cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Octave-bandwidth high-directivity microstrip codirectional couplers

It is a well-known problem with microstrip backward-wave couplers that directivity suffers due to the differing phase velocities of the even- and odd-mode waves. A fully-planar alternative is the forward-wave, or codirectional-coupler, but these structures have not yet been widely accepted, in part because they are complex and tedious to design. Here, we offer a simple quarter-arc geometry for loosely-coupled microstrip couplers with high-directivity that can be very quickly modeled and prototyped. A design example of a 50-110 GHz 12 dB coupler is shown. Measurements indicate that the coupler has better than 20 dB directivity over the full octave bandwidth.
Agent-based model of flow in the urethra

This short paper describes ongoing work which is an extension of earlier work exploring flow models in elastic deformable tubes. In this paper we describe an application of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) married to the earlier model implemented in an agent-based platform.
Promoting Access to Oral Health Care: More Than Professional Ethics Is Needed

I suggest that an appeal to professional ethics alone is inadequate to leverage significant behavioral change among dentists to provide or to promote access to oral health care for all regardless of the ability to pay. Presuming that access to oral health care is desired, however, then efforts in professional ethics must be complemented by strategic appeals to the personal values and even to the self-interest of dentists. In addition, if dentists as a professional group publicly elect or decide to value access to oral health care in a manner similar to how a health care organization can choose its values, then lessons can be drawn from organizational strategies to assist in cultivating and fostering among dentists the commitment to and implementation of this value. I believe that a combination of these and undoubtedly many other approaches is needed if there will ever be a professional commitment by dentists as a professional group to value access to oral health care.
The contact force to prevent large area, closed, vacuum interrupter contacts from welding when passing high fault currents of up to 4 seconds duration

An analysis is performed on data from an experiment to determine the closed contact force required to prevent the welding of closed, Cu-Cr contacts inside a vacuum interrupter passing 20kA (r.m.s) from 0.5s to 4s. It will be shown that the data can be explained if these closed contacts have more than one region of contact together with the heating of the contact's body during the passage of the current. The implication of this analysis for vacuum interrupters used in vacuum circuit breakers when required to stay closed during the passage of short circuit currents is discussed.
A Managerial Primer on the U.S. Bankruptcy Code

This note discusses reorganization procedures in U.S. bankruptcy law from a business perspective. It can be used to explore the strategic dimensions of bankruptcy procedures and to set the stage for "Foster Wheeler, Ltd." (UVA-QA-0634).
The Human Rights Agenda for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities

“Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.” —Martin Luther King, Jr.The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), an international human rights treaty...
Gold and Gold Mining in Ancient Egypt and Nubia

The authors of this substantial tome are an Egyptologist and a geologist respectively, both based at Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich. With the financial support of the Volkswagen Foundation (...
Retention of Co 60 labeled vitamin B12 in chickens.

SummaryThe results indicate that over 30% of the injected Co 60 activity is retained for as long as 12 weeks in chicks hatched from eggs injected with the radio-vitamin. The total B12 content of the chick as measured microbiologically roughly parallels Co 60 activity until 6 weeks of age, after which there is a decided increase in the total B12 content of the chicks.
Bestimmung von Spurenelementen in Wolfram mit sequentieller ICP-AES

Durch Einsatz eines hochauflosenden Monochromators mit einer geeigneten Auswertemethode konnen 27 Spurenelemente im Reinwolfram direkt durch sequentielle ICP-AES ohne Matrixabtrennung oder Anreicherungsschritte bestimmt werden. Die Analysenlinien, die experimentellen Bedingungen, die Auswertemethode und die praktischen Bestimmungsgrenzen werden angegeben.
Advanced Glycation End-Products and Their Receptors: Related Pathologies, Recent Therapeutic Strategies, and a Potential Model for Future Neurodegeneration Studies.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are the result of a nonenzymatic reaction between sugars and proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids. AGEs are both consumed and endogenously formed; their accumulation is accelerated under hyperglycemic and oxidative stress conditions, and they are associated with the onset and complication of many diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. AGEs exert their deleterious effects by either accumulating in the circulation and tissues or by receptor-mediated signal transduction. Several receptors bind AGEs: some are specific and contribute to clearance of AGEs, whereas others, like the RAGE receptor, are nonspecific, associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, and considered to be mediators of the aforementioned AGE-related diseases. Although several anti-AGE compounds have been studied, understanding the underlying mechanisms of RAGE and targeting it as a therapeutic strategy is becoming increasingly desirable. For achieving these go...
Optical Interconnects for Computing Systems and the Need for Integration

Optical interconnects play an increasingly important role in the intra-system communication in computing systems. To continue to scale system performance, new electro-optical integration approaches are required that increase bandwidth while reducing cost.
Factors Affecting Megakaryocytic Expansion in Hematopoietic Cultures for Transplant Therapies

