cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Type III Collagen, a Fibril Network Modifier in Articular Cartilage

The collagen framework of hyaline cartilages, including articular cartilage, consists largely of type II collagen that matures from a cross-linked heteropolymeric fibril template of types II, IX, and XI collagens. In the articular cartilages of adult joints, type III collagen makes an appearance in varying amounts superimposed on the original collagen fibril network. In a study to understand better the structural role of type III collagen in cartilage, we find that type III collagen molecules with unprocessed N-propeptides are present in the extracellular matrix of adult human and bovine articular cartilages as covalently cross-linked polymers extensively cross-linked to type II collagen. Cross-link analyses revealed that telopeptides from both N and C termini of type III collagen were linked in the tissue to helical cross-linking sites in type II collagen. Reciprocally, telopeptides from type II collagen were recovered cross-linked to helical sites in type III collagen. Cross-linked peptides were also identified in which a trifunctional pyridinoline linked both an α1(II) and an α1(III) telopeptide to the α1(III) helix. This can only have arisen from a cross-link between three different collagen molecules, types II and III in register staggered by 4D from another type III molecule. Type III collagen is known to be prominent at sites of healing and repair in skin and other tissues. The present findings emphasize the role of type III collagen, which is synthesized in mature articular cartilage, as a covalent modifier that may add cohesion to a weakened, existing collagen type II fibril network as part of a chondrocyte healing response to matrix damage.
How People Create Spreadsheets

Nine experienced users of electronic spreadsheets each created three spreadsheets. Although participants were quite confident that their spreadsheets were accurate, 44% of the spreadsheets contained user-generated errors.
SOME COMMENTS ON THE OPTIMAL OPERATION OF BATCH CRYSTALLIZERS

Abstract Ajinkya and Ray (1972) discussed the optimal operation of crystatlizers and computed the optimal temperature policy for a specific example using numerical techniques. The analytic solution for the general case is obtained here. It allows interesting physical interpretations and practically useful comparisons of the optimal control law with commonly used cooling policies.
Correlates of specific childhood feeding problems.

Objective: The correlates of specific childhood feeding problems are described to further examine possible predisposing factors for feeding problems. We report our experience with 349 participants evaluated by an interdisciplinary feeding team. Methods: A review of records was conducted and each participant was identified as having one or more of five functionally defined feeding problems: food refusal, food selectivity by type, food selectivity by texture, oral motor delays, or dysphagia. The prevalence of predisposing factors for these feeding problems was examined. Predisposing factors included developmental disabilities, gastrointestinal problems, cardiopulmonary problems, neurological problems, renal disease and anatomical anomalies. Results: The frequencies of predisposing factors varied by feeding problem. Differences were found in the prevalence of the five feeding problems among children with three different developmental disabilities: autism, Down syndrome and cerebral palsy. Gastro-oesophageal reflux was the most prevalent condition found among all children in the sample and was the factor most often associated with food refusal. Neurological conditions and anatomical anomalies were highly associated with skill deficits, such as oral motor delays and dysphagia. Conclusions: Specific medical conditions and developmental disabilities are often associated with certain feeding problems. Information concerning predisposing factors of feeding problems can help providers employ appropriate primary, secondary and tertiary prevention measures to decrease the frequency or severity of some feeding problems.
A case-control study of Washington dairy herds experiencing drug residue violations in market calves

Abstract The purpose of this case-control study was to examine the association between management practices and the occurrence of violative drug residues in calves originating from Washington dairies. In 1992, 74 dairies were identified as first-time offenders sending to abattoirs calves less than 1 week of age that had violative residue levels. Of these, 56 answered a subset of previously validated management questions from the 1991–1992 US National Animal Health Monitoring System National Dairy Heifer Evaluation Program (NDHEP) study during a violation investigation and comprised the case group. The controls were the 51 randomly selected Washington dairies that participated in the NDHEP, completed the four NDHEP questionnaires, and had not been identified as having residue violations. Management factors investigated were those associated with maternity and pre-weaning hygiene, vaccination and preventive practices, type and management of liquid calf feed, and general management. Other factors included herd somatic cell count (SCC), the presence of clinical signs associated with diseases of body systems, and herd size. Significant associations were detected between violation occurrence and the management of calving cows, colostrum volume and management, and the person responsible for calf care. Significant associations but of the wrong direction were found between violation occurrence and type and management of liquid calf feed. No significant associations were detected between violation occurrence and the remaining management factors, herd size, animals entering the herd, or SCC.
Manipulation of two-dimensionally periodic stimulus patterns

