cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of natural radionuclides from uranium and thorium series in briney groundwaters

Analytical procedures for measuring various radionuclides in the238U and232Th chains in briney waters are described. Using methods such as mass spectrometry, and alpha, beta and gamma spectrometry, the desired measurement sensitivity required for each of the radionuclides is achieved.233U,228Th,208Po,212Pb, and133Ba are used as tracers for chemical yield recoveries. Typical precision of the results range from 5–20%.
The effects of non-stoichiometry on the magnetic properties of cadmium chromium chalcogenide spinels

Abstract Divalent chromium ions occur in non-stoichiometric CdCr2S4 and CdCr2Se4 to charge compensate for anionic deficiencies. The concentration of these ions varies with preparative procedures, but can be reversibly altered by suitable chemical treatments. Similarly, divalent chromium ions are produced when trivalent indium ions are substituted for divalent cadmium ions. The divalent chromium ions which are inferred to be located on the B-site of the spinels are coupled antiferro-magnetically to the trivalent chromium ions and are the cause of the lower than theoretical magnetic moments previously reported for these materials. The sample-to-sample variation observed for the magnetocrystalline anisotropy is shown to be related to the varying divalent chromium ion content of the samples.
Catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy in multiple endocrine neoplasia.

A catecholamine-induced dilated cardiomyopathy is reported in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 3. A histologic and ultrastructural study has been undertaken in cardiac biopsy samples, together with determination of myocardial Ca ++ and cellular membrane fatty acids. Contraction band necrosis of cardiocytes with supercontraction of sarcomeres progressing to myofibrolysis and increased levels of myocardial Ca ++ have been found as morphologic and biochemical abnormalities, respectively. No lipoperoxidation of cellular membranes or an α-adrenergic mediated reduction of coronary supply could be recognized in the study. We indicate a receptor-mediated intracellular Ca ++ overload as the main abnormality responsible for myocardial impairment.
Inpatient diabetes management: examining morning practice in an acute care setting.

Purpose Morning diabetes management in an inpatient acute care facility was examined. Methods A descriptive, nonexperimental research design was used to study the effect of the following variables on patients' prelunch blood glucose: duration of time between (1) blood glucose monitoring and insulin administration, (2) insulin administration and breakfast, and (3) blood glucose monitoring and breakfast. A nonprobability convenience sample was used to examine 40 adults with diabetes who were hospitalized in an urban, academic medical center. Results The Χ 2 test and measurements of central tendency were used for statistical analysis. The mean interval of time between (1) blood glucose monitoring and insulin administration was 93 minutes ± 52.82, (2) blood glucose monitoring and breakfast was 121±47 minutes, and (3) insulin administration and breakfast was 73 ± 37.06 minutes. Insulin was administered in 28% of patients 90 minutes prior to breakfast, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference (P =.033) between mean prelunch glucose levels for subjects who received insulin >45 minutes before breakfast and mean glucose levels for those who received insulin 45 minutes following insulin had prelunch glucose values of >180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L) versus 20% 180 mg/dL, and 57% had blood glucose 180 mg/dL when their breakfast time was >45 minutes after receiving insulin as compared to those whose insulin was given <45 minutes before breakfast (relative risk, 5.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-25; P =.031). Conclusion Current practice suggests patients are at a higher risk of prelunch hyperglycemia, and multiple opportunities exist to improve care for the inpatient with diabetes.
Validating Dynamic Assessment of Triadic Gaze for Young Children With Severe Disabilities

Purpose This research investigated the use of a dynamic assessment (DA) to identify differences among young children with severe disabilities, which would predict progress in learning behaviors indicating coordinated joint attention (CJA). Method Six children 10–24 months of age were enrolled in a 16-week treatment for behaviors indicating CJA, specifically triadic gaze (TG), which is a 3-point gaze shift between object and adult. An initial static assessment documented the children's eligibility for the study and their baseline performance of TG. DA procedures were then implemented to determine each child's performance with examiner support in producing behaviors suggesting joint attention (i.e., tracking, gaze toward an object or an adult, scanning between objects, scanning an object and adult, and TG). Results Results demonstrated differences among children during the DA via a DA score and a behavioral profile. These results were predictive of differences among children in subsequent learning of TG. Co...
Approach to saturation of the magnetization of dilute AuFe alloys

Abstract We present a reinterpretation of our recent measurements of the magnetic properties of some dilute AuFe alloys. We find that the observed approach to saturation of the magnetization for these AuFe alloys can be understood if both single-impurity (Kondo) effects and effects due to interactions between impurities via the Rudeman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interaction, V(r) = (V0 cos 2kFr)/r3, are properly included in the analysis. The analysis yields for the strength of the RKKY interaction V0 = (1.1 ± 0.3) × 10-36 erg cm3, for the s-d exchange parameter |J| = (1.9 ± 0.3) eV, and for the Kondo temperature TK = (0.8 ± 0.1) K. We conclude that mean free path effects do not significantly influence the observed approach to saturation of the magnetization for the AuFe alloys studied.
Accidental and unspecified deaths among prisoners as disguised suicides.

