cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inflammation modifies status epilepticus-induced hippocampal injury during development

The relationship between seizures and neuronal injury in experimental animals is influenced by the stage of development and the model employed to produce experimental status epilepticus (SE) (Sankar et al., 1997; Sankar et al., 1998; Sankar et al., 2000; Cilio et al., 2003). In these experimental models, younger animals show a decreased tendency to demonstrate neuronal injury, especially in the CA3 and hilar regions of the hippocampus (Sanker et al., 1997; Sanker et al., 1998; Sankar et al., 2000; Cilio et al., 2003; Haas et al., 2001). However, P14 animals showed a striking level of CA1 injury in the lithium-pilocarpine model of SE. There is an apparent discrepancy between animal models and some clinical situations in terms of the consequences of prolonged seizures in the immature brain. Prolonged febrile seizures have been demonstrated to produce signal changes in the MRI that are consistent with hippocampal injury (VanLandingham et al., 1998). Neuronal injury in neonates who had sustained hypoxic-ischemic was more severe when the encephalopathy was complicated by seizures (Miller et al., 2002). The developmental outcome of neonates with electrographic seizures was worse than that of a cohort without seizures even though the two groups were matched for Apgar scores, initial cord blood pH, and base deficits (McBride et al., 2000). Seizures in these clinical settings occurred when inflammation was already present, an aspect not reproduced in animal studies pertaining to the effect of seizures on the developing brain. There is a reciprocal relationship between seizures and inflammatory cytokines (Vezzani and Granata, 2005). On the one hand, SE induced by kainic acid (KA) enhanced the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (Minami et al., 1990; Minami et al., 1991; Eriksson et al., 2000), interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (Vezzani et al., 1999; De Simoni et al., 2000). On the other hand, IL-1β prolonged KA-induced seizures (Vezzani et al., 1999). IL-1β
Common property as an egalitarian share contract

Abstract Common property is an endogenous institution and modeled as a joint wealth maximizing egalitarian share contract among an exclusive group of resource owners. The conditions are derived in which common property generates greater wealth than private property. A distinction is made between contracts in which group members share final output and contracts in which groups only share access to a commonly owned resource. In both cases homogeneity in production by members is shown to be efficient. Several case studies of common ownership are presented as support of the model.
Scanning electron microscopy of the disruption of tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, midgut by Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin

Abstract The ingestion of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal endotoxin by Manduca sexta causes the destruction of both goblet and columnar cells of the midgut. One hour after ingestion, the microvilli show pathological effects. Nearly complete destruction of the goblet and columnar cells has taken place after 4 hr exposure to the toxin.
Self-referential thinking, suicide, and function of the cortical midline structures and striatum in mood disorders: Possible implications for treatment studies of mindfulness-based interventions for bipolar depression

Bipolar depression is often refractory to treatment and is frequently associated with anxiety symptoms and elevated suicide risk. There is a great need for adjunctive psychotherapeutic interventions. Treatments with effectiveness for depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as suicide-related thoughts and behaviors would be particularly beneficial. Mindfulness-based interventions hold promise, and studies of these approaches for bipolar disorder are warranted. The aim of this paper is to provide a conceptual background for such studies by reviewing key findings from diverse lines of investigation. Results of that review indicate that cortical midline structures (CMS) appear to link abnormal self-referential thinking to emotional dysregulation in mood disorders. Furthermore, CMS and striatal dysfunction may play a role in the neuropathology underlying suicide-related thoughts and behaviors. Thus, combining studies of mindfulness interventions targeting abnormal self-referential thinking with functional imaging of CMS and striatal function may help delineate the neurobiological mechanisms of action of these treatments.
Baculoviral Expression of a Natural Inhibitor of the Human Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

We had earlier reported that the human serum α2-HS glycoprotein (1) is a physiological and specific inhibitor of the human insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (IR-TK). We have now expressed this human protein in the baculoviral expression system using the Sf-9 and High Five insect cells. The protein was optimally expressed at 72 h post infection. α2-HSGbac completely inhibited the insulin-stimulated autophosphorylation and TK activity of partially purified IR preparations. It also abolished insulin-induced DNA synthesis in the H-35 rat hepatoma cell line. The effective concentration of the baculoviral derived α2-HSG necessary for inhibiting IR-TK activity was significantly lower than that of the protein purified from human plasma.
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE SEX DIFFERENCES IN SELF-REPORTED AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS

Aggressive behavioral characteristics were assessed in a large group of men and women by a self-report instrument, the Aggression Inventory. Significant gender differences appeared on four factors in which men reported more physical aggression and verbal aggression than did women. Further, men had higher scores on measures of impulsiveness and lack of patience than women, while women reported being more likely to avoid confrontation. In addition to these quantitative sex differences in self-reported behavior, factor analyses indicated qualitative differences by sex, wherein most of the variance for women centered on verbal aggression, while physical aggression was the first factor for men.
Comparative intestinal and colonic absorption of [4-14C] cholesterol in the rat.

