cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PATH-MASTER: modeling differential diagnosis as “dynamic competition” between systematic analysis and disease-directed deduction

Abstract PATHMASTER is an expert system under development to assist in teaching histopathologic differential diagnosis. The system incorporates two “orthogonal” representations of the knowledge required to perform differential diagnosis. One representation groups histopathologic features around the anatomic structures of liver tissue, the second representation groups the features around the diseases in which they occur. Using these two representations, PATHMASTER models the process of diagnosis as a “dynamic competition” between systematic analysis and disease-directed deduction. By varying two parameters of PATHMASTER's underlying mathematical model, the interplay between these factors can be varied.
Dynamic integration between building energy simulation (BES) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation for building exterior surface

Different site conditions create a site specific microclimate which has great influence on building energy consumption. However, current energy simulation lacks a response to microclimate and buildings are treated with outdoor conditions based on weather data from nearest metrological site. This paper describes the coupling methodology between building energy simulation (BES) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in order to analyze the impact of microclimate to building performance. A BES and a CFD exchange parameters in a dynamic time step base manner. The external surface of the building is the interface through which parameters are exchanged between BES and CFD. BES provides surface temperatures as the boundary conditions for CFD, while CFD calculates the heat transfer coefficients as the input to BES in each time step through a controller. This paper reviews the recent development in integration between BES and CFD methodologies. After an overview of coupling, the paper develops an approach of outdoor integration between BES and CFD. The proposed integration method is tested for case building and the result will be discussed.
Antidepressant therapy in tinnitus

Abstract Objective: Review the literature on the co-morbidity of depression and anxiety with tinnitus. Briefly consider proposed mechanisms by which antidepressants might be helpful for tinnitus, including treatment of co-morbid depression and anxiety and a more direct serotonergic mechanism of tinnitus. Survey the literature on antidepressants and tinnitus including tinnitus reported as a side effect of antidepressants (phenelzine, amitriptyline, protriptyline, doxepin, imipramine, fluoxetine, trazadone, bupropion, venlafaxine), tinnitus associated with withdrawal of antidepressants (venlafaxine and sertraline) and antidepressants as a treatment for tinnitus (case reports – fluoxetine and paroxetine, retrospective reviews – imipramine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, single blind trials of amitriptyline and double blind placebo controlled trials of trimipramine, nortriptyline, paroxetine and sertraline). Provide suggestions on future directions, specifically replication of prior studies and a dose finding study of paroxetine for the treatment of tinnitus.
Forecasting prices of single family homes using GIS-defined neighborhoods

We estimate spatiotemporal models of average neighborhood single family home prices to use in predicting individual property prices. Average home-price variations are explained in terms of changes in average neighborhood house attributes, spatial attributes, and temporal economic variables. Models adopting three different definitions of neighborhoods are estimated with quarterly cross-sectional data over the period 2000–2004 from four cities in Southern California. Heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation problems are detected and adjusted for via a sequential routine. Results of these models suggest that forecasts obtained using city neighborhood average price equations may have advantage over forecasts obtained using city aggregated price equations.
Structural Optimization of Variable Section Slender Manipulator Based on Sensitivity Analysis Method

A parameter optimization method based on sensitivity analysis is presented for the structural optimization of variable section slender manipulator. Structure mechanism of a polishing robot is introduced firstly, and its stiffness model is established. Then, a design sensitivity analysis method and a sequential liner programming (SLP) strategy are proposed. In the beginning of the optimization, the design sensitivity analysis method can be used to select the sensitive design variables which can make the optimized results more efficient and accurate. And then, it can be used to improve the convergence during the process of the optimization. The design sensitivities are calculated using the finite difference method. The search for the final optimal structure is performed using the SLP method. Simulation results show that the structure optimization method is effective to enhance the stiffness of the manipulator, no matter when the manipulator suffers constant force or variable force. This work lays a theoretical foundation for the structural optimization for such manipulators.
California stem-cell research: assessing return on investment

Californians voted to go into debt to fund embryonic stem-cell research. Will the state know if it recoups its landmark investment?
Probing mechanical principles of cell–nanomaterial interactions

Abstract With the rapid development of nanotechnology, various types of nanoparticles, nanowires, nanofibers, nanotubes, and atomically thin plates and sheets have emerged as candidates for an ever increasing list of potential applications for next generation electronics, microchips, composites, barrier coatings, biosensors, drug delivery, and energy harvesting and conversion systems. There is now an urgent societal need to understand both beneficial and hazardous effects of nanotechnology which is projected to produce and release thousands of tons of nanomaterials into the environment in the coming decades. This paper aims to present an overview of some recent studies conducted at Brown University on the mechanics of cell–nanomaterial interactions, including the modeling of nanoparticles entering cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of nanoparticles interacting with cell membranes. The discussions will be organized around the following questions: Why and how does cellular uptake of nanoparticles depend on particle size, shape, elasticity and surface structure? In particular, we will discuss the effect of nanoparticle size on receptor-mediated endocytosis, the effect of elastic stiffness on cell-particle interactions, how high aspect ratio nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and graphenes enter cells and how different geometrical patterns of ligands on a nanoparticle can be designed to control the rate of particle uptake.
Low-Quality Employment Concentration and Crime: An Examination of Metropolitan Labor Markets

