cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extraterrestrial organic analysis.

Brief review of relevant information on the composition of stars, interstellar matter, and individual bodies of the solar system. An attempt is made to answer fundamental questions of organic cosmochemistry - namely, the nature of the organic and related molecules present in our Galaxy and solar system, the distribution of these molecules in different parts of the two systems, the mechanism of formation of these molecules, and the relation between these molecules and prebiological chemical evolution on the one hand, and terrestrial and, possibly, extraterrestrial biology, on the other. Detailed studies are made of the formation and chemical behavior of the organogenic elements in stars, interstellar matter, comets, meteorites, carbonaceous chondrites, and the terrestrial and Jovian planets.
Phosphorylation of human oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (α-OGG1) modulates its function

Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) initiates the repair of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), a major oxidative DNA base modification that has been directly implicated in cancer and aging. OGG1 functions in the base excision repair pathway, for which a molecular hand-off mechanism has been proposed. To date, only one functional and a few physical protein interactions have been reported for OGG1. Using the yeast two-hybrid system and a protein array membrane, we identified two novel protein interactions of OGG1, with two different protein kinases: Cdk4, a serine-threonine kinase, and c-Abl, a tyrosine kinase. We confirmed these interactions in vitro using recombinant proteins and in vivo by co-immunoprecipitation from whole cell extracts. OGG1 is phosphorylated in vitro by Cdk4, resulting in a 2.5-fold increase in the 8-oxoG/C incision activity of OGG1. C-Abl tyrosine phosphorylates OGG1 in vitro; however, this phosphorylation event does not affect OGG1 8-oxoG/C incision activity. These results provide the first evidence that a post-translational modification of OGG1 can affect its catalytic activity. The distinct functional outcomes from serine/threonine or tyrosine phosphorylation may indicate that activation of different signal transduction pathways modulate OGG1 activity in different ways.
Statistics of Single-Molecule Detection

A new mathematical approach for the calculation of the photon detection statistics in single-molecule detection experiments is presented. The approach is based on a path integral representation of the involved probability distributions. A numerical Monte Carlo sampling method for computing the involved path integrals is given. The general ideas are applied to the modeling of measured burst size distributions in single-molecule detection experiments with B-phycoerythrin.
Asthma as a Risk Factor for COPD in a Longitudinal Study

Background: For several years, asthma and COPD have been regarded as distinct entities, with distinct clinical courses. However, despite distinctive physiologic features at the time of diagnosis, and different risk factors, the two diseases over time may develop features that are quite similar. Study objective: To evaluate the association between physician-diagnosed asthma and the subsequent development of COPD in a cohort of 3,099 adult subjects from Tucson, AZ. Design and methods: A prospective observational study. Participants completed up to 12 standard respiratory questionnaires and 11 spirometry lung function measurements over a period of 20 years. Survival curves (with time to development of COPD as the dependent variable) were compared between subjects with asthma and subjects without asthma at the initial survey. Results: Subjects with active asthma (n = 192) had significantly higher hazard ratios than inactive (n = 156) or nonasthmatic subjects (n = 2751) for acquiring COPD. As compared with nonasthmatics, active asthmatics had a 10-times-higher risk for acquiring symptoms of chronic bronchitis (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.94 to 20.25), 17-times-higher risk of receiving a diagnosis of emphysema (95% CI, 8.31 to 34.83), and 12.5-times-higher risk of fulfilling COPD criteria (95% CI, 6.84 to 22.84), even after adjusting for smoking history and other potential confounders. Conclusions: Physician-diagnosed asthma is significantly associated with an increased risk for CB, emphysema, and COPD.
Familial Spontaneous Pneumothorax and HLA Antigens

Twenty-three members of a family in which six persons had repeated spontaneous pneumothorces were studied for physical, chemical and genetic markers of this disease. A relationship between the HLA haplotype A2, B40, the alpha 1, antitrypsin phenotype M1 M2 and the occurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax was suggested in this family.
Isolated Supravalvular Stenosing Ring of Left Atrium: Diagnosis Before Operation and Successful Surgical Treatment

A case of supravalvular stenosing ring of the left atrium without an associated cardiac lesion and the youngest (four-month-old) patient ever reported to survive operation with this lesion is presented. The importance of careful diganostic studies including clinical examination, angiocardiography and echocardiography before operation is emphasized. Since this lesion is potentially curable by operation, repair with use of cardiopulmonary bypass should be performed without delay once the diagnosis has been made.
Cattle performance and production when grazing Bermudagrass at two forage mass levels in the southern Piedmont.