[4-14C] Cholesterol was administered as an aqueous emulsion with triolein and dry non-fat milk either directly into the upper duodenum or into the ileocaecal junction of lymph duct cannulated rats. Lymph flow rates were similar in the two groups of animals. Whereas ca. 53% of the administered tracer dose of cholesterol was absorbed when introduced into the upper small intestine, only 0.06% appeared in lymph when administered into the caecum. Furthermore, less than 0.01% of the administered isotope was detected in urine and blood. The data demonstrate that the large intestine does not contribute significantly to the absorption of exogenous cholesterol in the rat.
MR findings in diffuse renal parenchymal disease

This study evaluates the MR appearance of the kidney in diffuse renal parenchymal diseases, using precontrast, and immediate and delayed postgadolinium chelate (Gd), spoiled gradient echo (SGE), and pre- and post-Gd, T1-weighted, fat-suppressed spin-echo MR images to determine if characteristic findings exist for various types of renal disease. One hundred twenty-one patients with renal disease underwent MRI. Underlying diagnoses included: (a) glomerular disease (GD), (b) tubulointerstitial disease (TID), (c) microvascular disease (MVD), (d) ischemic nephropathy (INP), (e) obstructive nephropathy (ON), (f) infectious renal disease (IRD), (g) sickle cell disease (SCD), (h) renal cortical necrosis (CN), and (i) renal insufficiency of unknown etiology (UE). MR examinations of 22 patients with normal kidneys (NK) were evaluated as a control group. The presence of corticomedullary differentiation (CMD) demonstrated strong inverse correlation with serum creatinine concentration (SCr) (r = -.568, P < .001). Mean thickness of the renal cortex was 8.4 and 7.8 mm in patients with NK and Gd, respectively. The mean cortical thickness in patients with MVD, TID/Chemo, INP, and ON was 5.2, 5.6, 5.5, and 4.3 mm, respectively, significantly thinner than the renal cortex in the NK and GD groups (P < .01). Irregularity of the renal cortex was more frequent in MVD (60.9%), IRD (62.5%), ON (55.6%), and TID/other (53.8%) than in GD (3.8%) and NK (0%) (P < .01). Diffuse high SI of the entire medulla on delayed postcontrast images was observed in 25 (20.7%) of the patients with renal disease and none of the NK group. Although no pathognomonic features were found, certain findings were observed that may correlate with the etiology of the kidney disease and, therefore, assist in the differential diagnosis of renal parenchymal disease.
A numerical study of melt ponds

[1] High-resolution turbulence simulations are used to examine the importance of melt pond geometry in setting pond growth rates and albedo. Modeling the circulation of water in melt ponds using large-eddy simulation shows that both convective and wind-forced conditions generate well-mixed ponds, suggesting that stratification is not a significant factor in pond circulation. Simulations with a variety of pond shapes and sizes indicate that the basic ratio of sidewall area to bottom area, R, can be used to characterize melting rates for ponds with simple shapes. Ponds with large values of R will generally melt more rapidly in the horizontal direction at the expense of bottom melting. Consequently, small and elongated ponds will have a relatively larger lateral growth rate in comparison with large, symmetric ponds, assuming minimal lateral flux of meltwater. Simulations also show that pond shape can affect the sidewall and bottom turbulence transfer rates. Ponds with large R tend to have reduced transfer rates because of weaker circulations. A bulk pond model is developed on the basis of a rectangular geometry and an assumption of uniform mixing as suggested by the turbulence model and pond scaling using R. Comparison of the bulk model with results from the large-eddy simulation cases shows good agreement.
Miamiensis avidus n. g., n. sp., a Marine Facultative Parasite in the Ciliate Order Hymenostomatida*

SYNOPSIS. Miamiensis avidus n. g., n. sp., a marine facultative parasite, is described. Morphological studies were made on specimens treated with the Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation technique and living material was examined with phase microscopy. Particular attention was given the infraciliature of the buccal apparatus and its importance to generic assignment in the order Hymenostomatida.
Energy biotechnology: beyond the general lignocellulose-to-ethanol pathway

Lars Angenent’s research interest includes mixed culture bioprocessing of wastes to produce energy. Currently, the Angenent laboratory studies anaerobic digestion systems to produce methane and microbial fuel cells to generate electricity from wastewater. Molecular biology methods developed in the microbial ecology or environmental microbiology fields are used to ascertain the community composition and its function with the ultimate goal to engineer better bioprocesses.
Providing Corrective Feedback During Retrieval Practice Does Not Increase Retrieval-Induced Forgetting