Over the past two decades, numerous studies have investigated the effects of employment quality on crime. Many of these studies have investigated employment quality with regard to its effect on individual criminality. However, the quality of employment available in a labor market also affects crime at an aggregate level of analysis. Consequently, while the determinants of individual behavior are important, this article seeks to place these behaviors into a larger structural framework. This study contributes to the growing research on the work–crime link by relating differences in the quality of employment, on an aggregate level, to crime rates in metropolitan areas. Metropolitan areas with few quality jobs for less-educated workers have significantly higher rates of both violent and property crime.
The semidiurnal variation in GPS‐derived zenith neutral delay

[1] Zenith neutral delay (ZND) estimates derived from ground-based GPS receivers exhibit variations at harmonics of the solar day. The aim of this work is to characterize the semidiurnal (S2) variation and determine its probable origin. Data from 100 GPS sites are compared with surface pressure measurements to reveal close agreement between the estimated ZND S2 variation and the S2 surface pressure tide. Error analysis suggests that the S2 variation in ZND estimates is not due primarily to orbit, solid earth, or Earth orientation modeling errors. Atmospheric loading and mapping function errors are each expected to contribute less than 11% to the estimated ZND S2 amplitude. Local incongruities reflect the influence of water vapor or site-dependent errors.
Common anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.

Summary Anxiety disorders occur frequently in the pediatric population, and the clinician should be aware of diagnostic signs and symptoms. It is likely that the pediatrician or family physician will be the first to evaluate these patients, particularly because somatic complaints may be the initial manifestation of the disorder. These problems can be quite debilitating and require prompt and aggressive treatment based on symptom presentation and the developmental level of the child.
Monitoring quality-of-life needs of cancer patients.

The advent of prepayment systems in hospitals has greatly shortened the length of stay of patients who are therefore increasingly treated and cared for in outpatient settings while living at home with family or other caretakers. This shift in the locus of treatment has created a critical need for the development of organized systems of follow-up that monitor a patient's needs while he or she is undergoing active treatment but living at home. Over time, failure to develop such systems of care is likely to result in major gaps in the continuity of care, a decrease in the quality of patients' lives while on treatment, tremendous stress on caretakers, and a general decrease in the quality of services provided to patients. This article reports on a study of one such system of monitoring i.e., a computer-automated telephone outreach system that would routinely assess the concrete needs of chemotherapy outpatients (e.g., transportation to the hospital and need for assistance with activities of daily living). This automated intervention was designed in response to previous findings that 62% of chemotherapy outpatients had at least one unmet need within the month before assessment and 39% had two or more; clinical knowledge that cancer patients' needs vary considerably over time as a consequence of both the disease and its treatment; and that, because of limited professional staff, patients' needs cannot be routinely assessed without the aid of automation, particularly as the proportion of cancer patients treated as outpatients continues to increase. These conditions suggested the need to develop a cost-efficient strategy for the universal assessment of patients' need on a periodic basis, so that emerging needs could be identified in a timely way. For the feasibility study, 97 chemotherapy outpatients were surveyed at least once over the telephone by a computer in a high quality digitally-stored voice asking 12 questions regarding the patients' concrete needs. The data suggested that our computer-automated telephone outreach system is reliable and valid and has the potential for relatively broad-based acceptance. In addition, the intervention frequently allows for timely social work assistance for identified needs. It further serves as a form of outreach that can compensate for patients' reluctance to identify themselves as needing help and for passivity that may be associated with depression or physical illness. This intervention appears to have the potential to be a time- and labor-efficient strategy for ongoing assessment of the changing needs of large numbers of cancer or other chronic diseased outpatients, insuring timely professional intervention as needs arise.
In vitro antimicrobial activity of aromatic diamidines and diimidazolines related to pentamidine.

Abstract Geometric isomers of pentamidine analogues were screened for antimicrobial activity in vitro. cis isomers demonstrated good antibacterial activity compared to their trans counterparts. Both isomers were moderately active against opportunistic pathogens that afflict AIDS patients with minimum inhibitory concentrations in the range of 3.12–12.5 μg/mL.
Returning and reuse: Diachronic perspectives on multi-component cemeteries and mortuary politics at Middle Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Tara, Ireland

