cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Simple Method for Calibrating Dielectric Soil Moisture Sensors: Laboratory Validation in Sands

With the goal of an effective method for calibrating dielectric soil moisture sensors that can be implemented rapidly, the applicability of a two-point α-mixing model was examined for a variety of sensor types. A large number of sensor outputs ( X ) were taken for four different types of ECH2O soil moisture sensors under varying volumetric water contents (θ) using four test sands with various grain sizes. The two-point α-mixing model was fitted to the X –θ data and a fitting parameter, α, was determined for each sensor type. Two other widely used sensors, the CS616 and the ThetaProbe ML2x, were also tested using the calibration functions and data provided by the manufacturers, including data for a soil with high electrical conductivity. For the sensors tested in this study, the effects of sensor characteristics were lumped into α. The value of α was 1.0 to 4.6, generally with high r 2 values. Some of these were as accurate as polynomial models that require a large number of X –θ data. After the α value is fitted for a specific sensor type, the two-point α-mixing model requires only the measurement of porosity and two extreme X values, i.e., sensor outputs in dry and saturated soils, and does not require soil samples with intermediate water content. Therefore, the two-point α-mixing model can be considered as an alternative method for calibrating dielectric soil moisture sensors, especially when porosity is known with small uncertainty such as relatively homogeneous field or laboratory experiments.
Liveware: The Next Challenge in Computer Education

Abstract As the educational applications of computing have continued to evolve, more complex and interactive computer learning environments have emerged. Generally, these environments focus on providing students with experiences testing hypothesis, organizing and interpreting data, and performing other problem-solving activities within a particular content area. In this article, the complexity of educating teachers so that they can effectively utilize this software and integrate it into the curriculum is discussed. It is suggested that teachers are accustomed to delivering and evaluating curriculum in the framework of behavioral psychology and that the more cognitive orientation of computer learning environments will be difficult for teachers to implement. The article suggests that experiences for teachers must include (a) the opportunity to experience learning and problem-solving with tool software and simulations and (b) examination of these approaches with respect to views of the learner, goals, roles of the teacher, and evaluation of outcomes. A sample experience for teachers using the Logo language is described.
A Preliminary Assessment of the Hong Kong Interception of Communications and Surveillance Ordinance

On Sunday, 6 August 2006, at 2.30 a.m., the Hong Kong Legislative Council, after a prolonged and at times litigious debate, passed the Interception of Communications Surveillance Ordinance (ICO) in Hong Kong with a vote of 32–0. The ICO is the first successful attempt to regulate the interception of citizens' private communications by the Hong Kong government. A review of the literature shows that there has been no comprehensive, systematic and critical assessment of the IOC since its passage. This article provides a critical assessment of ICO, with a twist. Instead of evaluating the ICO based on preconceived and conventional Western jurisprudential principles and foreign legal practices, the article assesses ICO with reference to prevailing (Chinese‐Hong Kong) cultural standards from within, i.e. that of Qing‐Li‐Fa (QLF).
“Motor City” rebound? Sport as a catalyst to reviving downtown Detroit: A case study

Abstract Major urban cities across the United States have strategically considered sport-based economic development. This investigation examined the role that sport played in revitalization of downtown Detroit, Michigan, the 18th largest city in the United States. Detroit is home to four professional sport franchises, three of which have sport facilities anchored in downtown. Historically, Detroit has been known for its role in the global automobile industry and the prowess of its professional sport teams. Due to Detroit’s major demographic and economic losses due to the downturn of the automobile industry, viable strategic options for sustaining the economy are needed. This case study utilized interviews with an expert panel of economic development stakeholders. Semistructured questions were used to facilitate the interview. From the interviews, three themes emerged: (1) sport facilities and franchises as an economic development catalyst of downtown; (2) sport’s role in enhancing the image of downtown; and (3) challenges to the role of sport in the revitalization of downtown Detroit. Important findings of the study included: (1) sport plays a role in driving the economy of downtown Detroit; (2) sport facilities and their programming are important attractions for downtown revitalization in Detroit; and (3) sport cannot solely sustain the economy in the city nor the downtown area and its use as an economic development tool must be considered cautiously.
An entropic framework for modeling economies

Abstract We develop an information-theoretic framework for economic modeling. This framework is based on principles of entropic inference that are designed for reasoning on the basis of incomplete information. We take the point of view of an external observer who has access to limited information about broad macroscopic economic features. We view this framework as complementary to more traditional methods. The economy is modeled as a collection of agents about whom we make no assumptions of rationality (in the sense of maximizing utility or profit). States of statistical equilibrium are introduced as those macrostates that maximize entropy subject to the relevant information codified into constraints. The basic assumption is that this information refers to supply and demand and is expressed in the form of the expected values of certain quantities (such as inputs, resources, goods, production functions, utility functions and budgets). The notion of economic entropy is introduced. It provides a measure of the uniformity of the distribution of goods and resources. It captures both the welfare state of the economy as well as the characteristics of the market (say, monopolistic, concentrated or competitive). Prices, which turn out to be the Lagrange multipliers, are endogenously generated by the economy. Further studies include the equilibrium between two economies and the conditions for stability. As an example, the case of the nonlinear economy that arises from linear production and utility functions is treated in some detail.
Physician Training Outside the Hospital: Who Pays for the Future?

