cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Ethnoscience Approach to Curriculum Issues for American Indian Students.

This paper describes a course offered to teachers of American Indian students, which focused on the development of culturally relevant activities as part of the science and mathematics curricula. In response to the concern that American Indian students do not find meaning in the curriculum, these activities were embedded in a holistic approach to the curriculum, and the informal science and mathematics of the culture were linked with the traditional school science and mathematics. Informal results suggest that the development of these connections will help American Indian students make sense of what they are learning, both in the context of the culture and in the context of school science and mathematics.
Autobiography in the present tense: Deborah Hay, living and dying at once

(1999). Autobiography in the present tense: Deborah Hay, living and dying at once. Women & Performance: a journal of feminist theory: Vol. 10, No. 1-2, pp. 181-210.
Localization of hydrogen peroxide production in Zinnia elegans L. stems

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide is required for a variety of physiological processes associated with plant cell wall biosynthesis. Several recent studies have suggested that starch-KI could be used as an effective histochemical stain for studying the spatial and temporal regulation of H2O2 production during plant development. In this study, we found that detection of H2O2 in Zinnia elegans stems using starch-KI staining was highly dependent upon plant age, developmental status, and the manner in which the tissue was handled prior to staining. An alternative staining technique based on cerium perhydroxide deposition clearly showed that most of the H2O2 detected by starch-KI resulted from wounding at the cut surfaces of stem sections. However, with cerium staining, substantial H2O2 production was apparent well below the cut surface in collenchyma cell walls where previous work had demonstrated localization of peroxidase activity. Co-localization of H2O2 and peroxidase in collenchyma tissues may suggest an involvement in crosslinking of the pectins and hemicelluloses that predominate the walls of these cells. Cerium deposition also suggested that H2O2 production in xylem vessel walls may lag slightly behind secondary cell wall thickening.
Improving the efficacy of fluorescent labeling for histological tracking of cells in early mammalian and avian embryos

Background Previously it has been difficult to localize in histological sections fluorescent dyes used to label living cells in early embryos. Fluorescent dyes typically are readily soluble in alcohol, xylene, and other common solvents used for conventional paraffin processing. Consequently, they are lost during paraffin embedment. Loss of label can be circumvented with the use of frozen sections, but this technique is laborious to use with young gastrulating and neurulating embryos and it is difficult to obtain consistently high-quality serial sections. Alternative methods such as photoconversion have been used with the fluorescent carbocyanine dye DiI. In this procedure, a diaminobenzidine (DAB)-insoluble reaction product can be deposited in the tissues of whole embryos (using UV photoconversion), which can later be viewed in conventional paraffin sections, but this method is time intensive, technically demanding, and allows for processing of only a single embryo at a time. Moreover, in our hands photoconversion produces inconsistent results and frequently yields significant nonspecific staining. Methods We have developed an immunohistochemically based process for demonstrating cells labeled with the fluorescent dye [5- (and -6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFSE)]. With this new technique, cells labeled in living embryos with CFSE can be viewed after later development, first in whole mounts and subsequently in conventional paraffin serial sections. Typically, selected regions of mouse and chick embryos are injected with dye, cultured for periods of about 24 h, viewed with fluorescence microscopy (and recorded on videotape) using an appropriate filter set, and fixed with a formaldehyde-based fixative. An antifluorescein antibody is next bound to the fluorescein groups of CFSE, and an insoluble reaction product is then generated using a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody and DAB. Results The DAB reaction product deposited with our novel technique can be seen readily in whole mounts using standard stereo light microscopy, providing a permanent label. Moreover, after routine processing for paraffin embedment and histological serial sectioning, the reaction product persists, allowing detailed analyses of the positions and fates of labeled cells. Conclusions This simple, immunocytochemical technique, tested in both mouse and chick embryos, provides a highly specific, permanent, and reproducible method for localizing descendants of fluorescently labeled living cells in conventional paraffin sections. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The generalized van der Waals partition function as a basis for excess free energy models

The important insight of J. D. van der Waals in developing the equation of state that bears his name was the analysis of the separate contributions of the attractive and hard-core repulsive interactions to the equation of state. This insight led him to important advances in understanding fluids and their phase transitions. This same separation of attractive and hard core interactions have been used in statistical mechanics in the form of perturbation theory, and also as here in a form referred to as the Generalized van der Waals partition function. This partition function has been used in the literature to understand the assumptions that underlie equations of state, and to develop equations with a better theoretical basis. Here, we demonstrate how the generalized van der Waals partition function can be used to elucidate the assumptions inherent in all of the commonly used correlative activity coefficient models.
Indirect Modulation of the Intracellular c-Di-GMP Level in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 by MxdA

The GGDEF domain protein MxdA, which is important for biofilm formation in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, was hypothesized to possess diguanylate cyclase activity. Here, we demonstrate that while MxdA controls the cellular level of c-di-GMP in S. oneidensis, it modulates the c-di-GMP pool indirectly.
Prevalence of antibody titers to Leptospira spp. in Minnesota white-tailed deer.