Analysis of 1987 data from the US Department of Justice for prisoners under the jurisdiction of state and federal correctional authorities indicated that suicide rates were not negatively correlated with accidental or unspecified death rates. These findings do not provide evidence of disguised suicides among prisoners. Possible explanations for high rates of unspecified death among prisoners are presented. Language: en
Coherence in Children's Written Narratives

This study uses de Beaugrande's (1980) concept analysis system to analyze a group of children's written narratives. In addition to ascertaining the potential of this system as a means of assessing coherence, the purpose of this study was to describe how 20 third graders employed narrative concepts at the local and global levels. An analysis of a maximum of nine writing samples from each child produced in response to a weekly request to write a story revealed that (1) most children were able to establish coherence consistently at a local level, (2) children varied in their establishment of coherence across samples, (3) writing reflected degrees of coherence on a continuum from less to more coherent samples, and (4) a minority of children wrote narratives that were consistently coherent at the global level. The study also supported the value of the concept analysis system as one means of assessing coherence in written narratives.
THE AQUATIC INVADERS: Marine Management Figuring Fishermen, Fisheries, and Lionfish in The Bahamas

The lionfish is an enigmatic, beautiful, and invasive marine species in The Bahamas, where the reef ecology is construed as vulnerable while fishermen and invasive fish are seen as primary threats. This article considers fisheries anthropology through recent attempts to incorporate the lionfish into the Bahamian fishery as a commercial fish species, and it explains how the mysterious fish has become symbolic of the creativity and design of contemporary fisheries and fisheries management. Starting with the premise that marine management creatively calls fish, fishermen, and fisheries into being as socially charged objects through conservation-oriented studies of fishing and invasion, the article engages with maritime anthropology, social studies of invasive biology, and multispecies ethnography to ask what is natural about fisheries and what is naturalized within discourses of fisheries crisis. The point is to determine what key aspects of fisheries, fish, and fishermen have been and are being designed in The Bahamas such that the fishery has become a specific site of oppositional figuration. Through an analysis of the metaphorics of impact, the human-centered focus on negative change stabilizing and grounding reef conservation endeavors, we see how fishermen and lionfish have become malleable cultural figures in The Bahamas, figures that are simultaneously transgressive and hopeful.
The effects of revisionism on remembered emotion: The valence of older, voluntary immigrants' pre-migration autobiographical memories

Prior research on remembered emotion demonstrates effects of revisionism in memory. The positivity bias describes preferential recall for positive emotions and the fading affect bias describes greater fading of negative versus positive emotion over time. Such effects predict that older adults would remember childhood and youth more positively than later adulthood. However, economic immigrants, whose childhood and youth reflect experiences of poverty and unemployment, may not show the effects of such revisionism. This study examined the remembered emotion of immigrant and non-immigrant older Puerto Ricans whose early years corresponded to hard times on the island. Multilevel modelling showed that both groups exhibited the effects of the positivity and fading affect biases, but immigrants remembered childhood and youth more negatively than non-immigrants. This suggests both accurate memory for a more negative past as well the effects of additional revisionism whereby a valued and chosen present is preferentially compared to the past. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Cost-effective application of the centers for disease control guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections

Abstract To decrease UTIc in a cost-efficient manner, efforts should be concentrated in areas that have been shown to be beneficial. These include the following measures: have an established infection control program; catheterize patients only when necessary, by using aseptic technique, sterile equipment, and trained personnel; maintain a closed sterile drainage system; do not disconnect the catheter and drainage tubing unless absolutely necessary; remove the catheter as soon as possible; and follow and reinforce good handwashing technique. Changing indwelling catheters at arbitrary fixed intervals 20 and regular bacteriologic monitoring of catheterized patients 21, 22 are not cost-effective practices and should not be performed. Other measures should be avoided until further data are available. New products that appear to be questionable or gimmicky probably are and should also be avoided.
Cell type specific sequestration of choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase within Lewy bodies