Excerpt Modern experiments in residency training outside the hospital have required a reorganization of traditional clinics (1). Although educational, practice, and social forces that initiated the...
Local Algorithms for Robust Mission Realization in Large-Scale Disconnected Networks

Robustness and reliability in large-scale sensor networks present a triple challenge. First, the large scale (possibly compounded by the use of unreliable communication) makes failures -- transient and permanent -- unavoidable. Second, the difficulty of deploying such systems, especially in challenging environments, makes it next to impossible to replace failed nodes or rearrange surviving nodes after each failure. Third, the limited resources and capabilities of most sensor nodes prohibit elaborate, global/centralized approaches, especially in view of the potentially large number of nodes in the network. In this paper, we propose simple mechanisms to alleviate the effect of node failure in large-scale disconnected networks and show that beneficial global network properties can emerge from local rules achievable by simple nodes.
Incremental efficacy of adding bupropion to the nicotine patch for smoking cessation in smokers with a recent history of alcohol dependence: Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Aims The primary aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of smoking cessation treatment using a combination of nicotine patch and bupropion vs. nicotine patch and placebo bupropion. A secondary aim was to investigate whether the efficacy of bupropion is moderated by belief about whether one is receiving active or placebo medication.
Correlation of learning styles with team performance and perception in a chemical engineering unit operations course

Teamwork is emphasized in high-level engineering courses to help prepare students for their chosen career. When left to self-select, students often form homogenous groups with respect to several indicators, including learning style. While homogeneous groups may occasionally be preferred for specific tasks, heterogeneous groups have shown better performance over a wider range of tasks. Qualitative data (interviews) suggest that students grasp the value of heterogeneous groups and are able to recognize the gains of such diversity. We are interested in the relationship between learning styles and team dynamics in advanced chemical engineering students taking the team-based unit operations course. We are looking to correlate team composition with respect to learning styles preferences with team performance and student perceptions of team efficacy. Students are given a learning styles questionnaire to determine preferences in the course's lecture portion. These are used to identify potential correlations between team make-up, team performance and student perceptions during the subsequent laboratory portion. Understanding variability in performance based on team composition can help elucidate the complex nature of team dynamics. Armed with such information, instructors can create the most educationally efficient teams, and students will have a better understanding of teams as they enter the workforce.
On the feasibility of N2 fixation via a single-site FeI/FeIV cycle: Spectroscopic studies of FeI(N2)FeI, FeIV N, and related species

The electronic properties of an unusually redox-rich iron system, [PhBPR 3]FeNx (where [PhBPR 3] is [PhB(CH2PR2)3]−), are explored by Mossbauer, EPR, magnetization, and density-functional methods to gain a detailed picture regarding their oxidation states and electronic structures. The complexes of primary interest in this article are the two terminal iron(IV) nitride species, [PhBPiPr 3]FeN (3a) and [PhBPCH2Cy 3]FeN (3b), and the formally diiron(I) bridged-Fe(μ-N2)Fe species, {[PhBPiPr 3]Fe}2(μ-N2) (4). Complex 4 is chemically related to 3a via a spontaneous nitride coupling reaction. The diamagnetic iron(IV) nitrides 3a and 3b exhibit unique electronic environments that are reflected in their unusual Mossbauer parameters, including quadrupole-splitting values of 6.01(1) mm/s and isomer shift values of −0.34(1) mm/s. The data for 4 suggest that this complex can be described by a weak ferromagnetic interaction (J/D < 1) between two iron(I) centers. For comparison, four other relevant complexes also are characterized: a diamagnetic iron(IV) trihydride [PhBPiPr 3]Fe(H)3(PMe3) (5), an S = 3/2 iron(I) phosphine adduct [PhBPiPr 3]FePMe3 (6), and the S = 2 iron(II) precursors to 3a, [PhBPiPr 3]FeCl and [PhBPiPr 3]Fe-2,3:5,6-dibenzo-7-aza bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene (dbabh). The electronic properties of these respective complexes also have been explored by density-functional methods to help corroborate our spectral assignments and to probe their electronic structures further.
Approximation in Learning Theory

