cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions between cadmium, selenium and glutathione peroxidase in rat testis☆

Abstract In rats given a minimal damaging dose of 109CdCl2 (0.011 mmole/kg, s.c.), a visible hemorrhagic response was evident after 48 h when testicular Cd uptake exceeded a level of approx. 150 ng/g. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was elevated in homogenates of these damaged testes. In rats whose testes were not damaged, the Cd levels were below 150 ng/g and the GSH-Px activity was similar to that of control animals injected with sodium acetate. Rat testis cytosol was found to contain two different GSH-Px activities when assayed with cumene hydroperoxide. These could be separated by gel filtration chromatography. The larger species (GSH-Px A) was eluted in the void volume on Sephadex G-150 and incorporated 75Se from Na275SeO3 given 4 weeks earlier. The smaller species, of approx. 42 000 molecular weight (MW) (GSH-Px B), did not incorporate 75Se and could be distinguished from GSH-Px A by its insensitivity to cyanide (10 mM). CdCl2 (1 mM) did not inhibit GSH-Px activity when added in vitro to GSH-Px A or B from testicular cytosol, or to purified GSH-Px isolated from ovine erythrocytes. When 109CdCl2 was given in vivo to rats injected 4 weeks previously with a tracer dose of Na275SeO3 or added in vitro to cytosol prepared from similarly labeled rats, Sephadex G-150 chromatography of cytosol showed that most of the 109Cd was eluted in a major peak of 34 000 MW. Little or no 109Cd was found in association with 75Se (major peak 140 000 MW) or GSH-Px activity. When 109CdCl2 was injected into rats given an equimolar dose of Na275SeO3 30 min previously, 109Cd uptake in cytosol was increased and both 109Cd and 75Se was shifted into a peak of 110 000 MW. The 109Cd-binding peak of approx. 30 000–34 000 MW was the major Cd-binding fraction in cytosol of 7-week-old rats but was not detectable in 4-week-old rats. Susceptibility of the testes to Cd did not correlate with the presence of this peak, however, since 4-week-old rats were occassionally damaged by CdCl2.
Drug Control of Arousal and Nystagmic Habituation in the Cat

Nystagmic habituation was compared in 45 cats (15 per group) exposed to repeated angular acceleration following injection of d-amphetamine sulfate, Nembutal, or a placebo. Although large differences in total slow-phase nystagmic output were found between the groups, the habituation pattern across trials was essentially unaffected. The results indicate that nystagmic habituation in total darkness reflects more than a loss of arousal, and demonstrate the value of d-amphetamine sulfate as a useful experimental control in the study of nystagmic habituation.
Evidence for the elaboration of multiple axons by developing dentate granule cells

A sample of 185 Neurobiotin-filled dentate granule cells has been collected from rats aged P14 to P120 in a study of the effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) depletion on granule cell development. A small number (5.9%) of these neurons exhibit more than one axon. These neurons have morphologies consistent with that described for dentate granule cells. One axon typically arises from the soma while additional axons take origin from either dendrites or the soma. Both axons may be mossy fibers or one axon may be a mossy fiber and the second assume a morphology and distribution similar to that described for interneurons. These latter neurons therefore exhibit a mixed phenotype by having a granule cell morphology and an interneuronal axon type. These data suggest that some granule cells give rise to multiple mossy fibers or express a mixed axonal phenotype during maturation.
Species Extinction and the Vice of Thoughtlessness: The Importance of Spiritual Exercises for Learning Virtue

In this paper, I present a sample spiritual exercise—a contemporary form of the written practice that ancient philosophers used to shape their characters. The exercise, which develops the ancient practice of the examination of conscience, is on the sixth mass extinction and seeks to understand why the extinction appears as a moral wrong. It concludes by finding a vice in the moral character of the author and the author’s society. From a methodological standpoint, the purpose of spiritual exercises is to create a habit of thoughtfulness in the writer, and by way of teaching, to suggest one to the reader. Such a habit is important, at least, because virtue is a habit. In other words, there can be no learning of virtue itself without habituation into it. Accordingly, I frame the sample spiritual exercise with a deliberately controversial objection to contemporary academic virtue ethics and with a justification for why the spiritual exercise is important for taking virtue ethically. And I end the paper with some further remarks explaining the form of the exercise and its relevance to doing philosophy. In this way, the paper makes and illustrates a methodological point about virtue ethics based on a meta-ethical assumption about virtue as a habit, and it does this by focusing on a pressing environmental problem in the twenty-first century.
Thermal and non-thermal intracellular mechanical fluctuations of living cells

Intracellular stresses generated by molecular motors can actively modify cytoskeletal network, which causes changes in intracellular mechanical properties. We study the out-of-equilibrium microrheology in living cells. This paper reports measurements of the intracellular mechanical properties using passive and optical tweezers-based active microrheology approaches and endogenous organelle particles as probes. Using the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, we compared the two approaches measurements and distinguished thermal and non-thermal fluctuations of mechanical properties in living cells.
PhosphoThr Peptide Binding Globally Rigidifies much of the FHA Domain from Arabidopsis Receptor Kinase-Associated Protein Phosphatase