Ex vivo expansion of platelet-producing megakaryocytes (Mk) is clinically important in reducing the period of low platelet counts which occurs after chemotherapy. Several cytokines have been shown to be important in expanding cells of the Mk lineage, especially Thrombopoietin (TPO). Other culture conditions such as oxygen tension also play a role in hematopoietic cell proliferation and differentiation. We examined the effect of oxygen tension and cytokines on Mk progenitors (CFU-Mk), total number of Mks, and size of Mks. Both the number and size of Mks are important factors for determining platelet production. We also evaluated the number of progenitors of the granulocyte/monocyte lineage (CFU-GM) and erythroid lineage (BFU-E) in these cultures. CFU-Mk was enhanced under 5% oxygen tension, while the total number and size of Mks was increased at 20% O2 tension compared to 5% O2 tension. Reduced oxygen tension enhanced CFU-GM expansion. We examined various combinations of the following cytokines: Interleukin-3 (IL-3), Stem Cell Factor (SCF), IL-6, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF, Erythropoietin (EPO), and TPO. Under 20% oxygen tension, the combination of IL-3, SCF, IL-6, and TPO produced the greatest number of CFU-Mk, while the combination of IL-3, SCF, EPO, and TPO produced the greatest number of total Mks.
Infusing trust in indoor tracking: poster

An indoor tracking system is inherently an asynchronous and distributed system that contains various types (e.g., detection, selection, and fusion) of events. One of the key challenges with regards to indoor tracking is an efficient selection and arrangement of sensor devices in the environment. Selecting the "right" subset of these sensors for tracking an object as it traverses an indoor environment is the necessary precondition to achieving accurate indoor tracking. With the recent proliferation of mobile devices, specifically those with many onboard sensors, this challenge has increased in both complexity and scale. No longer can one assume that the sensor infrastructure is static, but rather indoor tracking systems must consider and properly plan for a wide variety of sensors, both static and mobile, to be present. In such a dynamic setup, sensors need to be properly selected using an opportunistic approach. This opportunistic tracking allows for a new dimension of indoor tracking that previously was often infeasible or unpractical due to logistic or financial constraints of most entities. In this paper, we are proposing a selection technique that uses trust as manifested by its a quality-of-service (QoS) feature, accuracy, in a sensor selection function. We first outline how classification of sensors is achieved in a dynamic manner and then how the accuracy can be discerned from this classification in an effort to properly identify the trust of a tracking sensor and then use this information to improve the sensor selection process. We conclude this paper with a discussion of results of this implementation on a prototype indoor tracking system in an effort to demonstrate the overall effectiveness of this selection technique.
Armchair Safaris: Representations of African Cultures in Zoos

One of the most jarring signs of the African diaspora in the twenty-first century metropolises of the world are zoo exhibits known as “African Villages”. These exhibits present animals typical of some parts of the continent alongside cultural performances involving African people. Scholars and activists have criticised these displays for their reductive portrayals of Africa’s diverse built environments and cultures, which contribute to the continued racialisation of people of African descent. This paper argues, however, that these performances of African culture and identity should also be understood in the context of migration and the global circulation of labour.
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–82)

After a deeply disappointing meeting with Coleridge (‘the visit was rather a spectacle than a conversation, of no use beyond the satisfaction of my curiosity’), followed by a more bracing and satisfactory exchange of views with Carlyle, Emerson continued his shorter version of the Grand Tour with a visit to Rydal Mount (28 August 1833). By then Wordsworth, in his sixty-third year, had perfected the pattern of his behavior in a casual encounter with any visitor who had come to pay his respects. He would deliver firm opinions on writers and political issues, recite his own poems, and walk his visitor around the gravel path in his garden (sometimes going further, for an additional mile, pointing out local sights, but only if he wanted to prolong the conversation). Emerson deferred to Wordsworth on social issues. He also reconsidered his initial – and unspoken – objection to a recitation (‘so unlooked for and surprising’), deciding that he had come ‘thus far to see a poet’. Wordsworth, he told himself, was entitled to the privilege of soliloquizing. But he did not care for the hardness of Wordsworth’s opinions, and concluded that Wordsworth, however committed he was to his narrow definition of ‘truth’, was an authority only in his own realm of poetry: ‘Off his own beat, his opinions were of no value.’
Psychological Explanation, Ontological Commitment and the Semantic View of Theories

Naturalistic philosophers of mind must assume some philosophy of science. For naturalism demands that we look to psychology — but to be guided by psychological theories, one must have some story about what theories are and how they work. In this way, philosophy of mind was subtly guided by philosophy of science. For the past forty years, mainstream philosophy of mind has implicitly endorsed the so-called ‘received’ or ‘axiomatic’ view of theories. On such a view, theories are sets of sentences formulated in first-order predicate logic, explanations are deductions from the theories and the ontology of a theory can be read off from the predicates used in explanations.
Green- and heterogeneity-aware partitioning for data analytics

