cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting unbound phenytoin concentrations in patients receiving valproic acid: a comparison of two prediction methods.

Objective:To compare the predictive performance of 2 equations that estimate unbound (free) phenytoin plasma concentrations when valproic acid (VPA) and phenytoin are administered concurrently.Design:Eighty-eight adults receiving VPA and phenytoin concurrently were included in the study. Steady-state plasma concentration measurements of total phenytoin, total VPA, and unbound phenytoin were collected prospectively in the inpatient group (group 1) and retrospectively in the outpatient group (group 2). Using the equations developed by Haidukewych and May, unbound phenytoin concentrations were calculated. The mean predicted unbound phenytoin concentrations then were compared with mean actual unbound phenytoin concentrations measured in the laboratory. Identical assays were performed to measure unbound phenytoin, total phenytoin, and VPA from each patient group.Setting/Participants:Antiepileptic drug concentration measurements were collected from 43 inpatients (mean age 34.8 y) from the epilepsy unit at Abbot...
Abstract TP209: History of Diabetes, Drug Abuse and Smoking Predict Recurrence of Ischemic Stroke in the Young

Introduction: Ischemic stroke (IS) in the young portends a high mortality and morbidity. IS in this population has etiologies that differ from that of the older and carries unique risk factors (RF)...
Are vulnerable communities digitally left behind in social responses to natural disasters? An evidence from Hurricane Sandy with Twitter data

Abstract Social media data is increasingly being used to improve disaster resilience and response. Recent years have seen more efforts to integrate social media feeds with various demographic and socioeconomic variables to gain insight into the geographical and social disparities in social media use surrounding disasters. However, vulnerability concepts and indicators have been largely overlooked despite that they can offer aid in understanding and measuring the communities’ sensitivity to natural hazards and their capability of responding to and recovering from disasters. This study addresses a research question: Are vulnerable communities digitally left behind in social responses to natural disasters? Our empirical analysis is based on Hurricane Sandy and is conducted in a pre-disaster setting with spatial regression modeling. We observe that physically vulnerable communities had more intense social responses while socially vulnerable communities were digitally left behind in pre-disaster social responses to Hurricane Sandy.
Book Review: The World of Culinary Supervision, Training, and Management

Noel C. Cullen, The World of Culinary Supervision, Training, and Management, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall Inc., ZOOOJ, ISBN 0-13-0225436, 366 pages, including appendix and bibliography $51 hardcover
Value Creation and Manifestation in Corporate Venture Capital: A Meta-analysis of Multiple Performance Facets

Corporate venture capital (CVC) is widely regarded as a strategic tool for established corporations as well as for entrepreneurial ventures. However, extant findings are inconsistent across studies...
9. BURNOUT IN PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY ONCOLOGY FELLOWS, CROSS-SECTIONAL EXTENT AND OUTCOMES

Background Burnout is plaguing doctors at all levels with severe consequences. Despite high emotional intensity, burnout rates among pediatric hematology-oncology (PHO) faculty have been less than previously described (Roth, PBC, 2011). The landscape of burnout among PHO fellows remains unknown. Objectives Describe the prevalence, determinants, and associated outcomes of burnout among PHO fellows. Methods 115 PHO fellows enrolled in a humanism curriculum study were administered the Maslach burnout inventory, empowerment at work scale, patient-provider orientation scale (PPOS), and satisfaction in training scale. Secondary analyses were performed using chi square analysis for demographic risk factors, and t-test for the continuous outcome variables. Results A total of 45/115 fellows (39.1%) met criteria for high level of burnout. No demographic variables were identified as statistically significant risk factors to predict high levels of burnout, including year of fellowship. The prevalence of high-level burnout among 2nd and 3rd year fellows was not significantly lower than that of 1st year fellows (36% vs 46%, p=0.3), revealing burnout to be an issue across the full fellowship experience. Program size was not significantly associated with level of burnout, though there was a trend towards large programs contributing a higher proportion of fellows with high levels of burnout (62.2% of fellows with high burnout trained in large programs vs 47.1% of those without high burnout). Those who met criteria for high burnout were associated with poor outcomes (Table 1). Conclusions This study identified more than 1/3 of current PHO trainees experiencing high levels of burnout. Interestingly, research years may not be as protective as thought and those at larger programs might be at higher risk, though more data are required. High level burnout is associated with decreased satisfaction with training, poor empowerment, and less patient-centered care. These data beg the need for longitudinal investigation of burnout in PHO fellows, both for their own well-being but also for the possible impact on patient care.
Anarchy: a library for incremental chaos

Pseudo-random number generators are ubiquitous components of content generation systems, because their outputs are difficult to predict but also repeatable given an initial seed. These properties make them especially useful as the basis for "random" decisions during a generative process, as they allow the process to be chaotic but also repeatable. This paper describes an open-source family of pseudo-random algorithms which allow for shuffling and distributing items in a reversible and incremental manner. To demonstrate the applicability of these algorithms, I show how they have been used in the creation of a word-search game which includes strong guarantees about the distribution of words that can be discovered.
Polygenic Risk Scores for Cardio-renal-metabolic Diseases in the Penn Medicine Biobank