A net increase in the backbone rigidity of the kinase-interacting FHA domain (KI-FHA) from the Arabidopsis receptor kinase-associated protein phosphatase (KAPP) accompanies the binding of a phosphoThr peptide from its CLV1 receptor-like kinase partner, according to 15N NMR relaxation at 11.7 and 14.1 T. All of the loops of free KI-FHA display evidence of nanosecond-scale motions. Many of these same residues have residual dipolar couplings that deviate from structural predictions. Binding of the CLV1 pT868 peptide seems to reduce nanosecond-scale fluctuations of all loops, including half of the residues of recognition loops. Residues important for affinity are found to be rigid, i.e., conserved residues and residues of the subsite for the key pT+3 peptide position. This behavior parallels SH2 and PTB domain recognition of pTyr peptides. PhosphoThr peptide binding increases KI-FHA backbone rigidity (S2) of three recognition loops, a loop nearby, seven strands from the β-sandwich, and a distal loop. Compensa...
Ultrafast Chemistry of Nanoenergetic Materials Studied by Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy: Aluminum Nanoparticles in Teflon

Ultrafast mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopy is used to monitor chemical reactions initiated by flash-heating a nanoenergetic material consisting of 30 nm diameter Al nanoparticle fuel in a TeflonAF oxidizer. TeflonAF is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole (dioxole), so Al can react with several different moieties. Transitions associated with CF2 stretching of TFE or CFO stretching or CF3 stretching of dioxole were monitored. The reactions of Al with CFO occurred with time constant (k1)-1 = 50 (±20 ps); reactions of Al with CF2 or CF3 were more than 10 times slower, (k2)-1 = 0.7 (±0.05 ns). An interesting frequency oscillation is seen in the 1148 cm-1 band, where the peak frequency undergoes a time-dependent shift from 1148 to 1155 cm-1 and then back to 1148 cm-1. Due to the coincidence of CFO and CF2 stretching transitions, this band in the copolymer represents an amalgamated vibration with amplitude on both TFE and dioxole. As concentration is varie...
Computational studies of the intermolecular interactions in dimers of the bowl-shaped sumanene molecule

Sumanene, C21H12, the second smallest “buckybowl,” is a bowl-shaped fragment of buckminsterfullerene, C60. It can be described as a slice of buckminsterfullerene with 21 carbon atoms with all vacant valences terminated by hydrogens. A computational study of dimers of the sumanene molecule has been carried out. The concave–convex surface arrangement is the most favorable arrangement, and the binding energy and the equilibrium distance for the most stable conformation of the sumanene dimer are predicted to be 19.3 kcal/mol and 3.7 A, respectively. The most stable geometry was the staggered stacked concave–convex motif, where one monomer was rotated by 60° from the eclipsed conformation. The binding energy of the eclipsed concave–convex dimer is predicted to be 16.7 kcal/mol with an equilibrium distance between the monomer units of 3.8 A. At the MP2 level, the basis set superposition errors are quite large, 3–5 kcal/mol at the equilibrium distance depending on the basis set. The basis set superposition errors are smaller for dispersion-corrected density functional methods.
Web-based data warehousing fundamentals, challenges, and solutions

Web-based systems are making possible the access of data across an enterprise and among an enterprise's business partners. Data warehousing technology is taking advantage of the Web's access capabilities. This article reports on the current state of Web-based data warehousing.
On Adjusting Power to Defend Wireless Networks from Jamming

Wireless networks are susceptible to accidental or intentional radio interference. One way to cope with this threat is to have the radios compete with the jammer, whereby the network nodes adapt their transmission power to improve the chance for successful communication. In this paper, we examine issues associated with using power control both theoretically and experimentally. We begin by examining the two-party, single-jammer scenario, where we explore the underlying communication theory associated with jamming. We note that the effect of the jammer upon source-receiver communications is not isotropic. We then discuss the potential for improving communication reliability through experiments conducted using Mica2 motes, and in particular explore the feasibility of power- control for competing against jammers. Next, we turn to examining the more complicated scenario consisting of a multi- hop wireless network. We show the complex jamming effect by applying the non-isotropic model of jamming to a multi-hop wireless network, and it is necessary to have a feed-back based power control protocol to compete with jamming interference.
A Comparison of Employed Caregivers of Cognitively Impaired and Physically Impaired Elderly Persons

An employee survey found that 32% of caregiving respondents were providing assistance to cognitively impaired older persons. These employees were more likely than those caring for physically impaired elders to report high levels of emotional, physical, and financial strain, and they more often reported that caregiving had a negative effect on their personal lives and on their work. Programs considered particularly helpful by caregivers of cognitively impaired elders included information about community resources, personal counseling, and support groups. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for program development and for further research regarding the interface between working and caregiving.
Effects of Body Cross-sectional Shape on Flying Snake Aerodynamics

