cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethical, Psychosocial, and Public Policy Implications of Procuring Organs From Non—Heart-Beating Cadaver Donors

A SHORTAGE of transplantable organs is a constant and frustrating reality. With continued progress in organ transplantation, the demand for transplants, and thus the need for organs, has increased markedly. The result is an increasing shortage of organs and longer waiting lists for transplantation. As of May 7, 1993, there were 31 303 people awaiting organ transplants (Dave Lohrey, United Network for Organ Sharing Data Base, oral communication, May 7,1993). One third of patients awaiting liver or heart transplants currently will die awaiting an organ, while patients awaiting renal transplants must tolerate a less acceptable quality of life undergoing dialysis.1 Most organs come from patients who have been declared dead by neurological criteria—ie, they have irreversibly lost all brain function and their bodies are being maintained on ventilators in intensive care units. They are commonly referred to as heart-beating cadaver donors (HBCDs) because their hearts are beating at the
Toward a Nobel Prize for the Social Sciences

The Nobel Prizes have again been awarded. What for the physical, chemical and biological sciences, world literature, and even that elusive goal, world peace, is a time of celebration remains for the social sciences an annual moment of intense embarrassmentsuffered in silence lest serious questions be asked about whether social science is entitled to even the verbal emoluments of the word "science," much less prestigious awards.
Automatic detection of camera translation in eye video recordings using multiple methods

A concern with video eye movement tracking is that movement of the camera headset relative to the head creates an artifact of eye movement in pupil-detection software. We describe the development of, and compare the results of, three automatic image processing algorithms to measure camera movement. The best of the algorithms has an average accuracy of 1.3 pixels, equivalent to 0.49 deg with our eye tracking system.
Partitions, rooks, and symmetric functions in noncommuting variables

Let n denote the set of all set partitions off1; 2;:::;ng. We consider two subsets of n, one connected to rook theory and one associated with symmetric functions in noncommuting variables. LetEn n be the subset of all partitions corresponding to an extendable rook (placement) on the upper-triangular board,Tn 1. Given 2 m and 2 n, dene their
Cultural logics of belonging and movement Transnationalism, naturalization, and U.S. immigration politics

In the United States, unprecedented high numbers of naturalization applicants, the adoption of restrictive immigration policies, changing demographics, and the 1996 presidential election coalesced in the mid-1990s to make naturalization simultaneously a high priority and problematic. Salvadorans who had immigrated during the 1980s and who were still struggling for the opportunity to naturalize were caught up in these dynamics. A juxtaposition of their struggles against exclusion and of naturalization ceremonies' rhetoric of inclusion elucidates complex and paradoxical connections between naturalization and transnationalism.
Rod-like Cu/La/O nanoparticles as a catalyst for phenol hydroxylation

Rod-like La/Cu/O nanoparticles, synthesized by a simple coprecipitation reaction with a sonication process, are found to be highly active as a catalyst for the hydroxylation of phenol. Compared to the 4-6 h, 40% yield reported in the literature, our nanoparticle catalyst demonstrates a nearly 100% conversion within 4 h based on gas chromatography.
Pair extended coupled cluster doubles

The accurate and efficient description of strongly correlated systems remains an important challenge for computational methods. Doubly occupied configuration interaction (DOCI), in which all electrons are paired and no correlations which break these pairs are permitted, can in many cases provide an accurate account of strong correlations, albeit at combinatorial computational cost. Recently, there has been significant interest in a method we refer to as pair coupled cluster doubles (pCCD), a variant of coupled cluster doubles in which the electrons are paired. This is simply because pCCD provides energies nearly identical to those of DOCI, but at mean-field computational cost (disregarding the cost of the two-electron integral transformation). Here, we introduce the more complete pair extended coupled cluster doubles (pECCD) approach which, like pCCD, has mean-field cost and reproduces DOCI energetically. We show that unlike pCCD, pECCD also reproduces the DOCI wave function with high accuracy. Moreover, pECCD yields sensible albeit inexact results even for attractive interactions where pCCD breaks down.
Multi-Agent Maze Exploration

Mazes have intrigued the human mind for thousands of years, and have been used to measure mental abilities of laboratory animals. In recent years mazes have been used to measure the artificial intelligence of robots by examining their ability to traverse mazes using maze exploration and solution algorithms. We use a simulation of a multi-agent system and show that it is beneficial to use a group of several robots in maze exploration. Based on Tarry’s behavioral algorithm we demonstrate that the group performance improves and becomes more robust as the number of robots in the group increases. In addition, simulation results yield that the amount of data transfer required for group coordination can be minimized to a small set of data items, which is independent of either the number of robots in the group or the maze size. Thus, our solution can be scaled up to mazes and/or groups of any size.
Inviscid axisymmetric jet impingement with recirculating stagnation regions