Abstract Archaeologists studying multi-component cemeteries have argued that the societies who reused cemeteries were motivated by connecting to the past. However, often overlooked are the potential roles of mortuary events and sites as key social and political venues for creating, contesting, and unmaking relationships and identities for the later community independent of a connection to the past. In this paper, I explore the social and political roles that mortuary rituals at the Mound of the Hostages, Tara, Ireland played during the Middle Neolithic (3350–2800 BC) and Early Bronze Age (2300–1700 BC). Tara’s emergence as a regional mortuary center occurred only several hundred years after its initial reuse by Early Bronze Age peoples. Just as importantly, the burial activity that marked Tara as special in the Early Bronze Age was very brief, revealing that the regional centralization at Tara was ultimately unsuccessful. The analysis of cemetery formation at Tara is only possible due to the development of a fine-grained site specific chronology. These results have broad implications for how we understand cemetery formation, the reuse of mortuary monuments, and the dynamics of social complexity in prehistoric societies.
Effects of increasing ploidy on the lumbar lateral motor column and hindlimb of newly metamorphosed Xenopus laevis: a comparison of diploid and triploid siblings.

This study was undertaken to determine how increasing ploidy in Xenopus laevis affected the size of the lumbar lateral motor column (L-LMC) motoneuron population, the size of representative hindlimb muscles, and the relationship between these features in animals at the completion of metamorphosis. Triploids were produced by exposing fertilized diploid eggs to increased hydrostatic pressure. In the triploids, L-LMC motoneuron number was significantly reduced and motoneuron nuclear cross-sectional area was significantly increased. Both L-LMC length and the total L-LMC size (neuron number × mean nuclear size) were roughly equal in diploids and triploids. No ploidy-related differences in fiber number were observed in two representative thigh muscles. In diploid animals, motoneuron number is significantly correlated with both muscle fiber number and with body size. The latter two variables are also significantly correlated with one another, making it possible that a feature related to muscle fiber number or one related to body size or both are significant in determining motoneuron number. In triploid animals, motoneuron number was significantly correlated with body size but not with muscle fiber number. This suggests that the feature significant in determining motoneuron number may be one related to body size rather than to muscle fiber number. If a feature related to muscle fiber number were the primary determinant of motoneuron number, one would have expected in addition similar average changes in the two variables in comparing diploids and triploids. That this was not observed provides further reason to suspect muscle fiber numbers may not be a primary determinant of motoneuron number. In both diploids and triploids, total L-LMC size (a value combining neuron number and neuron size) was highly correlated with body size, but again, not with muscle fiber number. The average total L-LMC size and the average body size were equal in diploids and triploids while average motoneuron number was significantly different. What this suggests is that in discussing possible mechanisms to account for correspondences between central and peripheral sizes, the relevant variable for the former may be total L-LMC size rather than motoneuron number.
The reform of social work practice education and training and supporting practice educators

The BA (Hons) Social Work Programme at University Campus Suffolk (UCS) has just completed a full academic year embedding the new Professional Capabilities Framework (PCF) produced by The College of Social Work (TCSW, 2012) and the Standards of Proficiency for Social Work (SoPS) (Health and Care Professionals Council, HCPC, 2012). UCS fully began this process a year ahead of the mandatory requirement for all Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to introduce these in time for the 2013 -2014 academic year. The new regulatory frameworks were incorporated into the programme to allow an evaluative implementation pilot year and an opportunity for review. This study will set the scene for the important role that practice educators play in social work training and education within the context of recent developments. Despite the disruption created by revision to the teaching and learning on the programme, practice placements and additional training and support required for the social work academics feedback from practice educators and students suggests that the transition was a success. It will also highlight the benefits of the new frameworks in relation to the training and support that was provided, the need for the on-going training and support for practice educators as well as considering lessons to be learned and revisions needed for the next academic year.
Diabetic neuropathic pain: Real World Treatment Options

Diabetes is associated with numerous complications. One of the most debilitating microvascular sequelae is painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (PDPN). PDPN results from a multi-faceted pathogenesis involving direct axonal degeneration; free radical mediated cellular apoptosis, and microvascular perfusion abnormalities. While tight glycemic control has been shown to modulate the history of this diabetic complication, practicing clinicians have access to numerous published practice recommendations for treatment. Of the frequently utilized medication classes, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, anesthetics, and the neuromodulators are perhaps the most widely understood. The gabapentinoids are considered by many as first line therapy. Others recommend tricyclic antidepressants first-line. The provider treating PDPN must consider the medication side effects and monitoring parameters, the co-morbid disease states, and the ultimate effects on diabetic control. Finally, the clinician must address patient expectations of treatment. Goals may include increased functionality, decreased pain and improved sleep. Here multiple treatment modalities and evidence-based guidelines are reviewed.
Initial polymer degradation as a process in the manufacture of carbon-carbon composites

Abstract The fundamental pyrolysis step in carbon-carbon composite processing utilizing a 2-D phenolic resin-carbon fiber composite was investigated both experimentally and analytically. The gas permeabilities of a degrading composite in the in-plane and the through-thickness directions were measured and analyzed as a function of porosity by the Kozeny-Carman eqn. Degradation kinetics of the polymer matrix was determined by the composite degradation methodology capable of describing different stages of gas evolution. Subsequently, a mathematical model was developed combining heat, mass and momentum-transport phenomena with the degradation kinetics of the matrix. Integrating kinetic and thermodynamic variables and experimentally determined material correlations, the model could provide pressure, temperature and degree of degradation as a function of processing time and through-thickness position in the composite. The effect of composite size and heating rate was investigated by the model, verifying practical experiences in the carbonization step during carbon-carbon manufacturing processes.
Comparative study of the effect of 21-aminosteroid and alpha-tocopherol on models of acute oxidative renal injury.