Performanceand productionof growing cattle (Bos taurus) on Coastal Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon(L.)Pers.) pastureareaffectedby forageallow- ance, but possible interactions with fertilizer nutrient source (i.e., inorganic vs. organic) and time have not been well described. We evaluated the effects of 3 nutri- ent sources with equivalent N rates: 1) inorganic, 2) crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) cover crop plus inorganic, and 3) chicken (Gallus gallus) broiler litter, factorially arranged with 2 residual forage mass levels (grazing to maintain high (4,528 ± 1,803 kg/ha) and low (2,538 ± 1,264 kg/ha) forage mass), on cattle stocking density, ADG, and BW gain during 5 consecu- tive summer grazing seasons. Across grazing seasons, residual forage mass and nutrient source both affected responsevariables,butinteractionsbetweenthesevari- ables were rarely significant (P ≤ 0.10). Across grazing seasons and nutrient sources, increasing grazing pres- sure to maintain a lower forage mass reduced ADG (0.67 vs. 0.88 kg/d; P < 0.001) but increased BW gain/ ha (726 vs. 578 kg/ha; P < 0.001) due to greater stocking density (8.7 vs. 5.8 steers/ha, P < 0.001; mean BW of
Nonlinearity of effective index versus bulk index in multilayer dielectric waveguides: Large incremental effective index sensitivity*

A device for modulating the effective refractive index of a guided wave can be viewed as having a nonlinear input-output characteristic, with the effective refractive index as output and the bulk refractive index of the active (e.g., electrooptic) medium as the input. As with any such device, proper “biasing” of the input can result in a large incremental, or small-signal, sensitivity. In a multilayer dielectric waveguide, obtaining a large incremental effective index sensitivity (IEIS) is equivalent to the problem of synthesizing total internal reflecting structures with prescribed dependence of phase shift on angle of incidence. The required dependence can be achieved with five dielectric layers, over a narrow range of effective index. In this case, the IEIS is limited primarily by thickness tolerances and introduction of additional guided modes.
Shade, leaf growth and crown development of Quercus rubra, Quercus velutina, Prunus serotina and Acer rubrum seedlings.

Summary The study was conducted in an open field to determine the optimum irradiance for establishment and growth of two oak species and two major associated woody species. Half-sib seedlings of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), red maple (Acer r&rum L.), northern red oak (Quercus ruhra L.) and black oak (Q. velutina Lam.) were grown for two years under shade-cloth tents. Eight shade treatments (94,70,57, 45,37,27,20 and 8% of full sunlight) with three replications each were used. Measurements were made on seedlings harvested at the end of the first and second growing seasons. In the second year, shading significantly decreased the number of leaves for all species except black cherry, but only significantly decreased leaf area in northern red oak. Shading significantly decreased average leaf size of red maple. Average leaf size of black cherry was largest in the intermediate shade treatments and decreased significantly with increased and decreased shade. Leaf weight/leaf area (mg cm-*) increased significantly in a quadratic pattern with decreasing shade for all four species. Leaf area ratio (cm’ g-‘) decreased significantly with decreasing shade for all species except red maple in the first year and black oak in the second year. Total branch development increased significantly with decreasing shade in red maple and northern red oak, whereas indeterminate branches increased significantly with decreasing shade only in black cherry, and short branches increased significantly with decreasing shade only in red maple.
Antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of the Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther extract in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

BACKGROUND: Our previous in vitro study showed that 50% ethanolic extract of Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther (GE50) exhibited an inhibitory effect on angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE). This study was aimed at evaluating the antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of GE50 extract on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). RESULTS: Daily oral administration of GE50 extract (2.5 g kg−1 body weight) for 4 weeks exhibited a significant decrease in blood pressure as well as ACE activity of tested tissues in SHR rats, while no significant change was found in normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). For SHR, GE50 extract increased the total antioxidant status in the plasma and decreased malondialdehyde levels in all tested tissues. Furthermore, GE50 extract increased α-tocopherol and glutathione levels in brain tissue, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities in heart, as well as catalase activity in liver tissue. In WKY rats, GE50 extract only increased ascorbic acid level in liver tissue. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that GE50 might serve as an antioxidant and an ACE inhibitor in convalescence from hypertension in rats. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
The Social Construction of “Sophisticated” Adolescents How Judges Integrate Juvenile and Criminal Justice Decision-Making Models

This study investigates the types of decision-making models that frame people-processing decisions. An analysis of the judicial waiver hearing will be used as an example of such institutional processing. I investigate how decision makers engage in practical reasoning by exploring the methods they use to organize information about youth and accomplish their judicial duties. Observational and interview data from a case study of three juvenile courthouses in a California county are used to investigate official case processing. The study offers three important theoretical insights for research in sociology and criminology; a revised theoretical framework for understanding juvenile justice decision making that incorporates criminal justice frameworks, an analysis of how substantive factors (e.g., values, stereotypes, assumptions) can enter into decision making, and an illustration of how decision making is organizationally situated.
V. Multi-Level Analysis of Cortical Neuroanatomy in Williams Syndrome