Numerical solutions for the normal impingement of inviscid axisymmetric jets with energy deficient cores reveal three distinct classes of behavior: 1) a small defect regime where the flow structure is unchanged from the zero defect case, 2) a moderate defect regime where stagnation bubbles first appear and grow with increased defect, and 3) a strong defect regime, where no solutions have been found. The recirculation zone model presumes that vorticity over radius is constant and continuous across the dividing stream surface. A local analytic solution to the governing partial differential equation for the stagnation bubble is consistent with the computational results.
Opportunistic Routing in Multi-radio Multi-channel Multi-hop Wireless Networks

Two major factors that limit the throughput in multi-hop wireless networks are the unreliability of wireless transmissions and co-channel interference. One promising technique that combats lossy wireless transmissions is opportunistic routing (OR). OR involves multiple forwarding candidates to relay packets by taking advantage of the broadcast nature and spacial diversity of the wireless medium. Furthermore, recent advances in multi-radio multi-channel transmission technology allows more concurrent transmissions in the network, and shows the potential of substantially improving the system capacity. However, the performance of OR in multi-radio multi-channel systems is still unknown, and the methodology of studying the performance of traditional routing (TR) can not be directly applied to OR. In this paper, we present our research on computing an end-to-end throughput bound of OR in multi-radio multi-channel systems. We formulate the capacity of OR as a linear programming (LP) problem which jointly solves the radio-channel assignment and transmission scheduling. Leveraging our analytical model, we gain the following insights into OR: 1) OR can achieve better performance than TR under different radio/channel configurations, however, in particular scenarios, TR is more preferable than OR; 2) OR can achieve comparable or even better performance than TR by using less radio resource; 3) for OR, the throughput gained from increasing the number of potential forwarding candidates becomes marginal.
Products of Independent non-Hermitian Random Matrices

We consider the product of a finite number of non-Hermitian random matrices with i.i.d. centered entries of growing size. We assume that the entries have a finite moment of order bigger than two. We show that the empirical spectral distribution of the properly normalized product converges, almost surely, to a non-random, rotationally invariant distribution with compact support in the complex plane. The limiting distribution is a power of the circular law.
When less is more: ‘slicing’ sequencing data improves read decoding accuracy and de novo assembly quality

Motivation: As the invention of DNA sequencing in the 70s, computational biologists have had to deal with the problem of de novo genome assembly with limited (or insufficient) depth of sequencing. In this work, we investigate the opposite problem, that is, the challenge of dealing with excessive depth of sequencing. Results: We explore the effect of ultra-deep sequencing data in two domains: (i) the problem of decoding reads to bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones (in the context of the combinatorial pooling design we have recently proposed), and (ii) the problem of de novo assembly of BAC clones. Using real ultra-deep sequencing data, we show that when the depth of sequencing increases over a certain threshold, sequencing errors make these two problems harder and harder (instead of easier, as one would expect with error-free data), and as a consequence the quality of the solution degrades with more and more data. For the first problem, we propose an effective solution based on ‘divide and conquer’: we ‘slice’ a large dataset into smaller samples of optimal size, decode each slice independently, and then merge the results. Experimental results on over 15 000 barley BACs and over 4000 cowpea BACs demonstrate a significant improvement in the quality of the decoding and the final assembly. For the second problem, we show for the first time that modern de novo assemblers cannot take advantage of ultra-deep sequencing data. Availability and implementation: Python scripts to process slices and resolve decoding conflicts are available from http://goo.gl/YXgdHT; software Hashfilter can be downloaded from http://goo.gl/ MIyZHs
Is Disinflation Good for Growth

When countries attempt to stabilize annual inflation rates greater than 40 percent, the domestic stock market appreciates by 24 percent on average. Therefore, the long-run growth benefit of reducing high inflation outweighs the short-run cost. In contrast, the average market response is economically weak and statistically insignificant if the per-stabilization inflation rate is less than 40 percent. Hence, the net growth benefit of reducing moderate inflation is negligible. The first result seems more consistent with the rational expectations view of disinflation than with the traditional view. The second result appears more consistent with the traditional view than with rational expectations. Together, the results suggest that neither view sufficiently captures the real effects of disinflation across all ranges of initial inflation. The stock market responses also help predict the change inflation and output in the following year. This additional result indicates that the stock market evidence for the 81 disinflation episodes studied here is not spurious.
Lead in soil by field‐portable x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry—an examination of paired In Situ and laboratory ICP‐AES results

