cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum dots exhibit less bioaccumulation than free cadmium and selenium in the earthworm Eisenia andrei

The present study addresses the bioaccumulation behavior of cadmium selenide quantum dots by Eisenia andrei earthworms in a terrestrial environment. Earthworms were exposed to quantum dot-treated soil for up to 4 wk and analyzed for cadmium and selenium concentration using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results were compared with those from earthworms exposed to cadmium nitrate and selenious acid, as positive controls, and those exposed in untreated soil (negative control). Earthworms exposed to quantum dots showed significant bioaccumulation of cadmium and selenium (5.3- and 1.5-fold higher concentration over negative controls, respectively) after 4 wk. Over the same 4 wk, positive control earthworms accumulated 9.2- and 2.2-fold higher cadmium and selenium, respectively, than negative controls for a much more substantial final body burden of the 2 elements. The concentrations also increased with exposure time; cadmium concentrations increased from 3600 ± 310 ng/g to 8080 ± 660 ng/g, from 1 to 4 wk, suggesting that further bioaccumulation may take place with even longer exposure time. The molar ratio of cadmium to selenium in the quantum dot-exposed worms (6.2) is closer to the ratios seen in positive control worms (7.2) than to the pure quantum dots (1.8), which implies that quantum dots are taken up predominantly in the degraded form. The results suggest that chemical modification of quantum dots to protect them from environmental degradation could potentially reduce bioaccumulation of the nanoparticles by earthworms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1288–1294. © 2013 SETAC
On board processor development for NASA's spaceborne imaging radar with VLSI system-on-chip technology

This paper reports a preliminary study result of an on-board spaceborne SAR processor. It consists of a processing requirement analysis, functional specifications, and implementation with VLSI system-on-chip technology. Finally, a minimum version of this VLSI on-board processor designed for performance evaluation and for partial demonstration is illustrated.
Central effects of humanin on hepatic triglyceride secretion

Humanin (HN) is an endogenous mitochondria-associated peptide that has been shown to protect against various Alzheimer's disease-associated insults, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and reac...
Carcinogenic activity of radioactive phosphorus.

Summary1. Single doses of radioactive phosphorus, administered internally to rats in amounts of from 1 to 3.5 μc/gram body weight, proved carcinogenic. Two types of malignant neoplasms were produced, i.e., osteogenic sarcoma and carcinoma of the face.2. The incidence of neoplasms ranged from 22 to 50%. The latent period of tumor development was lengthened with smaller doses of P32.3. Amounts of P32 less than 1 μc/gram body weight failed to induce neoplasms.
BETWEEN LIBERATION(S) AND OCCUPATION(S): RECONSIDERING THE EMERGENCE OF MAGHREBI JEWISH COMMUNISM, 1942–1945

From the fall of France in 1940 to the Anglo-American liberation of North Africa from Vichy rule (in Morocco and Algeria) and German occupation (in Tunisia), from November 1942 to May 1943, the Second World War profoundly transformed North African youth. For young French-educated Jews living in urban colonial spaces, disillusionment with Vichy France's betrayal of democracy and equality led them to a search for new political models, including Communism.Through the memoirs of three North African Jews that came to politics through local Communist parties, Abraham Serfaty, Daniel Timsit and Gilbert Naccache, Communism in its wartime form (allied with Western democracies) provided an ideal mediating force. For a generation that wanted to fight against the anti-Jewish measures of the Vichy and Nazi regimes, as well as to abolish colonial distinctions between indigenous Jews and Muslims and Europeans, Communism proposed radical equality in a supra-national framework. As the authors/activists look back on the fa...
Dispersed Resin in Bleached Kraft Pulp Mills

Abstract Several properties of the dispersed resin in bleached kraft pulp mills have been investigated. Average concentrations of resin particles in filtrates of pulps from various points along the process stream are reported. For each sampling location, the change in particle concentration with time of pulp sample storage at 5°C has been determined. In the future, this will enable rough estimation of original concentrations when samples must be measured a few days after collection. Size distributions of resin particles were the same at all sampling points, from which it follows that, in practice, the relationship between concentration and deposition rate is relatively unaffected by size distribution. Dispersed resin particles were negatively charged throughout the mills. The low charge observed in C-stage pulps was insufficient to confer stability, which further supports the hypothesis that the dispersed resin is heterocoagulated with the fibers in this acidic stage.
Micropaleontological Study of Lunar Material

Samples of the lunar dust, rock chips, and thin sections of rocks from Tranquillity Base have been examined by use of white light and electron optics. In transmitted and in dark-and bright-field incident light and in the scanning electron beam the material reveals no indication of biological morphology. It is inferred that the lunar regolith has always been devoid of life. section preparations.
The PHI coefficient as an index of ear differences in dichotic listening.