Distributed algorithms for analytics partition their input data across many machines for parallel execution. At scale, it is likely that some machines will perform worse than others because they are slower, power constrained or dependent on undesirable, dirty energy sources. It is even more challenging to balance analytics workloads as the algorithms are sensitive to statistical skew across data partitions and not just partition size. Here, we propose a lightweight framework that controls the statistical distribution of each partition and sizes partitions according to the heterogeneity of the environment. We model heterogeneity as a multi-objective optimization, with the objectives being functions for execution time and dirty energy consumption. We use stratification to control data skew and model heterogeneity-aware partitioning. We then discover Pareto-optimal partitioning strategies. We built our partitioning framework atop Redis and measured its performance on data mining workloads with realistic data sets. Our framework simultaneously achieved 34% reduction in time and 21% reduction in dirty energy usage for a popular webgraph compression algorithm using 8 partitions.
Self-affirmation impacts behavioral intentions but not preferences for delayed outcomes

Abstract Numerous studies indicate that focusing on one's important values or attributes, a process known as self-affirmation, facilitates forming intentions to change one's behaviors in self-threatening domains. However, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie these effects. The present study tested the pre-registered hypothesis that self-affirmation increases intentions to change health-relevant behaviors among participants with relatively high health risks as a result of broadening their temporal perspectives. Among participants with relatively high health risks, self-affirmation indeed led to greater general intentions to increase consumption of fruits and vegetables, but not specific consumption intentions. Furthermore, there was no significant effect of the self-affirmation manipulation on temporal perspective, as assessed by a monetary delay discounting task. These findings confirm the beneficial effects of self-affirmation on general intentions to change health-relevant behaviors among those with a relatively high health risk, while drawing further attention to the need to elucidate the underlying psychological mechanisms of self-affirmation.
Imaging as an Outcome Measure in Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sensitive to lesion formation both in the brain and spinal cord. Imaging plays a prominent role in the diagnosis and monitoring of MS. Over a dozen anti-inflammatory therapies are approved for MS and the development of many of these medications was made possible through the use of contrast-enhancing lesions on MRI as a phase II outcome. A similar phase II outcome method for the neurodegeneration that underlies progressive courses of the disease is still unavailable. Although magnetic resonance is an invaluable tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of treatment effects in MS, several imaging barriers still exist. In general, MRI is less sensitive to gray matter lesions, lacks pathological specificity, and does not provide quantitative data easily. Several advanced imaging methods including diffusion tensor imaging, magnetization transfer, functional MRI, myelin water fraction imaging, ultra-high field MRI, positron emission tomography, and optical coherence tomography of the retina study promising ways of overcoming the difficulties in MS imaging.
Spectral decomposition and progressive reconstruction of scalar volumes

Modern 3D imaging technologies often generate large scale volume datasets that may be represented as 3-way tensors. These volume datasets are usually compressed for compact storage, and interactive visual analysis of the data warrants efficient decompression techniques at real time. Using well known tensor decomposition techniques like CP or Tucker decomposition the volume data can be represented by a few basis vectors, the number of such vectors, called the rank of the tensor, determining the visual quality. However, in such methods, the basis vectors used between successive ranks are completely different, thereby requiring a complete recomputation of basis vectors whenever the visual quality needs to be altered. In this work, a new progressive decomposition technique is introduced for scalar volumes wherein new basis vectors are added to the already existing lower rank basis vectors. Large scale datasets are usually divided into bricks of smaller size and each such brick is represented in a compressed form. The bases used for the different bricks are data dependent and are completely different from one another. The decomposition method introduced here uses the same basis vectors for all the bricks at all hierarchical levels of detail. The basis vectors are data independent thereby minimizing storage and allowing fast data reconstruction.
Clinical research of HPV DNA detection and HPV RNA detection in single time

Objective To research the application of the single time detection of HPV E6/E7 mRNA and HC2-HPV-DNA in cervical screening project.Methods We detected both HPV E6/E7 mRNA and HC2-HPVDNA of each sample which collected from 130 cervical disease patients' cervix during Jan.2008 and July.2009.TCT results were taken as standard to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the above two test methods in detecting high-grade cervical disease.Results 82.3%(107/130)women were confirmed to infect HPV by HC2-HPV-DNA detection,and 40.0% (52/130)women were confirmed to infect HPV by HPV E6/E7 mRNA detection,there was no significant difference between the two results(X2=24.5,P＜0.05).The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value of HC2-HPV-DNA detection were 90.1 %,22.1%,37.4% and 82.6 %,respectively.The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value of HPV E6/E7 mRNA detection were 65.9%,73.3%,55.8% and 80.8%,respectively.ConclusionIn clinical cervical screening project of single time,the combination of HC2-HPV-DNA detection and HPV E6/E7 mRNA detection wick take on more potential value than applying each of them alone. Key words: Cervix neoplasms; DNA; RNA ; Papillomavims,human
Matrix metalloproteinase-23 as a new immunotherapeutic checkpoint target in melanoma.

