cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Schools: enacting a vision for social justice within US education

Founded and edited by K-12 classroom teachers, for over 25 years the nonprofit journal and publishing house Rethinking Schools has provided critical analyses of US educational policy and offered models of teaching for social justice grounded in classroom practice. Rethinking Schools has become a focal point for teachers interested in challenging inequality in their classrooms, schools, and communities; an organizational tool for activists and members of the media seeking a trusted, critical perspective on education in the United States; and an educational tool for teacher educators hoping to shape the practices of future teachers. Taking up a politics of equality and social justice vis-a-vis education analysis and curriculum, Rethinking Schools has been a beacon of hope within, and signal of resistance to, the forces of inequality that lay at the heart of neoliberal globalization. In this article, Levine and Au discuss the history, mission, and impact of Rethinking Schools in the United States. This analy...
Applications of a computer algebra system for teaching bivariate relationships in statistics courses

Maple, a computer algebra system, is used in undergraduate psychology courses to promote students’ conceptual learning of basic principles associated with bivariate relationships. Maple’s symbolic computation, graphic displays, and animation capabilities are used along with other classroom activities to study concepts related to (1) correlation coefficients, scatterplots, and regression lines, (2) factors that affect the magnitude of sample correlations, (3) inferential tests, and (4) prediction error. For each of the 15 Maple procedures, students select population correlation values and examine the effects of different values on computer-generated graphical representations of scatterplots, regression lines, and sample correlations. The procedures are described and examples of exercises to support their use are provided.
Photogrammetric Analysis of the 2013 El Reno Tornado Combined with Mobile X-Band Polarimetric Radar Data

AbstractThis study presents rapid-scanning X-band polarimetric radar data combined with photogrammetry of the El Reno tornado of 31 May 2013. The relationship between the hook echo, weak-echo hole (WEH), weak-echo column (WEC), and the rotational couplet with the visual characteristics of the tornado are shown. For the first time, cross-correlation coefficient (ρhv) and differential reflectivity (ZDR) data are included in the photogrammetric analyses. The tornado was accompanied by a large tornadic debris signature (TDS) with a diameter ~2 km wide during the analysis time. The center of the TDS was not collocated with the WEH and the rotational couplet. Instead, the TDS was displaced ~1 km to the north and within the weak-echo notch of the hook echo. A “debris overhang” was identified in vertical cross sections of the ρhv fields. The overhang was located in a weak-echo trench and a notch of high ρhv, consistent with the position of the tornado updraft. The updraft was hypothesized to be carrying small deb...
Sex differences in speed of mental rotation and the X-linked genetic hypothesis ☆

Abstract Response times to a mental rotation task from 12 studies involving 505 adults were used to evaluate hypotheses concerning sex differences derived from an X-linked genetic model. The model assumes task facilitation in speed of mental rotation is mediated by a recessive gene. Four of five hypotheses derived from the model were confirmed in the results.
Intellectual Ability and Achievement in Anxiety-Disordered Children: A Clarification and Extension of the Literature

Intellectual and achievement deficits associated with childhood anxiety disorders are of considerable controversy. Part of this controversy and inconsistency in findings appears related to methodological differences in studies: anxiety disorders are defined as occurring anywhere in the diagnostic profile (e.g., primary, secondary, or tertiary) in some studies whereas in other studies anxiety disorders are defined only when primary (excluding secondary or tertiary disorders). Results in the present study broadly parallel findings from the previous studies when the procedures inherent to each study are replicated. Through careful diagnostic assignment, it is shown that anxiety disorders are no more impairing than other psychiatric disorders in the present study. However, when compared to referred children without significant psychopathology, children with anxiety disorders show statistically and clinically significant impairment. Subsequent analyses do not suggest inattention mediates this effect. Discussion emphasizes the need to assess for and consider comorbidity in understanding these differences.
Detection, simultaneous display and direct sequencing of multiple nuclear hormone receptor genes using bilaterally targeted RNA fingerprinting.

We have developed a PCR-based method to detect, display and directly sequence multiple members of the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) gene family. Our approach employs the basic concepts of RNA fingerprinting (Welsh et al. (1992) Nucleic Acids Res. 20, 4965-4970; Stone, B. and Wharton, W. (1994) Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 2612-2618) and differential display PCR (Liang, P. and Pardee, A.B. (1992) Science 257, 967-971), with modifications. In contrast to the previous methods, two conserved regions within the gene family were targeted to derive primers for PCR amplification. One of the conserved sites was used to deduce primers for cDNA synthesis. We believe that this strategy led to increased specificity. The use of degenerate primers with low redundancy in both reverse transcription and PCR steps also contributed to enhanced signal-to-noise ratio. The ability to directly sequence the amplified fragments constitutes a vast improvement over the previous methods. This method permitted the successful identification and simultaneous display of six different NHR genes, which included the previously unreported rat homolog of COUP-TFI and a recently described orphan receptor. We believe that this approach provides a convenient and rapid screening method for detecting and characterizing members of a gene family.
Packet-based control: The H2-optimal solution