Summary The phi correlation coefficient is proposed as an index of ear differences in dichotic listening tests. It is proposed specifically for the two-response paradigm, where, as an index of ear difference over all trials, it would be statistically appropriate for correlation with overall performance. Using the same computational formula, the phi index may also be applied to the results of a one-response, directed-recall listening test. The interest of the phi index lies in the fact that for a constant size of response set and number of dichotic trials, its values may be directly compared for statistical significance.
Detection of salts of 2,4-D in aqueous solution by laser raman spectroscopy

Abstract Laser Raman spectroscopy is used to detect a salt of a herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, in water solution at concentrations as low as 500 ppm. The Raman spectrum of the powder is substantially different from the spectrum of the pollutant in aqueous solution. The spectrum of the potassium and sodium salts are the same for the powder or aqueous solution. Five strong bands exist in aqueous solution, and four of these bands are detectable at concentrations as low as 500 ppm. A plausible assignment to group frequencies for some of the Raman bands is given. All spectra were excited with a 50 mW He-Ne gas laser at 6328 A. Lower concentrations should be detectable with a more powerful laser at a higher frequency because: (1) the intensity of the scattered radiation is proportional to the product of the intensity of the electric field perturbing the molecule and the fourth power of the scattered frequency; (2) the attenuation coefficient of water is less; (3) the photocathode used is more efficient at higher frequencies and (4) the monochromator grating used is blazed at 5000 A. The resonance Raman effect is discussed as a possible method for the detection and identification of small optimal concentrations of pollutant in water.
Decreased spinal morphine/clonidine antinociceptive synergism in morphine-tolerant mice.

Abstract The antinociceptive interactions between spinally administered opioids and the alpha 2 agonist clonidine were examined in placebo and morphine pellet-implanted mice using the tail flick test. In placebo pellet-implanted animals, coadministered morphine and clonidine produced a synergistic antinociceptive effect. In mice implanted with morphine pellets, the synergism decreased to an additive interaction. The interactions between clonidine and the mu agonist Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-N-Me-Phe-Gly-ol (DAMGO), the delta agonist D-Pen 2 -D-Pen 5 -Enkephalin (DPDPE), and the kappa agonist U50-488H were also synergistic in placebo animals. In morphine pellet treated mice the DPDPE/clonidine interaction decreased to an antagonistic interaction, the DAMGO/clonidine remained synergistic and the U50-488H/clonidine interaction decreased to additive. These results support the proposal that the morphine spinal/supraspinal synergism depends upon the interaction between spinal opioid and alpha 2 receptors and a decrease in this interaction is a mechanism involved in development of tolerance to morphine. In addition, delta and kappa receptors appeared to be more involved in the morphine/clonidine decreased interaction than did mu opioid receptors.
Small Area Inference for Binary Variables in the National Health Interview Survey

Abstract The National Health Interview Survey is designed to produce precise estimates of finite population parameters for the entire United States but not for small geographical areas or subpopulations. Our investigation concerns estimates of proportions such as the probability of at least one visit to a doctor within the past 12 months. To include all sources of variation in the model, we carry out a Bayesian hierarchical analysis for the desired finite population quantities. First, for each cluster (county) a separate logistic regression relates the individual's probability of a doctor visit to his or her characteristics. Second, a multivariate linear regression links cluster regression parameters to covariates measured at the cluster level. We describe the numerical methods needed to obtain the desired posterior moments. Then we compare estimates produced using the exact numerical method with approximations. Finally, we compare the hierarchical Bayes estimates to empirical Bayes estimates and to stand...
Effect of modification of membrane phospholipid composition on the activity of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase of Tetrahymena

Abstract The activity of phosphatidylethanolamine N -methyltransferase is less than 10% of control levels in microsomes prepared from the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila whose phospholipid composition had been altered by being cultured on media containing phosphonic acids. The primary modification obtained is decreased levels of phosphatidylethanolamine ( J. D. Smith and D. A. Giegel, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 206 , 420–423 (1981) and 213 , 595–601 (1982)). The enzyme protein is present in these cells at normal levels since addition of the substrate phosphatidylethanolamine to the assay system restores enzyme activity of the lipid-modified microsomes to control levels, while the enzyme from control microsomes is not affected by added phosphatidylethanolamine. The microsomal enzyme is inhibited by the anionic phospholipids cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol and by lysophosphatidylethanolamine while it is activated only by phosphatidylserine in addition to the substrates phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine. The added phosphatidylethanolamine acts directly as a substrate for the methyltransferase rather than acting by merely stimulating utilization of endogenous lipid since added phosphatidyl[ 14 C]ethanolamine is directly converted to phosphatidylcholine. The results suggest that the technique of phosphonic acid-induced modification of lipid composition will be useful for the study of other membrane-bound enzymes.
Discrete-continuum hybrid model for gas-surface collisions: II. Closed form perturbation solutions for single collisions

