cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photonic labyrinths: two-dimensional dynamic magnetic assembly and in situ solidification.

Creating novel structures by self-assembly processes and fixing the resultant assemblies are both critical to the design and fabrication of functional materials through bottom-up approaches. We demonstrate magnetically induced self-assembly of 2D photonic labyrinth structures and their solidification through a sol–gel method. The photonic labyrinth structures can be patterned into more regular arrangements using nonmagnetic substrates. This work may provide a platform for fabricating novel materials and devices with complex morphologies and spatial configurations.
On the propagation of ionization waves

A non-linear analysis of ionization wave fronts is given including energy effects. The necessary external energy source is Joule heating due to an applied transverse electric field. The front propagates at a speed which is proportional to the product of the electron sound speed and the square root of the ratio of the electron collision time to the reaction time. The structure of the ionization wave is also obtained.
The bakers of Washington cartel: Twenty-five years later

Craig M. Newmark challenges the findings of a 1965 Federal Trade Commission decision and Economic Report that a price fixing cartel increased bread prices in the state of Washington from the mid-1950s to 1964. Newmark believes prices were higher during the cartel's existence because retailers in the west had higher margins and that bakers in the west had higher wages and higher ‘normal’ profits than elsewhere in the country. Newmark ignores evidence that the cartel had set the higher retailer margins in Washington and that the labor costs and profits of Washington bakers were not higher than elsewhere. The Washington bakers had inflated distribution costs and excess capacity prior to the cartel's breakup. This result is commonplace when a cartel stimulates costly nonprice competition, so that the higher prices of the cartel members end up primarily in higher unit cost. Finally, Newmark claims that the reason prices fell in 1965 was the entry of a significant size price cutter, not the demise of the cartel. What Newmark characterized as a ‘principal’ entrant was actually a tiny, two-man operation, with less than a 1.0 percent market share. The record shows that this entrant did not trigger the precipitous price decline occuring when the cartel was destroyed.
Modelling of laminates using a layerwise element with enhanced strains

A layerwise finite element with enhanced strains is developed for the analysis of laminates with special emphasis on the study of delamination characteristics. An interface model using the penalty function method is developed to calculate strain energy release rates. Since the interface model provides the facility for the closure of delamination by a small amount, strain energy release rates were evaluated by actual crack closure and by virtual crack closure methods for a comparative study. A double cantilever plate problem is used to illustrate the accuracy of the computational approaches developed herein.
The effect of fat on the coherent-to-Compton scattering ratio in the calcaneus: A computational analysis

The coherent‐to‐Compton scattering ratio (CCSR) is a technique that has been proposed for measuring trabecular bone mineral density (TBMD). This paper investigates the effect of fat on the CCSR and its correlation to the error in TBMD measurements. It is a computational study to determine the relationship between the magnitude of fat error and the momentum‐transfer variable x, which represents the incident photon energy and the scattering angle. Variation in fat content contributes significantly to the error in CCSR measurements. When employing a typical 241Am source (E γ=59.45 keV), the resulting error decreases with increasing momentum‐transfer variable or angle. For example, the error ranges from +14 mg/cc at an angle of 45° (x=18.3) to +3 mg/cc at an angle of 135° (x=44.3) for an osteoporotic trabecular region (100 mg/cc mineral) of a calcaneus that contains 6% less fat than a calibration standard. The error is about 0.3–1.2 mg/cc less for regions containing 2–3× more bone mineral and is reduced and opposite in sign for regions containing about 7% more fat than the calibration standards (e.g., −9 mg/cc at 45° and −1.5 mg/cc at 135°). Others have shown that the intrinsic sensitivity of the CCSR method for measuring TBMD at a given photon energy generally increases with increasing detector angle. Thus large angles are advantageous both for reduced sensitivity to fat variation and increased sensitivity to bone mineral variation. The primary disadvantage is reduced count rates that degrade precision unless long counting times are employed. For experimental studies, a compromise angle must be chosen to insure adequate counting statistics for reasonable precision and examination times while providing moderate mineral sensitivity and moderate fat error.
Training spatial abilities: Effects of practice on rotation and synthesis tasks

Abstract Three studies are reported. In the first study, changes in performance on four spatial tests were examined for eighty-three subjects who attempted 1,200 three-dimensional rotation problems. Gains in accuracy in solving these problems averaged over 1 SD from the first to the last block of trials. Gains on the reference tests were also substantial, ranging from over 1 SD on a speeded rotation test to approximately .5 SD on a more difficult form-board test. In the second study, fifty subjects were administered the same spatial tests, but without practice on rotation problems. The large gains in Study 1 appeared to be attributable to practice on the tests. In the third study, 385 subjects attempted 144 mental synthesis problems. Subjects were randomly assigned to a feedback or to a no-feedback condition. Females in the feedback condition showed the greatest reduction in errors from the first to the second half of the test. However, improvements were noted only for a specific type of foil. Results of all three studies are discussed in terms of Anderson's (1983) model of skill learning and fact acquisition.
Stabilization of projection-based reduced order models of the Navier–Stokes