An increasing number of visual studies require precise knowledge of the two-dimensional Fourier components of periodic spatial patterns. For patterns that are more complex than a simple sine-wave grating, however, the frequencies, magnitudes, phases, and even the orientations of these components are not always obvious from inspection of the pattern. Although the fast Fourier transform can provide a finite, sampled approximation to any desired spectrum, blind use of a packaged computer program sacrifices the intuitive insight of the analytic transform, which is particularly important for conceiving new experiments. This paper draws attention to some analytic techniques involving arrays of Dirac delta functions, which the author has found helpful in designing and understanding both real andGedanken experiments in pattern perception.
Dual Actions Involved in Arsenite-Induced Oxidative DNA Damage

Arsenic is a recognized human carcinogen, but the mechanism of carcinogenesis is not well understood. Oxidative stress and inhibition of DNA damage repair have been postulated as potential carcinogenic actions of arsenic. The present study tests the hypothesis that arsenite not only induces oxidative stress but also inhibits the activity of the DNA base excision repair protein, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), leading to exacerbation of the oxidative DNA damage induced by arsenic. HaCat cells were treated with arsenite for 24 h before measuring 8-hydroxyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), PARP-1 activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Zinc supplementation and PARP-1 siRNA were used to increase or decrease, respectively, the PARP-1 protein's physiological function. At high concentrations (10 microM or higher), arsenite greatly induced oxidative DNA damage, as indicated by 8-OHdG formation. At lower concentrations (1 microM), arsenite did not produce detectable 8-OHdG, but was still able to effectively inhibit PARP-1 activity. Zinc supplementation reduced the formation of 8-OHdG, restored the PARP-1 activity inhibited by arsenite, but did not decrease ROS production. SiRNA knockdown of PARP-1 did not affect the 8-OHdG level induced by arsenic, while it greatly increased the 8-OHdG level produced by hydrogen peroxide indicating that PARP-1 is a molecular target of arsenite. Our findings demonstrate that in addition to inducing oxidative stress at higher concentrations, arsenite can also inhibit the function of a key DNA repair protein, PARP-1, even at very low concentrations, thus exacerbating the overall oxidative DNA damage produced by arsenite, and potentially, by other oxidants as well.
Cataloging the 1811–1812 New Madrid, Central U.S., Earthquake Sequence

The three principal New Madrid, central U.S., mainshocks of 1811–1812 were followed by extensive aftershock sequences that included numerous felt events. Although no instrumental data are available for the sequence, historical accounts provide information that can be used to estimate magnitudes and locations for the large aftershocks as well as the mainshocks. Several detailed eyewitness accounts of the sequence provide sufficient information to identify times and rough magnitude estimates for a number of aftershocks that have not been analyzed previously. I also use three extended compilations of felt events to explore the overall sequence productivity. Although one generally cannot estimate magnitudes or locations for individual events, the intensity distributions of recent, instrumentally recorded earthquakes in the region provide a basis for estimation of the magnitude distribution of 1811–1812 aftershocks. The distribution is consistent with a b -value distribution. I estimate Mw 6–6.3 for the three largest identifiable aftershocks, apart from the so-called dawn aftershock on 16 December 1811.
Viscosities of nonelectrolyte liquid mixtures. I. n-hexadecane + n-octane

Viscosities and densities of the n-alkanes, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, dodecane, tetradecane, hexadecane, and tetracosane, were measured for temperatures from 303 to 338 K. Viscosities were measured using a standard Utube Ostwald viscometer; a pycnometer was used to measure both pure alkane and mixture densities. Results for the binary system n-hexadecane + n-octane at 318.16, 328.16, and 338.16 K are presented here, and comparisons with selected correlating equations are made.
Development and structure of the resting sporangium wall in Coelomomyces dodgei and modification during dehiscence.

Abstract The mature resting sporangium (RS) wall of Coelomomyces dodgei (Chytridiomycetes; Blastocladiales) consists of three principal layers: (I) an outer pigmented layer (1.8-2.2 μm) that contains polysaccharide, (II) a middle electron translucent layer (1.3-1.6 μm) comparatively free of polysaccharide, and (III) an inner layer (125 nm) rich in polysaccharide that surrounds the meiospores. These layers develop successively between the hyphal coat of the RS initial and its plasma membrane. Prior to meiospore formation, a convex discharge plug that later becomes the dehiscence vesicle forms beneath the inner layer along the preformed dehiscence slit in the outer wall. As dehiscence begins, the RS wall opens along the dehiscence slit, exposing the middle layer which then becomes the rigid outer refractile layer above the dehiscence vesicle. During dehiscence, the discharge plug swells out through the slit, and expands to form the dehiscence vesicle. Meiospores become active as the vesicle expands and are released through tears in the vesicle that result from continued expansion and lysis. Melanized areas observed along the dehiscence slit of RS that initiated dehiscence in the larval hemocoel indicate that the host's defense system is functional but does not recognize the parasite's hyphal coat as foreign, possibly because it lacks any significant level of polysaccharide.
An Intelligent System for Formulating Linear Programs