This paper presents a new control method for networked control systems. Motivated by a more efficient use of the packet structure, multipoint packets are used to reduce network traffic and computation time. The control problem for the multipoint-packet system is shown to be equivalent to a multirate control problem, which in turn is reduced to a synthesis problem with a constraint on the feedthrough matrix. This problem is solved in general using H"2 optimization techniques and the solution to the general problem is applied to the multipoint-packet control problem. The paper concludes with an example that compares the performance of the proposed method to more traditional ones.
Fluid-mobile element budgets in serpentinized oceanic lithospheric mantle: Insights from B, As, Li, Pb, PGEs and Os isotopes in the Feather River Ophiolite, California

Abstract Serpentinized oceanic lithosphere may be an important source for boron and other fluid-mobile elements that are anomalously enriched in arc volcanic rocks. However, the integrated water/rock ratios associated with different styles of serpentinization may be variable. For example, large water/rock ratios are involved in the serpentinization of abyssal peridotites exhumed to the seafloor, whereas much lower water/rock ratios are likely to dictate serpentinization along deep faults and fractures. To address how fluid-mobile element enrichments vary with serpentinization at different settings, we investigated serpentinized harzburgites from the Feather River Ophiolite ( FRO ) in northern California. Major and trace element systematics indicate that serpentinization of the FRO ultramafics involved seawater. However, FRO serpentinites have unradiogenic Os isotopic compositions and near-chondritic platinum group element relative abundances, contrasting with serpentinized abyssal peridotites, which have radiogenic Os isotopic compositions and disturbed platinum group element systematics. These observations indicate that the integrated water/rock ratio involved in FRO serpentinization was smaller than that involved in abyssal peridotite serpentinization. B concentrations in the FRO (5–15 ppm), while substantially higher than primitive mantle (
Forces affecting double-stranded DNA translocation through synthetic nanopores

One of the recent applications of nanopores is to use them as detectors/analyzers for bio-molecules and nanopore based sequencing has been studied to quickly sequence DNA. In this paper, three categories of forces proposed in the literature to oppose the electrical driving forces in the DNA translocation process are analyzed, (1) the entropic forces of DNA uncoiling/recoiling at the pore entrance/exits, (2) the viscous drag acting on the blob like DNA outside the nanopore, and (3) the viscous drag acting on the linear DNA inside the nanopore. The magnitudes of these forces are calculated based on the parameters used in experiments and it is shown that the first two of the aforementioned categories of forces are usually small compared to the electrical driving force, while the last one is of the same order as the electrical driving force. To evaluate the viscous drag force acting on the linear DNA inside the nanopore, a hydrodynamic model based on the lubrication approximation is used to calculate the flow field and the viscous drag force acting on a DNA immobilized in a nanopore. This model is validated by good agreement with the experimental data for the tethering force used to immobilize a DNA inside the nanopore.
Making Waves or Treading Water? An Analysis of Charter Schools in New York State

This article compares charter schools and other public schools in New York State. School Report Card (SRC) data measuring student, teacher, and school characteristics from the state’s 16 urban school districts with charter schools were examined. Descriptive and multivariate analysis was used. The findings suggest that there are more similarities in student outcomes between charter schools and other public schools than differences. Although charter schools had higher sixth- and eighth-grade math scores, outcomes were comparable along other measures. Systemic issues, such as poverty, suspensions, and poor attendance had relatively stronger effects on student performance regardless of school type.
Recognition of sleep dependent memory consolidation with multi-modal sensor data

This paper presents the possibility of recognizing sleep dependent memory consolidation using multi-modal sensor data. We collected visual discrimination task (VDT) performance before and after sleep at laboratory, hospital and home for N=24 participants while recording EEG (electroencepharogram), EDA (electrodermal activity) and ACC (accelerometer) or actigraphy data during sleep. We extracted features and applied machine learning techniques (discriminant analysis, support vector machine and k-nearest neighbor) from the sleep data to classify whether the participants showed improvement in the memory task. Our results showed 60–70% accuracy in a binary classification of task performance using EDA or EDA+ACC features, which provided an improvement over the more traditional use of sleep stages (the percentages of slow wave sleep (SWS) in the 1st quarter and rapid eye movement (REM) in the 4th quarter of the night) to predict VDT improvement.
Assisted colonization: evaluating contrasting management actions (and values) in the face of uncertainty.

