowers the C:N ratio of the BSE. Consequently, the N depletion and the high C:N ratio of the BSE cannot be explained by core formation. Mass balance modeling suggests that core formation combined with atmosphere blow-off also cannot produce a non-metallic Earth with a C:N ratio similar to the BSE, but that the accretion of a C-rich late veneer can account for the observed high BSE C:N ratio.
The AEF way of war: the American Army and combat in World War I

In his clearly written and thoroughly researched account, Mark Ethan Grotelueschen has caused us to think in an entirely new way concerning the experiences of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF)...
A generic framework for testing parallel file systems

Large-scale parallel file systems are of prime importance today. However, despite of the importance, their failure-recovery capability is much less studied compared with local storage systems. Recent studies on local storage systems have exposed various vulnerabilities that could lead to data loss under failure events, which raise the concern for parallel file systems built on top of them.This paper proposes a generic framework for testing the failure handling of large-scale parallel file systems. The framework captures all disk I/O commands on all storage nodes of the target system to emulate realistic failure states, and checks if the target system can recover to a consistent state without incurring data loss. We have built a prototype for the Lustre file system. Our preliminary results show that the framework is able to uncover the internal I/O behavior of Lustre under different workloads and failure conditions, which provides a solid foundation for further analyzing the failure recovery of parallel file systems.
The Role of News Brands and Leads in Exposure to Political Information on the Internet

Today, the internet serves a wealth of news sources that encourages selective exposure to attitude-consistent and likeminded information. Several cues have been proposed to influence selective exposure, including partisanship, familiarity, and differential framing techniques. This study investigates the effects of news brand partisanship and news lead partisanship on selective exposure behaviors to internet news stories. With online news, it is possible that news brands believed to have a particular partisan bias may feature stories with an opposite partisan bias. This paper asks which of the two tested selective exposure cues used in this study participants respond to in an online news search environment. Using a non-college adult sample of 382 participants, this study confirms that selective exposure behavior is robust in a simulated news search environment and that news brand partisanship is a more powerful predictor of exposure than is news lead partisanship. The study finds, however, that the news br...
Margin Analysis: Sarcoma of the Head and Neck

Head and neck sarcomas are rare but are associated with significant morbidity/mortality and management difficulties. These tumors are best managed in a multidisciplinary setting. Open or core biopsy is essential for histologic diagnosis and grading. Complete surgical tumor resection with negative margins at the first attempt is the best chance for potential cure. In most patients, except those with small resectable low-grade lesions, adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy are added to maximize local control with variable results. Resection margins effect on recurrence rate and treatment modalities in selective types of head and neck sarcomas are discussed in this article.
Chronic Regional Pain Syndrome

Chronic regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a relatively common diagnosis that causes severe pain out of proportion to the stimuli as well as physical changes which is most commonly seen in the upper extremity. The diagnosis of CRPS is made on a clinical basis using the Orlando or Budapest criteria, with imaging being used as an adjunct or to rule out other causes of pain. Treatment should be started as soon as possible using a multidisciplinary approach including physical therapy, psychological therapy, topical or oral medications, and/or procedural interventions for severe cases.
Sustainability science: the emerging paradigm and the ecology of cities

(2010). Sustainability science: the emerging paradigm and the ecology of cities. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 1-5.
Food Insecurity and Obesity: Exploring the Role of Social Support

Abstract Background: Women are disproportionately affected by both obesity and food insecurity. Food insecurity occurs when there is limited ability to acquire adequate foods. It is unknown whether social support can reduce the effect of food insecurity on increased obesity. This study seeks to determine whether social support modifies the relationship between food insecurity and obesity. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in a nationally representative sample of 4672 women aged ≥40 years using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003–2008). Individual food insecurity was assessed based on the U.S. Department of Agriculture 18-item validated household food security scale. Women were categorized as fully food secure (0 affirmative responses) or food insecure (1–10 affirmative responses). Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥30 kg/m2. Outcomes were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression. Results: Fourteen percent were food insecure. Women with food insecurity had 1.4 the o...
Dynamics of model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound-epoxy composites: A dielectric study

