cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Reason Evolve? (Does the Reasoning in Mathematics Evolve?)

Hersh (1997) in a book aptly named What Is Mathematics Really? stresses the great distance he detects between the reality of professional mathematical practice—contemporary and historical—and the reasoning in formal languages that philosophers (since Frege) have largely characterized mathematical proof in terms of. Hersh criticizes the reasoning-in-formal-languages view of mathematical practice and mathematical proof as “isolated,” “timeless,” “ahistorical,” and indeed, even “inhuman.” Hersh (1997, xi) contrasts this derivation-centered view of mathematics (and mathematical proof) with an alternative view that takes mathematics to be a human activity and a social phenomenon, one which historically evolves and is intelligible only in a social context. His alternative view pointedly roots mathematical practice in the actual proofs that mathematicians create—actual proofs that Hersh claims philosophers of mathematics often ignore.
Toward a Less-Than-Human Psychoanalysis: Coitus Interruptus and the Object

This chapter traces the question of anxiety from Freud’s delirious early theory of anxiety as the result of coitus interruptus, the interruption of sexual enjoyment, through Lacan’s reading of this psychoanalytic myth as a truth about one’s relationship to the object and the importance of separation for enjoyment. Lacan provides a rare elucidation through one of his own cases, showing how coitus interruptus and the object coalesce in a vision of female sexuality that gives us a sublime map for a less-than-human psychoanalysis.
Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) for external strengthening of structures

Abstract: High-quality and expedient repair methods are necessary to address concrete deterioration that can occur in bridge structures. Most infrastructure-related applications of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs) use hand layup methods. Hand layup is tedious, labor-intensive and results are sensitive to personnel skill level. An alternative method of FRP application is vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). VARTM uses single-sided molding technology to infuse resin over fabrics wrapping large structures, such as bridge girders and columns. There is no research currently available on the interface developed, when VARTM processing is adopted to wrap fibers such as carbon and/ or glass over concrete structures. This chapter investigates the shear and flexural strength gains of a beam by carbon fiber cast on concrete using the VARTM method. The carbon fiber composite was made using Sikadur HEX 103C and low viscosity epoxy resin Sikadur 300. Tests were conducted to determine and document the gains of FRP rehabilitated beams applied by the VARTM method compared to the hand layup method of application. This newly introduced technique to repair and retrofit a simple span I-565 prestressed concrete bridge girder in Huntsville, Alabama, was implemented in the field within two days without any traffic interruption, and the field demonstration of this newly introduced technique to civil infrastructure is presented to the end.
Comparison of a Medical-Grade Monitor vs Commercial Off-the-Shelf Display for Mitotic Figure Enumeration and Small Object (Helicobacter pylori) Detection.

Objectives To examine the performance of a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) monitor vs a medical-grade (MG) monitor for small object enumeration in standardized digital pathology images. Methods Pathologists reviewed 35 melanoma or 35 gastric biopsy images using the MG and COTS displays, with a 2-week washout period. Mitotic figure or Helicobacter pylori burden enumerations were compared with reference values reported by an expert subspecialist pathologist using a light microscope. Subjective evaluations of image color, brightness, and overall quality were also obtained. Results There was substantial agreement between the mitotic counts obtained by the evaluating pathologists between monitors and the reference mitotic figure or H pylori burden assessments. Six of the nine evaluating pathologists subjectively evaluated the monitors as substantially similar. Conclusions These findings are consistent with previous studies demonstrating that color calibration has limited impact on diagnostic accuracy and suggest that noncalibrated displays could be considered for fine assessment tasks.
The Lexicon in Acquisition: The mapping problem

Children acquiring words have a mapping problem. They must isolate the word-forms of their language; they must create potential meanings; and then they must map the meanings onto the forms. All three tasks are critical to the solution of the mapping problem in lexical acquisition. For present purposes, I presuppose that children can isolate the relevant forms. The focus in this chapter is on the creation of meanings and their mapping onto word forms. The early meanings children map onto forms are based on what they already know about the world around them (Clark 1983, Gibson and Spelke 1983, Mandler 1983). I therefore look first at the stuff early meanings are made from – children's ontological categories of objects, actions, properties, and relations. I then turn to mapping itself. Children appear to map meanings onto forms rather swiftly given the large numbers of words acquired in the early years. A number of people have proposed that the mapping task is made easier by children's reliance on various assumptions about the relations of words to the categories they denote. I look first at conceptual constraints on mapping, and then turn to lexical constraints. Ontological categories When children create possible meanings to map onto word forms, they do so by drawing on two kinds of information. They draw on their own experience, and they draw on patterns of use for each form in the input language they hear.
The Ldl Receptor: Functional Studies And Partial Characterization