This paper addresses some problems of supervised learning in the setting formulated by Cucker and Smale. Supervised learning, or learning-from-examples, refers to a process that builds on the base of available data of inputs xi and outputs yi, i = 1,...,m, a function that best represents the relation between the inputs x ∈ X and the corresponding outputs y ∈ Y. The goal is to find an estimator fz on the base of given data z := ((x1,y1),...,(xm,ym)) that approximates well the regression function fρ (or its projection) of an unknown Borel probability measure ρ defined on Z = X × Y. We assume that (xi,yi), i = 1,...,m, are independent and distributed according to ρ. We discuss the following two problems: I. the projection learning problem (improper function learning problem); II. universal (adaptive) estimators in the proper function learning problem. In the first problem we do not impose any restrictions on a Borel measure ρ except our standard assumption that |y|≤ M a.e. with respect to ρ. In this case we use the data z to estimate (approximate) the L2(ρX) projection (fρ)W of fρ onto a function class W of our choice. Here, ρX is the marginal probability measure. In [KT1,2] this problem has been studied for W satisfying the decay condition en(W,B) ≤ Dn-r of the entropy numbers en(W,B) of W in a Banach space B in the case B = C(X) or B = L2(\rhoX). In this paper we obtain the upper estimates in the case en(W,L1(ρX)) ≤ Dn-r with an extra assumption that W is convex. In the second problem we assume that an unknown measure ρ satisfies some conditions. Following the standard way from nonparametric statistics we formulate these conditions of the form fρ ∈ Θ. Next, we assume that the only a priori information available is that fρ belongs to a class Θ (unknown) from a known collection {Θ} of classes. We want to build an estimator that provides approximation of fρ close to the optimal for the class Θ. Along with standard penalized least squares estimators we consider a new method of construction of universal estimators. This method is based on a combination of two powerful ideas in building universal estimators. The first one is the use of penalized least squares estimators. This idea works well in the case of general setting with rather abstract methods of approximation. The second one is the idea of thresholding that works very well when we use wavelets expansions as an approximation tool. A new estimator that we call the big jump estimator uses the least squares estimators and chooses a right model by a thresholding criteria instead of the penalization. In this paper we illustrate how ideas and methods of approximation theory can be used in learning theory both in formulating a problem and in solving it.
Gender and homophily: Differences in male and female association in Blau space ☆

Homophily, the tendency for similar individuals to associate, is one of the most robust findings in social science. Despite this robustness, we have less information about how personal characteristics relate to differences in the strength of homophily. Nor do we know much about the impact of personal characteristics on judgments of relative dissimilarity. The present study compares the strength of age, religious, and educational homophily for male and female non-kin ties using network data from the 1985 General Social Survey. It also compares the patterning of ties among dissimilar alters for both sexes. The results of this exploratory effort indicate that males and females are almost equally homophilous, although religious homophily exerts a stronger influence on females than males. Males and females do, however, differ in their tendency to associate with certain types of dissimilar alters. Education is essentially uniform for both sexes, religious difference is more important for females than males, and those over sixty or under thirty are less different from the middle categories of age for females than for males. The results suggest that males are able to bridge larger areas of social space in their non-kin interpersonal networks and likely accumulate greater social capital as a consequence.
Economic Change, Family Cohesion, And Mental Health in a Rural Hawai'i Community:

Economic development in Hawai'i is generally based on a movement from agriculture (e.g., pineapple, sugar) to resorts and tourist-related activities. Tourism tends to change the complexion of rural communities and ultimately affects family structure and dynamics. The authors present a case study on the island of Lana'i, Hawai'i, which is undergoing economic changes that pose major challenges for agrarian families. The research findings indicated a clear relationship between family cohesion and mental health status. The results of this study provide a basis for designing preventive mental health strategies and making responsible policy decisions regarding future economic development.
“We Begin Tonight With Fruits and Vegetables”: Genetically Modified Food on the Evening News 1980-2003

Although the literature addresses U.S. newspaper coverage of the issue of genetically modified (GM) food, there is no corresponding literature on television coverage, in spite of the fact that tele...
The biosynthesis of octopamine.

The biosynthesis of octopamine was determined by the administration of amino acid and amine precursors and enzyme inhibitors and measuring the endogenous levels of octopamine. It appeared to proceed as follows: phenylalanine-tyrosine-tyramine-octopamine. Single and repeated administrations of l-DOPA to rats which were preteated with a monoaminoxidase inhibitor caused a significant increase of octopamine levels in the brain indicating an alternate pathway for octopamine formation from catecholamines. Using dopamine-β-hydroxylase inhibitors it was found that the half life of octopamine in the rat brain is twice as fast as in the heart. α-Methyl-p-tyrosine and 3-iodo-tyrosine, two potent tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors, were able to reduce the tissue levels of exogenous and endogenous octopamine and noradrenaline.
Sedimentation styles and variability of organic matter types in the Triassic, non-marine half-grabens of west Argentina: implications for petroleum systems in rift basins