Abstract 21-Aminosteroids have incited a great deal of interest owing to its ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and prevent organ damage. The main mechanism by which 21-aminosteroids inhibit lipid peroxidation is similar to the naturally occurring chain-breaking antioxidant alpha-tocopherols. Therefore, to determine whether 21-aminosteroids offer any advantage over alpha-tocopherol, we compared their effects on an in vivo and in vitro models of renal injury. 21-Aminosteroid (U-74006 F) at 3 mg/kg or alpha-tocopherol succinate at 10 mg/kg was administered intravenously once before bilateral renal ischemia and again before reperfusion. Acute administration 21-aminosteroid but not alpha-tocopherol, was attended by suppression of ischemia reperfusion-induced renal lipid peroxidation and injury. However, 4 weeks of dietary enrichment of rats with alpha-tocopherol (1000 IU/kg) was effective in suppressing these ischemia reperfusion-induced changes. In cell culture system, concurrent presence of 21-aminosteroid but not alpha-tocopherol abrogated H202-induced renal epithelial lipid peroxidation and injury. However, alpha-tocopherol was completely effective when cells were incubated with it for 14 h. Further, only the cells incubated with vitamin E for 14 h—but not for 1 or 3 h—had a significant increase in vitamin E content, which suggests that a delay in prompt cellular up take of vitamin E may explain for its lack of acute effects. Thus, unlike alpha-tocopherol, 21-aminosteroid appears readily and completely available for its chain-breaking antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo. 21-Aminosteroids may, therefore, offer a therapeutic advantage over alpha-tocopherols in acute injury settings.
On the stability of nonlinear sampled data feedback systems

Abstract This work is a generalization of Tsypkin's stability criterion for a class of time-varying nonlinear sampled-data feedback systems. Some sufficient conditions for the response to any bounded input sequence to be bounded are presented. No assumptions are made concerning the internal dynamics of the linear subsystem, except that its input-output relation is of the form of convolution. The essence of the proof is to consider the nonlinear system as a perturbation of a stable linear system.
High field carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. Conformational mobility in gramicidin S and frequency dependence of 13C spin-lattice relaxation times

Summary The use of superconducting solenoids in 13C NMR can result in a substantial increase in spectral resolution over that obtained at commonly employed magnetic fields. Results are presented here for the cyclic decapeptide gramicidin S in both CD3OD and DMSO-d6 solutions. It was possible to monitor the complete motional behavior of the side chains of gramicidin S in CD3OD using 13C spin lattice relaxation times. Preliminary data are reported which confirm the frequency dependence of spin-lattice relaxation times for carbons in molecules not satisfying the extreme narrowing condition.
Onset of Damping in Energetic Heavy-Ion Interactions

Measurements of longitudinal momenta transferred to mass-identified products of the fragmentation of Cu by $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ ions give clear evidence for a change in reaction mechanism between 22 and 84 MeV/u. Results at 84 MeV/u are generally consistent with peripheral interactions. However, at 22 MeV/u large momentum transfers observed for near-target products suggest that strongly damped proceses have become important. Limits to momentum transfer of the type reported by Galin et al. are shown to arise in a natural way from this transition.
Acculturation, Competence, and Mental Health Among South Asian Students in the United States

Among 199 South Asian international students in the United States, higher levels of depressive symptoms were predicted by higher perceived prejudice and lower self-reported competence in work, personal/social efficacy, and intracultural behaviors. Relationships among the predictors and depressive symptoms differed by gender. Implications for theory, research, and mental health interventions are discussed. Entre 199 estudiantes internacionales Surasiaticos en los Estados Unidos, altos niveles de sintomas depressivos fueron pronosticado por el prejuicio mas percibido y el bajo alto informo de capacidad en el trabajo, en la eficacia personal/social y la funcion intracultural. Las relaciones entre los pronosticadores y los sintomas depressivos diferidos por el genero. Las implicaciones para teoria, investigaciones, y las intervenciones mentales de la salud se discuten.
Coupled prediction of protein secondary and tertiary structure