Abstract A perturbation scheme for the scattering of particle beams from single crystal surfaces is presented. The procedure is based on the assumption that displacements of the lattice points are small compared to the lattice spacing and that surface corrugation is weak. The phonon interaction is accounted for by representing the crystal as an elastic continuum following the hybrid model introduced in the preceding paper. The projectile-surface interaction is described in terms of compliance coefficients which are effective spring and damping constants of the solid, This makes the handling of the solid extremely practical. The perturbation theory and the linear solid model permit the study of collision-induced waves and the thermal waves separately. The total energy exchange is obtained as the sum of the energy exchanges between the projectile and the two types of waves. The perturbation solution yields closed form expressions for the energy exchange with both the exponential repulsive and Morse potentials. These results compare favorably with the exact (i.e., numerical) calculations of the proceeding paper when multiple collisions, resonances and capture are absent. The availability of explicit expressions for the energy transfer permits the calculation of the necessary thermal averages in closed form as well. Quantitative results indicate in addition that for low energies the Morse potential results are markedly different from those with the purely repulsive cases that is commonly used for its simplicity. At high energies, the results of the two potentials converge, as expected.
Role of elastin in pathologic calcification of xenograft heart valves.

Bioprosthetic heart valves fabricated from glutaraldehyde crosslinked porcine aortic valves often fail because of calcific degeneration. Calcification occurs in both cusp and aortic wall portions of bioprosthetic heart valves. The purpose of this study was to discern the role of different aortic wall components in the calcification process. Thus, we selectively extracted cells and other extracellular matrix proteins from porcine aorta using trypsin/DNase/RNase, cyanogen bromide (CNBr), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatments and subdermally implanted these pretreated aortas in young rats. Total DNA and phospholipid data showed complete removal of cells by CNBr and NaOH treatments, whereas trypsin/DNase/RNase treatment was effective in removing DNA but not phospholipids. As shown by amino acid data and Masson's trichrome staining, collagen was removed in CNBr and NaOH treatments. Control fresh porcine aorta calcified significantly after 21 days of implantation (Ca 26.4 +/- 2.4 microg/mg). Removal of cells and collagen from the aorta by CNBr treatment did not lead to a statistically significant reduction in aortic calcification (Ca 20.8 +/- 3.0 microg/mg). Moreover, partial degradation of elastin fibers caused by NaOH (during extraction) and trypsin treatment (after implantation) of the aorta significantly increased elastin-oriented calcification (Ca 94.4 +/- 9.3 and 58.4 +/- 4.6 microg/mg, respectively). Our results indicate that the elastin component of the aorta may undergo independent calcification irrespective of devitalized cell-mediated calcification observed in glutaraldehyde crosslinked aortas. Our results also demonstrate the importance of studying elastin-oriented calcification in decellularized elastin-rich aortic matrices currently used in tissue-engineering applications.
A Basket-mix Model to Identify Cherry-picked Brands

Abstract Extreme cherry pickers, those shoppers who visit a target retailer infrequently and buy only a few promoted items when they do visit, reduce that retailer's profitability. If the retailer could identify a particular brand that draws extreme cherry pickers, the retailer could use that information when negotiating with the brand's manufacturer to obtain wholesale promotional support that compensates the retailer for extreme-cherry-picker-related losses. Researchers have been successful in developing methods to identify those shoppers who are extreme cherry pickers, but they have been less successful in developing methods that identify the brands’ that draw extreme cherry pickers. In this paper, we present a method that can determine whether a brand, when promoted, draws extreme cherry pickers.
Effects of superabundant food on breeding success and behavior of the red-winged blackbird

The effects of food on breeding success and behavior of the red-winged blackbird (Icteridae: Agelaius phoeniceus) were investigated during 3 successive breeding seasons. In the second season, a 4-week pulse of abundant food in the form of a periodical cicada emergence (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada spp.) occurred in the forest adjacent to the marsh where the birds were breeding. During the cicada period, the bird population showed: 1) an increase in foraging trips to the forest and a decrease in trips per h, 2) increased biomass of nestlings, 3) increased nestling survival caused by decreased starvation, 4) increased fledging success, and 5) bimodal weight distributions of older nestlings (reflective of the sexual dimorphism in this species). These data suggest the temporary removal of food limitations on the breeding population when the pulse of food was available.
FastMR: fast processing for large distributed data streams

FastMR is a graph-style framework for steam-oriented applications to realize near real-time streaming data record processing, and more importantly, complex coordinations between those applications. We introduces two components --- compressed buffer trees (CBTs) and shared reducer trees (SRTs) to assist with this task. CBTs address the problem of maintaining a significant amount of application-specific "accumulator" state in memory so that streaming data processing can combine current data with historical data. They do so by employing a novel, batch-oriented approach to updating the accumulator state. SRTs are basically P2P-based reducer trees that enable fine-grained queries (both one-shot and continual) to be efficiently rolled up concurrently. CBT's intermediate results are aggregated to the root of SRT via network aggregation. The roots of SRTs are analogous to vertices and anycast/multicast message transmission between the vertices (roots of SRTs) are analogous to edges in the graph-style computation model.
Building and Understanding Multiplicative Relationships: A Study of Prospective Elementary Teachers.