ABSTRACT Extensional relaxation due to the collapse of the active margin of Gondwanaland during the Triassic led to rapidly subsiding, fault-bounded half-grabens in west Argentina. The Cuyo rift basin was the largest of these fault-bounded troughs. Two linked asymmetrical half-grabens have been identified in the Cuyo basin: Cacheuta in the south and Las Penas-Tamberias in the north. Their stratigraphy exhibits a classic tripartite internal organization with a basal alluvial and fluvial section followed by a lacustrine interval which in turn is overlain by fluvial deposits. The basin fill in both half-grabens shows significant lateral thickness variations that reflect the contrasting subsidence rates on the fault and flexural margins. The lacustrine shales in the Cacheuta half-graben have an average total organic carbon (TOC) content of 4%, locally reaching 20%, dominated by type I, amorphous, algal organic matter and high hydrogen index (HI) values. The shales are associated with parasequences in river-dominated deltas. Oils derived from these source rocks are waxy and with low sulphur content. The oil shales are associated with sandstones arranged in parasequences deposited in river-dominated Gilbert-type deltas. This interval in the Cacheuta half-graben can be assigned to a slightly overfilled to balanced-fill lake type. In Las Penas-Tamberias, the dominant source rock facies in the lacustrine section is made up of calcareous shales with oil-prone, type I(II) kerogen and TOC values up to 13% and high HI values. The presence of gammacerane and b-carotane, common in saline conditions, is conspicuous. The presence of oolitic and bioclastic grainstones and microstromatolitic limestones on the ramp margin and clastic facies on the border fault suggests a slightly underbalanced to balanced lake type. The Cuyo rift basin branches to the NE into the Ischigualasto-Villa Union half-graben. Lacustrine shales along the fault margin of this half-graben are dominated by type III, gas-prone organic matter with TOC values up to 4% and low HI values. Parasequences with a strong progradational stacking pattern and steep front slopes are interpreted as mouth bars in a Gilbert-type delta. These characteristics are consistent with an overfilled lake basin type where sedimentation rate exceeds subsidence rate. The Triassic rift system of west Argentina shows the gamut of lacustrine source rocks that, combined with the analysis of diagnostic associated facies, allow the discrimination of lake basin types and their influence in the resulting hydrocarbon phase.
Selective erasure and non-storage writing in direct-view storage tubes

A new concept in direct-view half-tone storage tube operation has been developed, based on the use of a special storage target which exhibits dual charging phenomena. One phenomenon, secondary emission, charges the storage surface positively, while the other, bombardment induced conductivity, charges it toward the backplate potential, which in this case is negative. Selection of the charging effect, and therefore the charging direction, is determined by the incident beam energy. At lower beam energies the secondary emission effect predominates, while at higher energies bombardment induced conductivity prevails. This is in contrast to the operation of conventional direct-view half-tone storage tubes which depend only on secondary emission for both positive and negative charging. With such a mode of operation, it is not practical to achieve either selective erasure or non-storage writing. Selective erasure is the ability to rapidly erase one or more of the smallest written elements as distinct from erasure of the entire storage target. By non-storage writing is meant the presentation of cathode-ray information on the viewing screen without disturbing the written or erased areas of the storage target.
Highly efficient one-pot multienzyme (OPME) synthesis of glycans with fluorous-tag assisted purification

Oligo(ethylene glycol)-linked light fluorous tags have been found to be optimal for conjugating to glycans for both high-yield enzymatic glycosylation reactions using one-pot multienzyme (OPME) systems and quick product purification using fluorous solid-phase extraction (FSPE) cartridges. The combination of OPME glycosylation systems and the FSPE cartridge purification scheme provides a highly effective strategy for facile synthesis and purification of glycans.
An approach to the enantiocontrolled synthesis of pseudomonic acids via a novel mono—claisen rearrangement

Abstract A short, efficient approach to a key chiral intermediate for the synthesis of pseudomonic acids A and C is delineated. Pseudomonic acids A( 1a ), B( 1b ), and C( 2 ) are members of a novel of “C-glycopyranoside” antimicrobial agents which have recently attracted synthetic attetion.2 Presently, we wish to report a short efficient stratedy towards the total synthesis of opticaly active pseudomonic acids. The sequence is highlighted by a novel controlled mono-Claisen rearrangement and a highly regioselective π-allylpalladium mediated displacement. Diacetyl-(L)-arabinal ( 3 )3 was converted to the bis-ketenesilylacetal 4 and warmed to 60°C according to the Ireland ester-enolate Claisen rearrangement method.4 Over a period of ≈5h, smooth conversion to a major rearranged product 5 was observed by 300 MHz NMR. The identity of 5 was confirmed by direct desilylation and methylation (KF, KHCO3, H2O, HMPA, CH3I). After flash chromatography, compound 7 was isolated in 55% overall yield from 3 . Careful inspection of the crude methylation product revealed the presence of ≈5% doubly rearranged product 6 . The rearrangement of 4 to 5 is a unique example of a selective mono-Claisen rearrangement in which the rate of a second similar Claisen rearrangement ( 5 → 6 ) is much slower under the reaction conditions. Although the reasons for this interesting selectivity are unclear at this time,5 in practice, the mono-Claisen rearrangement obviates the need for selective differentiation of the two hydroxyl groups, a difficult task at best, in this case. Palladium mediated allylic acetate displacement provided an ideal method for introduction of a second chemodifferentiated side chain with allylic retention and retention of stereochemistry. Alkylation of 7 with sodiothylmalonate using 5 mole % Pd(O)dppe26 was unusually facile ( 8 was confirmed by extensive 1H-NMR decoupling, as well as an off-resonance 13C-NMR experiment. In particular, H1 (δ 4.53) was coupled vicinally to H6 and H6′ (5 Hz, 8 Hz) and H2 (1.5 Hz), and allylically to H3 (2 Hz). In contrast, H4 (δ 2.78) was coupled to H7 (10 Hz), H5e and H5a (1.8 Hz, 4 Hz), H3 (5 Hz), and H2 ( regioisomer 9 and are fully consistent with the indicated conformation, which minimizes 1,3-diaxial-like interactions. Finally, catalytic osmylation of 8 8 gave a single cis-diol 10 in nearly quantitative yield. Appending of suitably functionalized side chains to provide an enantiocontrolled synthesis of pseudomonic acids A( 1a ) and C( 2 ) is in progress.9,10
The Wasting of Wolin: Environmental Factors in the Downfall of a Medieval Baltic Town