A major aspect of lead hazard control is the evaluation of soil lead hazards around housing coated with lead-based paint. The use of field-portable X-ray fluorescence (FPXRF) to do detailed surveying, with limited laboratory confirmation, can provide lead measurements in soil (especially for planning abatement activities) in a far more cost-efficient and timely manner than laboratory analysis. To date, one obstacle to the acceptance of FPXRF as an approved method of measuring lead in soil has been a lack of correspondence between field and laboratory results. In order to minimize the differences between field and laboratory results, RTI International (RTI) has developed a new protocol for field drying and sieving soil samples for field measurement by FPXRF. To evaluate this new protocol, composite samples were collected in the field following both U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) guidelines and ASTM International (ASTM) protocols, measured after drying by FPXRF, and returned to the laboratory for confirmatory inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis. Evaluation of study data from several diverse sites revealed no statistical difference between paired FPXRF and ICP-AES measurements using the new method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Poretools: a toolkit for analyzing nanopore sequence data

Motivation: Nanopore sequencing may be the next disruptive technology in genomics, owing to its ability to detect single DNA molecules without prior amplification, lack of reliance on expensive optical components, and the ability to sequence long fragments. The MinION™ from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) is the first nanopore sequencer to be commercialized and is now available to early-access users. The MinION™ is a USB-connected, portable nanopore sequencer that permits real-time analysis of streaming event data. Currently, the research community lacks a standardized toolkit for the analysis of nanopore datasets. Results: We introduce poretools, a flexible toolkit for exploring datasets generated by nanopore sequencing devices from MinION™ for the purposes of quality control and downstream analysis. Poretools operates directly on the native FAST5 (an application of the HDF5 standard) file format produced by ONT and provides a wealth of format conversion utilities and data exploration and visualization tools. Availability and implementation: Poretools is an open-source software and is written in Python as both a suite of command line utilities and a Python application programming interface. Source code is freely available in Github at https://www.github.com/arq5x/poretools Contact: ku.ca.mahb@namol.j.n and moc.liamg@nalniuqnoraa Supplementary information: An IPython notebook demonstrating the functionality of poretools is in Github. Complete documentation is available at http://poretools.readthedocs.org.
Optimal rate-based scheduling on multiprocessors

The PD2 Pfair/ERfair scheduling algorithm is the most efficient known algorithm for optimally scheduling periodic tasks on multiprocessors. In this paper, we prove that PD2 is also optimal for scheduling "rate-based" tasks whose processing steps may be highly jittered. The rate-based task model we consider generalizes the widely-studied sporadic task model.
Adsorption of oxygen on the (110) plane of tungsten at low temperatures

Abstract Isotope labelling experiments have established that the adsorption of O2 on the W(110) plane at 20 K leads first to the formation of a dissociated atomic layer. A weakly bound molecular species, α-O2, forms only when the atomic layer is essentially complete (O/W = 0.6). The desorption of α-O2 was found to be first order with an activation energy of E = 1.9 kcal mole and a frequency factor γ = 3 × 109 s−1. The activation energy is shown to be less than the enthalpy of desorption and the meaning of this result is discussed.
The CKM matrix and CP violation

The status of CP violation and the CKM matrix is reviewed. Direct CP violation in B decay has been established and the measurement of sin 2{beta} in {psi}K modes reached 5% accuracy. I discuss the implications of these, and of the possible deviations of the CP asymmetries in b {yields} s modes from that in {psi}K. The first meaningful measurements of {alpha} and {gamma} are explained, together with their significance for constraining both the SM and new physics in B-{bar B} mixing. I also discuss implications of recent developments in the theory of nonleptonic decays for B {yields} {pi}K rates and CP asymmetries, and for the polarization in charmless B decays to two vector mesons.
AMO-like variations of holocene sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract. Instrumental records of the North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SST) show a significant 60–80 year cycle, referred to as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). During AMO warm (cold) phases, SST over the entire North Atlantic Ocean is dominated by basin-wide positive (negative) anomalies. We analyzed SST variations in the North Atlantic Ocean for the last 10 ka. The long-term and centennial variations of Holocene SST in the North Atlantic demonstrate a basin-wide mode that clearly resembles the AMO signal recorded during the recent instrumental period. The long-term changes of Holocene SST were controlled by the solar insolation related to the orbital variations, and the centennial variations were closely coupled with the intensity of the thermohaline circulation. The spatial extent in the Atlantic realm of temperature anomalies around two specific time intervals, 8.2 ka and during the medieval warm period, also resemble the observed temperature anomalies associated with the AMO. These results demonstrate that the modern AMO, and centennial and longer time scale SST variations during the Holocene share a similar spatial extent in the North Atlantic, and presumably as well physical processes associated with their existence and their far-field teleconnection effects.
Dynamic properties of molecular motors in burnt-bridge models

