cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence That Marek's Disease Virus Exists in a Latent State in a Sustainable Fibroblast Cell Line☆

Abstract Previously, we reported the development of two fibroblastic cell lines (MDV OU2.1 and OU2.2) infected with Marek's disease virus (MDV). The two cell lines, in nonconfluent continuous cultures, displayed characteristics consistent with MDV existing in a latent state. However, presence of distinct plaques in confluent cell monolayers and the ability to transfer cytolytic infection to susceptible birds and primary chick embryo fibroblasts, suggest that, if latent, the virus is easily reactivated from MDV OU2 cell lines. In this report, we present evidence which supports the hypothesis that MDV genomes in MDV OU2 cells are latent. PCR analyses andin vivoexperiments demonstrate that CHCC-OU2 cells stabilize MDV so that serialin vitropassage does not attenuate the virus. Following two years of active culture, MDV genomes in MDV OU2 cells are still oncogenic, similar to that seen in MDV-lymphoblastoid cell lines. Expansion of the 132-bp repeat within MDVBamHI fragments H and D, typical of highly passaged serotype 1 MDV, has not been observed beyond two copies in MDV OU2 cells. Indirect immunofluorescence assays clearly demonstrate that MDV OU2 cells do not express glycoproteins B and I when subconfluent. However, upon reaching confluence these proteins are expressed in readily detectable amounts. Using RT-PCR we demonstrate that glycoproteins E and D are highly expressed in confluent MDV OU2 cells but absent from subconfluent cells, and MDV latency-associated transcripts (LATs), which are antisense to ICP4 transcripts and have been associated with latent MDV infection, are expressed in subconfluent MDV OU2 cells. Coincident with an increase in ICP4 expression, MDV LAT expression is down regulated when MDV OU2 cells become confluent.
Crack initiation and fatigue life prediction on aluminum lug joints using statistical volume element–based multiscale modeling:

This article presented the application of an energy-based multiscale damage criterion for crack initiation and life prediction in crystalline metallic aerospace structural components under fatigue loading. A novel meso statistical volume element model was developed to improve computational efficiency compared to traditional meso representative volume element models. The key microscale factors affecting the mechanical properties of crystalline materials, including grain orientation, misorientation, principal axis direction, size, aspect ratio, and shape were considered in the formation of the statistical volume element model. The effect of several factors was studied to assess the importance in the overall macroscopic response of the material. Fatigue tests of lug joint samples were performed to validate the damage criterion as well as the statistical volume element model. Crack initiation was predicted within 29% accuracy, and orientation was predicted within a 2° range, which was comparable to other meth...
Determination of alkyllead compounds by HPLC/ICP using a glass-frit nebulizer ICP interface

Abstract The glass-frit nebulizer, by forming a very fine mist, has improved the ability of the ICP to accept the introduction of organic solvents with high evaporation rates. The reversed-phase chromatographic separation of TML and TEL, and their determination with glass frit nebulization ICP was accomplished with various mobile phases and columns. The separation of several trialkyllead salts also was studied on a strong cation exchange column, but these compounds were not determined with the glass frit nebulizer interface. Detection limits as low as 33 pg s −1 for TML and 100 pg s −1 for TEL and precision of 3.4% for TML and 6.9% relative standard deviation for TEL were obtained.
Subunit and Domain Requirements for Adenylate-mediated Protection of Snf1 Kinase Activation Loop from Dephosphorylation

Members of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family are activated by phosphorylation at a conserved threonine residue in the activation loop of the kinase domain. Mammalian AMPK adopts a phosphatase-resistant conformation that is stabilized by binding low energy adenylate molecules. Similarly, binding of ADP to the Snf1 complex, yeast AMPK, protects the kinase from dephosphorylation. Here, we determined the nucleotide specificity of the ligand-mediated protection from dephosphorylation and demonstrate the subunit and domain requirements for this reaction. Protection from dephosphorylation was highly specific for adenine nucleotides, with ADP being the most effective ligand for mediating protection. The full-length α subunit (Snf1) was not competent for ADP-mediated protection, confirming the requirement for the regulatory β and γ subunits. However, Snf1 heterotrimeric complexes that lacked either the glycogen-binding domain of Gal83 or the linker region of the α subunit were competent for ADP-mediated protection. In contrast, adenylate-mediated protection of recombinant human AMPK was abolished when a portion of the linker region containing the α-hook domain was deleted. Therefore, the exact means by which the different adenylate nucleotides are distinguished by the Snf1 enzyme may differ compared with its mammalian ortholog.
Small-incision manual extracapsular cataract surgery in Ghana, West Africa☆