Recalling a subset of studied materials can impair subsequent retrieval of related, nontested materials. In two experiments, we examined the influence of providing corrective feedback (no feedback, immediate feedback, delayed feedback) during retrieval practice on this retrieval-induced forgetting effect. Performance was assessed with category cued recall (e.g., recall all exemplars studied under Weather), category-and-stem cued recall (e.g., Weather–B___), and recognition. We report a dissociation between the effects of feedback on memory of the tested materials and the nontested materials. Whereas providing immediate or delayed feedback (compared to no feedback) improved recall and recognition of the tested items, it had no influence on retrieval-induced forgetting. These results are consistent with the inhibition account of retrieval-induced forgetting. From an applied perspective, this finding is encouraging for students and educators who use testing to foster learning.
A Conserved Domain in the Coronavirus Membrane Protein Tail Is Important for Virus Assembly

Coronavirus membrane (M) proteins play key roles in virus assembly, through M-M, M-spike (S), and M-nucleocapsid (N) protein interactions. The M carboxy-terminal endodomain contains a conserved domain (CD) following the third transmembrane (TM) domain. The importance of the CD (SWWSFNPETNNL) in mouse hepatitis virus was investigated with a panel of mutant proteins, using genetic analysis and transient-expression assays. A charge reversal for negatively charged E 121 was not tolerated. Lysine (K) and arginine (R) substitutions were replaced in recovered viruses by neutrally charged glutamine (Q) and leucine (L), respectively, after only one passage. E 121 Q and E 121 L M proteins were capable of forming virus-like particles (VLPs) when coexpressed with E, whereas E 121 R and E 121 K proteins were not. Alanine substitutions for the first four or the last four residues resulted in viruses with significantly crippled phenotypes and proteins that failed to assemble VLPs or to be rescued into the envelope. All recovered viruses with alanine substitutions in place of SWWS residues had second-site, partially compensating, changes in the first TM of M. Alanine substitution for proline had little impact on the virus. N protein coexpression with some M mutants increased VLP production. The results overall suggest that the CD is important for formation of the viral envelope by helping mediate fundamental M-M interactions and that the presence of the N protein may help stabilize M complexes during virus assembly.
ATP binding to brain l-glutamate decarboxylase: A study by affinity chromatography

Abstract The binding of ATP to brain l -glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) was studied by means of ATP-agarose chromatography, utilizing partially purified GAD from mouse brain after DEAE-cellulose chromatography and ammonium sulfate fractional precipitation. GAD was found to bind with a high affinity to the ATP-agarose with the ATP molecule linked to the beaded agarose through the N 6 -amino group. Agarose with ATP attached through the ribosyl hydroxyls was totally ineffective to bind the enzyme. GAD bound to the immobilized ATP could be dissociated by free ATP (10–50 mM), but not by ADP at a concentration as high as 100 mM. Mg 2+ was not a required factor for the binding. The enzyme binding to the ATP-agarose occurred under a saturating concentration (50 μM) of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP). Moreover, GAD bound to the ATP-agarose was not dissociated by PLP even at 1.0 mM, indicating no competition of PLP with ATP for the same binding site on the enzyme. Kinetic characterization showed that binding of ATP raised the K m of the enzyme for PLP. Our approach provides direct evidence that there is a specific binding site on GAD for ATP, which is distinct from the binding site for PLP.
Surface Modifications of Cage-like and Channel-like Mesopores and Their Implications for Evaluation of Sizes of Entrances to Cage-like Mesopores

In our recent brief communicaton, we have proposed a new method for the evaluation of the pore entrance size in silicas and other materials with cage-like mesopores. This method is based on the modification of the material with ligands that are capable of forming a dense monolayer chemically bonded on the surface. The size of the smallest ligand that is capable of rendering the cage-like pores inaccessible for gas molecules is related to the pore entrance size. In the case of silicas, this method allows one to readily evaluate pore entrance diameters between about 1 and 5 nm. Herein, details of this novel approach are reported. It is shown that the introduction of the surface ligands can be monitored using thermogravimetric analysis under air, whereas the elemental analysis does not allow one to differentiate between carbon contents from chemically bonded ligands and trapped organic species. The surface modification inherently leads to the adsorption capacity loss, which depends on the pore diameter, amou...
Parameter estimation in the magnitude-only and complex-valued fMRI data models

In functional magnetic resonance imaging, voxel time courses are complex-valued data but are traditionally converted to real magnitude-only data ones. At a large signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the magnitude-only data Ricean distribution is approximated by a normal distribution that has been suggested as reasonable in magnitude-only data magnetic resonance images for an SNR of 5 and potentially as low as 3. A complex activation model has been recently introduced by Rowe and Logan [Rowe, D.B., and Logan, B.R. (2004). A complex way to compute fMRI activation. NeuroImage, 23 (3):1078-1092] that is valid for all SNRs. The properties of the parameter estimators and activation statistic for these two models and a more accurate Ricean approximation based on a Taylor series expansion are characterized in terms of bias, variance, and Cramer-Rao lower bound. It was found that the unbiased estimators in the complex model continued to be unbiased for lower SNRs while those of the normal magnitude-only data model became biased as the SNR decreased and at differing levels for the regression coefficients. The unbiased parameter estimators from the approximate magnitude-only Ricean Taylor model were unbiased to lower SNRs than the magnitude-only normal ones. Further, the variances of the parameter estimators achieved their minimum value in the complex data model regardless of SNR while the magnitude-only data normal model and Ricean approximation using a Taylor series did not as the SNR decreased. Finally, the mean activation statistic for the complex data model was higher and not SNR dependent while it decreased with SNR in the magnitude-only data models but less so for the approximate Ricean model. These results indicate that using the complex data model and not approximations to the true magnitude-only Ricean data model is more appropriate at lower SNRs. Therefore, since the computational cost is relatively low for the complex data model and since the SNR is not inherently known a priori for all voxels, the complex data model is recommended at all SNRs.
An Automatic System for Measuring the Swelling Pressure