A new method of stabilizing low-order, proper orthogonal decomposition based reduced-order models of the Navier–Stokes equations is proposed. Unlike traditional approaches, this method does not rely on empirical turbulence modeling or modification of the Navier–Stokes equations. It provides spatial basis functions different from the usual proper orthogonal decomposition basis function in that, in addition to optimally representing the solution, the new proposed basis functions also provide stable reduced-order models. The proposed approach is illustrated with two test cases: two-dimensional flow inside a square lid-driven cavity and a two-dimensional mixing layer.
Corrals, hubcaps, and crystal balls: some new designs for very-wide-angle visible-light heliospheric imagers

Emerging techniques allow instruments to view very large sky areas, a hemisphere or more, in visible light. In space, such wide-angle coverage enables observation of heliospheric features form close to the Sun to well beyond Earth. Observations from deep-space missions such as Solar Probe, Stereo, and Solar Polar Sail, coupled with observations near Earth, permit 3D reconstruction of solar mass ejections and co-rotating structures, discovery and study of new comets and asteroids, and detailed measurements of brightness variations in the zodiacal cloud. Typical heliospheric features have 1 percent or less of ambient brightness, so visible-light cameras must deliver < 0.1 percent photometry and be well protected from stray background light. When more than a hemisphere of viewing area is free of bright background-light sources, we have shown that corral-like structures with several vane-like walls reduces background light illuminating to wide-angle optical system by up to ten orders of magnitude. The optical system itself typically provides another five orders of surface-brightness reduction. With CCDs as the light-detection device, images of point-like sources must cover typically 100 pixels to average down sub-pixel response gradients and provide the above 0.1 percent photometry. With present-day CCDs this requires images of order 1 degree in angular size. Tolerating such large images in turn enables wide-angle sky coverage using simple reflecting and refracting optical systems such as convex spherical reflectors, toroids and thick lenses. We show that combining these with light- reducing corrals yields practical, light-weight instruments suitable for inclusion on deep-space probes.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ice foot development at temperate tidewater margins in Alaska

The presence of an ice foot at the base of temperate tidewater ice cliffs has been debated for nearly 100 years. This paper presents evidence demonstrating ice feet at tidewater margins in Glacier Bay, Alaska. Ice feet are likely sources of many submarine icebergs originating at the ice margin. The cause of ice foot development is unclear, but may represent a change in fracture behavior near the bed where higher debris concentrations affect fracture propagation and calving. Ice foot formation can be favored by englacial discharge and sediment ramps along the glacier margin that can cause differential melting of the ice cliff. The presence of ice feet is important to understanding ice-proximal sediment dynamics because they are a primary source of debris-rich icebergs and their calving affects sediment redistribution patterns.
Uptake of a fluorescent deoxyglucose analog (2-NBDG) in tumor cells

Purpose A new fluorescent analog of d-glucose was recently developed by [Yoshioka K, Takahashi H, Homma T, Sato M, Ki Bong O, Nemoto Y, Matsuoka H (1996) A novel fluorescent derivative of glucose applicable to the assessment of glucose uptake activity of Escherichia coli. Biochim Biophys Acta 1289:5–9] and shown to be transported into normal cells. The purpose of this preliminary study was to assess the use of this fluorescent 2-deoxyglucose analog, 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diaxol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG), as a sensitive probe for monitoring glucose uptake into malignant tumor cells.
The molecular biology of WHO grade II gliomas.

The WHO grading scheme for glial neoplasms assigns Grade II to 5 distinct tumors of astrocytic or oligodendroglial lineage: diffuse astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, oligoastrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, and pilomyxoid astrocytoma. Although commonly referred to collectively as among the “low-grade gliomas,” these 5 tumors represent molecularly and clinically unique entities. Each is the subject of active basic research aimed at developing a more complete understanding of its molecular biology, and the pace of such research continues to accelerate. Additionally, because managing and predicting the course of these tumors has historically proven challenging, translational research regarding Grade II gliomas continues in the hopes of identifying novel molecular features that can better inform diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies. Unfortunately, the basic and translational literature regarding the molecular biology of WHO Grade II gliomas remains nebulous. The authors' goal for this revi...
Peer interaction and learning with computers in small groups