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the results of small-incision manual extracapsular cataract extraction surgery (ECCE) in a district hospital in West Africa. Setting Margret Marquart Catholic Hospital, Ghana, West Africa. Methods This prospective study consisted of 200 eyes of 193 patients who had small-incision manual ECCE between January 1999 and May 2000. For comparison, the charts of 32 patients (32 eyes) operated on between July and December 1998 using a limbal incision (control group) were retrospectively analyzed. Outcome measures included intraoperative and postoperative complications, postoperative visual acuity, and refractive astigmatism. Results In the small-incision ECCE group, self-sealing wounds were achieved in 129 eyes (64.5%). Vitreous loss occurred in approximately 3% of eyes in both the small-incision and control groups. The final visual acuities were similar between the 2 groups, with more than 90% of eyes in both groups achieving a final best corrected visual acuity of at least 20/60. Eyes in the small-incision group had faster visual recovery ( P P = .02), and were more likely to have round pupils ( P Conclusion In a district hospital in West Africa, small-incision manual ECCE surgery yielded faster visual rehabilitation and had a lower incidence of fibrinous iritis than standard ECCE surgery.
Maryknoll in China: A History, 1918-1955

This acclaimed work surveys the varied course of religious life in modern America. Beginning with the close of the Victorian Age, it moves through the shifting power of Protestantism and American Catholicism and into the intense period of immigration and pluralism that has characterized our nation's religious experience.
Fire performance of concrete-filled hollow steel columns

Results from experimental and theoretical studies indicate that fire resistance, in the practical region, can be obtained for hollow structural steel columns filled with three types of concrete- filling: plain concrete, bar-reinforced concrete and steel fibre-reinforced concrete. Case studies illustrating the use of concrete-filling, as a means of providing fire protection, to hollow steel columns are presented for the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington, and a school building in Hamilton, Ontario.
NON‐REPELLENCY OF TWO INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS WITH JUVENILE HORMONE ACTIVITY TO BLATTELLA GERMANICA1

Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) adults and nymphs provided with choice food did not discriminate against food treated (200 ppm) with either R-20458 or Ro 20–3600 indicating the absence of non-preference. Also, in a separate study with treated paper cards (0.5 mg/cm2), these two insect growth regulators did not exhibit any significant repellency to the German cockroach adults. Farnesol, however, was found to be significantly repellent. The bait formulations of synthetic insect growth regulators with juvenile hormone activity appear promising for the control of German cockroach. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG KEINE ABSCHRECKENDE WIRKUNG VON ZWEI WACHSTUMSREGULA TOREN MIT JUVENIL-HORMONWIRKSAMKEIT AUF BLATTELLA GERMANICA Bei Wahlversuchen entschieden sich Adulte und Nymphen von Blattella germanica (L.) nicht gegen Nahrung, die mit R-20458 oder mit Ro 20–3600 behandelt war (200 ppm), womit das Fehlen einer Non-Praferenz erwiesen war. Ferner zeigten in einer gesonderten Studie mit behandelten Papierkarten (0,5 mg/cm2) diese zwei Insektenwachstumsregulatoren keine signifikante Abschreckung gegenuber Adulten der Deutschen Schabe. Dagegen erwies sich Farnesol signifikant als repellent. Koderformulierungen von synthetischen Insektenwachstumsregulatoren mit Juvenilhormonaktivitat erscheinen aussichtsreich fur die Bekampfung der Deutschen Schabe.
Aerodynamic Jump Prediction for Supersonic, High Fineness Ratio, Cruciform Finned Bodies

A jump angle prediction theory is developed for supersonic free-flight missiles. Six-degree-of-freedom trajectory computations indicate that the theory accurately predicts the jump angle of finned bodies for a wide range of conditions. Initial conditions and jump angle values of actual missiles are established by range test firings of flechettes. The raw data are fitted to a fourth-order polynomial and an epicyclic motion and results put into initial condition form. The initial conditions are applied both to the theory and six-degree-of-freedom trajectory computations and results compared to target data. The agreement between the theory and test results indicate the data reduction method and theory provide an accurate means of predicting dispersion of flechettes. Initial conditions are shown to be valid at the start of free flight, generally downrange of the sabot separation. Analysis of the firing data indicates that the initial conditions result from an impulse imparted to the flechette through sabot separation and asymmetrical muzzle blast. Initial transverse linear velocity is shown to be the single most influential term in the jump equation. Maximum yaw location is shown to locate the initial conditions of free flight. Initial momentum imbalance is presented as the reason dispersion exists.
Promoting Research Writing in an Undergraduate Measurement Course

The purpose of this article is to introduce a 12-step approach for an abbreviated research project to promote research writing in an undergraduate measurement course. This 12-step approach assumes a 14-week semester schedule that is common among many colleges and universities. The steps for the proposed research project include selecting a topic, identifying and reading published research, writing the Introduction section, designing the methods, developing the Methods section, applying for Institutional Review Board approval, scheduling appointments with participants, collecting data, analyzing the data, writing the Results section, writing the Discussion section, and presenting the final product. Content of this article includes both details of the 12-step approach to research writing and a discussion of possible concerns that measurement instructors may have when considering adoption of the proposed research project.
Structure-dependent bypass of DNA interstrand crosslinks by translesion synthesis polymerases

DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), inhibit DNA metabolism by covalently linking two strands of DNA and are formed by antitumor agents such as cisplatin and nitrogen mustards. Multiple complex repair pathways of ICLs exist in humans that share translesion synthesis (TLS) past a partially processed ICL as a common step. We have generated site-specific major groove ICLs and studied the ability of Y-family polymerases and Pol ζ to bypass ICLs that induce different degrees of distortion in DNA. Two main factors influenced the efficiency of ICL bypass: the length of the dsDNA flanking the ICL and the length of the crosslink bridging two bases. Our study shows that ICLs can readily be bypassed by TLS polymerases if they are appropriately processed and that the structure of the ICL influences which polymerases are able to read through it.
A literature review of approaches to the professionalism of journalists

This literature review of professionalism was prepared by San Jose State University graduate student Marianne Allison as a research committee project of the Mass Communication and Society Division, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. The project was prepared under the guidance of Professor Diana Stover Tillinghast. It reviews the literature on two approaches to professionalism in general and of the professionalism of journalists in particular: the “structural‐functionalist approach”; and the “power approach.”; Traditional and recent discussions of the nature of professionalism in occupational sociology are presented. Studies of the professionalism of journalists both in the United States and cross‐culturally are critiqued. The paper suggests several areas of fruitful research, and contains an extensive bibliography.
Lead-isotopic evidence for distinct sources of granite and for distinct basements in the northern Appalachians, Maine

Lead-isotopic compositions of feldspars in plutons of the coastal lithotectonic block (Avalonian basement), central Maine (Merrimack) synclinorium, and Connecticut Valley-Gaspe synclinorium in northern Maine (Granville basement) indicate the presence of three fundamentally different sources of Devonian granitic rocks in Maine. Plutons in the coastal lithotectonic block have the most radiogenic values ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb: 18.25–19.25; 207 Pb/ 204 Pb: 15.59–15.67; 208 Pb/ 204 Pb: 38.00–38.60); plutons in northern Maine are the least radiogenic ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb: 18.00–18.50; 207 Pb/ 204 Pb: 15.51–15.55; and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb: 37.80–38.38). Intermediate lead-isotope values characterize the plutons in central Maine ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb: 18.20–18.40; 207 Pb/ 204 Pb: 15.56–15.60; and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb: 38.00–38.30). All plutons show relatively radiogenic lead values for their ages and suggest the imprint of continental crustal sources especially in the coastal block and in central Maine. Plutons from the Connecticut Valley–Gaspe synclinorium allow for a more significant isotopic input from the subcontinental mantle. The three distinct lead-isotope groups probably identify plutons formed in different crustal fragments in a continental collisional environment that were juxtaposed after emplacement of the granites.
A simple method for the quantitation of isozyme patterns.

Isozyme patterns may be analyzed quantitatively, without the use of a densitometer, by performing serial twofold dilutions of a sample to a visual end point. The specific activity (S) of a given dehydrogenase isozyme can be assessed in the presence of other isozymes catalyzing the same reaction, by (1) determining the isozyme titer (T) (defined as mg protein/ml in the last visible band) and (2) applying the formula S=K/T, where K is 1.6×10−3 units/ml in the last visible band. The units/ml (U) in the starting material can be calculated from the equation U=K (2)n−1, where n is the number of the slot producing the last visible band.
Human cancers express a mutator phenotype

Cancer cells contain numerous clonal mutations, i.e., mutations that are present in most or all malignant cells of a tumor and have presumably been selected because they confer a proliferative advantage. An important question is whether cancer cells also contain a large number of random mutations, i.e., randomly distributed unselected mutations that occur in only one or a few cells of a tumor. Such random mutations could contribute to the morphologic and functional heterogeneity of cancers and include mutations that confer resistance to therapy. We have postulated that malignant cells exhibit a mutator phenotype resulting in the generation of random mutations throughout the genome. We have recently developed an assay to quantify random mutations in human tissue with unprecedented sensitivity. Here, we report measurements of random single-nucleotide substitutions in normal and neoplastic human tissues. In normal tissues, the frequency of spontaneous random mutations is exceedingly low, less than 1 × 10−8 per base pair. In contrast, tumors from the same individuals exhibited an average frequency of 210 × 10−8 per base pair, an elevation of at least two orders of magnitude. Our data document tumor heterogeneity at the single-nucleotide level, indicate that accelerated mutagenesis prevails late into tumor progression, and suggest that elevation of random mutation frequency in tumors might serve as a novel prognostic indicator.
Combinatorial geometries representable over GF(3) and GF(q). II. Dowling geometries