Despite their lack of appendages, flying snakes (genus Chrysopelea) exhibit aerodynamic performance that compares favorably to other animal gliders. We wished to determine which aspects of Chrysopelea's unique shape contributed to its aerodynamic performance by testing physical models of Chrysopelea in a wind tunnel. We varied the relative body volume, edge sharpness, and backbone protrusion of the models. Chrysopelea's gliding performance was surprisingly robust to most shape changes; the presence of a trailing-edge lip was the most significant factor in producing high lift forces. Lift to drag ratios of 2.7-2.9 were seen at angles of attack (α) from 10- 30°. Stall did not occur until α>30° and was gradual, with lift falling off slowly as drag increased. Chrysopelea actively undulates in an S-shape when gliding, such that posterior portions of the snake's body lie in the wake of the more anterior portions. When two Chrysopelea body segment models were tested in tandem to produce a two dimensional approximation to this situation, the down- stream model exhibited an increased lift-to-drag ratio (as much as 50% increase over a solitary model) at all horizontal gaps tested (3-7 chords) when located slightly below the upstream model and at all vertical staggers tested (±2 chords) at a gap of 7 chords.
Band narrowing and charge transfer in six intermetallic compounds

Self-consistent band calculations on six intermetallic compounds of the CsCl structure and on constituent bcc solids with the same lattice spacing show $3d$-band narrowing in the compounds and charge transfer between the compound constituents. The $d$-band narrowing in the compounds results from a lack of $d$ states on neighboring atoms into which electron tunneling can occur. In the case of compounds with two $d$-band constituents, we find an additional $d$-band narrowing due to mutual $d$-band repulsion. Charge transfers, found by a direct comparison of the charge densities in the compound and in the elemental solid, are always from the element with the higher Fermi energy to the element with the lower Fermi energy.
"Gulf war syndrome" may be related to circadian dysrhythmia.

AbstractAn Institute of Medicine (IOM) review found that the data obtained from research addressing the health issues of Gulf War veterans do not satisfactorily clarify the origins, extent, and long-term implications of their health problems. The IOM committee concluded that there should have been more screening and medical examinations of deployed personnel before and after service in the Gulf. The many possible causes of the “Gulf War syndrome” examined, however, did not include circadian dysrhythmia or desynchronosis. It would have been possible to determine the level of desynchronosis in the returning Gulf War veterans, and to follow them into their subsequent pursuits to determine whether chronic desynchronosis was present in those who had persistent symptoms. If circadian dysrhythmia is found to be present in veterans now returning from the Gulf, they should recelve treatment to correct the problem before they develop chronic desynchronosis.
Wireless Sleep Monitoring Headband to Identify Sleep and Track Fatigue

Detection of sleepiness and drowsiness in human beings has been a daunting task for both engineering and medical technologies. Accuracy, precision and promptness of detection have always been an issue that has to be dealt by technologists. Commonly, the rudimentary bio potential signals – ECG, EOG, EEG and EMG are used to classify and discriminate sleep from being awake. However, the potential drawbacks may be high false detections, low precision, obtrusiveness, aftermath analysis, etc. To overcome the disadvantages, this paper proposes the design of a wireless and a real time monitoring system to track sleep and detect fatigue. This concept involves the use of EOG and EEG to measure the blink rate and asses the person’s condition. In this user friendly and intuitive approach, EOG and EEG signals are obtained by the dry gold wire nano-sensors fabricated on the inner side of a flexible headband. The acquired signals are then electrically transmitted to the data processing and transmission unit, which transmits the processed data to the receiver/monitoring module through WCDMA/GSM communication. This module is equipped with a software program to process, feature extract, analyze, display and store the information. Thereby, immediate detection of a person falling asleep is made feasible and, tracking the sleep cycle continuously provides an insight about the experienced fatigue level. The novel approach of using a wireless, real time, dry sensor on a flexible substrate reduces the obtrusiveness, and techniques adopted in the electronics and software facilitates and substantial increase in efficiency, accuracy and precision.
Perspective-free pragmatics: Broken precedents and the recovery-from-preemption hypothesis

When speakers refer to the same referent multiple times in a conversation, they tend to follow established patterns of usage, known as conversational precedents. Research has found that listeners expect speakers to follow precedents, and that this expectation guides their search for referents (Barr, D. J., & Keysar, B. (2002). Anchoring comprehension in linguistic precedents. Journal of Memory and Language, 46, 391–418). Recently, Metzing and Brennan (2003) (Metzing, C., & Brennan, S. E. (2003). When conceptual pacts are broken: partner-specific effects on the comprehension of referring expressions. Journal of Memory and Language, 49, 201–213) reported a speaker-specific effect for broken precedents that suggests early use of speaker information when precedents are broken. Results from two eyetracking experiments show that this speaker effect results from the late use of speaker information to recover from an early, partner-independent preemption effect. When a new description is heard, existing precedents preempt the mapping of the new description to an old referent. Later, listeners use speaker-information to inhibit precedents that are not known to the current speaker. Time-course data, as well as the results of a cognitive load manipulation, suggest that the preemption and speaker effects are supported by distinct processing systems. Our findings indicate that certain pragmatic effects in language comprehension are based on general expectations about language use, rather than assumptions about the beliefs and goals of particular speakers.
A family of yeast proteins mediating bidirectional vacuolar amino acid transport.