The receptor for LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is a cell-surface protein that binds LDL, the major cholesterol-transport protein in plasma ([1], & see #C-6, this vol.). Binding leads to cellular uptake of LDL by absorptive endocytosis in coated pits. The LDL is digested within lysosomes, providing the cell with cholesterol for new membrane synthesis. In patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH), LDL receptor function is diminished. As a result, LDL is not removed normally from the circulation and it accumulates to high levels in plasma, ultimately producing atherosclerosis [1].
The Importance of p53 Signaling in the Response of Cells to Checkpoint Inhibitors

Many anticancer agents induce DNA damage resulting in arrest of cell cycle progression and thereby permit time for repair and recovery. Accordingly, these cell cycle checkpoints limit the efficacy of DNA-damaging agents. Chk1 inhibitors have been developed to prevent arrest and enhance cell killing. This approach would also kill normal cells if it were not for the protective role played by the p53 tumor suppressor. This chapter discusses how p53 can protect cells from DNA damage rather than induce apoptosis, and how activation of p53 in nontumor tissues could enhance the therapeutic index when a patient with a p53 defective tumor is administered a combination of a DNA-damaging agent plus Chk1 inhibitor.
Application of magnetic stimulation neuromodulation therapy to promote the stability of core muscle group in children with cerebral palsy

Introduction/Background The core strength of children with cerebral palsy decreased. To investigate the application of magnetic stimulation treatment to stimulate spinal nerve root to strengthen the core muscles in the children with cerebral palsy. Material and method Children with cerebral palsy in our hospital during January 2016 to January 2017 were divided into the treatment group and the control group in accordance with random number table. Two groups of data have no significant difference before treatment. The control group was treated with traditional rehabilitation method, the treatment group was treated with transcranial magnetic stimulation plus traditional way. Compare the effects of two groups before treatment and 1- month and 2-month treatment later. Results Analyzing the effects between the treatment group and the control group after 1-month treatment, there existed significant differences: GMFM recumbent position and can roll over sitting position and ICF-CY (P 0.05). In the treatment group, compared itself after the treatment 3-months and 2-months later, Rehabilitation treatment progress is slow. There existed significant differences in the Recumbent position and can roll over sitting position (P 0.05). Conclusion Treatment of magnetic stimulation has positive clinic effect to strengthen the core muscles in children with cerebral palsy, and it is the most effective when the first course of treatment.
DNA Exonerations and the Elusive Promise of Criminal Justice Reform

Review of: Wrongful Convictions and the DNA Revolution: Twenty-five Years of Freeing the Innocent (Daniel S. Medwed ed., Cambridge University Press 2017).
4DMesh: 4D Printing Morphing Non-Developable Mesh Surfaces

We present 4DMesh, a method of combining shrinking and bending thermoplastic actuators with customized geometric algorithms to 4D print and morph centimeter- to meter-sized functional non-developable surfaces. We will share two end-to-end inverse design algorithms. With our tools, users can input CAD models of target surfaces and produce respective printable files. The flat sheet printed can morph into target surfaces when triggered by heat. This system saves shipping and packaging costs, in addition to enabling customizability for the design of relatively large non-developable structures. We designed a few functional artifacts to leverage the advantage of non-developable surfaces for their unique functionalities in aesthetics, mechanical strength, geometric ergonomics and other functionalities. In addition, we demonstrated how this technique can potentially be adapted to customize molds for industrial parts (e.g., car, boat, etc.) in the future.
Undergraduate mathematics students’ at-home exploration of a prove-or-disprove task

Abstract A common genre of task in proof-centered mathematics courses involves prompting students to evaluate the veracity of a mathematical claim by either proving the claim, or providing a proof that the claim is false (disproving the claim). The way in which students interact with these prove-or-disprove tasks is not well understood. We examine students’ at-home work as a way of learning about their processes of generating disproofs of claims. In particular, we study the interactions between example/counterexample generation activities, attempts to prove the (false) claim, and attempts to prove related results.
Prevalence of female sexual dysfunction among women attending college presenting for gynecological care at a university student health center.

AbstractObjective: To estimate the prevalence of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) among women attending college (18–29 years of age) presenting for routine gynecological care at a university-based s...
Hyperpolarized MRI Visualizes Warburg Effects and Predicts Treatment Response to mTOR Inhibitors in Patient-Derived ccRCC Xenograft Models

The ever-changing tumor microenvironment constantly challenges individual cancer cells to balance supply and demand, presenting tumor vulnerabilities and therapeutic opportunities. Everolimus and temsirolimus are inhibitors of mTOR (mTORi) approved for treating metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). However, treatment outcome varies greatly among patients. Accordingly, administration of mTORi in mRCC is diminishing, which could potentially result in missing timely delivery of effective treatment for select patients. Here, we implemented a clinically applicable, integrated platform encompassing a single dose of [1-13C] pyruvate to visualize the in vivo effect of mTORi on the conversion of pyruvate to lactate using hyperpolarized MRI. A striking difference that predicts treatment benefit was demonstrated using two preclinical models derived from patients with clear cell RCC (ccRCC) who exhibited primary resistance to VEGFRi and quickly succumbed to their diseases within 6 months after the diagnosis of metastasis without receiving mTORi. Our findings suggest that hyperpolarized MRI could be further developed to personalize kidney cancer treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate MRI as a tool for accurately assessing the clinical success of mTOR inhibition in patients with ccRCC.
Repetitive nerve stimulation test in myasthenic crisis