The strong coupling between secondary and tertiary structure formation in protein folding is neglected in most structure prediction methods. In this work we investigate the extent to which nonlocal interactions in predicted tertiary structures can be used to improve secondary structure prediction. The architecture of a neural network for secondary structure prediction that utilizes multiple sequence alignments was extended to accept low-resolution nonlocal tertiary structure information as an additional input. By using this modified network, together with tertiary structure information from native structures, the Q3-prediction accuracy is increased by 7–10% on average and by up to 35% in individual cases for independent test data. By using tertiary structure information from models generated with the rosetta de novo tertiary structure prediction method, the Q3-prediction accuracy is improved by 4–5% on average for small and medium-sized single-domain proteins. Analysis of proteins with particularly large improvements in secondary structure prediction using tertiary structure information provides insight into the feedback from tertiary to secondary structure.
Partial discharge measurements in a high temperature superconducting triaxial 5-m model cable at liquid nitrogen temperature

A prototype 5-m triaxial high temperature superconducting (HTS) distribution class cable using a cold dielectric design was tested at high voltage under various conditions including AC, impulse and partial discharge (PD). The dielectric consists of wrapped synthetic tape insulation with liquid nitrogen filling the butt-gaps. In this paper we report on the partial discharge signals in the cable and methods for data analysis. All measurements were made cold in liquid nitrogen. The data will be presented in terms of PD amplitude and energy. Partial discharge signals were observed in the presence of large amounts of background noise due to the inverter circuits of the cryogenic system and these issues will also be discussed.
Control of dimensionality through nitrogen donor disposition in divalent metal perchlorate bis(pyridylmethyl)piperazine coordination polymers

Abstract Slow diffusion of aqueous solutions of metal perchlorates with alcoholic solutions of bis(4-pyridylmethyl)piperazine (4-bpmp) or bis(3-pyridylmethyl)piperazine (3-bpmp) afforded crystalline coordination polymer phases whose dimensionality and topology is determined largely by the pyridyl nitrogen donor disposition within the imine components. {[M(H2O)4(4-bpmp)](ClO4)2·4-bpmp·4H2O}n (M = Co, 1-Co; M = Zn, 1-Zn) are isostructural, displaying cationic [M(H2O)4(4-bpmp)]n2n+ 1-D coordination polymer chains connected through extensive hydrogen-bonding pathways involving unligated species. In contrast, use of the 3-bpmp isomer generated compounds with formulation of {[M(H2O)2(3-bpmp)2](ClO4)2·8H2O}n (M = Co, 2-Co; M = Zn, 2-Zn), which manifest achiral 3-fold interpenetrated 66 diamondoid lattices. The zinc derivatives undergo modest blue–violet luminescence on exposure to ultraviolet light.
The gene for murine CTP: Phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (Ctpct) is located on mouse chromosome 16

Abstract CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase is the rate-controlling enzyme in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and is essential for the survival of eukaryotic cells. The murine cDNA for the cytidylyltransferase was cloned and sequenced. A genomic clone was isolated and the chromosomal location of the Ctpct locus determined by Southern blot hybridization of DNAs from a panel of interspecific backcross progeny derived from matings of [(C57BL/6J × Mus spretus )F 1 × C57BL/6J] mice. These data place the Ctpct gene on mouse chromosome 16 between the Smst and Stf-1 genes.
Correlations of Parotid Saliva and Plasma Lidocaine Concentrations in Rats

Abstract The concentration ratios of parotid saliva to plasma lidocaine were determined in rats after a single dose (10 mg of lidocaine/kg) and constant infusion (60 μg of lidocaine/kg/min). Parotid saliva and plasma samples were obtained at 10, 20, and 30 min after single‐dose lidocaine administration and at 70, 80, and 90 min after the initiation of a lidocaine infusion. The saliva/plasma concentration ratios for lidocaine after single‐dose administration decreased from 1.13 ± 0.03 at 10 min to 0.51 ± 0.06 at 30 min, whereas the ratios determined during the lidocaine infusion remained constant (0.43 ± 0.03,0.45 ± 0.03, and 0.43 ± 0.04) over the time period tested. The variable saliva/plasma concentration ratios obtained after single‐dose administration may be associated with rapid drug distribution between the plasma and peripheral compartments and variation in lidocaine binding to plasma proteins. However, during constant lidocaine infusion, a steady‐state concentration was achieved within 70 min, as demonstrated by the constant saliva/plasma concentration ratios.
Managing From Below

This article makes a case for workers' self-management through bottom-up strategies and decisions. The Mondragon system of 89 industrial cooperatives, operating in the Basque region of northern Spain, is viewed as a worker-designed organizational network that ensures equality as well as efficiency. The criteria for assessing the Mondragon experience include job retention and expansion, healthy labor relations, individual and collective motivation, organizational performance, and wealth creation. The implications of a worker-managed economy for American scholars and practitioners are discussed.
The elusive distinction between negative and positive rights

L'A. rejette la these libertariste selon laquelle il existe une difference morale entre les droits negatifs et les droits positifs de l'individu. A travers la critique des arguments ontologiques, contractualistes et consistants (T. Machan), l'A. montre que les individus ont a la fois des droits negatifs et des droits positifs
Cardiac Surgery in Children With End-Stage Liver Disease Awaiting Liver Transplantation

