cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mature hepatocytes exhibit unexpected plasticity by direct dedifferentiation into liver progenitor cells in culture

Although there have been numerous reports describing the isolation of liver progenitor cells from the adult liver, their exact origin has not been clearly defined; and the role played by mature hepatocytes as direct contributors to the hepatic progenitor cell pool has remained largely unknown. Here, we report strong evidence that mature hepatocytes in culture have the capacity to dedifferentiate into a population of adult liver progenitors without genetic or epigenetic manipulations. By using highly purified mature hepatocytes, which were obtained from untreated, healthy rat liver and labeled with fluorescent dye PKH2, we found that hepatocytes in culture gave rise to a population of PKH2-positive liver progenitor cells. These cells, liver-derived progenitor cells, which share phenotypic similarities with oval cells, were previously reported to be capable of forming mature hepatocytes, both in culture and in animals. Studies done at various time points during the course of dedifferentiation cultures revealed that hepatocytes rapidly transformed into liver progenitors within 1 week through a transient oval cell-like stage. This finding was supported by lineage-tracing studies involving double-transgenic AlbuminCreXRosa26 mice expressing β-galactosidase exclusively in hepatocytes. Cultures set up with hepatocytes obtained from these mice resulted in the generation of β-galactosidase-positive liver progenitor cells, demonstrating that they were a direct dedifferentiation product of mature hepatocytes. Additionally, these progenitors differentiated into hepatocytes in vivo when transplanted into rats that had undergone retrorsine pretreatment and partial hepatectomy. Conclusion: Our studies provide strong evidence for the unexpected plasticity of mature hepatocytes to dedifferentiate into progenitor cells in culture, and this may potentially have a significant effect on the treatment of liver diseases requiring liver or hepatocyte transplantation. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;)
Functionally Dissociable Influences on Learning Rate in a Dynamic Environment

SUMMARY Maintaining accurate beliefs in a changing environment requires dynamically adapting the rate at which one learns from new experiences. Beliefs should be stable in the face of noisy data but malleable in periods of change or uncertainty. Here we used computational modeling, psychophysics, and fMRI to show that adaptive learning is not a unitary phenomenon in the brain. Rather, it can be decomposed into three computationally and neuroanatomically distinct factors that were evident in human subjects performing a spatial-prediction task: (1) surprisedriven belief updating, related to BOLD activity in visual cortex; (2) uncertainty-driven belief updating, related to anterior prefrontal and parietal activity; and (3) reward-driven belief updating, a contextinappropriate behavioral tendency related to activity in ventral striatum. These distinct factors converged in a core system governing adaptive learning. This system, which included dorsomedial frontal cortex, responded to all three factors and predicted belief updating both across trials and across individuals.
Human-computer interaction in e-business

The purpose of this study was to compare data input tools used in e-commerce applications on the web and find optimal input design characteristics. Basic data entry tools such as a pull down list, list, text input box, and radio box were examined by inputting information into a simulated hotel room reservation web site. Significant effects were obtained for data input time between the different input tools for arrival/departure date and room submission. The results indicated that a text input box was better than radio box, list, and pull down list regarding input performance time. However, the pull down list was considered by the subjects to be the most satisfactory, simplest, and easiest to remember its usage across data entry types. A simple list was determined to be the best for the input of binary data. INTRODUCTION Early web sites were designed to display textual information with hyperlinks that allowed the user to navigate the Internet. Ease of publishing/updating with web sites, low cost of having web sites, and the introduction of multimedia and interactive techniques have triggered the explosive development of the web (Vora 1998). Advanced techniques have made it possible to build two-way interactive web sites, resulting in the birth of e-commerce on the web. These conveniences also are responsible for inducing poor web sites and creating usability problems (Comber 1995). The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines usability as "the effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction with which a specified set of users can achieve a specific set of tasks in a particular environment". Web site usability issues are discussed in detail by Dix et al (1998), Keevil (1998), and Spool et al. (1997). Interface design is very important in the building of usable interactive web sites. Well-designed interfaces attract people to a web site as compared to poorly designed interfaces web sites, which often perish. A simple and useful method to design usable interactive web sites is by the use of existing interface standards (Somborg 2000). The hypertext markup language (HTML) is used to design the user's data entry interface on the web, and supports several standard data input tools such as text input box, pull down list, list, radio box, check box, and so on (Table 2.1). Users can submit what they want on the web by typing in a blank box with a text input box, clicking downward arrow and selecting an option with a pull down list, and scrolling up and down and selecting with a list. Radio box allows users to select just one option but a check box supports multiple choices. Data input type does not determine which input tool should be employed. For example, the arrival and departure date for a hotel reservation can be selected by pull down list, list, or text input box. However, little information exists regarding which standard data input tool is more usable when using an e-commerce site. The purpose of this study was to
The power of epidemics: robust communication for large-scale distributed systems

Building very large computing systems is extremely challenging, given the lack of robust scalable communication technologies. This threatens a new generation of mission-critical but very large computing systems. Fortunately, a new generation of "gossip-based" or epidemic communication primitives can overcome a number of these scalability problems, offering robustness and reliability even in the most demanding settings. Epidemic protocols emulate the spread of an infection in a crowded population, and are both reliable and stable under forms of stress that will disable most traditional protocols. This paper describes some of the common problems that arise in scalable group communication systems and how epidemic techniques have been used to successfully address these problems.
Adolescent homelessness, nursing, and public health policy.