Seven genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are predicted to code for membrane-spanning proteins (designated AVT1–7) that are related to the neuronal γ-aminobutyric acid-glycine vesicular transporters. We have now demonstrated that four of these proteins mediate amino acid transport in vacuoles. One protein, AVT1, is required for the vacuolar uptake of large neutral amino acids including tyrosine, glutamine, asparagine, isoleucine, and leucine. Three proteins, AVT3, AVT4, and AVT6, are involved in amino acid efflux from the vacuole and, as such, are the first to be shown directly to transport compounds from the lumen of an acidic intracellular organelle. This function is consistent with the role of the vacuole in protein degradation, whereby accumulated amino acids are exported to the cytosol. Protein AVT6 is responsible for the efflux of aspartate and glutamate, an activity that would account for their exclusion from vacuoles in vivo. Transport by AVT1 and AVT6 requires ATP for function and is abolished in the presence of nigericin, indicating that the same pH gradient can drive amino acid transport in opposing directions. Efflux of tyrosine and other large neutral amino acids by the two closely related proteins, AVT3 and AVT4, is similar in terms of substrate specificity to transport systemh described in mammalian lysosomes and melanosomes. These findings suggest that yeast AVT transporter function has been conserved to control amino acid flux in vacuolar-like organelles.
Downsizing an Agricultural Field Experiment Alters Economic Results: A Case Study

Downsizing the replications of an agricultural experiment altered profit and utility rankings of different cropping systems less than cutting the duration of the experiment. However, failing to plant all crops in a rotation each year altered economic rankings the most. Estimates of system profit variability, and associated economic rankings, were especially sensitive to downsizing experiment length and to failing to plant all crops in a rotation annually. Despite the scientific importance of long full-rotation experiments, short run publication pressures favoring “new data” and methodological innovations might discourage such rich experiments.
An inversion for Biot parameters in water-saturated sand.

The discrepancy between acoustic measurements and the theoretical predictions was investigated in the case of water-saturated sand. Two theoretical models were considered: visco-elastic and poro-elastic solid models. The visco-elastic solid model could not be reconciled with reflection loss measurements and was rejected. The poro-elastic solid model using Biot’s theory [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103, 2723–2729 (1998)] as formulated by Stoll [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70, 149–156 (1981)] was an improvement. It was investigated using an inversion process. Operative values of grain bulk modulus and the frame bulk and shear moduli of water-saturated sand were inverted from simple measurements—reflection loss, compressional and shear wave speeds and attenuations. Although the inversion process is nonlinear, in practice, it is well behaved and converges quite rapidly to a unique solution. The issue of imprecisely known parameter values was handled in a probabilistic manner. The inversion results, using published laboratory and in situ measurements, showed that further improvement was needed. In an attempt to find a solution, two possible hypotheses are put forward. (1) Composite materials: The possibility that the frame may contain fluid and that the pore fluid may contain loose grains. (2) Independent coefficient of fluid content: The possibility that porosity may change with pore fluid pressure. Inversion results were encouraging for both hypotheses. It is difficult to say which of the two hypotheses is superior, and the two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. The new hypotheses represent a significant advance because they have the potential to resolve the remaining discrepancies. At this stage, alternative interpretations of the data are possible.
An implementation of the equilibrium trajectory hypothesis for movement generation in the arm

Summary form only given. A mathematical model of the neuromuscular system is built to describe some of the consequences of the equilibrium trajectory hypothesis (ETH) regarding the role of spinal control structures in movement. This model builds on the assumption that the spring-like reaction of the arm to small disturbances is mainly due to the length-tension properties of the muscles and not the length-dependent spinal reflexes. In order to explore point-to-point movements, a two-joint model of the arm is constructed, and its inverse dynamics are solved to predict movement trajectories for developed muscular forces. ETH suggests that movement is controlled by the central nervous system through gradual shifting of the arm's equilibrium point. A minimum jerk criterion function is used to define this virtual trajectory. An algorithm is suggested for assigning firing rates for a given virtual trajectory. To determine the role of the spinal reflexes, the model is tested in the case where no afferent information is available, so the virtual trajectory serves as the only source of neuromuscular activation. >
Kinetics of G1 transit following brief starvation for serum factors

Abstract Growing fibroblasts such as 3T3 cells are well-known to enter a quiescent state (G0) after many hours of serum deprivation. They emerge from G0 upon readdition of serum and initiate DNA synthesis about 12 h later. In this paper, we analyzed the effects of brief periods of serum deprivation on the ability of cells in G1 to initiate DNA synthesis. Exponentially growing 3T3 fibroblasts were briefly deprived of serum and their progress into S phase was monitored by autoradiography of labeled nuclei. When 10% serum was added back to cultures deprived of serum for a few hours, the progress of G1 cells into S phase was delayed for intervals far in excess of the length of the serum deprivation. Longer serum starvations resulted in longer excess delays. Several transformed 3T3 derivatives were markedly less sensitive to this serum-induced G1 regression following deprivation. When 1 μg/ml insulin (rather than 10% serum) was added back to the starved cultures, the G1 cells entered S phase immediately. Delay in S phase entry following serum readdition was completely prevented if insulin (and, to a lesser extent, EGF) was present during the starvation, was diminished if a lower serum concentration was used for readdition, and was partially abolished if 10% serum plus insulin was restored to the cultures. The above results, then, suggest that serum deprivation sensitizes the cells to an unidentified serum component which sets the cells back in G1, unless insulin is present to maintain the flow of cells into S.
Inhibition of aluminum oxyhydroxide precipitation with citric acid