Lewy bodies (LBs), the pathological hallmark of Lewy body disease (LBD), contain α-synuclein, as well as other proteins. In this study, we examined the relationship of α-synuclein to two rate-limiting enzymes in neurotransmitter synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Double-labeling immunohistochemistry for α-synuclein and TH revealed TH immunoreactivity within LBs in catecholaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus, but not within LBs in cholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus and nucleus basalis of Meynert. In contrast, ChAT immunoreactivity within LBs was detected in cholinergic, but not within LBs in catecholaminergic neurons. The amygdala was devoid of TH and ChAT positive LBs, although a few Lewy neurites contained ChAT immunoreactivity. Further analysis revealed two distinct patterns of neurotransmitter immunoreactivity within LBs. One pattern had diffuse co-localization of TH or ChAT with α-synuclein as in cortical-type LBs, while the other had intense TH or ChAT immunoreactivity in the LB core surrounded by a peripheral rim of α-synuclein as in brainstem-type LBs. Levels of both TH and ChAT were higher in brainstem-type LBs than in the cytoplasm of the same neuron or in neurons from the same case devoid of LBs. Given the fact that LB-containing neurons have decreases in cytoplasmic TH and ChAT immunoreactivity, these results suggest LBs may disrupt cholinergic and catecholaminergic neurotransmitter production by sequestration of the rate-limiting enzymes for acetylcholine and catecholamine synthesis.
Altered Glutamine Metabolism and Therapeutic Opportunities for Lung Cancer

Disordered cancer metabolism was described almost a century ago as an abnormal adaptation of cancer cells to glucose utilization especially in hypoxic conditions; the so-called Warburg effect. Greater research interest in this area in the past two decades has led to the recognition of the critical coupling of specific malignant phenotypes such as increased proliferation and resistance to programmed cell death (apoptosis) with altered metabolic handling of key molecules that are essential for normal cellular metabolism. The altered glucose metabolism frequently encountered in cancer cells has already been exploited for cancer diagnosis and treatment. The role of other glycolytic pathway intermediates and alternative pathways for energy generation and macromolecular synthesis in cancer cells has only become recognized more recently. Especially, the important role of altered glutamine metabolism in the malignant behavior of cancer cells and the potential exploitation of this cellular adaptation for therapeutic targeting has now emerged as an important area of cancer research. Expectedly, attempts to exploit this understanding for diagnostic and therapeutic ends are running apace with the elucidation of the complex metabolic alterations that accompany neoplastic transformation. Because lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death with limited curative therapy options, careful elucidation of the mechanism and consequences of disordered cancer metabolism in lung cancer is warranted. This review provides a concise, systematic overview of the current understanding of the role of altered glutamine metabolism in cancer, and how these findings intersect with current and future approaches to lung cancer management.
New identification of deep moonquakes in the Apollo lunar seismic data

Abstract A new computer search of the Apollo lunar seismic data set for identification of deep moonquakes using a combination of waveform cross-correlation and single-link cluster analysis has increased the number of positively identified deep moonquakes by more than a factor of five, from the previous 1360 to 7245. At least 88 new deep moonquake source regions (nests) have been discovered, while some source regions previously identified as separate entities are now determined to be identical, reducing the number of previously known source regions from 108 to 77. The newly identified deep moonquakes and their relationships to each other are likely to revise our understanding of their spatial and temporal distributions.
Bob, so far. A scientific biography of Robert A. Harris

“I am an American, Chicago born – Chicago, that somber city – and go at things as I have taught myself, free-style, and will make the record in my own way: first to knock, first admitted; sometimes an innocent knock, sometimes a not so innocent.” Saul Bellow, The Adventures of Augie March 10.1080/00268970500290300-TMPH_A_153447_F0002 Robert A. Harris**
Femtosecond laser-induced simultaneous surface texturing and crystallization of a-Si:H thin film: morphology study

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films have been considered for use in solar cell applications because of their significantly reduced cost compared with crystalline bulk silicon; however, their overall efficiency and stability are less than that of their bulk crystalline counterparts. Limited work has been performed on solving the efficiency and stability issues of a-Si:H simultaneously. Surface texturing and crystallization on a-Si:H thin film can be achieved through one-step femtosecond laser processing, which can potentially alleviate the disadvantages of a-Si:H in solar cell applications. In this study, submicrometer con- ical and pillar-shaped spikes are fabricated by irradiating a- Si:H thin films deposited on glass substrates with hundreds of 800 nm-wavelength, 130 fs-duration laser pulses in air, and water environments, respectively. The formation mech- anisms for the surface spikes are discussed, and the differ- ences in the surface feature characteristics are also presented and explained within the context of the different processing environments. The effect of laser processing on light ab- sorption and crystallinity will be studied later.
Regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis in critically ill patients

In 2,000 hours of citrate CAVHD in eleven critically patients, this system has proved smooth, practical and effective, and has minimized the risks of hemorrhage and thrombocytopenia encountered with heparin use
The Deal Structuring Stage of the Venture Capitalist Decision‐Making Process: Exploring Confidence and Control**

This exploratory study examines the deal structuring stage of the venture capitalist decision‐making process. Here, the primary issues of concern are investor confidence and potential control of a ...
Product Information Exchange: Practices and Standards