Abstract Cardio-renal-metabolic (CaReMe) conditions are common and the leading cause of mortality around the world. Genome-wide association studies have shown that these diseases are polygenic and share many genetic risk factors. Identifying individuals at high genetic risk will allow us to target prevention and treatment strategies. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) are aggregate weighted counts that can demonstrate an individual’s genetic liability for disease. However, current PRS are often based on European ancestry individuals, limiting the implementation of precision medicine efforts in diverse populations. In this study, we develop PRS for six diseases and traits related to cardio-renal-metabolic disease in the Penn Medicine Biobank. We investigate their performance in both European and African ancestry individuals, and identify genetic and phenotypic overlap within these conditions. We find that genetic risk is associated with the primary phenotype in both ancestries, but this does not translate into a model of predictive value in African ancestry individuals. We conclude that future research should prioritize genetic studies in diverse ancestries in order to address this disparity.
Chapter 2 – Atmospheric Electricity

Below 80 km, the atmosphere is not plasma in the usual sense because charged particle motion is controlled more closely by neutral drag than by large-scale electromagnetic forces. Nevertheless, the atmosphere is a weak, isotropic electrical conductor with a myriad of electrodynamic phenomena. This conductivity of the air becomes weaker and weaker approaching the earth. Compared to the air at sea level, the earth is essentially a perfect conductor. Negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning charges the earth negatively, creating a worldwide “fair weather” electric field pointing vertically downward and continually acts to discharge the planet.
The gut microbiome during acute lifestyle transition.

An analysis of the microbiomes of the Irish Traveller community, which has recently undergone enforced lifestyle changes, increases understanding of the environmental factors that shape the gut microbiome.
Neurological manifestations as primary presentation of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients.

Objective To characterize patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who presented primarily with neurologic symptoms without typical COVID-19 symptoms of fever, cough, and dyspnea. Methods We retrospectively identified COVID-19-positive patients 18 years and older that had neurology symptoms on presentation requiring neurology consultation between March 14, 2020 and May 18, 2020. The patients were then classified into those with typical COVID-19 symptoms and those without. Demographic, clinical symptoms, laboratory result, and clinical outcomes were collected. Results Out of 282 patients who had neurology consult during this period, we identified 56 (mean age 69.2 years, 57% women) who tested COVID-19-positive and had neurologic symptoms on initial presentation. Of these, 23 patients (mean age 65.2 years, 52% women) had no typical COVID-19 symptoms while 33 did (mean age 72.2 years, 60% woman). In both groups, impaired consciousness was the most common initial neurologic symptom, followed by stroke, unsteady gait, headache, seizure, syncopal event, acute vision changes, and intracranial hemorrhage. Out of the 23 patients without typical COVID-19 symptoms on presentation, 10 went on to develop typical symptoms with 8 needing supplemental oxygen and one requiring mechanical ventilation. Conclusion Patients who have COVID-19 can present with serious neurologic symptoms such as impaired consciousness and stroke even without typical COVID-19 symptoms. Those without typical COVID-19 symptoms can later develop typical symptoms severe enough to need respiratory support.
Adaptive integration of nonlinear evolution equations on tensor manifolds

We develop new adaptive algorithms for temporal integration of nonlinear evolution equations on tensor manifolds. These algorithms, which we call step-truncation methods, are based on performing one time step with a conventional time-stepping scheme, followed by a truncation operation onto a tensor manifold. By selecting the rank of the tensor manifold adaptively to satisfy stability and accuracy requirements, we prove convergence of a wide range of step-truncation methods, including explicit one-step and multi-step methods. These methods are very easy to implement as they rely only on arithmetic operations between tensors, which can be performed by efficient and scalable parallel algorithms. Adaptive step-truncation methods can be used to compute numerical solutions of high-dimensional PDEs, which have become central to many new areas of application such optimal mass transport, random dynamical systems, and mean field optimal control. Numerical applications are presented and discussed for a Fokker-Planck equation with spatially dependent drift on a flat torus of dimension two and four.
A Reconfigurable Compute-in-the-Network FPGA Assistant for High-Level Collective Support with Distributed Matrix Multiply Case Study

Collectives are a fundamental part of HPC applications and their optimization has undergone decades of study. In recent years collectives have been accelerated with in-network hardware support, initially in the NIC, but recently also in the switch. This support is limited, however, to a very small set of scalar operations. In this work, we first propose that these collectives be extended to operations on composite data types such as matrices. We then demonstrate how these high-level collectives can be supported in an FPGA-based switch. In this paper, we propose a reconfigurable compute-in-the-network FPGA assistant, FPin, to implement high-level collectives in MPI. To maintain streaming packet processing while retaining reuse-based compute-intensive processing we propose a bulk-streaming message passing interface along with a methodology to tune communication-computation overlap. As a proof of concept, we evaluate the efficiency of the FPGA assistant with the ubiquitous distributed matrix multiply kernel, PGEMM. Experimental results show that PGEMM accelerated with high-level collective support can achieve, on average, 2.4× and 1.8× speedups on an FPGA cluster compared to the state-of-the-art COSMA algorithm on Stampede2 Skylake for float and complex float data types, respectively.
Virtual environments to study emotional responses to clinical communication: A scoping review.

