cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tree species effects on pathogen-suppressive capacities of soil bacteria across two tropical dry forests in Costa Rica

Antibiotic-producing bacteria in the genus Streptomyces can inhibit soil-borne plant pathogens, and have the potential to mediate the impacts of disease on plant communities. Little is known about how antibiotic production varies among soil communities in tropical forests, despite a long history of interest in the role of soil-borne pathogens in these ecosystems. Our objective was to determine how tree species and soils influence variation in antibiotic-mediated pathogen suppression among Streptomyces communities in two tropical dry forest sites (Santa Rosa and Palo Verde). We targeted tree species that co-occur in both sites and used a culture-based functional assay to quantify pathogen-suppressive capacities of Streptomyces communities beneath 50 focal trees. We also measured host-associated litter and soil element concentrations as potential mechanisms by which trees may influence soil microbes. Pathogen-suppressive capacities of Streptomyces communities varied within and among tree species, and inhibitory phenotypes were significantly related to soil and litter element concentrations. Average proportions of inhibitory Streptomyces in soils from the same tree species varied between 1.6 and 3.3-fold between sites. Densities and proportions of pathogen-suppressive bacteria were always higher in Santa Rosa than Palo Verde. Our results suggest that spatial heterogeneity in the potential for antibiotic-mediated disease suppression is shaped by tree species, site, and soil characteristics, which could have significant implications for understanding plant community composition and diversity in tropical dry forests.
Justice Scalia, Religious Freedom, and the First Amendment

When Justice Antonin Scalia died last February, the Supreme Court and the country lost a distinctive, engaging, and compelling voice. Justice Scalia’s voice and views were particularly important and influential in cases involving the First Amendment and religion.Justice Scalia’s many academic critics tend to regard his understanding and approach as dangerously “majoritarian” and insufficiently sensitive to and protective of the rights of vulnerable, unfamiliar, or unpopular religious minorities. In my view, however, Justice Scalia’s approach is better seen as reflecting well an appropriate — indeed, the judicial virtue of — humility with respect to judges’ ability and authorization to determine the policy implications of abstract political theories, to resolve reasonably contested moral questions, to eliminate divisiveness and offense from public discourse and the public square, and — most important, perhaps — to construct and apply rules that depend on mind-reading and speculations about psychology. Justice Scalia’s Religion Clauses jurisprudence, in other words, is not so much about majoritarianism as it is about “institutional competence, comparative advantage, federalism, and the limits of judicial review.”
Dismembered Pyeloplasty in Infants 6 Months Old or Younger With and Without External Trans-anastomotic Nephrostent: A Prospective Randomized Study

Objective To compare the outcome of dismembered pyeloplasty in infants with and without external nephro-ureteric stent (ENUS) for treatment of congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Methods This is a parallel, randomized comparative study between October 2013 and September 2014. Thirty infants ≤6 months old with ureteropelvic junction obstruction indicated for dismembered pyeloplasty were randomly assigned (block randomization, closed envelope method) into two groups: group A (stentless) and group B (ENUS). Infants with solitary kidney, gross pyuria, huge pelvis, vesicoureteric reflux, or other renal anomalies were excluded. Operative data, complications, and ultrasonographic and nuclear scintigraphy criteria were compared after at least 18 months of follow-up using Student t , Mann-Whitney U , Kruskal-Wallis, chi-square, and Fisher exact tests when appropriate. Occurrence of urinary leakage was the primary outcome. Results Included patients completed the study with intention-to-treat analysis. All children had normal renal function. The mean operative time was 85.3 ± 6.3 (60-90) minutes in group A and 92.6 ± 15.3 (70-120) minutes in group B ( P = .2). Although there was a significant postoperative improvement in each group in split renal function and anterior-posterior renal pelvis diameter, there was no significant difference between both groups. The mean hospital stay for group A and group B was 5.9 ± 2 (4-10) days versus 3.5 ± 0.8 (2-5) days, respectively ( P Conclusion ENUS significantly reduces hospital stay and complications. It saves the infant hazards of auxiliary interventions under general anesthesia for management of leakage or double J removal if placed at time of pyeloplasty.
The dangers of rumination on the road: Predictors of risky driving

Past studies found many different types of factors can influence dangerous driving behaviors. Driver inattention, such as driving under the influence or using a cell phone while driving, was found to contribute to risky driving behaviors. Rumination is a cognitive process that may also contribute to risky driving behaviors due to its influence on attention and limited executive processes. The present study explores the potential role of rumination in dangerous driving behavior endorsement. It was hypothesized that trait rumination would be significantly related to dangerous driving behaviors and that this relationship would be conditional to the sex of the participant. Six-hundred and fifty-three Southeastern university students were recruited to participate and asked to complete multiple questionnaires measuring anger rumination, thought content, driving anger, and dangerous driving behaviors. It was demonstrated that self-reported risky driving behaviors significantly predicted dangerous driving behavior endorsement on the Dula Dangerous Driving Index. Trait rumination scores were found to predict self-reported dangerous driving, aggressive driving, and risky driving behaviors as well as trait driving anger scores. However, no conditional effects based on the sex of the participant were found. It appeared males and females were equally likely to report dangerous driving behaviors, driving anger thoughts, and trait anger rumination. Findings from the current study may assist in understanding how cognitive processes influence different driving behaviors and help develop methods to re-direct attention to safe driving behaviors, and conversely away from ruminative thoughts that increase the likelihood of dangerous driving.
Ursula Brangwen and ‘The Essential Criticism’: The Female Corrective in Women in Love