3030 Background: Matrix metalloproteinase-23 (MMP-23) can inhibit T cell activation by selectively blocking the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3, and may also alter T cell activity and phenoty...
Tumor Dormancy and Relapse: From a Natural Byproduct of Evolution to a Disease State

Species evolve by mutations and epigenetic changes acting on individuals in a population; tumors evolve by similar mechanisms at a cellular level in a tissue. This article reviews growing evidence about tumor dormancy and suggests that (i) cellular malignancy is a natural byproduct of evolutionary mechanisms, such as gene mutations and epigenetic modifications, which is manifested in the form of tumor dormancy in healthy individuals as well as in cancer survivors; (ii) cancer metastasis could be an early dissemination event that could occur during malignant dormancy even before primary cancer is clinically detectable; and (iii) chronic inflammation is a key factor in awakening dormant malignant cells at the primary site, leading to primary cancer development, and at distant sites, leading to advanced stage diseases. On the basis of this evidence, it is reasonable to propose that we are all cancer survivors rather than cancer-free individuals because of harboring dormant malignant cells in our organs. A better understanding of local and metastatic tumor dormancy could lead to novel cancer therapeutics for the prevention of cancer. Cancer Res; 77(10); 2564-9. ©2017 AACR.
How do sexual minority men experience burnout in the mental health field: A grounded theory study

ABSTRACTThis constructivist-grounded-theory qualitative study examined the experiences of burnout among sexual minority identified, male, mental health practitioners. Twenty-one people participated...
Inherited Disorders of Manganese Metabolism.

While the neurotoxic effects of manganese were recognized in 1837, the first genetic disorder of manganese metabolism was described only in 2012 when homozygous mutations in SLC30A10 were reported to cause manganese-induced neurotoxicity. Two other genetic disorders of manganese metabolism have now been described – mutations in SLC39A14 cause manganese toxicity, while mutations in SLC39A8 cause manganese and zinc deficiency. Study of rare genetic disorders often provides unique insights into disease pathobiology, and the discoveries of these three inherited disorders of manganese metabolism are already transforming our understanding of manganese homeostasis, detoxification, and neurotoxicity. Here, we review the mechanisms by which mutations in SLC30A10, SLC39A14, and SLC39A8 impact manganese homeostasis to cause human disease.
Why do compensating differentials matter

Following the demise of President Clinton's health care reform initiative in 1994, policy makers have adopted a series of incremental strategies to expand health insurance coverage. To date, those strategies have focused primarily on expansions of public coverage, through the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), enacted by the Congress in 1997, and a variety of state initiatives to expand Medicaid and other coverage programs. In the latter half of the 1990s, the Congress also enacted legislation to facilitate the portability of private health insurance and to phase in the deductibility of premiums for the selfemployed-initiatives that were unlikely to have much impact on coverage overall. Recently, federal policymakers have become increasingly interested in expanding tax subsidies to boost private health insurance coverage among low-to-moderate-income individuals and families, as well as in the possibility of broadening eligibility for SCHIP to include adults. Proposals for tax subsidies, which typically take the form of refundable tax credits, vary according to the target population (consumers, employers, or both); the criteria for eligibility; whether consumers could use subsidies only to purchase coverage in the individual market or whether workers' out-of-pocket premiums for employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) would also be eligible for subsidies; and the maximum subsidy amounts. Thus, for example, President Bush's proposal, released earlier this year, would provide tax credits for purchasing insurance in the individual market by those who are ineligible for either ESI or public coverage. Full subsidies would be available for individuals with annual income up to $15,000 and families with annual income up to $30,000, and would phase out above those levels. The maximum subsidy amounts would be $1,000 for individuals and $2,000 for families.1 By contrast, a bipartisan bill in the Senate (S. 590) would provide
An Interactive Simulation to Change Outcome Expectancies and Intentions in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Within-Subjects Experiment.