The purpose of a neuroanatomical analysis of Williams Syndrome (WMS) brains is to help bridge the knowledge of the genetics of this disorder with the knowledge on behavior. Here, we outline findings of cortical neuroanatomy at multiple levels. We describe the gross anatomy with respect to brain shape, cortical folding, and asymmetry. This, as with most neuroanatomical information available in the literature on anatomical-functional correlations, links up best to the behavioral profile. Then, we describe the cytoarchitectonic appearance of the cortex. Further, we report on some histometric results. Finally, we present findings of immunocytochemistry that attempt to link up to the genomic deletion. The gross anatomical findings consist mainly of a small brain that shows curtailment in the posterior-parietal and occipital regions. There is also subtle dysmorphism of cortical folding. A consistent finding is a short central sulcus that does not become opercularized in the interhemispheric fissure, bringing attention to a possible developmental anomaly affecting the dorsal half of the hemispheres. There is also lack of asymmetry in the planum temporale. The cortical cytoarchitecture is relatively normal, with all sampled areas showing features typical of the region from which they are taken. Measurements in area 17 show increased cell size and decreased cell-packing density, which address the issue of possible abnormal connectivity. Immunostaining shows absence of elastin but normal staining for Lim-1 kinase, both of which are products of genes that are part of the deletion. Finally, one serially sectioned brain shows a fair amount of acquired pathology of microvascular origin related most likely to underlying hypertension and heart disease.
Stable carbon isotope fractionation of 1,2-dichloropropane during dichloroelimination by Dehalococcoides populations.

The isotope fractionation of 1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-D) during dichloroelimination to propene by Dehalococcoides populations was explored in laboratory experiments in order to provide data for the...
Simulating a nonstationary Poisson process using bivariate thinning: the case of “typical weekday” arrivals at a consumer electronics store

We present a case study in which thinning is applied to simulate time-varying arrivals at a consumer electronics store. The underlying simulation was developed to support an analysis of new staffing schedules for retail sales associates, given proposed changes in store layout and operating procedures. A principal challenge was developing a modeling approach for customer arrivals, where it was understood that the arrival rate varied by time-of-day and by day-of-the-week, as well as seasonally. An analysis of arrival data supported a conjectured "typical weekday" as one basic arrival model. For this model, arrivals were assumed to be nonstationary Poisson, with a piecewise-linear arrival rate independently modulated by hour and by day. Arrival data were filtered and independent hourly and daily thinning factors computed. In the simulation, potential arrivals were generated with a mean equal to the minimum average interarrival rate, determined from the average arrival count for the hour/day time block with unit thinning factors. Candidate arrivals were then thinned using a bivariate acceptance probability equal to the product of the corresponding hourly and daily thinning factors.
Abstract 403: E-selectin Transfer by Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus Improves Angiogenesis in a Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia

Novel cell-based therapies, including optimization of the wound microenvironment via chemical or genetic means, hold promise to revolutionize the treatment of chronic limb ischemia and ischemic wounds. We examined the hypothesis that increasing expression in ischemic tissue of the endothelial adhesion molecule E-selectin by adeno-associated viral transduction would promote angiogenesis in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia. 12-week-old female C57BL/6 mice (N=10) underwent unilateral femoral artery ligation. After ligation, each mouse was injected in the ipsilateral semimebranosus muscle with 1x108 viral particles of either adeno-associated virus recombinant with human E-selectin gene (AAV/E-selectin) or adeno-associated virus recombinant with green fluorescent protein gene as control (AAV/GFP) suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (N=5/group). Ischemia was confirmed by laser Doppler perfusion imaging on post-ligation day one. Mice were sacrificed on post-ligation day seven and semimembranosus muscle harvested from the ligated limb. Muscle was fixed, embedded, and sectioned in 5 μm intervals. To assess the efficacy of viral transduction, we performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) of each section from the AAV/GFP group with anti-GFP antibody and from the AAV/E-selectin group with anti-human E-selectin antibody. Angiogenesis was evaluated by capillary density with IHC of all slides for endothelial cell marker VEGFR2 with anti-VEGFR2 antibody. Relative fluorescence index per high-powered field (RFI) was recorded for each slide. E-selectin RFI was 4 times greater, VEGFR2 RFI was 2 times greater, and E-selectin/VEGFR2 RFI ratio was 2 times greater in AAV/E-selectin treated tissue than in control. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the AAV/E-selectin vector as an effective means to upregulate E-selectin expression in ischemic muscle and supports E-selectin upregulation as a possible means to improve ischemia-induced angiogenesis. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Reply from Authors re: Joseph L. Chin. In Search of the Perfect Crystal Ball for Ta Urothelial Cancer. Eur Urol 2010;57:21–2