A fully automatic system has been developed for measuring swelling pressure. The system is based on measurements of the contrabalancing force, which causes the swelling of the material.
Ion concentration variations at short distances downwind of continuous and quasi‐instantaneous point sources

An improved experimental technique is described which enables the fine structure of the ion concentration variations downwind of both continuous and instantaneous point sources to be examined. The method, which involves the use of ionised air, permits resolution of features within diffusing clouds of the order of centimetres since the detector response time is about ten milliseconds. The success of the method can be attributed to the fact that the measurements are entirely electrical in nature, thereby eliminating certain defects inherent in most other sensing techniques. However, the method does possess disadvantages and these are critically examined. Experimental results are presented which show clearly the presence of considerable fine structure hitherto suspected, but not quantitatively observed, in diffusing plumes, i.e. from continuous sources, and puffs, i.e. from instantaneous sources. The implications of these data are considered briefly.
Force-Feedback Surgical Teleoperator: Controller Design and Palpation Experiments

In this paper, we develop and test a 6-degree-of-freedom surgical teleoperator that has four possible modes of operation: (1) direct force feedback, (2) graphical force feedback, (3) direct and graphical force feedback together, and (4) no force feedback. In all cases, visual feedback of the: environment is provided via a head-mounted display. A position-position controller with local dynamic compensators provides the direct force feedback. The graphical force feedback is overlaid on the environment image, and displays a bar whose height and color is related to the environment force estimated using the current applied to the actuators of the patient-side arm. We evaluate the performance of the teleoperator modes in assisting a user to find the location of stiff objects hidden inside a soft material, similar to a calcified artery hidden in heart tissue and a tumor in the prostate. Seven people used the teleoperator t:o perform palpation in these materials. Results showed that direct force feedback mode minimizes palpation task error for the heart model.
A repeated game with finitely lived overlapping generations of players

Abstract This paper analyzes infinitely repeated noncooperative games where the players have finite but overlapping terms. Thus the nature of the game remains constant but the identity of the players changes over time. This type of scenario depicts the situation facing firm managers in regulated or oligopolistic environments. Despite finite lives which lead players to always choose opportunistic actions at the end of their careers, it is shown that there are equilibria where cooperative behavior emerges in this noncooperative setting. Further, a “folk theorem” result is obtained: any individually rational payoffs can be realized as a subgame perfect equilibrium. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: 022.026.
Advancing full length genome sequencing for human RNA viral pathogens

In the face of numerous emerging and re-emerging viral threats, large-scale genome sequencing efforts are underway to monitor viral evolution in real-time. To fully appreciate the mechanisms of viral adaptation and evolution, and to also develop reagents and resources for a better molecular diagnosis of emerging and re-emerging viral infections, there has been an increasing effort toward producing full length viral genome sequences. To date, high-throughput platforms have been developed using traditional Sanger-based sequencing and there are currently prospects to apply next generation sequencing methods to develop an ultra high-throughput strategy for viral genome sequencing and analysis.
Conformational Dynamics of a Fast Folding Cytochrome Captured by Time-Resolved Spectroscopy

We probe intrachain contact dynamics in unfolded cytochrome cb562 by monitoring heme quenching of excited ruthenium photosensitizers covalently bound to residues along the polypeptide. Tertiary contact formation kinetics provide insight into the upper "speed limit" for protein folding rates. The rate constants exhibit a power-law dependence on the number of peptide bonds between the heme and Ru complex. Adherence of our data to a slope of −1.5 is consistent with theoretical models for ideal, freely-jointed Gaussian chain polymers, but its magnitude is smaller than reported for synthetic polypeptides. We also examine rates of contact formation within a stable loop in a His63-heme ligated form of the protein. Additionally, we resolve millisecond-timescale folding by coupling time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer (trFRET) to a continuous flow microfluidic mixer to obtain intramolecular distance distributions throughout the folding process. Our results suggest that cytochrome cb562 is minimally frustrated.
Comparison of epicardial deformation in passive and active isolated rabbit hearts