The research and system development work described in this paper is aimed at overcoming some of the problems associated with the development of large, complex linear programming problems. The most overwhelming problem is that of size. It is not uncommon for large planning and policy analysis problems to have tens of thousands of constraints and activities. Matrix generator systems have been designed to help in this process. However, the amount of manual labor involved is still very great and the formulation process is subject to errors which are difficult to detect. We provide an overview of a system which uses artificial intelligence and database techniques to help a knowledgeable user formulate large linear programs. The system automates many of the tedious processes associated with large-scale modeling and provides a top-down development environment with a number of different forms of problem representation.
Serialization of SVP requests-a locking proposal for APL

How does APL fit into the new wave of distributed systems and parallel processing? Thanks to shared variables, APL offers a simple, yet powerful, communication link between independent processors. But at the core of any reliable parallel processing application there must be a method of serialization. Although APL currently offers a very useful access control facility for shared variables, it fails to provide the basic locking mechanism required by distributed application developers to prevent simultaneous specifications. This paper proposes an APL language extension to achieve serialization with shared variables.
Some considerations relative to nondirective counseling as therapy.

We review the article by Hathaway (1948) critiquing nondirective therapy We summarize Hathaway's concerns about nondirective therapy and psychotherapy research in general and consider the historical context of the article Then we discuss progress on methodological concerns raised by Hathaway, empirical evidence obtained in the last 50 years about the efficacy of client-centered therapy and other kinds of psychotherapy, the current status of client-centered therapy, and projections for the future.
Gas-Phase Chemistry to Understand Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution and Oxidation on Doped Transition Metal Sulfides

RuS2 and cobalt-doped RuS2 are good catalysts for electrochemical hydrogen evolution in a hydrogen bromine proton exchange membrane based electrochemical flow cell, but their activity for hydrogen oxidation is low. We used temperature programmed reaction (TPR) methods to study the formation of BD from gaseous H-2 and D-2 catalyzed by these electrode materials. We found that they are active for HD exchange at room temperature and conclude that electrochemical hydrogen oxidation is not limited by the inability of the electrodes to adsorb or dissociate hydrogen. Therefore, we further conclude that the low activity for hydrogen electrooxidation on these semiconducting chalcogenides is due to electronic factors which limit the ability of the semiconductors to accept electrons or pass current. We recommend therefore the use of conducting compounds stable in HBr. (C) 2013 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Arctic arthropod assemblages in habitats of differing shrub dominance

Recent climate warming in the Arctic has caused advancement in the timing of snowmelt and expansion of shrubs into open tundra. Such an altered climate may directly and indirectly (via effects on vegetation) affect arctic arthropod abundance, diversity and assemblage taxonomic composition. To allow better predictions about how climate changes may affect these organisms, we compared arthropod assemblages between open and shrub-dominated tundra at three field sites in northern Alaska that encompass a range of shrub communities. Over ten weeks of sampling in 2011, pitfall traps captured significantly more arthropods in shrub plots than open tundra plots at two of the three sites. Furthermore, taxonomic richness and diversity were significantly greater in shrub plots than open tundra plots, although this pattern was site-specific as well. Patterns of abundance within the five most abundant arthropod orders differed, with spiders (Order: Araneae) more abundant in open tundra habitats and true bugs (Order: Hemiptera), flies (Order: Diptera), and wasps and bees (Order: Hymenoptera) more abundant in shrub-dominated habitats. Few strong relationships were found between vegetation and environmental variables and arthropod abundance; however, lichen cover seemed to be important for the overall abundance of arthropods. Some arthropod orders showed significant relationships with other vegetation variables, including maximum shrub height (Coleoptera) and foliar canopy cover (Diptera). As climate warming continues over the coming decades, and with further shrub expansion likely to occur, changes in arthropod abundance, richness, and diversity associated with shrub-dominated habitat may have important ecological effects on arctic food webs since arthropods play important ecological roles in the tundra, including in decomposition and trophic interactions.
The effects of cyclosporine on the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin in patients with small cell lung cancer