The unrelenting quest for determinants that can predict the behavior of urothelial carcinoma (UC) has resulted in the identification of many different candidate markers over the years. Classic studies have identified morphologic, genetic, and immunologic characteristics of UC that are associated with patient outcome. More recent investigations of molecular genotypes and phenotypes have identified specific alterations in individual tumors that have shown great promise in predicting outcome and therapeutic response in UC, particularly p53, Rb, and p21 [1]. These endeavors are well summarized in the editorial by Chin [2]. Much of this work, however, has been performed in patients with invasive UC. Although there is a body of work classifying noninvasive papillary (Ta) UC into risk groups, most studies depend on histologic (tumor grade) and clinical/morphologic criteria (size, multifocality, and frequency of recurrence). More patient-specific approaches for predicting risk of recurrence and progression in Ta UC, based on molecular characteristics of tumors, have lagged far behind. As Chin points out, the ability to determine which Ta tumors will recur and progress will have a profound impact on the management of the most common form of UC.
1064 nm infrared laser ablation of silicon wafer with a water film flowing through the ablated spot

With a water film flowing through the ablated spot, 1064 nm infrared laser ablation of silicon wafer demonstrated material volume removal rate of 0.2 mm3/sec and a small heat-affected-zone for wafer slotting .
THE ALTITUDE AFFECTS THE RUNNER PLANT PRODUCTION AND QUAUTY IN STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS

This study was conducted at the elevations of 1200 and 1850 m on the strawberry cultlvars Pajaro, Douglas and Doritt (216), to determine the effect of elevation on runner plant production and quality. 1be production of runner plants at different elevations were similar. There was an important difference between the two elevations with respect tei rooted runner plant numbers. The runner plants from the lower elevation was better than those from higher. At the lower elevation, the runner plants had much more leaves and primary adventive roots and longer roots. There was no difference in the crown dlameter of runner plants. Elevation also affected the quality of runner plants. The percentage of No.1 runner plants produced at 1200 m was greater than that of plants produced at 1850 m. In conclusion, production of runner plant at 1200 m e1evation appears better than at 1850 m.
Experimental Study on Dynamic Hydrocyclone for Thin Oil Dewatering

The special dynamic hydrocyclone for the thin oil dewatering is developed combining with its advantage in creating high strength swirl field, aiming at the character of the thin oil. By lab experiment, the curves, between the input water cut, viscosity, speed of rotating wall, the ratio and the efficiency, are obtained. Then, the operating parameters are optimized for the dynamic hydrocyclone with specified construction. Subsequently, one process of series/parallel connection of several dynamic hydrocyclones is designed. The result of the experiments shows that applying the dynamic hydrocyclone in thin oil dewatering can lessen the water cut to under 5%, simultaneously, the manufacturing period of the product oil is reduced while the post disposal cost is also reduced since the oil concentrate-on has been controlled under 200mg/l in the sewerage. The research illustrates that the application of the dynamic hydrocyclone in thin oil dewatering is absolutely feasible, which can serve as the valuable experience of the dynamic hydrocyclone in extending application.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Narrating Past and Future: Deindustrialized Landscapes as Resources

A growing body of contemporary American literature, “deindustrialization literature,” most of it by writers who grew up after major plant closings, is set in former industrial areas, such as Detroit and Youngstown. These texts focus on the lives and perspectives of those who have inherited the physical, economic, and cultural landscapes of the rust belt. For these writers and their characters, the past is always an important part of the present. The deindustrialized landscape provides not only the setting but also significant plot elements, themes, and symbols through which these writers narrate stories about young adults wrestling with their identities, affiliations, and opportunities during a period of economic decline and social change. These narratives complicate the relationship between past and present through characters' observations of and interactions in the deindustrialized landscape. With a complex, ambivalent perspective, they suggest the possibility of revival for both communities and individuals. A novel and works of creative non-fiction by Youngstown's Christopher Barzak and the short stories of Detroit's Michael Zadoorian illustrate how representations of abandoned mills and decaying commercial and residential sites can reveal the complex and persistent significance of deindustrialization, decades after closings began, while also pointing toward a future that uses the past as a resource.
Optical Studies of Electroluminescent Structures from Porous Silicon

Two components of the electroluminescence (EL) from porous silicon light emitting diode (LED) devices have been observed. A slower component and a faster component have been identified. The slower component has a spectral peak shifted to the red from the corresponding photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. The faster component has a spectral peak well in the infrared (IR). Optical and electrical measurements of these two components are discussed. The temperature dependence of the two EL components are presented and contrasted. Our measurements demonstrate that the two EL components and the PL result from recombination in different parts of the porous silicon structure. As the temperature is reduced below room temperature the slower EL exhibits a decrease in intensity at relatively high temperatures, suggesting a freeze out of electrical carriers due to quantum confinement, resulting in a much reduced electrical excitation of the EL.
The effects of thermal modulation upon the onset of Marangoni-Benard convection - Heating from below