Letq be an odd prime power not divisible by 3. In Part I of this series, it was shown that the number of points in a rank-n combinatorial geometry (or simple matroid) representable over GF(3) and GF(q) is at mostn2. In this paper, we show that, with the exception ofn = 3, a rank-n geometry that is representable over GF(3) and GF(q) and contains exactlyn2 points is isomorphic to the rank-n Dowling geometry based on the multiplicative group of GF(3).
Trends from 1987 to 2004 in sudden death due to coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) generally is defined as unexpected natural death due to a cardiac cause within an hour after the onset of acute symptoms.(1) The majority of SCD is a result of ventricular arrhythmia subsequent to coronary heart disease (CHD), often as the first manifestation of CHD.(2–4) Currently recommended strategies to reduce SCD are three-fold: 1) primary prevention of CHD, especially among those at high risk of CHD, 2) prevention of arrhythmias and sudden death among patients with coronary artery disease, and 3) improvement of survival after cardiac arrest through a chain of intervention strategies.(5;6) The relative contribution of primary prevention versus treatment to the decline in CHD mortality in the U.S. has not been fully elucidated.(7–9) Recent studies attempted to measure the trend in SCD among persons without CHD history, as an indicator of primary prevention, and demonstrated that these “first event” SCD death rates have fallen over time.(2;3) These studies, however, differed in case definition, geographic area, and study population, and were limited by their generalizability due to study settings in confined geographic areas or in a single race cohort. Since 1987, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study has been monitoring the CHD incidence and mortality in four U.S. communities. All deaths have been ascertained uniformly using multiple sources such as death certificates, informant and coroner interviews, and physician adjudications. The ARIC study thus provides a unique opportunity to assess the magnitude of and trends in rates of sudden CHD death with and without CHD history, as compared with non-sudden CHD deaths, and to measure the changes by demographic subgroups and communities.
Experiments on horizontal mergers: Does size matter?

Abstract Current Department of Justice merger guidelines assume that merging the capacities of two firms will translate into an equivalent increase in market shares. Size matters. Economic theory asserts size is determined by marginal revenue and marginal cost not capacity. Size does not matter. In this paper we run horizontal merger experiments and find that the firms tend to share monopoly profits regardless of the size of the firms.
Evidence for possible nonspecific reactions between N-ethylmaleimide and proteins☆

Abstract The reaction between NEM and the two proteins lysozyme and ribonuclease A results, under certain experimental conditions, in the alkylation of ϵ-amino and imidazole groups. The extent of reaction may be determined by amino acid analysis since the reaction products yield ninhydrin-positive zones.
On the interface dynamics for convection in porous media

Abstract We study analytically the problem of convection in two-dimensional porous media, in the limit where a sharp interface develops between the hot and cold fluids. We propose a first approximation which is found to be “pole conserving” and displays a rather smooth dynamics with an asymptotic growth of the interface width linear in time. We then reconsider the initial value problem and solve it exactly at short times. A new nonlocal mechanism is pointed out, by which algebraic singularities and critical points of the map describing the interface shape may proliferate. Prospects for further work are discussed in the conclusion.
GROUPING TENDENCIES IN AN ECONOMIC REGIONALIZATION OF POLAND1

Tendencies for the voivodships of Poland to group into similar economic types is considered by means of a principal components analysis and a grouping algorithm. Data are taken on 1958 and 1964. In both years four basic dimensions accounted for nearly three-fourths of the total variance. These dimensions include 1) an agricultural factor, 2) a heavy industrial factor, 3) a socialized economy factor, and 4) an industrial growth dimension. These dimensions are used to group the voivodships into a system of regional types based on the degree of industrialization and the agrarian characteristics, especially the degree of socialization of agriculture. Changes in the voivodships over the six year period are noted.
UNDERWATER CROSS-POLLINATION IN CALLITRICHE HERMAPHRODITICA (CALLITRICHACEAE): EVIDENCE FROM RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA MARKERS

Underwater cross pollination (hypohydrophily) represents a markedly divergent form of pollination in seed plants; reproductive structures are functionally wet during pollination. Callitriche (Callitrichaceae) is the only genus in which both aerial pollination systems and hypohydrophily are reported. This diversity in pollination types would not be predicted based on the general uniformity in floral structure in the genus. Logistic difficulties in conducting experimental pollination studies in C. hermaphroditica have plagued actual confirmation of hypohydrophily. Evidence from paternity exclusion analysis using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers is presented that confirms hypohydrophily in C. hermaphroditica.
Isomolgus desmotes, New Genus, New Species (Lichomolgidae), a Gallicolous Poecilostome Copepod from the Scleractinian Coral Seriatopora hystrix Dana in Indonesia, with a Review of Gall-Inhabiting Crustaceans of Anthozoans

ABSTRACT Isomolgus desmotes, new genus, new species, a lichomolgid copepod with a swollen prosome, is described from galls in Seriatopora hystrix Dana collected in Indonesia. This is the first report of a gallicolous poecilostome copepod from a scleractinian coral. The morphology and possible scenario for development of the gall are discussed, and a review of gall-inhabiting crustaceans of anthozoans is provided.
Methotrexate resistant cells at targets for selective chemotherapy

Abstract Strategies that are selective for eradicating methotrexate resistant cells are described. These strategies have been developed based on knowledge of the mechanism of drug resistance encountered in experimental systems and in the clinic. Drug resistance to methotrexate in experimental tumors is commonly due to either gene amplification (dihydrofolate reductase) or to impaired transport of methotrexate. While no effective drugs or methods to prevent gene amplification have been described, the concept of developing “pro drugs”, i.e. a drug that is selectively reduced by dihydrofolate reductase to an inhibitor of another critical folate enzyme (thymidylate synthase, methionine synthetase, folylpolyglutamte synthetase) remains worthwhile. Second generation antifolates such as trimetrexate which are effective vs methotrexate transport resistant cells have already been developed and are in clinical trial.
Comments on ‘Nonlocal Influences and Possible Worlds’