Introduction Herein we report our experience with the repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) test in myasthenia gravis (MG) crisis. Methods The various parameters of the RNS tests in 26 patients with MG crisis were analyzed. Results In 18 (69%) patients, MG crisis is the first manifestation of MG. RNS tests were abnormal in 24 (92%) patients by decrement at low-rate stimulation in any of 4 tested muscles. Three patterns of abnormality were found: MG pattern (decrement at low-rate stimulation) in 23 patients; Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome pattern in 1 patient; and cholinergic crisis pattern in 1 patient. Discussion During MG crisis, the RNS test can serve as a rapid and sensitive diagnostic tool for MG in a majority of patients. Muscle Nerve 59:544-544, 2019.
Dynamics of pleasure–displeasure at the limit of exercise tolerance: conceptualizing the sense of exertional physical fatigue as an affective response

ABSTRACT The search for variables involved in the regulation and termination of exercise performance has led to integrative models that attribute a central role to the brain and utilize an array of psychological terms (e.g. sensation, perception, discomfort, tolerance). We propose that theorizing about exercise regulation would benefit from establishing cross-disciplinary bridges to research fields, such as affective psychology and neuroscience, in which changes along the dimension of pleasure–displeasure are considered the main channel via which homeostatic perturbations enter consciousness and dictate corrective action (slowing down or stopping). We hypothesized that ratings of pleasure–displeasure would respond to the severity of homeostatic perturbation and would be related to time to exhaustion during exercise performed at an unsustainable intensity. In a within-subjects experiment (N=15, 13 men and 2 women, age 23.4±2.2 years; maximal oxygen uptake 46.0±8.0 ml kg−1 min−1), we compared the slope of ratings of pleasure–displeasure (acquired every 1 min) during cycling exercise at a power output 10% above critical power until volitional termination under glycogen-loaded and glycogen-depleted conditions. As hypothesized, ratings of pleasure–displeasure declined more steeply under glycogen depletion (P=0.009, d=0.70) and correlated closely with time to exhaustion under both glycogen-loaded (r=0.85; P
Is Household Composition Associated With Repeat Fight Injuries in Adolescents Living in Urban Neighborhoods

The association of household composition with violence-related injury risk has not been explored in the at-risk urban adolescent population. We hypothesize that, similar to the unintentional risk a...
Age Related Differences in Neighborhood Sense of Community: Impacts of the Neighborhood Environment and Leisure Time Physical Activity

Emerging research has found that both perceptions of the environment and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) behavior can contribute to sense of community (SOC) in the neighborhood. The strength of these associations, however, may vary according to age. This research examined the influence of LTPA and environmental perceptions on SOC among adults in four age groups to determine whether age-related differences existed among the causal pathways. Quota sampling was utilized to survey residents (N = 597) in Phoenix, Arizona. A multi-group structural equation modeling analysis indicated that all structural paths were significantly associated, yet distinct patterns were revealed depending on age. Notably, the positive relationship between perceptions of the neighborhood environment and SOC was strongest among older adults. Furthermore, LTPA was found to mediate the relationship, suggesting that engaging in physical activity during leisure time may be a promising strategy to promote neighborhood cohesion, particularly among adults aged 65 and older.
Exertional heat illness risk factors and physiological responses of youth football players.

Abstract Objective To determine which intrinsic and extrinsic exertional heat illness (EHI) risk factors exist in youth American football players and observe perceptual and physiological responses of players during events (games and practices). Methods Cross-sectional cohort study observing 63 youth football players, varying in position. Independent variables were league (weight-restricted (WR, n = 27) and age-restricted (AR, n = 36)) and event type. Dependent variables were anthropometrics, work-to-rest ratio, and wet bulb globe temperature. Descriptive variables included preparticipation examination and uniform configuration. A subset of 16 players participated in physiological variables (heart rate and gastrointestinal temperature). Data collection occurred on 7 AR and 8 WR nonconsecutive practices and the first 3 games of the season. Results Mean values for anthropometric variables were higher (p Conclusion Extrinsic (disproportionate work ratios, environmental conditions) and intrinsic (higher body mass index) EHI risk factors exist in youth football. Certain risk factors may be influenced by event and league type. National youth football organizations need to create thorough guidelines that address EHI risk factors for local leagues to adopt.
Amulet: an open-source wrist-worn platform for mHealth research and education