INTRODUCTION The influence of a combination of The authors' have recently completed steady and time-periodic heating from an investigation of how oscillatory, nonbelow upon the onset of Marangoniplanar shear can affect (on a linear baBenard convection is investigated. Insis) the onset of thermocapillary constability can begin with either the same vection of thermocapillary convection frequency (synchronous case) or half of the Marangoni-Benard (MB) type, the frequency (subharmonic case) of the We concluded that such unsteady shear time-periodic modulation. Modulation can be used to stabilized greatly both with moderate frequencies and amplithe long wavelength mode that tends tudes can lead to stabilization of 50to be dominant in a microgravity en100% for the finite wavelength mode, vironment and the finite wavelength However, the modulation has negligible mode that tends to be dominant on effect upon the longwavelength mode earth. For the long wavelength mode, of convection, unlike the case of shear however, the result is sensitive to the modulation. frequency, and significant destabilization can occur over certain bands of fre* Research Associate quency. ^Professor; Senior member AIAA In order to provide a contrast to the
Does ethnicity matter? Utilization, responses to medical problems, attitudes and satisfaction in a medically underserved community.

Sample surveys offer only surface knowledge of complex questions in healthcare. When properly designed, administered, analyzed, discussed, and acted on, however, they can serve as an educational/communications device.
Comparison of backscattered scanning electron microscopy and microradiography of secondary caries.

Carious lesions are usually studied using light microscopy and/or microradiography which require preparation of thin sections. Backscattered scanning electron microscopy (BSEM) has received little attention although it provides information similar to that obtained with microradiographs, with the potential for higher resolution. Recently, microscopes have been introduced that can be used to study wet or nonconducting specimens, offering techniques for studying specimens without desiccation or preparation of thin sections. This investigation sought to determine if secondary carious lesions have the same characteristics when studied by microradiography as when using the "wet" BSEM mode. Microradiographs were made of thin sections from restored teeth with secondary caries induced in an artificial caries system. The thin sections were also studied by BSEM with a partial pressure in the specimen chamber to prevent specimen charging. Comparisons of the lesion size and shape were made using the two methods. Lesion depth measurements in enamel were the same; lesions that penetrated into dentin appeared to be of similar size and shape, but lesion depths measured by BSEM were slightly greater (paired t-test, p less than .05). This was a result of cracks at the carious enamel-dentin interface that probably developed during storage of the samples. Variations in the surface enamel rod structure and the development of subsurface lesions were apparent. Several zones were also apparent in the carious dentin, demonstrating loss of dentinal tubule detail in the depth of the lesion, collapse of tubules, and hypermineralized regions near the advancing front of the lesion. Several additional samples of natural carious teeth were examined. They demonstrated the characteristic structural features of the carious process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cerebral perfusion imaging in asymptomatic carotid artery occlusion following gun shot

Recognition of brain injury in asymptomatic carotid artery injuries with conventional methods can be difficult. We present a case of angiographically proven asymptomatic left internal carotid artery occlusion with normal CT after a gunshot wound. The SPECT brain perfusion imaging showed mild generalized supratentorial hypoperfusion of the bilateral cerebral cortices on the left side and severe left temporal lobe hypoperfusion.
Quantification of Bio-Oil Functional Groups and Evidences of the Presence of Pyrolytic Humins

Quantification of functional groups (carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, phenolics) in biomass-derived pyrolysis oils is crucial to advance our understanding of bio-oil compositional changes during production, storage, aging, and upgrading. Traditionally, most of the methods reported in the literature on this subject are based on titration. There are very few studies on the use of spectroscopic techniques for the quantification of functional groups in bio-oils. The distribution of functional groups between the volatile and the heavy fraction is also very poorly understood. The content of functional groups in the volatile fraction estimated by GC/MS was compared with their content in the total oil determined by titration and 31P NMR. The carbonyl groups are almost equally distributed between the volatile and the oligomeric fractions. The content of total phenols varies between 1.6 and 3.1 mmol/g. It is important to note that between 85 and 95% of the phenols in bio-oil are in the form of oligomers. The content o...
Sexual Health across the Lifecycle: A Practical Guide for Clinicians

This is a practical, positive approach to sexual health promotion for clinicians in primary care. It presents sexual concerns across the lifecycle, from childhood to old age, illuminated throughout by scenarios based on real life. It highlights common sexual issues from different age groups. Additionally it has chapters on sexuality and disability, sexual minorities, HIV-positive individuals, and complementary medicine. Each chapter serves as a practical resource to facilitate better care and communication with patients. Common sexual difficulties, approach to evaluation, and interview techniques, as well as management are presented in a practical manner. Numerous illustrations will assist the clinician in advising patients with back pain, who are pregnant, or who have chronic illnesses on how to make adjustments to their sexual life to maximize their quality of life. It presents an invaluable resource for all health professionals that spans the needs of patients from all backgrounds and age groups.
Small Molecule Inhibition of the Ubiquitin-specific Protease USP2 Accelerates cyclin D1 Degradation and Leads to Cell Cycle Arrest in Colorectal Cancer and Mantle Cell Lymphoma Models.