Clifton, Butterfield, and Redhead [ 1989] have constructed two separate arguments that bear some resemblances to a proof of mine pertaining to the nonlocal character of quantum theory. Their arguments have flaws, which they point out. I explicate my proof by explaining in detail both how it differs logically from the two arguments they have constructed, and how it avoids the pitfalls of both.
CFO gender and earnings management: evidence from China

We study the effect of chief financial officer (CFO) gender on earnings management (EM) in China’s listed firms from 1999 to 2011. In the cross-sectional analysis, we find that female CFO firm-years exhibit significantly lower discretionary accruals, lower total accruals, lower abnormal production costs, and higher abnormal discretionary expenditures, than the male CFO firm-years. We further examine the relation between CFO gender and EM surrounding CFO transitions. We find that the departing male CFOs are more aggressive than the departing female CFOs in managing up earnings during their last year with the firm and the newly appointed male CFOs are more aggressive than the new female CFOs in managing down earnings during their first year on the job. The evidence surrounding CFO transitions suggests that male CFOs are more aggressive than female CFOs in manipulating earnings, either in the last attempt to save their jobs or to take bigger credit for any future performance gains. Overall, our empirical evidence suggests that female CFOs engage in less EM and are more conservative in financial reporting than their male counterparts.
Carcinoids of the large intestine.

Twenty-two cases of carcinoid of the large intestine are presented. The pathology, clinical presentation and long-term results are reviewed. Eight of the 22 patients had evidence of nodal or distant spread and eight patients are known to have died of the disease, seven of the eight within five years of surgical operation. Criteria for malignancy are discussed and therapy based on these factors is considered. The most favorable results occurred in those who had wide excision of the tumor and node resection. There were no cases of carcinoid syndrome in the group.
Validity, Responsibility, and Aporia

In this article, the author problematizes external, objectified, oversimplified, and mechanical approaches to validity in qualitative research, which endorse simplistic and reductionist views of knowledge and data. Instead of promoting one generalizable definition or operational criteria for validity, the author’s “deconstructive validity work” addresses how validity can be framed in the context of researchers’ responsibility and decision making during the research process. More specifically, the author utilizes the concept of aporia to discuss researchers’ responsibilities in the face of impossible decisions when aiming for “valid” and trustworthy qualitative research practices. The author argues that qualitative researchers should reconsider the promotion of validity or validation practices that disable researchers’ responsibility. Alternatively, it could be illuminative to ask how impossible validity and ongoing puzzlement associated with the quality of qualitative research could influence current rese...
Modeling and Analysis of Directional Control Valves With Tapered-Angle and Eccentric Clearance

Equations of motion of spool valves have been set up under ideal conditions without considering some important factors that may have a significant influence on dynamical behavior and performances of spool valves especially when valve sizes are small. In this paper, these factors are brought into considerations. One of them is the eccentric clearance existing between the spool and the sleeve of a valve due to fabrication errors. Another is the viscosity of a Newtonian fluid assumed to flow through the valve orifices, which generally results in shear forces acting on the valve spool. This paper discusses how equations of motion of spool valves are derived and solved with considerations of these factors. Concepts of Poiseuille flow and Couette flow are utilized to obtain axial forces acting on the valve spool. The resulting equations of motion of spool valves have the simple form of a second order linear ordinary differential equation under the imposed idealizations. The influences of these factors on the motion behavior of spool valves are in turn discussed.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Determinants of Work Force Reduction Strategies in Declining Organizations

Declining organizations frequently, sometimes necessarily, reduce their work forces. This paper introduces a hierarchy of work force reduction strategies and advances a series of propositions focusing on organizational and environmental variables that influence the managerial choice of work force reduction strategies.
Tolerance to cold and development of adaptation to cold in mice as a function of age.

Abstract C3H mice of different ages were immersed to the neck in a 7.2°C water bath for varying durations of time to determine their tolerance to cold and the age at which they first show adaptation to cold. Tolerance to cold, as measured by survival, is greatest in the 1 day old mouse and decreases rapidly with age, becoming nearly asymptotic by 24 days of age. The ability to adapt to repeated cold immersions is first seen between 15 and 22 days of age, shortly after the beginnings of thermoregulation.
Stress-ulcer prophylaxis for general medical patients: a review of the evidence.