In their recent Opinion article in Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Ricciardi and Simberloff [1] argue that assisted colonization is not an appropriate management option because the impacts of introduced species are too difficult to predict, and can have harmful consequences for recipient ecosystems, including the extinction of native species. Invoking the precautionary principle, the authors argue that alternative conservation tactics must be pursued, even for species faced with extinction in their native range.
In vivo Thermodynamics of RTKS in the Cell Membrane: Quantitative Spectral FRET

Here, we introduce a new quantitative FRET method (qs FRET) that allows for the measurement of apparent FRET efficiency and the concentrations of donor and acceptor-tagged membrane-bound proteins in cell-derived vesicles and live cells. This new method utilizes two-photon excitation and spectral imaging technology, where the complete emission spectrum of each pixel in an image is acquired. We utilize this method to measure the equilibrium association constant of fluorescent protein-tagged Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in live cells.
Pearls and pitfalls in the intensive care management of Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Approximately one third of patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) need to be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) because of respiratory failure. A significant proportion of patients require ICU admission because of dysautonomia or because of medical or iatrogenic complications. Recognition of the clinical manifestations and the paraclinical findings in patients with neuromuscular respiratory failure is essential to ensure mechanical ventilation promptly. In the ICU, attention to positioning, nutrition, analgesia, and psychological support are crucial. Recognition of autonomic dysfunction and of the rare need for intervention is important to avoid iatrogenic complications. Prognosis determination in GBS is based on the clinical history, epidemiological factors, and neurologic examination.
Instabilities in viscoelastic flow through an axisymmetric sudden contraction

Abstract Kinematics and dynamics of the viscoelastic flow in an axisymmetric 4 : 1 sudden contraction geometry are studied for a highly elastic polyisobutylene (PIB) based polymer solution (referred to as PIB-Boger fluid). The critical conditions for the onset of the elastic instabilities and the dynamics of the resulting secondary flows are measured for various flow rates. The spatio-temporal characteristics of the flow are determined by instantaneous pressure measurements and streakline photography. The nonlinear dynamics of the global flow field both upstream and downstream of the contraction plane are systematically examined. New dynamic flow behavior and elastic instabilities downstream of the contraction plane are reported. It is shown that the instantaneous pressure measurements along with flow visualization can be used as an effective tool to characterize viscoelastic flows in complex geometries.
Short-term memory in children: Keeping track of variables with few or many states

Abstract Does ability to remember the most recent state of a variable (e.g., that dog was the last animal seen) depend on whether the variable has few or many states? When adult S s are tested in a keeping-track task, the answer to the question is negative, consistent with expectations from Miller's argument that the capacity of short-term memory (STM) is better described in terms of “chunks” than in terms of “bits” of information. The present study tested the hypothesis that number of states is an important variable determining the retention of young children. The prediction follows from a consideration of the role played by rehearsal in the STM of children and adults. The obtained data are consistent with the prediction and show that retention is dependent on number of states with 4-year-old children as S s.
A new protocol for constructing nonlocal n-qubit controlled-U gates

We present a new protocol for constructing a nonlocal n-qubit controlled-U gate. In this protocol, no prior sharing of entanglement is needed and only one ancilla qubit is sent once from one party to another. Thus, the present protocol is very efficient for performing a nonlocal multiqubit controlled-U gate, which is important to network quantum information processing and communication.
Neuropsychological profiles of adults with Klinefelter syndrome.

Children and adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) have been reported to show deficits in language processing including VIQ , PIQ and a learning disability in reading and spelling. However, whether this is characteristic of adults with Klinefelter syndrome has not been established. Thirty-five men with Klinefelter syndrome, aged 16 to 61, and 22 controls were evaluated with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. The Klinefelter patients scored significantly below controls in language skills, verbal processing speed, verbal and nonverbal executive abilities, and motor dexterity. Within the Klinefelter sample, three cognitive subgroups were identified: VIQ 7 or more points below PIQ (n 5 10), VIQ within 6 points of PIQ (n 5 12), and PIQ 7 or more points below VIQ (n 5 12). The deficits detected in language, verbal processing speed, and verbal executive skills were found to be isolated to the VIQ , PIQ subgroup, while the abnormalities in motor dexterity and nonverbal executive skills were confined to the PIQ , VIQ subgroup. Older age was significantly correlated with increases in VIQ relative to PIQ in the patient group, which suggests the intriguing possibility that the PIQ , VIQ subgroup primarily emerges in young adulthood, perhaps in response to the reported hormonal abnormalities detected in Klinefelter syndrome patients during puberty. ( JINS, 2001, 7, 446‐ 456)
iBLEU: Interactively Debugging and Scoring Statistical Machine Translation Systems

Machine Translation (MT) systems are evaluated and debugged using the BLEU automated metric. However, the current community implementation of BLEU is not ideal for MT system developers and researchers since it only produces textual information. I present a novel tool called iBLEU that organizes BLEU scoring information in a visual and easy-to-understand manner, making it easier for MT system developers & researchers to quickly locate documents and sentences on which their system performs poorly. It also allows comparing translations from two different MT systems. Furthermore, one can also choose to compare to the publicly available MT systems, e.g., Google Translate and Bing Translator, with a single click. It can run on all major platforms and requires no setup whatsoever.
A theory-based representation for object-oriented domain models

Formal software specification has long been touted as a way to increase the quality and reliability of software; however, it remains an intricate, manually intensive activity. An alternative to using formal specifications directly is to translate graphically based, semiformal specifications into formal specifications. However, before this translation can take place, a formal definition of basic object oriented concepts must be found. The paper presents an algebraic model of object orientation that defines how object oriented concepts can be represented algebraically using an object oriented algebraic specification language O-SLANG. O-SLANG combines basic algebraic specification constructs with category theory operations to capture internal object class structure, as well as relationships between classes.
Did Manufacturing Matter? The Experience of Yesterday's Second Generation: A Reassessment

Research on the “new second generation” takes the success of the earlier second generation of southern and eastern Europeans as its point of departure, but with little empirical basis. The hypothesis of “segmented assimilation” asserts that the children of the 1880–1920 immigration moved ahead due to the availability of well-paying, relatively low-skilled jobs in manufacturing. By contrast, defenders of the conventional approach to assimilation accent diffusionary processes, while conceding that the specific means by which the children of immigrants improved on their parents’ condition remains a matter about which relatively little is known. This article returns to the world of the last second generation, just before it disappeared, to inquire into the extent and nature of the economic differences separating the adult immigrant offspring of the time from their third-generation-plus counterparts. Using data from the 1970 Census of Population, this article shows that manufacturing mattered, but in ways neither expected nor consistent with either of today's prevailing, theoretical approaches.
Death by a B Cell Superantigen In Vivo VH-targeted Apoptotic Supraclonal B Cell Deletion by a Staphylococcal Toxin

Amongst the many ploys used by microbial pathogens to interfere with host immune responses is the production of proteins with the properties of superantigens. These properties enable superantigens to interact with conserved variable region framework subdomains of the antigen receptors of lymphocytes rather than the complementarity determining region involved in the binding of conventional antigens. To understand how a B cell superantigen affects the host immune system, we infused protein A of Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) and followed the fate of peripheral B cells expressing B cell receptors (BCRs) with VH regions capable of binding SpA. Within hours, a sequence of events was initiated in SpA-binding splenic B cells, with rapid down-regulation of BCRs and coreceptors, CD19 and CD21, the induction of an activation phenotype, and limited rounds of proliferation. Apoptosis followed through a process heralded by the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, the induction of the caspase pathway, and DNA fragmentation. After exposure, B cell apoptotic bodies were deposited in the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches. Although in vivo apoptosis did not require the Fas death receptor, B cells were protected by interleukin (IL)-4 or CD40L, or overexpression of Bcl-2. These studies define a pathway for BCR-mediated programmed cell death that is VH region targeted by a superantigen.
The Condemnation of the Sillon : An Episode in the History of Christian-Democracy in France

Any study of France's political history since the Liberation must inevitably attempt to explain the sudden emergence in 1944 of that somewhat unconventional and ambiguous political grouping known as the Mouvement Republicain Populaire . Almost overnight the new party, despite its obscure origins and unfamiliar program, succeeded in winning the largest bloc of seats in the National Assembly and in the years since the war has provided France with some of her most prominent leaders. Although the M. R. P. has declined in parliamentary strength in recent years, it seems probable that the party of Robert Schuman and Georges Bidault will continue to play an important role in French politics.
Influence of raised floor on zone design cooling load in commercial buildings.

The installation of a raised floor system can change the thermal behaviour of the building by reducing the interaction between the heat gains and the thermally massive concrete slab. In this study, the influence of the raised floor on the summer design day zone cooling load profile is evaluated for an office building located in San Francisco by using the whole-building energy simulation program, EnergyPlus. The zone cooling load profiles and the thermal performance with and without the raised floor are compared and analyzed. The effects of structure type, windowto- wall ratio and the presence of carpet on the thermal behaviour of the raised floor are also investigated. The results show that the mere presence of the raised floor largely affects the zone cooling load profile and the peak cooling load over the range of -7% to + 40%. The most significant parameters are the zone orientation, i.e. the exposure to direct solar radiation, and the presence of floor carpeting. If carpeting is present, commonly used in U.S. office buildings, the overall impact on zone peak cooling load is reduced, ranging from 0 to 5% greater for the raised floor than without it. Without carpet the peak cooling load is 4% greater with raised floor than without it in the north zone, 22% in the east and west zones, and 12% in the south zone.
Use of Community Health Workers With Inner-City Children who Have Asthma

Use of community health workers (CHWs) to obtain health, social, and environmental information from African-American inner-city children with asthma was one component of a larger intervention study designed to reduce morbidity in African-American children with asthma. A subset of 140 school-aged children with asthma was recruited and enrolled in a program to receive home visits by CHWs for the purposes of obtaining medical information and teaching basic asthma education to the families. Data obtained by the CHWs revealed low inhaled steroid use, high β2 agonist use, frequent emergency-room visits, decreased primary-care visits, and increased allergen and irritant exposure. Appropriately recruited and trained CHWs are effective in obtaining useful medical information from inner-city families with children with asthma and providing basic asthma education in the home.
Estimation of aliasing error in sampling theorem for signals not necessarily in wavelet subspaces

Some explicit error bounds are obtained in terms of a signal and a wavelet basis. An application of the error estimation in the computation of the wavelet transform coefficients by the Shensa algorithm is also discussed. From the error bounds, it is clear that a wavelet basis can be adjusted so that the aliasing error can be reduced for a fixed signal. >
Adaptive and distributed scheduling in heterogeneous MIMO-based ad hoc networks

Multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) technique is considered as one of the most promising wireless technologies that can significantly improve transmission capacity and reliability. Many emerging mobile wireless applications require peer-to-peer transmissions over an ad hoc network, where the nodes often have different number of antennas, and the channel condition and network topology vary over time. It is important and challenging to develop efficient schemes to distributively coordinate transmission resource sharing among a heterogeneous group of nodes over an infrastructure-free mobile ad hoc network. In this work, we propose a holistic distributed scheduling algorithm that can adaptively select different transmission strategies based on the node types and channel conditions to effectively relieve the bottleneck effect caused by nodes with smaller antenna arrays, and avoid transmission failure due to violation of channel constraint. The algorithm also takes advantage of channel information to opportunistically schedule cooperative spatial multiplexed transmissions between nodes and provide special transmission support for higher priority nodes with weak channels, so that the data rate of the network can be maximized while user transmission quality requirement is supported. The performance of our algorithm is studied through extensive simulations and the results demonstrate that our algorithm is very effective in handling node heterogeneity and channel constraint, and can significantly increase the throughput while reducing the transmission delay.
Triphenyltetrazolium chloride, a valuable reagent in stain technology.

Triphenyltetrazolium chloride is proposed as a reagent in studies of cellular physiology. It has been employed to locate intracellular sites of dehydrogenase activity in sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) and as a valuable tool in correlating the action of antibiotics with inhibition of dehydrogenase systems.
Seed localization and TRUS-fluoroscopy fusion for intraoperative prostate brachytherapy dosimetry

Objective: To develop and evaluate an integrated approach to intra-operative dosimetry for permanent prostate brachytherapy (PPB) by combining a fluoroscopy-based seed localization routine with a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-to-fluoroscopy fusion technique.Materials and Methods: Three-dimensional seed coordinates are reconstructed based on the two-dimensional seed locations identified from three fluoroscopic images acquired at different angles. A seed-based registration approach was examined in both simulation and phantom studies to register the seed locations identified from the fluoroscopic images to the TRUS images. Dose parameters were then evaluated and compared to CT-based dosimetry from a patient dataset.Results: Less than 0.2% error in the D90 value was observed using the TRUS-fluoroscopy image-fusion-based method relative to the CT-based post-implantation dosimetry. In the phantom study, an average distance of 3 mm was observed between the seeds identified from TRUS and the reconstructed seeds a...
Historical trends and milestones in hypertension research: a model of the process of translational research.

“Translation” is a bidirectional research process that often begins with the generation of scientific questions based on clinical observations and subsequently involves the application of basic scientific discoveries into patient care and the community at large. The remarkable history of hypertension-related research reflects the process of translation. The history begins with the development of devices to measure blood pressure, early descriptions of the variability of blood pressure, and recognition by the life insurance industry of the association between blood pressure level and subsequent cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. This background has prompted sustained laboratory research efforts aimed at understanding the physiological control of arterial pressure, identifying mechanisms of hypertension, and developing pharmacological agents for the treatment of hypertension. In turn, these initiatives have resulted in clinical trials with hypertensive patients and population-based programs with the goals of more effectively treating and preventing hypertension and its cardiovascular consequences. The purpose of this review is to summarize milestones in this ongoing translation process, a process that has had a considerable impact on patient care and reducing cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality rates. ### Blood Pressure Measurement The history of hypertension research begins with the development of appropriate techniques for measuring blood pressure. Reverend Stephen Hales is generally credited as being the first person to measure arterial pressure, direct intra-arterial pressure in the horse in 1733. Almost a century later, sphygmographic devices were developed to measure blood pressure noninvasively in humans. The early devices were cumbersome and relatively insensitive. The introduction of the sphygmomanometer into clinical medicine in the late 1800s and early 1900s was accepted by some practitioners as a valuable aid to diagnosis. However, many were initially skeptical, and the British Medical Journal held the view that by using the sphygmomanometer “we pauperize our senses and weaken clinical acuity.”1 After Korotkoff's 1905 landmark description …
Immigration costs for female chimpanzees and male protection as an immigrant counterstrategy to intrasexual aggression

In chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, females transfer from their natal group shortly after sexual maturity to permanently join another group. A conflict of interest exists between female and male residents over the immigration of new females: additional females increase female feeding competition but provide new mating opportunities for males. Resident females express their interests by directing high rates of aggression towards immigrants, and males could protect their interests by intervening in these conflicts. We studied the Kanyawara chimpanzee community in Kibale National Park, Uganda over 10.5 years to assess whether (1) resident female aggression is costly to immigrants, (2) males are effective in protecting immigrants from aggression and (3) immigrants seek out male protective services. Results showed costs of resident aggression on two levels. Immigrants held low dominance ranks and experienced higher physiological stress than natal residents, as indexed by urinary cortisol. Males were found to be effective protectors for immigrants. They intervened aggressively to curtail female conflicts, more often when conflicts involved immigrants and occurred during periods of heightened female competition. When intervening, males nearly always supported immigrants over residents. As a result, females, especially immigrants, experienced less intrasexual aggression in the presence of males than when males were absent. Immigrants took advantage of male protective services. They associated with males more often than resident females and, unlike residents, did not greatly decrease their level of association outside of oestrus. We suggest male protection is an important strategy used by immigrants to integrate themselves into their new group.
Clinical Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging of 18F-FDG

The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of Cerenkov luminescence (CL) imaging of patients undergoing diagnostic 18F-FDG scans to detect nodal disease. Methods: Patients undergoing routine 18F-FDG PET/CT for various malignancies consented to being scanned for CL. White-light and Cerenkov images (5-min acquisition) of the surface of the patient contralateral to and at the site of nodal 18F-FDG uptake were acquired using a cooled, intensified charge-coupled-device camera. Results: The camera demonstrated linear correlation between activity and counts into the low nanocurie range using 18F-FDG. Imaging of patients revealed the presence of 18F-FDG uptake in nodes that demonstrated uptake on PET. A correlation between maximum standardized uptake value from PET and counting rate per area on the CL imaging was established. Conclusion: CL imaging with diagnostic doses of 18F-FDG is feasible and can aid in detecting disease in the clinical setting.
Deletion of the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 UL49 Gene Results in mRNA and Protein Translation Defects That Are Complemented by Secondary Mutations in UL41

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) virions, like those of all herpesviruses, contain a protein layer termed the tegument localized between the capsid and the envelope. VP22, encoded by the UL49 gene, is one of the most abundant tegument proteins in HSV-1 virions. Studies with a UL49-null mutant showed that the absence of VP22 resulted in decreased protein synthesis at late times in infection. VP22 is known to form a tripartite complex with VP16 and vhs through direct interactions with VP16. Given that UL49-null mutants have been shown to acquire spontaneous secondary mutations in the UL41 gene, which encodes vhs, we hypothesized that VP22 and vhs may play antagonistic roles during HSV-1 infections. In the present study, we show that the protein synthesis defect observed in UL49-null virus infections was rescued by a secondary, compensatory frameshift mutation in UL41. A double mutant bearing a deletion of UL49 and a point mutation in vhs previously shown to specifically abrogate vhs's RNase activity also resulted in a rescue of protein synthesis. To determine whether the UL49− protein synthesis defect, and the rescue by secondary mutations in vhs, occurred at the mRNA and/or translational levels, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) and polysome analyses were performed. We found that the absence of VP22 caused a small decrease in mRNA levels as well as a defect in polysome assembly that was independent of mRNA abundance. Both defects were complemented by the secondary mutations in vhs, indicating functional interplay between VP22 and vhs in both accumulation and translation of viral mRNAs.
Transthyretin Acid Induced Denaturation is Required for Amyloid Fibril Formation in Vitro

The human plasma protein transthyretin (TTR), implicated as the causative agent in Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy and Senile Systemic Amyloidosis, was transformed into amyloid fibrils in vitro under conditions that mimic the environment of a lysosome (pH 4.5). During the course of acid (HC1) induced denaturation, a folding intermediate associates to form amyloid fibrils. This procedure for making amyloid fibrils appears to be physiologically relevant and general in that IgG2 λ, another amyloidogenic protein which is associated with primary amyloidosis, was also transformed into amyloid fibrils at pH 4.5. This preliminary work suggests that denaturation is an integral part of the amyloid fibril formation mechanism in vivo.
Metabolism of phytol-U-14C and phytanic acid-U-14C in the rat

The metabolism of uniformly-labeled 14C- phytol, W-phytenic acid, and W-phytanic acid was studied in the rat. Conversion of both phytol and phytenic acid to phytanic acid was demonstrated. Tracer doses of phytol-U-14C given orally were well absorbed (30-66y0), and approximately 30% of the absorbed dose was converted to 14CO~ in 18 hr. After intravenous injection, 20% appeared in W02 in 4 hr. Phytanic acid-U-'4C given intravenously was oxidized at a comparable rate (22-37% in 4 hr) and was as rapidly oxidized as palmitic acid-l-14C (21% in 4 hr). Metabolism of these substrates was also studied in rats pre- viously maintained on a diet containing 5% phytol by weight, which causes accumulation of phytanic acid, phytenic acid, and, to a lesser extent, phytol in blood and tissues. Despite the large body pools of preformed, unlabeled substrate in these animals, the fraction of an administered dose of phytol-U-'4C or phytanic acid-U-'*C converted to 14C02 was not significantly diminished. These studies indicate that the rat has an appreci- able capacity to degrade the highly branched carbon skeleton of phytol and its derivatives. Twenty-four hours after administration of phytol-U-W, the lipid radioactivity remaining in the body was widely distri- buted among the tissues, highest concentrations being found in liver and adipose tissue. Four hours after intravenous ad- ministration of phytanic acid-U-W, all of the major lipid classes in the liver contained radioactivity, most in triglycerides and phospholipids and least in cholesterol esters and lower glycerides. There was no demonstrable incorporation of meva- lonate-2-14C or acetate-1-'4C into liver phytanic acid when they were given intravenously to a rat previously fed phytol. Endo- genous biosynthesis, if it occurs at all, must be extremely limited.
Millimeter-Wave Diagnostic Systems for ITER

To date, reliable measurements of electron temperature fluctuations in major tokamak experiments have remained elusive. Since electron heat transport in tokamaks is anomalously large, and appears to be driven by turbulent fluctuations, measuring spatially resolved electron and density temperature fluctuations is key to understanding both transport and the resultant turbulent confinement. Reflectometry has shown itself to be extremely sensitive to density fluctuations, and is a proven technique for making accurate electron density profiles. Electron cyclotron emission (ECE) imaging is a method whereby 2-D images of large amplitude coherent temperature fluctuations as well as 2-D electron temperature profiles of tokamak plasmas may be obtained. In this paper, we discuss the present status of each of these UC Davis diagnostic research areas, with particular emphasis on how the diagnostics may best be implemented on ITER.
Does Crime Pay? Asset Pricing with Revealed Utility of Heterogeneous Consumers

I propose violent crime growth as a measure of revealed marginal utility growth of heterogeneous consumers in incomplete markets. Consumer heterogeneity is measured using the cross-sectional average and cross-sectional variance of crime growth exploiting a monthly panel of reported crime incidents from over 10,000 law enforcement agencies across the United States from 1975-2012. Consistent with heterogeneous consumer models such as Mankiw (1986), I find that the cross-sectional average and variance of violent crime growth can explain the cross-section of stock returns. Specifically, investors pay a premium for assets that have higher betas to the violent crime growth moments.
An Evaporation Cup Useful for Chemotropic Studies of Insects in the Field

A small evaporation cup which will hold concentrated aromatic chemicals has proven to be useful in making studies of insect chemotropism under field conditions when liquid traps are employed. Insects attracted to the chemicals in the vials fall into the water surrounding the evaporation cups. Protective covers over the vials keep out rain and spray materials.
Energetic relationships of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis (Acari: Sarcoptidae) with the laboratory rabbit.

This study examines the energy relationship between the host and the ectoparasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis. Parasitized rabbits during the first 14-wk, post-initial infestation gained weight at approximately the same rate, but they consumed more food and water than uninfested control rabbits. During weeks 17–42 after the initial infestation, infestation levels increased until 10–30% of the body area was heavily parasitized. During this time, infested rabbits steadily lost weight even though there was no marked difference in food consumption between infested and control rabbits. Oxygen consumption rates were 0.00206 and 0.00076 μl O2/h/mite for female and male mites, respectively, at 75% RH and 34°C. Based on these rates, mite density on the host, and the infested host body surface area, the energy demand by the mites on a heavily parasitized host was insignificant relative to the metabolic rate of the host. Parasite energy demand was not responsible for the weight loss or reduced weight gains exhibited by the parasitized hosts. All of the infested rabbits became free of mites within 2 wk after treatment with an acaricide and rapidly regained the lost weight.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Infinite Series

(1991). Monte Carlo Simulation of Infinite Series. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 188-196.
Death causes in children aged < 15 years in Jinhua,Zhejiang,2006- 2012

