cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prostate Cancer Support Groups: The Unadvertised Camaraderie.

Prostate cancer (PCa), in particular, is known to cause significant psychosocial distress during the duration of a patient’s treatment due to its uncertainty and demasculinizing side effects. Prostate cancer support groups (PCSGs) have been proven to be beneficial, yet are underutilized by the majority of PCa patients and physicians. A thorough review of the literature was performed for articles pertaining to prostate cancer support groups. We sought to identify factors contributing to the psychological burden of the disease, factors that influenced patients to join, and barriers to participation in a PCSG. Additionally, the characteristics and format of PCSGs, as well as outcomes (i.e. quality of life), were evaluated.
Comparative analyses of transport proteins encoded within the genomes of Leptospira species.

Select species of the bacterial genus Leptospira are causative agents of leptospirosis, an emerging global zoonosis affecting nearly one million people worldwide annually. We examined two Leptospira pathogens, Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai str. 56601 and Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo-bovis str. L550, as well as the free-living leptospiral saprophyte, Leptospira biflexa serovar Patoc str. 'Patoc 1 (Ames)'. The transport proteins of these leptospires were identified and compared using bioinformatics to gain an appreciation for which proteins may be related to pathogenesis and saprophytism. L. biflexa possesses a disproportionately high number of secondary carriers for metabolite uptake and environmental adaptability as well as an increased number of inorganic cation transporters providing ionic homeostasis and effective osmoregulation in a rapidly changing environment. L. interrogans and L. borgpetersenii possess far fewer transporters, but those that they have are remarkably similar, with near-equivalent representation in most transporter families. These two Leptospira pathogens also possess intact sphingomyelinases, holins, and virulence-related outer membrane porins. These virulence-related factors, in conjunction with decreased transporter substrate versatility, indicate that pathogenicity was accompanied by progressively narrowing ecological niches and the emergence of a limited set of proteins responsible for host invasion. The variability of host tropism and mortality rates by infectious leptospires suggests that small differences in individual sets of proteins play important physiological and pathological roles.
Hybrid Systems with Case-Based Reasoning

Case-based reasoning is starting to be commercially attractive and an important alternative for knowledge-based system designers, developers, integrators, and tool vendors as a way to leverage the valuable experience within organizations [Mott, 1993]. The potential market is significant, especially for decision making in complex problem-solving domains, as well as for efficient information processing. Most of the initial work combined case-based reasoning with rule-based systems, but other hybrid combinations are starting to be considered. Other areas that will likely see a boost in productivity from hybrid case-based reasoning systems include intelligent text retrieval, hypertext, data mining, and telecommunications Foster, 1992.
Distributed-parameter control of geometry in rapid prototyping

This article introduces an analytical model of thermal rapid prototyping processes, using superposition of unit deposition distributions, composed of elementary ellipsoidal primitives. The real-time surface geometry model, with its parameters identified by in-process profile measurements, is used for Smith-prediction of the material shape. Thus, a distributed-parameter geometry control scheme is established to obtain a desired surface topology, by modulating the feed and motion of a moving source. This is based on dynamic geometry shaping by a real-time complex optimization technique. The methodology is tested in geometric command following on a robotic fused wire deposition station.
A fuzzy neural hybrid system

This paper presents an architecture for a fuzzy neural hybrid system (FNHS). This architecture merges fuzzy logic and neural networks by replacing the rule-base of a typical fuzzy logic controller with a backpropagation neural network. A method is developed for calculating the errors needed to train the neural network. Simulation results are presented which show that the FNHS performs as well as or better than a conventional neural network. Other advantages of using this system are also presented. >
Evaluation of blood pressure measurement and agreement in an academic health sciences center.

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:222–227. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The authors assessed the process of blood pressure (BP) measurement and level of adherence to recommended procedures at representative sites throughout a large academic health sciences center. A casual observer assessed the setting and observed the process, noting the equipment, technique, and BP recorded by site personnel. A trained observer then repeated the patient’s BP measurement following American Heart Association recommendations. Significant biases were observed between measurements by site personnel and the trained observer. Site personnel reported on average an increased systolic BP (SBP) of 5.66 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.09–8.23; P<.001) and a decreased diastolic BP (DBP) of −2.96 mm Hg (95% CI, −5.05 to −0.87; P=.005). Overall, 41% of patients had a ≥10-mm Hg difference in SBP between measurements. Similarly, 54% had differences of ≥5 mm Hg in DBP between measurements. Inaccurate BP measurement and poor technique may lead to misclassification, misdiagnosis, and inappropriate medical decisions. Concordance of measured SBP between our site personnel and trained observer was less than optimal. Several areas for improvement were identified. Routine calibration and use of system-wide standardized equipment, establishment of BP measurement protocols, and periodic technique and equipment recertification can be addressed in future quality initiatives.
Effect of human activities on the atmosphere