Background. The authors compared the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin when administered with and without concomitant high dose cyclosporine for multidrug resistant (MDR) tumor modulation in small cell lung cancer. Methods. Eight patients with small cell lung cancer served as their own controls and were studied first during an initial course of doxorubicin without cyclosporine, and then subsequently during a cyclosporine-modulated doxorubicin course. All patients received cyclophosphamide and vincristine in each course. Doxorubicin was administered as a 1-hour infusion after a 2-hour cyclosporine loading infusion, and cyclosporine was infused continuously for the next 48 hours. Serum concentrations of doxorubicin, doxorubicinol, and cyclosporine all were assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic analysis of doxorubicin included area under the curve (AUC), clearance, apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vss), and elimination halflife (T.50). The percent of change and surviving fraction of leukocyte count and platelets were determined as pharmacodynamic indices. Results. Cyclosporine modulation increased the AUC0-36 of doxorubicinol by 48% (P = 0.042) and the AUC0-36 of doxorubicinol by 443% (P = 0.0001), whereas the doxorubicin clearance declined by 37% (P = 0.0495). No difference was found in the Vss or T.50 for doxorubicin when cyclosporine was added to the regimen. The ratio of the doxorubicinol AUC0-36 to the doxorubicin AUC0-36 increased significantly with cyclosporine modulation (8.88 vs. 2.19; P = 0.001). Drug-related toxicity was also greater with the cyclosporine-modulated course of doxorubicin. A 91% reduction in the leukocyte count followed the modified course, compared with an 84% reduction following the initial course (P = 0.0074). A more prolonged and greater degree of myelosuppression was observed and a significant relationship was found between the systemic exposure to doxorubucin (defined by AUC) and the surviving fraction of the leukocyte count (r = -0.69; P = 0.006). Similarly, the reduction in the platelet count was significantly greater after the cyclosporinemodulated course (72.8%) than after the initial course (36.4%) (P = 0.0016). A significant correlation was found between the AUC of doxorubicinol and the surviving fraction of platelets (r = -0.71; P = 0.004). In addition, patients showed decreased performance status associated with significant weight loss and severe myalgias. Conclusions. The addition of high dose cyclosporine for MDR modulation resulted in the significant alteration of doxorubicin disposition and remarkable toxicity in all patients. The mechanisms responsible for the decreased doxorubicin clearance may include cyclosporine's ability both to interfere with P-glycoprotein in normal tissues and to selectively inhibit the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system. Further study of this potentially significant drugdrug interaction is warranted.
‘Nation shall speak peace unto nation'∗: The BBC's response to peace and defence issues, 1945–58 1

Why did the first nuclear disarmament movement fail to change official policies? Much of the response to this question has focused on the movement's internal divisions and conflicts. Surprisingly, little has been written about the role of external influences such as the media. This article draws on BBC archives to demonstrate that the corporation censored not only peace campaigners but also discussion of nuclear war and its effects. The BBC despite its vaunted independence and impartiality acted as the Establishment's voice, promoting the official line on defence, muzzling or restricting the expression of conflicting views. From 1945 to 1954 the issues posed by nuclear arms were generally avoided; after 1954 the BBC responded to public concern by discouraging controversy. It also participated in an official counter‐campaign against critics of nuclear war. Consequently, a full analysis of the failure of the peace movements of the 1950s must take into account the strength of the state's sophisticated inform...
The Effect of Contralateral Acoustic Stimulation on Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions

Evoked otoacoustic emissions are often used to study the medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferents in humans. There has been concern that the emission-evoking stimulus may itself elicit efferent activity and alter the evoked otoacoustic emission. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) are hence advantageous as no external stimulation is necessary to record the response in the test ear. Contralateral acoustic stimulation (CAS) has been shown to suppress SOAE level and elevate SOAE frequency, but the time course of these effects is largely unknown. By utilizing the Choi–Williams distribution, here we report a gradual adaptation during the presence of CAS and an overshoot following CAS offset in both SOAE magnitude and frequency from six normal-hearing female human subjects. Furthermore, we have quantified the time constants of both magnitude and frequency shifts at the onset, presence, and offset of four levels of CAS. Most studies using contralateral elicitors do not stringently control the middle-ear muscle (MEM) reflex, leaving the results difficult to interpret. In addition to clinically available measures of the MEM reflex, we have incorporated a sensitive laboratory technique to monitor the MEM reflex in our subjects, allowing us to interpret the results with greater confidence.
The 5′-nucleotidases as regulators of nucleotide and drug metabolism

The 5'-nucleotidases are a family of enzymes that catalyze the dephosphorylation of nucleoside monophosphates and regulate cellular nucleotide and nucleoside levels. While the nucleoside kinases responsible for the initial phosphorylation of salvaged nucleosides have been well studied, many of the catabolic nucleotidases have only recently been cloned and characterized. Aside from maintaining balanced ribo- and deoxyribonucleotide pools, substrate cycles that are formed with kinase and nucleotidase activities are also likely to regulate the activation of nucleoside analogues, a class of anticancer and antiviral agents that rely on the nucleoside kinases for phosphorylation to their active forms. Both clinical and in vitro studies suggest that an increase in nucleotidase activity can inhibit nucleoside analogue activation and result in drug resistance. The physiological role of the 5'-nucleotidases will be covered in this review, as will the evidence that these enzymes can mediate resistance to nucleoside analogues.
Denial and its reasoning

This work is aimed at analysing the motivated reasoning underlying denial of some piece of information. Denial is first distinguished from both repression and biased interpretation; then an analysis is provided of the reasoning devices typical of denial. The rules on which reasoned denial is based are similar to those governing the individual's normal cognitive activity. Reasoned denial is here represented in the form of if-then implications, where the to-be-denied belief plays the role of a consequence drawn from a given premise. So, in order to deny such a consequence one may either deny its premise, or search an alternative consequence, or search an alternative premise, or deny the very relation of implication, and so on. Each type of reasoning is logically biased, while at the same time psychologically plausible and convincing. A typical feature shared by all the reasoning strategies considered is the identification of 'unproven' with 'false'.
Incident handling: an orderly response to unexpected events