Abstract While anecdotal reports of computer use in classrooms suggest that students often work together, few studies have focused on the interaction between students or on its consequences for achievement. This paper reviews the research on peer interaction with computers to determine its effects on learning. The purposes of this review are to determine (a) the advantages or disadvantages of group work for learning, (b) the kinds of verbal interaction that occur when students work together at the computer, and (c) the kinds of interaction that are beneficial or detrimental for learning. This paper considers the possible cognitive and socioemotional processes that mediate the effects of peer interaction on learning, and discusses the implications of the research findings for the design of computer software.
Abstract 4920: Gene network models identify targets for mammary tumor normalization

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL The majority of breast cancer therapeutics aim at slowing tumor expansion through selective killing of tumor cells. Given the enormous plasticity of cells (highlighted by recent advances in the iPS field), we instead sought to induce a cell state transition from a mammary tumor cell phenotype to a normal mammary epithelial cell state. We have tackled the critical problem of identifying target genes for the normalization or differentiation of mammary tumor cells by employing a systems biology approach that integrates computational modeling with in vivo and in vitro studies. In vivo gene expression data of mammary tumor progression in the FVB C3(1) SV40Tag transgenic mouse model were collected at multiple time points as the disease progressed from normal gland to DCIS-like lesions to invasive carcinoma. Gene regulatory network models predicted novel transcription factor targets that appeared critical to the rise of the tumor phenotype. These putative gene targets were then assessed in a 3D spheroid assay. RNAi inhibition of two computationally predicted transcription factors reverted mammary tumor cells to a normalized mammary epithelial cell phenotype, with appropriate apical/basal polarization, lumen formation and reduced proliferative index. This integrated strategy has pinpointed transcription factors for RNAi therapeutic targeting in vivo but importantly, the method is not limited to breast cancer and may be useful for many different tumor types. In summary, our major advance has been the demonstration that a gene regulatory network reverse engineering approach can identify genes that are causatively involved in cancer progression and that represent viable therapeutic differentiation targets. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4920. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4920
Primary production studies on a new reservior; Bighorn Lake-Yellowtail Dam, Montana, U.S.A. *

Summary A definite algal succession pattern was established for all 3 years of study. Volume-based phytoplankton density and chlorophyll concentration decreased down-reservoir. However, the depth of the euphotic zone increased down-reservoir as silt settled out. Consequently, the euphotic zone standing crops were greatest mid-reservoir. Insufficient light penetration was established as the principal limiting factor to primary production in the upper end of the reservoir. Decreased primary production in the lower end of the reservoir did not appear to be due to nutrient limitation. Comparison of sampling periods common to all years of the study showed that estimated net primary production increased 84% in 1970 over 1968.
Label-free multi-photon imaging using a compact femtosecond fiber laser mode-locked by carbon nanotube saturable absorber

We demonstrate label-free multi-photon imaging of biological samples using a compact Er3+-doped femtosecond fiber laser mode-locked by a single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT). These compact and low cost lasers have been developed by various groups but they have not been exploited for multiphoton microscopy. Here, it is shown that various multiphoton imaging modalities (e.g. second harmonic generation (SHG), third harmonic generation (THG), two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF), and three-photon excitation fluorescence (3PEF)) can be effectively performed on various biological samples using a compact handheld CNT mode-locked femtosecond fiber laser operating in the telecommunication window near 1560nm. We also show for the first time that chlorophyll fluorescence in plant leaves and diatoms can be observed using 1560nm laser excitation via three-photon absorption.
A climatology of instability indices derived from Friuli Venezia Giulia soundings, using three different methods

Abstract In the previous work, “Evaluating the sounding instability with the Lifted Parcel Theory” (hereafter ESI also published in this issue), we described a program which implements the Lifted Parcel Theory in three different ways. In this work, we build a climatology of the sounding-derived instability indices based on 5050 different soundings, made in Udine (WMO code 16044) from April to September 1995–2001. Every 6 h, we associate a sounding with the presence of cloud-to-ground lightning strikes and also with a continuous variable, CALCA6h, built using lightning strikes number, rain and wind gust, measured in the plain of our region. For each of the about 30 indices, we studied the skill score for forecasting the presence of thunderstorms and the linear cross-correlation for forecasting the thunderstorm “intensity”. We also introduce the use of some relatively new indices: the maximum buoyancy, the cloud precipitable water, the mean horizontal vapour flux and the standard deviation of the sounding vertical velocity. Finally, we discuss which indices and which of the three methods are the best in our region for forecasting convective events.
Association of polyacrylonitrile prepared by low‐temperature, solution polymerization with an organometallic catalyst