Abstract Objective This scoping review explores the potential for virtual environments (VE) to evaluate emotional outcomes in clinical communication research. Authors representing multiple disciplines use review results to propose potential research opportunities and considerations. Methods We utilized a structured framework for scoping reviews. We searched four literature databases for relevant articles. We applied multidisciplinary perspectives to synthesize relevant potential opportunities for emotion-focused communications research using VE. Results Twenty-one articles met inclusion criteria. They applied different methodological approaches, including a range of VE technologies and diverse emotional outcome measures, such as psychophysiological arousal, emotional valence, or empathy. Major research topics included use of virtual reality to provoke and measure emotional responses, train clinicians in communication skills, and increase clinician empathy. Conclusion Researchers may leverage VE technologies to ethically and systematically examine how characteristics of clinical interactions, environments, and communication impact emotional reactions and responses among patients and clinicians. Variability exists in how VE technologies are employed and reported in published literature, and this may limit the internal and external validity of the research. However, virtual reality can provide a low-cost, low-risk, experimentally controlled, and ecologically valid approach for studying clinician-patient communication. Practice implications Future research should leverage psychophysiological measures to further examine emotional responses during clinical communication scenarios and clearly report virtual environment characteristics to support evaluation of study conclusions, study replicability, and meta-analyses.
The role of mTORC1 activation in seizure-induced exacerbation of Alzheimer's disease.

Seizure risk is 10-fold higher in Alzheimer's disease patients than the general population, yet the mechanisms underlying this susceptibility and the effects of seizures on Alzheimer's disease are poorly understood. To elucidate our proposed bidirectional relationship between Alzheimer's disease and seizures, we studied Alzheimer's disease human brain samples (n = 34) and found that patients with a history of seizures (n = 14) had increased β-amyloid and tau pathology, and upregulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway compared to cases without known seizure history (n = 20). To establish whether seizures could accelerate Alzheimer's disease progression, we induced chronic hyperexcitability in the 5XFAD Alzheimer's disease mouse model by kindling with the chemoconvulsant pentylenetetrazol and observed that 5XFAD mice displayed higher seizure severity compared to wild type. Furthermore, kindled seizures exacerbated later cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease neuropathology and mTORC1 activation. Finally, we demonstrate that administration of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin following kindled seizures rescued enhanced remote and long-term memory deficits associated with earlier kindling and prevented the seizure-induced increases in Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. These data demonstrate an important link between chronic hyperexcitability and progressive Alzheimer's disease pathology and suggest a mechanism whereby rapamycin may serve as an adjunct therapy to attenuate Alzheimer's disease progression.
Alterations in reward and emotional processing differentiate among adults with a history of childhood maltreatment: implications for substance use behaviors

Although childhood maltreatment is a well-established risk factor for a multitude of poor psychosocial outcomes, considerably less is known about mechanisms driving this risk transmission. Recent theoretical models posit that types of childhood maltreatment (deprivation vs. threat) may lead to alterations in reward and emotional processing that confer risk for later psychosocial problems. However, empirical examination of these theories is currently limited. We used a person-centered approach to identify profiles of reward and emotional processing in a sample of 758 adults reporting elevated childhood maltreatment. Latent profile analysis indicated a 3-class solution best fit the data: a blunted reward class (n = 220; 29.0%) characterized by low reward processing and average emotional processing; a disrupted emotional processing class (n = 242; 31.9%) marked by normative levels of reward processing but high emotional pain and experiential avoidance and low distress tolerance; and an emotional resilience class (n = 296; 39.1%) characterized by normative reward and emotional processing. Consistent with theoretical models, the specificity of disruption was differentially associated with dimensions of childhood maltreatment, with individuals in the blunted reward class reporting more childhood neglect and individuals in the disrupted emotional processing class reporting more childhood physical/sexual abuse. These profiles of disrupted reward and emotional processing also showed differential relations with the frequency and affective motivations for lifetime substance use. Findings provide empirical support for novel conceptual models of childhood maltreatment that focus on the consequences that may represent mechanisms for problematic behaviors like substance use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
On the relationship between maps and domains in inferotemporal cortex

How does the brain encode information about the environment? Decades of research have led to the pervasive notion that the object-processing pathway in primate cortex consists of multiple areas that are each specialized to process different object categories (such as faces, bodies, hands, non-face objects and scenes). The anatomical consistency and modularity of these regions have been interpreted as evidence that these regions are innately specialized. Here, we propose that ventral-stream modules do not represent clusters of circuits that each evolved to process some specific object category particularly important for survival, but instead reflect the effects of experience on a domain-general architecture that evolved to be able to adapt, within a lifetime, to its particular environment. Furthermore, we propose that the mechanisms underlying the development of domains are both evolutionarily old and universal across cortex. Topographic maps are fundamental, governing the development of specializations across systems, providing a framework for brain organization.
Predictors of Comorbid Conditions in Women Who Carry an FMR1 Premutation.