This study focused on understanding the evaluation of the area of a rectangular region as a multiplicative relationship between the lengths of the sides. The analysis of data from a whole-class teaching experiment involving prospective elementary teachers resulted in the development of a description of the quantitative reasoning involved. Important aspects of this reasoning include the anticipation of a rectangular array of units as the structure of the area quantity and the subsequent constituting of the units based on the linear measures. The analysis of the prospective teachers' understandings proved useful in generating additional problems. The teachers' engagement with these problems resulted in their developing more complete understandings of the constitution of area units.
A laser-based system for through-the-screen collaboration

We describe a novel system for supporting remote collaboration over shared media. The system is based on the "ClearBoard" idea of [Ishii and Kobayashi 1992] where the shared media is presented as though on a sheet of glass between local and remote participants.
Community Development in Theory and Practice: An International Reader, by Craig, G., Popple, K., & Shaw, M. Revitalising Communities in a Globalising World, by Dominelli, L.

For students, educators, practitioners, and scholars of community development, these two books are an essential read. In combination, the books provide readers with an understanding of the developm...
Tendency to Recall Remote Memories as a Mediator of Overgeneral Recall in Depression

In the current study, remoteness of memories predicted overgeneral memory (OGM), and the tendency for remote recall was unrelated to either rumination or avoidance tendencies. In Experiments 1 and 2, dysphoric and nondysphoric participants dated their memories on autobiographical memory tests. Remoteness was related to OGM regardless of dysphoria. Furthermore, when instructed to recall from a specific time period, nondysphoric and dysphoric individuals showed similar levels of OGM for remote events and similar levels of memory specificity for recent events. Dysphoria correlated with OGM and the tendency to recall more remote memories, but remoteness was a better predictor of OGM and emerged as a mediating factor. In Experiment 3, remote memory recall was a better predictor of OGM than were either rumination or avoidance tendencies and was not correlated with either. We suggest that OGM is crucially tied to remote recall tendencies and discuss the theoretical and clinical implications within the framework ...
TRUSTWORTHINESS AND TRUTH: THE EPISTEMIC PITFALLS OF INTERNET ACCOUNTABILITY

Since anonymous agents can spread misinformation with impunity, many people advocate for greater accountability for internet speech. This paper provides a veritistic argument that accountability mechanisms can cause significant epistemic problems for internet encyclopedias and social media communities. I show that accountability mechanisms can undermine both the dissemination of true beliefs and the detection of error. Drawing on social psychology and behavioral economics, I suggest alternative mechanisms for increasing the trustworthiness of internet communication.
Parsons and Sorokin: A Comparison of the Founding of American Sociological Theory Schools

This article compares the main elements of Parsons' and Sorokin's sociological work in the context of the formation and development of an American school of social theory during the 1930s-1950s. Of...
The 5-lipoxygenase pathway: oxidative and inflammatory contributions to the Alzheimer’s disease phenotype

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common, and, arguably, one of the most-well studied, neurodegenerative conditions. Several decades of investigation have revealed that amyloid-β and tau proteins are critical pathological players in this condition. Genetic analyses have revealed specific mutations in the cellular machinery that produces amyloid-β, but these mutations are found in only a small fraction of patients with the early-onset variant of AD. In addition to development of amyloid-β and tau pathology, oxidative damage and inflammation are consistently found in the brains of these patients. The 5-lipoxygenase protein enzyme (5LO) and its downstream leukotriene metabolites have long been known to be important modulators of oxidation and inflammation in other disease states. Recent in vivo evidence using murine knock-out models has implicated the 5LO pathway, which also requires the 5LO activating protein (FLAP), in the molecular pathology of AD, including the metabolism of amyloid-β and tau. In this manuscript, we will provide an overview of 5LO and FLAP, discussing their involvement in biochemical pathways relevant to AD pathogenesis. We will also discuss how the 5LO pathway contributes to the molecular and behavioral insults seen in AD and provide an assessment of how targeting these proteins could lead to therapeutics relevant not only for Alzheimer’s disease, but also other related neurodegenerative conditions.
Efficient, Rapid Photooxidation of Chemisorbed Polyhydroxyl Alcohols and Carbohydrates by TiO2 Nanoparticles in an Aqueous Solution

Time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy has been used to study electron dynamics in aqueous anatase nanoparticles (pH = 4, 4.6 nm diameter) in the presence of hole scavengers: chemisorbed polyols and carbohydrates. These polyhydroxy compounds are rapidly oxidized by the holes on the nanoparticles; 50-60% of these holes are scavenged within the duration of 3.3 ns fwhm, 355 nm excitation laser pulse. The scavenging efficiency rapidly increases with the number of anchoring hydroxyl groups and varies considerably as a function of the carbohydrate structure. A specific binding site for the polyols and carbohydrates is suggested that involves an octahedral Ti atom chelated by the -CH 2 (OH)-CH 2 (OH)- ligand. This mode of binding accounts for the depletion of undercoordinated Ti atoms observed in the XANES spectra of coated nanoparticles. We suggest that these binding sites trap a substantial fraction of holes before the latter descend to surface traps and/or recombine with free electrons. The resulting oxygen hole center rapidly loses a C-H proton to the environment, yielding a metastable, titanium-bound, ketyl radical.
Observation of a low-symmetry crystal structure for superconducting MgCNi3 by Ni K-edge x-ray absorption measurements