This medieval environmental history examines the tenth-century industrial and trade town of Wolin which grew rapidly on an island immediately off the northwestern coast of Poland. It arose in an environment incapable of supporting its population of 8000 the largest population in the Baltic during the period. Palaeobotanical evidence records the island's large-scale deforestation and the rapid deterioration of its soils. Having outstripped its local natural assets, Wolin quickly became dependent on imported grain, lumber, and industrial resources. By the mid-eleventh century, Wolin could no longer sustain itself, and became too exhausted to repulse, or recover from, sea-borne raids.
Cytochrome P450 gene expression and regulation

Abstract Cytochrome P 450 proteins are critical in the synthesis and degradation of steroids, fatty acids, prostaglandins, biogenic amines and pheromones and have probably existed since early days of evolution of eukaryotes. Daniel Nebert and Frank Gonzalez describe the different classes of P 450 and suggest that the use of mammalian (and perhaps even non-mammalian) P 450 genes will aid in the diagnosis and treatment of certain clinical disorders.
The effect of atmosphere on the fatigue of lead

Abstract A study has been made of the fatigue properties of high purity polycrystalline lead in air at various reduced pressures and in separate gas atmospheres. It was found that oxygen was a major factor in reducing the fatigue life, and that the damaging effect of oxygen was greater the smaller the strain. Environments of nitrogen, hydrogen or water vapor had much less effect on the fatigue life than did oxygen. The air pressure dependence of the fatigue life was determined over a pressure range of 108:1. A feature of this dependence was the abrupt increase of life with decreasing air pressure in the range of 1.5 × 10−1 to 5 × 10−3 mm Hg. This behavior is explained in terms of the geometry of narrow fatigue cracks and the fact that molecular flow conditions apply. Finally, a brief study was made of the effects of surface condition and surface coatings (grease and indium) on the fatigue properties of lead in air and in vacuum.
Effects of nitrogen fertilization on soil nutrient concentration and phosphatase activity and forage nutrient uptake from a grazed pasture system.

Over a 3-year period, the effect of differing N-application regimes on soil extractable-P concentration, soil phosphatase activity, and forage P uptake in a P-enriched grazed-pasture system was investigated. In the fall of each year, six 0.28-ha plots were overseeded with triticale ( × Triticosecale rimpaui Wittm.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) into a tall fescue (Lolium arundinacea)/bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) sod and assigned to 1 of 3 N-fertilizer treatments (n = 2): 100% of N recommendation in a split application (100N), 50% in a single application (50N), and 0% of N recommendation (0N) for triticale. Cattle commenced grazing the following spring and grazed until May. In the summer, plots were overseeded with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), fertilized at the same rates by reference to N recommendations for bermudagrass, and grazed by cattle until September. There were no effects of N fertilization on soil phosphatase activity, electrical conductivity, or concentrations of water-soluble P. Concentrations of extractable P decreased in plots receiving 50N, but increasing N fertilization to 100N resulted in no further reduction in extractable P. Forage biomass, foliar P concentrations, and forage P mass were not affected by N fertilization rates at the plant-community level, but responses were observed within individual forage species. Results are interpreted to mean that N fertilization at 50% of the agronomic recommendation for the grass component can increase forage P mass of specific forages and decrease soil extractable P, thus providing opportunity for decreasing P losses from grazed pasture.
Making Order Out of Trouble: Jurisdictional Politics in the Spanish Colonial Borderlands

Jurisdictional fluidity was a central feature of early modem Iberian law, and jurisdictional tensions were exacerbated by overseas conquest and colonization. Contests over the legal status of conquered peoples featured both jurisdictional jockeying among colonial factions and widespread preoccupation with the symbols and rituals marking cultural and legal difference. This article examines the dynamics of jurisdictional politics in seventeenth-century New Mexico, where church and state officials carried on a bitter feud over legal authority during most of the century. Rather than viewing this contest as either transparently political or a mask for deeper processes defining hegemony, the article argues that seemingly dry legal distinctions were the focus of passionate and persistent struggle precisely because they merged institutional and cultural concerns of missionaries, settler elites, and Indians. The analysis leads to broader, more speculative claims about the role of jurisdictional fluidity in creating an “orderly disorder” that spanned diverse regions within Spanish America and, more broadly, across colonial regimes in the early modern world.
Multiple Dedekind zeta functions and evaluations of extended multiple zeta values