Serum samples (n = 204) from 124 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in northeastern Minnesota (USA) were collected from 1984 through 1989 and tested for antibodies to six serovars of Leptospira interrogans (bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohemorrhagiae, and pomona) using a microtiter agglutination test. Eighty-eight (43%) sera were positive at ≥ 1:100 for antibodies against serovars pomona and/or bratislava; none was positive for any of the other four serovars. None of the 31 sera collected in 1984–85 was positive, whereas all 54 sera collected from 1986 through 1988 had titers of ≥ 1:100. During 1989, only 34 (29%) of 119 sera had titers of ≥ 1:100. Based on these results, we believe there to be wide variability in exposure of Minnesota deer to Leptospira interrogans.
COMPUTATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER FLOWS WITH EQUILIBRIUM AND NONEQUILIBRIUM TURBULENCE MODELS

Two-dimensional incompressible turbulent boundary layer flows over a flat plate were predicted using turbulent boundary layer equations. Reynolds stresses were calculated using Cebeci-Smith, Baldwin-Lomax, and Johnson-King eddy viscosity models. Computational results of mean-flow properties based on Cebeci-Smith model and Baldwin-Lomax model are in excellent agreement with experimental data, and, those based on Johnson-King model are not as accurate as the other two models.
The Fractured Community: Landscapes of Power and Gender in Rural Zambia

The Fractured Community: Landscapes of Power and Gender in Rural Zambia. Kate Crehan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. xi. 258 pp., tables, appendix, bibliography, index.
Spectral estimation and processing of imagery data

Given the task of modifying color images for atmospheric effects one step involves recasting the color (red, green, blue) pixel information as spectrally resolved information that can be modified for transmission, path radiance, and aerosol-forward-scatter/turbulence blurring effects. The paper describes the means of using sensor spectral response functions to perform the spectral estimation task. Spectral data is recorded as a function of pixel position and waveband using a series of object-oriented C++ classes. Each waveband image is processed separately for atmospheric effects, and the output spectral images are used to create an output color image. The estimation technique begins by defining a color space that is the analog of human chromaticity space. Sensor spectral responsivity data is required as input and used in providing a series of monoband response points and three templates related to the red, green, and blue response functions. The estimation technique involves direct calculations for color coordinates within the red/green/blue triangle. For valid color coordinates outside this triangle, an iterative technique was developed.
Towards real-time performance of data value hiding for frequent data updates

Hiding data values in privacy-preserving data mining (PPDM) protects information against unauthorized attacks while maintaining analytical data properties. The most popular models are designed for constant data environments. They are usually computationally expensive for large data sizes and have poor real-time performance on frequent data growth. Considering that updates and growth of source data are becoming more and more popular in online environments, a PPDM model that has quick responses on the data updates in real-time is appealing. To increase the speed and response of the singular value decomposition (SVD) based model, we have applied an improved incremental SVD-updating algorithm. The performance and effectiveness of the improved algorithm have been examined on synthetic and real data sets. Experimental results indicate that the introduction of the incremental matrix decomposition produces a significant increase in speed for the SVD-based data value hiding method, better scalability, and better real-time performance of the model, thereafter. It also provides potential support for the use of the SVD technique in the On-Line Analytical Processing for business data analysis.
Motion compensation of ISAR imagery via the burst derivative measure

Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) is an imaging technique that can be utilized in the identification of targets such as ships and aircraft. Since these targets are free to maneuver during the time required to collect their signature, kinematic motion parameter estimates are needed to focus ISAR imagery. In order to perform this estimation, a burst derivative measure, which has global minimum coordinates that provide optimum estimates of the motion parameters, is utilized in conjuction with unconstrained optimization algorithms. It is shown that the burst derivative is a multivariate function with a strong dependence on radar parameters. Results indicate that this dependence can be exploited by the optimization algorithms to obtain efficient motion estimation, thus improving the overall processing speed.
Conference provides forum for discussion of subterranean coastal environments

An interdisciplinary group of geochemists, hydrologists,and biologists recently convened a conference to discuss mechanisms and impacts of advective exchange through permeable sediment systems at the terrestrial-marine interface. The format of the conference included 2 days of invited talks followed by working group sessions that focused on three critical areas of research: physical processes, diagenetic processes/organic carbon cycling, and process tracers. The overall theme of the conference reflected the growing recognition of the importance of sub-seabed exchange of coastal waters on the global mass balance of associated chemical species. Subterranean chemical exchange in coastal systems reflects a group of poorly constrained biogeochemical processes coupled with advective water exchange. This exchange occurs where ground waters or pore waters, ranging from saline to fresh, are cycled through permeable solids as a consequence of pressure gradients.
Substance use, coping, and safer sex practices among adolescents with hemophilia and human immunodeficiency virus