Dynamic properties of molecular motors that fuel their motion by actively interacting with underlying molecular tracks are studied theoretically via discrete-state stochastic 'burnt-bridge' models. The transport of the particles is viewed as an effective diffusion along one-dimensional lattices with periodically distributed weak links. When an unbiased random walker passes the weak link it can be destroyed ('burned') with probability p, providing a bias in the motion of the molecular motor. We present a theoretical approach that allows one to calculate exactly all dynamic properties of motor proteins, such as velocity and dispersion, under general conditions. It is found that dispersion is a decreasing function of the concentration of bridges, while the dependence of dispersion on the burning probability is more complex. Our calculations also show a gap in dispersion for very low concentrations of weak links or for very low burning probabilities which indicates a dynamic phase transition between unbiased and biased diffusion regimes. Theoretical findings are supported by Monte Carlo computer simulations.
Optimal asymptotic identification under bounded disturbances

The intrinsic limitation of worst-case identification of linear time-invariant systems using data corrupted by bounded disturbances, when the unknown plant is known to belong to a given model set, is studied. This is done by analyzing the optimal worst-case asymptotic error achievable by performing experiments using any bounded input and estimating the plant using any identification algorithm. It is shown that under some topological conditions on the model set, there is an identification algorithm which is asymptotically optimal for any input, and the optimal asymptotic error is characterized as a function of the inputs. These results, which hold for any error metric and disturbance norm, are applied to three specific identification problems: identification of stable systems in the l/sub 1/ norm, identification of stable rational systems in the H/sub infinity / norm and identification of unstable rational systems in the gap metric. For each of these problems, the general characterization of optimal asymptotic error is used to find near-optimal inputs to minimize the error. >
Design of wide-area power system damping controllers resilient to communication failures

Recent research has demonstrated that wide-area signals obtained using synchronized phasor measurements could be more effective than local signals in damping inter-area oscillations in large interconnected systems. To transmit wide-area signals for use in controls, communication systems are required. Communication systems are vulnerable to disruptions as a result of which the reliability of the power system could be jeopardized. In order to counteract communication failures, resiliency could be built in either the communication system or the physical system. In this paper an approach is developed to build resiliency in grid controls in the physical system. The resiliency is achieved by robustly designing a novel redundant two-input single-output (TISO) supplementary damping controller (SDC) associated with a static VAr compensator (SVC) that utilizes both a wide-area signal and a local signal to guarantee that the system is stabilized if the wide-area signal is lost. Numerical tests on the IEEE 50-generator test system have demonstrated that the proposed SDC is effective in stabilizing the system and improving grid control resiliency in response to communication failures.
The basal ganglia.

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Oceans on Mars: An assessment of the observational evidence and possible fate

the edges of the northern plains and interpreted to be shorelines remaining from these former standing bodies of water. We examine the elevations and geologic relations along these contacts in detail and find little support for their interpretation as shorelines. Some contacts are clearly of volcanic origin, and all have significant variations in elevation. Better support for the former presence of water over large parts of the northern plains is provided by the Vastitas Borealis Formation (VBF). Most of the post-Noachian fill within the northern basin is ridged plains of Lower Hesperian age, interpreted to be volcanic in origin. Overlying the ridged plains is the VBF, a thin veneer of material of Upper Hesperian age. The VBF may have been deposited from large floods. Support for this interpretation is the similarity in age between the outflow channels and the VBF, the presence of the VBF at the lower ends of the outflow channels, and identification of numerous features in the outcrop areas of the VBF that are suggestive of basal melting of an ice sheet. To cover all the area over which the VBF is exposed would require 2.3 10 7 km 3 of water. Spread over the entire surface of Mars, this volume is equal to a global layer (global equivalent layer, or GEL) 156 m deep. We find no support for the larger estimates of ocean volumes that range up to 3 10 8 km 3 and which imply comparable amounts of water per unit area as are currently present on the surface of the Earth. Under present climatic conditions on Mars an ocean would freeze in a geologically short time period (10 4 years), then would sublimate away at rates strongly dependent on the presence or absence of debris on the ice surface. The present VBF is interpreted as a sublimation residue from the ponded outflow channel effluents. The fate of a volume of water thought to have been emplaced by the outflow channels (2.3 10 7 km 3 ) is largely accounted for by the presence of other existing reservoirs on the planet. An approximately 20–30 m GEL of water is estimated to be in the present polar caps, and a 50 m GEL may have escaped to space since the Hesperian, leaving 80 m GEL unaccounted for. This amount may be partly trapped in other volatile-rich deposits on the surface, and a significant amount could have reentered the groundwater system by south polar basal melting and been progressively cold-trapped at the base of a growing cryosphere. On the basis of our assessment of the Hesperian-aged deposits, we predict that testing of the Clifford and Parker [2001] hypothesis that a Noachian-aged ocean covered up to one third of the surface of Mars will be made very difficult by the enhanced degradation rates in the Noachian and subsequent geological events in the northern lowlands. INDEX TERMS: 6225 Planetology: Solar System Objects: Mars; 4267 Oceanography: General: Paleoceanography; 5407 Planetary Sciences: Atmospheres—evolution; 5470 Planetary Sciences: Surface materials and properties; 1635 Global Change: Oceans (4203); KEYWORDS: Mars, oceans, channels, shorelines, Hesperian
Intracellular calcium transients are necessary for platelet-derived growth factor but not extracellular matrix protein-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration.