Abstract A model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compound, anthracene, was incorporated into a thermosetting epoxy matrix as a reinforcing moiety via physical dispersion and/or chemical modification. In order to understand the “additive effect” of glass transition temperature (Tg) observed with the variation of free anthracene (AN) and bonded 2-aminoanthracene (2-AM) loading, the relaxation dynamics were investigated by broadband dielectric spectroscopy. Within the measurement range of 0.01 Hz–1 MHz and −60 to 130 °C, three relaxation processes, namely normal mode (n-mode) relaxation, α relaxation, and β relaxation, were observed for all epoxy composites with bonded and/or unbound anthracene. After eliminating the strong effect of ionic conduction by using the logarithmic derivative approximation e ' ' ∝ ∂ e ' ∂ ln ω , derived from the Kramers-Kronig relations, the n-mode relaxation occurring at low frequencies above Tg for the rigid epoxy system is revealed. The Arrhenius diagram showing the temperature dependence of each relaxation process for the PAH-epoxy composites was obtained after parametric fitting using the Havriliak-Negami (HN) function in the frequency domain. The segmental α relaxation was more strongly impacted than the long-range n-mode relaxation by the different reinforcing approaches. The correlation of Tg -scaled fragility to molecular structures reveals the different mechanisms for the retardation effects on cooperative segmental and chain relaxation time. The localized β relaxation below Tg was not seemingly affected by the incorporation of bound and/or unbound anthracenes as indicated by the characteristic relaxation time and the activation energy.
Transcriptional Pause Sites Delineate Stable Nucleosome-Associated Premature Polyadenylation Suppressed by U1 snRNP.

Regulation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) elongation is a critical step in gene regulation. Here, we report that U1 snRNP recognition and transcription pausing at stable nucleosomes are linked through premature polyadenylation signal (PAS) termination. By generating RNA exosome conditional deletion mouse embryonic stem cells, we identified a large class of polyadenylated short transcripts in the sense direction destabilized by the RNA exosome. These PAS termination events are enriched at the first few stable nucleosomes flanking CpG islands and suppressed by U1 snRNP. Thus, promoter-proximal Pol II pausing consists of two processes: TSS-proximal and +1 stable nucleosome pausing, with PAS termination coinciding with the latter. While pausing factors NELF/DSIF only function in the former step, flavopiridol-sensitive mechanism(s) and Myc modulate both steps. We propose that premature PAS termination near the nucleosome-associated pause site represents a common transcriptional elongation checkpoint regulated by U1 snRNP recognition, nucleosome stability, and Myc activity.
Transverse response of unidirectional composites under a wide range of confinements and strain rates

The effects of three-dimensional stress state and high strain rate on the macroscopic mechanical response in transversely loaded thick polymeric composites are presented. Transverse loading refers to loading that occurs in the fiber plane, perpendicular to the fiber axes. The material characterized in this study is a composite typically used for the faceplates of sandwich structures, specifically a unidirectional fiber-reinforced S2-glass/8552 epoxy composite, with a fiber volume fraction of 65%. The composite specimens were subjected to a wide range of confinements and strain rates, through the use of a newly developed experimental fixture, whereby the three principal stresses in a confined specimen can be independently measured. The experimental results indicate that the mechanical response and the strength of the composite in transverse direction are mainly governed by the properties of the matrix material. Data from this study suggest that stress multiaxiality has a more pronounced effect on the overall transverse response of composites, while the increased strain rates have only a moderate effect in increasing the strength.
The Invention of Celebrity, 1750–1850

Western celebrity culture was not invented in the twentieth century: such is the ultimate message of Antoine Lilti’s engaging study, first published in France as Figures publiques: l’invention de l...
Postoperative Complications Following Repair of Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture

Background:Controversy remains regarding which patients with acute Achilles tendon rupture would best be treated nonoperatively and which might benefit from operative repair. The primary aim of thi...
Deep Learning based End-to-End Wireless Communication Systems with Conditional GAN as Unknown Channel

In this article, we develop an end-to-end wireless communication system using deep neural networks (DNNs), in which DNNs are employed to perform several key functions, including encoding, decoding, modulation, and demodulation. However, an accurate estimation of instantaneous channel transfer function, i.e., channel state information (CSI), is needed in order for the transmitter DNN to learn to optimize the receiver gain in decoding. This is very much a challenge since CSI varies with time and location in wireless communications and is hard to obtain when designing transceivers. We propose to use a conditional generative adversarial net (GAN) to represent channel effects and to bridge the transmitter DNN and the receiver DNN so that the gradient of the transmitter DNN can be back-propagated from the receiver DNN. In particular, a conditional GAN is employed to model the channel effects in a data-driven way, where the received signal corresponding to the pilot symbols is added as a part of the conditioning information of the GAN. To address the curse of dimensionality when the transmit symbol sequence is long, convolutional layers are utilized. From the simulation results, the proposed method is effective on additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels, Rayleigh fading channels, and frequency-selective channels, which opens a new door for building data-driven DNNs for end-to-end communication systems.
Evaluation of 1D CNN Autoencoders for Lithium-ion Battery Condition Assessment Using Synthetic Data