Objective To understand the death level and trend in children aged 15 years in Jinhua,Zhejiang province during 2006- 2012 and provide evidence for the development of prevention measures. Methods Statistically analysis was conducted on death data in children age 15 years in Jinhua during this period. Results The death rate in children aged 15 years was 51. 41 /lakh(male: 57. 94 /lakh,female 44. 00 /lakh). The death rate in age group 0 year was obviously higher than those in other age groups. In other age groups the major cause of death was accidental injury( 50%),followed by cancer. Drowning was the major cause of death in the children aged 15 years old in Jinhua,followed by traffic accidents. Conclusion The death rate in children aged 15 years in Jinhua was in decline. It is essential to conduct health care in perinatal stage and injury prevention to reduce the child death.
Pathways to Homelessness among Older Homeless Adults: Results from the HOPE HOME Study

Little is known about pathways to homelessness among older adults. We identified life course experiences associated with earlier versus later onset of homelessness in older homeless adults and examined current health and functional status by age at first homelessness. We interviewed 350 homeless adults, aged 50 and older, recruited via population-based sampling. Participants reported age at first episode of adult homelessness and their life experiences during 3 time periods: childhood (<18 years), young adulthood (ages 18-25), and middle adulthood (ages 26-49). We used a structured modeling approach to identify experiences associated with first adult homelessness before age 50 versus at age 50 or older. Participants reported current health and functional status, including recent mental health and substance use problems. Older homeless adults who first became homeless before 50 had more adverse life experiences (i.e., mental health and substance use problems, imprisonment) and lower attainment of adult milestones (i.e., marriage, full-time employment) compared to individuals with later onset. After multivariable adjustment, adverse experiences were independently associated with experiencing a first episode of homelessness before age 50. Individuals who first became homeless before age 50 had higher prevalence of recent mental health and substance use problems and more difficulty performing instrumental activities of daily living. Life course experiences and current vulnerabilities of older homeless adults with first homelessness before age 50 differed from those with later onset of homelessness. Prevention and service interventions should be adapted to meet different needs.
Acid-base disorders in pediatrics.

Studies on the balance approach to normal adult and child acid-base status are introduced. The individual simple acid-base disorders are reviewed with special emphasis on the predictable nature of the physiologic compensatory response.
Sustained cardiomyocyte DNA synthesis in whole embryo cultures lacking the TSC2 gene product

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is characterized by the appearance of nonmalignant tumors that affect a wide spectrum of organs, including the heart. TSC disease-causing genes have been identified on chromosomes 9 (TSC1) and 16 (TSC2). This study examined the impact of the TSC2 gene product on cardiomyocyte proliferation and terminal differentiation. We took advantage of the observation that Eker rats carry a germ-line TSC2 mutation. Rats heterozygous for the mutation (TSC2EK/+) are predisposed to renal carcinoma, whereas animals homozygous for the mutation (TSC2EK/EK) die in utero during midgestation. Spontaneously contractile cardiomyocytes were observed after multiple passages of whole embryo cultures prepared from embryonic day 12.5 TSC2EK/EK fetuses but not from TSC2EK/+ or wild-type fetuses. The TSC2EK/EK cardiomyocytes continued to actively synthesize DNA after as many as eight passages. Cytological, ultrastructural, and molecular analyses indicated that the TSC2EK/EK cardiomyocytes retained a highly differentiated phenotype similar to that observed for normal rat cardiomyocytes during late embryonic and early neonatal life. These results suggested that the TSC2 gene product is required for normal cardiomyocyte cell-cycle withdrawal and terminal differentiation.
Globalization and Ideology: Mapping the Shifting Debate

This chapter reviews the existing debate on the state of ideology today. More specifically, the focus is on two strands of the literature concerned with ideology and globalization. The first strand considers the utility of ideology in the politics of contestation of the dominant model of globalization. The second strand tends to take the importance of ideology per se for granted but questions the relevance of established ideological currents in the context of a supposedly global era. While I acknowledge the insights provided by both literatures, I suggest that each has been limited by their prevalent assumptions regarding the nature of ideology on the one hand, and the extent of the impact of globalization on the other. I identify several logical and political setbacks resulting from these assumptions and argue for a closer conceptual analysis of ideological discourse as a way out of the flawed terms of the current debate.
The Power of Obama's Racio-rhetorical Humor: Rethinking Black Masculinities

ABSTRACTThis article examines Obama's savvy use of humor and argues that his intentional comedic communication offers a new model of negotiating Black masculinity. The author grounds her argument by discussing the contradictions, oppressive cultural perceptions, and instabilities of gender and racial repertoires that challenge the existence of all Black men, including our president. To disrupt these challenges, she posits that Obama engages in intentional performative practices of comedy to attain and sustain his own sense of Black masculinity. Next she unpacks Obama's comedic style, further positing that the true value of his comedy lies in the purpose and effect of his rhetorical messaging. To support her theorizing, she then analyzes a variety of comedic experiences in which Obama's humorous intentionality provides an emancipatory, rearticulated paradigm for rethinking Black masculinities. Finally, the author demonstrates the ways in which Obama's racio-rhetorical style, via humor, is already influenci...