The local atomic structure of MgCNi 3 has been determined over the temperature range of 3 to 300 K by Ni K-edge x-ray absorption fine structure measurements. No anomalies were observed near T c ∼7 K. However, below T*∼70 Kthe symmetry of Ni 6 octahedra is lower than the cubic Pm-3m determined by conventional diffraction measurements. We suggest that the onset of local distortions could be closely related with removal of the degeneracy in the electronic states dominated by the Ni d bands. The results are discussed in relation to nuclear magnetic resonance, x-ray photoemission measurements, and the superconductivity.
The Effect of Lateral Hydrostatic Pressure on the Instability of Elastic Solids, Particularly Beams and Plates

Instability of rectangular solid in plane strain subjected axially to constant pressure and laterally to constant hydrostatic pressure
Dependence of the non-photonic electron spectrum on the charmed baryon-to-meson ratio

In this talk I argue that a substantial fraction of the non-photonic electron suppression in Au+Au collisions could arise as a result of an enhanced Λc/D ratio rather than purely from jet-quenching. At intermediate transverse momentum (2<pT<6 GeV/c), the baryon-to-meson ratio in Au+Au collisions is enhanced compared to p+p collisions. Since charm-baryon decays produce electrons less frequently than charm-meson decays, the non-photonic electron spectrum is sensitive to the Λc/D ratio. I show the dependence of the non-photonic electron spectrum on the baryon-to-meson ratio for charm hadrons. As an example, I assume that the Λc/D ratio is the same as the Λ/K0 S ratio. I show that even if the total charm quark yield in Au+Au collisions scales with the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions (Nbin), the electron spectrum at 2<pT<5 GeV/c will be suppressed relative to Nbin scaled p+p collisions by as much as 20%.
A New Degree for the Community College: The Associate of Arts in Teaching.

The development of the Associate of Arts in Teaching degree in Maryland represents an outcomes-based, statewide articulation of the two-year degree in elementary education to public and private four-year institutions.
Corner flow in free liquid films

A lubrication-flow model for a free film in a corner is presented. The model, written in the hyperbolic coordinate system ξ = x 2 −y 2, η = 2xy, applies to films that are thin in the η-direction. The lubrication approximation yields two coupled evolution equations for the film thickness and the velocity field which, to lowest order, describes plug flow in the hyperbolic coordinates. A free film in a corner evolving under surface tension and gravity is investigated. The rate of thinning of a free film is compared to that of a film evolving over a solid substrate. Viscous shear and normal stresses are both captured in the model and are computed for the entire flow domain. It is shown that normal stress dominates over shear stress in the far field, while shear stress dominates close to the corner.
A biochemical analysis linking APOBEC3A to disparate HIV-1 restriction and skin cancer

Human deoxycytidine deaminase APOBEC3A (Apo3A) acts as an HIV-1 restriction factor in cells of myeloid lineage yet functions separately as a potent mutator for genomic DNA. Apo3A activity and C motif deamination specificity exhibit a striking dependence on pH that reflects these two distinct biological processes. Upon infection of macrophages, HIV-1 induces the formation of autophagosomes, and requires autophagosomes for replication, whereas inhibiting lysosomal fusion indicative of late stage autophagy. Here we show that Apo3A has optimal activity and a strict 5'-YYCR motif specificity in the pH 5.8-6.1 range, characteristic of enclosed autophagosomal membrane compartments, and reflective of the mutation pattern of HIV-1. In contrast to the high activity and narrow specificity of Apo3A at acid pH, a 13-30-fold reduction in specific activity is accompanied by relaxed C deamination specificity at pH 7.4-8. Notably, Apo3A is also expressed in keratinocytes, and is up-regulated in skin lesions. At pH 7.9, we show that Apo3A generates transcription-dependent CC → TT tandem mutations on the non-transcribed strand, a hallmark signature of skin cancer. The biochemical data taken in conjunction with the biological up-regulation of Apo3A in skin lesions suggests that enzyme-catalyzed deaminations at adjacent C sites followed by normal replication generating CC → TT mutations provides an alternative molecular basis for the initiation events in skin cancer in contrast to well established pathways in which CC dimers formed in response to UV radiation either undergo nonenzymatic spontaneous deaminations or aberrant replication.
The mafic and ultramafic rocks of the Mocksville complex of Central North Carolina: Petrogenetic and tectonic implications