Mechanical deformation of isolated rabbit hearts through passive inflation techniques have been a viable form of replicating heart motion, but its relation to the heart's natural active contractions remain unclear. The mechanical properties of the myocardium may show diverse characteristics while in tension and compression. In this study, epicardial strain was measured with the assistance of computer-aided speckle interferometry (CASI)1. CASI tracks the movement of clusters of particles for measuring epicardial deformation. The heart was cannulated and perfused with Tyrode's solution. Silicon carbide particles were applied onto the myocardium to form random speckle pattern images while the heart was allowed to actively contract and stabilize. High resolution videos (1000x1000 pixels) of the left ventricle were taken with a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) camera as the heart was actively contracting through electrical pacing at various cycle lengths between 250-800 ms. A latex balloon was then inserted into the left ventricle via left atrium and videos were taken as the balloon was repeatedly inflated and deflated at controlled volumes (1-3 ml/cycle). The videos were broken down into frames and analyzed through CASI. Active contractions resulted in non-uniform circular epicardial and uniaxial contractions at different stages of the motion. In contrast, the passive heart demonstrated very uniform expansion and contraction originating from the source of the latex balloon. The motion of the active heart caused variations in deformation, but in comparison to the passive heart, had a more enigmatic displacement field. The active heart demonstrated areas of large displacement and others with relatively no displacement. Application of CASI was able to successfully distinguish the motions between the active and passive hearts.
Gods, Groves and the Culture of Nature in Kerala

The substantive aim of this essay is to document popular attitudes towards the forest and its biotic resources through time as I have encountered these in the northernmost areas of the modern Indian state of Kerala. The interviews and folk-lore I have drawn upon in the present, however, are very much a legacy of Kerala's past. And since, sadly, most of the forests themselves have become a rapidly fading memory, my approach must be not only anthropological, but also folkloric and ethnohistorical.
THE SINGLE ECTOPIC URETER

Objectives To correlate renal function with the site of the ectopic orifice in patients with a single ectopic ureter and to evaluate the role of ureteric reimplantation in the preservation of renal function. Patients and methods Forty-four patients (41 female, age 1.5 months to 20 years) with a single ectopic ureter have been managed in our institution in the last 21 years. The classical symptom of continuous wetting with intermittent normal micturition was reported in most of the female patients. The investigative evaluation included intravenous urography (IVU), cysto-urethroscopy, vaginoscopy with retrograde ureteric catheterization, micturating cysto-urethrography (MCU) and ultrasonography. Diuretic renography was carried out in four patients after it became available in 1992. Renal function was assessed in relation to urinary tract anomalies and with outcome after ureteric re-implantation. Results Thirty-eight patients (two males) had a unilateral ectopic ureter; the ectopic orifice was vaginal in 12, vestibular in 11, urethral in nine, at the bladder neck in two, the seminal vesicle in one and undetermined in three. Twenty-one patients had renal and/or ureteric abnormalities, with reflux detected on MCU in three ureters. Associated anomalies included hypospadias (two, one female), skeletal anomalies (two), anorectal malformations (three), cryptorchidism (two), and unilateral cystic ovary (one). Two patients had preoperative hypertension. In 15 patients, renal function was considered sufficient to justify ureteric reimplantation, 14 of whom regained continence. One girl had suprapubic leakage from the bladder and died during secondary nephroureterectomy. Another girl had persistent incontinence; she was found to have contralateral duplex ureters with a vestibular ectopic orifice and was cured after upper polar hemi-nephroureterectomy. IVU and renography carried out in two patients each within 4 weeks of surgery showed a moderate improvement in renal function. Eight patients reported for follow-up after ureteric reimplantation (mean duration 11 months); none had hypertension or urinary infection. Twenty-three patients with rudimentary kidneys underwent nephroureterectomy. Histopathological examination of the excised kidneys showed moderate to severe dysplasia with chronic pyelonephritis. Six patients (one male) had bilateral single ectopic ureters, with normal renal function in the five females. Unilateral reimplantation in the boy resolved the symptoms; one girl died before surgery and the other four underwent bilateral ureteric reimplantation, after which one was dry for up to 3 h while the other three were incontinent, one of whom subsequently underwent urinary diversion. Conclusions There was no clear correlation of renal function with the site of the ectopic ureteric orifice, as most of the patients with a vaginal ectopic ureter had sufficient renal function to justify renal preservation. Ureteric reimplantation preserved renal function, although the improvement after surgery was determined by the degree of renal dysplasia.
Results from a Limited Area Mesoscale Numerical Simulation for 10 April 1979

Results are presented from a nine-hour limited area fine mesh (35-km) mesoscale model simulation initialized with SESAME-AVE I radiosonde data for Apr. 10, 1979 at 2100 GMT. Emphasis is on the diagnosis of mesoscale structure in the mass and precipitation fields. Along the Texas/Oklahoma border, independent of the short wave, convective precipitation formed several hours into the simulation and was organized into a narrow band suggestive of the observed April 10 squall line.
Asymptotic distribution of test statistics in the analysis of moment structures under inequality constraints