Purpose: To examine the use of alcohol and other drugs (AOD) to cope with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the use of AOD before or during sex by 306 adolescent males with HIV and hemophilia, and its association with safer sex practices. Methods: A survey instrument was administered to adolescents at 11 sites of the Hemophilia Behavioral Intervention Evaluative Project. Survey questions focused on knowledge of sexual activity, safer sex practices, AOD use, attitudinal and behavioral influences of parents, peers and sex partners, communication patterns, and perceived facilitators and barriers to practicing safer sex. Results: A total of 68% of all respondents reported using condoms every time they had heterosexual sex. Respondents who did not use AOD to cope were more likely than AOD copers to report that they disclose their HIV status to all sex partners, talk to all of their sex partners about safer sex, find the use of condoms more enjoyable, and have sex partners who approved of their use of condoms. Condom use was not related to the use of AOD to cope or the use of AOD with the most recent female sex partner. Conclusions: The use of AOD to cope with HIV and its use before or during sex was negatively associated with certain safer sex attitudes and practices. AOD use may help facilitate HIV transmission among adolescents with HIV and/or hemophilia.
GYRO: A 5-D Gyrokinetic-Maxwell Solver

GYRO solves the 5-dimensional gyrokinetic-Maxwell equations in shaped plasma geometry, using either a local (fluxtube) or global radial domain. It has been ported to a variety of modern MPP platforms including a number of commodity clusters, IBM SPs and the Cray X1. We have been able to quickly design and analyze new physics scenarios in record time using the Cray X1: (i) transport barrier studies (Phys. Plasmas 11 (2004) 1879), (ii) the local limit of global simulations (Phys. Plasmas 11 (2004) L25), (iii) kinetic electron and finite-beta generalizations of a community-wide benchmark case, and (iv) impurity transport with application to fuel separation in burning D-T plasmas (to be submitted to Nuclear Fusion). We report on recent physics progress and studies. Further, we discuss GYRO performance across several architectures.
Hepatitis C and the correctional population

The hepatitis C epidemic has extended well into the correctional population where individuals predominantly originate from high-risk environments and have high-risk behaviors. Epidemiologic data estimate that 30% to 40% of the 1.8 million inmates in the United States are infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), the majority of whom were infected before incarceration. As in the general population, injection drug use accounts for the majority of HCV infections in this group--one to two thirds of inmates have a history of injection drug use before incarceration and continue to do so while in prison. Although correctional facilities also represent a high-risk environment for HCV infection because of a continued high incidence of drug use and high-risk sexual activities, available data indicate a low HCV seroconversion rate of 1.1 per 100 person-years in prison. Moreover, a high annual turnover rate means that many inmates return to their previous high-risk environments and behaviors that are conducive either to acquiring or spreading HCV. Despite a very high prevalence of HCV infection within the US correctional system, identification and treatment of at-risk individuals is inconsistent, at best. Variable access to correctional health-care resources, limited funding, high inmate turnover rates, and deficient follow-up care after release represent a few of the factors that confound HCV control and prevention in this group. Future efforts must focus on establishing an accurate knowledge base and implementing education, policies, and procedures for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis C in correctional populations.
A limit pricing model for US computer industry: an application

An attempt is made here to develop an empirical formulation of a modified limit pricing model applied to the US computer industry. The modifications include a short-term discrete-time version of the limit pricing model, estimated on quarterly date adjusted for quality and price changes, where the entry equation is replaced by market penetration and the optimal trajectory is computed by dynamic programming. The optimal price and output trajectories are compared with (a) myopic and static decision rules, (b) alternative profiles calculated. by Brock, and (c) simulated profiles. Such comparisons show empirical plausibility and to a degree, some superiority of the modified limit pricing model over the others.
A cryogenic gas chromatograph.