Homelessness among American adolescents is not a new phenomenon. The United States has a long history of youth who are runaways and/or homeless. The majority of adolescents who are homeless believe...
Prospects for transdisciplinarity

Abstract The word “prospects” connotes the probability of success. The authors in this special issue of FUTURES have provided a broad view of the existing knowledge base, organizational structures, and strategies for implementing transdisciplinarity. At the same time, they were mindful of the remaining impediments. This closing reflection builds on their insights in two parts: (1) by defining the key imperatives of transdisciplinarity and (2) by reflecting on the requirements for a genuinely human science and transdisciplinary capacity.
Map-based Input with Google Fusion Tables

Google Fusion Tables has become increasingly popular for its data sharing potential as well as its automatic geocoding service, which converts tabular address data to latitude and longitude coordinates and plots them on a map. Understandably, there is substantial documentation on the web devoted to helping people and organizations take advantage of these features. However, one area that is not well documented is how to enter point data through a map.
Sensitivity of helicopter blade-vortex-interaction noise and vibration to interaction parameters

An externally imposed vortex is allowed to interact with a rotor, and the effect of variations in individual key blade-vortex-interaction (BVI) parameters on BVI noise and BVI-induced vibratory hub loading is numerically evaluated. The interaction parameters considered are as follows: 1) vortex strength, 2) vortex core radius, 3) blade-vortex miss-distance, 4) angle of interaction in the blade-shaft plane, 5) angle of interaction in the rotor disk plane (parallel vs oblique interactions), 6) spanwise location of the interaction, 7) spanwise length of the interaction, and 8) blade lift at the time of interaction. The results indicate that an increase in miss distance and interaction angle in the blade-shaft plane and a decrease in the interacting vortex strength are most influential in reducing BVI noise and BVI-induced vibratory hub loading. BVI noise and vibratory hub loading were found to be more sensitive to changes in blade-shaft plane interaction angles than disk plane interaction angles, suggesting that introduction of a modest amount of anhedral/dihedral might be more advantageous than introducing comparable amounts of sweep in the outboard regions of the blade. It is also suggested that vibration reductions obtained for the minimum vibration schedule in the HART test result from an increased interaction angle between the blade and vortex in the blade-shaft plane and have little to do with reduced miss distances.
Large-scale glaciation and deglaciation of Antarctica during the Late Eocene

Approximately 34 m.y. ago, Earth's climate transitioned from a relatively warm, ice-free world to one characterized by cooler climates and a large, permanent Antarctic Ice Sheet. Understanding this major climate transition is important, but determining its causes has been complicated by uncertainties in the basic patterns of global temperature and ice volume change. Here we use an unusually well exposed coastal incised river-valley complex in the Western Desert of Egypt to show that eustatic sea level fell and then rose by ∼40 m 2 m.y. prior to establishment of a permanent Antarctic Ice Sheet. This fall in sea level is associated with a positive oxygen isotope excursion that has been interpreted to reflect global cooling, but instead records buildup of an Antarctic Ice Sheet with a volume ∼70% of the present-day East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Both the sea-level fall and subsequent rise were coincident with a transient oscillation in atmospheric CO2 concentration down to ∼750 ppm, which climate models indicate may be a threshold for Southern Hemisphere glaciation. Because many of the carbon emission scenarios for the coming century predict that atmospheric CO2 will rise above this same 750 ppm threshold, our results suggest that global climate could transition to a state like the Late Eocene, when a large permanent Antarctic Ice Sheet was not sustainable.
The Poetics of "Madness": Shifting Codes and Styles in the Linguistic Construction of Identity in Matlab, Bangladesh

This article considers the implications of evidence that the "mad" speak with "a thousand several tongues." I mean to imply neither that the discursive play of multiple identities is reducible even to such semantically challenging lines as those from the Beatles or Shakespeare nor that those lines are mad ravings. Though I recognize the dangers of associating code switching with madness, I propose nonetheless that the unique speech labeled "mad"-and the processes whereby it comes to be labeled so-should attract more of the analytic attentions of anthropologists. For even the speech of the so-called mad is not strictly idiosyncratic but plays on recognized codes and styles. Perhaps more than for others, ludic and conflictual uses of language by these persons entail a personalized poetics or stylistics that is constitutive of their identities. I also want to avoid Othering code switching,2 for it is in fact a common practice in many if not most speech communities. Code switching entails a sequential alternation between codes. However, Woolard (1998) has recently
Parental Childrearing Attitudes as Correlates of Father Involvement During Infancy