Citric acid has been shown to act as an agent for increasing the solubility of aluminum oxyhydroxides in aqueous solutions of high (>2.47 mol/mol) hydroxide-to-aluminum ratios. Conversely, citric acid also colloidally stabilizes particles in aqueous suspensions of aluminum-containing particles. Solutions of aluminum chloride, with and without citric acid added, were titrated with NaOH(aq). The presence and size of particles were determined using quasi-elastic light scattering. In solutions that contained no citric acid, particles formed instantaneously when NaOH(aq) was added but these were observed to rapidly diminish in size, disappearing at OH/Al ratios below 2.5 mol/mol. When the OH/Al ratio was raised beyond 2.5 by adding more NaOH(aq), suspensions of colloidally stable particles formed. Large polycations containing 13 aluminum atoms were detected by 27Al solution NMR in citric-acid-free solutions with OH/Al ratios slightly lower than 2.5. In comparison, adding citric acid to solutions of aluminum ch...
Interferometric imaging through fog with a Fizeau interferometer

Abstract It has been shown that interferometric imaging offers a viable solution for imaging through moving scattering media. A simple interferometer, providing a spatial carrier (Fizeau fringes) of adjustable frequency and a lateral shear is described. It is shown to produce, after spatial filtering of the records, images of improved visibility while at the same time having relaxed stability and coherence requirements. Experimental results are provided.
Traveling-waves and solitons in a generalized time-variable coefficients nonlinear Schrödinger equation with higher-order terms

Abstract In this work, we study exact solutions of a generalized nonautonomous cubic–quintic nonlinear Schrodinger equation with higher-order terms, and the dispersion and the nonlinear coefficients engendering temporal dependency. Similarity transformations are used to convert the nonautonomous equation into autonomous one and then we present solutions in a general way. These solutions are obtained for the first class by using the F-expansion method and for the second class constituted by most general bright, dark and front by a direct substitution. We also generalize the external potential which traps the system and the nonlinearities. Finally, the stability of the soliton solutions under slight disturbance of the constraint conditions and initial perturbation of white noise is discussed analytically and numerically. The results reveal that solitons can propagate in a stable way under slight disturbance of the constraint conditions and initial perturbation of a 10% white noise.
Hyalinizing clear cell adenocarcinoma of the oropharynx

Background Hyalinizing clear cell adenocarcinoma (HCCA) is a rare salivary gland malignancy. To our knowledge, there are no published reports of primary clear cell carcinoma of the vallecula. Methods A 59-year-old man with progressive dysphagia and otalgia underwent direct laryngoscopy with biopsy of a vallecular mass. The pathology results returned as clear cell adenocarcinoma. He underwent a wide local excision for his T2N0M0 stage II tumor. Results Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the oropharynx typically presents as a painless neck mass and it can be difficult to distinguish from other clear cell malignancies. Conclusion Immunohistochemical staining is essential for narrowing the differential diagnosis of these lesions. Treatment is controversial but usually consists of wide local excision and possibly a neck dissection. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Modification of antibody isoelectric point affects biodistribution of 111-indium-labeled antibody

We evaluated the influence of changes in charge on the biodistribution of 111In-labeled purified rabbit antihuman serum albumin (R-HSA) IgG conjugated to diethylenetriaminepentaacetic dianhydride (DTPA). Optimization of isoelectric point (pI) may influence the biodistribution profile, especially retention in vital organs, which ultimately affects radioimmunoimaging. Experiments were designed to modify the pI of R-HSA by conjugating various molar ratios of DTPA (DTPA:R-HSA ratios 5:1 to 100:1). The pI of the conjugates was determined by isoelectricfocusing (IEF). 111In-labeled DTPA:R-HSA with known pI range was injected intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice to evaluate biodistribution. There was a proportional relationship between the molar ratio of DTPA to R-HSA IgG and the number of DTPA substituted. Molar ratios of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 gave, on average, 2.0, 3.6, 5.1, 9.5 and 16.0 DTPA per R-HSA IgG, respectively. An anodal shift in the pI of 111In-labeled R-HSA IgG was noted with increased number of DTPA conjugation. Biodistribution studies at both 4 and 24 h showed sequential increase in the liver activity with increasing number of DTPA per antibody, whereas colon and small intestine showed a decrease in the activity at 4 h. The organ-specific increase (e.g., liver) or decrease (e.g., colon and small intestine) in the activity may depend on a critical balance of charge of a particular organ and its interaction with the amount of negative charge carried by the antibody conjugate. The results suggest that pI optimized 111In-labeled antibody could be used to increase or decrease colon and hepatic retention for more efficient radioimmunoimaging of colon tumors and their hepatic metastasis.
Nephropathogenicity of Infectious Bronchitis Virus