The advent of mobile and wearable computing technology has opened up tremendous opportunities for health and wellness applications. It is increasingly possible for individuals to wear devices that can sense their physiology or health-related behaviors, collecting valuable data in support of diagnosis, treatment, public health, or other applications. From a researcher’s point of view, the commercial availability of these “mHealth” devices has made it feasible to conduct scientific studies of health conditions and to explore health-related interventions. It remains difficult, however, to conduct systems work or other experimental research involving the hardware, software, security, and networking aspects of mobile and wearable technology. In this paper we describe the Amulet platform, an open-hardware, open-software wrist-worn computing device designed specifically for mHealth applications. Our position is that the Amulet is an inexpensive platform for research and education, and we encourage the mHealth community to explore its potential.
Is the recommended pH for growing hardwood seedlings wrong

Two schools of thought address the optimum soil pH (measured in water) for growing hardwood seedlings in bareroot nurseries. One school uses nutrient surveys in non-fertilized forests to determine the best pH range for growing seedlings in fertilized nurseries. Some students of this school believe hardwood seedlings grow best at pH 6.0 to 7.5. In contrast, another school relies on research from pH trials to conclude that fertilized hardwoods can grow well in soils that range from pH 4.5 to 6.0. This article compiles some of the findings from seedbed and greenhouse trials and attempts to use data to dispel a few myths about the “optimum pH” for growing hardwood seedlings. Greenhouse trials suggest many fertilized hardwoods grow better in acid soils (pH 4-6) than in nearly neutral soils (pH 6.0-7.5). The optimal pH for growth differs among species and, therefore, it is a myth that all hardwood seedlings grow best at pH 6 to 7.5. Most nursery managers in the southern United States grow bareroot hardwoods between pH 4.8 and 6.0.
An Intertemporal Analysis of Post-FCTC Era Household Tobacco Consumption in Pakistan

Since the ratification of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2004, Pakistan has taken various measures of tobacco control. This study examines how these tobacco control measures are associated with change in household-level tobacco consumption patterns in Pakistan over the decade (2005 to 2016) after FCTC ratification. We used multiple waves of the household survey data of Pakistan from 2004–2005 to 2015–2016 for analyzing household-level tobacco use. We find that tobacco consumption remains at a significantly high level (45.5%) in Pakistan despite the recent declining trend in the post-FCTC era. During the preparatory phase of FCTC implementation between 2005 and 2008, the smoking rate was on the rise, and smokeless tobacco use was declining. Over the implementation phase of FCTC policies between 2008 and 2016, the pattern of change in tobacco use reversed—the smoking rate started to decrease while smokeless tobacco use started to rise. However, the decrease in the smoking rate was slower and the increase in smokeless tobacco use at the national level was driven by an increase among the poor and middle-income households. These trends resulted in the growing burden of tobacco expenditure among the poor and middle-income households relative to the wealthier households.
Novel Mechanisms of Valproate Hepatotoxicity: Impaired Mrp2 Trafficking and Hepatocyte Depolarization.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a major challenge in drug development. Although numerous mechanisms for DILI have been identified, few studies have focused on loss of hepatocyte polarization as a DILI mechanism. The current study investigated the effects of valproate, an antiepileptic drug with DILI risk, on the cellular mechanisms responsible for loss of hepatocyte polarization. Fully polarized collagen sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes were treated with valproate (1-20mM) for specified times (3-24hr). Hepatocyte viability was significantly decreased by 10mM and 20mM valproate. Valproate depolarized hepatocytes, even at non-cytotoxic concentrations (=5mM). Depolarization was associated with significantly decreased canalicular levels of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2) resulting in reduced canalicular excretion of the Mrp2 substrate carboxydichlorofluorescein. The decreased canalicular Mrp2 was associated with intracellular accumulation of Mrp2 in Rab11-positive recycling endosomes and early endosomes. Mechanistic studies suggested that valproate inhibited canalicular trafficking of Mrp2. This effect of valproate on Mrp2 appeared to be selective in that valproate had less impact on canalicular levels of the bile salt export pump (Bsep) and no detectable effect on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) canalicular levels. Treatment with valproate for 24hr also significantly downregulated levels of tight junction-associated protein, zonula occludens 2 (ZO2), but appeared to have no effect on the levels of tight junction proteins claudin 1, claudin 2, occludin, ZO1 and ZO3. These findings reveal that two novel mechanisms may contribute to valproate hepatotoxicity: impaired canalicular trafficking of Mrp2 and disruption of ZO2-associated hepatocyte polarization.
Outcomes of renal transplantation in patients with previous hematologic malignancies

Recommendations regarding the appropriateness of renal transplantation in patients with prior hematologic malignancies are limited. Given the lack of available data, studies are needed to assess wh...
Digital Interleaving Control for Two-Phase TCM GaN Totem-Pole PFC to Reduce Current Distortion