Abstract Purpose Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration is a critical component of the hyperplastic response that leads to recurrent stenosis after interventions to treat arterial occlusive disease. We investigated the relationship between intracellular calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ) and migration of vascular SMCs in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Methods Human saphenous vein SMCs were used for all experiments. SMC migration in response to agonists was measured with a microchemotaxis assay. A standard fluorimetric assay was used to assess changes in [Ca 2+ ] i in response to the various combinations of growth factors and ECM proteins. Results The calcium ionophore A23187 produced a rapid rise in [Ca 2+ ] i and a corresponding 60% increase in SMC migration, whereas chelation of [Ca 2+ ] i with BAPTA (1,2- bis [aminophenoxy] ethane- N,N,N′,N′ -tetraacetic acid) produced a fivefold decrease in PDGF-induced chemotaxis, suggesting that [Ca 2+ ] i is both sufficient and necessary for SMC migration. Stimulation of SMCs with PDGF produced an early peak followed by a late plateau in [Ca 2+ ] i . To establish a relationship between temporal fluctuations in [Ca 2+ ] i and SMC migration, SMCs were pretreated with caffeine and ryanadine, which eliminated the initial peak but not the late plateau in [Ca 2+ ] i , and had no effect on chemotaxis in response to PDGF. Incubation of SMCs with nickel chloride eliminated the late plateau, but had no effect on the initial peak in [Ca 2+ ] i , and reduced PDGF-stimulated migration by fivefold. We then evaluated the role of calcium in SMC migration induced by ECM proteins such as laminin, fibronectin, and collagen types I and IV. All four matrix proteins stimulated SMC migration, but none produced an elevation in [Ca 2+ ] i . Moreover, preincubation of SMCs with caffeine and ryanadine or nickel chloride had no effect on ECM protein-induced chemotaxis. Conclusion [Ca 2+ ] i transients are necessary for PDGF but not ECM protein-induced SMC chemotaxis. Moreover, the ability of PDGF to stimulate vascular SMC migration appears dependent on influx of extracellular calcium through membrane channels.
VECTOR-VALUED OPTIMAL LIPSCHITZ EXTENSIONS

Consider a bounded open set and a Lipschitz function . Does this function always have a canonical optimal Lipschitz extension to all of U? We propose a notion of optimal Lipschitz extension and address existence and uniqueness in some special cases. In the case n = m = 2, we show that smooth solutions have two phases: in one they are conformal and in the other they are variants of infinity harmonic functions called infinity harmonic fans. We also prove existence and uniqueness for the extension problem on finite graphs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the Limitations of Random Sensor Placement for Distributed Signal Detection

We consider the design of a sensor network for detecting an emitter which if present is known to be located in an interval but whose exact position is unknown. We seek to minimize the total system power consumption subject to detection performance constrains by carefully choosing the thresholds and positions of the sensors. Toward this goal, we propose an iterative algorithm for the optimization problem. Numerical results are given to provide insights into the design of such networks. We show that random sensor placement can perform poorly, in contrast to what many currently believe.
Cues, Endorsements, and Heresthetic in a High-profile Election: Racial Polarization in Durham, North Carolina?

Did voters in Durham, North Carolina divide along racial lines in the high profile May 2, 2006, primary election for Durham district attorney? The results of an analysis of the primary vote by race suggest there were not major racial divi sions: winner Mike Nifong received about the same percentage of support from African-American voters as from voters who are not African American. However, it seems likely, and I argue here, that Nifong used the high-profile prosecution of the Duke lacrosse rape case to win over some African-American and White voters in what otherwise might have been a low-key, low information local election.! This case and its allegations are sordid and appalling, and have garnered substantial national media attention. I contend that Nifong aggressively pursued prosecution as a way of representing what he perceived was his constituents' interests in justice for the alleged victim (though some have subsequently questioned his prosecution of the case); this aggressive prosecution's public nature likely had electoral ramifi cations. Further, supporting recent work on race and electoral politics, I show that traditional racial cues were critically im portant in other concurrently held Durham elections, though not in Nifong's race for district attorney. Nifong, a White candidate, defeated another White candi date and an African-American candidate in a county that is 51% White and 40% African-American (based on those identi fying as only one race in the 2000 census) 2 The May 2 Durham primary election offers an empirical example of a set of local elections infrequently examined by scholars and it illuminates broader pat terns of race in voting. The city of Durham and Durham County have a rich
Resilient observer design for discrete-time nonlinear systems with general criteria