Located in the northwestern part of the Charlotte terrane of the Carolina zone in central North Carolina, the Mocksville complex is a tabular body which trends NE-SW and covers an area of approximately 500 km2. It consists of late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic, moderately metamorphosed and variably deformed, mainly plutonic ultramafic, mafic and felsic rocks. The ultramafic rocks are pyroxenites, wehrlites, and hornblendites; the mafic rocks are metagabbros and amphibolites; and, the felsic rocks are granites and diorites. Field, geochemical, and geothermobarometry studies suggest that the igneous and metaigneous rocks of the Mocksville complex are likely to be genetically related, formed by calc-alkaline differentiation of mafic magma, and originated in a moderate pressure environment (~8 kbar). Based mainly on the study of volcanic rocks, the terranes of the Carolina zone have been interpreted as magmatic arc terranes in most tectonic models concerning the evolution of the southern Appalachian orogen. The geochemical features of the mafic and ultramafic plutonic rocks of the Mocksville complex corroborate the arc origin of the Charlotte terrane.
Synthesis and characterization of photochromic molybdenum and tungsten oxide nanoparticles

Abstract Weblike aggregates of coalesced MoO3 and WO3 nanoparticles have been prepared by a laser vaporization-controlled condensation technique. The nanoparticles show a very strong photochromic effect: the color change is one order of magnitude faster than thai observed for the corresponding bulk material. The photochromic effect is also observed upon exposure of the MoO3 nanoparticles to normal room light.
A Medium-Cost PLL Varactor Tuning System Utilizing Off-The-Shelf Logic

This paper describes a unique frequency domain tuning scheme for varactor TV tuners. The purpose of a frequency domain tuning system is to control a TV varactor tuner complement so that the proper local oscillator frequency is obtained for the channel number selected.
Unbiasedness of the likelihood ratio test for lattice conditional independence models

Abstract The lattice conditional independence (LCI) model N ( K ) is defined to be the set of all normal distributions N (0, Σ ) on R I such that for every pair L , M ∈ K , x L and x M are conditionally independent given x L ∩ M . Here K is a ring of subsets (hence a distributive lattice) of the finite index set I such that ∅ I ∈ K , while for K ∈ K , x K is the coordinate projection of x ∈ R I onto R K . Andersson and Perlman in the preceding paper derived the likelihood ratio (LR) statistic λ for testing one LCI model against another, i.e., for testing N ( K ) vs N ( M ) based on a random sample from N (0, Σ ), where M is a subring of K . In the present paper the strict unbiasedness of the LR test is established, and related results regarding the distribution of the maximum likelihood estimator of Σ under the LCI model N ( K ) are presented.
Acoustic Emission Applied to Glass Fibre/Organic Thermosetting Matrix Interface Characterization

The aim of this paper is to propose a characterization method of the glass fibre/organic matrix interface based on acoustic emission. On the basis of tensile tests, it was possible to make a discrimination between the features which are not characteristic of the fibre/matrix interface (fracture properties and modulus) because taking into account some parameters other than the interface alone on one hand, and on the other hand certain characteristic features (strain and energy at first damage) which are defined on the basis of an analysis of the acoustic emission spectra of the material.
Collision properties of ultracold 133Cs atoms

We present a theoretical analysis of numerous magnetically tunable Feshbach resonances measured by Chin et al. [preceding Letter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2717 (2000)] at fields of up to 25 mT. This analysis provides the most accurate characterization of the collisional properties of ground state Cs atoms currently available and clearly shows, in contrast to previous work, that Bose-Einstein condensation of 133Cs cannot be ruled out. The X1Sigma(+)(g) and a(3)Sigma(u) scattering lengths are constrained to (280+/-10)a(0) and (2400+/-100)a(0), respectively ( 1a(0) = 0.052 917 7 nm), and the van der Waals C6 coefficient to 6890+/-35 a.u.(1 a.u. = 0.095 734 5 x10(-24) Jnm(6)).
The dynamics of galaxies and the 'missing mass' problem

I review the observational situation concerning the existence of dark matter in the outer parts of galaxies. Observation now leaves little doubt of its presence, and both observation and simple theory suggest that the dark matter is probably bound to galaxies, and furthermore is present around both spirals and ellipticals. New evidence concerning the rotation curve of the Galaxy shows that the distribution of the halo stuff in our own system is roughly spherical, as seems natural from existing dynamical data on the nature of the halo material.
Stem cells: Makeshift sperm production.