This paper presents a digital interleaving control method for GaN devices-based two-phase interleaved totem-pole power factor correction (PFC) rectifier working in Triangular Current Mode (TCM). Nowadays, digital signal processor (DSP) is widely implemented in converter design. A digital controlled system would induce time delay caused by sample and hold function of pulse width modulator (PWM). In this converter, the influence of this time delay is analyzed. The time delay will lead to PWM duty ratio update of two phases not synchronized, since there exists a phase shift between two phases. This phenomenon would not only cause inductor current distortion but also make converter lose ZVS operation. Using the proposed digital control method, the effect caused by time delay is compensated. Experimental result also shows that the proposed control reduces the zero-crossing current distortion significantly.
Excel for data visualization in academic health sciences libraries: a qualitative case study

Background: Data visualization is a growing topic of discussion and area of educational programming in health sciences libraries. This paper synthesizes information on eight institutions’ experiences in offering Excel-focused data visualization workshops with the goal of providing an overview of the current state of educational offerings in this area. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted by phone and email with librarians at institutions that offer Excel-focused workshops, which were identified by reviewing the websites of Association of Academic Health Sciences Libraries members and the 2019 Medical Library Association annual meeting program. Results: Librarians from six institutions were interviewed, online class materials from one institution were reviewed, and information from the author’s institution was included, resulting in a total of eight institutions. Educational offerings in Excel-focused data visualization ranged from one workshop to five workshops in a series, which typically first presented information for beginners and then progressed to more advanced data visualization skills. Regarding motivations for offering these workshops, librarians stated that they were committed to providing instruction in software programs that were already familiar to users. Workshop evaluations, when available, were generally positive. Discussion: Because of its widespread availability and usage, Excel offers a compelling opportunity for providing hands-on data visualization instruction in health sciences libraries.
Calculating nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts in solvated systems

The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shift is extremely sensitive to molecular geometry, hydrogen bonding, solvent, temperature, pH, and concentration. Calculated magnetic shielding constants, converted to chemical shifts, can be valuable aids in NMR peak assignment and can also give detailed information about molecular geometry and intermolecular effects. Calculating chemical shifts in solution is complicated by the need to include solvent effects and conformational averaging. Here, we review the current state of NMR chemical shift calculations in solution, beginning with an introduction to the theory of calculating magnetic shielding in general, then covering methods for inclusion of solvent effects and conformational averaging, and finally discussing examples of applications using calculated chemical shifts to gain detailed structural information.
CANAGLIFLOZIN (CANA) REDUCES CARDIOVASCULAR (CV) AND RENAL EVENTS INDEPENDENT OF BASELINE HEART FAILURE (HF): A CREDENCE SECONDARY ANALYSIS

In the CREDENCE trial, CANA reduced renal and CV events including hospitalization for HF (HHF) in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We assessed the efficacy of CANA in CREDENCE participants with and without HF at baseline. CREDENCE randomized 4401 participants with
Nanoscale imaging using differential expansion microscopy

Expensive and time-consuming approaches of immunoelectron microscopy of biopsy tissues continues to serve as the gold-standard for diagnostic pathology. The recent development of the new approach of expansion microscopy (ExM) capable of fourfold lateral expansion of biological specimens for their morphological examination at approximately 70 nm lateral resolution using ordinary diffraction limited optical microscopy, is a major advancement in cellular imaging. Here we report (1) an optimized fixation protocol for retention of cellular morphology while obtaining optimal expansion, (2) an ExM procedure for up to eightfold lateral and over 500-fold volumetric expansion, (3) demonstrate that ExM is anisotropic or differential between tissues, cellular organelles and domains within organelles themselves, and (4) apply image analysis and machine learning (ML) approaches to precisely assess differentially expanded cellular structures. We refer to this enhanced ExM approach combined with ML as differential expansion microscopy (DiExM), applicable to profiling biological specimens at the nanometer scale. DiExM holds great promise for the precise, rapid and inexpensive diagnosis of disease from pathological specimen slides.
Frustratingly Simple Domain Generalization via Image Stylization.