Abstract Deubiquitinases are important components of the protein degradation regulatory network. We report the discovery of ML364, a small molecule inhibitor of the deubiquitinase USP2 and its use to interrogate the biology of USP2 and its putative substrate cyclin D1. ML364 has an IC50 of 1.1 μm in a biochemical assay using an internally quenched fluorescent di-ubiquitin substrate. Direct binding of ML364 to USP2 was demonstrated using microscale thermophoresis. ML364 induced an increase in cellular cyclin D1 degradation and caused cell cycle arrest as shown in Western blottings and flow cytometry assays utilizing both Mino and HCT116 cancer cell lines. ML364, and not the inactive analog 2, was antiproliferative in cancer cell lines. Consistent with the role of cyclin D1 in DNA damage response, ML364 also caused a decrease in homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair. These effects by a small molecule inhibitor support a key role for USP2 as a regulator of cell cycle, DNA repair, and tumor cell growth.
Chatham Fan and adjacent upper Baranof Fan channels and levee, US Gulf of Alaska margin

The Chatham Fan (Fig. 1b, c), a relatively small submarine fan, was mapped as part of the University of New Hampshire's Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping effort to collect multibeam-bathymetric and backscatter data in support of the US Extended Continental Shelf (United Nations Law of the Sea Convention) project (Gardner & Mayer 2005). It has buried a portion of the head of the much larger Baranof Fan (Stevenson & Embley 1987; von Huene 1989; LeVoir et al. 2011) on the US Gulf of Alaska continental margin. Chatham Fan also either buried the upper reaches of Horizon Channel or diverted it northwestwards. The existing levee of upper Horizon Channel was subsequently incised by a well-developed meandering channel that trends along the strike of the levee, not down the steeper lee side of the levee slope. The meandering levee channel is related indirectly to processes that were contemporaneous with the deposition of Chatham Fan. Fig. 1. Multibeam-bathymetric and backscatter imagery, and a CHIRP sub-bottom profile of the Chatham and upper Baranof fans, Gulf of Alaska. ( a ) Location of the study area (red box; map from GEBCO_08). The …
Formal Availability Analysis Using Theorem Proving

Availability analysis is used to assess the possible failures and their restoration process for a given system. This analysis involves the calculation of instantaneous and steady-state availabilities of the individual system components and the usage of this information along with the commonly used availability modeling techniques, such as Availability Block Diagrams (ABD) and Fault Trees (FTs) to determine the system-level availability. Traditionally, availability analyses are conducted using paper-and-pencil methods and simulation tools but they cannot ascertain absolute correctness due to their inaccuracy limitations. As a complementary approach, we propose to use the higher-order-logic theorem prover HOL4 to conduct the availability analysis of safety-critical systems. For this purpose, we present a higher-order-logic formalization of instantaneous and steady-state availability, ABD configurations and generic unavailability FT gates. For illustration purposes, these formalizations are utilized to conduct formal availability analysis of a satellite solar array, which is used as the main source of power for the Dong Fang Hong-3 (DFH-3) satellite.
Development of Pain Systems

The assessment of pain intensity traditionally relies on analgesic scoring methods that utilize self-reporting. This is not applicable in the preterm infant and newborn. In this vulnerable population, pain behavior guides assessment.
Live together or Die Alone: Block cooperation to extend lifetime of resistive memories

Block-level cooperation is an endurance management technique that operates on top of error correction mechanisms to extend memory lifetimes. Once an error recovery scheme fails to recover from faults in a data block, the entire physical page associated with that block is disabled and becomes unavailable to the physical address space. To reduce the page waste caused by early block failures, other blocks can be used to support the failed block, working cooperatively to keep it alive and extend the faulty page's lifetime. We combine the proposed technique with existing error recovery schemes, such as Error Correction Pointers (ECP) and Aegis, to increase memory lifetimes. Block cooperation is realized through metadata sharing in ECP, where one data block shares its unused metadata with another data block. When combined with Aegis, block cooperation is realized through reorganizing data layout, where blocks possessing few faults come to the aid of failed blocks, bringing them back from the dead. Employing block cooperation at a single level (or multiple levels) on top of ECP and Aegis, we can increase memory lifetimes by 28% (37%), and 8% (14%) on average, respectively.
Diffusion of Photoabsorbing Degradation Byproducts in Photodegradable Polymer Networks