Abstract A programmable, cryogenic gas chromatograph has been constructed in this laboratory for use in air pollution studies. Construction of the instrument is modular and utilizes many commercially available components and a few “scratch built” parts. The temperature control range is from −100° to +300° with five programming rates available. The instrument is also capable of dual column-dual detector operation. Separations of laboratory prepared samples are presented to illustrate instrument versatility.
Comparison of Topical Anesthetics and Vasoconstrictors vs Lubricants Prior to Nasogastric Intubation: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Objective: To determine whether pretreatment of the nose and throat with topical anesthetics and vasoconstrictors would reduce the pain associated with nasogastric (NG) intubation. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, controlled trial assessing the pain of NG intubation in patients pretreated with topical anesthetics and vasoconstrictors vs surgical lubricants alone. The subjects were 40 alert, cooperative adult patients requiring NG intubation without allergies to the study medications or contraindications to their use from a suburban university-based ED. The patients in the experimental group had phenylephrine 0.5% sprayed in their noses followed by instillation of 5 mL of 2% lidocaine jelly. Their throats were sprayed with 2% tetracaine and 14% benzocaine. The control patients received intranasal lubrication only. The primary outcome measured was pain of NG intubation on a 100-mm visual analog scale. Other outcomes included nasal pain, discomfort from gagging, and the incidences of vomiting, choking, and epistaxis. Results: The mean age (±SD) was 54.8 ± 22.3 years; 20 (50%) were female. The patients who had a combination of topical anesthetics and vasoconstrictors inserted prior to NG intubation experienced significantly less overall pain/discomfort than did the control patients [28.6 mm (95% CI = 17.3 to 39.9 mm) vs 57.5 mm (95% CI = 44.9 to 70.1 mm), p = 0.001]. The patients in the experimental group also experienced significantly less nasal pain than did the patients in the control group [18.1 mm (95% CI = 8.0 to 28.2 mm) vs 44.4 mm (95% CI = 30.4 to 58.6 mm), p = 0.003] and significantly less discomfort from gagging than the patients receiving pretreatment with a lubricant alone [24.1 mm (95% CI = 11.1 to 37.1 mm) vs 50.9 mm (95% CI = 36.7 to 65.1 mm), p = 0.006]. There was no between-group difference in the frequencies of adverse effects. Conclusions: Use of topical lidocaine and phenylephrine for the nose and tetracaine with benzocaine spray for the throat prior to NG intubation results in significantly less pain and discomfort than use of a nasal surgical lubricant alone. Widespread use of topical anesthetics and vasoconstrictors prior to NG intubation is recommended.
The European community from supranational to intergovernmental cooperation

(1985). The European community from supranational to intergovernmental cooperation. The International Spectator: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 46-50.
Optical efficiency of light valve projectors

Light-valve projectors are becoming increasingly popular for large screen displays. This is particularly true for high definition displays over 50' diagonal. In these applications light output of 1000 to 10,000 lumens is desirable. For consumer applications this is needed to overcome ambient light levels and for commercial applications it is needed for the longer screen sizes. Optical efficiency, contrast ratio and cost are the major problems for satisfying the requirements of these applications. These parameters are interrelated. Increased optical efficiency reduces the cost of the light source and its power. In many systems high contrast and light modulator heat dissipation require larger modulator areas which increases the cost of the light modulator and its associated optics. Several light modulator options will be discussed with these trade-offs in mind. These include active matrix LCD's, passive matrix LCD's, optically addressed LCD's, digital micromirror device projectors and light-valve projectors using liquid-crystal phase diffraction gratings. Many of these compromises can be alleviated if solid-state laser light sources can be used. Experiments on projectors using these light sources in all three primary colors will also be discussed. Since efficient solid-state laser sources are quite a recent experimental development, their current price is prohibitive. However, they should not be ruled out as an option if they can be manufactured in large quantities at a reasonable cost. Their use could greatly reduce the cost of the other components in the projector.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Parallel Phase Model: A Programming Model for High-end Parallel Machines with Manycores

This paper presents a parallel programming model, Parallel Phase Model (PPM), for next-generation high-end parallel machines based on a distributed memory architecture consisting of a networked cluster of nodes with a large number of cores on each node. PPM has a unified high-level programming abstraction that facilitates the design and implementation of parallel algorithms to exploit both the parallelism of the many cores and the parallelism at the cluster level. The programming abstraction will be suitable for expressing both fine-grained and coarse-grained parallelism. It includes a few high-level parallel programming language constructs that can be added as an extension to an existing (sequential or parallel) programming language such as C; and the implementation of PPM also includes a light-weight runtime library that runs on top of an existing network communication software layer (e.g. MPI). Design philosophy of PPM and details of the programming abstraction are also presented. Several unstructured applications that inherently require high-volume random fine-grained data accesses have been implemented in PPM with very promising results.
A Neglected Point of Grammar The Passive Voice

The American student is constantly confronted with the difficult rendering of the Passive Voice. Grammars, as a rule, shed very little light on the subject. The following article is an attempt to bring the problem to the attention of teachers and an invitation to those willing and able to assume the preparation of grammar texts, to give the subject the treatment it deserves.)
Intra-tooth variations in δ18O (PO4) of mammalian tooth enamel as a record of seasonal variations in continental climate variables