SUMMARY The analysis of moment structural models has become an important tool of investigation in behavioural, educational and economic studies. The chi-squared largesample test is routinely employed to assess the goodness of fit of the model considered. However, in order to invoke the standard asymptotic distribution theory certain regularity conditions have to be met. Here we consider the case where the population value of the parameter vector is a boundary point of the feasible region. We show that in this case the asymptotic distribution of test statistic is a mixture of chi-squared distributions. The problem of finding the corresponding weights is discussed.
A Unified Semiparametric Framework for Quantitative Trait Loci Analyses, With Application to Spike Phenotypes

This article proposes a general semiparametric model for multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses of complex phenotypes in backcross and intercross designs. The model provides tests about genetic hypotheses, such as additivity, dominance, and epistasis, that do not require specifying the form of the phenotypic distribution. This contrasts with previous approaches based on transformations to normality and generalized linear models, which require careful consideration of the phenotypic distribution. Inferences involve extensions of partial and conditional likelihoods developed for single-QTL backcross models. We demonstrate that conditional likelihood is robust to unobserved selective genotyping, whereas partial likelihood and other standard methods are not. To facilitate genome screens, a novel resampling method is proposed that is similar in spirit to the popular permutation tests. Its main advantages are that it is broadly applicable to multiple QTLs with nonnormal phenotypes and achieves a substa...
Numerical solution of laminar recirculating flow between shrouded rotating disks

Abstract In this paper we develop a method to obtain the numerical solution of the problem of recirculating flow between shrouded rotating disks. The major difficulty of this type of problem is in obtaining convergence at high Reynolds numbers. With the technique developed in this paper we have obtained convergence for Reynolds numbers up to 10,000. The procedure can be extended to higher Reynolds numbers if desired. The contours of the stream function, vorticity function and angular velocity are presented for Reynolds numbers of 500, 2000, 5000 and 10000. The method is applicable to any problem which has similar equations of motion.
The vapor pleasure of NaCl over decomposing sodalite

Abstract The vapor pressure of NaCl over synthetic sodalite at its breakdown to nepheline, as determined by a dew point method, is described by the equation, log 10 p NaCl bars ) = −(18902/ T (° K )) + 11.082. The heat of incongruent vaporization for sodalite is 86.5 kcal/mole NaCl.
Flammability and thermal stability studies of polymer layered-silicate (clay) nanocomposites

In the pursuit of improved approaches to fire retarding polymers, a wide variety of concerns must be addressed in addition to the flammability issues. For commodity polymers, their low cost requires that the fire retardant (FR) approach also be of low cost. This limits solutions primarily to additive type approaches. These additives must be inexpensive and easily processed with the polymer. In addition, the additive must not excessively degrade the other performance properties of the polymer, and it must not create environmental problems when recycling or at the time of its final disposal. We have recently found that polymer layered-silicate (clay) nanocomposites have the unique combination of reduced flammability and improved physical properties. This paper is intended as an overview of the research to date, by our group and others, on the use of clays, dispersed at the nanometer level, in polymers for improving thermal stability and flammability.
A procedure for annually estimating wage losses due to accidents in the U.S.

Abstract The demand for accident cost information has increased in recent times as safety professionals seek to compare accident costs with other societal problems. Addressing one component of accident costs, this study proposes a procedure for estimating the cost of lost wages due to accidents with separate estimates generated for motor vehicle, work, home, and public accidents, as well as the overall total. Estimates were developed from data that can be updated annually so that cost estimates can be kept current. Deaths, permanent disabilities, and temporary disabilities of workers were included as part of the framework. In addition, the value of homemaker services lost due to accidents was estimated. The procedure utilized the ‘human capital’ approach, whereby the discounted present value of lost future earnings is taken as the appropriate measure of the productivity loss to society due to accidents. Other cost estimating approaches were discussed. Using this procedure, it was estimated that accidental injuries resulted in $31.1 billion in wage losses in 1985, about 1.6% of all wages and salaries paid in that year.
Short-term climate prediction of Mei-Yu rainfall for Taiwan using canonical correlation analysis

Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is used for predicting Mei-Yu (May‐June) rainfall for eight major stations in Taiwan based on the antecedent November‐December sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) over the Pacific Ocean (50N‐40S, 120E‐ 90W). To reduce the large dimensionality of the SST data set, an empirical orthogonal function analysis is first performed and the leading nine eigenmodes of SST are retained as predictors. The root-mean-square error and the Pearson productmoment correlation coefficient are used to serve as a yardstick in overall forecast evaluation. Forecasts are made for the period 1986‐1995, which is independent from the developmental data sets. A moderate skill is achieved for most stations. In particular, Mei-Yu rainfall is more predicable for the last 3 years (1993‐1995), when the island experienced a long spell of deficient rainfall. A cross-validation technique is used to estimate the overall hindcast skill of the CCA model for the period of 1956‐1995 and results suggest that certain stations have more skill than others. Likewise, a CCA ‘climatological prediction’ is conducted in a cross-validated mode. # 1998 Royal Meteorological Society.
A REE-in-garnet–clinopyroxene thermobarometer for eclogites, granulites and garnet peridotites