The paper discusses the evolution of product information exchange from point-to-point exchange of geometry between computer-aided design tools through today’s suite of tools and processes of computer-aided product development (CAPD) to the future fully integrated computer-aided product realization (CAPR) process. The categories of processes and the layers of information exchange are reviewed. The current practice in product information exchange, the relevant information exchange standards, and near-future plans for improvements are presented. The major recent demands on more comprehensive product information exchange are discussed in terms of the exchange of nongeometric information and support of feature-based design, knowledge-based engineering, and management of product variety. Two conceptual frameworks for the support of CAPD and CAPR, representative of current research, are briefly sketched. Finally, a conceptual model of product information exchange is presented so as to define the range of implementation and standardization paths that may be taken in the future. DOI: 10.1115/1.2033008
Biological effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine organisms: Integration of experimental results and predictions of impacts

Abstract Biological effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine organisms are dependent on their persistence and bioavailability, the ability of the organisms to accumulate and metabolize various hydrocarbons, the fate of metabolized products, and the interference of hydrocarbons with normal metabolic processes that may alter an organism's chances for survival and reproduction in the environment. In considering the long-term effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment it is important to ascertain what biological effects may result in subtle ecological changes, changes in community structure and function, and possible impairment of fisheries resources. Although a wide range of stress indices have been proposed for monitoring pollutant impacts on marine organisms, no single index can provide the predictive capability to evaluate population or community changes. Understanding the relationship and integration of multiple stress indices should improve our capabilities of predicting long-term change at organismal and population levels before irreversible damage occurs at the community and ecosystem levels.
Governmentality, Geography, and the Geo-Coded World

A growing number of geographers are beginning to explore Foucault’s later work on ‘governmentality’, which examines the relations between the production of governmental rationalities and the technologies of modern power. The current paper traces this critical engagement between geographical scholarship and governmentality studies. Many geographical accounts consider governmentality in terms of the mechanisms of knowledge production that states have used to constitute their subjects and territories as ‘governable’. While this line of inquiry has produced considerable insights, I argue that analyses of governmentality should also explore how various non-state actors have utilized technologies of government in myriad ways. I further suggest that geo-coding was one of the main spatial prerequisites for the larger biopolitical projects of census-taking and mapping at least since the eighteenth century. A critical spatial history of the ‘geo-coded world’, therefore, is required if we are to understand the geogr...
Sensitivity enhancement for 13C-1H 2D J-resolved NMR using a recycled-flow method

Abstract A recycled-flow NMR system is evaluated for application to two-dimensional 13C-1H J-resolved experiments. For proper choice of measurement conditions, it is demonstrated that spectral sensitivity enhancement is inversely proportional to 1 − exp ( −t a T 1 ) , where ta is the average experiment time and T1 the spin-lattice relaxation time. The enhancement factor of flow over static measurements for slowly relaxing carbon nuclei (T1 about 50–85 s) is between 3.5 and 5.0 and is between 1.5 and 2.5 for rapidly relaxing carbons (T1 about 5–10 s) in α-pinene. Choice of flow rate, pulse repetition time, evolution period, and spectral resolution, as well as the value of T1's, all affect experimental sensitivity enhancement for 2D flow NMR spectra.
At special risk: Biopolitical vulnerability and HIV/STI syndemics among women

Women are at special risk for HIV/AIDS infection and disease progression due to an inter-related set of biopolitical factors. Biological factors that contribute to women’s special vulnerability inc...
Asymptotic properties of solutions to discrete Coulomb equations

Abstract We construct two finite-difference models for the Coulomb differential equation which arises in the quantum mechanics analysis of the scattering of two charged point particles. These difference equations correspond to the standard and Mickens-Ramadhani schemes for the Coulomb equation. Our major goal is to determine the first two terms in the asymptotic solutions and compare them to the corresponding solutions of the Coulomb differential equation. In particular, the form of the anomalous phase term is examined.
Left-turn phase: Permissive, protected, or both? A quasi-experimental design in New York City

The practice of left-turn phasing selection (permissive, protected-only, or both) varies from one locality to another. The literature evidence on this issue is equally mixed and insufficient. In this study, we evaluate the safety impacts of changing left-turn signal phasing from permissive to protected/permissive or protected-only at 68 intersections in New York City using a rigorous quasi-experimental design accompanied with regression modeling. Changes in police reported crashes including total crashes, multiple-vehicle crashes, left-turn crashes, pedestrian crashes and bicyclist crashes were compared between before period and after period for the treatment group and comparison group by means of negative binomial regression using a Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) technique. Confounding factors such as the built environment characteristics that were not controlled in comparison group selection are accounted for by this approach. The results show that the change of permissive left-turn signal phasing to protected/permissive or protected-only signal phasing does not result in a significant reduction in intersection crashes. Though the protected-only signal phasing does reduce the left-turn crashes and pedestrian crashes, this reduction was offset by a possible increase in over-taking crashes. These results suggest that left-turn phasing should not be treated as a universal solution that is always better than the permissive control for left-turn vehicles. The selection and implementation of left-turn signal phasing needs to be done carefully, considering potential trade-offs between safety and delay, and many other factors such as geometry, traffic flows and operations.
Second-generation inorganic aerosol model