Photodegradation of crosslinked, hydrated polymer networks is an important lithographic process in the fabrication of structured biomaterials. In order to better understand the properties of materials fabricated using photodegradation, the process is mathematically modeled, paying special attention to how diffusible photoabsorbing species mediate the degradation of the polymer network. These light-absorbing species may significantly alter light attenuation; thus, understanding the spatial movement of these species is critical in developing a predictive model of photodegradation. Using a series of mass-action models, diffusion of absorbing species is shown to play a significant role in determining the final state of the photodegraded network. The predicted degree of degradation is significantly different when including the effects of diffusion than that predicted when neglecting diffusion. This model also explores degradation profiles that result from different experimental geometries. This model is the most accurate description to date of the relationship between experimental conditions and resulting photodegradation.
The communicative role of non-face emojis

Emojis have evolved from imitations of facial expressions meant to communicate affect into pictures of objects, food, and places that are not directly linked to affect. While emojis that resemble facial expressions are well-researched, emojis that resemble objects and items are much less so. The current experiment is an exploration as to whether these non-face emojis disambiguate messages and communicate affect in the same manner in which face emojis do. Participants rated the affective content and ambiguity of text messages that are either accompanied or not by a non-face emoji. Results suggest that non-face emojis may disambiguate messages and transmit affect, and that these roles interact such that the extent to which an emoji communicates affect is related to how much it disambiguates a message. These results are discussed through the lens of the sociological theory of emotion work. The author also suggests ways in which research on non-face emojis might uncover more flexible communicative roles not possible with face emojis. Non-face emojis may decrease message ambiguity and increase readers' confidence.Non-face emojis may alter readers' perceived affect of a text message.Non-face emojis may alter affective content more significantly for ambiguous messages.
MazeStar: a platform for studying virtual identity and computer science education

This paper presents an overview of the MazeStar platform for Computer Science education. MazeStar is both a game (Mazzy) that teaches programming concepts like loops and conditionals, and a game editor which allows players to create and share their own game levels. By playing and creating, players are using computing concepts (e.g., block structuring, parallelism, etc.) and computing practices (e.g., debugging, iterative prototyping, etc.). To date the MazeStar platform has been used in controlled user studies involving > 10,000 participants. Here, our goal is to detail the different components of the MazeStar platform, and how we have/are leveraging these components to study the interplay of education, games/game-making, and virtual identity.
Induced Dynamic Intracranial Pressure and Cerebrovascular Reactivity Assessment of Cerebrovascular Autoregulation After Traumatic Brain Injury with High Intracranial Pressure in Rats.

Objective: In previous work we showed that high intracranial pressure (ICP) in the rat brain induces a transition from capillary (CAP) to pathological microvascular shunt (MVS) flow, resulting in brain hypoxia, edema, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage. This transition was correlated with a loss of cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation undetected by static autoregulatory curves but identified by induced dynamic ICP (iPRx) and cerebrovascular (iCVRx) reactivity. We hypothesized that loss of CBF autoregulation as correlated with MVS flow would be identified by iPRx and iCVRx in traumatic brain injury (TBI) with elevated ICP.
Scaling Laws for Inverse-Designed Metadevices

Metasurface designs are typically limited to single functions. We use an inverse design method to optimize device performance across multiple tasks, and investigate limits on performance based on effective degrees of freedom in the system.
Identifying corollary discharges for movement in the primate brain

The brain keeps track of the movements it makes so as to process sensory input accurately and coordinate complex movements gracefully. In this chapter we review the brain's strategies for keeping track of fast, saccadic eye movements. One way it does this is by monitoring copies of saccadic motor commands, or corollary discharges. It has been difficult to identify corollary discharge signals in the primate brain, although in some studies the influence of corollary discharge, for example on visual processing, has been found. We propose four criteria for identifying corollary discharge signals in primate brain based on our experiences studying a pathway from superior colliculus, in the brainstem, through mediodorsal thalamus to frontal eye field, in the prefrontal cortex. First, the signals must originate from a brain structure involved in generating movements. Second, they must begin just prior to movements and represent spatial attributes of the movements. Third, eliminating the signals should not impair movements in simple tasks not requiring corollary discharge. Fourth, eliminating the signals should, however, disrupt movements in tasks that require corollary discharge, such as a double-step task in which the monkey must keep track of one saccade in order to correctly generate another. Applying these criteria to the pathway from superior colliculus to frontal eye field, we concluded that it does indeed convey corollary discharge signals. The extent to which cerebral cortex actually uses these signals, particularly in the realm of sensory perception, remains unknown pending further studies. Moreover, many other ascending pathways from brainstem to cortex remain to be explored in behaving monkeys, and some of these, too, may carry corollary discharge signals.
Fluid Shear Stress Control of Vascular Smooth Muscle