BACKGROUND Gastric stress ulceration and bleeding are common occurrences in the critically ill and prophylactic acid-suppression is used almost universally in this population. Evidence suggests that general medical patients hospitalized outside of the intensive care unit often receive similar therapy. PURPOSE To determine how frequently general medical patients are prescribed stress ulcer prophylaxis and what evidence exists for doing so. DATA SOURCE The MEDLINE database (1966 to October 2005), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (4th Quarter 2005), and the bibliographies of selected articles. STUDY SELECTION Studies that contained significant data about either the frequency of use of stress ulcer prophylaxis in general medical patients or gastrointestinal bleeding outcomes in patients given prophylaxis. DATA EXTRACTION The primary author extracted prevalence and outcome data. DATA SYNTHESIS Descriptive studies suggest that 20–25% of general medical patients receive acid suppression for stress ulcer prophylaxis in the absence of presumed (but not established) risk factors for bleeding. Only two randomized, controlled trials evaluated the effects of prophylaxis in this population. The first found a reduction in clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding from 6% (3 of 48) with placebo to zero (n = 52) with magaldrate. The second found a reduction in clinically significant bleeding from 3% (2 of 70) with sucralfate to zero (n = 74) with cimetidine. CONCLUSION A significant number of general medical patients are prescribed acid-suppressive therapy for stress ulcer prophylaxis. The literature provides only sparse guidance on this issue with two randomized trials showing a possible benefit for prophylaxis. Further study is needed. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:86–92. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Late Gestational Exposure to the Fungicide Prochloraz Delays the Onset of Parturition and Causes Reproductive Malformations in Male but Not Female Rat Offspring

Prochloraz (PZ) is an imidazole fungicide that displays multiple endocrine activities. It inhibits steroid synthesis via P450 modulation and acts as an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, but its effects on male sexual differentiation have not been described. The purpose of the current study was to expand in vitro observations and to determine whether PZ affected sexual differentiation. PZ effects on AR-mediated gene expression were tested using a cell line (MDA-kb2) containing endogenous AR and stably transfected with an MMTV-luc reporter. PZ concentrations greater than 1 microM caused a dose-dependent inhibition of dihydrotestosterone-induced gene expression. PZ also inhibited R1881 binding to the rat AR (IC50 approximately 60 microM). In vivo, pregnant rats received PZ by gavage from Gestational Day 14 to 18 at doses of 31.25, 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg of body weight per day. PZ delayed delivery in a dose-dependent manner and resulted in pup mortalities at the two highest doses. In male offspring, anogenital distance and body weight were slightly reduced at 3 days of age. Additionally, female-like areolas were observed at 13 days of age at frequencies of 31%, 43%, 41%, and 71% in the lowest-dose to highest-dose groups, respectively. Weights of androgen-dependent tissues showed dose-dependent reductions. Hypospadias and vaginal pouches were noted in all males treated with 250 mg/kg, whereas those defects were observed in 12.5% and 6.25%, respectively, of males treated with 125 mg/kg. Treatment did not affect age of preputial separation in animals without penile malformations. Despite severe malformations in males, no malformations were noted in females. Together, these results indicate that PZ alters sexual differentiation in an antiandrogenic manner.
Exploring Personal Teaching Metaphors in Preservice Teacher Education.

The use of metaphor analysis to engage preservice students in an examination of their concep tions of teaching is described. The evolution of three students' metaphors as they proceeded through student teaching illustrates the value of metaphor analysis in helping student teachers maintain their idealism as they confront the realities of classroom teaching. Problems arising from metaphor analysis, including the tendency of some students to offer glib or superficial analyses and the need to combine metaphor analysis with the writing of education-related life histories and critical analyses of the school context, are discussed.
Can enlightenment be traced to specific neural correlates, cognition, or behavior? No, and (a qualified) Yes.

A NEUROSCIENCE OF ENLIGHTENMENT? The field of contemplative science is rapidly growing and integrating into the basic neurosciences, psychology, clinical sciences, and society-at-large. Yet the majority of current research in the contemplative sciences has been divorced from the soteriological context from which these meditative practices originate and has focused instead on clinical applications with goals of stress reduction and psychotherapeutic health. In the existing research on health outcomes of mindfulness-based clinical interventions, for example, there have been almost no attempts to scientifically investigate the goal of enlightenment. This is a serious oversight, given that such profound transformation across ethical, perceptual, emotional, and cognitive domains are taken to be the natural outcome and principle aim of mindfulness practice in the traditional Buddhist contexts from which these practices are derived. If short-term interventions as short as a few sessions are now beginning to produce neuroplastic changes (Tang et al., 2010; Zeidan et al., 2010; Xue et al., 2011), it may be that even in secular contexts, practitioners are already developing states and traits that are associated with progress toward enlightenment. In order to carefully assess the potential effects of meditative interventions it is of singular importance to ask whether enlightenment can be traced to specific neural correlates, cognition, or behavior.
Cartographic Rationality and the Politics of Geosurveillance and Security

This paper examines the prevalence of geosurveillance and cartographic rationality today by situating it in the age-old practice of governmental surveillance. I approach this question in a broadly Foucauldian historical framework. Foucault outlined a historical transition between a strictly disciplinary society that surveys and disciplines individuals and a "governmental" or biopolitical society that works at the level of a population and its distribution across territory. I argue that this governmental surveillance includes mapping and GIS, which, although they have taken different forms over time, have long been governmental technologies of control. I further argue that surveillance and security operate by establishing norms and statistical averages that allow assessments to be made about risk and threat. In order to illustrate the deployment of these cartographies of surveillance, and to examine their particular effects, I use a case study of crime mapping. I conclude that any assessment of mapping and...
The State, War and Peace: Spanish Political Thought in the Renaissance 1516-1559