Abstract Accurate prediction of the size distribution of the inorganic components of atmospheric aerosols must account for both therthermodynamic properties of the aerosol particles and transport between the gas and aerosol phases. For volatile inorganic species the transport rate is governed by the particle surface partial pressures which, in turn, is determined by the phase state and composition of the aerosol. We develop a model of the temporal composition of atmospheric aerosol particles based on their transport and thermodynamic properties. Included in the model is an improved theory of the temperature and composition dependence of deliquescence. Components of the model are tested against measurements of activity coefficients in single- and multicomponent aqueous solutions and general agreement is found. Aerosol water predictions are significantly higher under conditions of low relative humidity due to the improved theory of deliquescence.
Strategies to Control Recurrent Acute Otitis Media in Infants and Children

Recurrent AOM is a plague in many societies. The considerable attendant morbidity is best reduced through extended periods of antimicrobial prophylaxis. Children who are not helped by this intervention and who are experiencing sufficiently severe disease become candidates for surgical management with tympanostomy tubes. Should both strategies fail, then an adenoidectomy should be considered. In every case, the practitioner must weigh the severity of the recurrent illness against the real costs and risks of surgery.
Histocompatibility antigens on murine tumors

Recent advances in tumor immunology suggest that the expression of the histocompatibility antigens, encoded by the major histocompatibility complex, is important in controlling the metastatic growth of certain murine tumors. The anomalous expression of histocompatibility antigens in many neoplasms appears to be associated with the ability of these cells to evade the immune system and progress to metastasis. This review examines some of the underlying molecular and immunobiological interactions that might determine the metastatic outcome of cellular transformation.
Effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism of frog liver in vitro.

Abstract When slices of liver tissue from leopard frogs ( Rana pipiens complex) were incubated in a balanced physiological saline solution, glucose was released spontaneously into the medium. However, preparations of liver tissue incubated in a medium containing insulin exhibited lower rates of glucose liberation than paired (control) preparations incubated in physiological saline without insulin. Thus, insulin has a direct effect on carbohydrate metabolism of frog liver in vitro that is similar to the effect of this hormone on isolated liver tissue from mammals.
A revised classification of Cryptophyta

Abstract The systematics of currently recognized cryptomonad genera is reviewed. Complete ultraIstructural descriptions are provided for each genus, and are based on the most recent observations in the literature. Using ultrastructural, biochemical and molecular data, a classification scheme, which delineates 16 genera, is proposed for the Cryptophyta. This scheme accommodates two classes, the Cryptophyceae and the Goniomonadea. These differ primarily in that the former possesses a plastidial complex whereas the latter lacks one. Three orders are discussed and are separated on the basis of colour. The order GonioImonadales, which consists of a single genus, is aplastidal and colourless. The order Cryptomonadales has two families and contains the accessory pigment Cr-phycoerythrin 566 which imparts a brown colour to the cells. The constituent families, Cryptomonadaceae and Campylomonadaceae, are separated by variations in the furrow/gullet complex, the inner periplast component (IPC), nucleomorph position, and the type of rhizostyle. The order Pyrenomonadales contains four families. It is the sister group to the Cryptomonadales and possesses the accessory pigments Cr-phycoerythrin 545, 555, and these impart a red colour to the cells, or other members that possess Cr-phycocyanin 630, 645, or 569, which impart a blue-green colour to the cells. The four families are separated on the basis of phycobiliprotein type and, where appropriate, a combination of nucleomorph placement, type of IPC, rhizostyle type, and furrow plate type. This scheme accommodates three new families, the Campylomonadaceae, Geminigeraceae, and Chroomonadaceae.
Molecular cloning and characterization of an inner ear-specific structural protein

Molecular biological studies of the mammalian inner ear have been limited by the relatively small size of the sensory endorgans contained within. The saccular otolithic organ in teleostian fish is structurally similar to its mammalian counterpart but can contain an order of magnitude more sensory cells. The prospect of the evolutionary conservation of proteins utilized in the vertebrate inner ear and the relative abundance of teleostian saccular sensory tissue made this an attractive system for molecular biological studies. A complementary DNA obtained by differential screening of a saccular complementary DNA library was identified that encodes an inner ear-specific collagen molecule.
Adaptation of the Rimini-Schryver reaction for the measurement of allantoin in urine to the autoanalyzer: allantoin and taurine excretion following neutron irradiation.