Background Cardiac repair for congenital heart disease in children awaiting liver transplantation presents unique therapeutic challenges and dilemmas. We tested the hypothesis that operations in these children requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were not associated with prohibitive morbidity and mortality. Methods Over the last 10 years (1994–2004), five infants were identified in our database with end-stage liver disease and awaiting liver transplantation that required cardiac surgery. Primary end point for the study was mortality. Secondary end points included morbidity and time to liver transplantation. The new pediatric end-stage liver disease (PELD) model was used to score liver disease severity. Results Three boys and two girls with mean age of 8.6 months (range, 1.5–21 months) and mean PELD of 18.0 (range, 10–29) required CPB for repair. The only early mortality in the series occurred after cardiac arrest during creation of a central shunt. The child expired two days later despite extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. The patient had important myocardial hypertrophy. All other patients survived and underwent successful liver transplantation. Conclusions Children with significant congenital heart disease awaiting liver transplantation can undergo safe cardiac repair with judicious perioperative support thereby reducing the risks of subsequent liver transplantation.
Carcinoma of the cecum--incidence and prognosis: a survey in the state of West Virginia.

In a retrospective study, 352 cases of carcinoma of the cecum registered with the Central Cancer Registry of the State of West Virginia during the years 1960–1970 were analyzed. It was found that cancer of the cecum is more prevalent in women and occurs more frequently after the fourth decade of life, with a tendency for the incidence to remain high until the age of 75 years or more in both men and women.
Rotation of Lipids in Membranes: Molecular Dynamics Simulation, 31P Spin-Lattice Relaxation, and Rigid-Body Dynamics

Molecular dynamics simulations and (31)P-NMR spin-lattice (R(1)) relaxation rates from 0.022 to 21.1 T of fluid phase dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers are compared. Agreement between experiment and direct prediction from simulation indicates that the dominant slow relaxation (correlation) times of the dipolar and chemical shift anisotropy spin-lattice relaxation are approximately 10 ns and 3 ns, respectively. Overall reorientation of the lipid body, consisting of the phosphorus, glycerol, and acyl chains, is well described within a rigid-body model. Wobble, with D(perpendicular)= 1-2 x 10(8) s(-1), is the primary component of the 10 ns relaxation; this timescale is consistent with the tumbling of a lipid-sized cylinder in a medium with the viscosity of liquid hexadecane. The value for D(parallel), the diffusion constant for rotation about the long axis of the lipid body, is difficult to determine precisely because of averaging by fast motions and wobble; it is tentatively estimated to be 1 x 10(7) s(-1). The resulting D(parallel)/D( perpendicular) approximately 0.1 implies that axial rotation is strongly modulated by interactions at the lipid/water interface. Rigid-body modeling and potential of mean force evaluations show that the choline group is relatively uncoupled from the rest of the lipid. This is consistent with the ratio of chemical shift anisotropy and dipolar correlation times reported here and the previous observations that (31)P-NMR lineshapes are axially symmetric even in the gel phase of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine.
Classical conditioning of rabbits 2-1/2 to 4 years old using mossy fiber stimulation as a CS.

A basic issue in age-related deterioration in memory formation concerns the locus of the age changes. Changes in peripheral portions of the auditory CS pathway could account for the observed age differences in classical conditioning in rabbits. We bypassed peripheral portions of the CS pathway and input the CS more centrally by electrical microstimulation of mossy fibers in the pons. New Zealand White rabbits aged 2−1/2-4 years were compared to six 3-month-old control rabbits with electrode implantations in comparable areas. Training consisted of 108 trials per day in which stimulation CS was paired with a corneal airpuff US. Older rabbits took almost five times as long to condition as the young animals. Thus, age differences in eyelid classical conditioning cannot be entirely attributed to changes in the peripheral CS pathway. Changes in the nervous system occurring more centrally in the cerebellum appear to affect learning and memory.
Surface lateral organic modifiers in platinum electrocatalysis

L'etude voltammetrique montre, que la vitesse d'electrooxydation du monoxyde de carbone sur du platine, se produisant suivant le mecanisme: CO ads +H 2 O ads →CO 2 +2H + +2e − , depend fortement de l'etat chimique des sites superficiels adjacents a ceux participant au processus cite. Donnees sur l'influence de l'adsorption sur ces sites adjacents de divers composes organiques (acetylene, ethylene, benzene, pyridine et acetonitrile)
Metastable stratus tops