The weight-average molecular weights of polymers of acrylonitrile prepared by a free-radical initiator and an organometallic catalyst have been determined by lightscattering measurements in N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and dimethylacetamide at 25°C. and in dimethyl sulfoxide at 140°C. The apparent molecular weights of the polymers prepared with the NaAlEt3S(i-Pr) catalyst in DMF at −78°C. (referred to as high-melting polymers) changed from 54,800, 82,700, and 480,000 when measured in DMF at 25°C. to 36,000, 41,600, and 225,000 when measured in DMSO at 140°C., whereas the molecular weights of the free-radical polymers remained unchanged. Furthermore, from results obtained in DMSO at 140°C., The intrinsic viscosity–molecular-weight relationships were found to be identical for the high-melting and the free-radical polymer and in substantial agreement with an equation reported by Cleland and Stockmayer. The apparent decrease in molecular weight of the high-melting polymer from 25 to 140°C. indicates rather clearly that the high-melting polymers are associated in DMF at 25°C. The “aggregates,” even though present only at low concentrations, raised the weight-average molecular weight markedly but affected the number-average molecular weight only slightly, thus giving a high Mw/Mn ratio. It appears likely that when temperature and solvent are such that association does not occur, linear PAN's will have approximately the same intrinsic viscosity–molecular weight relationship (subject of course to slight change by polydispersity). The often reported abnormal molecular weight of samples prepared by solution polymerization especially at low temperatures, may be attributed to branching, or to an association, as reported here. The nature of association of PAN in dilute solution is also discussed.
Kinematics and the implementation of an elephant's trunk manipulator and other continuum style robots.

Traditionally, robot manipulators have been a simple arrangement of a small number of serially connected links and actuated joints. Though these manipulators prove to be very effective for many tasks, they are not without their limitations, due mainly to their lack of maneuverability or total degrees of freedom. Continuum style (i.e., continuous "back-bone") robots, on the other hand, exhibit a wide range of maneuverability, and can have a large number of degrees of freedom. The motion of continuum style robots is generated through the bending of the robot over a given section; unlike traditional robots where the motion occurs in discrete locations, i.e., joints. The motion of continuum manipulators is often compared to that of biological manipulators such as trunks and tentacles. These continuum style robots can achieve motions that could only be obtainable by a conventionally designed robot with many more degrees of freedom. In this paper we present a detailed formulation and explanation of a novel kinematic model for continuum style robots. The design, construction, and implementation of our continuum style robot called the elephant trunk manipulator is presented. Experimental results are then provided to verify the legitimacy of our model when applied to our physical manipulator. We also provide a set of obstacle avoidance experiments that help to exhibit the practical implementation of both our manipulator and our kinematic model. c2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Soft tissue sarcomas of the foot and ankle: impact of unplanned excision, limb salvage, and multimodality therapy.

Background: Foot and ankle sarcomas have historically been treated with amputation because of the difficulty in achieving local disease control and maintaining a functional foot. Potential opportun...
The cortex transform: rapid computation of simulated neural images

With a goal of providing means for accelerating the image processing, machine vision, and testing of human vision models, an image transform was designed, which makes it possible to map an image into a set of images that vary in resolution and orientation. Each pixel in the output may be regarded as the simulated response of a neuron in human visual cortex. The transform is amenable to a number of shortcuts that greatly reduce the amount of computation.
Molybdenum Bolsters the Bioinorganic Brigade

The crystal structure of the simplest known molybdenum-requiring enzyme, the dimethyl sulfoxide reductase of Rhodobacter sphaeroides , is reported on in this issue of Science by Schindelin et al . ([p. 1615][1]). In his Perspective, Stiefel discusses the chemistry performed by this enzyme and how it contributes to “the smell of the sea.” [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.272.5268.1615
Influence of steady base-level rise on channel mobility, shoreline migration, and scaling properties of a cohesive experimental delta