Using daily diary data to document involvement with infants at 6 – 8 months of age (n = 142) and 6 months later (n = 95), we examined relations between reported childrearing attitudes and resident fathers' relative (as compared to mothers') involvement with children. Fathers' authoritarian views related negatively to their relative involvement on weekdays, and this relation held over time for caregiving and playing activities. Mothers' protective attitudes had concurrent negative associations with fathers' relative weekend involvement. Findings suggest that fathers' authoritarian and mothers' protective attitudes relate to how parenting responsibilities are shared within families and may be detrimental to how much fathers become, or choose to become, directly involved in the care of their infants in comparison to mothers.
Using separation algorithms to generate mixed integer model reformulations

The linear relaxation of mixed integer programming models can be strengthened by introducing auxiliary variables. We develop a new method for generating auxiliary variable reformulations for problems where the separation algorithm for finding violated cuts can be formulated as a linear program. Our results have important consequences for integrality proofs and efficient formulations.
The Caenorhabditis elegans heterochronic gene pathway controls stage-specific transcription of collagen genes

In Caenorhabditis elegans, the terminal differentiation of the hypodermal cells occurs at the larval-to-adult molt, and is characterized in part by the formation of a morphologically distinct adult cuticle. The timing of this event is controlled by a pathway of heterochronic genes that includes the relatively direct regulatory gene, lin-29, and upstream genes lin-4, lin-14 and lin-28. Using northern analysis to detect endogenous collagen mRNA levels and collagen/lacZ reporter constructs to monitor collagen transcriptional activity, we show that the stage-specific switch from larval cuticle to adult cuticle correlates with the transcriptional activation of adult-specific collagen genes and repression of larval-specific collagen genes. Heterochronic mutations that cause precocious formation of adult cuticle also cause precocious transcription of the adult-specific collagen genes, col-7 and col-19; heterochronic mutations that prevent the switch to adult cuticle cause continued expression of the larval collagen gene, col-17, in adults and prevent adult-specific activation of col-7 or col-19. A 235 bp segment of col-19 5′ sequences is sufficient to direct the adult-specific expression of a col-19/lacZ reporter gene in hypodermal cells. These findings indicate that the heterochronic gene pathway regulates the timing of hypodermal cell terminal differentiation by regulating larval- and adult-specific gene expression, perhaps by the direct action of lin-29. SUMMARY
The Aftermath of eBay v. MercExchange, 126 S.Ct. 1837 (2006): A Review of the Subsequent Judicial Decisions

In Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co., 210 U.S. 405 (1908), the Supreme Court recognized that patents are property and as a general rule a patent owner was entitled to permanent injunctive relief as a remedy for infringement. This was the rule followed by the federal circuit until it was overruled by the Supreme Court in 2006 in eBay v. MercExchange, 126 S. Ct. 1837 (2006). eBay held that permanent injunctive relief is an equitable remedy subject to the discretion of the trial court. Additionally, the grant or denial of a permanent injunction should be based on evaluation of the traditional four factor test generally used to determine whether permanent injunctive relief should be awarded in any context. Under this test a patent owner can only obtain a permanent injunction as a remedy for infringement if he or she can demonstrate: (1) that the patent owner suffered an irreparable injury due to the infringement; (2) that remedies available at law, such as monetary damages, are inadequate to compensate for that irreparable injury; (3) that, considering the balance of hardships between the patent owner and the infringer, a remedy in equity is warranted; and (4) that the public interest would not be disserved by a permanent injunction. This article reviews the federal district court decisions subsequent to eBay with regard to whether permanent injunctions were granted for patent infringement. An analysis of the post-eBay decisions supports the following conclusions: (1) The district courts continue to grant permanent injunctions in most cases; (2) Typically, permanent injunctions continue to issue when the patent owner and the infringer are direct marketplace competitors; (3) Typically, permanent injunctions are denied if the patent owner is a non-practicing entity; and, (4) Other factors such as willful infringement, venue, the existence of a complex invention incorporating a patented feature, the willingness of the patent owner to license the invention and the likelihood of future infringement are not overly predictive with regard to whether patent infringement will result in issuance or denial of a permanent injunction.
Analysis of Chain Unit Structure of Poly(Butadiene) by Means of the HR-300 NMR Spectrometer