A class of discrete-time nonlinear system and measurement equations having incrementally conic nonlinearities and finite energy disturbances is considered. A linear matrix inequality based resilient observer design approach is presented to guarantee the satisfaction of a variety of performance criteria ranging from simple estimation error boundedness to dissipativity in the presence of bounded perturbations on the gain. Some simulation examples are included to illustrate the proposed design methodology.
The effect of accounting-based debt covenants on equity valuation

Abstract We use an option pricing framework to model equity valuation when firms face costs associated with violating accounting-based debt covenants. Our model shows that the value of equity depends on two factors: the economic value of the firm and the probability that the firm violates the covenant. Consistent with the model's prediction that the `covenant' effect is greatest for firms near covenant violation, we find that responses to earnings that are less informative about future cash flows (losses and transitory earnings) are significant only for thrift institutions that are near violation of regulatory net worth covenants.
Multiparametric tissue characterization of brain neoplasms and their recurrence using pattern classification of MR images

Rationale and Objectives Treatment of brain neoplasms can greatly benefit from better delineation of bulk neoplasm boundary and the extent and degree of more subtle neoplastic infiltration. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the primary imaging modality for evaluation before and after therapy, typically combining conventional sequences with more advanced techniques such as perfusion-weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The purpose of this study is to quantify the multiparametric imaging profile of neoplasms by integrating structural MRI and DTI via statistical image analysis methods to potentially capture complex and subtle tissue characteristics that are not obvious from any individual image or parameter. Materials and Methods Five structural MRI sequences, namely, B0, diffusion-weighted images, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, T1-weighted, and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted, and two scalar maps computed from DTI (ie, fractional anisotropy and apparent diffusion coefficient) are used to create an intensity-based tissue profile. This is incorporated into a nonlinear pattern classification technique to create a multiparametric probabilistic tissue characterization, which is applied to data from 14 patients with newly diagnosed primary high-grade neoplasms who have not received any therapy before imaging. Results Preliminary results demonstrate that this multiparametric tissue characterization helps to better differentiate among neoplasm, edema, and healthy tissue, and to identify tissue that is likely to progress to neoplasm in the future. This has been validated on expert assessed tissue. Conclusion This approach has potential applications in treatment, aiding computer-assisted surgery by determining the spatial distributions of healthy and neoplastic tissue, as well as in identifying tissue that is relatively more prone to tumor recurrence.
Automatically classifying sentences in full-text biomedical articles into Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion

Biomedical texts can be typically represented by four rhetorical categories: Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion (IMRAD). Classifying sentences into these categories can benefit many other text-mining tasks. Although many studies have applied different approaches for automatically classifying sentences in MEDLINE abstracts into the IMRAD categories, few have explored the classification of sentences that appear in full-text biomedical articles. We first evaluated whether sentences in full-text biomedical articles could be reliably annotated into the IMRAD format and then explored different approaches for automatically classifying these sentences into the IMRAD categories. Our results show an overall annotation agreement of 82.14% with a Kappa score of 0.756. The best classification system is a multinomial naive Bayes classifier trained on manually annotated data that achieved 91.95% accuracy and an average F-score of 91.55%, which is significantly higher than baseline systems. A web version of this system is available online at— http://wood.ims.uwm.edu/full_text_classifier/. Contact: hongyu@uwm.edu
The performance of a coherent residual carrier PSK system using hybrid carrier phase synchronization

This paper presents a generic theory for the behavior and performance of hybrid carrier synchronization loops, i.e., loops composed of a combination of discrete and suppressed carrier types, and evaluates their impact on the error probability performance of a PSK communication system. Since hybrid loops are characterized by two not necessarily equiprobable lock points (one at zero phase error and one at 180 degrees phase error), it is necessary to properly take this phenomenon into account in predicting their performance. As such, a new form of solution for the phase error probability density is proposed based on the solution of the Zakai equation. Using this mathematical model, the mean-squared phase error of the hybrid loop is derived and numerically compared with results obtained from a computer simulation. Two methods of resolving the inherent 180 degrees phase ambiguity associated with using a hybrid loop for carrier synchronization are discussed and the corresponding average error probability performances of an associated PSK system are evaluated.
Neutron measurements and the weak nucleon–nucleon interaction