Critics have not been generous to the Ursula of Women in Love. Characteristic reactions include the harsh and ideological dismissal of her by Kate Millett and Carolyn Heilbrun, who view her, respectively, as ‘Birkin’s wife and echo … an incomplete creature … the epitome of passivity’,1 and as merely the ‘satellite to Birkin’s star’.2 Such a common misreading by feminists of Ursula’s role is surprising given their frequent calls for woman’s active sexual partnership in marriage; for such is the status that a persistent Ursula both encourages and achieves with her head¬strong and often contradictory husband. There are also the more sober disappointments of consensus Lawrence criticism, which still encourages an approach to the novel that either virtually ignores Ursula or bemoans a purported submissiveness in her relationship with Birkin. Only in some undeveloped remarks by, among others, F. R. Leavis, Frank Kermode, Julian Moynahan, and Charles Ross, is there a significant implication that her function in the work and her attachment to Birkin are other than subsidiary or tangential; even their acknowledgements of her resistance to Birkin’s doctrines do not suggest that she provides any compelling counterpoint, any ethos of her own to offer against her lover’s more didactic exhortations.3
Incorporation of velocity-dependent restitution coefficient and particle surface friction into kinetic theory for modeling granular flow cooling

Kinetic theory (KT) has been successfully used to model rapid granular flows in which particle interactions are frictionless and near elastic. However, it fails when particle interactions become frictional and inelastic. For example, the KT is not able to accurately predict the free cooling process of a vibrated granular medium that consists of inelastic frictional particles under microgravity. The main reason that the classical KT fails to model these flows is due to its inability to account for the particle surface friction and its inelastic behavior, which are the two most important factors that need be considered in modeling collisional granular flows. In this study, we have modified the KT model that is able to incorporate these two factors. The inelasticity of a particle is considered by establishing a velocity-dependent expression for the restitution coefficient based on many experimental studies found in the literature, and the particle friction effect is included by using a tangential restitution coefficient that is related to the particle friction coefficient. Theoretical predictions of the free cooling process by the classical KT and the improved KT are compared with the experimental results from a study conducted on an airplane undergoing parabolic flights without the influence of gravity [Y. Grasselli, G. Bossis, and G. Goutallier, Europhys. Lett. 86, 60007 (2009)10.1209/0295-5075/86/60007]. Our results show that both the velocity-dependent restitution coefficient and the particle surface friction are important in predicting the free cooling process of granular flows; the modified KT model that integrates these two factors is able to improve the simulation results and leads to better agreement with the experimental results.
The New York City Mental Health Needs Assessment Study (MHNAS): Objectives, design, and methods.

Objectives This paper describes the objectives, design, and methods of the Mental Health Needs Assessment Study (MHNAS). The objective of the MHNAS was to assess the needs of individuals transitioning to the community following psychiatric hospitalization and again 3-5 months later to inform community service planning. Needs were defined broadly to include domains like housing, employment, treatment, and social support. Methods The MHNAS used a 2-stage clustered sampling approach where the primary sampling units were hospitals and secondary sampling units were patients. The study included an in-person patient interview, an assessment of need from a key hospital worker, and a follow-up telephone interview 3-5 months after discharge. Results One thousand one hundred twenty-nine patients from 8 randomly selected hospitals participated. The overall response rate was 54.3% with a cooperation rate of 71.8%. The sample was similar to the overall population of psychiatric patients with respect to several key demographics. Conclusion The MHNAS demonstrates the feasibility of conducting a needs assessment with a random sample of psychiatric inpatients in a large urban setting. Results from this study may improve community service planning to better meet individuals' needs, with the ultimate goal of reducing rehospitalization and promoting recovery.
A Multicultural Education Praxis: Integrating Past and Present, Living Theories, and Practice

In our current climate of heightened conservatism and criticism, multicultural education is as important as ever. This article argues for the need to reframe multicultural education as a praxis based on its social justice- oriented principles, values, and practices. Using practitioner action research, I examine my implementation of such a praxis in a college course. I discuss critical reflections on demonstrating the interconnections between current and historical social movements, theory and lived experiences, and the students’ and my learning. I conclude by arguing that reframing multicultural education as a praxis could encourage more coalitions within and beyond schools.
SOLVENT INDUCED RELAXATION OF EXCITED STATE VIBRATIONAL POPULATIONS OF DIATOMICS: A MIXED QUANTUM-CLASSICAL SIMULATION