Abstract The data presented in this paper can best be summarized as follows: 1. With present equipment 13C-NMR cannot distinguish cis—trans junctures in BuLi catalyzed poly(butadiene). 2. Cis—trans content in poly(butadiene) can now be determined by 1HNMR at 300 MHz. 3. The cis—trans content in low vinyl n-BuLi catalyzed polymers is best determined in the olefinic region. 4. The cis—trans content in high vinyl is best determined in the aliphatic region, although contents above 60 per cent become difficult to determine because of overlap with the methine proton of the vinyl unit. 5. Cis—trans ratios are constant over the measurable range of vinyl content. 6. The cis—trans triad sequence distribution and hence the mole fraction of triads can be determined by 1HNMR at 300 MHz. 7. The triad sequences best fit a random distribution. 8. The 1,2 unit is inserted in a random manner, i.e., the unit enters the chain with no preference for any triad sequence.
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials from the Technologist's Viewpoint

ABSTRACT.Fixed procedures for recording somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) have developed more slowly than for visual (VEP) or brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs). This fact leads to much confusion for the technologist. About the time he begins to feel comfortable with a procedure, a “new” peak is identified, or a different montage is suggested, or he hears that tech “X” in the next hospital does everything differently—and he passed the evoked potential (EP) board exam! SEPs are not difficult to do and anyone can “get by” by following a strict recipe or protocol, but, for the technologist who wants to really understand the procedure, be able to set up an EP lab, teach or supervise others, and/or be a valuable asset to the interpreter, such a “recipe” is not enough. In this paper, I will begin with some technical considerations ranging from signal averaging to stimulating techniques. Then I will discuss the related anatomy.
Inheritance of spotting in the leopard danio

The inheritance of spotting pattern was investigated in the teleosts Brachydanio nigrofasciatus (leopard danio) and B. frankei (spotted danio). The segregation patterns observed in the progenies from nine different matings indicate a single-factor inheritance of the leopard and spotted phenotypes with complete dominance of the leopard type. In view of these observations, it is suggested that the species status of B. frankei be reexamined.
Convection-Enhanced Biopatterning with Recirculation of Hydrodynamically Confined Nanoliter Volumes of Reagents.

We present a new methodology for efficient and high-quality patterning of biological reagents for surface-based biological assays. The method relies on hydrodynamically confined nanoliter volumes of reagents to interact with the substrate at the micrometer-length scale. We study the interplay between diffusion, advection, and surface chemistry and present the design of a noncontact scanning microfluidic device to efficiently present reagents on surfaces. By leveraging convective flows, recirculation, and mixing of a processing liquid, this device overcomes limitations of existing biopatterning approaches, such as passive diffusion of analytes, uncontrolled wetting, and drying artifacts. We demonstrate the deposition of analytes, showing a 2- to 5-fold increase in deposition rate together with a 10-fold reduction in analyte consumption while ensuring less than 6% variation in pattern homogeneity on a standard biological substrate. In addition, we demonstrate the recirculation of a processing liquid using a...
Global Perspectives

Examples of the major emerging economies of the world include Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Although we expect pervasive computing to improve the lives and work practices of people in the developed economies, in the short term, it's likely to have significantly more impact on the emerging economies.
Toxoplasmosis: A Historical Review, Direct Diagnostic Microscopy, and Report of a Case

A case of congenital toxoplasmosis diagnosed by the detection of Toxoplasma gondii organisms in the ventricular fluid of a living patient, confirmed by mouse inoculation, is reported. The subject of toxoplasmosis is reviewed historically, especially in regard to cases diagnosed by direct microscopic examination of cerebrospinal or ventricular fluids. Although several sufch cases have been reported in the world medical literature, an extensive survey failed to reveal such a case previously reported in the United States.
Dependence of evoked cortical association responses on behavioral variables

Evoked responses to auditory, visual and tactile stimulation were recorded from posterior association cortex in the normal waking cat. Association response amplitudes to all modalities of stimulation decreased during bodily activity and during novel stimulation of any modality. Association responses to repeated auditory stimulation did not habituate.
A Comparitive Study of the Symbolic Meaning of the “House” in A Room with a Viewand A House for Mr Biswas

A Room with a View,one of Edward Morgan Forster's six famous novels,shows the contradiction between Italian lower class' understanding of freedom,love and honesty and English middle class'living environment of conservation,depression and hypocrisy.V.S.Naipaul's novels are characterized of the migrants' vagrant and rootless features in postcolonial world.A House for Mr.Biswas as his representative work describes Mr.Biswas' pursuit of the"House"during all his life and reflects the dreams of multicultural migrants for freedom and homeland.The different symbolic meanings of the"House"in respective novels are studied, that is,the"House"on one hand represents the freedom,status and dignity,and reflects an environment of confinement,fogyism and suffocation on the other hand.The paper is intended to state that by using the symbolism in the same way,two novels mirror the theme,the values and the social and historical background which are entirely different.
Human papillomavirus detection and p53 expression in clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix

Objective To determine whether infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) and/or altered expression of the tumor suppressor protein p53 is associated with clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina or cervix. Methods Paraffin-embedded tissue specimens were studied from 14 women with clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina or cervix. Nine women had a history of intrauterine diethylstilbestrol exposure. Human papillomavirus DNA was amplified via the polymerase chain reaction using consensus L1 primers and was detected by dot blot hybridization with a generic HPV probe and type-specific oligonucleotide probes. P53 protein was detected by immunohistochemical analysis with a mouse monoclonal antibody, DO-7. Results Three tumors contained HPV 31 DNA sequences. Eight tumors were HPV DNA-negative and three were indeterminate for HPV. P53 was detected in ten tumors; it was undetectable in the three tumors containing HPV 31 and in one tumor indeterminate for HPV. Three patients presented with or later developed metastatic disease. In each case, the tumor, including sites of metastasis, was HPV-negative and p53-positive. Conclusions These findings suggest that infections with oncogenic HPVs may be a cofactor in the development of clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina or cervix, though this association is less than that reported for squamous or non-clear-cell adenocarcinomas. Prior studies have shown that detection of the p53 protein by immunohistochemistry correlates with mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The detection of p53 in HPV-negative clear-cell adenocarcinoma suggests a second mechanism in the etiology of these rare tumors.
Decision-Making in an International Crisis

At our meeting at the State Department, there were sharp disagreements again. The strain and the hours without sleep were beginning to take their toll. However, even many years later, those human weaknesses-impatience, fits of anger-are understandable. Each one of us was being asked to make a recommendation which, if wrong and if accepted, could mean the destruction of the human race. That kind of pressure does strange things to a human being, even to brilliant, self-confident, mature, experienced men. For some it brings out characteristics and strengths that perhaps even they never knew they had, and for others, the pressure is too overwhelming.
Design, Communication, and Writing: Interdisciplinary Integration for First Year Technology Students

STEM employers value communication, problem solving, and critical thinking skills, and many also point to a skills gap that has led to jobs going unfilled. Drawing from an ongoing study of Purdue Polytechnic Institute's Integrated First-Year Experience, this reflective case study provides examples of English, Communication, and Technology instructors' strategies for reinforcing the value of communication skills with design thinking for technology majors. Interdisciplinary programs like this one address skills gaps identified in technology graduates. The strengths and weaknesses of this Integrated First-Year Experience provide starting points for institutions to build on in designing and developing their own integrated, interdisciplinary programs.
Adult Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus: A Role in Learning and Memory

While we have known for some time that new neurons are produced in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus throughout adulthood, the role of adult neurogenesis in relation to known hippocampal functions, such as spatial navigation learning and memory, is still an area of active investigation. New neurons are highly sensitive to experience, and evidence suggests that environmental conditions that enhance neurogenesis also improve cognitive performance, whereas those that reduce neurogenesis have the opposite effect. More recently, adult hippocampal neurogenesis has been shown to be important for forming new representations by aiding in pattern separation, reducing interference, and promoting forgetting.
Cost-utility of home-based fatigue self-management versus usual care for the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome

ABSTRACTBackground: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complex chronic condition with large negative impact on patients’ function and quality of life. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioral intervention remain inconclusive.Objective: To evaluate the cost-utility of a home-based fatigue self-management (FSM) intervention as compared to usual care among primary care patients with severe CFS.Methods: An economic evaluation alongside of a randomized controlled study design was used. Cost and utility data were collected from 137 patients with severe CFS at baseline and 1-year follow-up. The FSM group (n = 89) received self-delivered cognitive behavioral self-management intervention and the usual care group (n = 48) received regular medical care. Cost was measured by total costs (direct, indirect, and intervention costs) during the follow-up period. Quality-adjusted life years (QALY), as the utility measure, were derived from the Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form-36. A societal perspective wa...
Atopic dermatitis: pathogenesis

Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a complex inflammatory cutaneous disorder characterized by immune mediated inflammation and epidermal barrier dysfunction. Arising from a complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors, the definitive etiology of AD is perplexing and controversial. Advances in molecular medicine are radically transforming our understanding of AD pathogenesis. Increasing knowledge on the pathogenesis of AD results in novel therapeutic targets and pathways. This article details the pathogenesis section of the Curriculum United for Better Eczema Care (CUBE-C), facilitating primary care and sub-specialist education on the scientific advances driving recent AD therapeutic innovations.
Restorer-of-Fertility Mutations Recovered in Transposon-Active Lines of S Male-Sterile Maize