Background: Computerized simulations are underutilized to educate or motivate patients with chronic disease. Objective: The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of an interactive, personalized simulation that demonstrates the acute effect of physical activity on blood glucose. Our goal was to test its effects on physical activity-related outcome expectancies and behavioral intentions among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: In this within-subjects experiment, potential participants were emailed a link to the study website and directed through 7 tasks: (1) consent; (2) demographics, baseline intentions, and self-reported walking; (3) orientation to the diurnal glucose curve; (4) baseline outcome expectancy, measured by a novel drawing task in which participants use their mouse to draw the expected difference in the diurnal glucose curve if they had walked; (5) interactive simulation; (6) postsimulation outcome expectancy measured by a second drawing task; and (7) final measures of intentions and impressions of the website. To test our primary hypothesis that participants’ outcome expectancies regarding walking would shift toward the outcome presented in the interactive simulation, we used a paired t test to compare the difference of differences between the change in area under the curve in the simulation and participants’ two drawings. To test whether intentions to walk increased, we used paired t tests. To assess the intervention’s usability, we collected both quantitative and qualitative data on participants’ perceptions of the drawing tasks and simulation. Results: A total of 2019 individuals visited the website and 1335 (566 males, 765 females, and 4 others) provided complete data. Participants were largely late middle-aged (mean=59.8 years; standard deviation=10.5), female 56.55% (755/1335), Caucasian 77.45% (1034/1335), lower income 64.04% (855/1335) t1334=3.4, P ≤.001). Our second hypothesis, that participants’ intentions to walk in the coming week would increase, was also supported; general intention (mean difference=0.31/7, t1001=10.8, P<.001) and minutes of walking last week versus planned for coming week (mean difference=33.5 min, t1334=13.2, P<.001) both increased. Finally, an examination of qualitative feedback and drawing task data suggested that some participants had difficulty understanding the website. This led to a post-hoc subset analysis. In this analysis, effects for our hypothesis regarding outcome expectancies were markedly stronger, suggesting that further work is needed to determine moderators of the efficacy of this simulation. Conclusions: A novel interactive simulation is efficacious in changing the outcome expectancies and behavioral intentions of adults with T2DM. We discuss applications of our results to the design of mobile health (mHealth) interventions. [JMIR Diabetes 2018;3(1):e2]
Chemistry of Intermediate Species in the Rich Combustion of Benzene

The large potential importance of diesel engines and of synthetic fuels has led to a surge of interest in the associated problem ofsoot formation. It is well known1 that the formation of soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is strongly influenced by fuel type. Studies in gas turbine-type combustors2–4 and simple laboratory systems such as laminar diffusion flames5–9, premixed flames10–11 and well-stirred reactors2–13, have shown that aromatic fuels have a high propensity to form soot. Recent studies of soot formation in premixed flames using light scattering techniques14–15 have demonstrated the application of the laws of physical coagulation to the later stages of soot formation in flames of different fuels. These studies show that the important difference between fuels,and hence more generally a dominant factor in soot formation, is the mass of carbonaceous material that enters this coagulating system. Thus, it is important to understand the early stages of the chemistry of the fuel oxidation and pyrolysis, the pre-particle chemistry. Since previous studies suggest that the intact aromatic ring, not fragments thereof, is largely responsible for the marked propensity of aromatics to form soot16–19, a detailed study of the preservation or destruction of the ring in rich flames of benzene seems worthwhile.
Integrating Low-Power Wide-Area Networks in White Spaces

Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) are evolving as an enabling technology for Internet-of-Things (IoT) that offer long communication range at low power. Despite their promise, existing LPWANs still face limitations in meeting scalability and covering much wider area which make their adoption challenging for future IoT applications, specially in infrastructure-limited rural areas. To address this, we consider achieving scalability by integrating multiple LPWANs that need to coordinate for extended coverage. Recently proposed SNOW (Sensor Network Over White Spaces) has demonstrated advantages over existing LPWANs in its performance. In this paper, we propose to scale up LPWANs through a seamless integration of multiple SNOWs that enables concurrent inter-SNOW and intra-SNOW communications. We then formulate the tradeoff between scalability and inter-SNOW interference as a constrained optimization problem whose objective is to maximize scalability by managing white space spectrum sharing across multiple SNOWs. We also prove the NP-hardness of this problem. We then propose an intuitive polynomial time heuristic algorithm for solving the scalability optimization problem. Hardware experiments through deployment in an area of (15x10)sq. km demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm and feasibility of achieving scalability through seamless integration of SNOWs with high reliability, low latency, and energy efficiency.
The Constitution of Mind: The National University and Building the American Constitutional Order