Abstract Four strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were compared in chickens as to nephropathogenicity. Two of the viruses were from the United States, one was from Australia, and one from Italy. Each has been described as nephropathogenic. The Australian strain proved to be most pathogenic and was men followed by the Italian strain and, finally, the two viruses from the United States. With an increase in the age of the chickens there was an apparent decrease in pathogenic effect. All of the viruses were highly pathogenic in the respiratory tract regardless of the age of the test birds. Kidney damage, or nephritis, was detected more readily on histological study rather than by gross examination. Each of the viruses was unrelated to the others when the sera were assayed by virus neutralization. Massachusetts and Connecticut IBV vaccines gave erratic, or only, partial protection against challenge from the respective viruses which confirmed their aberrant nature. Lesions of IBV infection in the respiratory tract did not necessarily correlate with the results from challenge virus recovery attempts. One Massachusetts-type IB vaccine strain, Holland IBV, proved capable of inciting nephritis under the conditions of this study and from inoculating specific-pathogen-free chickens at 2 days of age. The lower embryo passage of this strain proved more nephropathogenic than the higher ones. Other Massachusetts-type vaccine viruses and the Connecticut-type did not induce nephritis. The nephropathogenic potential for certain vaccine strains is discussed.
Effect of the choice of error equation on the robustness properties of adaptive control systems

Different approaches may often be used to achieve the same adaptive control objective. In this paper we discuss connections between the choice of error equation and the robustness of the adaptive system. We study a single gain example using averaging methods and show that there are significant differences in the robustness properties of schemes obtained with various approaches.
Source of Boron in Curcuma for Burn Symptoms at Leaf Margins

This study was initiated to investigate the source of boron (B) accumulated in margins of old leaves of Curcuma 'Chiangmai University Pride' ('CMU Pride'). Nutrient elements were analyzed from different parts of the rhizome before potting and from whole rhizomes at harvest, and different leaf locations of young and old leaves during forcing in coarse sand medium. Plants were fertilized with solutions lacking B during the forcing period. Leaf-margin burn symptoms in old leaves of 'CMU Pride' could result from the combination of high levels of B and low total N levels. High levels of manganese (Mn) may not be involved in leaf margin-burn symptoms. Boron accumulated in the outer region of the old leaves could result from following evaporation of gutatted water droplets containing dissolved B. High levels of B in the edge of the old leaves may not be transported from the rhizomes.
Expression of histocompatibility (HLA) antigens on tumor cells and normal cells from patients with melanoma

The expression of HLA antigens and β2-microglobulin (β2-μ) on cultured melanoma cells originated from 11 patients has been quantitated and compared with that on fibroblasts and cultured human lymphoid cells originated from the same patients. No qualitative or quantitative difference was detected with the exception of one melanoma line. HLA antigens were also quantitated in sera from melanoma patients: two sera reacted with anti-HLA-B7 antibodies although this specificity was not expressed on lymphocytes from whom the sera were obtained. A technique to quantitate HLA antigens on cells developed in the course of this study is described. Cancer 40:36–41, 1977.
Functional Evidence for Inward-Rectifier Potassium Channels in Rat Cremaster Muscle Arterioles

Moderate increases in extracellular K(+) produce vasodilation in fourth order cremasteric arterioles in the anesthetized rat. We studied the contribution of different subtypes of K(+) channels to this response. Cremaster muscle arteriolar diameters were observed during superfusion with buffer containing 5-30 mM K(+) in the absence (control) and presence of barium (Ba(2+), 50 microM), glibenclamide (GLIB, 1 microM), or iberiotoxin (IBTX, 100 nM) to block inward-rectifier, ATP-sensitive, or Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels, respectively. Under control conditions, vessels dilated in response to 10-25 mM K(+) and constricted at higher concentrations. At 5 mM K(+), vessel diameters were significantly decreased by GLIB and Ba(2+), but not IBTX, suggesting that basal diameter was regulated by inward-rectifier and ATP-sensitive K(+) channels. In contrast, Ba(2+), but not GLIB or IBTX, prevented K(+)-induced dilation. The data indicate that the inward-rectifier K(+) channel (blocked by low concentrations of Ba(2+), but not GLIB or IBTX) was most likely responsible for the K(+)-induced arteriolar dilation.
Give Them a Tool Kit: Demystifying the Job Search Process for Marketing Students.