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) show impressive performance in the standard classification setting where training and testing data are drawn i.i.d. from a given domain. However, CNNs do not readily generalize to new domains with different statistics, a setting that is simple for humans. In this work, we address the Domain Generalization problem, where the classifier must generalize to an unknown target domain. Inspired by recent works that have shown a difference in biases between CNNs and humans, we demonstrate an extremely simple yet effective method, namely correcting this bias by augmenting the dataset with stylized images. In contrast with existing stylization works, which use external data sources such as art, we further introduce a method that is entirely in-domain using no such extra sources of data. We provide a detailed analysis as to the mechanism by which the method works, verifying our claim that it changes the shape/texture bias, and demonstrate results surpassing or comparable to the state of the arts that utilize much more complex methods.
In or out: Response slowing across housing conditions as a measure of affect in three Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)

Background Individuals experiencing negative affect have shown response slowing, a longer latency to respond in relation to baseline, when presented with aversive stimuli. We assessed response slowing in three male gorillas housed in a bachelor group as a function of daytime and nighttime housing arrangements. Methods In both experiments, three gorillas were rewarded for touching a single image (baseline, non-threatening gorilla or threatening gorilla) on a touchscreen. In Experiment One, they completed 48 50-trial sessions across combinations of three nested daytime and three nighttime conditions. In Experiment Two, they completed eight 50-trial sessions with novel stimuli across two daytime conditions, which were nested within two nighttime conditions. Housing conditions represented different amounts of space and degree of choice. We predicted that the gorillas would show response slowing to threatening stimuli when space and choice were restricted. Results We did not observe response slowing in Experiment One, although daytime and nighttime conditions interacted to predict response latencies. The gorillas responded more slowly when they had access to indoors and outdoors overnight compared to when they were in their stalls or together in an indoor habitat, but only if they had been given access to both indoors and outdoors or locked in the indoor habitat the day before. In Experiment Two, the gorillas did show response slowing to threatening stimuli, but this pattern did not interact with housing conditions. Our results, although limited by a small sample, are somewhat consistent with those of a previous study that did not find significant response slowing for apes as a function of aversive testing conditions, although the procedure has been effective in identifying dysregulated fear (high fear in low threat conditions) in macaques. The utility of this paradigm for testing affect in apes awaits further evaluation.
Molecular Doping of Multilayer ${\rm MoS}_{2}$ Field-Effect Transistors: Reduction in Sheet and Contact Resistances

For the first time, polyethyleneimine (PEI) doping on multilayer MoS2 field-effect transistors is investigated. A 2.6 times reduction in sheet resistance and 1.2 times reduction in contact resistance have been achieved. The enhanced electrical characteristics are also reflected in a 70% improvement in ON-current and 50% improvement in extrinsic field-effect mobility. The threshold voltage confirms a negative shift upon the molecular doping. All studies demonstrate the feasibility of PEI molecular doping in MoS2 transistors and its potential applications in layer-structured semiconducting 2-D crystals.
Distinctiveness of the MMPI-3 Self-Importance and Self-Doubt Scales

The MMPI-3 is an updated version of the MMPI-2-RF that provides enhanced coverage of constructs related to personality and psychopathology. A new Self-Importance (SFI) scale measures individuals' beliefs that they possess special qualities. Low SFI scores indicate that test-takers report lacking such attributes. The Self-Doubt (SFD) scale, which was revised from the MMPI-2-RF, also has a self-orientation and measures a lack of self-esteem. The current study used three college student samples to investigate whether MMPI-3 SFI and SFD measure distinct constructs; in other words, are beliefs about self-importance distinct from self-esteem? SFI and SFD scores were conversely but differentially associated with measures of positive valence, self-esteem, and grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Dominance and regression analyses indicated that SFI scores generally dominated SFD scores in prediction of positive valence and grandiose narcissism (characterized by grandiosity, dominance, aggressiveness). SFD scores generally dominated SFI scores in prediction of self-esteem and vulnerable narcissism (characterized by negative affect, feelings of incompetence, inadequacy). The current findings indicated that self-importance and self-esteem are two distinct constructs and therefore appropriately measured by separate scales.
Simplifying Continuous-Time Quantum Walks on Dynamic Graphs

A continuous-time quantum walk on a dynamic graph evolves by Schrodinger's equation with a sequence of Hamiltonians encoding the edges of the graph. This process is universal for quantum computing, but in general, the dynamic graph that implements a quantum circuit can be quite complicated. In this paper, we give six scenarios under which a dynamic graph can be simplified, and they exploit commuting graphs, identical graphs, perfect state transfer, complementary graphs, isolated vertices, and uniform mixing on the hypercube. As examples, we simplify dynamic graphs, in some instances allowing single-qubit gates to be implemented in parallel.
History of PRP

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has increased in popularity over the last decade. Developed from the field of hematology in the 1970s, it is now used across disciplines as a safe and effective tissue-regenerating treatment. While orthopedics and maxillofacial surgery accounts for an overwhelming amount of currently available research, dermatology represents an emerging third wave of interest. Historical applications of PRP focused primarily on the repair of acute wound injury; however, current and future research seeks to broaden this application, using PRP to offer an alternative or adjunctive treatment to traditionally challenging chronic diseases. In dermatology, PRP has shown promising results for the treatment of androgenic alopecia, wound healing, and skin rejuvenation with research emerging in other areas such as melasma, striae, and peri-ocular dark circles. In this introductory chapter, we explore the historical origins, clinical applications, and future of PRP as it relates to dermatology, as well as review basic terminology and basic science principles.
Differentiating Sources of Non-Thermal ION Energy in Gas-Puff Z-Pinches Using Thomson Scattering