Human activities continue to significantly modify the environment. The impacts of these changes are highlighted, for example, in local-, regional-, and global-scale trends in modern atmospheric temperature records and other relevant atmospheric indicators. Studies using both modeled and observed data have documented these impacts. Thus, it is essential that we detect these changes accurately to better understand the impacts on climate and provide improved assessment of the predictability of future climate.
Social problems of information societies: The US and Japanese experiences

Abstract Attention is turning increasingly to the social problems associated with information societies. Most studies conclude that minimizing the side effects (invasion of privacy, information inequity, information control and misuse of information) of information technology is the task of policy makers. By developing models of the US and Japanese information societies, the author argues that no two information societies will be the same since their character will depend on such variables as national ideology, government policy making organizations, information policy, technology, the marketplace, etc.
Assessing Teacher Dispositions In Pre-Service Teachers

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a significant difference between the perceived dispositions in pre-service teachers in urban settings versus non-urban settings. It was also the intent of this study to describe the change in perceived dispositions throughout preservice teachers’ internship experiences. Graduate students (N=44) from a teacher education program participated by providing responses to surveys, reflections, and focus groups. Final Assessment (FA) grades were also gathered to validate responses. The nature of self-reported data requires this study to collect both quantitative and qualitative data so that pre-service teachers’ responses can be validated with their experience, which influenced the decision to employ a mixed-methods design for this study. A triangulation mixed methods design (QUANT + QUAL) was used. The quantitative analysis used a non-experimental comparative approach. Inductive within deductive coding was used to analyze the journal responses and focus groups. Template analysis (King, 2004) used pre-established codes based on the 10 INTASC Principles and Dispositions Indicators (1992). Themes also emerged inductively and were identified throughout the coding process.
Pressure of menswear on the neck in relation to visual performance.

This study examined the incidence of neckwear tightness among a group of 94 white-collar working men and the effect of a tight business-shirt collar and tie on the visual performance of 22 male subjects. Of the white-collar working men measured, 67% were found to be wearing neckwear that was tighter than their neck circumference. The visual discrimination of the 22 subjects was evaluated using a critical flicker frequency (CFF) test. Results of the CFF test indicated that tight neckwear significantly decreased the visual performance of the subjects and that visual performance did not improve immediately when tight neckwear was removed.
Encouraging School Achievement in Mexican American Children

Parents of 33 high-achieving and 49 low-achieving Mexican American fourth-and fifth-grade children completed questionnaires on beliefs and values related to education and childrearing. On questions about the value of education in general, the importance of a high school diploma for enabling their children to get good jobs, the amount of education they expect their children to attain, whether or not parents should help children with homework, and the frequency at which they helped their children with schoolwork, parents of high and low achievers did not differ Parents of high achievers were more likely to be upset with grades of Cs and Ds, were more likely tofeel that there were many things they could do to help their children do well in school, and modeled reading skills morefrequently than parents of low achievers. Results are discussedfrom two theoretical perspectives-cultural/ecological theory and primary cultural discontinuities theory.
Determination of the structure of chiral molecules using ab initio vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy

We discuss the theoretical prediction of vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra using ab initio density functional theory (DFT) and the application of this methodology to the determination of the absolute configurations and conformations of chiral molecules.
Why (Most) Atheists Have a Duty to Pray

Drawing on principles relating to the duty of easy rescue, I argue that any atheist who is less than wholly certain of the non-existence of a God or gods will in some circumstances be morally obliged to pray.
A pre-procedure of bad data detection for smart grid monitoring

This paper presents a pre-procedure to detect and identify gross errors including topology errors for state estimation in smart grid. This pre-procedure is characterized to be fast The key idea behind the procedure is the concept of a solving path, which avoids the chance of divergence when calculating system states using all the measurments in traditional state estimation algorithms. An integer linear programming (ILP) formulation is used to select the solving paths. After a solving path is identified, an error analysis procedure (immune to topology errors) is developed to detect, identify and eliminate gross measurement errors. The subsequent measurement set is used as input to the weighted least squares (WLS) state estimation. The proposed approach is illustrated on the IEEE 14 and 118 bus test systems.
FLOW AND FILM THICKNESS OF BINGHAM PLASTIC LIQUIDS ON A ROTATING DISK

The free surface film flow of Bingham plastic liquids on a rotating disk has been analyzed theoretically. It is shown that the Bingham plastic material in the inner core of radius rr remains.stressed below the yield value and behaves as an elastic solid. The fluid in the region r > rc is further separated by a yield surface into a region of shear flow adjacent lo the surface of the disk and a region of plug flow near the free surface. The film thickness profile and yield surface were evaluated numerically. The results show that it is impossible to produce radially uniform thin films from liquids which have a yield stress using the spin coating deposition (SCD) technique. The results further provide a rheological explanation of the 1922 observations of Walker and Thompson on the uniformity of films produced on substrates by SCD. An experimental film thickness profile of a liquid with a yield stress shows good qualitative comparison with predicted profiles
Do respondents report willingness-to-pay on a per person or per group basis? A high mountain recreation example.