Early middle age is a difficult time, not least for male fruitflies when sperm production falls. The unexpected reason for this decline seems to be that, as tissues age, maintaining functional stem cells becomes difficult.
The Soret effect in dilute aqueous alkaline earth and nickel chloride solutions at 25°C

The Soret effect in dilute aqueous solutions of alkaline earth and nickel chlorides at 25°C has been investigated by the potentiometric method. The molar entropies of transport have been obtained from the measurements of the initial (homoheneous) and final (Soret steady-state) thermoelectric powers. The Soret coefficients at 0.005 M (molarity) have been calculated. The variation of the conventional ionic entropies of transport with the ionic radii is investigated and its possible implications for ionic hydration phenomena are discussed.
Streets of Byzantium: Network Architectures for Fast Reliable Broadcasts

A site broadcasting its local value to all other sites ina fault-prone environment is a fundamental paradigm in constructing reliable distributed systems. Time complexity lower bounds and network connectivity requirements for reliable broadcast protocols in point-to-point communication networks are well known. In this paper, we consider the reliable broadcast problem in distributed systems with broadcast networks (for example, Ethernets) as the basic communication architecture. We show how properties of such network architectures can be used to effectively restrict the externally visible behavior of faulty processors. We use these techniques to derive simple protocols that implement reliable broadcast in only two rounds, independent of the failure upper bounds.
The COOLTRANS Research Programme: Learning for the Design of CO2 Pipelines

The COOLTRANS research programme is an £8 Million, three year (2011–2014) research and development project to identify, address and resolve key issues relating to the safe routeing, design, construction and operation of onshore pipelines transporting dense phase carbon dioxide (CO2) in the United Kingdom (UK). National Grid Carbon established and led the project. National Grid Carbon brought together major technical capability in academic and industry organisations in the UK and coordinated the research studies in order to provide a ‘fast-track’ for the identification and application of key learning to its ongoing pipeline projects. In particular, National Grid Carbon is pursuing plans to develop a pipeline network in the Humber and North Yorkshire areas of the UK to transport dense phase CO2 from major industrial emitters in the area to a saline aquifer off the Yorkshire coast. The COOLTRANS research programme has provided the technical foundations for the design and operation of CO2 pipelines in the UK. The paper highlights the key learning for the design of CO2 pipelines, and the specific application of the learning to the planned National Grid Carbon CO2 network in the Humber and North Yorkshire area of the UK.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Biomedical Anthropology and the Team Approach to Craniofacial Surgery

In this article we describe the contributions of a physical anthropologist to a multidisciplinary team charged with evaluating, diagnosing, and treating children who have severe craniofacial defects. As an example of biomedical anthropology, it illustrates the value of the anthropologist's population-based perspectives in a setting dominated by a focus on the individual patient. The problem of maintaining a professional identity as an anthropologist in a nontraditional setting is discussed. Estrangement occurs not only because biomedical anthropologists must adapt to the practical realities of the medical system, but also because traditional academic anthropology continues to undervalue the work of practicing anthropologists.
A systems concept of electromagnetic measurements in the U. S. A.

A systems concept of the measurement activities in the United States is briefly reviewed. This concept is the one recently proposed (1966) by R. D. Huntoon and named the "National Mesurement System" by him. His description of the role of the Institute for Basic Standards and its parent organization, the National Bureau of Standards, as a functional element of the system is summarized. Following this summary, the Radio Standards Laboratory, an organizational unit of the Institute for Basic Standards, is described as a functional element in the system. Some benefits of considering the Radio Standards Laboratory as an element of the system are given.
A Transcriptional Enhancer from the Coding Region of ADAMTS5

Background: The revelation that the human genome encodes only ,25,000 genes and thus cannot account for phenotypic complexity has been one of the biggest surprises in the post-genomic era. However, accumulating evidence suggests that transcriptional regulation may be in large part responsible for this observed mammalian complexity. Consequently, there has been a strong drive to locate cis-regulatory regions in mammalian genomes in order to understand the unifying principles governing these regions, including their genomic distribution. Although a number of systematic approaches have been developed, these all discount coding sequence. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using the computational tool PRI (Pattern-defined Regulatory Islands), which does not mask coding sequence, we identified a regulatory region associated with the gene ADAMTS5 that encompasses the entirety of the essential coding exon 2. We demonstrate through a combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter gene studies that this region can not only bind the myogenic transcription factors MYOD and myogenin and the E-protein HEB but can also function as a very strong myogenic transcriptional enhancer. Conclusions/Significance: Thus, we report the identification and detailed characterization of an exonic enhancer. Ultimately, this leads to the interesting question of why evolution would be so parsimonious in the functional assignment of sequence.
The business ethics of pharmacists: Conflicts practices and beliefs

This paper represents the responses of 377 pharmacists to a mail survey examining their views concerning ethical conflicts and practices. Besides identifying the sources of ethical conflicts, pharmacists were asked how ethical standards have changed over the last 10 years as well as the factors influencing these changes. Conclusions and implications are outlined and future research needs are examined.
Repression of the cII and cIII cistrons of phage lambda in a lysogenic bacterium