Few, if any, marketing students are adequately prepared to conduct a thorough job search that will lead them to enjoyable, meaningful employment upon graduation. We present a method we have used in several classes that helps demystify the job search process for students. Using our approach, students have been able to discover their career passions and find work that they enjoy. Our method can be used in numerous courses and can be used by both undergraduate and graduate students.
Parafollicular Cells in the Normal Human Thyroid

NONIDEZ1 has described argyrophyllic, granulated cells distinct from follicular cells in the dog thyroid. It is now known that the mammalian thyroid is a source of calcitonin2, and the parafollicular cells seem to produce thyrocalcitonin3,4. Although calcitonin activity has been demonstrated in human thyroid tissue5, the parafollicular cells of the human thyroid have never before been demonstrated. Their presence has been assumed, however, because medullary carcinoma of the thyroid consists of cells resembling the parafollicular cells of other mammalian species, and contains calcitonin activity6.
A NOTE ON THE GENERAL MATHEMATICAL EQUIVALENCY OF ECONOMIC BASE AND AGGREGATE INPUT‐OUTPUT MULTIPLIERS: FACT OR FICTION

A longstanding inconsistency in the definition of basic and nonbasic economic activity is resolved. When indirect exports are included in the basic, rather than the nonbasic sector, and the model is closed with respect to households, economic base and aggregate input-output mulitpliers constructed with the same data and definitions will be mathematically identical.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE INTERSTELLAR CYANOMETHYL RADICAL (CH2CN) IN THE MOLECULAR CLOUDS TMC-1 AND SAGITTARIUS-B2

The astronomical identification of the cyanomethyl radical, CH2CN, in interstellar clouds is reported. The complex fine and hyperfine structures of the lowest rotational transitions at about 20.12 and 40.24 GHz are resolved in TMC-1. The abundance of CH2CN relative to that of H2 in TMC-1 is estimated at 5 X 10 to the -9th. In Sgr B2, the hyperfine structure is blended in the higher frequency transitions at 40, 80, and 100 GHz, although the spin-rotation doubling is clearly evident.
Quantification of solids flow in a gas–solid riser: single radioactive particle tracking

Solids in risers of circulating fluidized beds (CFB) exhibit local backflow and recirculation. Measurement of the concentration-time response to an impulse injection of tracer, even at two elevations cannot determine the residence time distribution (RTD) of solids uniquely. Hence, evaluation of RTD in risers from conventional tracer responses is difficult and often not possible. In addition, estimating the solids circulation rate in these closed loop systems, is a non-trivial problem. In this work, a single radioactive particle in the CFB loop is tracked during its multiple visits to the riser and, by invoking ergodicity, solids circulation rate, accurate solids RTD and additional information on the solids flow pattern in the riser are estimated. A calibration curve was established for the overall solids mass flux as a function of superficial gas velocity. A second peak in the probability density function (PDF) of the solids RTD curve in the riser was observed for operating conditions in the fast-fluidization regime.
Clinical Evaluation of a New Oral Anticoagulant "Sintrom"

The clinical results in 100 patients treated for thromboembolic disorders were compared with 100 similar patients treated with Dicumarol. The rate of induction, ability to maintain a constant therapeutic level, and duration of action were especially considered. Induction and maintenance dosage were determined by clinical trial.
Hemodynamic Consequences of Tolazoline in Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Bacteremia: an Animal Model

Summary: Using a piglet model of neonatal sepsis, we have determined that Group B streptococcal (GBS) bacteremia is associated with a state of vascular hyper-resistance in both the pulmonary and systemic circulations. This elevated vascular resistance is accompanied by a significant fall in cardiac output despite the assurance of constant intravascular fluid volume. Pulmonary artery pressure rises extensively while systemic blood pressure remains essentially unchanged during this GBS infusion protocol. We report here our attempts to relieve the vascular hyperresistance of GBS infusion by administration of an α-sympathetic antagonist, tolazoline (Tz). We found that Tz, in a dose-related fashion, decreased both systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance over the entire range from 2 to 25 mg/kg. Further, at all doses tested, the resistance-reducing effect of Tz was equal in the systemic and pulmonary vascular beds. No selective pulmonary or systemic vasodilatory effect was demonstrated by Tz in this model of neonatal pulmonary hypertension. The reduction of systemic vascular resistance was accompanied by a significant elevation in total body cardiac output at all Tz doses. Compared to pre-Tz values, cardiac output rose by 24, 55, and 55% after Tz at 2, 8.3, and 25 mg/kg respectively. In addition, administration of Tz to septic normovolemic piglets reliably produced a transient decrease of systemic blood pressure. For Tz doses of 2 and 8.3 mg/kg, steady state systemic blood pressure returned to pre-Tz levels within 10 min. However, after Tz at 25 mg/kg, steady state systemic blood pressure remained significantly below pre-Tz levels.
Bacterial reduction of arsenate in sea water.

ARSENIC in the ocean exists primarily as arsenite and arsenate and thermodynamic calculations1 indicate that in oxygenated sea water at pH 8.1, the equilibrium ratio of the activity of arsenate to arsenite should be about 1026. But observations2–4 suggest that the ratio is, in fact, in the range 10−1 to 101, far from the equilibrum value. My experiments with the inorganic oxidation of added sodium arsenite in surface Sargasso Sea water (in preparation) suggest that, at natural concentrations, all arsenite should be oxidized to arsenate in a matter of weeks or months. The fact that significant quantities of arsenite have been found in all oceanic regions examined is therefore puzzling unless some steady state mechanism can be discovered to account for it.
Sudden cardiac death in division I collegiate athletics: analysis of automated external defibrillator utilization in National Collegiate Athletic Association division I athletic programs.