Purpose: Women who carry an FMR1 premutation (PM) can experience two well-established PM-associated disorders: fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI, affects ~20–30% carriers) and fragile X-associated tremor-ataxia syndrome (FXTAS, affects ~6–15% carriers); however, emerging evidence indicates that some of these women experience complex health profiles beyond FXPOI and FXTAS. Methods: In an effort to better understand predictors for these comorbid conditions, we collected self-reported medical histories on 413 women who carry an FMR1 PM. Results: There were 22 health conditions reported by at least 9% of women. In an exploratory analysis, 12 variables were tested in logistic regression models for each comorbid condition, including demographic variables, environmental variables, PM-associated factors, and endorsement of depression and/or anxiety. More than half of the comorbid conditions studied were associated with women who self-reported having anxiety. Age, smoking, body mass index (BMI), and depression were also significant predictor variables for specific comorbid conditions. Conclusions: Age, smoking, and BMI were significantly associated with a subset of the comorbid conditions analyzed. Importantly, depression or anxiety were also significantly associated with many of the comorbid health conditions. This work highlights some of the modifiable factors associated with complex health profiles among women with an FMR1 PM.
Sensemaking and the Chemtrail Conspiracy on the Internet: Insights from Believers and Ex-believers

How do people come to believe conspiracy theories, and what role does the internet play in this process as a socio-technical system? We explore these questions by examining online participants in the "chemtrails" conspiracy, the idea that visible condensation trails behind airliners are deliberately sprayed for nefarious purposes. We apply Weick's theory of sensemaking to examine the role of people's frames (beliefs and worldviews), as well as the socio-technical contexts (social interactions and technological affordances) for processing informational cues about the conspiracy. Through an analysis of in-depth interviews with thirteen believers and seven ex-believers, we find that many people become curious about chemtrails after consuming rich online media, and they later find welcoming online communities to support shared beliefs and worldviews. We discuss how the socio-technical context of the internet may inadvertently trap people in a perpetual state of ambiguity that becomes reinforced through a collective sensemaking process. In addition, we show how the conspiracy offers a way for believers to express their dissatisfaction with authority, enjoy a sense of community, and find some entertainment along the way. Finally, we discuss how people's frames and the various socio-technical contexts of the internet are important in the sensemaking of debunking evidence, and how such factors may function in the rejection of conspiratorial beliefs.
Asylum: Inside the Closed World of State Mental Hospitals

Review of: "Asylum: Inside the Closed World of State Mental Hospitals," photographs by Christopher Payne, with an essay by Oliver Sacks.
Ontology generation for large email collections

This paper presents a new approach to identifying concepts expressed in a collection of email messages, and organizing them into an ontology or taxonomy for browsing. It incorporates techniques from text mining, information retrieval, natural language processing and machine learning to generate a concept ontology. Nominal N-gram mining is used to identify candidate concepts. Wordnet and surface text pattern matching are used to identify relationships among the concepts. A supervised clustering algorithm is then used to further cluster the concepts. The experiments show that the approach is effective.
“It's More Than Just a Name”: A Theoretical Approach to Eradicating Terrorism Through Propositions of Organizational Naming

The following article is divided into two parts, each offering a series of propositions highlighting the effects and implications of organizational naming and labeling practices and their subsequent effects on the framing of terrorist organizations and activity. In the first half, the author will highlight the importance of organizational naming and labeling in terms of how it shapes terrorism discourse. Then, the author will discuss the importance of recognizing the implications of how the events of 11 September 2001 were framed by then president George W. Bush. Important to both discussions is the relevance of organizational communication theory, particularly in terms of individual sensemaking and the communicative constitution of organizations.
A splitting theorem for n - REA degrees

We prove that, for any D, A and U with D >T A ⊕ U and r.e., in A⊕ U , there are pairs X0, X1 and Y0, Y1 such that D ≡T X0 ⊕X1; D ≡T Y0 ⊕ Y1; and, for any i and j from {0, 1} and any set B, if Xi ⊕A ≥T B and Yj ⊕ A ≥T B, then A ≥T B. We then deduce that for any degrees d, a, and b such that a and b are recursive in d, a 6≥T b, and d is n− REA into a, d can be split over a avoiding b. This shows that the Main Theorem of Cooper (Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 23 (1990), 151–158) is false.
Ubiquitous presence of argininosuccinate at millimolar levels in the central nervous system of Aplysia californica.

Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) is generated by nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), which convert arginine (Arg) and oxygen to citrulline (Cit) and NO. Cit can be enzymatically transformed back to Arg by argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) via a pathway involving argininosuccinate (ArgSuc). Arg, Cit, and ArgSuc levels have been measured in single neurons, neuronal clusters, and neuropil from the nervous system of the common neurobiological model Aplysia californica. Using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection, ArgSuc was found to be present in the nervous system in millimolar concentrations at levels significantly exceeding Cit levels (p < 0.01). ArgSuc levels are proportional to Arg concentrations in single neurons, whereas they have no clear correlation to the Cit or Arg/Cit ratio. NOS-expressing neurons often exhibit fixative-resistant nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) staining. Incubation of ganglia with Arg results in an increase in Cit and ArgSuc levels in the NADPH-d-positive neuropil with no effect on ArgSuc levels in NADPH-d-negative neurons, suggesting NOS activity in the neuropil. Similar incubation with Cit leads to decreased ArgSuc levels in NADPH-d-negative neurons. These results can be explained by localization of NOS and ASS in different neurons; therefore, the complete Arg–Cit–NO cycle may not be present in the same neuron. The surprisingly high intracellular ArgSuc concentration suggests alternative sources of ArgSuc and that at least a portion may be formed by the reverse reaction of ASL (catalyzing the conversion of Arg to ArgSuc), which can be inhibited by Cit.
Learning languages with rational kernels

We present a general study of learning and linear separability with rational kernels, the sequence kernels commonly used in computational biology and natural language processing. We give a characterization of the class of all languages linearly separable with rational kernels and prove several properties of the class of languages linearly separable with a fixed rational kernel. In particular, we show that for kernels with transducer values in a finite set, these languages are necessarily finite Boolean combinations of preimages by a transducer of a single sequence. We also analyze the margin properties of linear separation with rational kernels and show that kernels with transducer values in a finite set guarantee a positive margin and lead to better learning guarantees. Creating a rational kernel with values in a finite set is often non-trivial even for relatively simple cases. However, we present a novel and general algorithm, double-tape disambiguation, that takes as input a transducer mapping sequences to sequence features, and yields an associated transducer that defines a finite range rational kernel. We describe the algorithm in detail and show its application to several cases of interest.
Resilience Among Urban African American Male Adolescents: A Study of the Protective Effects of Sociopolitical Control on Their Mental Health

Resilience refers to the notion that some people succeed in the face of adversity. In a risk-protective model of resilience, a protective factor interacts with a risk factor to mitigate the occurrence of a negative outcome. This study tested longitudinally the protective effects of sociopolitical control on the link between helplessness and mental health. The study included 172 urban, male, African American adolescents, who were interviewed twice, 6 months apart. Sociopolitical control was defined as the beliefs about one's capabilities and efficacy in social and political systems. Two mental health outcomes were examined—psychological symptoms and self-esteem. Regression analyses to predict psychological symptoms and self-esteem over time were conducted. High levels of sociopolitical control were found to limit the negative consequences of helplessness on mental health. The results suggest that sociopolitical control may help to protect youths from the negative consequences of feelings of helplessness. Implications for prevention strategies are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF 1-(p-2-DIETHYLAMINOETHOXYPHENYL)-1-PHENYL-2-p-ANISYL ETHANOL UPON RAT PITUITARY AND UTERINE RESPONSES TO ESTROGEN1

The pituitary hypertrophy which was readily induced in rats by chronic administration of estradiol valerate was inhibited by the concomitant administration of 1-(p-2-diethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-2-p-anisyl ethanol (MER-25), an analogue of chlorotrianisene. Microscopic examination of the pituitary glands of the animals receiving estrogens showed a chromophobe hyperplasia with no evidence of an associated mammary hypertrophy. The combined administration of MER-25 and estradiol in doses which individually induced 50% gonadotropin inhibition in parabiotic rats resulted in a failure of MER-25 to block the pituitary inhibiting effect of estradiol. The pituitary glands of both the single and parabiotic rats which received only estrogen were found, upon bioassay, to be extraordinarily rich in gonadotropin content. This indicated that estrogen blocks the release rather than the production of gonadotropins. In vitro studies utilizing uterine strips reveal that specimens obtained from spayed rats treated with ...
Modelling Of Linear-Scan Electro-Optical Sensors

Two classes of satelliteborne EO sensors have been extensively studied: staring sensors, and sensors that scan (slowly) by rotation of the entire satellite. Linear scanners are a less-studied but important intermediate type, featuring 3-axis stabilization of all or most of the satellite, relatively rapid scanning via a scan mirror, and TDI (time-delayed integration) for high sensitivity. Advantages include efficient use of solar arrays and heat-radiators, easy cross-link to other satellites, and much easier producibility than a staring sensor of comparable resolution. An existing sensor-simulation program was modified to simulate linear scanners (in addition to its previous simulation options), and allow free choice of key parameters such as scan period, scan orientation, threshold, NET, optical blur, etc. Other parameters are derived from these in a consistent way. Existing programs for simulating the processing of sensor data were modified to process the outputs of the linearscan simulator. End-to-end simulations were successfully performed for targets, noise, and synthetic background (derived from real scenes). The assumed form of onboard signal processing is a bandpass analog filter per TDI channel, followed by sampling, A/D conversion, and peak-detection. Alternates will be developed as future options.
Impacts of housing and mortgage market discrimination racial and ethnic disparities in homeownership