Mitochondria execute key pathways of central metabolism and serve as cellular sensing and signaling entities, functions that depend upon interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear genetic systems. This is exemplified in cytoplasmic male sterility type S (CMS-S) of Zea mays, where novel mitochondrial open reading frames are associated with a pollen collapse phenotype, but nuclear restorer-of-fertility (restorer) mutations rescue pollen function. To better understand these genetic interactions, we screened Activator-Dissociation (Ac-Ds), Enhancer/Suppressor-mutator (En/Spm), and Mutator (Mu) transposon-active CMS-S stocks to recover new restorer mutants. The frequency of restorer mutations increased in transposon-active stocks compared to transposon-inactive stocks, but most mutants recovered from Ac-Ds and En/Spm stocks were unstable, reverting upon backcrossing to CMS-S inbred lines. However, 10 independent restorer mutations recovered from CMS-S Mu transposon stocks were stable upon backcrossing. Many restorer mutations condition seed-lethal phenotypes that provide a convenient test for allelism. Eight such mutants recovered in this study included one pair of allelic mutations that were also allelic to the previously described rfl2-1 mutant. Targeted analysis of mitochondrial proteins by immunoblot identified two features that consistently distinguished restored CMS-S pollen from comparably staged, normal-cytoplasm, nonmutant pollen: increased abundance of nuclear-encoded alternative oxidase relative to mitochondria-encoded cytochrome oxidase and decreased abundance of mitochondria-encoded ATP synthase subunit 1 compared to nuclear-encoded ATP synthase subunit 2. CMS-S restorer mutants thus revealed a metabolic plasticity in maize pollen, and further study of these mutants will provide new insights into mitochondrial functions that are critical to pollen and seed development.
Understanding and Measuring Bicycling Behavior: a Focus on Travel Time and Route Choice

With rates of obesity, heart disease, and related health problems increasing in the U.S. , many policy makers are looking for ways to increase physical activity in everyday life. Using a bicycle instead of a motor vehicle for a portion of everyday travel could help address these problems. This research aims to fill a gap in the existing literature on the effect of different types of infrastructure, such as bicycle lanes or paths, on bicycling. The project used global positioning system (GPS) technology to record where a sample of 164 adults in the Portland, OR region rode their bicycles. Data were collected from March through November 2007. The participants in this study were primarily regular bicyclists who usually rode more than one day per week, year-round. This report uses those data to address the four primary sets of research questions: (1) How often, why, when, and where do cyclists ride? How does this vary based upon rider characteristics? (2) How do cyclists’ routes differ from the shortest network distance? (3) What factors influence cyclists’ route choice decisions? How do personal attributes influence these decisions? (4) What is the difference in travel time between bicycling and driving?
A single-domain, representation-learning model for big data classification of network intrusion

Classification of network traffic for intrusion detection is a Big Data classification problem. It requires an efficient Machine Learning technique to learn the characteristics of the rapidly changing varieties of traffic in large volume and high velocity so that this knowledge can be applied to a classification task. This paper proposes a supervised-learning technique called the Unit Ring Machine which utilizes the geometric patterns of the network traffic variables to learn the traffic characteristics. It provides a single-domain, representation-learning technique with a class-separate objective for the network intrusion detection. It assigns a large volume of network traffic data to a single unit-ring and categorizes them based on the varieties of network traffic, making it a highly suitable technique for the Big Data classification of network intrusion traffic.
Problems in the Treatment of Parkinsonism

The progress achieved in our understanding of parkinsonism and its treatment in the last decade has greatly improved the lot of our patients but has also brought new sets of problems. The very effectiveness of levodopa therapy has modified the clinical spectrum of symptomatology. By suppressing tremor and rigidity and prolong ing our patients’ lives, we have uncovered other manifestations of parkinsonism which were previously less prominent. The greater specificity of levodopa has rendered precise diagnosis more important, but at the same time the recognition of new entities has changed the nosology of parkinsonism. Although the diagnosis of extrapyramidal disorders depends almost exclusively on clinical observation, new diagnostic tools are beginning to alter the character of neurology and promise to have a significant impact on the clinical evaluation of patients with basal ganglia diseases.
The influence of conversational agent embodiment and conversational relevance on socially desirable responding

Abstract Conversational agents (CAs) are becoming an increasingly common component in a wide range of information systems. A great deal of research to date has focused on enhancing traits that make CAs more humanlike. However, few studies have examined the influence such traits have on information disclosure. This research builds on self-disclosure, social desirability, and social presence theories to explain how CA anthropomorphism affects disclosure of personally sensitive information. Taken together, these theories suggest that as CAs become more humanlike, the social desirability of user responses will increase. In this study, we use a laboratory experiment to examine the influence of two elements of CA design—conversational relevance and embodiment—on the answers people give in response to sensitive and non-sensitive questions. We compare the responses given to various CAs to those given in a face-to-face interview and an online survey. The results show that for sensitive questions, CAs with better conversational abilities elicit more socially desirable responses from participants, with a less significant effect found for embodiment. These results suggest that for applications where eliciting honest answers to sensitive questions is important, CAs that are “better” in terms of humanlike realism may not be better for eliciting truthful responses to sensitive questions.
Anthropogenic range extension of Leucothoe eltoni Thomas, 2015 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Leucothoidae)