Objective:To determine current outcomes of automated external defibrillator (AED) interventions in sports medicine programs in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) division I athletics.Design:Qualitative scripted telephone interview with all positive responders to prior NCAA division I-wi
Review of an intermediate-layer lithography approach

Conducting polymers, because of their promising potential to replace silicon and metals in building devices, have attracted great attention since the discovery of high conductivity in doped polyacetylene in 1977. Lithographic techniques present significant technical challenges when working with conducting polymers. Sensitivity of conducting polymers to environmental conditions (e.g., air, oxygen, moisture, high temperature and chemical solutions) makes current photolithographic methods unsuitable for patterning the conducting polymers due to the involvement of wet and/or dry etching processes in those methods. Existing non-photolithographic approaches have limitations in throughput, resolution or electrical insulation. Therefore, an intermediate-layer lithography (ILL) approach has been recently developed by my group to produce conducting polymer micro/nanostructures. In the ILL method, an intermediate layer of an electrically insulating polymer is coated between the substrate and a layer of the conducting polymer to be printed. Subsequently, the conducting polymer is printed through mold insertion using a hot-embossing process. The current hot-embossing based methods face the obstacles of residual layer and depth of field (i.e., the height variation in the mold structures). In contrast, the ILL approach does not leave a residual layer in the material of interest, making conducting polymer patterns isolated from one another and avoiding the shorting problem in the electrical applications of these patterns. Furthermore, in the ILL, the height variation potentially existing among the mold structures has been transferred to the intermediate layer, ensuring that all patterns in the mold have been properly transferred to the conducting polymer layer. In addition to conducting polymers, the ILL can also be applied to pattern metals as well as other types of polymers. This paper gives a review of this ILL method and reports the results that we have achieved to date.
Hepatitis C virus infection with hepatocellular carcinoma: not a controversial indication for liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND The association of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been identified as a potential contraindication for orthotopic liver transplantation (LT) because of lower survival rate compared with other indications. AIM Evaluate the outcome of patients with and without HCC and cirrhosis with and without chronic HCV infection undergoing transplantation. Determine the postLT HCC recurrence rate and frequency of de novo postLT HCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) data was collected from January 1998 to December 2002. Cohort included 17,968 patients (11,552 M; 6,416 F) with a mean age of 51 (18-87) years. Four groups were established: HCV (n = 7,079), HCC (n = 611), HCV+HCC (n = 1,078), and no HCV/no HCC (n = 9,200). The overall survival rate was calculated at 24 and 48 months postLT. RESULTS Patient survival at 24 months and 48 months was 84% and 75% for HCV, 84% and 68% for HCC, 78% and 72% for HCV+HCC, and 85% and 80% for no HCV/no HCC, respectively. Survival at 48 months among the two groups was not significantly different (NS). Further analysis of these groups revealed a statistically significant advantage in survival at 48 months postLT for the no HCV/no HCC group when compared with the HCV group.(P < 0.05) The reported rate of postLT HCC recurrence and de novo postLT HCC was 3.3% and 0.05%, respectively. CONCLUSION In this large cohort of U.S. patients, HCC does not have an impact on the survival of LT patients infected with HCV.
Legal determinants of the global spread of e-commerce

This paper examines the effects of quality of legal rules and enforcement, creditor rights, shareholder rights and the level of technology integration in the market on the global spread of e-commerce. We report three primary results. First, consistent with our hypotheses, quality legal rules and enforcement and creditor rights in each country are significantly and positively related to 1998 global e-commerce revenues. The relationships between shareholder rights, technology integration and e-commerce revenues are weak. Second, consistent with 1998 results, quality legal rules and enforcement and creditor rights are significantly and positively associated with 1999 global e-commerce revenues. Finally, when 1998 and 1999 data are pooled together, the results are stronger and consistent with the individual year findings. All our results are robust to alternative model specifications, time periods and scaling or non-scaling of the dependent variable. Taken together, the results underscore the importance of quality legal rules and creditor protection in global spread of e-commerce.
Atypical embryonic synapses fail to regenerate in adulthood.

Functional recovery following central nervous system (CNS) injury in adult animals may depend on the reestablishment of the precise pattern of connections made during development. When the nervous system is injured during embryonic development, functional recovery may involve the formation of atypical connections. Can such atypical synapses regenerate in adults, particularly in a nervous system known for its capacity for repair? When the S interneuron in one segmental ganglion of the leech Hirudo is killed during development, two neighboring S cells extend their axons into the ganglion and restore function by making electrical synapses with the usual synaptic targets of the killed S cell. Although adult S-cell axons reliably regenerated their usual synaptic connections, the novel synapses induced following embryonic injury failed to regenerate in adults. In these preparations severed S-cell axons did not reach the denervated ganglion but grew close to it, independent of the distance required to grow. Thus, the developmental changes that permit aberrant but functional connections in embryos do not lead to a similar change in the capacity for axon growth and subsequent synapse regeneration in adults. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:404–411, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.