[1] Here we describe results from an alluvial delta physical experiment with and without steady base-level rise. Using a unique cohesive sediment mixture that promotes the development of persistent channels and a rugose shoreline, we quantitatively characterize channel network properties as a function of base-level rise in a distributary system that reproduces many aspects of the geometry of natural deltas. Analysis of the experimental data shows clear dynamical differences between the predominantly progadational and aggradational phases of the experiment. The experiment was conducted in two phases: a first in which the delta prograded into standing water of constant depth in the absence of base-level rise and a second during which steady base-level rise was imposed on the system, forcing a twofold increase in topset aggradation due to greater sediment retention in the fluvial reach. The shift in sediment mass balance to enhanced fluvial deposition in the second phase caused channel network mobility to increase, reducing the autogenic channel time scale from 23.5 to 12.5 h and supporting a positive correlation between deposition and channel avulsion frequency. An independent shoreline time scale that characterizes the dominant time over which shoreline regression is persistent closely correlates with measurements of the channel network (28.3 h during fan progradation and 9.5 h during fan aggradation). These metrics suggest a strong coupling between channel network and shoreline kinematics and a more active fluvial surface during fan aggradation by a factor of 2 to 3, similar to the increase in aggradation rate. Spatial scaling of shoreline roughness reveals that maximum shoreline variability is set by the scale of distributary lobes. Strong coupling exists between delta growth and shoreline geometry during progradation. During aggradation, however, shoreline variability is not solely due to distributary lobe growth but is also set by shoreline transgression over inactive portions of the delta, illustrating a decoupling between fan kinematics and fan geometry. This decoupling, together with the matched increase in channel network mobility and fluvial aggradation, suggest the stratigraphic architecture may not be a strong geometric signal of different fluvial surface conditions either.
Impact of ozone on stability of montmorillonite suspensions

Abstract A sodium montmorillonite (NaM) suspension (150 mg/liter) was treated with various ozone doses up to 97 μ M (0.65 μmol O 3 /mg NaM). Suspension stability increased with increasing levels of ozonation as evidenced by increases in critical coagulation concentration (CCC) values of Na + , Ca 2+ , and La 3+ . The increase in induced stability of NaM was found to be most pronounced with Na + as an indifferent electrolyte and least noticeable when La 3+ was used. The enhanced stability of NaM can in large measure be attributed to an increase in the surface charge as a result of ozone-induced transformations. The conductivity of the suspending medium (water) was found to increase with ozonation indicating a leaching of ions from the crystal structure. DLVO theory was utilized to interpret the stability behavior of NaM suspensions; however, it underestimated CCC values. This discrepancy was attributed to an additional force resulting from hydrogen-bonding interactions. These interactions were found to be repulsive (hydration pressure) in nature. Hydration pressure increased with ozonation while Liftshitz—van der Waal forces remained largely unaffected. Electrostatic forces were found to be the major component responsible for increased stability of NaM as a result of ozonation, supporting a crystal dissolution hypothesis.
Counseling Exceptional Individuals and Their Families: A Systems Perspective.

This article presents three models of counseling exceptional students from a systems perspective. The authors present their definition of counseling, the goals of counseling, and the counseling relationship from a systems perspective. Each model is described, including assessment and intervention techniques appropriate for working with children, adolescents, and their families when giftedness and learning disabilities and other disabilities are part of the context. The authors discuss implications for school counselors and provide several cases as examples.
Private Open Space and Public Concerns

Agricultural lands provide open space, which is valuable as wildlife habitat, as a visual resource, and as access to public lands. Sublette County, WY, is the basis for a case study relevant to rural land use planning. A mail survey provided responses from landowners and other residents. Agricultural land uses and public involvement in land use planning were approved. Land use controls including zoning were accepted. Differences existed between residents and nonresidents regarding personal income, local employment, the future importance of extractive industries, and the reasons for living in the county.
Locomotor Response to Predator Threat in Red Colobus Monkeys

The locomotor patterns of red colobus monkeys (Colobus badius) were scored under three different conditions: normal daily activities, in sight of a terrestrial predator, and after the playback of a crowned hawk-eagle call. Relative to the normal movement activities, the terrestrial and avian predator experiments showed fleeing movements to be very rapid with an increase in the frequency of leaping and vertical bounding. Movement distances also increased in response to the avian playback experiments. Although rare, it is possible that rapid movements may better reflect anatomical design than movements during normal daily activities.
Investigation of arsine-generating reactions using deuterium-labeled reagents and mass spectrometry.

Abstract Mass spectrometry was used to detect transfer of deuterium from labeled reagents to arsines following hydride-generation reactions. The arsine gases liberated from the reactions of arsenite, arsenate, methylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid with HCl and NaBD4 in H2O, or with DCl and NaBH4 in D2O, were examined. Differences in the mode of deuterium incorporation for the various arsines were detected. These results may help explain some of the observed variations in arsine-generation efficiency for various arsenic compounds present in environmental and biological samples.
Bandwidth virtualization enables long-haul WDM transport of 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s services