Contingent valuation methodology (CVM) studies often use dichotomous choice willingness-to-pay (WTP) questions to measure the value that visitors place on recreation. This study assesses whether individuals respond to WTP questions on an individual or a group basis and whether reported WTP values are affected by changes in wording to address this issue explicitly. The authors� analysis reveals statistically significant differences in mean WTP when the payment vehicle is worded more generally, compared to specific language questioning respondents about increases in their share of the cost. Further, dividing the WTP from the standard CVM survey language by group size did not restore the equality of individual average WTP. These results indicate that payment vehicle language in recreation studies should go to great lengths to ask explicitly for either individual or group WTP, to ensure that accurate WTP estimates are obtained.
Active cation transport and ATP hydrolysis in Acanthamoeba sp.

Abstract 1. 1. A microsomal fraction can be isolated from Acanthamoeba sp. which hydrolyses ATP in an isotonic medium at an optimal 2:1 ratio of Mg:ATP (0·0025 M) at pH 7·2 and 30°C. 2. 2. The enzyme activity is further stimulated maximally by the addition of 0·05 M NaCl or KCl; other monovalent cations and anions may be substituted equally well and there is no augmented stimulation by various combinations of Na and K salts above that produced by an equal ionic strenght of one salt alone. 3. 3. The Mg-ATP hydrolysis of the microsomal fraction is insensitive to ouabain but can be inhibited by 2,4-DNP; a constant fraction of the enzyme is inhibited regardless of the combination of activating ions present. 4. 4. Ca-activated ATP hydrolysis by the microsomal fraction and Mg- and Ca-activated ATP hydrolyses by the mitochondrial fraction are only stimulated by 2,4-DNP. 5. 5. It is concluded that Acanthamoeba does not posses a typical NaK dependent Mg-ATP hydrolysing enzyme or a NaK coupled active action transport; ouabain has no effect on either ATP hydrolysis or “active” K transport. The Mg-ATP hydrolysing enzyme of the microsomal fraction probably does provide the energy for “active” K transport and is aerobic in nature.
Effects of herbicide-induced habitat alterations on blackbird damage to sunflower

Abstract In August 1992, we treated cattail-dominated wetlands in four 23-km2 blocks with aerially-applied glyphosate herbicide (5.3 1 ha−1). Four other blocks of wetlands were left untreated (reference). We assessed the effects of cattail (Typha spp.) reduction on roosting blackbird (Icterinae) numbers and sunflower damage within the blocks. Blackbird numbers did not differ between posttreatment years (P = 0.453) or between treated and reference wetlands (P = 0.469), averaging 6227 ± 4185 (SE) birds per block. Sunflower damage within blocks was similar between posttreatment years (P = 0.250) and did not vary (P = 0.460) between treatments ( x = 2.9 ± 1.2% ). However, positive linear relationships were detected between blackbird numbers (y) and hectares of live cattails (x) [(y = 442.2 x)] (P = 0.006) and between blackbird numbers (x) and kilograms of sunflower lost per hectare per year (y) [(y = 0.003 x)] (P = 0.0001). Cattail reduction appears to discourage roosting blackbirds and, thus, may reduce sunflower damage in adjacent fields.
Cancer stem cells with genetic instability: the best vehicle with the best engine for cancer

Our understanding of the role of stem cells in cancer development is evolving quickly. In the course of tumor expansion, a subpopulation of tumor cells with stem cell-like features has been noted. These cancer stem cells give rise to transit amplifying tumor cells, which comprise the majority of the tumor mass prior to terminal differentiation. Combining this finding with genetic instability, a well-known engine for cancer development and metastases, a new model emerges for cancer where normal stem cells and their cellular pathway acquire stochastic malignant abilities. In this model, when cancer stem cells self-renew, many genetic variants are produced. Just as microbes 'learn' to defeat antibiotics, genetically heterogeneous cancer stem cells may possibly acquire resistance to various chemotherapeutic approaches. Drug-resistant microorganisms selected by spontaneous mutation of bacterial DNA may not be so different than the drug-resistant and genetically instable cancer stem cells recurring after chemotherapeutic treatment. In this gloomy view of cancer, cancer stem cells with genetic instability can be considered as 'the best vehicle with the best engine', a formidable challenge for the future development of new anticancer therapies.
Potential artifacts in interpretation of differential breakthrough of colloids and dissolved tracers in the context of transport in a zero-valent iron permeable reactive barrier