Leucothoe eltoni Thomas, 2015 was described from Indonesia and the Philippines and has been documented as an established invasive species of the Hawaiian Islands, USA. Recently, morphologically identical specimens were collected from US military piers in Okinawa, Japan. As the likelihood of one species inhabiting both sides of the Pacific is highly unlikely, molecular DNA sequence data from specimens of each population were analyzed to confirm that they are in fact the same species. 18S rDNA and COI mtDNA were amplified and sequenced from 64 specimens (31 from Honolulu, HI, 21 from Maui, HI, and 16 from Okinawa, Japan). DNA sequences are nearly identical between Hawaii and Okinawa specimens; yet fresh material is required from the type locality to obtain valid DNA sequence data and to confirm the molecular identity of L. eltoni from Indonesia and the Philippines. However, the sequence data from the Hawaii and Okinawa populations confirm that this species is also in Japan, and based on collection localities, they are most likely transported within their fouling hosts on US military vessels. In the future, these results can be used to advance the understanding of the patterns of introduction that invasive species may utilize.
Hematopoietic cell transplantation for severe MPS I in the first six months of life: The heart of the matter.

Abstract Background Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is accepted therapy for severe mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS IH). With implementation of newborn screening (NBS) for MPS I in the US, HCT may now occur earlier than 1–2 years of age and it might be assumed that cardiac issues will be fewer. To examine this hypothesis, we reviewed our records for any MPS IH infant who underwent HCT at ≤6 months of age. Study patients Pre- and (most recent) post-HCT cardiac echos and clinical courses were reviewed in all infants with MPS IH undergoing HCT at ≤6 months of age. Results 7 MPS IH infants (4 M) who were diagnosed at median (range) (MEDRNG) of 14 (3, 22) days of life (DOL) by NBS [ 2 ] or because an older sib had MPS IH [ 5 ], began enzyme replacement therapy at MEDRNG of 48 (7, 62) DOL. First pre-HCT echo was performed at MEDRNG of 45 (0, 88) DOL. HCT (6 cord blood, 1 related) occurred at MEDRNG of 131 (105, 183) DOL with most recent echo at MEDRNG of 408 (10, 1897) days after HCT. Mitral regurgitation (≥mild) occurred before (2/7) and after (2/7) HCT; LVH (2/7) occurred after HCT; PFO was common before (5/7) and after (3/7) HCT. One infant had severely decreased function at initial echo and required ICU management. Another infant with a patent foramen ovale and indwelling central line required additional neuroimaging to determine the cause of a seizure. A final infant died unexpectedly 69 days post-HCT without evidence of occlusive coronary disease at autopsy. Conclusions In addition to the traditional phenotypic features of severe MPS I, newborns presenting for HCT have cardiac and non-cardiac problems unique to their young age. Recognition of these issues is essential for optimal outcomes.
Teaching Evo-Devo with Legos: It's Not the Genes You Have, It's How You Use Them

Evolution is a central principle of biology. However, key aspects of evolution can be very difficult to model in a classroom setting. Two such key principles are (1) how the accumulation of small, relatively minor modifications can lead to the diversity of life over extended periods of time; and (2) how closely related genomes between different organisms can yield such dramatic differences in patterning and phenotype. The second aspect is explained largely by evolutionary developmental biology (“evo-devo”), whereby tiny modifications in when, where, and how much the same genes are used during development can lead to dramatic differences in the adult. Developmental construction, using similar building tools, can lead to the formation of a large variety of forms. Here, I describe fun, inexpensive, and simple methods using drawings and Legos by which students can actively generate understanding of descent by modification and evo-devo. Specifically, students learn how the same genes, used in different ways, can lead to “endless forms most beautiful” as originally phrased by Darwin himself. With the accompanying guided discussion, these activities also illustrate other key principles of evo-devo such as combinatorial and modular enhancers, Von Baer9s principles, and genetic and morphological homology.
CARDIAC FIBROMA AS MANIFESTATION OF NEVOID BASAL CELL CARCINOMA SYNDROME

Cardiac fibromas occur in 3% of patients with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multiple basal cell carcinomas, intracranial dural calcifications (Figure 1A), and odontogenic keratocysts (Figure 1B-C). Early diagnosis is essential for
Gauss’s Computation of the Easter Date

This article summarizes and explains the formula for the Easter date provided by Gauss in his paper “Berechnung des Osterfestes” written in 1800. It addresses an error that was corrected by Gauss i...
Self-Management Strategies*