Abstract We define the number field analog of the zeta function of d -complex variables studied by Zagier in (First European Congress of Mathematics, vol. II (Paris, 1992), Progress in Mathematics, vol. 120, Birkhauser, Basel, 1994, pp. 497–512). We prove that in certain cases this function has a meromorphic continuation to C d , and we identify the linear subvarieties comprising its singularities. We use our approach to meromorphic continuation to prove that there exist infinitely many values of these functions at regular points in their extended domains which can be expressed as a rational linear combination of values of the Dedekind zeta function.
The design of a programmer's interface for an interactive microcomputer animation tool

A tool to aid in the production of computer generated animation is imperative in the development of graphics applications. With access to an animation tool, the efficiency of the programmer in a microcomputer environment can be greatly increased in regard to programming time and in program complexity. The design of the interface for such a tool must be carefully planned and implemented. The following is an overview of the desirable design features — on-line help, tutorial, function keys, and pull-down menus — that were incorporated into animation tools at Western Illinois University.
Computer control of a polarized target n.m.r. system

Abstract A computerized n.m.r. system for a polarized proton target is described. The computer programs the frequency sweep, tuning, data collection, and performs on-line analysis of the n.m.r. signal.
Treatment Attrition Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Youth

This study examined the predictors of treatment attrition among racial and ethnic minority adolescents from South Florida participating in treatment for substance use problems (N= 453). The influences of individual, social, cultural, and treatment factors on treatment attrition were explored within 3 racial and ethnic subgroups of adolescents. Multivariate logit analyses were conducted within each racial and ethnic subgroup. Specific factors differentially predicted attrition within each racial and ethnic subgroup and African American youth were more than twice as likely as their Hispanic counterparts to leave treatment prematurely. Findings underscore the importance of identifying and understanding unique treatment needs of racial and ethnic minority youth with substance use problems.
Computational physics and the undergraduate curriculum

The advantages of a separate undergraduate course emphasizing computer simulations are discussed. Also discussed are the advantages of Java and the timeliness of integrating aspects of computational physics into the undergraduate curriculum so that the curriculum reflects the way physics is currently done.
Existence and stability of traveling waves in periodic media governed by a bistable nonlinearity

We prove the existence of multidimensional traveling wave solutions of the bistable reaction-diffusion equation with periodic coefficients under the condition that these coefficients are close to constants. In the case of one space dimension, we prove their asymptotic stability.
Detachment of an elastic matrix from a rigid spherical inclusion

An approximate theoretical treatment is given for detachment of an elastomer from a rigid spherical inclusion by a tensile stress applied to the elastomeric matrix. The inclusion is assumed to have an initially-debonded patch on its surface and the conditions for growth of the patch are derived from fracture energy considerations. Catastrophic debonding is predicted to occur at a critical applied stress when the initial debond is small. The strain energy dissipated as a result of this detachment, and hence the mechanical hysteresis, are also evaluated. When a reasonable value is adopted for Young's modulus E of the elastomeric matrix, it is found that detachment from small inclusions, of less than about 0.1 mm in diameter, will not occur, even when the level of adhesion is relatively low. Instead, rupture of the matrix near the inclusion becomes the preferred mode of failure at an applied stress given approximately by E/2. For still smaller inclusions, of less than about 1 μm in diameter, rupture of the matrix becomes increasingly difficult, due to the increasing importance of a surface energy term. These considerations account for the general features of reinforcement of elastomers. Small-particle fillers become effectively bonded to the matrix, whereas larger inclusions induce fracture near them, or become detached from the matrix, at applied stress that can be calculated from the particle diameter, the strength of adhesion, and the elasticity of the matrix material.
Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in first-degree relatives of patients with PCOS.

Abstract Objective: To determine the rate of clinically evident polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) among first-degree female relatives within families with a proband affected by PCOS. Design: Clinical and biochemical evaluation of the mothers and sisters of 93 patients with PCOS. The diagnosis of PCOS was established by: [1] a history of oligomenorrhea, [2] clinical evidence (i.e., hirsutism) or biochemical evidence (i.e., elevated total or free T) of hyperandrogenism, and [3] the exclusion of related disorders. Setting: Tertiary care university. Patient(s): Patients with PCOS and their mothers and sisters. Intervention(s): Interview, physical examination, and hormonal testing on blood samples were performed for all subjects. Main Outcome Measure(s): The presence of hirsutism and hyperandrogenemia was determined in the mothers and sisters of the patients with PCOS. Result(s): Of the 78 mothers and 50 sisters evaluated clinically, 19 (24%) and 16 (32%) were affected with PCOS, respectively. A higher rate of PCOS was observed when only premenopausal women not taking hormones (i.e., untreated) were considered (i.e., 35% of mothers and 40% of sisters), consistent with amelioration of symptoms with hormonal therapy or aging. These rates of PCOS are significantly higher than that observed in our general population (approximately 4%) and suggest the involvement of a major genetic component in the disorder. Conclusion(s): The rates of PCOS in mothers and sisters of patients with PCOS were 24% and 32%, respectively, although the risk was higher when considering untreated premenopausal women only.
Electron microscopy of geometrically confined copper thin films after rapid lateral solidification