Many published studies have used visual comparison of the timing of peak breakthrough of colloids versus conservative dissolved tracers (hereafter referred to as dissolved tracers or tracers) in subsurface media to determine whether they are advected differently, and to elucidate the mechanisms of differential advection. This purely visual approach of determining differential advection may have artifacts, however, due to the attachment of colloids to subsurface media. The attachment of colloids to subsurface media may shift the colloidal peak breakthrough to earlier times, causing an apparent "faster" peak breakthrough of colloids relative to dissolve tracers even though the transport velocities for the colloids and the dissolved tracers may actually be equivalent. In this paper, a peak shift analysis was presented to illustrate the artifacts associated with the purely visual approach in determining differential advection, and to quantify the peak shift due to colloid attachment. This peak shift analysis was described within the context of microsphere and bromide transport within a zero-valent iron (ZVI) permeable reactive barrier (PRB) located in Fry Canyon, Utah. Application of the peak shift analysis to the field microsphere and bromide breakthrough data indicated that differential advection of the microspheres relative to the bromide occurred in the monitoring wells closest to the injection well in the PRB. It was hypothesized that the physical heterogeneity at the grain scale, presumably arising from differences in inter- versus intra-particle porosity, contributed to the differential advection of the microspheres versus the bromide in the PRB. The relative breakthrough (RB) of microspheres at different wells was inversely related to the ionic strength of ground water at these wells, in agreement with numerous studies showing that colloid attachment is directly related to solution ionic strength.
Hydrodynamic Lubrication of Narrow Press-Fitted Porous Metal Bearings

An analysis is made of the performance of narrow porous metal bearings (e.g., sintered bronze powder) which operate with a full film of lubricant. The configuration considered is that in which the bearings are pressed tightly into housings with their ends remaining open to the atmosphere. A solution for the lubricant pressure is obtained which satisfies Reynolds’ equation in the film and Laplace’s equation in the porous metal. Expressions are developed which give the Sommerfeld and Ocvirk numbers, attitude angle, and coefficient of friction as functions of eccentricity ratio, permeability parameter, and thickness-to-length ratio. The results are shown graphically for situations of practical importance.
EVANGELICAL POLITICS IN THE THIRD WORLD: WHAT'S NEXT FOR THE “NEXT CHRISTENDOM”?

Abstract As the center of Christianity is shifting southward towards the developing world, misconceptions abound. Southern Christianity is mainly characterized by theologically conservative evangelicalism, even in the so-called mainline denominations. Christians in the Global South do not present a unified political ideology and are spread across the political spectrum depending on place and local politics. Their tendency toward ecclesiastic independence and schism works against any risk of theocratic momentum in politics. Furthermore, evangelicals are not militant fundamentalists. Pentecostals are the fastest growing group and often typify Southern Christianity in its kinship with the poor. As the nexus of Christianity shifts South, we must be careful not to think that it is America's brand of it.
Effect of evaporation on thin film deposition in dip coating process

Abstract Evaporation from the free surface is an important phenomenon that occurs during dip coating process. Accounting for evaporation is crucial for correct prediction of film thickness during this process when evaporation rate is large. This paper suggests a method to extend the classical free meniscus theory to account for evaporation from the free surface in a two-component system. The governing equations are solved utilizing a finite difference method. The effects of evaporation on the free surface profile and solute concentration distribution are investigated.
Estimating microbial production and growth rates in aquaculture ponds using rates of RNA and DNA synthesis

Measurement of total microbial productivity in aquaculture ponds is currently constrained by lack of methodology. In this study, rates of RNA and DNA synthesis were used to quantify water-column total microbial (algal, bacterial) production. Rates of primary (algal) production were simultaneously measured to quantify autotrophic processes in a survey of aquaculture ponds with and without polyculture and receiving conventional feed or manure. Total microbial production based on DNA synthesis rates ranged from 218 to 6620 μg Cl−1 h−1 while heterotrophic production ranged from 35 to 3518 μg Cl−1 h−1. Primary production based on 14C-bicarbonate uptake ranged from 4 to 336 μg Cl−1 h−1. Heterotrophic production was greater than 50% of total microbial production on seven of the eight dates surveyed. Rates of RNA and DNA synthesis and total microbial production were highly correlated (P<0.01) with ATP biomass. Autotrophic production was not significantly correlated with chlorophyll-a or ATP biomass. Total microbial productivities measured in this study by use of DNA synthesis methods indicate much higher rates of total production are occurring than previously estimated by conventional methods.
Differences in judgments of food healthfulness by young and elderly women