Modern constitutional government continues to be defined by institutions and interests in contrast to it ancient counterpart. This paper offers a more rounded understanding of American constitutionalism by turning to the proponents of a national university (which included every president from George Washington to John Quincy Adams). While a national university was not ultimately established, examining the debates over the national university opens a window onto the larger project of constituting a polity and institutionalizing a constitutional order, which have been flattened, in our time, to a preoccupation with the institutions of government and particularly the judiciary and constitutional law. This paper seeks to give us a more rounded understanding of American constitutionalism, often in contrast to its ancient counterpart, as it, too, depends on fostering the mindset of its citizens. It may be that all constitutions are at root positive constitutions insofar as they contain, even if implicitly, a vision of the polity that moves far beyond the formal institutions of government. From this perspective, the Constitution was not seen as “a machine that would go of itself.” The national university was seen as a necessary supplement to the formal institutions of government that would “constitute” the American mind in a manner that carried forward the constitutional enterprise, shaping it to think, for example, in terms of the separation of the “civic” from the “theological” and the “public” from the “private.” The formal Constitution depended on citizens and governmental officials alike to think in such terms - these ideas, which were at the heart of establishing a national university against the sectarian and parochial colleges then in existence, provided the necessary framing for the larger constitutional order. This paper thus offers a civic understanding of our constitution to supplement our preoccupation with a legal understanding, and suggests that thought and ideas have been far more important to American Political Development than scholars have appreciated.
Testing for a Temperature Effect on an Early Catch Record

In conjunction with early climate records, catch records from pre-industrialfisheries are a potentially valuable sourceof information about the effect of climate on fisheries. This paper describesa test for a temperature effect on an18th century catch record of Icelandic cod. The results of the test, which isbased on a model that incorporatesboth internal population dynamics and a potential temperature effect, supportthe existence of a temperature effect.
Investigation of Rotor Structure Influence on the Windage Loss and Efficiency of FSPM Machine

This paper focuses on the influence on the windage loss brought by different rotor structures of flux-switching permanent magnet machines. Ribs and shrouds are added to the salient pole rotor to reduce the windage loss. The baseline machine has a dual-stator/rotor structure, which introduces complications in evaluating the windage loss with empirical methods. Computational fluid dynamics tool and finite element analysis are used to evaluate the fluid characteristics and the electromagnetic performance of the machine with different types of rotors, respectively. The results show that the rotor with shrouds is the most effective structure to reduce windage loss without compromising torque production.
Joint effect of service recovery types and times on customer satisfaction in lodging

Abstract To determine whether hotels use the right service recovery strategy at the right time, how service recovery time affects completion of the service recovery life cycle, and customer satisfaction, this study examined types of service recovery strategies and service recovery times on customer satisfaction. Using a 3 (service recovery strategies) × 2 (service recovery times) experimental design, the study draws upon a scenario-based online survey of 495 participants. The study's most notable findings were the interaction effect of joint service recovery in 30 min had the greatest positive effect on hotel guests' satisfaction, and the main effect of shorter service recovery times (30 min) had a greater positive effect on hotel guests' satisfaction levels than longer service recovery times (2 h) across the three service recovery strategies. Further implications and recommendations for future study were also discussed.
Progression of Blood Flow Restricted Resistance Training in Older Adults at Risk of Mobility Limitations.

Blood flow restriction (BFR) resistance training leads to increased muscle mass and strength but the progression leading to adaptations may be different as strength gains are often to a lesser magnitude than high-load (HL) training. The impact of training loads and repetitions on older adults' muscle mass and strength following BFR or HL training was evaluated. Twenty-one older adults (67-90 years) classified as being at risk of mobility limitations were randomly assigned to HL (n = 11) or BFR (n = 10) knee extension (KE) and flexion (KF) training twice per week for 12 weeks. Strength was measured with 10-repetition maximum (10-RM) tests and isometric contractions. Cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps and hamstrings was measured. HL and BFR interventions increased 10-RM KF and isometric strength (P 0.05). The rate of progression of KF training load and repetitions was comparable (time × group interactions of each variable P > 0.05). The groups averaged an increase of 0.50 ± 25 kg⋅week-1 and 1.8 ± 0.1.7 repetitions⋅week-1 of training (time main effects P < 0.05). The HL training group experienced greater improvements in KE 10-RM strength than the BFR group (60.7 ± 36.0% vs. 35.3 ± 25.5%; P = 0.03). In both groups, isometric KE strength increased 17.3 ± 18.5% (P = 0.001) and there were no differences between groups (P = 0.24). Quadriceps CSA increased (time main effect P < 0.01) and to similar magnitudes (time x group interaction P = 0.62) following HL (6.5 ± 3.1%) and BFR training (7.8 ± 8.2%). The HL group experienced accelerated progression of load when compared to BFR (0.90 ± 0.60 kg⋅week-1 vs. 30 ± 0.21 kg⋅week-1; P = 0.006) but was not different when expressed in relative terms. BFR training progressed at a rate of 3.6 ± 1.3 repetitions⋅week-1 while the HL group progressed at 2.2 ± 0.43 repetitions⋅week-1 (P = 0.003). HL training led to greater increases in KE 10-RM and it may be attributed to the greater load and/or faster rate of progression of the load throughout the 12-week training period and the specificity of the testing modality. Incorporating systematic load progression throughout BFR training periods should be employed to lead to maximal strength gains.
Association between subjective social status and facets of depression self‐stigma