Abstract Regular intra-tooth variations in the δ 18 O value of mammalian tooth enamel phosphate (δ 18 O p ) have been considered a potential measure of seasonal changes in continental climate variables since they were first observed. In order to investigate this possibility in more detail, analyses were made of teeth from a number of mammalian herbivores (sheep, cattle, elk, and pigs) that lived over a wide range of geographic locations, ecological settings, and climatic conditions (Iowa, Florida, Wyoming, Iceland, England, Croatia, and the Philippines). The lack of intra-tooth δ 18 O p variations in teeth of cattle that were given tap water to drink provides strong evidence that the underlying cause of observed intra-tooth variations is primarily a change in the isotopic composition of ingested water. In concert with this interpretation, the range of intra-tooth δ 18 O p values and their absolute values from each locality mirror observed differences in the range and absolute δ 18 O values of local precipitation (δ 18 O pt ) and in climate variables. Thus intra-tooth δ 18 O p values can indeed be considered a qualitative measure of seasonal climate change in continental settings. Quantitative use of intra-tooth δ 18 O p values as a climate proxy is possible, but is hindered by lack of detailed information on aspects of mammalian physiology, behavior, and perhaps local hydrology that may also play a role in influencing δ 18 O p . This problem is exemplified by the different range in δ 18 O p values measured for sheep and cattle from the same locality around York, UK (3.4 vs. 2.6‰, respectively). The observed difference most likely reflects a difference in the relative amount of leaf water ingested by the two species. Future studies of well-constrained samples are required to test physiological models and to develop empirical relations that accurately relate δ 18 O p to δ 18 O pt . In addition to their use as indicators of seasonality, intra-tooth variations in δ 18 O p values provide valuable information for longer-term climate change and paleobiological investigations.
INFLUENCE OF ALUMINIUM ON GROWTH, MINERAL NUTRITION AND ORGANIC ACID EXUDATION OF RAMBUTAN ( Nephelium lappaceum )

A randomized complete block design experiment with six aluminium (Al) concentrations was carried out to evaluate the effect of Al on nutrient content, plant growth, dry matter production and Al-induced organic acid exudation in rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum). One rambutan cultivar was grown in nutrient solution at pH 4.0 with (1.0, 2.3, 4.1, 6.7 and 10.2 mM Al) and without Al. The results of this study confirms that this crop is highly tolerant to Al in the rhizosphere as evidenced by: (1) a root tolerance index (RTI) of 0.85 when plant roots are exposed to Al concentrations as high as 3.5 mM; (2) root tissue Al concentrations as high as 6800 mg g−1 and the plants survived; (3) number of leaves, plant height and stem diameter being little affected when plants were grown at an Al concentration in the soil solution as high as 3.5 mM; (4) although plants exhibited leaf abscission, they were able to tolerate Al concentrations in the nutrient solution as high as 10.2 mM during the experimental period. No evidence of organic acid exudation was found in this study. Accumulation of Al in leaves, stems and roots suggests the existence of an Al-sequestration mechanism in rambutan which may involve an Al-ligand complex which translocates from roots to shoots, where it may accumulate in leaf vacuoles.
Signaling through Chromatin: Setting the Scene at Kinetochores

Histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation needed for transcription is mediated by the Set1 methyltransferase and requires prior monoubiquitination of histone H2B. In this issue, Latham et al. (2011) report that dimethylation of the yeast kinetochore protein Dam1 by Set1 similarly requires H2B monoubiquitination. Thus, H2B ubiquitination signals for methylation beyond chromatin.
On the positive correlation between income and patience

This paper uses a standard job-search model to provide a new explanation for the empirically documented positive correlation between patience and average income: more patient workers, by rejecting less favorable wage offers, end up with a higher average income in the long run. This is not clear at first glance, since rejecting more offers also leads to more time of unemployment. It turns out that more patient workers always “in in the end”. The result is proved for the case of a linear utility. When utility is not linear, a sufficiency condition is provided. Average utility always increases with patience. A counterexample is used to show that such conclusions could not follow from a direct analysis of the value function. A second example is offered at the end to illustrate the main points of the paper.
Positive buoyancy through ionic control in the nonmotile marine dinoflagellate Pyrocystis noctiluca Murray ex Schuett 1