Abstract A REE-in-garnet–clinopyroxene thermobarometer for eclogites, granulites, and garnet peridotites has been developed on the basis of the temperature, pressure and mineral composition dependent partitioning of rare earth elements (REEs) between garnet and clinopyroxene. This new thermobarometer is derived from the garnet–clinopyroxene REE partitioning model of Sun and Liang (2014) that was calibrated against experimentally determined garnet-melt and clinopyroxene–melt partitioning data. It makes use of a group of trace elements that have similar geochemical behaviors at magmatic and subsolidus conditions, and allows one to invert temperature and pressure simultaneously using a least squares method. Application of the REE-in-garnet–clinopyroxene thermobarometer to REE partitioning data from laboratory experiments and field samples (quartz-bearing, graphite-bearing, and diamond-bearing granulites and eclogites; and well-equilibrated mantle eclogite xenoliths) published in the literature validates its reliability at both magmatic and subsolidus conditions. Application of the new thermobarometer to eclogites, garnet granulites and peridotites from various tectonic settings reveals an intriguing observation: temperatures derived from the REE-based thermobarometer are consistently higher than those derived from the widely used Fe–Mg thermometer of Krogh (1988) for samples that experienced cooling, but systematically lower than temperatures derived from the Fe–Mg thermometer for samples from thermally perturbed tectonic settings. The temperature discrepancies are likely due to the relative differences in diffusion rates between trivalent REEs and divalent Fe–Mg in garnet and clinopyroxene. Temperatures derived from the REE-based thermometer are closely related to closure temperatures for samples that experienced cooling, but are likely equilibrium or apparent re-equilibration temperatures at an early stage of heating for samples from thermally perturbed tectonic environments. The REE-in-garnet–clinopyroxene thermobarometer can shed new light on thermal histories of mafic and ultramafic rocks.
Chemistry at the Dirac Point of Graphene: Diels-Alder Approach to Reversible Band Gap Engineering and High Mobility Graphene Devices

The Diels-Alder (DA) pericyclic chemistry is one of the most powerful reactions in synthetic chemistry. We have recently shown that the unique zero-band-gap electronic structure of graphene at the Dirac point facilitates the band-gap-dependent DA reaction of graphene, although graphene is the thermochemical reference for carbon. We have shown that in the DA reactions, graphene can function either as a diene or a dienophile (dual nature). Such DA functionalization of graphene when applied to graphene-FET devices allows balanced functionalization (creation of a pair of new sp3 centers or divacancies) at both A and B graphene sublattices, allowing the fabrication of high mobility DA-functionalized single-layer graphene devices (DA-SLG) with acceptable on/off ratio. The chemistry is thermally reversible via retro-DA chemistry, thus allowing reversible engineering of graphene devices.
Calling Out the Troops: Interest Groups, Press Releases, and Policy Promotion Through Speech

Policy makers and issue advocates have a keen interest in controlling what the public knows about the issues they champion. On controversial matters, each side wants its base to be informed and active. To acquiesce and leave the task to others is to lose. Notwithstanding mounting evidence of the subject's importance, studies into just how interest groups use messages and communications outreach are a fairly recent phenomenon. Using over 400 press releases, I examine the extent to which advocacy groups' choices of message frames fit other established understandings of political outreach. Notably, frame content is simple and repeated. Moreover, when the public shows indifference, press releases focus on mobilization. When public interest is already aroused, press releases focus on furnishing information. These and other results affirm and extend our understanding of political speech and interest group mobilization. Los que hacen politicas y los promotores de asuntos politicos tienen un fuerte interes en controlar lo que sabe el publico sobre los asuntos que abogan. En las cuestiones controvertidas, cada parte quiere tener una base informada y activa. La que ceda y les deje a otras la tarea estara derrotada. A pesar del aumento de evidencia sobre su importancia, los estudios del uso de mensajes y comunicados por los grupos de interes representan un fenomeno bastante reciente. Uso mas de 400 comunicados de prensa para examinar hasta que punto las perspectivas (frames) de mensajes escogidas por los grupos acuerdan con el conocimiento establecido de la interpelacion politica. Notablemente, el contenido de las perspectivas es sencillo y repetitivo. Ademas, los comunicados de prensa se enfocan en la movillizacion cuando el publico manifiesta indiferencia, y se enfocan en la informacion cuando el publico ya esta interesado. Estos resultados y otros confirman y amplican nuestro conocimiento de la expresion politica y de la movilizacion por los grupos de interes.
Glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus (HSV) binds directly to HVEM, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and a mediator of HSV entry