Abstract A modification of the Rimini-Schryver reaction for the determination of allantoin in urine has been adapted to the AutoAnalyzer. It obeys the Beer-Lambert law over the range 0.01 to 0.40 μmole/ml. The hydrolytic reactions and color development are performed satisfactorily at temperatures which differ from those of previous authors. Previous difficulties in timing associated with color development are automatically eliminated. Reproducibility is quite satisfactory. Recovery studies performed with rat urine yielded results between 93 and 103%. Analyses of rat urine for its allantoin content provided values that agree well with those in the literature. The manifold arrangements and the flow diagram presented require no unusual equipment. A preliminary animal experiment is reported in which the excreted allantoin and taurine are measured following exposure of rats to 200 r provided by 14 MeV neutrons. A few values obtained on other species are reported.
Optimal pneumatic settings for the Lithoclast Ultra in a cystolitholapaxy model

The Lithoclast Ultra(R) is a combined ultrasonic and pneumatic lithotrite shown to speed the fragmentation and clearance of renal calculi. We constructed an ex vivo cystolitholapaxy model to investigate the optimal pneumatic frequency for the Lithoclast Ultra(R). Bego and U-30 test stones were used. Ten trials of each stone type were performed at each setting. Each trial consisted of ultrasonic lithotripsy alone, and then in combination with pneumatic lithotripsy at frequencies of 2Hz, 4Hz, 8Hz, and 12 Hz. Ultrasonic lithotripsy alone was the control group. The ultrasound settings remained constant at 100% power and 90% duty. Time to 5mm fragments and time to stone clearance were recorded. Mean time to 5mm fragments for Bego stones using ultrasound alone, and with the pneumatic lithotrite at 2Hz, 4Hz, 8Hz, and 12Hz was 21min, 14min, 10min, 13min, and 14min respectively. Mean time to stone clearance for Bego stones was 29min, 25min, 23min, 22min, and 22min respectively. Mean time to 5mm fragments for U-30 stones was 101s, 89s, 68s, 64s, and 66s respectively. Mean time to stone clearance for U-30 stones was 162s, 148s, 133s, 137s, and 127s respectively. The combination of pneumatic and ultrasonic lithotrites decreases the time to stone fragmentation and clearance compared to ultrasound alone. The optimal pneumatic frequency appears to reach a plateau at 4Hz.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Vapor–liquid equilibrium in the production of the ionic liquid, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([HMIm][Br]), in acetone

Abstract Ionic liquids are finding a wide range of applications from reaction media to separations and materials processing. In order to provide larger quantities of ionic liquids, a sustainable synthesis method is needed which includes optimization of the separation of the reaction mixture, possibly using thermal methods. Here, the experimental vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) involved in the synthesis of a model ionic liquid, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([HMIm][Br]) from 1-bromohexane and 1-methylimidazole in acetone has been performed at 1.01325 bar using a modified Othmer still. The binary systems involving solvent and reactants, acetone/1-bromohexane and acetone/1-methylimidazole, possessed fairly wide equilibrium envelopes. The binary systems involving the ionic liquid, acetone/[HMIm][Br], and 1-methylimidazole/[HMIm][Br], were also measured and found to have no detectable trace of ionic liquid in the vapor phase (dew points) as expected. Isobaric liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) was performed for the partially miscible system of 1-bromohexane/[HMIm][Br] where 1-bromohexane was found to be moderately soluble in the IL-rich phase, but the IL is virtually insoluble in the 1-bromohexane phase. As the binary system, 1-bromohexane/1-methylimidazole reacts rapidly under the temperatures of interest, the UNIFAC activity coefficient model was used to predict the binary VLE data. All experimental data were well-correlated by the Peng–Robinson equation of state with van der Waals one-parameter mixing rule (PR-EoS VDW-1) and the non-random two liquid (NRTL) activity coefficient method.
Bridging the gaps: Technical communication in an international and multicultural society

The workplace is becoming increasingly diverse in ways that are changing our understanding of who our readers are and how we can make effective communication choices to bridge the gaps between us. Communication problems arise because of differences in world experience, in the amount of common knowledge shared within cultures, in the structure of societies and the workplace, in culturally specific rhetorical strategies, and even in differences in processing graphics. Most textbooks provide little information on these topics, so the technical writing teacher needs to find ways to incorporate issues of international and multicultural communication into the classroom.
INCREASE IN BILIRUBIN-ALBUMIN BINDING AFFINITY WITH CORRECTION OF NEONATAL ACIDOSIS

Hypothermia, hypoglycemia, hypoxemia, and acidosis may increase the risk of kernicterus at low serum bilirubin levels. When pH is lowered in vitro, no change in free bilirubin (UB) or in bilirubin binding affinity (Ka) can be detected (Nelson et al. Pediat. Res. 8:963, 1974). In 11 newborns with respiratory distress and acidosis in whom body temperature, oxygenation, and blood glucose were normal, we measured UB and Ka by peroxidase oxidation at a bilirubin:albumin molar ratio (B/A) of 0.8 before and after correction of acidosis with NaHCO3 and/or assisted ventilation. Serum albumin (3.3 vs. 3.1 gm%) and indirect bilirubin levels (2.3 vs. 2.8 mg%) were similar during acidosis and recovery. Results are as follows: Ka of normal infants matched for gestational age is 2.0±0.2 × 108 M−1 in our laboratory. The data indicate a significant decrease in Ka associated with neonatal acidosis; correction of acidosis results in improvement of Ka and reduction in free bilirubin.
Influence of the ethylenimine structure on the oxidation of choline, formaldehyde and sarcosine.