In culture, vegetative cells, which are positively buoyant, have vacuoles that are about 95% of their volume. They may rise at O-20 cm* h-’ and have cell sap 2.0-3-l mg. ml-’ less dense than their seawater medium. Isotonic cell sap has Sod’- at %th, and Ca2+ and Mg’+ at ‘/z seawater concentrations (these ions are replaced by NaCl) which accounts for most of its lower density. There were no day to night differences in the concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg*-‘, or Cl- in cell sap, but cells grown at high light intensities had more K+ and Mg’+ in their cell sap than cells grown in dim light. Nutrient-replete cells were more positively buoyant than nutrient-depleted cells. NH,’ stored in cell sap of nutrient-replete cells lowered its density by about 0.2 mgeml-‘. Vegetative cells killed with HgClz sank at 3040 cmmh-‘. In nature, nutrients and light intensity may act as counteracting factors to keep Pyrocystis noctiluca suspended at a depth favorable for growth. Pyrocystis noctiluca Murray ex Schuett is an unusually large nonmotile dinoflagellate found in oligotrophic tropical and subtropical waters. It is a bladder-type organism, with the vacuole comprising up to about 95% of the total cell volume. In culture, with abundant nutrients and low light intensities (ca. 5% of natural levels), vegetative cells are positively buoyant. In nature, Pyrocystis has been observed at the surface (Kimor and Berdugo 1967), but the species seems to be found in greatest numbers toward the bottom of the euphotic zone (Sukhanova 1973; Sukhanova and Rudyakov 1973; Swift et al. 1976). Here we address two problems: how do the vegetative cells achieve positive buoyancy, and why do cells of P. noctiluca in the ocean tend to accumulate not at the surface but at a depth of 60-80 m? In cultures, during reproduction, the vacuole of P. noctiluca is almost completely lost, and the cells become negatively buoyant and sink at rates similar to those of Formalin-killed cells (Swift et al. 1976). As in the case of DityZum brightwellii (Gross and Zeuthen 1948), this suggested that cell sap in the vacuole was
Problems with and Alternatives to the Use of Coding Schemes in Research on Counseling

The uses and effects of coding schemes in research on counseling process and outcome are analyzed. It is concluded that the interpretation1 of counseling events in terms of the categories of a coding scheme attenuates at adequate description of those events whenever the researcher uses the coder `s interpretation of events as if it were veridical with the participants' inter prctation. Conversation analysis and ethnomethodology are proposed as alternate methods of data collection. These methods rely on detailed observation of the sequential utterances of counselor and client in order to identify the structures of their interaction that lend the encounter its perceived character for the participants. Thus, the context of meaning created by the participants through their relationship of interaction is made topical in the analysis of the ongoing even is of the interview.
Ketogenic diet, amino acid metabolism, and seizure control.

The ketogenic diet has been utilized for many years as an adjunctive therapy in the management of epilepsy, especially in those children for whom antiepileptic drugs have not permitted complete relief. The biochemical basis of the dietary effect is unclear. One possibility is that the diet leads to alterations in the metabolism of brain amino acids, most importantly glutamic acid, the major excitatory neurotransmitter. In this review, we explore the theme. We present evidence that ketosis can lead to the following: 1) a diminution in the rate of glutamate transamination to aspartate that occurs because of reduced availability of oxaloacetate, the ketoacid precursor to aspartate; 2) enhanced conversion of glutamate to GABA; and 3) increased uptake of neutral amino acids into the brain. Transport of these compounds involves an uptake system that exchanges the neutral amino acid for glutamine. The result is increased release from the brain of glutamate, particularly glutamate that had been resident in the synaptic space, in the form of glutamine. These putative adaptations of amino acid metabolism occur as the system evolves from a glucose-based fuel economy to one that utilizes ketone bodies as metabolic substrates. We consider mechanisms by which such changes might lead to the antiepileptic effect. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optimization of Source Identification Algorithm Derived from Moth-Inspired Plume Tracing Strategies

This paper presents a method of designing and optimizing a single chemical sensor-based source identification algorithm, derived from moth-inspired chemical plume tracing (CPT) strategies. In doing it, we define a source identification zone (SIZ) using last chemical detection points (LCDPs). Then, we optimize the proposed algorithm using a simulated plume with significant meander and filament intermittency by considering dynamics of a REMUS vehicle. The simulation studies show that for 1000 test runs the optimized algorithm achieves a success rate of over 90% in identifying source locations, an average identification time of 3-4 minutes, and an average error of identified source locations 1~2 meters in an operation area with length scales of 100 meters. In addition, we discuss an extension of the moth-inspired strategies to trace a plume and identify the odor source with static location in a three-dimensional space.
Can Personality Tests Predict Treatment Dropouts

Patients who completed a detoxification/rehabilitation drug abuse program were compared with program dropouts on a new personality instrument, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. No differences were found between groups on any of the 20 comparison variables, replicating previous results with the MMPI. Data are presented showing that discriminant function predictors lose their potency within 3 years and maybe sooner. It is concluded that clinical judgments must form the basis of predicting dropouts until it can be demonstrated that personality tests can make reliable predictions on treatment dropouts.
Conductivity and Viscosity of PC-DEC and PC-EC Solutions of LiBOB