This article describes how bandwidth virtualization can enable transmission of ultra-high bandwidth 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s services over existing optical transport networks independently of the underlying network infrastructure. An overview of the technology alternatives available to enable high-bandwidth service transport is provided, along with a discussion of the relative merits of different approaches. The authors describe how wavelength division multiplexing, using large- scale photonic integrated circuits combined with the use of a digital virtual concatenation mapping protocol, can be used to enable decoupling of 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s service provisioning from the underlying optical link engineering, thereby enabling bandwidth virtualization. Real-world implementation examples of bandwidth virtualization are provided, including 40 Gb/s service transmission over a 2000-km fiber link with 65 ps of peak PMD, a field trial of 40 Gb/s service transmission over an 8477-km trans-oceanic network, and finally a field trial of a pre-standard 100 gigabit Ethernet service transmission over a 4000-km terrestrial long-haul network.
The effect of anxiety disorder comorbidity on treatment resistant bipolar disorders

High rates of anxiety disorders have been reported in bipolar disorders. We undertook this study to determine the impact of anxiety disorders on bipolar disorders in our tertiary care referral center. We reviewed the literature on this topic and also reviewed records of 44 treatment resistant bipolar patients evaluated by DLD at the Center for Anxiety and Depression. Twenty-three patients had comorbid panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder. We compared bipolar patients with and without a history of comorbid anxiety disorders regarding several clinical factors, including mean age, percentage of women, mean age of onset, history of suicide attempts, history of rapid cycling, history of substance abuse, family history, and mean ratings for mood rating scales. Statistical differences were assessed by chi(2) and t-tests. On several measures, bipolar patients with comorbid anxiety disorders were more significantly ill than bipolar patients without comorbid anxiety disorders. For instance, patients with an anxiety disorder were more likely to have an earlier age of onset of illness, have higher (worse) ratings on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and lower (more impaired) ratings on the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. Comorbid anxiety disorders were also associated with a more frequent history of substance abuse and higher ratings for suicidal ideation. Anxiety disorders negatively impact the course of bipolar disorders. The high prevalence and risk rate of comorbid anxiety disorders in bipolar patients highlight the need for greater clinical attention to this population.
Phase tracking in Bluetooth receivers using Extended Kalman Filtering

This paper investigates applying Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to non-coherently estimate the phase of Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) modulation scheme in Bluetooth receivers. The paper examines the performance of Extended Kalman filters for Additive White Gaussian channel noise (AWGN) with IEEE802.11 coexistence. Both technologies operate in the unlicensed 2.4GHz Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) Band. Experimental results for Extended Kalman Filter for Gaussian channel are provided.
Pheromone-based assortative mating in a bark beetle

Abstract Abstract. Assortative mating based on a courtship signal was investigated by examining the relationship between the male-produced pheromone and female preference in the bark beetle, Ips pini. Female preference in response to the male-produced pheromone was measured in the field using traps baited with a range of 11 synthetic blends of the two pheromone enantiomers, (+) and (-)ipsdienol. The production of ipsdienol enantiomers was measured from individual, live-trapped male beetles in the laboratory. Although there was a significant regression of the blend that male beetles produced and the blend to which they responded, the sex ratios of beetles responding to different blends of enantiomers in the field did not differ significantly. In a second experiment, male female pairs were sampled in the field, females were assayed for preference in a laboratory olfactometer, and male enantiomer production was measured in the laboratory. There was a significant correlation between female preference and male blend production. Pheromone production and response were not correlated with body size, nor was body size correlated in male-female pairs.
Improved potency assay for recombinant bovine somatotropin by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography

Abstract A high-performance size-exclusion chromatographic method was developed for the determination of potency of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) monomer and the estimation of dimer and soluble aggregates in bulk drug substances. These proteins can be completely extracted from bulk drug substances with sodium borate-ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) at pH 9.5 and separated on TSK G3000SW column with a mobile phase of pH 7.3 sodium borate-EDTA. The results demonstrated that this method was a non-denaturing assay for the determination of potency of rbST monomer and the data obtained in this study correlated well with data of the hypophysectomized rat body weight gain bioassay. The rbST monomer and dimer in the separation were verified by liquid chromatography—electrospray mass spectrometry. This method was optimized and validated.
X-ray structures of AMPA receptor-cone snail toxin complexes illuminate activation mechanism.

AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptors are crucial to the structural and dynamical properties of the brain, to the development and function of the central nervous system, and to the treatment of neurological conditions from depression to cognitive impairment. However, the molecular principles underlying AMPA receptor activation have remained elusive. Here, we determine multiple x-ray crystal structures of the GluA2 AMPA receptor in complex with a Conus striatus cone snail toxin, a positive allosteric modulator, and orthosteric agonists, at 3.8 to 4.1 angstrom resolution. We show how the toxin acts like a “straight jacket” on the ligand-binding domain (LBD) “gating ring,” restraining the domains via both intra- and interdimer cross-links such that agonist-induced closure of the LBD “clamshells” is transduced into an irislike expansion of the gating ring. By structural analysis of activation-enhancing mutants, we show how the expansion of the LBD gating ring results in “pulling” forces on the M3 helices that, in turn, are coupled to ion channel gating.
Localized Lymphoplasmacellular Pancreatitis Forming a Pancreatic Inflammatory Pseudotumor

