cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory of electronic effects in the formation of the trimethylamine-trimethylboron addition complex

The Lipscomb MO method has been employed to examine various electronic properties of the (CH3)3B + N(CH3)3 addition reaction. Results obtained indicate previous empirical notions concerning dative hyperconjugative stabilization in the boron reactant and its loss in the adduct are substantially correct. Charge flow accompanying donation by nitrogen of its lone pair in formation of the adduct also follows classical expectations. Combination with perturbation theory allows computation of zero-point energy secondary deuterium isotope effects upon equilibrium position. These effects in the boron methyls agree well with experiment; similar effects are predicted to be absent for amine methyl substitution. Other experimentally verified properties of the reactant and product molecules are also correlated with the theoretical results.
Teacher nonverbal immediacy behaviors and student‐perceived cognitive learning in Japan

This study extends previous teacher nonverbal immediacy research. A culturally adapted revised nonverbal immediacy measurement instrument (CARNIM) was created and administered to Japanese students at a college in Tokyo. Results suggest that Japanese students’ responses to teacher nonverbal immediacy are similar to those of Euro‐American students in previous studies. Japanese students’ perceived cognitive learning scores correlated strongly with teacher nonverbal immediacy behaviors. Study results also indicate that (1) culture‐specific nonverbal immediacy behaviors may be useful intercultural teaching vehicles, and (2) culturally adapting an instrument prior to translation may be key to effective intercultural research.
Concentration and purification of two small RNA viruses: Mycophage PS-1 and bacteriophage φ6

Abstract Two small RNA viruses, mycophage PS-1, and bacteriophage φ6 were concentrated and purified by the sequential use of continuous flow zonal centrifugation, high speed continuous flow sedimentation, and combined rate zonal centrifugation and isopycnic banding. The continuous flow centrifugations were done using the K-II and K-XI rotors while the BXXIX rotor was used for batch rate zonal centrifugation and isopycnic banding. The deseribed procedures are useful for the concentration and purification of virus from large volumes of culture fluid.
Feedback System Design for Stable Plants with Input Saturation

Most, if not all, flight control systems are subject to saturation nonlinearities such as amplitude limiting. These are often referred to as nuisance nonlinearities, existing as they do in almost all designs. However, when such saturations do occur, flight control system performance can be degraded considerably. A technique is presented that can allow the performance of a multi-input, multi-output control system design with stable plants to be improved when operating in the presence of saturating nonlinearities. The technique is an extension of that previously discussed in the literature with regard to single-input, single-output systems. An example of the design technique is presented dealing with a longitudinal autopilot design of a simple rotorcraft model, wherein command limiting in the airspeed and altitude command modes is encountered.
Status of the R&D for the rare isotope accelerator project

Abstract A next generation radioactive beam facility, the Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA), is in preparation in the US. RIA aims at producing intense beams of radioactive isotopes and providing them to experimental stations with energy variable from ion source energy to a few hundred MeV/u. To perform this task, RIA will use standard ISOL and fragmentation techniques together with novel approaches combining advantages of both techniques to obtain high quality beams of the produced isotopes at all energy regimes. RIA will use these approaches in combination with a novel 400 kW superconducting heavy-ion driver linac to produce the activity and a very efficient post-acceleration scheme based on low-frequency RFQs injecting an ATLAS-like superconducting linac to obtain maximum intensity and excellent beam quality at the experimental stations. The development of the RIA concept required new ideas and significant technical advances. The technical issues with this versatile high-power facility and their present solutions will be presented together with the present status of the R&D efforts and the performance obtained with various prototypes that have been completed.
Breast Cancer and Screening in American Indian and Alaska Native Women

Data relative to breast cancer among American Indian and Alaska native (AI/AN) women are limited and vary by regions. Despite national decreases in breast cancer incidence and mortality rates, declines in these measures have not yet appeared among AI/AN women. Health disparities in breast cancer persist, manifest by higher stage at diagnosis, and lower screening rates compared to other racial and ethnic groups. Disproportionately more AI/AN are younger at diagnosis. Screening beginning at age 40, improving access, annual rescreening, community education and outreach, and mobile mammography for rural areas are ways to improve these disparities in breast cancer.
Suppression of lymphocyte stimulation by anterior hypothalamic lesions in the guinea pig

Abstract Anterior hypothalamic lesions in the guinea pig inhibited lymphocyte stimulation in whole blood cultures with the antigen tuberculin and with the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and suppressed the delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity response to tuberculin. The lesions did not affect the stimulation of purified lymphocytes with either tuberculin or PHA. The anterior hypothalamic lesions had no effect on the absolute number of T and B lymphocytes.
On the negative longitudinal magnetoresistance for a thin wire

Abstract A simple kinetic theory is described for the negative longitudinal magnetoresistance of a thin wire.
How are you investing your time

Reflections at the beginning of this year stand worlds apart from those of a year ago. In the past 12 months we've seen a rapid decline in global stability, terrorist acts on American soil unparalleled in magnitude or horror, an economic recession, and the virtual dissolution of Internet start-up companies. As we bid adieu to 2001, prospects of improvement are, thankfully, brighter.
Critical parameters influencing hyperthermia-induced apoptosis in human lymphoid cell lines.

Brief mild hyperthermia is sufficient to induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in many cell lines. Here we describe the effects of a number of factors modulating heat shock induced apoptosis outcomes. We report the effects of cell type, heat load, recovery times, cellular growth phase, and protein synthesis on the levels of apoptoses seen in heat stressed cell populations. We observe that a number of cell lines are competent to undergo heat stress induced apoptosis using both the comet assay and cellular and nuclear morphologies. Of the cell lines tested we saw a wide spectrum of sensitivities, ranging from resistant (less than 1% apoptotic after 12 h) to exquisitely sensitive (>95%). By incrementally increasing the heat load from 37–49°C, we observed a gradual increase in apoptosis with a significant change from apoptotic to necrotic death at temperatures beyond 45°C. The kinetics of the apoptotic response to heat shock were also examined. A time dependent increase in apoptotic cell death was seen after initial hyperthermic treatment with most cell types reaching a ‘plateau’ at 18 h. In addition to these parameters we report that growth phase has a strong influence on the number of apoptoses induced as a result of heat stress. Cultured cells, grown to a plateau, undergo apoptosis at a much higher level than similarly treated cells taken during an exponential phase of growth. Finally, we determined the necessity of protein synthesis for apoptotic competency.
Doppler imaging of the dwarf nova U Geminorum

Doppler tomography is applied to time-resolved spectra of the dwarf nova U Geminorum, and it is found that emission from the bright-spot region has neither the velocity of the gas stream nor the velocity of the disk along the stream but lies roughly midway between. It is shown that earlier observations of U Gem were consistent with the present results, and it is concluded that the line emission arises immediately after the shock as the gas from the stream mixes with the disk. The data also show evidence for Balmer emission from the secondary star which, together with the bright spot's emission, produces a complicated S-wave in trailed spectra.
Immobilization of mercury(II) in contaminated soil with used tire rubber

Abstract The effectiveness of used tire rubber for immobilizing Hg(II) in a contaminated soil was evaluated using batch extraction and field rainwater leaching tests. The contaminated soil was prepared using a clay-loam spiked with mercury oxide or mercury chloride to yield a Hg(II) content of 300 mg/kg. When the contaminated soil was treated with 4% of tire rubber, Hg(II) concentration in an acetic acid leachate was reduced from 3500 ppb down to 34 ppb. Hg(II) concentration in the initial rainwater leachate was reduced from 84 ppb for untreated soil to 1.2 ppb for the rubber-treated soil. After 8 months of rainwater infiltration in the field, Hg(II) concentration decreased to less than 0.2 ppb for the treated soil. The rubber-treatment inhibited the evolution of metallic Hg 0 from the spiked soil samples possibly by retarding the reduction of Hg(II) to Hg 0 . Batch extraction and adsorption results indicated that the rubber had high adsorption capacity for Hg(II) when pH values were between 2 and 8.
The Talk of the Town: Human Capital, Information, and the Growth of English Cities, 1861 to 1961

Abstract The growth of cities virtually always accompanies modern economic growth. Many observers attribute the relationship to the rise of urban factories or improvements in transportation. We believe that information-based human capital, particularly as embodied in business professionals, provides a better explanation for the growth of cities. Cities grew because concentrated human capital raised productivity. In a study of English cities from 1861 to 1961 we found that cities whose work forces contained high proportions of business professionals grew more rapidly. The talk of the bourgeoisie, not the smoke of the factory, was the defining characteristic of the modern city economy.
Salvaging the self in a world without soul: William James's The Principles of psychology

This article explores William James's transformation of the religious soul into the secular self in The Principles of Psychology. Although James's views on the self are familiar to many historians of psychology, the article places his treatment of the self within the broader social and cultural context of a secularizing, industrializing society. There were palpable tensions and anxieties that accompanied the cultural shift, and these are particularly transparent in James's Principles. James attempted the project of secularizing the soul in order to promote a natural science of the mind but with marked ambivalence for the project, because it left out some of the moral and metaphysical questions of great interest to him.
Refinements to the Mixed-Mode Bending Test for Delamination Toughness

The mixed-mode bending (MMB) test for delamination toughness was first introduced in 1988. This simple test is a combination of the standard Mode I (opening) test and a Mode II (sliding) test. This MMB test has become widely used in the United States and around the world for mixed-mode toughness measurements. Because of the widespread use of this test method, it is being considered for standardization by ASTM Committee D30. This paper discusses several improvements to the original test method. The improvements to the MMB test procedure include an improved method for calculating toughness from the measured test quantities, a more accurate way of setting the mixed-mode ratio to be tested, and the inclusion of a new alignment criterion for improved consistency in measured values.
Left ventricular, central aortic, and peripheral pressure pulses in aortic stenosis∗

Abstract 1. (1) Changes in the contour of the brachial artery, left ventricular, and aortic pressure pulses in aortic stenosis are discussed. 2. (2) There is no demonstrable relationship between the position of the anacrotic notch or its time of occurrence and the stroke volume, pulse pressure, systolic pressure gradient, and aortic valve area. Thus the position of the anacrotic notch is no index of the degree of aortic stenosis. 3. (3) Factors influencing contour of the arterial pressure pulse are discussed. 4. (4) A high incidence of unilateral mechanical pulsus alternans is noted in the left ventricular and brachial artery pressure pulses.
The stochastic Economic Lot Scheduling Problem: cyclical base-stock policies with idle times

In this paper we discuss stochastic Economic Lot Scheduling Problems ELSP, i.e., settings where several items need to be produced in a common facility with limited capacity, under significant uncertainty regarding demands, production times, setup times, or combinations thereof. We propose a class of production/inventory strategies for stochastic ELSPs and describe how a strategy which minimizes holding, backlogging, and setup costs within this class can be effectively determined and evaluated. The proposed class of strategies is simple but rich and effective: when the facility is assigned to a given item, production continues until either a specific target inventory level is reached or a specific production batch has been completed; the different items are produced in a given sequence or rotation cycle, possibly with idle times inserted between the completion of an item's production batch and the setup for the next item. An optimal strategy within the class can be determined, and all relevant performance measures can be evaluated in just a few CPU seconds, using a 486-based PC. We also derive a number of easily computable lower bounds for the optimal cost value and establish a comparison with deterministic ELSPs.
Impulsivity and Psychoeducational Intervention in Hyperactive Children

The purpose of the present research was to identify the best treatment approach for treating impulsivity in hyperactive children. The treatment approaches investigated were two psychoeducational procedures. These approaches were examined in two groups of hyperactive children: (1) children receiving stimulant drug therapy and (2) children not receiving stimulant drug therapy. The results indicated that the use of psychoeducational treatment approaches are of value in altering the impulsive responses of hyperactive children. Consistent with the findings in follow-up studies of hyperactive children (suggesting that hyperactivity diminishes at adolescence) is the present finding that there is a developmental trend away from impulsivity in hyperactive children.
Impact of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Exercise Training-Induced Improvements in Insulin Action in Sedentary Overweight Adults

Exercise training (ET) and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are both recognized influences on insulin action, but the influence of HRT on responses to ET has not been examined. To determine if HRT use provided additive benefits for the response of insulin action to ET, we evaluated the impact of HRT use on changes in insulin during the course of a randomized, controlled, aerobic ET intervention. Subjects at baseline were sedentary, dyslipidemic, and overweight. These individuals were randomized to 6 months of one of 3 aerobic ET interventions or continued physical inactivity. In 206 subjects, an insulin sensitivity index (S(I)) was obtained with a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test pre- and post-ET. Baseline and postintervention fitness, regional adiposity, general adiposity, skeletal muscle biochemistry and histology, and serum lipoproteins were measured as other putative mediators influencing insulin action. Two-way analyses of variance were used to determine if sex or HRT use influenced responses to exercise training. Linear modeling was used to determine if predictors for response in S(I) differed by sex or HRT use(.) Women who used HRT (HRT+) demonstrated significantly greater improvements in S(I) with ET than women not using HRT (HRT-). In those HRT+ women, plasma triglyceride change best correlated with change in S(I). For HRT- women, capillary density change and, for men, subcutaneous adiposity change best correlated with change in S(I). In summary, in an ET intervention, HRT use appears to be associated with more robust responses in insulin action. Furthermore, relationships between ET-induced changes in insulin action and potential mediators of change in insulin action are different for men, and for women on or off HRT. These findings have implications for the relative utility of ET for improving insulin action in middle-aged men and women, particularly in the setting of differences in HRT use.
Pulmonary function in patients with reduced left ventricular function: Influence of smoking and cardiac surgery

Study objective: The impact of stable, chronic heart failure on baseline pulmonary function remains controversial. Confounding influences include previous coronary artery bypass or valve surgery (CABG), history of obesity, stability of disease, and smoking history. Design: To control for some of the variables affecting pulmonary function in patients with chronic heart failure, we analyzed data in four patient groups, all with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (LV ejection fraction [LVEF] < 35%): (1) chronic heart failure, nonsmokers, no CABG (n 78); (2) chronic heart failure, nonsmokers, CABG (n 46); (3) chronic heart failure, smokers, no CABG (n 40); and (4) chronic heart failure, smokers, CABG (n 48). Comparisons were made with age- and gender-matched patients with a history of coronary disease but no LV dysfunction or smoking history (control subjects, n 112) and to age-predicted norms. Results: Relative to control subjects and percent-predicted values, all groups with chronic heart failure had reduced lung volumes (total lung capacity [TLC] and vital capacity [VC]) and expiratory flows (p < 0.05). CABG had no influence on lung volumes and expiratory flows in smokers, but resulted in a tendency toward a reduced TLC and VC in nonsmokers. Smokers with chronic heart failure had reduced expiratory flows compared to nonsmokers (p < 0.05), indicating an additive effect of smoking. Diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was reduced in smokers and in subjects who underwent CABG, but not in patients with chronic heart failure alone. There was no relationship between LV size and pulmonary function in this population, although LV function (cardiac index and stroke volume) was weakly associated with lung volumes and DLCO. Conclusions: We conclude that patients with chronic heart failure have primarily restrictive lung changes with smoking causing a further reduction in expiratory flows. (CHEST 2001; 120:1869–1876) Abbreviations: ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme; BMI body mass index; CABG coronary artery bypass or valve surgery; CAD coronary artery disease; Dlco diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; FEF forced expiratory flow; FEF25 forced expiratory flow at 25% of VC; FEF50 forced expiratory flow at 50% of VC; FEF75 forced expiratory flow at 75% of VC; LV left ventricular; LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction; MVV maximal voluntary ventilation; PEF peak expiratory flow; PFT pulmonary function test; RV residual volume; TLC total lung capacity; Va alveolar volume; VC vital capacity
A Typology of Women's Use of Violence in Intimate Relationships

Women's use of violence in intimate relationships is not well understood. This study examined women's violence in relation to their male partners'sviolence against them. The sample consisted of 108 women who had used physical violence with a male partner in the previous 6 months. Almost all the women experienced physical abuse from their male partners. Whereas the women in the sample used more emotional abuse and moderate physical violence than their partners, the women were more often victims of sexual violence, injury, and coercive control. Three types of relationships were identified: women as victims (34%), women as aggressors (12%), and mixed relationships (50%), which were of two subtypes'mixed-male coercive (32%) and mixed-female coercive (18%). The study illustrates that women's violence needs to be examined within the context of male violence and abuse. The implications of the findings are discussed for researchers and practitioners who work with domestically violent women.
Power loss for multimode waveguides and its application to beam-waveguide system

The conventional way of expressing power loss in decibels/meter for a multimode waveguiding system with finite wall conductivity (such as a beam-waveguide (BWG) system with protective shroud) can be incorrect and misleading. The power loss (in decibels) for a multimode waveguiding system is, in general, not linearly proportional to the length of the waveguide. New power-loss formulas for multimode system are derived in this paper for arbitrarily shaped conducting waveguide tubes. In these formulas, there are factors such as [exp(jx)-1]/(jx), where x=(/spl beta//sub a/-/spl beta//sub b/)l, with /spl beta//sub a/ and /spl beta//sub b/ being the propagation constants of the different propagating modes and l being the distance from the source plane to the plane of interest along the guide. For a large BWG supporting many propagating modes, /spl beta//sub a/'s are quite close to /spl beta//sub b/'s, thus the mode coupling terms remain important for a very long distance from the source plane. The multimode power loss formula for a large circular conducting tube has been verified by experiments. This formula was also used to calculate the additional noise temperature contribution due to the presence of a protective shroud surrounding a millimeter-wave BWG system.
New test method to evaluate the thermal aging of aramid materials

A new test method has been developed to understand the performance of aramid paper in contact with copper. Basic property tests might suggest products in the same chemical family would deliver equivalent performance. This thermal degradation testing method can be used to quantify performance differences between products and allow the designer to select the proper product for the application.
Programmable LDPC decoder based on the bubble-sort algorithm

Low density parity check (LDPC) codes are one of the most powerful error correcting codes known. Recent research have pointed out their potential for a low cost, low latency hardware implementation. Due to this property, a lot of research has been done to find their suitability in different communication media. These codes have been shown to achieve near Shannon-limit performance in wireless AWGN channels. At the same time these codes can result in significant power reduction in on-chip global and semi-global interconnects. These different applications demand a variety of LDPC coder decoder structures. This paper presents a programmable design for a parallel implementation of an LDPC decoder. The programmability implies that this decoder can adapt itself to any arbitrary LDPC code for a variety of applications. This paper also presents two example configurations, with a throughput of 2.28 Gbps and 4.37 Gbps respectively.
Demand pacing and carotid sinus syncope.

Abstract This is a report of a new treatment for syncopal attacks due to carotid sinus hypersensitivity. The successful treatment with a demand pacemaker using a transvenous electrode catheter is described. This case demonstrates that demand pacing appears to be the treatment of choice for this condition. The medical, surgical, and roentgenologic treatments are also discussed.
Videoendoscopic evaluation of the mare's uterus: I. Findings in normal fertile mares

The new generation of videoendoscopes uses an electronic, instead of an optical, system for image transmission. Advantages over conventional fibre-optic endoscopes include increased image quality, handling robustness and direct display of the image on a TV monitor for multiple simultaneous viewing. In the present study, hysteroscopy was performed on 14 normal fertile Welsh Pony and Thoroughbred mares at various times during the annual and ovarian breeding cycles. Oestrus was characterised by an oedematous, relaxed cervix lying on the floor of the vagina, diffuse oedema of the endometrium and the occasional accumulation of small amounts of clear secretions in the uterine lumen. In dioestrus, the cervix appeared tight and pale and was located in the centre of the vaginal fornix. The endometrium appeared thinner due to the reduction in interstitial fluid, which allowed the underlying blood vessels to become visible, but it still had a glistening surface as a result of endometrial gland secretions. The appearance of the uterotubal papillae reflected the changes in the cervix, being relaxed, pinkish and oedematous during oestrus but remaining pale, tight and erect in dioestrus (between Days 7 and 12 after ovulation). A flexible polythene cannula was passed into the uterine lumen through the working channel of the endoscope for directed collection of uterine fluid for cytological and bacteriological examinations. Site-directed biopsies of the endometrium were taken, with flexible forceps inserted through the working channel of the endoscope, or with rigid forceps passed through the cervix alongside the endoscope. Both methods enabled accurate visual selection of the sampling area but the rigid forceps were preferred due to the larger size of the piece of endometrium recovered.
Capitalist Dreams: Chile's Response to Nineteenth-Century World Copper Competition

Hernando de Soto's recent book, The Other Path, argues that capitalism has not failed in Peru and Latin America, rather, it has not been tried. Basing his case on the observation that Latin American economies are strangled by arcane policies and regulations, de Soto goes on to bolster his point by providing a fresh and powerful look at the undeniable reality of the large “informal,” and thus unregulated, economic sector in Peru. As with any such generalization, how strongly does its explanatory value remain when measured against specific events, over long periods of time? This article seeks just such a perspective. It examines the impact of such regulations as mining codes and mineral taxation on the efforts of Chilean copper entrepreneurs to compete worldwide in the nineteenth century. De Soto may be correct in his contention that today's highly regulated economies keep Latin Americans from being as productive as their resources justify, but to extend this view into the past ignores earlier productive accomplishments, as well as significant efforts at different times and places to cast off Latin America's mercantile legacy.
Facial Firework Injury: A Case Series

Fireworks are used to celebrate a variety of religious, patriotic, and cultural holidays and events around the world. Fireworks are common in the United States, with the most popular holiday for their use being national Independence Day, also known as July Fourth. The use of fireworks within the context of celebrations and holidays presents the ideal environment for accidents that lead to severe and dangerous injuries. Injuries to the face from explosions present a challenging problem in terms of restoring ideal ocular, oral, and facial function. Despite the well documented prevalence of firework use and injury, there is a relatively large deficit in the literature in terms of firework injury that involves the face. We present a unique case series that includes 4 adult male patients all with severe firework injuries to the face that presented at an urban level 1 trauma center. These four patients had an average age of 26.7 years old and presented within 5 hours of each other starting on July Fourth. Two patients died from their injuries and two patients underwent reconstructive surgical management, one of which had two follow up surgeries. We explore in detail their presentation, management, and subsequent outcomes as an attempt to add to the very limited data in the field of facial firework blast injury. In addition, the coincidence of their presentation within the same 5 hours brings into question the availability of the fireworks involved, and the possibility of similar injuries related to this type of firework in the future.
Eddies: continuously adaptive query processing

In large federated and shared-nothing databases, resources can exhibit widely fluctuating characteristics. Assumptions made at the time a query is submitted will rarely hold throughout the duration of query processing. As a result, traditional static query optimization and execution techniques are ineffective in these environments.In this paper we introduce a query processing mechanism called an eddy, which continuously reorders operators in a query plan as it runs. We characterize the moments of symmetry during which pipelined joins can be easily reordered, and the synchronization barriers that require inputs from different sources to be coordinated. By combining eddies with appropriate join algorithms, we merge the optimization and execution phases of query processing, allowing each tuple to have a flexible ordering of the query operators. This flexibility is controlled by a combination of fluid dynamics and a simple learning algorithm. Our initial implementation demonstrates promising results, with eddies performing nearly as well as a static optimizer/executor in static scenarios, and providing dramatic improvements in dynamic execution environments.
The Current State of Academic Archives: A Procrustean Bed for Archival Principles?

Archives of colleges and universities have evolved in response to a number of pressures and forces, most of which are beyond their control: the character, age, and mission of the parent institution; the administrative location of the archives; the place of the archivist in the institutional hierarchy; the research, teaching, and programmatic interests of faculty and administrators; the educational and subject interests of the archivist; and archival theory and principles. Academic archivists face the challenge of trying simultaneously to meet professional program standards, maintain the primacy of their core mission, and accommodate other opportunities and demands, all of this within the limits of available resources. The resolution of these tensions may come less from the development of external standards than from each archivist's ability to seize control of the forces and direct them to the good of the program.
The empirical element in the methods of early Greek medical writers and Herodotus: a shared epistemological response.

Today one expects a truth or the truth to be characterized by objectivity, communicability, and unity. It should be testable, precisely expressed, consistent, and logical. To be all this, the truth must conform to the world of observation, and it must be based on data that can verify or falsify it. A truth may be general or particular, and research in different disciplines, of course, will pursue information and truths by different methods. Some thinkers express dissatisfaction with the narrowness of this concept of truth, which is largely based on the specific needs of the inductive model of the natural sciences. It makes us uncomfortable, however, to say that the poet has one kind of truth, the philosopher another, the doctor, the physicist, and the geographer still others, and the historian another, yet autonomous truth. History is among the fields of study most subject to misapprehension, for it lies between human sciences and human arts, also between cases and laws.
Reconstructing the Responsibility To Protect in the Wake of Cyclones and Separatism

This Article reconceptualizes the doctrine of the responsibility to protect (R2P). R2P provides that when a government fails to protect its citizens from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing or crimes against humanity ("mass atrocities"), that responsibility shifts to the international community acting through the United Nations. The U.N.'s apparent failure to include natural disasters in the catalogue of harms potentially justifying R2P intervention generated considerable controversy following Myanmar's refusal of foreign aid following the devastation wrought by Cyclone Nargis. Those seeking to limit the scope of R2P considered it inapplicable in the case of Myanmar, reading the U.N.'s focus on mass atrocities as a conscious decision to exclude natural disasters as triggers for R2P. By contrast, supporters of R2P looking to rely on the doctrine to compel Myanmar to accept aid have argued that there is no meaningful distinction between the failure to protect following natural disasters and the failure to protect from mass atrocities. This Article shows that the causes of the harm are irrelevant. Developing what it labels a "constructive interpretation" of R2P, the Article demonstrates that R2P applies equally to a state's failure to protect its population from harm caused by its omission to act when that omission constitutes a crime against humanity. This thesis is advanced through the novel application of fundamental criminal law principles to the regime of international human rights, and includes a discussion of the extent to which the concept of crimes against humanity can be deployed where the harm to a civilian population comes about by means of inaction rather than action.
Using home schooled children in emergency management drills.

The need to make emergency drills as realistic as possible presents problems in children's hospitals because of the difficulties that exist in recruiting and using children to act as casualties. In this article, the author describes one approach, the use of home school children and their parents, that proved highly successful in conducting a drill involving a school bus accident and possible chemical contamination. Language: en
The Psychology of Possibility

In our time of turbulent change, we need to emphasize the psychology of possibility, rather than complacent security. We need to welcome change as an opportunity to grow and develop.
A New Species of Endemosarca from the Seychelles

(1973). A New Species of Endemosarca from the Seychelles. Mycologia: Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 229-232.
Discussion about the Corporate Governance Of Fixed assets over-investment

Fixed assets investment has been a heated topic in economic studies.Fixed assets over-investment is determined by the internal systems of companies.Thus,it is of theory and significance to discuss the determinants of fixed assets over-investment from the angle of thd corporate governance.Only by perfecing the corporate governance structure can this inefficient investment behavior be restricted with internal systems.
Abstract A167: Functional analysis of DNA sensors in the interferon stimulatory DNA (ISD) pathway

Detection of viral DNA and production of type I interferons (IFNs) are essential for antiviral immunity and immune responses against transformed cells; on the other hand, inappropriate immune responses to self DNA result in autoimmunity. Intracellular DNA sensing activates the STING-dependent IFN stimulatory DNA (ISD) pathway. Multiple DNA sensors have been proposed to activate the ISD pathway, including cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and a family of DNA binding receptors called the AIM2-like receptors (ALRs). Analysis of cGAS-deficient mice has revealed that cGAS is required for the IFN response to transfected DNA ligands, DNA viruses, and retroviruses. In contrast, while multiple studies have suggested that ALRs promote an optimal IFN response to various DNA pathogens, others have found that the IFN response is intact following ALR knockdown. Thus, while cGAS has clearly emerged as a key DNA sensor in the ISD pathway, the function of the ALRs remains unclear. To define the relative contributions of the ALRs and cGAS to the ISD pathway, we generated mice lacking all thirteen ALR genes and cGAS-deficient mice. In addition, we have used CRISPR gene targeting to disrupt cGAS and all four human ALRs in human cells. Analysis of IFN induction following transfection of DNA ligands or DNA virus infection has revealed that cGAS is absolutely required for activation of the ISD pathway in both mouse and human cells, consistent with recent studies. In contrast, the IFN response to transfected DNA ligands and infection with a variety of DNA viruses is intact in ALR-deficient cells, suggesting that the ALRs may be dispensable for activation of the ISD pathway. We are currently exploring potential alternative functions of the ALR family of DNA binding receptors. Citation Format: Elizabeth Gray, Daniel Stetson. Functional analysis of DNA sensors in the interferon stimulatory DNA (ISD) pathway. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A167.
Review of head and neck lesions in infancy and childhood.

Neck lesions are common in infancy and childhood. Most are benign, congenital, or inflammatory lesions but many require surgical excision because of potential infectious complications. Differentiation of the less acntely inflamed lymphadenopathies from neoplastic lesions such as Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma becomes more significant in the older child and adolescent. Nevertheless, if a clearly defined congenital or infectious cause cannot be demonstrated, neoplasia must be ruled out by histopathologic evaluation of biopsy material.
Hybrid nanostructures of well-organized arrays of colloidal quantum dots and a self-assembled monolayer of gold nanoparticles for enhanced fluorescence.

Hybrid nanomaterials comprised of well-organized arrays of colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) in close proximity to metal nanoparticles (NPs) represent an appealing system for high-performance, spectrum-tunable photon sources with controlled photoluminescence. Experimental realization of such materials requires well-defined QD arrays and precisely controlled QD?metal interspacing. This long-standing challenge is tackled through a strategy that synergistically combines lateral confinement and vertical stacking. Lithographically generated nanoscale patterns with tailored surface chemistry confine the QDs into well-organized arrays with high selectivity through chemical pattern directed assembly, while subsequent coating with a monolayer of close-packed Au NPs introduces the plasmonic component for fluorescence enhancement. The results show uniform fluorescence emission in large-area ordered arrays for the fabricated QD structures and demonstrate five-fold fluorescence amplification for red, yellow, and green QDs in the presence of the Au NP monolayer. Encapsulation of QDs with a silica shell is shown to extend the design space for reliable QD/metal coupling with stronger enhancement of 11 times through the tuning of QD?metal spatial separation. This approach provides new opportunities for designing hybrid nanomaterials with tailored array structures and multiple functionalities for applications such as multiplexed optical coding, color display, and quantum transduction.
Finance as a Romance of Many Moments and Plural Views

The postmodern revival of portfolio theory is the story of an intellectual discipline coming to embrace the richness of economic accounts transcending its origins in austerely beautiful but excessively rigid mathematical models. Quantitative risk management harmonizes the making of policy in a wide range of domains, from the regulation of systemically important financial institutions to natural disaster prevention, mitigation, and recovery. Postmodern portfolio theory exploits the full range of sophisticated quantitative methods known in contemporary finance. Perhaps as importantly, postmodern portfolio theory acknowledges its own methodological limits. Comprehensive understanding of these tools, from their origins in early modern finance through contemporary postmodern critiques, places quantitative finance on the efficient frontier of risk management.
SOME RESULTS IN APPROXIMATION THEORY WITH APPLICATIONS TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a few results in approximation theory and describes their applications to numerical analysis. It explores Chebyshev semidiscrete approximations of parabolic partial difference equations. The chapter presents results concerning Chebyshev rational approximations of reciprocals of certain entire functions on [0, +∞] and discusses the way in which these approximations can be used numerically in the solution of semidiscrete parabolic partial difference equations. It discusses results of numerical experiments testing such Chebyshev semi-discrete approximations. The chapter highlights improved error bounds for spline and L -spline interpolation. The Chebyshev semi-discrete methods as described in the chapter are rather severely limited to linear problems.
Geometry and Electronic Structure of Titanabenzene and Its Valence Isomers.

Potentially aromatic metallocycles are of interest due to their possible use as experimental catalytic materials and to their assistance in developing theoretical understanding of metal–carbon bond...
On the 2-adic order of Stirling numbers of the second kind and their differences

Let $n$ and $k$ be positive integers, $d(k)$ and $\nu_2(k)$ denote the number of ones in the binary representation of $k$ and the highest power of two dividing $k$, respectively. De Wannemacker recently proved for the Stirling numbers of the second kind that $\nu_2(S(2^n,k))=d(k)-1, 1\leq k \leq 2^n$. Here we prove that $\nu_2(S(c2^n,k))=d(k)-1, 1\leq k \leq 2^n$, for any positive integer $c$. We improve and extend this statement in some special cases. For the difference, we obtain lower bounds on $\nu_2(S(c2^{n+1}+u,k)-S(c2^n+u,k))$ for any nonnegative integer $u$, make a conjecture on the exact order and, for $u=0$, prove part of it when $k \leq 6$, or $k \geq 5$ and $d(k) \leq 2$. The proofs rely on congruential identities for power series and polynomials related to the Stirling numbers and Bell polynomials, and some divisibility properties.
Total Harmonics Distortion reduction using a new method of adaptive filtering

This paper presents a novel method to reduce the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) using adaptive filters. Least Mean Square (LMS) and Normalized Lest Mean Square (NLMS) were used as adaptation algorithms. Both of these algorithms gave a very good performance in terms of distortion reduction. Instead of focusing on specific harmonics as in other methods of adaptive filtering, this method targets all the harmonics contained in the signal for elimination. A single phase inverter was used as a study case to test the performance of the proposed technique. The obtained results showed that the presented method can decrease the total harmonics distortion dramatically over time.
Risk of preterm birth by maternal age at first and second pregnancy and race/ethnicity.

We examined the risk of preterm birth (PTB, 34 years for both, were also at higher odds of delivering their second baby prematurely (adjusted odds ratios 1.9 and 1.3, respectively). Women who deliver their first infant at <37 weeks of gestation are at 3 to 7 times higher odds of delivering their second infant preterm. Providers should consider including information about these risks in counseling their patients.
Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Hemodynamically unstable hematochezia is an uncommon manifestation of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. However, given the usually older age and multiple comorbidities of the typical patient, acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding can be associated with poor outcomes unless emergent life-saving care is delivered. In this context, early recognition and aggressive resuscitation is essential for a patient presenting with hemodynamically significant hematochezia. Accurate discrimination between upper and lower gastrointestinal sources of hemorrhage is of utmost importance as this has significant implications with respect to prognosis, differential diagnosis, and provides guidance for additional diagnostic testing, such as endoscopy, as well as life-saving therapeutic interventions. Depending on clinical stability and severity of bleeding, diagnosis may require urgent colonoscopy, nuclear red blood cell scan, multidetector CT of the abdomen, and/or mesenteric angiography. Colonoscopy and mesenteric angiography may be both diagnostic and therapeutic when performed. Optimal management of a patient with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding requires consultation and coordination of a multidisciplinary team of expert specialists to improve patient outcomes.
K-Ras G-domain binding with signaling lipid phosphoinositides: PIP2 association, orientation, function

Ras genes are potent drivers of human cancers, with mutated K-Ras4B being the most abundant isoform. Targeted inhibition of oncogenic gene products is considered the holy grail of present-day cancer therapy, and recent discoveries of small molecule inhibitors for K-Ras4B greatly benefited from a deeper understanding of the protein structure and dynamics of the GTPase. Since interactions with biological membranes are key for Ras function, the details of Ras - lipid interactions have become a major focus of study, especially since it is becoming clear that such interactions not only involve the Ras C-terminus for lipid anchoring, but also the G-protein domain. Here we investigated the interaction between K-Ras4B with the signaling lipid phosphatidyl inositol (4,5) phosphate (PIP2) using NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations, complemented by biophysical and cell biology assays. We discovered that the beta 2 and beta 3 strands as well as helices 4 and 5 of the GTPase G-domain bind to PIP2, and that these secondary structural elements employ specific residues for these interactions. These likely occur in two orientation states of the protein relative to the membrane. Importantly, we found that some of these residues, which are known to be oncogenic when mutated (D47K, D92N, K104M and D126N), are critical for K-Ras-mediated transformation of fibroblast cells, while not substantially affecting basal and assisted nucleotide hydrolysis and exchange. We further showed that mutation K104M can indeed abolish localization of mutant K-Ras to the plasma membrane. These findings suggest that specific G-domain residues play an important, previously-unknown role in regulating Ras function by mediating interactions with membrane PIP2 lipids. Thus, a detailed description of the novel K-Ras-PIP2 binding surfaces is likely to inform the future design of therapeutic reagents.
General Strategy for the Growth of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) Perovskite Nanosheets from the Assembly of Nanorods

Shape control is critical and offers an efficient way to tune the properties of nanocrystals (NCs). Here we present the growth of two-dimensional (2-D) all-inorganic CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite NCs through the assembly of corresponding 1-D nanorods (NRs) under solvothermal conditions. Both 2-D CsPbX3 perovskite nanoplatelets (NPLs) and nanosheets (NSs) with a wide lateral size range from ∼100 nm to ∼1 μm and thickness of a few unit cells can be obtained by the control of the solvothermal reaction time. The present work provides a general strategy for rational fabrication of 2-D CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite NCs without the assistance of anion exchange. The obtained fluorescent 2-D all-inorganic perovskite NCs have great potential in practical photovoltaic applications.
Polyurethane/Poly(2-chloro-5-methoxyaniline) and carbon nano-onion-based nanocomposite: physical properties and anti-corrosion behavior

AbstractThis study reports on novel polyurethane/poly(2-chloro-5-methoxyaniline) (PU/PCMANI) blend and nanocomposite system for corrosion protection. Polyurethane was designed using epoxy functiona...