Previously, it has been shown that a saturated or near-saturated mixture of cloud top air with cloud-free air which has a somewhat lower wet-bulb potential temperature, θw, will be denser than the surrounding cloud air, and will descend through the cloud layer. This has been referred to as entrainment instability. It is often presumed that this mechanism results in the rapid entrainment of dry air, which may lead to the breakup of a continuous stratocumulus deck. Airborne observations of the marine planetary boundary layer are presented. These, along with previously published observations, indicate that θw at cloud top may exceed that of the air above by as much as 5°C without strong entrainment being active. The fact that potential instability is not always accompanied by rapid entrainment suggests that the process is in a metastable state until sufficiently disturbed. These observations show the vertical transfer mechanisms in stratus cloud and reveal the presence of a case with a drop-free region between cloud top and the base of the inversion. Theoretical arguments are proffered to explain these phenomena and to account for the fact that entrainment episodes are delayed and intermittent.
Computing fuzzy trajectories for nonlinear dynamic systems

Abstract One approach for representing uncertainty is the use of fuzzy sets or fuzzy numbers. A new approach is described for the solution of nonlinear dynamic systems with parameters and/or initial states that are uncertain and represented by fuzzy sets or fuzzy numbers. Unlike current methods, which address this problem through the use of sampling techniques and do not account rigorously for the effect of the uncertain quantities, the new approach is not based on sampling and provides mathematically and computationally rigorous results. This is achieved through the use of explicit analytic representations (Taylor models) of state variable bounds in terms of the uncertain quantities. Examples are given that demonstrate the use of this new approach and its computational performance.
Qualitative Evaluation of Aircrew Helmet Passive Noise Reduction and the Communications Earplug for Tactical Aviation

The U.S. Navy's F/A-18E/F Super Hornet operational evaluation reported excessive cockpit noise while receiving fuel from an F/A-18E/F tanker. In response, a plan was developed by Navy Aircrew Systems (AIR-4.6) and the F/A-18E/F Integrated Test Team to perform a qualitative assessment of available aircrew helmet passive noise reduction (PNR) systems. The noise levels when behind an E/F have been described to be loud enough to allow aircrew to miss aural tones and/or radio/intercommunications system transmissions during in-flight refueling and close-in formations. This effort gathered fixed-wing tactical aviation aircrew qualitative flight test data on two PNR systems (Oregon Aero SoftSeals and the Communications Earplug [CEP]), using the current, unmodified, helmet configuration as a baseline of comparison. All data collected was in the form of aircrew comments, solicited via questionnaires, on each system. Comments from the flight tests were very favorable for the CEP system. Aircrew reported increased no...
Speech sound perception, neurophysiology, and plasticity.

Abstract An approach to understanding biological processes underlying speech perception, is to discover how speech sounds are represented in the central auditory system and to relate that representation to the perception of speech as a meaningful acoustic signal. Research from our group that pertains to the neurophysiologic representation of speech in the central pathways is reviewed here. Specifically considered is the relation between the representation of sound in the auditory pathway and the perception/misperception of speech, and neurophysiologic plasticity associated with speech–sound perceptual learning.
GENERALIZATION IN A CHILD'S OPPOSITIONAL BEHAVIOR ACROSS HOME AND SCHOOL SETTINGS

A 9-year-old clinic-referred boy, his mother, and his teacher were observed in 38 home and 38 school sessions on the same days. Categories of the boy's oppositional behavior and the inappropriate social attention of his mother and teacher were graphed to visually inspect changes during baseline, a parent-training phase, a follow-up phase, and a final parent-training booster phase. Parent-training phases produced reductions in the mother's inappropriate attention and in the boy's oppositional behavior, whereas the follow-up and baseline phases were associated with higher rates of these categories. Generalization occurred in the school across these home phases, as seen in the increase in rates of the boy's problem behavior, despite the lack of change in his teacher's attention. Correlational analyses of proportion scores reflecting the boy's home-school oppositional behavior and mother-teacher social attention suggested his responsiveness to relative changes in adult social contingencies across settings.
Reaction conditions control soil colloid facilitated phosphorus release in agricultural Ultisols

article i nfo Colloid (typically b1 μm) facilitated phosphorus (P) transport in agricultural soils has received much research attention in recent decades due to the possibility of a mobile solid form of P, which may increase P runoff in some soils. The existing literature reports inconsistent results of colloidal P release as a percentage of total P in soil solution, separated at operationally defined size definitions by various centrifugation and/or filtration methods. The amount of total soil P attributed to colloidal particles remarkably ranges from 0 to 95%. The cause of colloidal P release has been difficult to assess since their experimental/environmental con- ditions (e.g., soil type, pH) vary from study to study. The case study presented here aims to focus on three con- trollable reaction conditions: ionic strength (I), pH and added P concentration, to elucidate their effect on P colloid release. Our case study showed that these reaction conditions do not largely alter the release of colloi- dal P in Ultisols of the southeastern United States (mildly acidic native pH, low organic C). However, the avail- ability of colloidal P was slightly enhanced at near neutral pH in high (P) or high I(0.1 M) solutions. We further discussed these reaction conditions in selected literature studies to better assess the occurrence of colloid fa- cilitated P transport in a wide variety of soil types and conditions.
A New Theory of Quantifiers and Term Connectives