Abstract 1. 1. Rat liver choline oxidase and formaldehyde-aminoguanidine oxidase are inhibited to almost exactly the same degree in vitro by the addition of a nitrogen mustard, methylbis(β-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride and by a phosphoramide, octyl- N, N′ -diethylenediamidophosphate. 2. 2. Neither enzyme is affected by tris(ethylenimino)- s -triazine (TEM), nor by two phosphoramides, N, N′, N″ -triethylene phosphoramide (TEPA) and [ N (3-oxapentamethylene)- N′-N″ -diethylene phosphoramide] (#3173). 3. 3. Liver sarcosine oxidase is considerably less sensitive to this nitrogen mustard derivative than choline oxidase and formaldehyde oxidase. 4. 4. Correlations between these results and the effects of aminopterin administration are indicated.
Fates of the blastomeres of the 32-cell-stage Xenopus embryo.

A detailed fate map of all of the progeny derived from each of the blastomeres of the 32-cell-stage South African clawed frog embryo (Xenopus laevis), which were selected for stereotypic cleavages, is presented. Individual blastomeres were injected with horseradish peroxidase and all of their descendants in the late tailbud embryo (stages 32 to 34) were identified after histochemical processing of serial tissue sections and whole-mount preparations. The progeny of each blastomere were distributed characteristically, both in phenotype and location. Most organs were populated largely by the descendants of particular sets of blastomeres, the progeny of each often being restricted to defined spatial addresses. Thus, the descendants of any one blastomere were distinct and predictable when embryos were preselected for stereotypic cleavages. However, variations among embryos were common and the frequencies with which one may expect organs to contain progeny from any particular blastomere are reported. The differences in the fates of the 16-cell-stage blastomeres and their 32-cell-stage daughter blastomeres are outlined and can be grouped into three general categories. The two daughter cells may give rise to equal numbers of cells in a particular organ, one daughter cell may give rise to many more of the cells in an organ derived from the mother blastomere, or one daughter cell may give rise to all of the progeny in an organ derived from the mother blastomere. Thus, cell fates are segregated during cleavage stages in both symmetric and asymmetric manners, and the lineages exhibit a diversification mode (G. S. Stent, 1985, Philos. Trans R. Soc. London Ser. B 312, 3–19) of cell division.
Toward Fluoroscopic Shape Reconstruction for Control of Steerable Medical Devices

Control of surgical continuum robot manipulators and steerable needles requires accurate real-time sensing of tip position and/or shaft shape. Medical image feedback provides the most straightforward and widely available method of measuring device and clinical target positions and shapes during insertion or tissue manipulation. In this paper we present a method for automatic robot/needle curve segmentation from fluoroscopic images, as well as a method for 3D reconstruction of the curve using biplane fluoroscopy images.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Functional hepatic impairment in pulmonary tuberculosis.

1) Fifty-three cases of pulmonary tuberculosis varying in severity from minimal to far advanced were studied for functional hepatic impairment. 2) Studies were limited to cephalin-flocculation and bromsulphalein tests. 3) Although hepatic dysfunction was demonstrated in a large percentage of cases with a single test, only in a small percentage were both tests positive. 4) In the doubly positive group, correlation with the extent of disease seemed to exist. 5) Inanition per se had little influence over the individual cephalin-flocculation and bromsulphalein tests. 6) It is impossible to predict hepatic damage based upon history and clinical picture in pulmonary tuberculosis. 7) No relationship exists between the chronicity of tuberculosis and hepatic damage.
DUAL‐OBJECTIVE OPTIMAL MIXTURE DESIGNS

Summary Mixture experiments are widely used in many industries and particularly in the manufacture of consumer products. Almost all work to date assumes a single study objective, which is unrealistic. Researchers may want to estimate model parameters and make predictions or extrapolations at the same time. We discuss design issues for determining the optimal proportions of the mixture components when there are two or more objectives in the study and there is a large sample size. We present a general methodology for constructing two types of dual-objective optimal design for mixture experiments and discuss the general applicability of the design strategy to more complicated types of mixture design problems, including mixture experiments.
Structural Workshop Paper---Discrete-Choice Models of Consumer Demand in Marketing