Abstract We have used transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to study the microstructure in polycrystalline 200 nm thick copper thin films that are geometrically confined between transparent amorphous silicon oxide layers after single pulse laser melting and rapid lateral solidification (RLS). The microstructure consisted predominantly of directionally solidified grains with an in-plane columnar structure and dimensions of up to 22 μm long and about 1 μm wide. A preferred orientation in the vicinity of the average growth direction in the thin film plane has been identified for these high aspect ratio columnar grains produced by RLS in this Cu thin film12.
VERBAL REPRESENTATION AND THERAPEUTIC CHANGE IN ANACLITIC AND INTROJECTIVE INPATIENTS

This study examined the relation between changes in clinical functioning and changes in verbal expression in 81 seriously disturbed and treatment-resistant young adults seen in a comprehensive, psychoanalytically oriented inpatient treatment. Clinical functioning was evaluated with a battery of clinical and social measures. Verbal representations were assessed using computer-assisted scoring of Thematic Apperception Test responses. Changes in the frequency of verbal content and style in the narratives of these patients covaried with changes in clinical functioning. Significantly different covariations of verbal and clinical change, particularly differences in covariates of referential activity, were found for patients with anaclitic versus introjective personality configurations. The implications of these findings for understanding and treating severe psychopathology are discussed.
Separation and identification of acid polysaccharides by thin-layer chromatography.

Abstract Thin-layer chromatographic procedure are described for the separation and identificationn of a number of acid polysaccharides. With the present methods, chondroitin sulfates A and/or C, chondroitin sulfate B, keratosulfate, and heparitin sulfate and/or heparin may be distinguished among the normally occurring known sulfated APS. A number of polysaccharides, as yet unclassified, are also revealed by these procedures.
Beyond selecting information: Biases in spontaneous questions and resultant conclusions.

Abstract Biases in trait hypothesis testing were examined from both subjects′ and observers′ viewpoints. Subjects formulated two questions to test each of three hypotheses and drew inference from hypothetical yes and no answers; observers read these questions and drew inferences from the same answers. It was shown that subjects tended to ask about features that were (a) consistent with the hypothesis and (b) either very probable or very improbable. Furthermore, subjects′ data showed that questions were less diagnostic when subjects tested a single hypothesis (e.g., extraversion) as opposed to a double hypothesis (e.g., extraversion versus introversion); observers′ data showed this effect only for the first question asked. Subjects also were likely to confirm the hypothesis that they were testing (relative to an alternative) and were more likely to confirm the hypothesis following hypothesis-consistent questions (relative to hypothesis-inconsistent questions). Both subjects and observers were too influenced by the hypothetical answers; that is, they overconfirmed the hypothesis when the answers were confirmatory and overdisconfirmed the hypothesis when the answers were disconfirmatory.
Clavicle morphometry revisited: a 3-dimensional study with relevance to operative fixation

Background: The advocacy for operative fixation of midshaft clavicle fractures has prompted a reemergence of interest in clavicle anatomy. Three-dimensional (3D) anatomical studies provide more information than 2-dimensional studies, but are currently rare. Material and methods: Twenty-five skeletonized clavicles were digitized using a laser scanner. Threedimensional computer software was used to analyze the data. Clavicles were divided into medial, middle, and lateral segments based on the medial and lateral apices of curvature and their lengths and midpoint cortical diameter measured. The angles of medial and lateral curvatures were measured in standardized axial and coronal planes. The medial and lateral curvatures were fitted with circles and the radii of curvature measured. Correlations between the intrinsic dimensions of the clavicle were assessed. Results: The mean length was 136.7 mm. The medial, middle, and lateral segments had mean lengths of 48, 56, and 32.7 mm, respectively. In the axial plane, the mean medial and lateral angles were 149.5 � and 145.8 � , respectively. In the coronal plane, the mean medial and lateral angles were 178.2 � and 174.2 � , respectively. The mean midpoint cortical diameter was 10.9 mm. The mean medial and lateral radii of curvature were 66.4 and 33.5 mm, respectively. The length and cortical diameter and length and medial radius of curvature were found to positively correlate, R 2 ¼ .355 and .184, respectively. Conclusion: Using standardized measurements, we were able to accurately characterize the dimensions of the clavicle. We found that the length of the clavicle correlates with the midpoint cortical diameter and with the radius of medial curvature. Level of evidence: Basic Science Study, Anatomic Study. 2013 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees.
Sudden severe perioral swelling in an adolescent boy.