Computer viruses, worms, denial of service attacks, equipment failures, vandalism, theft and other unwelcome events can send your computer services staff scrambling and cause a variety of problems for your user community. Even the least of these situations can be a distraction for your staff. The most severe can provide an unscheduled opportunity to test your disaster recovery procedure! How does your organization react to these events? Do you have a clearly-defined process in place to deal with unexpected incidents that threaten the security or operation of your systems.Eastern Connecticut State University is a public liberal arts institution with an enrollment of about 5000 students. Our Information Technology Services (ITS) group has implemented a process that provides a framework for an orderly response to unexpected events. The process is an adaptation of security incident response recommendations from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Internet Security Systems, Inc. and other resources, which have been tailored for our institutional needs. At the core of the process is the Incident Response Team, which consists of a team manager, a technical leader and other ad hoc team members, depending on the nature and severity of the event. The team concept takes advantage of institutional expertise from law enforcement, human resources, audit, public relations, facilities management, legal services and other technical resources within ITS. The team manages information gathering, analysis, recovery and administrative functions to ensure a controlled, coordinated approach to incident response.Our presentation will focus on the phases of the incident response process and the role of the Incident Response Team. Flexibility, wise use of resources, effective communications and analytical skills are contributing factors to a successful response effort. We will draw upon our own experiences in discussing communication with the user community, severity level guidelines, evidence gathering, essential documentation, and lessons learned along the way.
Cadmium telluride growth on patterned substrates for mercury cadmium telluride infrared detectors

Patterned silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates have been proposed to grow low defect density CdTe. The CdTe epilayers so obtained will enable the growth of good-quality mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) layers subsequently. This would increase the scope for better performance of infrared detectors fabricated on the HgCdTe epilayers. A background of our previous work on metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of GaN on nanopatterned alternative silicon substrates has been presented. Residual stress measurements were made on the GaN epilayers by spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy, which shows reduced strain in the epilayer growth on the patterned substrates. A theoretical approach of strain in planar substrates, compliant substrates, and patterned compliant substrates is presented with detailed plots.
Like Fish Out of Water: Membrane Proteins in Detergent Micelles

Biophysical studies of structure-function relations of membrane proteins are often done in detergent micelles. However, the scarce molecular understanding of the way in which such micelles form and organize around guest proteins makes it difficult to evaluate the relation between the experimental models and the properties of the membrane proteins in their native environment. Because experimental conditions were shown to have a major effect on structure-function relations of the leucine transporter (LeuT), a prokaryotic homolog of the mammalian neurotransmitter:sodium symporter proteins and a prototype for their study, we investigated LeuT in dodecyl-β-maltoside (DDM) detergent micelles. Atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed the formation of a constant-sized “detergent core” within 4A of LeuT consisting of ∼120 DDM molecules regardless of the DDM-to-protein number ratio. However, we found that the aggregation number of the protein-detergent complex (i.e., the number of DDMs associated with the micelle surrounding the protein) depends on detergent concentration. Notably, this aggregation number appears to determine the extent of detergent penetration into the LeuT extracellular vestibule. Thus, we observed DDM penetration into LeuT via two pathways, but the penetration was detected only in the constructs with high detergent content. In constructs with low DDM concentration, any detergent penetration was at most transient. Entering from the “side” of LeuT, a DDM molecule passes between the extracellular segments of transmembrane helix 6 (TMH6) and TMH10, and interacts with TMH1 residues Arg30 and Gln34 in the secondary substrate-binding site (S2) of LeuT. When insertion is “from the top”, the DDM passes by extracellular loop 4 (ECL4) before it penetrates the S2 site at the level of Phe320 (in ECL4) and Leu400 (in TMH10). These findings are discussed in light of experiments that established a modulatory effect of DDM concentration on LeuT activity.
Investigation of Broadband Shock Noise from a Jet Near a Planar Surface

Many current and future aircraft designs rely on the wing or other aircraft surfaces to shield observers on the ground from the engine noise. However, the available data showing how surfaces interact with a jet to shield and/or enhance the jet noise are currently limited. Therefore, far-field noise data and background-oriented schlieren images were acquired for a round jet, operating in the overexpanded, ideally expanded, and underexpanded supersonic flow regimes, near a planar surface to investigate how airframe surfaces might affect the shock-cell structure in the jet plume and the broadband shock noise produced. These data show that broadband shock noise is produced by the relatively weak shocks far downstream of the nozzle exit; consequently, a surface will be effective at reducing broadband shock noise only if it is long enough to shield the noise produced by shocks. Furthermore, the presence of a surface very near the edge of an underexpanded jet increases the shock-cell spacing, pushing the shock c...
Effect of Dietary Aluminum on Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism and Performance of Laying Hens