ABSTRACT A monte carlo simulation procedure for evaluating the relaxationrate of an excited state vibrational population of a diatomic in a simple solvent is described and sample calculations are presented. Anadiabatic separation of time scales argument is employed to separatevibrational and solvent motions. The vibration is treated quantum mechanically, the solvent motion is basically treated classically, and the relaxation rate is determined using semiclassical arguments. A model system designed to mimic the 1 → 0 vibrational relaxationof Br2 in Ar is studied, and the sensitivity of therelaxation rate to the physical parameters defining the system, suchas particle mass, vibrational frequency, interaction strength, etc.,is examined.
Noncommutative Dynamics and E-Semigroups

Preface * Dynamical Origins * Part 1: Index and Perturbation Theory * E-semigroups * Continuous Tensor Products * Spectral C*-algebras * Part 2: Classification: Type I Cases * Path Spaces * Decomposable Product Systems * Part 3: Noncommutative Laplacians * CP-semigroups * C*-Generators and Dilation Theory * Index Theory for CP-Semigroups * Bounded Generators * Part 4: Causality and Dynamics * Pure Perturbations of CAR/CCR Flows * Interaction Theory * Part 5: Type III Examples * Powers' Examples * Tsirelson-Vershik Product Systems * Bibliography * Index
The Degradation of Serotonin: Role of MAO

Abstract The enzymatic degradation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is mainly served by monoamine oxidase (MAO), a mitochondrial-bound enzyme requiring flavin adenine dinucleotide as a cofactor. MAO catalyzes the oxidative deamination of 5-HT by converting it into 5-hydroxy-3-indolacetaldehyde (5-HIAL), which is further processed into 5-hydroxy-3-indolacetic acid (5-HIAA) by aldehyde dehydrogenase. MAO also serves the degradation of other monoamine neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine, dopamine and trace amines. Two MAO isoenzymes, named A and B, have been identified, which differ in genetic bases, transcriptional regulation, substrate preference, inhibitor affinity and regional distribution. Although MAO A exhibits the highest preference for 5-HT and catalyzes its metabolism under physiological conditions, MAO B is the only isoenzyme that has been identified in 5-HTergic neurons. This chapter reviews the evidence on the biochemistry, genetics and neurobiology of MAOs, in relationship to their functions in the regulation of 5-HTergic neurotransmission, as assessed by studies on the outcomes of their pharmacological and genetic inactivation.
An intravascular magnetic wire for the high-throughput retrieval of circulating tumour cells in vivo

The detection and analysis of rare blood biomarkers is necessary for early diagnosis of cancer and to facilitate the development of tailored therapies. However, current methods for the isolation of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) or nucleic acids present in a standard clinical sample of only 5–10 ml of blood provide inadequate yields for early cancer detection and comprehensive molecular profiling. Here, we report the development of a flexible magnetic wire that can retrieve rare biomarkers from the subject’s blood in vivo at a much higher yield. The wire is inserted and removed through a standard intravenous catheter and captures biomarkers that have been previously labelled with injected magnetic particles. In a proof-of-concept experiment in a live porcine model, we demonstrate the in vivo labelling and single-pass capture of viable model CTCs in less than 10 s. The wire achieves capture efficiencies that correspond to enrichments of 10–80 times the amount of CTCs in a 5-ml blood draw, and 500–5,000 times the enrichments achieved using the commercially available Gilupi CellCollector.
Teaching reading to students with learning disabilities: Effects of combined iPad-assisted and peer-assisted instruction on oral reading fluency performance

Students with reading learning disabilities (RLDs) often face struggles in acquiring basic reading abilities, including oral reading fluency. The current study builds on previous work that compared peer-assisted instruction (PAI) to iPad-assisted instruction (IAI) on oral reading fluency, which led to the conclusion that a combined approach may be more effective than either approach alone. A multiple baseline design was used to examine the effectiveness of a combined PAI and IAI approach on oral reading fluency of four 5th grade students with RLD. Overall, there were moderate and positive experimental effects on oral reading fluency. Student gains were similar to expectations for typically achieving students from winter to spring.
A Crisis of Competence: Benevolent Sexism Affects Evaluations of Women’s Competence

People higher in benevolent sexism often outwardly endorse gender equality, but support men over women for challenging positions and experiences. Reflecting shifting standards (a tendency to evaluate stereotyped group members against within-category judgment standards), people higher in sexism may evaluate prominent women’s competence against a lower competency standard for women (who are stereotyped as less competent than men are), and not against a standard for men. Thus prominent women could be perceived as especially competent (versus other women), yet men might still garner ultimate support. Study 1 tested for this possibility using an ecologically valid example: the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Study 1 showed that benevolent (and not hostile) sexism predicted less opposition to Donald Trump’s candidacy and more positive attitudes toward the election outcome among 57 mostly female U.S. college students. Study 1 also showed that benevolent sexism positively predicted competence perceived in Hillary Clinton. To determine if this positive relationship reflected shifting standards, we manipulated the gender to which a prominent woman would be compared in Study 2 with 189 U.S. adults. Reflecting shifting standards, benevolent sexism related to evaluating women as more competent when they were evaluated against other women versus other men. Shifting standards also mediated a relationship between benevolent sexism and expecting lower female success. Using shifting standards may be one way that people higher in benevolent sexism might evaluate prominent women as especially competent, yet ultimately support men.
Leukoaraiosis Severity Predicts Rate of Decline in Primary Progressive Aphasia.