A 13-year-old boy presented to an emergency department after developing sudden severe swelling of his lips and perioral area. He described lying in the grass drinking green tea when the swelling st...
A simple model of EG&G reverse reach-through APDs

Abstract A simple model of reverse reach-through APDs is described. APD parameters including the dependence of the electric field and gain on the bias voltage, dependence of gain on wavelength are calculated using the McIntyre approach and an assumed doping profile of the APD.
Multiple transmissions of Barth syndrome through an oocyte donor with a de novo TAZ mutation.

Objective To report recurrent transmissions of Barth syndrome through a single oocyte donor carrying a de novo TAZ mutation. Design Case report. Setting Clinical molecular diagnostics laboratory. Patient(s) Oocyte donor and individuals conceived with her oocytes. Intervention(s) Molecular testing. Main Outcome Measure(s) Detection of TAZ mutation. Result(s) Multiple individuals affected with Barth syndrome conceived from a single oocyte donor who is a carrier of a de novo TAZ mutation. Conclusion(s) We report multiple transmissions of Barth syndrome through a single oocyte donor with a de novo TAZ mutation.
Probabilistic Assessment of Clone Overlaps in DNA Fingerprint Mapping via a Priori Models

We construct a combinatorially exact probability distribution for the problem of a priori clone overlap assessment in DNA fingerprint mapping. It is implemented as a general enumeration methodology using Bell’s exponential polynomials. Established computational metrics do not consider the conditional nature of the problem. They dramatically overpredict actual match probabilities as a consequence. This elevates the rate of false-negative overlap declarations, which is consistent with previous validation studies. Increased measurement resolution does not significantly improve accuracy. We describe general trends in error behavior for intermediate-size DNA clones and discuss corresponding limits on the ability to assess certain overlaps.
From the Bench to the Bedside and Back: An Essential Journey

Barbara Gilchrest, in her inaugural Editorial for this series on translational research, related that her clinical experiences kindled a desire to pursue laboratory-based training to bridge “basic discoveries at the cellular and molecular level with improvements in patient care” (Gilchrest, 2015). Her approach was bedside to the bench (...and back). My career had just the opposite genesis. I wanted principally to do fundamental biochemistry and cell biology and, indeed, embarked on a postdoctoral career studying tadpole metamorphosis under the tutelage of Arthur Eisen, then head of the Division of Dermatology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. That I found a career in dermatology, let alone one steeped richly in translational research, is due largely to consummately practical advice from two people.
A STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DAIRY WHIPPED TOPPING MIXTURES

The effects of several selected variables on the physical properties of whipped topping containing milk as the major ingredient were investigated. These included: level of stabilizer and emulsifier, type of milk protein fraction, homogenization pressure, and interaction among selected ingredients. Levels of stabilizer and emulsifiers were highly critical factors affecting firmness and overrun of whipped topping. Overrun and firmness were influenced more by type and combination of the emulsifiers than by HLB. Topping mixtures containing sodium casein-ate and whey protein lacked firmness and overrun, while those containing skim milk proteins separated by Sephadex gel filtration or precipitated by CMC were rated satisfactory. Overrun and firmness of the product increased as single stage homogenization pressures increased from 0 to 210 kg/cm2. With double stage homogenization, fnmness attained a maximum at 140 and 35 kg/cmz, then tended to remain constant. Overrun, however, continued to increase with pressures up to 210 and 35 kg/cm2. Overrun and firmness of the whipped topping decreased when fat globules exceed 2 pm. Factorial experiments involving three levels of fat, Frodex 24, and Dariloid KB indicated that each reacted independently in contributing to overrun and firmness. Decreasing size and increasing number of air cells are associated with increased overrun and firmness.
Coherence and interference in diffuse noise: On the information and statistics associated with spatial wave correlations in directional noise fields

Broadband noise correlation methods for the passive extraction of information about the propagation of waves between distant sensor locations have received considerable attention in the literature. For the case of an isotropic ambient field distribution, there is a well-defined relationship between the expectation value of the wave coherence over the sensors and point-to-point wave propagation. Experimental applications, however, must contend with ambient field anisotropy as well as the performance limitations associated with stochastic fluctuations. This paper explores the influence of ambient field directionality on both (1) the connection between the measured wave coherence and sensor-to-sensor propagation and on (2) the rate at which measurements stochastically converge to the expectation value of the underlying wave coherence. Due to diffraction, the relationship between the measured wave coherence and sensor-to-sensor propagation is shown to be robust to even highly directional ambient field features. While the fluctuations of a stochastic system are generally known to depend on bandwidth and measurement duration, the rate of stochastic convergence depends additionally on the cross-spectral power density (coherent power) relative to the power-spectral density (total incident power). Practical experimental implications of these results are discussed.