The effect was studied of feeding dietary Al as aluminum sulfate on calcium and phosphorus metabolism and performance of Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens. In Trial 1, graded levels of Al (0, .05, .10, or .15%) were added to a corn-soybean meal layer diet containing 3.3% Ca and .5% available P. Each diet was fed for 28 days to six groups of six individually caged hens. Adding .15% Al to the diet significantly (P less than .05) reduced feed intake, egg production, body weight, tibia breaking strength, and plasma inorganic P. In Trial 2, graded levels of Al (0, .1, .2, or .3%) were added to the basal diet. Each diet was fed to five or six individually caged hens for 42 days. Feeding .3% Al significantly (P less than .05) decreased plasma inorganic P in samples collected immediately following oviposition after 10 and 42 days of treatment. Plasma total Ca, tibia weight, and tibia breaking strength were unaffected by dietary treatments. Egg production and feed intake during Days 1 through 21, but not during Days 22 through 42, were significantly reduced by .3% Al. The results indicated that the addition of .3% Al to a laying hen diet has a negative effect on P metabolism and egg production.
Estimates of Potential Vorticity at Small Scales in the Ocean

Abstract The trimoored design of the current meter army of the Internal Wave Experiment (IWEX) is exploited to calculate time series of relative vorticity, horizontal divergence, vortex stretching and (linen) potential vorticity at five different levels in the vertical. Potential vorticity characterizes the vortical mode of motion which coexists with the (internal) gravity mode (which does not carry potential vorticity). The amplitudes, and the space- and time-scales of the vortical mode, or potential vorticity field, are determined by spectral analysis. The observed variance of potential vorticity (enstrophy) is 10−6 s−2, implying a Rossby number of order 10, the energy 2 × 10−4 m2 s−2 and the inverse Richardson number 0.7. The observed frequencies are interpreted as Doppler frequencies. A low frequency “steppy” potential vorticity field is advected vertically past the sensors by internal gravity waves. The advected potential vorticity field is characterized by a vertical wavenumber smaller than 0.2 m−1 ...
An aluminum-morin fluorescence assay for the visualization and determination of aluminum in cultured cells of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. BY-2

Abstract To determine aluminum (Al) in cultured Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. BY-2 cells, an in vivo Al-morin fluorescence method was developed, optimized, and validated. A fluorescent reagent for Al-morin was added to cells in an aqueous medium (pH 5.6) and was found to internalize rapidly ( 100 μM) in the incubation medium, fluorescence intensity was quenched. Results obtained from the Al-morin method were highly correlated ( r 2 = 0.94) with those obtained by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The advantages of this dye assay for Al are several fold: it is quick, easy, and inexpensive to perform, and permits measurements and visualization under the microscope, with resolution comparable to or superior to methods employed hitherto. In addition, it is apparently insensitive to precipitated Al.
Crystal Structure and RNA Binding Properties of the RNA Recognition Motif (RRM) and AlkB Domains in Human AlkB Homolog 8 (ABH8), an Enzyme Catalyzing tRNA Hypermodification

Humans express nine paralogs of the bacterial DNA repair enzyme AlkB, an iron/2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that reverses alkylation damage to nucleobases. The biochemical and physiological roles of these paralogs remain largely uncharacterized, hampering insight into the evolutionary expansion of the AlkB family. However, AlkB homolog 8 (ABH8), which contains RNA recognition motif (RRM) and methyltransferase domains flanking its AlkB domain, recently was demonstrated to hypermodify the anticodon loops in some tRNAs. To deepen understanding of this activity, we performed physiological and biophysical studies of ABH8. Using GFP fusions, we demonstrate that expression of the Caenorhabditis elegans ABH8 ortholog is widespread in larvae but restricted to a small number of neurons in adults, suggesting that its function becomes more specialized during development. In vitro RNA binding studies on several human ABH8 constructs indicate that binding affinity is enhanced by a basic α-helix at the N terminus of the RRM domain. The 3.0-A-resolution crystal structure of a construct comprising the RRM and AlkB domains shows disordered loops flanking the active site in the AlkB domain and a unique structural Zn(II)-binding site at its C terminus. Although the catalytic iron center is exposed to solvent, the 2-oxoglutarate co-substrate likely adopts an inactive conformation in the absence of tRNA substrate, which probably inhibits uncoupled free radical generation. A conformational change in the active site coupled to a disorder-to-order transition in the flanking protein segments likely controls ABH8 catalytic activity and tRNA binding specificity. These results provide insight into the functional and structural adaptations underlying evolutionary diversification of AlkB domains.
A methodology for interpreting tree queries into optimal semi-join expressions