Background: The rate of decline in language in primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is highly variable and difficult to predict at baseline. The severity of diffuse white matter disease (leukoaraiosis...
Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment after Intravitreal Injection of Anti–Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

Purpose To report the rate, risk factors, and outcomes of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) after intravitreal injection of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor medications. Design Single-center, retrospective, consecutive review. Participants All patients receiving ranibizumab, bevacizumab, or aflibercept for neovascular age-related macular degeneration or retinal vein occlusion between October 1, 2014, and October 1, 2017. Methods The total number of eyes and injections were determined from billing codes. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment patients were determined from billing records and confirmed with chart review. Main Outcome Measures Rate of retinal detachment and visual acuity outcomes. Results A total of 180 671 intravitreal injections in 12 718 unique patients were included. An RRD occurred in 24 patients within 3 months after injection, giving a rate of 1 RRD per 7532 intravitreal injections (0.013%) and 1 RRD per 530 patients (0.19%). No association was found between RRD risk after injection and diagnosis (P = 0.54), physician experience (P = 0.23), injection site (P = 0.41), caliper use (P = 0.75), or 31- versus 30-gauge needle use (P = 0.18). A retinal tear was found located in the quadrant of the injection site (within 1.5 clock hours of the injection) in 15 of 24 patients (62.5%; P Conclusions Retinal detachment after intravitreal injection is uncommon, with a rate of approximately 1 in 7500 injections. Macular status at the time of RRD diagnosis significantly affects visual outcomes.
Low‐cost and portable MRI

Research in MRI technology has traditionally expanded diagnostic benefit by developing acquisition techniques and instrumentation to enable MRI scanners to "see more." This typically focuses on improving MRI's sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution, or expanding its range of biological contrasts and targets. In complement to the clear benefits achieved in this direction, extending the reach of MRI by reducing its cost, siting, and operational burdens also directly benefits healthcare by increasing the number of patients with access to MRI examinations and tilting its cost-benefit equation to allow more frequent and varied use. The introduction of low-cost, and/or truly portable scanners, could also enable new point-of-care and monitoring applications not feasible for today's scanners in centralized settings. While cost and accessibility have always been considered, we have seen tremendous advances in the speed and spatial-temporal capabilities of general-purpose MRI scanners and quantum leaps in patient comfort (such as magnet length and bore diameter), but only modest success in the reduction of cost and siting constraints. The introduction of specialty scanners (eg, extremity, brain-only, or breast-only scanners) have not been commercially successful enough to tilt the balance away from the prevailing model: a general-purpose scanner in a centralized healthcare location. Portable MRI scanners equivalent to their counterparts in ultrasound or even computed tomography have not emerged and MR monitoring devices exist only in research laboratories. Nonetheless, recent advances in hardware and computational technology as well as burgeoning markets for MRI in the developing world has created a resurgence of interest in the topic of low-cost and accessible MRI. This review examines the technical forces and trade-offs that might facilitate a large step forward in the push to "jail-break" MRI from its centralized location in healthcare and allow it to reach larger patient populations and achieve new uses. Level of Evidence: 5 Technical Efficacy Stage: 6 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:686-696.
The impact of sequential and simultaneous presentation of evidence on diversity-based reasoning in preschoolers and adults

Abstract Diversity-based reasoning (DBR), the tendency to generalize from diverse samples rather than homogenous samples, is a hallmark of sophisticated inductive reasoning. However, the developmental origins of DBR remain unclear. Results from the studies reported in this paper reveal that the method by which evidence is presented plays an integral role in determining whether preschoolers (N = 117, Mage = 4;4, range 3;11–5;2) engage in DBR. In a sample comparison task (Experiments 1b and 3), young children engaged in DBR when evidence exemplars were presented sequentially, but not when these same exemplars were presented simultaneously. Experiment 1a revealed a similar effect of presentation format on adults (N = 40, Mage = 21;2). Performance across several manipulations indicates that these presentation effects are robust in children. Children generalized from diverse samples whether the contents of samples included biological properties of animals (Experiment 1) or the preferences of social actors (Experiment 2). Also, the effect remained when the inductive problem involved generalization from a single sample (Experiment 3). Overall, these results indicate that diversity-based reasoning is utilized early in development and is facilitated by specific task features that govern the processes used to make inductive generalizations.
Hartford Gerontological Nursing Leaders: From Funding Initiative to National Organization