To access ground truth degradation information, we simulatedcharge and discharge cycles of automotive lithium ion batteriesin their healthy and degrading states and used this informationto determine performance of an autoencoder-basedanomaly detector. The simulated degradation mechanism wasan abrupt increase in the battery’s rate of time-dependent capacityfade. The neural network topology was based on onedimensionalconvolutional layers. The decision-support system,based on the sequential probability ratio test, interpretedthe anomaly generated by the autoencoder. Detection timeand time to failure were the metrics used for performanceevaluation. Anomaly detection was evaluated on five differentsimulated progressions of damage to examine the effectsof driving profile randomness on performance of the anomalydetector.
A mixed methods study examining teamwork shared mental models of interprofessional teams during hospital discharge.

Background Little is known about how team processes impact providers’ abilities to prepare patients for a safe hospital discharge. Teamwork Shared Mental Models (teamwork-SMMs) are the teams’ organised understanding of individual member’s roles, interactions and behaviours needed to perform a task like hospital discharge. Teamwork-SMMs are linked to team effectiveness in other fields, but have not been readily investigated in healthcare. This study examines teamwork-SMMs to understand how interprofessional teams coordinate care when discharging patients. Methods This mixed methods study examined teamwork-SMMs of inpatient interprofessional discharge teams at a single hospital. For each discharge event, we collected data from the patient and their discharge team (nurse, physician and coordinator) using interviews and questionnaires. We quantitatively determined the discharge teams’ teamwork-SMM components of quality and convergence using the Shared Mental Model Scale, and then explored their relationships to patient-reported preparation for posthospital care. We used qualitative thematic analysis of narrative cases to examine the contextual differences of discharge teams with higher versus lower teamwork-SMMs. Results The sample included a total of 106 structured patient interviews, 192 provider day-of-discharge questionnaires and 430 observation hours to examine 64 discharge events. We found that inpatient teams with better teamwork-SMMs (ie, higher perceptions of teamwork quality or greater convergence) were more effective at preparing patients for post-hospital care. Additionally, teams with high and low teamwork-SMMs had different experiences with team cohesion, communication openness and alignment on the patient situation. Conclusions Examining the quality and agreement of teamwork-SMMs among teams provides a better understanding of how teams coordinate care and may facilitate the development of specific team-based interventions to improve patient care at hospital discharge.
Data-driven Mixed Precision Sparse Matrix Vector Multiplication for GPUs

We optimize Sparse Matrix Vector multiplication (SpMV) using a mixed precision strategy (MpSpMV) for Nvidia V100 GPUs. The approach has three benefits: (1) It reduces computation time, (2) it reduces the size of the input matrix and therefore reduces data movement, and (3) it provides an opportunity for increased parallelism. MpSpMV’s decision to lower to single precision is data driven, based on individual nonzero values of the sparse matrix. On all real-valued matrices from the Sparse Matrix Collection, we obtain a maximum speedup of 2.61× and average speedup of 1.06× over double precision, while maintaining higher accuracy compared to single precision.
Polymerase μ in non-homologous DNA end joining: importance of the order of arrival at a double-strand break in a purified system.

During non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ), bringing two broken dsDNA ends into proximity is an essential prerequisite for ligation by XRCC4:Ligase IV (X4L4). This physical juxtaposition of DNA ends is called NHEJ synapsis. In addition to the key NHEJ synapsis proteins, Ku, X4L4, and XLF, it has been suggested that DNA polymerase mu (pol μ) may also align two dsDNA ends into close proximity for synthesis. Here, we directly observe the NHEJ synapsis by pol μ using a single molecule FRET (smFRET) assay where we can measure the duration of the synapsis. The results show that pol μ alone can mediate efficient NHEJ synapsis of 3' overhangs that have at least 1 nt microhomology. The abundant Ku protein in cells limits the accessibility of pol μ to DNA ends with overhangs. But X4L4 can largely reverse the Ku inhibition, perhaps by pushing the Ku inward to expose the overhang for NHEJ synapsis. Based on these studies, the mechanistic flexibility known to exist at other steps of NHEJ is now also apparent for the NHEJ synapsis step.