Glycoprotein D (gD) is a structural component of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope which is essential for virus entry into host cells. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells are one of the few cell types which are nonpermissive for the entry of many HSV strains. However, when these cells are transformed with the gene for the herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), the resulting cells, CHO-HVEM12, are permissive for many HSV strains, such as HSV-1(KOS). By virtue of its four cysteine-rich pseudorepeats, HVEM is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily of proteins. Recombinant forms of gD and HVEM, gD-1(306t) and HVEM(200t), respectively, were used to demonstrate a specific physical interaction between these two proteins. This interaction was dependent on native gD conformation but independent of its N-linked oligosaccharides, as expected from previous structure-function studies. Recombinant forms of gD derived from HSV-1(KOS)rid1 and HSV-1(ANG) did not bind to HVEM(200t), explaining the inability of these viruses to infect CHO-HVEM12 cells. A variant gD protein, gD-1(delta290-299t), showed enhanced binding to HVEM(200t) relative to the binding of gD-1(306t). Competition studies showed that gD-1(delta290-299t) and gD-1(306t) bound to the same region of HVEM(200t), suggesting that the differences in binding to HVEM are due to differences in affinity. These differences were also reflected in the ability of gD-1(delta290-299t) but not gD-1(306t) to block HSV type 1 infection of CHO-HVEM12 cells. By gel filtration chromatography, the complex between gD-1(delta290-299t) and HVEM(200t) had a molecular mass of 113 kDa and a molar ratio of 1:2. We conclude that HVEM interacts directly with gD, suggesting that HVEM is a receptor for virion gD and that the interaction between these proteins is a step in HSV entry into HVEM-expressing cells.
The derivative spectrometer.

The theory and performance are described of a small portable second derivative spectrometer, the d2spectrometer. The physical principles of the apparatus permit detection of gases by absorption spectrometry with sensitivities two or more orders of magnitude greater than is attainable by use of more conventional spectrometers. When the spectrometer is used with a readily portable absorption cell having a 7.72-m folded light path, some common air pollutants are detectable in concentrations of parts per 100 million or less. Other designs of absorption cell permit measurement of ammonia in blood or in expired air.
Improving same-sex and heterosocial interactions of emotionally disturbed adolescents

Abstract This study attempted to increase the occurrence of sexual-social interactions of emotionally disturbed adolescents. Two males' and two females' sexual-social interactions were analyzed within a special eduction classroom. An extension of a reversal design (baseline/individual) contingency and response cost/group contingency /individual contingency and response cost ) was used to assess treatment effects on same-sex and heterosocial interactions. In addition, the group contingency condition was staggered in a multiple baseline fachion across the two response classes. The results indicate that, regardless of sex, group contingencies are more effective than individual contingencies in increasing positive sexual-social interactions. More important, it was inferred from the results that emotionally disturbed adolescents' social interactions represent difficulties of performance rather than competence.
Measuring system XY-5i

The progress of integration in semiconductor (LSI) is remarkable. We expect that the mass-production of 256M DRAM shall start in the next few years. The design rules for this level of integration will require even more accurately in a system to measure a reticle pattern's position. To meet the measurement requirements for future IC designs, Nikon Corporation has developed to XY-5i. During development, we introduced some new technologies to improve the systems' measurement performance. In this paper, we will explain the new flexure compensation concept and the reduction of measurement error caused by temperature drift. These are the key technologies used to attain the improved performance. This performance will be demonstrated with actual measurement data from the XY-5i.
Role of the General Pediatrician in Neonatology: Relevance of Recent Advances

The general pediatrician plays important roles even as neonatology becomes more specialized: first in the evaluation of the newborn infant and in the organization of resources for care; and second as a major influence in the education of the parents. Awareness of significant advances will allow appropriate counseling of parents and obstetricians. Inasmuch as perinatal centers can provide care for mothers and babies that other hospitals cannot, pediatricians must ensure that the regionalization network and transport mechanism are established so that life-saving advances are available for their patients. Then, the pediatrician and the obstetrician, as members of a team, can provide the best possible care to mother and infant.
Exchange of Respect-Denying Behaviors among Male-Female Friendships

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that between-gender friendships are characterized primarily by behavioral exchanges involving respect but not affection (i.e. correlations between men's and women's behaviors would reach significance only for respect-related behavior). A total of 62 pairs of male-female pairs completed a 12-item version of the Role Behavior Test (Foa & Foa, 1974), designed to measure partners' frequency of affection-giving, affection-denying, respect-giving and respect-denying behaviors; individuals reported the extent to which partners enacted each of the behaviors during the two weeks prior to participation in the study. Canonical correlation analyses of the behavioral data revealed that, as expected, no consistent pattern emerged regarding reciprocity of affection-giving or affection-denying behavior (i.e. males' and females' affection-related behaviors were not correlated significantly). In contrast, as expected, a clear pattern of reciprocity of respect-related ex...