Marketing researchers have used models of consumer demand to forecast future sales, to describe and test theories of behavior, and to measure the response to marketing interventions. The basic framework typically starts from microfoundations of expected utility theory to obtain an econometric system that describes consumers' choices over available options, and to thus characterize product demand. The basic framework has been augmented significantly to account for quantity choices, to accommodate purchases of several products on a single purchase occasion (multiple discreteness and multicategory purchases), and to allow for asymmetric switching between brands across different price tiers. These extensions have enabled researchers to bring the analysis to bear on several related marketing phenomena of interest. This paper has three main objectives. The first objective is to articulate the main goals of demand analysis---forecasting, measurement, and testing---and to highlight several considerations associated with these goals. Our second objective is to describe the main building blocks of individual-level demand models. We discuss approaches built on direct and indirect utility specifications of demand systems, and we review extensions that have appeared in the marketing literature. The third objective is to explore a few emerging directions in demand analysis, including considering demand-side dynamics, combining purchase data with primary information, and using semiparametric and nonparametric approaches. We hope researchers new to this literature will take away a broader perspective on these models and see the potential for new directions in future research.
Glass transition of poly(oxymethylene)

Heat capacity data of semicrystalline poly(oxymethylene) samples. Delrin and Celcon, are analysed in order to discuss the glass transition behaviour of this polymer. There are two types of non-crystalline poly(oxymetheylene). the mobile and rigid amorphous parts. The glass transition of the former occurs in a rather wider range of temperature: it starts at 180 K and could end at 265 K. The latter, under restraint due to the crystallites, remains frozen up to the melting temperature.
Hyperspectral Change Detection: Methodology and Challenges

Hyperspectral change detection research has increased as airborne hyperspectral systems become more prevalent and passes over the same areas of land become available. Change detection methods attempt to identify anomalous changes between scenes by suppressing background and accentuating changes. Certain challenges such as natural vegetation and illumination changes as well as misregistration make the change detection process more difficult. A study of these difficulties and approaches for handling them is provided here.
Bridging the Gap between Research-Supported Interventions and Everyday Social Work Practice: A New Approach

This article describes a rationale for a focus on case studies that would provide a database of single-group pre-post mean effect sizes that could be analyzed to identify which service provision characteristics are associated with more desirable outcomes when interventions supported by randomized clinical trials are adapted in everyday practice settings. In addition, meta-analyses are proposed that would provide benchmarks that agency practitioners could compare with their mean effect size to inform their decisions about whether to continue, modify, or replace existing efforts to adopt or adapt a specific research-supported treatment. Social workers should be at the forefront of the recommended studies in light of the profession's emphasis on applied research in real-world settings and the prominence of social work practitioners in such settings.
Edge effects in fragmented landscapes: a generic model for delineating area of edge influences (D-AEI)

We developed a generic model for delineating area of edge influences D-AEI for quantifying edge effects within a landscape by combining remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), moving window (3 3), and computer programming techniques. Our model provided a more realistic assessment of edge effects than those based on traditional methods. Unique characteristics of the D-AEI model included: (1) preservation of the spatial characteristics of the landscape structure; (2) incorporation of the most critical parameters controlling edge effects, such as edge orientation, edge contrast, prevailing direction of edge effects, decay value, and interior approximation; and (3) ability to quantify edge effects for various variables at multiple scales. The model is flexible so that the users can define key parameters and generate ecologically relevant output based on environmental and spatial characteristics of the study area and the study purpose. Our results demonstrated that: (a) edge effects were not symmetrically distributed in all directions around clearcuts; (b) AEI was not necessarily continuous around patches; and (c) boundary dynamics and multiple edge effects were clearly reflected across the landscape. Results from this research are important for current and future resource assessments, biological conservation and wildlife habitat management, biodiversity studies of flora and fauna, microclimatic research, future studies on edges and their importance in landscape design and analysis. The model has potential for broader applications in other research areas where human and natural disturbances are evident, at multiple scales from watershed, forest management district, to region. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Validation of Cause-of-death Certification for Outpatient Cancers: The Contrasting Cases of Melanoma and Mycosis Fungoides

The reported incidence of cancers typically diagnosed in the outpatient setting may underestimate their true frequency, but the validity of mortality estimates from many of these causes has not been studied in detail. The authors sought to evaluate the validity of mortality estimation from death certificates for two such cancers, melanoma and mycosis fungoides (a cutaneous lymphoma), using routinely collected cancer registry data for 1973-1994 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Their method estimates that 93% of the deaths attributable to melanoma were certified as due to melanoma but that only 60% of the deaths attributable to mycosis fungoides were so certified. Evaluation of the accuracy of cause-of-death certification in this manner is helpful in the interpretation of mortality statistics.