Individuals with depressive symptoms frequently experience stigma, which may lower self-esteem and increase social withdrawal, further exacerbating symptoms. The association between depressive symptoms and subjective social status (SSS; perceived standing within one's community) have previously been identified. However, no work has connected the constructs of SSS and self-stigma among people with depression. Participants (N = 230) who screened positive for current major depressive episode via a self-report completed an online survey. A significant negative association between SSS and overall stigma (p = .024) was observed, which was largely explained by general self-stigma (p = .016) and stigmatizing experiences (p = .015) subscales. The results offer preliminary evidence that SSS may be associated with negative social consequences of stigmatizing health conditions.
Perioperative Characteristics Associated with Transfusion-Free Lung Transplantation

Purpose Blood transfusion during lung transplantation (LT) surgery is common. There is little evidence to identify potential candidates for transfusion-free LT surgery. We describe patient and procedural characteristics of LT patients in the era of ECMO and identify predictors of a successful transfusion-free surgery. Methods In this single-center, retrospective analysis, all adult patients undergoing LT between 9/5/2016-2/28/2019 were included. Patients were grouped based on perioperative transfusions received over 72 hours; no products, 1-4 units PRBC, or >4 U PRBC. Donor and recipient characteristics were compared between the three groups by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results 241 LTs were performed over the time period; 235 were included and 6 multiorgan transplants were excluded. 41 patients (17.4%) received no blood transfusions, while 82.6% (N=194) received transfusions. Most patients (43%, N=101) received >4 U of product. Recipients requiring blood transfusions had associated prolonged ventilation, length of stay, PGD and worsened 1-year graft survival compared to those who did not. Donor characteristics were similar between groups (Fig 1). Older males with obstructive or restrictive lung disease undergoing an off-pump, single lung LT, with lower Lung Allocation Score (LAS), higher starting hemoglobin, shorter ischemic time and case length were associated with a transfusion free LT (Fig 1). In a multivariate analysis, positive predictors for transfusion-free LT included single LT (OR=6.27, p=0.0004), and higher preoperative hemoglobin (OR=1.35 per point, p.0231). Negative predictors included female sex (F v M, OR=0.13, p=0.0005) and higher LAS (OR=0.88 per point, p=0.0002). Conclusion Predictors of transfusion free LT surgery include older males undergoing a single, off-pump LT procedure, with lower LAS scores and higher starting hemoglobin. This may guide decision making in exploring candidacy for transfusion-free LT or blood refusal patients in the era of ECMO.
Preliminary Assessment of Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Diffusion‐Weighted MRI (IVIM‐DWI) Metrics in Alzheimer's Disease

BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects aging populations. Current MRI techniques are often limited in their sensitivity to underlying neuropathological changes. PURPOSE To characterize differences in voxel-based morphometry (VBM), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging (IVIM-DWI) metrics in aging populations. Additionally, to investigate the connection between cognitive assessments and neuroimaging metrics. STUDY TYPE Prospective/cross-sectional. POPULATION In all, 49 subjects, including 13 with AD dementia, 12 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 24 healthy controls (HC). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3T/magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo (MP-RAGE) and IVIM-DWI ASSESSMENT: All participants completed a cognitive screening battery prior to MRI. IVIM-DWI maps (pure diffusion coefficient [D], pseudodiffusion coefficient [D*], and perfusion fraction [f]) were generated from a biexponential fit of diffusion MRI data. VBM was performed on the standard T1 -weighted MP-RAGE structural images. Group-wise templates were used to compare across groups. STATISTICAL TESTS Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with gender and age as covariates (familywise error [FWE] corrected, post-hoc comparisons using Bonferroni correction) for group comparisons. Partial-η2 and Hedges' g were used for effect-size analysis. Spearman's correlations (false discovery rate [FDR]-corrected) for the relationship between cognitive scores and imaging. RESULTS Clusters of significant group-wise differences were found mainly in the temporal lobe, hippocampus, and amygdala using all VBM and IVIM methods (P < 0.05 FWE). While VBM showed significant changes between MCI and AD groups and between HC and AD groups, no significant clusters were observed between HC and MCI using VBM. ADC and IVIM-D demonstrated significant changes, at P < 0.05 FWE, between HC and MCI, notably in the amygdala and hippocampus. Several voxel-based correlations were observed between neuroimaging metrics and cognitive tests within the cognitively impaired groups (P < 0.05 FDR). DATA CONCLUSION These findings suggest that IVIM-DWI metrics may be earlier biomarkers for AD-related changes than VBM. The use of these techniques may provide novel insight into subvoxel neurodegenerative processes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2020;52:1811-1826.
Interaction between Tyrosine Hydroxylase Expression and Olfactory Afferent Innervation in Embryonic Rat Olfactory Bulb in Vivo and in Vitro