Inflammatory pseudotumors (IPTs) of the pancreas are rare. To our knowledge, we report the first case of a pancreatic IPT composed of dense lymphocytic and plasmacellular infiltrates that histologically resembled a primary lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma of the pancreas. In addition, it is the first pancreatic IPT analyzed for latent Epstein-Barr virus, an agent implicated in the pathogenesis of IPTs of the liver and spleen.
Deep Learning Architecture with Dynamically Programmed Layers for Brain Connectome Prediction

This paper explores the idea of using deep neural network architecture with dynamically programmed layers for brain connectome prediction problem. Understanding the brain connectome structure is a very interesting and a challenging problem. It is critical in the research for epilepsy and other neuropathological diseases. We introduce a new deep learning architecture that exploits the spatial and temporal nature of the neuronal activation data. The architecture consists of a combination of Convolutional layer and a Recurrent layer for predicting the connectome of neurons based on their time-series of activation data. The key contribution of this paper is a dynamically programmed layer that is critical in determining the alignment between the neuronal activations of pair-wise combinations of neurons.
Improving oversight of innovative medical interventions in Texas, USA.

451 ISSN 1746-0751 10.2217/RME.12.43 © 2012 Future Medicine Ltd Regen. Med. (2012) 7(4), 451–453 “A major flaw in the current rules is that they appear to permit institutional review board approval to substitute for US FDA approval. The rules should be revised to make it clear that institutional review boards cannot fill this role for any medical intervention for which the FDA would require premarket approval.”
Integrating a web-based, patient-administered assessment into primary care for HIV-infected adults

Providers routinely under diagnose at risk behaviors and outcomes, including depression, suicidal ideation, substance abuse, and poor medication adherence. To address this, we developed a web-based, self-administered patient-reported assessment tool and integrated it into routine primary care for HIV-infected adults. Printed results were delivered to providers and social workers immediately prior to patient appointments. The assessment included brief, validated instruments measuring clinically relevant domains including depression, substance use, medication adherence, and HIV transmission risk behaviors. Utilizing the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) approach to quality improvement, we addressed issues with clinic flow, technology, scheduling, and delivery of assessment results with the support of all levels of clinic staff. We found web-based patient-reported assessments to be a feasible tool that can be integrated into a busy multi-provider HIV primary care clinic. These assessments may improve provider recognition of key patient behaviors and outcomes. Critical factors for successful integration of such assessments into clinical care include: strong top-level /ort from clinic management, provider understanding of patient-reported assessments as a valuable clinical tool, tailoring the assessment to meet provider needs, communication among clinic staff to address flow issues, timeliness of delivery, and sound technological resources.
Modeling of Probabilistic Failure of Polycrystalline Silicon MEMS Structures

Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) devices typically need to be designed against a very low failure probability, which is on the order of 10−4 or lower. Experimental determination of the target strength for such a low failure probability requires testing of tens of thousands of specimens, which can be cost prohibitive for the design process. Therefore, understanding the probabilistic failure of MEMS devices is of paramount importance for design. Currently available probabilistic models for predicting the strength statistics of MEMS structures are based on classical Weibull statistics. Significant advances in experimental techniques for measuring the strength of MEMS devices have produced data that have unambiguously demonstrated that the strength distributions consistently deviate from the Weibull distribution. Such deviations can be explained by the fact that the Weibull distributions are derived based on extreme value statistics, which is inapplicable to MEMS devices where the dimensions of the material microstructure are not negligible compared to the characteristic structural dimensions. This paper presents a robust probabilistic model for strength distribution of polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) MEMS structures that could be extended to other brittle materials at the microscale. The overall failure probability of the structure is related to the failure probability of each material element along its sidewalls through a weakest-link statistical model. The failure statistics of the material element is determined by both the intrinsic random material strength as well as the random stress field induced by the sidewall geometry. Different from the classical Weibull statistics, the present model is designed to account for structures consisting of a finite number of material elements, and it predicts a scale effect on their failure statistics. It is shown that the model agrees well with the measured strength distributions of poly-Si MEMS specimens of different sizes, and the calibrated mean strength of the material element is consistent with the theoretical strength of silicon. Meanwhile, it is shown that the two-parameter and three-parameter Weibull distributions cannot provide optimum and consistent fits of the observed size-dependent strength distributions, and thus have very limited prediction capability. The present model explicitly relates the strength statistics to the size effect on the mean structural strength, and therefore provides an efficient means of determining the failure statistics of MEMS structures.
Numerical studies on the hemodynamics in the human vein and venous valve