In 2000, the John A. Hartford Foundation established the Building Academic Geriatric Nursing Capacity Program initiative, acknowledging nursing's key role in the care of the growing population of older adults. This program has supported 249 nurse scientists with pre- and postdoctoral awards. As a result of the program's success, several Building Academic Geriatric Nursing Capacity Program awardees formed an alumni organization to continue to advance the quality care of older adults. This group of Building Academic Geriatric Nursing Capacity Program awardees joined others receiving support from the John A. Hartford Foundation nursing initiatives to grow a formal organization, the Hartford Gerontological Nursing Leaders (HGNL). The purpose of this article is to present the development, accomplishments, and challenges of the HGNL, informing other professional nursing organizations that are experiencing similar accomplishments and challenges. This article also demonstrates the power of a funding initiative to grow an organization dedicated to impact gerontological health and health care through research, practice, education, and policy.
Rationality, overconfidence and leadership

This paper examines the process by which individuals get selected to be leaders and the attributes of leaders. It develops a model in which managers of a priori unknown ability are being judged relative to each other to determine who should be appointed the leader of the group. Managers are making unobservable choices about the payoff distributions of the projects they manage, and their abilities are being (noisily) inferred ex post from observed project outcomes. We have three main results. First, all managers choose higher levels of project risks when they are competing for leadership. Second, an overconfident manager - one who underestimates his project risk - has a higher probability of being chosen as the leader than an otherwise identical rational manager. Third, an overconfident leader may be better for the firm's shareholders than a rational leader. Numerous implications of the analysis for real-world leadership behavior, new product development, relation of risk-taking to firm size and organization culture are discussed.
Organic reactions at high pressure.: Interconversion of previtamin D3 and vitamin D3

Abstract The interconversion of previtamin D3 and vitamin D3 at 20 °C was effected at high pressure (15 kbar) in three solvent mixtures. The rate constants of k1 and k2 were determined to be 30 to 45 times larger than the corresponding 1 bar rate constants. The ΔV∗ was calculated to be −5.14 cm 3 mol or lower, indicating a concerted [1,7] sigmatropic hydrogen shift.
A device for administration of continuous positive airway pressure by the nasal route.

The application of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) throughout the respiratory cycle constitutes a major breakthrough in the treatment of severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of infancy. All studies to date have demonstrated improved oxygenation and lessened requirements for exposure to high environmental oxygen concentration following institution of therapy; improved survival has been suggested. Various methods of application have been proposed. Originally, Gregory et al.1 advocated the use of an endotracheal tube or sealed head chamber. Chernick and Vidyasagar,2 and more recently Fanaroff et al.3 have suggested the use of continuous negative external pressure (CNP) applied to the body below the neck.
Time Course of Early Events in the Action of Glucocorticoids on Rat Thymus Cells in Vitro: SYNTHESIS AND TURNOVER OF A HYPOTHETICAL CORTISOL-INDUCED PROTEIN INHIBITOR OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM AND OF A PRESUMED RIBONUCLEIC ACID

Abstract Previous work has shown that physiological amounts of cortisol added to rat thymus cells in vitro begin to inhibit glucose transport (as measured by the accumulation of glucose 6-phosphate during a 5-min glucose pulse) by 15 to 20 min; the effect of cortisol is blocked by actinomycin D present from 0 to 5 min, suggesting a rapid stimulation by cortisol of RNA synthesis. It is now shown that during the period from 15 to 30 min, but not prior to 15 min, the hormone effect is blocked by cycloheximide or puromycin. The coincidence in time of sensitivity to these inhibitors of protein synthesis with the development of inhibition of glucose transport, together with our earlier results, has led us to postulate that the hormone effect is expressed through induction of a protein that rapidly inhibits glucose transport. The preceding RNA-synthetic step possibly represents synthesis of mRNA for this protein. The previously demonstrated temperature-sensitive step is shown to lie between the RNA- and protein-synthetic steps. It perhaps corresponds to transfer of mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm. Decay rates of the hypothetical cortisol-induced RNA and protein have been measured following removal of hormone from specific binding sites or addition of inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis. The protein appears to have a life span of not more than 2 hours at 37°, while the RNA has a life span of less than 40 min.
Emission characteristics of microminiature thermionic vacuum (MTV) diodes

Summary form only given. Details of the emission characteristics of a thermionic analog to field emitter vacuum microelectronics will be presented. These microminiature thermionic vacuum (MTV) emitters are fabricated using micromachining and semiconductor manufacturing process technology and can be fabricated on any substrate. A salient feature of MTV technology is the use of a suspended filament that can be easily coupled with a low work function cathode which greatly reduces the thermal load and stress of the system.
Centrally administered bombesin affects gastric emptying and small and large bowel transit in the rat