In this paper we outline a general methodology illustrated by specific examples for the optimal interpretation of a class of semi-join queries in distributed database systems.
Influence of air velocity on the habit of ice crystal growth from the vapor

The effect of air velocity on the growth behavior of ice crystals growing from water vapor was investigated at temperatures between 0 and -35 C and at supersaturation levels ranging from 2 to 40 percent, using a laboratory chamber in which it was possible to make these variations. It was found that crystal growth was most sensitive to changes in the air velocity at temperatures near -4 C and -15 C where, near water saturation, the introduction of only a 5 cm/s air velocity induced skeletal transitions (columns to needles near -4 C and plates to dendrites near -15 C). The experiments provide conditions which simulate growth of ice crystals in the atmosphere, where crystal growth takes place at or somewhat below water saturation.
Back and to the future: quality provisioning for multimedia content delivery

Quality Provisioning concept has been with us for at least 25 years and it started with the claim to be one of the necessary building blocks for multimedia content distribution and delivery. A lot of research has been done on Quality of Service and Quality of Experience by the ACM Special Interest Group on Multimedia (SIGMM) community and other research communities. So where are we with respect to broader impact and deployment of Quality Provisioning in multimedia networks, systems and applications? Did it become a necessary building block for multimedia content delivery or not? During the talk I will go back and to the future, discussing my journey regarding quality topics ranging from Quality of Service (QoS) in multimedia networks and end systems, to Experiential Quality (QoE) for current and future multimedia applications. I will reflect on successes and failures of Quality Provisioning mechanisms, policies, algorithms, protocols and management frameworks in multimedia networks, systems and applications as they evolved from up to the point of an almost ubiquitous presence of multimedia services to the on-going discussions about network neutrality and multimedia service provisioning. I will also argue that the future for Quality Provisioning is bright with numerous exciting research problems since users expect at this point nothing but high quality multimedia content delivery anytime, anywhere, any content, and on any device.
On modules with DICC

Let R be an arbitrary commutative ring with unit. R-modules with DICC, i.e., modules which have no doubly infinite chain of submodules, were first introduced in [Cl] and extensively investigated in [C2]. Let us recall from those papers some results which will be referred to later on, but first let us fix some notation. If R is a commutative ring with unit, n will denote its nilradical. Also, a min/max ideal of R is a prime ideal which is both minimal and maximal. If M is an R-module, then N(M) = N = the sum of all submodules of M of finite length. In [Cl] we proved that a non-reduced ring S with no min/max ideals has DICC if and only if S reduced is Noetherian, and n has DCC, is nilpotent, and is almost divisible (i.e., Vyg Sn, n/yn has finite length). In [C2] we proved a similar result for modules--that is, an R-module M has DICC if and only if N has DCC; M/N has ACC; and, for all x E M N, N/Rx n N has finite length. Moreover, a DICC not DCC R-module M can be generated by finitely many elements outside the submodule N. In this paper we make a further investigation of DICC modules. We call weakly DZCC (abbreviated to WDICC a ring whose nilradical is nilpotent and DCC, and such that the reduced ring is Noetherian; we call standardly DZCC (abbreviated to SDICC) a DICC module (resp. ring) which is not ACC, not DCC (resp. not ACC and, hence, also not DCC). We pay particular attention to the question of how the existence of a DICC R-module affects the ring itself. It is known that if a ring admits a faithful ACC module, then the ring is Noetherian. Recently, W. Heinzer and D. Lantz proved that if a complete quasi-local ring admits a faithful DCC module, then it is Noetherian. For SDICC modules there seems to be no obvious way of proving a similar result, as the Example 1 given after Theorem 1 shows. In this subtle example we exhibit a quasi-local WDICC ring R such that Rred is complete local, R has a faithful SDICC module, but R is not DICC. 75 0021-8693/87 $3.00
Introduction by the Onondaga Nation and activist neighbors of an indigenous perspective on issues surrounding hydrofracking in the Marcellus Shale

The introduction of an Indigenous perspective by Native spokespeople and their allies is a significant factor in an ongoing legal and discursive struggle over the future of unconventional gas drilling in New York. This paper analyzes the alliance between the Onondaga Nation of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy and an ally organization known as Neighbors of Onondaga Nation (NOON) as they cooperate to oppose slick water high-volume horizontal hydraulic fracturing, commonly referred to as hydrofracking, in the Marcellus Shale. We trace the history of cooperation between NOON and the Onondaga Nation and locate it in relation to other Native/non-Native alliances. We characterize the responsibility-based approach to law that is suffused throughout Haudenosaunee worldviews and legal systems and contrast it with the rights-based approach of New York State and US environmental and property law, in particular as this rights-based approach structures and constrains the process used to determine the future of hydrofracking in New York. We also consider these differences in the context of Onondaga self-determination and Native American treaty derived sovereignty. We conclude by suggesting that alliances between Native Nations and non-Native organizations might expand opportunities for including Indigenous perspectives on the relationship between society and nature in important decision-making processes.
An Artificial Intelligence system to predict progression of immune dysfunction in healthy older patients