Part I. Medieval Constitutionalism, Christian Humanism, and Neoscholasticism (1516-1539): 1. The opposition to empire: Alonso de Castrillo 2. Advocates for empire 3. The discovery of America and the School of Salamanca: Francisco de Victoria (I) 4. Francisco de Victoria (II) 5. The age of Erasmus on war and peace Part II. The Waning of Erasmianism (1539-1559) 6. Humanist foundations for a universal society: Juan Gines de Sepulveda (I) 7. Classical humanism on the American Indians: Juan Gines de Sepulveda (II) 8. On princes, counselors, and councils: Charles of Habsburg, Antonio de Guevara, and Fadrique Furio Ceriol.
A smartphone app to communicate child passenger safety: an application of theory to practice

Child passenger safety remains an important public health problem because motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for children, and the majority of children ride improperly restrained. Using a mobile app to communicate with parents about injury prevention offers promise but little information is available on how to create such a tool. The purpose of this article is to illustrate a theory-based approach to developing a tailored, smartphone app for communicating child passenger safety information to parents. The theoretical basis for the tailoring is the elaboration likelihood model, and we utilized the precaution adoption process model (PAPM) to reflect the stage-based nature of behavior change. We created assessment items (written at ≤6th grade reading level) to determine the child's proper type of car seat, the parent's PAPM stage and beliefs on selected constructs designed to facilitate stage movement according to the theory. A message library and template were created to provide a uniform structure for the tailored feedback. We demonstrate how messages derived in this way can be delivered through new m-health technology and conclude with recommendations for the utility of the methods used here for other m-health, patient education interventions. Language: en
Not just correct, but correct and fast: a look at one of Jim Gray's contributions to database system performance

This paper examines Jim Gray's role in the specification of the debit/credit benchmark. The publication of this benchmark in a 1985 paper launched a benchmark war among the vendors that resulted in dramatic improvements in database system performance in the years following its publication. It was the genesis of the TPC, an industry consortium which has reshaped the benchmark landscape. Descendents of this benchmark continue to this day to be an important metric of modern transaction processing systems.
Applications of Surface Analysis by Laser Ionization (Sali) to Insulators and II–VI Compounds

Examples of the mass spectrometry of sputtered or evaporating neutral species obtained by SALI are presented for NBS Glass 610 (primarily a silicate), and an anodic oxide of HgCdTe. For the NBS glass, a SIMS spectra was recorded for comparison with SALI using the same apparatus. The raw SALI spectra of the glass is in semiquantitative accord with the known composition, in contrast to SIMS. Relative secondary ion yields can be determined for unknown complex materials by comparing SALI and SIMS spectra. Depth profiling measurements on the anodic oxides of Hg1−xCdxTe show a significant though depleted concentration of Hg in the oxide in contrast to numerous other analyses; this result is corroborated by RBS studies. Hg and also Te evaporation is monitored in real-time by SALI with large dynamic range capabilities.
Aminoguanidine Reverses the Loss of Functional Hyperemia in a Rat Model of Diabetic Retinopathy

Flickering light dilates retinal arterioles and increases retinal blood flow, a response termed functional hyperemia. This response is diminished in diabetic patients even before the appearance of overt clinical retinopathy. The loss of functional hyperemia could deprive retinal neurons of oxygen and nutrients, possibly exacerbating the development of diabetic retinopathy. We have tested whether inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) reverses the loss of functional hyperemia in diabetic rat retinas in vivo. Changes in retinal arteriole diameter were measured following diffuse flickering light stimulation in control rats, streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats and diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine (AG; an iNOS inhibitor), either acutely via IV injection or chronically in drinking water. Flickering light evoked large arteriole dilations (10.8 ± 1.1%) in control rats. This response was diminished by 61% in diabetic animals (4.2 ± 0.3%). Both acute and chronic treatment with AG restored flicker-induced arteriole dilations in diabetic rats (8.8 ± 0.9% and 9.5 ± 1.3%, respectively). The amplitude of the corneal electroretinogram b-wave was similar in control and diabetic animals. These findings demonstrate that inhibiting iNOS with AG is effective in preventing the loss of, and restoring, normal functional hyperemia in the diabetic rat retina. Previous work has demonstrated the efficacy of iNOS inhibitors in slowing the progression of diabetic retinopathy. This effect could be due, in part, to a restoration of functional hyperemia.
DAEs arising from traveling wave solutions of PDEs

The study of traveling waves for explicit and implicit PDEs can sometimes result in differential algebraic equations (DAEs) instead of ordinary differential equations. The advantages of using DAEs is discussed as are the implications of DAE theory for the study of traveling waves. A specific type of traveling wave that connects equilibria is examined in more detail. Specific examples are given.
Uterine leiomyomata and cesarean birth risk: a prospective cohort with standardized imaging.