Conductivity K and viscosity η of propylene carbonate (PC)-diethyl carbonate (DEC) and PC-ethylene carbonate (EC) solutions of LiPF 6 were experimentally determined, the former at salt molalities m from 0.2 to 2.4 mol kg -1 , solvent compositions w from 0 to 0.7 weight fraction of DEC and 0 to 0.6 weight fraction of EC, and temperatures θ from 60 to -80°C, the latter indirectly and qualitatively through measuring the glass transition temperature T g in the same ranges of m and w. The T g increased with m, and decreased with w of DEC but increased with w of EC, indicating a concurrent change in the η of the solutions. The K of the PC-DEC solution of LiFP 6 peaked in both m and w thus forming a dome in its 3D presentation in the mw coordinates, while that of the PC-EC solution peaked only in m resulting in an arch-shaped surface. As θ lowered, these K surfaces fell in height and shifted in the direction of low η. These observations correlated well with the changes of dielectric constant e and viscosity η of the solutions with the same set of variables. More detailed study of the effects of DEC and EC on the K of PC solution of LiPF 6 demonstrated the benefit of having a low-η solvent component in an electrolyte for it to have a decent K at low θ and the independence on θ of ion association in these solutions in support of an earlier finding. The K-T data of the PC-DEC solution of LiPF 6 were fit with the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher equation for an evaluation of its apparent activation energy E a and its vanishing mobility temperature T 0 , the former shown to be a simple surface in the mw coordinates slanting up in the direction of high η. and the latter another one slanting up in the same direction and lying beneath the surface of T g by more than ten degrees.
Activation of influenza virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells: a new role for plasmacytoid dendritic cells in adaptive immunity

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) contribute to innate antiviral immune responses by producing type I interferons (IFNs) upon exposure to enveloped viruses. However, their role in adaptive immune responses, such as the initiation of antiviral T-cell responses, is not known. In this study, we examined interactions between blood pDCs and influenza virus with special attention to the capacity of pDCs to activate influenza-specific T cells. pDCs were compared with CD11c(+) DCs, the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs), for their capacity to activate T-cell responses. We found that like CD11c(+) DCs, pDCs mature following exposure to influenza virus, express CCR7, and produce proinflammatory chemokines, but differ in that they produce type I IFN and are resistant to the cytopathic effect of the infection. After influenza virus exposure, both DC types exhibited an equivalent efficiency to expand anti-influenza virus cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and T helper 1 (TH1) CD4(+) T cells. Our results pinpoint a new role of pDCs in the induction of antiviral T-cell responses and suggest that these DCs play a prominent role in the adaptive immune response against viruses.
Physiological Response of Some Economically Important Freshwater Salmonids to Catch-and-Release Fishing

Abstract Catch-and-release fishing regulations are widely used by fishery resource managers to maintain both the quantity and quality of sport fish populations. We evaluated blood chemistry disturbances in wild brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, brown trout Salmo trutta, cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii, and Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus that had been hooked and played for 1–5 min in waters of the intermountain western United States. A hatchery stock of brown trout was included for comparison. To assess time needed for recovery, additional test groups were played for 5 min and then released into net-pens, where they were held for up to 72 h. The osmoregulatory and metabolic disturbances associated with catch-and-release fishing under the conditions we tested were minimal and judged to be well within normal physiological tolerance limits. In fish that were held for recovery, the blood chemistry alterations that did occur appeared to be related to stress from confinement in the net-pens. Our result...
Monolithically stackable hybrid FPGA

The paper introduces novel field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuits based on hybrid CMOS/resistive switching device (memristor) technology and explores several logic architectures. The novel FPGA structure is based on the combination of CMOL (Cmos + MOLecular scale devices) FPGA circuits and recent improvements and generalization of the CMOL concept to allow multilayer crossbar integration, compatibility with state-of-the-art foundries, and a wide range of available memristive crosspoint devices. Preliminary results indicate that with no optimization and only conventional CMOS technology, the proposed circuits can be at least ten times denser (and potentially faster) than CMOS FPGAs with the same design rules and similar power density. The second part of this paper shows that this performance can be further improved using optimal MUX-based logic architecture.
Caloosahatchee Estuary conceptual ecological model

The Caloosahatchee Estuary is a large estuarine ecosystem, located on Florida’s lower west coast, that supports a productive and diverse floral and faunal community. Major modifications to the hydrology of the Caloosahatchee watershed through water management, including water releases from Lake Okeechobee into the Caloosahatchee River, along with land-use transformations, increased development, and dredging for navigation, have resulted in alterations within the estuary. Changes in estuarine salinity, flows, and nutrient inputs, along with physical alterations to the estuary as a result of these stressors, can affect estuarine fishes and manatees, as well as benthic communities including several species of bivalves, such as oysters, scallops, and clams. Additionally, the submerged aquatic vegetation and mangrove shoreline habitat are affected through a variety of processes associated with these changes. As a result, these estuarine attributes can be used as indicators of restoration success.
Selective emitter solar cell using two temperature steps furnace process