Abstract Results from previous work indicated that women (compared to men) were more likely to use stereotypes when evaluating the healthfulness of food names and suggested the possibility of cohort (i.e. a group of similar age and experience) differences in judgments of food healthiness. In the present study age/cohort differences in judgments of food healthfulness were examined using both college-aged and elderly (mean age 74 years) samples of women. Also, for the first time, information about an additional nutrient (carbohydrates) was provided in the food descriptions. Results indicated that the addition of carbohydrates likely had a minimal influence on health ratings. Further, discrepancies between food name and description ratings were generally larger for the younger women compared to the elderly sample. The younger women's healthfulness ratings indicated extremely negative attitudes concerning dietary fat while the elderly women attended to other food characteristics (e.g. fiber and sodium) in addition to fat.
Public perceptions of police efficacy and image: The “fuzziness” of support for the police

Most studies concerning police-community relations have operationalized support for-law enforcement agencies in unidimensional terms. The present study dissects the notion of support for the police into two distinct dimensions: efficacy and image. Efficacy includes perceptions of the police ability to protect citizens, solve crime, and prevent crime. Image includes perceptions of friendliness and fairness of the police. A series of conventional individual-level and contextual variables are modeled in an effort to explore their relative influence on citizen perceptions of police efficacy and image. Data gathered from a national telephone survey of 1,005 citizens reveal that support for local police is both complex and multidimensional. Moreover, the results demonstrate that efficacy and image are independent dimensions, and that each is susceptible to quite different ratings depending upon which independent and dependent variables are modeled.
Juvenile hormone: The status of its “status quo” action

Juvenile hormone (JH) allows larval molting in response to ecdysteroids but prevents the switching of gene expression necessary for metamorphosis. I first review our efforts to isolate the nuclear receptor for JH in the larval epidermis of Manduca sexta using photoaffinity analogs and our recent findings that the molecule isolated does not bind JH I with high affinity. The reported apparent high affinity binding of JH I by the recombinant 29 kDa protein (rJP29) was artifactual due to the presence of contaminating esterases. Purified rJP29 bound little detectable JH I, but its binding of the photoaffinity analog was prevented by JH I as well as other isoprenoids, indicating a low affinity for these compounds. Our recent studies focus on the effects of JH on the early molecular events induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Culture of day 2 5th larval epidermis with 10−6M 20E for 24 h caused first pupal commitment, then the onset of the predifferentiative events necessary for pupation. Biphasic increases in the mRNAs of the two isoforms of the ecdysone receptor (EcR-A and EcR-B1) and of E75A, an ecdysteroid-induced transcription factor, coincided with these two phases. The mRNAs for Ultraspiracle (USP) and the metamorphosis-specific Broad-Complex (BR-C) increased only during the second phase. The presence of JH had no effect on the initial increases in EcR mRNAs but caused an increased accumulation of E75A mRNA. This JH also prevented the later changes in EcR, USP, and BR-C mRNAs. Thus, JH influences only certain of the early actions of 20E which then result in its preservation of the “status quo.” © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In Vitro Transformation of Thiazopyr by Rat Liver Enzymes: Sulfur and Carbon Oxidations by Microsomes

Abstract Thiazopyr is an experimental herbicide from the pyridine family that shows excellent preemergent activity against narrow-leafed weeds. Biotransformation of thiazopyr was examined in vitro using rat liver microsomes to assess the extent of its metabolism in vivo . Thiazopyr was rapidly and extensively oxidized exclusively in the thiazoline ring. The sulfur atom in the thiazoline ring was sequentially oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites. Oxidation of the carbon atoms in the thiazoline ring produced carbinolimine intermediates, which underwent dehydration or arrangements leading to the opening of thiazoline ring. A total of six metabolites were identified based on electrospray LC/MS and/or cochromatography with standards.
Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Leaf: Its Potential Effect on Human Health and Nutrition

Previous experiments revealed that sweetpotato leaves contain a high content of polyphenolics, namely anthocyanins and phenolic acids, compared with the major commercial vegetables. Sweetpotato leaves contain at least 15 biologically active anthocyanins that have significant medicinal value for certain human diseases and may also be used as natural food colorants. The anthocyanins were acylated cyanidin and peonidin type. The phenolic acids were composed of caffeic acid (CA) and 5 kinds of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, 3-mono-O-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid, ChA), 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,4-diCQA), 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,5-diCQA), 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4,5-diCQA), and 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,4,5-triCQA). These polyphenolics showed various kinds of physiological functions, radical scavenging activity, antimutagenic activity, anticancer, antidiabetes, and antibacterial activity in vitro or in vivo, which may be helpful for maintaining and promoting human health. The physiological function of caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) derivatives with the plural caffeoyl group is more effective than with a monocaffeoyl one. This review describes the nutritional composition and physiological functions of sweetpotato leaves when used as a vegetable, and as a resource for products with these functions.
Macroscopic extreme wind regionalization