Purpose To determine if women with leiomyomata detected using uniform ultrasound methods are at increased risk of cesarean birth, without regard to indication.
Heat Inactivation and Reactivation of Broccoli Peroxidase

Heat inactivation characteristics differed for acidic (A), neutral (N), and basic (B) broccoli peroxidase. At 65 °C, A was the most heat stable followed by N and B. The activation energies for denaturation were 388, 189, and 269 kJ/mol for A, N, and B, respectively. Reactivation of N occurred rapidly, within 10 min after the heated enzyme was cooled and incubated at room temperature. The extent of reactivation varied from 0 to 50% depending on the isoenzyme and heating conditions (temperature and time). The denaturation temperature allowing the maximum reactivation was 90 °C for A and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and 70 and 80 °C for B and N, respectively. In all cases, heat treatment at low temperatures for long times prevented reactivation of the heated enzymes. Calcium (5 mM) increased the thermal stability of N and B but had no effect on reactivation. The presence of 0.05% bovine serum albumin decreased thermal stability but increased the extent of reactivation of A..
Interactive media for parental education on managing children chronic condition: a systematic review of the literature

Although some research has examined the use of games for the education of pediatric patients, the use of technology for parental education seems like an appropriate application as it has been a part of the popular culture for at least 30 years. The main objective of this systematic review is to examine the literature for research evaluating the use of interactive media in the education of parents of children with chronic conditions. We searched the MEDLINE, PSYCHINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane database of systematic reviews and EMBASE databases from 1986 to 2014 seeking original investigations on the use of interactive media and video games to educate parents of children with chronic conditions. Cohort studies, randomized control trials, and observational studies were included in our search of the literature. Two investigators reviewed abstracts and full texts as necessary. The quality of the studies was assessed using the GRADE guidelines. Overall trend in the results and the degree of certainty in the results were considered when assessing the body of literature pertaining to our focused questions. Our initial search identified 4367 papers, but only 12 fulfilled the criterion established for final analysis, with the majority of the studies having flaws that reduced their quality. These papers reported mostly positive results supporting the idea that parent education is possible through interactive media. We found limited evidence of the effectiveness of using serious games and or interactive media to educate parents of children with chronic conditions.
Dissecting the role of multiple reductases in activation and cytotoxicity of RH1

A80 RH1 (2,5-Diaziridinyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone) is a novel antitumor diaziridinyl benzoquinone derivative designed to be bioactivated by the two-electron reductase, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), which has been shown to be expressed at high levels in many solid tumors including lung, colon, pancreas and breast. RH1 is a very efficient substrate for NQO1 and reduction by NQO1 to the hydroquinone results in activation of the aziridine rings and subsequent DNA alkylation and interstrand cross linking. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether other reducing enzymes such as cytochrome b5 reductase (b5R), cytochrome P450 reductase (P450R), NRH:quinone oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2), and xanthine oxidoreductase (XDH/XO) were also involved in the bioactivation and cytotoxicity of RH1 in human breast cancer cells. For these studies, we stably transfected the human breast cancer cell line MDA468 with either human NQO1, b5R or P450R and established a series of stable MDA468 cell lines over-expressing various levels of NQO1, b5R and P450R. RH1-induced growth inhibition (MTT analysis) and genotoxicity (interstrand DNA crosslinking/COMET analysis) was then compared in both parental MDA468 cells and transfected clones. RH1 toxicity was significantly higher in NQO1 transfected MDA468 cells (NQ16) compared to parental MDA468 cells, confirming the principal role of NQO1 in the bioactivation and cytotoxicity of RH1. In these studies RH1 cytotoxicity did not correlate with either b5R or P450R activity levels in a series of b5R or P450R over-expressing MDA468 cell clones. An increase in RH1-induced DNA cross-linking was only observed at very high RH1 doses in clones with the highest levels of b5R or P450R activity, suggesting that the role of b5R and P450R in the bioactivation and cytotoxicity of RH1 will be minor in cancer cells with normal levels of b5R and P450R activity. Enzymatic assays and HPLC studies showed that RH1 was an in vitro substrate for both xanthine oxidase and NQO2. However, pretreatment of MDA468 cells with the XO/XDH inhibitor allopurinol failed to protect MDA468 cells from RH1 toxicity, suggesting that XO/XDH is not playing an important role in these cells. Pretreatment of MDA468 cells with NRH, a cofactor for NQO2, significantly increased the toxicity of RH1, suggesting that NQO2 is capable of bioactivating RH1 in cells in the presence of cofactor. Whether NQO2 is involved in RH1 bioactivation in vivo still remains unclear and will depend on the availability of co-factor in vivo. While these studies suggest that NQO1 is the principal enzyme responsible for RH1 bioactivation and that b5R, P450R and XDH/XO are unlikely to play major roles, they do not rule out a role for additional pathways, including NQO2, in RH1 cytotoxicity.