Abstract There are persistent differences in homeownership rates across racial and ethnic groups. Homeownership rates for whites are over 20 percentage points higher than for blacks or Hispanics. This paper uses a model of the housing tenure decision to gain a better understanding of these racial and ethnic differentials in homeownership and employs a decomposition technique that has been applied to labor market discrimination to report the results of the empirical testing of two hypotheses: (1) race (ethnicity) influences the probability of ownership through differences in household endowments (income, education, age, gender, and family type) and market endowments (price and location); and (2) race (ethnicity) directly influences the probability of ownership through racial or ethnic discrimination and other factors that may be correlated with race or ethnicity. We find endowment effects important in explaining the persistent racial and ethnic disparities in homeownership. In brief, logit analysis of 1989...
Natural and artificial floral damage induces resistance in Nemophila menziesii (Hydrophyllaceae) flowers

Resistance to leaf herbivory is well-documented in plants. In contrast, resistance to herbivory in flowers has received very little attention, even though reproductive tissues are often essential for plant reproduction. Plants may protect reproductive tissues with a range of defenses from constitutive to induced, although ecological costs associated with constitutive defense or resistance are expected to be higher than costs associated with induced responses. Induced responses in flowers may be effective against floral herbivores while minimizing the negative impacts of resistance on pollinators. This study examines induced responses in Nemophila menziesii (Hydrophyllaceae), a plant that frequently receives high levels of floral herbivory. I report that natural caterpillar herbivory increased levels of resistance against caterpillars later in the season. Similarly, artificial clipping to flowers consistently reduced natural damage to flowers vs unclipped controls over two years. Neither whole-plant nor individual seed set was affected by the reduction of floral damage. Induced resistance in reproductive tissues may benefit plants that are exposed to both floral herbivory and pollinator activity and can be an important link between plant antagonists and plant mutualists.
Evaluation of closed-circuit television in teaching educational psychology.

Results indicated that there were no significant differences in achievement and retention of students taught by conventional and televised instruction. Students in general held highly unfavorable attitudes about television instruction and strongly preferred the conventional classroom approach. Although these unfavorable attitudes decreased among those who had taken previous telecourses and among those making high grades, even the majority of these preferred conventional instruction. Students paid little heed to the image on the screen and were observed looking in the direction of a television set only 20% of the time; students in conventional classes looked at the lecturer 42% of the time. Suggestions for improving the course were discussed.
Apprenticing Nonnative Speakers to New Discourse Communities

Asante, M. K., & Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.). (1989). Handbook of international and intercultural communication. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Benesch, S. (1993). Critical thinking: A learning process for democracy. TESOL Quarterly, 27, 545-547. Blair,J. A. (1988). Current issues in informal logic and critical thinking. In A. Fisher (Eds.), Critical thinking (pp. 15-29). Norwich, England: University of East Anglia. Ennis, R. H. (1962). A concept of critical thinking. Harvard Educational Review, 32, 82-111.
PLASTIC MOUNTING OF MICROSCOPIC SERIAL SECTIONS.

A technique is described for mounting both small and large serial sections on Dupontleader film or pieces of Mylar-D plastic sheeting. The blocks are processed in the usual fashion and embedded in paraffin or celloidin. Small sections are mounted serially on five-foot strips of 35 mm film in a gelatine waterbath and allowed to dry. The film strip is placed on a Nikor developing reel, the paraffin dissolved, the tissue hydrated, and the staining carried out in the usual fashion. The sections are cleared and allowed to dry and then covered with Varathane which hardens in 24 hours. The film strips are stored on 35 mm spools. Large paraffin embedded sections are processed separately in a similar fashion, mounted on Mylar-D sheets, and stored in a loose-leaf notebook. When celloidin is used it must be removed before mounting. The sections can be studied microscopically by passing the film over the stage of a microscope in a sequential fashion. The advantages of the method are discussed.
Pyridine containing M1 positive allosteric modulators with reduced plasma protein binding

Incorporation of pyridines and diazines into the biphenyl region of quinolone carboxylic acid derived M(1) positive allosteric modulators was investigated as a means of lowering plasma protein binding to enhance CNS exposure.
Path-Integral Molecular Dynamics Simulation for Water Anion Clusters of Various Sizes

A single electron can be captured by a dipole moment. 1) It is also trapped in the potential well made by many dipoles as a solvated electron. A water molecule cluster, (H2O)n, can capture an electron in these states depending on the size and the structure to result in a water anion cluster, (H2O)−n . The pioneer work for the same system by R. N. Barnett et al. 2) with the path-integral molecular dynamics showed the interior states, i.e. solvated electron, for larger clusters than n = 64 and the surface state, i.e. dipole captured electron, though the experimentalists concluded the interior state even for smaller clusters. Recent molecular orbital calculation including all electrons in the system showed the interior state even for n = 6. 3) Clusters have generally a lot of local minima and fluctuate among them. Therefore, we have simulated several hundreds of water anion clusters by molecular dynamics (md), in which path-integral md was used for electron.
Advanced Low-Carbon Technologies for Steel Manufacturing Process