The conditions and dynamics of neon gas puff z-pinch plasmas near pinch time are studied on the COBRA pulsed power generator (current rise time of ~240 ns and ~0.9 MA peak current). A 526.5 nm, 10 J Thomson scattering diagnostic laser enables probing of the plasma conditions of these implosions with both spatial and temporal resolution. Plasma conditions imply that collective scattering spectral profiles will be observed, in which case electron and ion temperatures and plasma fluid element drift velocity can be obtained. The use of two laser pulses, both with a FWHM of 2.2 ns, that can be separated by 10ns allows observation of time-resolved spectra for a total consecutive time of ~6 ns in the present experiments. Spectra from the same scattering volume but collected by optics at differing angles with respect to the laser repeatedly imply ion temperatures that are inconsistent across viewing angles if the width of the ion features in the scattered spectral profile are interpreted as solely due to ion temperature. This indicates the presence of a source of non-thermal peak broadening that changes with scattering angle. Multiple methods of fitting the Thomson scattering spectral profile show that the presence of hydrodynamic drift velocity distributions in the plasma at stagnation can, together with ion temperature, give a better fit to the observed ion feature peak widths than ion temperature alone.
The Immune Response to Coronaviruses

Coronaviruses (CoV) infect a variety of organs, including the liver, respiratory and enteric tracts, and the central nervous system (CNS). Viral cellular and tissue tropism affects both the quality and quantity of the immune response, which ultimately determine viral control and pathogenesis. This chapter focuses primarily on the in vivo interactions between the immune system and the infected CNS as a target of neurotropic mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection because these interactions have been examined in the greatest detail. Immune responses to additional viruses, e.g., transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), associated with diseases in other tissues are included, as well as the various MHV strains with distinct tissue tropisms. Control of infections by enveloped viruses involves a coordinated immune response that is initiated and subsequently orchestrated by innate immune mediators such as macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), interferon (IFN)- α/ β, and chemokines. These factors provide both an initial antiviral response and the appropriate milieu for activation of both cellular and humoral immune responses.
Unemployment Rates and Their Implications for Human Resource Planning

In this study, the planning implications of using local unemployment rates, published monthly by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) , are examined. An argument is made that many planners are unaware of the implications of using published unemployment rates in their plan­ ning activities. This is primarily because of a lack of understanding of the definitions used by BLS in its statistical program. Research reveals several al­ ternative ways to view unemployment at the local level. Unique data from the Youngstown/Warren SMSA is used to illustrate the problems and pros­ pects of concern to planners. The paper suggests the increased need for local unemployment rate studies.
A Taste of Rewrite Systems

This survey of the theory and applications of rewriting with equations discusses the existence and uniqueness of normal forms, the KnuthBendix completion procedure and its variations, as well as rewriting-based (functional and logic) programming and (equational, first-order, and inductive) theorem proving. Ordinary, associative-commutative, and conditional rewriting are covered. Current areas of research are summarized and an extensive bibliography is provided.
Correction to lepirudin dosage in table 1 of ‘Direct Thrombin Inhibitors’.

We agree with the comments of Drs Alberio and Lammle and thank them for bringing this to our intention. The dose cited in our paper, although used in the original lepirudin studies, has been recognized as too high, and the revised dosing as described in their letter is what is currently recommended.
Capillary flow phenomena and wettability in porous media. I: Static characteristics

Abstract The degree of saturation of various liquids in beds of packed monodisperse spheres as a function of pressure has been measured. The spheres were glass, with three surface states: untreated, siliconized, and coated with polymethylmethacrylate. Emphasis was placed on evaluating the effects of contact angle, independently measured, on initial wetting into a dry bed and subsequent redrying (drainage) and rewetting (imbibition). Capillary pressures for systems having the same contact angles were in reasonable agreement. Comparisons with the cylindrical tube model, which has been widely used in describing the effects of contact angle on liquid flow in porous media, provided a quantitative basis for expressing the extent to which deviations occur.
IFN-β Treatment Requires B Cells for Efficacy in Neuroautoimmunity