In addition to neural and humoral signals, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) sense the mechanical environment that is imposed upon them by hemodynamic forces generated in the vascular system. The traditional view of mechanical forces and the vascular system has been that endothelial cells (EC), which line all blood vessels, sense primarily the shear stress of flowing blood on their lumenal surface (e.g. 28), whereas SMC, which lie within the wall and are normally shielded from the direct shearing forces of blood flow, sense the solid mechanical stress (hoop stress) or strain (stretch) driven by blood pressure (e.g. 102). But, it is clear that EC also experience solid mechanical stress and strain associated with vessel distension in response to the pressure pulse and are influenced by these forces (29). Perhaps less obvious is the fact that SMC, in their normal physiological environment, experience significant levels of fluid shear stress associated with transmural interstitial flow driven by the transvascular pressure differential. In addition, in cases of vascular injury, SMC may be directly exposed to the fluid shearing forces of blood flow. The nature and magnitude of these fluid mechanical forces on SMC and their pathophysiological consequences provide the focus for this review. In order to maintain a sense of balance, however, we also describe, albeit briefly, the solid mechanical environment of SMC and the influence of tissue stress and strain on SMC function.
LPCVD Grown β-Ga2O3: Materials and devices (Conference Presentation)

Ultrawide bandgap (UWBG) gallium oxide (Ga2O3) represents an emerging semiconductor material with excellent chemical and thermal stability up to 1400 C. It has a band gap of 4.5-4.9 eV, much higher than that of the GaN (3.4 eV) and 4H-SiC (3.2 eV). The monoclinic β-phase Ga2O3 represents the thermodynamically stable crystal among the known five phases (α, β, γ, δ, ɛ). The breakdown field of β-Ga2O3 is estimated to be 8 MV/cm, which is about three times larger than that of 4H-SiC and GaN. These unique properties make β-Ga2O3 a promising candidate for high power electronic device and solar blind photodetector applications. More advantageously, single crystal β-Ga2O3 substrates can be synthesized by scalable and low cost melting based growth techniques. Different from the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth techniques, we have developed a low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) method to grow high quality β-Ga2O3 thin films on both native Ga2O3 and c-sapphire substrates with controllable doping and fast growth rates up to 10 µm/hr. In this talk, we present the growth, material characterization and device demonstration of β-Ga2O3 thin films grown via LPCVD. The β-Ga2O3 thin films were grown on native β-Ga2O3 (010), (001) and (-201) substrates and sapphire substrates using high purity gallium and oxygen as the precursors, and argon (Ar) as the carrier gas. The growth temperature ranged between 850 ˚C and 950 ˚C. Fundamental material properties including temperature dependent Hall measurements will be discussed.
Dynamics of technological mediation: a case of television white space deployment

Technological mediation provides a model for analyzing the role that internet service providers (ISPs) play in translating technologies from the "technological frontier" to their particular commercial context. Although its original conception defined three obstacles mediators encounter during this process (technical, commercial, and structural), how these obstacles unfold during mediation has yet to be fully investigated. Through an ethnographic case study with a small rural ISP, we deepen our understanding of this model, in particular the complex interplay between the dynamic technological environment and the experiences of the mediator. While innovation scholars know that commercial markets mature over time, this study illuminates how this process impacts the organizations who must adopt and localize these technologies.
Comparison of Unfractionated Heparin and Bivalirudin for Treatment of Suspected Device Thrombosis during Heart Mate II Support

Purpose Although intravenous anticoagulation is the mainstay medical therapy employed during CF LVAD thrombosis, the comparative impact of indirect thrombin inhibition with unfractionated heparin (UH) and direct thrombin inhibition with bivalirudin (BV) is unknown. Methods We conducted a single center review of all patients with a Heart Mate(HM) II who were admitted for suspected device thrombosis (SDT) from September 2011 to September 2018. Device thrombosis was suspected due to elevated outpatient lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), evidence of systemic emboli, or device alarms. After admission, patients were categorized into those receiving UH or BV. Crossovers were excluded. Freedom from device exchange was calculated with Kaplan Meier analysis. Results Twenty-three patients were admitted for SDT, of whom 13 received UH and 10 received BV. There were no differences in age (UH: 49.2 vs. BV: 46.9 years, p=0.60) and time from implant to SDT (UH: 10.3 vs. BV: 10.4 months, p=0.98). LDH remained elevated after UH (879, IQR: 755-1049 to 1028, IQR: 550-1438 U/L, p=0.34) but dropped with BV (839, IQR: 733-914 to 453, IQR: 352-465 U/L, p=0.002). During the follow up period, there was a lower likelihood of a device exchange in patients treated with BV (HR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.09-0.89, p=0.04, figure 1). Conclusion In this sample of HM II patients, intravenous direct thrombin inhibition was more effective in treating device thrombosis.
Graft Patency after Robotically Assisted Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery.

ObjectiveWith advances in robotic instrumentation and technology, both robotically assisted minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (RMIDCAB) and totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass ...