cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional climate model simulation of U.S. soil temperature and moisture during 1982-2002

[1] The fifth-generation PSU-NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5)-based regional climate model (CMM5) capability in simulating the U.S. soil temperature and soil moisture annual cycle and interannual variability is evaluated by comparing the 1982–2002 continuous integration driven by the NCEP-DOE AMIP II reanalysis (R-2) with observations, the R-2 derivatives and North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) products. For the annual cycle, the CMM5 produces more realistic regional details and overall smaller biases than the driving R-2 and NLDAS outputs. The CMM5 also faithfully simulates interannual variations of soil temperature over the central United States and soil moisture in Illinois and Iowa, where observational data are available. The existing CMM5 differences from observations in soil temperature (moisture) cannot be fully explained by model biases in surface air temperature (precipitation). Inconsistencies between measurements taken under short grass versus model representations beneath other land cover types may play an important role. In particular, such measurements overestimate soil temperature in summer and fall while generating a 1-month phase lead in the soil moisture annual cycle with respect to croplands in the model. The result emphasizes the need for more comprehensive study on model evaluation and bias understanding of soil temperature and soil moisture.
A TEST OF THE GROUP VALUES AND CONTROL MODELS OF PROCEDURAL JUSTICE FROM THE COMPETING PERSPECTIVES OF LABOR AND MANAGEMENT

A path model was developed to determine the predictive power of the group values (Lind & Tyler, 1988) and the self-interest/control (Thibaut & Walker, 1975) models in the justice judgments of three state impasse resolution procedures for teacher bargaining disputes. Surveys were returned by 90 school superintendents and 74 union presidents from districts that had used the procedures during the last contract negotiations. The group values variables of perceived neutrality of, and trust in, third parties were most predictive of procedural justice judgments. Process control was also predictive of procedural justice judgments, whereas decision control was not. Neither model was predictive of distributive justice judgments. Further, the path analysis clearly indicates the importance in this context of examining procedural and distributive justice from the competing perspectives of labor and management. Labor/management affiliation was strongly related to trust in third parties, perceptions of relative pay, and overall distributive justice judgments.
Inhibitory effect of zinc on human prostatic carcinoma cell growth.

BACKGROUND Normal human prostate accumulates the highest levels of zinc of any soft tissue in the body. In contrast, the zinc level in prostate cancer is markedly decreased from the level detected in nonprostate tissues. Despite these relationships, the possible role of zinc in the growth of normal and malignant prostate has not been determined. METHODS Growth inhibition and various regulatory responses were investigated in two human prostate carcinoma cell lines (LNCaP and PC-3), treated with or without zinc. RESULTS Incubation of the prostate carcinoma cell lines with physiological levels of zinc resulted in the marked inhibition of cell growth. A lower 50% inhibition of cell growth (IC50) value for zinc (about 100 ng/ml) was detected in LNCaP cells, which are androgen-responsive, whereas androgen-independent PC-3 cells exhibited a higher IC50 for zinc (about 700 ng/ml). Incubation with 1 μg/ml zinc resulted in maximum inhibition of growth in both cell lines. These inhibitory effects of zinc correlated well with the accumulation of zinc in the cells. Simultaneously, cell flow cytometric analyses revealed a dramatic increase of the cell population in G2/M phase, in both LNCaP (2.3-fold vs. control) and PC-3 (1.9-fold vs. control), and a decreased proportion of cells in S phase (LNCaP, −51.4%; PC-3, −23%), indicating a G2/M phase arrest. The cell growth inhibition and G2/M arrest in these cells were accompanied by an increase in apoptosis, as demonstrated by the characteristic cell morphology and further confirmed by cellular DNA fragmentation. The specificity of zinc-induced apoptosis was identified by ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-chelation, which abolished the zinc effect on cellular DNA fragmentation. The zinc-induced G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis were accompanied by increased mRNA levels of p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1 in both LNCaP (p53+/+) and PC-3 (p53−/−) cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that zinc inhibits human prostatic carcinoma cell growth, possibly due to induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. There now exists strong evidence that the loss of a unique capability to retain high levels of zinc is an important factor in the development and progression of malignant prostate cells. Prostate 40:200–207, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
C1-C2 fusion: postoperative C2 nerve impingement-is it a problem?

Objective: The purpose of this comparison case study is to show a potential complication associated with atlantoaxial fusion, and the preoperative evaluation that could help to avoid it. Background data: The use of lateral mass screw fixation in atlantoaxial fusion has provided surgeons the ability to create rigid fixation, with a high success rate of fusion. While the use of screws for fixation is relatively easy to adopt, the risk of causing neurological damage to the patient is ever present. Many major structures, such as the vertebral artery, carotid artery, and spinal cord, must all be considered during surgery. Methods: A comparison of two patients who underwent the same procedure was reviewed—the first had no complications from surgery and the second underwent revision surgery because of the C1 screw impinging on the C1 nerve exiting the foramen. Results: After removal of the C1 screw and converting to a cable technique, the patient made a full recovery and neurological function was restored. Conclusions: When considering C1-C2 lateral mass screw fixation for atlantoaxial fusion, the size of the foramen should be considered. If the foramen is significantly narrowed, alternate fixation should be selected.
On the robustness of the argument that price-matching is anti-competitive

Abstract The existing literature suggests that price-matching leads to monopoly prices. I show that this argument relies on an arbitrary and unrealistic restriction of the firms' strategies. In particular, if firms may adopt price-beating policies the competitive outcome prevails.
The Major-Axis Effect: Axes of Bilateral Symmetry or Loci of Neural Interactions?

Distortions in perceptual judgments have been attributed to the axes of bilateral symmetry of surrounding figures. In the figures used in prior investigations, the axes of bilateral symmetry have been confounded with loci where heightened neural interaction might be expected to occur. In the present experiment, subjects reproduced dots surrounded by figures for which the axes of symmetry and loci of hypothesized neural interactions differed. The observed displacements supported the hypothesis that distortions were due to spreading neural effects of the surrounding figures rather than to the effects of axes of bilateral symmetry.
The Infrared Absorption Spectra of HCl in Benzene

The infrared absorption of benzene and a solution of HCl in benzene has been measured in the region from 2.5\ensuremath{\mu} to 4.2\ensuremath{\mu}. The absorption band of benzene at about 3.38\ensuremath{\mu} is increased in intensity and shifted to longer wave-lengths in the solution for the same cell thickness. Other benzene bands in the region from 2\ensuremath{\mu} to 3\ensuremath{\mu} did not show an appreciable change in intensity or position. It was concluded that the absorption in the region of 3.4\ensuremath{\mu} was due to the HCl in solution. When the ratio of the absorption of the solution to the absorption of the benzene is found, there appears a band with center at about 3.49\ensuremath{\mu}. The relation of the absorption to the dipole moment is discussed.
Genetic variability in a captive herd of Speke's gazelle (Gazella spekei)

A captive herd of Speke' gazelle was screened for genetic variability at 28 enzyme-coding loci, the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), and the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). There is one variable restriction site out of 52 in the rDNA and three variable sites out of 41 in the mtDNA. This amount of mitochondrial diversity is low for a mammal, but is about the maximum to be expected given that the entire herd is derived from three females. However, 14% of the enzymecoding loci were polymorphic, a figure typical for mammals. Hence, despite the fact that the herd was founded by one male and three females, much genetic variation is still present. It is therefore important to continue breeding programs designed to maintain genetic diversity. MtDNA is maternally inherited, so tracing back from the current animals through females allowed us to infer that each founding female had a distinct mtDNA haplotype. Hence, the founding females could not have shared the same mother. The nuclear variability could also be traced back through the pedigrees to the founders. One female was found to have contributed none of the assayed genetic variability to the current herd. “Gene drop” simulations of the herd indicated that this was the only founder for which much genetic variability had already been lost because of breeding decisions made during the early history of the herd. This illustrates the importance of implementing breeding programs designed to preserve genetic variability as soon as possible.
SimPhony — A Voice Communication Tool for Distributed Workgroups

This paper describes SimPhony — a mobile, voice-controlled, voice communication system built on a PDA and designed specifically for distributed workgroups. SimPhony supports one-to-one or one-to-many communication with voice instant messages or synchronous audio transmitted over an IEEE802.11b wireless network, and it transitions between different communication styles as messages become more frequent. The SimPhony interface looks much like an instant messaging client but is accessible through a voice or visual interface on the PDA or a voice interface accessible by any telephone. SimPhony was designed specifically for, and with critique from, technicians working in a large semiconductor fabrication plant.
The Mechanical Properties of Fibrin Fibers

In normal hemostasis, blood clots form to prevent the loss of blood. Blood clots also play a central role in many diseases, such as heart attacks, strokes and embolisms. In both normal hemostasis and disease, blood clots block the flow of blood, which is essentially a mechanical task.The major structural component of a blood clot is a mesh of fibrin fibers, and the mechanical properties of these fibers determine the mechanical behavior of blood clots.Using an atomic force microscopy (AFM)/optical microscopy technique we determined key mechanical properties of fibrin fibers. We found that fibrin fibers are among the most extensible and elastic protein fibers in nature; they can be strained 150% before breaking and 50% before incurring permanent deformations. They have an elastic modulus of about 4 MPa and a total modulus (elastic and viscous) of 8 MPa. They show strain hardening behavior, as they stiffen by a factor of 2 at 100% strain. These and other data suggest a molecular model of fibrin fibers in which the mostly unstructured alpha C-region plays a major role in connecting fibrin monomers and protofibrils.We also found interesting correlations between the mechanical properties of fibrin fibers and exercise and various diseases.A bout of acute, strenuous exercise decreases fibrin fiber extensibility.Fibrin fibers from old individuals with cardiovascular disease are more stretchable, more elastic and stiffer than those from healthy people.Diabetes does not have a significant effect on fibrin fiber mechanical properties. However, in these samples we found that fibrin fibers become stiffer as fibrinogen concentration increases.
Two techniques for on-line index modification in shared nothing parallel databases

Whenever data is moved across nodes in the parallel database system, the indexes need to be modified too. Index modification overhead can be quite severe because there can be a large number of indexes on a relation. In this paper, we study two alternatives to index modification, namely OAT (One-At-a-Time page movement) and BULK (bulk page movement). OAT and BULK are two extremes on the spectrum of the granularity of data movement. OAT and BULK differ in two respects: first, OAT uses very little additional disk space (at most one extra page), whereas BULK uses a large amount of disk space. Second, BULK uses sequential prefetch I/O to optimize on the number of I/Os during index modification, while OAT does not. Using an experimental testbed, we show that BULK is an order of magnitude faster than OAT. In terms of the impact on transaction performance during reorganization, BULK and OAT perform differently: when the number of indexes to be modified is either one or two, OAT has a lesser impact on the transaction performance degradation. However, when the number of indexes is greater than two, both techniques have the same impact on transaction performance.
The metabolic sulfonation and side-chain oxidation of 3′-hydroxyisosafrole in the mouse and its inactivity as a hepatocarcinogen relative to 1′-hydroxysafrole

Summary The chemically synthesized sulfuric acid esters of 1′-hydroxysafrole and 3′-hydroxyisosafrole, 1′-sulfooxysafrole and 3′-sulfooxyisosafrole, respectively, are both strong electrophiles. Each ester reacted with deoxyguanosine (dGuo) in aqueous solution to form both safrol-1′-yl- and isosafrol-3′-yl-deoxyguanosine adducts. Both l′-hydroxysafrole and 3′-hydroxyisosafrole were also formed from each ester in the presence of water. When either 1′-[3H]hydroxysafrole or 3′-[3H]hydroxyisosafrole was incubated with mouse liver cytosols fortified with 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) and RNA, similar levels of RNA- and protein-bound adducts were formed; thus, the hepatic sulfotransferase activities for these two substrates appear to be similar. In contrast, the levels of hepatic nucleic acid and protein adducts formed after administration of 3′-[3H] hydroxyisosafrole to mice were only 2–4% and 8–14%, respectively, of those obtained after an equimolar dose of 1′-[3H]hydroxysafrole. Likewise, when 3′-hydroxyisosafrole was injected into 12-day-old male B6C3F1 mice at a level of 0.1 or 2.5 μmol/g body wt., the average numbers of hepatomas per mouse (0.2 and 0.4, respectively) were not significantly increased over the average number for mice treated only with the solvent (0.2). By contrast, mice that received 0.1 μmol of 1′-hydroxy-safrole/g body wt. developed about 2 hepatomas per mouse. The metabolism of 3′-hydroxyisosafrole in the rat and mouse differed markedly from that of 1′-hydroxysafrole. 3′-Hydroxyisosafrole rapidly underwent side-chain oxidation to yield 3,4-methylenedioxycinnamic acid and 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoic acid. In the first 4 h, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoyl glycine and 3,4-methyl-enedioxycinnamoyl glycine, the major urinary metabolites, together accounted for 39% and 63% of the dose administered to rats and mice, respectively. The glucuronide of 3′-hydroxyisosafrole was not detected in the urine, whereas urinary excretion of the glucuronide of 1′-hydroxysafrole at 2 h accounted for approx. 40% of a dose of 1′-hydroxysafrole.
Significance of cyst fragments ofArtemia sp. recovered from a 27,000 year old core taken under the Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA

We present electron microscopic observations on fragments of encysted embryos of the crustacean,Artemia sp., recovered from a 27,000 year-old core section taken under the Great Salt Lake (GSL), Utah. The significance of these results comes from a consideration of the geological history of the GSL and the extraordinary properties and abundance ofArtemia cysts at this site. We make the case that this unique system, and probably other salt lakes as well, provides novel opportunities for the study of “ancient DNA” and related matters. The analysis provides the major focus of this paper, which we hope will stimulate interest in this aspect of salt lake research.
Conventional mechanical ventilation

The provision of mechanical ventilation for the support of infants and children with respiratory failure or insufficiency is one of the most common techniques that are performed in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Despite its widespread application in the PICUs of the 21st century, before the 1930s, respiratory failure was uniformly fatal due to the lack of equipment and techniques for airway management and ventilatory support. The operating rooms of the 1950s and 1960s provided the arena for the development of the manual skills and the refinement of the equipment needed for airway management, which subsequently led to the more widespread use of endotracheal intubation thereby ushering in the era of positive pressure ventilation. Although there seems to be an ever increasing complexity in the techniques of mechanical ventilation, its successful use in the PICU should be guided by the basic principles of gas exchange and the physiology of respiratory function. With an understanding of these key concepts and the use of basic concepts of mechanical ventilation, this technique can be successfully applied in both the PICU and the operating room. This article reviews the basic physiology of gas exchange, principles of pulmonary physiology, and the concepts of mechanical ventilation to provide an overview of the knowledge required for the provision of conventional mechanical ventilation in various clinical arenas.
De la norme grammaticale du français parlé au Québec

Dans le cadre de cet article, je me propose d’examiner l’usage de quatorze variables linguistiques dans le discours de personnes faisant partie des elites quebecoises. Tout d’abord, je reviendrai sur l’ensemble du debat de la norme linguistique au Quebec, et plus specifiquement sur le probleme de la norme grammaticale orale. Ensuite, j’exposerai les principaux points methodologiques de mon etude. Enfin, je demontrerai, qu’en general, le parler soigne des elites sociale et culturelle quebecoises placees en situation de communication formelle correspond au modele du francais de reference decrit entre autres dans Le bon usage de Grevisse-Goosse.
Analytical characterization of heat transport through biological media incorporating hyperthermia treatment

Modeling and understanding heat transport and temperature variations within biological tissues and body organs are key issues in medical thermal therapeutic applications, such as hyperthermia cancer treatment. The biological media can be treated as a blood saturated tissue represented by a porous matrix. A comprehensive analytical investigation of bioheat transport through the tissue/organ is carried out including thermal conduction in tissue and vascular system, blood–tissue convective heat exchange, metabolic heat generation and imposed heat flux. Utilizing local thermal non-equilibrium model in porous media theory, exact solutions for blood and tissue phase temperature profiles as well as overall heat exchange correlations are established for the first time, for two primary tissue/organ models representing isolated and uniform temperature conditions, while incorporating the pertinent effective parameters, such as volume fraction of the vascular space, ratio of the blood and the tissue matrix thermal conductivities, interfacial blood–tissue heat exchange, tissue/organ depth, arterial flow rate and temperature, body core temperature, imposed hyperthermia heat flux, metabolic heat generation, and blood physical properties. A simplified solution based on the local thermal equilibrium between the tissue and the blood is also presented.
Solution Precipitation of CdSe Quantum Dots

Synthesis of CdSe quantum dots with a high degree of monodispersity is achieved by nucleation from a supersaturated solution followed by growth to the desired particle size. The effects of temperature on the kinetic mechanisms of nucleation and growth were observed. A reaction vessel equipped with a low thermal mass internal heating element enabled controlled ramping of the solution temperature during the reaction. Nanocrystallite diameter is determined by the reaction time and the solution temperature during particle growth. A method was developed to fabricate ∼1μm thick glass films containing ∼3 vol% CdSe quantum dots. A sol was prepared by mixing a silica organosol with a nanocrystallite dispersion of CdSe and was applied to amorphous quartz substrates by spin-coating. The sols were dried at elevated temperatures in a nitrogen atmosphere. Optical absorbance and fluorescence measurements of the glass film were used to characterize the optical properties of the embedded nanocrystallites. Comparison of the excitonic absorbance of the quantum dot dispersion and the doped glass film shows that particle monodispersity is maintained upon incorporation into the dielectric matrix. Stokes shifts in the band-to-band fluorescence relative to the film absorbance were measured. Shifts in the wavelength of the excitonic absorbance and fluorescence were observed upon incorporation of the quantum dots into the glass film and upon heat treating the glass film to elevated temperatures.
Secondary polycythemia does not increase the risk of perioperative hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications

Abstract Study Objective: To determine the effects of secondary polycythemia on perioperative hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Surgical patients at a university-affiliated Veterans Administration Hospital. Patients: One hundred patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a preoperative hemoglobin concentration (Hb) >16 g/dl and 100 age-, sex-, operation-, and ASA physical status—matched control patients without secondary polycythemia having operations during January to June 1988. Measurements and Main Results: Anesthetic and perioperative records were retrospectively analyzed for excessive bleeding and transfusion requirements. Charts also were retrospectively analyzed for the presence of hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications for 30 days following surgery. The secondary polycythemic patients were compared with the matched control group and did not have a higher frequency of these complications. Red blood cell transfusion requirements for patients with secondary polycythemia were less than that for the matched controls ( p Conclusion: Secondary polycythemia does not impart any added perioperative risk.
Reply to “Comment on simulation of damage evolution in composites: A phase-field model, by H. Emmerich and D. Pilipenko”

We are grateful to H. Emmerich and D. Pilipenko for their valuable comments on our previous paper. Here is our response to their comment "In our opinion it is arguable if this observed nucleation behavior as well as its interpretation is truly physical for two reasons" [1].
Autonomic control and bariatric procedures.

Abstract The sudden improvement of metabolic profile and the remission of type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery, well before weight loss, raise important new questions regarding glycemic control. Currently, various types of bariatric procedures target type 2 diabetes in obese and non-obese patients. Nevertheless, the origin of the dramatic metabolic improvements, including glucose homeostasis, is poorly understood, and the role of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract remains relatively speculative, as well as why these procedures are variably effective. One neglected explanation is that such interventions disrupt neural networks mediating GI–brain communication and could alter the autonomic output to the visceral organs, including the liver. Incretins, e.g., glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), have major influence on the central nervous system. Moreover, the level of GLP-1 is observed to significantly increase after bariatric surgery and could be a key factor in the weight-independent, anti-diabetic effect. Therefore, this review will evaluate the effect of GLP-1 on the central nervous system, with emphasis on the cellular effects of GLP-1, and will provide an overview of the autonomic control of the liver.
Recycling of Ligno-Cellulosic and Polyethylene Wastes from Agricultural Operations in Thermoplastic Composites

In the US, wood plastic composites represent one of the successful markets for natural fiber-filled thermoplastic composites. In the past several years, the availability of good quality wood fiber has been diminishing and prices of wood and plastic have been increasing. Therefore, the vast quantities of ligno-cellulosic and thermoplastic wastes generated by the agriculture sector could potentially become inexpensive raw materials for thermoplastic composites. This study focuses on the use of selected byproducts from cotton, guayule, cuphea and corn processing operations in the development of natural fiber thermoplastic composites (NFTC). The results indicate that various fibers affect both physical and mechanical properties of composites differently, and could be selectively used to impart desirable properties in composite materials. Overall non-woody ligno-cellulosic fibers showed higher affinity to moisture than woody ligno-cellulosic fibers.
Impact of volumetric ultrasound on PACS

The purpose of this study was to determine if the size of ultrasound examinations was increasing over time. The primary reasons for this are believed to be an increased number of images per study, the incorporation of "cine loops", and increased use of color flow Doppler. The result of this study, if it supports the hypothesis that ultrasound study size is increasing, would be directly applicable to planning for future expansion of storage in the Ultrasound PACS. Data were obtained from the ultrasound PACS server for number of studies, number of images, and total stored volume for sampled months (January and July of 2003 - 2006). The investigators believed that these months would provide a reasonable sample of study size as examination types did not vary significantly from month to month (based on Departmental statistics). The Radiology Department's information system (RIS) was used to determine total yearly ultrasound examination volume to determine the trend over time. Because no protected health information (PHI) was to be used in this study, the investigators believed that no IRB approval was necessary. The number of studies done per month was more variable than the investigators had believed. One month in particular (July, 2003) had an anomalously large number of studies. However, despite this, computations of the number of images per study, the total data volume per study, and the average amount of data per image did show an increasing trend as expected. Also, the total volume of data stored showed an increasing trend over the study time period. The investigators' hypothesis that examination size is increasing has been demonstrated to be true for the months sampled. From Departmental data, the investigators know that the most recent ultrasound yearly volume increased approximately ten percent over the previous year, and that trend was also seen for the study period (from 7-10 percent per year increase in volume). With the information that the examination size is also increasing, the Department can make better plans for future expansion of the Ultrasound PACS storage system. Ultrasound examination size is increasing, largely because of the increased use of cine loops. A change to using more of these to replace single static images will further increase examination size.
Link budget calculations for nonlinear scattering

Interest in harmonic and multitone radar has motivated new design efforts based on the standard approach found in the radar literature, i.e., the classical radar equation. In this paper we show that such approaches can be problematic in the presence of an active or nonlinear target, and indicate how a proper link budget should be constructed based on anticipated target behaviors at high signal levels.
Criteria of design for progressive torsion-bar springs

The paper discusses the necessary conditions for attaining a design yielding a spring-rate function which is variable. The dynamic response is expressed in terms of velocity and displacement by means of a phase plot (integral curve). A method is presented which allows the generation of a ramp function of multiple shaft splines fitting into a serrated hub to yield the required spring-rate function of the torsion bar. It is shown that the engagement length of splines results in a change of the effective length of the elastic torsion spring. The ramp function can be generated directly from a known spring-rate function. In particular, the constant-frequency variable-mass system is considered.
Functional aspects of factor VIII expression after transplantation of genetically-modified hematopoietic stem cells for hemophilia A.

Background Major complications with respect to the development of gene therapy treatments for hemophilia A include low factor VIII (fVIII) expression and humoral immune responses resulting in inhibitory anti-fVIII antibodies. We previously achieved sustained curative fVIII activity levels in hemophilia A mice after nonmyeloablative transplantation of genetically-modified hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) encoding a B-domain deleted porcine fVIII (BDDpfVIII) transgene with no evidence of an immune response. Methods Mouse HSCs were transduced using MSCV-based recombinant virus encoding BDDpfVIII and transplanted into hemophilia A mice. Transplanted mice were followed for donor cell engraftment, fVIII expression and activity, and generation of anti-fVIII immune response. Results We now show that: (i) the protein expressed by hematopoietic cells has a specific activity similar to that of purified protein; (ii) BDDpfVIII expressed from hematopoietic cells effectively induces thrombus formation, which is shown using a new method of in vivo analysis of fVIII function; (iii) naive and pre-immunized mice receiving HSC gene therapy are nonresponsive to challenges with recombinant human fVIII; (iv) nonresponsiveness is not broken after stringent challenges with BDDpfVIII; and (v) T cells from these mice are unresponsive to BDDpfVIII presentation. Furthermore, stem cells isolated from donors with high titer anti-human fVIII antibodies show no defects in donor cell engraftment or the ability to express BDDpfVIII. Conclusions These results demonstrate that HSC gene therapy can be an effective alternative treatment for individuals with hemophilia A and may benefit patients by inducing immunological nonresponsiveness to fVIII replacement products. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rethinking first response: effects of the clean up and recovery effort on workers at the world trade center disaster site.

Objective:We sought to describe the physical and mental health effects of the cleanup and recovery effort on workers at the World Trade Center disaster site.Methods:A mailed survey was sent to truck drivers, heavy equipment operators, laborers, and carpenters. It assessed work-related exposures and
Substrate and nutrient limitation of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea in temperate forest soil

Ammonia-oxidizing microbes control the rate-limiting step of nitrification, a critical ecosystem process, which affects retention and mobility of nitrogen in soil ecosystems. This study investigated substrate (NH4+) and nutrient (K and P) limitation of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) in temperate forest soils at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, a long-term ecological research site in western North Carolina, USA. We investigated substrate and nutrient limitation by amending soils with either ammonium or a nutrient solution containing P and K, then assessing the growth of these organisms during in situ soil incubations. We found substantial growth of both AOA and AOB during all incubations including unamended control incubations. Our results demonstrate that substrate availability limits nitrification by AOB and that high levels of substrate addition inhibit the growth of AOA in these soils. We found no evidence for nutrient limitation of AOB, though nutrient addition indirectly stimulated nitrification by AOB through increased nitrogen mineralization. Our data did suggest nutrient limitation by AOA, though it is unclear whether AOA significantly contribute to ammonia oxidation in this system. Furthermore, we show that AOB are responsible for the majority of ammonia oxidation in high substrate, high nutrient conditions.
RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY AND HOUSING TAX REFORMS: Some Empirical Evidence*

The efficiency and equity implications of mortgage interest deductibility have been studied by a number of authors using models of housing demand that do not account for barriers to residential mobility. This paper examines how one's assessment of that proposed tax reform may differ based on models that do allow for such barriers, using data from Toronto, Canada. We find that earlier works tend to overstate the deadweight loss attributable to the introduction of mortgage interest deductibility, particularly in the short run.
An Interdisciplinary Approach and Characterization of Neuronal Cells Transdifferentiated from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are mesoderm-derived cells, primarily resident in adult bone marrow (BM). MSCs exhibit lineage differentiation to generate cells such as BM stroma, fat, and cartilage. Recent studies have reported the transdifferentiation of MSCs to cells of ectodermal and endodermal origin. Previously, we have reported transdifferentiation of human (h) MSCs into neuronal cells using retinoic acid (RA) as a differentiating agent. This study presents a more efficient induction method and rigorously characterizes the development using molecular, cellular, and functional approaches. A cocktail of induction agents containing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and RA generated cells that expressed glial and neuronal progenitor markers (GFAP) at day 2 post-induction. By day 12, 90% of hMSCs differentiated into cells that expressed markers consistent for neurons, including transcription factors linked to the development of differentiated neurons. Furthermore, cell proliferation studies and wester...
Lyell's theory of climate

It has been clear, since the Hooykaas's analysis was published nearly twenty years ago, that the principle of the uniformity of nature, as interpreted by Charles Lyell, was not merely, as Lyell implied, a "principle of reasoning" which geologists had to emply in order to be scientific. Lyell's conception of the principle of uniformity embodied also a hypothesis about the nature and pattern of geological change a theory of the earth. ' Some aspects of Lyell's theory of the earth are well known. He believed that geological change has usually been gradual, rather than episodic. He proposed an indefinite, but very long, geological time scale. And his conception of the geological past was ahistoric; the earth, Lyell thought, undergoes no linear development through time.2 What has not been well known is exactly how Lyell envisioned earth history. In a general way, the ahistoric character of Lyell's theory supplies an answer: in the very long view, the indefinitely distant past and future, the earth undergoes no directional change. But what was Lyell's interpretation of the relatively short view, the known geological record with which geologists were primarily concerned?
Stimulation of coronary collateral growth: current developments in angiogenesis and future clinical applications.

Over recent years evidence has accumulated favoring a significant functional role of coronary collateral vessels in humans with coronary artery disease.ieg As a result, efforts to identify factors involved in initiating and controlling the growth of these vessels have intensified. An understanding of these evolving mechanisms has opened up some exciting new areas of research with far-reaching potential applications in clinical cardiology.
Treasuring, Trashing or Terrorizing: Adult Outcomes of Childhood Socialization about Companion Animals

Being hit or being given away are subabusive, common behaviors that harm companion animals. Violent childhood socialization increases the risk of adult abuse of animal companions, but relatively little is known about the origins of societally tolerated maltreatment of pets by adults. University students completed surveys about general attitudes toward animals, family socializaton, and current relationships with pets. These students generally had positive childhood socialization about pets and reported high levels of current attachment. Adults whose parents had given children's companion animals away had a heightened likelihood of giving their own pets away. Mothers' kindness to their children's pets was associated with adults' attachment to animal companions, but attachment was not related to the likelihood of hitting current pets. People who score high on a measure of pet abuse potential hit their pets. The pattern of findings related to gender implies that males are at somewhat greater risk for having negative socialization experiences involving pets, for greater pet abuse potential as adults, and for weaker attachments. However, females were equally likely to hit their pets or give them away. The childhood predictors of attitudes about animals, pet abuse potential, hitting pets, giving away pets, and attachment found in this nonclinical, noncriminal sample contribute to our understanding of developmental influences upon relationships with companion animals.
Legal abortions and neonatal homicide after Roe v Wade.

Although the murder rate of newborns decreased after Roe v Wade, for the next 15 years (1973–1987), the volume of legal abortions in the USA was not correlated with the neonatal homicide rate.
Optimal inventory management for a retail chain with diverse store demands

Abstract Item demands at individual retail stores in a chain often differ significantly, due to local economic conditions, cultural and demographic differences and variations in store format. Accounting for these variations appropriately in inventory management can significantly improve retailers’ profits. For example, it is shown that having greater differences across the mean store demands leads to a higher expected profit, for a given inventory and total mean demand. If more than one inventory shipment per season is possible, the analysis becomes dynamic by including updated demand forecasts for each store and re-optimizing store inventory policies in midseason. In this paper, we formulate a dynamic stochastic optimization model that determines the total order size and the optimal inventory allocation across nonidentical stores in each period. A generalized Bayesian inference model is used for demands that are partially correlated across the stores and time periods. We also derive a normal approximation for the excess inventory from the previous period, which allows the dynamic programming formulation to be easily solved. We analyze the tradeoffs between obtaining information and profitability, e.g., stocking more stores in period 1 provides more demand information for period 2, but does not necessarily lead to higher total profit. Numerical analyses compare the expected profits of alternative supply chain strategies, as well as the sensitivity to different distributions of demand across the stores. This leads to novel strategic insights that arise from adopting inventory policies that vary by store type.
Changes in land use in South and Southeast Asia from 1880 to 1980: A data base prepared as part of a coordinated research program on carbon fluxes in the tropics

Abstract A geographically referenced data base, including time series of land use and population information in a standardized format, is now available for 13 South and Southeast Asian nations: India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia and the Philippines. Data are available for five dates (1880, 1920, 1950, 1970, and 1980), and the 13 countries have been subdivided into a total of 94 zones. Sources, methodology, and limitations of these data are reviewed. Between 1880 and 1980, the regional population of humans increased by 262%, the area of cultivated land expanded by 86%, and the area bearing grass and shrub vegetation increased by 20%, while total forest cover decreased by 29%. Expansion of arable land, and biomass removal driven by both local and external economic demands, were both linked to deforestation. The data indicate that even in 1880 (when much of the region was effectively in a preindustrial state), anthropogenic activity had already caused enormous modifications of the natural vegetation. Land use changes that occurred before the preindustrial period must therefore be taken into account in the development of carbon cycle models.
Connecting Certification and Education

In their article “Structuring a Written Examination to Assess ASBH Health Care Ethics Consultation Core Knowledge Competencies,” Bruce D. White, Jane B. Jankowski, and Wayne N. Shelton (2014) descr...
Age, chemo- and biostratigraphy of Haiti spherule-rich deposits: a multi-event K–T scenario

Examination of two new expanded KT transitions and reexamination of road outcrops near Beloc, Haiti, reveals that deposition of the glass spherule-rich deposit (SRD) occurred within the early Danian Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina (Pla(1)) Zone, followed by an Ir anomaly, and 50 cm above it, a second Pd-dominated platinum group element (PGE) anomaly. The KT boundary is at an erosional unconformity between the base of the SRD and underlying Maastrichtian limestone, where an interval representing about 100250 thousand years appears to be missing (juxtaposition of planktic foraminiferal zones (Pla(1)) and Plummerita hantkeninoides (CF1)). It is possible that the spherule layers are reworked from original deposits at or below the KT boundary. The Ir anomaly is of roughly chondritic-type and compatible with an impact event, whereas the Pd-dominated PGE anomaly is a more basalt-type and compatible with a magmatic origin. This suggests a multi-event scenario consistent with one impact followed by a major vol...
Excretion of S-adenosylethionine in the urine of rats fed a diet containing ethionine.

Rats maintained on a diet containing 0.2% DL-ethionine excreted an ultraviolet-absorbing compound in their urine that was not in the urine of rats fed the same diet without ethionine. The compound excreted was identified as S-adenosylethionine by chromatographic, spectrophometric, chemical, and isotopic means. Rats fed the diet containing ethionine for 10 weeks excreted about 5.6 μmoles of S-adenosylethionine per day. Rats injected with 613 μmoles (100 mg) of L-ethionine excreted about 7 μmoles of S-adenosylethionine in 48 h. S-adenosylethionine accounted for about 5% of the radioactivity excreted in the urine of ethionine-fed rats that were injected with [Et-I-14C]ethionine. Ethionine-fed rats excreted about 40% of the radioactivity recovered in the urine as a compound that was not found in the urine of control rats injected with [Et-I-14C]ethionine. This compound was identified as ethionine sulfoxide by paper chromatography and by conversion of the sulfoxide to ethionine with sodium metabisulite. The remainder of the radioactivity which accounted for 90% of the radioactivity excreted by control rats injected with [Et-I-14C]-ethionine was in an unidentified compound.
Hypocholesterolemic, gastrointestinal and associated responses to oat brain in chicks

Abstract This study evaluated the hypocholesterolemic effects of dietary oat brain in chicks in relation to method of diet formulation and growth rate and also investigated the effects of oat bran on gastrointestinal function and macromorphology. Two diet series, containing 10–40% oat bran and 0.42% cholesterol were formulated on an iso-nitrogenous, iso-oil basis or by substitution for a single ingredient and fed to day-old chicks for up to 28 days. Plasma total cholesterol, the ratio of total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, liver cholesterol and liver lipid were decreased by diets containing 10–40% oat bran. Growth was consistently reduced only on 40% oat bran diets. Dietary oat bran level was consistently associated with progressive reductions in plasma total cholesterol, liver cholesterol and liver lipid but not with growth and thus the hypocholesterolemic effects of oat bran could not be attributed to reductions in weight gain. The overall responses were similar in the two diet series indicating that the variations in nutrient balance arising from the differences in diet formulation did not account for the effects of dietary oat bran. Meal-feeding 30% oat bran diet reduced intestinal transit times but the responses were dependent on the normal diet. Chicks fed 30% oat bran also showed macromorphological gastrointestinal adaptations with enlarged stomachs and longer small intestines.
The meaning of spiritual care in a pediatric setting.

Abstract In the previous issue of the Journal of Pediatric Nursing, one type of evidence-based practice (EBP) format was provided for potential nurse scholars who utilize the EBP process [MacPhee, M. (2002). Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 17(4);313-20]. There are, however, many potential formats to present evidence-based clinical practice innovations. I am eager to work with nurses who have been involved in promoting evidence-based nursing practice. The Journal of Pediatric Nursing will use this column as a forum for sharing evidence-based clinical practice innovations, such as case studies, clinical teaching exemplars, and interdisciplinary programs highlighting collaborative practice among nurses and other health care professionals. Please contact me at maura80521@yahoo.com for editorial advice and assistance. The following article is a clinical contribution from a nurse on the Neurosurgery-Rehabilitation Unit of The Children's Hospital, Denver. This evidence-based clinical project evolved from a nurse's recognition of the importance of spiritual care for families of children with serious brain injuries. It is an example of how an EBP formula can facilitate change and innovation. Start with a clinical problem; get help; look to the rature for best research evidence; look to other clinical sources for best practice ideas; evaluate what you have; and make a decision to maintain the status quo, gather more data, or change practice. This clinical project is an example of the collaborative, interdisciplinary nature of EBP, and it is also an example of the collaborative work among differently skilled nurses. In this instance, a clinically based nurse identified a practice problem and recruited a nurse researcher to help design, analyze, and evaluate the findings from an interview study. The results are being implemented via nursing leadership to change practice.—Maura MacPhee, RN, PhD, Associate Editor Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.