Abstract A method of regional analysis of extreme wind data from a region is developed to provide a better method of estimating extreme winds at an ungauged site. This method consists of three elements – the basic probability functions, homogeneity tests and composite frequency functions. Applications of this approach to the extreme winds recorded at 72 weather stations in the Gulf and Atlantic coastal areas as well as at 164 stations in the contiguous United States are demonstrated.
Low cost underwater gliders for littoral marine research

Current off-the-shelf underwater gliders (UGs) are large, heavy, expensive, and difficult to modify, both in hardware and software, which limits their use for multivehicle coordination experiments and deployment in high risk environments. To address these challenges, the Nonlinear and Autonomous Systems Laboratory (NAS Lab) at Michigan Tech has designed two types of UGs for concept development, testing, and problem solving, and additionally, for scaffolding advanced interest and education in engineering. The first, a Glider for Underwater Presentation and Promoting Interest in Engineering (GUPPIE), nationally targets high school students and undergraduates to provide these students a UG platform for hands-on experience in concept development, testing, and problem solving. The second platform is a Glider for Autonomous Littoral Underwater Research (GALUR). At 10% of the cost of current models, the GALUR was designed to serve as a low cost multivehicle control testbed for disparate research groups who need to test and validate control algorithms. Still a highly-maneuverable UG, the GALUR allows researchers to address underwater communication issues by implementing control strategies for individual and multiple vehicle underwater data collection and mapping. Through the process of developing and testing these two UGs, the research team is ultimately working toward their long term goal of developing a fleet of low cost highly maneuverable underwater gliders. This paper details the challenges and milestones of the development process, and outlines the future research trajectory and goals.
Study of hydroxyl formation on Pt(111) surface by EELS and low temperature reaction quenching

The thermal evolution of the hydroxyl species formed from the reaction of adsorbed oxygen and water on a Pt(111) surface have been studied using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) in combination with low temperature reaction quenching. At low oxygen coverages (θ ≪ 0.25), it was found that an exposure of 0.3 L of H2O resulted in the spontaneous formation of hydroxyl species. At high H2O exposures, couped with careful thermal annealling, it has been possible to observe the intermediate states in the evolution of the hydroxyl species. The appearance of a strong 660 cm-1 band indicates strong hydrogen bonding of the H2O molecule to the adsorbed oxygen. Further heating leads to the rupture of the water molecule bond and the formation of the hydroxyl species.
Insect neurometamorphosis. III. Nerve cord shortening in a moth, galleria mellonella (L.), may be accomplished by humoral potentiation of neuroglial motility

Nerve cord segments were removed from last stage larvae and pharate pupae and transplanted into recipients of known developmental age. When transplanted into larvae the connectives shortened maximally in near-synchrony with their host's counterpart; in both, potentiation began during early pupal development, and was completed 1.5–2.5 days after ecdysis. Histological comparisons revealed metamorphic changes in transplants, changes which paralleled those normally occurring in situ. Shortening of transplanted segments is not adventitious, and it would seem that shortening of the transplant and the host's counterpart are manifestations of the same phenomenon. Larval connectives transplanted into pupae younger than two days shorten completely; those transplanted into pupae aged two days or older, or into adults, do not. Actively shortening connectives shorten completely when transplanted into pupae two days old, or into younger pupae, but not when transplanted into larvae, or into pupae three or more days old. This affirms a critical period in the early pupa when activation is maximal. The nature and source of the potentiating factors are unknown, but most likely they are blood-borne. Connectives with cauterized ganglia will shorten even though axon degeneration is pronounced. This shortening, too, is potentiated during the critical period. The hypothesis is advanced that humoral factors may be potentiating shortening by activating neuroglial motility. Connectives which shorten slightly in situ will shorten entirely if transplanted into hosts in the critical period. The inhibition removed by the operation may be mechanical, since connectives which shorten in situ are located in body segments which also shorten.
Surface acoustic waves on nonlinear substrates

All elastic media are nonlinear to a greater or lesser extent. In this chapter we examine some of the consequences of this nonlinearity on the propagation of surface acoustic waves of sagittal and predominantly shear horizontal polarizations across planar and periodically corrugated solid surfaces. These consequences can involve changes in the frequency of the surface acoustic wave, such as occur in the acoustical rectification of a surface acoustic wave, in harmonic generation, and in nonlinear mixing of surface acoustic waves. The nonlinearity can also affect a surface acoustic wave in ways that involve no change in its frequency. It can give rise to nonlinear surface acoustic waves, and to associated surface acoustic solitary waves. Although both kinds of consequences of elastic nonlinearity for surface acoustic waves will be considered in this chapter, the emphasis will be on effects that involve no change in the frequency of the wave. In addition, in the calculations described in this chapter we will confine ourselves primarily to non-piezoelectric materials. However, their extension to piezoelectric media will be indicated briefly.
Searching for natural lineages within the cerylonid series (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea)

Phylogenetic relationships within the diverse beetle superfamily Cucujoidea are poorly known. The Cerylonid Series (C.S.) is the largest of all proposed superfamilial cucujoid groups, comprising eight families and representing most of the known cucujoid species diversity. The monophyly of the C.S., however, has never been formally tested and the higher-level relationships among and within the constituent families remain equivocal. Here we present a phylogenetic study based on 18S and 28S rDNA for 16 outgroup taxa and 61 C.S. ingroup taxa, representing seven of the eight C.S. families and 20 of 39 subfamilies. We test the monophyly of the C.S., investigate the relationships among the C.S. families, and test the monophyly of the constituent families and subfamilies. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the combined data was achieved via standard static alignment parsimony analyses, Direct Optimization using parsimony, and partitioned Bayesian analysis. All three analyses support the paraphyly of Cucujoidea with respect to Tenebrionoidea and confirm the monophyly of the C.S. The C.S. families Bothrideridae, Cerylonidae, Discolomatidae, Coccinellidae and Corylophidae are supported as monophyletic in all analyses. Only the Bayesian analysis recovers a monophyletic Latridiidae. Endomychidae is recovered as polyphyletic in all analyses. Of the 14 subfamilies with multiple terminals in this study, 11 were supported as monophyletic. The corylophid subfamily Corylophinae and the coccinellid subfamilies Chilocorinae and Scymninae are recovered as paraphyletic. A sister grouping of Anamorphinae + Corylophidae is supported in all analyses. Other taxonomic implications are discussed in light of our results.
A new result on relative gain array, Niederlinski index and decentralized stability condition: 2X2 plant cases

Abstract This note discusses the decentralized stability condition for a 2-channel decentralized control system where each channel is a single-input-single-output (SISO) control loop. Stabilization of each individual loop (with the other loop open) is not required, which had been the case in previous work on the Relative Gain Array (RGA) and the Niederlinski Index (NI). Therefore this new result is a generalization of previous RGA and NI stabilization conditions.
Native and naturalized plant diversity are positively correlated in scrub communities of California and Chile

An emerging body of literature sug- gests that the richness of native and naturalized plant species are often positively correlated. It is unclear, however, whether this relationship is robust across spatial scales, and how a distur- bance regime may affect it. Here, I examine the relationships of both richness and abundance between native and naturalized species of plants in two mediterranean scrub communities: coastal sage scrub (CSS) in California and xeric-sloped matorral (XSM) in Chile. In each vegetation type I surveyed multiple sites, where I identified vascular plant species and estimated their relative cover. Herbaceous species richness was higher in XSM, while cover of woody species was higher in CSS, where woody species have a strong impact upon herbaceous species. As there were few naturalized species with a woody growth form, the analyses performed here relate primarily to herbaceous species. Relationships between the herbaceous cover of native and naturalized species were not significant in CSS, but were nearly sig- nificant in XSM. The herbaceous species richness of native and naturalized plants were not signi- ficantly correlated on sites that had burned less than one year prior to sampling in CSS, and too few sites were available to examine this relation- ship in XSM. In post 1-year burn sites, however, herbaceous richness of native and naturalized species were positively correlated in both CSS and XSM. This relationship occurred at all spatial scales, from 400 m 2 to 1 m 2 plots. The consistency of this relationship in this study, together with its reported occurrence in the liter- ature, suggests that this relationship may be general. Finally, the residuals from the correlations between native and naturalized species richness and cover, when plotted against site age (i.e. time since the last fire), show that richness and cover of naturalized species are strongly favoured on recently burned sites in XSM; this suggests that herbaceous species native to Chile are relatively poorly adapted to fire.
Pyrite discs in coal: Evidence for fossilized bacterial colonies

Discs of pyrite from 1 to 3 mm in diameter and ∼100 μm thick were observed within fracture planes in coal from the Black Mesa coal deposit in northeastern Arizona. The pyrite discs were composed of aggregates of crystals, which suggested that sulfide mineral diagenesis had initiated at multiple nucleation sites and occurred prior to the compaction forces occurring during coal formation. Stable sulfur isotope analysis of the discs (δ34S = −31.7‰) supports a bacterial origin resulting from dissimilatory sulfate reduction. Fossilized bacteria on the disc surfaces (average = 27/100 μm2) appeared as halos when viewed using reflected light microscopy, but were lenticular by scanning electron microscopy, each microfossil being 2–3 μm in length. A fossilized bacterial colony (pyrite disc), 1 mm in diameter, would contain ∼2.1 × 107 microfossils. These microfossils were not observed on hydrothermal pyrite. Coating and in-filling of sulfate-reducing bacteria with iron disulfide during in vitro sulfide mineral diagenesis provide mechanisms to explain the preservation of the three-dimensional lenticular microfossils observed on the pyrite discs.
Phase-shift measurments for second-harmonic generation in glass