Abstract The effects of intracerebroventricular bombesin on gastric emptying and small and large bowel transit were evaluated in female rats using radioactive marker techniques. Gastric emptying was studied by determining the rate of emptying of tritium-labeled polyethylene glycol from the stomach after intracerebroventricular saline or bombesin, while intestinal transit was determined after the direct instillation of radiochromium into the small and large bowels. Dose- and time-response studies were conducted. Bombesin (0.01–1.0 μg, intracerebroventricularly) slowed gastric emptying in a dose-related manner. Time-course studies of gastric emptying after administration of the peptide concurrently with, or 10 or 20 min before the marker, showed maximum effects 20 min after bombesin. This effect was blocked by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Small intestinal transit was also delayed by intracerebroventricular bombesin (0.01–3.0 μg); when studied by giving the peptide concurrently with, or 10 or 20 min before the marker, maximal effects were seen 20 min after bombesin. In contrast, transit in the large intestine was stimulated when bombesin (1 μg, intracerebroventricularly) and the marker were given concurrently, while a small (nonsignificant) delay of transit occurred at 20 min after doses of 0.01–1.0 μg. Fed rats showed a significant (p
Nucleotide sequences and heterologous expression of tcmG and tcmP, biosynthetic genes for tetracenomycin C in Streptomyces glaucescens.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of the tcmIII, tcmIc, and tcmVII region of the tetracenomycin (TCM) C gene cluster of Streptomyces glaucescens ETH 22794 (GLA.0) revealed the presence of two genes, tcmP and tcmG. The deduced product of tcmG resembles flavoprotein hydroxylases found in several other bacteria, whereas the predicted amino acid sequence of tcmP is not significantly similar to those of any known proteins in the available data bases. Southern blot hybridization revealed an approximately 180-bp deletion in a tcmIII (tcmG) mutant and a 1,800-bp insertion in a tcmVII (tcmP) mutant. Heterologous expression of tcmG and tcmP in Streptomyces lividans and tcmP in Escherichia coli established that tcmP encodes an O-methyltransferase, catalyzing the methylation of the C-9 carboxy group of TCM E to yield TCM A2, and that tcmG is responsible for the hydroxylation of TCM A2 at positions C-4, C-4a, and C-12a to give TCM C. These are the final two steps of TCM C biosynthesis.
Conduction through an anisotropic suspension of aligned ellipsoids

Abstract The conduction of heat (or electricity) through a stationary anisotropic suspension of ellipsoids is studied when the volume concentration of the ellipsoids φ is small. At first, an exact solution for the temperature distribution around an anisotropic ellipsoid in an infinite anisotropic medium under a uniform temperature gradient is presented. The principal axes of the conductivities of both phases are taken to be coincident with the geometric axes of the ellipsoid. The obtained results are then used to evaluate the effective thermal conductivity of the suspension exactly to order φ.
Temporal expression and immunogold localization of Plodia interpunctella granulosis virus structural proteins

Monospecific antisera were produced against four structural proteins (VP12, VP17, VP31, and granulin) of the Plodia interpunctella granulosis virus using polypeptides derived by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or acid extraction. The antisera were shown to be specific on immunoblots of SDS-PAGE separated granulosis virus and were further used to detect structural proteins in infected fat body lysates. Immunoblots of fat body lysates from early stages of infection indicated that VP12, VP17, VP31, and granulin were expressed by 2.5 days post-infection. Immunogold labeling of the virus using the monospecific antisera and electron microscopy confirmed earlier reports that granulin is located in the protein matrix, V17 is an envelope protein, and VP31 is a capsid protein.
Factors Informing HIV Providers' Decisions to Start Antiretroviral Therapy for Young People Living With Behaviorally Acquired HIV

Abstract Purpose Young people with behaviorally acquired HIV (BHIV) are less likely than adults to initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) despite meeting treatment criteria. We explored critical factors involved in healthcare providers' decision making regarding ART initiation for young people with BHIV (aged 12–24 years). Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted with 23 HIV providers from diverse training backgrounds caring for youth with BHIV at four adult clinics and one pediatric clinic in a high prevalence urban city. Interview domains probed clinical and nonclinical patient characteristics, the role of adherence, and provider attitudes working with youth to establish decision-making priorities for ART initiation. The constant comparative approach was used to develop grounded theory on providers' decision making on ART initiation. Results Clinical criteria, particularly the CD4 count, and the public health implications of HIV transmission determined the urgency for ART initiation. However, patient-related concerns regarding treatment readiness and adherence hampered the decision to initiate, especially at higher CD4 counts. Providers who acknowledged developmental characteristics of youth (e.g., evolving adult identity and self-efficacy around health management) appeared more cautious in assessing future ART adherence and responded with intensive clinical support. Extensive involvement of multidisciplinary teams was identified as an important strategy to retain youth in care, whereas strengthening youth-targeted approaches may be an unmet need in adult clinics. Conclusion Evaluation of providers' awareness of the developmental features of youth and characteristics of youth-targeted approaches in clinics caring for youth with BHIV may inform interventions to increase youth engagement in care and subsequent decisions to successfully initiate ART.
Experimental Verification of First-Order Rotational Effects in the Magnetoelastic Properties of an Antiferromagnet