A general review was made on research of advanced reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions’ technologies for steel manufacturing process in this paper. Various technologies – ultra low CO2 steelmaking (ULCOS), CO2 ultimate reduction in steelmaking process by innovative technology for cool earth 50 (COURSE50), solar iron-making, CO2 mineral sequestration by slag and active carbon recycling energy system (ACRES), etc. – have been represented respectively. Finally the establishing of an energy flow network from the systematic point of view was recommended.
Kinetic analysis of the individual steps of protein splicing for the Pyrococcus abyssi PolII intein

Protein splicing involves the excision of an intervening polypeptide, the intein, from flanking polypeptides, the exteins, concomitant with the specific ligation of the exteins. The intein that interrupts the DNA polymerase II DP2 subunit in Pyrococcus abyssi can be overexpressed and purified as an unspliced precursor, which allows for a detailed in vitro kinetic analysis of the individual steps of protein splicing. The first order rate constant for splicing of this intein, which has a non-canonical Gln at its C terminus, is 9.3 x 10(-6) s(-1) at 60 degrees C. The rate constant for splicing increases 3-fold with substitution of Asn for the C-terminal Gln. The pseudo first order rate constant of dithiothreitol-dependent N-terminal cleavage is 1 x 10(-4) s(-1). The first order rate constant of C-terminal cleavage is 1.2 x 10(-5) s(-1) with Gln at the C-terminal position, 2.8 x 10(-4) s(-1) with Asn, and decreases significantly with mutation of the penultimate His of the intein to Ala. N-terminal cleavage is most efficient between pH 7 and 7.5 and decreases at both more acidic and alkaline pH values, whereas C-terminal cleavage and splicing are both efficient over a broader range of pH values.
ANALOGS OF TETRAHYDROFOLIC ACID. VII. SYNTHESIS OF N-(1-(2-AMINO- 4-HYDROXY-6-METHYL-5-PYRIMIDYL)-3-PROPYL)-P-AMINOBENZOYL-L-GLUTAMIC ACID, AN INHIBITOR OF FOLIC REDUCTASE.

The title compound (XI) has been synthesized in a six-step sequence using ethyl acetoacetate, acrolein,guanidine,and P -aminobenzoyl-L-glutamic acid.This compound inhibits folic reductase and binds to the enzyme better than the substrate, folic acid.It also inhibits dihydrofolic reductase.
Marine microbiology of Rocas Alijos

Cordell Expeditions conducted a research journey to Rocas Alijos in 1990 to perform numerous scientific projects at this remote site. As one of the projects, bacteriological cultures were obtained from multiple marine sources, and the bacteria recovered were identified. Antibiotic sensitivities were performed, and the results were compared with previous reports from coastal waters.
Against Universal Mereological Composition

This paper opposes universal mereological composition (UMC). Sider defends it: unless UMC were true, he says, it could be indeterminate how many objects there are in the world. I argue that there is no general connection between how widely composition occurs and how many objects there are in the world. Sider fails to support UMC. I further argue that we should disbelieve in UMC objects. Existing objections against them say that they are radically unlike Aristotelian substances. True, but there is a stronger objection. This is that they are characterized by no properties, and so fail to be like anything – even themselves.
The more things change[hellip]