Focusing intense laser light along with some of its second harmonic into a glass sample transforms the glass into a frequency doubler. We present a new method to measure the optical phase shift between the second-harmonic beam used to seed the glass and the second- harmonic beam subsequently produced by the glass sample. Determination of this phase shift is essential for understanding the growth dynamics of the effect, and its value can discriminate between proposed theoretical models.
Combined continuous-discrete system simulation with GASP IV

Abstract GASP IV provides an alternative to the several better known and often used simulation languages, such as GPSS, SIMSCRIPT, and DYNAMO[8, 10, 11, 13, 14]. Whereas GPSS and SIMSCRIPT are discrete change languages and DYNAMO is a continuous change simulator, § GASP IV has the unique capability to perform a combination of both discrete and continuous change in the same simulation. Thus, one may perform the more traditional discrete simulation of business problems such as queueing, inventory, production, etc., or the “Forrester” (systems dynamics) type models may be simulated[2,3,4] with GASP IV. Systems that include a combination of both discrete events and continuous change variables can be readily analyzed with GASP IV.
Absence of exercise-induced hypoglycaemia in type i (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients during maintenance of normoglycaemia by short-term, open-loop insulin infusion.

To assess the risk and possible mechanisms of hypoglycaemia during moderate exercise in Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients receiving constant insulin infusion, five insulin-dependent male diabetic patients were exercised 18 h after their last meal and 30 h after their last injection of intermediate acting insulin. Intravenous insulin was initially delivered via a closed-loop infusion system programmed to lower mean blood glucose from 11.3 ± 1.8 to 4.8 ± 0.4 mmol/l over approximately 3.5 h. Blood glucose was then maintained at this level for 4 h. At this time, the closed-loop infusion was discontinued and replaced by an open-loop system. The average amount of insulin infused per min during the 4 h normoglycaemic closed-loop period was calculated and this amount was infused at a constant rate during both a 30 min period of exercise on a bicycle ergometer (approximately 65% maximum oxygen uptake) and a 30 min rest period which followed. Five nondiabetic males served as control subjects. Despite significantly higher free insulin concentrations (p < 0.05) and identical preexercise blood glucose concentrations, blood glucose rose during exercise only in the diabetic group (0.5 ± 0.2 mmol/l; p < 0.01). Changes in the serum concentrations of lactate, glycerol, glucagon, cortisol, non-esterified fatty acids and growth hormone were similar in the two groups and did not account for the increment of blood glucose in the diabetic patients. Beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were, however, higher in the diabetic patients at the onset of exercise (p < 0.01) and decreased significantly more than the control subjects during exercise. We conclude that exercise under these conditions in diabetic patients is not attended by hypoglycaemia.
Meeting in the Middle: A Review of Joint JD/PhD Programs

In recent years there has been a vigorous debate in the discipline of criminology and criminal justice, concerning the role of faculty members in Criminology and Criminal Justice departments who hold a Juris Doctorate (JD), but lack a PhD. Some argue that faculty members with a JD possess sufficient credentials to be tenure-track faculty members within a department; however, others believe that a tenure-track faculty member within a department should hold a PhD. Two primary arguments in the debate concern the discrepancies in the hour requirements for degree certification, as well as the dissertation requirement for completion of a PhD. Although it seems both sides are entrenched in their respective beliefs, one plausible method of attempting to bridge this gap is to encourage interested students to enroll in joint JD/PhD programs. These programs are designed to overlap degree requirements and allow students to concurrently earn both degrees in a shorter period of time than if both degrees were earned separately. To analyze JD/PhD programs, a survey of the 201 American Bar Association (ABA) accredited law schools with joint degree programs within criminology and criminal justice (as well as other academic disciplines) was conducted. Of specific interest was the process of program integration and combined curriculum requirements.
The first seizure in childhood: don't just do something, stand there!

The question of which patients to treat after a seizure in childhood remains problematic. In this issue of Neurology , Shinnar et al.1 address this often vexing situation in one of a series of articles based on a cohort of 407 patients who have now been followed for more than 14 years. This longitudinal, prospective study focuses on the natural history of an untreated cohort and has addressed a child’s risk of seizure recurrence following a first unprovoked seizure, the subsequent risk of developing intractable epilepsy, and, in the present study, the risk of mortality following a first unprovoked seizure. Such prospective studies are difficult, requiring careful follow-up and rigorous analysis of the data. The relatively small sample size is a limiting factor. Follow-up has been predominantly through telephone interviews by nurses for ascertainment of seizure recurrence and current treatment. Such interviews can be inaccurate unless confirmatory medical records are obtained. If a patient died, medical records …