The experimental magnetoelastic properties of antiferromagnetic Mn${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ are found in certain specific instances to be completely inconsistent with the usual small-strain magnetoelastic theory. Rigorous application of finite-deformation magnetoelastic theory including the effect of the rotational component of the shear deformation leads to results which are in excellent agreement with experiment.
Fabrication of microtips on planar specimens

Abstract Microtips were formed on planar samples using 3 and 6 μm diamond particles as masks for ion beam sputtering at normal incidence. Samples of copper, 304 stainless steel, a metal-oxide-semiconductor structure and a BiSrCaCuO superconductor were studied. It was found that tips could be formed from all materials examined. The tips were many microns tall with a radius of curvature at the apex of less than 100 nm and shank angles down to ∼ 20°. The use of carbon contamination spikes grown in a scanning electron microscope as specific-location masks is considered.
An animal analogue of forced unilateral nostril breathing: Relevance for physiology and pharmacology

Since forced unilateral nostril breathing activates the contralateral brain hemisphere, an animal analogue of this technique could be provided by methylmethacrylate gluing large plastic pellets in either the right or left nostrils in a group of rats. A large number of physiological, pharmacological, and immunological parameters may be differentially affected.
Correlation between cardiac muscle myosin ATPase activity and velocity of muscle shortening

Although an interrelationship between the maximum velocity of muscle shortening and the maximum rate of ATP hydrolysis of myosin ATPase has been postulated, the only established correlation has been in skeletal and smooth muscle from a variety of animal species. The present study employed conditions known to alter contractile function of the heart and determined that a statistically significant (n = 24, P < 0.01) relationship exists between the maximum rate of ATP hydrolysis and the maximum velocity of papillary muscle shortening in the myocardium of a single species.
Compressive Failure of Fiber Composites under Multi-Axial Loading

Abstract This paper examines the compressive strength of a fiber reinforced lamina under multi-axial stress states. An equilibrium analysis is carried out in which a kinked band of rotated fibers, described by two angles, is sandwiched between two regions in which the fibers are nominally straight. Proportional multi-axial stress states are examined. The analysis includes the possibility of bifurcation from the current equilibrium state. The compressive strength of the lamina is contingent upon either attaining a load maximum in the equilibrium response or satisfaction of a bifurcation condition, whichever occurs first. The results show that for uniaxial loading a non-zero kink band angle β produces the minimum limit load. For multi-axial loading, different proportional loading paths show regimes of bifurcation dominated and limit load dominated behavior. The present results are able to capture the beneficial effect of transverse compression in raising the composite compressive strength as observed in experiments.
Imaging and Spectroscopy of the Multiphase Halo of NGC 4631

We have performed narrowband imaging of NGC 4631 in the [O III] 5007 and Hα lines, and long-slit spectroscopy using the Low-Resolution Imaging Spectrograph at the W. M. Keck Observatory. Hα and [O III] λ5007 are detected far from the disk, with the highest [O III]/Hα ratios coincident with the soft X-ray emission. Spectroscopy reveals that the ionization is higher than that of the Milky Way diffuse ionized gas (DIG), with an average ratio [O III]/Hβ ~ 1, rising to 6 in one region. We use the Balmer decrement to probe extinction in the halo. Extinction appears as high as 5 kpc above the disk. Distinct smaller scale variations of [O III], Hβ, and [S II] indicate that we are viewing multiple zones with distinct ionization conditions along the line of sight, in some cases separated by dust. This suggests that the gas has multiple phases and that the ionization may be much higher in some zones. A model using photoionized clouds reproduces the average trends in the line ratios. The inferred densities and pressures are high for halo gas but consistent with observations of other phases that may be colocated with this gas. A combination of high- and low-ionization gas is best for explaining the majority of the fluctuations. The high-ionization phase could be in shocks, but the velocity resolution is not adequate to prove or reject this possibility. Gas at 6 × 105 K discovered by ROSAT by Wang and colleagues in 1995 could be a source of radiatively cooling gas. We present a new model of optical line emission from cooling clouds and compare it to the data. We show that it can produce part or all of the observed [O III] and fluctuations, may generate part or all of the EDIG gas itself, and may contribute to the photoionization of the upper halo. Our most important conclusions are that the halo is complex and multicomponent and that average line-of-sight line ratios alone cannot be used to determine the ionization conditions.
The Breakdown of the U.S. Postwar System of Labor Relations: An Econometric Study:

The loss of U.S. international hegemony was the major underlying cause of the decline of the U.S. postwar system of labor relations (i.e., the "capital-labor accord"). A fall in the cost of job loss and a weakening of the Keynesian State contributed only a little to the breakdown of the accord. Further, the decline of the accord was hastened by opportunistic attacks by individual capitalists even though these attacks hurt capitalists as a class by weakening institutions that contributed to profitable accumulation.
33.4: The Impact of Non-Immersive HMDs on the Visual Field