This paper sets forth a new theory of quantifiers and term connectives, called shadow theory, which should help simplify various semantic theories of natural language by greatly reducing the need of Montagovian proper names, type-shifting, and ?-conversion. According to shadow theory, conjunctive, disjunctive, and negative noun phrases such as John and Mary, John or Mary, and not both John and Mary, as well as determiner phrases such as every man, some woman, and the boys, are all of semantic type e and denote individual-like objects, called shadows-- conjunctive, disjunctive, or negative shadows, such as John-and-Mary, John-or-Mary, and not-(John-and-Mary). There is no essential difference between quantification and denotation: quantification is nothing but denotation of shadows. Individuals and shadows constitute a Boolean structure. Formal language LSD (Language for Shadows with Distributivity), which takes compound terms to denote shadows, is investigated. Expansions and enrichments of LSD are also considered toward the end of the paper.
Aerodynamic control of micro air vehicle wings using electroactive membranes

Dielectric elastomer materials are ideal candidates for developing high-agility micro air vehicles due to their electric field–induced deformation. Consequently, the aero-structural response and control authority of the dielectric elastomer material, VHB 4910, are characterized on an elliptical membrane wing. An experimental membrane wing platform was constructed by stretching VHB 4910 over a rigid elliptical wing-frame. The low Reynolds number (chord Reynolds number < 106) and aerodynamics of the elliptical wing were characterized when different electrostatic fields were applied to the membrane. We observe an overall increase in lift with maximum gains of 20% at an applied voltage of 4.5 kV and demonstrate the ability to delay stall. The time-averaged aerodynamic surface pressure is also investigated by comparing sting balance data and membrane deformation measured using visual image correlation. The experimental results are compared to a nonlinear finite element membrane model to further understand the ...
Intercomparisons Between Kinematic and Dynamical Systems

The advent of modern space techniques has revolutionized position measurements. These new techniques include laser ranging to the Moon and to artificial satellites; very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of galactic and extra-galactic radio sources and of spacecraft; radio tracking of satellites; radar ranging to planets; and spacecraft tracking during planetary encounters. The accuracy of these measurements has reached a new milestone requiring a re-examination of both the concepts and realizations of reference frames.
APET—A versatile tool for estimating computer application performance

This article describes a technique for controlling computer system activity in order to measure selected hardware or software functions, as they interact within an application under real operating conditions. APET is an approach for manufacturing synthetic benchmark or yardstick programs that exercise the computer system. © 1973 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving safety outcomes in the epilepsy monitoring unit

Long term video electroencephalography (EEG) in epilepsy monitoring units (EMU) is used to diagnose and treat patients with epilepsy. Injury occurs in the EMU, including reports of death. No standardized patient safety protocols exist. Our objective is to determine the frequency and contributing factors to injury in the EMU. We reviewed medical records and video EEG of patients with epilepsy admitted to our EMU from December 1, 2008 to June 1, 2009. Data was collected on seizure type, onset, length, and frequency. Seizure related falls, injury, and adverse events were recorded. Data regarding the physical environment and treatment during seizures were analyzed too. 20 patients with 170 seizures were collected. Of the 170 total seizures captured, only 1 injury (0.6%) and 6 falls occurred (3.5%). 5 of the 6 falls were related to patients being ambulatory. No seizures resulted in prolonged stay. Of the 170 seizures captured, other adverse events included 1 status epilepticus (0.6%), 2 postictal aggression (1.2%), 4 objects in mouth (2.4%), 14 ambulatory at seizure onset (8.2%) and 5 postictal ambulation from bed (2.9%). Staff responded to 69 out of 170 seizures (40.6%). Of the 101 seizures without staff response, 57 seizures were electrographic without seizure detection software or push button activation. Falls and adverse events that can lead to injury occur in the EMU, yet the degree of actual injury is minimal. To improve safety outcomes, standardized protocols with appropriate outlined nursing care and procedures for continuous monitoring of patients by staff need to be employed.
The role of aquaporins in excretion in insects

One of the aspects of insect osmoregulation that has most intrigued researchers is the ability of a simple tubular epithelium, such as the Malpighian tubule, to create both hypo- and hyperosmotic urine. Indeed, Ramsay's initial observation that isolated tubules could secrete a hypoosmotic urine led him to attribute the phenomenon to the active transport of water. In the ensuing decades several models for solute recycling have been proposed, but only in the last 15 years has it become clear that tubule water permeability is due to the presence of aquaporins (AQPs), the ubiquitous water transport proteins. There are 13 known human AQPs, and they are tissue and even membrane specific. It is now clear that the number and type of AQPs within a membrane are the major determinants of its water transport capacity. There are many gene homologs for the AQPs, so proof of function requires expression of the protein in a defined system. Within the insects, only seven AQPs have been functionally expressed and, of these, four directly or indirectly function in excretion. In this paper we review the basic structure and general function of AQPs and then examine the source, localization and functional attributes of those isolated from insects.