In 1983, forty nine participants returning for their annual HEALTH WATCH evaluation were assessed for immune function status and served as healthy controls in an early study of “normal” reference values for T4 and T8 lymphocyte counts and T4/T8 lymphocyte ratios, B lymphocyte counts, and other laboratory tests for immune function then available. Balascopy, a computer-assisted pattern recognition system for detection, quantification and cognition of multiple imbalances among clinical laboratory and health behavioral parameters, facilitates identification of otherwise healthy individuals with evidence of early immune dysfunction. When the T4 and T8 immunology tests were combined with 7 health index behavioral subscores, and 24 routine clinical laboratory tests, we are able to obtain a bodyprint unique for each patient, providing a comprehensive health status profile specific for that individual. These bodyprints serve as tools for the evaluation of otherwise undetectable metabolic, immunological and behavioral imbalances in a given patient in an unprecedented individualized manner. We show here a longitudinal look at a balascopic evaluation of one patient who has evidence of progressive immune dysfunction with development of only mild clinical symptoms.
Understanding near mergers: the case of morphological tone in Cantonese*

A growing body of work on exemplar-based theories of learning suggests the possibility of formal models of phonological representation which will offer deeper explanations of basic phonological properties than current models allow. The main purpose of this paper is to shed light on near merger, a recalcitrant problem in sound change and in phonological theory, with this newer perspective, through a case study of tonal near merger in Cantonese.
The Effect of Iso-Carbic Metabolic Acidosis in Blood on [H+] and [HCO3-] in CSF with Deductions about the Regulation of an Active Transport of H+/HCO3 - between Blood and CSF

The changes in pH and [HCO3] in csf of anesthetized, paralyzed dogs during metabolic acidosis were compared with those changes when the blood acid-base parameters were tept at a normal level. Arterial and csf Pco2 were kept constant at the same level during both kinds of experiments. Arterial [HCO3--] was kept cmstant at about 25 meq/l during normal acid-base experiments and at about 19 meq/l during acidosis experiments. Arterial and csf samples were simultaneously withdrawn after 1 hr, 3 hrs, and 6 hrs. The changes in csf pH and [HCO3--] were expressed as the changes in the electrochemical potential differences (csf-blood) for H+‘ and HCO3- During metabolic acidosis the electrochemical potential differences for H+ and HCO3- decreased which could be explained by a decrease in the rate of an active transport of H+/HCO3-- between blood and csf during metabolic acidosis at a constant Pco2. The findings are compared with previous findings and we conclude that the rate of active transport of H+/HCO3- between blood and csf if affected by changes in plasma [HCO3-]. This mechanism provides pH stability in the brain environment during metabolic blood acid-base changes, whereas the effect is opposite during respiratory acid-base changes. The mechanism is however “useful” during respiratory acidosis because it provides a negative feed-back mechanism for the increase in Pco2 during respiratory acidosis.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: The MGH Experience

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has gained acceptance as a useful form of device therapy for patients with refractory congestive heart failure. Despite recent technical advances, a significant number of patients continue to remain unresponsive to this form of therapy. This article provides an overview of CRT, highlights several unresolved issues and describes ongoing research efforts to address some of these important questions.
Accelerated (1) H MRSI using randomly undersampled spiral-based k-space trajectories.

Purpose To develop and evaluate the performance of an acquisition and reconstruction method for accelerated MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) through undersampling of spiral trajectories. Theory and Methods A randomly undersampled spiral acquisition and sensitivity encoding (SENSE) with total variation (TV) regularization, random SENSE+TV, is developed and evaluated on single-slice numerical phantom, in vivo single-slice MRSI, and in vivo three-dimensional (3D)-MRSI at 3 Tesla. Random SENSE+TV was compared with five alternative methods for accelerated MRSI. Results For the in vivo single-slice MRSI, random SENSE+TV yields up to 2.7 and 2 times reduction in root-mean-square error (RMSE) of reconstructed N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine, and choline maps, compared with the denoised fully sampled and uniformly undersampled SENSE+TV methods with the same acquisition time, respectively. For the in vivo 3D-MRSI, random SENSE+TV yields up to 1.6 times reduction in RMSE, compared with uniform SENSE+TV. Furthermore, by using random SENSE+TV, we have demonstrated on the in vivo single-slice and 3D-MRSI that acceleration factors of 4.5 and 4 are achievable with the same quality as the fully sampled data, as measured by RMSE of reconstructed NAA map, respectively. Conclusion With the same scan time, random SENSE+TV yields lower RMSEs of metabolite maps than other methods evaluated. Random SENSE+TV achieves up to 4.5-fold acceleration with comparable data quality as the fully sampled acquisition. Magn Reson Med 74:13–24, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.