Both binocular and monocular HMDs designed to be used non-immersively were found to create minimal interruption of the visual fields making them safe to wear (but probably not to use) in mobile situations. A small opaque display can be positioned to provide a see through functionality.
Institutional ownership and technological relatedness: A test of endogeneity

Abstract Building on the previous literature on corporate diversification, institutional ownership and firm innovation, this study proposes an endogenous relationship between institutional ownership and corporate technological relatedness. Technological relatedness is the degree to which a set of industries in which a firm operates its businesses demand similar technological knowledge. A Vector Autoregressive analysis of data from U.S. manufacturing firms shows that firms enhancing technological relatedness attract more institutional investors and as predicted, this pattern is particularly strong for pension fund ownership. In contrast, the analysis fails to show that institutional investors cause a firm's business portfolio to increase in technological relatedness.
Is there more to “model” than “muddle”?

Any discussion comparing different models with respect to their quality qua models must presuppose a notion of model, that is, what it is to be a model. While Webb provides seven criteria to assess the quality of various proposed biorobotic models, she does not clarify the very notion of "model of animal behavior" itself.
Effects of depressive symptoms on health-related quality of life in asthma patients.

Patients with asthma who also have depression report more respiratory symptoms and have worse asthma outcomes.1–9 According to the Medical Outcomes Study, depression and chronic diseases have additive adverse effects on patient functional status and well-being.10,11 The nature of the association between asthma and depression is controversial and complex—some investigators propose common physiologic etiologies, while others propose that depression develops in reaction to asthma.2,4,6–8,12–14 Despite the unclear association, patients with asthma and depression have worse outcomes as measured by traditional means, such as mortality and the need for more therapy.2–5 Currently, new outcome measures are becoming important in assessing asthma care. These outcomes focus on patient-reported functional status and health-related quality of life obtained from disease-specific and general health scales.15–20 According to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Expert Panel on Asthma as well as other sources, addressing quality of life concerns should be a routine part of outcome assessment for asthma patients.15,17,19,21 However, self-reports that depend on interpretation of physical sensations are influenced by psychological factors, such as depression.12,22 Thus, it is important to consider patients' psychological status when interpreting self-reports, especially if this information is then used to compare patients or populations.12,22 The objective of this study was to assess the effects of depressive symptoms on asthma patients' reports of health-related quality of life measured by the disease-specific Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) and the general health Medical Outcome Study SF-36.
Configuration of PKCα-C2 Domain Bound to Mixed SOPC/SOPS Lipid Monolayers

X-ray reflectivity measurements are used to determine the configuration of the C2 domain of protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha-C2) bound to a lipid monolayer of a 7:3 mixture of 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine supported on a buffered aqueous solution. The reflectivity is analyzed in terms of the known crystallographic structure of PKCalpha-C2 and a slab model representation of the lipid layer. The configuration of lipid-bound PKCalpha-C2 is described by two angles that define its orientation, theta = 35 degrees +/- 10 degrees and phi =210 degrees +/- 30 degrees, and a penetration depth (=7.5 +/- 2 A) into the lipid layer. In this structure, the beta-sheets of PKCalpha-C2 are nearly perpendicular to the lipid layer and the domain penetrates into the headgroup region of the lipid layer, but not into the tailgroup region. This configuration of PKCalpha-C2 determined by our x-ray reflectivity is consistent with many previous findings, particularly mutational studies, and also provides what we believe is new molecular insight into the mechanism of PKCalpha enzyme activation. Our analysis method, which allows us to test all possible protein orientations, shows that our data cannot be explained by a protein that is orientated parallel to the membrane, as suggested by earlier work.
Hypoxia after transarterial chemoembolization may trigger a progenitor cell phenotype in hepatocellular carcinoma

Aims To test the hypothesis that the hypoxia marker carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), and the cholangiocytic/progenitor markers cytokeratin (CK) 19 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), may be expressed in areas of hypoxia in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Methods and results Immunohistochemistry for CAIX, CK19 and EpCAM (BerEP4) was performed in 57 HCCs, including 40 residual/recurrent tumours adjacent to the TACE treatment site and 17 untreated tumours from the same 40 patients. CAIX was exxpressed in 19 of 40 residual/recurrent HCCs and in two of 17 untreated HCCs. The rate of CAIX immunoreactivity in the treated tumours was significantly higher than that in the non-treated tumours (47.5% versus 11.8%, P = 0.015). CK19 and EpCAM were expressed in six of 19 and in seven of 19 CAIX-positive TACE-treated HCCs, respectively, but were not expressed in CAIX-negative tumours or untreated tumours. There were significant associations between CK19 and CAIX immunoreactivity, and between EpCAM and CAIX immunoreactivity (P = 0.007 and P = 0.003, respectively). Double staining of CAIX and CK19 showed co-localization of both proteins in five of six cases. Three of seven EpCAM-positive tumours were also positive for CK19. Conclusions Hypoxia may trigger the expression of proteins that are normally associated with cholangiocytic/progenitor cell differentiation, suggesting that TACE paradoxically causes an aggressive tumour phenotype.