The weak interaction between nucleons remains one of the most poorly-understood sectors of the Standard Model. A quantitative description of this interaction is needed to understand weak interaction phenomena in atomic, nuclear, and hadronic systems. This paper outlines a set of measurements involving low energy neutrons which can lead to significant experimental progress.
A quantitative model of nucleosome dynamics

The expression, replication and repair of eukaryotic genomes require the fundamental organizing unit of chromatin, the nucleosome, to be unwrapped and disassembled. We have developed a quantitative model of nucleosome dynamics which provides a fundamental understanding of these DNA processes. We calibrated this model using results from high precision single molecule nucleosome unzipping experiments, and then tested its predictions for experiments in which nucleosomes are disassembled by the DNA mismatch recognition complex hMSH2-hMSH6. We found that this calibrated model quantitatively describes hMSH2-hMSH6 induced disassembly rates of nucleosomes with two separate DNA sequences and four distinct histone modification states. In addition, this model provides mechanistic insight into nucleosome disassembly by hMSH2-hMSH6 and the influence of histone modifications on this disassembly reaction. This model's precise agreement with current experiments suggests that it can be applied more generally to provide important mechanistic understanding of the numerous nucleosome alterations that occur during DNA processing.
Formal 1,6-insertion of an alkylidenecarbene into a carbon-hydrogen bond. Unveiling of a stepwise reaction mechanism.☆

Abstract The formation of 1,3-dimethylquinol-2-one (6a) by reaction of N-methyl-N-phenyl-2-oxopropanamide (1a) with diethyl (diazomethyl)phosphonate (2), an apparent CH insertion by an alkylidenecarbene, is shown to involve a stepwise rather than a concerted reaction pathway.
Optimization of Control Parameters for Adaptive Traffic-Actuated Signal Control

The authors propose a real-time adaptive signal control model that aims to maintain the adaptive functionality of actuated controllers while improving the performance of traffic-actuated control systems. In this model, a flow-prediction algorithm is formulated to estimate the future vehicle arrival flow for each signal phase at the target intersection on the basis of the available signal-timing data obtained from previous control cycles. Optimal timing parameters are determined on the basis of these estimations and are used as signal-timing data for further optimizations. To be consistent with the operation logic of existing signal-control devices, this model is developed to optimize the basic control parameters that can be found in modern actuated controllers. Microscopic simulation is used to test and evaluate the proposed control model in a calibrated network consisting of 38 actuated signals. Simulation results indicate that this model has the potential to improve the performance of the signalized network under different traffic conditions.
Catalytic Activity of Titanium Silicates Synthesized in the Presence of Alkali-Metal and Alkaline-Earth Ions

Titanium containing aluminum-free ZSM-5 (TS-1) synthesized in the presence and absence of alkali metal and alkaline earth ions are investigated as catalysts for the selective oxidation of alkanes and alkenes using aqueous H_2O_2 as oxidant at temperatures below 100°C. Sodium-exchanged TS-1 is not active for alkane oxidations. Similarly, no catalytic activity is observed for TS-1 synthesized in the presence of high concentrations of alkali metal ions (Si/Na <20). For both cases, the catalytic activity can be restored by washing the solid with acid solution prior to catalytic evaluation. Similar results are obtained for TS-1 synthesized in the presence of other alkali metal ions, e.g., Li, K. However, the presence of alkaline earth ions, e.g., Mg, in the synthesis gel does not have a significant effect on the catalytic activity of TS-1. Based on the catalytic data and the physicochemical properties of the samples, a plausible explanation for the above results is described. The acid treatment may be useful in overcoming the problems of synthesizing TS-1 from reagents that contain alkali metal ions, e.g., TPAOH solutions. More importantly, this treatment opens the possibility of synthesizing other titanium-containing silicate structures that require the presence of alkali metal ions in the synthesis gel for their formation.
Fragile Families and the Reproduction of Poverty

In 1965, Daniel Patrick Moynihan warned that nonmarital childbearing and marital dissolution were undermining the progress of African Americans. The author argues that what Moynihan identified as a race-specific problem in the 1960s has now become a class-based phenomena as well. Using data from a new birth cohort study, the author shows that unmarried parents come from much more disadvantaged populations than married parents. The author further argues that nonmarital childbearing reproduces class and racial disparities through its association with partnership instability and multipartnered fertility. These processes increase maternal stress and mental health problems, reduce the quality of mothers' parenting, reduce paternal investments, and ultimately lead to poor outcomes in children. Finally, by spreading fathers' contributions across multiple households, partnership instability and multipartnered fertility undermine the importance of individual fathers' contributions of time and money, which is likel...
Delay Constrained Scheduling over Fading Channels: Optimal Policies for Monomial Energy-Cost Functions