Abstract The c III and c III cistrons of lambda play an important role in the lysogenization of a bacterium, but they are not required for the maintenance of the resulting lysogenic strain. As gauged by their ability to complement a mutant superinfecting heteroimmune phage, these cistrons fail to function in an immune cell. This was true whether the wild-type cistron was located in the prophage or in another superinfecting but repressed phage. These c cistrons did function in a lysogenic host so long as they were carried in a genome whose immunity specificity differed from that of the prophage. Although c II + function is necessary to lysogenize a sensitive bacterium, it was not a limiting factor in the formation of a doubly lysogenic cell following superinfection of an already lysogenic bacterium by a homoimmune phage.
Cooking Rocks: Teaching About Diagenesis on Earth and Mars

ABSTRACT The hands-on homework activity Cooking Rocks uses iron oxide–cemented sandstone to teach undergraduate students about diagenetic (postdepositional) minerals and how they can change in sedimentary rocks. Students bake a piece of goethite-cemented sandstone (commonly known as picturestone) to understand properties of iron oxide minerals and spark dialogue about similar diagenetic minerals on Mars. This activity is representative of more than 25 activities developed in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Mars for Earthlings education and outreach project. Mars for Earthlings curriculum is a resource for teachers that is designed for teaching undergraduate students at an introductory general science level. The engagement, exploration, explanation, elaboration, and evaluation pedagogical format encourages student-driven inquiry to teach students the concept of diagenesis and how to run an at-home experiment to observe a diagenetic mineral transformation from goethite to hematite. The a...
Sodium Intake and Mortality Follow-Up in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)

Background Sodium restriction is commonly recommended as a measure to lower blood pressure and thus reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. However, some studies have observed higher mortality associated with lower sodium intake.
Computational design of novel carbon enriched Si1 xCx ceramics: A molecular dynamics simulation study

Silicon Carbide (SiC) exhibits excellent mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. Low fracture toughness is one of the limiting properties of SiC that hinders its widespread applications. Recent studies suggest that controlled alteration of local microstructure may lead to dislocation nucleation in certain SiC polytypes. Here, we report classical molecular dynamics simulations results to demonstrate thermodynamic viability of a new type SiC-based ‘‘C enriched’’ ceramics where certain Si atoms are substituted by C atoms. We studied five different systems with different fraction of ‘‘C’’ enrichments, namely 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. We hypothesize that if ‘‘Si’’ atoms from SiC are randomly substituted by ‘‘C’’ atoms, then the bond lengths in the vicinities of the newly formed ‘‘CAC’’ bonds (in place of ‘‘SiAC’’ bonds) will be shortened but the overall crystal structure may not change significantly because both ‘‘CAC’’ and ‘‘SiAC’’ bonds are sp 3 type. After equilibrating all types of enriched systems as well as the control SiC system, we studied their equilibrium densities, free energy profiles and internal morphologies as a function of ‘‘C’’ enrichment amount. The energy profiles suggest that all ‘‘C’’ systems should be thermodynamically viable because total configuration energies for all systems were minimized and remained stable over a long period of time. The densities of different ‘‘C’’ enriched systems drop from 3.25 gm/ cm 3
Analytical Solutions for Effective Axial Mechanical Properties of a Three-Phase Active Fiber Composite Model

Active fiber composites are among the many other components used in intelligent and smart composite structures which undergo mechanical deformation upon the application of external loads or electric fields. This work presents an analytical approach for derivations of exact solutions for the effective axial mechanical properties of active fiber composites with circular cross-sections, and while the properties of the constituent materials are considered to be generally orthotropic. First, exact analytical solutions of the effective longitudinal Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio are obtained for a three-phase composite cylindrical model composed of orthotropic materials. Next, Finite element analysis, as an alternative approach, is performed to numerically determine the effective axial properties of an identical three-phase composite cylinder. Finally, effective material properties obtained from analytical and finite element methods are compared to verify the derived analytical solutions. Excellent agreements are achieved between the results obtained from both techniques validating the exact analytical solutions.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Growth Study and Theoretical Investigation of the Ultrathin Oxide SiO 2 − Si Heterojunction

The local atomic structure of ultrathin gate oxides and its effect and that of the corresponding ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Si}$ interface on the band offset of a MOS structure are investigated theoretically. To generate a physically realistic interface, we perform a ``direct oxidation'' simulation using quantum molecular dynamics. The critical thickness at which the oxidation rate switches from being limited by chemical kinetics to being diffusion limited is estimated. A novel method is introduced to evaluate the band offset within local orbital density functional theory. The valence band offset for the ultrathin oxide is found to be smaller (by 0.3 eV) than that of oxides thicker than $\ensuremath{\sim}10\AA{}$ in accord with the recent XPS results.
Faculty Planning for Distance Teaching

Abstract How faculty in higher education plan instruction is an area about which little is known. The purpose of this study was to describe instructional planning by faculty teaching adult learners via interactive telecommunications technology and to identify their principal concerns when designing distance instruction. Qualitative methods were used to collect and analyze data on planning by eleven full‐time faculty members teaching on an audio‐graphic distance network. Their distance instruction planning process was characterized by three features: term rather than day‐to‐day planning, a primary emphasis on content rather than process, and reliance on the syllabus as the focal point of planning.