This investigation demonstrates the feasibility of a commercially available selective emitter process, based on screen-printing and furnace process. Screen-printed phosphorus paste and POCl 3 were the sources of diffusion for the heavily doped area and the lightly doped area, respectively. These two diffusion processes were performed in the furnace with a two diffusion steps. The sheet resistance of the lightly doped region was set to 80 Ω/square and that of the heavily doped region was set to 40 Ω/square. The screen-printed silver electrode was formed using a screen printer with a precise alignment function following the deposition of an anti-reflective layer. The photovoltaic performance is improved in terms of both short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage. The average absolute efficiency was increased by ∼ 0.3% – 0.8% with an area of 125mm × 125mm. An analysis of quantum efficiency revealed an increase in the response in the short wavelength region.
Multiple mechanisms of visual-spatial attention: recent evidence from human electrophysiology

Abstract Natural visual scenes contain vast quantities of information—far more than the visual system can process in a short period of time-and spatial attention is therefore used to focus the visual system's processing resources onto a subset of the incoming visual information. Most psychological theories of attention posit a single mechanism for this focusing of attention, but recent electrophysiological studies have provided evidence that the visual system employs several separable neural mechanisms of spatial attention. This paper describes the evidence for multiple attentional mechanisms and suggests links between these neurophysiologically defined mechanisms and specific functional processes that have been proposed in psychological theories of attention.
Utility Analysis in a Practical Setting

An empirical study involving derivations of farmers' utility functions and the accuracy of these functions in predicting practical decisions is here reported. Three models of utility estimation which were used are compared as to their predictive accuracy and usefulness under field conditions. The study tests the hypothesis that maximizing expected utility, as a criterion of decision, is superior to maximizing expected monetary value. Utility functions are derived for two points in time in order to test the hypothesis that, if utility functions are to serve as a guide to the decision maker, they must be derived at each point in time at which decisions are made. Implications for decision-making research and for practical farm decision making are indicated.
Longitudinal beam-beam effects in circular colliders

The longitudinal beam-beam interaction, which can lead to incoherent heating, synchrobetatron coupling, and coherent longitudinal instabilities in circular colliders, is examined. This analysis discusses two types of energy kicks, those due to the transverse particle motion coupling to the electric portion of the transverse kick, and those derived from the inductive electric field induced near the interaction, which is obtained from the transverse kick through use of a generalization of the Panofsky-Wenzel Theorem. Implications for low energy e/sup +/e/sup -/ colliders (/spl phi/ and B factories) with beams crossing head-on, and at finite angles, with and without crab crossing, are discussed. >
Met5-enkephalin-induced cardioprotection occurs via transactivation of EGFR and activation of PI3K.

Our previous studies indicated that opioid-induced cardioprotection occurs via activation of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels. However, other elements of the Met5-enkephalin (ME) card...
Predicting the navigation performance of underwater vehicles

In this paper we present a general framework for predicting the positioning uncertainty of underwater vehicles. We apply this framework to common examples from marine robotics: standalone long baseline (LBL) positioning and integrated LBL reference and Doppler velocity log (DVL) dead-reckoning.
Predictors of well-being among college students

ABSTRACTObjectives: Identification of health-related risk behaviors associated with well-being in college students is essential to guide the development of health promotion strategies for this population. The purposes were to evaluate well-being among undergraduate students and to identify health-related risk behaviors that predict well-being in this population. Methods: A cross-sectional Web-based survey of undergraduate students was conducted at a metropolitan university in the Southeast United States. A total of 568 students responded (response rate 14.2%). Data were collected on health-related risk behaviors using the National College Health Assessment II. Results: Controlling demographic characteristics, the best predictive model included physical activity, current tobacco user, depression, ever received mental health services, and sleep quality, which was the strongest predictor (β = .45, p < .001). This model explained 35% of the variance in well-being. Conclusions: Interventions that promote sleep...
Understanding the Health Care Reform Litigation

This article provides a concise overview of the pending challenge to the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act. The United States Supreme Court has granted an extraordinary six hours for oral argument to consider four issues: the applicability of the Anti-Injunction Act; the constitutionality of the individual mandate; the constitutionality of the Medicaid expansion; and the severability of the individual mandate from the rest of the ACA. This article also provides information about the ACA provisions at issue, the background litigation, logistics of the oral argument, and resources for additional information about this complex, historic challenge.
Jet Noise Simulations for Complex Nozzle Geometries

The jet flow from a complex engine nozzle system with multiple jet streams is computed using large eddy simulations. The effects of the fan flow, the impact of installation effects created by the addition of a pylon, and the influence of the core-fluidic injection on the resulting flow field and the acoustic radiation are studied. The potential core length reduces slightly with the introduction of the fan flow and further reduces with the introduction of the fluidic injection nozzle geometry. Computations of fluidic-injection nozzle configurations are validated with experimental data. The agreement in the farfield spectra along the sideline and in the peak propagation directions is good for both the baseline nozzle and the fluidic-injection nozzle configurations. The centerline velocity and the turbulent kinetic energy distribution along the nozzle symmetry plane are in good agreement with the experiments. The parametric study varying the pressure ratio shows that as the injection pressure ratio is increa...