A point-to-point discrete-time scheduling problem of transmitting B information bits within T hard delay deadline slots is considered assuming that the underlying energy-bit cost function is a convex monomial. The scheduling objective is to minimize the expected energy expenditure while satisfying the deadline constraint based on information about the unserved bits, channel state/statistics, and the remaining time slots to the deadline. At each time slot, the scheduling decision is made without knowledge of future channel state, and thus there is a tension between serving many bits when the current channel is good versus leaving too many bits for the deadline. Under the assumption that no other packet is scheduled concurrently and no outage is allowed, we derive the optimal scheduling policy. Furthermore, we also investigate the dual problem of maximizing the number of transmitted bits over T time slots when subject to an energy constraint.
Morphinan alkaloids labeled with tritium: synthesis and applications

This review discusses the synthetic methods employed to tritiate morphinan alkaloids as well as their applications.
Remote Control Canard Missile with a Free-Rolling Tail Brake Torque System

An experimental wind-tunnel investigation has been conducted at supersonic Mach numbers to determine the static aerodynamic characteristics of a cruciform canard-controlled missile with fixed and free-rolling tail-fin afterbodies. Mechanical coupling effects of the free-rolling tail afterbody were investigated using an electronic/electromagnetic brake system that provides arbitrary tail-fin brake torques with continuous measurements of tail-to-mainframe torque and tail-roll rate. Results are summarized to show the effects of fixed and free-rolling tail-fin afterbodies that include simulated measured bearing friction torques on the longitudinal and lateral-directional aerodynamic characteristics.
Aggregation and Manipulation in Prediction Markets: Effects of Trading Mechanism and Information Distribution

We conduct laboratory experiments on variants of market scoring rule prediction markets, under different information distribution patterns, to evaluate the efficiency and speed of information aggregation, as well as test recent theoretical results on manipulative behavior by traders. We find that markets structured to have a fixed sequence of trades exhibit greater accuracy of information aggregation than the typical form that has unstructured trade. In comparing two commonly used mechanisms, we find no significant difference between the performance of the direct probability-report form and the indirect security-trading form of the market scoring rule. In the case of the markets with a structured order, we find evidence supporting the theoretical prediction that information aggregation is slower when information is complementary. In structured markets, the theoretical prediction that there will be more delayed trading in complementary markets is supported, but we find no support for the prediction that there will be more bluffing in complementary markets. However, the theoretical predictions are not borne out in the unstructured markets. This paper was accepted by Brad Barber, Teck Ho, and Terrance Odean, special issue editors.
The probability of a subspace swap in the SVD

We extend the work of Tufts, Kot, and Vaccaro (TKV) published in 1980, to improve the analytical characterization of threshold breakdown in SVD methods. Our results sharpen the TKV results by lower bounding the probability of a subspace swap in the SVD. Our key theoretical result is the characteristic function for a random variable whose probability of exceeding zero bounds the probability of a threshold breakdown. >
Assessing Personality and Psychopathology With Interviews

This chapter discusses contemporary issues in assessing psychopathology and personality with interviews. We discuss types of interviews, how clients and clinicians approach an interview, and structured versus unstructured interviews. The structure of the interview is presented along with continuing concerns with official diagnostic systems. Issues that complicate the assessment process for personality disorders are discussed, including the base rate problem, the role of affective disorders, state versus trait assessment, the role of culture, reliability of psychiatric diagnosis, diagnostic overlap, and comorbidities. Current findings on the reliability of structured clinical interviews are presented. We also discuss latest trends in telepsychiatry and telepsychology. The chapter concludes with a discussion on computer-assisted diagnosis and suggestions for the future. Keywords: personality; psychopathology interviews
OPTICAL LIMITS ON PRECURSOR EMISSION FROM GAMMA-RAY BURSTS WITH KNOWN REDSHIFT

Making use of virtual observatory data, we present the first comprehensive sample of optical observations conducted before the explosion times of all gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with known redshifts. In total, the fields of 11 such GRBs were observed by the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) program from years to hours before the bursts. Although the typical limiting magnitudes from these observations are R ≈ 20 mag, we find no evidence for a significant detection of a precursor. The deepest nondetection of precursor emission is from GRB 030329, reaching down to an absolute B-band magnitude of MB ≈ -18 mag from 6 to 1500 days (rest frame) before the burst. This is of comparable brightness to supernovae, which in some scenarios for GRB progenitors are predicted to predate a GRB on similar timescales. Since sources cannot be localized to better than ~500 mas (3 σ) with current large-area surveys, unrelated supernovae or active galactic nucleus activity in GRB hosts could be mistaken for genuine precursor emission. This possibility motivates the need for not only deep wide-field imaging, but imaging at high spatial resolution.