Proper blood flow in the veins are important to ensure effective return of deoxygenated blood to the heart. A major element of the human venous system is the presence of one-way, flexible, bicuspid valves in the legs that allow antegrade blood flow while preventing retrograde flow. Veins are elastic in nature thus their lumens can collapse under external forces and distend under internal pressures. Fluid flow within such flexible structures is regulated by the stresses imposed upon and by the structure, the material properties of the fluid, and the presence and function of the internal valve. As a result of viscous forces and fluid pressure the flexible structures are subject to continuous displacement. The primary objective of this study is to develop a two-dimensional computational model of non-Newtonian fluid flow within and around flexible structures. Accurate numerical solutions of this system provide a means of connecting venous valve incompetence and fluid flow behavior to the onset of cardiovascular limitations.
Strain‐induced crystallization, Part IV: Induction time analysis

The empirical equation, llti = AeEilRT, which expresses the exponential dependence of the reciprocal of crystallization induction time, ti, has been analyzed and shown to be equivalent to the nucleation rate equations derived earlier in Part 111 (1). Consequently we have used the ti measurements obtained earlier by Krueger and Yeh to calculate not only the nucleation rate enhancements but also the melting point elevations, the relative crystal thickness changes and molecular coil extension ratios of shear-crystallization polyethylene. It is shown that polyethylene when crystallized between 129 and 131°C at shear rates between 1.56 and 9.70 sec-’ can have melting point increases of4.2 to 7.2”C and crystal thickness decreases of20 to 25 percent, when compared to those crystallized at 130°C in the quiescent state. The predicted “coil” extension in the melt just prior to shear-induced crystallization ranges between 21 and -36 percent. The results of these analyses as well as those on nucleation rates of polyethylene oxide are discussed in detail.
Integration of Technology, Science, and Mathematics in the Middle Grades: A Teacher Preparation Program

How middle grade teachers in science and mathematics are prepared should be consistent with the vision of what and how students should learn mathematics and science, in particular the integration of these two fields. In this article a teacher preparation program for middle school mathematics and science teachers that emphasizes the integration of math and science with each other and with technology is outlined. First a theoretical framework for the integration of technology is described. Then some examples of uses of technology, such as the use of the Internet, and of interactive and dynamical software that lends itself to establish connections between mathematics and science are given. The national standards for mathematics (National Council of Teacher of Mathematics, 2000, 1991) and for science (National Research Council, 1996; American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1993) emphasized that educators should prepare students to be literate in mathematics and science, as well as in technology. Yet there is evidence that most middle school classrooms do not use technology appropriately in the teaching and learning process (Jensen & Williams, 1992). One of the goals of the teacher preparation program described in this article is intended to rectify this situation.
How electrode size affects the electric potential distribution in cardiac tissue

The authors investigate the effect of electrode size on the transmembrane potential distribution in the heart during electrical stimulation. The bidomain model is used to calculate the transmembrane potential in a three-dimensional slab of cardiac tissue. Depolarization is strongest under the electrode edge. Regions of depolarization are adjacent to regions of hyperpolarization. The average ratio of peak depolarization to peak hyperpolarization is a function of electrode radius, but over a broad range is close to three.
Distributed server replication in large scale networks

Quality of service for high-bandwidth or delay-sensitive applications in the Internet, such as streaming media and online games, can be significantly improved by replicating server content. We present a decentralized algorithm that allocates server resources to replicated servers in large-scale client-server networks to reduce network distance between each client and the nearby replicated server hosting the resources of interest to that client. Preliminary simulation results show that our algorithm converges quickly to an allocation that reduces the expected client-server distance by almost half compared to the distance when the assignment of replicated servers is done at random.
Applications of controlled electrospinning systems

Electrospinning is a powerful technique that uses an electrically forced fluid jet to form nanofibers from a material dissolved in a solvent. While the complex whipping motion of a typical electrospinning jet results in a nonwoven mat of fibers, there have been many developments aimed at controlling the deposition of an electrospinning jet to form more ordered patterns of nanofibers. Such controlled deposition is desirable as it would provide a low-cost fabrication technique for nanoscale devices such as nanomechanical devices, electronic devices, and light-emitting systems. Nanofibers may also be used as masks or templates to create nanoscale structures in other materials. Other modifications to a standard electrospinning system allow for atypical nanofiber morphologies such as hollow or coaxial nanofibers, side-by-side nanofiber deposition, etc. This review will highlight electrospinning systems modified for controlled or atypical deposition, and will discuss applications of the fibers resulting from such systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.