IFN-β remains the most widely prescribed treatment for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Despite widespread use of IFN-β, the therapeutic mechanism is still partially understood. Particularly, the clinical relevance of increased B cell activity during IFN-β treatment is unclear. In this article, we show that IFN-β pushes some B cells into a transitional, regulatory population that is a critical mechanism for therapy. IFN-β treatment increases the absolute number of regulatory CD19(+)CD24(++)CD38(++) transitional B cells in peripheral blood relative to treatment-naive and Copaxone-treated patients. In addition, we found that transitional B cells from both healthy controls and IFN-β-treated MS patients are potent producers of IL-10, and that the capability of IFN-β to induce IL-10 is amplified when B cells are stimulated. Similar changes are seen in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. IFN-β treatment increases transitional and regulatory B cell populations, as well as IL-10 secretion in the spleen. Furthermore, we found that IFN-β increases autoantibody production, implicating humoral immune activation in B cell regulatory responses. Finally, we demonstrate that IFN-β therapy requires immune-regulatory B cells by showing that B cell-deficient mice do not benefit clinically or histopathologically from IFN-β treatment. These results have significant implications for the diagnosis and treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis.
Effects of Age and Control Beliefs on Resource Allocation During Reading Abstract

Abstract Past work suggests that a strong sense of control over one's cognitive ability is associated with higher levels of cognitive performance and that control beliefs may be even more important in later life, due to age-related declines in cognitive processes. However, less is known about the effects of control beliefs on encoding strategies, and whether these effects are comparable for younger and older adults. Participants were divided into high- (HC) and low- control (LC) beliefs groups based on their scores on the Personality in Intellectual-Aging Contexts Inventory. Participants then read relatively easy and difficult passages word-by-word on a computer for subsequent recall. The data suggest that among older, but not younger adults, control beliefs are particularly important when reading difficult passages. Findings as they relate to models of self-regulation and to implications for everyday functioning are discussed.
Selective vibrational excitation of the ethylene--fluorine reaction in a nitrogen matrix. II

The product branching between 1,2‐difluoroethane and vinyl fluoride (plus HF) of the selective vibrationally stimulated reaction of molecular fluorine with C2H4 has been studied in a nitrogen matrix at 12 K and found to be the same for five different vibrational transitions of C2H4 between 1896 and 4209 cm−1. The HF/DF branching ratio of the reaction of F2 with CH2CD2, trans‐CHDCHD, and cis‐CHDCHD was determined to be 1.1, independent of precursor C2H2D2 isomer and particular mode which excited the reaction. These results, as well as the analysis of the mixtures of partially deuterated vinyl fluoride molecules produced by each C2H2D2 isomer indicate that the product branching occurs by αβ elimination of HF(DF) from a vibrationally excited, electronic ground state 1,2‐difluoroethane intermediate. Selective vibrational excitation of fluorine reactions in isotopically mixed matrices t‐CHDCHD/C2H4/F2/N2 and CH2CD2/C2H4/F2/N2, and in matrices C2H2/C2H4/F2/N2 revealed a high degree of isotopic and molecular sel...
The effect of nucleating agents on the foam extrusion characteristics

Influence de carbonate de calcium, hydroxyde de calcium, stearate de calcium, stearate de zinc, d'aluminium, de talc, d'azodicarbonamide, de bicarbonate de sodium sur l'extrusion de PE basse densite alveolaire
Cryptococcus neoformans: Paradigm for the Role of Antibody Immunity Against Fungi?

Summary Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated fungus that is a frequent cause of lifethreatening infections in patients with AIDS. C. neoformans has many similarities with encapsulated bacteria such as S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae for which antibody immunity is important in protection. However the role of antibody immunity in protection against C. neoformans has been controversial. Experiments with polyclonal sera have produced conflicting evidence for and against the importance of antibody immunity in host defense. Experiments with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to the C. neoformans capsular polysaccharide (CPS) have revealed the existence of protective, non-protective and disease-enhancing mAbs, suggesting that the divergent results obtained with polyclonal preparations may be a result of relative proportion of protective and non-protective antibodies in immune sera. Administration of protective mAbs can prolong survival, decrease organ fungal burden, and reduce serum polysaccharide antigen. In vitro experiments suggest that protective mAbs modify the course of infection by enhancing effector cell function against C. neoformans. Addition of mAb to antifungal drugs enhances their efficacy against C. neoformans in vivo and in vitro. Human-mouse chimeric antibodies with activity against C. neoformans have been constructed. A highly immunogenic capsular polysaccharide-protein vaccine has been synthesized that elicits protective antibodies in mice. Antibody immunity elicited by conjugate vaccines or provided by passive administration may be useful in the prevention treatment of human cryptococcal infections.
Sugar/steroid/sugar conjugates: sensitivity of lipid binding to sugar structure.

Three steroids, each bearing a sugar on rings A and D, have been synthesized. Their effect on the “melting” behavior of a lipid bilayer depends on whether the sugar is glucose, galactose, or mannose. Packing constraints dictate how the lipid bilayer responds to the sugars.
Glories in inelastic collisions: non-monotonic temperature dependence of collision rates

Abstract It is suggested that non-monotonic temperature dependence of state-to-state collision rates may result from the occurrences of glories in the velocity dependence of the inelastic cross section. As in the elastic case, these are due to the existence of a minimum (i.e., a well) in the intermolecular potential.