Self-management activities, such as participation in education programs and physical activity, are central to the nonpharmacological management outlined in American College of Rheumatology guidelines for arthritis management. Anything a person does to try to manage their arthritis could be considered self-management, but the Institute of Medicine (IOM) definition of self-management focuses on essential tasks. The IOM defines self-management as “the tasks that the individuals must undertake to live well with one or more chronic conditions” (1). While individuals with arthritis try a variety of strategies to live well with their disease, scientific evidence supports only a limited number of key self-management activities. This chapter reviews the evidence base for the three self-management strategies with the broadest applicability: participating in self-management education, maintaining regular, moderate intensity physical activity, and controlling weight. These three strategies also form the core public health messages for disability prevention promoted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s arthritis program (see Table 38-1 for a summary of these strategies). A fourth strategy, seeking early diagnosis and appropriate medical treatment if rheumatoid arthritis is suspected, is of more targeted applicability, and will not be addressed here. This chapter will conclude with recommendations for improving the effectiveness of clinician counseling through the use of a brief behavioral counseling model to assist patients in practicing self-management.
Retrotransposon-induced overexpression of a homeobox gene causes defects in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila.

Abstract Insertion of the tom transposable element into various Drosophila ananassae genes results in dominant phenotypes that affect eye morphology. One of these genes encoded by the Om(1D) locus was isolated by transposon tagging. The Om(1D) gene encodes a 2.7 kb transcript that is expressed in every stage of development. The deduced Om(1D) protein is 606 amino acids long and contains two glutamine/histidine, two alanine-rich and one histidine/proline repeats, as well as a homeodomain located near the carboxy terminus. Tom-induced alleles of Om(1D) show a 1.7-fold increased accumulation of Om(1D) RNA in whole individuals during late larval--early pupal stages of development, whereas expression of this transcript is 7-fold higher in the eye--antenna imaginal disc of mutant versus wild-type flies. D. melanogaster flies transformed with the Om(1D) coding region under the control of the hsp70 promoter display an eye phenotype similar to that of Om(1D) when expression of the homeobox protein encoded by the chimeric gene is induced by temperature elevation at the end of the third instar period. These results suggest that the eye-specific mutant phenotype caused by the insertion of the tom retrotransposon in the Om(1D) locus may be a consequence of the tissue-specific induction of the expression of this gene by sequences present in the transposable element.
A Symposium: History in the Journalism Curriculum

(1981). A Symposium: History in the Journalism Curriculum. Journalism History: Vol. 8, No. 3-4, pp. 77-77.
Interrater and Intrarater Reliability of the Colloid Cyst Risk Score.

BACKGROUND The Colloid Cyst Risk Score (CCRS) was developed to identify symptomatic patients and stratify risk of hydrocephalus among patients with colloid cysts. Its components consider patient age, cyst diameter, presence/absence of headache, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintensity, and location within the third ventricle. OBJECTIVE To independently evaluate the inter- and intrarater reliability of the CCRS. METHODS Patients with a colloid cyst were identified from billing records and radiology archives. Three independent raters reviewed electronic medical records to determine age, presence/absence of headache, cyst diameter (mm), FLAIR hyperintensity, and risk zone location. Raters made 53 observations, including 5 repeat observations.Fleiss' generalized kappa (κ) was calculated for all of the nominal criteria, whereas Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated for the overall score. RESULTS Total CCRS score demonstrated extremely strong agreement (W = 0.83) using Kendall's W coefficient and good agreement (ICC = 0.74) using the ICC (P < .001). For interrater reliability of individual criteria, age (κ = 1.00) and FLAIR hyperintensity (κ = 0.89) demonstrated near perfect agreement. Axial diameter (κ = 0.63) demonstrated substantial agreement, whereas agreement was moderate for risk zone (κ = 0.51) and fair for headache (κ = 0.26). Intrarater reliability for total CCRS score was extremely strong using Kendall's W, good to excellent using ICC, and fair to substantial using weighted kappa. CONCLUSION The CCRS has good inter- and intrarater reliability when tested in an independent sample of patients, though strength of agreement varies among individual criteria. The validity of the CCRS requires independent evaluation.
The Pediatrician's Role in Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Sleep-Related Infant Deaths.

* Abbreviation: PRAMS — : Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System The infant mortality rate in the United States ranks 33rd among countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,1 and there are persistent racial and ethnic disparities, with non-Hispanic black infants dying at a rate 2 to 3 times that of non-Hispanic white infants.2 In this issue of Pediatrics , Hirai et al3 provide insight into racial and ethnic differences in infant sleep practices that have important implications for racial and ethnic disparities for sleep-related infant deaths, including sudden infant death syndrome and accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed, which are the third leading cause of infant mortality in the United States. Hirai et al3 leveraged recently added questions to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) to examine differences in sleep position, items in the sleep environment, bed-sharing, and room-sharing by race and ethnicity. Forty-seven states currently partner with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to administer the PRAMS survey to a randomly selected subpopulation of women in their state who have recently delivered. PRAMS previously only … Address correspondence to Rachel Y. Moon, MD, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 800386, Charlottesville, VA 22908. E-mail: rymoon{at}virginia.edu