○ In idiopathic membranous nephropathy (MN), the main predictors for progression to chronic renal failure (CRF) are the amount of proteinuria and extent of tubulointerstitial damage. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether urinary excretion of proteins reflecting the alteration of permselectivity in the glomerular capillary wall, such as immunoglobulin G (IgG), and the reabsorption impairment of low-molecular-weight proteins, such as α 1 -microglobulin (aim), correlates with the extent of tubulointerstitial damage and have a predictive value for functional outcome and response to therapy better than 24-hour proteinuria. In 78 patients with MN, urinary excretion of albumin, transferrin, IgG, and aim was measured by immunonephelometry in second-morning urine samples and expressed in milligrams per gram of urinary creatinine (uCr). In 48 patients with characterization of proteinuria and renal biopsy performed at the same time, excretion of IgG (P = 0.0087) and α 1 m (P = 0.0024), but not albumin (P = 0.37), transferrin (P = 0.38), or 24-hour proteinuria (P = 0.32), was associated significantly with the extent of tubulointerstitial damage (score, 0 to 1 versus ≥2). Only aim excretion was associated significantly with global glomerular sclerosis (P = 0.0032) and arteriolar hyalinosis (P = 0.0004). Moreover, urinary excretion of aim was significantly dependent on IgG excretion (r = 0.67; P = 0.0001), but not on albumin (P = 0.66) or 24-hour proteinuria (P = 0.07). Functional outcome could be evaluated in 38 patients with nephrotic syndrome and baseline normal renal function (serum creatinine, 0.99 ± 0.20 mgldL; follow-up, 44 ± 22 months). Remission was 100% versus 20% in patients with IgG excretion less than 110 mglg uCr versus 110 mglg uCr or greater (P = 0.0001) and 77% versus 17% In patients with α 1 m excretion less than 33.5 mglg uCr versus 33.5 mglg uCr or greater (P = 0.0009), respectively. In patients with IgG and aim excretion less than or greater than the cutoff value, progression to CRF was 0% versus 35% (P = 0.0026) and 0% versus 58% (P = 0.0001), respectively. Nineteen patients treated with immunosuppressive therapy were compared with 19 untreated patients. There was no difference in remission or progression between treated and untreated patients when IgG and α 1 m excretion were less than the cutoff value. There was a significant difference for progression to CRF between treated and untreated patients when aim excretion was greater than the cutoff value (17% versus 100%; P = 0.0076). In conclusion, IgG excretion is associated significantly with the extent of tubulointerstitial damage and α 1 m excretion. This observation supports the hypothesis that IgG may be the toxic moiety of proteinuria. Excretion of IgG and aim has a significant predictive value for both remission and progression and is useful to identify patients who are at risk for progression and for whom treatment with immunosuppressive therapy is indicated soon after diagnosis.
Increased dendritic cell number and function following continuous in vivo infusion of granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4

Dendritic cells (DCs) are rare antigen-presenting cells that play a central role in stimulating immune responses. The combination of recombinant granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor (rGM-CSF) and recombinant interleukin-4 (rIL-4) provides an important stimulus for generating DCs from murine bone marrow precursors in vitro. Using miniature osmotic pumps, we now demonstrate that continuous infusion of these cytokines for 7 days had a similar effect in vivo, increasing the number and function of splenic DCs. Administration of rGM-CSF/rIL-4 (10 μg/d each) increased the concentration of CD11+ DCs by 2.7-fold and the absolute number of splenic DCs by an average of 5.7-fold. DC number also increased in peripheral blood and lymph nodes. The resultant DCs exhibited a different phenotype and function than those in control mice or mice treated with rGM-CSF alone. rGM-CSF/IL-4 increased both the myeloid (CD11c+/CD11b+) and the lymphoid (CD11c+/CD8α+) subpopulations, whereas rGM-CSF increased only myeloid DCs. DCs were highly concentrated in the T-cell areas of white pulp after rGM-CSF/IL-4 administration, whereas they were diffusely distributed throughout white pulp, marginal zones, and red pulp in mice treated with rGM-CSF alone. rGM-CSF/rIL-4 also significantly increased the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II on CD11c+ cells and increased their capacity to take up antigens by macropinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Splenic DCs generated in response to rGM-CSF/rIL-4 were functionally immature in terms of allostimulatory activity, but this activity increased after short-term in vitro culture. Systemic treatment with rGM-CSF/rIL-4 enhanced the response to an adenoviral-based vaccine and led to antigen-specific retardation in the growth of established tumor. We conclude that systemic therapy with the combination of rGM-CSF/rIL-4 provides a new approach for generating DCs in vivo.
Estimation of the Normal Boiling Point of Organic Compounds

A semiempirical model has been developed for the estimation of the normal boiling points of organic compounds. The normal boiling point is calculated as the ratio of the enthalpy of boiling to the entropy of boiling. Both these values are estimated independently using a combination of additive group contribution and nonadditive molecular descriptors. A group contribution model is proposed for the estimation of the enthalpy of boiling, based on the experimental data for 1322 structurally diverse organic compounds. The average absolute error associated with this estimation is 0.83 kJ/mol. A semiempirical model has been developed for the estimation of the entropy of boiling using experimental entropy data for the entire set. This model is a modification of Trouton's rule and takes into account the effect of hydrogen bonding and molecular flexibility. The average absolute error associated with this estimation is 4.7 J/(K mol). The average absolute error associated with the estimation of the normal boiling poi...
EXISTENCE OF A NORMAL SCALE MIXTURE WITH A GIVEN VARIANCE AND A PERCENTILE

Abstract We consider the constrained normal scale mixture distribution family ℱ( p, Q ; σ 2 ) = F is a normal scale mixture and F(Q) = p , Var F ( X ) = σ 2 . We show that ℱ( p,Q ; σ 2 ) is nonempty, i.e., a normal scale mixture distribution with 100 p -th percentile at Q and variance = σ 2 exists if and only if p ⩾ a fixed constant. We next match the percentile Q with a normal percentile, Q N = σΦ −1 ( p ). We prove that the class ℱ( p, Q N ; σ 2 ) contains distributions other than N(0, σ 2 ) if and only if Q N /σ > 1.1906
Teaching Democracy through Participation: The Crucial Role of Student Interest

(1987). Teaching Democracy through Participation: The Crucial Role of Student Interest. The Educational Forum: Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 377-392.