A regulatory role for the olfactory bulb in the development and maintenance of the olfactory epithelium has been well documented. Removal of the olfactory bulb or sectioning of the olfactory nerves results in the death of mature receptor cells. Sensory cells are reconstituted from stem cells, found in the basal layer of the epithelium, which divide, differentiate and send out axons to reinnervate the olfactory bulb (Graziadei and Monti Graziadei, 1978). In vitro studies (Chuah and Farbman, 1983) have demonstrated that the presence of the olfactory bulb is necessary for the normal maturation of olfactory receptor neurons. Similarly, there is evidence for a role of the olfactory receptor innervation in the development of the olfactory bulb. Either deafferentation or odor deprivation in neonates results in abnormal development of the olfactory bulb, including reduced size and fewer neurons (for review, see Brunjes and Frazier, 1986). In addition, there is evidence for an inductive role of the olfactory afferent innervation. Supernumerary olfactory bulbs can be produced by transplantation of additional olfactory bulbs, and glomerular-like structures can be induced by regenerating afferent fibers which innervate the forebrain of bulbectomized mice (Graziadei et al., 1980; reviewed in Brunjes and Frazier, 1986).
Who are these emerging markets anyway? A taxonomic approach integrating institutional and culturalist perspectives:

To date there has been little to no widespread, universally accepted and theoretically driven examination of what an emerging market is and how best to capture its principle characteristics. Major ...
Democracy without democrats, identity-formation and religions: The challenge of cross-pollinating self-perception in the post-Arabic spring contexts:

A decade has passed since the breaking out of the ‘Arabic Spring’ revolutionary phenomena all over the Arab World’s societies. Many challenging and radically intriguing developments and ramificatio...
How We Tell the Stories We Tell

This chapter foregrounds why borders and stories matter as objects of study. Stories about national borderlands are social practices of bordering, rebordering, and debordering: political and social efforts to generate, reinforce, redefine, or contest social differences. These practices affect state and federal policies on immigration, health care, education, and the economy. Data collection methods are detailed, including ethnography, participant observation, interviews, focus groups, and media analysis. Issues, influences, and the potential of “studying up” and fieldwork at home are discussed.
FedDR -- Randomized Douglas-Rachford Splitting Algorithms for Nonconvex Federated Composite Optimization.

We develop two new algorithms, called, FedDR and asyncFedDR, for solving a fundamental nonconvex composite optimization problem in federated learning. Our algorithms rely on a novel combination between a nonconvex Douglas-Rachford splitting method, randomized block-coordinate strategies, and asynchronous implementation. They can also handle convex regularizers. Unlike recent methods in the literature, e.g., FedSplit and FedPD, our algorithms update only a subset of users at each communication round, and possibly in an asynchronous manner, making them more practical. These new algorithms also achieve communication efficiency and more importantly can handle statistical and system heterogeneity, which are the two main challenges in federated learning. Our convergence analysis shows that the new algorithms match the communication complexity lower bound up to a constant factor under standard assumptions. Our numerical experiments illustrate the advantages of our methods compared to existing ones on several datasets.
Exploring the relationship between childhood adversity and adult depression: A risk versus strengths-oriented approach.

Abstract Background Previous research suggests a dose-response relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and adult depression. Both constructs are also known correlates of child maltreatment risk. Objectives This study examines the relationship between a cumulative count of ACEs and adult depressive symptoms in a sample of families at risk for child maltreatment. The study also aims to determine if a new childhood caregiving environment (CCE) scale predicts adult depressive symptoms as well as or better than the traditional ACE score in this high-risk population, and whether it holds potential as a service needs assessment tool for the child maltreatment prevention field. Participants and setting Baseline survey data from a randomized control trial testing a child maltreatment prevention program in Milwaukee, Wisconsin were used. The sample (n = 618) included caregivers reported to and investigated by child protective services (CPS) for allegations of abuse or neglect. Methods Ordinary least squares regression was used to look at the relationship between the number of ACEs, scores on the CCE scale, and adult depressive symptoms. Exploratory factor analysis was used to examine the CCE scale items in comparison to ACEs. Results A high ACE score was associated with more depressive symptomatology (B = 0.82, p Conclusions Given that the CCE measure favors strengths-oriented question items, it may be a promising alternative to the risk-oriented ACE score in assessing parental childhood adversities known to be associated with the maltreatment of one's own children, and as an approach for identifying service needs related to childhood trauma in a maltreatment prevention context.